cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The label complexity of mixed-initiative classifier training

Mixed-initiative classifier training, where the human teacher can choose which items to label or to label items chosen by the computer, has enjoyed empirical success but without a rigorous statistical learning theoretical justification. We analyze the label complexity of a simple mixed-initiative training mechanism using teaching dimension and active learning. We show that mixed-initiative training is advantageous compared to either computer-initiated (represented by active learning) or human-initiated classifier training. The advantage exists across all human teaching abilities, from optimal to completely unhelpful teachers. We further improve classifier training by educating the human teachers. This is done by showing, or explaining, optimal teaching sets to the human teachers. We conduct Mechanical Turk human experiments on two stylistic classifier training tasks to illustrate our approach.
Evaluation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF) discharge medication prescribing: Is drug therapy concordant with national guidelines associated with a reduction in 30-day readmissions?

Abstract Introduction Approximately 1 in 5 hospitalized COPD patients are readmitted within 30 days of discharge. CHF coexists in more than 20% of patients with COPD, and is associated with early readmission for COPD. Reducing 30-day hospital readmissions for COPD is of intense current interest. Methodology A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients discharged with COPD exacerbation and HFrEF. The primary objective was to evaluate if discharge medication prescribing following guidelines for both COPD and HFrEF correlates with reduced 30-day readmission rates. Results The study included 281 admissions with 39.1% prescribed appropriate discharge medications for both COPD and HFrEF; 30-day readmission rate was 24.5% for these patients compared to 31.1% that were not prescribed appropriate medications (p = 0.24). Beta blockers, ACE inhibitors or ARBS, and aldosterone antagonists were under-prescribed, but this did not significantly associate with increased readmission (p = 0.51, p = 0.23 or 0.99, and p = 0.18, respectively). Those prescribed hydralazine or nitrates were more likely to readmit (both p = 0.01). Diabetes and hyperlipidemia were associated with increased readmission (p = 0.01 and 0.05). Conclusions This study did not show a significant difference in 30-day readmission rate based on appropriate discharge medications for both COPD and HFrEF. The comorbidities diabetes and hyperlipidemia and prescription of hydralazine or nitrates were significantly associated with increased readmission rate. Larger patient populations may be needed to assess if guideline based discharge medication prescribing is associated with reduced 30-day readmissions for COPD.
Analytics at Wimbledon: Learning for the enterprise: Game, Set and Tweet

Presents a collection of slides covering the following: Wimbledon; enterprise game; social media; sentiment analysis; and Twitter.
Rift Valley fever vaccines: an overview of the safety and efficacy of the live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine candidate.

Introduction: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic viral disease endemic to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. High rates of abortion among infected ruminants and hemorrhagic fever i...
Interaction between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Genetic Variants in Relation to Breast Cancer Incidence

Higher intake of ω-3 relative to ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce breast carcinogenesis via different metabolic pathways. The PUFA-breast cancer association remains inconclusive, thus, we hypothesized that interactions between the ratio of dietary ω-3:ω-6 intake and polymorphisms from PUFA-related metabolic pathways would help elucidate an association. Utilizing resources from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project, a population-based case-control study (n=1035 cases/1075 controls), we examined interactions between ω-3:ω-6 ratio and 18 polymorphisms of 15 genes. Compared to the putative lowest risk group (high ω-3:ω-6,low-risk FASL rs763110 CT/TT genotype), the odds ratio (OR) for breast cancer from unconditional logistic regression models was weakly increased for other exposure-genotype combinations (high ω-3:ω-6,high-risk FASL CC genotype, OR=1.18,95% confidence interval(CI)=0.90,1.53; low ω-3:ω-6,CT/TT genotype, OR=1.35,95%CI=1.09,1.66); but was approximately null for the putative highest risk group (low ω-3:ω-6,CC genotype; OR=1.06,95%CI=0.81,1.38). We observed an interaction between the ω-3:ω-6 ratio and FASL rs763110 on the additive scale [Relative Excess Risk Due to Interaction(RERI)=-0.47, 95%CI=-0.92,-0.02]. Interactions with other polymorphisms considered were not evident. Our findings suggest that the PUFA-breast cancer association may be modified by FASL. However, additional research is needed given this interaction may be due to chance and is inconsistent with our a priori biologic hypothesis.
Candida auris: a worrisome, globally emerging pathogen.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Candida auris is a recently discovered, rapidly emerging fungal pathogen. Infections due to C. auris are hospital-acquired, multidrug resistant and associated with high mortality.Areas covered: This review highlights epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiological characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges and treatment options of C. auris infections. Infection prevention measures to prevent spread of C. auris and special measures during an outbreak situation have also been reviewed.Expert commentary: Rapid emergence of hospital onset C. auris is worrisome. Early diagnosis of C. auris is essential for better outcomes and the implementation of infection prevention measures. Lack of widespread awareness, absence of general availability of diagnostic testing methods, and limited options for treatment of C. auris infections make it a difficult-to-treat pathogen. Further studies are needed for better understanding of this emerging pathogen.
Common-mode/differential-mode interactions in asymmetric converter structures

