cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 – Perceptual Issues

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the topic of level of detail (LOD) management and presents some basic principles of visual perception using two examples of systems that manage LOD according to these principles. In particular, reducing the detail of an object too aggressively will produce a conspicuous visual change in the image, which may be merely distracting, but in the worst case could impact the user's ability to perform some task, or their sense of presence in a virtual environment. To understand the effect of modulating an object's LOD, there needs to be an understanding of how the changes made to a model will be perceived by the user, which in turn requires some understanding of the function, efficacy, and limitations of the human visual system. This chapter surveys the workings of the human visual system and describes the contrast sensitivity function (CSF), a simple model of low-level vision. This model predicts the ability to resolve spatial detail according to stimulus spatial frequency and contrast. This chapter summarizes research on perceptually motivated LOD, including criteria such as eccentricity and velocity. It also presents less-studied criteria such as depth-of-field-based LOD. Using this information, LOD researchers have attempted to measure 3D models in terms of their spatial frequency content, and have applied models of the CSF to decide when certain features should be imperceptible to the user. The most difficult task appears to be measuring or estimating spatial frequencies and contrast within a model. Further research is clearly needed in this area.
$beta$-DELAYED PROTON EMISSION OF $sup 23$Al.

The weak $\ensuremath{\beta}$-delayed proton emitter $^{23}\mathrm{Al}$, with a half-life of 470 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 30 msec, was produced by the reaction $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}(p,2n)^{23}\mathrm{Al}$. We observed delayed protons with a center-of-mass energy of 870 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 30 keV and a maximum production cross section $\ensuremath{\approx}220$ nb.
Application of Machine Learning to the Prediction of Surface Roughness in Diamond Machining

Abstract The manufacturing process for single-point diamond turning germanium (Ge) can be complex when it comes to freeform IR optics. The multi-variant problem requires an operator to understand that the machining input parameters and choice of tooling will dictate the efficiency of generating surfaces with the appropriate tolerances. Ge is a brittle material and exhibits surface fracture when diamond turned. However, with the introduction of a negatively raked tool, surface fracture can be suppressed such that plastic flow of the material is possible. This paper focuses on the application and evaluation of machine learning methods to better assist the prediction of surface roughness parameters in Ge and provides a comparison with a well-understood ductile material, copper (Cu). Preliminary results show that both classic machine learning (ML) methods and artificial neural network (ANN) models offer improved predictive capability when compared with analytical prediction of surface roughness for both materials. Significantly, ML and ANN models were able to perform well for both Ge, a brittle material prone to surface fracture, and the more ductile Cu. ANN models offered the best prediction tool overall with minimal error. From a computational perspective, both ML and ANN models were able to achieve good results with smaller datasets than typical for many ML applications—which is beneficial since diamond turning can be costly.
Assessment and Management of Psychosocial Risk Factors Within Preventive Cardiology Practice

A growing evidence base has demonstrated a consistent relationship between adverse psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Initial studies focused on the association between CVD and depression, anxiety, poor social connectivity, hostility, and various forms of chronic stress, such as work stress. Since then, an association has also been noted between CVD and additional psychological factors, including pessimism, vital exhaustion, and lack of life purpose. Importantly, these risk factors exist along with a continuum, with positive aspects of these factors (e.g., optimism, high life purpose) manifesting an inverse association with adverse clinical outcomes. Negative psychosocial risk factors appear to be associated with direct pathophysiological effects and adverse health behaviors, but these effects may vary according to the type and intensity of psychosocial factors. Cardiologists can play a useful clinical role in the management of psychosocial risk factors by screening for their presence, by providing simple advice or directives, and by referring appropriate patients to community- or hospital-based programs or to mental health professionals when indicated.
Liver homeostasis is maintained by midlobular zone 2 hepatocytes

The liver is organized into zones in which hepatocytes express different metabolic enzymes. The cells most responsible for liver repopulation and regeneration remain undefined, because fate mapping has only been performed on a few hepatocyte subsets. Here, 14 murine fate-mapping strains were used to systematically compare distinct subsets of hepatocytes. During homeostasis, cells from both periportal zone 1 and pericentral zone 3 contracted in number, whereas cells from midlobular zone 2 expanded in number. Cells within zone 2, which are sheltered from common injuries, also contributed to regeneration after pericentral and periportal injuries. Repopulation from zone 2 was driven by the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2-mechanistic target of rapamycin-cyclin D1 (IGFBP2-mTOR-CCND1) axis. Therefore, different regions of the lobule exhibit differences in their contribution to hepatocyte turnover, and zone 2 is an important source of new hepatocytes during homeostasis and regeneration.
From the Reading Room to Operating Room: Retrospective Data and Pictorial Review After 806 SCOUT Placements.

Abstract Objective Non-wire localization techniques are becoming more common. SCOUT surgical guidance system has been shown to increase flexibility in scheduling patients for surgery. The objective of this article is to provide institutional experiences with pictorial review after placement of 806 SCOUT devices. Materials and methods Radiology procedure reports of SCOUT device placements from January 11, 2018 to May 19, 2020 were reviewed to assess demographics of patient population, imaging method of placement, size of reflector delivery system used, placement approach, and time spent in the radiology suite or Turn Around Time (TAT). TAT was compared to that of wire placement using a Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U Test. Reports were assessed for those with absent signal at time of placement. In cases where signal was absent, migration was found, or complications noted, further case review was performed using the Electronic Medical Record to assess whether the devices were successfully retrieved. Results There were 806 total SCOUT placements identified from radiology procedure reports in patients aged 12-92 with 64.3% (518/806) placed using ultrasound-guidance and 35.7% (288/806) by mammographic-guidance. The most common delivery device was a 7.5 cm needle. Only 0.9% (7/806) of SCOUT reflectors were >1cm from target, all of which were successfully excised. After radiology placement, signal was not heard in 1.4% (9/806) of cases and individual case review revealed that all were successfully excised. In 2019, TATs of SCOUT procedures were significantly lower than TATs from wire localizations (P = 0.00024). Conclusions SCOUT localization for breast surgery can provide solutions to problems encountered by patients and providers. A year after implementation, SCOUT use was found to result in shorter TATs in radiology. In addition, 100% of devices that were either migrated or inaudible at the time of radiology placement were successfully excised.
Lowering barriers to active learning: a novel approach for online instructional environments.

The value of active learning for increasing student comprehension and retention of science, technology, e,ngineering, and mathematics (STEM) concepts within undergraduate courses has proven to be b...
‘Safe Third Country’: A Theory of a Dangerous Concept and the Democratic Ends of International Human Rights

This article develops a critique of the ‘safe third country’ concept in international asylum law. Thus far, a rich scholarly literature has scrutinized the concept within a particular analytic frame: that of individual rights protection. Focusing on effects of STC rules in EU and N. American jurisdictions, the article proposes a change in perspective. The change reconceives the fundamental harm of ‘safe third country’ as a violation not, in the first instance, of individual rights but instead of the principle of democratic responsibility. The wrong is better conceptualized as a relational and distributive harm before it is felt as an individual one: relational in that it changes the character of the relationship between removing states and individual refugees; and distributive in that it unfairly maldistributes responsibilities among states for the protection of refugee rights. The article details this analytic shift’s consequences for vertical and horizontal dimensions of asylum law. In so doing, it emphasizes an essential, though strangely neglected purpose of international human rights law more generally: the democratic responsibility of states.
The Multicenter Aerobic Iron Respiratory Chain of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Functions as an Ensemble with a Single Macroscopic Rate Constant.

Electron transfer reactions among three prominent colored proteins in intact cells of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were monitored using an integrating cavity absorption meter that permitted the acquisition of accurate absorbance data in suspensions of cells that scattered light. The concentrations of proteins in the periplasmic space were estimated to be 350 and 25 mg/ml for rusticyanin and cytochrome c, respectively; cytochrome a was present as one molecule for every 91 nm2 in the cytoplasmic membrane. All three proteins were rapidly reduced to the same relative extent when suspensions of live bacteria were mixed with different concentrations of ferrous ions at pH 1.5. The subsequent molecular oxygen-dependent oxidation of the multicenter respiratory chain occurred with a single macroscopic rate constant, regardless of the proteins' in vitro redox potentials or their putative positions in the aerobic iron respiratory chain. The crowded electron transport proteins in the periplasm of the organism constituted an electron conductive medium where the network of protein interactions functioned in a concerted fashion as a single ensemble with a standard reduction potential of 650 mV. The appearance of product ferric ions was correlated with the reduction levels of the periplasmic electron transfer proteins; the limiting first-order catalytic rate constant for aerobic respiration on iron was 7,400 s−1. The ability to conduct direct spectrophotometric studies under noninvasive physiological conditions represents a new and powerful approach to examine the extent and rates of biological events in situ without disrupting the complexity of the live cellular environment.
El surgimiento del paludismo como un problema en la región del noroeste argentino y las estrategias desarrolladas para su control entre 1880 y la década de los cuarenta.

