cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching tips: English as a second language students—How can we help them to be successful in associate degree nursing education?

Welcome to Teaching Tips, a new addition to Teaching and Learning in Nursing. Periodically, I will be posting an issue or question for discussion on the National Organization for Associate Degree Nursing (N-OADN) list serve. Responses to the query or comments about the issue will be used to help create this column. About a year ago, a well-known cheese steak vendor here in Philadelphia posted a sign requesting that his patrons order their food in English. This created quite a stir between supporters and opponents of this issue. The vendor appeared on local and national talk shows answering questions about the sign and trying to explain his point of view. His explanation focused on his view that he was actually helping these non-English speaking clients to learn the language by forcing them to use English. The vendor’s 15 minutes of fame have ended, but this episode opened up a great deal of discussion about people who speak English as a second language (ESL). It was of particular interest to my colleagues as we began to discuss the increase in ESL students in the program over the past few years. Questions revolved around issues of amount of accommodation that should provide ways to measure fluency in use of English.
Serologic evidence of chlamydial and mycoplasmal pharyngitis in adults

In a study of 763 adult patients we found serologic evidence of infection (a fourfold increase in antibodies) with Chlamydia trachomatis in 20.5 percent of the patients and with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 10.6 percent, but with group A streptococcus (by culture) in only 9.1 percent. Pharyngitis, the most common problem for which patients seek medical care in the United States, may be caused by nonviral, potentially treatable organisms more often than had been suspected.
Density-gradient centrifugation of the virions liberated from Rachiplusia ou nuclear polyhedra.

Abstract Rate zonal centrifugation of the virions liberated from Rachiplusia ou nuclear polyhedra results in the formation of numerous opalescent zones within the sucrose gradient. Evidence is presented which indicates that the various zones correspond to virions containing different numbers of nucleocapsids. That is, the virions are sedimenting according to the number of nucleocapsids within. This physical evidence, in conjunction with the morphology of the virions (ultrastructure), suggests that the R. ou nuclear polyhedrosis virus produces multiploid virions.
Emerging therapies for pulmonary hypertension: Striving for efficacy and safety

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare condition characterized by neointimal vascular occlusion of small pulmonary arteries that leads to circulatory failure and death [(1–3)][1]. Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension with identical pathologic obliteration of the pulmonary vasculature is
Synthesis and Characterization of a Disulfide Reporter Molecule for Enhancing pH Measurements Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

In this paper, we describe the synthesis and characterization of 2,5-dimercaptobenzoic acid as a novel pH-sensitive disulfide reporter molecule for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) capable of inducing the controlled aggregation of gold (Au) colloids in solution without the addition of salts. While weak acids have been shown to yield some pH sensitivity as reporter molecules for SERS measurements, the reproducibility and signal strength of nanoparticle probes based on such molecules can vary greatly. This limited reproducibility depends greatly on the salt-induced aggregation of the colloidal nanoprobes, which is required in order to obtain SERS signals strong enough to probe individual clusters. This complicates their use in live cell sensing applications. We show that our approach results in primarily bridged nanoparticles comprising a pH-sensitive nanoprobe that can quantify accurately pH values well below 5.5. The robustness and sensitivity of this system makes it a powerful tool for measuring ...
Application of Singular Value Decomposition Method to Digitally Controlled Large Orbiting Platforms

The dynamics and control for the specific application of a large orbiting flexible thin square plate are considered. The focus is on the utilization of a singular value decomposition (SVD) method to create a stable reduced-order system. By reviewing the system's singular value bounds in the frequency domain one can properly assess stability robustness parameters that are difficult to characterize effectively in a time-domain setting. This system's openloop singular values were extremely close to zero, denoting singular system matrices. To alleviate this problem with matrix singularity, the SVD method was applied to transform the original systems. The reduction of actuators/sensors is done partially in the physical sense and partially in the mathematical space. Results show that when the SVD method transformation is applied stable controllable closed-loop system matrices can be designed.
A case study: The review of the Los Angeles Bureau of Jewish Education

