cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efflorescent mineral assemblages associated with cracked and degraded residential concrete foundations in Southern California

Abstract Efflorescent salt forming on surfaces of degraded concrete slabs consists of 4 assemblages: 1. Na sulfates (mirabilite and thenardite), 2. Na nitrate-sulfates (darapskite, mirabilite and thernadite), 3. Na carbonates (nahcolite and trona), and 4. Na chloride-sulfates (halite, mirabilite and thenardite). The characteristic minerals associated with sulfate attack (gypsum, ettringite and thaumasite) are notably absent, although up to 20% birunite, a Ca-silicate-carbonate similar to thaumasite, occurs at a few of the localities. One cause of degradation of the concrete may be pore pressure exerted by crystallization of these salts as well as the recurring reconstructive phase transformation between thenardite & mirabilite, which is moisture & temperature dependent.
Tillage energy requirements in interior Alaska

Abstract Draft and fuel consumption data were gathered for tillage and seeding implements used in barley production systems in interior Alaska. Implements tested were: tandem disk; hoe drill; one-way disk with seeder; packer; double-disk drill; banding-disk drill. Draft data were compared with predictive values provided by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE D230.4) and data reported by researchers in other areas of Canada and the U.S.A. Draft predictions based on the equations in ASAE D230.4 would in most cases give acceptable results for the Volkmar silt loam soils in interior Alaska. Draft was generally higher in stubble conditions than on bare ground. Soil moisture content was found to have the greatest effect on draft and fuel consumption. Speed was significant for several cases when variations in soil moisture were minimal.
Equilibrium crystal shapes for lattice models with nearest-and next-nearest-neighbor interactions

Equilibrium crystal shapes for a three-dimensional ferromagnetic Ising model with both nearest-neighbor (${J}_{1}$) and next-nearest-neighbor (${J}_{2}=R{J}_{1}$) interactions are studied at nonzero temperatures. Phase diagrams and crystal shapes are first calculated via mean-field theory. Subsequently, fluctuation corrections are taken into account in a qualitative manner, incorporating known results and exploiting interconnections with other ($d=2$) models, including both roughening and commensurate-incommensurate phase transitions. In the resulting picture, crystal facets appear only below appropriate roughening temperatures. Phase boundaries correspond directly to edges bounding crystal facets and may be either first order (slope discontinuity, sharp edges) or second order (no slope discontinuity, smooth edges). For $R\ensuremath{\ge}0$, only smooth edges occur, and phase transitions are of the Gruber-Mullins\char22{}Pokrovsky-Talapov type. For $Rl0$ additional, first-order phase transitions take place at sufficiently low temperatures.
Effect of load carrying on local dynamic stability

Occupational load carrying tasks are considered one of the major factors contributing to slip and fall injuries. The objective of the current study was to explore the feasibility to assess the stability changes associated with load carrying by local dynamic stability measures. Twenty-five young participants were involved in a treadmill walking study, with their trunk acceleration profiles measured wirelessly by a tri-axial accelerometer. Finite time local dynamic stability was quantified by maximum Lyapunov exponents (maxLE). The results showed a significant increase in long term maxLE in load condition, indicating the declined local dynamic stability due to the load carrying. Thus, current study confirmed the discriminative validity and sensitivity of local dynamic stability measure and its utility in the load carrying scenario. Language: en
Using Explicit Positive Assessment in the Language Classroom: IRF, Feedback, and Learning Opportunities.

Within the framework of sociocultural theory, learning is conceptualized as participation rather than acquisition (Donato, 2000). Given the governing metaphor of changing participation as learning (Young & Miller, 2004), an important contribution conversation analysis can make to the study of second language acquisition is to detail the instructional practices that either create or inhibit the opportunities for participation (Lerner, 1995), and by extension, the opportunities for learning. This study focuses on one such practice in English as a second language classrooms—the use of explicit positive assessment—and its relevance to learning opportunities. I argue that within certain contexts these assessments tend to suppress the opportunities for voicing understanding problems or exploring alternative correct answers, both of which are the stuff that learning is made of. The analysis suggests that what is sequentially and affectively preferred may be pedagogically and developmentally dispreferred.
MINERALIZATION OF COMPOSTED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Mineralization of nutrients from composted municipal sludge may vary due to sludge type and composting material. This study determined mineralization and release of selected elements from composted municipal sewage sludge to evaluate optimal land application rate under field conditions. Composted municipal sludge was studied in two on-farm experiments, at rates of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.1 Mg ha−1 (dry wt. basis) applied to peanuts and another field incubation study consisting of 0.0 and 4.0 Mg ha−1 sludge rate (dry wt. basis). The on-farm studies were used to determine release of selected elements over a growing season, while third field experiment measured nutrient release periodically for an entire year. The on-farm studies used soil cores with resin bags placed on the bottom to trap any leached nutrient, while the soil in the PVC core was extracted to determine nutrient release. In the latter study, decomposition bags with soil cores and resins were utilized to help determine the rate of nutrient release...
Design principles of molecular networks revealed by global comparisons and composite motifs

