cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The classification of planar monomials over fields of prime square order

Planar functions were introduced by Dembowski and Ostrom in 1968 to describe affine planes possessing collineation groups with particular properties. To date their classification has only been resolved for functions over fields of prime order. In this article we classify planar monomials over fields of order p 2 with p a prime.
Thermal Evolution of the Earth: Some Recent Developments

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recently developed methods for thermal modeling of the Earth and illustrates that the Earth has been cooling over the last 3 billion years. The mechanism of core formation is examined. The assumption that total melting and eruption of mantle material may have cooled the Earth after core formation and that the temperature increased again during the Archean from radioactive heating is examined. The future of thermal modeling is discussed. In parameterized convection calculations, the global spreading rate and the residence time are obtained from the physics of convective flow. A derivation is presented based on the force balance of plate tectonics. In “parameterized convection,” calculations for thermal history models, the radioactive heat generation is assumed and the dependence of surface heat flow on temperature is obtained from the physics of convection. It is suggested that the Earth has been cooling since Archean time and a substantial amount of the Earth's heat flow comes from cooling rather than radioactivity. The chapter reveals that the rate of plate motions in Archean and early Proterozoic times is poorly constrained. Kinematic models using 40 Ar degassing give rates similar to present rates.
The morphological basis for binocular and ON/OFF convergence in tree shrew striate cortex

We used retrograde and anterograde transport methods and single-cell reconstructions to examine the projection from layer IV to supragranular layers in the tree shrew's striate cortex. We found that neurons in the ON and OFF subdivisions of layer IV (IVa and IVb, respectively) have overlapping terminal fields throughout layers II and III. Despite their overlap, these projections are organized in a highly stratified, mirror-symmetric fashion that respects the vertical position of neurons within each sublayer. Neurons in the middle of layer IV (lower IVa and upper IVb) project to layers IIIa/b, II, and I; neurons located at the edges of layer IV (upper IVa and lower IVb) project to the lower half of layer IIIc; and neurons in the middle of IVa and the middle of IVb project to upper IIIc. The stratified nature of the projections from layer IV to layer III is reminiscent of the pattern of ipsilateral and contralateral eye inputs to layer IV. Inputs from the ipsilateral eye are limited to the edges of layer IV (upper IVa and lower IVb), while those from the contralateral eye terminate throughout the depth of IVa and IVb. Thus, cells near the edges of layer IV should receive strong input from both eyes, while those in the middle of layer IV should receive mostly contralateral input. Taken together, these results suggest that the projections from layer IV to layer III bring together the information conveyed by the ON and OFF pathways, but do so in a way that matches the ocular dominance characteristics for each pathway.
Ethical, legal and economic aspects of employer monitoring of employee electronic mail

This paper examines ethical, legal and economic dimensions of the decision facing employers regarding whether it is appropriate to monitor the electronic mail (e-mail) communications of its employees. We review the question of whether such monitoring is lawful. Recent e-mail monitoring cases are viewed as a progression from cases involving more established technologies (i.e., phone calls, internal memoranda, faxes and voice mail). The central focus of the paper is on the extent to which employer monitoring of employee e-mail presents a structure of costs and benefits to the employer which are unlikely to make such a practice profitable or practical to the employer. The practice of employer monitoring to detect illicit employee behavior (e.g., fraud, harassment of fellow employees, industrial espionage) is considered. It is argued that not only does such monitoring behavior fall short of the standard imposed by Kant's categorical imperative for ethical behavior, monitoring also fails to meet Aristotle's ethical standard of practical wisdom. Other ethical aspects of employer monitoring are considered.
Data Mining Technologies for Digital Libraries and Web Information Systems

In the first half of the talk, I will discuss data mining technologies that can result in better browsing and searching. Consider the problem of merging documents from different categorizations (taxonomies) into a single master categorization. Current classifiers ignore the implicit similarity information present in the source categorizations. I will show that by incorporating this information into the classification model, classification accuracy can be substantially improved [1]. Next, I will demonstrate novel search technology that treats numbers as first-class objects, and thus yields dramatically better results than current Web search engines when searching over product descriptions or other number-rich documents [2].
Quantum groups at ν

In this paper we will give a meaning to the limit of a (Drinfeld-Jimbo) quantized enveloping algebra over Q(ν) of finite type, or rather a slight modification of it, as the parameter ν tends to ∞. (The classical case corresponds to ν = 1).
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci That Affect Aggressive Behavior in Mice

