cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John Lancaster Spalding (1840-1916): A Catalyst for Social Reform

The life and work of John Lancaster Spalding focused on the importance of Catholic ideals of life and education in the development of the human person and society in order to fit them to the high purpose of participating in God’s reign on earth and preparation for humanity’s ultimate end”eternal life with God. Following a brief biographical introduction, this article addresses the central themes of Bishop Spalding’s social thought and proposes that his attempts to articulate a Catholic perspective on social justice issues of his time were among the earliest in the United States. The article concludes by focusing on the importance of the role of education in Spalding’s social thought and proposes some implications for the teaching of peace and justice today.
Polarization and dispersive properties of elliptical-hole photonic crystal fibers

We survey the properties of photonic crystal fibers with elliptical air holes, examining mode shapes, birefringence, group velocity walkoff and dispersion, and cutoff conditions. We find new types of behavior for each quantity and demonstrate the possibility achieving large birefringence with zero walkoff in the single-mode regime. We show that the dispersive properties of the vector modes are closely tied to those of the so-called fundamental space filling modes, and that at long wavelengths, the fibers exhibit a single-polarization single-mode regime of propagation without the presence of material anisotropy.
CHEMICAL QUALITY INDEX OF CANNED TUNA AS DETERMINED BY HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A chemical quality index of canned tuna was established for estimating the extent of decomposition in fresh tuna prior to canning. Histamine has frequently been used as such an indicator but by itself it has not always proved useful. The relationship of 5 amines (histamine, putrestine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidine) was studied to generate a chemical index of tuna decomposition. The amines were extracted from authentic pack and commercially prepared canned tuna samples. The dansyl derivatives were formed and determined by reverse phase, linear gradient elution, high pressure liquid chromatography. An index was developed from the individual amines and the resulting chemical indices scores compared favorably to organoleptic and authentic pack value scores.
Genomic Imprinting Absent in Drosophila melanogaster Adult Females

SUMMARY Genomic imprinting occurs when expression of an allele differs based on the sex of the parent that transmitted the allele. In D. melanogaster, imprinting can occur, but its impact on allelic expression genome-wide is unclear. Here, we search for imprinted genes in D. melanogaster using RNA-seq to compare allele-specific expression between pools of 7- to 10-day-old adult female progeny from reciprocal crosses. We identified 119 genes with allelic expression consistent with imprinting, and these genes showed significant clustering within the genome. Surprisingly, additional analysis of several of these genes showed that either genomic heterogeneity or high levels of intrinsic noise caused imprinting-like allelic expression. Consequently, our data provide no convincing evidence of imprinting for D. melanogaster genes in their native genomic context. Elucidating sources of false-positive signals for imprinting in allele-specific RNA-seq data, as done here, is critical given the growing popularity of this method for identifying imprinted genes.
Report from the AAHE/SOPHE Joint Committee on Ethics

In 1984, the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) and the Association for the Advancement of Health Education (AAHE) convened a joint committee to de velop a profession wide code of ethics for health education. The following article is a compilation of the Committee's work over two years. The Committee's report appears first. It presents the Committee's position on how a code of ethics is developed and constitutes guidelines for future refinements in the code. Appendix A is the SOPHE code of ethics produced in 1976. It is included to show the evolution of the code into its current form as presented in Appendix B. Appendix B is the Code of Ethics devel oped by a SOPHE Committee in 1983. SOPHE and AAHE through a joint committee are continuing efforts to develop a code of ethics for the profession of health educa tion. We invite reader's reactions to the Code. Comments and questions can be di rected to the AAHE/SOPHE Ethics Committee, c/o the Editors of Health Education Quarterly.
Do Liars Believe? Beliefs and Other-Regarding Preferences in Disclosure Settings

Motivated by the analyst and investor setting we examine the behavior of subjects playing both roles of sender and receiver in an information transmission game. We also elicit the subjects’ beliefs of others’ strategic behavior, risk and other-regarding preferences. The results of the experiment indicate that 60 percent of senders adopt deceptive strategies by misreporting information. Nevertheless, 67 percent of receivers appear to believe senders by investing. The trusting behavior of receivers cannot be explained by a standard equilibrium (only 33 percent of subjects behave consistently with equilibrium predictions). However, it can be rationalized by accounting for beliefs (68 percent of subjects behave consistently with their own beliefs). Finally, the honest behavior of some senders can be explained by other-regarding preferences. Thus we find liars do believe, and honest individuals care about the payoffs of others’.
Primary failure of eruption and other eruption disorders—Considerations for management by the orthodontist and oral surgeon

Tooth eruption is a highly variable process, and the disorders that stem from a defective eruption process are often difficult to diagnose. The eruption process can range from normally timed and sequenced events to one characterized by eruption delays or a primary failure of eruption (PFE, OMIM #125350)—with partially or completely unerupted teeth in the absence of a mechanical obstruction. Our understanding of the molecular basis of tooth eruption was drastically strengthened when one gene, parathyroid hormone receptor 1 ( PTH1R ), was found to be causative for familial cases of PFE. Although PFE is a relatively rare condition, knowledge of a biological mechanism underlying the development of PFE illuminates: (1) the influence of genetics on orthodontic tooth movement in general; (2) the differential diagnosis of clinical eruption disorders; and (3) the correlation of a biologic basis with the clinical management of eruption failure. In this article, we consider the best clinical management of eruption disorders from the standpoint of what is known from a biological perspective about normal tooth eruption and therefore eruption disorders. Specifically, how the diagnosis influences the clinical management of eruption disorders using biologic versus clinical factors is considered. These advances in our understanding of normal and abnormal tooth eruption now allow for a systematic clinical diagnostic regime that may include a surgical approach or simply the elimination of treatment with a continuous archwire.
The association between MR T1ρ and T2 of cartilage and patient-reported outcomes after ACL injury and reconstruction

Summary Objective To determine if cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation time measures after ACL injury and prior to reconstruction (baseline) are associated with patient-reported outcomes at baseline, 6-months, and 1-year after surgery. Design Fifty-four ACL-injured participants were scanned in both knees at baseline using 3T MR T1ρ and T2 mapping. Participants also completed Knee-injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Marx activity level questionnaires at baseline, 6-months, and 1-year after reconstruction. The difference between cartilage T1ρ or T2 of the injured and contralateral knee (side-to-side difference, SSD) was calculated to account for physiological variations among patients. Linear regression models were built to evaluate the association between the baseline SSD T1ρ or T2 and KOOS or Marx at all time points. Results Higher baseline SSD T1ρ posterolateral tibia (pLT) was associated with worse KOOS in all subscales except symptoms at baseline, worse KOOS pain at 6-months, and worse KOOS in all subscales except sports function at 1-year. Higher baseline SSD T2 femoral trochlea (TrF) was associated with worse KOOS activities of daily living (ADL) at 1-year. Higher baseline SSD T1ρ pLT was associated with lower Marx activity level at 1-year. More severe cartilage lesions, as assessed by Whole-Organ MRI Scoring (WORMS), was significantly associated with worse KOOS pain at 6-months and 1-year. Conclusion T1ρ and T2 of cartilage after ACL injury were associated with KOOS after injury and both KOOS and Marx after reconstruction. Such associations may help clinicians stratify outcomes post-injury, and thus, improve patient management.
Leaders and Followers: Examining State Court Ordered Education Finance Reform

Much of the state court literature assumes that decisions reached by state courts of last resort are independent of other state courts of last resort. Each state court has its own ideology, a particular set of institutional constraints and confronts different Governors, publics, and state legislatures in rendering decisions. Scholarly research and its assumption of the independence of state level judicial decision making and policy impact stands in marked contrast to much of literature on the state level adoption of policy. This literature has shown that states both often adopt policy that has previously been adopted by neighboring states and learn from or emulate similarly situated states that have previously adopted the policy under consideration. These national or state legislatures look to other nations and states for leadership in a particular policy domain. In this manuscript, we examine the phenomena of state courts emulating other state court rulings through the examination of court ordered state education finance reform and we do so through examining emulation through the three waves of education finance reform. Using a dyadic dataset from 1974 until 2004 we find that state courts do emulate other state courts but that emulation is different from legislative emulation and different for each wave.
Chitosan wound dressing with hexagonal silver nanoparticles for hyperthermia and enhanced delivery of small molecules

Chitosan films were synthesized with hexagonal silver nanoparticles (Ag NP). The unique shape and size of the Ag NP shift the optical absorption into the infrared. Stimulation of the nanoparticles with infrared light was used to generate heat and facilitate intracellular delivery of fluorescently-labeled dextran molecules. Chitosan films prepared with hexagonal or spherical Ag NP were characterized by optical and thermal analyses, and X-ray diffraction. There were found to be slight differences between how the chitosan molecular chains interface with the Ag NP depending upon shape of the nanoparticle. Viability of cells associated with dermal wound healing was evaluated on chitosan films prepared with hexagonal or spherical Ag NP, with both keratinocytes and fibroblasts having normal or moderately enhanced growth on films containing hexagonally-shaped nanoparticles.
Detection and prevention of pulmonary embolism in total hip replacement.

Healthcare costs in the United States continue to rise, and substantial variations in the type, quality, and location of that care persist. It is critically important for all healthcare stakeholders to address and define value in orthopaedic care delivery. Evidence-based orthopaedic care delivery, reliable quality and performance measurement, and the delivery of the best care at the lowest cost are the key strategies to improve the value of musculoskeletal care. A failure to implement these strategies could negatively affect the reimbursement of all healthcare providers--at both the private and government payer levels.
Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus Produced in Different-aged Larvae

As gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae matured, the concentration of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) required to kill 50% of the insects also increased. Based on LC50’s, first instars were ca. 2-,3-,23-, and Ill-fold more susceptible to NPV than second, third, fourth, and fifth instars, respectively. When LC50’s were estimated on the basis of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per milligram of larval body weight, however, fourth instars were most susceptible, followed by third, second, fifth, and first instars. Insects infected as first instars produced the least amount of NPV (ca. 4 × 103 PIB per larva), and NPV yield increased with larval age. NPV yield per milligram of larval tissue increased from ca. 1.45 × 106 PIB (first instar) to ca. 3.2 × 106 PIB (fourth instar) and then fell to ca. 2.2 × 106 PIB (fifth instar). On the basis of LC50’s, NPV activity increased in a linear fashion as the larvae developed from the first to the fourth instar. Virus activity then decreased among fifth-instar donors. These data suggest that NPV yield estimated on a whole-insect basis and on a milligram of larval weight basis are not equivalent, but such parameters as yield per milligram and virus activity appear to be similar. Use of fourth-instar gypsy moth appears to be more advantageous than use of fifth instars for NPV production. Although fourth instars produced only ca. 80% of NPV produced by fifth instars, NPV from fourth instars was ca. 3-fold more active than NPV from fifth instars.
Measuring the Steady-State Properties of Ca2+ Indicators with a Set of Calibrated [Ca2+] Solutions

Fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators are widely used to measure the concentration of free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]free) in biological processes. By calibrating the dye under the same experimental conditions as employed during its planned use, the actual [Ca(2+)] can be calculated from the measured fluorescence. When using non ratiometric dyes, such as the Oregon Green BAPTA (OGB) family of dyes or the Fluo dyes, the steady-state affinity (K(d)) and the ratio between the maximal and minimal fluorescence (F(ratio) = F(max)/F(min)) of the particular dye are needed for this conversion. Although these values are usually given by the manufacturer, we consistently find that the actual values can differ between various batches delivered by the companies that make the dyes. In this protocol, we provide the recipe for a series of solutions with a known and tightly buffered [Ca(2+)](free) and describe how to use these mixtures to determine the exact K(d) and F(ratio) of a fluorescent Ca(2+) dye.
Electronic and chemical structure of the H2O/GaN(0001) interface under ambient conditions

We employed ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the electronic and chemical properties of the H2O/GaN(0001) interface under elevated pressures and/or temperatures. A pristine GaN(0001) surface exhibited upward band bending, which was partially flattened when exposed to H2O at room temperature. However, the GaN surface work function was slightly reduced due to the adsorption of molecular H2O and its dissociation products. At elevated temperatures, a negative charge generated on the surface by a vigorous H2O/GaN interfacial chemistry induced an increase in both the surface work function and upward band bending. We tracked the dissociative adsorption of H2O onto the GaN(0001) surface by recording the core-level photoemission spectra and obtained the electronic and chemical properties at the H2O/GaN interface under operando conditions. Our results suggest a strong correlation between the electronic and chemical properties of the material surface, and we expect that their evolutions lead to significantly different properties at the electrolyte/electrode interface in a photoelectrochemical solar cell.
Impact of Medicare Part D on Racial Disparities in Adherence to Cardiovascular Medications Among the Elderly

Medicare Part D improved medication adherence among the elderly, but to date, its effect on disparities in adherence remains unknown. We estimated Part D impact on racial/ethnic disparities in adherence to cardiovascular medications among seniors, using pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2002-2010) on 14,221 Medicare recipients (65+ years) and 3,456 near-elderly controls (60-64 years). Study sample included White, Black, or Hispanic respondents who used at least one cardiovascular medication. Twelve-month adherence was measured as having an overall proportion of days covered ≥80%. Adherence disparities were defined according to the Institute of Medicine framework. Using difference-in-differences logistic regression, we found Part D to be associated with a 16-percentage-point decrease in the White-Hispanic disparity in overall adherence among seniors, net of the change among controls. Black-White disparities worsened only among men, by 21 percentage points. Increasing access and improving quality of medication use among disadvantaged seniors should remain a policy priority.
Etiology of Ratoon Stunting Disease and Host Resistance

Two similar coryneform bacteria were isolated in pure culture and shown to cause ratoon stunting disease (RSD) of sugarcane and Bermudagrass stunting disease (BSD). The RSD and BSD bacteria were taxonomically characterized and the names, Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli and Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis, were proposed, respectively. Clavibacter was proposed as a new genus containing, in addition to the RSD and BSD bacteria, a number of phytopathogenic coryneform bacteria formerly classified in the genus Corynebacterium. The proposed type species of the new genus is Clavibacter michiganense. Relative susceptibilities of sugarcane cultivars to RSD have been examined on the basis of the correlation between yield reduction and a number of parameters in order to develop effective screening procedures for disease resistance. Population size of C. x. subsp. xyli in stalk intemodes, inoculum dose required to obtain 50% infection I50 and reduction in stalk hydraulic conductivity due to RSD, all correlated with yield reduction. Measuring population size may be the most efficient means to screen for resistance because only infected plants, and not both infected and noninfected plants are required.
The Fate of Copper and Iron During Fermentation of Grape Musts

