cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Evidence Supporting US Food and Drug Administration Approval of Otolaryngologic Prescription Drug Indications, 2005-2014:

ObjectiveThe US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves indications for prescription drugs based on premarket pivotal clinical studies designed to demonstrate safety and efficacy. We characteri...
One size does not fit all: Understanding user preferences for building automation systems

Abstract In recent years, technological advances have substantially extended the capabilities of automation systems in buildings. Despite the achieved advances, automation systems have not been widely adopted by building occupants. This paper presents our investigations on automation preferences of occupants for the control of lighting systems and appliances in residential buildings. A survey was carried out to determine how preferences for level of automation vary by contexts as well as individuals’ personalities and demographic characteristics. The contexts investigated in this study include rescheduling an energy consuming activity, activity-based appliance state control, and lighting control. The collected data from 250 respondents were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Our findings demonstrate that in all context no automation is the least preferred option. For rescheduling an energy consuming activity, an automation level with higher user participation is more preferred. For activity-based appliance state control and lighting control, levels of automation with lower user participation are more preferred. Our findings also indicate that income and education levels and also personality traits of agreeableness, neuroticism and openness to experience affect the preference of particular automation levels over the others. Findings from this study can be used in designing user-centered automation systems that lead to potentially more satisfying operation and hence, could enhance automation acceptability.
Art as a Tool in Science Communication

This piece explores the value of engaging the public in conversations about science and diversity. While painting a park bench with images that reflect diversity in science, strangers of all ages and walks of life approached to discuss the art and the meaning behind the design. Each conversation took on a life of its own, each one added a different colorful shade. The objective of this project was to create a public piece of art that would hopefully connect to passersby the importance of diversity in science. But by the end of the project it was clear that the process of painting, in a sea of curious strangers, can make a meaningful impact.Video essay
Privatization in an Era of Economic Crisis: Using Market-Based Policies to Remedy Market Failures

Prior to the 2008 global financial crisis, Chicago’s agenda to privatize public housing had begun its ascent. As over 20,000 residents relocated, 10 mixed-income housing developments started to rep...
Whom to Query?: Spatially-Blind Participatory Crowdsensing under Budget Constraints

The ubiquity of sensors has introduced a variety of new opportunities for data collection. In this paper, we attempt to answer the question: Given M workers in a spatial environment and N probing resources, where N
Holocene Glaciolacustrine Sedimentation in Muir Inlet and Ice Advance in Glacier Bay, Alaska, U.S.A.

Holocene ice advance in the West Arm of Glacier Bay, southeast Alaska, resulted in damming of a tributary, Muir Inlet. Glaciolacustrine sediments record two separate damming events, and radiocarbon dates place these at 2500 to 2000 and 1700 to 900 BP. A third advance is known to have culminated in deposition of an end moraine at the mouth of the Bay ca. 300 BP. Very sketchy evidence from the West Arm suggests initial advance may have begun there ca. 4500 BP. At the resolution afforded by geologic data, the three well-documented advances of the Glacier Bay Glacier are broadly synchronous with advances of the Brady Glacier and glaciers in the Wrangell-St. Elias mountains and Icy Bay Fiord. All of these advances appear to have resulted from climatic fluctuations in the coastal sector of southern Alaska. At least one fiord glacier in the region, Lituya Glacier, has advanced and retreated in a manner apparently independent of climate.
Indirect Imaging Using Virtualized Pattern Projection

The submission examines the role of illumination diversity in recovering shape, texture and motion of objects hidden from view. Focused spots incident on a scattering wall are used to spatially pattern the illumination within the hidden volume.
Evaluating unsupervised learning for natural language processing tasks

The development of unsupervised learning methods for natural language processing tasks has become an important and popular area of research. The primary advantage of these methods is that they do not require annotated data to learn a model. However, this advantage makes them difficult to evaluate against a manually labeled gold standard. Using unsupervised part-of-speech tagging as our case study, we discuss the reasons that render this evaluation paradigm unsuitable for the evaluation of unsupervised learning methods. Instead, we argue that the rarely used in-context evaluation is more appropriate and more informative, as it takes into account the way these methods are likely to be applied. Finally, bearing the issue of evaluation in mind, we propose directions for future work in unsupervised natural language processing.
Effects of continuous intracarotid infusion of dopamine during long-term hypoxia in awake goats.

Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) is the time-dependent increase in ventilation that occurs in mammals (including humans) during prolonged exposure to hypoxic environments. Goats acclimatize rapidly, reaching a ventilatory plateau within 4–6 hours of breathing hypoxic gas (Engwall & Bisgard, 1990). Evidence strongly suggests that VAH is caused by a time-dependent increase in carotid body (CB) sensitivity to hypoxia in goats (Nielsen et al, 1988). However, the mechanism for increased CB hypoxic sensitivity remains unknown.
Transactions Among Friends

This chapter addresses the inclusion of human behavioral aspects and implications of cognitive psychology and anthropology in decisions relating to the field of behavioral finance. It offers a broad literature review toward identifying opportunities for financial innovations that are based on the notion of friendship. This chapter also presents and discusses empirical results from two evidence-based studies, referencing 400 questionnaires answered by young adults. Principal results suggest that individuals assume different behaviors in transactions among friends rather than among strangers—friends agree about the price attributed to an asset, while strangers show the propensity to bargain. In addition, agents acting on behalf of a friend appear to devote more enforcement, even if they are not receiving any reward or are being monitored.
Entrectinib: an orally available, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of NTRK, ROS1, and ALK fusion-positive solid tumors.

Entrectinib is a potent small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets oncogenic rearrangements in NTRK, ROS1, and ALK. The consolidated results of 2 Phase I trials demonstrated activity in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-naive patients along with substantial intracranial activity. In ROS1-rearranged lung cancers, entrectinib results in durable disease control and prolonged progression-free survival. The drug is well tolerated and has a safety profile that includes adverse events mediated by on-target tropomyosin-related kinase A/B/C inhibition.
Prevalence and correlates of HIV testing and HIV-positive status in the US: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III)

We used the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III), a nationally representative sample of US adults (n = 34,653), to estimate the prevalence and correlates of HIV testing and HIV status. The diagnostic interview used was the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-5 Version. We found that in 2012-2013, the prevalence of a history of HIV testing was 53.0% among females and 47.0% among males. Among individuals tested, the prevalence of HIV was 1.06%, resulting in a known estimated prevalence of 0.54% in the full sample. In adjusted results, being non-white, aged 30-44, having college, being non-heterosexual, having history of unprotected sex or history of childhood sexual abuse and lower mental health-related quality of life increased the odds of having been tested, whereas being foreign-born, 45 years or older, family income ≥$20,000, being unemployed or a student, living in a rural setting and older age at first sex lowered those odds. Among those tested, being 30-64, being non-heterosexual, having history of unprotected sex or having a sexually transmitted disease in the last year was associated with greater odds of being HIV+. Having some college decreased those odds. In the adjusted results all psychiatric disorders were associated with increased rates of HIV testing, but only a lifetime history of drug use disorder and antisocial personality disorders were associated with HIV status among those tested. Despite CDC recommendations, only about half of US adults have ever been tested for HIV, interfering with efforts to eradicate HIV infection.
Physical Foundations of Mesoscale Continua

Assume that the physics on the microscale (interactions between atoms, molecules, defects in crystals…) is understood. What is the appropriate mesoscale continuum theory for the problem? What are the assumptions involved and how do they define the limitations of the continuum model? To answer these questions, we begin with the definition of mesoscale continuum kinematics from the microscale kinematics. The geometry of micro-structure (e.g., order vs. disorder) has a decisive role in defining the continuum kinematics. We thus arrive at three kinematic formulations: mass continuum, lattice continuum and granular continuum. Then, upon formulating the power balance, we use the principle of virtual power to arrive at a variety of mathematical formulations: simple continuum with moving boundaries, phase field formulation, and, a higher order, size-dependent continuum. The problems considered include: mixing of fluids and capillary flows, granular flow/deformation, and, polycrystalline diffusional/dislocation creep accompanied by dislocation plasticity.
Reconsidering Strategies for Managing Chronic Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Using Decision Analytics to Find the Optimal Strategy Between One-Stage and Two-Stage Total Knee Revision.

Background:Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total knee arthroplasty is a growing concern, as the demand for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) expands annually. Although 2-stage revision is considered the gold standard in management, there is substantial morbidity and mortality associated w
Duality in Finite Deformation Systems

In this chapter we shall select topics from finite deformation continuum mechanics and minimum surface type problems in differential geometry, and use them to illustrate a general duality theory for n-dimensional nonconvex finite deformation systems in which the geometrical mapping Λ is a nonlinear partial differential operator. The methods and ideas can certainly be generalized to many other problems.
Thoracic Endodermal Sinus Tumor with Root Compression Mimicking Guillain–Barre Syndrome in Clinical Presentation, CSF Studies, and EMG/NCV Findings

A 2-year-old boy who presented with clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and electrophysiological findings consistent with Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) was found to have a thoracic spinal cord mass due to a yolk sac tumor. On examination, he had an absent anal wink and flaccid anal ring which is atypical for GBS. This case demonstrates the need for a thorough physical examination on presentation of a child with a clinical and laboratory presentation of GBS and highlights the importance of prompt imaging studies when clinical suspicion arises because of atypical clinical signs, such as absent anal wink or low rectal tone.
Performance assessment of new-generation Fitbit technology in deriving sleep parameters and stages

We compared performance in deriving sleep variables by both Fitbit Charge 2™, which couples body movement (accelerometry) and heart rate variability (HRV) in combination with its proprietary interp...
ENZYMOLOGY, CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FAST ANALYZERS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the studies on enzymology, clinical chemistry, and the development of fast analyzers. All reactions during the experiments are monitored using a single stationary light beam and photomultiplier. A fluorometric optical system has been developed for the fast analyzer. A basic objective in the development of the fluorometric fast analyzer was to obtain the ability to measure certain solute concentrations over a broad concentration range from 10−12–10−5 mole/liter. A fluorescence optical system for fast analyzers was developed from discussions concerning instrumental parameters for fluorescence concentration measurements. The multiple-cuvet parallel feature of the fast analyzer should be useful to the enzyme kineticist in performing a series of several analyses to obtain enzyme kinetic parameters. The use of the small computer interfaced fast analyzer for the evaluation of kinetic enzyme parameters has been investigated at ORNL.
Moving Beyond the Keypress: As Technology Advances, so Should Psychology Response Time Measurements:

Decades of research in cognitive psychology have largely relied on simple key or button presses to quantify human behavior. While many valuable discoveries have been made, a richer response modalit...
Comparison of care process for newly diagnosed breast cancer in insured versus uninsured populations: Opportunities for improving health equity.

e18518Background: Initiatives enhancing equitable oncologic care are an increasingly emphasized priority. Our study aims to identify aspects of breast cancer (BC) care in which differences exist ba...
Density Matrix Diagonal-Block Lovas-Andai-type singular-value ratios for qubit-qudit separability/PPT probability analyses

An important variable in the 2017 analysis of Lovas and Andai, formally establishing the Hilbert-Schmidt separability probability conjectured by Slater of $\frac{29}{64}$ for the 9-dimensional convex set of two-rebit density matrices, was the ratio ($\varepsilon =\frac{\sigma_2}{\sigma_1}$) of the two singular values ($\sigma_1 \geq \sigma_2 \geq 0$) of $D_2^{\frac{1}{2}} D_1^{-\frac{1}{2}}$. There, $D_1$ and $D_2$ were the diagonal $2 \times 2$ blocks of a $4 \times 4$ two-rebit density matrix $\rho$. Working within the Lovas-Andai "separability function" ($\tilde{\chi}_d(\varepsilon)$) framework, Slater was able to verify further conjectures of Hilbert-Schmidt separability probabilities of $\frac{8}{33}$ and $\frac{26}{323}$ for the 15-dimensional and 26-dimensional convex sets of two-qubit and two-quater[nionic]-bit density matrices. Here, we investigate the behavior of the three singular value ratios of $V=D_2^{\frac{1}{2}} D_1^{-\frac{1}{2}}$, where now $D_1$ and $D_2$ are the $3 \times 3$ diagonal blocks of $6 \times 6$ rebit-retrit and qubit-qutrit density matrices randomly generated with respect to Hilbert-Schmidt measure. Further, we initiate a parallel study employing $8 \times 8$ density matrices. The motivation for this analysis is the conjectured relevance of these singular values in suitably extending $\tilde{\chi}_d(\varepsilon)$ to higher dimensional systems--an issue we also approach using certain novel numeric means. Section 3.3 of the 2017 A. Lovas doctoral dissertation (written in Hungarian) appears germane to such an investigation.
Effect of Graft Molecular Weight and Density on the Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystal Films

Polymer-grafted nanoparticle (PGN) films were prepared from polystyrene (PS) grafted to rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (MxG-CNC-g-PS) with a controllable grafting density (0.03–0.25 chains/nm2) and...
Effects of Environmental Variability on Focused Acoustic Fields

A number of experiments have demonstrated the ability to produce tightly focused acoustic fields in the ocean using time reversal mirrors. The resulting focal regions may serve as acoustic probes or communications sites. We will review the effects of various types of environmental variability on the quality of the focus. Among these are bathymetric variation and water column inhomogeneities that may result from internal waves, bubble clouds, fish schools, or water mass intrusions. We will give high resolution simulation results from the RAM code to illustrate and quantify the impact of environmental variability upon the focal region.
Indocin® (Merck Sharp & Dohme)

Indocin is a nonsteroidal drug with anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic properties. Its mode of action is not known, but it is known that indomethacin is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Indocin has been shown to be effective as an anti-inflammatory agent for long-term use in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. It affords relief of symptoms, but does not alter the progressive course of the underlying disease.
Preclinical Immunotoxicology Assessment of Cytokine Therapeutics

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews advances in the development of biological and nonbiological cytokine modulators and their use in human therapeutics. The various types of cytokine therapeutics as well as methodologies and approaches for assessing the multiplicity of potential toxicities of the immune system are reviewed. With an increased understanding of the biology of health and disease as well as the tools that were developed to gain this understanding, the possibility of using the body's own endogenous factors to treat disease and restore health is becoming popular. One potential target of this therapy is the group of factors collectively known as cytokines. Cytokines and their role in health and disease are described. The chapter examines the numerous experimental and clinical approaches that are designed to tap into the body's own healing power. It discusses the various types of toxicity that are associated with cytokine therapeutics and methodologies and approaches for assessing the multiplicity of potential toxicities to the immune system, describes in detail the modulation of cytokine activity as a therapeutic modality, examines clinical toxicity associated with the modulation of cytokine activity, immunotoxicology assessment of cytokine therapeutics, and reviews techniques and approaches used for preclinical immunotoxicology assessment.
A comparison of BDDs, BMC, and sequential SAT for model checking

BDD-based model checking and bounded model checking (BMC) are the main techniques currently used in formal verification. In general, there are robustness issues in SAT-based versus BDD-based model checking. The research reported in this paper attempts to analyze the asymptotic run-time behavior of modern BDD-based and SAT based techniques for model checking to determine the circuit characteristics which lead to worst-case behavior in these approaches. We show evidence for a run-time characterization based on sequential correlation and clause density. We demonstrate that it is possible to predict the worst-case behavior of BMC based on these characterizations. This leads to some interesting insights into the behavior of these techniques on a variety of example circuits.
Nonlinear dynamic output feedback stabilization of electrostatically actuated MEMS

Operating regions of electrostatically-actuated microelectromechanical systems are limited by a bifurcation phenomenon called "snap-through" or "pull-in". It is known that charge feedback control can be employed to avoid this bifurcation. The performance of such controllers may be poor, especially if the natural damping of the system is very low or very high. This paper discusses two possible feedback control strategies that eliminate snap-through as well as improve performance. A serious drawback of these control laws is that they require the measurement of the device velocity. A reduced order observer is presented to overcome this. The observer is based on well known nonlinear observer design techniques, and can be assigned arbitrary linear error dynamics.
The double-stranded RNA genome of yeast virus L-A encodes its own putative RNA polymerase by fusing two open reading frames.

Abstract The L-A double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes its major coat protein (80 kDa) and a minor single-stranded RNA binding protein (180 kDa) that has immunological cross-reactivity with the major coat protein. The sequence of L-A cDNA clones revealed two open reading frames (ORF), ORF1 and ORF2. These two reading frames overlap by 130 base pairs and ORF2 is in the -1 reading frame with respect to ORF1. Although the major coat protein of the viral particles is encoded by ORF1, the 180-kDa protein is derived from the entire double-stranded RNA genome by fusing ORF1 and ORF2, probably by a -1 translational frameshift. Within the overlapping region is a sequence similar to that producing a -1 frameshift by "simultaneous slippage" in retroviruses. The coding sequence of ORF2 shows a pattern characteristic of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of icosahedral (+)-strand RNA viruses. Thus, the 180-kDa protein is analogous to gag-pol fusion proteins.
Using outcome based learning assessment to evaluate and improve the hands-on networking course

This study compares the effectiveness of student learning between a hands-on lab-based course and a lecture-only course on computer networking using a learning outcome-based assessment tool. Learning outcome measurements included pre- and post- tests. The research suggests the data collected from assessment can provide insight into the degree of student achievement across these two instructional methods.
Self-assembly of MEMS components in air assisted by diaphragm agitation

We present a fast and high yield self assembly process in air for submillimeter components, including released MEMS chips. Components are agitated on a vibrating diaphragm and captured on a substrate with downward facing binding sites. Low drag force in air, high capillary force at the air/liquid interface, and fast recycling of components contribute to high performance. In addition, we investigate the quantitative relationship between process parameters and assembly performance. Energy transfer from agitation source to components is measured and characterized; yield ratios and self-correcting processes for various applied energies are obtained from experimental results. The assembly rate and yield ratio are controlled by the driving signal and reach up to 0.125 components/sec-site and 93%, respectively. The process has been applied successfully to the assembly of MEMS chips with released comb drives.
Syntax and Downstep in Japanese

Two distinct phenomena of Japanese sentence tonology appear to depend on surface syntactic structure. The first is Downstep, a change in pitch register which is manifested as a marked lowering in the stretch of an utterance following an accented syllable. The second is Initial Lowering, a rise to the second mora of a word, ascribed to the presence of a High tone on that second mora preceded by a Low tone at the word edge. (The characterizations we give of these two well-known phenomena are due to Poser (1984), Beckman and Pierrehumbert (1986) and Pierrehumbert and Beckman (1988), hereafter PPB when referred to together.) That the downstepping of a syllable is a function — direct or indirect — of the syntactic relation between the word containing it and a preceding accented word can be illustrated simply by comparing the representations in (1) and (2). The two sentences contain identical sequences of accented lexical items. These words are organized into different surface phrase structures, and the pattern of Downstep differs accordingly.
A student's view of the ABET 2000 criteria

In August 1999 Georgia Tech will convert from the quarter to the semester calendar. This change has resulted in each engineering school having to overhaul its curricula in the process of revising every course. At the same time these curricula were prepared under the new accreditation requirements of Criteria 2000. This process involved conflicting viewpoints and interests and some confusion over the meaning of some of the ABET criteria. The process culminated with the submission of the new curricula to the faculty for approval and an on-site visit from an ABET team. In reporting the actions of the curriculum committee to fellow students the author has discovered that the feelings of the majority of undergraduate students largely parallel his own. Through informal talks and with surveys of students representing students inside and outside the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering he has found that most of the changes found in Criteria 2000 are welcomed by the majority of the students. However, some of the criteria are not as broadly supported and are not perceived to be as important as a part of a college engineering education. These aspects are seen by many as being the responsibility of the individual or of his or her future employer. Examples of these "lesser" criteria are the recognition for the need of lifelong learning and a knowledge of contemporary issues. On some of the criteria it could be that it is more of a mis-perception of the purpose behind the criterion while for others this is not the case.
Some properties of (C,E,P)-algebras : Overgneration and 0-order estimates

We give a new definition of the so-called overgenerated rings, which are the usual tool used to define the asymptotic structure of a (C,E,P)-algebra, written as a factor space M_{(A,E,P)}/N_{(I_{A},E,P)}. With this new definition and in the particular case of E=C^{∞}, we show that a moderate element i.e. in M_{(A,E,P)} is negligible if and only if it satisfies the C⁰-order estimate for the ideal N_{(I_{A},E,P)}.
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Valve Structure and Function in Patients Followed for at Least 6 Months After Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Although beneficial results have been reported immediately after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty, little information is available concerning the longer-term outcome of this procedure. The anatomic and functional results of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty were assessed in 20 patients, in whom two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examination could be obtained both immediately and 6 to 11 months (mean 7.5 ± 2.0) after balloon dilation. Mean valve area measured by planimetry decreased slightly but significantly from 1.90 ± 0.59 cm2immediately after valvuloplasty to 1.62 ± 0.55 cm2(p 25%. Echocardiographic scores of valvular morphology were obtained by assigning scores of 0 to 4 (with increasing abnormality) to each of four morphologic characteristics of the valve, namely, leaflet mobility, thickening, calcification and subvalvular thickening. This score was higher in the four patients with a decrease in valve area >25% at follow-up than in the other patients (11 ± 2 versus 7 ± 2, p Multiple regression analysis of several hemodynamic and echocardiographic factors identify first the echocardiographic score and second the valve area postvalvuloplasty as the only significant predictors of the percent decrease in valve area (r = 0.70, p Thus, 6 to 11 months after balloon mitral valvuloplasty, mean mitral valve area decreases slightly. Individual changes in valve area, however, are variable. Valvular morphology assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography may be useful for identifying those patients who have an increased likelihood of developing valvular restenosis.
Observing Crystallization Molecule-By-Molecule Using Exciton Transfer/Emission Spectroscopy

A method for observing crystallization molecule-by-molecule is presented. The method is based on the properties of exciton transfer and emission spectroscopy, as established by several research groups during the sixties. The discussion centers on benzophenone (BZP) crystallization, although the ideas can be adapted to other molecular systems. It is the purpose here to pose a timely, relatively inexpensive way to monitor crystallization on an Angstrom scale.
Seasonal cycles of particle and solute transport processes in nearshore sediments: 222Rn226Ra and 234Th238U disequilibrium at a site in Buzzards Bay, MA

Radiochemical measurements leading to the estimation of particle mixing rates and irrigation rates in the sediments of a site in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, have been made over two nearly full seasonal cycles. Both particle mixing and sediment irrigation show significant seasonal variability at this site; the variability is consistent with biologically driven transport mechanisms. 234Th238U disequilibrium measurements were used to estimate particle mixing rates: based on three cores taken from December through March and four taken from June through October, a cold-season average mixing rate of 5.6 cm2/yr and a warm-season average rate of 17 cm2/yr were found. Excess 234Th inventories in the upper 5 cm of the sediments also varied seasonally, with a cold-season average value of 1.8 dpm/cm2, significantly less than both the warm-season value of 3.4 dpm/cm2 and the predicted average value for Buzzards Bay (≈3 dpm/cm2). 222Rn226Ra disequilibrium in sediment pore waters was used to estimate sediment irrigation. Based on a total of seven cores, three seasonal groupings of results were made: (1) December through March, when 222Rn deficits could be explained by vertical molecular diffusion alone, (2) early summer (June), when irrigation was important to at least 20 cm, the maximum depth of the sampled region, and (3) early fall, when irrigation was important to about 10 cm. A nonlocal exchange/vertical molecular diffusion model (Emersonet al., 1984) was used to obtain quantitative estimates of irrigation rates; when the exchange parameter was allowed to vary exponentially with depth below the sediment-water interface, model Rn deficit profiles fit measured profiles quite well.
Unique “Cradled Barbell” Complex between a Secondary Diammonium Ion and Bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10

The complexation between N,N‘-dibenzyl(m-xylylene)diammonium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (2) and bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10 (5) was shown to occur in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance with 1:1 stoichiometry and a Ka value of 189 ± 19 M-1. A crystal structure of 2:5 revealed a unique 1:1 “exo” or “cradled barbell” complex, instead of the expected pseudorotaxane. This unexpected result illustrates that caution be used in interpreting the results from these types of complexes in the solution and “gas” phases on the basis of crystal structures.
Theory of Long-Range Interatomic Forces. I. Dispersion Energies between Unexcited Atoms

A general theory of second-order dispersion forces between atoms in nondegenerate ground states is first developed by using an irreducible tensor formalism and the theory of angular momentum. This forms the basis for calculations of forces between excited systems, which are the subject of later publications. Attention is given to the interaction of two noble gas atoms where it is assumed that each electron oscillates with simple harmonic motion, and the interaction between two alkali atoms is calculated by considering the electrons to be moving in a Coulomb field. The dominant terms of the dispersion energy between a number of atoms and molecules are tabulated. The results indicate that the hitherto neglected dipole-octupole contributions are in many cases larger than the quadrupole-quadrupole terms.
Omega-3 in SLE: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of endothelial dysfunction and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus

Accelerated atherosclerosis remains a major cause of death in late systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Omega-3 has been reported to have benefit for endothelial dysfunction, one of the earliest stages of atherosclerosis, and to reduce disease activity in SLE. We performed a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial to examine the effect of Omega-3 on endothelial function, disease activity, inflammatory markers and lipids in SLE. SLE patients (n = 85, mean age 47, 55 % Caucasian, 38 % African-American, 94 % female) were randomly assigned to 3 g of Omega-3 (Lovaza, GSK) versus placebo for 12 weeks. Endothelial function was measured at baseline and at 12 weeks using flow-mediated dilation, calculated using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound of the brachial artery diameter in response to vasoactive stimuli (hyperemia). Disease activity was measured using the physician global assessment and SELENA-SLEDAI score. Inflammatory markers (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, IL-6) and fasting lipid profile were done at baseline and 12-week follow-up. There was no difference between the treatment groups with respect to changes in flow-mediated dilation parameters or disease activity. An average increase in LDL cholesterol of 3.11 mg/dL (±21.99) was found with Omega-3 versus a decrease of 1.87 mg/dL (±18.29) with placebo (p = 0.0266). In this trial, Omega-3 did not improve endothelial function, disease activity, nor reduce inflammatory markers in SLE. Longer trials might be required if there are delayed clinical effects. There was evidence that Omega-3 may increase LDL cholesterol, but not the LDL/HDL ratio.
Adaptive radiosity textures for bidirectional ray tracing

We present a rendering method designed to provide accurate, general simulation of global illumination for realistic image synthesis. Separating surface interaction into diffuse plus specular, we compute the specular component on the fly, as in ray tracing, and store the diffuse component (the radiosity) for later-reuse, similar to a radiosity algorithm. Radiosities are stored in adaptive radiosity textures (rexes)1 that record the pattern of light and shadow on every diffuse surface in the scene. They adaptively subdivide themselves to the appropriate level of detail for the picture being made, resolving sharp shadow edges automatically.We use a three-pass, bidirectional ray tracing algorithm that traces rays from both the lights and the eye. The "size pass" records visibility information on diffuse surfaces; the "light pass" progressively traces rays from lights and bright surfaces to deposit photons on diffuse surfaces to construct the radiosity textures; and the "eye pass" traces rays from the eye, collecting light from diffuse surfaces to make a picture.
Survival curves and incidence of neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease in SENCAR mice

The survival curves and the incidence of spontaneous diseases were studied in a population of SENCAR mice, a stock derived by a selected breeding protocol for enhanced susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis in the skin. SENCAR mice proved to be as long-lived as other mouse strains or stocks, including one of their parental lines, Charles River CD-1. The most frequently occurring neoplasias in SENCAR mice were lymphoma, myeloid leukemia and reticulum cell sarcoma. Other frequently occurring neoplastic diseases included lung adenomas and carcinoma and mammary gland carcinoma. However, the incidence of these tumors was not higher than the incidence in CD-1 mice or other mouse strains or stocks. A variety of non-neoplastic diseases, both inflammatory and degenerative, were also observed in old mice. The most common were liver, spleen and kidney amyloidosis, pyelonephritis and papillary necrosis. These data indicate that selective breeding for susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis has not produced a concomitant increase in the incidence of spontaneous neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease.
Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions

Politicians routinely appeal to the emotions of voters, a practice critics claim subverts the rational decision making on which democratic processes properly rest. But we know little about how emotional appeals actually influence voting behavior. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that political ads can change the way citizens get involved and make choices simply by using images and music to evoke emotions. Prior research suggests voters behave differently in different emotional states but has not established whether politicians can use campaigns to manipulate emotions and thereby cause changes in political behavior. This article uses two experiments conducted during an actual election to show that: (1) cueing enthusiasm motivates participation and activates existing loyalties; and (2) cueing fear stimulates vigilance, increases reliance on contemporary evaluations, and facilitates persuasion. These results suggest campaigns achieve their goals in part by appealing to emotions, and emotional appeals can promote democratically desirable behavior.
A recirculating CCD with novel input and output structures

A recirculating racetrack CCD, 150 bits in circumference has been fabricated utilizing new high speed methods for inputting and outputting charge through the side of CCD's. These techniques use combined, simultaneous serial and parallel charge transfer; and have no detrimental effect upon the CCD transfer efficiency. Since charge may be clocked around the racetrack many times, this CCD facilitates highly accurate transfer efficiency measurements. Typical transfer efficiency measured at 1 MHz after 4800 transfers is 0.99986. No performance degradation due to the input or output structures is observed.
Regularity estimates for elliptic boundary value problems in Besov spaces

We consider the Dirichlet problem for Poisson's equation on a nonconvex plane polygonal domain Ω. New regularity estimates for its solution in terms of Besov and Sobolev norms of fractional order are proved. The analysis is based on new interpolation results and multilevel representations of norms on Sobolev and Besov spaces. The results can be extended to a large class of elliptic boundary value problems. Some new sharp finite element error estimates are deduced.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRON PROBE ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL CATION ACCUMULATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE

The contractile responses to barium and the ultrastructure and ionic composition of mitochondria were studied in vascular smooth muscle. In normal rabbit portal anterior mesenteric vein (PAMV) and main pulmonary artery (MPA) smooth muscle mitochondria were frequently associated with the surface vesicles. The average distance between the outer mitochondrial and inner surface vesicle membrane was 4-5 nm. Ba contractures of MPA were tonic and of PAMV were phasic. Incubation of MPA and PAMV with Ba resulted in the accumulation of mitochondrial granules, followed in the MPA by massive mitochondrial swelling. Oligomycin and anoxia inhibited the appearance of mitochondrial electron-opaque granules and prevented the Ba-induced mitochondrial swelling in the MPA. Electron probe analysis of mitochondria in PAMV incubated with Ba and containing granules showed characteristic Ba signals over the mitochondria. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis also showed a highly significant (P < 0.001) correlation of P with mitochondrial Ba, in an estimated elemental ratio of approximately 3 Ba/4 P. Mitochondrial granules were still prominent after block staining of the osmium-fixed, Ba-loaded PAMV, but electron probe microanalysis showed no Ba, but only U, emissions. Tissues incubated with strontium had electron-opaque mitochondrial granules and deposits in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. X-ray microanalysis of mitochondria containing granules showed the presence of characteristic Sr and Ca emissions. The presence of Sr was similarly verified in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These findings indicate the energy dependent uptake of divalent cations, in association with phosphate, by mitochondria in vascular smooth muscle in situ and the possibility that mitochondria may contribute to the regulation of intracellular divalent cation levels in smooth muscle.
Continuous Flow Method for Rapid Measurement of Soil Hydraulic Properties

Soil hydraulic properties are important in many vadose zone processes, but the measurement of these properties is usually tedious and often difficult. We describe a continuous flow method that allows very rapid and accurate measurement of hydraulic conductivity, K ( h ), and moisture retention, θ( h ), functions including hysteresis. The experimental design described here employs simultaneous tensiometry and water flow measurements that are easily automated. The design provides a highly versatile approach to controlling draining and/or wetting rates. The analysis uses a combination of direct Darcian analysis and numerical inversion of Richards9 equation for estimation of the hydraulic properties. This combination allows for estimation of wetting and/or draining K ( h ) and θ( h ) over the entire tensiometer range of measurement, while retaining the physical significance of the hydraulic parameter estimates. Estimation of K ( h ) and θ( h ) to lower soil water pressures can be accomplished by supplying the inverse analysis with an independently measured water content such as θ(1.5 MPa). The key to applying the inverse analysis to variably saturated conditions unambiguously is identification of the air-entry pressure of the draining soil. We show how the air-entry pressure can be identified from an inflection in the soil water pressure and changes in drainage flux. The air entry identification is verified by measurement of the soil air pressure. The continuous flow approach is applied successfully to a variety of soil textures and structures. The effects of drainage rate and range of measurement are also demonstrated and discussed.
Diminishing Sea Ice in the Arctic Presents Challenges and Opportunities

With ice diminishing in the Arctic—and with a nearly ice-free summer Arctic Ocean predicted by 2050 if not sooner—the dramatic and fast-paced changes in the region present significant challenges as well as opportunities, according to experts and politicians at the 5th Symposium on the Impacts of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Marine Operations, held in Washington, D. C., on 16–18 July. Among the challenges addressed at the symposium—which was hosted by the U.S. National Ice Center and the U.S. Arctic Research Commission—are preparing for dramatic environmental changes; balancing environmental protection with energy production, mineral extraction, and other industrial uses; meeting an increasing need for scientific research to better understand the region; and dealing with an increasing amount of northern maritime traffic.
Editorial: Sharing Some Goals

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® has a six-decade history of excellence in orthopaedic publishing. Three legitimate orthopaedic greats – Anthony DePalma, Marshall Urist, and Carl T. Brighton – shaped the journal’s early history. Many more hands are writing CORR’s modern history, including those of the authors who submit manuscripts, the thousands of reviewers and talented editors who make those articles as helpful as possible, and our recently retired Editor-in-Chief, Richard A. Brand MD, who articulated extraordinary standards, then exceeded them. Surgeons and scientists alike recognize Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® as the source for the high-quality literature that enables us to perform our jobs better. Researchers cited articles from CORR® nearly 30,000 times in 2010 [2], and the journal ranks at or near the top of the list of orthopaedic journals for relevance and impact according to any of a number of key metrics [1], including Eigenfactor, Article Influence Score, Content Factor [1], and others. Even so, the time of an editorial transition is an opportunity to articulate some goals going forward: We will favor research that helps surgeons take better care of patients, and we will use features and columns to make more of the world of orthopaedics interesting to a larger number of readers. Many of these are coming in the months ahead; in this issue, we introduce three: Editor’s Spotlight/Take Five “Editor’s Spotlight” is a monthly feature in which we identify a manuscript of particular interest and offer a brief analysis focusing on why the paper should be of interest even outside the subspecialty. In “Take Five,” we interview an author of the Editor’s Spotlight selection to help us delve a little deeper into the work and the process of discovery. Not The Last Word This column explores current pressing issues in our specialty, and will end with several viewpoints on the opinions expressed in the column by other experts on the topic in question. Medicolegal Sidebar This section covers the complexities that arise when the worlds of medicine and jurisprudence intersect. We will cast the widest possible net in terms of bringing our specialty to readers. With the goal of attracting submissions from specialties that have, historically, been underrepresented, we have empanelled a world-class roster of Senior Editors from diverse backgrounds, and are in the process of rounding out our team of Deputy Editors to represent the full breadth of our specialty. We will examine and streamline every possible facet of peer review to make it easier to submit manuscripts to CORR®, to make the process more efficient for authors, and to get the most current information into the hands of readers as quickly as possible. Going forward, I see my role here as serving orthopaedic surgeons, musculoskeletal scientists, and our patients. I hope you will help me do this better by sharing your thoughts about CORR’s content and approaches with me, both candidly and frequently.