cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical soliton bullets in (2+1)D nonlinear bragg resonant periodic geometries

We consider light propagation in a Kerr-nonlinear 2D waveguide with a Bragg grating in the propagation direction and homogeneous in the transverse direction. Using Newton's iteration method we construct both stationary and travelling solitary wave solutions of the corresponding mathematical model, the 2D nonlinear coupled mode equations (2D CME). We call these solutions 2D gap solitons due to their similarity with the gap solitons of 1D CME (fiber grating). Long-time stable evolution preserving the solitary fashion is demonstrated numerically despite the fact that, as we show, for the 2D CME no local constrained minima of the Hamiltonian functional exist. Building on the 1D study of [1], we demonstrate trapping of slow enough 2D gap solitons at localized defects. We explain the mechanism of trapping as resonant transfer of energy from the soliton to one or more nonlinear defect modes. For a special class of defects, we construct a family of nonlinear defect modes by numerically following a bifurcation curve starting at analytically or numerically known linear defect modes. Compared to 1D the dynamics of trapping are harder to fully analyze and the existence of many defect modes for a given defect potential causes that slow solitons store a part of their energy for virtually all of the studied attractive defects.
Adaptive branch and bound algorithm for selecting optimal features

We propose a new adaptive branch and bound algorithm for selecting the optimal subset of features in pattern recognition applications. The algorithm improves the search speed by avoiding unnecessary criterion function calculations at nodes in the solution tree. Our algorithm includes the following new properties: (i) ordering the tree nodes by the significance of features during construction of the tree, (ii) obtaining a large ''good'' initial bound by a floating search method, (iii) a new method to select an initial starting search level in the tree, and (iv) a new adaptive jump search strategy to select subsequent search levels to avoid redundant criterion function calculations. Our experimental results for four different databases demonstrate that our method is significantly faster than other versions of the branch and bound algorithm when the database has more than 30 features.
Magnesium Titanate Spinel: A Ceramic Phase for Immobilization of Technetium-99 from Radioactive Wastes

Technetium-99 can be dissolved in Mg2TiO4 spinels to form solid solutions with low dissolution rates. These materials are possible host phases for 99Tc in ceramic nuclear waste forms.
Management of COPD Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by expiratory airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Acute exacerbations in patients with moderate to severe COPD can cause severe hypoxia and persistent or severe respiratory acidosis, resulting in respiratory failure and the need for ventilator support. Acute respiratory failure, altered mental status, and hemodynamic instability associated with acute exacerbations of COPD are commonly encountered and require careful management in the intensive care unit (ICU). Noninvasive and invasive ventilator support in conjunction with pharmacotherapy can be lifesaving, although mortality remains high. It is important also to consider pulmonary rehabilitation and palliative care.
Tetrapod Limblessness: Evolution and Functional Corollaries

Multiple lines of tetrapods show reduced limbs or their loss. Such patterns are in diverse lines associated with multiple other characteristics. Only bodily elongation represents a common denominator. Analysis suggests that elongation for traverse of crevices in a sheltering environment and for the utilization of undulatory locomotion may have provided the initial selective advantage to the system. Limb reduction would then have been secondary. This hypothesis leads to several interesting implications about the process of diversification in tetrapods.
Placental Amniotic Epithelial Cells and Their Therapeutic Potential in Liver Diseases

As a unique source of stem cells, there is a growing interest in amniotic epithelial (AE) cells. Placenta is readily available; in fact, it is often discarded following delivery. As such, it is without the ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells. Further advantages to AE include that AE cells do not demonstrate tumorigenicity upon transplantation, and are gifted with immunomodulatory and anti-inflamatory properties. Thus, AE cells have exceptional features for use as cell-based therapies for liver disease.
Behavior Problems in Assisted Living Facilities

Assisted living facilities (ALFs) are caring for increasing numbers of residents with cognitive impairment and physical disorders, yet little is known about behavior problems in these facilities. In the present study, surveys were mailed to all ALFs (N= 2,221) in Florida, asking administrators or key staff to identify categories, frequency, and severity of behavior problems observed in their residents. Respondents (n= 612) identified resistance to staff assistance, wandering, verbal aggression, and psychiatric/emotional problems as the most frequent problems, and physical aggression was rated as the most difficult. Facility capacity was inversely related to the proportion of residents with behavior problems—that is, smaller ALFs had a higher proportion of residents exhibiting behavior problems. Results suggest that behavior problems in ALFs are similar to those in nursing homes but not as frequent. This is likely because of restrictions in ALF admission criteria and policies prohibiting the use of restrai...
Low-stress hemolysis in laminar blood flow: Bulk and surface effects in capillaries

