cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pegaptanib: A Novel Approach to Ocular Neovascularization

Objective:TO review pegaptanib, a novel aptamer for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Data Sources:A literature search using MEDLINE (1980–January 2006) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1978–January 2006) for peer-reviewed, English-language publications was conducted. Abstracts from recent meetings, including the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology and American Society of Retinal Specialists, were reviewed for relevant abstracts and poster presentations.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Pharmacokinetic and pharmacology data were extracted from animal and human studies, and double-blind, randomized, controlled trials were included to describe the efficacy and adverse effects of pegaptanib.Data Synthesis:The efficacy of pegaptanib has been evaluated in 2 concurrent, prospective, randomized, double-blind trials. Patients with AMD were randomly assigned to receive placebo or pegaptanib intravitreous injection into 1 eye every 6 weeks for 48 weeks. The e...
Molecular scale simulations on thermoset polymers: A review

This article reviews the field of molecular simula- tions of thermoset polymers. This class of polymers is of inter- est in applications ranging from structural components for aerospace to electronics packaging and predictive simulations of their response is playing an increasing role in understanding the molecular origin of their properties and complementing experiments in the search for tailored materials for specific applications. It focuses on modeling and simulation of the pro- cess of curing to predict the molecular structure of these poly- mers and their thermomechanical response by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Results from Monte Carlo and coarse-grained simulations are briefly summarized. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 00, 000-000
Cross sections for electron capture and loss by H+ and H impact on O and O2

Projectile-charge-changing cross sections for electron capture by H+ and H collisions with O atoms and electron loss by H collisions with O atoms have been determined. The H+ and H energies ranged from 2.0 down to 0.125 keV. The cross-beam technique involved measuring the cross-section ratios for reactions with O-atom targets to those for O2 targets. The O-atom-target cross sections were then obtained by normalizing these ratios to previously measured O2-target cross sections. The experimental apparatus employed is described, and the measured results are compared with other available data.
Longer duration of epilepsy and earlier age at epilepsy onset correlate with impaired cognitive development in infancy.

We assessed the impact of age at onset of epilepsy and duration and frequency of seizures on cognitive development in children less than 3 years old. Retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data and neuropsychological testing of 33 infants with epilepsy. Developmental quotients were calculated and were correlated with age at epilepsy onset, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, brain pathology, and types of seizures (with/without spasms) as potential predictors. Infants with longer duration and earlier onset of epilepsy performed worse on developmental neuropsychological testing. Regression analyses showed that age at epilepsy onset and percentage of life with epilepsy were both strongly associated (regression model P < 0.0001) with developmental quotient. There was no correlation with seizure frequency. Infants with spasms had worse developmental quotients than infants without spasms (P < 0.001). These results suggest that duration of epilepsy and age at onset may be the best developmental predictors during the first years of life in patients with epilepsy. Early aggressive intervention should be considered.
Test path selection based on effective domains

In this paper a method is proposed to produce test paths that check both data flow and control flow for a protocol specified in the extended finite state machine (EFSM) model. The method first identifies a set of paths from a given specification to cover a data flow selection criterion, then it appends state check sequences to some transitions in this set of paths for checking control flow. The criterion that our method employs for selecting these transitions is called effective domain for testing. Effective domain for testing is used to evaluate how effective a transition can be tested in a given path in terms of the range of values that the variables in this transition can have. Since each transition can appear in several paths, our method is to append state check sequences to its occurrences that have distinct effective domains. In addition, our method will compute the path domain for each path and make some inexecutable paths executable. >
Clarifying obfuscation: improving the security of white-box DES

To ensure the security of software executing on malicious hosts, as in digital rights management (DRM) applications, it is desirable to encrypt or decrypt content using white-box-encoded cryptographic algorithms in the manner of Chow et al. (2002). Such encoded algorithms must run on an adversary's machine without revealing the private key information used, despite the adversary's ability to observe and manipulate the running algorithm. We have implemented obfuscated (white-box) DES and triple-DES algorithms along the lines of Chow et al., with alterations that improve the security of the key. Our system is secure against two previously published attacks on Chow et al.'s system, and our own adaptation of a statistical bucketing attack on their system.
An Innovative Unit Cell Guide to Multimodal Frequency-Selective Surfaces

A number of multimodal frequency-selective surfaces (FSS) have been fabricated from arrays of unit cells containing two or four, triangular or square, split-ring resonators. In this paper, the underlying physics of the modulation of the spectral intensities in these surfaces is examined
First Principles Calculation of Phase Diagrams