About six months after my evaluation and consulting involvements with the Los Angeles Bureau of Jewish Education had ended, I was invited to speak about my experiences to a group of Directors of Bureaus of Jewish Education from around the country. I made my presentation to a rather silent group seated in high-backed chairs around a conference table in a wood paneled Iibrary. I concluded my talk by saying that what I saw as a successful evaluation-the Review of the L.A. Bureau of Jewish Education-was possible only because of the high energy, passionate commitment and good ideas of all the people who had been involved. I concluded with the same statement that ends this article. “I believe that the utilization-focused evaluation we did paid off.” I then asked several of these people from the Los Angeles Bureau, whom I had asked to be panehsts with me, to make their own comments on the Review. The newly appointed Director of the L.A. Bureau said that, from his perspective, the best thing about the evaluative Review that I had done was that the Bureau now had a mandate to carry out a defined, circumscribed set of tasks and did not any longer need to be excessively responsive to the pleading of special interest groups. The worst thing about the evaluation, he said, was the emotional “aftertaste” it left: The organization’s inner workings had been exposed to public view. The second panelist, a BJE staff member, said the best thing about the evaluation was that it was cathartic for himself and for others on the staff. It had given them the opportunity to be heard, to react to past practice and suggest future activities; but, he said, the evaiuation Iasted too long, and work was interrupted for an entire year because the spotlight was turned up so high on everyone’s activities. The third panelist, a member of the oversight group which had initiated the study, said that simply getting the evaluation done gave everyone in his group hope that something constructive in Jewish education could really happen; but, on the other hand, he asked, how come there are not very many large-sized, visible changes yet? The audience of Bureau Directors listened carefully and asked thoughtful questions. Was Jewish education in Los Angeles or was the BJE as an organization really better off after the evaluation than before? Why were recommendations based on empirical evaluations done by an independent outsider better than recommendations based on the judgments of knowIedgeabie persons such as Jewish educational experts or lay policy makers? Was evaluation worth the money in the long run? Maybe the money should have been better spent on program or on staff? It seemed to me that many of the questioners were imagining themselves being evaluated and not liking the fantasy. Several were as skeptical about the value of the evaluation after my talk as they had been before it began. The evahiation of an evaluation clearly depends, as we say in California, on who you are, where you’re coming from and where you’re going.
Power efficiency modeling and optimization of high-speed equalized-electrical I/O architectures

An I/O design framework is presented which combines statistical link analysis with circuit power models to predict the power-optimum equalization architecture, circuit style, and transmit swing at a given data rate, channel, and process node.
The Earth’s ‘hum’ is driven by ocean waves over the continental shelves

The Earth is regularly emitting a low frequency 'hum' equivalent to the energy released from a magnitude 5.75 earthquake. Since its discovery the source of this 'noise' has been projected to be some combination of the interactions between the atmosphere, the oceans and solid Earth, but exactly what produces it has remained something of a mystery. Now Spahr Webb presents calculations that suggest that seismic energy generated by the interaction of ocean waves with the shallow continental shelves, rather than atmospheric turbulence, is the probable source of the hum. Observations show that the seismic normal modes of the Earth at frequencies near 10 mHz are excited at a nearly constant level in the absence of large earthquakes1. This background level of excitation has been called the ‘hum’ of the Earth2, and is equivalent to the maximum excitation from a magnitude 5.75 earthquake3. Its origin is debated, with most studies attributing the forcing to atmospheric turbulence, analogous to the forcing of solar oscillations by solar turbulence2,4,5,6,7. Some reports also predicted that turbulence might excite the planetary modes of Mars to detectable levels4. Recent observations on Earth, however, suggest that the predominant excitation source lies under the oceans8,9,10. Here I show that turbulence is a very weak source, and instead it is interacting ocean waves over the shallow continental shelves that drive the hum of the Earth. Ocean waves couple into seismic waves through the quadratic nonlinearity of the surface boundary condition, which couples pairs of slowly propagating ocean waves of similar frequency to a high phase velocity component at approximately double the frequency. This is the process by which ocean waves generate the well known ‘microseism peak’ that dominates the seismic spectrum near 140 mHz (refs 11, 12), but at hum frequencies, the mechanism differs significantly in frequency and depth dependence. A calculation of the coupling between ocean waves and seismic modes reproduces the seismic spectrum observed. Measurements of the temporal correlation between ocean wave data and seismic data9,10 have confirmed that ocean waves, rather than atmospheric turbulence, are driving the modes of the Earth.
Left-to-Right Shunt via Left Superior Vena Cava Communication with Left Atrium

The findings in a 22-year-old man with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and a persistent left superior vena cava are reported. This is the first reported case of this combination of anomalies in which the atrial septum was intact and the left superior vena cava communicated with the left atrium. Uniquely, blood was shunted left to right via the left superior vena cava from the left atrium. Only one previous case of left-to-right shunting via a left superior vena cava (in the absence of mitral valvular disease or cor triatriatum) has been reported (associated with aortic coarctation). Angiograms demonstrated the left atrial connection of the left superior vena cava to be at the entrance of the right superior pulmonary vein into the left atrium. In the absence of demonstrable left-sided heart disease, this anatomic juxtaposition is suggested as a possible explanation for the direction of shunting.
The Chest Survey in a Large General Hospital

