cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The GM multiple console time sharing system

General Motors Research Laboratories found in 1968 that no operating system, in existence or anticipated, was capable of supporting the demands of a large number of graphic terminals at a reasonable cost. Since a clear need for such a system was at hand, the Computer Science Department embarked on a project of hardware selection and software design and implementation. The total operating system is described here in five papers. They emphasize respectively l) the project background and major design principles, 2) the execution environment made available to application programs, 3) the implementation and status of privileged portions of the system, 4) the mechanism which handles interrupts and other system messages, and 5) the stand alone which performed the system initialization procedures.The resulting system had many desirable attributes, and thus convinced the designers, implementors, and users that the design as implemented was a useful and valuable one, even though rather unorthodox. The concepts embedded in the system and its components appear to be exportable to many other machine architectures, since they reflect the architecture of the host computer only in details, not in fundamental ways.One of the most important aspects of the design philosophy was that all portions of the system were designed together as mutually supportive components. This even extended to the programming language, whose execution environment was made the standard throughout the system, and was initialized for application programmers. This philosophy worked well and deserves wider attention.
GREAT improves functional interpretation of cis-regulatory regions

We developed the Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool (GREAT) to analyze the functional significance of cis-regulatory regions identified by localized measurements of DNA binding events across an entire genome. Whereas previous methods took into account only binding proximal to genes, GREAT is able to properly incorporate distal binding sites and control for false positives using a binomial test over the input genomic regions. GREAT incorporates annotations from 20 ontologies and is available as a web application. Applying GREAT to data sets from chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) of multiple transcription-associated factors, including SRF, NRSF, GABP, Stat3 and p300 in different developmental contexts, we recover many functions of these factors that are missed by existing gene-based tools, and we generate testable hypotheses. The utility of GREAT is not limited to ChIP-seq, as it could also be applied to open chromatin, localized epigenomic markers and similar functional data sets, as well as comparative genomics sets.
Is Burch colposuspension ever cost-effective compared with tension-free vaginal tape for stress incontinence?

Objective This study was undertaken to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Burch colposuspension compared with tension-free vaginal tape. Study Design A Markov decision model was developed to compare costs (2005 US dollars) and effectiveness (quality-adjusted life years) of Burch and tension-free vaginal tape for stress urinary incontinence over 10 years from a health care system perspective. After surgery, outcomes included cure, persistent stress urinary incontinence followed by second surgery, and persistent stress urinary incontinence and mesh erosion after tension-free vaginal tape. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of less than $50,000 per quality-adjusted life year was considered cost-effective. Results For the base-case, the Burch strategy cost more than tension-free vaginal tape ($9320 vs $8081), but was slightly more effective (7.260 vs 7.248 quality-adjusted life years). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $98,755 per quality-adjusted life year. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was less than $50,000 per quality-adjusted life year when the relative risk of cure after Burch to tension-free vaginal tape was greater than 1.09. Conclusion Burch colposuspension was not cost-effective compared with tension-free vaginal tape. However, if the tension-free vaginal tape failure rate was to increase over time, Burch may become cost-effective.
A single-input, single-output electromagnetically-transduced microresonator array

Resonant microsystems have found broad applicability in environmental and inertial sensing, signal filtering and timing applications. Despite this breadth in utility, a common constraint on these devices is throughput, or the total amount of information that they can process. In recent years, elastically-coupled arrays of microresonators have been used to increase the throughput in sensing contexts, but these arrays are often more complicated to design than their isolated counterparts, due to the potential for collective behaviors (such as vibration localization) to arise. An alternative solution to the throughput constraint is to use arrays of electromagnetically-transduced microresonators. These arrays can be designed such that the mechanical resonances are spaced far apart and the mechanical coupling between the microresonators is insignificant. Thus, when the entire array is actuated and sensed, a resonance in the electrical response can be directly correlated to a specific microresonator vibrating, as collective behaviors have been avoided. This work details the design, analysis and experimental characterization of an electromagnetically-transduced microresonator array in both low- and atmospheric-pressure environments, and demonstrates that the system could be used as a sensor in ambient conditions. While this device has direct application as a resonant-based sensor that requires only a single source and measurement system to track multiple resonances, with simple modification, this array could find uses in tunable oscillator and frequency multiplexing contexts.
An Unusual Pathway to Cyclobutane Formation via Desulfurative Intramolecular Photocycloaddition of an Enone Benzothiazoline Pair

Irradiation of the enone benzothiazoline 3 leads to the formation of cyclobutane 5. Preliminary mechanistic studies establish the intermediacy of an enecarbamate 14 in this photochemical transformation, which could be the result of sulfur extrusion from an episulfide intermediate. Photocycloaddition of the enecarbamate intermediate 14 leads to the formation of “crossed” photoadducts, i.e., 5, in excellent yield, with high levels of regio- and stereochemical control.
Possible Temperatures in the Oceanic Upper Mantle and the Formation of Magma

Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement. Horizontal heat transfer, either by plates that cool as they move away from their source at a ridge axis or by convection currents, invalidates all temperature distributions calculated on the assumption of purely radial outward heat transfer. Temperature gradients in the upper mantle in oceanic regions are estimated on the assumptions that (1) the top of the low-velocity zone corresponds to the “wet” solidus of peridotite containing a very small amount of water, and (2) that the seismic discontinuity near 400-km depth corresponds to the olivine-β spinel inversion. The gradients are very low, suggesting that convection is the dominant mode of heat transfer throughout the upper mantle. Possible temperature profiles are accordingly drawn by joining a conduction solution in the lithosphere to an adiabatic (or near-adiabatic) curve below the lithosphere. The temperature profile at any point depends on the local age of the plate; it is impossible to devise a representative average oceanic geotherm that could be used, when superposed on a petrological phase diagram, to predict the depth of formation of magmas or to account for their compositional variations.
β1 And β3 integrins have different roles in the adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells on extracellular matrix

Extracellular matrix receptors on ductus arteriosus smooth muscle cells (SMC) must enable the cells to migrate through both interstitial and basement membrane matrices to form intimal mounds during postnatal ductus closure. We examined the role of beta 1 and beta 3 integrin receptors on SMC adhesion and migration. Using a new assay to measure cell migration, we found that lamb ductus arteriosus SMC attach to and migrate over surfaces coated with fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN), vitronectin (VN), and collagens I (I) and IV (IV). Blocking antibodies, specific to different integrin complexes, showed that SMC adhesion to FN, LN, I, and IV depended exclusively on functioning beta 1 integrins with little, if any, contribution by the alpha V beta 3 integrin; on the other hand, cell migration over these substrates depended to a large extent on the alpha V beta 3 receptor. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that during the early phase of SMC migration, the beta 1 integrins organized rapidly into focal plaques that, with time, gradually covered the cell's basal surface; on the other hand, the beta 3 receptor remained concentrated at all times at the cell's margins. Ligand affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation techniques identified a unique series of beta 1 integrins binding to each matrix component: FN (alpha 5 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1, alpha V beta 1), LN (alpha 1 beta 1, alpha 7 beta 1), VN (alpha V beta 1), I (alpha 1 beta 1, alpha 2 beta 1), and IV (alpha 1 beta 1). In contrast, the beta 3 integrin, alpha V beta 3, bound to all the substrates tested: FN, LN, VN, I, and IV. The results indicate that beta 1 and beta 3 integrins may play different roles in attachment and migration as SMC move through the vascular extracellular matrix to produce obliteration of the ductus arteriosus lumen.
The Human Cytomegalovirus UL133-138 Gene Locus Attenuates the Lytic Viral Cycle in Fibroblasts

The genomes of HCMV clinical strains (e.g. FIX, TR, PH, etc) contain a 15 kb region that encodes 20 putative ORFs. The region, termed ULb’, is lost after serial passage of virus in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell culture. Compared to clinical strains, laboratory strains replicate faster and to higher titers of infectious virus. We made recombinant viruses with 22, 14, or 7 ORFs deleted from the ULb’ region using FIX and TR as model clinical strains. We also introduced a stop codon into single ORFs between UL133 and UL138 to prevent protein expression. All deletions within ULb’ and all stop codon mutants within the UL133 to UL138 region increased to varying degrees, viral major immediate early RNA and protein, DNA, and cell-free infectious virus compared to the wild type viruses. The wild type viral proteins slowed down the viral replication process along with cell-free infectious virus release from human fibroblast cells.
Radiographic Manifestations of Mediastinal Hemorrhage from Blunt Chest Trauma

The diagnosis of rupture of the thoracic aorta or its major branches depends largely on the recognition of mediastinal hemorrhage from the initial chest radiograph and subsequent thoracic aortography. This review discusses the radiographic manifestations of mediastinal hemorrhage, including widening of the mediastinum; a ratio of mediastinal width to chest width greater than 0.25; abnormalities of aortic contour; opacification of the aortopulmonary window; depression of the left main bronchus; deviation of the trachea to the right; deviation of the nasogastric tube to the right; the apical cap sign; widening of the paraspinal lines; widening of the right paratracheal stripe; and left hemothorax. The relationship of these manifestations to major thoracic arterial injury is examined. Pitfalls in the radiographic evaluation of mediastinal abnormalities are considered, and indications for computed tomography of the thorax and thoracic aortography in the severely injured patient are reviewed.
Beyond Fun and Games: A Framework for Quantifying Music Skill Developments from Video Game Play

