cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain and Suffering.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review literature on the relationship of pain, spirituality, and suffering as it relates to the patient with cancer who is experiencing pain. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed articles, textbooks, internet. Conclusion: Pain and suffering are distinct and yet closely related in patients with cancer. Oncology nurses are important in assessing a patient's pain, including dimensions of spirituality and suffering. Implications for Nursing Practice: Oncology nurses are the front line of pain management for patients. This includes recognizing existential distress and suffering and responding to suffering.
Focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: Where do we stand?

Take Home Messages Focal therapy for localized prostate cancer has emerged as an alternative to whole-gland treatment given its superior side-effects profile and acceptable short-term cancer control. Here we summarize the most relevant evidence related to each focal therapy modality.
Justice in Decision-Making

Conflict is the basis of politics, and politics is the pursuit and management of conflict (Zartman 1997). Conflict is an essential and inevitable element in human interaction. Conflict between positions is the basis of democratic debate and the open society holds that truth appears only when conflicting positions are fully confronted publicly. When this debate is not allowed, stronger forms of conflict appear within states, but directed against their government, which in turn harnesses conflict to repress citizens and impose order. The management of conflict, or the process of turning conflict into order can follow a number of different forms. Institutionalized conflict is the nature of elections, where size makes right (and right makes size); in executive and judicial proceedings, authority is given to the institution which finds a principle of justice to guide its decision. When institutions are not present to establish decision rules and hierarchies of authority, a looser form of social decision-making is required, known as negotiation. Negotiation is joint or social decision-making where the decision rule is unanimity and therefore the parties are equal, that is, each has a veto. In negotiation, conflict between positions is overcome in a joint decision, without benefit of votes, institutions, or authorities. A minimum of order is a prerequisite, enough for the parties to communicate, but no more; even the decision rule itself is established only by unanimous agreement and is broken when there is no agreement. This amount of order is based on the characteristic mixed-motive situation, which requires both conflicting and common interests for the negotiation to take place—common interest in reaching agreement, which holds the process together, and conflicting interests to reconcile, which make the process necessary (Ikle 1964).
Brain metastases as a first site of recurrence in patients on chemotherapy with controlled systemic cancers: An increasingly urgent clinical scenario.

e13590Background: As the treatment of non-central nervous system (CNS) malignancies improves, brain metastases (BM) are occurring more often in patients with controlled primary disease. In a retros...
Absolute continuity of the periodic Schrodinger operator in transversal geometry

Author(s): Krupchyk, Katsiaryna; Uhlmann, Gunther | Abstract: We show that the spectrum of a Schr quot;odinger operator on $\mathbb{R}^n$, $n\ge 3$, with a periodic smooth Riemannian metric, whose conformal multiple has a product structure with one Euclidean direction, and with a periodic electric potential in $L^{n/2}_{\text{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, is purely absolutely continuous. Previously known results in the case of a general metric are obtained in [12], see also [8], under the assumption that the metric, as well as the potential, are reflection symmetric.
Measuring Mercy: Protecting Patient Discretion in Terminal Care Under the 14th Amendment

The Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld the constitutionality of assisted suicide statutes. These statutes are almost exclusively used to deter physicians from administering life-ending medical treatment, such as physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. However, the Court has yet to address the use of physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia as purely palliative measures. This Article proposes that palliative care is a fundamental right because it is the sole medical benefit available to terminal patients. Furthermore, in cases of intractable pain, this right includes the ability of the patient to exercise their discretion in seeking life-ending palliation through physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia. Under circumstances of intractable pain, inducing death is medically and ethically appropriate to prevent prolonged and intolerable patient suffering prior to illness-related death. Statutes prohibiting life-ending palliation violate the Fourteenth Amendment by (1) denying terminal patients the ability to seek palliative care, thereby compelling them to endure severe physical pain, and (2) facilitating targeted prosecution against similarly situated palliative physicians who administer life-ending care to terminal patients.
A Leg to Stand on: Trauma Center Designation and Association with Rate of Limb Salvage in Patients Suffering Severe Lower Extremity Injury

Background Mangled extremities are one of the most difficult injuries for trauma surgeons to manage. We compare limb salvage rates for a limb-threatening lower extremity injuries managed at Level I vs Level II trauma centers (TCs). Study Design We identified all adult patients with a limb-threatening injury who underwent primary amputation or limb salvage (LS) using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Trauma Quality Improvement Program database at ACS Level I vs II TCs between 2007 and 2017. A limb-threatening injury was defined as an open tibial fracture with concurrent arterial injury (Gustilo type IIIc). Multivariable analysis and propensity score matching were performed to minimize confounding by indication. Results There were 712 records for analysis; 391 (54.9%) LS performed and 321 (45.1%) underwent amputation. The rate of LS was statistically higher among patients treated at Level I TCs vs those treated at Level II TCs (47.4% vs 34.8%; p = 0.01). Patients with penetrating injuries (13% vs 9.5%; p = 0.046) and tibial/peroneal artery injury (72.9% vs 50.4%; p Conclusions In patients with a mangled extremity, limb salvage rates are 50% higher at Level I TCs compared with Level II TCs, independent of case mix and injury severity.
Pressure and temperature dependences of the canting angle and increase in the magnetic ordering temperature, Tc(P), for the weak ferromagnet Li+[TCNE]˙- (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene).

