cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Single-Product Inventory Model for Multiple Demand Classes

We consider a single-product inventory system that serves multiple demand classes, which differ in their shortage costs or service-level requirements. We assume a critical-level control policy, and a backorder clearing mechanism in which we treat a backorder for a lower-priority class equivalent to a reserve-stock shortfall for the higher-priority class. We show the equivalence between this inventory system and a serial inventory system. Based on this equivalence, we develop a model for cost evaluation and optimization under the assumptions of Poisson demand, deterministic replenishment lead time, and a continuous-review (Q, R) policy with rationing. We propose a computationally efficient heuristic and develop a bound on its performance. We provide a numerical experiment to show the effectiveness of the heuristic and the value from a rationing policy. Finally, we describe how to extend the model to permit service times, and how to extend the model to a multi-echelon setting.
Performance degradation of pseudonoise code lock detector due to radio frequency interference

This paper computes the probabilities of detection and false alarm for a pseudonoise (PN) sequence code lock detector when a strong radio frequency interference (RFI) hits the communications link. A soft-limiter, a hard-limiter, and no limiter at the front-end of the receiver are considered. Both continuous wave (CW) type RFI and pulse type RFI are analyzed. It is shown that a soft-limiter or a hard-limiter can protect the PN-code lock detector against a typical pulse RFI, but in a CW RFI environment, the PN-code lock detector performance with a soft-limiter or a hard-limiter will be worse than that with no limiter. >
Shiverer∗jimpy double mutant mice. III. Comparison of shimld∗jpmsd and shi∗jp phenotypes demonstrates dissimilar interactions of allelic mutations

Abstract Double mutant mice, which are of the genotype shi mld /shi mld ∗ jp msd /Y and therefore express both the shi mld and jp msd mutations, have a CNS myelin protein composition which resembles shi mld /shi mld alone but not jp msd /Y alone. The double mutant CNS white matter morphology shows much less myelin and major dense line than either shi mld /shi mld or jp msd /Y , but has other features which resemble jp msd /Y but not shi mld /shi mld . In contrast, the parallel double mutant shi/shi∗jp/Y , which expresses the alleles shi and jp rather than shi mld and jp msd , has already been shown to have biochemical and morphological phenotypes which are consistent with each other, both being intermediate between shi/shi and jp/Y and therefore suggesting partial reciprocal intergenic suppression ( Brain Research , 374 (1986) 45–53 and 54–62). To assist in explaining the apparent inconsistencies between the biochemical and morphological phenotypes of the shi mld /shi mld ∗ jp msd /Y double mutant and between interactions of allelic mutations at the shi and jp loci, a hypothesis of multiple primary gene functions at these two loci is proposed.
AN X-RAY STUDY OF THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT G18.95-1.1

We present an analysis of data from both the Rontgen Satellite (ROSAT) and the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) of the supernova remnant G18.95-1.1. We find that the X-ray emission from G18.95-1.1 is predominantly thermal, heavily absorbed with a column density around 1022 atoms cm-2, and can be best described by an nonequilibrium ionization (NEI) model with a temperature around 0.9 keV and an ionization timescale of 1.1 × 1010 cm-3 s-1. We find only marginal evidence for nonsolar abundances. Comparisons between 21 cm H I absorption data and derived parameters from our spectral analysis strongly suggest a relatively nearby remnant (a distance of about 2 kpc). Above 4 keV, we identify a small region of emission located at the tip of the central, flat-spectrum barlike feature in the radio image. We examine two possibilities for this emission region: a temperature variation within the remnant or a pulsar wind nebula (PWN). The current data do not allow us to distinguish between these possible explanations. In the scenario where this high-energy emission region corresponds to a PWN, our analysis suggests a rotational loss rate for the unseen pulsar of about 7 × 1035 ergs s-1 and a ratio Lr/LX of about 3.6 for the entire PWN, slightly above the maximum ratio (3.4 for Vela) measured in known PWNe.
Sources of Fluctuations in the Boston Economy

Abstract Vector autoregression models are constructed in an attempt to isolate structural disturbances which may have had an influence on aggregate or sectoral fluctuations in the Boston economy. The alleged role of defense spending in the Massachusetts Miracle appears to be slight except for some particular sectors. The upturn appears to have been created by (non-defense) technology shocks, and the subsequent downturn by factors idiosyncratic to the Boston economy and external demand shocks.
Euthanasia, assisted suicide and the philosophical anthropology of Karol Wojtyla

