cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction of carbon monoxide with cystathionine β-synthase: implications on drug efficacies in cancer chemotherapy

Photo-activatable carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecules (photoCORMs), have recently provided help to identify the salutary effects of CO in human pathophysiology. Among them notable is the ability of CO to sensitize chemotherapeutic-resistant cancer cells. Findings from our group have shown CO to mitigate drug resistance in certain cancer cells by the inhibition of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a key regulator of redox homeostasis in the cell. Diminution of the antioxidant capacity of cancer cells leads to sensitization to reactive oxygen species-producing drugs like doxorubicin and paclitaxel upon cotreatment with CO as well as in mitigating the drug effects of cisplatin. We hypothesize that the development of CO delivery techniques for coadministration with existing cancer treatment regimens may ultimately improve clinical outcomes in cancer therapy.
How the Demands of a Variable Environment Give Rise to Statistical Learning

Language inherently requires learners to process variability in the input, as no two utterances, sentences, or speakers sound identical. Statistical learning, the ability to identify structure in the input by detecting regular patterns, is a potential mechanism that may help infants and adults cope with, and benefit from, the variability in linguistic input. In this chapter, I provide an overview of statistical learning phenomena, including identifying units (such as words) from the co-occurrence of sounds and discovering category membership from the frequency and variability of exemplars in the input. While there are many different statistical learning tasks, I propose that they share many commonalities that can be explained by viewing statistical learning as an emergent property of the way that information is stored, accessed, and integrated in memory. This perspective makes novel predictions about the process of language development and how it is related to more domain-general cognitive processes.
Establishing and measuring treatment fidelity of a complex cognitive rehabilitation intervention: The multicontext approach:

IntroductionThis article describes the process of establishing and measuring treatment fidelity of a complex cognitive rehabilitation intervention that uses a metacognitive strategy framework (the ...
Does the Factor Structure of IQ Differ Between the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) Normative Sample and Autistic Children?

The Differential Abilities Scales, 2nd edition (DAS-II) is frequently used to assess intelligence in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unknown whether the DAS-II measurement model (e.g., factor structure, loadings), which was developed on a normative sample, holds for the autistic population or requires alternative score interpretations. We obtained DAS-II data from 1,316 autistic individuals in the Simons Simplex Consortium and 2,400 individuals in the normative data set. We combined ASD and normative data sets for multigroup confirmatory factor analyses to assess different levels of measurement invariance, or how well the same measurement model fit both data sets: "weak" or metric, "strong" or scalar, and partial scalar if full scalar was not achieved. A weak invariance model showed excellent fit (Confirmatory Fit Index [CFI] > 0.995, Tucker Lewis Index [TLI] > 0.995, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] < 0.025), but a strong invariance model demonstrated a significant deterioration in fit during permutation testing (all p's<0.001), suggesting measurement bias, meaning systematic error when assessing autistic children. Fit improved significantly, and partial scalar invariance was achieved when either of the two spatial subtest (Recall of Designs or Pattern Construction) intercepts was permitted to vary between the ASD and normative groups, pinpointing these subtests as the source of bias. The DAS-II appears to measure verbal and nonverbal-but not spatial-intelligence in autistic children similarly as in normative sample children. These results may be driven by Pattern Construction, which shows higher scores than other subtests in the ASD sample. Clinicians assessing autistic children with the DAS-II should interpret verbal and nonverbal reasoning composite scores over the spatial score or General Composite Ability. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1184-1194. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: The Differential Abilities Scales, 2nd edition (DAS-II) is a popular intelligence quotient (IQ) test for assessing children with autism. This article shows that the DAS-II spatial standardized scores should be interpreted with caution because they hold a different meaning for autistic children. Verbal and nonverbal reasoning scores appear valid and to hold the same meaning for those with and without autism spectrum disorder.
Stage-Specific Requirement for Eomes in Mature NK Cell Homeostasis and Cytotoxicity

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that mediate antiviral and antitumor responses and require the transcriptional regulator Eomesodermin (Eomes) for early development. However, the role of Eomes and its molecular program in mature NK cell biology is unclear. To address this, we develop a tamoxifen-inducible, type-1-ILC-specific (Ncr1-targeted) cre mouse and combine this with Eomes-floxed mice. Eomes deletion after normal NK cell ontogeny results in a rapid loss of NK cells (but not ILC1s), with a particularly profound effect on penultimately mature stage III NK cells. Mechanisms responsible for stage III reduction include increased apoptosis and impaired maturation from stage II precursors. Induced Eomes deletion also decreases NK cell cytotoxicity and abrogates in vivo rejection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class-I-deficient cells. However, other NK cell functional responses, and stage IV NK cells, are largely preserved. These data indicate that mature NK cells have distinct Eomes-dependent and -independent stages.
Implantable Drug Reservoir Devices for Inner Ear Delivery of Pharmacotherapeutics.

ObjectiveCisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug that secondarily induces toxicity in inner ear sensory epithelia, contributing to auditory and vestibular dysfunction. We describe the c...
Opportunities to boost naloxone awareness among people who misuse opioid analgesics who have not used illegal opioids.

Increasing naloxone awareness and carrying among individuals who misuse opioid analgesic medications (OAs) could reduce opioid overdose mortality. Methods: Self-report surveys were completed by 322...
Succinate detection in glomus jugulare paraganglioma on MRS as a marker for SDHB mutation

Abstract Succinate dehydrogenase gene mutation (SDH) is known as a cause of familial paraganglioma, and the dysfunction of SDH leads to the accumulation of succinate in the cell. Succinate detection using 1H- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is reported as a highly specific biomarker for SDH mutation, but the technical limitation in head and neck is causing difficulty detecting due to artifact such as fat contamination and magnetic field inhomogeneity. We are presenting a case of SDHB mutated paraganglioma in the jugular foramen, with successfully detection and quantification of the succinate peak in MRS with short acquisition time.
Aquatic Monitoring: A Rationale for Obtaining and Interpreting Aquatic Ecosystem Chemical Exposure Data

Aquatic hazard evaluation of chemicals requires sound data on both exposure and toxicity so that judgment can be made on the adequacy of the margin of environmental safety. Experience obtained through three years of national aquatic monitoring indicates that chemical monitoring programs need to include the following basic components if the data are to be credible, useful, and consistent with the state-of-the-art results: (1) a rationale for site selection; (2) a logical set of criteria for selection of sample types-that is, water, sediment or biota-based upon the physical-chemical and toxicological properties of the chemical of interest; (3) an appropriate cost-effective statistical design; (4) a team with a demonstrated capability for obtaining noncontaminated samples; (5) a top-notch analytical laboratory with experienced personnel, appropriate instrumentation, and fully validated and tested methods; (6) exacting quality-assurance and quality-control measures in all aspects of the program, including sample collection, sample storage, and analyte determination; (7) an analytical limit of detection for environmental samples low enough to provide meaningful comparisons of biological effects and environmental exposure data; and (8) the capability to assess the monitoring data consistent with state-of-the-art aquatic hazard assessment techniques. Using the above-mentioned components of an aquatic monitoring program, cumylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (CPDPP), a component of an industrial hydraulic fluid, was monitored in 1982 at 24 sites located across the continental United States. Assessment of the hazard of CPDPP for sites where detectable levels were observed was performed by calculating the margin of safety between environmental water concentration and acute and chronic toxicological effects for aquatic organisms inhabiting the water column and sediments. A new approach for assessing chemical concentrations on sediment is proposed. The technique consists of calculating sediment interstitial water concentration of CPDPP and comparing these values with toxicological effect concentrations observed in the laboratory for sediment-dwelling organisms. Concentrations of CPDPP in the environment ranged from < 0.1 to 0.2 μg/L in surface water and from < 100 to 200 μg/kg in sediment. Positive identification of CPDPP occurred in only 12 out of 85 surface water samples and 3 out of 53 sediment samples. CPDPP safety margins were determined to be typically a factor of 10 or greater for the most sensitive water column organism (lake trout) and 390 or greater for a typical sediment dwelling organism. These margins of safety provide evidence that CPDPP at its current use level has a low potential to affect aquatic organisms.
Meet the New Geoeconomics, Same as the Old Geoeconomics

Some argue that the Trump administration’s use of economic tools to achieve broader strategic goals signals the emergence of a new Geoeconomic World Order. However, the reality may not live up to the rhetoric. Rather than a paradigm shift in international affairs, the Trump administration’s actions are a continuation of a decades long approach to international economic and political affairs by the U.S. government. That does not mean nothing has changed, as there are aspects of the administration’s approach that differ from what came before and are worth discussing. However, the issue is not whether security and economic tools are being merged in some unprecedented manner, as there has always been a link between the two. Rather, the discussion should focus on the specific tools that are being used, and the constraints under which the key actors are operating.
The Role of Strategic Behavior in Retardate Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of strategic behavior in retardate memory. Efficient performance on a variety of memory tasks relies on the effective use of certain plans schemes or mnemonic strategies. By the appropriate exploitation of various strategies, it is possible to organize and transform the random input of information into manageable information-rich units. Because it is as easy to remember a considerable amount of material in information-rich units as it is to remember a small amount of material in informationally impoverished units, it is economical to employ such strategies and plans in order to make the most effective use of a limited-capacity memory system. An examination of the theoretical and empirical developments, concerning the use of plans and strategies by young and retarded children, is discussed in this chapter. It presents a description of the general and developmental theories of memory, with specific relation to retardation. The place of deliberate strategies, control processes, or organization schemes, within these theories, is discussed in the chapter. A brief review of the empirical findings, implicating a strategic deficit in a wide variety of tasks and situations, is also discussed in this chapter. Two programs of research from author's laboratory and the implications of this research for educational practice are described in the chapter.
Sacramental Memorializing: Upon the Death of Dante Gabriel Rossetti

