cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum particle-like configurations of the electromagnetic field

We construct explicitly three-dimensional localized solutions of the free Maxwell's equations with a phase expi(k ⋅ x - ωt) which move like relativistic particles. The total field energyE of the moving lump is proportional to the frequencyω and its momentumP is proportional to the wave vectork, withE 2 =P 2 +M 2. Further, if the angular momentuml is different from zero, thenE =lω. These solutions thus model the wave-particle duality of quantum particles.
How Florida youths measure up to US youths in sexual and reproductive health: implications for youths across the United States

The United States surpasses other developed nations in teen birthrates and sexually transmitted infections, and Florida youths are disproportionately affected. Projections have placed Florida to have the second largest population of youths in the nation by 2025. The racial and ethnic diversity as well as a growing number of youths in Florida make sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes in this state reflective of the increasing diversity of youths throughout the United States. The purpose of this research was to compare a representative sample of Florida youths and US high school youths sexual behaviors, overall and by gender and race/ethnicity, to identify disparities. Employing 2011 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey data, outcomes of interest were ever having had sexual intercourse; intercourse before age 13 years (early sex); condom use; oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use; and use of Depo-Provera®, Nuva Ring®, Implanon®, or any intrauterine device (IUD) at last ...
Turbulent Mixing at the Pacific Subtropical Front

Abstract Some advection of water across the North Pacific subtropical front occurs by the subduction of surface mixed layers from the north side of the front underneath surface waters on the south side. Cross-frontal advection in the thermocline is obscure because waters from both sides of the front follow a single trajectory in θ−S space. When winds are less than 10 m s−1, turbulence between these layers is too small to generate significant vertical diffusion. However, typical winter storms could mix these layers, in less than 20 days, to form a single homogeneous surface layer up to 145 m thick. When surface winds are too weak to maintain mixing over the entire depth of a surface mixed layer, turbulence associated with internal waves in the top of the thermocline contributes to the restratification of the surface layers. On a sampling grid of 37 km, there is no evidence for a systematic geographic variation of the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy. The rate of dissipation near the front is larger th...
Abnormal dark adaptation in adult patients with protein-energy malnutrition: Correction by protein-energy repletion

Abstract Markedly abnormal dark adaptation was observed in three patients with treated pancreatic insufficiency and one patient with histologically inactive alcoholic cirrhosis despite normal serum vitamin A (>40 μg/dl) and zinc levels (>70 μg/dl). Intrinsic retinal disease was excluded by extensive ophthalmological examinations in each case. Abnormal dark adaptation was associated with protein-energy malnutrition in all patients. In two patients, dietary protein repletion without supplemental vitamin A or zinc led to a rise in serum albumin and serum vitamin A transport proteins, and correction of the dark adaptation abnormality. No change was observed in total serum vitamin A and serum zinc levels after protein repletion for six weeks. These observations may indicate impaired peripheral utilization of retinol in chronically ill patients with protein-energy malnutrition.
Masking as an effective quality control method for next-generation sequencing data analysis.

Background Next generation sequencing produces base calls with low quality scores that can affect the accuracy of identifying simple nucleotide variation calls, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and small insertions and deletions. Here we compare the effectiveness of two data preprocessing methods, masking and trimming, and the accuracy of simple nucleotide variation calls on whole-genome sequence data from Caenorhabditis elegans. Masking substitutes low quality base calls with ‘N’s (undetermined bases), whereas trimming removes low quality bases that results in a shorter read lengths.
Surgery for Pediatric Sleep Apnea

Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) in children are caused by a diverse group of anatomic and physiologic pathologies. These disorders share a common clinical presentation as stertor or sonorous breathing, occasionally accompanied by apneic events of variable duration. Successful management depends on accurate identification of the site of obstruction and the severity of obstruction. Intervention, both surgical and nonsurgical, is tailored to the disorder. In children with SRBD, such intervention may alter behavior and cognition, improve sleep and feeding, or even save a life.
ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES IN ADULT SCHIZOPHRENIA AND IN CHILDREN AT RISK

IN HIS classic volume on Dementia Praecox or The Group of Schizophrenias, BLEULERI addressed the problem of attention in schizophrenic patients. As always, he wrote with that acute clinical perceptiveness so characteristic of his contributions to an understanding of schizophrenic processes: “As a partial phenomenon of affectivity attention is affected with it by deterioration. Insofar as interests are extant-in milder cases this means for the majority of events, in severe cases at least for the emotionally charged activity. . . attention appears to be normal at least according to our present methods of observation. However, where affect is lacking, there will also be lacking the drive to pursue the external and internal processes, to direct the path of the senses and the thoughts; i.e. active attention will be lacking. Passive attention is altered in an entirely different manner. On the one hand it is evident that the uninterested or autistically encapsulated patients pay very little attention to the outer world. On the other hand, however, it is remarkable how many of the events which the patients seem to ignore are registered nevertheless. The selectivity which normal attention ordinarily exercises among the sensory impressions can be reduced to zero so that almost everything is recorded that reaches the senses. Thus, the facilitating as well as the inhibiting properties of attention are equally disturbed.” (p. 68). Bleuler had recorded that defect in information processing that 50 years later was to become the focus for models of attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia-models that were to emphasize such hypothetical constructs as stimulus input dysfnnction, aberrant filter mechanisms, defective selective attention, stimulus overload, etc. The high drama of this dysfunction has been captured in the clinical observations and recordings made by MCGHIE and CHAPMAN~ (cited in MCGHIE”) in their studies of attentional difficulties in acute schizophrenic patients :
Of snakes and men: the evolution of ACE inhibitors

