cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FATTY METAPLASIA OF THE FILUM TERMINALE OF THE FROG.

THE following observations were made during a search for preparations which would permit assays of various enzymes in tissue samples containing glial cells only. Such an opportunity seemed to be provided by the filum terminale which is commonly considered a glial remnant of the fœtal sacral cord1. Tobias, Clark, and Gerard2 measured the respiration of the filum terminale of the cat and concluded that glial tissue had a rather high rate of respiration, comparable to that of neurones. The filum terminale of Rana catesbiena was used in our work because of its unusual size. A smaller material of 8 specimens of Rana pipiens was also examined with the same results.
Series Compensation Operating Limits - A New Concept for Subsynchronous Resonance Stability Analysis

A new concept is presented for analyzing the stability of turbine-generator torsional modes of oscillation in the presence of series compensated transmission lines. A method is described for obtaining a locus representing constant damping of a torsional mode of oscillation as a function of series compensation levels in two transmission lines. A digital computer program named SCOL which performs the computations and plots the results in a directly usable form has been developed and validated against the MANSTAB program, used to establish the IEEE benchmark eigenvalue calculations. The paper includes an example which demonstrates the utility of this analytical tool for studying subsynchronous resonance on a major transmission system in the south-western United States.
High-temperature 17O NMR as a probe of electron localization and structure in transition metal oxides

Abstract Oxygen-17 NMR measurements were used to probe the electronic structure in two transition metal oxides: (La 0.6 Sr 0.4 )(Co 0.8 Cu 0.2 )O y and (La 0.5 Ba 0.5 )(Co 0.7 Cu 0.3 )O y . We find that the shift of the resonance in both materials can be deconvoluted into a temperature independent Knight shift and a temperature dependent Curie—Weiss shift, suggesting that localized and delocalized electrons exist simultaneously at high temperature. We discuss these observations in light of the complex local structure found within these materials.
Education and Inclusive Congregations: A Study of Three Congregations

This exploratory qualitative research project on inclusive congregations highlights findings from three churches. Each congregation has educated children with developmental disabilities for more than 40 years. Two congregations began by providing separate or exclusive education classes, while one congregation included children with developmental disabilities into regular classes from the beginning. All three congregations are currently inclusive of people with developmental disabilities, both children and adults, in the education programs and life of their congregation. This article describes the three congregations and their educational commitments. Finally, the author contemplates, amid the complexity of congregational culture, how including people with developmental disabilities in religious education contributed to the creation of an inclusive congregation.
The road less traveled: collaborative performance reviews

Many institutions require annual performance reviews. Supervisors get the appropriate forms and complete them for the HR department. What benefit does this annual review process provide for the manager or the team member? There is often an elevated stress level for those involved and then you have "the Big Talk." Next, the forms are turned in, the process is over, and life goes back to the way it was prior to the review.Two years ago, as I was sitting with all of my notes and my guarded book containing "performance review phrases," I thought it would be more productive to get staff involved in writing their own review. I have to admit that part of the reason this idea came to mind, was that I hated the process as much as anyone and was trying to find a better way to do it. The collaborative performance review process for my team was born. I believe that a performance review should not contain any surprises, so if I practice what I preach, then writing a review collaboratively would give the employee a say in their "official" record of performance as well as be a favorable experience for both.A collaborative review requires most managers and staff to leave their "comfort zone" and take an active role in evaluating their team's performance. If managers have the tools in place to provide continual feedback, collect performance data and reward staff, a collaborative approach to the review process is quite successful.
Sequences and expression of the porcine apolipoprotein A-I and C-III mRNAs.

Abstract Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is the principal protein component of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and an activator of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III) exchanges between triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and HDL and inhibits the lipolysis and uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. To study the expression of these Apo-encoding genes in the developing swine, apoA-I and apoC-III cDNAs from a λgt 11 porcine liver cDNA library and apoC-III from a porcine genomic DNA library were isolated and sequenced. The predicted amino acid (aa) sequence and composition for ApoC-III matched the N-terminal aa sequence and composition of purified swine ApoCIII. Comparison among known ApoA-I and C-III aa sequences from various species revealed strict conservation of amphipathic helices. In adult pigs, the apoA-I mRNA was found predominantly in the intestine and liver, with a small amount detected in the testes. In contrast, apoC-III mRNA was found predominantly in adult liver. Developmentally, hepatic apoA-I and apoC-III mRNAs were expressed in livers of fetal, newborn, and suckling animals. Intestinal apoA-I and apoC-III mRNAs, however, were detected only in postpartum animals. Although intestinal apoA-I mRNA expression continued into the adult, intestinal apoC-III mRNA expression declined sharply after the newborn period.
Ordinary chondrites; bulk compositions, classification, lithophile-element fractionations, and composition-petrographic type relationships

