cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speed- and Facility-Specific Emission Estimates for On-Road Light-Duty Vehicles on the Basis of Real-World Speed Profiles

Estimating the emissions consequences of surface transportation operations is a complex process. Decision makers need to quantify the air quality impacts of transportation improvements aimed at reducing congestion on the surface street network. This often requires the coupling of transportation and emissions models in ways that are sometimes incompatible. For example, most macroscopic transportation demand and land use models, such as TransCAD, TranPlan, and TRANUS, produce average link speed and link vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by vehicle and road class. These values are subsequently used to estimate link-based emissions by using standard emissions models such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE6 model. In contrast, recent research with portable emissions monitoring systems indicates that emissions are not directly proportional to VMT but are episodic in nature, with high-emissions events coinciding with periods of high acceleration and speed. This research represents an attempt to brid...
II — Private enterprise

THE REAL difficulty with the pattern of public enterprise, the idea of having a government of any sort, whether of engineers, economists, or Tammany politicians, run our industries and businesses in an orderly fashion lies in this simple fact: We, as a people, and as individuals, are not made in the way we would have to be to fit into the pattern. Perhaps we can be made to fit some day, but that is a question of eugenics, not of economics or engineering.
The effect of systematic risk factors on counterparty default and credit risk of interest rate swaps

This research investigates the effect of specific systematic risk factors on credit risk pricing and capital allocation of interest rate swaps. Because of the stochastic nature of uncertain future cash flows and interest rates, practitioners typically employ the Black-Scholes option pricing model in combination with a simulation analysis to establish capital requirements and estimate the shadow price of an interest rate swap. However, this practice of pricing swap risk excludes systematic risk factors that affect the risk shadow price, thereby underestimating the capital allocation required for financial institutions. This research demonstrates the effect of risk mispricing when simulation models ignore systematic risk factors such as model risk, convexity risk, and parameter risk on the pricing of interest rate swaps.
Effective Mass and g Factor of Interacting Electrons in the Surface Inversion Layer of Silicon

The effective mass and the $g$ factor of quasiparticles near the Fermi surface of a two-dimensional electron gas are calculated in the random-phase approximation and in the Hubbard approximation, and are compared with the experimental results for an inversion layer on a (100) surface of silicon.
Using Public Housing to Achieve Self-Sufficiency: Can We Predict Success?

In the United States since the mid-1980s, self-sufficiency programs have sought to transform public housing developments from permanent housing into way stations for low-income people. This article presents exploratory research on the predictors of success in these programs. Statistical analysis of longitudinal survey data from participants in an early public housing self-sufficiency program points to lack of previous welfare experience and the presence of prior vocational training as being predictors of program success. In-depth interviews suggest that having a high-school education is important for success, and any additional education prior to participating in a self-sufficiency program is helpful. Interviews also indicate that successful program graduates alienate themselves from social groups that discourage self-sufficiency.
Interleukin-10/Ceftriaxone prevents E. coli-induced delays in sensorimotor task learning and spatial memory in neonatal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract Intrauterine infection during pregnancy is associated with early activation of the fetal immune system and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Immune activation can lead to alterations in sensorimotor skills, changes in learning and memory and neural plasticity. Both interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Ceftriaxone have been shown to decrease immune system activation and increase memory capacity, respectively. Using a rodent model of intrauterine infection, we examined sensorimotor development in pups, learning and memory, via the Morris water maze, and long-term potentiation in adult rats. Pregnant rats at gestational day 17 were inoculated with 1 × 105 colony forming units of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or saline. Animals in the treatment group received IL-10/Ceftriaxone for 3 days following E. coli administration. Intrauterine infection delayed surface righting, negative geotaxis, startle response and eye opening. Treatment with IL-10/Ceftriaxone reduced the delay in these tests. Intrauterine infection impaired performance in the probe trial in the Morris water maze (saline 25.13 ± 1.01; E. coli 20.75 ± 1.01; E. coli + IL-10/Ceftriaxone 20.2 ± 1.62) and reduced the induction of long-term potentiation (saline 141.5 ± 4.3; E. coli 128.7 ± 3.9; E. coli + IL-10/Ceftriaxone 140.0 ± 10). In summary, the results of this study indicate that E. coli induced intrauterine infection delays sensorimotor and learning and memory, while IL-10/Ceftriaxone rescues some of these behaviors. These delays were also accompanied by an increase in interleukin-1β levels, which indicates immune activation. IL-10/Ceftriaxone prevents these delays as well as decreases E. coli-induced interleukin-1β activation and may offer a window of time in which suitable treatment could be administered.
Verapamil increases the bactericidal activity of bedaquiline against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a mouse model

