cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure-Function Analysis of Human 1,3-Fucosyltransferase AMINO ACIDS INVOLVED IN ACCEPTOR SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY

A series of molecular biology experiments were carried out to identify the catalytic domain of two human alpha1,3/4-fucosyltransferases (fucosyltransferases (FucTs) III and V), and to identify amino acids that function in acceptor substrate binding. Sixty-one and 75 amino acids could be eliminated from the N terminus of FucTs III and V, respectively, without a significant loss of enzyme activity. In contrast, the truncation of one or more amino acids from the C terminus of FucT V resulted in a dramatic or total loss of enzyme activity. Results from the truncation experiments demonstrate that FucT III62-361 (containing amino acids 62-361) and FucT V76-374 (containing amino acids 76-374) are active, whereas shorter forms of the enzymes were inactive. The shortest, active forms of the enzymes are more than 93% identical at the predicted amino acid level, but have distinct acceptor substrate specificities. Thus, FucT III is an alpha1,4-fucosyltransferase, whereas FucT V is an alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase with disaccharide substrates. All but one of the amino acid sequence differences between the two proteins occur near their N terminus. Results obtained from domain swapping experiments demonstrated that the single amino acid sequence difference near the C terminus of these enzymes did not alter the enzyme's substrate specificity. However, swapping a region near the N terminus of the truncated form of FucT III into an homologous region in FucT V produced a protein with both alpha1,3- and alpha1,4-fucosyltransferase activity. This region contains 8 of the amino acid sequence differences that occur between the two proteins.
Synthesis and Structure of Piano Stool Complexes Derived from the Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadienyl Ligand

The reaction of NaCp (Cp = C5H5) with excess C6F6 and excess NaH in refluxing diglyme afforded a 57% yield of 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene (1). Treatment of 1 with NaH in THF afforded sodium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadienide (2) in 89% yield. Reactions of 2 with M(CO)5Br (M = Mn, Re) yielded [(C6F5)4C5H]M(CO)3 complexes (3, M = Mn, 33%, and 4, M = Re, 28%). Reactions of 2 with various iron(II) salts and with CoBr2 however failed to afford the corresponding octaarylated metallocenes. Infrared spectroscopic analysis of 3 and 4 revealed an increase of 16(1) cm-1 relative to CpM(CO)3 in the A-symmetric C−O stretching frequency, suggesting that the C6F5 groups have a highly electron-withdrawing effect on the coordinated M(CO)3 moieties. Crystal structures of 1, 1·1/2C6D6, 2, and 3 display a propeller-like arrangement of the C6F5 groups. Complexes 2 and 3 show elongation of the C5(centroid)−M bond distances relative to CpMn(CO)3 and CpRe(CO)3, which is attributed to steric effects.
Presentation of Soluble antigen to human T cells by products of multiple HLA-linked loci: Analysis of antigen presentation by a panel of cloned, autologous, HLA-mutant epstein-barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines

Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCL) can present soluble antigens to antigen-primed T lymphocytes. In this study, we used HLA antigen-loss mutants of an EBV-LCL line (LCL 721) to demonstrate that the presentation of a soluble antigen from Candida albicans (CAN) by EBV-LCL to primed T cells can be restricted by multiple HLA determinants. Haplotype-deletion mutants that contained only the maternal or only the paternal HLA-haplotype were used to demonstrate the preferential role of autologous HLA antigens in presenting soluble antigens to Candida-primed T cells from the donor of LCL-721, and to T cells from her mother and father. Immunoselected mutants of LCL-721 showing a variety of distinct phenotypes that are deficient in HLA-DR, DQ, or DP antigen expression were tested as antigen-presenting cells. The antigen-presenting ability of these class II deficient EBV-LCL variants weakened with progressive loss of class II HLA determinants expressed on the cell surface. Our study, therefore, provides evidence for multiple HLA restriction determinants, including HLA-DR, DQ, and DP. Furthermore, LCL lacking all HLA-DR, DQ, and DP expression because of homozygous deletion of these MHC class II genes still presented CAN and Tetanus toxid (TET), although to a much lesser degree than presented by LCL-721. This suggests that determinants other than DR, DQ, and DP which are expressed on these EBV-LCL may also function as restriction elements for the proliferative T-cell response to soluble antigens.
The sucrose gradient and native DNA S20,W, an examination of measurement problems.

