cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Douglas Macarthur's oratory on behalf of Inchon: Discourse that altered the course of history

General Douglas MacArthur's acclaim for oratory stems from epideictic or occasional addresses which articulate well audiences’ extant attitudes. Yet his more influential discourse was deliberative, during the Korean War, persuading opposing Joint Chiefs of Staff to approve the Marines’ landing at Inchon. Explication of this event suggests how oratorical prowess affected a pivotal military decision more than professional estimates offered in those deliberations.
Direct-flow microfiltration of aquasols: I. Impacts of particle stabilities and size

Abstract A conceptual model for the fouling of MF membranes by aquasols (fine particles in aquatic environments) has been developed and tested. The focus of the work is on the impacts of particle size and colloidal stabilities (both particle–particle and particle–membrane). The model predicts that fouling is most severe when aquasol particles are unstable with respect to attachment to the membrane. Meanwhile, their stability with respect to mutual aggregation has competitive effects with attachment in deposition and usually causes a decrease of total fouling. The size of aquasol particles plays a secondary role although it can determine the extent of fouling caused by unstable aquasols. There is also a critical range of particle sizes relative to membrane pore diameter that can lead to efficient pore blocking. The model findings were validated experimentally using polystyrene latex spheres and bovine serum albumin protein, and a polyvinylindene fluoride membrane. These results are consistent with the findings of other experimental studies. The model developed in this study provides a mechanistic explanation for the widely observed role of aquasols in the MF of natural waters and wastewaters.
Elastic interaction energy calculations for guinier-preston zones in Al-Cu and Cu-Be

Abstract Computer experiments were performed in order to study elastic strain effects of small coherent precipitates. The model calculations were based on the harmonic theory of microscopic elasticity, which is a modification of lattice statics theory. The theoretical model requires as input only BornHuang force constants of the host material and the elements of a symmetric stress-free distortion tensor for describing the elastic strain effects of individual defects. Elastic interaction energy calculations for Guinier-Preston (G.P.)-zones in Al -Cu, simulated by disk-like clusters of tetragonal defects, show a tendency for stacking of two parallel disks separated by two lattice parameters, thereby providing a possible explanation for the G.P. to θ″ decomposition in supersaturated Al -Cu solid solutions. In contrast, the calculations show no such tendency for Cu -Be solutions, because of the marked anisotropy of the Cu host.
Is gas hydrate formation thermodynamically promoted by hydrotrope molecules

The effect of para-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA), an amphiphilic compound, on the phase equilibria of gas hydrates was studied experimentally. The equilibrium conditions (H–Lw–V) of three different gas hydrate systems were measured at different p-TSA concentrations in order to determine the effect of hydrotropes on the hydrate thermodynamics. It was previously reported that the hydrate dissociation temperature is shifted towards higher values with the addition of p-TSA. However, in this present study, no effect was observed on the hydrate phase equilibria with hydrotrope concentrations in the range of 2000–5000 ppm. Furthermore, at higher concentrations (up to 138 000 ppm), an inhibitor effect on CH4 hydrates was measured by a decrease in the hydrate stability zone (as an analogy to colligative properties of solutions). The accuracy of the hydrate equilibrium points, using the temperature cycling procedure, was found to be highly dependent on the heating rate during hydrate dissociation, and the reason for the discrepancy in the literature.
A new compact for higher education: funding and autonomy for reform and accountability

Over the past few decades, America’s social compact for higher education as a public good has effectively lapsed as government support of higher education has diminished. Given the need for a highly educated workforce in today’s knowledge-based global economy, we propose a new compact for higher education that couples increased funding with increased institutional accountability. While the compact must retain academic freedom as an essential component of higher education, this autonomy must co-exist with rigorous accountability standards. Accountability systems should be multifaceted, as different methodologies have differing strengths and limitations. All systems should, however, inform the public and provide for institutional improvement.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma may not increase survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection.

Background and Objectives Osteosarcoma is a primary malignancy of bone. Current therapy includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery, and postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. Prolonged treatment with chemotherapeutic agents may place patients at increased risk for complications including secondary malignancy. The authors have had promising results with neoadjuvant therapy and surgery alone in the treatment of osteosarcoma. This study retrospectively examines neoadjuvant therapy and surgery alone for the treatment of primary osteosarcoma of bone with no evidence of distant metastases. Methods Fifty-four patients, with localized osteosarcoma of bone received neoadjuvant therapy followed by definitive surgical resection. Thirty-five patients received chemotherapy after surgery (adjuvant group) and nineteen patients were followed without postoperative chemotherapy (no adjuvant group). Results Tumor necrosis was predictive of survival. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed the use of postoperative chemotherapy was not a predictor of improved outcome. Four patients in the adjuvant therapy group died of secondary malignancy compared with none of the no adjuvant therapy group. Patient age, sex, race, and tumor location were not predictive of survival. Conclusions The use of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of localized osteosarcoma of bone did not increase survival after neoadjuvant therapy and definitive surgical therapy. Instead, there was an increased incidence of secondary malignancy after its use. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:162–170. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Requirement of the integrin beta 3 subunit for carcinoma cell spreading or migration on vitronectin and fibrinogen

