cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE/COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH SEARCH FOR WARM-HOT BARYONS IN THE Mrk 421 SIGHT LINE ∗

Thermally broadened Ly{alpha} absorbers (BLAs) offer an alternate method to using highly ionized metal absorbers (O VI, O VII, etc.) to probe the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM, T = 10{sup 5}-10{sup 7} K). Until now, WHIM surveys via BLAs have been no less ambiguous than those via far-UV and X-ray metal-ion probes. Detecting these weak, broad features requires background sources with a well-characterized far-UV continuum and data of very high quality. However, a recent Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) observation of the z = 0.03 blazar Mrk 421 allows us to perform a metal-independent search for WHIM gas with unprecedented precision. The data have high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N Almost-Equal-To 50 per {approx}20 km s{sup -1} resolution element) and the smooth, power-law blazar spectrum allows a fully parametric continuum model. We analyze the Mrk 421 sight line for BLA absorbers, particularly for counterparts to the proposed O VII WHIM systems reported by Nicastro et al. based on Chandra/Low Energy Transmission Grating observations. We derive the Ly{alpha} profiles predicted by the X-ray observations. The S/N of the COS data is high (S/N Almost-Equal-To 25 pixel{sup -1}), but much higher S/N can be obtained by binning the data to widths characteristic ofmore » the expected BLA profiles. With this technique, we are sensitive to WHIM gas over a large (N{sub H}, T) parameter range in the Mrk 421 sight line. We rule out the claimed Nicastro et al. O VII detections at their nominal temperatures (T {approx} 1-2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 6} K) and metallicities (Z = 0.1 Z{sub Sun }) at {approx}> 2{sigma} level. However, WHIM gas at higher temperatures and/or higher metallicities is consistent with our COS non-detections.« less
Review of the evidence for an association between infant feeding and childhood cancer

To assess the association between infant feeding and childhood cancer, a qualitative review of 9 published case-control studies was undertaken. The results of this synthesis suggest that children who are never breast-fed or are breast-fed short-term have a higher risk than those breast-fed for > or = 6 months of developing Hodgkin's disease (HD), but not non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. HD has features of a complex cellular immune disorder and of chronic infection. Human milk contains an extensive array of anti-microbial activity and appears to stimulate early development of the infant immune system. Artificially fed infants negotiate exposure to infectious agents without the benefits of this immunologic armament and do not do as well as breast-fed infants in resisting infection. Thus, human milk may make the breast-fed infant better able to negotiate future carcinogenic insults by modulating the interaction between infectious agents and the developing infant immune system or by directly affecting the long-term development of the infant immune system. Further research should attempt to confirm the association between infant feeding and HD in large, population-based, case-control studies. Improved measurement of infant feeding must be addressed if future studies are to advance our understanding of this association. In addition, studies of specific measures of immunity, particularly of cellular immune responses, should be conducted in populations of breast-fed and non-breast-fed young children.
UCP1-independent thermogenesis in white adipose tissue of cold-acclimated Ucp1-/- mice.

Apart from UCP1-based nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipocytes, the identity of thermogenic mechanisms that can be activated to reduce a positive energy balance is largely unknown. To identify potentially useful mechanisms, we have analyzed physiological and molecular mechanisms that enable mice, genetically deficient in UCP1 and sensitive to acute exposure to the cold at 4 °C, to adapt to long term exposure at 4 °C. UCP1-deficient mice that can adapt to the cold have increased oxygen consumption and show increased oxidation of both fat and glucose as indicated from serum metabolite levels and liver glycogen content. Enhanced energy metabolism in inguinal fat was also indicated by increased oxygen consumption and fat oxidation in tissue suspensions and increased AMP kinase activity in dissected tissues. Analysis of gene expression in skeletal muscle showed surprisingly little change between cold-adapted Ucp1+/+ and Ucp1-/- mice, whereas in inguinal fat a robust induction occurred for type 2 deiodinase, sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, PGC1α, CoxII, and mitochondrial DNA content. Western blot analysis showed an induction of total phospholamban and its phosphorylated form in inguinal fat and other white fat depots, but no induction was apparent in muscle. We conclude that alternative thermogenic mechanisms, based in part upon the enhanced capacity for ion and substrate cycling associated with brown adipocytes in white fat depots, are induced in UCP1-deficient mice by gradual cold adaptation.
The importance of precursor and successor complex formation in a bimolecular proton-electron transfer reaction.