The hydrostatic pressure dependence of the magnetic ordering temperature, Tc(P), for the interpenetrating, diamondoid lattice-structured, weak ferromagnet (= canted antiferromagnet) Li+[TCNE]˙− (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) reversibly increases from 20.9 to 23.4 K at 9.73 kbar, an increase of 12% with a rate of increase, dTc/dP, of 0.27 K kbar−1. The 5 T magnetization increased by 672% from 186 emu Oe mol−1 at ambient pressure to an average of 1440 emuOe mol−1 upon application of pressure. The remanent magnetization initially increases 30% from 10.8 to 14.0 emuOe mol−1 from ambient to 0.06 kbar, and increases further by 6% to a maximum of 14.8 emuOe mol−1 at 0.56 kbar before declining by 22% to 11.5 emuOe mol−1 at 9.73 kbar. The pressure-dependent coercive field, Hcr(P), initially decreases by 42% from 31.1 Oe at ambient pressure to 18 Oe at 0.06 kbar, then increases to 52 Oe at 9.73 kbar. The canting angle, α, increases by 28% from 0.52° to 0.66° at 0.06 kbar, then decreases by 23% to 0.51° at 9.73 kbar, as well as increases by 2% from 0.536° to 0.548° from 1.8 to 2.5 K, before decreasing by 79% to 0.117° at 19 K. The interlattice interactions are attributed to be the primary exchange mechanism. Thus, α(T) and α(P) have similar dependencies that are attributed to a competition between an increase and a decrease in the intra- and interlayer C⋯N interlattice separations as the temperature and pressure increases.
Effect of type of aging voltage on the residual breakdown strength of polypropylene films with natural and synthetic nanofillers

The aging conditions play a prominent role on the remnant breakdown strength of the samples as the partial discharge characteristics which affect the sample performance change drastically with the type of aging voltage. During aging, the formation of space charge that causes change in partial discharge characteristics depends on the electric field applied during aging. In this work, an investigation into remnant breakdown strength of natural and synthetic nanofilled and unfilled PP is done when aged under different types of voltage profiles. Synthetic (2, 4 and 8 wt-%) and natural (0, 2 and 6 wt-%) organoclay samples were used in this experiment. The nanocomposites were aged under different aging conditions. Samples of same composition were exposed to constant voltage aging, step voltage aging, and ramp voltage aging. The various types of voltages were applied to the nanocomposites to observe how they would behave under different aging conditions. Breakdown strength analyses was done on aged and unaged samples to evaluate the effect of PD on the remnant breakdown strength of samples with and without nanocomposites.
Visual-Temporal Processing in Reading-Disabled and Normal Twins.

Percent contrast thresholds for the detection of 1 or 8 cycle/degree sinusoidalgratings flickering in counter-phase at 1 or 10Hz were evaluated in 356 8–19 year old twinsand their school-age siblings. 107 of the twinshad a school history of reading disability.Subjects adjusted contrast levels to thresholdfrom above and below in a total of 32 trialsover about 12 minutes. Internal reliability foreach of the 4 stimulus conditions was 0.8, andeach stimulus condition was similarlycorrelated at 0.2–0.3 with several measuresof reading and phonological processing,suggesting modest relations with readingdeficits for both parvocellular (sustained) andmagnocellular (transient) visual processes. Thevariance in the word-reading measure that wasrelated to visual contrast thresholds waslargely shared with full-scale IQ, although IQand reading each also accounted for small(1%) but statistically significant amounts ofadditional independent variance in contrastthresholds. Word reading and nonword readingalso accounted for largely overlapping variancein contrast thresholds, but with a small (1%)amount of independent variance for nonwordreading. A behavioral-genetic analysis of themonozygotic and dizygotic twin correlationsindicated no significant genetic influence onindividual differences in contrast-thresholdlevels.
Length of the coupling sequence of Tn916.

