cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Echelon: a multilayer detailed area router

We present a general multilayer area router for performing detailed routing in integrated circuits. This router is based on a novel grid construction scheme which considers the differing design rules of the routing layers and produces more wiring tracks than a uniform grid scheme. Our router is very general and flexible and is designed to handle all the physical constraints of a CMOS custom cell layout problem for an arbitrary number of routing layers. The router has been incorporated into the Custom Cell Synthesizer project at MCC. It has produced better results than uniform gridded routers and improved the capability of the system by providing routing flexibility and supporting features needed to handle a wide range of design styles in generating CMOS custom cells.
Hybrid Texts Fifth Graders, Rap Music,and Writing

Consistent with a sociocritical frame and the analytic tools of hybridity theory, this article explicates how urban fifth-grade children made language hybrids using rap and poetry to participate in classroom literacy. Ethnographic data from a yearlong study illustrate two key findings. First, standards-based and canon-driven writing models maintained literacy and language borders through antihybrid practices based in antipopular ideologies. Second, the children used hybrid rap poems to negotiate and challenge linguistic and ideological constraints that hemmed in classroom literacy. The author suggests that canon-driven writing pedagogies be more inclusive of youth popular cultures and culturally relevant literacies.
Substitute Care in Child Welfare and the Risk of Arrest: Does the Reason for Placement Matter?

This study sought to investigate whether the reason for placement was associated with the subsequent risk of arrest. The author has focused on youth entering care for reasons of maltreatment and for child behavioral problems. The author stratified the sample based on a history of juvenile delinquency. The sample was diverse and included youth between 8 and 16 years of age with at least one episode in a substitute care child welfare setting (n = 5,528). Approximately 23% of youth were placed in child welfare for reasons others than maltreatment; specifically child behavioral problems. Youth placed for behavioral problems were significantly more likely to live in congregate care facilities, experience placement instability, and more likely to experience at least one arrest. A prevailing argument is that child welfare offers a broader range of family-based services as compared with the secure settings of juvenile justice. High rates of congregate care placement reported in the current study indicate that family-based services are infrequently associated with youth placed for behavioral problems in child welfare. High rates of subsequent arrest indicate that the congregate care approach for youth with behavioral problems in child welfare is limited.
The Detrimental Side Effects of Minimum Wage Laws

The adverse effects of minimum wage legislation demonstrate how a government policy presumably intended to help people worst off in society can actually end up causing far more harm than good. In this case, the victims are unskilled laborers. By making it illegal for employers to pay unskilled workers wages equal to their marginal revenue productivity, it causes unemployment for all workers whose productivity happens to be below the minimum wage. It also widens the wage gap between whites and minorities because there are disproportionate numbers of unskilled and uneducated minorities compared with whites.
Association of deficiencies of catechol-O-methyltransferase and 2-methoxyestradiol with preeclampsia

Evaluation of: Kanasaki K, Palmsten K, Sugimoto H et al. Deficiency in catechol-O-methyltransferase and 2-methoxyoestradiol is associated with pre-eclampsia. Nature 453 (7198), 1117–1121 (2008).Despite recent advances in the understanding of dysregulation of placenta-derived anti-angiogenic factors in preeclampsia, the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder remain elusive. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) generates 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) in the human placenta and has been shown to have decreased activity in the placenta in severe preeclampsia. Kanasaki and colleagues performed a series of experiments in a Comt-/- mouse model, showing that decreased COMT activity and subsequent decreased 2-ME levels resulted in the clinical, histologic and molecular changes characteristic of preeclampsia. Furthermore, both the preeclampsia-like clinical features and characteristic angiogenic abnormalities completely resolved in rescue experiments with 2-ME. In addition, circulating levels of 2-ME were lower in ei...
The presence of phytol in brown and blue-green algae and its relationship to evolution

Abstract Phytol was identified in the chlorophyll-a-containing Fucus vesiculosus and Phormidium luridum by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectroscopy, and by thin-layer chromatography. It was not accompanied by significant amounts of related isopentenoid alcohols. The development of highly precise control of the isopentenoid pathway leading to phytol and its esterification to chlorophyll is therefore indicated at an early evolutionary stage which seems to be related to the development of the porphyrin pathway but not to the development of chloroplastic and other major subcellular membranes.
Capturing changes in gene expression dynamics by gene set differential coordination analysis

Analyzing gene expression data at the gene set level greatly improves feature extraction and data interpretation. Currently most efforts in gene set analysis are focused on differential expression analysis--finding gene sets whose genes show first-order relationship with the clinical outcome. However the regulation of the biological system is complex, and much of the change in gene expression dynamics do not manifest in the form of differential expression. At the gene set level, capturing the change in expression dynamics is difficult due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the gene sets. Here we report a systematic approach to detect gene sets that show differential coordination patterns with the rest of the transcriptome, as well as pairs of gene sets that are differentially coordinated with each other. We demonstrate that the method can identify biologically relevant gene sets, many of which do not show first-order relationship with the clinical outcome.
RNA structure analysis at single nucleotide resolution by selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation and primer extension (SHAPE).