The lack of consensus in American society regarding the permissibility of assisted suicide and euthanasia is due in large part to a failure to address the nature of the human person involved in the ethical act itself. For Karol Wojtyla, philosopher and Pope, ethical action finds meaning only in an authentic understanding of the person; but it is through acting (actus humanus) alone that the human person reveals himself. Knowing what the person ought to be cannot be divorced from what he ought to do; for Wojtyla, the structure of the ethical "do"--the act itself--comes first. The current paper will focus on four arguments used to justify assisted suicide and euthanasia: (1) the argument from autonomy, (2) the argument from compassion, (3) the argument from the evil of suffering, and (4) the argument from the loss of dignity. It will seek to answer each claim from the perspective of Karol Wojtyla's philosophical anthropology. Much of this will come from his defining work in pure philosophy, The Acting Person (1969). The final part of the paper will suggest some positive solutions to the stalemate over the euthanasia debate, again drawn from Wojtyla's idea of human fufillment through participation with the other, and with the community itself.
Au–metal oxide support interface as catalytic active sites

The importance of the exposed interface between Au and the support metal oxide has been suggested in the literature. Here we summarize evidence that provide strong support as well as conflicting evidence for this type of active sites and the potential reaction mechanism that takes place. Evidence from three reactions are summarized: CO oxidation, water gas shift (WGS) reaction, and selective oxidation of propane. Implications for potential future research and ability to truly design selective catalysts are discussed.
Bistable illusory rebound motion: Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of perceptual states and switches

The neural correlates of a recently discovered visual illusion that we call Fillusory rebound motion_ (IRM) are described. This illusion is remarkable because motion is perceived in the absence of any net motion energy in the stimulus. When viewing bars alternating between white and black on a gray background, the percept alternates between one of flashing bars (veridical) and the IRM illusion, where the bars appear to shoot back and forth rather like the opening and closing of a zipper. The event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data reported here reveal that (1) the blood-oxygen-leveldependent (BOLD) signal in the human analog of macaque motion processing area MT (hMT+) increases when there is a perceptual change from ‘‘no-IRM’’ to ‘‘see-IRM’’ and decreases when there is a perceptual change from ‘‘see-IRM’’ to ‘‘no-IRM,’’ although the stimulus remains constant; and (2) the BOLD signal in early retinotopic areas (V1, V2, and V3d) shows switch-related activation whenever there is a perceptual change, regardless whether from IRM to no-IRM or vice versa. We conclude that hMT+ is a neural correlate of this novel illusory motion percept because BOLD signal in hMT+ modulates with the perception of IRM.
Technological Regimes, Industrial Demography and the Evolution of Industrial Structures

The purpose of this paper is to weave together the new theories and empirical evidence analyzing firms and industries in motion, or what has been termed as industry demographics. In particular, the links between the technological regime underlying an industry and the observed patterns of industry demography are emphasized. Although a major conclusion of this new literature is that the structure of industries is perhaps better characterized by a high degree of fluidity and turbulence than stability, the patterns of industry demographics vary considerably from industry to industry. And what apparently shapes the evolution of firms particular to a specific industry is, as much as anything else, the knowledge conditions shaping the technological regime underlying that industry.
System level concurrency control for distributed database systems

A distributed database system is one in which the database is spread among several sites and application programs “move” from site to site to access and update the data they need. The concurrency control is that portion of the system that responds to the read and write requests of the application programs. Its job is to maintain the global consistency of the distributed database while ensuring that the termination of the application programs is not prevented by phenomena such as deadlock. We assume each individual site has its own local concurrency control which responds to requests at that site and can only communicate with concurrency controls at other sites when an application program moves from site to site, terminates, or aborts.This paper presents designs for several distributed concurrency controls and demonstrates that they work correctly. It also investigates some of the implications of global consistency of a distributed database and discusses phenomena that can prevent termination of application programs.
On three sets with nondecreasing diameter

Let a , b ] denote the integers between a and b inclusive and, for a finite subset X ? Z , let diam ( X ) = max ( X ) - min ( X ) . We write X < p Y provided max ( X ) < min ( Y ) . For a positive integer m , let f ( m , m , m ; 2 ) be the least integer N such that any 2 -coloring Δ : 1 , N ] ? { 0 , 1 } has three monochromatic m -sets B 1 , B 2 , B 3 ? 1 , N ] (not necessarily of the same color) with B 1 < p B 2 < p B 3 and diam ( B 1 ) ? diam ( B 2 ) ? diam ( B 3 ) . Improving upon upper and lower bounds of Bialostocki, Erd?s and Lefmann, we show that f ( m , m , m ; 2 ) = 8 m - 5 + ? 2 m - 2 3 ? + ? for m ? 2 , where ? = 1 if m ? { 2 , 5 } and ? = 0 otherwise.
Biomimetic Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidations: Fundamental Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities

The state-of-the-art in the non-enzymatic iron-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of CC double bonds is reviewed within the broader context of biomimetic oxidation catalysis. After introducing fundamental concepts of oxygen activation in nature and by man, historical landmarks, recent breakthroughs, scopes and limitations in relation to existing methodologies and their impact on future directions are assessed, focusing mainly on progress made in the last five years.
Stereoselective acyclic synthesis via allylmetals: Threo vicinal diols from both E- and Z-γ-alkoxyallyltins and aldehydes

