cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of early-season nitrogen application pattern on impact sensitivity in Russet Burbank potato tubers

As part of an effort to assess the influence of cultural practices on bruising in potato tubers, this work was a preliminary study to determine whether the pattern of early-season nitrogen fertilizer application influences impact sensitivity (bruise threshold and bruise resistance) in Russet Burbank tubers. Tissue sample impact failure stress, strain, and shock wave speed, and whole-tuber bruise energy and bruise volume were measured on tubers from two soils and three early-season nitrogen fertilizer application patterns. Results showed that fertilizer pattern significantly influenced bruise threshold in the higher-permeability soil and bruise resistance in both soils. The worst fertilizer treatment resulted in bruises nearly twice the size of those in the other two treatments. The split 56 kg/ha preplant and 56 kg/ha postplant nitrogen treatment gave significantly higher bruise threshold in the higher permeability soil and highest bruise resistance in both soils (higher is better). Fertilizer treatment effects were less pronounced in the lower permeability soil, with no significant effect on bruise threshold in that soil.
IFN-γ-Stimulated Enhancement of MHC Class II Antigen Expression by the Human Mast Cell Line HMC-1

Abstract The expression of MHC class II molecules by human mast cells has been reported in immunohistochemical surveys of inflammatory conditions, such as in tuberculin hypersensitivity. While these data suggest that human mast cells may act as antigen-presenting cells under inflammatory conditions, the induction of class II antigens on human mast cells has not been examined. In this study, we determined the effects of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 on the expression of class II antigens HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ by the human mast cell line HMC-1. HMC-1 cells were incubated with or without 1000 U/ml recombinant human IFN-γ (rhIFN-γ) and IL-4 (rhIL-4) for 72 hr and analyzed for expression of MHC class II antigens by direct immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. HMC-1 cells expressed significant levels of HLA-DR and moderate levels of HLA-DP and -DQ at baseline and when cultured without exogenous cytokines. Stimulation by rhIFN-γ for 72 hr significantly increased the levels of HLA-DR and -DP expression but did not affect levels of HLA-DQ. Stimulation by rhIL-4 for 72 hr had minimal effect on expression of class II molecules, but induced a significant difference in levels of ICAM-1 (CD54) expression, indicating that this cytokine is involved instead in the control of certain accessory molecules. Our data showing constitutive expression of MHC class II molecules on HMC-1 cells and upregulation of that expression by rhIFN-γ suggest that human mast cells function as antigen-presenting cells at sites where inflammatory cytokines are present.
Spatial heterogeneity of 26Al/27Al and stable oxygen isotopes in the solar nebula

The degree of isotopic spatial heterogeneity in the solar nebula has long been a puzzle, with different isotopic systems implying either large-scale initial spatial homogeneity (e.g., 26Al chronometry) or a significant amount of preserved heterogeneity (e.g., ratios of the three stable oxygen isotopes, 16O, 17O, and 18O). We show here that in a marginally gravitationally unstable (MGU) solar nebula, the efficiency of large-scale mixing and transport is sufficient to spatially homogenize an initially highly spatially heterogeneous nebula to dispersions of ~10% about the mean value of 26Al/27Al on time scales of thousands of years. A similar dispersion would be expected for 17O/16O and 18O/16O ratios produced by ultraviolet photolysis of self-shielded molecular CO gas at the surface of the outer solar nebula. In addition to preserving a chronological interpretation of initial 26Al/27Al ratios and the self-shielding explanation for the oxygen isotope ratios, these solar nebula models offer a self-consistent environment for achieving large-scale mixing and transport of thermally annealed dust grains, shock-wave processing of chondrules and refractory inclusions, and giant planet formation.
Wavelet cross-spectrum analysis of the ring current using magnetic records from multiple low-latitude stations

[1] Ground magnetic disturbances in equatorial regions are directly connected to the spatial and temporal variations of the ring currents, which have both the symmetric and asymmetric components, as well as many local-time-dependent M-I currents. In this study, we applied the wavelet analysis technique, which is especially appropriate for the data with impulsive and time-dependent spectral features, to the magnetic records from multiple low-latitude stations in order to study the dynamic behaviors of the symmetric and asymmetric parts of the ring currents for both quiet and storm conditions. First, we decomposed the magnetic records into various details in the wavelet spectral domain and systematically studied the temporal and frequency properties of the magnetic disturbances for various geomagnetic and seasonal conditions. Then we performed wavelet cross-spectrum analysis on the data from multiple stations in both UT and LT time frames in order to separate and elucidate the effects of the symmetric and asymmetric parts of the ring currents. Our results show that slow time-varying components of the ring current are largely globally symmetric, and during quiet periods, the magnetic effect of this symmetric part is comparable to that of the asymmetric (or local-time-dependent) part. During storm periods, the magnetic disturbances associated with both the symmetric and asymmetric parts of the ring currents increase significantly, but the increase of the symmetric ring current is much larger than that of the asymmetric current and it becomes dominant during storm periods. This result is based on the statistical study of multiple-day timescale variations. For shorter timescales such as the main phase of storms, the asymmetric component could be stronger than symmetric component. Our results also indicate that there are substantial residues of the magnetic effects of local-time-dependent currents left in the Dst index, and this further proves that the Dst is not an ideal index for the description of the symmetric ring current.
Chemiluminographic detection of von Willebrand factor multimeric composition

Diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease (vWD) requires quantitation of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in plasma plus qualitative assessment of the vWF multimers according to molecular size ranges. Characterization of vWF multimeric size distributions is typically done using sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) followed by immunoblotting in the gel with radiolabeled antibody against vWF and autoradiographic exposure. We applied a western blot technique to vWF multimeric analysis. It included SDS-AGE, electroblotting onto a membrane, and chemiluminescent detection using rabbit anti-human vWF as primary antibody and goat anti-rabbit IgG as secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Using this method, 18 to 20 vWF multimers were regularly resolved in normal plasma with exposure times of 2 to 4 sec compared to 4 hr or longer by autoradiography. Sensitivity of detection was at least 4-fold enhanced by chemiluminescence compared to radiolabel. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by analysis of plasma samples known to be deficient to different degrees in the larger vWF multimers. The chemiluminographic assay for vWF multimers is superior to the autoradiographic one because it is more sensitive, avoids use of radioactivity, and has shorter total assay time (under 2 days versus five radiolabel). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metamaterials: A tunable terahertz response

The ability to tune the resonant frequency of a metamaterial in the terahertz region will help to overcome some of the limitations of customary designs demonstrated so far. The result could be a new breed of active, frequency-agile devices that are controlled by light.
Vertically scaled GaN/AlN DH-HEMTs with regrown n+GaN ohmic contacts by MBE

GaN based HEMT device performance has been steadily improving, offering a combination of high electron velocity and high breakdown field. This makes them a prime candidate for high performance millimeter-wave solid-state power amplifiers (PAs). Further improving high frequency performance requires not only laterally scaling the gate length but also vertically scaling the barrier thickness. Scaling the device, however, must not come at the expense of increased access resistance. The GaN/AlN material system is suitable for vertical device scaling since it provides a high electron density in the channel while reducing the barrier thickness. However, due to AlN's large band gap, a low contact resistance between electrodes and the channel is difficult to achieve. In fact, a high on-resistance (R on ) of >2.0Ω·mm has been reported for GaN/AlN HEMTs using conventional alloyed ohmic contacts [1]
Serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2α in the induction of abortion

Abstract Abortion was successfully induced in 62 of 68 patients in the 9th to the 26th week of pregnancy by serial intramuscular administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F 2α (15-ME-PGF 2α ). In 6 patients who failed to abort after 24 hours of prostaglandin administration, a concomitant infusion of oxytocin was initiated; 5 of these patients aborted within 12 hours of the combined therapy. A single patient failed to abort, even with the combined therapy, and underwent surgical evacuation. The mean abortion time in the 67 successful inductions was 14.56 hours. Parous patients aborted somewhat faster, mean 13.98 hours, as compared to nulliparous patients, mean 15.02 hours, but this difference was not statistically significant. In this study initial intramuscular injection of 100 μg 15-ME-PGF 2α was followed in 1 hour by 250 μg and then 250 μg every 2 hours with concomitant oxytocin therapy initiated after 24 hours. The results with this dose schedule were compared to the results obtained in a previous study with a higher dose schedule, an initial dose of 100 μg 15-ME-PGF 2α , followed in 1 hour by 250 μg then 500 μg every 2 hours. There was no significant difference in the mean abortion time and the incidence of side effects between the 2 dose schedules. The mean abortion time for patients with gestational ages of 16 weeks and less was the same with both dose schedules, however patients with gestational ages of 17 weeks and higher aborted somewhat faster with the higher dose schedule. It might therefore be advisable for patients with gestations of 17 weeks and higher to be treated with the higher dose schedule. In earlier gestations patients could be started on the lower schedule, and if abortion had not occurred within 15 hours the dose of 15-ME-PGF 2α could then be increased to 500 μg every 2 hours.
Auditory illusions of movement - A preliminary study

