cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light rail development with or without gentrification?: Neighborhood perspectives on changing sense of place in Denver, Colorado

Abstract The growing and continued popularity of light rail transit systems in major United States metropolitan areas is leading to growing research on land use impacts, value generation, and contributions to gentrification. While various studies explore the fiscal and environmental influences of light rail transit development in the Denver Metropolitan Area, only recently have scholars turned their attention to gentrification and social influences. This paper analyzes how one station shapes residents' sense of place, providing more nuanced understandings of the role light rail and transit-oriented development affects perceptions of neighborhood character and place attachment. We argue that gentrification can be measured and understood not only quantitatively, but also by how people feel light rail influences their attachment to place. Residents within half a mile of the Evans Light Rail Station were randomly and anonymously surveyed with a series of demographic questions and asked to provide their experiences, observations, and opinions. With 166 household responses, we examine residents' perceptions of Evans Station and sense of place to investigate relationships between factors such as race, age, income, education, length of residency, and walking distance from the light rail station. Analysis of their responses creates a more nuanced understanding of the ways that light rail contributes to positive, neutral, and negative emotions associated with gentrification ranging from appreciation of increased accessibility, younger residents, increased property values, and new commercial development to complaints about increased density, higher rents, traffic, noise, and loss of community.
A multicenter phase II study of venetoclax plus dose-adjusted R-EPOCH (VR-EPOCH) for Richter’s syndrome.

8004Background: While therapeutic options for CLL have improved, patients (pts) who develop Richter’s Syndrome (RS) still have a poor prognosis. Chemoimmunotherapy regimens such as R-EPOCH lead to ...
Neuronal correlates of strategic cooperation in monkeys.

We recorded neural activity in male monkeys playing a variant of the game ‘chicken’ in which they made decisions to cooperate or not cooperate to obtain rewards of different sizes. Neurons in the middle superior temporal sulcus (mSTS)—previously implicated in social perception—signaled strategic information, including payoffs, intentions of the other player, reward outcomes and predictions about the other player. Moreover, a subpopulation of mSTS neurons selectively signaled cooperatively obtained rewards. Neurons in the anterior cingulate gyrus, previously implicated in vicarious reinforcement and empathy, carried less information about strategic variables, especially cooperative reward. Strategic signals were not reducible to perceptual information about the other player or motor contingencies. These findings suggest that the capacity to compute models of other agents has deep roots in the strategic social behavior of primates and that the anterior cingulate gyrus and the mSTS support these computations. Ong et al. analyzed behavior, gaze patterns and neuronal activity of monkeys playing the game ‘chicken’. Monkeys seemed to develop models of the behavior of the partner, and neurons in the mSTS and the ACCg signaled strategic information to guide their decisions.
A role for endogenous opiates in incubation behavior in ring neck doves (Streptopelia risoria)

Abstract Incubation of eggs is a critical component of parental care in avian species. However, we do not fully understand the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying this vital behavior. While prolactin is clearly involved, it alone cannot explain the fine-tuning of incubation behavior. The present experiments explored the possibility that incubation is reinforced through a hedonic system in which contact with eggs elicited an opiate-mediated reinforcing state. Blockade of opiate receptors with naloxone reduced time ring neck doves (Streptopelia risoria) spent on the nest, possibly by uncoupling the opiate-receptor mediated hedonic experience of contact with eggs from nest-sitting behavior. Likewise, activation of opiate receptors with morphine also reduced time spent on the nest, possibly by activating an opiate-receptor mediated hedonic experience, hence rendering the eliciting behavior (contact with eggs) unnecessary. Taken together, the results suggest that the opiate system may play a previously unrecognized role in facilitating incubation through reinforcement.
Kommerell diverticulum: distinctions between arch side, and evaluation of morphology, size, and risk

Abstract Background Kommerell diverticulum (KD) is a dilated proximal aberrant subclavian artery associated with either right or left aortic arches (RAA-ARSA or LAA-ALSA). Although case series suggest KD may be a liability for vascular complications, the risk, pattern of dilation throughout the lifespan, and differences between arch sides, are not known. Methods A single-center retrospective review of patients of all ages with KD on cross-sectional imaging. Maximal short axis diameter of KD (KDmax), absolute and indexed to descending aortic (DAo) diameter, was correlated with age. Comparisons were made between arch sides. Patients with vascular complications are described. Results One hundred and four patients with KD were included [68 (65%) RAA-ALSA, 36 (35%) LAA-ARSA; 43 (41%) asymptomatic]. Although KDmax was correlated with age (RAA-ALSA r=0.84 [p Conclusions In older patients, KDmax/DAo was not larger, arguing against isolated KD dilation with age. Diverticula from RAA-ALSA and LAA-ARSA demonstrate different phenotypes, suggesting different disease processes and likely different risk. The incidence of vascular complication was lower than previous reports, and occurred exclusively in patients with LAA-ARSA and aneurysm risk factors. This suggests conservative management of asymptomatic KD is often reasonable, especially with RAA-ALSA.
Potentials and Boundary Integral Equations

In what follows, we examine the Holder continuity and Holder continuous differentiability on \(\bar{S}^+\) and \(\bar{S}^-\) of functions that are analytic in \(S^+\) and \(S^-.\) Hence, it suffices to consider the behavior of such functions in the boundary strip \(S_0\).
Endoscopic Management of Complications in Acute Pancreatitis

Common complications of acute pancreatitis include pancreatic duct leaks and pancreatic collections, which were recently reclassified into acute peripancreatic fluid collection, pseudocyst, acute necrotic collection, and walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Various endoscopic techniques can definitively treat many of these complications. Pancreatic leaks and fistulae are addressed with ERCP and placement of a transpapillary stent that bridges the site of a pancreatic duct disruption. Pseudocysts can be drained via cystgastrostomy with efficacy approaching 80 %. Furthermore, walled-off pancreatic necrosis can be managed via endoscopic necrosectomy with drainage and debridement resulting in a high degree of success and significant reduction in complications compared to surgery or radiologic drainage. The current chapter reviews the workup of these complications in acute pancreatitis and discusses the indications, timing, technique, outcomes, and complications of the endoscopic procedures employed to address these complications.
Laser therapy: an overview

This tutorial lecture will cover: /spl middot/ The medical uses of laser therapy /spl middot/ The clinical role of laser therapy in the stimulation of tissue repair and regeneration, using wound healing as an example /spl middot/ The stages involved in these processes, concentrating on the cellular changes which result in healing /spl middot/ The effects of laser therapy on cells necessary for successful healing /spl middot/ The cellular mechanisms producing these effects. Laser therapy can involve the use of either high or low power lasers. High power lasers produce clinically significant thermal changes in biological tissue; in contrast, the action of low power lasers is predominantly nonthermal.
Factors that Influence the Moral Reasoning Abilities of Accountants: Implications for Universities and the Profession

The need to maintain the public trust in the integrity of the accounting profession has led to increased interest in research that examines the moral reasoning abilities (MRA) of Certified Public Accountants (CPAs). This study examines the MRA of CPAs practicing in small firms or as sole practitioners and the factors that affect MRA throughout their working careers.
Sensory-Based Interventions in the General Education Classroom: A Critical Appraisal of the Topic

All children process environmental sensory input in different ways, and children's individual sensory processing patterns and needs may impact their performance in the classroom. In certain instances, children's sensory needs may have a negative impact that interferes with their academic performance, their ability to stay alert and pay attention in the classroom, and their overall daily functioning. However, this problem may be addressed by the use of sensory-based activities. As current best-practice principles recommended by occupational therapy associations and professionals include the provision of therapy services in natural environments, and the most natural environment for students is the general education classroom, it may be beneficial for school-based occupational therapists to develop a program for use by general education teachers to improve attention and academic performance in their students. Thus, this critical appraisal of the topic sought to answer the following question: For preschool th...
Transport of Biosynthetic Intermediates: Regulation of Homoserine and Threonine Uptake in Escherichia coli

Homoserine is transported by a single system that it shares with alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and perhaps cysteine, methionine, serine, and tyrosine. We investigated the regulation of this transport system and found that alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, and valine each repress the homoserine-transporting system. From the concentration resulting in 50% repression of this transport system and the maximal amount of repression, we ranked the amino acids according to their effectiveness in repressing homoserine transport (in decreasing order): leucine>methionine>alanine>valine>isoleucine. The exponential rate of decrease in transport capacity after leucine addition equals the exponential growth rate of the culture, and protein synthesis is necessary for the derepression seen when leucine is removed. Threonine, in addition to using the above system, is transported by a second system shared with serine. We present further evidence for this serine-threonine transport system and show that it is not regulated like the homoserine-transporting system.
DAMAGES TO COASTAL STRUCTURES

Coastal Engineering literature contains many references to coastal structures in the design or construction stage but few references to these same structures concerning their maintenance effectiveness subsequent to completion. This paper describes a successful long-term maintenance history of major coastal public structures in the State of California, U.S.A. It is concluded that proper design combined with prudent maintenance will result in effective coastal structures with long economic lifetimes.
Simulating the Madness of Crowds: Price Bubbles in an Auction-Mediated Robot Market

We simulate a multiagent market with production, consumption, and exchange mediated by a sealed-bid double auction. Marked price bubbles and subsequent crashes occur when value-based (fundamentals-driven) and trend-based traders are both present, and the market equilibrium price is ramped up exogenously. Similarly, negative price bubbles and recoveries occur when the equilibrium price is ramped down. Because the simulated market is auction-mediated, we can observe the operations of traders during these events, and study the interactions that produce and resolve bubbles. Some preliminary circuit-breaker experiments are described, in which bubbles are interrupted during their formation.
The Evolution of War

War and governance have co-evolved across the last 15,000 years, but much remains unclear about the process because historical narratives have not been integrated well into social-scientific analyses. Under the conditions of circumscription/caging that emerged in a few places after the ice age, war became productive, in the sense of producing larger, safer, richer societies. However, the larger states produced by war changed the environment around them, and for more than 1,000 years war turned counterproductive in the places that it had previously been productive, breaking up large states. After about 1400 CE a new phase of productive war began. This too began turning counterproductive in the 20th century CE. The most important question for the 21st century is whether productive war is currently mutating into a new form.
The association between an ultrabrief cognitive screening in older adults and hospital outcomes.

Background Though often recommended, hospital cognitive assessment is infrequently completed due to clinical and time constraints. Objective This analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between performance on ultrabrief cognitive screening instruments and hospital outcomes. Design This is a secondary data analysis of a quality improvement project. Setting Tertiary Veterans Administration hospital in New England. Patients Patients, ≥ 60 years old, admitted to the hospital. Intervention None. Measurements Upon admission, patients were administered 2 cognitive screening tools. The modified Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (mRASS) is a measure of arousal that can be completed in 15 seconds. The months of the year backward (MOYB) is a measure of attention that can be administered in ≤1 minute. In-hospital outcomes included restraints and mortality, whereas discharge outcomes included length of stay, discharge not home, and variable direct costs. Risk ratios were calculated for dichotomous outcomes and unadjusted Poisson regression for continuous outcomes. Results Patients (n = 3232) were screened. Altered arousal occurred in 15% of patients (n = 495); incorrect MOYB was recorded in 45% (n = 1457). Relative to those with normal arousal and attention, those with abnormal mRASS and incorrect MOYB had increased length of stay (incident rate ratio [IRR]: 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-1.30); restraint use (risk ratio [RR]: 5.05, 95% CI: 3.29-7.75), in-hospital mortality (RR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.24-9.63), and decreased discharge home (RR: 2.97, 95% CI: 2.42-3.64). Hospital variable direct costs were slightly, but not significantly, higher (IRR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.88-1.17). Conclusion Impaired performance on ultrabrief cognitive assessments of arousal and attention provide valuable insights regarding hospital outcomes.
Outdoor tracking using machine vision, xenon strobe illumination, and retroreflective landmarks

This paper investigates developing a robust method for outdoor tracking using low cost machine vision. The conditioning method combines an electronically-shuttered vision system with a xenon strobe to produce a high contrast image of the structured target at up to a quarter mile away. The high contrast image eases landmark recognition which ultimately increases robustness and improves system response time. Tracking landmarks outdoors is important for farming, construction, and highway automation. Numerical analysis shows a retro-reflector can be detected to 530 meters with a S/N ratio of 2 for the nominally case of a 1 Joule xenon flash focused to 5 degrees with a flash duration of 100 microsecond(s) . The target position can be determined to within 17 millimeters at 400 meters using subpixel edge detection and a vision system with a 24 mm lens and 10 micrometers square pixels. Experimentally, the retro-reflective target achieved a 1.5 S/N at 91 meters which was 66.5 percent of the expected value. Experimentally, an IR blocking filter increased the S/N ratio by 42 percent by taking advantage of the differences in the spectrum of the xenon strobe and the sun. This result closely matches the expected S/N ratio increase associated with using an IR filter.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Infant day care and attachment.

A group of home-reared children and a group of children who had been enrolled in an infant day care center were examined at 30 months of age for differences in child-mother and mother-child attachment patterns. Essentially, no differences between the groups could be detected. However, an association was found between strength of attachment and developmental level of the child and between strength of attachment and amount of stimulation and support for development available in the home.
The Multi-Variable Torque-Displacement Relation at the Ankle

In this paper, we report measurements of the multi-variable torque-displacement relation at the ankle. The passive behavior of the ankle in two degrees of freedom (inversion-eversion and dorsiflexion-plantarflexion) was quantified using the Anklebot. The measured torque-displacement relationship was represented as a vector field using thin-plate spline smoothing with generalized cross validation. Analysis of the experimental results showed that, when maximally relaxed, the ankle behaved like a mechanical spring. However, if muscles were active, the torque-displacement relation was not spring-like. Implications for the contribution of neural feedback to ankle impedance are discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Direct comparison of small RNA and transcription factor signaling

Small RNAs (sRNAs) and proteins acting as transcription factors (TFs) are the principal components of gene networks. These two classes of signaling molecules have distinct mechanisms of action; sRNAs control mRNA translation, whereas TFs control mRNA transcription. Here, we directly compare the properties of sRNA and TF signaling using mathematical models and synthetic gene circuits in Escherichia coli. We show the abilities of sRNAs to act on existing target mRNAs (as opposed to TFs, which alter the production of future target mRNAs) and, without needing to be first translated, have surprisingly little impact on the dynamics. Instead, the dynamics are primarily determined by the clearance rates, steady-state concentrations and response curves of the sRNAs and TFs; these factors determine the time delay before a target gene’s expression can maximally respond to changes in sRNA and TF transcription. The findings are broadly applicable to the analysis of signaling in gene networks, and we demonstrate that they can be used to rationally reprogram the dynamics of synthetic circuits.
Estrogens promote growth: Experimental and clinical evidence

Although increasing estradiol levels accompany the pubertal growth spurt in girls our understanding of the effects of estrogens on growth has been dominated by the experience with high doses in tall girls. - In male Wistar rats castrated on age day 27 and treated with ethinylestradiol (EE)(250-25-2.5-1-0.25 μg/kg BW d s.c.) until age day 45 the three highest doses showed to be inhibiting body growth, GH, SM and gonado tropins. The lowest dose however enhanced body growth. The effects on bone maturity were inversely related to dose. In girls with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD) treated with low doses of EE (5μg/d p.o.) corresponding observations were made. In 5 patients (CA:x=18.0 yrs.; BA:x=12.3 yrs) treated for 6-12 mo. with EE(-and constance of other medication-) height velocity increased from x=3.4 to 4.5 cm/yr. without unduely advancing BA, but inducing signs of puberty. Preliminary observations suggest positive effects on growth with EE doses suboptimal in respect to the induction of the female sex characteristics.
Absence of D- alloimmunization in AIDS patients receiving D-mismatched RBCs.

BACKGROUND : More than 80 percent of D– patients who receive D+ blood become alloimmunized to the D antigen. Anemia occurs in most AIDS patients at some point in the disease. D– patients with AIDS may require blood transfusion and, during times of blood shortage, may receive D+ RBCs. They would be expected to become alloimmunized to the d antigen. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The records of the transfusion service between January 1996 and July 2000 were reviewed for D– patients who received D+ blood. IATs were performed before the initial transfusion and subsequently when the patient required further RBC transfusion. RESULTS : Eight D– AIDS patients who received multiple transfusions (three women and five men; age range, 31-44 years; mean, 44 years) who received between 2 and 11 units (mean, 6.25) of D+ RBCs were identified. Antibody screens were performed at 8 to 65 weeks after transfusion. It was found that none of the eight D– AIDS patients developed anti-D. ABO antibodies were found as expected. During the same period, it was found that six D– patients admitted with other diagnoses who received 1 to 9 units of D+ RBCs, all developed anti-D within 7 to 19 weeks of transfusion. CONCLUSION : Patients with AIDS may not form alloantibodies to the D antigen. This may be attributable to their immunodepressed state, particularly to the decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Therefore, during blood shortages, transfusion of D+ blood to D– AIDS patients may be without any subsequent consequence.
From simulation model to public policy An examination of Forrester's "Urban Dynamics"

Forrester's model is described and critically analyz ed with a view to understanding the relationship between his conclusions and his normative scheme. He claims that his model produces "counterintuitive" results; it is argued here that the main results follow directly from his goals. An alternative method of evaluating the results of the model is pro posed, based upon the model's calculation of the city's attractiveness for various groups. This alternative normative scheme leads to quite different conclusions from those reached by Forrester.
Dissociation constants of KSO4− from 10°–50°C

Abstract A cell without liquid junction was used to obtain dissociation constants for the reaction: KSO 4 − = K + + SO 4 2− . At 10°, 25°, 38° and 50°C, values for K diss KSO 4 − are, respectively, 0.19 5 , 0.14 2 , 0.11 7 , and 0.09 5 . At 25°C, ΔG ƒ , and ΔH ƒ ° values for the KSO 4 − ion are −245.96 and −274.02 kcal mole −1 , and S ° is +42.3 cal mole −1 deg −1 .
The Gate-Controlled Photodiode For Optical Matrix Multiplication Applications

A new semiconductor device -- the gate-controlled photodiode (GCPD) is presented here. Its photocurrent is dependent on the product of the light intensity and the gate voltage. Its potential applications in optical matrix multiplication is discussed.
Social network drinking and family history contribute equally to first-onset alcohol dependence in high risk adults.

Background Adult alcohol consumption is influenced by peer consumption, but whether peer drinking is associated with first-onset alcohol dependence (AD) in adults after age 30 is unknown.
Dietary essential fatty acids are required for maintenance and induction of prolactin receptors.

SummaryC3H mice maintained on diets lacking the essential fatty acids exhibited a progressive decrease with time in the number of prolactin receptors detectable in their hepatic microsomal membranes. These deficient animals were also insensitive to induction of receptor by treatment with exogenous prolactin. These data show that the quality of dietary lipids modifies the prolactin receptor in vivo.We thank E. B. Gould, R. H. Lewis, R. L. Graeter, J. R. Mayer, P. C. Wright, J. A. Keller, K. E. Nickols, M. J. Gillogley, D. Barrett, D. L. Whitcomb, Dr. M. Wicha, Dr. W. R. Kidwell, Dr. P. Dragsten, and Dr. P. M. Gullino for their assistance and suggestions.
The Professional Portfolio as Heuristic Methodology

The antecedents of literary autobiography as we know it today emerged during the 17th century against a backdrop of the rise of empirical science and inductive method. An arguably older form of autobiography -the portfolio- has, unlike the literary biography, languished on the periphery of academia during our time. While it should not be controversial to say that possession of an heuristic bent is one mark of a successful education (since learning how to think, that is learning how to be open, alert, engaged, is the fundamental mission of the student), the portfolio has been ignored in part because of its modern connotation as a 'marketing' tool but perhaps more significantly because as a heuristic methodology it is a threat to the centrality of the pedagogue. I argue that the portfolio deserves at very least a re-evaluation throughout academic (to say nothing of quotidian) life as an indispensable tool of the spirit of pedagogy. Like the autobiography, it is validated by the belief that gathering data or details about individual lives has to precede drawing general conclusions or seeing any overarching patterns.
Drug-Induced Liver Injury Throughout the Drug Development Life Cycle: Where We Have Been, Where We are Now, and Where We are Headed. Perspectives of a Clinical Hepatologist

The subject of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been evolving for decades. While various guidance and other documents have been produced to help identify and manage DILI in the clinical trial setting, as well as the clinic, there are still many aspects of the process that remain incomplete. I have selected those aspects where guidance documents either do not cover all possible scenarios or where other recommendations are open to interpretation or where controversies still exist. The following discussion includes a number of these topics, including: when is it acceptable to continue development of a drug where hepatotoxicity is observed in animal models or other preclinical assessments? Should patients with underlying liver disease be routinely included in clinical trials? Are the current clinical and biochemical stopping rules for suspected DILI appropriate for all situations? Should we still be using fold elevations based on upper limits of normal or a subject’s own baseline values to assess the level of alanine aminotransferase or other liver-associated enzyme elevations? How can we best integrate the expanding fields of toxicogenomics, pharmacogenomics, metobolomics, proteomics and other new drug and host profiling into predicting DILI? Where do we stand with respect to a DILI biomarker to replace traditional liver associated enzymes? How do we improve upon the voluntary reporting system for adverse drug reactions? What are the most useful causality assessment methodologies to diagnose DILI and is it ever possible to exclude the drug in question? And how do we best determine and manage the competing benefits and risks of an agent causing DILI?
Defining an at-risk population for obstetric anal sphincter laceration.

Objective The purpose of this study was to calculate the number of cesarean deliveries needed to prevent 1 case of obstetric anal sphincter laceration associated with operative vaginal delivery in an at-risk cohort. Study Design An institutional, computerized database was used to analyze women with obstructed labor who could have been managed by either operative vaginal or cesarean delivery from September 2006 to March 2008. Women with 1 or more of the following diagnoses comprised the cohort: cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD), arrest of descent, maternal exhaustion, and fetal distress. Results Fifty (23.9%) out of a total of 209 women managed by operative vaginal delivery experienced an anal sphincter laceration compared to none of 254 women in the cesarean delivery group ( P Conclusion Five cesarean deliveries are needed to prevent 1 anal sphincter laceration associated with operative vaginal delivery in this cohort.
The nonenzymic hydrolysis of Δ2-thiazoline-2-carboxylate: The product of the suspected physiological reaction catalyzed by d-amino acid oxidase

Abstract Δ 2 -Thiazoline-2-carboxylate, the product of the suspected physiological reaction catalyzed by d -amino acid oxidase, is stable to hydrolysis at 37°C and pH 7 or above, but it hydrolyzes readily at pH 5 or below to give a mixture of N - and S -oxalylcysteamines; the N -oxalyl derivative predominates at pH's above 1 while the S -oxyalyl compound is the major product at high acidities. The pH-rate profile looks like the superposition of two bell-shaped curves. The initial increase in the rate as the pH is lowered is controlled by a p K a of 3.95 and from pH 1 to 3 the rate is relatively constant ( k = 6.7 × 10 −4 s −1 at 37°C and ionic strength 0.5 m ). Below pH 1 the rate increases again to a maximum in 1 m HCl and then decreases in more highly acidic solutions. The rate of conversion of S -oxalylcysteamine to N -oxalylcysteamine is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration from pH 3 to 5 but becomes largely independent of pH from pH 1 to 2. In the pH-independent region the rate is comparable with that observed by others for S -acetylcysteamine but in the pH-dependent region the rate is 20 to 25 times faster for the oxalyl derivative than for the acetyl compound. At pH 1, N -oxalylcysteamine is partially converted to the S -oxalyl derivative but the rate of hydrolysis ( k = 1.0 × 10 −5 s −1 at 37°C) to cysteamine and oxalate of this partially equilibrated system occurs at a comparable rate. The results of this investigation are rationalized in terms of what is known about other thiazoline hydrolyses and intramolecular S to N acyl migrations. The main differences in the present case are presumably due to the fact that thiazoline-2-carboxylate can undergo hydrolysis by two reaction manifolds, one with the carboxyl unprotonated and the other with it protonated. The relevance of these results to possible reactions of thiazoline-2-carboxylate in vivo is briefly considered.
Identification of three new JC virus proteins generated by alternative splicing of the early viral mRNA.

The genome of the human polyomavirus JC Virus (JCV) encodes two regulatory proteins, large and small T antigen which are expressed early in a lytic infection, and three structural proteins, VP1, VP...
Endocannabinoids in the Brainstem Modulate Dural Trigeminovascular Nociceptive Traffic via CB1 and “Triptan” Receptors: Implications in Migraine

Activation and sensitization of trigeminovascular nociceptive pathways is believed to contribute to the neural substrate of the severe and throbbing nature of pain in migraine. Endocannabinoids, as well as being physiologically analgesic, are known to inhibit dural trigeminovascular nociceptive responses. They are also involved in the descending modulation of cutaneous-evoked C-fiber spinal nociceptive responses from the brainstem. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endocannabinoids are involved in the descending modulation of dural and/or cutaneous facial trigeminovascular nociceptive responses, from the brainstem ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). CB1 receptor activation in the vlPAG attenuated dural-evoked Aδ-fiber neurons (maximally by 19%) and basal spontaneous activity (maximally by 33%) in the rat trigeminocervical complex, but there was no effect on cutaneous facial receptive field responses. This inhibitory vlPAG-mediated modulation was inhibited by specific CB1 receptor antagonism, given via the vlPAG, and with a 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist, given either locally in the vlPAG or systemically. These findings demonstrate for the first time that brainstem endocannabinoids provide descending modulation of both basal trigeminovascular neuronal tone and Aδ-fiber dural-nociceptive responses, which differs from the way the brainstem modulates spinal nociceptive transmission. Furthermore, our data demonstrate a novel interaction between serotonergic and endocannabinoid systems in the processing of somatosensory nociceptive information, suggesting that some of the therapeutic action of triptans may be via endocannabinoid containing neurons in the vlPAG.
Absolute intensity measurements in the v4-fundamental band of 12CH4 at planetary atmospheric temperatures

Abstract Absolute intensities of several lines in the v 4 -fundamental band of 12 CH 4 have been measured at several temperatures between 130 and 295 K using a tunable diode laser and the sweep integration technique.
The continuously fed batch reactor for measuring microbial growth rates

The contiuously fed batch reactor (CFBR) is proposed as an alternative technique to the traditional chemostat and batch cultures, for measuring microbial growth rates. After reviewing the pitfalls which plague the conventional growth measurement techniques, the methodology for operating the CFBR to generate specific growth-rate-versus-substrate-concentration data is detailed. This information is extracted from the transient state of the CFBR where both the biomass and substrate concentration show extrema in time. It is suggested that the CFBR can be used for measuring microbial growth rates at low rates at low substrate concentrations where the chemostat method normally encounters difficulties.
Zum Korrosionsverhalten gegossener Aluminiumbronzen

Gus-Aluminiumbronzen sind Guslegierungen aus mindestens 70% Cu und dem Hauptlegierungszusatz Aluminium. Als Gus-Mehrstoff-Aluminiumbronzen enthalten sie auserdem noch Eisen, Nickel, Mangan sowie Silicium. Eine Reihe gunstiger Eigenschaften zeichnen sie aus, darunter auch gute Korrosionsbestandigkeit. Von den Normen abweichende Sonder-Aluminiumbronzen „Inoxyda” wurden fur Korrosionsversuche verwendet. Aus deren Ergebnissen geht hervor, das die Wahl der Legierungszusatze den flussigen Medien zu treffen ist, die mit den Werkstoffen in Beruhrung kommen. Die beste Bewahrung bei Einsatz in deu Technik wird nur dann erreicht, wenn sich auf dem Metall jeweils eine dichte, festhaftende und porenfreie werkstoff- bzw. flussigkeitsgebundene Schutzschicht bildet. Jeder Einzelfall ist deshalb genau zu prufen. The corrosion behaviour of cast aluminium bronzes Cast aluminium bronzes are cast alloys consisting of at least 70 pC copper, with aluminium as the principal alloying material. In the form of multi-alloy aluminium bronzes, they also contain iron, nickel, manganese and silicon. They are distinguished by a number of favourable properties, including a high corrosion resistance. Special, non-standard “Inoxyda” aluminium bronzes have been subjected to corrosion tests. The results show that the choice of the alloying materials must depend on the liquid media in contact with the materials. Fullest success in technical applications can only be attained if the metal becomes covered by a dense, adhesive and non- porous protective layer, depending on the material and liquid, respectively. Each individual case must therefore be carefully innvestigated.
Influence of cyclic deformation on surface microstructure and hardness of ion-implanted nickel

The effects of cyclic deformation on near-surface dislocation structure and hardness of ion-implanted nickel were characterized and correlated with the evolution of fatigue damage. Polycrystalline nickel fatigue specimens were implanted at 220 °C with 350 keV and 3 MeV nickel ions to a fluence of 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 or at 220 °C and 500 °C with 350 keV aluminum ions to a fluence of 5 × 1017 ions/cm2. Both the self-implantations and aluminum implantations approximately doubled the hardness of the near-surface region. During cyclic deformation, the near-surface regions of self-implanted specimens cyclically softened and formed clear channels through which subsurface persistent slip bands (PSBs) penetrated the implanted region. The near-surface regions of aluminum-implanted specimens maintained a high hardness during cyclic deformation and effectively suppressed the evolution of fatigue damage and extended fatigue life. The results of the study indicate that the cyclic stability of implantation-induced surface hardening is a key factor in the ability of an ion implantation treatment to suppress the evolution of fatigue damage.
Effects of five years of chronic STN stimulation on muscle strength and movement speed

This study examined the long-term effects of chronic subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) using both clinical evaluation and laboratory motor control measures. Over a 5-year time period, changes in the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and movement speed and strength at the ankle joint were evaluated on and off STN DBS in eight patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Four patients were also studied at the elbow joint. Patients with PD originally received unilateral STN DBS between years 2001 and 2003. They were re-evaluated after 5 years of long-term STN DBS between years 2006-2008. At baseline (year 0) and after 5 years, patients with PD were tested off treatment and on STN DBS. In each testing condition, patients performed ballistic, single degree of freedom ankle dorsiflexion and ankle plantarflexion movements and peak velocity was calculated. Patients also performed maximal voluntary contractions at the ankle joint in both directions, and peak torque was calculated. Results showed increased motor UPDRS scores from year 0 to year 5, but STN DBS was efficacious in reducing them. In contrast to the increase in motor UPDRS scores, motor control results showed a marked improvement in peak velocity and peak torque over the 5-year time period in the off treatment condition, and STN DBS was efficacious by improving both peak velocity and peak torque. The current findings suggest that 5 years of chronic STN DBS can have beneficial effects on the motor system over the long term in discrete motor tasks in which maximal effort and maximal neural output is required.
A novel microtechnique for the measurement of acoustic properties of lipids

Abstract Application of a new microtechnique is described for the derivation of acoustic properties (ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility and acoustic impedance) of lipids. The technique utilizes very small volumes (4 × 10−3 −4 × 10−6 ml) of lipids and thus overcomes the requirement for large volumes inherent in the use of conventional velocimeters. The use of the microtechnique allows acoustic properties to be included among the variety of other physical properties routinely measured in the characterization of lipids, including those isolated in small amounts from complex biological mixtures.
Electrometric titration of dilute EDTA solutions

Summary Amperometry and constant current potentiometry are applied to the titrimetric determination of micromole quantities of EDTA with lead in acetate buffer. An error level of 0.1% is attainable with the constant current potentiometric method. Plumbous solutions as dilute as 10−4 M are suitable as the titrant. The constant current potentiometric titration method described does not require plotting. Common anions do not interfere. Linear sweep voltammetric data are presented to explain the highly sensitive detection methods.
Homology between Epstein-Barr virus DNA and viral DNA from Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma determined by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics.

THE detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in established lines of lymphocytes and in biopsies of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been reported1–4. The average number of EBV genomes associated with virus nonproductive cells was estimated as forty to one hundred per cell by a nucleic acid hybridization technique with EBV-specific complementary RNA (cRNA) and cellular DNA3,4, whereas two to five genomes per cell were found by DNA–DNA hybridization on nitrocellulose filters1,2.
Proposed Integrated Circuit for Appliance or Process Control

There is an accelerating trend toward the development of integrated circuit designs which offer the control industry complete functional building blocks on a single semiconductor chip. This paper describes the results of one such design for the ON-OFF control function, the TRIGAC zero crossing switch. The TRIGAC, when combined with an SCR or TRIAC power switch and a small number of passive components, performs all of the signal processing required for the interface between a 10-mW sensor (bilateral or unilateral) and load circuits of up to 5 kW. (This range may be extended to 200 amperes or more with a simple external pulse amplifier.)
Pial arteriolar constriction following cortical spreading depression is mediated by prostanoids.

Abstract The mechanism of pial arteriolar constriction during post-cortical spreading depression (CSD) was examined in anesthetized adult rabbits. Using a closed cranial window and intravital microscopy, the diameter of a pial arteriole was determined. A single CSD was induced by KCl micro-injection and its propagation was monitored by recording slow potential changes accompanying CSD. Prostanoid levels in cortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Pial arteriolar diameter increased significantly from 76 ± 6 to a maximum of 119 ± 5 μm(57%, n = 8) for 1.6 ± 0.1 min when CSD (velocity, 2.8 ± 0.1mm/min) reached the cortex just beneath the vessel irrespective of its location. Shortly after CSD expiration from the cortex, pial arteriolar diameter decreased from the pre-CSD level to a minimum of 67 ± 5 μm(12%, n = 8) for 19.5 ± 2.1 min. CSD was elicited again in the same animal while the cortical surface under the window was continuously superfused with artificial CSF at a flow rate of 3.2–4.5 ml/min. Pial arteriolar dilation (from75 ± 6to115 ± 3 μm, 53 ± 9%,for1.6 ± 0.1min, n = 8) was observed again during CSD (velocity,2.7 ± 0.2mm/min), however, no constriction of the vessel was seen after CSD expiration. Indomethacin pretreatment (n = 11) to inhibit prostanoid production enhanced the magnitude of CSD-induced vasodilation from the pretreatment levels of59 ± 9% (from 82 ± 5to130 ± 8 μm for1.7min) to the post-treatment levels of 82 ± 13% (from 78 ± 5to142 ± 12 μm for1.8min). In contrast, the post-CDS vasoconstriction observed before indomethacin (11 ± 2% for 16.6 ± 2min) was completely ablated after indomethacin. CSF prostanoids (pg/ml, n = 11) increased during the CSD-induced vasodilation from 1429 ± 100 to 2889 ± 283 (102%) for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), from 1453 ± 106to1945 ± 138 (34%) for 6-keto-PGF1α, and from 3506 ± 390to6777 ± 745 (93%) for PGF2α. Throm☐ane B2 (TXB2) did not increase significantly. CSF prostanoids increased further during the post-CSD vasoconstriction; PGE2, 213% (n = 8); 6-keto-PGF1α, 99% (n = 7); PGF2α, 236% (n = 8) and TXB2, 56% (n = 6). Indomethacin decreased the resting levels of all the prostanoids and blocked their increases during the CSD-induced vasodilation and during the post-CSD period. These results suggest that while prostanoids attenuate pial arteriolar dilation during CSD, they mediate the post-CSD constriction of the vessel.
Increased Oxacillin Resistance in Thigh Pyomyositis in Diabetic Patients

Thigh abscesses due to pyomyositis are uncommon. To guide empiric antibiotic therapy in diabetics we determined the rate of such infections due to oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative organism infections, and whether the occurrence of oxacillin-resistant pathogens increased during the study period. We retrospectively reviewed 39 adult patients with diabetes mellitus treated for a deep thigh abscess. There were 29 men and 10 women; their mean age was 45 years. Comorbidities were present in 15 patients. S. aureus was the most common pathogen, present in 82% (32/39) of our patients. Gram-negative organisms were cultured in 14% (6/39) of patients and anaerobes in 10% (4/39). The infection was polymicrobial in 12 of 39 patients (31%). Oxacillin-resistant S. aureus comprised 25% (8/32) of infections due to S. aureus. Oxacillin-resistance increased during the last 3 years of this study from one of 18 S. aureus isolates from 1994 to 2004 to seven of 14 isolates from 2004 to 2006. In diabetic patients with thigh pyomyositis, empiric antibiotic therapy should provide broad spectrum coverage for oxacillin-resistant S. aureus, Gram-negative, as well as anaerobic organisms.
Diagnosis of gestational diabetes.

Various screening/diagnostic schemes and criteria are in use throughout the world. This chapter describes some of the more commonly used approaches, outlines how they were developed, and discusses in detail the development of the new criteria by the International Society of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG). Rationales for and against their adoption are included, and current recommendations from various authoritative bodies are outlined.
Precautionary Saving and Mortality-Contingent Social Insurance Programs:

This article compares the effects of Social Security and other mortality-contingent social insurance programs (particularly Medicare) on the personal saving, consumption, national saving, and welfa...
The importance of walking on “Infirm or swampy ground”

I provide comments to Roblek, Detweiler, Fearing, and Albano's (1999) presentation of child and adolescent cases of trichotillomania in this case conference series. I focus particularly on the authors' attitude when it comes to conceptualizing and treatment planning, and I present an alternative attitude, a pragmatic attitude . A pragmatic attitude begins with concrete problems of specific human beings in particular contexts, and in beginning with concrete problems of specific human beings in particular contexts the pragmatist recognizes the myriad of problems that might arise, and perhaps even more importantly, that different problems may require different solutions. I then illustrate how a pragmatic therapist might have considered the need to consider various contextual factors, including developmental factors, which would have led to modifying the behavioral conceptualization and treatment when working with an adolescent.
Water, harvest interval, and applied nitrogen effects on forage yield of bermudagrass and bahiagrass

A logistic equation was used to relate forage yield to applied N for bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and bahiagrass [Paspalum notatum Flugge]. It was shown that the equation could be factored into a triple product-one term each for water availability, harvest interval and applied N. The equation provides high correlation (R ≥ 0.98) between yield and applied N for all levels of water availability and harvest interval. Appropriate statistical procedures for nonlinear regression were utilized in the analysis. These results are useful for estimating effects of management factors on forage production
Stream geochemistry as an indicator of increasing permafrost thaw depth in an Arctic watershed

The presence of permafrost has a strong influence on arctic hydrology, ecology, and engineering. Therefore, understanding the response of permafrost to arctic warming is critical to predicting the regional effects of global climate change. Recent research suggests that thaw depth may be increasing in response to warming, but physical thaw depth surveys in the Alaskan arctic are often not sensitive enough to detect incremental increases and cannot measure increases in the permafrost thaw bulbs beneath lakes and streams. Here we assess the use of geochemical tracers in stream water to identify changes in thaw depth in an arctic watershed. Based on marked differences in geochemistry with depth in soils and permafrost on the Alaskan North Slope, we used 87Sr/86Sr and elemental ratios in an arctic stream as tracers of increases in the maximum depth of soil water flow and therefore the integrated thaw depth in the watershed. From 1994 to 2004, stream water 87Sr/86Sr, Ca/Na, and Ca/Ba at base flow showed significant trends with time, consistent with increasing depth of soil water flowpaths. Although long time series will be necessary to identify long-term trends, stream geochemistry may be useful as a qualitative indicator of changes in thaw depth in other areas where permafrost and active layer soil geochemistry differs.