cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Communication Competence in the Primary Care Medical Interview

The purpose of this paper is to present preliminary results of a language‐based coding system to analyze physician‐patient communication. This system is grounded in the framework of Cegala and Waldron's (1992) context‐based model of communication competence which reflects the sequential development of talk as primary to definitions of competence. Given a review of the model and identification of information exchange and relational development as the primary tasks in the medical interview, two research questions were advanced to test a coding scheme. Based on the notion that aligning one's utterances to meet self‐ and other‐goals relates to communication competence, the coding scheme was developed to include message content, function, and uptake. Frequency results showed that 32 physician‐patient dyads produced 10, 958 coded utterances. Physicians and patients contributed relatively equal numbers of units. The frequencies of each category and exploratory sequential patterns relating to competence are summa...
Hydrodynamic interaction between a capsule and a solid boundary in unbounded Stokes flow

Dynamics of the hydrodynamic thin film drainage between a capsule and a solid boundary in flow is crucial to adhesion of capsules, and therefore, to the stability and effectiveness of capsule products. Although there have been numerous studies for drops and initially stress-free vesicles, this phenomenon is still not well understood when capsules or preinflated membrane bound particles are involved. Based on the existing theories for drops and vesicles, we have derived scaling theories in a more general way to allow for a non-uniform and non-isotropic tension profile on the membrane, which is usually the case for capsules, and also included the effect of preinflation. These scaling theories were then compared with simulations using a numerical model coupling the boundary integral method for the motion of the fluids and a finite element method for the membrane mechanics. Surprisingly, we find that the only relevant modulus for capsules in the drainage process is the area dilation modulus Ks, which is often...
Cardiomyopathy induced by pulmonary vein tachycardia cured by catheter ablation

In this month's Case Study, Cha and colleagues present a 51-year-old male patient referred for consideration for heart transplantation because of recently diagnosed congestive heart failure refractory to medical therapy. He was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy resulting from pulmonary vein tachycardia, which was treated with catheter-based radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein tachycardia focus.
Sex and Gender Traditionalism Among Conservative Protestants: Does the Difference Make a Difference?

Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of conservative Protestantism and its adherents' advocacy of gender traditionalism. Scholarship has traced conservative Protestant women's support for gender traditionalism to biblical inerrancy while linking conservative Protestant men's support for gender traditionalism to their denominational affiliation. Our study revisits this issue with more recent data, more sophisticated analytical techniques (structural equation modeling), and a refined measure of theological conservatism (accounting for beliefs pertaining to scripture, sin, and salvation). We find that theological conservatism is significantly related to gender traditionalism among conservative Protestant women but not men. For men, strength of denominational affiliation is more strongly related to traditionalist ideology. Strength of affiliation also affects gender ideology for women, but its effects, as well as those of religious attendance, are largely indirect through theological conservatism. We discuss these sex-specific patterns of religious infiuence in the context of conservative Protestantism exhibiting characteristics of a gendered institution.
Theory of the optical properties of excitons in a homogeneous magnetic field

Abstract We derive the semiconductor Bloch equations for magnetoexcitons in real space. By means of the Laguerre-Fourier transform, an equivalent formulation can be given which uses Landau orbitals and plane waves as a basis set. The linear optical absorption is calculated using the real-space formulation. A transition is performed from a three-dimensional (zero magnetic field) to a one-dimensional (high magnetic field) semiconductor. A gap equation for a dense exciton gas is deduced, which contradicts previous results.
RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE OF MIDWESTERN CITIES

ABSTRACT In studies of the spatial patterning of American urban land uses, the sector, ring, and neighborhood concepts persist because each describes the distinctive outcome of a separate spatial process. Sectors depend on the narrow urban images which housing consumers use when selecting a new residence. Housing producers create a concentric ring increment to the urban housing stock in each boom of the building cycle. Extended boom periods produce wide rings, short booms yield narrow rings, and border zones between rings reflect recession lulls in new construction. The intraurban transport technology that prevails during each building boom controls the areal density of new dwelling units and the shapes of new residential areas. A model urban residential pattern, generated to reflect construction cycles and transport eras, can be verified with census housing data and is consistent with sector, ring, and neighborhood concepts, and with distance-density decline models of urban spatial organization.
Agent-customized training for human learning performance enhancement

Training individuals from diverse backgrounds and in changing environments requires customized training approaches that align with the individual learning styles and ever-evolving organizational needs. Scaffolding is a well-established instructional approach that facilitates learning by incrementally removing training aids as the learner progresses. By combining multiple training aids (i.e. multimodal interfaces), a trainer, either human or virtual, must make real-time decisions about which aids to remove throughout the training scenario. A significant problem occurs in implementing scaffolding techniques since the speed and choice of removing training aids must be strongly correlated to the individual traits of a specific trainee. We detail an agent-based infrastructure that supports the customization of scaffolding routines as triggered by the performance of the trainee. The motivation for this agent-based approach is for integration into a training environment that leverages augmented reality (AR) technologies. Initial experiments using the simulated environment have compared the proposed adaptive approach with traditional static training routines. Results show that the proposed approach increases the trainees' task familiarity and speed with negligible introduction of errors.
Porous Silicon Microcavities for Biosensing Applications