Concentrations of 26 elements were determined by replicate neutron-activation analysis in 66 ordinary chondrites (22 H, 20 L, 17 LL, 2 intermediate between H and L and 5 intermediate between L and LL). Olivine and kamacite compositions were determined in adjacent samples; about 20% of the chondrites contain kamacite or olivine grains with aberrant compositions > 3s from the mean. The sample set was biased in favor of the reduced, siderophile-rich and oxidized, siderophile-poor members of the groups and in favor of chondrites reported to have unusual compositional features. Several chondrites were reclassified: e.g., the photographed fall, Innisfree, is L, not LL; Albareto is LL, not L; and Xingyang and Zhovtnevyi are H6, not H5. On a plot of kamacite Co concentration versus Fa content of olivine, there is a hiatus between H and L, but no hiatus between L and LL. Five chondrites (Bjurbole, Cynthiana, Knyahinya, Qidong, Xi Ujimgin) fall between the main L and LL clusters. Cosmic-ray and U, Th-He outgassing age data do not demonstrate relationships to either group. Our siderophile data support the previous group assignments of unequilibrated chondrites in all cases but two: Bremervorde and Tieschitz have siderophile levels intermediate between H and L. Our mean group compositions are in good agreement with those previously reported. We confirm that the Co/Ni ratio decreases about 5% through the H-L-LL sequence and that Na and Mn abundances are about 7% lower in H than in L and LL. Selenium and Zn show similar abundances in the three groups; the very low (~0.1 × CI) Zn abundance is attributed to condensation as fine, ZnS aerosols that inefficiently settled to the midplane. Abundances of V and Cr decrease by only ~2% between H and LL; thus, only a small fraction was in nebular siderophile components. With the exception of highly volatile Br, no significant differences in abundance are observed among the petrographic types of each group. This conflicts with earlier conclusions that intertype differences (including a systematic increase in siderophile abundance with increasing type) are present. The small differences we observed are attributable to anomalously low or high contents of one or two phases (generally metal and/or troilite) in a few replicates. The absence of a relationship between composition and petrographic type is consistent with models calling for the progressive thermal metamorphism of primitive unequilibrated materials to produce the observed spectrum of petrographic grades, and places narrow limits on the relative accretion efficiencies of nebular components in those models calling for the sequential accretion of nebular materials.
Spectral weight function for the two-dimensional Hubbard model.

We present results for the single-particle spectral weight function for the two-dimensional Hubbard model. Results were obtained using analytic expressions for the first two moments of the spectral weight function, along with numerical calculations using a combination of quantum Monte Carlo and the maximum-entropy method of analytic continuation. The expressions for the first two moments are surprisingly simple, involving only the parameters of the model, the chemical potential, and the filling. At half-filling, the squared width (variance) of the spectral weight is exactly ${\mathit{U}}^{2}$/4. Numerical results are shown for 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8 lattices at a variety of fillings and momenta. The insulating antiferromagnetic gap in the spectral weights, readily apparent in the results at half-filling, is absent at a filling of 0.95.
Factors influencing the reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on filters and ambient POM with ozone

Abstract Five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), pyrene (PY), fluoranthene (FL), benz(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and benzo(e)pyrene (BeP) adsorbed on glass fiber (GF) and Teflon impregnated glass fiber (TIGF) filters and on ambient particulate organic matter (POM) were exposed to ozone (50–300 ppb) passively in a 360-liter Teflon chamber and actively in a flow system. The influence of ozone concentration, exposure time and relative humidity (RH) on the degree of degradation of these PAH was established. The most reactive PAH both on filters and in ambient POM were PY, BaA and BaP. Up to 50–80% of these PAH degraded in 3-hr exposures to 200 ppb of ozone at ∼1% RH; in a flow system, most of the degradation occurred within the first 10 minutes of exposure. With the exception of BaP, the degradation of the PAH tested on GF and TIGF filters were much lower at 50% RH than at 1% RH, whether they were exposed to ozone in an active or passive mode. Interestingly, RH did not significantly affect the reactivity of PAH present in ambient POM passively exposed to ozone. Our results show that PAH are susceptible to ozone degradation under many typical atmospheric conditions.
The galling wear resistance of new iron-base hardfacing alloys: a comparison with established cobalt- and nickel-base alloys

Abstract Iron-base wear-resistant alloys, designated NOREM™, were developed to address concerns unique to the nuclear power industry. Laboratory evaluations of the galling wear resistance of candidate NOREM compositions and other iron- and nickel-base alloys were performed using a pin-on-plate specimen geometry, and these results were compared with those obtained from the long-established cobalt-base Stellite™ alloys. The hardfacing alloy was typically deposited as powder using gas tungsten arc welding or as wire using automatic gas tungsten are welding. Attempts were made to correlate the results from the galling wear tests to factors such as alloy compositions, microstructure and deposited hardness. The galling wear resistance of NOREM and other iron-base alloys matched or exceeded that of the cobalt-base standard, but the factors responsible for good resistance to galling wear could not be identified. Nickel-base alloys typically showed much higher values of surface damage in these tests.
Same goal, different path.

In their article “Structuring a Written Examination to Assess ASBH Health Care Ethics Consultation Core Competencies” (2014), White, Jankowski, and Shelton argue that a written examination to evalu...
Failure to update the egocentric representation of the visual space through labyrinthine signal.

Abstract The present study evaluated the capacity to compare retinal and vestibular signals in a heterosensorial matching task. In the first experiment, subjects evaluated the magnitude of passive whole-body rotations in relation to the eccentricity of a visual target briefly presented before rotation. Such a task elicits multimodal sensory stimulations experienced by a subject during normal goal-oriented head movements, i.e., retinal and vestibular stimulations. A good capacity to evaluate vestibular signals in relation with retinal inputs might suggest that the labyrinthine output is part of a cognitive feedback-loop controlling active head movements oriented toward a visual target and/or that the labyrinthine signal might make a major contribution to judging the position of the target in space after goal-directed head movements. Results showed that body rotation magnitudes had to exceed the amplitude of the visual target by about 120 and 89% to be perceived as having a similar magnitude to a 10 degrees and an 18 degrees visual target, respectively. A second experiment was designed to test whether this major discrepancy originated either from (a) an overestimation of the peripheral visual target locations, (b) an underestimation of the labyrinthine signal, (c) a deficiency in matching sensory signals from different modalities, or (d) any combination of(a), (b), and (c). In the second experiment, the actual perception of retinal and labyrinthine signals, as indicated by verbal responses, was quantified. Results from this experiment showed that most of the large underestimation of the vestibular stimulation found in Experiment I ought to emerge from a poor capacity to integrate heterogeneous sensory signals by the prceptual system rather than from pure misperception of the retinal and/or labyrinthine signals. Overall, results from Experiments I and II argue for a deficiency of the CNS to integrate labyrinthine signals for updating the egocentric representation of the peripheral visual target during passive body (head) rotations.
Empathic responsiveness and affective reactivity to infant stimuli in high- and low-risk for physical child abuse mothers

Empathic responsiveness and affective reactivity to infant stimuli were examined in matched groups of high- and low-risk for physical child abuse mothers. Hypotheses were generated based on models of aggression and the child abuse literature. Although no between-group differences were found in empathy, within-group differences were observed. Compared to baseline, high-risk mothers reported no change (p > .05) in empathy across infant conditions (baseline, smiling, quiet, and crying), while low-risk mothers reported an increase (p < .0005) in empathy following presentation of the crying infant. Although there was no change in empathy, high-risk mothers reported more sadness, distress, hostility, unhappiness, and less quietness following presentation of the crying infant. Low-risk mothers reported no changes in sadness, distress, and hostility. The data for high-risk mothers are congruent with reports that physical child abusers are less empathic and more hostile in response to a crying child. The findings support aggression models which suggest the lack of empathy and the presence of negative affectivity precede abusive behavior. Post-hoc analyses also provide support for an emotional contagion perspective, where high-risk parents, compared to low-risk parents, are thought to more frequently reflect the emotional state of the infant.
Structural and functional analysis of β2 microglobulin abnormalities in human lung and breast cancer

