cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS : XII. FACTORS INITIATING REGENERATION.

As long as the wounds were protected by a connective tissue dressing against mechanical, chemical, and bacterial irritations, no evidence of cicatrization was found. The complete or partial failure of four experiments was due to the slipping of the inner dressing from the wound, mechanical irritation by the gauze, and infection. In the two experiments in which the connective tissue was maintained at the surface of the wound, there was no beginning of cicatrization, although 25 and 18 days respectively had elapsed since the operation, while in the control wound the duration of the latent period did not exceed 5 or 6 days. The experiments were interrupted after the second or third inspection, on account of the technical impossibility of again applying to the wounds a non-irritant dressing. It is probable that the wounds could have been kept for a much longer time in a condition of quiescence. While it is not known whether cicatrization could be prevented for an indefinite period, there is no doubt that the mechanism of regeneration is not set in motion at the usual time, when all external irritations are suppressed. It appears, therefore, that under ordinary conditions, cicatrization is not initiated by an internal factor. On the contrary, the application of turpentine, chick embryo pulp, and staphylococci decreased markedly the length of the latent period, which was often reduced to less than 2 days. This fact demonstrated the importance of external factors in the initiation of cicatrization. It seems that the mechanism of regeneration has become adapted to the ordinary conditions of life of the animals. A small wound will begin to cicatrize sooner if slightly infected, as practically always happens, than if it were thoroughly protected by a non-irritant dressing.
Productivity and nitrogen balance in large scale phytoplankton cultures

Abstract Biomass production and nitrogen balance was studied in 35,000 gal (133,000 1) phytoplankton cultures comprising the first stage in a tertiary sewage treatment-mariculture system. The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum persisted for most of the study. At secondary sewage effluent loadings sufficient to produce residual dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations above approximately 5 μg atoms l −1 , an N:C ratio (molar) of 0.17 was obtained and algal growth was not nutrient-limited. Biomass levels, and hence pond particulate carbon and nitrogen output, varied in response to solar irradiance and dilution rate, but not temperature. Mean winter and summer yields were approximately 1 and 5 g (83 and 417 mg atoms) C m −2 d −1 respectively. An inverse relationship existed between algal biomass concentration and dilution rate, such that in the late spring optimal pond yields occurred between 0.55 and 0.65 dilutions d −1 . Better than 95% dissolved total nitrogen removal was obtained. Net dissolved organic nitrogen production, that would offset dissolved inorganic nitrogen removal, did not occur. Pond particulate nitrogen output was usually less than dissolved total nitrogen removal. Probable explanations for this include (1) ammonia evolution to the atmosphere at high pond pH, (2) particulate nitrogen sedimentation, and (3) denitrification. Of these, the first is believed to be quantitatively the most significant.
At the Intersection of Public-health Informatics and Bioinformatics: Using Advanced Web Technologies for Phylogeography

Web technologies that promote information-sharing and collaboration are known as Web 2.0.1. These technologies include the popular social networks and wikis, Web services (Web application programming interfaces [APIs] such as SOAP or REST) that support interoperability between computers,2 and mashup and workflow environments such as Yahoo! Pipes (Yahoo! Inc., Sunnyvale, CA USA) and Taverna (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). Geospatial applications such as Google Earth (Google, Mountain View, CA USA) have facilitated visualization and analysis of geo-referenced data over the Web. Another advanced Web environment is the Semantic Web, which uses the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Ontology Web Language (OWL). These frameworks enable Web resources to be annotated and defined in a way that facilitates information-sharing and knowledge discovery.3,4
The V/STOL Aircraft Environment

A brief review is made of the flow pattern surrounding V/STOL aircraft utilizing various propulsion concepts during tests of these aircraft in close proximity to the terrain. Specific problems encountered by the propulsion systems and caused by the character of the flow are described together with the fixes employed. Ground surface debris and hot gas reingestion effects are the primary consideration.Copyright © 1968 by ASME
The Structure of a Sessile, Stalkless Crinoid (Holopus rangii)

Specimens of Holopus rangii (order Cyrtocrinida) were collected by submersible at depths of several hundred meters in the Caribbean and fixed for light and electron microscopy. The presence of an anus is confirmed. However, the chambered organ and glandular axial organ peculiar to crinoids are lacking. The gut lumen sometimes includes partially digested prey items up to several hundred micrometers in diameter, and we propose that Holopus may feed raptorially by rapidly closing its arms over demersal zooplankton. Electron microscopy of the arm reveals a radial nerve and a radial haemal channel, which light microscopy previously failed to demonstrate. The cuticle includes bacteria that are probably symbiotic. The ten brachial nerves of the aboral nervous system unite pairwise to form five calyx nerves. The calyx nerves, one in each radial position, are connected by a pentagonal, interradial commissure and then continue to the attached end of the body where they end blindly without forming an aboral nerve center. The absence of the aboral nerve center and related internal organs strengthens the argument that no basal ossicles are included in the skeleton of the calyx and suggests that Holopus may have evolved from stalked cyrtocrinid ancestors by saltatory loss of major body parts.
Bounded Ideation Theory

