cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of environments of coal deposition on phosphorous accumulation in a high latitude, northern Alaska, coal seam

Abstract Although phosphorus is a very important biogenic element, its concentration in coal is generally low. Phosphorus (P) concentrations typically range from 0.001% to 0.229% in raw coals of the contiguous 48 states [Glick, D.C., Davis, A., 1984. Variability in the inorganic content of United States coals—a multivariate statistical study of final report, Part 10 (DOE-30013-Flo) to the US Dept. of Energy under contract no. DE-AC22-80PC 30013, 404 pp.]. Some Alaskan coal seams contain horizons that are unusually high in phosphorus. The present paper focuses on a bituminous coal from northern Alaska, where 0.15 m subsections of this coal seam have shown high phosphorous in certain subsections. In order to investigate the lateral extent of such high phosphorous bands in coal, the authors obtained three drill cores up to 3 km apart from the coal seam. A detailed investigation of the cores was undertaken to determine the nature and mode of occurrence of phosphorous minerals. Maceral composition allowed interpretation of environments of coal deposition. Acid-extractable phosphorous analysis of the subsections identified the high phosphorous horizons. Electron microprobe analyses identified the phosphorous mineral as crandallite. Correlation of high phosphorous intervals with corresponding environments of deposition suggests that phosphorous precipitation is promoted by an oxidizing environment with a lowered water table during the peat stage. A study of thin sections from high phosphorous samples showed that crandallite is associated with structured vitrinite and as cell fillings in fusinite. The study confirms the potential for using high phosphorous horizons for the correlation of coal seams, as noted in previous work by the authors ( Rao and Walsh, 1997 ). A high phosphorous horizon is found at 0.45 m above the bottom of the seam in all of the drill holes, indicating a uniformity of the coal forming environment and the availability of crandallite constituent elements over the entire 3 km. The uniformity of high phosphorous concentrations through the top 2 m of the three drill holes also shows a distinct correlation.
Delayed Neural Reconstruction in the Lower Extremity: Results of Interfascicular Nerve Grafting*

During a 4-year period, one of the authors (M.B.W.) performed 16 nerve reconstructions by interfascicular grafting in the lower extremities of 13 patients. Three patients were excluded from the study: one was lost to follow-up and two had less than 1-year follow-up. At an average follow-up of 30 months, the results of 13 procedures in 10 patients were evaluated. Results were good after five procedures, fair after five, and poor after three. Superior results were evident with shorter graft lengths and after nerve transection injuries.
Stand By to Crash! Avant-Pop, Hypertextuality, and Postmodern Comic Vision in Coover's The Public Burning

Abstract At one blatantly metafictional moment in Robert Coover's The Public Burning, we find ourselves at the Martin Beck Theater in Manhattan, not far from the Death Pageant in Times Square, early on the evening of Friday, June 19, 1953, watching a lonely and embittered Arthur Miller watch his play The Crucible (1953). to which Richard Nixon had that morning contemplated taking his wife. He decided against it because he “couldn't risk giving it any kind of official sanction, and besides, Edgar [Hoover] was probably photographing the audience for his files” (202).
Thermal broadening in differential ion scattering experiments

Abstract The effects of thermal broadening in differential ion scattering experiments have been investigated. Model calculations have been performed for the case of elastic scattering by a single potential, V(r), having an attractive well. These calculations show that for collision energies of several eV, and room temperature (T = 300 K) gas targets, the broadening is in some cases negligible, but in others can give serious distortion of the elastic scattering patterns. The effect is diminished as expected, by cooling the target gas to liquid N2 temperature (T = 77.34 K). It is almost entirely eliminated in a crossed ion—neutral beams configuration. The formalism, of which the above calculations are an application, is quite general. It has been used to derive expressions for thermal broadening in measurements of product velocity distributions, and in total cross-section experiments of both the gas-scattering and crossed-beams types.
Effects of anti-cocaine vaccine and viral gene transfer of cocaine hydrolase in mice on cocaine toxicity including motor strength and liver damage.

Abstract In developing an vivo drug-interception therapy to treat cocaine abuse and hinder relapse into drug seeking provoked by re-encounter with cocaine, two promising agents are: (1) a cocaine hydrolase enzyme (CocH) derived from human butyrylcholinesterase and delivered by gene transfer; (2) an anti-cocaine antibody elicited by vaccination. Recent behavioral experiments showed that antibody and enzyme work in a complementary fashion to reduce cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity in rats and mice. Our present goal was to test protection against liver damage and muscle weakness in mice challenged with massive doses of cocaine at or near the LD50 level (100–120 mg/kg, i.p.). We found that, when the interceptor proteins were combined at doses that were only modestly protective in isolation (enzyme, 1 mg/kg; antibody, 8 mg/kg), they provided complete protection of liver tissue and motor function. When the enzyme levels were ∼400-fold higher, after in vivo transduction by adeno-associated viral vector, similar protection was observed from CocH alone.
Real product, real factor input, and productivity in the Republic of Korea, 1960–1973☆