Bedaquiline is a newly approved drug for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, but there are concerns about its safety in humans. We found that the coadministration of verapamil with subinhibitory doses of bedaquiline gave the same bactericidal effect in mice as did the full human bioequivalent bedaquiline dosing. Adding verapamil to bedaquiline monotherapy also protected against the development of resistant mutants in vivo. The adjunctive use of verapamil may permit use of lower doses of bedaquiline to be used and thereby reduce its dose-related toxicities in tuberculosis patients.
Logic, biology and automata-some historical reflections

This is a historical and philosophical survey of the relation of logic (including automata theory and inductive logic) to the biological sciences, broadly conceived. Aristotle and his successors formalized portions of deductive discourse, but Leibniz was the first to suggest formalizing language as a whole. Since then many different formal languages have been constructed; they are fair models of certain aspects of language. Leibniz saw the computational possibilities of a formal language, which were later made explicit by Turing (1936–37) and Post (1936). In the 1880s Peirce suggested that Boolean algebra could be used to design relay computers and that evolutionary processes and inductive processes are analogous. The first well-developed applications of logic to biology were McCulloch & Pitts's (1943) idealized neuron networks and von Neumann's self-reproducing automata. While these are interesting models, their fit to actual biological phenomena is rough. How may the fit of logic to biology be made closer? Various ways are suggested: more detailed applications, the development of biology in the direction of automata theory, and by using formalisms that combine deduction with induction. Evolution is a statistical or inductive process, but genetic strings play a deductive role. Formal languages are different from natural languages in rigor and precision, yet they give fair models of deduction, induction, and grammar. Other uses of language, such as the empirical, seem basically informal. Consider, however, a computer with appropriate input and output devices which interacts with its environment and communicates in a sophisticated language. It would understand empirical concepts and would verify empirical statements, and hence would model the empirical use of language. The logical design and initial state of any computer, and a fortiori of this computer, can be expressed as a recursive formula of a formal language. Hence the empirical aspect of language is also formalizable.
Variability ‐ Does the standard deviation always measure it adequately?

Summary This article discusses an example where four sets of scores with different patterns of variability have the same standard deviation. It is then shown that different measures of variability lead to different conclusions about which set of scores is most variable.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(p‐phenylene pyromellitamic acid)

Poly(p-phenylene pyromellitamic acid)s were synthesized over the weight-average molecular weight range 8,000 to 22,000. The polymers were recovered as amorphous powders composed of 3–4 × 1–2 μ platelets 0.1–0.2 μ thick containing 20–30% associated solvent. Consumption of reactants and attainment of the ultimate molecular weight of the polymer were found to occur within the first few minutes of reaction. The polymers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy; ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and infrared spectroscopy; x-ray analysis; viscometry; and light-scattering photometry. The intrinsic viscosity–molecular weight relation for the polymer in DMF was .
Linear stability analysis of helium-filled cavities in SiC*

In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the stability of cavities in SiC under fusion irradiation conditions. Nucleation and growth of helium-filled cavities is modeled by dynamical equations, The growth/shrinkage of a cavity is given in terms of two equations representing the rates of change of the net number of vacancies and helium atoms inside the cavity. The equations describe the drift motion of cavities in a two-dimensional phase under the influence of point defect and helium absorption. First the linear stability of these equations is performed to identify the nature of singular points in phase space. The directions of trajectories around the saddle point are also found. The effects of dislocation density and void density on the nature of the singular points are considered. The effect of helium atom generation rate is also investigated. It is found that in the case of high helium generation, as in SiC under fusion conditions, the critical cavity size is relatively small (about 30 A), and one saddle point is found between two stable critical points. This is shown to correspond to a bimodal cavity distribution.
Optimal policies for first-order consecutive reversible reactions

Abstract The optimal temperature policy for reactors involving first-order consecutive reversible reactions has been studied and it is shown that the notion of optimum envelope provides a basis for analysing such a situation. Computed results of the typical cases are given and their significance examined. Finally, the relation between local and overall optimal policies in a sequence of stirred tank reactors is discussed.
Water and energy for the Middle East: currency for peace

Purpose – The objective of this article is to propose the use of nuclear power to provide electricity and wide‐scale desalination to meet future population growth in Israel and a Palestinian State.Design/methodology/approach – The extent of future water and power shortages in Israel and a Palestinian States expounded in the article and various methods for alleviating these shortages are explored. Comparisons are made with historical approaches.Findings – Nuclear pebble‐bed technology is found to be the most cost‐effective way to energize future water and power needs. It is safe, non‐polluting, and terrorist resistant.Originality/value – This article makes the case that abundant water and power in the Middle East is both a pre‐requisite and a stimulant for peace in the region.
Suppressor cells in tolerance to contact sensitivity active against hapten-syngeneic and hapten-allogeneic determinants.