1)In the general hospital a photofluorographic chest survey program is ideally adapted to the study of three groups of individuals: (1) In-patients. (2) Out-patients. (3) Hospital personnel. 2)The examination is quickly and easily accomplished. 3)The mechanism of interpretation and reporting are simple. 4)The difficulties inherent in securing examination of a large proportion of hospital admissions are discussed in detail. The importance of hospital design is stressed, and a plea is made that hospitals of the future be so planned that the admission, registration and x-ray departments will be close to each other. 5)Survey examinations reveal positive findings in 10 to 12 per cent of hospital admissions, and pulmonary tuberculosis in 2 to 3 per cent. 6)The survey method is important in the recognition of other pulmonary pathological processes, and particularly pulmonary malignancy, either primary or secondary. 7)Emphasis is laid upon the importance of the chest survey study in the cardiovascular disease detection and prevention program. 8)No attempt has been made to discuss the economic phase of this method from the standpoint of either original financing or of patient charges.
Multiply unstable black hole critical solutions

The gravitational collapse of a complex scalar field in the harmonic map is modeled in spherical symmetry. Previous work has shown that a change of stability of the attracting critical solution occurs in parameter space from the discretely self-similarity critical (DSS) solution originally found by Choptuik to the continuously self-similar (CSS) solution found by Hirschmann and Eardley. In the region of parameter space in which the DSS is the attractor, a family of initial data is found which finds the CSS as its critical solution despite the fact that it has more than one unstable mode. An explanation of this is proposed in analogy to families that find the DSS in the region where the CSS is the attractor.
Computerized information services for the university community

Abstract Within the theme of the relationship between the large mechanized information retrieval systems covering a complete discipline, and the smaller specialized information centers, the concern of this paper is to portray a rational response to the problems of providing computerized information services in the medium-to-large university. Some of the chief obstacles are discussed in the context of the present state of the art of producing and utilizing computerized data bases, taking as a focus the concept of marketing. Upon this basis, the concept of a Center for Information Services for the university is discussed. The guiding hypotheses are outlined—that the demanded range of holdings will, over the long-term, be large and diverse; that the required processing capability will be comparably variegated; that the host system should have the ability to deal with incoming data on its own terms; and that the natural organizational framework for such a Center is as a permanent unit within the university library. Brief details are given concerning the current state of the Center's development, with emphasis on the emerging need for competent professional middlemen on the campus. The paper concludes with an outline of the likely direction of future work and its timing, some discussion of the overall costs of such a system, its possible adaptation to other environments, and the prognosis for its successful acceptance by the library and the university community.
Role of cyclic hydroxamic acids in monogenic resistance of maize to Helminthosporium turcicum

Abstract In maize, a single gene, Ht , conditions chlorotic lesion resistance to northern corn leaf blight caused by Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. The Bx gene mediates the production of cyclic hydroxamates and related compounds which have been implicated recently in the resistance mechanism of maize, wheat and rye to both insects and fungi. In this study, cyclic hydroxamates such as 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one were evaluated as to their role in the monogenic resistant reaction. Resistant deficient ( HtHtbxbx ) and susceptible deficient ( hthtbxbx ) genotypes were compared with resistant normal ( HtHtBxBx ) and susceptible normal ( hthtBxBx ) genotypes. The percentage of leaf area infected was significantly higher in the bxbx genotypes; this was due to an increase in the number and size of lesions. In hthtbxbx plants, the lesions enlarged and became flaccid. Non-infected tissue distal to the lesions became desiccated, suggesting plugging of xylem vessels. In HtHtbxbx plants, the chlorotic lesions became large and transparent before becoming flaccid, while non-infected tissue distal to the lesions remained turgid. The 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazine-3-on isolated from maize inhibited germination of H. turcicum spores at concentrations of 1 to 10 parts/million. There was little or no germination above 6 parts/million, while spores that germinated had significantly shorter germ tubes at all concentrations.
Thyroid Hormone Regulates Renocortical COX-2 and PGE2 Expression in the Late Gestation Fetal Sheep

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is important for development of the fetal kidney. Precisely how renal COX-2 expression is regulated in fetal life is unclear. The hypothesis that thyroid hormone positively regulates COX-2 and PGE2 levels in the late gestation fetal kidney cortex was tested. Sham, thyroidectomized (TX), and TX + thyroid hormone replacement (R) fetal sheep were studied. TX was performed at 120 days gestational age (dGA). TX + R fetuses were continuously infused with thyroxine from 3 days after surgery until study completion. Fetal kidney cortex was obtained at 137 dGA for measurement of renal cyclooxygenase type-2 (COX-2) protein and PGE2 metabolites. Renocortical COX-2 and PGE2 levels were significantly lower in TX compared with sham and TX + R fetuses. There were no differences between sham and TX + R fetuses. These findings demonstrate that thyroid hormone positively regulates renal COX-2 and PGE2 expression in the late gestation fetal sheep kidney.
Constrained? An Analysis of U.S. Academic Library Shifts in Spending, Staffing, and Utilization, 1998–2008