The escape of tumor cells from immune recognition is a central problem in tumor immunology. Here, we examined the functional role of somatic beta 2-microglobulin (beta2m) gene mutations in human lung and breast cancers. Using single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing, we found mutations in the beta2m gene in 2 of 110 tested lung, colon and breast tumors and tumor cell lines. No mutations were identified in 63 breast cancer tumors, in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines or normal tissues from these or other patients. In these cell lines, beta2m protein was undetectable by Western blot analysis and there was no MHC class I on their cell surface even after treatment with interferon-gamma. Transfection of these tumor cell lines with the beta2m gene, but not addition of purified beta2m protein restored MHC expression without addition of exogenous pepticles, indicating that endogenous beta2m expression is necessary for proper intracellular MHC assembly and stabilization by endogeneous pepticles. Mutation in beta2m caused cell line H2009 to be resistant to specific lysis by influenza virus-specific CTL from HLA matched donors, and transfection of the beta2m gene restored this killing. A small cell lung cancer cell line with low class I expression and with a normal beta2m genomic sequence nonetheless also demonstrated increased class I expression after transfection of the beta2m expression vector alone, indicating that the availability of beta2m may be rate limiting for MHC assembly in this line. Our results indicate that somatic mutations or selective loss of expression of the beta2m gene in human lung cancer is rare, but can cause defective MHC class I expression and function allowing these cells to escape recognition by cytotoxic T cells.
Intra- and interhemispheric connections of the neocortical auditory system in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract The intra- and interhemispheric neocortical connections of various parts of the superior temporal gyrus and the supratemporal plane have been studied with the Nauta silver impregnation technique in the rhesus monkey. It has been found that the primary auditory area (TC) projects to its immediate association areas (TA and TB) ipsilaterally while it projects via the corpus callosum to the lateral part of area TC of the opposite side. The auditory association areas can be divided into rostral and caudal parts on the basis of their cortical connection patterns. The caudal part projects to parts of the prefrontal and premotor areas of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe and cingulate gyrus. The rostral part projects primarily to part of prefrontal lobe. The caudal part has interhemispheric projection via the corpus callosum whereas the rostral part has connections mainly via the anterior commissure. An analogy is made between the auditory and other neocortical sensory systems. The significance of ‘midline’ in auditory system is discussed.
Evidence for a prostate cancer linkage to chromosome 20 in 159 hereditary prostate cancer families.

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in men in the US. Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer has been well documented. A region at chromosome 20q13 (HPC20) has been reported to be linked to a prostate cancer susceptibility gene. To confirm this finding, we genotyped 16 markers spanning ~95 cM on chromosome 20 in 159 hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) families. Positive (but not statistically significant) linkage scores were observed from 20pter to 20q11, with the highest non-parametric linkage (NPL) score for the complete dataset of 1.02 (P=0.15) being observed at D20S195 at 20q11. Evidence for linkage from parametric analyses with a dominant or a recessive model was weak. Interestingly, consistent with the original findings of linkage to 20 g higher linkage scores were observed in the subsets of families with a later age at diagnosis (≥65 years; n=80, NPL=1.94, P=0.029 at D20S186), fewer than five affected family members (n=69, NPL=1.74, P=0.037 at D20S889), or without male-to-male disease transmission (n=60, NPL=1.01, P=0.15 at D20S117). The region with positive linkage scores spanned ~60 cM from 20pter to 20q11 in these subsets of families. Our results are consistent with a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 20.
Computerized prediction of breast cancer risk: comparison between the global and local bilateral mammographic tissue asymmetry

We have developed and preliminarily tested a new breast cancer risk prediction model based on computerized bilateral mammographic tissue asymmetry. In this study, we investigated and compared the performance difference of our risk prediction model when the bilateral mammographic tissue asymmetrical features were extracted in two different methods namely (1) the entire breast area and (2) the mirror-matched local strips between the left and right breast. A testing dataset including bilateral craniocaudal (CC) view images of 100 negative and 100 positive cases for developing breast abnormalities or cancer was selected from a large and diverse full-field digital mammography (FFDM) image database. To detect bilateral mammographic tissue asymmetry, a set of 20 initial "global" features were extracted from the entire breast areas of two bilateral mammograms in CC view and their differences were computed. Meanwhile, a pool of 16 local histogram-based statistic features was computed from eight mirror-matched strips between the left and right breast. Using a genetic algorithm (GA) to select optimal features, two artificial neural networks (ANN) were built to predict the risk of a test case developing cancer. Using the leave-one-case-out training and testing method, two GAoptimized ANNs yielded the areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of 0.754±0.024 (using feature differences extracted from the entire breast area) and 0.726±0.026 (using the feature differences extracted from 8 pairs of local strips), respectively. The risk prediction model using either ANN is able to detect 58.3% (35/60) of cancer cases 6 to 18 months earlier at 80% specificity level. This study compared two methods to compute bilateral mammographic tissue asymmetry and demonstrated that bilateral mammographic tissue asymmetry was a useful breast cancer risk indicator with high discriminatory power.
Treatment of body forces in axisymmetric boundary element design sensitivity formulation

Abstract This paper deals with the treatment of uniform and non-uniform body forces in the implicit-differentiation formulation for axisymmetric boundary element design sensitivity analysis. The particular integral concept is extended to obtain the sensitivities due to gravitational and centrifugal body forces of uniform type. For thermal body forces of non-uniform type, the sensitivities are obtained through the implicit-differentiation of a surface integral. The efficiency and the accuracy of the formulation are determined for a wide range of problems which include different axisymmetric geometries under centrifugal, gravitational and thermal body forces.
Three-dimensional radiative interactions in a polluted broken cloud system

