cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of chitin in an insect

By treating the clean skeletal tissue of an insect with concentrated KOH at 160° C., the contained chitin is converted to chitosan, and all pigmentation and admixtures are removed. The per cent distribution of chitin, expressed as chitosan, in the exoskeleton of the cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, ranges from 37.65 in the dorsal abdomen to 18.22 in the hindwings. Other regions contain the following per cents: ventral abdomen, 37.11; metathoracic legs, 35.55; mesothoracic legs, 33.28; prothoracic legs, 32.24; pronotum, 31.55; head, 31.07; genitalia, 29.28; dorsal thorax, 29.07; ventral thorax, 28.33; antennae, 27.77; cerci, 25.65; and forewings, 19.99. Regional variations are constant in different individuals of the same species. The crop and gizzard contain 18.69 per cent; the hindgut, 18.15 per cent. The remainder of the alimentary tract contains no chitin. Traces of chitin are found in the trachea. No chitin is found in the egg-cases of this species. No correlation between chitin content and pigmentation or hardness is shown. Based on results from three trials, using thirty insects, the per cent of chitosan in the clean, dry chitinous material from the entire animal is 29.60; the per cent of chitosan based on the weight of the live animal averages 2.01.
The role of bacteria in copper mining operations

The results of our survey of several mining operations have shown in every instance typical T. ferrooxidans bacteria to be present in the leaching solutions. The numbers of bacteria found are in general what, one would expect considering the chemical reactions occurring in these processes. A major difficulty is encountered when one considers the complex and unknown series of events which occur, as the bacteria-bearing, acidic, ferric-ion solution penetrates the massive ore dumps. Laboratory studies show microbial activity to be the major cause of rapid solubilization of copper sulfide ores. Field studies suggest that microbial activity cannot explain all observations in a typical leaching operation.
Diagnosis and ablation of atypical atrial tachycardia and flutter complicating atrial fibrillation ablation

Depending on the ablation strategy, up to 30% to 50% of patients will develop an atrial tachycardia after undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. This review discusses the mechanisms, mapping techniques, and catheter ablation of atrial tachycardias that occur after radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation.
Effects of denervation on glycoproteins of rabbit gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.

Abstract Rabbit gastrocnemius and soleus differ in speed of contraction, in acetylcholine sensitivity, and in calcium uptake into fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Following denervation, the gastrocnemius changes with respect to speed of contraction, acetylcholine sensitivity, and calcium uptake, whereas the soleus changes much less. Glycoproteins are important constituents of cell membranes, and it was felt that these constituents may reflect differences between innervated and denervated muscles. Concentration of protein-bound sialic acid was 0.75 nmoles/mg protein in fat free residue of innervated gastrocnemius and 1.4 nmoles/mg protein in fat free residue of innervated soleus. The concentration of protein-bound hexosamines was 4.0 nmoles/mg protein in gastrocnemius and 5.8 nmoles/mg protein in soleus. Following denervation for fifteen days, the protein-bound NANA ( N -acetylneuraminic acid) of gastrocnemius increased from 638 nmoles/muscle to 920 nmoles/muscle; whereas soleus protein-bound NANA did not change (168 nmoles/muscle versus 180 nmoles/muscle). The total protein bound hexosamines did not change significantly in either denervated gastrocnemius or soleus. The data suggest the synthesis de novo of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins or the enhanced transfer of sialic acid to preformed proteins in denervated gastrocnemius but not in soleus.
Keypoint-based image processing for landmine detection in GPR data

Image keypoints are widely used in computer vision for object matching and recognition, where they provide the best solution for matching and instance recognition of complex objects within cluttered images. Most matching algorithms operate by rst nding interest points, or keypoints, that are expected to be common across multiple views of the same object. A small area, or patch, around each keypoint can be represented by a numerical descriptor that describes the structure of the patch. By matching descriptors from keypoints found in 2-D data to keypoints of known origin, matching algorithms can determine the likelihood that any particular patch matches a pre-existing template. The objective in this research is to apply these methods to two-dimensional slices of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data in order to distinguish between landmine and non-landmine responses. In this work, a variety of established object matching algorithms have been tested and evaluated to examine their application to GPR data. In addition, GPR specic keypoint and descriptor methods have been developed which better suit the landmine detection task within GPR data. These methods improve on the performance of standard image processing techniques, and show promise for future work involving translations of technologies from the computer vision eld to landmine detection in GPR data.
Reasoning about iterators with separation logic

Separation logic is an extension of Hoare logic which permits reasoning about imperative programs that use shared mutable heap structure. In this note, we show how to use higher-order separation logic to reason abstractly about an iterator protocol.
LM185 voltage reference radiation tests: Variable temperature and bias conditions

TID results are presented for LM185 Micropower Voltage Reference operated under various bias conditions and temperatures. Higher operational temperatures and biased devices are more sensitive to TID degradation suggesting reduced end-of-life performance.
Minireview: Integral membrane proteins that function coordinately with the insulin-like growth factor I receptor to regulate intracellular signaling.