Genetic restrictions in generation and expression of hapten-specific suppressor cells for contact sensitivity were found. Dinitrophenol- (DNP) or trinitrophenol-modified mouse spleen cells (SC) induced suppressors in donors able to transfer suppression to normal recipients. When allogeneic DNP-SC were injected into BALB/c mice, cells were generated which were suppressive only in the allogeneic strain providing the DNP-SC. In contrast, when DNP-BALB/c-SC were injected into BALB/c mice, suppressors were generated which were active both in BALB/c and in allogeneic mice (e.g., CBA). This apparent absence of syngeneic major histocompability complex restriction may be explained by cross reactive T-cell receptors which are VH gene products.
SOME FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES WITH NON-INFERIORITY TESTING IN ACTIVE CONTROLLED TRIALS*

In an active controlled non-inferiority trial without a placebo arm, it is often not entirely clear what the primary objective is. In many cases the considered goal is to demonstrate that the experimental treatment preserves at least some fraction of the effect of the active control. The active control effect is a parameter, the value of which is unknown. To test the hypothesis of effect preservation, the classical confidence interval approach requires specification of a non-inferiority margin which is a function of the unknown active control effect. When the margin is estimated, it is also not clear what is the relevant type I error of making a false assertion about preservation of the active control effect. The statistical uncertainty of the estimated margin arguably needs to be incorporated in evaluation of the type I error. In this paper we discuss these fundamental issues. We show that the classical confidence interval approach cannot attain the target type I error exactly since this error varies as the sample size or as the values of the nuisance parameters in the active controlled trial change. In contrast, the preservation tests, as proposed in literature, can attain the target type I error rate exactly, regardless of the sample size and the values of the nuisance parameters, but can do so only at the price of several strong assumptions holding that may not be directly verifiable. One assumption is the constancy condition holding whereby the effect of the active control in the historical trial populations is assumed to carry to the population of the active control trial. When this condition is violated, both the confidence interval approach and the preservation test method may be problematic.
Trends in fetal echocardiography and implications for clinical practice: 1985 to 2003.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patterns of referral for fetal echocardiography (FE) and the subsequent yield for structural congenital heart disease (CHD) have changed between 1985 and 2003. Methods. All FE performed between 1985 and 2003 at Yale‐New Haven Hospital was reviewed. The primary indication for study and the presence of structural CHD were recorded, and data were analyzed for trends. Linear regression with Pearson coefficient calculation and Mantel-Haenszel χ 2 analysis were performed (P < .05 significant). Results. Between 1985 and 2003, 10,806 patients had FE at Yale‐New Haven Hospital, and 774 cases of structural CHD were detected. The annual number of studies and rate of detected structural CHD remained constant through the study period. There was a significant increase in the proportion of studies for diabetes, maternal structural CHD, suspicious 4-chamber heart, and family history of cardiac disease. There was a significant decrease in the proportion of studies for a previous child with structural CHD, cardiac teratogen exposure, other fetal anomalies, aneuploidy, fetal arrhythmia, and nonimmune hydrops. The percentage of structural CHD detected by indication remained constant through the study period. Subgroup analysis of diabetes revealed an increase in class B diabetes, while classes C and D remained stable. Conclusions. This is one of the largest series of FE and suggests that the pattern of indications has changed since 1985. Specifically, referral for diabetes (mostly class B) has increased without a change in yield of structural CHD by indication for sonography. The changing referral patterns reflect a change
Ultra-Compact High-Linearity High-Power Fully Integrated DC–20-GHz 0.18- $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ CMOS T/R Switch

A fully integrated ultra-broadband transmit/receive (T/R) switch has been developed using nMOS transistors with a deep n-well in a standard 0.18-mum CMOS process, and demonstrates unprecedented insertion loss, isolation, power handling, and linearity. The new CMOS T/R switch exploits patterned-ground-shield on-chip inductors together with MOSFET's parasitic capacitances to synthesize artificial transmission lines, which result in low insertion loss over an extremely wide bandwidth. Negative bias to the bulk or positive bias to the drain of the MOSFET devices with floating bulk is used to reduce effects of the parasitic diodes, leading to enhanced linearity and power handling for the switch. Within dc-10, 10-18, and 18-20 GHz, the developed CMOS T/R switch exhibits insertion loss of less than 0.7, 1.0, and 2.5 dB and isolation between 32-60, 25-32, and 25-27 dB, respectively. The measured 1-dB power compression point and input third-order intercept point reach as high as 26.2 and 41 dBm, respectively. The new CMOS T/R switch has a die area of only 230 mumtimes250 mum. The achieved ultra-broadband performance and high power-handling capability, approaching those achieved in GaAs-based T/R switches, along with the full-integration ability confirm the usefulness of switches in CMOS technology, and demonstrate their great potential for many broadband CMOS radar and communication applications
Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924

