cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementing Quality Service-Learning Programs in Community Colleges.

This cross-case comparative study at Western Community College and the University of the Coast explored through a constructive lens the characteristics that lead to sustainable, high quality service-learning programs and how they are implemented at institutions of higher education. The researchers determined that both Western Community College and the University of the Coast (a) have diverse collaborative partnerships that promote excellent communication between all of the entities, (b) offer a wide variety of service-learning courses to connect curricular and cocurricular experiences, (c) have a stable funding base, (d) provide the necessary resources, (e) have continuity in staffing, and (f) incorporate feedback and assessment into their respective service-learning programs. The findings from this study, based on one-on-one interviews, focus groups, observations, and document analysis, serve as a model on how to create quality and sustainable service-learning programs that combine academic scholarship, ...
Mitochondrial ribonuclease P activity of Trypanosoma brucei

Abstract Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is an essential enzyme that cleaves the 5′ leader sequences of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs) to generate mature tRNAs. The RNase P-like activity from Trypanosoma brucei mitochondria (mtRNase P) was purified over 10 000-fold by sequential column chromatography. This is the first demonstration of such activity from mitochondria of parasitic protozoa. Its apparent molecular weight is ∼70 kDa, considerably less than bacterial RNase P. Preliminary characterizations revealed no RNA component that is essential for this activity. Like other RNase P activities, the cleavage generates mature tRNAs with a terminal 5′-phosphate at the cleavage site and the 5′ leader sequence with a 3′-hydroxyl. Disruption of the pre-tRNA tertiary structure inhibits the cleavage of the substrates. These data suggest that although all mitochondrial tRNAs are encoded in nuclear DNA in T. brucei , these cells contain an RNase P in the mitochondrion that cleaves the 5′ terminal leader sequences of pre-tRNAs to generate mature tRNAs. Cleavage by mtRNase P of a pre-tRNA substrate that was divided into two fragments was demonstrated. This shows the feasibility of artificial regulation of gene expression that can be achieved by creating a complex made of target mRNA and a complementary small oligonucleotide that resembles natural substrates for RNase P.
PHOTOSTIMULATION OF AGGREGATION IN THE CELLULAR SLIME MOLD Polysphondylium violaceum

Aggregation in Polysphondylium violaceum is stimulated by light with an increase in the number of aggregates being one effect of light incubation. An aggregation-stimulating factor, D factor, has been shown previously to cause phenotypic reversal of the aggregation-defect in aggA mutants. The phenotypic reversal caused by D factor is stimulated by light. The initial time after starvation is the sensitive period for the light-stimulated increase in aggregate formation in wild type strains and also for light-stimulated sensitivity to D factor. At low light intensities both blue and green light have the greatest effect on the number of aggregates formed. However, the intensity dependence of the response is weak over the range tested (0.2 to 10 μW/cm2). Light also affects D factor causing as much as a 60-fold decrease in production and a change in the proportion of the three active components of D factor when compared to D factor produced in darkness. Light affects a decrease in D factor production when it is present during development but only significantly affects the proportions of the D factor components if present prior to aggregation.
Pre-Strain and Integrity of Mineral Crystals in Human Cortical Bone Under Tensile and Compressive Loads

In this study, the pre-strain status and structural integrity of mineral crystals in bone was investigated using synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques. By measuring the pre-strain status, the interaction of mineral crystals with the surrounding matrix was determined. In addition, the load-induced changes in the lattice integrity of mineral crystallites were assessed using the value of the full-width-at-half-magnitude (FWHM). With increasing load, it was observed that the pre-strain in mineral crystals was relaxed in both tension and compression, whereas the lattice integrity of mineral crystallites was sustained until the failure of bone irrespective of loading modes.© 2012 ASME
Gender inequality in computing

Summary This paper argues that human services educators involved with computer literacy should consider societal patterns of gender inequality in computer use. These patterns are examined in four institutions: the leisure industry, the media, education, and the family. This examination indicates that males receive greater support and encouragement to be computer users in these institutions. Far from revolutionizing society, the computer has conformed to society, becoming another element of the status quo. It is suggested that human services programs make a concerted effort to encourage females to train for and seek positions which involve the use of computers.
Neurally Active Stress Peptide Inhibits Territorial Defense in Wild Birds

It is unclear whether the behavioral effects of peptides in laboratory studies always reflect natural conditions. Here we test whether we can detect measurable behavioral changes after rapidly injecting peptides into the brains of wild birds. We used a modified stereotaxic-like technique to inject corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasotocin (AVT, the nonmammalian form of arginine vasopressin), two hormones important in the stress response, into the brains of wild, freely behaving, male white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). We then monitored subsequent territorial behavior to determine whether CRF or AVT altered this behavior. Surprisingly, the potent stressors of capture and surgery did not eliminate territorial behavior, with many birds resuming territorial defense within 60–90 min after surgery. Centrally acting CRF, however, significantly reduced territorial defense whereas centrally acting AVT had no effect. These results indicate that the behavioral affects of peptides can be studied under natural conditions.
Green Claims and Message Frames: How Green New Products Change Brand Attitude

