cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Breakthrough Strategies: Classroom-Based Practices to Support New Majority College Students

The diversity of student bodies on college campuses has been steadily growing, which holds great potential for increasing employment opportunities and combatting poverty. Yet there is a persistent ...
Integrative Approaches to Managing Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: the Role of Nutrition, Exercise, and Psychological Interventions

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have a high symptom burden that affects functional status, emotional well-being, and quality of life for patients. Symptom control continues to be a challenging therapeutic goal despite available pharmacologic interventions. The goal of this review is to detail recent efforts that have focused on non-pharmacologic interventions, such as wholistic or integrative medicine, as an adjunctive method to alter symptom burden in this population. We discuss the ongoing physical, nutritional, and psychological interventional efforts which represent promising non-traditional interventions to date to help reduce symptom in MPN patients. In this article, we highlight the early promising data and importance of these various non-pharmacological interventions to dampen symptom burden and reduce disease-related inflammation. Nonpharmacologic interventions represent promising therapeutic strategies to alter traditional MPN treatment paradigms and improve MPN patient care.
Imitation of Retarded Children by Their Nonretarded Peers.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether nonretarded children would imitate the behavior of retarded children who were more competent in an experimental task and to determine whether this imitation would generalize to the selection of the retarded children as task partners in another situation. Each nonretarded observer was allowed to imitate the task behavior of an EMR model when the model was either (a) more competent than the observer, (b) equeally competent, or (c) less competent than the observer in the experimental task. Results indicated that (a) nonretarded observers imitated the behavior of the high competent EMR model significantly more often than the moderately competent model, with the latter in turn being imitated more than the noncompetent model and (b) that girls imitated both low and high competent models more than boys, who were most apt to imitate the behavior of moderately competent models. The data further revealed that competent EMR models were more likely to be chosen as partners on a future game task. Language: en
Binder jetting: A review of process, materials, and methods

Abstract Binder Jet printing is an additive manufacturing technique that dispenses liquid binding agent on powder to form a two-dimensional pattern on a layer. The layers are stacked to build a physical article. Binder Jetting (BJ) can be adapted to almost any powder with high production rates and the BJ process utilizes a broad range of technologies including printing tehniques, powder deposition, dynamic binder/powder interaction, and post-processing methods. A wide variety of materials including polymers, metals, and ceramics have been processed successfully with Binder Jet. However, developing printing and post-processing methods that maximize part performance is a remaining challenge. This article presents a broad review of technologies and approaches that have been applied in Binder Jet printing and points towards opportunities for future advancement.
Confidential ADS-B

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) technology offers significant safety and efficiency benefits to the growing worldwide air transport industry. Its use is widespread and continues to grow as countries near or pass their equipage deadlines. As an interoperable extension of air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) and Mode S, Mode S - Extended Squitter (Mode S-ES) is a widely used ADS-B protocol which is void of security features generally found in modern information transmission systems. The historical and future requirements for interoperability among air surveillance systems also cause difficulty in implementing modern security technology. Many proposals exist for ADS-B security protocols which have sound technology but sacrifice interoperability. By decomposing security principles to focus only on the requirement for confidentiality, we devise a confidential subprotocol for Mode S-ES which is lightweight and interoperable while using industry standard cryptography. The use of format preserving encryption (FPE) with unidirectional asymmetric cryptography allows users who require confidentiality to fully participate in ADS-B without impacting those who do not.
LRRK2 regulates innate immune responses and neuroinflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

SUMMARY Despite many connections between mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, we know little about its function outside of the brain, where it is studied in the context of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Here, we report that Lrrk2 controls peripheral macrophages and brain-resident glial cells’ ability to respond to and express inflammatory molecules. LRRK2 KO macrophages express elevated basal levels of type I interferons, resulting from defective purine metabolism, mitochondrial damage, and engagement of mitochondrial DNA with the cGAS DNA sensing pathway. While LRRK2 KO mice can control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, they exhibit exacerbated lung inflammation and altered activation of glial cells in PD-relevant regions of the brain. These results directly implicate Lrrk2 in peripheral immunity and support the “multiple-hit hypothesis” of neurodegenerative disease, whereby infection coupled with genetic defects in LRRK2 create an immune milieu that alters activation of glial cells and may trigger PD.
Experimental Characterization of a Manifold-Microchannel Heat Exchanger Fabricated Based on Additive Manufacturing

Air-cooled heat exchangers have gained much attention as an alternative for cooling systems in power plants. However, due to lower specific heat of air compared to water larger cooling facilities with excess compressing powers are required in air-cooled systems. Improving heat transfer performance of air-cooled systems can make them more appealing to the market. This requires design and fabrication of complex heat exchanger geometries which can be done by additive manufacturing technology. In this study, a metallic manifold-microchannel heat exchanger was designed and fabricated based on direct metal laser sintering technology. The heat exchanger was fabricated from stainless steel with an overall dimension of $64.2 \times 46.0\times 27.1$ mm. Air-side heat flow rate, air-side base convection heat transfer coefficient, and air-side pressure drop were evaluated for different air flow rates. The highest air-side heat flow rate achieved was around 300 W at $14.1\ \ell/\mathrm{s}$ air flow rate. This heat flow rate resulted in an air-side base convection heat transfer coefficient around 1,600 W/m2K. The highest air-side pressure drop was measured around 3,450 Pa which occurred at 14.1 $\ell/\mathrm{s}$ air flow rate. This study is the basis of further studies on the heat transfer characteristics of additively manufactured heat exchangers. Modified manifold-microchannels heat exchangers will be tested and compared with the original heat exchanger in future studies.
Controlling Triggers for Asthma in Older Adults: Environmental Allergens, Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollutants, and Infection

Asthma exacerbations and poor asthma control in older adults are often related to a variety of environmental exposures including: indoor allergens, respiratory infections and indoor/outdoor air pollution. It is important for physicians and patients to recognize and avoid potential triggers in order to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. An environmental history is therefore crucial in the evaluation of older adults with asthma in order to identify potential triggers and targets for remediation. Older individuals tend to spend more time indoors and live in older homes with older furniture that has accumulated allergens. This can lead to greater exposure to common indoor allergen triggers, including house dust mite, pets, cockroaches and mold. Older asthmatics may also be more greatly impacted by respiratory infections due to immune senescence, age related physiologic changes, and the potential for increased exposure to infectious agents in residential living facilities. Diligence to infection prevention strategies including use of age-appropriate vaccinations is critical to help prevent exacerbations. Older adults are also more susceptible to the effects of residential air pollution due to their increased time spent indoors, and age related decline in anti-oxidant defenses. Given that many types of exposures can play a role in poor asthma control in older adults, multi-faceted interventions are generally more effective than single interventions.
The Health and Social Service Needs of Pregnant Women Who Consider but Do Not Have Abortions

Abstract Purpose States have enacted an increasing number of policies restricting access to abortion. As a result, some women are unable to obtain an abortion and instead continue their pregnancies. These women may have particular needs that would bring them to the attention of public health programs. Methods Pregnant women entering prenatal care completed a self-administered survey and structured interview at four prenatal facilities in Louisiana and Maryland (N = 586). Participants reported their pregnancy intentions, whether they had considered abortion, and their reasons for not having an abortion (e.g., personal reasons, policy barriers to care). Participants completed up to 13 items indicating their service needs; an index was created by summing across nine common items. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariable regression models that controlled for sociodemographic characteristics. Results On average, women reported 2.99 service needs. The most common needs were WIC (93%), food stamps (85%), dental care (59%), and housing assistance (53%). In multivariable analyses, women who considered abortion but did not face a policy barrier reported greater service needs compared to women who did not consider abortion (3.45 vs. 2.82; b = 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.25–1.04). Women reporting a policy barrier to abortion reported the highest service needs (3.95) of all groups, although differences were not statistically significant possibly owing to sample size. Conclusions Pregnant women who consider abortion before entering prenatal care have considerable health and social service needs. Public health programs that serve women and children should consider the specific needs of women who seek abortions.
Surgeon Burnout: Defining, Identifying, and Addressing the New Reality

Surgeon wellness is a multidimensional commitment that encompasses occupational, mental, physical, emotional, and social domains. Loss of professional control, autonomy, and flexibility; inefficient processes; disjointed workplace relationships and goals; excessive administrative burdens; poor work–life balance; and frustrations with medical record and order entry systems have all been associated with burnout. Described as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and loss of a sense of personal accomplishment, burnout can have myriad untoward consequences. The strong link between surgeons' personal and professional identities can lead to a perfect storm of burnout, depression, compromised patient safety and quality of care, physician job loss and career dissatisfaction, substance abuse, damage to personal relationships, and suicide. The alarming scope of this problem cannot be confined to a single specialty or practice setting and is expected to increase without much needed changes to surgeon work practices and work environments. A heightened focus on wellness in the workplace with attention to improving workflow, scheduling, collaboration, and resource allocation is a welcome step taken by several institutions and championed by professional societies. Much more research is needed to reliably gauge the overall effectiveness of these approaches, further address the nuances of burnout as it applies specifically to surgeons, and ensure that members of the surgical workforce remain at their peak throughout the duration of their careers.
Coupling of Ion and Electron Transport in Chloroplasts

Publisher Summary The transport of ions across the plasma membrane of nearly all living cells is a necessary condition for the maintenance of the vital life processes. In the past decade, it has been amply demonstrated that ion transport is characteristic of at least two subcellular organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Mitchell (1961), Williams (1961), and Robertson (1960) among others have elaborated hypotheses involving ion transport and charge separation as processes at the very core of these organelles' function. Mitchell's thinking has been especially original and provocative in developing the concept that ion gradients and associated electrochemical potential may be the primary driving force for ATP formation in these organelles. This chapter discusses the recent experimental results in the area of chloroplast ion transport with regard to the coupling of such ion transport to electron flow and phosphorylation. It also presents the origins of membrane potentials and various aspects of membrane potentials pertinent to this topic
Visual teaching aids improve patient understanding and reduce anxiety prior to a colectomy.