Abstract Sedimentation coefficients of T7, T2H and T4 DNA were determined with isokinetic sucrose gradients in both 0.1 M and 1 M NaCl. The s values were completely equivalent to those measured by analytical ultracentrifuge and no reduction of s20,w was observed due to the presence of sucrose (anomalous sedimentation). s20,w values are calculated on the basis of both partial specific volume ( \ gn) and apparent specific volume (ϕ′). Using the latter value s20,w-molecular weight relations are derived for 0.1 M and 1 M NaCl solvents. The glucosylation of T2H and T4 DNA appears to influence s20,w in a manner disproportionate to the molecular weight added by glucose.
Energetics of Ge nucleation on SiO2 and implications for selective epitaxial growth

Abstract We have measured the time evolution of Ge nucleation density on SiO 2 over a temperature range of 673–973 K and deposition rates from 5.1 × 10 13 atoms/cm 2 s (5 ML/min) to 6.9 × 10 14 atoms/cm 2 s (65 ML/min) during molecular beam epitaxy. The governing equations from mean-field theory that describe surface energetics and saturation nucleation density are used to determine the size and binding energy of the critical Ge nucleus and the activation energy for Ge surface diffusion on SiO 2 . The critical nucleus size is found to be a single Ge atom over substrate temperatures from 673 to 773 K, whereas a three-atom nucleus is found to be the critical size over substrate temperatures from 773 to 973 K. We have previously reported 0.44 ± 0.03 eV for the Ge desorption activation energy from SiO 2 . This value, in conjunction with the saturation nucleation density as a function of substrate temperature, is used to determine that the activation energy for surface diffusion is 0.24 ± 0.05 eV, and the binding energy of the three-atom nucleus is 3.7 ± 0.1 eV. The values of the activation energy for desorption and surface diffusion are in good agreement with previous experiments of metals and semiconductors on insulating substrates. The small desorption and surface diffusion activation barriers predict that selective growth occurring on window-patterned samples is by direct impingement of Ge onto Si and ready desorption of Ge from SiO 2 . This prediction is confirmed by the small integral condensation coefficient for Ge on SiO 2 and two key observations of nucleation behavior on the window-patterned samples. The first observation is the lack of nucleation exclusion zones around the windows, and second is the independence of the random Ge nucleation density on patterned versus unpatterned oxide surfaces. We also present the Ge nucleation density as a function of substrate temperature and deposition rate to demarcate selective growth conditions for Ge on Si with a window-patterned SiO 2 mask.
Volcanic ash in the Antarctic ice sheet and its possible climatic implications

Abstract Approximately 2000 individual ash falls are preserved in deep cores from Antarctica. The bulk of the debris is composed of dust-sized particles of glass that can probably be attributed to volcanic sources in Antarctica, though sources outside Antarctica cannot be entirely discounted. A period of sustained infall of ash occurred during the interval 30 000 to 16 000 years ago, and isotopic (paleotemperature) data from the same cores indicate that a significant cooling of the atmosphere over Antarctica occurred at the same time. This cooling trend did not terminate until deposition of ash had virtually ceased, suggesting possibly a cause and effect relationship involving the solar-depleting effect of volcanic dust in the Antarctic stratosphere. It is conceivable that widespread eruption of volcanic ash in Antarctica during the latter part of the Wisconsin may also have triggered world-wide cooling during this period — effectively intensifying the existing glacial regime.
Letter by Reeder and Anderson Regarding Article, “Heart Failure is a Risk Factor for Orthopedic Fracture: A Population-Based Analysis of 16 294 Patients”

Results from the trial by van Diepen and colleagues1 found a statistically significant association between the diagnosis of heart failure (HF) and risk of orthopedic fracture in a large cohort of elderly patients with known cardiovascular disease. Although a pathophysiological link between HF and osteoporosis remains to be determined, the authors offer a potential cause beyond that of shared risk factors. The backbone of the proposed mechanism in HF is elevated aldosterone levels, which have been associated with increased urinary calcium and magnesium excretion, hyperparathyroidism, and diminished bone mineral density. One relationship that also deserves recognition is the association between HF, hyponatremia, …
Issue Representation in Neighborhood Organizations: Questing for Democracy at the Grassroots

In this era of government reinvention and devolution, some have expressed interest in applying that logic to the local level by including neighborhood associations among the mechanisms for delivering urban services. However, if decision-making authority were to be decentralized to a greater extent, there is the possibility that the decisions of these organizational participants might not be reflective of the group they are supposed to represent. This article seeks to examine the issue representation ability of neighborhood associations. Using a unique neighborhood-level dataset from Indianapolis, this analysis reveals how representative the organization's activities are in terms of the issues that are of most importance to residents (other participants and non-participants). In addition, the article presents and tests a model to explain differences in the levels of representation. The findings raise concerns with the wisdom of such devolution as well as highlight the environmental and organizational characteristics that influence issue representation.
Decomposition of litter from submersed macrophytes: the indirect effects of high [CO2]

1. We grew the submersed freshwater macrophyte Vallisneria americana under controlled conditions at low and high [CO2] to produce litter with high and low tissue nitrogen concentration ([N]), respectively. We then followed mass and nitrogen dynamics in situ in this litter to test the indirect effect of [CO2] on its subsequent decomposition and colonisation by macroinvertebrates. 2. Litter from plants grown in high CO2 initially lost mass and N at a significantly lower rate but, by day 30, both litter types had lost about 90% of mass and N. Litter [N] did not appear to govern decay rate. 3. There was no effect of CO2 on the pattern of macroinvertebrate colonisation. 4. The potential exists for high [CO2] to increase rates of C and N cycling and, thereby, to increase internal N loading in macrophyte-dominated shallow water ecosystems.
Managerial problem identification

Abstract Despite its importance in determining the set of concerns to be addressed by problem solving activity, managerial problem identification is not well understood. Theorists have variously accounted for identification in terms of individual cognitive processes, motivations, and organizational roles and procedures. But the important part which the problem itself plays in identification, through its observable manifestations, has been ignored. Empirical data concerning seventy organizational problems were collected and analyzed. The results indicate the importance of the problem and the evidence it provides for problem finding. Implications for further descriptive and prescriptive research are discussed.
Evolutionary optimization and graphical models for robust recognition of behaviors in video imagery

Behavior analysis deals with understanding and parsing a video sequence to generate a high-level description of object actions and inter-object interactions. We describe a behavior recognition system that can model and detect spatio-temporal interactions between detected entities in a visual scene by using ideas from swarm optimization, fuzzy graphs, and object recognition. Two extensions of the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm are explored, one uses classifier based object recognition to first detect entities in video scenes and then employs fuzzy graphs to model the associations while the second extension directly searches for graph based object associations. Our hierarchical generic event detection scheme uses fuzzy graphical models for representing the spatial associations as well as the temporal dynamics of the discovered scene entities. The spatial and temporal attributes of associated objects and groups of objects are handled in separate layers in the hierarchy. We also describe a new behavior specification language that helps the user easily describe the event that needs to be detected using simple linguistic or graphical queries. Preliminary results are promising and studies are underway to evaluate the use of the system in more complicated scenarios.
Simulation of selective photothermal interaction with dye enhancement

The precise and selective destruction of tumor tissue through hyperthermia, when combined with immunoadjuvant applications, has shown promise in the treatment of cancer. The combination of an 805-nm laser and indocyanine green (ICG) has been shown to be highly effective in laboratory experiments in satisfying both the precision and selectivity requirements of such a procedure. A systematic study was conducted to further understand the interaction of the laser and the dye, using both Monte Carlo simulation and direct temperature measurement in gel phantom and chicken tissue. A phantom system, with a spherical, dye-enhanced target in the center, was constructed to simulate a tumor buried in deep tissue. The temperature increase in the target tissue under the irradiation of the 805-nm laser was significantly higher than the surrounding tissue. The same tumor-tissue configuration was also used in the theoretical simulation. The theoretical and experimental results for the temperature distributions and the treatment parameters can be used to provide the optimal thermal effect in cancer treatment.
Compatibility problems in artificial organs.

In considering artificial organs and host compatibility, an initial assumption is that an artificial organ must reproduce or mimic normal organ physiology. This analysis is facilitated by classifying tissues and organs into two groups relative to their microvascular beds: 1) regulatory or homeostatic, and 2) nutritional. Regulatory beds modify blood as part of their homeostatic function, i.e., kidney and lungs; nutritional beds meet the metabolic needs of tissues, i.e., heart and brain, without which tissue death would occur. Additional examples are given. Complete analysis of regulatory organ function must include all functions, not only the major one. For example, in addition to gas exchange the lung has an important filtration function, and vasoactive materials and possibly fibrinolytic enzymes are stored, released, and possibly synthesized in the lung. Nonregulatory organs also pose problems in physiology mimicry, which are detailed. There are other areas of compatibility problems due to the uniquenes...
Detection of carbon nanotubes in biological samples through microwave-induced heating

Abstract We demonstrate a novel technique for quantitative detection of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in biological samples by utilizing the thermal response of CNT under microwave irradiation. In particular, rapid heating of CNT due to microwave absorption is employed to quantify CNT uptake in agricultural samples with excellent sensitivity. We inject alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots with a known quantity of CNT (single-walled and multi-walled) and expose the samples to a microwave field (30–50 W) to generate standard temperature-CNT concentration relationships; this detection method is then used to accurately determine CNT uptake by alfalfa plant roots grown in CNT-laden soil. The threshold for detectable CNT concentration is much lower (
Choice of hemostatic agent influences adhesion formation in a rat cecal adhesion model.

Introduction Hemostatic agents are frequently used during abdominal surgery and some are linked to adhesion formation. We sought to evaluate the impact of several commonly used hemostatic agents on adhesion formation in a rat peritoneal model. Methods In our study, Wister outbred rats underwent laparotomy and excision of a portion of their peritoneum to initiate adhesion formation process. One of six different hemostatic agents, namely, activated starch microspheres (Arista AH; Medafor Inc., Minneapolis, MN), glutaraldehyde activated collagen (BioGlue; Cryolife Inc., Kennesaw, GA), thrombin coated collagen microspheres (FloSeal; Baxter Inc., Deerfield, IL), thrombin activated fibrin polymer (Tisseel, Baxter), polyethylene glycol polymer (CoSeal, Baxter), or oxidized cellulose (Surgicel; Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ), was placed in the area of peritoneal defect. All animals were sacrificed on post-op day 7 and strength and extent of adhesion formation was determined. Histopathological examination of rat caecum was also performed. Results Arista and CoSeal showed significantly lower adhesion formation than controls (P Conclusions Use of Arista and CoSeal may help in reducing peritoneal adhesions after intra-abdominal surgeries. Furthermore, there appears to be a relationship between the creation of inflammation and necrosis in tissues and the eventual formation of adhesions. This could aid in improving the design of these agents in the future.
High terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in pediatric patients with acute lymphocytic and acute myelocytic leukemias

Specificity of TdT5 as a marker for ALL was evaluated by determining its activity in cells from normal control subjects and from 35 pediatric patients with ALL, AML, Hodgkin's disease and disseminated Burkitt's lymphoma. We evaluated the DNA polymerase activity, cell surface phenotypes (E rosettes, EAC rosettes, Smlg and la-like, HTLA and cALL antigens), and hematological and cytochemical characteristics in both the normal and patient groups. DNA polymerase alpha + beta and DNA polymerase gamma activity were indiscriminately high in all immature cells as found in ALL, AML, Burkitt's lymphoma and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal lymphocytes, when compared to mature leukocytes found in normal individuals or in patients whose cancer was in remission. High TdT activity was found in 24 of 26 T and non-T/non-B ALL patients in active phase as well as in two of three AML patients one of whom had Auer rods. Thus, TdT, although valuable for monitoring ALL patients, may have limitations in separating AML from ALL.
Convertible Securities, Employee Stock Options and the Cost of Equity

We provide a method for calculating the cost of equity and the cost of capital in the presence of convertible securities and employee stock options. We demonstrate how this approach can be applied if a company already has issued convertible claims or if it is considering doing so for the first time. We provide several numerical examples illustrating the significance of errors in estimating the cost of capital that can result when (1) employee stock options are ignored or (2) the observable stock price is used as a proxy for the unobservable underlying asset.
Double-diffusion hot-electron transport in self-consistent E and B fields

A two-component, flux-limited diffusion model is introduced for the self-consistent transport of hot electrons in laser-produced plasmas. Megagauss fields from the $\ensuremath{\nabla}{n}_{h}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\nabla}{n}_{c}$ source are predicted for $I{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ W \ensuremath{\mu}${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. For low-$Z$ target materials a prompt back-side $B$ field is a signature for hot electrons reaching the back of thin foils.
Calculated silica activities in carbonatite liquids

Carbonatite magmas precipitate silicates, in addition to the abundant carbonates, oxides, and phosphates. Calculated silica activities for equilibria involving silicates and a silica component in magmatic liquids predict specific assemblages for silicate and oxide phases in carbonatites. These assemblages provide tests of alternative sources (carbonatite magma, coeval silicate magma, or older rock) for silicate minerals in carbonatites. Quartz, feldspars, and orthopyroxene are unlikely to be primary magmatic phases in carbonatites, because the silica activity in carbonatite magmas is too low to stabilize these minerals. Zircon and titanite should be unstable relative to baddeleyite and perovskite, respectively, but they do occur in carbonatites. Liquids dominated by carbonate are strongly nonideal with respect to dissolved silica. Consequently, activity coefficients for a silica component in carbonatite liquids are >>1, so that small mole fractions of SiO2 translate into silica activities sufficient to stabilize phlogopite, clinopyroxene, amphibole, monticellite, and forsterite, among other silicates. Examination of silicate mineral assemblages in carbonatites in the light of silica activity indicates that many carbonatites are contaminated by solid silicate phases from external sources but these xenocrysts can be discriminated from magmatic minerals.
An Institutional Entrepreneurial Approach to the Structure-Agency Debate

While the paradox of embedded-agency is broadly recognized as central concern among institutional and institutional entrepreneurial research, this paradox unfortunately remains unresolved. Specifically, while Giddens’ (1984) theory of structuration has been identified as an appealing solution to resolving this paradox, the conflation of structure and agency undermines his ability to explain an embedded-agency that constrains as much as it enable individual action. Hence, to resolve the paradox of embedded-agency, the challenge of this research is to develop an entrepreneurial theory of the institutional process that overcomes solve Giddens’ conflation problem. In drawing on the subjective and alert tenets of Austrian entrepreneurship, a theory of embedded-agency is developed whereby rules are argued to constrain as much as they enable the entrepreneur to create, reproduce and modify the rules of their embedded structure. A contribution of this study is it not only draws on a subjective foundation to expla...
Prenatal diagnosis of the RSH/Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