Abstract Both E - and Z -γ-alkoxyallyltins stereoselectively add to aldehydes in the presence of BF 3 ·OEt 2 at −78°C in CH 2 Cl 2 to produce the threo (or syn) vicinal diol monoalkyl ether unit.
The concordance genus of a knot, II

The concordance genus of a knot K is the minimum three-genus among all knots concordant to K . For prime knots of 10 or fewer crossings there have been three knots for which the concordance genus was unknown. Those three cases are now resolved. Two of the cases are settled using invariants of Levine’s algebraic concordance group. The last example depends on the use of twisted Alexander polynomials, viewed as Casson–Gordon invariants.
Claims, Evidence, and Achievement-Level Descriptors as a Foundation for Item Design and Test Specifications

Evidence-centered assessment design (ECD) explicates a transparent evidentiary argument to warrant the inferences we make from student test performance. This article describes how the vehicles for gathering student evidence—task models and test specifications—are developed. Task models, which are the basis for item development, flow directly from the claims we want to make about students and the observable evidence required to warrant those claims. The claims and evidence, and therefore, the task models, are directly connected to the underlying construct as defined by the achievement-level descriptors (ALDs). Test specifications must balance the claims and evidence that distinguish students at each achievement level with the psychometric characteristics necessary for reliability and comparability. The explicit relationships among claims, evidence, task models, items, achievement levels, and test specifications provide an evidentiary argument for making valid inferences about student test performance. The ...
Impact of reference distance for motion compensation prediction on video quality

Transmitting high-quality, real-time interactive video over lossy networks is challenging because data loss due to the network can severely degrade video quality. A promising feedback technique for low-latency video repair is Reference Picture Selection (RPS), whereby the encoder selects one of several previous frames as a reference frame for predictive encoding of subsequent frames. RPS can operate in two different modes: an optimistic policy that uses negative acknowledgements (NACKs) and a more conservative policy that relies upon positive acknowledgements (ACKs). The choice between RPS ACK mode and NACK mode to some extent depends upon the effects of reference distance on the encoded video quality. This paper provides a systematic study of the effects of reference distance on video quality for a range of video coding conditions. High-quality videos with a wide variety of scene complexity and motion characteristics are selected and encoded using H.264 with a bandwidth constraint and a range of reference distances. Two objective measures of video quality, PSNR and VQM, are analyzed to show that scene complexity and motion characteristics of the video determine the amount of degradation in quality as reference distance increases. In particular, videos with low motion degrade in quality more with an increase in reference distance since they cannot take advantage of the strong similarity between adjacent frames. Videos with high motion do not suffer as much with higher reference distance since the similarity between adjacent frames is already low. The motion characteristics also determine the initial quality under the bandwidth constraint. The data presented should be useful for selecting ACK or NACK mode or for modeling video repair techniques.
Race, Hurricane Katrina, and Government Satisfaction: Examining the Role of Race in Assessing Blame

Are there clear racial differences in government satisfaction across levels of government? And, if so, how do we explain this racial gap? Race was one of the prevailing cleavages in public attitudes toward Hurricane Katrina recovery and response. We propose and test contending explanations for racial differences in local, state, and national government satisfaction among Hurricane Katrina survivors. The first is an environmental vulnerability (racism) theory suggesting that minority populations are more vulnerable in their housing quality, location, and level of insurance compared to others. A second explanation relates to the role of informal or social networks in disaster recovery. We assess whether racial differences in perceptions of disaster response may be partly due to weaker informal social networks among minorities. A third explanation is that these differing explanations are largely a function of partisanship. Our findings indicate that the role of race in government evaluation was largely mediated through the greater environmental vulnerability and Democratic party identification of minorities.
N-Methylsansalvamide, a cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from a marine fungus of the genus Fusarium

N-Methylsansalvamide (1), a new cyclic depsipeptide, was isolated from extracts of a cultured marine fungus, strain CNL-619, identified as a member of the genus Fusarium. N-Methylsansalvamide exhibits weak in vitro cytotoxicity in the NCI human tumor cell line screen (GI50 8.3 microM). The structure of 1 was determined by combined spectral and chemical methods.
Interpretation of Complex Modulus Test Results for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixes

In this paper, a slightly different approach than usual is suggested to interpret complex modulus results for asphalt-aggregate mixes. Similar to current/common methods, the proposed analysis “forces” the test data to comply with thermo-rheological simplicity and linear viscoelastic (solid) behavior. However, unlike current methods, use is made of both dynamic modulus and phase angle data to obtain a master curve along with the corresponding time-temperature shifting. This is done by assuming a mathematical expression for the relaxation spectrum instead of an equation for the dynamic modulus master curve. Consequently, better compliance with linear viscoelastic theory is a-priori ensured for all subsequent analyses. Moreover, using the proposed method, conversion of the test results from the frequency domain to the time domain arises as a natural and simple outcome of the procedure which does not require sophisticated inversion techniques that are known to be computationally problematic. Complex modulus test results obtained for three different asphalt mixes are presented and analyzed in order to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.
The nonspecificity of histological findings reported for flat adenomas

