cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why do Movie Studios Produce R-rated Films?

R-rated films are correlated with lower box office revenues. Using sex and nudity content as an instrument to predict R-ratings, we show that R-ratings themselves are not the cause of lower revenues. Instead, R-rated films contain traits that lower revenues and the ratings act as a signal of those traits. Why do film producers include those traits and seek R-ratings? We show that R-ratings alter the shape of the distribution of critical reviews, shifting the distribution to the right. Moreover, even after controlling for other influences, R-ratings improve critical reviews, suggesting that producers not only seek box office revenues, but also critical acclaim.
Decreasing rates of first-admission diagnoses of schizophrenia among females in Denmark 1970-84.

In Denmark age-standardized rates of first-admission diagnoses of schizophrenia in females decreased significantly by 44% from 1970 to 1984. The slope of the regression line is - 0.21 per 100,000 female inhabitants aged 15 years or more per year. All age groups, but especially the age group 45–54 years, contributed to the decrease in rates. Coinciding with the decrease in schizophrenia rates, an increase in age-standardized rates of borderline states in the age group 15–44 years occurred. The slope of the regression line is + 0.53 per 100,000 per year. The results are compared with those in males and possible causes of the decrease are discussed. There is every probability that, as in males, part of the decrease is due to changes in diagnostic habits.
Challenges and Opportunities for High Performance 32 nm CMOS Technology

Starting with the 45 nm node, a tradeoff between performance and density exists that will become more severe at the 32 nm node. An in-depth analysis of the impact of pitch and increased parasitics on device performance in the 32 nm node is presented. To counteract these effects, reduction of parasitics, gate length scaling, and aggressive stress engineering are necessary. Optimized layout using a "relaxed-pitch" approach is demonstrated to show up to a 15% improvement over conventional layout in ring oscillators. The lower parasitics of SOI provide an additional degree of freedom allowing relaxed pitch designs to enhance performance in critical paths. Simpler device isolation in SOI is also shown to be very beneficial in this generation leading to an improved cost/performance tradeoff compared to previous generations.
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima and C. pepo), a new host of beet pseudo yellows virus in California.

In the summer of 2002, pumpkin plants (Cucurbita pepo L. and C. maxima Duchesne) with extensive leaf chlorosis similar to those observed in crinivirus infections were found in fields at two locations in Monterey County, California. Leaves of diseased plants were observed to have large populations of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) present. Double-stranded RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves of these plants and tested by northern hybridization for numerous criniviruses. A positive signal was identified exclusively with probes against the HSP70h gene of Beet pseudo yellows virus (BPYV) and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of a 335-nucleotide section of the BPYV minor coat protein (CPm) gene (3). Similar symptoms were observed in additional fields in 2003, and BPYV was again confirmed. In addition, the CPm RT-PCR product was cloned into a TOPO pCR2 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and sequenced. BLAST analysis of the cloned CPm RT-...
Mediastinal neuroendocrine tumours

Abstract The spectrum of neuroendocrine tumours that may arise in the mediastinal compartment is as varied as their clinical behaviour. Because these tumours may share similar histological features and immunohistochemical profile, it is essential to properly establish a good clinical–radiological and pathological correlation. Some of these tumours by virtue of sharing similar histological features and immunoprofile may be classified into tumours that require more aggressive treatment while in fact they may represent tumours of indolent behaviour in which surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Herein we will review the most salient features of this group of tumours and highlight the important pitfalls in their interpretation, and more importantly their separation into specific entities. In addition, in some of the more aggressive neoplasms, the importance of proper classification is emphasized to provide more meaningful information regarding prognosis and behaviour of the tumour.
Makine's Postmodern Writing about Exile, Memory, and Connection

In her article "Makine's Postmodern Writing about Exile, Memory, and Connection" Mary Theis explores the implications of some of the many literary epiphanous moments that Andrei Makine shares with his readers in his neo-Romantic metaphysical literary quest to transcend lyrically the limitations imposed by our human condition. The analysis of this theme in Makin's literary career features several of his most important novels, his one play, and his subsequent meta-utopian reflections in Alternaissance, written under the pen name Gabriel Osmonde. Mary Theis, "Makine's Postmodern Writing about Exile, Memory, and Connection" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.5 (2012): Special issue New Work about the Journey and Its Portrayals. Ed. I-Chun Wang
Intraday trade and quote dynamics: A Cox regression analysis

In this paper we apply the Cox proportional hazards model with an automated forward variable selection algorithm to identify the prominent market microstructure variables affecting the arrival rates of the trade and response quote processes. We use this flexible data-driven modeling approach to empirically examine the informational dynamics of individual securities and the economic similarities in trade and response quote dynamics across samples without imposing a structured relationship on the data.
Conjugate additions of furans to enones mediated by iodotrimethylsilane

Abstract Furans undergo facile addition to γ-iodoenolsilyl ethers to afford either the ketone or the enol silyl ether.
Need for specific sugar-sweetened beverage lessons for fourth- and fifth-graders.

Abstract Objective Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is linked to obesity. The authors hypothesized that school-based nutrition education would decrease SSB consumption. Design Self-selected interventional cohort with random selection for pre and post measurements. Setting Arizona Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education Program–eligible schools. Participants Randomly selected (9%) fourth- and fifth-grade classroom students. Intervention The University of Arizona Nutrition Network provided general nutrition education training and materials to teachers, to be delivered to their students. The University of Arizona Nutrition Network administered behavioral questionnaires to students in both fall and spring. Main Outcome Measure(s) Change in SSB consumption. Analyses Descriptive statistics were computed for student demographics and beverage consumption on the day before testing. Paired t tests evaluated change in classroom averages. Linear regression assessed potential correlates of SSB consumption. Results Fall mean SSB consumption was 1.1 (± 0.2) times; mean milk and water intake were 1.6 (± 0.2) and 5.2 (± 0.7) times, respectively. Beverage consumption increased (3.2%) in springtime, with increased SSBs (14.4%) accounting for the majority (P = .006). Change in SSB consumption was negatively associated with baseline SSB and water consumption but positively associated with baseline milk fat (P ≤ .05). Conclusions and Implications The results suggest the need for beverage-specific education to encourage children to consume more healthful beverages in warmer weather.
Performing coverage on nonconvex domains

We present a framework for extending coverage algorithms from convex to nonconvex domains. We are particularly interested in coverage in the presence of obstacles, that is domains that contain holes. We identify a class of connected regions in Ropf2 than can be mapped through a diffeomorphism to an almost convex region in Ropf2 - a convex region from which a finite (possibly empty) set of points has been subtracted. The transformation allows us to solve the coverage problem using the approach of Cortes et al., and obtain the solution of the original problem through inverse transformation. We provide a formal analysis of the approach and demonstrate its effectiveness through simulations. We conclude the paper with a discussion on possible extensions of the work that we are currently undertaking.
Fuzzy subfields of finite fields

Abstract Basic structure theorems are given for fuzzy subfieldsof finite fields. In particular, the result that a finite field F is generated over its prime subfield Z p by any generator of the multiplicative group F − {0} is carried over to fuzzy subfields for F . It is also shown that every fuzzy subfield of F is a direct sum of fuzzy subgroups (whose supportsare cyclic and of order p ) of the additive group F .
Authigenic phillipsite formation rates in the central Indian Ocean and the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract From detailed X-ray and microscopic analysis of three gravity cores and two piston cores, it is apparent that phillipsite continues to grow in the sediment column. The growth process can go to completion in 1·5 × 10 5 years, a time considerably shorter than previously reported. After initially rapid nucleation near the surface, the rate of formation appears to be constant with depth below the upper ten centimetres.
On the formation and stability of O - and O - 2 radicals in type a zeolites and demonstration of cation interactions

Abstract Electron spin resonance studies show tha O − is formed as the major paramagnetic oxygen species in γ-irradiated Ca 6 -A zeolite followed by oxygen adsorption. This is a new method to generate this highly reactive catalytic intermediate. O − 2 is formed in addition to O − if oxygen is adsorbed prior to irradiation. In Na 12 -A zeolite O − is also seen but it transforms to O − 2 in several hours. Thus O − appears to be more stable in divalent exchanged zeolites. By electron spin echo modulation spectrometry interactions fo O − 2 with Li + have been detected which suggests that oxygen species locations in zeolites can be delineated.
Unilateral vestibular schwannoma in a child with prior orbital rhabdomyosarcoma.

In the absence of neurofibromatosis, vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas) are rarely found in children. We report a case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with unilateral vestibular schwannoma 11 years after resection of an orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. The coincidence of these tumors has not been previously reported
Comparing the Standards Lens with Other Perspectives on IS Innovations: The Case of CPFR

Conceptual labels influence researchersâ€™ observations and analytic insights. This article aims to clarify the contributions of standards label by contrasting it with other ways of viewing the same entity and applying it to the IT-enabled supply chain innovation of Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR). Proponents have labeled CPFR not only as a standard but also, at different decreasing levels of abstraction, as a business philosophy, methodology, and set of technologies. By comparing the analytic leverage offered by the different labels, we conclude that there is value in combining the standards perspective with other conceptual lenses. The specific case of CPFR also raises an interesting question for future research: Can information systems innovations justifiably be considered standardized in practice, if they are not standardized at all relevant levels of abstraction?
Cloning and analysis of microRNAs encoded by the primate γ-herpesvirus rhesus monkey rhadinovirus

