cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BEAM versus BUCYVP16 Conditioning before Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Abstract High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) is a standard of care for patients with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma. Different conditioning regimens before AHSCT have been used, with the 2 most common being BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan) and BUCYVP16 (busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide). We retrospectively compared the outcomes of patients treated with BEAM (n = 128) or BUCYVP16 (n = 105) followed by AHSCT. After a median follow-up of 4.2 years for BEAM and 3.8 for BUCYVP16 from AHSCT, the 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 29% with BEAM compared with 56% with BUCYVP16 (P
Optimization and Technoeconomic Analysis of Rapid Temperature Swing Adsorption Process for Carbon Capture from Coal-Fired Power Plant

Abstract Greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants are expected to increase over the next 20 years as international demand for energy continues to grow. A rapid temperature swing adsorption (RTSA) process employing polymeric hollow fiber contactors loaded with sorbent particles has been demonstrated experimentally as a novel and efficient process for postcombustion CO 2 capture. One of the advantages of the process is the rapid heat and mass transfer enabled by the hollow fibers. This feature can achieve efficient heat integration by recycling spent hot and cold water. In this chapter, a dynamic optimization strategy was employed to find the optimal operating conditions of a hollow fiber RTSA process. In the optimization problem, dynamic heat integration is performed to minimize the utility cost for hot and cold water while maintaining sufficient CO 2 throughput. The optimal operation was evaluated by a detailed technoeconomic analysis for a plant capacity of 550 MW.
Manipulation of vision while learning a sensory driven motor task: Establishing a boundary to the specificity of practice hypothesis

It has been suggested that learning is specific to the source of information available during practice (Proteau, Marteniuk, & Levesque, 1992). This hypothesis is quite robust for rapid aiming tasks that have defined spatial and temporal goals, but it is unclear whether it extends to tasks that are more sensory driven and with no clear spatio-temporal goal, such as ball balancing. In this experiment, 24 young adults practiced balancing a ball on their thumb and forefinger either with or without vision. Performance was measured early in practice (after 40 min.) and late in practice (after 180 min.) in both conditions. Both groups improved their total balancing time from the early to late testing sessions. Transfer data from the late testing session revealed that all participants performed better with vision regardless of their practice condition. This suggests that vision is the dominant source of afferent information for this task and learning was not specific to the source of information available during practice. Thus, the specificity of practice hypothesis does not apply to this type of task.
The Investigation of Homicide

This special issue of Homicide Studies devotes attention to the how of homicide investigation. Much like the Homicide Research Working Group itself, this issue calls attention to the contributions ...
Physiological adaptations of leaf litter microbial communities to long-term drought

Drought represents a significant stress to soil microorganisms and is known to reduce microbial activity and organic matter decomposition in Mediterranean ecosystems. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the drought stress adaptations of microbial decomposers. We hypothesised that drought causes greater microbial allocation to stress tolerance relative to growth pathways. Here we present metatranscriptomic and metabolomic data on the physiological response of in situ microbial communities on plant leaf litter to long-term drought and pulse wetting in Californian grass and shrub ecosystems. Wetting litter after a long dry summer caused only subtle shifts in gene expression. On grass litter, communities from the decade-long ambient and reduced precipitation treatments had distinct functional profiles. The most discernable physiological adaptations to drought were production or uptake of compatible solutes to maintain cellular osmotic balance, and synthesis of capsular and extracellular polymeric substances as a mechanism to retain water. The results show a clear functional response to drought in grass litter communities with greater allocation to survival relative to growth that could affect decomposition under drought. In contrast, communities on chemically more diverse and complex shrub litter had smaller physiological differences in response to long-term drought but higher investment in resource acquisition traits across treatments, suggesting that the functional response to drought is constrained by substrate quality. Our findings suggest, for the first time in a field setting, a trade-off between microbial drought stress tolerance, resource acquisition and growth traits in leaf litter microbial communities.
Analysis of Blockage Effects on Roadside Relay-Assisted mmWave Backhaul Networks

mmWave communication is a highly promising technology for 5G wireless backhaul. However, network performance is hard to predict due to the sensitivity of mmWave signals to blockages. In this paper, we propose an analytical framework to incorporate blockage effects and evaluate blockage robustness within a previously proposed interference-free topology for roadside relay-assisted mmWave backhaul. Through stochastic geometric analysis, the blockage probabilities for four types of blockages identified in prior work are derived as a function of the topology parameters and obstacle density. Analysis of the effect of topology parameters on blockage probability yields insight that leads to a modified topology, which maintains the desirable interference-free property but has better blockage robustness than the original topology. Simulation results demonstrate that the modified topology can maintain very high throughput and has significantly improved robustness as compared to the original topology, while using the same number of relays.
My Cup Runneth Over with Invitations

I opened my emails today and saw that I had again received a number of invitations (or solicitations) to submit papers to scientific journals. Also in my emails were several offers to be a Keynote ...
Robert M. Gagné: Colleague, Co-Teacher, Co-Author

When I interviewed for my position at Florida State University (FSU), Walter Dick, who was serving as chair of the search committee, told me, “If you get this position, you understand that you’ll be replacing Bob Gagne.” Replacing Bob Gagne?! Hardly anything could have struck more fear into my heart. I knew Gagne by reputation and had read much of his work. How could I possibly be someone who could replace him?
PETE Teacher Candidates' Preferred Teaching Styles.

