cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized Rankine–Hugoniot Condition and Shock Solutions for Quasilinear Hyperbolic Systems

Abstract For a quasilinear hyperbolic system, we use the method of vanishing viscosity to construct shock solutions. The solution consists of two regular regions separated by a free boundary (shock). We use Melnikov's integral to obtain a system of differential/algebraic equations that governs the motion of the shock. For Lax shocks in conservation laws, these equations are equivalent to the Rankine–Hugoniot condition. For under compressive shocks in conservation laws, or shocks in non-conservation systems, the Melnikov-type integral obtained in this paper generalizes the Rankine–Hugoniot condition. Under some generic conditions, we show that the initial value problem of shock solutions can be solved as a free boundary problem by the method of characteristics.
Cell Interaction in an Immune Response in vitro: Requirement for Theta-Carrying Cells

Cytotoxic antiserum to theta antigen reduces the capacity of mouse spleen cells to generate direct and indirect plaque-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes in vitro but does not affect plaque-forming cells, their precursors, or hemopoietic stem cells. The response of spleen cells treated with antiserum to theta antigen is restored by thymus cells incubated in vivo with sheep erythrocytes.
Adventures in an amorphous landscape

It is with great pleasure that I accept the George W. Morey Award for 1998 honoring as it does the research of my collaborators and me over the past 45 yrs and the many other activities related to glass science in which I have been engaged. Here I review some of my research on the glassy state of matter. When my adventures in an amorphous landscape began in 1952 my concept of glassy materials was something through which one looked or from which one drank.
Large–scale minimization on the CM-200

A finite-element formulation of the minimal-surface problem is described and solved with I the limited-memory BFGS (LM-BFGS) minimization algorithm on a 32K-processor Connection Machine (CM-200). Implementation of the problem is described with an emphasis on the data structures necessary for matching the finite-element code with the LM-BFGS minimization code. Performance of the complete code is evaluated and compared with a vectorized implementation on the CRAY-2, for problems ranging in size from n= 104 to n> 106> knowns. The results of the comparison indicate the effectiveness of the CM-200 for very large-scale problems. The implementation is representative of a large class of variational problems and suggests useful techniques for the software interface between minimization codes and nonlinear finite-element problems.
Dynamic Active Storage for High Performance I/O

Many high-end computing applications in critical areas of science and technology are becoming more and more data intensive. These applications transfer large amounts of data from storage nodes to compute nodes for processing, which is costly and bandwidth consuming. The data movement often dominates the applications' run time. Active storage provides a promising solution for these applications by moving appropriate computations from compute nodes to storage nodes. The prior research has achieved considerable progress and developed several active storage models. However, the existing studies have neglected the influence of data dependence on the performance of active storage systems. This study shows that the data dependence has a critical impact on active storage, and the ignorance of dependence can lead to waste of the precious bandwidth. To address this issue in active storage, this paper also presents a new Dynamic Active Storage (DAS) architecture that analyzes the bandwidth requirement of operations, determines the applicability for active storage requests, and optimizes data layout on servers to minimize the bandwidth requirement. Experimental tests have been conducted, and the results have confirmed that the proposed DAS architecture outperforms existing active storage systems. The DAS architecture reduces the data movement caused by data dependence and improves applications' performance over existing schemes. It holds a promise for high performance I/O system in high-end computing.
Magnetic phase transition in a two-dimensional system: p(1×1)-Ni on Cu(111)

Etude par effet magneto-optique de Kerr. L'analyse de la variation de l'aimantation spontanee en fonction de l'epaisseur et la temperature fournit un exposant de deplacement λ egal a 1,44 et un exposant critique β de 0,24
On elevated RMS levels in wall-bounded turbulent flows when measured by laser Doppler velocimetry

Several recent studies have shown elevated RMS velocities in laser Doppler measurements of wall bounded shear flows. We show here, through a simple model, that vibration of the probe volume is a likely contributor to these elevated values.
Quantification of the Neurotoxic β-Carboline Harmane in Barbecued/Grilled Meat Samples and Correlation with Level of Doneness

