cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segregation analysis of human hand preference.

Segregation analysis was performed on a large body of data on hand preference in nuclear families. The results suggest that the pattern of inheritance is consistent with Mendelian transmission, with different penetrance parameters for males and females. Although a single-locus model was more likely, a polygenic alternative could not be rejected. The parsimonious model specified a recessive right-shift gene of frequency 0.748. All females with the right-shift genotype become right-handed, while a small percentage (4.2%) of males with the right-shift genotype becomes left-handed (sporadic left-handers). Goodness-of-fit tests of simple genetic models were performed on the current data set as well as six others from the literature. Results suggest an adequate fit of both single-locus and polygenic models in nearly all data sets, with reasonable consistency among the parameter estimates. Furthermore, the observed generational effect in hand preference (reduction in left-handedness in parents compared with offspring) is found to be consistent with the relaxation of cultural pressure over time. Also, the simple genetic models of hand preference provide an acceptable alternative to maternal transmission, which has previously been suggested.
Effectiveness of the wraparound process for children with emotional and behavioral disorders: a meta-analysis.

Wraparound is a team-based service planning and coordination process intended to improve outcomes for children and youth with serious emotional and behavioral disorders and support them in their homes, schools, and communities. Given the substantial resources devoted to implementing wraparound, a meta-analysis of outcome studies was conducted to better understand current empirical support for this process. A literature search identified seven studies between 1986 and 2008 that documented the effects of youth receiving wraparound compared to control groups. Mean treatment effects across outcome domains ranged from medium for youth living situation (0.44) to small for mental health outcomes (0.31), overall youth functioning (0.25), school functioning (0.27), and juvenile justice-related outcomes (0.21). The overall mean effect size across studies was 0.33. Interpretation of results was complicated by the lack of consistent documentation of implementation fidelity across studies and conditions, variations in target population and intended outcomes, and methodological concerns. The authors conclude that, though the published wraparound research base is expanding and findings are largely positive, it continues to be in a preliminary state of development. However, there are insufficient data to support calls for wraparound’s acceptance or dismissal based on the strength of existing studies.
Neutral and ion exosphere models for lunar hydrogen and helium

A general neutral exosphere model, which includes density and temperature variations at the exobase, is applied to the moon to obtain surface and radial density distributions for H, H2, and He. It is assumed that the source for these constituents derives from accretion of solar wind ions. The surface distributions are determined by requiring that the sum of the neutral and solar wind ion fluxes for a given constituent vanish at all points on the surface. On this basis, maximum dayside surface densities for H, H2, and He and maximum nightside surface densities for H, H2, and He are obtained that are consistent with either measured values or upper limits. In addition, model ion density distributions for H2(+) and He(+) are constructed. This ion exosphere is produced by ionization of the neutral exosphere in the solar wind, which efficiently sweeps the ions past or onto the lunar surface. Saturated H2(+) and He(+) densities ranging from about .001 to .015 per cu cm and .00003 to .0004 per cu cm over 1.5 to 3 selenocentric radii on the dayside, respectively.
Development of tuberculoma during therapy presenting as hemianopsia

A 6-year-old, previously healthy male presented with fever and lethargy. Tuberculous meningitis was suspected after cerebrospinal fluid examination.Antituberculous drugs were administered, and an initial computed tomographic scan of brain revealed mild ventriculomegaly only. Steroids were instituted on day 16 and gradually withdrawn 1 month later. Nine weeks after the initiation of antituberculous therapy, markedly impaired visual acuity and bitemporal hemianopsia were observed. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain revealed multiple tuberculomas, including involvement of the optic chiasm. Hydrocephalus was present. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted, and steroids were reinstituted. Visual acuity improved 9 weeks after the onset of visual acuity impairment and returned to normal 24 weeks later.Follow-up computed tomographic scan of brain 1 year later demonstrated complete resolution of tuberculomas. Development of intracranial tuberculoma during antituberculous therapy, although rare, dose not represent treatment failure, and continuation of antituberculous drugs, with or without the addition of steroids, will usually resolve the lesions.
Counting with Majority-Logic Networks

A method is developed for the design of arbitrary length counters using three-input majority elments. The iterative nature of the design leads to circuits of extreme simplicity and regularity. The system is dc triggered, hence operating correctly regardless of the rise time or width of the clock signal. As the method does not utilize master-slave techniques, only a single-phase clock is required. A practical embodiment of the system is presented, giving correct operation at clock rates in excess of 50 Mc/s. With more sophisticated high-speed circuitry, correct operation at clock rates in excess of 100 Mc/s should be readily attainable.
Management of NSAID-related gastrointestinal mucosal injury.

The three therapeutic goals in patients with NSAID-induced gastroduodenopathy are treatment of dyspeptic symptoms, management of NSAID-related ulcers and their complications, and prophylaxis against recurrent gastrointestinal toxicity. Both H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) appear to be helpful in relieving the symptoms associated with NSAID use, while treatment of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers, whether the NSAID is continued or not, is best achieved by the use of PPIs. However, because symptoms do not often predict the presence of gastroduodenal ulcers, the goal of prevention has become paramount in the treatment of patients with an increased likelihood of gastrointestinal toxicity. The best prophylaxis against NSAID-related toxicity is the use of an alternative agent such as salsalate or paracetamol (acetaminophen). However, if an NSAID is to be used, prophylaxis is best accomplished with a PPI or misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue. The use of misoprostol is limited by its frequent dosing, at least 200 µg three times a day, and its own gastrointestinal side effects. Future therapy will include NSAIDs that maintain their antiinflammatory effects, while possessing superior safety profiles, and include preferential and highly selective COX-2 inhibitors and nitric oxide releasing compounds.
Emerging Trends: Holistic, Comprehensive Family Support Programs

ABSTRACT The results of a qualitative study funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation indicate that a promising path to improving the lives of disadvantaged families is through more holistic, comprehensive approaches to family support. These approaches combine traditional family support activities with the development of human and economic capital. The effectiveness of comprehensive programs is based on the premise that adult and child well-being are interconnected with the physical, economic, and social aspects of their lives. Recommendations are provided for improving existing family support programs through the implementation of holistic strategies.
On site heterogeneity in sturgeon muscle GPDH: a kinetic approach.

Abstract The kinetics and stoichiometry of the reaction of sturgeon muscle glyceraldchyde-3-PO 4 -dehydrogenase (GPDH) with the disulfide interchange reagent bis(2,2' dithio-bis(5-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) has been studied in detail. The native enzyme, a tetramer of covalently identical subunits, reacts relatively rapidly with precisely four equivalents of reagent, although there are three cysteine residues per subunit (12 per tetratner). Reaction of these four cystcines leads to total catalytic inactivation; the extent of inactivation is proportional to the fractional reaction. The rate of reaction is dependent on the extent of bound NAD: reactivity being very much greater at unliganded sites. The reaction with apo-enzyme is fastest, bimolecular and monophasic. Over a wide range of NAD concentration, however, the reaction of enzyme with a large molar excess of reagent is precisely biphasic, and each individual kinetic experiment can be analytically described by two pseudo first-order (NAD concentration-dependent) rate constants and two unequal NAD concentration-insensitive amplitudes. The biphasicity in rate is quantitatively explainable on the basis of a C 2 symmetry for the tetrameric subunits with a tighter binding of NAD at two of the four sites, if high reactivity is exclusively dependent on the absence of bound NAD. The inequality in the two amplitudes, however, requires either a more complex or a more dynamic model. Arguments are presented for the appropriateness of a C 2 symmetry model in which intramolecular transconformational isomerization of tight and loose NAD binding sites is possible. The equilibrium constant for the isomerization is estimable from the macroscopic specific rates and amplitudes. This “flip-over” C 2 symmetry model is apropos to all situations of negative cooperativity in ligand binding to tetramers, as is discussed.
Role of NKT cells in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation.

Cells in the eye have a limited capacity for regeneration and, as such, immune-mediated inflammation can lead to blindness. The eye is designed to quench immune-mediated inflammation – a condition known as immune privilege. An important component of immune privilege is the dynamic immunoregulatory process termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), which is initiated when antigens enter the eye. ACAID suppresses the initiation of antigen-specific inflammation in the eye and the effector stages of immune reactions. Four organ systems are crucial for the induction of ACAID: the eye, thymus, spleen and sympathetic nervous system. Multiple cell populations contribute to ACAID, with natural killer T cells playing a crucial role in the thymic and splenic phases of ACAID. Interactions between natural killer T cells and multiple cell populations in the spleen culminate in the tight regulation of immune-mediated inflammation in the eye and the preservation of vision.
Diurnal and seasonal changes in sensitivity of plants to short exposures of hydrogen chloride gas