Organizations often look to their information systems (IS) professionals to work with system stakeholders to generate new ideas to solve complex problems and to provide information technology (IT) artifacts to support ideation processes. Much research therefore seeks to increase the number of ideas people generate based on Alex F. Osborn's conjecture that more ideas give rise to more good ideas. Recent research, however, calls the quantity-quality conjecture into question. This paper advances bounded ideation theory (BIT), an explanation for the ideation function-the relationship between the number of good ideas and the number of ideas contributed. BIT posits that boundaries of understanding, attention resources, goal congruence, mental and physical stamina, and the solution space moderate a primary relationship between individual ability and idea quality, yielding an ideation function with an inflected curve. We discuss six strategies for improving ideation and call into question the value of the quantity focus of ideation research in the IS/IT literature, arguing that a quality focus would be more useful.
Preexcitation Secondary to Fasciculoventricular Pathways in Children: A Report of Three Cases

Fasciculoventricular Pathways in Children. Introduction: Fasciculoventricular connections are the rarest form of accessory pathways leading to preexcitation. Electrophysiologic characteristics of these pathways include ventricular preexcitation with normal PR and AH intervals and short HV intervals during sinus rhythm. In addition, atrial overdrive pacing prolongs the PR interval without affecting the HV interval or the degree of preexcitation. Methods and Results: From March 1994 through February 1997, 3 of 59 pediatric patients referred for electrophysiologic study for preexcitation on surface ECGs were found to have iasciculoventricular pathways. Two patients had no inducible supraventricular tachycardia. One patient had successful ablation of both a left lateral pathway and a concealed antentlateral pathway that had facilitated antidromic and orthodromic supraventricuiar tachycardias, respectively. Conclusion: Children often manifest minimal preexcitation via accessory AV pathways due to rapid AV conduction and/or left lateral pathway location. Fasciculoventricular pathways may masquerade as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Separation of the two diagnoses depends on the demonstration of specific electrophysiologic criteria.
Regulation of plant nodule-specific genes expressed in alfalfa nodules arrested at an early stage of development

Abstract We are investigating plant nodule-specific gene regulation in symbiotic nitrogen fixing root nodules. The strategy that we have used to obtain nodulin genes involved in the formation of the nodule organ structure is described. This strategy is particularly well suited for use with alfalfa, because of the strength of the genetics of its microbial symbiont, Rhizobium meliloti . Genes obtained using this strategy are those that are the indirect or direct targets of the developmental pathway set in motion by nodulation signal transduction, although it is impossible to predict whether the genes obtained will be activated early or late, in the temporal sense, during nodule development. Further results on the newly described nodulin ENOD8 are described, including the sequence of a new allele of ENOD8. ENOD8's polypeptide has similarity to the APG polypeptides of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus . Because we hypothesized that ENOD8 might be the functional equivalent of APG in alfalfa and because the APG genes are expressed in developing anthers, we assayed for ENOD8 expression in flowers and flower buds of alfalfa. We detected ENOD8 expression only in nodules.
Terminal differentiation of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells is induced by targeting of the MUC1-C oncoprotein

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is caused by expression of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein in hematopoietic stem cells. The MUC1-C oncoprotein is expressed in CML blasts and stabilizes Bcr-Abl. The present studies demonstrate that treatment of KU812 and K562 CML cells with GO-201, a cell-penetrating peptide inhibitor of MUC1-C oligomerization, downregulates Bcr-Abl expression and inhibits cell growth. In concert with decreases in Bcr-Abl levels, KU812 and K562 cells responded to GO-201 with induction of a differentiated myeloid phenotype as evidenced by increased expression of CD11b, CD11c and CD14. The results also show that the GO-201-treated cells undergo a late apoptotic/necrotic response, consistent with induction of terminal differentiation. Primary CML blasts expressing MUC1 similarly responded to GO-201 with induction of a more differentiated phenotype and late apoptosis/necrosis. In addition, treatment of KU812 xenografts in nude mice was associated with upregulation of CD11 and tumor regression. T...
Carbon mineralizability determines interactive effects on mineralization of pyrogenic organic matter and soil organic carbon.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical and active pool in the global C cycle, and the addition of pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) has been shown to change SOC cycling, increasing or decreasing mineralization rates (often referred to as priming). We adjusted the amount of easily mineralizable C in the soil, through 1-day and 6-month preincubations, and in PyOM made from maple wood at 350 °C, through extraction. We investigated the impact of these adjustments on C mineralization interactions, excluding pH and nutrient effects and minimizing physical effects. We found short-term increases (+20–30%) in SOC mineralization with PyOM additions in the soil preincubated for 6 months. Over the longer term, both the 6-month and 1-day preincubated soils experienced net ∼10% decreases in SOC mineralization with PyOM additions. Additionally, the duration of preincubation affected interactions, indicating that there may be no optimal preincubation time for SOC mineralization studies. We show conclusively that mineraliz...
Solar activity variations of thermospheric temperatures on Mars and a problem of CO in the lower atmosphere

