cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P65 Navigating Food Insecurity at College: Examining Student Experiences and Perspectives on Solutions

Background There is growing awareness of food insecurity among college students, with several studies documenting its presence and recommendations for addressing it. The majority of studies are quantitative and fail to offer insight into how students view food insecurity and what they and their universities can do about it. This study provides that perspective. Objective To examine how students experiencing food insecurity make sense of, navigate, and recommend addressing it. Study Design, Setting, Participants An anonymous survey was administered at a Mid-Atlantic university using Qualtrics and elicited 1,283 responses (93.1% undergraduate; 6.9% graduate). Following the survey, three 90-minute focus groups were conducted with 13 students (84.6% undergraduate; 15.4% graduate) who self-identified as food insecure. Measurable Outcome/Analysis The 68-item survey included questions regarding students' background, finances, and food security status (using the 6-item USDA-FSS Short Form survey). The 19-item focus group guide included questions concerning food behaviors/practices, experiences with food insecurity, and solutions. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS. Focus groups were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was conducted in NVivo using an inductive approach. Results Of survey respondents, 38.9% indicated moderate to high food insecurity, with highest rates among Pell Grant recipients (55.4%), students with college debt (50.6%), and first-generation students (47.9%). Focus group themes included hesitancy to self-identify as food insecure; encounters with stigma; lack of awareness and understanding by the university; negative impact on social life; and self-reliance, particularly coping independently by donating plasma, eating cheap food, not eating, sneaking food, and using credit cards. Participants offered traditional solutions (eg, pantry, no-frills dining) and upstream solutions such as addressing stigma and developing new programming (eg, peer mentoring programs). Conclusions Quantitative findings are similar to those of previous studies, particularly relating to vulnerable groups; however, qualitative findings offer a unique perspective regarding students' perceptions of food insecurity, identities as food-insecure college students, and perspectives on addressing it.
Metalinguistic negotiations in moral disagreement

The problem of moral disagreement has been presented as an objection to contextualist semantics for ‘ought’, since it is not clear that contextualism can accommodate or give a convincing gloss of s...
On the interpretation of tense in temporal adverbial clauses

Tenses in English temporal adjunct clauses seem to show properties of both matrix and embedded tenses. On the one hand, they are often argued to be interpreted with respect to the time of utterance (Stump 1985; Arregui & Kusumoto 1998; Kubota et al. 2011). On the other hand, they are more constrained than matrix tenses, claimed to be limited to past tense when the matrix tense is past, and present when the matrix tense is future. I present evidence from the English perfect that adjunct clauses are always interpreted relative to the nearest c-commanding temporal operator, which can in principle give rise to both types of behaviors: adjunct tenses are interpreted relative to some temporal operator if within the scope of matrix tense, or they are interpreted relative to the time of utterance if they are outside the scope of matrix tense. What decides between these possibilities in a given clause are syntactic and pragmatic conditions on adjunction and the resulting interaction between the presuppositions introduced by the adjunct clause and the meanings of the temporal connectives. The result is that when the matrix clause is a non-perfect, adjunct tenses are always interpreted relative to the utterance time. When the matrix clause contains a perfect, however, adjunct tenses may be interpreted relative to the matrix tense operator.
Do It to Them, Not to Me: Doctors' and Nurses' Personal Preferences Versus Recommendations for End-of-Life Care.

Abstract Background The emotional toll and financial cost of end-of-life care can be high. Existing literature suggests that medical providers often choose to forego many aggressive interventions and life-prolonging therapies for themselves. To further investigate this phenomenon, we compared how providers make medical decisions for themselves versus for relatives and unrelated patients. Methods Between 2016 and 2019, anonymous surveys were emailed to physicians (attendings, fellows, and residents), nurse practitioners, physician assistances, and nurses at two multifacility tertiary medical centers. Participants were asked to decide how likely they would offer a tracheostomy and feeding gastrostomy to a hypothetical patient with a devastating neurological injury and an uncertain prognosis. Participants were then asked to reconsider their decision if the patient was their own family member or if they themselves were the patient. The Kruskal–Wallis H, Mann–Whitney U, and Tukey tests were used to compare quantitative data. Statistical significance was set at P Results Seven hundred seventy-three surveys were completed with a 10% response rate at both institutions. Regardless of professional identity, age, or gender, providers were significantly more likely to recommend a tracheostomy and feeding gastrostomy to an unrelated patient than for themselves. Professional identity and age of the respondent did influence recommendations made to a family member. Conclusions We demonstrate that medical practitioners make different end-of-life care decisions for themselves compared with others. It is worth investigating further why there is such a discrepancy between what medical providers choose for themselves compared with what they recommend for others.
Numerical Analysis of Radiation Effects on Fiber Optic Sensors

