cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Belief and Acceptance

Tradition takes knowledge to be true, justified belief. Accordingly, any theory of knowledge needs a supplementary theory of belief. It should say what belief is, and especially what features of a belief determine whether the belief is true and justified. Epistemology does not have its own account of belief, but draws on interested branches of philosophy. I present their views and the implications for epistemology. The first section provides general orientation. The next three sections explore belief as viewed by philosophy of language, logic, and philosophy of mind. The section following these considers whether epistemology gains by introducing an attitude of acceptance to supplement or replace ordinary belief. The final section draws conclusions for epistemology.
The new dynamic isotonic manipulation examination (DIME) is a highly sensitive secondary screening tool for supraspinatus full-thickness tears.

ABSTRACT Background Traditional shoulder physical examination (PE) tests have suboptimal sensitivity for detection of supraspinatus full-thickness tears (FTTs). Therefore, clinicians may continue to suspect FTTs in some patients with negative rotator cuff PE tests and turn to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for definitive diagnosis. Consequently, there is a need for a secondary screening test that can accurately rule out FTTs in these patients to better inform clinicians which patients should undergo MRI. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of two new dynamic PE tests to detect supraspinatus pathology in patients for whom traditional static PE tests failed to detect pathology. Methods We prospectively enrolled 171 patients with suspected rotator cuff pathology with negative findings on traditional rotator cuff PE, who underwent two new dynamic PE tests: first, measurement of angle at which the patient first reports pain on unopposed active abduction and, second, the dynamic isotonic manipulation examination (DIME). Patients then underwent shoulder magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA). Data from the new PE maneuvers were compared to outcomes collected from MRA reports. Results Pain during DIME testing had a sensitivity of 96.3% and 92.6% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.2% and 94.9% in the coronal and scapular planes, respectively. DIME strength ≤86.0 N had a sensitivity of 100% and 96.3% and NPV of 100% and 95.7% in the coronal and scapular planes, respectively. Pain at ≤90° on unopposed active abduction in the coronal plane had a specificity of 100% and positive predictive value of 100% for supraspinatus pathology of any kind (i.e. tendinopathy, “fraying”, or tearing). Conclusion DIME is highly sensitive for supraspinatus FTTs in patients with negative traditional rotator cuff PE tests for whom there is still high clinical suspicion of FTTs. Thus, this test is an excellent secondary screening tool for supraspinatus FTTs in patients for whom clinicians suspect rotator cuff pathology despite negative traditional static PE tests. Given its high sensitivity, a negative DIME test rules out supraspinatus FTT well in these patients, and can therefore better inform clinicians which patients should undergo MRI. In addition, the angle at which patients first report pain on unopposed active shoulder abduction is highly specific for supraspinatus pathology. Study Design Level II; Diagnosis Study
A Spatial Autologistic Model to Predict the Presence of Arsenic in Private Wells Across Gaston County, North Carolina Using Geology, Well Depth, and pH

Chronic exposure to arsenic-contaminated drinking water is detrimental to human health. We develop an autologistic regression model to evaluate if the geology, pH, and well depth can improve our ability to predict the presence of arsenic at and above detectable levels (≥ 5 µg/L) found in private wells. We use arsenic samples measured in private well water across Gaston County, North Carolina, from 2011 to 2017. We use kriging to map the probability of arsenic at detectable levels across Gaston County. Arsenic at detectable levels was reported at 78 private wells. The median pH for samples containing detectable levels of arsenic was 7.3 and for samples with arsenic < 5 µg/L was 7.1. Our spatial autologistic model suggests that arsenic at detectable levels is positively associated with pH. In addition, private wells set in Mica schist (ЄZms) were associated with arsenic, suggesting a local-scale geologic source influence of arsenic in the county. Our kriging map shows that the northwestern section of the county has more than a 50% probability to have arsenic at detectable levels. In conclusion, based on our results, we recommend increased testing for wells in the Mica schist area. The map of probability of arsenic at and above detectable levels can be used to implement cost-effective targeted interventions.
Nutritionally-induced anestrus in gilts: metabolic and endocrine changes associated with cessation and resumption of estrous cycles.

