cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metastasis from human breast cancer cell lines

Immunodeficient animals, principally nude mice, when used in appropriately designed studies have been shown to be useful for the experimental analysis of human breast cancer metastasis. As with many other human tumors, the implantation of breast cancer cells into an anatomically appropriate tissue (the mammary fatpad) results in increased tumor take and incidence of metastasis for certain cell lines compared with subcutaneous injection. Testing a number of widely available human breast cancer cell lines identified the MDA-MB-435 cell line as the most metastatic, producing lung and lymph node metastases in a high proportion of nude and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice after injection in the mammary fatpad. Mixing human breast cancer cells with normal fibroblasts or with Matrigel also increases the tumor incidence and growth rates in nude mice. Different routes of injection can be used to assess the ability of human breast cancer cells to form metastatic lesions in the lungs (i.v. injection), the liver (injection in the spleen), the brain (direct or intracarotid artery injection) and the bone marrow and bone (injection into the left ventricle of the heart). These different approaches demonstrate the potential of experimental studies of human breast cancer growth and metastasis using immunodeficient mice; this model is valuable for experiments that test the role of metastasis-associated genes and the efficacy of novel forms of therapy.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by respiratory syncytial virus

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complicating severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been described in only a few infants. In contrast to the low mortality rates usually associated with RSV infections (< 5%), mortality rates in the range of 40-70% have been reported in pediatric patients with ARDS. However, studies on patients with ARDS are usually lumped with respect to causation, and the disease course of RSV-induced ARDS has not been previously studied. We examined the pulmonary function abnormalities of 37 infants with RSV-induced respiratory failure who were admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit for assisted ventilation. Measurements included respiratory mechanics, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, and lung volumes. These allowed the calculation of a Murray lung injury score (modified for pediatric use) in which radiographic findings, ventilator settings, lung compliance, and blood gas results were considered. We identified ten infants with severe restrictive lung disease who fulfilled the clinical criteria for classification as ARDS. All had lung injury scores above 2.5, compatible with a diagnosis of ARDS. Twenty-seven infants had obstructive patterns of lung function consistent with a clinical diagnosis of RSV bronchiolitis. The patients with RSV-induced ARDS were significantly younger, and had a longer time on assisted ventilation (P < 0.05) and a higher proportion of predisposing illnesses (P < 0.05, odds ratio = 6.67, two-tailed Fisher's exact test) when compared with the patients who had obstructive disease. Only one patient (who had immunodeficiency) died, and all others were successfully managed on conventional mechanical ventilation. We conclude that RSV-induced respiratory failure represents a relatively benign cause of ARDS in pediatric patients. Our observations support the notion of differentiating ARDS with respect to causation, especially when novel and experimental therapy is considered and mortality rates are analyzed.
Morphometric and molecular variation in mountain catfishes (Amphiliidae: Amphilius) in Guinea, West Africa

Species of the genus Amphilius are small benthic catfishes that occur throughout tropical Africa and are abundant in the mountain streams of the Fouta Djalon region in Guinea, West Africa. During a 2003 expedition to the area, numerous amphiliid catfish were collected and initial observations revealed a large amount of morphological variation across the sampled basins. These specimens were subjected to a geometric morphometric analysis and standard morphometric analysis. Cytochrome b gene sequences were also obtained and compared among populations. These analyses resulted in the discovery of multiple cryptic taxa within two recognized species, Amphilius platychir and Amphilius rheophilus. The discovery of these taxa is compared with other recent discoveries from the area.
Derrida, Stengers, Latour, and Subalternist Cosmopolitics

Postcolonial science studies entails ostensibly contradictory critical and empirical commitments. Science studies scholars influenced by Bruno Latour and Isabelle Stengers embrace forms of realist,...
Comparison of morphine and morphine with ketamine for postoperative analgesia.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare morphine with ketamine to morphine alone in a doubleblind investigation of postsurgical pain control.
Slavery and psychiatry

Raj Persaud ( [2003][1]) begins his review of Thomas Szasz’s book Liberation by Oppression: A Comparative Study of Slavery and Psychiatry by asserting that something false is true: ‘Thomas Szasz became famous for being at the vanguard of the anti-psychiatry movement’. First, Szasz has never
An asymptomatic nodule in an immunosuppressed patient.

45-year-old man with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) was found to have a solitary pulmonary nodule on routine chest radiograph. He had been diagnosed as having ALL three months previously and underwent induction chemotherapy which included vincristine, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicm and intrathecal methotrexate. His leukemia was in remission and he had received no chemotherapy for one month. There was no cough, sputum production, fever, hemoptysis, chest pain or dyspnea. He had no known exposure to tuberculosis and there was no significant travel or occupational history. He had never smoked cigarettes. On physical examination, he appeared well with a temperature of37#{176} C. There was a Broviac catheter in place. Findings on the remainder ofthe physical exam-
Higher calorie content preserves myocardial electrical activity during very-low-calorie dieting.

