cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Visual Deficits in Children With Developmental Dyslexia.

Importance Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a specific learning disability of neurobiological origin whose core cognitive deficit is widely believed to involve language (phonological) processing. Although reading is also a visual task, the potential role of vision in DD has been controversial, and little is known about the integrity of visual function in individuals with DD. Objective To assess the frequency of visual deficits (specifically vergence, accommodation, and ocular motor tracking) in children with DD compared with a control group of typically developing readers. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective, uncontrolled observational study was conducted from May 28 to October 17, 2016, in an outpatient ophthalmology ambulatory clinic among 29 children with DD and 33 typically developing (TD) children. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were frequencies of deficits in vergence (amplitude, fusional ranges, and facility), accommodation (amplitude, facility, and accuracy), and ocular motor tracking (Developmental Eye Movement test and Visagraph eye tracker). Results Among the children with DD (10 girls and 19 boys; mean [SD] age, 10.3 [1.2] years) and the TD group (21 girls and 12 boys; mean [SD] age, 9.4 [1.4] years), accommodation deficits were more frequent in the DD group than the TD group (16 [55%] vs 3 [9%]; difference = 46%; 95% CI, 25%-67%; P < .001). For ocular motor tracking, 18 children in the DD group (62%) had scores in the impaired range (in the Developmental Eye Movement test, Visagraph, or both) vs 5 children in the TD group (15%) (difference, 47%; 95% CI, 25%-69%; P < .001). Vergence deficits occurred in 10 children in the DD group (34%) and 5 children in the TD group (15%) (difference, 19%; 95% CI, -2.2% to 41%; P = .08). In all, 23 children in the DD group (79%) and 11 children in the TD group (33%) had deficits in 1 or more domain of visual function (difference, 46%; 95% CI, 23%-69%; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that deficits in visual function are far more prevalent in school-aged children with DD than in TD readers, but the possible cause and clinical relevance of these deficits are uncertain. Further study is needed to determine the extent to which treating these deficits can improve visual symptoms and/or reading parameters.
It Takes a Team

Adding a behavioral health clinician into a primary care practice expands your team and adds new expertise and new ways of approaching problems that previously frustrated patients, physicians, and practice staff. This chapter clarifies that regardless of your model of integrated care, you will need to recruit, deploy, and retain one or more behavioral health clinicians as essential members of your transformed practice team. It identifies key practical issues to address to build a strong team and establish an enabling practice culture so you can work together to deliver and sustain integrated care.
Sorafenib (S) in HCC: Is there a role for starting at a total daily dose of 400mg?

e15126 Background: S at a starting dose of 400 mg twice daily (800 mg) is considered the standard systemic therapy for HCC, in patients(pts) with well-preserved liver function and advanced stage HC...
Benign Tumor-Like Conditions of the Hip

There are numerous benign tumor-like conditions that can affect the hip, both in a systemic and a local manner. Oftentimes, tumor-like conditions are overlooked or omitted from the differential diagnosis. This can lead to a delay in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. As clinicians, it is important to be able to properly diagnose and treat these conditions in a timely fashion. Here, the authors present the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of various benign tumor-like conditions to help clinicians identify and treat these conditions.
Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.
The Effect of Grain Size and Retained Austenite on the Ductile-Brittle Transition of a Titanium-Gettered Iron Alloy.

The effect of microstructural changes on the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) was studied in a titanium-getter ed Fe-8Ni-2 Mn-0.15 Ti alloy. A fairly strong grain size dependence of the transition temperature, 8°C/mm−1/2, was found. Grain size refinement from 38 μm (ASTM #6.5) to 1.5 μm (ASTM #15.5) through a four-step thermal treatment lowered the transition temperature by 162°C. A small amount of retained austenite was introduced into this grain-refined microstructure, and the transition temperature was reduced by an additional 120 ~ 150°C. The reduction of the DBTT due to retained austenite was smaller when the austenite was in a large-grained structure (64°C). The distribution and stability of retained austenite were also studied.
Effects of chloride restriction and depletion on acid-base balance and chloride conservation in the rat.