Abstract Music-driven video games have become a popular recreational activity, but the extent to which they promote musical skill development has had little direct study. This project presents a framework for evaluating how core musical skills are impacted by playing rhythm games; games wherein players imitate and recreate a layer in a song by following visual prompts (simplified scrolling) and sound cues (the music itself and game-error sounds). Our pilot study of first-year university students (N = 20 within gamer and non-gamer cohorts) observed nine weeks of routine music game play, including pre- and post-assessments using both quantitative tests and qualitative surveys of music education and gaming habits. Among our pilot sample's initial results, quantitative data analysis suggests learning advantages among gamers over non-gamers only in visual tracking tasks of musical prompts, such as pseudo-notation cues similar to those in the games. Qualitative survey responses bolster the evidence of selective...
Two-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations of the nonlinear development of the Goldreich-Schubert-Fricke instability in a rotating annulus

Two-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamic calculations are presented which may help assess the effectiveness of the instability in transporting angular momentum in the equatorial zones of stars and planets which are stably stratified with respect to convection. The calculations were made by numerically integrating the 2D axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations, including viscosity and heat conduction. The instability was followed into the nonlinear regime. The maximum rms velocity amplitude was found to correlate well with the product of the linear growth rate and radial length scale of the instability, consistent with the idea that the instability grows to an amplitude such that an eddy turnover time becomes equal to the growth time defined by the inverse of the growth rate. The time scale for angular momentum to be redistributed to a state of marginal stability was consistent with this picture. The results suggest that in physical situations a state of marginal stability will be maintained, since departures from such a state will be rapidly corrected.
On-Line Analysis Of Optokinetic Nystagmus By Small General Purpose Digital Computer

A program for a small general purpose digital computer was developed to analyse electro-oculograms of optokinetic nystagrnus in monkeys. It provides immediate print-out of means and standard deviations of maximum velocity of fast phases, velocity of slow phases, amplitude, total deviation during slow phases and number of nystagmic beats occurring in 15 sec trials. It has also the potential to measure other response features and the constants can be easily changed for application to individual circumstances. The validity of the system was verified by both simulation and sample analysis. The small size and relatively low cost of the equipment makes the system ideally suited for “on-line” close-loop experiments in the physiologic laboratory and for rapid quantification of data in the clinical setting which would allow evaluation of normal and abnormal eye movements under a variety of conditions within the same session.
Access to information: The legislative advantage

Statutes generally provide legislative program evaluation agencies with virtually unlimited access to information on programs supported with state funds.
Unmanned Planetary Spacecraft Chemical Rocket Propulsion

Review of some chemical propulsion technology advances suitable for future unmanned spacecraft applications. Discussed system varieties include liquid space-storable propulsion systems, advanced liquid monopropellant systems, liquid systems for rendezvous and landing applications, and low-thrust high-performance solid-propellant systems, as well as hybrid space-storable systems. To optimize the performance and operational characteristics of an unmanned interplanetary spacecraft for a particular mission, and to achieve high cost effectiveness of the entire system, it is shown to be essential that the type of spacecraft propulsion system to be used matches, as closely as possible the various requirements and constraints. The systems discussed are deemed to be the most promising candidates for some of the anticipated interplanetary missions.
Soricid abundance in partial overstory removal harvests and riparian areas in an industrial forest landscape of the central Appalachians

Abstract Within eastern North America, soricid (shrew) diversity reaches its peak in the central and southern Appalachians. Though shrews are an important component of Appalachian mammalian fauna, most species are small, cryptic, and little studied. The understanding of basic life history and habitat preferences is considered problematic. To assess the response of soricids to partial overstory timber harvest, and to investigate the importance of riparian areas to soricids, we conducted pitfall trapping surveys during the summers of 1996–1998 in the Westvaco Ecosystem Research Forest. Pitfall transect lines were established in uncut control forest stands in upland sites, along uncut forest stands in riparian areas, and in upland stands subjected to heavy diameter-limit cutting or two-aged regeneration methods. Diameter-limit and two-aged regeneration harvests occurred in 1996 following our initial pitfall survey effort. Riparian areas were surveyed within the area that would constitute a Streamside Management Zone under West Virginia’s Best Management Practices guidelines. During 10,560 trapnights, we collected masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), rock shrews (S. dispar), smokey shrews (S. fumeus), pygmy shrews (S. hoyi), and northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda). Of species collected in sufficient numbers to analyze statistically across treatments, the relative abundance of masked shrews, smokey shrews, and northern short-tailed shrews did not differ among harvest sites and control sites for any year, either pre-harvest or post-harvest. Uncut, control sites had higher relative abundances than did riparian sites of masked shrews in 1996 and of smokey shrews in 1997. Collections of all species were poorly correlated with most micro-habitat variables we collected. Rock shrews were restricted to uncut upland sites at higher elevations with large amounts of emergent rock.
Iran and nuclear ambiguity

A comparison between Iran's current nuclear efforts and those of the pro-Western regime of Shah Reza Pahlavi shows that Iranian ambitions for a full-fledged civilian nuclear programme have remained relatively constant for nearly half a century. Today, fuel cycle technology provides Iran with a latent nuclear weapon's potential. However, US concerns about an Iranian bomb, which began in the early 1970s and aggravated after the Iranian Revolution, long predate Teheran's uranium enrichment programme. Thus, Iran is a specific case of the general problem presented by the inherent potential of nuclear technology to both civilian and military ends. Approaches to dealing with a long-term, ambiguous, latent nuclear weapon threat, whether Iranian or other, are suggested.
Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine after an inferior alveolar nerve block.