Two experiments determined how feed restriction and realimentation altered metabolism and ovarian function in gilts. In Exp. 1, cyclic (INTACT-R, n=6) and ovariectomized (OVEX-R, n=6) gilts were fed restricted diets (.23 kg feed.d-1) or ovariectomized (OVEX-C, n=6) gilts were fed control diets (1.81 kg.d-1). Estrous cycles stopped after 46 +/- 9 d of feed restriction. Average weight (WT), backfat thickness (BF) and concentrations of insulin (INS) were lower and free fatty acids (FFA) were greater in OVEX-R than in OVEX-C gilts. Frequency of luteinizing hormone (LH) release (peaks.6 h-1) was reduced by feed restriction (.2 +/- .2, 1.8 +/- 1.0 and 5.8 +/- .2 in INTACT-R, OVEX-R and OVEX-C gilts, respectively). Patterns of secretion of LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) after gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or estradiol benzoate were not altered by feed restriction. Feed intake was then increased in INTACT-R and OVEX-R gilts beginning on d 80 and 82, respectively. Resumption of estrous cycles in INTACT-R gilts occurred on d 116.0 +/- 4.0 and was preceded by a significant increase in WT, but not BF, and a linear increase in concentration and frequency of release of LH. Increasing feed intake in OVEX-R gilts increased WT and frequency of LH release, while FFA decreased and INS increased to concentrations not different from those of OVEX-C gilts. The hypothesis that nutritionally-induced anestrus resulted from decreased activity of the hypothalamic pulse-generator was evaluated in Exp. 2 by providing 144 hourly pulses (iv) of saline (n=3), GnRH (n=3) or LH (n=4) to nutritionally-anestrous gilts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cryptic functional variation in the human gut microbiome

Background: The human gut microbiome harbors microbes that perform diverse biochemical functions. Previous work suggested that functional variation between gut microbiota is small relative to taxonomic variation. However, these conclusions were largely based on broad pathways and qualitative patterns. Identifying microbial genes with highly variable or invariable abundance across hosts requires a new statistical test. Results: We develop a model for microbiome gene abundance that allows for differences in means between studies and accounts for the mean-variance relationship in shotgun data. Applying a test based on this model to stool metagenomes from three populations of healthy adults, we discover many significantly variable genes, including components of central carbon metabolism and other pathways comprised primarily of more stable genes. By integrating taxonomic profiles into our test for gene variability, we reveal that Proteobacteria are a major source of variable genes. Stable genes tend to have broad phylogenetic distributions, but several two-component signaling pathways and carbohydrate utilization gene families have relatively constant levels across hosts despite being taxonomically restricted. Conclusions: Gene-level tests shed light on adaptation to the gut environment, and highlight microbially-encoded functions that may respond to or cause variability in host traits.
The fiscal and monetary response to COVID‐19: What the Great Depression has – and hasn't – taught us

Although some regard the New Deal of the 1930s as exemplifying an aggressive fiscal and monetary response to a severe economic crisis, the US fiscal and monetary policy responses to the COVID‐19 crisis have actually been far more substantial – and, so far, much more effective in reviving aggregate spending. Although many fear that these responses, and the large‐scale increase in bank reserves especially, must eventually cause unwanted inflation, the concurrent sharp decline in money's velocity has thus far more than offset any inflationary effects of money growth, while forward bond prices reflect a general belief that inflation will remain below 2 per cent for at least another decade. Notwithstanding the growth of the Fed's balance sheet, Fed authorities can always check inflation by sufficiently raising the interest return on bank reserves. Nonetheless, recent developments have heightened the risk of ‘fiscal dominance’ of monetary policy at some point in the future.
Flexible Liquid Metal Frequency Selective Surface With Tunable Second-Order Bandpass Response

A flexible, fluidically tunable, second-order bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) operating in the X-band is presented in this paper. The proposed multilayer structure utilizes elastomeric microfluidic channels to enclose and allow precise movement of gallium-based liquid metal slugs, while preserving its mechanically flexible nature. The liquid metal slug tuning elements are integrated into two periodic Jerusalem cross layers, which are coupled together through a periodic square aperture layer. By pneumatically shifting the position of the liquid metal slugs, the capacitance between adjacent Jerusalem cross elements can be linearly tuned, with high precision, to shift the operating frequency range of the filter in real time. Full-wave simulation of the bandpass FSS is performed for three different liquid metal slug orientations to demonstrate the tunability of the design.
Inertial Measurement Based Heart and Respiration Rate Estimation of Dogs During Sleep for Welfare Monitoring

The earlier stages of training for a puppy to become a guide dog incorporates spending time away from guide dog schools with volunteer raisers providing puppies a safe environment to grow while they learn basic obedience and receive socialization opportunities. Our earlier work produced a smart collar system containing behavioral and environmental sensors to objectively track relevant parameters during this process. In this paper, we present a feasibility study to use this collar to track physiological signals relevant to sleep and resting state. We developed algorithms to extract heart rate and respiration rate from a sleeping dog using a 6-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) integrated into a wearable collar form factor. We collected ten data sets of two minutes and used acceleration signals to estimate heart rate with an accuracy of 94.3%, precision of 84.1%, recall of 88.8%, and F1 score of 0.864. In addition, we were able to estimate the the respiratory rate at an accuracy of 94.3% on average. Further, we used the 6-axes to reconstruct an ECG signal with a deep neural network which improved prediction with a precision of 98.7%, and recall of 86.9% for an F1 score 0.925. The extraction of physiological features from non-invasive IMU signals collected from the neck region during sleep is a first step in sleep and resting state characterization in guide dog puppies. This, potentially, can be used to provide insight into the health and welfare of the guide dog puppies and the relation between sleep performance and puppy training and selection process.
Traveling Along with an Accidental Academic: Doing and Teaching Research