Phenomenological theories of phase equilibrium have been successfully used to characterize the main contributions to alloy phase stability, the interpretation of complex and extensive experimental data and, in some instances, the prediction of metastable phases. At present, there is increased interest in elucidating the extent to which microscopic quantum theory can be combined with statistical mechanics to produce a reliable description of phase equilibrium and, in particular, phase diagrams. This question will be explored using a first-principles statistical mechanics theory which incorporates the calculation of electronic total energies in the local density approximation, configurational entropies, vibrational modes and local volume relaxations in disordered systems. Applications of the theory to the binary Ni-Al and ternary Ni-A1-Ti systems are given using the Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital method for the total energy calculations, the Cluster Variation method for the description of the configurational entropy, and the Debye-Gruneisen approximation for the vibrational modes.
The insulin and glucose responses to meals of glucose plus various proteins in type II diabetic subjects

We previously have shown that ingested beef protein is just as potent as glucose in stimulating a rise in insulin concentration in type II diabetic patients. A synergistic effect was seen when given with glucose. Therefore, we considered it important to determine if other common dietary proteins also strongly stimulate an increase in insulin concentration when given with glucose. Seventeen type II (non-insulin-dependent) untreated diabetic subjects were given single breakfast meals consisting of 50 g glucose, or 50 g glucose plus 25 g protein in the form of lean beef, turkey, gelatin, egg white, cottage cheese, fish, or soy. The peripheral plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, alpha amino nitrogen, urea nitrogen, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were measured. Following ingestion of the meals containing protein, the plasma insulin concentration was increased further and remained elevated longer compared with the meal containing glucose alone. The relative area under the insulin response curve was greatest following ingestion of the meal containing cottage cheese (360%) and was least with egg white (190%) compared with that following glucose alone (100%). The glucose response was diminished following ingestion of the meals containing protein with the exception of the egg white meals. The peripheral glucagon concentration was decreased following ingestion of glucose alone and increased following all the meals containing protein. The alpha amino nitrogen concentration varied considerably. It was decreased after glucose alone, was unchanged after egg white ingestion, and was greatest after ingestion of gelatin. The free fatty acid concentration decrease was 4- to 8-fold greater after the ingestion of protein with glucose compared with ingestion of glucose alone.
Placental transport: a function of permeability and perfusion

Studies in ovine fetus and placenta have pointed to an interaction between the fetal liver and the placenta. The supply of amino acids and carbohydrates depends on this interaction. These studies have led to clinical studies in normal and high-risk pregnancies. The objective of the present review was to compare changes in fetal circulation, in terms of both velocimetry and actual blood flow measurements, and to couple such data with data on the placental transport of amino acids. Flow studies were carried out on the umbilical vein with measurements of time-averaged velocity and venous diameter. A similar approach was used for measurements of ductus venosus flow. Stable-isotope-labeled amino acids were used to study placental transport by the non-steady state approach. The studies of flow showed a marked reduction in umbilical blood flow even when expressed per kilogram fetal body weight in fetal-growth-restricted pregnancies. This may be coupled with an increased ductus venosus shunt, the combination leading to a marked reduction in fetal hepatic blood flow. The placental transport of some amino acids is reduced in fetal-growth-restricted pregnancies. Furthermore, nonglucose carbohydrates and polyols are found in fetal blood, some in concentrations higher than maternal concentrations. There is significant uptake of several polyols and of mannose across the umbilical circulation in normal pregnancies. In conclusion, both perfusion and permeability can now be studied in both normal and high-risk pregnancies.
The Poncelet-Steiner Theorem and Double Rulers

In the early nineteenth century, Poncelet and Steiner dominated the revival of interest in pure geometry, as opposed to the methods of analytic geometry. Jacob Steiner (1796–1863) worked on his father’s farm until the age of nineteen, before going off to Berlin to become what some regard as the greatest geometer of modern times. Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788–1867) entered the French army corps of engineers just in time to take part in Napoleon’s disastrous 1812 campaign. After his capture by the Russians, Poncelet spent his time in a Moscow prison to good advantage, developing the concepts of projective geometry. Steiner also made significant contributions to this new method of geometric thinking. In 1822, Poncelet, inspired by the results of Mascheroni, gave indications of a proof that all the ruler and compass constructions could be carried out with the ruler alone, provided one circle with its center was given. Steiner published his detailed proof of this result in 1833. Both Poncelet and Steiner were ardent supporters of synthetic geometry and disliked analytic methods to the extent of attacking those who used them. Therefore, it is with apologies to both Poncelet and Steiner that we will use analytic geometry in proving the theorem that bears both their names. However, at this point, we would not consider doing it any other way.
Window to the Past: The Role of Quantum Entanglement in Memory