Despite the previous development of single-gene knock-out mice that exhibit alterations in aggressive behavior, very little progress has been made toward identifying the natural gene variants (alleles) that contribute to individual or strain differences in aggression. Whereas most inbred mouse strains show an intermediate level of inter-male aggression in the resident-intruder or dangler behavioral tests, NZB/B1NJ mice are extremely aggressive and A/J mice are extremely unaggressive. We took advantage of the large phenotypic difference between these strains and used an outcross–backcross breeding protocol and a genome-wide scan to identify aggression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on distal chromosome 10 (Aggr1;p = 6 × 10−7) and proximal chromosome X (Aggr2; p = 2.14 × 10−5). Candidate genes forAggr1 and Aggr2, respectively, include the diacylglycerol kinase α subunit gene (Dagk1) and the glutamate receptor subunit AMPA3 gene (Gria3). This is the first report of significant aggression QTLs established through a genome-wide scan in any mammal. The mapping of these QTLs is a step toward the definitive identification of mouse alleles that affect aggression and may lead, ultimately, to the discovery of homologous alleles that affect individual differences in aggression within other mammalian species.
Traffic modeling and tracking for multiuser detection for random access networks

Traffic burstiness results in the predictability of user activity at the individual source level, and the exploitation of such predictability in the receiver design for wireless packet switching random access/CDMA networks is investigated. It is shown that the conventional approach of assuming all users are active results in substantial performance loss when a linear multiuser detector, and in particular, a decorrelating detector is implemented. A two-stage receiver is proposed where the first stage tracks active users and prior to the second stage symbol detection. Two different user trackers are presented and it is demonstrated that, with the help of traffic predictability, accurate estimate of active set of users is possible, even with a simple matched filter bank implementation at the first stage.
Validation of Clear-Sky Fluxes for Tropical Oceans from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

The existence and magnitude of a systematic bias in the clear-sky longwave fluxes from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is investigated. The bias is apparently introduced because the ERBE method for scene identification does not account for large zonal gradients in longwave absorption by water vapor. The ERBE fluxes are compared to fluxes calculated with a radiative transfer model from ship radiosonde measurements. The comparison is based upon an analysis of 5 yr of coincident satellite and radiosonde observations for equatorial ocean regions. The differences between the ERBE and model fluxes are examined as functions of sea surface temperature (SST) and relative humidity. The authors use height-mean relative humidity bar-RH as an index of atmospheric moisture. The average offset between and model ERBE fluxes ranges between +2 and +6 W/sq m for SSTs above 295 K, and the gradients with respect to SST are nearly identical. However, the difference between the model and ERBE depends significantly on the tropospheric relative humidity. ERBE fluxes exceed model fluxes for bar-RH above 70%, and the maximum offset of +9 to +12 W/sq m is consistent with previous estimates. There are also indications that the clear-sky fluxes for bar-RH below 25% may be underestimated by about 10-15 W/sq m. Since extreme values of height-mean humidity are relatively infrequent, the net bias introduced in the ERBE monthly mean clear-sky fluxes is generally less than the systematic error in estimates introduced in the ERBE monthly mean clear-sky fluxes is generally less than the systematic error in estimates of the instantaneous fluxes. These findings support earlier work on the coupling between SST and the atmospheric greenhouse effect, in particular the existence of a super greenhouse effect for oceans warmer than 300 K. Recent reports of much larger systematic differences are not supported by this analysis. The results indicate that comparison of general circulation model (GCM) and ERBE clear-sky longwave fluxes will depend explicitly on atmospheric humidity.
Experimental Study on Crack Propagation by AE Location under Uniaxial Compression Condition

AE technique is proved a efficient tool for real-time monitoring of the crack initiation and propagation during rock failure process under uniaxial compression condition. In this paper, An AE system was employed to investigate the crack propagation and failure modes of three groups of granite specimens (80mm×100mm×170mm) with the same pre-existing crack. The AE sensors can be surface mounted. By using a Geiger location algorithm, AE event location can be determined by time-of-arrival times. The propagation velocities of p-wave or s-wave of granite samples were measured. Experiments on pre-existing crack propagation of granite samples were carried out on the press machine. From the testing result, failure mode of three kinds of granite samples was mainly shear failure, while the secondary crack propagated slowly and could not influence the failure mode of granite sample. By surveying the relation of accumulative AE events and stress-strain curve, AE activity represents different characters with stress-strain changing during the total loading process, microcracking contributing to fracture propagation with strain corrosion. AE location result reflected crack initiation and propagation, which is of great importance in studying rock instability and predicting rock failure mode.
Use of proxy-documentary and instrumental data to assess the risk factors leading to sea flooding in Venice

