cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Smaller, Faster, and Better Hierarchical Phrase-based SMT

We investigate the use of Fisher's exact significance test for pruning the translation table of a hierarchical phrase-based statistical machine translation system. In addition to the significance values computed by Fisher's exact test, we introduce compositional properties to classify phrase pairs of same significance values. We also examine the impact of using significance values as a feature in translation models. Experimental results show that 1% to 2% BLEU improvements can be achieved along with substantial model size reduction in an Iraqi/English two-way translation task.
APPLICATIONS OF SMARTPHONES FOR UBIQUITOUS HEALTH MONITORING AND WELLBEING MANAGEMENT

Advances in smartphone technology and data communications facilitate the use of ubiquitous health monitoring and mobile health application as a solution of choice for the overwhelming problems of the healthcare system. In addition to easier management and seamless access to historical records, ubiquitous technology has the potential to motivate users to take an active role and manage their own conditions. In this paper we present capabilities of the current generation of smartphones and possible applications for ubiquitous health monitoring and wellness management. We describe the architecture and organization of ubiquitous health monitoring systems, Body Sensor Networks, and integration of wearable and environmental sensors. We also describe mainstream mobile health related applications in today's mobile marketplaces such as Apple App Store and Google Android Marketplace. Finally, we present the development of UAHealth - our integrated mobile health monitoring system for wellness management, designed to monitor physical activity, weight, and heart activity.
First-Morning Urine Specific Gravity and Enuresis in Preschool Children

The object of the study was to determine whether a first-morning urine specific gravity of less than or equal to 1.015 was associated with enuresis in children 3 to 6 years old. Parents of preschool children seen at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation during a 5-month period completed a questionnaire concerning bed-wetting and voiding habits of their child and collected first-morning urine specimens for specific gravity analysis. Of 101 children, 12 had a urine specific gravity of less than or equal to 1.015 (11.9%), including seven of 73 (9.6%) nonbed-wetters, two of 19 (10.5%) bed-wetters by history (who did not wet their beds on the night of the study), and three of nine (33.3%) bed-wetters (who wet their beds on the night of the study). The 73 nonbed-wetters (72.3%) had a mean (+/- standard deviation) urine specific gravity of 1.022 (+/- 0.006); 19 bed-wetters by history (18.9%) had a mean urine specific gravity of 1.024 (+/- 0.006); and nine bed-wetters (8.9%) had a mean urine specific gravity of 1.019 (+/- 0.005). The groups' mean urine specific gravities were not significantly different (p = 0.10) and the enuretic children were not more likely to have first-morning-void urine specific gravity of less than or equal to 1.015 than nonenuretic children (p = 0.14). Enuretic children who wet their beds on the night of the study had lower mean urine specific gravity than nonbed-wetters although the difference was not significant. Therefore, we do not recommend routine use of first warning void urine specific gravity analysis for predicting presence or absence of enuresis.
ACETYLCHOLINE IN INVERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS.

A survey is presented of the distribution and possible functional significance of acetylcholine in the animals of various invertebrate phyla.
A procedure to optimize scale‐up for the primary drying phase of lyophilization

This article describes a procedure to facilitate scale-up for the primary drying phase of lyophilization using a combination of empirical testing and numerical modeling. Freeze dry microscopy is used to determine the temperature at which lyophile collapse occurs. A laboratory scale freeze-dryer equipped with manometric temperature measurement is utilized to characterize the formulation-dependent mass transfer resistance of the lyophile and develop an optimized laboratory scale primary drying phase of the freeze-drying cycle. Characterization of heat transfer at both lab and pilot scales has been ascertained from data collected during a lyophilization cycle involving surrogate material. Using the empirically derived mass transfer resistance and heat transfer data, a semi-empirical computational heat and mass transfer model originally developed by Mascarenhas et al. (Mascarenhas et al., 1997, Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 148: 105-124) is demonstrated to provide predictive primary drying data at both the laboratory and pilot scale. Excellent agreement in both the sublimation interface temperature profiles and the time for completion of primary drying is obtained between the experimental cycles and the numerical model at both the laboratory and pilot scales. Further, the computational model predicts the optimum operational settings of the pilot scale lyophilizer, thus the procedure discussed here offers the potential to both reduce the time necessary to develop commercial freeze-drying cycles by eliminating experimentation and to minimize consumption of valuable pharmacologically active materials during process development.
Barrett's esophagus complicating scleroderma.

