cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-operative stimulated thyroglobulin and neck ultrasound as personalized criteria for risk stratification and radioactive iodine selection in low- and intermediate-risk papillary thyroid cancer

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility of a personalized risk stratification and radioactive iodine (RAI) selection protocol (PRSP) using post-operative stimulated thyroglobulin (Stim-Tg) and neck ultrasound in low- and intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients. Patients with PTC tumors ≥1 cm were prospectively followed after total thyroidectomy and selective therapeutic central compartment neck dissection. Low/intermediate risk was defined as PTC confined to the thyroid or central (level VI) lymph nodes. Stim-Tg and neck ultrasound were performed approximately 3 months after surgery and used to guide RAI selection. Patients with Stim-Tg 5 µg/L routinely did. Those with Stim-Tg 1-5 µg/L received RAI on the basis of several clinical risk factors. Patients were followed for >6 years with serial neck ultrasound and basal/stimulated thyroglobulin. Among the 129 patients, 84 (65 %) had undetectable Stim-Tg after initial surgery, 40 (31 %) had Stim-Tg of 1-5 µg/L, and 5 (4 %) had Stim-Tg >5 µg/L. RAI was administered to 8 (20 %) patients with Stim-Tg 1-5 µg/L and 5 (100 %) with Stim-Tg >5 µg/L. Using this approach, RAI therapy was avoided in 17/20 (85 %) patients with tumors >4 cm, in 72/81 (89 %) patients older than 45 years, and in 6/9 (67 %) patients with central lymph node involvement. To date, 116 (90 %) patients in this cohort have not received RAI therapy with no evidence of residual/recurrent disease, whereas among the 13 patients who received RAI, 1 (8 %) had pathologic residual/recurrence disease. Using the proposed PRSP, RAI can be avoided in the majority of low/intermediate-risk PTC patients. Moreover, traditional risk factors considered to favor RAI treatment were not always concordant with the PRSP and may lead to overtreatment.
Proton n.m.r. spin‐tickling studies of 13C‐labeled compounds. The correlation of J(C,H) and J(H,H)

A tabulation has been compiled for twenty 13CH coupling constants of various carboxylic acids and includes 2J(C,H), 3J(C,H) and 4J(C,H) values of olefins (both cis and trans); 3J(C,H), 4J(C,H) and 5J(C,H) values of aromatics; 3J(C,H) and 4J(C,H) values of acetylenes; and 2J(C,H) and 3J(C,H) values of rigid aliphatics. This tabulation has been completed in the present study by the spin-tickling proton n.m.r. study of 13C-carboxyl-endo-1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloronorbornene-5-carboxylic acid, which has established that the 2J(C,H) value is negative and the 3J(C,H) values (both cis and trans) are positive in this system. A plot of these twenty J(C,H) values vs the corresponding J(H,H) values of geometrically equivalent model systems (where there is a proton in place of a carboxyl group) gives a correlation coefficient of 0·975 (with a slope of 0·62), indicating that carbon–proton and proton–proton couplings operate by similar mechanisms throughout this broad series of structural types.
Ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymers for packaging applications

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (E-VA) copolymers consist of a range of materials beginning with polyethylene and possessing a gradation of properties with increasingly higher concentrations of vinyl acetate (V-OAc). The major property differences between E-VA copolymers and polyethylenes which incorporation of V-OAc confers are discussed with reference to processing and packaging applications.
Principals' Pupil Control Behavior and School Robustness

In this study, the Pupil Control Behavior Form, which had been used in studies of teachers, was validated for use with principals. Students' perceptions of principals'pupil control behavior and of school robustness were then investigated. The study revealed an association between humanistic pupil control behavior of principals and high levels of school robustness. Differences in both pupil control behavior and school robust ness were also found between elementary and secondary school levels. (This study was originally presented as a paper at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Los Angeles, in April, 1981.)
Mercerization of cellulose: 2. The morphology of Mercerized cotton cellulose

Abstract Mercerized cotton cellulose has been shown to consist of flexible microfibrils which are similar in dimension to the stiff microfibrils of native cotton. The Mercerized cotton microfibrils are smooth and completely different in appearance from the shish-kebab structures observed by Chanzy and Roche for Mercerized Valonia cellulose. Ultrasonic treatment shows that the Mercerized cotton microfibrils consist of an interconnected fibrous network. The fibrous units comprising this network have widths in the range 20 to 100 A and appear to be very flexible, in contrast to the stiff 35 A wide elementary fibrils found in native cotton. A possible mechanism for the Mercerization of cotton is discussed in terms of the rearrangement of sheets of cellulose chains, resulting in crystallites of extended antiparallel chains.
Review Article: The Saddest History Ever Written: On Randolph L. Braham’s "The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary" (2013)

