cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LOV Domain-Containing Proteins in Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis contains five photosensory proteins that use LOV domains as their light-sensing modules. These proteins are phototropin 1 (phot1), phototropin 2 (phot2), FKF1, LKP2, and ZTL ([Briggs and Christie 2002]). The phototropins are blue-light photoreceptors that mediate phototropism, chloroplast relocation, stomatal opening, leaf expansion, and rapid inhibition of hypocotyl growth ([Huala et al 1997], [Folta and Spalding 2001], [Jarillo et al 2001], [Kagawa et al 2001], [Kinoshita et al 2001], [Sakamoto and Briggs 2002]). The phototropins each contain two LOV domains (LOV1 and LOV2)with a serine/threonine kinase at the C- terminal end. The other three LOV domain-containing proteins found in Ara- bidopsis FKF1, LKP2 and ZTL are involved in circadian clock or photoperiod functions ([Somers et al 2000], [Schultz et al 2001], [Imaizumi et al 2003]). These three proteins all contain a LOV domain at the N-terminal end followed by an F-box and a kelch repeat domain. The F-box is involved in targeting of a protein for degradation;the kelch-repeat domain is involved in protein-protein interactions. All Escherichia coli-expressed and purified Arabidopsis LOV domains bind an FMN chromophore and undergo photochemistry after illumination. Here we out- line differences and similarities in the sequences/structures and photochemistry of these LOV domains, which presumably have evolved depending on the physi- ology being mediated.
Interference in Choice and Confidence: Using the Quantum Random Walk to Model Distributions of Confidence

In this paper, we examine the effect of making a choice on subsequent confidence. Using a simple binary forced-choice perceptual task, we show that committing to a decision results in perturbed probability confidence judgments compared to a control condition where no decision is elicited, suggesting that committing to a decision interferes with subsequent information processing. Current classical probability models of decision-making and confidence do not predict this interference effect, but it arises naturally out of a quantum random walk model. We show that this model provides a better fit to the data and provides novel predictions of interference as well as improved confidence accuracy following a decision.
Lambda-Harmonic Functions: An Expository Account

In this paper, we compile a variety of results on the \(\lambda -\)Laplacian operator, denoted by \(\varDelta _{\lambda }\), a generalization of the well-known Laplacian in \({\mathbb {R}^n}\). We have compiled a list of known properties for \(\varDelta _{\lambda }\) when \(\lambda = \frac{n-2}{2}\) and present analogous properties for \(\varDelta _{\lambda }\). We close by discussing the \(\lambda -\)Poisson kernel, the function that solves the Dirichlet problem on the closed ball in \({\mathbb {R}^n}\).
Reversible and Tunable Photoswitching of Protein Function through Genetic Encoding of Azobenzene Amino Acids in Mammalian Cells

The genetic encoding of three different azobenzene phenylalanines with different photochemical properties was achieved in human cells by using an engineered pyrrolysyl tRNA/tRNA synthetase pair. In order to demonstrate reversible light control of protein function, azobenzenes were site-specifically introduced into firefly luciferase. Computational strategies were applied to guide the selection of potential photoswitchable sites that lead to a reversibly controlled luciferase enzyme. In addition, the new azobenzene analogues provide enhanced thermal stability, high photoconversion, and responsiveness to visible light. These small-molecule photoswitches can reversibly photocontrol protein function with excellent spatiotemporal resolution, and preferred sites for incorporation can be computationally determined, thus providing a new tool for investigating biological processes.
Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrated by Police Officers: Is It Self-Control or the Desire-To-Be-In-Control that Matters More?

While a number of studies have documented the correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrated by police officers, no study to date has examined the influence of self-control (i.e., self-r...
Reprint of

The wave bottom boundary layer is a major conduit delivering fine terrestrial sediments to continental margins. Hence, studying fine sediment resuspensions in the wave boundary layer is crucial to the understanding of various components of the earth system, such as carbon cycles. By assuming the settling velocity to be a constant in each simulation, previous turbulence-resolving numerical simulations reveal the existence of three transport modes in the wave boundary layer associated with sediment availabilities. As the sediment availability and hence the sediment-induced stable stratification increases, a sequence of transport modes, namely, (I) well-mixed transport, (II) formulation of lutocline resembling a two-layer system, and (III) completely laminarized transport are observed. In general, the settling velocity is a flow variable due to hindered settling and particle inertia effects. Present numerical simulations including the particle inertia suggest that for a typical wave condition in continental shelves, the effect of particle inertia is negligible. Through additional numerical experiments, we also confirm that the particle inertia tends (up to the Stokes number St = 0.2) to attenuate flow turbulence. On the other hand, for flocs with lower gelling concentrations, the hindered settling can play a key role in sustaining a large amount of suspended sediments and results in the laminarized transport (III). For the simulation with a very significant hindered settling effect due to a low gelling concentration, results also indicate the occurrence of gelling ignition, a state in which the erosion rate is always higher than the deposition rate. A sufficient condition for the occurrence of gelling ignition is hypothesized for a range of wave intensities as a function of sediment/floc properties and erodibility parameters. HighlightsHindered settling can increase sediment load and laminarize the boundary layer.Gelling ignition can occur at low gelling concentration and low critical stress.Particle inertia can be neglected for conditions in typical continental shelves.
Designing and Testing News Literacy Messages for Social Media