Integral membrane proteins that are present on cell surfaces bind to extracellular ligands, and this binding influences multiple cellular processes. Three cell surface proteins, αVβ3 integrin, integrin associated protein, and SHPS-1, have been shown to modulate both IGF-I receptor-linked signaling and cellular growth and migration responses that are stimulated by IGF-I. Ligand occupancy of these three proteins influences the recruitment of the phosphatase SHP-2 to the IGF-I receptor and thereby modulates the duration of IGF-I receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, changes in ligand occupancy of these three integral membrane proteins can regulate the transfer of SHP-2 phosphatase to downstream signaling molecules, which is also required for stimulation of cell migration and DNA synthesis by IGF-I. Determination of the spectrum of ligands for these three integral membrane proteins and the mechanisms by which each ligand functions to alter IGF-I signaling are important objectives of future research.
Enhancement of the Antitumor Activity of N6-(∆2-Isopentenyl)adenosine Against Cultured L-1210 Leukemia Cells by Pentostatin Using a Polymeric Delivery System

Abstract □ The adenosine deaminase inhibitor pentostatin (I), recently shown to be effective in the treatment of several types of acute and chronic human leukemias, was impregnated in a silicone polymer monolithic disk device for release in vitro in the presence of the antitumor nucleoside N 6 -(∆ 2 -isopentenyl)adenosine (II) against mouse L-1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells. Although I is ineffective alone against L-1210 cells, controlled release from the polymeric delivery matrix potentiates the antiproliferative effects of II during the midlog phase of growth (48 hr). Cytotoxicity is prolonged, leading to total cell death during the stationary phase of growth (96 hr). The present study suggests that polymeric delivery systems be used for controlled release of oncologic agents, alone or in combination with inhibitors, especially where lability is a concern.
Evaluating the utility of touristic information sources for planning midwest vacation travel

Researchers in tourism have identified the information sources used most often by travelers in an effort to develop more efficient ways to communicate with potential visitors. The goal of this study was to extend our knowledge in this area by investigating the extent to which travelers actually use various information sources for planning Midwest vacations. The study clearly identified those information sources for planning trips. Furthermore, demographic analyses indicate that segments exist which derives greater utility from particular travel information sources. Simulation analyses were then used to evaluate alternative marketing communication strategies.
Interactions in 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetracyanoborate ion pair: Spectroscopic and density functional study

Density Functional Theory is used to investigate a weakly coordinating room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetracyanoborate ([Emim]{sup +}[TCB]{sup -}). Four locally stable conformers of the ion pair were located. Atoms-in-molecules (AIM) and electron density analysis indicated the existence of several hydrogen bonds. Further investigation through the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) and Natural Energy Decomposition Analysis (NEDA) calculations provided insight into the origin of interactions in the [Emim]{sup +}[TCB]{sup -} ion pair. Strength of molecular interactions in the ionic liquid was correlated with frequency shifts of the characteristic vibrations of the ion pair. Harmonic vibrations of the ion pair were also compared with the experimental Raman and Infrared spectra. Vibrational frequencies were assigned by visualizing displacements of atoms around their equilibrium positions and through Potential Energy Distribution (PED) analysis.
Spine surgeons: spine industry.

Spine surgeons and the spine industry are intimately related. There has been a significant amount of bad press and some apparent Academic/Medical Society repercussions and/or negative aspersions when research is reported which has been supported from industry grants [7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16]. My bias is that industry funds are not (or need not) be bad, or seen as tainted.
Rotational Temperature Estimation of CO at High Temperatures by Graphical Methods Using FT-IR Spectrometry

Rotational temperatures are obtained from gas-phase Fourier transformed infrared spectra of CO with the use of graphical methods over the temperature range 302 to 773 K. Peak absorbances of individual rovibrational transitions are corrected for instrumental distortion and are then fit to a Boltzmann distribution to obtain the rotational temperature of the gas. A solution to the convolution integral for FT-IR spectrometry is obtained by numerical integration. The equation relating observed peak absorbance, Aobs, to true peak absorbance, Apm, ranging from one to five true peak absorbance units for triangularly apodized spectra is:Apm ∝ Aobs1.818 ρ1.748 where the resolution parameter, ρ, is equal to 1/(2Δγm), γm is the half-width at half-height (HWHH) of the absorption line in question, and Δ is the maximum optical retardation of the interferometer (here equal to 1 cm). In all cases, temperatures obtained by graphical analysis yielded gas temperatures within 10% of the actual temperatures. Experiments were also conducted to determine the CO rotational temperature in a premixed, low-pressure (64 Torr) CH4/N2O flame. CO temperatures for the premixed flame ranged from 1500 to 1700 K, indicating a large transferral of heat from the flame to the burner chamber.
Technology in the Educational Finance Course: Computer Use, Faculty Training, and Teaching Strategies:

Professors of educational finance who use state-of-the-art technology can effect positive change in both curriculum and pedagogy. Computer applications for the fiscal management and leadership of s...
The tsetse fly obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia morsitans alters gene expression and population density via exogenous nutrient provisioning

The obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia morsitans provisions nutrients to tsetse flies. The symbiont's response to thiamine (B1) supplementation of blood meals, specifically towards the regulation of thiamine biosynthesis and population density, is described. Despite an ancient symbiosis and associated genome tailoring, Wigglesworthia responds to nutrient availability, potentially accommodating a decreased need.
Unveiling the Intel branch predictors

The advent of ultra deep sub micron (UDSM) era, has led to unprecedented increase in the clock speeds, performance capacity and throughput of the modern day processors. In this scenario, even a meager amount of branch misprediction becomes a major bottleneck to the overall performance of the processor. Intel's policy of hiding the details of its branch predictor configuration has forced a lot of speculation on the exact organization and structure of the same. This report is an attempt at unveiling the Intel branch predictors, supported by strong simulation results to justify the conclusions. The paper restricts itself to the Prescott core of the latest Intel Pentium 4 processor, and cross-examines the outcome predictor of the same. All claims made in the paper, are vouched by matching the performance with software simulated counterparts.
Mouth gesture based emotion awareness and interaction in virtual reality

In recent years, Virtual Reality (VR) has become a new media to provide users an immersive experience. Events happening in the VR connect closer to our emotions as compared to other interfaces. The emotion variations are reflected as our facial expressions. However, the current VR systems concentrate on "giving" information to the user, yet ignore "receiving" emotional status from the user, while this information definitely contributes to the media content rating and the user experience. On the other hand, traditional controllers become difficult to use due to the obscured view point. Hand and head gesture based control is an option [Cruz-Neira et al. 1993]. However, certain sensor devices need to be worn to assure control accuracy and users are easy to feel tired. Although face tracking achieves accurate result in both 2D and 3D scenarios, the current state-of-the-art systems cannot work when half of the face is occluded by the VR headset because the shape model is trained by data from the whole face.
Partial molecular cloning of the JHK retrovirus using gammaretrovirus consensus PCR primers

The JHK virus (JHKV) was previously described as a type C retrovirus that has some distinctive ultrastructural features and replicates constitutively in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line, JHK-3. In order to facilitate the cloning of sequences from JHKV, a series of partially degenerate consensus retroviral PCR primers were created by a data-driven design approach based on an alignment of 14 diverse gammaretroviral genomes. These primers were used in the PCR amplification of purified JHK virion cDNA, and ana lysis of the resulting amplified sequence indicates that the JHKV is in the murine leukemia virus (MLV) family. The JHK sequence is nearly identical to the corresponding region of the Bxv-1 endogenous mouse retrovirus (GenBank accession AC115959) and distinct from XMRV. JHKV gag-specific amplification was demonstrated with nucleic acids from uncultivated, frozen, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the index patient, but not in PBMCs from nine healthy blood donors. Unlike earlier reports, in which MLV-like sequences were identified in human source material, which may have been due to murine contamination, budding retrovirions were demonstrated repeatedly by electron microscopy in uncultivated lymphocytes of the index patient that were morphologically identical in their development to the virions in the JHK-3 cells, and immunological evidence was obtained that the index patient produced IgG antibodies that bound to the budding viral particles in patient PBMCs and in the JHK-3 cells. These data indicate that the patient had been infected by JHKV, lending significance to the demonstration of JHKV amplicons in nucleic acids of the patient's PBMCs. In future studies, the PCR primer sets described herein may expand the detection of an amplifiable subset of viruses related to MLV.
LAZARUS: the Linguistic (Aramaic) Zoological Animation and ResUscitation System

: Knowledge-based systems have previously been restricted to capturing the knowledge of living human experts and, in the medical domain, to delaying the onset of death in living patients. The system described in this paper overcomes both these restrictions by providing knowledge-based support for the reanimation of dead patients, who may also be domain experts. There is a well-established literature on raising the dead to life and an extensive literature on counselling patients who have undergone traumatic experiences. Examination of this literature suggests that the actual reanimation process is a relatively simple process, so the system concentrates on the counselling and care aspects. Results so far are encouraging. The next version of the system is intended to include a natural language interface to handle the English-Aramaic interpretation which is expected to be necessary for the actual reanimation process: this version will require further funding and clearance from the appropriate ethical committees. Both of these are expected to present few difficulties. The success of this system demonstrates that application of proven KBS techniques to a domain previously considered intractable can produce surprisingly fast and impressive results; to date, over 90% of system modules have been successfully tested. It is likely that this success could be replicated in other areas and this is currently the subject of further study by the authors (Rugg & Phibes 1993b).
A limit theorem related to a new class of self similar processes