Optical fiber sensors (OFS) are a potential candidate for monitoring physical parameters in nuclear environments. However, under an irradiation field the optical response of the OFS is modified via three primary mechanisms: (i) radiation-induced attenuation (RIA), (ii) radiation-induced emission (RIE), and (iii) radiation-induced compaction (RIC). For resonance-based sensors, RIC plays a significant role in modifying their performance characteristics. In this paper, we numerically investigate independently the effects of RIC and RIA on three types of OFS widely considered for radiation environments: fiber Bragg grating (FBG), long-period grating (LPG), and Fabry-Perot (F-P) sensors. In our RIC modeling, experimentally calculated refractive index (RI) changes due to low-dose radiation are extrapolated using a power law to calculate density changes at high doses. The changes in RI and length are subsequently calculated using the Lorentz–Lorenz relation and an established empirical equation, respectively. The effects of both the change in the RI and length contraction on OFS are modeled for both low and high doses using FIMMWAVE, a commercially available vectorial mode solver. An in-depth understanding of how radiation affects OFS may reveal various potential OFS applications in several types of radiation environments, such as nuclear reactors or in space.
484-P: Satisfaction with Remote Diabetes Education and Support Varies by Age

Background: Satisfaction with televisits across age groups has not been well studied. Aim: To evaluate patient satisfaction with remote diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) throughout adulthood. Methods: Surveys were administered electronically to patients with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes who had completed at least one remote education visit. Televisits were conducted without charge by a CDCES who had no prior relationship with the patient. If there was no response to the emailed survey within one week or an email address was unavailable the survey was conducted by phone. Survey questions used a 5-point Likert scale (1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree). Data were analyzed using t-test to assess differences in means, and Pearson correlation coefficients to assess relationship between Likert scaled items and age. SPSS v. 27 was used. Results: N=200 surveys were completed (45 by email, 155 by phone). Response rate was 37.9%. Mean age 52.5 years (range 21-82), 56% female, 78.5% T1D, 45.5% private insurance, 36% Medicare, 18% Medicaid, mean HbA1c 8.0% (SD 1.6). Correlation between mean score and age are shown in the table. Medicaid recipients were more likely to agree with “In the past, cost was a barrier to receiving diabetes education” compared to those with private insurance (p=0.005). Conclusions: Satisfaction with remote DSMES was less in older adults. Studies of remote DSMES tailored to older adults are needed. Disclosure C. Feuerstein-simon: None. M. Greenfield: None. P. Saha: None. R. S. Weinstock: Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, Kowa Research Institute, Inc., Medtronic, Tolerion, Inc. Funding The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust; T1D Exchange QI Learning Collaborative
Mentor personality and attachment as correlates of youth mentoring relationship quality within a school-based mentoring intervention: The moderating role of negative interactions.

AIMS Mentor relationship quality is considered a mechanism linking youth mentoring to positive developmental outcomes. It is important to understand the factors that promote high-quality youth mentoring relationships. The current investigation examined whether certain mentor characteristics were associated with youth mentoring relationship quality. METHOD Children (n = 55) were participating in an efficacy trial of a lunchtime mentoring program for aggressive children. Children received two different mentors over the course of an academic year, resulting in 104 unique mentoring dyads. Analyses examined the unique and interactive influence of mentor personality, attachment style, and negative interactions within the mentoring relationship on mentoring relationship quality. RESULTS For both child- and mentor-reported relationship quality, negative interactions moderated the association between some dimensions of mentor personality and relationship quality. CONCLUSION Understanding the influence of mentor personality and attachment tendencies on mentoring relationships requires an appreciation for the context of the mentoring relationship and broader goals of the mentoring intervention.
Examining Care Partner Problems Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

IMPORTANCE Care partners report that they are unprepared to manage the care of their loved one during the predischarge rehabilitation process and at the time of transition from hospital to home. OBJECTIVE To link, classify, and describe care partner-reported problems using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to explore care partner experiences during the predischarge rehabilitation process. DESIGN We linked meaningful concepts collected during problem-solving training implemented with care partners of patients with sudden-onset conditions to the ICF using a standardized linking technique. SETTING Health care institution. RESULTS Care partner-reported problems were linked to 13 of the 30 ICF chapters. Activities and participation was most frequently addressed, followed by body functions. Care partners most commonly reported problems in the areas of emotional function, major life areas, self-care, domestic life, interpersonal relationships, and sleep functions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The ICF can be used to examine and describe care partners' health-related experiences. Care partners experience myriad problems related to activities and participation, body functions, environmental factors, and personal health before the care recipient's initial discharge from the hospital. What this Article Adds: Care partners' problems early in the rehabilitation process are complex and interrelated. The ICF can serve as a framework for a systematic approach to identifying care partner needs, as it has for patients with a variety of diagnoses.
Beta-ray dose kernels for Ho-166 and Lu-177

