cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4 – Energy Storage

Renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature; for them to be reliable, energy storage should be used, which includes batteries, fuel cells, hydro storage, compressed air storage, flywheel storage, supercapacitors, and superconducting magnetic energy storage. Batteries are analyzed in terms of characteristics, chemistry, chemical reaction equations, and comparison. Batteries types are lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium, sodium sulfur, zinc promide, vanadium redox, and polysulfide bromide. The study of fuel cells includes principle of operation, types of fuel cells, applications of fuel cells, reformers, and hydrogen storage. The discussion about compressed air includes components and operation. Flywheel storage review deals with basic components, advantages and disadvantages, and comparison with batteries. Hydropump storage description includes major components and theory of operation of hydropower and hydropump storage principles. The supercapacitors (ultracapacitors) discussion covers structure, characteristics, and operation, as well as advantages and disadvantages of supercapacitors, and their application. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage reviews the components and operation, advantages and disadvantages, and applications.
Shuffling mode competition leads to directionally anisotropic mobility of faceted Σ11 boundaries in fcc metals

Faceted grain boundaries can migrate in interesting and unexpected ways. For example, faceted \ensuremath{\Sigma}11 $\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ tilt grain boundaries were observed to exhibit mobility values that could be strongly dependent on the direction of migration. In order to understand whether this directionally anisotropic mobility is a general phenomenon and to isolate mechanistic explanations for this behavior, molecular dynamics simulations of bicrystals evolved under an artificial driving force are used to study interface migration for a range of boundary plane inclination angles and temperatures in multiple face-centered-cubic metals (Al, Ni, and Cu). We find that directionally anisotropic mobility is active in a large fraction of these boundaries in Ni and Cu and should therefore impact the coarsening of polycrystalline materials. On the other hand, no such anisotropy is observed in any of the Al boundaries, showing that this behavior is material dependent. Migration of the faceted boundaries is accomplished through transformation events at facet nodes and incommensurate boundary plane facets, which are termed shuffling modes. Three major shuffling modes have been identified, namely, Shockley shuffling, slip plane shuffling, and disordered shuffling. A shift from the first two ordered modes to the third disordered mode is found to be responsible for reducing or removing directionally anisotropic mobility, especially at the highest temperatures studied.
A Brief History of the Ethiopian Legal Systems - Past and Present

As a country, Ethiopia needs no introduction. Its three thousand years of history has been told and documented by many who lived in and traveled to Ethiopia' The discovery of Lucy, the 3.2 million years old hominid, iconic fossil in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 1974, attests to the fact that Ethiopia is indeed one of the oldest nations in the world. The origin of the northern Ethiopian Empire, is chronicled in the legendary story of Cush, the son of Ham and the founder of the Axumite Kingdom, who gave the name Ethiopis to the area surrounding Axum and later to his son. Ethiopia is thus derived from it which in Greek means land of the burnt or black faces.
Creating a harmonious operating room: The role of music and other sounds

Abstract Music has traditionally been part of the culture of many operating room theatres around the world with a purported myriad of benefits to the patient, surgeon, and other staff. However, hospital noise levels have risen all around the world, and the operating room is no exception. While certain noises are unavoidable in the operating room, playing music is optional. Thus, as we continue efforts to improve surgical care, the decision to play music must be weighed against its potential as a further source of disturbance. The purpose of this article is to review sources of distractions in the OR, discuss the potential pros and cons of music, for both health care personnel as well as patients, and to delve into studies analyzing the effect of music on surgical trainees, as learners may be particularly vulnerable to noise. This review provides guidance as to how to optimize the OR environment so as to enhance teamwork and communication. We feel that the decision of whether to play music in the operating should be a shared decision between all operating room personnel, with more research needed to form a basis on how to improve operating room communication regarding noise pollution and music.
Controlling Enantioselectivity and Diastereoselectivity in Radical Cascade Cyclization for Construction of Bicyclic Structures.

Radical cascade cyclization reactions are highly attractive synthetic tools for the construction of polycyclic molecules in organic synthesis. While it has been successfully implemented in diastereoselective synthesis of natural products and other complex compounds, radical cascade cyclization faces a major challenge of controlling enantioselectivity. As the first application of metalloradical catalysis (MRC) for controlling enantioselectivity as well as diastereoselectivity in radical cascade cyclization, we herein report the development of a Co(II)-based catalytic system for asymmetric radical bicyclization of 1,6-enynes with diazo compounds. Through the fine-tuning of D2-symmetric chiral amidoporphyrins as the supporting ligands, the Co(II)-catalyzed radical cascade process, which proceeds in a single operation under mild conditions, enables asymmetric construction of multisubstituted cyclopropane-fused tetrahydrofurans bearing three contiguous stereogenic centers, including two all-carbon quaternary centers, in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Combined computational and experimental studies have shed light on the underlying stepwise radical mechanism for this new Co(II)-based cascade bicyclization that involves the relay of several Co-supported C-centered radical intermediates, including α-, β-, γ-, and e-metalloalkyl radicals. The resulting enantioenriched cyclopropane-fused tetrahydrofurans that contain a trisubstituted vinyl group at the bridgehead, as showcased in several stereospecific transformations, may serve as useful intermediates for stereoselective organic synthesis. The successful demonstration of this new asymmetric radical process via Co(II)-MRC points out a potentially general approach for controlling enantioselectivity as well as diastereoselectivity in synthetically attractive radical cascade reactions.
Spanking and externalizing problems: Examining within-subject associations.