This study examined the chosen teaching styles of teacher candidates in a university PE high school teaching methods course (a) to see if teaching styles were chosen with equal probability and (b) to see if there was a difference of the distribution of styles used by males compared to females. A chi-square goodness of fit test determined if one or more teaching styles was more popular than at least one other, and a post hoc test compared all pairs of proportions. A two-sided normal-based test tested whether reproductive and productive styles were equally popular. A test for independence of gender and preferred teaching style was conducted, followed by post hoc tests. The following pairs of teaching style proportions were significantly different: practice with all the other styles except reciprocal. Overall, reproductive styles were more popular. Female candidates preferred reproductive styles at a significantly higher rate than male candidates did, and male candidates preferred productive styles at a significantly higher rate than female candidates did. Reasons for style preference are explored and recommendations made for environmental enhancements that help teachers to develop productive styles.Subscribe to TPE
Choose to Lead

Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/r/JASA.Abstract–Each year, the Journal of the American Statistical Association publishes the p...
The Social Cost of Individual Privacy in Aggregated Residential Demand Response

There is an increasing body of experimental and theoretical research related to demand response using smart, connected home equipment in smart grid. However, as technologies are deployed at scale, privacy has become a major concern. One possible approach to address this concern is to model an entire home as an aggregated unit of resource for engaging in demand response. Such an approach would allow residents to participate in demand response while abstracting the specifics of the appliance usage pattern from the utility provider. The benefits of privacy-preserving demand response notwithstanding, it implies a cost in terms of wasted capacity. This paper aims to explore the privacy/capacity tradeoff by simulating a fleet of homes and comparing the results with a fleet of individual appliances. The results show that a fleet of homes only bids about 70% of available capacity, and in the presence of an aggregator this number declines to 50%. Thus, privacy of individual homes comes at a cost of sacrificing part of otherwise available capacity.
Assessing mitochondrial respiratory bioenergetics in whole cells and isolated organelles by microplate respirometry.

Abstract Mitochondria are responsible for the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation; however, these multifaceted organelles regulate many other key cellular functions as well, such as calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and biosynthesis of steroid hormones, heme and phospholipids. In order to carry out these functions, mitochondria establish physical and functional connections with other organelles such as the plasma membrane, lipid droplets/vesicles, peroxisomes, endosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Dysregulation of any of the aforementioned processes or inter-organelle contacts can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent changes in oxygen consumption and ATP production. Seahorse technology has become a critical tool for quantification of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and can help differentiate primary mitochondrial disorders from disorders where alterations in mitochondrial metabolism are consequences of a prior, upstream insult. In this chapter, we describe the application of Seahorse technology for assaying mitochondrial respiration in whole cells, permeabilized cells and isolated mitochondria. We leave it to the researcher's discretion to determine which of these approaches will generate the most physiologically relevant data based on the model system and research question at hand.
Home-Time After Discharge Among Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction

Background Home‐time, defined as the time spent alive outside of a healthcare institution, has emerged as a patient‐centered health outcome. The discharge locations and distribution of home‐time af...
Impact of Comorbidities on the Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry-Related Genes

Abstract Comorbidities such as diabetes, chronic lung disease, and cardiovascular disease are highly prevalent in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and associated with worse outcomes. However, whether these conditions contribute directly to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virulence or simply worsen outcomes through independent mechanisms and reflect the general disease burden of the population remain unclear. As an important aspect of virulence, viral entry mechanisms have been proposed which require host cell membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), such as transmembrane serine protease isoform 2 (TMPRSS2). Herein, we survey expression data of SARS-CoV-2 entry-related genes from 69 differential expression datasets from patients suffering from a variety of reported common comorbidities and across infection-relevant organ systems to understand their potential role in morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Indeed, expression levels of entry-related genes are modulated by the disease state of the organ systems analyzed. Expression levels were lower in some comparisons such as type 2 diabetes in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). However, many of these genes were consistently upregulated in cancer, a history of smoking, asthma in bronchial epithelium and chronic lung disease in pulmonary tissues. Additionally, increased expression was found in select sets of hypertension, type 1 diabetes, cardiomyopathy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in other infection-relevant tissues. These findings may be particularly relevant to the significant morbidity and mortality seen in COVID-19 and may suggest novel therapeutic targets to influence outcomes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Attachment to place and territoriality in Nandigram land struggle, India:

The Nandigram peasant struggle against land acquisition for special economic zones (SEZs) in West Bengal, India, in 2006–2007, highlights the importance of attachment to place and territorializatio...
Evaluation of Pediatric Exercise ‘‘Vital Sign’’ in Electronic Medical Record from Sports Medicine Clinic.

Title: Evaluation of Pediatric Exercise ‘‘Vital Sign’’ in Electronic Medical Record from Sports Medicine Clinic. Purpose: The objective of this study was to describe the physical activity (PA) patterns of children 5-18 years of age seen in outpatient pediatric sports medicine clinics. Methods: IRB approval was received from Nationwide Children's Hospital for this study. A retrospective chart review was performed on patients, ages 5 through 18 years, seen in pediatric sports …
SIRF: Simultaneous Satellite Image Registration and Fusion in a Unified Framework

In this paper, we propose a novel method for image fusion with a high-resolution panchromatic image and a low-resolution multispectral (Ms) image at the same geographical location. The fusion is formulated as a convex optimization problem which minimizes a linear combination of a least-squares fitting term and a dynamic gradient sparsity regularizer. The former is to preserve accurate spectral information of the Ms image, while the latter is to keep sharp edges of the high-resolution panchromatic image. We further propose to simultaneously register the two images during the fusing process, which is naturally achieved by virtue of the dynamic gradient sparsity property. An efficient algorithm is then devised to solve the optimization problem, accomplishing a linear computational complexity in the size of the output image in each iteration. We compare our method against six state-of-the-art image fusion methods on Ms image data sets from four satellites. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method substantially outperforms the others in terms of both spatial and spectral qualities. We also show that our method can provide high-quality products from coarsely registered real-world IKONOS data sets. Finally, a MATLAB implementation is provided to facilitate future research.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to study the effects of radiation therapy dose on tumor microenvironment

We used diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to assess the effects of different radiation therapy doses on tumor microenvironment. We injected 4T1 cells into the flanks of 25 mice to develop tumor xenografts, and randomly distributed the animals into control and radiation groups, which received a dose of either 1, 2, or 4 Gy. Treatment started when tumors reached a volume of 200 mm3. DRS measurements were obtained prior to and 1 hour after radiation on the five days of treatment, and once a day thereafter. Our data demonstrates that DRS is sensitive to tumor microenvironmental changes after low doses of radiation.
The Transformation Process from a Freshman into a Sophomore

Every year of college has unique characteristics and challenges. The previous chapters dealt mostly with the freshmen year and the transitions between high school and the first year of college. In the literature, some researchers have made the argument that the senior year of college is a critical year for changes because it is the last time the university interacts with students as they transition to the real world and students’ last time to expand the breadth of knowledge gained in the first three years of college (Tobolowsky, 2008; Seidman et al., 2012). Clearly, universities invest the greatest amount of resources in the freshmen year. The institutional investments in freshmen support the development of a sense of community, effective study habits, and time-management skills as students enter their sophomore year. Tinto (1993) focused on first-year attrition and, as discussed in other chapters, highlights the importance of social integration, extracurricular involvement, and institutional commitment (or students’ commitment to stay at the institution as well as the institution’s commitment to assist the student in being successful). When freshmen successfully adjust to college (Thomlinson-Clarke 1998; Braxton, 2019), they show higher levels of resilience when encountering challenges during their junior and senior years. Mohr, Eiche, and Sedlacek (1998) explained that seniors have different needs but are more likely to graduate if they receive needed assistance during their freshmen year. This also implies that aspects of Tinto’s (1993, 2012) theory may be more important for different class levels (i.e., juniors, seniors). Tinto (1993) proposed the actionist model and discussed the importance of social and academic integration and institutional commitment in increasing student persistence from the freshmen to sophomore years.
The Invisible Rules That Govern Use of Force

Police departments reject the idea that use of force can be governed by hard and fast rules. Under this rule-resistant view, using rules to regulate use of force would be dangerous and in practice impossible, as officers must retain broad discretion to respond to ever-changing conditions in the field. Despite the prevalence of this view, the Article finds that, behind closed doors, departments are constructing hard and fast rules that limit officer discretion. This disconnect between the rule-resistant narrative and the rule-bound reality has important implications for use-of-force reform. Acceptance of the rule-resistant narrative tends to deflect public attempts to exert influence over use-of-force practices, limiting community input to the proposal of aspirational standards. At the same time, departments are internally adopting hard and fast rules, some of which require officers to engage in violence. If communities had access to these rules, they could closely interrogate, disagree with, and amend them. Ultimately, departmental efforts to convince the public that it is impossible to do what the department actually does are at the center of a struggle over who wields control over use-of-force reform—the police or the communities they serve. This Article’s findings are based on extensive interviews of command-level officers across the country, in addition to the transcription and examination of a comprehensive set of training videos. These sources provide rich insights that reveal the strong departmental belief in the rule-resistant narrative that departments, however unknowingly, undermine behind closed doors.
Comorbidity, cognitive dysfunction, physical functioning, and quality of life in older breast cancer survivors.

Older breast cancer survivors (BCS) may be at greater risk for cognitive dysfunction and other comorbidities; both of which may be associated with physical and emotional well-being. This study will seek to understand these relationships by examining the association between objective and subjective cognitive dysfunction and physical functioning and quality of life (QoL) and moderated by comorbidities in older BCS. A secondary data analysis was conducted on data from 335 BCS (stages I–IIIA) who were ≥ 60 years of age, received chemotherapy, and were 3–8 years post-diagnosis. BCS completed a one-time questionnaire and neuropsychological tests of learning, delayed recall, attention, working memory, and verbal fluency. Descriptive statistics and separate linear regression analyses testing the relationship of each cognitive assessment on physical functioning and QoL controlling for comorbidities were conducted. BCS were on average 69.79 (SD = 3.34) years old and 5.95 (SD = 1.48) years post-diagnosis. Most were stage II (67.7%) at diagnosis, White (93.4%), had at least some college education (51.6%), and reported on average 3 (SD = 1.81) comorbidities. All 6 physical functioning models were significant (p < .001), with more comorbidities and worse subjective attention identified as significantly related to decreased physical functioning. One model found worse subjective attention was related to poorer QoL (p < .001). Objective cognitive function measures were not significantly related to physical functioning or QoL. A greater number of comorbidities and poorer subjective attention were related to poorer outcomes and should be integrated into research seeking to determine predictors of physical functioning and QoL in breast cancer survivors.
Improving a Parent Coaching Model of Music Interventions for Young Autistic Children

Parenting a child on the autism spectrum can be rewarding and enriching, but it may also increase risk of parental fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression. Parent-mediated interventions contribute to increase family satisfaction and child social communication while helping to decrease parental stress and fatigue. Parent coaching, the education of parents in evidence-based strategies, has become common in the autism field. However, parent coaching in music therapy has only recently emerged and has limited research with families with an autistic member. In this study, we attempted to improve a previously published model of parent coaching, adapting only one aspect of the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), the sensory social routine (SSR) to create a music intervention. Four parents participated in this 6-session parent coaching study. We compared the SSR-based intervention with and without music, in an alternating treatment design. Measures included parental responsiveness, child receptive and initiation joint attention, parent-child similar affect and synchronized gaze, and the Parent Coaching-ESDM (PC-ESDM) parent fidelity rating system. Results from these observational measures were mixed, with better parental responses in the no-music condition, but improved child responses and parent-child synchrony in the music condition for 3 out of the 4 participants. Parent learning increased for all participants, and 3 out of the 4 reached fidelity (a score of at least 80%), according to the PC-ESDM. Although mixed results were observed across participants, implications for practice are possible. Better outcome measures of this complex intervention are needed.
Modelling COVID-19 outbreaks in USA with distinct testing, lockdown speed and fatigue rates

Each state in the USA exhibited a unique response to the COVID-19 outbreak, along with variable levels of testing, leading to different actual case burdens in the country. In this study, via per capita testing dependent ascertainment rates, along with case and death data, we fit a minimal epidemic model for each state. We estimate infection-level responsive lockdown/self-quarantine entry and exit rates (representing government and behavioural reaction), along with the true number of cases as of 31 May 2020. Ultimately, we provide error-corrected estimates for commonly used metrics such as infection fatality ratio and overall case ascertainment for all 55 states and territories considered, along with the USA in aggregate, in order to correlate outbreak severity with first wave intervention attributes and suggest potential management strategies for future outbreaks. We observe a theoretically predicted inverse proportionality relation between outbreak size and lockdown rate, with scale dependent on the underlying reproduction number and simulations suggesting a critical population quarantine 'half-life' of 30 days independent of other model parameters.
Inverse heavy enzyme isotope effects in methylthioadenosine nucleosidases