The study provides an analysis of U.S. academic library spending, staffing and utilization trends from data collected during the period between 1998 and 2008. Data used in this study are part of the NCES biennial survey of approximately 3,700 degree-granting postsecondary institutions. Confirming previous studies, there has been an order of magnitude change in the expenditure of e-books and e-serials; but, contrary to the view of being fiscally restrained, libraries have received investments and increases of approximately 12 percent above inflation over the period with significant increases in nearly every area of library operation. Library staffing is being diversified, while use of physical library assets are in decline for every metric in the study—gate count, reference service, general and reserve circulation. Academic libraries cannot be treated as a homogenous group of institutions, and the study analyzes shifts by type, size, and Carnegie class of institution, illustrating significant difference among these classes of academic libraries, particularly among large doctoral institutions and other academic libraries, with large public and doctoral private institutions driving growth, while small and medium-sized academic libraries have fallen behind in both collections and staff investments.
The Epistemology of Entrepreneurial Orientation: Conceptual Formation, Modeling, and Operationalization:

In this manuscript, we examine the evolution of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) concept in an effort to identify areas of concern for the future development of knowledge around the construct and provide conceptual analyses to suggest how we might best move forward in the construct's development. We suggest that the continued accumulation of knowledge in the field is best facilitated by conceptualizing EO as a reflective model utilizing three dimensions that can be extended through the use of a classical classification scheme and that additional subcategories of EO should be developed within the EO conceptual family utilizing new measurement items.
Toxicant exposure increases threshold food levels in freshwater rotifer populations

Food limitation and toxicant stress may be important community structuring factors in zooplankton such as rotifers. We hypothesized that food limitation increases rotifer sensitivity to toxicants as measured with a standard two day population growth test and that toxicant stressors shift population growth thresholds, potentially altering competitive relationships. Population growth rates of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were determined at high (18.3 mg of the green alga Nannochloris oculata dry weight per liter) and low (1.83 mg/L) food levels under mercury or pentachlorophenol toxicant stress. Rotifer sensitivity to toxicant stress was increased by as much as 7 times when populations were exposed to toxicants at the low versus high food level. Rotifer populations required up to 6 times as much food to maintain their size when exposed to a toxicant concentration causing no statistically significant reduction in r (NOEC).
Preferred conformation of the glycosidic linkage of methyl-β-mannose

The conformational preference of the glycosidic linkage of methyl-β-mannose was studied in the gas phase and in aqueous solution by ab initio calculations, and by molecular dynamics (MD) and Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations. MD simulations were performed with various water potential functions to study the impact of the chosen water potential on the predicted conformational preference of the glycosidic linkage of the carbohydrate in solution. This study shows that the trans (t) orientation of the glycosidic linkage of methyl-β-mannose is preferred over its gauche clockwise (g+) orientation in solution. CPMD simulations clearly indicate that this preference is due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding with surrounding water molecules, whereas no such information could be demonstrated by MD simulations. This study demonstrates the importance of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in studying the structural properties of carbohydrate-water interactions.
Payments for Watershed Services as Adaptation to Climate Change: Upstream Conservation and Downstream Aquifer Management

Economically optimal groundwater extraction allocates water over space and time to its highest and best social use. But optimal management of water resources also requires optimal investment in watershed capital, even as the climate is changing. We augment a standard coastal groundwater management model with stock-dependent extraction costs to include recharge-enhancing natural and produced capital whose depreciation can be offset by investment in each period. In some parts of the world, including Hawaii, results from climate models suggest that mean annual rainfall will decrease but that the frequency of storms may increase. In the case of coastal aquifers, the implication is that runoff to the ocean will increase and groundwater recharge will decrease. Accordingly, the groundwater-extraction/watershed-investment problem is further extended to allow natural recharge to decline in response to climate change. The tendency of falling recharge is partially offset by increasing investment in watershed capital. If precipitation decreases sufficiently, however, it may be that optimal conservation eventually declines as the cost of increasing groundwater recharge correspondingly increases. Thus adaptation to climate change may involve an initial stage of increased conservation investment followed by controlled depreciation of natural capital. That is, instruments of adaptation may become increasingly ineffective as climate change progresses.
Physiological regulation of potato tuber dormancy

At harvest, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers are dormant and will not sprout. As the period of postharvest storage is extended, tuber dormancy is broken and sprout growth commences. The loss of tuber dormancy and onset of sprout growth is accompanied by numerous biochemical changes, many of which are detrimental to the nutritional and processing qualities of potatoes. Endogenous hormones have been proposed to play a significant role in tuber dormancy regulation. The involvement of all major classes of endogenous hormones in tuber dormancy is reviewed. Based on available evidence, it is concluded that both ABA and ethylene are required for dormancy induction, but only ABA is needed to maintain bud dormancy. An increase in cytokinin sensitivity and content appear to be the principal factors leading to the loss of dormancy. Changes in endogenous IAA and GA content appear to be more closely related to the regulation of subsequent sprout growth.
Can An Autotransporter Protein Truly Transport Itself Across A Lipid Bilayer