The reactivity of an RNA ribose hydroxyl is shown to be exquisitely sensitive to local nucleotide flexibility because a conformationally constrained adjacent 3'-phosphodiester inhibits formation of the deprotonated, nucleophilic oxyanion form of the 2'-hydroxyl group. Reaction with an appropriate electrophile, N-methylisatoic anhydride, to form a 2'-O-adduct thus can be used to monitor local structure at every nucleotide in an RNA. We develop a quantitative approach involving Selective 2'-Hydroxyl Acylation analyzed by Primer Extension (SHAPE) to map the structure of and to distinguish fine differences in structure for tRNA Asp transcripts at single nucleotide resolution. Modest extensions of the SHAPE approach will allow RNA structure to be monitored comprehensively and at single nucleotide resolution for RNAs of arbitrary sequence and structural complexity and under diverse solution environments.
Intelligent machines in the twenty-first century: foundations of inference and inquiry

The last century saw the application of Boolean algebra to the construction of computing machines, which work by applying logical transformations to information contained in their memory. The development of information theory and the generalization of Boolean algebra to Bayesian inference have enabled these computing machines, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, to be endowed with the ability to learn by making inferences from data. This revolution is just beginning as new computational techniques continue to make difficult problems more accessible. Recent advances in our understanding of the foundations of probability theory have revealed implications for areas other than logic. Of relevance to intelligent machines, we recently identified the algebra of questions as the free distributive algebra, which will now allow us to work with questions in a way analogous to that which Boolean algebra enables us to work with logical statements. In this paper, we examine the foundations of inference and inquiry. We begin with a history of inferential reasoning, highlighting key concepts that have led to the automation of inference in modern machine-learning systems. We then discuss the foundations of inference in more detail using a modern viewpoint that relies on the mathematics of partially ordered sets and the scaffolding of lattice theory. This new viewpoint allows us to develop the logic of inquiry and introduce a measure describing the relevance of a proposed question to an unresolved issue. Last, we will demonstrate the automation of inference, and discuss how this new logic of inquiry will enable intelligent machines to ask questions. Automation of both inference and inquiry promises to allow robots to perform science in the far reaches of our solar system and in other star systems by enabling them not only to make inferences from data, but also to decide which question to ask, which experiment to perform, or which measurement to take given what they have learned and what they are designed to understand.
Increasing Willingness to Experience Obsessions: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-session Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for OCD intervention in a nonconcurrent multiple-baseline, across-participants design. Results on self-reported compulsions showed that the intervention produced clinically significant reductions in compulsions by the end of treatment for all participants, with results maintained at 3-month follow-up. Self-monitoring was supported with similar decreases in scores on standardized measures of OCD. Positive changes in anxiety and depression were found for all participants as well as expected process changes in the form of decreased experiential avoidance, believability of obsessions, and need to respond to obsessions. All participants found the treatment to be highly acceptable. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Separating the effects of hypobaria and hypoxia on lettuce : growth and gas exchange

The objectives of this research were to determine the influence of hypobaria (reduced atmospheric pressure) and reduced partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) [hypoxia] on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) assimilation (C A ), dark-period respiration (DPR) and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Buttercrunch). Lettuce plants were grown under variable total gas pressures [25 and 101 kPa (ambient)] at 6, 12 or 21 kPa pO 2 (approximately the partial pressure in air at normal pressure). Growth of lettuce was comparable between ambient and low total pressure but lower at 6 kPa pO 2 (hypoxic) than at 12 or21 kPa pO 2 . The specific leaf area of 6 kPa pO 2 plants was lower, indicating thicker leaves associated with hypoxia. Roots were most sensitive to hypoxia, with a 50-70% growth reduction. Leaf chlorophyll levels were greater at low than at ambient pressure. Hypobaria and hypoxia did not affect plant water relations. While hypobaria did not adversely affect plant growth or C A , hypoxia did. There was comparable C A and a lower DPR in low than in ambient total pressure plants under non-limiting CO 2 levels (100 Pa pCO 2 , nearly three-fold that in normal air). The C A /DPR ratio was higher at low than at ambient total pressure, particularly at 6 kPa pO 2 -indicating a greater efficiency of C A /DPR in low-pressure plants. There was generally no significant interaction between hypoxia and hypobaria. We conclude that lettuce can be grown under subambient pressure (≅25% of normal earth ambient total pressure) without adverse effects on plant growth or gas exchange. Furthermore, hypobaric plants were more resistant to hypoxic conditions that reduced gas exchange and plant growth.
Learning to Share: Measuring Use of a Digitized Collection on Flickr and in the IR

There is very little public data on usage of digitized library collections. New methods for promoting and sharing digitized collections are created all the time, but very little investigation has been done on the effect of those efforts on usage of the collections on library websites. This study attempts to measure the effects of reposting a collection on Flickr on use of the collection in a library-run institutional repository. The results are inconclusive, but the paper provides background on the topic and guidance for future efforts.
Adult Child Caregiver Health Trajectories and the Impact of Multiple Roles Over Time

Guided by stress process and life course theory, the purpose of this study was to examine adult child caregivers' psychological and physical health trajectories and how their multiple family (caregiving, marital, and parenting) and nonfamily (employment) roles contributed to these health outcomes over time. Seven waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study were analyzed for 1,300 adult child caregivers using latent growth curve models. Adult child caregivers have distinct psychological and physical health trajectories that are related to their roles over time. The importance of any given role varies by the type of health outcome and timing in the life course. Caregiving alone does not contribute to adult child caregivers' psychological and physical health; marital and employment roles also contribute significantly to caregivers' life courses.
Defining Political Community and Rights to Natural Resources in Botswana

Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), once presented as the best way to protect common pool natural resources, now attracts a growing chorus of critiques that either question its underlying assumptions or emphasize problems related to institutional design. These critiques overlook connections between the definition of rights to natural resources and membership in political communities. The potential for competing definitions of political identity and rights across natural resources arises when property rights regimes differ across natural resources and these different systems of rights appeal to alternative definitions of community. In Botswana, the entangling of natural resource policy with identity politics contributed to a partial recentralization of CBNRM in 2007.
State-space properties of real rational J-lossless matrices and their applications to network synthesis

A system criterion is given for a real rational n × n matrix S(p) to be J lossless for a given J, i.e. J-S∼*(p)JS(p)≥ 0 in Re p > 0 and J-S∼(-p)JS(p) = 0 where J = J∼ and J2 = In. This algebraic property is then applied to the synthesis of lossless-chain and chain-scattering matrices and to stable transfer-matrix functions by cascade load and cascade networks using the minimum number of reactive elements.
Channeling of cold atoms along a Laguerre-Gaussian light beam

Summary form only given. Extracting cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap (MOT) has been the subject of central interest in recent years. This has seen the emergence of the area of atom guiding along hollow core optical fibers and also along light beams. The guiding and the extraction of cold atoms is of central importance in generating bright, high flux atomic sources for various experiments in atom optics. In this paper we describe and experimentally realize a scheme for extracting cold atoms directly from a magnetooptical trap along a Laguerre-Gaussian light beam.
A Robust Implementation for Three-Dimensional Delaunay Triangulations

This paper presents an implementation for Delaunay triangulations of three-dimensional point sets. The code uses a variant of the randomized incremental flip algorithm and employs symbolic perturbation to achieve robustness. The algorithm's theoretical time complexity is quadratic in n, the number of input points, and this is optimal in the worst case. However, empirical running times are proportional to the number of triangles in the final triangulation, which is typically linear in n. Even though the symbolic perturbation scheme relies on exact arithmetic, the resulting code is efficient in practice. This is due to a careful implementation of the geometric primitives and the arithmetic module. The source code is available on the Internet.
Prolonged engraftment of human hepatocytes in mice transgenic for the deleted form of human hepatocyte growth factor

Aim: Small animal models chimeric for human hepatocytes have provided valuable insights into the biology of hepatotropic viral infection and provided a platform for the study of therapeutic agents. Existing models of human hepatocyte transplantation are limited by phenotypic fragility and impaired immunity. We hypothesized that mice transgenic for human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent human hepatocyte mitogen, would engraft human hepatocytes in the absence of immunodeficiency. Methods: A plasmid construct containing the 2.3 kb coding region of the 723 amino acid isoform of HGF cDNA under the transcriptional control of the mouse albumin promoter/enhancer was used to generate transgenic mice. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were transplanted into nine transgenic and six non-transgenic mice. Engraftment of human hepatocytes was followed for a period of 12 weeks by immunoblotting for human albumin in mouse serum samples. Results: In six out of the nine transgenic mice, abundance of human albumin, following an initial decline, increased andpeaked at > 70 days post transplantation, demonstrating sustained engraftment of transplanted human hepatocytes. In all the non-transgenic mice, post-transplant human albumin levels declined sequentially without evidence of sustained engraftment. Immunostaining of mouse liver sections indicated the presence of human hepatocytes adjacent to clusters of non-staining murine hepatocytes. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that sustained engraftment of human hepatocytes in mice is facilitated by expression of the human dHGF transgene. Human hepatocyte engraftment in this model has been achieved on an immunocompetent strain background and merits further study as a candidate for the study of hepatotropic viral infections.
Assessment of competitive release of endangered beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates)

Motivated by conservation concerns, we assessed whether Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rat) affects the realized niche of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse). After experimentally removing S. hispidus and accounting for spatial autocorrelation in our data, we found weak evidence for an increase in habitat use by P. p. ammobates at locations previously occupied by S. hispidus. This pattern is consistent with a niche-constriction hypothesis, and was not observed on 2 control grids where removals were not conducted. Our results suggest that removal of S. hispidus from habitat remnants immediately following catastrophic hurricanes ameliorates extinction risk of P. p. ammobates, but we also stress the inferential limitations of our data and the need for further investigation of competitive interactions between these species.
Regulated recruitment and cooperativity in the design of biological regulatory systems.

What distinguishes a man from a mouse is not so much different proteins, but rather the appearance of common proteins (etc.) at different times and positions in the developing organisms. Thus specific genes are transcribed or repressed, proteins degraded or stabilized, RNA transcripts spliced one way or another, and so on. These are examples of ‘regulatory’ decisions. A rather simple mechanism—called regulated recruitment—lies at the heart of many of these regulatory decisions.
Migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells through a basement membrane barrier requires type IV collagenase activity and is inhibited by cellular differentiation.

The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the tunica media to the neointima is a key event in the development and progression of many vascular diseases and a highly predictable consequence of mechanical injury to the blood vessel. In vivo, VSMCs are surrounded by and embedded in a variety of extracellular matrices (ECMs) that must be traversed during migration. One of the principal barriers to cell movement in the intact vessel is the basement membrane (BM) that surrounds each VSMC and separates the VSMC-containing medial cell layer from the endothelium. We have used a Boyden chamber to monitor the ability of VSMCs to degrade a BM barrier as they migrate toward a chemoattractant and to define the role of extracellular proteases in this process. We show that cultured VSMCs can migrate across a BM barrier and that this ability was dependent on the phenotypic state of the cell. VSMCs maintained in a proliferating or "synthetic" state readily migrated across a BM toward a chemoattractant, whereas the migration of serum-starved/differentiated VSMCs was suppressed by > 80% (P 80% (P < .0001), whereas migration that occurred in the absence of the barrier was unaffected. Northern blotting and zymographic analyses indicated that 72-kD type IV collagenase (MMP2) was the principal MMP expressed and secreted by these cells. Accordingly, antisera capable of selectively neutralizing MMP2 activity also inhibited VSMC migration across the barrier without significantly affecting the migration of VSMCs in the absence of the barrier. Finally, MMP2 activity was also regulated by the phenotypic state of the cells in that MMP2 activity expressed by serum-starved/differentiated VSMCs was < 5% of that measured in proliferating VSMCs. Extrapolating to the in vivo situation in which VSMCs reside in an ECM composed of various BM barriers, these results suggest that VSMC migration in vivo may be dependent on MMP2 activity. That activity, in turn, could be regulated by the phenotypic state of VSMCs and increase as these cells undergo the transition from a quiescent and differentiated state to that of a dedifferentiated, proliferating, and motile phenotype after injury to the vessel.
Finite Elastic Deformation for a Class of Soft Biological Tissues

The stress response of soft biological tissues is investigated theoretically. The treatment follows the approach of Wu and Yao [1] and is now extended for a broad class of soft tissues. The theory accounts for the anisotropy due to the presence of fibers and also allows for the stretching of fibers under load. As an application of the theory, a precise form for the strain energy function is proposed. This form is then shown to describe the mechanical behavior of annulus fibrosus satisfactorily. The constants in the strain energy function have also been approximately determined from only a uniaxial tension test.
1D inverse problem in diffusion based optical tomography using iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton algorithm

In this paper, we investigate an one-dimensional inverse problem in diffusion based optical tomography using iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton (IRGN) algorithm for ill-posed nonlinear problems. We devise a stable reconstruction algorithm for the inverse problem using iterative regularization with Armijo-Goldstein-Wolf (AGW) type line search strategy. We demonstrate the efficacy of the IRGN combined with AGW by reconstructing the scattering parameter relevant to the inverse problem in optical tomography.
The role of abiotic conditions in shaping the long-term patterns of a high-elevation Argentine ant invasion