Harvard MedicalSchool, Boston,Massachusetts,USA.Correspondence to:Dr Andrew S Bomback,University of NorthCarolina Kidney Center,7024 Burnett-WomackBuilding, Campus Box 7155,Chapel Hill, NorthCarolina, USA.27599-7155Tel: +919 966 2561Fax: +919 966 4251E-mail: abomback@unch.unc.eduAccepted for publication6th February 2007
Advantages of a unit dose drug distribution system in surveillance of adverse drug reactions

(1972). Advantages of a Unit Dose Drug Distribution System in Surveillance of Adverse Drug Reactions. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 405-417.
Actions, answers, and uncertainty: a decision-making perspective on Web-based question answering

We present research on methods for generating answers to freely posed questions, based upon information drawn from the Web. The methods exploit the typical redundancy of information on the Web by making multiple queries to search engines and then combining the search results into an answer. We focus on the pursuit of techniques for guiding information gathering in support of answering questions via the learning of probabilistic models that predict the value of information drawn from the Web. We first review research on question-answering systems. Then, we present AskMSR, a prototype Web-based question-answering system. We describe the learning of Bayesian-network models that predict the likelihood that answers are correct, based on multiple observations. We review a two-phased Bayesian analysis and present an expected-utility analysis of information-gathering policies using these inferences. After reviewing the results of a set of experiments, we describe research directions.
Upper bounds on the MAP threshold of iterative decoding systems with erasure noise

Following the work of Measson, Montanari, and Urbanke, this paper considers the maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding thresholds of three iterative decoding systems. First, irregular repeat-accumulate (IRA) and accumulate-repeat-accumulate (ARA) code ensembles are analyzed on the binary erasure channel (BEC). Next, the joint iterative decoding of LDPC codes is studied on the dicode erasure channel (DEC). The DEC is a two-state intersymbol-interference (ISI) channel with erasure noise, and it is the simplest example of an ISI channel with erasure noise. The MAP threshold bound for the joint decoder is based on a slight generalization of the EXIT area theorem.
Social Networks and the Diffusion of User-Generated Content: Evidence from YouTube

This paper is motivated by the success of YouTube, which is attractive to content creators as well as corporations for its potential to rapidly disseminate digital content. The networked structure of interactions on YouTube and the tremendous variation in the success of videos posted online lends itself to an inquiry of the role of social influence. Using a unique data set of video information and user information collected from YouTube, we find that social interactions are influential not only in determining which videos become successful but also on the magnitude of that impact. We also find evidence for a number of mechanisms by which social influence is transmitted, such as (i) a preference for conformity and homophily and (ii) the role of social networks in guiding opinion formation and directing product search and discovery. Econometrically, the problem in identifying social influence is that individuals' choices depend in great part upon the choices of other individuals, referred to as the reflection problem. Another problem in identification is to distinguish between social contagion and user heterogeneity in the diffusion process. Our results are in sharp contrast to earlier models of diffusion, such as the Bass model, that do not distinguish between different social processes that are responsible for the process of diffusion. Our results are robust to potential self-selection according to user tastes, temporal heterogeneity and the reflection problem. Implications for researchers and managers are discussed.
AN NMR STUDY OF THE ELECTRON BEAM-INDUCED POLYMERIZATION OF TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIACRYLATE AND TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIMETHACRYLATE

Electron beam-induced polymerization of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and its methacrylate analog (TMPTMA) was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements. Free induction decays (FID) of partially polymerized samples consist of a short Gaussian component and a longer component comprised of a distribution of simple exponentials. The relative intensity of the Gaussian component increases with radiation dose. T1 and T1ρ values were measured as a function of temperature and radiation dose. The relaxation is due primarily to methyl group reorientation at low temperatures, ethyl group reorientation at intermediate temperatures, and whole-molecule reorientation at high temperatures. In both compounds, the T1 and T1ρ values at the high temperature minima increase with increasing dose, and the minima values can be used to estimate the degree of polymerization. The temperature at which the T1ρ minimum occurs increases with dose, suggesting an increase in the glass transition temperature, Tg, with polymerization. The polymerization appears to have very little effect on the low temperature CH3 reorientation in TMPTA. In TMPTMA the polymerization appears to reduce the mobility of the methacrylate methyl groups.
A new method to determine the temperature and the ratio of constants q/k/sub B/ by a Ni-Schottky diode on 6H-SiC

