cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation-based microstructural optimization of solid oxide fuel cell for low temperature operation

Abstract Despite immense potential, the widespread application of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is hindered by high operating temperatures. Successfully tailoring the microstructures of SOFC electrodes can offset adverse effects of lowering operating temperatures. Our previous work considered functionally graded anode, however, further investigation needs to be done on the cell level optimization of SOFCs considering both anode and cathode to lower cell operating temperature. In this paper, a complete cell level multi-scale polarization model has been developed assuming the electrode particles to be randomly packed spheres. Micro- and macro-models are developed separately and then integrated to establish a cell level model. Suzuki's model is adopted for micro-modeling with ionic-electronic particle size ratio limited from 0.1547 to 6.646. The results of this modeling work closely match the referenced literature. Simulation results show that the performance of SOFCs can be improved with tailored microstructures. The power output of SOFC with nonlinearly graded electrodes shows 28% improvement compared to SOFC with linearly graded electrodes. Moreover, the combination of nonlinear particle-size- and porosity-graded electrodes enable SOFCs to operate at a reduced temperature (as low as 873 K) while maintaining the performance at high temperature of 1273 K.
Translation and Theories

I remarked in Chapter I that the fact of a multiplicity of languages raises the question of the extent to which languages are effectively intertranslatable. Since some philosophers, notably Quine, have argued for severe limitations in principle on the enterprise of translation, I concluded that an adequate theory of linguistic representation needed to address itself to the question of the limits of interlinguistic translation. I shall begin this chapter with an investigation of that question and, in particular, of Quine’s arguments.
Architecture selection for deployable local area networks

Considerations for the selection of deployable local area networks (LANs) for use in a tactical environment are discussed. These considerations include the LAN components. LAN standards, and LAN performance issues. Recommendations for deployed users are presented, covering standards, future growth, fiber optics, topology and protocols, and the need for designing the system 'smart' from the beginning. >
Treatment with Auranofin Induces Oxidative and Lethal Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Exerting Single Agent Activity Against Primary CLL Cells

Abstract 929 Auranofin (AF) (Ridaura®) is an oral, FDA-approved, lipophilic, gold-containing compound used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, based upon its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. In the present studies, we determined for the first time the lethal activity of AF (250 to 1000 nM) and its underlying mechanism(s) in CD19+ primary CLL cells, including those with del(17p13.1). We demonstrate that treatment with AF induced 20 to 40% increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (assessed by flow cytometry), decrease in thioredoxin reductase (TRR) activity (mean reduction of 45%) without alteration in the expression of TRR, as determined in the AF treated cell lysates of CLL cells. AF treatment also increased the levels of thioredoxin binding protein 2. These findings were associated with induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activity marked by substantial increase in hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. Thus, AF treatment perturbed the redox status in CLL cells. Consistent with increased levels of intracellular ROS, AF treatment also induced the markers of ER stress response including the induction of GRP78 and a sustained increase in the levels of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP (CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein). This was associated with induction of the levels of the pro-death BH3 only domain protein BIM, which is a known mediator of lethal ER stress. Exposure to 1000 nM AF induced significantly more apoptosis (range 40 to 60%) in primary CLL cells, as compared to CD19+ normal B cells and CD34+ human cord blood and bone marrow progenitor cells ( Disclosures: Reyes: Millennium, Sanofi Aventis: Consultancy.
Requirement of Transferrin for Iron-Induced Hepcidin Expression in the Zebrafish.

The zebrafish mutant gavi was identified in a large-scale chemical mutagenesis screen for embryonic anemia. Two alleles were discovered: gavi HE067 and gavi IT029 , both of which have a homozygous recessive pattern of inheritance. The gavi mutants developed severe hypochromic anemia at 48 hours post-fertilization and died by 14 days post-fertilization. To determine the cause of the hypochromic anemia, low resolution genetic mapping was performed which revealed transferrin as a candidate gene. Sequencing of transferrin cDNA from the mutants confirmed that each allele of gavi harbors a mutation that results in aberrant splicing, while quantitative realtime RT-PCR demonstrated virtually absent transferrin expression in the mutants. Our previous work demonstrated that expression of hepcidin , an iron regulatory gene, is upregulated 18 hours following iron dextran injection of the zebrafish embryo. This effect was not impaired by a defect in ferroportin1 (Fraenkel et al. , (2005) J Clin Invest115:1532–1541), an iron exporter and ligand for hepcidin. To evaluate the effects of iron loading on transferrin-deficient mutants, gavi IT029 homozygotes at 48 hours post-fertilization were either anesthetized and injected with iron dextran, or anesthetized but not injected. Transferrin expression was assayed 18 hours post-treatment. gavi IT029 homozygote embryos exhibited low levels of hepcidin expression that failed to increase following iron injection. These findings provide the first evidence to support the hypothesis that transferrin is required for the induction of hepcidin expression in response to iron loading in vivo .
Myocardial Ischemia in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Retrospective Review