As concerns grow about the spread of misinformation through social media, scholars have called for improving the public’s media literacy as a potential solution. This study examines the effectivene...
Direct numerical simulation and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modeling of the sudden viscous dissipation for multicomponent turbulence.

Simulations of a turbulent multicomponent fluid mixture undergoing isotropic deformations are carried out to investigate the sudden viscous dissipation. This dissipative mechanism was originally demonstrated using simulations of an incompressible single-component fluid [S. Davidovits and N. J. Fisch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 105004 (2016)]. By accounting for the convective and diffusive transfer of various species, the current work aims to increase the physical fidelity of previous simulations and their relevance to inertial confinement fusion applications. Direct numerical simulations of the compressed fluid show that the sudden viscous dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is unchanged from the single-component scenario. More importantly, the simulations demonstrate that the mass fraction variance and covariance for the various species also exhibit a sudden viscous decay. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations were carried out using the $k\ensuremath{-}l$ model to assess its ability to reproduce the sudden viscous dissipation. Results show that the standard $k\ensuremath{-}l$ formulation does not capture the sudden decay of turbulent kinetic energy, mass-fraction variance, and mass-fraction covariance for simulations with various compression and expansion rates, or different exponents for the power-law model of viscosity. A new formulation of the $k\ensuremath{-}l$ model that is based on previous improvements to the $k\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ family of models is proposed, which leads to consistently good agreement with the direct numerical simulations for all the isotropic deformations under consideration.
Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons and the Kargil Conflict: Reassessing Their Role in the Two Sides’ Decision-Making

It is widely believed that Pakistan’s newly demonstrated nuclear weapons capability emboldened that country to launch what became the Kargil conflict of 1999 and correspondingly restrained India in responding to the attack. This article argues, however, that decision-making on both sides was driven by non-nuclear factors.
Vital sign thresholds predictive of death in the combat setting.

Abstract Introduction Identifying patients at imminent risk of death is a paramount priority in combat casualty care. This study measures the vital sign values predictive of mortality among combat casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan. Methods We used data from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry from January 2007 to August 2016. We used the highest documented heart rate and the lowest documented systolic pressure in the emergency department for each casualty. We constructed receiver operator curves (ROCs) to assess the accuracy of these variables for predicting survival to hospital discharge. Results There were 38,769 encounters of which our dataset included 15,540 (40.1%). The median age of these patients was 25 years and 97.5% were male. The most common mechanisms of injury were explosives (n = 9481, 61.0%) followed by gunshot wounds (n = 2393, 15.3%). The survival rate to hospital discharge was 97.5%. The median heart rate was 94 beats per minute (bpm) with area under the ROC of 0.631 with an optimal threshold to predict mortality of 110 bpm (sensitivity 52.2%, specificity 79.2%). The median systolic blood pressure was 128 mmHg with area under the ROC of 0.790 with an optimal threshold to predict mortality of 112 mmHg (sensitivity 68.5%, specificity 81.5%). Conclusions Casualties with a systolic blood pressure
Review of the Extracellular Matrix in Relation to Limb Development

The cells that eventually make up the limb originate from the somite and somatopleure. A major area of investigation in limb development research is how the cells become organized with a core of bone-cartilage, surrounded by muscle, which is wrapped in connective tissue, and finally the dermis and epidermis. Each of these components is served by blood vessels and nerves also arranged in predictable patterns. It has been obvious for some time that there must be cues or signals in the environment which the limb bud cells generate and then use to permit the patterned differentiation just outlined. This can be investigated on a number of levels. For example: how is the pattern of signalling controlled; what are the signals; how are the signals presented; how are the signals received by target cells; what are the changes in the target cells, and so forth?
See Your Yourself: Perception is Attuned to Morality

Perception appears preferentially attuned to moral content. Firestone and Scholl recently claimed that moral perception does not exist. We invite readers to evaluate the evidence for themselves. We fail to see how hitting a small child does not pertain to morality, knowing that expectations of justice affect attention is unexciting, or formal claims about similarity can be made without randomly assigning people to conditions or even presenting similar data. Research on moral perception has the potential to inform our understanding of morality and perception, and may have important consequences for policy.
The President's Rational Choice of a Treaty's Pre-Ratification Pathway: Article II, Congressional-Executive Agreement, or Executive Agreement?

