cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human fallopian tube fluid. I. Protein composition.

A method for the collection of human tubal fluid and the determination of its protein content is described. 6 patients free of adnexal disease who were scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy or tubal ligation were selected for the study. Tubal fluid was collected by inserting a 16-gauge polyethylene tube into each oviduct about one-third of its length from the fimbrial end at laporatomy. The proximal end of fallopian tube was ligated at the uterine cornua. The fimbrial end was sutured snugly around the tubing. The ends of the polyethylene tubes were brought out through a low transverse abdominal incision. Each was attached to a needle which in turn was inserted into a vacuotube. A sterile dressing was applied to the wound covering the tubes and changed daily. The polyethylene tubes were removed on Postoperative Day 4 or 5. Tubal fluid was collected from 4 patients. In 2 cases the fluid was either too scant or discarded because of blood contamination. Total proteins were determined by the method of Lowry. The total proteins in the tubal fluid were 3.26 gm %. Major protein fractions consisted of albumen alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2 and gamma-globulins with approximately the same distribution as that in serum. Immunoelectrophoretic studies revealed the presence of some 15 serum type proteins. They included isoagglutinins and immunoglobulins with the exception of IgM which was found only in trace amounts in 1 sample. A specific beta-glycoprotein apparently produced by the fallopian tube and absent in blood was detected. This protein was immunologically identical with specific ovarian tissue antigen. It is suggeseted that further studies are required to determine precisely the functional role of such a large number of proteins in human tubal fluid.
Bicultural Competence, Acculturative Family Distancing, and Future Depression in Latino/a College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model

In his acculturative family distancing (AFD) theory, Hwang (2006b) argued that acculturation gaps among parents and youth may lead to psychological and emotional distancing. AFD includes 2 dimensions: incongruent cultural values and breakdowns in communication. This study examined whether bicultural competence (BC) served as a mediator and moderator for the relationship between AFD and depression using structural equation modeling. Two hundred and forty-one Latino/a college students attending predominantly White, midwestern universities completed an online survey at 2 time points. For mediation, results indicated that BC at Time 2 (T2) mediated the relationship between AFD at Time 1 (T1) and depression at T2 above and beyond the effects of depression, acculturation, and enculturation at T1. A bootstrap method estimated the significance of the indirect effect. Moreover, 16% of the variance in BC at T2 was explained by acculturation, enculturation, and AFD at T1; 30% of the variance in depression at T2 was explained by BC at T2 and depression at T1. Post hoc analyses of the AFD and BC dimensions suggested that (a) positive attitudes toward both groups, communication ability, and social groundedness were significant mediators for the incongruent cultural values-depression link and (b) communication ability and social groundedness were significant mediators for the communication breakdown-depression link. For moderation, the AFD × BC interaction did not significantly predict depression at T2. Limitations, future research directions, and counseling implications are discussed.
Evaluating the Developmental Stages of Digital Educational Programs: Challenges and Opportunities:

The US Institute of Education Sciences (IES) currently provides a progressive series of education research grants that can support the development of innovative and creative educational programs, starting with exploratory grants, and progressing through developmental grants, efficacy trials, and finally, effectiveness studies. The IES further requires an evaluation component for each of these program developmental stages. In this article, the authors report on their experiences as evaluators of the developmental stage of a digital educational program called Scholar. Their reflections concentrate on what might be uniquely relevant to digital educational programs and to programs at the IES developmental stage. The key issues discussed include: (a) the challenge of assessing implementation fidelity and variability for a developmental project; (b) the challenge of assessing the program's reach to diverse program participants, especially those least well served in a given context; and (c) the challenges of sec...
Differentiating Powers of an Old Friend

(1996). Differentiating Powers of an Old Friend. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 103, No. 5, pp. 415-416.
Analysis of Detection Results of Trace Elements and Macro Elements in Serum of Pregnant Women in Shenzhen

Objective To study the situation of the serum trace elements and macro elements deficiency in pregnant women,and to explore preventive measures.Methods A total of 9 698 women who had prenatal examinations and a labor delivery in the hospital were selected as experimental group,and 800 women without pregnancy were selected as control group.8 elements in the serum,such as calcium(Ca),copper(Cu),iron(Fe),potassium(K),magnesium(Mg),sodium(Na),plumbum(Pb),zinc(Zn) detected by atomic absorption spectrometer,were compared in the 2 groups.Results With increasing gestational age,the absent ratio of iron,calcium were significantly higher than those in control group(P0.05),in which the calcium and iron deficiency were correlated with the pregnancy gestation.The plumbum in pregnant group were significantly higher than those of the control group.Conclusion Women during pregnancy should regularly monitor the microelements and macro elements,and to adjust in time depending on gestational week,age and so on.
2-Acetylthiamin pyrophosphate: an enzyme-bound intermediate in thiamin pyrophosphate-dependent reactions

Several enzymes catalyze reactions that may involve acetylthiamin pyrophosphate (acetyl-TPP) as an intermediate. These enzymes are phosphoketolase, pyruvate oxidase and several pyruvate oxidoreductases. Acetyl-TPP can be synthesized and used as a carrier to analyze quenched reaction mixtures for the presence of [14C]acetyl-TPP. Synthetic acetyl-TPP exhibits unusual chemical properties and a unique pH-rate profile that serves as a powerful means of characterizing [14C]acetyl-TPP that has been isolated from quenched enzymatic reaction mixtures. Using this and other methods, extensive evidence has been obtained for the involvement of acetyl-TPP in certain reactions catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH complex) of Escherichia coli. Acetyl-TPP is chemically competent as an intermediate in the decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of pyruvate by the PDH complex; and it is transiently formed during the course of this reaction. It may be an enzyme-bound intermediate or it may be in equilibrium with such an intermediate. Acetyl-TPP is very likely to be an intermediate of the phosphoketolase reaction. However, no direct evidence linking it to the phosphoketolase reaction mechanism is yet available. It is unclear whether acetyl-TPP is an intermediate in the pyruvate oxidoreductase reactions. In one example, that of the ketoacid oxidoreductase of Halobacterium halobium, analysis by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates the involvement of a hydroxyethyl-TPP-radical as an intermediate. It is unknown whether the subsequent reaction of this radical with coenzyme A an an oxidized FeS cluster to produce acetyl coenzyme A and the reduced cluster involves the intermediate formation of acetyl-TPP.
Abstract 4550: High-level nuclear GSK3β promotes glioma tumorigenesis by phosphorylating KDM1A and inducing its deubiquitination by USP22

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumors and is resistant to most therapeutic endeavors. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) in GBM are responsible for glioma propagation and resistance to conventional therapies. GSK3β is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase. Growing evidences have supported the oncogenic roles of GSK3β in diverse cancers, including in GBM; however, the functional mechanism of GSK3β in tumor initiation and propagation remains elusive. Our study showed that nuclear GSK3β is responsible for overexpression of the histone demethylase KDM1A and critically regulates histone H3K4 methylation during glioma tumorigenesis. GSK3β phosphorylates KDM1A, which induces its binding and deubiquitination by USP22, leading to KDM1A stabilization. GSK3β and USP22-dependent KDM1A stabilization is required for the demethylation of histone H3K4, thereby repression of BMP2, CDKN1A, and GATA6 transcription, and result in GSCs self-renewal and brain tumorigenesis. Moreover, introduction of a GSK3β-phosphorylation-mimic mutant KDM1A rescues the effect of GSK3β depletion on the inhibition of glioma tumorigenesis. In human glioblastoma specimens, KDM1A levels are correlated with nuclear GSK3β and USP22 levels. Furthermore, a GSK3 inhibitor tideglusib in a GBM mouse model inhibits the tumor initiating ability of GSCs, sensitizes tumors to temozolomide, and prolongs mice survivals via KDM1A down-regulation. Our findings demonstrate that nuclear GSK3β and USP22-mediated KDM1A stabilization is essential for glioma tumorigenesis and highlights that targeting GSK3β as a therapeutic target for GBM. Citation Format: Aidong Zhou, Kangyu Lin, Sicong Zhang, Suyun Huang. High-level nuclear GSK3β promotes glioma tumorigenesis by phosphorylating KDM1A and inducing its deubiquitination by USP22 . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4550.
Validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) in critically ill children.

The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) is a single tool that is intuitive, is easy to use, and includes both agitation and sedation. The RASS has never been formally validated for pediatric populations. The objective of this study was to assess inter-rater agreement and criterion validity of the RASS in critically ill children. To evaluate validity, the RASS score was compared to both a visual analog scale (VAS) scored by the patient’s nurse, and the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS), performed by a researcher. The nurse completed the VAS by drawing a single line on a 10-cm scale anchored by “unresponsive” and “combative.” The UMSS was used to validate the sedation portion of the RASS only, as it does not include grades of agitation. For inter-rater agreement, one researcher and the patient’s nurse simultaneously but independently scored the RASS. One hundred patient encounters were obtained from 50 unique patients, ages 2 months to 21 years. Of these, 27 assessments were on children who were mechanically ventilated and 73 were on children who were spontaneously breathing. In validity testing, the RASS was highly correlated with the nurse’s VAS (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.810, p < .0001) and with the UMSS (weighted kappa 0.902, p < .0001). Inter-rater agreement between nurse- and researcher-assessed RASS was excellent, with weighted kappa of 0.825 (p < .0001). The RASS is a valid responsiveness tool for use in critically ill children. It allows for accurate assessment of awareness in mechanically ventilated and spontaneously breathing patients, and may improve our ability to titrate sedatives and assess for delirium in pediatrics.
Healthy, sustainable and plant-based eating : perceived (mis)match and involvement-based consumer segments as targets for future policy

Abstract Given the inseparable environmental and health impact of dietary habits, integrating health and sustainability goals has become a highly topical issue in policy development and communication to encourage consumers to adopt healthier and more sustainable diets. Increasing evidence indicates that it is possible to develop diets that are both environmentally sustainable and healthy, but their potential success largely depends on consumers’ willingness and ability to change their behavior. This study investigates consumer perceptions of the match, or mismatch, between healthy and sustainable diets, and gives insight into consumers’ motivation to eat healthily and sustainably, as measured by involvement. Data were collected in Spring 2014 through a cross-sectional quantitative online survey with samples representative for age, gender and region in four European Union (EU) countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands) (n = 2783). The images of a healthy diet, a sustainable diet and a plant-based diet were found to be highly compatible based on a strongly observed match between European consumers’ perceptions of these concepts. Half of the participants were highly involved in healthy eating and one third in both healthy and sustainable eating. Informational food policy actions targeting both healthy and sustainable food consumption behavior are recommended to address issues relevant to the target segments, taking into account their levels of involvement. Increasing consumers’ motivation and involvement in health and sustainability emerges as a key trigger for increasing healthy and sustainable eating.
Hypersensitivity to Orthopedic Implants: A Review of the Literature

Awareness of rare etiologies for implant failure is becoming increasingly important. In addition to the overall increase in joint arthroplasties, revision surgeries are projected to increase dramatically in the coming years, with volume increasing up to seven-fold between 2005 and 2030. The literature regarding the relationship between metal allergy and implant failure is controversial. It has proven difficult to determine whether sensitization is a cause or a consequence of implant failure. Testing patients with functional implants is not a clinically useful approach, as the rate of hypersensitivity is higher in implant recipients than in the general population, regardless of the status of the implant. As a result of the ineffectiveness of preoperative patch testing for predicting adverse outcomes, as well as the high cost of implementing such patch testing as standard procedure, most orthopedists and dermatologists agree that an alternative prosthesis should only be considered for patients with a history of allergy to a metal in the standard implant. In patients with a failed implant requiring revision surgery, hypersensitivity to an implant component should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Because a metal allergy to implant components is currently not commonly considered in the differential for joint failure in the orthopedic literature, there should be improved communication and collaboration between orthopedists and dermatologists when evaluating joint replacement patients with a presentation suggestive of allergy.
Saint Martin/Sint Maarten and Saint Barthélemy

St. Barthelemy and St. Martin are small islands among the northernmost of the outer, coralline Lesser Antilles arc and are separated from one another by a narrow channel. Both islands are characterized by undulating coastlines with cove-like white and golden sand beaches and impounded salt ponds, offshore islets, dry landscapes (though the higher peaks on St. Martin do support slightly more rain-dependent vegetation), and landforms combining ancient volcanics with more recent sedimentary geology. St. Barthelemy and the northern part of St. Martin are culturally and politically connected to France, while the southern part of St. Martin (known as Sint Maarten) is linked to the Netherlands. Both islands are hilly, and while St. Martin’s larger size affords it some space for coastal plains, St. Barthelemy has significantly less flat land. Both islands are popular tourist destinations with St. Martin attracting more cruise ships and resort-based tourists and St. Barthelemy focusing on a smaller-scale, luxury tourism niche. Tropical cyclones occasionally threaten these islands, but the greatest hazards may be droughts and any disruption to the energy system since rainwater catchment and desalination provide the majority of the freshwater to both islands.
A chamber study of alkyl nitrate production formed by terpene ozonolysis in the presence of NO and alkanes

Organic nitrates are relatively long-lived species and have been shown to have a potential impact on atmospheric chemistry on local, regional, and even global scales. However, the significance of these compounds in the indoor environment remains to be seen. This work describes an impinger-based sampling and analysis technique for organic nitrate species, focusing on formation via terpene ozonolysis in the presence of nitric oxide (NO). Experiments were conducted in a Teflon film environmental chamber to measure the formation of alkyl nitrates produced from α-pinene ozonolysis in the presence of NO and alkanes using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. For the different concentrations of NO and O3 analyzed, the concentration ratio of [O3]/[NO] around 1 was found to produce the highest organic nitrate concentration, with [O3] = 100 ppb & [NO] = 105 ppb resulting in the most organic nitrate formation, roughly 5 ppb. The experiments on α-pinene ozonolysis in the presence of NO suggest that organic nitrates have the potential to form in indoor air between infiltrated ozone/NO and terpenes from household and consumer products.
Integration of acquired thermotolerance within the developmental program of seed reserve mobilization.