1428 Objectives To calculate beta-ray dose kernels for point sources of Ho-166 and Lu-177 in water. Methods W.G. Cross, et al., published (AECL-10521, 1992) a dimensionless dose distribution table for mono-energetic beta particles and combined those with beta-ray energy spectra to calculate dose kernels. Ho-166 and Lu-177 are radionuclides of recent clinical interest that are were not included. Software was written in the Java programming language implementing Cross9 approach. It imports ICRP 38 beta energy spectra from the DEXRAX32 program and interpolates them. The quantity r2J(r,E) (Cross9 equation 5) is computed for various distances from the point source by interpolating and integrating Cross9 dimensionless dose distribution, weighted by the actual beta spectrum using beta ranges in water given by the ESTAR CSDA data. Results Dose kernels for several radionuclides tabulated by Cross agree well with Cross9 results except at r=0 and at the end of the beta range where the differences are as much as 60%. Cross, et al., noted problems near r=0. Their values close to the maximum beta range have reduced precision and higher intrinsic error. Conclusions Dose kernels for Ho-166 and Lu-177 have been calculated by a reliable implementation of Cross9 computation
Visual scanning, memory scanning, and computational human performance modeling

This article describes two studies that were conducted as part of a systematic effort at the University of Michigan to develop computational and comprehensive models of complex human performance and to improve the scientific basis for these models. The focus of the first study was the integration of models of divided attention and models of selective attention in performing complex tasks. Two experiments were conducted, which required the subjects to perform a simple information acquisition task in the first experiment and a complex information integration task in the second experiment. The two types of tasks were performed either alone or concurrently with a tracking task, and involved either spatial or verbal material. The location of the relevant spatial and verbal material was displayed with 4 levels of spatial uncertainty, but with approximately the same expected distance for visual scanning. The results demonstrated the strengths and limitations of existing models. The potential value of power funct...
Management of patients with neuromuscular disease

Section 1: General Evaluation and Management Concerns 1. Disease Assessment and Evolution 2. Medical Therapies and Research 3. Nutrition 4. Swallowing and Gastrointestinal Concerns 5. Cardiac Management Section 2: The Physical Intervention Stages 6. Stage 1: The Ambulatory Stage 7. Stage 2: Stage of Loss of Ambulation 8. Conventional "End-Stage" Management Section 3: The Stage of Prolonged Quality Survival 9. The Physiological Basis of Aiding Respiratory Muscles 10. Noninvasive Respiratory Muscle Aids, Intervention Goals, and Mechanisms of Action 11. Respiratory Muscle Aids: Patient Evaluation, Respiratory Aid Protocol, and Outcomes 12. Pediatrics Respiratory Management 13. Quality of Life and Ethical Issues
Azurophil and Specific Granules of Blood Neutrophils in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: An Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Analysis

That most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have either very low levels or no leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity (LAP) is an established fact. In view of our new findings7 that normal mature human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) contain two types of granules, azurophils (1/3) and specifics (2/3), and that alkaline phosphatase is present only in specific granules, we undertook the present studies to determine whether these neoplastic PMN lack a specific granule population or simply lack the enzyme. The cellular buffy coats of five patients with CML (Ph1 plus, LAP minus) were fixed in glutaraldehyde, incubated for peroxidase to identify the azurophil population, and examined by electron microscopy. It was found that the specific granule population was present in all mature PMN. Counts of both azurophil and specific granules per cell were slightly lower than normal but were within an 80%-90% overlap of the normal range. We therefore conclude that the low level of LAP in patients with CML reflects a deficiency of the enzyme rather than a missing granule population. Although the mature PMN appeared relatively normal (with few exceptions), circulating myeloblasts and promyelocytes revealed several abnormalities, the most notable being the presence of large bundles of cytoplasmic microfilaments. The blood of two patients in the terminal phase of disease was reexamined. Most of their cells were immature, with aberrations similar to those in myeloblasts and promyelocytes in the chronic phase of the disorder. In addition, however, we discovered three adnormal populations of mature PMN: (1) PMN containing both populations of granules but lacking peroxidase, (2) PMN lacking specific granules, and (3) PMN lacking azurophil granules. Our findings emphasize the value of electron microscopy and cytochemistry in detecting abnormalities of maturation in the cytoplasm of leukemic PMN.
Computerized Psychological Assessment

Computer-based psychological assessment has come far since it began to evolve over 40 years ago. Many practitioners use some computer scoring and computer-based interpretation and consider computer-assisted test interpretation to be an ethical professional activity. The application of computerized methods has broadened both in scope and in depth. However, the merger of computer technology and psychological test interpretation has not been a perfect relationship. Past efforts at computerized assessment have not gone far enough in making optimal use of the flexibility and power of computers for making complex decisions. Computerized applications are limited, to some extent, by available psychological expertise and psychotechnology. To date, computer-human interactions are confined to written material and do not take into account potentially valuable information such as critical nonverbal cues (e.g., speech patterns, vocal tone, and facial expressions). Research has supported the view that computer-administered tests are essentially equivalent to booklet-administered instruments. Research thus far appears to point to the conclusion that computer-generated reports should be viewed as valuable adjuncts to clinical judgment, rather than as substitutes for skilled clinicians. In spite of some limitations and unfulfilled hopes, computer-based psychological assessment is an enormously successful endeavor. Keywords: adaptive testing; computer-based item administration; computer-based test interpretation (CBTI); computerized assessment; Internet-based test applications; Minnesota Report; MMI-2
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of ovine prolactin cDNA.

Abstract A cDNA expression library was constructed in the λgt11 phage vector using ovine (o) pituitary mRNA. The clone, pOP1, carrying a 934-bp insert contains an open reading frame beginning with the first nucleotide (nt) and ending with the stop codon TAA at nt position 781. Two potential translation start codons (ATGs) are present in the 5′ region of this cDNA. Translation initiation could occur at the 5′ proximal ATG at nt position 61. The nucleotide sequence around this ATG (TCCATGG), resembles the optimum sequence context for translation initiation by the eukaryotic ribosomes, as defined by mutational analysis [Kozak, Cell 44 (1986) 283–292)], with its substitution of the A at −3 of the consensus sequence by a T residue in this clone. Translation initiated at this codon could potentially code for the entire pre-prolactin (pre-PRL) molecule. The 3′ -untranslated region is 154 nt long and contains a polyadenylation signal AATAAA. The deduced amino acid sequence agrees in totality with the published amino acid sequence of the mature hormone. The present study reports on the nucleotide sequence of o-PRL mRNA and the deduced amino acid sequence in the signal peptide of the hormone.
Sonochemical Degradation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams

Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are fire extinguishing agents developed by the Navy to quickly and effectively combat fires occurring close to explosive materials and are utilized today at car races, airports, oil refineries, and military locations. Fluorochemical (FC) surfactants represent 1−5% of the AFFF composition, which impart properties such as high spreadability, negligible fuel diffusion, and thermal stability to the foam. FC’s are oxidatively recalcitrant, persistent in the environment, and have been detected in groundwater at AFFF training sites. Ultrasonic irradiation of aqueous FCs has been reported to degrade and subsequently mineralize the FC surfactants perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Here we present results of the sonochemical degradation of aqueous dilutions of FC-600, a mixture of hydrocarbon (HC) and fluorochemical components including cosolvents, anionic hydrocarbon surfactants, fluorinated amphiphilic surfactants, anionic fluorinated surfactants, and...
Determination of Volatile Organics in Drinking Water with USEPA Method 524.2 and the Ion Trap Detector

New drinking water regulations require the monitoring of eight volatile organic compounds that have established maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and 51 other volatile organics for which MCLs are not established. A laboratory analytical method (Method 524.2) for the determination of 58 of these compounds is investigated, and precision and accuracy data are obtained. The method uses a standard inert gas purge extraction, isolation of the volatile organics on a three-stage solid-phase trap, thermal desorption into a gas chromatograph, separation with a fused-silica capillary column, and identification and measurement with a relatively low cost, benchtop ion trap detector that functions as a mass spectrometer. At a concentration of 2 micrograms/L (2 parts per billion), the grand mean measurement accuracy for 54 compounds was 95% of the true value with a mean relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4%. At 0.2 micrograms/L (200 parts per trillion), the grand mean measurement accuracy for 52 compounds was 95% of the true value with a mean RSD of 3%.
Nobel Lecture: Superposition, entanglement, and raising Schrödinger’s cat