[1] This paper is a theoretical study of short-wave radiative interactions in a polluted broken cloud scene encountered during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). Towards this goal, the nadir reflectance has been obtained by integrating INDOEX in-situ observations and a 3D Monte-Carlo Aerosol-Cloud radiation model. The comparison of 2D radiative transfer and independent pixel approximation (IPA) results demonstrates that IPA substantially underestimates nadir reflectances between the clouds. The effect can be explained by the radiative smoothing resulting from the horizontal photon transport. For the polluted cloud scene considered, the radiative smoothing is responsible for a 50% bias in aerosol optical depth retrieved between the clouds based on the plane-parallel theory.
Fatigue effects in automated perimetry

The influence of fatigue and related factors on automated perimetric testing was evaluated in both eyes of sixteen normal observers and sixteen patients with early-to-moderate visual field loss using a Digilab 750 automated perimeter and a customized test procedure. False positive rate, false negative rate, and detection sensitivity at 5, 10, 15, and 20° eccentricity were measured in 1.5-min intervals throughout a 21-min visual field examination. Half of the normal observers and patients with visual field loss were given a brief rest (1.5-min) midway through each visual field exam to determine whether this would reduce fatigue effects. Our findings revealed that patients displayed considerably higher average false positive and false negative rates than normal observers. However, neither the patients nor normal observers demonstrated any consistent changes in false positive rate or false negative rate as a function of testing duration. In contrast, both normal observers and patients showed an average decrease in sensitivity as a function of increasing test duration with the magnitude of the time-dependent sensitivity loss becoming greater with increasing stimulus eccentricity. Patients demonstrated a larger time-dependent sensitivity loss than normal observers, averaging ~4dB at 20° eccentricity. The introduction of a brief pause midway through the test procedure appeared to reduce the time-dependent sensitivity loss for the second half of the test procedure, especially for greater eccentricities.
World food system restructuring under a GATT regime

Abstract The current Uruguay Round of the GATT has a new emphasis on the liberalization of agricultural trade. This essay discusses the significance of this new emphasis, arguing that while the formal issues of agricultural re-regulation are necessary to stabilize international trade, the liberalization thrust has a broader significance. Substantively, the GATT may in fact institutionalize a new regime of global accumulation in a world economy privileging transnational companies. Such a regime is already evident in a state system governed increasingly by the dictates of suprastatal institutions like the IMF and the international banks. The restructuring of Southern states via IMF conditionalities and world market competitive pressures encourages a new export-platform pattern. Major agricultural exports supply specialty crops to agro-industrial processors and high-value food markets across the world, at the expense of domestic food security. While formally the GATT negotiations may have a multilateral appearance, substantively they stand to intensify new global hierarchies both within and between states.
Swidden‐Fallow Agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon

Swidden-Fallow Agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon. William M. Denevan and Christine Padoch. (eds.). Advances in Economic Botany, Volume 5. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 1987. iv. 107 pp. $22.50 (paper). ISBN 0-89327-325-2
Child and adolescent dysfunction and paths toward maladjustment: Targets for intervention

Abstract This article discusses a range of conditions that reflect maladjustment or untoward functioning of children and adolescents. The scope of psychological dysfunctions, at-risk behaviors, and untoward conditions that affect children and adolescents are highlighted. Clinical dysfunctions that emerge in early development, the importance of considering development in identifying dysfunction, and changing patterns of dysfunction are discussed. Examples of at-risk behaviors (e.g., substance use and abuse, sexual activity, delinquent and antisocial acts) and conditions to which youths are exposed (e.g., physical and sexual abuse and neglect, changes in family constellations, and homelessness) are illustrated to convey the breadth of threats to child and adolescent development. The article ends with a discussion of the critical role of basic research to understand mechanisms underlying dysfunction and adjustment, and of evaluation (assessment) in clincal, treatment, and service programs designed to help youth and their families.
Load-unload slider dynamics in magnetic disk drives

The dynamics of a magnetic read/write slider as it is loaded onto and unloaded from a rotating magnetic medium disk was studied. A computer-controlled stepper-motor-actuated bar mechanism was used to load or unload the slider with a specified velocity at a desired circumferential location on the disk. A laser-Doppler vibrometer was used to detect the slider's motion. Difficulties encountered with its use are discussed. The effects of load-unload velocity and location on the disk with respect to its runout profile were examined. Using a minimonolithic three-rail slider and a Whitney-type suspension, it was observed that during loading the slider aligns itself with the disk and begins to form the air bearing at a spacing of about 4 mu m. The load is then transferred continuously from the load bar to the air bearing until the operational flying height is established where the slider is fully loaded. No contacts which lead to slider motions with frequencies below 100 kHz were observed. >
Fluoxetine increases the anorectic and long-term dopamine-depleting effects of phentermine.

The anorectic drug phentermine produces dose-related toxic effects on brain dopamine (DA) neurons in animals. Until recently, phentermine was widely used in combination with fenfluramine for purposes of appetite suppression and weight loss. With the recent withdrawal of fenfluramine from the market, many people have begun combining phentermine with fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor which also produces mild anorectic effects. Fluoxetine, in addition to inhibiting serotonin reuptake, inhibits hepatic mixed function oxidase, which plays an important role in the metabolic degradation of amphetamines. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of fluoxetine on the anorectic and DA neurotoxic effects of phentermine in mice. Phentermine, in combination with fluoxetine, produced greater reductions in food intake and body weight than phentermine alone. The phentermine/fluoxetine combination also produced greater long-term reductions in brain DA levels than phentermine alone, likely reflecting greater DA neurotoxicity of the drug combination. Brain concentrations of phentermine were also found to be higher in animals pretreated with fluoxetine. These findings indicate that fluoxetine potentiates both the anorectic and DA neurotoxic effects of phentermine, probably by increasing phentermine brain levels. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be ascertained.
Assertion of Employee Interests and the New Autonomy at Work

In the current transformation of transnational corporations we are confronted with a new kind of dynamism inside these companies. To grasp the nature of these "self-organizing processes" becomes a prerequisite for employees to determine and assert their interests under the new conditions. The following article combines two spheres of work of the author. On the one hand there is the practical experience as employee and member of works council and supervisory board at IBM Informations-systeme GmbH in Germany. On the other hand there is a close cooperation with the philosophers Klaus Peters and Stephan Siemens.
Effects, Observables, States, and Symmetries in Physics

We show how effect algebras arise in physics and how they can be used to tie together the observables, states and symmetries employed in the study of physical systems. We introduce and study the unifying notion of an effect-observable-state-symmetry-system (EOSS-system) and give both classical and quantum-mechanical examples of EOSS-systems.
Dietary Protein Effects on Urinary Nitrogen Components of the Hen

Abstract IT HAD been shown that dietary energy level had an effect on hen's urinary nitrogen components (Richardson et al., 1968). It was of interest to study possible effects of dietary protein on certain nitrogenous components of the urine, i.e. uric acid, ammonia, urea, creatine and amino acid nitrogen. Folin's laws (Folin, 1905) of human urine composition were based on such a study. Rather than switch from a high-protein to a non-protein diet as Folin, it was decided to conduct a protein depletion type study. It was reasoned that by following the daily urinary nitrogen components, these might indicate the protein level necessary for maintenance. It was hypothesized that as long as the nitrogen requirement was met or exceeded, the urinary nitrogen excretion would depend on the intake, but when the maintenance requirement was not met, the hen would mobilize body stores and the relative amounts of urinary nitrogen components would . . .
The mutagenic effect of deoxynucleotide susbtrate imbalances during DNA synthesis with mammalian DNA polymerases

Abstract The frequency of reversion of ΦX174 amber mutants to wild-type, resulting from in vitro DNA synthesis catalyzed by eucaryotic DNA polymerase-α or -β, varies over a 10- to 1000-fold range. This variation is dependent on the relative ratio of deoxyribonucleotide substrates present during in vitro DNA synthesis. The effect is observed at two different loci in the genome and with several different DNA polymerases. In addition, the effect is observed using an unfractioned cellular extract. These results provide support for the hypothesis that altered nucleotide pools cause mutations in mammalian cells by decreasing the fidelity of DNA synthesis.
Tax options and the pricing of treasury bond triplets: Theory and evidence

Abstract This study uses Treasury bond triplets, which consist of three different Treasury issues with a common maturity date, to investigate the theoretical and empirical influence of tax strategies on Treasury prices. The tax-option effect, which arises from the right to optimally realize gains and losses for tax purposes, is found to induce convexity in the relation among triplet bond prices, but the effect is too small to create an arbitrage opportunity. A previous study [Litzenberger and Rolfo (1984)] is shown to incorrectly isolate the tax-option effect and hence misstate some key result; a correction is provided.
Assimilation of Atmospheric Radio Refractivity Using a Nonhydrostatic Adjoint Model

Abstract Recently, a new approach to remote sensing of water vapor based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been proposed. Specifically, the bending of radio signals propagating from GPS satellites to a receiver on a low earth-orbiting satellite can be used to derive vertical profiles of atmospheric refractivity. Vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor can then be retrieved from the refractivity measurements. This is potentially a valuable data source for the meteorological community. However, before such measurements are used for operational numerical weather prediction, we need to assess the accuracy of the retrieved temperature and moisture fields and properly assimilate these observations into a numerical model. A 4D data assimilation system based on the adiabatic version of the Penn State-NCAR Mesoscale Model and its adjoint was developed. A series of observing system simulation experiments was then conducted to assess the impact of GPS-derived atmospheric refractivity data. Specific...
Controlled Reperfusion Following Regional Ischemia

Abstract The ability to reverse acute coronary occlusion with fibrinolytic agents and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has increased interest in the revascularization of ischemic myocardium. This study defines changes in global ventricular function, mass, and compliance during acute coronary occlusion and following reperfusion with blood in the beating and arrested heart. In 17 dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass, the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 45 minutes. In 12 dogs, flow was reestablished by releasing the coronary snare in the beating heart. In the other 5 dogs, the snare was released during a continuous 10-minute infusion of blood potassium cardioplegia in the arrested heart. Coronary occlusion resulted in significant decreases in stroke work index and left ventricular (LV) mass, but compliance was unchanged. Reperfusion in the beating heart increased LV mass compared with the values measured before ischemia (104 ± 5 versus 95 ± 5 gm; p p
Primary liver cancer: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma emerges from the shadows.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm that arises from intrahepatic bile duct epithelium. ICC accounts for approximately 10% of all primary liver cancers worldwide and is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1]. In part, due to the relative rarity of the disease, no distinction was made in the sixth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging manual between ICC and HCC [2]. The appropriateness of this single staging system was controversial, due to the inherent differences in the etiology and biology of the two diseases. Several previous staging systems have been proposed based on data from Japan, where the experience with ICC has been more pronounced. The applicability of these systems to ICC in Western countries, however, was unclear. Recently, the staging of ICC has been revised and improved in the seventh edition of the AJCC/UICC Cancer Staging Manual [3]. The changes address the need for an empiric data-derived staging system for ICC distinct from HCC. The new ICC staging system places an emphasis on multiplicity of tumors, presence of vascular invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Impetus to revise the staging system
Two New Eimerians (Apicomplexa) from Insectivorous Mammals in Madagascar

Abstract Fecal samples from 126 insectivorous mammals in Madagascar were collected between spring 1999 and fall 2001. In the Afrosoricida, 21 species in 5 genera were sampled, including 17 species of Microgale (31/96, 32% infected), Hemicentetes semispinosus (1/2, 50%), Oryzorictes hova (1/5, 20%), Setifer setosus (8/13, 61.5%), and Tenrec ecaudatus (5/8, 62.5%); in the Soricomorpha, only Suncus murinus was examined and 1/2 (50%) were infected. Two morphotypes of eimeriid oocysts, representing 2 presumptive new species, were found in 47 (37%) infected animals; only 2 afrosoricid hosts (2% of all hosts, 4% of infected hosts) had both oocyst morphotypes. Sporulated oocysts of the first morphotype, Eimeria tenrececaudata n. sp., are subspheroidal, 18.8 × 17.4 (17–22 × 15–20), with a length∶width ratio (L/W) of 1.1 (1.0–1.2); they lack a micropyle but may contain 0–2 polar granules and a single, small round oocyst residuum, 3 × 2.3. Sporocysts are lemon-shaped, 9.9 × 6.6 (9–11 × 5–8), with a L/W of 1.5 (1.2–2...
On comparing equilibrium and optimum payoffs in a class of discrete bimatrix games

Abstract In an m 1 × m 2 bimatrix game, consider the case where payoffs to each player are randomly drawn without replacement, independently of payoffs to the other player, from the set of integers 1,2,…, m 1 m 2 . Thus each player’s payoffs represent ordinal rankings without ties. In such ‘ordinal randomly selected’ games, assuming constraints on the relative sizes of m 1 and m 2 and ignoring any implications of mixed strategies, it is shown that payoffs to pure Nash equilibria (second-degree) stochastically dominate payoffs to pure Pareto optimal outcomes. Thus in such games where pure strategy sets do not differ much in size and payoffs conform with concave von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions over ordinally ranked outcomes, players would prefer (ex ante) a ‘random pure strategy Nash equilibrium payoff’ to a ‘random pure Pareto optimal outcome payoff’.
Synthesis of 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoquinoline under physiological conditions : a model for the biosynthesis of 4-pyrrolidinylisoquinoline alkaloids

Abstract 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid was oxidatively decarboxylated with sodium hypochlorite, affording a dihydroisoquinoline which on condensation with N-methyl-Δ 1 -pyrrolinium acetate, and subsequent aerial oxidation yielded 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoquinoline.
The effect of Auger heating on intraband carrier relaxation in semiconductor quantum rods

The rate at which excited charge carriers relax to their equilibrium state affects many aspects of the performance of nanoscale devices, including switching speed, carrier mobility and luminescence efficiency. A better understanding of the processes that govern carrier relaxation therefore has important technological implications. A significant increase in carrier–carrier interactions caused by strong spatial confinement of electronic excitations in semiconductor nanostructures leads to a considerable enhancement of Auger effects, which can further result in unusual, Auger-process-controlled recombination and energy relaxation regimes. Here, we report the first experimental observation of efficient Auger heating in CdSe quantum rods at high pump intensities, leading to a strong reduction of carrier cooling rates. In this regime, the carrier temperature is determined by the balance between energy outflow through phonon emission and energy inflow because of Auger heating. This equilibrium results in peculiar carrier cooling dynamics that closely correlate with recombination dynamics, an effect never seen before in bulk or nanoscale semiconductors.
Is Student-Right-To-Know All You Should Know? An Analysis of Community College Graduation Rates.

Over the last decade, policymakers, educators, and researchers have increasingly sought to understand community college policies and practices that promote students’ success. This effort has been partly driven by an increased emphasis on outcome accountability, but it has also promoted a productive discussion about improving institutional performance. The research reported here has two related goals. One goal is to work towards strengthening the ability to assess and compare institutional performance. We thus have developed a model that can be used to adjust simple graduation rates for institutional characteristics, such as student composition, college resources, size, and location, all of which might influence those rates. Our long-term goal is to understand how to improve student outcomes, so the paper also uses the model to measure the effect of those institutional characteristics on graduation rates. We use data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) surveys, applying a weighted least-squares procedure for grouped data to estimate an institutional-completion rates model. This analysis confirms several hypotheses about institutional determinants of graduation rates at community colleges. Our results indicate a consistent negative relationship between enrollment size and completion. Additionally, colleges with high shares of minority students, part-time students, and women have lower graduation rates. A final significant finding among institutional characteristics is that greater instructional expenditures are related to a greater likelihood of graduation. The method developed here can be used to better assess the performance of community colleges.
Medical and surgical considerations for implantable hearing prosthetic devices.

Today, technology allows us the opportunity to make a substantial difference in the quality of life for individuals who have been unsuccessful with traditional amplification. This article examines ...
Forging partnerships between rural women with chronic conditions and their health care providers.

Successful adaptation to chronic illness is enhanced by active client—health care provider partnerships. The purposes of this article are to (a) examine the health care partnership needs of western rural women with chronic illness who participated in a computer-based support and education project, (b) describe how the role of the women in the partnership can be maximized by the use of a personal health record and improving health literacy, and (c) discuss ways health care providers can enhance their role in the partnership by careful listening and creating environments conducive to forging productive client—provider partnerships.
A new family of unsteady boundary layers over a stretching surface

Abstract In this paper, a new family of unsteady boundary layers over a stretching flat surface was proposed and studied. This new class of unsteady boundary layers involves the flows over a constant speed stretching surface from a slot, and the slot is moving at a certain speed. Depending on the slot moving parameter, the flow can be treated as a stretching sheet problem or a shrinking sheet problem. Both the momentum and thermal boundary layers were studied. Under special conditions, the solutions reduce to the unsteady Rayleigh problem and the steady Sakiadis stretching sheet problem. Solutions only exist for a certain range of the slot moving parameter, α. Two solutions are found for −53.55°
A pilot randomized trial of induced blood pressure elevation: effects on function and focal perfusion in acute and subacute stroke.

Background: Small, unrandomized studies have indicated that pharmacologically induced blood pressure elevation may improve function in ischemic stroke, presumably by improving blood
Measuring Avoidance and Inflexibility in Weight Related Problems

There is growing evidence that experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility plays a role in a variety of clinical presentations, including health problems. The present study presents preliminary data on a new measure of these processes in relation to difficult weight-related thoughts, feelings, and actions: The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties (AAQW). Data were examined from 84 participants enrolled in a weight maintenance study. The AAQW showed good internal consistency (α=.88) and correlated with other related measures, including the original Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ). The AAQW also changed when targeted by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The AAQW, while still in need of refinement, shows promise to become a useful measure for evaluating new intervention targets in weight control intervention, such as acceptance of difficult emotions.
Emitter-length design for microwave power heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract Area consideration in large microwave power heterojunction bipolar transistors requires maximizing the emitter length per emitter finger. In this investigation, typical device geometry in which the emitter length is the same as the base contact length is analyzed. The limitations on the base contact length (and hence the emitter length) placed by the resistance in base contact metal and the base utilization factor of the base contact are discussed. The critical base contact length is determined as a function of the deposited base contact metal thickness and the device current gain.
American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening: Update 2003

In 2003, the American Cancer Society updated its guidelines for early detection of breast cancer based on recommendations from a formal review of evidence and a recent workshop. The new screening recommendations address screening mammography, physical examination, screening older women and women with comorbid conditions, screening women at high risk, and new screening technologies. (CA Cancer J Clin 2003;54:141-169.) © American Cancer Society, 2003.