In his monumental Memory, History, Forgetting, Paul Ricoeur challenges the philosophical tradition that considers memory the province of imagination and insists that the two must be uncoupled (5-6)...
Geographical Price Variation, Housing Assistance, and Poverty

Two important shortcomings of the official measure of poverty are its failure to account for noncash benefits (including the benefits of low-income housing programs) when calculating resources and differences in the cost-of-living across geographic areas when setting poverty thresholds. Alternative estimates of poverty rates that account for the variation in the cost-of-living across areas when setting thresholds and the value of rental housing subsidies when measuring household resources have been produced. One purpose of this chapter is to better account for these factors in poverty measurement using a much improved consumer price index for each metropolitan area and the nonmetropolitan part of each state and better estimates of the value of existing rental housing subsidies based on data from the American Housing Survey. A second purpose is to estimate the effect on poverty rates of people of various types of replacing the current system of low-income housing assistance with an equally costly entitlement housing voucher program that would offer assistance to all of the poorest people in the United States. The current system fails to offer assistance to many of the poorest people while serving many people with much higher incomes.
Bounded Suboptimal Search in Linear Space: New Results

Bounded suboptimal search algorithms are usually faster than optimal ones, but they can still run out of memory on large problems. This paper makes three contributions. First, we show how solution length estimates, used by the current stateof-the-art linear-space bounded suboptimal search algorithm Iterative Deepening EES, can be used to improve unboundedspace suboptimal search. Second, we convert one of these improved algorithms into a linear-space variant called Iterative Deepening A , resulting in a new state of the art in linear-space bounded suboptimal search. Third, we show how Recursive Best-First Search can be used to create additional linear-space variants that have more stable performance. Taken together, these results significantly expand our armamentarium of bounded suboptimal search algorithms.
Heat transfer from convecting-radiating fins of different profile shapes

A finite difference method is used to predict the performance of convecting-radiating fins of rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, and concave parabolic shapes. The analysis assumes one-dimensional, steady conduction in the fin and neglects radiative exchange between adjacent fins and between the fin and its primary surface. For the range of thermal and geometrical parameters investigated, the variation of heat transfer rate and the fin efficiency with other profile shapes was found to be within 11 percent of the rectangular shape. The effect of profile shape is most pronounced when the Biot number,Bi, and radiation number,Nr, are small compared to unity. Because of several limiting assumptions, the results would be used only for preliminary analysis and design particularly when a fin assembly is involved rather than an individual fin.
Developmentally regulated addition of nucleotides within apocytochrome b transcripts in Trypanosoma brucei

Production of the mitochondrial respiratory system and expression of mitochondrial genes are developmentally regulated in T. brucei. We have found three classes of apocytochrome b (CYb) transcripts. Two of these contain U's within their 5' sequence that are not found in the CYb gene. They occur in procyclic forms, which have a complete mitochondrial respiratory system, but are absent in bloodstream forms, which lack this respiratory system. The third transcript has the sequence predicted from the genomic sequence and is present in both life cycle stages. These findings suggest that there is developmentally regulated posttranscriptional addition of U's to CYb transcripts. This process may contribute to the developmentally regulated production of the mitochondrial respiratory system.
Uses of non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of skin cancer: an overview of the currently available modalities

Background Emerging tools for the diagnosis of skin cancer are non-invasive imaging devices that allow for skin visualization without biopsy. While the capabilities of non-invasive imaging tools are far-reaching, each varies in its resolution depth, image clarity, clinical applicability, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Objective The objective of this review is to evaluate non-invasive imaging modalities, and examine their capabilities, conditions for use, clinical applications, and limitations. Materials and methods A literature review was conducted on Pubmed using the search term “non-invasive diagnostic imaging tools and skin”. Relevant citations suggested by Pubmed were included. Each non-invasive imaging tool evaluated was also used as a search term along with the word “skin”. Results While some tools are meant to be aids to histology like dermoscopy and optical coherence tomography, other tools, like confocal microscopy and tape stripping mRNA, show the potential to surpass histology and become the new “gold standard”. Experience with use of these instruments plays a large role in their utility value. While digital multispectral dermoscopy is able to generate a diagnosis, other tools like dermoscopy and confocal microscopy require learning and clinical experience. Limitations A search was conducted using only one search engine. Only English language articles were considered. Conclusions How useful these tools are to dermatologists is dependent on their understanding of how the tools can aid them in diagnosis and their confidence in the results. Further research in this field will solidify non-invasive imaging tools as reliable tools in skin cancer diagnosis.
Interactions between 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and cysteine

Abstract Autoxidation and enzyme-mediated oxidations of the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) generate the corresponding ortho -quinone ( 1 ) as the initial reactive intermediate. Autoxidation of 5,6-DHT in the presence of an excess of the cellular reductant/nucleophile cysteine results in a reaction where, initially, quinone 1 oxidizes cysteine to cystine with concomitant formation of 5,6-DHT. When the concentration of cysteine is sufficiently reduced 1 attacks, 5,6-DHT to give 2,7′-bi(5,6-dihydroxytryptamine) and, ultimately, an insoluble indolic melanin. When the oxidation of 5,6-DHT is catalyzed by tyrosinase, o -quinone 1 is attacked by cysteine to give 4- S -cysteinyl-5,6-dihydroxytryptamine ( A ). Methods have been devised to isolate A and evidence for its structure is presented. Conjugate A should be useful as a marker of enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of 5,6-DHT in the central nervous system.
Adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes after exposure to phenobarbital and levetiracetam for the treatment of neonatal seizures.

Compare neurodevelopment after levetiracetam (LEV) and phenobarbital (PB) for neonatal seizures. Retrospective study of infants who received antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for neonatal seizures. Effect of cumulative exposure to LEV and PB on outcomes of death, cerebral palsy (CP) and Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) scores were evaluated at 24 months corrected age. Analyses were adjusted for number of electrographic seizures and gestational age. In 280 infants with comparable seizure etiology and cranial imaging results, increased exposure to PB was associated with worse BSID cognitive and motor scores (8.1- and 9-point decrease per 100 mg kg−1; P=0.01). The effect was less with LEV (2.2- and 2.6-point decrease per 300 mg kg−1 LEV (P=0.01)). CP probability increased by 2.3-fold per 100 mg kg−1 PB and was not associated with increasing LEV. Increased exposure to PB is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes than LEV. Prospective studies of outcomes of neonatal exposure to AEDs are essential.
Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from bladder carcinoma: case report

Objective Intramedullary spinal cord metastases are rare complications of systemic cancer. Although the majority of these metastases spread from lung cancer, they have been seen to arise from a variety of other primary sources. The authors report the second known case of an intramedullary spinal cord metastatic lesion arising from primary bladder carcinoma. Clinical presentation A 74-year-old man presented with an 8-day history of rapidly progressive Brown-Sequard syndrome, with weakness in his left lower extremity and decreased pain and temperature sensation in his right lower extremity. The patient's history was significant for high-grade urothelial carcinoma that had been treated 6 months earlier with radical cystectomy. A magnetic resonance imaging scan showed an enhancing intramedullary lesion at T1-T2. Intervention The patient underwent laminectomies, and removal of his intramedullary lesion was attempted. Intraoperative pathology revealed that the lesion was metastatic in nature, and the decision was made to perform a subtotal resection. Pathology later confirmed that the lesion was consistent with a less differentiated form of his bladder primary. Postoperatively, the patient experienced minimal improvement in his symptoms, and he was subsequently treated with fractionated external beam radiotherapy. The patient died 7 weeks after undergoing surgery for his spinal cord lesion. Conclusion The occurrence of metastatic primary bladder cancer in the intramedullary spinal cord has been reported in the literature only once previously. Despite the lack of similar cases, the acute onset of Brown-Sequard syndrome was highly suggestive of a metastatic lesion. A review of relevant literature is provided.
Study of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on a polypyrrole electrode modified by rhenium and copper/rhenium microalloy in methanol media

Abstract The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction on rhenium and CuRe alloy highly dispersed on polypyrrole films was studied by means of polarization curves and constant potential electrolysis. The reduction products were analyzed by FTIR and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. These results were compared with those obtained on these same metals electrodeposited on gold polycrystalline surfaces. In all cases, it was found that after an electrolysis time of 35 h the main reduction products were CO, CH4 and H2. Also, simultaneous mass change measurements using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) with cyclic voltammetry and application of step potentials, allow us to postulate that the intermediates generated during the CO2 reduction would be CO or CH2 on Au ∣ Cu and CH2OH or CH2 on Au ∣ CuRe electrodes, respectively. Likewise, the faradaic efficiency obtained for each of these products depends on the substrate nature and on the applied potential. The higher faradaic efficiencies for methane formation were obtained at −1.35 V with Au ∣ PpyRe (34%) and Au ∣ PpyCuRe (31%). In both cases, these efficiencies were independent of the hydrodynamic conditions of the electrolytic solution.
Mercury's atmosphere - A perspective after Mariner 10

Implications of Mariner 10 observations are discussed regarding the composition and structure of Mercury's atmosphere as well as its interaction with the solar wind. The Mariner 10 data cited indicate that Mercury's atmosphere is apparently similar to that on the moon. It is shown that helium could be supplied to the atmosphere either by the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium in the planetary crust or by accretion of a small fraction of the solar-wind flux. It is noted that the absence of argon could be explained by a potassium-deficient crust, but this conclusion is by no means firm. Upper limits for outgassing of H2O and CO2 are estimated which suggest that either the planet is deficient in volatiles or is relatively inactive in comparison with earth.
Gender differences in post-temporal lobectomy verbal memory and relationships between MRI hippocampal volumes and preoperative verbal memory

Thirty-three men and 42 women who underwent left, and 26 men and 24 women who underwent right temporal lobectomy (TL) were studied retrospectively to determine if there were sex differences in (1) verbal memory outcome, and (2) relationships between verbal memory and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hippocampal volumes. All patients were left hemisphere language dominant. The surgical specimen and MRI were consistent only with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Verbal memory was evaluated by Logical Memory percent retention (LMPER) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Women experienced a significant improvement while men experienced a significant decline in postoperative LMPER. The difference between right and left hippocampal volumes predicted verbal memory outcome in both men and women. Preoperative LMPER was positively correlated with both the left and right hippocampal volumes in left TL women only. No verbal memory sex differences or correlations between LMPER and MRI data were found in the right TL group. The data support the presence of human neurocognitive sexual dimorphism. Verbal memory abilities supported by the hippocampus are less lateralized in women with left temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis. Women appear to have greater verbal memory plasticity following early left mesial temporal lobe insult.
Gap junction voltage dependence. A clear picture emerges.

All vertebrate gap junction channels display voltage-dependent gating. Historically, voltage-dependent behaviors have been characterized as being transjunctional voltage (Vj) and membrane voltage (Vm) dependent. The transjunctional voltage dependence of gap junction channels composed of two
Discriminator and integrator instrument for an on line frequency analysis of single unit discharges

Abstract An instrument has been described for use in analysis of neural spikes which combines the functions of pulse amplitude discriminator and pulse frequency meter. The instrument will select spikes of a given amplitude from a background of spikes of assorted amplitudes and measure the discharge rate of the selected spike. Output may be read directly on a meter or fed into a recorder.
Direct uterine sampling with the Tao brush sampler using a liquid-based preparation method for the detection of endometrial cancer and atypical hyperplasia: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND. Endometrial cytology sampling devices for direct uterine sampling have been shown in previous studies to be a reliable and relatively painless method for detecting endometrial lesions. The purpose of the current study was to determine the performance characteristics of endometrial cytology for the detection of malignancy and atypical hyperplasia using liquid-based cytology specimens collected with the Tao brush sampler. METHODS. Brushings of the endometrial cavity were obtained from 139 hysterectomy specimens before routine histopathologic evaluation. Cytology specimens were fixed in PreservCyt and processed using ThinPrep technology. Cytology diagnoses were classified as nondiagnostic, negative, atypical, or positive for malignancy. Histopathologic findings were used as the gold standard for determining the performance characteristics of cytology. RESULTS. Histopathologic results from the 139 patients included 81 (58%) endometrial cancers, 7 (5%) complex hyperplasias with atypia, 2 (1%) complex hyperplasias without atypia, and 49 (35%) patients with benign histology. The number of specimens diagnosed cytologically as positive, atypical, negative, or nondiagnostic was 60 (43%), 40 (29%), 37 (27%), and 2 (1%) specimens, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of cytology for detecting endometrial cancer and atypical hyperplasia were 95% and 66% when atypical cytology specimens were considered positive. CONCLUSIONS. The results of the current study indicate that direct endometrial sampling by liquid-based endometrial cytology collected with the Tao brush sampler produces specimens that contain cellular material that may be identified as endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia. Both atypical and positive cytology diagnoses are indicators for triage to more specific methods of diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society
Excretion and degradation of exogenous adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate by isolated perfused rat kidney.

Abstract To determine the role played by the kidney in the metabolism and excretion of plasma adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) we have studied the fate of this nucleotide (0.01–1.0mM) when it is perfused in a recirculating medium through the isolated rat kidney. cAMP was rapidly taken up and degraded by the kidney, the rate of its disappearance from the perfusate being at least twice its rate of excretion in the urine. Nevertheless, the cAMP excretory rate exceeded the filtration rate by 1.5 to 2 fold, and thus net secretion (transtubular transport) was demonstrated. The rates of filtration, perfusate clearance, and degradation of cAMP were proportional to its perfusate concentration. Methyl xanthines (caffeine and aminophylline) at 10mM, and probenecid at 0.9mM abolished transtubular transport of cAMP and greatly retarded disappearance of the nucleotide from the perfusate. It is concluded that there is a ready penetration of cAMP into renal cells from peritubular capillaries. Depending on the perfusate concentration of cAMP, transtubular transport may or may not exceed the simultaneous intra-renal breakdown of the compound. A low rate of cAMP excretion in the urine may accompany a considerably higher rate of cAMP clearance from the perfusate by the kidney.
Capsid Protein Determinants Involved in Cell-to-Cell and Long Distance Movement of Tobacco Etch Potyvirus

The tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) capsid protein (CP) is necessary for cell-to-cell and long distance transport of the virus in plants. In this study, the transport phenotypes of TEV mutants containing CPs with a substitution of the highly conserved Ser122 (termed S122W) within the core domain, or with a deletion of sequences encoding 17 amino acid residues comprising most of the variable C-terminal domain (delta C), were analyzed. The S122W and delta C mutant genomes were amplified to levels comparable to parental virus in protoplasts. The S122W mutant was encapsidation-defective, although in transgenic plants expressing wild-type CP a small number of virions were observed after prolonged incubation. Cells infected by the delta C mutant produced virions, indicating that the C-terminal domain is not necessary for encapsidation. The mutants exhibited unique defects in cell-to-cell and long distance movement in plants. The S122W mutant was confined to single, primarily inoculated epidermal cells in nontransgenic plants, but the cell-to-cell movement defect was rescued efficiently by transgenic CP. Long distance movement of this mutant was also rescued in transgenic plants, but accumulation in systemically infected tissue was low compared to parental virus. The delta C mutant exhibited a slow cell-to-cell movement phenotype in inoculated leaves and a complete inability to move systemically in nontransgenic plants. Transgenic CP was able to rescue partially the slow cell-to-cell movement defect of the delta C mutant, but not the long distance transport defect. Taken together with previous results, these data suggest that the core domain of TEV CP provides a function essential during cell-to-cell movement and that the variable N- and C-terminal regions exposed on the virion surface are necessary for long distance transport. In addition, trans-inhibition models are presented to account for the widely differing transgenic complementation efficiencies of the various movement-defective mutants.
Disruption of the Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 M1 Open Reading Frame Leads to Enhanced Reactivation from Latency

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68, or MHV-68) is a genetically tractable, small animal model for the analysis of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis. The γHV68 genome is colinear with the genomes of other sequence gammaherpesviruses, containing large blocks of conserved genes interspersed by a number of putative genes without clear homologs in the other gammaherpesviruses. One of these putative unique genes, the M1 open reading frame (ORF), exhibits sequence homology to a poxvirus serine protease inhibitor, SPI-1, as well as to another γHV68 gene, M3, which we have recently shown encodes an abundantly secreted chemokine binding protein. To assess the contribution of the M1 ORF to γHV68 pathogenesis, we have generated a recombinant γHV68 in which the M1 ORF has been disrupted through targeted insertion of a lacZ expression cassette (M1.LacZ). Although M1.LacZ replicated normally in tissue culture, it exhibited decreased splenic titers at days 4 and 9 postinfection in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Despite decreased levels of acute virus replication, M1.LacZ established a latent infection comparable to wild-type (wt) γHV68, but exhibited an approximately fivefold increase in efficiency of reactivation from latency. M1.LacZ also caused severe vasculitis of the great elastic arteries in gamma interferon receptor (IFN-γR)-deficient mice with a frequency comparable to wt γHV68, but did not cause the mortality or splenic pathology observed with wt γHV68 infection of IFN-γR-deficient mice. Restoration of M1 ORF sequences into M1.LacZ (M1 marker rescue, or M1.MR) demonstrated that M1.LacZ phenotypic alterations in growth in vivo and latency were not due to the presence of additional mutations located elsewhere in the M1.LacZ genome. Generation of a second M1 mutant virus containing a deletion at the 5′ end of the M1 ORF (M1Δ511), but lacking the LacZ expression cassette, revealed the same latency phenotype observed with the M1.LacZ mutant. However, M1Δ511 was not attenuated for acute virus replication in the spleen. We conclude that (i) the induction of arteritis in γHV68-infected IFN-γR-deficient mice can occur in the absence of splenic pathology and mortality, (ii) replication during acute infection is not the primary determinant for the establishment of latent infection, and (iii) the M1 ORF, or a closely linked gene, encodes a gene product that functions to suppress virus reactivation.
Thermodynamics, stability and non-linear oscillations of viscoelastic solids—II. History type solids

Abstract We study the thermodynamics and stability of a history type viscoelastic solid with an exponentially decaying relaxation function. The relaxation modulus must be non-negative and the Helmholtz free energy must be at a minimum at equilibrium in order for the material model to be compatible with thermodynamics. We construct a stability theorem for a history type solid which undergoes mechanically isolated motions by showing that the intrinsic motion of the body with respect to the center of mass is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. We then exemplify this stability theorem by studying the free radial motion of cylindrical and spherical shells through the construction of a history dependent Lyapunov functional. Numerical simulations indicate that the equilibrium state is globally stable. For materials with fast relaxation, the motion is similar to that of Newtonian viscous solids. However, for sufficiently slow relaxation where the history effect becomes dominant, we see that the solution trajectory traces a cyclone pattern in the phase plane.
Computer Aided Optimal Design of Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems

An automated procedure for the design of compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems is presented. The procedure relies upon modern nonlinear programming algorithms, decomposition theory and numerical models of the various system components. Two modern optimization methods are employed; BIAS, a Method of Multipliers code and OPT, a Generalized Reduced Gradient code. The procedure is demonstrated by the design of a CAES facility employing the Media, Illinois Galesville aquifer as th reservoir. The methods employed produced significant reduction in capital and operating cost, and in number of aquifer wells required.
Flecked retina. Appearance secondary to oxalate crystals from methoxyflurane anesthesia.

Calcium oxalate crystals were demonstrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of a 66-year-old white man with changes in the fundus oculi consistent with the flecked retina syndrome. The patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis, mild hypertension, and mild renal insufficiency presumed due to his hypertension. He underwent prolonged abdominal surgery under methoxyflurane anesthesia, following which he developed acute irreversible renal failure. Calcium oxalate crystals were demonstrated postoperatively in a kidney biopsy specimen. He subsequently was maintained on renal dialysis with decreasing renal function. Several weeks before his death fundus examination revealed a picture suggestive of a flecked retina syndrome. At autopsy, widespread oxalosis was found including crystals in the RPE and in some areas in the neural retina and ciliary epithelium.
Recharge and discharge of groundwater in aquic conditions illustrated with flownet analysis

Abstract We applied a flownet analysis to several landscapes that we had examined in the past. From a flownet analysis it can be seen that water flow in wetlands acts as a recharge, throughflow, or discharge of groundwater. The long-term direction of the flow alters the type of soil that forms in these conditions. Recharge waters leach and remove soluble materials. Discharge waters tend to add materials by chemical precipitation. In flowthrough conditions, the lateral water flow changes the direction of most soil processes. Flow direction affects areas next to wetlands (the edge effect). Downward flow results in dissolution, and removal of chemical material while upward flow contributes chemical precipitates at the edge.
A multi-element analysis of the effect of teacher aides in an "open"-style classroom.

Open classrooms with few rules, individualized instruction, and informal class organization present new problems for the application of behavior principles. The effects of three types of teacher aides on student achievement and on-task behavior were studied. Each was compared with a standard no-aide condition. Subjects were 54 third graders in two “open”-style classrooms. The three types of aide, helping adult, disciplinary adult, and helping fifth-grade aide, were compared in a multi-element design with a no-aide control. The helping-adult aide significantly affected the academic output of the class, when compared with the no-aide condition. All aide conditions produced more academic work and on-task behavior than did the standard no-aide condition.
A new geometric approach to data analysis using the Minkowski polytope

Abstract We introduce a new approach to the analysis of random samples in R d , based on a geometric transformation called the “Minkowski polytope” (MP). We describe how a theorem by Minkowski guarantees the existence and uniqueness of such a transformation, discuss its construction, and state a result about the almost sure convergence of a scaled version of the MP in R 2 . We show how the shape of the MP is sensitive to the presence of outliers and correlation in the sample. Finally, we use the MP to develop a new Monte Carlo test for spatial randomness over non-uniform populations, and illustrate its application on a well-known dataset of leukemia cases in the state of New York.
Human DNA Polymerase ι Incorporates dCTP Opposite Template G via a G.C+ Hoogsteen Base Pair

Human DNA polymerase iota (hPoliota), a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases, differs in remarkable ways from other DNA polymerases, incorporating correct nucleotides opposite template purines with a much higher efficiency and fidelity than opposite template pyrimidines. We present here the crystal structure of hPoliota bound to template G and incoming dCTP, which reveals a G.C + Hoogsteen base pair in a DNA polymerase active site. We show that the hPoliota active site has evolved to favor Hoogsteen base pairing, wherein the template sugar is fixed in a cavity that reduces the C1'-C1' distance across the nascent base pair from approximately 10.5 A in other DNA polymerases to 8.6 A in hPoliota. The rotation of G from anti to syn is then largely in response to this curtailed C1'-C1' distance. A G.C+ Hoogsteen base pair suggests a specific mechanism for hPoliota's ability to bypass N(2)-adducted guanines that obstruct replication.
Radiometric validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder over the Antarctic Plateau