Autotransporter (AT) proteins are synthesized with an N-terminal signal sequence, which is cleaved after secretion through the inner membrane, a passenger domain (the mature protein), and a C-terminal porin domain. The porin domain in inserted in the outer membrane (OM) and the passenger domain is secreted through this pore. OM secretion does not require ATP nor a proton gradient, therefore the driving force for efficient secretion remains unknown, nor is it known what prevents premature folding of the passenger in the periplasm. There is an ongoing debate in the literature about the role, if any, of interactions between AT proteins and periplasmic chaperones and/or OM proteins like Omp85 on AT secretion. We are developing an in vitro system to test the autonomy of AT secretion, using the model AT pertactin from Bordetella pertussis. By mixing unfolded pertactin passenger+porin domains with lipid vesicles, we will test whether the purified protein is competent for secretion across a membrane. While this does not exclude the possibility of chaperone interactions and the participation of other proteins in vivo, it would show that ATs have the capacity to cross a membrane independently, strengthening the importance of β-sheet formation as a potential driving force for OM secretion. Vesicles consisting of PC, 10% PG, and 1% NBD-PC were made; the fluorophore NBD is spread equally in the inner and outer membrane of the vesicles. Vesicle formation was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, and quenching experiments. We have successfully expressed the isolated pertactin porin domain, and refolded it. Future work will determine the insertion of passenger+porin into vesicles, and the extent of transport, if any.
Intensity Fluctuation Spectroscopy of Motile Microorganisms

LIGHT microscopy indicates that in Escherichia coli translational motility (‘running’) is accompanied by considerable side-to-side or wobble motion. Moreover, in the case of chemotactic strains Berg and Brown1 showed that a typical bacterium spends considerable time in a ‘twiddling’ state in which translation ceases in favour of jittering rotational motion. In both the running and twiddling state the amplitude of the non-translational component of motion is comparable with λ, the wavelength of light. It is reasonable to expect therefore that the dynamics of both wobble and twiddle motion can be studied by intensity fluctuation spectroscopy2 (IFS) of scattered laser light. We have examined the effects of wobble motion on the time dependence of the fluctuating light intensity scattered by a non-chemotactic mutant of E. coli whose motion is dominated by running with almost no twiddling. We conclude that IFS is sensitive primarily to the rotational component of the motion.
Enzymatic Activity of 2′–5′-Oligoadenylate Synthetase Is Impaired by Specific Mutations that Affect Oligomerization of the Protein

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that deletion of residues 321 to 344 of the 9-2 isozyme of 2′–5′-oligoadenylate (2–5(A)) synthetase causes a loss of its enzyme activity (Ghosh, S. K., Kusari, J., Bandyopadhyay, S. K., Samanta, H., Kumar, R., and Sen, G. C. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15293–15299). Sequence comparison of this region among the different isozymes of 2–5(A) synthetases revealed that the residues at positions 330 to 333 are highly conserved. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of these residues demonstrated that the residues present at 331, 332, and 333 are important for activity but the proline at position 330 was dispensable. The triple mutant containing Ala residues at 331, 332, and 333 was completely inactive. Different double mutants were slightly active, and the three single mutants were partially active. The triple mutant was further characterized for delineating the nature of its defect. The mutant protein was enzymatically inactive irrespective of whether it was synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, Escherichia coli or Trichoplusia niinsect cells. It could bind double-stranded RNA and ATP as efficiently as the wild type protein. It was, however, defective in oligomerization. Gel filtration and sedimentation velocity analyses of in vitro synthesized proteins revealed that the wild type protein, but not the triple mutant, formed tetramers. The tetrameric fraction, but not the monomeric fraction of the wild type protein was enzymatically active. The failure of the triple mutant to participate in homomeric protein-protein interaction was confirmed by in vivo assays in insect cells. These results indicate that tetramerization of the protein is required for the enzymatic activity of the small 2–5(A) synthetases.
Chromanone acids in Calophyllum brasiliense seed oil

Abstract Three homologous trans chromanone carboxylic acids ( 1 a, 1 b and 1 c) made up about 20% of the pentane-hexane extract from Calophyllum brasiliense seed kernels. The cis isomers ( 2 a, 2 b and 2c) were also present but only in trace amounts. Four of these six chromanone acids ( 1 a, 1 b, 1 c and 2 a) were isolated as methyl esters by countercurrent distribution. Compounds 1 b, 2 a, 2 b and 2 c are new; compounds 1 a and 1 c are the previously reported isoapetalic acid and blancoic acid, respectively.
Intermediate-term variations of chromospheric and coronal solar flux during high solar cycle 21 activity