We investigated the effect of calorie and protein content of very-low-calorie diets for weight loss upon myocardial electrical activity. Patients were followed on very low calorie diets for up to 20 weeks. Study No. 1 had 16 obese patients (4 men and 12 women). Study No. 2 had 113 obese women. Both study groups were consecutive samples with patients who had BMI > 30. In Study No. 1 patients were given 400 kcal/d with 50 gm of protein and 45 gm of carbohydrates over 12 weeks. In Study No. 2 patients were given either Metabolic Nutrition Program (MNP) which contained 600 kcal/d with 70 gm protein and 70 gm carbohydrates, or Optifast-70 which contained 420 kcal/d with 70 gm protein and 32 gm carbohydrates, for up to 20 weeks. Electrocardiograms were obtained at baseline and during the third month in Study No. 1, and monthly in Study No. 2. The sum of the voltage in leads I+II+III and the length of the QT interval were derived from the electrocardiograms. In Study No. 1 the QRS voltage decreased from 2.77 +/- .18 mv to 2.45 +/- .17 mv (p < .02). Patients lost 18.1 kg +/- 4 kg and the QT interval remained unchanged. In Study No. 2 at 20 weeks the QRS voltage decreased on Optifast-70 (p < .001) in comparison to MNP, in which the QRS voltage remained unchanged. Patients on Optifast-70 lost 17.5 +/- .53 kg, patients on MNP lost 18.5 +/- .66 kg and the QT interval in both groups remained unchanged. The formula diets tested of less than 600 kcal/d were associated with a decrease in electrocardiographic voltage.
Elastic moduli of a Ti-Zr-Ni i-phase quasicrystal as a function of temperature

The elastic constants of an icosahedral-phase (i-phase) quasicrystal of Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni21 were measured over the temperature range 3–292 K using the technique of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Common elastic quantities were derived over this temperature range. Values at 290 K are: bulk modulus = 116.8 GPa; shear modulus = 37.0 GPa; Young's modulus = 100.5 GPa; Poisson's ratio = 0.356. The internal friction was also studied. A Debye temperature of 316.7 K was computed from the low-temperature elastic moduli. The present values for the elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio compare well with ultrasonically-derived values reported earlier for an i-phase Ti41.5Zr41.5Ni17 quasicrystal, but do not agree with recently reported results for i-phase forms of Ti40Zr40Ni20 and Ti52.8Zr26.2Ni21 obtained by pressure-volume measurements and conventional mechanical testing.
IL-1beta induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) mediators XBP1s and chop drives pro-catabolic responses of human articular chondrocytes

paws in the CCI group, compared to sham, on all days after day 3 (Fig. 1B).; thermal sensitivity similarly increased (p<0.05) in the ipsilateral paws of the CCI group as compared to sham. Both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were strongly correlated to NF-kB activity with Spearman r coefficients of -0.83 (p<0.0001) and -0.80 (p<0.0001), respectively (Fig. 1C). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that in vivo NF-kB activity in the ROI (Fig 1A) was best described by sciatic nerve and adjacent muscle NF-kB activity (R21⁄4.79, p<0.0001). Both the muscle (p<0.001) and sciatic nerve (p<0.002) NF-kB activity were significant explanatory variables on day 3, but only the sciatic nerve (p<0.001) was significant on day 28. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the use of non-invasive luminescence in vivo imaging to measure NF-lB activity in a mouse model of radiculopathy and the correspondence of a key molecular event in nerve injury to pain sensitivity development. Increased NFkB activity at the ipsilateral ROI in the CCI model was strongly correlated to developing pain sensitivities. The demonstrated relationship between NFlB activity, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia suggests the use of NFlB luminescence imaging as a novel imaging biomarker of pain sensitivities and neuropathy in this model of radiculopathy. Acknowledgments: NIH AR047442, NIH AR050245.
Molecular prognostic markers in breast cancer

Based on the scientific literature, there are several molecular markers which might be used for the prognosis of breast cancer. Possible molecular prognostic markers are: BRCA-1, BRCA-2, p53, erbB oncogenes, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), chromosomal aberrations, microsatellite instability, transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα), and the multiple drug resistance (MDR) gene. In this chapter, we discuss the possible role of these prognostic markers in breast cancer.
Inattentional blindness and augmented‐vision displays: effects of cartoon‐like filtering and attended scene

Augmented-vision devices that we are developing to aid people with low vision (impaired vision) employ vision multiplexing- the simultaneous presentation of two different views to one or both eyes. This approach enables compensation for vision deficits without depriving the wearers of their normal views of the scene. Ideally, wearers would make use of the simultaneous views to alert them to potential mobility hazards, without a need to divide attention consciously. Inattentional blindness, the frequent inability to notice otherwise-obvious events in one scene while paying attention to another, overlapping, scene, works against that sort of augmentation, so we are investigating ways to mitigate it. In this study, we filtered the augmented view, creating cartoon-like representations, to make it easier to detect significant features in that view and to minimise interference with the normal view. We reproduced a classic inattentional blindness experiment to evaluate the effect, and found that, surprisingly, edge filtering had no detectable effect - positive or negative - on the noticing of unexpected events in the unattended scene. We then modified the experiment to determine if the inattentional blindness was because of the confusion of overlaid views or simply a matter of attention, and found the latter to be the case.
Quantum resonance for simulating combinatorial problems