The RSH/Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (RSH/SLOS) is a relatively common, autosomal recessive malformation syndrome comprising distinctive facial, limb and genital anomalies, and mental retardation. Most patients with a clinical diagnosis of RSH/SLOS have a defect of cholesterol biosynthesis at the level of 3beta-hydroxysteroid-delta7-reductase, resulting in a decreased level of cholesterol and an increased level of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) in body fluids and tissues. We report on our experience with the prenatal diagnosis of RSH/SLOS by quantitative sterol chromatography in amniotic fluid (AF) and chorionic villus (CV). Of 76 AF and nine CV samples analyzed for various indications, 20 were diagnostic of RSH/SLOS based on an increased level of 7DHC in the fluid or tissue. Of 39 fetuses at a 25% risk for RSH/SLOS, 10(25.6%) were affected. Twenty-nine pregnancies not known to be at risk for RSH/SLOS were studied because of either a fetal abnormality characteristic of RSH/SLOS detected by ultrasound, a low maternal serum uE3 level (MSuE3), or both. None of the pregnancies tested, because of a low MSuE3 but lacking a sonographic abnormality characteristic of RSH/SLOS, was affected. However, three of four pregnancies with a low MSuE3 and an RSH/SLOS-type fetal abnormality were positive. RSH/ SLOS was diagnosed in two additional pregnancies on which MSuE3 data were not available but in which fetal anomalies were identified. Of these five RSH/SLOS fetuses identified in pregnancies not otherwise at risk for RSH/SLOS, the presenting sonographic anomaly was either polydactyly, ambiguous genitalia, or both. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters and clinical severity of RSH/SLOS showed that there was an inverse correlation between clinical severity and both the level of AF 7DHC and the level of MSuE3. Based on these earlier and more extensive studies, we conclude that accurate prenatal diagnosis of RSH/ SLOS is possible by sterol analysis of AF and, most likely, CV specimens as well. Furthermore, our findings suggest that MSuE3 levels in combination with sonography may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information in the absence of a family history of RSH/SLOS.
A phenomenological theory for plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals

Abstract A consistent phenomenological theory is developed for the plastic deformation properties of a restricted class of polycrystalline metals. The theory introduces the concept of a “hardness state” that can be related to the dislocation “structure” generated in the course of plastic deformation. The conditions that must be satisfied if a plastic equation of state is to hold are investigated, and it is concluded that it is likely that such an equation of state exists. The implications for current microscopic theories are explored. Some of the current conclusions that are drawn from experimental data are criticized. In particular, it is shown that the neglect of the influences of anelasticity and of grain boundary sliding has led to incorrect interpretations of grain matrix flow properties. Furthermore, the existence of a steady state deformation regime is challenged.
Maximum likelihood reconstruction algorithm for magnetic resonance imaging

Unlike the attenuation densities which are estimated in conventional xray tomography the signals estimated and measured in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are inherently timevarying. Any method for reconstructing the free induction decay (FID) signals within particular voxels of an object must take this into account. In spite of this, Fourier MR imaging methods involve decoding procedures for spatial localization of spin density and exponential decay parameters which assume that the signal amplitudes are constant in time, an assumption which is valid only under the condition that the data collection window is very small with respect to the signal decay rate. This forces conventional Fourier methods to generate images from small slices of the full FID time signal (on the order of lO msec). We have recently demonstrated in NMR spectroscopy [1] that fitting the FIB to exponentially decaying sinuosoid models with unknown amplitude,frequency and decay parameters using the method of maximumlikelihood yields far more accurate estimates of the parameters than those based on Fourier methods. This ofcourse requires collection and fitting of the entire FID time signal. Following these ideas, we now describe a new method for reconstructing spin density and T2 images from data collected in the hydrogen MR imaging mode, which models the FID from every voxel of the image as a sinusoid with unknown amplitude and decay. The paper first presents a signal model for the FID signals collected from hydrogen MR imaging based on previous work with collaborators [2], which is at the heart of our new algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of the image parameters. Then the major focus of this paper is to describe the maximum likelihood estimation of the spin density and T2 decay images, and present its solution via an iterative expectation maximization algorithm. Finally we show the reconstruction of a simulated 2 dimensional phantom imaged using conventional phase and frequency encoding. We conclude by showing results which demonstrate the major advantage of the ML method over conventional Fourier based techniques for producing MR images.
Elevated 4-hydroxylation of estradiol by hamster kidney microsomes: a potential pathway of metabolic activation of estrogens.

