cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS BY A PURE CULTURE OF CHLOROCOCCUM GROWN IN DARKNESS ON A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM

Although considerable information has accumulated with regard to the occurrence of vitamins in plants and animals, little pure culture work has been done for the purpose of studying the physiology of their production by plants. The data reported here are concerned with a species of Chlorococcurn,1 a green alga, isolated from soil. The organism can be grown on a purely inorganic substrate with natural or artificial light as the source of energy, or it can be cultivated, as in these experiments, in complete darkness with a carbohydrate as the source of energy. By using algal cells grown in this manner, it is possible to separate the factor of light from that of chlorophyll formation which takes place under such conditions even in the absence of light (2, 17). Recent investigations (4, 7, 12) on the synthesis of vitamin A in land plants show that in the early stages of germination in the dark no vitamin is formed, but that after 10 to 16 days it is present in etiolated shoots. Light was found to accelerate the formation of the vitamin. Vitamin production by unicellular algae (diatoms) has hitherto been observed (1, 9), but light was not excluded and the components of the nutrient medium were not limited to but one source of organic material, dextrose, for vitamin synthesis. An earlier paper (18) has demonstrated the production of vitamin A or its provitamin by a bacterium in darkness on a glucose-peptone substrate.2 Even at the present time (11) vitamin A synthesis is associated by many people with the presence of light. In this paper the data do separate the factor of light from vitamin formation. The well recognized ability of yeast to synthesize vitamin B (13) and G (19) has demonstrated that neither light nor pigment is essential in the
The interaction of phosphorylase B with AMP.

Abstract Combined binding, calorimetry, fluorescence, and spin labeling measurements have been made upon the interaction of glycogen phosphorylase B (1,4-α- d -glucan:1,6-α- d -glucan 6-α-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) with AMP. The system exhibits positive cooperativity and appears to obey a model intermediate to the symmetry and sequential models.
A Microcomputer-based Model Robot System with Pulse-Width Modulation Control

Constructed of relatively inexpensive but realistic and durable elements, this model is a practical tool for training in robot operation and for research in robotic control systems.
Transferrin and hemoglobin polymorphism, hybridization and introgression in two African toads, Bufo regularis and Bufo rangeri.

Abstract 1. 1. Transferrin and hemoglobin components of Bufo regularis and B. rangeri are polymorphic. 2. 2. All toads of both species possessed at least two, electrophoretically distinct, iron-binding proteins. 3. 3. Specimens of B. regularis from an Egyptian population had from 2–4 different hemoglobin components. 4. 4. Blood protein evidence indicates that these two species hybridize at Port St. Johns, South Africa and that introgression is occuring and/or has occurred.
A log-linear model for the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution

The Birnbaum–Saunders distribution was derived to model times to failure for metals subject to fatigue. In this article, we formulate and develop a log-linear model for the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution. The model may be used for accelerated life testing or to compare the median lives of several populations. Methods of analyzing data for this log-linear model are discussed, with maximum likelihood and least squares methods being compared. It is found that, for commonly occurring conditions, the notorious intractability of the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution is not a serious problem because least squares and normal-theory procedures provide a reasonable alternative.
Semantic and Logical Inference Model for Textual Entailment

We compare two approaches to the problem of Textual Entailment: SLIM, a compositional approach modeling the task based on identifying relations in the entailment pair, and BoLI, a lexical matching algorithm. SLIM's framework incorporates a range of resources that solve local entailment problems. A search-based inference procedure unifies these resources, permitting them to interact flexibly. BoLI uses WordNet and other lexical similarity resources to detect correspondence between related words in the Hypothesis and the Text. In this paper we describe both systems in some detail and evaluate their performance on the 3rd PASCAL RTE Challenge. While the lexical method outperforms the relation-based approach, we argue that the relation-based model offers better long-term prospects for entailment recognition.
Tooth stiffness with composite veneers: A strain gauge and finite element evaluation

Abstract Objectives . This study was conducted to determine the impact of composite veneer procedures on the functional properties of incisors. Methods . Ten extracted human maxillary central incisors were mounted in pairs in a nylon ring. One strain gauge was bonded along the long axis of each tooth on the center of the lingual surface. Each pair formed half of a Wheatstone bridge circuit and was wired to eliminate all but the voltage resulting from experimentally applied procedures. The teeth were ramp-loaded to 50 N near the incisal edge on the lingual surface. Loading was performed on the unaltered teeth, teeth with preparations and restored teeth. Two-dimensional finite element (FE) models were generated to evaluate each test condition. Relative stiffness, compared with the unaltered tooth, was calculated from measurements with the strain gauge steps and from the FE models. Results . A relative stiffness value of unity represents recovery of stiffness to the level of the unaltered tooth. Both methods of evaluation demonstrated a decrease in mean relative stiffness with each subsequent reduction in tooth structure. The composite restoration increased its mean relative stiffness compared to its corresponding preparation but never to the level of the unaltered tooth. Across all procedures, the two-dimensional FE model correlated well in both direction and magnitude with the experimental strain gauge method (R = 0.83). Significance . A resin composite veneer does not restore the stiffness to the level of an unaltered tooth.
Outgrowth morphology and intracellular calcium of crustacean neurons displaying distinct morphologies in primary culture