Abstract Due to its geographical position, and because it was built at sea level, Venice is extremely sensitive to climate changes and, in the future, risks being submerged as a consequence of the expansion of oceanic water in response to global warming. A key problem is the increasing frequency of storm surges with the sea flooding the city (locally named acqua alta ) that has reached an unsustainable level. After careful examination of both proxy documentary and instrumental data, it has been possible to reconstruct the extreme weather conditions and natural hazards, which have taken place in the last two millennia, with particular reference to surges. A key problem with proxy data from written sources is that periods with missing data may be misinterpreted as ‘normal’, or that inaccurate reporting may lead to duplication or even multiplication of events. For this reason, the accuracy of the proxy data has been checked by comparing it with other known events. An accurate series of the flood surges has been obtained combining instrumental observations (1872–2000) with documentary data for the previous period. The period of minimum solar activity of Sporer (1416–1534) was anomalous for surges. Not only have meteorologically perturbed periods been identified, but also the effects of the accelerated subsidence of the city and of certain works undertaken in the lagoon that varied the exchanges between the sea and the lagoon. The impact of subsidence and of the modified dynamical exchanges of the lagoon on the change in flooding frequency has been established. During the instrumental period, the tide gauge measured a 31-cm rise. The frequency of surges has dramatically increased since the 1960s, reaching about two flooding events per year, the greatest value since 792 AD.
Estrogen decreases elastolytic activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) via ERK and P38 MAPK

Abstract Introduction: The incidence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) in males is around 4 times higher than females. However, after age 80 the incidence equalizes. This strongly suggests that estrogen plays a role in delaying the formation of AAA. We have previously shown that estrogen inhibits elastolytic activity in VSMC cells by decreasing the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of this inhibitory effect of estrogen on VSMC elastolytic activity. Methods: TG H/A aortic vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured in elastin-coated plates till 75% confluence. VSMC s were harvested after treated with estrogen for 1, 2 and 3 days. Cell lysate was collected for western blot analysis. VSMC were treated with 17-beta estrodial (E2), E2 +ICI 182,780 (ICI)− a pure estrogen receptor antagonist, E2+PD98059-ERK inhibitor and E2+SB203580- P38 inhibitor for 3 days. Serum-free condition media were given afterwards for 24 hours before harvest. Elastolytic activity was evaluated by microassay previously developed in this lab. Results: Estrogen increased ER-alpha not ER-beta in VSMC. ERK1/2 and P38 but not JNK were phosphorylated by estrogen at day 1, day2, and day3. The inhibition of elastolytic activity in VSMC condition media can be fully recovered by estrogen receptor antagonist ICI, PD98059–ERK inhibitor and SB203580- P38 inhibitor. Conclusions: All these findings suggest that estrogen’s inhibitory effect on elastolytic activity is through estrogen receptors alpha and mediated via ERK1/2 and P38 MAPK.
Molecular packing of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol (PP10): bilayer, trilayer, and hexalayer structures

Etude du mode d'empilement dans plusieurs formes polymorphes par diffraction de rayons X, calorimetrie differentielle a balayage, spectrometries IR et Raman
Progressive Student Expectations Based on AOTA's Fieldwork Evaluation

In 1986, the Fieldwork Evaluation (FWE) was adopted in lieu of the Fieldwork Performance Report (AOTA, Committee for the Revision of the Fieldwork Performance Report, 1986). The addition of the do­ mains of judgment and attitude were two of the many changes to the evaluation. The occupational therapy staff again developed behavioral statements, this time for each category of the 51 items on the FWE. These new statements totaled more than 450; reviewing them with students every 3 weeks became an over­ whelming task for both supervisors and students. Although the FWE was not designed to be used as a midterm evaluation or counseling tool (Hickerson Crist & Cooper, 1988), cost prohibited AOTA from developing a separate midterm evaluation. Therefore, AOTA's Commission on Education suggested that rat­ ings of satisfactory plus, satisfactory, and unsatisfac­ tory be used at the midterm evaluation for each FWE item. Our staff at Good Samaritan Hospital chose not to follow this suggestion. The FWE items were con­ sidered summative or end-performance statements, so one reason for this decision was our concern that a student might be rated unsatisfactory on an item that is considered a higher-level skill and is therefore not addressed until after the midterm Receiving a large number of unsatisfactory or not applicable ratings was often interpreted negatively by students and at times may have discouraged students needlessly. This midterm problem, coupled with the time involved in reviewing our 450 behavioral statements, prompted the development of the Time Line Objectives and Counseling Tool.
Structural studies on heparin. Tetrasaccharides obtained by heparinase degradation.

Abstract Three tetrasaccharides representing major structural sequences of heparin were isolated in good yield and characterized after degradation of heparin by purified flavobacterial heparinase. N -Desulfation was necessary to achieve good separation of these closely related compounds from each other. One of the tetrasaccharides was shown to be derived from the fully sulfated repeating segments; to contain l -iduronic acid and six sulfate groups, and have the structure Δ 4,5 -Hex p A-(2-SO 4 )-(1→4)-α- d -Glc p N-( N -SO 4 )-(6-SO 4 )-(1→4)-α- l -Ido p A-(2-SO 4 )-(1→4)- d -GlcN- ( N -SO 4 )-(6-SO 4 ). The second contained a d -glucuronic acid unit that was nonsulfated instead of the l -iduronic acid, and the third, obtained in a fairly low yield, contained five sulfate groups, three of which being located on the disaccharide at the nonreducing end, and having the structure Δ 4,5 -Hex p A-(2-SO 4 )-(1→4)-α- d -Glc p N-( N -SO 4 )-(6-SO 4 )-(1→4)-α- l -Ido p A-(2-SO 4 )-(1→4)- d -GlcN- ( N -SO 4 ). All tetrasaccharides had a sulfated, unsaturated uronic acid unit at the nonreducing end, confirming that the heparinase requires sulfated l -iduronic acid units for activity.
The Test Engineer's Assistant: a support environment for hardware design for testability

A description is given of TEA (Test Engineer's Assistant), a CAD (computer-aided design) environment developed to provide the knowledge base and tools needed by a system designer for incorporating testability features into a design. TEA helps the designer meet the requirements of fault coverage and ambiguity group size. Fault coverage is defined as the percentage of faults that can be detected out of the population of all faults of a unit under test with a particular test set. An ambiguity group is defined as the smallest hardware entity in a given level of the system design hierarchy (that is, board, subsystem, and system) to which a fault can be isolated. The fault model considered throughout is the single stuck-at fault model. An example application of TEA is included. >
Cerenkov Counters in High Energy Physics

Cerenkov counters as particle detectors in high energy physics experiments are discussed with emphasis on the practical design of velocity-sensitive devices. The performance and problems associated with three types of detectors are considered: simple velocity threshold counters and wide-band and narrow-band velocity selectors. The limitation in resolution of practical velocity-sensitive counters in high energy experiments arises mainly from the characteristics of the beams which must pass through their radiators. These limitations include divergences in the direction of the beam particles, multiple coulomb scattering, and changes in velocity of particles as they pass through the Cerenkov radiator. Methods of coupling radiators to multiplier phototubes include direct optical contact, specular reflection, and diffuse reflection. Magnesium oxide is an excellent diffuse reflector and methods of its application are given. Statistical fluctuations in the small numbers of photoelectrons produced from Cerenkov radiators limit the accuracy with which the times of passage of individual particles are determined.
Separatrix radius measurement of field-reversed configuration plasma in FRX-L

Magnetic pickup coils and single turn flux loops are installed on the FRX-L device. The combination of the two measurements provides the excluded flux radius that approximates the separatrix radius of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma. Arrays of similar probes are used to map out local magnetic field dynamics beyond both ends of the theta-coil confinement region to help understand the effects of cusp locations on flux trapping during the FRC formation process. Details on the probe design and system calibrations are presented. The overall system calibration of excluded flux radius measurement is examined by replacing FRC plasma with a known radius aluminum conductor cylinder.
Computational aspects of the nonisothermal classical plasticity

Abstract The author has previously proposed an extension of classical plasticity theory which accounts for thermal effects and creep behavior and is applicable to transient temperature loading. This theory has been designed for use within large scale nonlinear finite element computer codes. Although the constitutive theory has been previously presented, the complete derivation was not reported due to its length. In this paper the author will present an abbreviated derivation of the uniaxial theory for those who have found the theory difficult to follow. In addition, some computational examples of the theory are presented in order to better clarify the capability of the model as well as details of its utilization.
The Impact of Learning Culture on Worker Response to New Technology.

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to provide a framework to measure the response of blue‐collar workers to new technology in manufacturing and to establish the relationship between learning culture and that response.Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected with a survey questionnaire from 12 manufacturing sites that were implementing a number of diverse new technologies. The dimensions of worker response were identified with exploratory factor analysis and the relationship between these factors and learning culture was established with path analysis.Findings – Factor analysis identified seven dimensions of worker response: disgruntlement, job‐security concerns, accommodation, informal learning, resistance, discussion, and formal learning. Learning culture had a large, statistically significant relationship with disgruntlement and medium, statistically significant relationships with job‐security concerns, accommodation, informal learning, and formal learning.Research limitations/implications ...
On multi-channel operation of phase-preserving 2R amplitude regenerator

Abstract We analyze multi-channel operation of a phase-preserving amplitude regenerator based on a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM) with a dispersion-managed nonlinear medium. We show that, under the conditions similar to those of the previously studied multi-channel Mamyshev regenerator, the multi-channel performance of the NALM-based regenerator with phase-encoded signals is considerably worse than that of Mamyshev regenerator with on-off-keying signals. This is explained by a weaker, compared to a timing jitter׳s, dependence of nonlinear phase jitter on the inter-channel spacing. We show that the multi-channel NALM performance can be significantly improved by using the dispersion map that includes a larger number of fiber sections separated by periodic group-delay devices.
Lithographic characterization of the spherical error in an extreme-ultraviolet optic by use of a programmable pupil-fill illuminator

Extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography remains a leading contender for use in the mass production of nanoelectronics at the 32 nm node. Great progress has been made in all areas of EUV lithography, including the crucial issue of fabrication of diffraction-limited optics. To gain an accurate understanding of the projection optic wavefront error in a completed lithography tool requires lithography-based aberration measurements; however, making such measurements in EUV systems can be challenging. We describe the quantitative lithographic measurement of spherical aberration in a 0.3 numerical aperture. EUV microfield optic. The measurement method is based on use of the unique properties of a programmable coherence illuminator. The results show the optic to have 1 nm rms spherical error, whereas interferometric measurements performed during the alignment of the optic indicated a spherical error of less than 0.1 nm rms.
Compilation techniques for energy reduction in horizontally partitioned cache architectures

Horizontally partitioned data caches are a popular architectural feature in which the processor maintains two or more data caches at the same level of hierarchy. Horizontally partitioned caches help reduce cache pollution and thereby improve performance. Consequently most previous research has focused on exploiting horizontally partitioned data caches to improve performance, and achieve energy reduction only as a byproduct of performance improvement. In constrast, in this paper we show that optimizing for performance trades-off several opportunities for energy reduction. Our experiments on a HP iPAQ h4300-like memory subsystem demonstrate that optimizing for energy consumption results in up to 127% less memory subsystem energy consumption than the performance optimal solution. Furthermore, we show that energy optimal solution incurs on average only 1.7% performance penalty. Therefore, with energy consumption becoming a first class design constraint, there is a need for compilation techniques aimed at energy reduction. To achieve aforementioned energy savings we propose and explore several low-complexity algorithms aimed at reducing the energy consumption and show that very simple greedy heuristics achieve 97% of the possible memory subsystem energy savings.
Phagocytosis of yeast by human oocytes: Fine structural observations

Fine-structure observations have been made on the interaction between invasive yeast cells and human oocytes. The yeast appear to make their way through the zona pellucida and once in the perivitelline space are incorporated into phagocytic vacuoles by surface activity of the oocyte. The yeast attach to the vitelline membrane via fuzzy surface material on the cell wall, and incorporation appears to be aided by oocyte microvillar activity. Coated pits in the oocyte plasma membrane are incorporated into the phagosomes, but no lysosomal activity is seen, and neither oocytes nor yeast cells appear to undergo degeneration in the time frame investigated.
Double-quantum NMR spectroscopy of 31P species submitted to very large CSAs.

Abstract We introduce an original pulse sequence, BR 2 2 1 ( τ π τ ) , which is a block super-cycled R 2 2 1 sequence employing as basic element a π pulse sandwiched by ‘window’ intervals. This homonuclear dipolar recoupling method allows the efficient excitation of double-quantum coherences between spin-1/2 nuclei submitted to very large chemical shift anisotropy. We demonstrate that this technique can be employed in double-quantum ↔ single-quantum 31 P homonuclear correlation experiment at high magnetic field ( B 0 ⩾ 14 T) and high MAS frequencies ( ν R ⩾ 30 kHz). The performances of BR 2 2 1 ( τ π τ ) are compared to those of the double-quantum recoupling methods, such as BABA and bracketed fp-RFDR, which were already employed at fast MAS rates. The BR 2 2 1 ( τ π τ ) sequence displays a higher robustness to CSA and offset than the other existing techniques.
Wafer level underfill for area array Cu pillar flip chip packaging of ultra low-k chips on organic substrates

Wafer level underfill (WLUF), coated and B-staged on the wafer before dicing and flip chip bonding, protects and preserves interconnects and Back-End-of-Line (BEOL) structures by the presence of the underfill during the chip joining process. However, there are significant new challenges in formulating WLUF materials and developing the processes for area array flip chip packaging of silicon chips on organic substrates. The use of highly filled WLUF in conjunction with Ultra Low-k (ULK) chips which are larger than 10 × 10 mm and interconnected with Cu pillars to organic substrates has not yet been reported in the literature. It has been very challenging to achieve 100% electrically and metallurgically good Pb-free solder joints without WLUF voids. In this paper, details of flip chip packaging processes with highly filled WLUF materials (60 wt% fillers) will be presented including coating, dicing, bonding, and curing. The size of the test chip was 13×17mm and the test substrate was 42.5×42.5mm with over 8,000 area array interconnects. The chip bumps were 40 micron tall Cu pillars capped with 10 microns of SnAg solder (Ag > 1.5 wt%) and the pre-solder on the substrate was SnAgCu (Ag > 3.0 wt%). During the WLUF spin coating process, it is important to maintain uniform filler distribution as well as thickness uniformity. We achieved a tack-free surface after B-stage cure and the surface roughness was less than 0.2 micron. Since the wafer has ULK (k<2.4) dielectric, the wafer requires laser grooving before the blade dicing to reduce the stress during wafer sawing. We introduced a new dicing method to apply laser grooving for WLUF flip chip packages. When WLUF is used for flip chip packaging of 13×17 mm size chips on organic substrates, the WLUF should be inherently fluxing to achieve metallurgically good solder joints by melting and solidification of the solder during the bonding process because larger size area array chip packages require higher reliability criteria than smaller size peripheral chip packages. However, the flux capability is a likely source of voids in the WLUF after bonding. These voids were eliminated during a post cure process of the WLUF material by using hydrostatic pressure. In addition, fillers in the 60 wt% loaded WLUF must not be trapped in the solder joints, so the viscosity of the WLUF must remain low until the solder fully melts to make metallurgically good interconnections from the center to the corners of the chip. Cross sectional analysis was used to study the geometry of flip chip joints and filler distribution in the perimeter and the center of the chip. It was confirmed that solder joints were metallurgically good with no filler entrapment and that the filler was uniformly distributed. Non destructive X-ray images showed that there was no solder joint bridging in the entire chip area. C-SAM (C-Mode Scanning Acoustic Microscopy) confirmed that the integrity of the BEOL layer was preserved and that any WLUF voids that existed after bonding had been eliminated after full cure under hydrostatic pressure.
Synthesis of small‐medium ring thioanhydrides