1. In the rat dietary chloride restriction has been shown to cause an elevation of the plasma bicarbonate and urinary net acid excretion, provided dietary sodium is available. Likewise the degree of elevation of plasma bicarbonate during chloride depletion, produced by prior exposure to 8% CO 2 for 24 hr, was dependent on whether sodium (as the neutral phosphate) was or was not being ingested. 2. Correction of the hypochloraemia and the elevated plasma bicarbonate following exposure to CO 2 and subsequent recovery on a low chloride diet is more complete in the rat than the dog. Evidence is presented that the plasma chloride rises in the rat because of the movement of chloride out of intracellular sites, and that chloride depletion and/or the associated metabolic alkalosis elevates endogenous acid production. 3. Chloride depleted rats were re-exposed to 8% CO 2 in air. Renal chloride conservation remained intact. The hypochloraemia and rise in plasma bicarbonate in response to CO 2 were not dependent on chloruresis although urinary acid excretion and the rise in serum bicarbonate were inhibited when the plasma chloride did not fall. 4. Consideration of these experiments with the related micropuncture experiments of Warren et al. (1970) suggests that: (a)the intimate relationship between hypochloraemia and the elevation of plasma bicarbonate in respiratory acidosis is related to reciprocal changes in proximal tubular absorption of chloride and bicarbonate; (b)chloride depletion can increase bicarbonate absorption in the proximal tubule and urinary net acid excretion; (c)a rise in TF/P Cl in the proximal tubule does not necessarily correlate with changes in external chloride balance; (d)the distal chloride conserving mechanism is unaffected by rates of sodium or phosphate excretion, exposure to carbon dioxide, or increases in the rate of tubular bicarbonate absorption.
Lift Your Leg: Mechanics of Running Through Fluids

In order for legged robotic platforms to become adept enough to operate in unstructured, outdoor environments it is critical that they have the ability to adapt to a variety of terrains. One class of terrains to consider are regions of shallow, dense fluids, such as a beach-head, stream banks, snow or mud. This work examines the behavior of a simulated SLIP runner operating in such a viscous medium. Simulation results show that intelligently retracting the leg during flight can have a profound effect on the maximum achievable velocity of the runner, the stability of the resulting gait, and the cost of transport of the runner. Results also show that trudging gaits, in which the leg is positioned behind the center of mass, can be favorable in certain situations in terms of energy consumption and forward velocity.
FAMILY CAREGIVING IN THE CONTEXT OF INTENSE AND COMPLEX CARE

Approximately four in ten family caregivers experience high intensity care, based on the number of caregiving hours, activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs supported for the care recipient. Using the 2015 Caregiving in the U.S. Survey, we examined outcomes associated with high (compared to low or medium) intensity of care. High intensity was positively associated with emotional stress (OR=2.10; 95%CI: 1.52-2.91); financial strain (OR=1.69; 95% CI: 1.210-2.36); physical strain (OR=3.09; 95% CI: 2.21-4.34); and declines in caregiver health (OR=2.14; 95% CI: 1.56-2.93). High intensity was also associated with greater difficulty coordinating recipient care (OR=1.96; 95%CI: 1.42-2.71), higher odds of performing complex medical/nursing tasks (OR=6.85; 95% CI: 5.27-8.90) and, among task performers, greater difficulty performing tasks (OR=2.10; 95% CI: 1.43-3.08). High intensity of care impacts caregiver health and the caregiving role in multiple domains; new clinical and policy approaches are needed to mitigate risks and ensure adequate support.
Exploring the relationship between government and destination competitiveness: The TALC model perspective

Abstract Competitiveness is evident in the marketplace as tourism has become a major tool for economic grow and job creation. Destinations must learn how to think more like businesses and develop new products, markets, and customers. Governments also play vital roles in tourism development, ranging from minimal to high level of involvement. Due to tourism's dynamic nature, Butler's (1980) tourism area lifecycle (TALC) framework helps explain the level of government involvement in tourism development. This article develops a conceptual model adding government involvement and destination competitiveness to TALC. Secondary data demonstrate the model and the results extend TALC's conceptualization by adding national competitiveness and government involvement to explain destination development.
Prompting Prosocial Human Interventions in Response to Robot Mistreatment

Inspired by the benefits of human prosocial behavior, we explore whether prosocial behavior can be extended to a Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) context. More specifically, we study whether robots can induce prosocial behavior in humans through a 1x2 between-subjects user study (N = 30) in which a confederate abused a robot. Through this study, we investigated whether the emotional reactions of a group of bystander robots could motivate a human to intervene in response to robot abuse. Our results show that participants were more likely to prosocially intervene when the bystander robots expressed sadness in response to the abuse as opposed to when they ignored these events, despite participants reporting similar perception of robot mistreatment and levels of empathy for the abused robot. Our findings demonstrate possible effects of group social influence through emotional cues by robots in human-robot interaction. They reveal a need for further research regarding human prosocial behavior within HRI. CCS Concepts •Human-centered computing→ Empirical studies in HCI; Empirical studies in collaborative and social computing ACM Reference Format: Joe Connolly, Viola Mocz, Nicole Salomons, Joseph Valdez, Nathan Tsoi, Brian Scassellati, and Marynel Vazquez. 2020. Prompting Prosocial Human Interventions in Response to Robot Mistreatment. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374781
SEX AND AGE-BASED DIFFERENCES IN PEDIATRIC BASKETBALL INJURIES:

Background:There is limited epidemiologic data on pediatric basketball injuries and the correlation of these injuries with sex-based differences pre- and post-adolescence.Purpose:To describe sex an...
Theory of Change to Practice: How Experimentalist Teaching Enabled Faculty to Navigate the COVID-19 Disruption

The College of New Jersey’s Chemistry Department and School of Science have been strategically transforming our teaching, learning, and mentoring environments for over a decade through programs tha...
A New View of Iron Management in Heart Failure: What Nephrologists Need to Know.

It is likely that most nephrologists are not aware of a major shift that has occurred in heart failure treatment, but it is one that is potentially very relevant to them. Iron management and intravenous (IV) iron therapy have evolved as important elements of heart failure treatment. In this issue of
Visual art and the brain.

Publisher Summary This chapter articulates the state of the research on visuospatial perception, visual imagery, motor memory, and interest as it applies to the artistic process, through the lens of lesion studies and different categories of neurodegenerative illness. The chapter also discusses the visual systems used by artists as they conceptualize and then produce an artistic product. The fields of neurology, psychology, psychiatry, and cognitive science lend diverse and complementary perspectives on art and the brain. With structural and functional imaging, it is now possible to study brain activity and structure as it develops normally in an artist. The cerebral processing of visual information occurs in two pathways. The first carries information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus and finally to the striate cortex (area V1), locate d in the calcarine fissure of the occipital lobes. Lesions in the optic tracts or the striate cortex produce predictable topographic deficits in the contralateral hemifield. The second pathway begins from the striate cortex and radiates out into multiple inter- related areas of the extrastriate cortex. The anatomic subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) provide a window into investigating the neurological basis of the artistic process. Previous case studies of left temporal-variant (semantic dementia) FTLD patients reveal a new preoccupation with art, greater attention to visual stimuli, and increased visual creativity during the early stages of their dementia.
Using Coordination Middleware for Location-Aware Computing: A Lime Case Study

The decoupling between behavior and communication fostered by coordination becomes of paramount importance in mobile computing. In this scenario, however, coordination technology typically deals only with the application data necessary to orchestrate the process activities. In this paper, we argue instead that the very same coordination abstractions can be used effectively to deal also with information coming from the physical context–a fundamental aspect of mobile computing applications.
Neurochemical thermostat: A neural interface SoC with integrated chemometrics for closed-loop regulation of brain dopamine

A 3.3 × 3.2mm2 SoC in 0.35μm 2P/4M CMOS combines neurochemical sensing, on-the-fly chemometrics, and feedback-controlled stimulation to realize a “neurochemical thermostat” by differentiating electrically evoked brain dopamine levels from interferents in complex signals recorded in vivo and maintaining the levels between two user-set thresholds via closed-loop neuromodulation. The SoC features duty cycling in intermittent neurochemical sensing and digital signal processing to dissipate 127.5μW at 2.5V.
BONES HAVE EARS

The mechanosensory mechanisms in bone include (i) the cell system that is stimulated by external mechanical loading applied to the bone; (ii) the system that transduces that mechanical loading to a communicable signal; and (iii) the systems that transmit that signal to the effector cells for the maintenance of bone homeostasis and for strain adaptation of the bone structure. The effector cells are the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts. These systems and the mechanisms that they employ have not yet been unambiguously identified. A summary is presented of the current theoretical and experimental evidence suggesting that osteocytes are the principal mechanosensory cells of bone, that they are activated by the effects of fluid flowing through the osteocyte canaliculi, and that the electrically coupled three-dimensional network of osteocytes and lining cells is a communications system for the control of bone homeostasis and structural strain adaptation. A bone poroelastic (BP) model is employed to model the fluid flow behavior caused by the mechanical loading of bone. The similarities of the mechanotransduction system in bone with the mechanotransduction system used by the cells of the hearing system will be described. Both cell systems sense mechanical vibrations in a fluid domain.
How many answers are enough? optimal number of answers for Q&A sites

With the proliferation of the social web questions about information quality and optimization attract the attention of IS scholars. Question-answering (QA) sites, such as Yahoo!Answers, have the potential to produce good answers, but at the same time not all answers are good and not all QA sites are alike. When organizations design and plan for the integration of question answering services on their sites, identification of good answers and process optimization become critical. Arguing that 'given enough answers all questions are answered successfully,' this paper identifies the optimal number of posts that generate high quality answers. Based on content analysis of Yahoo! Answers' informational questions (n=174) and their answers (n=1,023), the study found that seven answers per question are 'enough' to provide a good answer.
THE EXEMPTION PROVISIONS OF THE SALES CONVENTION, INCLUDING COMMENTS ON “HARDSHIP” DOCTRINE AND THE 19 JUNE 2009 DECISION OF THE BELGIAN CASSATION COURT

This article derives from a paper delivered at a November 2010 conference organized by the Law Faculty of the University of Belgrade (Serbia) on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG), and will be published in the Belgrade Law Review. It addresses the CISG’s exemptions provisions, articles 79 and 80. It begins with a general comparison of the two provisions, exploring the significance of stylistic differences between the detailed, complex, even baroque approach of article 79 and the general, straightforward and vague mode of article 80. The paper then analyzes a recent decision of the Belgian Court of Cassation (Scafom International BV v. Lorraine Tubes S.A.S.) which holds that the CISG incorporates, as part of its general principles, the “Hardship” provisions (articles 6.2.1 through 6.2.3) of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. The paper argues that this decision distorts the meaning of the CISG, violates the mandate to interpret the Convention with regard for its international character, and threatens the political legitimacy of the treaty.
New approach to optimization of discounted stochastic continuous-time discrete-event systems

Introduces and develops a new approach to the theory of continuous-time jump Markov decision processes (CTJMDP). This approach reduces discounted CTJMDPs to discounted semi-Markov decision processes (SMDPs). The reduction is based on the equivalence of strategies that change actions between jumps to the randomized strategies that change actions only at jump epochs. In particular, this paper introduces the theory for multiple-objective CTJMDPs with expected total discounted rewards and constraints. As an intermediate step, this paper develops the theory of constrained optimization of discounted SMDPs.
Sucrose concentration and the magnitude of approach in a conflict situation

Three groups, each containing eight rats on 23-h water deprivation, were trained in a straight alley runway. During acquisition, Group 1 received distilled water as a reinforcer, Group 2 a 4% sucrose solution, and Group 3 a 16% sucrose solution. Following acquisition, Ss received shock as they entered the goalbox. A derived measure of approach magnitude was obtained for 4 successive days of conflict testing. Significant differences were obtained on Day 1, indicating the magnitude of approach to be greater for those groups receiving a sugar solution as a reinforcer.
Semiprime rings with finite length W.R.T. an idempotent kernel functor

The purpose of this note is to show that the only idempotent kernel functor σ on Mod-R, whereR is a semiprime ring andR R has finite σ-length, is the idempotent kernel functorZ corresponding to the Goldie torsion theory.
Image quality in the human eye.

A description is given of the components of the human eye as an image-forming system, and of a model eye based on Gaussian optics. The actual performance of the eye's optics is discussed with respect to chromatic aberration, absorption losses, scatter and the in vivomeasurement of the modulation transfer function. Physiological aspects of the eye's visual performance are described, including pupil size, and the influence of various factors on visual acuity.
Abstract 5289: Role of notch3 in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of HCC

Introduction: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program is often activated in cancer cells during invasion and metastasis. During EMT, expression of transcription factors such as Snail and Slug is induced due to the reduction in E-cadherin expression. In addition, matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) which digest the various components of extracellular matrix also induced during EMT. Various signaling pathways have been involved in the regulation of EMT program. We hypothesize that notch signaling pathway is a potential regulator of EMT program in HCC. Methods: Lysates from human HCC cell lines, Huh-7, HepG2, and Hep3B, were analyzed for the expression of active notch intracellular domain (NICD) 1-3 proteins by western analysis. To determine the role of NICD3 in cancer invasion and metastasis, siRNA against NICD3 was transfected into HCC cell lines. The effect of depletion of NICD3 in HCC cell lines, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were measured by western analyses. Results: Varied level of expression of NICD1-3 was observed in HCC cell lines tested. Transfection of siRNA against NICD3 reduced the level of NICD3 but not the NICD1 protein. Western analysis for the EMT markers expression showed an increase in E-cadherin and concomitant reduction in Snail, Slug, Matrix Metallo Proteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9. Conclusions: NICD3 inhibition significantly reduced the expression of markers of metastasis by increasing E-cadherin and suppressing transcription factors Snail, Slug, and MMPs. These observed change in the protein levels are occurred in the absence of NICD3 protein but the presence of NICD1 protein suggesting that NICD3 may play a role in metastasis. Therefore, targeting NICD3 may be potential strategy for treatment of HCC. Citation Format: Selvi Kunnimalaiyaan, T. Clark Gamblin, Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan. Role of notch3 in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of HCC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5289. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5289
Identification of risk factors for postoperative dysphagia after primary anti-reflux surgery

Background Transient postoperative dysphagia is not uncommon after antireflux surgery and usually runs a self-limiting course. However, a subset of patients report long-term dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for persistent postoperative dysphagia at 1 year after surgery.
Human acid ceramidase is overexpressed but not mutated in prostate cancer.

The human acid ceramidase gene, that causes Farber disease, is located in 8p22, a region frequently altered in several cancers, including prostate cancer. Acid ceramidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ceramide, a potent lipid second messenger molecule that promotes apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation. It is not known whether this gene, or its expression, is altered in prostate cancer. Here, we report the structural organization of the human gene, its expression in human tissues, and the identification of several single nucleotide polymorphisms. No cancer-related mutations were found in the gene in a panel of prostate tumor DNAs analyzed, but increased expression was observed in prostate tumor tissues when compared with matched normals. This increase was observed in all three prostate tumor cell lines tested (DU145, LnCAP, and PC3) when compared to a BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) cell line and 15/36 prostate tumors. These results suggest that acid ceramidase may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary loss of a neural pathway from the nervous system of a fly (Glossina morsitans/Diptera).

Three pairs of specialized axons found in other muscoid flies are absent in the tsetse, Glossina morsitans, which also lacks the tergotrochanteral muscle. Neither light nor electron microscopy could demonstrate any evidence for the cervical giant fiber axon, the peripherally synapsing axon, or the tergotrochanteral motor axon. The specialized characteristics of these axons must have been altered during the evolution of Glossina. This divergence of individual neurons from the more typical muscoid pattern not only demonstrates the evolutionary modification of specific identified cells; it may also provide an opportunity to study the ontogenetic determination of unique neuronal features.
Prelude to a coitus: Sexual initiation cues among heterosexual married couples

Relationship satisfaction is influenced by sexual satisfaction, which in turn is dependent upon successful initiation of sexual activity. Heterosexual married couples (n = 15) kept written journals for two weeks, detailing sexual activity and use of sexual initiation cues (i.e., what they or their partners did to initiate sexual activity). The data from the journals were analyzed qualitatively to reveal common themes and trends in participants’ responses. Themes included physical touch, verbal requests for sexual activity and participants’ reactions to partners’ cues. Themes are defined and described, with examples provided. Gender differences in the use and recognition of cues are discussed. The findings are another step along the path to helping researchers, therapists and couples understand and better use sexual initiation cues, leading to greater sexual satisfaction.
Gangliosides inhibit growth factor‐stimulated neurite outgrowth in SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells

Exogenously added gangliosides are known to promote neurite outgrowth in a variety of cell types, including some neuroblastoma cell lines. To study neuritogenesis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma we serum starved the cells for 24 hr and exposed them to gangliosides (GM1, GM3, or GT1b), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin, nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), or combinations of these for 3 days. We measured four parameters of neurite outgrowth using image analysis. PDGF induced neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y and GM1 inhibited this. Both phenomena were dose-dependent with neurites/cell and neurite length being below controls with 100 μM GM1, and percent of neurite-bearing cells being below controls with 25, 50, and 100 μM GM1. Similar but more inhibitory results were obtained with GM3 and GT1b. Insulin and IGF-I induced a neuritogenic response that was less potent than that of PDGF and was also inhibited by gangliosides. NGF had no effect on neurite outgrowth but gangliosides were still inhibitory even in cells not treated with growth factors. From this we conclude that gangliosides inhibit spontaneous and trophic factor-induced neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. For GM1 and GT1b, but not GM3, this probably involves inhibition of trophic factor receptor function. J. Neurosci. Res. 47:617–625, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transmission Line Code Implementation of Magnetically Insulated Flow Theory

Summary form only given. In a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) the total current flow is divided between current flowing in the metal and an electron current flowing in the vacuum. As a result of the vacuum electron flow, the impedance of the MITL is reduced below its vacuum value Z0, altering its power coupling to both the generator and the load. The effective impedance is best described by the flow impedance Zf, which is a function of both the geometry and voltage. Before the power pulse reaches the load, the MITL runs at the self-limited impedance, Zf SL. If the load impedance is sufficiently high, the MITL will continue to run at Zf SL after the pulse reaches the load and the system is described as operating in the line-limited regime. If the load impedance is lower than Zf SL, then a retrapping wave flows back up the MITL, reducing the voltage, returning some of the electron flow to the cathode, tightly insulating the remaining electron flow, and increasing Zf to a value close to Z0; in this case the system is described as operating in the load-limited regime. Analytic models of the MITL flow have been developed and predictions compare reasonably well with PIC simulations. These physics models are now being incorporated into transmission line codes so that design studies can be carried more efficiently. A versatile code will ultimately require models for treating impedance transitions and voltage adders. Initial results from the transmission line code model of MITL flow will be presented and compared with PIC simulations and future work will be described
Application of oral implants to the general dental practice

ABSTRACT Background The use of dental implants has become a management strategy for replacing missing teeth. As new implant surface technologies develop and prosthetic options increase, the field of dental implantology continues to change. General dentists considering the use of this treatment modality in their practices should understand the vital role treatment planning plays in achieving predictable outcomes. Overview This article reviews specific issues the general dentist typically faces when considering patients for single-tooth, partially-edentulous-arch and full-arch tooth replacement using dental implants. The author analyzes patient-based assessments, as well as diagnostic criteria and steps, to help practitioners predict patient-specific issues that may signal complications. He also discusses approaches for resolving complications. The article emphasizes the importance of careful evaluation in predicting patient-specific issues that can lead to gingival recession and suggests approaches to manage these situations. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Dental implants have become an increasingly common treatment option for missing dentition. Because innovations in implant surfaces continue to promote faster bone growth with better predictability, general dentists should be aware of the importance of treatment planning, assessment and teamwork in achieving successful outcomes.
Conflict on the Commons: Natural Resource Entitlements, the Public Interest, and Agricultural Economics

I began this odyssey' toward a presidential address reflecting on certain problems I see out there in the "real world," what they mean and what lessons they suggest for us as ag economists. That is the strength of our discipline and profession, an anchor in real events. It is more useful to start with problems and seek order with economics than to start with a principle or method and shop for a problem. There are battles being waged in the U.S. countryside that speak volumes for us as applied social scientists. It has to do with private discretion, the right of individuals with access to natural resources to do what they want, when they want, whatever the impacts on others. It has to do with power, entitlement, economic and social change, interdependence, vision for the future, sense of the commons in private action. Some farm leaders have been saying very intemperate things lately about property rights and alleged government takeovers. As is usually the case in the political economics of who may do what to whom, verbal symbols encase larger ideas and become the proxies in battle. Terms and phrases like independence, freedom, the public interest, my God-given right, the farming way of life, the rural myth, market distortions, greedy landowners and rabid environmentalists dominate the debate. There is disarray in rural institutions. Rules that create rights and obligations in use of natural resources are simply out of step with general economic and social changes underway in rural America. I have also had concerns about us ag economists, particularly research and education types in land grant universities and government. We seem less open, adaptable, and expansive than we were even ten years ago. We were pushing the boundaries of our discipline and problem set; now there are pressures to go back to basics. Perhaps it is the economic crisis in academia, with fewer jobs, shrinking departments, no raises-little wonder we are skittish. Then it dawned on me-we are behaving exactly like farmers and other property owners. We are building fences, trying to scare off the bureaucrats, declaring our rights, fighting to preserve disciplinary purity. This paper is about property rights, the public interest, and our particular piece of agricultural economics real estate in the path of economic and social change. I will examine selected natural resource institutional issues for insight about our discipline and profession. The parallels lead to certain recommendations essential
Trapped atoms in cavity QED: coupling quantized light and matter

On the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of Albert Einstein's annus mirabilis, we reflect on the development and current state of research in cavity quantum electrodynamics in the optical domain. Cavity QED is a field which undeniably traces its origins to Einstein's seminal work on the statistical theory of light and the nature of its quantized interaction with matter. In this paper, we emphasize the development of techniques for the confinement of atoms strongly coupled to high-finesse resonators and the experiments which these techniques enable.
Storage of ions from laser‐produced plasmas

A method of storing large numbers of metal ions created in laser-produced plasmas is presented. The outer electrode of the electrostatic ion trap is designed to give a harmonic axial potential. The ions trapped by the technique included Be(+), C(+), Al(+), Fe(+), and Pb(+). The initial number of ions stored (2 x 10 to the 8th) appeared to be the trap maximum since increasing the laser power beyond 2-3 MW did not change the ion number. An initial rapid decay in the 30-50 msec range was generally followed by a long tail at the 10% level with times greater than 100 msec. The technique should be valuable for refractory elements which cannot be easily vaporized for electron impact ionization.
ATTRIBUTIONAL PROCESSES IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT

This paper discusses adaptive cognitive changes in adulthood from the perspectives of adult cognitive development and social cognition theory. An interface is proposed between these two disciplines. More specifically, the post‐formal literature on cognitive development is applied to the area of attributional processes. Furthermore, this interface is translated into a research orientation to help clarify dimensions of adult cognitive development. Such an approach focuses on establishing adult developmental trends and patterns of making causal attributions as well as committing causal attributional biases. The implications changes in attributional processes may have for cognitive maturity and adult education are discussed.
Analysis of trace fibers by IR-MALDESI imaging coupled with high resolving power MS

Trace evidence is a significant portion of forensic cases. Textile fibers are a common form of trace evidence that are gaining importance in criminal cases. Currently, qualitative techniques that do not yield structural information are primarily used for fiber analysis, but mass spectrometry is gaining an increasing role in this field. Mass spectrometry yields more quantitative structural information about the dye and polymer that can be used for more conclusive comparisons. Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) is a hybrid ambient ionization source being investigated for use in mass spectrometric fiber analysis. In this manuscript, IR-MALDESI was used as a source for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of a dyed nylon fiber cluster and single fiber. Information about the fiber polymer as well as the dye were obtained from a single fiber which was on the order of 10 μm in diameter. These experiments were performed directly from the surface of a tape lift of the fiber with a background of extraneous fibers.
Building a Compliance Vocabulary to Embed Security Controls in Cloud SLAs

Mission critical information systems must be certified against a set of security controls to mitigate potential security incidents. Cloud service providers must in turn employ adequate security measures that conform to security controls expected by the organizational information systems they host. Since service implementation details are abstracted away by the cloud, organizations can only rely on service level agreements (SLAs) to assess the compliance of cloud security properties and processes. Various representation schema allow SLAs to embed service security terms, but are disconnected from documents regulating security controls. This paper demonstrates an extensible solution for building a compliance vocabulary that associates SLA terms with security controls. The terms allow services to express which security controls they comply with and enable at-a-glance comparison of security service offerings so organizations can distinguish among cloud service providers that best comply with security expectations. To exemplify the approach, we build a sample vocabulary of terms based on audit security controls from a standard set of governing documents and apply them to an SLA for an example cloud storage service. We assess the compatibility with existing SLAs and calculate the computational overhead associated with the use of our approach in service matchmaking.
The effect of flattening filter design on quality variations within an 8‐MV primary x‐ray beam

Single material flattening filters supplied by manufacturers of medical linear accelerators are designed to produce the desired primary dose profile while maintaining output at a maximum level. This design criterion tends to produce substantial quality variations within the primary beam. Quality variations, as expressed by half-value layer in brass and polystyrene, were measured for an 8-MV primary beam both unfiltered and with the flattening filter supplied by the manufacturer. Most of the quality variation was introduced by the filter. Two approaches were then used to reduce this quality variation, each at a cost of a 25% reduction in output. First, a hardening filter was added to the manufacturer's flattening filter. The second approach was to design a new composite flattening filter made from brass and lead. For both approaches, the increase in quality variation over the intrinsic (no filter) variation was reduced by one-half.
Geology and petrology of the Apollo 15 landing site: Past, present, and future understanding

The main objectives of the Apollo 15 lunar mission were to investigate and sample materials from the Apennine Front (expected to be Imbrium ejecta and pre-Imbrian materials), the Hadley Rille, and the mare lavas of Palus Putredinis. The Hadley Rille was found to be a collapsed lava tube or channel, and from it, many mare basalt samples were collected which form two main chemical groups of the same age (3.3 b.y.), isotopic characteristics, and rate-earth element patterns. One group, olivine-normative, contains many vescular specimens and shows an olivine fraction trend. The other group, quartz-normative, is pigeonite-phyric and contains both vitrophyric and coarse-grained samples but exhibits little fractionation. The Apennine Front samples include such highland materials as ferroan anorthosites, spinel-bearing troctolites, norites, impact melts and metamorphosed breccias. A conspicuous component of the regolith breccias is volcanic green glass. The Apennine Front is characterized by a low-KREEP composition, a composition which has never been found as a pristine igneous rock type. Another unexpected discovey was the common occurrence of 3.5 b.y. old volcanic KREEP basalts. It is concluded that all major lunar processes can be profitably studied from the samples and observations at this single location.
Microbial production of citric acid in fixed-bed column bioreactors

Aspergillus niger NRRL 567 was cultured on the solid substrate, fruit pomace, in fixed-bed column bioreactors to produce citric acid. The rates of substrate consumption and citric acid production were strongly influenced by (1) the rate of aeration, (2) the fermentation temperature, (3) the initial moisture content of the substrate, and (4) the size of the inoculum. This culture method yielded approximately 130 g of citric acid per kg of apple pomace fermented under optimum conditions.
Convective instabilities during Mars Climate Sounder’s limb staring mode were overestimated