Two patients with scleroderma whose esophageal involvement was associated with longstanding reflux esophagitis were found to also have Barrett's esophagus. Since Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition, these patients with scleroderma should be considered at high risk for the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.
On Active/Reactive Power Modulation of DFIG-Based Wind Generation for Interarea Oscillation Damping

In this paper, the interactions of the torsional dynamics of the wind turbines and power modulation for oscillations in DFIG-based wind generators are investigated. One major concern of active power modulation is its interaction with wind turbine's torsional dynamics. A study case with wind turbine torsional dynamics modeled is derived from our earlier work. Both active power modulation and reactive power modulation controls are developed in this paper. The paper successfully demonstrates the presence of interaction between active power modulation and torsional dynamics and the absence of such interaction in the case of reactive power modulation. Linear system analysis and root loci approach are employed to demonstrate such interaction. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink further verifies the analysis. The major contribution of this paper is: 1) the demonstration of the potential disadvantage of wind generation's active power modulation; and 2) the identification of reactive power modulation in wind generation as an alternative for interarea oscillation damping.
Evidence for a simple linear relationship between MRSA rates and hand-washing compliance.

Is there a threshold above which hand-rub solution consumption is efficient for decreasing MRSA incidence? [J Hosp Infect. 2009] Association between an index of consumption of hand-rub solution and the incidence of acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit.
Local serotonin mediates cyclic strain-induced phenotype transformation, matrix degradation, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cultured sheep mitral valves

This study addressed the following questions: 1) Does cyclic tensile strain induce protein expression patterns consistent with myxomatous degeneration in mitral valves? 2) Does cyclic strain induce...
The control and characterization of the crystallographic texture of longitudinal thin film recording media

In this overview we summarize our methods of changing important microstructural features such as grain size and crystallographic texture, in magnetic thin films for longitudinal recording. The methods we have used to better control the grain size and texture of the magnetic films include the use of different underlayers (NiAl and FeAl), the use of seed layers underneath the underlayers and the use of intermediate layers between the underlayer and the magnetic thin film. Examples of the structure and magnetic properties of such films will be presented and discussed. We also present our newly developed method of quantitatively characterizing the crystallographic textures of the thin films used in the multilayered structures. Our method relies on the examination of the intensity weighted reciprocal lattice by means of tilted electron beam diffraction patterns. These patterns contain arcs, the number and location of which can be correlated with specific thin film textures. We will present an overview of the technique from the point of view of the reciprocal lattice and include an example which shows how the crystallographic texture of thin films can be examined and characterized.
Variations in geographical distribution of foreign and domestically trained physicians in the United States: ‘safety nets’ or ‘surplus exacerbation’?

In the United States, a debate has existed for decades about whether foreign-trained physicians (known in the US as 'international medical graduates' or 'IMGs') and US medical graduates (USMGs) have been differentially distributed such that IMGs were more likely to be found in locales characterized as high in need or medical underservice. This 'safety net' hypothesis has been countered by the IMG 'surplus exacerbation' argument that IMGs have simply swelled an already abundant supply of physicians without any disproportionate service to areas in need. Through an analysis of the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile and the Area Resource File, we classified post-resident IMGs and USMGs into low and high need counties in each of the US states, compared the percentage distributions, and determined whether IMGs were found disproportionately in high need or underserved counties. Using four measures (infant mortality rate, socio-economic status, proportion non-white population, and rural county designation), we show that there were consistently more states having IMG disproportions than USMG disproportions. The magnitude of the differences was greater for IMGs than for USMGs, and there was a correlation between IMG disproportions and low doctor/100,000 population ratios. These findings are shown to exist simultaneously with two empirical facts: first, not all IMGs were located in high new or underserved counties; second, IMGs were more likely than USMGs to be located in states with a large number of physicians. The juxtaposition of an IMG presence in 'safety net' locales and of IMGs' contribution to a physician abundance is discussed within the context of the current debate about a US physician 'surplus' and initiatives to reduce the number of IMGs in residency training.
A High-Q Ferrite-Tuned Cavity

Rapid cycling proton synchrotrons, such as the proposed LAMPF II accelerator, require approximately 10 MV per turn rf with 17% tuning range near 50 MHz. The traditional approach to ferrite-tuned cavities uses a ferrite which is longitudinally biased (rf magnetic field parallel to bias field). This method leads to unacceptably high losses in the ferrite. At Los Alamos, we are developing a cavity with transverse bias to the bias field) making use of the tensor permeability of the ferrite. Initial tests of a small (10-cm-diam) quarter-wave singly re-entrant cavity tuned by several different ferrites indicate that the losses in the ferrite can be made negligible compared with the losses due to the surface resistivity of the copper cavity. Details of the test results will be presented.
An “Intention-Focused” paradigm for improving bystander CPR performance

