cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composition and location of volatiles at Loki Patera, Io

Abstract Volatiles play a critical role in determining the nature of volcanic activity on Earth, but their role in the volcanism on Io is less clear. To help determine that role we analyze Voyager and Galileo images of Loki Patera. Loki is the largest caldera in the Solar System and Io’s most powerful volcano, however its eruptive behavior is still not understood. It appears to be relatively volatile poor, in comparison to other sites like Pele where volatiles drive a 350 km high plume. A resurfacing wave, either from spreading flows or from foundering of a lava lake crust, periodically sweeps around Loki Patera. Photometry from Voyager I and II violet and blue images shows that most of the features in and around Loki have colors well matched by macroscopic mixing of sulfur and basalt. The dark western portion of the patera has the color of bare basalt. Assuming such a macroscopic sulfur–basalt mix, in the Voyager I images most of the rest of the patera appears to be covered with a background of 13–38% sulfur. We infer this background sulfur was deposited from the nearby plume observed by Voyager I and II. The surface of the patera is also dotted by numerous small bright areas which have colloquially been called “bergs”. We find that they are also composed of sulfur, with coverage ranging up to 100%. Darker regions adjacent to the patera, such as the “southwest overflow”, are a mixture of intermediate amounts of sulfur and basalt. The “bathtub ring” at the edge of the overflow is again roughly 100% sulfur, perhaps with significant amounts of SO 2 included. Colors seen during the Voyager II flyby are also consistent with this general pattern, but most of the patera has a sulfur abundance higher than that seen in Voyager I, while the then-dark southern portion is again close to the reflectance of bare basalt. We have also analyzed the spatial distribution of the bergs. They clearly avoid the inner and outer margins of the patera, and they also avoid each other. While a simple explanation of the above patterns could be that the bergs are fumarolic sulfur deposited on a periodically resurfaced lava lake crust, other observations seem inconsistent with that simple model. Careful comparison of Voyager I and Galileo data shows that the largest bergs in the southern patera have survived the intervening 22 years. This requires that at least those larger bergs represent some more permanent feature, perhaps higher standing kipuka, which avoid inundation by the lava resurfacing wave.
A Peaceful and Working People: Manners, Morals, and Class Formation in Northern Mexico

Ways of working -- Managers and the inculcation of the capitalist work ethic Moralizing the masses -- Prostitutes and guardian angels : women, work, and family -- Forced progress : workers and the developmentalist ideology -- The great awakening :mine workers, companies, and the Mexican Revolution -- "Honorable" workers and "evil" reactionaries : mining in the early 1920s.
Multimode Phenyl-Bonded Phase Liquid Chromatography of Phenyl-Containing Room Temperature Vulcanizeable Silicone Raw Materials and Polystyrene Polymers Using UV and Fluorescence Detection

Abstract A phenyl-containing room temperature vulcanizeable (RTV) silicone raw material and polystyrene polymers can be separated on a phenyl-bonded phase LC column using both UV and fluorescence detections. The multimode LC behavior was observed for both the RTV silicone raw material and the polystyrene polymers. This means that the same chemically bonded phase can have different elution behaviors under different mobile phase environments. In pure tetrahydrofuran (THF) eluent, size exclusion behavior is observed for both samples. In THF/H2O gradient elution, polymers are retained and elute according to their solubility in the mobile phase.
Risk factors for extracranial internal or common carotid arterial disease in elderly patients.

Abstract We reported that in 478 elderly patients who had bilateral carotid duplex ultrasonograms, univariate analysis showed that risk factors for 40 to 100% extracranial carotid arterial disease (ECAD) were cigarette smoking, systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus. 1 We now report a multivariate analysis correlating coronary risk factors with 40 to 100% ECAD in 1,063 elderly patients who had bilateral carotid duplex ultrasonograms.
Implantable Three-Dimensional Salivary Spheroid Assemblies Demonstrate Fluid and Protein Secretory Responses to Neurotransmitters

Radiation treatment in patients with head and neck tumors commonly results in hyposalivation and xerostomia due to the loss of fluid-secreting salivary acinar cells. Patients develop susceptibility to oral infections, dental caries, impaired speech and swallowing, reducing the quality of life. Clinical management is largely unsatisfactory. The development of a tissue-engineered, implantable salivary gland will greatly benefit patients suffering from xerostomia. This report compares the ability of a 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) and a three-dimensional (3D) hyaluronic acid (HA)-based culture system to support functional salivary units capable of producing fluid and phenotypic proteins. Parotid cells seeded on 2.5D, as well as those encapsulated in 3D HA hydrogels, self-assembled into acini-like structures and expressed functional neurotransmitter receptors. Structures in 3D hydrogels merged to form organized 50 μm spheroids that could be maintained in culture for over 100 days and merged to form structures over 5...
Development and Characterization of a Non-natural Nucleoside that Displays Anticancer Activity Against Solid Tumors

Nucleoside analogs are an important class of anticancer agent that historically show better efficacy against hematological cancers versus solid tumors. This report describes the development and characterization of a new class of nucleoside analog that displays anticancer effects against both hematological and adherent cancer cell lines. These new analogs lack canonical hydrogen-bonding groups yet are effective nucleotide substrates for several high-fidelity DNA polymerases. Permutations in the position of the non-hydrogen-bonding functional group greatly influence the kinetic behavior of these nucleosides. One particular analog designated 4-nitroindolyl-2'-deoxynucleoside triphosphate (4-NITP) is unique as it is incorporated opposite C and T with high catalytic efficiencies. In addition, this analog functions as a nonobligate chain terminator of DNA synthesis, since it is poorly elongated. Consistent with this mechanism, the corresponding nucleoside, 4-nitroindolyl-2'-deoxynucleoside (4-NIdR), produces antiproliferative effects against leukemia cells. 4-NIdR also produces cytostatic and cytotoxic effects against several adherent cancer cell lines, especially those that are deficient in mismatch repair and p53. Cell death in this case appears to occur via mitotic catastrophe, a specialized form of apoptosis. Mass spectroscopy experiments performed on nucleic acid isolated from cells treated with 4-NIdR validate that the non-natural nucleoside is stably incorporated into DNA. Xenograft mouse studies demonstrate that administration of 4-NIdR delays tumor growth without producing adverse side effects such as anemia and thrombocytopenia. Collectively, the results of in vitro, cell-based, and animal studies provide evidence for the development of a novel nucleoside analog that shows enhanced effectiveness against solid tumors.
What makes UX successful from the executive perspective?: an interview with Mark Vershel

Mark Vershel served as vice president and general manager for Borland, an application lifecycle management company. Mark oversaw user experience during the period when a number of groundbreaking products from a user interface perspective---exemplified by Turbo Pascal, Borland C++, Quattro Pro and Paradox---were introduced into the consumer and developer software markets.
Factors affecting victorin-induced root cap cell death: temperature and plasmolysist☆

Abstract Victorin, the pathotoxin produced by Helminthosporium victoriae, causes false plasmolysis and death of root cap cells, and this effect is selective for oat cultivars susceptible to the fungus. The development of a procedure for the isolation of root cap cells made possible a study of victorin's effects on populations of intact cells uniformly exposed to the toxin. Isolated root cap cells from resistant and susceptible cultivars were used to examine the effects of temperature and plasmolysis on victorin-induced cell death. Cell viability was determined by the ability to stain with fluorescein diacetate. Victorin-induced cell death was highly temperature dependent with a temperature coefficient of 3·5. At 10°C 96 to 98% of the cells remained alive for over 30 days when incubated in up to 50 units of toxin per ml. Plasmolysis also inhibited cell death; this protective effect was dependent upon solution tonicity. Non-permeating media, mannitol and sorbitol, protected more than sucrose in which cells slowly deplasmolyzed. Urea, a rapidly-permeating osmoticum, did not delay victorin-induced cell death. The modification of victorin's lethal effects by temperature and plasmolysis may explain variability in reported effects of the toxin on isolated protoplasts.
Intensive Weight Loss Program Improves Physical Function in Older Obese Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis

Results: Body weight decreased 8.7 0.8% in WL and 0.0 0.7% in WS. Body fat and fat-free mass were lower for WL than WS at 6 months (estimated means: fat 38.1 0.4% vs. 40.9 0.4%, respectively; fat-free mass 56.7 0.4 vs. 58.8 0.4 kg, respectively). WL had better function than WS, with lower Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index scores, greater 6-minute walk distance, and faster stair climb time (p 0.05). Changes in function were associated with weight loss in the entire cohort. Discussion: An intensive weight loss intervention incorporating energy deficit diet and exercise training improves physical function in older obese adults with knee OA. Greater improvements in function were observed in those with the most weight loss.
SALT TOLERANCE OF RUPPIA MARITIMA IN LAKES OF HIGH MAGNESIUM SULPHATE CONTENT.

The ability of halophytes to develop under conditions which would mean death to most vegetation is well known. Salt marsh plants, growing where sodium chloride is the chief constituent of the soil solution and where salt concentrations usually vary from 1 to 6 per cent., are the most common halophytes. Much less numerous than the salt marshes are the lakes whose chief constituent is magnesium sulphate, a compound toxic to many plants in any but very dilute concentrations. Although the plants of the two types of lakes are to some extent the same, very little work has been done on those of the magnesium sulphate lakes. In view of the common toxicity of magnesium salts to plants and the scarcity of information concerning the physiological relations of halophytes, it has seemed worth while to investigate the vegetation of certain lakes lying in north central Washington and adjacent British Columbia which are unusual in having a very high proportion of magnesium sulphate in the salt content and in supporting seed plants at salt concentrations as high as 25 or 26 per cent. Studies were made on three lakes lying in the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountains in the northern part of Okanogan County, Washington, and British Columbia, in one of which Buppia maritima L. grows abundantly, completely submerged in the salty water of the lake. The first of these, known locally as Epsom Lake and designated in this paper as no. 1, lies about 4 miles northwest of the town of Oroville, in northern Washington, about midway between Lake Osoyoos and the Similkameen River. The geology of the region was described by Jenkins (10). St. John and Courtney (35) listed the phanerogams growing in the lake and on the walls of the surrounding basin. They report the banks to be of practically pure salt, in which the plants were apparently rooted. Analyses of salts taken from the surface of the water gave a content of 99.64 per cent, of MgSO4. The lake lies at an elevation of about 2000 feet, with walls of the basin reaching several hundred feet higher. The lake itself, which drains an area of about one square mile, is, when full, approximately four acres in extent and 30 feet deep. There is no outlet and drainage waters remain until evaporated during the dry summer season, when the lake is reduced to a series of small i Contribution no. 39 from the Botany Department of the State College of Washington.
Improving water quality communications at beaches: input from stakeholders.