Abstract We report that the onset, and temporary cessation, of instabilities in MCS temperature profiles during MY 28 coincided with the initiation and cessation of limb staring operation, suggesting instrument operation was a factor in the identification of instabilities by Heavens et al. (Heavens et al. [2010]. Icarus, 208, 574–589). We demonstrate that the limb staring instrument operation during northern autumn of MY 28 can produce erroneous unstable lapse rates.
Hemostatic Markers in Acute Ischemic Stroke Association With Stroke Type, Severity, and Outcome

Background and Purpose Hemostatic markers can identify activation of the coagulation system in stroke patients. We evaluated whether the levels of these markers at the time of stroke are correlated with stroke severity, type, or mortality. Methods We measured fibrinopeptide A, cross-linked d-dimer, and β-thromboglobulin in 70 patients within 1 week of stroke. We examined the association between the level of each of these markers and survival. We adjusted for the possible confounding effect of age, stroke type, or stroke severity using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Results The median follow-up was 1.22 years. Fourteen patients died during follow-up. Univariate survival analysis identified age (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.12), stroke type (hazard ratio, 4.44; 95% CI, 1.29 to 15.23), initial Toronto Stroke Scale score (hazard ratio, 5.05; 95% CI, 2.08 to 12.27), cross-linked d-dimer (hazard ratio, 6.43; 95% CI, 2.83 to 14.62), fibrinopeptide A (hazard ratio, 2...
Pre-emptive self-presentations for future identity goals

Results from two experiments demonstrated that people's pre-emptive self-presentations increased when faced with an upcoming evaluation. However, like compensatory self-presentations, these efforts were cautiously restricted to areas unrelated to the forthcoming evaluative dimension. The contributions to the literature are straightforward with the results building on and extending prior work. First, where previous research shows that people engage in self-presentations to compensate for an already unfavorable public image, the current data reveal that people also pre-emptively adjust their self-presentations prior to any direct evaluation or feedback. Moreover, the present findings are the first to show that pre-emptive efforts are prudently constrained in a manner similar to compensatory self-presentations.
Integrating the prevention of eating disorders and obesity: feasible or futile?

The rate of obesity in adults and youth has doubled in the past 20 years; during this same period there has been an increase in the prevalence of "dysfunctional eating behaviors," including eating disorders and unhealthy weight loss practices. Despite the fact that obesity, eating disorders, and unhealthy weight loss practices are cultivated in the same cultural context-an increasingly "toxic" environment regarding food and weight-these problems are regarded as distinct, with different origins, courses, and approaches to prevention and treatment. In this article, we present conceptual and practical reasons for adopting an integrated approach to the prevention of the spectrum of problems related to eating and weight (i.e., eating disorders, obesity, and unhealthy weight loss practices), suggest personal, socioenvironmental, and behavioral factors to be included in an integrated approach to prevention, and provide some ideas for developing an integrated program using a media literacy/advocacy approach. We conclude with a discussion of challenges to the development of interventions aimed at the broad spectrum of weight-related problems and suggestions for addressing these challenges.
Low velocity impact of electrically charged microspheres with planar surfaces under vacuum conditions

Abstract An experimental system is described that was developed to investigate the impact of electrically charged microspheres with planar surfaces under vacuum conditions. Small conducting microspheres (∼1 to 50 μ m diameter) are electrostatically charged by induction (from ∼10 −16 to 10 −13 C) using an electrostatic particle dispenser. Uncharged microspheres also are used and dispersed by a neutral particle dispenser. The particles are accelerated by gravity to reach the desired incident velocity (∼1 to 10 m/s) prior to surface impact. Measurements of an individual particle's incident and rebound velocities are made by two methods. The primary method is a one-component laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) system. A pulsed laser light sheet visualization technique with digital video image analysis complements the LDV measurements. The amount of charge transferred to the surface during impact is measured also using a low noise charge sensitive preamplifier and shaping amplifier.
Selective interference with the representation of size in the human by direct cortical electrical stimulation

A specific category in human cognition, size representation, was disrupted by the application of cortical electrical interference through a recently modified technique involving implantation of indwelling subdural electrode arrays. When subjected to electrical stimulation at a specific site, the subject was unable to access size information when questioned verbally, but showed no deficit if the size discrimination was presented visually. Verbal questions about size were answered correctly when the patient was not subjected to cortical interference. Other measures of verbal and visual comprehension for the categories of color, shape, orientation, movement, texture, and structure, tested under cortical interference, were normal. This clear-cut distinction between verbal and visual access to information about size, shown by a reversible block at a known and anatomically circumscribed site, provides further evidence that higher order neural processing is categorically represented.