Human blood (blood bank, expired) sheared through stainless steel capillary tubing (508 μm ID) is analyzed for plasma hemoglobin to study the effect of shear-induced blood damage within the low-stress regime (stress ≤ 20 Pa). Blood damage results are described in terms of capillary length (related to blood residence time) and wall shear rate for assessing bulk and surface effects. A phenomenological model is proposed to explain these experimental results, obtained over a shear rate range to 7,000 s−1.
The role of infection in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease

Autoimmune disease has long been considered a shadow following infectious diseases. Epidemiological evidence shows that rheumatic fever follows streptococcal infection and Trypanosoma cruzi infection is the instigator of Chagas' disease. There is, however, very little information of the mechanism by which such a train of events is initiated. Autoimmunity, in a form of autoantibodies, is common after many infections and may well result from the mimicking of host proteins by antigens of the infectious agent. There are, however, few if any examples in humans where molecular mimicry gives rise to autoimmune disease. The progression from benign autoimmunity to pathogenic autoimmune disease depends upon the balance of cytokines produced during the inflammatory process accompanying infection. In many autoimmune diseases, the cytokine profile favors the proinflammatory cytokines, IFN-gamma and IL-1, which support the production of disease. A searching study of cytokine profiles during infection may offer a promising approach to avoiding the harmful consequences of post-infection autoimmune responses.
Stimulation of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by α,α-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-pyridinemethanol and a method for determining no-effect levels in rats

Abstract The results of this study indicate that α,α-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-pyridinemethanol (EL-241) is a potent inducer of EPN and p-nitroanisole metabolism in weanling male and female rats. Administration of 100 ppm of this compound via the diet results in a significant stimulation of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation within 4 days. Maximum stimulation occurs after 14 days. Removal of the test compound from the diet after 28 days results in the enzyme activities returing to control levels within 28 days. A method for determining no-effect levels for induction of EPN or p-nitroanisole metabolism is also presented. Using this method, the no-effect levels for EL-241 stimulation of p-nitroanisole demethylation in male rats were 26.8 ± 3.3 ppm, 22.3 ± 4.1 ppm, and 23.7 ± 4.0 ppm in three experiments. The no-effect level in female rats was 30.5 ± 3.9 ppm. Although EPN metabolism was stimulated to a greater extent than p-nitroanisole metabolism, the no-effect level for both pathways was the same.
Informational complexity of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Abstract DNA · DNA reassociation kinetics analyzed by hydroxylapatite chromatography have been used to determine the informational content of the Chlamydomonas reinhardi nuclear and chloroplast genomes. The kinetics indicate that nuclear DNA, with the exception of ribosomal cistrons, renatures as a single component with an informational complexity 25 times that of the Escherichia coli genome. The chloroplast genome has less than 0.3% of the informational complexity of the nuclear genome, but is present in about 50 copies in the vegetative cell. Chloroplast DNA shows about a 10–12% zero-time binding component.
Cytocomputer Signal Processing Concepts For Industrial Technology

A set of logical and algebraic image operations is introduced. These image operators include operators for binary, silhouette, and grey-scale imagery. Simple illustrations of these image operators are given. Examples of industrial inspection and robotic visual feedback problems are considered. Results of object identification and defect locations obtained using these image operations are presented.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sleep: What Goes Up Must Come Down

The function of sleep is hotly contested. Two recent studies suggest that fly sleep may be required to rescale synapses in the brain.
Plant-animal pollination systems. 2. Fewer pollinator than plant species

A differential equation model was used to study the effects of pollinator individual-constancy foraging behavior on a plant-pollinator system. Individuals of a single pollinator species or population (e.g. bees from a hive) visited two plant species, but any individual was relatively constant to one of the plant taxa. The model presented reduces to the one-plant:one-pollinator model of Wells (1983) when only one plant species is present. (1) Criteria suggested by the one-plant: one-pollinator model which predict the pollinator species and the plant species that will be generalists, also predict which pollinator species and which plant species are likely to form a stable system equilibrium involving more plant species than animal pollinator species in the two-plant:one-pollinator model. (2) Minimal level of constancy expected for individual foragers of a ubiquitous generalist pollinator species is the largest {di/bi} the pollinator is likely to encounter; where di = instantaneous survival rate, and bi = instantaneous reproductive rate of plant species i. (3) The observed level of forager individual constancy to a plant species i, ψi, is ψi = α + (1 − α)λi where λi = frequency of plant species i, and (1 − α) = probability of randomly choosing the plant species to next visit. (4) A plant species population has the potential of increasing when its relative frequency, λi, is λi ≥ (di/bi − α)/(1 − α). Note bi > di. (5) Individual constancy reduced the probability of plant minority taxon extinction, and increased the likelihood of a stable equilibrium involving more plant species than pollinator species.
Corneal neovascularization and ocular irritancy responses in dogs following topical ocular administration of an EP4-prostaglandin E2 agonist.