Studied auditory illusions of movement in terms of 3 problems: (1) possibility of auditory illusions of movement (2) the relation between exposure and interval; and (3) effect of difference in the intensity of 2 stimuli. The stimuli consisted of telephone receivers in series with a tuning fork on a 5-volt circuit. The 5 Ss participating were made to hear 2 successive sounds intermixed with broken movement, sometimes moving sounds mixed with stationary ones. Results indicate that: (1) the presentation of 2 similar faint auditory stimuli in quick succession, under certain conditions, yielded an impression of a sound moving in the direction of the actual temporal succession of the stimuli (2) there was an inverse relation between length of the period of exposure and of the interval between the stimuli; and (3) if the intensity of the 2nd stimulus was greater than that of the 1st, the apparent movement was often in an inverse direction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Controls of glacial valley spacing on earth and mars

Abstract Low-order alpine glacial valleys on Earth commonly have a characteristic spacing of 1–3 km. Here we develop analytic and numerical solutions of a coupled numerical model for alpine glacial flow and subglacial bedrock erosion to quantitatively determine the controls on glacial valley spacing assuming an initially-undissected landscape, an initially-fluvially-dissected landscape, and an initially-cratered landscape. The characteristic spacing of glacial valleys produced by the model is controlled by a competition between the thickening of ice in incipient glacial valleys, which acts to enhance flow and valley deepening, and viscous/sidewall drag, which acts to limit flow and deepening. The glacial valley spacing that represents the best compromise between these two competing effects is found to be a function of valley slope, the threshold basal shear stress for ice motion, the effective ice viscosity, a bed-friction parameter, and gravity. This model framework provides the preliminary basis for understanding the relative spacing of glacial valleys on Earth and Mars. On Mars, montane glacial valleys have widths and spacings that are approximately 10–20 times larger than those on Earth. Model results suggest that this difference is predominantly a consequence of lower bed slopes and larger temperature-controlled ice viscosities of glacial ice on Mars compared to Earth.
Effect of different sampling schemes on the spatial placement of conservation reserves in Utah, USA

We evaluated the effect of three different sampling schemes used to organize spatially explicit biological information had on the spatial placement of conservation reserves in Utah, USA. The three sampling schemes consisted of a hexagon representation developed by the EPA/EMAP program (statistical basis), watershed boundaries (ecological), and the current county boundaries of Utah (socio-political). Four decision criteria were used to estimate effects, including amount of area, length of edge, lowest number of contiguous reserves, and greatest number of terrestrial vertebrate species covered. A fifth evaluation criterion was the effect each sampling scheme had on the ability of the modeled conservation reserves to cover the six major ecoregions found in Utah. Of the three sampling schemes, county boundaries covered the greatest number of species, but also created the longest length of edge and greatest number of reserves. Watersheds maximized species coverage using the least amount of area. Hexagons and watersheds provide the least amount of edge and fewest number of reserves. Although there were differences in area, edge and number of reserves among the sampling schemes, all three schemes covered all the major ecoregions in Utah and their inclusive biodiversity.
Use of secondary structural information and Cα-Cα distance restraints to model protein structures with MODELLER

Protein secondary structure predictions and amino acid long range contact map predictions from primary sequence of proteins have been explored to aid in modelling protein tertiary structures. In order to evaluate the usefulness of secondary structure and 3D-residue contact prediction methods to model protein structures we have used the known Q3 (alpha-helix, beta-strands and irregular turns/loops) secondary structure information, along with residue-residue contact information as restraints for MODELLER. We present here results of our modelling studies on 30 best resolved single domain protein structures of varied lengths. The results shows that it is very difficult to obtain useful models even with 100% accurate secondary structure predictions and accurate residue contact predictions for up to 30% of residues in a sequence. The best models that we obtained for proteins of lengths 37, 70, 118, 136 and 193 amino acid residues are of RMSDs 4.17, 5.27, 9.12, 7.89 and 9.69, respectively. The results show that one can obtain better models for the proteins which have high percent of alpha-helix content. This analysis further shows that MODELLER restrain optimization program can be useful only if we have truly homologous structure(s) as a template where it derives numerous restraints, almost identical to the templates used. This analysis also clearly indicates that even if we satisfy several true residue-residue contact distances, up to 30% of their sequence length with fully known secondary structural information, we end up predicting model structures much distant from their corresponding native structures.
Large-aperture deformable mirror correction of tiled-grating wavefront error

When tiling three gratings, with each individually exhibiting astigmatism and power due to holographic errors and coating stress, the resulting wavefront aberrations contain high-frequency components as well as the fundamental frequency, which is nearly three cycles across the aperture in the tiling direction. A deformable mirror (DM) that was designed to compensate for much slower errors (e.g., those arising from distortion in amplifier disks) is being used to compensate for this tiling-induced error. This investigation studies the effectiveness of compensating only the fundamental frequency of the tiled aberration, and shows that this provides a significant improvement that is adequate for a range of expected aberrations. Limitations of the DM correction technique are also studied.
Inhibition of MMP-9 by a selective gelatinase inhibitor protects neurovasculature from embolic focal cerebral ischemia.

