cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Disclosure Matter

Disclosure has long been the preferred regulatory approach to curtail one-sided standard form contract terms. Examples include the Truth in Lending Act, the new "ALI Principles of the Law of Software Contracts," and many other proposals which await Congressional approval. The appeal of disclosure is that it is relatively low cost, improves consumer decision-making and preserves consumer choice. For disclosure to be effective, however, it must increase readership and understanding of contracts to a meaningful rate, and, conditional on readership, contract content must be relevant to purchase decisions. This paper tests both these necessary conditions. We follow the clickstream of 47,399 households to 81 Internet software retailers to measure contract readership as a function of disclosure. We find that making contracts more prominently available does not increase readership in any significant way. In addition, the purchasing behavior of those few consumers who read contracts is unaffected by the one-sidedness of their terms. The results suggest that mandating disclosure online should not on its own be expected to have large effects on contract content.
Preplanned Fasting in the Treatment of Mental Disease: Survey of Current Soviet Literature

Since 1946 the treatment of certain mental diseases by preplanned fasting has gained widespread, although not always enthusiastic, attention in the Soviet Union. Based on the use of strict fasting to treat a great variety of somatic diseases, Nikolajew (1969o) applied this concept for the first time to the treatment of idiopathic mental disease and posttraumatic mental symptomatology. More recently, measures were taken to limit this therapeutic method to the institutionalized patient, and the results obtained using this treatment were published in a comprehensive volume (Fedotow 1969). In the present article, a brief survey of this and related publications will be given together with a description of the plan of treatment.
IRRADIATION OF SUBCLINICAL DISEASE IN THE DRAINING LYMPHATICS

of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of: the oral tongue and N,, neck, 60% of the patients who developed neck disease died from cancer.24 A 3% incidence of distant metastases was found in patients whose neck classification remained No versus 11% in those whose neck classification became N+.lS In another study with controlled N, or N2 disease in the ipsilateral side of the neck, the appearance of distant metastases was 12% if the contralateral side of the neck retained its N,, classification versus 24% if it became involved.** Elective irradiation of the clinically negative lymphatics in patients with supraglottic lesions reduced the incidence of regional failures from 29 to 4% and a reduction from tumor-related deaths from 35 to 5%.13
Tie-dyed2 Encodes a Callose Synthase That Functions in Vein Development and Affects Symplastic Trafficking within the Phloem of Maize Leaves

The tie-dyed2 (tdy2) mutant of maize (Zea mays) displays variegated green and yellow leaves. Intriguingly, the yellow leaf tissues hyperaccumulate starch and sucrose, the soluble sugar transported long distance through the phloem of veins. To determine the molecular basis for Tdy2 function, we cloned the gene and found that Tdy2 encodes a callose synthase. RNA in situ hybridizations revealed that in developing leaves, Tdy2 was most highly expressed in the vascular tissue. Comparative expression analysis with the vascular marker maize PINFORMED1a-yellow fluorescent protein confirmed that Tdy2 was expressed in developing vein tissues. To ascertain whether the defect in tdy2 leaves affected the movement of sucrose into the phloem or its long-distance transport, we performed radiolabeled and fluorescent dye tracer assays. The results showed that tdy2 yellow leaf regions were defective in phloem export but competent in long-distance transport. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy of tdy2 yellow leaf regions showed incomplete vascular differentiation and implicated a defect in cell-to-cell solute movement between phloem companion cells and sieve elements. The disruption of sucrose movement in the phloem in tdy2 mutants provides evidence that the Tdy2 callose synthase functions in vascular maturation and that the vascular defects result in impaired symplastic trafficking into the phloem translocation stream.
The Temporal Aside: “Transzendentale Buffonerie” in Two Works of Novalis

Expanding on Friedrich Schlegel's multifarious account of irony, this article examines a further form of irony in Novalis's “Wenn nicht mehr Zahlen und Figuren” and his “Monolog.” The article argues that there is an ironic relationship between the temporality portrayed within these literary works and the temporality that structures them, that is, their “transcendental temporality.” The ironic relation of these two literary temporalities resists theoretization and requires instead a figural approach.
A differential game with jump process observations

We introduce a stochastic differential game with jump process observations. Both players obtain common, noisy information of the state of the system only at random time instants. The solutions to this game and its continuous observations in noise counterpart are obtained. Some earlier results dealing with the effect of changes in system parameters on the optimal cost for the continuous observations case are extended to the game with jump process observations.
An evaluation of carboxyhemoglobin spot tests