How did organized labor in the United States react to the Mexican Revolution, and what was the effect of that reaction? Gregg Andrews shows that Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor significantly helped to shape United States policy toward revolutionary nationalist movements in Latin America. Between 1910 and 1924 AFL leaders followed a complex logic that led them to support Mexican workers and yet contribute to Mexico's economic dependence on the United States. The interplay between progressive forces within the AFLespecially trade-union Socialistsand American corporatist elements is a principal focus of this revealing study. Gompers's internationalist policies and his efforts to manipulate U.S. officials, investors in Mexico, and other labor elements while they in turn manipulated him, are an important key to understanding the ongoing relationship between the labor movement and actions of the United States in Central America."
The experimental application of X-ray tomography to a vapor–liquid contactor

Abstract Initial results obtained from the application of X-ray tomography to an operating vapor–liquid contactor indicate that the technology has the potential to provide insight into the underlying hydraulic behavior of a packed column. Experiments were performed with counter-current air–water flows in a 6-in-diameter contactor packed with random packing. Liquid and gas velocities typical of a commercial column were tested. Liquid distribution patterns and holdup values were obtained for three tower elevations. The majority of liquid holdup values obtained from the tomography experiments were within 15% on the parity plot of model versus experiment. The experimental flow patterns for random packing showed a preference for the liquid stream to flow in rivulets.
Clinical suitability of a sonic vibratory endodontic instrument

A sonic vibratory device with the shape, size and weight of a dental handpiece has been developed for the instrumentation of root canals. Specially designed K-type files are used with the handpiece, which is air-driven and may be attached to the high-speed air line of a dental unit. A clinical study was performed using conventional hand instruments and the sonic system in the instrumentation of root canals. Also studied was the use of continuous irrigation of the root canal with EDTA and filtered tap water with the sonic device. Instrumentation time, procedural and clinical complications, as well as overall suitability of the new device were evaluated. The results indicated that the sonic vibratory system was well-suited for root canal instrumentation. The vibratory files appeared safe and complications were well within acceptable limits. Irrigation with a continuous flow of EDTA was not acceptable, mainly because of crystallization and clogging of tubes and handpieces. Filtered tap water was well-tolerated and its cleaning effect was good. The sonic device could be used with ease and resulted in decreased operator fatigue when compared with hand instrumentation.
Maximum simulated likelihood estimation of a negative binomial regression model with multinomial endogenous treatment

We describe specification and estimation of a multinomial treatment effects negative binomial regression model. A latent factor structure is used to accommodate selection into treatment, and a simulated likelihood method is used for estimation. We describe its implementation via the mtreatnb command.
Factors affecting profitability of sugarcane production as monoculture and as intercrop in selected areas of Bangladesh

The study was undertaken to know the profitability of sugarcane production as monoculture and as intercrop. Data were collected from 70 sugarcane growers of Daulatpur Upazilla under Kushtia District. Data were collected during the period from February to July 2003. The study reveals that the sugarcane plus potato combination produced the highest net return followed by sugarcane plus maize, sugarcane plus lentil and sole sugarcane production. Family labour cost, cost of urea, number of fertilizing, sowning/planting time of intercrop, cost of sett were the important factors which influence the profitability of sugarcane production both as intercrop and as nonoculture. High prices of inputs, lack of scientific knowledge, and dishonesty of officials are the major problems in sugarcane production. In order to promote intercropping in a large scale with sugarcane, government and other related organizations must encourage farmers to produce sugarcane as intercrop in order to earn higher net return. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.545 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 32(3) : 433-444, September 2007
Control and implementation of a powered lower limb orthosis to aid walking in paraplegic individuals

This paper describes a powered lower-limb orthosis that is intended to provide gait assistance to spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals by providing assistive torques at both hip and knee joints, along with a user interface and control structure that enables control of the powered orthosis via upper-body influence. The orthosis and control structure was experimentally implemented on a paraplegic subject (T10 complete) in order to provide a preliminary characterization of its capability to provide basic walking. Data and video is presented from these initial trials, which indicates that the orthosis and controller are able to effectively provide walking within parallel bars at an average speed of 0.8 km/hr.
Seedlessness and Parthenocarpy in Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae): Temporal Changes in Patterns of Vascular Transport to Ovules