Despite public education campaigns and a chest compression-only initiative, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is provided in approximately 30–40% of out of hospital cardiac arrests in the United States. Bystander CPR rates may not improve without addressing factors influencing bystanders’ probability of performing CPR. We propose an “intention-focused” model for the bystander CPR performance utilizing validated behavioral theory. This model describes a framework that may predict CPR performance, with intention as the key determinant of this behavior. This model may provide specific targets for strengthening the intention to perform CPR, which could lead to increased bystander rates.
A Biochemical Function for the Sm Complex

Within the yeast commitment complex, SmB, SmD1, and SmD3 make direct contact with the pre-mRNA substrate, close to the 5' splice site. Only these three Sm proteins have long and highly charged C-terminal tails, in metazoa as well as in yeast. We replaced these proteins with tail-truncated versions. Genetic assays demonstrate that the tails contribute to similar and overlapping functions, and cross-linking assays show that the tails make direct contact with the pre-mRNA in a largely sequence-independent manner. Other biochemical assays indicate that they function at least in part to stabilize the U1 snRNP-pre-mRNA interaction. We speculate that this role may be general, and may have even evolved to aid weak intermolecular nucleic acid interactions of only a few base pairs.
Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages: The Role of Emotions in Affecting Adolescent Smoking Consideration and Secondhand Smoke Beliefs:

AbstractTo date, most studies of graphic health warnings (GHWs) on cigarette packages have focused on adult samples and/or the unique role of evoked fear in influencing smoking beliefs and behaviors. Using a sample of 349 adolescents, classified as either current smokers or nonsmokers, the authors examine the effects of GHWs on a broader array of emotions (i.e., fear, guilt, and disgust). Results show that perceived graphicness of the visual warning positively affects these emotions, and being a smoker increases the positive effect of perceived graphicness. In addition, evoked fear and guilt interact with smoking status to strengthen the positive influence of these emotions on current smokers’ consideration of smoking. Smoking status also moderates the effects of fear and guilt by strengthening adolescent smokers’ negative feelings about secondhand smoke and about other adolescents’ consideration of smoking. Finally, the authors find a direct effect of perceived graphicness of the GHW on the smoking consi...
Effects of Terrain on the Surface Structure of Typhoons over Taiwan

Abstract The island of Taiwan is situated in the main path of western North Pacific typhoons. Its dominant central mountain range (CMR), with a hoizontal scale comparable to the radius of a typhoon, often produces significant distortions in the typhoon circulation. A 20-year dataset from 22 surface stations is used to describe the effects of the Taiwan terrain on the surface structure of typhoons. Empirical orthogonal function analysis on the pressure field is used to identify the primary structure modes. The first mode is a uniform-sign anomaly pattern portraying the decrease in pressure as a typhoon is approaching. The second mode represents the strong terrain-induced west-east pressure gradient that is normal to the main axis of the CMR. The third mode results mainly from the west-cast pressure gradient arising from the relative location of the typhoon center to the east or west of Taiwan, but it also contains a weak south-north pressure gradient that can he attributed to the terrain. A regression tech...
A Philosopher Looks at Science

The philosophical understanding of science that I shall present in this essay is a product of the confrontation of some of my prejudices, or preconceptions, with contemporary developments in science and in reflective thinking. The preconceptions can be roughly summarized by a label ‘scientific humanism’, which was handed down to me through the works of Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Marx, and other thinkers in the same tradition. According to this tradition, our species as a rational subject is able to discover objective truth and universal norms, upon which systems of thought and action can be built, so that nature can be conquered, social life rationally restructured, and the human being emancipated from ignorance, superstitions and prejudices, from poverty and scarcity, and from all kinds of domination by irrational traditions and arbitrary authorities. In other words, human history is a progressive process toward emancipation, of which reason — its most sophisticated and effective achievement is scientific knowledge — is the major source and vehicle.
The effect of introducing the Al-Ni eutectic composition into Al-Zr-V alloys on microstructure and tensile properties

Abstract The effect that the Al–Ni eutectic composition has on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al–Zr–V alloys is discussed. It is found that the change in the alloy's solidification behavior brought about by the presence of the eutectic composition mitigates segregation of the zirconium and vanadium atoms, and by doing so it enhances the precipitation hardening characteristics of the alloy and improves its yield strength.
Dynamics of MTBE-degrading activity in porous media using a large-scale laboratory experiment

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is an oxygenated organic compound that tends to form large groundwater contamination plumes. If bioaugmentation is used as a remediation technique, the question of the mobility of the bioactive zone (BAZ) with time is of interest. The objective of this experiment was to study the spatial redistribution of MTBE-biodegradation activity through time, following the injection of a bacterial culture in a homogeneous porous media, at high pressures and concentrations. The experiment was performed using a large-scale aquifer physical model, which can incorporate physicochemical heterogeneities similar to those found in the field, under controlled laboratory conditions. The experimental tank was filled with 1.0-mm-diameter glass beads to represent a homogeneous high hydraulic conductivity porous medium. During inoculation, the bacterial culture was distributed in a circular pattern. Initially it appeared that the BAZ was located in the upstream portion of the inoculated zone, where oxygen was available in conjunction with the inoculated bacteria and MTBE. With time, the BAZ moved upgradient through the whole tank towards the inlet. This implies the successful movement of bacteria from the inoculation area against advective flow into previously sterile zones of the tank. A mass balance showed that dissolved oxygen concentrations were likely not a limiting factor during the experiments.
Preoperative Lumbar Drain Use During Acoustic Neuroma Surgery and Effect on CSF Leak Incidence.

Objective:To determine if preoperative lumbar drain (LD) use reduces the incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in patients undergoing acoustic neuroma resection.Methods:Retrospective review of 282 patients presenting for acoustic neuroma resection between 2005 and 2014.Results:Two hundred and eighty-two patients had a mean tumor size of 19.1 mm ± 10.2 mm. Twenty-nine (10.3%) patients developed a postoperative CSF leak. Two hundred and twenty patients (78.0%) received a preoperative LD, and 20 (9.1%) developed a CSF leak. Sixty-two (22.0%) patients did not receive a preoperative LD, and 9 (14.5%) developed a CSF leak. No significant difference in CSF leak frequency was observed with use versus no use of a LD (P = .23). Fifteen (5.3%) patients with an LD placed had a complication related to the LD. No significant difference in CSF leak frequency was observed with patient age, neurofibromatosis type-2 diagnosis, tumor size, or sidedness.Conclusions:Postoperative CSF leaks are among the mo...
Nutritional Factors Concerned with Growth and Lecithinase Production by Clostridium Perfringens

In recent years considerable work has been directed toward the development of effective immunization against the gas gangrene toxemia, and in particular against the alpha toxin (lecithinase) of Clostridium perfringens since it is, from the standpoint of human infection, the most important of the clostridial toxins (van Heyningen, 1950). Since the preparation of a toxoid is dependent in part on the production of high titers of toxin from CI. perfringens grown under artificial or laboratory conditions, this study was undertaken with the purpose of examining in some detail the requisites for growth and production of alpha toxin by CI. perfringens strain PB6K. It has been shown repeatedly that meat or other protein digests and extracts are beneficial to the production of high titers of lecithinase (Adams and Hendee, 1945; Adams et al, 1947; Logan et al, 1945; van Heyningen, 1948). For example, Adams et al (1947) found that CI. welchii strain PB6K grew well on mediums containing acid hydrolysates of casein but would not produce toxin unless meat particles or tryptone (Difco) were added. They noted also that digestion of the casein with enzymes such as trypsin caused the release of some toxin-promoting factor(s) absent from acid digests of casein. This casein factor (s) could not be replaced by the addition of pure amino acids or various
Validation of Microstructure-Based Materials Modeling

This paper discusses a methodology for validating the fundamental theory of crystal plasticity (CP) modeling, which has been used for three decades but has not been accomplished due to previous resolution limitations in experimental techniques. The lack of validation jeopardizes widespread use of predictive CP models in integrated computational materials engineering applications. The paper presents strain results from computational modeling and experiments with subgrain-level resolution on the same volume of material; thereby offering a unique position to identify heterogeneous deformation.
Exchange-coupling behavior in nanostructured FePt/Fe bilayer films

Different thicknesses of FePt/Fe bilayer films are deposited on (001) MgO substrates by sputtering Fe and Pt targets with in-situ heating at 830OC. X-ray diffraction indicates a complete alignment of the FePt [001] axis with MgO [001] axis. The nucleation field Hn is estimated from hysteresis loops measured using a SQUID magnetometer. A FePt/Fe bilayer model is proposed to calculate the nucleation field Hn and compared with the experimental data. The model can explain experimental trends and gives useful predictions for nanostructure synthesis and further experiment.
Efficient Conversion of CO2 to CO Using Tin and Other Inexpensive and Easily Prepared Post-Transition Metal Catalysts

The development of affordable electrocatalysts that can drive the reduction of CO2 to CO with high selectivity, efficiency, and large current densities is a critical step on the path to production of liquid carbon-based fuels. In this work, we show that inexpensive triflate salts of Sn2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, and Sb3+ can be used as precursors for the electrodeposition of CO2 reduction cathode materials from MeCN solutions, providing a general and facile electrodeposition strategy, which streamlines catalyst synthesis. The ability of these four platforms to drive the formation of CO from CO2 in the presence of [BMIM]OTf was probed. The electrochemically prepared Sn and Bi catalysts proved to be highly active, selective, and robust platforms for CO evolution, with partial current densities of jCO = 5–8 mA/cm2 at applied overpotentials of η < 250 mV. By contrast, the electrodeposited Pb and Sb catalysts do not promote rapid CO generation with the same level of selectivity. The Pb material is only ∼10% as active as t...
Delay of Continuous Variable Entanglement

We use a four-wave mixing process in an atomic system to delay continuous variable entanglement present in twin beams. We have obtained delays of over 25 ns while preserving the quantum correlations.
RNA-seq analysis of impact of PNN on gene expression and alternative splicing in corneal epithelial cells.