The coupling sequences of conjugative transposons are short variable sequences derived from the DNA flanking the transposon insertion site. We show here that for Tn916 the left coupling sequence is 6 bases long. The right-hand end of the transposon can excise with either four or five T9s, but integration occurs to restore the five T9s at the transposon9s right end.
Stimulation of corneal differentiation by interaction between cell surface and extracellular matrix. II. Further studies on the nature and site of transfilter "induction".

Abstract Corneal epithelial differentiation (primary stroma production) is dependent on the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM), for if the developing epithelium is enzymatically removed from the embryo, it fails to produce stroma in vitro unless it is cultured on collagenous ECM. We have previously shown that the stimulatory effect is mediated across Nucleopore filters in direct proportion to the surface area created by epithelial cell processes traversing the filter to contact ECM. Since collagenous ECM is insoluble under physiological conditions, transfilter stimulation of stroma production is probably due to an interaction of the epithelial cell surface with “inducer” ECM (killed lens capsule or purified collagen). We grew 5-day-old corneal epithelia on Nucleopore filters atop [ 3 H]proline-labeled lens capsules and used both autoradiography and scintillation counting to show that radioactive collagen does not enter the epithelial cells in detectable amounts. We also show here that the stimulatory effect of collagen on collagen synthesis is not dependent on trapping of serum or binding of conditioned medium factors by ECM. Finally, we demonstrate that the stimulatory effect is reduced by removal of transfilter ECM after 6–12 hr in vitro . By 18–24 hr, however, cultured epithelium is less dependent on the substratum, probably because it has produced its own ECM. We conclude that: (1) the contact mediated collagen-cell surface interaction under study here requires the continuous presence of collagen in vivo and in vitro for maintenance of “stimulated” epithelial stroma synthesis; (2) the collagenous “inducer” interacts directly with epithelium rather than indirectly via trapped intermediates; (3) collagen acts at the epithelial cell surface without entering the cells.
Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. The role of adjunctive therapy in its treatment.

Abstract Of forty-three patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder discovered in a twenty-five year period (during which 10,349 patients were diagnosed as having cholelithiasis), eighteen patients (42 per cent) had no obvious tumor outside of the gallbladder at the time of operation, nineteen patients (44 per cent) had local spread of the disease, and six patients (14 per cent) had abdominal carcinomatosis or distant metastasis. In the twenty-one patients who underwent surgical therapy for cure of their disease, the five year survival rate was 33 per cent. The more extensive surgical procedures (other than cholecystectomy alone) did not significantly increase survival. Neither the duration of the symptoms nor the pathologic type of the tumor altered the eventual outcome. No patient with tumor outside the gallbladder at the time of operation survived longer than two years. Compared to those who did not receive it, the fifteen patients treated postoperatively with adjunctive therapy (radiation therapy or chemotherapy or both) lived longer and also were significantly better palliated when tumor outside of the gallbladder was found at the time of operation. From these findings, the routine use of adjunctive therapy is recommended in all patients with disease outside of the gallbladder and serious consideration should be given to its use in all patients found to have carcinoma of the gallbladder.
Influence Of Site Of Obstetric Care And Delivery On Pregnancy Management And Outcome

A retrospective cohort study of 863 pregnancies cared for by family physicians at three sites--rural-rural (RR), rural-urban (RU), and urban-urban (UU)--was designed to test the hypothesis that ready on-site access to perinatal subspecialists would improve pregnancy outcome. No differences in delivery type, length of gestation, birth weight, or nursery care were found. An Apgar score of less than 7 at 1 minute or less than 8 at 5 minutes was 2.17 and 2.31 times more likely at RU and 2.48 and 2.60 times more likely at UU, respectively, than at RR. The overall Cesarean section rate was 9.6 percent, forceps rate was 7.2 percent, and nonroutine nursery care rate was 7.9 percent. Neonatal and perinatal mortality rates were 3.5 and 4.6 per 1,000 live births. There is no evidence that on-site perinatal subspecialists improve perinatal outcome when care is provided by board-certified family physicians. Small obstetric centers provide quality perinatal care with outcome dependent on physician's skill rather than on technology.
Entrepreneurship and community development: what matters and why?

Shortly before writing this essay, I had the opportunity to participate in a gathering of social entrepreneurship educators in New York City, sponsored by the Moxie Foundation. We were there to mee...
The dynamics of heresy in a profession

Abstract It has been suggested that the term ‘heresy’ be rehabilitated to describe challenges to ideology in a profession. However, the term has been used in a variety of ways, impairing its descriptive utility. Using a variety of examples of potential heretical ideas in modern science and medicine, this paper tries to carefully define heresy and distinguish it from other forms of ideological challenge to a profession, such as challenges to knowledge products and challenges to authority. A dramaturgical approach is then used to try and describe the stages of heretical conflict in a profession.
Acoustic- and shock-kinetic interactions in non-equilibrium H2−Cl2 reactions

Effects of non-equilibrium reaction on the propagation of acoustic and weak shock waves are examined. The observed amplification rates are compared with the theoretical predictions, and the various chemical effects are identified. The experiments were conducted, in two Pyrex tubes, filled with a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen, chlorine and argon of varying compositions and initial pressures. In the acoustic experiments, two different wave configurations are used: 2-cycle tone-bursts and standing-waves. During the photochemical reaction, the sound pressure levels are monitored simultaneously with the mixture temperature and chlorine concentration. The employed acoustic frequencies are such that they satisfy the quasi-steady conditions. The measured amplification rates are found to agree well with the predictions in the quasi-steady regime. In the second part, the amplification and dispersion of weak shocks propagating in a reacting mixture are considered. Wave packets consisting of a typical N-wave, followed by weaker trailing waves of lower frequency are generated, and the individual waves are examined. Experiments conducted in H 2 −Cl 2 mixtures show that the shock strengths are amplified due to chemical effects. The trailing waves are found to amplify as high as 500% of their initial amplitudes, and the corresponding amplification rates are much higher than those predicted by the quasi-steady theory. Consideration of the non-dimensional frequency of each individual wave in the packet suggests stronger effects for the trailing waves (being at lower characteristic frequencies), a result previously predicted by theory.
Vascular Permeability and Pathological Angiogenesis in Caveolin-1-Null Mice

Caveolin-1, the signature protein of endothelial cell caveolae, has many important functions in vascular cells. Caveolae are thought to be the transcellular pathway by which plasma proteins cross normal capillary endothelium, but, unexpectedly, cav-1−/− mice, which lack caveolae, have increased permeability to plasma albumin. The acute increase in vascular permeability induced by agents such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A occurs through venules, not capillaries, and particularly through the vesiculo-vacuolar organelle (VVO), a unique structure composed of numerous interconnecting vesicles and vacuoles that together span the venular endothelium from lumen to ablumen. Furthermore, the hyperpermeable blood vessels found in pathological angiogenesis, mother vessels, are derived from venules. The present experiments made use of cav-1−/− mice to investigate the relationship between caveolae and VVOs and the roles of caveolin-1 in VVO structure in the acute vascular hyperpermeability induced by VEGF-A and in pathological angiogenesis and associated chronic vascular hyperpermeability. We found that VVOs expressed caveolin-1 variably but, in contrast to caveolae, were present in normal numbers and with apparently unaltered structure in cav-1−/− mice. Nonetheless, VEGF-A-induced hyperpermeability was strikingly reduced in cav-1−/− mice, as was pathological angiogenesis and associated chronic vascular hyperpermeability, whether induced by VEGF-A164 or by a tumor. Thus, caveolin-1 is not necessary for VVO structure but may have important roles in regulating VVO function in acute vascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis.
Specific alterations in the levels of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate in the nervous system of the dystrophic mouse

Determinations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) levels were obtained by ion-exchange HPLC from 10 regions of the male dystrophic mouse brain as well as from those of non-dystrophic littermate controls. Similar to previous studies in the rat, NAA levels in control mice were distributed rather uniformly while NAAG levels exhibited a pronounced rostrocaudal gradient, with highest levels found in the lumbar spinal cord. Contrary to a recent report, we found no significant alterations in gross brain or spinal cord levels of NAA. In contrast, levels of NAAG were substantially and differentially reduced in several regions of the dystrophic mouse nervous system. These results demonstrate a pathological dissociation between NAA and NAAG, whose levels are known to display differential regional, ontogenetic and phylogenetic patterns. In addition, they may represent an ability of neural tissue to differentially regulate their steady-state levels, if indeed they can be shown to be biosynthetically related. The pronounced and non-uniform NAAG reductions observed in the dystrophic CNS underscores recent suggestions of a role for the neuropeptide in central systems involved in the control of motor function.
Estimation of Measurement Error Variance at Specific Score Levels

An improved method is derived for estimating conditional measurement error variances, that is, error variances specific to individual examinees or specific to each point on the raw score scale of the test. The method involves partitioning the test into short parallel parts, computing for each examinee the unbiased estimate of the variance of part-test scores, and multiplying this variance by a constant dictated by classical test theory. Empirical data are used to corroborate the principal theoretical deductions.
Random sequential adsorption of objects of decreasing size

We consider the model of random sequential adsorption, with the depositing objects, as well as those already at the surface, decreasing in size according to a specified time dependence, from a larger initial value to a finite value in the large-time limit. Numerical Monte Carlo simulations of two-dimensional deposition of disks and one-dimensional deposition of segments are reported for the density-density correlation function and gap-size distribution function, respectively. Analytical considerations supplement numerical results in the one-dimensional case. We investigate the correlation hole-the depletion of correlation functions near contact and, for the present model, their vanishing at contact-that opens up at finite times, as well as its closing and reemergence of the logarithmic divergence of correlation properties at contact in the large-time limit.
Effect of redox potential on stationary-phase xylitol fermentations using Candida tropicalis

Redox potential was used to develop a stationary-phase fermentation of Candida tropicalis that resulted in non-growth conditions with a limited decline in cell viability, a xylitol yield of 0.87 g g−1 (95% of the theoretical value), and a high maximum specific production rate (0.67 g g−1 h−1). A redox potential of 100 mV was found to be optimum for xylitol production over the range 0–150 mV. A shift from ethanol to xylitol production occurred when the redox potential was reduced from 50 mV to 100 mV as cumulative ethanol (Y ethanol) decreased from 0.34 g g−1 to 0.025 g g−1 and Y xylitol increased from 0.15 g g−1 to 0.87 g g−1 (α=0.05). Reducing the redox potential to 150 mV did not improve the fermentation. Instead, the xylitol yield and productivity decreased to 0.63 g g−1 and 0.58 g g−1 h−1 respectively and cell viability declined. The viable, stationary-phase fermentation could be used to develop a continuous fermentation process, significantly increasing volumetric productivity and reducing downstream separation costs, potentially by the use of a membrane cell-recycle reactor.
Lithography process control and optimization based on defect capture and reduction

Defect monitoring is increasingly required for advanced line maintenance. A critical decision is how to proceed with lot deposition if an excursion is detected. A methodology based on defect inspection and defective die count analysis was employed which provided effective process monitoring and yield maintenance. The methodology allows rapid decision-making with a minimum of information for lot disposition. The purpose is to separate significant excursions from temporary fluctuations in order to appropriately focus defect reduction resources. Wafers are systematically inspected post-litho with a patterned wafer inspection system, the WF736, and the number of die with killer defects is counted and then monitored with time. Every lot is inspected, full wafer inspection is performed, and all defect types are captured. By determining the killer defect progression after re-work, it is possible to establish lot disposition. If the count is still high, defect reduction analysis is then applied. Various defects were flagged and addressed, arising both from litho and from prior steps. In addition, the wafer inspection was utilized for dose forecasting with a feed-forward to appropriately modify the optimal dose. Good line control and yield maintenance were observed.
Magic and the physical world in thirteenth-century scholasticism.

The turn to modern science in the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century is typically characterized as dependent on the novel adoption of a mechanical hypothesis for operations in nature. In fact, the Middle Ages saw a partial anticipation of this phenomenon in the scholastic physics of the thirteenth century. More precisely, it was just the two factors, denial of action at a distance and an emphasis on the primary materiality of causation, that constituted this early mechanism—or "protomechanism." The latter's emergence can be seen most clearly where scholastic thinkers—here, William of Auvergne, Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome—confronted the theoretical limits of natural cause and effect in their efforts to determine the reality of magic and locate its place in the natural world.
Economic aspects of global warming in a post-Copenhagen environment

The science of global warming has reached a consensus on the high likelihood of substantial warming over the coming century. Nations have taken only limited steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions since the first agreement in Kyoto in 1997, and little progress was made at the Copenhagen meeting in December 2009. The present study examines alternative outcomes for emissions, climate change, and damages under different policy scenarios. It uses an updated version of the regional integrated model of climate and the economy (RICE model). Recent projections suggest that substantial future warming will occur if no abatement policies are implemented. The model also calculates the path of carbon prices necessary to keep the increase in global mean temperature to 2 °C or less in an efficient manner. The carbon price for 2010 associated with that goal is estimated to be $59 per ton (at 2005 prices), compared with an effective global average price today of around $5 per ton. However, it is unlikely that the Copenhagen temperature goal will be attained even if countries meet their ambitious stated objectives under the Copenhagen Accord.
Gender Differences in Integration of Images in Visuospatial Memory

We examined gender differences in mental integration of images in visuospatial short-term memory. College students were asked to imagine the combined abstract shape that would be formed by integrating two separate shapes briefly shown on a computer screen. The shapes were presented in four conditions: (1) simultaneously at the center of the screen, (2) simultaneously side-by-side, (3) sequentially at the center, and (4) sequentially side-by-side. Men were faster than women in all four conditions, but were significantly more accurate than women only when the two separate shapes were presented simultaneously side-by-side or sequentially at the center of the screen. We suggest that gender differences in basic visuospatial processes such as image integration may help to explain well-established gender differences in more complex spatial tasks.
Parathyroid hormone-like adenylate cyclase-stimulating activity from a human carcinoma is associated with bone-resorbing activity

We found previously that a human renal carcinoma cell line derived from a hypercalcemic patient induces humoral hypercalcemia when grown as allografts in the nude mouse and secretes a protein that activates adenylate cyclase via the PTH receptor. The purpose of this study was to examine the conditioned medium of this cell line for bone-resorbing activity in vitro. Processed conditioned medium produced dosedependent stimulation of bone resportion in cultured fetal rat limb bone explants. Two PTH antagonists were used to assess the PTH receptor dependence of this bone-resorbing activity. Neither [8Nle,18Nle,34Tyr]bovine (b) PTH-(3–34) amide nor [34Tyr]bPTH-(7–34)amide inhibited bone resorption or limb bone cAMP accumulation induced by either processed conditioned medium or equivalent concentrations of bPTH-(l–34). As an alternate means to assess whether this tumor-derived PTH-like protein had intrinsic bone-resorbing activity, the latter was measured during partial purification of PTH-like adenylate cyclase...
Latent Class Analysis Shows Strong Heritability of the Child Behavior Checklist–Juvenile Bipolar Phenotype

BACKGROUND: The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) has been used to provide a quantitative description of childhood bipolar disorder (BPAD). Many have reported that children in the clinical range on the Attention Problems (AP), Aggressive Behavior (AGG), and Anxious-Depressed (A/D) syndromes simultaneously are more likely to meet the criteria for childhood BPAD. The purpose of this study was to determine if Latent Class Analysis (LCA) could identify heritable phenotypes representing the CBCL-Juvenile Bipolar (CBCL-JBD) profile and whether this phenotype demonstrates increased frequency of suicidal endorsement. METHODS: The CBCL data were received by survey of mothers of twins in two large twin samples, the Netherlands Twin Registry. The setting for the study was the general community twin sample. Participants included 6246 10-year-old Dutch twins from the Netherlands Twin Registry. The main outcome measure consisted of the LCA on the items comprising the AP, AGG, and A/D subscales and means from the suicidal items #18 and #91 within classes. RESULTS: A 7 class model fit best for girls and an 8 class fit best for boys. The most common class for boys or girls was one with no symptoms. The CBCL-JBD phenotype was the least common--about 4%-5% of the boys and girls. This class was the only one that had significant elevations on the suicidal items of the CBCL. Gender differences were present across latent classes with girls showing no aggression without the CBCL-JBD phenotype and rarely showing attention problems in isolation. Evidence of high heritability of these latent classes was found with odds ratios. CONCLUSIONS: In a general population sample, LCA identifies a CBCL-JBD phenotype latent class that is associated with high rates of suicidality, is highly heritable, and speaks to the comorbidity between attention problems, aggressive behavior, and anxious/depression in children. Language: en
New generation dopaminergic agents 4. Exploiting the 2-methyl chroman scaffold. Synthesis and evaluation of two novel series of 2-(aminomethyl)-3,4,7,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-e]indole and indol-8-one derivatives

Abstract The rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of two novel series of 2-(aminomethyl)-3,4,7,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-e]indole and indolone derivatives are disclosed, based on the recently discovered D 2 agonist phenolic template prototype [i.e. the 7-OH-2-(aminomethyl)chroman nucleus]. The indolones were observed to have higher affinity and intrinsic activity than the corresponding indoles.
Disposition of methylprednisolone and its sodium succinate prodrug in vivo and in perfused liver of rats: nonlinear and sequential first-pass elimination.

Abstract The disposition of methylprednisolone (MP) and its prodrug succinate ester, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MS), were examined both in vivo and in situ (perfused livers) in rats. In vivo studies included iv and oral dosing of 10 or 50 mg/kg of MP in both forms, while liver perfusion involved initial perfusate concentrations of 5 and 25 /ig/mL of either compound. Steroid concentrations were measured by HPLC. In the intact rat, clearance (CL) values of both compounds were high, twice the hepatic plasma flow, and decreased by one-half after the high dose, indicating nonlinear kinetics. The volumes of distribution of MS and MP were essentially constant with dose. Incomplete availability of MP from iv MS (52-55%) and from the oral dose (10%) was found. Sequential first-pass metabolism was investigated in situ. Extensive hepatic extraction of MP (84%) occurred at the low dose, but decreased to 48% at the high dose, supporting in vivo observations of high CL and nonlinearity. Extraction of MS was also high (83%), but MP availability was slight (8%). The MS and MP data were fitted to a sequential first-pass model yielding an average fraction of MS metabolized-to-MP value of 0.22. The prodrug MS and the active metabolite MP thus demonstrate both systemic and hepatic nonlinearity in rats, and the low availability of MP from iv MS was due, in part, to sequential first-pass elimination. This factor is more extensive in rats than in other species.
Suppressed fever and hypersensitivity responses in chicks prenatally exposed to opiates

Abstract We have established procedures to reliably induce opiate dependence in the chick embryo via in ovo injection, early in embryonic development, of the long-acting and potent opiate N-desmethyl-l-α-noracetylmethadol (NLAAM). Prior studies found that there is continual exposure to NLAAM throughout embryogenesis and shortly after hatching there are signs of spontaneous withdrawal. In the present study, we used three doses of NLAAM (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg egg weight) to determine if prenatal opiate exposure followed by postnatal withdrawal interfered with appropriate neural–endocrine–immune interactions in the young chick. To ensure that effects were not a consequence of inappropriately large doses, we first examined acute and chronic toxicity and additional characteristics of postnatal opiate withdrawal. We then measured the corticosterone and fever responses to LPS stimulation during the withdrawal period. After the conclusion of opiate withdrawal, we assessed the hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The fever response to LPS and the hypersensitivity response to PHA were suppressed by prenatal opiate exposure and postnatal withdrawal. The corticosterone response to LPS was not affected, but there were exaggerated corticosterone responses to saline injection in chicks exposed in ovo to NLAAM. It was unlikely that the effects of prenatal NLAAM were the result of toxicity, as little chronic toxicity was seen with the lower two doses of NLAAM, doses that yielded significant suppressions of neural–endocrine–immune responses. However, effects found in the chicks treated with 10 mg NLAAM/kg may have been partly related to the greater toxicity and/or protracted postnatal withdrawal in this group.
Improving the clinical examination for a low ankle-brachial index

We sought to determine clinical examination features that predict an abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI). Eleven United States and Canadian university-affiliated practices participated. Patients over age 55 (n=218) presenting for an outpatient appointment in a general medical clinic. We excluded patients with amputations or acute leg pain. A standard clinical examination was performed consisting of historical features and physical examination findings with Doppler ausculation. The most efficient findings were a. presence of only one Doppler-auscultated posterior tibial artery component [LR=7.0; (95% CI 4.4, 11.6)], and b. absence of a palpable pulse [LR=4.6; (95% CI 3.2, 6.6)]. We derived a score based on the number of auscultated components, grade of palpated pulse, and history of myocardial infarction (LRscore<6=7.8; LRscore≥6=0.2; c index=0.93). Clinicians required a median 2.5 min to collect the clinical information and derive the score (interquartile range 1.8 to 3.6 min), versus 8.5 min for the ABI (interquartile range 7.4 to 9.4 min). Palpation and Doppler auscultation of the posterior tibial artery, combined with knowledge of prior myocardial infarctions, were the most effective and efficient findings for patients in general medical clinics. A score based on these findings appears promising as a screening tool for a low ABI.
Development and characteristics of a 1,000,000-volt cascade transformer at california institute of technology

This paper is presented to describe the cascade connection for transformers, and show the standard characteristics of such equipment, but it does not give building-plans for the 1,000,000-volt laboratory, as they have been presented in other publications.
Simple Rules for Discontinuities in Finite Temperature Field Theory

The discontinuity, or imaginary part, of the self-energy function at $T\ensuremath{\ne}=0$ is found to be of the form $\ensuremath{\Gamma}={\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{d}\ensuremath{\mp}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{i}$ for bosons and fermions, respectively. The generalized decay rate ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{d}$ and inverse decay rate ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{i}$ are recognizable as integrals over phase space of amplitudes squared, weighted with certain statistical factors that account for the possibility of particle absorption from the medium or particle emission into the medium. Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics shows that $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ gives precisely the rate at which the single-particle distribution function approaches the equilibrium form.
Continuous Wave (CW) Saturated Fluorescence Spectroscopy For Ultrasensitive Atomic Detection

Highly sensitive atomic detection can be achieved from the combination of CW laser excitation and saturated absorption. We have used CW saturated fluorescence methods for single-atom detection and for background rejection in flames. With the development of CW tunable UV dye lasers dye lasers the methods can be applied to the detection of most metallic elements. Because the photodetector can be physically isolated from the laser excited volume, these methods are applicable to elemental analysis with all types of atomizers, and for diagnosis of combustion products, flow processes, and plasmas.
Kinematics of Pediatric Crash Dummies Seated on Vehicle Seats with Realistic Belt Geometry

