cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of relative ply orientation on the through-thickness permeability of unidirectional fabrics

Abstract When unidirectional stitched fabrics are used as reinforcement in composites, plies are typically stacked on top of each other to build up the desired thickness. Strength and stiffness requirements dictate the orientation of individual layers and the accuracy of angular alignment is limited. A pressure differential across the thickness is used to distribute the resin, either from a pre-impregnated fabric or injected from a resin source, to occupy all of the empty spaces between the fibers. This process is commonly modeled using Darcy’s law, which describes flow of resin through porous media in which the flow rate is directly proportional to the applied pressure differential by the through-thickness permeability of the fabric. A different orientation between layers or even a slight misalignment during the stacking can change the through-thickness permeability dramatically due the change of resin pathways. In this work, we characterize the through-thickness permeability of a series of unidirectional fabrics stacked in various orientations to address both the effect of stacking sequence and those of misalignment of the individual layers. We conduct numerical simulations to predict the effect of change in fiber orientation on the through-thickness permeability. The results from the numerical model are compared with experimental measurements. Our results show that averaging approach is not suitable to calculate the through-thickness permeability component when using unidirectional fabrics and that the stacking sequence of the unidirectional fabrics may significantly influence the through-thickness permeability. We also show that the effects of small misalignments between individual layers do not significantly modify the transverse flow.
Morphological changes in nylon 6 and effect on mechanical properties. II. Dynamic mechanical properties

Dynamic mechanical measurements were carried out on nylon 6 film treated with heat and swelling agents to produce changes in the crystalline morphology. The original smectic hexagonal crystal form was changed by heat treatment and phenol treatment to an unoriented and oriented α-crystalline form, respectively, and by I2/KI treatment to a preferentially oriented γ-crystalline form. The behavior of the αa mechanical loss peak located at about +70°C was investigated in most detail. This peak was independent of frequency on the low-temperature side of the peak but markedly frequency-dependent on the high-temperature side. The low-temperature side of the peak probably represents a thermodynamically controlled “melting” or bond-breaking process which frees molecular units to participate in a viscoelastic relaxation process which is the controlling factor in the high-temperature side of the peak. Frequency-temperature superposition of data from the high-temperature side of the peak gave shift factor values which showed two straight-line regions in the Arrhenius plot for the specimens containing some smectic hexagonal form, and a single straight line in the other cases. Activation energy values obtained were 30–50 kcal. The αa peak split into two components with an increase in absorbed phenol, indicating that two loss mechanisms corresponding to two noncrystalline phases (one amorphous and one more highly ordered or hindered) are involved.
Back to the Future : Transition From Operations to Research

Successful transition into a (robust and vibrant) enterprise realization of the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS), and the Integrated Earth Observations System (IEOS) as the US component, spans a domain that includes: (1) the transition from research to operations across the "valleys of death and lost opportunities"; (2) the linkage of observations, analysis and modeling systems through data assimilation and the global forecast system; (3) stakeholders aligned along an "axis of good" that includes NSF, NASA, NOAA and its Cooperative Institutes, and end users who deliver socioeconomic benefits. An often-overlooked, yet critical, element of this enterprise is the bidirectional nature of the interfaces; specifically, the transition from operations to research. It is this return path that empowers the iterative and continuously improving nature of the enterprise. This paper evaluates three "best of breed" systems that are designed to exploit and enable the operations-to-research transition: the University of Wisconsin- Madison's Man computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) V, the NOAA/National Weather Service's Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) II, and the Air Force's Joint Environmental Toolkit (JET). From these, lessons learned and common attributes are identified. These provide a set of demonstrated and success-oriented best practices that future environmental systems may consider for incorporation into their objectives and requirements.
Neuroendocrine control of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. I. Direct evidence for separate episodic and basal components of FSH secretion.

Continuous sampling of hypophyseal portal blood from unrestrained sheep is providing an unprecedented means for measuring and defining the characteristics of the secretory profile of GnRH. With this method, GnRH has been shown to be released in discrete pulses lasting 5–8 min, with the amplitude of some pulses exceeding 50-fold. Although the relationship between these pulses and the accompanying pulses of LH measured in the jugular vein are unambiguous, the relationship of GnRH pulses to the release of FSH has not been well defined due to the longer clearance of FSH. In previous studies we have shown that hypophyseal portal blood, in addition to serving as a source material for hypothalamic secretions, provides a means to define secretory patterns of pituitary hormones. Because of this we hypothesized that the GnRH-FSH secretory relationships would be easier to define in hypophyseal portal than in jugular vein blood before the secretory products are subjected to dispersion and clearance in circulation. To...
AGING AND THE ADRENAL CORTEX