Abstract Pistacia vera‘Kerman’ (pistachio nut) typically produces high numbers of seedless or blank fruits. Patterns of vascular transport into fruits and ovules were studied over 3 years by following the movement of disodium fluorescein solution from cut branches into developing fruitlets. Early in the season, vascular conductivity is intact through to the chalazal end of the ovule. Soon afterwards, the percentage of ovules with vascular conductivity through to the chalaza declines, and in a variable fraction of fruits, movement of the fluorochrome solution becomes blocked either at the placenta or in the funiculus. Six to 9 weeks after anthesis there is blockage in 90 (1 year) to 100% (2 years) of fruits. Subsequently, vascular conductivity resumes in 83.3% (3 year mean) of ovules, a percentage that correlates well with the mean percentage of seeded nuts at harvest (77.5%). Ovules from fruits with dysfunctional vascular conduction early in the season are smaller than those with fully functional vascular tissue. At the time conductivity declines, a high percentage of those ovules with blocked vascular movement lack endosperm and appear to be unfertilized; none of the ovules that retain full vascular flow lack endosperm. Pollination using gamma-irradiated pollen (60Co, 1.0 kGy) led to a nearly three-fold increase in the production of blank nuts. The results indicate that fluorescein transport may be a valuable tool to predict the fate of ovules, and are consistent with the hypothesis that parthenocarpic fruit set may be an important factor in blank nut production in pistachio.
The Relevance Of Discretionary Disclosures: Predictive Value Versus Feedback Value

This study contributes to the body of literature examining the role of discretionary disclosures. The primary theoretical contribution is a distinction between predictive value and feedback value. We use the Ohlson Model and examine the role of information as an endogenous variable in modeling the impact of disclosures on returns, which is a key methodological contribution to this stream of literature. Using a sample of 121 firms from the AIMR’s Corporate Information Committee for 1982-1994 we find that the expanded firm disclosures did possess predictive value, but they did not possess significant feedback value. These results have important policy implications since the relative costs and benefits of disclosures with predictive value differ from those with feedback value.
The Impact of Kenya African Soldiers on the Creation and Evolution of the Pioneer Corps During the Second World War

As the Kenya colony began preparations for World War II, a crisis engulfed the newly formed Pioneer Corps at their various bases at Ahero, and Nairobi, Kenya. The main problem was the government's refusal to issue African members of the Pioneer Corps with rifles for military service, among other grievances. Indignant at what they perceived as an affront to their masculinity, the pioneers in Nairobi demanded to know why the government was refusing to arm them with rifles as promised during recruitment. This article therefore helps people to understand and appreciate the power, agency, and initiative of the ordinary people of African to change their lives and societies for the better. When they look at the system under which the pioneers were expected to serve during World War II, they see a system in which the colonial government was expected to give orders and lay down the law while the colonial subjects such as the pioneers automatically followed the orders and obeyed the laws without question.
Neuropsychological and Personality Correlates of Patients’ Complaints of Disability

Clinical neuropsychologists are “concerned primarily with identifying, measuring and describing changes in behavior that relate to brain function” (Parsons, 1984). However, neuropsychologists rarely make the initial contact with a prospective patient. Rather, they are typically consulted by other professionals to help delineate the nature and meaning of a patient’s presenting symptoms and complaints. Cleeland (1976) has described this consultation process as involving a review of relevant case history material, reformulation of the referral question into a set of testable neuropsychological hypotheses, and then the examination of the patient with tests and with interview.
Analytic chance constraints for the robust guidance of autonomous parafoils

Autonomously guided parafoil systems can deliver supplies and aid to remote, geographically diverse locations, while providing important safety and logistical advantages over ground-based transportation methods. A key challenge facing modern airborne delivery systems, such as parafoils, is the ability to accurately and consistently deliver supplies into difficult, complex terrain. Robustness is critical for successful payload delivery due to uncertain atmospheric wind disturbances and underactuated parafoil dynamics. This paper presents a new online trajectory planning algorithm for autonomous parafoil guidance in complex terrain and wind environments. Through explicit, analytic modeling of the wind uncertainty, this algorithm, known as Chance Constrained Band-Limited Guidance (CC-BLG), addresses the limitations of existing parafoil guidance strategies by directly considering the possibility of future wind and terrain interaction during the trajectory planning process. Simulation experiments demonstrate that CC-BLG achieves significant improvements in both mean and worst-case landing accuracy relative to state-of-the-art approaches. Flight test experiments with a full-scale UltraFly parafoil system confirm that, by applying the method of analytic chance constraints presented in this work, the optimized CC-BLG algorithm can robustly execute collision avoidance and precision landings in a simulated Grand Canyon terrain.
Instantaneous Frequency Estimation When the Amplitude is a Stochastic Process Using Stochastic Calculus and Bootstrapping

