cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater of 35%. salinity at 25°C and atmospheric pressure

The solubilities of synthetic, natural and biogenic aragonite and calcite, in natural seawater of 35%. salinity at 25°C and 1 atm pressure, were measured using a closed system technique. Equilibration times ranged up to several months. The apparent solubility constant determined for calcite of 4.39(±0.20) × 10−7 mol2 kg−2 is in good agreement with other recent solubility measurements and is constant after 5 days equilibration. When we measured aragonite solubility we observed that it decreased with increasing time of equilibration. The value of 6.65(±0.12) × 10−7 mol2 kg−2, determined for equilibration times in excess of 2 months, is significantly less than that found in other recent measurements, which employed equilibration times of only a few hours to days. No statistically significant difference was found among the synthetic, natural and biogenic material. Solid to solution ratio, contamination of aragonite with up to 10 wt% calcite and recycling of the aragonite made no statistically significant difference in solubility when long equilibration times were used. Measured apparent solubility constants of aragonite and calcite are respectively 22( ± 3)% and 20( ± 2)% less than apparent solubility constants calculated from thermodynamic equilibrium constants and seawater total activity coefficients. These large differences in measured and calculated apparent solubility constants may be the result of the formation of surface layers of lower solubility than the bulk solid.
Ray method for surface waves on a ferromagnetic fluid

Abstract The ray method, or geometrical optics method, is used to study surface waves on a ferromagnetic fluid of variable depth. Both time-dependent and time-reduced cases are considered on the basis of the shallow-water approximation. An application of the time-reduced ray method leads to the discovery of edge waves on a ferromagnetic fluid over a uniformly sloping bottom.
Vitamin E and vitamin C alter the effect of methylmercuric chloride on neuroblastoma and glioma cells in culture

Vitamin E completely protected glioma cells (C-6) against methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl)-induced toxicity; whereas it produced no such effect on neuroblastoma cells (NBP2) in culture. Sodium ascorbate (Vitamin C) did not alter the effect of CH3HgCl on glioma cells, but it markedly enhanced the effect of CH3HgCl on NB cells. In addition, glioma cells released factor(s) into the medium which increased the cytoxicity of CH3HgCl on glioma cells and on NB cells (NBA2(1)).
Petri nets in dynamic process planning

Abstract A framework for combining Petri Nets with Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) systems is presented. The Petri Nets are used to provide realtime facility status information while the CAPP system is used to generate the revised process plans. Combining these two methodologies overcomes most of the weaknesses with the traditional CAPP systems. The result is a dynamic, realtime CAPP system.
The problems of self-analytically choosing the weights

This article is the eighth of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. Here we focus on self-analysis and the weighting strategy. The problem proposed for research asks one to find a means for an automated reasoning program to self-analytically determine which weights or priorities to give to clauses at various points during the program's attempt to complete a given assignment. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we include suggestions concerning possible test problems.
Confluence: The Nature of Technology and the Remaking of the Rhône

Sara B. Pritchard (2011), xvii+371, Harvard University Press, London and Cambridge, Massachusetts, £36.95/$49.95 As exemplified by Mark Cioc's The Rhine: An Eco-biography, 1815–2000 (Seattle, 2002)...
Measuring the Benefits of Greater Spatial Granularity in Short-Term Pricing in Wholesale Electricity Markets

Hourly generation unit-level output levels, detailed information on the technological characteristics of generation units, and daily delivered natural gas prices to all generation units for the California wholesale electricity market before and after the implementation of locational marginal pricing are used to measure the impact of introducing greater spatial granularity in short-term energy pricing. The average hourly number of generation unit starts increases, but both the total hourly energy consumed and total hourly operating costs for all natural gas-fired generation units fall by more than 2 percent after the implementation of locational marginal pricing.
Abstract 48: Instrumental variable analysis on soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and risk of pancreatic cancer: A pilot study.

Background: We previously found a strong inverse association between prediagnostic serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) and risk of pancreatic cancer in 255 cases and 485 subcohort controls from the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-arotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a prospective cohort of Finnish male smokers. However, this novel association may be due to unrecognized confounding factors or biases. In the present study, we conducted a Mendelian randomization study to test the causality between log-transformed sRAGE and pancreatic cancer using rs2070600 (Gly82Ser, C/T), a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of RAGE, as an instrumental variable. SNP rs2070600 has been shown in previous studies to determine the circulating levels of sRAGE. Method: Genotype data were obtained from a GWAS of pancreatic cancer and were available on 184 cases and 186 controls. A multiplicative structural mean model was used to obtain a causal odds ratio (OR) for pancreatic cancer for genetically adjusted sRAGE variable. Age, body mass index, years of smoking, and serum levels of Nξ-(carboxymethyl)lysine were the potential confounding factors adjusted in the multivariate models. First-stage F statistics greater than 10 indicates a strong instrumental variable. Results: We observed the same inverse association between sRAGE and pancreatic cancer as previously reported (adjusted OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.23-0.68, for highest vs. lowest tertile). Thirty five study participants carried the CT genotype that significantly predicted lower levels of sRAGE (β = -51.2, P = 0.002) in a multiple linear regression model. There were no associations between rs2070600 and risk of pancreatic cancer ( P = 0.88) or between rs2070600 and the confounding factors ( P values > 0.30). The first-stage F-statistic for rs2070600 was 7.97 (unadjusted) and 28.2 in the multivariate model. However, the second stage of structural mean model did not generate a meaningful estimate in the multivariate model. Conclusion: This pilot study suggested that SNP rs2070600 is a strong instrumental variable for a Mendelian randomization study to confirm the association between sRAGE and pancreatic cancer. However, a larger sample size is imperative for conducting a credible instrumental variable analysis. Citation Format: Zhigang Duan, John Guoqing Chen, Rachael Stolzernberg-Solomon, Stephanie Weinstein, Jarmo Virtamo, Demetrius Albanes, Liang Chen, Hashem El-Serag, Li Jiao. Instrumental variable analysis on soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and risk of pancreatic cancer: A pilot study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr 48.
Nuclear Relocation of Normal Huntingtin

In Huntington's Disease (HD), the huntingtin protein (Htt) includes an expanded polyglutamine domain. Since mutant Htt concentrates in the nucleus of affected neurons, we have inquired whether normal Htt (Q16--23) is also able to access the nucleus. We observe that a major pool of normal full-length Htt of HeLa cells is anchored to endosomes and also detect RNase-sensitive nuclear foci which include a 70-kDa N-terminal Htt fragment. Agents which damage DNA trigger caspase-3-dependent cleavage of Htt and dramatically relocate the 70 kDa fragment to the nucleoplasm. Considering that polyglutamine tracts stimulate caspase activation, mutant Htt is therefore poised to enter the nucleus. These considerations help rationalize the nuclear accumulation of Htt which is characteristic of HD and provide a first example of involvement of caspase cleavage in release of membrane-bound proteins which subsequently enter the nucleus.
Effects of BHA, d-α-tocopherol and retinol acetate on TCDD-mediated changes in lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity and survival

1. Daily treatment of female rats with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) protected against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity. This protective effect was associated with reduced microsomal lipid peroxidation, increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity and decreased aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity.2. Retinol acetate (vitamin A) inhibited lipid peroxidation, elevated GSH-PX activity, and enhanced AHH activity. Thirty per cent of vitamin A-treated animals were alive 25 d after a lethal dose of TCDD.3. d-α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) inhibited markedly microsomal lipid peroxidation, enhanced AHH activity, and had no effect on GSH-PX activity. Only 10% of the vitamin E-treated animals were alive 25 d after a lethal dose of TCDD.4. The mechanism of TCDD toxicity may involve in part inhibition of GSH-PX activity with resultant lipid peroxidation by hydrogen peroxide.
Understanding of Genetics Among Older Adults

Purpose: To describe and compare the attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs of older adults from three ethnic groups about genetic testing and genetic research, to determine how the understanding of genetics influences informed consent, and to identify factors that are important in older adults' decisions about participation in genetic research. Methods: Three focus groups were initially conducted with 23 African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic adults in community-based settings. Discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis of transcripts was performed and a second session was conducted with participants from each group to confirm the analyses. Findings: Four common themes related to genetics and informed consent for genetic testing were identified: (a) defining genetics, (b) justifying genetic testing, (c) family involvement, and (d) dignified agreement. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate that although these older adults had information about genetics, the information was not always accurate. In addition, deference among this cohort to providers' opinions showed the important role of healthcare professionals in providing genetic information and obtaining consent in ways that ensure it is voluntary and informed.
Ergebnisse nach kombiniert-sequentieller Karotis-TEA und kardiochirurgischer Operation

Das einzeitige, kombiniert-sequentielle Vorgehen bei kardiochirurgischen Erkrankungen und koexistenten hochgradigen Karotisstenosen ist nach wie vor in der Diskussion. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war deshalb eine Bestandsaufnahme unserer diesbezuglichen Resultate anhand der perioperativen (≤ 30 Tage) Zielgrosen “neurologische Morbiditat” und “Geamtletalitat” sowie ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit der kontemporaren Literatur. Insgesamt wurde wahrend einer Narkose bei 63 Patienten eine Karotis-TEA im Vorlauf vor einem Klappenersatz (n=3) bzw. einer Myokardrevaskularisation bei unmittelbar therapiebedurftiger KHK (n=60) vorgenommen. In jeweils 18 Fallen lag eine hochgradige symptomatische bzw. bilaterale asymptomatische Karotiserkrankung vor; die ubrigen Patienten wiesen eine unilaterale asymptomatische Karotisstenose auf. Innerhalb der ersten 30 Tage nach dem Eingriff erlitten 6 Patienten einen ischamischen Schlaganfall (ipsilateral 2, kontralateral 3, Hirnstamm 1), von denen 2 todlich verliefen. Aus kardialer Ursache verstarben 3 Patienten. Die neurologische Komplikationsrate betrug somit 9,5%, die kombinierte Morbiditat/Letalitat belief sich auf 14,3%. Von den im Rahmen einer univariaten Analyse untersuchten Risikofaktoren erwies sich lediglich das Vorliegen einer thorakalen Aortensklerose im Clampingbereich als signifikante Determinante fur das Auftreten eines perioperativen Insultes (p=0,0058). Die von uns beobachtete erhebliche Komplikationsrate veranlasste uns zu einer restriktiveren Indikationsstellung: In der derzeitigen Situation wird eine einzeitige Operation nur bei unaufschiebbarer Myokardrevaskularisation und symptomatischer bzw. bilateraler Karotiserkrankung erwogen.
Substrate diffusion from an array of capillaries with co-current and counter-current flow

A method is presented for analyzing the exchange of substrates from a two-dimensional array of parallel capillaries arranged in a manner characteristic of skeletal muscle. In general, the tissue is nonuniformly perfused by these capillaries, and large scale diffusion occurs from the regions that are richly perfused to the regions that are poorly perfused. The method developed leads to a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the substrate concentration within the capillaries, and is easy to apply even for vascular beds containing a large number of capillaries. Interaction among the capillaries is examined for the case when the flow in all the capillaries is in the same direction, co-current flow, and when some of the capillaries are flowing in the opposite direction, counter-current flow.
Ln1−xSrxCoO3 (Ln=Gd, Pr) as a cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have tested several cathodes on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO) electrolytes for use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The Pr0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (PSC) and Gd0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (GSC) cathodes show the best performance on CGO, achieving an area-specific resistance (ASR) between 0.1 and 0.2 Ω·cm2 at 650 °C. However, the desirable operating temperature for CGO is between 500 and 600 °C, where the ASRs remain very high. The cobalt-based materials in contact with the YSZ electrolyte exhibit severe reactions. To prevent these reactions, a dense interlayer of CGO has been added between the YSZ and the cobalt-based cathodes. The results for the PSC and GSC cathodes on the YSZ electrolyte protected by a CGO layer reveal ASR values between 0.1 and 0.2 Ω·cm2 at 750 °C and 0.3 Ω·cm2 at 700 °C. Long-term testing of both PSC and GSC cathodes on YSZ electrolytes with CGO interlayers showed stable ASR values for 500 h at 800 °C. Thermal cycling between room temperature and 800 °C after long-term testing showed minimal degradation.
Revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) of Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo

This revision is based on a rich collection received from Singapore, together with the material available in the herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. The number of species of Trigonostemon recorded from Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo is at present twenty-six. Of these only eleven are based on complete material available for the present study; the other fifteen species are inadequately known and have been classified and included in the key only tentatively.
Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion: A Tutorial on a Complex Disorder and the Speech-Language Pathologist’s Role

Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) is presented as a complex, poorly understood disorder that merits our clinical and research attention. This tutorial examines PVFM characteristics, etiologies, ...
Partial phase diagram for the YCd3-Zn pseudo-binary section of the yttrium-cadmium-zinc system

Abstract The phase boundaries in the composition range 0–20 wt.% zinc for the YCd3-Zn pseudo-binary section of the yttrium-cadmium-zinc ternary system are presented. The boundaries were determined through differential thermal analysis, metallographic, and X-ray diffraction studies. A ternary compound which decomposes peritectically at 757 °C was found in this composition range. This compound, whose composition was established to be (YCd3)3Zn2 from neutron activation analyses and density measurements, is hexagonal with a = 15.103 ± 4, c = 14.985 ± 6 A .
Properties of Amorphous and Crystalline Ta2O5 Thin Films Prepared by Metalorganic Solution Deposition Technique for Integrated Electronic Devices

We report on the properties of Ta2O5 thin films prepared by the metalorganic solution deposition (MOSD) technique on Pt-coated Si, n+-Si, and poly-Si substrates. The effects of postdeposition annealing temperature on the structural, electrical, and optical properties were analyzed. The electrical measurements were conducted on MIM and MIS capacitors. The dielectric constant of amorphous Ta2O5 thin films was in the range 29.2–29.5 up to 600°C, while crystalline thin films, annealed in the temperature range 650–750°C, exhibited enhanced dielectric constant in the range 45.6–51.7. The dielectric loss factor did not show any appreciable dependence on the annealing temperature and was in the range 0.006–0.009. The films exhibited high resistivities of the order of 1012–1015 Ω-cm at an applied electric field of 1 MV/cm in the annealing temperature range of 500–750 °C. The temperature coefficient of capacitance was in the range 52–114 ppm/°C for films annealed in the temperature range 500–750°C. The bias stability of capacitance, measured at an applied electric field of 1 MV/cm, was better than 1.41 % for Ta2O5 films annealed up to 750°C.
Prevalence of and Reactions to Fatal and Nonfatal Client Suicidal Behavior: A National Study of Mental Health Social Workers

A majority of mental health social workers come in contact with suicidal clients during their career. As a result, social workers may experience high levels of stress that can ultimately impact their quality of and ability to practice. The present study examined the prevalence of fatal and nonfatal client suicidal behavior experienced by mental health social workers and examined their subsequent reactions. A random national sample of 697 mental health social workers from the NASW database was anonymously surveyed. Findings indicate that both fatal and nonfatal client suicidal behavior is not a rare occurrence for mental health social workers and that both types of behaviors relate to increased levels of subjective stress as measured by the Impact of Event Scale (IES);. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Predictors of velopharyngeal insufficiency after Le Fort I maxillary advancement in patients with cleft palate.

Purpose Approximately 25% to 40% of patients with cleft lip/palate develop maxillary retrusion that requires Le Fort I osteotomy. Maxillary advancement brings the soft palate forward, and this may cause velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). The goal of this study was to identify predictors that place patients with repaired cleft palate at risk of developing VPI after Le Fort I advancement. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of nonsyndromic patients with cleft lip/palate who had a Le Fort I osteotomy between 2000 and 2008. Charts were reviewed and data were collected on patient characteristics, preoperative speech assessments, and nasopharyngoscopic reports. Pre- and postoperative cephalometric radiographs were used to measure maxillary advancement and to assess the structure of the velopharynx. Simple logistic regression analysis examined the association between each predictive variable and postoperative VPI, as indicated by need for pharyngeal flap. Predictors with P ≤ .10 were included in the multivariate regression model. In both the univariate and the multivariate analyses, P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. Results Univariate analysis showed a significant association between preoperative soft palatal length and need for a pharyngeal flap (P = .005). By multivariate analysis, both preoperative soft palatal length and postoperative pharyngeal depth were associated with need for pharyngeal flap (P = .003 and P = .030). Conclusion This study shows that a short soft palate is associated with VPI after Le Fort I osteotomy. Assessment of palatal length and pharyngeal depth on cephalometric radiographs is helpful in predicting postoperative VPI and need for a pharyngeal flap in patients with cleft palate after maxillary advancement.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein δ (C/EBPδ) Maintains Amelogenin Expression in the Absence of C/EBPα in Vivo

C/EBPα is implicated to regulate mouse amelogenin gene expression during tooth enamel formation in vitro. Because enamel formation occurs during postnatal development and C/EBPα-deficient mice die at birth, we used the Cre/loxP recombination system to characterize amelogenin expression in C/EBPα conditional knock-out mice. Mice carrying the Cre transgene under the control of the human keratin-14 promoter show robust Cre expression in the ameloblast cell lineage. Mating between mice bearing the floxed C/EBPα allele with keratin-14-Cre mice generate C/EBPα conditional knock-out mice. Real-time PCR analysis shows that removal of one C/EBPα allele from the molar enamel epithelial organ of 3-day postnatal mice results in dramatic decrease in endogenous C/EBPα mRNA levels and coordinately altered amelogenin mRNA abundance. Conditional deletion of both C/EBPα alleles further diminishes C/EBPα mRNA levels; however, rather than ablating amelogenin expression, we observe wild-type amelogenin mRNA abundance levels. We examined C/EBPβ and nuclear factor YA expression, two transcription factors that had previously been shown to modestly participate in amelogenin expression, in vitro but found no significant changes in either of their mRNA abundance levels comparing conditional knock-out mice with wild-type counterparts. Although the abundance of C/EBPδ is also unchanged in C/EBPα conditional knock-out mice, in vitro we find that C/EBPδ activates the mouse amelogenin promoter and synergistically cooperates with nuclear factor Y, suggesting that C/EBPδ can functionally substitute for C/EBPα to produce an enamel matrix competent to direct biomineralization.
Binding and GTPγS autoradiographic analysis of preproorphanin precursor peptide products at the ORL1 and opioid receptors

Utilizing agonist-stimulated GTPgammaS autoradiography, we analyzed the ability of preproorphanin FQ (ppOFQ) peptides to stimulate [35S]-GTPgammaS binding in adult rat brain. Orphanin FQ (OFQ) stimulated [35S]-GTPgammaS binding in a pattern similar to that described for [125I]-OFQ at the endogenous opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor. The ppOFQ peptides nocistatin and orphanin FQ2 (OFQ II(1-17)) had no effect, suggesting that they do not mediate their reported analgesic effects via a G(i/o)-coupled receptor (i.e. opioid or ORL1). Unlike OFQ II(1-17), high concentrations of its C-terminal extension, OFQ II(1-28), stimulated [35S]-GTPgammaS binding in a mu (mu) opioid receptor-like distribution and the effect was blocked by naloxone. To explore these observations, we evaluated the receptor binding profile of OFQ II(1-28) at the cloned ORL1 and mu opioid receptors. OFQ II(1-28) had no specific binding at either ORL1 or mu opioid receptors at concentrations up to 50 microM. This lack of affinity was not consistent with a mu-mediated effect, as suggested by preliminary observation using functional autoradiography in rat brain sections. Although behavioral studies suggest that OFQ II(1-28) possesses analgesic activity, this effect does not appear to be mediated via direct binding at the mu opioid receptor. Taken together, these findings support the view that (1) OFQ is the only ppOFQ peptide that binds to and activates the ORL1 receptor and (2) OFQ II(1-28) does not bind or stimulate [35S]-GTPgammaS binding in cells expressing the mu opioid receptor.
Positron Emission Tomography of Pituitary Macroadenomas: Hormone Production and Effects of Therapies

Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was carried out in 24 patients with pituitary macroadenomas (32 studies) to assess the glucose utilization of these tumors in vivo. The adenoma metabolic index, which is the ratio of FDG uptake of tumor to a whole brain slice, was calculated. Comparisons were made between tumor uptake of FDG and hormone secretion and response to therapies. In each positron emission tomography study, the macroadenoma could be easily identified visually as an area of increased FDG uptake near the region of the sella. FDG uptakes were highest for nonfunctional adenomas, and the prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone-producing groups displayed similar levels of glucose metabolism. The adenoma metabolic index for all tumors averaged 1.3, ranging from 0.3 for a thyroid-stimulating hormone adenoma to 3.5 for a nonfunctional tumor. Tumors did not exhibit metabolic rates that could characterize the type of hormone produced. Recurrent macroadenomas displayed metabolism similar to tumors not operated on, whereas irradiated adenomas showed lower glucose uptake than nonirradiated tumors. Drug therapy with bromocriptine or the long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide also decreased the glucose utilization of the tumor. There was no correlation between the amount of hormone produced and the adenoma metabolic index when a group of tumors was analyzed. Patients scanned more than once, however, demonstrated changes in hormone levels that changed or did not change in parallel with tumor metabolism. Thus, positron emission tomography offers the potential capability for predicting and defining the growth of pituitary adenomas. This may be of particular value when plasma hormone assays and conventional imaging techniques prove inadequate for monitoring patient response to therapy.
Identification of a unique monocarboxylate transporter (MCT3) in retinal pigment epithelium.

Abstract The retinal pigment epithelium transports lactate between two tissue compartments, the interphotoreceptor matrix and the choriocapillaris. In this report we describe a 2.45-kb cDNA isolated from a chick cDNA RPE library that encodes a membrane protein found only in RPE cells. The deduced protein has 542 amino acids with twelve putative membrane spanning domains. The cDNA has been designated MCT3 based on its 45% identity in amino acid sequence and structural similarity with the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2. Stable transfectants (pCl-neo/MCT3), made in a rat thyroid epithelial cell line (FRTL-5), express MCT3 RNA. Transfectants had enhanced pyruvate uptake (used as a measure of lactate uptake) which was proton-dependent and inhibited by α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate. In summary, MCT3's unique expression in RPE cells, multiple potential phosphorylation sites, and basolateral distribution suggest that MCT3 may regulate lactate levels in the interphotoreceptor space.
Survey of computer aided dispatching (CAD)

The key elements of CAD systems are studied to assess the growing importance of digital techniques on the "dispatching" activity. This activity consists largely of communications from citizens in distress through a communications center and on to the appropriate Patrol "unit". The importance of the communication center "operator's" role in this communication link involving telephone two-way radio, and remote data communication must be visualized to understand today's dispatching process. The communications link must provide protection, or help, for any citizen in a "reasonable" time even though information is relayed through the operators. The ways are described in which CAD and closely related data communications are being added to the telephone and two-way radio communication links to enhance the "dispatching" operation. These additions are also seen to improve the availability of important information to officers operating field "units" for both emergency and routine investigation. Within this framework the importance of the role of data transmission in todays operations is estimated. Probably future trends of data enhancement in the dispatching/CAD environment for Public Safety are suggested and the impact upon system design and operation are glimpsed.
Some circumstances assuring monomorphism in subdivided populations

Abstract It is well known that in a subdivided population subject to soft selection with two alleles at one locus, instability of both fixation states (a “protected polymorphism”) entails at least one stable polymorphic equilibrium. Although stable polymorphic and monomorphic equilibria can coexist in general, a stable fixation state (monomorphic equilibrium) precludes the existence of any polymorphic equilibrium under the circumstances of haploid or submultiplicative diploid viabilities. This provides that a stable monomorphism is robust against random fluctuations in allele frequencies. It also increases the known circumstances where there is a unique globally attracting stable equilibrium, i.e., where allele frequencies are determined by the selection-migration structure independent of the history of the system.
From Exploration to Systematic Investigation: Development of Geocryology in 19th- and Early—20th-Century Russia

Permafrost occupies 25% of the terrestrial surface of the Northern Hemisphere, but approximately 70% of Russia. Thus, it is not surprising that Russian researchers pioneered its scientific investigation. The first written accounts of perennially frozen ground in Russia appeared in the 17th century during a time of exploration and settlement of remote areas of Siberia. Nineteenth century investigations emphasized mapping, measuring, and describing permafrost and its thermal regime, primarily for reasons of scientific interest. About the turn of the 20th century, construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad and other issues related to the large migration of people to Siberia instigated a trend toward more applied investigations. In his 1927 book on permafrost research, Sumgin subdivided the history of Russian permafrost studies into three periods, designated the initial accumulation of facts, the academic period, and the utilitarian period. Although these periods are not separated by precise temporal bounds,...
Aristotle on Practical Inference, the Explanation of Action, and Akrasia

In his edition of the Nicomachean Ethics John Burnet added two appendices as particularly relevant to Aristotle's discussion of akrasia (weakness). The first appendix, De Anima, III, 10, contains Aristotle's discussion of how practical reason and want combine to cause movement for the sake of something and how explanations of action can be constructed in terms of these two elements; in the other appendix, De Motu 7, Aristotle casts explanations of actions in the form of practical inferences. The relevance of these passages to Aristotle's discussion of akrasia is beyond dispute: Aristotle explicitly employs practical inferences to represent the motivations of the akrates (weak man), and he clearly regards the behavior of the akrates as a case of movement for the sake of something, a case of action. Burnet's appendices suggest what seems to me the only sound strategy for unraveling and understanding Aristotle's explanation of akrasia. We must place this explanation within Aristotle's general theory of the explanation of action and the role of practical inference in such explanation. Akrasia is a difficult case with problems peculiar to it, but all the same it is a case of movement for the sake of something, and in explaining it Aristotle follows his paradigm of the explanation of action. In this paper I wish to take full advantage of this strategy in an attempt to reconstruct in detail and take a fresh look at Aristotle's account of akrasia. The dividends of this strategy will show themselves, I hope, as I try along the way to resolve some of the textual and philosophical difficulties in Aristotle's account, difficulties traditionally and recently raised by commentators.'
The K-50L Coaxial Probe: Its Origin, Applications, and Benefits

The commitment to achieve excellence in quality has led to advancements in many fields of endeavor, wireless communications notwithstanding. Motorola?s SIX SIGMA quality culture has motivated many technological advancements including the K-50L broadband coaxial probe. Widely employed within Motorola, the K-50L was commercialized through Everett Charles Technologies for the general benefit of the electronics industry. Hewlett Packard has supported K-50L applications by developing calibration techniques. This presentation seeks to promote the successful implementation and broad scale utilization of the K-50L by practitioners in all applicable disciplines. The K-50L excels in test and measurement applications where high frequency high density surface mount circuitry is employed. Topics presented for consideration and subsequent discussion include: the origin of the K-50L, present and future applications, benefits and standardization potential, and needed enhancements.
The use of English as a programming language

The purpose of this talk is to make a personal plea, backed up by some practical comments, for the use of English or anyone else's natural language as a programming language. This seems to be a suitable subject for the conference, since whatever definition of pragmatics is decided upon, it certainly seems to be tied in with the users of any programming language and what the language means to them.
Epidemiology and prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress in OEF/OIF/OND service members.

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes information about the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military personnel and Veterans who have served in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts as well as the disorder's impact and efforts to prevent it in this population. We examine prevalence in light of epidemiologic methods and discuss associated outcomes, etiology, and factors affecting risk for PTSD. Prevention strategies are presented both in terms of individual-level interventions and operational strategies designed to mitigate the development of PTSD. Our findings indicate that while research into the prevalence and consequences of PTSD in the Iraq and Afghanistan cohort has been significant, relatively little is known about the effectiveness of approaches designed to prevent it.
The Rehnquist Court and corrections law: an empirical assessment

The Rehnquist Court era (1986–2005) coincided with developments that increased the impact and importance of corrections law, including dramatically expanded prison populations. An empirical analysis of corrections law decisions by the Rehnquist Court illuminates trends in decision‐making and the nature of intracourt consensus and conflict affecting the definitions of legal protections for convicted offenders. Unlike in other areas of law, constitutional cases in corrections law that divide the Court lead justices to vote consistently with their dominant patterns of judicial philosophies and values.
Fontan's operation: evolution from a procedure to a process.

It was in 1971, Fontan and Baudet1 published their experience using a surgical procedure to restore a physiologic circulation in three patients with tricuspid atresia. Of the three patients, two survived, thus ushering a new era in the treatment of children with complex forms of congenital cardiac disease. This operation itself, however, was the culmination of a series of experimental and clinical observations that underlined the clinical possibility totally to bypass the right side of the heart.
The effects of chronic lithium on the eeg and locomotor response to drug challenge in rats

Abstract 1. Adult male Wistar rats were given lithium as a dietary supplement or a control diet for a period of eight weeks. 2. Spectral analysis of cortical EEG activity revealed a significant shift in the amplitude and variance of the theta rhythm in rats administered lithium. 3. A significant increase in the locomotor response to morphine over time but not to saline or caffeine was seen in lithium treated rats as compared to controls. 4. The modulation of the locomotor response to morphine seen following lithium administration suggests the possibility that modification of a brain opioid system may contribute to the clinical response to lithium.
Generalizing mapreduce as a unified cloud and HPC runtime

Computational simulation and analysis were one of the keys to the future in data-intensive science as a "fourth paradigm" of scientific discovery but facing a major challenge as handling the incredible increases in dataset sizes. This requires attractive powerful programming models that address issues of portability with scaling performance and fault tolerance. Further, one must meet these challenges for both computation and storage. We build on the success of our research on Iterative MapReduce with successful prototypes Twister (on HPC) and Twister4Azure (on clouds). We have designed a novel Map Collective runtime which generalizes previous work in both HPC and MapReduce communities, which we hypothesize can be used as the runtime for data analysis (mining) interoperably between clouds and clusters.
Managing patients with clinically significant cardiac and carotid artery occlusive disease.

Archives of Neurology Strokes After Cardiac Surgery and Relationship to Carotid Stenosis Yuebing Li, MD, PhD; Debra Walicki; Claranne Mathiesen, RN; Donna Jenny, RN; Qiang Li, MD; Yevgeniy Isayev, MD; James F. Reed III, PhD; John E. Castaldo, MD Objective: To critically examine the role of significant carotid stenosis in the pathogenesis of postoperative stroke following cardiac operations. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Single tertiary care hospital. Participants: A total of 4335 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement, or both. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence, subtype, and arterial distribution of stroke. Results: Clinically definite stroke was detected in 1.8% of patients undergoing cardiac operations during the same admission. Only 5.3% of these strokes were of the large-vessel type, and most strokes (76.3%) occurred without significant carotid stenosis. In 60.0% of cases, strokes identified via computed tomographic head scans were not confined to a single carotid artery territory. According to clinical data, in 94.7% of patients, stroke occurred without direct correlation to significant carotid stenosis. Undergoing combined carotid and cardiac operations increases the risk of postoperative stroke compared with patients with a similar degree of carotid stenosis but who underwent cardiac surgery alone (15.1% vs 0%; P = .004). Conclusions: There is no direct causal relationship between significant carotid stenosis and postoperative stroke in patients undergoing cardiac operations. Combining carotid and cardiac procedures is neither necessary nor effective in reducing postoperative stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(9):1091-1096..
Cosets and ferromagnetic correlation inequalities

Consideration of subgroups of the group of all subsets ofN={1, 2, ...,n} with symmetric difference as the operation leads to new inequalities on correlations for a generalized Ising ferromagnet. An upper bound for the rate of change of 〈σ R 〉 with respect toJ S in terms of correlations and a new, brief proof for the monotonicity of 〈σ R 〉 as a function ofJ S are given.
TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF LAYERED COMPOSITE PARABOLOIDAL SHELLS

Abstract An analysis is presented for the torsional vibration characteristics of layered composite paraboloidal shells. The conditions for the uncoupling of the torsional modes from the bending and extensional modes are first determined for a layered shell of revolution. A finite difference scheme is developed for the solution of the resulting governing equation for the uncoupled torsional frequencies. The results of the finite difference solution for the paraboloids are compared with the analytical solution of uncoupled torsional frequencies of circular plates, in the limit as the curvature of the paraboloid goes to zero. As a result of the analysis of different paraboloids, the non-dimensional uncoupled torsional frequency parameters of the paraboloids are found to be inversely proportional to the ratio of the meridional arclength to the thickness of the paraboloid for a given edge angle.
Time-domain metal detector and GPR data processing and fusion for land mine detection

ABSTRACT For the landmine detection problem, a detector that provides a high probability of detection and a lowprobability of false alarm is needed. It is often the case that detectors satisfy one requirement at the cost ofpoor performance with regard to the other. Single sensors cannot achieve this goal, since every sensor hasits advantages and disadvantages when dealing with a large variety of landmines, from large metal-casedmines to small plastic-cased mines, etc. Thus, in this paper we consider two types of sensors, EMI andGPR. Time-domain EMI has been extensively used in the military and humanitarian demining. However, itis essentially a metal detector, thus, can detect mines with high metal content successfully, as well as metaldebris in the environment. This yields poor detection performance on mines with low metal content andhigh false alarm rate ifthe field was contaminated by metallic clutter. On the other hand, GPR is a potentialtool for landmine detection, since it can detect and identify subsurface anomalies. A GPR system with widefrequency band can achieve good resolution and adequately deep penetration for landmine detection. In ourprevious work, we have shown that Bayesian detection approach can be applied to EMI data and providepromising results. In this paper, we present results that indicate that statistical signal processing techniquescan improve performance over the conventional detection methods, which are usually based on the energypresent in the signal. Specifically, we consider data taken by the Coleman Research Corporation (CRC)Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System (HSTAMIDS) at Fort A. P. Hill, VA. and Yuma, AZ. Theactive system of the HSTAMIDS contains co-located metal detector (MD) and GPR sensors, which allowsus to fuse the data from the MD and GPR sensors. Thus, in addition to discussing individual sensor dataprocessing, we also present result of data fusion of both the MD and the GPR data using the HSTAMIDSsystem.
Artificial pedicle screw reconstruction of the cervical spine after lateral paramedian transpedicular approach for lesions of the ventral cervical spinal canal.

Objective We describe in detail the anatomic and surgical principles of a lateral cervical paramedian transpedicular approach, a novel technique that provides access to the ventral cervical spinal canal. We also describe single-stage posterior column reconstruction of the cervical spine in which traditional cervical lateral mass screws are used simultaneously to reconstruct the cervical pedicle and to allow for three-column stabilization in a continuous posterior screw-rod construct after this approach. Methods This technique is a modification of traditional thoracic posterolateral extracavitary approaches and has been used by our group for the resection of intradural and extradural spinal lesions, as we illustrate. Results This approach is particularly useful in cases where significant pathological characteristics of the trachea or esophagus preclude an anterior approach to the cervical spine and in cases in which multiple levels are involved. Conclusion Cervical spinal stability is enhanced, because all cervical levels are incorporated into the final screw-rod construct.
Photocatalytic reduction of acetylene by [MoOCl(dppe)2]+Cl− on TiO2

The reduction of acetylene by the electron transfer catalyst [MoOCl(dppe)2]+Cl- (dppe, 1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane) in the presence of colloidal TiO2(diameter, 5–8 nm) was studied. This photocatalytic process exibits optimum activity at pH 6 and a loading of 37 catalyst molecules per TiO2 particle. At pH⩽6, conduction band electrons from band gap irradiation of TiO2 are transferred through the catalyst to C2H2, C2H4 and the solvent with a photonic efficiency of 5.7%. The effects of temperature, intensity and loading on the catalytic process are consistent with a mechanism in which the TiO2,-bound Mo(dppe)2 center promotes the transfer of electrons to the bound substrate. At pH > 6, the catalyst loses dppe ligands on photolysis, but remains catalytically active.
From the Editors: Math Achievement and Early Childhood Teacher Preparation

In the United States, we have an ongoing struggle to attract students to advanced study and careers in mathematics. In the most recent international comparisons, 15-year-olds in the U.S. fell behin...
Bone parameters of thick and thin eggshell lines of chickens

1. 1. Comparative measurements of bone parameters were made on chickens from thick and thin eggshell lines that were maintained on a normal diet containing 3.5% calcium, injected i.v. with 45CaCl2 and sacrificed 30 min later. 2. 2. There were no significant differences between shell lines for the following measurements on the left femur: specific gravity, ash wt, total calcium, percent calcium and 45Ca content. 3. 3. There was deposition of 45Ca in the femur of all hens—even those in the process of eggshell formation. 4. 4. Skeletal metabolism was not a limiting factor in determining whether a hen produced a thick or thin eggshell.
EPA's Resonsibilities under RCRA: Administrative Law Issues

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was intended to encourage retrieval and reuse of waste materials and to regulate disposal of hazardous wastes to minimize the harm to health and environment caused by unsafe disposal. Congress intended that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) integrate the RCRA into a comprehensive system of regulation with other environmental statutes to plug in any gaps. EPA's primary responsibilities under RCRA include acting as a central information bureau for receipt and analysis of scientific data, identifying and listing hazardous wastes to be regulated, and approving state hazardous-waste-disposal plans. The agency's task was to ensure proper disposal while minimizing interference with industrial processes. There is reason to believe that Congress preferred immediate regulation via interim rules over delay pending further scientific investigation. If Congressional intent was to encourage the development of information and technology, it is consistent to place the burden of information production on generators through a petition procedure. 212 references.
Gas Phase and Surface Kinetic Processes in Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition

One- and two-dimensional numerical simulations have been used to determine the parameters critical to high rate growth of high quality polycrystalline silicon via hot-wire chemical vapor deposition at silane partial pressures of 1-70 mTorr and a wire temperature of 2000°C. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method [1] was used, including gas-phase chemistry relevant for growth. Model predictions agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental measurements.
Study of Physically Transient Insulating Materials as a Potential Platform for Transient Electronics and Bioelectronics

Acar, H., Cinar, S., Thunga, M., Kessler, M. R., Hashemi, N. and Montazami, R. (2014), Study of Physically Transient Insulating Materials as a Potential Platform for Transient Electronics and Bioelectronics. Adv. Funct. Mater., 24: 4135–4143. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201304186
What's Money Got to Do With It? The Appeal of the For-Profit Education Model

For-profit colleges have been dismissed by community college administrators and faculty as imperfect institutions that focus too heavily on skills-based training, to the detriment of a well-rounded academic experience. Although there are many appropriate criticisms of an educational model that relies on federal funding to make a profit—while enticing the lowest income group of students to take on huge debt—there may also be practices and resource efficiencies that can be exported to the community college. This paper seeks to examine what aspects of the for-profit model might be positively applied to the community college learning experience.