cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synaptopodin expression in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood

Synaptopodin expression in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Background Synaptopodin is a proline-rich protein intimately associated with actin microfilaments present in the podocytes' foot processes. We investigated for synaptopodin expression in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), including minimal change disease (MCD), diffuse mesangial hypercellularity (DMH), and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS); in children with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF); and in normal kidney tissue. In particular, we examined whether an association exists between synaptopodin expression in podocyte cells and the response to steroids in INS, and whether synaptopodin expression can predict FSGS upon the initial kidney biopsy in children who progress from MCD or DMH to FSGS. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed for synaptopodin expression on renal tissues from MCD ( N = 18), DMH ( N = 7), FSGS ( N = 13), CNF ( N = 9), and normal children ( N = 7). Synaptopodin expression in nonsclerosed glomeruli was quantitated by computerized image analysis on the Optimas™ software for both luminance (L) and percentage of glomerular area (A). Results Synaptopodin expression was absent in areas of sclerosis. In nonsclerosed glomeruli, synaptopodin was significantly less expressed in all groups of INS and in CNF compared with normal ( P P = 0.001 for L and P = 0.05 for A). Greater synaptopodin expression in podocytes was associated with a significantly better response to steroid therapy ( P Conclusion We conclude that measurement of synaptopodin has the potential to be used as a marker to study the alteration in podocyte cell and response to therapy in INS.
Role of potassium perchlorate in the desensitization of titanium powder to electrostatic ignition

Abstract Pyrotechnic blends of titanium powder with potassium perchlorate were shown to be less sensitive to electrostatic initiation in an atmosphere with high oxygen content than the titanium powder alone in the same atmosphere. Comparisons of data obtained for blends of titanium with various materials showed that it is unlikely that this desensitization is the result of physical dilution effects. It is proposed that a catalytic interaction between the titanium oxide coating on the metal particles and the potassium perchlorate lowers the activation energy for the decomposition of the oxidizer while increasing the activation energy for the initiations involving titanium (oxide).
Interval timing: memory, not a clock

Anticipation of periodic events signalled by a time marker, or interval timing, has been explained by a separate pacemaker-counter clock. However, recent research has added support to an older idea: that memory strength can act as a clock. The way that memory strength decreases with time can be inferred from the properties of habituation, and the underlying process also provides a unified explanation for proportional timing, the Weber-law property and several other properties of interval timing.
Converting non-interlaced to interlaced images in YIQ and HSI color spaces

Directly converting images from the noninterlaced format used by high resolution monitors to the interlaced NTSC standard can result in several artifacts which are visually disturbing. One of the most noticeable of these is a flickering effect visible on sharp horizontal edges which is due to the interlace of the NTSC video signal. This flickering effect can be significantly reduced using an appropriately designed spatial filter to remove abrupt horizontal changes in the image without excessive blurring of the image. Due to the availability of application specific integrated circuits which convert images between different color spaces, it is practical to filter in any of several color spaces. Therefore, our current research focuses on comparing tradition interfield spatial filtering in the YIQ color space to new spatial filtering techniques developed by the authors using the HSI color space. Results based on an extended version of the CCIR impairment scale are presented. The present experiments are based on renderings of computation grids obtained from the NFS/MSU Engineering Research Center of computational Field Simulation. The paper also demonstrates how a red fringe occurs in wire grid images with gray scale backgrounds when these images are spatially filtered in the HSI color space. Further, a means of correcting this red shift is demonstrated.
One size does not fit all: parents' evaluations of a support program in a newborn intensive care nursery.

UNLABELLED As intensive care nursery personnel increasingly seek to provide comprehensive care to families, there is a renewed emphasis on offering family support programs. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify parents' utilization and evaluation of a support program based in a newborn intensive care unit (NICU) that offered a combination of formats for support services: group support, one-to-one support, and telephone support. METHODS Program records and a survey developed by the author documented parental use and evaluation of services. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis of demographic data, survey results, and parental comments. RESULTS Of the total 477 participants, 78% utilized 1 support service format exclusively. Eighteen percent utilized 2 support formats concurrently. A subsample of 48 parents completed an evaluation survey. Continuity of care was a critical component of the program overall. Group support offered more opportunities for families to problem-solve communication issues with nursery personnel and provide information that assisted parents' involvement in their babies' care. CONCLUSIONS Parent support programs that utilize only one type of format may not be optimal for providing the range of support needed by many NICU families. Parent support programs offer an important mechanism to assess provider approaches to facilitate family-centered care.
Resolution of an ATP-metal chelate from metal-free ATP by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