This paper suggests that the static nature of time-space, a discovery in physics, implies that quantum communication plays a role in memory. The illusion of the flow of time and the nature of quantum entanglement are discussed. Arguments are given for a non-reductionist alternative to the standard model of cognition in which memory is stored in time-space. In this view the neural machinery of the brain receives and interprets information states embedded in time-space.
Optimizing the Curriculum in Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer With Better Labs, In-Class Demonstrations and Interesting Realistic Problems to Enhance Learning

The primary objective of a thermodynamic/heat transfer course is to provide the fundamental knowledge necessary to understand the behavior of thermal systems. A thermodynamic/heat transfer course provides a detailed calculus-based analysis of energy, entropy, exergy, conduction, convection, and radiation using these concepts to calculate the behavior and efficiencies of different processes and cycles. Proper conceptual and theoretical understanding of thermodynamics/heat transfer is very important to solve real life problems. In order to understand and properly use the concepts, it is necessary that there be effective labs and in-class demonstrations, as well as realistic problems to serve this purpose. Most thermodynamic/heat transfer courses have some labs and some courses use in-class demonstrations that attempt to apply what is being learned in the class room. How effective these labs and demonstrations are in helping the students understanding of the thermodynamic/heat transfer principles is questionable. To facilitate theoretical learning, instructors need to also solve a variety of interesting problems in thermodynamics/heat transfer, besides solving the conventional problems from the text book. Solving these realistic problems helps students to also enhance their conceptual understanding, and, motivate students to continue their learning. This paper describes an example of an interesting heat transfer problem that compares an analytical solution with that of an FEA solution to help engage the students in learning how to apply both approaches to a realistic problem. Furthermore, this paper discusses a series of labs that are currently used at Eastern Washington University (EWU) to help students apply what they are learning in a thermodynamic/heat transfer course. The labs at EWU are compared to a survey conducted at 25 universities to find other possible labs and in-class demonstrations. From this study, the best labs and in-class demonstrations will be discussed, explored, and implementation recommendations will be given.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Decay Parameters for Σ ± → n π ±

In this paper, we present measurements of the decay parameters ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$. The usual decay parameters $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are related to $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ by the equation $\ensuremath{\beta}={(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}sin\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}={(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}cos\ensuremath{\varphi}$. Polarized ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ were produced by the reactions ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ in the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory's 25-in. hydrogen bubble chamber. The average momentum of the incident ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beam was 385 MeV/c. The measurements of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ were made by observing the left-right asymmetry in the $\mathrm{np}$ interactions of those decay neutrons that subsequently scattered on the hydrogen in the bubble chamber. We obtain ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{-}}=14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}19$ deg and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{+}=143\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}29$ deg. Since $\ensuremath{\gamma}=\frac{({|s|}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{|p|}^{2})}{({|s|}^{2}+{|p|}^{2})}$, this shows that ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ takes place predominantly in the $s$ wave, whereas ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ is dominated by $p$-wave decay. These results are in agreement with the $\ensuremath{\Delta}l=\frac{1}{2}$ rule.
Fighting Fire with Fire: Rekindling the Bevacizumab Debate

The results of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-40 trial1 and the GeparQuinto (GBG44) trial,2 both of which are reported in this issue of the Journal, are particularly timely given the definitive announcement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on November 18, 2011, revoking approval of bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (see www.fda.gov/downloads/NewsEvents/Newsroom/UCM280546.pdf). Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against circulating vascular endothelial growth factor A, was granted accelerated FDA approval in 2008 for the first-line treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative metastatic breast cancer. Initial approval . . .
MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMAL POLYMORPHISM IN A POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA. II. FECUNDITY, LONGEVITY, VIABILITY AND COMPETITIVE FITNESS.

Superiority of inversion heterozygotes over corresponding homozygotes is generally believed to be a major mechanism for maintaining chromosomal polymorphism in populations of D. pseudoobscura. Differential egg-to-adult survival in favor of the inversion heterozygotes has been postulated as a key component of this heterozygote superiority (Dobzhansky, 1947). Chromosomal polymorphism involving AR and CH gene arrangements has persisted in a cage population (No. 173) at 25 C since 1957 (Beardmore et al., 1960; Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky, 1961; Levine and Van Valen, 1964; Druger, 1966; Druger and Nickerson, 1972). Two independent analyses of this population revealed no significant advantage of inversion heterozygotes over homozygotes in egg-to-adult viability (Druger, 1966; Druger and Nickerson, 1972). This finding does not exclude heterozygote superiority as a mechanism for maintaining the polymorphism, since such superiority may operate in other ways. To investigate this possibility, studies of fecundity, longevity, and viability were conducted on AR/AR, CH/CH and AR/CH flies derived from AR and CH strains that were re-isolated from population No. 173. In addition to evaluating these individual components of fitness, a comparison of the fitness of polymorphic (AR + CH) and monomorphic (AR/AR) and (CH/CH) populations was obtained through competition with a standard population of a non-interbreeding species (Claringbold and Barker, 1961; Barker, 1963). D. nebulosa was used as a competitor for D. pseudoobscura (Barker, 1965).
A histochemical comparison of human corneal stromal glycoconjugates with eight other species. Distinct species-dictated differences in binding sites of Griffonia simplicifolia I.

