cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prehospital treatment of the bleeding patient--dare to dream.

E-mail address: chet.morrison@hc.msu.e 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev doi:10.1016/j.jss.2011.12.022 Traumatic injuries have been with us since the beginning of civilization and not surprisingly are the topic of the oldest known medical documentdthe ‘Edwin Smith papyrus [1]. Numerous advances in the care of the injured patient have been accomplished with contributionsmade from virtually all aspects of surgical research. Nevertheless, there is still a notable fatality rate frompatientswho are encountered alive but die during prehospital care and transport; this problem is particularly acute in the military setting where as many as 90% of military casualties who die in combat die prior to reaching care [2]. Thus, it is a worthwhile effort to develop treatments that could alter this mortality; from prehospital administered hemostatic dressings, injections of hemostatic substances in to wounds, and high energy frequency ultrasound, effort continues on this worthwhile goal [3e5]. For an elegant study demonstrating a different approach, we turn to the current paper, by Dr. Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh and colleagues [6]. In this study, a technique of intraperitoneal fluid or gas administration was used in a rabbit model of intraperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to induced hepatic injury. Using an elegant experimental technique, the authors demonstrated that infusion of either carbon dioxide gas or peritoneal dialysate solution was associated with reduced blood loss and improved blood pressure in these animals, although there was an increased acidosis in the animals that received the
The structure of a separating turbulent boundary layer. Part 3. Transverse velocity measurements

Simpson, Chew & Shivaprasad (1981 a , b) describe many experimentally determined features of a separating turbulent boundary layer. For the same flow, experimental results for the transverse velocity component are presented here. A specially designed directionally sensitive laser anemometer was constructed and used to make measurements in the separated region. Cross-wire hot-wire anemometer measurements were obtained upstream of separation and in the outer region of the separated flow and are in good agreement with the laser anemometer results. It was found that wI2 = v t2 in the outer 90 yo of the shear layer both upstream and downstream of separation. Features of wI2 profiles in the backflow are related to features of the streamwise velocity component. This behaviour is consistent with the large-scale-structures flow model of a separating boundary layer presented by Simpson et al. (1981a, b ) . Large-scale structures supply the mean streamwise backflow. These large-scale structures also transport the turbulence energy to the backflow from the outer flow by turbulent diffusion since advection and production of turbulence kinetic energy are negligible there compared with the dissipation rate. Because of continuity requirements fluid motions toward the wall must be deflected and contribute to streamwise and transverse motions near the wall.
Solution structure of a common substrate mimetic of cyclooxygenase-downstream synthases bound to an engineered thromboxane A2 synthase using a high-resolution NMR technique.

Abstract Understanding the docking mechanism of the common substrate, prostaglandin H 2 (PGH 2 ), into the active sites of different cyclooxygenase(COX)-downstream synthases is a key step toward uncovering the molecular basis of the isomerization of PGH 2 to different prostanoids. A high-resolution NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the conformational changes and solution 3D structure of U44069, a PGH 2 analogue, bound to one of the COX-downstream synthases—an engineered thromboxane A 2 synthase (TXAS). The dynamic binding was clearly observed by 1 D NMR titration. The detailed conformational change and 3D structure of U44069 bound to the TXAS were demonstrated by 2D 1 H NMR experiments using transferred NOEs. Through the assignments for the 2D 1 H NMR spectra, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, and the structural calculations based on the NOE constraints, they demonstrated that the widely open conformation with a triangle shape of the free U44069 changed to a compact structure with an oval shape when bound to the TXAS. The putative substrate-binding pocket of the TXAS model fits the conformation of the TXAS-bound U44069 appropriately, but could not fit the free form of U44069. It was the first to provide structural information for the dynamic docking of the PGH 2 mimic of the TXAS in solution, and to imply that PGH 2 undergoes conformational changes when bound to different COX-downstream synthases, which may play important roles in the isomerization of PGH 2 to different prostanoids. The NMR technique can be used as a powerful tool to determine the conformations of PGH 2 bound to other COX-downstream synthases.
Molecular Approaches and Biomarkers for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a public health emergency, compounded by the lack of adequate diagnostic testing in many regions of the world. New advances in the molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including faster and simpler nucleic acid amplification tests, have resulted in rapid and cost-effective methods to diagnose TB and test for drug resistance. Ongoing research on biomarkers for TB infection may lead to new tests for blood, urine, breath, and sputum. Sustained investment in the development and dissemination of diagnostic tests for TB is critical for increasing TB case finding, placing patients on appropriate treatment, and reducing transmission.
Acylcarnitines in amniotic fluid : application to the prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidaemia

Acylcarnitines were assayed in amniotic fluid by isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Control values for propionylcarnitine, C4 and C5 acylcarnitines were established. Propionylcarnitine was elevated by a factor of 5 relative to controls in the amniotic fluid of three pregnancies affected with propionic acidaemia. This may provide a convenient new method for prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidaemia. One pregnancy at risk for propionic acidaemia but unaffected according to methylcitrate analysis had an intermediate level of propionylcarnitine, indicating the need for further studies to determine the range of concentration in probable heterozygotes.
Evaluating neurophylogenetic patterns in the larval nervous systems of brachiopods and their evolutionary significance to other bilaterian phyla.

Recent structural analyses of invertebrate nervous systems have supported hypotheses stating that specific developmental and cytological aspects of larval and adult brains are conserved among bilaterian ani- mals. Opposing views argue that structural similarities in larval nervous systems may be the result of conver- gent evolution and that the developmental diversity of adult brains is more indicative of several independent origins. Here, I use various cytological probes, confocal microscopy, and reconstruction techniques to investigate the cellular diversity within the larval nervous systems of Glottidia pyramidata and Terebratalia transversa (Brachiopoda). Neuronal cell types are compared among the rhynchonelliform, linguliform, and craniiform bra- chiopods as well as the phoronids. Although the respec- tive larval types of the previously mentioned systematic groups clearly diverge in the neuroarchitecture of their larval apical organs (and nervous systems in general), a ground plan is proposed based on shared, centrally- located, peptidergic neuronal cell types that can be com- pared with similar cell types in other lophotrochozoan phyla (bryozoans and spiralians). Assessing hierarchal levels of homology within and among the nervous sys- tems of morphologically disparate phyla is challenging in that many phyla share early developmental signals that induce the specification of the neural ectoderm, clouding our ability to discern divergent larval and juve- nile brain structure. Solving these problems will require a combined effort involving both traditional and more recent cytological techniques with a diversity of molecu- lar probes that will better map the neuronal complexity of diverse invertebrate nervous systems. J. Morphol. 272:1153-1169, 2011. ! 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Perioperative blood pressure management with clevidipine during coiling of cerebral artery aneurysms

The tight control of blood pressure (BP) is mandatory during cerebral aneurysm coiling to minimize abrupt changes in the transmural pressure across the aneurysm and thereby decrease the risk of rupture. Critical times during these procedures when significant BP changes may occur include anesthetic induction, endotracheal intubation, and emergence. Clevidipine is a recently introduced, rapidly acting dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist. Its rapid metabolism by tissue and plasma esterases results in an effective half-life of 1 to 3 minutes. We present our preliminary experience with the use of clevidipine to control BP during the anesthetic care of three patients undergoing coiling of cerebral aneurysms in the interventional radiology suite.
Effect of pressure, subcooling, and dissolved gas on pool boiling heat transfer from microporous, square pin-finned surfaces in FC-72

Abstract The present research is an experimental study of the effects of pressure, subcooling, and non-condensable gas (air) on the pool nucleate boiling heat transfer performance of microporous enhanced finned surfaces. The test surfaces, solid copper blocks with 1-cm 2 bases and 5×5 square pin-fin arrays of 2, 4 and 8 mm fin lengths, were immersed in FC-72. The test conditions included an absolute pressure range of 30–150 kPa and a subcooling range of 0 (saturation) to 50 K. Effects of these parameters on nucleate boiling and critical heat flux (CHF) were investigated. In addition, differences between pure subcooled and gas-saturated conditions as well as horizontal and vertical base orientations were also investigated. Results showed that, in general, the effects of pressure and subcooling on both nucleate boiling and CHF were consistent with previously tested flat surface results, however, subcooling was found to significantly affect the high heat flux region of the microporous finned surfaces nucleate boiling curves. The relative enhancement of CHF from increased subcooling was greater for the microporous surface than the plain surface but less than a microporous flat surface. The horizontal orientation (horizontal base/vertical fins) was found to be slightly better than the vertical orientation (vertical base/horizontal fins). Correlations for both nucleate boiling and CHF for the microporous surfaces were also developed.
The Hinge Domain of the Cleavage Stimulation Factor Protein CstF-64 Is Essential for CstF-77 Interaction, Nuclear Localization, and Polyadenylation

Because polyadenylation is essential for cell growth, in vivo examination of polyadenylation protein function has been difficult. Here we describe a new in vivo assay that allows structure-function assays on CstF-64, a protein that binds to pre-mRNAs downstream of the cleavage site for accurate and efficient polyadenylation. In this assay (the stem-loop luciferase assay for polyadenylation, SLAP), expression of a luciferase pre-mRNA with a modified downstream sequence element was made dependent upon co-expression of an MS2-CstF-64 fusion protein. We show here that SLAP accurately reflects CstF-64-dependent polyadenylation, confirming the validity of this assay. Using SLAP, we determined that CstF-64 domains involved in RNA binding, interaction with CstF-77 (the "Hinge" domain), and coupling to transcription are critical for polyadenylation. Further, we showed that the Hinge domain is necessary for CstF-64 interaction with CstF-77 and consequent nuclear localization, suggesting that nuclear import of a preformed CstF complex is an essential step in polyadenylation.
MCHANGO WA MWALIMU J.K. NYERERE KATIKA TAFSIRI NA MAENDELEO YA LUGHA

Kwa kuzingatia tafsiri mbili za J.K. Nyerere, Julius Kaizer (1963) na Mabepari wa Venus (1969), makala inaeleza: (i) kwa nini Mwalimu Nyerere alitafsiri maandishi ya Shakespeare, (ii) ufanisi wa tafsiri zake, na (iii) mchango wa tafsiri hizo. Makala inaonyesha kuwa tafsiri hizo zinazingatia mbinu za kisemantiki zaidi kuliko mbinu nyingine ingawa hapa na pale mbinu ya kimawasiliano inatumika pia. Makala inataja mchango wa tafsiri hizo kuwa ni kukuza fasihi ya Kiswahili, kukuza msamiati na kuwatia ari wafasiri wengine.
Fundamental and Modal Processes in the Evolution of Natural Systems

: This paper offers a brief sketch of the evolution of natural systems within the context of cosmic evolution. The argument, conducted from an energy stance but without recourse to the mathematical apparatus of quantum physics, distinguishes the processes by which energy is transformed from the processes in which it is distributed in a local context. The main focus is on the energetic stratification of natural systems, its causes, and its consequences. A brief coda points to some implications of this treatment.
Dilute bicellar solutions for structural NMR work.

Deuterium NMR spectroscopy has been employed to characterize the concentration dependence of orientational order in DMPC/DHPC bicellar solutions with molar ratiosq= [DMPC]/[DHPC] = 3.3, 2.7, and 2.3. The stability of a discotic nematic phase can, in general, be predicted from a simple Onsager picture involving the size and concentration of the mesogenic unit, but for the bicellar solutions this model is not adequate. Specifically, macroscopic alignment is observed at total lipid concentrations well below that, 1–10% (w/w) predicted by Onsager's model. Thus the discotic nematic phase is stable to ≈3–5% (w/w) forq= 3.3–2.3, and the bicellar order is highest just before phase separation occurs at the minimum total phospholipid concentration. This implies the presence of a DHPCbic⇄ DHPCsolequilibrium in establishing bicellar size, thereby extending the range of concentrations for which alignment occurs. Bicellar morphology has been verified for a wide range of concentrations, temperatures, andq-values, but as viscosity measurements demonstrate, major morphological changes take place as the temperature is reduced below 30°C.
Theoretical Studies of Inorganic and Organometallic Reaction Mechanisms. 11. Migratory Insertion of Coordinated Nitric Oxide into Cobalt−Carbon Bonds

The migratory insertion reaction of NO into the Co−CH3 σ-bond in the cobalt cyclopentadienyl complex CpCo(NO)(CH3) (2), both with and without the assistance of an incoming ligand (PH3, 1), has been studied using ab initio molecular orbital and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The insertion without PH3 association (Mechanism I) occurs with an activation energy of 10−20 kcal/mol, and the intermediate, CpCoN(O)CH3 (3a), forms with an endothermicity of 8−17 kcal/mol at the DFT-B3LYP and coupled cluster with singles and doubles (CCSD) levels of theory. The overall reaction to the product, CpCoN(O)CH3(PH3) (5b), was exothermic by −10 to −16 kcal/mol depending on the level of theory. An alternative mechanism II which begins with PH3 association and NO bending is endothermic by 16−18 kcal/mol and is immediately followed by a NO insertion barrier of 19−34 kcal/mol for an overall barrier of 35−52 kcal/mol. Therefore, Mechanism I is the favored pathway. This result is in very good agreement with the kinetic ...
Alternative approaches to assessing intervention effectiveness in randomized trials: application in a colorectal cancer screening study.

Background Previous analysis of a randomized community-based trial of a multi-component intervention to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among Filipino Americans (n = 548) found significantly higher screening rates in the two intervention groups compared to the control group, when using intent-to-treat analysis and self-reported screening as the outcome. This report describes more nuanced findings obtained from alternative approaches to assessing intervention effectiveness to inform future intervention implementation.
In Defense of Skin

How does the skin resist infection by organisms that impinge or reside on its surface? In this issue,Lopez-Garcia et al (2005) report on one aspect of this larger question, by describing experiments on the potential role of cathelicidins in protecting the skin from Candida albicans. My commentary begins with a historical perspective and ends with some caveat lector statements.
Gene by stress genome-wide interaction analysis and path analysis identify EBF1 as a cardiovascular and metabolic risk gene.

We performed gene–environment interaction genome-wide association analysis (G × E GWAS) to identify SNPs whose effects on metabolic traits are modified by chronic psychosocial stress in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). In Whites, the G × E GWAS for hip circumference identified five SNPs within the Early B-cell Factor 1 (EBF1) gene, all of which were in strong linkage disequilibrium. The gene-by-stress interaction (SNP × STRESS) term P-values were genome-wide significant (Ps=7.14E−09 to 2.33E−08, uncorrected; Ps=1.99E−07 to 5.18E−07, corrected for genomic control). The SNP-only (without interaction) model P-values (Ps=0.011–0.022) were not significant at the conventional genome-wide significance level. Further analysis of related phenotypes identified gene-by-stress interaction effects for waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, type II diabetes status, and common carotid intimal–medial thickness (CCIMT), supporting a proposed model of gene-by-stress interaction that connects cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor endophenotypes such as central obesity and increased blood glucose or diabetes to CVD itself. Structural equation path analysis suggested that the path from chronic psychosocial stress to CCIMT via hip circumference and fasting glucose was larger (estimate=0.26, P=0.033, 95% CI=0.02–0.49) in the EBF1 rs4704963 CT/CC genotypes group than the same path in the TT group (estimate=0.004, P=0.34, 95% CI=−0.004–0.012). We replicated the association of the EBF1 SNPs and hip circumference in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (gene-by-stress term P-values=0.007–0.012) as well as identified similar path relationships. This observed and replicated interaction between psychosocial stress and variation in the EBF1 gene may provide a biological hypothesis for the complex relationship between psychosocial stress, central obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Localization of Mammalian Orthoreovirus Proteins to Cytoplasmic Factory-Like Structures via Nonoverlapping Regions of μNS

Virally induced structures called viral factories form throughout the cytoplasm of cells infected with mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRV). When expressed alone in cells, MRV nonstructural protein μNS forms factory-like structures very similar in appearance to viral factories, suggesting that it is involved in forming the structural matrix of these structures. μNS also associates with MRV core particles; the core proteins μ2, λ1, λ2, λ3, and σ2; and the RNA-binding nonstructural protein σNS. These multiple associations result in the recruitment or retention of these viral proteins or particles at factory-like structures. In this study, we identified the regions of μNS necessary and sufficient for these associations and additionally examined the localization of viral RNA synthesis in infected cells. We found that short regions within the amino-terminal 220 residues of μNS are necessary for associations with core particles and necessary and sufficient for associations with the proteins μ2, λ1, λ2, σ2, and σNS. We also found that only the λ3 protein associates with the carboxyl-terminal one-third of μNS and that viral RNA is synthesized within viral factories. These results suggest that μNS may act as a cytoplasmic scaffolding protein involved in localizing and coordinating viral replication or assembly intermediates for the efficient production of progeny core particles during MRV infection.
Taking the Temperature: Implications for Adoption of Election Day Registration, State-Level Voter Turnout, and Life Expectancy

We consider the neglected importance of temperature as an explanatory variable. We show that: (1) colder states have turnout that is high relative to the national average; (2) the coldest states in the United States were more likely to adopt Election Day Registration (EDR) than other states, and very hot states never did so; and (3) those who live in colder states live longer.
A model of the hippocampus combining self-organization and associative memory function

A model of the hippocampus is presented which forms rapid self-organized representations of input arriving via the perforant path, performs recall of previous associations in region CA3, and performs comparison of this recall with afferent input in region CA1. This comparison drives feedback regulation of cholinergic modulation to set appropriate dynamics for learning of new representations in region CA3 and CA1. The network responds to novel patterns with increased cholinergic modulation, allowing storage of new self-organized representations, but responds to familiar patterns with a decrease in acetylcholine, allowing recall based on previous representations. This requires selectivity of the cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission in stratum radiatum of regions CA3 and CA1, which has been demonstrated experimentally.
Compositional and thermal effects on chemically processed AlN–BN nanocomposite powders

Powders of nanocrystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) and boron nitride (BN) were prepared via a chemical route. Precomposite gels, which were obtained from ammonolysis of aqueous solutions of boric acid, urea, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate, were thermally processed to produce AlN-BN nanocomposite powders with a wide range of compositions. These powders were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structure, morphology, and crystallite size of the powders are correlated with the compositions and processing temperature. Normal and abnormal grain growth are discussed.
Herbal product use by older adults.

Abstract In the past two decades, there has been an exponential increase in the use of medicinal herbal products around the world. In various countries, these products are classified and promoted as foods, not pharmaceuticals, which facilitate their availability on the international market without requiring a medical prescription. Since older adults (OAs) are an important and growing sector of the population in many countries, it is important to know the prevalence of their herbal product use, since many OA take herbs along with diverse quantities of prescription and over the counter medications. For this reason, it is important to be aware of the possibilities of health complications due to the concomitant use of diverse medications and herbs. OA are an especially vulnerable population, since many of the human body's physiological activities, such as renal and hepatic detoxification and clearance usually decrease with age. Additionally, information on certain herbal products is either misleading, or simply unavailable. These products may indeed be a therapeutic option, but some can be used properly only under the guidance of a health professional. Those OA taking combinations of various medications and herbal supplements are also more at risk to experience some sort of herb–drug interactions. This publication reviews selected articles related to the use of herbal products by OAs and mentions the various patterns of use and health implications of the concomitant use of herbal products and prescription medications. This topic is currently not fully understood and further research is warranted.
Hyperoxemic reperfusion after prolonged cardiac arrest in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation model

Abstract Background The effect of hyperoxygenation at reperfusion, particularly in the setting of cardiac arrest, remains unclear. This issue was studied in a prolonged cardiac arrest model consisting of 25 min cardiac arrest in a rat resuscitated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hyperoxygenation following prolonged cardiac arrest resuscitation on mitochondrial and cardiac function. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats (400–450 g) were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and instrumented for closed chest cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Following a 25-min KCl-induced cardiac arrest, the animals were resuscitated by CPB with 100% oxygen. Three minutes after successful return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), the animals received either normoxemic reperfusion (CPB with 40–50% oxygen) or hyperoxemic reperfusion (CPB with 100% oxygen) for 1 h. Post-resuscitation hemodynamics, cardiac function, mitochondrial function and immunostaining of 3-nitrotyrosine were compared between the two different treatment groups. Results At 1 h after ROSC, the hyperoxemic reperfusion group had a significant higher mean arterial pressure, less metabolic acidosis and better diastolic function than the normoxemic reperfusion group. Cardiac mitochondria from the hyperoxemic reperfusion group had a higher respiratory control ratio (RCR) and cardiac tissue showed less nitroxidative stress compared to the normoxemic reperfusion group. Conclusions One hour of hyperoxemic reperfusion after 25 min of cardiac arrest in an in vivo CPB model resulted in significant short-term improvement in myocardial and mitochondrial function compared with 1 h of normoxemic reperfusion. This myocardial response may differ from previously reported post-arrest hyperoxia mediated effects following shorter arrest times.
Implications of Reappraising the Iron- Deficiency Anemia Hypothesis

In 2009, Walker and colleagues questioned the validity of the iron-deficiency anemia hypothesis as an explanatory mechanism for the presence of porotic hyperostosis (PH) and cribra orbitalia. They presented evidence demonstrating that iron deficiency inhibits, rather than promotes, marrow hypertrophy and argued a link between both PH and hemolytic or megaloblasic anemias (including vitamin B12 deficiency). This paper suggests that dismissing the iron-deficiency anemia hypothesis may be premature, but, if dismissed, may result in unforeseen consequences. Vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency often result from similar prox- imate causes, i.e. lack of animal protein in the diet and sanitation problems that lead to parasitic or diarrheal diseases, thereby promoting nutrient losses. As a result, vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency commonly co-occur. In individuals with a co-occurrence of iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency, a possible inhibi- tion of marrow hypertrophy caused by iron deficiency may prevent the development of PH, despite the presence of (vitamin B12) nutritional deficiency. The implications of dismissing the iron-deficiency anemia hypothesis are that many skeletal populations may exhibit hidden heterogeneity, i.e. individuals who are the most nutritionally stressed, with multiple nutrient deficiencies, would mimic the non-stressed individuals and neither would show evidence of PH. However, the inclusion of multiple stress indicators and greater un- derstanding of biocultural context in bioarchaeological analyses may mitigate the potential impacts of hidden heterogeneity in the expression of PH. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on multilingual acoustic modeling for large vocabulary ASR

We study key issues related to multilingual acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition (ASR) through a series of large-scale ASR experiments. Our study explores shared structures embedded in a large collection of speech data spanning over a number of spoken languages in order to establish a common set of universal phone models that can be used for large vocabulary ASR of all the languages seen or unseen during training. Language-universal and language-adaptive models are compared with language-specific models, and the comparison results show that in many cases it is possible to build general-purpose language-universal and language-adaptive acoustic models that outperform language-specific ones if the set of shared units, the structure of shared states, and the shared acoustic-phonetic properties among different languages can be properly utilized. Specifically, our results demonstrate that when the context coverage is poor in language-specific training, we can use one tenth of the adaptation data to achieve equivalent performance in cross-lingual speech recognition.
Demographic, psychological, and relationship factors in domestic violence during pregnancy in a sample of low‐income women of color

Research suggests that a significant number of women first experience domestic violence during pregnancy. The current study examines correlates of violence during pregnancy, first by comparing women who did and did not report violence, and second examining three subgroups of women who reported violence (violence initiated, violence persisted, violence ceased). Results indicated that controlling for demographics, more frequent violence was associated with less support and satisfaction with support from the baby's father, more negative interactions with the baby's father, and more verbal aggression in their relationships than those who did not report violence. Differences among subgroups of women reporting violence emerged only for the relationship variables. Implications for detecting violence in clinical settings are discussed.
A Communitarian Future What Can the EU Experience Teach Us

Amitai Etzioni has provided a vision for developing a future global civil society. If his communitarian approach has any hope, its starting place will be modern Europe. The continent’s bloody rivalries of the past are history. By creating a larger community, Europe has achieved what Etzioni seeks on a global scale. How has Europe done it? Can Europe’s success be a model for other parts of the world, just as its development of the modern nation-state became the model for political life in previous centuries? And will Europe itself be likely to survive as a thriving community, or will it fail in the end to sustain its own model? This article explores the basis for Europe’s remarkable developments of the past 60 years and the possibilities that Europe can lead the way forward for the achievement of Etzioni’s vision.
New architectures for modified MMR shape coding

New architectures for modified MMR shape encoding and decoding are presented. MPEG-4 is first briefly described, as is the modified MMR algorithm proposed for use in MPEG-4 shape coding. Architectures for encoding and decoding which reduce memory access, use custom hardware to accelerate critical components, require little external control, and can be easily pipelined or parallelized are described.
Interaction of nutrition and infection: a factor important to African development.

The combination of malnutrition and infection is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and among the poorer populations of the developed nations. Because of their physiologic state and increased nutritional requirements the most vulnerable to malnutrition and infection are the pregnant and lactating woman the developing fetus the young child and the adolescent particularly if pregnant. Focus in this discussion of the interaction of nutrition and infection is on how infections affect nutritional status how the malnourished person handles infection common examples of the interaction of nutrition and infection (measles "weanling diarrhea" parasitic infestations and malnutrition and tuberculosis); and practical implications for African development. A synergistic relationship between nutrition and infection has been well established in animal studies and in well controlled human field studies. Infections have an adverse effect on nutritional status and malnutrition adversely affects the ability of the host to withstand infection. Antagonism to infection particularly to viral infection in animals can occur when a nutrient deficiency or metabolic disturbance produced by a deficiency has a greater effect on the agent than on the host. In humans deficiencies severe enough to cause antagonism frequently result in an overall decreased resistance to infection. All infections have a nutritional cost to the host. The obvious effects of infections are through the symptoms they cause. Possibly most dangerous is the rise in nitrogen loss from the body that occurs even with mild infections and even with live virus immunizations. Among the bodys mechanical barriers against infection whose integrity depends on good nutritional status are the connective tissue the mucosal surfaces of gums and oral cavity and the epithelial coverings of the eye respiratory tree and gastrointestinal tract. Any break in the integrity of these tissues provides a portal of entry for the disease-causing agents. Measles is one of the most serious "conditioning" infectious diseases among young children in developing areas. It also can be devastating to nutritional status. Governments and policy planners in Africa need to be made fully aware of both the devastating immediate effects and the longterm sequelae of this synergism. Comprehensive approaches toward improving the nutritional status of a population include efforts directed to environmental sanitation immunization programs and early treatment of infections. Services to deal with infectious diseases and with malnutrition need to be integrated and to have sufficient outreach to peripheral rural populations.
Effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and infant mortality: a cluster-randomized trial in Nepal

Background: We previously reported that maternal micronutrient supplementation in rural Nepal decreased low birth weight by 15%. Objective: We examined the effect of daily maternal micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and infant mortality. Design: The study was a double-blind, cluster-randomized, controlled trial among 4926 pregnant women and their 4130 infants in rural Nepal. In addition to vitamin A (1000 g retinol equivalents), the intervention groups received either folic acid (FA; 400 g), FA iron (60 mg), FA iron zinc (30 mg), or multiple micronutrients (MNs; the foregoing plus 10 g vitamin D, 10 mg vitamin E, 1.6 mg thiamine, 1.8 mg riboflavin, 2.2 mg vitamin B-6, 2.6 g vitamin B-12, 100 mg vitamin C, 64 g vitamin K, 20 mg niacin, 2 mg Cu, and 100 mg Mg). The control group received vitamin A only. Results: None of the supplements reduced fetal loss. Compared with control infants, infants whose mothers received FA alone or with iron or iron zinc had a consistent pattern of 15–20% lower 3-mo mortality; this pattern was not observed with MNs. The effect on mortality was restricted to preterm infants, among whom the relative risks (RRs) were 0.36 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.75) for FA, 0.53 (0.30, 0.92) for FA iron, 0.77 (0.45, 1.32) for FA iron zinc, and 0.70 (0.41, 1.17) for MNs. Among term infants, the RR for mortality was close to 1 for all supplements except MNs (RR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.00, 3.04). Conclusions: Maternal micronutrient supplementation failed to reduce overall fetal loss or early infant mortality. Among preterm infants, FA alone or with iron reduced mortality in the first 3 mo of life. MNs may increase mortality risk among term infants, but this effect needs further evaluation. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78: 1194–1202.
High School Relationship and Marriage Education: A Comparison of Mandated and Self-Selected Treatment:

This study examines whether high school relationship and marriage education can affect students’ relationship skills and if effects vary between sites having mandated and self-selected course participation. Based on an original data set (n = 222), results show that course exposure can result in a significant, positive change in students’ relationship skills, although only at certain schools and for certain students. Mandated treatment appears to garner better results, those from two-parent families show the most consistent gains in relationship skills across schools, and severely economically disadvantaged school samples appear not to show gains. The importance of these results for practitioners and policy makers is discussed.
Some conceptual and technical problems in integrating models of judgment with simulation models

Recent research has focused on how policy makers learn from and make better use of policy-oriented simulation models. It is proposed that those who construct simulation models make simplifying assumptions concerning the wide range of judgment tasks that surround both model building and decision making in real policy contexts. Linking formal judgment models with formal simulation models has been suggested as an approach to dealing with those simplifications. A demonstration experiment that illustrates how simulation models and models of human judgment explicitly can be linked within a unified framework is presented. In creating this linkage six important conceptual and technical problems are encountered and discussed. While many of the technical problems are believed to result from the specific approaches used in the study, the broader conceptual problems are believed to persist, even if differing methods are used. >
High power quantum cascade lasers by MOVPE

Lattice-matched and strain-compensated InGaAs-AlInAs quantum cascade lasers have been grown by MOVPE, which operate continuously at room temperature and have threshold less than 2 kA/cm2.
Binuclear chloropentaaminecobalt(III) complexes

Abstract A series of binuclear cobalt(III) complexes of the formulation where n is 2, 3, 4 and 6, and X is Cl or Br have been prepared and characterized. The kinetics of the mercury(II) induced equation of these complexes has been studied and the results correlated with the accepted mechanism for this type of reaction.
Enhancing information pertaining to client characteristics to facilitate evidence-based practice.

Objective Evidence-based practice (EBP) includes utilization of empirically supported treatments, application of clinical expertise, and consideration of client characteristics. The following brief report aims to elucidate barriers in the study and dissemination of research regarding these client characteristics. Design Authors examined empirical papers cited on psychologicaltreatments.org (N = 338) and categorized each according to efficacy evidence available pertaining to gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Results Gender was most commonly considered (7% of studies), with less than 2% of studies analyzing efficacy in relation to race/ethnicity or SES. Conclusions Available findings are summarized according to disorder. Researchers are encouraged to attend to client variables in efficacy studies and suggestions are offered for training students to include client variables in EBP.
Intimate Relationship Distress and Combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a significant deleterious effect on interpersonal relationships. Intimate partner relationships can play a crucial role in the mediation, amelioration, maintenance, or aggravation of combat-related PTSD. This chapter presents a case of relationship distress in a 28-year-old female spouse of an Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) combat veteran with PTSD. The spouse presents with impaired functioning in behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains specifically reactive to the unique symptom clusters of her husband’s PTSD. She also reports associated psychosocial problems to include divorce, occupational difficulty, financial problems, caregiver burden, and mental health stigma. Treatment includes a thorough safety assessment, psychiatric evaluation, individual and couple-based cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, and referral to supportive services. Developing a greater understanding of the impact and complex interplay of combat-related PTSD on intimate relationships can be of great benefit to the mental health providers, the veterans, their intimate partners, and the family system.
Surface Structure of Hydrogenated Diamond-like Carbon: Origin of Run-In Behavior Prior to Superlubricious Interfacial Shear

The oxidized layers at the surface of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (H-DLC) were studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, and Raman spectroscopy. The structure of these layers was correlated with the friction and wear behavior observed on H-DLC. H-DLC is well-known for its ultralow friction in inert environments, but the steady superlubricious state is always preceded by a run-in period with a high friction. It was hypothesized that the run-in period is related to the surface oxide layer formed naturally upon exposure of the sample to air. To test this hypothesis, thermal oxide layers were grown, and their structures were analyzed and compared with the native oxide layer on a pristine sample. It was found that the Raman spectra of the surface oxide layers of H-DLC have higher D/G band ratio than the bulk, indicating a larger amount of aromatic clusters compared to the bulk film. Thick oxide layers grown at 300 °C showed a run-in friction behavior that re...
Measuring Reliability: A Comparison of Alternative Techniques:

Few scholars would dispute the need to quantify and report the reliability of measurement in marketing research. There appears to be considerable confusion, however, about the appropriateness of va...
Analysis of and countermeasures against natural disaster affecting the developing trend of animal husbandry economy in Henan county

Taking Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province as the object of study,the author collects and analyzes the data of economic losses from the meteorological conditions and natural disasters in this region during 2006-2011and 1965-1989.By sorting and analysing the basic situation,the effects of natural disasters on the husbandry economy and the causes of the disasters,the paper indicates that continuous natural disasters results from not only the change of natural environment,but also artificial excavation which has destroyed the ecological environment.The research shows that the natural disasters could be fundamentally withstood provided the guidelines of development strategy in the three rivers sources region region are effectively implemented,the region is strictly managed according to the formal institution arrangements,and defensive countermeasures against natural disasters are positively taken.
Surfactant protein D: subcellular localization in nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells.

Surfactant protein D (SP-D, CP4) is a collagenous surfactant-associated carbohydrate binding protein that was initially characterized as a biosynthetic product of type II pneumocytes. Immunoperoxid...
Influence of Early Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty on Visual Outcomes in Pseudophakic Corneal Edema

Purpose Longstanding corneal edema can lead to anterior stromal scarring that may limit visual acuity following Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). The ideal time to perform DSEK to prevent permanent changes is unclear. Our aim is to determine whether earlier DSEK is associated with improved visual outcomes. Design Cohort study. Methods Setting: Institutional. Study Population: Total of 120 eyes of patients who underwent DSEK for corneal edema following cataract surgery (CE); 87% of eyes had a diagnosis of Fuchs dystrophy. Intervention: Post-DSEK visual acuity was compared in patients who underwent DSEK ≤6 months vs >6 months after CE. Linear and logistic regression were performed to assess the relationships between DSEK timing and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) while accounting for baseline preoperative patient characteristics. Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity 6 months after DSEK (POM6 BSCVA). Results Median CE-to-DSEK time was 8.62 (interquartile range [IQR] 12.28) months (n = 120). Overall median preoperative VA and POM6 BSCVA were 0.54 (IQR 0.68) and 0.24 (IQR 0.16), respectively. Median POM6 BSCVA was better in patients with CE-to-DSEK time ≤6 months (median 0.18, IQR 0.19) vs >6 months (median 0.30, IQR 0.21) ( P = .014). A significant relationship was found between CE-to-DSEK time and POM6 BSCVA (coefficient = 0.002, P = .033), accounting for preoperative vision and pachymetry. Patients who underwent DSEK ≤6 months after CE were more likely to achieve POM6 BSCVA better than 20/40 (odds ratio = 3.73 P = .035). Conclusion Performing earlier DSEK for pseudophakic corneal edema appears to be associated with improved vision. Further prospective study is warranted to determine the optimal time to perform DSEK in patients with pseudophakic corneal edema.
Sasun: The History of an 1890s Armenian Revolt. By Justin McCarthy, Ömer Turan, and Cemalettin Taşkiran. (Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 2014. Pp. 496. $32.00.)

The Sasun crisis in 1894 was a watershed in Ottoman‐Armenian history, as it marked the beginning of the process of elimination of the native Armenian population, continuing with widespread massacre...
Lipid-Lowering and Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Statin Therapy: More Than Meets the Plaque.

The benefits of statin therapy have proven so extensive that patients with atherosclerosis are counseled to remain on treatment indefinitely.1 Because the precise mechanisms by which statins exert a survival benefit are incompletely explained by their effect on serum lipids,2 intense efforts have focused on inflammatory effects, both systemically and locally at the plaque itself. See Article by Kwon et al In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging , Kwon and Kang et al3 report a post hoc analysis of the prospective, single-center STABLE (Statin and Atheroma Vulnerability Evaluation) trial,4 in which patients in Seoul, Korea underwent invasive coronary angiography with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at baseline and 12 months following 1:2 randomization to rosuvastatin 10 mg versus 40 mg daily. Only those patients (n=312) with coronary stenoses defined by virtual histology (VH)-IVUS as fibroatheroma-containing lesions were enrolled, and 225 patients completed the protocol. The primary report of the STABLE trial concluded that patients on either dose of rosuvastatin demonstrated lesions with reduced frequencies of thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), decreased percent necrotic core volume, and increased percent fibrofatty volume on follow-up evaluation.4 In the current analysis, investigators explored the relationship between the changes observed in VH-IVUS-defined characteristics of index plaque with 2 critical biomarkers, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol …
Review: Dapagliflozin increases, and empagliflozin reduces, adverse renal events in type 2 diabetes

Source Citation Tang H, Li D, Zhang J, et al. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of adverse renal outcomes among type 2 diabetes patients: a network and cumulative meta-analysis of ...