The transfer of a proton and an electron from the hydroxylamine 1-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPOH) to [CoIII(Hbim)(H2bim)2]2+ (H2bim = 2,2′-biimidazoline) has an overall driving forc...
A relay-assisted distributed source coding problem

A relay-assisted distributed source coding problem with three statistically correlated sources is formulated and studied. Natural lower bounds for the rates are presented. The lower bounds are shown to be achievable for three special classes of joint source distributions. The achievable coding strategies for the three special classes are observed to have markedly different characteristics. A special class for which the lower bounds are not achievable is presented. A single unified coding strategy which subsumes all four special classes is derived.
Coniferous Forest Classification and Inventory Using Landsat and Digital Terrain Data

Accurate cost-effective stratification of forest vegetation and timber inventory is the primary goal of a Forest Classification and Inventory System (FOCIS) developed at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena. Conventional timber stratification using photointerpretation can be time-consuming, costly, and inconsistent from analyst to analyst. FOCIS was designed to overcome these problems by using machine-processing techniques to extract and process tonal, textural, and terrain information from registered Landsat multispectral and digital terrain data. FOCIS was developed in northern California's Klamath National Forest (KNF), where the rugged terrain and diverse ecological conditions provided an excellent area for testing Landsat-based inventory techniques. The FOCIS procedure was further refined in the Eldorado National Forest (ENF), where the portability and flexibility of FOCIS was verified. Using FOCIS as a basis for stratified sampling, the softwood timber volume of the western portion of the Klamath (944 833 acres; 422 340 ha) was estimated at 3.83 x 109 ft3 (1.08 x 108 m3), with a standard error of 4.8 percent based on 89 sample plots. For the Eldorado, the softwood timber volume was estimated at 1.88 x 109 ft3 ( 0.53 x 108 m3) for an area of 342 818 acres (138 738 ha) with a standard error of 4.0 percent, based on 56 sample plots. These results illustrate the power of FOCIS methods to produce timely accurate large-area inventories with comparable accuracies and reduced costs when compared to conventional timber inventory methods.
Application of a cryo-stage in the TOF-SIMS analysis of atmospheric aerosol surfaces

The surface sensitivity and minimal fragmentation available with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) makes it a powerful tool for the examination of the organic and inorganic species on individual particle surfaces. One concern with the technique is the potential loss of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in the high vacuum environment. Cryo-cooling in the intro chamber enables us to retain semi-volatile compounds including PAHs and alkanes on surfaces for over an hour in the analytical chamber. Samples collected using an eight-stage Graseby-Anderson cascade impactor included aerosols from winter snowmobile emissions in Yellowstone National Park and urban aerosol from the Salt Lake Valley. Comparison of spectra obtained at ambient temperature with those obtained under cryogenic conditions show a clear loss of both aromatic and aliphatic organic species at ambient temperature.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Ruthenium Atoms with CO and H2 Mixtures: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Theory Calculations of H2Ru(CO)x (x = 2−4) and (H2)RuCO

Reactions of laser-ablated ruthenium atoms with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in solid argon produce the unsaturated ruthenium carbonyl dihydride H2Ru(CO)2 and the hydrogen complexes (H2)xRuCO (x = 1, 2). The observed absorption bands of the reaction products are identified by isotopic substitution and reproduced well by DFT calculations of vibrational fundamentals. The growth of bands due to H2Ru(CO)2 and (H2)RuCO during annealing in solid argon indicates that ruthenium monocarbonyl is coordinated with H2 to form the dihydrogen complex (H2)RuCO, while H2Ru(CO)2 is formed from the (H2)RuCO complex inserting into (H2) upon coordinating with another CO. Weak bands due to H2Ru(CO)3 and H2Ru(CO)4 are also observed.
Impact of a pay for performance program to improve diabetes care in the safety net.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of a “piece-rate” pay for performance (P4P) program aimed at improving diabetes care processes, outcomes and related healthcare utilization for patients enrolled in a not-for-profit Medicaid-focused managed care plan. Methods To evaluate Hudson Health Plan's P4P program in New York (2003–2007), we conducted: (1) a case-comparison difference-in-difference study using plan-level administrative data; (2) a patient-level claims data analysis; and (3) a cross-sectional survey. Results The case-comparison study found that diabetes care processes (e.g., HbA1c, lipid, and dilated eye exam rates) and outcomes (e.g., LDL-C Conclusions Recent health legislation mandates the use of P4P incentives in government programs that disproportionately care for patients with lower socioeconomic or minority backgrounds (e.g., Medicaid, Veterans Health Administration, and Tricare). More research is needed in order to understand how to tailor P4P programs for vulnerable care settings.
The effect of couples training and partner co-operativeness in the behavioral treatment of obesity.

Abstract To evaluate the influence of spouse co-operativeness and couples training in the treatment of obesity, 29 obese men and women were assigned to three experimental conditions: (1) Co-operative spouse-couples training: subjects attended all meetings with spouses. Spouses were trained in modeling, monitoring, and reinforcement techniques; (2) Co-operative spouse-subject alone: subjects attended meetings alone even though their partners had agreed to become involved in treatment; (3) Non-cooperative spouse: subjects had spouses refusing to participate in the program, and attended sessions alone. At the 3-month and 6-month maintenance assessments. subjects in the spouse training condition lost significantly more weight than subjects in the other two conditions. Weight losses compared favorably to those of any controlled study with subjects in the couples training group averaging nearly 30 lbs lost after 8 1 2 months of treatment. In the absence of spouse training, subjects with co-operative spouses did no better than subjects with non-co-operative spouses. The findings suggest that spouse training may have a potent facilitative effect in weight reduction, and that this effect may promote long-term maintenance of weight loss.
Properties of adenylate cyclase activity during early sea urchin development.