Porous silicon microcavity resonators possess the unique characteristics of line narrowing and luminescence enhancement. The emission peak position is completely tunable by changing the properties of the central layer. Increasing the thickness of the central active layer introduces multiple narrow peaks in the luminescence spectrum. Narrow and visible luminescence peaks are observed with a full width at half the maximum (FWHM) value of 3 nm. The microcavity structure is highly sensitive and any slight change in the effective optical thickness modifies the reflectivity spectra, causing a spectral shift in the interference peaks. This makes porous silicon microcavities an ideal host for sensor applications. We demonstrate the usefulness of this microcavity resonator structure as a biosensor. A DNA biosensor has been fabricated based on a porous silicon multiple peak microcavity structure. Shifts in the luminescence spectra are observed and detected for various DNA concentrations. When exposed to a non-complementary DNA strand, no shifts are observed. An extension of the DNA biosensor has been made to include the detection of viral DNA. Both sensor fabrication and results of extensive testing are presented in this report.
Vega balloon meteorological measurements

The VEGA Balloons obtained in-situ measurements of pressure, temperature, vertical winds, cloud density, ambient illumination, and the frequency of lightning during their 48 hour flights in the Venus middle cloud layer (50 to 55 km altitude). In addition, the VLBI tracking experiment provided measurements of balloon positions and horizontal winds along their trajectories. We have used these measurements to develop a comprehensive description of the meteorology of the Venus middle cloud layer. The static stability is usually positive, with values ranging from 0 to 2.0 K/km. There is a 6.5 K offset between the VEGA-1 and VEGA-2 temperature profiles. This large horizontal temperature gradient is probably associated with an east-west temperature disturbance that drifts with the prevailing winds. Vertical winds are large (1–3 m/s) and variable, with turbulent episodes lasting about one hour. This turbulence is associated with upward heat fluxes that range from 0 to 350 W/m^2. Cloud density decreases with altitude. No completely cloud-free regions were observed. No lightning was detected. VLBI tracking results indicate zonal wind speeds of 69.4 and 66.0 m/s for VEGA-1 and VEGA-2, respectively. VEGA-1 observed little meridional transport, but VEGA-2 measured 2.5 m s^(−1) northward winds, which pushed it almost 500 km toward the equator during its flight.
Therapeutic management of triglycerides: An international perspective

Current recommendations from various international expert committees generally concur in their definitions of borderline and high triglyceride levels, with small but important differences between recommendations in the definition of normal levels. However, population-based data on triglyceride levels are poorly developed in most countries, making difficult any international comparisons of prevalences of hypertriglyceridemia using the new definitions. However, it is probable that there should be considerable differences in the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia, probably due to a mixture of genetic and environmental influences. The management of hypertriglyceridemia must continue to emphasize the detection and correction of secondary causes, even though the specific secondary causes may vary between countries. Dietary and exercise interventions must deal with local customs and resources, including striking international differences in alcohol consumption. Pharmacologic therapies will likely increase in use if they follow the trends in countries with available data. Although various drugs are available, nicotinic acid and fibric acid derivatives remain the drugs of choice. Considerably more research is needed to describe these international differences in etiology, prevalence and management practices of hypertriglyceridemia.
Structural integration as an adjunct to outpatient rehabilitation for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized pilot clinical trial.

Structural Integration (SI) is an alternative method of manipulation and movement education. To obtain preliminary data on feasibility, effectiveness, and adverse events (AE), 46 outpatients from Boston area with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP) were randomized to parallel treatment groups of SI plus outpatient rehabilitation (OR) versus OR alone. Feasibility data were acceptable except for low compliance with OR and lengthy recruitment time. Intent-to-treat data on effectiveness were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum, per group. Median reductions in VAS Pain, the primary outcome, of 26 mm in SI + OR versus 0 in OR alone were not significantly different . Median reductions in RMDQ, the secondary outcome, of 2 points in SI + OR versus 0 in OR alone were significantly different . Neither the proportions of participants with nor the seriousness of AE were significantly different. SI as an adjunct to OR for CNSLBP is not likely to provide additional reductions in pain but is likely to augment short term improvements in disability with a low additional burden of AE. A more definitive trial is feasible, but OR compliance and recruitment might be challenging. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01322399 ).
Pharmacology and placental transport of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in singleton gestation

