cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of coxsackie virus infection; multiplication of virus and evolution of the muscle lesion in mice.

The quantitative distribution of the Conn.-5 strain of Coxsackie virus in different tissues was determined by serial titration at intervals after inoculation of 4 to 5 day old mice. High titers were reached by the 2nd day in blood, heart, liver, muscle, intestine, and its contents, and these were maintained through the 8th day, except for the blood, in which the virus level fell earlier. In paralyzed mice, muscle and brain attained the highest titers and it was in these tissues alone that virus persisted through the 9th day of illness. The pathology of the infection has been briefly described. In particular, the evolution of morbid changes in striated muscle was correlated with the concentrations of virus in muscle. Acute muscle necrosis first occurred when there was a peak viral concentration (4th day), and reached maximal intensity on the 8th day. Scattered acute lesions continued to appear while the virus titer remained above 10–4, from the 9th to 12th day. With the decrease in the myositis, there was a concomitant decrease in the incidence of perceptible disease. Inflammation was found to follow upon the development of necrosis, and subsided slowly. Regeneration began very early, became exuberant, and led finally to restitution of the muscle.
Species interactions can explain Taylor's power law for ecological time series

One of the few generalities in ecology, Taylor's power law1,2,3, describes the species-specific relationship between the temporal or spatial variance of populations and their mean abundances. For populations experiencing constant per capita environmental variability, the regression of log variance versus log mean abundance gives a line with a slope of 2. Despite this expectation, most species have slopes of less than 2 (refs 2, 3–4), indicating that more abundant populations of a species are relatively less variable than expected on the basis of simple statistical grounds. What causes abundant populations to be less variable has received considerable attention5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, but an explanation for the generality of this pattern is still lacking. Here we suggest a novel explanation for the scaling of temporal variability in population abundances. Using stochastic simulation and analytical models, we demonstrate how negative interactions among species in a community can produce slopes of Taylor's power law of less than 2, like those observed in real data sets. This result provides an example in which the population dynamics of single species can be understood only in the context of interactions within an ecological community.
Paleolimnological evaluation of historical trophic state conditions in hypereutrophic Lake Thonotosassa, Florida, USA

We used paleolimnological methods to evaluate historical water quality in Lake Thonotosassa, Hillsborough County, Florida, USA. Sediment mapping shows that organic deposits are unevenly distributed in the lake. Two short ( 100 years of sediment accumulation. There is an abrupt change in sediment composition at about the turn of the century (∼80 cm depth), above which bulk density decreases and concentrations of organic matter, total C, total N, total P, and 226Ra activity increase. Diatom-based reconstructions of historical water-column trophic conditions indicate progressive nutrient enrichment in the lake during the past ∼100 years. Stratigraphic changes in diatom assemblages suggest that anthropogenic nutrient loading converted Lake Thonotosassa from a naturally eutrophic system to a hypereutrophic waterbody after ∼1900. Given the edaphic setting of Lake Thonotosassa, efforts to mitigate recent anthropogenic impacts will, at best, yield the eutrophic conditions that characterized the lake prior to human disturbance. This study illustrates the importance of paleolimnological data for targeting realistic water quality conditions when lake restoration is contemplated.
Sub-surface, micrometer-scale incisions produced in rodent cortex using tightly-focused femtosecond laser pulses.

Background and Objective Techniques that allow targeted, micrometer-scale disruption in the depths of biological tissue, without affecting overlying structures or causing significant collateral damage, could potentially lead to new surgical procedures. We describe an optical technique to make sub-surface incisions in in vivo rodent brain and characterize the relationship between the cut width and maximum depth of these optical transections as a function of laser energy. Materials and Methods To produce cuts, high intensity, femtosecond laser pulses were tightly focused into and translated within the cortex, through a craniotomy, in anesthetized rodents. Imaging of stained brain slices was used to characterize cut width and maximum cutting depth. Results Cut width decreased exponentially as a function of depth and increased as the cube root of laser energy, but showed about 50% variation at fixed depth and laser energy. For example, at a laser energy of 13 µJ, cut width decreased from 158 ± 43.1 µm (mean ± standard deviation) to 56 ± 33 µm over depths of approximately 200–800 µm, respectively. Maximal cut depth increased logarithmically with laser energy, with cut depths of up to 1 mm achieved with 13 µJ pulses. We further showcased this technique by selectively cutting sub-surface cortical dendrites in a live, anesthetized transgenic mouse. Conclusions Femtosecond laser pulses provide the novel capacity for precise, sub-surface, cellular-scale cuts for surgical applications in optically scattering tissues. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:382–391, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The quest for a unified model of anesthetic action: a century in Claude Bernard's shadow