Only in 1989, after forty-five years of Soviet domination, could the Holocaust in Hungary begin to be discussed openly and honestly. One scholar in particular, the author – editor of this mammoth geographical encyclopedia, Randolph L. Braham, has devoted his life and career to uncovering the truth about what happened within the borders of Hungary and the annexed territories. Since 1961 he has written or edited, co-authored or co-edited more than fifty books on the Holocaust. The masterful two-volume Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary (1994) appeared to be his definitive statement. But now, with a team of Hungarian Holocaust scholars and journalists, he uncovers, with maps and photos, how the Holocaust was implemented within each and every city, town, and village of every one of the forty-one counties in wartime Hungary.
Dietary fat ratios and liver plasma membrane lipid composition.

Male Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were fed isocaloric diets consisting of 10% (by wt) fat. The six groups differed in the ratio of corn oil and butter fat present in the diets such that: 10C, 10% corn oil (C); 8C2B, 8% C/2% butter fat (B); 6C4B, 6% C/4% B; 4C6B, 4% C/6% B; 2C8B, 2% C/8% B; and 10B, 10% B. Liver plasma membranes were analyzed for fatty acid composition and cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio. The 18∶2n−6 content was constant in the 10C and 8C2B diets and then decreased linearly through the 2C8B diet. The 20∶4n−6 and 18∶1n−9 contents were constant except in the 10B diet, in which a significant decrease and increase, respectively, were observed. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio increased between the 10C and 6C4B diets and subsequently (4C6B and 10B diets) remained constant. This data indicates that changes in n−6 fatty acid content in the liver plasma membrane are directly related to dietary intake only for 18∶2n−6. Arachidonic acid content in the membrane is maintained at a constant level until the linoleic acid content of the diet is reduced to 0.5% of calories. It also indicates that the cholesterol content of the membrane becomes saturated and does not increase with increasing concentrations of saturated fat in the diet.
Toxicity of Alkaline Solutions

We examined the question of what determines the toxicity of alkaline solutions — pH, viscosity, or other factors. Our experiments have identified pH measurement as the simplest and most easily measured parameter for determining initial management of caustic ingestions. Viscosity is not a clinically useful measurement. The closer to 14 the pH measures, the more destructive the caustic. Non-lye solutions known to cause esophageal ulceration have a pH of 12.5 to 13.5. Most cases of deep ulceration going on to stricture formation involve lye solutions of pH 14. The critical pH that causes esophageal ulceration is 12.5, and thus a patient ingesting a substance with a pH greater than 12 should be followed closely for the possibility of esophageal ulceration.
Effects of surface states on electrical characteristics of InN and In 1-x Ga x N

Surface states are known to pin the Fermi level in InN and In1�xGaxN, strongly affecting charge distribution and transport on the surface and at interfaces. By solving Poisson’s equation over a range of bias voltages for an electrolyte-based capacitance-voltage measurement configuration, we have calculated the band bending and space charge distribution in this system and developed an electronic model generally applicable to both p- and n-type group-III-nitride thin films. Both conduction band nonparabolicity and band renormalization effects due to the high surface electron concentration were included. The calculated space charge distributions, using the majority dopant concentration as a fitting parameter, are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The model quantitatively describes increasingly strong n-type electrical characteristics on the surface due to electron accumulation in p-type In1�xGaxN for decreasing values of x. This also provides a general understanding of the effect of mobile carriers on capacitance-voltage measurements.
The place of the family in mental health nursing: past, present and future

The importance of the family system has, in recent years, been de-emphasized in the planning and delivery of mental health services. A sample of the psychiatric nursing literature over the last 4 decades is reviewed to reveal that this is not a new phenomenon with regard to psychiatric nursing practice. The shortcomings of such a de-emphasis are discussed, some exceptions to the rule are described and some suggestions for future development of family interventions by mental health nurses are made.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the liquid–vapor interface: I. The orientational profile of 2-center Lennard–Jones and of Stockmayer fluid molecules

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the structure and orientation of non-polar non-spherical 2-center Lennard–Jones and of dipolar spherical Lennard–Jones molecules in the vapor–liquid interface of a pure fluid. Our aim is a systematic and detailed investigation of the orientational behavior of dipolar spherical Stockmayer—and non-polar non-spherical 2-center Lennard–Jones molecules across the interface. The simulations were performed in a three-dimensional (3D) periodic system, the long range dipolar interactions were treated both by a modified Ewald summation and by a ‘cut-off’ procedure which takes into account only those direct interactions in the basic simulation cell. The results of both techniques agree very well in the case of the orientational behavior but they—naturally—deviate to some extent in the thermodynamic properties and interfacial tension. The orientational profiles were obtained for: (i) dipolar Lennard–Jones (Stockmayer) and (ii) for non-polar non-spherical 2-center Lennard–Jones molecules with varying dipolar strength and varying elongation over a range of temperatures. The resulting profiles exhibit the existence of two different types of orientational mechanism: an entropy-driven mechanism in the case of the non-spherical molecules, which results in S-shaped orientational profiles and an energy-driven mechanism that favors a parallel orientation of dipoles in the interface. The entropy-driven mechanism originates from the repulsive interactions of molecular cores whereas the energy-driven orientation is governed by the dipolar electrostatic field.
Covert Sensitization as a Treatment for Weight Control