A President who chooses to seek legislative approval of a treaty risks delay, textual modification, and even outright defeat. Neither the Constitution nor Congress nor the courts constrains this choice. The President nonetheless often seeks legislative approval before ratifying a treaty, whether through the constitutionally specified process of obtaining Senate advice-and-consent or the extra-constitutional Congressional-Executive agreement. Why? This Article argues that the President risks the hazards of seeking legislative approval in order to send to other nations a costly, credible signal of US commitment to the obligations of the treaty. First, the Article examines in general terms the choice to seek legislative approval at all and, if sought, which path of legislative approval to employ. Second, the Article argues that the signaling theory explains why Presidents systematically allocate certain issue areas (e.g., trade liberalization or arms control) to certain pre-ratification pathways (e.g., the Congressional-Executive agreement or the Article II pathway, respectively).
Risk of Vascular Toxicity with Platinum Based Chemotherapy in Elderly Patients with Bladder Cancer

Purpose: Platinum based chemotherapy is widely used for bladder cancer but is associated with vascular toxicity, especially thromboembolism. We evaluated the short-term (less than 1 year) and intermediate-term (2 to 5 years) vascular toxicity of platinum agents in older patients with bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: We identified Medicare beneficiaries 66 to 94 years old diagnosed with stage II-III bladder cancer from 1998 to 2007 in the SEER-Medicare database. We measured the association between platinum based chemotherapy and vascular events (thromboembolic and nonthromboembolic) using Cox proportional hazard regression models.Results: The sample included 5,057 patients, of whom 21.3% received platinum based chemotherapy. Patients receiving platinum based chemotherapy were more likely to be younger and male with less comorbidity than those not receiving any chemotherapy. During the first year after diagnosis the patients who received platinum based chemotherapy had a higher risk of a thromboembolic...
How are healthcare institutions using Facebook to interact with online communities? Results from a case study in Central Pennsylvania

Social media tools and applications are increasingly being integrated into modern medicine. However, little is known about how healthcare institutions are interacting online with their populations. In this case study, we identified a convenience sample of 11 institutions in Central Pennsylvania with Facebook Pages and evaluated their interactions with online communities. From May-June 2013, we noted type of healthcare institution ( e.g. hospital, family practice); number of overall “likes” accrued by the healthcare facility; number of overall posts and “likes”, “comments”, and “content shares” associated with those posts; as well as number of location check-ins by “followers”. We thematically categorized each institutional post. Average number of Facebook Page “likes” was 2,261, and average number of overall posts was 28.9, or about one post every three days. On average, each post generated 16 “likes”, 1 comment, and 2.4 shares. Average number of location “check-ins” by visiting patients was 6,348. Most commonly published content across all Pages was advertisements (89%) and institutional news (89%). Patient populations in Central Pennsylvania are seeking out healthcare institutions on Facebook, although most communication appears unidirectional and involves institutional advertising and promotion. There are opportunities for institutions to focus on health promotion and undertake “social” preventive health strategies using social media.
(Un)Making Violence Through Media Literacy and Theological Reflection: Manichaeism, Redemptive Violence, and Hollywood Films

AbstractThis article models an exercise in media literacy and theological reflection by identifying the Manichean worldview and redemptive violence prevalent in many Hollywood studio films and exploring some of the reasons these stories are told so often. Filmmaker interviews and commentaries reveal ways in which many filmmakers feel compelled by film's (a) visual, (b) character-driven, (c) time-limited, and (d) affective natures to change the narratives of their source materials into stories of redemptive violence.
Feasibility Studies for Improving Gas Insulation by Coating Contaminating Particles

The feasibility of two new particle-contamination-control methods - namely, particle coating and particle trapping in an insulating material - has been investigated experimentally in a concentric cylinder geometry. For the method of coating particles with an insulating film, it has been found that the coating can render the particles harmless and that coatings can be formed under varied experimental conditions. For the method of trapping particles partially or totally in the body of an insulating material, it has been shown to effectively render particles harmless and to be operable under different temperature conditions by appropriate choice of material. The implications for practical apparatus and the need for further development are discussed.
Cloning and expression of a synthetic gene for Cerebratulus lacteus neurotoxin B-IV.

