cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raza de bronce: ¿Novela de Hambrientos?

Raza de bronce by Alcides Arguedas is one of the most famous examples of the "novela indigenista" in Latin America. Although this novel is considered to defend the Aimara Indians, certain textual passages show these people as subhuman, without a sophisticated culture, particularly in the depiction of what they eat. Besides the chronic scarcity of food, their culture is described as one that lacks culinary sophistication: its diet is mainly potatoes and dry corn seasoned with fat. In those cases when this diet is diversified, the availability of food is a product of robbery or an unequal exchange that devalues indigenous people on various levels. In fact, the "Indian" not only is poor, a thief or dishonest, but also a beast that could ingest anything and could even become a cannibal in order to satisfy his desires for revenge. This essay demonstrates the ambiguity in the literary description of indigenous people. On the one hand, they are portrayed as exploited human beings that need the protection of the rest of society. On the other hand, they are described as inferior human beings and therefore their exploitation is "justified" by the landowner elite.
Populism and the Cult of the Expert

One of the most persistent problems of Western industrial societies may be put quite succinctly: “What should be the role of the expert in technologically based democracies?”
On the optimal choice of pivots for the Gaussian elimination

In this note, a cost criterion function for choosing the optimal pivot at each stage of the Gaussian elimination method is described. It takes into consideration both the fill-in and the number of arithmetical operations. Other known criterion functions byTewarson [4] andMarkowitz [6] are also discussed and compared with the new criterion function.
Semantic Background Estimation in Video Sequences

We present a method that estimates the scene background in videos by utilizing semantic segmentation to extract foreground objects, such as people or cars, and stitching background regions to reconstruct the background. Inspired by recent developments in deep learning, we utilize semantic segmentation based on Conditional Random Field as Recurrent Neural Networks (CRF as RNN) to detect the regions of important objects in each frame and generate a foreground-background map. We use these segmentation maps to extract the background regions from each frame and then stitch them over consecutive frames to obtain the full background for the video sequence. Our foreground/background estimation approach has potential applications in change detection, video surveillance, video compression and video privacy. We illustrate the effectiveness of our method on example videos from the Change Detection (CDNET) dataset.
Ophiocordyceps–ant interactions as an integrative model to understand the molecular basis of parasitic behavioral manipulation

Ophiocordyceps-infected ants display a substrate biting behavior that aids parasite transmission. World-wide research into this behavioral manipulation has led to new fungal species descriptions, annotated genomes, and detailed field observations. Experimentally tractable modified ant behaviors and the development of infection techniques have enabled the quest for the molecular basis of this phenomenon. Behavioral studies followed by transcriptomics, metabolomics and three-dimensional electron microscopy have led to novel mechanistic hypotheses. This multidisciplinary work represents a big leap forward. However, definitive answers have yet to be obtained. A comprehensive understanding hinges on continued integrative efforts that reveal the precise natural history, behavioral ecology and evolutionary relationships between Ophiocordyceps-ant systems, and the true functions and involvement of genes and metabolites in behavioral manipulation.
Reshaping our world: Collaborating with children for community-based climate change action:

This paper documents a collaborative, multi-site participatory action research project in collaboration with children to act on climate change within local community settings. The project was an af...
Beyond COSS: Human Factors for Whole Plant Management

A Computerized Operator Support System (COSS) has been envisioned and prototyped for nuclear power plant (NPP) operations. The COSS supports operator decision making during abnormal events by making use of an online fault-diagnostic system known as PRO-AID. PRO-AID uses existing sensors and confluence equations to detect system faults before plant threshold alarms would alert operators. In a full-scope, full-scale nuclear power plant simulator we demonstrated that early diagnosis in conjunction with computer-based-procedures can assist operators in mitigating faults in circumstances that would normally lead to shutting down the plant. Here we conceive of a computerized plant management system (CPMS) that would complement COSS. COSS is intended to aid in the short-time scale operations of a plant. The CPMS is aimed at supporting longer time-scale activities involving maintenance, calibration, and early warning fault detection. Digitization allows staff to manage and monitor assets remotely without being physically present locally at the equipment under surveillance. This allows for specialization by equipment and systems rather than location. Cyber-physical systems and the industrial internet of things have no shortage of possibilities and promises, but often the benefits come with conflicting considerations: availability may tradeoff with increased cyber risk, increased redundancy may come at the cost of increased complexity, outsourcing engineering requires more communication across organizations and the associated administrative burden. In too many instances, humans tend to fill the gaps between what automation cannot reliably or cost-effectively accomplish. Human-centered design using human factors considers the role of the human as part of a human-machine-system. Our COSS concept examined how a control system, a diagnostic system, expert guidance system, and computer-based procedure system could work in concert to aid operator actions. Here we examine the potential for human factors and human-centered design for whole plant management using a CPMS. A CPMS could serve several valuable functions from providing computerized procedures for field operations to using prognostics for early failure detection, or managing information flows from sensors to business networks, system engineers, cyber-security personnel, and third-party vendors.
Self-Adaptive Online Trajectory Sampling (SAOTS) Using Spectral Domain Properties