An accepted truism among clinicians and researchers attributes the persistence of the quest for a unitary mechanism of anesthetic action to the lasting influence of Hans Meyer and Ernest Overton. This article presents a different view: the experiments that led to the Meyer-Overton rule were the consequence-not the source-of a unitary paradigm that was formulated by Claude Bernard a quarter of a century earlier. Bernard firmly believed that the sensitivity to anesthesia was a fundamental criterion that separated 'true life' from 'mere chemistry.' Bernard's scientific authority in the context of 19 century natural philosophy is responsible for establishing a unified (i.e., unitary mechanism and universality across life forms) paradigm of anesthetic action. Meyer and Overton's work was targeted at systematizing and solidifying existing knowledge within this paradigm, not at discovering novelty, and its publication did not substantially affect contemporary research. Claude Bernard's paradigm, by contrast, still influences investigations of mechanisms of anesthetic action.
Universal Health Care Coverage in the United States: Is It “Slip Slidin' Away”?

With passage of the Affordable Care Act, affordable health insurance for all Americans is in sight, yet politics could cause it to slip away. A resurgent Republican Party will mount a sustained challenge at the federal and state levels, but the new Congress will not bring about the Affordable Care Act's repeal. More likely, the law's effectiveness could be undermined by congressional restrictions on its implementation, underfunding of programs to improve public health and train more primary care physicians, and resistance by many states to its mandates. Congress could instead seek a bipartisan accord on improving the law, such as by giving the states more options, but this is unlikely in the current polarized environment. This debate is occurring even as the United States faces an unprecedented crisis in access to health insurance coverage, affecting nearly every demographic group, yet the uninsured have largely become an afterthought. Medical professionalism requires a commitment to improving access to care, and physicians could play a crucial role in informing lawmakers that providing all Americans with affordable health care coverage is a moral and medical imperative to prevent needless suffering and death, and must not be allowed to slip away.
A wavelet synthesis technique for creating realistic virtual environment sounds

This paper describes a new technique for synthesizing realistic sounds for virtual environments. The four-phase technique described uses wavelet analysis to create a sound model. Parameters are extracted from the model to provide dynamic sound synthesis control from a virtual environment simulation. Sounds can be synthesized in real time using the fast inverse wavelet transform. Perceptual experiment validation is an integral part of the model development process. This paper describes the four-phase process for creating the parameterized sound models. Several developed models and perceptual experiments for validating the sound synthesis veracity are described. The developed models and results demonstrate proof of the concept and illustrate the potential of this approach.
Antipsychotic drugs for psychosis and agitation in dementia: efficacy, safety, and a possible noradrenergic mechanism of action.

The first patient described by Alzheimer in 1907 had both progressive cognitive deterioration and prominent comorbid signs and symptoms of psychosis and agitation (Alzheimer, 1907, 1987). In this editorial, we use “psychosis” to denote delusions and hallucinations and “agitation” to denote irritability, aggression, pressured motor activity, and active resistance to necessary care. Although advances have been made in the treatment of these non-cognitive symptoms, these psychosis and agitation symptoms continued to be burdensome and costly for dementia patients, caregivers, and society. Among the pharmacologic treatments available for psychosis and agitation, antipsychotic drugs are the drug class most consistently demonstrated effective for psychosis and agitation in dementia (Lyketsos et al., 2006; APA Work Group on Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias et al., 2007). These are widely prescribed for these behavioral problems, but their use remains controversial and their mechanism of action unclear.
Enhancement of robot work envelope in a flexible manufacturing cell

Abstract This paper discusses a ROTAB developed for enhancing the work envelope of a SIR-1 robot in a flexible manufacturing cell. The cell consists of six workstations, four of which are served by the robot. The ROTAB has been found to be very effective in enhancing the work envelope. The details of this development, both the hardware and software are provided in the paper.
Leadership in Desperate Times: An Analysis of Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage through the Lens of Leadership Theory

The problem and the solution. Ernest Shackleton led a crew on the Endurance that would attempt to be the first group of individuals to cross the Antarctic continent overland. Only one day's sail away from the land, the Endurance became “iced in” and eventually sank, leaving the men with limited supplies. Shackleton's new goal quickly became getting every man home alive. Alfred Lansing's account of this amazing story, Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage, shows actual photographs and utilizes vivid accounts from different crew members' journals. Shackleton's leadership is viewed as nothing short of spectacular during this journey, and this article highlights three leadership approaches/ theories he displayed in this remarkable story: the skills and the style approaches and the contingency theory. Finally, this article offers various exercises and teaching tools that may aid instructors as they use this story in the classroom.
Cholinergic synaptic inhibition of inner hair cells in the neonatal mammalian cochlea.