Prostaglandin receptor agonists have intraocular pressure–lowering effects in humans and are of interest in the treatment of glaucoma. The prostanoid receptor agonist PF-04475270 is a potent and selective agonist of the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4. This paper characterizes the toxicity associated with topical ocular administration of PF-04475270 in beagles. Dogs were given PF-04475270 topically to the eye on a consecutive daily dosing schedule for one or four weeks followed by a one-or four-week reversal period, respectively. Clinical observations, ophthalmic, and laboratory parameters were recorded. Necropsies were conducted at the end of the dosing and recovery phases, and histologic examinations performed. Corneal neovascularization that was considered adverse was observed at doses of ≥1.0 μg/eye and was not reversed by the end of the recovery phase. Dogs dosed with ≥0.25 μg/eye developed a dose-related conjunctival hyperemia that persisted throughout the reversal period. Corneal neovascular cells st...
Isolated Torticollis May Present as an Atypical Presentation of Meningitis

Background. Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires urgent diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis is infrequently missed if the patient presents with the classic symptoms of fever, headache, rash, nuchal rigidity, or Kernig or Brudzinski sign. However, it may be less obvious in neonates, elderly, or immunocompromised patients. Meningitis which presents as isolated torticollis, without any other signs or symptoms, is exceedingly rare. Objective. To identify an abnormal presentation of meningitis in an adult immunocompromised patient. Case Report. We present a case of an adult diabetic male who presented multiple times to the ED with complaint of isolated torticollis, who ultimately was diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Conclusion. We propose that in the absence of sufficient explanation for acute painful torticollis in an immunocompromised adult patient, further evaluation, possibly including a lumbar puncture may be warranted.
Transitions to Constitutional Democracies: The German Democratic Republic:

All law reform must look for local precedents to build on. Does this claim also apply to formerly totalitarian states? Building on her research on East German legal history, the author asks whether there might be some generally applicable reasons explaining why in the German Democratic Republic the first tender shoots of a rule of law appeared before the collapse of socialism. She finds an inverse relationship between political and legal faith: as one declines, the other rises, and vice versa. The waning of utopian hopes tends to be compensated for by an increased interest in law and rights and by the growing professionalism of a disenchanted legal class. The author believes that not only is the “prerogative state” a constant threat to the “normative state,” but that, vice versa, the practice of legality, even the legality of totalitarian state, can threaten and undermine the effectiveness of autocratic rule.
Fault Detection and Isolation of Actuator Faults in Spacecraft Formation Flight

This paper investigates the development of Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) filters for spacecraft formation flight. A MIMO architecture for formation flying control is considered. By utilizing a geometric FDI methodology, a local/decentralized detection filter is developed for detecting faults in other spacecraft by determining the required unobservability subspace of the local system. In the case when such an unobservability subspace does not exist, the required communication links between the spacecraft are specified. Simulation results presented demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methodology for FDI of formation flying systems.
Hybrid Detection of UHECR with the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory detects ultra-high energy cosmic rays by implementing two complementary air-shower techniques. The combination of a large ground array and fluorescence detectors, known as the "hybrid" concept, means that a rich variety of measurements can be made on a single shower, providing much improved information over what is possible with either detector alone. In this paper the hybrid reconstruction approach and its performance are described.
Tear Film, Contact Lens, and Patient Factors Associated with Corneal Staining

Corneal staining has long been thought to be associated with conditions of the ocular surface, such as dry eye disease, in addition to contact lens wear, although it is often observed in otherwise normal individuals as well.1–8 As the research community continues to focus on conditions and treatments associated with the anterior segment, regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are both questioning and implementing endpoints to optimize drug and device testing. There has been a significant interest in corneal staining as such an endpoint, but there remain many unanswered questions about corneal staining. One question that is unanswered is exactly what corneal staining is and what it shows. Likewise, there are questions as to the clinical relevance of corneal staining, in that studies have generally failed to show a correlation with patient symptoms and there has yet to be any evidence that it is associated with an increased risk of corneal infection.2,9 There is preliminary evidence that corneal staining is associated with (but not necessarily the cause of) infiltrates observed in the cornea.10 There appears to be somewhat of a paucity of information about the factors associated with corneal staining in contact lens wearers. One factor that has received significant attention, however, is the role of contact lens care solutions and their disinfectants.2,11–21 Thus, the purposes of this report were to examine tear film, contact lens, and other patient factors (e.g., sociodemographics and medical conditions) associated with corneal staining.
An Evaluation of Classification Criteria for Juvenile Sex Offenders

