cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small sustainable monetary incentives versus charitable donations to promote exercise: Rationale, design, and baseline data from a randomized pilot study.

Abstract Regular physical activity (PA) enhances weight-loss and reduces risk of chronic disease. However, as few as 10% of U.S. adults engage in regular PA. Incentive programs to promote PA have shown some promise, but have typically used incentives that are too large to sustain over time and have not demonstrated habit formation or been tested in community settings. This report presents the rationale and design of a randomized pilot study testing the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of small monetary incentives for PA (n = 25) versus charitable donations in the same amount (n = 25) versus control (n = 25) over 12 months among 75 low-active but otherwise healthy adults at a local YMCA. Incentives are based on YMCA attendance, which is verified by electronic swipe card data and is the primary study outcome, with self-reported minutes/week of PA assessed as a secondary outcome. Incentives are intentionally small enough—$1/session, maximum of $5/week—such that they could be indefinitely sustained by community organizations, privately-owned health clubs, healthcare organizations, or employers (e.g., employer fitness facilities). Costs of the incentive program for the sponsoring organization may be partially offset by increases in membership resulting from the appeal of the program. Moreover, if efficacious, the charitable donation incentive program may have the added benefit of building social capital for the sponsoring organization and potentially serving as a tax write-off, thus further offsetting the cost of the incentives. Findings will also have implications for the use of financially sustainable community-based incentive programs for other health-related behaviors (e.g., weight loss, smoking).
Determining the roles of father absence and age at menarche in female psychosocial acceleration

Abstract Paternal investment theory and psychosocial acceleration theory hold that father absence and stressful experiences, respectively, accelerate reproductive development. Accumulating evidence is consistent with these theories yet important questions remain. In this study, we use a two-part structural equation model and data from 342 female undergraduates to address two of these questions: First, what is the role of father absence in female psychosocial acceleration, controlling potentially confounding aspects of environment and family structure? Second, to what extent does age at menarche mediate environmental and family structure effects on sexual debut? Findings indicated that many aspects of environment and family structure could be summarized with two factors—socio-economic status (SES) and fragmented family structure. We found that among those who had experienced sexual debut, exposure to temporary father departure (one year or more) in the context of an intact family hastened menarche, which in turn accelerated sexual debut. However, this type of father absence did not predict experience of sexual debut (or not). Fragmented family structure (which also implies some degree of father absence) appeared to increase the likelihood that participants had experienced sexual debut, but did not predict age at menarche or age at sexual debut among who had debuted. SES was not associated with any aspects of reproductive development, controlling for fragmented family structure and age. We discuss our findings in relation to paternal investment theory, psychosocial acceleration theory, and life history theory. We then lay out future directions for researchers aiming to clarify the role of environment in reproductive trajectories.
Abstract TMP92: Prevalence and Predictors of Recent Suicidal Ideation among US Stroke Survivors

BACKGROUND: Although approximately one third of individuals develop depression after stroke, little is known about the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI). In this study, we assessed the prevalenc...
Directors Personal Liability for Corporate Fault in the United States

This book chapter outlines sources in U.S. law of personal liability for directors of corporations, with a focus on liability for wrongdoing by the corporation. The chapter surveys director liability: to creditors for violations of state corporation statutes (e.g., liability for defective incorporations, ultra vires corporate acts, and improper dividends, loans to directors, or dissolution); under common law veil piercing theories; under common law and statutes applying agency and director participation theories; and the “responsible corporate officer” doctrine.The chapter provides a brief case study of potential director liability under CERCLA (the Superfund statute). The chapter briefly examines why U.S. law appears to impose less liability on directors than the laws of other countries. Relatively lower liability reflects the structure of U.S. corporate law, which gives directors greater discretion in making business decisions and delegating responsibility to officers and employees. Directors may thus be further removed from active involvement in corporate misconduct. Several sources of director liability thus create a disincentive for directors to police corporate misconduct. The chapter sketches normative, due process, and economic explanations for restrictions on director liability and less active director involvement in corporate decision-making. The chapter outlines how corporate law (e.g. the Caremark case) and securities regulation (e.g. Sarbanes Oxley) provide counterweights to the disincentives to director monitoring. The rule structure that makes director liability for corporate misconduct rarer in the United States compared to other jurisdictions may represent another implicit subsidy from tort creditors to shareholders and capital formation.
From Subjects to Citizens? Rights, Obligations, and the New Politics of Citizenship in the Arab Gulf

