cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple logic gates based on electrically wired surface-reconstituted enzymes.

The electrode functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx) and microperoxidase-11 (MP-11) performs various Boolean logic operations (OR, XOR, AND−OR) upon addition of glucose and/or H2O2 and application of different potentials. The output signal coming from the electrically wired enzymes is electrochemically readable, allowing interfacing of biochemical computing systems with ordinary electronics.
Pneumomediastinum in infancy.

Pneumomediastinum in infancy occurs more frequently than is generally appreciated. Itmay be found on roentgenographic examination in asymptomatic infants. The pathogenic mechanism has been reviewed. Clinical manifestation of respiratory difficulty and circulatory embarrassment are dependent upon the extent of pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax which may coexist. Six cases in children under 2 years of age are discussed in this paper. The diagnostic importance of displacement of thymus lobules by air in chest films is emphasized.
Low- and High-Tech Approaches to Control Plasmodium Parasite Transmission by Anopheles Mosquitoes

Current efforts have proven inadequate to stop the transmission of Plasmodium parasites, and hence the spread of malaria, by Anopheles mosquitoes. Therefore, a novel arsenal of strategies for inhibiting Plasmodium infection of mosquitoes is urgently needed. In this paper, we summarize research on two approaches to malaria control, a low-tech strategy based on parasite inhibition by the mosquito's natural microflora, and a high-tech strategy using genetic modification of mosquitoes that renders them resistant to infection and discuss advantages and disadvantages for both approaches.
Research on outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury: current advances and future directions.

The articles in this series demonstrate the diversity of research approaches needed to enhance understanding of the sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children. Methods ranged from assessment of information processing deficits to evaluation of the construct validity of cognitive tests, tracking of changes in academic achievement after injury, and measurement of behavior and social outcomes. Several articles considered multiple influences on sequelae, including TBI severity, age at injury, time since injury, and preinjury child characteristics. The findings provide new information on injury consequences and the cognitive correlates of postinjury problems in behavior, achievement, and discourse processing. Continued progress requires additional study of relations between specific forms of neuropathology and outcomes, more comprehensive assessments of environmental influences, and greater efforts to monitor postinjury developmental changes. Other needs include more probing assessments of the effects...
Temperature fluctuations and 1/f noise in electron devices

Hooge's empirical equation for the 1/f noise of resistors has been shown to be described by temperature fluctuations and Hooge's parameter was shown to be simply related to the ratio of the total number of conduction electrons and total number of atoms in the sample. At low frequencies the mean square temperature fluctuation around the average temperature depends on the diffusion transit time to the heat sink and inversely on the number of atoms in the sample. At higher frequencies temperature fluctuations are attenuated by the heat capacity of the sample which results in the 1/f frequency dependence of temperature fluctuations. Here the results for these temperature fluctuations are applied to describe the 1/f noise of bipolar transistors. In bipolar transistors the current is an exponential function of temperature so the noise is easier to observe and measure.
Tracking the direct alloimmune response in vivo with a new CD4+ T cell receptor transgenic mouse model

Abstract Introduction: T cell receptor transgenic (TCR-tg) mice have been critical to the study of T cell responses in vivo. The alloimmune CD8+ TCR-tg, 2C, has revealed important insights into the responses of the CD8+ T cell in transplant rejection. We thus developed a CD4+ TCR-tg mouse with strain specificity identical to the 2C TCR-tg to study the CD4+ T cell in allograft rejection. Methods: Balb/c dendritic cells were used to immunize a B6 recipient from which alloreactive CD4+ T cells were isolated. The alpha and beta chains of the TCR were then reverse transcribed from mRNA and cloned into expression vectors behind the human CD2 and the murine CD4 promoters, respectively. These vectors were injected together into embryos and offspring were screened for the expression of the transgenic TCR. Results: A founder ("4C") expressing the transgenic TCR on > 99% of peripheral CD4+ T cells was identified. Expression was shown by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. TCR function was demonstrated by T cell proliferation in response to Balb/c antigen both in vitro and in vivo following adoptive transfer. Antibody blockade experiments show the TCR reacts to antigen in the context of the MHC class II molecule I-Ad. We find the 4C TCR-tg to reject Balb/c skin grafts in 10–12 days. Conclusions: We have developed a CD4+ TCR-tg mouse for the study of alloimmunity. Adoptive transfer experiments combining the 2C and 4C T cells will provide a novel means of observing the cooperativity of these T cells subsets during transplant rejection and tolerance.
Impact of Duplicates in Energy Consumption of Wireless Sensor Networks Using the GSP Protocol

Wireless sensor networks which employ a routing protocol from the Flooding family are often assumed to waste a great amount of energy generating duplicate packets [1].Simulations were conducted showing that the assumption is not true for one member of the flooding family, the Gossip-based Sleep Protocol (GSP) [2]. Simulation results show that the performance of GSP in 100-node square grid networks eliminates the risk of packet explosion while retaining the benefits of a flooding protocol. The paper also presents a novel energy consumption analysis, revealing that the majority of energy is used for idle listen, when there are no packet transmissions.
Food deprivation and the regulation of meal size in larvae of Chrysopa carnea

. The course of repletion and the effects of food deprivation on meal size were explored in three experiments on larvae of Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera). Feeding to repletion was found to occur within the first 30 min of exposure to food. Meal size increased as an ogival function of deprivation, up to the limit of gut capacity. Behavioural components involved in the initiation of feeding were little affected by deprivation and did not appear to be inhibited by distention of the gut. Termination of a meal may be mediated by the stimulation of prey-release behaviour, rather than by inhibition of feeding.
Creativity and craft

I revisit the distinction between intangible works of authorship and tangible objects, which is a fundamental proposition of modern copyright law. I suggest that reconsidering that distinction, at least in part, may expand the range of possibilities for aligning modern copyright as an economic construct with the historical roots of copyright and with ethical claims about authorial expression. Revisiting that distinction also may provide contemporary lawyers and policymakers with a much-needed tool for managing challenges posed by digital technology.
A novel CLCN5 mutation in a Chinese boy with Dent's disease.

Background: Dent's disease is a rare X-linked recessive hereditary disease caused by mutations in either the CLCN5 or OCRL1 genes. This disease is characterized by manifestations of proximal renal tubule dysfunction associated with low molecular weight proteinuria (LMWP), hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and progressive renal failure. Methods: We report a Chinese boy with Dent's disease, clinically diagnosed by LMWP and hypercalciuria. Genetic analysis was made of the CLCN5 and OCRL1 genes. Related studies were also reviewed. Results: A splice site mutation IVS6, +2T>C of the CLCN5 gene was revealed in this case, and it was not reported previously.
Composite effects of extrinsic motivation on work effort: case of Korean employees

Abstract The current research examines the composite effect of extrinsic motivation on work effort. The research consists of a two-level analysis: extrinsic motivation practices and extrinsic motivation perception. Emphasis on individual performance as a compensation determinant and company layoff experience(s) were measured as company practices, while compensation risk and future layoff perceptions were measured at the individual level. Data were collected from 401 employees from 29 companies in Korea. Analysis shows that the two extrinsic practices significantly influence employee extrinsic perceptions, and that employees’ perceptions of extrinsic motivations influence their work-effort levels in an inverted-U shape. Practical implications and discussions of the results are provided.
Long term integration using a phased array radar

A simple processing algorithm for performing long-term integration is developed and evaluated. The key step in the procedure is to make multiple ambiguous velocity estimates and use these velocity estimates to compensate for all possible target motions. Using simulation techniques, the probabilities of false alarm and detection are evaluated. >
Paper Chromatography for Analysis Of A Dye Mixture

A paper chromatographic method for the identification and separation of stain components is proposed. Using an alkaline butanol-water solvent and the descending technic, a commercial product, known as “Triosin”, believed to consist of three (undetermined) dyes, has been separated into five components.Three of the components were apparently parts of a typical eosin Y commercial sample, and the other two were orange G and erythrosin B. By means of elution of the components from the paper, followed by spectrophotometric analysis, it was possible to reconstitute a mixture which appeared to be identical with Triosin in spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and histological properties.
What is the minimum field of view required for efficient navigation

Abstract Critical points were computed to determine the minimum field of view (FOV) size required for efficient navigation. Navigation performance in 20 normally sighted subjects was assessed using an immersive virtual environment. Subjects were instructed to walk through a virtual forest to a target tree as quickly as possible without hitting any obstacles (trees, boulders, and holes). The navigation task was performed in three FOV and image contrast conditions under binocular, monocular, chromatic and achromatic viewing conditions. FOV was constricted to 10°, 20° and 40° diameter and average image contrast was nominally high (11%), medium (6%) and low (3%). Navigation performance was scored as latency in walk initiation, walk time to reach goal and the number of obstacle contacts. The results revealed a linear relationship between log FOV and the two time measures, log latency and log walk time. The slopes of the linear regressions for log latency and log walk time ranged between –0.11 and –0.41. Critical points were computed from the non-linear relationships found between the number of obstacle contacts and FOV. The critical points for efficient navigation were FOVs of 32.1°, 18.4° and 10.9° (diam.) for low, medium and high image contrast levels, respectively, highlighting the importance of contrast on the size of the FOV required for efficient navigation. Neither binocularity nor image chromaticity significantly affected navigation performance. The findings of this study have important implications in the design and prescription of head mounted displays intended to augment navigation performance.
Strategies for Minimizing Hyperlipidemia After Cardiac Transplantation

Allograft coronary artery disease represents a major limitation to long-term survival after cardiac transplantation. Hyperlipidemias have been linked to the development of native coronary atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemic states have correlated with the severity of allograft coronary artery disease. Heart transplant recipients typically manifest increases in plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides within the first 3-12 months following transplantation. Factors known to promote post-transplant hyperlipidemia include the use of corticosteroids, cyclosporine (interference with clearance and increased oxidizability of LDL), sirolimus (hypertriglyceridemia), and patient-specific causes of hyperlipidemia which contributed to their underlying heart disease. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors are the foundation of antilipid therapy following cardiac transplantation. Pravastatin is effective in lowering plasma cholesterol levels and is associated with a decreased incidence and progression of allograft coronary artery disease. All HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors except pravastatin are metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system which metabolizes cyclosporine, increasing the risk of myostitis when they are used in large dosages with cyclosporine. Simvastatin, atorvastatin and fluvastatin have been studied in heart transplant recipients. Gemfibrozil has proved effective in transplant recipients when there is isolated marked elevation of plasma triglyceride levels. When hyperlipidemia persists despite therapy, some benefit may result with conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus. Although a definitive link between hyperlipidemia and allograft coronary disease has yet to be proven, available evidence points to abnormal lipid metabolism as part of the complex etiologic machinery driving the process of 'chronic rejection'. Consensus exists within the transplant community that a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor such as pravastatin, should be part of the routine post-transplant drug regimen, and persistent hyperlipidemia should be aggressively treated.
Further studies on multiplication of dengue viruses in various host systems.

SummaryHost range susceptibility studies with mouse adapted dengue types 1-6 have shown that cultures prepared from kidney tissues of primate origin are more sensitive to dengue virus plaque formation than culture systems originating from tissues of non-primates, e.g., porcine kidney. Plaques developed in cultures of rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-Mk2 passage line) and porcine kidney (PS-Y-15 passage line) in 4-7 days for dengue types 2, 4, 5, and 6, and in 9-13 days for types 1 and 3. About 99% of dengue 2 was adsorbed onto primate kidney cultures in 15 minutes, but adsorption of virus in PS-Y-15 cultures was poor even after 120 minutes. When comparing multiplication rates of the dengue viruses in infant mice and two passage cell cultures, synthesis of new virus proceeded at about the same rate in both hosts. However, higher titers were usually evident in mouse brain preparations.
Mechanical properties of shale-gas reservoir rocks — Part 1: Static and dynamic elastic properties and anisotropy

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the controls on the elastic properties of reservoir rocks is crucial for exploration and successful production from hydrocarbon reservoirs. We studied the static and dynamic elastic properties of shale gas reservoir rocks from Barnett, Haynesville, Eagle Ford, and Fort St. John shales through laboratory experiments. The elastic properties of these rocks vary significantly between reservoirs (and within a reservoir) due to the wide variety of material composition and microstructures exhibited by these organic-rich shales. The static (Young’s modulus) and dynamic (P- and S-wave moduli) elastic parameters generally decrease monotonically with the clay plus kerogen content. The variation of the elastic moduli can be explained in terms of the Voigt and Reuss limits predicted by end-member components. However, the elastic properties of the shales are strongly anisotropic and the degree of anisotropy was found to correlate with the amount of clay and organic content as well as the shale fab...
The Generation and Rearrangement of 2-Diazocarbonyl Cyclobutanones: The Formation of 5-Spirocyclopropyl-2 (5h) Furanones

Δαβ Butenolides are valuable synthetic reagents which constitute the active ingredients of many natural products.1 As a result many synthetic routes to these materials as well as the conjugation extended 5-alkylidene and arylidene derivatives have been reported. In light of this, it is curious that 5-spirocyclopropyl Δαβ butenolides are, virtually unknown2 in spite of the fact that they represent a homoconjugated variation of the 5-alkylidene derivatives and as such have considerable synthetic potential. We now report that a variety of 5-spirocyclopropyl Δαβ butenolides are produced by the pyrolysis of 2-diazocarbonyl cyclobutanones. The reaction conditions are mild, product yields are respectable and the rearrangement appears to be stereospecific.
Azimuthal propagation of low-energy solar flare protons: Interpretation of observations

The major conclusions reached by McKibben (1972) in a report of fluxes and spectra of solar flare protons in the approximate energy range from 10 to 30 MeV are reviewed. The observations had been made with cosmic ray telescopes on board the deep space probes Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 7 and the earth satellite Imp 4 during nine solar flare proton events occurring in the period from December 1967 to August 1968. The interpretation of the observations is discussed, giving attention to the stochastic field model of Jokipii and Parker (1969). Aspects of interplanetary diffusion are considered together with observations of corotating events.
Authors' Reply to “Comments on ‘Chattering Free Robust Control for Nonlinear Systems’”

The following paper is a reply to the comment note titled, "Comments on 'Chattering Free Robust Control for Nonlinear Systems'," by P. Potluri. The purpose of this reply is to: 1) agree with the comment 2) discuss the potential benefit of the controller in terms of the chattering mitigation instead of chattering free; and 3) correct two typos in the original paper titled, "Chattering free robust control for nonlinear systems".
Predictors of upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma after primary bladder cancer: a population based analysis.

Purpose: Upper tract tumors occur in 2% to 7% of patients after primary bladder cancer, making surveillance upper tract imaging part of bladder cancer management. We determined the cumulative incidence of secondary upper tract tumor development after primary bladder cancer and risk factors for secondary upper tract tumors using contemporary population based data.Materials and Methods: We identified patients with bladder cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry from 1988 to 2003. All subsequent cases of upper tract tumors were ascertained. Multivariate Cox survival analysis was performed to evaluate risk factors for secondary upper tract tumors after adjusting for age, race, gender, stage, grade, tumor location, surgical management, year of diagnosis and tumor registry.Results: Of 99,338 patients with bladder cancer upper tract tumors developed in 768 (0.8%). The median time to secondary upper tract tumors was 33 months. Of upper tract tumors 71% developed within 5 years of...
Development of a new Lagrangian float for studying coastal marine ecosystems

This paper presents an overview and initial testing results for a shallow water Lagrangian float designed to operate in coastal settings. The presented effort addresses the two main characteristics of the shallow coastal environment that preclude the direct of use of many successfully deep water floats, namely the higher variation of water densities near the coast compared with the open ocean and the highly varied bathymetry. Our idea is to develop a high capacity dynamic auto-ballasting system that is able to compensate for the expected seawater density variation over a broad range of water temperatures and salinities while using measurements of both pressure and altitude above the bottom. The major components of the float consist of a Netburner micro processor, rechargeable lithium ion battery system, piston style volume changing mechanism, sensors for pressure and altitude, and a safely system for recovery and emergency conditions. Results are presented for field tests that verify the performance of the float for a variety of behaviors that are of general utility for both water tracking an profile sampling.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Single Event Effects

In this paper, we describe a Monte Carlo approach for estimating the frequency and character of single event effects based on a combination of physical modeling of discrete radiation events, device simulations to estimate charge transport and collection, and circuit simulations to determine the effect of the collected charge. A mathematical analysis of the procedure reveals it to be closely related to the rectangular parallelepiped (RPP) rate prediction method. The results of these simulations show that event-to-event variation may have a significant impact when predicting the single-event rate in advanced spacecraft electronics. Specific criteria for supplementing established RPP-based single event analysis with Monte Carlo computations are discussed.
Measuring Drop-Size Distributions in Clouds with a Clear-Air-Sensing Doppler Radar

Abstract The advent of Doppler clear-air radars for wind-height profiling opens the way for their use in a variety of other applications. This paper uses knowledge of the clear-air Doppler spectrum from a zenith-pointing radar together with the measured water droplet Doppler vertical velocity spectrum to calculate spectra of drop number density through clouds of droplets having substantial fall velocity. The method has been applied by Japanese scientist to measure drop-size distributions of precipitation particles from data acquired at the VHF MU radar facility. Here the method is applied to records obtained with a 915 MHz wind profiler located at Denver, Colorado, and the resulting spectra are presented and compared with the spectra that would have been obtained if the clear-air information were ignored. From the number density drop-size distribution, the corresponding liquid water distribution can be calculated. It is concluded that failure to take into account turbulence in the medium can result in ord...
Extension of the NRL tight-binding method to include f orbitals and applications in Th, Ac, La and Yb

Abstract The original Naval Research Laboratory Tight-Binding (NRL-TB) methodology was designed to only include s, p, and d orbitals in the basis. Because of this limitation, materials which have f orbitals in their valence bands could not be modeled by the current program. In this work we have expanded the NRL-TB method to account for f orbital interactions and used the modified program to investigate Thorium, Actinium, Lanthanum and Ytterbium, materials whose properties are influenced by f electrons. Using the improved program, we were able to develop a set of Slater–Koster polynomial coefficients for these materials that accurately compute properties such as total energy (fcc, bcc, sc, hcp, and diamond), energy bands, density of states, elastic constants, and phonon frequencies.
Recent advances in globin research using genome-wide association studies and gene editing

A long-sought goal in the hemoglobin field has been an improved understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the switch from fetal (HbF) to adult (HbA) hemoglobin during development. With such knowledge, the hope is that strategies for directed reactivation of HbF in adults could be devised as an approach to therapy for the β-hemoglobinopathies thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) led to identification of three loci (BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB, and the β-globin cluster itself) in which natural genetic variation is correlated with different HbF levels in populations. Here, the central role of BCL11A in control of HbF is reviewed from the perspective of how findings may be translated to gene therapy in the not-too-distant future. This summary traces the evolution of recent studies from the initial recognition of BCL11A through GWAS to identification of critical sequences in an enhancer required for its erythroid-specific expression, thereby highlighting an Achilles heel for genome editing.
Electrocardiographic and electrolyte abnormalities caused by amphotericin B in Dog and Man.

SummaryIn dogs, rapid intravenous administration of large doses of amphotericin B promptly caused significant increases in serum potassium and decreases in serum sodium concentrations. In dogs which died, elec-trocardiographic tracings demonstrated a characteristic sequence of changes leading to ventricular fibrillation. It was concluded that amphotericin B causes damage to cellular membranes with resultant shift of intracellu-lar potassium into the plasma. Hydrocorti-sone mitigated the cardiac toxicity, but did not alter the hyperkalemic effect.Dogs which received smaller doses of drug for longer periods of time showed no changes in serum sodium, potassium or calcium concentration, As azotemia developed, however, serum magnesium concentrations increased significantly.In patients, amphotericin B was given during infusions of 2 hours' duration to patients who previously had received drug for several months. In most cases the serum concentration and renal clearance of electrolytes were similar to control in...
High Speed Rail for America’s Regional Transportation: A Study of Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor

After 60 years and more than $1.9 trillion of investments, the United States has developed one of the world’s most advanced highway and aviation systems. However, these transportation systems are now at a gridlock. To reduce the congestion and increase efficiency of America’s regional transportation, rail transit should be considered as a promising, long-term solution. The recent stimulus package provides planners an opportunity to reconsider the potentials of regional passenger rail network, especially the high speed rail system. After examining the development history and current condition of America’s passenger rail network, the paper focuses on Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor (NEC) and proposes three different improvement plans that can increase travel speeds and attract more ridership: (1) return the corridor to a state of good repair; (2) construct a new dedicated High-Speed Rail track; and (3) develop a multimodal-shared and connected corridor. Each plan has its advantages and drawbacks, and measuring the extent of each plan’s benefits and costs is known to be challenging. To evaluate these plans, the paper utilizes a non-traditional cost-benefit analysis method which considers changes in ridership, life-cycle costs as well as each plan’s economic and environmental impacts (negative or positive). It is found that returning the existing corridor to a state of good repair is the most efficient improvement plan in near term.© 2010 ASME
Interactions of Hydrogen, CO, Oxygen, and Water with Molybdenum-Modified Pt(111)

Modification of Pt group catalysts by molybdenum is known to improve catalyst performance in a number of important chemical reactions. To investigate fundamental mechanisms responsible for the promoting effect of Mo, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) experiments were performed to examine the adsorption of O2, D2, CO, and water on Pt(111) modified with submonolayer quantities of molybdenum. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to detect and quantify the Mo coverage and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to identify Mo species present following various surface treatments. The state of Mo on the surface was found to vary depending on prior surface treatment. Treatment with oxygen resulted in a surface molybdenum oxide, whereas treatment with hydrogen resulted in a reduced bimetallic surface. XPS results indicate that high pressures of oxygen create a higher valent oxide tha...
Asymmetric hearing loss is common and benign in patients aged 95 years and older.

Objectives/Hypothesis The objective of our study was to investigate age-specific auditory function in the patient population aged 95 years and older. Study Design Retrospective chart review at a tertiary medical center. Methods Medical records of 51 patients older than 95 years (82% female, 18% male) who underwent audiologic testing were reviewed. The following information was collected: age at time of most recent audiogram and prior audiograms; results of pure tone, immittance, and speech audiometry; and findings on radiologic imaging. Results None of the subjects had hearing in the normal range. For the poorer hearing ear, average low-frequency, high-frequency, and overall pure tone averages (PTA) for the population were 67.9, 82.1, and 74.9 dB hearing level, respectively. Mean word recognition score (WRS) was 57.6% and deteriorated with increasing PTA (P = .0002). Asymmetry, defined by a 10-dB difference at two frequencies, was present in 39.2% of the sample, and WRS asymmetry, defined as a difference of 12% in WRS between ears, was present in 33.0% of the sample. Retrocochlear evaluation did not identify pathology in any of the cases tested. In the poorer hearing ear, average decline in PTA per year was 2.9 dB. Conclusions In individuals >95 years of age, hearing loss was universal, moderately severe to profound in magnitude, and associated with substantial loss of speech recognition. Hearing loss progresses at a rate greater than for younger cohorts. In this “oldest old” population, asymmetry of loss and WRS was common and is not indicative of retrocochlear pathology. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2016
Cost-benefit analysis of hepatitis B vaccine inoculation in infants in Hainan

Aim To analyze the cost-benefit of hepatitis B vaccine inoculation in infants in Hainan.Methods The data of hepatitis B vaccine immunization project in infants under age of 5 years carried out in Hainan from 2004~2009 were collected and the cost-benefit of vaccination was calculated and the incidence of chronic hepatitis B,cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma were also surveyed.Results It was estimated there 94 090 HBsAg positives,9 409 chronic hepatitis B cases,941 cirrhosis cases and 94 hepatic carcinoma cases were reduced.The total cost of hepatitis B vaccine for infants was RMB15.9 million yuan and the total benefit was RMB8.118 billion yuan with a cost/benefit ratio of 1:511 yuan and a 127 945 DALY was reduced.Conclusion HBV vaccination program is a public benefit undertaking with low cost but high effectiveness,it not only can reduce incidence of hepatitis B virus infection,cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma,but also protect the health of the residents.
Management of primary germ cell tumors of the mediastinum

Twenty-eight patients with primary malignant germ cell tumors (GCT) of the mediastinum were treated at the University of California at Los Angeles and The John Hopkins Hospital in the past 30 years. Of 11 patients with pure seminomas, nine (82%) are free of disease from 6 months to 15 years following therapy. The primary treatment modality in these patients was mediastinal radiation; one patient with metastatic disease had a complete remission and prolonged survival following combination chemotherapy. Seventeen patients had GCT with nonseminomatous elements. Only three (18%) are alive and free of disease. One patient treated only surgically is alive at 15 years and two patients treated with combination chemotherapy and operation are alive and free of disease at 6 months and 3 years. When analyzed by a Kaplan-Meier actuarial survival estimate, patients with nonseminomatous GCT who were treated with cisplatin-bleomycin–based chemotherapy had a median survival of 14.0 months whereas those treated with chemotherapy regimens not employing these agents had a median survival of 4.0 months (generalized Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0495). Patients with pure seminomas are effectively treated with radiation therapy. Patients with nonseminomatous tumors have a much poorer prognosis and deserve aggressive multimodality therapy with cisplatin-bleomycin–based chemotherapy.
University use of social media and the crisis lifecycle

This experiment examines the crisis lifecycle holistically within the university setting. In times of crisis, an organization's primary stakeholders transform into first information responders (FIRs). As FIRs, these pivotal stakeholders play a crucial role in disseminating news of the crisis to members of their interpersonal networks. Due to their pre-established relationship with the organization in crisis, first information responders' family members and friends are likely to view these messages as credible. Thusly, we examine how organization-initiated crisis communication messages influence FIRs' subsequent choices in channel selection and message content. Channel specification theory is forwarded to extend uses and gratifications theory in explaining first information responders' cognitive processes in selecting communication vehicles for others. Findings suggest that FIRs communicate accurately, initially prefer to use personal channels (i.e., phone calls and text messages) to communicate news of the crisis, and are willing participants in the information sharing process. Theoretical and pragmatic advances for researchers and practitioners charged with communicating during crises are also discussed. Organizational stakeholders increase collective information dissemination.Stakeholders communicate organizational crisis information accurately.Stakeholders initially use personal channels to disseminate information.Stakeholders are willing participants in the crisis information sharing process.
Production of monoclonal antibodies by genetic immunization

Genetic immunization is a simple method for producing polyclonal antibodies in mice. To test if this approach could be used for monoclonal antibody production, biolistic transfection was used to immunize a mouse. High levels of polyclonal antibodies against human growth hormone (hGH) were elicited following three inoculations with the gene for hGH. When hybridoma cells were created from the mouse's splenocytes, approximately 17% secreted antibodies vs. hGH. Of these, some recognized only native or denatured hGH, while most recognized both forms of the protein. These findings demonstrate the utility of genetic immunization as a method to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Anamorphic time stretch transform and its application to analog bandwidth compression

A method for compressing the time-bandwidth of analog signals is introduced and demonstrated. As one of its applications, this mathematical transformation performs feature-selective time-stretch. When used as an analog pre-processor before the digitizer, it enables capture of random signals that would otherwise be beyond digitizer's bandwidth. At the same time, it compresses the digital data volume. Our method is lossless and does not require prior knowledge of the signal. It is inspired by operation of Fovea centralis in human eye and by anamorphic transformation in visual arts. Implemented in the digital domain, the proposed transform also performs data and image compression.
Multi-bit adder design using ME-MTJ technology

The inherent advantages of ME-MTJ devices are extremely low power consumption and the device level memory capability. We demonstrate the complex circuit design required for Magneto-Electric Magnetic Tunnel Junction (ME-MTJ) based logic. The clocking required is readily achievable, permitting large-scale designs to be considered. Compact models for the ME-MTJ based devices have been previously proposed. Using the models and circuits, we present simulation results of a 5-bit adder along with a complex clocking scheme.
Efficient Hybrid Algorithms for Characterizing 3-D Doubly Periodic Structures, Finite Periodic Microstrip Patch Arrays, and Aperiodic Tilings

In this chapter, several efficient hybrid algorithms are proposed for fast characterization of periodic structures composed of bianisotropic media, large-scale finite periodic microstrip patch arrays, and aperiodic tiling structures. The first is a hybrid periodic finite-element/boundary-integral (FEBI) method developed for fast modeling of 3-D doubly-periodic structures with non-orthogonal lattices composed of bianisotropic media with arbitrarily-shaped metallic patches. The generalized FEBI formulations are accelerated through use of the adaptive integral method (AIM) and model-based parameter estimation (MBPE) techniques. The second algorithm extends the accurate sub-entire domain (SED) basis function method and is combined with the mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) for efficient analysis of large-scale finite periodic arrays of microstrip patches with non-orthogonal lattices. The third algorithm is the proposed two-level characteristic basis function method (CBFM) combined with the AIM for efficiently modeling electromagnetic (EM) scattering from large-scale aperiodic structures (e.g. aperiodic Penrose and Danzer tilings). The efficiency and accuracy of each of the hybrid methods proposed above is demonstrated by numerical tests that include the EM scattering from periodic or aperiodic structures, where appropriate for each code. The developed two-level “CBFM+AIM” hybrid algorithm is employed to investigate EM scattering properties from large-scale aperiodic tilings. The numerical results show that Penrose/Danzer tilings exhibit significantly improved grating lobe suppression as compared to their periodic counterparts.
Controlled doping of transition metal dichalcogenides by metal work function tuning in phthalocyanine compounds

We explored surface charge transfer interaction between a family of phthalocyanine (Pc) compounds and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Comparing the device characteristics of TMD field-effect transistors (FETs), we demonstrate both p-type and n-type doping of TMDs by tuning the work function of the metal substitution in the Pc compound. Our findings suggest a near linear correlation between the metal work function and doping level. Such doping predictability has yet to be achieved whereas we provide here the first report of its kind.
Acculturation and Unmet Health Needs Among Refugees in Omaha, Nebraska

This study assessed the association between acculturation and unmet health needs among refugees. Based on data from the Refugee Health Needs Assessment Survey (n = 291) recently conducted in Omaha, Nebraska, Chi square tests and multivariate logistic regressions were estimated to examine how acculturation among refugees was related to their unmet health needs. Relative to refugees who had been in the U.S. for less than 3 years, refugees who had been in the U.S. for 3–5 years were more likely to report lack of health insurance coverage (AOR 2.87, 95% CI 1.19, 6.92) and delaying to see a health care provider due to cost during the 12 months prior to the survey (AOR 4.01, 95% CI 1.18, 13.67). Acculturation among refugees did not necessarily alleviate their unmet health needs. Addressing these needs calls for sustainable medical assistance to refugees that well go beyond the 8-month health insurance coverage currently provided to newly arrived refugees.
The Value of Style in Fiction

This is the first book to demonstrate the value of prose analysis - both appreciative and interpretive in its 'evaluations' - across dozens of authors, including Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, Don DeLillo, and Toni Morrison. The Value of Style in Fiction is designed not just for students and scholars of the English novel - and its verbal 'microplots' - but also for anyone interested in mastering the art of the sentence by 'writing along with' its finest examplars in a fully descriptive account: a stylistic challenge in its own right exemplified by Stewart's multifaceted critical modelling. Beginning with a state-of-the-field survey of prose poetics, this manual of invested reading concludes with an 'Inventory' of terms (bolded throughout) drawn primarily from grammar, rhetoric, etymology, and phonetics, but also narratology and poetic theory: a glossary whose consultation can help cross-map certain verbal tendencies in literary-historical evolution and its separate landmark writers.
A topic analysis of the R programming language

We leverage Latent Dirichlet Allocation to analyze R source code from 10,051 R packages in order to better understand the topic space of scientific computing. Our method is able to identify several generic programming concepts and, more importantly, identify concepts that are highly specific to scientific and high performance computing applications.
Dual use of alcohol and marijuana and condomless sex in young adult men and women: A within‐subject day‐level analysis

Background and objectives Unprotected sex has been linked independently to alcohol and marijuana use, but few studies have examined associations with dual use or gender differences in these associations. Methods This study examined day-level associations between unprotected sex, defined as condomless vaginal sex with an opposite-sex partner, and use of alcohol, marijuana, neither, or both substances among 290 young adults (18-25 years, 52.3% female) who reported either alcohol or marijuana use. Participants reported demographics, alcohol use, marijuana use, and at least one episode of condomless sex as defined above in the past 90 days (Timeline Follow-Back). The likelihood of condomless sex was examined for days when alcohol, marijuana, neither, or both were used. Gender differences were also explored. Results For females, compared to days with no substance use, the estimated risk of condomless sex increased by a factor of 2.12 on alcohol use days, 1.89 on marijuana use days, and 3.39 on dual use days. Among males, the odds of condomless sex increased only slightly on alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03) or marijuana use (OR = 1.08) days, but increased by a factor of 1.71 on dual use days. Discussion and conclusions Young persons who use alcohol and/or marijuana experience heightened likelihood of condomless sex. This increased likelihood is greater for women than for men on days with alcohol or marijuana use, each alone but especially when combined. Scientific significance Young women may be especially susceptible to the influence of alcohol and/or marijuana use on sexual behavior. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-6).
IBM Database 2

Database 2 (DB2) is IBM's relational database management system for the MVS/XA and MVS/370 environments. This paper presents the major features of DB2, its use of the SQL language, its architecture and the relationship of DB2 to the surrounding software and hardware. DB2 is designed for use as an operational database, supported by CICS/OS/VS, IMS/VS and TSO. Application development tools are provided for the DP professional, as well as a range of end-user products to meet the requirements of different groups of business professionals. DB2 is a significant milestone in the evolution of relational database management systems, and is well-placed to meet the data and application challenges of today and the future
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Structure and Function

The best characterized subtype from the branch of the neuronal nicotinic receptor (nAChR) gene family which does not bind α-bungarotoxin has the subunit stoichiometry (α4)2(β2)3 and accounts for >90% of the high affinity nicotine binding in mammalian brains. Chronic treatment of cells transfected with α4β2 AChRs causes an increase in the amount of AChR with pharmacological characteristics and a time course that parallel the nicotine-induced increase in brain α4β2 AChRs. This is the result of a decrease in turnover of surface AChRs. Many of these surface AChRs are permanently functionally inactive. The predominant subtype of the branch of the neuronal AChR gene family which binds α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) contains α7 subunits. α7 AChRs predominate in brain, while α8 AChRs predominate in retina, and α7α8 AChRs are a minor component in both tissues. α7 and α8 homomers have similar channel properties, but α8 homomers and native α8 AChRs have lower affinity for α-BTX and higher affinity for small cholinergic ligands than do α7 homomers and α7 AChRs. The high Ca++ permeability and rapid desensitization of α7 and α8 AChRs may enable them to participate in unusual synaptic mechanisms.
Holography of Tissues

Living biological tissue is an unlikely candidate as a target for holographic imaging. It is strongly aberating, strongly scattering, strongly heterogeneous, nonstationary, anisotropic, and volumetric in extent. Coherent light propagating through it becomes spatially diverse (many scattered wave vectors) and temporally diverse (many scattered frequencies and phases). Holographic imaging, which requires a steady relative phase condition between a signal and a reference wave, is difficult under these conditions. Nonetheless, holographic techniques are increasingly being applied to probe the physical and chemical properties of living tissue.
Minimum-Latency Scheduling

Consider a multihop wireless network in which all network nodes V lie in plane and have a unit communication radius. Its communication topology G is the unit disk graph (UDG) of V. Under the protocol interference model, every node has a communication radius normalized to one, and an interference radius ρ for some parameter ρ ≥ 1 (see Fig. 11.1). A node v can receive the message successfully from a transmitting node u if v is within the transmission range of u but is outside the interference range of any other node transmitting simultaneously.
Effects of Training on CCTY Reading Rates of Visually Impaired Students

This study investigated the effects of a closed circuit television (CCTV) system on the reading rates of six visually impaired, college-bound students. Two conditions were imposed: (1) the students...
Oncotype DX testing in early-stage node-positive breast cancer and impact on chemotherapy use at a comprehensive cancer center.

549Background: The 21-gene Oncotype DX Recurrence Score (RS) is widely used to guide adjuvant chemotherapy decisions in hormone receptor positive (HR+), HER2-negtive (HER2-), lymph node negative (L...
Review of Joan McGregor: Is It Rape? On Acquaintance Rape and Taking Women's Consent Seriously

The article is a review of Joan McGregor's book on rape, Is It Rape? On Acquaintance Rape and Taking Women's Consent Seriously. Topics addressed include: the legal definition of "rape"; rape understood as use of force to obtain sexual acts or understood as sex acts that lack consent; variability in legal definitions of rape according to jurisdiction (in the United States).
Open hemiarch versus clamped ascending aorta replacement for aortopathy during initial bicuspid aortic valve replacement.

Abstract Background There is controversy regarding the extent of aortic resection necessary in patients with aortopathy related to bicuspid aortic valve disease. To address this issue, we reviewed our experience in patients undergoing ascending aorta replacement during bicuspid aortic valve replacement. Methods We reviewed 702 patients who underwent ascending aorta replacement at the time of initial nonemergent native bicuspid aortic valve replacement at our institution between January 2000 and June 2017. Treatment cohorts included an open hemiarch replacement group (n = 225; 32%) and a clamped ascending aorta replacement group (n = 477; 68%). Results Median patient age was 60 years (interquartile range [IQR], 51-67 years), female sex was present in 113 patients (16%), ejection fraction was 62% (IQR, 56%-66%), and aortic arch diameter was 33 mm (IQR, 29-36 mm). Cardiopulmonary bypass time was longer in the hemiarch replacement group (188 minutes vs 97 minutes; P Conclusions Compared with patients in the clamped ascending aorta replacement group, patients in the hemi-arch replacement group had longer cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times, along with an increased risk of blood transfusion, but similar freedom from repeat aortic arch operation and survival. We identified no advantage of performing hemiarch replacement in the absence of aortic arch dilation.