Introduction: On an autopsy study of 306 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), cardiovascular disease is observed in 58% of patients and myocardial microinfarcts were noted in 20% of patients. Previously data from our center indicates that approximately 13% (3/22) patients demonstrated cardiac microvascular disease in steady state. However, the incidence of myocardial ischemic injury in patients with SCD presenting with chest pain remains largely undefined. Methods: We conducted a single institution retrospective chart review from September 2009 through September 2014 to evaluate the incidence of elevated troponin-I (normal Results: A total of 25 (10 female, 15 male) of the 352 (7%) of patients followed at the Ohio State Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center had troponin elevation over a 5 year period. They had a total of thirty-eight individual encounters with troponin elevations (range: 0.11-12.17) [72% patients with 1 elevation, 28% patients multiple troponin elevations) (range: 1-4 incidences)]. The median age at the time of troponin elevation was 36 (Range: 20.5-66 yrs). Troponin elevation was observed in patients of all genotypes (76% SS; 4% SBeta+; 20% SC). 6/25 (25%) of patients with troponin elevation in the past five years are now deceased. Thirteen patients (52%) had acute chest syndrome and ten patients (40%) had acute kidney injury at the time of troponin elevation. The degree of troponin elevation was not associated with concurrent acute chest syndrome, concurrent acute kidney injury or mortality. At the encounter level, median troponin at diagnosis was 0.3 (range: 0.11-12.2) and the median peak troponin was 0.4 (range: 0.11-38.1),. The median value of TR jet velocity at baseline was 2.8 (range: 1.1-3.7) (n=23) and the median TR jet velocity at the time of elevation was 3.0 (range: 1.7-4.6) (n=28). Median baseline hemoglobin was 8 (range: 4.5-12.6) and median hemoglobin at encounter was 7.5 (range: 4.3-12.5), resulting in a median change in hemoglobin of -0.4 (range: -6.2 - 2.5). Four of 10 MRI obtained at the time of troponin elevation showed myocardial ischemia and 3/10 patients showed late gadolinium enhancement indicating myocardial injury. Conclusion: Patients with SCD presenting with chest pain have myocardial ischemia and infarctions as demonstrated in our population by both troponin elevation and cardiac imaging. While, the long term implications of this finding are currently being studied in a multi-centered prospective study, further cardiac evaluations should be considered in patients with SCD presenting with chest pain. Disclosures Desai:Pfizer: Consultancy. Cataland:Ablynx: Consultancy. Raman:Siemens: Consultancy.
Community Standards of Deception

The moral prohibition of deception rests on the assumption that deception robs individuals of their autonomy and their right to truth (Kant, 1785; Bacon, 1872, Bok, 1978). For example, Immanuel Kant proclaimed that lying “annihilates a man’s dignity” because lying interferes with individuals’ freedom and ability to make rational decisions (Kant, 1785). Similarly, modern philosophers proclaim that deception is only ethical when it upholds the principle of autonomy: the only lies that are ethical are the ones that can be “openly debated and consented to in advance” (Bok, 1978: p. 181). This justification for truth telling presumes that people intrinsically value truth and would only consent to deception in rare circumstances. Individuals, however, frequently choose to avoid information and eschew truth (see Sweeny, Melnyk, Miller, & Shepperd, 2010 for a review). In fact, people are often complicit in others’ attempts to deceive them. Individuals routinely avoid spoiling surprises and accept false compliments, even when they suspect deceit. Many individuals also avoid learning about negative news that they cannot control (e.g., Yaniv, Benador, & Sagi, 2004). Existing research on deception has failed to consider when and why people want to be deceived and how this affects the moral judgment and use of deception. In the present investigation, I integrate research on moral psychology, information avoidance, and behavioral ethics to unearth community standards of deception. Rather than assuming that most people value honesty as a rule and that deception is a rare exception, I assume that people have numerous, systematic rules that govern judgments of and preferences for deception. Using inductive surveys and a series of experiments, I document the implicit rules of deception. People believe that deception is ethical and prefer to be deceived when honesty causes unnecessary harm. Perceptions of “unnecessary harm” are driven by the potential for honesty to injure a target in the short-run and the potential for honesty to meaningfully benefit a target in the long-run. I consider how the timing, content, context, and target of a lie (or truth) influence perceptions of unnecessary harm, and consequently, influence judgments of and preferences for deception. Just as Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler’s (1986) foundational work on community standards of fairness overturned the assumption that individuals universally value self-interest, and demonstrated that concerns about fairness place systematic, rather than anomalous, constraints on market behavior, the present research challenges the assumption that people universally value truth, and demonstrates that concerns about unnecessary harm place systematic constraints on honest communication. This research provides insight into how individuals value honesty – and deception - for making moral judgments, for learning information about themselves, and for communicating with others in both their personal and professional lives.
Acute pressure changes in the brain are correlated with MR elastography stiffness measurements: initial feasibility in an in vivo large animal model