Abstract The total adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of eggs of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus was assayed in vitro and found to remain constant in eggs before and at intervals after fertilization. In S. purpuratus egg homogenates virtually all of the enzyme activity was sedimented by centrifugation at 20 000 g. The enzyme specific activity in the 20 000 g pellet remained unchanged at each point through first cleavage, though it was several-fold higher than in the whole homogenate. The adenylate cyclase from both fertilized and unfertilized eggs was maximally active in vitro when assayed with 10 mM MgSO 4 and 10 mM NaF at pH 8 using 0.2 mM AMP-PNP (an ATP analog) as the substrate. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of egg homogenates showed that adenylate cyclase activity was present in fractions which sedimented at a variety of densities. The adenylate cyclase specific activity in cortices isolated by the method of Sakai [10] from eggs at first cleavage was 4- to 6-fold higher than in unfertilized egg cortices. The increased enzyme activity in egg cortices at first cleavage suggests that adenylate cyclase-containing membranes may become localized within the egg cortex after fertilization.
Instantaneous preparation of radiolabeled 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine

Abstract The fastest and most reliable preparation of radiolabeled 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine ([ 123/125/131 I]IUdR) is accomplished by iododemetallation. We describe a series of improvements to a previously published synthesis of radiolabeled IUdR by demercuration whereby [ 123/125/131 I]IUdR is synthesized instantly following the incubation of an aqueous solution of the chloromercury precursor with Na 123/125/131 I in the presence of Iodogen. The total procedure is completed in 5 min and does not require purification. Mercury content is low and HPLC indicates the total transformation of iodide into IUdR with no detectable UV-absorbing by-products.
Agency Accountability Strategies After Liberalization Universal Service in the United Kingdom, France, and Sweden

Liberalization of key network industries is often said to reduce accountability by undermining its traditional mechanisms. Liberalization, others say, promotes accountability by creating new channels and mechanisms. This article suggests that neither view is sufficiently nuanced. Accountability comes in many forms, and the question is less “how much” accountability there is, but what form it takes. And accountability will take different forms in relation to different issues, even within the same organization. Examining accountability in relation to the provision of universal service in electricity and telecommunications, this article demonstrates that in the regimes studied, agencies were generally accountable for providing universal service by deferring, to the maximum possible extent, to political actors or stakeholders. However, when faced with an expert technical question—in this case, determining the costs of the universal service—agencies stressed their professional judgment and transparency. This observation supports a wider hypothesis concerning the conditions under which a variety of agency accountability strategies may be adopted.
Abstract 3162: MDM2 regulates MYCN mRNA stabilization and translation in human neuroblastoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The MYCN gene plays a critical role in determining the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma. Genomic amplification occurs in high-risk subsets, but it remains unclear how MYCN expression is regulated in human neuroblastomas. Here, we report that the expression of MYCN is regulated by the oncoprotein MDM2 at the post-transcriptional level. Ectopic overexpression of MDM2 or an increase in the cytoplasmic levels of endogenous MDM2 by inhibition of PI3K/Akt activity enhanced both MYCN mRNA and protein expression. UV cross-linking and RNA-protein binding assays demonstrated that the C-terminal RING domain of MDM2 bound to AU-rich elements within the 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of MYCN mRNA. Furthermore, gene transfection and reporter assay confirmed that MDM2 increased MYCN 3’-UTR-mediated mRNA stability and induced translation of reporter luciferase. Conversely, MDM2 silencing by specific siRNA rendered the MYCN mRNA unstable, reducing the abundant MYCN protein found in MYCN-overexpressing neuroblastoma cell lines, which are a consequence of gene amplification. Importantly, silencing of MDM2 in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines resulted in a remarkable inhibition of cell growth and induction of cell death, through a p53-independent pathway. These results indicate that MDM2 plays a p53-independent role in regulating MYCN mRNA stabilization and protein translation, and suggest that MDM2-mediated MYCN expression is an important mechanism for tumor growth and for disease progression, specifically in MYCN-associated neuroblastoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3162.
Violence, Identity and Poverty

The article discusses two main approaches to explaining violence in contemporary global society. Theories based on the culture of societies, among which the theory of the clash of civilizations is the most influential, attempt to explain violence by referring to antagonisms between collective identities. Theories of the political economy of power and inequality seek the sole cause of violence in economic factors. While each approach has some plausibility, both are inadequate on their own. When applied as sufficient explanations, they may distort our understanding in a way that undermines the possibility for both alleviating poverty and reducing conflict. The causal mechanisms are more complex than economic reductionism is capable of accounting for. Poverty and inequality are importantly linked to violence, but must be seen together with divisions between factors such as nationality, culture and religion. In turn, these factors must not be based on a false image of solitary identities and unavoidable antag...
Novel separation scheme for capillary electrophoresis of enantiomers