Abstract —Aging in humans is accompanied by an increase in adrenal glucocorticoid secretion and a decline in adrenal androgen synthesis and secretion. The intense interest in adrenal function in aging individuals in recent years is in large measure related to the potential impact of cortisol excess in the development of cognitive impairment and hippocampal neuronal loss, and to the desire to provide hormone replacement and healthy aging. Although the preliminary data is tantalizing, solid scientific evidence are not at hand. It is apparent that both issues are extremely complex. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its 3β-sulfate are fascinating molecules, including their synthesis and actions in the brain. Recent studies have shown that DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S), but not DHEA, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in the liver, an intracellular receptor belonging to the steroid receptor superfamily. Thus, DHEA-S may serve as a physiological modulator of liver fatty acid metabolism and peroxisomal enzyme expression, and thereby may contribute to the anticarcinogenic and chemoprotective properties of this intriguing class of endogenous steroids. The life-sustaining role of adrenal cortisol secretion and its regulation of metabolism via catabolic actions may be modulated by its partner DHEA and DHEA-S. During the anabolic growth period (childhood and early adulthood) the body is exposed to relatively high levels of DHEA/DHEA-S but to relatively or absolutely high levels of cortisol during infancy and the aging phase. The cortisol/DHEA-S ratio during the life span follows a U-shape curve, which may be telling us to explore these two critical adrenal steroids in tandem.
Nurture affects gender differences in spatial abilities

Women remain significantly underrepresented in the science, engineering, and technology workforce. Some have argued that spatial ability differences, which represent the most persistent gender differences in the cognitive literature, are partly responsible for this gap. The underlying forces at work shaping the observed spatial ability differences revolve naturally around the relative roles of nature and nurture. Although these forces remain among the most hotly debated in all of the sciences, the evidence for nurture is tenuous, because it is difficult to compare gender differences among biologically similar groups with distinct nurture. In this study, we use a large-scale incentivized experiment with nearly 1,300 participants to show that the gender gap in spatial abilities, measured by time to solve a puzzle, disappears when we move from a patrilineal society to an adjoining matrilineal society. We also show that about one-third of the effect can be explained by differences in education. Given that none of our participants have experience with puzzle solving and that villagers from both societies have the same means of subsistence and shared genetic background, we argue that these results show the role of nurture in the gender gap in cognitive abilities.
Advanced thin zeolite/metal flat sheet membrane for energy efficient air dehumidification and conditioning

Abstract Air conditioning consumes a very large amount of electricity globally. Energy efficiency of the conventional vapor compression cooling is low in warm and humid climates due to water condensation. Membrane separation is viewed as one efficient process for air dehumidification. In this paper, we report the development of a novel thin flat sheet zeolite membrane for the air dehumidification application. The membrane is prepared by deposition of an ultra-thin H2O-selective zeolite membrane film (~3 μm) on a thin (~50 μm) porous metal sheet support. Under separation temperature of 32 °C and feed air relative humidity (RH) of 90%, a quality membrane shows water permeance as high as 6.8×10−6 mol m−2 Pa−1 s−1, which is about 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the previously reported in the literature, and a water vapor/air separation factor over 300. In addition, this zeolite/metal thin-sheet membrane exhibits excellent stability as no apparent decline of separation performances is observed during 8-day continuous testing with humid in-house air. To simulate various climate conditions, the membrane is tested over a range of separation conditions which include temperature, feed air RH, and permeate pressure. It is estimated that 50% or higher energy efficiency gain over the conventional vapor compression system can be obtained when the membrane separation factor is above 200. The results suggest the possibility to develop an on-line, compact membrane dehumidifier for significant enhancement of air conditioning energy efficiency.
Determination of Optimum Cattle Systems for Tropical and Subtropical Livestock Enterprises

Abstract A method is given for selecting by economic criteria the optimal cattle system for tropical and subtropical livestock enterprises. Budgets are presented for four types of operation: steer fattening, cow-calf, dairy only, and dual purpose (milk and beef). An explanation of decision criteria of production economics in given as well as the method for cattle enterprises of equating marginal revenue and marginal cost or, alternatively, where marginal value product equals input cost. Simple budgeting is adequate as an analytical tool where there are no major constraints such as labor or capital placed on an operation in which only one enterprise, cattle, is used.
Cambrian initiation of the Las Pirquitas thrust of the western Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the proto-Andean margin of South America

The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar hornblende crystallization ages from the Las Pirquitas thrust of the Sierra de Pie de Palo, Argentina, indicate that imbrication of the proto-Andean margin had initiated by ca. 515 Ma. The ages do not permit the Pie de Palo block to represent basement of the adjacent Argentine Precordillera terrane, but rather require it to be a separate fragment not juxtaposed with the Precordillera prior to the Ordovician. The Pie de Palo block was likely autochthonous to the Famatina arc of the proto-Andean margin in the Early Cambrian. When combined with existing regional ages of magmatism, metamorphism, and deformation, the ages suggest that east-dipping subduction beneath the Famatina arc initiated by the Early to Middle Cambrian. The newly established convergent margin resulted from a westward shift of the plate boundary at the end of the Pampean orogeny in the eastern Sierras Pampeanas. The Famatina arc persisted as an Andean-type active margin until the collision and accretion of the Precordillera terrane in the Middle Ordovician.
A 15-year experience with permanent pacemaker and defibrillator lead and patch extractions.