Frozen sections of human, calf, rabbit, rat, cat, dog, goat, lamb, and hog corneas were stained with various lectins using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex to study glycoconjugates of stromal matrix. Staining of the stromal matrix and keratocytes with an α-galactose-specific lectin, Griffoma simplicifolia I (GSA-I) was species-dependent. The stromal matrices of cat, dog, and hog corneas invariably reacted intensely with this lectin, whereas those of the human, calf, rabbit, rat, and lamb did not react. A positive reaction with GSA-I could be abolished in each instance by preincubation of the sections with α-galactosidase. The stromal matrices and keratocytes of all nine species reacted positiyely with wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin A, and Ricinus communis agglutinin but did not react with soybean agglutinin. Results of this study may help select and appropriate animal model to further investigate human corneal stromal glycoconjugates.
The epidemic characteristics of the Japanese B encephalitis infection in Guangdong province and its prophylactic measures

The epidemic characteristics of the Japanese B encephalitis infection in Guangdong province was investigated by the methods of descriptive epidemiological and linear regression analysis.From 1990 up to present,there appeared two small peaks of out-breaks of Japanese B encephalitis infection during 1995 and 2003 respectively,while the incidence of this infection was rather low during other years.The main epidemic area localized in the east and west parts of Guangdong province and the epidemic season was between May and July with the peak time of out-break at June.The reported cases of patients with Japanese B encephalitis were children from 1 to 14 years old who had no or uncertain history of vaccination.As analyzed by linear regression,the incidence of Japanese B encephalitis infection statistically correlated with the paddy acreage and average annual rainfall.It is concluded that epidemics of Japanese B encephalitis infection in Guangdong province shows some endemic character and obviously periodic recurrence as well as seasonal variation.Vaccination and anti-mosquito measure appear to be most important to control the spreading of Japanese B encephalitis infection.
Multimodality approaches in the treatment of attention deficit disorders.

This article describes the diagnostic process and various etiologic considerations that underpin the formulation of a comprehensive treatment program for a child with attention deficit disorder and then goes on to describe treatment modalities and strategies. The authors then suggest that the coordinated use of problem-specific treatment modalities is likely to prove more therapeutic and costeffective than a global treatment.
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Positron Emission Tomography Predicts Patterns of Failure After Definitive Chemoradiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background We previously reported that pretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) identifies lesions at high risk for progression after concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we validate those findings and generate tumor control probability (TCP) models. Methods We identified patients treated with definitive, concurrent CRT for locally advanced NSCLC who underwent staging 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose/PET/computed tomography. Visible hypermetabolic lesions (primary tumors and lymph nodes) were delineated on each patient's pretreatment PET scan. Posttreatment imaging was reviewed to identify locations of disease progression. Competing risks analyses were performed to examine metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and radiation therapy dose as predictors of local disease progression. TCP modeling was performed to describe the likelihood of local disease control as a function of lesion size. Results Eighty-nine patients with 259 hypermetabolic lesions (83 primary tumors and 176 regional lymph nodes) met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight patients were included in our previous report, and the remaining 61 constituted our validation cohort. The median follow-up time was 22.7 months for living patients. In 20 patients, the first site of progression was a primary tumor or lymph node treated with radiation therapy. The median time to progression for those patients was 11.5 months. Data from our validation cohort confirmed that lesion MTV predicts local progression, with a 30-month cumulative incidence rate of 23% for lesions above 25 cc compared with 4% for lesions below 25 cc ( P =.008). We found no evidence that radiation therapy dose was associated with local progression risk. TCP modeling yielded predicted 30-month local control rates of 98% for a 1-cc lesion, 94% for a 10-cc lesion, and 74% for a 50-cc lesion. Conclusion Pretreatment FDG-PET identifies lesions at risk for progression after CRT for locally advanced NSCLC. Strategies to improve local control should be tested on high-risk lesions, and treatment deintensification for low-risk lesions should be explored.
Translational Correlation: Trigeminal Neuralgia

Abstract Trigeminal neuralgia is a severe, paroxysmal, short-lasting, electric shock–like pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Neurovascular compression of trigeminal nerve is one of the most accepted pathogenesis, and the majority of cases are caused by compression of trigeminal nerve root. Neurological examination is normal in the majority of patients, and the diagnosis is primarily based on clinical symptoms and signs.
Approach to Vascular Imaging