Harmane, one of the heterocyclic amines (HCAs), is a potent neurotoxin linked to human diseases. Dietary exposure, especially in cooked meats, is the major source of exogenous exposure for humans. However, knowledge of harmane concentrations in cooked meat samples is limited. Our goals were to (1) quantify the concentration of harmane in different types of cooked meat samples, (2) compare its concentration to that of other more well-understood HCAs, and (3) examine the relationship between harmane concentration and level of doneness. Thirty barbecued/grilled meat samples (8 beef steak, 12 hamburger, 10 chicken) were analyzed for harmane and four other HCAs (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine [PhIP], amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [MeIQx], 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [DiMeIQx], and 2-amino-1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine [IFP]). Mean (± SD) harmane concentration was 5.63 (± 6.63) ng/g; harmane concentration was highest in chicken (8.48 ± 9.86 ng...
Predictors of long-term mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Abstract Purpose To determine the long-term outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and identify factors associated with increased mortality. Methods We retrospectively studied 671 patients with VAP admitted to an intensive care unit between 1994 and 2000. We determined long-term and out-of-hospital mortality for these patients. Results The in-hospital mortality was 42.3%; 19.8% of patients had concomitant bacteremia, the mortality was 59.7% versus 38.0% for those without bacteremia ( P 120×4> 10 3 /μL had a lower in-hospital mortality. All of these factors except bilirubin level, platelet count, transfer from outside hospital, and serum bicarbonate remained significant on multivariable analysis. The estimated mortality at 1, 3 and 5 years is 25.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.2-30.1%), 33.6% (95% CI, 27.4-39.2%) and 44.7% (95% CI, 38.1-50.6%), respectively. Conclusions VAP is associated with a high rate of hospital and long-term mortality. The presence of bacteremia is associated with a high mortality. The 5-year estimated mortality of the survivors is less than 50%.
Coherent-array HF Doppler sounding of traveling ionospheric disturbances. I - Basic technique

Abstract We present an introduction to the use of phase-coherent, multi-receiver HF Doppier sounding arrays for measuring the horizontal velocity of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID's). The point of departure is the theorem of Pfister (1971, J. atmos. terr. Phys . 33 , 999) relating ray Doppler to ray zenith angle for a monostatic full reflection sounder. Retaining the simple model of a specular, smooth ionospheric reflector which is deformed by a propagating undulation, we first generalize the theorem to bistatic sounding geometry and then include the effects of amplitude in addition to phase. Next, these results are cast into an algorithm for treating multi-receiver phase sounders containing many diverse baselines, in order to obtain an accurate and unambiguous solution in the plane of wave slowness (inverse of velocity). The point spread function of this solution is controlled by process bandwidth and by array geometry. We illustrate the coherent-array approach using data from an eight receiver array during passage of a TID.
Quantum mechanical optimal control of physical observables in microsystems

A quantum mechanical formalism for the optimal control of physical observables of microsystems is developed. The computational procedure for numerical implementation is presented. Three illustrative examples with a model Morse oscillator show that optimal pumping fields can be found to reach the physical objectives: selective excitations, steering a system to a specified state, and breaking a bond.
Blood flow response in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injuries.

Study design: Cross sectional comparison, control group. Objective: To determine if incomplete spinal cord injured patients (SCI) have an abnormal blood flow response to cuff ischemia compared to able-bodied individuals (AB). Setting: Academic institution. Methods: Blood flow in five chronic incomplete SCI patients (C4–C5) and 17 able bodied individuals was measured in the common femoral artery using quantitative Doppler ultrasound (GE LogiQ 400CL) at rest and after distal thigh cuff occlusion of 2, 4 and 10 min to investigate whether blood flow or vascular control were different in SCI's and AB. Results: Blood flow and the diameter of the common femoral artery at rest were similar in incomplete SCI and AB. Peak flow after 10 min of cuff ischemia (the highest found) was also comparable between incomplete SCI and AB. The half-time for recovery of blood flow to baseline after 2, 4 or 10 min of ischemia was 50% longer for incomplete SCI compared to the AB (P=0.023). In addition, peak blood flow after 2 and 4 min of ischemia relative to the maximum, 10 min value (2/10 and 4/10 ratios) was lower in incomplete SCI compared to AB (0.65±0.06 vs 0.76±0.15, P=0.029 and 0.75±0.10 vs 0.89±0.11, P=0.014, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that incomplete spinal cord injured patients have impaired vascular control seen as a slower return to resting flow after cuff ischemia and reduced sensitivity to ischemia relative to maximum flow. However, incomplete SCI patients did not demonstrate impaired flow capacity as seen in complete SCI patients suggesting that smaller cardiovascular abnormalities are seen with incomplete versus complete SCI injury. Impaired vascular control may serve to limit exercise capacity and may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease. Impaired circulation could contribute to impaired muscle function and poor cardiovascular health in incomplete SCI's, although these findings need to be replicated in a study with more subjects. Sponsorship: Paralyzed Vetrans Association and NIH grants HL65179 and HD33738.
Ethylene-Dependent and -Independent Processes Associated with Floral Organ Abscission in Arabidopsis

Abscission is an important developmental process in the life cycle of the plant, regulating the detachment of organs from the main body of the plant. This mechanism can be initiated in response to environmental cues such as disease or pathogen, or it can be a programmed shedding of organs that no longer provide essential functions to the plant. We have identified five novel dab (delayed floral organ abscission) mutants (dab1-1, dab2-1, dab3-1, dab3-2, and dab3-3) in Arabidopsis. These mutants each display unique anatomical and physiological characteristics and are governed by three independent loci. Scanning electron microscopy shows delayed development of the flattened fracture plane in some mutants and irregular elongation in the cells of the fracture plane in other mutants. The anatomical observations are also supported by breakstrength measurements that show high breakstrength associated with broken cells, moderate levels for the flattened fracture plane, and low levels associated with the initial rounding of cells. In addition, observations on the expression patterns in the abscission zone of cell wall hydrolytic enzymes, chitinase and cellulose, show altered patterns in the mutants. Last, we have compared these mutants with the ethylene-insensitive mutants etr1-1 and ein2-1 to determine if ethylene is an essential component of the abscission process and find that although ethylene can accelerate abscission under many conditions, the perception of ethylene is not essential. The role of the dab genes and the ethylene response genes during the abscission process is discussed.
Evaluating portable infrared spectrometers for measuring the silica content of coal dust

Miners face a variety of respiratory hazards while on the job, including exposure to silica dust which can lead to silicosis, a potentially fatal lung disease. Currently, field-collected filter samples of silica are sent for laboratory analysis and the results take weeks to be reported. Since the mining workplace is constantly moving into new and often different geological strata with changing silica levels, more timely data on silica levels in mining workplaces could help reduce exposures. Improvements in infrared (IR) spectroscopy open the prospect for end-of-shift silica measurements at mine sites. Two field-portable IR spectrometers were evaluated for their ability to quantify the mass of silica on filter samples loaded with known amounts of either silica or silica-bearing coal dust (silica content ranging from 10–200 μg/filter). Analyses included a scheme to correct for the presence of kaolin, which is a confounder for IR analysis of silica. IR measurements of the samples were compared to parallel measurements derived using the laboratory-based U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration P7 analytical method. Linear correlations between Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and P7 data yielded slopes in the range of 0.90–0.97 with minimal bias. Data from a variable filter array spectrometer did not correlate as well, mainly due to poor wavelength resolution compared to the FTIR instrument. This work has shown that FTIR spectrometry has the potential to reasonably estimate the silica exposure of miners if employed in an end-of-shift method.
Digital Underlife in the Networked Writing Classroom

Abstract This article offers a theoretical framework for ‘digital underlife’: the distal and potentially transgressive discursive activities proliferated by emerging technologies. Digital underlife is an adaptation of sociologist Erving Goffman's concept of underlife, which figured centrally in Robert Brooke's well-known study of writing activity in 1988. As emerging digital technologies fray the communicative bounds of traditional sites for teaching and learning, such as the classroom and the conference hall, we are confronted anew with a complex array of possibilities for giving and getting attention. Drawing on the work of Charles Moran and Richard Lanham, this article calls for a more receptive disposition toward the productive dimensions of digital underlife. The article promotes a stance that imagines productive digital underlife to be intrinsic to curricula that combine digital writing activity and rhetorical education, rather than short-selling digital underlife as mere distraction, as an impediment to learning, or worse, attempting to banish it altogether.
Lasers cut a swath in surgical and medical applications: Their early promise is being fulfilled, particularly for the surgeon, while research hints at usefulness in nonsurgical cancer therapy

The use of lasers in various surgical applications is described. Laser heating of tissue is used for two distinct surgical functions: cutting, as with a scalpel, and photocoagulation. Photocoagulation heats tissue to varying degrees, generally stopping short of total eradication. Basic accessories to laser surgery such as: a delivery system to direct and focus the laser radiation, an operating microscope for precision diagnosis and removal of tissue, and devices to measure the amount of energy that is emitted by the laser and absorbed by the target area are also discussed.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF MICE INJECTED WITH HETEROLOGOUS ANTI-IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN ANTISERA

Neonatal injection of mice with rabbit anti-µ antiserum has been shown to produce complete loss of direct and indirect plaque-forming responses to sheep erythrocytes as well as loss of serum IgM and severe depressions of all other serum immunoglobulins. Similar injection of anti-γ1γ2 or anti-γ1 antibodies effects a loss of the indirect response but induces relatively minor alterations in serum Ig levels. Delaying initiation of anti-µ treatment until young adulthood results in a somewhat diminished effect on plaque-forming responses and serum Ig levels but triggers the release of high serum levels of an aberrant µ-bearing protein. Anti-µ suppression of genetically thymusless mice indicates that at least part of the target cells for suppression are bone marrow derived. A working hypothesis for the maturation of humoral antibody-producing cell lines as it relates to these data is discussed.
Monotone Inductive Definitions over the Continuum

Monotone inductive definitions occur frequently throughout mathematical logic. The set of formulas in a given language and the set of consequences of a given axiom system are examples of (monotone) inductively defined sets. The class of Borel subsets of the continuum can be given by a monotone inductive definition. Kleene's inductive definition of recursion in a higher type functional (see [6]) is fundamental to modern recursion theory; we make use of it in §2.Inductive definitions over the natural numbers have been studied extensively, beginning with Spector [11]. We list some of the results of that study in §1 for comparison with our new results on inductive definitions over the continuum. Note that for our purposes the continuum is identified with the Baire space ωω.It is possible to obtain simple inductive definitions over the continuum by introducing real parameters into inductive definitions over N—as in the definition of recursion in [5]. This is itself an interesting concept and is discussed further in [4]. These parametric inductive definitions, however, are in general weaker than the unrestricted set of inductive definitions, as is indicated below.In this paper we outline, for several classes of monotone inductive definitions over the continuum, solutions to the following characterization problems:(1) What is the class of sets which may be given by such inductive definitions ?(2) What is the class of ordinals which are the lengths of such inductive definitions ?These questions are made more precise below. Most of the results of this paper were announced in [2].
Fatal Fulminant Hepatitis Associated with Bromfenac Use

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of bromfenac, a new analog of the phenyl acetate class of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.CASE SUMMARY:A 60-year-old white woman with liver failure who had no known history of chronic liver disease was transferred to the liver transplant unit for evaluation. For three months preceding her illness, the patient was treated with bromfenac 25 mg po qid for arthritic pain. Prior to the initiation of bromfenac, her liver function test results were normal. Etiologic evaluation at presentation was unremarkable. The patient's condition continued to deteriorate, with the development of hepatic encephalopathy and worsening liver function test results while awaiting liver transplantation. Progressive hepatic and renal dysfunction along with respiratory decompensation ensued, and the patient died 48 days after initial presentation.CONCLUSIONS:Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the prolonged use of bromfenac appears to be an idio...
Structural Encoding of Static Single Assignment Form

Static Single Assignment (SSA) form is often used as an intermediate representation during code optimization in Java Virtual Machines. Recently, SSA has successfully been used for bytecode verification. However, constructing SSA at the code consumer is costly. SSA-based mobile code transport formats have been shown to eliminate this cost by shifting SSA creation to the code producer. These new formats, however, are not backward compatible with the established Java class-file format. We propose a novel approach to transport SSA information implicitly through structural code properties of standard Java bytecode. While the resulting bytecode sequence can still be directly executed by traditional Virtual Machines, our novel VM can infer SSA form and confirm its safety with virtually no overhead.
Orientation of Demagnetized Bees

The orientation of honey bee dances is affected by the earth's magnetic field. Honey bees possess localized, well-oriented, stable and superparamagnetic domains of magnetite. Four lines of evidence suggest that the superparamagnetic domains of bees are more likely to be involved in magnetic field detectors than the stable domains. (1) Although the stable domains vary widely in size and number between bees, approximately 2×10^8 superparamagnetic domains are found reliably in all bees, and are restricted to there latively narrow size range of 300–350 A. This suggests that the superparamagnetic domains are more likely to have a biological function. (2) Behavioural observations of dances in null fields are difficult to reconcile with astable-domain detector but are clearly predicted by many superparamagnetic detector models. (3) When honey bees are demagnetized, their ability to orient to the earth's field is unaffected. This suggests that the detector either utilizes the super paramagnetic domains or depends on aligned anisotropic stable domains processed without regard to magneticpolarity. (4) Bees that have only superparamagnetic domains are able nevertheless to orient to the earth's magnetic field, a phenomenon which indicates that permanent domains may not be required for detection.
In Brief: Hoarseness

1. Eric Vance Hastriter, MD 2. John M. Olsson, MD 1. Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University Greenville, NC Hoarseness . In: Tunnessen WW. Signs and Symptoms in Pediatrics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999:328– 333 Disorders of Phonation in Children. McMurray JS. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2003;50 :363– 380[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Hoarseness. Kenna MA. Pediatr Rev. 1995;16 :69– 72[OpenUrl][4][Abstract/FREE Full Text][5] Hoarseness is defined best as any change in vocal quality. Phonation occurs during exhalation when the vocal cords shorten and approximate or lengthen and separate through the actions of the thyroarytenoid and cricoarytenoid muscles, respectively. These muscles take their motor supply from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The incidence of hoarseness reported in the literature varies between 5% and 40% and reflects diverse disorders. The history can help to narrow the differential diagnosis. Although the voice may sound normal to the examiner, the patient’s subjective view is more significant. Vocal quality (eg, breathy, alteration in pitch) is important, as is the duration of the symptom. Acute changes suggest trauma or inflammation; a chronic change may point to a structural lesion. Because allergy or gastroesophageal reflux may … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatric%2Bclinics%2Bof%2BNorth%2BAmerica%26rft.stitle%253DPediatr%2BClin%2BNorth%2BAm%26rft.aulast%253DMcMurray%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BS.%26rft.volume%253D50%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D363%26rft.epage%253D380%26rft.atitle%253DDisorders%2Bof%2Bphonation%2Bin%2Bchildren.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0031-3955%252803%252900028-2%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12809328%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0031-3955(03)00028-2&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12809328&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F27%2F6%2Fe47.atom [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%2Bin%2BReview%26rft.stitle%253DPediatr.%2BRev.%26rft.issn%253D0191-9601%26rft.aulast%253DKenna%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D69%26rft.epage%253D72%26rft.atitle%253DConsultation%2Bwith%2Bthe%2BSpecialist%253A%2BHoarseness%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpir.16-2-69%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7877913%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pedsinreview&resid=16/2/69&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F27%2F6%2Fe47.atom
Investigation of Failure Processes in Porous Battery Substrates: Part I—Experimental Findings

Experimental findings are presented which demonstrate the coupled transport, mechanical and morphological changes in porous battery materials when they are cycled electrochemically. These materials, comprised of a mixture of powdered nickel and nickel fiber, act as substrates in nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) cells, and function as porous, conductive containment for positive-plate active material. They can offer substantial weight and cost savings over more traditional sintered or foam materials, provided they can be designed to produce good conductivity over many (>500) electrochemical cycles. This study represents an expansion of previous work by the authors, which had established some key differences in the behavior of substrate materials for a small number of cells. Here, these differences are validated with a greater variety and number of electrochemical/material experiments, along with a parallel study on morphological changes. In the second paper in this series, transport and mechanics models are presented to explain the observed differences, using microstructural models based on observations in this study.
New Strategies in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy affecting terminally differentiated plasma cells. Although high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation improved survival in younger patients, the natural history of MM has been changed with the availability of five new agents approved in last 10 years (thalidomide, bortezomib, lenalidomide, liposomal doxorubicin and carfilzomib). Despite this significant improvement in overall outcome, MM remains incurable in majority of patients prompting continued search for additional therapeutic options. Extensive molecular and genomic characterization of MM cells in its bone marrow milieu, which affects myeloma cell growth and survival, has provided number of novel drugable targets and pathways. Perturbation of protein catabolism at multiple levels has become an important target in MM. Similarly with improvements in monoclonal antibody generation and vaccine development along with identification of number of cell surface and cellular targets have led to development of various strategies including antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates which are under investigation both preclinically as well as in early clinical studies. We propose that eventually, molecularly-informed multi-agent combination therapies will be required to eliminate the MM cell clone for a long-term disease control.
Alkali D-line absorption in the luminescence spectrum of solid-fluid interfaces under high-intensity laser excitation.

Photoluminescence spectra from the high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x, the semiconductor GaAs, and GaP under intense picosecond laser excitation were studied with their surfaces exposed to different alkali solutions. Strong absorption of D lines of neutral-alkali atoms was observed in these spectra. These absorption lines indicate that free ground-state alkali atoms were formed by recombination of the sublimated alkali ions with photoelectrons through various processes.
“No Show” Study: College Destinations of University of California Applicants and Admits Who Did Not Enroll, 1997-2002:

This study examines trends in University of California (UC) “no shows”—students who applied and were admitted to UC but enrolled elsewhere—before and after the elimination of affirmative action at UC in 1998. Two main findings emerge from the data. Overall, UC continues to be successful in attracting and enrolling a majority of high-achieving students from California high schools. However, overall enrollment patterns mask substantial variations across different racial and ethnic groups. Top underrepresented minority applicants enroll at UC at considerably lower rates than other students, and the gap has widened noticeably in the 5 years since the elimination of affirmative action in UC admissions, as many of these students are now choosing to attend selective private colleges and universities. The policy implications of these trends are considered.
Morell mackenzie's The hygiene of the vocal organs: A study in longevity or durability

Introduction Morell Mackenzie's The Hygiene of the Vocal Organs: A Practical Handbook for Singers and Speakers (1886), is his only work that has been continually published into the 20th century. Why is this? Method The bibliographic history and details of all the editions from the first in 1886 until the ninth and last in 1928 were examined. Reviews and all other commentary about the book were ascertained though literature and library document searches. Results The book is still in use as the first edition is available online from the Cornell University library, and that hard copy was last taken out from that library on December 19, 1986, and returned with the fine paid on January 8, 1987. It was translated and published in Swedish, French, German, and Spanish. All of the editions are small, inexpensively bound, and printed on inexpensive paper so the cost was minimal in contradistinction to other works on the voice which are larger and expensive. To make it accessible for performers and practitioners, the contents of the earlier editions were modified by placing the technical, anatomical, and physiological information as an appendix. The book was in part criticized by Manuel Garcia in Felix Semon's German journal, Internationales Centralblatt fur Laryngologie, Rhinologie und verwandte Wissenchaften, McKenzie answered these critiques in the seventh edition and noted that Garcia did not know German and that the translator, Semon, was an antagonist. Mackenzie is emphatic in his advice to avoid singing when there's any sign of vocal difficulty. Conclusion The medical advice was, on the whole, good common sense and provided substantial authority for a person to decline a performance—how grateful the singers must have been for that! The Hygiene of the Vocal Organs: A Practical Handbook for Singers and Speakers was, for the professional voice users—singers, actors, speakers, and for their teachers and physicians, a useful, concise, small, inexpensive, and authoritative book. With these virtues noted, we can well understand why it remained in circulation and use for a century. In terms of the dissemination of ideas, this heretofore neglected work may be Mackenzie's most long-lasting contribution to laryngology. Laryngoscope, 124:522–530, 2014
Auditor Size and the Accuracy of Audit Reports: Reputation Theories versus a 'Deep Pockets' Explanation

Existing empirical research and results presented in this paper indicate that large auditors are more accurate than small auditors. Two explanations for this are examined. DeAngelo (1981) has argued that large auditors have a greater incentive to maintain a reputation for accurate auditing. More recently Dye (1995) and Schwartz (1997) have shown that the depth of an auditor's pockets may be an important determinant of auditing accuracy. The aim of this paper is to discriminate between these two explanations. I show that although large auditors are more accurate than small auditors, they also tend to receive relatively more litigation and criticism; moreover, criticised auditors do not appear to suffer losses of clients or lower fees. These findings indicate that reputation is not an important factor in determining auditor accuracy. In contrast to reputation theories, it is shown that a deep pockets model can explain why both accuracy and litigation are positively correlated with auditor size. In addition, the deep pockets model extends previous research on auditor choice by examining how the depth of an auditor's pockets affects the auditor hiring decision (Titman and Trueman 1986; Datar et al. 1991).
Studies on Reduced Ascorbic Acid Content of the Blood Plasma.

SummaryExperimental data is presented confirming the work of Farmer and Abt that the reduced ascorbic acid content of the blood plasma in the “normal” individual parallels the vitamin C intake. Confirmation of this is presented in a controlled dietary experiment using rhesus monkeys. For satisfactory comparative data, determinations should be made on fasting blood specimens. On the basis of the studies recorded, we believe that fasting plasma ascorbic acid levels below 0.7 mg. % are probably sub-optimal. Levels langing between 0.7 and 0.9 mg. % would appear adequate. Optimal levels probably lie above this range. Reduced ascorbic acid plasma levels below 0.5 mg. % must be considered low.†
Abstract LB-420: Long circulating 18 F-labeled liposomes for PET imaging

Liposomes are lipid nanoparticles comprised of phospholipid bilayers with an aqueous interior. They have emerged as promising multi-modality imaging agents and engender significant interest as drug delivery vehicles, e.g. doxorubicin liposomes. Although a number of methods for radiolabeling liposomes with various radionuclides have been developed, 18 F is the most useful for PET imaging. In this study, preformed maleimide-PEG functionalized liposomes with a mean diameter of 70 nm were obtained by sonication of a lipid mixture consisting of DPPC, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG2000-Mal (61:30:9) in acetate buffer (pH 6.5) followed by extrusion. 18 F labeled 2-(2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethanethiol was prepared, followed by conjugation with the maleimide-PEG functionalized liposome in 0.1M acetate buffer (0.1% EDTA), pH 6.5-8.0. Liposome sizes did not differ significantly before and after the 18 F labeling. The overall radiochemical yield of the reaction was 10-25% (n= 12, uncorrected) in a 180 minute radiolabeling time. Micro PET imaging of rats was done at various times, up to 4 hrs, following IV injection of the 18 F liposomes and their bio-distribution was also investigated. Our imaging studies with 18 F liposomes appear comparable to images from previously described labeling methods with 18 F liposomes remaining in the blood pool at 4 hrs. Our results indicate that this will allow the ready availability of 18 F liposomes for vascular imaging and also potentially for cancer imaging. Research Support: This study was funded by the intramural program of the National Institutes of Health. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-420. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-420
Random boundary condition for low-frequency wave propagation

Random boundaries are an attractive computational alternative to damping boundary conditions. In this paper we present a random boundary that is effective at both high-frequencies (Reverse Time Migration) and low-frequencies (waveform inversion). This boundary condition uses larger, irregular shaped randomized velocities that is effective in introducing incoherency in wavefronts at a large range of wave lengths. We compare this boundary condition to alternative implementations on source functions with a range of peak frequencies.
Tuning the Electronic Structure of Graphite Moiré with Chromium Deposition: a Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Study