The solar Lyman-{alpha} emission, the MgII core-to-wing ratio, R(MgII{sub c/w}), the 10.7-cm radio flux, F{sub 10.7}, and the 1-8 {angstrom} X-rays are compared during high solar cycle 21 activity from 1981-83. Daily variations of the Mg II and Lyman-{alpha} ultraviolet (UV) lines are highly correlated. There is moderate linear correlation between these lines and F{sub 10.7} and poor linear correlation with 1-8 {angstrom} X-rays. Power spectral analysis indicates that all four fluxes have 27-day periodicities due to solar rotation while the R(MgII{sub c/w}) and Lyman-{alpha} have noticeable 13-day periods in the datasets. F{sub 10.7} moderately represents the 27-day solar UV variations and represents to a lesser degree variations shorter than or longer than rotation variations. X-rays are not represented by F{sub 10.7} on intermediate-term or shorter time-scales.
Particle-induced desorption mass spectrometry with a quadrupole GC/MS instrument

Abstract Particle-induced desorption mass spectrometry was carried out with a Fast Atom Capillaritron source installed on a Hewlett-Packard 5985B quadrupole GC/MS instrument. The effect of a number of variables on secondary ion intensity is documented. The variables include the angle between the primary beam and the plane of the sample, the energy of the primary beam and the presence of fast ions and fast atoms in the primary beam. The results are described in terms of molecular and fragment ion intensity, the ratio of molecular to fragment ion intensities, background noise and signal to noise ratio. Glycerol, a quaternary ammonium salt and a pentapeptide were used as model compounds. Xenon atoms and a mixture of xenon atoms and ions (approximately 1:1 ratio) with energies from 6.0 to 9.5 KV were used as the bombarding species.
The early ontogeny of the afferent nerves and papillary ridges in human digital glabrous skin

Abstract The present study examines the early ontogeny of afferent nerves in human embryonic glabrous digital skin and documents the onset of cutaneous innervation and papillary (sweat duct) ridge formation by light and electron microscopy. The skin examined in this study was taken from 3 developmental stages of decreasing embryonic age: embryos older than 10 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) representing the period of primary ridge formation, embryos of 8–9 weeks EGA representing the period immediately prior to ridge formation; and embryos 6–8 weeks EGA representing the period weeks before the onset of ridge formation. The earliest papillary ridges are present in 10 week EGA embryos, with small ridges present in two sites: the center of the proximal third and also at the tip of the distal phalangeal or apical pad. These papillary ridges typically contained Merkel cells. Papillary ridges formed progressively in a radial manner from these central foci. The proximal focus corresponds to the geometric center of the mature dermatoglyphic pattern of loops, arches, or whorls. This radial wave of ridge differentiation is discontinuous with the abrupt cessation of ridge formation responsible for the discontinuities in the mature papillary ridges and the corresponding dermatoglyphic print. Skin over the proximal and middle phalanges developed papillary ridges beginning in the 12th week. No papillary ridges could be identified in embryos of 8–9 weeks EGA, but a large number of growth cones are present in the superficial dermis subjacent to differentiating Merkel cells. The basal lamina of the epidermis was discontinuous wherever growth cones abutted Merkel cells. Merkel cells not directly associated with axons were also present in the epidermis of embryos of 8–9 weeks EGA. The embryos of 6–8 weeks EGA lack any sign of Merkel cells and/or melanocytes, but developing neurovascular bundles with axonal growth cones near the epidermis could be identified by light and electron microscopy. Presumptive Schwann and perineural cells are also seen in the dermis. We conclude that the developing afferent nerve fibers provide a grid which influences the temporal and/or spatial factors involved in the sequential onset and cessation of formation of papillary ridges. Thus the dermatoglyph can reflect the ontogeny of the afferent nervous system that occurred prior to papillary ridge development. These observations lend support to the concept that successive waves of afferent neural development have an important role in the spatial and temporal sequence of papillary ridge formation and thus the formation of both the dermatotopic map of the digits and the dermatoglyph.
Expertise Reversal for Iconic Representations in Science Visualizations.

The influence of prior knowledge and cognitive development on the effectiveness of iconic representations in science visualizations was examined. Middle and high school students (N = 186) were given narrated visualizations of two chemistry topics: Kinetic Molecular Theory (Day 1) and Ideal Gas Laws (Day 2). For half of the visualizations, iconic representations of key information were added. Results indicated a main effect of prior knowledge on learning in Day 1. In Day 2, a three-way interaction was found between prior knowledge, age group and icons: icons were effective for all middle school students and for high school students with low prior knowledge, but were not effective for high school students with high prior knowledge. These findings indicate that the expertise reversal effect can be mediated by cognitive development and other factors, not just domain specific prior knowledge.
The Confusion of Tongues in the Psychoanalytic Relationship