Objectives: Water quality communication practices vary widely and stakeholder input has not played a role in defining acceptable levels of risk. Although the 2012 Recreational Water Quality Criteria (RWQC) emphasize the importance of promptly notifying the public about hazardous conditions, little is known about the public's understanding of notifications, or about levels of risk deemed acceptable. We sought to address these gaps. Methods: A mixed methods approach was used. Focus groups (FGs) provided qualitative data regarding the understanding of surface water quality, awareness, and use, of currently available water quality information, and acceptability of risk. Intercept interviews (INTs) at recreation sites provided quantitative data. Results: INTs of 374 people and 15 FG sessions were conducted. Participants had limited awareness about water quality information posted at beaches, even during swim bans and advisories. Participants indicated that communication content should be current, from a trusted source, and describe health consequences. Communicating via mobile electronics should be useful for segments of the population. Risk acceptability is lower with greater outcome severity, or if children are impacted. Conclusions: Current water quality communications approaches must be enhanced to make notification programs more effective. Further work should build on this initial effort to evaluate risk acceptability among US beachgoers.
Diastereoselectivity during 2-pyridone photo-[4+4] cycloaddition. The tribenzylsilyl protecting group

Abstract The use of a silyloxy group as a stereocontrol element on the most distant carbon of a pyrindinone during intermolecular [4+4] photocycloaddition was tested using silyl groups varying in size (tert-butyldimethylsilyl
A regularized deconvolution-fitting method for Compton-scatter correction in SPECT

A method is presented for estimating the Compton-scatter component within the photopeak for local energy spectra measured by an Anger camera in SPECT. Assuming that the measured energy spectrum is the source scatter energy distribution convolved with a known camera energy-resolution function plus an unscattered spectral component, a least-square inverse operation is performed to recover the source scatter distribution. Since this inverse operation is ill-posed, the regularization technique is applied for stabilization. With the method, scatter fractions similar to those from polynomial spectral fitting (PSF) have been observed for experimentally measured, high-count data with a hot (Tc/sup 99m/ or I/sup 131/) sphere in a cold cylinder, and the inverse (Tc/sup 99m/ only). The method is also less sensitive to the width of the fitting window. A regularization parameter from 1 to 10 is recommended for practical cases. The shape of a recovered source scatter distribution matches that determined by a high-resolution semiconductor-detector measurement as well as by Monte Carlo simulation. >
Amorphous silicon two-color microbolometer for uncooled IR detection

This paper describes the modeling and design of two-color microbolometers for uncooled infrared (IR) detection. The goal is to develop a high resolution IR detector array that can measure the actual temperature and color of an object based on two spectral wavelength regions. The microbolometer consists of high temperature amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film layer held above the substrate by Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ bridge. A thin NiCr absorber with sheet resistance of 377 /spl Omega//sqr is used to enhance the optical absorption in the medium and long IR wavelength windows. A tunable micromachined Al-mirror was suspended underneath the detector. The mirror is switched between two positions by the application of an electrostatic voltage. The switching of the mirror between the two positions enables the creation of two wavelength response windows, 3-5 and 8-12 /spl mu/m. A comparison of the two response wavelength windows enables the determination of the actual temperature of a viewed scene obtained by an IR camera. The microbolometer is designed with a low thermal mass of 1.65/spl times/10/sup -9/ J/K and a low thermal conductance of 2.94/spl times/10/sup -7/ W/K to maximize the responsivity R/sub v/ to a value as high as 5.91/spl times/10/sup 4/ W/K and detectivity D/sup */ to a value as high as 2.34/spl times/10/sup 9/ cm Hz/sup 1/2//W at 30 Hz. The corresponding thermal time constant is equal to 5.62 ms. Hence, these detectors could be used for 30-Hz frame rate applications. The extrapolated noise equivalent temperature difference is 2.34 mK for the 8-12 /spl mu/m window and 23 mK for the 3-5 /spl mu/m window. The calculated absorption coefficients in the medium and long IR wavelength windows before color mixing are 66.7% and 83.7%. However, when the color signals are summed at the output channel, the average achieved absorption was 75%.
Using Software Project Courses to Integrate Education and Research: An Experience Report