Abstract Long-term MGS drag density observations at 390 km reveal variations of the density with season LS (by a factor of 2) and solar activity index F10.7 (by a factor of 3 for F10.7 = 40–100). According to Forbes et al. (Forbes, J.M., Lemoine, F.G., Bruinsma, S.L., Smith, M.D., Zhang, X. [2008]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L01201, doi:10.1029/2007GL031904), the variation with F10.7 reflects variations of the exospheric temperature from 192 to 284 K. However, the derived temperature range corresponds to variation of the density at 390 km by a factor of 8, far above the observed factor of 3. The recent thermospheric GCMs agree with the derived temperatures but do not prove their adequacy to the MGS densities at 390 km. A model used by Forbes et al. neglects effects of eddy diffusion, chemistry and escape on species densities above 138 km. We have made a 1D-model of neutral and ion composition at 80–400 km that treats selfconsistently chemistry and transport of species with F10.7, T∞, and [CO2]80 km as input parameters. Applying this model to the MGS densities at 390 km, we find variation of T∞ from 240 to 280 K for F10.7 = 40 and 100, respectively. The results are compared with other observations and models. Temperatures from some observations and the latest models disagree with the MGS densities at low and mean solar activity. Linear fits to the exospheric temperatures are T∞ = 122 + 2.17F10.7 for the observations, T∞ = 131 + 1.46F10.7 for the latest models, and T∞ = 233 + 0.54F10.7 for the MGS densities at 390 km. Maybe the observed MGS densities are overestimated near solar minimum when they are low and difficult to measure. Seasonal variations of Mars’ thermosphere corrected for the varying heliocentric distance are mostly due to the density variations in the lower and middle atmosphere and weakly affect thermospheric temperature. Nonthermal escape processes for H, D, H2, HD, and He are calculated for the solar minimum and maximum conditions. Another problem considered here refers to Mars global photochemistry in the lower and middle atmosphere. The models gave too low abundances of CO, smaller by an order of magnitude than those observed. Our current work shows that modifications in the boundary conditions proposed by Zahnle et al. (Zahnle, K., Haberle, R.M., Catling, D.C., Kasting, J.F. [2008]. J. Geophys. Res. 113, E11004, doi:10.1029/2008JE003160) are reasonable but do not help to solve the problem.
A double-blinded evaluation of intraperitoneal bupivacaine vs saline for the reduction of postoperative pain and nausea after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background Intraperitoneal local anesthesia has been reported to reduce postoperative pain after laparoscopy for gynecologic procedures that do not require a great deal of dissection or manipulation of viscera. This study was performed to determine the efficacy of intraperitoneal bupivacaine in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
Fluid flow near the surface of Earth's outer core

This review examines the recent attempts at extracting information on the pattern of fluid flow near the surface of the outer core from the geomagnetic secular variation. Maps of the fluid flow at the core surface are important as they may provide some insight into the process of the geodynamo and may place useful constraints on geodynamo models. In contrast to the case of mantle convection, only very small lateral variations in core density are necessary to drive the flow; these density variations are, by several orders of magnitude, too small to be imaged seismically; therefore, the geomagnetic secular variation is utilized to infer the flow. As substantial differences exist between maps developed by different researchers, the possible underlying reasons for these differences are examined with particular attention given to the inherent problems of nonuniqueness.
Exact calculation of entanglement in a 19-site two-dimensional spin system

Using the trace minimization algorithm, we carried out an exact calculation of entanglement in a 19-site two-dimensional transverse Ising model. This model consists of a set of localized spin-(1/2) particles in a two-dimensional triangular lattice coupled through exchange interaction J and subject to an external magnetic field of strength h. We demonstrate, for such a class of two-dimensional magnetic systems, that entanglement can be controlled and tuned by varying the parameter {lambda}=h/J in the Hamiltonian and by introducing impurities into the systems. Examining the derivative of the concurrence as a function of {lambda} shows that the system exhibits a quantum phase transition at about {lambda}{sub c}=3.01, a transition induced by quantum fluctuations at the absolute zero of temperature.
COMPARISON OF LECTURE AND LABORATORY STRATEGIES IN A MATHEMATICS COURSE FOR PROSPECTIVE ELEMENTARY TEACHERS