Efferent feedback onto sensory organs provides a means to modulate input to the central nervous system. In the developing mammalian cochlea, inner hair cells are transiently innervated by efferent fibers, even before sensory function begins. Here, we show that neonatal inner hair cells are inhibited by cholinergic synaptic input before the onset of hearing. The synaptic currents, as well as the inner hair cell9s response to acetylcholine, are mediated by a nicotinic (α9-containing) receptor and result in the activation of small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels.
Molecular analysis of the crystallization behavior of poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone)

The crystallization behavior, via annealing, of PEEK was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that predominantly amorphous PEEK (e.g., quenched polymer) follows two distinct mechanisms when it is annealed. One is a lower energy relaxation process that involves the partial rotation of the ether linkages, allowing the molecular chains in the disordered phase to become better packed, and occurs from 50 to 140°C (slightly below Tg). This relaxation process is also observed by dynamic mechanical analyses. The other process is a crystallization that takes place above the glass transition, with its onset characterized by the rotation of the benzophenone linkages near Tg. Isothermal crystallization kinetics data on PEEK can be described by an Avrami equation with an Avrami constant n of about 1.
Cinematherapy with preadolescents experiencing parental divorce: A collective case study

Abstract A multiple-case study of the use of cinematherapy in six sessions of individual therapy each with three preadolescent aged children who were experiencing parental divorce was conducted. Questions to facilitate discussion and expressive activities including art, creative writing, story-telling, and/or drama were used. Multiple themes emerged across the cases including the usefulness of films to help children identify and express emotions, increased sharing, and increased coping. Interactive viewing was a new concept to emerge and involved a child spontaneously interacting with a film and/or the therapist through narrating, sharing thoughts and emotional responses, or interacting expressively while viewing providing therapeutic opportunities. Furthermore, all the children shared the plots from films or television shows they watched outside of therapy which can be viewed as a form of story-telling which conveyed their concerns and contributed to healing. Through their expressive responses, children experienced catharsis and created therapeutically relevant metaphors.
Campylobacter jejuni infection increases anxiety-like behavior in the holeboard: possible anatomical substrates for viscerosensory modulation of exploratory behavior

The presence of certain bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract influences behavior and brain function. For example, challenge with live Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a common food-born pathogen, reduces exploration of open arms of the plus maze, consistent with anxiety-like behavior, and activates brain regions associated with autonomic function, likely via a vagal pathway. As yet, however, little is known regarding the interface of immune sensory signals with brain substrates that mediate changes in behavioral states. To address this issue, we challenged mice with either C. jejuni or saline, and 7-8h later assessed anxiety-like behavior using the open holeboard, and used immunohistochemical detection of the protein c-Fos as an activation marker in the brain. C. jejuni treatment was associated with increased avoidance of the center regions of the holeboard, compared to saline-treated controls. Exposure to the holeboard induced activation in multiple brain regions previously implicated in anxiety-like behavior, including the lateral septum (LS), paraventricular (PVN) and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMH), basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala (BLA, CEA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and periaquiductal grey (PAG), compared to homecage controls. In C. jejuni-treated animals c-Fos induction also occurred in autonomic regions, as previously reported. The PVN, BLA, parts of the BST, medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate responded to both C. jejuni treatment and the holeboard, suggesting a role for these regions in the enhanced anxiety-like behavior observed. In saline-treated animals, anxiety-like behavior was predicted by activation in the CEA and BLA, whereas in C. jejuni-treated animals, c-Fos expression in the BST predicted the degree of anxiety-like behavior. These findings implicate the PVN, amygdala and BST as interfaces between gastrointestinal pathogenic challenge and brain regions that mediate behavioral responses to stress, and reinforce these nuclei as anatomical substrates by which viscerosensory stimuli can influence behavior.
Complex faults in a B2 iron aluminide alloy

Abstract Complex faults are present on {100} planes in a Fe–40Al–0.7C–0.5B alloy (all compositions are in atomic percent) but are not observed in a ternary Fe–40Al–0.6C alloy. These faults have a displacement vector of 1/2〈001〉 lying in the plane of the fault. In addition, there is an aluminum layer missing at the fault and a recent study by Cadel et al. (Scripta Metall. 41 (1999) 421) has claimed that there is boron segregation at these faults. Six variants of this fault can be present. The occurrence and configurations assumed by the fault depend on the heat-treatment temperature and cooling rate which are thought to influence the presence and migration of boron/vacancy complexes. The width of the complex fault also appears to be a function of the heat-treatment temperature (and hence boron in solid solution). In the quenched and annealed condition as well as in the material air-cooled from 1000 and 800°C, there is evidence for these complex faults being bound by partial dislocations that have a Burgers vector of 1/2〈001〉. In several instances, when these faults are imaged edge-on, they exhibit a zig-zag appearance indicative of faceting on the cube planes. In addition to these complex faults, thermal antiphase boundaries are also observed in some heat-treatment conditions and are postulated to be a consequence of the recrystallized extruded structure.
Determination of electrolytes in the myocardium as a tool for the post-mortal diagnosis of recent infarction.