Experimental control of quantum systems has been pursued widely since the invention of quantum mechanics. In the first part of the 20th century, atomic physics helped provide a test bed for quantum mechanics through studies of atoms’ internal energy differences and their interaction with radiation. The advent of spectrally pure, tunable radiation sources such as microwave oscillators and lasers dramatically improved these studies by enabling the coherent control of atoms’ internal states to deterministically prepare superposition states, as, for example, in the Ramsey method (Ramsey, 1990). More recently this control has been extended to the external (motional) states of atoms. Laser cooling and other refrigeration techniques have provided the initial states for a number of interesting studies, such as Bose-Einstein condensation. Similarly, control of the quantum states of artificial atoms in the context of condensed-matter systems is achieved in many laboratories throughout theworld. To give proper recognition to all of these works would be a daunting task; therefore, I will restrict these notes to experiments on quantum control of internal and external states of trapped atomic ions. The precise manipulation of any system requires lownoise controls and isolation of the system from its environment. Of course the controls can be regarded as part of the environment, so we mean that the system must be isolated from the uncontrolled or noisy parts of the environment. A simple example of quantum control comes from nuclear magnetic resonance, where the spins of a macroscopic ensemble of protons in the state j #i (spin antiparallel to an applied magnetic field) can be deterministically placed in a superposition state j #i þ j "i (j j2 þ j j2 1⁄4 1) by application of a resonant rf field for a specified duration. Although the ensemble is macroscopic, in this example each spin is independent of the others and behaves as an individual quantum system. But already in 1935, Erwin Schrodinger (Schrodinger, 1935) realized that, in principle, quantum mechanics should apply to a macroscopic system in a more complex way, which could then lead to bizarre consequences. In his specific example, the system is composed of a single radioactive particle and a cat placed together with a mechanism such that if the particle decays, poison is released, which kills the cat. Quantum mechanically we represent the quantum states of the radioactive particle as undecayed 1⁄4 j "i or decayed 1⁄4 j #i, and live and dead states of the cat as jLi and jDi. If the system is initialized in the state represented by the wave function j "ijLi, then after a duration equal to the half life of the particle, quantum mechanics says the system evolves to a superposition state where the cat is alive and dead simultaneously, expressed by the superposition wave function
Design of a stable, selective catalyst for CO hydrogenation: Osmium in basic Y Zeolite

Zeolite-entrapped osmium carbonyl clusters were prepared by converting adsorbed (H{sub 2}Os(CO){sub 4}) in the pores of Zeolite Y. The samples were characterized as CO hydrogenation catalysts at 1-30 atm, 300-365{degree}C, and H{sub 2}/CO molar ratios of 0.3-9. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize fresh and used catalysts. In a strongly basic zeolite (prepared by treatment of NaY with NaN{sub 3}), entrapped Os carbonyl clusters were formed, and the catalyst had a low activity for CO hydrogenation, at low conversions giving a non-Schulz-Flory distribution of C{sub 1}-C{sub 5} hydrocarbons with high alkene to alkane ratios. The catalyst was stable, operating at 300{degree}C and 19 atm with a H{sub 2}/CO molar ratio of 1 for more than 20 days with no significant loss in activity and only a moderate loss in selectivity. Infrared spectra of the used catalyst, which was yellow, indicate the presence of osmium carbonyl clusters. When an acidic zeolite, HY, was instead used in the preparations, the resulting catalyst was much less stable; during operation, the osmium migrated out of the cages, giving crystallites of metal and the common Schulz-Flory distribution of hydrocarbon products. These results suggest opportunities formore » synthesis of metal clusters in strongly basic zeolites and for preparation of shape-selective catalysts.« less
Acute meningitis due to Bacillus fecalis alcaligenes

Summary A case of acute meningitis caused by Bacillus fecalis alcaligenes is presented, in which a complete recovery was effected by adequate drain-age of cerebrospinal fluid through cistern puncture. The source of the infection could not be found either in the blood, stools, or urine of the patient, and it must be assumed that the causative organism gained access to the cerebrospinal system through a spontaneous opening in the meningocele.
Philosophical and metamathematical considerations of quantum mechanical computers

We ask and give only very preliminary answers to two questions which must arise when we consider quantum mechanical computers with significant quantunt indeterminacy. First, how does this impact our belief in Church's thesis? Second, how does this impact our belief in freedom of thought?© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Response of the Exteriorized Spleen to Ephedrine, Acetyl Choline, Pilocarpine and Pituitrin

ConclusionsInjection of acetyl choline, pilocarpine, ephedrine, and pituitrin (S) into the saphenous vein causes significant contraction of the exteriorized spleen in conscious dogs. In 2 single observations, chloroform inhalation caused contraction and sodium amytal (intravenously) caused relaxation of the exteriorized spleen.
Criminology, Racial Dehumanization and the Crime of Genocide in Darfur