Abstract We study the vehicle trajectory compression problem in this paper to reduce data size and transmission cost, while ensuring that the reduced data can satisfy the needs of transportation applications. We first propose an online segmentation method and then explore the spectral domain properties of vehicle trajectory segments by using the speed profile as the input signal. Based on the analysis, we introduce a spectral domain property called critical frequency that reflects the nature of the speed variation experienced by an individual vehicle trajectory. We show that, this property can be utilized to determine the proper sampling strategy of trajectory segments. We then design SAOTS, a self-adaptive online trajectory sampling method, for vehicle trajectory segmentation and compression. SAOTS utilizes vehicle flow state to segment a vehicle trajectory, and the critical frequency to sample the data records in the segment. Results show that resampling the trajectory segments based on the critical frequencies can vastly reduce the size of the GPS data while conserving most of the useful information. Tested using a small field dataset and a large, open dataset and compared with existing trajectory compression methods, SAOTS can help achieve the best balance in terms of data reduction, latency, accuracy, and application performances.
Interplay of Objective Sleep Duration and Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases on Cause‐Specific Mortality

Background Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs) and cancer are leading causes of death. Short sleep is a potential contributor to health; however, its role in predicting mortality as...
Who Uses Bots? A Statistical Analysis of Bot Usage in Moderation Teams

Adopting new technology is challenging for volunteer moderation teams of online communities. Challenges are aggravated when communities increase in size. In a prior qualitative study, Kiene et al. found evidence that moderator teams adapted to challenges by relying on their experience in other technological platforms to guide the creation and adoption of innovative custom moderation "bots." In this study, we test three hypotheses on the social correlates of user innovated bot usage drawn from a previous qualitative study. We find strong evidence of the proposed relationship between community size and the use of user innovated bots. Although previous work suggests that smaller teams of moderators will be more likely to use these bots and that users with experience moderating in the previous platform will be more likely to do so, we find little evidence in support of either proposition.
What Facebook Taught Me About Research

Distance education has exploded, in recent years, with more students taking online courses than ever before. However, despite the explosion in online course takers, the number of students who are not completing their online degree programs is also growing. Online students report feeling isolation, and a disconnect with their classmates and educational institution. Another phenomenon, social media, has also experienced explosive growth, including the largest in modern society, Facebook. The goal of my research study was to understand if there could be a connection between the use of social media, specifically Facebook and Facebook Messenger, and the isolation that distance students experience. My hope was that this might pave the way to further research using social media as a tool to curb rising attrition rates. Unfortunately, Facebook had some things to teach me first.
Tipping in Service Systems: The Role of a Social Norm

We study the impact of tipping in a service facility on the server's tipping wage, in the presence of an endogenously formed social norm. The problem is modeled as a two-stage tipping game: In the first stage, delay-sensitive customers arrive at an M/M/1 facility and decide whether to join or not, and if so, how much to tip. In the second stage customers who joined meet in a social market, compare their tip amounts, and are penalized on tipping differently from one another. All customers are homogeneous in terms of their valuation of the service and waiting cost rate. Yet, some customers visit the facility repeatedly and can therefore obtain a shorter waiting time by tipping more. Other customers visit only once and hence, cannot influence their waiting time via their tip. We find that in the presence of a social norm, the server cannot extract the optimal social welfare through tipping, because of (i) rents that the repeat customers can accrue and (ii) the variability in tips, introduced by repeat customers, which causes the social costs to be strictly positive. Nevertheless, in some limiting cases, the tipping wage approaches the optimal welfare when (i) the social norm is weak and there are many repeat customers such that no one-time customers join; or when (ii) the social norm is strong and there are few repeat customers who join.
Women in Circuits [Guest Editorial]

At the 2020 International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), the Women in Circuits (WiC) Committee hosted the first-ever Rising Stars workshop for graduate and undergraduate students as well as young professionals who have graduated within the last two years and are interested in learning how to excel in academic and industry careers in computer science and electrical engineering. The articles in this special section feature selected tutorials from women engineers in the field of solid-state circuits.
Quantum-Based Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Applications to Industrial Problems

In this chapter we describe a method that combines three different approaches to achieve practical, large-scale, quantum-based, Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. This particular combination of methods provides a very powerful and unified framework to next-generation quantum molecular dynamics simulations that can be applied to problems of industrial interest.
Questions the IRS Will Not Answer