Background The value of extraction of infected or hazardous epicardial and endocardial pacemaker and internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) leads is well established. Recent reviews including all leads and patches are lacking. This review describes experience with open and percutaneous techniques, including all lead types and indications. Methods With Institutional Review Board approval, we reviewed charts of all adults and children undergoing extraction of permanent pacemaker and ICD leads and patches by a single operator between 1993 and 2008. Results Overall, 145 leads and 7 patches were removed from 79 patients. Dwell time averaged 56.2 months. The commonest indications for extraction were infection (73.4%) or risk of lead fracture (20.3%). Most leads (84.2%) were extracted percutaneously. Removal was complete for 131 leads (86.2%) and partial in 14. Incomplete lead removal was rarely associated with clinical complications. Minor complications occurred in 6 patients (7.6%) and major complications occurred in 3 (3.8%). The major complication rate was 16.7% for the open group and 1.5% in the percutaneous group. Conclusions Pacemaker and ICD infections generally respond to antibiotics, complete hardware removal, and a hardware free interval. However, these principles cannot always be invoked, and the risk of complications is likely to increase when hardware cannot be completely removed or when a hardware-free interval is unsafe or inadvisable. Percutaneous lead extraction is superior to open extraction in terms of safety and comfort, but epicardial extraction techniques remain critically important in selected patients.
Reaction intermediates produced in 2-methyltetrahydrothiophene and its solutions in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran by. gamma. radiolysis and photolysis at 77 K

The optical and ESR spectra of the trapped intermediates produced by ..gamma.. irradiation of the cyclic thioether 2-methyltetrahydrothiophene (MTHT) in the glassy state at 77 K have been investigated for the purpose of comparing the radiation chemistry of MTHT with that of the much studied oxygen analogue 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF). The MTHT, in contrast to MTHF, does not physically trap electrons. The electrons react with the MTHT producing a product or products, with a broad absorption at 460 nm, assigned to paramagnetic anions such as CH/sub 3/CH/sub 2/CH/sub 2/CH/sub 2/CHS- or CH/sub 3/CH/sub 2/CH/sub 2/C(CH/sub 3/)S-. A band centered at 625 nm, which is reduced by positive charge scavengers, is attributed to the cation radical of MTHT. Both the ESR and optical spectra show selective bleaching effects with near-ultraviolet and visible light. The products of ..gamma.. radiolysis of solutions of 10 percent of MTHT in MTHF glass reveal both the electron scavenging ability of MTHT and positive charge stabilization by MTHF. Photolysis of MTHT glass at 254 nm produces thiyl radicals. Photoionization of tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) in MTHT glass is accompanied by formation of MTHT radicals.
Growth of Parainfluenza Virus in Perfused Human Embryonic Lung

SummaryThis report describes a relatively simple apparatus for the investigation of infectious agents propagated in intact, perfused, mammalian organs. Results of pilot experiments with parainfluenza virus in perfused isolated human embryonic lung preparations are summarized.
Opportunities and challenges of combustion in microgravity

Abstract This review considers the opportunities for enhanced fundamental combustion understanding from experiments where effects of buoyancy are eliminated, and the new challenges of fire safety considerations in nonbuoyant (spacecraft) environments. The following specific microgravity combustion phenomena are considered: stretched flames, flamefront instabilities, flammability limits and near-limit phenomena of gaseous premixed flames; structure, stability and soot processes in gaseous nonpremixed flames; flame propagation, smoldering and materials synthesis in heterogeneous premixed flames; flame spread, gasification and combustion in heterogeneous nonpremixed flames; flame-inhibiting atmospheres, fire detection and extinguishment in spacecraft environments; and ground-based (drop tower and aircraft), sounding rocket and space-based (shuttle, space station) microgravity combustion research facilities that are either available or anticipated. The findings of the review highlight how buoyancy has impeded the rational development of combustion science, precluding observations of fundamental one-dimensional configurations, low Reynolds number flows and other limiting conditions that have been invaluable for developing understanding in other areas of science. Thus, experiments at microgravity provide an opportunity to finally merge theories and experiments for classical problems in order to advance the fundamental understanding of combustion phenomena. Additionally, combustion processes have been shown to be very different at normal gravity and microgravity so that improved understanding of combustion at microgravity is needed in order to address fire and explosion safety considerations for spacecraft.
Smoking, birthweight, and mortality across generations

This editorial refers to ‘Cardiovascular mortality in relation to birth weight of children and grandchildren in 500 000 Norwegian families’[†][1], by O. Naess et al. , on page 3427 Beginning in the 1980s there has been considerable research into the possible role that the intrauterine environment may have in ‘programming’ adult disease— in particular, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes—in later life. The original ‘foetal-origins’ hypothesis was developed by David Barker and colleagues at the University of Southampton who produced a substantial number of reports detailing the possible effects that poor maternal and foetal nutrition (as measured most often by birthweight) had on cardiovascular risk factors and mortality in later life.1 This ‘foetal-programming’ was suggested to be an adaptive response made by the fetus in order to survive a suboptimal ‘intrauterine’ environment whilst simultaneously rendering the same individual at greater risk of chronic disease in adulthood. Andrew Hattersley and colleagues subsequently proposed an alternative explanation. They suggested that genetic factors were primarily responsible for both foetal growth restriction and the development of insulin resistance and other cardiovascular disorders in adult life, the ‘foetal-insulin’ hypothesis.2 However, trying to disentangle any genetic effects—‘nature’—from the impact of the maternal and foetal environment—‘nurture’—on the associations between birthweight and disease in adult life is a challenging undertaking. Naess and colleagues have now explored the relationships between offspring birthweight and CVD mortality in both parents and grandparents among half a million Norwegian families.3 By doing so, they hoped to elucidate the potential pathways—nature, nuture, or a combination thereof—that mediate the reported associations between low birthweight and … [1]: #fn-2
Subcellular Localization of Human Voltage-dependent Anion Channel Isoforms ∗

The voltage-dependent anion channel of the outer mitochondrial membrane, VDAC (also known as mitochondrial porin), is a small abundant protein which forms a voltage-gated pore when incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. This protein forms the primary pathway for movement of major metabolites through the outer membrane. Recently, it has been demonstrated that two human VDAC genes, HVDAC1 and HVDAC2, produce three proteins that differ most significantly at their amino termini. These results suggest that the distinct amino termini lead to the targeting of individual VDAC isoforms to different cellular compartments. Consistent with this hypothesis, recent reports suggest that HVDAC1 is found in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. To define the subcellular location of HVDAC isoforms, HVDAC genes were modified so that the encoded proteins contain COOH-terminal epitopes recognized by either of two monoclonal antibodies. Introduction of these epitope tags had no effect on the function of modified VDAC proteins. Epitope-tagged proteins were then individually expressed in COS7 cells or rat astrocytes and the intracellular location of each isoform subsequently identified by subcellular fractionation, light level immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. Our results demonstrate that each HVDAC protein is exclusively located in fractions or subcellular regions containing mitochondrial marker proteins. In addition, immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy show that an individual mitochondrion can contain both HVDAC1 and HVDAC2. Our results call into question previous reports demonstrating VDAC molecules in the plasma membrane and suggest that functional differences between individual VDAC isoforms may result in distinct regulatory processes within a single mitochondrion.
Increased Preferential Optic Disc Asymmetry in Ocular Hypertensive Patients Compared with Control Subjects

Abstract The authors determined asymmetrical differences in optic disc cupping and pallor between the right and left eyes of 57 control subjects and 75 patients with ocular hypertension. Photogrammetry was used to measure the optic disc cup, and computerized image analysis was used to measure the optic disc pallor for the total disc and its quadrants. Generally, for control and ocular hypertensive eyes, the median values of cupping and pallor were significantly larger in the left eye than in the right, except for depth in the inferior quadrant (right eye minus left eye=9.3%, P = 0.000) and pallor in the nasal quadrant (right eye minus left eye=21.3%, P=0.01), which were preferentially larger in the right eye than in the left in ocular hypertensive eyes. Ocular hypertensive eyes also showed a greater difference between the right and left eyes compared with control eyes for inferior depth ( P = 0.06) and nasal pallor ( P = 0.02). Detection of optic disc differences as a sign of ocular hypertension between the right eye and the left should evaluate the inferior and nasal quadrants of the disc.
Genetic diagnosis in pediatric cardiomyopathy: Clinical application and research perspectives