Summary.-Factors responsible for the success of covert sensitization were investigated with regard to effectiveness in initiating an aversion toward selected foods. 5 volunteers first were given forward-conditioning, then backward-conditioning rrials using Cautela's coven sensitization procedures, and 5 Ss were given the opposite seqKence. Conditions were then reversed allowing each S to serve as his own control. Significant reductions were found for all Ss in the intake of selected foods but no differential effect was found for the two conditioning procedures. This study supported the efficacy of using the rehearsal of an aversive scene to reduce food intake but suggests that motivational rather than learning factors may account for the results. Since the first descriptions of covert sensitization by Cautela (1966, 1967), several investigators have applied the technique across a variety of clinical problems. Research by Ashem and Donner (1968) with alcoholism, Barlow, Leitenberg, and Agras (1969) with sexual deviation, Wagner and Bragg (1968) and Sachs, Bean, and Morrow ( 1970) with smoking have all provided support for the effectiveness of covert sensitization. F~~rther data on effectiveness have been summarized by Cautela ( 197 1 ) . The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the factors responsible for the success of covert sensitization. In particular, the study focused on the effectiveness of covert sensitization in initiating an aversion toward foods selected in a weight-control program. In an effort to analyze separately the components of the covert sensitization procedure, the escape or self-control scene was eliminated so the effect of presenting the aversive scene alone could be determined. In a further attempt to investigate the mechanisms involved in covert sensitization, the effect of altering the temporal contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of the aversive scene was
Shake-up intersubband transitions observed in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells

Abstract Shake-up transitions involving QW hole subbands have been observed as satellites in selective photoluminescence spectra of undoped GaAs/AlGaAs QWs. These shake-up transitions are explained in terms of an interaction between localized exciton and valence-band hole states attached to the QW subbands, in which holes are shaken up from the n=1 heavy hole subband to higher subbands, either the n=1 light hole subband or the n=2 heavy hole subband. The required localization is due to the interface roughness; thus these new transitions are of intrinsic origin. From the observation of the intersubband shake-up processes we derive direct information about the hole inter-subband energies. Furthermore, the satellite intensity is strikingly enhanced in the presence of a magnetic field due to an increasing exciton localization related to the compression of its wave function in the field. The exciton wave function compression continues until its radius in the plane of the well is comparable with the radius of the "flat island" characterized by constant QW width. Accordingly, from the magnetic field dependence of the shake-up satellite intensity we can roughly estimate the size of the "flat islands" and consequently probe the interface roughness.
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin production in PSA-producing cells is common in prostate cancer but rare in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE. To investigate the distribution and production of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in benign hyperplastic and malignant prostatic tissue, respectively. METHODS. Using monoclonal anti-ACT and anti-PSA IgGs for immunocytochemistry and alkaline phosphatase conjugated 30-mer oligodeoxynucleotide probes for nonradioactive in situ hybridization, tissue specimens were studied from 15 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and from 9 patients with bladder cancer who underwent cystoprostatectomy. Cancer specimens were from 23 TURP patients and from ultrasound guided core biopsies in 14 patients. Prostate tumors were graded according to the Gleason system. RESULTS. We found no or only occasional small foci of immunostaining for ACT, and no ACT transcripts in the PSA-producing epithelium in areas with benign nodular hyperplasia. By contrast, a high proportion of cells expressed both ACT and PSA in prostate cancers with low Gleason score, as detected by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Poorly differentiated tumor cells manifested greater variation in immunostaining for both ACT and PSA. As compared to tumors of low Gleason score, high-score tumors less frequently manifested immunostaining for ACT than for PSA, and less frequently generated hybridization signals for both PSA and ACT transcripts. CONCLUSIONS. A significantly higher proportion of serum PSA has been reported to be complexed to ACT in patients with prostate cancer than in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The presently reported lack of ACT production in PSA-containing BPH nodules may contribute to this by making conditions less optimal for complex formation between PSA and ACT. As opposed to this, production of both ACT and PSA in prostate cancers may enhance the complex formation between PSA and ACT. (Less)
Lessons learned from implementing the patient-centered medical home

The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) is a primary care model that provides coordinated and comprehensive care to patients to improve health outcomes. This paper addresses practical issues that arise when transitioning a traditional primary care practice into a PCMH recognized by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). Individual organizations' experiences with this transition were gathered at a PCMH workshop in Alexandria, Virginia in June 2010. An analysis of their experiences has been used along with a literature review to reveal common challenges that must be addressed in ways that are responsive to the practice and patients' needs. These are: NCQA guidance, promoting provider buy-in, leveraging electronic medical records, changing office culture, and realigning workspace in the practice to accommodate services needed to carry out the intent of PCMH. The NCQA provides a set of standards for implementing the PCMH model, but these standards lack many specifics that will be relied on in location situations. While many researchers and providers have made critiques, we see this vagueness as allowing for greater flexibility in how a practice implements PCMH.
American Policy and the Iranian Crisis

Anyone familiar with Iranian history would not have been surprised by the uneasy coalition of religious leaders, secular intellectuals, and bazaar merchants that spearheaded the antishah movement in Iran. Once each generation in this century such a coalition has attempted to gain political control of the nation. Each time, including this one, their efforts have met the determined resistance of one or more external powers. There appears to be a cruel geopolitical determinism at work. Iran, standing at the meeting point of competing imperial interests, is not allowed for long the luxury of chaotic development. Internal chaos threatens the delicate balance of external competitors--each fearing the other will take undue advantage of the situation. And since the kind of regime the coalition claims to seek, liberal and democratic, is certain to be at least initially unstable, it has been consistently the negative target of the external competitors.
Rhetorical Influences upon the Preaching of Jonathan Edwards

Much has been written concerning the New England Puritan Jonathan Edwards, addressing his multifaceted activities as a theologian, preacher, revivalist, pastor, polemicist and missionary. In particular this study focuses upon the rhetorical influences that shaped his preaching ministry: his personal faith experiences, the preaching of his father and grandfather, the Puritan preaching tradition, and the rhetoric of Peter Ramus. While he preached within the sometimes narrow constraints of his New England Puritan tradition, Edwards nonetheless found some freedom to experiment with the classic inherited Puritan tripartite sermon form. Although he never truly departed from this sermon format, his attempts at innovation within his tradition serves as a model for preachers today. Such a legacy may well inspire preachers operating within the confines of hermeneutical or denominational tradition, but who seek to reconfigure elements of their inherited preaching influences.
Financial impact of energy efficiency under a federal combined efficiency and renewable electricity standard: Case study of a Kansas “super-utility”

Abstract Historically, local, state and federal policies have separately promoted the generation of electricity from renewable technologies and the pursuit of energy efficiency to help mitigate the detrimental effects of global climate change and foster energy independence. Federal policymakers are currently considering and several states have enacted a combined efficiency and renewable electricity standard which proponents argue provides a comprehensive approach with greater flexibility and at lower cost. We examine the financial impacts on various stakeholders from alternative compliance strategies with a Combined Efficiency and Renewable Electricity Standard (CERES) using a case study approach for utilities in Kansas. Our results suggest that an investor-owned utility is likely to pursue the most lucrative compliance strategy for its shareholders—one that under-invests in energy efficiency resources. If a business model for energy efficiency inclusive of both a lost fixed cost recovery mechanism and a shareholder incentive mechanism is implemented, our analysis indicates that an investor-owned utility would be more willing to pursue energy efficiency as a lower-cost CERES compliance strategy. Absent implementing such a regulatory mechanism, separate energy efficiency and renewable portfolio standards would improve the likelihood of reducing reliance on fossil fuels at least-cost through the increased pursuit of energy efficiency.
Effects of oversized solutes on radiation-induced segregation in austenitic stainless steels

Zirconium or hafnium additions to austenitic stainless steels caused a reduction in grain boundary Cr depletion after proton irradiations for up to 3 dpa at 400 °C and 1 dpa at 500 °C. The predictions of a radiation-induced segregation (RIS) model were also consistent with experiments in showing greater effectiveness of Zr relative to Hf due to a larger binding energy. However, the experiments showed that the effectiveness of the solute additions disappeared above 3 dpa at 400 °C and above 1 dpa at 500 °C. The loss of solute effectiveness with increasing dose is attributed to a reduction in the amount of oversized solute from the matrix due to growth of carbide precipitates. Atom probe tomography measurements indicated a reduction in amount of oversized solute in solution as a function of irradiation dose. The observations were supported by diffusion analysis suggesting that significant solute diffusion by the vacancy flux to precipitate surfaces occurs on the time scales of proton irradiations. With a decrease in available solute in solution, improved agreement between the predictions of the RIS model and measurements were consistent with the solute-vacancy trapping process, as the mechanism for enhanced recombination and suppression of RIS.
Democracy at Rest: Strategic Ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment

The Prohibition (Eighteenth, 1919) and repeal (Twenty-First, 1933) amendments, which represent the only case of a later amendment directly reversing an earlier one, were ratified by the two different methods allowed by Article V of the United States Constitution: the former by state legislatures, the latter by state conventions. This essay examines the legislatures-or-conventions dichotomy as a microcosm of William Riker's treatment of liberalism and populism, with specific attention paid to the state conventions that ratified repeal. Using previously uncollected county data from the special elections to choose the 1933 convention delegates, this study demonstrates that invocation of the convention method was strategic, and intended not only to legitimate the Twenty-First Amendment but also to improve its chances of passage.
Morphine Reduces the Threshold of Helium Preconditioning Against Myocardial Infarction: The Role of Opioid Receptors in Rabbits

Objectives Brief, repetitive administration of helium before prolonged coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion protects myocardium against infarction. Opioid receptors mediate the cardioprotective effects of ischemic pre- and postconditioning, but whether these receptors also play a role in helium preconditioning is unknown. The authors tested the hypotheses that opioid receptors mediate helium preconditioning and that morphine (a μ1-opioid receptor agonist with δ1-opioid agonist properties) lowers the threshold of cardioprotection produced by helium in vivo. Design A randomized, prospective study. Setting A university research laboratory. Participants Male New Zealand white rabbits. Interventions Rabbits (n = 56) were instrumented for the measurement of systemic hemodynamics and subjected to a 30-minute left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion and 3 hours of reperfusion. In separate experimental groups, rabbits (n = 6 or 7 per group) received 0.9% saline (control), 1 or 3 cycles of 70% helium–30% oxygen administered for 5 minutes interspersed with 5 minutes of an air-oxygen mixture, morphine (0.1 mg/kg intravenously), or the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone (6 mg/kg intravenously) before LAD occlusion. Other groups of rabbits received 3 cycles of helium or 1 cycle of helium plus morphine (0.1 mg/kg) in the absence or presence of naloxone (6 mg/kg) before ischemia and reperfusion. Statistical analysis of data was performed with analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by Bonferroni modification of the Student t test. Measurements and Main Results Myocardial infarct size was determined by using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and presented as a percentage of the left ventricular area at risk. Helium reduced myocardial infarct size in an exposure-related manner (36 ± 6 [p > 0.05] and 25% ± 4% [p Conclusions The results indicate that morphine lowers the threshold of helium preconditioning. Opioid receptors mediate helium preconditioning and its augmentation by morphine in vivo.
Aspects of logophoric marking

Les pronoms logophoriques font reference a la personne dont les mots, les pensees, la connaissance ou les emotions sont reportes dans une extension du discours, le domaine logophorique. Les langues purement logophoriques sont celles danas lesquelles ces pronoms ont uniquement un usage logophorique (pas d'usage reflexif ou emphatique). Le but de l'A. est d'expliquer la variation translinguistique du marquage dans le domaine logophorique
Scheduling policies of intelligent sensors and sensor/actuators in flexible structures

In this note, we revisit the problem of actuator/sensor placement in large civil infrastructures and flexible space structures within the context of spatial robustness. The positioning of these devices becomes more important in systems employing wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN) for improved control performance and for rapid failure detection. The ability of the sensing and actuating devices to possess the property of spatial robustness results in reduced control energy and therefore the spatial distribution of disturbances is integrated into the location optimization measures. In our studies, the structure under consideration is a flexible plate clamped at all sides. First, we consider the case of sensor placement and the optimization scheme attempts to produce those locations that minimize the effects of the spatial distribution of disturbances on the state estimation error; thus the sensor locations produce state estimators with minimized disturbance-to-error transfer function norms. A two-stage optimization procedure is employed whereby one first considers the open loop system and the spatial distribution of disturbances is found that produces the maximal effects on the entire open loop state. Once this "worst" spatial distribution of disturbances is found, the optimization scheme subsequently finds the locations that produce state estimators with minimum transfer function norms. In the second part, we consider the collocated actuator/sensor pairs and the optimization scheme produces those locations that result in compensators with the smallest norms of the disturbance-to-state transfer functions. Going a step further, an intelligent control scheme is presented which, at each time interval, activates a subset of the actuator/sensor pairs in order provide robustness against spatiotemporally moving disturbances and minimize power consumption by keeping some sensor/actuators in sleep mode.
Circadian rhythms in mice can be regulated by photoreceptors with cone-like characteristics.

Abstract In this report we have characterized the photopigments mediating circadian phase shifts in retinal degenerate (rd) mice. In aged rd rd mice, which lack detectable opsin, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the photopigment chromophore 11-cis-retinaldehyde. This chromophore was photoisomerized in whole eyes, suggesting the presence of a functional opsin-based photopigment system. We also analyzed the spectral sensitivity of phase shifting circadian locomotor rhythms. Our data implicate a photopigment that is consistent with the involvement of the middle wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors (M-cones; Λmax = 511 nm) found in the mouse retina. In addition, discrete near-ultraviolet (UV-A) pulses were capable of eliciting large phase shifts in circadian locomotor activity rhythms. This result is consistent with the involvement of the short wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors (UV-cones; Λmax = 359 nm) in photoentrainment. Collectively, these data suggest that both cone classes of the mouse may mediate the photic regulation of circadian rhythms. If this is the case, circadian sensitivity can be maintained by very few degenerate cones. Alternatively, an unknown class of ocular photoreceptor may fulfill this function.
Hyperoxia-induced alterations in the pulmonary proteome of juvenile rats.

ABSTRACTHigh inspired concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) are often necessary to counteract tissue hypoxia during the treatment of ARDS. Reactive oxygen species generated by hyperoxic therapy may influence the expression of the pulmonary proteome and the application of discovery proteomics to the hyperoxic lung has the potential to divulge mechanisms regulating the expression of specific proteins integral to lung injury and repair. The present study examined the proteome derived from 30-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to room air (RA) and 95% O2 (Ox) for 24–72 hours using 2-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with MALDI-ToF/ToF mass spectrometry. A total of 870 protein spots were visualized by 2D-DIGE across all gels. Mass spectral analysis identified 51 proteins representing 187 of the 214 significantly altered spots. Molecular and cellular function analysis grouped the identified proteins into free radical scavenging, cell death, cell-to-cell signaling, and cellular move...
Independent association of rheumatoid arthritis with increased left ventricular mass but not with reduced ejection fraction.

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with premature atherosclerosis, vascular stiffening, and heart failure. Whether RA is associated with underlying structural and functional abnormalities of the left ventricle (LV) is poorly understood.
A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico

To test the relative effectiveness of stream water and sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district of Puerto Rico, we collected and subsequently analyzed samples of water and sediment from 29 sites in the rivers and tributaries of the district. Copper, Mo, Pb, Zn, SO42−, and pH were determined in the waters; Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn were determined in the sediments. In addition, copper in five partial extractions from the sediments was determined. Geochemical contrast (anomaly-to-background quotient) was the principal criterion by which the effectiveness of the two media and the five extractions were judged. Among the distribution patterns of metals in stream water, that of copper most clearly delineates the known porphyry copper deposits and yields the longest discernable dispersion train. The distribution patterns of Mo, Pb, and Zn in water show little relationship to the known mineralization. The distribution of SO42− in water delineates the copper deposits and also the more extensive pyrite alteration in the district; its recognizable downstream dispersion train is substantially longer than those of the metals, either in water or sediment. Low pH values in small tributaries delineate areas of known sulfide mineralization. The distribution patterns of copper in sediments clearly delineate the known deposits, and the dispersion trains are longer than those of copper in water. The partial determinations of copper related to secondary iron and manganese oxides yield the strongest geochemical contrasts and longest recognizable dispersion trains. Significantly high concentrations of molybdenum in sediments were found at only three sites, all within one-half km downstream of the known copper deposits. The distribution patterns of lead and zinc in sediments are clearly related to the known primary lead-zinc haloes around the copper deposits. The recognizable downstream dispersion trains of lead and zinc are shorter than those of copper.
Acute and subchronic inhalation exposures of hamsters to nickel-enriched fly ash.

Abstract One 6-hr inhalation exposure of hamsters to Ni-enriched fly ash (NEFA) aerosol (respirable aerosol concentration ∼200 μg/liter) deposited about 80 μg in the deep lung, of which 75 μg was still present 30 days postexposure. The animals tolerated the exposure well during the 30-day postexposure observation period. Two-month exposures of hamsters to NEFA or fly ash (FA) aerosols (∼185 μg/liter) resulted in a deep lung burden of about 5.7 mg, dark discoloration of lungs, heavily dustladen macrophages, and significantly higher lung weights than in controls, but only minimal inflammatory reaction and no deaths. There was no difference between NEFA and FA effects. The NEFA contained 9% Ni; FA contained 0.03% NI. The results of this study indicate low acute and subchronic toxicity and slow lung clearance of NEFA and FA.
Stability of nonlinear Hamiltonian motion for a finite but very long time.

By constructing action variables that are very nearly invariant in a region \ensuremath{\Omega} of phase space, and by examining their residual variation, we set long-term bounds on any orbit starting in an open subregion of \ensuremath{\Omega}. A new and generally applicable method for constructing the required high-precision invariants is applied. The technique is illustrated for transverse oscillations in a circular accelerator, a case with 21/2 degrees of freedom and strong nonlinearity.
Natsiia ili snikerizatsiia? Identity and Perversion in theLanguage Debates of Late‐and Post‐Soviet Russia

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Speed limit for oceanic transform faults

Oceanic transform faults with slip rates greater than ∼145 km/m.y. do not currently exist along the East Pacific Rise where sea-floor spreading rates range from 145 to 160 km/m.y. Instead, offsets of the the very fast spreading East Pacific Rise are accommodated by microplates, propogating rifts, or overlapping spreading centers. This suggests that there might be a speed limit above which transform faults do not exist. A physical reason for a speed limit is not known, but it might be related to unstable stress fields near the rifts tips, causing them to episodically propagate and prevent a transform fault from being formed. The spreading rates quoted are from our new (0-0.73 Ma) relative-motion model for the Pacific and Nazca plates.
Sentences and non-content words: Missing ingredients in reading instruction

Sentences and Beginning Texts It may seem strange to say that sentences have been given in sufficient attention in reading instruction. As in spoken language, this unit of our verbal system is a powerful and ever-present factor in written language. Even texts for the youngest readers are unques tionably written in sentence form. The sentences are also graded in terms of difficulty so that short, seemingly easy sentences are pre
Automated retinal layer segmentation and characterization

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) is a valuable diagnostic tool in both clinical and research settings. The depth-resolved intensity profiles generated by light backscattered from discrete layers of the retina provide a non-invasive method of investigating progressive diseases and injury within the eye. This study demonstrates the application of steerable convolution filters capable of automatically separating gradient orientations to identify edges and delineate tissue boundaries. The edge maps were recombined to measure thickness of individual retinal layers. This technique was successfully applied to longitudinally monitor changes in retinal morphology in a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and human data from age-related macular degeneration patients. The steerable filters allow for direct segmentation of noisy images, while novel recombination of weaker segmentations allow for denoising post-segmentation. The segmentation before denoising strategy allows the rapid detection of thin retinal layers even under suboptimal imaging conditions.
Radiation of noise in turbulent non-premixed flames

Abstract A model for the prediction of combustion-generated noise in non-premixed flames has been developed. This model is based on Lighthill’s acoustic analogy and employs the flamelet/progress variable model to express the excess density as function of mixture fraction and reaction progress variable. In this model, three major sources of sound have been identified, and their individual contribution to the acoustic spectra and overall sound pressure level are analyzed for a nitrogen-diluted methane–hydrogen/air flame. The hybrid approach, combining a large-eddy simulation and a computational aeroacoustic method, introduces spurious noise which can pollute the acoustic results. All relevant sources of spurious noise are analyzed, and a physics-based low-pass filter is proposed which eliminates spurious noise due to the convection of acoustic sources. The numerical predictions for both statistical flow field quantities and acoustic results have been validated with experimental data. The good agreement between experiments and simulation highlights the potential of the method for applications to more complex flow configurations and to provide further understanding of combustion noise mechanisms.
In vivo polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) in the living rat hippocampus does not cause a significant loss of performance in a delayed alternation task

After extended implantation times, traditional intracortical neural probes exhibit a foreign-body reaction characterized by a reactive glial sheath that has been associated with increased system impedance and signal deterioration. Previously, we have proposed that the local in vivo polymerization of an electronically and ionically conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), might help to rebuild charge transport pathways across the glial scar between the device and surrounding parenchyma (Richardson-Burns et?al 2007 J. Neural Eng. 4 L6?13). The EDOT monomer can be delivered via a microcannula/electrode system into the brain tissue of living animals followed by direct electrochemical polymerization, using the electrode itself as a source of oxidative current. In this study, we investigated the long-term effect of local in vivo PEDOT deposition on hippocampal neural function and histology. Rodent subjects were trained on a hippocampus-dependent task, delayed alternation (DA), and implanted with the microcannula/electrode system in the hippocampus. The animals were divided into four groups with different delay times between the initial surgery and the electrochemical polymerization: (1) control (no polymerization), (2) immediate (polymerization within 5?min of device implantation), (3) early (polymerization within 3?4 weeks after implantation) and (4) late (polymerization 7?8 weeks after polymerization). System impedance at 1?kHz was recorded and the tissue reactions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We found that under our deposition conditions, PEDOT typically grew at the tip of the electrode, forming an ?500??m cloud in the tissue. This is much larger than the typical width of the glial scar (?150??m). After polymerization, the impedance amplitude near the neurologically important frequency of 1?kHz dropped for all the groups; however, there was a time window of 3?4 weeks for an optimal decrease in impedance. For all surgery?polymerization time intervals, the polymerization did not cause significant deficits in performance of the DA task, suggesting that hippocampal function was not impaired by PEDOT deposition. However, GFAP+?and ED-1+?cells were also found at the deposition two weeks after the polymerization, suggesting potential secondary scarring. Therefore, less extensive deposition or milder deposition conditions may be desirable to minimize this scarring while maintaining decreased system impedance.
Exact quantization formula for affine linearly energy-dependent potentials

We construct an exact quantization formula for Schrodinger equations with potentials thatdepend affine linearly on the energy, that is, they contain a term linear in the energy plus an energy-independent term. If such an energy-dependent potential admits a discrete spectrum and its ground state solution is known, our formula predicts the complete energy spectrum in exact form.
Uniqueness and continuous dependence for a multidimensional hyperbolic inverse problem

(1985). Uniqueness and continuous dependence for a multidimensional hyperbolic inverse problem. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 635-676.
8-Bromo-cAMP blocks opioid activation of a voltage-gated potassium current in isolated hippocampal neurons

We have previously shown that mu-selective opioid agonists activate both an inward rectifying and a voltage-gated potassium conductance in acutely dissociated non-pyramidal neurons from rat hippocampus. We now report that the opioid-activated voltage-gated potassium conductance was blocked by the membrane permeable cAMP analogue 8-bromo-cAMP. In contrast, 8-bromo-cGMP failed to inhibit opioid activation of the voltage-gated potassium current. These results suggest that the opioid-activated potassium channel is regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation.
Adrenal insufficiency in dogs with normal serum Na and Cl.

SummaryA group of 5 adrenalectomized dogs of a large series studied, developed typical signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency in the absence of noteworthy alterations in the serum Na and CI values. Hypoglycemia was not present in any of the animals but during insufficiency dehydration and hemoconcentration were evident in 3 of them as indicated by marked increases in hemoglobin. In view of the inspissation of the blood in these dogs it seemed probable that sufficient water was not available for elimination of the electrolytes. This is the interpretation originally given by Nicholson and Soffer(4) to account for the death of their salt-injected dogs. However, a comparison of the hemoglobin concentrations of 8 adrenalectomized dogs exhibiting insufficiency with hyponatriemia (avg. 128 mEq/1) with the hemoglobin increases shown by the 5 animals discussed here, reveals that the hemoconcentration as gauged by hemoglobin changes was not more severe in the latter group. It is unfortunate that plasma volume ...
Forecasting Purchasing Managers’ Index with Compressed Interest Rates and Past Values

Abstract The purchasing managers’ index (PMI) is a simple subjective survey about the state of the manufacturing sector of the national economy. It's an early indicator of the nation's economic strength with effects extending into federal monetary policy and the financial markets. It is a composite index comprising the weighted average of new orders, production, employment, supplier deliveries, and inventories. It has been established that inverted interest rates in 3-month Treasury bills is a predictor of PMI. This study extended the work on the compression of economic and financial predictor variables as well as the relative efficiency of temporal nonlinear neural network models in forecasting economic time series variables. It showed that compressed interest rates and PMI past values are also effective predictors of the future values of PMI. Less than 30% of the wavelet packets coefficients of interest rates were involved in accomplishing the forecasting task. The correlation, root mean square error, normalized root mean square error, mean absolute deviation, and Theil inequality metrics were used to determine the efficacy of the forecasts. The overall PMI forecast produced by the neural network models was relatively better than that produced by the regression models on all metrics except Theil inequality.
Educational materials development and use with self-directed learners

Self-directed learning is almost universal. Characteristics of self-directed learning have to be considered in developing educational materials that can meet the needs of adult learners.
Swelling of Polystyrene Latex Particles in Water by High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide

The swelling of a 50 nm monodisperse polystyrene latex by carbon dioxide was measured by dynamic light scattering at 25 °C at pressures up to 35 MPa. At the higher pressures, the polystyrene (PS) latex swelled by up to 1.6 times as much as bulk PS. This enhanced swelling is due largely to the adsorption of CO2 into the interfacial region, which lowers the overall interfacial tension between the latex and water phases. On the basis of this enhanced swelling, the thickness of the interfacial region containing PS, carbon dioxide, and water is approximately 4 nm, which is on the order of the radius of gyration of a PS chain.
Quantitation of secondary fibrinolysis in cyanotic heart disease.

Summary A sensitive quantitative method for measurement of FDP was used to restudy the sera of patients with cyanotic heart disease. Cyanotic patients with polycythemia had levels of FDP clearly above the normal limits of tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay, but too low to be detected by less sensitive methods. This same group has been previously shown to have levels of coagulation factors consistent with low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulation.