cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Most Important Article of All Time

The law review business in the U.S. began modestly. The first American law journal - the American Law Journal & Miscellaneous Repertory - published its first issue in Philadelphia in 1808. In its preface, editor John E. Hall confessed that, "the feeble exertions of a youthful individual, unaided by the impressive sanction of experience, can effect but little without the cordial cooperation of those from whom he has some right to claim assistance." In modern times, editors of new law journals have generally continued the tradition of introducing themselves with protestations of their limited powers and aspirations. But modesty and Madison Avenue don't mix, and notwithstanding their self-deprecation, those who run law journals want people to buy and read their work product. Which means marketing. Which means boasting. Which is not necessarily a bad thing. However, the mingling of claims to serious legal scholarship with the hooting and chest-thumping necessary to grab some attention in a crowded marketplace can result in amusingly overdone puffery. Thus, even in the old days, when law journal editors shifted temporarily from the editorial pages to the advertising section, they could make the marketing mavens at Coca-Cola and R.J. Reynolds look like pikers. Entertaining examples abound. Surely there must be among American law journals some exceptions to the pattern sketched here of editorial modesty juxtaposed with marketing hyperbole. But wherever such exceptions are, should we welcome them? Aren't we better off with a scholarly publishing environment in which exaggeration and pomposity are common in the one forum, but not the other?
Decay Heat Removal in the Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor with the MDSNP Code

The Modified Dynamic Simulator for Nuclear Power Plants (MDSNP) code is applied to predict the one-dimensional thermal-hydraulic response of the shutdown heat removal system (SHRS) in the Sodium Ad...
Epibenthic community assessments indicate high spatial and temporal variability among continental shelf hard bottom sites in a marine transition zone

We studied 19 hard bottom sites within Onslow Bay, North Carolina during 2007–2010 using photoquadrat analyses to investigate the role of temperature, depth, and fish community variables in the structure of the epibenthic (macroalgae and sessile invertebrates) community. Although significant variation in community structure was found both by site and year, depth was the most important factor in structuring these epibenthic communities with significant differences found among five depth categories: 18–20 m; 24–29.2 m; 31 m; 32.5–37 m; 38.5–42 m. The largest community difference was found between depths ⩽31 m and ⩾32.5 m, resulting in a shift from macroalgae dominance at the shallower sites to shared macroalgae and sessile invertebrate dominance at deeper sites. Depth is a complicated variable as it relates to structuring the epibenthic community in this region because it reflects varying winter bottom water temperatures, light levels, and periodicity of nutrient influxes. The location of North Carolina marine habitats at the transition from cold-temperate to warm-temperate/tropical zones, and the spatial compression of this transition zone along inshore to offshore transects make this an ideal area for tracking climate change related shifts in marine communities. However, a better understanding of the relationship among variables such as depth, light, temperature and nutrients and the epibenthic community, as well as seasonal and short annual community variation, is needed before climate related shifts can be determined.
New developments in the visual cycle: functional role of 11-cis retinyl esters in the retinal pigment epithelium.

Although both 11-cis and all-tmns retinyl esters exist in the retinal pigment epithelium, the relative importance of each in the visual cycle has been unclear. Recent data indicate that there are 2 biochemical pathways leading to the formation of 11-cis retinoids from the retinal pigment epithelium pool of retinyl esters. One well-established pathway is located in the endoplasmic reticulum where all-trans retinyl esters are hydrolyzed, isomerized, and then oxidized to form 11-cis retinal (endoplasmic reticulum pathway). A more recently identified pathway resides within the plasma membrane where 11-cis retinyl esters are hydrolyzed directly to 11-cis retinol (plasma membrane pathway). Either or both pathways may provide 11-cis retinoids for regeneration of rod and cone visual pigments. Recent reports have suggested that the regeneration of rod and cone pigments are carried out by different mechanisms, and that 11-cis retinyl esters (plasma membrane pathway) in the retinal pigment epithelium may be specific to cone pigment regeneration. In this paper we review both visual pathways and consider data in support of the hypothesis that 1 of these 2 pathways' (the plasma membrane pathway) functions to provide visual pigment chromophores selectively for cone photoreceptors.
Stimulant Treatment of Young People in the United States.

Abstract Objective: To describe national stimulant treatment patterns among young people focusing on patient age and prescribing specialty. Methods: Stimulant prescriptions to patients aged 3–24 were analyzed from the 2008 IMS LifeLink LRx Longitudinal Prescription database (n = 3,147,352), which includes 60% of all U.S. retail pharmacies. A subset of young people from 2009 with service claims (n = 197,654) were also analyzed. Denominators were adjusted to generalize estimates to the U.S. population. Population percentages filling ≥1 stimulant prescription during the study year by sex and age group (younger children, 3–5 years; older children, 6–12 years; adolescents, 13–18 years; and young adults, 19–24 years) were determined. Percentages prescribed stimulants by psychiatrists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, pediatricians, and other physicians were also determined along with percentages that were treated for a long or short duration; coprescribed other psychotropic medications; used psychosocial ser...
Abstract W P291: Long-term Stroke Awareness Among Stroke Survivors is Suboptimal

Background/Objective: Stroke survivors are at high-risk for recurrent stroke. Stroke education attempts to reduce this risk by emphasizing stroke warning signs and need to call 911. Long-term stroke awareness has been under-studied in stroke survivors. We aimed to assess stroke awareness at 1 year among stroke survivors and identify factors associated with poor performance. Methods: From a single center prospective cohort study of consecutive patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic stroke (TIA), we identified stroke survivors able to complete telephone interviews at 1 year. All patients were provided standardized educational materials during index hospitalization. We used the validated Stroke Action Test (STAT) to assess stroke knowledge at 1 year. The STAT is a 28-item questionnaire that asks respondents to choose 1 of 4 answers to each scenario (call 911, call doctor, wait 1 hour, or wait 1 day). We also assessed cognitive status at 1 year using the validated telephone interview for Cognitive Status (TICS). We identified factors associated with STAT score (number of correct responses) using univariate and multivariate regression. Results: Among 254 patients who completed 1 year follow-up (65.8 years; 55.5% male; 68.5% white; 94.1% modified Rankin 0-1 at 1 year), the median STAT score was 57.1% (range 2.1-75.0%). In multivariate regression, TICS score (B=0.533; p Conclusion: Despite hospitalization and standardized education at time of index event, most stroke survivors are unaware of stroke warning signs at 1 year. Besides cognitive status and Hispanic ethnicity, no other factors were identified that predicted STAT score performance. Future studies should focus on improving hospital-based stroke educational programs and consider novel strategies in patients with cognitive impairment and differing language/cultural backgrounds.
Chicana/o Struggles for Education: Activism in the Community

In Chicana/o Struggles for Education: Activism in the Community, Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr., further advances the educational historiography of Chicanas/os by historicizing two reform strategies: ad...
4667 Sf-12 analysis of patients with suspected sod dysfunction.

Background: Patients with functional GI disorders such as IBS and NUD typically have significantly lower SF-12 scores hwen compared to the normal population. There have not been previous reports on the use of this tool in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), another functional GI disorder. Aim: To assess the utility of the SF-12 health assessment survey in patients with suspected SOD undergoing ERCP and manometry. Methods: 40 patients (33 females, median age 41 years) completed the SF-12 prior to ERCP/manometry over a 2 year period at our institution. Endoscopists were blinded to patients' responses. Manometry was performed using a standard water-perfused catheter with at least 2 pull-through recordings. Baseline sphincter pressure >40mmHg was defined as abnormal. The SF- 12 consists of a physical summary component (PCS) and a mental summary component (MCS). Both have a norm of 50 in the general population. Results: Approximately one-half of all patients tested had positive manometry at ERCP. The physical component summary (PCS) score for both females and males with suspected SOD was significantly less than the healthy population norm of 50 regardless of manometry status (mean±SEM F:36.75±1.7, p
beta-Adrenergic suppression of progesterone-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats.

AbstractThis study reveals that in OVX, estrogen-primed animals isoproterenol can interrupt a progesterone-induced LH surge already in progress and lower blood LH to control levels. The results support the notion that the noradrenergic influence may contain both α-adrenoceptor (stimulatory) and β-adrenoceptor (inhibitory) components and that an LH surge is triggered only when the balance is tipped in favor of the α-adrenoceptor component, presumably by the modulatory action of ovarian steroids.
Comparison of Excel Stents and Cypher Stents for Treating the Patients With Diffuse Coronary Lesions

Objective: To compare the safety, efficacy of Excel stents and Cypher stents in treating the patients with diffuse coronary lesions.Methods: We retrospectively studied 631 patients with diffuse coronary lesions who were treated in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2011by implanting Excel stents(length=36mm) as Excel group, n=316, and Cypher stents(length=33mm) as Cypher group, n=315. We compared the clinical and procedural characteristics and the major adverse cardiac events(MACE) including death, myocardial infarction(MI) and target lesion revascularization(TLR) between 2 groups. Results: For lesion characteristics, compared with Cypher group, the Excel group had obviously increased right coronary lesion, P0.001, severe tortuous lesion in proximal vessels, P0.05, angular lesion45 degree, P0.01 and significantly decreased left anterior descending lesion, P0.001, bifurcation lesion, P0.05. For procedural characteristics, the Excel group had longer total stent's length and more number of stents, P0.001. There were no real differences for procedural success rate, vascular complication rate, and no real differences of MACE between 2 groups, P0.05 respectively. Conclusion: Our work indicated that both Excel stents(length=36mm) and Cypher stents(length=33mm) had similar effect for diffuse long coronary lesions in clinical practice, while Excel stent implantation were more used for severe tortuous lesion and angular lesion 45 degree.
Wound emergency treatment and nursing experience of rabies vaccination for children after dog bite

Objective To explore the wound condition,emergency treatment measures and nursing experience of rabies vaccination for children after a dog bite. Methods The wound treatment methods and rabies vaccination situation of 400 children in our center from July 1,2012 to August 3,2012 were analyzed retrospectively.The emergency treatment and nursing experience of rabies vaccination of our center were analyzed. Results One to three years of follow-up showed that none of the 400 children bitten by dog who were admitted to our center from July 1,2012 to August 3,2012 had a rabies attack after the standardized wound treatment and vaccination of our center. Conclusion Standardized wound treatment and rabies vaccination for children bitten by dog is one of the important measures to prevent the occurrence of rabies.The standardized treatment of our center does a good job in preventing the population prevalence of rabies.
Monitoring and analysis of rats and rodent-borne diseases in Three Gorges reservoir in Wanzhou from 1997 to 2009

Objective To analyse the activities of rats and rodent-borne diseases according to monitor results of rats and rodent-borne diseases in Three Gorges reservoir in Wanzhou.Methods Using the method of trap,collecting the rat transmissible diseases cases through the national disease monitoring information reporting system,and analysing the date.Results Two case leptospirosis were reported in 2006,and the plague,epidemic hemorrhagic fever cases were not found from 1997 to 2009.The rats density of farming area was higher than residential areas,the indoor rats density of the water after was higher than before the water rat.The epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus edetection rate of rats was 9.07%.Conclusion The leptospirosis is associated with the local density of rodents.It is necessary to strengthen rats monitoring and preventing the rodent-borne diseases so that to protect the physical health of the local population.
The impact of different product messages on wine tourists' willingness to pay: A non-hypothetical experiment

Abstract The purpose of this research was to learn how commonly used promotional messages impact tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) for wines in an emerging wine region. This research differs from many WTP studies by using a non-hypothetical experiment design, the Becker, DeGroot, Marschak (BDM) experimental auction method. Results show that wine tourists' WTP is different depending on the promotional message shared. Messages with sensory information about the wines had no impact on WTP, whereas messages about awards won in wine competitions generated the highest levels of WTP. Messages that emphasized "local" production of the wines generated modest increases in WTP. Findings suggest that in emerging wine regions, quality perception is important. The BDM auction method was an effective way of simulating the tasting room point of purchase context, which is important in emerging wine regions where most of the wine is sold directly to tourists from the winery tasting room.
Thinking permeable matter through feminist geophilosophy: Environmental knowledge controversy and the materiality of hydrogeologic processes:

In this paper, I argue that encounters with hydrogeologic processes encourage feminists to rethink the permeable surfaces between human bodies, ecological systems, and political events. Contemporar...
Four-wave mixing in the range of 9–11 μm in argon and air pumped by high-power CO 2 laser pulses

We report on four-wave mixing of a 0.5 GW, CO 2 laser beat-wave (10.27+10.59 μm) in air and argon. Sidebands from 9.7–11.3 μm were observed using 1 GW/cm2 laser intensities in a gas-filled cell.
THE MANAGEMENT OF PENETRATING TRAUMA TO THE HAND

Penetrating gunshot wounds to the hand are becoming more common with the increase of gang violence and the availability of firearms. Hand surgeons treating victims of gunshot wounds must be familiar with the peculiarities of the penetrating missile, the special structural considerations of the hand, and the unique demands and rehabilitation needs of this difficult patient population. This article discusses penetrating trauma to the hand and includes a review of ballistics.
Attractor-Based Obstructions to Growth in Homogeneous Cyclic Boolean Automata.

We consider a synchronous Boolean organism consisting of N cells arranged in a circle, where each cell initially takes on an independently chosen Boolean value. During the lifetime of the organism, each cell updates its own value by responding to the presence (or absence) of diversity amongst its two neighbours’ values. We show that if all cells eventually take a value of 0 (irrespective of their initial values) then the organism necessarily has a cell count that is a power of 2. In addition, the converse is also proved: if the number of cells in the organism is a proper power of 2, then no matter what the initial values of the cells are, eventually all cells take on a value of 0 and then cease to change further. We argue that such an absence of structure in the dynamical properties of the organism implies a lack of adaptiveness, and so is evolutionarily disadvantageous. It follows that as the organism doubles in size (say from m to 2m) it will necessarily encounter an intermediate size that is a proper power of 2, and suffers from low adaptiveness. Finally we show, through computational experiments, that one way an organism can grow to more than twice its size and still avoid passing through intermediate sizes that lack structural dynamics, is for the organism to depart from assumptions of homogeneity at the cellular level.
Cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) measurement correlation in human brain tumors using an oxygen-sensitive MRI sequence and 15O PET

524 Objectives To quantify and compare Oxygen Extraction Fraction (OEF) measurement in the normal brain and brain tumors using 15O positron emission tomography (PET) and oxygen sensitive magnetic resonance (MR)1,2 imaging. Methods 30 participants (20 with brain tumors) were recruited. MRI scans included standard clinical sequences (T1, FLAIR, T2*, SWI, etc.) and OEF-MR2, a two-dimensional multi-echo gradient spin echo sequence. Concurrent with the MR acquisition, subjects with brain tumors underwent PET scanning, which included 2 sets of 3 scans with serial inhalations of air with radiolabeled carbon monoxide (C15O) and radiolabeled oxygen (15O2), followed by an injection of radiolabeled water (H215O). MR and PET data were post-processed off line and co-registered to the anatomic T1 post-contrast images. Regions of interest (ROI) were defined based upon contrast-enhancing tumor areas, peritumoral (edema), contra-lateral normal white matter (NWM), and normal gray matter (NGM). Ratios of OEF (rOEF) of the lesions to NGM were obtained. Results There is a high correlation between two rOEF-PET measurements for tumor (R=0.82; slope=1.01), edema (R=0.88; slope=0.99), and NWM (R=0.87; slope=0.99). When lesions with SWI abnormalities (blood cloth, hemorrhage, calcification) are excluded, rOEF-MR and rOEF-PET correlate well for tumor (R=0.68; slope=1.14) and overall ROIs (R=0.85; slope =0.96). Conclusions Both MR and 15O PET can measure OEF in brain tumors and in peritumoral areas. BOLD MR fails in regions with signal loss on SWI or T2*. Both techniques have tremendous potential in offering new insights into the underlying physiology of brain tumors and their response to therapy. Research Support NIH UL1 RR024992; ISMRM 2012 Seed grant; ICTS-WUSTL; American Cancer Society (ACS); Siteman Cancer Center (58-010-52 IRG).
Holographic Temporal Focusing for 3D Photo-activation With Single Neuron Resolution

We propose a new technique for two-photon optogenetic photostimulation that combines 3D holography and temporal focusing to enable single neuron spatial resolution throughout a large volume. Experiments are done in mouse brain tissue.
Alginate-based microcapsules generated with the coaxial electrospray method for clinical application

AbstractAlginate-based microencapsulation of cells has made a significant impact on the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering mainly because of its ability to provide immunoisolation for the encapsulated material. This characteristic has allowed for the successful transplantation of non-autologous cells in several clinical trials for life threatening conditions, such as diabetes, myocardial infarction, and neurodegenerative disorders. Methods for alginate hydrogel microencapsulation have been well developed for various types of cells and can generate microcapsules of different diameters, degradation time, and composition. It appears the most prominent and successful method in clinical applications is the coaxial electrospray method, which can be used to generate both homogenous and non-homogeneous microcapsules with uniform size on the order of 100 μm. The present review aims to discuss why alginate hydrogel is an ideal biomaterial for the encapsulation of cells, how alginate-based microc...
Dimensionality matters: Electronic transport in 2D layered materials

It seems to be unavoidable that the first question that anyone asks when a new material is introduced fo electronic device applications is: “What mobility does this material have?” In fact, this question can be rather misleading, like in the context of graphene, where the absence of a bandgap immediately prohibits its use for transistor applications despite its outstanding mobility values. In addition, quoting mobilities without specifying the actual body thickness of the material under investigation can also easily result in a misinterpretation. It has long been known for example that the mobility of silicon rapidly degrades once its thickness reaches about 10nm For sub-1nm body thicknesses any three-dimensional 3D crystal becomes simply non-conducting. With this in mind, recently reported transport data on two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting materials as transition meta dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorus (BP) with body thicknesses t body in the nm-range become quit impressive, even if their mobilities cannot rival graphene.
Protection Levels after Fault Exclusion for Advanced RAIM

We present a fault exclusion algorithm and a formula for the position error bounds after an exclusion event for Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring. This algorithm has both a low computational load and an analytical proof of integrity. To mitigate the loss of performance associated with false exclusion, the method both exploits the ambiguity as to which measurement must be excluded and a pre-allocation of the integrity budget to the exclusion outcomes. The algorithm is evaluated for a GPS-Galileo Advanced RAIM scenario. We show that with this algorithm, the addition of the exclusion option does not impact the protection levels compared to detection only and that when the faults are large enough, the effect on the user is equivalent to the effect of an outage.
Human-in-the-Loop Data Analysis: A Personal Perspective

In the past few years human-in-the-loop data analysis (HILDA) has received significant growing attention. Most HILDA works have focused on concrete problems. In this paper I take a step back and discuss several "big picture" questions regarding HILDA. First, I discuss problems that I believe should fall under the scope of the field, including some that have received little attention, such as fostering user communities that develop data repositories and tools. Next, I discuss important aspects in developing HILDA solutions that I believe should receive more attention. These include solving problems that real users care about, developing how-to guides to users, building end-to-end systems (such as extending the "Pandas system"), developing challenges and benchmarks, and developing a theory of human data interaction. Finally, I speculate about the future of the field, and discuss the dangers it can face, given that many other communities are also working on related problems. I argue that a focus on end-to-end problems and system building is important for us to thrive and make significant impacts.
ROLE OF CATECHOLAMINE AND VASOPRESSIN RELEASE IN THE TRH-INDUCED VASOPRESSOR RESPONSE

Centrally administered TRH and MK-771 (L-N-(2-oxopiperidin-6-yl carbonyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide) increased arterial blood pressure of anesthetized rabbits. The pressor effect of MK-771, but not that of TRH, clearly consisted of two components. The first, seen only with low doses of MK-771 (10-20 ng icv), appeared to require an intact sympathetic nervous system. The second, produced with 100-200 ng of MK-771 or 10-100 μg of TRH, was independent of catecholamine function. TRH produced an increase in vasopressin release, but a clear correlation between this and the pressor response was not evident.
Competence and Helping

Although the literature on helping has burgeoned in the past several years, it has primarily emphasized questions regarding motives or activating mechanisms (cf. Hornstein, 1978; Midlarsky & Suda, 1978; Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner, & Clark, 1981; Staub, 1978). Yet, like other interpersonal transactions, helping consists of three analytically distinct components: (1) a motive or goal, (2) the behavior, and (3) the consequence(s) (Barton, 1969; Ossorio, 1966). Hence, in addition to the need to investigate the motivational basis of helping acts, one must also bear in mind that altruistic or helpful behaviors may vary in nature, duration, and extensity, and that the consequences of altruistic behavior for both the recipient(s) and the actor may vary as well. In contrast to other efforts, it is proposed here that at a minimum, a model of helping should include all three of the components designated—the motivational antecedens, the behavioral component, and the consequences.
IMAGING | MRS in Epilepsy

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging affords investigators the ability to image – noninvasively – the distribution of a variety of brain metabolites, including N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine, choline, glutamate, gamma amino butyric acid, phosphocreatine, ATP, and inorganic phosphate. Spectroscopic imaging of NAA, creatine, choline, and glutamate has been useful in the identification of epileptogenic regions in both temporal lobe and neocortical epilepsy. For NAA, the reductions seen in epileptogenic regions are not solely due to neuronal loss, but appear to be correlated with neuronal dysfunction, which is reversible in response to therapy. Measurements of GABA have been used to determine the effects of different pharmaceuticals on brain GABA levels, including the dose–effect responses for vigabatrin. Measurements of ATP, phosphocreatine, and inorganic phosphate provide a measure of the in vivo bioenergetics of brain tissue. Measurements of these compounds have demonstrated energetic impairments in a variety of types of epilepsy which are also correlated with measures of neuronal injury.
Honey bee neurogenomic responses to affiliative and agonistic social interactions

Social interactions can be divided into two categories, affiliative and agonistic. How neurogenomic responses reflect these opposing valences is a central question in the biological embedding of experience. To address this question, we exposed honey bees to a queen larva, which evokes nursing, an affiliative alloparenting interaction, and measured the transcriptomic response of the mushroom body brain region at different times after exposure. Hundreds of genes were differentially expressed at distinct time points, revealing a dynamic temporal patterning of the response. Comparing these results to our previously published research on agonistic aggressive interactions, we found both shared and unique transcriptomic responses to each interaction. The commonly responding gene set was enriched for nuclear receptor signaling, the set specific to nursing was enriched for olfaction and neuron differentiation, and the set enriched for aggression was enriched for cytoskeleton, metabolism, and chromosome organization. Whole brain histone profiling after the affiliative interaction revealed few changes in chromatin accessibility, suggesting that the transcriptomic changes derive from already accessible areas of the genome. Although only one stimulus of each type was studied, we suggest that elements of the observed transcriptomic responses reflect molecular encoding of stimulus valence, thus priming individuals for future encounters. This hypothesis is supported by behavioral analyses showing that bees responding to either the affiliative or agonistic stimulus exhibited a higher probability of repeating the same behavior but a lower probability of performing the opposite behavior. These findings add to our understanding of the biological embedding at the molecular level.
Structural Materials: Metallurgy of Bridges

This chapter examines metallurgical developments related to bridge construction. Because of availability and cost, iron and steel have played the central role. We examine their roles and applications starting from ancient wrought iron chain bridges; cast iron and steel arch bridges; iron and steel truss bridges, wires, and cables; and finally to spectacular long-span suspension and dazzling cable-stayed bridges.
Metastatic breast cancer patients: Attitudes toward tissue donation for rapid autopsy.

e20502 Background: Rapid autopsy (RA) offers a unique opportunity to obtain a large amount of metastatic tissue and deepen understanding of cancer evolution and heterogeneity. Studies suggest that ...
What is the impact of additional tropical observations on a modern data assimilation system

AbstractGiven the network of satellite and aircraft observations around the globe, do additional in situ observations impact analyses within a global forecast system? Despite the dense observationa...
A Taxonomy of Errors: Adverse Events and Near Miss Analysis in Bariatric Surgery

Currently, there is a global emphasis on quality improvement in medicine based on medical error analysis. This has resulted in increased access to outcomes data collected through standardized reporting systems; however, there is a need for categorizing and discussing outcomes so that the data are used more effectively to build an error-tolerant system. An error taxonomy is a useful tool for any organization looking to classify this collated information in a meaningful way. Obesity surgery has long stood at the forefront of quality improvement and reporting, but similarly there is need for standardized methods of categorizing and therefore understanding error in the field. Herein, we present an overview of the literature analyzing the occurrence of medical error both from the perspective of the individual and the system. An example of a hierarchical method of error taxonomy is proposed that incorporates both personal and systematic approaches to error categorization. The continued importance of error reporting in enhancing our understanding of medical errors is demonstrated. Overall, establishing a robust taxonomy is critical for building a well-informed system that mitigates the potential for errors to produce harm. Incorporating this taxonomy into national regulations and institutional policies will continue to propel bariatric surgery as the leading safe, high-quality solution to obesity and its associated comorbidities.
Long-Term Comparison of Health Care Utilization and Reoperation Rates in Patients Undergoing Cervical Disc Arthroplasty and Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease.

Background Thus study was a retrospective cohort analysis. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been the gold-standard procedure for single-level degenerative disc disease (DDD). Recently, cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) has become increasingly prevalent as an alternative intervention. Objective To examine the long-term costs and reoperation rates associated with CDA and ACDF for the treatment of single-level DDD. Methods In the present study, we performed a retrospective cohort analysis using the MarketScan database of patients who underwent either ACDF or CDA between 2007 and 2011 and had 5 years postsurgery follow-up. Outcomes related to the health care utilization, cost, and reoperation were analyzed after propensity score matching (PSM). Results Of 12,434 patients, 12,099 underwent ACDF and 335 CDA. Length of hospital stay and initial hospitalization cost was higher after ACDF compared with CDA. More patients undergoing CDA had early physical therapy compared with patients undergoing ACDF (CDA 30.15% vs. ACDF 22.39%; P = 0.0176). Five years after surgery, there was no significant difference in overall payments between patients undergoing ACDF and patients undergoing CDA. Reoperation rates were comparable at 5 years after the index procedure (CDA 8.06% vs. ACDF 9.25%; P = 0.5862). Patients who underwent ACDF showed decreased use of tramadol after surgery (15.09% before surgery vs. 9.55% after surgery; P Conclusions We found no difference in health care utilization between ACDF and CDA procedures for DDD 5 years after surgery. Also, there was no difference in reoperation rates during the study period. ACDF resulted in significant reduction in overall opioid use after versus before procedure.
The Ins and Outs of Autophagic Ribosome Turnover

Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis in all organisms and their biogenesis and number are tightly controlled to maintain homeostasis in changing environmental conditions. While ribosome assembly and quality control mechanisms have been extensively studied, our understanding of ribosome degradation is limited. In yeast or animal cells, ribosomes are degraded after transfer into the vacuole or lysosome by ribophagy or nonselective autophagy, and ribosomal RNA can also be transferred directly across the lysosomal membrane by RNautophagy. In plants, ribosomal RNA is degraded by the vacuolar T2 ribonuclease RNS2 after transport by autophagy-related mechanisms, although it is unknown if a selective ribophagy pathway exists in plants. In this review, we describe mechanisms of turnover of ribosomal components in animals and yeast, and, then, discuss potential pathways for degradation of ribosomal RNA and protein within the vacuole in plants.
Pathoanatomy of Mitral Regurgitation.

The mitral valve is a dynamic, three-dimensional (3D) structure consisting of the mitral annulus, leaflets, tendinous chordae, and papillary muscles. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is defined as an abno...
Regularity and Inviscid Limits in Hydrodynamic Models

We discuss the vanishing viscosity limit and low regularity bounds, uniform in viscosity, for vorticity in Yudovich class in 2D. We also show that multiscale steady solutions of Navier–Stokes equations with power law energy spectrum, including K41, can be constructed in any domain in 3D
The application of modeling and simulation to public health: Assessing the quality of Agent-Based Models for obesity

Abstract Early modeling and simulation models used in obesity research tended to be highly detailed on weight dynamics within the body or provided a very simplified view of socio-environmental influences by portraying obesity as a contagious disease (e.g., where weight directly ‘spreads’ among peers). The 2010’s have witnessed the emergence of simulations for obesity as a new interdisciplinary field of research, leading to many articles in both health and simulation venues. Interdisciplinary teams have embarked on creating comprehensive models and, through the growing recognition of modeling as a powerful tool for public health, policymakers have been increasingly exposed to models that ought to support their decision-making processes. Several reviews have already documented how such models may be used in public health or how policymakers can be engaged in the model-building process. However, no systematic review has yet investigated whether the models were developed rigorously. We thus aim to address this gap by providing the first systematic review grounded in best practices for modeling and simulation. We investigate 32 Agent-Based Models developed between 2013 and 2019. This assessment effort is important to understand the extent to which these models can be trusted to support public health decisions. An assessment is also necessary to guide future developments in the field by identifying how the modeling and simulation community can address specific short- and long-term needs in improving Agent-Based Models of obesity for public health.
Gratitude Is Only Fittingly Targeted Towards Agents

The paper argues that ‘All varieties of gratitude are only overall fitting when targeted towards agents,’ for instance that any variety of gratitude for the beautiful sunset is only overall fitting if a supernatural agent such as God exists. The first premise is that ‘Prepositional gratitude is overall fitting only when targeted towards agents.’ For this premise, intuitive judgments are offered. The second premise is that ‘Prepositional gratitude is the paradigmatic variety of gratitude.’ For this premise, an aspect of the common consent of philosophers about gratitude is noted and the metaphysical basicness of prepositional gratitude is argued for. This gives the intermediate conclusion that ‘The paradigmatic variety of gratitude is overall fitting only when targeted towards agents.’ The fourth premise is that ‘If the paradigmatic variety of gratitude is overall fitting only when targeted towards agents, then all varieties of gratitude are overall fitting only when targeted towards agents.’ To supply the conditional of this premise, the Paradigmatic Fittingness Principle is offered, which states that ‘Paradigmatic emotions set the fittingness conditions for their non-paradigmatic varieties.’ This principle is argued for by noting that it vindicates some popular and plausible intuitive judgements and gives an error theory of why one might think that gratitude could be fittingly targeted towards non-agents, and by suggesting the absence of any other plausible source of fittingness conditions for non-paradigmatic emotions.
CrimeForecaster: Crime Prediction by Exploiting the Geographical Neighborhoods’ Spatiotemporal Dependencies

Crime prediction in urban areas can improve the allocation of resources (e.g., police patrols) towards a safer society. Recently, researchers have been using deep learning frameworks for urban crime forecasting with better accuracies as compared to previous work. However, these studies typically partition a metropolitan area into synthetic regions, e.g., grids, which neglects the geographical semantics of a region, nor captures the spatial correlation across the regions, e.g., precincts, neighborhoods, blocks, and postal division. In this paper, we design and implement an end-to-end spatiotemporal deep learning framework, dubbed CrimeForecaster, which captures both the temporal recurrence and the spatial dependency simultaneously within and across regions. We model temporal dependencies by using the Gated Recurrent Network with Diffusion Convolution modules to capture the cross-region dependencies at the same time. Empirical experiments on two real-world datasets showcase the effectiveness of CrimeForecaster, where CrimeForecaster outperforms the current state-of-the-art algorithm by up to 21%. We also collect and publish a ten-year crime dataset in Los Angeles for future use by the research community.
Toxicity of psychotropic drugs in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review.

Abstract Objective Due to the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), guidance for the use of psychotropic drugs in this context is necessary. We aimed to review clinical evidence regarding the potential toxicity of psychiatric medications in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods A systematic search for all types of empirical studies and reviews in a broad set of electronic databases and trial registries was conducted up to the 15th of August 2020. Results We identified 3 case series and 4 single-case reports on the occurrence of toxicity induced by various psychotropic drugs (lithium, n = 2; clozapine, n = 5; risperidone n = 2; haloperidol n = 1; duloxetine, n = 1). In addition, we provide a new case report on the possible precipitation of valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. In most cases, SARS-CoV-2 infection may have precipitated drug toxicity/side effects. The management of toxicity did not diverge from the usually applied principles in the absence of infection. Conclusions Due to the limited available evidence and the recent genomic diversity and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2, it is currently not possible to derive evidence-based recommendations for the use of psychotropic drugs in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nevertheless, we provide some guidance based on the reviewed literature. At the current state of knowledge, there is no contraindication for any psychotropic drug. Caution is warranted regarding the dosing and, in particular, the monitoring of clozapine, lithium and valproate.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Immigrant and US-Born Adults in New York City.

ObjectivesImmigrant adults tend to have better health than native-born adults despite lower incomes, but the health advantage decreases with length of residence. To determine whether immigrant adul...
Differential phenotype and behavior in culture of CD34 positive cells from peripheral blood and adipose tissue.

Abstract The localization and quantification of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are controversial. Circulating CD34 + cells in blood have been identified as EPCs and as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. We discuss in this paper the current data describing differential phenotype and behavior in vitro of CD34 positive cells from the circulation and adipose tissue (AT). We also describe in brief our own findings from CD34 + cells isolated from leukopheresis cones derived from healthy platelet donors and from patients undergoing bariatric surgery. We conclude that CD34 + cells in blood and in AT are different in antigenic profile and behavior in culture. The findings described assert that CD34 + cells detected in blood previously identified as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are predominantly HPCs rather than EPCs, and that true CD34 + EPCs can be readily identified and extracted from AT, supportive of the current evidence which suggests EPCs are resident in the tissue vasculature.
Rural-urban differences in HPV testing for cervical cancer screening.

Purpose Rural preventable cancer disparities are often attributed in part to lower screening rates secondary to compromised health care access. When considering higher cervical cancer incidence and mortality, existing analyses primarily consider differences in Pap testing rather than the preferred method of HPV testing, which is more sensitive in identifying severe cases of cervical dysplasia. Methods Logistic regression using data from the 2016 and 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was used to examine urban and rural rates of cervical cancer screening according to national guidelines. Propensity score weighting was used to account for baseline sociodemographic differences between rural and urban populations in the 2016 landline sample. Findings In 2016 and 2018, rural women were less likely than urban women to have current cervical cancer screening. This disparity was explained by sociodemographic variables in 2016. Among women with current cervical cancer screening, rural women were significantly less likely than urban women to undergo HPV testing in both 2016 and 2018. Conclusion Rural women with current cervical cancer screening were significantly less likely than their urban counterparts to have HPV testing. It is possible that updates to preventive care guidelines may be slower to reach rural providers, rural patients may be unaware that HPV testing was completed, or rural practice configuration may complicate the integration of HPV testing into clinical practice. Failure to undergo HPV testing may lead to delayed cervical dysplasia diagnosis, missed opportunities for early intervention, and contribute to rural/urban disparities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
'Timely, Targeted, and Temporary?' an Analysis of Government Expansions Over the Past Century

John Maynard Keynes suggested that government should undertake a temporary surge in deficit-financed spending during times of economic need. Today, countercyclical fiscal stimulus spending is believed to be most potent when programs are timely, targeted, and temporary. However, history has shown that fiscal stimulus policies have a dismal record with respect to the "three Ts." This paper examines episodes of major government expansion during economic emergencies along with the contraction, or lack thereof, once the emergency has passed. We analyze broad measures such as federal government spending, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of GDP. We conclude that most countercyclical spending programs do not follow the three Ts, which may undermine their ultimate effectiveness and explain why many economists are skeptical of such policies.
Recognition of metal ions using ProMOL to improve protein function assignation (777.1)

ProMOL is a plugin for PyMOL that utilizes the 3D visualization and measurement capacities of PyMOL to predict enzyme function by aligning query structures with a collection of annotated active sit...
Infection of Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-1M. I. Ultrastructure of infection and phage assembly.

Abstract The replication of cyanophage ȦS-1M after infection of the blue-green alga Synechococcus cedrorum was monitored by electron microscopy. One-step growth and intracellular growth experiments were performed at high multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) and the basic characteristics of phage growth determined. The eclipse period lasts until 3–4 hr after infection, the latent period continues until 8 hr, and complete lysis of the culture terminates about 12 hr after infection. The average burst size at high m.o.i. was about 40 plaque-forming units (PFU) per cell. Samples for electron microscopy were taken at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hr after infection. The first noticeable evidence of phage infection was a degradation of the host nucleoplasm, which was manifest as a distinct lightening of the nucleoplasm and aggregation of ribosomes near the photosynthetic lamellae. All further phage synthesis takes place within the nucleoplasm. At 4 hr after infection, a large amount of fibrillar material, presumably the vegetative phage DNA, is evident. Beginning at this time, but particularly at 6 hr after infection, many phage precursors in the process of assembly can be seen; these include empty-head vesicles and “helical” structures which appear to be heads in the process of packaging the DNA. Based on the structures seen in the EM, we speculate that empty heads form first and are then filled with DNA. The completed capsid is then joined to the tail.
Searching for Variables and Models to Investigate Mediators of Learning from Multiple Representations

Although learning from multiple representations has been shown to be effective in a variety of domains, little is known about the mechanisms by which it occurs. We analyzed log data on error-rate, hint-use, and time-spent obtained from two experiments with a Cognitive Tutor for fractions. The goal of the experiments was to compare learning from multiple graphical representations of fractions to learning from a single graphical representation. Finding that a simple statistical model did not fit data from either experiment, we searched over all possible mediation models consistent with background knowledge, finding several that fit the data well. We also searched over alternative measures of student error-rate, hint-use, and time-spent to see if our data were better modeled with simple monotonic or u-shaped non-monotonic relationships. We found no evidence for non-monotonicity. No matter what measures we used, time-spent was irrelevant, and hint-use was only occasionally relevant. Although the total effect of multiple representations on learning was positive, they also had a negative effect on learning, mediated by a higher error-rate. Our evidence suggests that multiple representations increase error-rate, which in turn inhibits learning. The mechanisms by which multiple representations improve learning are as yet unmodeled.