Background: Molecular networks are of current interest, particularly with the publication of many large-scale datasets. Previous analyses have focused on topologic structures of individual networks. Results: Here, we present a global comparison of four basic molecular networks: regulatory, coexpression, interaction, and metabolic. In terms of overall topologic correlation - whether nearby proteins in one network are close in another - we find that the four are quite similar. However, focusing on the occurrence of local features, we introduce the concept of composite hubs, namely hubs shared by more than one network. We find that the three 'action' networks (metabolic, coexpression, and interaction) share the same scaffolding of hubs, whereas the regulatory network uses distinctly different regulator hubs. Finally, we examine the inter-relationship between the regulatory network and the three action networks, focusing on three composite motifs - triangles, trusses, and bridges - involving different degrees of regulation of gene pairs. Our analysis shows that interaction and co-expression networks have short-range relationships, with directly interacting and co-expressed proteins sharing regulators. However, the metabolic network contains many long-distance relationships: far-away enzymes in a pathway often have time-delayed expression relationships, which are well coordinated by bridges connecting their regulators. Conclusion: We demonstrate how basic molecular networks are distinct yet connected and well coordinated. Many of our conclusions can be mapped onto structured social networks, providing intuitive comparisons. In particular, the long-distance regulation in metabolic networks agrees with its counterpart in social networks (namely, assembly lines). Conversely, the segregation of regulator hubs from other hubs diverges from social intuitions (as managers often are centers of interactions).
Working for men : at the intersection of power, gender, and sexuality

This article examines the dynamics of Bazooms. a “restaurant” in which power, gender, and sexuality come together to color relations between the three major “players” involved: waitresses, managers, and customers. Job-based power relations and inequities, gender roles, implicit and explicit sexual roles, and sexual harassment are all “at work” in such a workplace. But definitions of power, gender roles, sexual identities. and harassment are in constant flux with each interaction among the players inside the Bazooms world. The women who work at Bazooms–the “Bazooms girls”–are disadvantaged in these interactions, but they are not helpless. Dynamics within the restaurant are constantly being negotiated and altered (within constraints) as these women exercise agency in the workplace.
Bringing graphic dialogues to APL

Most attempts to introduce graphic support into APL are limited to handling the composition and presentation of pictures. This paper proposes a model and a formalism encompassing also the other phases of a graphic dialog. The proposal involves a logical extension to structured programming, and is based largely upon already existing or hidden elements of the language. Even though its linguistic consequences are quite limited, the model opens up a new view on the implementation of an APL execution system.
Using IVI in .NETand the upcoming IVI .NET standard

The IVI driver standards, first announced at Autotestcon in 1998, have matured significantly in recent years, with several manufacturers currently offering numerous drivers. In parallel with the deployment of IVI, Microsoft has also introduced the .NET technologies. To help support this environment, the IVI foundation has produced standards and common components for the use of current drivers in .NET. The IVI foundation has also begun development of a new IVI .NET open architecture. Developers using IVI drivers in .NET environments can use current IVI open architecture drivers. As the new IVI .NET open architecture is completed, drivers based on it will also be available. Developers have several choices and need to understand the implications of building heterogeneous systems and how current systems can easily evolve to take advantage of features in new IVI .NET drivers without impacting code that is written today
Algebraic Equations for a Class of P. L. Spaces

Our main purpose is to discuss the question: "Can closed P. L. manifolds be represented as real algebraic varieties ?" It is known by Nash that all closed smooth manifolds are diffeomorphic to components o f real algebraic variables [7]. He also conjectured that they are diffeomorphic to real algebraic varieties. Since all closed P. L. manifolds of dimension less than 8 have smooth structures, they are P. L. homeomorphic to components of real algebraic varieties. For closed P. L. manifolds of dimension 8, Kuiper proves that they are represented by components of real algebraic varieties [3]. Then recently Tognoli proved the Nash conjecture [10]. Here we define a class of polyhedra and prove that the elements of this class are represented as real algebraic varieties (i.e., we prove a P. L. version of the Nash conjecture for these polyhedra). Elements of this class roughly are: Singular spaces which are smooth in the complements of disjoint union of smooth manifolds with certain nice properties. In particular, it contains all P. L. 8-manifolds. All our methods produce algebraic varieties, which are locally complete intersections. We produce a nonsmoothable P. L. 9-mainfold, which is not such a variety.
Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s

In the 1920s the U.S. government did not attempt to take comprehensive surveys of either the number unemployed or the size of the labor force. In the 1930s the government did make estimates of the number unemployed, but made no estimates of the size of the labor force so as to calculate unemployment rates. Some estimates of the rate of unemployment for the 1920s were constructed-see the unemployment rate estimates for Givens, Douglas, Carson, and Weintraub in Table 1-but these varied in their coverage and accuracy. In the 1950s Stanley Lebergott developed a consistent series of estimates of the labor force and its components, the number unemployed, and the rate of unemployment for the nineteenth and twentieth century. This culminated in his seminal book, Manpower in Economic Growth, and Lebergott's series have become the most widely accepted and used series for the interwar years. I In the 1970s two major revisions of Lebergott's unemployment rate estimates appeared, Robert Coen's 1973 revisions and Michael Darby's 1976 revisions.2 These estimates are presented in columns 6 and 7 in Table 1. It has been suggested that Coen's revised estimates diminish the . . sheen of the prosperity of the twenties . . . Darby's revised estimates are for the 1930s and present a significantly different picture of the level of and changes in unemployment during the recovery from the Great Depression. Because of the strikingly different and contradictory pictures of the interwar period that these revisions present, this note examines each of the revisions. Coen's purpose was to provide estimates for the interwar period that allowed for cyclical variation in the labor force. The size of the labor force in the post-World War II United States tends to vary with business conditions because of the discouraged-worker phenomenon. The census provided the size and characteristics of the labor force at census dates for the interwar years. From this Lebergott was able to construct participation rates by age and sex, interpolate these participation rates between census dates, and with the population data construct estimates of the labor force for each year in the 1920s and 1930s. This allowed no cyclical variation in the labor force since it did not take into account annual variations in labor market conditions.4
Light-like (2,0) Noncommutativity and Light-Cone Rigid Open Membrane Theory

The six-dimensional (2,0) field theory admits a generalized ``noncommutative'' deformation associated with turning on a large null 3-form field strength. This theory is studied using its discrete light-cone formulation as quantum mechanics on a blow-up of the ADHM moduli space. We show how to interpret the ADHM manifold as configurations of open membranes, and check our results against basic space-time considerations.
Biochemical and functional comparison of platelet and raji cell clq receptors.

Previous studies have suggested that platelet Clq receptors share a variety of structural and functional similarities with Clq receptors isolated from Raji cells. The present study extends these observations and demonstrates similar migration of platelet and Raji cell receptors in 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, as well as similarities in amino acid composition and receptor migration on cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.6. Moreover, direct functional comparisons were performed to assess receptor reactivity with immobilized Clq and collagen, as structural similarities between collagen and the amino terminus of Clq involved in receptor binding are well known, and Clq inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Like the platelet Clq receptor, Clq receptors from Raji cells demonstrated enhanced reactivity with Clq relative to collagen-coated surfaces. These interactions were highly susceptible to manipulation of the ionic strength of the buffer medium. Clq receptor recognition of collagen was consid...
A 3-10 GHz SiGe resistive feedback low noise amplifier for UWB applications

The analysis and design of an inductorless, resistive feedback low noise amplifier using advanced SiGe HBT technology, for application in UWB systems is presented. Measurements show 20 dB of gain with 1 dB variation over the 3 GHz to 10 GHz band, and a matched input and output with less than -10 dB of reflection. A minimum noise figure is 3.05 dB at 3 GHz and increases to 4.5 dB at 10 GHz. All these results are comparable to that of conventional LNAs with an emitter degenerated inductor, but this resistive feedback LNA has the advantage of die area over previous wideband LNAs due to the lack of a spiral inductor. Simple analytical design expressions are given for wideband LNA design and are verified using simulation and measurements. The measured input IP3 is -11.75 dBm with 17 mA total current consumption from 2.5 V supply.
Waves in the inner magnetosheath: A case study

We study the waves within, and upstream of, the density enhancements in front of the magnetopause using magnetic field and plasma measurements from ISEE 1 and 2. The waves upstream of the density enhancements are most likely to be mirror modes and are convected with the magnetosheath flow. Within the density enhancements there is additional wave power at lower frequencies. These low frequency waves appear to be slow modes propagating sunward and quasi-standing in the flow. These observations lend support to the contention that the outer edge of the density enhancement is a slow mode wave front which marks the greatest distance that slow modes can propagate upstream into the solar wind.
Application of a New Land-Surface, Dry Deposition, and PBL Model in the Models-3 Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model System

The U.S. EPA has developed a new comprehensive air quality modeling system, known as the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model (Byun and Ching, 1999). The CMAQ system includes a comprehensive emissions processor, a Chemical Transport Model (CTM), and a meteorology model. The community modeling approach aims to provide a focal point for diverse model development research which will lead to many alternative algorithms and model components that can be inter-compared and evaluated. An early example of this process is the development of a more advanced surface exchange, planetary boundary layer (PBL), and dry deposition model and its incorporation into the CMAQ system. Accurate simulation of air quality depends on realistic modeling of land surface and PBL processes. Quantities that exert first-order control on trace chemical concentrations and photochemistry include PBL height, temperature, wind speed, and dry deposition velocity. These quantities are all directly related to air-surface exchange processes of heat, moisture, momentum, and trace chemical species. In addition, cloud cover, which is important for photolysis rates, is greatly influenced by surface flux and PBL processes. For these reasons it is especially critical to apply realistic techniques for land-surface and PBL modeling within an air quality system. Like most air quality modeling systems, CMAQ divides the treatment of meteorological and chemical/transport processes into separate models run sequentially. A potential drawback to this approach is that it creates the illusion that these processes are minimally interdependent and that any meteorology model with a good reputation is adequate for air quality work. However, most mesoscale meteorology models are developed for operational weather forecasting and meteorological research. These foci do not emphasize all the same critical capabilities as air quality applications. Conversely, CTMs are often developed to accept basic meteorological inputs from a variety of sources
Habilitative Functions and Effects of Residential Services

Residential services are a major aspect of the habilitative experiences and training provided to persons with developmental disabilities. Data on the contemporary status and recent evolution of residential services for persons with developmental disabilities are presented along with identification of major concepts guiding changes in residential services. The manner in which these concepts relate to factors associated with treatment effectiveness are reviewed. The paper concludes with an examination of the available literature relating residential facility size and location to habilitation outcomes.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research.: III. Effects on Weight Gain and Amino Acid Composition of Whole Body and Tail Muscle of Juvenile Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii1

Two proposed standard reference diets for use in studies of crustacean nutrition were evaluated using newly metamorphosed postlarvae of the fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, After 90 days, no significant differences in mean whole wet weight or time interval between successive molts of the two dietary treatment group existed. The dietary amino acid composition of each diet and the corresponding amino acid composition of either the whole body or tail muscle tissue were highly correlated. There was a poor correlation between the dietary amino acid composition and the free amino acid composition of whole body and tail muscle tissue. Both diets could adequately serve as reference diets for nutritional studies with juvenile M. rosenbergii.
Economic Opportunity, Health Behaviors, and Mortality in the United States

Objectives. We assessed whether economic opportunity was independently associated with health behaviors and outcomes in the United States.Methods. Using newly available, cross-sectional, county-level data from the Equality of Opportunity Project Database and vital statistics, we estimated associations between all-cause mortality rates (averaged over 2000-2012) and economic opportunity, adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and health system covariates. Our measure of economic opportunity was the county-average rank in the national income distribution attained by individuals born to families in the bottom income quartile. Secondary outcomes included rates of age- and race-specific mortality, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.Results. An increase in economic opportunity from the lowest to the highest quintile was associated with a 16.7% decrease in mortality. The magnitudes of association were largest for working-age adults and African Americans. Greater economic opportunity was also associat...
The Unfinished Peace after World War I: The escalation of Europe's post-Versailles crisis, 1920–1923

At the heart of Europe's post-Versailles crisis clearly lay the unresolved German question and the latent antagonism between German revisionism and the French bid to maintain Europe's precarious status quo of 1919. This also lay at the centre of the reparations conflict overshadowing international politics between 1920 and 1923. As Keynes was only the most prominent critic to expound in 1919, there were two inextricably intertwined dimensions to the imbroglio over reparations. On one level, it was bound up with the question of who would ultimately bear the costs of the war and buttress Europe financially. On a second, even more important, level, it was inseparable from the question of who would command the power resources that nation-states still deemed necessary to safeguard their security, even in an era so marked by international interdependence. After Versailles, the reparations conflict retained its distinct transatlantic dimension. There was and remained a de facto linkage between the reparations France and Britain demanded from Germany and their debts to America (Britain owed the United States $4.7 billion, France $4 billion – and roughly the same amount to Britain). Yet successive Republican administrations after 1920 refused to acknowledge this nexus to forestall the formation of a European debtor coalition that could ultimately force America to collect its dues from Germany. At the same time, Wilson's successor Warren Harding and even more so the Republican-dominated Congress insisted that there could not even be a partial debt-relief for America's wartime allies. Thus a circulus vitiosus emerged.
Overexpression of α1 chain of type XI collagen (COL11A1) aids in the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma in endoscopically removed malignant colorectal polyps.