Purpose The specialized corneal epithelium requires differentiated properties, specific for its role at the anterior surface of the eye. Thus, tight maintenance of the differentiated qualities of the corneal epithelial is essential. Pinin (PNN) is an exon junction component (EJC) that has dramatic implications for corneal epithelial cell differentiation and may act as a stabilizer of the corneal epithelial cell phenotype. Our studies revealed that PNN is involved in transcriptional repression complexes and spliceosomal complexes, placing PNN at the fulcrum between chromatin and mRNA splicing. Transcriptome analysis of PNN-knockdown cells revealed clear and reproducible alterations in transcript profiles and splicing patterns of a subset of genes that would significantly impact the epithelial cell phenotype. We further investigated PNN's role in the regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing (AS) in a corneal epithelial context. Methods Human corneal epithelial (HCET) cells that carry the doxycycline-inducible PNN-knockdown shRNA vector were used to perform RNA-seq to determine differential gene expression and differential AS events. Results Multiple genes and AS events were identified as differentially expressed between PNN-knockdown and control cells. Genes upregulated by PNN knockdown included a large proportion of genes that are associated with enhanced cell migration and ECM remodeling processes, such as MMPs, ADAMs, HAS2, LAMA3, CXCRs, and UNC5C. Genes downregulated in response to PNN depletion included IGFBP5, FGD3, FGFR2, PAX6, RARG, and SOX10. AS events in PNN-knockdown cells compared to control cells were also more likely to be detected, and upregulated. In particular, 60% of exon-skipping events, detected in only one condition, were detected in PNN-knockdown cells and of the shared exon-skipping events, 92% of those differentially expressed were more frequent in the PNN knockdown. Conclusions These data suggest that lowering of PNN levels in epithelial cells results in dramatic transformation in the number and composition of splicing variants and that PNN plays a crucial role in the selection of which RNA isoforms differentiating cells produce. Many of the genes affected by PNN knockdown are known to affect the epithelial phenotype. This window into the complexity of RNA splicing in the corneal epithelium implies that PNN exerts broad influence over the regulation and maintenance of the epithelial cell phenotype.
Participation of the Golgi Apparatus in Geotropism

Geotropism results from differences in cell elongation, differences in cell wall extension and/or accretion, in organs stimulated when they have been lying across the direction of an accelerative force. Organelles that may be associated with the growth of the cell wall are the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus or dictyosomes and their associated vesicles.
Influence of tungsten sputtering target density on physical vapor deposition thin film properties

Tungsten (W) is commonly used for diffusion barrier, via, and gate material in semiconductor devices. In order to achieve the desired properties and minimize particle generation, control of the sputter target properties, which include density, purity, grain size, and orientation, are essential. This study focused on the effect of sputtering target density on the thin-film properties and defect generation. By controlling the powder sintering process, three sputtering targets from 82.5% to 99.5% of theoretical density were prepared. By physical vapor deposition (PVD), about 1600 A thin films were deposited onto the silicon wafers. The deposited films were then evaluated by four-point probe, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the influence of target density on the deposited film properties. In addition to film properties, the erosion morphology on the sputtered surface was also investigated by SEM. The voids are known to be the potential particle sources from the target. By monitoring the generation of voids, the correlation between target density and potential particle sources was established.
Finding common ground and inherent differences: Artist and community engagement in cultural material and contemporary art conservation

Comparisons are often made between the conservation of cultural material collections, often described as ethnographic, and contemporary art collections, and indeed there are significant parallels. The stewardship of both of these types of collections can challenge traditional tenets of conservation, requiring conservators to ask themselves ‘What are we preserving?’ as preservation extends beyond the physical. The work must be placed in a broader conceptual context and the conservator must seek out those who are deemed to have the most authority – whether it is the artist, the artist's assistants and estate or the source community – to establish this context. Engagement with constituents creates valuable reciprocal relationships, which can benefit the artist, community, and museum. The relationships and the parallel practice of two seemingly disparate fields are examined using examples from the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) and the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG). Conservators at NMAI, a...
Discovery of novel bicyclic derivatives to stop the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting MenA

p.narayanasamy@unmc.edu T (TB) is the second largest infection in number of deathsaround the world. Importantly, about one third of world population has latent tuberculosis. However, HIV-TB is growing fast, especially HIV is stimulating latent TB to form active TB infection. In addition drug resistant TB is also a challenge for researchers. In this order novel drugs are necessary to eradicate TB. Most of the TB drugs were based on inhibiting the process of cell wall and protein synthesis, therefore a novel method is important for drug discovery and development.Interestingly, Bacilli require electron transport chain components and ATP synthesis for survival. The lipoquinones involved in the respiratory chains of bacteria consists of menaquinones and ubiquinones where else; mammals require only ubiquinone, which makes more specific to Bacilli. In relation, menaquinone is an essential component in theelectron transfer process, similarly, MenA is an essential enzyme involved in the synthesis of menaquinone. In addition menaquinones are the major lipoquinones of mycobacteria and other Gram Positive bacteria. Hence MenA promising drug target is explored in determining the inhibitor. While screening and designing inhibitors we observed that bicyclic derivatives showed high coordinating complexes with enzymes in transition state and interrupted the growth of M. Tb. Especially, alkylamino bicyclic complexes showed extensive inhibition towards Mtb. The quantitative structure activity relationship was carried out for the alkyl amino bicyclic complex and tested against Gram Positive bacteria. After optimizing the inhibitorswe observed promising MIC and IC50 values to encounter the infection.
General Statement as to Efficacy of Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, and Immunotherapy

The principal management of primary soft tissue sarcoma is surgical resection. The clinical goal is resection with negative margins, preferably that extend 2 cm from the grossly determined border. This can be difficult to assess and is often limited by the presence of major neurovascular and bony structures. The majority of soft tissue sarcomas do not invade into bone unless there has been previous injury to bone or the lesion has an epithelioid component, such as synovial sarcoma.
Glia Maturation Factor-Gamma Regulates the Intracellular Growth of Salmonella Via Modulation of Ferroportin in Murine Macrophages

Salmonella is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates within membrane-bound compartment and alters host iron metabolism for its own survival. Persistent survival and replication within phagocytes is central to the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections. Macrophages play a critical role in regulating iron metabolism for securing body iron sufficiency and controlling the availability of iron for intracellular proliferation of pathogens. However, the relationship of Salmonella-induced changes of macrophage iron metabolism to the survival and replication mechanism of this pathogen within macrophages remains poorly understood. Thus, it is critical to identify the host factors involved in the intracellular survival and replication of Salmonella in order to design more-efficient antimicrobial therapeutics. Glia maturation factor gamma (GMFG), a novel regulator of the actin-related protein-2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, is predominantly expressed in inflammatory cells. We have previously demonstrated that GMFG negatively regulate TLR4-induced proinflammatory signaling, but its function in macrophage response to intracellular bacteria infection remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of GMFG in Salmonella-infected murine macrophages by using small-interfering RNA (RNAi) techniques to knockdown GMFG. We found that knockdown of GMFG significantly enhanced the numbers of intracellular Salmonella growth (>3-fold, p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Microfluidic Encapsulation of Ovarian Follicles for 3D Culture.

The ovarian follicle that contains one single oocyte is the fundamental functional tissue unit of mammalian ovary. Therefore, isolation and in vitro culture of ovarian follicles to obtain fertilizable oocytes are regarded as a promising strategy for women to combat infertility. In this communication, we performed a brief survey of studies on microfluidic encapsulation of ovarian follicles in core–shell hydrogel microcapsules for biomimetic 3D culture. These studies highlighted that recapitulation of the mechanical heterogeneity of the extracellular matrix in ovary is crucial for in vitro culture to develop early pre-antral follicles to the antral stage, and for the release of cumulus–oocyte complex (COC) from antral follicles in vitro. The hydrogel encapsulation-based biomimetic culture system and the microfluidic technology may be invaluable to facilitate follicle culture as a viable option for restoring women’s fertility in the clinic.
Bayesian model calibration and uncertainty quantification for an HIV model using adaptive Metropolis algorithms