Several pathogenic human herpesviruses have recently been shown to express virally encoded microRNAs in infected cells. Although the function of these microRNAs is largely unknown, they are hypothesized to play a role in mediating viral replication by downregulating cellular mRNAs encoding antiviral factors. Here, we report the cloning and analysis of microRNAs encoded by Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus (RRV), an animal virus model for the pathogenic human γ-herpesvirus Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV). RRV expresses several microRNAs that are encoded in the same genomic location as the previously reported KSHV microRNAs, yet these microRNAs are unrelated in primary sequence. These data set the stage for the mutational ablation and phenotypic analysis of RRV mutants lacking one or more viral microRNAs.
Closely linear temperature dependence of exchange bias and coercivity in out-of-plane exchange-biased [Pt/Co] 3 /NiO (11 Å) multilayer

Strong out-of-plane exchange biasing has been observed in out-of-plane exchange biased [Pt (5 A)/Co (4 A)]3/NiO (11 A) multilayer with perpendicular easy axis. Both the exchange field HE and coercivity HC display a closely linear temperature dependence except at very low temperatures. A thin NiO layer coated on the top of a Pt/Co multilayer has a great effect on the domain pattern of the Pt/Co multilayer, which is in a more irregular configuration with much smaller domain sizes than the uncoupled Pt/Co multilayer. A simulation according to Malozemoff’s random field model gives a good agreement to the experimental temperature dependence of HE and HC, suggesting that the closely linear temperature dependences of HE and HC are strongly related to the behavior of the temperature of anisotropies and of the spin rotation inside the domain walls of a thin NiO layer. The blocking temperature of TB=220 K is much higher than that observed in ferromagnetic/thin NiO systems with in-plane anisotropy.
Multiple Recognition Motifs Provide Rigidity to Stabilize LC8 Complexes

Hub proteins have a large number of interacting partners and are of special importance in organizing protein-protein networks. LC8, a 10 kDa dimeric component of the cytoplasmic dynein biological motor complex has a relatively large number of interacting partners and fits the description of a hub. Partner proteins of LC8 include the intermediate chain (IC) subunit of cytoplasmic dynein, Chica, a mitotic spindle-associated protein, Nup159, a component of the yeast nuclear pore complex, and a wide array of proteins with roles in apoptosis, enzyme regulation and viral pathogenesis. Linear motifs mediate binding between LC8 and its partner proteins, but while partner proteins such as dynein IC have only one recognition motif, others such as Chica and Nup159 are enriched with multiple interacting motifs.To better understand the importance of multiple recognition motifs in the LC8 interaction network, we have initiated structural and thermodynamic studies of the LC8/Chica and LC8/Nup159 complexes. Chica and Nup159 have four and six putative recognition motifs respectively, nestled within segments that are intrinsically disordered. Our results indicate that LC8 forms a dynamic complex with both proteins, binding only three (Chica) or five (Nup159) of the putative recognition motifs. Furthermore, we show that only three LC8 dimers are needed for optimal stability of the Nup159/LC8 complex, and suggest that the evolutionary adaptation of multiple LC8 recognition motifs imparts to the complex other properties such as rigidity. These findings extend the repertoire of functions of intrinsically disordered proteins to fine-tuning and versatile assembly of higher order macromolecular complexes.
Eating disorders and comorbidity

This review summarizes the current literature on the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The elevated prevalence of depres-sion, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, substance abuse, childhood sexual abuse, and personality disorders will be reviewed. In addition, the relationship of eating disorders to body dysmorphic disorder, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and diabetes will be discussed.
An adaptation of the Minimum Sum Method

The National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association (www.nhcaa.org) states that in 2007 over 4 billion health insurance claims were processed in the United States and that fraud amounted to $68 billion (over 3%) of the total paid $2.26 trillion. Additional overpayments come from billings for unnecessary practice and procedures and errors in billings. It is of vital importance that valid and efficient statistical methods be developed for audits of payments by insurers. The Minimum Sum Method (MSM) is based on simple random sampling. It is a valid statistical method for obtaining a (1 − α)100% confidence level lower estimate (bound) for the total overcharge in a health care payment population whatever the sample size. The MSM lower bound is efficient (not too conservative) when the payments in population are about the same size and each payment is either completely in error (all overcharge) or not in error. It is the purpose of this paper to point out a simple adaptation of MSM that extends its effectiveness to populations where payments vary, to demonstrate the advantage with a small simulation study, and to point out how randomized lower estimates can be used to precisely apportion the risk due to sampling error.
Generalization of Erdős-Gallai edge bound

Erd?s and Gallai proved that a simple graph G with n vertices and matching size ? has at most max { 2 ? + 1 2 , ? 2 + ( n - ? ) ? } edges. The bound is tight for all positive integers n and ? . We obtain the previous Erd?s-Gallai bound as a corollary of our result. The result provides a precise bound for the maximum number of edges possible in a simple graph with restricted values of maximum matching size and independence number. This article further provides sharp bounds for the maximum number of edges possible in a simple graph with restricted values of number of vertices, maximum matching size and independence number. We also establish uniqueness of these extremal graphs that achieve the edge bound subject to conditions on n , ? and α - the independence number. In case, the extremal graphs are not unique for the given values of n , ? and α , we provide the whole class of the extremal graphs that achieve the edge bound.
Minor and trace sterols in marine invertebrates 52. isolation, structure elucidation and partial synthesis of 24-propyl-24,28-methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol

Abstract The isolation and structure elucidation of the first cyclopropyl-containing sterol (1) resulting from quadruple bioalkylation of the sterol side chain is reported.
Modeling of extinction in turbulent diffusion flames by the velocity-dissipation-composition PDF method☆

Abstract The velocity-dissipation-composition probability density function (pdf) method is used to model a turbulent CO/H 2 N 2 —air-piloted jet diffusion flame in the regime of extinction. The thermochemistry is modeled by a three-scalar simplified formulation obtained by the intrinsic low-dimensional manifold (ILDM) method. Calculations are performed for five different jet velocities, and the scalar pdfs are compared with experimental data. Overall good agreement is obtained between the calculations and the experimental results, with the only significant difference being the high level of scatter in the experimental data compared with the pdf results: reasons for this difference are discussed. The pdf method is found to predict flame extinction at approximately the same jet velocity as that of the experiment. A small amount of local extinction is observed in the pdf results for the high-jet-velocity cases.
Semantic Density Analysis: Comparing Word Meaning across Time and Phonetic Space

This paper presents a new statistical method for detecting and tracking changes in word meaning, based on Latent Semantic Analysis. By comparing the density of semantic vector clusters this method allows researchers to make statistical inferences on questions such as whether the meaning of a word changed across time or if a phonetic cluster is associated with a specific meaning. Possible applications of this method are then illustrated in tracing the semantic change of 'dog', 'do', and 'deer' in early English and examining and comparing phonaesthemes.
ENA Imaging of the Inner Heliosheath—Preparing for the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX)

The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft recently crossed the termination shock and are currently sending back groundbreaking and detailed observations at two locations in the inner heliosheath. Complementary global observations will soon be provided by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer—IBEX, which measures energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) produced via charge exchange with energetic protons in this region. While several data sets from instruments on other spacecraft have provided tantalizing observations that might be heliosheath ENAs, none has definitively shown that they are observing this source. In contrast, IBEX has been specifically designed and developed to make all-sky observations of inner heliosheath ENAs with very high sensitivity and signal to noise. These observations will provide the critical global perspective required to understand the three-dimensional heliospheric interaction with the Circum-Heliospheric Interstellar Medium (CHISM). This paper, written prior to the launch of IBEX, reviews previous observations and provides background on this important new mission.
Renal and Hepatic Lipid Alterations in Choline Deficiency Relationship to Renal Necrosis

SummaryBefore and during the period of development of the characteristic renal lesions of choline deficiency in young rats consisting of a “hemorrhagic” cortical necrosis, observations were made on renal size, morphologic characteristics of the tubules, lipid content and choline content. These observations emphasize the rapid sequence of events in the development of the renal lesions. While the renal lesions are clearly preceded by a considerable increase in hepatic lipid, we were not able to demonstrate the presence of an appreciable degree of renal enlargement or increased renal lipid, in the absence of renal necrosis. After the onset of the renal lesions, with congestion and necrosis, there was an increase in renal size and in total lipid per kidney, but not in renal lipid concentration. Whether compression of capillaries by enlarged, fatty tubular cells is the cause of the renal necrosis, cannot be determined conclusively, in our opinion, by the methods presently or heretofore employed. It is not clea...
Velocities of bone mineral accrual in black and white American children.

Black adults have higher bone mass than whites in the United States, but it is not clear when black children gain bone mineral faster than white children. We performed a cohort study to compare the growth velocity of total-body bone mineral content (TBMC) between black and white children of the same sex at different ages and stages of sexual maturity. TBMC and total-body area were measured in a cohort of 188 black and white boys and girls aged 5 to 15 years annually for up to 4 years. Rates of change in TBMC and area were found to vary with age and with Tanner stage. For both TBMC and area, growth velocities between black and white children differed significantly across Tanner stages. Age-specific velocities were higher in black children during prepuberty and initial entry into puberty but reversed in subsequent Tanner stages. Despite earlier entry into each Tanner stage, black children spent only an average of only 0.2 year longer in Tanner stages II through IV, and total gain in TBMC from age 5 to 15 was not higher in whites. In conclusion, the higher bone mass in black adults compared with whites cannot be attributed to faster accrual during puberty. It is due to black children's higher rate of bone mineral accrual in prepuberty and plausibly in postpuberty. Most of the racial difference in TBMC velocity can be explained by growth in size. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Two-phase pressure drop of refrigerants during flow boiling in small channels: an experimental investigation and correlation development☆

Abstract Two-phase flow pressure drop measurements were made during a phase-change heat transfer process with three refrigerants (R-134a, R-12, and R-113) at six different pressures ranging from 138 to 856 kPa, and in two sizes of round tubes (2.46 and 2.92 mm inside diameters) and one rectangular channel (4.06 × 1.7 mm). The data were compared with those from large tubes under similar conditions, and state-of-the-art correlations were evaluated using the R-134a data. The state-of-the-art large-tube correlations failed to satisfactorily predict the experimental data. The data were used to develop a new correlation for two-phase pressure drop during flow boiling in small channels. The correlation was then tested against the experimental data for the three refrigerants; the error was ±20%.
Aquifer storage capacity and maximum annual yield from long-term aquifer fluxes

Long-term time series data of aquifer recharge, groundwater extraction, and discharge are used to estimate aquifer storage capacity and maximum annual yield. Aquifer storage capacity is defined as the maximum volume of water that can be stored in an aquifer. It is estimated using a transient water-balance approach. The maximum annual yield is defined as the maximum combined groundwater extraction plus discharge that can be sustained in an aquifer judged by the historical record of recharge. It is determined according to a graphical mass-curve method. These two quantities are useful in aquifer characterization and groundwater management, the apportionment of groundwater rights and aquifer storage and recovery operations being two frequent applications. Time series data from the Edwards Aquifer, Texas, USA, illustrate the application of the methods presented.
Sexual Inactivity among Hemodialysis Patients: The Patients’ Perspective

An emphasis on patient-centered care is becoming one of the dominant themes of health care reform worldwide. This emphasis involves active participation by patients (and their family/caregivers) in determining the type and standard of care that is best suited to maximize the individuals’ quality
Are chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide equivalent blood-pressure-lowering medications?

Only one large out-come trial, the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), used both HCTZ and CTD, but no head-to-head comparisons were performed. In MRFIT, after about 5 years patients who received each diuretic as initial therapy were compared against the common “referred care” group. For patients who used CTD as initial therapy, there was a trend indicating lower mortality compared with those using HCTZ. Use of CTD declined after research studies using high doses suggested an increased risk of cardiovascular deaths and a high incidence of hypokalemia.
Bridging Trust Relationships with Web Service Enhancements

With the development of web technology and distributed systems, online collaborations are becoming more common and more demanding. Web services now provide standard mechanisms to enable online interactions. Yet security, privacy and trust-related protection mechanisms for web services need additional development. In an interconnected network environment, physical connections with proper security protections are required for bridging two autonomous networks. Likewise, collaborating organizations need mechanisms for bridging extant relationships among cooperating parties that provide proper protection for privacy and trust. A trust establishment mechanism for web services must therefore ensure privacy and owner control at all times due to the subjectivity of trust relationships. This paper describes an indirect trust establishment mechanism to bridge and build new trust relationships from extant trust relationships providing privacy protection and owner control simultaneously.
Isokinetic Strength and Performance in Collegiate Women's Soccer.

Soccer research in exercise science has focused on men’s soccer, while women’s soccer has been underrepresented in training studies, as well as in studies focusing on physiological variables. The purpose of this study was to examine anthropometric data and selected physiological and biomechanical variables of importance as they correlates to performance variables such as ball velocity and distance, specifically in female collegiate soccer players. Twentytwo NCAA Division I female soccer athletes participated in the study. Body composition, muscular strength, explosive power, aerobic power, acceleration, speed, and agility were tested in each athlete. Knee torque (KT) and hip torque (HT) were also measured on both legs. Kicking accuracy and velocity were examined. A correlation was found between KT and KV (r=0.93), as well as vertical jump and KV (r=0.91). Aerobic power (r=0.93), agility (r=0.88), and vertical jump (r=0.84) were highly correlated to BF%. These data suggest that significant relationships do exist between peak knee and hip torque, agility, lean body mass, strength, and explosive power with soccer-specific variables such as kick velocity (KV). Contributing to the body of data on female soccer athletes and variables important in performance is essential as the population engaged in the sport continues to increase.
A Bimodal Grain Size Model for Predicting the Dielectric Constant of Calcium Copper Titanate Ceramics

The bimodal distribution of grain size is frequently observed in calcium copper titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12 or CCTO) ceramics that exhibit high dielectric constant. In this study, we propose an analytical model composed of grains of two different sizes to estimate the dielectric behavior of CCTO based on microstructural features. Important assumptions are (1) CCTO is a barrier layer dielectric and (2) the insulating layer thickness is the same in both large and small grains. Explicit expressions for the effective dielectric constant of serial, parallel, and logarithmic mixture models are given. When compared with experimental results, the present bimodal model appears to be acceptable for describing the dielectric behavior of CCTO.
Dispersed knowledge work – implications for knowledge intensive firms

Purpose – Despite increase in industry use of dispersed teams, understanding has lagged on how to manage knowledge effectively and efficiently in a dispersed structure. The main purpose of this paper is to map this domain by reviewing two streams of literatures ‐ the knowledge‐based view of the firm and the dispersed work. The aim, also, is to examine the implications of dispersed knowledge work on firms, especially knowledge intensive firms that are increasingly conducting dispersed work.Design/methodology/approach – The literatures are reviewed and analyzed to examine why accessing and creating knowledge is problematic in dispersed work arrangements.Findings – The findings raise the issue of understanding the important dynamics of the fit between the structure (dispersed versus face‐to‐face) and the strategy for managing dispersed knowledge (codification versus personalization strategy).Practical implications – The paper is a useful resource for managers seeking to discern the social and technological i...
On the Forces Driving Plate Tectonics: Inferences from Absolute Plate Velocities and Intraplate Stress

Summary Absolute plate motions and intraplate stress both serve as tests of models for the forces acting on plate boundaries. Plate velocities relative to a presumedly fixed underlying mantle are calculated from the hypothesis that no net torque is exerted on the lithosphere. Intraplate stress is calculated by solving the equilibrium equations for thin elastic shells in the membrane state of stress. The absolute velocity fields predicted from a wide assortment of physical and geological models are all very similar. While the global pattern of absolute velocity is probably close to those predicted by such models, the absolute motions do not therefore provide a strong test of the driving mechanism. Comparison of predicted intraplate stress with the long-wavelength features of the global stress field, however, as determined by in situ measurements, earthquake mechanisms, and stressinduced geological structures, does prove to be a powerful test of possible driving forces. All absolute velocity models have several interesting properties. Lithosphere in the equatorial half of the Earth is moving significantly faster than lithosphere in the polar half. Some connection to the Earth's rotation is implied since this statement is demonstrably untrue for co-ordinate poles much different from the geographic pole. Subducted slabs are characterized by a slow horizontal translation perpendicular to strike that is independent of the plate convergence rate, confounding attempts to explain the dip angles of Benioff zones in terms of a uniform vertical sinking and a variable absolute velocity for the overthrust plate. Ridges must migrate at a wide range of velocities relative to their underlying source of new lithosphere; such rapid migration may be a necessary but is not a sufficient condition for ridge jumps. Force models considered in velocity and stress calculations include driving forces at spreading centres and subduction zones and various parameterizations of drag at the base of the lithosphere. From the rms absolute velocities of individual plates, there is a weak indication that pull by subducted lithosphere at trenches is an important driving force and that drag may be greater beneath continental than oceanic lithosphere. The predicted intraplate deviatoric stress cannot match the well-determined stress fields in North America and Europe unless the driving force exerted at ridges is at least comparable in magnitude to other forces in the system. The mid-plate stresses are very sensitive to the nature of drag at the base of the lithosphere and thus measured stresses may ultimately provide a sensitive test of absolute plate velocities.
Design of Hopfield content-addressable memories

The optimal learning rule for the Hopfield content-addressable memories (CAM) based on three well recognized criteria is designed. After analyzing the real cause of the unsatisfactory performance of the Hebb rule and many other existing learning rules, it is shown that three criteria actually amount to widely expanding the basin of attraction around each desired attractor. For this, a concept called Hamming-stability is introduced. It is found that Hamming-stability for all desired attractors can be reduced to a moderately expansive linear separability condition at each neuron. Thus, Rosenblatt's perceptron learning rule is the correct one for learning Hamming-stability. Computer experiments are conducted, showing that the proposed perceptron Hamming-stability learning rule takes good care of three optimal criteria. >
A practical guide to prostate cancer diagnosis and management.

■ ■ ABSTRACT Screening, diagnosis, and management of prostate cancer can be complicated, with no clear consensus about key issues. We present our approach, which reflects the guidelines of the American Urological Association (AUA). ■ ■ KEY POINTS The AUA recommends annual screening with both digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing starting at age 40 for all men whose life expectancy is more than 10 years. Guidelines from other organizations differ somewhat. If the DRE is abnormal or if the PSA level is persistently higher than 2.5 µg/L, then biopsy should be considered. In low-risk cases, active surveillance may be acceptable in lieu of immediate treatment. Patient education, accurate disease assessment, and compliance with monitoring are critical considerations. The most common primary treatments are active surveil- lance, prostatectomy, interstitial brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy, and cryotherapy. Newer ablative and focal therapies may offer an advantage in select patients. Which treatment to use is highly patient-dependent.
Ultrafast waveform synthesis and characterization using coherent Raman sidebands in a reflection scheme

Coherent Raman sidebands have the potential to serve as a source of single cycle pulses. We generate these sidebands by crossing two-color femtosecond laser pulses in a Raman-active crystal. We design a reflection scheme using spherical mirrors to combine coherent Raman sidebands. The sidebands and the driving pulses are refocused back to the Raman crystal and the relative spectral phases are retrieved from an interferogram based on the nonlinear Raman interaction. Furthermore, using a deformable mirror to adjust the spectral phases, we demonstrate that our setup is capable of synthesizing ultrafast waveforms using coherent Raman sidebands.
Velocity contrast across the San Andreas fault in central California: Small-scale variations from P-wave nodal plane distortion

Systematic variations in P-wave radiation patterns, evident in a data set of 400 central California earthquakes, have been analyzed for variations in velocity contrast across the San Andreas fault zone. Vertical strike-slip faulting characterizes the region, with radiation patterns well constrained by the dense local seismographic station network. A discontinuity in crustal velocity occurs across the San Andreas fault. The distribution of systematically inconsistent first motions indicates that first arrivals observed along the fault plane within the northeastern block have followed refracted paths through the higher velocity crustal rocks to the southwest, retaining P-wave polarities characteristic of the quadrant of origin, and thus appearing reversed. A simple geometrical interpretation, with P waves refracted at the fault plane near the focus, yields the velocity contrast across the fault zone; the distribution of hypocenters allows its mapping in time and space. The velocity contrast so determined ranges up to 15 per cent, for a depth range of 1 to 10 km. The observed pattern of contrast values is coherent, with the greatest contrast related apparently in space, and possibly in time, to the larger earthquakes occurring on the fault. We suggest the phenomenon reflects changes in stress state at the fault and, by virtue of its ease of measurement, offers a new and valuable technique in earthquake studies.
Sulfation of the tumor cell surface sialomucin of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma.

ASGP-1, the major cell surface sialomucin of the 13762 ascites rat mammary adenocarcinoma, is at least 0.5% of the total ascites cell protein and has sulfate on 20% of its O-linked oligosaccharide chains. We have used this system to investigate the O-glycosylation pathway in these cells and to determine the temporal relationship between sulfation and sialylation. The two major sulfated oligosaccharides (S-1 and S-2) were isolated as their oligosaccharitols by alkaline boro-hydride elimination, anion exchange HPLC, and ion-suppression HPLC. From structural analyses S-1 is proposed to be a branched, sulfated trisaccharide −O4S-GlcNAcβ1,6-(Galβ1,3)-GalNAc and S-2 its sialylated derivative −O4S-GlcNAcβ1,6-(NeuAcα2,3-Galβ1,3)-GalNac. Pulse labeling with sulfate indicated that sulfation occurred primarily on a form of ASGP-1 intermediate in size between immature and mature sialomucin. Pulse-chase analyses showed that the intermediate could be chased into mature ASGP-1. The concomitant conversion of S-1 into S-2 had a half-time of less than 5 min. Monensin treatment of the tumor cells led to a 95% inhibition of sulfation with the accumulation of unsulfated trisaccharide GlcNAcβ1,6-(Galβ1,3)-GalNAc and sialylated derivative GlcNAcβ1,6-(NeuAcα2,3-Galβ1,3)-GalNac. These data suggest that sulfation of ASGP-1 is an intermediate synthetic step, which competes with β-1,4-galactosylation for the trisaccharide intermediate and thus occurs in the same compartment as β-1,4-galactosylation. Moreover, sulfation precedes sialylation, but the two are rapidly successive kinetic events in the oligosaccharide assembly of ASGP-1.
The enzymatic surface erosion of aliphatic polyesters

Abstract The rates and mechanisms of biodegradation of a series of homo- and copolymers of ϵ caprolactone, crosslinked to varying degrees with 2,2-bis(e-caprolacton-4-yl)propane (BCP), were determined in rabbit and rat. These polymers were elastomeric, with little or no crystallinity. In contrast to the uncrosslinked crystalline homopolymer, which is subject to long induction periods prior to weight loss, poly(e-caprolactone) crosslinked with 6 mole % BCP was bioabsorbed by an enzymatic surface erosion process which was detectable within two weeks in rabbit and was 80% complete after 100 weeks. The bioabsorption of crosslinked 1:1 copolymers of e-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone was proportional to the crosslink density, ρ, and, for ρ
Preparation and Characterization of Crystalline 3,4-Polyisoprene

Abstract Gel-free, semi-crystalline polyisoprenes containing 70–81% 3,4 units were prepared using an improved iron catalyst. A partially hydrolyzed triisobutylaluminum was used as the reducing agent for the improved catalyst, which allowed the title polymers to be prepared in aliphatic solvents at fast rates.
Morphological identification and COI barcodes of adult flies help determine species identities of chironomid larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae)

Establishing reliable methods for the identification of benthic chironomid communities is important due to their significant contribution to biomass, ecology and the aquatic food web. Immature larval specimens are more difficult to identify to species level by traditional morphological methods than their fully developed adult counterparts, and few keys are available to identify the larval species. In order to develop molecular criteria to identify species of chironomid larvae, larval and adult chironomids from Western Lake Erie were subjected to both molecular and morphological taxonomic analysis. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcode sequences of 33 adults that were identified to species level by morphological methods were grouped with COI sequences of 189 larvae in a neighbor-joining taxon-ID tree. Most of these larvae could be identified only to genus level by morphological taxonomy (only 22 of the 189 sequenced larvae could be identified to species level). The taxon-ID tree of larval sequences had 45 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, defined as clusters with >97% identity or individual sequences differing from nearest neighbors by >3%; supported by analysis of all larval pairwise differences), of which seven could be identified to species or 'species group' level by larval morphology. Reference sequences from the GenBank and BOLD databases assigned six larval OTUs with presumptive species level identifications and confirmed one previously assigned species level identification. Sequences from morphologically identified adults in the present study grouped with and further classified the identity of 13 larval OTUs. The use of morphological identification and subsequent DNA barcoding of adult chironomids proved to be beneficial in revealing possible species level identifications of larval specimens. Sequence data from this study also contribute to currently inadequate public databases relevant to the Great Lakes region, while the neighbor-joining analysis reported here describes the application and confirmation of a useful tool that can accelerate identification and bioassessment of chironomid communities.
Pitfalls in Seismic Processing: Part 2 Velocity Analysis Sourced Acquisition Footprint

Seismic interpretations are often highly subjective and depend on the interpreter’s understanding of the limitations of seismic acquisition and processing as well as the tectonic and depositional environment. Small errors in processing may give rise to features that look like geology. Such processing errors may include improper statics, poor velocity analysis and not adequately removing coherent noise. The result of these errors, if not mistaken as geology, is often classified under the broad category of acquisition footprint.
Origin and nature of bond rotation barriers: a unified view.

Bond rotations are common and important in molecular studies such as drug design and enzymatic reactions. Steric hindrance and hyperconjugation are often borrowed to justify the origin of bond rotation barriers. However, there exists no consensus, even for as simple molecules as ethane, on which the effect is more significant. Here, we show that a unified view is possible. To that end, we employ two energy partition schemes from density functional theory to investigate the flexible rotation barrier of six molecules with one rotatable dihedral angle: ethane, methylamine, methanol, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and hydrogen peroxide. Our results suggest that, even though steric and quantum effects play indispensable roles, it is the electrostatic interaction that governs the barrier height of all these different types of systems. This work not only consolidates earlier views about the role of steric and quantum effects, it also provides new insights about the origin and nature of the bond rotation barrier, whic...
How surface potential determines the kinetics of the first hole transfer of photocatalytic water oxidation.

Interfacial hole transfer between n-SrTiO3 and OH– was investigated by surface sensitive transient optical spectroscopy of an in situ photoelectrochemical cell during water oxidation. The kinetics reveal a single rate constant with an exponential dependence on the surface hole potential, spanning time scales from 3 ns to 8 ps over a ≈1 V increase. A voltage- and laser illumination-induced process moves the valence band edge at the n-type semiconductor/water interface to continuously change the surface hole potential. This single step of the water oxidation reaction is assigned to the first hole transfer h+ + OH– → OH•. The kinetics quantify how much a change in the free energy difference driving this first hole transfer reduces the activation barrier. They are also used to extrapolate the kinetic rate due to the activation barrier when that free energy difference is zero, or the Nernstian potential. This is the first time transient spectroscopy has enabled the separation of the first hole transfer from th...
Analyzing human appearance as a cue for dating images

Given an image, we propose to use the appearance of people in the scene to estimate when the picture was taken. There are a wide variety of cues that can be used to address this problem. Most previous work has focused on low-level image features, such as color and vignetting. Recent work on image dating has used more semantic cues, such as the appearance of automobiles and buildings. We extend this line of research by focusing on human appearance. Our approach, based on a deep convolutional neural network, allows us to more deeply explore the relationship between human appearance and time. We find that clothing, hair styles, and glasses can all be informative features. To support our analysis, we have collected a new dataset containing images of people from many high school yearbooks, covering the years 1912-2014. While not a complete solution to the problem of image dating, our results show that human appearance is strongly related to time and that semantic information can be a useful cue.
Stented Versus Nonstented Ureteroileal Anastomoses: Is there a Difference With Regard to Leak and Stricture?

We reviewed the clinical histories of 362 patients (711 renal units) who had undergone ileal conduit diversion. Stents were used in 126 patients (247 renal units) and were not used in 236 (464 renal units). The stented group was divided further into 95 patients (186 renal units) with silicone single J stents and 31 (61 renal units) with some other type of stent. The over-all incidence of urine leakage was 1.7 per cent (6 of 362 patients). The over-all incidence of stricture was 3.9 per cent (11 without and 3 with stents). No leak occurred among the 126 patients in whom a stent was used. None of the 95 patients in whom silicone single J stents were used had stricture. If stents are to be used, we recommend silicone single J stents because of their satisfactory performance to date.