Abstract Estimates of real output, real input, and total factor productivity are constructed for South Korea for the period 1960–1973. The average annual growth rates are 9.7%, 5.5%, and 41% respectively, higher than the major developed countries. Also, capital deepening is observed to contribute substantially less to growth in Korea than elsewhere.
Ethnicity, nationalism and race relations: The chinese treatment of the solon tribes in Heilongjiang frontier society, 1900 – 1931

The Solon tribes, including the Oroqen, the Ewenk and the Daur, have lived in Heilongjiang (North Manchuria) for millennia. For centuries, the Solon led a hunting life in the mountains and along the rivers. Their constant migration earned them a reputation as nomads. Russian penetration into the region in the late nineteenth century Russified many of the Solon, which alarmed the Chinese government into action. The Chinese persistently embraced every opportunity to win them over. The principal policy adopted by both the Qing dynasty and the Chinese Republic was to turn Solon nomads into sedentary farmers. The government erected villages for the Solon, helped them to adapt to new life, and educated them to be Chinese citizens. These paternalistic yet preferential measures, however, rapidly Sinicized the Solon in just three decades.
RSY-1 Is a Local Inhibitor of Presynaptic Assembly in C. elegans

As fundamental units of neuronal communication, chemical synapses are composed of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations that form at specific locations with defined shape and size. Synaptic assembly must be tightly regulated to prevent overgrowth of the synapse size and number, but the molecular mechanisms that inhibit synapse assembly are poorly understood. We identified regulator of synaptogenesis–1 (RSY-1) as an evolutionarily conserved molecule that locally antagonized presynaptic assembly. The loss of RSY-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans led to formation of extra synapses and recruitment of excessive synaptic material to presynaptic sites. RSY-1 directly interacted with and negatively regulated SYD-2/liprin-alpha, a master assembly molecule that recruits numerous synaptic components to presynaptic sites. RSY-1 also bound and regulated SYD-1, a synaptic protein required for proper functioning of SYD-2. Thus, local inhibitory mechanisms govern synapse formation.
Early Intervention for Substance Abuse Among Youth and Young Adults with Mental Health Conditions: An Exploration of Community Mental Health Practices

This mixed method study examined current practices and barriers for screening and assessing substance use among youth/young adults in community mental health systems. Substance use rates remain high among youth/young adults in the general population and substance use disorders are prevalent among young people involved in public service systems such as mental health. In an effort to understand the dynamics for early intervention, 64 case managers and/or clinical directors from children’s mental health systems in two states participated in an online survey or focus group in fall 2008. Quantitative survey questions and qualitative focus group questions explored attitudes and perspectives about screening and early intervention for substance use among youth/young adults involved in the mental health system and current agency practices. Mixed method results suggest a number of barriers to substance use screening and early intervention and point to innovations that could be more effectively supported.
Molecular Chromophores for Next-Generation Solar Photon Harvesting (Presentation Video)

There is an increased interest in exploiting photophysical phenomena to enhance the performance of photovoltaic technologies, pushing their efficiency toward, and ultimately beyond, the Shockley-Queisser limit for a single-junction solar cell. This presentation will discuss the applicability of molecular chromophores to this endeavor, focusing on two well-known phenomena: (1) photochemical upconversion and (2) singlet fission. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that these ‘scientific curiosities’ exhibit significant promise for solar photoconversion applications. I will outline the mechanisms that underlay these two photon harvesting processes; highlight scientific questions that remain to be answered; and identify strategies for, and obstacles to, their incorporation into realistic photoconversion systems.
Compatibility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle labeling for 1H MRI cell tracking with 31P MRS for bioenergetic measurements

Labeling of cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles permits cell tracking by 1H MRI while 31P MRS allows non-invasive evaluation of cellular bioenergetics. We evaluated the compatibility of these two techniques by obtaining 31P NMR spectra of iron-labeled and unlabeled immobilized C2C12 myoblast cells in vitro. Broadened but usable 31P spectra were obtained and peak area ratios of resonances corresponding to intracellular metabolites showed no significant differences between labeled and unlabeled cell populations. We conclude that 31P NMR spectra can be obtained from cells labeled with sufficient iron to permit visualization by 1H imaging protocols and that these spectra have sufficient quality to be used to assess metabolic status. This result introduces the possibility of using localized 31P MRS to evaluate the viability of iron-labeled therapeutic cells as well as surrounding host tissue in vivo. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using smart meters for load monitoring and active power-factor correction