Struggling with saturated public sectors, rising levels of national unemployment, and the prospect of a post-petroleum future, the monarchies of the Arabian Gulf are exploring ways to survive and adapt, particularly by renegotiating their traditional, rentier-enhanced social contracts with citizens. In fact, finding a way to renegotiate that social contract, while maintaining stability, has become an important political challenge. In this paper, I offer an argument about the ways in which governing elites are seeking to achieve this change, based on palace ethnography and extensive interviews with governing elites across the UAE as well as one of the country’s seven Rulers. Specifically, I argue that governing elites are turning to education reform and other strategies that emphasize youth socialization, not merely to improve education per se, but also to reshape citizens’ interests and motivations at a young age in such a way as to motivate a voluntary shift in the social contract. This strategy, I argue, is best understood as an effort by ruling elites to avoid being seen and judged publicly as violating the social contract by motivating young citizens to step willingly out of it. Because of rulers’ perception that they lack “sticks,” and have only “carrots,” these efforts hinge on creating social and ideational incentives, and this is being done via the fashioning of new symbolic systems to motivate desired lifestyle changes on the part of individuals.
Multiple bandpass filters with magnetron sputtered amorphous silicon as high index material

Multiple bandpass filters for very wide wavelength range are made with sputtered amorphous silicon and SiO2. Such difficult filters are possible only if we have good control of the optical properties and the processes.
Assessment of inorganic contamination of private wells and demonstration of effective filter-based reduction: A pilot-study in Stokes County, North Carolina.

Abstract Well water is the primary drinking source for nearly a quarter of North Carolina residents. Many communities across the state have been concerned about their well water quality and inorganic contamination. The “Well Empowered” study worked alongside a community in Stokes County, North Carolina to measure toxic metals in their well water as well as provide and test ZeroWater® filter pitchers in homes with arsenic (As) or lead (Pb) contamination. Multiple water samples, including a First Draw sample from the kitchen tap and a sample taken directly from the well, were collected from 39 homes in Stokes County. The samples were analyzed for 17 different inorganic contaminants, including As, boron (B), Pb, and manganese (Mn), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). High concentrations of Pb along with copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) were only found in the First Draw sample and therefore likely originate in the home plumbing system while As, iron (Fe), and Mn were consistent across all samples and therefore are present in the groundwater. The low concentrations of B (
Structured External Memory Aid Treatment for Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Purpose The aims of this study were (a) to examine the effects of a structured external memory aid (EMA) treatment for individuals with possible mild neurocognitive disorder on their use of EMAs to...
Busy Minds: The Effect of Busyness and Virtual Product Presentation Format on Online Shopping Behavior

The authors conduct three experiments to test the effectiveness of 360 product view in online shopping sites. In Study 1, participants exposed to 360 spinnable product images (vs. 2D static images) form more positive purchase intentions. In Study 2, the effect becomes absent (present) when participants think and write about daily activities that keep them busy (activities they do on a typical day). Study 3 directly manipulate mental busyness and finds that the effect is absent (present) for participants who memorize an eight-digit number (a two-digit number). Theoretical and practical implications for virtual product presentation strategies are discussed.
Abstract WP394: Compliance With Statin Therapy and Risk of Recurrent Adverse Events in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Analysis of the ATACH II Trial

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is associated with increased risk of ischemic strokes. Statin therapy has been shown to reduce risk of cardiovascular mortality including ischemic strokes. Despite ...
Malaria vaccines since 2000: progress, priorities, products

Malaria vaccine development entered a new era in 2015 when the pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum candidate RTS,S was favorably reviewed by the European Medicines Agency and subsequently introduced into national pilot implementation programs, marking the first human anti-parasite vaccine to pass regulatory scrutiny. Since the first trials published in 1997, RTS,S has been evaluated in a series of clinical trials culminating in Phase 3 testing, while testing of other pre-erythrocytic candidates (that target sporozoite- or liver-stage parasites), particularly whole sporozoite vaccines, has also increased. Interest in blood-stage candidates (that limit blood-stage parasite growth) subsided after disappointing human efficacy results, although new blood-stage targets and concepts may revive activity in this area. Over the past decade, testing of transmission-blocking vaccines (that kill mosquito/sexual-stage parasites) advanced to field trials and the first generation of placental malaria vaccines (that clear placenta-sequestering parasites) entered the clinic. Novel antigen discovery, human monoclonal antibodies, structural vaccinology, and improved platforms promise to expand on RTS,S and improve existing vaccine candidates.
Wicking Enhanced Critical Heat Flux for Highly Wetting Fluids on Structured Surfaces

The use of micro/nano-scale structures has been shown to enhance critical heat flux (CHF) during pool boiling in recent studies. A correlation between wicking rate and CHF enhancement for structured superhydrophilic surfaces has been reported in prior work of the authors. In that work, a nondimensional correlation was developed and validated using only water as the working fluid. In this study, a highly wetting fluid (FC-72) was used to demonstrate the applicability of this correlation on structured surfaces for nonaqueous liquids. This has been achieved using a simple modification of the experimental procedure for highly wetting fluids. This experimental modification shows no effect on the quantification of the liquid wicking rate. Numerous structured superhydrophilic surfaces have been fabricated and tested, including micro- and nanoscale structures and hierarchical surfaces which showed the highest CHF enhancement (200%). More importantly, this work demonstrates the validity of the nondimensional parameters used in the proposed CHF correlation and its overall applicability to a wide range of nonaqueous liquids.
Is isolated ST segment elevation in Lead aVR associated with high grade coronary artery disease

Abstract Background The diagnostic accuracy of lead aVR ST-segment elevation for left main or triple vessel disease (LM/3VD) has not been universally accepted. In the present analysis we sought to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of STEaVR in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative likelihood ratios were calculated using a random effects model (DerSimonian-Laird Method) for computing summary estimates and receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis for evaluating overall diagnostic accuracy. Results This meta-analysis included 14 studies. The pooled sensitivity of STEaVR for LM/3VD was 0.40 (95% CI; 0.38 0.43, p Conclusion Our study shows that in patients presenting with an ACS, presence of STEaVR may indicate the presence of LM or 3VD. STEaVR has a high specificity for both LM and 3VD, with a high pooled LR.
Degeneracies between baryons and dark matter: the challenge of constraining the nature of dark matter with JWST

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will revolutionise our understanding of early galaxy formation, and could potentially set stringent constraints on the nature of dark matter. We use a semi-empirical model of galaxy formation to investigate the extent to which uncertainties in the implementation of baryonic physics may be degenerate with the predictions of two different models of dark matter -- Cold Dark Matter (CDM) and a 7 keV sterile neutrino, which behaves as Warm Dark Matter (WDM). Our models are calibrated to the observed UV luminosity function at $z=4$ using two separate dust attenuation prescriptions, which manifest as high and low star formation efficiency in low mass haloes. We find that while at fixed star formation efficiency, $\varepsilon$, there are marked differences in the abundance of faint galaxies in the two dark matter models at high-$z$, these differences are mimicked easily by varying $\varepsilon$ in the same dark matter model. We find that a high $\varepsilon$ WDM and a low $\varepsilon$ CDM model -- which provide equally good fits to the $z=4$ UV luminosity function -- exhibit nearly identical evolution in the cosmic stellar mass and star formation rate densities. We show that differences in the star formation rate at fixed stellar mass are larger for variations in $\varepsilon$ in a given dark matter model than they are between dark matter models; however, the scatter in star formation rates is larger between the two models than they are when varying $\varepsilon$. Our results suggest that JWST will likely be more informative in constraining baryonic processes operating in high-$z$ galaxies than it will be in constraining the nature of dark matter.
Career trajectories in a technology management-HRD programme

This ‘perspectives on research’ paper presents the first stage of an innovative in-progress study aimed at understanding the career trajectories of graduates of a technology management undergraduat...
Is the Shale Boom a Bust for Nearby Residents? Evidence from Housing Values in Pennsylvania

Profitable extraction of previously inaccessible shale gas reserves has led to rapid expansion of shale exploration across the United States. While there is much enthusiasm surrounding the benefits from this source of energy as a potential path to energy independence, very little is known about the environmental risks associated with this exploration activity. In this paper, we present one of the first empirical studies to measure the impact of early shale exploration as capitalized into surrounding property values. Our dataset combines real estate data, shale well data and land use data in Washington County, Pennsylvania from 2008 to mid-2010 to estimate the impact of shale activity on nearby housing values using a Box-Cox hedonic specification. We find that households are adversely impacted by shale gas exploration activity, but this impact depends on the proximity and intensity of shale activity and is largely transitory in duration. While the magnitude of the overall effect of an additional shale well within one mile from the property is modest (-0.8%) this impact is heterogeneous. The effect is larger for households located close to major highways and sourced with private well water. The impacts are larger and more persistent for properties surrounded by agricultural lands.
Low-Rank Sparse Tensor Approximations for Large High-Resolution Videos

Tensor decomposition techniques are becoming increasingly important in processing videos with large sizes and dimensions. Under the framework of CANDECOMP/PARAFAC decomposition (CPD), this work studies low-rank sparse tensor approximations (LRSTAs) to higher-order tensors. Both theoretical and practical properties are evaluated for LRSTAs to represent large high-resolution videos. The evaluation brings three major contributions of this work. Firstly, the theoretical connection between CPD for high-order tensors and traditional singular value decomposition (SVD) for matrices are established, and the tensor rank for traditional SVD is defined. This provides a theoretical basis to compare tensor-based approach against matrix-based approach under the framework of tensor decompositions. Secondly, the non-orthogonality of CPD and its implications are revealed. The solution set of an LRSTA can only be used as a whole. Thirdly, a computationally efficient algorithm is developed. Its practical properties are also investigated in object detection and recognition in high-resolution videos. The results of the experiments showed that the proposed algorithm can handle large high-resolution videos very efficiently in terms of memory allocation. Results also revealed that commonly used total variations may not be a good evaluation metric for real world applications in computer vision. LRSTAs should be evaluated using the end goal of the applications, such as the accuracy of object detection and recognition.
The Many Costs of Measles Outbreaks and Undervaccination: Why We Need to Invest in Public Health.

