cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some heightened sensitivity

Some heightened sensitivity Andrew E Hudson 1* and Alex Proekt 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza Suite 3325, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 535 E 68 th St, New York, NY 10065 *Corresponding author, Email: ahudson@mednet.ucla.edu
Comparison of passively transferred antibodies in bighorn and domestic lambs reveals one factor in differential susceptibility of these species to Mannheimia haemolytica-induced pneumonia.

Mannheimia haemolytica consistently causes fatal bronchopneumonia in bighorn sheep (BHS; Ovis canadensis) under natural and experimental conditions. Leukotoxin is the primary virulence factor of this organism. BHS are more susceptible to developing fatal pneumonia than the related species Ovis aries (domestic sheep [DS]). In BHS herds affected by pneumonia, lamb recruitment is severely impaired for years subsequent to an outbreak. We hypothesized that a lack of maternally derived antibodies (Abs) against M. haemolytica provides an immunologic basis for enhanced susceptibility of BH lambs to population-limiting pneumonia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the titers of Abs directed against M. haemolytica in the sera of BH and domestic lambs at birth through 12 weeks of age. Results revealed that BH lambs had approximately 18-fold lower titers of Ab against surface antigens of M. haemolytica and approximately 20-fold lower titers of leukotoxin-neutralizing Abs than domestic lambs. The titers of leukotoxin-neutralizing Abs in the serum and colostrum samples of BH ewes were approximately 157- and 50-fold lower than those for domestic ewes, respectively. Comparatively, the higher titers of parainfluenza 3 virus-neutralizing Abs in the BH lambs ruled out the possibility that these BHS had an impaired ability to passively transfer Abs to their lambs. These results suggest that lower levels of leukotoxin-neutralizing Abs in the sera of BH ewes, and resultant low Ab titers in their lambs, may be a critical factor in the poor lamb recruitment in herds affected by pneumonia. The bighorn sheep (BHS; Ovis canadensis) population of North America has declined from an estimated 2 million animals at the beginning of the 19th century to less than 70,000 at this time (2, 32). Factors contributing to this population decline include predation, loss of habitat, competition for forage with livestock, and respiratory disease. Outbreaks of bronchopneumonia in previously healthy populations of BHS often result in high death rates among all age groups initially, followed by years of impaired recruitment due to pneumonia in lambs (5, 21, 24, 28). During these outbreaks, members of the genera Mannheimia, Bibersteinia, and Pasteurella, including Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Bibersteinia (Pasteurella) trehalosi, and Pasteurella multocida, have commonly been isolated from pneumonic lungs (16, 26). Of these, M. haemolytica has consistently been shown to cause fatal bronchopneumonia in BHS under experimental conditions (9, 12, 20). While M. haemolytica can cause pneumonia in multiple ruminant species, including cattle and domestic sheep (DS), BHS are particularly susceptible to this disease. A number of studies have shown that BHS demonstrate greater susceptibility to M. haemolytica, and exhibit more severe pathology when infected, than DS (9, 11, 12, 24).
Classical Derivation of the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Optimal Linear Programs

This paper presents a new derivation of the key ideas of Dantzig's simplex algorithm by using the differential approach to nonlinear programming. Specifically, the necessary condition shows that a candidate for the optimum is a basic feasible solution, while the sufficiency condition indicates that the optimality indicator cj-zj for nonbasic variables xj must be nonpositive nonnegative in order for a maximization minimization linear program to be optimal.
Structural insight into the role of myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis

In the article by Musse et al. in this issue of PNAS (1), the authors present unique and compelling physico-chemical data that demonstrate the structural instability of myelin in multiple sclerosis (MS). Such alteration in myelin stability, reported as secondary to changes in myelin basic protein (MBP) structure, may be causative in nature and/or contribute to the early course of demyelination in MS. A combination of physico-chemical and theoretical approaches enabled the authors to arrive at their conclusions and demonstrated that myelin structural information can shed light on mechanistic dysfunction in MS.
The flow and stability of thin liquid films on a rotating disk

Measurements of the thickness and the stability of thin films of liquid (1–150 μmthick) formed on a rotating horizontal disk are presented and correlated in terms of an asymptotic-expansion solution of the thin-film equations. Water, various alcohols and water with wetting activities were used to cover a range of viscosity (1-2.5cP) and surface tension (20-72 dynes/cm). Smooth flow was found to occur in a region defined by the flow rate, rotational speed and physical properties of the liquid. Outside this region various wave patterns were observed (concentric, spiral and irregular waves). A linear theory of the stability of the film based on an extension of classical stability theories for plane films on inclined planes is given and contrasted with the experimental results. Surface phenomena associated with the use of wetting agents were found to have a strong effect on the stability of the film.
Effects of phorbol esters and a diacylglycerol on the mouse sperm acrosome reaction induced by the zona pellucida.

Capacitated mouse sperm undergo the spontaneous acrosome reaction in suspension and the zona-induced acrosome reaction when bound to isolated, intact zonae pellucidae. The zona-induced acrosome reaction in the mouse resembles, in part, ligand-receptor-mediated exocytotic processes that occur in some somatic cells. Since such processes have been shown to be mediated in part by protein kinase C-catalyzed protein phosphorylation, the effects of phorbol esters, which are potent activators of this kinase, on both the spontaneous and the zona-induced acrosome reaction were examined. At concentrations up to 10 pM, 12-tetradecanoyl phorbol13-acetate (TPA) had no effect on the time course of the spontaneous acrosome reaction as scored by the chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence assay. Capacitated, acrosome-intact sperm display Pattern B in the CTC assay with fluorescence on the anterior head; fully acrosome-reacted sperm display Pattern AR with no fluorescence on the head. The time course of the loss of Pattern B in the zona-induced acrosome reaction was markedly accelerated by 65 nM TPA as compared to controls, whereas the appearance of Pattern AR was retarded. The appearance of Pattern S, which is characterized by punctate fluorescence on the head and which marks an intermediate state between Pattern B and Pattern AR in the controls, was accelerated by 65 nM TPA to the same extent as the loss of Pattern B at early times post-binding to zonae. The disappearance of Pattern S at later times post-binding to zonae was retarded by 65 nM TPA to the same extent as the appearance of Pattern AR. The transitions between the fluorescence patterns, designated the B-to-S and the S-to-AR transitions, therefore define two stages of the zona-induced acrosome reaction, which are affected in opposite directions by TPA. The effects of 65 nM TPA are mimicked by 60 nM 4-I’3-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (4-13-PDD) while the 4-a isomer is without effect. Such stereospecificity is similar to that reported for the activation of protein kinase C. The diacyiglycerol, 1-oleyl-2-acetylglycerol, which is also known to activate protein kinase C, mimicked the effects of TPA and 4-13-PDD on the time courses of the B-to-S and S-to-AR transitions. These results suggest that protein kinase C may play an intermediary role in the zona-induced mouse sperm acrosome reaction.
Confocal Raman Microscopy of Optical-Trapped Particles in Liquids

The in situ analysis of small, dispersed particles in liquids is a challenging problem, the successful solution to which influences diverse applications of colloidal particles in materials science, synthetic chemistry, and molecular biology. Optical trapping of small particles with a tightly focused laser beam can be combined with confocal Raman microscopy to provide molecular structure information about individual, femtogram-sized particles in liquid samples. In this review, we consider the basic principles of combining optical trapping and confocal Raman spectroscopy, then survey the applications that have been developed through the combination of these techniques and their use in the analysis of particles dispersed in liquids.
Energy-saving potential analysis and assessment on land transport of Taiwan

Abstract Among the various research institutes in Taiwan, the overall transportation energy consumptions and energy saving statistics are quite in the lack. This study first of all collects the transportation data from Statistics Department and Institute of Transportation of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications for the purpose of application research. Meanwhile, energy consumption factors are retrieved from the Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economy and relevant papers; thereby, the energy consumptions of passenger and freight vehicles are analyzed statistically. Furthermore, the total energy consumption of current transportation is calculated. The calculation results show that the transportation capacity and energy intensity of passenger cars are the largest ones in the all land vehicles. Therefore, the passenger cars have the greatest potential for energy saving. Finally, this study sums up the implementation of energy-saving strategies, including the application of BAT (Best Available Technologies) and the augment of public transportation infrastructure. Through scenario analysis, the results of this study show that the national GHG abatement goal in 2025 (i.e., 5.2 Mt-CO 2e ) is fulfilled. Wherein, the energy-saving is 2931 MKLOE with reduction rate of 27%, or 2.43% in national scale, while the equivalence of GHG abatement is 5.91 Mt-CO 2e , or 2.40% in national scale.
Bladder Cancer Overview and Staging

Bladder cancer incidence varies significantly according to age, gender, and race. Approximately 75 % of patients with bladder cancer are 65 years of age or older, and the incidence is greater in men than women with bladder cancer the fourth most common cancer diagnosis among men. Additionally, bladder cancer occurs more commonly in white compared to black individuals. Cigarette smoking continues to be the primary risk factor for urothelial carcinoma, and smoking cessation does subsequently reduce the likelihood of developing bladder cancer. In terms of diagnosis, cystoscopy remains the gold standard, although fluorescent light, cytology, and urinary biomarkers can all improve the sensitivity of cancer detection.
Oligosaccharyl Transferase and Protein Disulfide Isomerase: Two Key Enzymes in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

The co-translational glycosylation of nascent polypeptide chains in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is catalyzed by oligosaccharyl transferase (OT). Recent studies in yeast by others have identified two proteins that are non-limiting components of OT. In an effort to identify other, limiting components of OT we have devised a sensitive assay for OT activity in lysed yeast protoplasts. This assay has been used to screen a collection of temperature sensitive yeast mutants. This approach has yielded several mutants that have defects in glycosylation, one of which may contain a limiting, defective component of OT. Efforts to characterize these mutants and to clone and sequence this putative OT subunit are in progress.
Dyadic Effects, Relevance, and the Empirical Assessment of the Kantian Peace

ABSTRACTDyadic effects to a large extent account for the difficulty of explaining and predicting international conflict. In this study, I derive a statistical model to estimate unobserved dyadic effects in the dyadic analysis of conflict. The proposed model employs a hierarchical modeling approach to estimate dyadic effects, thereby avoiding the problems caused by the use of fixed effects models. Furthermore, it simultaneously addresses the important sample selection issue of identifying relevant dyads. I show that the estimation of dyadic effects significantly improves the model fit and generates several interesting findings. Substantively, this study makes an important contribution to the empirical evaluation of the Kantian peace. It argues that international organizations increase the likelihood of conflict of interest between member states but reduce the probability of militarized conflict. I demonstrate that the positive coefficient of international organizations in Oneal and Russett (1999) is biased...
Oxygen Isotope Variability within Nautilus Shell Growth Bands

Nautilus is often used as an analogue for the ecology and behavior of extinct externally shelled cephalopods. Nautilus shell grows quickly, has internal growth banding, and is widely believed to precipitate aragonite in oxygen isotope equilibrium with seawater. Pieces of shell from a wild-caught Nautilus macromphalus from New Caledonia and from a Nautilus belauensis reared in an aquarium were cast in epoxy, polished, and then imaged. Growth bands were visible in the outer prismatic layer of both shells. The thicknesses of the bands are consistent with previously reported daily growth rates measured in aquarium reared individuals. In situ analysis of oxygen isotope ratios using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with 10 μm beam-spot size reveals inter- and intra-band δ18O variation. In the wild-caught sample, a traverse crosscutting 45 growth bands yielded δ18O values ranging 2.5‰, from +0.9 to -1.6 ‰ (VPDB), a range that is larger than that observed in many serial sampling of entire shells by conventional methods. The maximum range within a single band (~32 μm) was 1.5‰, and 27 out of 41 bands had a range larger than instrumental precision (±2 SD = 0.6‰). The results from the wild individual suggest depth migration is recorded by the shell, but are not consistent with a simple sinusoidal, diurnal depth change pattern. To create the observed range of δ18O, however, this Nautilus must have traversed a temperature gradient of at least ~12°C, corresponding to approximately 400 m depth change. Isotopic variation was also measured in the aquarium-reared sample, but the pattern within and between bands likely reflects evaporative enrichment arising from a weekly cycle of refill and replacement of the aquarium water. Overall, this work suggests that depth migration behavior in ancient nektonic mollusks could be elucidated by SIMS analysis across individual growth bands.
Minimizing the impact of community violence on child witnesses.

Significant numbers of children witness violence in their communities. These indirect victims are at risk for psychological and developmental problems. Child witnesses respond to violent events in two stages: an immediate reaction to the trauma followed by a response to the trauma and grief. Nurses can implement secondary prevention strategies at each of these stages to minimize the impact of community violence on child witnesses.
GLS-Finder: A Platform for Fast Profiling of Glucosinolates in Brassica Vegetables

Mass spectrometry combined with related tandem techniques has become the most popular method for plant secondary metabolite characterization. We introduce a new strategy based on in-database searching, mass fragmentation behavior study, formula predicting for fast profiling of glucosinolates, a class of important compounds in brassica vegetables. A MATLAB script-based expert system computer program, "GLS-Finder", was developed. It is capable of qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of glucosinolates in samples using data generated by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution accurate mass with multi-stage mass fragmentation (UHPLC-HRAM/MS(n)). A suite of bioinformatic tools was integrated into the "GLS-Finder" to perform raw data deconvolution, peak alignment, glucosinolate putative assignments, semi-quantitation, and unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA). GLS-Finder was successfully applied to identify intact glucosinolates in 49 commonly consumed Brassica vegetable samples in the United States. It is believed that this work introduces a new way of fast data processing and interpretation for qualitative and quantitative analyses of glucosinolates, where great efficacy was improved in comparison to identification manually.
Peeking Network States with Clustered Patterns

Network traffic monitoring has long been a core element for effec- tive network management and security. However, it is still a chal- lenging task with a high degree of complexity for comprehensive analysis when considering multiple variables and ever-increasing traffic volumes to monitor. For example, one of the widely con- sidered approaches is to scrutinize probabilistic distributions, but it poses a scalability concern and multivariate analysis is not gen- erally supported due to the exponential increase of the complexity. In this work, we propose a novel method for network traffic moni- toring based on clustering, one of the powerful deep-learning tech- niques. We show that the new approach enables us to recognize clustered results as patterns representing the network states, which can then be utilized to evaluate “similarity” of network states over time. In addition, we define a new quantitative measure for the similarity between two compared network states observed in dif- ferent time windows, as a supportive means for intuitive analysis. Finally, we demonstrate the clustering-based network monitoring with public traffic traces, and show that the proposed approach us- ing the clustering method has a great opportunity for feasible, cost- effective network monitoring.
Deficient total cell content of CR3 (CD11b) in neonatal neutrophils

Neonatal neutrophils (PMN) show a well-documented defect in chemotaxis that is associated with several abnormalities of PMN structure and function, including deficient surface expression of CR3 (CD11b), a critical adhesion molecule, on chemoattractant-activated PMN. After activation of PMN with additional stimuli including calcium ionophores, we also found deficient surface CR3 (but normal CR1) expression on neonatal PMN suggesting that abnormal signaling mechanisms are not likely to explain the deficient CR3 expression on activated neonatal PMN. Therefore, we hypothesized that deficient surface expression of CR3 on stimulated neonatal neutrophils is caused by a deficiency in total cell content of CR3. We tested this hypothesis using three different methods to compare the total quantity of CR3 in neonatal versus adult PMN. Western blotting of serial twofold dilutions of PMN lysates from five adult and neonatal pairs, using a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against CR3 (21PM19C), consistently showed diminished CR3 content in neonatal PMN. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in which the CR3 heterodimers in PMN lysates were captured by MoAb to the beta-chain, CD18 (R15.7), then detected with a biotinylated MoAb to the alpha-chain, CD11b (anti-Mac-1), showed that neonatal PMN lysates contain about 66% of adult PMN levels of CR3 (P < 0.03; n = 6). PMN fixed with paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with saponin were studied by immunofluorescence flow cytometry to determine total (surface plus intracellular) CR3 content using phycoerythrin-conjugated MoAb to CR3 (anti-Leu15). Mean total cell CR3 content (in relative fluorescence units) was 58 +/- 14 for adult PMN and 27 +/- 6 for neonatal PMN (n = 5; P = 0.013). In each method, total cell content of CR1 was equivalent for neonatal versus adult PMN. We conclude that neonatal PMN are markedly deficient in total cell CR3 content compared with adult PMN. This result provides a primary explanation for deficient CR3 surface expression on activated neonatal PMN that, in turn, may be important in the chemotactic defect of these cells.
The Use of Temporal Terms

Speakers’ awareness of temporal relationships may be tapped either at the macro level of discourse structure or at the micro level of temporal vocabulary. Having considered preschoolers’ ability to impose temporal organization on their descriptions of a familiar activity, we turn now to a consideration of their ability to use temporal terms. In contrast to the implicit indication of temporal order provided by sequential mention (with or without the coordinator and), the terms and then and then provide an explicit indication of temporal order while still necessitating the sequential mention of events. Other terms that may explicitly denote temporal order are first, last, before, after, and when. Before, after, and when differ from and, and then, and then in that they may be used to express temporal order without necessitating that the order of mention reflect the order of occurrence. In descriptions of sequenced events, first and last function primarily to indicate position or to designate end (anchor) events. Productions of and, and then, and then will not be discussed, because they were so frequent in the protocols, and because there is little controversy about their being understood by preschoolers. Those interested in specific instances of these terms will find many examples in the Appendices. There were too few occurrences of last to permit a separate analysis of the use of this term.
Some Finer Points

This chapter describes packages as a technique for setting up new contexts and adding them to the context path, exporting certain information to a visible context, and hiding the rest of the information. Attributes have an important effect on the way in which functions are evaluated; several ways to manipulate attributes of both built-in and user-defined functions are available. Eval, when viewed as a symbolic computation program only, does two things: it calls C code to compute particular numerical functions and it evaluates rewrite rules. The normal order of evaluation of an expression is to first evaluate the head of the expression and then the arguments in order from left to right. The evaluated head is applied to the evaluated arguments. The chapter also describes the lambda calculus. Sorting out the relationships between pure functions with named bound variables, function applications, and substitutions is made easy when employing the lambda calculus. The lambda calculus is more often regarded as an abstract prototype of a functional programming language.
Genetic Perspectives in Wildlife Management: The Case Of Large Herbivores

Changes in population characteristics are usually thought to result from demographic processes or responses to habitat fluctuations with no consideration of possible genetic factors. Populations are often considered to be genetically homogeneous over short distances, invariant over time periods normally considered in population studies, and in genetic equilibrium among different sex-age groups. However, wildlife populations are genetically structured in space, and often have significant differences in gene frequencies over distances that can be easily traversed by individual animals. In addition, genetic characteristics of populations often change annually, and differ among animals of various ages and sexes. For example, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can show significant differences in gene frequencies between animals taken over distances as little as 5 km, between sexes, and among fetuses, fawns, and older animals. Thus, wildlife populations are spatially structured, temporally dynamic, and genetically diverse units. These characteristics have implications for the design of management programs and the interpretation of changes or differences in biological resources over space or time. Correlations of functionally important characteristics with an animal’s genotype, or multilocus heterozygosity, are often observed under field conditions. These correlations suggest that certain types of changes in wildlife populations may be at least partially due to genetic causes. This hypothesis, as well as the general need to conserve the genetic variability of wildlife populations, suggests the necessity of incorporating genetic considerations into management plans and of evaluating genetic explanations for observed changes in wildlife populations. Currently available techniques allow the collection and use of genetic information for natural wildlife populations. We discuss examples of how to use genetic information in wildlife management programs.
Laboratory Evaluation of Vocal Fold Paralysis and Paresis.

Summary Objectives This study aimed to assess the value of comprehensive laboratory evaluation in patients with vocal fold paralysis or paresis. Study Design This is a retrospective chart review. Methods Records of 231 patients with vocal fold paralysis or paresis were reviewed to determine whether there is a significant increase in the number of abnormal test results compared with rates of abnormal results for these tests in the general population and whether testing resulted in clinically important diagnosis. Laboratory data were collected from charts from initial visits from 2010 to 2014 and compared with national data. Results When controlled for age and sex, white blood cell count was found to have a significantly higher rate of abnormal test results ( P Conclusion This study suggests that comprehensive testing of patients with vocal fold movement disorders results in diagnoses that would be missed without a comprehensive evaluation, some of which are important medically, although their causal relationship to vocal fold paralysis or paresis was not investigated or established.
Imagination and fantasy

Imagination can easily be considered the bedrock of the performing arts. Accessing the imagination allows performers to dream of entering a career in the performing arts. It is engaged during rehearsals and performances and it enriches the long hours of daily practice. Generally, imagination and fantasy are used interchangeably. To differentiate them, it helps to determine the intention or purpose of the image. Imagination is employed when seeking new ideas within a specific context; whereas, fantasy offers an internal escape. Distinguishing between the imagination and fantasy, and between mental imagery and mental practice, helps address the essential differences and shared similarities between these processes. Learning to engage these skills enhances creativity and performance, including reducing anxiety, and decreasing overuse injuries. Educating the imagination can enrich and prolong a career in the performing arts.
The Yarlung suture mélange, Lopu Range, southern Tibet: Provenance of sandstone blocks and transition from oceanic subduction to continental collision

Abstract With the aim of better understanding the history of ocean closure and suturing between India and Asia, we conducted a geologic investigation of a siliciclastic matrix tectonic melange within the western Yarlung suture zone of southern Tibet (Lopu Range region, ~ 50 km northwest of Saga). The siliciclastic matrix melange includes abundant blocks of ocean plate stratigraphy and sparse blocks of sandstone. Metapelite and metabasite blocks in the melange exhibit lower greenschist facies mineral assemblages, indicating that they were not deeply subducted. We obtained detrital zircon U-Pb geochronologic and sandstone petrographic data from sandstone blocks in the melange and sandstone beds from Tethyan Himalayan strata exposed to the south of the suture. The sandstones from both units are all similar in U-Pb detrital zircon age spectra and petrography to the nearby Tethyan Cretaceous–Paleocene Sangdanlin section, which records the earliest appearance (at ~ 59 Ma) of arc-affinity strata deposited conformably on Indian-affinity strata. Two Paleocene sandstones, one of which is a schistose block incorporated in the siliciclastic matrix melange, yielded indistinguishable maximum depositional ages of ~ 59 Ma. Mesozoic Asian-affinity sandstone blocks previously documented in the siliciclastic matrix melange 200–500 km along strike to the east are notably absent in the Lopu Range region. We documented a gradational transition in structural style from the block-in-matrix melange in the northeast to the south-vergent Tethyan thrust belt in the southwest. Blocks of Tethyan Himalayan strata increase in size and the volumetric proportion of matrix decreases from northeast to southwest. We conclude that no arc-affinity sandstone blocks were incorporated into the subduction complex until India-Asia collision at ~ 59 Ma when the Xigaze forearc basin became overfilled and Tethyan Himalayan strata entered the trench. As collision progressed, there was a gradual transition in structural style from block-in-matrix melange formation to imbricate-style thrust belt formation.
Two Decades of Computational Imaging: Still serving old wine in new bottles?

We review advances in Computational Imaging that have occurred since the mid-1990s. A similar review we presented more than a decade ago, ”Computational Imaging: Old Wine in New Bottles?” when the community was still trying to find its footing, gave a cautious assessment. Since then, the advent of highly integrated platforms, such as the smart phone, has made the linkage between optics and processing intimate and natural. This review covers key technological developments and insights over the past two decades and examines current trends to predict future capabilities.
Son of Sam, Service-Connected Entitlements, and Disabled Veteran Prisoners

American veterans have been over-represented in the United States carceral system since at least the Vietnam War era. Prior to 1980, veterans who were wounded in the line of duty were entitled to hard-earned, service-connected disability benefits regardless of post-service involvement in the civilian criminal justice system. In 1979, the American media began running sensationalized stories detailing alleged abuse of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program by notorious prisoners, including New York “Son of Sam” mass murderer, David Berkowitz. In response to the outcry over these well-publicized accounts of prisoner SSDI abuse, Congress enacted a law, 38 U.S.C. § 5313, that stripped certain veteran prisoners of their service-connected disability benefits. This Article argues that the federal law that strips disabled, justice-involved veterans of their service-connected benefits as the result of non-service-connected misconduct should be repealed. Section 5313 is unjust, unwarranted, and unproductive, for at least five reasons. First, Congress enacted the statute to realize federal cost savings at the expense of a politically and socially vulnerable population: disabled, justice-involved veterans. Second, the statute is grounded in faulty logic and a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature and purpose of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) disability compensation program. Third, Congress stripped disabled, justice-involved veterans of their service-connected disability benefits largely as a result of its erroneous conflation of VA disability compensation and SSDI benefits. Fourth, Section 5313 fails to take into account the evidence-based nexus between military service trauma and post-service mental health issues and related criminal behavior. Finally, revoking service-connected disability benefits impedes justice-involved veteran rehabilitation, reentry, and readjustment.
Measuring preschool learning engagement in the laboratory

Learning engagement is a critical factor for academic achievement and successful school transitioning. However, current methods of assessing learning engagement in young children are limited to teacher report or classroom observation, which may limit the types of research questions one could assess about this construct. The current study investigated the validity of a novel assessment designed to measure behavioral learning engagement among young children in a standardized laboratory setting and examined how learning engagement in the laboratory relates to future classroom adjustment. Preschool-aged children (N = 278) participated in a learning-based Tangrams task and Story sequencing task and were observed based on seven behavioral indicators of engagement. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity for a behavioral engagement factor composed of six of the original behavioral indicators: attention to instructions, on-task behavior, enthusiasm/energy, persistence, monitoring progress/strategy use, and negative affect. Concurrent validity for this behavioral engagement factor was established through its associations with parent-reported mastery motivation and pre-academic skills in math and literacy measured in the laboratory, and predictive validity was demonstrated through its associations with teacher-reported classroom learning behaviors and performance in math and reading in kindergarten. These associations were found when behavioral engagement was observed during both the nonverbal task and the verbal story sequencing tasks and persisted even after controlling for child minority status, gender, and maternal education. Learning engagement in preschool appears to be successfully measurable in a laboratory setting. This finding has implications for future research on the mechanisms that support successful academic development.
Perceived Weight and Bullying Victimization in Boys and Girls.

BACKGROUND Research suggests that perceived weight poses separate risks from objective weight on adolescents' risks of being bullied. We examined if the prevalence of bullying victimization differed by perceived and objective weight status, and how these associations varied by sex. METHODS Data were analyzed for 6716 8th and 11th graders from the School Physical Activity and Nutrition project, a Texas statewide survey of public school students. Participants reported demographics, bullying victimization, and weight perceptions. Height and weight were measured. RESULTS In the last 6 months, 10.8% of students reported being bullied. Nearly 70% of normal weight and overweight and 50% of obese adolescents perceived themselves as weighing the right amount. Perceiving oneself as weighing too little or too much was significantly associated with increased bullying victimization (p < .05 for both), whereas objective weight was not. Statistical interactions between perceived weight and sex were significantly associated with victimization (p < .05) among boys only; boys who perceived themselves as weighing too little had higher predicted probabilities of victimization. CONCLUSIONS Perceived weight may play a greater role in bullying victimization than objective weight, especially among boys. Interventions to prevent bullying should consider adolescents' self-perceptions of weight to effectively identify those at greater risk for victimization.
Noninfectious Complications of Transfusion: Adverse Events

Despite the significant strides that have been made to improve the safety of blood product transfusion over the past several decades, there still remain potential risks to the administration of these components. With such adverse events, also termed transfusion reactions, disorders can range from severe and life-threatening to transient and mild. Due to the wide spectrum of disorders that can be associated with transfusion, and the need to intervene to prevent poor outcomes, it is vital that practicing clinical pathologists, blood bankers, and those engaged in the field of hematology have a detailed working knowledge of how to recognize and classify transfusion-associated adverse events. As such, the aims of this chapter are (1) to introduce readers to each of the various common and less frequent types of transfusion reactions, (2) to review the incidence and basic pathophysiology of these adverse events, and (3) to discuss practical approaches to treat and prevent these disorders. We also seek to provide a basic framework on the approach to evaluating transfusion reactions from a general perspective.
Variations in DNA Repair Among People

A number of inherited, cancer-prone diseases are associated with severe defects in the abilities of cells to repair damaged DNA (Setlow, 1978; Friedberg, 1985; Maher, this volume; Paterson, this volume). The diseases with the largest defects in repair are xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and ataxia telangiectasia (AT), the former showing high levels of skin cancer as a result of sunlight irradiation and the latter, high levels of lymphoreticular cancer whose etiologic origins are unknown. The cytotoxic effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV) are much greater on XP cells than on normal cells, whereas the cytotoxic effects of X-rays are much greater on AT cells than on normal ones. It is known that XP cells are defective in one or more DNA repair pathways, but the molecular nature of the defect(s) in AT cells is not known. In XP, the skin cancer susceptibility to sunlight and the cytotoxic effects of UV on their cells in vitro show good correlations with the ability to repair UV-damaged DNA by the process of nucleotide excision. The repair defects range from approximately 20 to 95 percent. It is important to recognize that the repair defects are not 100 percent and actually average somewhere in the neighborhood of 80 percent. This 80 percent average repair defect is associated with an approximately 104-fold increase in skin cancer prevalence (Setlow, 1980; Kraemer et al., 1984) and an approximately 12-fold increase in internal cancers at sites not exposed to sunlight (Kraemer et al., 1984).
Ant Colonies as a Model of Human Computation

In this chapter we describe how ant colonies are complex systems capable of computation, and we describe the manner in which ants use local information and behavior to produce robust and adaptive colonies. While there are key differences between ant colonies and collections of human agents, the nascent field of human computation can learn from the myriad strategies that ants have evolved for successful cooperation. The cooperative behaviors of ants reflect not just the particular physiology of these insects, but also more general principles for cooperative computation.
Pacing in Heart Failure

Heart failure is a disease of immense burden and cost to individuals and society. It is estimated that more than 4.5 million people in the United States currently suffer from heart failure, and more than 400,000 cases are newly diagnosed each year (1). The prevalence of the disease increases with age such that nearly 10% of the population will be affected in the ninth decade of life (2). Furthermore, heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalizations of individuals older than 65 years, and it was estimated that there would be more than 1 million hospitalizations for heart failure in 2004, with an economic cost exceeding $40 billion (3). Given the tremendous scope of heart failure, a great deal of research has gone into finding therapies that can reduce its morbidity and mortality.
Fundamental investigations on the spark plasma sintering/synthesis process: I. Effect of dc pulsing on reactivity

Abstract The characteristics of pulsing patterns in the SPS process were investigated, and the effect of pulsing on the reactivity between Si and Mo was determined. Pulsing patterns were composed of consecutive 3 ms peaks separated by a period of no current. The peaks (voltage) increased in magnitude with an increase of the “off” time relative to the “on” time. The RMS value of the current was constant with changes in the pattern, indicating that this value is the governing condition to the power dissipation and thus temperature. Pulsing effects on the reactivity between layers of Si and Mo were investigated. The direction of the current had no effect on the thickness of the product layer. More importantly, the growth rate of the product formed at 1070, 1170 and 1270 °C was independent of the pulse pattern, in the range studied in this work.
Toward Racial Justice

It is a sunny afternoon, on August 30, 2010. Police officer Ian Birk, driving his patrol car down a downtown street, stops for a red light. As he waits, he notices a middle-aged man casually crossing the street, a block of wood and a knife clearly visible in his hands. The man is John T. Williams, a 50-year-old First Nations wood carver.
Mothers' depressive symptoms and responses to preschoolers' emotions: moderated by child expression

Abstract This study examined a model of children's emotion expression as a moderator of the links between mothers' depressive symptoms and their responses to children's negative emotions. Participants were 127 mother-preschooler dyads. Children's emotion expressions were assessed both by maternal report and through observational tasks when children were three. Mothers were assessed for their depressive symptoms when children were three, and their responses to their children's negative emotions, when children were four. Results revealed that when children's reported submissive emotion expression was low, maternal depressive symptoms were related to lower maternal support; whereas, when children's reported submissive emotion was high, maternal depressive symptoms were associated with higher support. Moreover, when children's observed disharmonious emotion expression was low, maternal depressive symptoms were associated with lower maternal magnifying responses. This study enhances our understanding of the interaction between maternal depressive symptoms and child emotional characteristics in contributing to maternal emotion socialization practices.
Development of a 12-plex of new microsatellite markers using a novel universal primer method to evaluate the genetic diversity of jaguars ( Panthera onca ) from North American zoological institutions

Maintenance of genetic diversity in both zoo-managed and wild animals is critical to population health. Jaguars are considered Near Threatened throughout their geographic range, and are Endangered in the United States. Genetic diversity of zoo-managed jaguar populations in North America using microsatellite markers has not been reported. To evaluate genetic diversity in jaguars housed in North American zoological institutions compared to wild and other zoo jaguar populations, we created a 12-plex of ten tetranucleotide (n = 10) and two pentanucleotide (n = 2) autosomal microsatellite loci that have not previously been described for use in jaguars, using a universal primer approach which minimizes cost and DNA quantity requirements. A subset of jaguars from North American zoological institutions (n = 35, approximately 28% of population) were genotyped using DNA extracted from whole blood. Microsatellite loci were polymorphic with a range of 3–10 alleles (average 6.42 alleles per locus), and expected heterozygosity (He) between 0.47 and 0.85. Overall population He was 0.73. Probability of identity of individuals (PI) and siblings (PIsibs) were 6.7 × 10− 13 and 2.1 × 10− 5, respectively, confirming that this panel can be used reliably to identify individuals. Using this novel multiplex microsatellite panel, we concluded that jaguars from the North American zoo population have high genetic diversity, comparable to reported wild and other zoo jaguar populations.
Unique Considerations for Females Undergoing Esophagectomy.

OBJECTIVE To improve understanding of sex differences in clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment and outcomes between male and female patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Esophageal cancer is a male predominant disease, and sex has not been considered in previous studies as an important factor in diagnosis or management. Sex differences in demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, and postoperative outcomes remain largely undefined. METHODS Retrospective review of 1958 patients (21% female) with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy at a single institution between 1995 and 2017. RESULTS Most patients had adenocarcinoma (83%); however, the rate of squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher in females (35% vs 11%, respectively; P < .0001). Females had a lower rate of smoking (62 vs 73%) and heavy alcohol use (12 vs 19%) but a higher rate of previous mediastinal radiation (8.4 vs 1.8%) (P < 0.001). Postoperative mortality and overall survival (OS) were similar between sexes. However, subanalysis of patients with locoregional disease (clinical stage II/III) demonstrated that females received neoadjuvant therapy less frequently than males and had worse OS (median OS 2.56 yrs vs 2.08; P = 0.034). This difference remained significant on adjusted analysis (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06-1.46). CONCLUSIONS Female patients had higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma despite lower prevalence of behavioral risk factors. Among patients with locoregional disease, undertreatment in females may reflect treatment bias and history of previous mediastinal radiation. Esophageal cancer in females should be considered a unique entity as compared with the presentation and treatment of males.
Use of “Lights” for Bipolar Depression

In this review, we will review the background and diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD); describe the efficacy data and potential circadian and neural mechanisms underlying the effects of bright light for bipolar depression; and discuss the implementation of light therapy in clinical practice. To date, morning bright light is the most widely tested form of light therapy for all mood disorders. Clinical trial reports suggest that midday or morning bright light treatment and novel chronotherapeutic interventions are effective for bipolar depression. Mechanisms of response may relate to effects on the circadian system and other changes in neural functioning. Using bright light to manage depressive symptoms in BD is reasonable but also requires concurrent antimanic treatment and careful clinical monitoring for response, safety, and mood polarity switch.
Adult Students in U.S. Higher Education: An Evidence-Based Commentary and Recommended Best Practices.

This article presents 50 year patterns of adult student participation in colleges and universities in the United States. These patterns changed dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s and then stabilized. Following these changes, adult student participation has continued to be significant and predictable in U.S. colleges and universities. In addition to reporting on these national patterns, this article includes commentary that addresses five, evidence-based, best practices for serving adult students in this higher education context. Special attention is given to place-bound, adult students in metropolitan regions.
Detection of high-risk human papillomavirus RNA in urine for cervical cancer screening with HPV 16 & 18/45 genotyping

Abstract Objective To detect high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) messenger-RNA (mRNA) in urine samples, compare their concordance with cervical samples including HPV 16 & 18/45 genotyping, and to determine the utility in detecting ≥ CIN 2 lesions. Methods A cohort of 189 non-pregnant patients (age ≥ 25) was recruited in three groups: Group 1 with abnormal pap-smears and hrHPV positivity, Group 2 with normal pap-smears and hrHPV positivity, and Group 3 with normal pap-smears and hrHPV negativity. Urine samples were tested for hrHPV-mRNA and subsequent hrHPV-mRNA genotype if positive. High-risk HPV detection and genotyping were performed using Aptima assays which are validated for cervical HPV testing. Colposcopy results from groups 1 & 2 were analyzed. Results The sensitivity of urine hrHPV-mRNA detection was 31.5% while the specificity and PPV were above 95% (96.9% & 95.1% respectively) (p Conclusion Using the Aptima Assay, urine hrHPV-mRNA detection is suboptimal for cervical cancer screening but given the high specificity, it has the potential to identify high-grade lesions (≥ CIN 2). Urine hrHPV-mRNA genotyping via this modality is not beneficial in triage settings of normal or abnormal cytology to determine the need for colposcopy.