There has been tremendous growth in the application of genetics to the clinical practice of pediatric cardiomyopathy. The identification of the genetic basis for cardiomyopathies is important for establishing a causal diagnosis, providing definitive identification of at risk family members, and providing cost-effective screening and surveillance. Additional research is needed to better understand the genetic heterogeneity of cardiomyopathy in children, the implications of specific genotypes, the best approach to cardiac surveillance and genetic testing, and the utility of genotyping for individual risk stratification. As the technology for evaluation of the human genome continues to improve, there is an increasing need for assessment of clinical relevance and utility. This is coupled with an ongoing need for education and training of professionals to interpret and implement genomics in a clinical setting.
Race, Inequality, and Anti-Chinese Violence in the Netherlands Indies

Abstract Movements in wages for subjects of the Netherlands Indies for the period 1908–1917 are analyzed. The analysis reveals a sharp increase in inequality between the ethnic indigenous and Chinese communities between 1910 and 1916, the period of the birth and rise of the anti-Chinese Sarekat Islam movements in Java. It also reveals that this inequality was most severe in a number of residencies of Java, where the movements first took hold. While there is statistical evidence of a link between interracial wage differentials and anti-Chinese violence, there is no link between absolute wages and violence. This evidence suggests that “relative deprivation” is important in understanding ethnic tension.
Multiplexed coherent optical processor for calculating generalized moments

A coherent optical processor capable of calculating generalized moments of a two-dimensional pattern is described. A spatial-frequency multiplexing scheme is used to provide for parallel computation of multiple moments. The use of a computer-generated holographic mask permits complete flexibility in choosing moment-generating functions; e.g., the functions could be complex or have a predetermined weighting function. Experimentally, calculation of five geometric moments (corresponding to x, y, xy, x2, and y2) is demonstrated for simple objects. The special features of the proposed coherent optical processor and its space–bandwidth requirements are also discussed.
Energy-dependent nuclear binding dictates metallothionein localization.

Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight, stress-activated proteins that protect cells against heavy metals, oxidants, and some electrophilic drugs. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic MT phenotypes have been observed in cells even though MTs (6 kDa) are well below the size exclusion limit for diffusion through the nuclear envelope. To study the factors controlling MT subcellular partitioning, we covalently linked MTII to a fluorescent label and examined its subcellular distribution in response both to pharmacologic and physical perturbations. Fluorescent MTII localized to the nucleus of digitonin-permeabilized human SCC25 carcinoma cells, consistent with its endogenous distribution in these cells. Nuclear sequestration of the fluorescent MTII was inhibited by a 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled MTII and by wheat germ agglutinin, indicating a saturable binding mechanism and the involvement of one or more glycoproteins, respectively. Depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inhibited MTII nuclear localization, implying energy-dependent nuclear translocation or retention of MT. Neither chilling nor the absence of cytosolic extracts inhibited nuclear sequestration of MTII, supporting diffusion-based entry mechanism. In situ biochemical extractions of the nuclear MTII revealed at least two distinct binding activities. Collectively, these data indicate that MTII diffuses into the nucleus of SCC25 cells, where it is selectively and actively retained by nuclear binding factors, imparting its localization phenotype.
Geometries For Optical Implementations Of The Perfect Shuffle

his paper describes optical techniques for implementing volume, dynamic interconnection networks based on perfect shuffles and general shuffles. A mathematical description of 1-D and 2-D general shuffle permutations is given, including a discussion of separable and folded shuffles. An experimental optical system that implements the 2-D separable perfect shuffle, the 2-D folded perfect shuffle, and the 2-D separable 3-shuffle is described. The combination of shuffle permutation stages with optoelectronic dynamic switching elements can implement multistage networks and more general parallel signal processing architectures.
Properties of ATP-induced chlorophyll luminescence in chloroplasts☆

Abstract 1. The recently described reaction of ATP-induced luminescence is analyzed for its relation to other ATP-induced reactions such as ATP-driven transmembrane proton gradient formation and ATP-driven reverse electron flow. 2. In the absence of phenazine methosulfate ATP-induced luminescence is optimal while the main phase of ATP-driven reverse electron flow is eliminated. 3. DCMU which by itself causes a much smaller luminescence, inhibits the ATP-induced luminescence. 4. Nigericin plus valinomycin, but not each by itself, fully inhibit the ATP-induced luminescence. 5. The observations are interpreted as indicating that ATP stimulates luminescence by a 2-fold mechanism: (a) increasing the amount of the reduced primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II, Q, and (b) creating a transmembrane electrochemical potential which serves to decrease the activation energy required for the charge recombination reaction which leads to luminescence.
Application of the Equation-of-Motion Method to the Spectrum of Superfluid Helium. I