Purpose The homeostasis of intracranial pressure (ICP) is of paramount importance for maintaining normal brain function. A noninvasive technique capable of making direct measurements of ICP currently does not exist. MR elastography (MRE) is capable of noninvasively measuring brain tissue stiffness in vivo, and may act as a surrogate to measure ICP. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of changing ICP on brain stiffness using MRE in a swine model. Methods Baseline MRE measurements were obtained, and then catheters were surgically placed into the left and right lateral ventricles of three animals. ICP was systematically increased over the range of 0 to 55 millimeters mercury (mmHg), and stiffness measurements were made using brain MRE at vibration frequencies of 60 hertz (Hz), 90 Hz, 120 Hz, and 150 Hz. Results A significant linear correlation between stiffness and ICP in the cross-subject comparison was observed for all tested vibrational frequencies (P ≤ 0.01). The 120 Hz (0.030 ± 0.004 kilopascal (kPa)/mmHg, P < 0.0001) and 150 Hz (0.031 ± 0.008 kPa/mmHg, P = 0.01) vibrational frequencies had nearly identical slopes, which were approximately two- to three-fold higher than the 90 Hz (0.017 ± 0.002 kPa/mmHg, P < 0.0001) and 60 Hz (0.009 ± 0.002 kPa/mmHg, P = 0.001) slopes, respectively. Conclusion In this study, MRE demonstrated the potential for noninvasive measurement of changes in ICP. Magn Reson Med, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Transforming the canons of John Stuart Mill from philosophy to replicative, empirical research: The Common Cause research design

When an element or factor is common to a set of circumstances that element may be causal in its relationship to particular dependent variables. This premise was stated by John Stuart Mill more than 170 years ago, and Mill's canon, the Method of Agreement, is used here as a basis to create the "Common Cause" (CC) research design. The CC design is particularly relevant when a set of multiple circumstances can be represented by alternative theories of change or competing explanations. We consider several potential applications of the design and elaborate its structure within the validity framework of Shadish, Cook, and Campbell. We discuss threats to validity controlled by the CC design (e.g., selection bias, the bane of applied researchers, is not relevant) and illustrate possible analytic strategies using simulated data. We explicitly compare the CC design to four quasi-experimental designs in terms of the validity threats that they eliminate. Design weaknesses are addressed and ways to enhance the design's inferential power discussed. The CC design itself represents a proof of concept suggesting that other research designs can be created from philosophical principles.
Sodium, chloride and water balance of the intertidal teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus. 3. The roles of simple diffusion, exchange diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

1. The effluxes of 22 Na, 36 Cl and tritiated water from the euryhaline teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus were determined in 100 % sea water (480 mM-Na/kg.) and 10 % sea water. 2. Only the flux of sodium in 100% sea water contained an exchange diffusion component. The relative impermeability of Xiphister is shown by its low fluxes of sodium, chloride and water in both salinities. 3. In 10 % sea water the permeability to sodium declined while the permeability to chloride and water remained at sea water levels. 4. In both salinities diffusion and active transport are the major components of the sodium and chloride balance of Xiphister .
Multiple Myeloma in Sub-Sahara Africa

Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms have been minimally reported for the large population living in sub-Sahara Africa. While the incidence of multiple myeloma in black Americans and Jamaicans is considered the highest in the world there are few studies documenting the incidence and clinicopathologic features in blacks from Africa.
Maximizing Local Access to Therapeutic Deliveries in Glioblastoma. Part IV: Image-Guided, Remote-Controlled Opening of the Blood–Brain Barrier for Systemic Brain Tumor Therapy

ABSTRACT Disease in the central nervous system (CNS) is a challenge to treat with systemic therapies due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which excludes common and novel therapeutics. For example, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, with an extremely poor prognosis due to infiltrating tumor cells in areas of normal brain. A primary challenge of treating this devastating disease is the exclusion of systemic therapies from the CNS. While efforts are being made to develop strategies for designing drugs that can pass through the BBB, there are also efforts to use novel engineering techniques to safely allow any systemic therapy into the CNS and areas of disease. In this chapter, we focus on using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to circumvent the BBB.
Duplex Surveillance After Prosthetic Infrainguinal Bypass Grafting