An absolute thermometer which refers to the units can be obtained using a Ni-Schottky gate on n-type 6H-SiC. The electrical properties of the Ni-Schottky diode are reported in detail. I-V characteristics are analyzed assuming a voltage dependent ideality factor. The theory of the ideality factor theory is explained, and the application leads to a better characterization technique for the electrical properties of Schottky diodes. The temperature variation shows a new method to accurately determine the temperature by an ideality factor plot. The determination of the ratio of constants q/k/sub B/ can be also made using the initial slope of the ideality factor curve according to the theory.
“Chindia” or Rivalry? Rising China, Rising India, and Contending Perspectives on India-China Relations

Whether and how India and China manage their futures as rising powers will critically shape international relations in the twenty-first century. These two countries demonstrate sharp contrasts in terms of their political systems, economic models, and social structures, despite their common aspirations for greater stature on the world stage. They have also maintained a very complex relationship that is weighed down by history but also offers promising opportunities in an era of globalization. While the implications for the rise of China have been widely debated, scant scholarly attention has been devoted to the rise of India or to how these two Asian great pow ers perceive each other’s ascendancy. This article examines the key factors influencing India-China relations, including territorial dis putes, mutual threat perception and alignment patterns, and eco nomic partnership and competition. It categorizes Indian elites’ perspectives on the rise of China in three paradigms: geopolitical, geoeconomic, and geocivilizational. It ends with a discussion of the possible scenarios of future India-China relations. KEYWORDS : India, China, Chindia, rise of China, rise of India, geopolitics, geoeconom ics, geocivilizations, comprehensive national power.
An XPS investigation of alumina thin films utilized in inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been applied to characterize a number of different aluminum oxide (alumina) thin films utilized in inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS). Since IETS has been found to be an effective means for obtaining vibrational information on catalytic systems, reliable means of clarifying the exact relationship between the IET thin film “model” catalysts and high surface area commercial aluminas are of considerable importance. XPS data might profitably provide such a means of comparison, although sufficiently reliable XPS data for commercial samples are not currently available. The various thin film aluminas are characterized as to their chemical nature, chemical state distributions, and relative oxygen-to- alumina concentration ratios by analysis of peak positions, peak widths and peak intensities, respectively. Moreover, effects due to heating and halogenating the surface have been investigated independently, since these are commonly utilized to enhance the catalytic behavior of commercial aluminas.
Direct optimization determination of auxiliary test signals for linear problems with model uncertainty

Recently there has been increased interest in active approaches for fault detection which use auxiliary test signals. Theory and algorithms have been presented in the literature for the design of fault detection signals for linear systems with model uncertainty. These approaches cannot solve many problems with constraints. This paper gives the first direct optimization formulation of the more general constrained problem. The use of a direct optimization formulation allows the solution of problems not possible by the original algorithms such as problems with input and state constraints. Computational examples are given both to illustrate the theory and to discuss computational issues.
How software process automation affects software evolution: a longitudinal empirical analysis

SUMMARY This research analyzes longitudinal empirical data on commercial software applications to test and better understand how software evolves over time, and to measure the likely long-term effects of a software process automation tool on software productivity and quality. The research consists of two parts. First, weuse data from source control systems, defect tracking systems, andarchived project documentation to test a series of hypotheses developed by Belady and Lehman about software evolution. We find empirical support for many of these hypotheses, but not all. We then further analyze the data using moderated regression analysis to discern how software process automation efforts at the research site influenced the software evolution lifecycles of the applications. Our results support the claim that automation has enabled the organization to accomplish more work activities with greater productivity, thereby significantly increasing the functionality of the applications portfolio. Despite the growth in software functionality, the analysis suggests that automation has helped to manage software complexity levels and to improve quality by reducing errors over time. Our models and their results demonstrate how longitudinal empirical software data can be used to reveal the often elusive long-term benefits of investments in software process improvement, and to help managers make more informed resource-allocation decisions. Copyright c � 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN COSTA RICA: PRE‐CONDITIONS FOR MILITARIZATION?