Abstract A synthetic gene encoding Cerebratulus lacteus neurotoxin B-IV has been designed, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Although expression of the toxin alone appears to be incompatible with host viability, large amounts could be synthesized as a fusion protein with either E. coli beta-galactosidase or the gene 9 protein of bacteriophage T7, the latter system being the more efficient. The fusion protein has been purified, and, after Factor Xa-catalyzed hydrolysis at a customized linker site, we have obtained the equivalent of 12 mg of pure toxin B-IV per liter of bacterial culture. The recombinant protein is identical with B-IV isolated from Cerebratulus with respect to high performance liquid chromatography mobility and secondary structure, and its amino acid composition differs only by the presence of an amino-terminal methionine residue and replacement of Hyp10 by Pro. Quantal bioassay indicates that the cloned protein is comparable to the natural toxin in specific toxicity. The small differences observed in comparing the activities of the two proteins are most likely due to the presence of the methionine extension at the amino terminus of the recombinant, although lack of hydroxylation of Pro10 may also contribute.
For Terry Sandalow - Challenger and Creator

In the popular imagination, legal education is the experience of sitting in a classroom and being pushed to think deeply by a brilliant and demanding teacher. Some law schools are lucky enough to have a faculty member who actually fulfills this expectation - one professor in particular whose courses are the testing ground for the very best and most engaged students. When I was a student at Michigan in the 1970s, and until his retirement last year at the end of the century, that teacher was Terry Sandalow. For many Michigan graduates, taking Federal Courts or Fourteenth Amendment from Professor Sandalow was the most stimulating and unsettling portion of our law school education. It is not hyperbole to say that Terry was a legendary law professor. He taught us the skeptical, uncompromising craft of legal analysis as a means of serious engagement with public issues. Terry taught difficult material, and he taught in the Socratic tradition, so that intellectual pressure was created by the challenge of the questions he raised rather than by arrogance or contempt. This is the aspect of great law teaching that escapes the popular picture. Terry was not belligerent or overbearing, but he would not allow passive learning. Like many women students of my generation, I was uncomfortable speaking before large groups and intimidated by the common assumption that the female presence in the school was an experiment. Terry was one of the few teachers who could force me to participate. He used my oversensitivity against me. As I recall, he never called on a particular student with a demand that he or she perform. Instead, he would simply ask a question and then refuse to say another word until someone volunteered. Because his questions were very difficult, it took courage to raise a hand, and the silences could endure. Every few weeks I would find the silence even more unbearable than the pain of speaking, and I would force myself to make some tentative suggestions - covered, of course, in caveats for self-protection. Those painful silences prodded us into thinking as well as speaking. Terry's classes were jammed with ideas. He challenged students with his uncomfortable skepticism. Virtually everything he said opened some new perspective. A group of us would meet in the coffee shop
Relaxed DPLL Search for MaxSAT

We propose a new incomplete algorithm for the Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem on unweighted Boolean formulas, focused specifically on instances for which proving unsatisfiability is already computationally difficult. For such instances, our approach is often able to identify a small number of what we call "bottleneck" constraints, in time comparable to the time it takes to prove unsatisfiability. These bottleneck constraints can have useful semantic content. Our algorithm uses a relaxation of the standard backtrack search for satisfiability testing (SAT) as a guiding heuristic, followed by a low-noise local search when needed. This allows us to heuristically exploit the power of unit propagation and clause learning. On a test suite consisting of all unsatisfiable industrial instances from SAT Race 2008, our solver, RelaxedMinisat , is the only (MaxSAT) solver capable of identifying a single bottleneck constraint in all but one instance.
Getting a grip: new insights for cell adhesion and traction.

A crucial aspect of cell function in tissues is the biophysical interactions of the cell with the surrounding extracellular matrix. A fascinating report in this issue offers a major advance in the techniques available for investigating how the transmission of cell-generated forces to an underlying substratum is regulated. Application of this approach should provide key insights into such force regulation during cell migration and matrix contraction.
An Airborne Remote Sensing 4.5 to 7.2 Gigahertz Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer

A microwave stepped frequency radiometer operating from 4.5 to 7.2 gigahertz has been designed, fabricated and flight tested in an airborne remote sensing mission by NASA Langley Research Center. This paper describes the design of this precision microwave Dicke-switched noise feedback radiometer, calibration techniques and presents typical results from remote sensing mission employing this radiometer.
A Naturalistic Study of the Involvement of Children and Adolescents with Their Mothers and Friends Developmental Differences in Expressive Behavior

The purpose of the present study was to examine age differences in the involvement of children and adolescents with theirparents andpeers. Thle aspect of involvement examined in this study was enga...
A Critical Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Acute Alcohol-Induced Hepatic TNF-α Production