Abstract The K/Na quotient in the myocardium has been compared to the result of the PTAH staining method in an autopsy material of verified myocardial infarctions, suspected but macroscopically unverified infarctions and controls. The control cases regularly had quotients above and the infarct cases quotients below 1.2. 11 of 25 cases of suspected infarction showed ischemic changes in PTAH staining. These and additionally 10 cases had K/Na quotients below 1.2. The electrolyte method thus appears to be a more sensitive method for the diagnosis of recent myocardial infarction.
Epigenetic diagnostics for neuropsychiatric disorders: Above the genome

Martin and Bell's1 1943 report of a pedigree with a sex-linked form of intellectual disability described what is now referred to as fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by an expanded (>200) CGG trinucleotide repeat within the 5′ untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 ( FMR1 ) gene. This results in epigenetic silencing of the encoded fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP).1,2 The term epigenetic refers to chemical modifications of DNA and associated chromatin proteins that alter activity states of the genome without requiring heritable changes to DNA itself.3 Studies of inherited neuropsychiatric disorders have contributed greatly to our understanding of the molecular basis of human cognition, mood, and behavior; the field of neuroepigenetics continues to expand and gain importance.4
Forecasting long-term global fertilizer demand

Fertilizer demand forecasts are key to the success of long term plans for global food security and the profitability of the fertilizer industry. The study forecasts fertilizer demand in relation to soil nutrient status in nine regions. Asia is expected to account for about 40% of the global forecast of 187.7 million Mt in 2015 and 223.1 million Mt in 2030. Sub-Saharan Africa, where soil nutrient depletion is prevalent, will remain the region with the lowest consumption, about 1.1% of global consumption. Soil nutrient drawdown in regions with inadequate fertilizer use indicates soil nutrient depletion, which will in the long run exacerbate food shortages and undermine biofuels production plans. Food and fertilizer policy, farmer education, research and technology development, and other actions will be required to counter soil nutrient depletion.
Cortical neurons inhibit basal and interleukin-1-stimulated astroglial cell secretion of nerve growth factor.

Abstract Primary cultures of neonatal rat cortical neurons and astrocytes synthesize and secrete nerve growth factor (NGF). Co-culturing neurons with astrocytes decreased NGF secretion in the co-cultures. The inhibition of co-culture NGF secretion was partially reversible upon selectively decreasing the number of neurons by glutamate treatment. Interleukin-1β (IL-1) stimulated NGF secretion from astrocytes, and the magnitude of this secretion was decreased in the co-cultures. Thus, co-culture with neurons decreases astroglial cell secretion of NGF and down-regulates astroglial responsiveness to IL-1.
Sex hormone modulation of both induction and inhibition of CYP1A by genistein in HepG2/C3A cells

Genistein is a widely consumed phytoestrogen in dietary supplements and has been reported to play roles in both cancer prevention and promotion. These conflicting effects may be complicated by sex differences. Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) participates in carcinogen activation and detoxification, and the enzyme may interact with genistein. Therefore, modulation of CYP1A by a combination of genistein and sex hormones could be responsible for sex differences related to cancer prevention and promotion. In the current study, a human liver cell line, HepG2/C3A, cultured in sex hormone-supplemented media was used to investigate the modulatory effect of genistein on CYP1A gene expression and activity. Genistein exerted both long-term (72 h) induction and short-term (immediate) inhibition of CYP1A activity in HepG2/C3A cells. In the long-term study, CYP1A gene expression and enzyme activity were induced to a greater extent in male hormone-supplemented cells than female ones. In the short-term study, CYP1A activity was inhibited more strongly by genistein in the male hormone-supplemented cells than in the female hormone-supplemented cells. These significant differences suggest that male hormones can modulate the effects of genistein on CYP1A gene expression and activity.
Improving engineering reports and talks

The engineer's media of communication are primarily technical reports, published papers, and oral presentations. Logically, a written report should always come first, since this can be the most comprehensive of the group. From this base, both the professional paper and the oral presentation can more easily be derived. An understanding of the techniques and procedures of the professional writer, and of the basic differences between reports, papers, and talks, can be of great help to the engineering author. One does not become an accomplished writer or speaker after reading a single paper about these subjects. However, it could help. This paper concentrates on practical advice and counseling for potential authors who want to improve their capabilities.
A Dynamic Model of Network Formation