Abstract Introduction The histologic distinction between benign misplaced adenomatous mucosa and invasive adenocarcinoma in colorectal polyps can be challenging. The α1 chain of type XI collagen (COL11A1) has been shown to be overexpressed in cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate the operating characteristics of COL11A1 immunostaining in benign and malignant colorectal polyps as a potential diagnostic aid. Materials and methods Sixty-six endoscopically-removed paraffin-embedded colorectal polyps were stained with anti-COL11A1 antibody. They comprised 50 malignant polyps (MPs) with invasive adenocarcinoma (including 5 with concurrent benign misplaced adenomatous mucosa) and 16 adenomas, 11 with and 5 without benign misplaced adenomatous mucosa. Results COL11A1 was expressed either diffusely or focally in cancer-associated desmoplastic fibroblasts in 72.0% (36/50) of MPs. The rates of COL11A1 expression and the immunohistochemical staining patterns of the COL11A1 were positively correlated with the depth of cancer invasion in MPs. COL11A1 was expressed in all 9 (100%) MPs with a mucinous component and in 16/18 (88.9%) MPs associated with significant electrocautery effects. COL11A1 was not expressed adjacent to conventional adenomas or in the stroma adjacent to misplaced adenomatous mucosa. Conclusions COL11A1 antibody can assist in distinguishing the cancer-associated desmoplastic stroma from that associated with misplaced adenomatous mucosa. It is particularly helpful when electrocautery artifacts or mucin pools interfere with the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma. However, COL11A1 has limited value in diagnosing superfically invasive carcinomas with very little desmoplastic stroma due to its low positive rate and focal expression in some cases.
A survey of weakly-nonlinear acoustic models: 1910–2009

Abstract A chronological survey of the weakly-nonlinear acoustic equations put forth between the years 1910–2009 is presented. The derivation, properties, and historical development of these models, along with the approximation scheme on which they are based, are discussed. Connections between the models are also discussed and errors/omissions in the literature are noted and, in some cases, corrected. Brief chronologies of the weakly-nonlinear models that describe propagation in relaxing fluids, bubbly liquids, and fluids that saturate porous solids are also presented.
Remarks at the Dinner Celebrating the Centennial of the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, January 29, 2010

Good evening. It is my honor and pleasure to talk with you about the history of the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology at this celebration of its one-hundredth birthday. Trying to distill the history of the Journal into a fifteen or twenty minute dinner-time speech is impossible. After all, there have been 471 issues of the Journal to date, totaling 88,567 pages. Fortunately, when I started to look into the Journal's history, my mind on these matters was not a complete blank slate. I had done some historical research once before, in the fall of 1985, twenty-four years ago when I was the Editor-in-Chief. Let me take you back to that time for a minute. When the reins of the JCLC were turned over to me and my editors, the Journal was in bad shape. The previous editors had published only one of their four issues, meaning that if we were to get the Journal back on track, we had to publish a record seven issues in a single year. Angry authors were calling the Journal offices wondering when their articles were going to appear. Believe me when I tell you that hell hath no fury like the tenure-track professor. One such author had even hired a lawyer and threatened to sue the JCLC because he felt that a student comment had
Molecular, dynamic, and structural origin of inhomogeneous magnetization transfer in lipid membranes.

Purpose To elucidate the dynamic, structural, and molecular properties that create inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) contrast. Methods Amphiphilic lipids, lamellar phospholipids with cholesterol, and bovine spinal cord (BSC) specimens were examined along with nonlipid systems. Magnetization transfer (MT), enhanced MT (eMT, obtained with double-sided radiofrequency saturation), ihMT (MT - eMT), and dipolar relaxation, T1D , were measured at 2.0 and 11.7 T. Results The amplitude of ihMT ratio (ihMTR) is positively correlated with T1D values. Both ihMTR and T1D increase with increasing temperature in BSC white matter and in phospholipids and decrease with temperature in other lipids. Changes in ihMTR with temperature arise primarily from alterations in MT rather than eMT. Spectral width of MT, eMT, and ihMT increases with increasing carbon chain length. Conclusions Concerted motions of phospholipids in white matter decrease proton spin diffusion leading to increased proton T1D times and increased ihMT amplitudes, consistent with decoupling of Zeeman and dipolar spin reservoirs. Molecular specificity and dynamic sensitivity of ihMT contrast make it a suitable candidate for probing myelin membrane disorders. Magn Reson Med 77:1318-1328, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of precore and proximal core regions in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon.

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of HBeAg defective mutants among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the United States and to study the effect of interferon-α (IFN-α) on determining the occurrence of mutations in the HBV precore and proximal core regions. Twenty CHB patients who were treated with IFN-α were studied. Initially, all were HBV DNA positive by dot-blot hybridization; 17/20 were HBeAg positive, and 3/20 were anti-HBe positive. The precore (87 nt) and proximal core (81 nt) regions were sequenced after PCR amplification by the dideoxy chain termination method. In pretreatment sera, 15/20 patients harbored wild-type HBV only, while in 5/20 at least one nucleotide substitution was found. Mutations that prevent HBeAg synthesis were found in three patients, all of whom had G-to-A substitution at nt 1896 and two of them were anti-HBe positive. Follow-up sera were available in 18 patients. With respect to pretreatment specimen, 15/18 patients had no changes in the sequenced regions after therapy. Sequence changes were observed in the remaining three patients: In one an HBeAg defective strain was replaced by a wild-type strain; in the second a wild-type strain was replaced by an HBeAg defective strain; and in the third two mutations changing the deduced amino acid sequence of the core protein developed in the wild-type strain. In conclusion, most of our patients (85%) were initially infected by HBV strains having no mutations that prevented HBeAg synthesis. IFN-α therapy infrequently resulted in the appearance of mutations in the precore and proximal core regions.
Multicaloric effect in ferroelectric PbTiO 3 from first principles