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of an intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine after an inferior alveolar nerve block. Study Design. Through use of a repeated-measures design, each of 48 subjects randomly received 2 combinations of injections at 2 separate appointments. The combinations were (1) an inferior alveolar nerve block (with 1.8 mL of 3% mepivacaine) + intraosseous injection with 1.8 mL of 3% mepivacaine and (2) an inferior alveolar nerve (with 1.8 mL of 3% mepivacaine) + mock intraosseous injection. The first molar was blindly pulp tested at 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes postinjection. Anesthesia was considered successful with 2 consecutive 80 readings. Heart rate (pulse rate) was measured with a pulse oximeter. Results. All subjects had lip numbness with both of the inferior alveolar nerve + intraosseous techniques. Anesthetic success for the first molar was significantly increased for 30 minutes with intraosseous injection of mepivacaine in comparison with the inferior alveolar nerve block alone (mock intraosseous injection). Subjects receiving the intraosseous injection of mepivacaine experienced minimal increases in heart rate. Conclusions. The intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 3% mepivacaine, when used to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block, significantly increased anesthetic success for 30 minutes in the first molar. The 3% mepivacaine had a minimal effect on heart rate and would be useful in patients with contraindications to epinephrine use. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:83-7)
Plaque-Forming-Cell Response to H-2 Antigens of Mice

SummaryLymphoblast cell line L5178Y of DBA/2 mouse origin was used as a source of target cells for a cytolytic plaque assay. Plaque-forming cells were demonstrated in spleens of mice injected with allogeneic cells or grafted with allogeneic skin. From the results obtained in various inbred strains, it could be concluded that the major immune response measured in this study was directed against H-2d antigens.
Shallow Junction Formation in Silicon: Dopant Incorporation and Diffusion Through Tungsten Silicide Films Using Gas Immersion Laser Doping (Gild)

We have demonstrated a new method of doping suicide films which uses a pulsed excimer laser and a wafer cell which is filled with dopant gas species, e.g. BF3, ASF5, PF5. A spatially homogenized 308nm XeCl pulsed laser is used as a heating source to drive adsorbed dopant gas species into the suicide, as well as to outdiffuse dopants into the silicon substrate. The total dose, interface concentration, and junction depth, are controlled by varying the number of laser pulses. High interface concentrations (Cint >1020 atoms/cm3) and shallow junctions (Xj < 1500A) are obtained using this technique. Laser irradiation also results in smoothing of the suicide film.
William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and the King James Version of the Bible

During 1911 three of the United States’ leading statesmen (Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and William Jennings Bryan) delivered lengthy speeches to commemorate the tercentenary of the King James Bible. While all three emphasized this Bible’s important contribution to American democratic ideals, Bryan also stressed the Bible’s role in revealing Jesus Christ as ‘Son of God and Saviour of Mankind’. Shades of difference in how these leaders spoke of the Bible and in how their careers promoted progressive politics suggests the range of meanings to which the King James Version has been put in American history.
Synthesis and Excited-State Photodynamics of A Perylene-Monoimide-Oxochlorin Dyad. A Light-Harvesting Array

A perylene-oxochlorin dyad has been prepared and characterized for potential use as a new light-harvesting motif. The dyad (PMI−ZnO) consists of a perylene-monoimide dye (PMI) joined at the 5-position of a zinc oxochlorin (ZnO) via a diphenylethyne linker. The dyad and its subunits have been studied in both polar and nonpolar media using static and time-resolved optical spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Energy flows very rapidly from both unrelaxed (vibrationally, conformationally, or electronically) and relaxed forms of the excited perylene (PMI*) to the ground-state oxochlorin with an effective time constant of ∼4 ps and an efficiency of 99% in both toluene and benzonitrile. Subsequently, there is little or no quenching of the excited oxochlorin (ZnO*) in either solvent. These findings are consistent with the expectation that all charge-separated states such as PMI- ZnO+ lie energetically above both PMI* and ZnO* in both polar and nonpolar media. Furthermore, light absorption by the perylene ...
Shallow Junctions, Silicide Requirements and Process Technologies for Sub 0.5 μm CMOS

CMOS technology scaling dictates the reduction of the Source/Drain (S/D) junction depths to reduce punch-through and short channel effects. But simultaneously, lower contact resistances are needed as the device channel resistance decreases low S/D junction sheet resistance is required for improved density, and low S/D junction leakage should be maintained for reduced stand-by power and longer refresh time. In this paper, these conflicting requirements and several key technology elements for shallow junctions including silicide with thin TiSi 2 and the application of rapid thermal processing (RTP) will be presented. 0.25 μm CMOS S/D with junctions depths in the range of 0.1μm-0.15μm and less than 10 Ω□sheet resistance, exhibiting low leakage and contact resistance are demonstrated.
Autoradiographic study of NMDA-displaceable [3H]glutamate and [3H]MK-801 binding during butorphanol withdrawal in the rat brain.