A number of spot tests for carboxyhemoglobin are described in the emergency medicine literature. Four of these tests were evaluated for specificity, sensitivity, ease of performance, and ease of interpretation. Second- and third-year emergency medicine residents were given samples of blood and asked to perform each of four spot tests on the samples. They were told that the samples may or may not contain carboxyhemoglobin. The reagents and instructions were available, but no technical assistance was given. The residents were asked to record the results of the tests and to answer a questionnaire. The test results were analyzed by linear regression and within-run precision. The available spot tests found in the literature were unable to determine accurately clinically significant levels of carboxyhemoglobin. The evaluators believed that the tests required a minimum of technical expertise and were easy to perform and interpret. None of the evaluators had any prior experience with carboxyhemoglobin spot tests.
Application of a DC bias to reduce acceleration sensitivity in quartz resonators

When a quartz resonator is subjected to acceleration, the inertial effects cause stresses and strains in the plate which in turn causes the resonant frequency to shift. A method is proposed to actively minimize the inertial stresses and strains by piezoelectric stiffening using a DC electric field bias across the electrodes. Finite element models are created to across calculate the effects of acceleration on resonant frequency and to compare the results with experimental data. The model results are shown to compare well with the experimental results. The models are then used to calculate the effects of the DC electric field bias and to demonstrate the reduction of acceleration sensitivity.
Computer-Assisted Detection and Screening Mammography: Where’s the Beef?

Screening for cancer presents inferential issues that are among the most difficult in science. Whether screening should be recommended and for whom is seldom clear, despite extensive experience in randomized trials, in observational studies, and in ordinary practice. “Finding early” is the easy part. Cancers found early by screening and by improvements in screening technology may or may not be worth the finding. In general, improvements in screening mammography lead to finding more cancers and/or decreasing the number of falsepositive results by improving sensitivity or specificity, respectively. A more important consideration is whether the finding improves the patient’s lot, that is, is identifying a particular cancer and treating it earlier doing the woman a favor? Perhaps, the cancer was not lethal, and without the new technology, it would not have been found for many years. A woman having such a cancer could have spent these years “cancer free” with no decrement in survival. Indeed, the cancer might never have been found otherwise, resulting in overdiagnosis. We know that the incremental cancers found
A Southern Hemisphere origin for campanulid angiosperms, with traces of the break-up of Gondwana

New powerful biogeographic methods have focused attention on long-standing hypotheses regarding the influence of the break-up of Gondwana on the biogeography of Southern Hemisphere plant groups. Studies to date have often concluded that these groups are too young to have been influenced by these ancient continental movements. Here we examine a much larger and older angiosperm clade, the Campanulidae, and infer its biogeographic history by combining Bayesian divergence time information with a likelihood-based biogeographic model focused on the Gondwanan landmasses. Our analyses imply that campanulids likely originated in the middle Albian (~105 Ma), and that a substantial portion of the early evolutionary history of campanulids took place in the Southern Hemisphere, despite their greater species richness in the Northern Hemisphere today. We also discovered several disjunctions that show biogeographic and temporal correspondence with the break-up of Gondwana. While it is possible to discern traces of the break-up of Gondwana in clades that are old enough, it will generally be difficult to be confident in continental movement as the prime cause of geographic disjunctions. This follows from the need for the geographic disjunction, the inferred biogeographic scenario, and the dating of the lineage splitting events to be consistent with the causal hypothesis.
Surgical Site Infections

This article examines the epidemiology and risk factors for the development of surgical site infections (SSIs), the importance of appropriate administration of prophylactic antibiotics, nonpharmacologic strategies, and the role of new "active" devices in reducing SSIs. A review of the pertinent English-language literature shows that many factors contribute to the risk of a patient developing an SSI. These include the patient's health status, preparation of the patient before surgery, and the use of appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. Careful preparation of the patient and care after surgery is especially important. The use of new "active" antibacterial devices may reduce risk further. Surgeons can minimize the risk to the patient of the development of SSI through strict adherence to established surgical guidelines for perioperative care.
Emerging roles of exosomes in cancer invasion and metastasis.

Recent evidence has indicated that nano-sized vesicles called “exosomes” mediate the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment and play a critical role in the development of cancers. Exosomes contain cargo consisting of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs that can be delivered to different types of cells in nascent as well as distant locations. Cancer cell-derived exosomes (CCEs) have been identified in body fluids such as urine, plasma, and saliva from patients with cancer. Although their content depends on tumor type and stage, CCEs merit consideration as prognostic and diagnostic markers, as vehicles for drug delivery, and as potential therapeutic targets because they could transport various oncogenic elements. In this review, we summarize recent advances regarding the role of CCEs in cancer invasion and metastasis, as well as its potential clinical applications. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(1): 18-25]
Adventitia-dependent influences on vascular function