Three major narratives are spun in this wel come addition to the limited but ongoing analysis of the genocide in Darfur, and to the scholarly study of genocide more gener ally. One narrative concerns the absence of the criminological voice in accounting for genocide, not only in Darfur but more broadly and historically. The second con cerns the debate and politics shrouding the determination of the number of genocidal deaths in Darfur. And the third concerns the causes of the genocide and their inter connection, with an emphasis on the racial aspect of the genocide. The first narrative, written from the van tage point of two sociological criminologists,
Racial differences in the outcome of patients with colorectal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND African-American (AA) patients with colorectal carcinoma have a worse prognosis compared with Caucasians. To analyze the causes of this disparity in survival, a retrospective study of patients with colorectal carcinoma was undertaken. The impact of treatments received and the role of socioeconomic factors such as income, education, and poverty levels were studied. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients with colorectal carcinoma at a single institution was conducted. The overall survival of AA and Caucasians, stage at presentation, treatment received, and socioeconomic factors were analyzed using the institutional tumor registry and 1990 census data. RESULTS The overall survival of AA patients was worse compared with Caucasians, both due to all causes (P < 0.001) and cancer-related deaths (P < 0.001). The relative risk of death due to all causes was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–1.8) for AA, 4.3 for patients with Stage IV disease (95% CI 3.2–5.7), and 2.3 for patients not undergoing surgery (95% CI 1.7–3.1). After multivariate adjustment for gender, site, socioeconomic factors, and therapeutic modalities, the relative risks for death were 1.5 (95% CI 1.2) for AA, 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.7) for patients 60 years of age or older, and 4.2 (95% CI 3.4–5.2) for Stage IV disease. The survival difference between AA and Caucasians was not influenced by income, poverty level, and education. African Americans were treated less frequently with chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with their Caucasian counterparts. CONCLUSIONS African American patients with colorectal carcinoma have a poorer prognosis compared with Caucasians. This discrepancy may be due to decreased utilization of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Socioeconomic factors and lack of access to health care do not entirely explain the worse prognosis of AA. These factors should be identified and dealt with to improve the health care of AA patients with various malignant disorders. Cancer 2003;97:493–8. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11067
The effects of water table and tide cycle on swash-backwash sediment distribution and beach profile development

Abstract A study of deposition in the swash-backwash zone along a sand beach indicates that fluctuations in sea level relative to beach water table level, resulting from semidiurnal tide cycles, produce appreciable effects on sediment distribution. In the swash-backwash zone, sediment distribution is dependent on the interaction of swash deposition, swash erosion, backwash deposition and backwash erosion. When the tide level is high and the beach water table is low, swash deposition and swash erosion predominate; this results in the formation of a thick sediment lens on the shoreward side of the swash-backwash zone and a scoured area on the surf side of the zone. In contrast, a relatively high water table results in maximum backwash erosion and backwash deposition; thick sediment lenses form near the surf boundary. Therefore, as sea level fluctuates above and below the general water table level with the tide, the zone of deposition correspondingly shifts its position within the swash-backwash zone and either increases or decreases the gradient of the beach slope. As the tide rises, sediments deposited by previous swashes are redistributed by the encroaching surf. Above the limit of surf encroachment and in the highest swash-mark area, a berm forms, which displays an onlap-offlap series of laminae; also, portions of it are cross-laminated. This berm and its internal structure are a result of sedimentation during the flood-to-ebb tide period.
Initial experience using the Palmaz Corinthian stent for right ventricular outflow obstruction in infants and small children.

The original Palmaz balloon expandable stent has been used extensively for the treatment of vascular stenoses in older children and young adults. Placement of the Palmaz stent in infants and small children, however, is limited by stent inflexibility, large delivery sheath size, and concerns about creating fixed obstructions after the placement of small diameter stents in growing patients. New Palmaz Corinthian stents were placed through 6 French sheaths in four high-risk patients with postoperative right ventricular outflow obstruction. Patients were not considered candidates for surgical repair. Median patient age and weight were 17 months (range 5‐32 months) and 7.7 kg (range 4.6 ‐11.1 kg), respectively. Median fluoroscopy time was 58.2 min (range 55.2‐172 min). No complications were encountered. In each case, successful stent placement was achieved, and surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass was avoided. Palmaz Corinthian stents are more flexible, require a smaller delivery sheath, have equal or increased radial strength, and can be maximally expanded to a greater cross sectional area when compared to the original Palmaz stent. These characteristics make the Palmaz Corinthian stent a reasonable alternative for use in a select group of infants and small children who are not candidates for surgical repair of postoperative right ventricular outflow obstruction. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 51:444 ‐ 449, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How to hatch a handbook: the development of the VM/CMS Handbook

Academic Computing Services at the University of Delaware supports over 7000 academic users ranging from hesitant History professors to fully conversant student programmers, from scared freshmen to experienced researchers, from people who use one of our systems only when they must to those who can not live without checking their electronic mail three times a day. This diverse group is the audience we must address in our documentation.Since the early 1970's, our department has produced a handbook about each mainframe operating system that we support.1 These handbooks contain information that all users of a particular system need to do their work.In February 1984, the University acquired an IBM 3081D computer. Academic use of this system, running the VM/CMS operating system, began on August 1, 1984. One of the tasks our staff performed between March 1 and August 1, 1984, was to compile the VM/CMS Handbook. Between May 13 and August 19 of this year, we prepared a revised edition of this handbook.
The global characteristics of atmospheric emissions in the lower thermosphere and their aeronomic implications

The green line of atomic oxygen and the Herzberg bands of molecular oxygen as observed from the OGO-4 airglow photometer are discussed in terms of their spatial and temporal distributions and their relation to the atomic oxygen content in the lower thermosphere. Daily maps of the distribution of emissions show considerable structure (cells, patches, and bands) with appreciable daily changes. When data are averaged over periods of several days in length, the resulting patterns have occasional tendencies to follow geomagnetic parallels. The Seasonal variations are characterized by maxima in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in October, with the Northern Hemisphere having substantially higher emission rates. Formulae are derived relating the vertical column emission rates of the green line and the Herzberg bands to the atomic oxygen peak density. Global averages for the time period for these data (August 1967 to January 1968), when converted to maximum atomic oxygen densities near 95 km, have a range of 2.0 x 10 to the 11th power/cu cm 2.7 x 10 to the 11th power/cu cm.
Stochastic constitutive modeling for electrorheological media

Realistic prediction of dynamic responses in electrorheological (ER) media demands spatially stochastic constitutive modeling. Sample random fields for yield stress functionals can be constructed for numerical simulation with finite and boundary elements on the basis of the covariance relations obtained from experimental data. This paper focuses on a computational strategy to implement such observed responses. The present formulation of the stochastic constitutive relation has been extended for two and three dimensional problems by employing the standard techniques of the invariant formulation generic to mathematical theory of continuum mechanics. Symbolic computer programs are emphasized along with numerical codes for critical evaluation of the proposed finite/boundary element schemes.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ethylene is not involved in clopyralid action in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.)

Abstract Auxinic herbicides often increase ethylene production in susceptible but not resistant plants. Thus, a role for ethylene biosynthesis in the resistance to, and mode of action of, auxinic herbicides has been suggested. Experiments were conducted to determine the role of ethylene production induced by clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridine carboxylic acid) in the mode of action of, and cross-resistance to, this herbicide in picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid)-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis L.) plants. Foliar-applied clopyralid induced ethylene production, epinasty, and necrosis in S but had no effect on R. Wounding induced ethylene production in both S and R, so R possesses a functional ethylene biosynthesis pathway. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an ethylene synthesis inhibitor, inhibited ethylene production in S; however, clopyralid-induced epinasty, necrosis, and shoot weight reduction were not prevented. Therefore, herbicide damage was not attributable to induced ethylene. In addition, silver thiosulfate (STS), an ethylene action inhibitor, did not alter herbicide damage. Foliar-applied ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, increased ethylene released from S and R, but did not visibly affect plants. Exogenous-applied ethylene in a flow-through system for 48 h did not induce morphological symptoms in plants at 0 or 250 μL L −1 ; at 500 μL L −1 and greater ethylene induced slight leaf rolling and wilting in both accessions although there was no effect on plant weight 3 weeks after treatment. The low sensitivity to exogenously applied ethylene and the inability of AVG and STS to block any symptoms induced by clopyralid suggest that ethylene is a symptom, not a mediator, of auxinic herbicide action and resistance in yellow starthistle.
An Intercomparison Of Lens Design Computer Programs-A New User's Viewpoint

The author, a new user of lens design computer programs, makes an intercomparison of several commercially available programs in order to provide an unbiased overview of each system's performance. The programs used are ACCOS V of Scientific Calculations, Inc., CODE V of Optical Research Associates, and COOL-GENII and Grey of Genesee Computer Center, Inc. Two fairly standard lenses were designed on each computer program as a means of investigating each program's operating characteristics. First, a Cooke triplet design was developed from a first-order thin lens solution. Second, a double Gauss was redesigned from a lens patent to satisfy new first-order specifications. The evaluation of the computer systems considered in this paper is based primarily on how well each program aids the designer in his task. That is, the emphasis here is on the details of setting up the design problem, optimizing lens performance, and analyzing and interpreting design results. Some topics that are discussed include lens description input; library storage and editing; merit function development and optimization control; design analysis features and tolerancing; and usability and clarity of user manuals, program instruction procedures, and computer data printouts and graphics.
Map Worlds: A History Of Women In Cartography

Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2013. xv and 377 pp., illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $59.99 cloth (ISBN 978-1-55458-932-6).In Map Worlds: A History of Women in Cartogr...
Electrical characterization of low-cost glass/epoxy laminates at millimeter wave frequencies

We describe the characterization of low-cost glass/epoxy laminates at millimeter-wave frequencies up to 110 GHz. We characterize the loss, dielectric constant and Fiber-Weave-Effect properties of 3 such laminates. We also demonstrate several test cases of transitions at E-band and D-band frequencies (up to 130 GHz) designed with these laminates, showing excellent perform ance.
113Cd NMR Determination of the Binding Parameters of Alicyclic Epoxides to [Hydrotris(3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate]Cd(II) Acetate

The thermodynamic parameters for the binding of a series of epoxides to the complex [hydrotris(3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate]Cd(II) acetate have been determined via 113Cd NMR spectroscopy. As the act...
Strategic options: a new tool for managing in turbulent environments

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a new way to manage strategic uncertainty, and more specifically to distinguish between “growth options” and “strategic options.”Design/methodology/approach – Evidence adduced consists of a summary of large‐scale empirical analysis and in‐depth case studies in the context of a new theoretical framework for managing strategic risk.Findings – Strategic options are fundamentally different from the more familiar growth options. Rather than create windows on opportunity for new growth they create the possibility of redirecting strategy in established lines of business.Practical implications – To identify and manage strategic risk effectively requires a portfolio of strategic options. The different levels of the hierarchy must adopt fundamentally different roles that reflect in practice the commonsense notion that senior management must attend to long term, and hence highly uncertain, issues while operating managers tend to shorter time horizons.Originality/val...
Sodium chromite as a friction-reducing material

Abstract Sodium chromite NaCrO 2 has a layered structure, with alternate layers of sodium and chromium interleaving oxygen layers. Although NaCrO 2 acts as a lubricant between metals in liquid sodium environments, exactly why it reduces the friction coefficient is not known. The purpose of this work was to develop knowledge about the properties of NaCrO 2 so that it could be applied more generally in liquid sodium systems. NaCrO 2 powder was prepared by reacting Na 2 CO 3 and Cr 2 O 3 at 900°C in argon. X-ray and electron spin resonance measurements confirmed that the material, when properly prepared, consisted entirely of NaCrO 2 . NaCrO 2 , which is stable in air, oxygen and argon at temperatures up to 200°C, is readily oxidized by air and oxygen at 600°C. The friction coefficient between NaCrO 2 specimens pressed from powder and a hemispherical stainless steel tip was measured at room temperature in air and helium and at temperatures up to 600°C in vacuum; the friction coefficient was found to lie in the range 0.20–0.45 for each of these conditions.
Mechanisms of laser-induced thermal coagulation of whole blood in vitro

Quantitative data regarding photothermal and damage processes during pulsed laser irradiation of blood are necessary to achieve a better understanding of laser treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions and improve numerical models. In this study, multiple experimental techniques were employed to quantify the effects os single- pulse KTP laser (λ = 532 nm, τp= 10 ms) irradiation of whole blood in vitro: high-speed temperature measurement with a thermal camera in line-scan mode (8 kHz); optical coherence tomography; and transmission measurement with a co-aligned laser beam (λ=635 nm). Threshold radiant exposures for coagulation (4.4-5.0 J/cm2) and ablation (~ 12 J/cm2) were identified. Thermal camera measurements indicated threshold coagulation temperatures of 90-100°C, and peak temperatures of up to 145°C for sub-ablation radiant exposures. Significant changes in coagulum thickness and consistency, and a corresponding decrease in transmission, were observed with increasing radiant exposure. The Arrhenius equation was shown to produce accurate predictions of coagulation onset. The significant of dynamic effects such as evaporative loss and dynamic changes in optical properties was indicated. Implications for numerical modeling are discussed. Most importantly, the threshold temperatures typically quoted in the literature for pulsed laser coagulation (60-70 °C) and ablation (100 °C) of blood do not match the result of this study.
Quantifying the Constraint of Three-Dimensional Biaxially Loaded Specimens Containing Semi-Elliptical Cracks Using the J-A2 Method

Fracture toughness is an important material property used to assess the structural integrity of mechanical components containing cracks. Often, the fracture toughness depends upon the geometry of the component as well as the applied loading. This dependence is referred to as the constraint effect in fracture. The two parameter J-A2 method can be used to quantify the constraint effect. The J-A2 method is a more accurate representation of the stress fields near the crack compared to the classical HRR solution, as additional terms from the series solution are used. The subject of the current study is to apply the J-A2 method to published fracture toughness data of three-dimensional, flat plates containing semi-elliptical cracks and subjected to both uniaxial and biaxial loading to determine the constraint effect and also to determine if the method can be used to predict fracture. The J-A2 results of the flat plates are compared to those of 3PB specimens to determine if loss of constraint exists. Finite element analysis models were developed for each specimen to determine the constraint parameter A2 for each applied loading. The results of the current study reveal that both the uniaxial and biaxial loaded plates exhibit loss of constraint relative to the 3PB specimen and biaxial load increases the constraint of the uniaxially loaded specimen. Further, the J-A2 method shows potential as a tool to predict failure with different constraint level.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nurse volunteers in the home setting

Abstract Nurse volunteers, can he found in 5chools community agencies hospitals and religious congregations One area of volunteer ,nursing is teaching computer skills to older-adults in the home setting; books and websites specifically designed for older adults are available to facilitate this activity. Benefits of the instruction include the ability to explore a new means of communication, expanded socialization that comes with the instruction, increased knowledge from acquiring new skills, and the increased self-esteem resulting from learning new tasks. This unique asprct of “home care” and technology deserves research and use.