Peptide-secreting neurons from crustacean X-organ regenerating in defined culture possess different ionic current profiles correlated with two distinct morphological types, veiling and branching; voltage-dependent Ca2+ current is prominent in neurons consistently extending large veils, but is small in neurons that repetitively branch. Intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) have been implicated in the regulation of neurite outgrowth underlying the establishment of distinct morphologies. Here, basal [Ca2+]i was measured by fura-2 fluorescence ratio imaging from these morphologically distinct neurons and compared. Both morphological types can extend out processes over a [Ca2+]i range (approximately 50 to 300 nM) that is much greater than that reported for neurons of other phyla. Application of high K+ saline led to increases in [Ca2+]i in soma, neurite, and lamellipodium of veiling neurons. Increases were greater for veiling than branching neurons. These observations were consistent with the previous voltage clamp data for calcium currents. Media altered to perturb [Ca2+]i were used to assess the role of [Ca2+]i in veiling or branching outgrowth programs. Outgrowth of veiling cells was arrested by addition of 100 microM Cd2+, a calcium channel blocker. Outgrowth resumed following brief exposures to Cd2+. Branching neurons were unaffected by Cd2+. Cd2+ at lower levels (10 microM) had no effect on outgrowth of either neuronal type, whereas at higher levels (1 mM), outgrowth of both types was arrested. Reduction of extracellular sodium to 0.001 of normal concentration stopped veiling outgrowth, but branching outgrowth continued, although it was less robust. Addition of tetrodotoxin (1 microM) did not alter outgrowth of either neuronal type relative to controls. Thus, peptidergic neurons of differing intrinsic morphologies maintain similar basal [Ca2+]i levels under identical culture conditions, yet show differing sensitivities to manipulations influencing [Ca2+]i with respect to regenerative outgrowth, but not its form.
ON THE IDIOMATIC NATURE OF THE GOTHIC NEW TESTAMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREPOSITIONAL USAGE IN GOTHIC AND NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

In syntagms involving preposition + object the match-up between Gothic and Greek seems at first sight highly capricious both lexically and with regard to case government. This paper presents the results of an exhaustive analysis of every prepositional phrase of both Greek and Gothic within a delimited but significant subcorpus of the Gothic Bible. Once one has made allowance for diachronic developments affecting the case systems of Greek and Gothic, the resulting structure represents an idiomatic and cohesive syntactic, semantic, and lexical system within Gothic. These findings support Curme's contention that our extant Gothic corpus is idiomatic and not a slavish and forced Gothicized version of Greek.
Targeted Enzyme-Specific Molecular MR Imaging of Focal Catheter-Induced Vacscular Injury

Catheter-induced vascular injury is a complication of endovascular neurosurgery that may have serious consequences. Other than gross vessel dissection and / or perforation, vessel damage is not visible using standard digital biplane fluoroscopy. Furthermore, the molecular environment in the damaged vessel wall is largely unknown. Recent studies have implicated inflammatory changes in the damaged vessel wall, including upregulation of the key inflammatory mediator NF-kappa-B [1]. Other mediators of inflammation, such as tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, are upregulated following arterial de-endothelialization [2]. The enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is known to play significant roles in the progression of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether MPO is involved in catheter-induced vascular injury. In this study, we performed feasibility experiments in an attempt to detect areas of vascular injury using the paramagnetic MR MPO-specific contrast agent, di-5-HT-GdDTPA, which has been shown to be sensitive and specific for MPO both in vitro and in vivo.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Long-term thermo-mechanical properties of the continental lithosphere

Simple thermo-elastic models successfully explain flexure observations from oceanic lithosphere and are consistent with predictions based on empirical yield stress envelopes for the deformation of olivine. The response of the continental lithosphere, in contrast, has frequently been modelled as a Maxwell viscoelastic solid. By plotting estimates of flexural rigidity against the age of the continental lithosphere at the time of loading, an estimate of which is defined by the radiometric age of the underlying basement, we report here that flexural rigidities for the continental lithosphere are compatible with oceanic flexure results. Analogous to the increase of rigidity with age away from a mid-oceanic ridge, continental rigidities appear to increase with age following a major thermal event. The high rigidities (∼1032 dyn cm) associated with Archaean/Proterozoic terrains and modelling of plate deformation with yield-stress envelopes appropriate for the continents suggest that the long-term thermal behaviour of continental lithosphere is governed by a coolong plate model with a 200–250-km plate thickness.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment: homologous series in soils and recent marine sediments☆

Abstract Soils and recent marine sediments contain a complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon assemblage. The many series of alkylhomologs have a similar molecular weight distribution, and it varies little over a wide range of depositional environments. It is suggested that these hydrocarbons are formed in natural fires, are dispersed and mixed by air transport and eventually deposited into surface sediments. The analytical, geochemical and environmental implications of these findings are discussed.
Data- and Model-Driven Multiresolution Processing

We introduce a technique formultiresolution processingwhich elegantly fits in our framework for visual recognition, described in earlier papers. The input is processedsimultaneouslyat a coarse resolution throughout the image and at finer resolution within a small window (fovea). We introduce an approach for controlling the movement of the high-resolution window which allows for both data- and model-driven selection of fixation points. Three fixation modes have been implemented, one based on large unexplained areas in the data, one on conflicts in the object-model database, and one on a 2D “space filling” algorithm. We argue that this kind of multiresolution processing is not only useful in limiting the computational time, as has been widely recognized, but also can be a deciding factor in making the entire vision problem a tractable and stable one. To demonstrate the approach, we introduce a class of3D surface texturesas a feature for recognition in our system. Surface texture recognition typically requires higher-resolution processing than that required for the extraction of the underlying surface. As examples, surface texture is used to discriminate between a ping-pong ball and a golf ball, and “curve texture” is used to recognize different types of gears. Other experimental results also are included to show the advantages and the implications of our approach.
Aging in the rat olfactory system: Correlation of changes in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb

Two regions closely linked synaptically (olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb) have been compared in an age-graded series of rats. Previous findings of growth and atrophy of constituent elements in Sprague-Dawley Wisconsin (SD) rats have now been confirmed in Charles River (Crl) rats. In the olfactory bulbs of Charles River (Crl) rats, the volume of layers, the number of olfactory axodendritic synapses in the glomeruli, the total volume of glomerular dendrites, and the size of mitral cell bodies all approximately double between 3 and 24--27 months, and then all decrease by 36 months. Unlike SD rats, however, no loss in the number of mitral cells occurs in Crl rats, and the increase in volume of the olfactory bulbs from 3 to 24 months is approximately double that of SD rats. In the olfactory epithelium the total number of septal olfactory receptors more than doubles between 3 and 18--24 months and then declines markedly, as does the volume of olfactory axons in olfactory bulb glomeruli. Comparison of the regression lines for change in number of septal receptors with that of the size of mitral cell bodies discloses that the decline in number of receptors begins several months earlier than the decline in mitral cell size. This suggests that the atrophic changes in the olfactory bulb may in part be secondary to changes in the receptors of the olfactory epithelium. Numbers of synapses in the glomeruli appear to decline less markedly with age than the number of receptors, and a significant increase in number of synapses per receptor occurs in the oldest group studied (33 months), suggesting a compensatory increase in the relative number of synapses per receptor in the surviving receptors.
Sub-300 nm UV LEDs with defect reduction layer and vertical-injection architecture

We present UV LEDs operating at wavelengths below 300 nm. The heterostructure features a defect reduction layer that bends threading dislocations away from the active region. Vertical-injection structures were fabricated via laser lift-off.
A4V superoxide dismutase mutation in apparently sporadic ALS resembling neuralgic amyotrophy

We report a case of apparently sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a young pregnant woman presenting subacutely with severe left shoulder pain followed by progressive weakness and wasting of the left arm, mimicking neuralgic amyotrophy. She was later found electrophysiologically to have widespread denervation involving more than just the arm and an alanine for valine substitution in codon 4 (A4V) in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Her case illustrates that pain on initial presentation, though uncommon, does not exclude a diagnosis of ALS.
Preliminary Studies in the Terrestrial Disposition of Silver from Cloud Seeding

. Silver iodide is currently the most favored cloud seeding material in weather modification projects. While the literature indicates that its ecological effects are likely to be insignificant, its disposition in the terrestrial ecosystem after snow melt has not been adequately studied. Silver levels in soil, plant and litter material are being monitored twice a year on a mountainous area in southwestern Colorado, to determine whether annual accretion from cloud seeding can be measured with current techniques and whether significant changes in silver concentration take place in grass, aspen, and spruce communities. One AgI generator site is also being monitored. Comparison of silver concentrations in terrestrial components of the target area indicates no measurable increase after the first winter's seeding. On an ash basis, spruce foliage and litter contain about four times as much silver as soil. On a dry weight basis, soil from all three plant communities contains about six times as much silver as foliage. Consistent increases in silver concentration were found in soil and pine foliage within 200 meters of one generator site.
Biologic Implications of Taper Corrosion in Total Hip Arthroplasty

The potential for corrosion at the modular head-neck junction in total hip arthroplasty has been well described, however the associated biological implications have recently received increasing clinical attention. Taper corrosion has been reported in patients with metal-on-polyethylene bearing surfaces, but it has also been recognized as an increasing cause of failure in patients with large head metal-on-metal hip replacements. Mechanical factors such as taper geometry, stem design, head size, or neck length may play a role in the etiology of taper corrosion. It can produce a range of clinical symptoms including pain, weakness, and instability that result from adverse local tissue reactions. While systemic effects have been reported, these remain poorly understood at present. A diagnostic algorithm to taper corrosion is provided, and treatment options are reviewed.
Leadership style and post‐merger satisfaction

Explores the relationship between leadership style and post‐merger satisfaction, noting from the results that leadership style is significantly related to merger satisfaction for both acquiring and acquired firm employees, but that effective leadership style profiles vary for these two groups of employees. Shows that, for acquiring firm employees, the use of reward power is the strongest predictor of merger satisfaction, while merger satisfaction for acquired firm employees is most closely associated with transformational leadership. Suggests that appropriate leadership style can greatly enhance merger effectiveness.
Rapid/Sustained Anti-anthrax Passive Immunity Mediated by Co-administration of Ad/AAV

Achieving both immediate and sustained protection against diseases caused by bacterial toxins and extracellular pathogens is a challenge in developing biodefense therapeutics. We hypothesized that a single co-administration of an adenovirus (Ad) vector and an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, both expressing a pathogen-specific monoclonal antibody, would provide rapid, persistent passive immunotherapy against the pathogen. In order to test this strategy, we used the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis as a target of a monoclonal antibody directed against the protective antigen (PA) component of the toxin, using co-administration of an Ad vector encoding an anti-PA monoclonal antibody (AdαPA) and an AAV vector encoding an anti-PA monoclonal antibody (AAVrh.10αPA). As early as 1 day after co-administration of AdαPA and AAVrh.10αPA to mice, serum anti-PA antibody levels were detectable, and were sustained through 6 months. Importantly, animals that received both vectors were protected against toxin challenge as early as 1 day after administration and throughout the 6 month duration of the experiment. These data provide a new paradigm of genetic passive immunotherapy by co-administration of Ad and AAV vectors, each encoding a pathogen-specific monoclonal antibody, as an effective approach for both rapid and sustained protection against a bio-terror attack.
Geochemistry of the Archean rocks in the Morton and Granite Falls areas, southwestern Minnesota☆

Abstract The Archean of the Minnesota River Valley, southwestern Minnesota, includes a variety of rock types that range in age from approximately 3600 to 2550 Ma. In the Morton area a complex migmatite (Morton Gneiss) is composed of a paleosome of tonalitic to granodioritic gneiss and amphibolite and a neosome of granodiorite, adamellite, and granite pegmatite. The leucotonalitic gneiss in the paleosome is trondhjemitic, with potassium largely in biotite. The tonalite, and closely related granodiorite, originated 3500 to 3600 Ma ago. These rocks, together with basaltic rocks, were deformed to form a metamorphic complex prior to the emplacement of granitic pegmatite and adamellite (adamellite-1) of the neosome 3050 Ma ago. The major deformation that produced the convoluted and variegated present-day Morton Gneiss occurred 2600 Ma ago. Some granitic rock (adamellite-2) was emplaced during or in late stages of the deformation. Chemically, adamellite-2 is similar to the aplite dikes that cut across the structure of the Morton Gneiss and to a phase of the Sacred Heart Granite. These rocks were formed 2550 to 2600 Ma ago. The Archean rocks in the Granite Falls area are divided into two major groups: mafic and felsic gneisses which are interlayered on a large scale. The mafic gneisses, which have not been recognized to the southeast in the Morton area, are of two principal types: hornblende-pyroxene gneiss and biotite-pyroxene gneiss. Some of these rocks are metasedimentary with graywacke percursors. Closely associated are amphibolites of tholeiitic to basaltic komatiite composition and metagabbro. Like the Morton Gneiss, the gneiss in the Granite Falls area is a hybrid rock. The older phase or paleosome is granodioritic with minor tonalitic gneiss and amphibolite. The granodioritic gneisses date back to 3600–3700 Ma ago. These rocks were deformed to a metamorphic terrane that was invaded by granite pegmatite and adamellite 3050 Ma ago. The major deformation that produced the present-day structure occurred 2600 Ma ago. Proterozoic diabase dikes and high-level adamellite plutons were emplaced in the Archean gneisses of the Minnesota River Valley 1800 Ma ago.
Oil Shales under Dynamic Stress

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has recently begun development of techniques to fracture oil-shale beds, hundreds of meters beneath the earth’s surface. The resulting shale fragment sizes must permit efficient in-place retorting of organic material from the shale. The initial phase of the program requires the determination of the properties of the shales under dynamic compression. These properties, and those of the proposed explosives, form the base for computer modeling of field events. The dynamic properties of oil shales and the experimental techniques used to determine them are discussed herein.
Field transfer decay and interferometry in coupled waveguides with stochastic sources

Coupled waveguides, such as those used as optical filters, switches, or couplers, are investigated in the context of coherence theory. A stochastic source is introduced to the standard coupled-mode model. Decay in the power transferred between the waveguides as a function of distance is predicted. Application of this result in the form of an interferometric spectrometer is explored.
Anticipation of Giving Negative Or Positive Information

Summary The study examined the way a person will be viewed when he anticipates transmitting positive or negative information. All participants in the study were college students: six served as presenters of the information, and 27 served as raters. Presenters gave an identical neutral statement to the group while anticipating making either a positive or negative subsequent statement. Presenters anticipating making subsequent positive statements were rated by the group significantly more favorably than presenters anticipating making subsequent negative statements. Several explanations for the results were considered: the need to minimize social disapproval, the generalization of the effect of the anticipated statement to the neutral statement, and the „just world” hypothesis.
Bodyweight gain associated with atypical antipsychotics: epidemiology and therapeutic implications.

Atypical antipsychotic medications are associated with different adverse effects and efficacy profiles compared with conventional antipsychotics (i.e. less extrapyramidal symptoms, improved efficacy against negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, and most often a greater ability to improve patients’ quality of life). However, the atypical antipsychotics may be associated with clinically significant bodyweight gain, increasing the risk of medical comorbidity, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidaemia.
Experimental Investigation Of The Effects Of A Neutralizing Background Plasma On The Operation Of A High Current Gyrotron

We present plans for an experiment to investigate the effects of a neutralizing background plasma on the operation of a high current gyrotron. A neutral plasma filling the electron beam transport and gyrotron cavity regions allows for the propagation of super-vacuum currents and for tuning of the interaction frequency through the neutralizing plasma density. The background plasma is completely ionized before the passage of the high current electron beam, and the plasma, density(in the absence of the electron beam) is a known, measured quantity.
Silk gland-specific tRNA(Ala) genes interact more weakly than constitutive tRNA(Ala) genes with silkworm TFIIIB and polymerase III fractions.

Abstract Constitutive and silk gland-specific tRNA(Ala) genes from silkworms have very different transcriptional properties in vitro. Typically, the constitutive type, which encodes tRNA(AlaC), directs transcription much more efficiently than does the silk gland-specific type, which encodes tRNA(AlaSG). We think that the inefficiency of the tRNA(AlaCG) gene underlies its capacity to be turned off in non-silk gland cells. An economical model is that the tRNA(AlaSG) promoter interacts poorly, relative to the tRNA(AlaC) promoter, with one or more components of the basal transcription machinery. As a consequence, the tRNA(AlaSG) gene directs the formation of fewer transcription complexes or of complexes with reduced cycling ability. Here we show that the difference in the number of active transcription complexes accounts for the difference in tRNA(AlaC) and tRNA(AlaSG) transcription rates. To determine whether a particular component of the silkworm transcription machinery is responsible for reduced complex formation on the tRNA(AlaSG) gene, we measured competition by templates for defined fractions of this machinery. We find that the tRNA(AlaSG) gene is greatly impaired, in comparison with the tRNA(AlaC) gene, in competition for either TFIIIB or RNA polymerase III. Competition for each of these fractions is also strongly influenced by the nature of the 5' flanking sequence, the promoter element responsible for the distinctive transcriptional properties of tRNA(AlaSG) and tRNA(AlaC) genes. These results suggest that differential interaction with TFIIIB or RNA polymerase III is a critical functional distinction between these genes.
A downhole magnetic logging tool for the Ocean Drilling Program

In October 1986 the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) program of the National Science Foundation funded the University of Washington (UW), Seattle, to construct, test, and initially deploy a downhole magnetometer as part of the logging program for the drilling ship JOIDES Resolution. The success of the initial deployment of the magnetometer in a 500-m gabbroic crustal section during Leg 118 in December 1987 (Leg 118 Scientific Party, 1988), and the general availability of this tool as part of the ODP suite of logging tools, prompted this brief announcement. The UW/ODP magnetic logging tool was designed by IFG Corporation of Toronto, Canada, and underwent several design modifications specifically for ODP use by both URTEC Instrument Sales Limited, of Toronto, and the Borehole Research Group (BRG) at Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO), Palisades, N.Y. The tool consists of three orthogonally oriented ring core fluxgate magnetometers, a susceptibility sensor, and two thermocouples which monitor the internal temperature of the probe. The fluxgate magnetometers each have a range of +/−100,000 n T and a sensitivity of 0.1 nT. The fluxgates have been calibrated in magnetic fields ranging from 3000 to 100,000 n T and at a range of temperatures between 25° and 90°C. The susceptibility coil has a sensitivity of approximately 10∼5 SI units when run in a borehole 10″ (25 cm) in diameter. In addition to magnetic susceptibility, the coil measures electrical resistivity, but with this particular type of sensor, the measurement is only useful in formations with very high electrical conductivities. The entire magnetometer syst em is currently capable of being run at operating temperatures up to 125°C without damage. Although the fluxgate magnetometer output remains linear within this range, the susceptibility probe becomes nonlinear and exhibits some thermal hysteresis at elevated temperatures. T h e susceptibility probe will require more detailed calibration in order to utilize measurements made at these higher (>60°C) temperatures. Although the magnetometer probe does not currently have an independent system for azimuthal orientation in highly magnetic media (e.g., accelerometers or a gyroscope), this is a desirable feature which is hoped to eventually be included in the magnetic logging package.
A pilot study of the clinical impact of hand-carried cardiac ultrasound in the medical clinic.

Background Small, hand-carried ultrasound devices have become widely available, making point-of-care echocardiograms (echos) accessible to all medical personnel as a means to augment and improve the increasingly inefficient physical examination. This study was designed to determine the clinical utility of hand-carried echo by medical residents in clinical decision making. Methods Nine residents underwent brief, practical echo training to perform and interpret a limited hand-carried echo as an integral component of their office examination. The residents' hand-carried echo consisting of four basic views to define left ventricular (LV) function and wall thickness, valvular disease, and any pericardial effusions was compared to one performed by a level III echocardiographer. Results Seventy-two consecutive medical clinic patients were enrolled with an average image acquisition time of 4.45 minutes. Residents obtained diagnostic images in 94% of the cases and interpreted them correctly 93% of the time. They correctly identified 92% of the major echo findings and 78% of the minor findings. Their diagnosis of LV dysfunction, valvular disease, and LV hypertrophy improved by 19%, 39%, and 14% with hand-carried echo compared to history and physical alone. Management decisions were reinforced in 76% and changed in 40% of patients with the use of hand-carried echo. Conclusion This study demonstrates that it is possible to train medical residents to perform an effective and reasonably accurate hand-carried echo during their physical examination, which can impact clinical management.
Recognition of hypovolemic shock: using base deficit to think outside of the ATLS box

Base deficit has frequently been utilized as an informal adjunct in the initial evaluation of trauma patients to assess the extent of their physiologic derangements. However, the current Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) classification system for hypovolemic shock does not include base-deficit measurements and relies primarily on alterations in vital signs (heart rate, systolic blood pressure) and mental status (Glasgow Coma Scale) to estimate blood loss. The authors of this paper propose that the current ATLS system may not accurately reflect the degree of hypovolemic shock in many patients and that base-deficit measurements should be used in its place. The proposed system showed a greater correlation with transfusion requirements, need for massive transfusion, and mortality when compared with the ATLS classification system. Based on these findings, base-deficit measurement should be strongly considered during the initial trauma evaluation to identify the presence of hypovolemic shock and to guide blood product administration.
Fluorine-free Flux for Growth of Rare Earth Garnets†

A composition diagram which compares various mixtures used for growing rare earth garnets is described. The flux components of PbOB2O3 or PbOPbF2 recommended for growth of either rare earth iron, gallium or aluminium garnets are expressed in terms of a pseudoternary diagram. The crystals discussed in this paper are Eu3Fe5O12, Eu3Ga5O12, Tm3Al5O12, Tm3Ga5O12, Yb3Ga5O12, and Yb3Fe2Ga3O12. The crystals are characterized by lattice constant, morphology, and in some cases, by magnetic susceptibility data. In einem Phasendiagramm werden verschiedene Mischungen, aus denen Granate der seltenen Erden gezuchtet werden, miteinander verglichen. Die Komponenten der Schmelzlosungen PbOB2O3 oder PbOPbF2, die zur Zuchtung von Eisen-, Gallium-oder Aluminiumgranaten empfohlen werden, werden in einem pseudoternaren Diagramm dargestellt. Die in dieser Arbeit diskutierten Kristalle Eu3Fe5O12, Eu3Ga5O12, Tm3Al5O12, Tm3Ga5O12, Yb3Ga5O12 und Yb3Fe2Ga3O12 werden durch ihre Gitterkonstante, ihre Morphologie und in einigen Fallen ihre magnetische Suszeptibilitat charakterisiert.
Experimental investigation of strong ground motion due to thrust fault earthquakes

Thrust fault earthquakes are studied in a laboratory earthquake setup previously used to investigate analog strike-slip seismic events. Dynamic mode II ruptures are generated along preexisting faults in an analog material, Homalite H-100, and their interaction with the free surface is studied for both sub-Rayleigh and supershear rupture speeds. High-speed digital photography and laser velocimeter diagnostics are used synergistically to identify and study the ground velocity signatures caused by the various features of the generated ruptures. The obtained surface-normal motions of both sub-Rayleigh and supershear ruptures show substantial asymmetry between the hanging and footwall, with the hanging wall experiencing much larger velocity amplitudes. The main features of the surface velocity traces at various stations can be explained by the calculated arrivals of various waves and fronts—Mach cones, Pand S waves, and sub-Rayleigh features. In both the sub-Rayleigh and supershear cases, the arrival of the rupture tip generates a prominent Rayleigh wave traveling along the simulated Earth's surface. Supershear events feature larger amplitudes of ground shaking profiles. All signatures in the surface motion records attenuate and broaden with increasing distance from the fault trace. The signatures corresponding to the arrival of the Mach fronts attenuate with distance at a slower rate than those from sub-Rayleigh ruptures. The arrival of the updip supershear rupture at the free surface creates a downdip propagating slip feature with its own Mach cone. These additional Mach fronts further amplify ground shaking on the hanging and footwalls.
Membrane-Tethered MUC1 Mucin Is Phosphorylated by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Airway Epithelial Cells and Associates with TLR5 To Inhibit Recruitment of MyD88

MUC1 is a membrane-tethered mucin glycoprotein expressed on the apical surface of mucosal epithelial cells. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies established that MUC1 counterregulates airway inflammation by suppressing TLR signaling. In this article, we elucidate the mechanism by which MUC1 inhibits TLR5 signaling. Overexpression of MUC1 in HEK293 cells dramatically reduced Pseudomonas aeruginosa-stimulated IL-8 expression and decreased the activation of NF-κB and MAPK compared with cells not expressing MUC1. However, overexpression of MUC1 in HEK293 cells did not affect NF-κB or MAPK activation in response to TNF-α. Overexpression of MyD88 abrogated the ability of MUC1 to inhibit NF-κB activation, and MUC1 overexpression inhibited flagellin-induced association of TLR5/MyD88 compared with controls. The MUC1 cytoplasmic tail associated with TLR5 in all cells tested, including HEK293T cells, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells, and human and mouse primary airway epithelial cells. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase with TGF-α induced phosphorylation of the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail at the Y46EKV sequence and increased association of MUC1/TLR5. Finally, in vivo experiments demonstrated increased immunofluorescence colocalization of Muc1/TLR5 and Muc1/phosphotyrosine staining patterns in mouse airway epithelium and increased Muc1 tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse lung homogenates following P. aeruginosa infection. In conclusion, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylates MUC1, leading to an increase in its association with TLR5, thereby competitively and reversibly inhibiting recruitment of MyD88 to TLR5 and downstream signaling events. This unique ability of MUC1 to control TLR5 signaling suggests its potential role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
A Cysteine Protease Inhibitor Cures Chagas' Disease in an Immunodeficient-Mouse Model of Infection

Chagas9 disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , remains the leading cause of cardiopathy in Latin America with about 12 million people infected. Classic clinical manifestations derive from infection of muscle cells leading to progressive cardiomyopathy, while some patients develop megacolon or megaesophagus. A very aggressive clinical course including fulminant meningoencephalitis has been reported in patients who contract Chagas9 disease in the background of immunodeficiency. This includes patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection as well as patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplant. Currently, only two drugs are approved for the treatment of Chagas9 disease, nifurtimox and benznidazole. Both have significant limitations due to common and serious side effects as well as limited availability. A promising group of new drug leads for Chagas9 disease is cysteine protease inhibitors targeting cruzain, the major protease of T. cruzi . The inhibitor N -methyl-Pip-F-homoF-vinyl sulfonyl phenyl ( N -methyl-Pip-F-hF-VSφ) is in late-stage preclinical development. Therefore, the question arose as to whether protease inhibitors targeting cruzain would have efficacy in Chagas9 disease occurring in the background of immunodeficiency. To address this question, we studied the course of infection in recombinase-deficient (Rag1 −/− ) and normal mice infected with T. cruzi . Infections localized to heart and skeletal muscle in untreated normal animals, while untreated Rag1 −/− mice showed severe infection in all organs and predominantly in liver and spleen. Treatment with the dipeptide N -methyl-Pip-F-hF-VSφ rescued immunodeficient animals from lethal Chagas9 infection. The majority (60 to 100%) of inhibitor-treated Rag1 −/− mice had increased survival, negative PCR, and normal tissues by histopathological examination.
Streamlined Genome Engineering with a Self-Excising Drug Selection Cassette

A central goal in the development of genome engineering technology is to reduce the time and labor required to produce custom genome modifications. Here we describe a new selection strategy for producing fluorescent protein (FP) knock-ins using CRISPR/Cas9-triggered homologous recombination. We have tested our approach in Caenorhabditis elegans. This approach has been designed to minimize hands-on labor at each step of the procedure. Central to our strategy is a newly developed self-excising cassette (SEC) for drug selection. SEC consists of three parts: a drug-resistance gene, a visible phenotypic marker, and an inducible Cre recombinase. SEC is flanked by LoxP sites and placed within a synthetic intron of a fluorescent protein tag, resulting in an FP-SEC module that can be inserted into any C. elegans gene. Upon heat shock, SEC excises itself from the genome, leaving no exogenous sequences outside the fluorescent protein tag. With our approach, one can generate knock-in alleles in any genetic background, with no PCR screening required and without the need for a second injection step to remove the selectable marker. Moreover, this strategy makes it possible to produce a fluorescent protein fusion, a transcriptional reporter and a strong loss-of-function allele for any gene of interest in a single injection step.
Possible, Probable and Preferable Futures of the Digital Divide

The digital divide is widely recognized as a contemporary problem between society and techno logy. Strategies for bridging the digital divide are often informed and guided by quantitative assessments of the deployment of information communication technologies. There are few rigorous qualitative attempts to assess the digital divide from either an ethnographic or a futures-oriented perspective. This paper reports findings from a study that examined the possible, probable and preferable futures of the digital divide from an ethnographic perspective. The contents of this report include background to the problem of the digital divide, a review of literature describing the relationship between society and technology, findings from the data collection, and implications for future strategies to bridge the digital divide.
Purification and properties of the sodium-potassium transport adenosinetriphosphatase from the rectal gland of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias.

The (Na + K)–activated adenosinetriphosphatase (NaK ATPase) has been purified from Lubrol extracts of membranes from the rectal glands of Squalus acanthias. The specific activity of the purified enzyme is 2 to 3 times that previously reported by others after correction of their specific activities for detergent activation. The yield of the enzyme from the membranes is 70%. The enzyme is highly stable both at 0° and in the frozen state. Ninety-five percent of the enzyme consists of two subunits–the catalytic subunit with a MW of 97,000 and a glycoprotein with a MW of 55,000. At the last stage of purification the enzyme reverts to various membranous forms: the thickness of the membrane is about 80 A; projections (probably the glycoprotein) of about 40 A in diameter are seen at regular intervals.
Smad4 Promotes Differentiation of Effector and Circulating Memory CD8 T Cells but Is Dispensable for Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells

Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are a unique subset of virus-specific CTLs that bolster local immune responses after becoming lodged in previously infected tissues. These cells provide enhanced protection by intercepting returning pathogens before a new infection gets established. In contrast, central memory CD8 T cells circulate in the bloodstream and proliferate in secondary lymphoid organs before replenishing effector and memory CD8 T cell populations in remote parts of the body. Both populations of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells participate in immunity to influenza virus infection; however, the signaling pathways that instruct developing memory CD8 T cells to distribute to specific tissues are poorly defined. We show that TGF-β promotes the development of pulmonary tissue-resident memory T cells via a signaling pathway that does not require the downstream signaling intermediate Sma- and Mad-related protein (Smad)4. In contrast, circulating memory CD8 T cells have no requirement for TGF-β but show signs of arrested development in the absence of Smad4, including aberrant CD103 expression. These signaling pathways alter the distribution of virus-specific CTLs in the lungs but do not prevent robust cytokine responses. Our data show that Smad4 is required for normal differentiation of multiple subsets of virus-specific CD8 T cells. In normal circumstances, Smad4 may be activated via a pathway that bypasses the TGF-β receptor. Improved understanding of these signaling pathways could be used to augment vaccine-induced immunity.
Analyzing cycle stealing on synchronous circuits with level-sensitive latches

The authors present a new method to fully explore cycle steal opportunities in the timing analysis for level-sensitive synchronous circuit designs. The algorithm first constructs a latch graph from a timing analysis on the combinational logic, and then it analyzes cycle stealing based on overlay timing relationships among latch nodes. A breadth-first search examines all possible cycle stealing among latches. The algorithm also considers the fact that cycle stealing is topology dependent. The timing analysis program also takes into account the variation of clock width and leading and training clock edges in each latch, so the data can be used to assist physical design. The program has been implemented on an IBM RISC System/6000 coupled with an IBM IC design system. The results showed the benefit of using cycle steal opportunities in the design. >
Improvements in mechanical properties in SiC by the addition of TiC particles

Silicon carbide ceramics containing up to 24.6 vol% dispersed TiC particles yielded fully dense composites by hot-pressing at 2000/sup 0/C with 1 wt% Al and 1 wt% C added. The microstructure consists of fine TiC particles in a fine-grained SiC matrix. Addition of TiC particles increases the critical fracture toughness of SiC (to approx. =6 MPa /SUP ./ m /SUP 1/2/ at 24.6 vol% TiC) and yields high flexure strength (greater than or equal to 680 MPa), with both properties increasing with increasing volume fraction of TiC. The strengths at high temperatures are also improved by the TiC additions. Observations of the fracture path indicate that the improved toughness and strength are a result of crack deflection by the TiC particles.
Principal stratification with predictors of compliance for randomized trials with 2 active treatments

SUMMARY In behavioral medicine trials, such as smoking cessation trials, 2 or more active treatments are often compared. Noncompliance by some subjects with their assigned treatment poses a challenge to the data analyst. The principal stratification framework permits inference about causal effects among subpopulations characterized by potential compliance. However, in the absence of prior information, there are 2 significant limitations: (1) the causal effects cannot be point identified for some strata and (2) individuals in the subpopulations (strata) cannot be identified. We propose to use additional information— compliance-predictive covariates—to help identify the causal effects and to help describe characteristics of the subpopulations. The probability of membership in each principal stratum is modeled as a function of these covariates. The model is constructed using marginal compliance models (which are identified) and a sensitivity parameter that captures the association between the 2 marginal distributions. We illustrate our methods in both a simulation study and an analysis of data from a smoking cessation trial.
Relational Data Dictionary Implementation

The paper presupposes a team of application developers using an application generator served by a relational database (RDB). The application grows by including not only routines for input/output, but by accumulating new relations, the latter representing data-definition activity by the developers.