Flat adenomas have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of high grade dysplasia and with a genetic predisposition to numerous colonic polyps. Histological findings reported for flat adenomas are dysplastic glands superficial to nondysplastic glands and a thickness of dysplastic mucosa that does not exceed twice that of nondysplastic mucosa. We assessed the specificity of these histological findings with regard to a colonoscopically flat appearance in a series of 127 sequentially accessioned adenomas from 52 patients without adenomatous polyposis coli or inflammatory bowel disease. Thirty-two of the 127 adenomas (25%) from 20 of 52 patients (36%) showed the histological findings outlined above; none of these polyps was grossly flat and none had high grade dysplasia. The predictive values of these histological features for patients younger than 50 years old and for the presence of five or more polyps in a patient were 15% and 25%, respectively. We conclude that the histological findings previously reported for flat adenomas are not specific for that entity and are not uncommonly seen in grossly typical appearing adenomatous polyps. These histological findings also are not associated with high grade dysplasia. They can be seen in polyps from individuals without clinically recognized polyposis, and are relatively poor indicators of young age or increased polyp number, features that could potentially indicate a clinically unrecognized polyposis syndrome. The histological findings in and of themselves thus appear to confer no additional cancer risk to the individual or to the individual's family members over and above that associated with an adenoma.
Solving the hierarchy problem with noncompact extra dimensions

Abstract We show that gravitational effects of global cosmic 3-branes can be responsible for compactification from six to four space-time dimensions, naturally producing the observed hierarchy between electroweak and gravitational forces. The finite radius of the transverse dimensions follows from Einstein's equation, and is exponentially large compared with the scales associated with the 3-brane. The space-time ends on a mild naked singularity at the boundary of the transverse dimensions; nevertheless unitary boundary conditions render the singularity harmless.
Factors associated with excellent 6-month functional and isokinetic test results following ACL reconstruction

Purpose To identify patient concomitant injury and surgical characteristics associated with 6-month excellent functional and isokinetic testing results following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
The advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)

Abstract NASA's Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) will be an orbiting X-ray observatory, designed to address fundamental questions in astronomy and astrophysics. Its importance derives from the fact that many of the fundamental processes in space are associated with high energy particles that radiate mainly X-rays, and that the AXAF will be extremely sensitive to X-ray emission. The United States National Academy of Sciences' Astronomy Survey Committee assigned AXAF as its highest priority among major new astronomy projects in recognition of the AXAF's scientific potential. AXAF is the successor to NASA's second High Energy Astronomy Observatory, the Einstein X-ray Observatory, which operated from 1978 to 1981. Like the Einstein, the AXAF will be built around a grazing incidence telescope capable of forming X-ray images. AXAF, however, will go far beyond the Einstein in capability having ∼ 10 times the angular resolution, ∼ 100 times the sensitivity for imaging, and up to ∼ 1000 times the sensitivity for spectroscopy. The AXAF will operate in space for 15 years, and be maintained and refurbished by use of NASA's Space Station. An AXAF observer program will make the great majority of the data available to the entire scientific community.
Review of the technical issues associated with the construction of a solar neutrino TPC

Abstract The problems associated with the realization of a solar neutrino Time Projection Chamber (TPC) are reviewed. The technical challenges can be summarized as building a very large TPC within the low-background constraints of solar neutrino experimentation.
Fabrication of Robust Superconducting Granular Aluminium/Palladium Bilayer Microbolometers with Sub-Nanosecond Response

We provide a convenient recipe for fabricating reliable superconducting microbolometers as acoustic phonon detectors with sub-nanosecond response, using image-reversal optical lithography and dc-magnetron sputtering, and our recipe requires no chemical or plasma etching. Our approach solves the traditional problem for granular aluminium bolometers of unreliable (i.e., non-Ohmic) electrical contacts by sequentially sputtering the granular aluminium film and then a palladium capping layer. We use dc calibration data, the method of Danilchenko et al. (Acta Phys. Pol. A 103(4):325, [2003]) and direct nanosecond-pulsed photoexcitation to obtain the microbolometer’s characteristic current, thermal conductance, characteristic relaxation time, and heat capacity. We also demonstrate the use of the deconvolution algorithm of Edwards et al. (J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum. 22:582, [1989]) to obtain the phonon flux in a heat pulse experiment with nanosecond resolution.
The interplay between chemistry and biology in the design of enzymatic catalysts

Chemists and biologists are focusing considerable effort on the development of efficient, highly selective catalysts for the synthesis or modification of complex molecules. Two approaches are described here, the generation of catalytic antibodies and hybrid enzymes, which exploit the binding and catalytic machinery of nature in catalyst design. Characterization of these systems is providing additional insight into the mechanisms of molecular recognition and catalysis which may, in turn, lead to the design of tailor-made catalysts for applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.
Complexes of dibenzylsulfoxide with the first series transition metal nitrates