Heavy enzyme isotope effects occur in proteins substituted with 2H-, 13C-, and 15N-enriched amino acids. Mass alterations perturb femtosecond protein motions and have been used to study the linkage between fast motions and transition-state barrier crossing. Heavy enzymes typically show slower rates for their chemical steps. Heavy bacterial methylthioadenosine nucleosidases (MTANs from Helicobactor pylori and Escherichia coli) gave normal isotope effects in steady-state kinetics, with slower rates for the heavy enzymes. However, both enzymes revealed rare inverse isotope effects on their chemical steps, with faster chemical steps in the heavy enzymes. Computational transition-path sampling studies of H. pylori and E. coli MTANs indicated closer enzyme-reactant interactions in the heavy MTANs at times near the transition state, resulting in an improved reaction coordinate geometry. Specific catalytic interactions more favorable for heavy MTANs include improved contacts to the catalytic water nucleophile and to the adenine leaving group. Heavy bacterial MTANs depart from other heavy enzymes as slowed vibrational modes from the heavy isotope substitution caused improved barrier-crossing efficiency. Improved sampling frequency and reactant coordinate distances are highlighted as key factors in MTAN transition-state stabilization.
Examining mentor teachers’ critical pedagogical discourses and participation in an era of changing science standards and pedagogies

Abstract We provided secondary science mentor teachers (MTs) with a series of professional learning sessions to support their work with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and the Ambitious Science Teaching (AST) framework, which their preservice teachers (PSTs) encountered in methods courses. By investigating the MTs' critical pedagogical discourses using a situative theoretical approach, we found that how the MTs made sense of NGSS and AST differed depending on how they gauged student learning, that the MTs’ participation differed over time given their perceptions of NGSS and AST, and that the teacher preparation program needed to provide more support for MTs.
A Predictive Command Governor-Based Adaptive Cruise Controller With Collision Avoidance for Non-Connected Vehicle Following

This paper presents a command governor (CG) based adaptive cruise controller (ACC) that is applied in simulation to normal driving scenarios and emergency stopping scenarios. The vehicle-following case study used in this paper involves a heavy-duty ego vehicle and a light-duty non-connected lead vehicle (i.e., the ego vehicle does not communicate with the lead vehicle and can only infer the lead vehicles' position and velocity states through its own sensors). Typically, to ensure constraints in the presence of disturbances, receding horizon based ACCs will assume some known worst-case behavior of the lead vehicle. In the presence of a stochastic, non-connected lead vehicle, however, achieving such a guarantee requires a worst-case assumption on the behavior of the lead vehicle for all future time. In this work, the CG assumes a lead vehicle velocity profile that will be achieved with a prescribed level of certainty, based on a stochastic characterization of lead vehicle behavior that has been informed by actual on-road data. The CG ensures safe following distance under this probabilistic lead vehicle assumption. Here, ``safe following distance'' is based on the ego vehicle's ability to come to a stop without collision if the lead vehicle were to suddenly brake at maximum deceleration after proceeding at a velocity profile that is prescribed based on a statistical lower bound on lead vehicle velocity. Ultimately, the CG ensures that the worst-case safe following distance is satisfied with a prescribed probability, thereby paralleling chance-constrained CG formulations. Simulation results for a heavy-duty truck indicate that the CG-based ACC outperforms a PID-ACC in terms of fuel economy and drivability. Additionally, the CG-ACC approach was able to ensure rear-end collision avoidance in emergency stopping simulations.
ARSR-NEXRAD OPERATIONAL COMPARISON.

The National Weather Service, Federal Aviation Administration, and Department of Defense are in the process of fielding the Next Generation Weather Radars (NEXRAD). It has been assumed that NEXRADs...
Adsorption of aromatic compound at platinum electrodes: A comparative study illustrating the deficiencies of adsorption measurements based on hydrogen codeposition or anodic oxidation

Abstract The adsorption of aromatic compounds at smooth polycrystalline Pt electrodes in aqueous 1 M HClO 4 or H 2 SO 4 has been investigated using thin-layer coulometry, hydrogen codeposition and anodic oxidation for comparative purposes. Three compounds were studied; hydroquinone, 1,4-dihydroxynaphthalene, and 2,2',5,5'-tetrahydroxybiphenyl; these compounds were previously shown by thin-layer coulometry to adsorb in specific orientational states which depend upon their solution concentrations. The hydrogen codeposition method does not give absolute packing densities, yields wrong fractional coverage data, and provides no indication of orientational transitions. The anodic oxidation method leads to incorrect packing densities and adsorbed molecule cross-sections, although evidence for structural transitions may be qualitatively inferred from fractional coverage data. These discrepancies point to severe deficiencies of the latter two methods for measurement of adsorption, and arise from the fact that conversion of hydrogen codeposition or anodic oxidation data to absolute packing densities or adsorbed molecule cross-section requires assumptions which have proved to be incorrect, at least for aromatic molecules. Two of these assumptions are that: (i) any change in the amount of adsorbed organic produces a corresponding change in the number of sites available for hydrogen adsorption, and (ii) the number of electrons required for oxidation of an adsorbed molecule is independent of the surface coverage. This may be the primary reason why the adsorbate orientational transitions demonstrated recently by thin-layer coulometric measurements were not detected previously in studied which relied mainly on the other two methods.
Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology

Knowledge in microbiology is growing exponentially through the determination of genomic sequences of hundreds of microorganisms and the invention of new technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, to deal with this avalanche of information. These genomic data are now exploited in thousands of applications, ranging from those in medicine, agriculture, organic chemistry, public health, biomass conversion, to biomining. Microbial Biotechnology. Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology focuses on uses of major societal importance, enabling an in-depth analysis of these critically important applications. Some, such as wastewater treatment, have changed only modestly over time, others, such as directed molecular evolution, or 'green' chemistry, are as current as today's headlines. This fully revised second edition provides an exciting interdisciplinary journey through the rapidly changing landscape of discovery in microbial biotechnology. An ideal text for courses in applied microbiology and biotechnology courses, this book will also serve as an invaluable overview of recent advances in this field for professional life scientists and for the diverse community of other professionals with interests in biotechnology.
Rate of Convergence of the Method of Alternating Projections

A proof is given of a rate of convergence theorem for the method of alternating projections. The theorem had been announced earlier in [8] without proof.
Failure of senescent human fibroblasts to express the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene

Senescent human diploid fibroblasts express several growth-regulated genes but fail to express others. In this paper we show, by a very sensitive technique (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction), that senescent cells fail to express insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA, which is expressed in moderate amounts by young cells. Human fibroblasts immortalized by transfection with a temperature-sensitive SV40 T antigen gene regain the ability to express IGF-1 mRNA, but only at the permissive temperature of 34 degrees C. Under these conditions, the immortalized human fibroblasts grow even in 1% serum. At the restrictive temperature of 39 degrees C, the temperature-sensitive T antigen is nonfunctional, IGF-1 RNA is not detectable, and the cells fail to grow even in 10% serum. The failure to express IGF-1 mRNA in postsenescent cells can be ascribed, at least in part, to a transcriptional mechanism. Despite the correlation among immortalization by SV40 T antigen, expression of IGF-1, and growth, it seems unlikely that the failure to express IGF-1 is the sole cause of cellular senescence; other requirements must be postulated.
The protogalactic connection.

We argue that the physics underlying active galactic nuclei and the quasar phenomenon will not be understood without first having knowledge of the processes governing the gas to star transformation that occurs during galaxy formation. Galaxies actually in the process of forming are extremely difficult to observe, or perhaps even recognise, and we take a more indirect approach, utilising the observed scaling relations between various parameters of present day galaxies to infer information about the physical conditions at the epoch of galaxy formation. One example of such an approach is given, in which the characteristic parameters of galaxies are utilized as fossil records that help constrain the physical processes, involving both dissipation and dynamical relaxation, by which galaxies formed. Two contrasting models for the early evolution of a galaxy — a single massive burst of star formation, as opposed to many small bursts — may be distinguished by their different predictions for the power spectrum of the extragalactic background light in different bandpasses. A more definitive theory of protogalactic evolution may be attainable as the collection of data, its modelling and its interpretation proceed.
Digital control for embedded applications

With the reduction of the cost and increase in performance of digital microprocessors, many system designers are performing both system control and signal processing with the same microcontroller. The author presents the PowerPC Architecture/sup TM/ which has many implementations with different pipeline depths, number of execution units, instruction timings, and instruction issue rates and protocols. The Power Architecture has two instruction classes: a floating point multiply-add instruction and a load/store with update. Examples are given using the MPC505, MPC602, MPC603, MPC604, MPC821, and MPC860 microprocessors.
Response to increased load in systemic sclerosis-associated PAH and idiopathic PAH

Background: Patients with Systemic Sclerosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SScPAH) have worse survival than patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH). We hypothesized that the RV adapts differently in SScPAH vs IPAH. Methods: We examined 58 prospectively obtained cardiac MRIs (cMRI) in 34 SScPAH and 24 IPAH patients all diagnosed by right heart catheterization (RHC). cMRI and RHC measurements were recorded for all patients. Regression analysis was used to assess the association between diagnosis and RV measurements after adjusting for age and RV load. Results: Clinical and demographic variables are shown in Table 1. Univariate regression showed RV mass index (RVMi) varied linearly with measures of RV load. ANCOVA analysis suggested an interaction between diagnosis and RVMi adjusting for PVR and age (p=0.09). A spline model showed a significantly lower rate of increase in RVMi (0.51vs2.03g/m2*WU) in SScPAH vs IPAH at PVR>7 WU. Conclusion: RVMi varies linearly with measures of RV load. After adjusting for differences in RV load and age, SScPAH patients had a significantly decreased rate of hypertrophy with increasing PVR that was most prominent at PVR>7WU. This difference in adaptive hypertrophy may, in part, explain poorer survival in SScPAH despite lower measures of load. View this table: Table 1: Demographic and Catheterization Data ![Figure][1] [1]: pending:yes
Implant placement increases bone remodeling transiently in a rat model

To examine bone remodeling following implant placement, 88 female Sprague–Dawley rats underwent either sham ovariectomy (sham-ovx) or ovariectomy (ovx) at 4.5 months. At 11 months, 17 baseline control animals were euthanized, while 71 rats received bilateral intramedullary femoral implants. Implanted rats were randomized to 4-, 8-, or 12-week follow-up times. Microcomputed tomography was used to assess cortical area and trabecular architecture in all rats. Dynamic and static histomorphometry were performed in a subset to examine the trabecular and endocortical bone in the distal femoral metaphysis adjacent to the implant and the periosteal surface at the midshaft superior to the implant (n = 59). Implantation did not affect bone volume in either sham-ovx or ovx rats compared to baseline controls. Implant placement significantly increased mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate in both sham-ovx and ovx rats at the trabecular and endocortical surfaces at four and sometimes 8 weeks, with a return to baseline values by 12 weeks. At the periosteal surface, implant placement increased bone formation at 4 weeks with a return to baseline levels by 8 weeks. Thus, implant placement increases bone remodeling transiently without affecting bone volume in sham-ovx and ovx rats. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 800–806, 2013
Mapping rings and grids onto the FPS T-series hypercube

Abstract One of the desirable aspects of a hypercube is that many other interconnection topologies are contained within it. Two commonly used topologies are the ring and two-dimensional grid. The mapping of these topologies onto the hypercube is straightforward, but in the FPS T-Series hypercube, algorithms using the standard mapping based on binary reflective Gray codes will not perform well. This is because the standard mapping requires the use of communication links that, in some of the nodes, cannot be communicated on simultaneously. In such nodes, a very time consuming reset of the link configuration is necessary between every use of the conflicting links. For many algorithms, this resilts in a large overhead and degrades performance. In this paper it is shown how to configure the links in each node once to map a ring and grid onto the T-Series, thereby eliminating the overhead of resetting the links repeatedly during execution. The mappings are extended to a more general class of hypercube called modulus link-bounded hypercubes, and various properties of the mappings are presented.
Distinguishing spin-orbit coupling and nematic order in the electronic spectrum of iron-based superconductors

The low-energy electronic states of the iron-based superconductors are strongly affected by both spin-orbit coupling and, when present, by the nematic order. These two effects have different physical origins, yet they can lead to similar gap features in the electronic spectrum. Here we show how to disentangle them experimentally in the iron superconductors with one Fe plane per unit cell. Although the splitting of the low-energy doublet at the Brillouin zone center ($\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point) can be due to either the spin-orbit coupling or the nematic order, or both, the degeneracy of each of the doublet states at the zone corner ($M$ point) is protected by the space-group symmetry even when spin-orbit coupling is taken into account. Therefore, any splitting at $M$ must be due to lowering of the crystal symmetry, such as due to the nematic order. We further analyze a microscopic tight-binding model with two different contributions to the nematic order: ${d}_{xz}/{d}_{yz}$ on-site energy anisotropy and the ${d}_{xy}$ hopping anisotropy. We find that a precise determination of the former, which has been widely used to characterize the nematic phase, requires a simultaneous measurement of the splittings of the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$-point doublet and at the two low-energy $M$-point doublets. We also discuss the impact of twin domains and show how our results shed new light on ARPES measurements in the normal state of these materials.
A NOVEL METHOD TO QUANTIFY HISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE MEDIOLATERAL AXIS OF THE SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA AFTER SPARED NERVE INJURY: CHARACTERIZATION WITH TRPV1 AND SUBSTANCE P

Abstract Nerve injury dramatically increases or decreases protein expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Whether the spatial distribution of these changes is restricted to the central innervation territories of injured nerves or could spread to adjacent territories in the dorsal horn is not understood. To address this question, we developed a simple computer software-assisted method to precisely distinguish and efficiently quantify immunohistochemical staining patterns across the mediolateral axis of the dorsal horn 2 weeks after transection of either the tibial and common peroneal nerves (thus sparing the sural branch, spared nerve injury, [SNI]), the tibial nerve, or the common peroneal and sural nerves. Using thiamine monophosphatase (TMP) histochemistry, we determined that central terminals of the tibial, common peroneal, sural, and posterior cutaneous nerves occupy the medial 35%, medial-central 20%, central-lateral 20%, and lateral 25% of the substantia gelatinosa, respectively. We then used these calculations to show that SNI reduced the expression of SP and TRPV1 immunoreactivity within the tibial and peroneal innervation territories in the L4 dorsal horn, without changing expression in the uninjured, sural sector. We conclude that SNI-induced loss of SP and TRPV1 in central terminals of dorsal horn is restricted to injured fibers. Our new method enables direct comparison of injured and uninjured terminals in the dorsal horn so as to better understand their relative contributions to mechanisms of chronic pain. Perspective A simple computer software-assisted algorithm was developed to precisely distinguish and efficiently quantify immunohistochemical staining patterns across the mediolateral axis of the dorsal horn after distal sciatic-branch transection. This method will facilitate a better understanding of the relative contribution of injured and uninjured terminals to mechanisms of chronic pain.
Statistical comparisons of heavy-metal concentrations in river sediments

Statisticalt tests were used to determine lead, copper, and chromium enrichment in sediments from the Lower Branch of the Rouge River in southeast Michigan, USA. Both absolute metal concentrations and ratios of trace metal to conservative metal concentrations were used to compare sampled sites along the Lower Branch of the Rouge River to background sites in the headwaters region. Concentration ratios were used to reduce the effects of certain chemical and physical characteristics on the level of metal contained in a given sediment. Results from the comparison of sample sites to the background reveal metal enrichment at several sites, particularly along the highly urbanized, downstream section of the river. This section of the Lower Branch of the Rouge River exhibits significant lead and copper contamination, as well as measurable chromium enrichment when using either concentrations alone or ratios as methods of comparison. The areas of metal enrichment appear to coincide closely with areas of known anthropogenic activities. Of particular interest, however, is the enrichment of lead and copper at two upstream sites where the statistical tests suggest an anthropogenic source for the enrichment, but where no previously known cultural activities existed. These data prompted a historical search of records, which discovered several abandoned landfills immediately upstream of the metal enrichment sites.
Prediction of distal arm joint angles from EMG and shoulder orientation for prosthesis control

Current state-of-the-art upper limb myoelectric prostheses are limited by only being able to control a single degree of freedom at a time. However, recent studies have separately shown that the joint angles corresponding to shoulder orientation and upper arm EMG can predict the joint angles corresponding to elbow flexion/extension and forearm pronation/ supination, which would allow for simultaneous control over both degrees of freedom. In this preliminary study, we show that the combination of both upper arm EMG and shoulder joint angles may predict the distal arm joint angles better than each set of inputs alone. Also, with the advent of surgical techniques like targeted muscle reinnervation, which allows a person with an amputation intuitive muscular control over his or her prosthetic, our results suggest that including a set of EMG electrodes around the forearm increases performance when compared to upper arm EMG and shoulder orientation. We used a Time-Delayed Adaptive Neural Network to predict distal arm joint angles. Our results show that our network's root mean square error (RMSE) decreases and coefficient of determination (R2) increases when combining both shoulder orientation and EMG as inputs.
Odorant-Induced Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in the Olfactory Bulb Promotes Survival of Newly Formed Granule Cells

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) plays a significant role in neuronal survival, including odorant-induced, activity-dependent survival of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium. Here, we examined the role of MAPK for the survival of neurons in the olfactory bulb. To study odorant-induced activation of MAPK in the olfactory bulb, mice were exposed to odorants in vivo, and MAPK was assayed. Exposure of mice to some odorants in vivo activated MAPK in granule cells 10 min after exposure. Activation of MAPK was particularly evident in the nucleus and dendrites of granule cells. Because MAPK activation can augment neuronal survival, odorant enhancement of granule cell survival was monitored by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Long-term exposure to odorants increased the survival of newly formed granule cells as well as the number of granule cells that were both BrdU+ and phospho-Erk+. Inhibition of MAPK by administration of SL327 in vivo blocked the odorant-induced increase in newly formed granule cells, suggesting that activation of MAPK promotes the survival of granule cells in the olfactory bulb. Studies using cultured granule cells confirmed that activation of MAPK in granule cells protects them against strong apoptotic signals. These data suggest that stimulation of MAPK in olfactory bulb granule cells by some odorants may contribute to the survival of newly formed granule cells caused by odorant exposure.
Immobilization of tyrosinase within polyacrylamide gels

The enzyme tyrosinase (E.C. 1.14.18.1)has been immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel and intermittently assayed for enzyme activity over a period of 19 days using phenol as the substrate. The results of these studies indicate that the immobilized enzyme could be incorporated into a system to detect phenol and related compounds that are found in industrial effluents and as surface water contaminants.