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate placental transport of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) in singleton gestation. Study Design Sixty-one women who received weekly injections of 17-OHPC underwent 2 pharmacokinetic studies at 20 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks' gestation (study 1) and 31 + 0 to 34 + 6 weeks' gestation (study 2); daily blood samples were obtained between injections. In 18 women, blood samples were obtained over a 28-day period beyond the last injection (extended study). Maternal and/or cord blood were obtained at delivery. Results The half-life (median ± SD) of 17-OHPC was 16.2 ± 6 days. Concentrations of 17-OHPC were higher during study 2 than during study 1. Body mass index affected maternal 17-OHPC concentrations. Cord:maternal 17-OHPC concentration ratios averaged 0.2; 17-OHPC was detectible in cord plasma 44 days after the last maternal injection. Conclusion The apparent half-life of 17-OHPC is long, and pharmacokinetic parameters vary widely between subjects and are affected by maternal body mass index. The drug crosses the placental barrier.
Determination of trap parameters in electrodeposited CdTe by schottky barrier capacitance measurements

Abstract The capacitance of the Schottky barrier devices formed on high resistivity n-type CdTe films is analyzed. CdTe films are obtained by an electrodeposition method. Deviation in the capacitance from the expected behavior is explained using a model that takes into account the effect of a large density of deep traps in the material. Results are compared with the values reported previously for CdTe prepared by other techniques. A single dominant trap level is observed and identified as an electron trap which is 0.56 eV below the bottom of the conduction band edge. The capture cross section σ and the density of those traps are determined to be 7×10 −14 cm 2 and (1.7−3)×10 16 cm −3 respectively.
When the ‘Stroller Moms’ Take Hold of the Street: A Case Study of How Social Influence Made the Inactive Publics Active in Anti-U.S. Beef Protest in Seoul—An Issues Processes Model Perspective

The purpose of this study is to examine the case of anti-U.S. beef protest in Seoul in 2008 to explain how issues are created and emerge into the public and how the issue activation process takes individuals and groups from a state of inactivity to activism using Hallahan's Issues Processes Model (2001) as a theoretical framework. The study also looks at how online social community sites played a critical role in converting inactive publics into active publics by enhancing individuals' (the stroller moms') knowledge and involvement to be engaged with active communication behavior of information seeking and protesting against the Korean government's decision on U.S. beef import. Strategic lessons for organizations (e.g., Korean government) and communicative entities, and new considerations for the Issues Process Model are also discussed.
Developing a fault tolerant power-train control system by integrating design of control and diagnostics

Fault detection, isolation and fault tolerant control are investigated for an spark ignition engine. Fault tolerant control refers to a strategy in which the desired stability and robustness of the control system are guaranteed in the presence of faults. In an attempt to realize fault tolerant control, a methodology for integrated design of control and fault diagnostics is proposed. Specifically, the integrated design of control and diagnostics is achieved by combining the integral sliding mode control methodology and observers with hypothesis testing. Information obtained from integral sliding mode control and from observers with hypothesis testing is utilized so that a fault can be detected, isolated and compensated. As an application example, the air and fuel dynamics of an IC engine are considered. A mean value engine model is developed and implemented in Simulink®. The air and fuel dynamics of the engine are identified using experimental data. The proposed algorithm for integration of control and diagnostics is then validated using the identified engine model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of buying committees by Chinese retailers: The effects of environment and strategy upon structure

Using an organizational theory framework, this study investigates the use of buying committees by Chinese retailers in the value chain. We conducted a survey of 100 Chinese retailers to determine the effects of the environment and firm strategy upon firm structure. Results from the study revealed that market orientation was inversely related to economic development as well as firm size; market orientation does not predict the use of buying committees; the environmental factors of ownership type and economic development predict buying committee use, but market orientation does not. We offer conclusions and implications for suppliers and other members of the value chain.
Effects of a 3-Alkyl-, 4-Hydroxy- and/or 8-Aromatic-substituent on the Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase Inhibitor Potency and α2-Adrenoceptor Affinity of 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepines

Abstract 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine (THBA; 1) is nearly 100-fold more selective an inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28) versus the α2-adrenoceptor than is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ; 2) (1: PNMT Ki=3.3 μM, α2-adrenoceptor Ki=11 μM, selectivity [α2 Ki/PNMT Ki]=3.3; 2: PNMT Ki=9.7 μM, α2 Ki=0.35 μM, selectivity=0.036;). Since the PNMT inhibitory activity and selectivity of THIQ were enhanced by the introduction of a hydrophilic electron-withdrawing 7-substituent and a 3-alkyl-substituent, a similar study was conducted on THBA. 8-Nitro-THBA (3) was found to be as potent an inhibitor of PNMT as its THIQ analogue (21) and to be more selective due to its reduced α2-adrenoceptor affinity (3: PNMT Ki=0.39 μM, α2 Ki=66 μM, selectivity=170; 21: PNMT Ki=0.41 μM, α2 Ki=4.3 μM, selectivity=10). Introduction of a 3-alkyl substituent on the THBA nucleus decreased both the α2-adrenoceptor affinity and the PNMT inhibitory activity, suggesting an area of steric bulk intolerance at both sites. 4-Hydroxy-THBA (15), which can be considered a conformationally-restricted analogue of 3-hydroxymethyl-THIQ (30), exhibited poorer PNMT inhibitory activity and less selectivity than 30 (15: PNMT Ki=58 μM, α2 Ki=100 μM, selectivity=1.7; 30: PNMT Ki=1.1 μM, α2 Ki=6.6 μM, selectivity=6.0). While the addition of an 8-nitro group to 15 increased the selectivity of 16 as compared to its THIQ analogue (31), it was not as potent at PNMT nor as selective as 8-nitro-THBA (3) (16, PNMT Ki=5.3 μM, α2 Ki=680 μM, selectivity=130; 31: PNMT Ki=0.29 μM, α2 Ki=19 μM, selectivity=66). Compound 3 is the most selective (PNMT/α2) and one of the more potent at PNMT compounds yet reported in the benzazepine series, and should have sufficient lipophilicity to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (CLogP=1.8).
Equivalence of the Holstein polaron to a one-dimensional classical gas

Abstract It is shown that the fully quantum one-dimensional Holstein molecular model is thermodynamically equivalent to a problem of a classical “charged” impurity gas on a ring. The interactions among the equivalent classical impurities are explicitly derived. The impurities interact via exponential potentials modified by weight factors sensitive to the distribution of charges. The “ideal gas” approximation gives rise to the well-known Holstein's small polaron band.
Estimating the Age of a Bellman-Harris branching process

Abstract Several estimators, both parametric and nonparametric, of the age of a Bellman-Harris process are considered. The estimators are compared by simulation under conditions approximating those found in cell populations. Estimators of the time lapse from when a birth and death process first reaches a predetermined size until an arbitrary later time are also studied.
Effects of acetylcholine and cyclic GMP on input resistance of cortical neurons in awake cats

The effects on input resistance (Rm) of extracellular iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and of intracellular iontophoresis of cyclic GMP (cGMP) were studied in neurons of the coronal-pericruciate cortex of awake cats. Control studies were also conducted including iontophoresis of saline extracellularly and 5′-GMP intracellularly. (1) Substantial increases in Rm occurred in approximately half the neurons given ACh or cGMP. (2) In the absence of associated repetitive spike discharge induced by intracellular injection of depolarizing current pulses during iontophoretic applications, the increases in Rm were transient occurring in less than 30 sec and lasting 4–5 min. (3) With associated current-induced spike discharge, the increases in Rm persisted for as long as the neurons could be held — up to 1.5 h maximally. (4) Rm was not increased if saline was substituted for ACh, if 5′-GMP was substituted for cGMP, or if the neuron was only discharged repeatedly. (5) The magnitude and time course of both transient and persistent increases in Rm were comparable between cells given ACh or cGMP and whether action potentials and resting potentials were≥ 40mV (average 47 mV) or were less.
Electron trapping and bulk conduction in β-form metal-free phthalocyanine single crystals in vacuum

Abstract Experimental evidence is given showing that for a vacuum ambient of 5 × 10 −9 Torr (1) the current in the square-law region is indeed space charge limited (2), 10 19 −10 20 cm −3 trapping centers exist 0.38 eV below the conduction-band edge, and (3) below 90°C the ohmic conduction is extrinsic due to the presence of 10 12 −10 13 cm −3 donors at the trapping level.
Substituent effect on the stability of the hydroxyl radical adduct of α-phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN)

Abstract α-Hydroxy-(3- and 4-substituted)-benzyl tert-butyl aminoxyl radicals, the hydroxyl radical spin adducts of 3- and 4-substituted α-phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrones (R-PBN's), decay rapidly (in seconds) by first order kinetics in acetonitrile (ACN). The Hammett equation is obeyed with ϱ = 1.36 and r = 0.90. Polar solvents produce an increase in rate of decay: water (fast) > ACN (fast) > benzene (slow). Thus substantial charge separation in the transition state is indicated. The mechanism proposed is a unimolecular cleavage reaction producing the substituted benzaldehyde and tert-butyl nitroso anion radical: Support for this mechanism is provided by the detection of tert-butyl hydroaminoxyl when the decay is studied in water.
Interaction of thyroid hormone and sex steroids at the rabbit reticulocyte membrane in vitro: Control by 17β-estradiol and testosterone of thyroid hormone-responsive Ca2+-ATPase activity