The critical need in novel or alternative approaches to energy production, conversion, and harvesting, combined with the ongoing pursuit of device miniaturization, have revived interest in the long-known but ``doomed'' impractical caloric effects in solids. Contrary to the old belief that such effects, while common, are miniscule, a large variety of giant caloric effects has been recently discovered in some ferroic materials. These discoveries have opened the door to the use of these giant effects in an efficient and environmentally friendly solid-state refrigeration technology. Here we report first-principles simulations of multiple caloric effects in a typical ferroelastic ferroelectric PbTiO${}_{3}$ which offer insight into a multicaloric nature of this material. We predict the existence of unusual multicaloric effect in such electrically driven ferroelastic (extrinsic multiferroic) which far exceeds either electrocaloric or elastocaloric effect alone. Moreover, given a relative abundance of extrinsic multiferroics among ferroics with multiple order parameters, such prediction may open an unusual route to solid-state refrigeration advancement.
Languages Support Efficient Communication about the Environment: Words for Snow Revisited.

The claim that Eskimo languages have words for different types of snow is well-known among the public, but has been greatly exaggerated through popularization and is therefore viewed with skepticism by many scholars of language. Despite the prominence of this claim, to our knowledge the line of reasoning behind it has not been tested broadly across languages. Here, we note that this reasoning is a special case of the more general view that language is shaped by the need for efficient communication, and we empirically test a variant of it against multiple sources of data, including library reference works, Twitter, and large digital collections of linguistic and meteorological data. Consistent with the hypothesis of efficient communication, we find that languages that use the same linguistic form for snow and ice tend to be spoken in warmer climates, and that this association appears to be mediated by lower communicative need to talk about snow and ice. Our results confirm that variation in semantic categories across languages may be traceable in part to local communicative needs. They suggest moreover that despite its awkward history, the topic of “words for snow” may play a useful role as an accessible instance of the principle that language supports efficient communication.
Assessment of Optimized Electrode Configuration for Electrical Impedance Myography Using Genetic Algorithm via Finite Element Model

Electrical Impedance Myography (EIM) is a noninvasive neurophysiologic technique to diagnose muscle health. Besides muscle properties, the EIM measurements vary significantly with the change of some other anatomic and nonanatomic factors such as skin fat thickness, shape and thickness of muscle, and electrode size and spacing due to its noninvasive nature of measurement. In this study, genetic algorithm was applied along with finite element model of EIM as an optimization tool in order to figure out an optimized EIM electrode setup, which is less affected by these factors, specifically muscle thickness variation, but does not compromise EIM’s ability to detect muscle diseases. The results obtained suggest that a particular arrangement of electrodes and minimization of electrode surface area to its practical limit can overcome the effect of undesired factors on EIM parameters to a larger extent.
Flexibility Intensity—How Market Forces Drive Variability

This chapter attempts to present a framework that business managers can use to determine where and how much flexibility is needed. Implementation of flexibility is cost, time and resource intensive, and I hope this simple framework will help you in analyzing and then implementing flexibility in your various business segments and in their appropriate dimensions that I discuss later in this chapter.
Wearable Devices to Improve Physical Activity and Sleep: A Randomized Controlled Trial of College-Aged African American Women

This study examined the efficacy of the Jawbone UP platform for increasing physical activity and improving sleep quality among African American college women using a randomized controlled trial. Participants were college-aged (19.9 ± 1.7 years) African American women (N = 69) at a southeastern midsize university in United States. The trial began in September 2013 and concluded in February 2014. Each group received similar brief training to use the respective platforms and weekly emails encouraged regular continued engagement. There was a significant difference at the 8-week follow-up, such that the intervention group decreased step counts relative to the comparison app (9,378 vs. 11,287 steps; p = .02). For sleep, neither group demonstrated any changes in sleep duration, sleep onset latency, wakefulness after sleep onset, or sleep efficiency at the 6-week posttest or 8-week follow-up. This study found no evidence for initial efficacy as a stand-alone tool for increasing physical activity or improving sleep.
The social psychological implications of facial physical attractiveness.

