cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual differences in lexical learning across two language modalities: Sign learning, word learning, and their relationship in hearing non-signing adults

A considerable amount of research has been devoted to understanding individual differences in lexical learning, however, the majority of this research has been conducted with spoken languages rather than signed languages and thus we know very little about the cognitive processes involved in sign learning or the extent to which lexical learning processes are specific to word learning. The present study was conducted to address this gap. Two-hundred thirty-six non-signing adults completed 25 tasks assessing word learning and sign learning (via associative learning paradigms) as well as modality-specific phonological short-term memory, working memory capacity, crystallized intelligence, and fluid intelligence. Latent variable analyses indicated that, when other variables were held constant, fluid intelligence was predictive of both word and sign learning, however, modality-specific phonological short-term memory factors were only predictive of lexical learning within modality-none of the other variables made significant independent contributions. It was further observed that sign and word learning were strongly correlated. Exploratory analyses revealed that all lexical learning tasks loaded onto a general factor, however, sign learning tasks loaded onto an additional specific factor. As such, this study provides insight into the cognitive components that are common to associative L2 lexical learning regardless of language modality and those that are unique to either signed or spoken languages. Results are further discussed in light of established and more recent theories of intelligence, short-term memory, and working memory.
Fear, loathing, and moral qualms on the battlefield:

Randall Collins is unparalleled as a sociologist of violence. Yet I here take issue with his view, often expressed by scholars, that moral qualms have prevented many modern soldiers or airmen from ...
Evaluation of Heat Effects on Fentanyl Transdermal Delivery Systems Using In Vitro Permeation and In Vitro Release Methods.

Abstract Experimental conditions that could impact the evaluation of heat effects on transdermal delivery systems (TDS) using an in vitro permeation test (IVPT) and in vitro release testing (IVRT) were examined. Fentanyl was the model TDS. IVPT was performed using Franz diffusion cell, heating lamp, and human skin with seven heat application regimens. IVRT setup was similar to IVPT, without using skin. Dissolution study was conducted in a modified dissolution chamber. The activation energy of skin permeation for fentanyl was determined using aqueous solution of fentanyl. In IVPT, the increase of temperature from 32 °C to 42 °C resulted in a 2-fold increase in flux for fentanyl TDS, consistent with the activation energy determined. The magnitude of flux increase was affected by the heat exposure onset time and duration: higher flux was observed when heat was applied earlier or following sustained heat application. Heat induced flux increases could not be observed when inadequate sampling time points were used, suggesting the importance of optimizing sampling time points. Drug release from TDS evaluated using IVRT was fast and the skin was the rate-limiting barrier for TDS fentanyl delivery under elevated temperature.
Regional socioeconomic factors and length of hospital stay: a case study in Appalachia

The role of socioeconomic status (SES) of patients in health care outcomes has been investigated in many health care systems. The health care literature suggests that there is a relationship between patients’ socioeconomic status and their health care outcomes. Most research has investigated this relation using individual SES, rather than exploring the regional socioeconomic characteristics of a population on patients’ outcomes. This study explores the correlation between regional socioeconomic characteristics of a population and patients’ hospital length of stay (LOS). Assuming the demographic characteristics of patients in a region are relatively consistent, this will enable more effective regional planning and a customized decision-making process considering characteristics of the population that a health care system serves. We use a weighted clustering algorithm to exploit the relationship between regional socioeconomic characteristics and patients’ LOS. To do so, the demographic attributes and regional socioeconomic factors of patients are obtained using their ZIP Codes. The results suggest that regional characteristics have a direct impact on LOS, and patients of the same medical status may experience longer LOS if they live in a more disadvantaged community. Our findings indicate that regional demographic characteristics of the population a health care system serves can have an impact on surgical patient outcomes, specifically length of stay, and therefore can be considered by hospital administrators to enable more efficient and effective resource and operational planning. In optimizing care delivery, to achieve the best possible value for individual patients and populations, it is important to understand all factors that contribute to the outcomes in order to focus resources to mitigate those that reduce value.
Clinical Ramifications of the Effects of Hearing Impairment and Aging on Spatial and Binaural Hearing

The spatial awareness of patients with auditory dysfunction can be significantly limited by their ability to make use of binaural and monaural spatial cues. Although the reduction in sensation level associated with hearing loss can greatly diminish sensitivity to spatial cues, there is nonetheless great diversity in the spatial hearing abilities of listeners who are aging and/or experiencing hearing impairment. This chapter reviews the evidence of impaired and preserved binaural function in these listeners, collected over the past 100 years. This analysis reveals the need for further research with sufficient power to uncover the multiple factors associated with the spatial hearing difficulties experienced by older and hearing-impaired listeners. It also highlights the need for more work relating behavioral thresholds to physiology in studies using both human patients and animal models. Finally, the chapter highlights the untapped potential that assessments of binaural ability hold for better characterizing auditory dysfunction and for improving the rehabilitation provided by hearing aids and cochlear implants.
Comparison of Outcomes of Glaucoma Drainage Implant Surgery With or Without Prior Failed Trabeculectomy.

PRECIS A comparison of 186 glaucoma patients with mixed diagnoses who underwent nonvalved glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implant surgery showed similar long-term intraocular pressure (IOP), medication, and visual acuity (VA) outcomes between those with prior failed trabeculectomy surgery versus those without. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether prior failed trabeculectomy adversely affects the outcome of glaucoma tube surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 186 eyes of 186 patients who underwent a nonvalved GDD implant surgery by a single surgeon between 1996 and 2015 at a University practice were included. Patients were of mixed diagnoses and over 18 years old. Before the GDD surgery, 65 had a previous failed glaucoma filtering surgery and 121 had no prior glaucoma surgery. Demographic information, preoperative and postoperative IOP, medication, VA, and complications were collected from chart review. RESULTS No significant difference was noted in mean IOP and mean medication use (13.0 and 12.6 mm Hg on 2.0 and 1.7 medication classes at 5 y postoperatively, respectively), mean VA and change in VA from baseline, or numbers of complications (P>0.05), between eyes that had a prior failed filtration surgery and those that had not. Kaplan-Meier plots for failure over 5 years using a lower limit of <5 mm Hg and an upper limit of ≥18, ≥15, or ≥12 mm Hg did not show a significant difference between groups. Subanalyses were performed to examine only primary glaucoma eyes and results were similar. Further group subanalyses comparing those with baseline IOP ≥25 or <25 mm Hg, age 65 and above or below 65 years and those specifically with Baerveldt 350 mm2 implants also did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION Prior failed filtration surgery does not appear to affect the outcome of future GDD surgery.
Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke (4221)

Objective: To determine if Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio can predict Large Vessel Occlusion stroke Background: Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a proven marker of acute systemic inflammation in various disease states including acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Its role in prognostication of AIS patients and association with intracranial hemorrhage post thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes has been documented. We evaluated the utility of NLR in the detection of LVO stroke. Design/Methods: A retrospective review of AIS database at our CSC. Patients with AIS diagnosis were included in the study. Demographics (Age, Sex) clinical characteristics (NIHSS score, TLKW-Time from last known well to arrival), and radiological features (Presence or absence of LVO was confirmed using CTA/MRA/DSA) were recorded. Statistical analysis (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value) were performed. Results: A total of 1241 AIS were included. Mean age and NIHSS score were 69 ±15 and 9 ±8, respectively. 47% (585) were females. Mean Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio was 6.2 ±7.5 and median was 3.9 (2.3–7.1). LVO was recognized in 30.1% (347) patients [Internal carotid artery-40% (139), MCA-M1-54.5% (189) and Basilar Artery-5.5% (19)]. Remainder of the patients were negative for any intracranial vessel occlusion on CTA or MRA or DSA. Among LVO, mean NIHSS was 16 ±8 and mean and median NLR were 8.1 ±8.4 and 5.7 (3.1–10.2). Mean (8.1 ±8.4 vs 5.5 ±7, p= Conclusions: Point of care application of Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio in the pre-hospital setting may facilitate direct triage of LVO patients to thrombectomy capable centers. Disclosure: Dr. Desai has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jadhav has nothing to disclose.
The Sensitivity of the Fitch Wind Farm Parameterization to a Three-Dimensional Planetary Boundary Layer Scheme

Abstract. Wind plant wake impacts can be estimated with a number of simulation methodologies, each with its own fidelity and sensitivity to model inputs. In turbine-free mesoscale simulations, hub-height wind speeds can significantly vary with the choice of a planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme. However, the sensitivity of wind plant wakes to a PBL scheme has not been explored because, until now, wake parameterizations were only compatible with one PBL scheme. We couple the Fitch wind farm parameterization with the new NCAR 3DPBL scheme and compare the resulting wakes to those simulated with a widely used PBL scheme. First, we simulate a wind plant in a pseudo-steady state under idealized stable, neutral, and unstable conditions with two PBL schemes: MYNN and the NCAR 3DPBL. For these idealized scenarios, MYNN consistently predicts internal wakes that are 0.25–1.5 m s−1 stronger than internal 3DPBL wakes. However, because MYNN predicts stronger inflow winds than the 3DPBL, MYNN predicts average capacity factors that are as large as 13 percentage points higher than with the 3DPBL, depending on the stability. To extend this sensitivity study, we conduct a month-long case study with both PBL schemes centered on the Vineyard Wind 1 lease area in the mid-Atlantic United States. Under stable and unstable conditions averaged across the month, MYNN again predicts stronger internal waking—by about 0.25 m s−1. However, again due to stronger plant inflow wind speeds in MYNN, the 3DPBL generates 4.7 %–7.8 % less power than MYNN in August 2020, depending on the turbine build-out scenario. Differences between PBL schemes can be even larger for individual instances in time. These simulations suggest that PBL schemes represent a meaningful source of modeled wind resource uncertainty; therefore, we recommend incorporating PBL variability into future wind plant planning sensitivity studies as well as wind forecasting studies.
Scalability limits of large immersive high-resolution displays

We present the results of a variable information space experiment, targeted at exploring the scalability limits of immersive highresolution, tiled-display walls under physical navigation. Our work is motivated by a lack of evidence supporting the extension of previously established benefits on substantially large, room-shaped displays. Using the Reality Deck, a gigapixel resolution immersive display, as its apparatus, our study spans four display form-factors, starting at 100 megapixels arranged planarly and up to one gi-gapixel in a horizontally immersive setting. We focus on four core tasks: visual search, attribute search, comparisons and pattern finding. We present a quantitative analysis of per-task user performance across the various display conditions. Our results demonstrate improvements in user performance as the display form-factor changes to 600 megapixels. At the 600 megapixel to 1 gigapixel transition, we observe no tangible performance improvements and the visual search task regressed substantially. Additionally, our analysis of subjective mental effort questionnaire responses indicates that subjective user effort grows as the display size increases, validating previous studies on smaller displays. Our analysis of the participants' physical navigation during the study sessions shows an increase in user movement as the display grew. Finally, by visualizing the participants' movement within the display apparatus space, we discover two main approaches (termed “overview” and “detail”) through which users chose to tackle the various data exploration tasks. The results of our study can inform the design of immersive high-resolution display systems and provide insight into how users navigate within these room-sized visualization spaces.
EFFECT OF INTERSPECIFIC TRANSFORMATION ON LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF MARKERS IN HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND HAEMOPHILUS PARAINFLUENZAE

Nickel, Lois (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), and Sol H. Goodgal. Effect of interspecific transformation on linkage relationships of markers in Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. J. Bacteriol. 88:1538-1544. 1964.-Highly competent cells of Haemophilus parainfluenzae were obtained by a modification of the aerobic-"anaerobic" method of Goodgal and Herriott. The mutant markers for streptomycin and novobiocin resistance in H. parainfluenzae were shown to be unlinked. These same markers were transferred into H. influenzae in two transformation steps, and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted. Transformation of recipient H. influenzae with DNA from the latter showed the markers to be linked, and transformation of recipient H. parainfluenzae with this DNA showed that the markers were not cotransferred. The linked streptomycin- and novobiocin-resistance mutations of H. influenzae were transformed into H. parainfluenzae in two stages, and the DNA was extracted. Transformation of recipient H. parainfluenzae with this DNA demonstrated the markers to be unlinked in H. parainfluenzae. When these markers, originally from H. influenzae and present as unlinked factors in H. parainfluenzae, are transferred back into H. influenzae, the markers showed their original linkage. The novobiocin- and erythromycin-resistance markers of H. influenzae were unlinked in H. influenzae, but were linked when transferred into H. parainfluenzae. The erythromycin-resistance marker of H. influenzae, when transferred into a novobiocin-resistant mutant of H. parainfluenzae, showed linkage with it. Evidence is presented to show that H. parainfluenzae streptomycin and novobiocin markers are homologous to streptomycin and novobiocin markers in H. influenzae.
Southern Farms and Rural Communities: Developing Directions for Economic Development Research and Policy: Discussion

Dr. Henry has prepared a very thorough ment work, we tend to rely too much on anecand thoughtful assessment of research needs dotal empiricism in drawing conclusions about concerning the relationships between farms what is happening to farms and to farmers and and rural communities in the South. He has other rural people. Dr. Henry is correct in been true to his reputation-Dr. Henry does asserting the importance of a better data not skim lightly over any topic. He has system to monitor who and what is out there diagnosed the subject area carefully, referenced in rural America. His proposal for investing in current literature in his appraisal of research a consistent set of social accounts makes real and policy needs, and drawn very defensible sense. There are frequent requests for the conclusions. Better still, his conclusions are analysis that would be possible from such a basically consistent with my biases. To have system. Policy makers want to know, for exone's intuitive conclusions substantiated by ample, the total economic consequences assothe experts is heady stuff indeed. The points ciated with a certain change in the local in his paper with which I disagreed most con- economy. These are real questions, not theses sistently were found in extensive quotes from or dissertations or journal articles, though others, so we are clearly both on the right presumably the effort to provide answers track. could generate an intermediate product of
A combined voice and data routing objective

A smooth approximation of the Weinstein formula for voice freeze-out fraction is derived. The approximation is a continuously differentiable function of offered voice flow rate. As an important application, it is shown that the approximation can be used as a basis for defining objective functions for optimal routing in voice and voice/data networks. The smoothness of the proposed objective functions suggests the use of distributed optimal routing algorithms based on nonlinear programming techniques. >
Electrochemical Reactions of Carbon Dioxide

The sections in this article are Introduction CO2 Binding Modes of CO2 Binding Thermodynamics and Kinetics of CO2 Binding to Substrates Electrochemical CO2 Reduction One-electron Reduction to Oxalate Two-electron Reduction to Carbon Monoxide Two-electron Reduction of CO2 to Formate/formic Acid Two-electron Reductions of CO2 Involving Formation of a CC Bond Four-electron Reductions of CO2 Six-electron Reduction to Methanol Eight- and Twelve-electron Reductions of CO2 to Methane and Ethylene Sequential Two-electron Reductions of CO2 Catalyzed by Enzymes Summary Acknowledgment
Recurrent neural networks for dynamic system modeling

Stability properties of recurrent neural networks are investigated using Lyapunov stability theory. Two sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of equilibrium points of a class of recurrent neural networks are provided. The applicability of recurrent neural networks for nonlinear dynamic system modeling and control is discussed. >
Reply to Comment on "Generalized grating equation for virtually-imaged phased-array spectral dispersions"

I respond to a comment on [Appl. Opt.42, 4152 (2003)] and discuss some unusual features that arise in a plane-wave-inspired analysis of the virtually imaged phased-array spectral disperser.
Effects of subconjunctivally administered ouabain on aqueous humor dynamics

These studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of subconjunctivally administered ouabain in inducing a hypodynamic state in rabbit eyes associated with changes in aqueous humor composition. Although the intraocular pressure and the aqueous secretion were significantly reduced and the facility of outflow was significantly increased under the influence of ouabain, the marked shifts in aqueous composition which we observed would lead one to the conclusion that primarily the aqueous secretion was affected. The results indicate, too, that the onset of ouabain effects was quite rapid (within ½–1 hr) and that changes in ocular dynamics relative to chemical composition were most dramatic during the first day after a single injection, with residual effects lasting up to 5 days.
Endoscopic closure of postsurgical anterior cranial fossa cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

OBJECTIVE : The primary objective of this study is to present an alternative technique to closure of anterior cranial fossa cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. This study also serves to review our experience with our technique and presents some technical tricks we have learned through experience. METHODS : The design of this study is a clinical chart review. The setting is an academic medical center. RESULTS : Eight patients were referred for closure of postsurgical CSF leaks. Seven of eight patients underwent closure with one attempt and closure was achieved after a second attempt in one patient. Follow-up ranged from 1.5 to 4.0 years. There were no complications. No patient developed an acute or delayed episode of meningitis. CONCLUSION : The technique of endoscopic closure of a CSF leak is a safe and effective means for closure of a postsurgical anterior cranial fossa CSF fistula when performed by an experienced operator.
Raman spectroscopic studies of chloroprene polymers

The Raman spectra of predominantly trans - 1,4-polychloroprenes are presented. Spectra were recorded of polymers prepared by free radical emulsion techniques in the temperature range −20 to +40°C in both the solid state and in CS2 solution. Spectral changes characteristic of the crystalline and amorphous regions of the polymers have been identified. Measurements of the relative broadness of the 1007 cm−1 Raman line, which is associated with the C-C stretching frequency in the main chain, have been made and correlated with the amorphous content of the polymer. Extrapolations of these results indicates that polymers prepared in the range 50–60°C should be completely amorphous elastomeric materials.
Design and Recruitment of the Chicago Healthy Living Study A Study of Health Behaviors in a Diverse Cohort of Adult Childhood Cancer Survivors

BACKGROUND: Adult childhood cancer survivors are at higher risk for developing late medical effects related to their cancer treatments. Health-promoting behaviors may reduce the risk of some late effects and the severity of others. This article describes the design and recruitment of the Chicago Healthy Living Study (CHLS), an on-going study designed to examine the health behaviors and body mass index of minority adult childhood cancer survivors compared with nonminority survivors and noncancer controls. METHODS: Survivors are identified by the hospital cancer registries at 5 treating institutions in the Chicago area; then, a multilevel recruitment plan will be implemented with the objective of enrolling 450 adult survivors of childhood cancer (150 in each racial/ethnic group). Simultaneously, 375 adult African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white noncancer controls (125 in each racial/ethnic group) living in the Chicago area will be recruited by using listed, targeted digit dialing. All participants will complete a 2-hour interview of questionnaires related to diet, physical activity, smoking, and associated mediators. Height and weight also will be measured. CONCLUSIONS: The CHLS will provide important information on the health behaviors of adult minority childhood cancer survivors that can be used to inform the development of interventions to improve modifiable risks. Cancer 2009;115(18 suppl):4385–96. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Orexigenic agents in geriatric clinical practice

The problem of involuntary weight loss (IWL) is more pronounced among elderly individuals with psychiatric ailments, with depression being the leading cause. The combination of precipitating factors such as multiple medical comorbidities, polypharmacy, depression and the cachexia of aging, which are unique to elderly patients, present difficulties for physicians treating these individuals. Although research has indicated that certain medications may help promote appetite and weight gain in elderly patients with IWL, as a general rule, drugs should not be considered as first-line treatment. Although the focus of this article has been limited to reviewing the evidence for current orexigenic agents that are used to treat elderly individuals who are experiencing IWL, maintaining a healthy weight is an essential element of well-being and decreased morbidity and mortality. This article will discuss the increased occurrence and risk of IWL in elderly patients and will review the various pharmacotherapeutic agent...
Role of the Nrf2-Mediated Signaling Pathway as a Negative Regulator of Inflammation: Implications for the Impact of Particulate Pollutants on Asthma

Particulate matter (PM) is an environmental factor that may contribute to the exacerbation and possibly the development of asthma. PM contain redox-active chemicals and transition metals which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS can induce oxidative stress, which proceeds in hierarchical fashion to generate cellular responses. The most sensitive cellular response to mild oxidative stress is the activation of antioxidant and phase II enzymes (tier 1). If this protection fails, further increase of oxidative stress can induce inflammation (tier 2) and cell death (tier 3). Tier 1 antioxidant defenses are critical for protecting against airway inflammation and asthma. The expression of these antioxidant enzymes is regulated by the transcription factor, Nrf2. In response to oxidative stress, Nrf2 escapes from Keap1-mediated proteasomal degradation resulting in prolonged protein half-life and its nuclear accumulation. Nrf2 interacts with the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoters o...
Repair of carotid endarterectomy with a collagen-impregnated fabric graft

Saphenous vein patch closure of carotid endarterectomies may decrease the risk of acute postoperative occlusion and recurrent stenosis. However, the disadvantages of a vein patch include postoperative rupture and pseudoaneurysm formation. Object. The authors sought to assess the effectiveness of collagen-impregnated fabric grafts as substitutes for saphenous vein grafts. Methods. In this report the authors prospectively analyzed 290 consecutive carotid endarterectomies in which a secondary closure was accomplished using a knitted double-velour graft. The 30-day major neurological morbidity and mortality rate was 1.7%. There were no postoperative occlusions or wound hematomas. The rate of recurrent carotid artery stenosis was less than 1%, and the graft site in one patient became infected. Conclusions. For surgeons who prefer a secondary closure of carotid endarterectomies, the synthetic graft may prove to be a viable alternative to a saphenous vein.
Factors differentially correlated with the outcome of liver transplantation in HCV+ and HCV- recipients

Background Survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is significantly poorer than for liver transplants performed for other causes of chronic liver disease. The factors responsible for the inferior outcome in HCV+ recipients, and whether they differ from factors associated with survival in HCV- recipients, are unknown. Methods. The UNOS database was analyzed to identify factors associated with outcome in HCV+ and HCV- recipients. Kaplan-Meier graft and patient survival and Cox proportional hazards analysis were conducted on 13,026 liver transplants to identify the variables that were differentially associated with outcome survival in HCV- and HCV+ recipients. Results. Of the 13,026 recipients, 7386 (56.7%) were HCV- and 5640 were HCV+. In HCV- and HCV+ recipient populations, five-year patient survival rates were 83.5% vs. 74.6% (P<0.00001) and five-year graft survival rates 80.6% vs. 69.9% (P<0.00001), respectively. In a multivariate regression model, donor age and recipient creatinine were observed to be significant covariates in both groups, while donor race, cold ischemia time (CIT), female to male transplants, and recipient albumin were independent predictors of survival of HCV- recipients. In the HCV+ cohort, recipient race, warm ischemia time (WIT), and diabetes also independently predicted graft survival. Conclusions. A number of parameters are differentially correlated with outcome in HCV- and HCV+ recipients of orthotopic liver transplantion. These findings may not only have practical implications in the selection and management of liver transplant patients, but also may shed new insight into the biology of HCV infection posttransplant.
Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of mars

ABUNDANT geomorphic evidence for fluvial processes on the surface of Mars suggests that during the era of heavy bombardment, Mars's atmospheric pressure was high enough for liquid water to flow on the surface. Many authors have proposed mechanisms by which Mars could have lost (or sequestered) an earlier, thicker atmosphere but none of these proposals has gained general acceptance. Here we examine the process of atmospheric erosion by impacts and show that it may account for an early episode of atmosphere loss from Mars. On the basis of this model, the primordial atmospheric pressure on Mars must have been in the vicinity of 1 bar, barring other sources or sinks of CO2. Current impact fluxes are too small to erode significantly the present martian atmosphere.
Effect of Phase Transformation on Densification During Hot Isostatic Pressing

Abstract Densification of mixed phases which undergo phase transformation at elevated temperatures during hot isostatic pressing is described. The effect of the phase transformation on the densification process is shown relative to the densification characteristics of the major phase component of the mixed system. The densification of a mixed phase system undergoing phase transformation is compared using the mechanism maps for hot isostatic pressing of the single phase material. Densification of mixed phase systems undergoing phase transformation, such as homogenization with Kirkendall Effect, is considerably slower than its constituent single phase material. The tendency to generate Kirkendall pores due to homogenization of chemically different materials opposes the normal densification process, thus slowing down the densification process.
A ‘pure’ boundary node method for potential theory

The standard boundary node method (BNM) uses a (meshless) diffuse interpolation (in terms of neighbouring scattered boundary points) for the primary variables. The method is not ‘truly meshless’, however, since cells on the boundary of a body are used for integration. This paper presents a ‘pure’ version of the BNM in which integration cells are dispensed with. Instead (overlapping), regions of influence (ROIs) of boundary nodes are used for integration. Initial results for 2-D potential theory, presented here, are encouraging. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
πd Backward scattering via isobars in the deuteron

Pion-deuteron elastic backward scattering atp π lab ∼ 0.2–1.0 GeV/c is analyzed in terms of a two-particle exchange mechanism. Inclusion of isobarsΔ (1236) in the intermediate states, such that the initial or final deuteron is in aΔΔ configuration, produces qualitative agreement with the observed structure of the excitation function. IntermediateN′(1520) andN′(1535) states are found to be negligible.
Distribution of Rosy Apple Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) Within the Canopy of Apple Trees

The distribution of the rosy apple aphid (RAA), Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), within the canopy of apple trees was studied during the period of peak RAA activity. Distribution within sections of tree canopy differed significantly (chi2 analysis) only in the north-south direction between trees sprayed with a prebloom insecticide and those not sprayed. The number and percentage of leaf clusters infested by RAA were consistently highest. on each sampling date. in the inside and upper areas of foliage. The relative density of infestation (average rank) was not consistently highest in those areas of foliage throughout the study.
The ankle brachial index is dependent on left ventricular systolic function in Bonnet Macques

(R21⁄40.33. Female sex was associated to a higher AIx@75 in the whole age range: R21⁄40.443, p< 0.001. After adjustment by sex and age, AIx@75 was significantly associated with smoking (b1⁄43.93; p1⁄40.030; R21⁄40.468), peripheral diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (b 1⁄4 0.227; p1⁄40.041. R21⁄40.465), central systolic blood pressure (SBP) (b1⁄40.133; p1⁄40.029. R21⁄40.468), central DBP (b1⁄4 0.252; p1⁄40.022. R21⁄40.471). However, hsCRP was not significantly correlated to AIx@75. Age (b1⁄40.252; B1⁄40.619; p<0.001), sex (b1⁄46.587; B1⁄40.299; p<0.001), central DBP (b1⁄40.271; B1⁄40.181; p1⁄40.012) and smoking (b1⁄44.265; B1⁄40.174; p1⁄40.016) remained as significant predictors of AIx@75 when all the proposed covariates were included in a multivariate regression model (R21⁄40.500). Discussion: The arterial stiffness seems to be a prognostic and independent biomarker of cardiovascular risk. Pulse wave analysis is a non-invasive tool to evaluate arterial stiffness. The increase of stiffness is the result of a series of structural and functional changes taking place in the vessel wall in relation to aging, but whose speed could be modified by genetic aspects, life-style and risk factors. The analysis of the pulse wave morphology estimates carotid pulse from radial artery, providing a number of central cardiovascular parameters, specially the AIx. Conclusions: Aging was the main determinant factor of AIx@75. By gender, females showed higher values. After adjustment by sex and age, smoking status, central SBP and central and peripheral DBP significantly contribute to explain variability of AIx@75, but not chronic hyperglycemia, Metabolic Syndrome, hypertension, SBP, nor waist circumference. Now we better know the determinant factors of arterial stiffness.
Scrapie Infectivity in Hamster Blood Is Not Associated with Platelets

The infectivity of hamster scrapie strain 263K was measured in platelets isolated from blood pooled from six hamsters with clinical scrapie. The total number of infectious doses present in the blood pool was 220, out of which only 3.5 infectious doses were associated with platelets. A larger proportion of the total infectivity was recovered from the mononuclear leukocyte fraction. This result indicates that platelets are not the source of blood-borne infectivity in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy-infected hamsters.
Conformationally constrained analogues of 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

Novel monocyclic analogues of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were designed in order to explore the pharmacophoric conformations of this endocannabinoid ligand at the key cannabinergic proteins. All 2-arachidonoyl esters of 1,2,3-cyclohexanetriol [meso-7 (AM5504), (±)-8 (AM5503), and meso-9 (AM5505)] were synthesized by regioselective acylation of 2,3-dihydroxycyclohexanone followed by selective reductions. The optically active isomers (+)-8 (AM4434) and (−)-8 (AM4435) were synthesized from (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexanone, respectively, via a chemoenzymatic route. These head group constrained and conformationally restricted analogues of 2-AG as well as the 1-keto precursors were evaluated as substrates for the endocannabinoid deactivating hydrolytic enzymes monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and also were tested for their affinities for CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. The observed biochemical differences between these ligands can help define the conformational requirements for 2-AG activity at each of the above endocannabinoid protein targets.
D2 receptors binding potential is not affected by Taq1 polymorphism at the D2 receptor gene

Alcoholism and substance abuse have been associated with a polymorphism in a noncoding region of the D2 receptor gene (the A1 allele of the Taq1 'A' system) in several, but not all studies. In addition, the presence of the A1 allele has been associated with lower density of D2 receptors in the caudate nucleus in one postmortem study. If the Taq1 'A1' allele is in linkage disequilibrium with a mutation that decreases the expression of the D2 receptor gene, it is conceivable that subjects with the A1 allele might be predisposed to behaviors which stimulate dopamine transmission, such as alcoholism or substance abuse. In this study, we attempted to confirm the association between the A1 allele and lower D2 receptor density, and explored a possible association between the B1 allele and D2 receptor expression. Genotypes at the Taq1 'A' and 'B' systems were determined in 70 subjects who underwent in vivo measurement of D2 receptors-binding potential with single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) and the selective dopamine D2 receptor radiotracer [123I]IBZM. [123I]IBZM-binding potential was identical in A1 carriers (i.e., subjects heterozygous or homozygous for that allele) (230 +/- 85 ml g-1, n = 27) and A1 noncarriers (231 +/- 70 ml g-1, n = 43). Similarly, we found no effect of the B1 allele on [123I]IBZM-binding potential. In conclusion, the results of this study failed to replicate the previously reported association between A1 allele and lower D2 receptor expression.
Operational aspects of signal-averaged electrocardiography.

IGNAL-AVERAGED electrocardiography (SAECG) is a computerized processing technique that greatly enhances the resolution of the surface electrocardiogram so that lowamplitude cardiac potentials can be recorded from the body surface. Initially, this technique was used to record His-Purkinje potentials from the body surface to evaluate atrioventricular conduction.‘,’ It is now principally used to record late potentials to identify patients at increased risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Late potentials are low-amplitude highfrequency signals located at the end of the QRS and the beginning of the ST segment. Late potentials were first identified by direct epicardial recordings in animal experiments.3-5 These studies showed that local electrical activity in the ischemic zones persisted well beyond the end of the QRS complex. The continuous electrical activity bridged the diastolic interval between the initiating and the re-entrant ventricular ectopic beats. Berbari et al first used SAECG to record these low-amplitude cardiac potentials from the body surface, which extended into the ST segment and corresponded to delayed epicardial potentials in the ischemic
Cicero, the Elder Curio, and the Titinia Case

Twice in his rhetorical treatises (Brutus 217; Orator 129) Cicero makes reference to the trial of Titinia Cottae1), in which trial Cicero, who spoke in Titinia's behalf, won a resounding victory over no less a figure than C. Scribonius Curio (cos. 76 B.C.)2). While next to nothing is known of the case3), Cicero clearly took considerable pride in his success, so much so that at Orat. 129 he treated his speech pro Titinia as comparable to his prosecution of
Nasal route for direct delivery of solutes to the central nervous system : Fact or fiction?

AbstractDuring this century, several investigators reported that certain viruses, metais, drugs, and other solutes could bypass systemic circulation and enter the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid directly following nasal administration. Although evidence clearly suggests that the olfactory epithelium and its olfactory cells play a major role, little is known about the mechanisms of direct transport of solutes into the brain. An overview of what is known about these mechanisms may aid in further research in this field, including studies of direct drug delivery to the central nervous system. This review, in addition to summarizing the literature to date, clearly describes the intricate association of the anatomical features involved in direct entry of solutes into the brain following nasal administration. To aid in the understanding of the possible routes a solute can take after nasal administration, the anatomy of the olfactory epithelium and surrounding tissues is described, and a detailed scheme delineat...
Fresh gasoline emissions, not paved road dust, alter cardiac repolarization in ApoE-/- mice

Fresh vehicular emissions potentially represent a ubiquitous environmental concern for cardiovascular health. We compared electrocardiographic effects of fresh gasoline engine emissions with resuspended paved road dust in a mouse model of coronary insufficiency. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice on a high fat diet were exposed by whole-body inhalation to either gasoline emissions at 60 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM), an equivalent atmosphere with particles filtered out of the whole exhaust, or paved road dust at 0.5 and 3.5 mg /m3 for 6 h/d for 3 d. Radiotelemetry recordings of electrocardiogram (ECG) were analyzed for changes in T-wave morphology (QT interval, T-wave amplitude, and T-wave Area). Following exposures, lung lavage and blood samples were obtained to assay for markers of pulmonary and systemic inflammation. No exposure induced significant changes in heart rate and only the high concentration of road dust induced signs of pulmonary inflammation. T-wave area exhibited significant deviation from baseline values during exposure to gasoline exhaust particulates, but not to either concentration of road dust or gasoline emissions sans particulates. Gasoline-exposed mice demonstrated elevated plasma endothelin-1, but did not cause systemic inflammation. These data support the hypothesis that freshly-generated engine emissions, as opposed to resuspended paved road dust, may drive cardiac effects that have been observed at road-sides in the environment. The absence of ECG effects for both very high concentrations of road dust PM and equivalent concentrations of the vapor/gas phase of gasoline engine exhaust further indicate the specific risk conferred by fresh vehicular PM.
DBCCR1 mediates death in cultured bladder tumor cells

Chromosome 9, which is often partially or fully reduced to homozygosity in bladder cancer cells, harbors several tumor suppressor loci including deleted in bladder cancer chromosome region 1 (DBCCR1) at 9q32-33. To study DBCCR1 function, stable cell lines, inducible for DBCCR1 expression by tetracycline, were made, but the DBCCR1 protein was not expressed at detectable levels. To understand the fate of DBCCR1-expressing cells, human bladder tumor cells were transiently transfected with an expression vector containing DBCCR1 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Initially, DBCCR1-EGFP-expressing cells demonstrated diffuse cytoplasmic green fluorescence with nuclear exclusion patterns. After time, the intensity level of green fluorescence increased and a granular distribution of protein became visible in the cells. At this point, cells rounded up and detached from the tissue culture dish. Cells transfected with a control vector, containing only EGFP, and partial DBCCR1-EGFP fusion constructs did not demonstrate this behavior. DBCCR1-mediated cell death in cultured tumor cells was independent of caspase-3 activation and did not result in detectable DNA strand breaks by TUNEL staining that are hallmarks of the classical apoptotic pathway.
The design of a microfluidic biochip for the rapid, multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogens by surface plasmon resonance imaging

The rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is increasingly important due to the rising occurrence of contaminated food supplies. We have previously demonstrated the design of a hybrid optical device that has the capability to perform realtime surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and epi-fluorescence imaging. We now present the design of a microfluidic biochip consisting of a two-dimensional array of functionalized gold spots. The spots on the array have been functionalized with capture peptides that specifically bind E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella enterica . This array is enclosed by a PDMS microfluidic flow cell. A magnetically pre-concentrated sample is injected into the biochip, and whole pathogens will bind to the capture array. The previously constructed optical device is being used to detect the presence and identity of captured pathogens using SPR imaging. This detection occurs in a label-free manner, and does not require the culture of bacterial samples. Molecular imaging can also be performed using the epi-fluorescence capabilities of the device to determine pathogen state, or to validate the identity of the captured pathogens using fluorescently labeled antibodies. We demonstrate the real-time screening of a sample for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica . Additionally the mechanical properties of the microfluidic flow cell will be assessed. The effect of these properties on pathogen capture will be examined.
Analysis of folacin by GC/MS: Structures and mass spectra of fluorinated derivatives of para‐aminobenzoyl glutamic acid

Simultaneous acylation/esterification of para-aminobenzoyl glutamic acid with trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroethanol was attempted as part of a scheme to monitor deuterium-labeled dietary folates at nanogram levels in human subjects by GCMS. The anticipated fully-derivatized product comprised only about 10% of the reaction mixture; EI, positive ion CI and electron capture negative ion mass spectra of the major product (ca 80% yield) are consistent with a cyclic compound, most likely a lactam with a 5-membered ring. The stability and mass spectral characteristics of the cyclic compound permit differentiation of isotopically labeled species at subnanogram levels by selected ion monitoring in the electron capture negative ion mode.
Wasp Preference for Black-, Brown-, and Hybrid-Type Pupae of the House Fly

A strain of the house fly, Musca domestica L., was isolated which produced black pupae instead of the normal brown ones. Investigation showed that blackness in the puparium was controlled by a single, recessive gene. The black strain was preferred by the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis Walker to either the brown strain or hybrids between the 2 strains. In a population cage set up originally with equal proportions of the black and brown pupae, the proportion of flies producing black pupae decreased rapidly; and when parasites were present in the population the decline appeared to be more rapid.
The pathologic effects of I131 on the normal thyroid gland of man.

INTRODUCTION RADIOACTIVE iodine (I131) is now receiving widespread trial for the therapy of thyrotoxicosis, carcinoma of the thyroid and intractable angina pectoris and congestive heart failure. Although its therapeutic efficacy in many patients with these conditions has been adequately demonstrated, only fragmentary knowledge of the histologic effect of I131 radiation on thyroid tissue, normal and pathologic, is available in man. Shapiro (1), Williams et al. (2) and Chapman and Evans (3) have reported the radiation effects observed in a small number of thyroid biopsy specimens obtained in thyrotoxic patients treated with I131. Acute cellular injury, noted shortly after therapy, was followed in several months by an increase in fibrous tissue and subsequently by pronounced fibrosis and “regenerative hyperplasia.” In the course of our studies with I131 in the induction of hypometabolism in euthyroid patients with intractable angina pectoris and congestive heart failure (4–6) we have been afforded the opport...
Conceptual and Practical Considerations for Sharing Catastrophic/Systemic Risks

Catastrophic or systemic risks are a major challenge for the farm and food system and rural communities. Private sector markets for sharing catastrophic risks are limited, but less so than in the past. This article presents a conceptual base for understanding why markets for sharing catastrophic risks may be incomplete and/or inefficient. Next, federal efforts to address catastrophic risk losses are reviewed. Finally, new capital market developments are presented and an alternative is introduced where the government would write risk options for specific perils.