In response to a top ten global consumer trend, firms are increasingly introducing environmentally sustainable (“green”) new products. Firms allocate significant resources to this area; thus, the authors consider the brand-level implications by investigating how the introduction of green new products changes attitude toward the brand. In examining this relationship, they draw from social identity and framing theories to investigate drivers of green new product introductions as well as the moderating effects of message framing, source credibility, and product type. Estimating a three-stage least squares model based on new product introductions from 75 brands across a four-year time period (2009-2012), the authors find that green new product introductions can indeed improve brand attitude and that both the brand and category's positioning influence the introduction of green new products. They also find that the quantity of green messages, the product type, and their source credibility influence the extent t...
Computer search for operating a hydro system

IN SOME INDUSTRIES, the allocation of production among plants, so as to achieve maximum over-all economy, requires the consideration of seasonal variations in the availability of raw materials and product demand, and the recognition of progressive changes in production efficiency depending on past levels of production. Such is the case in a combined hydro-thermal electric system where cumulative changes in water storage elevations materially affect plant efficiencies.
Functional regeneration of glossopharyngeal nerve through micromachined sieve electrode arrays.

Abstract To assess the potential of micromachined silicon sieve electrodes for long term recording from single afferent sensory fibers, we implanted them between the cut ends of rat glossopharyngeal nerves which innervate taste and somatosensory receptors on the posterior tongue. After the implants had been in place for an average of 101 days nerve regeneration was measured using histological and electrophysiological methods. Axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve regenerated through holes in the sieves and supported the functional regeneration of taste, thermal and mechanoreceptors.
Stability Analysis of Roughness Array Wake in a High-Speed Boundary Layer

Computations are performed to examine the effects of both an isolated and spanwise periodic array of trip elements on a high-speed laminar boundary layer, so as to identify the potential physical mechanisms underlying an earlier transition to turbulence as a result of the trip(s). In the context of a 0.333 scale model of the Hyper-X forebody configuration, the time accurate solution for an array of ramp shaped trips asymptotes to a stationary field at large times, indicating the likely absence of a strong absolute instability in the mildly separated flow due to the trips. A prominent feature of the wake flow behind the trip array corresponds to streamwise streaks that are further amplified in passing through the compression corner. Stability analysis of the streaks using a spatial, 2D eigenvalue approach reveals the potential for a strong convective instability that might explain the earlier onset of turbulence within the array wake. The dominant modes of streak instability are primarily sustained by the spanwise gradients associated with the streaks and lead to integrated logarithmic amplification factors (N factors) approaching 7 over the first ramp of the scaled Hyper-X forebody, and substantially higher over the second ramp. Additional computations are presented to shed further light on the effects of both trip geometry and the presence of a compression corner on the evolution of the streaks.
Progesterone production by dispersed monkey (macaca mulatta) luteal cells after exposure to trypsin

Abstract In an attempt to justify use of trypsin to achieve more thorough dispersion of luteal cell clumps in vitro , progesterone (P) production by collagenase dispersed monkey luteal cells from the mid-luteal phase corpus luteum (CL) was examined in vitro either after 10 min, or continuous (3h) exposure to trypsin (TR). In the first experiment, cells were pre-incubated in TR, then incubated at 37°C for 3h with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after the addition of soybean-trypsin inhibitor (STI). Pre-incubation of luteal cells with TR had no effect on the level of P production under basal conditions. Cells that were preincubated with TR responded to hCG stimulation with increased progesterone secretion (P per se , but probably the over-exposure to TR had an adverse effect on the LH/hCG receptors. Addition of STI after a 10 min pre-incubation with TR, prevented these deliterious effects, thereby permitting the use of TR to improve the completeness of luteal cell dissociation.
Holocene soils and soil-geomorphic relations in a semiarid region of southern New Mexico

Abstract Holocene soils of a semiarid area in southern New Mexico occur on terraces and fans in and adjacent to the mountains. The illustrative soils have formed in alluvium derived from rhyolite, monzonite, and sedimentary rocks, mainly limestone. A large arid basin occurs downslope from the mountains. In the arid-semiarid transition, the effect of a gradual increase in precipitation on soil morphology is shown by Holocene soils that sensitively reflect the precipitation. Where the parent materials contain little or no carbonate, a surficial noncalcareous zone and a reddish-brown horizon of silicate clay accumulation thicken mountainward as precipitation increases. The Bt horizon is underlain by the carbonate horizon, the upper boundary of which deepens mountainward. These orographic-depth relations and soil morphology support an interpretation that some of the clay (as well as the carbonate) is of illuvial origin. In high-carbonate parent materials, a noncalcareous zone has not developed and a reddish-brown horizon of clay accumulation has not formed. In upper horizons, organic carbon increases and color darkens towards the mountains. This causes a change in soils at the categorical level of soil order; Mollisols do not occur in the arid basin downslope, where nearly all Holocene soils are either Aridisols or Entisols. In the semiarid zone, however, most Holocene soils are Mollisols. Thick, dark A horizons have formed in many of these soils. The thickness of these horizons is attributed primarily to episodes of sedimentation during soil development. Some Holocene Aridisols also occur in the semiarid zone. Generally these are on narrow ridges, where the mollic epipedon has been truncated or did not form. In some terrains the soil-geomorphic relations are complex and Holocene soils may be above or at the same elevation as adjacent, much older soils. In such situations, when the morphological range of the various soils has been determined, soil morphology may be used to distinguish the Holocene soils and surfaces from their older analogs.
Monte-Carlo-Zugang zum Kernschalenmodell

Das Schalenmodell wechselwirkender Nukleonen gilt allgemein als die fundamentalste Theorie des Kerns. In der konventionellen Formulierung als ein Matrixdiagonalisierungsproblem sind seinen Anwendungen wegen der erforderlichen Computerleistung enge Grenzen gesetzt. Eine Umformulierung des Schalenmodells durch Pfadintegrale ist frei von diesen Beschrankungen und erlaubt die Untersuchung eines weiten Gebietes neuer und aufregender Kernphysik.
Amino acid isotope incorporation and enrichment factors in Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis.

Compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of amino acids has received increasing attention in ecological studies in recent years due to its ability to evaluate trophic positions and elucidate baseline nutrient sources. However, the incorporation rates of individual amino acids into protein and specific trophic discrimination factors (TDFs) are largely unknown, limiting the application of CSIA to trophic studies. We determined nitrogen turnover rates of individual amino acids from a long-term (up to 1054 days) laboratory experiment using captive Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis (PBFT), a large endothermic pelagic fish fed a controlled diet. Small PBFT (white muscle δ15N∼11.5‰) were collected in San Diego, CA and transported to the Tuna Research and Conservation Center (TRCC) where they were fed a controlled diet with high δ15N values relative to PBFT white muscle (diet δ15N∼13.9‰). Half-lives of trophic and source amino acids ranged from 28.6 to 305.4 days and 67.5 to 136.2 days, respectively. The TDF for the weighted mean values of amino acids was 3.0 ‰, ranging from 2.2 to 15.8 ‰ for individual combinations of 6 trophic and 5 source amino acids. Changes in the δ15N values of amino acids across trophic levels are the underlying drivers of the trophic 15N enrichment. Nearly all amino acid δ15N values in this experiment changed exponentially and could be described by a single compartment model. Significant differences in the rate of 15N incorporation were found for source and trophic amino acids both within and between these groups. Varying half-lives of individual amino acids can be applied to migratory organisms as isotopic clocks, determining the length of time an individual has spent in a new environment. These results greatly enhance the ability to interpret compound specific isotope analyses in trophic studies.
Photoelectric spectrophotometry of Wolf-Rayet stars.

Photoelectric spectrum scans of five southern Wolf-Rayet stars in the spectral range lambda lambda 4600-4720 were analyzed to study the variability of brightness and of emission line strengths. No variations of any kind in short time scale were found. However, in WC stars night-to-night variations of three to four percent were detected in the emission line strengths.
The Munson-Nygren slide: A major lower-slope slide off Georges Bank

The Munson-Nygren slide is a large compound slide located between Munson and Nygren Canyons below 1900 m depth on the Continental Slope off Georges Bank. Its structural and morphological features are recognized in high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. The slide comprises an axial trough which has a relief as great as 325 m and a width of 6–10 km. The trough is flanked by displaced and disrupted strata for a total lateral extent of approximately 20 km and a downslope extent of at least 35 km. The slide is unrelated genetically to the adjacent canyons and may postdate Munson Canyon. There is evidence of plastic deformation at the base of the section subjected to sliding. Certain features of the slide complex resemble those seen in landforms on the Laurentian Rise and attributed by Emery et al.∗ to the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake. The Munson-Nygren slide may have been triggered by a large earthquake in late Pleistocene time or later. Destructional landforms associated with the slide are similar to those widely present along the lower slope off Georges Bank.
Plasmonic metasurfaces: Manipulating light on a surface

We discuss theoretically and experimentally how plasmonic metasurfaces can largely control and manipulate the polarization state of light. By using ultrathin plasmonic arrays, circular polarization conversion and filtering is achieved over subwavelength distances.
Experimental Studies on Effect of Process Parameters on Delamination in Drilling GFRP Composites Using Taguchi Method

Abstract Currently composites are being used to replace conventional metallic materials in a wide range of industries including aerospace, aircraft and defense which require structural materials with high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. GFRP composites are used in fairings, passenger compartments, and storage room doors due to their high mechanical properties. Out of all the machining operations, most commonly used operation is drilling. But drilling of these composite materials, irrespective of the application area, can be considered a critical operation, owing to their tendency to delaminate when subjected to mechanical stresses. With regard to the quality of machined component, the principal drawbacks are related to surface delamination, fibre/resin pull-out and inadequate surface roughness of the hole wall. Hence it is essential to understand the drilling behaviour by conducting a large number of drilling experiments and drilling parameters such as feed rate and spindle speed should be optimized. This paper presents the effect of speed and feed on delamination behaviour of composite materials by conducting drilling experiments using Taguchi's L 25 , 5-level orthogonal array and Analysis of variance by using three different tools namely Twist drill,End mill and Kevlar drill. ANOVA was used to analyse the data obtained from the experiments and finally determine the optimal drilling parameters in drilling GFRP composite materials. Results of these experiments revealed that increasing the spindle speed and reducing feed rate can reduce the delamination within limits of specified speed and feed rates. Too low feed rate and too high spindle speed can also increase the delamination. Results also revealed that feed rate is the more influential factor on delamination than spindle speed.
Numerical Simulation and Characterization of Slurry Erosion of Laser Cladded Surfaces by Using Failure Analysis Approach

A material failure model (MFM) of progressive damage initiation and propagation for the impingement of solid and liquid particles on the solid surfaces was used to numerically simulate the slurry erosion process. The commercially available 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) package ABAQUS/Explicit was used to evaluate this problem. The damage caused on the solid surfaces by the impingement of solid and liquid particles is called the slurry erosion. The proposed model uses the FEA concepts of adaptive meshing, strain-dependent damage initiation criteria, a general contact algorithm, damage propagation, enhanced hourglass section control, and multiple particle impingements to study the slurry erosion process. For the purpose of experimental validation and due to the availability of material properties, surface coatings of an alloy of steel are deposited by the Laser-Based Direct Metal Deposition (LBDMD) process. The slurry erosion tests are performed on these depositions using the ceramic proppant at different impingement angles. The tests are made in a centrifugal force driven erosion testing machine. From these tests, the material removal rate (MRR) values and depth of penetration including the profiles of the craters are computed as a function of the slurry jet impingement angles. The numerically computed results are compared with the experimental results and are shown to be in good agreement.
Design of radio-frequency powered coils for implant instruments.

Radio frequency (r.f.) has been investigated as a means of externally powering miniature and long term implant telemetry systems. Optimum power transfer from the transmitter to the receiving coil is desired for total system efficiency. A seven step design procedure for the transmitting and receiving coils is described based on r.f., coil diameter, coil spacing, load and the number of turns of the coil. An inductance tapping circuit and a voltage doubler circuit have been built in accordance with the design procedure. Experimental results were within the desired total system efficiency ranges of 18% and 23%, respectively.
Translational control of Nrf2 within the open reading frame

Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that is essential for the regulation of an effective antioxidant and detoxifying response. The regulation of its activity can occur at transcription, translation and post-translational levels. Evidence suggests that under environmental stress conditions, new synthesis of Nrf2 is required - a process that is regulated by translational control and is not fully understood. Here we described the identification of a novel molecular process that under basal conditions strongly represses the translation of Nrf2 within the open reading frame (ORF). This mechanism is dependent on the mRNA sequence within the 3’ portion of the ORF of Nrf2 but not in the encoded amino acid sequence. The Nrf2 translational repression can be reversed with the use of synonymous codon substitutions. This discovery suggests an additional layer of control to explain the reason for the low Nrf2 concentration under quiescent state.
Evaluation of sequential solvent and thermal extraction followed by analytical pyrolysis for chemical characterization of carbonaceous particulate matter

Abstract A stepwise analytical protocol is presented for recognition of uncharacterized organic chemical entities comprising carbonaceous air particulate matter (PM). In this method, thermal treatment of PM samples starts with thermal extraction (TE) using temperatures below 300 °C to evolve volatile low molecular weight (LMW) chemicals followed by pyrolysis (Py) of non-volatile high molecular weight (HMW) compounds to yield signature patterns of their decomposition products. Both volatile species and pyrolyzed products are characterized using gas chromatography (GC) with a mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The efficacy of sequential TE (at 200 and 300 °C) and Py (at 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C) was demonstrated on a defined mixture of LMW species and non-volatile polystyrene, a model HMW compound. When a solid matrix, in a form of silica or graphite particles, was introduced to this system, we determined that a solvent extraction (SE) applied prior to a sequential TE/Py-GC/MS sample analysis was an essential step to eliminate the analyte–matrix interactions, which hindered the vaporization of LMW compounds from a solid matrix resulting in a poor TE/Py separation. This SE/TE/Py-GC/MS method was then successfully applied to PM samples representing real-world PM matrices to discover several novel features of PM composition. HMW species were observed in both water-soluble (extracts) and unextractable (solid residues after an exhaustive solvent extraction) fractions of wood smoke and urban PM. The species evolving upon pyrolysis were associated with the corresponding precursor polymers, such as oxidized fragments of lignin, polysaccharides and lipids, in wood smoke PM and non-volatile anthropogenic hydrocarbons in urban PM. The proposed sequential SE/TE/Py-GC/MS protocol is capable of revealing otherwise unobserved chemical components while providing useful information on their interactions within a complex and poorly characterized PM matrix. Signature SE/TE/Py profiles, i.e., PM “fingerprints,” provided by our approach may prove useful in source apportionment studies.
From numbers to pictures: The development of magnetic resonance imaging and the visual turn in medicine

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) occupies an important symbolic space in contemporary science and popular culture. MRI—used to create anatomical images of the body—is considered the gold standard in imaging diagnostics by policy makers and medical practitioners (see Figure 1). In 2003, Drs Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield—two developers of MRI technology—were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, signalling the importance of the technique to the broader scientific community. MRI is also featured in mass media and is included in newspaper and magazine articles, films, and television dramas and detective shows such as Law and Order and ER. Today, MRI images and technology are central to medical practice, identities of health and illness, and social life more generally. Yet there is nothing natural or inevitable about how MRI is presently designed or interpreted. In this article, I discuss how the name of the technology, the design of the machine, and the representation of MRI data were debated and transformed during its initial development in the 1970s and after its introduction to clinical medical practice in the 1980s. During these periods, research scientists, in response to culturally embedded interactions with other scientists, radiologists, and prospective patients, creatively appropriated and adapted machine design, the appearance of data output, and terminology to collectively produce what is now known as MRI. MRI technology transforms the inner body into a picture. Its creation occurred in relation to the socio-technical turn towards visualization via the development and expansion of television, film, video, computers, and other imaging techniques. This article explores how choices that led to the development of MRI technology relate to two broader cultural contexts: the socio-technical turn towards visuality and a new emphasis on nuclear technologies and knowledge that occurred in the twentieth century. Science as Culture Vol. 15, No. 1, 1–22, March 2006
Diffusion Phenomena during Chemical (NaOH) Peeling of Tomatoes

The apparent diffusivity of NaOH (D) through the skin of processing tomatoes was estimated for various concentrations and temperatures as it relates to chemical peeling. For concentrations of 2M NaOH or greater, D was independent of concentration, which allows the Fick's law of diffusion to be used for simulation of the events during chemical peeling. The temperature dependence of D was of the Arrhenius type (for temperatures greater than 50°C) with an estimated activation energy Ea = 71.2 KJ/mol.
Development and evaluation of dual-target real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to detect Bordetella spp.

Abstract Novel, highly specific, and sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using 2 targets, insertion sequence (IS 481 ) and pertussis toxin subunit 1 ( ptxS1 ), were developed to detect Bordetella pertussis and to differentiate between relevant Bordetella spp. Sixty-four non- Bordetella isolates were negative by both assays, demonstrating the specificity of the assays. B. pertussis , Bordetella parapertussis , and Bordetella holmesii isolates were specifically identified using the assays. The lower limit of detection was less than 10 genomic equivalents per reaction for the IS 481 and ptxS1 assays. These assays were evaluated using 145 human clinical specimens obtained during cough-illness outbreak investigations, and PCR results were compared with Bordetella spp. culture results. Twenty-seven (18.6%) specimens had late positive cycle threshold (Ct) values (35 ≤ Ct 481 assay with corresponding negative results using the ptxS1 assay and culture and were considered indeterminate. Guidelines for use of PCR testing and interpretation of results during cough-illness outbreaks are discussed.
Conformational populations of ligand-sized molecules by replica exchange molecular dynamics and temperature reweighting.

The use of the replica exchange (RE) molecular dynamics (MD) method for the efficient estimation of conformational populations of ligand-sized molecules in solution is investigated. We compare the computational efficiency of the traditional constant temperature MD technique with that of the parallel RE molecular dynamics method for a series of alkanes and rilpivirine (TMC278), an inhibitor against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, with implicit solvation. We show that conformational populations are accurately estimated by both methods; however, replica exchange estimates converge at a faster rate, especially for rilpivirine, which is characterized by multiple stable states separated by high-free energy barriers. Furthermore, convergence is enhanced when the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) is used to estimate populations from the data collected from multiple RE temperature replicas. For small drug-like molecules with energetic barriers separating the stable states, the use of RE with WHAM is an efficient computational approach for estimating the contribution of ligand conformational reorganization to binding affinities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Mechanisms of food selection in Daphnia

A conceptual behavioural and mechanistic Holling-type model of food selection in Daphnia pulicaria is derived from SEM observations with animals feeding on mixtures of spherical-cylindrical diatoms, oblongate green algae, and filamentous cyanobacteria, as well as ultrafine particles. The algae used were Stephanodiscus hantzschii (≤6 µm length), Monoraphidium setiforme (≥20 µm), and Oscillatoria aghardii (strands, ≥80 µm). Cell (strand) selection can occur at any or all of three stages: (i) interception from the feeding currents, (ii) collection and channeling to the food groove, and (iii) compaction and transport to the mouth. During each stage, given equal initial cell densities, elongate cells are more likely to escape collection than spherical cells and are more likely to be rejected. In addition, filaments require increased handling time at stages (ii) and (iii) and promote entanglement with limb 5 and the postabdominal claw. Food is collected primarily with the aid of limbs 3 (and 4), but limbs 1 and 2 also intervene. Neither the leaky sieve hypothesis alone nor any other single-process hypothesis explains the observations on examined in corpore positions, morphology, and derived movements of the feeding limbs. Attachment and mucus appear to be important for the ingestion of bacteria and ultrafine particles.
Switching from reps to direct salespeople

Abstract The point at which it becomes desirable for a firm to switch from a manufacturer's representative to a company's direct sales organization is a difficult one to determine for industrial marketers. This article discusses a method that can be utilized to make this decision.
Properties of a 4-ene-3-ketosteroid-5α-reductase in cell extracts of the intestinal anaerobe, Eubacterium sp. strain 144

Abstract When Eubacterium sp. 144 was grown in the presence of progesterone, extracts of these cells contained a 4-ene-3-ketosteroid-5α-reductase (5α-reductase). No evidence for the presence of a 5β-steroid-reductase or a 5α to 5β-steroid-isomerase was found. 5α-Reductase activity was dependent on reduced methyl viologen as the electron donor and this could be generated biologically by adding pyruvate or H 2 to cell extracts or chemically by adding sodium dithionite. NADH or NADPH with or without flavin nucleotides were not electron donors for 5α-reductase. Most of the 5α-reductase activity (60–65%) of crude extracts was located in the membrane fraction and the enzyme was solubilized by treatment with 1% Triton X-100. Optimum 5α-reductase activity occurred at pH 7.0–7.5 in potassium phosphate buffer but was stimulated by Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0–9.0). 5α-Reductase activity was highest at 10% (v/v) methanol and was progressively inhibited by higher methanol concentrations. Sulfhydryl reagents strongly inhibited 5α-reductase but the enzyme was not affected by other metabolic inhibitors. Extracts prepared from cells induced with 16-dehydroprogesterone and grown without hemin contained 5α-reductase and 16-dehydroprogesterone-reductase activities equivalent to those found in extracts of induced cells grown with hemin. This indicates that hemin is not required for the synthesis of active steroid double bond-reductases in strain 144.
Design sensitivity analysis and optimization of dynamic response

Abstract The paper presents methods of design sensitivity analysis and optimization of dynamic response of mechanical and structural systems. A key feature of the paper is the development of procedures to handle point-wise state variable constraints. Difficulties with a previous treatment where such constraints were transformed to equivalent integral constraints are noted and explained from theoretical as well as engineering standpoints. An alternate treatment of such constraints is proposed, developed and evaluated. In this treatment each point-wise state variable constraint is replaced by several constraints that are imposed at all the local max-points for the original constraint function. The differential equations of motion are formulated in the first-order form so as to handle more general problems. The direct differentiation and adjoint variable methods of design sensitivity analysis to deal with the point-wise constraints are presented. With the adjoint variable methods, there are two ways of calculating design sensitivity coefficients. The first approach uses an impulse load and the second approach uses a step load for the corresponding adjoint equation. Since the adjoint variable methods are better for a large class of problems, an efficient computational algorithm with these methods is presented in detail. Optimum results for several problems are obtained and compared with those available in the literature. The new formulation works extremely well as precise optimum designs are obtained.
New Directions for Urban Policy

Abstract Contrary to the conventional diagnosis of urban problems, this article argues that these problems do not arise from the long‐term trends in the decentralization of employment and population in metropolitan areas. Instead, the most important fiscal problems confronted by central‐city governments and the most significant social and economic problems of central‐city residents arise from increased concentrations of poverty populations and from racial discrimination in the operation of housing markets. Recognition of these causes leads to urban policy prescriptions that emphasize integration of income transfer mechanisms and vigorous enforcement of fair housing laws and that deemphasize job creation and other employment programs targeted to predetermined central locations. Housing policies emphasizing demand‐side subsidy rather than place‐oriented supply programs are more consistent with the long‐term market forces determining the spatial pattern of economic activity in urban areas.
STYLE: Study on Transferability of Fracture Material Properties From Small Scale Specimens to a Real Component

This paper describes numerical and experimental investigations on transferability of material properties obtained by testing of small scale specimens to a real component. The presented study is related to the experimental and analytical work performed on Mock-up3, which is one of three unique large scale Mock-ups tested within the European project STYLE. Mock-up3 is foreseen to investigate transferability of material data, in particular fracture mechanics properties. An important part of this work is to study constraint effects on different small scale specimens and to compare their fracture behaviour with the fracture behaviour of a large scale (component like) structure. The Mock-Up3 is an original part of a surge line made of low alloy steel 20 MnMoNi 5 5 (which corresponds to SA 508 Grade 3, Cl. 1). The goal of the test is to introduce stable crack growth of an inner surface flaw until a break through the wall occurs. To design such a test reliable fracture mechanics material properties must be available. Usually, these material data are obtained by testing small specimens, which are subsequently used for the assessment of a large scale structure (component). This is being done under the assumption that these “small scale” material properties are fully transferable to “large scale” components. It is assumed that crack initiation in the ductile tearing regime is rather independent of the crack shape, a/W ratio, loading condition or size of the specimen (constraint effects). In order to check the aforementioned assumption and to improve understanding of the physical process leading to failure of cracked components comprehensive experimental and analytical work is being undertaken in STYLE. This paper summarizes Up-To-Date available results, which have been achieved during the first 15 months of the project.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Relationships among Coefficient of Linear Extensibility and Clay Fractions in Expansive, Stoney Soils

An expansive soil is any soil that has a potential for shrinking and swelling under changing moisture conditions. Structural damage to homes (i.e., walls and foundations) due to expansive soils is costly to repair and may be somewhat avoidable if soil properties, such as clay content and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE), are investigated. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationships among COLE, clay fractions, and coarse-fragment content and determine the usefulness of COLE as an indicator of structural damage in expansive and stoney soils. Sixteen individual homeowner sites were selected for sampling in the Fayetteville area of Washington County, Arkansas based on a homeowner questionnaire and visual inspection. COLE was determined based on the rod method from the length change of a moist and oven-dry soil-paste rod (COLE rod ). Measured COLE,,,,] values were adjusted for coarse-fragment content (COLE adj ) by multiplying COLE rod by the volume fraction of fine-earth plus pores, yielding a 0.003 unit reduction (P < 0.001) in COLE rod , but no change in hazard-class rating. COLE rod was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with total (r = 0.88), coarse (r = 0.55), and medium plus fine (r = 0.79) clay fractions. However, COLE rod adjustments for coarse-fragment content did not improve linear relationships between COLE rod and clay fractions. The summation of soil profile COLE rod values for a site was a reasonable predictor, while the average COLE rod value for a site and COLE adj were poor predictors of home structural damage. Results demonstrate that COLE rod is a reasonably reliable predictor of potential home structural damage.
Cataloging and processing of special format science curriculum materials

The University of Central Florida’s Curriculum Materials Center acquired a number of science‐related instructional materials which were to be cataloged and added to the collection. Nearly all of the items were three‐dimensional artifacts (including games, models, and toys). Most of these items did not have records on OCLC and required original cataloging. Processing methods needed to be imaginative, and suitable containers were often obtained from less‐than‐traditional sources.
Phase stability and mechanical behavior of NbCr2-based Laves phases

Abstract The phase relations in pseudo-binary Nb(Cr,X)2 systems, where X=Fe or Co, were determined experimentally to verify the e/a correlation with phase stability. The substitution of Fe or Co for Cr in NbCr2 increases the average electron concentration of the alloy, thus leading to a systematic change of the crystal structures from C15 to C14 and C14 to C15. The experimental critical e/a values corresponding to the C15/C14/C15 phase transitions are consistent with those from the phase diagram survey: the C15 structure is stabilized at e/a 7.56. As the Fe or Co content increases in the Nb(Cr,X)2 phase, the volume of a 24-atom unit cell decreases linearly, while the Vickers hardness increases over the whole C15 and C14 ranges. The fracture toughness values are low for all the alloys; nevertheless, the fracture toughness of the C15 structure is greater than that of the C14 structure for the two pseudo-binary systems.
Determinants of domain knowledge and independent study learning in an adult sample.

The ability (fluid and crystallized intelligence) and nonability (personality, interests, self-concept, etc.) determinants of domain knowledge before and after an independent learning opportunity were evaluated in the context of a study of 141 adults between the ages of 18 and 69. The domain knowledge under consideration included an array of financial issues, including financial planning, retirement planning, debt management, and educational savings accounts. Crystallized intelligence was a stronger predictor than fluid intelligence of domain knowledge prior to learning, and nonability traits provided significant incremental predictive validity. After learning, fluid intelligence showed a marked increase in the prediction of domain knowledge, but the final correlation did not exceed that of crystallized intelligence. Implications for optimizing the prediction of educational success of adults are discussed.
Optimization of composite structures subject to local stress constraints

Abstract An extension of current methodologies is introduced for optimization of graded microstructure subject to local stress criteria. The method is based on new multiscale stress criteria given by macrostress modulation functions. The modulation functions quantify the intensity of local stress fluctuations at the scale of the microstructure due to the imposed macroscopic stress. The methodology is illustrated for long cylindrical shafts reinforced with stiff cylindrical elastic fibers with generators parallel to the shaft. Examples are presented for shaft cross sections that possess reentrant corners typically seen in lap joints and junctions of struts. It is shown that the computational methodology delivers graded fiber microgeometries that provide overall structural rigidity while at the same time tempering the influence of stress concentrations near reentrant corners.
Cranial migration of a baclofen pump catheter associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report.

OBJECTIVE: Cephalad migration of an indwelling intrathecal catheter within the spinal canal has rarely been described. Cranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) related to movement of this type of catheter has not been described. We report a case of SAH coincident with the migration of a free fragment of a baclofen pump catheter into the prepontine cistern. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A baclofen pump system was removed from a 47-year-old man with spasticity related to multiple sclerosis. A section retained in the spinal canal extended up to the T9 level. Ten days after the pump and lower portion of the catheter were removed, the patient presented with a severe headache and a classic aneurysmal pattern of SAH. The patient's catheter was found to have migrated adjacent to the basilar artery at the level of the superior cerebellar artery. An extensive evaluation, including computed tomography angiography, digital subtraction angiography performed twice, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography, showed no apparent cause for the hemorrhage. initially, the catheter was left in place. However, 5 months after the SAH, the patient elected to have the catheter removed. INTERVENTION: The catheter was pulled out from below through a C6-C7 laminoplasty without complications. The patient made an excellent recovery. DISCUSSION: Cephalad catheter migration is a rare phenomenon. The mechanism of rostral migration remains unclear. The forces that propel a free fragment of catheter under these circumstances seem to be sufficient to cause a small vessel to rupture and bleed. Given the lack of an observed arterial injury, we postulate that venous bleeding caused this hemorrhage.
The biosynthesis of a mannolipid that contains a polar metabolite of 15-14C-retinol

A mannolipid synthesized by a membrane-rich fraction from rat liver in the presence of 15-14C-retinol and GDP-mannose-14C contained a polar metabolite of 14C-retinol, as well as 14C-mannose. Retinol stimulated the in vitro incorporation of 14C-mannose from GDP-mannose-14C into the mannolipid and glycoproteins.
A first-principles study of phase stability in NiAl and NiTi alloys

Abstract The thermodynamic stability of the b.c.c.- and f.c.c.-based ordered phases of NiTi and NiAl has been studied with a highly accurate first-principles electronic structure method. The occurrence of a martensitic transformation in NiAl B2 ordered intermetallic alloys will be discussed and related to the existence of intermediate structures between b.c.c.- and f.c.c.-based phases. It will be shown that closely related ordered structures can exist on f.c.c. and b.c.c. lattices in the composition range where the transformation occurs. A variety of antiphase boundaries in the B2 and L12 structures will be examined and the pertinent energies will be compared with experimental data. In addition, the rather unusual appearance of the NiTi B2 ordered structure in the phase diagram will be discussed.
Schools & the Diversity Transition

In the next quarter century, North American and Western European societies will face a pro- found transformation of their working-age populations as a result of immigration, combined with the aging of native majorities. These changes will intensify the challenges of integrating the children of low- status immigrants. Abundant evidence reveals that most educational systems, including that in the United States, are failing to meet these challenges; and sociological theories underscore these systems' role in reproducing inequality. However, the history of assimilation in the United States shows that native-/ immigrant-origin inequalities need not be enduring. An examination of variations across time and space suggests educational policy changes and innovations that can ameliorate inequalities.