ALVAREZ, Adriana (2004), «Malaria and the Emergence of RuralHealth in Argentina: An Analysis for the Perspective ofInternational Interaction and Cooperation» en Canadian Bulletinof Medical History, Vol. 25: 1. pp. 137-160. ALVAREZ, Adriana (2008), «Un enemigo menos?: Erradicaciony remergencia del paludismo en la Argentina, 1940-60» Dialogos.Revista Electronica de Historia, Numero Especial. pp. 174-193. CARTER, Eric D. (2008a), «Malaria, Landscape and Society inNorthwest Argentina in the Early Twentieth Century» en Journalof Latin American Geography, 7 (1). pp. 8-30. CARTER, Eric D. (2008b), «State Visions, Landscape and Disease:Discovering Malaria in Argentina, 1890-19200» en ScienceDirect,Geoforum 39. pp 278-293. CARTER, Eric D. (2008c), «God Bless General Peron: DDT andthe Ending of Malaria Erradication» en Journal of the History ofMedicine and Allied Sciences». pp. 1-45.
Health Economics: A Critical and Global Analysis by George R. Palmer and Maria Theresa Ho

As suggested by the authors, “This book assumes no previous knowledge of economics, and uses clear, non-technical language to explain and critically examine the available economic tools, and their ...
Solenoid microinductors with anisotropic nanolaminated CoNiFe cores for high-frequency DC-DC power conversion

Recently, there has been tremendous effort towards DC-DC converter miniaturization by developing advanced magnetic cores and chip-scale microinductors using microfabrication techniques [1-3]. Specifically, the use of laminated soft metallic alloys (e.g., NiFe or CoNiFe) with appropriate lamination thickness enables increased inductance density and suppressed eddy-current losses at high frequencies, resulting in the miniaturization of DC-DC power converters [3]. For such laminated cores, here, we present anisotropic nanolaminated CoNiFe cores featuring a hard magnetic axis in the length direction. In general, anisotropic magnetic cores exhibit improved magnetic properties (e.g., higher permeability and lower loss) when flux flows in the direction parallel to the hard axis in the MHz frequency range and above [4]. The fabricated cores were further incorporated into solenoid microinductors for on-chip power supply applications.
Rethinking Cinema as Philosophy: On Wurzer's Filming and Judgment

Wilhelm S. Wurzer _Filming and Judgment: Between Heidegger and Adorno_ Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1990 ISBN 0391037412 (pb) 0391036874 (hb) xviii + 149 pp.
Cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations : implications for rehabilitation

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and intracranial aneurysms often have devastating impact when they present as subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). With an overall incidence of 10 to 16 per 100,000, subarachnoid hemorrhage is relatively rare; however, these patients often comprise a significant component of a rehabilitation specialist's practice. There exists a host of risk factors and premorbid characteristics that correlate with long-term outcome after aneurysmal and AVM-related subarachnoid hemorrhage. Physical, cognitive, behavioral, and social deficits are relatively common after SAH, and can have a significant impact on effective home, community, and work reentry. Seizure risk after SAH or craniotomy and the use of prophylactic anticonvulsant medications is often a confusing and troublesome issue for the rehabilitation specialist. This situation often is handled by weighing the potential risk of serious medication side effects against the potential seizure risk. Cognitive, behavioral, and social sequelae are most frequent in patients with anterior cerebral and communicating artery lesions; however, delayed ischemic dysfunction often accounts for these deficits in patients with lesions in other distributions. An understanding of the classification, incidence, presentation, complications and treatment of arteriovenous malformations and intracranial aneurysms is especially important for the rehabilitation specialist. Knowledge about these areas assists the rehabilitation specialist in developing an individual rehabilitation plan that sets realistic goals for predicted outcomes. In addition, such knowledge enhances appropriate monitoring of patient progress, so that early interventions can be established when there is an alteration in clinical status.
Stochastic load balancing and related problems

We study the problems of makespan minimization (load balancing), knapsack, and bin packing when the jobs have stochastic processing requirements or sizes. If the jobs are all Poisson, we present a two approximation for the first problem using Graham's rule, and observe that polynomial time approximation schemes can be obtained for the last two problems. If the jobs are all exponential, we present polynomial time approximation schemes for all three problems. We also obtain quasi-polynomial time approximation schemes for the last two problems if the jobs are Bernoulli variables.
Effects of length dispersity and film fabrication on the sheet resistance of copper nanowire transparent conductors

Development of thin-film transparent conductors (TC) based on percolating networks of metal nanowires has leaped forward in recent years, owing to the improvement of nanowire synthetic methods and modeling efforts by several research groups. While silver nanowires are the first commercially viable iteration of this technology, systems based on copper nanowires are not far behind. Here we present an analysis of TCs composed of copper nanowire networks on sheets of polyethylene terephthalate that have been treated with various oxide-removing post treatments to improve conductivity. A pseudo-2D rod network modeling approach has been modified to include lognormal distributions in length that more closely reflect experimental data collected from the nanowire TCs. In our analysis, we find that the copper nanowire TCs are capable of achieving comparable electrical performance to silver nanowire TCs with similar dimensions. Lastly, we present a method for more accurately determining the nanowire area coverage in a TC over a large area using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) to directly measure the metal content in the TCs. These developments will aid research and industry groups alike in the characterization of nanowire based TCs.
Leukocyte Dysfunction in the Bovine Homologue of the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome of Humans

The increased susceptibility to pyogenic infections noted in cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome trait has been related to an impairment of leukocyte function at the cellular level. Investigations of the relationship of abnormal granule formation to increased susceptibility to infection, conducted with cell suspensions containing high concentrations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, revealed a bactericidal defect that was associated with abnormal intracellular killing and not due to defective particle ingestion. The in vitro bactericidal defect was associated with a metabolic anomaly in the hexose monophosphate shunt, but not with an alteration in the capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium dye. Ultrastructural histochemical studies of phagocytosis and phagolysosome formation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes suggest that the impairment in bactericidal capacity is correlated also with either a delay or failure of primary granules to degranulate.
Polyamines and Plant Stress: Activation of Putrescine Biosynthesis by Osmotic Shock

The putrescine content of oat leaf cells and protoplasts increases up to 60-fold within 6 hours of exposure to osmotic stress (0.4 to 0.6 molar sorbitol). Barley, corn, wheat, and wild oat leaves show a similar response. Increased arginine decarboxylase activity parallels the rise in putrescine, whereas ornithine decarboxylase remains unchanged. DL-alpha-Difluoromethylarginine, a specific irreversible inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase, prevents the stress-induced rise in increase in arginine decarboxylase activity and putrescine synthesis, indicating the preferential activation of this pathway.
Prediction of Thermal Conductance of Metallic Surfaces in Contact

A mathematical analysis of a thermal contact is first carried out on an idealized shape of contact point. The thermal conductance is expressed in terms of the thermal conductivities of the metals and of the fluid filling the voids, the real area in contact, the number of contact points per unit area, and the volume average thickness of the void gaps. A method is given for the determination of the above physical properties of a contact. To use this method the following measurements are needed: Two recorded profiles, perpendicular to one another; and a Knoop hardness test on the softer of the two metals making the contact. The last part of the paper is devoted to the experimental verification of the assumptions made in the theoretical analysis and to the application of the method outlined for the case of an iron-aluminum contact. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured conductance over a range of pressures from 90 to 2600 psi.
Risk of nodal metastases at laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy using PSA, gleason score, and clinical stage in men with localized prostate cancer

Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) is a low-morbidity procedure used to stage prostate cancer accurately prior to definitive local therapy. To better select patients for LPLND, we reviewed the clinical features of 120 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent LPLND to define significant risk factors for nodal metastases. The age ranged from 43 to 79 years (mean 68). Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration ranged from 1.3 to 329 ng/mL, Gleason score ranged from 2 to 9, and clinical stage ranged from Tib to T3c. Nodal metastases were discovered in 15 patients (13%). Among men with a Gleason score ≥7, 21% had nodal metastases (P = 0.004). A serum PSA >20 ng/mL and clinical stage Tib, T2b, or greater also were statistically significant predictors of lymph node metastases (20% and 19%, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Gleason score significantly predicted nodal metastases when controlling for all other clinical measures. Therefore, LPLND is indicated fo...
The cosmic-ray antiproton spectrum from dark matter annihilation and its astrophysical implications - A new look

The spectrum of antiprotons from dark matter annihilation are calculated using the Lund Monte Carlo program, and simple analytic expressions for the spectrum and low-energy antiproton/proton ratio are derived. Comparing the results with recent upper limits on low energy antiprotons, it is concluded that the reported 4-13 GeV antiproton flux cannot be accounted for by dark matter annihilation. The new upper limits do not provide useful constraints on dark matter particles. They restrict the annihilation rate and imply that annihilation gamma ray and e(+) fluxes would be far below the fluxes produced by cosmic-ray collisions. It may be possible to look for a dark matter halo annihilation signal at antiprotons energies below 0.5 GeV, where the flux from cosmic-ray collisions is expected to be negligible.
Tightening the screw: Statutory and legal supervision of interhospital patient transfers

A federal statute governing the transfer of indigent patients from Medicare-enrolled hospitals was first enacted in 1986. Review of the statutory and other legal controls over interhospital transfers is precipitated by its recent amendment and the fining of a Texas physician for transferring a high-risk obstetric patient without following the statutory guidelines. These events are part of a pattern of increasing regulation of the practice of medicine. Physicians and hospital administrators responsible for hospital transfer policies should be aware of regulatory developments. Hospitals contemplating transfer of patients must develop transfer policies that comply with governing law, including state law. A transfer policy should provide guidelines as to when a patient is "stable for transfer". Patients may not be transferred unless a physician can certify that delay attendant to transfer will not be detrimental. Furthermore, the policy should specify the procedures to be followed to effect a transfer and any documentation that the physician will have to complete.
Tremor and dopamine agonists

Article abstract–Although all dopaminergic drugs are effective in reducing tremor, no single drug has been shown to be clearly superior in the treatment of tremor. Levodopa produces a mean improvement of 30 to 50% in the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) subtest for rest tremor. Comparable improvement is achieved with the dopamine agonists. Dopamine agonists are particularly well suited for patients with newly diagnosed tremor-predominant disease and no cognitive impairment, but they are also useful in advanced patients with tremor that is refractory to levodopa and anticholinergics. The response of tremor to pharmacotherapy is variable, and clinicians must be prepared to try all of the available drugs before concluding that surgery is the only alternative.
Emergency Medical Communications in Texas

The Texas State Department of Health has been instrumental in developing an emergency medical communications network throughout the state. This type of network has proved to be a daily convenience and a priceless necessity in times of widespread disaster. It provides a basic voice communications system between hospitals, ambulances, and emergency medical personnel in the state, yet remains simple to operate and annoyance free. This network should result in significantly better emergency medical care in the state.
On an approximation property for nondiscrete inequivalent representations of finitely generated groups

Abstract Let R(Γ, G ) be the variety of representations of a finitely generated group Γ in a simple complex algebraic group G . We establish some sufficient conditions for the image of the diagonal representation ϱ = (ϱ 1 , …, ϱ t ), ϱ i e R (Γ, G), to be dense in G f in the complex topology (“weak approximation”).
Theory of Supercritical Fluid Extraction via the Discovery Approach

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a technique for sample preparation that is quickly replacing Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction. This manuscript introduces two real-world applications of SFE that serve as the basis of undergraduate laboratory experiments: the analysis of caffeine in ground coffee and nicotine in cigarette tobacco. The extracts are analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experiments are presented in a discovery fashion that enables students to develop a theoretical understanding of the role of intermolecular forces in the extraction process. The focus on theoretical aspects of SFE makes these experiments appropriate for analytical and physical chemistry labs.
Privately informed seekers of an uncertain rent

Two departures from antecedent rent-seeking models are invoked: a rent of unknown size is sought, and rent seekers obtain private imperfect estimates of this size. A symmetric equilibrium for a fixed number of rent seekers is characterized, and shown to underdissipate the rent. Then a model of the decision to obtain private information and participate in the rent-seeking contest is built. The symmetric equilibrium participation probability equates expected profit to participation costs. A simple formula for underdissipation results: dissipation is incomplete pre- cisely by the expected aggregate participation costs. If an award mechanism can attain a lower level of dissipation for a fixed number of seekers, then it will raise the endogenous probability of partici- pation, and as a result will dissipate less rent in the equilibrium with an endogenous number of seekers.
Religious dissidents and the constitutional revolution

Mangol Bayat. 1991. Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1909. Studies in Middle East History, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Contour-tracing algorithm that preserves common boundaries between regions

In most literatures, contour of a region R is defined as the set of pixels in R that have at least a neighbor outside R . Applying this definition to images with multi-labels, for example, results of segmentation, one will end up with nonoverlapping boundaries between regions. This contradicts with the definition of contour in analog plane and makes shape analysis among regions difficult. This paper uses the concept of extended boundary [FP75][Pa77] and presents a new, efficient contour tracing algorithm that maintains common boundaries between regions. It is shown that, in additional to the common boundary representation, the new algorithm has many advantages over the old approaches.
565. Acceleration of Fracture Healing with Adenovirally Transduced Human BMP-2 and -6 Genes in Horse Metatarsal Osteotomy and Ostectomy Models

Introduction; Treatment of delayed or nonunion fractures can be challenging. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is one of the most studied growth factors associated with bone healing, and successful induction of bone formation by BMP-2 has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The less investigated member of BMP family, BMP-6, currently received attention because it may contribute bone formation by an alternative mechanism compared to other BMPs. This study was to compare the efficacy of BMP-2 and -6 genes transduced by adenoviral vector (Ad) in an acceleration of bone healing using two different sizes of unstable fracture models using horses.
City and County Budget Presentations in Texas: The Current State of the Art

This study looks at the budget preparation process by examining different experiences of Texas cities and counties. It begins with a review of concerns shared by many in budgeting. Then it outlines the Government Finance Officers' Association criteria used to examine the budgets. Finally, budgets from the different Texas government entities are examined and compared.
A New Quassinoid from Castela texana

A new quassinoid, 11-O-trans-p-coumaroyl amarolide (1) was isolated from Castela texana, and the structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 is the first coumaroyl quassinoid derivative to have been isolated from nature. The known compounds amarolide (2), chaparrinone, chaparrin, glaucarubolone, holacanthone, and 15-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl glaucarubol were also isolated. All isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity and antiprotozoal activities.
Characteristics of MOS Circuits for Radiation-Hardened Aerospace Systems

In the past, Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) circuits have been unsuitable for many aerospace applications because of their sensitivity to permanent and transient radiation effects. Radiation test data on hardened p-channel MOS (PMOS) transistors now show that most permanent radiation damage can be prevented in PMOS circuits. Also, hardened PMOS transistors and circuits have been built utilizing a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) isolation technique to minimize transient radiation effects. Analyses of dynamic and static PMOS/SOS NOR gates show that, with the electrical and radiation-hardness characteristics already attained in discrete transistors, the following circuit performance levels can be expected. Dynamic PMOS/SOS circuits will operate at 5 MHz clock rates and 112 ?W/ gate power levels and will tolerate radiation levels above 107 rads(Si), 1015 n/cm2, and 109 rads(Si)/sec. Static circuits will exhibit logic delays of about 30 ns/gate at power levels of 0.37 mW/gate and will also tolerate radiation levels above 107 rads(Si), 1015 n/cm2 and 109 rads(Si)/sec. These performance and radiation hardness characteristics appear to be achievable for large-scale-integration (LSI) of PMOS/SOS circuits, utilizing commercially-proven process techniques.
PRODUCTION OF VOIDS IN NICKEL WITH HIGH ENERGY SELENIUM IONS.

Abstract Irradiation of high purity (99.9 wt %) nickel at 525 °C with 6 to 11 MeV selenium ions produced voids in the metal. In general, the size and number density of the voids increased with displacement damage up to approximately 50 displacements per atom (dpa). Irradiation to higher displacement densities caused a slight reduction in the average size and a continued increase in the number density of voids. The resultant swelling was found to increase as the 1.45 power of the displaced atom density until approximately 50 dpa. The volume change appears to saturate at approximately 4–5% in the 100–400 dpa range. A face centered cubic superlattice of voids was discovered in nickel which had been irradiated to 400 dpa.
Robin hood and the redistribution of property income

Abstract This paper develops a theoretical model in which, if the competitively determined ratio of the share of wages to the share of property income in total product is small relative to the effectiveness of time allocated to extralegal appropriative activities, then redistribution of property income to the working class is the optimal response of the propertied class to the threat of extralegal appropriation. The optimal form of redistribution from the perspective of property owners is a wage subsidy. But, if a wage subsidy is too costly to administer, then the property owners are willing to provide lump-sum transfers instead. In either case, redistribution causes the workers to refrain from extralegal appropriative activities - in effect, it induces them to acquiesce in the existing property ownership - and it increases the utility of the workers without decreasing the net income of the property owners.
I-DNA: Its packaging into I-somes and its relation to protein synthesis during differentiation.

Eukaryotic cells contain a special class of cytoplasmic particles, I-somes, which contain DNA. This informational DNA may act as an intermediary carrying genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is transcribed and translated. The key events in differentiation may not be regulation of mRNA transcription but regulation of the production of I-DNA and I-somes.
Molecular Aspects of Mucoadhesive Carrier Development for Drug Delivery and Improved Absorption

Although the oral route remains the most favored route of drug administration, major scientific obstacles prevent the effective and efficient delivery of low-molecular-mass drugs, peptides and proteins that exhibit poor solubility and permeability. Mucoadhesive dosage forms and the associated drug carriers have the ability to interact at a molecular level with the mucus gel layer that lines the epithelial surfaces of the major absorptive regions of the body. This interaction provides an increased residence time of the therapeutic formulation while localizing the drug at the site of administration. Such local, non-specific targeting leads to an increase in both oral absorption and bioavailability. Fundamental understanding of the biological processes encountered along the gastrointestinal tract can provide a sufficient engineer of carriers that are capable to provide this increase in residence time. Here we discuss the theoretical framework for achieving mucoadhesive systems as related to biomaterials science and the structure of the biomaterials used.
Advanced propulsion concepts for orbital transfer vehicles

Studies of the United States Space Transportation System show that in the mid-to-late 1990s expanded capabilities for Orbital Transfer Vehicles (OTV) will be needed to meet increased payload requirements for transporting materials and possible men to geosynchronous orbit. NASA is conducting a technology program in support of an advanced propulsion system for future OTVs. This program is briefly described with results to date of the first program element, the Conceptual Design and Technology Definition studies.
Discotic Liquid Crystals through Molecular Self-Assembly†

We have created self-assembled disk-like aggregates of predictable stoichiometry which form discotic liquid crystalline phases. Attempts to assemble multiple molecules of one compound radially about a second acting as a template failed, presumably owing to the existence of a stable crystalline phase of the template. This difficulty was obviated by the choice of tetrakis(n-alkoxy)-6(5H)-phenanthridinones (1a−c), which were expected to form disk-like dimers by analogy with pyridones. All three of these compounds form columnar hexagonal liquid crystalline phases as shown by DSC, POM, and X-ray diffraction experiments. Infrared measurements show that 1a−c exist as hydrogen-bonded aggregates to temperatures well above their clearing points. Intercolumnar spacing and density considerations require the discotic entities to be dimers.
Enhanced optomechanical interaction in coupled microresonators

We investigate the optomechanical interaction in two coupled microresonators. Compared to the single resonator optomechanical system where the input light is required to detune from the cavity resonance to generate two asymmetrical sidebands and thus large mechanical damping/amplification, the coupled resonator system can allow both the input light and its frequency sideband to be on resonance. In this configuration, we find that the optomechanical interaction can be enhanced and optically induced energy transfer between different mechanical oscillators is possible.
Recovery of Serratia marcescens in Hemolymph of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Experimentally Seeded Water

Seratia marcescens was used as an indicator to determine if different concentrations of bacteria in water relate to concentrations in the hemolymph of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Prawns were exposed to high (105 to 106 cells/ml), low (103 to 104 cells/ml) and control (no S. marcescens) treatments with S. marcescens inoculated in aquaria water. S. marcescens ranged from 10 to 9.9 ± 103 cells/ml from the high concentration group; a single isolate and zero S. marcescens were recovered from the low and control groups, respectively.
Role Stress among Industrial Buyers: An Integrative Model:

Research perspectives from role theory are examined with a large sample of purchasing professionals in an effort to increase understanding of industrial buyer behavior and the buying environment. A...
Non-periodic finite-element formulation of orbital-free density functional theory

We propose an approach to perform orbital-free density functional theory calculations in a non-periodic setting using the finite-element method. We consider this a step towards constructing a seamless multi-scale approach for studying defects like vacancies, dislocations and cracks that require quantum mechanical resolution at the core and are sensitive to long range continuum stresses. In this paper, we describe a local real-space variational formulation for orbital-free density functional theory, including the electrostatic terms and prove existence results. We prove the convergence of the finite-element approximation including numerical quadratures for our variational formulation. Finally, we demonstrate our method using examples.
Non-contact stiffness measurement of a suspended single walled carbon nanotube devices

A new nanoscale electric field sensor was developed for studying triboelectric charging in terrestrial and Martian dust devils. This sensor is capable to measure the large electric fields for large dust devils without saturation. However, to quantify the electric charges and the field strength it is critical to calibrate the mechanical stiffness of the sensor devices. We performed a technical feasibility study of the Nano E-field Sensor stiffness by a non-contact stiffness measurement method. The measurement is based on laser Doppler vibrometer measurement of the thermal noise due to energy flunctuations in the devices. The experiment method provides a novel approach to acquire data that is essential in analyzing the quantitative performance of the E-field Nano Sensor. To carry out the non-contact stiffness measurement, we fabricated a new Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) E-field sensor with different SWCNTs suspension conditions. The power spectra of the thermal induced displacement in the nano E-field sensor were measured at the accuracy of picometer. The power spectra were then used to derive the mechanical stiffness of the sensors. Effect of suspension conditions on stiffness and sensor sensitivty was discussed. After combined deformation and resistivity measurement, we can compare with our laboratory testing and field testing results. This new non-contact measurement technology can also help to explore to other nano and MEMS devices in the future.
GRADING OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES

In this paper there are described methods for grading the local skin reactivity induced by bacterial filtrates. The grading is accomplished by titration of the skin-preparatory factors; and by studies on the duration of ensuing reactivity. It was found that the duration of reactivity depends upon the mode of preparation of filtrates and the microorganisms employed. Thus, it lasts for 96 hours with meningococcus "agar washings" filtrates; for 72 hours with B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates; it disappears within 48 hours with B. typhosus tryptic digest broth culture filtrate and B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates previously heated in the Arnold sterilizer for 20 minutes. Comparative titrations of the preparations employed demonstrate that the duration of reactivity is in direct relationship to the reacting potency. It is also shown that the skin-preparatory potency of the filtrates and the duration of the ensuing local reactivity are not modified by cellular anaphylactic sensitization (Arthus phenomenon) to animal proteins. The exposure of tissues to the effect of certain soluble bacterial factors induces a high susceptibility to humoral toxic principles resulting from intravascular antigen-antibody interaction.
Genetic Variability in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae): Additions to Two Linkage Groups, including Effects of Translocations on Recombination

The inheritance and linkage of 2 new mutants, white eye (w) and blotch (Bh), are described. White eye is a simple autosomal recessive. It is allocated to linkage group IV (chromosome 7) on basis of linkage with orange body and T(7 ;12)/7 ;12. Bit is allocated to linkage group XI because of linkage with fused antenna (fs), and with T(7 ;12)/7 ;12 and T(3 ; 12)/3 ;12. In linkage tests of w and Bh with translocations involving chromosome 12, recombination in males was much lower than in females. In females, recombination agreed closely with linkage estimates that did not involve translocation heterozygotes.
Occupation-Related Differences in Levels of Death Anxiety

In order to ascertain the validity of the sentence completion method in the measurement of death anxiety, ten randomly selected items from the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank, Templer Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Collett-Lester Attitude toward Death Scale, and a metaphoric image task were administered to forty volunteers in death-related occupations (firemen, funeral personnel) and forty individuals in non-death related occupations (secretaries, accountants, teachers, etc.). While Templer DAS scores (measuring conscious death anxiety) did not differ across groups, a conscious concern for the deaths of others, and two of four dimensions of covert/subconscious death fear, differentiated those in death-related occupations and those with non-death-related jobs. Substantial between-group differences in relationships among measures of age and conscious, fantasy, and covert levels of awareness were consistent with the notion of an occupation X sex X levels of death anxiety interaction in the present study. Implic...
Processing of single crystals for high temperature applications

Abstract Refractory metals and intermetallic alloys are important in high temperature engineering systems, where the deformation must be maintained at a low level. This paper first reviews the work at Auburn University in the processing of these materials in a single crystalline form and will focus on two approaches. The first is based on a traditional float zone melting method with a focused electron beam as the heat source. This method requires the melting and solidification of the material in a controlled manner and is therefore power intensive. This method was used to successfully process both single phase Ni 3 Al intermetallic compound and molybdenum based refractory metals in the single crystalline form. Due to the complex Ni 3 Al phase diagram, slight variations in the compositions, resulted in significant difference in the growth characteristics. In the case of molybdenum alloys, the ease of single crystal formation depends on the selection of the solute. The growth characteristics and parameters for processing these alloys will be presented and discussed. The second method used is a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach based on the reduction of selected chlorides and fluorides of the refractory metals at significantly lower temperatures. In the latter approach, refractory metal depositions were made using a flowing system. The results presented in this paper concentrate on the production of tungsten single crystal layers using this technique. A comprehensive analysis for the effects of operating parameters on single crystal layer growth has been conducted and optimized growth conditions have been achieved. Characterization of the processed materials was conducted using a variety of techniques including X-ray diffraction (Laue back reflection) and electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis.
Inflorescence development in a high-altitude annual Mexican teosinte (Poaceae)

Some have postulated that highland Mexican maize was derived from an ancient high-altitude teosinte and that later introgression between the two taxa occurred. We used scanning electron microscopy to examine the inflorescence development in both the tassel and ear of a high-altitude Toluca teosinte. One of the most interesting observations was the presence of atypical multiranked orthostiches in the central spike of some male Toluca teosinte inflorescences. Most tassels exhibited a central spike with a pure, four-ranked, tetrastichous phyllotaxy or an intermediate (distichous/tetrastichous) phyllotaxy. A few A 1 tassels had a more typical distichous (two-ranked) central spike. Most ears showed the two-rank condition expected for teosintes. However, three ears displayed an intermediate (distichous/tristichous or distichous/ tetrastichous) phyllotaxy and one ear was tetrastichous. Our analysis of spikelet and floret development in all Toluca inflorescences revealed a pattern similar to that in landrace and U.S. maize, as well as to their close relatives, the teosintes. We suggest that this investigation may reveal inflorescence development in a natural maize-teosinte hybrid. This study further supports our hypothesis that both maleness and femaleness in the Zea inflorescences are derived from a common developmental pathway and underpins a proposal that andropogonoid grasses share a common pattern of inflorescence development.