A major factor limiting the long-term patency of infrainguinal bypasses is the development of stenosis in the graft, inflow, or outflow arteries. It is critical to identify these lesions while the bypass graft is patent, as treatment with endovascular intervention or minor open procedures will maintain patency, avoiding thrombosis which is an outcome associated with more morbidity and decreased secondary patency. There is widespread evidence to support postoperative duplex ultrasound (DU) surveillance of infrainguinal vein grafts, but the interpretation criteria regarding surveillance of prosthetic bypass grafts are limited. In our vascular laboratory, peak systolic velocities are recorded along the graft every 10 cm, in addition to velocity measurements at both the proximal and distal anastomoses to identify stenosis and low-flow graft states. We found the sensitivity of DU was 88% for identification of the failing femorotibial bypass and 57% for femoropopliteal bypasses. The positive predictive value (correct abnormal studies/total abnormal studies) was 95% for femorotibial grafts and 65% for femoropopliteal grafts. We have concluded that DU surveillance is worthwhile following infrainguinal prosthetic bypass grafting. Criteria that we use to identify failing arterial bypass grafts include monophasic signal throughout the graft, uniform peak systolic velocities 300 cm/s, and peak systolic velocity ratio between two adjacent segments >3.5.
Assessment of immunotoxicity in female Fischer 344/N and Sprague Dawley rats and female B6C3F1 mice exposed to hexavalent chromium via the drinking water.

Sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD), an inorganic compound containing hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), is a common environmental contaminant of groundwater sources due to widespread industrial use. There are indications in the literature that Cr(VI) may induce immunotoxic effects following dermal exposure, including acting as both an irritant and a sensitizer; however, the potential immunomodulatory effects of Cr(VI) following oral exposure are relatively unknown. Following the detection of Cr(VI) in drinking water sources, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted extensive evaluations of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of SDD following drinking water exposure, including studies to assess the potential for Cr(VI) to modulate immune function. For the immunotoxicity assessments, female Fischer 344/N (F344/N) and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to SDD in drinking water for 28 consecutive days and evaluated for alterations in cellular and humoral immune function as well as innate immunity. Rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 14.3, 57.3, 172, or 516 ppm SDD while mice were exposed to concentrations of 0, 15.6, 31.3, 62.5, 125, or 250 ppm SDD. Final mean body weight and body weight gain were decreased relative to controls in 250 ppm B6C3F1 mice and 516 ppm SD rats. Water consumption was significantly decreased in F344/N and SD rats exposed to 172 and 516 ppm SDD; this was attributed to poor palatability of the SDD drinking water solutions. Several red blood cell-specific parameters were significantly (5-7%) decreased in 250 ppm mice; however, these parameters were unaffected in rats. Sporadic increases in the spleen IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were observed, however, these increases were not dose-dependent and were not reproducible. No significant effects were observed in the other immunological parameters evaluated. Overall, exposure to Cr(VI) in drinking water had limited effects on the immune system in both rats and mice.
Physics-Based Low-Order Model for Transonic Flutter Prediction

This paper presents a physical low-order model for two-dimensional unsteady transonic airfoil flow, based on small unsteady disturbances about a known steady flow solution. This is in contrast to t...
The Influence of Internalized Stigma on the Efficacy of an HIV Prevention and Relationship Education Program for Young Male Couples

Young MSM are at increased risk for HIV, especially in the context of serious relationships, but there is a lack of couples-based HIV prevention for this population. The 2GETHER intervention-an HIV prevention and relationship education program for young male couples-demonstrated promising effects in a pilot trial. However, there is evidence that internalized stigma (IS) can influence treatment outcomes among MSM. The current study examined the influence of IS on the efficacy of the 2GETHER intervention among 57 young male couples. The intervention led to decreases in percentage of condomless anal sex partners and increases in subjective norms regarding HIV prevention for those with low/average IS, but not high IS. The intervention also led to increases in motivation to get tested with one's partner and decreases in alcohol consumption for those with high IS, but not low/average IS. In contrast, IS did not moderate intervention effects on other motivational constructs, dyadic adjustment, or alcohol problems. In sum, IS influences the extent to which young male couples benefit from HIV prevention and relationship education depending on the outcome. Research is needed to understand how IS influences treatment outcomes.
The Lord’s Anointed

The Ottonians emphasized the sacrality of the ruler, presenting the anointed and crowned king as the “anointed of the lord” in a liminal space between God and his subjects. Ottonian women were also anointed and crowned as queens and empresses and Jestice explores the ways in which this unction endowed them with a special charisma. The whole family enjoyed special sacred status, but it was by far the strongest for queens, as can be seen in representational art of the time, especially the ruler portraits that accompanied many benefactions.
Intergenerational mobility among return migrants and their families: a case study in Mexico

Research shows that migration plays in role in shaping intergenerational mobility pathways for migrants and their children. Absent from existing scholarship is an examination of intergenerational m...
Circular Corrugated Miter Bend and Gap Losses for Broadband Frequency Applications