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. Both oxidative stress and endotoxin have been implicated in the process of alcohol-induced TNF-α production. However, a cause-and-effect relationship between these factors has not been fully defined. The present study was undertaken to determine the mediators of acute alcohol-induced TNF-α production using a mouse model of acute alcohol hepatotoxicity. Alcohol administration via gavage at a dose of 6 g/kg to 129/Sv mice induced hepatic TNF-α production in Kupffer cells as demonstrated by measuring protein levels, immunohistochemical localization, and mRNA expression. Alcohol intoxication caused liver injury in association with increases in plasma endotoxin and hepatic lipid peroxidation. Treatment with an endotoxin neutralizing protein significantly suppressed alcohol-induced elevation of plasma endotoxin, hepatic lipid peroxidation, and inhibited TNF-α production. Treatment with antioxidants, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, or dimethylsulfoxide, failed to attenuate plasma endotoxin elevation, but significantly inhibited alcohol-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation, TNF-α production and steatosis. All treatments prevented alcohol-induced necrotic cell death in the liver. This study thus systemically dissected the relationship among plasma endotoxin elevation, hepatic oxidative stress, and TNF-α production following acute alcohol administration, and the results demonstrate that oxidative stress mediates endotoxin-induced hepatic TNF-α production in acute alcohol intoxication.
From privacy methods to a privacy toolbox: Evaluation shows that heuristics are complementary

We describe the two-year-long development and evaluation of the Proportionality Method, a design method intended to aid HCI practitioners in designing advanced IT applications with complex privacy implications. The method is inspired by Data Protection Authorities' (DPA) and Courts' practice and proposes to balance the impact on privacy of IT applications with their usefulness. We discuss the results of an evaluation of the design method to verify its usability, usefulness and effectiveness vis-a-vis other design methods proposed in the HCI literature to address similar issues. Results suggest that different design methods for privacy highlight different sets of issues and a combination of methods should be employed in a comprehensive design process. We propose to judge design methods based on their overall quantitative and qualitative merits, including the type of application and technology for which they are most fit and their methodological approach. We finally propose to develop a privacy toolbox, that is, a set of heuristic methods that designers can choose from with knowledge and understanding of their relative advantages and limitations.
Evaluation of a Daphnia magna renewal life-cycle test method with silver and endosulfan

Abstract Four contract and two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratories participated in round-robin tests using Daphnia magna as the test animals. The purpose was to determine if methods set forth in the “Proposed Standard Practice for Conducting Renewal Life Cycle Tests with Daphnids” (ASTM Drafts 2 and 4 with modification) are adequate for routine laboratory testing. The six facilities were Haskell Laboratory, DuPont Co.; WAPORA, Inc.; Analytical Bio Chemistry Laboratories, Inc.; SRI International; Environmental Research Laboratory-Corvallis (EPA); and Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth (EPA). Silver and endosulfan were the toxicants used. The 48-h acute test used for determining EC50 values and estimating initial concentrations for the chronic test has been used for many years with good results, and this round-robin confirmed its value. The renewal life-cycle test as proposed by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) was found to be potentially useful, but only three of the six laboratories completed the tests successfully, and they had many difficulties. Forty-eight hour EC50 values (no food) for silver were 48, 55 (high values due to hard water), 8.4, 14.9, 1.1, 0.6, 0.64, 0.66, 0.9, 1.03, and 2.9 μg−1. The 48-h EC50 values for endosulfan were 390, 630, 720, 372, 328, 343, 271, 218, 282, 266, 158, 280, 740 (LC50) and 378 (LC50) μg−1. The 21-day EC50 values for silver were 2.9, 3.6 and 3.9; for endosulfan they were 170 and 130 μg−1. Chronic MATC values based on reproduction for silver were 10.5–21.2, 20–41, 1.6–4.1, 8.8–19.4, 3.4–8.0 and 2.7–3.9 μg−1. Chronic MATC values for endosulfan were 35–73, 75–154, 20–32 and 32–48 μg−1. Culture and feeding procedures and care of brood animals in cultures prior to testing were found to be weak links in the test procedure. If young animals used to start the test were not healthy, the test was not likely to succeed, primarily because of the problem of maintaining at least 80% survival of control animals. Excessive handling during transfer to new solutions (3 times a week for 4 weeks) directly damaged animals during pipetting and stressed brood-carrying adults. Feeding rates of 30 mg food 1−1 test water depleted dissolved oxygen. Lower feeding rates and modification of rations, as by addition of vitamin enriched algae, were suggested. The preparation of fresh test solutions 3 times a week, with analyses to verify the concentrations, is time consuming, expensive, and presents many opportunities for error. The laboratories felt that the flow-through daphnid life-cycle test is more reliable for most test purposes and that EPA should recommend it in addition to the renewal test.
The effect of water and nitrogen amendments on photosynthesis, leaf demography, and resource-use efficiency in Larrea tridentata, a desert evergreen shrub