Stochastic calculus methods are used to estimate the frequencies of a polynomial sinusoid when the amplitude is modeled as an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Using stochastic calculus, one is able to develop a stochastic differential equation that relates the observations to the frequencies. The likelihood function is obtained through Girsanov theory and the Radon-Nikodym derivative. Maximum likelihood estimates are obtained numerically using stochastic annealing. Bootstrapping is used to improve the estimate of the frequencies.
Optimal proportion of Ti,Mg and Al in BF slag

According to the spot slag of Chenggang,the influence of Ti,Mg and Al on properties,such as viscosity,melting temperature and desulfurization were investigated. The results show that Ti,Mg and Al had a large effect on the properties of slag in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO-TiO2 slag system. With the content of MgO increasing,melting temperature decreased and then rised,viscosity decreased and desulfurization rised and then decreased. With the content of Al2O3 increasing,melting temperature rised and then decreased,the change of viscosity was complicated and desulfurization decreased. With the content of TiO2 increasing,melting temperature and viscosity tended to rise,and desulfurization was decreased. When the basicity of slag was 1.12,the suitable slag composition was that the content of Mg O was about13.95%,the content of Al2O3 was about 13.75%,the content of TiO2 was below 10.57%. The ratio of Ti,Mg and Al in slag is reasonable controlled,which is conducive to perfecting the property of slag and improving the production of blast furnace.
Experimental Study on Simultaneous Activated Carbon-based Desulfurization and Denitration Under Microwave Irradiation

To improve the removal efficiency of simultaneous activated carbon-based desulfurization and denitration under microwave irradiation,and to reduce the energy consumption and increase the selectivity of reduction reaction,several catalysts were chosen and loaded on the activated carbon to study their influences on the simultaneous desulfurization and denitration.Results show that the greater the microwave power is,the higher the temperature of activated carbon bed and the reaction temperature will be;the adding of catalyst can improve the efficiency of simultaneous desulfurization and denitration,and different catalysts produce different effects;under the microwave power of 420 W,copper-based catalysts can promote the activated carbon-based denitration but inhibit the activated carbon-based desulfurization under microwave irradiation.As the optimal catalyst in industry application,Mn(NO3)2 can help to improve the simultaneous desulfurization and denitration efficiency up to 95%.
Stimuli responsive furan and thiophene substituted difluoroboron β-diketonate materials

Difluoroboron β-diketonate (BF2bdk) compounds exhibit solid-state switchable luminescence under excitation by UV light. This property is usually manifested as a blue-shift in emission when dye films are thermally annealed followed by a red-shift in response to mechanical shear (i.e. mechanochromic luminescence). Here we report thiophene and furan heterocycle-substituted dyes bearing short methoxy and long dodecyloxy chain substituents. Optical properties of the dyes were investigated in solution, pristine powders, and films on paper and glass. The structural and thermal properties of the dyes were also investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The methoxy-substituted dyes exhibited neither thermal nor mechano-responsive behavior, however, addition of a longer C12 alkoxyl chain substituent resulted in stimuli-responsive behavior. The furan and thiophene dodecyloxy-substituted dyes both exhibit high-contrast reversible luminescence switching between crystalline, blue-shifted and amorphous red-shifted emissive states. For the furan dye, gentle heating produced a green emissive form while melting followed by rapid cooling produced an orange emissive form. The thiophene dye, on the other hand, exhibited blue-shifted emission when annealed below its melting temperature and red-shifted emission when smeared (mechanochromic luminescence). These transformations for both dyes were found to be completely reversible, making them potential candidates for applications requiring reusable, functional materials.
Do Unto Others . . . ? Methodological Advance and Self- Versus Other-Attentive Resistance in Milgram’s “Obedience” Experiments:

We introduce conversation analysis (CA) as a methodological innovation that contributes to studies of the classic Milgram experiment, one allowing for substantive advances in the social psychological “obedience to authority” paradigm. Data are 117 audio recordings of Milgram’s original experimental sessions. We discuss methodological features of CA and then show how CA allows for methodological advances in understanding the Milgramesque situation by treating it as a three-party interactional scene, explicating an interactional dilemma for the “Teacher” subjects, and decomposing categorical outcomes (obedience vs. defiance) into their concrete interactional routes. Substantively, we analyze two kinds of resistance to directives enacted by both obedient and defiant participants, who may orient to how continuation would be troublesome primarily for themselves (self-attentive resistance) or for the person receiving shocks (other-attentive resistance). Additionally, we find that defiant participants mobilize t...
An automated rat single pellet reaching system with high-speed video capture