Controversy continues to surround the issue of militarization in Costa Rica. On one side, claims are made that external forces such as the Reagan administration or other foreign powers have created the recent period of social and economic instability in order to militarize Costa Rica and extend military influence in Central America. On the other hand, it has been argued that some of these external agents are simply offering aid to their Costa Rican friends during a period of social and economic instability. Similar contentions suggest that Costa Rica is only protecting itself from its neighbor to the north, Nicaragua, or that the present move toward militarization is only the professionalization of the police force. This paper examines some of the conditions that promote militarization in Costa Rica and explores moral, economic, and political issues related to the militarization of a country that has pursued a “no army” policy for almost forty years.
Cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptations to training in systemic hypertension and effect of beta blockade (metoprolol or propranolol)

Cardiovascular and peripheral adaptations to an aerobic conditioning program were studied in 30 hypertensive adults taking either placebo, β1-selective β-adrenergic blocker (metoprolol) or β1-nonselective β-adrenergic blocker (propranolol). The placebo group increased aerobic capacity (VO2max) 24% (p < 0.002), largely explained by an increased peripheral arteriovenous (AV) oxygen difference with minimal changes in cardiac size and function. Resting blood pressure and total systemic resistance also decreased. The group taking a β-selective β blocker increased VO2max 8% (p < 0.05), reduced resting blood pressure but had no significant change of AV oxygen difference or cardiac size or function. The group taking the β1-nonselective β blocker propranolol had no increase inVO2max, no decrease in resting blood pressure and no cardiovascular or peripheral adaptations to the exercise program. Thus, β1-selective and β1-nonselective β blockers attenuate conditioning in hypertensive patients to differing degrees, in each case by blocking peripheral mechanisms of conditioning.
Chemical aversion treatment of alcohol dependence. II. Future research directions for the '90s.

Chemical aversion treatment is one of the most promising modalities currently available for treatment of alcohol dependence. This review highlights potentially fruitful areas for future investigational efforts and poses a number of specific empirical questions. Investigation of issues delineated in this report would advance understanding of pharmacological aversion therapy vis-a-vis utility and mechanisms of action.
The Kinesin-related Proteins, Kip2p and Kip3p, Function Differently in Nuclear Migration in Yeast

The roles of two kinesin-related proteins, Kip2p and Kip3p, in microtubule function and nuclear migration were investigated. Deletion of either gene resulted in nuclear migration defects similar to those described for dynein and kar9 mutants. By indirect immunofluorescence, the cytoplasmic microtubules in kip2Δwere consistently short or absent throughout the cell cycle. In contrast, in kip3Δ strains, the cytoplasmic microtubules were significantly longer than wild type at telophase. Furthermore, in the kip3Δ cells with nuclear positioning defects, the cytoplasmic microtubules were misoriented and failed to extend into the bud. Localization studies found Kip2p exclusively on cytoplasmic microtubules throughout the cell cycle, whereas GFP-Kip3p localized to both spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the kip2Δ kar9Δ double mutants were synthetically lethal, whereas kip3Δ kar9Δ double mutants were viable. Conversely, kip3Δ dhc1Δ double mutants were synthetically lethal, whereas kip2Δ dhc1Δ double mutants were viable. We suggest that the kinesin-related proteins, Kip2p and Kip3p, function in nuclear migration and that they do so by different mechanisms. We propose that Kip2p stabilizes microtubules and is required as part of the dynein-mediated pathway in nuclear migration. Furthermore, we propose that Kip3p functions, in part, by depolymerizing microtubules and is required for the Kar9p-dependent orientation of the cytoplasmic microtubules.
Humeral Head Reconstruction With Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation.

Purpose To synthesize, in a systematic review, the available clinical evidence of osteochondral allograft transplants for large osteochondral defects of the humeral head. Methods The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies reporting clinical or radiographic outcomes of osteochondral allograft transplantation for humeral head defects. Descriptive statistics were provided for all outcomes. After checking for data normality, we compared postoperative and preoperative values using the Student t test. Results We included 12 studies (8 case reports and 4 case series) in this review. The study group consisted of 35 patients. The mean age was 35.4 ± 18.1 years; 77% of patients were male patients. Thirty-three patients had large Hill-Sachs lesions due to instability, 1 had an osteochondritis dissecans lesion, and 1 had an iatrogenic lesion after resection of synovial chondromatosis. The mean lesion size was 3 ± 1.4 cm (anteroposterior) by 2.25 ± 0.3 cm (medial-lateral), representing on average 40.5% ± 4.73% of the native articular surface. Of the 35 patients, 3 received a fresh graft, with all others receiving frozen grafts. Twenty-three femoral heads, 10 humeral heads, and 2 sets of osteochondral plugs were used. The mean length of follow-up was 57 months. Significant improvements were seen in forward flexion at 6 months (68° ± 18.1°, P P P P = .02). Radiographic studies at final follow-up showed allograft necrosis in 8.7% of cases, resorption in 36.2%, and glenohumeral arthritic changes in 35.7%. Complication rates were between 20% and 30%, and the reoperation rate was 26.67%. Although only 3 patients received fresh allografts, there were no reports of graft resorption, necrosis, or arthritic changes in these patients. Conclusions Humeral head allograft—most commonly used in the setting of large Hill-Sachs lesions due to instability—has shown significant improvements in shoulder motion and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores as far as 1 year postoperatively. Return-to-work rates and satisfaction levels are high after the intervention. Complication and reoperation rates are substantial, although it is possible that use of fresh allograft tissue may result in less resorption and necrosis. Level of Evidence Level V, systematic review of Level IV and V studies.
Cross-talk between PKA and PKC in human fibroblasts: what are the pharmacotherapeutic implications?

Background: The present study was designed to confirm or refute in human fibroblasts the hypothesized cross-talk elicited via neurotransmitter transduction cascades at the level of protein kinase mediated phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor CREB. Methods: Human fibroblasts from normal control subjects were subcultured and incubated at confluency after five growth passages with isoproterenol (stimulation of PKA mediated phosphorylation) and/or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (stimulation of PKC mediated phosphorylation) followed by the determination of nuclear CREB-P by immunoblotting, enhanced chemiluminescence and quantitation of the autoradiograms by laser densitometry. Results: Using the nuclear transcription factor CREB as a target, both the activation of the cyclic AMP–PKA pathway by isoproterenol and the activation of the PKC pathway by PMA caused phosphorylation of nuclear CREB. This phosphorylation is additive in nature and appears to occur at the same molecular site, serine133 of CREB. Conclusions: The present results in human fibroblasts demonstrate that the hypothesized cross-talk at the level of protein kinase mediated phosphorylation of transcription factors is no longer hypothetical. Since it is the phosphorylation of nuclear CREB that determines its dimerization and transcriptional activation of programs of CRE containing genes, the results suggest that this convergence of the neurotransmitter signals may be the critical mechanism in gene expression following the administration of antidepressant drugs that affect noradrenergic, serotonergic or both transduction cascades. The results may also provide a rationale for the apparent superior clinical efficacy of dual uptake inhibitors.
Particle Swarm Optimization for Design of Slotted MEMS Resonators With Low Thermoelastic Dissipation

The geometry of a slotted MEMS resonator was optimized using a binary particle swarm optimization technique to reduce energy dissipation from thermoelastic dissipation (TED). The optimization technique combines fundamental physics with bio-inspired algorithms to navigate the complicated design space that arises from multiphysical problems. Fully-coupled thermomechanical simulations were used for optimization of QTED, and a weakly-coupled approach was used for design analysis. Through this approach, a TED-limited Q of 56000 was simulated, showing a 40% improvement over previous designs that were generated from the conventional intuitive design approach. The discovery of non-intuitive designs with these techniques also leads to new insight about the behavior of TED. The design algorithm used in this paper can be readily adapted to a variety of MEMS design problems.
Advances in prehospital trauma care

Prehospital trauma care developed over the last decades parallel in many countries. Most of the prehospital emergency medical systems relied on input or experiences from military medicine and were often modeled after the existing military procedures. Some systems were initially developed with the trauma patient in mind, while other systems were tailored for medical, especially cardiovascular, emergencies. The key components to successful prehospital trauma care are the well-known ABCs of trauma care: Airway, Breathing, Circulation. Establishing and securing the airway, ventilation, fluid resuscitation, and in addition, the quick transport to the best-suited trauma center represent the pillars of trauma care in the field. While ABC in trauma care has neither been challenged nor changed, new techniques, tools and procedures have been developed to make it easier for the prehospital provider to achieve these goals in the prehospital setting and thus improve the outcome of trauma patients.
HILJ Online Symposium: Greg Shill Responds to Christopher Whytock

This short paper is a reply to Chris Whytock's thoughtful response to my article, "Ending Judgment Arbitrage: Jurisdictional Competition and the Enforcement of Foreign Money Judgments in the United States," 54 Harvard International Law Journal 459 (2013). It appeared in an online symposium on the article hosted by the Harvard International Law Journal and the blog Opinio Juris on April 2, 2014.
On the Representativeness Assumption in Prevalence Tests of Carcinogenicity

SUMMARY Conditions for the validity of the Hoel-Walburg and Peto tests, which compare dose groups with respect to tumour prevalence, are replaced by a more general condition, representativeness. A large carcinogenicity experiment provided a unique opportunity to assess empirically if this condition holds. Though representativeness was generally violated, neither the Hoel-Walburg nor the Peto tests were seriously distorted. Analytic considerations suggest that such robustness can occur in many situations.
Third Eye Retroscope: rationale, efficacy, challenges.

Abstract The most effective colonoscopy misses polyps, and both barium enema and computed tomography colonography studies have identified hidden areas on the proximal sides of folds, flexures, and valves where colonoscopy can miss even substantially sized lesions. This article reviews the rationale, efficacy, and clinical challenges associated with one of the most promising devices for improvement of mucosal exposure during colonoscopy, the Third Eye Retroscope (Avantis Medical, Sunnyvale, CA).
Clinical Analysis of 19 Patients With Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

Objective:To summarize the clinical features and treatment of severe pulmonary hypertension patients. Methods:Clinical symptoms and treatment of 19 patients were analyzed retrospectively,who died from sever pulmonary hy- pertension from 2000 to 2004 in our hospital. Results:Average pulmonary artery pressure of all patients was 100.6±20.2 mmHg,and the average ratio of right to left ventricular diameter was (1.12±0.52).63.2% of patients had precipitating factors on admission,such as defecation exertion (42.1%),and sudden change of gesture (10.5%).Respiration rate and heart rate were obviously accelerated and right cham- bers were more obviously enlarged before death. Conclusions:The prognosis of severe pulmonary hypertension patients is very poor.They often die from acute pulmonary e- dema and cardiogenic shock.Today there are no effective treatment.Severe pulmonary hypertension patients should avoid all kinds of precipitating factors,prevent from acute pulmonary edema or cardiogenic shock.
Christianity and the Civil Religion

Before turning to developments in modern European philosophy, let us recapitulate the structures of civil religion as exemplified by the Roman and American civil religions. We have divided civil religion into civil theology and public philosophy, and said that the first is primarily mythic, and serves to order the dynamic, temporal existence of the society, to give it meaning and destiny, to interpret its historical experience, and to locate that experience within the ongoing history of the world. The public philosophy, on the other hand, is primarily a body of philosophical principles and serves to found the order of the society in immutable divine or cosmic principles of stability. In effect, the principles of the public philosophy provide the form which allows a society to be, to appear in space, and not only to occupy space but to order it. Moreover, the public philosophy, by its very nature, integrates the society not only with the order, or form, that allows the cosmos to be, but also with every other society that perceives the cosmic order according to similar principles. It is, simply, the means by which the society interprets itself according to pre-existing, unchanging standards.
7 – Miscellaneous Airway Diseases

Chapter 7 covers several miscellaneous diseases affecting the airways. Bronchiectasis, the irreversible dilation of airways caused by inflammatory destruction of airway walls, is often due to infection or problems with airway clearance that result from obstruction or a defect in any of several host defense mechanisms. The various etiologies of bronchiectasis are presented, followed by the clinical and pathophysiologic features that are common to bronchiectasis, independent of etiology. Treatment focuses on the use of bronchodilators, antibiotics, and clearance of airway secretions. Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder most commonly associated with pulmonary and pancreatic disease, is discussed in detail, The various types of genetic mutations that can lead to cystic fibrosis are presented, along with a description of what is known about the abnormalities in ion transport across the airway wall that ultimately lead to thick, tenacious sputum and recurrent infection. Therapeutic modalities are described, including antibiotics, bronchopulmonary drainage, and newer options that are directed toward ameliorating the genetic abnormality or its direct effect on ion transport. Finally, the chapter discussed upper airway obstruction, emphasizing the differing effects of intrathoracic versus extrathoracic upper airway obstruction.
A Quantitative Comparison of Operator Field of View for Vehicle Design

This paper outlines the preliminary application of a quantitative method for assessing field of view using spherical projections of categorical visual information overlaid by occlusion maps based on vehicle geometry. The project goal was to quantitatively assess not only where a vehicle operator can see but what visual information is available in the operator’s field of view. By creating a driving environment dataset coded for visual information, we can indicate the probability of a type of visual information appearing in the operator’s field of view in a given vehicle. Next, we overlay probability maps with vehicle and operator eye height-specific occlusion maps, giving us a quantitative representation of visible information. This method was applied to three vehicles: a midsized sedan, a light-duty pickup truck, and a full-sized pickup truck using eye heights corresponding to those of 5th percentile females, 50th percentile females, 50th percentile males, and 95th percentile males.
Selection of oat lines for use in low-productivity environments

Culfcivars for use in low-productivity environments (LPE) can be selected directly in LPE or indirectly in mediumor high-productivity environments (MPE or HPE, respectively). The best productivity level at which to select oat genotypes for use in LPE was predicted for a popula­ tion of 116 random oat lines tested in replicated yield trials in 36 Iowa environments. The 36 trials were classified as LPE, MPE, or HPE, and grain yield at each productivity level was considered a separate charac2 ter. Heritabilities (H ) of grain yield within and genetic correlations (r^) among productivity levels were used to predict expected response in 2 LPE to selection in LPE, MPE, and HPE. H was highest in HPE, but r^ between yield in LPE and HPE was only 0.59. For 10% selection based on genotype means in 2 or 4 two-replicate yield trials, the greatest yield gain in LPE was predicted to result from selection in MPE. For selection in 12 six-replicate trials, the greatest yield gain in LPE was predicted to result from direct selection in LPE. These results show that selection in HPE is not necessarily optimum when genotypes are destined for use in LPE. Additional index words; Avena sativa L., genotype by environment interaction, genetic correlation, stress environments, selection, effect of replication.
Pancreatic stellate cells support tumour metabolism through autophagic alanine secretion

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease characterized by an intense fibrotic stromal response and deregulated metabolism. The role of the stroma in PDAC biology is complex and it has been shown to play critical roles that differ depending on the biological context. The stromal reaction also impairs the vasculature, leading to a highly hypoxic, nutrient-poor environment. As such, these tumours must alter how they capture and use nutrients to support their metabolic needs. Here we show that stroma-associated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are critical for PDAC metabolism through the secretion of non-essential amino acids (NEAA). Specifically, we uncover a previously undescribed role for alanine, which outcompetes glucose and glutamine-derived carbon in PDAC to fuel the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and thus NEAA and lipid biosynthesis. This shift in fuel source decreases the tumour’s dependence on glucose and serum-derived nutrients, which are limited in the pancreatic tumour microenvironment. Moreover, we demonstrate that alanine secretion by PSCs is dependent on PSC autophagy, a process that is stimulated by cancer cells. Thus, our results demonstrate a novel metabolic interaction between PSCs and cancer cells, in which PSC-derived alanine acts as an alternative carbon source. This finding highlights a previously unappreciated metabolic network within pancreatic tumours in which diverse fuel sources are used to promote growth in an austere tumour microenvironment.
The Use of Visual and Chemosensory Evoked Potentials in Environmental and Occupational Health12

The application of visual (VEP) and chemosensory evoked potentials (CSEP) in occupational and environmental health is briefly reviewed. VEPs have been used extensively in experimental neurotoxicology and play an increasingly important role in human neurotoxicity testing. The similarity of VEP waveforms in different species renders them useful for cross-species extrapolation. CSEPs, used in conjunction with traditional psychophysical tests and rating scales, offer a promising new approach to the study of indoor air pollution. © 1993 Academic Press, Inc.
Algorithmic decision making for robot navigation in unknown environments

As the field of robotics and automation continues to expand, the task of positioning and navigation is becoming more crucial for general-application autonomous robots. Robots that need to operate in dynamic and unknown environments must be able to detect obstacles and react accordingly. One such solution utilizes computer vision, range finding hardware and dynamic path planning algorithms. The results demonstrate that an adaptive robot that can react to stimuli in dynamic environments is practicably achievable.
Anger, hostility, and hospitalizations in patients with heart failure.

Objective Heart failure patients have a high hospitalization rate, and anger and hostility are associated with coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. Using structural equation modeling, this prospective study assessed the predictive validity of anger and hostility traits for cardiovascular and all-cause rehospitalizations in patients with heart failure. Method 146 heart failure patients were administered the STAXI and Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory to measure anger, hostility, and their component traits. Hospitalizations were recorded for up to 3 years following baseline. Causes of hospitalizations were categorized as heart failure, total cardiac, noncardiac, and all-cause (sum of cardiac and noncardiac). Results Measurement models were separately fit for Anger and Hostility, followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis to estimate the relationship between the Anger and Hostility constructs. An Anger model consisted of State Anger, Trait Anger, Anger Expression Out, and Anger Expression In, and a Hostility model included Cynicism, Hostile Affect, Aggressive Responding, and Hostile Attribution. The latent construct of Anger did not predict any of the hospitalization outcomes, but Hostility significantly predicted all-cause hospitalizations. Analyses of individual trait components of each of the 2 models indicated that Anger Expression Out predicted all-cause and noncardiac hospitalizations, and Trait Anger predicted noncardiac hospitalizations. None of the individual components of Hostility were related to rehospitalizations or death. Conclusion The construct of Hostility and several components of Anger are predictive of hospitalizations that were not specific to cardiac causes. Mechanisms common to a variety of health problems, such as self-care and risky health behaviors, may be involved in these associations. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abstract 3424: Role of miR-489 in mammary gland development and Her2 mediated tumorigenesis

HER2 overexpression is linked with poor prognosis and outcome in breast cancer. In our previous study, we have found miR-489 was specifically down regulated by HER2 overexpression. Restoration of miR-489 in multiple breast cancer cell lines significantly inhibited cell growth in vitro and decreased tumor growth in xenograft mice. To study role of miR-489 in Her2 mediated tumorigenesis, for the first time we generated MMTV-miR-489 transgenic mice, which overexpress miR-489 specifically in mammary gland. Our qRT-PCR data has confirmed transgenic mice have significantly more miR-489 expression than FVB mice. We used western blot to further validate our model system and found significant downregulation of miR-489 targets DEK and PTPN11. To find out whether miR-489 has any role in mammary gland development, mammary gland whole mount was performed from wild type FVB mice and MMTV-miR-489 mice at different age. Mammary gland from MMTV-miR-489 mice demonstrated reduction in growth at early age. Our immunohistochemistry staining demonstrated significantly reduction in Ki-67 positive cells in MMTV-miR-489 mammary gland at early age, further confirming reduced growth in MMTV-miR-489 mice. However, we found no significant effect on weight of litters of MMTV-miR-489 female since after 8-week mammary gland was able to recover growth. To find out effect of miR-489 overexpression on Her2 mediated tumorigenesis, we generated double transgenic mice MMTV-Her2/miR-489 by crossing MMTV-miR-489 mice with MMTV-Her2 mice. We have observed significant delay in tumor onset and reduced tumor growth in MMTV-Her2/ miR-489 mice compare to MMTV-Her2 mice. We have also observed less number of metastatic site in lung by performing H and E staining of lung. Our IHC data showed reduction in PTPN11 and DEK in miR-489 overexpress mammary tumor. Surprisingly, we found significant reduction of miR-489 expression in mammary tumors of MMTV-Her2-miR-489 when compared with normal mammary gland of same mice. Overall, our results indicated miR-489 overexpression suppresses mammary gland development at early age, reduced mammary tumorigenesis and decrease lung metastasis by targeting PTPN11 and DEK. Citation Format: Yogin Patel, Mithil Soni, Shou Liu, Hexin Chen. Role of miR-489 in mammary gland development and Her2 mediated tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3424. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3424
Media Diversity Policies for the Public: Empirical Evidence Examining Exposure Diversity and Democratic Citizenship

The pursuit of media diversity as a policy goal finds its foundation in First Amendment values which assume that the public welfare requires broad dissemination of information from diverse and anta...
Doing STS in STEM Spaces: Experiments in Critical Participation

This is a story of critical participation in engineering and applied science spaces that examines the challenges and opportunities of STS (Science and Technology Studies) experiments in relation to...
A Relational Axiom: The Doctrine of Universal Internality

Any metaphysical system can be characterized by the answer which it gives to the question, what is real? Idealism, e.g., assigns fundamentality to mind; realism, to an objective world. These two options are chosen not only to illustrate a point; they have in fact dominated the history of Western philosophy as its principal poles. It has seemed to most philosophers that subjectivism and objectivism are logical opposites, there being no tertium quid. There have been many contemporary philosophies that have sought to “overcome the subject-object scheme of consciousness,” but closer scrutiny will show that in the final analysis most give evidence of allegiance to one of the historical poles.
Establishing and applying of autoregressive integrated moving average model to predict the incidence rate of dysentery in Shanghai

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of establishing and applying of autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) model to predict the incidence rate of dysentery in Shanghai,so as to provide the theoretical basis for prevention and control of dysentery. MethodsARIMA model was established based on the monthly incidence rate of dysentery of Shanghai from 1990 to 2007. The parameters of model were estimated through unconditional least squares method, the structure was determined according to criteria of residual un-correlation and concision, and the model goodness-of-fit was determined through Akaike information criterion ( AIC ) and Schwarz Bayesian criterion (SBC). The constructed optimal model was applied to predict the incidence rate of dysentery of Shanghai in 2008 and evaluate the validity of model through comparing the difference of predicted incidence rate and actual one. The incidence rate of dysentery in 2010 was predicted by ARIMA model based on the incidence rate from January 1990 to June 2009. Results The model ARIMA ( 1,1,1 ) (0,1,2) _(12) had a good fitness to the incidence rate with both autoregressive coefficient (AR1= 0. 443 ) during the past time series, moving average coefficient ( MA1 =0. 806) and seasonal moving average coefficient ( SMA1 = 0. 543, SMA2 = 0. 321 ) being statistically significant( P < 0. 01 ). AIC and SBC were 2. 878 and 16. 131 respectively and predicting error was white noise. The mathematic function was ( 1 - 0. 443B) ( 1 - B) ( 1 - B~(12) ) Z_t = ( 1 - 0. 806B) ( 1 - 0. 543B~(12))(1-0. 321B~(2×12) )μ_t,. The predicted incidence rate in 2008 was consistent with the actual one, with the relative error of 6. 78%. The predicted incidence rate of dysentery in 2010 based on the incidence rate from January 1990 to June 2009 would be 9. 390 per 100 thousand. ConclusionARIMA model can be used to fit the changes of incidence rate of dysentery and to forecast the future incidence rate in Shanghai. It is a predicted model of high precision for short-time forecast. Key words: Model; statistical; Dysentery; Incidence; Forecasting
Surface modification of magnesium by functional polymer coatings for neural applications

Magnesium ions have been used as a clinical neuroprotectant for many years. With the rising interest in magnesium implants for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications, research and development of solid magnesium implants for neural applications has just begun. Aside from its neuroprotective properties, several other aspects of magnesium, including conductivity and biodegradability, make this material attractive for use in nerve regeneration and other treatments for the nervous system. In this chapter, we will review the different polymeric coatings that can be used to enhance the efficacy of magnesium implants for neural applications. These coatings deliver novel functionality to magnesium implants including tunable degradation, enhanced biocompatibility, and delivery of magnesium ions to function as a bioactive molecule.