Reaction of five-membered ring anhydrides with sodium sulfide has previously been employed for synthesis of the corresponding thioanhydrides in low yields. Re-examination of the stoichiometry reveals reaction of cyclic anhydride with sodium sulfide (2:1 respectively), affords the thioanhydride accompanied by the corresponding dicarboxylate in a 1:1 molar ratio. The mechanistic pathway for this reaction has also been elucidated. Optimization of reaction conditions has resulted in the synthesis of a variety of four to seven-membered ring thioanhydrides in yields approaching theoretical.
A dual-fiber modulation configuration based on new speckle volume holographic multiplexing technique

Hongbo Liu, Amar S. Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo Multifunctional Electronic Materials and Devices Research Lab Department of Electric a nd Computer Engineering University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 Abstract Recently, we proposed a new speckle-based hologram multiplexing recording technique. In this method, a multi-mode LiNbO
Application of Cartesian Cut Cell Method for Incompressible Flow on High Lift Devices

With advances in computing power and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) algorithms, the complexity of CutCell based simulation models has significantly increased. In this study three dimensional numerical simulations were created for steady incompressible flow around an airfoil shape. The authors extended their work [39] on more complex geometries; NACA-23012 Wing with 20 percent C clark Y Flap was used for this study. Boundary layer thickness, mesh expansion ratio, and mesh density variation parameters were examined. Drag and lift coefficients were compared to measured data. Use of the CutCell method produces fair agreement between CFD results and measured data.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Tropical paradox: a multi-scale analysis of the invasion paradox within Miami Rock Ridge tropical hardwood hammocks

The invasion paradox describes the scale dependence of native-exotic richness relationships (NERRs), where NERRs are negative at neighborhood scales and positive at landscape scales. However, a lack of tropical surveys and past failures to isolate potential confounding variables contribute to significant gaps in our understanding of the processes producing these patterns. We surveyed the vascular flora of 13 tropical hardwood hammocks for community characteristics (e.g., native and exotic species richness, vegetative cover) with a hierarchical sampling design. Using model selection, we determined which variables best predicted patterns of exotic species richness at each spatial scale of consideration. We found that native and exotic species richness were positively correlated at neighborhood scales, but negatively correlated at landscape scales. The latter result stands in stark opposition to the patterns published in the literature thus far. We found that natural disturbance history (as approximated by vegetative cover) was positively correlated with exotic species richness at intermediate and landscape scales only. Overall, hammock identity was the most important factor driving exotic species richness patterns at all spatial scales. Hammocks with highly-disturbed hydrologies, brought about by water management, had fewer native species and more exotic species than hammocks with more natural hydrological conditions. Our results are among the first from examination of subtropical communities, and may support the hypothesis that tropical and subtropical communities are subject to more intense biotic interactions. However, given our unique sampling design, our results do not reject the hypothesis that environmental heterogeneity drives the relationship between native and exotic species richness patterns.
CCR2 Chemokines Bind Selectively to Acetylated Heparan Sulfate Octasaccharides

Chemokines participate in well documented interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Although many chemokine amino acid residues involved in binding have been identified, much less is known about the bound regions of GAG. Heparan sulfate (HS) is the predominant cell surface GAG, and its heterogeneous nature offers proteins a variety of structural motifs with which to interact. In the present study, we describe the interactions of three CC chemokines, MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-2/CCL8, and MCP-3/CCL7, with HS-derived oligosaccharides. To this end, we generated and characterized a complex HS octasaccharide library containing 17 different octasaccharide compositions based on acetyl and sulfate group content. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to detect chemokine-HS octasaccharide complexes in the bound state, and an affinity purification protocol was used to select and identify chemokine-binding octasaccharides from the complex mixture. The results indicate that HS octasaccharide sulfation is the foremost requirement for chemokine binding. However, within octasaccharides of constant charge density, acetylation is also observed to augment binding, suggesting that there may be as yet undiscovered specificity in the chemokine-HS interaction.
Two characterizations of sufficient matrices

Abstract Two characterizations are given for the class of sufficient matrices defined by Cottle, Pang, and Venkateswaran. The first is a direct translation of the definition into linear-programming terms. The second can be thought of as a generalization of a theorem of T.D. Parsons on P -matrices.
Spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis in a patient with metastatic gastric cancer. A case report and etiologic consideration

Spontaneous peritonitis in adults has not been previously reported to occur in association with ascites of neoplastic origin. We report a patient with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma in whom spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis occurred as a terminal event. Massive metastases may have resulted in significant loss of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system and impaired the capability of the liver to function as an effective bacterial filter, predisposing the patient to bacterial peritonitis.
Mass effect on rotational diffusion of small solutes in solution

Abstract Rotational correlation times ( τ c ) of two pairs of small solutes, CpM(CO) 3 and M 2 (CO) 10 (M = Mn, Re), are determined in various viscous alkane solutions by narrow-band IR pump broad-band IR probe spectroscopy. By choosing these pairs of molecules, which are significantly different in mass but almost identical in volume, shape and in their expected interactions with solvents, we isolate the effects of mass on τ c . The effect of mass was observed clearly for these pairs of solute tracers, with heavier substitutions leading to larger τ c values. In the case of the CpM(CO) 3 pair, in which the moments of inertia do not change much, the effect of mass was seen in the τ c vs. solvent viscosity plot as result of larger slope for heavier substitution, with no clear change in the intercept. For the M 2 (CO) 10 pair, in which the moments of inertia change significantly, this mass effect can be observed through changes in both the slope and intercept.
Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in assessing depression following traumatic brain injury.

Objective To test the validity and reliability of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD) among persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Level I trauma center. Participants 135 adults within 1 year of complicated mild, moderate, or severe TBI. Main outcome measures PHQ-9 Depression Scale, Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (SCID). Results Using a screening criterion of at least 5 PHQ-9 symptoms present at least several days over the last 2 weeks (with one being depressed mood or anhedonia) maximizes sensitivity (0.93) and specificity (0.89) while providing a positive predictive value of 0.63 and a negative predictive value of 0.99 when compared to SCID diagnosis of MDD. Pearson's correlation between the PHQ-9 scores and other depression measures was 0.90 with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist depression subscale and 0.78 with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Test-retest reliability of the PHQ-9 was r = 0.76 and kappa = 0.46 when using the optimal screening method. Conclusions The PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable screening tool for detecting MDD in persons with TBI.
T=0 partition functions for Potts antiferromagnets on Möbius strips and effects of graph topology

Abstract We present exact calculations of the zero-temperature partition function of the q -state Potts antiferromagnet (equivalently the chromatic polynomial) for Mobius strips, with width L y =2 or 3, of regular lattices and homeomorphic expansions thereof. These are compared with the corresponding partition functions for strip graphs with (untwisted) periodic longitudinal boundary conditions.
Recovery of Type I (Brunhilde) Poliomyelitis Virus from Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord.

ConclusionsUnadapted type 1 (Brun-hilde) poliomyelitis virus inoculated intracerebrally in mice can be recovered 5 days and 10 days subsequently from the spinal cord of such mice as well as from their brains. Such virus does not appear to have undergone immunologic alteration and is neutralized by a type 1 (Brunhilde) monkey antiserum. The biological state of this unadapted virus in the central nervous system of the mice is such that it does not interfere with the propagation of mouse adapted type 2 (Lansing) poliomyelitis in such mice. It is suggested that the phenomenon may represent circumstances other than mere passive persistence of virus in the recipient mouse brain.
Optical Fiber Interferometers for Referencing Surface Benchmarks to Depth

—We have developed and operated optical fiber interferometers for monitoring displace ments within boreholes, as part of a program of crustal deformation measurement. These optical fiber strainmeters—a total of twelve instruments at two sites in southern California—were installed to sense the motion of the end-monuments of much longer baseline strainmeters and tiltmeters, allowing correction for any near-surface ground movement. One of the installations was specifically designed to investigate the distribution of deformation with depth, measuring over several borehole length-intervals from 5 m to 50 m. The displacements recorded over year-long time scales along these length intervals range up to 6 mm and show internal consistency and stability at the 50 μ m level. The use of these interferometers to provide correction signals for kilometer-scale crustal strain measurements has resulted in greatly improved records.
A study on the feasibility of mobile gateways for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Development in Wireless LAN and Cellular technologies has motivated recent efforts to integrate the two. This creates new application scenarios that were not possible before. Vehicles with Wireless LAN radios can use other vehicles with both Wireless LAN and Cellular radios as mobile gateways and connect to the outside world. We aim to study the feasibility of such global connectivity from the road through simulation of the underlying connectivity characteristics for varying traffic and gateway densities. The connectivity results suggest that each vehicle should be able to connect to at least one gateway for a majority of time. The average path lifetimes are found to be good enough many traditional Internet applications like FTP and HTTP. The effectiveness of the AODV wireless ad-hoc routing protocol over this scenario is evaluated and shown to perform well for the densities considered. However, the routes created by AODV can break very frequently due to the dynamic nature of mobility involved. We introduce a couple of prediction based routing protocols to minimize these route breakages and thus improve performance. These protocols take advantage of some deterministic characteristics of the mobility model to better predict route breakages and take preemptive action.
How virtual are we? Measuring Virtuality and Understanding Its Impact in a Global Organization

Abstract. Employees in global corporations are increasingly involved in ‘virtual teams’ on a regular basis. Conflicting definitions of virtuality make it hard to measure such things as how much virtual teaming occurs and how virtual teaming affects performance. As a consequence, it is hard to allocate funding and to design infrastructures and software to support this specific mode of working. Using the concept of discontinuities, or changes in expected conditions, we propose a virtuality index to assess how ‘virtual’ a given setting is. The discontinuities used include geography, time zone, organization, national culture, work practices, and technology. The index separately measures these aspects of virtuality and their effect on perceived team performance. Data collected at a large multinational corporation clustered into three overarching discontinuities: team distribution, workplace mobility, and variety of work practices. The study revealed that being distributed in and of itself had no impact on self-assessed team performance. Work practice predictability and sociability mitigated effects of working in discontinuous environments, while variety of practices (cultural and work process diversity) and employee mobility negatively impacted performance.
High-resolution ultrasonic imaging using an etalon detector array

A photoacoustic imaging system was built and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of high-resolution low-noise ultrasonic imaging based on parallel detection using polymer etalons. Its capability of detecting ultrasound at different elements simultaneously in the optical end was verified by imaging three 49 μm beads. An average noise-equivalent pressure of 3.6 kPa over 50 MHz for 50 μm diameter detection elements in a two-dimensional array with a diameter of 1.35 mm and a detection bandwidth of 75 MHz at –3 dB was measured. These results demonstrate the potential of polymer etalons for high-frame-rate high-resolution three-dimensional photoacoustic and ultrasound pulse-echo imaging.
Diagnosis of middle ear disease using tympanograms and digital imaging.

Objective The study investigates the ability of physicians with different levels of training to accurately identify middle ear (ME) pathology using tympanograms and tympanic membrane (TM) digital photographs. Study design and setting Groups of medical students, internal medicine residents, and attending and resident otolaryngologists were presented with a set of 50 matched tympanograms and photographs of TMs. The physicians were asked to differentiate between a normal and an abnormal-appearing TM. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of ME pathology by physicians were compared with the gold standard, examining the ME cavity for pathology during myringotomy. Results The sensitivity did not vary among physicians with different levels of training; however, specificity improved with an increase in physician experience. Conclusions and significance This study establishes a baseline for accuracy of diagnosis of ME pathology using tympanograms and photographs of TMs as compared with binocular otomicroscopy and the gold standard, myringotomy. EBM rating: B-2.
Thermal dilation and internal relative humidity of hardened cement paste

The coefficient of thermal dilation (CTD) of hardened cement paste and concrete is a function of the state of internal moisture in the pore system. It has been theorized that changes in the pore fluid pressure induced by temperature change causes additional dilation when the material is partially saturated. Drying shrinkage stresses in early-age concrete also evolve from changes in the pore fluid pressure. The Kelvin-Laplace equation relates changes in the pore fluid pressure to the measured internal relative humidity (RH). This research investigated the role of pore pressure changes on the CTD through internal RH measurements. A maximum change in humidity (ΔRH) due to temperature change (ΔT) was measured when the initial humidity was at an intermediate value. Likewise, the maximum CTD was also measured at an intermediate initial RH. Based on these findings, the additional thermal strain caused by changes in pore fluid pressure was modelled using internal RH measurements as a primary parameter.
James Hillman: Toward a poetic psychology.

InThe Dream and the Underworld James Hillman continues to deepen and to refine Jung's recovery of the spontaneous image-making of the soul. Hillman's contribution lies in his “imaginai reduction”-relating of images to their archetypal background in Greek mythology. Myth is seen as the maker of the psyche, and, in turn, the soul-making ispoesis-a return to the imaginal and poetic basis of consciousness. Dreams, understood poetically, are neither messages to be deciphered and used for the benefit of the rational ego (Freud) nor compensatory to the ego (Jung); they are complete in themselves and must be allowed to speak for themselves. Hillman also sees dreams as initiations into the underworld of death-the other side of life where our imaginal substance is unobstructed by the literal and dualistic standpoints of the dayworld.