This paper proposes a cost-effective approach to active power-factor correction that uses a smart meter installed at a service entry and a dedicated active power filter. The power circuit could be connected at a conventional 240V AC outlet in a home, or it could be installed at a transformer secondary and coordinate with several downstream meters. The smart meter is a non-intrusive load monitor (NILM) that measures the active, reactive, and harmonic content of the line current. This information is fed to the dedicated active power filter. The NILM determines the amount of reactive and harmonic current fed to the downstream loads, which may include the current supplied by the active power filter itself. Despite this, the reactive current can be reduced to nearly zero. The active power filter can also be provided with external commands from the grid operator. This scheme is particularly useful in virtual power plant (VPP) applications involving demand dispatch in support of distributed intermittent renewables. The paper describes the control scheme needed by the power circuit and presents experimental results.
VLBA imaging of parsec-scale gas in Seyfert galaxies

Abstract Seyfert galaxies contain small-scale radio jets that indicate the presence of compact active galactic nuclei of the same type found in more powerful quasars and radio galaxies. Since most Seyferts are relatively nearby, their nuclear environments can be probed at much higher resolution than in those more powerful sources. In addition, the relative weakness of the active nucleus makes the effects of the circumnuclear gas more important. VLBA images of a number of Seyfert galaxies have been produced, often at multiple frequencies, in order to reveal the presence and nature of the gas in the inner 1–100 parsecs of the galaxies. Absorption effects at gigahertz frequencies, due to both synchrotron self-absorption and free-free absorption, are quite common; the free-free absorption indicates the presence of large quantities of ionized gas in the inner few parsecs of the galaxies. Changes in radio position angles on parsec scales also occur in several galaxies, implying that Seyfert nuclei may have multiple symmetry axes.
Theoretical design of acoustic treatment for cabin noise control of a light aircraft

An analytical procedure has been used to design an acoustic treatment for cabin noise control of a light aircraft. Using this approach acoustic add-on treatments capable of reducing the average noise levels in the cabin by about 17 dB from the untreated condition are developed. The added weight of the noise control package is about 2 percent of the total gross take-off weight of the aircraft. The analytical model uses modal solutions wherein the structural modes of the sidewall and the acoustic modes of the receiving space are accounted for. The additional noise losses due to add-on treatments are calculated by the impedance transfer method. The input noise spectral levels are selected utilizing experimental flight data. The add-on treatments considered for cabin noise control include aluminum honeycomb panels, constrained layer damping tape, porous acoustic materials, noise barriers and limp trim panels. To reduce the noise transmitted through the double wall aircraft windows to acceptable levels, changes in the design of the aircraft window are recommended.
Generalizations of Grillet's theorem on maximal stable sets and maximal cliques in graphs

Abstract Grillet established conditions on a partially ordered set under which each maximal antichain meets each maximal chain. Berge pointed out that Grillet's theorem can be stated in terms of graphs, made a conjecture that strengthens it, and asked a related question. We exhibit a counterexample to the conjecture and answer the question; then we prove four theorems that generalize Grillet's theorem in the spirit of Berge's proposals.
N-Glycosylation of the alpha subunit does not influence trafficking or functional activity of the human organic solute transporter alpha/beta

The organic solute transporter (OSTα-OSTβ) is a heteromeric transporter that is expressed on the basolateral membrane of epithelium in intestine, kidney, liver, testis and adrenal gland and facilitates efflux of bile acids and other steroid solutes. Both subunits are required for plasma membrane localization of the functional transporter but it is unclear how and where the subunits interact and whether glycosylation is required for functional activity. We sought to examine these questions for the human OSTα-OSTβ transporter using the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, and COS7 cells transfected with constructs of human OSTα-FLAG and OSTβ-Myc. Tunicamycin treatment demonstrated that human OSTα is glycosylated. In COS7 cells Western blotting identified the unglycosylated form (~31 kD), the core precursor form (~35 kD), and the mature, complex glycoprotein (~40 kD). Immunofluorescence of both cells indicated that, in the presence of OSTβ, the alpha subunit could still be expressed on the plasma membrane after tunicamycin treatment. Furthermore, the functional uptake of 3H-estrone sulfate was unchanged in the absence of N-glycosylation. Co-immunoprecipitation indicates that the immature form of OSTα interact with OSTβ. However, immunoprecipitation of OSTβ using an anti-Myc antibody did not co-precipitate the mature, complex glycosylated form of OSTα, suggesting that the primary interaction occurs early in the biosynthetic pathway and may be transient. In conclusion, human OSTα is a glycoprotein that requires interaction with OSTβ to reach the plasma membrane. However, glycosylation of OSTα is not necessary for interaction with the beta subunit or for membrane localization or function of the heteromeric transporter.
Absorption and excretion of viomycin in humans.

SummaryA study has been made of the absorption and excretion of viomycin following intramuscular administration in humans. Maximum serum concentrations of 82 to 125 μg per ml were attained within 2 hours after a single dose of 25 to 50 mg per kilo. Reasonably high concentrations were achieved in the serum of patients receiving daily maintenance doses of the drug. Small concentrations of viomycin, 10 to 12.5 μg per ml, were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of high serum concentrations of the drug, 100 to 125 |mUg per ml. Viomycin was excreted in the urine in high concentrations, and from 65 to 100% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine within 24 hours.
Separation of epidermis from dermis in the Rhesus monkey

Effective methods exist for separating epidermis from dermis for many species; however, a simple and effective skin separation method for non-human primates is not available. This investigation describes an easy and reliable method for separating epidermis from dermis in Rhesus monkeys. Skin was shaved and washed prior to necropsy. Skin samples were placed on cardboard and then in Whirl-Pak bags, frozen on dry ice and stored at -70 degrees C. Just prior to the separation procedure, Whirl-Pak bags were returned to dry ice storage. Immediately after removal from dry ice, each closed Whirl-Pak bag was placed into a waterbath maintained between 60 and 67 degrees C. After 2 minutes, the Whirl-Pak bag was removed from the waterbath, opened and the skin surface of the application site was gently scraped with a scalpel blade to remove the epidermis. Effectiveness of removal was verified by histologic examination of the remaining dermal samples.
The carbon-carbon interaction energy in alpha Fe-C alloys

Abstract The experimental data of Lobo and Geiger on the activity of carbon in ferrite have been re-analyzed in detail using the statistical thermodynamic relationships of Darken-Smith/Kaufman-Radcliffe-Cohen, Lacher-Fowler-Guggenheim and McLellan-Dunn. Indirect regression analyses had usually to be employed in order to extract a value for the interaction energy between nearest neighboring carbon atoms, ωα. However, the Lobo-Geiger data reported at only two temperatures fulfilled the requirements for performance of a valid indirect analysis using the three expressions correlating activity with composition and ωα. At both temperatures, all three analyses yielded ωα 0 were shown to have resulted from failure to fulfill the requirements for a valid indirect regression analysis. Using a relationship for the electrostatic interaction energy between carbon atoms due to Blandin, Deplante, Friedel and Machlin, and an equation for elastic strain energy interaction due to Eshelby, it was concluded that the former energy is the more important contributor to both ωα 0; in both ferrite and austenite, the elastic interaction and electrostatic interaction energies are of opposite sign.
Retrospective cost model refinement for aircraft fault signature detection

Retrospective cost model refinement is applied to on-board identification of a linearized aircraft model, and it is shown that with altitude and airspeed measurements, the aircraft stability derivatives can be estimated. These estimates are then compared to the nominal values at the same flight condition. The comparison between identified and nominal stability derivatives provides a fault signature. We also describe a methodology for updating the flight envelope based on identified stability derivatives.
Personal values: a basis for work motivational set and work attitude.

Abstract This paper investigates the interrelationships among the employee's personal value system, job attitude, and organizational reward system. It was assumed that individual values are part of the set with which employees approach their work environment and evaluate the organizational reward system. Two separate and distinct Israeli employment universes were investigated and compared. They were that of industrial workers on the kibbutz and that of persons employed by private sector industries. It was found that workers from the kibbutz industry, where differential financial renumeration does not exist, reported a higher level of self-realization values and more satisfaction with intrinsic job aspects than those employed in the private sector. In contrast, employees in the private sector, who receive differential extrinsic rewards, reported a higher level of both aggrandizement values and extrinsic job satisfaction. In both samples, personal values were found to be related to aspects of job satisfaction.
Input and storage of benthic detritus in an Alaskan subarctic stream

Allochthonous leaf litter input and storage of benthic detritus were measured in Monument Creek, a second-order interior Alaskan stream. Litter input was very low, totaling 62.5 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW). m-2·y-2 in 1980. Peak input coincided with autumnal leaf fall. Benthic detritus storage was similarly low. CPOM (coarse particulate organic matter, > 1 mm) ranged from 2.8 to 28.9 g AFDW·m-2, peaking in mid-September. MPOM (medium particulate organic matter, 250 μm-1 mm) ranged from 3.7 to 10.9 g AFDW·m-2, peaking in May. SPOM (small particulate organic matter, 80–250 μm) ranged from 2.0 to 9.0 g AFDW·m-2 and also peaked in May. Compared to streams in temperate regions, Monument Creek is receiving and storing less energy from the surrounding forest.
CTL ontogeny and viral escape: implications for HIV-1 vaccine design

Abstract The protective role of CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in HIV-1 infection has prompted an emphasis on generating virus-specific CTLs by vaccination, whereas the determinants of antiviral efficiency remain undefined. The general strategy of many vaccines is to maximize the breadth of CTL responses. However, patterns of changing CTL specificity and viral mutation in natural infection, in addition to data from macaque and in vitro studies, suggest that a more focused approach might optimize the activity of vaccine-generated CTLs to prevent or attenuate infection. CTLs recognizing early proteins (Tat and Nef) appear to exert greater antiviral pressure but might be more prone to epitope escape mutation, whereas those recognizing structural proteins (Gag and Pol) might be more likely to persist through the recognition of conserved sequences. These principles could have important implications for vaccine design.
Sclerosing Rhabdomyosarcomas in Children and Adolescents: A Clinicopathologic Review of 13 Cases From the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group and Children’s Oncology Group