Abiotic stresses alter seedling metabolism from imbibition to seedling emergence resulting in stand establishment delays, poor stand quality, and often regional catastrophic crop losses. Temperature stress is the most universal of all the stresses associated with germination and stand establishment. The present study evaluated changes in acquired thermotolerance during the developmentally programmed mobilization of seed reserves for early seedling growth in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). To accomplish this, the development of a new protocol for evaluating thermotolerance was required because of limitations inherent in existing viability assays. The procedure developed for this study took advantage of the temperature sensitivity of chlorophyll synthesis and enabled the detection of cellular injury at temperatures 8 to 10°C below those identified for high temperature-induced injury by the standard triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction test. Cellular injury at temperatures similar to those reported previously for cellular regrowth studies could be seen with the Chi accumulation test. Developmental changes in inherent and acquired thermotolerance following germination were identified using this protocol. An inherent resistance observed during the first days following planting was lost with increasing seedling age, and the range of temperatures responsible for the induction of acquired thermotolerance narrowed with age. Seedlings grown at different temperatures exhibited differences in the time required for the induction of acquired thermotolerance when exposed to 40°C. In summary, this study has identified developmental changes in the inducibility and magnitude of acquired thermotolerance in cucumber cotyledons through the use of a novel viability assay.
Publication rates of podium and poster abstract presentations at the 2010 and 2011 society of gynecologic oncology conferences.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine the publication rate of oral and poster abstracts presented at the 2010 and 2011 Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) conferences as well as the journals that most commonly published these studies, their 5-year impact factor, the time to publication, and the reasons for nonpublication. Methods Abstracts presented at the 2010–2011 SGO conferences were included in this study. We searched Google, Google Scholar, and PubMed to locate published reports of these abstracts. If an abstract's full-text manuscript could not be located, an author of the conference abstract was contacted via email to inquire whether the research was published. If the research was unpublished, the authors were asked to provide the reason for nonpublication. The time to publication, journal, and journal impact factor were noted for abstracts that reached full-text publication. Results A total of 725 abstracts were identified, of which 386 (53%) reached publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Oral presentations were published at a higher rate than poster presentations. Most (70%) reached publication within 2 years of abstract presentation. Abstracts were published in 89 journals, but most (39%) were published in Gynecologic Oncology. The mean time to publication was 15.7 months, with a mean 5-year impact factor of 4.956. Conclusions A 53% publication rate indicates that the SGO conference selection process favors research likely to be published and, thus, presumably of high quality. The overall publication rate is higher than that reported for many other biomedical conferences.
Implementing the ACRL Framework : Reflections from the Field

In an exploratory study, interviews were conducted with fifteen librarians to learn about their perceptions of and experiences with the Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education . Participants reported that they are implementing the Framework implicitly rather than explicitly, and their instruction has become more interactive and hands on. A key strategy to success has been getting buy-in from other librarians and faculty. The participants have encountered a number of challenges in implementing the Framework , including time constraints within the one-shot model of instruction and resistance from some librarians and faculty who feel that the Framework is too highly conceptual to be practical for students, many of whom lack basic information literacy skills. Finally, participants indicated it is difficult to assess learning based on the Framework .
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter, Waist Circumference, and BMI as Predictors of Multiple Measures of Glucose Metabolism: An NHANES Investigation of US Adults.

The objective was to compare associations between sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), waist circumference, and BMI to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), along with fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR, in a nationally representative sample of 3582 US adults. The study also analyzed the effect of multiple covariates on the anthropometric and glucose metabolism associations. A cross-sectional design was used. SAD was assessed using an abdominal caliper. All other data were collected following strict NHANES protocols. The OGTT was the primary variable used to index glucose metabolism. Fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR were also evaluated. Results showed that mean ± SE values were as follows: SAD: 22.3 ± 0.1 cm, waist circumference: 98.0 ± 0.4 cm, BMI: 28.6 ± 0.2 kg/m2, OGTT: 113.9 ± 1.0 mg/dL, fasting glucose: 99.6 ± 0.3 mg/dL, HbA1c: 5.4 ± 0.01%, and HOMA-IR: 3.2 ± 0.1. Compared to waist circumference and BMI, SAD consistently emerged as the best predictor of glucose metabolism, before and after adjusting for the covariates, and with the sample stratified by gender, race, or age. SAD was not a better predictor of OGTT among normal-weight adults or non-Hispanic Black adults. Due to the ease of taking SAD measurements, we recommend that healthcare providers use this simple method to more precisely predict diabetes risk, especially among overweight and obese adults.
Differentiating type 1 and 2 acute myocardial infarctions using the N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide/cardiac troponin T ratio.