Victim age is commonly used in the classification of juvenile sexual offenders (JSOs). However, the results of studies comparing JSOs who offend peers (peer offenders) with those who offend children (child molesters) are variable and inconclusive. Reasons for this variability include the lack of attention to JSOs who offend both children and peers (mixed offenders) and the variability across studies in the classification criteria used to assign JSOs to subgroups. Some studies use victim age, others use offender-victim age discrepancies, and still others use a combination of victim age and age discrepancies to classify JSOs. These variations may result in samples of JSOs that are not comparable across studies. The primary purpose of the present research was to examine the strength of the relationship between JSO subgroup membership (child, peer, and mixed offenders) and personal, criminal history, and offense history variables using several different classification methods commonly used in JSO research. Patterns of relationships between subgroup membership and the dependent variables were then compared across the classification methods to determine whether changes in classification criteria changed the pattern of results. The results indicated that the pattern of relationships between subgroups and the dependent variables changed little when classification criteria varied. Consequently, variation in classification criteria is unlikely to be contributing to the inconsistencies of the findings when comparing victim age based subgroups of JSOs.
By Whom and When Is Women’s Expertise Recognized? The Interactive Effects of Gender and Education in Science and Engineering Teams

Using a round-robin data set assembled from over 60 teams of more than 500 scientists and engineers across a variety of science and engineering disciplines, as well as longitudinal research product...
Adaptive index models for marker-based risk stratification

We use the term "index predictor" to denote a score that consists of K binary rules such as "age > 60" or "blood pressure > 120 mm Hg." The index predictor is the sum of these binary scores, yielding a value from 0 to K. Such indices as often used in clinical studies to stratify population risk: They are usually derived from subject area considerations. In this paper, we propose a fast data-driven procedure for automatically constructing such indices for linear, logistic, and Cox regression models. We also extend the procedure to create indices for detecting treatment-marker interactions. The methods are illustrated on a study with protein biomarkers as well as a large microarray gene expression study.
1‐Phenyl‐1,4‐Pentadiyne and 1‐Phenyl‐1,3‐Pentadiyne

1-Phenyl-1,4-pentadiyne and 1-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne reactant: 102 g. (1.00 mole) of phenylacetylene reactant: 96 g. (0.81 mole) of propargyl bromide product: 1-phenyl-1,4-pentadiyne product: 1-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne Keywords: coupling; Grignard and related reactions; rearrangements; ethylmagnesium bromide, preparation of; phenylethynylmagnesium bromide, preparation of; tetrahydrofuran
The effects of automation-induced complacency on fault diagnosis and management performance in process control:

, & Operators of automated systems can develop complacency, impairing their ability to respond in a timely and appropriate fashion when automation fails. This study sought to examine the impact of an instructional manipulation of attentiveness, in terms of engagement and accountability, on fault diagnosis and fault management. Participants trained on the operation of a simulated process control task, with instructions varied to induce higher or lower attentiveness to the task. After several routine faults within the system, a fault occurred along with a failure of a previously available diagnostic and management aid, and shortly after a second failure occurred. The first failure was associated with significant impairment of diagnosis and management, but comparatively few differences between attentiveness groups. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for a model of human-automation interaction.
Abnormalities of Cardiac Repolarization in Williams Syndrome

Williams syndrome (WS) affects 1 in 8,000 live births and has a high risk of sudden death. No previous studies have evaluated corrected QT (QTc) prolongation in WS. Retrospective review of all patients with WS evaluated at our institution from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2007 was performed. WS was diagnosed by a medical geneticist and/or by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Patients with ≥1 electrocardiogram (ECG) with sinus rhythm and measurable intervals were included. Normal control ECGs were identified from a large clinical database. Corrected JT (JTc) interval was calculated when QRS and QTc intervals were prolonged. QTc interval ≥460 ms and JTc interval >340 ms were defined as prolonged. Prevalence comparisons were made using Fisher's exact test. Statistical probability of <0.05 was considered significant. Of 270 patients identified, 188 had ECGs for review. Complete data were present in 499 of 517 ECGs (patients' mean age 10.3 ± 9.9 years); 1,522 normal ECGs of age-similar patients composed the control group. QTc prolongation prevalences were 2.0% in controls and 13.6% in WS (p <0.0001); in those, JTc prolongation prevalences were 1.8% in controls and 11.7% in WS (p <0.0001). Four patients died during follow-up; 2 had QTc prolongation and 1 died during noncardiac surgery. Another patient with QTc prolongation sustained cardiac arrest during a procedure. In conclusion, cardiac repolarization is prolonged in WS. Presence of prolonged cardiac repolarization may contribute to the high incidence of periprocedural mortality in these patients. All patients with WS should be screened for cardiac repolarization abnormalities, especially before surgery.
Noncausal and Bidirectional Soft Decision Feedback Equalizer

The goal of this paper is to develop equalizers which can provide soft information to channel decoders for use in the single or the initial stage of iteration, of equalization and decoding architectures, especially for difficult channel to equalize. We propose an equalization structure by combining noncausality, bidirectionality and soft processing, and then we apply the soft Noncausal and Bidirectional DFE for North American HDTV terrestrial broadcast and EDGE cellular standard to examine its performance.
Theoretical Assumptions and Empirical Evidence for Academic Achievement in Two Languages

The purpose of this study was to address three theoretical assumptions in an examination of the Spanish and English language proficiency and academic achievement of second-and third-grade English and Spanish speakers who were enrolled in a bilinguallimmersion program. Findings provided support for these three assumptions: (a) High levels of proficiency in the two languages willfacilitate academic achievement; (b) there are two types of language proficiency, academic and communicative, and the extent to which one is proficient in these two types may vary; and (c) there is transfer of content across languages.
Painful conditions of the acromioclavicular joint.

The acromioclavicular (AC) joint may be affected by a number of pathologic processes, most commonly osteoarthritis, posttraumatic arthritis, and distal clavicle osteolysis. The correct diagnosis of a problem can usually be deduced from a thorough history, physical examination, and radiologic evaluation. Asymptomatic AC joint degeneration is frequent and does not always correlate with the presence of symptoms. Selective lidocaine injection enhances diagnostic accuracy and may correlate with surgical outcome. Nonoperative treatment is helpful for most patients, although those with osteolysis may have to modify their activities. In appropriately selected patients, open or arthroscopic distal clavicle resection is necessary to relieve symptoms. Recent biomechanical and clinical data emphasize the importance of capsular preservation and minimization of bone resection; however, the optimal amount of distal clavicle resection remains elusive. Patients with AC joint instability have poor results after distal clavicle resection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1999;7:176-188
Estrogenic effects of zearalenone on the expression of progestin receptors and sexual behavior in female rats

Zearalenone is a resorcylic acid lactone compound that is produced by fungal infection of edible grains and is believed to influence reproduction by binding to estrogen receptors. In order to study the potential estrogenic effects of this compound in the brain, we examined the effects of zearalenone on the expression of neuronal progestin receptors and feminine sexual behavior in female rats. Ovariectomized rats were treated with zearalenone (0.2, 1.0, or 2.0 mg), estradiol benzoate, or vehicle daily for 3 days. They were then either perfused, and progestin receptors visualized by immunocytochemistry, or injected with progesterone and tested for sexual receptivity with male rats. Progestin receptor-containing cells were counted in the medial preoptic area and ventromedial hypothalamus. The two highest doses of zearalenone increased the concentration of neuronal progestin receptors, as did 10 μg of estradiol. The highest dose of zearalenone (2 mg) also induced progestin receptor staining density comparable to that of 10 μg of estradiol benzoate. In behavioral tests, ovariectomized animals treated with 2 mg of zearalenone followed by progesterone showed levels of sexual receptivity comparable to females treated daily with estradiol benzoate (2 μg) followed by progesterone. These studies suggest that, although structurally distinct and less potent than estradiol, zearalenone can act as an estrogen agonist in the rat brain.
C3PO, an endoribonuclease that promotes RNAi by facilitating RISC activation

The catalytic engine of RNA interference (RNAi) is the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), wherein the endoribonuclease Argonaute and single-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) direct target mRNA cleavage. We reconstituted long double-stranded RNA– and duplex siRNA–initiated RISC activities with the use of recombinant Drosophila Dicer-2, R2D2, and Ago2 proteins. We used this core reconstitution system to purify an RNAi regulator that we term C3PO (component 3 promoter of RISC), a complex of Translin and Trax. C3PO is a Mg 2+ -dependent endoribonuclease that promotes RISC activation by removing siRNA passenger strand cleavage products. These studies establish an in vitro RNAi reconstitution system and identify C3PO as a key activator of the core RNAi machinery.
Slug expression enhances tumor formation in a noninvasive rectal cancer model.

Background Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a series of molecular changes allowing epithelial cancer cells to acquire properties of mesenchymal cells: increased motility, invasion, and protection from apoptosis. Transcriptional regulators such as Slug mediate EMT, working in part to repress E-cadherin transcription. We report a novel, noninvasive in vivo rectal cancer model to explore the role of Slug in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor development. Methods For the generation of DLD-1 cells overexpressing Slug (Slug DLD-1), a Slug or empty (Empty DLD-1) pCMV-3Tag-1 (kanamycin-resistant) vector was used for transfection. Cells were evaluated for Slug and E-cadherin expression, and cell migration and invasion. For the in vivo study, colon cancer cells (parental DLD-1, Slug DLD-1, empty DLD-1, and HCT-116) were submucosally injected into the posterior rectum of nude mice using endoscopic guidance. After 28 d, tumors were harvested and tissue was analyzed. Results Slug expression in our panel of colon cancer cell lines was inversely correlated with E-cadherin expression and enhanced migration/invasion. Slug DLD-1 cells demonstrated a 21-fold increased Slug and 19-fold decreased E-cadherin expression compared with empty DLD-1. Similarly, the Slug DLD-1 cells had significantly enhanced cellular migration and invasion. In the orthotopic rectal cancer model, Slug DLD-1 cells formed rectal tumors in 9/10 (90%) of the mice (mean volume = 458 mm 3 ) compared with only 1/10 (10%) with empty DLD-1 cells. Conclusion Slug mediates EMT with enhanced in vivo rectal tumor formation. Our noninvasive in vivo model enables researchers to explore the molecular consequences of altered genes in a clinically relevant rectal cancer in an effort to develop novel therapeutic approaches for patients with rectal cancer.
Studies on the origin of androstanediol and androstanediol glucuronide in young and elderly men.

The in vivo origin of androstanediol (3αdiol) and its glucuronide was studied in six young and five elderly men undergoing cardiac catheterization. Constant infusions of [14C]testosterone and [3H]3αdiol were given, and blood was obtained from theaorta and hepatic vein in order to measure metabolic clearance, splanchnic extraction, and the possibility of splanchnic production of both 3αdiol and its glucuronide. In young elderly men,the concentrations of labeled and unlabeled testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and 3αdiol were lower in the hepatic vein than in the aorta. The specific activities of dihydrotestosterone and 3αdiol were the same in blood entering and leaving the splanchnic compartment. The plasma concentration of 3αdiol was 18 ± 2 in the young men and 15 ± 4 ng/dl in the elderly group. However, the blood production rate of 3αdiol determined from the metabolic clearance and morning plasma concentration was reduced (324 us. 199 μg/day) as a result of lower clearance in the elderly men. Plasma 3αdi...
CHANGES IN SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF U.S. FARMS DURING THE 1970s AND EARLY 1980s: AN INVESTIGATION BASED ON CURRENT AND CONSTANT DOLLAR SALES CATEGORIES

Agriculture's (USDA's) data which classifies Changes since 1970 in the distribution of farms by dollar value of farm sales. However, selected farm characteristics among constant USDA's sales categories have generally reand current dollar farm sales categories were mained the same over time except for the examined. In general, the same trends addition of categories at the upper end of emerged but changes were less dramatic after the sales distribution. For example, data for adjusting for inflation. The increasing con- the $200,000 - $499,999 sales category becentration of net farm income among farms gin only with 1969 (USDA, September 1984). with sales exceeding $500,000 was attrib- Consequently, inflation (deflation) in prices uted in part to their continuing high ratio of received by farmers may move a farm into a gross farm income to expenses (approxi- higher (lower) sales category even though mately 145 percent). Farms with sales be- its physical structure of production or inputtween $10,000 and $500,000 became more output ratio has not changed. Therefore, dependent on nonfarm income. This de- changes in data classified by USDA's farm sales pendency is postulated to result from a farm categories may more nearly reflect the effect income treadmill and use of nonfarm income of inflation rather than the effects of techto cope with the treadmill.
Identifying temporally differentially expressed genes through functional principal components analysis

SUMMARY Time course gene microarray is an important tool to identify genes with differential expressions over time. Traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) type of longitudinal investigation may not be applicable because of irregular time intervals and possible missingness due to contamination in microarray experiments. Functional principal components analysis is proposed to test hypotheses in the change of the mean curves. A permutation test under a mild assumption is used to make the method more robust. The proposed method outperforms the recently developed extraction of differential gene expression and a 2-way mixed effects ANOVA under reasonable gene expression models in simulation. Real data on transcriptional profiles of blood cells microarray from treated and untreated individuals were used to illustrate this method.
Perceiving and remembering events cross-linguistically: Evidence from dual-task paradigms

What role does language play during attention allocation in perceiving and remembering events? We recorded adults’ eye movements as they studied animated motion events for a later recognition task. We compared native speakers of two languages that use different means of expressing motion (Greek and English). In Experiment 1, eye movements revealed that, when event encoding was made difficult by requiring a concurrent task that did not involve language (tapping), participants spent extra time studying what their language treats as the details of the event. This ‘linguistic encoding’ effect was eliminated both when event encoding was made easier (no concurrent task) and when the concurrent task required the use of language (counting aloud). In Experiment 2, under conditions of a delayed concurrent task of counting aloud, participants used language covertly just prior to engaging in the additional task. Together, the results indicate that language can be optionally recruited for encoding events, especially under conditions of high cognitive load. Yet, these effects are malleable and flexible and do not appear to shape core biases in event perception and memory.
Extended Office Hours and Health Care Expenditures: A National Study

PURPOSE A key component of primary care improvement efforts is timely access to care; however, little is known regarding the effects of extended (evening and weekend) office hours on health care use and outcomes. We examined the association between reported access to extended office hours and both health care expenditures and mortality. METHODS We analyzed data from individuals aged 18 to 90 years responding to the 2000–2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys reporting access or no access to extended hours via a usual source of care in 2 successive years (year 1 and year 2; N = 30,714). Dependent variables were year 2 total health care expenditures and, for those enrolled in 2000–2005, all-cause mortality through 2006. Covariates were year 1 sociodemographics and health care use, and year 2 health insurance, health status, and chronic conditions. We conducted further analyses, progressively adjusting for year 2 use, to explore mechanisms. RESULTS Total expenditures were 10.4% lower (95% confidence interval, 7.2%–13.4%) among patients reporting access to extended hours in both years vs neither year. Adjustment for year 2 prescription drug expenditures, and to a lesser extent, office visit–related expenditures (but not total prescriptions or office visits, or emergency and inpatient expenditures) attenuated this relationship. Extended-hours access was not statistically associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS Respondents reporting a usual source of care offering evening and weekend office hours had lower total health care expenditures than those without extended-hours access, an association related to lower prescription drug and office visit–related (eg, testing) expenditures, without adverse effects on mortality. Although requiring further study, extended office hours may be associated with more judicious use of health care resources.
Rapid-prototyping of a cellular processor

This paper examines a range of techniques for the design, implementation, and verification of a serial Cellular Automata Machine. Three different approaches for the design of the Serial Parallel Extendible Scalable Cellular Automata Machine are examined including a high-level description using the formal specification language CSP, an intermediate behavioral-level design in VHDL, and a detailed logic-level design using Logic III. A comparison of the three approaches is provided based on the following criteria: speed, size, assurance, and the ease and flexibility of design. >
Biological Dosimetry for Epithermal Neutron Beams

Abstract White, S. M., Held, K. D., Palmer, M. R. and Yanch, J. C. Biological Dosimetry for Epithermal Neutron Beams. Radiat. Res. 155, 776–782 (2001). The radiobiological effectiveness of an epithermal neutron beam is described using cell survival as the end point. The M67 epithermal neutron beam at the Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that was used for clinical trials of boron neutron capture therapy was used to irradiate Chinese hamster ovary cells at seven depths in a water-filled phantom that simulated healthy tissue. No boron was added to the samples. Therefore, this experiment evaluates the biological effectiveness of the neutron and photon components, which comprise 80–95% of the dose to healthy tissue. Cell survival was dependent upon the depth in the phantom, as a result of moderation and attenuation of the epithermal neutron beam components by the overlying water. The results were compared with 250 kVp X irradiations to determine relative biological effectivene...
pH and Alkali Cation Effects on the Pt Cyclic Voltammogram Explained Using Density Functional Theory

Platinum electrode cyclic voltammograms show features at low potentials which correspond to adsorption/desorption processes on Pt(111), Pt(100), and Pt(110) facets that have traditionally been ascribed to hydrogen adsorption. The 100 and 110 associated features exhibit a dependence on pH beyond the expected Nernstian shift. Herein we use density functional theory (DFT) to explain these shifts. We examine the specific adsorption of hydrogen, hydroxide, water, and potassium onto the low index facets of platinum, Pt(111), Pt(100), and Pt(110). In support of a growing body of evidence, we show that the low potential features which correspond to adsorption/desorption on Pt(100) and Pt(110) contain contributions from the competitive or coadsorption of hydroxide. This allows us to simulate cyclic voltammograms for Pt(100) and Pt(110), as well as Pt(111), which match experimentally measured cyclic voltammograms in a pH = 0 electrolyte. Furthermore, we find that potassium cations can specifically adsorb to all thr...
Students’ Use of Computational Thinking in Linear Algebra

In this work, we examine students’ ways of thinking when presented with a novel linear algebra problem. Our intent was to explore how students employ and coordinate three modes of thinking, which we call computational, abstract, and geometric, following similar frameworks proposed by Hillel (2000) and Sierpinska (2000). However, the undergraduate honors linear algebra students in our study used the computational mode of thinking in a surprising variety of productive and reflective ways. This paper examines the solution strategies that the students employed to solve the problem, emphasizing their use of the computational mode of thinking.
Waveguide-coupled parallel optical transceiver technology for Tb/s-class chip-to-chip data transmission

The IBM Terabus program has developed parallel optical interconnects for terabit/sec-class chip-to-chip communications through printed circuit boards with integrated optical waveguides. 16 TX + 16 RX channel transceiver "Optomodules" were assembled and fully characterized, with fiber-coupled full links operating up to 15 Gb/s, for an aggregate bi-directional data transfer rate of 240 Gb/s. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a complete link between two Optomodules through polymer waveguides on a printed circuit board, with all 32 uni-directional links operating error-free at 10Gb/s, for a 160 Gb/s bidirectional aggregate data rate. This is the fastest, widest, and most integrated multimode optical bus ever demonstrated.
Exchange Value: British “Scholarship Boys” in Mid-Twentieth-Century America

In the late 1950s and early 1960s a number of British “scholarship boys” traveled to America sponsored by British and American foundations. Their experiences in the United States qualify and complicate existing narratives about upwardly mobile meritocrats. First, Americans regarded these figures in a manner that helped alter their view of themselves. Distinctions that mattered in Britain became less significant in America, though scholarship boys remained shrewd enough to penetrate the veneer of a superficial egalitarianism. National identity became a marker that sidelined residual anxieties about social hierarchy. Second, American prosperity affected the bias against consumerism shared by many British intellectuals during the mid-twentieth century. As professionals supported by government or educational institutions, these visitors differentiated themselves from those in the private sector, which pursued other goals. America exposed scholarship boys to a system that assimilated consumerism without sacrificing professionalism and a commitment to social progress.
Objectifying eye movements during rapid number naming: Methodology for assessment of normative data for the King–Devick test

Abstract Objective Concussion is a major public health problem and considerable efforts are focused on sideline-based diagnostic testing to guide return-to-play decision-making and clinical care. The King–Devick (K–D) test, a sensitive sideline performance measure for concussion detection, reveals slowed reading times in acutely concussed subjects, as compared to healthy controls; however, the normal behavior of eye movements during the task and deficits underlying the slowing have not been defined. Methods Twelve healthy control subjects underwent quantitative eye tracking during digitized K–D testing. Results The total K–D reading time was 51.24 (± 9.7) seconds. A total of 145 saccades (± 15) per subject were generated, with average peak velocity 299.5°/s and average amplitude 8.2°. The average inter-saccadic interval was 248.4 ms. Task-specific horizontal and oblique saccades per subject numbered, respectively, 102 (± 10) and 17 (± 4). Subjects with the fewest saccades tended to blink more, resulting in a larger amount of missing data; whereas, subjects with the most saccades tended to make extra saccades during line transitions. Conclusions Establishment of normal and objective ocular motor behavior during the K–D test is a critical first step towards defining the range of deficits underlying abnormal testing in concussion. Further, it sets the groundwork for exploration of K–D correlations with cognitive dysfunction and saccadic paradigms that may reflect specific neuroanatomic deficits in the concussed brain.
Firm Value and Corporate Governance: Does the Former Determine the Latter?

A common view, seemingly supported by empirical findings, is that better corporate governance leads to better corporate performance. But, if true, why do firms then leave money on the table by having poor governance? This paper builds a model that explains the empirical findings, but which doesn't suffer from this money-on-the-table critique. The paper argues that the common view essentially gets causality backward. Firms that have the best potential to perform well are the ones that have the most to lose from poor governance, so they are the ones that have strong governance. Strong governance and performance are positively correlated, but the former does not drive the latter. This perspective can explain a number of real-world phenomena, such as the correlation between firm size and executive compensation, the growth in executive compensation, and why measured incentives for executives often seem too low, among others.
LARGE-AMPLITUDE VIBRATION OF JOINTED FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES

The dynamics and vibrational characteristics of a jointed flexible system are considered. The joint model accounts for clearance, dry friction, impact damping and hardening s pring characteristics under large joint deformations. Particular care is taken to include the inplane tensile force and t he beam foreshortening associated with moderate levels of transverse beam vibration. It is shown that the in-plane tensile force and beam foreshortening are significant in determining the damping contribution from the joint. In addition, the dependence of the vibrational characteristics of the system on various beam and joint parameters is investigated. It is shown that the damping contribution from dry friction in the joint increases with transverse beam displacement. It is also shown that joint damping increases with increased joint stiffness and decreases with increased joint clearance.
A BIOMETRICAL STUDY ON THE SEMISPECIES OF THE DROSOPHILA PAULISTORUM COMPLEX.

The species group of Drosophila willistoni, which occupies Central and South America, comprises six sibling species. These species can be distinguished through morphological inspection only by slight differences in the genitalia of living males (Spassky, 1957), except that D. pavlovskiana cannot be separated from D. paulistorum (Spassky, pers. comm.). However, Drosophila paulistorum has been shown to be actually a complex of five or six evolutionary units (Dobzhansky and Spassky, 1959; Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky, 1966, 1967). These authors refer to these units as incipient species or semispecies. Since D. paulistorum is barely recognizable morphologically within the willistoni species group, incipient species within D. paulistorum can be expected to be still more difficult to distinguish. The degree of similarity is exemplified by polytene chromosomes. Whereas banding patterns in salivary gland chromosomes allow identification of larvae of the willistoni group at the full species level (Burla et al., 1949; Dobzhansky, 1950; Dobzhansky et al., 1957; Kastritsis and Dobzhansky, 1967), only those individuals that bear characteristic inversion patterns can be recognized within D. paulistorurm (Kastritsis, 196 7b). Accordingly, little pairing occurs between these chromosomes in hybrids between species of the willistoni group, while pairing is still perfect in intra-paulistorum hybrids.
LEGISLATIVE NECESSITY FOR TOURISM ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Tourism has depended more and more on resources and environment, and it has destroyed the environment heavily when it developed.On the basis of fixing the concept of tourism environment,it is necessary for our country to strengthen and perfect the legislation on this field,there are three main points:the development current,the destruction and the actuality of legislation,so follows some suggestions for tourism environment protection.