In 2018 and 2019, the United States weathered a resurgence of measles, with >1600 cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most of these cases were associated with large outbreaks in New York and a smaller outbreak in Washington.1 For the 2018–2019 school year, kindergarten coverage with two doses of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was 94.7% nationwide, 97.2% in New York, and 90.8% in Washington.2 These recent outbreaks confirmed modeling studies revealing that localized pockets of undervaccination and higher vaccine exemption rates plus exposure to travel create fertile conditions for measles spread.3,4 In previous measles studies, the significant cost of public health response activities needed to control these preventable outbreaks have been quantified.5,6 In this issue of Pediatrics , Pike et al7 expand on previous outbreak assessments to present a comprehensive cost evaluation of the 2019 measles outbreak in Clark County, Washington. These authors include direct medical costs; economic consequences of lost productivity due to illness, quarantine, and caregiving; and public health response costs. The 2019 outbreak comprised … Address correspondence to Jessica R. Cataldi, MD, MSCS, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 13123 E 16th Ave, Box 055, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: jessica.cataldi{at}cuanschutz.edu
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

The high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by a diffuse proliferation of large neoplastic B cells, typically showing nuclear size equal to or greater than the size of a normal macrophage. It is the second most common pulmonary lymphoma after maltoma. It occurs in a wide age range from children to adults. Patients are usually symptomatic. Grossly, the lesions are nodular in configuration and show no lobar predilection. Histopathologically, the process is highly distinctive involving both the pleura and the vascular system of the lung, features that can also be observed in imaging studies of the chest. The underlying lung architecture is usually obliterated, often with necrosis. In some cases, the neoplastic lymphoma cells occupy the alveolar spaces, a pneumonic-like process that has been termed tumoral pneumonia.
Systemic delivery of a mitochondria targeted antioxidant partially preserves limb muscle mass and grip strength in response to androgen deprivation.

Abstract Muscle mass is important for health. Decreased testicular androgen production (hypogonadism) contributes to the loss of muscle mass, with loss of limb muscle being particularly debilitating. Androgen replacement is the only pharmacological treatment, which may not be feasible for everyone. Prior work showed that markers of reactive oxygen species and markers of mitochondrial degradation pathways were higher in the limb muscle following castration. Therefore, we tested whether an antioxidant preserved limb muscle mass in male mice subjected to a castration surgery. Subsets of castrated mice were treated with resveratrol (a general antioxidant) or MitoQ (a mitochondria targeted antioxidant). Relative to the non-castrated control mice, lean mass, limb muscle mass, and grip strength were partially preserved only in castrated mice treated with MitoQ. Independent of treatment, markers of mitochondrial degradation pathways remained elevated in all castrated mice. Therefore, a mitochondrial targeted antioxidant may partially preserve limb muscle mass in response to hypogonadism.
How does learning one’s HIV status relate to viral suppression? an analysis among perinatally infected adolescents and young adults in Ndola, Zambia

Little data exist on how 15-to-24-year-old perinatally infected youth living with HIV (p-YLHIV) learn their HIV status, and how those disclosure experiences may relate to current viral suppression ...
The Sexual Grooming Scale – Victim Version: The Development and Pilot Testing of a Measure to Assess the Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Grooming

Sexual grooming has been deemed an integral component of child sexual abuse (CSA). However, the nature and extent of sexual grooming remains understudied in large part because an empirically-valida...
Lasers with distributed loss have sublinear power output

We provide a simple explanation for why laser media with distributed loss should have a sublinear output power characteristic. This understanding clarifies the role of long-range spatial hole burning in reducing the efficiency of semiconductor lasers, and is essential for optimizing power output.
Prey Chemical Discrimination in the Lizard Eugongylus albofasciolatus and Its Distribution in Scincidae

Actively foraging lizards tongue-flick while searching for prey, and have evolved strong responsiveness to prey chemicals. This trait is universal among active foragers that have been tested, which can locate and identify prey using only chemical cues sampled by tongue-flicking. In Scincidae, prey chemical discrimination has been confirmed in several species of active foragers, and is absent in a single ambush forager. However, responses to prey chemicals remain untested in large scincid taxonomic groups. When tested experimentally for tongue-flicking and biting in response to chemicals on cotton swabs, Eugongylus albofasciolatus exhibited prey chemical discrimination by responding more strongly than to deionized water and cologne controls. These results extend prey chemical discrimination to a new group of lygosomines, the Eugongylus group. Current evidence suggests that prey chemical discrimination may be universal in Eumecinae, is present in at least one species of Scincinae, and is widespread in Lygosominae, being present in the Eugongylus , Sphenomorphus , and Egernia groups, as well as in actively foraging Mabuya . Although no data are available for Acontinae or Feylininae, it is likely that prey chemical discrimination is plesiomorphic and nearly universal in Scincinae, the exceptions being ambush foragers.
The covenant of reason : rationality and the commitments of thought

Isaac Levi is one of the preeminent philosophers in the areas of pragmatic rationality and epistemology. This collection of essays constitutes an important presentation of his original and influential ideas about rational choice and belief. A wide range of topics is covered, including consequentialism and sequential choice, consensus, voluntarism of belief, and the tolerance of the opinions of others. The essays elaborate on the idea that principles of rationality are norms that regulate the coherence of our beliefs and values with our rational choices. The norms impose minimal constraints on deliberation and inquiry, but they also impose demands well beyond the capacities of deliberating agents. This major collection will be eagerly sought out by a wide range of philosophers in epistemology, logic, and philosophy of science, as well as economists, decision theorists, and statisticians.
Meeting a Moral Imperative: A Rationale for Teaching the Holocaust

Abstract A primary rationale for studying the Holocaust (Shoah) involves the opportunity to consider the moral implications that can be drawn from examining the event. Studying the Shoah forces students to consider what it means to be human and humane by examining the full continuum of individual behavior, from ultimate evil to ultimate good. This article discusses several implications involved in studying the event, while proposing that a moral imperative exists for the presence of Holocaust education in contemporary classrooms.
Structured enterprise modeling-a strategy paradigm for the third millennium

The union of the tools and methods of scientific management and engineering disciplines is likely to be manifest in the emergence of the structured enterprise model. A definition of the systems method is suggested for both the engineer and the management scientist. A perspective on the realm of systems thinking is presented. A modern paradigm of strategy development and an application of systematic analysis to the evolution of the enterprise model are introduced. >
An optimal robust equidistribution method for two-dimensional grid adaptation based on Monge-Kantorovich optimization

A new cell-area equidistribution method for two-dimensional grid adaptation, based on Monge-Kantorovich optimization (or Monge-Kantorovich optimal transport), is presented. The method is based on a rigorous variational principle, in which the L"2 norm of the grid displacement is minimized, constrained locally to produce a prescribed positive-definite cell volume distribution. The procedure involves solving the Monge-Ampere equation: A single, nonlinear, elliptic scalar equation with no free parameters, and with proved existence and uniqueness theorems. We show that, for sufficiently small grid displacement, this method also minimizes the mean grid-cell distortion, measured by the trace of the metric tensor. We solve the Monge-Ampere equation numerically with a Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov method. The ellipticity property of the Monge-Ampere equation allows multigrid preconditioning techniques to be used effectively, delivering a scalable algorithm under grid refinement. Several challenging test cases demonstrate that this method produces optimal grids in which the constraint is satisfied numerically to truncation error. We also compare this method to the well known deformation method [G. Liao, D. Anderson, Appl. Anal. 44 (1992) 285]. We show that the new method achieves the desired equidistributed grid using comparable computational time, but with considerably better grid quality than the deformation method.
Glutamate Receptor Anchoring Proteins and the Molecular Organization of Excitatory Synapses

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are concentrated at postsynaptic sites in excitatory synapses. The cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of certain glutamate receptor subunits interact with specific PDZ domain-containing proteins. NMDA receptor NR2 subunits bind to the PSD-95 family of proteins, whereas AMPA receptor subunits GluR2/3 bind to GRIP. These interactions may underlie the clustering, targeting, and immobilization of the glutamate receptors at postsynaptic sites. By virtue of their multiple protein-binding domains (e.g., three PDZs in PSD-95 and seven PDZs in GRIP), PSD-95 and GRIP can function as multivalent proteins that organize a specific cytoskeletal and signaling complex associated with each class of glutamate receptor. The network of protein-protein interactions mediated by these abundant PDZ proteins is likely to contribute significantly to the molecular scaffold of the postsynaptic density.
Studies of Heat and PGA1-Induced Cold Tolerance Show That HSP27 May Help Preserve Actin Morphology During Hypothermia

Preservation of organs and tissue prior to transplantation is highly limited by hypothermic storage times. One potential method to increase preservation times is to condition tissue and/or cells fo...
n-Channel field-effect transistors from blends of conjugated polymers