From 1989 to 1994, I taught a four week course through SSRC/IUPLR on Latinos and Research Issues. From 2006 to 2015, I taught a course entitled Methodological Issues on Quantitative Research on Race and Ethnicity and, then workshops on Health Disparities and Vulnerable Populations. Hands-on assignments took participants through the theoretical foundations to a research product with opportunities for fellow participants to provide feedback. Participants were challenged to extend beyond their traditional discipline boundaries which included many interactions and exchanges with other participants. After each course, correspondence, collaboration, and communication among participants continued. Emphasis on breadth, depth, and complexities has been reflected in the way I teach my research courses integrating as much of the research process incorporating interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary studies.
Effect of dietary nitrate on human muscle power: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

Previous narrative reviews have concluded that dietary nitrate (NO3−) improves maximal neuromuscular power in humans. This conclusion, however, was based on a limited number of studies, and no attempt has been made to quantify the exact magnitude of this beneficial effect. Such information would help ensure adequate statistical power in future studies and could help place the effects of dietary NO3− on various aspects of exercise performance (i.e., endurance vs. strength vs. power) in better context. We therefore undertook a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis to quantify the effects of NO3− supplementation on human muscle power. The literature was searched using a strategy developed by a health sciences librarian. Data sources included Medline Ovid, Embase, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov , and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental design to measure the effects of dietary NO3− on maximal power during exercise in the non-fatigued state and the within-subject correlation could be determined from data in the published manuscript or obtained from the authors. Nineteen studies of a total of 268 participants (218 men, 50 women) met the criteria for inclusion. The overall effect size (ES; Hedge’s g) calculated using a fixed effects model was 0.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29, 0.56; p = 6.310 × 10− 11). There was limited heterogeneity between studies (i.e., I2 = 22.79%, H2 = 1.30, p = 0.3460). The ES estimated using a random effects model was therefore similar (i.e., 0.45, 95% CI 0.30, 0.61; p = 1.064 × 10− 9). Sub-group analyses revealed no significant differences due to subject age, sex, or test modality (i.e., small vs. large muscle mass exercise). However, the ES in studies using an acute dose (i.e., 0.54, 95% CI 0.37, 0.71; p = 6.774 × 10− 12) was greater (p = 0.0211) than in studies using a multiple dose regimen (i.e., 0.22, 95% CI 0.01, 0.43; p = 0.003630). Acute or chronic dietary NO3− intake significantly increases maximal muscle power in humans. The magnitude of this effect–on average, ~ 5%–is likely to be of considerable practical and clinical importance.
Design Essential #1: Entrepreneurial Integration

When incorporating the entrepreneurial mindset into existing courses throughout the university, there are four curriculum design essentials. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the first design essential: Entrepreneurial Integration. This chapter expresses how the key entrepreneurial components (entrepreneurial process, most valuable design, problem solving) connect to and support development of the entrepreneurial mindset. Specifically, this chapter will explain the rationale and attributes of the entrepreneurship process in teaching the entrepreneurial mindset, illustrate the logic behind and features of the most valuable opportunity design, and describe the objective of design thinking as it pertains to problem-solving frameworks throughout the disciplines. Multiple pedagogical approaches for integrating these three entrepreneurial components into the classroom and provided with a focus on each component: entrepreneurial process (discovery, evaluation, exploitation), most valuable design (customer desirability, business viability, technology feasibility), and design thinking (empathize, define, ideate, prototype, test).
Initial Forecasting Models for the Old Money Stock Multipliers

The modeling approach presented in this chapter differs from that in the earlier studies [Burger, Kalish, and Babb (1971); Bomhoff (1977)] in that it constructs multiplier forecasts by modeling the various component ratios of the money multiplier using the time series methodology developed by Box and Jenkins (1976). This methodology involves the estimation of ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) models for each of the component ratios of the money multiplier and then subjecting the estimated models to a number of validation checks. The successful estimation of such a model implies that the current observation on the time series modeled can be expressed as a weighted sum of past observations on that time series (distributed lag) plus an error term (innovation) [Box & Jenkins (1976), Chapter 3]. The estimated coefficients in the distributed lag expression are constrained to a particular pattern, namely, they must lie on a rational polynomial in the lag operator (B, where B i X t = Xt-1). This restriction is flexible enough to allow such models to replicate closely the behavior of many economic time series while keeping the number of parameters to be estimated to a minimum. The application of rational polynomial restrictions in the estimation of dynamic economic models is not new [Jorgenson (1966)], but until the development of the Box-Jenkins methodology, its use has not been widespread.
Abstract W P133: Combined Malignant MCA Plus ACA or PCA Infarcts Do Not Have a Worse Outcome Than Isolated Malignant MCA Infarcts in Patients One Year Following Decompressive Hemicraniectomy

Background: Malignant MCA infarction is a devastating disease associated with up to 80% mortality due to edema and herniation. Evidence from three European randomized trials show that decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) may improve functional outcomes in select patients. Adjacent cerebral territorial infarction often coincides with malignant MCA infarcts. This study compares the effects of isolated malignant MCA infarcts versus combined malignant MCA plus ipsilateral (ACA or PCA) infarcts on functional outcomes in patients surviving one or more years following DHC. We hypothesized that patients with no additional territorial involvement would have a better functional outcome. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent DHC for malignant MCA infarction from 03/2006 to 03/2012. Inclusion criteria include: Age 18-60, clinical and radiographical diagnosis of acute unilateral MCA stroke involving at least 50% of MCA territory, and DHC performed primarily to treat space occupying edema . Exclusion criteria include: Prestroke mRs of >2, life expectancy < 3 years, and death < 1 year after DHC. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) those with isolated MCA infarcts and (b) those with MCA combined with significant adjacent ipsilateral ACA or PCA involvement. Functional outcomes were calculated using the modified Rankin scale (mRs). The mean mRs was calculated for each group and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney two tailed test was used to calculate statistical significance. Alpha level was set at p< 0.05. Results: A total of 26 patients met criteria. 20 patients had isolated MCA infarcts while 6 had combined MCA plus ACA or PCA infarcts. No statistical difference in functional outcome was observed between the isolated MCA group (x- =3.6) and the combined MCA group (x- =3.83) (p value=0.614). Conclusion: In this retrospective study, patients surviving one year after their DHC did not demonstrate a worse functional outcome due to additional cerebral territorial co-infarction. These findings argue against a major negative influence of combined infarctions on functional outcome compared to previous limited studies. Larger studies are needed to verify these results and to better assess criteria for ideal patient selection for DHC.
Localization of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadherence-accessory proteins HMW1 and HMW4 in the cytoskeletonlike triton shell

The location of the cytadherence-accessory high-molecular weight proteins 1 and 4 (HMW1/4) within Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells has been studied by both biochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Peptide mapping studies demonstrated that HMW1/4 share almost identical peptide profiles, suggesting that the two proteins are structurally related. Examination of thin sections of M. pneumoniae with antibodies to HMW1/4 and colloidal gold particles revealed distinct labeling of the filamentous extensions of the mycoplasma cells. Labeling was absent on thin sections of a cytadherence-deficient variant lacking HMW1/4. HMW1/4 partitioned in the detergent-insoluble fraction following Triton X-100 extraction, and analysis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation suggested that HMW1/4 are part of a high-molecular-weight, multiprotein complex. These results were confirmed by immunogold labeling of Triton X-100-extracted M. pneumoniae cells incubated with antibodies to HMW1/4: gold particles bound in specific clusters to detergent-insoluble filaments. Finally, immunogold labeling of whole cells revealed that HMW1/4 are exposed on the cell surface, although to a lesser degree than on the cell interior. These findings indicate that HMW1/4 are membrane proteins associated with the cytoskeletonlike triton shell of M. pneumoniae and localized primarily in the filamentous extensions of the mycoplasma cells.
PROPERTIES OF STRONGLY COUPLED MULTI-IONIC PLASMAS

A reexamination of the OCP fluid equation of state using new Monte Carlo results gives the EOS as — (7frac9o10;) Γ + b Γ 3 with s ~ ⅓ rather than the ¼ value obtained previously. The EOS for the bcc crystalline phase indicates that first order anharmonic corrections are present. A recalculation of the freezing transition leaves the bcc transition unchanged at about Γ = 178, but the transition to fcc is lower, about 192. For ionic mixtures the linear mixture rule has near universal validity for fluid and solid mixtures. An extreme charge asymmetry test case using HNC equations shows near perfect agreement with the linear mixing rule.
PROGRAMAS DE SINCRONIZACIÓN DE CELOS PARA EL MANEJO REPRODUCTIVO DE GANADERÍAS DE LECHE

There are many factors that can influence reproduction of the dairy cow such as management, physiologic factors, nutrition, genetics, and diseases Reproductive efficiency. Reproductive performance is therefore a major concern in dairy herds to success, and it has to be subject of continuous and accurate evaluation in reproductive herd health programs, in order to detect problems and implement adequate solutions. Controlled breeding programs have allowed dairy producers to optimize service rate with little impact on conception and pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows.
Biomass burning as a potential source for atmospheric ice nuclei: Western wildfires and prescribed burns

[1] The sources, abundance and nature of atmospheric particles that serve as ice nuclei (IN) for cold cloud formation remain some of the most important, yet poorly-characterized, features of aerosol-cloud interactions that indirectly affect climate. Although a great deal of effort has focused on characterizing the ice nucleating ability of mineral dusts, less is known about carbonaceous particles. A primary source for carbonaceous IN is from biomass combustion. Here we report new measurements of IN activity at −30°C and above water saturation from biomass burning generated particles from prescribed burns and wildfires in the western US. These measurements suggest a range of IN activity, with variability largely dependent on the intensity of the fire. Although the fraction of particles generated during burns which serve as IN is quite small, the large numbers of particles generated in fires make biomass burning a potentially important source of IN to the atmosphere.
Intronic sequences are required for AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 expression in Arabidopsis flowers.

The AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6/PLETHORA3 (AIL6/PLT3) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is a key regulator of growth and patterning in both shoots and roots. AIL6 encodes an AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE/PLETHORA (AIL/PLT) transcription factor that is expressed in the root stem cell niche, the peripheral region of the shoot apical meristem and young lateral organ primordia. In flowers, AIL6 acts redundantly with AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) to regulate floral organ positioning, growth, identity and patterning. Experiments were undertaken to define the genomic regions required for AIL6 function and expression in flowers. Transgenic plants expressing a copy of the coding region of AIL6 in the context of 7.7 kb of 5′ sequence and 919 bp of 3′ sequence (AIL6:cAIL6-3′) fail to fully complement AIL6 function when assayed in the ant-4 ail6-2 double mutant background. In contrast, a genomic copy of AIL6 with the same amount of 5′ and 3′ sequence (AIL6:gAIL6-3′) can fully complement ant-4 ail6-2. In addition, a genomic copy of AIL6 with 590 bp of 5′ sequence and 919 bp of 3′ sequence (AIL6m:gAIL6-3′) complements ant-4 ail6-2 and contains all regulatory elements needed to confer normal AIL6 expression in inflorescences. Efforts to map cis-regulatory elements reveal that the third intron of AIL6 contains enhancer elements that confer expression in young flowers but in a broader pattern than that of AIL6 mRNA in wild-type flowers. Some AIL6:gAIL6-3′ and AIL6m:gAIL6-3′ lines confer an over-rescue phenotype in the ant-4 ail6-2 background that is correlated with higher levels of AIL6 mRNA accumulation. The results presented here indicate that AIL6 intronic sequences serve as transcriptional enhancer elements. In addition, the results show that increased expression of AIL6 can partially compensate for loss of ANT function in flowers.
Factors affecting quality of life with a conventional ileostomy

Two hundred seventy-three patients with inflammatory bowel disease and permanent conventional ileostomies were surveyed to determine which factors affect the health and quality of life of the ileostomate. Physical and emotional health were considered good or excellent by 79% and 78%, respectively. Only a small number of patients (approximately 20%) felt they were more restricted with the ileostomy with regard to diet, clothing selection, leisure and work activities, and travel than they were preoperatively. Despite these restrictions, 74% stated they led normal, unrestricted lives; 23% experienced some restrictions and had some difficulties psychologically but were glad they had surgery. Only 3% regretted having surgery. Only one factor, function of the ileostomy, affected patients' physical and emotional well-being, ability to perform work and daily activities, and their overall outlook on life. Other factors such as age, sex, duration of the disease preoperatively, duration since surgery, and disease etiology and activity seemed to make no difference. Thus, it appears that the surgeon plays an important role in determining the well-being and quality of life of the conventional ileostomate.
Personal Grief and Public Statement: Felicia Hemans's The Siege of Valencia and Records of Woman

Considerations of canonization have led to the reading of Hemans's ambivalence toward the suffering caused by conflict as an indictment of gender relations and national identity: the greater ambivalence, the greater the protest. This reading runs into the problem of the differences between her early period and her middle period. The middle period, more focused on individual suffering, is highly influenced by personal events, and is in many ways detached from historical context, defying the necessary connection between suffering and political subversion. Furthermore, the equation reduces the complexity of the connection in Hemans's work between domestic loss and national sacrifice. Reading the relation between maternal love and romantic love in The Siege of Valencia and Records of Woman, I argue that Hemans reacts to domestic trauma by deferring to national trauma. While Hemans is usually seen as the poet who examines domestic trauma caused by the political world, it is the latter that is a reaction to the former. Her valorization of death and sacrifice does not simply bolster nationalism; it reflects a desire to turn personal grief into national sacrifice. Domestic grief exists prior to national demands.
Energy restriction and chronic alcoholemia prolong the delay in gastric emptying in rats

Abstract The possibility that chronic alcoholemia plays a role in the low energy intake by prolonging gastric emptying (GE) in alcoholic rats was investigated. A non-invasive Tc 99m-scintigraphy method was used to obtain half maximal ( T 1 2 ) GE times in conscious rats fed an alcohol or an isoenergetic control diet. One group of rats had free access to a liquid diet containing 36% of energy from alcohol for 4 weeks. The second and third groups were the isoenergetic and free-access controls respectively. The mean T 1 2 (min) in these groups were 59.9, 22.3 and 29.6 in the non-fasted, and 24.3, 23.0 and 6.8 in the overnight fasted state respectively. Alcoholic rats had a high blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 33.4 m mole/L which dropped to 1 m mole/L in the fasted state. Alcoholic rats were switched to an isoenergetic diet with 26% of energy from alcohol and those in the second group were pair-fed a control diet for an additional 4 weeks. Rats fed the 26% alcohol diet ingested daily an amount of alcohol similar to that by rats fed the 36% alcohol diet but exhibited a very low BAC (5.0 m mole/L). They were not malnourished, unlike those fed the 36% alcohol diet. The mean T 1 2 in the 26% alcohol and isoenergetic control groups were 27.9 and 23.4 in the fed, and 7.5 and 6.3 in the fasted state respectively. These results show that rather than alcohol consumption per se, chronic alcoholemia and energy restriction prolong the delay in GE. They also show the reversible nature of the GE profile from abnormal delay to normal GE despite a continuous consumption of high amounts of alcohol sufficient to cause high BAC in rats receiving an increment in energy intake. Chronic alcoholemia has the potential to restrict energy intake by abnormally prolonging GE and therefore to induce malnutrition.
The collapse of the cores of slowly rotating isothermal clouds

A generalized model which accounts for the effects of initially uniform and slow rotation is defined for the spherical collapse of a singular isothermal sphere such as protosolar and binary nebulae. An initial unstable equilibrium state is described for a sound speed of 0.35 km/sec and a rotation rate of 10 to the -14th/sec for the molecular cloud surrounding the accreting core. The total angular momentum and mass of the inner cloud is set equal to solar system values. The evolution of the collapse is traced by applying a perturbation analysis to the similarity solution for a nonrotating condition, and matched asymptotic expansions solve the hydrodynamic equations. The model is concluded a valid tool for studying star and nebular disk formation.
The management of threatened thoracogenic spinal curvature

Summary 1. Thoracogenic scolioses are of two types, pleurogenic and thoracoplastogenic. Both are preventable and are curable if corrected in their incipience. Extensive and rigid deformities of the spine and costal framework are incurable. 2. Pleurogenic deformities can be prevented by (1) the prevention of the formation of pleural scar by early cure of the empyema or pleuritis, and (2) the constant attention to maintenance of straight alignment or preferably of overcorrection of the spine. This can be accomplished by means of ( a ) postural wedging, ( b ) corrective body casts of plaster of Paris, and ( c ) resection of ribs on the side of concavity. To facilitate correction and the use of corrective measures, it is helpful to anesthetize the area of the wound by crushing the intercostal nerves which supply that area.
The Economics of Catastrophes

Catastrophes can profitably be thought of as economic events. This essay begins by considering the consumption of catastrophes, stressing the way that we disseminate information about them, and respond, possibly on a nonrational basis. Catastrophes are produced through a combination of actions by nature and humans. Due to inappropriate incentives, human actions often exacerbate outcomes. This is particularly true in “micromotive” situations, such as the AIDS epidemic, where actions by many players produce a collectively bad outcome. Mechanisms to prevent or ameliorate catastrophes—liability, insurance, and government regulation—are considered.
Investigation of Neuraminidase-Substrate Recognition Using Molecular Dynamics and Free Energy Calculations

Development of the new generation of therapeutics against the influenza viral coat protein neuraminidase is a response to the continuing threat of influenza epidemics. A variety of structurally similar compounds have been reported that vary greatly in their ability to inhibit neuraminidase, a critical enzyme that cleaves sialic acid and promotes virion release. To determine how neuraminidase exhibits this wide range of affinities with structurally similar compounds, molecular dynamic simulations, coupled with free energy calculations, were used to determine the binding components of a series of neuraminidase inhibitors. Using four cocrystal structures of neuraminidase-inhibitor complexes, we examined the structural and energetic components of ligand potency and selectivity. An in-depth energetic analysis, including internal energy, entropy, and nonbonded interactions, reveals that potency of ligand binding is governed by nonpolar contacts. Electrostatic components generally oppose binding, although two of the best inhibitors use electrostatic interactions to orient the ligand. This investigation suggests that the enhanced selectivity and potency of the better ligands may arise from an improved positioning of their ligand atoms in the active site due to polar and hydrophobic functionalities. Simulations that included crystal water molecules in the active site indicate that the more potent ligands make less use of water-mediated interactions.
Introduction of metastatic heterogeneity by short‐term in vivo passage of a cloned transformed cell line

An experimental system for the study of metastasis has been developed using an epithelioid cell line of hepatic origin which had previously been chemically transformed in vitro. These metastatic cells were studied in the syngeneic rat strain. The cloned parent cell line metastasizes only to the lungs following in travenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal injection. The metastatic phenotype is stable during in vitro passage, and subclones from the parent clone have a metastatic capacity statistically similar to that of the parent clone. Following ascites passage of the parent cell line, the cell population obtained exhibits the same metastatic ability as the parent clone. However, subclones obtained from the ascites-passaged population exhibit metastatic heterogneity. This heterogeneity is introduced by the host passage and not by in vitro culture or subcloning. In the case of the two metastatic variants examined, the difference in the metastatic phenotype is found not to be due to differences in arrest or trapping of the cells but appears to be related to long-term survival and proliferation of the tumor cells following their arrest in the lungs. Morphologically the variants are very similar, and growth of the metastatic foci provokes a vigorous inflammatory response by the host.
The influence of variable thermal conductivity and variable electrical resistivity on thermoelectric generator performance

cross-sectional area of thermoelement (cm z) defined in Section 6 (dimensionless) defined in Section 3 (dimensionless) electric current (A) thermal conductivity (W/cm-°K) length of thermoelement (em) defined in Section 6 (dimensionless) defined in Section 6 (dimensionless) electrical power output (W) electrical power output, PL/kmAT,~ (dimensionless) heat transferred from cold junction (W) heat transferred from cold junction, Q~L/k,nAT,~ (dimensionless) heat transferred from hot junction (W) heat transferred to hot junction, QnL/kr~ATn, (dimensionless) load resistance (sq) Seebeek coefficient (V/°K) absolute temperature (°K) mean temperature, (To + Tn)/2 (°K) position variable, x/L (dimensionless) position variable (cm) electric current, 1SmL/kraA (dimensionless) figure of merit, S2/pk (°K-X)
Non-host disease resistance response in pea (Pisum sativum) pods: Biochemical function of DRR206 and phytoalexin pathway localization

Continually exposed to potential pathogens, vascular plants have evolved intricate defense mechanisms to recognize encroaching threats and defend themselves. They do so by inducing a set of defense responses that can help defeat and/or limit effects of invading pathogens, of which the non-host disease resistance response is the most common. In this regard, pea (Pisum sativum) pod tissue, when exposed to Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli spores, undergoes an inducible transcriptional activation of pathogenesis-related genes, and also produces (+)-pisatin, its major phytoalexin. One of the inducible pathogenesis-related genes is Disease Resistance Response-206 (DRR206), whose role in vivo was unknown. DRR206 is, however, related to the dirigent protein (DP) family. In this study, its biochemical function was investigated in planta, with the metabolite associated with its gene induction being pinoresinol monoglucoside. Interestingly, both pinoresinol monoglucoside and (+)-pisatin were co-localized in pea pod endocarp epidermal cells, as demonstrated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging. In addition, endocarp epidermal cells are also the site for both chalcone synthase and DRR206 gene expression. Taken together, these data indicate that both (+)-pisatin and pinoresinol monoglucoside function in the overall phytoalexin responses.
DESIGN OF SURFACE WATER DATA NETWORKS FOR REGIONAL INFORMATION / La conception des réseaux pour les données des eaux de surface qui fourniront des renseignements régionaux

Abstract The concept of equivalent years of record, a measure of parameter accuracy, in conjunction with regression analysis simulation leads to a methodology for specifying sets of numbers of gauging stations and lengths of record required to attain a prespecified level of regional streamflow-parameter accuracy. This methodology can be used in network design to identify the number of stations and length of record that is the least cost network that meets the accuracy criteria. The methodology also indicates situations in which the criteria cannot be met without improving the underlying regionalization model.
Facile new synthesis and purification of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate from folic acid

Abstract A facile new synthesis of tetrahydrofolate is reported starting with folic acid and reducing with sodium cyanoborohydride in glacial acetic acid. Conversion to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate is effected by heating with formic acid in acetic acid, followed by purification on phosphocellulose at acid pH.
Evaluation of doped polyethylene oxide as solid electrolyte

Abstract A study correlating electrical properties (a.c. conductivity and permittivity) to changes in the polymer morphology of polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) was investigated. A TA Instruments Dielectric Analyzer, DEA 2970, was used to measure electrical properties. The morphological changes were traced via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study showed that the relationship between dopant concentration and morphological changes of the polymer is rather complex. A reduction of crystallinity at low dopant concentration, phase separation involving ion-polymer complexes at high concentration, and formation of neutral ion pairs at very high ion concentration are the proposed mechanisms to explain the conductivity data. The dissociation of ions, changes in viscosity, and their effect on ion mobility were also considered to explain conductivity and permittivity data. The advantages and limitations of the DEA 2970 for measuring the ionic conductivity of polymeric electrolytes are discussed.
Sagittal CT scans in the Evaluation of deep facial and nasopharyngeal lesions

Sagittal CT scans were performed in a series of patients with a wide variety of deep facial and nasopharyngeal mass lesions. This scan modality provides additional useful information when combined with studies obtained in the more conventional planes.
Increased functional connectivity in intrinsic neural networks in individuals with aniridia

Mutations affecting the PAX6 gene result in aniridia, a condition characterized by the lack of an iris and other panocular defects. Among humans with aniridia, structural abnormalities also have been reported within the brain. The current study examined the functional implications of these deficits through “resting state” or task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging in 12 individuals with aniridia and 12 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Using independent components analysis and dual regression, individual patterns of functional connectivity associated with three intrinsic connectivity networks (executive control, primary visual, and default mode) were compared across groups. In all three analyses, the aniridia group exhibited regions of greater connectivity correlated with the network, while the controls did not show any such regions. These differences suggest that individuals with aniridia recruit additional neural regions to supplement function in critical intrinsic networks, possibly due to inherent structural or sensory abnormalities related to the disorder.
Equidistributed random variables in Lp, q

Abstract We consider linear combinations of independent identically distributed random variables in L p , q . In fact, we provide several norm inequalities for sums from a larger class of equidistributed random variables.
The effect of raising the legal minimum drinking age on fatal crashes in 10 states

Raising the legal minimum drinking age in 10 states reduced the fatal motor-vehicle accident involvement rate of licensed drivers affected by the law changes. The ratio of single-vehicle nighttime fatalities per 1,000 licensed drivers decreased significantly among drivers in the age group affected by the law, whereas no significant change in ratio was found among drivers in a com- parison group aged 25 to 29 years. Further, the before-after changes in ratios for drivers in the affected age group were significantly greater than the changes for drivers in the comparison group. The single-vehicle nighttime fatal crash involvement rate of drivers affected by the law change decreased an average of 21 % in the 10 states.
Drag-and-drop multimedia: ¶an interface framework for digital libraries

In this paper, we describe a new interface for querying multimedia digital libraries and an interface building framework. The interface employs a drag-and-drop style of interaction and combines a structured natural-language style query specification with reusable multimedia objects. We call this interface DanDMM, short for "drag-and-drop multimedia". DanDMM interfaces capture the syntax of the underlying query language, and dynamically reconfigure to reflect the contents of the data repository. A distinguishing feature of DanDMM is its ability to synthesize integrated interfaces that incorporate both example-based specification using multimedia objects, and traditional techniques including keyword, attribute, and free text-based search. We describe the DanDMM-builder, a framework for synthesizing DanDMM interfaces, and give several examples of interfaces that have been constructed using DanDMM-builder, including a remote-sensing library application and a video digital library.
Concise synthesis of ether analogues of lysobisphosphatidic acid

We describe a versatile, efficient method for the preparation of ether analogues of (S,S)-lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) and its enantiomer from (S)-solketal. Phosphorylation of a protected sn-2-O-octadecenyl glyceryl ether with 2-cyanoethyl bis-N,N-diisopropylamino phosphine and subsequent deprotection generated the bisether LBPA analogues. By simply changing the sequence of deprotection steps, we obtained the (R,R)- and (S,S)-enantiomers of 2,2'-bisether LBPA. An ELISA assay with anti-LBPA monoclonal antibodies showed that the bisether LBPAs were recognized with the same affinity as the natural 2,2'-bisoleolyl LBPA. [reaction: see text]
Ethics and research priorities in academic administration

Deans and directors of nursing education programs have primary responsibility for budgets even though different programs vary in the advising and recommending power given to committees. With research needing greater emphasis, especially in schools with graduate programs, and budgets at all levels facing minimal increases or cutbacks, nursing deans are faced with difficult decisions in securing and allocating monies for research. Many faculty view decisions and allocations only at the micro level of who gets money for what and do not consider these decisions from the perspective of how they are influenced by such macro-level considerations as restructuring of health care, the downsizing of educational programs, and the strategic plans of their own institution and granting agencies. In this article an attempt was made to consider both the macro and micro levels and to select from several ethical theories such principles as caring, utility, justice, and faithfulness to illustrate how the decisions can be guided by ethical principles. Ethics of caring can be seen as a guide in research development. Utility is about the only justification for downsizing and restructuring. The expectations of higher administration, faculty, students, and alumni may create dilemmas in regard to faithfulness. Distributive justice provides guidance for the distribution of scarce resources.
Reduction of 3T3 Fibroblast Adhesion on SS316L by Methyl-Terminated SAMs.

Abstract Inhibiting the non-specific adhesion of cells and proteins to biomaterials such as stents, catheters and guide wires is an important interfacial issue that needs to be addressed in order to reduce surface-related implant complications. Medical grade stainless steel 316L was used as a model system to address this issue. To alter the interfacial property of the implant, self-assembled monolayers of long chain phosphonic acids with –CH3, –COOH, and –OH tail groups were formed on the native oxide surface of medical grade stainless steel 316 L. The effect of varying the tail groups on 3T3 fibroblast adhesion was investigated. The methyl-terminated phosphonic acid significantly prevented cell adhesion however presentation of hydrophilic tail groups at the interface did not significantly reduce cell adhesion when compared to the control stainless steel 316L.