(1) Identical fermentations were carried out with various concentrations of copper and iron present in the fermenting medium. (2) The removal of copper during fermentation ranged from 40.9 to 89.0 per cent, whereas that of iron ranged from 47.5 fo 70.0 per cent. (3) Of the removed copper, a total of 0.1 to 2.5 mg of copper was found in the yeast washings, whereas 0.97 to 12.2 mg of copper per gm of dried yeast was found in the yeast cells. (4) The removed iron is dispersed as follows: 0.03 to 1.6 (total) mg of iron is found in yeast-washings and 0.47 to 24.2 mg of iron per gm of dried yeast in or on the yeast cells. (5) From our experimental data we conclude that metallic ions are incorporated by the yeast, for the most part, during alcoholic fermentation. (6) pH tends to decrease when high concentrations of metals are present during fermentation. (7) High copper or iron concentrations in fermenting media cause the yeast cells to appear darker.
Adaptive Processes in Late Life

This chapter presents a model for predicting adaptational success/failure of the elderly under crises. The predictive framework examines the elderly from the perspectives of resources, current functioning, social support, life stress, crises management techniques, degree of threat, threat and loss management strategies, and amount of current stress. The framework is used to examine the question: Why do some individuals adapt better than others to the crises associated with the last phase of life? The nature and effects of two central crises are empirically assessed: loss and adaptive demands. Findings from four studies representing 870 elderly before and after they underwent radical shifts in living arrangements (the stress situation) are discussed in regard to: (a) differential effects of loss-related crises and crises generated from situations demanding change in previous coping strategies and life styles; (b) differences between successful adaptive strategies of the aged contrasted to those of younger populations; and (c) the relative predictive power of the various social and psychological indices in predicting failures of adaptation.
Structural comparison of cytochrome c2and cytochrome c6

This review compares the three-dimensional structures of the solublec-type cytochromes that functionally link membrane-bound energy transducingcomplexes in algal, cyanobacterial and eubacterial photosynthesis. Inanoxygenic photosynthesis, cytochrome c2transfers electronsbetween the cytochrome bc1complex and the eubacterialreaction center. Cytochrome c6performs the analogous functionin oxygenic photosynthesis, carrying electrons between the cytochromeb6f complex and Photosystem I. One of the most strikingobservations from recent progress in elucidating the structures of themembrane-bound electron transfer partners of cytochrome c2andcytochrome c6is the structural similarity between PhotosystemI and the bacterial reaction center. Are there similarities in thestructures of cytochrome c2and cytochrome c6that are functionally relevant in the context of their interaction withtheir membrane-bound redox partners? In addition to providing a generaldescription of the structures of cytochrome c2and cytochromec6, the following comparison addresses this question.
Reaction: Benign by Design Demands Innovation

Prof. Long joined the Department of Chemistry in 1999 after holding positions at Eastman Kodak and Eastman Chemical, and he currently serves as the director of the Macromolecules Innovation Institute at Virginia Tech. Recent recognitions include an AAAS fellowship, ACS fellowship, ACS PMSE Cooperative Research Award, ACS POLY Mark Scholar Award, and the 2015 Virginia Outstanding Scientist award. His interdisciplinary research program focuses on structure, property, processing, and performance relationships of tailored macromolecules. Current interests include materials for additive manufacturing, photo-reactive polymers, block and segmented copolymers, polymer packaging, ion-containing polymers, adhesive science, and high-performance engineering polymers.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Transplantation: Changing Patterns and Practices

Benefits of liver transplantation (LT) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are well established. However, there is debate regarding optimal and equitable selection of patients best served by LT, particularly in the face of limited organ availability. Herein, we discuss topics regarding LT selection criteria for patients with HCC. Recent change in UNOS policy currently mandates a 6-month observation period prior to priority listing and institutes a cap of 34 MELD exception points for patients with HCC. Additionally, two further proposed changes to UNOS policy include (1) requiring locoregional therapy for those with small (2–3 cm) unifocal HCC prior to applying for exception points and (2) allowing downstaging in select patients with UNOS T3 lesions. These policies move beyond simply using tumor burden to using markers of tumor biology for selecting patients who have the lowest risk of post-transplant recurrence and best chance at long-term post-transplant survival. Given increasing time on transplant waiting lists and shortage of donor grafts, LT should be reserved for patients who may achieve significant benefit compared to non-transplant therapies. Potential benefit to HCC patients must be weighed against the harm from delaying or precluding LT for non-HCC patients on the waiting list, particularly in regions with limited donor availability. The relative benefit of LT in patients with small (<3 cm) HCC is likely limited; surgical resection (in absence of portal hypertension) and local ablative therapy (if portal hypertension present) are both efficacious and more cost-effective and should likely be regarded as first line therapies for these patients. Salvage LT can be considered as a rescue option for those with recurrent disease. Downstaging for selected patients with UNOS T3 lesions may identify those with good tumor biology and acceptable post-transplant outcomes; however, current studies have had a wide variation in reported outcomes. While awaiting more data, a standardized downstaging protocol including a priori inclusion criteria and a mandatory waiting time prior to LT to observe tumor biology likely yields the best outcomes.
A novel ATM-dependent pathway regulates PP1 activation and the G2/M checkpoint in response to DNA damage

4205 The Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated kinase, ATM, plays a crucial role in the cellular response to DNA damage. Loss of ATM functions in humans results in Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive disease manifested by progressive neuro-degeneration, immunodeficiency, cancer predisposition and hyper-radiosensitivity. Upon DNA damage, ATM binds strongly to damaged sites and activated ATM in turn phosphorylates a list of substrates in pathways that together ensure cellular survival and recovery. We previously reported that ATM was required for down-regulation of Histone H3 phosphorylation and the G2/M checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation (IR). However, the detailed mechanism of the processes remains unknown. It was known that Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1), the major phosphatase responsible for Histone H3 dephosphorylation, was activated in an ATM-dependent manner after IR. In this study, we report that ATM is required for the IR-induced rapid dissociation of PP1 from its regulatory subunit Inhibitor-2 (I-2). We also find that ATM phosphorylates I-2 at Serine 43 in response to IR. ATM phosphorylation of I-2 leads to dissociation of the PP1/I-2 complex and activation of PP1. Furthermore, ATM-mediated I-2 phosphorylation results in activation of the G2/M checkpoint. These studies have demonstrated a novel pathway that links ATM, PP1 and I-2 in cellular responses to DNA damage.
APPLICATION OF CERENKOV COUNTING TO ION TRANSPORT STUDIES IN PLANTS

Abstract Radioisotopes are often used to trace mineral nutrients in studies on ion transport in plants. They are commonly determined with G-M counters. These detectors, however, have a limited sensitivity for measuring aqueous samples. Also when solid samples are prepared, a loss of activity due to volatilization can occur. In these instances liquid scintillation counting or Cerenkov counting are indicated. Cerenkov counting appears to be preferable for high energy beta-emitters because sample preparation is simple and cheap as compared with liquid scintillation techniques. Counting efficiencies are greatly increased with wavelength shifters incorporated into the samples. Two examples may illustrate the application of Cerenkov counting to ion transport studies in plant roots. When K transport was studied, information was needed on activities of 86Rb which was used as a tracer for K and also on total contents of nonradioactive K. This was achieved by means of Cerenkov counting of 86Rb followed by K determination with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The kinetics of Cl transport in roots was pursued by Cerenkov counting of 36Cl.
In-situ observations of single micro-particle impact bonding

Abstract We study supersonic impact of individual metallic microparticles on metallic substrates, that is, the unit process of materials buildup in cold spray coatings/additive manufacturing. We resolve the moment of impact bonding through real-time observations of single particle impacts with micron-scale and nanosecond-level resolution. We offer the first in-situ observation of a material-dependent threshold velocity, above which the particle undergoes an impact-induced jet-like material ejection and adheres to the substrate. We report direct measurements of critical velocities for structural metals, which unlike in nozzle experiments, are not affected by process-related complexities obscuring particles' kinetic and thermal histories.
Looking Within or Reaching Out?: The Effects of Religion on Private School Enrollments in an Era of School Choice

The proliferation of school choice policies has expanded schooling options for parents. While this trend coincides with a decline in private school enrollment, it is unclear how these policies affect enrollment among various religious traditions and religiosity. We study the impact of religion and school choice initiatives on the decision to enroll in different types of private schools in this new era. We evaluate two concurrent theories on the role of religion in the enrollment trends of private schools. Religious school enrollment may be motivated by (1) the desire to transmit a religious social identity, or (2) the secular goods associated with religious-based education. Using state-level data, we test these two explanations by estimating fixed effects regression models predicting private school market shares between 1993–2011 among different religious groups. We find support for both theories, particularly for a robust private school market aided by school choice policies.
High-performance hardware platform for the square kilomtre array mid correlator & beamformer

The ‘TALON’ architecture has been proposed to meet the unprecedented processing requirements and flexibility required for the Square Kilometre Array-Phase-1 (SKA1) Mid telescope, Correlator & Beamformer (Mid. CBF). The high-performance hardware platform of the TALON architecture incorporates two variants of TALON line-replaceable-units (LRUs); TALON-SX and TALON-MX. Each LRU features a single Intel Stratix-10 FPGA, 2 DDR4 DIMM modules, 4 100GE QSFP28 ports and 48 26 Gbps bi-directional optical channels that connect to a custom optical-backplane. Each LRU facilitates up to 7 TMAC/s of processing capability, 512 GB/s of memory bandwidth and 1.648 Tb/s of I/O capacity.
Slowly Signaling G Protein-Biased CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist LY2828360 Suppresses Neuropathic Pain with Sustained Efficacy and Attenuates Morphine Tolerance and Dependence.

The CB2 cannabinoid agonist LY2828360 lacked both toxicity and efficacy in a clinical trial for osteoarthritis. Whether LY2828360 suppresses neuropathic pain has not been reported, and its signaling profile is unknown. In vitro, LY2828360 was a slowly acting but efficacious G protein–biased CB2 agonist, inhibiting cAMP accumulation and activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling while failing to recruit arrestin, activate inositol phosphate signaling, or internalize CB2 receptors. In wild-type (WT) mice, LY2828360 (3 mg/kg per day i.p. × 12 days) suppressed chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain produced by paclitaxel without producing tolerance. Antiallodynic efficacy of LY2828360 was absent in CB2 knockout (KO) mice. Morphine (10 mg/kg per day i.p. × 12 days) tolerance developed in CB2KO mice but not in WT mice with a history of LY2828360 treatment (3 mg/kg per day i.p. × 12 days). LY2828360-induced antiallodynic efficacy was preserved in WT mice previously rendered tolerant to morphine (10 mg/kg per day i.p. × 12 days), but it was absent in morphine-tolerant CB2KO mice. Coadministration of LY2828360 (0.1 mg/kg per day i.p. × 12 days) with morphine (10 mg/kg per day × 12 days) blocked morphine tolerance in WT but not in CB2KO mice. WT mice that received LY2828360 coadministered with morphine exhibited a trend (P = 0.055) toward fewer naloxone-precipitated jumps compared with CB2KO mice. In conclusion, LY2828360 is a slowly signaling, G protein–biased CB2 agonist that attenuates chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain without producing tolerance and may prolong effective opioid analgesia while reducing opioid dependence. LY2828360 may be useful as a first-line treatment in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain and may be highly efficacious in neuropathic pain states that are refractive to opioid analgesics.
Natural History of Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectatic and Fusiform Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vertebrobasilar non-saccular and dolichoectatic aneurysms (VBDA) are a rare type of aneurysm and are generally associated with poor prognosis. In order to better characterize the natural history of VBDAs, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to determine rates of mortality, growth, rupture, ischemia, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the literature for longitudinal natural history studies of VBDA patients reporting clinical and imaging outcomes. Studied outcomes included annualized rates of growth, rupture, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and mortality. We also studied the association between aneurysm morphology (dolichoectatic versus fusiform) and natural history. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model using summary statistics from included studies. RESULTS Fifteen studies with 827 patients and 5,093 patient-years were included. The overall annual mortality rate among patients with VBDAs was 13%/year (95% CI 8-19). Patients with fusiform aneurysms had a higher mortality rate than those with dolichoectatic aneurysms, but this did not reach statistical significance (12 vs. 8%, p = 0.11). The overall growth rate was 6%/year (95% CI 4-13). Patients with fusiform aneurysms had higher growth rates than those with dolichoectatic aneurysms (12 vs. 3%, p < 0.0001). The overall rupture rate was 3%/year (95% CI 1-5). Patients with fusiform aneurysms had higher rupture rates than those with dolichoectatic aneurysms (3 vs. 0%, p < 0.0001). The overall rate of ischemic stroke was 6%/year (95% CI 4-9). Patients with dolichoectatic aneurysms had higher ischemic stroke rates than those with fusiform aneurysms, but this did not reach statistical significance (8 vs. 4%, p = 0.13). The overall rate of ICH was 2%/year (95% CI 0-8) with no difference in rates between dolichoectatic and fusiform aneurysms (2 vs. 2%, p = 0.65). CONCLUSION In general, the natural history of -VBDAs is poor. However, dolichoectatic and fusiform -VBDAs appear to have distinct natural histories with substantially higher growth and rupture associated with fusiform aneurysms. These findings suggest that these aneurysms should be considered separate entities. Further studies on the natural history of vertebrobasilar dolichoectatic and fusiform aneurysms with more complete follow-up are needed to better understand the risk factors for progression of these aneurysms.
Integrating historical and real-time anomaly detection to create a more resilient smart grid architecture: poster

Ensuring the security of the power grid is critical for national interests and necessitates new ways to detect power anomalies and respond to potential failures. In this poster, we describe our efforts to develop and optimize analysis methodologies for a 1000 : 1 scale emulated smart grid at the United States Military Academy [2]. In contrast to previous work [3, 4], we explore historical analysis using Apache Spark [5] and integrate a Raspberry Pi into our testbed for real-time anomaly detection. We also implement a software controlled physical event and fault generator to induce and measure faults. Figure 1 gives an overview of our system.
Using sports equipment for student exploration of vibration and structural acoustics phenomena

The familiarity which many undergraduate and graduate students have with sports implements (bats, sticks, clubs, rackets, and balls), renders such objects as suitable subjects for student exploration through laboratory projects and homework problems. This paper will illustrate how problems and projects involving baseball bats, tennis rackets, hockey sticks, and golf clubs can arouse student interests in structural acoustics. Homework problems in which students model the contact time between ball and racket, the frequencies of a golf club shaft, the vibration of the face plate in a golf driver responsible for the trampoline effect, and the radiation of sound from structural modes in hollow and spherical balls provide engaging applications of the theory for membranes, flexural bending in beams, boundary conditions, and radiation. Examples will be shown for using baseball bats, cricket bats, hurling and hockey sticks, ping pong paddles, and tennis rackets in more involved laboratory projects. Sports implements also have the advantage of being non-uniform and asymmetric (wide body and thin handle), non-isotropic (wood grain), or involving complicated geometrics (ellipses) so that students can compare simple theory to more complicated realistic systems.
Utilising the epidemiologic triad in analysing quality improvement data: antibiotic use for respiratory infections as a case example.

BackgroundQuality improvement investigators working in field settings, who typically are not trained in epidemiological methods, may not consider all three elements of the epidemiologic triad (person, place and time) when planning their projects. AimTo demonstrate how the epidemiological triad can guide analysis for quality assessment. Predictors of antibiotic use in primary care were analysed to illustrate the approach. MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of data previously collected from medical records and a provider survey. A convenience sample of 467 family medicine patients treated in two clinic sites for acute respiratory tract infectionswas analysed by locating quality variation in person, place and time Independent variables included patient age, date of clinic visit, and clinic site. The outcome measure was antibiotic prescription (yes or no). ResultsAntibiotics were prescribed for 69.2% of patients in the sample. Age group was not related to antibiotic prescribing. Prescription was related to time (P = 0.0344) and clinic site (P = 0.0001) in univariate tests. However, only site was independently related to antibiotic prescription (odds ratio = 0.47, confidence interval = 0.30 to 0.73, P = 0.0008). ConclusionThe epidemiological triad assisted in guiding further post hoc analysis of predictors of antibiotic prescriptions. Further investigations of this quality indicator can be directed at exploring site differences and testing interventions. Studies of other quality indicators in primary care can employ the triad to guide the analysis.
Examples and Definition of Foliations

Simple examples of foliations are given by submersions. A (smooth) submersion f : M → B is a map of manifolds with a surjective derivative map at every point of M. The inverse images of points in the target space form a family of closed submanifolds of M, the leaves of the foliation F on M defined by f. All these submanifolds have the same dimension p. If n denotes the dimension of M, and q the dimension of B, then n = p+q. A particularly simple situation is the case of a foliation of M by the level hypersurfaces of a smooth function f : M → ℝ. The submersion condition is the requirement of the absence of critical points for f (this is of course only possible if M is not compact).
CT Angiography in Penetrating Neck Trauma Reduces the Need for Operative Neck Exploration

The evaluation of penetrating neck injury has evolved dramatically from mandatory operative exploration of Zone II injuries that penetrate the platysma to selective management based on physical examination and adjunctive studies. More recently, CT angiography has emerged as an efficient, noninvasive method of evaluating penetrating neck injury. We retrospectively reviewed our experience over 10 years with the management of penetrating neck injury. One hundred thirty cases were reviewed with 34 undergoing CT angiogram (Group CTA) and 96 with no CT angiogram (Group nCTA). Group CTA had significantly fewer neck explorations, 1 (3%) versus 32 (33%), P < 0.001. Negative explorations were significantly higher in nCTA as well, with a rate of 22 per cent versus 0 in CTA (P < 0.01). The use of angiogram and esophagram was also significantly lower in CTA versus nCTA (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). Of the 34 patients in CTA, 4 (12%) also underwent angiography and 4 (12%) received a contrast esophagram. Of the 64 patients in nCTA who did not undergo a neck exploration, 19 (29%) underwent angiography, and 17 (26%) received a contrast esophagram. The use of CT angiogram increased over time with a concomitant decrease in the rate of neck explorations.
Heidegger and the Scandal of Philosophy

The topic of this paper is a criticism ventured by Heidegger against Kant’s attempt to prove the objective reality of the objects of experience. This proof is given by Kant in the Critique of Pure Reason as a refutation of psychological idealism.1 It has been further elucidated by Kant in the preface to the second edition, where he calls it “a scandal of philosophy and of human reason in general that the existence of things outside us must be accepted merely on faith, and that if anyone thinks good to doubt their existence, we are unable to counter his doubt by any satisfactory proof.”2 And Kant expresses the hope to have made up for this scandal by a strict proof.3
Post-Transplant Autoimmune Encephalitis (P5.382)

Objective: To report a case series of post-transplant autoimmune encephalitis. Background: Autoimmune encephalitis is not well-recognized as a cause of encephalitis in the post-transplant setting. Design/Methods: We retrospectively identified Mayo Clinic patients through our electronic medical record who developed autoimmune encephalitis after transplant (solid organ or hematopoietic cell). All patients met diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Neural autoantibody (Ab) testing was undertaken in the Mayo Clinic Neuroimmunology laboratory. Results: Six patients were included. The median age was 58 years (range, 40–68) and 4 were women. AE occurred post-organ transplant in 3 (cardiac, 1; liver, 1; pancreatic, 1) and post-allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in 3. The median time from transplant to AE symptom onset was 22 months (range, 1–143). All received immunotherapy prior to symptom onset: tacrolimus, 4; mycophenolate, 3; prednisone, 3; dexamethasone, 2; cyclosporine, 1; cyclophosphamide, 1. Four patients were receiving immunosuppressants at the time of AE symptom onset including: tacrolimus, 4; mycophenolate, 3; and prednisone, 3. All 6 patients had a subacute presentation. Patients met criteria for antibody positive AE, specific disease (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] NMDA-R Ab, 1; serum & CSF AMPA-R Ab, 1; serum myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) ab, 1) or definite autoimmune limbic encephalitis (Ab negative), 3. CSF findings included: pleocytosis, 3; protein elevation, 4; positive IgG index, 1; oligoclonal bands, 1. MRI Brain revealed bilateral mesial temporal lobe T2-signal abnormalities in 5 (83%). EEG revealed epileptiform activity, 2; and slowing, 2. All patients had clinical improvement with additional immunosuppressive therapy including one or more of: intravenous methylprednisolone, 4; rituximab, 3; cyclosporine, 3; mycophenolate, 3; plasma exchange, 2; intravenous immune globulin, 1. Median modified-Rankin-Scale was 2.5 (range, 1–6) at last follow-up (median of 10 months from onset, range 5–47). Conclusions: Autoimmune encephalitis may follow organ or hematopoietic cell transplant and responds well to additional immunotherapy. Disclosure: Dr. Cohen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lopez has nothing to disclose. Dr. McKeon has received research support from Medimmune, Euroimmun, Grifols and Alexion. Dr. Pittock has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zekeridou has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boilson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hogan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Poterucha has nothing to disclose. Dr Flanagan has nothing to disclose.
"Atienza y Bermejo, Ángel Cayo, Urabá de los Katíos (Relatos Misioneros de la selva colombiana / por fray Pablo del Santísimo Sacramento)", ed. I.D. Arellano-Torres, Nueva York, Instituto de Estudios Auriseculares (IDEA), 2017, 254 páginas.

Review of "Atienza y Bermejo, Angel Cayo, Uraba de los Katios (Relatos Misioneros de la selva colombiana / por fray Pablo del Santisimo Sacramento)", ed. I.D. Arellano-Torres, Nueva York, Instituto de Estudios Auriseculares (IDEA), 2017, 254 pages.
Corporate Disclosure of Human Capital Metrics

We find majorities or significant minorities of the largest global corporations collect a variety of human capital (HC) metrics of increasing interest to institutional investors. These averages mask a sharp dichotomy between metrics disclosed publicly and those reported by respondents to an annual survey of nearly 2,000 of the largest firms traded on global exchanges. For example, about half of these companies report the average hours of training they provided to employees annually. But the figure was dramatically higher for respondents, at 84 percent, versus just 18 percent of firms assessed using public reporting. Similarly, while 52 percent of firms publicly report employee fatalities, 96 percent of survey respondents disclosed the metrics, but only 17 percent of publicly assessed companies. Comparable differentials were found across other measures. The findings suggest that investors could gain access to HC data that is material to financial performance if they request public disclosure of information already gathered by a critical mass of large corporations in major markets. However, the reporting differs among regions and countries such as the United States and Great Britain, as well as between large market cap companies compared with smaller ones.
2018 George Richardson Lecture

Abstract 2018 marked the 300th anniversary of the death of William Penn, and offered an ideal opportunity to revisit the life and career of this paradoxical figure. I argue that, over the course of...
L1-CAM as a predictor of survival in endometrial cancer: An analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

5599 Background: Despite a good survival rate for early-stage endometrial cancers (ECs), the prognosis for advanced-stage ECs remains poor, with no biomarkers and few therapeutic options currently ...
Support for sex education and teenage pregnancy prevention programmes in the USA: results from a national survey of likely voters

Support for sex education in middle and high school and for the inclusion of a variety of topics in sex education programmes is strong among likely voters in the USA. This survey was conducted with...
Geometric Transformations on a Microcomputer.

Computers in the geometry class? Not long ago the suggestion would have been dismissed as impractical, too costly, and not worth the effort. The computational exercises in the usual geometry class are not sufficiently complicated to justify the use of a computer, and that objection remains valid today. Microcomputers, however, have open ed up new possibilities because of their graphics capabilities. This article deals with an application of a microcomputer to geometric transformations. The transfor mations considered here are the four dis tance-preserving isometries (translations, rotations, reflections, and glide-reflec tions) and the shape-preserving dilations (uniform expansions or contractions). The program that generated the figures pictured here was written in BASIC for an Apple II microcomputer, using high reso lution graphics. (For a copy, send your DOS 3.2 diskette to me at the address above. A listing of the program is also available.) The field has width 280 and height 160, giving a total of 44 800 dots on the television screen. This area is ade quate for showing figures and their images under these transformations, but some care must be taken to ensure that both an input point and its image are on the screen.