Children should be able to understand, operate with, appreciate, and enjoy mathematics. To accomplish these cognitive and affective goals, the teacher, a central element in a child's mathematical education, must also understand, be able to operate with, appreciate, and enjoy mathematics. This study evaluates the "laboratory strategy" as one model for the preservice content course to improve both attitude and understanding. As employed here, the term laboratory strategy refers to a mode of teaching that enables preservice teachers to discover mathematical concepts through explorations with manipulative materials such as dice, blocks, abaci, and balances. This study is based on the following assumptions: 1. Manipulating physical objects in an inquiry-discovery mode is a nonintimidating context in which prospective teachers can discover, conceptualize, and verify important mathematical concepts for themselves. 2. Confidence gained from understanding mathematical concepts will be reflected in improved attitudes toward mathematics. 3. Students who have themselves learned some mathematics in the inquiry-discovery mode will be more likely to use this method when they become teachers. Learning by doing-the basis for the laboratory strategy-has been endorsed for a variety of reasons. Piaget, who advocates activity learning for children, argues that this mode is also appropriate for prospective teachers.
Molecular Layer Detection on a Diffractive Optical Balance

Diffraction-based molecular detection is achieved by etching optical gratings into thermal oxide on silicon. The gratings perform as a stable common-path diffractive optical balance (DOB) designed to operate near a missing diffraction order. The biosensor is operated in an off-null condition with a phase bias to produce a high-contrast responsivity that is linear in accumulated molecules but with a low background. The DOB linear responsivity is a factor of 20 larger than the reflectometric responsivity of planar thermal oxide.
The new economy: an engineer's perspective

From his twin perspectives as a career-long telecommunications engineer and Chairman of one of the UK's largest electronics companies, Sir David Brown will reflect on whether and when the New Economy, seemingly so long coming, will finally arrive. He will begin by exploring how the prospect of everything being digital; everyone having broadband; and intelligence being everywhere is changing our understanding of mobility. Then he will comment on the economic effects of that changed understanding under three headings - the macroeconomy, microeconomy and socioeconomy - before suggesting the criteria we might use to decide when the New Economy has arrived.
Thermally induced distortion of a high-average-power laser system by an optical transport system

The atomic vapor laser isotope separation process uses high- average power lasers that have the commercial potential to enrich uranium for the electric power utilities. The transport of the laser beam through the laser system to the separation chambers requires high performance optical components, most of which have either fused silica or Zerodur as the substrate material. One of the requirements of the optical components is to preserve the wavefront quality of the laser beam that propagate over long distances. Full aperture tests with the high power process lasers and finite element analysis (FEA) have been performed on the transport optics. The wavefront distortions of the various sections of the transport path were measured with diagnostic Hartmann sensor packages. The FEA results were derived from an in-house thermal-structural- optical code which is linked to the commercially available CodeV program. In comparing the measured and predicted results, the bulk absorptance of fused silica was estimated to about 50 ppm/cm in the visible wavelength regime. Wavefront distortions will be reported on optics made from fused silica and Zerodur substrate materials.
The conversion, in vivo, of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to testosterone and testosterone glucuronide as reflected in urinary testosterone glucuronide.

Abstract The contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to testosterone as reflected in urinary testosterone glucuronide, was quantified in normal males and females, patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome, ovariectomized patients and one virilized patient. No differences among these groups were found, suggesting that this conversion is not important in the etiology of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome, and that the ovary does not contribute significantly to this conversion in vivo . The conversions of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to testosterone glucuronide were also quantified. The results suggest that the major portion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate which is converted to urinary testosterone glucuronide does not pass through the plasma testosterone pool.The recent observations of other investigators are consistent with this view.
Distributed strain and temperature sensing in plastic optical fiber using Rayleigh scatter

In recent years we have demonstrated the ability to analyze Rayleigh scatter in single- and multi-mode fused silica fibers to deduce strain and temperature shifts, yielding sensitivity and resolution similar to that obtained using Fiber Bragg Gratings. This technique employs scanning laser interferometry to obtain high spatial resolution Rayleigh scatter spectral information. One of the promising aspects of using Rayleigh scatter for distributed sensing is that the technique should work for any fiber that exhibits discernable Rayleigh scatter. We now demonstrate that distributed sensing with mm-range spatial resolution in off-the-shelf plastic multi-mode optical fiber is feasible. We report temperature and strain sensitivity, and comment on measurement range and hysteresis level. Distributed Rayleigh scatter sensing in plastic optical fiber may offer a valuable alternative to sensing in fused silica fibers because of plastic's low cost and differing mechanical and chemical properties.
Ultrafast Exciton Dephasing in Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Femtosecond two-pulse degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy was applied to study the exciton dephasing in a broad range of excitation intensities and lattice temperatures. We find that both excitonexciton and exciton-phonon scattering have profound effects on the dephasing process. The dominant phonon mode involved in the dephasing is identified as the out-of-plane, transverse optical mode with a frequency of 847 cm � 1 . The extracted homogeneous linewidths at all measured temperatures are in excellent agreement with the results of a single-tube photoluminescence experiment.
Essential role for the Menkes ATPase in activation of extracellular superoxide dismutase: implication for vascular oxidative stress