In recent reports, investigators have described a variant of adult sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) that is characterized by a hyalinizing, matrix-rich stroma. To determine whether this variant occurs in children, we investigated this phenomenon in a recent series of 1207 pediatric patients who had RMS accessioned by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group, now part of Children’s Oncology Group. Thirteen patients had features of sclerosing RMS; 9 had been diagnosed with alveolar RMS (ARMS), 3 with embryonal RMS (ERMS), and 1 with a spindle cell RMS. Primary sites included head and neck (6 patients), extremities (5 patients), scrotum (1 patient), and retroperitoneum (1 patient). Patients’ ages ranged from 0.3 to 16 years. All tumors showed positivity for myogenin, MyoD, and desmin, but only 2 patients demonstrated the strong myogenin staining typically seen in ARMS. Three patients diagnosed with ARMS demonstrated embryonal-appearing foci, and 3 of 4 patients who had nonalveolar tumors had ARMS-like foci. Standard reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction performed on RNA isolated from frozen sections showed 1 ARMS with a positivity for PAX3-FKHR with four patients classified as having ARMS and 1 as having spindle cell RMS were negative for both ARMS fusion transcripts (PAX3- and PAX7-FKHR). Cytogenetic testing in 2 patients who had ARMS-like foci demonstrated mild hyperdiploidy in both patients and a near-tetraploid clone in 1 patient. Sclerosing RMS may arise in children, have mixed ERMS-ARMS histology, originate from the head and neck, and lack strong myogenin staining.
The emergence of doing "nothing" as a viable paradigm design.

Abstract Resting state fMRI has become widely accepted as a viable technique for investigating functional connectivity of the human brain. I review from a personal perspective the events of the first 8–10 years after the initial report of resting state functional connectivity, focusing on the events that led to eventual acceptance of the method. During this time there were important studies, both in MRI and other modalities, that were critical to the eventual acceptance of the resting state as a viable research tool in fMRI.
Community‐based vocational rehabilitation: effectiveness and cost impact of a proposed program model

Objective: To study the vocational, service use and relative cost impact for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder of an innovative community-based vocational rehabilitation program.Method: Participants were consecutive enrollees in a community-based vocational rehabilitation program who had remained in the program for at least 1 year. Lifetime vocational history and mental health service utilization for 2 years prior and up to 4 years subsequent to program enrolment were studied. Retrospective data were collected using a questionnaire completed by the patient and available family and case workers, patient interview and chart review.Results: Months in paid work increased after enrolment, while earned income did not (most work was low wage and/or part-time). Annual inpatient days decreased precipitously, a change which could not be explained by hospitalization trends during the same period. Average relative cost units, based on charges for mental health services used, dropped over 70% following enrolme...
Monolayer-protected nanoparticle doped xerogels as functional components of amperometric glucose biosensors.

First-generation amperometric glucose biosensors incorporating alkanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles, monolayer protected clusters (MPCs), within a xerogel matrix are investigated as model systems for nanomaterial-assisted electrochemical sensing strategies. The xerogel biosensors are comprised of platinum electrodes modified with composite films of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy silane xerogel embedded with glucose oxidase enzyme, doped with Au225(C6)75 MPCs, and coated with an outer polyurethane layer. Electrochemistry and scanning/transmission electron microscopy, including cross-sectional TEM, show sensor construction, humidity effects on xerogel structure, and successful incorporation of MPCs. Analytical performance of the biosensor scheme with and without MPC doping of the xerogel is determined from direct glucose injection during amperometry. MPC-doped xerogels yield significant enhancement of several sensor attributes compared to analogous films without nanoparticles: doubling of the linear ra...
Life after Electrical Injury: Risk Factors for Psychiatric Sequelae

Long-term cognitive and emotional deficits have been commonly reported in electrical injury (EI) survivors. However, it remains undetermined what factors may lead to the development of such effects in some patients and not in others. In this study, we hypothesized that certain elements of subjective EI experience may predict specific psychiatric sequelae. A group of 73 post-acute EI patients were included in this retrospective study. Statistical associations were examined between major psychiatric diagnoses (posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression) and such EI descriptors as having experienced "no-let-go" or having been knocked away on contact, as well as loss of consciousness or altered states of consciousness at the scene of the accident (including amnesia for the event). The study results will help physicians determine which patients may be at increased risk of developing psychiatric symptoms and address these issues as part of their total rehabilitation plan. Language: en
The effect of cereal growth stages on the reproductive activity of Sitobion avenue and Metopolophium dirhodum