Objective: A series of sled tests was performed using vehicle seats and Hybrid-III 6-year-old (6YO) and 10YO anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) to explore possibilities for improving occupant protection for children who are not using belt-positioning booster seats.Methods: Cushion length was varied from production length of 450 mm to a shorter length of 350 mm. Lap belt geometry was set to rear, mid, and forward anchorage locations that span the range of lap belt angles found in vehicles. Six tests each were performed with the 6YO and 10YO Hybrid III ATDs. One additional test was performed using a booster seat with the 6YO. The ATDs were positioned using an updated version of the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) seating procedure that positions the ATD hips further forward with longer seat cushions to reflect the effect of cushion length on posture that has been measured with child volunteers. ATD kinematics were evaluated using peak head excursion, peak knee excursion, th...
Microdroplet generation in gaseous and liquid environments

As trends in biology, chemistry, medicine and manufacturing have pushed macroscopic processes onto the micro scale, droplet generation has been a key factor in allowing these methods to translate. For both surface-based liquid-in-gas generation and lab-on-a-chip-based liquid-in-liquid generation, the ability to create small monodisperse liquid droplets is critically important in constructing reliable and practical devices. This article reviews liquid microdroplet generation in gaseous and liquid environments, covering the general characteristics of generators and the specific methods and technologies used for generation. Furthermore, this study compiles the issues encountered when operating generators, and the measurements and instrumentation used to characterize generated droplets. Applications of droplet generation in printing, analysis, synthesis and manufacturing are also discussed.
Consolidation of cushion curves

A simple method for the consolidation of all of the conventional cushion curves for a particular material into a single relationship is discussed. The method requires only one of the usual cushion curves for an arbitrary drop height and cushion thickness to deduce the dynamic stress-strain curve for the material. The results can then be used to generate all other cushion curves regardless of drop height, cushion thickness, or static loading. The procedure is applied to the published sets of cushion curves for Arcel® 512 and for expanded polystyrene, separately, and the predicted shock values for various drop conditions are then compared with the actual values from the cushion curves. The error incurred in using the consolidated data instead of the cushion curves is shown to fall within the limits of accuracy associated with the cushion curves themselves. The method offers many advantages, such as compactness of information, a continuous range of application, greater compatibility with computer aided cushion design, and a sizeable reduction in the number of drop tests required to generate new cushion performance data.
Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon

Black carbon in soot is an efficient absorbing agent of solar irradiation that is preferentially emitted in the tropics and can form atmospheric brown clouds in mixture with other aerosols. These factors combine to make black carbon emissions the second most important contribution to anthropogenic climate warming, after carbon dioxide emissions.
Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition

Because mechanistic models of interspecific interactions are often complex, one should deliberately seek simple unifying principles that transcend system-specific details. Earlier work on resource ...
Adaptive phase I study of OROS methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with epilepsy

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to pilot a randomized controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) plus epilepsy. Methods Thirty-three patients, 6–18 years of age, taking antiepileptic drugs and with a last seizure 1–60 months prior were assigned to a maximum daily dose of 18, 36, or 54 mg of OROS-MPH in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Results There were no serious adverse events and no carryover effects in the crossover trial. OROS-MPH reduced ADHD symptoms more than did placebo treatment. There were too few seizures during the active (5) and placebo arms (3) to confidently assess seizure risk; however, considering exposure time, we observed an increased daily risk of seizures with increasing dose of OROS-MPH, suggesting that potential safety concerns require further study. Conclusion A larger study to assess the effect of OROS-MPH on seizure risk is needed. A crossover design including subjects with frequent seizures could maximize power and address high patient heterogeneity and recruitment difficulties.
The changing nature of the employment relationship: Reclaiming values in the workplace

As the employment relationship changes from a paternalistic model of lo\'alty-for- )ohsecurity to an adult-to-adult model ol creativity and skill application exchanged for increased Knowledge and leaming opportunities., the worker had gained power as a resource, if not the last strategic competitive adx'antage of value for toda\''s organizations. Understanding this, lndiN'iduaLs are now rethinking their reasons for organizational engagement and reexamining work in regards to wholeness and personal value integration. Lvidence stiggests that indix'iduals are seeking to align themsek'es with groups and workplaces committed to similar core \'alues. \%rk, itself, is no longer viewed as an economic lix'elihood, but IS emerging as a critical environment for the sharing and integration of like x'alues and heliels. Cognizant organizations are coming to realize the stir\'i\'al rationality for creating workplaces that are nurturing and healing hy naming, claiming, and aligning core organizational N'alues with business x'lsions and ohjecti\'es. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Ground-Based/Airborne Telescopes and Instrumentation

This special section of Optical Engineering is focused on ground-based telescopes and instrumentation. Several new ground-based facilities have started operations, and astronomical instrumentation has been developed from new and creative technologies. The papers that are contained in this special section include upgrades to existing telescopes/observatories to improve image quality. They also describe new accurate tracking control systems that are being deployed from small to large telescopes in multiple wavelengths.