Abstract Purpose Differentiation of type 1 (T1MI) from type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) is important as recommended treatments for each differ. Patients with T2MI may have more/earlier cardiac wall stress resulting in an increased N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)/cTnT generation 5 ratio (cTnT Gen 5). Methods Emergency Department (ED) patients presenting with symptoms suspicious for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were enrolled from 2013 to 2015. Baseline blood samples were collected within 60 min of a triage ECG, with additional draws at 30, 60 and 180 min. NT-proBNP and cTnT Gen 5 levels were measured later in an independent laboratory. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was adjudicated using the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Results 575 patients were enrolled with 44 (7.7%) having AMI [25 T1MI (59.1%) and 18 T2MI (40.9%)]. Patient characteristics showed very few AMI type differences so accurate clinical differentiation was difficult. The median NT-proBNP/cTnT Gen 5 ratios were significantly higher in T2MI when compared to T2MI at baseline and 30, 60 and 180 min later [7.3 v 53.0 (p = 0.003), 5.8 v 49.5 (p = 0.002), 6.3 v 47.5 (p = 0.003) and 4.3 v 33.7 (p = 0.016) respectively]. Conclusions The clinical determination of whether an AMI is type 1 or 2 is difficult as the ED patient characteristics of each are similar. The NT-proBNP/cTnT Gen 5 ratio can aid in making this differentiation. Additional multicenter trials are needed to validate our results.
Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Nutritional intervention for infants, children, and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a multifaceted process, as this population not only demands attention to traditional CKD-related dietary issues such as phosphorus, potassium, and sodium, but a heavy emphasis must be placed on the adequacy of growth as well. *Infants and young children withstand nutritional deprivation less well than adults because they have low nutritional stores and high nutritional demands to meet the needs for rapid physical and brain growth. Likewise, adolescents have substantial nutritional needs because of the high demands for growth during puberty. The prevention of uremic toxicity and metabolic abnormalities are additional key treatment goals which nutritional management may influence in the pediatric patient with CKD.
Review of Vector Calculus

Recall that if we have a function f(x) defined for every point along the x axis, then the differential change in f, df, can be expressed as $$df=f^{\prime}dx$$ (B.1) where \(f^{\prime}(x)={df\over dx}\) is the slope of f(x). The function f′ is an important parameter for describing f. It tells us how fast f is changing with respect to x, i.e., if f′ = 0, then there is no change in f.
The Pediatric Personal Care Allocation Model for Home Care (PCAM): A Personal Care Case-Mix Model for Children Facing Special Health Care Challenges

Background State Medicaid programs in the United States provide services to children with special health care challenges through the Early Prevention, Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment program. One element of the services provided is Medicaid Personal Care Services (PCS), which are intended to correct or ameliorate any functional impairments faced by a child or youth (C/Y) in the community. Previous research indicates that considerable variation in the allocation of PCS depends on the assessor. A case-mix model is developed that might make the distribution of such services more uniform and equitable. Data The sample in this research includes 2708 C/Y aged 4 to 20 who were receiving PCS in Texas in 2008. Results A case-mix model was developed that groups sample members into 33 categories based on the number of hours of PCS authorized by an assessor. The Pediatric Personal Care Allocation Model (PCAM) explains 27% of the variance in the allocation of PCS hours. Discussion The implementation of the PCAM should provide guidance to assist in ensuring that C/Y facing similar functional challenges receive similar levels of PCS. However, implementation of any case-mix model is only a first step in moving to a prospective payment system for PCS.
Characterization of perfused and sectioned liver tissue in a full indentation cycle using a visco-hyperelastic model.

Realistic modeling of biologic material is required for optimizing fidelity in computer-aided surgical training and assistance systems. The modeling of liver tissue has remained challenging due to its nonlinear viscoelastic properties and high hysteresis of the stress-strain relation. While prior studies have described the behavior of liver tissue during the loading status (in elongation, compression, or indentation tests) or unloading status (in stress relaxation or creep tests), a hysteresis curve with both loading and unloading processes was incompletely defined. We seek to use a single material model to characterize the mechanical properties of liver tissue in a full indentation cycle ex vivo perfused and then sectioned. Based on measurements taken from ex-vivo perfused porcine livers, we converted force-displacement curves to stress-strain curves and developed a visco-hyperelastic constitutive model to characterize the liver's mechanical behavior at different locations under various rates of indentation (1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 mm/s). The proposed model is a mixed visco-hyperelastic model with up to 6 coefficients. The normalized root mean square standard deviations of fitted curves are less than 5% and 10% in low ( 0.3) conditions respectively.
BRAF and NRAS mutations in subtypes of papillary thyroid cancer