This paper presents a theoretical treatment of common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) interaction that is known to exist in switch-mode converter systems. This analysis demonstrates that one important metric for evaluating this interaction (displacement currents through the module baseplate) can be quantitatively predicted through theoretical analysis of two types of asymmetry in the converter system: that arising through topological-induced current imbalances between phase legs, and that arising through parasitic imbalances within the structure of the multi-chip power module (MCPM). The latter has not been given analytical treatment in the literature to date, and represents an important degree of freedom for suppressing module baseplate current, which is a known contributor to CM behavior, and is also known to be exacerbated in the case of wide band-gap (WBG) converters due to fast signal edge rates. In this work, two studies are performed to explore the sensitivity of the baseplate current magnitude to two MCPM design parameters, namely the baseplate capacitance imbalance ratio, and the total baseplate capacitance value. These studies demonstrate that the output of the presented theoretical treatment agrees to a high degree of fidelity with time-domain simulation results. In addition, these studies reveal the unexpected prospect of eliminating the baseplate current due to the opposing influence of the two types of asymmetries considered.
Microvascular Decompression and Arachnoid Cyst Fenestration for Treatment of Medulla Oblongata Compression Caused by Arachnoid Cyst-Vascular Loop Complex

Background Vascular compression of neural structures has long been established as an etiology for dysfunction of multiple cranial nerves. Classically, as is the case of trigeminal neuralgia, vascular compression by an offending artery and sometimes vein-exerting pressure at the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve can lead to the characteristic pain syndrome. Case Description In these cases, microvascular decompression is an effective, durable surgical intervention to relieve the neuralgia. In this report, we present a unique case of a patient with direct compression of the medulla oblongata by an arachnoid cyst and associated vascular loops. Conclusion Confirming our suspected pathophysiology of this case, we noted resolution of the patient's symptoms following fenestration of cyst and microvascular decompression.
Vibrational tug-of-war: The pKA dependence of the broad vibrational features of strongly hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acids

Medium and strong hydrogen bonds give rise to broad vibrational features frequently spanning several hundred wavenumbers and oftentimes exhibiting unusual substructures. These broad vibrational features can be modeled from first principles, in a reduced dimensional calculation, that adiabatically separates low-frequency modes, which modulate the hydrogen bond length, from high-frequency OH stretch and bend modes that contribute to the vibrational structure. Previously this method was used to investigate the origin of an unusual vibrational feature frequently found in the spectra of dimers between carboxylic acids and nitrogen-containing aromatic bases that spans over 900 cm−1 and contains two broad peaks. It was found that the width of this feature largely originates from low-frequency modes modulating the hydrogen bond length and that the structure results from Fermi resonance interactions. In this report, we examine how these features change with the relative acid and base strength of the components as reflected by their aqueous pKA values. Dimers with large pKA differences are found to have features that can extend to frequencies below 1000 cm−1. The relationships between mean OH/NH frequency, aqueous pKA, and O–N distance are examined in order to obtain a more rigorous understanding of the origin and shape of the vibrational features. The mean OH/NH frequencies are found to correlate well with O–N distances. The lowest OH stretch frequencies are found in dimer geometries with O–N distances between 2.5 and 2.6 A. At larger O–N distances, the hydrogen bonding interaction is not as strong, resulting in higher OH stretch frequencies. When the O–N distance is smaller than 2.5 A, the limited space between the O and N determines the OH stretch frequency, which gives rise to frequencies that decrease with O–N distances. These two effects place a lower limit on the OH stretch frequency which is calculated to be near 700 cm−1. Understanding how the vibrational features of strongly hydrogen-bonded structures depend on the relative pKA and other structural parameters will guide studies of biological structures and analysis of proton transfer studies using photoacids.
Longleaf pine cone–radial growth relationships in the southeastern U.S.A.

Abstract Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) cones have been counted annually by the United States Forest Service (USFS) at eleven locations throughout the species’ range since 1958. These data have been useful for understanding spatiotemporal patterns in longleaf pine cone production, and are beneficial in timing regeneration efforts. Variations in annual mast (i.e. seed crop) are known to influence ring widths in numerous tree species, yet this relationship is poorly understood for longleaf pine. This research examines the relationship between longleaf pine cone data and tree-ring growth from trees sampled in the multi-decadal USFS cone-crop study. We examined cone–radial growth relationships using individual tree-ring data and proprietary cone data for each tree from six sites in four locations in the southeastern USA. We found that longleaf pine cones were correlated with basal area increment growth (BAI) over the three-year cone-development cycle. Low BAI years were more frequently associated with above-average cone crop and BAI during years that coincided with the largest cone-crop class (bumper, > 100 cones per tree) were statistically less than any other cone class. We prepared linear models that predicted radial growth using PDSI and cones as predictors, and found that including cones in the models did not improve adjusted R2 values. We conclude that while cone production is inversely related to radial growth, the combination of infrequent bumper years and the concentration of cone production by a few trees per stand, creates an environment where radial-growth chronologies assembled from longleaf pine for dendroclimatic purposes are unlikely to be significantly influenced by reproductive strain.
Psoriatic Arthritis and Infection

An infectious etiology for both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis has long been suspected. Accumulated evidence supports a role for Gram-positive bacteria and other microorganism(s) including viral agents. Streptococci and HIV are among the leading triggering agents in combination with genetic and immune-related factors. Regarding the latter, cell-mediated and humoral-mediated mechanisms play an important role. More recently, microbiota has also been shown to participate in its pathogenesis. In this chapter, we focus on its genetics, immunology, and infectious basis. Much has been learned and much more remains.
Humor and sympathy in medical practice

Medical professionals seem to interpret their uses of humor very differently from those outside the medical profession. Nurses and physicians argue that humor is necessary for them to do their jobs well. Many (potential) patients are horrified that they could one day be the butt of their physician's jokes. The purpose of this paper is to encourage the respectful use of humor in clinical prac-tice, so as to support its importance in medical practice, while simultaneously protecting against its potential abuse. I begin by examining two extremes of supporting or chastising the use of medical humor. I look at these views through the lenses of popular theories of humor to help explain their theoretical bases. In this second section, I explain the emotional aspect of humor as an embodied and embedded transformation of the world. This clarifies the role that humor plays in our daily lives, as well as why the ethical or unethical nature of its use is dependent on context. Third, I address the potential problems in the relationship between humor and clinical sympathy, and how this further affects the relationship between medical professionals and their patients. I conclude by arguing that humor can conflict with clinical sympathy, but this need not be the case. If medical professionals actively engage with clinical sympathy and focus on using humor in a way that is respectful towards their patients, then humor can continue to be a positive force in their lives while still providing the best care for their patients.
Relationship of the Macular Ganglion Cell and Inner Plexiform Layers in Healthy and Glaucoma Eyes.

Author(s): Moghimi, Sasan; Fatehi, Nima; Nguyen, Andrew H; Romero, Pablo; Caprioli, Joseph; Nouri-Mahdavi, Kouros | Abstract: Purpose:To explore factors influencing the inner plexiform layer (IPL) in healthy subjects and to test the hypothesis that IPL thickness is preferentially decreased in glaucoma as compared with ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness. Methods:Ninety-nine glaucomatous eyes and 66 healthy eyes (165 subjects) underwent macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging and GCL and IPL were segmented creating 8 × 8 arrays of 3° × 3° superpixels. The central 24 superpixels were categorized into three levels of eccentricity (∼1.5°, 4.5°, and 7.5° from the foveal center). Linear mixed models were used to determine predictive parameters for IPL thickness in healthy subjects and to explore the influence of diagnosis of glaucoma on IPL thickness taking into account the effect of GCL thickness and other covariates. Results:Being located at 4.5° eccentricity predicted thicker IPL compared with 1.5° eccentricity (P l 0.001) in multivariable models in healthy subjects, whereas older age (P = 0.001) and Asian ethnicity (P = 0.021) were associated with thinner IPL. Diagnosis of glaucoma was not associated with thinner IPL regardless of eccentricity after accounting for age and ethnicity. The results were similar when only eyes with mean deviation greater than -6 dB were analyzed. Conclusions:Ethnicity and distance from the fovea are the main determinants of IPL thickness in the central macula. Preferential thinning of the macular IPL, compared with GCL, could not be detected in this study regardless of glaucoma stage. Translational Relevance:There is no evidence for preferential thinning of the macular IPL in glaucoma compared with GCL based on currently available SD-OCT-imaging technology.
Accurate modeling of replication rates in genome-wide association studies by accounting for winner's curse and study-specific heterogeneity

Abstract Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of genetic variants associated with complex human traits, but only a fraction of variants identified in discovery studies achieve significance in replication studies. Replication in GWAS studies has been well-studied in the context of winner’s curse, which is the inflation of effect size estimates for significant variants in a study. Multiple methods have been proposed to correct for the effects of winner’s curse. However, winner’s curse is often not sufficient to explain lack of replication. Another reason why studies fail to replicate is that there are fundamental differences between the discovery and replication studies. A confounding factor can create the appearance of a significant finding while actually being an artifact that will not replicate in future studies. We propose a statistical framework that utilizes GWAS replication studies to model winner’s curse and study-specific heterogeneity due to confounders and correct for these effects. We show through simulations and application to 100 human GWAS data sets that modeling both winner’s curse and study-specific heterogeneity explains observed patterns of replication in GWAS studies better than modeling winner’s curse alone.
Is He OK

Is He OK? In the middle of the night, the teenage boy is awake, coughing, desaturated, hypotensive. His monitors are squalling. Soon, it is better: some fentanyl, rocuronium, a little fluid. The ro...
Autumn migratory departure is influenced by reproductive timing and weather in an Arctic passerine