Abstract Background Single pellet reaching is an established task for studying fine motor control in which rats reach for, grasp, and eat food pellets in a stereotyped sequence. Most incarnations of this task require constant attention, limiting the number of animals that can be tested and the number of trials per session. Automated versions allow more interventions in more animals, but must be robust and reproducible. New method Our system automatically delivers single reward pellets for rats to grasp with their forepaw. Reaches are detected using real-time computer vision, which triggers video acquisition from multiple angles using mirrors. This allows us to record high-speed (>300 frames per second) video, and trigger interventions (e.g., optogenetics) with high temporal precision. Individual video frames are triggered by digital pulses that can be synchronized with behavior, experimental interventions, or recording devices (e.g., electrophysiology). The system is housed within a soundproof chamber with integrated lighting and ventilation, allowing multiple skilled reaching systems in one room. Results We show that rats acquire the automated task similarly to manual versions, that the task is robust, and can be synchronized with optogenetic interventions. Comparison with existing methods Existing skilled reaching protocols require high levels of investigator involvement, or, if ad libitum, do not allow for integration of high-speed, synchronized data collection. Conclusion This task will facilitate the study of motor learning and control by efficiently recording large numbers of skilled movements. It can be adapted for use with modern neurophysiology, which demands high temporal precision.
The effects of L2 experience on L3 perception

ABSTRACTThis study examines the influence of experience with a second language (L2) on the perception of phonological contrasts in a third language (L3). This study contributes to L3 phonology by examining the influence of L2 phonological perception abilities on the perception of an L3 at the beginner level. Participants were native speakers of Korean whose L2 was English and whose L3 was Japanese. They participated in two perception tasks involving Japanese contrasts and one perception task involving English contrasts. Correlations between Korean participants’ perception performance in their L2 and L3 were analysed to determine whether the level of L2 ability was related to the successful perception of phonological contrasts in the L3. The results of the correlation analysis demonstrate that, in general, the better the participants performed in their L2, the better they also performed in their L3, but this result was limited to a few contrasts. The overall findings suggest that L3 learners’ phonological ...
ATM is the primary kinase responsible for phosphorylation of Hsp90α after ionizing radiation

Heat shock protein 90 is a chaperone that plays an essential role in the stabilization of a large number of signal transduction molecules, many of which are associated with oncogenesis. An Hsp90 isoform (Hsp90α) has been shown to be selectively phosphorylated on two N-terminal threonine residues (threonine 5 and 7) and is involved in the DNA damage response and apoptosis. However, the kinase that phosphorylates Hsp90α after ionizing radiation (IR) and its role in post-radiation DNA repair remains unclear. Inasmuch as several proteins of the DNA damage response machinery are Hsp90 clients, the functional consequences of Hsp90α phosphorylation following IR have implications for the design of novel radiosensitizing agents that specifically target the Hsp90α isoform. Here we show that ATM phosphorylates Hsp90α at the T5/7 residues immediately after IR. The kinetics of Hsp90α T5/7 phosphorylation correlate with the kinetics of H2AX S139 phosphorylation (γH2AX). Although Hsp90α is located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, only nuclear Hsp90α is phosphorylated by ATM after IR. The siRNA mediated knockdown of Hsp90α sensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells, lung cancer cells and lung fibroblasts to IR. Furthermore, MEF cells that are Hsp90α null have reduced levels of γH2AX indicating that Hsp90α is important for the formation of γH2AX. Thus, this study provides evidence that Hsp90α is a component of the signal transduction events mediated by ATM following IR, and that Hsp90α loss decreases γH2AX levels. This work supports additional investigation into Hsp90α T5/7 phosphorylation with the goal of developing targeted radiosensitizing therapies.
Field‐to‐laboratory analysis of clay wall coatings as passive removal materials for ozone in buildings

Ozone reacts readily with many indoor materials, as well as with compounds in indoor air. These reactions lead to lower indoor than outdoor ozone concentrations when outdoor air is the major contributor to indoor ozone. However, the products of indoor ozone reactions may be irritating or harmful to building occupants. While active technologies exist to reduce indoor ozone concentrations (i.e, in-duct filtration using activated carbon), they can be cost-prohibitive for some and/or infeasible for dwellings that do not have heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems. In this study, the potential for passive reduction of indoor ozone by two different clay-based interior surface coatings was explored. These coatings were exposed to occupied residential indoor environments and tested bimonthly in environmental chambers for quantification of ozone reaction probabilities and reaction product emission rates over a 6-month period. Results indicate that clay-based coatings may be effective as passive removal materials, with relatively low by-product emission rates that decay rapidly within 2 months.
Differing Effects of Fatigue and Depression on Hospitalizations in Men and Women With Heart Failure.