A systematic approach is described for methods development of chiral separations of weak acidic and basic compounds by capillary electrophoresis, using several natural and derivatized neutral cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Following the methods development scheme suggested here, the appropriate pH of the running buffer as well as the type and concentration of the cyclodextrin is established for the separation of enantiomers. Preselected chiral selectors of beta-cyclodextrin, gamma-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin in low and high concentrations, dissolved in low pH, high pH or pH = pK buffers, are employed during the separation method development and optimization. Depending on the type of separation, introduced by Vigh (desionoselective: only the nondissociated; ionoselective: only the dissociated; duo-selective: both enantiomers complex selectively), in most instances at least one of the pH/cyclodextrin combinations results in acceptable separation of the solute enantiomers. The viability of the approach is demonstrated through step by step development of chiral separation for several basic and acidic enantiomers.
Unexpected sex-ratios in families of language/learning-impaired children

There is a well-documented propensity of males affected with developmental language/learning impairment. Results from this study demonstrate, unexpectedly, that this sex-ratio difference of males to females with developmental language/learning disorders was found to occur significantly only in families with a language/learning-impaired mother. In addition, a remarkably aberrant offspring sex-ratio was found in families of language/learning-impaired children who had an affected mother, but not father. Mothers who were developmentally language/learning-impaired had three times as many sons as daughters, and five times as many language/learning-impaired sons as daughters. Genetic and hormonal influences that might affect both sex-ratio and neuroanatomical development and disorders are discussed.
The rates of growth, osseous development, andmental development in cretins as a guide to thyroid treatment

Summary We have reported a method of following and comparing the rates ofgrowth, osseous development, and mental development of cretins under thyroid treatment. The administration of adequate doses of thyroid always causes a marked acceleration in the developmental rates. The bone development always progresses rapidly toward the normal level. The growth increases less rapidly but usually parallels or exceeds the normal rate, whereas the mental development in some instances continues to lag behind the normal rate. The developmental rates, especially the rate of osseous development, serve as a reliable guide to the adequacy of thyroid treatment over long periods, whereas the clinical condition of the patient and the measurements of the basal metabolic rate or blood cholesterol may give a deceptive picture of the amount of improvement. It is probably necessary to produce a mild degree of hyperthyroidism in order to accelerate the developmental rates sufficiently to allow the retarded hypothyroid patient to regain his lost years and approach his normal age level. One should not hesitate to give sufficient thyroid, provided that unpleasant toxic symptoms do not occur.
Sustained local drug delivery from a novel polymeric ring to inhibit intimal hyperplasia

The long-term clinical success of autologous vein and synthetic vascular grafts are limited because of the development of anastomotic intimal hyperplasia (IH). We have previously published data suggesting that cyclosporine (CyA) may reduce the development of IH in a canine model (Hirko et al., J Vasc Surg 1993;17:877–887). However, systemic administration of CyA could create serious adverse effects. Therefore, it is our long-term goal to test the hypothesis that the controlled local release of CyA from a polymeric vascular wrap would prevent the development of IH. To test this hypothesis, we developed a controlled release polymeric ring that could be placed around anastomotic sites to deliver therapeutic drugs locally. The ring is a composite polymeric device consisting of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres embedded in a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel. Several in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of different sterilization procedures on the properties of the device. It was determined that gamma sterilization was the preferred sterilization method of choice for this device. In vivo studies were conducted on a swine model to evaluate the biocompatibility of the ring. The histological findings of the ring implants at 2 and 4 weeks demonstrate the biocompatibility of this device. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
The Hawaiian Island arc

We have recently completed a monograph on the recent and fossil Hawaiian marine bivalve mollusks. This embraces 189 species and sub-species, which belong to 105 genera and sub-genera. Most of the fossils appear to be Pleistocene, a few may be Pliocene.
An indirect determination of the oxygen utilization of the human left ventricle

Cyclic strain energy method determining oxygen consumption rate of intact working human left ventricle by closed chest measurements
Income, body fatness, and fat patterns in Hispanic women from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Using data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) (National Center for Health Statistics, 1985), we examined the relationships of income to body fatness and centralized fat patterns in Hispanic women, ages 25–74 years. There were 1,552 Mexican‐American, 451 Cuban‐American, and 654 Puerto Rican women. We used linear regression to estimate models of body fatness for weight with the covariates standing and sitting heights, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. The indicator of central fat was the subscapular/triceps skinfold ratio. Income, estimated with the Poverty Index Ratio from the HHANES, was negatively associated with weight (p < .01) and triceps skinfold (p < .05) in Mexican‐American women and with subscapular skinfold in Puerto Rican women (p < .01). Acculturation level was inversely related to central adiposity in Mexican‐Americans (p < .07). The body fatness trends found in Mexican‐American and Puerto Rican women were consistent with those for other groups but were not...
A model for temporal references and its application in a question answering program

A formal model is presented which represents the structure underlying temporal references in natural language. Serving as a framework for analysis of tenses, time relation, and other references to time in language, the model consists of a partially ordered set, called "time" and successively defined concepts such as "time-segment", "duration", "time-segment relation", "tense", "reference time", and "tense marker". This model is justified by making informal arguments, by giving English language examples, and by showing that it is a generalization of several other systems. A computer question answering program, "Chronos", which uses the concepts of tense and time-segment relations, illustrates and supports the validity of the model. Chronos is shown to be a simple program which nevertheless can understand most of the temporal meaning in a sentence.
A Feedback Inhibition between miRNA-127 and TGFβ/c-Jun Cascade in HCC Cell Migration via MMP13

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and is increasing in frequency in the U.S. The major reason for the low postoperative survival rate of HCC is widespread intrahepatic metastasis or invasion, and activation of TGFβ signaling is associated with the invasive phenotype. This study aims at determining the novel function of miR-127 in modulating HCC migration. Overexpression of miR-127 inhibits HCC cell migration, invasion and tumor growth in nude mice. MiR-127 directly represses matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) 3′UTR activity and protein expression, and diminishes MMP13/TGFβ-induced HCC migration. In turn, TGFβ decreases miR-127 expression by enhancing c-Jun-mediated inhibition of miR-127 promoter activity. In contrast, p53 transactivates miR-127 promoter and induces miR-127 expression, which is antagonized by c-Jun. The inhibition of miR-127 by c-Jun is through TGFβ-mediated ERK and JNK pathways. The lower miR-127 expression shows a negative correlation with the higher MMP13 expression in a subset of human HCC specimens. This is the first report elucidating a feedback regulation between miR-127 and the TGFβ/c-Jun cascade in HCC migration via MMP13 that involves a crosstalk between the oncogene c-Jun and tumor suppressor p53.
Effects of Raw Broiler Breast Meat Color Variation on Marination and Cooked Meat Quality

Three replicate trials were conducted to determine the effect of raw broiler breast meat color on marinated and cooked meat quality. In each trial, 90 fillets were collected from a commercial processing plant based on lightness (L*) values of breast meat as follows: light, L* > 53; normal, 48 < L* < 51; and, dark, L* < 46. For each fillet the color, pH, and weight were determined, and the fillets were marinated in three lots of 10 fillets from each color group (20% wt:wt of 5% salt and 2.5% sodium tripolyphosphate in a vacuum tumbler). Marination uptake was determined; the samples were held for 24 h at 2 C, and color, pH, and weight again were determined. Next, the samples were cooked, and the meat was subjected to color, pH, cooked yield, shear force, and moisture analyses. Results showed that absolute color values changed with marination and cooking, but that L* and pH differences by color group were maintained through marination and cooking. There were also significant differences in marinade absorption, cooked yield, and shear value, particularly among the extremes of light and dark meats. There was no significant difference in final cooked meat moisture. As expected, there were significant negative correlations between meat lightness and pH; however, raw muscle pH was not correlated to final product moisture or shear but was positively correlated to cooked meat yield and negatively correlated to marinade absorption. These results indicate that the pH variation associated with extreme raw breast meat color variation can affect breast meat marination and cooked meat quality.
A Spatial Variant of the Basic Reproduction Number for the New Orleans Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878

Abstract A spatial variant of the basic reproduction number (R 0), here defined as the number of subsequent deaths attributed to an initial mortality, can be used to identify geographic variation within an epidemic. A spatial R 0 was calculated at the neighborhood level, here defined by a 50-m buffer surrounding an index case, for mortality data from the 1878 yellow fever epidemic of New Orleans. The highest number of secondary mortalities linked to a neighborhood index case was twelve, with a further eighty-seven extrapolated morbidity cases. Results also highlight the importance of multideath residences and cultural contacts in neighborhood-level disease spread.
Cellular Automata-Based Reconfigurable Systems as Transitional Approach to Gigascale Electronic Architectures

Research in molecular electronics has but one motivation: to continue scaling electronic device densities along the Moore's law curve to the year 2050 or beyond. The result will be staggering, continuing to transform our lives as has the current evolution of microelectronics since their inception in the late 1950s. Designers of molecular computers will also undergo transformations in the way they design digital processing architectures, due to new constraints in what may be the most aggressive fabrication technologies ever conceived. It becomes necessary to increase focus on the pursuit of basic feasibility of a gigascale architecture so that tenant design, test, and implementation issues can be forecast and researched. Our work has led to the development of an architectural media for molecular computation. A cellular automata-inspired template forms the basis of a one billion gate (gigascale) testbed, which involves the use of three-dimensional, paper-thin, ultrahigh-density multichip modules to assemble a reconfigurable design that is scalable an additional billionfold, consistent with the density projections of three-dimensional circuits based on molecular electronic devices. The periodic nature of the architecture not only addresses significant constraints in molecular-scale systems design, but can make this demonstration tractable because the reconfigurability can be exploited for self-test and defect tolerance.
Phenomenological theory for liquid helium near the λ-transition

Abstract Microscopic and scaling-law considerations are used to motivate a new form of the Landau phenomenological theory of second-order transitions as applied to the γ-transition of liquid helium.
The exact Hausdorff dimension for a class of fractal functions

In recent years a number of authors (an incomplete list is [ 1,2, 3,6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 131) have considered a class of real functions whose graphs are, in general, fractal sets in R2. In this paper we give sufficient conditions for the fractal and Hausdorff dimensions to be equal for a certain subclass of fractal functions. The sets we consider are examples of self-affine fractals generated using iterated function systems (i.f.s.). Falconer [S] has shown that for almost all such sets the fractal and Hausdorff dimensions are equal and he gives a formula for the common dimension, due originally to Moran [S]. These results, however, give no information about individual fractal functions, In this paper we extend Moran’s original method and show that if certain conditions on the i.f.s. are satisfied, then the two dimensions are equal. Kono [ 111 and Bedford [ 121 considered special cases of the subclass of fractal functions that we will introduce. Bedford and Urbanski [13] use a nonlinear setting to present conditions for the equality of Hausdorff and fractal dimension. However, their criteria are based on measure-theoretic characterizations and the use of the concept of generalized pressure. Our criterion on the other hand is based on the underlying geometry of the attractor and is easier to verify. We will show this on two specific examples which are more general than the self-ahine functions presented in [13].
The stabilization of carotene in dehydrated legumes (alfalfa) and cereal grasses.

Summary 1.Destruction of the lipoxidase by autoclaving for 1hour at 15 lbs. pressure did not preserve the carotene content of dehydrated alfalfa or cereal grasses exposed to air at room temperature. 2.The addition of 5 to 10 per cent of water to these dehydrated materials and then lightly packing them in receptacles sealed with flexo wax or Durex wax preserved the carotene completely for 3 months, when held at room temperature (22–25° C). The total water content for the oats was 15–20 percent and for the alfalfa 12–17 percent. 3.The process of preservation appears to be a restoration of more rapid respiratory enzyme action with utilization of the oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide. There was no indication that bacterial action directly was responsible for the changes that occurred. Temperature changes during the process of respiration were negligible in the masses of material used. 4.It is evident that receptacles with minimum or no air and CO 2 effusion rates are necessary for success in the preservation of the carotene by the method outlined. Oxygen must be excluded or at least held at a low concentration. This phase of the problem is under further study.
Retesting in selection : A meta-analysis of coaching and practice effects for tests of cognitive ability

Previous studies have indicated that as many as 25% to 50% of applicants in organizational and educational settings are retested with measures of cognitive ability. Researchers have shown that practice effects are found across measurement occasions such that scores improve when these applicants retest. In this study, the authors used meta-analysis to summarize the results of 50 studies of practice effects for tests of cognitive ability. Results from 107 samples and 134,436 participants revealed an adjusted overall effect size of .26. Moderator analyses indicated that effects were larger when practice was accompanied by test coaching and when identical forms were used. Additional research is needed to understand the impact of retesting on the validity inferences drawn from test scores.
Recent explorations in electrostatic multilayer thin film assembly

New developments in the area of electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly are reviewed, with emphasis on work in the past two years. Advances in fundamental understanding of polyelectrolyte adsorption is addressed, including the use of new probes and experimental techniques which examine final structure, film interpenetration, and control of thickness. Both theoretical and experimental studies of adsorption of weak polyelectrolytes have been addressed. The role of secondary interactions such as hydrogen bonding or dispersion forces on these parameters is a more recent area of focus. Molecular scale order has been achieved in layered films to produce noncentrosymmetric films; further control of the ordering of molecular side groups in these systems could lead to new and interesting electrical and optical properties. Finally, it has been shown that polyelectrolyte multilayers may be templated onto a number of surfaces; these materials can be patterned onto surfaces to make three dimensional microstructures, or grown on a sacrificial colloidal template to form encapsulant membranes.
ARGININE VASOPRESSIN AND FLUID HOMEOSTASIS FOLLOWING FETAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE

Studies involving body fluid homeostasis were carried out in adult Long-Evans rats whose mothers received liquid diets containing 35% of the calories derived from ethanol between the 6th and the 20th day of gestation. Control rats were offspring of pair-fed dams given isocaloric liquid diets containing no ethanol. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP), plasma osmolality, urine production and urine osmolality were determined in both the water-sated (WS) and water-deprived (WD) conditions. Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) induced a seven-fold increase in plasma AVP levels in the WS condition. Water consumption was significantly greater in the FAE animals but plasma osmolality, urine osmolality, and urine production were within the normal range. In the control rats, 24 hours of WD produced the expected increase in plasma AVP, plasma and urine osmolality. The FAE rats, however, showed only an increase in plasma osmolality and no significant change in plasma AVP or urine osmolality with WD. These data suggest that fetal alcohol exposure causes a long-term disruption in the central mechanisms regulating vasopressin release and therefore fluid homeostatic responses.
A very high charge, high polarization gradient-doped strained GaAs photocathode

Abstract A high-gradient-doping technique is applied to strained polarized photocathodes. A 5.0– 7.5 nm p-type surface layer doped to 5×10 19 cm −3 is found sufficient to overcome the surface charge limit while maintaining high beam polarization. This technique can be employed to meet the charge requirements of the Next Linear Collider with a polarization approaching 80%.
Quantum stochastic models

Quantum stochastic models are developed within the framework of a measure entity. An entity is a structure that describes the tests and states of a physical system. A measure entity endows each test with a measure and equips certain sets of states as measurable spaces. A stochastic model consists of measurable realvalued function on the set of states, called a generalized action, together with measures on the measurable state spaces. This structure is then employed to compute quantum probabilities of test outcomes. We characterize those measure entities that are isomorphic to a quantum probability space. We also show that stochastic models provide a phase space description of quantum mechanics and a realistic model of spin.
Sites including those of origin and termination of replication are not freely available to single-cut restriction endonucleases in the supercompact form of simian virus 40 minichromosome.

Abstract Simian virus 40 minichromosomes, isolated from both virions (MV) and infected cells (MI), have highly compact structures in buffer containing 0.15 M NaCl and sediment with S values of about 90–100 and 115–130, respectively. Under the electron microscope, also, MI appear the more compact of the two. Only 30–35% of the sites of origin and termination of replication in MV are freely available to the restriction endonucleases Bgl 1 and Bam H1. MV are similarly resistant to Eco R1 and Hpa II. In contrast, almost no sites in MI are available to any of the above single-cut endonucleases. In 0.6 M NaCl, MV and MI change to relaxed structures of 45–55 S and 50–60 S, respectively, containing 20–24 nucleosomes per genome, and become more sensitive to Bgl 1, Bam H1, Eco R1, and Hpa II.
Transsexualism and the family: an interactional explanation*

Descriptive data are presented from home interviews of the families of origin of 14 transsexual patients who presented to a Gender Identity Clinic requesting surgery. The findings show that the relationship between family dynamics and transsexualism is interactional. Critical junctures are identified where the parents react to the child's gender dysphoric behaviour and the child then reacts to the parents' reaction. Parents were initially not worried about the gender inappropriate behaviour in the child; thus, they did not discourage the behaviour and at times encouraged it. At a later point they discouraged the behaviour. The child then became more desparate in his or her attempts to pursue the transsexual feelings. The most intense symbolic action on the part of the transsexual-prone child was a suicide attempt.
Hybrid isozymes of pyruvate kinase appear during avian cardiac development.

Abstract Pyruvate kinase isozyme patterns in the ventricle of developing chicks shift gradually from one dominated by type K at ten days of embryonic development to the adult pattern, which is dominated by type M. Hybrid isozymes are apparent throughout development and are most prominent from two days before hatching until at least 14 days after hatching. These hybrid isozymes indicate simultaneous synthesis of the two subunit types in the same cells. The complex isozyme patterns of the chick heart probably limit the usefulness of simple kinetic analyses on tissue extracts for determing isozymic compositions during development.
On the meaning of the word ‘epimutation’: a comment

We appreciate that Oey and Whitelaw highlighted our recent study [1] in their Forum article [2]. In our opinion, however, their comments include several misleading assertions, which we wish to address.
Understanding and Recognizing the Pelger-Huët Anomaly

The Pelger-Huet anomaly (PHA) is a recognized morphologic variant affecting all granulocytes but is most evident in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). PHA is caused by a decreased amount of the lamin B receptor (LBR). Recognition of PHA morphologic features serves as a marker for mutations in the LBR gene. This review summarizes the history of PHA and the current knowledge of the functions of the LBR. Guidance is given for distinguishing PHA from other hematologic disorders in which granulocytes may show similar changes. Recognition of PHA in the laboratory should prompt communication to the patient's physician about the possible clinical significance of this finding and the recommended screening for the anomaly in other family members by CBC and review of a peripheral blood smear.
Rapid and efficient synthesis of a fully functionalized synthon for the bottom half of the antiparasitic agent, ivermectin

Abstract The preparation of the bottom half of ivermectin 3 in 10 steps and 9% overall yield is reported.
Transient Radiative Heat Transfer from a Plasma Produced by a Capillary Discharge