Abstract Influences of continuous administration of butorphanol on the autoradiography of [ 3 H ]glutamate binding and [ 3 H ]MK-801 binding were investigated to study the effects of butorphanol withdrawal on NMDA receptors. Rats were administered butorphanol (26 nmol μl−1 h−1) by continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion through pre-implanted cannula connected to osmotic mini-pumps for 3 days. Rats were then sacrificed at 2, 7, and 24 h after discontinuation of butorphanol infusion. [ 3 H ]MK-801 binding was slightly increased in the cortical area, hippocampus, and cerebellum in 2, 7, and 24 h withdrawal groups and was shown most significant increase in the 7 h withdrawal group. NMDA-displaceable [ 3 H ]glutamate binding was markedly increased in the cortical area, striatum, septum, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum in 7 h withdrawal group and was significantly increased in the striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus in 24 h withdrawal group. These results demonstrate that the development of butorphanol withdrawal is more prominent by 7 h after discontinuation of butorphanol infusion and suggest that NMDA binding sites at NMDA receptors may play more important role in the development of butorphanol withdrawal than that of channel blocking sites.
Arms transfers and the onset of war part I: Scalogram analysis of transfer patterns

This paper investigates the relationships between actual arms transfers and conflict. It draws on a unique new data set not previously analyzed in the literature. Over 5000 actual transfers of weapons to 92 non‐weapon‐producing states have been coded, primarily from SIPRI sources, for the period 1950–1975. Scalogram analysis of NATO and WTO transfers indicates that classes of naval, land, and air weapons each follow Guttman scales of technological sophistication and firepower, and that suppliers follow those scales in their transfers, making the scales a useful policy indicator. There are progressively fewer transfers at the higher levels of sophistication, and the sophistication of weaponry transferred tends to escalate over time within major geographical regions. Where order shifts occur between the scales obtained for successive periods of a few years each, they are traceable to shifts in the production runs of the supplier states, and thus to the stocks of weaponry available for transfer. Otherwise, N...
Influence of Cyclic Loads on the Fracture Resistance of Pipe Steels and their Welded Joints in Hydrogen-Sulfide Media

It is shown that the high resistance of 20, 30KhMA, and 12Kh21N5T steels to hydrogen-sulfide stress corrosion cracking does not guarantee their high resistance to corrosion fatigue fracture in the NACE solution (wt.%): 5% NaCl + 0.5% CH3COOH + H2S saturated; pH 3–4, 20 ± 3°С. It is shown that the increase in the amplitude of asymmetric cycles causes a more significant decrease in the durability of these steels than the increase in the average value of stresses. We reveal a significant influence not only of hydrogen embrittlement but also of corrosive processes on the fracture of welded joints in the NACE solution. It is shown that this is caused by the growth of their microelectrochemical heterogeneity in the corrosion process, which promotes the localization of corrosive defects.
A novel RGD containing dodecapeptidomimetic which exhibits selective binding to the αvβ3 receptor

Abstract We report the synthesis, bioactivity and conformational analysis by 1 H NMR and computer simulations of a RGD containing dodecapeptidomimetic incorporating the β-turn mimetic BTD. This peptidomimetic exhibits potent binding to the α v β 3 receptor. The binding activity to the α v β 5 receptor is approximately tenfold weaker. Unlike most active RGD containing peptides reported to date this molecule does not show any binding to the fibronectin ( α v β 1 ) or the IIb/IIIa receptors.
Climate Drivers, Host Identity and Fungal Endophyte Infection Determine Virus Prevalence in a Grassland Ecosystem

Summary Under climate change, alterations to precipitation and temperature regimes are expected to impact ecosystem structure and function. These impacts may in part be determined by feedbacks between plants and associated microbes, including both endophytic fungal symbionts and viral pathogens. To test potential key components of these feedbacks in a grassland system, we conducted a field experiment that factorially manipulated temperature regime, precipitation regime and endophyte infection of a dominant species, Schedonorus arundinaceus. After one growing season, we evaluated the four most frequently occurring grass species for infection by three species of barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses (B/CYDVs). For S. arundinaceus, we also tracked changes in viral prevalence over an additional two growing seasons, for a total of three growing seasons. Plant species identity played a strong role in determining virus prevalence; Poa pratensis and Paspalum dilatatum were more frequently infected than either S. arundinaceus (endophyte infected or endophyte free) or Eleusine indica. Both elevated temperature and elevated precipitation impacted virus prevalence, but effects varied among years and interacted with fungal endophyte symbiosis for S. arundinaceus. In the final year of data collection, elevated precipitation increased virus prevalence in endophyte-infected, but not endophyte-free, S. arundinaceus. In the same year, but regardless of endophyte infection, elevated temperature by itself increased virus prevalence for S. arundinaceus. This effect of temperature on virus prevalence may have been driven by vector abundance because the viruses are obligately aphid-transmitted, and aphids were found more frequently in heated plots. Synthesis. Overall, our investigation experimentally demonstrates strong combined impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on disease dynamics in a grassland system. Impacts of climate change on virus prevalence in grasslands may depend on the responses of aphid vectors and the presence of endophytic fungal symbionts.
Liquid Films Falling Over Horizontal Tube Banks: Deviations From Idealized Flow Patterns and Implications for Heat and Mass Transfer

Liquid films falling over banks of internally cooled horizontal tubes are often used to absorb mass from a surrounding vapor. This arrangement is particularly suitable for absorption processes where the vapor has a high heat of absorption and where high transfer rates and low pressure drops are required, as is the case of absorption heat pumps and other chemical processes. When the liquid film presents a significant resistance to heat and mass transfer, understanding the motion of the film is critical. However, mathematical models of these types of systems in the literature have generally made use of many simplifying assumptions about the behavior of the falling liquid. The formation, detachment, and impact of droplets and the associated waves and film disturbances can all affect the mixing of the liquid and can enhance transfer rates accordingly. The objective of this paper is to identify and visually document these deviations from idealized film behavior and discuss their implications on the heat and mass transfer processes, which are important to consider in the development of mechanistic models of the absorption process.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Alcoholism: the challenge of conceptualization and consensus (a clinician's perspective).

Quant a la pertinence du role de la psychiatrie et de la psychanalyse dans le traitement de l'alcoolisme, le septicisme persiste. La perspective psychodynamique devrait permettre la levee des dernieres reticences
Developing Effective Distractions for Infant Immunizations: The Progress and Challenges

Distraction has been found to be highly effective in decreasing children's pain responses during routine and complex medical procedures (Powers, 1999). However, there is a scarcity of research on distraction with healthy infants receiving immunizations, and it is only very recently that advancements in this area have been made. This article discusses why it is important to provide pain management for infants receiving immunizations. Previous literature on the utilization of distraction in decreasing pain responses during infant immunizations is reviewed, and possible explanations for the successes and failures of distraction in this population are presented. Recommendations for areas of future research and practical implications for parents and health care professionals are discussed.
Eosinophils are a feature of upper and lower airway pathology in non-atopic asthma, irrespective of the presence of rhinitis.

Background Asthma and rhinitis often co-exist and there are data to suggest that they may be two ends of the same disease spectrum. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that eosinophilia in the airways is a feature of rhinitic patients without asthma. Objective The aim of our study was to examine whether cellular infiltration exists in the nasal mucosa of asthmatics even in the absence of symptoms and signs of rhinitis. Methods Nasal mucosa biopsies were taken from 27 non-atopic subjects and comprised nine asthmatic rhinitic patients (AR), eight asthmatic non-rhinitic patients (ANR) and 10 healthy control subjects (N). Bronchial mucosa biopsies were also taken simultaneously from some of the patients (n = 10) to determine whether there was an association between cellular infiltration in the nose and the lungs. The alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method was used on 6 μm thick cryostat sections using monoclonal antibodies against T cells (CD4, CD8), eosinophils (EG2) and mast cells (mast cell tryptase). Slides were counted blind and results expressed as cells per field. Results The results showed that eosinophil counts were higher in both asthma groups compared with control nasal biopsies (median values AR 8.3, ANR 9.2, N 2.1 cells per field, P < 0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between eosinophil cell counts in the nose and the airways (r = 0.851 P < 0.001). No differences in eosinophil numbers were detected between the two groups of asthmatics. Also, no differences were noted for any other cell type (i.e. CD4, CD8, tryptase) among the three study groups. Conclusions These results show that eosinophil infiltration was present in the nasal mucosa of asthmatic patients even in the absence of rhinitis, and add further support to the hypothesis that asthma and rhinitis are clinical expressions of the same disease entity.
Suprafacial and Antarafacial Paths for the Thermal Vinylcyclopropane-to-Cyclopentene Rearrangement of 1-Ethenylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane to Bicyclo[4.3.0]non-1(9)-ene

The gas phase thermal rearrangement of 1-ethenylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane at 338 degrees C gives the expected vinylcyclopropane-to-cyclopentene product, bicyclo[4.3.0]non-1(9)-ene. The analogous rearrangement of 1-(2'-(E)-d-ethenyl)bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane takes place with the allylic moiety being utilized in both suprafacial and antarafacial stereochemical ways, for both endo and exo isomers of 8-d-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-1(9)-ene are formed. The product ratio, defined by deuterium NMR in the presence of Ag(fod) and Yb(fod)(3) shift reagents, corresponds to (79 +/- 2)% suprafacial (sr + si) and (21 +/- 2)% antarafacial (ar + ai) reaction stereochemistry.
Heart disease in the assessment and treatment of hypercholesterolemia: coronary artery disease and other atherosclerotic disease, family history, and left ventricular hypertrophy.

There appears to be little doubt that lowering serum cholesterol for reduction of risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) events in patients with established CAD is cost-effective and can decrease the rate of CAD events, stabilize atherosclerotic plaque progression, and reduce CAD mortality and all-cause mortality. Meta-analysis of clinical trials conducted in patients with CAD has shown a 26% reduction in CAD events and a 9% reduction in total mortality. It was generalized from the results of nine major, recent angiographically monitored clinical trials that an improvement in obstruction was seen in 8% of control patients and 25% of treated patients. In the recently released report of the second Adult Treatment Panel (ATP II) of the U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program, atherosclerotic disease status joins low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level as central to the diagnosis and treatment algorithm. The ATP II evaluation process is divided into two categories according to whether atherosclerotic disease is present, and a lower LDL-C target level--100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)--is set for secondary prevention. Initial therapy when LDL-C is > or = 100 mg/dL in a patient with atherosclerotic disease is the Step Two Diet, weight control, exercise, and control of other risk factors. Drug therapy may be considered after a relatively short trial of hygienic therapy if LDL-C remains > or = 130 mg/dL (3.4 mmol/L). Other, selected aspects of heart disease for general consideration in assessing CAD risk are family history and the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Family history of premature CAD is included in the ATP II algorithm, with different age considerations by gender added. Although LVH is not part of ATP II risk assessment, its presence as defined by echocardiography increases CAD risk six- to eightfold in both men and women.
Design for synchronized flow manufacturing

Firms that build flexibility into their manufacturing system gain a competitive edge from their ability to efficiently produce a mid-variety of products at mid-volumes. In order to realize the competitive edge of flexible systems, manufacturing management has to deal effectively with the greater complexity that flexibility brings about. One of the key factors for the success of a flexible system is the management of the product set flow. If the product flow is poorly managed, products may have long manufacturing lead times, and materials may spend a large amount of time in queues as work in process. In such a situation, most of the competitive potential of the flexible system may be lost. But if the flow of materials through the production/assembly stations is carefully synchronized, with materials moving smoothly and continuously from one operation to the next, then it is possible to attain short manufacturing lead times and little waiting. We refer to this operating condition as synchronized flow. In this paper, we study how to attain a synchronized flow for product sets with different characteristics regarding process flexibility and consistency.
The Vollmer tuberculin patch test

Summary 1. A historical review of the evaluation of the Vollmer (Lederle) tuberculin patch test is given. 2. The method of applying the test is discussed briefly. 3. A study of one hundred tuberculin-sensitive cases is presented, correlating the patch test with the intradermal tuberculin tests with solutions of purified protein derivative. 4. The patch test is shown to be more sensitive than the intradermal test with first strength solution of purified protein derivative and less sensitive than the intradermal test with second strength solution of purified protein derivative. 5. In this small series of patients the efficiency of the test with first strength solution of purified protein derivative is rated at 78 per cent, the efficiency of the patch test at 89 per cent, and that of the test with solution of second strength purified protein derivative at 100 per cent. 6. The results obtained give further basis to the belief that the patch test may be used in preference to the intradermal test with first strength solution of P.P.D. 7. The patch test, in our experience, is definitely inferior to the intradermal test with second strength solution of P.P.D. 8. The tuberculin patch test is as sensitive when applied in the interscapular area as it is when applied over the sternum, and there is less chance of the child's removing the patch. 9. No significant reactions, other than local phenomena, were noted when the patch test was used.
Effects of Zn2+ on the activity and binding of the mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor protein, IF1