Sandor Ferenczi's Confusion of Tongues paradigm, first introduced to explain the psychological effects of childhood sexual trauma on personality development, also presented a blueprint for a relational view vide of the analytic encounter. We have extrapolated Ferenczi's two-person psychology in his Confusion of Tongues paradigm to discuss the “necessary and sufficient conditions” for an analytic encounter, which can present retraumatization in the psychoanalytic situation. This relational approach monitors the functioning of the analyst as well as the analysand by establishing several important conditions: (1) It is the analyst who provides a different kind of relationship for the analysand to experience; (2) the nature of the relationship is paramount for changes; (3) all transactions in the analytic encounter are functions of the two parties; (4) the analyst must regularly analyze his or her contribution to the relationship; (5) “judicious self-disclosure” is used to differentiate between the traumatic ...
Maximising the fuel efficiency of engine oils: The role of tribology

Improvement of engine fuel efficiency is one of the most important goals of current automotive development. Maximising the contribution of engine oils to fuel efficiency is a very important part of this process. Engine friction modelling, based on fundamental tribological considerations, has shown that further engine friction improvements are possible through engine oil reformulation. This reformulation should minimise friction under hydrodynamic conditions through modification of the rheological properties of oils, and also minimise friction under mixed and boundary lubrication conditions through changes in the chemical composition of the oils. These improvements can be achieved by appropriate selection of a base oil as well as by the use of effective friction-reducing additive systems. A very important consideration in formulating these highly fuel-efficient oils is their ability to retain their fuel efficiency during the entire oil service interval. This paper describes the role of tribological research in the development and introduction of advanced fuel-efficient engine oils.
Performance evaluation of a parallel I/O subsystem for hypercube multicomputers

Abstract Though input/output (I/O) from mass storage continues to be a bottleneck in current generation distributed-memory multicomputers, few studies have been conducted on the system-level impact of an independent I/O network and distributed file system for such machines. This paper quantifies the improvement in performance obtained in a hypercube multicomputer by providing a separate network that serves multiple I/O nodes operating under a distributed file system. First, the concept of balanced architectures is used to show that for a general purpose multicomputer with N processing elements, the I/O subsystem should scale as N /log N . Analytical and simulation studies are performed on a hypercube architecture that is augmented by an independent I/O network that achieves this scale factor. For wormhole routing, a significant improvement in latency can be obtained for both small inter-processor messages and much larger I/O transactions, provided the bandwidth of a channel in the I/O network is slightly higher than that of a PE-PE channel. Moreover, performance becomes relatively insensitive to data locality, and thus to the file allocation policy, when this extra bandwidth is available. Simulation results are presented for a 128-node hypercube, and are validated by an analytical model.
Sensory Differentiation of Beef Tenderness and Juiciness Components Over Short Intervals of Cooking Time

SUMMARY: The ability of judges to distinguish differences in juiciness and six components of tenderness of top round steaks cooked at 350°F for 20, 23, 26, and 29 min was studied by use of a paired comparison design. Concurrently, the effects of cooking time on cooking losses, percents moisture, nitrogen, and fat, shear values, “loose water” and “immobilized water” were evaluated. Judges detected differences for all factors between steaks cooked 20 and 26 min, but were unable to detect differences between steaks cooked 26 and 29 min. Differences between steaks cooked 20 and 29 min were found for all factors except fragmentation and adhesion.
Agassiz Vs. Lyell: Authority in the Assessment of the Diluvium-Drift Problem by North American Geologists, with Particular Reference to Edward Hitchcock

Toward the middle of the nineteenth century in North America, as in Europe, the most vexatious problem of physical geology was to explain the widespread occurrence of erratic boulders, polished bedrock with furrows and scratches, and thick surface deposits of unsorted clay, sand, and gravel. By 1870 the problem had been resolved by a general adoption of Agassiz's glacial theory, which effectively accommodated all these varied phenomena. Agassiz had proposed his theory thirty years earlier, and from the beginning it had been well publicized. Why was its adoption so long delayed? An important consideration is the fact that glacialism had to compete with other, established theories. Although by 1840 it was no longer fashionable to ascribe drift deposits to Noah's Flood, diluvialism in various forms still had its supporters. The more serious contender, however, was Lyell's iceberg theory. In North America the debate had a personal dimension in which, however implicitly, the authority of one immensely prestigi...
Transfemoral Snaring and Stabilization of Pacemaker and Defibrillator Leads to Maintain Vascular Access During Lead Extraction