SPECIFIC AIMSExtracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), a secretory copper enzyme, plays an important role in atherosclerosis and hypertension by modulating the levels of extracellular superoxide a...
A Direct Test of Antiparallelism in Complementary Sequences of Calf Thymus Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A Direct Test of Antiparallelism in Complementary Sequences of Calf Thymus Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Ethnographic Invention: Probing the Capacity of Laboratory Decisions

In an attempt to shape the development of nanotechnologies, ethics policy programs promote engagement in the hope of broadening the scope of considerations that scientists and engineers take into account. While enhancing the reflexivity of scientists theoretically implies changes in technoscientific practice, few empirical studies demonstrate such effects. To investigate the real-time effects on engineering research practices, a laboratory engagement study was undertaken to specify the interplay of technical and social considerations during the normal course of research. The study employed an ethnographic invention in the form of a decision model to structure reflection on ongoing social processes. A short series of interactions with one engineering researcher illustrates the deployment of the model in the form of an interview protocol. The cultural embedment of the protocol allowed it to function as a feedback mechanism, creating a more self-critical environment for knowledge production, and perturbing the system in research-tolerable ways.
Amino acid transport: alterations due to synaptosomal depolarization.

Abstract The effect of a preliminary high potassium depolarization on the synaptosomal transport of a number of compounds was tested. It was found that a preliminary depolarization increased the transport of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and choline, all of which are known or suspected neurotransmitters or neurotransmitter precursors. Depolarization had no effect on the transport of a number of other compounds including the neurotransmitter precursor, tyrosine. The increased transports of glutamate, aspartate, glycine and choline were found to be into osmotically sensitive compartments and were not due to decreases in leakiness of synaptosomes. Kinetically, the increase in choline transport was characterized by an increase in V max and the increases in glutamate and glycine transport were characterized by decreases in K T . Thus, selected transport systems in synaptosomal preparations can be altered by a previous depolarization.
Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data

In content analysis and similar methods, data are typically generated by trained human observers who record or transcribe textual, pictorial, or audible matter in terms suitable for analysis. Conclusions from such data can be trusted only after demonstrating their reliability. Unfortunately, the content analysis literature is full of proposals for so-called reliability coefficients, leaving investigators easily confused, not knowing which to choose. After describing the criteria for a good measure of reliability, we propose Krippendorff's alpha as the standard reliability measure. It is general in that it can be used regardless of the number of observers, levels of measurement, sample sizes, and presence or absence of missing data. To facilitate the adoption of this recommendation, we describe a freely available macro written for SPSS and SAS to calculate Krippendorff's alpha and illustrate its use with a simple example.
Perfluorinated ion exchange polymers and their use in research and industry

Tetrafluoroethylene is copolymerized with a perfluorovinyl ether, containing a functional end group (-SO2F or -CO2CH3) to yield a melt fabricable precursor polymer. After fabrication into the desired shape, the polymer is treated with a solution of potassium hydroxide to convert the functional group to an ion exchange site. The fundamental incompatibility of the ionic group with the perfluorinated polymer backbone results in a unique morphology, particularly in the presence of water or polar organic solvents. This has been the subject of extensive investigations by various research institutions. The most important industrial use for these polymers is in the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. Initially introduced in order to eliminate the environmental problems of the amalgam process, their performance has now improved to the point where they offer substantial savings, particularly in terms of energy costs, over the two older processes. An emerging, potentially very important use for perfluorinated ion exchange polymers is as an ionic conductor in fuel cells. Recent advances in this area will be discussed.
A note on face veneer checking in maple plywood

A common challenge related to hardwood plywood is checking along the grain of face veneers. This study tested the hypothesis that face checking of rotary peeled maple veneer plywood will be greater on the loose side of the veneer and that checking will be reduced by the application of a clear film-forming finish. Fifteen panels were constructed with the tight side of the face veneer oriented out (i.e. exposed to the atmosphere) and 15 with the loose side of the face veneer oriented out. Half of each panel was finished with lacquer and the other half left unfinished. Panels were conditioned in a hot, wet chamber, visually inspected, and then inspected again after conditioning in a hot, dry chamber. Contrary to conventional wisdom, panels oriented with the tight side of the face veneer oriented out checked significantly more than panels with the loose side oriented out. There was no effect due to finishing. Because these findings are contrary to established practices, further investigation is warranted.
The occurrence of cyclic AMP in aging cultures of the fungus Aspergillus ornatus