The objective of this work is to develop a better understanding of the transient behavior of radiative heat transfer from a plasma. The plasma generation occurred within a 3.2-mm-diam and 26-mm-long polyethylene capillary. Because of its high temperature and high pressure, the plasma evolved from the capillary into an ambient air environment as an underexpanded supersonic jet that interacted with a stagnation plate. Various diagnostic techniques were used. They include heat flux and pressure gauges mounted on the stagnation plate, heat flux gauges and silicon photodiodes mounted below the plasma jet, as well as current transducers interfaced with the electrical circuit. The heat flux gauges were manufactured via sputtering and calibrated using a standard convection oven. A fused-silica window, placed about 1 mm above the gauges, ensured that only the radiative heat flux transmitted by the window was deduced. The row of heat flux gauges mounted below the plasma provided an assessment of the fraction of the radiative heat flux transmitted by the fused-silica window. The results show that the peak of emitted radiant flux occurs immediately after the peak of the discharge of electrical energy, which usually occurred a relatively long time prior to arrival of the precursor shock on the stagnation plate.
The Effects of Hepatic Preservation at 0°C Compared to 5°C: Influence of Antiproteases and Periodic Flushing

The optimal preservation temperature for liver allografts is unknown. We evaluated the effect of small differences in preservation temperature, 5 degrees C vs 0 degrees C, on outcome of prolonged preservation. Livers of Wistar rats were preserved at these temperatures in UW solution for 40 h. Function was studied during reperfusion on the isolated perfused rat liver system at 37 degrees C. To compare the effects of a small reduction in temperature with known beneficial strategies, the effects of including antiproteases and periodic flushing of the graft with UW solution during cold preservation at 5 degrees C were also studied. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase release after 4 h of reperfusion were much higher in the livers stored at 5 than at 0 degrees C (P < 0.0005). Addition of antiproteases to the preservation solution or periodic flushing reduced AST release but neither treatment at 5 degrees C was as good as simple storage at 0 degrees C. Cumulative bile production after 4 h of reperfusion was significantly greater in the 0 degrees C preserved group than in liver at 5 degrees C or 5 degrees C with periodic flushing. The addition of antiproteases resulted in slightly increased bile production (not significant). Platelets and WBCs in the perfusate decreased during reperfusion. This effect was more pronounced in the 5 degrees C preserved livers than in those stored at 0 degrees C. Antiproteases in the preservation solution appeared to inhibit platelet and WBC loss. Perfusate flow was significantly higher in the 0 degrees C group. We conclude that small differences in preservation temperature even at these low temperatures are important in postreperfusion liver function.
Synthesis of Imines from Aromatic Aldehydes and Aliphatic Amines in Aqueous Solution

Abstract Imines (also called Schiff bases and azomethines) have been of chemical and biological interest for some time.1-4 The formation reaction has been studied extensively and the proposed mechanism includes the presence of a carbinolamine intermediate. Under most conditions in aqueous solution, equilibrium considerations usually favor the carbonyl and amine as the predominant species. Therefore, imines are usually prepared by direct reaction of liquid amines and aldehydes5,6 or in some appropriate nonaqueous solvent.7,8 Water is then removed during the course of the reaction by means of a drying agent5,6 or a Dean-Stark trap.7,8 Cordes and Jencks9 have shown that imines prepared from certain substituted benzaldehydes and t-butylamine can be isolated from aqueous solution if it is saturated with KOH. In all of the above methods the crude product is purified by distillation.
Diaelastic effect of self-interstitials in Fe.

Ultrasound is used to study the production and annealing of the diaelastic effect in Fe. Frenkel pairs created by 2.3-MeV-electron bombardment cause the shear moduli, C' and ${\mathit{C}}_{44}$, to soften by (-27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)% and (-17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)%, per at. % pair, if resistivity per at. % pair is 20 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm. Smaller diaelastic effects were expected theoretically, given the high migration energy of self-interstitials in Fe. The magnitudes are of the same order as for Cu, but the observed anisotropy matches that detected in Mo, the only other bcc metal tested.
Secular power, law and the politics of religious sentiments

This paper undertakes a political sociology of religious sentiments by examining how social actors seek to make their religious sentiments legible and authoritative within structures of modern state governance. It argues that a central dimension of religious politics consists of struggles over constituting hegemonic and common sense religious sentiments through drawing on the secular powers of the modern state. This politics entails contestations over how citizens ought to feel, and how the state ought to authorize certain religious sentiments, with respect to socially resonant religious issues and events. Drawing on concrete historical episodes from colonial India and postcolonial Pakistan that allow a problematization of ‘religious sentiments of Muslims' in relation to the controversial religious views of the reformist Ahmadiyya movement, this paper further demonstrates the elasticity of the modern state to accommodate and embed a range of religious sensibilities, affects and emotive responses through l...