The two three-body correlation terms occurring in the equation of motion for the density response function are expressed in terms of three-point vertex functions. By neglecting retardation effects in the latter, this leads to frequency-dependent effective kinetic and potential energies ${K}_{\mathrm{eff}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}, \ensuremath{\omega})$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{eff}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}, \ensuremath{\omega})$. ${K}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is expressed by the one-particle correlation functions and ${V}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ by the density correlation function. ${K}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ determine the density response function $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}, \ensuremath{\omega})$, the poles of which define the phonon-roton spectrum ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{q}$. In addition, an eigenvalue equation is derived which is shown to have two distinct eigenvalues. While the first is again ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{q}$, the second is identified with the diffuse second branch recently found by Cowley and Woods. It is shown that in the limit $q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ the two eigenvalues both merge into the free-particle spectrum. The limit $q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ of the two eigenvalues as well as the end-point singularity of the phonon-roton branch are discussed in a second paper.
Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on YouTube

YouTube is a public video-sharing website where people can experience varying degrees of engagement with videos, ranging from casual viewing to sharing videos in order to maintain social relationships. Based on a one-year ethnographic project, this article analyzes how YouTube participants developed and maintained social networks by manipulating physical and interpretive access to their videos. The analysis reveals how circulating and sharing videos reflects different social relationships among youth. It also identifies varying degrees of "publicness" in video sharing. Some participants exhibited "publicly private" behavior, in which video makers' identities were revealed, but content was relatively private because it was not widely accessed. In contrast, "privately public" behavior involved sharing widely accessible content with many viewers, while limiting access to detailed information about video producers' identities.
Hazard Detection on Runways using Image processing Techniques

With the tremendous increase in the number of air passengers in the past years, aviation safety has been of utmost importance. At any given point of time, there will be several flights lining up for landing. Landing in good visibility conditions is not a problem. However, the problem arises when we have poor visibility conditions, especially foggy conditions. The pilot finds it difficult to land the flight in poor visibility conditions because of the difficulty to spot the runway clearly. This paper presents a novel method for detecting the runways and hazards on it in poor visibility conditions using image processing techniques. The first step is to obtain the images of a runway on a clear day and compute the smoothness coefficient followed by edge detection, using the SUSAN edge detection algorithm and then finally develop a database of the smoothness coefficients and edge detected images. Now, for the foggy images we compute the smoothness coefficient. Typically, foggy images have low contrast. Hence, before we perform edge detection, we enhance the image using Multi-Scale Retinex (msr). msr provides the low contrast enhancement and color constancy, required to enhance foggy images, by performing non-linear spatial/spectral transforms. After enhancement, the next step is to run the same edge detection algorithm with appropriate thresholds. Finally we determine a hazard by comparing the edge detected images of images taken under clear and foggy conditions. The paper also compares the results of the SUSAN edge detection algorithm with the state of art edge detection techniques.
Is Autism a Member of a Family of Diseases Resulting from Genetic/Cultural Mismatches? Implications for Treatment and Prevention

Several lines of evidence support the view that autism is a typical member of a large family of immune-related, noninfectious, chronic diseases associated with postindustrial society. This family of diseases includes a wide range of inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune diseases and results from consequences of genetic/culture mismatches which profoundly destabilize the immune system. Principle among these consequences is depletion of important components, particularly helminths, from the ecosystem of the human body, the human biome. Autism shares a wide range of features in common with this family of diseases, including the contribution of genetics/epigenetics, the identification of disease-inducing triggers, the apparent role of immunity in pathogenesis, high prevalence, complex etiologies and manifestations, and potentially some aspects of epidemiology. Fortunately, using available resources and technology, modern medicine has the potential to effectively reconstitute the human biome, thus treating or even avoiding altogether the consequences of genetic/cultural mismatches which underpin this entire family of disease. Thus, if indeed autism is an epidemic of postindustrial society associated with immune hypersensitivity, we can expect that the disease is readily preventable.
Production of guanine from NH(4)CN polymerizations

The synthesis of adenine from the polymerization of concentrated ammonium cyanide solutions is well known. We show here that guanine is also produced by this reaction but at yields ranging from 10 to 40 times less than that of adenine. This synthesis is effective at both +80 and -20 degrees C. Since high concentrations of NH(4)CN are obtainable only by freezing, this prebiotic synthesis would be applicable to frozen regions of the primitive Earth, the Jovian satellite Europa and other icy satellites, and the parent body of the Murchison meteorite.
The Feminist Identity Development Model: Relevant for Young Women Today?