In the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, both water and nitrogen limit the primary productivity of Larrea tridentata, a xerophytic evergreen shrub. Net photosynthesis was positively correlated to leaf N, but only in plants that received supplemental water. Nutrient-use efficiency, defined as photosynthetic carbon gain per unit N invested in leaf tissue, declined with increasing leaf N. However, water-use efficiency, defined as the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration, increased with increasing leaf N, and thus these two measures of resource-use efficiency were inversely correlated. Resorption efficiency was not significantly altered over the nutrient gradient, nor was it affected by irrigation treatments. Leaf longevity decreased significantly with fertilization although the absolute magnitude of this decrease was fairly small, in part due to a large background of insect-induced mortality. Age-specific gas exchange measurements support the hypothesis that leaf aging represents a redistribution of resources, rather than actual deterioration or declining resource-use efficiency.
Regulatory focus and affective recall

In two studies, we tested the impact of regulatory focus on recalled affect for past academic outcomes. Because promotion focus concerns achieving gains, it should be related to greater recalled positive affect. In contrast, prevention focus concerns avoiding losses, and should be related to greater recalled negative affect. In Study 1, promotion focus led to greater recalled positive affect for positive events, while prevention focus led to greater recalled negative affect regardless of event valence. In Study 2, promotion focus increased recalled positive affect for both positive and negative events, whereas prevention focus increased recalled negative affect for both positive and negative events. These studies demonstrate that current motivation can alter memory for past affective experiences; the regulatory focus ascribed to a previous event changes the extent to which people remember their emotional experience. Implications are discussed.
Day:Night variations of melatonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, serotonin, serotonin N-acetytransferase, tryptophan, norephinephrine and dopamine in the rabbit pineal gland☆

Abstract Pineal tryptophan, serotonin, serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (NAT), melatonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA), norephinephrine and dopamine were measured in 5 castrated rabbits each at 11.00, 00.30 and 03.00 hours. The rabbits were housed in an L:D 14:10 (lights on 07.00 hours). Significant day:night variations were found in NAT, melatonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. These results were compared to data concerning rhythms of pineal constituents in other species.
The Latin Version of lbn Mucādh's Treatise “On Twilight and the Rising of Clouds”*

Written by the 11th-century Spanish Arab, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muhammad ibn Mucādh al-Jayyānī, “On Twilight and the Rising of Clouds” represents a unique attempt to determine the height of the atmosphere on the basis of the first tinging of its upper reaches by dawn light. In fact, Ibn Mucādh's value of around 52 miles remained standard until the 17th century, when it was revised sharply downward in consideration of atmospheric refraction and barometric studies. The treatise itself survives in a single Hebrew exemplar, 25 Latin exemplars, and an Italian exemplar derived from the Latin. At the heart of this present study is a critical text based on a fullscale comparative transcription of 22 of the Latin manuscripts, ranging in date from the 13th to the 17th century.
Developing Leadership Competencies in the Heartland

The Leading Forward Initiative of the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) outlined a set of essential competencies for effective leadership in community colleges. Research has confirmed that community college leaders agree the competencies are important to effective leadership. Few studies, however, have examined how these leadership skills and abilities are developed. In addition, there is limited research regarding the AACC leadership competencies and the differences that exist between and among rural, suburban, and urban community colleges. This article considersthe context of the rural community college, representing 60% of all community colleges in the United States (Hardy & Katsinas, 2007). The study provides data from a sample of senior-level leaders in rural community colleges, and it examines the perceptions of respondents regarding the importance of selected professional development activities in developing the AACC leadership competencies. Findings reveal that 8 of the 10 professi...
Fully engaged practice and emotional connection: Aspects of the practitioner perspective of reference and information service

• Practitioner's perspective of reference and information service is investigated using interpretative phenomenological analysis.
The use of animals in research.

The endless struggle that has long engaged the medical-research community and animal-welfare advocates over the use of animals in research has entered a new era of intensity. Signs of the struggle abound in federal and state legislatures, in a wave of illegal break-ins of research laboratories that have been widely reported in the popular and medical media, and in other efforts to sway public opinion. The outcome of this feud is uncertain, but there are already important signs that animal-welfare activists — by thrusting animal-experimentation issues into the limelight — are influencing the willingness of federal funders of medical research . . .
Progesterone protects normative anxiety-like responding among ovariectomized female mice that conditionally express the HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat, in the CNS.

Increased anxiety is co-morbid with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Actions of the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat, may contribute to affective dysfunction. We hypothesized that Tat expression would increase anxiety-like behavior of female GT-tg bigenic mice that express HIV-1 Tat protein in the brain in a doxycycline-dependent manner. Furthermore, given reports that HIV-induced anxiety may occur at lower rates among women, and that the neurotoxic effects of Tat are ameliorated by sex steroids in vitro, we hypothesized that 17β-estradiol and/or progesterone would ameliorate Tat-induced anxiety-like effects. Among naturally-cycling proestrous and diestrous mice, Tat-induction via 7 days of doxycycline treatment significantly increased anxiety-like responding in an open field, elevated plus maze and a marble-burying task, compared to treatment with saline. Proestrous mice demonstrated less anxiety-like behavior than diestrous mice in the open field and elevated plus maze, but these effects did not significantly interact with Tat-induction. Among ovariectomized mice, doxycycline-induced Tat protein significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in an elevated plus maze and a marble burying task compared to saline-treated mice, but not an open field (where anxiety-like responding was already maximal). Co-administration of progesterone (4 mg/kg), but not 17β-estradiol (0.09 mg/kg), with doxycycline significantly ameliorated anxiety-like responding in the elevated plus maze and marble burying tasks. When administered together, 17β-estradiol partially antagonized the protective effects of progesterone on Tat-induced anxiety-like behavior. These findings support evidence of steroid-protection over HIV-1 proteins, and extend them by demonstrating the protective capacity of progesterone on Tat-induced anxiety-like behavior of ovariectomized female mice.
COMPLEXITY AS A SURROGATE MAPPING BETWEEN FUNCTION MODELS AND MARKET VALUE

The purpose of this paper is to investigate if early stage function models of design can be used to predict the marketvalue of a commercial product. In previous research, several metrics of complexity of graph-based product models have been proposed and suitably chosen combinations of these metrics have been shown to predict the time required in assembling commercial products. By extension, this research investigates if this approach, using new sets of combinations of complexity metrics, can predict market-value. To this end, the complexity values of function structures for eighteen products from the Design Repository are determined from their function structure graphs, while their market values are procured from different vendor quotes in the open market. The complexity and value information for fourteen samples are used to train a neural net program to define a predictive mapping scheme. This program is then used to predict the value of the final four products. The results of this approach demonstrate that complexity metrics can be used as inputs to neural networks to establish an accurate mapping from function structure design representations to market values to within the distribution of values for products of similar type.
Economic, ethical, and outcome-based decisions regarding aggressive surgical management in patients with penetrating craniocerebral injury.

Each year fatalities in the United States increase as a result of gunshot wounds to the head. This increase, coupled with the progressive limitation of medical and economic resources available at major trauma centers, has brought into question the concept that everything possible should be done to save the lives of victims, who have only a minimal and nonpredictable chance of having a good outcome. Thus, consideration must be given to the economics of treating cranial gunshot wounds and the relationship of this treatment to outcome. When a good outcome can be predicted, treatment should be aggressive. However, when a good outcome cannot be predicted, surgical intervention will have no effect and the potential costs of aggressive treatment must also be considered. Clearly, there are ethical dilemmas involved in withholding operative treatment from any individual, even if there is only a minimal chance of a reasonable neurologic recovery. A negotiation-based approach should be used in determining the medica...
Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow Alters Pulmonary Vascular Reactivity in the Lamb. ♦ 143

Congenital heart disease associated with increased pulmonary blood flow frequently produces structural and functional abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular bed, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms producing these changes in vascular reactivity are not well understood. We studied a lamb model of increased pulmonary blood flow with pulmonary hypertension, created by in utero placement of aortopulmonary vascular shunts at 139 days gestation. At four to six weeks of age, 8 shunted lambs and 6 age matched controls were sacrificed and pulmonary arteries (PA) and veins (PV) isolated. Some 4th generation PA were snap frozen, and cGMP content subsequently determined by 125I RIA. Other 5th generation vessels were studied in conventional tissue bath systems. Contractility to norepinephrine(NE) was first assessed by full concentration response curves with and without the NO synthase inhibitor LNA. Endothelium intact vessels were then submaximally preconstricted with NE following pretreatment with indomethacin. Full concentration response curves to A23187 (receptor independent stimulus of endothelial NO synthase, ecNOS), SNAP (exogenous NO donor), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, particulate guanylate cyclase agonist) were performed. Results: PV from shunted lambs did not differ from controls in any of the studies. PA from shunted lambs had higher basal cGMP levels than controls (17.6 ± 2.9 vs 8.5 ± 1.7 pm/mg protein, p < 0.05). Contractile responses to NE did not differ between control and shunted lambs. However, LNA enhanced contractile responses to NE in PA from control lambs (57± 22% at maximal NE concentration) but had no effect in PA from shunted lambs. Maximal relaxations to the agonists in PA are tabulated below(*p<0.05 by ANOVA). Table We conclude that while cGMP concentrations are increased in PA from shunted lambs. blunted responses to LNA and A23187 indicate decreased basal and stimulated ecNOS activity. The enhanced relaxations to ANP may indicate increased production of cGMP by particulate guanylate cyclase.
Radioimmunoassay of plasma estrone and estradiol.

Estradiol-17β-succinyl-BSA was used as an antigen to produce antibodies to estradiol (E2). The antibodies did not cross react significantly with other steroids except estron (E1) and was used in the development of a radioimmunoassay for E1 and E2. Following purification with rivanol, the antibodies were polymerized using ethyl chloroformate. Tracers were added to the plasma before extraction and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography was used to separate E1 from E2. After incubation with polymerized antibodies which were mixed with 3H-E1 or 3H-E2, the free and protein bound fractions were separated by centrifugation. Sample concentrations were obtained from reference standard curves. The water blank of the method is 11±1 picograms (pg). The lower limit of sensitivity is 50 pg. The coefficient of variation for measurement of plasma estrone and estradiol was 8–18% and 4–17% respectively.
SU‐D‐217A‐06: Impact of Anterior‐Posterior (AP) and Posterior‐Anterior (PA) Scout Scans on the CT Radiation Dose in the Whole Body PET/CT Scan

Purpose:CT can contribute over 50% of radiation dose in the whole body (WB) PET/CT scan. Tube current modulation (TCM) is a standard technique for reducing CT radiation dose to the patient by changing the tube current with the patient size, and is controlled by a very low‐dose scoutscan, which assumes the patient is positioned at the center of the CT gantry opening. However, most patients are not positioned at the center due to practicality or to avoid claustrophobic or to reduce time of radiation exposure from the patient to the technologist. We study the impact of the AP and PA scout scans to the patient radiation exposure from CT.Methods: Ina retrospective study of 200 patients, each received two WB PET/CT scans: one with AP, and the other one with PA. The helical CT with TCM and PET acquisitions were identical in both scans. Separation of the two scans was about 10 months in average. The scans were performed on four GE PET/CT scanners: three 16‐ and one 64‐slice with the same TCM settings. The 200patients were selected for the same scan coverage and similar body weight (difference = 3 kg). The tube current in each slice and average exposure tothe patient were recorded and compared. Results: The AP scout caused lower radiation dose on 94% of the patients. Both the tube current, and radiation exposure were reduced by 46±30 mA and 1.6±1.0 mGy, respectively. The effective radiation dose is reduced by 1.7±1.2 mSv. These results were statistically significant (p<0.00001). Conclusions: The AP scout caused significantly less radiation dose than the PA scout in the CT scan of the whole‐body PET/CT scan. Care should be taken to select theorientation of the scout scan to achieve appropriate radiation exposure to the patient when TCM is applied.
Immunohistochemical detection of HER2/neu in patients with axillary lymph node negative breast carcinoma. A study of epidemiologic risk factors, histologic features, and prognosis

Background. Numerous studies have examined the prognostic significance of HER2/neu(HER) expression in patients with axillary lymph node negative breast carcinoma. Although some investigations suggest that the presence of the altered expression of HER is prognostically unfavorable, the subject remains controversial. This study explores the interaction of HER with three aspects of axillary lymph node negative breast carcinoma: epidemiologic risk factors, tumor histopathology, and prognosis. Methods. Immunohistochemical staining for HER was performed on 10% formalin fixed paraffin embedded primary carcinomas from 440 patients with negative axillary lymph nodes with a median follow-up of 119 months. Results. The immunohistochemical expression, or lack thereof, of HER did not prove to be prognostically significant in this group of patients with axillary lymph node negative breast carcinoma. There was also no consistent association with epidemiologic risk factors. The most striking results concerned the relationship of HER to histopathologic features of the carcinomas. Medullary carcinoma differed from other tumor types because it was HER(+) substantially less often (10%) than were other ductal (49%) or lobular (43%) carcinomas. Conclusion. The results obtained in this study suggest that the immunohistochemical demonstration of HER is not a reliable prognostic indicator for patients with axillary lymph node negative breast carcinoma. This marker was not associated with major epidemiologic risk factors; however, there was a significant correlation between HER and the phenotypic features of breast carcinoma because medullary carcinoma is rarely HER(+). Although the associations may not be a strong enough basis for refining the classification of breast carcinoma, they could be useful for diagnosing individual patients. The changes in HER that are detectable by the immunohistochemical methods used in this study probably do not occur in the earliest stages of mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer 1995;75:1320-6.
Assessing temperature anomalies for a geographical region : A control chart approach

An X-bar control chart is developed to quantify monthly temperature anomalies for a geographical region. The developed chart accounts for space–time correlations in the temperatures and allows for accurate statistical quantification of temperature fluctuations. The methods presented can also be used to probabilistically quantify the severity of hot and cold periods. Using time series prediction techniques, a control chart for monthly average temperature data is developed for an arbitrary number of recording stations. The proposed chart takes into account trends, seasonality in the means and variances of the temperatures, and perhaps most importantly, the temporal and spatial correlations also present in such data. The results are applied in the analysis of six monthly temperature series from the southeastern United States during 1900–1993. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.