We study partial sums of a stationary sequence of dependent random variables of the form $$W_n = \sum\limits_1^n {\xi \left( {S_k } \right)}$$ . Here S k =X 1 + ... +X k where the X i are i.i.d. integer valued, and ξ(n), n∈ℤ are also i.i.d. and independent of the X's. It is assumed that the X's and ξ's belong to the domains of attraction of different stable laws of indices 1 $$\frac{1}{2}$$ , n −δ W [nt] converges weakly as n→∞ to a self similar process with stationary increments, which depends on α and β. The constant δ is related to α and β via δ=1−α −1+(αβ)−1.
The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates

Introduction Research on Women's Candidacy Rate: The Promise of Studying Elites An Exploration of Elite Bias The Shape of Bias The Determinants of Bias The Effects of Bias Conclusion Appendixes Bibliography Index
Testing structural stability with endogenous breakpoint A size comparison of analytic and bootstrap procedures

Abstract We compare the performance of two alternative approximations to the finite-sample distributions of test statistics for structural change, one based on asymptotics and one based on the bootstrap. We focus on tests acknowledging that the breakpoint is selected endogenously — in particular, the ‘supremum’ tests of Andrews (1993). We explore a variety of issues of interest in applied work, focusing particularly on smaller samples and persistent dynamics. The bootstrap approximation to the finite-sample distribution appears consistently accurate, in contrast to the asymptotic approximation. The results are of interest not only from the perspective of testing for structural change, but also from the broader perspective of compiling evidence on the adequacy of bootstrap approximations to finite-sample distributions in econometrics.
What does it take to have a high-quality journal?

Did you ever wonder what qualities make a high-quality journal? As editor, I think of it often. Alfred N. Brandon began the ‘‘selected book and journal list’’ in 1965. He considered the usefulness of core holdings lists that were sporadically published between 1940 and 1959 by the American Medical Association. Small medical libraries used the list as a guide to quality print books and journals. Dorothy Hill became involved with the list in the 1970s when it became known as the Brandon-Hilllist.In2003,thelistwasoutsourcedtoDoody’s and is no longer openly accessible. Doody’s Core Titles in Health Sciences offers online overviews and analyses of major titles (http://www.doody.com/dct/). There is not one single indicator that is used to determine the quality of a journal. Rather certain journal characteristics are considered. Lee, Schotland, Bacchetti, and Bero (2002) chose to investigate what characteristics are found in clinical research journals. Their aim was to help clinicians, scientists, and health policy analysts to select the most up-to-date literature. They felt that predictors of methodological quality were as follows: peer review status, citation rate, impact factor, circulation, manuscript acceptance rate, indexed in Medline, and indexed in the Brandon-Hill Library List. After reviewing243 articles for these quality indicators they found that high citation rates, impact factors, circulation rates, and low manuscript acceptance ratingsappear tobepredictiveofhigher methodological quality journals. They found significant associations between quality scores and higher citation rates (p < .001), higher impact factors (p < .001), impact factor range (.22-28.66), higher circulation range (1,080-3.7. million), and lower manuscript acceptance rates ranging between 7.5%-72%. Open-access journal quality indicators are similar (http://library.ryerson.ca/services/faculty/scholarlycommunication/evaluating-open-access-journals/). Journals are considered of better quality when their scope is well defined and clearly stated, the audience is primarily practitioners and researchers, the editorial board is made up of peoplerecognized as experts,it is affiliated with an established scholarly society, articles have a digital object identifier, and it is included in subject data bases. In summary, articles of higher methodological quality are found in journals in which articles are cited more frequently, have higher impact factors, are read more widely, and are carefully scrutinized by editors and peer reviewers. These factors may be predictive of journal quality. Journal citation and manuscript acceptance rates were the best predictors of the quality of research articles (Lee, Schotland, Bacchetti, & Bero, 2002). The indicators for open-access journals are similar.
The Attitudinal Effects of Minority Incorporation: Examining the Racial Dimensions of Trust in Urban America

Although trust in government has been declining for all Americans, Black Americans continue to be significantly less trusting than their White counterparts. Scholars have typically relied on the political reality model to explain this gap, arguing that lower trust among Blacks stems from their exclusion from power. Given contemporary gains in Black office holding, we revisit this question in the context of urban politics. Based on a sample of 104 municipalities we find that Black descriptive representation has very limited direct effects on trust, but appears to affect the distribution of policing policies across cities, and that substantive police policies increase Black and White Americans' trust in local police. Overall, our findings extend conventional conceptualizations of substantive benefits while raising questions about the symbolic value of Black political representation.
Breakfast in the nook and dinner in the dining room: time-of-day discrimination in rats.

Abstract Four studies were conducted which demonstrate that most (63%) male Sprague–Dawley rats can attain criterion, nine correct choices over ten consecutive trials, on a time-of-day discrimination in an elevated T-maze, but that the task is relatively difficult. The discrimination required that the rats go to one goal arm during a morning session and the other in an afternoon session. The sessions always began at the same time and were at least 6 h apart. A larger proportion of rats attained criterion and required fewer trials when the discriminative cue was a maze insert providing visual and tactile stimulation (0.72), orientation and position of the maze in the room (0.88), or the rats were required to always make the same left or right turn (0.94). Also, once criterion was attained, rats trained on time-of-day discrimination only made about 70% correct choices with continued training. Housing the rats with continuous light, all laboratory noises masked with white noise, and a random feeding schedule did not prevent them from acquiring the time–place discrimination. Testing the rats with a random number of trials during morning and afternoon sessions and with added or omitted sessions revealed that the rats did not use response or session alternation strategies to perform the discrimination. Also, the particular experimenter administering the morning or afternoon sessions did not serve as a cue for the discrimination. The relative difficulty of the task suggests that time of day does not normally function as a discriminative stimulus for choices, but probably as a contextual stimulus. Further, performance of the task in the absence of time-of-day cues suggests that the discrimination is based on event memory combined with an internal timing mechanism.
The functional properties of ATPases bound to and solubilized from the membrane complex of the hen's egg.

Abstract Similarities and differences between “soluble” and ‘membrane-bound’ ATPase (ATP phosphodyhrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) have been found for the membrane complex of the hen's egg. Under conditions of varying ionic strength at pH 9.0, both “soluble” and “membrane-bound” ATPase activities are enhanced by Na + and are suppressed by Ca 2+ . At both pH 6.0 and 9.0 the “membrane-bound” and “soluble” ATPases exhibit opposite patterns of K + enhancement or suppression of activity. The “soluble” and “membrane-bound” fractions exhibit similar cold lability and biphasic pH dependencies. The presence of similar pH differentials in vivo suggests a functional correlation between activation of “membrane-bound” ATPase and changes in the ionic environment. The ATPases appear to represent a family of enzymes with marker characteristics of enzymes associated both with “transport” and “contractility” depending on variations in the species, absolute concentrations and ratios of ions, as well as variations in pH and ionic strength of the reaction.
Fatigue fracture of the sacrum in an adolescent

There are relatively few reports of sacral stress fractures in children. In adolescents, sacral stress fractures have been reported in patients involved in vigorous athletic activity. Recognition of these fractures is important to avoid unnecessary biopsy if the findings are confused with tumor or infection. We report a sacral fatigue fracture in a 15-year-old without a history of athletic participation or trauma.
On Clifford algebras and conjugate splittings

In 1921 in a paper entitled “On Division Algebras,” J. H. M. Wedderburn proved that every division algebra of degree 3 over a field of characteristic not 3 is cyclic. In the process he proved two other remarkable results. First he showed that if D is a division algebra over a field F and Q E D F then the minimal polynomial g(L) of 0 over F factors over D into linear factors; that is, in the polynomial ring D[lr] (where 1 commutes with the elements of D) we have g(1) = (2 0,)(L l3,._ 1) ... (2 0,) for some tii E D, where B, = 8. Each ei is a root of g(A) and hence a conjugate in D of 8. Wedderburn then proceeded to prove that if D has degree 3 then one can do better. In that case there is an element 4 in D” such that g(A) = (A t -28t2)(A [P’et)(l Q) in D[A]. It follows that t3 E F”, and using this he quickly derived his main result, the cyclicity of division algebras of degree 3. In this paper we introduce the notion of a conjugate splitting for a polynomial with coefficients in some field F over an F-algebra A-it is precisely the kind of decomposition Wedderburn proved for division algebras of degree 3. We then prove that the Clifford algebra of the homogenization of the polynomial is universal for these conjugate splittings (see Theorem 1.2). The rest of the paper consists of consequences and interpretations of this result along with a number of examples. In the first section we present examples of conjugate splittings including examples for polynomials of degree greater than 3. In addition we show among other things that Wedderburn’s theorem extends to M,(F), the split central simple F-algebra of degree 3. In the second section we restrict attention to cubic polynomials and use the known structure of the Clifford
Acid-base properties of copper oxides and fluorides by means of band calculations: Relevance to metal-polymer adhesion

Classification of acids and bases in the Lewis sense implies electronic participation and it is extendable to non-protonic solvent interactions as well as solventless reactions. In many microelectronic applications, interfacial interactions between a polymer and a metal occur and contribute to the resulting adhesion of the bond. In the practical sense, metal surfaces are either oxidized or can be chemically altered by process conditions; therefore, the interaction is through a modified surface. The present study shows how tight binding calculations of the extended Huckel type can be used to estimate the relative acid strengths of copper, its oxides and fluorides. The trends obtained from bulk and surface layers in each case were related to the Fermi level of the crystal and the number of empty states derived from the copper 3d orbitals. Our results show the relative acid strengths follow the trend: CuF2 > CuO > CuF ~ Cu2O > Cu The methods used here can be directly applicable to classify the relative acid ...
Chloroquine-induced Masking of a Lipid That Promotes Ferriprotoporphyrin IX Dimerization in Malaria

Mice infected with the NYU-2 strain of Plasmodium berghei were used to study the effect of chloroquine on masking of a lipid that promotes ferriprotoporphyrin IX dimerization. More than 40% of this lipid was masked and unable to promote dimerization in membrane ghosts from erythrocytes of untreated, infected mice. Thus, preparations of membrane ghosts dimerized 57 ± 6 nmol of ferriprotoporphyrin IX during a 2-h incubation, whereas the lipids extracted from these preparations dimerized 101 ± 11 nmol of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (means ± S.D. for four experiments). Exposure of membrane ghosts to sonication or cold significantly increased the extent of masking. In addition, chloroquine treatment of infected mice increased the extent of masking to ∼90%. The lipid could be unmasked by extracting it into acetone or by aging erythrocyte membrane ghosts from untreated or chloroquine-treated, infected mice for 24 h at pH 7.4 and 25 °C. These findings indicate that masking and unmasking of a lipid is central to the regulation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX dimerization in malaria parasites. They also indicate that chloroquine impairs the function of this regulatory process.
Characterization of a nuclease from malted barley roots

An exonuclease has been isolated from roots of malted barley by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-trisacryl, Sephadex G 75, and Poly A Sepharose 4B. The enzyme is a Nuclease I (EC 3.1.30.2) whose relative mol. wt (Mr) is approximately 30,000 by gel filtration and 35,000 by gel electrophoresis. It can be dissociated into two monomers of 18,000 Mr. Activation energies are 11 kcal/mole for RNase and 9 kcal/mole for DNase. Reaction products are 5′ nucleotides which after 2 h reaction represent about 37% of the RNA substrate. The optimum pH is 6·0 to 6·5 for both substrates. Activity loss was 30% after 1·h at 40°C. The enzyme was present also in the remainder of the germinated barley kernel. The ratio of activities for RNA and DNA is 2. Reactions with various dinucleoside phosphates show that the uridylyl group on the 3′ position of the ribose inhibits hydrolysis of this ester bond. Polyamines are strongly inhibitory.
SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED AGGRESSION AND CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS

During three experiments with squirrel monkeys, stimulus and shock pairings were given in the presence of a bite tube. Experiments 1 and 2 used a conditioned-suppression procedure in which bar pressing was reinforced with food. A transparent shield prevented biting of the bar. When the stimulus was paired with shock, bar pressing decreased (conditioned suppression) and tube biting increased during the stimulus (classically conditioned aggression). When the bite tube was removed on alternate sessions in Experiment 2, there was more suppression when the tube was present, thus suggesting that biting competed with bar pressing. However, this simple competing-response interpretation was complicated by the findings of Experiment 3 where, with naive monkeys, bar pressing was never reinforced with food, yet bar pressing was induced during the stimulus and was highest when the bite tube was absent. The fact that stimulus-induced bar pressing developed inciated that bar pressing in conditioned-suppression procedures, suppressed or not, may be maintained by two types of control--the food reinforcer and induced CS control. The higher rate of induced bar pressing during the stimulus with the bite tube absent confounds a simple competing response interpretation of conditioned suppression. It suggests that shock-induced responses during conditioned suppression could be both contributing to and competing with responding maintained by food, with the net effect depending on specific but ill-defined features of the situation.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE LARGE SUBUNIT RUBISCO GENE SUPPORTS THE EXCLUSION OF AVRAINVILLEA AND CLADOCEPHALUS FROM THE UDOTEACEAE (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA)(1).

The placement of Avrainvillea and Cladocephalus in the family Udoteaceae (order Bryopsidales) has been questioned on the basis of nuclear, plastid, and other ultrastructural characteristics unique to these genera. Bayesian analysis of the chloroplast-encoded LSU RUBISCO (rbcL) gene showed that the Udoteaceae is paraphyletic. Cladocephalus luteofuscus (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Borgesen, Avrainvillea nigricans f. floridana D. Littler et Littler, and A. mazei G. Murray et Boodle form a clade with the freshwater alga Dichotomosiphon tuberosus (A. Braun ex Kutz.) A. Ernst that is basal to a clade that includes other members of the Udoteaceae, the Halimedaceae, and the Caulerpaceae. The noncalcified species Boodleopsis pusilla (Collins) W. R. Taylor, A. B. Joly et Bernat. groups with species of the calcified Udoteacean genera Penicillus, Rhipocephalus, Udotea, and Halimeda.
5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, leukotriene C4, and prostaglandin F2α in amniotic fluid before and during term and preterm labor

Arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase leading to prostaglandins and by lipoxygenases leading to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) and leukotrienes (LT). Prostaglandins are potent uterine constrictors. 5-HETE and LTC, also stimulate uterine contractions but their role in labor is not known. To estimate the activities of these pathways before parturition and their relationship to uterine contractility, amniotic fluid concentrations of 5-HETE, LTC 4 , and prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) were determined in five chronically catheterized rhesus monkeys. Uterine contractility was continually assessed by recording changes in amniotic fluid pressure. The results obtained indicate the following conclusions: (1) 5-HETE and LTC 4 , but not PGF 2α , are associated with uterine contractility after preterm intrauterine surgery. Surprisingly, amniotic fluid PGF 2α levels were nondetectable for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery. (2) 5-HETE and LTC 4 , are present in higher concentrations than PGF 2α , in amniotic fluid. (3) 5-HETE, LTC 4 , and PGF 2α all increase with the onset of labor. Amniotic fluid concentrations of 5-HETE and LTC 4 , are significantly higher than those of PGF 2α . before and during term and preterm labor. (4) Labor can occur with suppressed PGF 2α levels but with increasing 5-HETE and LTC 4 , levels. (5) These data suggest that 5-HETE and LTC 4 are important components of the parturitional process.
Archive selection for the MICAS, a multi-vendor incremental approach to PACS

From the time a decision was made to purchase an archive until a purchase order was issued took approximately 10 months. During this period an RFI was developed, issued and the results analyzed. Technical discussions were held and site visits were made. To ensure that current information was available, a complete review of available multi-modality DICOM compliant archives were made at the 1997 RSNA. With this information in-hand and the future development path for MICAS specified, a detailed RFQ was developed, responses were received and evaluated. A purchase order was to be issued by the end of the first quarter 1998. The archive vendor will have been selected by the time this paper appears in print. The oral presentation of this work will review the responses of the archive vendors and present the basis for selection. It is planned to publish our findings. The archive is the heart and brains of PACS. It controls information acquisition, distribution and storage plus work flow. It is critical that DICOM compliance and interoperability between all components of the PACS be an absolute requirement, especially for the archive.
Simple vaginal mold for use in the postoperative care of patients with a transverse vaginal septum

Severe vaginal stenosis is a potentially disabling complication of transverse vaginal septum resection due to the constriction of the resulting circular scar. We describe a vaginal mold that can be easily created by an occupational therapist, and used as a long-term stent of the vagina in young girls.
Two-Stage Catalytic NOx Reduction With Hydrocarbons for Lean Burn Gas Fired Reciprocating Engines

A two-stage NOx reduction system has been proposed to address the challenges associated with exhaust treatment from high efficiency lean burn natural gas engines. This concept is based on oxidation of NO to NO2 followed by the subsequent reduction of NO2 to N2 with a hydrocarbon reducing agent. Titania supported cobalt catalysts prepared by both incipient wetness and modified sol-gel techniques are effective for the oxidation of NO to NO2 , being capable of reaching equilibrium conversions at or below 300°C. Screening of several formulations of NO2 reduction catalysts are presented, with silver supported on alumina being the most promising. Kinetic experiments are monitored by gas chromatography and chemiluminescent NOx analysis. Characterization of the catalysts is performed by BET surface area measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and in-situ X-ray diffraction.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Inflammation

Epigenetic modifications occur in response to environmental changes and play a fundamental role in gene expression following environmental stimuli. Major epigenetic events include methylation and acetylation of histones and regulatory factors, DNA methylation, and small non-coding RNAs. Diet, pollution, infections, and other environmental factors have profound effects on epigenetic modifications and trigger susceptibility to diseases. Despite a growing body of literature addressing the role of the environment on gene expression, very little is known about the epigenetic pathways involved in the modulation of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. This review summarizes the current knowledge about epigenetic control mechanisms during the inflammatory response.
Free neutron decay

Abstract A review of experimental research in neutron β-decay is presented, including the lifetime measurements and investigations of angular correlations. The experimental data, derived during the past 20 years, are analysed from the viewpoint of the modern theory of weak interactions. Various possible reasons for some contradictions between the latest most precise experiments and the theory predictions are discussed.
Effectiveness of an “Attribution therapy” manipulation with test anxiety

This study examined the effects of level of arousal and history of test anxiety on the therapeutic effectiveness of an “atribution therapy” manipulation. High test anxious (N=125) and low test anxious (N=125) college students were administered a placebo which was described as either a stimulant (with effects similar to those of test anxiety) or a relaxant (with side effects opposite to those of test anxiety). Following this misattribution manipulation, subjects worked on a difficult anagrams task under instructions designed to either maximize or minimize anxiety. Only the anagrams performance of low test anxious subjects, who worked under anxiety-arousing instructions conformed to predictions from attribution theory. In general, results on self-report and behavioral measures cast doubt on the clinical utility of “attribution therapy” manipulations such as those employed in social psychological research.
The Culture of Social Problems: Observations of the Third Reich, the Cold War, and Vietnam

Over my years as a SSSP member, I have always felt a dissonance between the scholarship presented at meetings, the comfort of the hotels in which we’ve met, and the lives of people working inside the hotels or living on the sidewalks outside of them. Today, once again, while we discuss social problems within these relatively luxurious accommodations, across the street, people are hustling to find food and a place to clean up and sleep. The workers who serve us and clean up after us are struggling to maintain a decent wage and benefits. This dissonance is a constant theme in the culture of social problems in which we live and conduct our work as sociologists, simply highlighted by juxtaposition with the culture of our conferences. We live in a world of ironic contrasts between wealth and poverty, joy and misery, opportunities and exclusions. It can be very confusing. To survive, we all develop techniques of denial and rationalization that allow us to negotiate the injustices we live with day to day. When we move beyond the realm of our everyday experiences to the place of the United States in the international community, we confront even more troubling dilemmas. The United States has been the aggressor in 196 military incursions since the end of World War II and has spent $7.1 trillion on defense between 1949 and 1999 (Vidal 2002). In the words of Charles Beard, we live in a state of “perpetual war for perpetual peace.” The war in Iraq is the continuation of this history, one more case in which human beings kill and maim, are killed and maimed, and lose their most precious loved ones to fulfill the political and economic goals of a small, well-protected elite. As a group dedicated to “sociology in the pursuit of justice,” what is our role in this current crisis? My own worries about the Iraqi war have been exacerbated by my experience last year directing a Holocaust Institute established to teach the lessons of the past in order to prevent their recurrence. The analogies between Germany in 1933 and the United States the past few years have been hard to ignore. Today, the Nazis are quite universally perceived as evil, and many people have studied the question of how they came to power and obtained the compliance of so many “ordinary” people. A question of particular relevance for me is how intellectuals responded to the Nazis, and what role they played in the Third Reich. It is so easy to see errors of judgment and blind spots when looking back, but I wonder how future generations will evaluate contemporary intellectuals in relation to the recent military aggression of the United States. Are we making similar mistakes
Trapped diurnal internal tides, propagating semidiurnal internal tides, and mixing estimates in the California Current System from sustained glider observations, 2006–2012

Abstract From 2006–2012, along 3 repeated cross-shore transects (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations lines 66.7, 80, and 90) in the California Current System, 33 609 shear and 39 737 strain profiles from 66 glider missions are used to estimate mixing via finescale parameterizations from a dataset containing over 52 000 profiles. Elevated diffusivity estimates and energetic diurnal (D1) and semidiurnal (D2) internal tides are found: (a) within 100 km of the coast on lines 66.7 and 80 and (b) over the Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge (SRCR) in the Southern California Bight (SCB) on line 90. While finding elevated mixing near topography and associated with internal tides is not novel, the combination of resolution and extent in this ongoing data collection is unmatched in the coastal ocean to our knowledge. Both D1 and D2 internal tides are energy sources for mixing. At these latitudes, the D1 internal tide is subinertial. On line 90, D1 and D2 tides are equally energetic over the SRCR, the main site of elevated mixing within the SCB. Numerous sources of internal tides at the rough topography in the SCB produce standing and/or partially-standing waves. On lines 66.7 and 80, the dominant energy source below about 100 m for mixing is the D1 internal tide, which has an energy density of the D2 internal tide. On line 80, estimated diffusivity, estimated dissipation, and D1 energy density peak in summer. The D1 energy density shows an increasing trend from 2006 to 2012. Its amplitude and phase are mostly consistent with topographically-trapped D1 internal tides traveling with the topography on their right. The observed offshore decay of the diffusivity estimates is consistent with the exponential decay of a trapped wave with a mode-1 Rossby radius of 20–30 km. Despite the variable mesoscale, it is remarkable that coherent internal tidal phase is found.
NV-THERM based sensor effects for imaging simulations

The Night Vision and Electronics Sensors Directorate Electro-optics Simulation Toolkit (NVEOST), follow-on to Paint-The-Night, produces real time simulation of IR scenes and sequences using modeled backgrounds and targets with physics and empirically based IR signatures. Range dependant atmospheric effects are incorporated, realistically degrading the infrared scene impinging on an infrared imaging device. Current sensor effects implementation for Paint the Night (PTN) and the Night Vision Image Generator (NVIG) is a 3 step process. First the scene energy is further attenuated by the sensor optic. Second, a prefilter kernel developed off-line, is applied to scenes or frames to affect the sensor modulation transfer function (MTF) "blurring" of scene elements. Thirdly, sensor noise is overlaid on scenes, or more often frames of scenes. NVESD is improving the PTN functionality, now entitled NVEOST, in several ways. In the near future, a sensor effects tool will directly read an NVTHERM input data file, extract that data which it can utilize and then automatically generate the sensor "world view" of a NVEOST scenario. These will include those elements currently employed: optical transmission, parameters used to calculate prefilter MTF (telescope, detector geometry) and temporal-spatial random noise (σTVH). Important improvements will include treatment of sampling effects (under sampling and super-resolution), certain significant postfilters (signal processing including boost and frame integration) and spatial noise. The sensor effects implementation will require minimal interaction; only a well developed NVTHERM input parameter set will be required. The developments described below will enhance NVEOST's utility not only as a virtual simulator but also as a formidable sensor design tool.
Structural changes in self-assembled monolayers induced by photodimerization: A scanning force microscopy investigation

Evidence of photodimerization-induced positional order in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is reported. Scanning force microscopy studies of SAMs of an alkylsilane with an olefinic group on a silic...