We explored whether the Downing and Roush model of feminist identity development is relevant for young women today. Two-hundred seventeen older and younger feminists and non-feminists were recruited on a college campus and online in the United States. They completed, online, the Feminist Identity Composite and reported whether they would have endorsed items for each stage more strongly in the past. Qualitative data was collected about prior stage experience. Older feminists scored higher in active commitment, and younger feminists scored higher in revelation. Feminist self-identification did not relate to synthesis scores, and young women high in synthesis did not report much prior stage experience. We postulate that synthesis is a starting point for young women, rather than an ending point.
Testing A Model Of Signals In The IPO Offer Process

This study examines agency and market signals related to a sample of high-technology firms seeking an initial public offering (IPO). We test a model of the IPO offer process in high-technology firms. Results indicate that certain pre-market and primary market factors affect the offer price received by entrepreneurs and investors, while the secondary market factor did not. Our model may help entrepreneurs position their organization prior to and during the IPO process.
Structure and Energetics of Gd(III) Interactions with Water and Ammonia

The geometry, binding energies, and isotropic hyperfine coupling constants of Gd(III)−ligand interactions in the Gd3+(H2O) and Gd3+(NH3) complexes have been determined by electronic structure metho...
Subpopulations in closed-head injury: Preliminary results

The classification systems currently utilized to categorize closed-head injury (CHI) patients are all based on severity levels. However, these scales are unable to account for the wide variability among CHI patients. Another way to classify these patients is to use the clinical picture independent of the overall severity level. That approach is used with aphasic patients but not with the CHI population. These preliminary data indicate that there are distinct subgroups in the CHI population. These subgroups can be identified by their overall pattern of performance on a battery of tests covering language, memory, visuospatial, cognitive and discourse skills. The characteristics of the tentative subgroups are described, but a more extensive study is needed to confirm the robustness of this classification.
Organisms and their Bodies: Response to LaPorte

I argue that a corpse cannot be identified with an earlier living body, because it acquires and retains parts in different ways. Contrary to what Joseph LaPorte maintains, there can be neither one principle of part-assimilation nor a non-disjunctive account of persistence conditions that can establish the identity of a living body and a later corpse.
Proliferative Glomerulonephritis in Lupus Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Difficult Clinical Challenge

Objectives To describe the unusual occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with nephritis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Methods Chart review-based report of a case of SLE with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) in an HIV-infected man, together with a literature review of previously published cases. We searched the English language medical literature from 1987 to 2009 using the following PubMed and Medline terms: "SLE," "HIV," "DPGN." In addition, we researched the role of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the treatment of patients with HIV by using the keywords "MMF" and "HIV". Results An 18-year-old male patient with vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection presented with malaise, weight loss, malar rash, arthritis, proteinuria, and hematuria. Kidney biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of lupus nephritis (Class IV). He was treated successfully with high-dose corticosteroids and MMF, which were added to his baseline treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The review of the literature identified a total of 18 cases of SLE appearing in HIV+ individuals, of which 11 patients had lupus nephritis. Among the latter, there were only 5 cases of proliferative (focal or diffuse) glomerulonephritis, and their treatment consisted mainly of high-dose corticosteroids. The short-term outcome was favorable in 4 cases and 1 patient died. Conclusions Proliferative lupus nephritis is rare in HIV-infected patients. A detailed analysis of the cases may lead to important insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of both diseases. Considering its complex interaction with antiviral medications, MMF may be considered for the treatment of lupus with severe proliferative glomerulonephritis in HIV-infected individuals.
What Makes People Hot? Applying the Situational Theory of Problem Solving to Hot-Issue Publics

Using a controversial issue that has drawn massive media coverage in South Korea, the government decision to resume imports of US beef, this study tested the applicability of the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) to the rise of a hot-issue public. A survey of 300 respondents explored the perceptual, cognitive, and motivational antecedents of active information behaviors. Results suggest that the STOPS applies well to this unique sociopolitical situation, and that the theory works cross-culturally not only in the United States, but also in South Korea. In addition, we examined the role of cross-situational characteristics in detail, looking at whether political interest, prior experience in protest, and other sociodemographics could affect situational perceptions and cognitive frames. Theoretical and practical implications for future research and practices are discussed.
The GenAlg project: developing a new integrating data model, language, and tool for managing and querying genomic information

Life scientists are faced with a rapidly increasing accumulation of data stored in large genomic repositories like EMBL, GenBank, SwissProt, and DDBJ, to name a few. The flood of genomic data, their high variety and heterogeneity in semantics, formats and access methods, their semi-structured nature, and the increasing complexity of biological applications and methods mean that many and very important challenges in biology are now challenges in computing.
A parallel-plate rheometer for the measurement of steady-state and transient rheological properties

A parallel-plate rheometer (PPR) has been constructed for use with the Materials Test System (MTS) for the measurement of fast transient and steady-state responses of polymeric liquids. This particular combination exploits the versatility and capability of the MTS programmable drive system, while the design of the PPR ensures the ideal simple shearing configuration. Instrument compliance, material inertia and mechanical lag in both the input and output components of the system are minimal, thus avoiding defects of most existing rheometers. Reproducible data on a 20% polyisobutylene-in-decalin solution have been obtained for various complicated flow programs. This test system is thus suitable for extensive rheological characterization of complex viscous liquids.
The trouble with the Congo: local violence and the failure of international peacebuilding