On the basis of strictly morphological characteristics, arterial anatomy is divided into three components. The tunica intima includes a single layer of endothelial cells lining the vessel lumen and the internal elastic lamina membrane. The tunica media comprises the muscular portion of the blood
Surgical approaches to intramedullary nailing of the tibia: Comparative analysis of knee pain and functional outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Post-operative knee pain is common following intramedullary nailing of the tibia, regardless of surgical approach, though the exact source is controversial. Historically, the most common surgical approaches position the knee in hyperflexion, including patellar tendon splitting (PTS) and medial parapatellar (MPP). A novel technique, the semi-extended lateral parapatellar approach simplifies patient positioning, fracture reduction, fluoroscopic assessment, and implant insertion. It also avoids violation of the knee joint capsule. However, this approach has not yet been directly compared against the historical standards. We hypothesised that in a comparison of patient outcomes, the semi-extended approach would be associated with decreased knee pain and better function relative to knee hyperflexion approaches. Methods A trauma patient database from a Level I centre was queried for patients who underwent intramedullary nailing of the tibia between 2009 and 2013. Patients were surveyed for knee pain severity (NRS scale 1 to 10) and location, and completion of the Lysholm Knee Scale (LKS). Data was compared between the semi-extended lateral parapatellar, medial parapatellar, and tendon splitting groups regarding knee pain severity, location, total LKS, and individual knee function scores from the Lysholm questionnaire. Pre-hoc power analysis determined the necessary sample size (n = 34). Post-hoc analysis utilised two-way ANOVA analysis with a significance threshold of p Results Comparison of knee pain severity between the groups found no significant difference (p = 0.69), with average ratings of: semi-extended (3.26), PTS (3.59), and MPP (3.63). Analysis found no significant differences in total LKS score (p = 0.33), with average sums of: semi-extended (75.97), MPP (77.53), and PTS (81.68). Individual knee function scores from the LKS were similar between the groups, except for limping, with MPP being significantly worse (p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in knee pain location (p = 0.45). Conclusion In this adequately-powered study, at minimum 1 year follow-up there were no significant differences between the 3 approaches in knee pain severity, location, or overall function. The three were significantly different in post-operative limping, with medial parapatellar having the lowest score. The semi-extended lateral parapatellar approach vastly simplifies many technical aspects of nailing compared to knee hyperflexion approaches, and does not violate the knee joint.
Racial Differences in DNA-Methylation of CpG Sites Within Preterm-Promoting Genes and Gene Variants.

Objective To evaluate the role DNA methylation may play in genes associated with preterm birth for higher rates of preterm births in African-American women. Methods Fetal cord blood samples from births collected at delivery and maternal demographic and medical information were used in a cross-sectional study to examine fetal DNA methylation of genes implicated in preterm birth among black and non-black infants. Allele-specific DNA methylation analysis was performed using a methylation bead array. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation was applied to examine the relationship between race and fetal DNA methylation of candidate preterm birth genes. Receiver-operating characteristic analyses were then conducted to validate the CpG site methylation marker within the two racial groups. Bootstrapping, a method of validation and replication, was employed. Results 42 CpG sites were screened within 20 candidate gene variants reported consistently in the literature as being associated with preterm birth. Of these, three CpG sites on TNFAIP8 and PON1 genes (corresponding to: cg23917399; cg07086380; and cg07404485, respectively) were significantly differentially methylated between black and non-black individuals. The three CpG sites showed lower methylation status among infants of black women. Bootstrapping validated and replicated results. Conclusion for Practice Our study identified significant differences in levels of methylation on specific genes between black and non-black individuals. Understanding the genetic/epigenetic mechanisms that lead to preterm birth may lead to enhanced prevention strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality by eventually providing a means to identify individuals with a genetic predisposition to preterm labor.
Comparison of Methods for Identification of Hemophilus influenzae

Several methods for identification of Hemophilus influenzae—the satellite test using a strain of Staphylococcus aureus or X, V, and XV factor strips, the Hemophilus identification quadrant plate, the spot indole test, and the 8-amino levulinic acid (ALA) test for porphyrin synthesis using laboratory prepared reagent or a commercial ALA disk—were compared for sensitivity, specificity, ease of performance, and cost. The ALA test using a laboratoryprepared reagent on a filter paper strip was highly sensitive and specific as well as being easy to perform and inexpensive.
A Novel Neck Support Design to Alleviate Worker Neck Pain

Neck pain is common among occupations like dentistry and office work because workers in these professions tend to hold their necks in static flexion for extended periods of time. But there are few products available to help alleviate workers’ neck pain while still allowing them to carry out their daily tasks in varying environments. For example, office workers can use products like ergonomic chairs and desks to help promote proper posture, but these arrangements restrict workers to workspaces equipped with their necessary equipment and proper setup. Meanwhile, in the medical field, products like loupes, lights, and ergonomic workbenches are available to enhance visibility and reduce workers’ neck flexion angles. But these products have yet to fully eliminate the problem of neck pain especially in occupations like dentistry where static neck flexion is common. Therefore, the goal of this project is to develop a new neck support technology which alleviates neck pain caused by static neck flexion while still allowing workers full mobility and functionality in their workplace. Our design decreases muscle loading on the neck during neck flexion by reducing the moment on the neck using a device which acts as a “headrest” to support the head. In turn, the device redistributes forces to the upper body while still allowing full range of motion to the user. More specifically, our design applies an opposing force to the user’s forehead during neck flexion via a force generator attached to a headband which is attached to the head. The force generator is anchored to the upper body to permit use in varying environments without the need for special equipment or setups. We confirmed our design decreases muscle loading by building a prototype then performing surface electromyography (EMG) testing which showed not just a statistically significant reduction in neck muscle activity using one-way analysis of variance, but more distinctly a unanimous decrease in neck muscle activity during neck flexion for all seven test subjects with an overall average decrease of 60% among all subjects and 80% for certain subjects. Once we confirmed our design’s effectiveness in reducing neck muscle activity during static neck flexion which implied the ability to reduce neck strain, we improved our prototype’s functionality and aesthetics based on test subject feedback, our own observations, and dentists’ comments. Then, we performed workplace testing on two dentists with one dentist’s work focused mainly on hygiene while the other dentist’s work focused mostly on dental procedures. Overall, both dentists offered helpful feedback from different dental field perspectives for future prototype improvements with regards to comfort and functionality. They also provided promising comments regarding their visions for future device use which included training dental students on proper posture and applications in other occupations like office work and surgery.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Analysis on epidemiological trend of class A and class B infectious diseases from 1953 to 2008 in Songjiang district Shanghai

[Objective] To investigate the epidemiological trend of class A and class B infectious diseases from 1953 to 2008 in Songjiang district to provide scientific basis for making the following preventive and control strategy. [Methods] Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the data of class A and class B infectious diseases from 1953 to 2008. [Results] For more than 50 years,the average mortality rates of class A and B infectious diseases went down gradually in Songjiang district.During the years of 1950 to 1960,respiratory diseases,infectious diseases with natural foci and insect-borne infectious diseases took the leading decline position,while gastro-intestinal infections accounted for the largest part of all infectious diseases since year 1970.Sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis increased remarkably after the 90′s,class A infectious diseases,planned immunization related diseases,diseases with natural foci and insect-borne infectious diseases were effectively controlled or eliminated and many infectious diseases have been controlled completely. [Conclusion] Infectious diseases prevention and control work of Songjiang district have achieved remarkable results,but some new characteristics of infectious diseases are emerging and the control and prevention situation is still very grim.So it is quite necessary to develop and refine strategies,enhance preventive work infrastructure and improve the level of disease prevention and monitoring to prevent infectious disease.
USE OF FOLDBACK ANALYSIS TO FOSTER CONSOLIDATION BETWEEN ACADEMIC AND PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE

Introduction Departments of health can provide applied settings for students from academic public health programs to explore the connection of course work to real-life circumstances. Barriers exist for public health practitioners, however, that restrict their willingness to engage in joint efforts with academe. To address these barriers, they must be identified and characterized. That is, it is important for academics in public health to respect both barrier-issues and to understand underlying value constructs, if they hope to employ public health practice settings to advance their students’ training. Methods A 100% sample of all midmanagers was surveyed at the Hawaii Department of Health by the School of Public Health. Nine clusters of “key issues for continued collaboration” were identified and rank-ordered in importance. Further analysis of the rank-orders, using multidimensional scaling, distinguished important underlying value constructs crucial to improving joint activities between the school and department. Results: Working together, representatives from the Department and School identified the first three value dimensions as cooperation, implying the need for true reciprocal and equal interaction; obligation, signifying mutual responsibility and parallel investment; and, professional practice, suggesting the balanced interdigitation of research with practice. These value dimensions account for three fifths (58%) of the variance in opinion. Conclusions Detailed analysis of these dimensions suggests that low-cost strategies improve collaboration, and foster possible consolidation, between academic and clinical public health settings. A stronger partnership between the school and the department is likely, provided the two agencies can address these issues satisfactorily. Insights from the Hawaii experience may prove useful to other academic public health practice settings. Recommendations that may improve collaboration include holding joint semi-annual meetings, a school bulletin board listing practica at the department, a public health leadership course, improved electronic communications between the school and the department, joint appointments to the two agencies, faculty release time to conduct research to improve practices at the department, and the establishment of a steering committee for the collaboration.
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also known as diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. Traditionally, it has been identified as a triad of albuminuria, hypertension, and declining renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Earlier estimates suggested that nephropathy affects 30 % of patients with type 1 diabetes and 20 % of patients with type 2 diabetes. Prevalence of DN is a function of the duration of diabetes. Although recent estimates suggest a decline in the incidence among those with type 1 diabetes, DN remains a serious threat to overall survival in patients with diabetes mellitus [1]. It must, however, be noted that with improved blood pressure control and renal replacement therapy, the outlook has vastly changed, with a reported 10-year survival rate of 82 % as against a corresponding figure of 28 % in those with persistent albuminuria reported only three decades ago [2]. The utility of microalbuminuria in determining progression and prognosis is complicated by 10 % of patients with DN not having proteinuria, day-to-day variation in albumin excretion rate, regression to mean over longitudinal follow-up, and failure to demonstrate microalbuminuria as a therapeutic target in prevention of overt diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients subjected to intensified glycemic control.
Zappers - Technological Tax Fraud in New Hampshire

No other State is as vulnerable to Zappers as is the State of New Hampshire. Zappers and related software programming, Phantom-ware, facilitate an old tax fraud – skimming cash receipts. In this instance skimming is performed with modern electronic cash registers (ECRs). Zappers are a global revenue problem, but to the best of this author’s knowledge they have not been uncovered in New Hampshire. Seen from a global perspective however, it seems unlikely that they are not here.New Hampshire’s fiscal vulnerability to Zappers comes from its heavy reliance on precisely the industry segment that has been found to be the “hot bed” of this fraud – the restaurant industry. In the most recent fiscal year the Meals and Room Tax (M&RT) trailed only the Business Profits Tax (BPT) in revenue yield ($206,726 to $317,439 million). Taxes on meals approximate 70% of the M&RT. As a result, when tax fraud arises in this industry segment it is a significant concern.
Rectenna with non-linear adaptive load capable of operating over a broad range of input power levels

A rectenna design is introduced which is capable of effectively operating over a broad input power level at 915 MHz. Silicon Schottky diodes with low forward voltage and low zero-bias junction capacitance are applied to construct a bridge-rectifier. A novel non-linear adaptive load, of which the equivalent impedance changes when the input power varies, is proposed and applied at the terminal of the rectenna. The circuit is simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS), demonstrating an overall RF-to-DC conversion efficiency greater than 50% for an input power ranging from −13.5 dBm to 0 dBm.
The future of food colloids: Next-generation nanoparticle delivery systems

Abstract The area of food colloids is rapidly evolving. Food researchers are continuing to use theoretical, modeling, and experimental approaches to understand colloidal phenomena in foods and in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as to use colloid science to design foods with novel or improved functional attributes. In this article, a brief survey of potential topics of future study in food colloids is given, including the application of colloid science in improving food security, enhancing human health, and ensuring food quality and safety. Special emphasis is given to the development of next-generation delivery systems, such as mixed nanoparticle systems, nanoclusters, Trojan-horse nanoparticles, and environmentally responsive nanoparticles.
Population Effects of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles in Drosophila melanogaster: The Effects of Phase Composition, Crystallinity, and the Pathway of Formation.

Unpredictable biological response due to finest nanostructural variations is one of the hallmarks of nanoparticles. Because of this erratic behavior of nanoparticles in living systems, thorough analyses of biosafety must precede the analyses of the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy and simple animal models are ideal for such purposes. Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, is an animal model capable of giving a fast, high-throughput response as to the safety and efficacy of drug delivery carriers and other pharmacological agents, while minimizing the suffering imposed onto animals in more complex in vivo models. Here we studied the effects on the viability and fertility of D. melanogaster due to variations in phase composition, crystallinity and the pathway of formation of four different calcium phosphate (CP) nanopowders consumed orally. To minimize the effect of other nanostructural variables, CP nanopowders were made to possess highly similar particle sizes and morphologies. The composition of CP af...
Does dynamic stability govern propulsive force generation in human walking

Before succumbing to slower speeds, older adults may walk with a diminished push-off to prioritize stability over mobility. However, direct evidence for trade-offs between push-off intensity and ba...
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized primarily by excessive and uncontrollable worry. Although the core feature is cognitive in nature, the somatic complaints and impairment in behavioral functioning associated with worry are major components of GAD. Worry can be defined as “a cognitive process in which individuals anticipate threatening outcomes and events” (Hazlett-Stevens, 2008, p. 1). Individuals with GAD usually spend a large proportion of the day engaging in worry that is considered excessive because it is disproportionate to actual risk. In specific, negative outcomes of even the most benign situations are usually overestimated, which leads to a constant state of hypervigilance. The 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of GAD are estimated at 3.1% and 5.7%, respectively, with an average age onset of 31 years (Kessler et al., 2005; Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005). Barlow’s (2002) integrative model of anxiety is the predominant model applied specifically to GAD (Roemer, Orsillo, & Barlow, 2002) and asserts that a diathesis of biological vulnerabilities (e.g., genetics) and psychological vulnerabilities (e.g., early life experiences characterized by unpredictability and lack of control) is responsible for the development of anxiety disorders. Indeed, GAD has been coined the “basic” anxiety disorder because the anxiety-provoking cognitive process underlying GAD is observed across other anxiety disorders with greater specificity, such as worry about social rejection in social anxiety disorder. Individuals who develop GAD are often intolerant of uncertainty and engage in persistent “what if?” and worst-case-scenario thinking patterns to anticipate perceived catastrophe. In addition to this attempt to thwart external catastrophes, Borkovec and colleagues’ avoidance model (Borkovec, Alcaine, & Behar, 2004) further proposed that worry serves as a strategy to escape unwanted internal experiences, such as aversive imagery, physiological arousal, and difficult emotions. Content of worry can run the gamut from work performance and finances to health and relationships. In addition to overestimation of negative outcomes, individuals with GAD commonly perceive themselves as unable to cope with anticipated outcomes. Ironically, worrying yields prediction of potential negative outcomes but is often followed by anxiety and ineffective coping rather than constructive problem-solving. Worry is believed to function as an illusory attempt at gaining control within the inherent unpredictability of life; such attempts are then negatively reinforced by the absence of catastrophic outcomes.
Social Work with Asian Americans

Undergraduate and graduate school curricula, in-service training, and practice techniques must embody understandings of cultural and personality differences
Ancillary benefits of bladder chemodenervation for SCI neurogenic bladder.

Case series. Bladder chemodenervation is effective in treating neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in patients with neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury. Anecdotal reports also describe the improvement of non-bladder symptoms, specifically those related to autonomic dysreflexia (AD) and muscle spasticity. We conducted a study to further investigate this phenomenon. USA, Urban Tertiary Care Center. Twenty-one persons with SCI completed the study between March and December 2015. Mean age was 45 years (range 21–69). All were scheduled to undergo bladder chemodenervation with onabotulinumtoxinA 200 units to treat bothersome NDO refractory to oral medications. Each completed a questionnaire detailing symptoms unrelated to NDO immediately prior to the procedure, and again between 6 and 12 weeks after. All patients reported improvement in NDO symptoms following chemodenervation. Ten patients with prior symptoms of AD reported improvement in AD symptoms after injection. Seventeen patients reported skeletal muscle spasticity in the 3-month period before chemodenervation. In the follow up period, only 14 patients reported having muscle spasticity. In aggregate, 12 of 21 patients reported improvement of non-bladder symptomatology following chemodenervation. Chemodenervation of the bladder in patients with SCI can provide ancillary benefits in addition to mitigation of lower urinary symptoms. The mechanism may be related to dampening the bladder’s ability to initiate noxious reflex responses.
Abstract TP42: Equivalent Favorable Outcomes Possible After Thrombectomy for Posterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion Compared to Anterior Circulation: The MUSC Experience

Introduction: In acute ischemic stroke (AIS), posterior circulation large vessel occlusions (LVO) have been associated with poorer outcomes compared to anterior circulation LVO. Using a strategy fo...
Of Microbes and Microsatellites.

A ubiquitous oral cavity microbe, Fusobacterium nucleatum, is increasingly being implicated in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. An article in this issue elucidates the differential association of F. nucleatum with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes depending on microsatellite instability status. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(11); 1290–1. ©2018 AACR. See article by Hamada et al., p. 1327.
Incremental flow

This paper defines an incremental version of the maximum flow problem. In this model, the capacities increase over time and the resulting solution is a sequence of flows that build on each other incrementally. Thus far, incremental problems considered in the literature have been built on NP-complete problems. To the best of our knowledge, our results are the first to find a polynomial time problem whose incremental version is NP-complete. We present approximation algorithms and hardness results for many versions of this problem, and comment on the relation to multicommodity flow. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 50(1), 77–85 2007
Non-malignant respiratory disease among workers in the rubber manufacturing industry: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Non-malignant respiratory disease (NMRD) cases have occurred among rubber manufacturing workers. We examined exposure to rubber manufacturing emissions as a risk factor for NMRD. METHODS From a systematic literature review, we identified case reports and assessed cross-sectional and mortality studies for strength of evidence of positive association (strong, intermediate, non-significant positive association, none) between exposure to rubber manufacturing emissions and NMRD-related morbidity and mortality, and conducted two meta-analyses. RESULTS We analyzed 62 articles. We identified 11 cases of NMRD. Nine (30%) of 30 cross-sectional studies and one (4%) of 26 mortality studies had strong evidence. The summary odds ratio and SMR for the cross-sectional and mortality meta-analyses were 3.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28-6.51) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.82-0.99), respectively. CONCLUSION Available evidence supports rubber manufacturing emissions as a potential risk factor for NMRD-related morbidity. Further investigations with longer follow-up periods and inclusion of short-tenured workers could further define risks for NMRD and identify prevention strategies.
"Braking" the Prefrontal Cortex: The Role of Glucocorticoids and Interneurons in Stress Adaptation and Pathology

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) receives information regarding stimuli and appropriately orchestrates neurophysiological, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress. The cellular and neurochemical heterogeneity of the mPFC and its projections are key to fine-tuning of stress responses and adaptation. Output of the mPFC is mediated by glutamatergic pyramidal neurons whose activity is coordinated by an intricate network of interneurons. Excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the mPFC is critical for appropriate responsiveness to stress, and E/I imbalance occurs in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders that co-occur with chronic stress. Moreover, there is mounting data suggesting that chronic stress may precipitate E/I imbalance. This review will provide information regarding the cellular and anatomical makeup of the mPFC and discuss the impact of acute and chronic stress in adulthood and early life on interneuron function, with implications for E/I balance affecting functional connectivity. Specifically, the review will highlight the importance of interneuron type, connectivity, and location (both layer- and subregion-specific). The discussion of local mPFC networks will focus on stress context, including stressor duration (acute vs. chronic) and timing (early life vs. adulthood), as these factors have significant implications for the interpretation of experiments and mPFC E/I balance. Indeed, interneurons appear to play a prominent role in prefrontal adaptation, and a better understanding of the interactions between stress and interneuron function may yield insight to the transition from adaptation to pathology. Ultimately, determining the mechanisms mediating adaptive versus pathologic plasticity will promote the development of novel treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders related to prefrontal E/I imbalance.
An Examination of the Impact of State Governance on Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam

1986 marked the start of Vietnam‟s „Doi Moi‟ or period of renovation. During this time, Vietnam began to liberalize their economy and began to open and globalize the country. For the first time the government encouraged foreign direct investment, and allowed the creation of non-state controlled businesses. Later becoming part of the World Trade Organization in 2007, the „renovation‟ of Vietnam continued to progress. Though improving significantly, Vietnam still lacks effective state governance. This paper examines the relationship between state governance and degree of foreign direct investment. Using linear regression techniques, 20 years of foreign direct investment data, and a specific state governance dataset, this paper begins define that relationship. The results show that looking back in the long term there is no significant relationship between the quality of government and number of foreign direct investment projects. However, looking back in the short term, a positive significant relationship is found between the quality of governance and number of licensed FDI projects a year.
U.S. Const. amend. VI: A Collection of Supreme Court Quotes, 1795-2010

The Supreme Court's landmark decision in D.C. v. Heller introduced a novel, comma-dependent methodology of interpretation and applied it to the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. To the extent that different sources of constitutional text and the text actually quoted by the Court in opinions over the course of more than two centuries are inconsistent, this collection of quotations supports the proposition that a similar, comma-dependent construction of the Sixth Amendment is at least problematic. This collection is the product of a Shepard's report out of LEXIS for Supreme Court cases citing the Sixth Amendment from 1851 to 2010, and a supplemental terms and connectors search for “const! /s amend! /s six!” restricted to January 1, 1790 to January 1, 1852. The collection does not include cases with citations in concurring and dissenting opinions alone (exclusion based on LEXIS’ explicit designation of references as “Cited in Concurring Opinion” and “Cited in Dissenting Opinion”). The cases' years, names, authors, and quotations of the Sixth Amendment text (if any) are included in a table format.
Identity Verification and Management of Electronic Health Records with Blockchain Technology

We present a state-of-art design in healthcare industry with blockchain technology. In our design of the systems, an individual’s identity can be verified, and the electronic health records are processed through blockchain networks. The goal of creating such kind of systems is to facilitate identity verification, to provide ease of data access and sharing of electronic health records, and to maximize the protection of patients’ data.
Family-centred care in early intervention: Examining caregiver perceptions of family-centred care and early intervention service use intensity.

BACKGROUND Family-centred care (FCC) is an approach to paediatric rehabilitation service delivery endorsing shared decision making and effective communication with families. There is great need to understand how early intervention (EI) programmes implement these processes, how EI caregivers perceive them, and how they relate to EI service use. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine (a) parent and provider perceptions about EI FCC processes and (b) the association between FCC perceptions and EI service intensity. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, parent perceptions of EI FCC were measured using the electronically administered Measures of Processes of Care (MPOC-56 and MPOC-SP; using 7-point scales). Participants included EI parents (n = 29) and providers (n = 9) from one urban EI programme (1/1/18-6/1/18). We linked survey responses with child characteristics and service use ascertained through EI records. We estimated parent-provider MPOC score correlations and the association between EI service intensity (hr/month) and parent MPOC scores using adjusted linear regression accounting for child characteristics. RESULTS Parents (M = 4.2, SD = 1.1) and providers (M = 5.8, SD = 1.3) reported low involvement related to general information exchange. Parent and provider subscale scores were not correlated except that parent-reported receipt of specific information was inversely associated with provider-reported provision of general information (r = -0.4, P < .05). In adjusted models, parent perceptions related to respectful and supportive (b = 1.57, SE = 0.56) and enabling (b = 1.42, SE = 0.67) care were positively associated with EI intensity, whereas specific information exchange and general information exchange were not associated with intensity. CONCLUSION We found that EI parents and providers reported high levels of investment in the family centredness of their EI care, with the exception of information sharing. Greater EI service intensity was associated with higher perception of involvement with some metrics of family centredness.
Characterization and Optimization of the Novel Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 Antagonist tatM2NX

Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a calcium-permeable channel activated by adenosine diphosphate ribose metabolites and oxidative stress. TRPM2 contributes to neuronal injury in the brain caused by stroke and cardiac arrest among other diseases including pain, inflammation, and cancer. However, the lack of specific inhibitors hinders the study of TRPM2 in brain pathophysiology. Here, we present the design of a novel TRPM2 antagonist, tatM2NX, which prevents ligand binding and TRPM2 activation. We used mutagenesis of tatM2NX to determine the structure-activity relationship and antagonistic mechanism on TRPM2 using whole-cell patch clamp and Calcium imaging in human embryonic kidney 293 cells with stable human TRPM2 expression. We show that tatM2NX inhibits over 90% of TRPM2 channel currents at concentrations as low as 2 μM. Moreover, tatM2NX is a potent antagonist with an IC50 of 396 nM. Our results from tatM2NX mutagenesis indicate that specific residues within the tatM2NX C terminus are required to confer antagonism on TRPM2. Therefore, the peptide tatM2NX represents a new tool for the study of TRPM2 function in cell biology and enhances our understanding of TRPM2 in disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: TatM2NX is a potent TRPM2 channel antagonist with the potential for clinical benefit in neurological diseases. This study characterizes interactions of tatM2NX with TRPM2 and the mechanism of action using structure-activity analysis.
In search for the essence of ethnography

In june 16, 2003 Harry Wolcott gave ";;The Bornemouth talk revisited for Medellin";; lecture. The talk deals with search for the essence of ethnography and answers the question ";;what makes a study ethnographic?";; The lecturer in his carreer has identified twelve attributes that can reasonably be expected in a ethnographic report. Therefore ethnography is holistc, compatative, of first- hand experience, conduced in natural setting, requires intimate and long- term acquaintance, is non evaluative, basically descriptive, specific, adaptive, corroborative and finally idiosyncratic and individualistic. All those attributes are discussed in the lecture with the warning that there is no absolute set of attributes. Then he could conclude that anyone can borrow the research techniques, and we all draw our data from everyday experience, both our own and of others. The result is far more likely to produce ethnography when a researcher sets out to create ethnography and has a clear idea of what is involved. Key words: Ethonography, Context, Ethnograpers, Qualitative Research.
Disordered eating is associated with non-medical use of prescription stimulants among college students.

Abstract Background Disordered eating behaviors are associated with non-medical use of prescription stimulants for weight and appetite-related purposes. Yet, estimates of the prevalence and types of disordered eating associated with non-medical use vary. Additionally, little is known about the association between medical use of prescription stimulants and disordered eating. Method Data were collected from 87,296 college students at 127 institutions that participated in the Healthy Minds Study. We assessed the relationship between disordered eating, medical and nonmedical prescription stimulant use using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics, lifestyle and behavioral factors, and psychiatric comorbidity. Results Non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) was reported by 2.8 % n = 2435 of the sample. One-third of students using prescription stimulants non-medically reported two or more disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Disordered eating was a significant predictor of non-medical, but not medical use of prescription stimulants. A dose-response relationship was identified between disordered eating and non-medical use, where risk for non-medical use increased with the number of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors reported. Conclusions The risk for NMUPS increases with disordered eating symptomatology. There is a need to assess for NMUPS among college students presenting with disordered eating.