Circular corrugated waveguides are often used in fusion applications at single, multiple, or broadband millimeter frequencies due to their low ohmic loss, expected large frequency bandwidth, and direct coupling to free-space Gaussian modes. For single-frequency corrugated waveguide systems, transmission line components can be optimized to the desired frequency. For broadband or multiple-frequency applications, this is not possible. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the frequency bandwidth of circular corrugated waveguides can be compromised by diffraction losses to miter bends and gaps. It is shown that if the corrugation depth differs significantly from $\lambda $ /4, a theory can substantially underpredict the gap and miter bend losses. The simulations are also shown to compare favorably to experimental measurements. To improve the transmission line performance in large frequency bandwidth systems, such as 33–165 GHz reflectometry, reducing the number of miter bends may, therefore, be necessary. For the improvement of performance in narrower frequency bandwidth or multiple-frequency systems, especially high-powered systems, wavelength-dependent techniques may be applicable. One such application is shown for a Bragg reflection technique to reduce the thermal load to insulating ceramic rings in a dc break component for multiple-frequency ITER electron cyclotron heating transmission lines.
Varying Speed Limit Control of Aw-Rascle-Zhang Traffic Model

This paper develops Varying Speed Limit(VSL) boundary control to reduce stop-and-go oscillations in congested traffic. The macroscopic traffic dynamics are governed by Aw-Rascle-Zhang(ARZ) model, consisting of second-order nonlinear partial differential equations(PDEs). The linear stability of uniform density and velocity of the ARZ model with relaxation term is discussed. Under certain densities in congested regime, small perturbations from the equilibrium transport upstream of traffic and grow into instabilities. To stabilize the inhomogeneous ARZ model around the uniform steady states, a boundary control input through VSL at outlet is considered. Using spatial transformation and backstepping method, we design a full-state feedback control law. By taking boundary measurement of density variation at the outlet, a collocated boundary observer is designed to estimate states on freeway segment. Therefore, we obtain the output feedback controller by combining the full state feedback control and collocated boundary observer. The exponential stability in $L_{2}$ sense and finite time convergence to equilibrium are achieved with boundary control law and boundary observer. In the end, we validate our result with simulation.
COMPETITIVE AND PREFERENTIAL REACTIVITY OF LITHIUM DIMETHYLCUPRATE WITH THE SATURATED CARBONYL OF A CARBOCYCLIC KETO‐ENONE

Die Reaktion des Endions (I) mit Methyllithium bzw. mit Lithiumdimethylcuprat , die zu unterschiedlichen Addukten fuhrt, wird unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht.
Lagrangian transport equations and an iterative solution method for turbulent jet flows

Abstract Turbulent jet flows exhibit Kelvin–Helmholtz type of instabilities at its onset. Using a Galilean transform, the Navier–Stokes equation leads to an explicit, solvable expression for the Reynolds stress gradient, which is verified through comparison with DNS (direct numerical simulation) and experimental data for canonical flows. The Reynolds stress budget shows that the momentum balance of u’ 2 , pressure, and viscous forces forms a triad of forces to generate the Reynolds stress. For jet flows, an additional Lagrangian transport equation for u’ 2 , also confirmed using data, constitutes a closure method, which is demonstrated and compared with experimental data and turbulence models. Similar approach is being tested in other turbulent flows.
Dementia is associated with earlier mortality for men and women in the United States

Objectives: Sociodemographic trends in the United States may influence future dementia-associated mortality, yet there is little evidence about their potential impact. Our study objective was to es...
Primary Care Physicians' Conceptualization of Quality in Medicare's Merit-Based Incentive Payment System.

Background: While administrators of pay-for-performance may have good intentions, physicians may be reluctant to participate for various reasons, including poor program alignment with realities of clinical practice. In this study, we sought to characterize how primary care physicians (PCPs) participating in Medicare9s Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) conceptualize the quality of health care to help inform future measurement strategies that physicians would understand and appreciate. Methods: We performed semi-structured qualitative interviews with a nationwide sample of 20 PCPs in MIPS. We asked PCPs how they would characterize quality and what distinguished exceptional, good, and poor quality. Interviews were transcribed and 2 coders independently read transcripts, allowing data to emerge from the interviews and developing theories about the data. The coders met intermittently to discuss findings, harmonize the coding scheme, develop a final list of themes and subthemes, and aggregate a list of representative quotations. Results: Participants described quality as consisting of 2 components: (1) evidence-based care that is safe, which included health maintenance and chronic disease control, accurate diagnoses, and guideline adherence, and (2) patient-centered care, which included spending enough time with patients, responding to patient concerns, and establishing long-term relationships founded on trust. Conclusions: PCPs consider patient-centered care necessary for the provision of exceptional quality. Program administrators for quality measurement and pay-for-performance programs should explore new ways to reward PCPs for providing outstanding patient-centered care. Future research should be undertaken to determine whether patient-centered activities such as forging long-term, favorable patient-physician relationships, are associated with improved health outcomes.
Block-band behavior of spatial correlations: An analytical asymptotic study in a spatial exponential family data setup

Abstract There is a long history of spatial regression analysis where it is important to accommodate the spatial correlations among the responses from neighboring locations for any valid inferences. Among numerous modeling approaches, the so-called spatial auto-regression (SAR) model in a linear setup, and the conditional auto-regression (CAR) model in a binary setup, are widely used. For spatial binary analysis, there exists two other competitive approaches, namely the bivariate probit models (BPM) based composite likelihood approach using local lattices; and a ‘Working’ correlations based QL (quasi-likelihood) (WCQL) approach. These correlation models, however, fail to accommodate both within and between correlations among spatial families, where a spatial family is naturally formed within a threshold distance of a selected location, and the member locations between two neighboring families may also be correlated. In this paper, we exploit this latter two-ways, within and between correlations among spatial families and develop a unified correlation model for all exponential family based such as linear, count or binary data. We further exploit the proposed correlation structure based generalized quasi-likelihood (GQL) and method of moments (MM) approaches for model parameters estimation. As far as the estimation properties are concerned, because in practice one encounters a large spatial sample, we make sure that the proposed GQL and MM estimators are consistent.
Security and Game Theory: Algorithms, Deployed Systems, Lessons Learned

Global threats of terrorism, drug-smuggling, and other crimes have led to a significant increase in research on game theory for security. Game theory provides a sound mathematical approach to deploy limited security resources to maximize their effectiveness. A typical approach is to randomize security schedules to avoid predictability, with the randomization using artificial intelligence techniques to take into account the importance of different targets and potential adversary reactions. This book distills the forefront of this research to provide the first and only study of long-term deployed applications of game theory for security for key organizations such as the Los Angeles International Airport police and the U.S. Federal Air Marshals Service. The author and his research group draw from their extensive experience working with security officials to intelligently allocate limited security resources to protect targets, outlining the applications of these algorithms in research and the real world. The book also includes professional perspectives from security experts Erroll G. Southers; Lieutenant Commander Joe DiRenzo III, U.S. Coast Guard; Lieutenant Commander Ben Maule, U.S. Coast Guard; Erik Jensen, U.S. Coast Guard; and Lieutenant Fred S. Bertsch IV, U.S. Coast Guard.
Cultural Development of Mathematical Ideas: Papua New Guinea Studies

Introduction Part I. The Origins of Number-Enduring Questions: 1. Culture-cognition relations 2. Cultural forms of number representation used in Oksapmin communities Part II. Economic Exchange: 3. Collective practices of economic exchange: a brief social history 4. Reproduction and alteration of numerical representations 5. Reproduction and alteration in currency token representations 6. Representational forms, functions, collective practices, and fu: a microcosm Part III. Schooling: 7. A brief history: collective practices of schooling in Oksapmin 8. Unschooled children's developing uses of the body system 9. Children's adaptations of the body system in school in 1980: an unintended consequence of postcolonial schooling 10. About twenty years later: schooling and number 11. Teachers and students as (unintentional) agents of change Part IV. Towards an Integrated Treatment of Socio-Historical and Cognitive Developmental Processes: 12. What develops? A focus on form-function relations 13. How do quantification practices develop? 14. Why do form-function relations shift? Epilogue.
Driving in Today’s World: Putting Woman Behind the Wheel and in Control in Paula Vogel’s How I Learned to Drive

Paula Vogel’s How I Learned to Drive is a coming-of-age story told episodically and out of chronological order. The playwriting, plot structure, setting, and character names, illuminate Vogel’s feminist perspective in narrative and structure. The characters of Vogel’s play are defined and, in fact, named by their genitalia—Big Papa, Uncle Peck, and of course, Lil’ Bit. Feminism denies this sexual hegemony; however, through focusing on the life of Lil’ Bit, Vogel simultaneously embraces the tenets on which feminism was built, while pushing back against some of those very same principles. Through the work of Helene Cixous, I intend to demonstrate the feminist tendencies of Vogel’s writing, and consequently her play. In How I Learned to Drive , with the help of Cixous, I will reveal how Vogel revalues the female experience, challenges the representation of women as “other”, examines the power relations in performance and life, and raises the question of male/female differences by exploring biology and social construction. Additionally, I will explore the feminist and gender theories of Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva, Simone de Beauvoir, and Judith Butler. In so doing I hope to uncover that Lil’ Bit is not a woman entirely oppressed, but rather a woman with the power in her relationships.
Resonance and conjugation—III

Abstract The meaning of classical valence structures, and resonance in the sense used by organic chemists is discussed, using an approach based on perturbation theory. A clear distinction must be drawn, in an orbital approximation, between one-electron properties of a molecule (i.e. those depending on the behavior of single electrons in it) and collective properties (i.e. those depending collectively on all the electrons). It is shown that resonance effects are of two kinds, first order and second order, of which only the smaller second-order effects influence the collective properties of molecules. The first-order effects are usually large, even in saturated molecules; it is therefore incorrect to use classical structures in discussing one-electron properties even of saturated molecules (e.g. light absorption, ionization potential, or spin-spin coupling in magnetic resonance spectra). Conversely, evidence relating to such properties has no bearing on the problem of resonance effects on collective properties such as heat of formation, dipole moment, stereochemistry, or bond lengths. In previous papers it has been shown that second-order resonance effects are probably small in classical molecules. The problem of hyperconjugation in positive ions is examined; it is shown that the effects of alkyl substituents on the heats of formation of positive ions can be explained in terms of a — I inductive effect alone. There is no need to invoke second-order resonance effects.
Relative distances and quasi-conformal mappings

1. Introduction. M. A. Lavrentiev made use of a relative distance function to establish some important results concerning the correspondence between the frontiers under a conformal mapping of a simply connected domain onto the unit circle. The purpose of this note is to show that some of these results are valid for the boundary correspondences induced by the more general class of quasi-conformal mappings.
International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science

The second edition of the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (IEILS) by Feather and Sturges has been substantially revised and updated to include rapid changes in technology since the first edition was published in 1997. However, the two editions follow the same basic format. The main body of the work is an alphabetical arrangement of subjects or terms found in the fields of information and library science. The entries vary in length from brief definitions of a few sentences to long, signed articles that are followed by numerous references and recommendations for further reading.
Voltage‐Dependent Mobilization of Intracellular Calcium in Skeletal Muscle

In skeletal muscle calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), an internal organelle, in response to changes in the voltage across the transverse tubule (T-tubule) membrane, an external membrane system that is distinct from the SR but in close proximity to it. For T-tubule voltage changes within the physiological range, calcium release can be turned on or off on a time scale of milliseconds. The control of calcium release from the SR appears to involve at least three functional components: a voltage sensor in the T-tubule membrane, a calcium channel in the SR, and a mechanism for coupling the voltage sensor to the channel. Movement of charged or dipolar molecules within the T-tubule membrane is thought to serve as the voltage sensor. Such intramembrane charge movement (Q) can be monitored electrically and can be compared with the rate of calcium release from the SR. Calcium release is calculated from cytosolic calcium transients measured with a metallochromic indicator. Comparison of Q and the rate of release in the same isolated muscle fibre indicates that this rate is directly proportional to the amount of charge displaced in excess of a 'threshold' amount. The nature of the coupling mechanism between T-tubules and SR remains to be established but present observations impose some restrictions on possible mechanisms.
An investigation of factors associated with vacation satisfaction

We factor analyzed specific vacation satisfactions and examined overall vacation satisfaction in relation to demographic, work-related, and vacation-related variables. Data were obtained from 129 r...
Surface flashover across ceramic disks in vacuum at cryogenic temperatures

As superconducting technology becomes more viable in the marketplace, especially in high power applications, the need for a well researched high thermal conductivity electrical insulator is needed. The electrical failure mode for these types of insulators is often surface flashover at subatmospheric temperature and pressure. Testing of two such insulators, aluminum nitride and aluminum oxide, for this failure mode is done for two differing electrode geometries. In addition three coats of GE 7031 dielectric varnish are applied to the exposed parts of the insulator for comparison testing with nonvarnished samples. In general the testing shows an increasing breakdown voltage trend with decreasing temperature. These results indicate a temperature related dependence of the secondary electron emission and electron induced outgassing, which is a component in the process of surface flashover. The addition of the varnish results in a lowered breakdown voltage. The research also covers the effect of electrode conditioning, and presents optical diagnostics of the gas species involved during breakdown.
Modeling of lightning effects on simple structures and helicopter airframes using FDTD

One critical problem that as aircraft may encounter during a flight is lightning. The effects of lightning can be roughly distinguished as direct and indirect. The direct effects are closely related to the points where the lightning arc enters and exits the aircraft. Examples of different effects include melting of the aircraft skin, puncture of nonconducting externally mounted parts and sparks in the fuel system. The indirect effects have to do with the magnetic and electric fields coupled to the interior of the aircraft. These can cause temporary upset or even permanent damage to the electronic equipment of the aircraft. The mechanisms through which this coupling can happen are resistive voltage drop on the airframe structure and through apertures, such as windows. Even with no apertures, the lightning current flowing in the metal wall of the airframe produces a non-zero magnetic field at the interior. This field together with the resistive voltage drop form the diffusion mechanism. In this paper the lightning current on a structure is modeled using FDTD. Then the diffusion mechanism is described for simple cylindrical structures and simulation results are shown. Finally, results on a Blackhawk helicopter structure excited with a lightning pulse are presented.
Measuring trade-offs that matter: assessing the impact of a new electronic cross-match policy on the turnaround time and the cross-match workload efficiency

Background Our traditional cross-match (XM) policy generated a significant number of XM units that were never issued. To minimize the unnecessary XM workload, we proposed a new policy where orders eligible for the electronic XM (EXM) are pended until orders to issue red blood cells (RBCs) are received. To address concerns that this new policy might unduly delay blood availability, we conducted a study to assess whether the new policy was noninferior to the traditional policy with regard to the turnaround time (TAT). Study Design and Methods We monitored the TAT and XM workload efficiency (XM-to-issue [C : I] ratio) for a total of 8 weeks split between the two policies' periods. The primary outcome was the proportion of RBC issue requests that was turned around in less than 12 minutes. Results Fifty percent (1133 of 2265) of issue requests were turned around in 12 minutes or less under the traditional policy compared to 43.9% (975 of 2223) under the new policy (absolute difference of 6.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2%-9.1%; p < 0.001). The adjusted overall median TAT was slower by 1 minute (13 min vs. 14 min, p < 0.001) but the adjusted C : I ratio was better (1.00 vs. 1.15; p < 0.001) under the new policy. Conclusion Our study showed that the impact of the new policy on the TAT was not inferior to the traditional policy. Since the median TAT of 14 minutes under the new policy met the published benchmarks, the trade-off between delays in the TAT and efficiency gains in the XM workload remained acceptable for patient care.
Design and synthesis of polyacrylamide-based oligonucleotide supports for use in nucleic acid diagnostics

Abstract Polyacrylamide supports, in a range of pore sizes, were investigated as nucleic acid affinity matrices for the detection of target DNA or RNA sequences using a sandwich hybridization format. Bromoacetyl and thiol oligonucleotide derivatives were covalently linked to sulfhydryl- and bromoacetyl-polyacrylamide supports with greater than 95% end-attachment efficiencies. These polyacrylamide-oligonucleotide supports were further derivatized with anionic residues to provide multi-functional supports which show low non-specific binding for non-complementary nucleic acids. While all the polyacrylamide-oligonucleotide supports capture complementary oligonucleotides with high affinity, the pore size was found to be a critical parameter in sandwich hybridization reactions. The superior hybridization characteristics of the Trisacryl support was ascribed to a combination of its macroporous nature, hydrophilicity and the terminal attachment of its capture oligonucleotides.
Notes on Dysdercus from Brazil (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

Variacoes na coloracao sao apontadas para as seguintes especies brasileiras de Dysdercus: D. collaris e citado pela primeira vez na Guiana Francesa; e D. imitator e citado pela primeira vez nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Para, e D. mimus no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
Mortality from asthma in children and young adults in Louisiana.

Background Asthma mortality rates have been increasing despite our improved understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma and advanced methods of treatment. Although there are many national studies of asthma mortality rates, few studies have concentrated on subnational regions such as individual states. Objectives We sought to determine the trends in asthma mortality in children and young adults during the last 15 years in Louisiana. Methods Asthma mortality data were acquired from the Louisiana State Center for Health Statistics for the years 1983 through 1997. All asthma deaths coded International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision 493 were included in the data set along with year, sex, and rate characteristics. State population estimates obtained from the United States Bureau of Census for three 5-year periods (1983 to 1987, 1988 to 1992, and 1993 to 1997) were used to calculate crude and adjusted mortality rates. These time periods were compared with one another and with the period 1983 to 1987, which was used as a baseline. Results For all residents, the mortality rate increased from 0.41 deaths per 100,000 persons during the 1983 to 1987 time period to 0.49 and 0.63 deaths per 100,000 persons during 1988 to 1992 and 1993 to 1997 time periods, respectively. Mortality rates have increased in both the white and non-white populations over the 15-year study period, with the most pronounced increases among the non-white population. Conclusion Asthma mortality rates in Louisiana have increased, particularly among the non-white population, over the last 15 years, although the results are not statistically significant. When compared with other states, asthma mortality in Louisiana is lower than in the northeast and central north states.
Constructing and estimating probability distributions from moments

We present two methods to obtain a probability distribution from its moments. In the first method one chooses a set of orthogonal polynomials with corresponding weighting function. In the second method one chooses a starting distribution and uses that to construct orthogonal polynomials. We give a number of examples.
Contextualized Qualitative Research in Venezuela: Coercive Isomorphic Pressures of the Socioeconomic and Political Environments on Public Relations Practices

This contextualized qualitative research, conducted in Venezuela in July 2004, tests and introduces the concept of coercive isomorphism to Sriramesh and Ver[cbreve]i[cbreve]'s (2003) global public relations theory. It does so by analyzing professional opinions and experiences concerning the status of the profession and how the country's socioeconomic and political environments impact the practice. Twenty-one top-level public relations professionals were interviewed for an average of 90 min each in the 2 largest cities: Caracas and Maracaibo. Venezuela is at a crucial, if not breaking, point in its history, as the majority of participants explain, due to conflicting political and social forces. Likewise, the impact of conflict is exerting pressure on the public relations profession and professionals.