Imaging of the vascular system, in theory, is straightforward. The choice of imaging modality depends on many factors, including the type of lesion suspected and its anatomic location. Ultrasound (US), computed tomographic angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and conventional angiography comprise the main modalities used to image the vascular system. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. In general, conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the current gold standard for vascular evaluation. Because this modality requires catheterization of an artery, it is not without risk and should generally be reserved for emergencies, clinical questions where other modalities have proven inadequate or possible therapeutic interventions. Other modalities offer less invasive ways to evaluate the vascular system and provide information needed for diagnosis and treatment.
Patient barriers to participation in clinical trials in a community cancer center.

17 Background: Clinical trials are fundamental to innovative oncology. Participation rates in trials have declined nationally to < 5%. Barriers to participation exist at patient, physician, and protocol levels. This study seeks to identify barriers to enrollment in clinical trials at a community cancer center serving a diverse patient population. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study, including 160 eligible patients offered enrollment in 27 clinical trials from July 2010-December 2012. A standardized questionnaire was delivered by mail or in person. Patients who enrolled (acceptors) and decliners were compared using Fisher’s exact test for nominal variables and t test for normally distributed continuous variables. Results: Fifty-seven patients (36%) (males: 10, females: 47) returned the questionnaire. Thirty-three (58%) were enrolled in a clinical trial. Mean age of acceptors was 57 compared to 64 for decliners (p=0.007). Stage IV disease patients were more likely to enroll (Spearman r...
Towards sustainable concrete.

Paulo J. M. Monteiro, Sabbie A. Miller and Arpad Horvath provide an overview of the challenges and accomplishments in reducing the environmental burden of concrete production.
Characterization of intravascular cellular activation in relationship to subclinical atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women

Objective Mechanisms and interactions among intravascular cells contributing to development of subclinical atherosclerosis are poorly understood. In women, both menopausal status and pregnancy history influence progression of atherosclerosis. This study examined activation and interactions among blood elements with subclinical atherosclerosis in menopausal women with known pregnancy histories. Methods Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, was measured using B-mode ultrasound in age- and parity-matched women [40 with and 40 without a history of preeclampsia] 35 years after the index pregnancy. Interactions among intravascular cells (38 parameters) were measured by flow cytometry in venous blood. Data analysis was by principal component which retained 7 independent dimensions accounting for 63% of the variability among 38 parameters. Results CIMT was significantly greater in women with a history of preeclampsia (P = 0.004). Platelet aggregation and platelet interactions with granulocytes and monocytes positively associated with CIMT in postmenopausal women independent of their pregnancy history (ρ = 0.258, P< 0.05). However, the association of the number of platelets, platelet activation and monocyte-platelet interactions with CIMT differed significantly depending upon pregnancy history (test for interaction, P<0.001). Conclusion Interactions among actived intravascular cells and their association with subclinical atherosclerosis differ in women depending upon their pregnancy histories.
Data-driven learning and modeling of AUV operational characteristics for optimal path planning

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are used to execute an increasingly challenging set of missions in commercial, environmental and defense industries. The resources available to the AUV in service of these missions are typically a limited power supply and onboard sensing of its local environment. Optimal path planning is needed to maximize the chances that these AUVs will successfully complete long-endurance missions within their power budget. A time-optimal path planner has been recently developed to minimize AUV mission time required to traverse a dynamic ocean environment at a specified speed through the water. For many missions, time minimization is appropriate because the AUVs operate at a fixed propeller speed. However, the ultimate limiting constraint on AUV operations is often the onboard power supply, rather than mission time. While an empirical or theoretical relationship between mission time and power could be applied to estimate power usage in the path planner, the real power usage and availability on an AUV varies mission-to-mission, as a result of multiple factors, including vehicle buoyancy, battery charge cycle, fin configuration, and water type or quality. In this work, we use data collected from two mid-size AUVs operating in various conditions to learn the mission-to-mission variability in the power budget so that it could be incorporated into the mission planner.
Patient Perception of Disease-Related Symptoms and Complications in Relapsing Polychondritis