The trouble with the Congo: local violence and the failure of international peacebuilding, by Severine Autesserre, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, xxi + 311 pp., £18.99 (paperback), IS...
Straddling the humanities and social sciences: The research process of music scholars

Abstract Few research projects have focused on the information needs of the music scholar. What is known about the information needs of the music scholar has been gathered through large-scale studies of various humanistic disciplines. This article describes a six-stage model of the music scholar’s research process. The model was constructed contextually through interviews with 30 music scholars who were asked to describe a recently completed research project. Research activities pertaining to specific stages in the research process are identified and described. This study compares existing models of the research process of other humanities scholars and explores the implications for library and information science professionals.
AN EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY-BASED TRAVEL ANALYSIS

This paper is a review and assessment of the contributions made by “activity-based approaches” to the understanding and forecasting of travel behavior. In their brief history of approximately a decade, activity-based analyses have received extensive interest. This work has led to an accumulation of empirical evidence and new insights and has made substantial contributions toward the better understanding of travel behavior. However, practical applications of the approach in transportation planning and policy development have been scarce. Based on an analysis of the inherent characteristics of the activity-based approach, a review of recent (after the 1981 Oxford conference) developments, and a synthesis of the findings from past empirical studies, this study attempts to evaluate the contribution made by activity-based analyses and determine the reasons for the limited practical application. Recommendations are made for the future development of activity-based analysis as a science of travel behavior and as a tool in the practice of transportation planning and policy development.
Polypeptide bound to the host RNA polymerase is specified by T4 control gene 33.

DURING its life cycle, coliphage T4 expresses its genes in a controlled sequence. Early in infection, protein synthesis is primarily limited to products which are needed for T4 specific DNA metabolism1–4. After T4 DNA replication begins, most “early” proteins are no longer produced and instead the “late” proteins, which include phage structural and maturation elements and products necessary for lysis, are synthesized1–3,5–8.
An analysis of reliable delivery specifications for Web services

Reliable delivery of messages is now a key component of the Web Services roadmap, with two promising, and competing, specifications in this area viz. WS-reliability (WSR) from OASIS and WS-reliable messaging (WSRM) from IBM and Microsoft. In this paper we provide an analysis of these specifications. Our investigations have been aimed at identifying the similarities and divergence in philosophies of these specifications. We also include a gap analysis and recommendations regarding the gaps identified by the gap analysis.
The high frequency electrocardiogram in coronary artery disease.

Abstract The high-frequency ECG clearly contains information not available in the conventional ECG. Patients with angina pectoris could not be identified as statistically different from the normal group based on notching, although isolated examples existed. MI, on the other hand, manifested abnormal notch counts in the presence or absence of abnormal Q-waves. We were unable to correlate the treadmill exercise test or the site of the arterial lesion with the high-frequency ECG. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.
Expanding Arts Education in a Digital Age

This article proposes a way to expand the study of arts education within new contexts of technology and globalization. Drawing upon theories that have informed arts and aesthetic education in the past, the authors suggest new applications for these ideas to ensure that arts education sustains its significance in twenty-first-century society. The article makes suggestions about how to redirect arts education policy to keep pace with rapid global and technological changes and developments in new media learning as students presently experience them. As an example of this change, a digital humanities project that uses Rembrandt's art as a teaching resource is highlighted, and suggestions are made on how the program may be used to advance arts education and arts policy.
Effects of copper, cadmium, lead, and arsenic in a live diet on juvenile fish growth

The effects of diet-borne copper, cadmium, lead, and arsenic on juvenile fish were evaluated using a live diet consisting of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. In 30 d exposures, no effects we...
Progressive Mining of Transition Dynamics for Autonomous Control

Autonomous agents are emerging in diverse areas and many rely on reinforcement learning (RL) to learn optimal control policies by acting in the environment. This form of learning generates large amounts of transition dynamics data, which can be mined to improve the agent's understanding of the environment. There could be many uses for this data, here we focus on mining it to identify a relevant feature subspace. This is vital since RL performs poorly in high-dimensional spaces, such as those that autonomous agents would commonly face in real-world problems. This paper demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of integrating data mining into the learning process while an agent is learning, enabling it to learn to act by both acting and understanding. Doing so requires overcoming challenges regarding data quantity and quality, and difficulty measuring feature relevance with respect to the control policy. We propose the progressive mining framework to address these challenges by relying on cyclic interaction between data mining and RL. We show that a feature selection algorithm developed under this framework, PROFESS, can improve RL scalability better than a competing approach.