Characterization of enzymes mediating the formation of catecholestrogens (CE) by hamster kidney is of importance because of the proposed role of CE in renal cancer induced in this species by estrogens. We have reexamined the potential of hamster kidney to convert estradiol (E2) to 2- and 4-hydroxylated CE because of recent evidence of the limitations of assays used in previous studies, in particular in measuring 4-hydroxylation of estrogens. Under conditions optimized for NADPH-dependent activity, hamster kidney microsomes exhibited high levels of both E2-2- and E2-4-hydroxylase activities. Evidence that the two activities depend on different forms of cytochrome P-450 was obtained by the demonstration that 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E2 were affected differentially 1) by chronic treatment of hamsters with E2 and 2) by fadrozole hydrochloride, a selective cytochrome P-450 inhibitor. NADPH-dependent 2-hydroxylation of E2 from control and E2-treated hamsters, measured by a direct product isolation assay, was 1 order of magnitude higher (apparent maximum velocity, 24-32 and 6-12.5 pmol/mg protein.min in control and E2-treated hamsters, respectively) than that reported previously using radioenzymatic assays. NADPH-dependent 4-hydroxylation of E2 in controls approached and in E2-treated hamsters exceeded 2-hydroxylation of E2 (apparent maximum velocity, 17-21 and 7.5-19 pmol/mg protein.min in control and E2-treated hamsters, respectively). Thus, estrogen treatment reversed the ratios of NADPH-dependent E2-2-/4-hydroxylase activities by causing a much greater decline in 2- than 4-hydroxylation of E2 (P less than 0.007, by analysis of variance). Fadrozole hydrochloride caused a marked dose-dependent decrease in 2-hydroxylation of E2, in contrast to a small nondose-dependent inhibition of 4-hydroxylation. Under conditions optimized for peroxidatic organic hydroperoxide-dependent activity, hamster kidney microsomes generated 2- and 4-hydroxylated CE in similar amounts. The amounts of the two CE and, consequently, the ratios remained unaffected by estrogen treatment (1:0.9 and 1:1.0 in control and E2-treated hamsters, respectively). Thus, this study establishes that CE can be generated in the same tissue by three different pathways, i.e. NADPH-dependent E2-2-hydroxylase, NADPH-dependent E2-4-hydroxylase, and organic hydroperoxide-dependent E2-2/4-hydroxylase activities. We also show that these three activities can be regulated differentially and are, thus, probably mediated by different forms of cytochrome P-450. In hamster kidney, the potential to generate 4-hydroxylated CE metabolites with distinct properties could be a factor in this tissue's vulnerability to estrogen-induced carcinogenesis.
Dynamic mechanical properties of two grades of oil shale

Abstract Dynamic mechanical response data have been obtained for two representative oil shales. A low kerogen content shale (approximately 5 gal/ton), obtained from the Anvil Points mine near Rifle, CO, had an average density of 2·35 Mg/m3 and an average void volume of 9% of the total volume. The propagation of shock and release waves in this material appear to be dominated by a pore collapse phenomenon. A richer shale (kerogen content averaging 20 gal/ton), obtained from Site 9 near Rock Springs, WY, had an average density of 2·22 Mg/m3 and a void volume less than 3%. Shock and release waves in this material appear to be more influenced by rate dependence and geometric dispersion. To a first approximation, this richer material can be modeled as a variable modulus material with two constant moduli.
The Influence of Location and Visual Features on Visual Object Memory

In five experiments, we examined the influence of contextual objects’ location and visual features on visual memory. Participants’ visual memory was tested with a change detection task in which they had to judge whether the orientation (Experiments 1A, 1B, and 2) or color (Experiments 3A and 3B) of a target object was the same. Furthermore, contextual objects’ locations and visual features were manipulated in the test image. The results showed that change detection performance was better when contextual objects’ locations remained the same from study to test, demonstrating that the original spatial configuration is important for subsequent visual memory retrieval. The results further showed that changes to contextual objects’ orientation, but not color, reduced orientation change detection performance; and changes to contextual objects’ color, but not orientation, impaired color change detection performance. Therefore, contextual objects’ visual features are capable of affecting visual memory. However, selective attention plays an influential role in modulating such effects.
Programming style authorship analysis

Detecting instances of software theft and plagiarism is a difficult problem. The statistical analysis of peculiar words or phrases known to be used by an author is a common method of settling authorship disputes in English literature. This paper presents a similar method for identifying authorship of programs. The method is based on typographic or layout style program characteristics. Our experiments show that these characteristics can be useful in determining authorship. The major benefits of the method are that it is simple, easy to automate, and can be used in conjunction with other program fingerprinting methodologies.
Winners, Losers, and Choosers A Field Investigation of Dating Initiation

Two studies on interpersonal attraction were conducted at a commercial video-dating service. Profiles of members were rated on age, physical attractiveness, status, humor and warmth. In the first study, significant differences were found between popular and unpopular males, physically attractive males being more popular. Popular females were found to be younger and more attractive than unpopular females. The second study investigated the dating choices and rejections of twenty new members. Higher status and physical attractiveness were significant predictors of males being chosen by females, whereas the only significant predictor of females being chosen by males was physical attractiveness. Males tended to choose and reject younger women. and females tended to choose and reject older men. There was also a tendency for both sexes to choose targets of higher social desirability and reject targets of lower social desirability. We concluded that the male-older, female-younger norm and physical attractiveness ...
The Importance of Indirect Effects in Media Effects Research: Testing for Mediation in Structural Equation Modeling

This essay addresses the need for media effects researchers to decompose their structural equation models. We highlight the importance of studying specific indirect effects within a conditional effects framework and discuss how the lack of analysis of this type of effect in structural equation modeling does not fit well with the discipline's theoretical foundations. We summarize several classes of mediation formulas and make recommendations for the estimation and testing of mediating relationships. Finally, an argument is made that the study of mediation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for better understanding media influence.
Characterization of Epitaxial Indium Nitride Interlayers for Ohmic Contacts to Silicon Carbide

Ohmic contacts to n-type 4H- and 6H-SiC without postdeposition annealing were achieved using an interlayer of epitaxial InN beneath a layer of Ti. The InN films were grown by reactive dc magnetron sputtering at 450°C, whereas the Ti films were deposited by electron-beam evaporation at room temperature. The InN films were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary electron microscopy (SEM), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Hall-effect measurements. Both XRD and TEM observations revealed that the Ti and InN films have epitaxial relationships with the 6H-SiC substrate as follows: (0001)[ $$ 11\bar 20 $$ ]Ti∥(0001)[ $$ 11\bar 20 $$ ]InN∥(0001)[ $$ 11\bar 20 $$ ]6H-SiC. The Ti/InN/SiC contacts displayed ohmic behavior, whereas Ti/SiC contacts (without an InN interlayer) were nonohmic. These results suggest that InN reduces the Schottky barrier height at the SiC surface via a small conduction-band offset and support previous reports of an electron accumulation layer at the surface of InN.
Sarcasm, Pretense, and The Semantics/ Pragmatics Distinction ∗

Traditional theories of sarcasm treat it as a case of a speaker’s meaning the opposite of what she says. Recently, ‘expressivists’ have argued that sarcasm is not a type of speaker meaning at all, but merely the expression of a dissociative attitude toward an evoked thought or perspective. I argue that we should analyze sarcasm in terms of meaning inversion, as the traditional theory does; but that we need to construe ‘meaning’ more broadly, to include illocutionary force and evaluative attitudes as well as propositional content. I distinguish four subclasses of sarcasm, individuated in terms of the target of inversion. Three of these classes raise serious challenges for a standard implicature analysis. The standard view of sarcasm or verbal irony 1 was articulated by Quintilian roughly two millennia ago, as speech in which “we understand something which is the opposite of what is actually said” (95/1920, 401). Indeed, sarcasm is often presented as “the textbook case,” as Robyn Carston (2002, 15) says, of the fact that speaker’s meaning can come apart from sentence meaning. We also have a widely accepted pragmatic explanation of how sarcasm works. According to the standard Gricean reconstruction, in speaking ∗ Thanks for fertile discussion to audiences at the Conference on Meaning and Commu
Solute dynamics at aqueous interfaces

Molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to study several related time-dependent processes: solvation dynamics, rotational and vibrational relaxation taking place at the water liquid/vapor interface, and at the interface between water and an immiscible organic liquids. A unified description of the effects of the interface structure and polarity on these phenomena is presented, exploiting recent advances in experimental and theoretical understanding of the liquid interface region. Implications for interfacial chemical reaction dynamics are discussed.
Mechanistic investigation of ethanol SCR of NOx over Ag/Al2O3

Abstract A 2 wt.% Ag/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst was studied for the ethanol selective catalytic reduction of NO x from 200 to 550 °C and space velocities between 30,000 h −1 and 140,000 h −1 . Peak NO x conversions reached 85% at 400 °C, and an activation energy was determined to be 57 kJ/mol with a feed of ethanol to NO x or HC 1 /NO x = 3. Up to 80% of the NO is oxidized to NO 2 at 250 °C, but overall NO x conversion is only 15%. Interestingly, ethanol oxidation occurs at much lower temperatures than NO x reduction; at 250 °C, ethanol oxidation is 80% when flowing ethanol + NO + O 2 . This increased reactivity, compared to only 15% when flowing only ethanol + O 2 , combined with the observation that NO is not oxidized to NO 2 in the absence of ethanol illustrates a synergistic relationship between the reactants. To further investigate this chemistry, a series of DRIFTS experiments were performed. To form nitrates/nitrites on the catalysts it was necessary to include ethanol in the feed with NO. These nitrates/nitrites were readily formed when flowing NO 2 over the catalyst. It is proposed that ethanol adsorbs through an ethoxy-intermediate that results in atomic hydrogen on the surface. This hydrogen aids the release of NO 2 from Ag to the gas-phase which, can be subsequently adsorbed at γ-Al 2 O 3 sites away from Ag. The disappearance of these nitrates/nitrites at higher temperatures proceeds in parallel with the increase in NO x reduction reactivity between 300 and 350 °C observed in the kinetic study. It is therefore proposed that the consumption of nitrates is involved in the rate determining step for this reaction.
EUS-Guided Fine Needle Injection and Brachytherapy

EUS has evolved from EUS imaging, to EUS-guided FNA, and now to EUS-guided fine needle injection (FNI). This advancement has paved the way for "interventional EUS." EUS-guided FNI includes delivery of contrast agents with subsequent drainage/anastomosis, pre-EMR solution, botulinum toxin, neurolytic agents (including intraganglion injections), sclerosing solutions/glue, radiofrequency energy, radioactive and inert seeds, light-activating laser, and a growing number of antitumor agents. This chapter will focus on EUS-guided FNI of antitumor agents and antitumor ablative techniques including brachytherapy.
Longitudinal associations between hostility in adolescents' family relationships and friendships and hostility in their romantic relationships