Quantum computing by simulations is based upon similarity between mathematical formalism of a quantum phenomenon and phenomena to be analyzed. In this Letter, the mathematical formalism of quantum resonance combined with tensor product decomposability of unitary evolutions is mapped onto a class of NP-complete combinatorial problems. It has been demonstrated that nature has polynomial resources for solving NP-complete problems and that will help to develop a new strategy for artificial intelligence, as well as to re-evaluate the role of natural selection in biological evolution.
Stability of PrCo5+δ and Pr1−xHfxCo5+δ alloys with TbCu7-type structure at 900–1150 °C and their magnetic properties

Abstract The TbCu 7 -type structure in bulk Pr–Hf–Co alloys was obtained by high-temperature homogenization of alloys adjacent to the PrCo 5 composition. At 1150 °C, the homogeneity range of binary PrCo 5+ δ structure stretches to 84.5 at.% Co; addition of up to 1.5 at.% Hf extends this range to 85.3 at.% Co. The lattice constants, Curie temperature and room-temperature saturation magnetization of the PrCo 5+ δ phase approximately follow the Vegard's law as if this phase were transitional between the stoichiometric PrCo 5 phase and the hypothetical disordered Pr 2 Co 17 phase. Hafnium decreases the saturation magnetization of the Pr 1− x Hf x Co 5+ δ phase, but has no significant effect on its Curie temperature. The highest saturation magnetization of 12.9 kG was observed in the off-stoichiometric binary alloy Pr 84.5 Co 15.5 . The solubility of Co in the PrCo 5 structure was found to decrease with decreasing the homogenization temperature; only Pr 1− x Hf x Co 5 alloys exhibited the single-phase structure after annealing at 900 °C.
Uncertainty and epistemic curiosity.

Two experiments were concerned with the effects of uncertainty on epistemic curiosity. Quotations, each coupled with the names of possible authors and with a distribution of fictitious experts' guesses regarding the true author, formed the experimental material. The role of uncertainty was predicted from a theory according to which epistemic curiosity will increase with degree of conceptual conflict. The two experiments showed reported curiosity to increase with two determinants of uncertainty and degree of conflict, namely (1) number of alternative responses and (2) evenness of distribution of response-strength, respectively. They also revealed ways in which response uncertainties, dependent on distributions of subjects' guesses, differ from the corresponding stimulus uncertainties.
Splenic artery aneurysm: a diagnostic challenge in the setting of extensive portal venous collaterals

We present a 16-year-old boy with autoimmune liver disease and longstanding portal hypertension in whom a CT arteriogram demonstrated a large aneurysm arising from the distal, extra-parenchymal portion of the splenic artery. Because of its location adjacent to multiple venous collaterals, the aneurysm was indistinguishable from splenic varices on initial imaging with Doppler sonography and on portal venous-phase CT. There is an increased risk of rupture of splenic artery aneurysms in the post-liver transplant period, with high associated mortality, and therefore diagnosis of splenic artery aneurysm prior to liver transplantation is clinically important. It is quite possible that the diagnosis of splenic artery aneurysm in this case would have been missed in the absence of dedicated arterial-phase imaging. As radiologists strive to reduce radiation exposure in children, this case highlights a potential diagnostic pitfall of both Doppler sonography and venous or single-acquisition arterial/venous-phase CT angiogram in children with venous collaterals and an undiagnosed splenic artery aneurysm.
Exploring wind energy potential off the California coast

[1] Wind energy represents the nearest term cost-effective renewable energy source. While efforts have been made to assess wind energy potential over land around the world, offshore wind energy resources are largely unexplored, in part because these regions have relatively sparse wind observations. In this study, the wind energy potential offshore of the California coast is evaluated using a well-tested high-resolution numerical model dataset. We found that along the coastline, the low-level winds exhibit strong spatial variation and are characterized by alternating windspeed maxima and minima near coastal promontories associated with the interaction between the marine boundary layer and coastal topography. Further analysis highlights the enormous and reliable wind energy development potential in these persistent offshore windspeed maxima.
Outcomes of Blunt Trauma Victims Transported by HEMS from Rural and Urban Scenes