SUMMARY Apterous Sitobion avenae on oats were found to have a higher reproductive rate on the ears (5–95 nymphs per day) than on young leaves (3–78 nymphs per day), mature leaves (2–17 nymphs per day) or senescent leaves (2–08 nymphs per day). At each growth stage of the the host plant large aphids gave birth to more young than small aphids, but aphids of the same weight on different growth stages of the host plant had different reproductive rates. On wheat in the field S. avenae gave birth to more young on the ears but less on the leaves than Metopolophium dirhodum on the leaves. The suitability of ears to S. avenae changed through the flowering and ripening stages. During the latter part of the milky-ripe stage the reproductive rate of S. avenae declined and its mortality increased. The consequences of the variations in reproduction and mortality are discussed in relation to the life history and population dynamics of S. avenae and the assessment of cereal varieties for aphid resistance.
Assessment of left ventricular function in aortic stenosis

Degenerative aortic stenosis (AS) has become the most common valvular heart disease and the definitive treatment of symptomatic, severe AS is surgical valve replacement. In the absence of symptoms, the presence of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is pivotal in making treatment decisions for patients with AS. However, the LV ejection fraction is not a sensitive marker of global LV systolic function in the presence of LV hypertrophy, implying that asymptomatic patients with AS can have myocardial dysfunction with preserved LV ejection fraction. Abnormal myocardial mechanics might explain the pathophysiological processes underlying chronic pressure overload in AS. In this article, we review how new echocardiographic deformation parameters--such as myocardial strain, strain rate, and twist measurements--offer the potential for clinicians to monitor the course of LV dysfunction in patients with AS. Quantifying disturbances in LV function might provide insight into the timing of aortic valve replacement and into the improvement of LV systolic and diastolic properties through regression of LV hypertrophy and fibrosis after valve implantation.
Heart rate variability in rodents: uses and caveats in toxicological studies

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of cardiac pacing dynamics that has recently garnered a great deal of interest in environmental health studies. While the use of these measures has become popular, much uncertainty remains in the interpretation of results, both in terms of human and animal research. In humans, HRV endpoints, specifically chronic alterations in baseline HRV patterns, have been reasonably well characterized as prognostic indicators of adverse outcomes for a variety of diseases. However, such information is lacking for reversible HRV changes that may be induced by short-term exposures to environmental toxicants. Furthermore, there are minimal substantive data, either acute or chronic, regarding the pathological interpretation or prognostic value of toxicant-induced changes in HRV in rodents. The present report summarizes the physiological and clinical aspects of HRV, the methodological processes for obtaining these endpoints, and previous human and animal studies in the field of environmental health. Furthermore, we include a discussion of important caveats and recommendations for the interpretation of HRV data in animal research.
A SHORT‐FORM MEASURE OF THE EXPANDED SEVEN‐DIMENSIONAL SEMANTIC SPACE

A short-form measure of an expanded seven-dimensional semantic differential was developed. The shorter scales were shown to correlate highly with the longer scales, and their internal consistencies were sufficiently high to warrant use in most educational settings.
Working Memory: The Importance of Theta and Gamma Oscillations

Working memory is the ability to actively hold information in the mind. Recent results demonstrate that working memory is organized by oscillatory processes in the theta and gamma frequency range.
Student leadership, mathematics aptitude and college major.

This report describes a significant difference found between a small group of college student leaders and one of college student non-leaders in both mathematics aptitude and college major. From consideration of rhe personality and aptitude correlaces of student leaders versus student non-leaders cited by Waters ( 1 9 6 9 ) , and Carson and Parker ( 1 9 6 6 ) , and student major concentration differences by Pohl and Pervin ( 1 9 6 8 ) , it was hypothesized that college student leaders in social activities and student government would score significantly lower on a mathematics usage test than their non-leader counterparts. Also hypothesized was that college student leaders in contrast to non-leaders would select with significantly greater frequency college majors which are more "person oriented" (e.g., Social Science) than "thing oriented" (e.g., Namral Science, Business). The total student leader population of a school, meeting specified Ss and Student Leader criteria (N = 30) . was compared with a control group of 30 student non-leaders, meeting specified Ss and Student Non-leader criteria. The student non-leader group was selected by utilizing a computer generated equally probable random sample procedure resulting in a uniformly distributed sample of 40 Ss from which 30 Ss volunteered. T o control for differences in sex, age, and academic standing, criteria required that all Ss be male, full-time students of junior or senior standing and have a cumulative gpa of at least 3.0 from a possible 5.0. Student leader status was defined as holding a position in either the campus recognized student government or programming-social activities governing board during the 1967-68 school year. Student non-leader status was defined as never having held an office or position of leadership in any campus organization. ACT Mathematics Usage standard scores were available for 15 of the student leaders and 18 of the student non-leaders. O n the basis of the consistency of scores from other tests concurrently administered, between the reduced and original samples, it was decided that the reduced samples approximated suitably representative samples of the original groups of 3 0 student leaders and 3 0 student non-leaders. A t of 3.85 ( 3 1 df, p < ,001) indicated that there was a significant difference in ACT Mathematics Usage standard scores berween the reduced student leader and student non-leader samples as expected. Analysis of a personal data questionnaire administered to all Ss suggested that 50% ( 1 5 ) of the smdent leaders but only 10% ( 3 ) of the student non-leaders were Social Science majors in college ( x 2 = 27.1, 1 df, p < .01) and that 64% ( 1 9 ) of the 30 student non-leaders selected either Business or Science as majors in college as compared to only 23% ( 7 ) of the 3 0 student leaders who chose these areas as majors ( x l = 53.3, 1 df, p < .01). The prediction was substantiated that more of these college student leaders than the non-leaders selected with significantly greater frequency college majors which are more "person oriented" than "thing oriented."
Lower physical activity is associated with skeletal muscle fat content in girls.

AB Fat contained within skeletal muscle is strongly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Physical inactivity may be a risk factor for greater fat infiltration within skeletal muscle during growth. Purpose: We sought to examine the relationship between physical activity and skeletal muscle fat content of the calf and thigh in girls. Methods: Data from 464 girls, age 8-13 yr, were used to examine the relationship between physical activity and skeletal muscle fat content of the calf and thigh. Calf and thigh muscle density (mg[middle dot]cm-3), an index of skeletal muscle fat content, was assessed at the 66% tibia and 20% femur sites relative to the respective distal growth plates of the nondominant limb using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Physical activity level was classified by past-year physical activity questionnaire score. Results: Muscle densities of the calf and thigh were inversely correlated with percent total body fat (r = -0.37 and -0.48, P values < 0.001) and total body fat mass (r = -0.33 and -0.40, P values < 0.001). Multiple linear regression with physical activity, ethnicity, maturity offset, and muscle cross-sectional area as independent variables showed that physical activity was independently associated with muscle densities of the calf ([beta] = 0.14, P = 0.002) and thigh ([beta] = 0.15, P < 0.001). Thus, lower physical activity was associated with higher skeletal muscle fat content. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a lower level of physical activity may lead to excess skeletal muscle fat content of the calf and thigh in girls. (C)2012The American College of Sports Medicine
A Universal Reduced Damping Parameter for Prediction of Vortex-Induced Vibration

A dimensionless parameter, Su , is proposed which enables a clear presentation of vortex-induced vibration response data in sheared and uniform flows. The ability of the parameter to account for the effects of damping, flow velocity and power-in length is demonstrated with response data from an unusual set of experiments conducted by SHELL Development Co. The historical relationship of the new parameter to the earlier work of Owen Griffin is also presented.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Normally unoccupied states on C(111) (diamond) (2 x 1): Support for a relaxed pi -bonded chain model.

A normally unoccupied electronic state on the reconstructed (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surface of C(111) (diamond) is characterized with angle-resolved two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy. The state is seen in the bulk band gap, lying 4.8 eV above the valence-band maximum. Comparison between the measured dispersion of this band and published theoretical band-structure calculations supports a relaxed Pandey \ensuremath{\pi}-bonded chain model of the surface reconstruction.
Neural (N)-Cadherin at Developing Thalamocortical Synapses Provides an Adhesion Mechanism for the Formation of Somatopically Organized Connections

Thalamic projections from the ventrobasal (VB) nucleus to rodent somatosensory cortex develop highly ordered terminations that form discrete, clustered patches localized to layer IV cellular aggregates that are termed “barrels.” The molecular signaling and adhesion events that occur at the synapse as barrel-clustered thalamic connections form are unknown. Here, we show that neural (N)-cadherin, a membrane glycoprotein mediating strong homophilic adhesion, is concentrated at the developing thalamocortical synaptic junctional complex and demarcates these synaptic junctions as they form their characteristic barrel clusters during the first postnatal week. Furthermore, experimentally altering the distribution of thalamocortical axon terminals by peripheral manipulation leads to an identically altered N-cadherin distribution pattern, which is significant in establishing that N-cadherin does not define region-specific patterns of synapse distribution proactively but, rather, conforms to patterning imposed by thalamic axons through instructional cues conveyed through several synaptic relays. At postnatal day 9, levels of N-cadherin expression rapidly decrease, leading to loss of N-cadherin labeling of the barrels and, at adulthood, elimination from VB thalamocortical synapses. However, αN- and β-catenin, which are critical binding partners of the classic cadherins, persist at the adult synapse, suggesting the presence of another classic cadherin as the thalamocortical synapse matures. This is the first evidence linking a synapse adhesion molecule with the establishment of patterned thalamocortical synapse distribution, suggesting strongly that N-cadherin performs a critical role in this process by adhering presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes as ingrowing thalamic axon terminals and postsynaptic thalamorecipient sites link and stabilize into mature synaptic junctional complexes distributed with precise topographic order. It is speculated that the developmental redistribution of N-cadherin may reflect dynamic regulation of synaptic membrane adhesion, which, in turn, might modulate plasticity of thalamocortical synaptic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 407:453–471, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hematological Responses of Larval Rana catesbiana to Sublethal Nitrite Exposures

Nitrite (NO~) is an intermediate compound formed during nitrification of ammonia which is the major nitrogenous waste product of aquatic animals. When excreted into water ammonia is biologically converted as follows: Ammonia--(Nitrosomonas) > Nitrite~(Nitroba ctor) >Nitrate. In aquatic culture systems, ponds, laboratory holding systems, sewage plant receiving waters and natural systems where animal biomass is high, nitrite can reach lethal and/or limiting levels particularly if imbalances occur in the relative abundances of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobactor.
Occupational injury mortality surveillance in the United States: an examination of census counts from two different surveillance systems, 1992-1997.