Background In patients with heart failure, worsening of signs and symptoms and depression can affect hospitalization and also each other, resulting in synergistic effects on hospitalizations. A patient's sex may play a role in these effects. Objectives To determine the effects of fatigue and depression on all-cause hospitalization rates in the total sample and in subgroups of men and women. Methods A secondary analysis was done of data collected January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2012 (N = 582; mean age, 63.2 years [SD, 14.4]). Data were collected on fatigue, depression, sample characteristics, vital signs, results of laboratory tests, medications, and frequency of hospitalization. Patients were categorized into 4 groups on the basis of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision: no fatigue or depression, fatigue only, depression only, and both fatigue and depression. General linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results In both the total sample and the subgroups, the number of hospitalizations in patients with both fatigue and depression was greater than the number in patients without either symptom. Among women, the number of hospitalizations in the fatigue-only group and in the depression-only group was greater than that in the group with neither symptom. In men, the number of hospitalizations in the fatigue-only group was greater than that in the group without either symptom. Conclusion Fatigue and depression do not have synergistic effects on hospitalization, but men and women differ in the effects of these symptoms on hospitalization.
Limited-Service/Economy Lodging Sector Faces Challenges Ahead

Changing cost structures and discounting by more upscale hotels are creating the need for new competitive methods in order to attract and retain guests. One author contends that only those chains that can quickly embrace change and find innovative ways for providing more with less are likely to survive. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol16/iss1/8 lodging sector faces challenges ahead by Daniel J. Connolly Chanaina wst structures and discountina bvmore uoscale hotels are creatino the need;orneh conpeortve methods m or& io attract i rd rewm guess One airhor curtrends rhat onv those chams rhal can qurcklv embace chanqe and h d movative ways forptoviding more with less are lik& to suwive Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, the industry's rising star was the limited-senice/economy lodging segment. This segment was popularized in the 1980s when market segmentation was first introduced. It was the "no frills" provider of lodging accommodations a t "affordable" rates. With low overhead, limited-service/economy hotcls could provide substantial savings to their guests. Consequently, when the recession set in, this segment became the hottest, most profitable area of the industry as business and leisurc travelers alike looked to reduce their travel expenditures. Presently, the picture is less optimistic. Increased demands for services and amenities have added to a limited-senice hotel's overhead, triggered significant rate hikes, and rcmoved the "no frills" focus that once made this segment successful and popular. The situation is compounded as more upscale hotels offer discounts and create the perception of better price-value relationships. Further complicating the marketplace dynamics are the recent product announcements by many large chains, the merger mania that characterized the past year, and the number of new rooms being added in markets that are already approaching saturation. From 1990 to 1996, the net supply of guest rooms in this segment alone has been in excess of 31 percent.' The result for limited-service/economy lodging hotels is a paradoxical situation or a "catch-22." Older properties will need to maintain a fresh image to compete with new market entrants, and for all propFIU Hospitality Review, Volume 16, Number 1, 1998
Trunk Muscle Characteristics of the Multifidi, Erector Spinae, Psoas, and Quadratus Lumborum in Older Adults With and Without Chronic Low Back Pain

Study Design Cross-sectional study. Objective To determine whether there are differences in trunk muscle characteristics between older adults with and without chronic low back pain (LBP), while controlling for age, sex, and body mass index. Background Muscle support for the trunk is provided by the multifidi, erector spinae, psoas, and quadratus lumborum. Trunk muscle characteristics may be altered with aging and/or chronic LBP. To date, most trunk muscle research has been conducted among younger adults. Given age-related muscle changes, such as reduced size and increased intramuscular fat, studies are needed in older adults, including those comparing older adults with and without LBP. Methods One hundred two older adults with (n = 53) and without (n = 49) chronic LBP were included. Cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements were taken by tracing inside the fascial borders on magnetic resonance images. Pixel intensity summaries were obtained to compute muscle-to-fat indices and relative muscle CSA, that is, ...
Viewing Telehealth Through the Lens of a Community Benefit Mission.

Abstract Introduction: This article reviews the intersection of common objectives between telehealth initiatives launched by health systems and community health (specifically community benefit). Telehealth initiatives can benefit communities and play a potential role in improving population health. There is great opportunity to better integrate telehealth activities into community health strategies and community benefit reporting (for nonprofit hospitals) while building the case for telehealth service expansion. Methods: Through descriptive, hypothetical cases, we demonstrate the intersection of the triple aim, specifically improving population-level health, and three common objectives between telehealth and community benefit: (1) improving access to care, (2) enhancing community health, and (3) advancing medical or healthcare knowledge. Conclusions: This article is intended to spur inspiration for possible telehealth and community health/community benefit connections.
The Cost of Structure Learning

Human learning is highly efficient and flexible. A key contributor to this learning flexibility is our ability to generalize new information across contexts that we know require the same behavior a...