Numerous studies of spring migration have discovered that environmental conditions experienced on the wintering grounds and/or during vernal migration itself can have “carry-over effects” altering timing or success of the subsequent breeding season. Few studies have evaluated whether breeding and pre-basic molt have carry-over effects on autumn migration. The aim of this study was to test the expectations that (1) at broad temporal scales carry-over effects from breeding and molt constrain migratory departure but that (2) at finer temporal scales local weather will further refine this decision. We monitored nests of Gambel’s white-crowned sparrows breeding in the low Arctic in Alaska over three years and used radio-telemetry to track autumn migratory departure. We found that reproductive timing and weather parameters, but not molt timing, contributed to variation in autumn departure from the breeding site. Birds that terminated parental care late in the summer departed from the breeding grounds late relative to other birds. Birds were more likely to leave on nights without precipitation, when barometric pressure was increasing, and when ground level south winds were prominent. We also observed that, on average, birds departed 2.5 h after sunset and shifted the hour of departure as sunset advanced over the migration season. Our findings, in conjunction with observations of migration from earlier studies, raise the possibility that global climate change may be delaying autumn migratory departure in Gambel’s white-crowned sparrows breeding in Alaska.
Bolívar in Nineteenth-Century Venezuela

In this and the following chapters, we focus on Venezuela’s Bolivarian tradition, called by some a cult. Accounting for it is challenging. To start, the story of Bolivar often reads as if it were coterminous with the Venezuelan republic from its beginning in 1830 through the present. Even the secession movement, led by Venezuelan elites and former Bolivarian general and hero of independence, Jose Antonio Paez, against Bolivar and his Gran Colombia (1819, 1831) can be hard to make out, remaining subordinated to larger narratives rooted in the figure of Bolivar and the independence process. Who has constructed these narratives? The nation’s diverse actors have. They have done so to have a platform for their battles over the political identity of the country.
Hierarchical Caching via Deep Reinforcement Learning

Wireless and wireline networks, such as Internet, cellular, and content delivery networks are to serve end-user file requests proactively. To this aim, by storing anticipated highly popular files during off-peak periods, and fetching them to end-users during on-peak instances, these networks smoothen out the load fluctuations on the back-haul links. In this context, several practical networks comprise a parent caching node connected to multiple leaf nodes to serve end-user file requests. To model the two-way interactive influence between caching decisions at the parent and leaf nodes, a reinforcement learning formulation is put forth in this work. Furthermore, to endow with scalability so that the algorithm can effectively handle the curse of dimensionality, a deep reinforcement learning approach is also developed. Our novel caching policy relies on a deep Q-network to enforce the parent node with ability to learn-and-adapt to unknown policies of leaf nodes as well as spatio-temporal dynamic evolution of file requests, results in remarkable caching performance, as corroborated through numerical tests.
Listening to All Voices: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding Hearing in Aging

This chapter will introduce the reader to the purpose, content, and structure of Age-Related Hearing Loss: Causes and Consequences. In this book, recent advances in the study of age-related hearing loss are reviewed, including basic research with animal and human studies along with translational research. The book is broadly organized into several sections. Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 examine age-related changes in the subcortical and cortical anatomy and physiology, drawing primarily on animal studies. Chapters 6 and 7 transition to understanding human age-related changes using electrophysiological measures. Chapter 8 places age-related hearing impairment in the context of overall health, both as an indicator and a major correlative factor in predicting health outcomes. Chapters 9 and 10 focus on behavioral and imaging changes with aging, in order to identify difficult listening situations and the cortical regions and connectivity that are most affected. Finally, Chapters 11 and 12 discuss remediation efforts using a variety of methods. Chapter 1 provides more detailed summaries of each chapter and concludes with thoughts about future directions for research on age-related hearing loss.
„Psychotherapie im Tageszentrum für Borderlinestörung“ Institut für Psychotherapie mit Tageszentrum für Borderlinestörung, Psychosoziale Dienste in Wien

Dieser Artikel beschaftigt sich mit der Behandlung von Patient_innen mit der Diagnose „Borderline Personlichkeitsstorung“ in einem ambulanten, therapeutischen Setting. Seit September 2009 Jahren bieten wir im Tageszentrum des Instituts fur Psychotherapie des PSD Wien (Psychosoziale Dienste Wien) ein intensives, storungsspezifisches, verhaltenstherapeutisch basiertes Therapieprogramm uber 12 Wochen fur betroffene Patient_innen an. Tagesklinische Angebote haben viele Vorteile, z. B. den direkteren Transfer des Gelernten in den Alltag, erfordern aber auch viel Flexibilitat und Unmittelbarkeit in der Behandlung. Patient_innen, die an einer Borderline Storung erkrankt sind, benotigen, je nach Schweregrad der Erkrankung, haufig ein sehr komplexes Behandlungsangebot, das im Rahmen einer spezialisierten Institution leichter angeboten werden kann, als in Einzelpraxen. Als psychotherapeutische Einrichtung des PSD Wien sind wir gut vernetzt und konnen auch im Krisenfall schnell und effizient handeln. Die Versorgungssituation betroffener Patient_innen in Osterreich ist prekar, die ambulanten Angebote fur diese Patient_innengruppe sind nicht in ausreichender Menge vorhanden. Generell stellt die psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische Versorgungssituation von Patient_innen mit einer Borderline Personlichkeitsstorung (BPS) fur alle Behandlungseinrichtungen eine grose therapeutische aber auch finanzielle Herausforderung dar. Mit Anteilen von 8–30 % in der ambulanten und 15–20 % in der stationaren allgemeinpsychiatrischen Versorgung sowie 60–80 % im forensischen Bereich ist die BPS die Personlichkeitsstorung mit der hochsten klinischen Relevanz (Bolm 2009). Nach kurzer Darstellung der zugrundeliegenden fachlichen Konzepte wird das Therapieprogramm des Tageszentrums fur Borderlinestorung (TAZ-B) vorgestellt. Anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen werden therapeutische Prozesse und Problemstellungen dieses Krankheitsbildes verdeutlicht. Mit einem Ausblick in die Zukunft der Behandlung von Patient_innen mit Borderline Personlichkeitsstorung schliest der Artikel.
Extractors and Secret Sharing Against Bounded Collusion Protocols

In a recent work, Kumar, Meka, and Sahai (FOCS 2019) introduced the notion of bounded collusion protocols (BCPs). BCPs are multiparty communication protocols in which $N$ parties, holding $n$ bits each, attempt to compute some joint function of their inputs, $f:(\{0,1\}^{n})^{N}\rightarrow\{0,1\}$ . In each round, $p$ parties (the collusion bound) work together to write a single bit on a public blackboard, and the protocol continues until every party knows the value of $f$ . BCPs are a natural generalization of the well-studied number-in-hand (NIH) and number-on-forehead (NOF) models, which are just endpoints on this rich spectrum of protocols (corresponding to $p=1$ and $p=N-1$ , respectively). In this work, we investigate BCPs more thoroughly, and answer questions about them in the context of communication complexity, randomness extractors, and secret sharing. 1.First, we provide explicit lower bounds against BCPs. Our lower bounds offer a tradeoff between collusion and complexity, and are of the form $n^{\Omega(1)}$ when $p=0.99N$ parties collude. This bound is independent of the relationship between $N, n$ , whereas all previous bounds became trivial when $N > 1.1\log n$ . 2.Second, we provide explicit leakage-resilient extractors against BCPs. Also known as cylinder-intersection extractors, these objects are multi-source extractors of the form $\text{Ext}: (\{0,1\}^{n})^{N}\rightarrow\{0,1\}$ , whose output looks uniform even conditioned on the bits produced (“leaked”) by a BCP executed over the inputs of the extractor. Our extractors work for sources with min-entropy $k\geq \text{polylog}(n)$ against BCPs with collusion $p\leq N-2$ . Previously, all such extractors required min-entropy $k\geq 0.99n$ even when $p\leq O(1)$ . 3.Third, we provide efficient leakage-resilient secret sharing schemes against BCPs. These cryptographic primitives are standard $t$ -out-of- $N$ secret sharing schemes, equipped with an additional guarantee that the secret remains hidden even if the individuals participate in a BCP using their shares. Our schemes can handle collusion up to $p\leq O(t/\log t)$ , whereas the previous best scheme required $p\leq O(\log N)$ . Along the way, we also construct objects that are more general than those listed above (i.e., compilers), objects that are more specialized (and stronger) than those listed above, and resolve open questions posed by Goyal and Kumar (STOC 2018) and Kumar, Meka, and Sahai (FOCS 2019).
Will this pandemic be the catalyst to finally reform humanitarian responses

The COVID-19 pandemic should revive a shared understanding of humanitarian emergencies and crisis resolution, opening the door to transformative change in humanitarian responses. But it has also revealed political opportunism and poor data-reporting structures.
Towards a Model of Optimal Social Distancing During a Pandemic

The approach to reducing the current harm from the COVID-19 disease is to mandate or encourage an array of social distancing behaviors. These behaviors have the negative effects of reducing GDP, personal incomes, and increasing unemployment leading to calls for opening up the economy and thereby reducing social distancing. This makes more sense to do in developing economies which lack the private and public safety nets to compensate for the lost income. However, if this opening-up policy is followed, we suggest that social distancing be maintained at the level that minimizes deaths.
Parent-Adolescent Conversations About COVID-19 Influence Adolescents’ Empathic Concern and Adherence to Health Protective Behaviors

Abstract Purpose This longitudinal investigation assessed how the frequency of parent-adolescent conversations about COVID-19, moderated by adolescents' stress, influenced adolescents' empathic concern and adherence to health protective behaviors (HPBs) throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Participants were 181 adolescents (Mage = 15.23 years; 51% girls; 47% Latinx) and their parents. Frequency of parent-adolescent conversations about COVID-19 (i.e., pandemic-related symptoms, health behaviors, and social effects), empathic concern toward vulnerable others, and adolescent HPBs were assessed via surveys in the first months of the pandemic, and empathic concern and HPBs were assessed again nine months later. Results Results revealed that more frequent parent-adolescent conversations early in the pandemic predicted increased adherence to HPBs throughout the pandemic when adolescents reported low stress (direct effect), but conversation frequency predicted decreased adherence to HPBs via reduced empathic concern when adolescents reported high stress (indirect effect). Conclusions Parents and other socialization agents, such as teachers, should be sensitive to adolescents' stress before engaging them in frequent conversations about the pandemic to mitigate the potential negative impact these conversations may have on adolescents' empathic concern and adherence to HPBs. Decreasing adolescents' stress may be an initial step in promoting effective message transference. Collective action (including wearing masks and receiving the vaccine) remains critical to overcoming COVID-19. The current study contributes to our understanding of the processes underlying adolescents' adherence to recommended HPBs, which is critical as pandemic fatigue and stress continue to rise.
Excessive Pricing Doctrine in the Pharmaceutical Sector: The Space for Reform

This chapter reflects on the evolution of competition law jurisprudence regarding excessive pricing of pharmaceutical products. It suggests areas where improvements might be considered. This includes, first, establishing per se rules regarding levels of pricing increases that might be considered excessive based on cost-plus baselines and comparison with prices charged. This would reduce the resources expended by competition authorities and shorten prosecution timelines. The second set of improvements involves identifying the appropriate methodology for use in determining reasonable baseline or normal prices to compare against prices charged, particularly when a rule of reason analysis is required. Reasonable cost-plus baselines both for generic and originator products, taking account of risk, can be established. Finally, the so-called “two-step” methodology for determining excessive pricing derived from the CJEU’s 1978 decision in United Brands is revisited. Outside the per se circumstance, this chapter recommends unitary determination of excessive pricing based on cost and context.
Determination of Central Foraging Stratiegies and Location of Beaver (Castor Canadensis) in Grand Teton National Park

Beavers (Castor Canadensis) are an indicator species of an ecosystems health. To utilize them as an indicator it is imperative to know their location and their foraging and movement patterns. This project examined the foraging characteristics of eight colonies in Grand Teton National Park and completed an aerial survey of their distribution. Overall, the beavers, on average, foraged an area of 1.01ha and traversed 381.1m collecting food, mainly willows (Salix spp.) with some alder (Alnus incana) and aspen (Populus tremuloides). The aerial survey found 22 active caches distributed over Grand Teton National Park. This is a decrease of 52% from the previous survey of the same area completed in 2006 (46). Changes in back water channels and ponds could be a major cause of the decline.
Child Support and the Custodial Mother's Move or Remarriage

When a custodial mother marries a new partner, the income of the custodial household rises. The stepfather may earn much more than the father, or much less. He may or may not assume the social role of father, but his day to day contact and interaction with the child will often be more than the father’s. If the mother and stepfather move together with the child to a location distant from the father, he may be more likely to replace him in the child’s life. Whatever a stepfather’s legal obligations of support, economic realities ensure that his income will have an impact on the child’s financial well-being, and possibly a major impact. Yet the usual understanding is the law excludes the income of the mother’s new husband from consideration in setting the father’s child support obligation. Nor does it consider the impact of the remarriage, or any move, on the ability of the father to maintain a paternal relationship with the child. While these categorical exclusions are found in nearly every state’s formal rules, there are nonetheless examples of departures from them, some longstanding, that exist in particular circumstances, when the economic and social realities have overridden them. The increasing tension between the traditional rules and modern economic and social realities seems likely to present occasions to consider the rules’ reform. This paper asks whether the traditional rules are in fact consistent with the beliefs of citizens as to what the law should provide. It does so by presenting a random sample of several hundred citizens with a set of cases in which they are asked to decide the appropriate level of child support. We then infer their preferred rules by considering how their answers vary with changes in the custodial mother’s circumstances. Results in the cases are supplemented with Likert questions probing citizen views on statements of principle. The results show considerable support for taking remarriage into account in setting child support obligations, especially when the stepfather’s income is higher. While the mother’s relocation to a location distant from the father does not alone affect the support judgments of most respondents, the same move has a significant impact on respondents’ judgments when it is combined with either remarriage or an increase in the mother’s income. These effects are seen in both male and female respondents, although females are less responsive than males to remarriage without relocation. Our respondents appear to take both social and financial factors into account in these judgments, and overall prefer rules that are more nuanced than the categorical rules found in traditional child support law.
Family Violence and Child Sexual Abuse Among South Asians in the US

Family violence, including child sexual abuse (CSA), is a significant public health problem in the United States. It is particularly difficult to assess family violence and CSA among South Asians because it is often hidden due to cultural and familial stigma. A web-based survey was administered to a convenience sample (n = 368) of South Asian adults in the US. One-fourth (25.2 %) of the sample reported CSA; 13.8 % reported abuse involving exposure; 21.5 % reported abuse involving touching; 4.5 % reported attempted sexual intercourse; and 3.5 % reported forced sexual intercourse. Adjusted odds ratios found that participants who reported any relationship violence were significantly more likely to have experienced CSA (OR 2.28; 95 % CI 1.26-4.13); and suicide attempt was significantly associated with CSA (OR 3.96; 95 % CI 1.27-12.3). The findings presented in this formative study will assist in guiding future studies and interventions for South Asians in the United States. Language: en
The low grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: Current approaches to therapy

The non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are a diverse group of human neoplasms. Among the ten major histologic subtypes recognized by the current histopathologic classifications are several of the most rapidly progressive and fatal human neoplasms, and also some of the most slowly growing, relatively indolent ones [1]. It is paradoxical that those non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas which are the most rapidly progressive are also the types which are increasingly curable by currently available therapies. The slowest growing tumors, which also are highly responsive to therapy, have been the most difficult to eradicate. Because of this difference in curability at the extremes of the histologic subtypes, the term ‘low-grade’ has been recommended for these relatively indolent lymphomas, rather than the previously used term ‘favorable’. In fact, patients with low grade lymphomas have a poorer survival rate beyond ten years than do patients with the remaining non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, all of which have a more aggressive and serious natural history, when untreated (Fig. 1).
Polymer-Cement Concretes for Field Construction

Polymer-cement concrete (PCC) is prepared by integrally mixing water solutions or emulsions of polymers or polymerizable components of monomers with cement and aggregate. The introduction of various organic materials to concrete mixtures has been tried, but up to 1973 only preliminary results have been reported in the literature. The most commonly used polymers for this purpose have been aqueous suspensions of polymers, e.g., polyvinyl thermoplastics or latexes. Water solutions of polymers, such as certain thermosetting resins, or polymerizable components of monomer systems, e.g., epoxies, have also been tried. Under the best conditions compressive strength improvements over comparable plain concrete of approx. 50% have been reported with relatively high polymer concentrations of 30% or more. In many cases materials poorer than the plain concrete were obtained. This was explained by the fact that the organic materials applied interfered with the hydration process of the cement.
EXCAVACIONES EN LA MISIÓN SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA, ALTA CALIFORNIA

California Polytechnic State University has carried out archeological studies in Mission Antonio de Padua, located in Monterrey County, California. The archeo­logical potential of this site has made it useful in designing research plans for teaching anthropology students.This article describes in detail the characteristics of the residences and other buildings that make up the mission, as well as the business and domestic activities that took place in each. During excavation, it was possible to observe how the different stages of construction at the mission show the degrees of influence and merging of the materials and techniques introduced by the missionaries, with forms and functions that were a contribution of the native people, producing a series of artifacts that reflect a Spanish-Mexican-Indian cultural syncretism.
Pharmacological Therapy of Bulimia Nervosa

Pharmacological therapy is increasingly used in the management of patients with bulimia nervosa. Since the 1980s, many studies have reported beneficial effects of antidepressants and other agents for bulimia nervosa, and a large amount of clinical experience has also accumulated over this time period. In this chapter, we review the evidence for the efficacy of antidepressants and other medications, and provide guidelines for clinical practice based on this evidence and our experience (see Table 1).
Dissecting configuration management policies

A configuration management policy specifies the procedures through which a user evolves artifacts stored in a configuration management system. Different configuration management systems typically use different policies, and new policies continue to be developed. A problem in the development of these new policies is that existing policies (and their implementations) typically cannot be reused. As a basis for a future solution, this paper presents a new configuration management system architecture that focuses on modularly specified policies. In particular, policies consist of a set of constraint modules, which enforce the desired repository structure, and a set of action modules, which govern the desired user interaction. New policies can be developed by combining relevant existing modules from existing policies with new modules that specify the unique aspects of the new policy. We demonstrate how several quite different configuration management policies can be effectively constructed this way.
The effect of hypnosis on long-delayed recall.

Resume L'EFFET DE L'HYPNOSE SUR LE RAPPEL TRES RETARDE Douze sujets en se rappelant 92 morceaux de prose ou de poesie appris un an ou plus auparavant, ont pu reproduire en moyenne 67 pour cent de plus dans la transe que dans l'etat de reveil, etablissant ainsi l'hypermnesie pour ce type de chose dans l'etat de transe. Les directions donnees aux sujets dans l'etat de transe contenaient une suggestion sur un meilleur rappel, laquelle, a part la transe, pourraient ětre en partie responsables des grandes differences obtenues. On a trouve un effet de pratique de 14 pour cent, l'accroissement du second etat sur le premier, bien qu'un ordre contrebalance a empěche celui-ci d'influer sur les resultats finals. On a trouve que les sujets ont improvise la poesie ou leur memoire n'a pas suffi, plus souvent dans l'etat de transe. On suggere des explications possibles de la difference de ces resultats en apparence de ceux obtenus par d'autres investigateurs.
Manure history and long-term tillage effects on soil properties and phosphorus losses in runoff.

Manure additions to cropland can reduce total P losses in runoff on well-drained soils due to increased infiltration and reduced soil erosion. Surface residue management in subsequent years may influence the long-term risk of P losses as the manure-supplied organic matter decomposes. The effects of manure history and long-term (8-yr) tillage [chisel plow (CP) and no-till (NT)] on P levels in runoff in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) were investigated on well-drained silt loam soils of southern and southwestern Wisconsin. Soil P levels (0-15 cm) increased with the frequency of manure applications and P stratification was greater near the surface (0-5 cm) in NT than CP. In CP, soil test P level was linearly related to dissolved P (24-105 g ha -1 ) and bioavailable P (64-272 g ha -1 ) loads in runoff, but not total P (653-1893 g ha -1 ). In NT, P loads were reduced by an average of 57% for dissolved P, 70% for bioavailable P, and 91% for total P compared with CP. This reduction was due to lower sediment concentrations andlor lower runoff volumes in NT. There was no relationship between soil test P levels and runoff P concentrations or loads in NT. Long-term manure P applications in excess of P removal by corn in CP systems ultimately increased the potential for greater dissolved and bioavailable P losses in runoff by increasing soil P levels. Maintaining high surface residue cover such as those found in long-term NT corn production systems can mitigate this risk in addition to reducing sediment and particulate P losses.
Fatigue crack propagation in type 316 stainless steel in vacuum and air environments

Abstract The fatigue crack propagation performance of unirradiated type 316 stainless steel was investigated in vacuum for comparison with results in an air environment under continuous cycling and hold time conditions. The materials included both fast breeder reactor (FBR) and magnetic fusion energy (MFE) reference type 316 steels. The continuous cycling results showed that the crack propagation rates of annealed FBR and MFE materials were essentially identical in a vacuum of 6.7 × 10 −6 Pa at 550° C. However, a significant reduction in crack propagation rates was observed for the FBR material in vacuum at 593°C when compared with the results in the air environment at 593°C. For 20 percent cold worked steel, the results showed that the crack propagation rates for the MFE material at 550°C in vacuum were lower than for the annealed MFE material at this temperature. These results were consistent with data for 20 percent cold worked FBR material at 593° C which showed that cold work reduced the rates of fatigue crack propagation when compared with annealed material. Hold time effects for both steels were significantly larger for evaluations conducted in vacuum or in air after irradiation as compared with previous unirradiated air results. Scanning electron microscope examination of the specimens tested in vacuum showed that the mode of crack propagation was entirely ductile and transgranular in character for continuous cycling tests and typically intergranular for hold time evaluations. The vacuum results obtained in this study were compared with the data for type 316 stainless steel tested in air for both the irradiated and the unirradiated conditions. The relationships developed from these comparisons suggest that the existing data will be of value to fusion design when consideration is given to the effects of environment and irradiation.
Synchronous occurrence of spontaneous localized calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum generates action potentials in rat cardiac ventricular myocytes at normal resting membrane potential.

Under certain conditions, spontaneous release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs in resting mammalian myocardium. In single rat ventricular myocytes, such spontaneous Ca2+ release appears localized rather than homogeneous. When the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ is present in a single locus within a cell, it causes a small depolarization, which, at the normal resting potential, is subthreshold for generating an action potential. However, when spontaneous Ca2+ release occurs simultaneously at more than a single discrete locus, the resultant sarcolemmal depolarization is augmented to levels that can induce an action potential, even when this depolarization begins at the normal resting membrane potential. Thus, the synchronous occurrence of multifocal localized increases in cytosolic Ca2+ due to spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum within ventricular myocytes is a mechanism for "abnormal automaticity."
Cerebral Lymphoma in an Adenosine Deaminase–Deficient Patient With Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Receiving Polyethylene Glycol–Conjugated Adenosine Deaminase

Polyethylene glycol–conjugated adenosine deaminase (PEG-ADA) provides an alternate therapy to mismatched stem cell transplantation for patients with ADA-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency. Although replacement therapy with PEG-ADA is effective in preventing infections, immune function does not return to normal, and most patients remain lymphopenic. Information is limited regarding the prognosis of patients on long-term ADA-replacement therapy. Here we present a case of a 10-year-old child who was diagnosed with ADA-severe combined immunodeficiency at 4 weeks of age after contracting pneumonia. Treatment with PEG-ADA was begun, the biochemical markers of ADA deficiency normalized, and his clinical progress was very good without significant infections. At 10 years of age, after presenting with headaches and cranial nerve deficits, he was diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus–positive malignant brain lymphoma. It did not respond to various regimens of aggressive chemotherapy, and the patient expired 5 months later. We speculate that in this patient the immunologic surveillance by T cells may have been defective with respect to elimination of Epstein-Barr virus–infected cells, hence the formation of neoplasm. The possible mechanisms underlying such pathology are reviewed.