Background The surveillance of occupational injury mortality in the United States has evolved over the last century. Currently there are two different data sources used for the study of occupational injury mortality. Each system varies in methodology, leading to different census counts. We provide an overview and analysis of similarities and differences in these two systems. Methods The National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system and the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) were examined for civilian deaths at work in the United States from 1992 to 1997. Results There were 31,643 occupational injury mortality cases according to NTOF and 37,023 from CFOI for civilian workers 16-years and older in the United States for the 6-year period of analysis. The annual average occupational injury mortality rates were 4.5 per 100,000 full time equivalent workers from NTOF and 5.2 from CFOI. The higher capture rate by CFOI was consistent across each of the 6 years. Similar patterns for demographics, industry, and occupation, and type of incident were seen for both systems. Conclusions While NTOF provides more years of data dating back to 1980, CFOI (established in 1992) provides a more comprehensive capture of occupational injury mortality and provides greater detail of the mortality incidents. The overall injury mortality patterns, however, appear to be similar between the systems. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:1–13, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emergence of organized bursting in clusters of pancreatic beta-cells by channel sharing.

Pancreatic beta-cells in an intact Islet of Langerhans exhibit bursting electrical behavior. The Chay-Keizer model describes this using a calcium-activated potassium (K-Ca) channel, but cannot account for the irregular spiking of isolated beta-cells. Atwater I., L. Rosario, and E. Rojas, Cell Calcium. 4:451–461, proposed that the K-Ca channels, which are rarely open, are shared by several cells. This suggests that the chaotic behavior of isolated cells is stochastic. We have revised the Chay-Keizer model to incorporate voltage clamp data of Rorsman and Trube and extended it to include stochastic K-Ca channels. This model can describe the behavior of single cells, as well as that of clusters of cells tightly coupled by gap junctions. As the size of the clusters is increased, the electrical activity shows a transition from chaotic spiking to regular bursting. Although the model of coupling is over-simplified, the simulations lend support to the hypothesis that bursting is the result of channel sharing.
Isolation of pyroglutamic acid from hypothalamic tissue and significance of its inhibition of prolactin release

Abstract Extensive fractionation of extractives of porcine hypothalamic tissue was scaled-up with the guidance of bioassays including the inhibition of prolactin release, because previously ca. ca.
Perspectives: Reforming American Higher Education: Implications for a Vibrant Work Force and a Healthy Democracy

The forces of globalization are finally hitting American postsecondary education. For nearly three decades, since the 1983 publication of A Nation At Risk launched a sustained focus on our mediocre...
Application of Modbus Protocol in the Automatic Safety Device

The traditional HMI ( human-machine interface ) of automatic safety device is lack of beauty and friendship. With the development of smart grid, there are more and more high requirements of the HMI. The automatic safety device was divided into the HMI module and the device main body. An industrial touch screen which supports for Modbus protocol, was selected as the HMI module of the automatic safety device. The HMI data was extracted into the standard data of Modbus protocol, and mapped to the unified address space of Modbus protocol. Modbus RTU mode was used to achieve the data communication between the HMI module and the device main body. This method not only makes the display content richer, interface more user-friendly, but also makes the product development cycle shorter and the product more scalable.
Expanding horizons in historical linguistics with the 400-million word Corpus of Historical American English

The Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) contains 400 million words in more than 100,000 texts which date from the 1810s to the 2000s. The corpus contains texts from fiction, popular magazines, newspapers and non-fiction books, and is balanced by genre from decade to decade. It has been carefully lemmatised and tagged for part-of-speech, and uses the same architecture as the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), BYU-BNC, the TIME Corpus and other corpora. COHA allows for a wide range of research on changes in lexis, morphology, syntax, semantics, and American culture and society (as viewed through language change), in ways that are probably not possible with any text archive (e.g., Google Books) or any other corpus of historical American English.
Novel N(23)–C(10)-linked linear tetrapyrroles

Abstract Although Lewis acid-catalyzed condensation of 9-H dipyrrinones with acetone dimethylketal is known to afford 10,10-dimethyl-bilirubin analogs, stannic chloride-catalyzed condensation with acetone followed a different course to give a novel linear tetrapyrrole containing a C(9)–C(10)–N(23) linkage that forms a pyrrolizine unit with one of the internal pyrroles. The structures (1 and 2) of this unexpected new type of tetrapyrrole, which might be viewed as an N-inverted and N-bridged extended bilirubin, were characterized by a combination of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography.