cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum transport in patterned graphene nanoribbons

Graphene, a single sheet of graphite, has aroused intense interest since its isolation in 2004. Two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets are nearly metallic, while ultrathin graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) show semiconducting properties with the energy bandgap scaling inversely with the ribbon width. Although sub-10-nm GNRs have been achieved by chemical approaches [1, 2], the ability to form GNRs lithographically will facilitate the compatibility with the conventional planar integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is widely utilized as etching masks to fabricate GNRs due to its high resolution in e-beam lithography (EBL). HSQ can be removed by buffered hydrofluoric (BHF) acid after the GNR formation. However, the normally used SiO 2 substrate supporting the exfoliated graphene can be etched by BHF as well. In this work we present the fabrication of GNRs using Al metal mask in the O 2 plasma etching. GNRs as thin as ~ 20 nm have been achieved. The conductance modulation by the back gate is in the order of 106 at 4.2 K. Besides, quantized conductance was observed in the thin GNRs which form quasi-1D transport systems due to the carrier constriction by the ribbon edge boundaries. Landauer's formula was applied to fit the experimental data and excellent agreement was achieved.
Emergency Department Length of Stay and Outcome after Ischemic Stroke

Background Emergency department length of stay (ED-LOS) has been associated with worse outcomes after various medical conditions. However, there is a relative paucity of data for ischemic stroke patients. We sought to determine whether a longer ED-LOS is associated with a poor 90-day outcome after ischemic stroke. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of a single-center cohort of consecutive ischemic stroke patients (n = 325). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were constructed to determine factors independently associated with ED-LOS as well as a poor 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score >2), respectively. Results The median ED-LOS in the cohort was 5.8 hours. For patients admitted to the inpatient stroke ward (n = 160) versus the neuroscience intensive care unit (NICU; n = 165), the median ED-LOS was 8.2 hours versus 3.7 hours, respectively. On multivariable linear regression, NICU admission ( P .001), endovascular stroke therapy ( P = .001), and thrombolysis ( P = .021) were inversely associated with the ED-LOS. Evening shift presentation was associated with a longer ED-LOS ( P = .048). On multivariable logistic regression, a greater admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ( P .001), worse preadmission mRS score ( P = .001), hemorrhagic conversion ( P = .041), and a shorter ED-LOS ( P = .016) were associated with a poor 90-day outcome. Early initiation of statin therapy ( P = .049), endovascular stroke therapy ( P = .041), NICU admission ( P = .029), and evening shift presentation ( P = .035) were associated with a good 90-day outcome. Conclusions In contrast to prior studies, a shorter ED-LOS was associated with a worse 90-day functional outcome, possibly reflecting prioritized admission of more severely affected patients who are at high risk of a poor functional outcome.
Treatment Considerations and Tools for Treating Latino Adolescents with Externalizing Disorders

Externalizing disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder, are characterized by impulsivity, inattention, and overreactivity and are associated with negative psychosocial outcomes (Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi, & Kessler, 2006). Distinguishing between “normal” teen misbehavior and pathological behavior can be difficult given that most teens (70%) will engage in delinquent behavior at some point (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985; Farrington, 1995). Unfortunately, the empirical literature regarding the prevalence, etiology, and treatment of externalizing disorders among Latino youths remains limited. Lending to this knowledge gap is the fact that the Latinos tend to underutilize mental health services when compared to their non-Latino counterparts (Ojeda & McGuire, 2006). Given these considerations, the aims of this chapter is to provide: A brief overview of current research on externalizing disorders and empirically supported treatments Cultural considerations for modifying current treatment practices Session plans and Spanish language work sheets
G315(P) Treatment of anticardiolipin antibody mediated chorea in an adolescent male

Background Anti-phospholipid antibody associated chorea is a rare cause of this movement disorder, with a higher incidence in females and children. Other causes include Wilson’s disease, Sydenham’s chorea and ataxia-telangiectasia. Aetiology is uncertain, but may involve anti-phospholipid mediated dysfunction of the basal ganglia. We report an unusual case of anticardiolipin antibody related chorea in an adolecent male presenting to secondary care services. Case report Our patient is a 14 year old male who became unwell in December 2016 with gradual onset of uncontrolled movements in his arms, and behavioural changes. There was a notable history of minor head injury, preceding sore throat and recurrent tonsillitis. Over the next six months, he reported worsening of choreoathetoid movements affecting his gait and upper limb function. He presented in April 2017 with acute slurring of speech three weeks after starting baclofen. He was then referred to tertiary paediatric neurology services. No features of Lupus were present on examination. His functioning was monitored after baclofen was stopped, and he progressed to treatment with high dose steroids, penicillin V and sodium valproate. He improved following significant rehabilitation with multidisciplinary involvement from occupational therapy, physiotherapy and the school team. His final diagnosis was revised to anticardiolipin antibody related chorea following results of immunological tests and consideration of the chronic progressive history. He was treated successfully with aspirin and mycophenolate mofetil, and has been discharged home with ongoing clinc review. Results 12 lead ECG, echocardiogram and MRI brain normal. ASO Titre: 400 units/ml (50–200) Anti-DNAse B: 100 units/ml ( Anti-Mitochondrial Ab: positive Anti-Nuclear Ab titre: 1:320 (Positive) Anti-cardiolipin IgG Ab 1184.2 units/ml (0–19.9) Anti-B2-GP-1 IgG 4269.7 units/ml ( Conclusion As a patient’s disease continues to evolve, so should our diagnostic approach. Atypical progession of disease should prompt review. Generally, treatment of anticardiolipin related chorea falls into 2 pathways; anticoagulation and immunosuppression, with evidence limited to case reports and small case series. Acknowledgements to the local medical illustration team for performing serial videos showing improvement in function.
Prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors among school-age children in the School District of Philadelphia.

Purpose To determine the prevalence and severity of uncorrected refractive errors in school-age children attending Philadelphia public schools. Methods The Wills Eye Vision Screening Program for Children is a community-based pediatric vision screening program designed to detect and correct refractive errors and refer those with nonrefractive eye diseases for examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Between January 2014 and June 2016 the program screened 18,974 children in grades K-5 in Philadelphia public schools. Children who failed the vision screening were further examined by an on-site ophthalmologist or optometrist; children whose decreased visual acuity was not amenable to spectacle correction were referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist. Results Of the 18,974 children screened, 2,492 (13.1%) exhibited uncorrected refractive errors: 1,776 (9.4%) children had myopia, 459 (2.4%) had hyperopia, 1,484 (7.8%) had astigmatism, and 846 (4.5%) had anisometropia. Of the 2,492 with uncorrected refractive error, 368 children (14.8%) had more than one refractive error diagnosis. In stratifying refractive error diagnoses by severity, mild myopia (spherical equivalent of −0.50 D to Conclusions In this urban population 13.1% of school-age children exhibited uncorrected refractive errors. Blurred vision may create challenges for students in the classroom; school-based vision screening programs can provide an avenue to identify and correct refractive errors.
Preliminary toxicity results using partial breast 3D-CRT with once daily hypo-fractionation and deep inspiratory breath hold.

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients treated with 3D conformal Hypo-fractionated, deep Inspiratory breath-hold (DIBH), Partial breast radiotherapy, termed “HIP.” HIP was implemented to merge the schedule of once-daily breast hypofractionation with partial breast treatment. We identified 38 breast cancers in 37 patients from 2013 to 2014 treated at our institution with HIP following lumpectomy for early stage breast cancer. Patients received a hypo-fractionated course (≤ 20 fractions) of once daily radiation to the partial breast (lumpectomy cavity + margin) utilizing DIBH regardless of laterality. Clinical and treatment-related characteristics were obtained, including target volume and organ at risk (OAR) dosimetric characteristics. Patients were followed clinically and with at least yearly mammograms for up to 36 months (range 5–36 months). Acute and late toxicity was scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.03. Patients received a median dose of 42.56 Gy in 16 Fractions (Fx) (range 40.05–53.2 Gy; and 15–20 Fx). OAR doses were low, with a mean heart dose of 0.37 Gy, an ipsilateral lung V20 mean of 4%, and a contralateral lung V5 of 1%. Acute toxicity (≤ grade 2) was present in 79% (n = 30) of the cases, with dermatitis being the most common finding (63%). Late grade 1–2 toxicity was present in 42% (n = 16) of the cases, with hyperpigmentation being the most common finding (n = 9). There were no severe acute or late toxicities (≥ grade 3). At a median follow up of 21 months, there were no local, regional, or distant failures. We report limited toxicity in this low risk cohort of patients with early stage breast cancer treated with HIP, a unique and logical combination of 3-D conformal external beam radiotherapy, moderate hypo-fractionation, and DIBH.
Ethnographies and Actualistic Cooking Experiments: Ethnoarchaeological Pathways toward Understanding Earth-Oven Variability in Archaeological Records

ABSTRACTThis article addresses aspects of earth-oven baking, as reported in ethnohistoric and ethnographic accounts from western North America and via a series of actualistic experiments. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts attest to far more variability in oven morphologies, baking times, and food types than has been identified archaeologically. Toward mitigation of this data-discrepancy, we present methods and results of building and using nine earth ovens representative of those known ethnographically and expected to be represented in archaeological records. Our experiments demonstrate that earth-oven baking in a morphological variety of facilities is readily replicated by drawing from the ethnographic and ethnohistoric literature. Successful strategies are quickly learned through trial and error. With that comes an adequate understanding of how heat energy flows in various facilities along with recognition of critical roles of temperature, moisture availability, and cooking time, thereby providing...
Improving End-of-Life Care for Diverse Populations: Communication, Competency, and System Supports:

Background:While disparities in end-of-life care have been well-documented, explanations for the persistence of disparities are less clear. This study sought to examine diverse perceptions of end-o...
Better lower bounds for missing species: improved non-parametric moment-based estimation for large experiments

Estimation of the number of species or unobserved classes from a random sample of the underlying population is a ubiquitous problem in statistics. In classical settings, the size of the sample is usually small. New technologies such as high-throughput DNA sequencing have allowed for the sampling of extremely large and heterogeneous populations at scales not previously attainable or even considered. New algorithms are required that take advantage of the size of the data to account for heterogeneity, but are also sufficiently fast and scale well with large data. We present a non-parametric moment-based estimator that is both computationally efficient and is sufficiently flexible to account for heterogeneity in the abundances of underlying population. This estimator is based on an extension of a popular moment-based lower bound (Chao, 1984), originally developed by Harris (1959) but unattainable due to the lack of economical algorithms to solve the system of nonlinear equation required for estimation. We apply results from the classical moment problem to show that solutions can be obtained efficiently, allowing for estimators that are simultaneously conservative and use more information. This is critical for modern genomic applications, where there may be many large experiments that require the application of species estimation. We present applications of our estimator to estimating T-Cell receptor repertoire and dropout in single cell RNA-seq experiments.
Diversification of Disease Resistance Receptors by Integrated Domain Fusions in Wheat and its Progenitors

ABSTRACT Pathogenic effectors inhibit plant resistance responses by interfering with intracellular signaling mechanisms. Plant Nucleotide-binding, Leucine-rich repeat Receptors (NLRs) have evolved highly variable effector-recognition sites to detect these effectors. While many NLRs utilize variable Leucine-Rich Repeats (LRRs) to bind to effectors, some have gained Integrated Domains (IDs) necessary for receptor activation or downstream signaling. While a few studies have identified IDs within NLRs, the homology and regulation of these genes have yet to be elucidated. We identified a diverse set of wheat NLR-ID fusion proteins as candidates for NLR functional diversification through ID effector recognition or signal transduction. NLR-ID diversity corresponds directly with the various signaling components essential to defense responses, expanding the potential functions for immune receptors and removing the need for intermediate signaling factors that are often targeted by effectors. ID homologs (>80% similarity) in other grasses indicate that these domains originated as functional, non-NLR-encoding genes and were incorporated into NLR-encoding genes through duplication. Multiple NLR-ID genes encode experimentally verified alternative transcripts that include or exclude IDs. This indicates that plants employ alternative splicing to regulate IDs, possibly using them as baits, decoys, and functional signaling components. Future studies should aim to elucidate differential expression of NLR-ID alternative transcripts.
Dermatomyositis: Diagnosis and treatment.

The second article in this continuing medical education series reviews the initial evaluation of patients with suspected dermatomyositis (DM), the relevant work-up for malignancy and interstitial lung disease once a diagnosis of DM is made, and treatment recommendations for patients with DM based on disease severity, the presence of systemic symptoms, and myositis-specific antibody (MSA) profiles. This review emphasizes the emerging role of MSAs in the diagnosis of DM and highlights how MSAs can be used to guide the appropriate work-up for malignancy and interstitial lung disease. The treatment approach proposed by this continuing medical education series discusses both established and novel therapies for DM and highlights the importance of considering lesion type, degree of muscle involvement, presence of systemic symptoms, presence of MSAs, and patient age when determining the best treatment approach for a patient with DM.
Ethylene Glycol Mono-n-Butyl Ether

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by Bradford H. Strohm, Leonard I. Sweet, Sharmilee P. Sawant, and Harihara M. Mehendale, volume 2, pp 290–293, © 2005, Elsevier Inc.
An Iterative Angle Trisection

Don Muench (dmuench@sjfc.edu) is Professor of Mathematical and Computing Sciences at St. John Fisher College (Rochester, NY 14618). He has a B.S. degree in mathematics from St. John Fisher College and the Doctor of Arts degree in mathematics from Idaho State University. His mathematical interests have been in matrix theory, numerical analysis and the use of calculators and computers in the teaching of mathematics. His yen for travel and study has led to sabbaticals in London at Richmond, the International American University, and to conferences in Austria, Germany, Scotland, England, and travel to six eastern European countries with Bridges for Education. His other interests are bicycling, hiking, swimming, music, and his eleven grandchildren.
Fragmentation reduces community-wide taxonomic and functional diversity of dispersed tree seeds in the Central Amazon.

The Amazon harbors one of the most diverse tree floras on earth, and most species depend on mutualists for pollination and seed dispersal. This makes them susceptible to reproductive decline in fragmented forest because many of these mutualists suffer area-related extinction in fragments. It remains unknown, however, whether this highly biodiverse tree flora will reproduce and ultimately persist in fragmented forest. We conducted a 2-yr study of seed fall in an experimentally fragmented, highly diverse Central Amazonian forest. We determined the effect of fragment size (1, 10, 100 ha and continuous forest control) on the density, species richness, functional diversity and functional composition of seeds separated into two data sets: dispersed tree seeds, and undispersed tree seeds. Our results show a 3× reduction in the density of undispersed, non-pioneer tree seeds in fragments of all sizes, indicating reduced seed production of the non-pioneer tree community. The density of dispersed tree seeds was reduced by 6× in fragments of all sizes, while species richness was reduced by 6× in 1-ha fragments and by 3× in 10- and 100-ha fragments compared to intact forest. This provides evidence of reduced community-wide seed dispersal, which became more pronounced with declining fragment size. The functional diversity (FRic) of dispersed tree seeds was reduced 9.6× in small fragments, and significant shifts in the functional composition for 8 of the 10 reproductive and ecological traits studied were identified, suggesting compromised ecosystem functioning. These functional compositional shifts provide evidence for disrupted mutualistic processes in fragments, which include loss of pollination by bees, especially small eusocial (meliponid) bees, and loss of dispersal by primates and large birds, which reduced the frequency of large-seeded tree species. Fragments also lost rare and mature-forest species, and collectively these changes suggest that future tree communities in fragmented Amazonian landscapes will retain a taxonomically and functionally impoverished species pool with a biased functional composition unless efforts are undertaken to conserve dispersal by large frugivores and pollination by meliponid bees.
Channel Estimation with One-Bit Transceivers in a Rayleigh Environment

One-bit transceivers with strongly nonlinear characteristics are being considered for wireless communication because of their low cost and low power consumption. Although each such transceiver can support only a low data rate, multiple such transceivers can be used to obtain an aggregate high data rate. An important part of many communication systems is the process of channel estimation, which is particularly challenging when the estimation process uses these transceivers. The standard analysis of estimation mean-square error versus training length that is available for linear transceivers does not apply with the nonlinearities inherent in one-bit transceivers. We analyze the training requirements in a large- scale system and show that the optimal number of training symbols strongly depends on the number of receivers, and the optimal number of training symbols can be significantly smaller than the number of transmitters. These results contrast sharply with classical results obtained with linear transceivers.
Alien Escapade - The Game

Gaming has become an integral part of our day-today life. The video game industry has grown over the years, and now more and more people are playing video games. Moreover, video games have become a major source of entertainment, and with the help of smart phones, the gaming industry has taken over other platforms. Today, there is competition between the video game platforms themselves and about 47% Americans play video games on mobile devices, leaving other dedicated gaming consoles behind, which make the mobile devices as the most popular platform for gaming. This paper presents a mobile game called “Alien Escapade” which can be played on an Android or IOS device. It is an endless runner type game where the character keeps on running infinitely while jumping over or dodging obstacles, as long as the user does not make a mistake and crashes into one of the obstacles. Alien Escapade is a game which starts with a non-threatening alien with big eyes, small nose, big ears, a smile similar to a human baby, and a short body who gets lost and arrives on our planet Earth in the hope of finding a way back to his planet. However, its hope has been ruined by the human scientists who want to study the alien and learn more about it by capturing it. As the alien realizes this, he escapes. The players have to help the alien escape from the clutches of the scientists by helping the alien dodge, jump over, and slide under different obstacles and collect energy points. We validated the game through a survey by randomly selecting a small cohort of students to play this game for a few minutes and then fill-out a questionnaire and the initial results are encouraging.
Patriotism or Paychecks: Who Believes What About Why Soldiers Serve:

Although voluntary recruitment to the military is today the Western norm, we know little about citizens’ beliefs regarding service members’ reasons for joining. This article, reporting and analyzin...
Geography and Hispanic homeownership: a review of the literature

Location is a crucial but often unexamined determinant of homeownership outcomes. The literature on Hispanic homeownership and the Hispanic-White homeownership gap has focused on financial, demographic, and assimilative drivers of Hispanics’ tenure outcomes. However, in light of substantial changes to Hispanic settlement patterns in the 1990s and 2000s, the effects of geography on homeownership merit a closer evaluation. This article reviews the literature’s current theoretical frameworks and empirical findings on the role of geography on Hispanic homeownership, and suggests avenues for further research.
Introducing Data Analytics Concepts in a CS Course for Non-Majors

We present a curricular model for introducing data analytics concepts into an introductory computer science course for non-majors. This is accomplished through the design and implementation of hands-on laboratories projects using the Python programming language and associated tools. While introducing students to an important research area, we believe the use of these projects improves students' learning experiences, enabling them to apply and relate fundamental computational thinking concepts of algorithmic reasoning, data representation, and computational efficiency to data analytics problems. We present the curricular modules, as well as preliminary experiences using them.
Pharmacology, Clinical Effects, and Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases

Cannabis and cannabinoids (such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) are frequently used to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms. Cannabinoids have effects on the immune system and inflammatory responses, as well as neuromuscular and sensory functions of digestive organs, including pancreas and liver. Cannabinoids can cause hyperemesis and cyclic vomiting syndrome, but they might also be used to reduce gastrointestinal, pancreatic, or hepatic inflammation, as well as to treat motility, pain, and functional disorders. Cannabinoids activate cannabinoid receptors, which inhibit release of transmitters from presynaptic neurons and also inhibit diacylglycerol lipase alpha, to prevent synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. However, randomized trials are needed to clarify their effects in patients; these compounds can have adverse effects on the central nervous system (such as somnolence and psychosis) or the developing fetus, when used for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Cannabinoid-based therapies can also hide symptoms and disease processes, such as in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. It is important for gastroenterologists and hepatologists to understand cannabinoid mechanisms, effects, and risks.
Full-Wave Estimate of the Extinction and Phase Matrices of Collections of Metallic Particles

This paper presents full-wave estimates of the extinction and phase matrix for random collections of electrically large, metallic particles in two and three dimensions. These objects, which represent the coherent and incoherent parts of the field scattered by random collections of particles in a free space background, are compared to the same results predicted using single scattering theory in both two- and three-dimensional propagation environments. The full-wave methods expand on single scattering, as they correctly treat the effects of both multiple scattering and near-field inter-particle interactions that are assumed to be negligible in the single scattering theory. The results given by the full wave method and those predicted using single scattering theory are found to differ in both the mean and fluctuating components of the scattered field.
An Investigation of the Portrayal of Social Media Challenges on YouTube and Twitter

A social media phenomenon that has received limited research attention is the advent and propagation of viral online challenges. Several of these challenges entail self-harming behavior, which, combined with their viral nature, poses physical and psychological risks for both participants and viewers. The objective of this study is to identify the nature of what people post about the social media challenges that vary in their level of risk. To do so, we conducted a qualitative analysis of three viral social media challenges, the Blue Whale, Tide Pod, and Ice Bucket challenges, based on 180 YouTube videos, 3,607 comments on those YouTube videos, and 450 Twitter posts. We identified common themes across the YouTube videos, comments, and Twitter posts: (1) promoting education and awareness, (2) criticizing the participants, (3) providing detailed information about the participants, (4) giving viewers a tutorial on how to participate, and (5) attempting to understand this seemingly senseless online behavior. We used social norm theory to discuss what leads people to post about the challenges and how posts intended to raise awareness about harmful challenges could potentially create a contagion effect by spreading knowledge about them, thereby increasing participation. Finally, we proposed design implications that could potentially minimize the risks and propagation of harmful social media challenges.
Stability, temperature dependence, and microstructure of high pressure jet-treated dairy foams

Abstract The objective of this work was to study the effects of high pressure jet (HPJ) processing on the foaming of whole milk at different temperatures. High pressure jet-treated whole milk (200 and 400 MPa) was foamed at 5, 20, 40, and 50 °C using a custom-made air injection device and the foam expansion and foam stability was compared to a non-HPJ-treated control. Aliquots of the foams (formed at 5 and 50 °C) were extracted for proximate analysis and visualization using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The relative foam expansion values for the non-HPJ-treated sample at 5, 20, 40, and 50 °C were 45.5 ± 11.3%, 0 ± 0%, 79.6 ± 9.7%, and 88.2 ± 2.8%, respectively while the 400 MPa-treated sample foam expansion values were 36.4 ± 10.8%, 60.8 ± 5.7%, 50.0 ± 5.3%, and 71.7 ± 3.0%. Notably the HPJ-treated sample foamed at 20 °C while the control milk did not foam at all. Furthermore, the 400 MPa-treated foam was stable for >2 h at all foaming temperatures, unlike the non-HPJ-treated whole milk foam, which completely collapsed in 60 s and 1490 s after being foamed at 5 °C and 40 °C, respectively. CSLM and proximate analysis of the non-HPJ-treated sample revealed differences in foam composition based on foaming temperature with more fat present in the foam formed at 50 °C (3.2 ± 0.3%) than at 5 °C (2.5 ± 0.1%), likely due to the ability of liquid oil (at 50 °C) to migrate to the air-water interface during air incorporation. In contrast, there were no compositional differences in the foams from 400 MPa-treated milk based on foaming temperature, reflecting that there are structural differences, particularly in the fat, compared to the non-HPJ-treated foams. This was supported by evidence of fat-protein complexation and micron-size bubbles in CSLM images of the 400 MPa-treated foam.
Children primed and ready for SARS-CoV-2.

Single-cell sequencing of nasal swab samples from people uninfected or infected with SARS-CoV-2 shows that children have a primed innate immune response, which may protect them from severe disease.
SU-E-T-303: Dosimetric Comparison of a LINAC Fallback Plan Generated From Tomotherapy System

Purpose: Quantitatively evaluate the Multi Criteria Optimization (MCO) based MLC step and shoot (sMLC) fallback plan derived from Tomotherapy of multiple lesions lung SBRT Methods: Inter-comparison of various IMRT planning systems tends to be difficult due to the vendor-specific functionalities. The methodology of defining dose constraints and beam geometries is challenging. Raysearch™ planning system offers an alternative replanning to deliver same intensity map from Tomotherapy without modifying original fluence. This intuitive comparison comes from the final fluence map converted without any embedded system dependent dose optimization. This planner independent approach could be utilized to study the merits of individual machines. The term “fallback” was utilized to (A) transfer plans in among treatment delivery systems; (B) maintain acceptable plan qualities; and (C) minimize the biological dose impact due to machine breakdown. The Tomotherapy specific DICOM RT dose and plan are retrieved into Raystation’s pre-defined sMLC protocol. Based on specific machine characteristics, same fluence maps were converted to generate equivalent deliverable segments (Fig.1). Therefore, the treatment plans were evaluated among two planning tools, Tomotherapy and MCO based sMLC delivery plans. Results: By converting the fluence map with the pre-defined machine characteristics, the 9-fields fallback plan has similar ITV coverage compared to the original Tomotherapy plan. ITV average doses, the D95 consisted of 0.9% variation. The total lung doses of fallback plan drifted from 17.4% to 30.5% which represents the limitations of the static beam delivery. D2 of fallback spinal cord increased from 22.4% to 36.4% but still within tolerances (Fig.2). Ipsilateral lung changed from 11.0% to 22.6%. Low dose region between ITVs presented increased dose to the normal lung tissues (Fig.3). Conclusion: Acceptable fallback plan for Tomotherapy SBRT has similar ITVs coverage, but lack of the normal tissues avoidance due to the limitation of geometrical factors to reduce doses in between ITVs.
A Nanometer Aerosol Size Analyzer (nASA) for Rapid Measurement of High-concentration Size Distributions

We have developed a fast-response nanometer aerosol size analyzer (nASA) that is capable of scanning 30 size channels between 3 and 100 nm in a total time of 3 s. The analyzer includes a bipolar charger (Po210), an extended-length nanometer differential mobility analyzer (Nano-DMA), and an electrometer (TSI 3068). This combination of components provides particle size spectra at a scan rate of 0.1 s per channel free of uncertainties caused by response-time-induced smearing. The nASA thus offers a fast response for aerosol size distribution measurements in high-concentration conditions and also eliminates the need for applying a de-smearing algorithm to resulting data. In addition, because of its thermodynamically stable means of particle detection, the nASA is useful for applications requiring measurements over a broad range of sample pressures and temperatures. Indeed, experimental transfer functions determined for the extended-length Nano-DMA using the tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) technique indicate the nASA provides good size resolution at pressures as low as 200 Torr. Also, as was demonstrated in tests to characterize the soot emissions from the J85-GE engine of a T-38 aircraft, the broad dynamic concentration range of the nASA makes it particularly suitable for studies of combustion or particle formation processes. Further details of the nASA performance as well as results from calibrations, laboratory tests and field applications are presented below.
What Has Been Capitalized into Property Values: Human Capital, Social Capital, or Cultural Capital?

Urban amenities can be capitalized into land values or property values. However, little attention has been paid to the capitalization of social amenities. This paper classifies three types of social-interaction-based social amenities: human capital, social capital, and cultural capital at residential neighborhood levels. We use the restricted version of the 1990 Massachusetts Census data and estimate hedonic housing models with social amenities. The findings are as follows: (1) Human capital has significant positive effects on property values. This tests the Lucas conjecture. (2) Different types of social capital have different effects on property values: an increase in the percentage of new residents has significant positive effects on property values, probably due to the strength of weak ties. However, an increase in the percentage of single-parent households has negative effects on property values. An increase in the home ownership rate has positive effects at large geographic levels. (3) Cultural capital effects vary from high to low geographic levels, the effects of English proficiency and racial homogeneity are positive at and beyond the tract level, but insignificant at the block level. This may imply that cultural capital is more important in social interactions at large geographic scale.
5-Hydroxy-N-methylpyroglutamate Synthetase EVIDENCE FOR AN α-KETOGLUTARYL ENZYME INTERMEDIATE FROM PARTITIONING STUDIES

The enzyme 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyroglutamate synthetase catalyzes the synthesis and hydrolysis of δ-amides of α-ketoglutarate. Previous kinetic studies suggested that these reactions proceed either by a two-step mechanism involving an α-ketoglutaryl enzyme intermediate, or by a mechanism involving direct nucleophilic attack in which an isomerization of the enzyme is rate-determining. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, we have measured the partitioning of the acyl group derived from α-ketoglutaramate and δ-ethyl, δ-propyl, and δ-benzyl α-ketoglutarate between water and an amine. Identical partitioning of the above four substrates between water and methylamine, water and ethanolamine, and water and aniline (esters only) suggests that the two-step mechanism is the correct one.
A performance assessment environment for radar signal processing and tracking algorithms

The author outlines the performance assessment process currently used for development of Jindalee Australia Air Force over-the-horizon radar signal processing and tracking algorithm. The associated software tools provide an automated testing facility for new signal processing algorithms with numerical figure-of-merit output. Users can automatically test new algorithms over a large standard set of input replay tapes to assess the performance of the signal processing sequence over a large set of environmental and target conditions. >
Optimal stop word selection for text mining in critical infrastructure domain

Eliminating all stop words from the feature space is a standard practice of preprocessing in text mining, regardless of the domain which it is applied to. However, this may result in loss of important information, which adversely affects the accuracy of the text mining algorithm. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel methodology for selecting the optimal set of domain specific stop words for improved text mining accuracy. First, the presented methodology retains all the stop words in the text preprocessing phase. Then, an evolutionary technique is used to extract the optimal set of stop words that result in the best classification accuracy. The presented methodology was implemented on a corpus of open source news articles related to critical infrastructure hazards. The first step of mining geo-dependencies among critical infrastructures from text is text classification. In order to achieve this, article content was classified into two classes: 1) text content with geo-location information, and 2) text content without geo-location information. Classification accuracy presented methodology was compared to accuracies of four other test cases. Experimental results with 10-fold cross validation showed that the presented method yielded an increase of 1.76% or higher in True Positive (TP) rate and a 2.27% or higher increase in the True Negative (TN) rate compared to the other techniques.
Comparison of the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-based anesthetic protocols in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).

Abstract The relative efficacies and cardiorespiratory effects of three injectable anesthetic combinations containing medetomidine were evaluated in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). In addition, the direct effects of medetomidine on heart rate and blood pressure were evaluated in lemurs anesthetized with isoflurane. For injectable anesthesia, captive adult ring-tailed lemurs were anesthetized with medetomidine and ketamine (0.04–0.06 mg/kg, i.m. and 3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively), medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m., 0.4 mg/kg, i.m., and 3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively), or medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam (0.04 mg/kg, i.m., 0.4 mg/kg, i.m., and 0.3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively). For inhalation anesthesia, lemurs were mask-induced and maintained with isoflurane for 30 min before receiving medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m.). Sedation produced by medetomidine–ketamine was unpredictable and of short duration. Both medetomidine–butorphanol–ketamine (MBK) and medetomidine–butorphanol–midazol...
A multicenter evaluation of whether gender dimorphism affects survival after trauma

Background: The frequency of women who have sustained severe injuries has increased over the past 30 years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether severely injured women have a survival advantage over men. To address this issue, we undertook a multicenter evaluation of the effects of gender dimorphism on survival in trauma patients. Methods: Patient information was collected from the databases of three level I trauma centers. We included all consecutive patients who were admitted to these centers over a 4-year period. We evaluated the effects of age, gender, mechanism of injury, pattern of injury, Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS), and Injury Severity Score (ISS) on survival. Results: A total of 20,261 patients were admitted to the three trauma centers. Women who were younger than 50 years of age (mortality rate 5%) experienced a survival advantage over men (mortality rate 7%) of equal age (odds ratio 1.27, P 25) group (mortality rate 28% in women versus 33% in men). This difference was not attributable to mechanism of injury, severity of injury, or pattern of injury. Conclusions: Severely injured women younger than 50 years of age have a survival advantage when compared with men of equal age and injury severity. Young men have a 27% greater chance of dying than women after trauma. We conclude that gender dimorphism affects the survival of patients after trauma.
Using glycome databases for drug discovery.

Background: The glycomics field has made great advancements in the last decade due to technologies for their synthesis and analysis including carbohydrate microarrays. Accordingly, databases for glycomics research have also emerged and been made publicly available by many major institutions worldwide. Objective: This review introduces these and other useful databases on which new methods for drug discovery can be developed. Methods: The scope of this review covers current documented and accessible databases and resources pertaining to glycomics. These were selected with the expectation that they may be useful for drug discovery research. Results/conclusion: There is a plethora of glycomics databases that have much potential for drug discovery. This may seem daunting at first but this review helps to put some of these resources into perspective. Additionally, some thoughts on how to integrate these resources to allow more efficient research are presented.
Escherichia coli endotoxin absorption from the ewe's uterus and peritoneal cavity

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of estrogen or parturition on absorption of endotoxin from the ovine uterus. Twelve cycling ewes were assigned to one of four treatment groups (three ewes/group): Group I, no estrogen (NE) + intrauterine infusion of sterile saline (IUS); Group II, NE + intrauterine infusion of 100 mg endotoxin - Lipopolysaccharide W./E. coli 0127:B8, Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI (IUE); Group III, 3 days pretreatment with estradiol-17β (50 μg/da, E) + IUS; and Group IV, E + IUE. In addition, the uteri of three early postpartum ewes were infused with 100 mg endotoxin (Group V). Rectal temperatures (RT) and jugular blood samples were obtained at −40, −20, 0 (infusion), 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. The blood samples were analyzed for total white blood cell counts (WBC) and Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Assays (LAL). There were no alterations in RT, WBC, or LAL observed in Groups I–V. These results indicated that neither prior treatment with estradiol in cycling ewes nor parturition affected absorption of E. coli endotoxin from the ovine uterus. A second study was conducted to characterize the changes in RT, WBC, and LAL during endotoxemia in cycling ewes. Three ewes received intraperitoneal infusions of 100 mg endotoxin and three ewes received intraperitoneal infusions of sterile saline. Evidence that endotoxin was absorbed from the peritoneal cavity was a decrease (P<0.10) in WBC and positive LAL in endotoxin-infused ewes. WBC and LAL did not change in saline-infused ewes. No changes in RT were observed in either group.
Substituent effects in reactions of benzenes with 5-tert-butyl-3H-pyrazolylidene

Abstract The effects of substituents on the conversions of benzenes by 5-tert-butyl-3 H -pyrazolylidene to (substituted phenyl)pyrazoles and pyrazolo[1,5- a azocines are described.
HISTAMINE-LIKE REACTION TO TUBOCURARINE case report

SUMMARY In preparation for an appendicectomy the anaesthesia was started with thiopentone 350 mg followed by a dose of 24 mg of tubocurarine, intravenously, in a patient with 39°C (102°F) temperature and a history of sensitivity to detergents; an anaphylactoid reaction resulted. The intradermal sensitivity tests to tubocurarine, performed with the skin at room temperature 30°C (85°F) and at 39°C (102°F), were positive and at higher skin temperature the responses were stronger. It was concluded that tubocurarine may induce anaphylactoid reactions in susceptible individuals and that an increase in body temperature acts as a contributory factor.
n-p mass difference and charge-symmetry breaking in the trinucleons.

The effect of unequal neutron and proton masses on the binding-energy difference of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ is calculated using a wide variety of nuclear models. We find that this charge-symmetry-breaking mechanism contributes 14(2) keV to the 764 keV difference. We also demonstrate the importance of the mixed-symmetry wave function components in making the contribution of this mechanism fairly small, but rather model dependent.
Rapid and efficient separation and identification of the two molecular forms of human adenosine deaminase by thin-layer gel filtration chromatography.

Abstract Two molecular forms of adenosine deaminase have been found in human tissues. The column gel filtration method has been used for the separation of the two enzyme forms. Routine separation and analysis of the enzyme forms based on the molecular size difference can be achieved by thin-layer gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 superfine gel. The thin-layer method has been found to be more rapid and efficient than the column method. Enzymes in crude preparations can be studied effectively with the thin-layer method.
Assessment of resting perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography: theoretical and practical considerations

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative comparison between myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI). We also wanted to determine the optimal method for the intravenous administration of an ultrasound contrast agent in the clinical setting. Methods and Results Seventeen patients with resting perfusion defects in a single vascular territory on SPECT were studied. MCE was performed with intermittent harmonic imaging during continuous infusions of a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent (Sonovue, Bracco Diagnostics) in all 17 patients and after bolus injection in 8 of them. During continuous infusions, the video intensity (VI) ratio between the abnormal and normal myocardium at a pulsing interval (PI) of 8 cardiac cycles correlated well with the activity ratio between these segments on SPECT ( r = 0.73, P P r = 0.87, P r = 0.46 and r = 0.48, respectively, P Conclusions In patients with prior MI, quantitative assessment of resting perfusion defects on MCE correlates well with regional activity on SPECT. Continuous infusions offer an advantage over bolus injections because they can provide an assessment of both relative VI and MV. Adjustment of the microbubble infusion rate produces adequate myocardial opacification without attenuation.
Deuteron-Induced Radioactivity in Tin

Tin has been bombarded with 5 MEV deuterons and chemically analyzed for transmutation into radioactive indium, tin and antimony isotopes. The indium fraction exhibits a strong electron emission of 26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 hours' half-life and an extremely weak activity of undetermined sign and with half-life probably several months. The tin precipitate emits an intense electron group with half-life 28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 hours and a weak activity also of several months period. Two antimony isotopes are formed with half-lives of 13.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 hours and 112\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 days. The former gives evidence of being a branching decay, both electrons and positrons being observed; the sign of the longer period has not been determined. Short period activities from bombarded tin are of 12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 minutes' and 45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 minutes' half-life. Absorption curves in aluminum are given and the possible transmutations that are responsible are discussed.