In this paper, we discuss Bayesian model calibration and use adaptive Metropolis algorithms to construct densities for input parameters in a previously developed HIV model. To quantify the uncertai...
Detection and Quantification of Inorganic and Organic Anions in Natural, Potable, and Wastewaters in Northern New York Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Indirect UV Detection.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is a sensitive and rapid technique used for determining traces of inorganic and organic anions in potable, natural, and wastewaters. Here, CZE with indirect UV-diode array detection (CZEDAD) was employed with a background electrolyte system comprising of an Agilent Technologies proprietary basic anion buffer at pH 12.0 and a forensic anion detection method. The limits of detection (LOD) for this method ranged between 3 and 5 ppm and involved hydrodynamic injection of 50 mbar for 6 s with a negative polarity separation voltage of −30 kV at 30°C, a detection wavelength of 350 nm and indirect reference of 275 nm. Fourteen different anions were checked for in the water samples that were examined and included bromide, chloride, thiosulfate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, azide, carbonate, fluoride, arsenate, phosphate, acetate, lactate, and silicate. The water samples were collected from Northern New York towns and the Raquette River water system, the third longest river in New York State and the largest watershed of the central and western Adirondacks. The concentrations detected for these anions ranged from <5.0 ppm to 260 ppm.
The reconstruction of a parabolic system

We are concerned with the identification and reconstruction of the coefficients of a linear parabolic system from finite time observations of the solution on the boundary. We present two procedures depending on whether the spectrum of the system is simple or multiple. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Genomics of Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas

The goal for this chapter is to present a comprehensive discussion on the current literature regarding the genomics of diffuse low-grade gliomas in the light of the recently published 2016 edition of the WHO Classification Tumors of the Central Nervous System with reference to the current literature on molecular genetics of these glioma entities.
A DFT Survey of the Effects of d‐Electron Count and Metal Identity on the Activation and Functionalization of C−H Bonds for Mid to Late Transition Metals

The contribution of metal identity to the activation and functionalization of methane by a series of three-coordinate imide complexes is evaluated in silico for a 3-by-3 block of metals from Fe to Pt. Three mechanisms were studied: oxidative addition (OA) to the metal; hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) by the imide nitrogen; and, [2+2] addition across the metal-imide bond. In no studied case, was a [2+2] mechanism preferred, perhaps suggesting this mechanism is largely (entirely?) the domain of d0 imides. There is a diagonal relationship within the nonet of metals studied in that OA is preferred for earlier, heavier (5d) members of the series, transitioning to an HAA mechanism for later, lighter (3d) imides. DFT indicates that important parameters in partitioning between HAA and OA mechanisms include the strength of the metal-imide π-bond, the ability of larger metals to accommodate increases in formal oxidation state and coordination number, and the soft acid/base compatibility of larger transition metals with soft hydride and methyl ligands
Emerging and Innovative Prevention Strategies for HIV Positive Gay Men

This chapter will focus on secondary HIV prevention—incorporating novel and emerging structural, behavioral, and biomedical strategies—for the reduction of onwards HIV transmission among HIV positive gay men and MSM. First, we examine existing prevention interventions and discuss what features are common among successful interventions, as well as those that have failed. We identify notable prevention intervention lacunae, with respect to limited interventions that target MSM of color, younger MSM, and other MSM who are HIV infected—prevention for positives. We then consider several contemporary social forces that will affect the trajectory of the HIV epidemic and how these forces are or could be leveraged for intervention: minority stress and syndemic morbidities; marriage equality; healthcare reform; increasing digital communication technology; and an aging infected population. We then describe several promising novel or emerging prevention strategies that leverage networks to address new HIV transmission among MSM in the USA.
Complete Genome Sequences of 14 Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strains Recovered from Human Clinical Cases between 1949 and 1995 in the United States.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most commonly isolated foodborne pathogens and is transmitted primarily to humans through consumption of contaminated poultry and poultry products. We are reporting completely closed genome and plasmid sequences of historical S. Enteritidis isolates recovered from humans between 1949 and 1995 in the United States.
Pick the Largest Number

Player 1 writes down any two distinct numbers on separate slips of paper. Player 2 randomly chooses one of these slips of paper and looks at the number. Player 2 must decide whether the number in his hand is the larger of the two numbers. He can be right with probability one-half. It seems absurd that he can do better.
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change Questions

Multidisciplinary approaches are required to address the complex environmental problems of our time. Solutions to climate change problems are good examples of situations requiring complex syntheses of ideas from a vast set of disciplines including science, engineering, social science, and the humanities. Unfortunately, most ecologists have narrow training, and are not equipped to bring their environmental skills to the table with interdisciplinary teams to help solve multidisciplinary problems. To address this problem, new graduate training programs and workshops sponsored by various organizations are providing opportunities for scientists and others to learn to work together in multidisciplinary teams. Two examples of training in multidisciplinary thinking include those organized by the Santa Fe Institute and Dahlem Workshops. In addition, many interdisciplinary programs have had successes in providing insight into climate change problems including the International Panel on Climate Change, the Joint North American Carbon Program, the National Academy of Science Research Grand Challenges Initiatives, and the National Academy of Science. These programs and initiatives have had some notable success in outlining some of the problems and solutions to climate change. For scientists to have the expertise to tackle extremely complex questions, we must learn to better assimilate concepts and work in teams to solve complex problems.
Psychological Maltreatment in Schooling

Maltreatment of children occurs not only within the family. There is a growing awareness that it occurs in other child care settings, including schools. The majority of maltreatment to which studen...
Purification of Rat Liver Golgi Stacks

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some simple protocols derived from several earlier methods for obtaining highly purified Golgi stacks from rat liver and for determining their relative purity over the homogenate. Centrifugation is carried out using an L8-70M or Optima LE-80K ultracentrifuge and either a SW-28 rotor containing ultraclear tubes or a SW-41 rotor. It is very important to be as accurate as possible when mixing various components and to check the refractive index of each buffer using a refractometer. Aspirate and discard the lipid at the top and the cytosol and collect Golgi fractions that accumulate at the 0.5/0.86 M interface with a plastic Pasteur pipette. This protocol ensures large amounts of Golgi membranes with minimal contamination by other membranes. The relative purification of the Golgi stacks can be assessed by measuring the increase in specific activity of the Golgi enzyme β-l,4-galactosyltransferase (GAIT) over that of the whole liver homogenate. The yields of Golgi membranes can be calculated from the ratio between the total GalT activity in the Golgi fractions and that of the homogenate.
Erich Fromm and Contemporary American Politics

Donald Trump and his followers who never waiver stand at 41.5% of the US population (Fivethirtyeight.com), the embodiment of a lust for power and fame and the minions who crave fulfillment through his arrogant and belligerent antics. Speaking from the mid-Twentieth century, Fromm offers a starting point for our discussion of the present day, centered on the social-psychological intersection where everyday people recreate the systems upon which they both depend, and which may very well destroy them.
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Resistance in Hypereosinophlic Syndromes

Glucocorticoids (GC) are anti-inflammatory agents commonly used to treat patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). GC promote eosinophil apoptosis and downregulation of Th2 cytokine production. Although abnormalities of GC receptor (GR) function and elevations in β-GR isoforms have been implicated in GC resistance in asthma, little is known about the mechanisms of GC resistance in HES. To explore the etiology of GC-resistance in HES, samples were analyzed from 19 subjects with HES enrolled on a prospective study of GC-responsiveness and 33 subjects with HES enrolled on a natural history study of eosinophilia for whom response to GC was known. GC responders were defined by a reduction in absolute eosinophil count (AEC) to in vitro (n=7). These data suggest that increased IL-5 may play a major role in GC resistance in HES.
Formation and properties of InGaN QDs: Influence of substrates

We examine the formation and properties of InGaN quantum dots (QDs) on free-standing GaN and GaN/sapphire templates, with and without buried InGaN/GaN QD superlattices (SLs). We use scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy to image the QDs and measure their electronic states. As the number of layers preceding the QDs increases (i.e., increasing substrate complexity), the total QD density increases. For free-standing GaN, STM reveals a mono-modal QD-size-distribution, consistent with a limited density of substrate threading dislocations serving as heterogeneous nucleation sites. For GaN/sapphire templates, STM reveals a bimodal QD-size-distribution, presumably due to the nucleation of additional ultra-small InN-rich QDs near threading dislocations. For multi-period QD SLs on GaN/sapphire templates, an ultra-high density of QDs, with a mono-modal size distribution is apparent, suggesting that QD nucleation is enhanced by preferential nucleation at strain energy minima directly above buried QDs. We discuss the relative influences of strain fields associated with threading dislocations and buried QD SLs on the formation of InGaN QDs and their effective bandgaps.
Delay of gratification in preschoolers with and without autism spectrum disorder: Individual differences and links to executive function, emotion regulation, and joint attention:

This study examined delay of gratification behaviors in preschool-aged children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Recent research has found that elementary-aged children with autism spectrum disorder showed challenges with delay of gratification and that there were individual differences in terms of children's behaviors during the wait. We extend this work to a younger sample of children with autism spectrum disorder to understand whether these difficulties emerge by the preschool years. Moreover, we assessed whether individual differences in other key self-regulatory capacities (i.e. effortful control, emotion regulation, executive function, and joint attention) were related to delay of gratification wait durations or behavioral strategies. Findings revealed that preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder waited for a shorter duration, demonstrated more temptation-focused behaviors, and expressed less positive affect than their typical peers during the delay of gratification task. At the full-sample level, individual differences in children's temptation-focused behaviors (i.e. visual attention and verbalizations focused on the temptation) were related to children's executive function, joint attention, and parents' ratings of emotion regulation. When we examined associations within groups, the associations were not significant for the autism spectrum disorder group, but for typically developing children, there was a positive association between temptation-focused behaviors and emotion regulation.