At University of Southern California (USC), CSCI577ab is a graduate software engineering course that teaches best software engineering practices and allows students to apply the learned knowledge in developing real-client projects. The class is used as an experimental test-bed to deploy various research tools and approaches for validation of new methods and tools. Various research data have been collected as partial basis for twelve PhD dissertations. This paper reports how research and education are integrated via project experiments and how the results strengthen future educational experiences.
Making education world-class: “ThinkGlobalOhio”

For over two decades the State of Ohio has been reforming its education system. This article focuses on the 2006 reform initiatives: a newly elected governor pledged to review and revise its 2002 kindergarten to twelfth grad (K-12) academic content standards and benchmark them to international “best-in-class” measures, given Ohio’s need to develop human talent for new industries to replace disappearing jobs in manufacturing. Rather than look at only one other country or state in the US, Ohio compared its standards to those of eight countries and one province; based on this analysis, it rewrote its standards. Ohio has formally adopted the U.S. Common Core Standards and joined the national Partnership for 21st Century Skills, using those learning frameworks to pass legislative amendments for new academic standards and model curriculum. US federal funding from both “No Child Left Behind” and “Race to the Top” ($400 million) confirms and validates the state’s efforts to build a world-class education system that will make Ohio’s students more competitive in a global economy that demands innovation and a highly skilled workforce.
Phosphorus(III) Chloride–Zinc(II) Chloride

(POCl3) [10025-87-3] Cl3OP (MW 153.32) InChI = 1S/Cl3OP/c1-5(2,3)4 InChIKey = XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (ZnCl2) [7646-85-7] Cl2Zn (MW 136.29) InChI = 1S/2ClH.Zn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L (powerful Lewis Acid used in Friedel–Crafts reactions to prepare xanthones,1 benzophenones,2 coumarins,3 and chromanones;4 phosphorylation of alcohols5) Physical Data: see entries for Phosphorus Oxychloride and Zinc Chloride. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: in most cases, freshly fused ZnCl2 must be used for the best results. See Phosphorus Oxychloride for potential hazards.
TRANSIENT CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION TO A DISK ELECTRODE

Summary Mass transfer to a rotating disk electrode is calculated at large times after aconcentration step or a flux step at the surface. Radial dependence of concentration is ignored. Further application of results to treat more complex boundary conditions is discussed.
Rupture of the Large (Mw 7.8), Deep Earthquake of 1973 Beneath the Japan Sea with Implications for Seismogenesis

The earthquake of 29 September 1973 beneath the western edge of Japan Sea is the largest deep earthquake along the western Pacific ( M w 7.8, focal depth 575 km). The source region is near the tip of the Japan Wadati-Benioff zone, where a continuous belt of seismicity clearly defines a unique, shallow-dipping (∼30°) slab down to depths about 600 km. This unique geometry of slab predicts a limited vertical extent available for earthquake rupture, in direct conflict with previous reports of a large, subvertical fault for the 1973 earthquake. Using a comprehensive data set of nearly 20 P and SH waveforms recorded at teleseismic distances, we investigate rupture associated with this event in some detail by inversion of waveforms. In particular, we use wave trains with all relevant depth phases ( pP, sP, and sS ) that are crucial for resolving the vertical extent of rupture. In addition to a northward component of rupture as in previous reports, we find clear evidence for a significant component of eastward rupture propagation that cannot fit within a subvertical, north–south striking nodal plane. Meanwhile, all regions of major slip are at essentially the same depth. Thus the true fault plane appears subhorizontal, with the entire region of slip extending only about 15 ± 6 km across the slab9s thickness. The spatio-temporal distribution of slip is well explained by a simple, circular rupture front, propagating at a speed of 3–4 km/sec. A comparison among the largest deep earthquakes shows that most rupture planes are more or less dimensionally equal, with high aspect ratios ranging approximately from 0.5 to 1. While some events have fairly restricted source regions, others seem to extend more than 30 km into the thickness of the slabs.
Recent Developments in Less Invasive Technology to Monitor Blood Glucose Levels in Patients with Diabetes

In this review we discuss recent developments focused on less invasive methods of self monitoring for diabetes mellitus. The gold standard for self monitoring currently involves a small device measuring the blood glucose level in a droplet of blood taken from the fingertip or forearm of a patient. This lancet approach is done on average 3–4 times a day and can be uncomfortable and inconvenient. It is known that monitoring blood glucose more frequently leads to better control and maintaining overall health. However, invasiveness of the finger stick method has caused patients to ignore the need to monitor their blood glucose levels and leave themselves at risk for future complications. One thing absolutely necessary to maintain control over diabetes involves monitoring and regulating blood glucose levels. Without proper monitoring, serious complications can ensue, including cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease, visual impairment, decreased circulation leading to amputation, and diabetic ketoacidosis.
Community Health Workers as Drivers of a Successful Community-Based Disease Management Initiative