Background Cerebral ischemia has been shown to induce activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-9, which is associated with impairment of the neurovasculature, resulting in blood–brain barrier breakdown, hemorrhage and neurodegeneration. We previously reported that the thiirane inhibitor SB-3CT, which is selective for gelatinases (MMP-2 and −9), could antagonize neuronal apoptosis after transient focal cerebral ischemia.
Slow response variant of the B lymphoma 70Z/3 defective in LPS activation of NF-κB

The mouse B cell lymphoma 70Z/3 is membrane immunoglobulin M (mIgM) negative, but treatment of the cells with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the expression of kappa (κ) light chain synthesis, and the cells become mIgM+. In wild type cells, this reaction is maximal after 24 h; we have isolated a variant, 1B8, which becomes mIgM+ only after a more prolonged incubation with LPS. This delayed response results from a reduced rate of accumulation of (κ) mRNA and protein. The transcription factor, NF-κB is present in the cytoplasm of both the wild type and the variant cells in its inactive form. The delay in κ expression is correlated with the failure of NF-κB to be activated and translocated to the nucleus. Although NF-κB cannot be activated by LPS, it can be activated by treatment with phorbol ester (PMA). In contrast to the clear defect in NF-κB, LPS treatment of 1B8 cells causes the octamer-binding factor OTF-2 to increase normally. We conclude that the defect in 1B8 cells is in an early part of the LPS activation pathway, prior to the activation of NF-κB, but after the signal for OTF-2 induction. The phenotype of 1B8 demonstrates that an increase in OTF-2 alone is sufficient to cause a large increase in κ transcription in 70Z/3 cells, but that without NF-κB, the response is slow to develop. In this view, NF-κB functions to facilitate κ transcription and to speed its rate of increase, but is not required for the long-term response of 70Z/3 cells to LPS.
A Mathematical Programming-Based Approach for Architecture Selection

Modern systems are difficult to design because there are a significant number of potential alternatives to consider. The specification of an alternative includes an architecture (which describes the components and connections of the system) and component sizings (the sizing parameter for each component). In current practice, designers rely mainly on their experience and intuition to select a desired architecture without much computational support and then spend most of their effort on optimizing component sizings. In this paper, an approach for representing an architecture selection as a mixed-integer linear programming optimization is presented; existing solvers are then used to identify promising candidate architectures at early stages of the design process. Mathematical programming is a common optimization technique, but it is rarely used for architecture selection because of the difficulty of manually formulating an architecture selection as a mathematical program. In this paper, the formulation is presented in a modular fashion so that model transformations can be applied to transform a problem formulation that is convenient for designers into the mathematical programming optimization. A modular superstructure representation is used to model the design space; in a superstructure a union of all potential architectures is represented as a set of discrete and continuous variables. Algebraic constraints are added to describe both acceptable variable combinations and system behavior to allow the solver to eliminate clearly poor alternatives and identify promising alternatives. The framework is demonstrated on the selection of an actuation subsystem for a hydraulic excavator, although the solution approach would be similar for most mechanical systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A nonlinear hierarchical approach for incorporating solar generation units in electric utility capacity expansion plans

Abstract This paper represents a first step toward incorporating solar generation units in electric utility capacity planning and expansion planning problems. Two static, single period, models are formulated for determining an optimal mix of equipments to meet an anticipated demand, either in the absence of existing equipments (capacity planning model) or in the presence of existing equipments (capacity expansion planning model). These problems form the kernel for more complicated scenario formulations. The problems are demonstrated to be convex programs, and efficient, convergent hierarchical algorithms are developed to solve them. Computations on a problem using real operating data derived from Department of Energy forecasts is provided.
Formaldehyde exposure and acute health effects study

To assess the effects of formaldehyde exposures on health, exposure groups were defined using baseline exposure and health questionnaires. Formaldehyde concentrations were poorly correlated with these exposure classifications, perhaps due to the time delay between classification and monitoring. The 151 households reported here had a mean HCHO concentration of 35 (S.E. 1.5 and median 30) {mu}g/m{sup 3}. Passive samplers prepared in our lab were calibrated in a chamber to derive an estimated sampling rate of 0.311 {mu}g/(mg {center dot} m{sup {minus}3} {center dot} hr). They were also compared to commercially available samplers inside of the homes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.896 and mean difference of 2.6 {mu}g/m{sup 3}. In this report of initial findings from an ongoing study, daily symptoms and peak expiratory flow measurements were compared with an HCHO exposure classification based on the median measured concentrations. None of the symptoms groups were related to HCHO exposure when controlling for age and sex. There was a significant relationship between HCHO exposure and variability in peak expiratory flows that was dependent on age group. It may be especially important to assess the variability in reactive individuals and children to determine the short-term effects of HCHO exposures and possible long-termmore » consequences.« less
Freedom and Social Choice: Notes in the Margin