Objective To assess patient-reported symptoms and burden of disease in relapsing polychondritis (RP). Methods Patients with RP completed a disease-specific online survey to identify symptoms attributed to illness. Patients were divided into subgroups based upon presence or absence of ear/nose, airway, or joint involvement. Pathway to diagnosis, treatment, and disease-related complications were assessed within each subgroup. Results Data from 304 respondents were included in this analysis. Prior to diagnosis, most patients with RP went to the emergency room (54%), saw >3 physicians (54%), and had symptoms for >5 years (64%). A concomitant diagnosis of fibromyalgia and absence of ear/nose or joint involvement was associated with diagnostic delay >1 year. Common diagnoses prior to RP diagnosis included asthma in patients with airway involvement (35% vs 22%, p=0.03) and ear infection in patients with ear/nose involvement (51% vs 6%, p<0.01). Patients with joint involvement were more likely to receive a glucocorticoid-sparing agent (85% vs 13%, p<0.01). Most patients reported a major complication including disability (25%), tracheomalacia (16%) or hearing loss (34%). Patients with airway involvement reported more tracheomalacia (20% vs 4%, p<0.01). Disability (24% vs 7%, p<0.01) and hearing loss (39% vs 11%, p<0.01) were prevalent in the joint involvement subgroup. Conclusion Patient-reported data in RP highlight a significant burden of disease. Patterns of organ involvement may lead to diagnostic delay and influence treatment decisions, ultimately impacting the development of disease-related complications. Timely diagnosis, standardization of treatment approaches, and prevention of disease-related complications are major unmet needs in RP. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Sun Protection Behaviors in Head Start and Other Early Childhood Education Programs in Illinois

Importance Sun safety attitudes developed in early childhood can reduce lifetime UV radiation exposure and the risk of skin cancer. Objective To assess the current policies, practices, and attitudes among caregivers regarding sun protection in children aged 2 to 6 years. Design, Setting, and Participants A survey of 202 administrators or managers and teachers of Illinois Head Start/Early Head Start (HS/EHS) and day care centers was conducted from July 3 through 21, 2017. Organizations were randomly selected from 4 lists of urban, suburban, town, and rural locations and stratified to ensure population-based proportional representation of the Illinois population vulnerable to UV exposure. Program administrators or managers participated in a 5- to 10-minute telephone interview that assessed importance of health and sun protection behaviors, program practices, and demographic characteristics. Data analysis was conducted August 2, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes included attitudes toward the importance of health behaviors in comparison with sun protective behaviors, reported use of sun protection (seeking shade, scheduling outdoor activities, sun protective clothing, and sunscreen practices), and sunburn prevalence. Results Respondents (from 102 HS/EHS programs with 52% boys overall and a mean [SD] child age of 2.5 [0.5] y and 100 day care programs with 49% boys and age of 2.3 [0.4] y) stated that the 3 most important habits were good nutrition (66 [64.7%] HS/EHS, 71 [71.0%] day care), adequate exercise (41 [40.2%] HS/EHS, 55 [55.0%] day care), and brushing teeth (35 [34.3%] HS/EHS, 38 [38.0 %] day care). Scheduling outdoor activities to avoid peak sun intensity was performed less by HS/EHS programs (46 [45.1%]) in comparison with day care programs (71 [71.0%];P Conclusions and Relevance Administrators and teachers did not identify sun safety as one of the most important health habits. While spray sunscreen was used frequently, avoiding spraying sunscreen directly on a child’s face, which may get it into the child’s eyes, was not done. The heat index was widely used to determine outdoor playtime. Adopting UV index policies could help prevent sunburns in early spring when the heat index is low but UV index is high. Dermatologists may assume responsibility for educating the administrators about the danger of spraying sunscreen into a child’s face and the advantage of using the UV index to determine when sun protection is needed.
Congenital Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting in a 27-week-gestation neonate.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is exceedingly rare in premature infants, and the few cases reported suggest a poor prognosis with systemic involvement. We present a case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis limited to a single cutaneous lesion, presenting in a 27-week-gestation infant, which is the youngest gestational age of reported Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases. The lesion showed spontaneous resolution by 41 weeks corrected gestational age, and systemic involvement was absent, demonstrating a mild course of skin-only Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a premature infant.
Multiresolution partitioned Gaussian process regression for terrain estimation

We look at estimating occluded or otherwise missing regions of point-cloud terrain data using Gaussian Process Regression (GPR). The ability to estimate missing data allows motion planners to create more aggressive and cost efficient paths. Previous approaches in applying GPR to terrain estimation have large computational complexity or trade off accuracy of far-field data with computational complexity. We present Multiresolution Partitioned Gaussian Process Regression (MPGPR) to address these weaknesses. MPGPR improves upon past results by 1) using a quadtree structure to intuitively partition data in order to speed up parameter optimization times, as well as 2) using a hierarchical structure to capture long range data dependencies while preserving local detail. This hierarchical structure allows the method to perform well on practical datasets that may have nonuniform densities. Our method is evaluated on many artificially generated terrains as well as real data obtained from the Mars Curiosity Rover.
Ureteral Physiology and Pharmacology

The ureters are retroperitoneal structures responsible for urine transport between the kidneys and the bladder. They are typically 22–30 cm in length and are composed of four layers. The inner layer is transitional epithelium, over which lies the lamina propria. The lamina propria is invested with a muscle layer that is composed of inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle fibers. Overlying the muscle is the adventitia, which contains the blood vessels and lymphatics coursing with the ureter.1
Topical substance P and corneal epithelial wound closure in the rabbit.