Abstract The presence of endogenous cAMP was demonstrated in mycelial mats of Aspergillus ornatus Raper grown on cellulose xanthate membranes overlying a defined agar medium. Using a competitive binding assay cAMP was detected in 30 separate samples. Purification techniques increased the apparent cAMP concentration in excess of eight times the level observed in crude extracts. Cyclic AMP was only slightly detectable in extracts treated with phosphodiesterase. The concentration of endogenous cAMP as measured in purified extracts declined by approximately 60% in non-growing aging mycelial mats. Although there is an apparent age-related decline in endogenous cAMP levels and the activity of the tryptophan inducible enzyme, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid carboxylyase (EC 4.1.1.46). (OPCA carboxylyase), the addition of 10 −3 M cAMP and/or 0.1% tryptophan to the culture medium did not increase OPCA carboxylyase activity in the fungus.
Transformation of the intestinal epithelium by the MSI2 RNA-binding protein

The MSI2 RNA-binding protein is a potent oncogene playing key roles in haematopoietic stem cell homeostasis and malignant haematopoiesis. Here we demonstrate that MSI2 is expressed in the intestinal stem cell compartment, that its expression is elevated in colorectal adenocarcinomas, and that MSI2 loss-of-function abrogates colorectal cancer cell growth. MSI2 gain-of-function in the intestinal epithelium in a drug-inducible mouse model is sufficient to phenocopy many of the morphological and molecular consequences of acute loss of the APC tumour suppressor in the intestinal epithelium in a Wnt-independent manner. Transcriptome-wide RNA-binding analysis indicates that MSI2 acts as a pleiotropic inhibitor of known intestinal tumour suppressors including Lrig1, Bmpr1a, Cdkn1a and Pten. Finally, we demonstrate that inhibition of the PDK-AKT-mTORC1 axis rescues oncogenic consequences of MSI2 induction. Taken together, our findings identify MSI2 as a central component in an unappreciated oncogenic pathway promoting intestinal transformation.
Species and population level molecular profiling reveals cryptic recombination and emergent asymmetry in the dimorphic mating locus of C. reinhardtii

Heteromorphic sex-determining regions or mating-type loci can contain large regions of non-recombining sequence where selection operates under different constraints than in freely recombining autosomal regions. Detailed studies of these nonrecombining regions can provide insights into how genes are gained and lost, and how genetic isolation is maintained between mating haplotypes or sex chromosomes. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mating-type locus (MT) is a complex polygenic region characterized by sequence rearrangements and suppressed recombination between its two haplotypes, MT+ and MT2. We used new sequence information to redefine the genetic contents of MT and found repeated translocations from autosomes as well as sexually controlled expression patterns for several newly identified genes. We examined sequence diversity of MT genes from wild isolates of C. reinhardtii to investigate the impacts of recombination suppression. Our population data revealed two previously unreported types of genetic exchange in Chlamydomonas MT— gene conversion in the rearranged domains, and crossover exchanges in flanking domains—both of which contribute to maintenance of genetic homogeneity between haplotypes. To investigate the cause of blocked recombination in MT we assessed recombination rates in crosses where the parents were homozygous at MT. While normal recombination was restored in MT+6MT+ crosses, it was still suppressed in MT26MT2 crosses. These data revealed an underlying asymmetry in the two MT haplotypes and suggest that sequence rearrangements are insufficient to fully account for recombination suppression. Together our findings reveal new evolutionary dynamics for mating loci and have implications for the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes and other non-recombining genomic regions.
Scaffolding problem solving in technology-enhanced learning environments (TELEs): Bridging research and theory with practice

With the expanding availability and capability of varied technologies, classroom-based problem solving has become an increasingly attainable, yet still elusive, goal. Evidence of technology-enhanced problem-solving teaching and learning in schools has been scarce, understanding how to support students' problem solving in classroom-based, technology-enhanced learning environments has been limited, and coherent frameworks to guide implementation have been slow to emerge. Whereas researchers have examined the use and impact of scaffolds in mathematics, science, and reading, comparatively little research has focused on scaffolding learning in real-world, everyday classroom settings. Web-based systems have been developed to support problem solving, but implementations suggest variable enactment and inconsistent impact. The purpose of this article is to identify critical issues in scaffolding students' technology-enhanced problem solving in everyday classrooms. First, we examine two key constructs (problem solving and scaffolding) and propose a framework that includes essential dimensions to be considered when teachers scaffold student problem solving in technology-rich classes. We then investigate issues related to peer-, teacher-, and technology-enhanced scaffolds, and conclude by examining implications for research.
Stable Hexacoordinated Neutral Complexes between Silyl Halides and Two Water or Two Ammonia Molecules: SiX4Y2(X = H, F, Cl; Y = H2O, NH3)

Potential energy surfaces for SiH4-nHaln + 2NH3 (I) and SiHnHal4-n + 2H2O (II) systems (n = 2, 4; Hal = F, Cl) were explored using the B3LYP and MP2 methods with 6-311+G(d,p) and DZP+diff basis set...
Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder: effects upon cells and circuits