Objective. Mortality differences exist between victims of urban andrural trauma; however, it is unknown if these differences persist in those patients who survive to HEMS transport. This study examined the in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, anddischarge status of adult blunt trauma victims transported by HEMS from rural andurban scenes to regional trauma centers. Methods. Retrospective review of all adult (age ≥ 15) HEMS transports in 2001; 271 urban and141 rural blunt trauma patients were identified from HEMS transport records andthe trauma registries at three level one trauma centers. Demographic data, scene andhospital interventions, as well as discharge status of the two groups were examined. Results. Total mileage [27 ± 12 vs. 119 ± 64, p < 0.001], total flight times (minutes) [30 ± 10 vs. 79 ± 40, p < 0.001], andscene times (minutes) [16 ± 8 vs. 21 ± 14, p < 0.001] were significantly longer for rural flights. There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to age, g...
Surgical Approaches for Cam Femoroacetabular Impingement: The Use of Multicriteria Decision Analysis

Background Currently, three surgical approaches are available for the treatment of cam femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), namely surgical hip dislocation (SHD), hip arthroscopy (HA), and the miniopen anterior approach of the hip (MO). Although previous systematic reviews have compared these different approaches, an overall assessment of their performance is not available.
Effects of Change in Elimination on Various Parameters of the Two-Compartment Open Model

The various parameters of the two-compartment open model which are employed commonly in pharmacokinetics can be classified into three groups, based on their mathematical behavior, when a change in the elimination constant (Kel) is induced but the distribution constants (k12, k21, and Vc) of the drug are maintained unchanged. At a given dose of drug, certain parameters (VDss and Cp°) remain constant because they are independent of kel. Other parameters (Area, ClB, D1, D2, and DT) change exactly in proportion of kel because these values are a direct linear function of kel. A third group (α, β, A, B, VDβ, VDarea, VB, fc, and t1/2β) are nonlinear or hybrid parameters; they change in value disproportionately with kel. Absolute changes in distribution space or elimination constants at a given dose level cannot be quantitated with these hybrid terms individually. They reflect the degree of equilibration of a drug between compartments and should be restricted to use as proportionality terms for relating the time course of plasma and body levels of drug.
A Comparison of Environmental Perceptions and Behaviors of Five Discrete Populations

Abstract This paper summarizes the perceptions and behaviors regarding environmental issues of five discrete and separate groups/populations. Assessments were made to determine the difference in perceptions held by these groups between issues of greatest importance to mankind, issues of greatest personal interest, and a control issue (noise pollution) with respect to perceived levels of: importance to mankind, information held, individual locus of control, group locus of control, and self-reported environmental actions (behaviors). Findings suggest that academically oriented/environmentally allied groups perceive overpopulation as the most important issue to mankind. Further, groups with environmentally allied characteristics perceive the most important environmental issues facing mankind with a greater degree of within-group homogeneity than the groups consisting of individuals that have few environmentally allied similarities. When comparisons on the data for the variables across issues of greatest inte...
Solvent effects on the permeability of membrane-supported gels

The hydrodynamic (solvent) permeability of porous membranes filled with cross-linked polyacrylamide (PA) was measured as a function of pore size, surface chemistry, and solvent quality. The gel was formed by first soaking the membrane in the solution containing the acrylamide monomer, cross-linking agent, and initiator, and then polymerizing in situ using thermal activation. The water permeability of the gel-filled membranes at a fixed polymer volume fraction within the pores was insensitive to the pore diameter over the range 0.09−0.48 μm. There was no measurable effect of two different surface chemistries, indicating that the gel was trapped inside the porous matrix rather than covalently bonded to the internal membrane surfaces. The most important result was that there were large variations of the permeability when the quality of the solvent was made poorer by adding different alcohols to water. Going from a good solvent for PA (water) to poorer solvents (increasing alcohol concentration), the permeabi...
The Marketing Portfolio: On Advising Students for Job Interviews

This article provides suggestions for the use of a marketing portfolio of student work as a job interview tool. The suggestions are the result of interviews with students who had used such a portfolio, prospective employers, personnel placement agency staff, and campus placement directors. Interviewees discussed the appropriateness and benefits of an interview portfolio.
The ram as a model for behavioral neuroendocrinology

The sheep offers a unique model to study male sexual behavior and sexual partner preference. Rams are seasonal breeders and show the greatest libido during short days coincident with the resumption of ovarian cyclicity in the ewe. Threshold concentrations of testosterone are required for the acquisition and display of adult sexual behavior. In addition, estrogens produced from circulating testosterone by cytochrome P450 aromatase in the preoptic area are critical for the maintenance of sexual behaviors in rams. Sex differences in adult reproductive behaviors and hormone responsiveness are the result of permanent organizational effects exerted by testosterone and its metabolites on brain development. Early exposure to ewes enhances ram sexual performance, but cannot prevent some rams from exhibiting male-oriented sexual partner preferences. Neurochemical and neuroanatomical studies suggest that male-oriented ram behavior may be a consequence of individual variations in brain sexual differentiation.
Direct synthesis of H2O2 from O2 and H2 over precious metal loaded TS-1 in CO2

H2O2 was synthesized directly from O2 and H2 over precious metal loaded titanium silicalite (TS-1) in compressed CO2 and yields were measured by immediately reacting the in situ generated H2O2 with an “indicator”—pyridine. Experimental results proved that H2O2 could be effectively synthesized from O2 and H2 in compressed CO2. The effects of the following factors on H2 conversion, H2O2 selectivity and yield were examined: O2/H2 molar ratio, H2 concentration, catalyst mass, Pd content in the catalyst and the addition of Pt to the catalyst. Under the optimal reaction conditions, H2O2 yield reached 31.7% with an H2O2 selectivity of 56.1%.
Stomach-specific anti-H. pylori therapy. II. Gastric residence studies of tetracycline-loaded chitosan microspheres in gerbils.

This study examines the gastric residence of chitosan microspheres and the local tetracycline concentrations following oral administration in gerbils. Chitosan microspheres were prepared by ionic cross-linking and precipitation with sodium sulfate. Gastric retention studies were performed by administering radioiodinated [125I] chitosan microsphere suspension in the nonacid-suppressed and acid-suppressed states. At different time points, animals were sacrificed, and the radioactivity in tissues and fluids was measured with a gamma counter. Local tetracycline concentrations were measured using chitosan microspheres loaded with tritiated-[3H]-tetracycline. The radioactivity, measured with a liquid scintillation analyzer, was used to determine the μg of drug per gram of tissues or fluids under nonacid-suppressed and acid-suppressed states. Microspheres with a spherical shape and an average diameter of 2.0–3.0 μm were formed. After 2 hr in the fasted stomach, approximately 10% of the administered dose remained...
Robust adaptive controller designs for robot manipulator systems

Adaptive controllers are designed for robot manipulator systems that yield robust trajectory in spite of the unwanted effects of external disturbances and fast maneuvering of the manipulator. These controllers are designed with improved convergence rate and their transient oscillation are reduced considerably. The analyses in this paper stem from the model reference adaptive control techniques. In conjunction with this methodology an optimal auxiliary input is introduced to complete our controller designs. These results are extensively verified on a three-joint revolute manipulator by computer simulations.
Long-term effectiveness and safety of recombinant human interferon gamma therapy for atopic dermatitis despite unchanged serum IgE levels

Objective To assess the long-term effects of recombinant human interferon gamma treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Design Case series. Patients were treated for up to 24 months. Setting University dermatology outpatient clinics in Ann Arbor, Mich, and Portland, Ore. Patients Twenty-four of 32 eligible patients who participated in a previously reported, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interferon gamma treatment for AD were enrolled. Intervention Patients self-administered recombinant human interferon gamma, 50 µg/m2, by daily subcutaneous injection. Main Outcome Measures Overall response; body surface area of involvement; clinical severity scores for pruritus, erythema, edema, excoriations, dryness, scaling, and lichenification; other atopic symptoms; and laboratory parameters, including serum IgE levels, were monitored at quarterly visits. Results at 1 and 2 years were compared with baseline values. Results All efficacy parameters improved (P Conclusions The initial efficacy and adverse effects reported for recombinant human interferon gamma treatment of patients with AD were maintained after 2 years of long-term use. Recombinant human interferon gamma seems to be a well-tolerated and effective agent in the long-term therapy of patients with AD. Therapies that correct cellular immune defects, but not humoral immune defects, may be effective in the treatment of patients with AD.
Taking Responsibility for Our Common Morality

Scholars in all fields should hold themselves morally responsible for what they publish and teach. One would think that everyone would take this for granted, but Hilary Putnam, for one, has earnestly warned that we dare not. As he writes, “To-day, as we face the twenty-first century, our task is not to repeat the mistakes of the twentieth century.” He sounded this warning at the conclusion of his analysis of Jacques Derrida's philosophical works. Putnam regrets that philosophers reside among the all too numerous scholars whose publications and instruction aided and abetted the development of the “political tragedy” exemplified by the regimes of Hitler and Stalin. Derrida the philosopher counts among current scholars whose thinking raises the specter of repeating those mistakes of the twentieth century and their horrendous aftermath. Taking the renewal of philosophy as the theme for his Gifford Lectures of 1990, Putnam characterized the writings of Derrida as not only philosophically unsound, but also as dangerous and irresponsible.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Is Required for the Expression But Not for the Induction or the Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampal CA1 Region

Several signal transduction pathways have been implicated in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), yet the signal transduction mechanisms behind the maintenance–expression phase of LTP are still poorly understood. We investigated the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) in LTP at Schaffer collateral/commissural fiber–CA1 synapses in rat hippocampal slices using biochemical approaches and extracellular electrophysiological recordings. We observed that PI3-kinase activity was induced in the CA1 region during LTP of field EPSPs (fEPSPs) and that two structurally unrelated PI3-kinase inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, abated established LTP, suggesting that PI3-kinase is involved in the maintenance–expression phase of LTP. However, LTP recovered after washout of the reversible PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, confirming that LTP maintenance and expression are distinct events and indicating that PI3-kinase activity is required for LTP expression rather than for its maintenance. Interestingly, preincubation with LY294002 did not prevent LTP induction. In fact, if LY294002 was withdrawn 5 min after high-frequency stimulation, an LTP of fEPSP was seen. Last, a voltage-dependent calcium channel-dependent form of LTP in the CA1 could also be reversibly abated by LY294002, raising the possibility that PI3-kinase could be required for the expression of multiple forms of synaptic potentiation.
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Decreases Atherosclerosis But Does Not Protect Against Inflammation in Obese Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice

Objective— Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) participates in the cross talk between inflammation and insulin resistance, being activated by both lipopolysaccharide and saturated fatty acids. The present study was undertaken to determine whether TLR4 deficiency has a protective role in inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis induced by a diabetogenic diet. Methods and Results— TLR4 and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor double knockout mice and LDL receptor–deficient mice were fed either a normal chow or a diabetogenic diet for 24 weeks. TLR4 and LDL receptor double knockout mice fed a diabetogenic diet showed improved plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels but developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance equivalent to obese LDL receptor–deficient mice. Adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage accumulation, and local inflammation were not attenuated in intraabdominal adipose tissue in TLR4 and LDL receptor double knockout mice. However, TLR4 deficiency led to markedly decreased atherosclerosis in obese TLR4 and LDL receptor double knockout mice. Compensatory upregulation of TLR2 expression was observed both in obese TLR4-deficient mice and in palmitate-treated TLR4-silenced 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusions— TLR4 deficiency decreases atherosclerosis without affecting obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in LDL receptor–deficient mice. Alternative pathways may be responsible for adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and insulin resistance that occurs in obesity.
Interrelationships of Protein, Fat and Moisture Content of broiler Meat

Nutrient composition data of broiler tissues were statistically evaluated for any significant relationships between and among the four major components, moisture (M), protein (P), fat (F) and ash (A). The ratios of M/P, F/M, and P/F were generally characterized by broiler part. Estimations of fat and protein from moisture content were applicable within each part of each reported data set. Multiple correlation coefficients among P, F and M were high regardless of part or cooking status. The total of these three major components accounted for approximately 99% of the tissue weight with slight variations between laboratories. The results support the method for estimating of P by subtracting the F and M from 99% or other values established by each laboratory.
Discontinuity-preserving and viewpoint invariant reconstruction of visible surfaces using a first order regularization

This paper describes the application of a first order regularization technique to the reconstruction of visible surfaces. Our approach is a computationally efficient first order method that simultaneously achieves approximate invariance and preservation of discontinuities. It is also robust with respect to the smoothing parameter /spl lambda/. The robustness property to /spl lambda/ allows a free choice of /spl lambda/ without struggling to determine an optimal /spl lambda/ that provides the best reconstruction. A new approximately invariant first order stabilizing function for surface reconstruction is obtained by employing a first order Taylor expansion of a nonconvex invariant stabilizing function that is expanded at the estimated value of the squared gradient instead of at zero. The data compatibility measure is the squared perpendicular distance between the reconstructed surface and the constraint surface. This combination of stabilizing function and data compatibility measure is necessary to achieve invariance with respect to rotations and translations. Sharp preservation of discontinuities is achieved by a weighted sum of adjacent pixels. The results indicate that the proposed methods perform well on sparse noisy range data. In addition, the volume between two surfaces normalized by the surface area (interpreted as average distance between two surfaces) is proposed as an invariant measure for the comparison of reconstruction results. >
Designing efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous sensor networks

Most existing routing protocols consider homogeneous sensor networks, i.e., all sensor nodes have the same capabilities in terms of communication, computation, energy supply, etc. However, a homogeneous ad hoc network suffers from poor performance and scalability. Recent research has demonstrated its performance bottleneck both theoretically and through simulation experiments and testbed measurement. Furthermore, nodes in certain sensor networks are heterogeneous. In this paper, we propose to improve network performance by deploying heterogeneous sensor nodes. We design a novel routing protocol-heterogeneous sensor routing (HSR) for heterogeneous sensor networks. The performance of HSR is evaluated through extensive simulation experiments. Our results show that HSR performs better than two popular routing protocols-directed diffusion and mesh.
Avian Precardiac Endoderm/Mesoderm Induces Cardiac Myocyte Differentiation in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

The ability to regenerate damaged myocardium with tissue derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells is currently undergoing extensive investigation. As a prerequisite to transplantation therapy, strategies must be developed to induce ES cells to the cardiac phenotype. Toward this end, cues from mechanisms of embryonic induction have been exploited, based on previous findings that anterior lateral endoderm (precardiac endoderm) from gastrulation-stage chick embryos potently induces cardiac myocyte differentiation in both precardiac and nonprecardiac mesoderm. Hypothesizing that avian precardiac endoderm acting as feeder/inducer cells would induce high percentage conversion of murine ES (mES) cells into cardiac myocytes, it was observed that the majority (≈ 65%) of cocultured ES cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) were enriched in cardiac myocytes and exhibited rhythmic contractions. By contrast, mouse EBs cultured alone, or on feeder layers of mouse embryonic fibroblasts or avian nonprecardiac posterior endoder...
Autonomic-computing approach to secure knowledge management: a game-theoretic analysis

The explosion of knowledge management systems (KMS) and the need for their wide accessibility and availability has created an urgent need for reassessing the security practices and policies in organizations. Security of these assets is a day-to-day job placing a tremendous cognitive load on information-technology (IT) professionals, which can make it almost impossible to manage the security aspects of KMS. Autonomic-computing systems are well suited to manage KMS, as they use high-level system objectives provided by administrators as the basis for managing the security of KMS. The authors model the self-protection and self-healing configuration attributes in autonomic systems through game-theoretic models. The proposed modeling approach progressively moves from a manual intervention-oriented security setup to an autonomic security setup. This allows the authors to compare and contrast the different approaches and provide insights on their applicability to different security environments. The authors find that moving to a partial autonomic system with self-healing mechanisms can provide a stable environment for securing enterprise knowledge assets and can reduce hacking. It is beneficial to implement an autonomic system when manual investigation costs are higher and/or when the volume of malicious traffic is very low. An autonomic approach is especially attractive when it is difficult to impose penalties on malicious users. Autonomic systems can be effective in securing organizational knowledge assets and in reducing the potential damage from malicious users
An LED pulser for measuring photomultiplier linearity

Abstract A light-emitting diode (LED) pulser for testing the low-rate response of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to scintillator-like pulses has been designed, developed, and implemented. This pulser is intended to simulate 85 ns full width at half maximum photon pulses over the dynamic range of the PMT, in order to precisely determine PMT linearity. This particular design has the advantage that, unlike many LED test rigs, it does not require the use of multiple calibrated LEDs, making it insensitive to LED gain drifts. Instead, a finite-difference measurement is made using two LEDs which need not be calibrated with respect to one another. These measurements give a better than 1% mapping of the response function, allowing for the testing and development of particularly linear PMT bases. They also yield a functional form for the response of the PMT to a range of pulse sizes, which can be used in detector simulation.
Down to the crossroads: civil rights, black power, and the Meredith march

At a recent meeting of the Southern Historical Association, J. Douglas Smith argued that the historiography of the civil rights movement has witnessed such an explosion of scholarship over the past...
Anatomy of the Coronary Vessels

The two main coronary arteries, the right and the left, originate from the aorta (Ao); in about half the population, a third artery, the so-called conus artery (CA), also originates from the Ao.
On gigahertz spectral turnovers in pulsars

Pulsars are known to emit non-thermal radio emission that is generally a power-law function of frequency. In some cases, a turnover is seen at frequencies around 100~MHz. Kijak et al. have reported the presence of a new class of ''Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum'' (GPS) pulsars that show spectral turnovers at frequencies around 1 GHz. We apply a model based on free-free thermal absorption to explain these turnovers in terms of surrounding material such as the dense environments found in HII regions, Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe), or in cold, partially ionized molecular clouds. We show that the turnover frequency depends on the electron temperature of the environment close to the pulsar, as well as the emission measure along the line of sight. We fitted this model to the radio fluxes of known GPS pulsars and show that it can replicate the GHz turnover. From the thermal absorption model, we demonstrate that normal pulsars would exhibit a GPS-like behaviour if they were in a dense environment. We discuss the application of this model in the context of determining the population of neutron stars within the central parsec of the Galaxy. We show that a non-negligible fraction of this population might exhibit high-frequency spectral turnovers, which has implications on the detectability of these sources in the Galactic centre.
Neighborhood Context, Street Efficacy, and Fear of Violent Victimization:

Drawing on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, the current study investigates the relationship between individuals’ perceived self-efficacy of avoiding unsafe situations and fear of violence in a neighborhood context. Specifically, it is hypothesized that adolescents who report higher levels of street efficacy are less likely to exhibit fear of violence than adolescents who report lower levels of street efficacy. Using panel data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the authors estimate a series of multilevel ordinal logistic regression models to explain the relationship between street efficacy and fear of violence controlling for both individual-level and neighborhood-level covariates. The results confirm the hypothesis that adolescents’ prior street efficacy is negatively associated with subsequent fear of violence. The current study suggests that a social cognitive perspective should be incorporated into the fear of crime literature. Policy implications of the findings are discus...
Abstract 35: Phase I study of dasatinib in combination with bevacizumab in advanced solid tumors (NCT01445509).

Background: Inhibition of the MAPK pathway with sorafenib and neutralization of VEGF with bevacizumab (B) resulted in clinical benefit with interactive toxicity. Dasatinib (D) is a broad spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high affinity for SRC family kinases. We hypothesized that using this upstream inhibitor of the MAPK pathway with B would maintain activity with less interactive toxicity. Methods: A 3+3 dose escalation design incorporated with B 5mg/kg q2wk plus daily D 50, 70 and 100 mg in dose levels [DL] 1/2/3, then B 10mg/kg q 2wk plus D 100mg in DL4. DLT was defined during the first 6 weeks of treatment. Safety was assessed each 28d cycle and disease was reassessed every 2 cycles. Results: 19 pts were treated in the dose escalation portion on 4 DLs. Pts (17F/2M) had a median age of 64 yrs (25-79), ECOG PS 0-1, and normal end-organ function. Most (14/19) pts had metastatic gynecologic cancers (6 endometrial/5 ovarian-peritoneal/2 cervix/1 rectovaginal GIST). Other cancers included breast (2), pancreatic neuroendocrine (1), medullary thyroid (1) and melanoma (1). Median number of prior treatments was 4 (1-11). The highest planned dose combination was examined without exceeding the MTD. No DLT was observed. Grade (g) 3 events included hypertension (2), pleural effusion (2), dyspnea (1) and pulmonary hypertension (1). D-mediated marrow suppression was observed in 12 pts: anemia (g1/2 [12 pts]), lymphopenia (g1/2 [9pts]; g3 [1pt]), thrombocytopenia (g1/2 [5pts]), and neutropenia (g1/2 [4pts]). Confirmed PR was seen in 1/17 evaluable pts, a pt with HER2+ breast cancer (5 mo). Stabilization >/= 4 mo occurred in 9 pts (median 9 mo [4-18+mo]), yielding clinical benefit in 59%. Conclusions: D 100 mg daily with B 10mg/kg q2wk appears to be active and is well-tolerated in pts with advanced solid tumors. G 3 adverse events were uncommon and g 4 events or severe marrow toxicities were not observed at the doses planned and examined. An expansion cohort is now accruing with functional imaging, tumor biopsies, and blood sampling for measurement of biochemical changes in SRC and VEGF signaling pathways. Citation Format: Jung-Min Lee, Christina Annunziata, Anne M. Noonan, John L. Hays, Lori Minasian, Jo Anne Zujewski, Helen Chen, John Wright, Nicole Houston, Elise C. Kohn. Phase I study of dasatinib in combination with bevacizumab in advanced solid tumors (NCT01445509). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 35. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-35
ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIATION WITH LITTLE GENIC CHANGE BETWEEN TWO NATIVE CALIFORNIA MINNOWS

Recent studies of protein variation using electrophoretic techniques have provided estimates of two parameters of paramount importance in evolutionary theory: (1) the amount of genic variability in natural populations, and (2) the amount of genic differentiation between populations. Two generalizations have emerged from these studies: (1) the amount of genic variation in sexually reproducing, outcrossing species is far higher than had been anticipated according to some models of population structure (reviews in Selander and Kaufman, 1973; Lewontin, 1974), and (2) the amount of genic differentiation between local populations of a species is usually small relative to that between populations of different species (review in Avise, 1974). This second observation is relevant to the data presented in this paper. A variety of statistics have been devised to measure genetic similarity (or its converse, genetic differentiation) between populations. However, different methods generally give similar numerical values when applied to the same data. As a rule measures of genetic similarity range from 1 ( complete similarity, i.e., the same alleles and in the same frequencies exist in the two populations compared) to 0 (= complete differentiation, i.e., the two populations share no alleles). If a number of gene loci are studied, the values of genetic similarity are averaged over loci. We have surveyed the literature, and found 651 pairwise comparisons between closely related species, each comparison involving 14 or more gene loci (Fig. 1). A total of 615, or 94%, of all pairwise comparisons give genetic similarities no greater than 0.90. Typically the similarities in a group of congeneric species range from 0.30 to 0.80, while the mean usually lies between 0.50 and 0.60. (The lower histogram in Fig. 1 has its mode between 0.10 and 0.20 because it includes a large number of comparisons between the relatively distantly related species of the Drosophila obscura and affinis subgroups.) This low degree of genic similarity is also observed between species that by other criteria appear very similar, such as sibling species (Johnson and Selander, 1971; Ayala et al., 1974), or hybridizing species (Avise and Smith, 1974). Typical results are shown in Figure 2. In contrast, conspecific populations have similarity values very rarely smaller than 0.80, and generally greater than 0.90. These results suggest that speciation may usually be accompanied by substantial genic differentiation. We report here results that, to a certain extent, disagree with those just summarized. We have studied allozyme variation at 24 loci in two presumed species of California minnows, Hesperoleucus symmetricus and Lavinia exilicauda. Most populations of the two species cannot be distinguished at 23 of the loci, while at a single locus the two species are fixed for alternate alleles. Within the Pajaro River system in Central California, where the two species are sympatric, they are polymorphic for alleles at that locus, and the allele frequencies are associated with environmental variables.