FG human pancreatic carcinoma cells use integrin alpha v beta 5 as their primary vitronectin receptor since they fail to express integrin alpha v beta 3. These cells are unable to form focal contacts, spread, or migrate on vitronectin but readily do so on collagen in a beta 1 integrin-dependent manner. Transfection of FG cells with a cDNA encoding the integrin beta 3 subunit results in the surface expression of a functional integrin alpha v beta 3 heterodimer providing these cells with novel adhesive and biological properties. Specifically, FG cells expressing beta 3 acquire the capacity to attach and spread on vitronectin as well as fibrinogen with beta 3 localization to focal contacts. Moreover, these cells gain the capacity to migrate through a porous membrane in response to either vitronectin or fibrinogen. These results demonstrate that the beta 3 and beta 5 integrin subunits when associated with alpha v, promote distinct cellular responses to a vitronectin extracellular environment.
Effect of Cross-Anisotropy of Hot-Mix Asphalt Modulus on Falling Weight Deflections and Embedded Sensor Stress-Strain

In this study, the effects of cross-anisotropy on asphalt pavement responses are examined. A dynamic finite element model (FEM) was developed in ABAQUS to simulate pavement responses under falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and truck loads on a pavement section on I-40 at Mile Post 141 in New Mexico. This section was recently instrumented with strain gauges, moisture probes, and pressure cells. Pavement response (i.e., stress, strain, deflection) from the instrumented section is compared with the FEM-predicted values. Two combinations of cross-anisotropy are considered. The first combination considers cross-anisotropy of modulus in every layer of the pavement, and the second combination considers it only in the hot-mix asphalt layer. Time-deflection histories, stress, and strain are predicted from the FEM under FWD and truck loads. Results show that predicted deflections, stress, and strain are highly sensitive to cross-anisotropy. Predicted deflections, stress, and strain increase with a decrease in n-va...
Vibrational spectra of normal, imine-deuterated and 15N ethyleneimine

Abstract The infrared spectra of the normal, imine-deuterated and 15 N ethyleneimine have been observed. The vibrational fundamentals of the more questionable assignments, i.e. the symmetric and antisymmetric ring deformations, ring breathe and NH symmetric and anti-symmetric deformations have been assigned to 856, 1268, 1210, 1096 and 904 cm −1 respectively. Assignments were made from observed frequency shifts in the isotopic compounds and band contours.
Microcomputer reliability improvement using triple-modular redundancy

Triple-modular redundancy (TMR) is a classical technique for improving the reliability of digital systems. However, applying TMR to microcomputer systems may not improve overall system reliability because voter circuits may contribute as much to system unreliability as the microprocessors themselves. We examine the issues that affect the effectiveness of TMR for transient recovery and the reliability of semiconductor memory systems. With careful application, TMR can improve the mission time of a small system by a factor of 3 or more.
A simple system for monitoring the timing of infant gaze to stimuli at specific locations

A system for monitoring the timing of infant gazes to specific locations is described. Infants sit on a parent’s lap in a dark room and observe videotaped stimuli presented on one of four monitors. Infrared (IR) light sources provide illumination for an IR-sensitive video camera and are positioned so that the infant’s direction of gaze can be readily apprehended on the basis of the reflections of the IR light sources relative to the infant’s pupil. The parent monitors the infant’s eyes through a headmounted display and keeps the infant in view of the video camera. Direction and timing of gaze shifts can be coded from frame-by-frame inspection of the videotape. We demonstrate that this coding is relatively accurate and that the present system provides some advantages over coding gaze direction on the basis of an unembellished video recording.
Direct counting of Xe atoms

Abstract Resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) is making possible direct counting of inert-gas atoms. Results for Xe are presented along with considerations involved in generalizing to other inert gases. Various applications of counters for inert-gas atoms are described.
EXAMINING FREEDLE'S CLAIMS ABOUT BIAS AND HIS PROPOSED SOLUTION: DATED DATA, INAPPROPRIATE MEASUREMENT, AND INCORRECT AND UNFAIR SCORING

In the Spring 2003 issue of Harvard Educational Review, Roy Freedle stated that the SAT® is both culturally and statistically biased, and he proposed a solution to ameliorate this bias. His claims, which garnered national attention, were based on serious errors in his analysis. We begin our analyses by assessing the psychometric properties of Freedle's recommended hard half-test that he thinks should form the basis for the supplemental SAT score he proposes to report. Next we demonstrate his justification for a score based on this half-test is based on a flawed analysis. The numbers in his critical Table 2 do not represent what he claims they do. We then demonstrate what occurs when current data are used with both the correct scoring and the incorrect scoring proposed by Freedle. When the table is constructed correctly using current data, the effects that Freedle reported are reduced substantially in magnitude to the point where they do not warrant any of the corrective actions he proposes. We conclude our analysis of Freedle's claims with DIF analyses of our own that are inconsistent with his DIF analyses of old SAT test editions he used as his initial motivation for correcting the SAT scoring procedure.
Intracranial Compliance Is Time-dependent

Compliance is considered a fundamental characteristic of the intracranial system, is measured by the volume pressure test (VPT), and is considered to be related to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse pressure (delta Pcsf). This study was carried out to determine the time-dependent relationship of intracranial compliance and the relationship between intracranial pulse pressure and compliance. In nine dogs divided into two groups, the rate of injection of a test volume and the physical compliance of the intracranial system was altered by opening or closing the skull without altering the base line intracranial pressure. The VPT was carried out by three methods: slow infusion--infusion of 0.3 ml at 1.5 to 0.2 ml/second, fast infusion--infusion of 0.2 ml in 0.5 second, and bolus injection--injection of 0.05 ml as rapidly as possible. With the skull closed, there were linear relationships between diastolic CSF pressure (Pcsf-d) and delta Pcsf; Pcsf-d and slow infusion, fast infusion, or bolus injection; and Pcsf-d and CSF respiratory wave amplitude. With the skull open, the linear relationship was retained only for Pcsf-d vs. delta Pcsf and Pcsf-d vs. bolus injection. Furthermore, delta Pcsf amplitude at any level of Pcsf-d was the same whether the skull was open or closed. It is concluded that intracranial compliance can be divided into two components based on the time constant of the injected volume: physical compliance, which has a short time constant and is related to delta Pcsf, and physiological compliance, which has a longer time constant and is related to the VPT.
Criteria for evaluating purchase quantity decisions in response to future price increases

Abstract Previous research for determining ordering strategies in response to known future price increases has not incorporated the actual cost functions. It is shown that, when these functions are utilized, the optimal strategy depends on the time horizon studied. An alternative criterion is offered which incorporates the actual cost comparisons and which provides recommendations consistent with previous research. The formulation given provides a general framework for studying ordering strategies based on price changes.
Reaction of the mutant mouse nude to axonal injuries of the central nervous system.

Abstract The effects of unilateral forebrain and spinal cord hemisections were examined in the mutant athymic mouse nude. The activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamic acid decarboxylase within the striatum and olfactory tubercle and within the midbrain ventral tegmentum, terminal fields of dopaminergic and GABA-ergic neurons, respectively, were measured to characterize the anterograde reaction of these neurons to axonal injuries. After forebrain hemisections a rapid (within 2 days) and permanent decrease was observed for all enzymes, indicating a permanent degeneration of axons with no recovery. Unilateral spinal cord hemisections resulted in a flaccid paralysis of the ipsilateral hind limb which subsided within 2 to 3 days after the lesion, and thereafter a permanent spasticity ensued. When spinal cord hemisection was repeated the initial flaccid paralysis did not occur and spasticity of the ipsilateral hind limb was immediately evident. The results indicate that regeneration of cut axons or even an improved motor recovery does not occur in the central nervous system of the nude mouse.
HCI and sustainability: a tale of two motivations

Sustainability in (Inter)Action provides a forum for innovative thought, design, and research in the area of interaction design and environmental sustainability. The forum explores how HCI can contribute to the complex and interdisciplinary efforts to address sustainability challenges. Elaine M. Huang, Editor
High body mass index is associated with increased diurnal strains in the articular cartilage of the knee.

Objective. Obesity is an important risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) and is associated with changes in both the biomechanical and inflammatory environments within the joint. However, the relationship between obesity and cartilage deformation is not fully understood. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of body mass index (BMI) on the magnitude of diurnal cartilage strain in the knee. Methods. Three-dimensional maps of knee cartilage thickness were developed from 3T magnetic resonance images of the knees of asymptomatic age- and sexmatched subjects with normal BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 ) or high BMI (25–31 kg/m 2 ). Site-specific magnitudes of diurnal cartilage strain were determined using aligned images recorded at 8:00 AM and 4:00 PM on the same day. Results. Subjects with high BMI had significantly thicker cartilage on both the patella and femoral groove, as compared to subjects with normal BMI. Diurnal cartilage strains were dependent on location in the knee joint, as well as BMI. Subjects with high BMI, compared to those with normal BMI, exhibited significantly higher compressive strains in the tibial cartilage. Cartilage thickness on both femoral condyles decreased significantly from the AM to the PM time point; however, there was no significant effect of BMI on diurnal cartilage strain in the femur. Conclusion. Increased BMI is associated with increased diurnal strains in articular cartilage of both the medial and lateral compartments of the knee. The increased cartilage strains observed in individuals with high BMI may, in part, explain the elevated risk of OA associated with obesity or may reflect alterations in the cartilage mechanical properties in subjects with high BMI.
Direct comparison of a genetically encoded sensor and small molecule indicator: Implications for quantification of cytosolic Zn2+

Fluorescent sensors are powerful tools for visualizing and quantifying molecules and ions in living cells. A variety of small molecule and genetically encoded sensors have been developed for studying intracellular Zn2+ homeostasis and signaling, but no direct comparisons exist, making it challenging for researchers to identify the appropriate sensor for a given application. Here we directly compare the widely used small molecule probe FluoZin-3 and a genetically encoded sensor, ZapCY2. We demonstrate that, in contrast to FluoZin-3, ZapCY2 exhibits a well-defined cytosolic localization, provides estimates of Zn2+ concentration with little variability, does not perturb cytosolic Zn2+ levels, and exhibits rapid Zn2+ response dynamics. ZapCY2 was used to measure Zn2+ concentrations in 5 different cell types, revealing higher cytosolic Zn2+ levels in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostate cells (although the total zinc is reduced in prostate cancer cells), suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms.
Analysis of inconsistencies in multi-year gridded quantitative precipitation estimate over complex terrain and its impact on hydrologic modeling

Summary It is common that bias trends of long term precipitation data change over time due to various factors such as gauge relocation and changes in data processing methods. Temporal consistency of this error characteristic of precipitation data is as important as accuracy itself for reliable streamflow prediction with a hydrologic model. The main goal of this paper is to illustrate the detection and adverse effect of inconsistent precipitation data on distributed hydrologic model simulations over a mountainous basin in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. We used 1-h 4 km gridded precipitation time series intended for the second phase of the Distributed Model Intercomparison Project (DMIP-2), sponsored by the US National Weather Service (NWS). We present various analyses to investigate the consistency of an hourly gridded precipitation time series from October 1988 through September 2006. First, hourly gridded precipitation data were aggregated into monthly mean areal precipitation totals over the basin and compared with basin average totals derived from the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) monthly values. Second, double mass analysis was preformed on several discrete locations within the basin using both the DMIP-2 gridded precipitation and PRISM data. In addition, we performed a statistical consistency test on the DMIP-2 time series. Both analyses lead to the conclusion that over the entire analysis time period a clear change in bias in the DMIP-2 data occurred in the beginning of 2003. Moreover, it was found that the PRISM data also exhibit some inconsistency. The inconsistency of two elevation zone mean area precipitation (MAP) time series computed from the DMIP-2 gridded precipitation fields was corrected by adjusting hourly values based on the result from double mass analysis. Model simulations using the adjusted MAP data are improved compared to simulations with the inconsistent MAP input data.
PGE1 compared to PGE2/PGF2α ratio as a marker for seminal fluid contamination of urine in studies of renal prostaglandin biosynthesis

Abstract Occasional and unpredictable seminal plasma leakage (SPL) into the urinary system severely limits the usefulness of primary prostaglandin (PG) excretion rates as markers of renal synthesis in male subjects. Although reports to this effect appeared first some 10 years ago, no specific study has been done to define the magnitude of the problem, while several investigators persisted in the use of primary PG excretion rates, disregarding SPL as a confounding factor. We conducted a systematic study with a group of 5 healthy adult subjects who collected 24-h urine with an average frequency of one collection every other week for a total of 20 weeks. 35% of the urine collected contained seminal plasma. It is imperative to be able to disqualify compromised urine specimens in biological studies. With this objective in mind, we developed a method to identify contaminated samples based on the presence of PGE1. This is a major prostanoid in seminal plasma but is normally absent in ‘clean’ urine.
A mosaic analysis of the apterous mutation in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract An analysis of three phenotypes expressed by the apterous-four (ap4) mutant of Drosophila melanogaster has been carried out in ap 4 ap + mosaic adults. The wing and haltere deficiency phenotype was found to be autonomous for entirely mutant structures. However, small patches of mutant anterior and posterior wing margin cells can exist in mosaic wings. Examples of duplicated and triplicated lengths of bristle rows were often found associated with the existing mutant patches. About 20% of the mosaics expressed the phenotype of precocious adult death, dying 30–40 hr after eclosion. The focus for this phenotype was located in the posterior region of the abdomen, and a strong correlation was found between expression of this phenotype and the presence of mutant Malpighian tubules. The focus for juvenile hormone deficiency in ap4 adults was located near that for precocious adult death; in fact, the two foci may be identical. It is suggested that defective functioning of ap4 adult Malpighian tubules results in abnormal hemolymph leading to early death. Inadequate juvenile hormone secretion could result indirectly from impaired glandular functioning attributable to abnormal adult hemolymph.
A tunable planar inverted-f antenna for digital video broadcast-handheld applications

A compact varactor-tuned planar inverted-F antenna is introduced for digital video broadcast-handheld (DVB-H) applications. The antenna size is 20 × 40 × 5 mm3, making it particularly suitable as an internal antenna. A full-wave simulator is used to calculate the scattering matrix of the antenna as a two port network. A circuit model including the two-port antenna and its tuning circuitry is simulated using a circuit simulator. The simulation results show that the antenna is continuously tunable within the entire frequency range of the DVB-H standard, 470–702 MHz. The antenna is prototyped and tested. The measured results are in agreement with the simulation data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2635–2638, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.21728
Metrology: New generation of combs

To measure an optical frequency, you are best off using an optical frequency comb. A radical approach shakes up how these combs are produced, and will permit their closer integration into optical-fibre technology.
Continuous Skeletons from Digitized Images

An algorithm for the determination of the skeleton of a polygonal figure is presented. The propagation of the figure contour is simulated analytically. All skeleton branch points are obtained, in an order which depends on their distance from the contour, together with the equations of the skeleton branches connecting them. The computing time for polygons with few concave vertices is roughly proportional to the number of sides.
Cluster analysis for measuring welfare and quality of life across countries

Abstract The dream of a multiattribute approach to empirical welfare analysis is coming closer to reality because of significant advances in both theoretical and measurement areas. In this paper we propose statistical cluster analysis methods to explore different ways and levels for clustering of 23 diverse attributes such as political rights, civil liberties, life expectancy, literacy, real domestic product, etc. Several key attribute categories are identified which should be very helpful in dealing with the problem of ‘double counting’ in multidimensional analyses. Aggregate measures of welfare are computed for many countries, and the sensitivity of several key inequality measures with respect to clustering and degrees of aggregation is studied.
A methodology to detect and characterize Kernel level rootkit exploits involving redirection of the system call table

There is no standardized methodology at present to characterize rootkits that compromise the security of computer systems. The ability to characterize rootkits will provide system administrators with information so that they can take the best possible recovery actions and may also help to detect additional instances and prevent the further installation of the rootkit allowing the security community to react faster to new rootkit exploits. There are limited capabilities at present to detect rootkits, but in most cases these capabilities only indicate that a system is infected without identifying the specific rootkit. We propose a mathematical framework for classifying rootkit exploits as existing, modifications to existing, or entirely new. An indepth analysis of a particular type of kernel rootkit is conducted in order to develop a characterization. As a result of this characterization and analysis, we propose some new methods to detect this particular class of rootkit exploit.
Oncologic Outcomes Following Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy with Bladder Cuff Excision for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Purpose: Robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery for managing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We report oncologic outcomes following robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision.Materials and Methods: The records of the initial 65 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision for upper tract urothelial carcinoma between 2008 and 2014 were reviewed from our institutional review board approved, prospectively maintained database. All patients underwent surgery with the single docking technique. Baseline demographic features, pathological variables and perioperative data were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier methodology was used for survival analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to determine the prognostic effect of different variables on survival.Results: Mean patient age was 69.1 years. Final pathological evaluation revealed pT2 sta...
The affinities and ecology of Triassic ichthyosaurs

The resolution of the problem of ichthyosaurian affinities has been complicated and prolonged by an emphasis on the morphology of Jurassic ichthyosaurs, some 30 to 40 m.y. younger than the earliest known species. Morphology of the skull and axial skeleton of Triassic ichthyosaurs is the key to resolving the problem. The ichthyosaurs are included here in the Subclass Diapsida on the basis of skull roof and palatal features. Within the Diapsida, ichthyosaurs appear to be most closely related to the Younginiformes of the Infraclass Lepidosauromorpha, with which they may have shared a common ancestor. Triassic ichthyosaurs were considerably different ecologically from their Jurassic descendants. Many Triassic ichthyosaurs were longer bodied and had long, broad tails in contrast to the deep, streamlined bodies and lunate tails of Jurassic species. As a result, Triassic ichthyosaurs probably tended to be ambush predators, whereas Jurassic ichthyosaurs were mainly pursuit predators. Early ichthyosaurs may have been more generalized in their prey preference, as suggested by heterodonty in many Early and Middle Triassic species.
Escherichia coli O157 exposure in Wyoming and Seattle: serologic evidence of rural risk.

We tested the hypothesis that rural populations have increased exposure to Escherichia coli O157:H7. We measured circulating antibodies against the O157 lipopolysaccharide in rural Wyoming residents and in blood donors from Casper, Wyoming, and Seattle, Washington, by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). EIA readings were compared by analysis of variance and the least squares difference multiple comparison procedure. Rural Wyoming residents had higher antibody levels to O157 LPS than did Casper donors, who, in turn, had higher levels than did Seattle donors (respective least squares means: 0.356, 0.328, and 0.310; p<0.05, Seattle vs. Casper, p<0.001, rural Wyoming vs. either city). Lower age was significantly correlated with EIA scores; gender; and, in rural Wyoming, history of bloody diarrhea, town, duration of residence, and use of nontreated water at home were not significantly correlated. These data suggest that rural populations are more exposed to E. coli O157:H7 than urban populations.
Folate Biosynthesis, Turnover, and Transport in Plants

Folates are essential cofactors for one-carbon transfer reactions and are needed in the diets of humans and animals. Because plants are major sources of dietary folate, plant folate biochemistry has long been of interest but progressed slowly until the genome era. Since then, genome-enabled approaches have brought rapid advances: We now know (a) all the plant folate synthesis genes and some genes of folate turnover and transport, (b) certain mechanisms governing folate synthesis, and (c) the subcellular locations of folate synthesis enzymes and of folates themselves. Some of this knowledge has been applied, simply and successfully, to engineer folate-enriched food crops (i.e., biofortification). Much remains to be discovered about folates, however, particularly in relation to homeostasis, catabolism, membrane transport, and vacuolar storage. Understanding these processes, which will require both biochemical and -omics research, should lead to improved biofortification strategies based on transgenic or conventional approaches.
Involvement of ATP synthase residues αArg-376, βArg-182, and βLys-155 in Pi binding

αArg-376, βLys-155, and βArg-182 are catalytically important ATP synthase residues that were proposed to be involved in substrate Pi binding and subsequent steps of ATP synthesis [Senior, A.E., Nadanaciva, S. and Weber, J. (2002) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1553, 188–211]. Here, it was shown using purified Escherichia coli F1-ATPase that whereas Pi protected wild-type from reaction with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, mutations βK155Q, βR182Q, βR182K, and αR376Q abolished protection. Therefore, in ATP synthesis initial binding of substrate Pi in open catalytic site βE is supported by each of these three residues.
Faxes From the Dead

These poems are a self-reflexive performance of the author's doctoral thesis and the experience of writing it. They argue that a Kristevan "poetic language" may be a more appropriate form for discussing authors who contribute to an otherness of language-who write at the limits of ordinary language. Thus, these poems as academic arguments offer themselves as contradictions, as movements between the knowable and unknowable. In doing so, these poems, and poetry as an alternative to traditional academic rhetoric, transcend logic and exist as productions of meaning in and of themselves.
Study of the temporal effects on conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system in man

Abstract Temporal effects on refractoriness within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) were studied in 14 patients in whom effective refractory period (ERP) of HPS could be determined, using His bundle electrograms, incremental atrial pacing, and atrial extrastimulus method. His-Purkinje conduction times (H-V interval) and relative (R), effective (E), and functional (F) refractory periods (RP) of HPS were measured during the control period and repeat measurements were made after a 30 minute interval, H-V intervals were unchanged from control in all patients. Although changes of the magnitude of 5 to 25 msec. in either direction from control values commonly occurred, on the average, no statistically significant changes were seen in RRP, ERP, or FRP of HPS. The results of the present study confirm the stability of refractoriness of HPS over a 30 minute period and provide baseline data for future investigations of cardiovascular drugs which act primarily on the distal part of the A-V conduction system.
A Sense of Ownership in Community Development: Understanding the Potential for Participation in Community Planning Efforts

The term “sense of ownership” is frequently cited as a significant characteristic of community development. While there is increasing use of the terms ownership or sense of ownership, there is a paucity of research regarding what these terms mean, how this body of knowledge influences community development, and the various approaches that can be applied in contemporary community research and practice. A sense of ownership in community development is described as a concept through which to assess whose voice is heard, who has influence over decisions, and who is affected by the process and outcome. Applying the concept of ownership can determine how the strategic interests and actions of individuals or organizations contribute to community development efforts. In addition, the potential for ownership can be understood in part by examining the capacity for and quality of trust. Implications are discussed regarding how the concept of ownership advances the current field, specifically regarding community deve...
Effect of Drain Tube Openings on Water-Table Drawdown

Conventional methods assume that the drain tube is completely open and offers no resistance to the entry of water. An approximate method of determining the effect of drain tube openings on water-table drawdown is presented, based on the use of Hooghoudt's equivalent depth to account for convergence near the drain during water-table drawdown. Data from the literature are used to define an effective drain tube radius, r e , for drains with a finite number of openings. The r e value is then used to define the Hooghoudt equivalent depth which is in turn used in solutions to the Boussinesq equation for water-table drawdown. The use of an envelope wrap material will permit a somewhat wider drain spacing for all cases with a larger increase in spacing for the deeper profile. The allowable increase in spacing for both cases was relatively small and the total system cost with the envelope wrap was about 6% higher than without the wrap for the shallow profile and about 7% lower for the deep profile.
Private and public relative performance information under different incentive systems

Private and Public Relative Performance Information under Different Incentive Systems By: Ivo Tafkov This study investigates the conditions under which providing relative performance information to employees has a positive effect on effort and performance. Specifically, I study, via an experiment, the effect of relative performance information (present or absent) on effort and performance under two incentive systems that do not tie employees' compensation to peer performance (flat-wage or individual performance-based). Furthermore, given the presence of relative performance information, I examine the effect of the type of relative performance information disclosure (private - employee's anonymity is preserved or public - employees' anonymity is not preserved) on effort and performance under a flat-wage and an individual performance-based contract. Using theory from psychology, I predict and find that relative performance information positively affects effort and performance under the two incentive systems and that this positive effect is greater under an individual performance-based compensation contract than under a flat-wage compensation contract. Also, I predict and find that when relative performance information is present, publicly (vs. privately) disclosing relative performance information positively affects effort and performance, and this effect is greater under an individual performance-based compensation contract than under a flat- wage compensation contract. Private and Public Relative Performance Information under Different Incentive Systems By Ivo Tafkov B.B.A., Sofia University, 1998 M.B.A., Kennesaw State University, 2003 Advisor: Kristy Towry, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business 2009
Reading contemporary performance : theatricality across genres

Part 1: Performance Editorial Introduction Section 1: Time Archive Historiography Historicity Inscription Liminality Memory Narrative/narratology Reenactment Remains Reproduction Syncopation Trace Quotation Endurance art Section 2: Space Discipline Environmental Theater Found/artificial space Hypocritical/fake space Hierarchy Landscape Theater Mise en scene Paratheater Performative Photography Prison Culture Proxemics Scenography Site Specific Performance Surveillance Virtual Performance Section 3: Action Appropriation Art Choreography Collaboration Cybernetics Dance Event Experimental Music Hybridity Liveness Matrixed/non-matrixed Mediation Media Mimesis Mimicry New Genre Public Art Negative Mimesis Performatics Play Post-linearity Propaganda Repertoire Simulacra War Section 4: Performer Actor Affect Alterity Animalworks Camp Circus Devising Digital Performance Docudrama Double-coding Drag Embodiment Emotions Ethnic Drag Explicit Body performance Extreme Performance Gender Gestus Glossolalia Parody Pornograpy Obscenity Restored Behavior Rhetoric Roles Subject Position Section 5:Audience Communitas Emotional Contagion Empathy Frame/Framing Gaze Invisible Theater Prosthetic Performance (including Critical Subjectivity and Documentation) Reception Theory Spectator Part 2: Methodologies and Turning Points Introduction Animal Studies Anti-Art Auteur Theater Body Art Ecological Theater Epic Theater Feminisms Fluxus Globalization/Glocalization Happenings Identity Politics Identification/dis-identification Intercultural Performance Intermediality Marxism Minimalism Modernism Montage Multicentricity Performance Art/Live Art Performance Studies Phenomenology Postcolonial/Subaltern Studies Postmodernism Post-Porn Modernism Robotics and information Art Semiotics/semiology Terrorism and Performance/Theater of Cruelty Transnationalism Race Whiteness
Distal biceps brachii tendon repair: a systematic review of patient outcome determination using modified Coleman methodology score criteria.

This systematic literature review evaluated the methodological research design quality of studies that evaluated patient outcomes following distal biceps brachii tendon repair and developed evidence-based recommendations for future patient clinical outcomes research. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses criteria, and using “biceps brachii”, “tendon”, “repair” and “outcome assessment” search terms, the CINAHL, Academic Search Premier and MEDLINE databases were searched from January 1960–October 2015. The modified Coleman methodology score (MCMS) served as the primary outcome measure. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for composite and component MCMS and for patient outcome assessment methodology use frequency. A total of 93 studies were evaluated. Overall MCMS was low (57.1 ± 14). Only 12 (12.9 %) had prospective cohort or randomized controlled trial designs. There was a moderate relationship between publication year and MCMS (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001). Although 61 studies (65.6 %) had adequate surgical descriptions, only 3 (3.2 %) had well-described rehabilitation. Of 2253 subjects, only 39 (1.7 %) were women. Studies published after 2008 had higher MCMS scores than studies published earlier (61.3 ± 10 versus 52.9 ± 16, P = 0.003). Although overall research study methodological scores improved on average since 2008, generally low MCMS scores, retrospective designs, lack of eccentric elbow flexor or supinator strength testing, and poorly described surgical and rehabilitation descriptions remain commonplace. These findings decrease clinical study validity and generalizability. III.
Quantification of online removal of refractory black carbon using laser-induced incandescence in the single particle soot photometer

ABSTRACTRefractory black carbon (rBC) is an aerosol that has important impacts on climate and human health. rBC is often mixed with other species, making it difficult to isolate and quantify its important effects on physical and optical properties of ambient aerosol. To solve this measurement challenge, a new method to remove rBC was developed using laser-induced incandescence (LII) by Levin et al. in 2014. Application of the method with the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) is used to determine the effects of rBC on ice nucleating particles (INP). Here, we quantify the efficacy of the method in the laboratory using the rBC surrogate Aquadag. Polydisperse and mobility-selected samples (100–500 nm diameter, 0.44–36.05 fg), are quantified by a second SP2. Removal rates are reported by mass and number. For the mobility-selected samples, the average percentages removed by mass and number of the original size are 88.9 ± 18.6% and 87.3 ± 21.9%, respectively. Removal of Aquadag is efficient for particles >10...
Extended Perioperative Antibiotic Coverage in Conjunction with Intraoperative Bile Cultures Decreases Infectious Complications after Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background. Bile contamination from the digestive tract is a well-known risk factor for postoperative complications. Despite the literature concerning prevalence of bacterobilia and fungobilia in patients with biliary pathologies, there are no specific recommendations for perioperative antimicrobial coverage for biliary/pancreatic procedures. We evaluated the effect of at least 72 hours of perioperative broad spectrum antibiotic coverage on outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Materials and Methods. A retrospective review of all patients at Case Medical Center of Case Western Reserve University undergoing PD procedure, from 2006 to 2011, was performed (). Perioperative data including demographics, comorbidities, biliary instrumentation, antibiotic coverage, culture results, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Propensity score matching method was used to match the patients according to duration of antibiotic coverage into two groups: 72 hours (A72) and 24 hours (A24). Results. Longer broad spectrum antibiotic coverage in group A72 resulted in significantly less surgical site infections after PD, compared to routine 24 hours of perioperative antibiotics in group A24. This study did not reveal a statistically significant decrease in postoperative fungal infections in patients receiving preoperative antifungals. Conclusion. Prolonged perioperative antibiotic therapy in conjunction with intraoperative bile cultures decreases the short-term infectious complications of PD, with no significant increase in Clostridium difficile colitis incidence.
Abstract 2974: Cep57 is a novel regulator of centriole overduplication in tumor cells

Abnormal multipolar mitoses are commonly observed in human cancers where they can increase the risk for chromosome segregation errors, numerical chromosomal instability and malignant progression. The mitotic spindle poles are formed by centrosomes and tumor cells frequently show abnormal centrosomes numbers. The molecular mechanisms leading to numerical centrosome aberrations are not understood in detail. The centrosome consists of two centrioles, which normally duplicate in synchrony with the cell division cycle. We recently identified a novel mechanisms leading to abnormal centriole numbers in tumor cells in which maternal centrioles generate more than the normal one daughter at the same time (centriole multiplication). Using a siRNA library screen enriched for centrosomal proteins, we identified Cep57 as a novel protein involved in centriole multiplication. Cep57 was found to localize to centrosomes and to co-localize and functionally interact with Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a master regulator of centriole duplication control. Cep57 overexpression was found to promote abnormal centrosome and centriole numbers as well as mitotic abnormalities with a significant number of cells showing multipolar metaphases as well as multipolar anaphases and telophases. Cep57 maps to chromosome 11q21, a region that is amplified in several cancer types including hematological malignancies and prostate cancer. Taken together, we identified Cep57 as regulator of centriole duplication in tumor cells and a candidate oncogene. Experiments to target the Cep57-PLK4 axis with small molecules to prevent cell division errors and malignant progression are currently under way. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2974.
Feasibility of Using External Jugular Vein and Its Branches as Y- and X-Shaped Vein Grafts for Bridging of Arterial Defects and Providing Additional Arterial Sources for Free Flap Applications in Rat Model

Background Venous grafting has been widely used in microsurgical training. Different types of vascular grafts have been described in experimental models. In this study we describe for the first time the Y- and X-shaped vein grafts (YVG, XVG) with accompanying drain-out branches as a new tool for the microsurgical training and free flap applications in rats. Methods Twelve adult male Lewis rats were used in this study. The dissections were performed to determine the average diameter and harvestable length of vein grafts in eight rats. In four rats vein grafts were applied for bridging of the common carotid artery gap, whereas the drain-out branches were used as the arterial source for single and bilateral free groin flap applications. The venous anastomoses of groin flaps were performed in end-to-end fashion to the external jugular vein and its branches. The patency of anastomoses was checked 72 hours after repair. Results The average length of the harvestable vein branches ranged between 5.2 to 11.8 mm. The average surgery time for repair of the arterial gap with the vein grafts was 40 minutes. The ischemia time for single and bilateral groin flap transfer using YVG and XVG was 30 and 70 minutes, respectively. The patency of the interpositional vein graft was 100%. Flap survival rates were 50%. Conclusions These vein grafts can be used as an alternative technique for reconstruction of tissue defects that require arterial gap repair with single or multiple free flap applications and also as a new microsurgical training model.