cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An intervention to change the approach to colorectal cancer screening in primary care

Purpose: The purpose of this project was to increase colorectal cancer screening (CRC) rates in the state of Nevada. Research has shown that there are several interventions for providers to use to increase CRC screening rates in practice. The Nevada Colon Cancer Partnership (NCCP) has created a toolkit to assist providers to implement these interventions in practice. Data Sources: Research has repeatedly shown that CRC screening has a great impact on the morbidity and mortality of CRC. Studies have shown that a fecal occult blood test can detect 60–85% of CRCs and a colonoscopy with polyp removal can reduce mortality by 60–90%. Multiple studies have shown that a provider's recommendation is the most consistently influential factor in cancer screening. Furthermore, offering patients a choice and encouraging active participation in health care decision making has proven to increase CRC screening rates. Conclusions: The NCCP has collaborated with the American Cancer Society to create a web based toolkit for use by providers to change practice and screen all eligible patients for CRC. The toolkit is designed to encourage providers to decrease the morbidity and mortality of CRC and other cancers. The toolkit is useful to facilitate efforts of office-based clinicians to reduce disparities by applying screening guidelines on a universal basis to the age-appropriate population. A team approach to screening is encouraged to promote an opportunistic or global approach to assure all eligible patients are reached. Implications for Practice: As healthcare reform continues to evolve, Nurse Practitioners (NPs) will assume much of the primary care needs of our country. A preventive care model is an important aspect of the future of healthcare. NPs are in a perfect position to change the health of patients in a global way. The strategies and tools presented in this toolkit are designed to improve preventive care and assist the NP in assuring that every eligible patient receives the screening tests they need.
Plasma Turbulent Heating and Thermal X-Ray Sources

A class of thermal X-ray sources is associated with rotating collapsed stars surrounded by an extended plasma shell. Scorpio-Xl is considered a characteristic example of this type of stars and the heating mechanism of its plasma-sphere is discussed in detail.
Empowering poor people through public information? Lessons from a movie in rural India ☆

Abstract Mass public information campaigns have promised to empower poor people, but do they deliver on that promise? We designed and implemented a trial information campaign in poor rural areas of India, in the form of an entertaining movie that teaches people their rights under a large national antipoverty program. In randomly assigned villages, the movie brought significant gains in knowledge and more positive perceptions about the scheme and village life relative to control villages. But objectively measured outcomes showed no gain. The movie changed perceptions but not reality. We conclude that information is not the key constraint in this context.
A Curve Evolution Approach to Medical Image Magnification via the Mumford-Shah Functional

In this paper, we introduce a curve evolution approach to image magnification based on a generalization of the Mumford-Shah functional. This work is a natural extension of the curve evolution implementation of the Mumford-Shah functional presented by the authors in previous work. In particular, by considering the image magnification problem as a structured case of the missing data problem, we generalize the data fidelity term of the original Mumford-Shah energy functional by incorporating a spatially varying penalty to accommodate those pixels with missing measurements. This generalization leads us to a PDE-based approach for simultaneous image magnification, segmentation, and smoothing, thereby extending the traditional applications of the Mumford-Shah functional which only considers simultaneous segmentation and smoothing. This novel approach for image magnification is more global and much less susceptible to blurring or blockiness artifacts as compared to other more traditional magnification techniques, and has the additional attractive denoising capability.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: twenty-five years later.

The 25th anniversary of the recognition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurs in 1992. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was first described in 1967 in prematurely born infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with intermittent positive pressure mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation who developed a new type of chronic lung disease.1 Prior to treatment with mechanical ventilation, infants with RDS had a high mortality rate and either died by about 4 days of age or survived without respiratory difficulty or radiographic abnormality at 7 days of age.2 The descriptive name of the new chronic disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, was suggested by the progressive lung pathology which was characterized by injury and repair affecting both the parenchyma and the airways with alteration of the normal growth of the lung.
Microsatellite Markers for the June Sucker ( Chasmistes liorus mictus ), Utah Sucker ( Catostomus ardens ), and Five other Catostomid Fishes of Western North America

We developed and optimized five new microsatellite markers for the genetic management of the endangered June sucker. We report the cross-amplification of these markers, and seven microsatellites previously developed for Klamath Basin suckers, in seven catostomid species of western North America. No linkage disequilibrium was detected between pairs of loci. Since most of these loci exhibited conserved priming sites, they may be useful for landscape-scale studies of speciation and patterns of gene flow among multiple sucker lineages.
Chicken embryo as an animal model for gonorrhea.

Parameters of infection of the chicken embryo with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were defined in order to standardize infectious and lethal doses. Virulent (T1) and avirulent (T3) gonococci from two strains were used to infect 7- to 12-day-old White Leghorn chicken embryos via the yolk sac (YS) or chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. Infection of embryos was established following YS inoculation of 1 to 10 viable gonococci. Although 8- to 10-day-old embryos were the most susceptible, an inoculum of less than 100 gonococci was sufficient to kill any age embryo via this route. Embryos were less susceptible to infection via the CAM, where an inoculum of from 105 to 106 colony-forming units was lethal by 42 h. Strain and morphological type had a variable influence on the ability of the gonococcus to infect and kill the chicken embryo by either route; however, agar-grown and broth-grown organisms produced consistently similar mean lethal dose (LD50) and mean infective dose (ID50) values. LD50 and ID50 differences between T1 and T3 gonococci from strain 72H641 were not apparent after either YS or CAM inoculation of 8- or 10-day chicken embryos, respectively. YS and CAM LD50 values for strain 72H641 T1 and T3 and CDC 9 T3 were also similar; however, these values were slightly lower for CDC 9 T1. In terms of infectivity or colonization, CDC 9 T1 and T3 had higher ID50 values via the YS and lower ID50 values via the CAM than 72H641. CDC 9 T1 was slightly more infective via the YS and less infective via the CAM than its T3 counterpart. Although the gonococcal strain used will influence interpretation of results, infection of both YS and CAM was highly reproducible in terms of gross pathology and of LD50 and ID50 data for a particular strain and colony type.
Characterization of homogeneous atrial granule serine proteinase, a candidate processing enzyme of pro-atrial natriuretic factor

Abstract We previously reported the discovery and partial characterization of bovine atrial granule serine proteinase, a candidate processing enzyme of pro-atrial natriuretic factor, which is associated with atrial granule membranes. We now report the physicochemical properties of electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme purified by a series of chromatography steps from a subcellular fraction enriched for atrial granules. The enzyme tends to associate during purification to higher molecular weight species, but SDS-PAGE analysis reveals a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 70,000. The enzyme is activated 2–3 fold by Ca +2 and 1.5-fold by Mg +2 and is nearly 100% inhibited by Zn +2 or Co +2 . Thus, the enzyme can be considered a calcium activated, neutral pH, serine proteinase. Based on the hydrolysis of numerous synthetic peptide substrates, the recognition sequence for the enzyme within the pro-hormone has been mapped to A 96 PRSLRR 102 ; cleavage occurs at the Arh 98 -Ser 99 bond yielding bioactive atrial natriuretic peptide directly from the pro-hormone. The doublet of basic amino acids is part of the recognition sequence but is not the primary cleavage site. It is our hypothesis that the processing site sequence acts as a recognition element for the endoproteinase and resides at the surface of the pro-hormone and thus contributes to the molecular basis for limited proteolysis.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EXPRESSION AND INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF NADPH OXIDASE AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) and the NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme are both up-regulated after spinal cord injury (SCI) and play significant roles in promoting post-injury inflammation. However, the cellular and temporal expression profile of NOX isotypes, including NOX2, 3, and 4, after SCI is currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to resolve this expression profile and examine the effect of inhibition of NOX on inflammation after SCI. Briefly, adult male rats were subjected to moderate contusion SCI. Double immunofluorescence for NOX isotypes and CNS cellular types was performed at 24 h, 7 days, and 28 days post-injury. NOX isotypes were found to be expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and this expression was dependent on injury status. NOX2 and 4 were found in all cell types assessed, while NOX3 was positively identified in neurons only. NOX2 was the most responsive to injury, increasing in both microglia and astrocytes. The biggest increases in expression were observed at 7...
Personality correlates of masculinity-femininity.

The present study examined the relationship between masculinity-femininity and personality. 213 male volunteers were administered a test battery including the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, the Sixteen Factor Personality Questionnaire, the General Aptitude Test Battery, and the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. Measures of masculinity-femininity derived from the Strong differentially related to personality, values, and general aptitudes. While masculinity was associated with aloofness, unpretentiousness and a tough poise, it was also associated with guilt proneness, anxiety, and neurotic tendencies.
Axial control of irregularly shaped microscopic objects with light beams in high-order Cartesian modes

We used laser beams in high-order Hermite-Gaussian modes in an optical tweezer to trap and manipulate irregular micron-sized objects. The orientation of the objects was controlled by the opto-mechanical manipulation of the mode.
Using Performance Enhancing Proxies with Demand Assigned Multiple Access systems

TCPpsilas congestion control algorithm can cause it to under-perform when round trip times and error rates are high. Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) improve performance by breaking end-to-end TCP connections and tuning the transport protocol used over the inter-PEP portion of the path. While PEPs can be tuned to work well when a single pair of PEPs bracket a fixed-rate satellite link, these systems can be difficult to tune when the SATCOM link has variable bandwidth, when multiple encrypted enclaves must share the outgoing bandwidth as in a demand assigned multiple access (DAMA) scheme, or when the round trip times vary widely. Complicating matters further, congestion control in the PEPs may interact with the DAMA allocation scheme, degrading performance. This paper examines system performance in a model of a medium-data-rate channel access protocol (MCAP) time division multiple access (TDMA) DAMA system where bandwidth is allocated based on current queue length and where multiple enclaves must share the outgoing bandwidth. We show the effects of employing proxies that use a modified version of the TCP Vegas congestion control algorithm and flow control between the layer-2 channel access scheme and the proxy. We examine the case where proxies are placed only next to the DAMA modems.
A peculiar quenching concentration dependence of photoinduced fragmentation in dithiane–carbonyl adducts: A mechanistic experimental and theoretical study

Abstract Photoinduced fragmentation in methyldithiane–benzaldehyde adduct, which is externally sensitized by electron transfer sensitizers such as benzophenone, shows a peculiar Stern–Volmer quenching dependence when quenched by diethyl sulfide or DABCO. At lower diethyl sulfide concentration not only negative curvature but also negative slope is observed. At higher concentration the slope of the plot is conventionally positive. This atypical behavior is rationalized in terms of co-sensitization by the quencher at low concentrations. Ab initio and DFT computations were carried out to support the suggested mechanistic rationale. Also the partitioning of the dithianyl radical and benzophenone ketyl radical between the productive disproportionation channel and the recombination channel is determined to be 1:1 at low conversion. These findings provide critical experimental and theoretical insights into the mechanism of this photoinduced fragmentation.
An Exploratory Study of the Collection Development Implications of the Availability of Rare Books on CD-ROM

CD-ROMs of rare books are becoming increasingly prevalent. This article explores the kind of information available on CD-ROM and compares it to the kind of information available from the microform copy and from the book itself. It compares access and preservation issues for each format. Finally it presents the results of research in WorldCat showing the kinds of institutions purchasing CD-ROMs of rare books and whether they own the CD-ROM in addition to other formats. The results show that a positive trend toward making rare books accessible to a wider audience may be developing. As more rare books become available on CD-ROM, this study should be duplicated to determine the full impact of rare books published on CD-ROMs.
Hadronic Scaling in the Scattering of Composite Systems

We discuss the problem of limiting behavior (scaling) in the inclusive scattering from composite systems when the inclusive scattering of their constituents is known to scale. In particular, the composite system we study is the nucleus, and the scattering formalism is a multiparticle form of the Glauber theory. The effects we study come from inelastic collisions of independent products of earlier inelastic collisions within a given nucleus, i.e., intranuclear cascading. At sufficiently high energies the distribution from nuclear scattering scales; the scaling function is very closely related to the scaling function for scattering from nucleons. The approach to scaling depends logarithmically on $s$ but also on scattering properties of the constituent nucleons and on properties of the composite nucleus. When these factors are combined we are presented with a rather rich picture of the approach to the scaling limit. We present numerical calculations to illuminate this picture, and discuss possible experimental tests which can be performed with nuclear targets. We speculate on the application of our ideas to hadronic systems themselves and on the features of hadronic systems they may explain.
Early-life events may trigger biochemical pathways for Alzheimer's disease: the "LEARn" model

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia among the elderly, manifests mostly late in adult life. However, it is presently unclear when the disease process starts and how long the pathobiochemical processes take to develop. Our goal is to address the timing and nature of triggers that lead to AD. To explain the etiology of AD, we have recently proposed a “Latent Early-life Associated Regulation” (LEARn) model, which postulates a latent expression of specific genes triggered at the developmental stage. This model integrates both the neuropathological features (e.g., amyloid-loaded plaques and tau-laden tangles) and environmental factors (e.g., diet, metal exposure, and hormones) associated with the disease. Environmental agents perturb gene regulation in a long-term fashion, beginning at early developmental stages, but these perturbations do not have pathological results until significantly later in life. The LEARn model operates through the regulatory region (promoter) of the gene and by affecting the methylation status within the promoter of specific genes.
Annual summary of vital statistics--2003.

The crude birth rate rose slightly in 2003 to 14.1 births per 1000 population, from 13.9 in 2002. The 2002 rate was the lowest ever reported for the United States. The total number of births and the fertility rate (66.1) also increased. The birth rate for teenaged mothers dropped 3% to another record low in 2003, to 41.7 per 1000 females aged 15 to 19 years. The teenage birth rate has fallen by one third since 1991. The birth rate declined for women 20 to 24 years old but rose for women aged 25 to 44 years. The number, rate, and proportion of births to unmarried women all increased in 2003. Smoking during pregnancy declined to 11%, down from 19.5% in 1989. Prenatal care utilization improved slightly for 2003; 84.1% of women began care in the first trimester of pregnancy. The cesarean delivery rate jumped 6% to 27.6% for another US high. The primary cesarean rate rose 6%, and the rate of vaginal birth after a previous cesarean delivery plummeted 16% from 2002 to 2003. The percent of infants delivered preterm continued to rise (12.3% in 2003). The preterm birth rate is up 16% since 1990. The percentage of children born at low birth weight rose slightly in 2003 to the highest level reported since 1970 (7.9%). The twinning rate increased, but the rate for triplet/+ births declined slightly between 2001 and 2002. Multiple births accounted for 3.3% of all births in 2002. The infant mortality rate rose to 7.0/1000 live births in 2002 from 6.8 in 2001, marking the first increase in this rate in >4 decades. Increases were distributed fairly widely across age, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic areas. The rise in infant mortality was attributed to increases in <750-g births in both singleton and multiple deliveries. Although the downward trend in infant mortality rates in many developed nations may have stabilized, the United States still ranked 27th among these nations in 2001. Expectation of life at birth reached a record high of 77.3 years for all gender and race groups combined in 2002. Death rates in the United States continue to decline. Between 2001 and 2002, death rates declined for the 3 leading causes of death: diseases of heart, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular diseases. Death rates for children 1 to 19 years old decreased by 8% for suicide; the death rate for chronic lower respiratory diseases increased by 33% in 2002. Rates for unintentional injuries and homicide did not change significantly for children aged 1 to 19 years. A large proportion of childhood deaths continues to occur as a result of preventable injuries. Pediatrics 2005;115:619-634; birth, birth weight-specific mortality, death, infant mortality, low birth weight, mortality, multiple births, vital statistics, revised populations.
Projective Relativity and the Einstein-Mayer Unified Field Theory

The relationship between the Einstein-Mayer unified field theory and the projective relativity theory is developed and it is shown that the field equations (47) of the former theory may be interpreted as conditions that the connection employed be reducible to a symmetric form by means of a suitable non-holonomic factor change. Grounds are found for questioning an assumption made by Schouten and Van Danzig.
X-ray observations of two short but intense solar flares

This paper presents continuum X-ray spectra of impulsive emission in two short but intense solar flares which have relatively weak soft X-ray emissions, combining data obtained with soft X-ray and hard X-ray spectrometers on board two satellites, the SMM and Hinotori. In both flares, photon spectra of the impulsive component are found to flatten toward low energies, suggesting that a low-energy cutoff of the electron spectrum could be greater than about 50 keV and that the total energy contained in the electrons is significantly less than that usually quoted for a cutoff energy of about 20 keV. Different shapes of the X-ray spectrum at energies below 50 keV in other flares can be attributed to the variety in the relative strength of gradual and impulsive emissions. In one of the two flares, observations with the imager on Hinotori suggest that hard X-ray emission is likely to be associated with loop footpoints. It is argued that contamination by the gradual soft X-ray emission and/or the asymmetry of loops could explain the detection of single sources in the majority of flares that have been imaged in hard X-rays.
Application of the Human — Machine Model to Ergonomic Work Assessment

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present a pragmatic approach to conducting worksite ergonomic assessments, utilizing the concept of the human-machine model to address both safety and ergonomic problems. This approach is applicable to a wide range of work environments within many locations, and to work processes with dynamic or static components. The work environment is considered a physical location which includes the workplace design, process, equipment, tools, and materials used during the course of the job. The classic human-machine model identifies the following information pathway and interactions between the operator and the machine: integration of information from the machine, taking action based on the decision made, presentation of the result of the action taken, and the machine operation accomplishment. The application of this model is presented for the following three examples: ship docking maneuvers, crane and gantry operators' work, and assembly line work. The utility of using the ...
Simulation of Street Light Pole Controller Routing with OMNeT

In street lighting system, the light pole controllers were used to monitoring and control each street light. The controller nodes were installed at each lighting pole and make up a network with RTUs. In this paper, a randomly forwarding routing strategy was proposed based on the controller network features. The controller nodes were divided many clusters according to the substation power scope. In one cluster, the controller nodes topology is mainly star structure. When a controller node received a packet, it randomly delays a period of time and decides forwarding packet instead of immediately forwarding. The decision is based on the packet propagation direction and other nodes whether sending or not. The randomly forwarding routing protocol were simulated in OMNeT++ environment and compared with the flooding protocol. The results show that the delay of proposed protocol is lower than that of flooding. The proposed protocol also has some special features such as simple, not need to maintain net topology and complex path discovery algorithms.
Inside Out and In Between: Comparing the Comparativists

This review essay constructs a comparison among three scholars who think about religion and comparison: Jonathan Z. Smith, Francis X. Clooney and Robert A. Orsi. It employs Smith's rules for comparison in the study of religion by recalling his essays on Judaism and suggesting that we might also want to “Take Catholicism, For Example.” It is intended to express the author's deep gratitude to Smith for making the study of religion pretty interesting.
Rapid induction of a protein disulfide isomerase and defense-related genes in wheat in response to the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola

Mycosphaerella graminicola, incitant of septoria tritici blotch, is a widespread and significant pathogen of wheat that is not closely related to other fungi being developed as genetic models for host-pathogen interactions. Several resistance genes in wheat have been identified, yet the molecular mechanisms of resistance are unknown. To identify host genes involved in the resistance response, expression profiles of the wheat line Tadinia (containing the Stb4 gene for resistance) and the susceptible line Yecora Rojo, non-inoculated or inoculated with M. graminicola, were compared by differential-display polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR). Among the differentially expressed genes was a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is well known as a molecular chaperone and component of signal-transduction pathways in animal systems but had not been implicated previously in plant defense response. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and northern analysis revealed that PDI was induced within 3 h of inoculation with highest induction in the pathogen-treated resistant lines. These responses of PDI were similar to the early and strong resistance-related responses displayed by the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5. In contrast, a wheat lipoxygenase was down-regulated in the resistant lines at time points corresponding with peak induction of the PR genes. Thus, part of the resistance mechanism may involve repression of a gene that could otherwise aid fungal growth. Wheat responds much more rapidly than believed previously to signals produced by M.graminicola. These early responses begin prior to penetration of the host and appear to determine the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction.
Endocrine regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in hypometabolic animals.

Experimental hypothermia and natural hibernation are two forms of hypometabolism with recognized physiological changes, including depression of endocrine and metabolic functions. To better understand functional changes, helox (i.e., helium and oxygen (80:20) mixtures) and low ambient temperatures have been used to induce hypothermia in hamsters and rats. Both clinical and biological survival, i.e., survival without recovery and survival with recovery from hypothermia, respectively, are related to depth and length of hypothermia. In the rat, body temperatures of 15 degrees C for periods greater than 6-10 h greatly restrict biological survival. The role of glucocorticoids in enhancing thermogenic capacity of rats was assessed using triamcinolone [correction of triamcinalone] acetonide. In the hamster, treatment with cortisone acetate prolonged both clinical and biological survival. Hypothermic hamsters continue utilizing circulating glucose until they become hypoglycemic and die. Hypothermic rats do not utilize glucose and respond with a significant hypoinsulinema. The role of endocrines in the regulation of carbohydrate homeostasis and metabolism differs in hibernation and hypothermia. Glucocorticoids influence the hypothermic response in both species, specifically by prolonging induction of hypothermia in rats and by prolonging survival in hypothermic hamsters.
Toeplitz embedding for fast iterative regularized imaging

For large-scale linear inverse problems, a direct matrix-vector multiplication may not be computationally feasible, rendering many gradient-based iterative algorithms impractical. For applications where data collection can be modeled by Fourier encoding, the resulting Gram matrix possesses a block Toeplitz structure. This special structure can be exploited to replace matrix-vector multiplication with FFTs. In this paper, we identify some of the important applications which can benefit from the block Toeplitz structure of the Gram matrix. Also, for illustration, we have applied this idea to reconstruct 2D simulated images from undersampled non-Cartesian Fourier encoding data using three popular optimization routines, namely, FISTA, SpaRSA, and optimization transfer.
Constrained stabilization with maximum stability radius for linear continuous-time systems

This Paper considers the problem of constrained stabilization of linear continuous-time systems by state feedback control law. The goal is to solve this problem under positivity constraint which means that the resulting closed-loop systems are not only stable, but also positive. We focus on the class of linear continuous-time positive systems (Metzlerian systems) and use the interesting properties of Metzler matrix to provide the necessary ingredients for the main results of the paper. First, some necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the existence of controllers satisfying the Metzlerian constraint, and the constrained stabilization is solved using linear programming (LP) or linear matrix inequality (LMI). A major objective is to formulate the constrained stabilization problem with the aim of maximizing the stability radius. We show how to solve this problem with an additional LMI formulation.
Radiation repair in human endothelial cells

Abstract Damage to blood vessels caused by ionizing radiation is considered to be an important dose limiting factor for late effects in many organs. However, the radiation response of the endothelial cells which line the vasculature has not been well-documented, particularly for human endothelial cells. In the present study, human endothelial cells were obtained from fresh umiblical cords and cultured in monolayer. Immunofluorescent staining of factor VIII antigen was used to verify the endothelial nature of the cultured cells. The cells were irradiated with Cs-137 rays (1.35 Gy/min) in plateau phase to determine radiation sensitivity and ability to repair potentially lethal damage (PLD) and sub-lethal damage (SLD). The endothelial cells demonstrated moderate radiosensitivity that varied slightly between different cords. As demonstrated by delayed plating experiments, PLD repair ability was substantial, with repair factors of 0.70–0.80. SLD repair capability, as demonstrated by split dose experiments, was relatively modest. A survival enhancement of 2.0–2.2, for example, was observed when 8 Gy single dose survival was compared to two 4 Gy doses. In terms of PLD and SLD repair as well as initial slope (α) the endothelial cells were similar to normal human lung and skin fibroblasts previously studied. Compared to malignant cell lines, PLD repair was generally larger whereas the initial slope (α) was intermediate-steeper than the radioresistant tumor types but shallower than the more sensitive tumor derived cells.
Urban transportation modeling: the discussion continues

This article is a response to John Polak's article, entitled, ‘A Comment on Supernak's Critique of Transport Modeling,’ published elsewhere in this issue of TRANSPORTATION. It offers necessary clarifications to the issues discussed in an earlier article in this journal (Supernak, 1983). It also responds to the philosophical issues discussed in Polak's article, such as the nature of transport phenomena, and the role, form and methodology of transport modeling.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation and β-adrenergic binding in unweighted and denervated rat soleus muscle

Unweighting, but not denervation, of muscle reportedly "spares" insulin receptors, increasing insulin sensitivity. Unweighting also increases beta-adrenergic responses of carbohydrate metabolism. These differential characteristics were studied further by comparing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and beta-adrenergic binding in normal and 3-day unweighted or denervated soleus muscle. Submaximal amounts of isoproterenol, a p-agonist, increased cAMP accumulation in vitro and in vivo (by intramuscular (IM) injection) to a greater degree (P less than .05) in unweighted muscles. Forskolin or maximal isoproterenol had similar in vitro effects in all muscles, suggesting increased beta-adrenergic sensitivity following unweighting. Increased sensitivity was confirmed by a greater receptor density (B(sub max)) for iodo-125(-)-pindolol in particulate preparations of unweighted (420 x 10(exp -18) mol/mg muscle) than of control or denervated muscles (285 x 10(exp-18) mol/mg muscle). The three dissociation constant (Kd) values were similar (20.3 to 25.8 pmol/L). Total binding capacity (11.4 fmol/muscle) did not change during 3 days of unweighting, but diminished by 30% with denervation. This result illustrates the "sparing" and loss of receptors, respectively, in these two atrophy models. In diabetic animals, IM injection of insulin diminished CAMP accumulation in the presence of theophylline in unweighted muscle (-66% +/- 2%) more than in controls (-42% +'- 6%, P less than .001). These results show that insulin affects CAMP formation in muscle, and support a greater in vivo insulin response following unweighting atrophy. These various data support a role for lysosomal proteolysis in denervation, but not in unweighting, atrophy.
Cutaneous drug eruptions: a 5-year experience.

Background The diversity of cutaneous drug eruptions encompasses many clinicopathologic entities. Methods Cases with a pathologic diagnosis of drug eruption from 2000 to 2005 were retrieved from our institution. The histologic slides were reviewed, the patterns of inflammatory changes were recorded, and a chart review was performed. Results The majority of the cases (94%) were "morbilliform"-type rashes. Eighty-two percent of cases exhibited an inflammatory infiltrate confined to the superficial dermis. Eighty percent exhibited a perivascular and interstitial pattern of dermal infiltrate. The infiltrate was composed of lymphocytes and eosinophils in approximately 29% of cases, lymphocytes and neutrophils in approximately 10% of cases, and lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils in approximately 21% of cases. Eosinophils were present in only 50% of cases. Approximately half (53%) of the cases exhibited epidermal-dermal interface changes. Limitations The cases were limited to those with a pathologic diagnosis of cutaneous drug reaction, thereby excluding any cases with drug-induced disease not specifically diagnosed (histologically) as such. Conclusions While the histologic features of most drug eruptions are not entirely specific, the finding of superficial infiltrates composed variably of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, either with or without interface changes, should suggest the possibility of a morbilliform drug eruption. Clinical correlation is very helpful to confirm the diagnosis. To our knowledge, this study is the most extensive documenting the histologic findings in morbilliform drug eruptions.
Novel glass-forming liquid crystals V. Nematic and chiral-nematic systems with an elevated glass transition temperature

The formerly implemented molecular design concept behind glass-forming liquid crystals (gLCs) was generalized by increasing the volume of the non-mesogenic central core, with an attendant increase in the number of nematic pendants, using 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid as the bridging unit. New nematic gLCs were synthesized and characterized, showing an elevation in Tg by 30 to 40°C with no definite trend in Tc over the benzene, cis, cis-cyclohexane, and exo, endo-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene base cores. The exo, exo-configured gLC showed a higher Tg and a higher T c than the exo, endo-counterpart. Morphological characterization with X-ray diffractometry revealed the non-crystalline nature of pristine samples and the morphological stability of thermally processed gLC films against recrystallization for six months. Nematic gLC films were prepared for characterization by FTIR linear dichroism, resulting in an orientational order parameter in the range 0.52 to 0.63. A chiral-nematic gLC derived from exo, exo-bicyclo[2....
Spatial and temporal variability of black carbon in New York City

[1] Measurements of black carbon (BC) were made at two sites in New York City during the winter of 2004 and are compared. Spatial and temporal variability in the black carbon concentrations were explored by examining the diurnal, weekday/weekend, and day-of-week trends in black carbon concentrations at these two sites. It was observed that BC tracked PM2.5 well at the Queens site and contributed about 8% to the fine particle mass measured at this site. At the IS 52 site, however, BC did not track PM2.5 as well and accounted for a slightly higher 11% of the total fine mass. Diurnal BC behavior was observed during weekdays as well as weekends consistent with traffic patterns and atmospheric mixing conditions. However, a clear day-of-week dependence of BC concentrations was not observed. Conditional probability functions were computed using the surface wind data and the BC concentrations at the two sites and were used to identify local point sources. Associations of black carbon with gaseous pollutants such as CO, NOx, and nonmethane hydrocarbons are also explored for the Queens site in an attempt to identify the temporal variations in their emissions. It was found that the concentrations of black carbon vary in response to the interplay of source activity, meteorological conditions, and spatial factors. The high time resolution measurements were found to yield insights into the spatial scales of emissions that are not possible with longer timescale measurements such as 24 hour averages.
Enhancement of glioma-specific immunity in mice by "NOBEL", an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide.

Autologous glioblastoma multiforme tumor cells treated with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) targeting insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) are the basis of a vaccine with therapeutic effects on tumor recurrence in a pilot clinical trial. As a preface to continued clinical investigation of this vaccination strategy, we have studied the contribution of an optimized IGF-1R AS-ODN, designated “NOBEL”, to the induction of immunity to mouse GL261 glioma cells. The impact of NOBEL on mechanisms contributing to the development of GL261 immunity was first examined in the periphery. GL261 cells are naturally immunogenic when implanted into the flanks of congenic C57BL/6 mice, immunizing rather than forming tumors in around 50 % of these animals but causing tumors in the majority of mice lacking T and B lymphocytes. Overnight treatment with NOBEL in vitro reduces IGF-1R expression by GL261 cells but has minimal effect on cell viability and does not reduce the capacity of the cells to form tumors upon implantation. In contrast, tumors are extremely rare when GL261 cells are mixed with NOBEL at inoculation into the flanks of C57BL/6, and the recipient mice become immune to subcutaneous and intracranial challenge with untreated GL261. Adaptive immune mechanisms contribute to this effect, as immunocompromised mice fail to either fully control tumor formation or develop immunity following flank administration of the GL261/NOBEL mix. NOBEL’s structure has known immunostimulatory motifs that likely contribute to the immunogenicity of the mix, but its specificity for IGF-1R mRNA is also important as a similarly structured sense molecule is not effective.
High-Power Thulium Fiber Laser Ablation of Urinary Tissues at 1.94 µm

Purpose: This paper describes the preliminary testing of a new laser, the thulium fiber laser, as a potential replacement for the holmium:YAG laser for multiple applications in urology. Materials and Methods: A 40 W thulium fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.94 µm delivered radiation in a continuous-wave or pulsed mode (10 msec) through either 300-µm- or 600-µm-core low-OH silica fibers for vaporization of canine prostate and incision of animal ureter and bladder-neck tissues. Results: The thulium fiber laser vaporized prostate tissue at a rate of 0.21 ± 0.02 g/min. The thermal-coagulation zone measured 500 to 2000 µm, demonstrating the potential for hemostasis. Laser incisions were also made in bladder tissue and ureter, with coagulation zones of 400 to 600 µm. Conclusions: The thulium fiber laser has several potential advantages over the holmium laser, including smaller size, more efficient operation, more precise incision of tissues, and operation in either the pulsed or the continuous-wave mod...
Repair of flexor digitorum profundus tendon avulsions from bone: an ex vivo biomechanical analysis.

Abstract Avulsions or distal transections of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon are typically repaired by direct suture of the tendon stump to the distal phalanx. The optimal repair technique to withstand in vivo rehabilitation forces is unknown. Our objective was to determine the time-zero tensile mechanical properties of 4-strand tendon-bone repair site constructs performed with 3-0 and 4-0 sutures and with modified Kessler and modified Becker grasping techniques. We hypothesized that the 3-0 modified Becker grasping suture technique not described previously for the reattachment of tendon to bone would show improved biomechanical properties compared with the 4-0 or modified Kessler techniques. All modified Kessler repairs failed by suture pullout from the tendon, whereas all modified Becker repairs failed by rupture of the suture at the tendon-bone junction. Although the 3-0 modified Becker repair group showed greater ultimate force then the other groups (p
Competing species model with behavioral adaptation.

This paper studies the properties of a modified Lotka-Volterra model for two competing species, in which the coefficients of the interaction terms are time-dependent averages of the level of interaction over the entire past. For this model, it is shown that (1) competitive exclusion does not occur, (2) there are two possible stable equilibrium points, and (3) in a certain region of parameter space numerical simulations suggest the existence of interesting oscillatory solutions.
Effects of Recombinant Interleukin‐3 and Recombinant Interleukin‐6 on Radiation Survival of Normal Human Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells

The effects of recombinant interleukin-6 (rIL-6) and rIL-3 on the radiation responses of myeloid [colony forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM)] and erythroid [burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)] human pediatric bone marrow progenitor cells were analyzed. Cytokine exposure times of 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 16 hr, and 24 hr were used prior to irradiation. The most notable observations were based on short exposure data, which provided unprecedented evidence that rIL-6 increases the radiation damage repair capacity of both CFU-GM and BFU-E without affecting their radiation sensitivity, whereas rIL-3 modulated the radiation responses of CFU-GM only. The cytokine-induced increase in radiation survival of CFU-GM or BFU-E at doses ≤200 cGy appeared to be primarily due to an increase in the ability of these hematopoietic progenitor cell populations to repair sublethal radiation damage.
Low-Energy Effective Action for the Superstring

We construct the low-energy D = 4, N = 1 supergravity that arises in superstring theories for an arbitrary number of generations. The couplings of all massless modes that carry low-energy gauge quantum numbers are calculated by truncating the heavy Kaluza-Klein modes of the ten-dimensional effective field theory. The resulting action is compared to the most general effective action compatible with the symmetries of the underlying ten-dimensional field (and string) theories. This comparison indicates which features of the truncation correctly approximate the exact low-energy action.
Decoupled networks: An approach to low symmetry vibrational problems

Abstract By considering the condition for lowest order decoupling of the vibrations of local atomic configurations of continuous bonded covalent systems, we arrive at an approximation which we call a decoupled network (DCN). The DCN them serves as a basis for a method of relating vibrational and configurational data in low symmetry systems. This method applied to amorphous, crystalline and molten As 2 S 3 yields significant insight into the relationship between the features of the vibrational spectra and the local order.
Transfusion strategies: opportunities for improvement.

Opportunities for improving transfusion practice that involve patient care, technological advancements, and technology changes in the clinical arena are discussed. Patient care should be enhanced by optimizing transfusion therapy and the source of donors of platelet concentrates, i.e., single donor platelets (obtained by plateletapheresis from a single donor) or to random donor platelets (containing a pool of six to eight platelet concentrates separated from whole blood donations). The availability of third-generation'' leukocyte-reduction filters provides the technology for significantly and consistently providing leukocyte reduced blood components. The potential benefits of using these filters is presented. Platelet crossmatching represents a technology change involving clinical practice. Suggestions for incorporating this test into platelet transfusion algorithms are included.
Potentials of surfaces in space

The subject of surface potentials on natural and artificial bodies in space is reviewed with particular emphasis on recent developments. Following a brief survey of work done up to the early 1970s on the charging of astrophysical objects in interstellar and interplanetary space and spacecraft charging, the various charging mechanisms in space are examined, including the collection of plasma particles, photoemission, and secondary electron emission by electron impact and ion impact, and the effects on charging of nonisotropic plasmas, wakes, and environmental magnetic and electric fields are considered. The concept of equilibrium potential is discussed, along with differential charging, potential barriers and discharge processes. The measurement of spacecraft potentials is then considered, and recent work on spacecraft potential modification and control by active and passive means is presented. Finally, astrophysical applications where charging effects may be important are discussed, and areas for further work are indicated.
RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT OF HYPERGLYCERIDEMIA.

Excerpt The chairman of the Board of a large and successful industrial organization once told me the secret of his success in the business world. "As soon as I am 60 per cent sure," he said, "I tak...
CodeBlast: a two-stage algorithm for improved program similarity matching in large software repositories

In this paper, we present an improved and novel directed graph matching algorithm, called CodeBlast, for searching functionally similar program segments in software repositories with greater effectiveness and accuracy. CodeBlast uses a novel canonical labeling concept to capture order independent data flow pattern in a program to encode the programSs functional semantics and to aid matching. CodeBlast is capable of exact and approximate directed graph matching and is particularly suitable for matching Program Dependence Graphs. Introducing the notion of semantic equivalence in CodeBlast helps discover clone matches with high precision and recall that was not possible using systems such as JPlag, MOSS, and GPlag. We substantiate our claim through sufficient experimental evidence and comparative analysis with these leading systems.
Is the P2Y1 receptor a better target for antithrombotic drugs

Platelets are key players in arterial thrombotic events such as ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. ADP secreted from the platelet-dense granules plays a very vital role in amplifying the primary platelet activation, by interacting with its P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. Stimulation of the P2Y receptors leads to the activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways that result in platelet activation. In this review we discuss the role of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors in the process of thrombus formation and provide an informative debate to understand which ADP receptor is a more suitable target for the development of antithrombotic agents.