Purpose. The authors determined the effect of topically applied substance P (SP) on the rate of corneal epithelial wound closure in the rabbit. Methods. Uniform circular lesions, 6.5 mm in diameter, were made bilaterally in the corneal epithelium of 24 rabbits using N-heptanol. Substance P was applied repeatedly to one eye, and the SPi_7 fragment was applied to the contralateral (control) eye until wound closure was obtained. Three concentrations of peptide solution (5 X 10~ 5 M, 5 X 10~ 4 M, and 5 X 10~ 3 M) were tested in separate groups of eight animals each. An additional eight animals received topical applications (5 X 10~ 7 M) of the neurokinin-1 (NK1)-specific SP receptor antagonist CP-99,994-01 or its ineffective enantiomer CP-100,263-01. The mean rates of wound healing for each group of experimental and control eyes were determined by linear regression and analyzed by analysis of variance. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean rates of wound closure (range, 0.083 to 0.106 mm/hour) between experimental- and control-treated corneas for any of the four groups tested. Conclusions. The topical application of SP or its NK1 receptor antagonist has no significant effect on the rate of corneal epithelial wound closure in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997; 38:388-395.
Calcium Fluxes and Homeostasis

Calcium (Ca 2+ ) is a critical signaling molecule in cardiac myocytes. We discuss how Ca 2+ is involved in local and global cellular signaling and how Ca 2+ fluxes and binding to target proteins in cardiac myocytes are involved in normal and pathological aspects of electrical activity (and arrhythmias), Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release (and excitation–contraction coupling), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ uptake and storage, mitochondrial energy production (and permeability transition pore opening), and cell death and transcriptional regulation in hypertrophy and heart failure. Numerous Ca 2+ transport systems provide integrated control over the Ca 2+ fluxes that drive these systems and Ca 2+ binds to and regulates numerous targets to mediate this spectrum of cellular effects, including calmodulin, the transporters and Ca 2+ channels themselves, myofilament proteins, mitochondrial proteins involved in energy production, and via calcineurin and Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase to alter nuclear transcription.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT OF MILK UPON THE HYDROLYZABILITY OF LACTOSE BY THE ENZYME LACTASE1

Heat treated, condensed skimmilk and nonfat dry milk (NDM) were treated with lactase enzyme obtained from Saccharomyces fragilis. The effect of heat treatment on lactose hydrolysis was determined. Forewarming treatments of 62.8, 68.3, 73.9, 79.5, and 85.0 C resulted in 17, 17, 100, 59, and 156 g, respectively, of lactose hydrolyzed. Concentrates with forewarming treatments of 62.8, 73.9, and 85.0 C for 30 min were given additional heat treatments of 62.8, 73.9, or 85.0 C for 20 min. Activity was lower in all concentrates given the double heat treatment, except those heated at 85.0 C for 20 min after forewarming at 62.8 and 73.9 C. These showed a substantial increase in lactose hydrolysis. Portions of each concentrate, spray dried and reconstituted to 30% total solids, exhibited the same effect on lactose hydrolysis as the original concentrates. Additional studies were conducted with whey and a 5% lactose plus milk salt solution. Results indicated that heating lactose in the presence of milk protein had a ...
Defective Solar Protection in Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Cockayne Syndrome Patients

It is clear that UV sensitivity and high cancer susceptibility can be explained by defective DNA repair. However, many mutations in DNA repair genes result in multisystem disorders. Mutations in the same gene can result in different clinical outcomes and severity depending on the site of a mutation and the gene dosage. This is further complicated by the possibility of pleiotropic effects caused by disturbances in other cellular processes. While not discussed here, attempts to recapitulate the human genotype-phenotype relationships using transgenic mice are providing valuable insights into these disorders. It may soon be possible to determine a patient’s clinical prognosis by analyzing the site of the mutation in the affected gene.
Natural and Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Poultry, Survival in Poultry Products and Infection in Humans

Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal illness in humans characterized by abdominal cramps, pyrexia, and diarrhea. Although livestock, and particularly poultry, are the most common source, recent evidence suggests that environmental reservoirs (soil, water) play an important role in its transmission leading to product contamination and human infections. Antibiotics such as macrolides and fluoroquinolones are commonly used for treating campylobacteriosis in humans; however, there are reports of development of resistance to these drugs, and several resistance-imparting genes have been identified in Campylobacter. This increase in antibiotic resistance in the pathogen has fueled research exploring the potential of various alternative strategies to prevent food contamination and reduce Campylobacter infections in humans.
Transplacental passage of antimicrobial paraben preservatives

Parabens are widely used preservatives suspected of being endocrine disruptors, with implications for human growth and development. The most common paraben found in consumer products is methylparaben. To date, no study has examined whether these substances cross the human placenta. A total of 100 study subjects (50 mother–child pairs) were enrolled at two medical institutions, serving primarily African-American and Caucasian women, respectively. A maternal blood sample was drawn on admission and a paired cord blood sample was obtained at delivery. Of the 50 mothers, 47 (94%) showed methylparaben in their blood (mean level 20.41 ng/l), and 47 in cords bloods (mean level 36.54 ng/l). There were 45 mother–child pairs where methylparaben was found in both samples. Of these, the fetal level was higher than the maternal level in 23 (51%). For butylparaben, only 4 mothers (8%) showed detectable levels (mean 40.54 ng/l), whereas 8 cord blood samples (16%) were positive (mean 32.5 ng/l). African-American mothers and infants showed higher prevalence of detectable levels (P=0.017). Methylparaben and butylparaben demonstrate transplacental passage. Additional studies are needed to examine potential differences in exposure by geography and demographics, what products are used by pregnant women that contain these preservatives, as well as any potential long-term effects in the growth and development of exposed children.
Obesity Expands a Distinct Population of T Cells in Adipose Tissue and Increases Vulnerability to Infection

Obesity in humans is associated with poorer health outcomes after infections compared with non-obese individuals. Here, we examined the effects of white adipose tissue and obesity on T cell responses to viral infection in mice. We show that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) grows to high titer in adipose tissue. Virus-specific T cells enter the adipose tissue to resolve infection but then remain as a memory population distinct from memory T cells in lymphoid tissues. Memory T cells in adipose tissue are abundant in lean mice, and diet-induced obesity further increases memory T cell number in adipose tissue and spleen. Upon re-challenge infection, memory T cells rapidly cause severe pathogenesis, leading to increases in lipase levels, calcification of adipose tissue, pancreatitis, and reduced survival in obese mice but not lean mice. Thus, obesity leads to a unique form of viral pathogenesis involving memory T cell-dependent adipocyte destruction and damage to other tissues.
Safe and supportive schools for LGBT youth: Addressing educational inequities through inclusive policies and practices.

Inclusive policies that attend to sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) are associated with more supportive school environments for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. We use the 2013-2015 California Healthy Kids Survey (n = 113,148) matched with principal reports of school policies from the 2014 California School Health Profiles to examine differential effects of SOGI-focused policies for LGB and transgender youth. SOGI-focused policies had a direct association with less truancy, and moderated the association between sexual orientation/gender identity and other school outcomes. SOGI-focused policies were associated with more positive experiences and perceptions of school climate for LGB youth and, to a lesser extent, transgender youth. Findings underscore the importance of inclusive policies, especially those that address the unique needs of transgender students.
"DOGGY DOLLY": DESIGN EXPLORATION OF CUSTOMISED MOBILITY DEVICE FOR A HANDICAPPED DOG

This paper introduces the research and process of assistive device design for a special 4-year-old dog who lost one of his front left leg due to a gun shot by a policeman on the street. This project involves diverse design activities that include the observation of the dog’s daily activities and gait (walking style), data collection and analysis, concept generation, prototyping, and product testing. The primary goal of this project is to design a customised mobility device which enables the dog to walk around with ease and comfort. Mobility, durability, stability, safety, ergonomics, and comfort were the main objectives to make this product successful, and they were tested during the entire design process to reach the goal. This paper illustrates how a design team from The Design School at Arizona State University in the U.S. helped the handicapped dog with an assistive device by sharing the challenges, successes and focused ergonomic research on the user experiences of a dog.
Modeling of Charge Transfer in Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells by Considering a Trapassisted Interface

Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted great attention because of low processing cost and high photovoltaic performance over the last few years. This work shows the effect of the density of deep defect states at the mesoporous TiO 2 interface on the photovoltaic characteristics of perovskite solar cell. Charge transport for perovskite solar cells is modeled based on the physics of charge emission, charge capture, and recombination processes assisted by deep interfacial trap states at perovskite / mesoporous TiO 2 interface. This model suggests that back recombination process of holes and electrons at the perovskite / mesoporous TiO 2 interface occurs due to trapping of conduction band electrons and valence band holes by deep trap states. The developed model further studied the impact of interface states on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells.