cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
795–1 Quantitative Evaluation of Aortic Regurgitant Stroke Volume Using Vena Contracta Imaging by Color Doppler and Continuous Wave Doppler Echocardiography: An Animal Study with Quantified Aortic Insufficiency

The proximal flow convergence (FC) method has been used for quantification of regurgitation flows. Since high resolution flow images can often delineate color flow signals passing through the regurgitant orifice itself, the purpose of the present study was to demonstrate whether regurgitant stroke volumes (RSV) could be estimated using the imaged vena contracta (VC) of FC (i.e. the short proximal laminar portion of the regurgitant jet). In 6 sheep (3 in which a right coronary cusp and 3 in which non coronary cusp had been surgically trimmed to produce chronic aortic regurgitation [AR]) 21 hemodynamically different steady states were obtained pharmacologically 20 weeks after recovery from surgery. From magnified high resolution images the diameter of the VC of the flow imaged at 7.5 mHz was measured as the smallest flow diameter in any part of the flow acceleration field (Figure). The velocity time integral (VTI) of AR obtained by color Doppler guided continuous wave (CW) Dopplerwas also recorded. Regurgitant stroke volume(RSV)were calculated by the formula: RSV = π(VC/2)2 × VTI. Reference RSV was determined using pulmonary and aortic electromagnetic flow probes and meters balanced against each other. Reference RSV varied from 7.0 – 28 ml/beat (15 ± 8.0 ml/beatl. regurgitant fraction from 0.20 to 0.59 (0.41 ± 0.59). RSV estimated by vena contracta imaging on echocardiography correlated and agreed well with the EM RSVs (y = 1.45 × -6.30, r = 0.96, SEE = 3.6 ml/beat, p = 0.0001). Our study indicates that a method for identifying and measuring the vena contracta of the FC region, when combined with CW velocities, can be used for quantifying AR stroke volume. Download : Download high-res image (46KB) Download : Download full-size image
Revisiting Tocqueville's America : Society, Politics, and Association in the Nineteenth Century

The concept of social capital has revitalized the study of civil society. Alexis de Tocqueville's examination of 19th-century America is a major source of inspiration for much of this work. Tocqueville's analysis has been used to help support the idea that a strong civil society is crucial to democratic success. A reconsideration of Tocqueville's analysis, and, more important, of his American case, however, suggests that an active civil society is not an unalloyed good for democratic politics. A strong society can be not only a support but also a threat to democracy and liberal democratic ideals. One's evaluation of the health of democratic polities must depend on a study of the effects of political institutions and constitutional structures, as well as of civil society.
The effect of set upon length estimation in active touch perception

Three groups of Ss performed a task requiring the reproduction of unseen objects which were felt through a curtain. One group (RT) received rod-length training; another group (LT) received letter training; and a third group (NT) received no training. Comparisons of group responses showed that the experimental group (RT) and control groups (NT, LT) differed significantly and demonstrated that a preparatory set involving rod-length estimation could be induced in Ss using active touch perception.
The glue that holds crystals together: a review

Abstract The answer to the question as to what are the origin and nature of the forces that hold crystals together starts with the determination of the origin and nature of the forces that hold two molecules together. Attempts to answer this question began early in the last century before modern quantum mechanics was established. Soon after it was established, however, it played an important role in facilitating an understanding of the attraction of molecules for one another. It is still a problem to express this understanding in terms of accurate calculations of complex systems such as crystals, which has led to very clever empirical techniques. Both the status of some empirical methods and rigorous theoretical calculations will be discussed. The main topics to be described in some detail are the first attempts to account for the attraction between molecules, developments that have permitted the determination of packing energies for large numbers of organic molecules, the empirical investigation of the lattice energies associated with ionic crystals, and a discussion of an accurate quantum mechanical method for computing the interaction energy between two molecules and the possibility of this method having application to crystals in the future.
Anatomical studies of dorsal column axons and dorsal root ganglion cells after spinal cord injury in the newborn rat

The response of dorsal column axons was studied after neonatal spinal overhemisection injury (right hemicord and left doral funiculus). Rat pups (N = 11) received this spinal lesion at the C2 level within 30 hours after birth. The cauda equina was exposed 3 months later in one group of chronic operates (N = 5) and in a group of normal adults (N = 2), and all spinal roots from L5 caudally were cut bilaterally; 4 days later the spinal cord and medulla were processed for Fink-Heimer impregnation of degenerating axons and terminals. In a second group of chronic operates (N = 6) and normal adult controls (N = 4) the left sciatic nerve was injected with a cholera toxin-HRP conjugate (C-HRP), followed by a 2-3 day transganglionic transport period, and then the spinal cord and medulla were processed with tetramethylbenzidine histochemistry. Both control groups have a consistent dense projection in topographically adjacent regions of the dorsal funiculus and gracile nucleus. However, there is no sign of axonal growth around the lesion in either group of chronic experimental operates. Instead, there is a decreased density of projection within the dorsal funiculus near the lesion site. Many remaining C-HRP labeled axons in the experimental operates have abnormal, thick varicosities and swollen axonal endings (5-10 microns x 10-30 microns) within the dorsal funiculus through several spinal segments caudal to the lesion. Ultrastructural analysis of the dorsal funiculus in three other chronic experimental operates reveals the presence of numerous vesicle filled axonal profiles and reactive endings which appear similar to the C-HRP labeled structures. Transganglionic labeling after C-HRP sciatic nerve injections (N = 4) and retrograde labeling of L4, L5 dorsal root ganglion neurons after fast blue injections of the gracile nucleus (N = 6) both suggest that all dorsal column axons project to the gracile nucleus in the newborn rat. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell survival following the neonatal overhemisection injury was also examined in the L4 and L5 DRG. DRG neurons that project to the gracile nucleus were prelabeled by injecting fast blue into this nucleus at birth two days prior to the cervical overhemisection spinal injury. Both normal littermates (N = 9) and spinally injured animals (N = 12) were examined after postinjection survival periods of 10 or 22 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The effects of personal alienation on organizational identification: A quality-of-work-life model

It was hypothesized that personal alienation has a negative impact on organizational identification. The negative relationship between alienation and organizational identification was explained through a set of mediating variables involving need deprivation, job satisfaction, and job involvement. More specifically, it was hypothesized that alienation increases need deprivation, which in turn decreases job satisfaction, which in turn decreases job involvement, which ultimately decreases organizational identification. A study was conducted involving 219 service deliverers to the elderly. Self-report measures were administered. The data was subjected to a path analysis. The results provided moderate support for the quality-of-work-life model. Management implications are discussed.
Gaseous heat conduction at low pressures and temperatures

Abstract Over the large temperature differences that can exist in vacuum insulation of cryogenic devices some of the assumptions on which the formulae for free molecule heat conduction are based are not strictly valid. The consequences of this are discussed, and some incorrect usages are pointed out. Working formulae and auxiliary data on mean free paths and accommodation coefficients at cryogenic temperatures are presented.
Detection of the moderately beneficial cognitive effects of low-dose treatment with haloperidol or clozapine in an animal model of the attentional impairments of schizophrenia.

Detection of the Moderately Beneficial Cognitive Effects of Low-Dose Treatment with Haloperidol or Clozapine in an Animal Model of the Attentional Impairments of Schizophrenia
A 17O NMR study of the protonation of urea

17O NMR has been applied to the study of urea over a wide pH range, in fluorosulfonic acid and in magic acid (HFSO3SbF5). A 96 ppm diamagnetic chemical shift was observed on modifying the medium from an aqueous solution at pH 3 to a fluorosulfonic acid solvent. We attributed this shift to a protonation reaction at the urea oxygen having a pKa of 0.1. A 36 ppm paramagnetic shift was observed in magic acid relative to the resonance position in fluorosulfonic acid, which is consistent with the formation of a diprotonated form of urea. Values of transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates were found to be equal as a function of pH and to double on lowering the pH from 2 to −1.
Effect of uncoupler on "downhill" substrate efflux of Escherichia coli is dependent on (Mg2+, Ca2+). Adenosine triphosphatase.

Previous studies have shown that mutations in the unc gene of Escherichia coli K12 cause defects in energy transduction as well as in a membrane-bound (Mg2+,Ca2+)· adenosine triphosphatase. We studied the effect of this mutation on the “downhill” efflux of methyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, a substrate of the mgl transport system. While unc+ and unc− isogenic strains of E. coli K12 did not show significant differences in substrate influx or efflux, a differential effect of an uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol was demonstrated. In contrast to the unc+, dinitrophenol failed to inhibit significantly the rate coefficient of efflux in the unc− strain. Analyses of spontaneous unc+ revertants of the unc− mutant provided additional evidence that a functional unc gene is necessary for dinitrophenol inhibition of efflux. Other uncouplers tested in the unc+ strain showed different effects on efflux. While arsenate, azide and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone caused little or no effect, 2,4-dibromophenol and pentachlorophenol increased efflux by a considerable factor.
Task Scheduling with Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling for Energy Minimization in the Mobile Cloud Computing Environment

Mobile cloud computing (MCC) offers significant opportunities in performance enhancement and energy saving for mobile, battery-powered devices. Applications running on mobile devices may be represented by task graphs. This work investigates the problem of scheduling tasks (which belong to the same or possibly different applications) in the MCC environment. More precisely, the scheduling problem involves the following steps: (i) determining the tasks to be offloaded onto the cloud, (ii) mapping the remaining tasks onto (potentially heterogeneous) local cores in the mobile device, (iii) determining the frequencies for executing local tasks, and (iv) scheduling tasks on the cores (for in-house tasks) and the wireless communication channels (for offloaded tasks) such that the task-precedence requirements and the application completion time constraint are satisfied while the total energy dissipation in the mobile device is minimized. A novel algorithm is presented, which starts from a minimal-delay scheduling solution and subsequently performs energy reduction by migrating tasks among the local cores and the cloud and by applying the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling technique. A linear-time rescheduling algorithm is proposed for the task migration. Simulation results demonstrate significant energy reduction with the application completion time constraint satisfied.
Observations on the histopathology and probable progression of the disease caused by Trichomaris invadens, an invasive ascomycete, in the Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi

Abstract Fifty-three Tanner crabs with varying degrees of surface encrustations and internal invasion by Trichomaris invadens were necropsied, processed, and examined to determine the extent of internal tissue invasion and histopathological effects of the infection. Sufficient data were accumulated to provide some insight on the progression, but not the rate, of tissue invasion. The epidermis and subepidermal layers are invaded and virtually replaced by proliferating hyphae. The invasion then proceeds internally, predominantly via the connective tissue. Major muscles and blood vessels are invaded, then invasion of deeper organs, including the hemopoietic tissue, gastrointestinal tract wall, and wall of the heart follows. The eyestalk is infected, usually early in the disease, and the invasion follows a similar pattern to that in the cephalothorax. Massive invasion and destruction of the retina is the major pathological effect. The gill may also be involved, with destruction of the lamellar tissues and invasion and destruction of podocytes in the stem of the gill.
Renal stem cell biology starts to take spherical shape. Commentary on: Lusis et al., Isolation of clonogenic, long-term self renewing embryonic renal stem cells.

Abstract The nephron is the fundamental unit of renal function, yet the ability of the kidney to regenerate nephrons after birth is limited. Due to the medical and financial impact of chronic and end stage renal disease, an improved understanding of nephron formation is necessary if regenerative or cell therapy are to be a feasible alternative to dialysis or renal transplant. In the study presented by Lusis et al., the presence of metanephric mesenchymal stem cells is definitively demonstrated. However, these “Nephrospheres” have characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and substantially lack the ability to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition or to form epithelial elements otherwise necessary for building the constituent cells of the nephron. Nevertheless, this newly isolated cell population opens many opportunities to investigate the consequences of normal and aberrant nephrogenesis, including Wilm's tumor.
Neurokinin-1 Receptor Expression and Function in Human Macrophages and Brain

Substance P (SP) is upregulated in HIV infection in adult men and women, as determined by increased plasma levels. There is a reciprocal and bidirectional relationship between substance P and HIV in HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages and cell lines (e.g., THP-1). Substance P up-regulates HIV and HIV up-regulates SP protein expression. Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonists inhibit HIV infectivity through downregulation of the chemokine receptor, CCR5, and downregulation of HIV LTR. Neurokinin-1 receptor is expressed in full-length and truncated forms. The full-length NK1R is capable of signaling, whereas the truncated NK1R primes the chemokine receptor CCR5. Both full-length and truncated NK1R are expressed in several brain regions in human autopsy brains. SP-NK1R interactions have regulatory roles in inflammation and infection. The differential expression of truncated and full-length NK1R has important biological consequences. These include receptor-receptor interaction (e.g., NK1R-CCR5); changes in expression during cell differentiation (e.g., THP-1 cells); and differences in regional tissue distribution (e.g., differences in different brain regions). NK1R-SP receptor pathways are important cell regulatory pathways.
Nonlinear fibers: A fiber maker’s tool box

Nonlinear fibers for optical signal processing have competing requirements. The main tools of a fiber maker are profile design and composition.
NITINOL-reinforced plates: Part I. Thermal characteristics☆

Abstract The static and dynamic characteristics of NITINOL-reinforced composite plates are influenced primarily by the temperature distribution inside the composite matrix. Such distribution arises from the electrical heating of NITINOL fibers embedded along the neutral plane of these composite plates. When temperatures are developed above the martensite transformation temperature of the NITINOL fiber, the elastic modulus of the fibers increases approximately fourfold and significant phase recovery forces are generated. Such thermal activation of the NITINOL fibers increases the elastic energy of the fibers and enchances the stiffness of the plates, provided that the phase recovery forces are high enough to compensate for the loss of the modulus of elasticity of the composite and counterbalance the generated thermal loads. Understanding the interaction between the thermal, static and dynamic characteristics of the NITINOL-reinforced plates is essential to tailoring the performance of these plates to match changes in the operating conditions. Such an interaction is influenced primarily by the temperature distribution inside the plates during the activation and de-activation of the NITINOL fibers. In this study, a thermal finite element model is developed to determine steady-state and transient temperature distributions inside NITINOL-reinforced composite plates resulting from different activation strategies of the NITINOL fibers. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental measurements in order to validate the thermal finite element model. The resulting temperature distribution can be used to determine an average modulus of elasticity of the composite. The average temperature rise above ambient can also be used to compute the axial thermal loading on the composite plate. Such predictions are utilized in computing the static and dynamic characteristics of NITINOL-reinforced plates which are presented in Parts II and III of this paper, respectively.
Encapsulation in sub-micron species: a short review and alternate strategy for dye encapsulation

The encapsulation of molecular species has received considerable attention in recent years. Polymers, dendrimers and microemulsions along with other systems have been used as precursors for the synthesis of encapsulating agents. Especially important in this field is the core-shell architecture. This structure offers the encapsulated species an extra level of protection due to the presence of a shell, covering the interior of a capsule. Dyes, porphyrines, drugs, cells and other active agents have been successfully encapsulated, and the host-guest interaction has been studied by various experimental techniques. A review is new provided of the progress made in this field in the last several years is presented. Different classes of synthetic approaches are presented and resulting encapsulation studies are summarised. An approach to the encapsulation of dansyl chloride dye in core-shell nanoparticles is also presented.
X-Ray Analysis of Coals Treated with Organic Liquids. Detailed Study of the Adduct Formed Between Pyridine Molecules and Beulah Zap lignite

Wide-angle X-ray scattering methods indicate that, almost instantly, pyridine molecules penetrate between the nearest layers of the poly-cyclic units of Beulah Zap lignite to form a quasi-stable adduct. The lifetime of this adduct is several hours, and even after most of the pyridine has evaporated from the BZ/PYR gel, the expanded interlayer distance characteristic of the gel is retained.
SOME OPERATING PROBLEMS IN CLAY MINING1

Actual problems, the cause and possible solution are described. Calculations are given showing the economies of good drainage, well upkept equipment, and sane management of clay mines. Observations show that clay is wasted and mining hazardous and unnecessarily expensive in several of the clay mines examined. Recommendations are made.
Vibration Localization in Rotating Shafts, Part 1: Theory

This paper presents a theoretical study of vibration localization in single-span, flexible, rotating shafts. A noncircular cross-section of the rotating shaft, leading to dissimilar lateral moments of inertia, can introduce disorder. Internal coupling between the principal directions of vibration is provided by the rotational speed through the gyroscopic moments. It is shown, both analytically and numerically, that directional vibration localization can occur for certain appropriate combinations of disorder and coupling.
Energy-linked reactions in hypothyroid rat liver submitochondrial vesicles.

Abstract Processes in submitochondrial vesicles obtained from the liver mitochondria of hypothyroid rats were compared at 25–30° with those from normal rats. Hypothyroidism did not alter the rates of oxidation of succinate or β-hydroxybutyrate, or energy-independent transhydrogenation of pyridine nucleotides. Energy-dependent transhydrogenation supported either by added ATP or by succinate oxidation was doubled in the vesicles of hypothyroid rats, whereas ATP-supported reversed electron-flow was unchanged. Hormone injection corrected the abnormal rate. Since submitochondrial vesicles phosphorylate ADP slowly at 30° in hypothyroidism (5), these data suggest that the thyroid state controls the use rather than the supply of available energy potential.
Trichloroethylene: Parkinsonism and complex 1 mitochondrial neurotoxicity.

Objective To analyze a cluster of 30 industrial coworkers with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism subjected to long-term (8–33 years) chronic exposure to trichloroethylene. Methods Neurological evaluations were conducted on the 30 coworkers, including a general physical and neurological examination and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. In addition, fine motor speed was quantified and an occupational history survey was administered. Next, animal studies were conducted to determine whether trichloroethylene exposure is neurotoxic to the nigrostriatal dopamine system that degenerates in Parkinson's disease. The experiments specifically analyzed complex 1 mitochondrial neurotoxicity because this is a mechanism of action of other known environmental dopaminergic neurotoxins. Results The three workers with workstations adjacent to the trichloroethylene source and subjected to chronic inhalation and dermal exposure from handling trichloroethylene-soaked metal parts had Parkinson's disease. Coworkers more distant from the trichloroethylene source, receiving chronic respiratory exposure, displayed many features of parkinsonism, including significant motor slowing. Neurotoxic actions of trichloroethylene were demonstrated in accompanying animal studies showing that oral administration of trichloroethylene for 6 weeks instigated selective complex 1 mitochondrial impairment in the midbrain with concomitant striatonigral fiber degeneration and loss of dopamine neurons. Interpretation Trichloroethylene, used extensively in industry and the military and a common environmental contaminant, joins other mitochondrial neurotoxins, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and some pesticides, as a risk factor for parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 2007
Structure−Reactivity Relationships for Addition of Sulfur Nucleophiles to Electrophilic Carbon: Resonance, Polarization, and Steric/Electrostatic Effects

Second-order rate constants kRS and kRSH (M-1 s-1) for the direct addition of substituted alkanethiol anions RS- and neutral thiols RSH and third-order rate constants (kRSH)H (M-2 s-1) for acid-catalyzed addition of RSH to the simple quinone methide 4-[bis(trifluoromethyl)methylene]cyclohexa-2,5-dienone (1) in water are reported. Rate and equilibrium constants for the addition of Me2S and H+ to give H-1-SMe2+ were also determined. The data for addition of RS- to 1 are correlated by the Bronsted coefficient βnuc = 0.11, which is similar to that for addition of RS- to other highly resonance-stabilized carbocations. The rate constants for addition of RS- to 1 are similar to those for addition of substituted alkyl alcohol ROH to the much more electrophilic 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl carbocation (5+). The larger value of βnuc = 0.32 for addition of ROH to 5+ than βnuc = 0.11 for addition of RS- to 1 shows that there are important differences in the reaction coordinate profiles for these nucleophile addition reac...
Seed specification for displaying a streamline in an irregular volume

Two techniques are presented for specifying seed points, which are the starting points for streamlines, in an irregular volume. One is an interactive seed specification technique, in which efficient data probing is achieved by traversing the adjacency graph of the volume. The other is an automatic seed specification technique. A seed point is placed near a critical point, where the velocity vector is zero. Efficient algorithms are given for finding and classifying the critical point by using a tetrahedral cell. A successful application of these techniques to a problem in a clean room is also described.
Dynamic and Impact Behavior of Half-Through Arch Bridges

The objective of this paper is to present the results of an investigation of the dynamic and impact characteristics of half-through arch bridges with rough decks caused by vehicles moving across them. Seven arch bridges modeled as three-dimensional structures with overall span lengths ranging from 20 to 200 m (65.5 to 656.2 ft) are analyzed. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Specifications HS20-44 truck is the applied vehicle loading used in the analysis and is simulated as a three-dimensional, nonlinear vehicle model with 11 degrees of freedom. Truck components include the body, suspension, and tires. The bridge deck surface is assumed to have a “good” surface roughness and is simulated using a stochastic process (power spectral density function). The effect on impact factors of span length, rise-to-span ratio, and vehicle speed is discussed. The results of the analyses show that the impact factors of bending moment and axial force will not exceed 0.4 and 0.25, respec...
Tunable strontium titanate thin films for microwave devices

Abstract In this paper, strontium titanate (SrTiO3) thin films on platinized sapphire substrates have been demonstrated as a possible material candidate for tunable microwave device applications. Room temperature capacitance-voltage measurements at 1 MHz demonstrated a tunability of nearly 1.7:1 (41%), with a zero bias quality factor of 342 (tan 8 = .00292). Tunability of 1.75:1 (43%) is achieved with a device quality factor of 146 at 100 MHz. A device quality factor of 40 and a tunability of 1.7:1 (41%) has been obtained at frequencies up to 15 GHz.
Is the higher order of linguistic thought model of feeling adequate

Despite its explanatory value, the “higher order linguistic thought” model comes up short as an account of the felt aspect of motivational states.
T2 and T3 sympathetic ganglia in the adult human: a cadaver and clinical-radiographic study and its clinical application

The technique of percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) upper thoracic sympathectomy mandates an exact knowledge of the anatomical location of the sympathetic ganglia. Because conflicting descriptions are given in anatomy texts, we examined the T2 and T3 sympathetic ganglia in 48 sympathetic chains in adult cadavers to measure the exact location of the ganglia. Measurements were made relative to their distances (a) dorsal to the ventral surface of the vertebral body and (b) rostral or caudal to the midpoint of the vertebral body. Median locations of T2 and T3 ganglia were 17 to 20 mm dorsal to the ventral surface of the vertebral body and 2 mm rostral to the T1-T2 and T2-T3 vertebral bodies. The sympathetic chains lay lateral to and between the heads of the ribs at these levels. A clinical-radiographic correlation study of the sympatholytic effectiveness of various needle electrode placement sites during sympathectomy confirmed these findings. These data have been used to modify the technique of percutaneous RF sympathectomy.
Analysis of stress-strain, fracture, and ductility behavior of aluminum matrix composites containing discontinuous silicon carbide reinforcement

Mechanical properties and stress-strain behavior were evaluated for several types of commercially fabricated aluminum matrix composites, containing up to 40 vol pct discontinuous SiC whisker, nodule, or particulate reinforcement. The elastic modulus of the composites was found to be isotropic to be independent of type of reinforcement, and to be controlled solely by the volume percentage of SiC reinforcement present. The yield/tensile strengths and ductility were controlled primarily by the matrix alloy and temper condition. Type and orientation of reinforcement had some effect on the strengths of composites, but only for those in which the whisker reinforcement was highly oriented. Ductility decreased with increasing reinforcement content; however, the fracture strains observed were higher than those reported in the literature for this type of composite. This increase in fracture strain was probably attributable to cleaner matrix powder, better mixing, and increased mechanical working during fabrication. Comparison of properties with conventional aluminum and titanium structural alloys showed that the properties of these low-cost, lightweight composites demonstrated very good potential for application to aerospace structures.
Effect of dietary energy and previous bovine somatotropin on milk yield, mastitis, and reproduction in dairy cows.

Abstract Thirty multiparous lactating Holstein cows were blocked according to time of calving and assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of two dietary energy concentrations either without or with bST (20.6 mg/d per cow) administered to cows that had not or had received bST during the preceding lactation. Subcutaneous injection of bST began 28 to 35 d postpartum and continued for 39 wk. The dietary energy concentration x bST interaction was not significant for any response variable. Compared with DMI of control cows, DMI was higher for cows receiving bST, being 1.6 and 2.4 kg/d higher for cows receiving bST for one and two lactations, respectively. Milk, fat, and protein yields were higher for cows receiving bST than for controls. Those receiving bST for a second lactation also produced more milk than controls until wk 20; thereafter, milk yields were similar to those of controls. Somatotropin administration had no adverse effect on udder health. Cows receiving bST tended to ovulate less regularly than controls, which may be attributed to their higher milk yield. However, BW gains during lactation were similar for all treatments, indicating that bST-treated cows built energy reserves for the subsequent lactation. Although energy concentrations of the diets had no significant impact on yield, the higher energy diet tended to depress milk fat concentration. Administration of bST to dairy cows for a second, consecutive lactation yielded responses similar for the first 20 wk of the study to those receiving bST for the first time. However, after wk 20, milk yield was less than that by cows receiving bST for the first lactation but similar to that of control cows.
Computational mechanics solvers based on object-oriented design principles

Methods of object-oriented programming are compared with the software needs of the field of computational mechanics. It appears that object-oriented programming techniques can enable computational mechanics software structures with desirable characteristics not easily obtained within a conventional software perspective: (1) they can function more easily with different coordinate types; (2) they facilitate the construction of larger system models from proven (relocatable) subsystem models; and (3) they easily support multiresolution computational processes. >
Sex-specific plant responses to light intensity and canopy openness: implications for spatial segregation of the sexes

In seed plants, the proximate causes of spatial segregation of the sexes (SSS) and its association with environmental variation are thought to be linked to sex-specific morphological and physiological variation. To address the general question of linkage among SSS, plant traits and environmental gradients, Marchantia inflexa was used, for which male plants are found under more open tree canopy than females. We hypothesized that males are adapted to higher light intensity and are better able to tolerate water stress than females, as is the case with seed plants. We tested for sex-specific habitat and trait relationships by quantifying plant traits (morphological and physiological) and estimates of the light conditions (percent canopy openness and light intensity) in the field. Using path analysis, we found that edge pore density in both sexes was negatively correlated with canopy openness, while in males, edge pore density had a weak but positive relationship to light intensity. These responses suggest that canopy openness and light intensity have opposing effects on edge pore density in males and that males might be more responsive to water stress than females. Additionally, the greater importance of female support tissue, which functions as storage, in explaining and being explained by other variables in the path analysis, relative to male support tissue, may reflect sex-specific allocation differences related to resources needed for female function.
Accurate acrylic resin temporary restorations

Summary A technique for making temporary restorations has been described. The temporary restoration is diagnostic, protective, and stabilizes prepared teeth.
Genre and practice: Shaping possibilities for children

This article examines the dialogic nature of educational practices in two diverse communities. We examine how kindergarten and first-grade teachers in two settings use locally specific variants of the genre of early childhood education to describe their practice and the children with whom they work. We rely on Bakhtinian notions of speech genre to theorize these differences, arguing that genres portray conceptions of children that represent issues of power and status. We argue that the meanings attached to the way students are viewed are generated within a community and that they have profound implications for the way children's performance is interpreted.
Validity and test-retest reliability of a disability questionnaire for essential tremor.

BACKGROUND One important outcome in clinical trials is patients' own opinions about whether the medication alleviates their symptoms and improves their ability to function. A valid and reliable method with which to assess this subjective information is important. OBJECTIVE To determine the validity and test–retest reliability of the Columbia University Disability Questionnaire for Essential Tremor (ET). METHODS Patients with ET underwent a 2.5-hour evaluation, including a 36-item tremor disability questionnaire, to assess the functional impact of tremor, a 26-item video- taped tremor examination rated by a neurologist, a 15-item performance-based test, and quantitative computerized tremor analysis. We determined the validity and test–retest reliability of the tremor disability questionnaire. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients and test–retest reliability with the weighted kappa statistic. RESULTS Ninety-five patients with ET participated. The score on tremor disability questionnaire correlated with the neurologist's clinical ratings (r = 0.57, p <0.001) and the total score on the performance-based test (r = 0.69, p <0.001). Correlations with quantitative computerized tremor analysis results were less robust, but each remained significant, including mean amplitude of dominant arm tremor while arms were extended (r = 0.56, p <0.001), while drawing a spiral (r = 0.42, p = 0.01), and while pouring (r = 0.34, p = 0.04). The questionnaire was readministered to 32 subjects, and the test–retest reliability was substantial (weighted kappa = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS This Tremor Disability Questionnaire demonstrated substantial reliability, and it correlated with multiple measures of tremor severity, including a neurologist's clinical ratings, a performance-based test of function, and quantitative computerized tremor analysis results. The questionnaire would be useful in clinical trials in which it could be used as a reliable and valid tool to assess disability in ET.
Familial extrahepatic biliary atresia

Summary 1.A fifth family with familial congenital extrahepatic biliary is described. 2.Clinically and pathologically familialand nonfamilial biliary atresia are similar except for a predominance of males in the familial condition. 3.The sex incidence and association ofother congenital anomalies is discussed in relation to a possible etiology. Further information must be correlated and new facts uncovered before the nature of this syndrome will be known.
Influence of phosphorus nutrition on growth and metabolism of Duo grass (Duo festulolium)

Abstract Use of suitable plants that can extract and concentrate excess P from contaminated soil serves as an attractive method of phytoremediation. Plants vary in their potential to assimilate different organic and inorganic P-substrates. In this study, the response of Duo grass ( Duo festulolium ) to variable rates of soil-applied potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ) on biomass yield and P uptake were studied. Duo grown for 5 weeks in soil with 2.5, 5 and 7.5 g KH 2 PO 4 kg −1 soil showed a significantly higher biomass and shoot P content of 8.3, 11.4 and 12.3 g P kg −1 dry weight respectively compared to plants that received no soil added P. Also, the ability of Duo to metabolize different forms of P-substrates was determined by growing them in sterile Hoagland's agar media with different organic and inorganic P-substrates, viz. KH 2 PO 4 , glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), inositiol hexaphosphate (IHP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) for 2 weeks. Plants on agar media with different P-substrates also showed enhanced biomass yield and shoot P relative to no P control and the P uptake was in the order of ATP > KH 2 PO 4 > G1P > IHP = AMP > no P control. The activities of both phytase (E.C.3.1.3.26) and acid phosphatases (E.C.3.1.3.2) were higher in all the P received plants than the control. Duo grass is capable of extracting P from the soil and also from the agar media and thus it can serve as possible candidate for phytoextraction of high P-soil.
Measurement consistency and three-dimensional electromechanical anthropometry

Abstract Two pilot studies investigated potential sources of error in static human body surface measurement for conventional anthropometry methods and three-dimensional electromechanical methods under different experimental conditions. In the first pilot study, two anthropometrists measured Humeral breadth, Radiale-Stylion length and Wrist breadth of a cadaveric arm repeatedly in nearly nude and lightly clothed conditions with conventional and electromechanical approaches in two separate, repeated measurement sessions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed on these measurements demonstrated significant differences across measurers, methods, the interaction between measurer and clothing, and the interaction between measurer and methods, suggesting systematic error contributions for these variables. ANOVA performed on the standard deviation of data for each anthropometric dimension showed differences across methods and clothing conditions, demonstrating differences in measurement consistency for these variables. In the second pilot study, measurement consistency was evaluated for the conventional and electromechanical methods for anthropometric measurements of ten wheelchair users who were clothed and not capable of maintaining erect seated postures for the measurement session. The measurement consistencies for repeated measurements of acromion height, biacromial breadth, eye height, knee height and waist depth obtained with each method were compared to established standards. ANOVA showed differences between methods and measurers for some of the anthropometric dimensions, although the magnitude of the differences was relatively small. Relatively low variability in measurements within method for each dimension within condition was found in both studies. This suggests that conventional dimensions recorded with three-dimensional electromechanical approaches can be measured consistently, at least for the anthropometric dimensions and experimental conditions considered in these studies. Relevance to industry Anthropometric data provides a valuable source of information to ergonomists and designers who attempt to consider a range of body sizes and abilities in the design of occupational environments and products. These pilot studies investigate the reliability of anthropometric data collected with conventional and new three-dimensional measurement approaches.
New loading system for preparing density gradients for swinging-bucket rotors using programmed gradient pumps.

Abstract Density gradients can be mass-produced by using a new loading system with a high-capacity programmed gradient pump, normally required for zonal centrifugation studies. Ten density gradient tubes are prepared in 5 min with great flexibility in gradient shapes and volumes. Reproducibility in both gradient shape and delivered volumes is within 3–5%. No calculations or tables are required for predicting gradient characteristics since the maximum and minimum concentrations are within 5% or less of the starting solutions and the gradient shapes are highly reproducible.
Science academy statements on water, health, and science education

[1] Several days prior to the Group of 8 (G8) summit of nations on 26–27 May in Deauville, France, science academies from those nations and five others issued joint statements calling for the governments to take actions regarding water and health as well as science education. The water and health statement indicates that nearly 3 billion people will be living in water-scarce countries by 2050 and that 2.6 billion already lack access to proper sanitation and nearly 900 million lack access to a clean water supply. The statement calls for developing basic infrastructure for sanitation, promoting education to change the behavior of populations regarding water supply, funding research and development to identify pathogens, and improving water management and hygiene standards, among other measures.
Age-associated changes in pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content in the male gerbil.

Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content were measured in 2- and 15-month old male gerbils at various times over a 24h light: dark cycle (LD 14:10). A nocturnal increase over the low daytime values in NAT activity and melatonin content was noted in both 2- and 15-month old gerbils, suggesting the continued existence of a circadian rhythm in each of these biochemical parameters of pineal secretory function at least until 15-months of age. Notable differences in the levels of NAT activity and melatonin content between 2- and 15-month old gerbils included (1) a phase shift in peak NAT activity and melatonin content in 15-month old versus 2-month old gerbils and (2) a latent decrease in NAT activity in 15-month old gerbils after the onset of the light period relative to that in 2-month old gerbils.
Using accessible math textbooks with students who have learning disabilities

Math is a subject that most students in K-12 participate in every school day. This includes students with learning disabilities as they are equally accountable to meeting general math curriculum requirements. Project SMART provided digital versions of math textbooks modified to include MathML for use by eighth grade students with various learning disabilities. A goal of Project SMART was to determine whether these accessible digital textbooks improved student test performance as compared to control groups using the same texts in print format with a traditional oral accommodation. The study also examined the extent to which using accessible math impacted student perceptions about math abilities. Students and most teachers found the accessible digital textbooks preferable to the print versions. This was generally reflected in higher test scores as well as consistently positive responses from qualitative measures obtained from ongoing student and teacher surveys.
Education Legislation 1963–68: Various Vantage Points:

The education papers are the first category of Presidential Papers in the Lyndon B. Johnson Library to be opened to the public. Constituting some 225,000 documents, the papers provide a rich primary source for researchers in education. The new Library housing the papers is an elegant eight-story building on the campus of The University of Texas, Austin.The Library is operated by the National Archives and Records Service. Director Harry J. Middleton and a staff of seven archivists service both the collection and its users. The education papers constitute one of 62 categories used to classify the total collection. "The White House classification system is specifically designed to serve the working needs of the President's Office rather than those of researchers," commented Charles Corkran, senior archivist. However, the archivists know both the collection and the classification system well and currently are able to provide customized service on an individual basis to scholars wishing to use the papers. The ...
New Second-Order Bounds on the Expectation of Saddle Functions with Applications to Stochastic Linear Programming

This paper develops new bounds on the expectation of a convex-concave saddle function of a random vector with compact domains. The bounds are determined by replacing the underlying distribution by unique discrete distributions, constructed using second-order moment information. The results extend directly to new second moment lower bounds in closed-form for the expectation of a convex function. These lower bounds are better than Jensen's bound, the only previously known lower bound for the convex case, under limited moment information. Application of the second moment bounds to two-stage stochastic linear programming is reported. Computational experiments, using randomly generated stochastic programs, indicate that the new bounds may easily outperform the usual first-order bounds.
Implementation of a Flexible Encoder for Structured Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

The hardware implementation of an encoder for randomly generated low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes requires large area. Using structured LDPC codes decreases the encoding complexity and also provides design flexibility. In this paper, an architecture for implementing an encoder is presented that adheres to the structured LDPC codes defined in the IEEE 802.16e standard. The design methodology is flexible in terms of both the code rate and code length. Results are provided for an implementation on a Stratix FPGA for codes with rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 and 5/6, and block lengths ranging from 576-2304. The number of logic elements, clock speed, and throughput of the encoder for the different code lengths are presented. The design achieves encoding rates in excess of 400 Mbps.
Critical gaps in knowledge of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of healthcare‐associated infections.

The past decade has witnessed an intense interest in healthcare‐associated infections as well as increases in legislation and reporting requirements aimed at decreasing the number of these costly infections. In the next decade, healthcare epidemiology must address major gaps in understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of healthcare‐associated infections and in knowledge of the efficacy of interventions for healthcare‐associated infections and the efficacy in implementing such interventions.