88 Earlier studies have demonstrated activating mutations in components of the MAP kinase cascade in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), including BRAF codon 599 and NRAS codon 61. Subsequent analysis of these mutations in PTC has found activating BRAF mutations in 29-69% of cases and activating NRAS mutations in 5% of cases. In order to further characterize PTC, we set out to determine the rate of BRAF and NRAS mutations in the various histopathological subtypes. Taking advantage of a collection of PTC samples sent to our institution for evaluation, we extracted DNA from paraffin sections of 75 thyroid cancer samples, 54 of which were PTC. We screened these samples for mutations in BRAF codon 599 (exon 15) and NRAS codon 61 (exon 3) using direct sequencing. The number of each subtype of PTC is listed in Table 1. We have completed analysis of BRAF mutations in 45 samples thus far. To date, we have observed 7 definitive BRAF mutations (21%) in PTCs screened. We have found 5 BRAF mutations in the follicular variants (28%), 1 in the tall cell variants (11%), and 1 mutation in the classic PTCs (17%). We have found no BRAF mutations in either the benign tissues or anaplastic carcinomas. We continue to acquire new samples to expand our analysis of the various subtypes. We will present our final data including the results of the NRAS analysis and the results of the additional samples. In conclusion, BRAF mutations appear to be most prevalent in the follicular variant of PTC. Correlation of BRAF and NRAS mutations with specific histopathological features will expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and clinical behavior of PTC and lead to the development of new therapeutic modalities for patients that fail radioactive iodine therapy.
Standard model of mind: Episodic Memory

Abstract Episodic memory is a critical component of any computational representation of cognition. While declarative and procedural memory have been extensively studied by the cognitive modeling community, episodic memory has only recently been considered as an important component of cognitive architecture (CA) development. Human neurological evidence supports the concept that memory is stored in the mind in different forms and locations, with episodic memory being critical for learning temporal sequences of events and associating context to learned information. Recent neurological evidence supports the idea that episodic memory is distinct from semantic memory and procedural memory. This paper reviews the current research on episodic memory in neurology and CAs and argues for its inclusion in the Standard Model of Mind.
Neuromuscular Weakness in the ICU

Critical illness muscular and nerve weakness is a common occurrence among patients who are critically ill or are admitted to intensive care units. Weakness is frequently observed in patients with multiple organ failure and severe systemic disease and may also be associated with treatments administered in the intensive care unit. Neuromuscular weakness in the ICU is most often due to critical illness myopathy, critical illness polyneuropathy, or a combination of both. Some authors apply the term “intensive care unit-acquired weakness” for patients who are admitted to intensive care units with systemic disease and subsequently develop clinically detected weakness but no other clear explanation of their weakness other than their primary critical care illness. This chapter reviews the neuromuscular weaknesses commonly encountered in the intensive care unit.
The Early Modern Period in the East Asian World-System

East Asia entered the modern world and joined the new and literally worldwide system with stable, peaceful, but highly conservative dynasties in place. The Manchu conquest of China led to the Qing Dynasty, driven to repression by Ming loyalist rebellions. Korea’s Yi Dynasty became ever more faction-ridden and narrowly Neo-Confucian. Japan’s Tokugawa shogunate flourished, making Japan possibly the most educated and most agriculturally productive per acre of any nation in the world by 1800, but the shoguns could not handle the coming of the industrial west. Vietnam was taken over by France in a colonial occupation. The Little Ice Age reached its worst years in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, following which it ameliorated. This amelioration allowed production to keep up with population increase for a while, allowing conservatism to block modernization and thus produce famines in China and hardship elsewhere.
Calcium Overload Decreases Net Free Radical Emission in Cardiac Mitochondria

Elevated calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for the bulk of cell death occurring in a variety of clinical settings that include acute coronary events, cerebrovascular accidents, and acute kidney injury. It is commonly believed that calcium and ROS participate in a viscous cycle during these events. However, the precise feedback mechanisms are unknown. We quantitatively demonstrate in this study that, on the contrary, calcium does not stimulate free radical production but suppresses it. Isolated mitochondria from guinea pig hearts were energized with a variety of substrates and exposed to calcium concentrations designed to induce moderate calcium overload conditions associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury but do not elicit the well-known mitochondrial permeability transition phenomenon. Metabolic function and free radical emission were simultaneously quantified using high-resolution respirometry and fluorimetry. Membrane potential, high amplitude swelling, and calcium dynamics were also quantified in parallel. Our results reveal that calcium overload does not lead to excessive ROS emission but does decrease ADP stimulated respiration rates for NADH-dependent pathways. Moreover, we developed an empirical model of mitochondrial free radical homeostasis to identify the processes that are different for each substrate and calcium condition. In summary, we show that in healthy guinea pig mitochondria, calcium uptake and free radical generation do not contribute to a viscous cycle and that the relationship between net free radical production and oxygen concentration is hyperbolic. Altogether, these results lay out an important foundation necessary to quantitatively determine the role of calcium in IR injury and ROS production.
In Automation We Trust: Investigating the Role of Uncertainty in Active Learning Systems.