The relatively swift alteration of facial form —where it also significantly lowers or enhances a patient’s physical attractiveness—may alter an individual’s life in ways that neither the patient nor the practitioner fully anticipated. This article briefly reviews what is now known of the social psychological consequences of physical attractiveness so that these consequences may be better anticipated, investigated, and ultimately understood.
Providing Sanctuary in New York Prisons

The eminent Dr. Hans Toch reflects on a 1975 New York State Department of Corrections staff workshop on the needs of inmates with mental health issues and his assessment of the evolution of intermediate care programming.
A Cyclical Self-Regulatory Account of Student Engagement: Theoretical Foundations and Applications

Educators have long been interested in understanding the variables or ­factors underlying student motivation and desire to engage in and regulate their academic behaviors. In this chapter, we delineate a social-cognitive theoretical framework of self-regulatory engagement that integrates a set of highly related yet distinctive constructs such as motivation, engagement, and metacognition. Central to our self-regulation framework is a cyclical feedback loop, a process that operates in a temporal sequence (before, during, and after a learning activity) and is largely cognitive in nature. We also draw a distinction between the “will” of students to engage in learning and the “skill” with which they regulate or self-manage their level of engagement. The historical evolution and the conceptual and empirical advantages of cyclical feedback loops will be emphasized along with a description of various academic intervention programs designed to teach “cyclical” thinking and strategic behaviors to academically at-risk students. Finally, an innovative alternative assessment approach, called self-regulated learning microanalysis, is presented to illustrate how researchers and practitioners can reliably and accurately capture students’ regulatory engagement in particular contexts and settings.
Transcendental Meditation in America: How a New Age Movement Remade a Small Town in Iowa

Review of: Transcendental Meditation in America: How a New Age Movement Remade a Small Town in Iowa, by Joseph Weber.
The Samaritan State and Social Welfare Provision

Christopher Wellman and some allied scholars argue that a ‘samaritan theory’ can justify state coercion. They also suppose that states may provide robust, social egalitarian welfare provisions for a variety of reasons that would arise within samaritan states. However, the most promising reasons—samaritanism itself, natural socialism, relational equality, and anti-crime paternalism—cannot support robust provision without discarding the strong presumption favoring individual liberty (including both personal rights and private property rights) which must motivate the samaritan theory. Consequently, a samaritan state cannot be a robust social welfare state.
Transgressing Gender and Development: Rethinking Economy Beyond ‘Smart Economics’

This chapter provides a critical rereading of recent gender and development initiatives that emphasises the ‘cracks’ that are opened up by their attention to equity and economic difference. While acknowledging that many progressive ideas are co-opted when institutions such as the World Bank reduce gender equity to ‘smart economics’, the chapter highlights the ways that the contradictions and contestations that emerge from these cracks can never be entirely co-opted.
The Thermodynamic Effects of Ligand Structure on the Molecular Recognition of Mono‐ and Biruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes with G‐Quadruplex DNA

ITC and CD were used to study the thermodynamics of RPC*G-quadruplex DNA (G4) complex formation. RPCs were [Ru(phen)₃]²+ (1²+), [Ru(phen)₂(dppz)]²+ (2²+), [Ru(phen)₂(tatpp)]²+ (3²+), and [Ru(phen)₂(tatpp)(phen)₂Ru]⁴+ (4⁴+) and target DNAs were c-MYC NHE-III1 promoter sequence mutants forming 1-2-1 and 1-6-1 G-quadruplexes. Formation of the 2:1 RPC*G4 complexes is characterized by entropy driven RPC binding to the top and bottom of G-tetrad faces. 1²+ appears to bind very weakly or not at all to G4 DNA. 2²+ having a dipyridophenazine group to stack on the top and bottom of the G4 core, exhibits an average Ka = 6.7 x 10⁴ M-¹. 3²+, with a larger G4 interactive tetraazatetrapyrido-pentacene group, binds with significantly higher affinity, Ka = 1.1 x 10⁶ M-¹. 2²+ and 3²+ appear to bind independently of G4 folding topology and RPC conformation. The thermograms for the titration of G4 DNA with rac-4⁴+ are characterized by two binding modes exhibiting higher and lower affinity (Ka,1 = 3.6 x 10⁷ M-1 and Ka,2 = 3.2 x 10⁵ M-1). The two binding modes are attributed to preferential binding of one of the 4⁴+ enantiomers (e.g. ΛΛ) over the other isomers (e.g. ΔΔ or ΔΛ). Tighter binding of the preferred 4⁴+ enantiomer, in comparison to 3²+, is due to additional favorable entropy for locating a second [(phen)₃Ru-]²+ moiety in a G4 groove. Weaker binding of the disfavored 4⁴+ isomers must be due to a poorer fit of these isomers with the G4 faces.
Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex in hemiplegic cerebral palsy associated with impaired sensory tracts

Functional neuroimaging studies argue that sensory deficits in hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) are related to deviant somatosensory processing in the ipsilesional primary somatosensory cortex (S1). A separate body of structural neuroimaging literature argues that these deficits are due to structural damage of the ascending sensory tracts (AST). The relationship between the functional and structural integrity of the somatosensory system and the sensory performance is largely unknown in HCP. To address this relationship, we combined findings from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and probabilistic diffusion tractography (PDT) in 10 children with HCP and 13 typically developing (TD) children. With MEG, we mapped the functionally active regions in the contralateral S1 during tactile stimulation of the thumb, middle, and little fingers of both hands. Using these MEG-defined functional active regions as regions of interest for PDT, we estimated the diffusion parameters of the AST. Somatosensory function was assessed via two-point discrimination tests. Our MEG data showed: (i) an abnormal somatotopic organization in all children with HCP in either one or both of their hemispheres; (ii) longer Euclidean distances between the digit maps in the S1 of children with HCP compared to TD children; (iii) suppressed gamma responses at early latencies for both hemispheres of children with HCP; and (iv) a positive correlation between the Euclidean distances and the sensory tests for the more affected hemisphere of children with HCP. Our MEG-guided PDT data showed: (i) higher mean and radian diffusivity of the AST in children with HCP; (ii) a positive correlation between the axial diffusivity of the AST with the sensory tests for the more affected hemisphere; and (iii) a negative correlation between the gamma power change and the AD of the AST for the MA hemisphere. Our findings associate for the first time bilateral cortical functional reorganization in the S1 of HCP children with abnormalities in the structural integrity of the AST, and correlate these abnormalities with behaviorally-assessed sensory deficits.
Sensitivity of the avalanche breakdown far infrared photodetector

The photodetection sensitivity of the Avalanche Breakdown (AB) photodetector at λ=151μm has been increased by shaping the detector element so as to trap incident radiation by total internal reflection. Pulsed laser signals have been detected at powers as low as 5 x 10 -15 W, corresponding to the arrival at the detector of only 4-5 photons during each 300 ns laser pulse. Several mechanisms are considered.
Sleep-Dependent Reductions in Reality-Monitoring Errors Arise from More Conservative Decision Criteria.

Reality-monitoring errors occur when internally generated thoughts are remembered as external occurrences. We hypothesized that sleep-dependent memory consolidation could reduce them by strengthening connections between items and their contexts during an afternoon nap. Participants viewed words and imagined their referents. Pictures of the referents also accompanied half of the words. After a 2-h break filled with sleep (n = 31) or wakefulness (n = 32), participants indicated if they previously viewed a picture of each word. Nap participants made fewer reality-monitoring errors than wake participants by adopting more stringent response criteria, suggesting that sleep reduces reality-monitoring errors primarily by influencing post-retrieval decision processes.
A quantitative risk assessment for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in football: How public health science evaluates evidence

How should science and policy interpret the recent finding that 110 of 111 former National Football League (NFL) players had brain pathology known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) at autop...
Remarks on Unimodular Rows

If (a,b,c) is a unimodular row over a commutative ring A and if the polynomial \({z}^{2} + bz + ac\) has a root in A, we show that the unimodular row is completable. In particular, if 1∕2∈A and b 2−4ac has a square root in A, then (a,b,c) is completable.
The abc Conjecture

Let’s start with a theorem about polynomials. You probably think that one knows everything about polynomials. Most mathematicians would think that, including myself. It came as a surprise when R. C. Mason in 1983 discovered a new, very interesting fact about polynomials [Ma 83]. Even more remarkable, this fact actually had been already discovered by another mathematician, W. Stothers [Sto81], but people had not paid attention and I learned of Stothers’ paper only much later, from U. Zannier [Za 95] who also rediscovered some of Stothers’ results. So the history of mathematics does not always flow smoothly.
Contrasting roles of dendritic cells and B cells in the immune control of Epstein-Barr virus.

The human γ-herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has growth-transforming potential in vivo and in vitro. Despite this, most healthy carriers remain free of EBV-associated malignancies because of effective T cell-mediated immune control of the virus. A better understanding of these highly efficient control mechanisms is important in the development of new treatment strategies for EBV-associated malignancies.
Iron Abundances and Atmospheric Parameters of Red Giants in the Open Cluster IC 4756

Three red giants were investigated within the open cluster IC 4756 using observations taken from the McDonald Observatory’s 2.1m Otto Struve Telescope and the Sandiford Cassegrain Echelle Spectrometer (SES). Iron abundances were calculated for each star based on the equivalent widths of Fe I and Fe II lines measured using the line lists of Bubar and King (2010) and Schuler et al. (2005). Also derived were the basic atmospheric parameters: effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, and microturbulence. Her 35, Her 85, and Her 249 were found to have corresponding [Fe I/H] of 0.06 ± 0.04, -0.16 ± 0.03, and -0.16 ± 0.06 as derived from the neutral lines. These values, when compared to the results of other studies, suggest that the cluster has an overall metallicity within the solar to subsolar value. This would indicate IC 4756 as a slightly metal-poor object. The star Her 85 is also examined to determine if derived atmospheric parameters support the classification of more recent studies as a nonmember of the cluster. The studies base their decisions on its deviation in radial velocity from the cluster mean. It is concluded that there is little solid evidence to support the dismissal of Her 85 from metallicity studies of IC 4756 and presentday membership and proper motion studies with modern equipment are required to confirm or reject this theory.