Abstract Under carefully controlled experimental conditions, a series of metal nitrate complexes of dibenzylsulfoxide (DBSO) have been synthesized and isolated (for the dipositive Co, Ni, Cu and Zn elements). The compounds were characterized by use of infrared-, ultraviolet-, and visible spectra. Their stoichiometric compositions appeared to be [M- (DBSO) 3 (NO 3 ) 2 ], where MCo, Ni and Cu; and [M(DBSO) 3.5 (NO 3 ) 2 ], where MZn. The additional information concerning the nature of bonding and structural geometry was derived from X-ray diffraction analysis, molecular conductivities, molecular weight and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The infrared spectra indicated that, in all cases, coordination occurred through the oxygen atom of the DBSO ligand. Both analyses and spectral studies suggest that the transition metal ions manifest a coordination number of six. The slight decrease in metal ion radius across the first transition metal series does not affect the number of DBSO molecules bonded to the M 2+ ion, but the only variation in total coordination of cation might be attributed to the DBSO competition with nitrato groups for the coordination site due to the ability of the anion to enter the coordination sphere.
Toward quantitative phosphotyrosine profiling in vivo

Tyrosine phosphorylation is a dynamic reversible post-translational modification that regulates many aspects of cell biology. To understand how this modification controls biological function, it is necessary to not only identify the specific sites of phosphorylation, but also to quantify how phosphorylation levels on these sites may be altered under specific physiological conditions. Due to its sensitivity and accuracy, mass spectrometry (MS) has widely been applied to the identification and characterization of phosphotyrosine signaling across biological systems. In this review we highlight the advances in both MS and phosphotyrosine enrichment methods that have been developed to enable the identification of low level tyrosine phosphorylation events. Computational and manual approaches to ensure confident identification of phosphopeptide sequence and determination of phosphorylation site localization are discussed along with methods that have been applied to the relative quantification of large numbers of phosphorylation sites. Finally, we provide an overview of the challenges ahead as we extend these technologies to the characterization of tyrosine phosphorylation signaling in vivo. With these latest developments in analytical and computational techniques, it is now possible to derive biological insight from quantitative MS-based analysis of signaling networks in vitro and in vivo. Application of these approaches to a wide variety of biological systems will define how signal transduction regulates cellular physiology in health and disease.
Exercising Testing in Adult Normal Subjects and Cardiac Patients

1. Several approaches to assessment of physical work capacity in the upright posture in normal adults and cardiac patients have been reviewed critically. 2. Preliminary experience has been presented with a new multistage treadmill test of maximal exercise which permits appraisal of either a physically trained normal subject or an impaired but ambulatory cardiac patient. 3. The most effective means of differentiating cardiacs from normals has been an estimate of the total oxygen intake/Kg of body weight. 4. The need for monitoring the circulation with respect to arrhythmias, ischemia and/or hypotension has been emphasized. The authors wish to acknowledge their appreciation of many physicians, particularly Dr. Robert M. Levenson of the Seattle Cardiac Work Evaluation Clinic, and medical and graduate students who have assisted in the testing of patients and normals. The assistance of Mrs. Gladys Pettet is gratefully acknowledged also.
D branes in Landau-Ginzburg models and algebraic geometry

We study topological D-branes of type B in N = 2 Landau-Ginzburg models, focusing on the case where all vacua have a mass gap. In general, tree-level topological string theory in the presence of topological D-branes is described mathematically in terms of a triangulated category. For example, it has been argued that B-branes for an N = 2 sigma-model with a Calabi-Yau target space are described by the derived category of coherent sheaves on this space. M. Kontsevich previously proposed a candidate category for B-branes in N = 2 Landau-Ginzburg models, and our computations confirm this proposal. We also give a heuristic physical derivation of the proposal. Assuming its validity, we can completely describe the category of B-branes in an arbitrary massive Landau-Ginzburg model in terms of modules over a Clifford algebra. Assuming in addition Homological Mirror Symmetry, our results enable one to compute the Fukaya category for a large class of Fano varieties. We also provide a (somewhat trivial) counter-example to the hypothesis that given a closed string background there is a unique set of D-branes consistent with it.
Image Effects and Rational Inattention in Internet-Based Selling

The frequency of occurrence of certain price points in Internet-based selling is investigated in order to determine what drives the observed regularities and variations. Theories based on consumer perceptions of price and quality images, and on rational inattention to price-endings are explored by specifying and testing empirical models for price-endings using more than 1.5 million daily observations on multiple product categories sold by 90 Internet-based retailers collected over a two-year period. The results show that a firm's on-line reputation and relative price levels affect the price-endings chosen in different product categories, and that 9-ending prices increase consumer purchases. These findings support an image theory of store quality and price. The use of 9-ending prices varies across Internet selling formats in a way consistent with differences in the rational attentiveness these channels engender in consumers. This research on the role of information technology in price-setting provides insights for marketers who wish to optimize price-setting decisions in the competitive environment of Internet retailing.
Incentives for environmental self-regulation and implications for environmental performance

The increasing reliance of environmental policy on market-based incentives has led firms to shift from regulation-driven management approaches to proactive strategies involving the voluntary adoption of environmental management systems (EMSs). Count data and quantile regression analyses reveal that liability threats and pressures from consumers, investors and the public are motivating EMS adoption and that consumer pressures are particularly effective in increasing the comprehensiveness of EMSs of firms that would otherwise be adopting a limited EMS. We also find that a more comprehensive EMS leads to lower toxic emissions per unit output particularly for firms with higher pollution intensity in the past. EMSs result in reductions in both off-site transfers and on-site releases per unit output. Finally, we find that regulatory and market-based pressures do not have a direct impact on toxic releases but an indirect effect by encouraging institutional changes in the management of environmental concerns.
Bladder Irrigation with Amphotericin B for Treatment of Fungal Urinary Tract Infections

Fungal urinary tract infection has become a frequent clinical entity. Despite limited evaluation of its efficacy, bladder irrigation with amphotericin B has become the usual means of therapy for such infections. The outcome of treatment with amphotericin B bladder irrigation for an average of 5 days for 95 hospitalized patients with funguria (mean age, 75 years) during a 14-month period is presented. All patients who received treatment were identified from pharmacy records; those for whom urine culture results were obtained after treatment were studied. Fever and/or pyuria was identified in the majority of cases. Funguria was eradicated in 80% (confidence interval, 72%-88%). Concomitant diabetes mellitus or the previous use of indwelling bladder catheters did not alter response to treatment. The mortality rate following treatment of funguria was 39%, compared to 30.5% for a similar population during the same period. Amphotericin B bladder irrigation may not prove to be ideal therapy despite the fact that it initially eradicated funguria in the majority of subjects in this study.
A cache-friendly truncated FFT

We describe a cache-friendly version of van der Hoeven's truncated FFT and inverse truncated FFT, focusing on the case of 'large' coefficients, such as those arising in the Schonhage-Strassen algorithm for multiplication in Z[x]. We describe two implementations and examine their performance.
Effective Current Enhancement vs. Aspect Ratio for Rectangular Ridge Cathodes

Summary form given only. In this paper we develop a theoretical model for surface field enhancement and the field emission current obtained from ridged, or "knife-edge" cathodes. As an illustrative example, we consider rectangular cross-section ridges. We use a conformal mapping approach to transform the electric field above a Hat surface to the one surrounding the rectangular ridge. From the exact expression for E(x,y) we derive an analytical scaling law for the local field enhancement factor betaE = |E(x,y)|/Eavg vs. ridge height-to-width aspect ratio at the center and corner of the rectangular ridge. In addition, we calculate the effective enhancement factor, that one would infer from experimental measurements of field emission current versus cathode voltage. Using E(x,y) in the Fowler-Nordheim formula we obtain J(x,v) and numericallv integrate J(x.v) over the surface of the ridge. From Jtotal=A(betaeffEgap)2e(-betaeffEeff) we can find betaeff. Again, we determine the scaling of this eff versus ridge height-to-width aspect ratio and compare it to the scaling of E. Our model can be extended to calculate the field enhancement factor of a composite geometry with multiple protrusions.
In Vivo Application of Dynamic Hyaluronic Acid Material for Myocardial Infarction Therapy

Tissue-specific elasticity arises from developmental changes that occur in the environment over time, e.g. ∼10-fold myocardial stiffening from E3 to E10 in the chick embryo. Recently, we have shown that pre-cardiac mesodermal cells plated on top of a thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA) matrix engineered to mimic this time-dependent stiffening improves cardiomyocyte maturation compared to cells on static compliant matrices. Here we determined cell-matrix interactions using in vitro encapsulation assays and in vivo injections. Improved pre-cardiac and embryonic stem cell (ESC) distribution and viability was observed when cells were encapsulated and bound to immobilized, thiolated fibronectin conjugated to the HA matrix. Though not toxic to cells, we also assessed HA's local and systemic biocompatibility. Prior to assembly, HA was injected subcutaneously into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and samples were removed over a post-injection time course and subject to histological, immunological, and mechanical analysis. Histological analysis showed minimal infiltration of host cells and capsule formation around the matrix. Hematological analysis showed no significant systemic immune response was elicited in pre- vs. post-injection animals for all time points. Most importantly, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed dynamically increasing hydrogel stiffness over time similar to that previously found in vitro. HA was also injected into the hearts of healthy SD rats and subject to histological analysis over a post-injection time course. Though injection volume prevented mechanical measurement in the myocardium, hydrogel porosity increased, which we previously correlated with increased stiffness over time for subcutaneous injections. These in vitro data indicate that the combination of cells and developmentally appropriate matrix stiffness may significantly improve cell differentiation while in vivo data indicate the injectable feasibility of the HA matrix into the myocardium in future regenerative studies for treating heart failure post-myocardial infarction.
Synthesis of bis(indole) alkaloids from Arundo donax: the ynindole Diels-Alder reaction, conformational chirality, and absolute stereochemistry.