The modulation of many enzymatic reactions involved in the metabolism of nucleotide phosphates such as ATP often require divalent metal ions. In the present study reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the chelation of divalent metal ions, such as Mn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, by ATP. The results of our study using radiolabeled [45Ca] showed that the metal-ATP chelate formed in solution was retained longer than the metal-free ATP due to the nonpolar groups on the column packing. Recovery of the two forms of ATP showed that the [45Ca] coeluted exclusively with the ATP-metal chelate. Other experiments showed that the retention time of the chelated form of the ATP was unaffected by eluent flow rate, but was affected by eluant pH and methanol concentration. The amount of ATP in the chelated form was found to be dependent on the amount of the metal in solution and that under appropriate conditions, i.e., with 0.1 mM CaCl2 in the mobile phase, on the divalent cation as well. Thus, we found that in terms of effectiveness in chelate formation, the metal ions were Ca2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Mn2+. Recovery of the chelate and its reanalysis by HPLC revealed that the complex had dissociated. The chelate could be reformed by restoring the metal concentration to its original value and dissociated again by the addition of EDTA. The resolution of the ATP in a metal chelated form from the ATP in an unchelated form is discussed in terms of the stability of these chelates and the role of the hydrophobic groups of the column packing used in the reverse-phase HPLC in enhancement of this stability.
Water Balance Experiments in PEM Fuel Cell for Measurements of Water Transport Properties Through Membrane

Water balance in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was investigated by measurements of the net drag coefficient under various conditions. The effects of water balance in the PEM fuel cell on the cell performance were also investigated at different operating conditions. Experimental results reveal that the net drag coefficient of water through the membrane depends on current density and humidification of feed gases. It is found that the net drag coefficient (net number of water molecules transported per proton) has values between 0.93 and −0.015 depending on operating condition, current loading and level of humidification. It was also found that the humidity of both anode and cathode inlet gases had significant effect on fuel cell performance. The results will be used to define conditions of optimal hydration of the membrane. Based on the performance and resistance measurements, optimal humidification can be achieved. The resistance of working fuel cell shows that the membrane resistance increases with the feed gas relative humidity (RH) decreased. Data obtained will be used to evaluate the transport parameters such as net flux of water through the membrane and the effective drag under various operating conditions, and further provide validation data for the fuel cell modeling and simulation efforts.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Recent progress in performance improvement of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)

Abstract Research activities to improve the performance of the low platinum loading hydrogen–air proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) operating at atmospheric pressure are described. Pore-forming additives, new types of proton exchange membranes, and higher activity platinum-on-carbon electrocatalysts have been used in low platinum loading gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) and Membrane–electrode assemblies (MEAs) developed at this center. A method for the fabrication of an integrated GDE and light weight gas flow-field is described. As a result, a three-fold improvement in PEMFC performance at the same platinum loading has been achieved.
Effects of a Concentrated Acid on Water Chemistry and Water Use in a Pleistocene Outwash Aquifera

A break in a waste-discharge line associated with a 49-foot rise in stage of the Ohio River in March 1967 allowed an undetermined volume of 22 percent hydrochloric acid to enter the Pleistocene outwash aquifer used by a Kentucky industry. Chloride concentrations in excess of 30,000 mg/l (milligrams per liter) were observed in the water discharged from the industrial well nearest the break in the waste-discharge line. Chlorides ranged from 5–26 mg/l in water pumped from this area prior to intensive development. Other changes in water chemistry such as an increase in iron from 5 mg/l to 9,600 mg/1 indicate a dissolution of the aquifer materials. Movement of the highly mineralized water in response to river stage and pumping of the industrial wells has forced the industry to change its water-supply system. Three wells, approximately 600 feet from the river, were the primary water source prior to March 1967. By March 1968, the well nearest the acid source was abandoned, the remaining two wells near the river were used in a supplemental capacity and a fourth well 1,500 feet from the river plus a new well were the primary water sources. Fluctuations of chlorides in an industrial well near the river for a 16-month period indicate a persistent body of highly miner alized water near the acid source. Movement of this water body appears to be regulated at low river stages by the inclined surface of the New Albany Shale bedrock.
An Immediate and Long-Term Study of a Temperament and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Based Community Program for Preschoolers with Behavior Problems

ABSTRACT The immediate and long-term effects of a Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) derived program offered at a Kaiser Permanente facility were evaluated. There were 73 participants in the initial sample and 23 in the 5–6 year follow-up sample. Child behaviors improved significantly immediately following treatment and some improvements were maintained at follow-up. Over 75% of the follow-up participants utilized additional therapy services following completion. Thus, sustained improvements may have been related to posttreatment services. Parent appraisals of their child's behaviors appeared to be as important as actual child behaviors when behavioral improvements were assessed. The benefits of this modified PCIT program are discussed.
Inverse limits and full families

In this paper we investigate inverse limits on [0,1] using a single bonding map chosen from a Full family (one-parameter family of C1 unimodal maps). Our investigation makes use of the renormalization operator utilized by Feigenbaum to explain the universal way in which Full families transition from simple to complicated dynamics. Among other results, we show that up through the Feigenbaum value the inverse limit is hereditarily decomposable with a fascinating pattern in the appearance of topological sin(1x)-curves. Approaching the Feigenbaum value from above we see a similar pattern in the appearance of the Brouwer–Janiszewski–Knaster indecomposable continuum.
Examining the Variability of Mathematics Performance and Its Correlates Using Data from TIMSS '95 and TIMSS '99.

International studies in education provide researchers with opportunities to examine how students with both similar and dissimilar formal education systems perform on a single test and provide rich information about the relationships among student outcomes and the factors that affect them. Using hierarchical linear regression techniques and TIMSS 1995 and 1999 data from 23 countries, this research examines the association between the structure of the environments within which students receive instruction and mathematics achievement. In addition, the relationship between background characteristics and 8th-grade mathematics achievement is explored.
Acid–base chemistry of omeprazole in aqueous solutions

Omeprazole is a potent anti-acid drug. Its absorption and mode of action are closely related to its prototropic behavior. In the present study, omeprazole samples from different sources and in different forms were studied spectrophotometrically to obtain pKa values. In the neutral to alkaline pH region, two consistent p Ka values of 7.1 and 14.7 were obtained from various samples. The assignment of these pKa values was realized by comparison with the prototropic properties of N(1)-methylated omeprazole substituted on the nitrogen at the 1-position of the benzimidazole ring, which was found to have a pKa of 7.5. The omeprazole pKa of 14.7 is assigned to the dissociation of the hydrogen from the 1-position of the benzimidazole ring and the pKa of 7.1 is assigned to the dissociation from the protonated pyridine nitrogen of omeprazole. The results presented are at variance with those of earlier work. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Lymphocyte Subsets and Langerhans Cells/Indeterminate Cells in Erythema Multiforme

A peroxidase-antiperoxidase study using monoclonal antibodies directed against T and B lymphocytes and Langerhans cells/indeterminate cells (LC/IC) was undertaken in order to understand more clearly the changes observed in erythema multiforme. At the various stages of development, from normal skin to target lesions, the quantity of inflammatory cells differed, but in each case the number of T8+ (cytotoxic/suppressor) cells was greater than the number of T4+ (helper/inducer) cells in the epidermis, whereas the latter exceeded the former in the dermis. Concomitant with the initial epidermal changes, there was an increase in the number of T6+ (LC/IC) cells in the upper and lower epidermis. With slight to moderate basal unit destruction, the number of LC/IC in the upper epidermis exceeded those in the lower epidermis. With severe basal unit destruction, there was a loss of LC/IC in the lower epidermis as detected by T6 reactivity. In fully formed blisters, the LC/IC in the upper half of the epidermis were decreased in parallel with the degree of epidermal necrosis. The character of the lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate and redistribution in LC/IC are similar to those findings described in allergic contact dermatitis. The clinical, histologic, and immunopathologic changes in erythema multiforme appear to be due in part to cellular immune mechanisms with the lymphocyte as the predominant effector cell, and our data suggest a possible role for LC/IC in this disorder.
Turbulent hydrodynamic behavior of a drag-reducing viscoelastic fluid in a sudden-expansion pipe

Abstract The turbulent hydrodynamic behavior of a drag-reducing viscoelastic fluid moving across a sudden-expansion step in a circular pipe is investigated with expansion ratios, D/d , of 1.39 and 1.90. Aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide AP-273 (200, 500, and 1000 ppm) are used to represent the viscoelastic fluid. Pressure distributions before and after the sudden-expansion step are measured, from which the loss coefficient for the sudden-expansion step is calculated for water and the polyacrylamide solutions. In general, the loss coefficients for the polyacrylamide solutions are consistently smaller than those for water over a range of Reynolds number ( Re D = 4840–107,000), which may be attributed to their elasticity. With the expansion ratio ( D/d ) increasing from 1.39 to 1.90, the loss coefficient also increases by 100% for water and by approximately 150–200% for the polyacrylamide solution. While the effect of the Reynolds number on the loss coefficient is negligibly small for water, the loss coefficient for the polyacrylamide solution is found to increase with increasing Reynolds numbers. From an instantaneous pressure fluctuation, recorded at each pressure tap location, it is discovered that the flow instability produced at a reattachment point is quickly attenuated for water but amplified for the polyacrylamide solution in the downstream of the test section.
Hypersomnia with simultaneous waking and sleep patterns in the electroencephalogram - A case report with neurotransmitter studies

A mildly dyslexic boy of 11 years, with no neurological deficit or history of epileptic seizures, had marked hypersomnia for 2 years, which was most pronounced in the morning hours. Repeated EEG studies and power spectral analysis revealed simultaneous posterior alpha rhythm and sleep patterns (spindles, vertex waves, K complexes) over vertex and frontocentral regions, while the patient was behaviorally awake. Bilateral synchronous anterior spikes were frequently noted in association with sleep patterns. A polysomnogram over 24h confirmed excessive sleep, night and day (especially morning hours) and there was evidence of a large REM sleep percentage (on EMG and EOG basis) while the EEG had predominantly non-REM sleep patterns. Special neurotransmitter studies were performed in view of a presumed disturbance affecting the neurobiochemical sleep regulation. These studies were based on CSF metabolite levels and provided evidence for a high serotonin metabolite (5HIAA) level. It is tempting to hypothesize that the biochemical disturbance has led to encroachment of non-REM sleep patterns on both wakefulness and REM sleep. Further discussion deals with the bilateral-synchronous spike activity and its relationship to arousal patterns in sleep.
Control of BTEX Migration Using a Biologically Enhanced Permeable Barrier

A permeable barrier system. consisting of a line of closely spaced wclls. was installed perpendicular to ground water flow to control the migration of a dissolved hydrocarhon plume. The wells were charged wiih concrete briquets that release oxygen and nitrate at a controlled rate. enhancing aerobic bio-degradation in the downgradient aquifer. Laboratory batch reactor experiments were conducted to identify concrete mixtures that slowly released oxygcn over an extended time period. Concretes prepared with urea hydrogen peroxide were unsatisfactory, while concretes prepared with calcium peroxide and a proprietary formalation of magnesium peroxide (ORC®) gradually released oxygen at a steadily declining rate. The 21 percent MgO2 conerete cylinders and briquets released oxygen at measurable rates for up to 300 days, while the 14 percent CaO2 briquets were exhausted by 100 days. A full-scale permeable barrier system using ORC was constructed at a gasoline-spill site. During the first 242 days of operation. total BTFX decreased from 17 to 3.4 mg/L. and dissolved oxygen increased from 0.4 to 1.8 mg/L. during transport through the barrier. Over time, BTEX treatment efficiencies declined. indicating the barrier system had becomc less effective in releasing oxygen and nutrients to the highly contaminated portion of the aquifer. Point dilution tests and sediment analyses performed at the conclusion of the project indicated that ihc aquifer in the vicinity of the remediation wells had been clogged by precipitation with iron minerals. This clogging is believed to result from high pH from the concrete and oxygen released by ihc ORC. Oxygen-releasing permeable barriers and other aerobic bioremediation processes should be used with caution in aquifers with high levels of dissolved iron.
Quartz: Extreme Preferred Orientation Produced by Annealing

Annealing of samples of flint under high pressure, after hot-working in the beta-quartz stability field, produced an exceedingly strong concentration of c-axes parallel to the direction of compression. A specimen deformed under identical conditions, but not annealed, exhibited a much weaker orientation. The strength of the annealed orientation rivals that of the remarkable "cube texture" produced by annealing some face-centered cubic metals after extreme reduction by rolling.
Sátira, parodia e historia en la Peruntina de mateo rosas de oquendo.

(1992). Satira, parodia e historia en la Peruntina de mateo rosas de oquendo. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 1, No. 1-2, pp. 147-160.
Equal before the Bar

Columnist David Alan Grier describes his involvement in Global Tag Challenge, crowdsourcing, and plain old-fashioned logic. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/dO6paXsLeOs is a video segment in which author David Alan Grier expands on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he discusses crowdsourcing and his participation in the Global Tag Challenge.
Photoluminescence in a Fe 2+ Doped ZnSe crystal using near absorption edge Quantum Cascade Laser pumping

Room temperature photoluminescence in Fe:ZnSe is observed under near-absorption-edge Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) pumping. Both the spectral characteristics (λ peak ≈ 4.7 μm) and the luminescence lifetime (τ ≈ 0.38 us) are measured.
Attitudes Toward Prostitution as a Function of Attitudes Toward Feminism in College Students: An Exploratory Study:

Eighty-nine male and female undergraduates completed the Attitudes toward Feminism Scale and the author-devised Attitudes Toward Prostitution Scale, which contained five factors. Profeminist attitudes were related to three out of five factors. Respondents scoring in a profeminist direction were more likely to view prostitution as reflecting exploitation and subordination of women, less likely to believe women become prostitutes out of economic necessity, and less likely to approve of decriminalization and legalization of prostitution. Gender differences also appeared that were not explained by differences in profeminist attitudes: women were more likely than men to disagree with decriminalization and legalization efforts and were more likely to view prostitution as reflecting exploitation and subordination.
Phase-sensitive imaging and its application to the separation of water and fat MRI signals

The present Communication describes the use of the phase-sensitive imaging approach to obtain separate images corresponding to two chemically shifted resonances, in this case the fat and water proton signals in either phantoms or a typical biological sample. The principal advantage of this phase-sensitive approach is that the two images, corresponding to the distribution of either or water, can be generated from a single experiment
Late Mediastinal Shift After Repeated Aspiration of Postpneumonectomy Seroma

Development of a postoperative seroma is a frequent complication after muscle-sparing thoracotomy. We describe an unusual case of late mediastinal shift in a patient in whom our original plan to perform a limited muscle-sparing thoracotomy was abandoned. The procedure was converted to a standard posterolateral incision to perform a pneumonectomy for a large central carcinoid tumor with extrabronchial extension. Fluid that accumulated in her pneumonectomy space presumably shifted into the dissected tissues of her chest wall, and was then drained repeatedly by her local physician in the time interval between 2 weeks and 3 months after surgery.
Abstract 364: In vivo targeting of CD44+ ovarian cancer stem cells (CSC) by Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin binding domain (CPE-peptide) conjugated to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP)

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Recent evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that the capability to sustain tumor formation, growth and resistance to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer exclusively resides in a small proportion of tumor cells termed cancer stem cells (CSC) overexpressing the CD44 marker. If this hypothesis is correct, development of novel, more specific approaches to target and eradicate the CD44+ ovarian CSC population remains a high priority. Our group has recently reported high expression of claudin-4 tight junction protein in CD44+ ovarian CSC. Because this protein is the natural high affinity receptor for Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin (CPE), we have evaluated the in vitro targeting potential of fluorescent (i.e. Coumarin 6 loaded) poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) conjugated with the C-terminus binding domain of CPE (CPE-peptide) against ovarian CSC and the in vivo biodistribution of these NP after intravenous (IV) injection in SCID mice harboring intraperitoneal CD44+ ovarian CSC tumor. Using flow cytometry, we report a higher time and dose-dependent in vitro uptake of fluorescent PLGA NP conjugated to CPE peptide (CPE-peptide NP) in CD44+ ovarian CSC when compared to unconjugated NP (i.e., control NP, Mean-Fluorescence-Intensity = MFI of 37.1 and 15.0 respectively; p=0.037). Of interest, confocal microcopy images clearly show internalization of CPE-peptide NP within tumor cells after NP exposure. More importantly, when SCID mice harboring claudin-4 overexpressing CD44+ ovarian CSC tumors were injected via the tail vein (IV) with 25 μg/g of CPE-peptide NP or the same concentration of unconjugated NP, a 4 fold increase in fluorescence was detected in tumors excised from mice injected with CPE-peptide NP compared to controls 48 hours after NP administration (mean ± STDV 33159.6 2707 and 6655.8 ±1391 respectively; p<0.01). Finally, non specific NP uptake in healthy organs calculated as the ratio between organs and tumor fluorescence was found to be significantly lower after injection of CPE-peptide NP than the unconjugated control NP. Taken together these results suggest that the CPE-peptide, when conjugated to NP, may confer high specificity in targeting claudin-4 overexpressing CD44+ ovarian CSC tumors in vivo. CPE-peptide NP may represent an unconventional, potentially highly effective strategy to specifically target chemotherapy-resistant CD44+ ovarian CSC for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 364. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-364
Alginate controlled release formulations of metribuzin

Abstract The release rates of metribuzin from various alginate-clay formulations were investigated. The standard formulation consisted of 1% alginate-1% metribuzin ≅ 10% clay and 88% water. The type of alginate was found to have little effect on release rate but did affect the physical properties of both the slurry and the dried beads. The replacement of clay with adsorbents for organic compounds (4% adsorbent-6% clay) indicated no advantage for alumina, silica gel, and Celite. With charcoal, a slow down of release was observed but some metribuzin was irreversibly adsorbed. If a ratio of 1 % charcoal-9% clay was used, then the rate of release was slowed and only 8% of the metribuzin was irreversibly adsorbed. The adsorbent formulations had phytotoxicity comparable to commercial formulations of metribuzin.
Self Assembly of Thermo Electric Coolers Using Solder and Fluid Based Methods

Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) are solid state cooling devices that produce a temperature difference under an applied voltage. Thermo electric coolers are made by assembling P and N type Bismuth Telluride elements in series. Previous work has shown that microscale components can achieve higher performance in many applications than macroscale devices. [1, 2]. However, current assembly techniques cannot assemble and produce the smaller devices effectively. This paper will look at a water-based method to compare to prior solder-based assemblies.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Orientation Dependence of Ultrasonic Attenuation in Copper

The ultrasonic attenuation of longitudinal phonons in copper single crystals has been measured in a temperature range from 2 to 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and in a frequency range from 8 to 72 Mc/sec; these measurements cover a range in $\mathrm{ql}$ from 0.07 to 4.0. Analysis of these results shows that for values of $\mathrm{ql}\ensuremath{\gg}1$, the attenuation associated with the electron-phonon interaction is a function of crystalline orientation. For values of $\mathrm{ql}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, the attenuation is found to be independent of crystalline orientation, and in good agreement with a free-electron model. The attenuation associated with the dislocation-phonon interaction is also found to be orientation-dependent. Calculations in which the deviations of the real Fermi surface from a free-electron sphere are considered do not account fully for the anisotropic behavior of the attenuation; hence one concludes that the deformation of the Fermi surface as a function of the direction and polarization of the imposed phonons must be the significant quantity.
Modifying children’s processing of categorizable information for memory

Twenty children in each of Grades 3 and 5 were given training over nine sessions in the use of organizational strategies for encoding and retrieval. A second group at each age level was given sheer practice on the materials used in the strategy training, and a third group was untreated. Organizational strategy training resulted in higher levels of recall, clustering, and study organization on posttests in which the children studied an array of categorizable pictures and an array of categorizable words. This was true both for test items from categories and items not used and for those that were used in training. Such training produced greater clustering but not greater recall for an aurally presented list of categorizable words.
HIV Protease Inhibitors Decrease VEGF/HIF-1α Expression and Angiogenesis in Glioblastoma Cells

Glioblastomas are malignant brain tumors that are rarely curable, even with aggressive therapy (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation). Glioblastomas frequently display loss of PTEN and/or epidermal growth factor receptor activation, both of which activate the PI3K pathway. This pathway can increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha expression. We examined the effects of two human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors, nelfinavir and amprenavir, which inhibit Akt signaling, on VEGF and HIF-1alpha expression and on angiogenesis. Nelfinavir decreased VEGF mRNA expression and VEGF secretion under normoxia. Downregulation of P-Akt decreased VEGF secretion in a manner similar to that of nelfinavir, but the combination of the two had no greater effect, consistent with the idea that nelfinavir decreases VEGF through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Nelfinavir also decreased the hypoxic induction of VEGF and the hypoxic induction of HIF-1alpha, which regulates VEGF promoter. The effect of nelfinavir on HIF-1alpha was most likely mediated by decreased protein translation. Nelfinavir's effect on VEGF expression had the functional consequence of decreasing angiogenesis in in vivo Matrigel plug assays. Similar effects on VEGF and HIF-1alpha expression were seen with a different protease inhibitor, amprenavir. Our results support further research into these protease inhibitors for use in future clinical trials for patients with glioblastoma multiformes.
Denitrification and Oxygen Consumption in Sediments of Two South Texas Estuaries

Spatial and temporal variations in rates of denitrification and oxygen consumption were measured in sediments of the Nueces and Guadalupe Estuaries in southern Texas, USA. Denitrification rates varied from 4.0 to 71 . l pm01 N2 m'2 h" in the Nueces Estuary and from 4.6 to 34.7 pm01 N, m-' h-' in the Guadalupe Estuary. Denitrification accounted for 29 to 80 'X of total benthic N flux in the study areas. Oxygen consun~ption rates ranged from 176 to 818 pm01 0, m-' h-' in Nueces Estuary and from 208 to 550 pm01 0, m-, h ' in Guadalupe Estuary. In both estuaries denitrification and oxygen consumption rates were generally higher in the upper estuaries where the porosity and organic matter contents of sediments were typ~cally highest. Among 3 measurements in different seasons, the lowest denitrification and oxygen consumption rates were usually observed during winter. Chemical oxygen consumption, as measured using formalin-killed controls, was about 50 % of the total oxygen consumption. A considerable portion (ca 50 %,) of biological oxygen consumption was attributed to nitrification in sediments. We estimated that carbon mineralization by denitrifiers was a s much as 40 to 179 ' % of that by aerobic heterotrophs. In the Guadalupe Estuary, denitrification removed about 38 % of the measured inputs of organic and inorganic nitrogen. In the Nueces Estuary, the amount of nitrogen removed by denitrification was ca 2 times greater than the measured nitrogen inputs from the Nueces River and precipitation, suggesting that unmeasured anthropogenic inputs along the perimeter of the estuary were very important for maintaining nitrogen balance.
Markets and Public Health: Pushing and Pulling Vaccines into Production

*The views expressed are the author's own. This article should not be construed as representing policies of the American Medical Association.
Concept Dominance and Mediator Availability Re-Examined

Summary Heidbreder's order of concept dominance is re-examined by a technique effectively used to test form vs. color dominance in children. Results disconfirm Heidbreder's ordering of form and object concepts and question Osgood's hypothesis on the function of verbal mediators in establishing concept dominance.
Native birth Identity and territory in postcolonial Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

Focusing on examples from Guinea-Bissau, this article examines recent attention to birthplace as constitutive of national identity in West African postcolonial politics. The author explores the log...
Case Report of a Hybrid Endovascular Approach to an Abdominal Aortic Dissection With Retrograde Thoracic Extension and Infrarenal Aneurysm

Spontaneous abdominal aortic dissection (AAD) with retrograde thoracic extension is an extremely rare occurrence with a high mortality. Abdominal aortic dissection can be associated with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and the presence of an AAD with an AAA mandates surgical intervention because of a high rate of rupture. We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with a spontaneous AAD that extended retrograde into the thoracic aorta with a concomitant supraceliac intimal tear and an infrarenal AAA repaired electively with a hybrid approach using a supraceliac stent graft and an open infrarenal aortobiiliac graft. This hybrid approach provided an excellent outcome of this rare and complex vascular pathology.
Playing companies and commerce in Shakespeare's time

List of maps and tables Acknowledgements 1. Theatre history as personality 2. Players and company commerce 3. Playwrights, repertories, the book trade, and company commerce 4. Histrio-Mastix and company commerce 5. Hamlet and company commerce 6. Poetaster, Satiromastix, and company commerce 7. Conclusion: hot anger and company commerce Notes Bibliography Index.
Error-source effects in a high-accuracy optical finite-element processor.

High-accuracy optical linear algebra processors are addressed with attention to three new aspects. These include: their application to the solution of finite-element problems; the first error-source models for component errors in such processors; and the first analysis of error sources in such processors.
The effect of fluid motions on the absorption of molecules by suspended particles

The rate at which a particle in suspension can capture diffusing solute molecules can be increased by stirring the fluid. It is shown that the increase is closely related to the total power expended, per unit volume of fluid, by the stirring device. The increase in diffusion current to a particle is related to the local rate of deformation of the fluid Ω (which, in turn, determines the dissipation) by a function F(Ωa2/D), where a is the particle radius and D the diffusion constant for the molecule in question. The function F has been determined experimentally by investigating the corresponding problem in heat transfer. In a fluid of viscosity η, stirring which is vigorous enough to double the mean diffusion current to a particle must entail a power dissipation, per unit volume, not less than 500ηD2/a4. For particles a few microns in size, or smaller, in water, effective stirring is not feasible. The results can be used also to predict the effect of stirring on the coagulation of similar particles. To double, by stirring, the rate at which particles of radius b form dimers requires a stirring power proportional to b−6, and is not feasible in water if b is less than 10−5 cm.
Adapting screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment to tobacco: a hospital trial of warm handoffs for smoking cessation

Post-discharge support is key to effective treatment for hospitalized smokers. The few hospitals that systematically address tobacco refer smokers via fax to tobacco quitlines, yet few smokers enroll. “Warm handoff” (direct referral by one provider to another provider) is used in some cases of tobacco screening and brief intervention (SBI) to link patients with treatment, but little data exists on process or outcomes. We present pilot outcomes and early implementation data on an ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT). Recruitment began in July 1, 2011. The purpose of the trial (Enhancing Quitline Utilization by Inpatients [EQUIP]) is to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of warm handoff versus fax referral for linking hospitalized smokers with tobacco quitlines. The EQUIP trial is a two-arm RCT funded by the National Institutes of Health (trial registration: NCT01305928) in which smokers who wish to quit permanently after discharge are randomized to either fax referral (standard in-hospital intervention with fax-referral for counseling post-discharge) or warm handoff (brief in-hospital intervention and immediate staff call to the state quitline and transfer of the call to the patient’s mobile or bedside hospital phone for enrollment and an initial counseling session). Outcomes, including costs, are assessed at one, six, and 12 months following baseline. We hypothesize that warm handoff will outperform fax referral in terms of enrollment in services, cessation, and cost-effectiveness. This study explores what alcohol and other drug trials have done to strengthen handoffs and the evidence for efficacy; how EQUIP compares with AOD handoffs, and what pitfalls might be expected; and whether tobacco SBI and referral to treatment would or could be incorporated into alcohol and other drug SBI and referral to treatment.
THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON ATTACHMENT: OVERREACHING THEORY AND DATA

The Family Court Review Special Issue edited by McIntosh focused on the views of traditional attachment theorists, neglecting to interview more progressive thinkers or put many thought-provoking questions to the traditionalists. The advances in attachment research in the last half century were little acknowledged. Among the unexplored research findings were the discovery that early attachment status can change, often as a result of negative life events; that maternal deprivation and other early losses are recoverable; and that infants do not require one primary caregiver to thrive. The notion that young children should not have overnight stays with their fathers was presented as fact, when little convincing research exists on the question. Key Points for Family Court Community: • The Family Court Review Special Issue presented the views of traditional attachment theorists. • More contemporary views of attachment were not presented in a balanced way. • Among the ideas supported by current attachment research that were insufficiently addressed are: ○ Early attachment does not uniquely determine later functioning. ○ Early losses are generally recoverable. ○ Infants and young children form multiple attachments and generally are attached to both their mothers and fathers. ○ Current research is sparse and provides no convincing support for the idea that young children should have little or no overnight time with their fathers.
A Framework for Benefit-Cost Analysis in Digital Privacy Debates

This article argues that benefit-cost analysis ("BCA") is extremely challenging in online child safety and digital privacy debates, yet it remains essential that analysts and policymakers attempt to conduct such reviews. While we will never be able to perfectly determine either the benefits or costs of online safety or privacy controls, the very act of conducting a regulatory impact analysis ("RIA") will help us to better understand the trade-offs associated with various regulatory proposals. However, precisely because those benefits and costs remain so remarkably subjective and contentious, the paper argues that we should look to employ less-restrictive solutions -- education and awareness efforts, empowerment tools, alternative enforcement mechanisms, etc. -- before resorting to potentially costly and cumbersome legal and regulatory regimes that could disrupt the digital economy and the efficient provision of services that consumers desire. This model has worked fairly effectively in the online safety context and can be applied to digital privacy concerns as well.The article is organized as follows. Part I examines the use of BCA by federal agencies to assess the utility of government regulations. Part II considers how BCA can be applied to online privacy regulation and the challenges federal officials face when determining the potential benefits of regulation. Part III then elaborates on the cost considerations and other trade-offs that regulators face when evaluating the impact of privacy-related regulations. Part IV discusses alternative measures that can be taken by government regulators when attempting to address online safety and privacy concerns. This article concludes that policymakers must consider BCA when proposing new rules but also recognize the utility of alternative remedies such as education and awareness campaigns, to address consumer concerns about online safety and privacy.
Implications of technology trends on system dependability

CMOS has been the dominant integrated circuit (IC) technology for nearly four decades, following the trends predicted by Moore's Law, and fueling the information and communication revolution. As chip geometries decrease and transistor densities increase, new types of faults -- from manufacturing defects and operational transients to long-term wearout -- need to be addressed. These faults and the resulting logic errors have been dealt with at both the low and high levels of the design. This talk deals with approaches for improving dependability at the system level.
Effects of a Telephone-Based Psychosocial Intervention for Patients Awaiting Lung Transplantation

Study objectives To test the efficacy of a tailored telephone-based intervention consisting of supportive counseling and cognitive behavioral techniques for individuals awaiting lung transplantation on measures of quality of life and general well-being. Method Patients were randomly assigned to either a telephone-based special intervention (SI; n = 36) for 8 weeks (average session length, 16.3 min) or a usual care (UC) control condition (n = 35) in which subjects received usual medical care but no special treatment or phone calls. At baseline, and immediately following the 8-week intervention, patients completed a psychometric test battery. Setting Duke University Medical Center, Pulmonary Transplantation Program. Patients Seventy-one patients with end-stage pulmonary disease listed for lung transplantation. Primary outcome measures Measures of health-related quality of life (both general and disease-specific), general psychological well-being, and social support. Results Multivariate analysis of covariance, adjusting for pretreatment baseline scores, age, gender, and time waiting on the transplant list, revealed that patients in the SI condition compared to the UC reported greater general well-being (p Conclusion A brief, relatively inexpensive, telephone-based psychosocial intervention is an effective method for reducing distress and increasing health-related quality of life in patients awaiting lung transplantation.
Extended Lyα Emission from Interacting Galaxies at High Redshifts

Recent observations have discovered a population of extended Lyα sources, dubbed Lyα blobs (LABs), at high redshift z � 2 6.6. These LABs typically have a luminosity of L � 10 42 10 44 erg s −1 , and a size of tens of kiloparsecs, with some giant ones reaching up to D � 100 kpc. However, the origin of these LABs is not well understood. In this paper, we investigate a merger model for the formation of LABs by studying Lyα emission from interacting galaxies at high redshifts by means of a combination of hydrodynamics simulations with three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations. Our galaxy simulations focus on a set of binary major mergers of galaxies with a mass range of 3 7 × 10 12 M⊙ in the redshift range of z � 3 7, and we use the newly improved ART 2 code to perform the radiative transfer calculations which couple multi-wavelength continuum, ionization of hydrogen, and Lyα line emission. We find that intense star formation and enhanced cooling induced by gravitational interaction produce strong Lyα emission from these merging galaxies. The Lyα emission appears to be extended due to the extended distribution of sources and gas. During the close encounter of galaxy progenitors when the star formation rate peaks at � 10 3 M⊙ yr −1 , our model produces LABs with luminosity of L � 10 42 10 44 erg s −1 , and size of D � 10 20 kpc at z > 6 and D � 20 50 kpc at z � 3, in broad agreement with observations in the same redshift range. Our results suggest that merging galaxies may produce some typical LABs as observed, but the giant ones may be produced by mergers more massive than those in our model, or a combination of mergers and cold accretion from filaments on a large scale. Subject headings: galaxies: high-redshift – galaxies: formation – galaxies: evolution – radiative transfer – hydrodynamics – methods: numerical