Abstract Increasing the concentration of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas during single 20-min exposures from 13 to 27 mg m−3 significantly increased amounts of visible foliar injury recorded after 48 h on pinto beans and radishes. These two species were equally sensitive to HCl gas. Fumigations made between 08.00 and 14.00 h were more damaging than those made earlier or later in the day. No clear effect of season was noted although injury from fumigations made in August was greater than that occurring in February. In addition to being related to concentrations of HCl, amounts of foliar injury were positively correlated with ambient temperatures and amounts of light, these relationships possibly explaining the greater sensitivity of plants in the period 08.00–14.00 h.
Reactive macrophages increase oxidative stress and alpha-synuclein nitration during death of dopaminergic neuronal cells in co-culture : Relevance to Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and a substantial decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine in the nigro-striatal region of the brain. Increased markers of oxidative stress, activated microglias and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been identified in the brains of patients with PD. Although the precise mechanism of loss of neurons in PD remains unclear, these findings suggest that microglial activation may contribute directly to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD patients. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activated microglia induces nitric oxide-dependent oxidative stress which subsequently causes death of dopaminergic neuronal cells in culture. We employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) as a reactive microglial model and SH-SY5Y cells as a model for human dopaminergic neurons. LPS stimulation of macrophages led to increased production of nitric oxide in a time and dose dependent manner as well as subsequent generation of other reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite anions. In co-culture conditions, reactive macrophages stimulated SH-SY5Y cell death characterized by increased peroxynitrite concentrations and nitration of alpha-synuclein within SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly 1,400 W, an inhibitor of the inducible nitric oxide synthase provided protection from cell death via decreasing the levels of nitrated alpha-synuclein. These results suggest that reactive microglias could induce oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons and such oxidative stress may finally lead to nitration of alpha-synuclein and death of dopaminergic neurons in PD.
David Almond’s Skellig: “A New Vista of Contemplation”?

The debates that have arisen regarding Darwin’s theories of evolution and Christian views of creation and their place in education in the United States have frequently been extremely heated, resulting in trials, hearings, and laws. This article provides an overview of some of the disagreements and illustrates how David Almond’s British novel, Skellig (1998), can be read as a response to the disputes. The author suggests a close reading of Skellig demonstrates how a decrepit, broken, dispirited creature, who might be characterized as an angel, and the crumbling building in which he lives serve as a series of metaphors for attitudes regarding the role of Christian views of creation and evolution in contemporary culture.
Using measurements of anchoring energies of liquid crystals on surfaces to quantify proteins captured by immobilized ligands.

We describe a simple optical method that employs measurement of the interaction energy of a liquid crystal (LC) with a surface (the so-called anchoring energy) to report proteins captured on surfaces through specific interactions with immobilized binding groups. To define the sensitivity and dynamic range of the response of the LC, we covalently immobilized a tyrosine-containing, 13-residue peptide sequence (Y1173) from the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase (EGFR) at which autophosphorylation takes place and to which the adapter protein Shc binds. We determined that, on peptide-decorated (Y1173 or pY1173, where pY1173 is the corresponding phosphopeptide) surfaces incubated against anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, the anchoring energy of the LC decreased systematically from 4.4 to 1.4 μJ/m2 (with SEM = 0.3 μJ/m2 for n = 5) as the antibody concentration increased from 10 pM to 100 nM. Over the same range of antibody concentrations in solution and densities of immobilized peptides, independent ellipsomet...
Proportion Of Antidepressants Prescribed Without A Psychiatric Diagnosis Is Growing

Over the past two decades, the use of antidepressant medications has grown to the point that they are now the third most commonly prescribed class of medications in the United States. Much of this growth has been driven by a substantial increase in antidepressant prescriptions by nonpsychiatrist providers without an accompanying psychiatric diagnosis. Our analysis found that between 1996 and 2007, the proportion of visits at which antidepressants were prescribed but no psychiatric diagnoses were noted increased from 59.5 percent to 72.7 percent. These results do not clearly indicate a rise in inappropriate antidepressant use, but they highlight the need to gain a deeper understanding of the factors driving this national trend and to develop effective policy responses. To the extent that antidepressants are being prescribed for uses not supported by clinical evidence, there may be a need to improve providers’ prescribing practices, revamp drug formularies, or vigorously pursue implementation of broad refor...
Thermal denaturation of plastocyanin: the effect of oxidation state, reductants, and anaerobicity.

Abstract The thermal stability of plastocyanin (PC) was determined as a function of oxidation state of the copper center and the presence of oxidants, reductants, oxygen, and EDTA. It was found that the copper center and its ligands play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of PC. Thermal denaturation was monitored by using far-uv circular dichroism (CD) spectra to monitor changes in secondary structure, the near-uv CD ellipticity at 280 nm to monitor changes in tertiary structure, and the absorbance at 597 nm and the 255-nm CD transition to monitor changes in the copper center. Reduced PC (Tm = 71 °C) was found to be more stable than the oxidized form (Tm = 61 °C). The Tm was increased by addition of reductants, removal of oxygen, or addition of EDTA. Two distinct denatured forms (designated D1 and D2) were separated by anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography. Neither form contained a native copper center. Form D2 retained the characteristic 280-nm CD band but showed an altered far-uv CD spectrum. Its formation was inhibited by the addition of reductants or the removal of oxygen. It could be refolded to form native, Cu-PC upon incubation with copper plus a reductant such as dithionite. These results suggest that its formation involves the reversible oxidation of a group on the PC molecule, possibly a ligand to the copper such as Cys 84 or Met 92. Form D1 occurred in the presence of ferricyanide or at high temperatures in the presence of oxygen. EDTA inhibited its formation. Form D1 lost the 280-nm CD transition and its far-uv CD spectrum was altered. No renaturation was observed suggesting that Form D1 is the product of an irreversible oxidation step possibly involving a histidine ligand to the copper. Forms D1 and D2 are not interconvertible and represent the endpoints of two different denaturation pathways.
DNA Ploidy in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

BACKGROUND. Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma die of locoregional recurrence and those with basal cell carcinoma suffer cosmetic and functional changes from its treatment. Prognostic factors are based upon tumor characteristics and host factors. Flow cytometry can assist with prognostic characterization of nonmelanoma skin cancer. METHODS. Specimens from 40 sequential patients with head and neck nonmelanoma skin cancers were prospectively obtained at the time of surgery. The patients were followed for four years for local recurrence and metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Samples were prepared from frozen specimens using a modification of the Vindelov procedure. RESULTS. DNA aneuploidy or tetraploidy and histology of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were significantly associated with metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Direct extension of tumor below the adipose tissue was associated with an S-phase greater than 4.1 and a proliferative fraction greater than 5.5. No tumors recurred at the site of surgical resection. CONCLUSIONS. The measurement of DNA ploidy of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, and proliferative capacity or S-phase of both basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas assists in predicting the biologic proclivity for locoregional invasion or metastasis of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Identification of aggressive tumors at the time of surgery may offer the opportunity for prevention of lethal metastasis by using adjunctive therapy.
Predation on Cicindela by a Dragonfly

Tiger beetles of the Genus Cicindela (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) apparently have few natural enemies. About seven per cent of the larvae of Cicindela scutellaris lecontei Hald, are parasitized by larvae of Spongostylum anale Say (Diptera: Bombyliidae) according to Shelford (1909, 1913). Frick (1957) notes egg deposirion by a “small black bombyliid fly” in the larval burrows of Cicindela in Washington State. Wallis (196l) has seen large asilid flies capture tiger beetles on the wing. He believes that the asilids attack only while the Cicindela are in flight and vulnerable areas are exposed; the beak is inserted in the softer parts just behind the scutellum.
Molecular characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer with reduced CHFR expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project.

Taxanes; CHFR; Personalized medicine; Mutations Summary Background: CHFR expression has previously been established as a powerful predictor for response to taxane based first-line chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. It is currently unknown however, if reduced CHFR expression correlates with certain molecular subtypes of lung cancer. Purpose: In order to determine which patients may benefit from CHFR biomarker testing we conducted the present study to characterize clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with reduced vs. high CHFR expression. Approach: We utilized the extensive molecular and clinical data of the most recent adeno- and squamous cell carcinoma datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. CHFR expression, analyzed by RNA-seq, was classified as high vs. low based on the median CHFR expression level and correlated with the presence or absence of lung cancer specific mutations (EGFR, KRAS, ALK, MET, ERBB2, TP53, STK11, ROS1, RET, NF1, Pik3CA for adenocarcinomas and FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, TP53, STK11, EGFR for squamous cell carcinomas). Results: Reduced CHFR expression was associated with EGFR exon19/21 mutations in adenocarcinoma OR 0.23 (95%CI: 0.06e0.88) and male gender in squamous cell carcinoma (OR 0.46 (95%CI 0.23e0.92), p Z 0.02).
Tribomechanical Properties of Ion-Beam-Densified Sol-Gel Zirconia Thin Films on Cubic Zirconia

We have investigated the tribomechanical properties of ion-beam-densified sol-gel zirconia overlayers on bulk zirconia. Ion irradiation of the sol-gel films leads to hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon losses as indicated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and forward recoil energy spectroscopy. Ellipsometry measurements show that the film thickness decreases with increasing dose. The microhardness exhibits an increase and subsequent decrease with dose. Friction measurements along with profilometry measurements indicate that severe abrasive wear of the film takes place in the first 1000 cycles after which point the substrate is in direct contact with the pin.
Building the better asynchronous computer mediated communication system for use in distributed education

The viability of distributed educational services delivered via asynchronous learning networks (ALN) has been well established both in practice and through the literature. Despite wide and enthusiastic support for ALN based distributed education, the learning environment is still quite immature. The software constituting the environment has largely been developed in an ad hoc fashion. To great extent, the primary design goal appears to have been to have the online environment simulate the classroom as closely as possible. This paper addresses the design weaknesses of distributed education systems by developing a requirements specification for an effective asynchronous computer mediated communication system for use in a learning environment. The specification was developed through a nominal group technique process involving eight computing technology in education graduate students with significant experience as students in an online environment. The specification was validated through a Delphi process involving a different set of 20 experienced graduate students
Demonstration of inverse acoustic band gap structures in AlN and integration with piezoelectric contour mode transducers

This paper presents the first design and demonstration of a novel inverse acoustic band gap (IABG) structure in aluminum nitride (AlN) and its direct integration with piezoelectric contour-mode transducers. The experimental results indicate that the IABG structure has a stop band from 185 MHz to 240 MHz and is centered around 219 MHz with maximum rejection of 30 dB. The ABG-induced phonon scattering causes a frequency band gap that prohibits the propagation of certain acoustic wavelengths. In this work, the IABG unit cell consists of a high acoustic velocity (V) center material, which is formed by 2-µm-thick AlN sandwiched by 200-nm-thick platinum (Pt) and is held by four thin tethers and surrounded by a low acoustic velocity material (air). This cell arrangement enlarges the frequency band gap and eases the requirements on the thickness (d) to lattice constant (a) ratio, which was imposed by previous ABG demonstration in the very high frequency range. The finite element method (FEM) analysis indicates that the IABG can produce a gap-to-midgap ratio of 13.5% even when the d/a ratio is as small as 0.23. This advantage further allows the direct integration of the IABG with high frequency bulk acoustic wave (BAW) transducers.
Enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at more than one site is induced by 56 mM K+ in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells in culture.

: Incubation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or 56 mM K+ is associated with increased activity and enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in situ. Following incubation of the PC12 cells with 32Pi, rapid isolation of the tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptic digestion of the enzyme, two distinct 32P-peptides can be identified after paper electro-phoresis. 56 mM K+ increases 32Pi incorporation into both of these peptides, whereas dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases 32Pi incorporation into only one of these peptides. The rate of increase in the incorporation of 32Pi into these two peptides in cells treated with 56 mM K+ is similar. The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells occurs exclusively on serine residues. These results suggest that tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells is phosphorylated on serine residues at two or more distinct sites after 56 mM K+-induced depolarization. Since only one of these sites is phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by 56 mM K+ may involve phosphorylation by multiple protein kinases in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.
Analyses of gene frequencies of mates.

A genic analysis of variance of data on mate pairs for a codominant gene is developed. This analysis provides estimators of the correlation, F, of genes within individuals, of the correlation, Θ, of genes between mates, and of various variances—all relative to the correlation or variation among genes of nonmates. The data are manipulated into marginal distributions to produce another method of obtaining the same estimators. Several examples are given of how assumptions about the model and parameters modify the estimators and which were utilized in constructing χ2 tests of hypotheses concerning F and Θ.—A recessive gene is also considered. Only the frequency of recessive genotypes and the correlation of recessive mates are estimable in this case unless one makes very demanding assumptions about the model.—Numerical examples of the analysis of variance and estimators are given for both a codominant and recessive gene.
Discrimination of naturally occurring radioactive material in plastic scintillator material

Plastic scintillator material is used in many applications for the detection of gamma rays from radioactive material, primarily due to the sensitivity per unit cost compared to other detection materials. However, the resolution and lack of full-energy peaks in the plastic scintillator material prohibits detailed spectroscopy. Therefore, other materials such as doped sodium iodide are used for spectroscopic applications. The limited spectroscopic information can, however, be exploited in plastic scintillator materials to provide some discrimination. The discrimination between man-made and naturally occurring sources would be useful in reducing alarm screening for radiation detection applications that target man-made sources. The results of applying the limited energy information from plastic scintillator material for radiation portal monitors are discussed.
Can we estimate total magnetization directions from aeromagnetic data using Helbig's integrals?

An algorithm that implements Helbig’s (1963) integrals for estimating the vector components (mx, my, mz) of the magnetic dipole moment from the first order moments of the vector magnetic field components (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ) is tested on real and synthetic data. After a grid of total field aeromagnetic data is converted to vector component grids using Fourier filtering, Helbig’s infinite integrals are evaluated as finite integrals in small moving windows using a quadrature algorithm based on the 2-D trapezoidal rule. Prior to integration, best-fit planar surfaces must be removed from the component data within the data windows in order to make the results independent of the coordinate system origin. Two different approaches are described for interpreting the results of the integration. In the “direct” method, results from pairs of different window sizes are compared to identify grid nodes where the angular difference between solutions is small. These solutions provide valid estimates of total magnetization directions for compact sources such as spheres or dipoles, but not for horizontally elongated or 2-D sources. In the “indirect” method, which is more forgiving of source geometry, results of the quadrature analysis are scanned for solutions that are parallel to a specified total magnetization direction.
Mathematics Learning Disabilities in Girls With Fragile X or Turner Syndrome During Late Elementary School

The present study focuses on math and related skills among 32 girls with fragile X (n = 14) or Turner (n = 18) syndrome during late elementary school. Performance in each syndrome group was assessed relative to Full Scale IQ-matched comparison groups of girls from the general population (n = 32 and n = 89 for fragile X syndrome and Turner syndrome, respectively). Differences between girls with fragile X and their comparison group emerged on untimed arithmetic calculations, mastery of counting skills, and arithmetic problem verification accuracy. Relative to girls in the comparison group, girls with Turner syndrome did not differ on untimed arithmetic calculations or problem verification accuracy, but they had limited mastery of counting skills and longer response times to complete the problem verification task. Girls with fragile X or Turner syndrome also differed from their respective comparison groups on math-related abilities, including visual-spatial, working memory, and reading skills, and the associations between math and those related skills. Together, these findings support the notion that difficulty with math and related skills among girls with fragile X or Turner syndrome continues into late elementary school and that the profile of math and related skill difficulty distinguishes the two syndrome groups from each other.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Argatroban as Studied by HPLC and Functional Methods: Implications in the Monitoring and Dosage-Optimizations in Cardiovascular Patients

Argatroban is a peptidomimetic reversible throm bin inhibitor that has been used as an anticoagulant in clinical trials related to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). To monitor the absolute co...
Aberrant reinnervation following hypoglossal nerve damage

Hypoglossal nerve damage is a known complication of carotid endarterectomy, occurring in approximately 5% of endarterectomies. The vast majority of these patients recover without functional disability from this injury even if the tongue remains hemiplegic. We report 2 patients who suffered hypoglossal nerve section during neck surgery. Although they were initially mildly symptomatic, they developed increasingly severe dysarthria and dysphagia beginning 4 months after surgery. EMG revealed abnormal coactivation of the genioglossus and styloglossus muscles on the affected side, suggesting aberrant reinnervation. Aberrant reinnervation is a well-known complication of facial nerve injury, but has not been previously recognized in hypoglossal nerve injury. Like the face, the tongue is composed of many muscles that must perform complex movements. Normally, injury to one hypoglossal nerve causes little or no disability, but when aberrant reinnervation occurs, the tongue no longer moves in a coordinated manner, and significant dysarthria ensues.
What Reform Left Behind: A Decade of Change at One Urban High School

This article presents a longitudinal case study of an urban high school as it transitioned from one comprehensive reform model to another over a 10-year period. The study is based on qualitative interview data and quantitative data on student outcomes. Despite evidence of improved student outcomes during this reform period, the school could not meet state-mandated improvement goals because of the large proportion of students who entered with already longstanding patterns of low attendance and low achievement prior to high school. Addressing these deep structural issues will require a more systemic, rather than school-centered, focus.
Elevated C-peptide and insulin predict increased risk of colorectal adenomas in normal mucosa.

Background: Lower concentrations of the insulin–like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and elevated concentrations of insulin or C-peptide have been associated with an increase in colorectal cancer risk (CRC). However few studies have evaluated IGFBP-1 and C-peptide in relation to adenomatous polyps, the only known precursor for CRC. Methods: Between November 2001 and December 2002, we examined associations between circulating concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, IGFBP-1 and apoptosis among 190 individuals with one or more adenomatous polyps and 488 with no adenomatous polyps using logistic regression models. Results: Individuals with the highest concentrations of C-peptide were more likely to have adenomas (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.4-4.0) than those with the lowest concentrations; associations that appeared to be stronger in men (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 1.7-10.9) than women. Individuals with high insulin concentrations also had a higher risk of adenomas (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.7-7.4), whereas higher levels of IGFBP-1 were associated with a reduced risk of adenomas in men only (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Overweight and obese individuals with higher C-peptide levels (>1 st Q) were at increased risk for lower apoptosis index (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 0.9-7.1), an association that remained strong in overweight and obese men (OR = 6.3, 95% CI 1.0-36.7). Higher levels of IGFBP-1 in overweight and obese individuals were associated with a reduced risk of low apoptosis (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-1.0). Conclusions: Associations between these peptides and the apoptosis index in overweight and obese individuals, suggest that the mechanism by which C-peptide could induce adenomas may include its anti-apoptotic properties. This study suggests that hyperinsulinemia and IGF hormones predict adenoma risk, and that outcomes associated with colorectal carcinogenesis maybe modified by gender.
A Theoretical Framework for Data Analysis of Wind Dispersal of Seeds and Pollen

We compared a variety of models for the analysis of data on the wind dispersal of seeds and pollen. Dispersal distances from a source depend upon such factors as settling velocity, height of release, wind speed and turbulence, and specific morphological adaptations for dispersal. The dispersal curve, which describes the frequency distribution of dispersal distances, usually shows its peak at some distance from a source and falls off with distance. We used the location of that peak as a measure of dispersal, and organized data in terms of the predictions of two models for the dynamics of advection and diffusion. These data are summarized in a seed dispersal diagram in which the modal distance normalized by the height of seed release is plotted against the mean with speed normalized by the falling speed of seeds. Data from 15 studies were used to compare actual dispersal relationships.
Role of the CNS microvascular pericyte in the blood‐brain barrier

Pericytes are a very important cellular constituent of the blood-brain barrier. They play a regulatory role in brain angiogenesis, endothelial cell tight junction formation, blood-brain barrier differentiation, as well as contribute to the microvascular vasodynamic capacity and structural stability. Central nervous system pericytes express macrophage functions and are actively involved in the neuroimmune network operating at the blood-brain barrier. They exhibit unique functional characteristics critical for the pathogenesis of a number of cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuroimmune diseases.
An experiment management component for the WBCSim problem solving environment

This paper describes an experiment management (EM) component developed for the WBCSim problem solving environment. WBCSim is a web-based simulation system used to increase the productivity of wood scientists conducting research on wood-based composite and material manufacturing processes. This EM component integrates a web-based graphical front end, server scripts, and a database management system to allow scientists to easily save, retrieve, and perform customized operations on experimental data. A detailed description of the EM component is presented, along with a typical scenario of usage.
Pediatric and Psychiatric Collaboration in the Management of Childhood Asthma

With many asthmatic children for whom emotional factors are significant, joint pediatric and psychiatric management is essential. A three-level model of collaboration is presented, including (1) pediatric care, (2) psychiatric consultation, and (3) inpatient psychosomatic treatment. The organization, professional roles, and treatment protocol of the psychosomatic inpatient service are described. A review of the first 16 asthmatic children who received inpatient care in the program suggests that such a model may present a viable alternative to long-term residential care.
Principles of CT and CT Technology

This article provides a review of the basic principles of CT within the context of the evolution of CT. Modern CT technology can be understood as a natural progression of improvements and innovations in response to both engineering problems and clinical requirements. Detailed discussions of multislice CT, CT image quality evaluation, and radiation doses in CT will be presented in upcoming articles in this series.
Long-term effects of inadequate and excessive dietary ascorbate on bile acid metabolism in the guinea pig

The effects of long-term chronic ascorbic acid deficiency and exces sive ascorbic acid consumption on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid composition were studied in guinea pigs. Male, weanling guinea pigs were fed a cereal-based scor- butigenic diet for 19or 21 weeks. Ascorbic acid was administered either orally at 0.15 (group A) or 2.0 (group B) mg/100 g body weight, or it was mixed in the diet at levels of 500 (group C), 16-22 (group D), or 20,000 mg/kg (group E). Chronic ascorbic acid deficiency (groups A and D) caused depression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels and elevation of plasma cholesterol. Excessive ascorbate consumption did not alter these parameters relative to control levels. In contrast to results obtained in guinea pigs fed low or high amounts of ascorbate for 7-9 weeks, prolonged consumption of inade quate or excessiveascorbate resulted in little or no change in bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid composition except that bile acid pool size was increased 12% as a result of excessive ascorbate ingestion. Results of the present study suggest that there may be important differences in the guinea pig's metabolic response to ascorbic acid defi ciency and ascorbic acid excess, depending on the length of the experimental period. J. Nutr. 114: 1370-1376, 1984.
Handle mergers and acquisitions with care: the fragility of trust between the IT-service provider and end-users

Information technology (IT) implementation continues to be a challenging process for many organizations. The challenge is heightened when systems are changed due to mergers and acquisitions (M&A). The recent focus on IT-service management highlights the importance of having positive relationships between IT-service providers and end-users. In an M&A situation, there is often little history, and thus limited basis for trust in the IT organization, yet systems often need to be changed in these situations. The current study examines the IT-service provider’s relationship with the end-user to ascertain the factors that influence that relationship and ultimately influence end-user attitudes toward the new system. We study a mandated implementation following an acquisition in the banking industry. The results highlight the important and fragile nature of trust in the IT-service provider. In addition, the results demonstrate that there are significant differences in what matters at what time during the implementation process.
Substrate-Induced Covalent Assembly of a Chemzyme and Crystallographic Characterization of a Chemzyme-Substrate Complex

A substrate induced covalent assembly of a highly organized chemzyme known to be effective in both catalytic asymmetric aziridination and aza Diels-Alder reactions is described and the information gained from which led to an efficient one-pot aziridination protocol. The crystal structures of two chemzyme-iminium complexes were elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis that provides critical insights into the binding of the substrates with the chemzyme.
1824) Proposal to Reject the Name Ulmus campestris (Ulmaceae)

It is proposed here that the name Glycine coccinea (and thus also Kennedia coccinea) be conserved in the sense of Ventenat, with his plate (Tabula) 105 from Jard. Malmaison. (1805) as the conserved type, and that Kennedia prostrata be conserved in the sense of Brown, with a Brown specimen in BM as the conserved type (note that other specimens exist in BM, CANB and K which appear to be duplicates of the specimen nominated as conserved type, and these may be considered isotypes if the proposal is accepted). Acceptance of this proposal will preserve the traditional application of the names Kennedia coccinea and K. prostrata and effectively formalise the circumscriptions of Robert Brown (l.c., 1812) followed by all workers in the following two centuries. A failure of the proposal will mean that the plant known for 200 years as Kennedia prostrata R. Br. will need a name change to K. coccinea (Curtis) Vent., and the plant that has been known since 1805 as K. coccinea will require a new name. For two such well-known species such a reversal of names would be most confusing and disruptive.
A Thermodynamic Analysis of Rhenium(I)–Formyl C–H Bond Formation via Base-Assisted Heterolytic H2 Cleavage in the Secondary Coordination Sphere

Conversion of synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, into value-added Cn≥2 products requires both C–H and C–C bond-forming events. Our group has developed a series of molecular complexes, based on group 7 (manganese and rhenium) carbonyl complexes, to interrogate the elementary steps involved in the homogeneous hydrogenative reductive coupling of CO. Here, we explore a new mode of H2 activation, in which strong bases in the secondary coordination sphere are positioned to assist in the heterolytic cleavage of H2 to form a formyl C–H bond at a rhenium-bound carbonyl. A series of cationic rhenium(I) complexes of the type [ReI(P∼B:-κ1-P)(CO)5]n (n = 0, +1), where P∼B: is a phosphine ligand with a tethered strong base, are prepared and characterized; measurement of their protonation equilibria demonstrates a pronounced attenuation of the basicity upon coordination. Formyl complexes supported by these ligands can be prepared in good yield by hydride delivery to the parent pentacarbonyl comple...
The Quaternion Calculus

(1973). The Quaternion Calculus. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 9, pp. 995-1008.
Decrease of sialic acid in epiphyseal plates of aminoacetonitrile-treated rabbits.

SummarySialic acid is present in the epiphyseal plate of normal animals and is slightly reduced in the epiphyseal plates of AAN-treated rabbits. No qualitative differences were found in the sialic acid of the epiphyseal plates of normal and AAN-treated rabbits tested.
Disaster management mobile protocols: A technology that will save lives

Although training and education have long been accepted as integral to disaster preparedness, many currently taught practices are neither evidence based nor standardized. The need for effective evidence-based disaster education for healthcare workers at all levels in the multidisciplinary medical response to major events has been designated by the disaster response community as a high priority. This article describes a disaster management mobile application of systematic evidence-based practice. The application is interactive and comprises portable principles, algorithms, and emergency protocols that are agile, concise, comprehensive, and response relevant to all healthcare workers. Early recognition through clinical assessment versus laboratory and diagnostic procedures in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRNE) exposures grounded in an evidence-based skill set is especially important. During the immediate threat, the clinical diagnosis can get frustrating because CBRNE casualties can mimic everyday healthcare illnesses and initially present with nonspecific respiratory or flu-like symptoms. As there is minimal time in a catastrophic event for the medical provider to make accurate decisions, access to accurate, timely, and comprehensive information in these situations is critical. The CBRNE mobile application is intended to provide a credible source for treatment and management of numerous patients in an often intimidating environment with scarce resources and overwhelming tasks.
ENTERPRISES RETAIN HIGH PROPENSITY FOR ADAPTABILITY

Assessment of the state of aﬀairs in Russian industry and the level of its adaptability to real condi ons as of Q1 2016 demonstrated rather positive values of the normal index that reﬂects the estimation by the enterprises of indicators and conditions of their activity. Industry retains a high level of adaptability to all shocks of recent seven quarters.
Carcinoma of the Seminal Vesicle

AbstractStrict criteria were applied to 12 cases of carcinoma of the seminal vesicle in the Mayo Clinic tumor registry. Diagnosis was carcinoma of the seminal vesicle if the neoplasm was a papillary or anaplastic carcinoma localized primarily to the seminal vesicle and no other primary tumors were demonstrated. In addition, some degree of mucin production was required, especially when prostatic involvement was present. Only 2 of our cases and 35 cases reported previously were judged acceptable or probable cases of carcinoma of the seminal vesicle.Prognosis for patients with this tumor is poor. A combination of extirpative surgery and hormonal therapy appears to provide the best opportunity for extended survival, although this remains to be proved.
Interpretation of Package Specifications

Each visible annotation in a package specification imposes a constraint on the package hidden part. This constraint is expressed by a hidden annotation, which is called an interpretation of the visible annotation. The interpretation of an annotation of a private type is an annotation of the corresponding full type definition. The interpretation of an annotation of a subprogram is an annotation of the subprogram body. The interpretation of an axiom is, in the most general case, a modified type constraint on the state type. However, interpretations of axioms are often equivalent to fully quantified boolean assertions.