Bis(indole) alkaloids from Arundo donax were synthesized using the first ynindole Diels–Alder reaction. The alkaloids are chiral, having stable enantiomeric conformations with half-lives of racemization of t1/2=4150–25100 seconds at room temperature. Their absolute stereochemistry was determined using the exciton chirality method.
Where Do Women’s Jobs Come from? Job Resegregation in an American Bank

We derive a 4-step process of occupational sex segregation from a case study of restructuring in a large American bank. This change was occasioned by a restructuring initiative that created new positions. Through interviews with employees and direct observation of work in four geographic regions, we identify four factors that underlie the process of resegregation: Managers built gendered assumptions into the new jobs; employees responded to these cues and to the characteristics of the jobs; management made job assignments that were consistent with both their assumptions and employees’choices; and both managers and employees developed shared gender norms associated with the new positions.
Segregation during directional melting and its implications on seeded crystal growth: A theoretical analysis

Directional melting of binary systems, as encountered during seeding in melt growth, is analyzed for concurrent compositional changes at the crystal-melt interface. It is shown that steady state conditions cannot normally be reached during seeding and that the growth interface temperature at the initial stages of seeded growth is a function of backmelt conditions. The theoretical treatment is numerically applied to Hg1-xCdXTe and Ga-doped Ge.
Surprisingly Facile C-H Activation in the Course of Oxime-Directed Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroboration.

Deuterium-labeling studies carried out in conjunction with investigations into the directed catalytic asymmetric hydroboration of unsaturated oxime ethers reveal a surprisingly facile ortho-metallation or σ-bond metathesis pathway that diverts the expected course of CAHB to a tandem C–H activation/hydroboration reaction pathway.
Lattice analogues of N = 2 superconformal models via quantum-group truncation

Abstract We obtain lattice models whose continuum limits correspond to N = 2 superconformal coset models. This is done by taking the well-known vertex model whose continuum limit is the G×G/G conformal field theory, and twisting the transfer matrix and modifying the quantum-group truncation. We find that the natural order parameters of the new models are precisely the chiral primary fields. The integrable perturbations of the conformal field theory limit also have natural counterparts in the lattice formulation, and these can be incorporated into an affine quantum-group structure. The topological, twisted N = 2 superconformal models also have lattice analogues, and these emerge as an intermediate part of our analysis.
Quantum Backreaction through the Bohmian Particle

A novel solution to the quantum backreaction problem in a mixed quantum-classical simulation is provided using the Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics. The Bohmian backreaction is unique, computationally simple, features reaction channel branching, and easily gives the full classical limit. The Bohmian quantum-classical method is illustrated by application to a model of O2 interacting with a Pt surface.
Growth of equilibrium structures built from a large number of distinct component types

We use simple analytic arguments and lattice-based computer simulations to study the growth of structures made from a large number of distinct component types. Components possess ‘designed’ interactions, chosen to stabilize an equilibrium target structure in which each component type has a defined spatial position, as well as ‘undesigned’ interactions that allow components to bind in a compositionally-disordered way. We find that high-fidelity growth of the equilibrium target structure can happen in the presence of substantial attractive undesigned interactions, as long as the energy scale of the set of designed interactions is chosen appropriately. This observation may help explain why equilibrium DNA ‘brick’ structures self-assemble even if undesigned interactions are not suppressed [Ke et al. Science, 338, 1177, (2012)]. We also find that high-fidelity growth of the target structure is most probable when designed interactions are drawn from a distribution that is as narrow as possible. We use this result to suggest how to choose complementary DNA sequences in order to maximize the fidelity of multicomponent self-assembly mediated by DNA. We also comment on the prospect of growing macroscopic structures in this manner.
Matrix Perturbation for Structural Dynamic Analysis

The objective of the effort was to investigate methodologies to reduce the cost of evaluating changes in dynamic loads when small modifications are made in the structure. A matrix perturbation technique has been developed to calculate the dynamic responses of a structural system that has been modified from the original design. The calculation is based on the results of the original design and the assumption that the structural modification is small. The advantage of the method is an update of the dynamic response due to design changes without performing an entire analysis. This procedure can be used in a design load analysis cycle in which the structural design is subject to frequent changes. A sample problem is given to demonstrate the validity of the technique.
Progressive transformation of germinal centers: review of histopathologic and clinical features.

Background Although progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC) in lymph nodes was defined as an entity almost three decade ago, it is not well known to surgical and head and neck pathologists. PTGC may be mistaken for focal nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's Disease (NLPHD). Objective To review the histopathologic and clinical features of PTGC, and PTGC's relationship with lymphoid neoplasia in pediatric and adult populations. HISTOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES: PTGC occurs in 10-15% of enlarged lymph nodes with reactive follicular hyperplasia. PTGC is characterized as a nodule, which is three to five times the size of a typical reactive follicle, with mantle zone small B-cells infiltrating the residual germinal center. Epithelioid histiocytic clusters, immunoblasts, mononuclear cells, and eosinophils may also be present. Solitary or multiple nodules may be found. The immunophenotypes of both PTGC and NLPHD may be identical (CD45+, CD20+, CD15-, CD30-). The nodules in PTGC are relatively well defined, with those in NLPHD being more irregular. Clinical features PTGC occurs in children (20%, mean age 11 years) and adults (80%, mean age 28 years), with a male predominance (3:1). PTGC is associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in 30-35% of patients. PTGC may precede, follow, or be concurrent with HD. Recurrent PTGC is more common in children (50 vs. 23%). Cervical lymph nodes account for almost 50% of cases, with oral cavity involvement also reported. Conclusion PTGC occurs frequently in lymph nodes with reactive follicular hyperplasia, may resemble focal NLPHD, and has a nebulous association with NLPHD. PTGC is not considered a premalignant condition.
Integrated micro- and miniscale electromechanical systems with permanent-magnet servo-motors and VLSI drivers–controllers

Abstract The current trends in development and deployment of advanced micro- and miniscale electromechanical systems (MEMS) have facilitated the unified fundamental, applied, and experimental research activities in the analysis and design of state-of-the-art motion devices (rotational and translational electromechanical motion devices), integrated circuits (ICs), and controllers. The objectives of this paper are to design, develop, and compare different control algorithms for high-performance MEMS with permanent-magnet rotational servo-motors controlled by ICs (VLSI driver–controller is fabricated using CMOS technology). The problems to be solved are very challenging because a number of long-standing issues in design, hardware integration, control, nonlinear analysis, and robustness have to be solved. The major emphases of this paper are the analysis and design of robust servo-systems, as well as the comparison of the dynamic performance of closed-loop MEMS with different control algorithms. We synthesize, verify, and test proportional–integral, integral with state feedback extension, relay, and sliding mode controllers. It is illustrated that the sliding mode control laws drive the states and tracking error to the switching surface and maintain (keep) the states and tracking error within this nonlinear switching surface in spite of different references, disturbances, parameter variations, and uncertainties. That is, robust tracking, desired accuracy, and disturbance attenuation are achieved. We report the experimental setup which was built to perform the advanced studies of high-performance MEMS. The testbed was built to integrate permanent-magnet microscale servo-motor and ICs (driver–controller).
Chaos in a one-dimensional compressible flow

We study the dynamics of a one-dimensional discrete flow with open boundaries—a series of moving point particles connected by ideal springs. These particles flow towards an inlet at constant velocity, pass into a region where they are free to move according to their nearest neighbor interactions, and then pass an outlet where they travel with a sinusoidally varying velocity. As the amplitude of the outlet oscillations is increased, we find that the resident time of particles in the chamber follows a bifurcating (Feigenbaum) route to chaos. This irregular dynamics may be related to the complex behavior of many particle discrete flows or is possibly a low-dimensional analogue of nonstationary flow in continuous systems.
The maximum principle for minimal varieties of arbitrary codimension

We prove that an m-dimensional minimal variety in a Riemannian manifold cannot touch the boundary at a point where the sum of the smallest m principal curvatures is greater than 0. We also prove an analogous result for varieties with bounded mean curvature.
Palladium-catalyzed stereospecific carboalkoxylation of 1,2-difluoro-1-iodoalkenes and α,β-difluoro-β-iodostyrenes

(E)- and (Z)-1,2-Difluoro-1-iodoalkenes and (E)- and (Z)-α,β-difluoro-β-iodostyrenes give the corresponding esters in the presence of catalytic Cl2Pd(PPh3)2, alcohol, trialkylamine, and carbon monoxide (80–180 psi) under mild conditions in excellent yields with retention of configuration.
On the Structural Differences between Disk and Dwarf Galaxies

Gas-rich dwarf and disk galaxies overlap in numerous physical quantities, which makes their classification subjective. We report the discovery of a separation of dwarfs and disks into two unique sequences in the mass (luminosity) versus scale length plane. This provides an objective classification scheme for late-type galaxies that only requires optical or near-IR surface photometry of a galaxy. Since the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation for these samples produces a continuous relation between baryonic mass and rotational velocity, we conclude that the difference between dwarfs and disks must be due to their distribution of stellar light such that dwarfs are more diffuse than disk galaxies. This structural separation may be due to a primordial difference between low- and high-mass galaxies or produced by hierarchical mergers in which disks are built up from dwarfs. Structural differences between dwarf and disk galaxies may also be driven by the underlying kinematics, where the strong rotation in disks produces an axially symmetric object that undergoes highly efficient star formation in contrast to the more weakly rotating, more disordered motion of dwarfs that produces a diffuse, triaxial object with a history of inefficient star formation.