In 2005, local leaders in New York City developed the Washington Heights/Inwood Network for Asthma Program to address the burden of asthma in their community. Bilingual community health workers based in community organizations and the local hospital provided culturally appropriate education and support to families who needed help managing asthma. Families participating in the yearlong care coordination program received comprehensive asthma education, home environmental assessments, trigger reduction strategies, and clinical and social referrals. Since 2006, 472 families have enrolled in the yearlong program. After 12 months, hospitalizations and emergency department visits decreased by more than 50%, and caregiver confidence in controlling the child's asthma increased to nearly 100%. Key to the program's success was the commitment and involvement of community partners from program inception to date.
Cervical spine fracture following a motor vehicle accident.

Abstract We present the case of a 50-year-old man who visited our emergency department 12 h after an alcohol-related motor vehicle accident complaining of shoulder pain and neck stiffness. Cervical spine radiographs were obtained and interpreted as normal, and the patient was discharged. Subsequent review by a radiologist raised the question of a second cervical vertebra (C-2) abnormality, and the patient was recalled. Cervical computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an unstable oblique fracture of C-2 and a congenital nonfusion of the arch of C-1. The patient was placed in halo traction, and subsequent radiographs revealed a fracture of the transverse process of C-7. The patient made an uneventful recovery. The limitations of routine cervical radiographs are well-documented, but no feasible alternative exists as a screening procedure. Thus, a certain level of uncertainty must be accepted. Both physician and patient must recognize the limitations inherent in all medical practice and that follow-up examination and treatment are essential.
Sensitivity of sulfate direct climate forcing to the hysteresis of particle phase transitions

particles and the associated hysteresis. The model also treats the extent of sulfate neutralization by ammonia. For the anthropogenic sulfate, the base case simulation finds that solid particles contribute 41% of the global burden, 26% of the clear-sky optical thickness, 31% of the clear-sky SDCF, and 37% of the full-sky SDCF, a trend that reflects the correlation of solid particles with clear skies. A perturbation to the model, omitting hysteresis by assuming that all particles are aqueous, results in an overestimate of the SDCF by +8% compared to the base case. A converse assumption that crystallization occurs at the deliquescence relative humidity underestimates the SDCF by � 8%. A case that assumes that aqueous particles occur whenever the ambient relative humidity exceeds the crystallization relative humidity biases the SDCF by +5%. A case that includes hysteresis but omits the difference in the fraction of radiation backscattered to space by aqueous compared to solid particles changes the SDCF by +15%. Seasonal and regional differences can be much larger. We recommend that the ratio of the sulfate aerosol optical thickness calculated with versus without consideration of particle hygroscopicity be reported as a standard output of SDCF models to facilitate meaningful intercomparisons among different models.
Expression of the type III TGF-β receptor is negatively regulated by TGF-β

The type III transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TβRIII or betaglycan) is a ubiquitously expressed transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily coreceptor with essential roles in embryonic development. Recent studies have defined a role for TβRIII in the pathogenesis of human cancers, with frequent loss of TβRIII expression at the message and protein level. Mechanisms for the loss of TβRIII expression remain to be fully defined. Advanced human cancers often have elevated circulating levels of TGF-β1. Here, we define a specific role for TGF-β1 in negatively regulating TβRIII at the message level in breast and ovarian cancer models. TGF-β1 decreased TβRIII message and protein levels in ovarian (Ovca420) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. TGF-β1-mediated TβRIII repression is mediated by the type I TGF-β receptor/Smad2/3 pathway as the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor, SB431542, abrogated this effect, while the expression of constitutively active ALK5 was sufficient to repress TβRIII expression. Mechanistically, TGF-β1 does not affect TβRIII messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, but instead directly regulates the TβRIII promoter. We define alternative promoters for the TGFBR3 gene, a distal and proximal promoter. Although both promoters are active, only the proximal promoter was responsive and negatively regulated by TGF-β1 and constitutively active ALK5. Taken together, these studies define TGF-β1-mediated downregulation of TβRIII mRNA expression through effects on the ALK5/Smad2/3 pathway on the TGFBR3 gene proximal promoter as a potential mechanism for decreased TβRIII expression in human cancers.
Activities of Certain 5-Substituted 4′-Thiopyrimidine Nucleosides against Orthopoxvirus Infections

As part of a program to identify new compounds that have activity against orthopoxviruses, a number of 4′-thionucleosides were synthesized and evaluated for their efficacies against vaccinia and cowpox viruses. Seven compounds that were active at about 1 μM against both viruses in human cells but that did not have significant toxicity were identified. The 5-iodo analog, 1-(2-deoxy-4-thio-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (4′-thioIDU), was selected as a representative molecule; and this compound also inhibited viral DNA synthesis at less than 1 μM but only partially inhibited the replication of a recombinant vaccinia virus that lacked a thymidine kinase. This compound retained complete activity against cidofovir- and ST-246-resistant mutants. To determine if this analog had activity in an animal model, mice were infected intranasally with vaccinia or cowpox virus and treatment with 4′-thioIDU was given intraperitoneally or orally twice daily at 50, 15, 5, or 1.5 mg/kg of body weight beginning at 24 to 120 h postinfection and was continued for 5 days. Almost complete protection (87%) was observed when treatment with 1.5 mg/kg was begun at 72 h postinfection, and significant protection (73%) was still obtained when treatment with 5 mg/kg was initiated at 96 h. Virus titers in the liver, spleen, and kidney were reduced by about 4 log 10 units and about 2 log 10 units in mice infected with vaccinia virus and cowpox virus, respectively. These results indicate that 4′-thioIDU is a potent, nontoxic inhibitor of orthopoxvirus replication in cell culture and experimental animal infections and suggest that it may have potential for use in the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections in animals and humans.
Bracing for the worst, but behaving the best: social anxiety, hostility, and behavioral aggression.

Social anxiety is marked by viewing social interactions as competitive, hypervigilance to signs of social threat, and avoidance of interactions that may result in social rejection. Therefore, social anxiety should relate to: (1) greater hostile feelings toward others, (2) heightened perceptions of hostility in others, and (3) relatively low levels of violence and aggression. To date, however, little is known about these relationships. In four independent non-clinical samples (total N = 2643), we examined relationships between social anxiety, hostility, and aggression using a range of measures that included both self-report and behavioral assessments. In Study 1, social anxiety correlated positively with feeling hostile toward others. In Study 2, social anxiety correlated positively with hostile perceptions of others. In Study 3, social anxiety was related to less positive attitudes toward behaving violently toward one's relationship partner. In Study 4, social anxiety was related to less aggressive behavior, as indicated by less intense and prolonged noise blasts delivered to a fictitious opponent. Taken together, these four studies paint a picture of socially anxious people as bracing for the worst by feeling and perceiving hostility in the social environment, but behaving the best by refraining from aggression and violence.
Are daughters of alcoholics more likely to marry alcoholics

This study evaluates the relationship between having an alcoholic (i.e., alcohol-dependent) parent and the presence of a spouse with a similar diagnosis. Data relating to 708 men and 708 women, the parents of the questionnaire respondents, revealed that even after controlling for the increased rate of alcohol-dependent spouses among alcoholics, assortative mating appears to be associated with positive family histories of alcoholism. Within this sample, nonalcoholic daughters of alcoholics were more than twice as likely to marry an alcoholic as nonalcoholic daughters of nonalcoholics, irrespective of the alcoholic parent's gender. In contrast, in the same sample daughters of alcoholics did not demonstrate a higher rate for having a spouse with another of the more common psychiatric syndromes, a major depressive episode. In this sample, sons of alcoholics did not demonstrate an increased rate for marrying an alcoholic when compared to sons of nonalcoholics.
Mine-damaged leaves by Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton provide refuge for phytoseiids on grapefruit in Florida and Texas*

Damages caused by pests to leaves can indirectly affect populations of other associated arthropods. The relative abundance of mites was compared across young healthy leaves, mature healthy leaves and mature leaves damaged by the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, on grapefruit in Florida and Texas. The spider mite Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) (Tetranychidae) was significantly more abundant on mined leaves in Florida, whereas in Texas tetranychids were found sporadically. Predaceous phytoseiid mites (Phytoseiidae) were significantly more abundant on mature mined leaves than on mature leaves without mines. Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) (n= 139), Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) (n= 122) and Euseius mesembrinus (Dean) (n= 18) were the most abundant phytoseiids in Florida; E. mesembrinus was the dominant species in Texas [>90% of identified specimens (n=13)]. Although relatively high numbers of predaceous stigmaeid mites (Stigmaeidae) were found in some occasions in Florida, they had a patchy distribution, resulting in no significant differences between mined and unmined leaf types in most sampling dates. They were not found in Texas.
Natural Mortality of Lepidopteran Eggs and Larvae in Missouri Soybeans

Eggs and each instar of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), were introduced weekly into Missouri soybeans to assess natural mortality. Percent recovery 24 h later demonstrated high mortality due to predation, which peaked between flowering and pod fill of the soybeans. First and 2nd instars were most susceptible, with seasonal average mortalities of 51.9 and 43.5%, respectively; 3rd and 4th instars were least susceptible, with averages of 30.1 and 25.0%, whereas mortality of 5th instars, 34.9%, was intermediate. Few of the recovered eggs or larvae were parasitized, but disease caused significant mortality of larvae, due especially to a late-season epizootic of the entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson. Naturally occurring green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.), were attacked by several parasites and diseases. Parasitism, mostly by Rogas nolophanae (Ashmead) and Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), peaked at 36.3% in July. Mortality due to disease reached a peak of 70.0% late in the season, again due to the epizootic of N. rileyi .
Indomethacin inhibits the local Shwartzman reaction.

SummaryIndomethacin inhibited the appearance of the local Shwartzman reaction in rabbits, when given before both the preparatory and the eliciting injections; treated animals at 24 hr had only 8% of the reaction that control animals had. In contrast, when indomethacin was not given until 1 hr before the eliciting injection, the reaction was hindered only slightly; the mean score at 24 hr was 76% of that for controls. Histologic studies have shown that in the presence of indomethacin even more leukocytes appear at the site of endotoxin injection than in control rabbits.These results can be interpreted as indicating that although indomethacin does not prevent leukocytes from gathering at the site of inflammation, it prevents their disruption and release of enzymes when the second (eliciting) injection of endotoxin is given.
A Voice from the Past: Aristotle on the Mission of the Firm

Too often, academic definitions of organizations describe what the firm is rather than why the firm is. Also, corporate mission statments and other publications often describe what the firm does in static terms, without answering the deeper question of why the firm exists at all. These attempts at describing the organization are good tools for explaining their structure, but are inadequate for understanding the purpose of organizations. In this article, a method of analysis first described by Aristotle is applied to corporations in an attempt to define the mission of business. Using an end oriented, or teleological, framework, Aristotle's theory of causation can provide deeper understanding and broader perspectives on the role of the corporation in the modern world. Mission statements are intended to communicate the on-going purpose of an organization to its constituencies. They are public declara tions that guide planning and operational decision-making within the organization. However, decision-making within organizations frequently pays only lip-service to the declared mission. For example, during recent interview sessions,2 several top executives were asked to describe their decision process when faced with an organizational restructuring. Many of these executives commented on the importance of the mission statement in guiding the restructuring process. This wisdom is consistent with re cent summary research of successful restructuring strategies,3 which
The Gunfight at the OK Corral

The Movie. The final scene from the movie "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly," is a three-way gunfight. Each gunfighter has exactly one bullet. They draw and fire, simultaneously, with each gunfighter firing at the better shot of his opponents. In this article, we wish to consider a variation of this movie, in which the survivors of one round of the gunfight repeat the entire process (assuming there are at least two survivors). Thus, the gunfight continues, one round at a time, until there are less than two survivors. The questions we wish to answer are: for each gunfighter, what is the probability of surviving the entire gunfight? and what is the probability that no one survives? This gunfight is an example of an absorbing Markov chain, and is discussed (as a three-way tank battle) in some finite mathematics books [1]. In this paper, we develop well-known results of absorbing Markov chains using the theory of difference equations, and then use these results to answer our questions. This is a natural approach in the sense that dynamical methods are used to analyze a dynamical model. The Model. In this section, we will construct a mathematical model of the above gunfight. We need to have some information concerning each of the gunfighters. Let's designate our gunfighters as G, B and U (for Good, Bad, and Ugly). Suppose from previous observations we have determined (approximately) that: gunfighter G is a good shot and hits his target 60% of the time; gunfighter U is not as good a shot and hits his target 50% of the time; and that gunfighter B is a bad shot and hits his target only 30% of the time. Thus, on the first round of the gunfight, G shoots at U, while U and B shoot at G. (Those who have seen the movie know that this is not the way it happened.) We call each possible outcome of a round of the gunfight a state. There are 7 possible outcomes or states. The first is that no one survives the round, designated by N. We list each of the other states with the letters of the survivors; that is, G, U, B, GB, UB, and GUB. Notice that GU is not a possible state. For GU to be a state, B must be shot first. But if all three gunfighters are alive, no one is shooting at B. Thus, B cannot be shot first. (We are excluding the possibility that B is hit by a ricocheting bullet.) A state is called an absorbing state if, once that state is the result of one round, it will be the result of all following rounds. In other words, once that state is reached the game is over. The states, N, G, U, and B are absorbing states. A state that is not an absorbing state is called a nonabsorbing state. These states are GB, UB, and GUB.
Index to Illustrations of Fungi, XXIII-XXXIII

In MYCOLOGIA for January, 1916, an index was published to species illustrated in the first 22 articles of my series on the higher fungi, which was begun in the first volume of MYCOLOGIA in I909. Since that time, II more articles have appeared, which are indexed below. The total number of species described and illustrated to date is 249, the number represented in their natural colors being 213 on 29 plates. Unfortunately, it has been necessary to crowd the figures on the plates, but most of them have been kept natural size and represent fairly well the species illustrated. The idea of a great illustrated work on American fungi has been in my mind for many years and I have frequently spoken and written about it. Several hundred colored drawings have been prepared with such a work in view. When the raising of funds for this purpose became increasingly difficult, I decided to publish in a comparatively inexpensive way as many species as possible as quickly as possible; so that collectors might be stimulated to increase our knowledge of the fungous flora and thus prepare for a more comprehensive work when its publication should become possible. From the large number of letters and specimens received during recent years, I am convinced that it was wise to publish when I did. As one writer expressed it: "I'd much rather have a small colored figure now than a handsome folio plate after I am dead." I still have faith, however, in the patriotism and generosity of American men of wealth, who will make it possible to supply nature-lovers in this country with ample, correct, and beautiful colored illustrations of our extremely varied and interesting fungous flora.
Open Laboratory to Achieve a Win-win Situation

Experimental teaching plays an important role in cultivating student s' innovation spirit and practical ability.Opening genetics laboratory can mo tivate students' activity of practice.It is of great significance to strengthe n their ability.In this paper opening content,management and funds are discuss ed in opening genetics laboratory in higher normal university.By opening labor atory students' practical ability are strengthened and teachers' practical tea ching quality are developing.This is a win-win situation for both students an d teachers.
A phase I study of nab-paclitaxel (A), gemcitabine (GEM), and capecitabine (X) in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (MPA).

4048 Background: GEM-based doublets, such as GEM + capecitabine (X), may be beneficial in select pts with MPA. Given preclinical evidence of synergy when a taxane is added to GEM + X, as well as re...
ESTABLISHMENT OF ERYTHRO CONFIGURATION OF CERAMIDES FROM BEEF BRAIN AND CHICKEN LIVER.

The sphingosine moiety of ceramides isolated from beef brain and chicken liver has been characterized as having the erythro stereochemical configuration. This is in agreement with the configuration of sphingosine as found in cerebrosides and sphingomyelin.
(When) Are We Dynamically Optimal? A Psychological Field Guide for Marketing Modelers

AbstractA common assumption made in structural approaches to empirical strategy research in marketing is that firms and consumers satisfy the assumptions of dynamic optimality when making decisions. When faced with problems of how best to allocate resources, firms are assumed consider the future consequences of different strategic options and, in each point in time, choose the option that maximizes long-term utility. The validity of such assumptions, however, is often called into question by behavioral researchers who point to work in psychology that finds that assumptions of optimality are frequently violated in experimental settings. If this is indeed the case, it would lend support to approaches that argue that markets have inefficiencies that can be discovered and exploited by simpler, largely correlational, methods. In this article, the authors attempt to reconcile these contrasting views by proposing a framework for assessing when assumptions of dynamic optimality are likely to be good ones and when...
Genomic Signatures in non-Hodgkin lymphomas

T classification of B-cell and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma has changed considerably over the last several decades. The currently used World Health Organization (WHO) classification system has a broader consensus among the clinical and biomedical community. However, there are still several challenges in regards to the understanding of tumor biology, clinical outcome and diagnostic accuracy in certain subtypes of lymphomas such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), where the diagnosis is frequently challenging even among expert hematopathologists and often time’s assessment requires additional molecular testing. Recently genome-wide high throughput techniques have greatly improved our understanding of B and T-cell lymphomas. This novel genetic information has not only aided in diagnosis, but has also revealed a landscape of critical molecular events that determine the biological and clinical behavior of a lymphoma. In this presentation, I will summarize the genetic characteristics of major subtypes of B-cell and T-cell lymphomas including diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and common subtypes of PTCL including angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), anaplastic T-cell lymphoma (ALCL), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and extra-nodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKTL), and how can these improve precision in diagnosis and inform prognosis.
Editor’s Highlight: Neonatal Activation of the Xenobiotic-Sensors PXR and CAR Results in Acute and Persistent Down-regulation of PPARα-Signaling in Mouse Liver

Safety concerns have emerged regarding the potential long-lasting effects due to developmental exposure to xenobiotics. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that are highly expressed in liver. The goal of this study was to test our hypothesis that neonatal exposure to PXR- or CAR-activators not only acutely but also persistently regulates the expression of drug-processing genes (DPGs). A single dose of the PXR-ligand PCN (75 mg/kg), CAR-ligand TCPOBOP (3 mg/kg), or vehicle (corn oil) was administered intraperitoneally to 3-day-old neonatal wild-type mice. Livers were collected 24 h post-dose or from adult mice at 60 days of age, and global gene expression of these mice was determined using Affymetrix Mouse Transcriptome Assay 1.0. In neonatal liver, PCN up-regulated 464 and down-regulated 449 genes, whereas TCPOBOP up-regulated 308 and down-regulated 112 genes. In adult liver, there were 15 persistently up-regulated and 22 persistently down-regulated genes following neonatal exposure to PCN, as well as 130 persistently up-regulated and 18 persistently down-regulated genes following neonatal exposure to TCPOBOP. Neonatal exposure to both PCN and TCPOBOP persistently down-regulated multiple Cyp4a members, which are prototypical-target genes of the lipid-sensor PPARα, and this correlated with decreased PPARα-binding to the Cyp4a gene loci. RT-qPCR, western blotting, and enzyme activity assays in livers of wild-type, PXR-null, and CAR-null mice confirmed that the persistent down-regulation of Cyp4a was PXR and CAR dependent. In conclusion, neonatal exposure to PXR- and CAR-activators both acutely and persistently regulates critical genes involved in xenobiotic and lipid metabolism in liver.