This study examined the effects of spanking on externalizing on a within-subject level, while excluding causally irrelevant between-subject variance. Results from two longitudinal studies which used participants from the Child Development Project (n = 585) were reanalyzed with a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model using yearly measurements over ages 6-8. After removing between-subject variance, there were no significant effects of general spanking on externalizing (β = .06, .07). However, when done without objects and at a rate of about once per month or less, spanking showed beneficial effects (β = -.17, -.21). Results suggest that previous findings may be due to a failure to separate between-subject and within-subject variance. Additionally, results illustrate the need to examine limited spanking separately from more general forms of physical punishment.
Social cognitive training in adolescents with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: feasibility and preliminary effects of the intervention

Background Children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) often have deficits in social cognition and social skills that contribute to poor adaptive functioning. These deficits may be of relevance to the later occurrence of serious psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. Yet, there are no evidence-based interventions to improve social cognitive functioning in children with 22q11DS. Methods Using a customised social cognitive curriculum, we conducted a pilot small-group-based social cognitive training (SCT) programme in 13 adolescents with 22q11DS, relative to a control group of nine age- and gender-matched adolescents with 22q11DS. Results We found the SCT programme to be feasible, with high rates of compliance and satisfaction on the part of the participants and their families. Our preliminary analyses indicated that the intervention group showed significant improvements in an overall social cognitive composite index. Conclusions SCT in a small-group format for adolescents with 22q11DS is feasible and results in gains in social cognition. A larger randomised controlled trial would permit assessment of efficacy of this promising novel intervention.
Nitrogen Metabolism of Amino Acids

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the nitrogen metabolism of amino acids. There exists a variety of enzymes capable of catalyzing deamination, transamination, and deamidation—reactions as a result of which amino acids, amines, and amides are freed of their nitrogen moiety. While in the case of amino acid catabolism in mammals, oxidative deamination has been assumed to be the main initiating reaction, it is apparent that the known general L-amino acid oxidases neither have the activity nor the breadth of substrate specificity to account for the catabolism of all the L-amino acids as a group. There is no evidence for the existence of highly specific L-amino acid oxidative systems except for L-glutamic acid. It would, thus, appear that some additional mechanism must be operative in the deamination of L-amino acids. An obvious possibility is the one proposed by Braunstein and Azarkh, namely, that amino acids first participate in a transamination reaction with α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate and the corresponding α-keto acid in accordance with reaction. With the clear demonstration of the wide scope of transamination in animal tissues, this cycle seems a highly likely one, and evidence in support of this has been published. More recently, it has been clearly demonstrated that in the oxidative deamination of tyrosine, transamination is an obligatory intermediate step. The role of a coupled transaminase–glutamic dehydrogenase system in amino-acid synthesis, that is, the reverse of deamination, has been suggested by many, particularly in the case of plant tissues.
Shelf edge tide correlated eddies along the southeastern United States

[1] High frequency radar observations in the Southeastern United States have revealed sequences of small short-lived cyclonic eddies along the shoreward edge of the Gulf Stream, that spin up as the local tide turns alongshelf antiparallel to the Stream. Eddies propagate equatorward along the shelf edge, sometimes progressing shoreward before dissipating one to three hours later. They are distinctly different from Gulf Stream meander eddies, which propagate poleward. In this article, radar and mooring data are used to establish three important aspects of these new eddies: they represent an instability process operating at a previously unidentified frequency, scale, and cross-Stream position; they contribute to shoreward momentum fluxes, defining a link between Gulf Stream and outer shelf subtidal variability and illustrating a mechanism to justify locally large horizontal eddy viscosity estimates; and they transport properties across the shelf edge, importing nutrients onto the shelf and transferring heat between the Gulf Stream and the coastal ocean.
Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle

Preface Acknowledgements Part I. Introduction to Chemical Oceanography: 1. Oceanography background 2. Geochemical mass balance 3. Thermodynamics background 4. Carbonate chemistry 5. Stable and radioactive isotopes 6. Life processes in the ocean 7. Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology Part II. Advanced Topics in Marine Geochemistry: 8. Marine organic geochemistry 9. Molecular diffusion and reaction rates 10. Gases and air - water exchange 11. The global carbon cycle 12. Chemical reactions in marine sediments References Index.
CEO Compensation in a Regulatory Environment: An Analysis of the Electric Utility Industry

Prior studies argue that a firm's investment opportunity set affects the level of information asymmetry and thereby the structure of CEO compensation. We test whether the political constraints impo...
Dynamics of electroforming in binary metal oxide-based resistive switching memory

The onset of localized conduction in TaOx- and TiOx-based resistive switching devices during forming has been characterized. The novel temperature and voltage dependencies of forming times were extracted with pulsed forming experiments that spanned five orders of magnitude in time and showed three different regimes of electroforming. A universal field-induced-nucleation theory which included self-heating effects was used to explain a strong reduction in forming voltage with increasing forming time over all observed regimes of electroforming. It was shown that the effective activation energy for the incubation time changes inversely proportional with the electric field. A diameter of the volatile filament that precedes forming was estimated at ∼1 nm.
The Cultural Economy of Postconsensus Television

This article analyzes the production and popularization of current iconic televisual fictions from a cultural economic point of view. It argues that postconsensus shows, where social meanings are renewed rather than reproduced, are both symptom and cause of the emergence of a new type of media landscape, where the cultural articulation of the dynamics of exclusion and incorporation are key. The article defines and provides evidence of these dynamics in relation to the main economic trends of the industry and considers the potential future of this trajectory in the context of the Internet culture.
Lean Manufacturing Implementation

Many companies have implemented lean production in the last decade. Lean production describes a manufacturing system that uses less resources to make a company’s products. The term lean production was first used in the book, The Machine that Charged the World (Womack, Jones, and Roos, 1990), to describe the Toyota Production System. Lean manufacturing systems are called by various names in the United States. Most commonly used names for lean manufacturing are listed in Table 1. Some of the practices of Toyota are included in this article.
Synergistic effects of chronic exposure to subthreshold concentrations of quinolinic acid and malonate in the rat striatum

Adult rats received chronic intrastriatal dialytic exposure to quinolinic acid (QUIN), malonate, or a combination of QUIN and malonate. The combination of subthreshold concentrations of QUIN (4 mM) and malonate (400 mM) produced lesions larger than did either QUIN or malonate alone. The neurotoxic effect of QUIN combined with malonate was subsequently blocked by co-administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (1 mM). These findings indicate that malonate synergistically enhances NMDA receptor mediated excitotoxicity.
Use of Dinitrofluorobenzene to Modify Enzymes for Enhanced Solubilization and Activity in Organic Solvents Scientific Note

It is now known that many enzymes can function as biocatalysts in, or in contact with, various organic solvents (1-5). As a result, such enzymes can now be considered for many different applications not previously thought to be possible in organic solvents. Approaches taken with this type of biocatalytic system have included the use of immobilized enzymes (6), enzymes particulates (7), enzymes in micelles (8), or enzymes in an aqueous phase that is in contact with the organic phase (6). These are effective ways of using biocatalysts for some applications providing the reaction is carried out in the liquid phase. However, if the enzyme must interact with a solid substrate, such as coal in the organic phase, it is desirable for the enzyme to be present in the organic media in a soluble form, since direct molecular interactions are a requirement. Some enzymes have minimal solubility in polar organics, especially those that contain water (9). However, there is only a limited solubility of enzymes in nonhydrous, polar organic solvents, since proteinaceous molecules are primarily hydrophilic. It may be possible to modify enzymes chemically to increase hydrophobicity and, thus, increase organic solubilization while maintaining catalytic activity. Several methods have been studied to
Convex structures and operational quantum mechanics

A general mathematical framework called a convex structure is introduced. This framework generalizes the usual concept of a convex set in a real linear space. A metric is constructed on a convex structure and it is shown that mappings which preserve the structure are contractions. Convex structures which are isomomorphic to convex sets are characterized and for such convex structures it is shown that the metric is induced by a norm and that structure preserving mappings can be extended to bounded linear operators.
Polynomials on Banach Spaces: Zeros and Maximal Points

A maximal point of a polynomial on a Banach space is a point in the unit ball at which the polynomial attains its norm. Lower bounds are given for the distances between zeros and maximal points.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Trafficking, Processing, and Function

Intracellular trafficking and proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) have been the focus of numerous investigations over the past two decades. APP is the precursor to the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), the 38–43-amino acid residue peptide that is at the heart of the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Tremendous progress has been made since the initial identification of Aβ as the principal component of brain senile plaques of individuals with AD. Specifically, molecular characterization of the secretases involved in Aβ production has facilitated cell biological investigations on APP processing and advanced efforts to model AD pathogenesis in animal models. This minireview summarizes salient features of APP trafficking and amyloidogenic processing and discusses the putative biological functions of APP.
Exciton binding energies in finite-barrier type-II quantum-well structures in a magnetic field

We have developed a variational formalism for calculations of the exciton binding energies in the GaAs-AlAs type-II quantum-well structures in the presence of a magnetic field applied along the growth axis. In contrast to some previous calculations, we take into account the finiteness of the potential barriers at the GaAs-AlAs interfaces and the mismatch of the effective masses of electron and hole across such potential barriers. The exciton wave function is expressed in terms of electron and hole subband wave functions and a multiterm Gaussian-type-orbital expansion, with variationally determined coefficients. The finite overlap of the electron and hole wave functions is found to increase exciton binding energies by up to 10--15 %, depending on thickness of the GaAs and AlAs layers. The application of the magnetic field compresses the excitonic wave functions and is found to enhance their binding energies.
Decrease of capsular opacification with adjunctive mitomycin C in combined glaucoma and cataract surgery

Abstract Objective The authors investigated the incidence of capsular opacification requiring YAG capsulotomy after primary trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification and implantation of all polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses. Design A prospective randomized study. Participants One hundred seventy-four eyes of 174 nonselected patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were randomized to either no adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) (control group of 93 eyes of 93 patients) or adjunctive subconjunctival MMC (MMC group of 81 eyes of 81 patients) during the primary glaucoma triple procedure (PGTP). Intervention Primary glaucoma triple procedure with and without MMC and YAG laser capsulotomy for posterior capsular opacification (PCO) was performed. Main outcome measures The incidences of YAG capsulotomy for PCO were compared between the control and MMC groups and also between the control group and the MMC subgroups (1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes of MMC application) using Kaplan-Meier analysis with Mantel-Cox log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis also was performed to identify significant factors affecting capsular opacification. Results The control and MMC groups were similar in preoperative characteristics. However, the probability of PCO requiring YAG capsulotomy was significantly lower in the MMC group than in the control group ( P = 0.004). Among the MMC subgroups, MMC application for 3 minutes was most effective and significant when compared with that of the control group ( P = 0.002). Although not as significant as the intraoperative use of MMC ( P = 0.002), old age ( P = 0.026) and presence of diabetes mellitus ( P = 0.035) were also identified as significant beneficial factors for decreasing the incidence of YAG capsulotomy for PCO in Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Conclusion Intraoperative subconjunctival MMC application during combined glaucoma and cataract surgery has a beneficial effect of inhibiting PCO after combined surgery in patients with POAG. Thus, after intraoperative subconjunctival application of MMC at the concentration of 0.5 mg/ml for 3 minutes, the aqueous MMC level must have been great enough to inhibit the lens epithelial cell proliferation to result in a long-term decrease in PCO.
Effects of ledge density on the morphology and growth kinetics of precipitates in a Ni–Cr Alloy

Abstract Aging a quenched, face-centered cubic, Ni–45wt%Cr alloy at intermediate temperatures produces Cr-rich body-centered cubic precipitates with a lath morphology and two prominent boundary facets. Both the faceted boundaries migrate by a ledge mechanism. The density of ledges in these boundaries were measured as a function of time and related to the precipitate’s shape and growth kinetics. A tendency of ledges to coalesce on one of the facets contributes to differences in the migration behavior of the two boundaries. One boundary has a distinct crystallographic habit, the other does not, and while both boundaries migrate with parabolic kinetics, they have different rate constants. The rate constants are influenced by the formation rate of ledges on the respective boundaries. Growth models are used in conjunction with the experimental measurements to show that the boundaries and ledges move at rates controlled by solute diffusion in the matrix.
Are consumers with disabilities receiving the services they need

Abstract People with disabilities in the U.S. command a buying power of $220 billion. This study combines service quality theory and disability orientation theory to focus on perceived service quality for this segment, with attribution theory providing a connecting framework. The results show that there is much room for improvement. A survey among people with disabilities reveals that retailers are rated lower on accessibility than on traditional service quality dimensions. Furthermore, feelings of disability pride and social activism (mediated by a sense of exclusion) significantly affect ratings of accessibility. Service “intangibles” such as assurance and empathy have the greatest positive effect on service quality ratings, which in turn significantly affect purchase intention (mediated by customer satisfaction). Implications and research issues are discussed.
Characterization of the Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ Gene ☆

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (alpha, delta and gamma) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are involved in multiple cellular responses. The PPARdelta subtype is the least understood of all PPAR subtypes. PPARdelta is activated by unsaturated fatty acids, PGI2, and by synthetic ligands. PPARdelta-regulated genes have not been identified and the factors that control PPARdelta expression are not known. The gene that encodes the mouse PPARdelta gene is contained in >30 kb DNA sequence and organized in eight exons, six of which encode the PPARdelta receptor. A PPARdelta-luciferase reporter containing 694 bp 5' upstream regulatory and 127 bp untranslated was introduced to primary brain cultures to begin a characterization of the DNA sequences that mediate transcriptional regulation of PPARdelta. PPARdelta-luciferase expression was 10 times higher in oligodendrocyte-containing mature cultures than in immature cultures, indicating that PPARdelta may play a role during oligodendrocyte migration, proliferation, and/or maturation.
Extreme point characterization of constrained nonstationary infinite-horizon Markov decision processes with finite state space

Abstract We study infinite-horizon nonstationary Markov decision processes with discounted cost criterion, finite state space, and side constraints. This problem can equivalently be formulated as a countably infinite linear program (CILP), a linear program with countably infinite number of variables and constraints. We provide a complete algebraic characterization of extreme points of the CILP formulation and illustrate the characterization for special cases. The existence of a K -randomized optimal policy for a problem with K side constraints also follows from this characterization.
PROPERTIES OF NICKEL-THORIA ALLOYS PREPARED BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF THORIUM NITRATE

Dispersion-strengthened nickel-thoria alloys have been prepared by thermal decomposition of thorium nitrate on 2–5-μ nickel powder. The resultant alloys were evaluated in room-temperature tensile tests, in creep-rupture tests at 815, 982, and 1093°C, and, for thermal stability, by annealing tests (1 h) up to 1350°C. Relatively uniform structures were produced, which gave superior high-temperature properties and structural stability to at least 1350°C.
Identification and validation of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase as the molecular target of the immunomodulatory benzodiazepine Bz-423.

Summary Bz-423 is a 1,4-benzodiazepine that suppresses disease in lupus-prone mice by selectively killing pathogenic lymphocytes, and it is less toxic compared to current lupus drugs. Cells exposed to Bz-423 rapidly generate O 2 − within mitochondria, and this reactive oxygen species is the signal initiating apoptosis. Phage display screening revealed that Bz-423 binds to the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) component of the mitochondrial F 1 F 0 -ATPase. Bz-423 inhibited the F 1 F 0 -ATPase in vitro, and reconstitution experiments demonstrated that inhibition was mediated by the OSCP. This target was further validated by generating cells with reduced OSCP expression using RNA interference and studying the sensitivity of these cells to Bz-423. Our findings help explain the efficacy and selectivity of Bz-423 for autoimmune lymphocytes and highlight the OSCP as a target to guide the development of novel lupus therapeutics.
The primary aberration coefficients of cross-cylindrical anamorphic optical systems

A method of calculating the primary aberration coefficients for cross-cylindrical anamorphic systems has been found. The monochromatic primary aberration coefficients for this anamorphic system have been developed, in a form parallel to the Seidel aberrations.
Modeling void coalescence during ductile fracture of a steel

Abstract Ductile fracture of HY-100 steel at high stress triaxialities occurs by a void-sheet mode of failure in which large elongated voids, formed at MnS inclusions, coalesce as a result of a localized deformation instability that develops between neighboring voids. In this study, micro-mechanical modeling using finite element analysis has been employed to examine the deformation localization behavior within void arrays based on experimentally observed inclusion microstructures of HY-100 steel. Treating the elongated voids as through-thickness holes, we utilize image-based multi-hole models, each depicting roughly 125 voids, to identify the significance of the critical features (size, spacing, clustering) of the void microstructure on the deformation localization process and ultimately void-sheet coalescence and failure. The deformation localization is especially sensitive to the presence of a few large voids spaced within roughly 30 hole diameters of each other and oriented on planes 45°±15° to the maximum applied principal stress. The results also show that deformation localization develops more readily at high stress triaxialities. Smaller, “secondary” voids can promote the onset of strain localization between large voids, even if they nucleate after a rather large void nucleation strain. Within microstructures consisting of solely of small voids, high density clusters can cause intense strain localization, but it is confined within the scale of the cluster.
A new control system hardware architecture for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope * prime focus instrument package

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) will be undergoing a major upgrade as a precursor to the HET Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX ‡ ). As part of this upgrade, the Prime Focus Instrument Package (PFIP) will be replaced with a new design that supports the HETDEX requirements along with the existing suite of instruments and anticipated future additions. This paper describes the new PFIP control system hardware plus the physical constraints and other considerations driving its design. Because of its location at the top end of the telescope, the new PFIP is essentially a stand-alone remote automation island containing over a dozen subsystems. Within the PFIP, motion controllers and modular IO systems are interconnected using a local Controller Area Network (CAN) bus and the CANOpen messaging protocol. CCD cameras that are equipped only with USB 2.0 interfaces are connected to a local Ethernet network via small microcontroller boards running embedded Linux. Links to ground-level systems pass through a 100 m cable bundle and use Ethernet over fiber optic cable exclusively; communications are either direct or through Ethernet/CAN gateways that pass CANOpen messages transparently. All of the control system hardware components are commercially available, designed for rugged industrial applications, and rated for extended temperature operation down to -10 °C.
Comparison of an exact fermion Monte Carlo algorithm with the pseudofermion method using staggered fermions.

We present first results obtained from a simulation of lattice OCD with staggered fermions by a Monte Carlo algorithm that incorporates the effect of the fermion determinant exactly. The chiral condensate $\overline{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\chi}$ and various Wilson-loop expectation values are measured on a ${4}^{4}$ space-time lattice and the results are compared with the same quantities measured on the same-size lattice with the pseudofermion method. A quantitatively good agreement is found.
Triethylenetetraminehexaacetatoferrato(II)cuprate(II), [Fe II Cu II -(ttha)] 2− : oxidation-induced cross-binuclear metal exchange

The heterobinuclear complex [FeIICuII(ttha)]2− (1) (ttha6− = triethylenetetraminehexaacetate), exhibits the same two-nitrogen per metal coordination of the related homobinuclear [Cu inf2 supII (ttha)]2− complex, but(1) has a signature broad single derivative e.p.r. line atg = 2.11 with a peak-to-peak width of 182 G. Oxidation to the [FeIIICuII(ttha)]− complex by either O2 or H2O2 initiates a rapid cross-binuclear metal exchange forming homobinuclear [Fe inf2 supIII O(ttha)]2− and [Cu inf2 sup− (ttha)]2− products (t 1/2 ca 3.9 s). An isomeric form of [FeIIICuII(ttha)]−, which has three nitrogen donors bound to CuII and only the remaining iminodiacetate fragment bound to FeIII, rearranges much more slowly (t 1/2 ca 4.8 h).
Memory, Print Exposure, and Metacognition: Components of Reading in Chinese Children

This study examined the relative contributions of visual and verbal memory, metacognition about reading, and print exposure to reading comprehension among 100 Chinese fifth graders. The four concurrently measured componential skills were substantially associated with reading comprehension and reliably distinguished between good and poor readers. In a hierarchical regression, after controlling for the effects of verbal intelligence, both verbal and visual memory abilities predicted unique variance in reading comprehension. The distinctness of each memory skill underscores the existence of two unique memory processes in Chinese reading. Future research should examine the longitudinal contributions of these cognitive abilities to reading comprehension.
A condensation particle counter for long-term continuous use in the remote marine environment

In order to measure condensation particles of geophysical significance and to detect locally produced airborne combustion products, we modified commercial clean room condensation particle counters and deployed these instruments on atmospheric sampling towers in remote marine regions. The modified instruments accurately counted condensation particles in continuous mode both initially and after more than a year of deployment with only minor on-site maintenance.
Myocardial ischemia during intravenous nicardipine administration.

Abstract Nicardipine is a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist similar in chemical structure to nifedipine. Nicardipine is a potent coronary and systemic vasodilator that, when administered intravenously, evokes reflex tachycardia, increased myocardial contractile state and increased myocardial oxygen consumption in man. 1 In this report, we describe a patient who had angina pectoris and objective evidence for myocardial ischemia at rest during intravenous nicardipine administration. Coronary and systemic hemodynamics, indexes of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and myocardial oxygen consumption were recorded before and during nicardipine-associated angina.
Implementation of the PSBH Model in a 4-Year Baccalaureate Nursing Program

All students in the Frances Payne Bolton baccalaureate program were trained in the Dreyfus Health Foundation, Problem Solving for Better Health (PSBH) model. Students implemented the model in the 6-semester community engagement component of the bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) curriculum. Students were trained in two 4- to 5-hour sessions after which they planned health-related projects for implementation in the large urban school district that is the setting for the community engagement experiences. Examples of projects included teaching hand hygiene, reducing bullying incidents in the school day, and having a program to reduce tardiness in a 7th-grade science class. BSN students found the PSBH model useful in their community engagement (72%) and in their work environments (66%) and felt it increased their effectiveness as change agents (42%).
Measurement of Stresses Using Fluorescence in an Optical Microprobe: Stresses around Indentations in a Chromium‐Doped Sapphire

A technique for measuring stress (positive and negative) with a lateral spatial extent of approximately 2 μm is introduced. The technique, implemented using a Raman microprobe, is demonstrated with measurements of the frequency shift of the sharp, R-luminescence lines (2Ā and Ē to 4A2 radiative transitions) in, and around, a hardness indentation in a 0.06-wt%-chromium doped sapphire. From the observed frequency shifts the stresses in regions sampled in the hardness impression, in the complex stress field surrounding it, and at the tip of a crack are measured.
Hormonally-regulated functions in crustaceans as biomarkers of environmental pollution

The effects of organic and inorganic contaminants on functions regulated by hormones in crustaceans are being investigated with increasing frequency because several of these phenomena show promise of being useful biomarkers of environmental contamination. Heavy metals and organic compounds have been found in studies with crustaceans to negatively affect hormonally-regulated functions, specifically reproduction, molting, blood glucose level, and pigmentary effectors. Neurotransmitters, including 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine, have been identified as being involved in stimulating or inhibiting release of specific crustacean neurohormones such as the pigment-dispersing and pigment-concentrating ones involved in color changes. The effects of pollutants on at least some of these hormonally-regulated processes appear due at least in part to impacting release of a neurohormone, possibly by affecting release of the neurotransmitter that normally stimulates release of that particular neurohormone.
Evaluation of Ammonia and Infectious Bronchitis Vaccination Stress on Broiler Performance and Carcass Quality

Abstract Eighty broiler chicks were randomly assigned to each of 12 chambers in a controlled environment building. Anhydrous ammonia gas was introduced into the test chambers from 4–8 weeks of age so treatments consisted of 0, 25 and 50 parts per million (p.p.m.) of NH3. Chicks were vaccinated at 5 weeks of age with a commercial strain of infectious bronchitis dust vaccine. Eight week body weights and feed efficiencies of broilers exposed to ammonia were significantly reduced. At 6 and 8 weeks of age a severe airsacculitis condition was observed in the ammoniated broilers. During the eight week period airborne bacteria were significantly greater in the 25 and 50 p.p.m. NH3 chambers. Ammonia and infectious bronchitis vaccination stress did not affect meat flavor, tenderness or juiciness, but significantly increased condemnations and undergrade carcasses.
Effects of electron-microscopic fixatives on cell membranes of the perfused rat heart

Abstract Left ventricles from rat hearts were pre-perfused through the coronary blood vessels with physiological saline containing variable concentrations of the fixatives formaldehyde or osmic acid, then perfused for 30 min with physiological saline. The distribution of K + , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , water, and anions in fixative-treated ventricles was then compared with that of ventricles perfused in fixative-free physiological saline. After exposure to fixatives there is an exchange of cellular K + for extracellular Na + similar to that which occurs when active transport of Na + is inhibited. The selective permeability of the cell membrane to ions was partially preserved at all but the highest fixative concentrations. The osmolality of the fixative therefore affects volumes of cells and subcellular structures in fixed tissues. Osmium-treated ventricles accumulate very large amounts of Ca 2+ (average: 46 times the normal ventricular Ca 2+ content) from a medium containing 1.4 mM Ca 2+ . They also take up large amounts of osmium; after perfusion with 32.7 mM OsO 4 , the accumulated osmium compound accounts for 46% of the tissue dry weight.
Can Ecological Receptors Really Be At Risk

Birds and mammals at hazardous waste sites are routinely modeled for their potential to display harmful toxicological effects as a result of their exposures to contaminants. Although standard desktop measures of the potential for toxicological endpoints to be reached commonly suggest that these receptors should be at ill health (e.g., experiencing reproductive impairment), evidence is lacking from the field that such effects are occurring. Plausibly, the excessive time lapse (frequently several decades) from contaminant release event to site ecological risk assessment, can explain the disconnect. Aided by their relatively brief life spans, these modeled ecological receptors have produced multiple generations to date and may have outbred the chemical stress. In light of the absence of observed health impacts in birds and mammals since the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund program, there may be no need to continue assessing the health of these species. Additionally, given the ...
On the parallelization of a Sn transport algorithm on a CRAY Y-MP

Abstract We have analyzed the parallel performance and speedup of a multigroup, discrete ordinates Sn transport algorithm, on a CRAY Y-MP. Three types of iteration schemes varying from ordered to chaotic, have been compared using up to seven processors with five, seven and fourteen energy groups. Two types of convergence criteria have been investigated to evaluate the trade off between load-balancing and accuracy.
Pregnancy, Pimps, and “Clichèd Love Things”: Writing Through Gender and Sexuality

This article examines the poetry, prose, and rap lyrics written by nine low-income, African American and Latino urban youths. The study is based on a 3-year research project using ethnographic methods including field observations, informal interviews, and collection of written artifacts. Part of a larger study of these youths’ writing practices, this article focuses on the ways that they use writing to negotiate gendered and sexual identities in complicated, sometimes conflicting, ways. The article is grounded in the field of new literacy studies, and the author argues that educators and other youth workers can find, in the writing of youths like those in the study, an entree into sometimes uncomfortable yet vitally important conversations about gender and sexuality. Through analysis of the writers’ texts and conversations, the author models ways of drawing useful insights from such texts.
Effect of ethanol on canine gastric epithelial ultrastructure and transmucosal potential difference

We correlated changes in the gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD), as an indicator of the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier, with morphological evidence of injury in dogs which had received either intragastric saline or 5, 10, 15, or 30% ethanol. Increasing degrees of morphological damage were accompanied by greater, more rapid changes in PD. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes occurred within surface epithelial cells, not in the deeper parietal or zymogen cells, and initially did not involve disruption of the apical cell membrane. Typically, the tight junctions also were not affected, although in a minority of dogs small bleblike separations of the tight junctions were seen. We consider the gastric mucosal barrier to be represented morphologically by the interconnecting sheet of gastric epithelial cells and that ethanol breaks the barrier by first causing intracellular injury.
Mixing and phase separation in liquid crystal/matrix systems: Determination of the excess specific heat of mixing.

We report the first direct measurement of \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{C}}_{\mathrm{mix}}$, the excess specific heat due to mixing of a binary system, a liquid crystal (LC)/matrix mixture. Both LC concentration and matrix cross-linking (cure) affect mixing. In uncured systems we observe a steplike decrease in specific heat due to a negative value of \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{C}}_{\mathrm{mix}}$. A plot of \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{C}}_{\mathrm{mix}}$ vs LC content shows a minimum, consistent with Flory-Huggin theory; the theory also gives the upper critical solution temperature phase diagram and sign of \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{C}}_{\mathrm{mix}}$. Partially cured samples also exhibit \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{C}}_{\mathrm{mix}}$ transitions which persist until cure is almost complete and demixing is essentially irreversible.
The effect of external vorticity on stagnation-point heat transfer at high prandtl number

Abstract The strong sensitivity of stagnation-point heat transfer to the presence of free-stream turbulence has been attributed to vorticity amplification by stretching of vortex filaments. A mathematical model proposed by Sutera, Maeder and Kestin is examined for the case of very high Prandtl number (Pr). Asymptotic solutions are obtained for the limit Pr → ∞. These show that the heat-transfer sensitivity continues to increase with Prandtl number. Approximately 95 per cent of the asymptotic value of the stagnation-point heat-transfer coefficient is attained at Pr = 100.
Surface-Particle Interactions in the Chemical Mechanical Polishing Process

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a critical step in the fabrication of integrated circuits. Each layer of deposited material must be planarized before the next layer of circuitry can be formed. In CMP, a chemically active solution is used to modify the substrate so that a particulate abrasive may polish more efficiently. Modification of the surface often requires high oxidizer concentrations or pH extremes. Under these circumstances the stability of the polishing slurry and prevention of particulate attachment to the substrate is a difficult problem. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to directly measure the forces between surfaces that simulate those in CMP. Initial investigation has focused on modeling the polishing of tungsten interconnect material by alumina slurries at acidic pH and evaluating the role surfactants can play in the stabilization of the polishing slurry and CMP processes.
Molecular morphology and function of bull spermatozoa linked to histones and associated with fertility

Sub-par fertility in bulls is influenced by alterations in sperm chromatin, and it might not be solved with increased sperm concentration in artificial insemination. Appropriate histone retention during sperm chromatin condensation plays critical roles in male fertility. The objective of this study was to determine failures of sperm chromatin condensation associated with abnormal persistence or accessibility of histones by aniline blue (ANBL) test, expression levels, and cellular localizations of one variant and two core histones (H3.3, H2B, and H4 respectively) in the spermatozoa of low-fertility (LF) vs high-fertility (HF) bulls. The expression levels and cellular localizations of histones in spermatozoa were studied using immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and staining methods. The bioinformatics focused on the sequence identity and evolutionary distance of these proteins among three mammalian species: bovine, mouse, and human. We demonstrated that ANBL staining was different within the LF (1.73 (0.55, 0.19)) and HF (0.67 (0.17, 0.06)) groups (P<0.0001), which was also negatively correlated with in vivo bull fertility (r=-0.90, P<0.0001). Although these histones were consistently detectable and specifically localized in bull sperm cells, they were not different between the two groups. Except H2B variants, H3.3 and H4 showed 100% identity and were evolutionarily conserved in bulls, mice and humans. The H2B variants were more conserved between bulls and humans, than in mice. In conclusion, we showed that H2B, H3.3, and H4 were detectable in bull spermatozoa and that sperm chromatin condensation status, changed by histone retention, is related to bull fertility.
Constructing Credible Images : Documentary Studies, Social Research, and Visual Studies

Documentary photographers and visual social researchers both rely on visual, real-world data but differ in how they address three key challenges: creating empirically credible images of culture and social life, framing empirical observations to highlight new knowledge, and challenging existing social theory. A close look at these shared challenges and contrasting conventions recommends exemplary documentary studies as an empirically viable alternative to traditional social research. Three recent projects illustrate the value of such alternatives to informing public discourse. They also embody strategies that could enhance the value of empirical, visual inquiry to education and other community-based fields of practice.
Photorefraction of normal and astigmatic infants during viewing of patterned stimuli

Photorefraction was used to assess the state of accommodation of 3-month old infants with and without astigmatism while they viewed stimuli in an apparatus commonly used to test infant visual acuity. The stimuli were a 1.6 c/deg vertical grating, a 1.6 c/deg horizontal grating and a cross composed of orthogonal 19 min lines, which were presented 55 cm from the infants. Most infants' accommodation was appropriate for the vertical grating. Astigmatic infants did not change their focus when the orientation of the grating was changed.