Background: Lead extraction is an effective method for removing pacemaker and defibrillator leads and to obtain venous access when central veins are occluded. Objective: We report a series of patients who required lead extraction and preservation of vascular access requiring a vascular snare introduced from the femoral vein to provide traction on the lead. This technique allowed advancement of the extraction sheath beyond the level of vascular occlusion, preserving vascular access in all patients. Methods: All patients had peripheral contrast venography performed immediately prior to the procedure to identify the site(s) of venous occlusion. An extraction sheath was employed and with direct manual traction, the lead tip pulled free from the myocardial surface prior to advancement of the sheath beyond the occlusion. A transfemoral snare was used to grasp the distal portion of the lead and traction was used to immobilize the lead. Results: In all patients, transfemoral snaring of the leads was necessary to allow safe advancement of a sheath to open the occluded venous system. There were no complications in any of the patients. Conclusion: Our series demonstrates the simple and safe technique of transfemoral lead snaring to assist lead extraction and maintain vascular access in the setting of venous occlusion, when the distal lead tip pulls free of the myocardium before an extraction sheath is passed beyond the point of venous obstruction.
Phosphorylation State-Dependent Interactions of Hepadnavirus Core Protein with Host Factors

Dynamic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the hepadnavirus core protein C-terminal domain (CTD) are required for multiple steps of the viral life cycle. It remains unknown how the CTD phosphorylation state may modulate core protein functions but phosphorylation state-dependent viral or host interactions may play a role. In an attempt to identify host factors that may interact differentially with the core protein depending on its CTD phosphorylation state, pulldown assays were performed using the CTD of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) and human hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein, either with wild type (WT) sequences or with alanine or aspartic acid substitutions at the phosphorylation sites. Two host proteins, B23 and I2PP2A, were found to interact preferentially with the alanine-substituted CTD. Furthermore, the WT CTD became competent to interact with the host proteins upon dephosphorylation. Intriguingly, the binding site on the DHBV CTD for both B23 and I2PP2A was mapped to a region upstream of the phosphorylation sites even though B23 or I2PP2A binding to this site was clearly modulated by the phosphorylation state of the downstream and non-overlapping sequences. Together, these results demonstrate a novel mode of phosphorylation-regulated protein-protein interaction and provide new insights into virus-host interactions.
Taste responses to dilute sucrose solutions are modulated by stage of the estrous cycle and fenfluramine treatment in female rats

Meal size is decreased during the estrous stage of the rat's ovarian reproductive cycle. This is mediated, in part, by estradiol's ability to increase the strength by which negative-feedback signals function to inhibit meal size. For example, we recently reported that the anorectic effect of fenfluramine, a serotonin agonist, is enhanced during estrus. Here, we investigated whether a decrease in the strength of positive-feedback signals, like those related to the taste of food, contributes to the decrease in meal size observed either in estrous rats or following fenfluramine treatment. Rats were given brief access to six sucrose solutions (0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 M) and the mean number of licks to these solutions was monitored in diestrous and estrous rats treated with 1 mg/kg fenfluramine or saline vehicle. Following saline treatment, estrous rats displayed fewer licks than diestrous rats to the 0.025 M sucrose solution. Following fenfluramine treatment, a decrease in the number of licks to 3 of the 5 sucrose solutions was observed in diestrous rats only. This decrease in sucrose palatability was limited to brief access tests, as overnight preference for the 0.025 M sucrose solution was not decreased by fenfluramine in either diestrous or estrous rats. Our findings suggest that estrous rats experience a decrease in the strength of positive-feedback signals elicited by a dilute sucrose solution and that the anorectic effect of fenfluramine is associated with a decline in positive-feedback signaling in the diestrous rat.
Preservation of Elementary Equivalence Under Scalar Extension

In this note we show that taking a scalar extension of two elementarily equivalent finite-dimensional algebras over the same field preserves elementary equivalence. The general question of whether or not tensor product preserves elementary equivalence was originally raised in [4]. In [3] Feferman relates an example of Ersov which answers the question negatively. Eklof and Olin [7] also provide a counterexample to the general question in the context of two-sorted structures. Thus the result proved below is a partial positive answer to a general question whose status has been resolved negatively. From the viewpoint of applied model theory it seems desirable to find contexts in which positive statements of preservation can be obtained. Our result does have an application; a corollary to it increases our understanding of what it means for two division algebras to be elementarily equivalent. All algebras are finite-dimensional algebras over fields. All algebras contain an identity element, but are not necessarily associative. Recall that the center of a not necessarily associative algebra A is the set of elements which commute and "associate" with all elements of A. The notion of a scalar extension is an important one in algebra. If A is an algebra over F and G is an extension field of F, then the scalar extension of A by G is the algebra A OF G. If A is a finite-dimensional central simple algebra over F, then A OF G is a finitedimensional central simple algebra over G. Further any basis for A over F is also a basis for A ?F G over G. Consult [11] for details. If x = is a basis for A over F then xixj = nk=l CijkXk for some Cijk e F. The sequence = is said to be a set of multiplication constants for x. The underlying language of all theories and structures in this paper is the language of rings with unity-Y = { +, *, -, 0, 1}. Notationally, SIA denotes the language Y together with constant symbols for each element of the set A. The Finite-Dimensional Transfer Theorem (Theorem 1.1 of [9]) is used in an essential way in this paper.