Abstract Background Informed consent forms consist of large blocks of written information that may be difficult for patients to understand. Visual teaching aids are promising, however, they have not been studied as a pre-operative educational tool for common surgical procedures. We pilot tested the use of a visual teaching aid during the informed consent process for a colectomy. Methods A randomized pilot study was performed. Participants were randomized into the visual teaching aid group or standard care. Following the consent process, participants were questioned about potential surgical complications, anxiety, satisfaction, and understanding. Results 30 participants were enrolled. Potential complication recall and patient-reported understanding were improved in the visual group (p = 0.01, p = 0.03). Anxiety levels were reduced in the visual group (p = 0.02). No statistically significant data were found for satisfaction (p = 0.75). Conclusions Utilizing a visual teaching aid during the consent process for colectomy increases patient recall of risks, reduces anxiety, and improves understanding.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Bodies, Therapies, Senses: By Ruth Barcan. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2011. 254 pp. ISBN 978-1-8452-07427 (Hardbound) $160; ISBN 978-1-8452-07434 (Softbound) $34.34; ISBN 978-0-8576-50935 (E-book) $32.65.

In Ruth Barcan’s Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Bodies, Therapies, Senses, readers are asked to ponder the body as a source of healing by accessing a more alternative, somatic approach. As...
Professional Development for Secondary School Teachers and Educational Professionals in STEM Fields

Rural communities are geographically isolated and have limited access to specialized services and ongoing support from content educational experts. As a result, rural school districts across the nation face many challenges related to the recruitment, retention, and professional development for their teachers. Studies have reported that rural school districts experience a shortage of specialized teachers and it is likely that rural school teachers will teach in content areas outside of their area of expertise. Finding mathematics and science teachers is a constant challenge. In response, we developed the Professional Development for Secondary School Teachers and Educational Professionals (PD-STEP) into STEM Fields Model, which utilizes research-based lessons aligned with curriculum standards and purposefully centered on (a) agricultural mathematics, science, and technology knowledge and skills; (b) specific needs of English language learners; and (c) indigenous, authentic agricultural topics through field-based experiences for teachers. The PD-STEP into STEM Fields Model encompasses the development of a lesson plan template and lesson topics that incorporate teachers’ professional development training on food, agriculture, natural resources, and human sciences. These professional development activities explore opportunities available in the career paths described by the United States Department of Agriculture and engender resource-rich partnerships among university faculty and rural school teachers.
Structural studies of Myceliophthora Thermophila Laccase in the presence of deep eutectic solvents.

Abstract In this work, we elucidated the interactions between Myceliophthora thermophila laccase and deep eutectic solvent (DES) by crystallographic and kinetics analyses. Four types of DESs with different hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD), including lactic acid: betaine, glycerol: choline chloride, lactic acid: choline chloride and glycerol: betaine was used. The results revealed that different DES have different effects on laccase activity. Lactic acid-betaine (2:1) DES has shown to enhance laccase activity up to 300 % at a concentration ranged from 2% to 8% v/v, while glycerol: choline chloride and lactic acid: choline chloride DES choline chloride-based DES have found to possess inhibitory effects on laccase under the same concentration range. Detailed kinetic study showed that glycerol: choline chloride DES is a S-parabolic-I-parabolic mixed non-competitive inhibitor, where conformational changes can occur. The crystal structures of laccase with lactic acid: choline chloride DES (LCDES) were obtained at 1.6 A. Crystallographic analysis suggested that the addition of LCDES causes changes in the laccase active site, but the increase in water molecules observed in the resulting crystal prevented laccase from experiencing drastic structural change. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies were also applied to determine the effects of DES on the structural conformation of laccase. The results have confirmed that the presence of DES can trigger changes in the local environments of the amino acids in the active site of laccase which contributes to the changes in its activity and stability.
Simple Energy Balance or Microbiome for Childhood Obesity Prevention

Obesity prevention interventions generally have either not worked or had effects inadequate to mitigate the problem. They have been predicated on the simple energy balance model, which has been severely questioned by biological scientists. Numerous other etiological mechanisms have been proposed, including the intestinal microbiome, which has been related to childhood obesity in numerous ways. Public health research is needed in regard to diet and the microbiome, which hopefully will lead to effective child obesity prevention.
Congenital hepatic fibrosis and its mimics: a clinicopathologic study of 19 cases at a single institution

BACKGROUND Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is a rare inherited form of ductal plate malformation associated with polycystic kidney disease. The diagnosis requires histopathologic confirmation, but can be challenging to distinguish from other undefined fibrocystic liver diseases. We aimed to describe the clinicopathologic features of congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), with comparisons to other entities that may clinically and/or histologically mimic CHF. METHODS Nineteen cases that carried a clinical and/or histologic impression of CHF were identified at our institution, of which the histology was reassessed and reappraised into two categories: CHF (n=13) and mimics (n=6). The clinicopathologic features between the two groups were analyzed and compared. RESULTS The CHF group was further sub-classified into those with clinical suspicion (CHF-c, n=8) and those as incidental histology findings (CHF-i, n=5). Patients of CHF-i were much older than CHF-c or mimics (P<0.05). Male and female were equally affected. Six of 8 CHF-c (66.7%) had concurrent kidney diseases, including 5 polycystic kidney diseases. Five of 6 mimics (83.3%) had various kidney diseases, including nephronophthisis, Alport syndrome, renal agenesis, and nephrolithiasis. None of the CHF-i patients had kidney disease, but 3 were associated with hepatic carcinomas. Histology analysis demonstrated characteristic triads (bile duct abnormalities, portal vein hypoplasia, and fibrosis) in all CHF cases. One mimic had paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts, while the other 5 mimics showed abnormal portal veins and nodular regenerative hyperplasia consistent with hepatoportal sclerosis (HPS). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates classic histology triad of CHF despite a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. HPS is unexpectedly a clinical mimicker of CHF, which can be distinguished histologically.
Periodic Composite Backing Filter for the Design of Ultrasonic Transducers

The transducer is the central element of acoustic and ultrasonic detection and characterization technologies [1–4]. Some commercial applications of these modalities include ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation NDE, medical diagnostics and undersea imaging.
Is the Hippocampus Really Involved in Memory

When asked about the functions of the hippocampus, most investigators in the area agree that the hippocampus is involved in some way in memory. A good summary of how many feel was provided by John O’Keefe (1983) in a panel discussion at a recent conference. O’Keefe said, “...there is general agreement or consensus that it (the hippocampus) has something to do with memory and a disagreement as to what kinds of memories” (p. 614).
Engine Concept Study for an Advanced Single-Aisle Transport

The desire for higher engine efficiency has resulted in the evolution of aircraft gas turbine engines from turbojets, to low bypass ratio, first generation turbofans, to today's high bypass ratio turbofans. Although increased bypass ratio has clear benefits in terms of propulsion system metrics such as specific fuel consumption, these benefits may not translate into aircraft system level benefits due to integration penalties. In this study, the design trade space for advanced turbofan engines applied to a single aisle transport (737/A320 class aircraft) is explored. The benefits of increased bypass ratio and associated enabling technologies such as geared fan drive are found to depend on the primary metrics of interest. For example, bypass ratios at which mission fuel consumption is minimized may not require geared fan technology. However, geared fan drive does enable higher bypass ratio designs which result in lower noise. The results of this study indicate the potential for the advanced aircraft to realize substantial improvements in fuel efficiency, emissions, and noise compared to the current vehicles in this size class.
Estimating biodiversity impacts without field surveys: A case study in northern Borneo

In many regions of the world, biodiversity surveys are not routinely conducted prior to activities that lead to land conversion, such as development projects. Here we use top-down methods based on global range maps and bottom-up methods based on macroecological scaling laws to illuminate the otherwise hidden biodiversity impacts of three large hydroelectric dams in the state of Sarawak in northern Borneo. Our retrospective impact assessment finds that the three reservoirs inundate habitat for 331 species of birds (3 million individuals) and 164 species of mammals (110 million individuals). A minimum of 2100 species of trees (900 million individuals) and 17 700 species of arthropods (34 billion individuals) are estimated to be affected by the dams. No extinctions of bird, mammal, or tree species are expected due to habitat loss following reservoir inundation, while 4-7 arthropod species extinctions are predicted. These assessment methods are applicable to any data-limited system undergoing land-use change.
740. STAUNTONIA HEXAPHYLLA

Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne. is described and illustrated from plants cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Its uses in Japan are discussed and the history of introduction of the species to Europe is described.
Commentary--Looking at the effects of consumer-centric health plans on expenditures and utilization.

Consumer-centric health plans are now emerging as one of the possible solutions to the inappropriate use of health services and the high cost of health insurance in the United States. Labeled variously as “consumer-directed health plans,”“choice plans,” or plans with reimbursement or savings accounts, these health benefit options are currently a small but rapidly growing health insurance segment. Large companies like Aetna, Humana, and the Blues have insured offerings, while start-up companies like Definity and Lumenos offer self-insured options to large employers.
The Case for Coase and Against Coaseanism

Poor Ronald Coase. In an introductory essay to a recently published collection of his articles, Coase laments his lack of influence among economists. "My point of view has not in general commanded assent, nor has my argument, for the most part, been understood."' One can imagine the muttering that Coase's plaint will provoke in the university towns across America. "Wait a minute, buster," will grouse the professors. "It must be tough when you've merely written the most cited article in the legal literature2 and when Yale has been bothering you with the offer of an honorary degree. Listen up and we'll tell you some stories about scholarship that has gone underappreciated." But wait! After reading John Donohue's stimulating and useful contribution to this issue, one can see that Coase indeed deserves some sympathy. In Donohue's article, which in this regard is representative of lawand-economics writing in general, Coase's name is consistently attached to propositions that he has explicitly repudiated.4 Predictions identified as "Coasean" are predictions that Coase would never make. The "Coasean world" is not only not Coase's world but, ironically, is more like the world of the economic theorists that Coase has attacked. The "Coasean River" in Donohue's title is not one that Coase believes has ever flowed.
Naruc as Network: A Perspective on the U.S. Regulatory Policy Community:

While much has been written about network industries, somewhat less attention has been paid to the policy networks among regulators themselves. Networks serve the collective and individual interest...
The elephant in the mist: What we don't know about the design, development, test and management of complex systems

The authors survey the literature on complex systems to develop a fundamental critique of the systems engineering methods that value-driven design will attempt to replace. The current approach to systems engineering applies industrial revolution methods to information revolution problems. Not only the flowdown of requirements, but also the ability to verify and validate large engineered systems is brought into question.
Algorithms for the balanced edge partitioning problem

We consider the problem of minimizing communication overhead while balancing load across cooperative agents. In the past, similar problems have been modeled as the balanced node partitioning problem, where the objective is to partition the nodes into components such that each component has roughly the same number of nodes while the number of edges connecting components is minimized. We describe some real-world scenarios where one needs to find partitions in which all components have an approximately equal number of edges, while minimizing the number of edges connecting components. We introduce the (k, r)- Balanced Edge Partitioning problem to model this type of scenario and present approximation algorithms for this problem on certain graphs. In addition, we present five heuristics for the restricted case of the problem.We evaluate these heuristics on three kinds of graphs: power network-like graphs, preferential attachment graphs, and the class of spatial preferential attachment graphs that we introduce in this paper. Our results show that the choice of the heuristic with the best results depends on the properties of the input graph and the quality of our solution depends on the initial conditions.
Tetra­carbonyl­bis­[(penta­fluoro­ethyl)­di­phenyl­phosphine]­chromium(0)

In the title complex, [Cr(C14H10F5P)2(CO)4], a slightly distorted octahedral geometry is present about the Cr atom which sits at a center of inversion, while the groups about the P atom are in a slightly distorted tetrahedral arrangement. The Cr—P—C angles are larger than the C—P—C angles of the ligand. The —C2F5 groups are in the E configuration across the center of inversion.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition in Yeasts

The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of 15 species of yeasts was determined to obtain further clues to or supporting evidence for their taxonomic position. Species examined belonged to the genera Saccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Lodderomyces, Metschnikowia, and Candida. The range of moles per cent guanine plus cytosine (GC content) for all yeasts examined extended from 34.9 to 48.3%. The sporogenous species and the asporogenous yeasts spanned the range with 36.6 to 48.3% GC and 34.9 to 48% GC, respectively. Three Saccharomyces species (S. rosei and related species) exhibited significantly higher GC contents than S. cerevisiae, whereas the fermentative species D. globosus revealed a%GC more aligned to the S. rosei group than to the nonfermentative D. hansenii. Similar GC contents were demonstrated by L. elongasporus and its proposed imperfect form C. parapsilosis. The range of GC contents of various strains of three Metschnikowia species studied was 6.1%, with the type strain of M. pulcherrima having the highest GC content (48.3%) of all of the yeasts examined.
Access to health care for latina adolescents: A critical review

The purpose of this article was to review factors known to be related to access to health care among Latina adolescents and to identify existing gaps in our knowledge. This critical review is followed by a discussion of the needs for multidisciplinary research. A behavioral model of health care access and related health outcomes proposed by Andersen provides the framework for answering the following questions: (a) What is the current physical political and economic environment for Latina adolescent health care in the United States? (b) How do population characteristics enabling resources and need (both perceived and evaluated) define the unique health care concerns of Latina adolescents? (c) What are Latina adolescents patterns of utilization of health care services? and (d) How can multidisciplinary research address gaps in knowledge concerning access to health care among Latina adolescents? (excerpt)
Tests of Theory in Rydberg States of One-Electron Ions

Comparison of optical frequency measurements to predictions of quantum electrodynamics (QED) for Rydberg states of one-electron ions can test theory and allow new determinations of constants of nature to be made. Simplifications in the QED theory of high-angular-momentum states reduces the uncertainty in the prediction of transition frequencies to a level where a new value of the Rydberg constant which is independent of the proton radius can be determined. Since the energy-level spacing between neighbouring Rydberg states grows as the square of the nuclear charge number, it is possible to study transitions with optical frequencies that are accessible to femtosecond laser frequency combs. Recently at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), highly charged ions (including bare nuclei) created in an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) were extracted and captured in a novel compact Penning trap. An ongoing experiment aims to produce one-electron ions isolated in an ion trap designed for laser spectroscopy. Tests of theory in a regime free of nuclear effects would be valuable in shedding light on the puzzle surrounding the large discrepancy in the value of the proton radius inferred from the observed Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen as compared to the value deduced from hydrogen and deuterium spectroscopy and electron scattering measurements.
Effects of twisting and bending on the performance of a miniaturized truncated sinusoidal printed circuit antenna for wearable biomedical telemetry devices

Abstract In this paper, we present a miniaturized Truncated Sinusoidal Printed Circuit Antenna (TSPCA) consisting of a thin conductive film of copper mounted on a flexible substrate for wearable biomedical telemetry and smart clothes applications on the premises of health care and sport medicine facilities. The fundamental resonant mode of the proposed TSPCA is 611 MHz. The flat antenna operates over the frequency range from 608 to 614 MHz (−10 dB return-loss bandwidth of 1.7%) with a bore-sight gain of −29 dBi when operating in a free-space environment. The antenna size has been miniaturized to a 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm using a shorting plate on a substrate with a relative permittivity of 6.15 and loss tangent of 0.00134. The effects of twisting and bending on the performance of the TSPCA are investigated. It has been found that the maximum change in bore-sight gain, resonant frequency, and S11, with respect to the flat case, is −8.5 dBi, 0.2%, and −4 dB, respectively, with respect to the flat case for bend angles ranging from −45° to 45°. Twisting of the antenna, on the other hand, in the range from −45° to 45° showed a maximum change of −16 dBi, 1%, and −17 dB in the bore-sight gain, resonant frequency, and S11, respectively. The bandwidth remains virtually unaffected for both cases. The performance of the TSPCA is investigated when the antenna is mounted parallel to and at a distance of 0.5 mm from the arm, leg, thigh, and head. It has been found that maximum change in bore-sight gain, resonant frequency, and S11 is −3.5 dBi, 2.5%, and −6.5 dB, respectively with respect to the isolated antenna.
Unexpected Readmissions After Major Cancer Surgery: An Evaluation of Readmissions as a Quality-of-Care Indicator

Readmissions following major oncologic operation are common-affecting patient treatment, outcome, and hospital resources. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services mandates reporting of certain disease-specific readmissions and Congress is considering using individual hospital readmission rates as a performance measure. Studies using administrative data demonstrate that readmission rates following major cancer surgery are high. Administrative data cannot determine causes. Single-institution studies demonstrate length of hospital stay and comorbidities as risk factors. Discharge processes and outpatient healthcare utilization can be improved. Until studies on readmission rate are conducted, using readmission rates as a measure of quality should be pursued cautiously.
Criterion of the Next Environment and Best Practices: Mainstreaming and Integration 10 Years Later

Origins of the criterion of the next environment (CNE) are examined as a basis for reevaluating its continued applicability to the field of early childhood special education, particularly as it relates to mainstreaming and integration of young children with disabilities. Particular attention is given to changes in public kindergarten classrooms and the relationship of these changes to CNE. Current positions are made explicit, particularly the commitment to integrated education for all students with disabilities, collaborative partnerships, and the need for instructional supports. Implications of CNE for the 1990s are discussed.
Machine-part family formation utilizing an ART1 neural network implemented on a parallel neuro-computer

Abstract The ART1 neural network algorithm has been implemented in the past for the classifying and grouping of similar vectors from a machine-part matrix. Recently, a new ART1 paradigm which involves reordering of the input vectors with a modified procedure for storing a group's representation vectors has proven successful in both speed and functionally compared to previous techniques. This new paradigm is now adapted and implemented on a neuro-computer utilising 256 processors, allowing the neural network to take advantage of its inherent parallelism. Tremendous improvements in the speed of the machine-part matrix optimization result from the parallel implementation. Comparisons with the previous serial algorithm are made and suggestions for possible parallel implementation within a manufacturing environment are discussed.
Management of urinary retention and obstruction following surgery for stress urinary incontinence

Urethral obstruction is a potential consequence of all types of anti-incontinence surgery. Not all patients will present in frank urinary retention: the surgeon must have a high index of suspicion to make the correct diagnosis in these cases. Important considerations in the diagnosis of these patients include the timing and methodology of evaluation. Formal urethrolysis in a variety of approaches has demonstrated similar cure rates and recurrent stress incontinence rates. Sling incision may provide an easier and less morbid approach to relieving obstruction caused by a pubovaginal sling with equal efficacy. The procedures are described and recent outcomes discussed.
Achieving the Goals of the National Agenda Progress and Prospects

Special Issue Editors' Comments: We would like to thank our editors, Michael H. Epstein and Doug Cullinan, for making this special series on the National Agenda for Achieving Better Results for Chi...
Changes in parenchyma and stroma of goat udders during pregnancy, lactation and involution

Abstract Sixty-five mammary glands (udders) were obtained from dairy goats representing four breeds (30 Toggenburgs, 21 Nubians, 10 Saanens, and four French Alpines) at 13 stages of pregnancy, lactation and involution to determine growth patterns. Emphasized was the difference in growth rates between parenchyma (milk secreting tissue) and stroma (supportive tissue). The thirteen groups of five goats each included virgins (19 months old) and day 1 of pregnancy in goats with two or more previous pregnancies and lactations. Other groups included days 95, 120, 145 and 149 of pregnancy, days 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 90 of lactation, and day 30 of involution following 90 days of lactation in goats with one previous pregnancy and lactation. Measurements included body weight, untrimmed and trimmed udder weight, dry fat-free trimmed weight (DFFT), protein, collagen, glycans and nucleic acids. Collagen was estimated using a colorimetric measure of hydroxyproline. Stroma was estimated by adding collagen and glycans together. Parenchyma was estimated by subtracting stroma from DFFT. Parenchymal growth rate increased much faster than stroma during pregnancy. The exponential rate for parenchymal growth was 0.0205/day and the rate for stroma was 0.0105/day. Parenchymal growth peaked the day before kidding, while growth of stroma peaked 10 to 15 days later in early lactation. Rate of involution or disappearance of parenchyma in lactation and 30 days in dry period after lactation was 0.0124/day and that for stroma was 0.0088/day. After 30 days involution, the udder had regressed almost to the level of the virgin goats. A parabolic model based upon a quadratic regression equation described changes in udder supportive tissue as % of total weight throughout pregnancy, lactation and involution: Y, % stroma=60.8−0.450X+0.0015 X2, where X are days post conception, days 151 to 240 represent the lactation period and days 241 to 270 are the period of udder involution. Stroma represented 60% of udder weight in early pregnancy but only 24% in late pregnancy, while parenchyma was 40% of the gland in early pregnancy and 76% at 145 days of pregnancy. Stroma continued to increase in absolute and percentage terms for the first 15 days of lactation which is a significant new finding. Estimates of structural support needed for milk weight load in the udder may be derived from these data and enable reduction of udder support problems.
952-27 Truly Simultaneous Surgery for Carotid and Coronary Disease

Management of coexisting carotid and coronary disease has always aroused debate. Now, even more patients undergoing coronary bypass (CABG) will require consideration of carotid endarterectomy (CE). since randomized trials show that prophylactic CE benefits even certain asymptomatic patients with severe carotid stenoses. We propose a management plan and a unique operative strategy of truly simultaneous surgery. All CABG patients with carotid bruits or cerebral symptoms undergo carotid doppler studies, then MRI or conventional angiography if appropriate. Severe stenoses are corrected during CABG as follows: cardiopulmonary bypass is begun and the left ventricle is vented. The carotid artery is exposed during systemic cooling to 23–25°C. (Lower temperatures may be used if deemed necessary — e.g. deficient communicating arteries etc.) CE is then performed without the time consuming distraction of a shunt, since profound hypothermia provides cerebral protection. Ventricular fibrillation is inevitable at these low temperatures and is ignored. After CE, systemic rewarming is begun while the cardiac procedure is performed with myocardial protection according to the surgeon's preference. The neck is closed after protamine is given. Since January 1993, 29 patients have had combined CABG and CE by this protocol with no strokes and no deaths. This approach offers substantial advantages in outcome, efficiency, patient convenience, and cost, and we strongly recommend its wider use.
Does Stommel's Mixed Layer “Demon” Work?

Abstract Stommel argued that the seasonal cycle leads to a bias in the coupling between the surface mixed layer and the main thermocline of the ocean. He suggested that a “demon” operated that effectively only allowed fluid at the end of winter to pass from the mixed layer into the main thermocline. In this study, Stommel's hypothesis is examined using diagnostics from a time-dependent coupled mixed layer-primitive equation model of the North Atlantic (CME). The influence of the seasonal cycle on the properties of the main thermocline is investigated using two methods. In the first, the rate and timing of subduction into the main thermocline is diagnosed using kinematic methods from the 1° resolution CME fields. In the second, tracer diagnostics of the CME and idealized experiments using a “date” tracer identifying the timing of subduction are performed. Over the subtropical gyre, both approaches generally support Stommel's hypothesis that fluid is only transferred from the mixed layer into the main therm...
Arithmetic approach for complex PSA cycle scheduling

An algebraic model was derived for obtaining complex pressure swing adsorption (PSA) cycle schedules. This new approach involves a priori specifying the cycle steps, their sequence and any constraints, and then solving a set of analytical equations. The solution identifies all the cycle schedules for a given number of beds, the minimum number of beds required to operate the specified cycle step sequence, the minimum number and location of idle steps to ensure alignment of coupled cycle steps, and a simple screening technique to aid in identifying the best performing cycles that deserve further examination. The methodology was tested successfully against 10, 12 and 16 bed PSA systems in the literature that all utilized the same 13 step cycle sequence that has four pressure equalization steps. It completely resolved all the corresponding cycle schedules for these 13 step multi-bed PSA systems with ease, and showed that the number of cycle schedules was hundreds to thousands of times greater than the few ever reported in the literature for each one. Overall, this new methodology for complex PSA cycle scheduling can be applied to any number of cycle steps, any corresponding cycle step sequence, and any number of constraints, with the outcome being the complete set of cycle schedules for any number of beds greater than or equal to the minimum number it determines.
Measuring the thermodynamics of RNA secondary structure formation

The thermodynamics of RNA secondary structure formation in small model systems provides a database for predicting RNA structure from sequence. Methods for making these measurements are reviewed with emphasis on optical methods and treatment of experimental errors. Analysis of experimental results in terms of simple nearest-neighbor models is presented. Some measured sequence dependences of non-Watson-Crick motifs are discussed.
Sequence differences upstream of the promoters are involved in the differential expression of the Xenopus somatic and oocyte 5S RNA genes

The Xenopus somatic and oocyte 5S RNA genes are differentially expressed in extracts of whole oocytes. In such extracts, sequence differences preceding the internal promoters significantly alter the relative activities of these genes. Following exchange of the sequences preceding the promoter, the activity of the somatic 5S gene decreased and that of the oocyte 5S gene increased. As a result, a 100 fold somatic transcriptional advantage was reduced to 5 fold. Analysis of deletion mutants showed that the relevant sequence differences are located between -34 and +37 relative to the initiation site. The observed transcriptional modulation is due both to sequence differences 5' to the initiation site and at positions 30 and 37 within the coding region.
Efficient Raman energy extraction in HD.

Raman conversion from 1.06 to 1.7 μm with a photon efficiency of 44% has been demonstrated in HD at 77 K.
Fast interference detection between geometric models

We present efficient algorithms for interference detection between geometric models described by linear or curved boundaries and undergoing rigid motion. The set of models include surfaces described by rational spline patches or piecewise algebraic functions. In contrast to previous approaches, we first describe an efficient algorithm for interference detection between convex polytopes using coherence and local features. Then an extension using hierarchical representation to concave polytopes is presented. We apply these algorithms along with properties of input models, local and global algebraic methods for solving polynomial equations, and the geometric formulation of the problem to devise efficient algorithms for convex and nonconvex curved objects. Finally, a scheduling scheme to reduce the frequency of interference detection in large environments is described. These algorithms have been successfully implemented and we discuss their performance in various environments.
Lightcurve Analysis of Four New Monolithic Fast-Rotating Asteroids

Abstract We present lightcurves and analysis for four new monolithic fast-rotating asteroids: 2000 AG 6 , 2000 DO 8 , 2000 EB 14 , and 2000 HB 24 . Their rotation periods of 4.60, 1.30, 107.47, and 13.05 min place them well below the critical threshold for the rotation rate of strengthless prolate ellipsoids, as we demonstrate. These four objects join the five previously identified fast-rotating asteroids. The sharp segregation in spin rates between these nine objects and asteroids with more typical spin rates is somewhat puzzling. No observed objects larger than about 200 m spin with rates faster than the critical rate for strengthless prolate ellipsoids, while no objects smaller than 200 m have shown spin rates slower than this critical limit. We hypothesize that these small, fast-rotating objects are representative of the building blocks of the “rubble pile” asteroids and are in fact derived from impacts into already existing “rubble piles.”
Operation of a Solid-State Quantum-Mechanical Amplifier

The operation of an $S$-band solid-state quantum-mechanical amplifier operated at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a computed noise temperature of less than 4.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is compared with similar devices and is used as proof of the condition of discrete phonon saturation which has been previously postulated.