When a taxpayer plans to undertake a transaction and its tax consequences are unclear, the taxpayer can request a letter ruling from the IRS. The IRS issues numerous letter rulings each year. In 2020, for instance, the IRS issued 777 letter rulings. The IRS refrains from issuing letter rulings on certain topics. At the beginning of each year, the IRS publishes an updated list of the topics on which it will not rule. Many of the topics on which it will not rule arise in areas of tax law governed by standards where the tax outcome depends heavily on each transaction’s specific facts. This pattern is consistent with the IRS’s stated position that it ordinarily does not rule in certain areas because of the factual nature of the matter involved. This Article suggests that a policy against ruling on fact-specific topics sacrifices an opportunity to rule on many of the very topics for which a letter ruling could be particularly useful. Because the fact-specific nature of a topic makes it ill-suited for generally applicable guidance, such a topic is a particularly good candidate for a letter ruling. Existing literature contains very little examination of the reasons for the IRS’s policy against ruling on fact-specific topics. This Article begins to fill that gap and suggests eight potential concerns that might underlie the IRS’s reticence. This Article analyzes whether each concern could be addressed by means other than simply not issuing rulings. To gauge the validity of some of the concerns, this Article examines letter rulings that the IRS did, in fact, issue on several fact-specific topics prior to adding them to the no ruling list. The previously issued letter rulings illustrate that many of the concerns do not inevitably arise in the case of all letter rulings on fact-specific topics. Some of the previously issued letter rulings also demonstrate steps that the IRS should take, or avoid, in order to mitigate some of the concerns if it does rule on fact-specific topics.
Frontier: finding the boundaries of novel transposable element insertions in genomes

Transposable Elements (TEs) are DNA subsequences that have historically copied themselves throughout a genome. Apart from constituting a large fraction of all eukaryotic genomes, TEs are a significant source of genetic variation and are directly responsible for many diseases. TEs are also one of the most difficult genomic regions to analyze. A typical approach for identifying TE insertions (TEi) involves the detection of split-reads, which requires checking if each read can be split into TE and non-TE parts. Identification of the TE part depends on a model for each distinct TE class, and these classes vary significantly both within and between species. Previous methods for detecting segregating TEis depend on template libraries and their computational cost increases with the number of templates. Here we propose a novel template-free method for identifying the split-reads containing TEi boundaries called Frontier. We leverage the pervasiveness of TE sequences to identify candidate reads that might include the boundary of an insertion. We then apply machine learning methods to further classify whether the read includes actual TE-like sequence. For each predicted TEi boundary we apply a second classifier to infer the corresponding TE type (LINE, SINE, ALU, ERV/LTR). Both classifiers achieve high precision (> .9), recall (> .8) and F1 score (> .8) when applied to real data. The resulting trained model, can detect and classify about 50 million frontier reads in less than an hour. Frontier codes are available at github https://github.com/Anwica/Frontier.
PAS kinase: A nutrient sensing regulator of glucose homeostasis

Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) kinase (PASK, PASKIN, and PSK) is a member of the group of nutrient sensing protein kinases. These protein kinases sense the energy or nutrient status of the cell and regulate cellular metabolism appropriately. PAS kinase responds to glucose availability and regulates glucose homeostasis in yeast, mice, and man. Despite this pivotal role, the molecular mechanisms of PAS kinase regulation and function are largely unknown. This review focuses on what is known about PAS kinase, including its conservation from yeast to man, identified substrates, associated phenotypes and role in metabolic disease.
Spall experiments in convergent geometry using the Atlas pulsed power facility

Summary form only given, as follows. The first spall experiments conducted on the twenty-four megajoule capacitor bank, Atlas, are described. These experiments are intended to determine whether there are qualitative differences between spall phenomena in convergent and planar geometries. It is well known that spall, which arises as a result of intersecting release waves putting a material into tension, is a function of shock amplitude, shape, and duration. However, quantifying differences is difficult, and often the best one can do is to obtain the "spall strength" of the material. This important parameter is inferred from laser interferometry measurements (VISAR) of the "pull back" velocity of the free surface of a shocked sample. Principally, planar experiments are performed one of three ways: using a gas gun to launch a freeflying sabot into the target, employing a laser driven mini-flyer, or using high explosives to launch the shock wave. In the case of Atlas, the flyer is a cylindrically imploding metal liner, driven by the magnetic pressure produced by the bank current. After impact of the liner with the target the magnetic pressure continues to accelerate the liner/target assembly radially inward. This continued acceleration combined with converging geometry differentiates these spall experiments from those conducted in planar geometry. VISAR will be used to measure the free surface velocity of a shocked aluminum target, and the signature will be used to infer the spall strength and compare this with that obtained from gas gun experiments. Comparisons of the VISAR signals obtained on Atlas experiments with gas gun signals will be used to provide insight into the effects of convergence on spall phenomena. Axial radiography will also be fielded to determine the location of the spalled material layer, and correlate this with the VISAR.
Measurement of thymine dimers in DNA by thin-layer chromatography. II. The use of one-dimensional systems

Abstract A number of chromatographic solvents and thin-layer chromatographic matrices were tested for their effectiveness in separating thymine dimers from thymine by one-dimensional chromatography. One combination, viz., watersaturated ethylacetate: n -propanol on silica gel thin layers was found to be particularly useful.
Parabasalian flagellates are ancient eukaryotes

Discrepancies between eukaryotic phylogenetic trees based on different gene sequences have led to the suggestion that the deepest branches of each gene tree could simply be artefacts of rapid evolution rather than indicators of an ancient divergence1,2,3,4,5. But if an insertion or deletion occurred in a gene sequence very early in eukaryotic evolution, the oldest eukaryotic lineages should be recognizable by their resemblance to prokaryotes lacking this character. Here we investigate the structure of the gene encoding enolase, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, and find that the gene from parabasalian flagellates lacks two deletions present in other eukaryotic enolases, indicating that Parabasalia could be the most ancient eukaryotes examined so far.
A Centrifugal Analyzer with a New All-Digital Measurement System

An accurate, all-digital measurement system has been developed for use in a centrifugal analyzer system. The output of the radiation detector is converted directly to a digital count by a new type of charge-to-count converter. The converter is characterized by exceptional linearity and stability, and has a wide dynamic range. A gating and counting unit integrates the output of the charge-to-count converter and simultaneously measures the period of integration. The integration effectively discriminates against noise and allows an optimum amount of information to be extracted from the signal during the measurement period. Measurement of the integration period reduces requirements for synchronization and control devices, thus simplifying overall analyzer design. Control and data manipulation functions are performed by a minicomputer. The programs were written in OS/8 FORTRAN. The basic measurement principles of the new system and test results are described.
Casino and Museum: Representing Mashantucket Pequot Identity

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: de Uriarte Bodinger and John J. Year: 2007 Pages: 256 Publisher: University of Arizona Press ISBN: 0-8165-2545-5 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
Regulation of macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation by JAK inhibitors.

Small molecule inhibitors of the Janus kinases (JAK) have been developed as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents and are currently subjects of clinical trials. Tofacitinib/CP-690,550 (more potent in inhibiting JAK3 and JAK1) and Ruxolitinib/INCB-018424 (selective inhibitor of JAK1/2) have demonstrated clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, the exact mechanisms that mediate the inhibitory effects of these compounds are not known. In this study, we examined the effects of CP-690,550 (CP) and INCB-018424 (INCB) on inflammatory responses in human macrophages (hMΦs). In our study, we used long term exposure to TNF as a model of chronic inflammation to investigate mechanisms regulating hMΦ activation and functions, and have shown that TNF can activate an IFN-JAK-STAT-dependent autocrine loop that regulates expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), followed by an increase of NFATc1, that regulates osteoclastogenesis. As expected, both inhibitors abrogated TNF-induced STAT1 activation and expression of genes encoding inflammatory chemokines (CXCL9, 10, 11 and CCL5) and ISGs (IFIT1 and 2, IRF7). Interestingly, both compounds attenuated a late wave of IL-1 induction and nuclear expression of NF-κB subunits. Furthermore, ex vivo treatment with inhibitors decreased IL-1 and IL-6 expression in synovial MΦs isolated from the patients with arthritis. Next, we analyzed the effects of JAK inhibitors on TNF-induced osteoclastogenesis and discovered that both compounds augmented nuclear levels of NFATc1 and cJun, followed by increased formation of TRAP positive multinuclear cells. Lastly, we examined an in vivo effect of CP on innate immune response in arthritis using K/BxN serum transfer arthritis model and found that CP treatment significantly inhibited inflammation and joint swelling. Taken together, our data suggest that JAK inhibitors can affect inflammatory responses in hMΦs and thus, can target both acquired and innate immunity in RA and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
The Effects of Prior Task Experience in the Modeling Situation.

Abstract An investigation was made into the effects of observers' previous experience with the experimental task on acquisition and subsequent performance of modeled task behavior. The task was socially neutral and the subjects were second grade boys and girls. Recall of modeled actions increased with prior experience, indicating greater acquisition. This finding supports Bandura's (1973) assertion that task familiarity may enhance attentiveness to the model. Contrary to previous research, performance of imitation did not decrease with experience. The present performance results are possibly due to the ambiguity of the preexperience and novelty of the experimental task.
Tree-based models for random distribution of mass

A mathematical model for distribution of mass ind-dimensional space, based upon randomly embedding random trees into space, is introduced and studied. The model is a variant of thesuper Brownian motion process studied by mathematicians. We present calculations relating to (i) the distribution of position of a typical mass element, (ii) moments of the center of mass, (iii) large-deviation behavior, and (iv) a recursive self-similarity property.
Hyperthermia induced NFκB mediated apoptosis in normal human monocytes

Conceptual approaches of heat-induced cytotoxic effects against tumor cells must address factors affecting therapeutic index, i.e., the relative toxicity for neoplastic versus normal tissues. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of hyperthermia treatment (HT) on the induction of DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, cell-cycle distribution, NFκB mRNA expression, DNA-binding activity, and phosphorylation of IκBα in the normal human Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells. For HT, cells were exposed to 43°C. FACS analysis showed a 48.5% increase in apoptosis, increased S-phase fraction, and reduced G2 phase fraction after 43°C treatments. EMSA analysis showed a dose-dependent inhibition of NFκB DNA-binding activity after HT. This HT-mediated inhibition of NFκB was persistent even after 48 h. Immunoblotting analysis revealed dose-dependent inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation. Similarly, RPA analysis showed that HT persistently inhibits NFκB mRNA. These results demonstrate that apoptosis upon HT exposure of MM6 cells is regulated by IκBα phosphorylation mediated suppression of NFκB.
Addressing Special Education Inequity Through Systemic Change: Contributions of Ecologically Based Organizational Consultation

Since the inception of special education, scholars and practitioners have been concerned about the disproportionate representation of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds among students identified with disabilities. Professional efforts to address this disproportionality have encompassed a range of targets, but scholars increasingly view disproportionality as a complex, multiply-determined problem that requires systemic change to ameliorate disparities. In this article, we describe a framework for systemic change to foster equity in special education identification and placement. We discuss the use of ecologically oriented organizational consultation as a means of facilitating systemic change, emphasizing the role of stakeholders, and the implications for school psychology practice and training.
Contemporary use of nephron-sparing surgery for children with malignant renal tumors at freestanding children's hospitals.

Objective It is widely accepted that, when feasible, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) is preferable to radical nephrectomy (RN) for treatment of renal tumors in adults. However, RN is more frequently used in children. We sought to compare in-hospital outcomes after NSS and RN for malignant pediatric renal tumors. Material and Methods The pediatric health information system (PHIS) combines data from more than 40 North American pediatric hospitals. We queried PHIS to identify children with malignant renal tumors who underwent surgery from 2003 to 2009. We examined whether outcomes (complication rates, cost, and length of stay) differed by procedure type. Multivariate regression models were used to adjust for confounding, and generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for hospital clustering. Results We identified 1235 children with renal tumors who underwent RN (91%) or NSS (9%). Patients undergoing RN and NSS had similar median comorbidity scores (P = .98), hospital lengths of stay (each 6.0 days, P = .54), in-hospital charges, ($25,700 vs $37,000, P = .11), and surgical complication rates (16.4 vs 20.5%, P = .24). These outcomes remained similar after adjusting for other patient and hospital factors. Conclusions Most children with malignant renal tumors treated at children's hospitals undergo RN. RN and NSS use were not significantly different in terms of their length of hospital stay, in-hospital charges, and complication rates. Although oncological outcomes are lacking, these data suggest that NSS may be performed in selected children with malignant renal tumors without significantly increasing their hospital charges, length of stay, or surgical complication rates.
Snoring, sleepiness, inattention, and hyperactivity in preschool and kindergarten children with a repaired cleft palate

Introduction School-age children with repaired cleft palate appear to be at high risk for symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). In addition, they are also at risk of neurobehavioral morbidity. In typically developing school-age children, SDB symptoms such as snoring are robustly associated with behavioral problems. However, it is currently unknown whether underlying SDB may play a role in neurobehavioral morbidity in young children with a repaired cleft palate. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigate the association between cleft palate repair, SDB symptoms, and behavioral problems in children attending preschool and kindergarten. Materials and methods Children aged 2–6 years old with non- syndromic repaired cleft palate were recruited from a Craniofacial Anomalies Clinic. All parents completed the sleep- related breathing disturbance subscale (SRBD) from the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, a validated scale for SDB risk. A score on this scale of >=0.33 indicates high risk for SDB. The 4-item snoring and sleepiness scale scores were also calculated. In addition, parents completed the Early Conners ¯ Childhood Assessment which addresses adaptive behavior, development, and cognitive function in children below 6 years of age. A T- score on the Conners questionnaire of 65 (>=1.5 SD above the mean) was considered elevated. RESULTS Of 36 children thus far, mean age was 4.9iA1.3 years and 53% were boys. Overall, 14% of children screened positive for SDB. Positive responses to the snoring and sleepiness subscales were reported in 17% and 8% of children respectively. Inattention/hyperactivity was identified in 25% of children, Defiant/Aggressive Behaviors in 17% and Poor Social Functioning in 11%. There were no correlations between the SRBD scale nor the snoring subscale scores and any behavioral domain. However, the sleepiness score was positively correlated with inattention/hyperactivity ( r = 0.33, p = 0.05). Children with an elevated T-score for inattention/hyperactivity, compared to those without, had a higher SRBD score (0.26 vs. 0.13; p = 0.036) and a higher sleepiness score (0.31 vs. 0.05; p = 0.004). There were no differences in snoring scores (0.28 vs. 0.19; p = 0.50). Conclusion Inattentive/hyperactive behaviors are common in preschool and kindergarten children with a repaired cleft palate. Although children with poor daytime behavior were more likely to screen positive for SDB, the relationship with behavior was driven by daytime sleepiness rather than snoring. Acknowledgements Dr. Moraleda-Cibrian is supported in part by Fundacio Universitaria Agusti Pedro i Pons.
Baptist Hymnody in the Northern United States: The Case of E. H. Johnson's Sursum Corda

: Northern and southern Baptists in the United States differed at the turn of the twentieth century. Through their hymnals, especially Sursum Corda edited by E. H. Johnson, they embraced a form of historicism that attempted to recover an earlier time in the church. Gregorian and Anglican chants served as vehicles of historicist interest as did the parts of the historic Mass and traditional English hymns prevalent in Johnson's book. Northern Baptists also leaned toward an ecclesiology that held the ‘church as sacrament’. Hymn texts in Johnson's Baptist hymnal form a bridge between two ecclesiological outlooks by employing a pastiche of sacramental texts and texts based on a memorialist understanding of the Eucharist. This essay employs an interdisciplinary approach to looking at American hymnody involving theology, history, musicology, and liturgics.
Measurements of factors affecting the precision of tonometry and tonography

In recent literature, questions have arisen about the effects of viscoelastic creep and the effects of differing weights on the precision of tonometry and tonography. To examine these questions, a series of experiments on rabbits was performed in which tonographic recordings were made while maintaining conditions of constant intraocular pressure in the eyes of living and dead animals and in enucleated eyes. It was found that there was a delay before stable conditions were established after the application of the tonometer. This delay, which we attribute to viscoelastic changes in corneal tissue, was less than I see. The presence of a longer delay of the order of minutes was detected only when the indentation was very large. Our results indicate that viscoelastic effects in corneal tissue made evident by the application of the tonometer do not appear to be a significant source of error either in tonometry or tonography. We have also examined the variability of constants a and b in the equation: W / P t = a + b R which is the empirical relationship between intraocular pressure P t , tonometer weight W , and tonometer reading R . The values for a and b were independent of whether the results were obtained from the eye of the live or dead animal or from the enucleated eye. The variability in the parameters a and b from trial to trial was not found to be significantly correlated with either the physical dissimilarities in the individual animals or with the changes in the tonometer weights. An analysis of residual errors between the theoretical formula given above and the experimental data showed that errors in estimating intraocular pressure are large for readings below 4 and above 16 tonometer units.
Dexamethasone and estradiol benzoate induced parturition in dairy cattle

Abstract Fifteen 2-year-old Holstein cows and 21 mature Holstein cows were assigned to one of three groups. Cows in Group I calved spontaneously. Cows in Groups II and III received single intramuscular injections of 20 mg dexamethasone and 25 mg estradiol benzoate to induce parturition prematurely. In addition, cows in Group III received a single intramuscular injection of 12.5 mg estradiol benzoate 48 hr prior to dexamethasone and estradiol benzoate. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effectiveness of estradiol benzoate in combination with dexamethasone on traits at parturition and on productive and reproductive characteristics following parturition. Induction of parturition shortened gestation length and increased the incidence of retained placentas (both P
Synthetic studies on taxol. part II.1b β-fragmentation of alkoxy radicals in medium-sized carbocycle synthesis

An efficient excision of the keto bridge present in tricyclo[4.3.1.12,5]undecanones or tricyclo[5.3.1.12,6]dodecanones has been accomplished by β-fragmentation of an alkoxy radical under the procedure of Suarez [PhI(OAc)2 - I2].
Counterpoint: Screening for Trichomoniasis—Where's the Evidence of Benefit?

Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease in the US. Of all reproductive-age women in the US, 3.2% have prevalent infection, with 85% of these women being asymptomatic (1). More than 1 in 8 (13.3%) reproductive-age African American women has a prevalent Trichomonas vaginalis infection (1). A large prospective study of T. vaginalis during pregnancy reported prevalent infection at 23–26 weeks in 22.8% of African American women and in 6.1% of Caucasian women (2). Infection with T. vaginalis may have health consequences beyond being a source of genitourinary tract symptoms. Women with T. vaginalis infection are at increased risk of preterm birth (2). Trichomonads have been found in association with pelvic inflammatory disease (3), and trichomoniasis has been associated with increased HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples (4). Limited evidence has associated T. vaginalis infection with cervical cancer (5). The relatively high prevalence and adverse health consequences of this infection raise questions about the need to screen women for trichomoniasis. We must consider what screening is and is not. One definition of screening is the “systematic application of a test or enquiry, to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a specific disorder to benefit from further investigation or direct preventive action, amongst persons who have not sought medical attention on account of symptoms of that disorder” (6). In the present context screening implies testing for the infection in an asymptomatic individual presenting for a routine health visit, or testing asymptomatic individuals in nonclinical settings. Testing for T. vaginalis in someone presenting with genitourinary symptoms constitutes diagnosis rather than screening; testing in someone at very high probability of having the infection, such as a sex partner of an infected individual, can also be considered diagnosis. Guidelines for the institution of screening programs have …
Bacterial expression, purification, andin vitro N-myristoylation of HIV-1 pl7gag

The coding region of the N-terminal 17-kDa portion of HIV-1 Pr55gag (p17gag) was cloned into the pET-3c expression vector and was used to overexpress HIV-1 p17gag inEscherichia coli. Induction of the transformed bacteria caused the accumulation of a 17-kDa polypeptide in the soluble cell fraction which was released by sonication in hypotonic nondetergent buffer. The 17-kDa polypeptide was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and successive chromatography on G-75 Sephadex, DEAE-Sephacel, and S-Sephadex. The final product was purified 12-fold with about a 16% recovery from the original soluble cell lysate and was judged to be 97+% pure by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Western blotting with two different antibodies confirmed the identity of the purified 17-kDa polypeptide as authentic p17gag. In the presence of myristoyl-CoA and bovine brain N-myristoyl-transferase, p17gag was quantitatively N-myristoylatedin vitro with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 4.7 ± 1.0 × 10−3 min−1, but with only about 3% of the catalytic efficiency of N-myristoylation of a 16-residue peptide homologous to the N-terminus of p17gag. The myristate group in the N-myristoylated p17gag was stable to treatment with detergent and hydroxylamine consistent with a covalent N-acyl-amide linkage. The N-myristoylglycyl linkage was confirmed by partial acid hydrolysis and identification of thep-nitrobenzylazlactone derivative of the resultingN-myristoylglycine by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Reconceptualizing the encoding and decoding “moments” of the mass communication process

(1987). Reconceptualizing the encoding and decoding “moments” of the mass communication process. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 20, Multichannel Communication Codes: Part I, pp. 221-242.
Introduction: Midwives and modernization

(1981). Introduction: Midwives and modernization. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Audience activity and media use

(1993). Audience activity and media use. Communication Monographs: Vol. 60, Into the New Century, pp. 98-105.
Protein quality of weaning baby food from African white fleshed sweetpotato varieties and Apios americana with pigeon peas added as a complementary protein

Abstract White sweetpotatoes ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam ) are a major food crop in Africa. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the protein quality of various white fleshed African sweetpotatoes and Apios americana tubers for use as a baby weaning food. Puree was processed from four white fleshed sweetpotato varieties and Apios each mixed with pigeon peas ( Cajanus cajan ) added as a complementary protein source. The sweetpotatoes and apios had a protein content ranging from 4.26 to 8.23 percent on dry weight basis. These were formulated into a baby food intended for a one year old baby in 60:40 ratio, with pigeon peas (a legume) added to raise the protein content to 10% for Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) studies. The diets were fed to 6 groups of rats, 10 rats/diet. PER was found to range from 1.57 to 1.92 compared to a PER for casein of 2.5, indicating significant differences (p
Integrated mapping analysis of the Werner syndrome region of chromosome 8.

The Werner syndrome locus (WRN) is located at 8p11-p12. To facilitate eventual cloning of the WRN gene, a 10,000-rad radiation-reduced hybrid (RH) cell panel was generated to map genetic markers, sequence-tagged sites (STSs), and genes in this region. A hamster cell line carrying an intact human chromosome 8 was fused with another hamster cell line. Two sets of hybrid cell panels from 2 separate fusions were generated; each panel consisted of 50 independent clones; 33 and 34 cell lines from the 2 fusions retained human chromosome material as determined by inter-Alu PCR. The combined panel was genotyped for 52 markers spanning the entire chromosome, including 10 genes, 29 anonymous polymorphic loci, and 13 STSs. Seventeen of these markers have not been previously described. Markers near the centromere were retained at a higher frequency than more distal markers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was also used to localize and order a subset of the markers. An RH map of the WRN region was constructed using a maximum likelihood method, giving the following most likely order: D8S131 - D8S339(GSR) - D8S124 - D8S278 - D8S259 - (D8S71) - D8S283 - D8S87 - D8S105 - D8S135(FGFR1) - D8S135PB - D8S255 - ANK1. A geneticmore » map of 15 short tandem repeat polymorphic loci in the WRN region was also constructed. The marker orders from the genetic and RH maps were consistent. In addition, an integrated map of 24 loci in the WRN region was generated using information from both genetic and RH mapping methods. A 1000:1 framework map for 6 loci (LPL-D8S136-D8S137-D8S87-FGFR1-ANK1) was determined by genetic mapping, and the resulting locus order was fixed during analysis of the RH genotype data. The resulting integrated map contained more markers than could confidently be ordered by either genetic or RH mapping alone. 64 refs., 5 figs., 6 tab.« less
SU‐GG‐T‐256: Measurement and Evaluation of Inhomogeneity Corrections and Monitor Unit Verification for Treatment Planning

Purpose: Heterogeneous tissue‐lung and tissue‐bone phantoms have been constructed for the purpose of developing an extended data set of doses measured in different media, particularly at, or near, interfaces. Method and Materials: Data have been acquired with Kodak EDR2 film for a Varian 2300cd (6 and 25 MV) and an Elekta Synergy (6, 10 and 18 MV) linear accelerator. These data have been compiled for use in evaluating different planning system calculation algorithms. Ones we reviewed, as examples, included Pinnacle and the correction‐based, older version of Eclipse. The data were taken with the intent of exploring the limits in the capabilities of planning systems to handle both energy and small‐field effects. As such, data extended from 2×2 to 10×10 cm2field sizes over the available range of energies. It is also becoming increasingly important to find some method of checking monitor units generated by these planning systems when heterogeneities are included. To this end, we also evaluated the range of performance accuracy for two, familiar 1‐dimensional inhomogeneity correction factors (ICF): a variation on the primary transmission‐based effective attenuation method and the TMR ratio method. Results & Conclusion: We found, as have others, that Pinnacle predicts doses to, generally, within ±5%, even near interfaces over the full range of energies and field sizes tested. Eclipse (pre‐AAA model) Batho and equivalent TAR algorithms were equivalent to, or poorer than the 1‐dimensional ICF corrections, particularly with increasing energy and decreasing field size. The effective attenuation and TMR ratio methods were adequate for 6 MV, even for 2×2 fields and appear to have application for 6×6 fields and larger at all energies. In the interest of patient safety, we recommend that some type of corrected backup calculation be done to verify every treatment plan.
Clinical and Microbiological Effects of Subgingival and Gingival Marginal Irrigation With Chlorhexidine Gluconate

Recent interest in the local delivery of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents has stimulated interest in the efficacy of various treatment regimens. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) delivered daily by home-applied marginal irrigation as a 0.04% solution in combination with a single professional irrigation of 0.12% CHX was tested over a 3-month period. Sixty periodontal maintenance patients each having at least 2 pockets greater than or equal to 4 mm probing depth, and bleeding on probing were assigned to either Group 1: one professional subgingival 0.12% CHX (Peridex) irrigation (Perio Pik) followed by adjunctive daily home marginal 0.04% CHX irrigation (Pik Pocket); Group 2: one professional subgingival 0.12% CHX irrigation followed by adjunctive daily home marginal water irrigation; Group 3: one professional subgingival water irrigation followed by adjunctive daily home marginal water irrigation; or Group 4: control. At baseline and 3 month visits, subgingival plaque samples were taken from 2 sites per patient. Cultural microbiological analysis was performed using non-selective and selective media. Plaque Index, Gingival Index, pocket probing depths, and gingival recession were assessed. Scaling and root planing (supportive periodontal treatment) was provided for each patient followed by subgingival irrigation as outlined above. At 3 months the Gingival Index and pocket probing depths were both significantly reduced (P less than .05) in all irrigation groups compared to baseline. There were no significant changes in clinical parameters in the control group from baseline to 3 months. In Group 1 the GI was significantly reduced (P less than .05) compared to Group 4 at 3 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Formation of oriented high Tc superconducting Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O thin films on silver substrates by organometallic chemical vapor deposition

Highly oriented thin films of the high Tc Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O superconductor have been deposited on silver substrates by low‐pressure organometallic chemical vapor deposition. The volatile metalorganic complexes Cu(acetylacetonate)2, Sr(dipivaloylmethanate)2, Ca(dipivaloylmethanate)2, and triphenyl bismuth are used as precursors with N2O as a reactant gas. X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the films deposited at 625 °C contain a mixture of the Bi2(Sr,Ca)2CuOx and Bi2(Sr,Ca)3Cu2Ox phases. The post‐annealed films are predominantly composed of the Bi2(Sr,Ca)3Cu2Ox phase with preferential orientation of the crystallite c axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate the superconducting onset temperature of the annealed films to be at 80 K. The zero‐field critical current density, estimated from magnetization measurements, is ∼3.9×105 A/cm2 at 5.5 K.