The growth of chromium (Cr) on moire patterns (MPs) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS). At low coverage, Cr clusters can nucleate at top, bridge and hollow sites of the MP with no long-range or short-range orders. With increasing coverage, the size distribution of the Cr clusters remains constant and narrow, only the population increases. Compared to the situation before Cr deposition, the energy difference (ΔEVHS) between the two van Hove singularities (VHSs) of the twisted HOPG surface layer is enlarged while remaining linearly proportional to the sine of the twisting angle. The distance-dependence of the ΔEVHS enlargement, revealed by STS at extremely low Cr coverage, provides an estimate of each individual cluster’s ability of modifying the graphite’s electronic structure.
Epidemiological investigation of asthma in children aged 0～14 years old in Xi'an city

Objective To investigate epidemiology,distribution feature and influential factors of asthma in children aged 0～14 years old in Xi'an city.Methods In cluster sampling method,12 613 children aged 0～14 years old in Beilin and Xincheng districts of Xi'an city were investigated randomly.Results The accumulative total mobidity rate of asthma in children aged 0～14 years old in Xi'an city was 1.74%,the prevalence rate was 1.31%,and the gender rate was 162:100(the male:the female).The disease occurred predominantly in winter.The asthmatic attack was correlated with gender,respiratory infection,hypersensitiveness and genetic factor.The proportions of early correct diagnosis and administrating inhaling treatment for the patients were both lower.Conclusion In our investigation,the morbidity rate of asthma in children aged 0～14 years old in Xi'an city increased significantly than that ten years ago.The asthmatic attack is influenced by several factors,and changes in live style may be related with increased morbidity rate of asthma.In popularization of standardized treatment of asthma,there is an apparent difference yet contrasted with GINA project.
Recent Judicial Criticism Cases: Audience, Style and Tone Matter

Do courts care about audience, style, and tone when lawyers criticize judges? Three recent state supreme court opinions suggest they do.
Prognosis of T1 synovial sarcoma depends upon surgery by oncologic surgeons.

BACKGROUND The prognosis of early stage synovial sarcomas is not well-defined since long-term follow-up is lacking in most studies. The optimal use of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy needs to be clarified for this group. METHODS From 1994 to 2012, 63 patients were treated for localized synovial sarcoma with T1 (<5 cm) tumors. There were 27 males and 36 females. Mean follow-up was 85 months (range 13-210). RESULTS At 10 years, local recurrence-free survival was 82% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67-97%), and distant recurrence-free survival was 95% (95%CI 89-100%). Two patients developed metastases after 10 years. Local recurrence was associated with lack of re-excision and treatment by non-oncologic surgeons. Microscopic residual tumor was found in 43% of re-excised specimens. Metastasis was associated with local recurrence, tumor size ≥3 cm, and treatment by non-oncologic surgeons. Radiation and chemotherapy treatment did not have a significant effect in this patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS Early stage synovial sarcomas with T1 tumors have a relatively favorable prognosis but the potential for late relapse, and long-term follow-up beyond 10 years is recommended. Re-excision of the tumor bed and definitive treatment by trained oncologic surgeons may decrease the risk of local recurrence and metastasis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:490-494. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A low-cost, radiation-hardened single-board computer for command and data handling

Los Alamos National Laboratory has designed and manufactured a single-board computer (SBC) for deployment in space-flight applications. The SBC is designed to meet the command- and data-handling requirements for missions requiring true space-grade radiation hardness and fault tolerance, exceeding those that are typical in CubeSat and SmallSat applications but at a substantially lower cost, lower power, and smaller form factor than encountered in the space-grade solution space available from the large aerospace manufacturers. The SBC leverages the MicroTCA standard, which makes it smaller than common 6U-sized solutions but still allows interoperability with a diverse ecosystem of commercial development equipment. The design uses QMLV or Class-S parts with total-ionizing-dose tolerance appropriate for deployment on long-term missions in MEO or GEO environments. The design uses a space-quality dual-core processor ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), memories, and interfaces to meet the command- and data-handling requirements of medium-sized missions. Consuming only 5 W and measuring less than 7 inches × 6 inches, the design supports 9-gigabit/s class bidirectional SerDes links, 6 SpaceWire ports, redundant MIL-STD-1553B ports, 32 Mbytes of EDAC protected SRAM, 2 GBytes of nonvolatile memory, and supports 200 MFLOPS operation. Custom intellectual property (IP) has been developed for the FPGA to handle the interface to the nonvolatile memories and to provide error detection and correction for instrument boards elsewhere in the payload. The processor can run VxWorks™, RTEMS, or Linux. Cooling and mechanical hardness is achieved with a custom conduction-cooled frame that fits around the MicroTCA-form-factor printed circuit board.
Performance analysis of LTE and Wi-Fi in unlicensed band using stochastic geometry

In this paper, the multi-channel performance of large scale deployment of Long Term Evolution (LTE) in Unlicensed (LTE-U) band and WiFi using stochastic geometry is studied. LTE-U and WiFi cell placement is modeled as a Poisson Point Process (PPP), while transmission activity is modeled as hardcore simple sequential inhibition (SSI) point processes, which have been shown to accurately model Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) access. This stochastic geometry based framework is used to analyze the co-existence of LTE-U and WiFi systems operating in the same set of available channels in unlicensed band. Several interesting results are derived. First, it is shown that fair coexistence can be achieved by LTE-U implementing a Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) protocol. Different variations of LBT are explored to improve the co-existence. Secondly, it is shown that the classical hidden node problem can severely affect performance, and that channel selection mechanisms can significantly alleviate the problem.
A NEW SPECIES OF JANUS STEPHENS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) FROM INDONESIAN

Janus ecarinatus , n.sp., is described from western Kalimantan, Indonesia, This is the first record of the family Cephidae for Indonesia, the most southern in Asia, and one of the few know from the Southern Hemisphere. The absence of a genal carina and the long cercus are two of the significant characters that separate it from other species of Janus .
Prehistoric Molluscan Faunas of the Yazoo River, Mississippi, USA: Archaeological Perspectives for Modern Conservation

Archaeological faunal assemblages can provide data valuable to modern conservation ecology. For example, while freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae, Margaritiferidae) are common constituents in ...
Taxonomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Aquatic Microorganisms

The principles behind the taxonomy of the microorganisms, especially the ­molecular approach (using the sequence of the 16S RNA in the small subunit of the ribosome) in the identification of bacteria, are discussed. The detailed taxonomy of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses (including bacteriophages) is discussed, and emphasis is laid on those microorganisms which are aquatic. The chapter includes information on some of the smaller macroorganisms found in water such as nematodes and rotifers. The activities of aquatic microorganisms in photosynthesis, and the global cycling of nitrogen and sulfur is discussed.
The impact of the “Yogic Lifestyle” on cancer prognosis and survival: Can we target cancer stem cells with yoga?

Cancer has recently been known to originate from stem cell-like cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Their unique properties of self-duplication, multiplication, as well as migration give the CSC resistance over conventional cancer therapies. Newer therapies are in developmental stage to target these stem cell-like populations and become the vanguard of future treatments. Several complementary and alternative treatments have been used in cancer management as an adjunct to conventional therapy to improve the overall quality of life and reduce recurrence. Yoga stands as the third most popular of all complementary and alternative medicine treatments currently used in cancer patients today. Preliminary results show that yoga modulates neural, hormonal, and immune functions at a cellular level. The scope of this commentary is to discuss the current evidence-based medicine on yoga and its effect on CSCs.
Glacierized headwater streams as aquifer recharge corridors, subarctic Alaska

Arctic river discharge has increased in recent decades although sources and mechanisms remain debated. Abundant literature documents permafrost thaw and mountain glacier shrinkage over the past decades. Here we link glacier runoff to aquifer recharge via a losing headwater stream in subarctic Interior Alaska. Field measurements in Jarvis Creek (634 km2), a subbasin of the Tanana and Yukon Rivers, show glacier meltwater runoff as a large component (15–28%) of total annual streamflow despite low glacier cover (3%). About half of annual headwater streamflow is lost to the aquifer (38 to 56%). The estimated long-term change in glacier-derived aquifer recharge exceeds the observed increase in Tanana River base flow. Our findings suggest a linkage between glacier wastage, aquifer recharge along the headwater stream corridor, and lowland winter discharge. Accordingly, glacierized headwater streambeds may serve as major aquifer recharge zones in semiarid climates and therefore contributing to year-round base flow of lowland rivers.
Managing Resource Allocation: Personal Reflections From a Managerial Perspective:

The problem of resource allocation is central to economics. It is also central to the strategic management of companies. Despite considerable research by management scholars describing the process ...
Simple Univariate Density Estimation

A fundamental concept in the analysis of univariate data is the probability density function. Let X be a random variable that has probability density function f(x). The density function describes the distribution of X and allows probabilities to be determined using the relation $$P(a < X < b) = \int\limits_a^b {f(u)du.} $$
New Trends in Psychoactive Drug Use

Over the past two decades in particular, there has been increasing concern over a subset of psychoactive substances new on the drug scene. While some have received a substantial amount of media coverage in recent years, many of these substances are unheard of by the vast populous; in fact, only a niche group of drug users may know of their existence previous to their eventual exposure to the public. There is, however, a good base for understanding these emerging drugs as presented in this chapter. A framework is presented to better grapple with emerging drug trends given this knowledge base. This provides a solid foundation to expand on previous research while minimizing the temptation of including anecdotal and circumstantial evidence when drawing conclusions on emerging drug trends.