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a safe, effective, and reversible treatment for a number of movement disorders. This has prompted investigation of its use for other applications including psychiatric disorders. In recent years, DBS has been introduced for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which is characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts or ideas (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in order to relieve these obsessions (compulsions). Abnormal activity in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ventral striatum, and mediodorsal (MD) thalamus has been implicated in OCD. To this end a number of DBS targets including the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS), ventral caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus (STN), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been investigated for the treatment of OCD. Despite its efficacy and widespread use in movement disorders, the mechanism of DBS is not fully understood, especially as it relates to psychiatric disorders. While initially thought to create a functional lesion akin to ablative procedures, it is increasingly clear that DBS may induce clinical benefit through activation of axonal fibers spanning the CSTC circuits, alteration of oscillatory activity within this network, and/or release of critical neurotransmitters. In this article we review how the use of DBS for OCD informs our understanding of both the mechanisms of DBS and the circuitry of OCD. We review the literature on DBS for OCD and discuss potential mechanisms of action at the neuronal level as well as the broader circuit level.
Alveolar carbon monoxide: The relative contributions of daily cigarette rate, cigarette brand, and smoking topography

Abstract This study attempted to comprehensively assess the factors which impact upon the alveolar carbon monoxide (CO) levels of smokers. Baseline measures of alveolar carbon monoxide (CO), daily cigarette rate, the CO yield of the brand of cigarette smoked, and smoking topography were obtained from 60 individuals enrolled in a stop smoking clinic. The results indicated that two topography measures, i.e., the interpuff interval ( p p p p p
Sample distribution shadow maps

This paper introduces Sample Distribution Shadow Maps (SDSMs), a new algorithm for hard and soft-edged shadows that greatly reduces undersampling, oversampling, and geometric aliasing errors compared to other shadow map techniques. SDSMs fall into the space between scene-dependent, variable-performance shadow algorithms and scene-independent, fixed-performance shadow algorithms. They provide a fully automated solution to shadow map aliasing by optimizing the placement and size of a fixed number of Z-partitions using the distribution of the light space samples required by the current frame. SDSMs build on the advantages of current state of the art techniques, including predictable performance and constant memory usage, while removing tedious and ultimately suboptimal parameter tuning. We compare SDSMs to Parallel-Split Shadow Maps (PSSMs, a state of the art Z-partitioning scheme) and show that SDSMs produce higher quality shadows. Finally, we demonstrate that SDSMs outperform PSSMs in a large 2009 game scene at high resolutions, making them suitable for games and other interactive applications.
Managing a manufacturing company in a wired world

Under new conditions of unlimited access to information technology, the management of a manufacturing company will be changed to take advantage of new capabilities based on internet, intranet and computing and simulation technologies. A conceptual model of management system, applicable in small and medium size manufacturing companies (SMEs), has been developed. It integrates physical, information and knowledge value chains. Based on this concept, a managerial "dashboard" is proposed as a tool allowing a manager to access information from sources inside and outside the company, to check financial/economic conditions and to simulate alternative courses of actions. The tool operates as a hypertext system and includes modules representing the internal operations of company and its interfaces with suppliers and knowledge providers. It also includes a microworlds simulation module and a module of return-on-investment analysis.
The temperature dependence of elastic nonlinearity in metal-matrix composites

Thermal stresses are very important in determining the strength of composites. In metal-matrix composites, these stresses are generated at the matrix-reinforcement interface as a result of the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of matrix and reinforcement during solidification. In order to evaluate these stresses, we studied the effect of temperature on the second- and third-order elastic constants in two metalmatrix composites consisting of the aluminum alloys 8091 and 7064 and silicon carbide particles up to 20% volume fraction. The elastic constants were determined at the temperatures 0, 25 and 55°C using measurements of absolute as well as changes of ultrasonic velocities as a function of applied stress. The values of these constants are used to calculate the acoustic nonlinearity parameters. In both composites, the acoustic nonlinearity parameters increase with the amount of reinforcement, which is opposite to that previously observed in aluminum alloys containing second-phase precipitates. Also, the temperature behavior of the nonlinearity parameters in the composites are opposite to those in the aluminum matrices. These differences in behavior are interpreted as due to the presence of thermal stresses at the matrix-reinforcement interface, and give promise to the possibility of using these parameters in the nondestructive evaluation of these stresses in metal-matrix composites.
Uniformity of the contractile response of ventricular muscle in high-calcium Tyrode's solution.

AMONG several conditions related to the sequence and rate of stimulation which affect the contractile response of cardiac muscle, prematurity of an excitation, interposed in a regular sequence, results in a beat of reduced tension or shortening. The weakness of the premature beat is unrelated to factors of electrical excitability, time-course or amplitude of the trans-membrane action potential or pre-contractile length of the muscle1,2. The possibility that developed tension or shortening may vary with the transient level of intraccllular calcium (or calcium-containing ‘activator’) has been experimentally supported3,4. Unlike the various potentiating effects, such as the ascending limb of staircase, post-extrasystolic potentiation and post-stimulation potentiation, however, the weakness of a premature beat does not clearly follow from such a mechanism without additional assumptions which would predict a low intracellular calcium in the time-interval immediately following a contraction. The residual effect of any contraction on the succeeding one has thus been seen as consisting of separate positive (potentiation) and negative (restitution) components with different time courses of decay5.
Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies

* List of acronyms and abbreviations * Glossary * Note on transliteration * Preface and acknowledgements * 1. Introduction and overview - Valentine M Moghadam * 2. Feminine Militancy: Moudjahidates during and after the Algerian War - Cherifa Bouatta * 3. Algeria at a crossroads: national liberation, Islamization and women - Doria Cherifati - Merabtine * 4. National identity, fundamentalism and the women's movement in Bangladesh - Salma Sobhan * 5. Reform, revolution and reaction: the trajectory of the 'Woman Question' in Afghanistan - Valentine M Moghadam * 6. Modernity, Islamization, and women in Iran - Nayereh Tohidi * 7. Nationalism and feminism: Palestinian women and the Intifada - No Going Back? - Nahla Abdo * Select bibliography * About the contributors * Index
The impact of particle size selective sampling methods on occupational assessment of airborne beryllium particulates

In 2010, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) formally changed its Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for beryllium from a ‘total’ particulate sample to an inhalable particulate sample. This change may have important implications for workplace air sampling of beryllium. A history of particle size-selective sampling methods, with a special focus on beryllium, will be provided. The current state of the science on inhalable sampling will also be presented, including a look to the future at what new methods or technology may be on the horizon. This includes new sampling criteria focused on particle deposition in the lung, proposed changes to the existing inhalable convention, as well as how the issues facing beryllium sampling may help drive other changes in sampling technology.
Experimental bladder carcinogenesis--using cigarette smoke condensate in the rat bladder.

The human and experimental evidence with carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and other active products in the genesis of bladder cancer nevertheless demonstrates the urgent need for an epidemiologic analysis of worker groups occupationally exposed to such chemicals. Sections of the general population may also inhale or ingest such chemicals with cigarette smoking or the drinking water polluted with industrial effluents. The present studies noted bladder tumor induction after cigarette smoke condensate exposure. However, the incidence was not great and suggests that time of exposure and other as yet unidentified tumor promoting co-factors were not present.
Mechanisms of the Tropical Upwelling Branch of the Brewer-Dobson Circulation: The Role of Extratropical Waves

AbstractThe role of extratropical waves in the tropical upwelling branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation is investigated in an idealized model of the stratosphere and troposphere. To simulate different stratospheric seasonal cycles of planetary waves in the two hemispheres, seasonally varying radiative heating is imposed only in the stratosphere, and surface topographic forcing is prescribed only in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). A zonally symmetric version of the same model is used to diagnose the effects of different wavenumbers and different regions of the total forcing on tropical stratospheric upwelling.The simple configuration can simulate a reasonable seasonal cycle of the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere with a stronger amplitude in January (NH midwinter) than in July (NH midsummer), as in the observations. It is shown that the seasonal cycle of stratospheric planetary waves and tropical upwelling responds nonlinearly to the strength of the tropospheric forcing, with a midwinter maximu...
Prognosis of patients with unilateral renal agenesis

The clinical course was reviewed in 157 patients with unilateral renal agenesis and a normal contralateral kidney for the purpose of establishing a prognosis. There were 85 males (54%) and 72 females (46%). The mean age at diagnosis of unilateral renal agenesis was 37 years. The mean years at risk was 56. Proteinuria (>150 mg/24h) was found in 19% of the 37 patients tested (P<0.001), hypertension developed in 47% of the 47 patients tested (P=0.010), and renal function (adjusted for age and sex) was decreased in 13% of the 32 patients tested (P=0.001). An increased filtration fraction was found in 7 (54%) of 13 patients evaluated. At the completion of this study, 114 patients (73%) were alive, and the survival rate was similar to that of age-, sex-matched United States life tables. Forty-three patients (27%) died; 6 deaths (4%) were caused by renal failure. Our review indicates that patients with unilateral renal agenesis and a normal solitary kidney are at increased risk of proteinuria, hypertension, and renal insufficiency. Therefore, it is essential to have prolonged and careful follow-up and to employ strategies that maximize renal preservation.
The Influence of Background Clinical Data on Infant Pain Assessments

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of knowledge of clinical background data on nursing assessments of infant pain. In a quasi-experimental design, the infant pain assessments of two groups of pediatric nurses were compared. Both groups assessed the levels of pain of the same videotaped infants. One group also read clinical background data about each infant; the other group did not. The group who read clinical background data evidenced higher mean levels of assessed pain per videotaped infant than did the group who only viewed the videotapes. Findings underscore the importance of clinical data and clinical context in the process of assessing infant pain and the risk of underestimating pain when all factors are not considered.