Analysis of long-term patterns of invasion can reveal the importance of abiotic factors in influencing invasion dynamics, and can help predict future patterns of spread. In the case of the invasive Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile ), most prior studies have investigated this species’ limitations in hot and dry climates. However, spatial and temporal patterns of spread involving two ant populations over the course of 30 years at a high elevation site in Hawaii suggest that cold and wet conditions have influenced both the ant’s distribution and its rate of invasion. In Haleakala National Park on Maui, we found that a population invading at lower elevation is limited by increasing rainfall and presumably by associated decreasing temperatures. A second, higher elevation population has spread outward in all directions, but rates of spread in different directions appear to have been strongly influenced by differences in elevation and temperature. Patterns of foraging activity were strongly tied to soil temperatures, supporting the hypothesis that variation in temperature can influence rates of spread. Based on past patterns of spread, we predicted a total potential range that covers nearly 50% of the park and 75% of the park’s subalpine habitats. We compared this rough estimate with point predictions derived from a degree-day model for Argentine ant colony reproduction, and found that the two independent predictions match closely when soil temperatures are used in the model. The cold, wet conditions that have influenced Argentine ant invasion at this site are likely to be influential at other locations in this species’ current and future worldwide distribution.
Fixed zeros in the model matching problem for systems over a semiring

This paper studies "fixed zeros" of solutions to the model matching problem for systems over a semiring. Such systems have been used to model queueing systems, communication networks, and manufacturing systems. The main contribution of this paper is the discovery of two fixed zero semimodules, which possess a connection with the extended zero semimodules of solutions to the model matching problem. Intuitively, the fixed zero semimodule provides an essential component that is obtained from the solutions to the model matching problem. For discrete event dynamic systems modeled in max-plus algebra, a common Petri net component constructed from the solutions to the model matching problem can be discovered from the fixed zero structure.
Male hormone in the treatment of the menopause.

Abstract 1. Sixty-two menopausal patients were treated with testosterone propionate and methyl testosterone. 2. Twenty-seven per cent of these patients were relieved of symptoms. 3. Thirty-two per cent of the 52 patients who received testosterone propionate developed toxic symptoms. 4. The effect of androgens on the menopausal vaginal smear is antiestrogenic. 5. Androgens are not specific in the treatment of the menopause as judged by clinical results. 6. The theories advanced to rationalize the use of androgens are not convincing. 7. Androgens should be restricted to experimental clinics and not advocated for general use in the menopause.
Sensory Pathway Modulation by Calcium Channel α2δ1 Subunit

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) are importantly involved in modulation of pathophysiological functions, including the transduction of nociceptive and non-nociceptive signals. As an auxiliary subunit of VGCC, the α2δ (Cavα2δ) subunit plays critical roles in modulating VGCC expression and functions such as regulations of VGCC trafficking, kinetics of voltage-dependent activation and inactivation. Cavα2δ also modulates neuronal and synaptic functions through both VGCC-dependent and independent mechanisms. Among Cavα2δ1–4 subunits, Cavα2δ1 subunit is implicated in pain processing because (1) its upregulation in neuropathic pain models is shown to play a critical role in the onset and maintenance of pain states; (2) its upregulation in sensory neurons leads to dorsal spinal cord neuron sensitization; (3) it is the receptor for gabapentinoids that can normalize activity of sensitized dorsal spinal cord neurons, and have anti-neuropathic pain properties in animal models and patients. In this chapter, we briefly review the regulation of Cavα2δ and its functional contribution to pathophysiological conditions with a main focus on pain transduction and processing. Underlying mechanisms related to Cavα2δ1 contributions to pain processing and the therapeutic effects of gabapentinoids are also discussed.
Underground Autocatalytic-Criticality Potential and its Implications to Weapons Fissile-Material Disposition

Several options for weapons fissile-material disposition, such as once-through mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel in reactors or immobilisation in waste glass, would result in end products requiring geologic disposal. The criticality potential of the fissile end products containing U-235 and Pu-239 and the associated consequences in a geologic setting are important considerations for the final disposal of these materials. The possibility of underground criticality, and especially autocatalytic criticality, is affected by (1) groundwater leaking into a failed waste container, (2) preferential leaching of neutron absorbers or of fissile material from a failed container, and (3) preferential deposition of fissile material in the surrounding rock.
FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS IN THE LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE GENE AND RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

The current report is a quantitative review of the relationship between lipoprotein lipase gene variants and cardiovascular disease based on published population-based studies. Sixteen studies, representing 17 630 individuals, report allelic distribution for lipoprotein lipase gene variants among pa
Influence of Delayed Mating on Egg Production, Egg Viability, Mating, and Longevity of Female Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Virgin female pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were paired individually with a 2- to 3-d-old virgin male for one night at ages <1, 1, 5, 10, and 15 d from eclosion in lots of 25. Virgin females served as controls. Records were kept on numbers of eggs deposited daily, percentage hatch, and day of adult death. All dead females were dissected to determine mating status. When total females of each age group were considered, mating at the age of 5, 10, and 15 d resulted in significantly less mating, fewer eggs, less hatch, and fewer first-instar larvae than when mating occurred at the age of <1 and 1 d. Virgins lived significantly longer than females mated at <1, 1, and 5 d of age. Mating delays of 10 and 15 d resulted in longevities similar to that of virgins. Differences in mating and oviposition between treatments for mated and total females were statistically similar, and there were no significant differences in percentage hatch of eggs produced by mated females regardless of the female's age. These results suggest that one mating provided adequate sperm to fertilize available eggs. Mated females showed a marked oviposition response on the second night after mating. Generation increases established from previously reported field populations and compared with reproduction in the current study show that mating delays of 5 d or more could result in a 5-fold decrease in population density over four generations.
Diverging sensitivity of soil water stress to changing snowmelt timing in the Western U.S.

Abstract Altered snowpack regimes from regional warming threaten mountain ecosystems with greater water stress and increased likelihood of vegetation disturbance. The sensitivity of vegetation to changing snowpack conditions is strongly mediated by soil water storage, yet a framework to identify areas sensitive to changing snowpack regimes is lacking. In this study we ask two questions: (1) How will changing snowmelt alter the duration of soil water stress and length of the soil-mediated growing season (shortened to water stress and growing season, respectively)? and (2) What site characteristics increase the sensitivity of water stress and growing season duration to changes in snowmelt? We compiled soil moisture at 5, 20 and 50 cm depths from 62 SNOTEL sites with > 5 years of records and detailed soil properties. Soil water stress was estimated based on measured wilting point water content. The day of snow disappearance consistently explained the greatest variability in water stress across all site-years and within individual sites, while summer precipitation explained the most variability in growing season length. On average, a one day earlier snow disappearance resulted in 0.62 days greater water stress and 36 of 62 sites had significant relationships between snow disappearance and water stress. Despite earlier snow disappearance leading to greater water stress at nearly all sites, earlier snow disappearance led to both significant increases (4 of 62) and decreases (5 of 62) in growing season length. Satellite derived vegetation greenness confirmed site-dependent changes could both increase and reduce maximum annual vegetation greenness with earlier snow disappearance. A simple soil moisture model demonstrated the potential for diverging growing season length with earlier snow disappearance was more likely in areas with finer soil texture, greater rooting depth, greater potential evapotranspiration, and greater precipitation. More work is needed to understand the role of decreasing snowpacks, summer precipitation, and deeper soil processes in modulating sensitivity to earlier snowmelt. The potential for heterogeneity in mountain environments to cause diverging growing season length from earlier snowmelt over relatively small spatial scales has important implications for water budgets and development of refugia to regional warming.
New data on the ceratopsian dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergii Osborn from New Mexico

Several heretofore undescribed fragmentary specimens of the horned dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergii (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia) reveal previously unknown features of the skull and extend the known range of morphological variation in this species. Pentaceratops sternbergii possesses a well-developed postfrontal fontanelle and a braincase structure similar to that of other chasmosaurines. The posterior parietal margin bears a pair of upturned epoccipitals on either side of the midline, similar to the short hook-like processes in Anchiceratops. The stratigraphic range of Pentaceratops spans the Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian but, contrary to previous reports, cannot reliably be extended into the Late Maastrichtian.
Oxygen consumption of human uterine strips. Calculation of a limiting thickness.

Abstract Oxygen consumption of human uterine muscle strips was measured in the Warburg apparatus. Oxygen consumption was found not to be affected by low concentrations of halothane or by cold storage. The data were used to calculate a limiting thickness for muscle strips for in vitro contractility studies under aerobic conditions.
Potential utility of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in the management of ovarian hyperandrogenism

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are potent suppressors of ovarian androgen biosynthesis even in the face of severe hyperandrogenism (e.g., hyperinsulinemia, hyperthecosis). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are clinically useful in the context of hirsutism. The use of Gn-RH-a in the context of hirsutism is not duration-limited in that the induced hypoestrogenism and its consequent complications are likely to be effectively managed by the concurrent provision of estrogen replacement therapy.
Endoscopic ureteral occlusion for urinary diversion in patients with lower urinary tract fistulas.

SUMMARY Endoscopic ureteral occlusion and nephrostomy drainage is a simple, nonsurgical procedure that can control urine leakage from an intractable lower urinary tract fistula and improve the quality of life for a patient with a short life expectancy.
The flavivirus dengue induces hypertrophy of white matter astrocytes.

Flaviviruses, including Zika and dengue (DENV), pose a serious global threat to human health. Of the 50+ million humans infected with DENV annually, approximately 1–3 % progress to severe disease manifestations, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Several factors are suspected to mediate the course of infection and pathogenesis of DENV infection. DHF and DSS are associated with vascular leakage and neurological sequelae. Our hypothesis was that altered astrocyte activation and morphology would alter the dynamics of the extracellular space and hence, neuronal and vascular function. We investigated the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis DENV infection in rhesus macaques. There were decreased numbers of GFAP immunopositive astrocytes per unit area, although those that remained had increased arbor length and complexity. This was combined with structural hypertrophy of white matter astrocytes in the absence of increased vascular leakage. Combined, these studies show how even low-grade infection with DENV induces measurable changes within the parenchyma of infected individuals.
[Etiological detection of severe hand-food-mouth disease and related genetic characteristics of enterovirus type 71 infection in Beijing, 2010].

Objective To study the etiological detection on samples from severe hand-footmouth disease (HFMD) cases and the genetic characteristics of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) isolates lrom severe patients in Beijing,2010.Methods Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect EV71 and Coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) and RD cells were used to separate virus strains from samples.Homogeneity of EV71 isolated strains were also analyzed. Results Four hundred and fourty-two severe cases were detected and 253 were positive,taking up 57.24％ of the total (253/442).The overall positive detection rate on EV71 was 54.55％ (138/253),with CoxA16 as 5.93％(15/253),and with other enterovirus group was 39.53％(100/253).The nucleotide homogencity of VP1 within these 12 strains was 97.2％ 100.0％,and with Beijing strains in 2007-2010,Shandong strains in 2007 and Anhui Fuyang strains in 2008 and the Guangdong strains in 2008 as 94.0％-99.9％.Conclusion Severe HFMD cases were most oftenly caused by EV71 but less caused by CoxA16 or other cnterovirus.The HFMD in 2010 in Beijing was mainly caused by EV71 subgenotype C4a with 4 transmission chains.Twclve isolated EV71 strains had high homogeneity with strains isolated from severe cases in Anhui Fuyang in 2007. Key words: Hand-food-mouth disease; Enterovirus type 71; Sequence analysis
Innovation of Switched-Capacitor Voltage Multiplier: Part 2: Fundamentals of the Charge Pump

In Part 1 of this series [1], a brief history of switched-capacitor voltage multiplier was reviewed starting with Greinacher's voltage doubler in 1914 [2]. It was concluded that the Falke-Dickson [3], [4] parallel voltage multiplier or charge pump was best for integrated circuits where capacitors and switching devices had significant parasitic capacitance [5]. In this Part 2, the structure of integrated switching devices and capacitors is reviewed. An equivalent circuit and power efficiency of the charge pump is discussed in both the ideal and real cases in terms of threshold voltage of switching transistor and parasitic capacitance. Finally, several design optimizations are described.
US Policy for Plutonium: Civilian Use, Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Arms Reduction

From the very beginning, the military and peaceful faces of plutonium have been clear to see. The fission energy of plutonium released in an uncontrolled chain reaction provides the enormously destructive force of the atom bomb. The same energy released slowly within the confines of a nuclear reactor provides energy for beneficial peaceful purposes, setting aside for the moment the concerns voiced about dangers to the environment and to public health and safety from the commercial production and use of plutonium as a nuclear fuel. Ever since the USA produced and used plutonium to make the bomb that devastated Nagasaki in 1945, US policy has been concerned with three facets of plutonium use: production for nuclear weapons, use as a nuclear fuel, and limiting the chances that plutonium might be diverted by government or stolen by criminals and terrorists from peaceful uses to make nuclear explosives (i.e., non-proliferation policy). An anticipated policy concern of the future is what to do with the plutonium from dismantled nuclear warheads if the USA and the Soviet Union move beyond the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) and Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) to truly deep cuts in their nuclear arsenals.
Abstract 444: Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) in ovarian cancer

This study focuses on Hyaluronan Mediated Motility Receptor (RHAMM) protein expression in ovarian carcinoma (OC). RHAMM protein increases migration, invasion and is associated with poor prognosis when overexpressed. It is a dualistic oncogenic protein located within and on the cell surface acting as a receptor for Hyaluronan (HA). RHAMM is not generally overexpressed in normal tissues, but is upregulated in a number of cancers and is associated with poor clinical outcome. However, the role of RHAMM in OC progression is unknown. Hypothesis: Elevated RHAMM levels promote OC progression and represent a novel urinary biomarker for OC. Procedures: Measuring RHAMM expression in OC cell protein lysate and conditioned media (CM) was done by western blot (WB) and densitometry. With institution approval, patient cohort urine from male and female healthy controls and patients with cancer of the ovary, lung, breast, prostate, cervix, colorectum, skin, endometrium, head and neck, and brain were acquired from the H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center at the University of South Florida. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed for RHAMM detection, was used to measure patient urine expression levels. Results: Cultured OC cells overexpress and secrete RHAMM. Using OC, SV-40 large T-antigen transfected human ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) cells (HIO118, IOSE-121) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), we found >2x the expression of RHAMM protein in BC (MCF7) and OC (OVCAR5, OV2008, C13) cells by WB. WB of CM indicated >3x RHAMM levels secreted by OC compared to IOSE cells. Urinary levels of RHAMM are elevated in OC patients. Since RHAMM is not an integral membrane protein, but rather loosely tethered to the plasma membrane, we determined whether RHAMM could be detected in bodily fluids of OC patients. ELISA showed detection of urinary RHAMM protein levels averaged 0.140 ng/ml (n = 26) in healthy patient controls whereas OC patients averaged 0.411 ng/ml (n = 132). Conclusions: Prior to this study, overexpression and secretion of RHAMM by OC cells had not been reported. This has expanded our knowledge of OC etiology by delineating a functional role for RHAMM-driven OC progression. Validating elevated urinary levels of RHAMM suggests it is a potential diagnostic marker alone or in combination with other markers for OC detection. Further, the ability to monitor OC through the course of disease using urinary RHAMM levels could indicate recurrent disease or therapeutic efficacy. Understanding RHAMM expression in OC may lead to a possible diagnostic/prognostic indicator or therapeutic target for OC. Citation Format: Stephanie Buttermore, Patricia Kruk. Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 444.
The Tangible and the Intangible: Le Curé de Tours

“The Tangible and the Intangible” turns to Le Cure de Tours. It tells the pitiable story of a country priest, who is incapable of divining the forces moving against him and thus loses the meager but tangible joys of his self-centered life. While burlesque always serves to ridicule, Balzac’s creation also envisages the French church after the Revolution. Denuded of property, its former power has largely dissipated, leaving degraded ecclesiastical functionaries that care only for themselves, capable only of hurting each other and the similarly disinherited aristocrats. The moral nobility that once marked the Church and the Aristocracy has been exhausted by the jealous pettiness of unproductive celibates.
Contributions of nonlinguistic task-shifting to language control in bilingual children.

Language control, bilinguals’ ability to regulate which language is used, has been posited to recruit domain-general cognitive control. However, studies relating language control and cognitive control have yielded mixed results in adults and have not been undertaken in children. The current study examined the contributions of nonlinguistic task-shifting to language control in Spanish–English bilingual children (ages 5–7) during a cued-switch picture-naming task. Language control was assessed at two levels: (1) cross-language errors, which indexed the success of language selection, and (2) naming speed, which indexed the efficiency of lexical selection. Nonlinguistic task-shifting was a robust predictor of children's cross-language errors, reflecting a role for domain-general cognitive control during language selection. However, task-shifting predicted naming speed only in children's non-dominant language, suggesting a more nuanced role for cognitive control in the efficiency of selecting a particular lexical target.
Bolivia’s Foreign Policy Toward the Middle East (2000–2015): Promoting a Populist and Radical Agenda Abroad

The foreign policy of the radical populist government of indigenous president Evo Morales mirrored the principles and causes of Bolivia’s “refounding” revolution. In the Middle East since the Arab Spring, Bolivian foreign policy shifted from the pro-US alignment of previous elite governments to a radicalized, activist, and independent role promoting an anti-hegemonic and anti-capitalist agenda that directly challenged US regional interests and global dominance. The Morales government embraced the “outcast” regimes of Libya and Iran, championed Palestinian statehood, and cooled toward Israel—positions opposed to US policy. The Middle East provided a geopolitical arena where Bolivia could challenge the reactionary global order of US hegemony, and champion its revolutionary causes, thereby enhancing Bolivia’s importance and autonomy as an international actor, and legitimating revolution at home.
In Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy, Is the Eversion Technique Superior to a Patch Technique to Reduce Restenosis?

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the treatment of choice for symptomatic carotid stenosis and selected asymptomatic lesions. CEA is most often performed via a longitudinal anterior arteriotomy in the common carotid artery (CCA) extending through the carotid bulb and into the internal carotid artery (ICA). Many surgeons feel that this so-called “standard” technique (sCEA) allows for optimal visualization and excision of the plaque, and maximally facilitates arterial reconstruction. An alternative technique, known as “eversion endarterectomy” (eCEA) has also been popularized. eCEA is performed by transecting the carotid bulb just below the bifurcation and removing the plaque by everting the media/adventitia using the plaque as a mandrill over which to establish a cleavage plane. The purpose of this chapter is to describe, review and compare these methods of CEA, and make recommendations as to the optimal technique of the operation.
"Collaborate to Innovate? Team Size, Patenting, and Collaborative Complexity in a Global R&D Center (WITHDRAWN)"

How should firms organize their employees for innovation? Are individuals, dyads, triads, or larger teams more likely to generate patents, and under what conditions? To address these questions, we introduce the concept of collaborative complexity, which we argue increases with the number of links between collaborators as well as with conditions that increase friction in these links. Based on these arguments, we predict a negative relationship between team size and patenting that will be more negative if collaborators cross administrative boundaries but more positive if they have overlapping interests. Furthermore, the negative relationship between team size and patenting as well as the moderating effects of administrative boundaries and overlapping interests will be exponential rather than linear in form, because the number of links between collaborators increases faster than the number of collaborators. We test these hypotheses using a proprietary dataset that combines patent data with fine-grained perso...