I comment on Amartya Sen's study of the relations between the analysis of freedom and the theory of social choice. Two of his themes are analysed with regard to their contribution to an analytic understanding of the issues. These are: (1) the multiple interpretations of the concept of ‘preferences’ as a foundation for the formal conceptualizations of social choice and freedom; and (2) some issues in the formalization of freedom as a value to be compared with outcomes. Under (2), I mainly point out some difficulties in the existing analyses and mildly support a ‘flexibility’ interpretation of freedom that I have advanced earlier. I conclude with some observations drawn from history and literature which complicate the value bien-pensant thinkers are prone to place on freedom.
Characterization of protein rheology and delivery forces for combination products

ABSTRACT Characterization of a protein–device combination product over a wide range of operating parameters defined by end-user requirements is critical for developing a product presentation that is convenient for patient use. In addition to the device components, several product attributes, such as product rheology and product–container interactions, govern the functionality of a delivery system. This article presents results from a characterization study conducted for a high-concentration antibody product in a prefilled syringe. Analytical models are used to study the rheological behavior and to estimate delivery forces over a broad design space comprising temperature, concentration, and shear stress. Data suggest that high-viscosity products may exhibit significant shear thinning under the shear rates encountered under desired injection times.
Perceived job insecurity and worker health in the United States

Economic recessions, the industrial shift from manufacturing toward service industries, and rising global competition have contributed to uncertainty about job security, with potential consequences for workers’ health. To address limitations of prior research on the health consequences of perceived job insecurity, we use longitudinal data from two nationally-representative samples of the United States population, and examine episodic and persistent perceived job insecurity over periods of about three years to almost a decade. Results show that persistent perceived job insecurity is a significant and substantively important predictor of poorer self-rated health in the American’s Changing Lives (ACL) and Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) samples, and of depressive symptoms among ACL respondents. Job losses or unemployment episodes are associated with perceived job insecurity, but do not account for its association with health. Results are robust to controls for sociodemographic and job characteristics, negative reporting style, and earlier health and health behaviors.
Process Variation Study for Silicon Nanowire Transistors

This paper examines the sensitivity of silicon nanowire transistors to process variations. Silicon nanowire MOSFETs are effective in controlling short channel effects, but at the same time suffer from threshold voltage degradation due to the quantum confinement effect. In this study we have investigated the effects on the device characteristics of process variations due to body thickness, gate length and gate dielectric thickness. The results have been compared with previous results for the FinFET and the differences quantified. The nanowire MOSFET is found to exhibit significantly less short channel effects relative to a comparable FinFET structure, but to have a larger threshold voltage variation with the diameter at a diameter less than 4 nm.
Problem Representation and Mathematical Problem Solving of Students of Varying Math Ability

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in math problem solving among students with learning disabilities (LD, n = 25), low-achieving students (LA, n = 30), and average-achieving students (AA, n = 29). The primary interest was to analyze the processes students use to translate and integrate problem information while solving problems. Paraphrasing, visual representation, and problem-solving accuracy were measured in eighth grade students using a researcher-modified version of the Mathematical Processing Instrument. Results indicated that both students with LD and LA students struggled with processing but that students with LD were significantly weaker than their LA peers in paraphrasing relevant information. Paraphrasing and visual representation accuracy each accounted for a statistically significant amount of variance in problem-solving accuracy. Finally, the effect of visual representation of relevant information on problem-solving accuracy was dependent on ability; specifically, for students with LD, generating accurate visual representations was more strongly related to problem-solving accuracy than for AA students. Implications for instruction for students with and without LD are discussed.
The Value of the Initial Payment of the Canadian Wheat Board as a Signaling Device

This paper analyzes the role of the initial payment used by the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) in the determination of export prices and sales under the assumption that the CWB has better information about realized yields in Canada than its US competitor. In the separating equilibrium of the game, the initial payment of the CWB is larger than the initial payment under complete information. There exists an incentive under incomplete information to send a signal that realized yields are greater than expected to induce a reduction in the sales of foreign competitors. We illustrate the strategic value of the initial payment for Canadian wheat producers using a numerical simulation.
AC/DC Rectification With Indium Gallium Oxide Thin-Film Transistors

Two circuits to accomplish ac/dc rectification using thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on amorphous oxide semiconductors are presented. The TFTs are implemented using either indium gallium oxide or zinc tin oxide as the channel layer material. One circuit is a full-bridge configuration while the second uses a cross-tied configuration to increase the output voltage. With an input of 7.07 V rms at a frequency of 1 MHz, output voltages of ~ 9 and ~ 10.5 V, respectively, are observed. With a channel length of 15 ?m, successful operation up to 20 MHz is demonstrated.
Energy-Based Dynamic Model for Variable Temperature Batch Fermentation by Lactococcus lactis

We developed a mechanistic mathematical model for predicting the progression of batch fermentation of cucumber juice by Lactococcus lactis under variable environmental conditions. In order to overcome the deficiencies of presently available models, we use a dynamic energy budget approach to model the dependence of growth on present as well as past environmental conditions. When parameter estimates from independent experimental data are used, our model is able to predict the outcomes of three different temperature shift scenarios. Sensitivity analyses elucidate how temperature affects the metabolism and growth of cells through all four stages of fermentation and reveal that there is a qualitative reversal in the factors limiting growth between low and high temperatures. Our model has an applied use as a predictive tool in batch culture growth. It has the added advantage of being able to suggest plausible and testable mechanistic assumptions about the interplay between cellular energetics and the modes of inhibition by temperature and end product accumulation.
5F-4 Design and Experimental Characterization of a Dual-Electrode CMUT Array for Intra-Cardiac Ultrasound Imaging

A 1-D dual-electrode CMUT array for intracardiac echocardiography with a center frequency of 8 MHz has been designed and fabricated. Total transduction performance increase of 15.7dB is obtained (9dB in receive, 6.7dB in transmit) by using dual electrode configuration making CMUTs more competitive with piezoelectric transducers for a wide range of applications. This improvement is verified both with experiments and simulations. A net peak output pressure of 1.6MPa on the dual-electrode membrane with tone burst excitation at 12MHz is reported. In addition, dynamic biasing is demonstrated to increase the dual electrode CMUT performance. Finally the comparison of dual electrode and conventional CMUT is demonstrated with tissue mimicking phantom. Dual electrode CMUT showed 13dB more SNR even though the electrode size was optimized for conventional configuration.
An Unusual Presentation of Right Ventricular Myocardial Ischemia

Electrocardiographs presentation of right ventricular myocardial ischemia can be varied but usually involves signs of inferior myocardial infarction (Ml) or ischemia. We present a case of a young male with an electrocardiogram consistent with an acute anterior MI successfully treated with thrombolytic therapy. Subsequent cardiac catheterization revealed complex coronary anatomy. Ergonovine maleate infusion and continuous 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring in the catheterization laboratory allowed us to make the diagnosis of spasm of the right coronary artery and right ventricular branch as the cause of this patient's symptoms.
Nitroglycerin-induced relaxation of anorectal smooth muscle: evidence for apparent lack of tolerance development in the anaesthetized rat.

1. Recent studies indicate that nitroglycerin (NTG) can produce beneficial clinical effects in healing anal fissures through the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. The in vivo relaxation effects of NTG on the anorectal smooth muscle have not been studied and it is not known whether this tissue may also exhibit pharmacological tolerance toward NTG. 2. We have developed an in vivo procedure in the anaesthetized rat that permits continual monitoring of anorectal pressure after intravenous (i.v.) and intra-rectal application of NTG. The relaxant effects of NTG were quantified via the area-under-the-contraction-waveforms vs time curve (AUEC). 3. AUEC decreased significantly after intra-rectal bolus doses of NTG (5 - 25 microg), in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Sustained relaxation effects on anorectal pressure were also observed after continuous intra-rectal infusions of NTG. 4. Two-hours of i.v. NTG infusion led to a significant reduction in the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) response toward a i.v. NTG (30 microg) bolus challenge. In contrast, relaxation of the anorectal pressure toward the challenge dose was not altered after NTG infusion. 5. In isolated tissues, cyclic GMP accumulation was significantly decreased after NTG pre-incubation in the rat aorta but not in the rat anorectal smooth muscle and anal sphincter. 6. These results indicate that the relaxation response toward NTG was not diminished in the anorectum under conditions that produced vascular tolerance. Thus, NTG causes significant and sustained in vivo relaxation of anorectal smooth muscle in the anaesthetized rat without evidence of tolerance development.
Property rights and landscape planning in the intermountain west: The Teton Valley case

Non-participation in landscape planning presents a formidable challenge to sustainable development. We hypothesize that even when people hold negative attitudes toward unplanned development, natural property rights values (favorable evaluations of property as an inviolable and pre-political right) prevent them from acting on their concerns. We chose an intermountain west community as a case study to evaluate our hypothesis regarding natural property rights values. All groups were equally and strongly opposed to continuation of rapid unplanned growth, but those with natural property rights values were also adamantly opposed to land use planning. We used a multiple logistic regression model to evaluate the relationship between support for landscape planning and a natural property rights values. An overall significance test of the regression equation indicated the independent variables were significantly predictive of the dependent variable (χ 2 128, 8 d.f., p < 0.001) and had high (88.7%) predictive capacity. Natural property rights value was the most important predictor variable, but income was also significant. Sustainable landscape planning requires uncoupling property rights from inviolable and pre-political natural rights. Our results suggest a conversation focused on themes associated with loss of local culture, hypocrisy of building practices, and market control over development could facilitate the aforementioned uncoupling and development planning that promotes both security for land owners and public welfare. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Insulin augments gonadotropin-releasing hormone induction of translation in LβT2 cells

The integrated signaling of insulin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the pituitary gonadotropes may have a profound bearing on reproductive function, although the cross-receptor signaling mechanisms are unclear. We demonstrate that the insulin receptor is constitutively localized to non-caveolar lipid raft microdomains in the pituitary gonadotrope cell line LβT2. The localization to rafts is consistent with similar localization of the GnRH receptor. Insulin receptor phosphorylation occurs in raft domains and activates the downstream signaling targets Insulin Receptor Substrate1 and Akt/Protein Kinase B. Although insulin alone does not strongly activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase second messenger cascade, co-stimulation potentiates the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The co-stimulatory effect of insulin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone is also evident in increased activation of cap-dependent translation. In contrast, co-stimulation attenuates Akt/Protein Kinase B activation. Our results show that both gonadotropin-releasing hormone and insulin are capable of mutually altering their respective regulatory signaling cascades. We suggest that this provides a mechanism to integrate neuropeptide and energy homeostatic signals to modulate reproductive function.
During Fictive Locomotion, Graded Synaptic Currents Drive Bursts of Impulses in Swimmeret Motor Neurons

During forward swimming, motor neurons that innervate each crayfish swimmeret fire periodic coordinated bursts of impulses. These bursts occur simultaneously in neurons that are functional synergists but alternate with bursts in their antagonists. These impulses ride on periodic oscillations of membrane potential that occur simultaneously in neurons of each type. A model of the local circuit that generates this motor pattern has been proposed. In this model, each motor neuron is driven alternately by excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents from nonspiking local interneurons. I tested this model by perturbing individual interneurons and recording synaptic currents and changes in input resistance from each class of motor neuron. I also simulated the synaptic currents that would be observed in a cell subject to different patterns of presynaptic input. When the CNS was actively expressing the swimming motor pattern, changes in the membrane potential of individual local interneurons controlled firing of whole sets of motor neurons. Membrane currents in these motor neurons oscillated in phase with the motor output from their own local circuit. The phases of these oscillations differed in different functional classes of motor neurons. In neurons that could be clamped at the reversal potential of their outward currents, the model predicted that large periodic inward currents would be recorded. I observed no signs of periodic inward currents, even when the outward currents clearly had reversed. These results permit a simplification of the cellular model. They are discussed in the context of neural control of locomotion in crustacea and insects.
Cultivation and Ecosystem Role of a Marine Roseobacter Clade-Affiliated Cluster Bacterium

Isolation and cultivation are a crucial step in elucidating the physiology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem role of microorganisms. Many abundant marine bacteria, including the widespread Roseobacter clade-affiliated (RCA) cluster group, have not been cultured with traditional methods. Using novel techniques of cocultivation with algal cultures, we have accomplished successful isolation and propagation of a strain of the RCA cluster. Our experiments revealed that, in addition to growing on alga-excreted organic matter, additions of washed bacterial cells led to significant biomass decrease of dinoflagellate cultures as measured by in vivo fluorescence. Bacterial filtrate did not adversely affect the algal cultures, suggesting attachment-mediated activity. Using an RCA cluster-specific rRNA probe, we documented increasing attachment of these algicidal bacteria during a dinoflagellate bloom, with a maximum of 70% of the algal cells colonized just prior to bloom termination. Cross-correlation analyses between algal abundances and RCA bacterial colonization were statistically significant, in agreement with predator-prey models suggesting that RCA cluster bacteria caused algal bloom decline. Further investigation of molecular databases revealed that RCA cluster bacteria were numerically abundant during algal blooms sampled worldwide. Our findings suggest that the widespread RCA cluster bacteria may exert significant control over phytoplankton biomass and community structure in the oceans. We also suggest that coculture with phytoplankton may be a useful strategy to isolate and successfully grow previously uncultured but ecologically abundant marine heterotrophs.
Can Perfume Increase The Response Rate To A Face-To-Face Survey?

After this paper reviews the literature related to the use of scent in marketing and other fields, it describes an experiment that manipulated the use of a perfume on a personal interviewer. The results indicate that perfume can be used to enhance the response rate to a face-to-face survey without incurring a sample bias or affecting the item omission rate. Suggestions for future researchers are offered.
A Mutation That Affects Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Results in Altered Expression of Photosynthesis Genes and Synthesis of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Rhodobacter Capsulatus

Observations of the repressing effects of high light intensity on synthesis of the purple bacterial photosystem were first reported in 1957 by Cohen-Bazire et al. [1]. Their study demonstrated that shifting a growing culture from low to high light intensity resulted in an abrupt decrease in synthesis of the bacterial photosystem. Subsequent physiological studies demonstrated that photosynthetic bacteria respond to alterations in light intensity by adjusting the amounts of reaction centers, light harvesting-I, and light harvest-ing-II complexes located in an intracytoplasmic membrane2-4. Studies of the regulation of photopigment synthesis have supported earlier observations concerning light and oxygen control of biosynthesis of reaction centers, light harvesting-I, and light harvesting-II complexes5-7.
Membrane abnormality in red blood cells with weak type B expression

The mechanisms of unusually weak blood group (A and B) expressions are not yet well understood. We examined properties of blood group galactosyltransferase (B-enzyme) and characteristics of red cell membrane components obtained from family members with A2Bm character. B- enzyme activity of the A1Bm plasma is in normal range, and kinetic properties (i.e., Km for UDP-Gal, Km for 2′-fucosyllactose, and pH optima) of B-enzyme from the A1Bm subjects are identical to that of normal B-enzyme. When A1Bm red cell were incubated with UDP-Gal and B- enzyme, the cells became strongly agglutinable with anti-B. When A1Bm membranes were incubated with B-enzyme or A-enzyme (i.e., blood group N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase) and the appropriately labeled nucleotide sugar (UDP-Gal3H for B-enzyme and UDP-GalNAc3H for A- enzyme), significant incorporation of the sugar was observed. The amounts of the sugar incorporated into A1Bm membranes were about 40%- 50% of that incorporated into O membranes at saturation, indicating that about one-half of H-sites remained unglycosylated in A1Bm red cells. Examination of radioactive components by isoelectric focussing revealed that the labeled components of A1Bm membranes were distinctively different from that of O membranes. Therefore, one can conclude that the weak B expression is not due to direct mutation of ABO locus, but due to a secondary consequence of genetic abnormality of a membrane component (or components) associated with blood group substances.
Generalized Distribution Network Head Loss Characteristics

Principles for analysis of complex distribution systems; head losses over wide range of demand and equalizing storage rates can be calculated directly, based on only two or three complete network analyses, under design assumptions employed in normal practice.
Group A streptococcal meningitis: Report of a case and review of literature since 1976

Group A streptococcal (GAS) invasive disease has become increasingly common in recent years. However, acute bacterial meningitis caused by this pathogen is unusual. We report a case of GAS meningitis in a previously healthy 21/2-year-old child associated with a dramatically rapid course and fatal outcome. A literature review of previously reported cases is presented. This case serves as a reminder that GAS can cause severe meningitis in otherwise healthy hosts.
Compassion Fatigue: Considerations for Working with the Elderly

Compassion fatigue is characterized by physical and psychological exhaustion resulting from excessive professional demands that drain available personal resources. While all helping professionals are vulnerable to compassion fatigue, the authors believe that social workers working with the elderly have unique stresses that make them a high-risk group for compassion fatigue. Increased frustration over limited financial, social and medical services for the elderly, exposure to the developmental challenges inherent during the older years and the worker's countertransferential issues are discussed as contributors to compassion fatigue. Other factors that reinforce this type of burnout for professionals working with this population and recommendations for avoiding or decreasing compassion fatigue are presented.
Progressive motor disabilities of the mouth.

Some entities of progressive motor impairment are most clearly identified in the oral area, and most of them are characterized by critical disabilities in the oral and pharyngeal areas. The continued muscular fasciculation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, for example, is readily visible at the surface of the tongue. Simple manual tests are useful in evaluating the muscles of the mandible, hyoid and tongue.
Extraction and Characterization of Collagens from Scale of Grass Carp

Acid-soluble collagens (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagens (PSC) were extracted from scale of grass carp at a temperature below their denaturation temperatures. The physico-chemical properties of ASC and PSC were analyzed systematically. The results showed that the denaturation temperatures of ASC and PSC were 30-35 and 28-35℃, respectively; the dissolubility, the emulsify capacity and the emulsifying stability of PSC all were better than those of ASC, while the latter had better solution viscosity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity and foam stability than the former.
Transglobality and Diasporic Temporality

This book focuses on American society as a transglobal nation and examines the temporal dimension of diasporic incorporation in New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area. It argues that immigrant neighborhoods are faced not only with issues of economic and political integration, but also are engaged in a sublime and relentless effort of harmonizing the cultural rhythms of their daily life with the hegemonic temporality of mainstream society. Although much energy has been spent in explaining the segregated or ghettoized space of ethnic communities,1 there is, in contrast, a dearth of data on the subalternization, genealogy, and inscription of minoritized temporalities in the structural and interactional organization of the multicultural American city.2