Abstract Physiological concentrations (10−10 m ) of l -thyroxine and triiodo- l -thyronine were found in vitro to enhance Ca2+-ATPase activity in reticulocyte-enriched red cell membranes from female rabbits and to inhibit this enzyme in the male reticuloycte. Cross-incubation experiments with reticulocyte-enriched red cells and plasma from the opposite sex demonstrated that this sex-specific membrane response to thyroid hormone was transferable by plasma. Similar experiments with intact reticulocytes exposed to physiological concentrations (10−11 m ) of testosterone and 17β-estradiol indicated that the plasma factors were the sex steroids. That is, incubation in vitro with testosterone converted female-source reticulocytes to male-type responsiveness to thyroid hormone (inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity); incubation with estradiol converted male-source reticulocyte-enriched red cells to female-type responsiveness (stimulation by iodothyronines of membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity). Similar results were obtained when reticulocyte ghosts were incubated with testosterone and 17β-estradiol prior to determination of membrane enzyme activity. Etiocholanolone (5β-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) and testosterone were equipotent, but 5α-dihydrotestosterone had little activity in this system. Estrone and estradiol were equipotent, but estriol had no permissive effect on the stimulation by iodothyronine of reticulocyte membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity. Expression of thyroid hormone action in vitro on Ca2+-ATPase activity in the rabbit reticulocyte is determined at the membrane level by testosterone and estrogen. The structure-activity relationships of the sex steroids for this membrane action are different than those reported for nuclear actions of the steroids.
On the anomalous behavior of surfactant contaminated drops

Abstract In a previous paper ( S. Padmanabhan and A. Bose, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 123, 494, 1988 ), experimental dimensionless sessile drop volumes for solutions of strong surfactant (large variation of surface tension with concentration) at the point of incipient motion on an inclined substrate were found to be several times the analytical prediction by Dussan V. (J. Fluid Mech., 151, 1, 1985 ). These experiments were conducted by placing a drop on a horizontal substrate, then tilting further to the critical configuration. The equilibrium surface tension was used to evaluate the nondimensional drop volume at critically. In experiments reported here, drops were placed on substrates pretilted to different initial angles, with subsequent tilting to criticality. The key results are that as pretilt angle is increased, the experimental drop volumes converge to their corresponding analytical predictions, while the critical inclination angle decreases. Additionally, if the equilibrium surface tension is used for computing the capillary force, the capillary force equals the gravitational force only for the most pretilted substrate. At each pretilt angle, an average adjusted surface tension allows experimentally and analytically predicted drop volumes to match. If this surface tension is used to compute the capillary force, the capillary force equals the gravitational force at criticality for each angle of pretilt. These results suggest that morphological changes that occur when the drop goes from its initial to its final state cause a “nonequilibrium” surface tension to develop on the liquid—vapor interface. Adsorption—desorption barriers or diffusional resistances to transport of surfactants prevent equilibration within the time scale of the experiments. Furthermore, these morphological changes are opposed by the hydrodynamic rigidity of the surfactant-laden interface. The role of these barriers as well as that of surfactant elasticity is progressively reduced with increasing substrate pretilt. These experiments validate the predictive power of the analysis by Dussan V. even for contaminated liquids and show that a similar analysis could be used in other geometries as well. However, to avoid artifacts, the proper procedure for obtaining critical inclination angles is to increasingly pretilt the substrate until the drop slides spontaneously and pick the final configuration for subsequent analysis.
Radiation processing and the regulatory process

Abstract This paper is a review of the role of the various regulatory agencies in the licensing and monitoring of facilities employing large radiation sources. It is also a review of the manner in which various regulatory legislation and actions have affected and may continue to impact on development of industrial radiation applications.
Classical chaos in one-dimensional hydrogen in strong dc electric fields.

We present studies of highly excited atomic hydrogen in the presence of DC and AC external fields. In particular, we analyze the effect of a DC electric field on classical chaos in one-dimensional hydrogen in a microwave field in the n nonmixing regime and also in the inter-n mixing regime where significant DC field induced ionization occurs. We study the AC field induced nonlinear classical resonances, the threshold of chaos, and the number of states trapped in the resonances. In the strong n mixing and ionizing regime (unclamping DC field), we find the chaotic dynamics depend sharply on the DC field and the number of states trapped in the resonances, allowing the system to undergo a transition from a regime of classical behavior to a regime of uniquely quantum behavior as the DC field is changed. We show that ionization by classical chaos competes favorably with ionization by tunneling in the transition region, and that tunneling allows very sensitive spectroscopy of this region.
Past, Present, and Future Roles of Child Protective Services.

Contemporary social issues typically spring from historical roots, and, as this article points out, that is particularly true of the effort to find a balanced, fair, and helpful way of responding to child abuse and neglect. This article examines how today's child protective services system evolved from a past of almshouses, orphan trains, anticruelty societies, and legislation establishing the protection of children as a government function. The author finds that the history of child protection in the United States is marked by a continuing, unresolved tension between the aim of rescuing children from abusive homes and that of strengthening the care their families can provide. Against that backdrop, this article explains the structure of the typical child protective services (CPS) agency (the unit within a broader public child welfare department that focuses on abuse and neglect) and outlines the roles in child protection that are played by the police, the courts, private and public social service agencies, and the community at large. According to the author's analysis, the fundamental challenges facing CPS can be captured in two questions regarding appropriate boundaries for the agency: Which situations require the agency's intervention? And how can the broader resources of the community be mobilized in the effort to protect children?
Observation of Radiation-induced Tissue Signal Intensity Changes With the First Commercial MRI-guided IMRT System

Purpose/Objectives: The ViewRay MRI-Guided IMRT system (Village of Oakwood, OH) was recently installed at Washington University in St. Louis. The stand-alone system is comprised of a 0.35-T double-doughnut MRI and a gantry housing three Co-60 sources that provide IMRT delivery with a 600-cGy/min maximum dose rate at isocenter. The MRI is used to obtain volumetric images for patient positioning and adaptive radiotherapy prior to treatment, as well as real-time imaging during radiation therapy delivery. The system automatically tracks a chosen structure or organ, and gates in any chosen plane based on user-selected spatial and temporal boundaries. Prior to installation of the sources, a patient imaging study was conducted to evaluate the imaging quality of this hybrid system. During the course of this imaging study, an observation was made of radiation-induced signal intensity change in the liver of a patient who had recently completed radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer. Previously published reports noted tissue changes visible on CT and 1.5-T diagnostic MRI systems (Refs. 1-8). These past studies specifically focused on the importance of differentiating post-radiation therapy tissue changes and tumor recurrence. Radiation-induced edema was clearly seen on T2-weighted images in the neck, abdomen, and pelvis regions. Radiation-induced fibrosis was in turn characterized by low T2 signal, which allowed its differentiation from the brighter T2 signal of tumorous tissues. Radiation hepatatis was specifically observed in Ref. 3, where several patients treated for Hodgkins lymphoma were imaged – changes were seen as early as 7 days into treatment, with doses as low as 20 Gy. More obvious changes were seen at 36 Gy. Liver tissues were seen to return to normal within 60 days. The case reported here is the first observation of radiation-induced tissue change with a low-strength MRI integrated with a radiation delivery system.
Cyclophilin: A Specific Cytosolic Binding Protein for Cyclosporin A

Cyclophilin, a specific cytosolic binding protein responsible for the concentration of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A by lymphoid cells, was purified to homogeneity from bovine thymocytes. Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography resolved a major and minor cyclophilin species that bind cyclosporin A with a dissociation constant of about 2 X 10(-7) moles per liter and specific activities of 77 and 67 micrograms per milligram of protein, respectively. Both cyclophilin species have an apparent molecular weight of 15,000, an isoelectric point of 9.6, and nearly identical amino acid compositions. A portion of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the major species was determined. The cyclosporin A-binding activity of cyclophilin is sulfhydryl dependent, unstable at 56 degrees C and at pH 4 or 9.5, and sensitive to trypsin but not to chymotrypsin digestion. Cyclophilin specifically binds a series of cyclosporin analogs in proportion to their activity in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Isolation of cyclophilin from the cytosol of thymocytes suggests that the immunosuppressive activity of cyclosporin A is mediated by an intracellular mechanism, not by a membrane-associated mechanism.
5 Clinical experience with conformal radiotherapy

Over the past decade, we have gained considerable experience with conformal radiotherapy. A series of dose escalation studies in brain, lung, liver, and prostate have been carried out. In high grade gliomas, we have completed the 70 Gy (n = 20) and 80 Gy (n = 35) series of patients. Median survival is 16 months, and we have escalated to 86 Gy. In lung, our dose prescriptions are based on the amount of normal lung treated. In our smallest tumors, we have reached a dose of 92 Gy. In primary liver tumors, we have escalated small volumes of liver (
Successors of ArF Water-Immersion Lithography: EUV Lithography, Multi-e-beam Maskless Lithography, or Nanoimprint?

This PDF file contains the editorial “Successors of ArF Water-Immersion Lithography: EUV Lithography, Multi-e-beam Maskless Lithography, or Nanoimprint?” for JM3 Vol. 7 Issue 04
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Objective to examine the associations between total and domain-specific moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms.
Stochastic semidefinite programming: a new paradigm for stochastic optimization

Semidefinite programs are a class of optimization problems that have been studied extensively during the past 15 years. Semidefinite programs are naturally related to linear programs, and both are defined using deterministic data. Stochastic programs were introduced in the 1950s as a paradigm for dealing with uncertainty in data defining linear programs. In this paper, we introduce stochastic semidefinite programs as a paradigm for dealing with uncertainty in data defining semidefinite programs.
Third-Molar Extraction May Increase Relative Risk for Temporomandibular Disorders

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Third-Molar Extraction as a Risk Factor for Temporomandibular Disorder Huang GJ, Rue TC. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(11):1547-54 Strength of Recommendation B Purpose/Question This study was conducted to determine if there is an association between third molar extractions and temporomandibular disorders in adolescents and young adults. Source of Funding Government, National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Type of Study/Design Retrospective Cohort Study
The Impact of Study Abroad on Students' Self-Efficacy Perceptions

This article reports the findings of an investigation into the impact of study abroad experiences on self-efficacy perceptions among foreign language (FL) learners. Thirty-nine American college students taking part in both short-term and semester-long academic programs in France and Spain completed self-efficacy surveys at the beginning and at the end of their foreign sojourns. Students were also asked to complete a questionnaire documenting the nature and extent of their interactions with members of the host country. Statistical analysis of the self-efficacy measures in this investigation revealed that participation in a study abroad program (regardless of its length or destination) had a significant impact on self-efficacy perceptions in all FL subskills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking). Furthermore, the extent of self-efficacy gains was found to be associated with the extent and type of interaction with members of the host country. Pedagogical implications of these finds are discussed, along with suggestions on how to maximize the motivational benefits of foreign study programs.
‘Mama’s family’: Fictive kinship and undocumented immigrant restaurant workers

Undocumented workers create social cohesion, which serves as a source of solidarity and identification for individuals who are otherwise pushed to the periphery by the dominant society. This article is based on a larger study examining the personal, social, and working lives of undocumented restaurant workers using an ethnographic approach in conjunction with the life history method. Based on observation of their day-to-day interactions in the restaurant and in conversations, this article discusses the ‘family’ or fictive kin relationship they establish with their co-workers and their employer. Despite their illegal status and low earnings, this group of undocumented workers is able to maintain their dignity, find ways of bringing joy to their lives, and attain a sense of belonging. Integration into the restaurant’s pseudo-family averts feelings of frustration and loneliness that are often the consequences of marginalization.
Strangers in a familiar land: the psychological consequences of internal migration in a developing country

There is still much that we do not know about the effects of international migration on mental health, but we know even less about the mental health consequences of rural-to-urban migration. This may be particularly important in developing countries where the health of internal migrating populations may affect economic development. We use a large representative sample of adults residing in Kathmandu, Nepal to investigate the utility of a stress process model for understanding the mental health effects of rural-to-urban migration. Because our sample contains both migrants and non-migrants, we are able to compare the importance of stressors common to all urban dwellers and those specific to migrants (i.e. acculturation stressors) as they affect the well-being of urban residents. Results show that acculturation-related stressors and social support problems are less salient for explaining distress and mental health symptoms than common stressors and social support problems. Migrants do face more chronic stressors, have more social support problems and report higher levels of distress and symptoms. We speculate that this has more to do with the social inequality that results from migration than with specific migration-related stressors or loss of social resources. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DiffArchViz: A Tool to Visualize Correspondence Between Multiple Representations of a Software Architecture

This paper describes a technique to visualize the software architecture of the Network Appliance Data ONTAPreg7G (ONTAP) storage server operating system. We integrate the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) algorithm into a visualization technique for converting raw source code into patterns that capture the software architecture. Individual components are drawn using graphical "glyphs" that vary their spatial position, color, and texture properties to encode each component's attribute values. The result is a display that can be used by viewers to rapidly and accurately analyze, explore, compare, and discover within the software architecture. We show how our visualization tool, known as DiffArchViz, can be used to study different architectural views representing multiple attributes of the software components. We also present a technique to visualize dynamic software architecture by examining the correspondence between multiple runtime profiles for a few storage server performance benchmarks. We apply our technique to multiple hardware platforms and versions of ONTAP.
Programmable autonomous micromixers and micropumps

Programmable autonomous micromixers and micropumps have been designed and realized via a merger between MEMS and microfluidic tectonics (/spl mu/FT). Advantages leveraged from both fabrication platforms allow for relatively simple and rapid fabrication of these microfluidic components. Nickel (Ni) microstructures, driven by an external rotating magnetic field, are patterned in situ and serve as the microactuators in the devices. /spl mu/FT permits in situ patterning through the use of a step-and-repeat fabrication process known as liquid-phase photopolymerization (LP/sup 3/). LP/sup 3/ is a polymer-based fabrication process tool that offers additional fabrication materials, including responsive hydrogels that expand and contract under different stimuli. Using pH- and temperature-sensitive hydrogels as clutches, autonomous micromixers and micropumps have been fabricated and tested that perform as closed-loop microsystems. The step-and-repeat fabrication process allows pre-programming of the system, like a programmable read-only memory chip, to be sensitive to a desired stimulus. Different Ni blade designs, and pH-sensitive hydrogel geometries and dimensions have been designed and tested to better ascertain their effects on micromixing efficiency and response times of hydrogels (related to the autonomous functionality), respectively. Temperature-responsive hydrogels have allowed for development of temperature-sensitive micromixers and micropumps with applications in areas demanding temperature control. [1498].
Analgesic-Induced Headaches in a 17-Month-Old Infant:

This is a case report of a 17-month-old infant with 8 weeks of constant headache, which resulted from the daily ingestion of analgesics.
Effects of lactulose and neomycin on urea metabolism in cirrhotic subjects

In our previous studies of cirrhotic subjects lactulose caused a 25% decrease in the urea production rate associated with a decrease in urinary urea excretion and an increase in stool nitrogen. The decrease in the rate of urea production was an indirect measure of reduction in gut ammonia production. The present study was designed to determined if the poorly adsorbed antibiotic neomycin had an additive effect in reducing ammonia production when administered in combination with lactulose. Six stable cirrhotic subjects received isonitrogenous diets during separate lactulose and lactulose + neomycin treatment periods. The addition of neomycin to a lactulose regimen caused a 17% reduction in the urea production rate that was quantitatively accounted for by a 70% reduction in the urea degradation rate. The intestinal urea clearance rate demonstrated a parallel reduction, indicating an inhibition of bacterial ureolysis. There was no evidence that neomycin altered the effects of lactulose since urinary urea excretion did not rise, fecal nitrogen remained high, and stools remained acidic. These results demonstrate that neomycin inhibited bacterial ureolysis when administered with lactulose while lactulose itself was metabolized and its individual effect on nitrogen metabolism persisted. Lactulose and neomycin, when administered together, had an additive effect in reducing gut ammonia production in cirrhotic subjects.
Appearance and disappearance of the mRNA signature characteristic of Treg cells in visceral adipose tissue: Age, diet, and PPARγ effects

A unique population of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells resides in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of lean mice, especially in the epididymal fat depot. VAT Tregs are unusual in their very high representation within the CD4+ T-cell compartment, their transcriptome, and their repertoire of antigen-specific T-cell receptors. They are important regulators of local and systemic inflammation and metabolism. The overall goal of this study was to learn how the VAT Treg transcriptome adapts to different stimuli; in particular, its response to aging in lean mice, to metabolic perturbations associated with obesity, and to certain signaling events routed through PPARγ, the “master-regulator” of adipocyte differentiation. We show that the VAT Treg signature is imposed early in life, well before age-dependent expansion of the adipose-tissue Treg population. VAT Tregs in obese mice lose the signature typical of lean individuals but gain an additional set of over- and underrepresented transcripts. This obese mouse VAT Treg signature depends on phosphorylation of the serine residue at position 273 of PPARγ, in striking parallel to a pathway recently elucidated in adipocytes. These findings are important to consider in designing drugs to target type 2 diabetes and other features of the “metabolic syndrome.”
A simplified single stage total hepatectomy in the rat with maintenance of gastrointestinal absorptive function

A technique is described to remove the entire liver in a single stage with preservation of intestinal absorptive function. An inverted V-shape polyethylene cannula, either heparin bonded or silicon coated, was inserted into the portal vein and inferior vena cava to maintain venous return from the splanchnic and lower caval regions of the anhepatic rat. Blood glucose fell at a rate of 7 to 11 mg per hr per total plasma volume (4% body weight), usually resulting in hypoglycemia within the initial 2 hr. Euglycemia could be maintained in the first 3 hr after hepatectomy with hourly intravenous infusions of 2.5 to 5 mg per 100 gm body weight of glucose. Larger infusions of glucose (10 to 12.5 mg per hr per 100 gm body weight) were necessary for normal levels at later times. A 0.5 gm per 100 gm rat weight intestinal glucose bolus restored euglycemia for at least a 2-hr interval. Intestinal absorption of cholesterol and oleic acid was demonstrated in the anhepatic rat, although the latter was not so efficiently absorbed as in the control. The plasma cholesterol decreased with time in the anhepatic rat. Prompt increases were observed in plasma free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations after hepatectomy. Progressive increases in both direct and indirect plasma bilirubin levels were noted after hepatectomy. With appropriate maintenance of blood sugar, survival of 36 hr was observed. This procedure for single stage total hepatectomy in the rat can be performed in less than 30 min. The model is particularly useful for studies of the influence of the liver on postabsorptive metabolism.
Coherent states for general potentials. I. Formalism

We first review the properties of the harmonic-oscillator coherent states which can be equivalently defined as (a) a specific subset of the x-p minimum-uncertainty states, (b) eigenstates of the annihilation operator, or (c) states created by a certain unitary exponential displacement operator. These definitions are not equivalent in general. Then we present a new method for finding coherent states for particles in general potentials. Its basis is the desire to find those states which most nearly follow the classical motion, but it is most nearly a generalization of the minimum-uncertainty method. The properties of these states are discussed in detail. Next we show that the annihilation operator and displacement operator methods, as heretofore defined, cannot be applied to general potentials (whose eigenvalues are not equally spaced). We define a generalization of these methods but show that the states so defined are not, in general, equivalent to the minimum-uncertainty coherent states. We discuss a number of properties of our coherent states and the procedures we have used.