[1] Validation of infrared satellite instruments, after they have been launched into orbit, has traditionally relied on views of the relatively warm sea surface. The Antarctic Plateau provides a complementary validation target from space because it is also homogeneous over large areas, yet it is relatively cold. During summer, cloud-free conditions occur often and the atmospheric humidity is very low with values of total column water vapor around 1 mm. Radiance validation experiments were conducted at Dome C, Antarctica (75°S, 123°E; 3280 m), in January 2003 and again in December 2003/January 2004 for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). The Polar Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (PAERI) measured upwelling and downwelling infrared radiance at the surface during overpasses of NASA's Earth Observing System Aqua satellite. Radiosondes were launched coincidentally with many of these overpasses. These data are used to calculate the outgoing spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which is then compared with spectral radiance measurements from AIRS in selected frequency bands. At the 95% confidence level, the brightness temperature differences are −0.12 ± 0.24 K (M-07), −0.15 ± 0.23 K (M-08), and −0.13 ± 0.24 K (M-09). These results validate the AIRS radiances at low temperatures (230 to 250 K) relative to the TOA calculations between 788 and 973 cm−1. The cold bias may be partially explained by subvisible or undetected clouds. Ground-based validation experiments over the Antarctic Plateau can yield valuable information about the low-radiance performance of infrared satellite instruments. However, one must use ground-based instruments with a large enough field of view to average over the significant radiance variations that exist across individual snow dunes. Validation of AIRS at low radiance is important because many of the geophysical parameters that are of scientific interest are actually retrieved from low radiance values, including upper tropospheric humidity and properties of high clouds.
Simulation of geometric imperfections in cold-formed steel members using spectral representation approach

Abstract In this paper, a summary of the available imperfection measurements for cold-formed steel members is presented. Three methods to simulate imperfection fields are introduced: the first is the classical approach employing a superposition of eigenmode imperfections, but scaled to match peaks in the measured physical measurements. The second is a method based on the multi-dimensional spectral representation method, in which imperfections are considered as a two-dimensional random field and simulations are performed taking a spectra-based approach. The third is a novel combination of modal approaches and spectral representation that directly considers the frequency content of the imperfection field, but employs a spectral representation method driven by the cross-sectional eigenmode shapes to generate the imperfection fields. The effect of these different approaches on the simulated strength and collapse behavior of members is investigated using material and geometric nonlinear finite element collapse modeling. The third imperfection generation method, termed the 1D Modal Spectra Method, provides an intriguing new tool in the simulation of thin-walled members.
Energy development and avian nest survival in Wyoming, USA: A test of a common disturbance index

Global energy demands continue to result in new and emerging sources of anthropogenic disturbance to populations and systems. Here, we assessed the influence of natural gas development on a critical component of fitness (nest survival) for Brewer’s sparrow (Spizella breweri), sagebrush sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis), and sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), three species of sagebrush-obligate songbirds that are of conservation concern, and assessed the efficacy of a commonly used index of oil and gas development intensity (well density) for estimating habitat transformation and predicting species’ responses. During 2008–2009 and 2011–2012 we monitored 926 nests within two natural gas fields in western Wyoming, USA. We calculated landscape metrics (habitat loss, amount of edge, patch shape complexity, and mean patch size) to identify the aspect of landscape transformation most captured by well density. Well density was most positively associated with the amount of sagebrush habitat loss within 1 square kilometer. Nest survival was relatively invariant with respect to well density for all three species. In contrast, nest survival rates of all three species generally decreased with surrounding habitat loss due to energy development. Thus, although well density and habitat loss were strongly correlated, well density resulted in overly conservative estimates of nest survival probability. Our results emphasize the importance of careful evaluation of the appropriateness of particular indices for quantifying the effects of human-induced habitat change. For managers concerned about the effects of natural gas development or similar forms of human land use to co-occurring breeding birds, we recommend minimizing the amount of associated habitat conversion.
Triple Regge and finite mass sum rule analysis of the inclusive reaction pp → pX☆

Abstract We present the results of a comprehensive analysis of inclusive pp → pX data in terms of the triple Regge formalism. We use all available data and in the theory include PPP, PPR, RRP, RRR, ππP, and ππR terms. Further we examine the importance of interference terms (e.g. PRP) and present solutions with the triple pomeron either vanishing or non-vanishing at t = 0. Predictions are made for both pp → pX and pn → pX at NAL and ISR energies. In addition, finite mass sum rules (FMSR), constructed from low-mass diffractive dissociation data, are shown to be in good agreement with the high-energy, high-mass fits. The energy, momentum transfer and moment dependence of the FMSR are discussed in detail.
Cost-minimization analysis of low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) compared to unfractionated heparin for inpatient treatment of cancer patients with deep venous thrombosis

Goals Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has shown to be as effective as unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Although the acquisition cost of LMWH is significantly greater than that of UFH, we hypothesized that once-daily dalteparin, a LMWH, could reduce treatment costs of cancer patients with DVT by eliminating anticoagulation monitoring and shortening hospitalization.