cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years: a longitudinal study.

Background: An emerging body of research suggests the trajectory of a family’s income affects children’s health and development more profoundly than the often-measured income at a single time point. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between changes in family income status, early-life risk factors, and body mass index (BMI) z-score trajectory from age 2 to 15 years. Methods: This longitudinal study employed a birth cohort (n = 595) located in a rural region of New York State. Data were collected through an audit of medical records and mailed questionnaires. Family low-income and BMI z-score trajectories were identified using latent-class modeling techniques that group children based on similar trends across time. We examined five early-life risk factors in relation to income and BMI z-score trajectories: maternal overweight/obesity, maternal gestational weight gain, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding duration, and early-life weight gain trajectory. We used multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the odds of being in a BMI z-score trajectory group based on income trajectory and early-life risk factors. Results: Children who remain low-income throughout childhood were more likely to maintain overweight (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.03, 5.42) and children who moved into low-income during childhood were more likely to be obese (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.12, 5.93) compared to children who were never low-income. Maternal overweight/obesity was significantly associated with a child become obese (AOR = 8.31, 95% CI = 3.80, 18.20), become overweight (AOR= 2.37, 95% CI =1.34, 4.22), and stay overweight (AOR=1.79, 95% CI=1.02, 3.14). Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with increased likelihood of a child becoming overweight trajectory (AOR=2.01, 95% CI= 1.01, 4.00). Conclusions: Our findings further supports the growing evidence that there are several preventable early-life risk factors that could be targeted for intervention. This study provides new evidence that remaining in low-income and moving into low-income increases risk for adolescent overweight and obesity.
A Restraint Table for the Chicken

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE chicken has been used as an experimental animal since the time of Hippocrates (Hutt, 1933) and even today it is one of the most popular animals used in the laboratory (Lane-Petter, 1953). It is an important biological assay animal (Bergman, 1965) and recently, Jones (1969) lists the chicken or allied avian species as the model animal for several diseases in man. Its value as an experimental subject has been reviewed by Biester (1953) who stated, “Undoubtedly more is known about the chicken than any other animal species.” Our laboratory has used the chicken as its principal experimental animal in conducting pathophysiological environmental investigations for several additional reasons: bipedal (resembles man in this respect, similar posture); inexpensive; adequate size to perform relatively complicated surgeries and make individual physiological measurements; oviparous form of reproduction; relatively free of disease; social animals; and well-known and relatively simple husbandry. The restraint of the…
Predictive value of electrocardiographic criteria for regional wall thickness in patients with cardiomyopathy

Background Electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy have been shown to have modest predictive values when compared to LV hypertrophy measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Prior studies have excluded patients with cardiomyopathies and have not evaluated regional wall thickness in addition to overall LV mass and wall thickness. Thus it remains unknown how well ECG criteria will predict both regional wall thickness and overall LV mass/wall thickness compared to CMR in this population.
Finding a place in the world-economy: Core-periphery relations, the nation-state and the underdevelopment of Garrett County, Maryland

Abstract This paper uses world-systems analysis as a framework for understanding the historical development of a place, Garrett County, Maryland, within the capitalist world-economy. Political and economic relationships between this Appalachian place and other parts of the world system suggest that Garrett County has developed as a periphery. However, the ‘mediation of the core-periphery relation by this county's inclusion in a core nation-state insures that the standard of living in this place, while low by US standards, is well above those in peripheral nation-states. This mediation is accounted for by placing Garrett County in the United States’ internal periphery. However, Garrett County and other places are not simply sites where people experience the structures and processes of the world-economy as mediated by the nation-state. As illustrated by the historical development of this Appalachian county, people, differently limited by class and core-periphery relations, continually reproduce and sometimes change their place's position in the world-economy.
Differences in Regional Prices: The United States, 1851–1880

The purpose of this paper is to examine cost-of-living differences among the various regions of the United States during a thirty-year interval of the nineteenth century. We do this by constructing regional price indexes for the years 1851–1880 using two different base years for pur calculations, 1860 and 1880. The results indicate that the cost of living differed substantially among regions, and specifically that it was lower in the American Midwest than in the East. Although one might have expected these differences among regions to narrow as regional and national markets developed and improved, we find no evidence that they did during this thirty-year period.
Empty follicle syndrome in the setting of dramatic weight loss after bariatric surgery: case report and review of available literature

Objective To describe empty follicle syndrome, potentially due to route of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration, in a patient who had previously undergone bariatric surgery. Design Case report and review of literature. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) A 42-year-old nulliparous, morbidly obese woman who had presented for assisted reproduction treatment after having lost 175 pounds via gastric bypass surgery, resulting in abdominal skin redundancy. Intervention(s) The patient's gastric bypass surgery had resulted in abdominal skin redundancy. In her first cycle, recombinant hCG was used with a luteal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist/recombinant follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) protocol. At hCG administration, her estradiol level was 2342 pg/mL, and 18 follicles were measured. At retrieval, no oocytes were recovered, and her serum hCG level was 19 mIU/mL. In the subsequent cycle, identical ovarian stimulation was performed, with peak estradiol of 2891 pg/mL, but intramuscular hCG was administered. At retrieval, her serum hCG level was 45 mIU/mL, and 19 oocytes were recovered, resulting in 10 embryos. Five embryos were transferred, and a singleton pregnancy resulted. Main Outcome Measure(s) Recovery of oocytes. Result(s) Clinical pregnancy. Conclusion(s) Abdominal skin redundancy after bariatric surgery may alter the absorption of subcutaneously administered infertility medications. Additional studies are needed to treat infertile patients optimally after weight-reduction surgery.
The Experience of Laughing at Oneself in Older Couples

An exploratory study was undertaken to investigate the experience of laughing at oneself as described by older couples. The descriptions generated were viewed through the perspective of Rogers' science of unitary human beings. Laughing at oneself, described in the literature as a liberating, transcendent experience, was proposed as a form of knowing participation in the process of health patterning. Using guide questions developed from the study's objectives, the researcher interviewed twenty English-speaking couples, ages 52-82 who were living in their own homes. Transcribed interviews were searched for themes following the analysis-synthesis procedure outlined by Parse, Coyne, and Smith (1985). Themes were identified in the language of the participants then synthesized into the language of the researcher. The hypothesis that flowed from the data reflected evolving mutual field patterning, awareness of the harmonious mutual process, and descriptions of integrality and well-being. Implications for practice and research are presented.
The Distribution of Physical Activity in an After-school Friendship Network

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a child’s friendship network in an afterschool program influences his/her physical activity. METHODS: Three waves of data were collected from school-aged children participating in aftercare ( n = 81; mean [SD] age, 7.96 [1.74] years; 40% African American, 39% white, and 19% Latino) a name generator survey was used to map each child’s social network, and accelerometers were used to measure physical activity. We applied stochastic actor-based modeling for social networks and behavior. RESULTS: Children did not form or dissolve friendships based on physical activity levels, but existing friendships heavily influenced children’s level of physical activity. The strongest influence on the amount of time children spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity in the afterschool hours was the activity level of their immediate friends. Children consistently made adjustments to their activity levels of 10% or more to emulate the activity levels of their peers (odds ratio [OR] = 6.89, P < .01). Age (OR = 0.92, P < .10) and obesity status (OR = 0.66, P < .10) had marginally significant and relatively small direct effects on the activity. Gender had no direct effect on activity. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that friendship ties play a critical role in setting physical activity patterns in children as young as 5 to 12 years. Children’s activity levels can be increased, decreased, or stabilized depending on the activity level of their immediate social network during a 12-week afterschool program. Network-based interventions hold the potential to produce clinically significant changes to children’s physical activity. * Abbreviations: MVPA — : moderate to vigorous physical activity OR — : odds ratio
Social participation predicts cognitive functioning in aging adults over time: comparisons with physical health, depression, and physical activity

European Commission [QLK6-CT-2001-00360, RII-CT-2006-062193, CIT5-CT-2005-028857, CIT4-CT-2006-028812, 211909, 227822, 261982]; U.S. National Institute on Aging [U01 AG09740-13S2, P01 AG005842, P01 AG08291, P30 AG12815, R21 AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG BSR06-11, OGHA 04-064]; German Ministry of Education and Research
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF VECTOR ARFIMA PROCESSES

Summary A general framework is presented for Bayesian inference of multivariate time series exhibiting long-range dependence. The series are modelled using a vector autoregressive fractionally integrated moving-average (VARFIMA) process, which can capture both short-term correlation structure and long-range dependence characteristics of the individual series, as well as interdependence and feedback relationships between the series. To facilitate a sampling-based Bayesian approach, the exact joint posterior density is derived for the parameters, in a form that is computationally simpler than direct evaluation of the likelihood, and a modified Gibbs sampling algorithm is used to generate samples from the complete conditional distribution associated with each parameter. The paper also shows how an approximate form of the joint posterior density may be used for long time series. The procedure is illustrated using sea surface temperatures measured at three locations along the central California coast. These series are believed to be interdependent due to similarities in local atmospheric conditions at the different locations, and previous studies have found that they exhibit ‘long memory’ when studied individually. The approach adopted here permits investigation of the effects on model estimation of the interdependence and feedback relationships between the series.
Review of Newer Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Strategies for Invasive Aspergillosis

The incidence of invasive aspergillosis is markedly increasing, and mortality remains dismal. Previously there were only 2 antifungals with activity against Aspergillus, but over the last few years there has been an explosion of newer agents and reformulations of older antifungals. Exploration has also begun with immunotherapy, with use of cytokines and granulocyte transfusions alone or in combination with antifungal therapy. This review will detail the available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical experience with the newer antifungal and immunomodulatory therapies in development for treatment of invasive aspergillosis.
Detecting spoofed packets

Packets sent using the IP protocol include the IP address of the sending host. The recipient directs replies to the sender using this source address. However, the correctness of this address is not verified by the protocol. The IP protocol specifies no method for validating the authenticity of the packet's source. This implies that an attacker can forge the source address to be any desired. This is almost exclusively done for malicious or at least inappropriate purposes. Given that attackers can exploit this weakness for many attacks, it would be beneficial to know if network traffic has spoofed source addresses. This knowledge can be particularly useful as an adjunct to reduce false positive from intrusion detection systems. This paper discusses attacks using spoofed packets and a wide variety of methods for detecting spoofed packets. These include both active and passive host-based methods as well as the more commonly discussed routing-based methods. Additionally, we present the results of experiments to verify the effectiveness of passive methods.
The evolutionary dynamics of evolvability in a gene network model.

Evolvability, the ability of populations to adapt, has recently emerged as a major unifying concept in biology. Although the study of evolvability offers new insights into many important biological questions, the conceptual bases of evolvability, and the mechanisms of its evolution, remain controversial. We used simulated evolution of a model of gene network dynamics to test the contentious hypothesis that natural selection can favour high evolvability, in particular in sexual populations. Our results conclusively demonstrate that fluctuating natural selection can increase the capacity of model gene networks to adapt to new environments. Detailed studies of the evolutionary dynamics of these networks establish a broad range of validity for this result and quantify the evolutionary forces responsible for changes in evolvability. Analysis of the genotype–phenotype map of these networks also reveals mechanisms connecting evolvability, genetic architecture and robustness. Our results suggest that the evolution of evolvability can have a pervasive influence on many aspects of organisms.
Synchronization of Combustion Variations in a Multicylinder Spark Ignition Engine

Abstract : We report experimental observations of synchronization among combustion variations in different cylinders at fuel-lean conditions in an eight-cylinder spark ignition engine. Our results appear to confirm that synchronization readily occurs and that it becomes stronger as the overall equivalence ratio is reduced from stoichiometric. It also appears that the onset of synchronization is associated with bifurcation instabilities reported previously for combustion in single cylinders. We use both cross-correlation and symbolic time series analysis to quantify the apparent relationships between pairs of cylinders and multicylinder groups. Extension of a simple dynamic model for single-cylinder combustion variations to the multicylinder case appears to agree with the observations and provides a basis for further studies. The occurrence of significant cylinder-to-cylinder synchronization may have significant implications for engine diagnostics and control.
Color appearance under conditions of chromatic adaptation and contrast

Chromatic adaptation can significantly alter the color appearance of a light. We review measurements of changes in appearance caused by chromatic backgrounds and surrounds. Effects of long-, middle- and short-wavelength adapting lights are assessed by having observers adjust the physical light in a test patch to maintain a constant perceptual criterion: a test that appears neither reddish nor greenish. A variety of spatial and temporal stimulus configurations also is considered. An integrated account of the measurements is provided by the two-process theory of chromatic adaptation, originally proposed by Hurvich and Jameson in 1958, which specifies an adapting light alters receptoral sensitivities and, simultaneously, contributes an additive increment to opponent chromatic responses.
MYC acts via the PTEN tumor suppressor to elicit autoregulation and genome-wide gene repression by activation of the Ezh2 methyltransferase.

The control of normal cell growth is a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor that both activates and represses a broad range of target genes and is indispensable for cell growth. While much is known about gene activation by MYC, there is no established mechanism for the majority of MYC repressed genes. We report that MYC transcriptionally activates the PTEN tumor suppressor in normal cells to inactivate the PI3K pathway, thus suppressing AKT activation. Suppression of AKT enhances the activity of the EZH2 histone methyltransferase, a subunit of the epigenetic repressor Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), while simultaneously stabilizing the protein. MYC mediated enhancement in EZH2 protein level and activity results in local and genome-wide elevation in the repressive H3K27me3 histone modification, leading to widespread gene repression including feedback autoregulation of the MYC gene itself. Depletion of either PTEN or EZH2 and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway leads to gene derepression. Importantly, expression of a phospho-defective EZH2 mutant is sufficient to recapitulate nearly half of all MYC-mediated gene repression. We present a novel epigenetic model for MYC-mediated gene repression and propose that PTEN and MYC exist in homeostatic balance to control normal growth which is disrupted in cancer cells.
The presence of an obstacle influences the stepping response during induced trips and surrogate tasks

Falling is a frequent cause of serious injury in older adults and trips are a dominant cause of falls in this rapidly growing population. Although there are few laboratory protocols that induce actual trips, there are many protocols that utilize surrogate tasks. These surrogate tasks, which are time-critical but do not involve an obstacle, appear to share a number of biomechanical characteristics with stepping responses following a trip. However, although rapid and safe negotiation of the obstacle and restoration of dynamic equilibrium are common requisites for success, we expected that stepping response kinematics during a successful recovery from a trip over a previously unseen obstacle would be substantially different than those of surrogate tasks without an obstacle. Unexpected trips were induced in 13 older men and women by an obstacle, the presence of which the subjects were previously unaware. Selected kinematics of the leading and trailing limb stepping responses during recovery from the induced trip were compared to those of two surrogate tasks that did not involve an obstacle. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that step height, step length, peak horizontal velocity, and peak vertical velocity of the leading and trailing limbs were significantly different during recovery from the induced trip compared to the surrogate tasks. These between-task performance differences may limit the extent to which performance of the surrogate tasks accurately and precisely reflect the potential to recover dynamic equilibrium following a trip. Therefore, these findings may be applicable in the design of new or modification of existing interventions to reduce falls in older adults.
Role of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase during Vascular Reconstruction:

Open vascular repair of ischemic myocardium and aortic aneurysms results in a systemic inflammatory response that influences the mortality and morbidity of these procedures. Recent studies in animal models of complex vascular reconstruction indicate that the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) may influence the mortality and morbidity of these kinds of reconstructions. PARP's activity, localized to nuclei and mitochondria, is stimulated by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand breaks. Activation of PARP results in synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) sugar moieties, whose primary role is to protect DNA from degradation during cytotoxic stress. Paradoxically, when stressful conditions similar to those experienced during vascular reconstructions result in overactivation of PARP, depletion of cellular levels of adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide can result in exacerbation of tissue injury. Herein we review the role of PARP in inflammation and its relevance to cardiovascular reconstructions.
Simultaneous all-optical packet-header replacement and wavelength shifting for a dynamically-reconfigurable WDM network

We experimentally demonstrate a method of simultaneous all-optical header replacement and wavelength shifting. These functions, important in a dynamically-reconfigurable WDM network, are realized by using cross-gain compression in a semiconductor optical amplifier, and by using three-level modulation of a probe laser only when the header bits require changing. We simultaneously replace the 8-bit header of a 1-Gb/s packet and wavelength-shift the entire packet by 19 nm. A receiver sensitivity of -27 dBm at 10/sup -9/ BER is measured when using a 416-bit NRZ data packet. Our approach requires no guard bits and allows both the header and data to be at the same bit rate and wavelength. >
An Axiomatization of Utility Based on the Notion of Utility Differences

In the literature of economics the notion of utility differences has been much discussed in connection with the theory of measurement of utility. However, to the best of our knowledge, no adequate axiomatization for this difference notion has yet been given at a level of generality and precision comparable to the von Neumann and Morgenstern construction of a probabilistic scheme for measuring utility. The early study of Wiener is not axiomatically oriented. The purpose of this paper is to present an axiomatization of this notion and to establish the expected representation theorem guaranteeing measurement unique up to a linear transformation.
Identification of interferon-stimulated gene 15 as an antiviral molecule during sindbis virus infection in vivo

The innate immune response, and in particular the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) system, plays a critical role in the control of viral infections. Interferons α and β exert their antiviral effects through the induction of hundreds of interferon-induced (or -stimulated) genes (ISGs). While several of these ISGs have characterized antiviral functions, their actions alone do not explain all of the effects mediated by IFN-α/β. To identify additional IFN-induced antiviral molecules, we utilized a recombinant chimeric Sindbis virus to express selected ISGs in IFN-α/β receptor (IFN-α/βR) −/− mice and looked for attenuation of Sindbis virus infection. Using this approach, we identified a ubiquitin homolog, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), as having antiviral activity. ISG15 expression protected against Sindbis virus-induced lethality and decreased Sindbis virus replication in multiple organs without inhibiting the spread of virus throughout the host. We establish that, much like ubiquitin, ISG15 requires its C-terminal LRLRGG motif to form intracellular conjugates. Finally, we demonstrate that ISG159s LRLRGG motif is also required for its antiviral activity. We conclude that ISG15 can be directly antiviral.
Circadian variation of stent thrombosis and the effect of more robust platelet inhibition: a post hoc analysis of the TRITON-TIMI 38 trial.

Background:The well-described morning peak in the onset of acute coronary syndromes has been partly attributed to increased platelet activity upon arising. It has been suggested that stent thrombosis (ST) exhibits a similar pattern. We assessed whether a diurnal variation in ST occurs, and whether more robust antiplatelet therapy with prasugrel (vs clopidogrel) can attenuate a morning excess.Methods and Materials:Patients from the Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TRITON-TIMI) 38 trial (N = 13 608) with adjudicated ST classified per the Academic Research Consortium definitions of definite (N = 135) and probable (N = 27) were grouped into prespecified 8-hour intervals by time of onset: early (6 am-2 pm), late-day (2 pm-10 pm), and overnight (10 pm-6 am). We compared the rates per 1000 patients of ST across time intervals and stratified by treatment and stent type.Results:A diurnal variation in definite...
Nonlinear response of a rotating fluid to differential heating from below

This paper studies numerically the instabilities and quasi-steady states of thermal convection in a Boussinesq fluid within a unit square which is bounded rigidly on all sides, differentially heated on the bottom, insulated above, and rotating about a vertical axis. The flows for five ascending values of the thermal Rossby number β are studied for constant Prandtl number σ and infinitesimal Ekman number E. For small values of β, either transient or stationary spatial oscillations occur. The results agree with Daniels’ (1976) and Daniels & Stewartson's (1977, 1978) linear and weakly nonlinear theories in principle if not in detail. For large values of β. the flows are highly nonlinear. They undergo two distinct stages of instability and eventually settle down to steady states. It is shown that a viscous non-diffusive boundary layer can exist at steady state for large β. For the maximum value of β under investigation, only quasi-steady states have been reached in the interior. Inertial gravity waves are observed emanating from the unstable corner of the fluid. These numerical solutions establish that the initial instability is an exchange instability rather than a catastrophic one. The question of bifurcation has not been resolved.
Parameterization in grid generation

A natural grid is defined on any parameterized curve or surface by selecting an equispaced set of parameter values. Redistributing the grid points can be accomplished by defining a new parameterization. Reparameterization techniques are introduced and applied in the construction of computational grids.
The division of labor and perceptions of parental roles: Lesbian couples across the transition to parenthood

No research has examined the division of labor across the transition to parenthood for same-sex couples. The current study examined the division of labor in 29 lesbian couples (58 women) during the transition to parenthood. Women were interviewed during their last trimester and 3—4 months post-natally. Two theoretical approaches — gender theory and economic theory — were used to generate competing hypotheses about the findings. Results revealed that couples divided housework quite equally; however, biological mothers tended to contribute more to child care. Despite this, the majority of couples did not perceive the biological mother as the more `primary' parent. Results highlight both the utility and limitations of current theories for explaining the division of labor in lesbian couples.
Survival for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a population-based study.

Background Acute myeloid leukemia is the second most common leukemia among United States adults with a median age of 69 years. We investigated recent clinical practices related to treatments and disease outcomes in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in the United States.Design and Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program data from 2000 through 2007 linked to Medicare enrollment and utilization data in the United States.Results Among 5,480 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (median age 78 years, range 65-93), 38.6% received leukemia therapy within three months of diagnosis (treated group). Practice changed with 16.3% of treated patients receiving hypomethylating agents after 2004 when those agents became available. Median survival was two months in the untreated group versus six months in the treated group (P
On the Effectiveness of Monitoring for Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Several intrusion detection techniques (IDTs) proposed for mobile ad hoc networks rely on each node passively monitoring the data forwarding by its next hop. This paper presents quantitative evaluations of false positives and their impact on monitoring-based intrusion detection for ad hoc networks. Experimental results show that, even for a simple three-node configuration, an actual ad hoc network suffers from high false positives; these results are validated by Markov and probabilistic models. However, this false positive problem cannot be observed by simulating the same network using popular ad hoc network simulators, such as ns-2, OPNET or Glomosim. To remedy this, a probabilistic noise generator model is implemented in the Glomosim simulator. With this revised noise model, the simulated network exhibits the aggregate false positive behavior similar to that of the experimental testbed. Simulations of larger (50-node) ad hoc networks indicate that monitoring-based intrusion detection has very high false positives. These false positives can reduce the network performance or increase the overhead. In a simple monitoring-based system where no secondary and more accurate methods are used, the false positives impact the network performance in two ways: reduced throughput in normal networks without attackers and inability to mitigate the effect of attacks in networks with attackers.
Competing infant feeding information in mothers' networks: advice that supports v. undermines clinical recommendations.

Objective: To identify the social contextual factors, specifically the presence of information that supports v. undermines clinical recommendations, associated with infant feeding behaviours among mothers in low-income areas. Design: Cross-sectional survey evaluating social support networks and social relationships involved in providing care to the infant along with feeding beliefs and practices. Setting: Out-patient paediatric and government-funded (Women, Infants, and Children) clinics in an urban, low-income area of the south-eastern USA. Subjects: Eighty-one low-income mothers of infants between 0 and 12 months old. Results: Most mothers reported receiving both supportive and undermining advice. The presence of breast-feeding advice that supports clinical recommendations was associated with two infant feeding practices that are considered beneficial to infant health: ever breast-feeding (OR=6·7; 95 % CI 1·2, 38·1) and not adding cereal in the infant’s bottle (OR=15·9; 95 % CI 1·1, 227·4). Advice that undermines clinical recommendations to breast-feed and advice about solid foods were not associated with these behaviours. Conclusions: Efforts to facilitate optimal infant feeding practices may focus on increasing information supportive of clinical recommendations while concentrating less on reducing the presence of undermining information within mothers’ networks. Cultural norms around breast-feeding may be stronger than the cultural norms around the introduction of solid foods in mothers’ social environments; thus, additional efforts to increase information regarding introduction of solid foods earlier in mothers’ infant care career may be beneficial.
Loop Security as a Determinant of Tissue Fixation Security

Abstract Secure arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears and Bankart lesions requires tight knots (knot security). Equally important, but usually overlooked, is the tightness of the suture loop (loop security). This study compared loop security in knots tied with No. 1 PDS suture using three different methods: (1) hand-tied, (2) single-hole standard knot pusher, and (3) cannulated double-diameter knot pusher. The results of this study show that the double-diameter knot pusher maintained tight suture loops that were equivalent in circumference to hand-tied loops and were significantly tighter than suture loops tied with a standard single-hole knot pusher. This study highlights the fact that loop security is equally important to knot security in tissue fixation. Arthroscopy 1998 Oct;14(7):773-6
A Framework for Comprehensive Health Terminology Systems in the United States: Development Guidelines, Criteria for Selection, and Public Policy Implications

Health care in the United States has become an information-intensive industry, yet electronic health records represent patient data inconsistently for lack of clinical data standards. Classifications that have achieved common acceptance, such as the ICD-9-CM or ICD, aggregate heterogeneous patients into broad categories, which preclude their practical use in decision support, development of refined guidelines, or detailed comparison of patient outcomes or benchmarks. This document proposes a framework for the integration and maturation of clinical terminologies that would have practical applications in patient care, process management, outcome analysis, and decision support. Arising from the two working groups within the standards community--the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Healthcare Informatics Standards Board Working Group and the Computer-based Patient Records Institute Working Group on Codes and Structures--it outlines policies regarding 1) functional characteristics of practical terminologies, 2) terminology models that can broaden their applications and contribute to their sustainability, 3) maintenance attributes that will enable terminologies to keep pace with rapidly changing health care knowledge and process, and 4) administrative issues that would facilitate their accessibility, adoption, and application to improve the quality and efficiency of American health care.
Proud to be an American?: The Changing Relationship of National Pride and Identity

The attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 and subsequent military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq created a sharp increase in expressions of national pride and the invocation of “nation” in political discourse. Using the 1996 and 2004 General Social Surveys, we document these changing patterns of national pride, and ask how they affect conceptions of national identity. We report three main findings. First, the data corroborate the conventional wisdom that there was a greater expression of national pride than before September 11, 2001. Second, conceptions of American national identity became more nativist. Finally, the conventionally accepted distinction between patriots and nationalists has shrunk; patriots, like nationalists, are more likely to express nativist conceptions of national identity during a time of threat than they were pre-9/11. Our findings have important implications for research on group identification and national identity formation.
Factors Affecting Transmission of Tristeza Virus by Melon Aphids

A study of the transmission of tristeza virus by the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, revealed very small differences in transmission rate when infected source plants (orange seedlings) and Key lime indicator plants, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle, were held in an air-conditioned greenhouse or in an insectary, but the development of symptoms in the indicator plants was accentuated and speeded up in the insectary where temperatures ranged up to 15°C higher in the summer and 10°C lower in the winter than temperatures in the greenhouse. Young 2 to 6-inch Key lime plants were as good virus indicators as older 8 to 12-inch plants. The efficiency of the melon aphid as a vector of tristeza varied from 1 population to another. Numbers of transmissions were higher with 200 aphids per plant than with 10 to 50 aphids per plant, but the rate of transmission was not proportional to the number of aphids per plant. Mixed populations of nymphs and adult aphids transmitted tristeza virus as well as populations of adult aphids. Starvation of aphids for 2 and 4 hours before feeding did not increase the transmission of tristeza virus. Transmission of the virus to indicator plants by aphids feeding on thorns and on mature or immature leaves of infected plants was not significantly different, and transmission of the virus by aphids reared on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., was not significantly different from transmission by aphids reared on kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L.
Behind The Scenes: The 5 Ws Of Administering A College Of Business Professional Enrichment Program

What can we do as college administrators and faculty to better prepare tomorrows young professionals? How does one create a program to satisfy this objective? This paper will address how the William Paterson University (WPU), Christos M. Cotsakos College of Business (CCOB) created a unique and innovative program designed to enhance a students education by offering workshops and seminars focused on career development, ethics, leadership and numerous other life skills. The who, what, where, how, when and why of administering this program will be provided. Particular emphasis will be placed on the numerous goals and hurdles in a college setting such as: community and alumni involvement; reporting requirements (attendance and assessment); budget concerns; student awareness; advertising; and faculty support.
Web-based comparison of historical vs contemporary methods of fetal heart rate interpretation

Background Contemporary interpretation of fetal heart rate patterns is based largely on the tenets of Drs Quilligan and Hon. This method differs from an older method that was championed by Dr Caldeyro-Barcia in recording speed and classification of decelerations. The latter uses a paper speed of 1 cm/min and classifies decelerations referent to uterine contractions as type I or II dips, compared with conventional classification as early, late, or variable with paper speed of 3 cm/min. We hypothesized that 3 cm/min speed may lead to over-analysis of fetal heart rate and that 1 cm/min may provide adequate information without compromising accuracy or efficiency. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the Hon-Quilligan method of fetal heart rate interpretation with the Caldeyro-Barcia method among groups of obstetrics care providers with the use of an online interactive testing tool. Study Design We deidentified 40 fetal heart rate tracings from the terminal 30 minutes before delivery. A website was created to view these tracings with the use of the standard Hon-Quilligan method and adjusted the same tracings to the 1 cm/min monitoring speed for the Caldeyro-Barcia method. We invited 2–4 caregivers to participate: maternal-fetal medicine experts, practicing maternal-fetal medicine specialists, maternal-fetal medicine fellows, obstetrics nurses, and certified nurse midwives. After completing an introductory tutorial and quiz, they were asked to interpret the fetal heart rate tracings (the order was scrambled) to manage and predict maternal and neonatal outcomes using both methods. Their results were compared with those of our expert, Edward Quilligan, and were compared among groups. Analysis was performed with the use of 3 measures: percent classification, Kappa, and adjusted Gwet-Kappa ( P Results Overall, our results show from moderate to almost perfect agreement with the expert and both between and within examiners (Gwet-Kappa 0.4–0.8). The agreement at each stratum of practitioner was generally highest for ascertainment of baseline and for management; the least agreement was for assessment of variability. Conclusion We examined the agreement of fetal heart rate interpretation with a defined set of rules among a number of different obstetrics practitioners using 3 different statistical methods and found moderate-to-substantial agreement among the clinicians for matching the interpretation of the expert. This implies that the simpler Caldeyro-Barcia method may perform as well as the newer classification system
Controlling of the Match of Source Rock,Overpressure and Fault on Oil Accumulation of Fu-Yang Oil Layer in Sanzhao Depression

Based on the study of K1qn1 source rock development and hydrocarbon-expulsion characteristics,overpressure and its distributing characteristicss,T2 source fault and its distributing characte-ristics of Fu-Yang oil layer in Sanzhao depression,the match of source rock,overpressure and fault and its controlling effects on hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution have been studied.It is concluded that the match of K1qn1 source rock and its internal overpressure controls the range of oil accumulation and distribution,the vertical match of overpressure and T2 source fault controls the depth and layer of oil accumulation,the plane match of overpressure and T2 source fault controls the site of oil accumulation in Fuyang oil layer.It is considered that ①oil mainly accumulates in the area where T2 source fault abundant in the zone of oil migration downward;②the more closer and the more shorter distance from faults,the more abundant oil is in the zone of oil migration downward;③oil mainly accumulates in the lower wall of T2 source fault in the zone of oil migration downward.
Research on LTE Network Coverage Planning

For efficient LTE network deployment,coverage planning is important to reduce construction costs and ensure network quality.This paper considers actual network planning requirements and combines theory with simulation analysis to study LTE wireless access link and network characteristics.A theory for LTE cellular coverage planning and application methods is then proposed,which lays the basic foundation for LTE cellular networks.
Circumcision and Vasectomy: Do They Affect Sexual Function?

Male circumcision and vasectomy are two surgical interventions reported to affect sexual function. In this review, we summarize past and current data examining the impact of circumcision and vasectomy on various areas of sexual function. Circumcision may impact ejaculatory latency, reported sexual satisfaction, sexual function and may decrease the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Similarly, vasectomy has been associated with changes in the male psyche and sexual function, hormonal levels, and even female sexual function. While the majority of data summarizing these results are small, retrospective series, overall there is an equivocal effect on sexual function for both circumcision and vasectomy. Nevertheless, care providers are recommended to counsel men on the possible impact of circumcision or vasectomy on sexual dysfunction.
Celiac disease and cereal proteins

Celiac disease is a genetically predisposed disease, and statistics show that approximately 1% of the global population suffer from this disease. The starting point of celiac disease is the ingestion of gluten forming proteins and other homologous proteins that are found in wheat, rye, barley and possibly oat. In this review, demographics of celiac disease, the biochemistry of the disease and the proteins and peptides responsible for the immune reaction associated with this disease will be discussed. Additionally, there is much debate about the safety of oat in a gluten-free diet. In this context, the role of oat avenin proteins in giving rise to celiac disease will be reviewed. Moreover, the varying degree of celiac disease toxicity with reference to ancient/historical and modern wheat will be examined.
Complement Component 3 (C3) Is a Mediator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

Abstract We have shown that complement component 3 (C3) is expressed in malignant ovarian epithelial cells and enhances cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. C3 is secreted by cancer cells into the tumor microenvironment and promotes tumor growth through an autocrine loop. To understand the mechanism of upregulation of C3 expression in malignant epithelial cells, we studied the transcriptional regulation of C3, and found that TWIST1, a major regulator of EMT, binds to the C3 promoter and regulates C3 transcription. Knockdown of the TWIST1 gene reduced C3 mRNA, and TWIST1 overexpression increased C3 mRNA. TWIST1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during normal development and in metastasis of malignant tumors. An important marker of EMT is a reduction in the surface expression of E-cadherin on cells facilitating migration and invasion of these cells. TWIST1 is a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin; and because TWIST1 increases C3 expression, we investigated whether C3 is also a negative regulator of E-cadherin expression. We overexpressed C3 in ovarian cancer cells by stable transduction of lentivirus carrying C3 cDNA. Overexpression of C3 was associated with 32% reduction in the expression of E-cadherin resulting in enhanced migration ability of cells by 2.3 folds and invasiveness by 1.75 folds, as compared to control cells transduced with control lentivirus. To investigate whether TWIST1-induced reduction in E-cadherin is C3-mediated or not, we studied the effect of TWIST1 overexpression simultaneous with C3 knockdown in ovarian cancer cells. Overexpression of TWIST1 alone resulted in 70% reduction in E-cadherin mRNA and this was completely reversed after simultaneous C3 knockdown in these cells. To investigate the correlation between C3 and TWIST1 in vivo, we studied the co-expression of these two proteins in mouse embryos (physiologic EMT) and in malignant tumors (pathologic EMT). Given the role of EMT in embryogenesis we immunostained mouse embryos at different stages of development, using antibodies against TWIST1 or C3. Transverse section of 9.5-day post-coitum (9.5dpc) mouse embryos showed co-expression of TWIST1 and C3 in otocyst (ot) and hindbrain (hb) of neural crest. In the whole-mounted 11.5dpc mouse embryos, C3 and TWIST1 were co-expressed in limb buds. Given the role of EMT in malignancy, tumors induced in mice after intraperitoneal injection of murine ovarian cancer cells were resected and immunostained for C3 and TWIST1 proteins. TWIST1 and C3 co-localized at tumor edges, where EMT and tumor cells migration occur. Taken together, these data provide evidence that TWIST1 regulates C3 expression, and C3 promotes EMT through E-cadherin. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.