We report the first field-effect transistors from blends of conjugated polymers and the determination of the field-effect mobility of electrons as a function of blend composition. It is found that the field-effect electron mobility (μe) in a series of 12 binary blends of poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL, μe = 5 × 10-4 cm2/Vs) and poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole) (PBZT, μe = 2 × 10-7 cm2/Vs) has a novel “stair step” dependence on composition. The electron mobility is relatively high (5 × 10-5 cm2/Vs) and constant over a wide blend composition range (x = 0.05−0.6, wt fraction of PBZT). At higher concentration of the lower-mobility component, the electron mobility falls exponentially with composition. The results suggest that thin film transistors with relatively high mobility may be realized in blends of conjugated polymers if one of the components has a sufficiently high mobility. The observed “stair step” electron mobility dependence on blend composition is not explained by current theo...
Field test of motor efficiency and load changes through air-gap torque

Although air-gap torque equations have been known for several decades, this is the first known paper suggesting the use of air-gap torque to measure efficiency and load changes of electric motors in the field. Very few assumed values are required, and the method is applicable for induction motors as well as brushless-DC adjustable-speed and synchronous motors. Theoretical foundation for this proposed method is presented. Experiments conducted on an adjustable-speed motor show the validity and potential of this approach. >
Resin transfer molding process optimization

The art of process optimization requires a clear understanding of the differences between each of the widely different optimization strategies available. Often, a sophisticated method that has been well tested in other fields is not applicable at all to problems in resin transfer molding (RTM). This work discusses the strength and weakness of the genetic algorithm and the gradient based algorithms. Two different types of RTM process optimization have been documented. In the first case, gate locations are optimized to minimize the fill time. The optimum design variables were located using the quasi-Newtonian method implemented in the code GLO. In the second case, the permeability of the high permeability layers is varied to minimize resin waste in addition to minimizing the fill time. For this problem, a graphical search was used to locate the optimum design.
Dinuclear Iridium Complexes Containing Cp* and Carbonyl Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity

The syntheses of the monomeric cationic complexes [Cp*(CO)Ir(R)(CH2Cl2)] were attempted (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, R = Me, H). The target complexes were not obtained; instead, dimeric products were isolated in high yields. The reaction between Cp*(CO)Ir(Me)Cl and [Li(Et2O)2.5][BArF4] afforded the cationic complex [{Cp*(CO)Ir(Me)}2(μ-Cl)][BArF4] (4) in high yield. Complex 4 has been characterized by 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, and IR spectroscopies. Reaction of Cp*(CO)Ir(H)2 with [CPh3][BArF4] produced the dicationic complex [Cp*(CO)Ir(μ-H)]2[BArF4]2 (9) in excellent yield. Complex 9 has been characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. An X-ray structural determination was also carried out on the related complex [Cp*(Cl)Ir(μ-H)]2 (14). The solid-state structures of 9 and 14 are compared briefly.
The genetics ofPhytophthora infestans: Segregation of allozyme markers in F2 and backcross progeny and the inheritance of virulence against potato resistance genesR2 andR4 in F1 progeny

Abstract The purpose of this work was to investigate the inheritance of allozymes and virulence in Phytophthora infestans . For two previously known allozyme systems (glucose phosphate isomerase and peptidase) we discovered new alleles, Gpil (98) and Pepl ( 83 and 96 ). We also determined that a previously uncharacterized enzyme system, mannose phosphate isomerase, had at least two loci and four electromorphs (93, 100, 105, and 111) whose allelic relationships are not yet elucidated. We observed normal segregations in F1 progeny, but there were some unexpected segregations in backcrosses and sibcrosses. One backcross produced predominantly heterozygous progeny for both Gpil and Pepl , with the expected classes of homozygotes virtually absent. An excess of heterozygotes for Gpil was observed in another backcross, and in sibcrosses there were deficiencies of expected homozygous classes. In F1 progeny, virulence/ avirulence against potato resistance geneR2 segregated in a 1:1 ratio (P = 0.3), while the segregation of virulence/avirulence toR4 departed somewhat from a 1:1 ratio (P = 0.07). These results support the gene-for-gene hypothesis in P. infestans and suggest that virulence againstR2 is controlled at a single locus, while virulence againstR4 may be determined at one or two loci.
A follow-up study of actigraphic measures in home-residing Alzheimer's disease patients

This article reports cross-sectional and follow-up data with actigraphic measures of nocturnal sleep and rest/activity in 61 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients as well as the relation of actigraphic measures to levels of behavioral disturbance across different stages of the disease. Over the course of approximately 1.5 years' follow-up, patients showed significant deterioration of nocturnal sleep parameters, but no significant change in rest/activity circadian rhythm parameters. There were also significant correlations among nocturnal sleep, rest/activity circadian rhythm, and behavioral disturbance measures, but only in relatively early stages of AD. It is argued that study of nocturnal sleep and circadian rhythm in relation to behavioral disturbance in AD requires longitudinal data and analyses that take into account the stage of disease at which patients are assessed.
News as a political resource: Media strategies and political identity in the U. S. women's movement, 1966–1975

This paper discusses news as a political resource for social movements. Specifically, the paper elaborates a conceptualization of news as a discursive resource, and suggests a dialogical model for media‐movement relationships. The paper then uses this framework to investigate the interactions with news media of U.S. women's movement groups. It describes how the two “branches” of the women's movement understood news differently and developed quite different and specific strategies which are called media pragmatism and media subversion. The study raises questions not only about what kind of resource news might be, and to whom it might be available, but also about the forms of knowledge that can be distributed widely in a society saturated with media “logics.”
Energy-microfinance intervention for below poverty line households in India

Abstract More than 72% of India's population resides in rural India 1 and it also has a high concentration of people living under abject poverty. Of the total rural population 27.1–28.3% lives below the poverty line 2 (BPL). A lack of energy-finance options is hampering the “quality of life” of the BPL community. The members of this disadvantaged household which forms 27.1% and 23.6% of the India's rural and urban population 3 has no ready access to mainstream finance or know—how of sustainable energy products nor do they have access to energy service providing agency. This lack of energy-finance options has provided the marginalized population little means to break the conventional energy paradigm and the corresponding poverty cycle. Considering the afore-mentioned problem we propose an energy-microfinance intervention or a model that encompasses two independent entities. One has an energy expertise and the other possesses finance management skills. Alternately, we also propose a special purpose entity that comprises of these two entities. This entity fosters different institutional, technical and financial engineering approaches to the provision of energy, finance and infrastructure services necessary for poverty alleviation.
Studies on the biology of fish bone—I. Bone resorption after scale removal

Abstract 1. 1. Bone resorption was investigated in the acellular-boned Lepomis macrochirus and the cellular-boned Notemigonus crysoleucas by removing scales from one side of the body. 2. 2. Chemical analyses and tetracycline pre-labelling following scale removal showed that bone calcium and phosphate decreased proportionately, and serum calcium increased in both species, which indicated that bone resorption occurred. 3. 3. Rate of bone resorption was similar in the two species examined. 4. 4. Bone carbonate and potassium increased along with bone weight in both species following scale removal, whereas sodium and magnesium content remained unchanged. 5. 5. In resorption, calcium phosphate is removed and calcium carbonate remains in the bone.
Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion for Managing Diabetes: Women's Health Implications

The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), also called insulin pump therapy, is increasing for management of type 1 diabetes. This article provides a comprehensive background on CSII, reviews recent studies comparing it to multiple daily insulin injections, offers strategies to troubleshoot potential problems, and discusses the implications of CSII for women's health across the lifespan.
Capital Budgeting Techniques Among The Fortune 500: A Rationale Approach

In response to a call for more research on the “why” of capital budgeting practices, a survey was sent to the Fortune 500 firms to (1) look at the detailed reasons they used particular capital budgeting techniques, (2) to determine if and why they had changed their emphasis on any of those techniques in the last five or ten years, and (3) to explore the importance of strategic considerations in capital budgeting. Detailed reasons and their rankings are given for the choices of payback, discounted payback, accounting rate of return, internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return, profitability index, net present value, and other miscellaneous techniques.
An investigation on the role of Re as a promoter in AgCsRe/α-Al2O3 high-selectivity, ethylene epoxidation catalysts

Abstract A series of Cs Ag, Re Ag, Cs Re Ag, and Cs Re Mo Ag (supported on α-Al 2 O 3 ) catalysts has been prepared and evaluated for ethylene epoxidation to determine the mechanism of selectivity enhancement for high-selectivity ethylene oxide (EO) catalysts which contain high-valent Re oxyanions and other copromoters, such as MoO 4 2− . Optimal amounts of Re (as NH 4 ReO 4 ) and Mo [as (NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 ] on Cs-promoted, Ag/α-Al 2 O 3 increase EO selectivity from approximately 79% to 83%. Analyses by XPS and SEM suggest the origin of both Re and Cs promotion is electronic. SEM shows that neither Re nor Mo changes the morphology or particle sizes of the Ag particles. XPS analyses show that Re shifts Ag 3d BE to higher values, which enhances electrophilic attack by oxygen adsorbed on Ag (Ag O) at the electron-rich C C bond of C 2 H 4 . In the subsequent step, Cs lowers the Ag 3d BE to facilitate desorption of the EO precursor to form gas phase EO. That is, Re and Cs promote different steps of the mechanism of EO formation. A reaction scheme detailing the mechanism of EO formation over Re-modified, Cs-promoted Ag catalysts is presented.
Silicone intraocular lens encapsulation by shrinkage of the capsulorhexis opening

We report a case of an 80-year-old woman who developed complete opacification and contraction of the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis opening 4 months after having phacoemulsification and implantation of a silicone plate-haptic intraocular lens. We performed a neodymium:YAG laser capsulotomy without complication.
Theoretical modeling of microwave-pumped high-pressure gas lasers

The electron avalanche and laser excitation processes in high-pressure discharges at microwave frequencies are investigated. In our model, the applied electromagnetic field is treated classically and assumed to be monochromatic. The Boltzmann equation for the electron velocity distribution function under the influence of an alternating electric field is numerically solved for a typical XeCl laser gas mixture. All relevant elastic, inelastic and electron-electron collisions are included in solving the Boltzmann equation. The theoretical modeling of microwwave-pumped high-pressure gas lasers are developed based on the first law of thermodynamics in order to determineErms/n (root-mean-square field strength/total number density of gas molecules) which is required by the Boltzmann equation to calculate the electron kinetics rates and microwave-power absorption by the plasma. A sample calculation of the microwave-pumped XeCl laser is presented, and a fair agreement between theory and experiment is seen.
Edge-Cooled, High-Current Septum Magnet

The resonant extraction system of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) includes a thin septum magnet with a two-turn winding having a total thickness of 0.06 in. The gap height is two in and the length is 20 in. This magnet is excited with currents as high as 7000 A (current density of 130,000 A/in2 to produce a field of 3.5 kG across the gap. Simplicity in design has been used extensively in the building of the core and the winding, resulting in an operation life test of one year to date. This magnet is used in a pulsed mode with a rise time of less than 100 ms and pulses up to 0. 8 s in length for slow spills. All portions of the design and fabrication are accomplished by taking advantage of commercially available materials and metals and no sophisticated machining practices were used in making this type of magnet. This paper describes the computer design, the construction practices, and the test data on pertinent parameters.
Magnetic First-Order Phase Transition in Single-Crystal MnAs

This paper describes an experimental and theoretical examination of a 10-\ensuremath{\mu}g $c$-axis-oriented single crystal of MnAs. The critical magnetic field for the first-order transition to the ferromagnetic phase has been measured as a function of temperature (15 to 65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) and pressure (0 to 1000 bars gauge), using miniature-coil pulsed fields to 110 kOe. Data analysis substantiates the thesis of the recent Bean-Rodbell theory on magnetic first-order phase transitions that the transition in MnAs near 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C is between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases and arises from a sufficiently sensitive dependence of exchange energy on lattice strain and a sufficiently high compressibility. The match between theory and experiment yields a compressibility $K$ of 4.55\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{dyn}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, a lattice thermal expansion coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of 5.71\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, an apparent paramagnetic Curie temperature ${{T}_{0}}^{*}$ of 277.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and a Curie-temperature dependence on volume strain, $\ensuremath{\beta}[\ensuremath{\equiv}(\frac{d{T}_{c}}{{T}_{0}}){(\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{{V}_{0}})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}]$, of 18.9, where ${T}_{0}$ is the Curie temperature of the unstrained specimen at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Discrepancies in the match suggest a primary need to include short-range order in the theory. Auxiliary experiments show the magnetocrystalline anisotropy sum, ${K}_{1}+2{K}_{2}+3{K}_{3}$, to be about -7.6 and -12.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at 299 and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively.
Parenting style and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms and personality traits in a student sample

There is widespread acceptance of the idea that aspects of parenting such as overprotectiveness and perfectionism contribute to the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Less resolved is whether the important dimensions of parenting are overprotectiveness, lack of acceptance, authoritarian style, discouragement of risk-taking, and/or induction of guilt. It is also unclear whether different parenting characteristics are associated with the development of symptoms of OCD, compared to the traits of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). OCD symptoms and OC personality traits were measured in a non-clinical, student sample and correlated with students' report of parents' acceptance, disciplinary firmness, and psychological control (a construct which included psychological manipulation and guilt-induction). Following the literature on both clinical and subclinical OCD and OCPD, we predicted that all three scales would correlate with OCD symptoms and OCPD traits. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that psychological control was the unique predictor, controlling for depressive symptoms. Unexpectedly, a controlling parenting style was not selectively associated with classical OC symptoms or OC personality traits. Rather, psychological control was associated with a broad-spectrum of anxiety and depressive symptoms which cut across diagnostic boundaries. Findings are generally compatible with a single underlying vulnerability to both OCD and OCPD, as well as generalized/social anxiety and depressive symptoms, which can be shaped by cultural and familial factors to a specific clinical presentation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large Amounts of Ribosomal RNA in Colchicine-induced Tetraploids of Solanum tuberosum L.

CHANGES of ploidy cause various phenotypic effects, and alterations in metabolism have also been noted1–5. These alterations are reflected in differences in concentration of certain metabolites in the various ploid levels. The variation in amount of a given metabolite depends on genotype and species involved4,5. A consistent relationship has, however, been established between the amount of DNA and ploid level regardless of genotype6,7. This communication presents a relationship between ploid level, DNA content, and RNA fractions in 2n and 4n potato analogues.