This study examined longitudinal predictors of hostility in adolescents' romantic relationships. The sample included 110 adolescents and their parents from 72 families. Observational measures of parents' marital hostility and parent-child hostility and self-reports of hostility in close friendships were collected when adolescents ranged from 14 to 16 years old. Three years later, when they were 17 to 19 years old, adolescents reported on the hostility in their romantic relationships. Results indicated that hostility in parents' marital relationships and in adolescents' friendships accounted for independent variance in hostility in adolescents' later romantic relationships. Results highlight the importance of both family relationships and friendships for predicting hostility in adolescents' romantic relationships over time.
Abstract PL05-01: Mechanistic targets for preventing obesity-related cancers

PL05-01 The prevalence of obesity, an established risk factor for many cancers (1), has risen steadily for the past several decades in the US and many other countries (2). Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying the obesity and cancer connection are not well understood, and new targets and strategies for offsetting the impact of obesity on cancer risk are urgently needed. Several hormones and growth factors have been implicated as potential mediators of the energy metabolism -carcinogenesis relationship. These include insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin, several adipokines, and inflammatory/ oxidative stress factors. Calorie restriction (CR), the most commonly recommended dietary strategy for preventing or reversing obesity, has been shown to inhibit spontaneous, transplanted and chemically induced tumors in a variety of animal models (3). In contrast, diet-induced obesity enhances tumorigenesis in many of these same models (3-6). We have also shown in a series of transgenic model systems and microarray studies that the insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways appear central to many of the anti-cancer effects of CR, as well as the pro-cancer effects of obesity (3). Using AZIP/F1 transgenic mice, which lack white adipose tissue but have high levels of insulin, IGF-1 and inflammatory markers, we have reported that elevated IGF-1 and insulin, as well as increased inflammatory factors (which typically accompany obesity), independent of the adipose tissue per se, appear to be the important dietary targets for disrupting the obesity-cancer link (4). In addition, biochemical and molecular analyses of tissues from lean, overweight and obese mice, as well as IGF-1 deficient mice, established that the Akt and mTOR pathways provide an important target for disrupting the obesity-cancer link via dietary energy balance (5,6). The other side of the energy balance equation is energy expenditure, which includes the energetics of growth, metabolism, thermoregulation and physical activity (the only truly modulatable aspect of energy expenditure). Epidemiologic studies have established that increased physical activity is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer and postmenopausal breast cancer (7). In addition, there is limited but encouraging epidemiologic data suggesting that increased physical activity may be associated with reduced risk of several other cancers as well (7). Physical activity also exerts anticancer effects in several of our transgenic models, but apparently through very different mechanisms than CR (7). For example, the protective effects of exercise appear to be dependent on p53 gene dosage and independent of IGF-1, based on studies in Apc min mice and Wnt-1 transgenic mice (7,8). A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the energy balance-cancer link will facilitate the development of novel prevention and treatment strategies for offsetting the effects of obesity on cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):PL05-01.
Impact of surgeon and hospital volume on short-term outcomes and cost of laryngeal cancer surgical care.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of surgeon and hospital case volume and other related variables on short-term outcomes after surgery for oropharyngeal cancer. Methods: The Maryland Health Service Cost Review Commission database was queried for oropharyngeal cancer surgical case volumes from 1990 to 2009. Multivariable regression models were used to identify significant associations between surgeon and hospital case volume, as well as independent variables predictive of in-hospital death, postoperative wound complications, length of hospitalization, and hospital-related cost of care. Results: Overall, 1,534 oropharyngeal cancer surgeries were performed during the study period. Complete financial data was available for 1,482 oropharyngeal cancer surgeries, performed by 233 surgeons at 36 hospitals. The only independently significant factors associated with the risk of in-hospital death were an APR-DRG mortality risk score of 4 (odds ratio [OR] = 14.0, P < .001) and total glossectomy (OR = 5.6, P = .020). Wound fistula or dehiscence was associated with an increased mortality risk score (OR = 5.9, P < .001), total glossectomy (OR = 6.9, P < .001), mandibulectomy (OR = 3.4, P < .001), and flap reconstruction (OR = 2.1, P = .038). Increased mortality risk score, total glossectomy, pharyngectomy, mandibulectomy, flap reconstruction, neck dissection, and Black race were associated with an increased length of stay and hospital-related costs. After controlling for all other variables, a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between surgery at a high-volume hospital and length of hospitalization and hospital-related costs. Conclusions: After controlling for other factors, high-volume hospital care is associated with a shorter length of hospitalization and lower hospital-related cost of care for oropharyngeal cancer surgery. Laryngoscope, 2011
Where did all my decimals go

It is tremendously ironic that computers were invented with number crunching in mind, yet nowadays most CS graduates leave school with little or no experience with the intricacies of numeric computation. This paper surveys what every CS graduate should know about floating-point arithmetic, based on experience teaching a recently-created course on modern numerical software development.
Programmable photonic filters fabricated with deeply etched waveguides

Novel monolithic programmable optical filters are proposed and demonstrated. Deeply-etched waveguides are used throughout. Unit cells, incorporating a ring resonator in one arm of a Mach-Zehnder, have given programmable poles and zeros; cascaded unit cells have yielded flat-topped band-pass filter characteristics.