Zn2+ caused a noninhibitory binding of IF1 to mitochondrial membranes in both rabbit heart SMP and intact rabbit heart mitochondria. This Zn2+-induced IF1 binding required the presence of at least trace amounts of MgATP and was essentially independent of pH between 6.2 and 8.2. Addition of Zn2+ after the formation of fully inhibited IF1-ATPase complexes very slowly reversed IF1-mediated ATPase inhibition without causing significant IF1 release from the membranes. When Zn2+ was added during the state 4 energization of ischemic mitochondria in which IF1 was already functionally bound, it slowed somewhat energy-driven ATPase activation. This slowing was probably due to the fairly large depressing effect Zn2+ had upon membrane potential development, but Zn2+ did not decrease the degree of ATPase activation eventually reached at 20 min of state 4 incubation. Zn2+ also preempted normal IF1 release from the membranes, causing what little inhibitor that was released to rebind to the enzyme in noninhibitory IF1-ATPase complexes. The data suggest that IF1 can interact with the ATPase in two ways or through two kinds of sites: (a) a noninhibitory interaction involving a noninhibitory IF1 conformation and/or and IF1 docking site on the enzyme and (b) an inhibitory interaction involving an inhibitory IF1 conformation and/or a distinct ATPase activity regulatory site. Zn2+ appears to have the dual effect of stabilizing the noninhibitory IF1-ATPase interaction and possibily a noninhibitory IF1 conformation while concomitantly preventing the formation of an inhibitory IF1-ATPase interaction and possibly an inhibitory IF1 conformation, regardless of pH. While the data do not rule out direct effects of Zn2+ on either free IF1 or the free enzyme, they suggest that Zn2+ cannot interact readily with either the inhibitor or the enzyme once functional IF1-ATPase complexes are formed.
Dynamic loading of a fluid-filled spherical shell

Abstract A recent thin shell theory solution for the response of a spherical elastic shell filled with a compressible, inviscid fluid and subjected to normal delta-function loading has been extended to loadings of finite duration. The results of this analysis have been compared with experimental data for a spherical aluminium shell both empty and when filled with distilled water. Additional numerical values obtained both from the simplification of the analysis to that incorporating membrane stresses only and through the use of an existing finite element elasticity computer code are also presented.
Telomere Position Effect in Human Cells

In yeast, telomere position effect (TPE) results in the reversible silencing of genes near telomeres. Here we demonstrate the presence of TPE in human cells. HeLa clones containing a luciferase reporter adjacent to a newly formed telomere express 10 times less luciferase than do control clones generated by random integration. Luciferase expression is restored by trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Overexpression of a human telomerase reverse transcriptase complementary DNA results in telomere elongation and an additional 2- to 10-fold decrease in expression in telomeric clones but not control clones. The dependence of TPE on telomere length provides a mechanism for the modification of gene expression throughout the replicative life-span of human cells.
Arene carbonylation in acidic, chloroaluminate ionic liquids

Abstract Chloroaluminate ionic liquids formed from either 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1 H -imidazolium-chloride (EMIM-Cl) or 1-butyl-3-methy-1 H -imidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) were examined as conversion agents for toluene carbonylation at room temperature and at pressures of 150 and 1100 psig. The effect was examined upon the toluene conversion and selectivity for changing the ratio of AlCl 3 /EMIM-Cl or AlCl 3 /BMIM-Cl from 1/2 to 2 mol/mol at a constant HCl partial pressure of 30 psig as well as the effect of changing the HCl partial pressure from 0 to 30 psig at a constant value of AlCl 3 /EMIM-Cl or AlCl 3 /BMIM-Cl = 2. The effect upon reactivity was also determined for changing the Al 3+ /toluene ratio at a constant value of AlCl 3 /EMIM-Cl = 2 when the P HCl was 30 psig for pressures of 150 and 1100 psig.
The Impact of Racial Composition and Other County Characteristics on the Size of Sheriff’s Departments: A New Analysis of Police Force Growth

Over the past three decades, there have been an abundance of studies that have tested the impact of various city characteristics on police force strength. A number of these studies included minority population size as a control, however only a few have placed a great deal of concentration on this area, and we have found only one other study that has tested it at the county level. The current study tested the impact of minority populations, crime, and other county characteristics on the total number of sworn sheriff’s deputies and deputies in the field for 122 large counties across the United States. Unlike research focusing on the city level, we found that the number of sheriff’s deputies (either total sworn or field deputies) in a county is not highly influenced by minority population size or other characteristics of the county that they police.
Contextualizing Environmental Sustainability in Design Engineering Curricula

Consideration of environmental sustainability is significantly altering the nature of the mechanical design process. This necessitates integration of sustainability related learning content in design engineering curricula. Although various frameworks for teaching sustainable design exist, a survey conducted among practicing student engineers shows the presence of significant knowledge gaps. To this end, we propose a problem-based framework for contextualizing sustainability assessment within design engineering curricula. Our framework makes it possible for embedding sustainability related concepts within traditional engineering courses and promotes discovery learning among students by means of design exploration. We illustrate our approach using a shape synthesis task that integrates environmental assessment into design by constraining the decision space for domain specific variables. Results from a user survey for analyzing the effects of our framework show its ability to promote both awareness and applicability of sustainable design concepts as well as its potential for use in existing engineering curricula.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Atmospheric extinction effect on analysis of UV fluorescence signatures.

The atmospheric extinction effect on the analysis of UV fluorescence lidar returns was simulated utilizing a UV propagation model and rank annihilation–factor analysis.