Network structure plays a significant role in determining the outcome of many important economic relationships; therefore it is crucial to know which network configurations will arise. We analyze the process of network formation in a dynamic framework, where self-interested individuals can form and sever links. We determine which network structures the formation process will converge to. This information allows us to determine whether or not the formation process will converge to an efficient network structure.
Review of outside studies by radiology residents: national survey of chief residents

The purpose of this study was to establish practice patterns of radiology residents in regards to interpretation and reporting of outside studies for transferred patients. We performed a national survey of radiology residency chief residents, administered by email through the Association of Program Directors in Radiology (APDR). There were 81 chief resident respondents, representing 42.8 % of 187 total Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-approved radiology residency training programs in the USA. In 97.5 % of programs, residents perform interpretations of outside studies. Up to 76.7 % of respondents state that when outside studies are reviewed by residents, an original report is available in less than one quarter of cases. While 55.1 % of respondents state that there is a mechanism for recording their findings and impressions for outside studies, only 32.1 % are aware of a policy requiring documentation. Of the respondents, 42.3 % report they have no means for documenting their findings and impressions on outside studies. Further, 65.4 % state that there is no policy requiring an attending to review and document agreement with their interpretation of outside studies. There is wide institutional variation in both policy and practice regarding reinterpretation of outside studies for patients transferred to academic hospitals. While the majority of radiology residents are providing the service of reinterpreting outside studies, only a minority of residency programs have a policy requiring (1) documentation of their impressions or (2) attending oversight and documentation of discrepant opinions.
Grafting of Vinyudene Chloride. Model Studies with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) as Substrate

Abstract The modification of coatings resins by graft polymerization of vinylidene chloride should produce a coatings binder with improved barrier properties. For superior color stability, vinylidene chloride must be copolymer-ized with other monomers such as alkyl acrylates and methacrylates. Ceric ion initiation was used to graft vinylidene chloride free-radically onto a model alcohol-containing polymer, polyvinyl alcohol. The effects of various reaction parameters on vinylidene chloride grafting were studied. Graft copolymers were characterized using selective solvent extraction, FTIR, SEM, XES, DSC, and x-ray diffraction.
Plasma-surface interactions in Q-enhanced mirror fusion systems

Abstract Two approaches to enhancement of the Q (energy gain) factor of mirror systems aie under study at Livermore. These include the Tandem Mirror and the Field Reversed Mirror. Both of these new ideas preserve features of conventional mirror systems as far as plasma—wall interactions are concerned. Specifically in both approaches field lines exit from the ends of the system and impinge on walls located at a distance from the confinement chamber. It is possible to predict some aspects of the plasma—surface interactions of TM and FRM systems from experience obtained in the Livermore 2XIIB experiment. In particular, as observed in 2XIIB, effective isolation of the plasma from thermal contact with the ends owing to the development of sheath-like regions is to be expected. Studies presently underway directed toward still further enhancing the decoupling of the plasma from the effects of plasma surface interactions at the walls will be discussed, with particular reference to the problem of minimizing the effects of refluxing secondary electrons produced by plasma impact on the end walls.
P01-145 Comparison of symptom-free days in generalized anxiety disorder following treatment with pregabalin or venlafaxine-XR

Aims To estimate the clinical benefit of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR for the short-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using the metric of symptom-free days (SFDs). Methods A post-hoc analysis of a clinical trial in which adults who met DSM-IV criteria for GAD, with a HAM-A total score ≥ 20, were randomized to 8-weeks of double-blind, flexible-dose treatment with pregabalin (300-600 mg/d), venlafaxine-XR (75-225 mg/d) or placebo. SFDs were estimated for each one-week period based on weekly HAM-A scores using a published algorithm. Differences were analyzed using pairwise comparisons from a GLM adjusting for baseline HAM-A and sites. Results The sample consisted of 121 patients on pregabalin (female, 64%; mean age, 39.5 years; LS mean ± SE baseline HAM-A, 27.6 ± 0.5), 125 patients on venlafaxine-XR (female, 58%; mean age, 42.6 years; baseline HAM-A, 27.5 ± 0.5), and 128 patients on placebo (female, 61%; mean age, 40.2 years; baseline HAM-A, 26.8 ± 0.5). At endpoint, LS mean (± SE) number of SFDs was significantly higher for pregabalin (20.6 ± 1.4) compared with both venlafaxine-XR (16.5 ± 1.4; p=0.018) and placebo (15.5 ± 1.3; p=0.004). Values remained significant after adjusting for multiple comparisions (p=0.0447 and p=0.0107, respectively). Conclusion Treatment with pregabalin resulted in more SFDs compared with venlafaxine-XR and placebo. The lack of difference in SFDs for groups treated with venlafaxine-XR compared to placebo contrasts with a previously reported study. Further studies are warranted to explore the application of the SFD metric.
Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Genotype and Gender: Effects on Memory

Objective Episodic recognition memory for odors and visual was assessed in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ɛ4-positive and ɛ4-negative men and women diagnosed with Alzheimer disease (AD) and a healthy age- and gender-matched comparison group. Methods A total of 38 AD patients and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy older adults completed a recognition memory task involving three categories of stimuli: odors, faces, and symbols. Results In the healthy comparison group, men who were ɛ4 negative outperformed ɛ4-positive men in recognition memory for odors and committed fewer false-positive errors. However, there were no significant differences between ɛ4-negative and ɛ4-positive women in the comparison group. No significant gender or ApoE status differences were detected in recognition memory for faces or symbols in the comparison group. In patients with AD, ɛ4-negative women outperformed ɛ4-positive women in recognition memory for odors and committed significantly fewer false-positive errors. However, there were no significant differences between ɛ4-positive and ɛ4-negative men. There were no significant gender or ApoE status differences in recognition memory for faces or symbols in AD patients. Conclusion The results demonstrate that recognition memory for olfactory stimuli may be particularly impaired in healthy older men with the ɛ4 allele. In patients with AD, odor memory impairments may be less severe in women who are negative for the ɛ4 allele. The results offer new insight into how recognition memory is affected by gender, the ɛ4 allele, and the modality of the stimulus to be remembered in healthy older adults and patients with AD.
Making Watershed Partnerships Work: A Review of the Empirical Literature

Two main goals are achieved in this review of the empirical literature on factors affecting conflict resolution in watershed partnerships. The first is an assessment of two public policy theories relevant to partnership structure and function. The second is a set of practical suggestions for designing successful partnerships. The 37 available studies collectively identified 210 “lessons learned,” which were grouped into 28 thematic categories. The most frequently recurring themes are the necessity of adequate funding (62% of the studies), effective leadership and management (59%), interpersonal trust (43%), and committed participants (43%). Exploratory factor analysis was used to search for patterns in the lessons. Four factors were identified, which together explain 95% of the variance in the 28 themes. The first two factors emphasize the importance of (1) balancing the partnership's resources with its scope of activities; and (2) employing a flexible and informal partnership structure. The third and fou...
Contraceptive use, pelvic d inflammatory isease, and fertility problems among American women: 1982

To examine the relationships between contraceptive use, pelvic inflammatory disease, and fertility problems, we analyzed data from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth. This nationally representative sample of reproductive age women in the United States provides the first population-based estimates of fertility problems and pelvic inflammatory disease. Self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease was higher among whomen who had ever used an intrauterine device (23%) than among those who had ever used oral contraceptives (17%). Controlling for other variables, fertility problems were most common among women who had never used a method (42%), but they were also more common among oral contraceptive users (26%) than intrauterine devices users (17%). Our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that (1) intrauterine devices were used primarily by women with proved fertility and (2) oral contraceptives were associated with pelvic inflammatory disease In complex ways, although the exact nature of this association and the underlying disease are not yet completely understood.
Spatial distribution of initiation sites for mammalian DNA replication: A statistical analysis

We have examined DNA replication in three mammalian cell lines (L, muntjac and MDBK) by statistical analyses of light microscopic DNA fiber autoradiograms in order to determine whether the sites where replication is initiated are spatially random or organized. A quantitative model was developed to predict the properties of a random spatial arrangement of initiation sites and was tested against experimental data. A description of the actual spatial organization of activated initiation sites is proposed. The number of sites per strand and the mean distance between sites depend heavily on the length of the strands measured, according to both observation and theory. However, in all three cell lines, the observed relationship between those variables and strand length differed from the relationship predicted by the random model. The modal inter-initiation distance was nearly the same in all three cell lines (5 to 15μm). Three methods were used to provide estimates of, or lower bounds on, the mean inter-initiation distances on the unbroken DNA fiber. The ranges of estimates were 8 to 23 μm for muntjac cells, 22 to 45 μm for MDBK cells, and 14 to 63 μm for L cells. Because inter-initiation distance depends on strand length and strands break with excess probability near hot-labeled regions, alternatives to the testing of pooled samples were developed. Statistical tests of the randomness of interinitiation distances were applied to individual strands containing at least nine initiation distances. A test of exponentiality against alternative Weibull distributions demonstrated that the probability of the distribution of inter-initiation distances being random was less than one in 10,000. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Keiding tests indicated differences in organization between the three cell lines. Long exposure to 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (5 × 10−7 m) shifted the organization of initiation sites in MDBK cell DNA toward randomness. Neither the mean nor the modal inter-initiation distance detected these changes in organization. The tests for exponentiality employed here provide more sensitive tools for studying the organization of DNA replication.
Flexible Emotional Responsiveness in Trait Resilience

Field studies and laboratory experiments have documented that a key component of resilience is emotional flexibility--the ability to respond flexibly to changing emotional circumstances. In the present study we tested the hypotheses that resilient people exhibit emotional flexibility: (a) in response to frequently changing emotional stimuli and (b) across multiple modalities of emotional responding. As participants viewed a series of emotional pictures, we assessed their self-reported affect, facial muscle activity, and startle reflexes. Higher trait resilience predicted more divergent affective and facial responses (corrugator and zygomatic) to positive versus negative pictures. Thus, compared with their low-resilient counterparts, resilient people appear to be able to more flexibly match their emotional responses to the frequently changing emotional stimuli. Moreover, whereas high-trait-resilient participants exhibited divergent startle responses to positive versus negative pictures regardless of the valence of the preceding trial, low-trait-resilient participants did not exhibit divergent startle responses when the preceding picture was negative. High-trait-resilient individuals, therefore, appear to be better able than are their low-resilient counterparts to either switch or maintain their emotional responses depending on whether the emotional context changes. The present findings broaden our understanding of the mechanisms underlying resilience by demonstrating that resilient people are able to flexibly change their affective and physiological responses to match the demands of frequently changing environmental circumstances.
The 19th Project Integration Meeting

The Flat-Plate Solar Array Project is described. Project analysis and integration is discussed. Technology research in silicon material, large-area silicon sheet and environmental isolation; cell and module formation; engineering sciences, and module performance and failure analysis. It includes a report on, and copies of visual presentations made at, the 19th Project Integration Meeting held at Pasadena, California, on November 11, 1981.
Finite temperature field theory with boundaries: The photon field

Abstract We calculate the deviations from Planckian form of the photon field finite temperature stress tensor in a manifold with boundary, due to scattering from the boundary. Familiar non-integrable divergences are found in the photon stress tensor as the boundary is approached and these are shown to be an inescapable consequence of initial calculational assumptions. Modifications of these assumptions are discussed which serve to remove the divergences and to illustrate the importance of the role played by surface gravitational actions.
Noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome: an update in 10 surgically treated patients.

Abstract Background. Neuroglycopenia from endogenous hyperinsulinism usually is caused by insulinomas in adults. We recently reported a novel hypoglycemic disorder in 5 patients (patients 1 to 5) with postprandial neuroglycopenia, negative 72-hour fasts, negative perioperative imaging studies, but positive calcium stimulation tests and islet hypertrophy and nesidioblastosis in the gradient-guided resected pancreata. Methods. In this report we compare our experience with 5 additional patients (patients 6 to 10) with this syndrome to that in the original report. Results. The clinical features of patients 6 to 10 were similar to those of patients 1 to 5. Each had positive calcium stimulation testing that guided the extent of the distal pancreatectomy and histologic evidence of islet cell hypertrophy or nesidioblastosis. All 10 patients are alive from 9 to 50 months after operation, 1 of whom had no amelioration of neuroglycopenia. Minor perioperative complications occurred in 3 patients. One patient has experienced repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis, pseudocyst formation, and exocrine insufficiency. Conclusions. We have identified adult patients with severe, postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia from diffuse islet cell disease, 80% of whom have been well palliated with surgery. The results in 7 men have been better than those in the 3 women for reasons that are not obvious. (Surgery 2000;128:937-45.)
RISK PERCEPTIONS AMONG SERIOUS OFFENDERS: THE ROLE OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT*

Previous research on the perceived certainty of punishment indicates that individuals with experience in committing crimes perceive arrest as less certain than do those without such experience. Studies assessing the influence of experiencing formal sanctions on perceptions of risk have produced mixed results. Most studies however, have not considered the experience of sanctions in conjunction with the frequency of criminal behavior. With a sample of 1,046 incarcerated felons, we examined relationships among perceived risk of arrest, arrest history, and frequency of committing crimes. Our findings suggest that it is important to measure the ratio of arrests to crimes and that perceptions of risk are formed in a manner consistent with a rational choice perspective, even in a sample of serious offenders.
Characterization of A2B5+ glial precursor cells from cryopreserved human fetal brain progenitor cells.

The identification and characterization of human neural precursor cells are critical in extending our understanding of central nervous system development from model animal systems to our own species. Moreover, availability of well-characterized populations of human cells is of potential value in endeavors ranging from cell transplantation to drug screening. We have isolated a population of continuously dividing glial-restricted precursor cells from commercially available cryopreserved 18-20 weeks old fetal brain neural progenitor cells. These human glial-restricted precursor cells are A2B5(+) and do not express polysialylated E-NCAM (PSA-NCAM). They can be grown as purified populations in serum-free medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and can be induced to generate cells with the antigenic characteristics of oligodendrocytes and distinct astrocytic populations.
On the excess distortion exponent of the quadratic-Gaussian Wyner-Ziv problem

An achievable excess distortion exponent for compression of a white Gaussian source by dithered lattice quantization is derived. We show that for a required distortion level close enough to the rate-distortion function, and in the high-rate limit, the exponent equals the optimal quadratic-Gaussian excess distortion exponent. Using this approach, no further loss is incurred by the presence of any source interference known at the decoder (“Wyner-Ziv side-information”). The derivation of this achievable exponent involves finding the exponent of the probability that a combination of a spherically-bounded vector and a Gaussian vector leaves the Voronoi cell of a good lattice.
Influence of polymorphic N‐acetyltransferase phenotype on the inhibition and induction of acetaminophen bioactivation with long‐term isoniazid

Objective To determine in patients receiving isoniazid prophylaxis whether an increase in the CYP2E1-dependent formation clearance of acetaminophen (paracetamol) to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) occurs during a normal 24-hour isoniazid dose interval and whether the interaction is dependent on acetylation status. Methods Acetaminophen elimination kinetics were determined on four different occasions. Ten subjects were assigned to receive acetaminophen either simultaneously with the 8 am dose of isoniazid or 12 hours after the isoniazid dose. One week later, on the last day of isoniazid therapy, subjects received acetaminophen at the alternate time of day. The control phase acetaminophen administrations were repeated 1 and 2 weeks later, following the initial randomization. Isoniazid acetylation (NAT2) genotype was determined by analysis of genomic DNA obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes. Results The mean NAPQI formation clearance was inhibited 57% when acetaminophen and isoniazid were coadministered but was unchanged compared with time-matched control when acetaminophen was given 12 hours after the isoniazid dose. However, when data from subjects was segregated according to isoniazid (INH) acetylation phenotype, the mean ratio of NAPQI formation clearances (+INH/−INH) with 8 PM acetaminophen was significantly higher for fast acetylators compared with slow acetylators (1.36 versus 0.68; p = 0.006). Conclusions Fast metabolizers of isoniazid appeared to clear the inducer or inhibitor from the active site of CYP2E1 more rapidly, which resulted in an increased formation of NAPQI 12 hours after the isoniazid dose. In contrast, formation of NAPQI for slow isoniazid metabolizers remained inhibited. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 61, 24–34; doi:
Expression of an Arabidopsis vacuolar sodium/proton antiporter gene in cotton improves photosynthetic performance under salt conditions and increases fiber yield in the field.

;Drought and salinity are two major limiting factors in crop productivity. One way to reduce crop loss caused by drought and salinity is to increase the solute concentration in the vacuoles of plant cells. The accumulation of sodium ions inside the vacuoles provides a 2-fold advantage: (i) reducing the toxic levels of sodium in cytosol; and (ii) increasing the vacuolar osmotic potential with the concomitant generation of a more negative water potential that favors water uptake by the cell and better tissue water retention under high soil salinity. The success of this approach was demonstrated in several plants, where the overexpression of the Arabidopsis gene AtNHX1 that encodes a vacuolar sodium/proton antiporter resulted in higher plant salt tolerance. Overexpression of AtNHX1 increases sodium uptake in vacuoles, which leads to increased vacuolar solute concentration and therefore higher salt tolerance in transgenic plants. In an effort to engineer cotton for higher drought and salt tolerance, we created transgenic cotton plants expressing AtNHX1. These AtNHX1-expressing cotton plants generated more biomass and produced more fibers when grown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl in greenhouse conditions. The increased fiber yield was probably due to better photosynthetic performance and higher nitrogen assimilation rates observed in the AtNHX1-expressing cotton plants as compared with wild-type cotton plants under saline conditions. Furthermore, the field-grown AtNHX1-expressing cotton plants produced more fibers with better quality, indicating that AtNHX1 can indeed be used for improving salt stress tolerance in cotton.
A study of compressible turbulent reattaching free shear layers

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the two-dimensional, compressible, turbulent reattaching free shear layer formed by the geometrical separation of a Mach 2.46 flow with a turbulent boundary layer and a Reynolds number of 5.01 X 107/m from a 25.4 mm high backward-facing step. The wind tunnel test section was specifically designed to obtain a constant pressure separation at the step. A detailed survey of the flowfield was made utilizing a Schlieren system, static pressure taps, and a two-component coincident laser Doppler velocimeter. In contrast to incompressibl e reattaching free shear layers, significant increases in the turbulence level, shear stress, and turbulent triple products were observed within the reattachment region. Large turbulence structure and enhanced mixing were observed in the redeveloping region.