We investigate how different active learning (AL) query policies coupled with classification uncertainty visualizations affect analyst trust in automated classification systems. A current standard policy for AL is to query the oracle (e.g., the analyst) to refine labels for datapoints where the classifier has the highest uncertainty. This is an optimal policy for the automation system as it yields maximal information gain. However, model-centric policies neglect the effects of this uncertainty on the human component of the system and the consequent manner in which the human will interact with the system post-training. In this paper, we present an empirical study evaluating how AL query policies and visualizations lending transparency to classification influence trust in automated classification of image data. We found that query policy significantly influences an analyst's trust in an image classification system, and we use these results to propose a set of oracle query policies and visualizations for use during AL training phases that can influence analyst trust in classification.
Chapter Twenty-Nine – Emerging Viruses

Emerging infections can be defined as those infections that have newly appeared in the population, or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range, as stated by Morse. Some of the emerging waterborne viruses include sapovirus, Aichivirus, polyomavirus, and Torque teno virus.
Updating strategy of a domain decomposition preconditioner for parallel solution of dynamic fracture problems

Abstract Iterative methods used for analysis of multiphysics problems that result in localized solution features may be highly demanding from a computational standpoint and often require special treatment to be more efficient. Dynamic fracture of metals is one such example in which a nonlinear thermo-mechanical system leads to strain localization, resulting in shear bands and/or cracks, in which iterative solvers may have difficult time converging. In the current paper, we develop a novel updating domain decomposition preconditioner for parallel solution of dynamic fracture problems, in which shearbands are modeled using a temperature-dependent viscoplastic material model and fracture is modeled by the phase-field method. The domain decomposition method is based on the Additive Schwarz Method (ASM). The key idea is to decompose the computational domain into two subdomains, a localized subdomain that includes all localized features of the solution and a healthy subdomain for the remaining part of the domain. In this way, one can apply different solvers in each subdomain, i.e. focus more effort in the localized subdomain. In this work, an LU solver is applied in both subdomains, however, while the localized subdomain is solved exactly at every nonlinear iteration, the healthy subdomain LU operator is reused and only selectively updated. Hence, significant CPU time savings associated with the setup of the preconditioner can be achieved. To this end, we propose a strategy for updating the preconditioner in the healthy subdomain. The strategy is based on an idealized performance-based optimization procedure that takes into account machine on-the-fly execution time. Three dynamic fracture problems corresponding to different failure modes are investigated. Excellent performance of the proposed updating preconditioner is reported in serial and parallel computers.
Macro-level Advocacy for Mental Health Professionals: Promoting Social Justice for LGBTQ+ Survivors of Interpersonal Violence

Violence, threats of violence, and fear of violence, in its many forms—self-directed, interpersonal, and collective, is an everyday reality of life for LGBTQ+ people. For LGBTQ+ victim/survivors of interpersonal violence, a focus on individual-level mental health intervention ignores the sociopolitical context that contributes to perpetuating such violence. This chapter aims to help mental health practitioners incorporate a critical response, focused on macro-level intervention, into their practice to challenge and change the oppressive, discriminatory, and disempowering systems, structures, and attitudes that contribute to violence in the lives of LGBQT+ people. The chapter explains how to engage in social justice cause advocacy as an activist/ally activist using a six-part critical response strategy: get educated, get empowered, get connected, be a connector and initiator for change, get political, and take action.
Design for Fault Analysis Using Multi-partite, Multi-attribute Betweenness Centrality Measures

As electrical and electronic systems (EES) steadfastly increase their functional complexity and connectedness, they pose ever-growing challenges in fault analysis and prevention. Many EES faults are intermittent, emerging (new faults), or cascading, and cannot be addressed by the traditional component-level diagnostic design. Leveraging the latest advancements in Network Science, we take the holistic approach to model and analyze the highly interrelated in-vehicle EES as layered sub-networks of hardware components, software components, and communication links. We develop multi-partite, multi-attribute betweenness centrality measures to quantify the complexity and maintainability of the layered EES network. We then use the betweenness centrality distribution to identify fault analysis monitoring points and fault-mitigation strategies. The promising results obtained by our initial empirical study of an example in-vehicle EES presents a first step toward network-theory based IVHM.
FLIP: A Framework for Leveraging eBPF to Augment WiFi Access Points and Investigate Network Performance

Monitoring WiFi networks is essential to gain insight into the network operation and develop methods capable of reacting to network dynamics. However, research and development in this field are hindered because there is a lack of a framework that can be easily extended to collect various types of monitoring data from the WiFi stack. In this paper, we propose FLIP, a framework for leveraging eBPF to augment WiFi access points and investigate the performance of WiFi networks. Using this framework, we focus on two important aspects of monitoring the WiFi stack. First, considering the high delay experienced by packets at access points, we show how switching packets from the wired interface to the wireless interface can be monitored and timestamped accurately at each step. We build a testbed using FLIP access points and investigate the factors affecting packet delay experienced in access points. Second, we present a novel approach that allows access points to track the duty-cycling pattern and energy consumption of their associated stations accurately and without the need for any external energy measurement tools. We validate the high energy measurement accuracy of FLIP by empirical experiments and comparisons against a commercial tool.
Evaluation of a Sex Education Program for Parents of Young Children

AbstractThis study evaluated the extent to which a sex education program for parents of preschool children changed mothers' teaching skills, comfort levels, and frequency of parent-child communication. A pre/posttest design was used, with mothers of middle- and working-class socioeconomic status serving as subjects in the sex education and control groups. Results revealed that program participants, as compared to controls: (a) planned to introduce sexual information to children at earlier ages; (b) provided more accurate responses to children's sex-related questions; and (c) were less likely to punish children's sexual language and behavior. The program had little impact on mothers' comfort or the frequency with which they discussed most sexual topics in the month following the intervention. Findings suggest that parent programs can improve mothers' skills as sex educators.
On Some Properties of Instantaneous Active and Reactive Powers

Summary: Some features of the instantaneous active and reactive powers p and q , not reported earlier, are discussed in this paper. It is shown that oscillating components and of these powers may not depend on the order of the load current harmonic. It was shown, moreover, that a load supplied with a nonsinusoidal voltage may not be distinguished in terms of p and q powers from a harmonics generating load (HGL) supplied with a sinusoidal voltage. This observation is important for compensator control. Also it was shown that the instantaneous reactive power q cannot be interpreted as a measure of amount of energy exchanged between supply lines of a load or as amount of energy rotating around such lines, as it was suggested in some publications on the IRP p-q Theory. A phenomenon of energy rotation or exchange between lines does not exist.
Diarrheal illness among US residents providing medical services in Haiti during the cholera epidemic, 2010 to 2011.

Although nosocomial transmission of cholera is rare, two US healthcare workers (HCW) became ill with cholera after providing medical services during the Haiti cholera epidemic. To assess the incidence of diarrheal illness and explore preventive health behaviors practiced by US residents who provided medical services in Haiti, we conducted a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey. We e-mailed 896 participants from 50 US-based, health-focused non-governmental organizations (NGOs), of whom 381 (43%) completed the survey. Fifty-six percent of respondents (n = 215) reported providing some care for patients with cholera. Diarrhea was reported by 31 (8%) respondents. One person was diagnosed with cholera by serologic testing. NGOs responding to international emergencies should ensure ample access to basic hygiene supplies and should promote their use to reduce the incidence of diarrheal illness among HCW working overseas.
Let's Get Our Houses in Order: The Role of Transitional Rituals in Constructing Moral Kindergartners

This article stems from a participant-observation study I conducted in a full-day kindergarten classroom in a central North Carolina public school during the autumn of 1994. In attempting to understand how morality was constructed by the teacher and children there, I saw that the teacher utilized a series of rituals to help the children shed their external (home) roles, make the transition to their school roles, and reaggregate as students (as opposed to children). While she conceptualized these activities as merely organizing the children for the school day, I interpreted them as a manifestation of rites of passage (van Gennep, 1960; Turner, 1969). This paper is the second in a three-part examination of these rites of passage, in which I map out and explore the teacher's use of transitional or liminal rituals to construct the moral identity of the role of student and foster the children's attachment to that role.
Thermoelectric Devices Incorporating Photonic Resonance Segments

Thermoelectric devices integrated with optical resonance absorbers are demonstrated. We design the absorbers with rigorous numerical methods and fashion experimental prototypes by thin-film deposition, patterning, and etching. A $\sim 2.5$ - $\mu \text{m}$ -thick p-type heavily doped polysilicon film on a $\sim 2$ - $\mu \text{m}$ layer of thermally grown SiO2 enables guided-mode resonance. The SiO2 layer additionally serves to thermally insulate the polysilicon layer from the Si substrate. A grating layer is etched into the polysilicon film to form the absorber. Thus, the polysilicon film works as functional material for both the absorber and the thermoelectric converter itself. Numerical simulations show that the resonance segment enhances absorption by $\sim 30$ % in the visible spectral range and by $\sim 40$ % in the infrared (IR) range relative to unpatterned devices. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrate significantly increased electrical output over reference devices. These simple devices can be applied as compact voltage generators and IR sensors.
Cloud storage and online bin packing

We study the problem of allocating memory of servers in a data center based on online requests for storage. Given an online sequence of storage requests and a cost associated with serving the request by allocating space on a certain server one seeks to select the minimum number of servers as to minimize total cost. We use two different algorithms and propose a third algorithm. We show that our proposed algorithm performs better for large number of random requests in terms of the variance in the average number of servers.