cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistic Analysis of Published Articles in “Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi” from 2008 to 2012

In order to further understand and grasp the situation of the published articles in"Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi"in recent years,we took the published articles in this journal from 2008 to 2012 as the studied objects,carried out statistic analysis from the aspects of published article,article citation,fund program,author's information,publishing period and so on,and found out some disparities and insufficiencies,which will be helpful to improve the academic influence and competitiveness of this journal.
Evaluation on the effect of measles elimination in Yichang City

Objective To analyze the effect of measles elimination in Yichang City,and find out the existing problems and research solutions,so as to further consolidate the achievements of measles elimination.Methods To compare and evaluate the measures taken in the implementation of measles elimination in Yichang City.Results By maintaining a high level of 2-shot vaccination rate,the incidence rate of measles was reduced to a lower level,measles antibody positive conversion rate was rising,only adult and lower age group had a higher measles incidence.The children of the migrant workers and immune-blank population remained to be the key population for measles elimination.Conclusions To maintain a high level of 2-shot vaccination rate,the enhancement of measles vaccine coverage rate and the improvement of vaccination coverage for medical staff and other key groups were the most important measures to consolidate the elimination of measles.
NMR Analysis of the Structure and Metal Sequestering Properties of Metallothioneins

Multinuclear i and 2 dimensional magnetic resonance methods have been used to investigate the structures and metal binding properties of metallothioneins (MTs) isolated from several different sources. 113Cd NMR studies have unambiguously shown that the 7 g-atoms of Cd2+ bound per mole of the mammalian MT are located in two separate metal clusters, one containing 4 metal ions and the other, 3 metal ions. In the invertebrate (Scylla serrata) MT, similar studies have revealed that the 6 g-atoms of bound Cd2+ are distributed in two distinct 3-metal clusters while in Neurospora MT, the 3 g-atoms of bound Cd2+ are arranged n a pseudo 3-metal cluster. With the exception of one of the Cd2+ sites in this latter cluster, all the Cd2+ ions are tetrahedrally coordinated to four cysteine thiolate ligands with single cysteinyl sulfurs bridging adjacent metals. These conclusions are based on the 113Cd chhffical shift data and a detailed analysis of the observed 113Cd-113Cd scalar couplings by both homonuclear decoupling and 2D techniques. In addition, the 113Cd NMR studies have revealed significant differences in the affinity of different metal ions for the two mammalian metal clusters. For the 3-metal cluster the affinity is found to decrease in the order Cu+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ with Cd2+ > Zn2+ for the 4 metal cluster and Cd2+ (4-metal cluster) > Cd2+ (3-metal cluster). The 113Cd NMR data are currently being integrated with 500 MHz 2D 1H and 1H-113Cd chemical shift correlated multiple quantum data sets to more completely define the structural arrangement of the metal clusters in the tertiary structure of these proteins.
Neoplasms of the Cranial Nerves

Abstract Schwannomas, optic pathway gliomas (OPGs), and primary central nervous system lymphomas are the three main types of tumors that affect the cranial nerves. Schwannomas are the most common and they affect the vestibular nerve most often. They have characteristic findings on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to meningiomas. Gliomas of the cranial nerves are far less common; however, gliomas of the optic nerve/chiasm (OPGs) have a higher incidence and are associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. MRI with gadolinium will demonstrate enhancement of the involved segment of the nerve. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is typically a disease associated with immunocompromised patients. These tumors rarely involve a single cranial nerve without extension from the parenchyma, though PCNSL of the cranial nerves alone have been reported. This tumor is best imaged using MRI and newer imaging modalities such as MR single-photon-emission CT and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography scans.
Does the Concept of Affordance Add Anything to Explanations of Stimulus–Response Compatibility Effects?

Abstract The concept of affordance has been increasingly applied to stimulus–response compatibility effects over the past 25 years, for which most explanations have been from an information-processing perspective. We consider affordance accounts offered from the ecological perception approach associated with J. J. Gibson and from the information-processing approach (which we call representational affordance accounts). With regard to the latter, we discuss whether any value is gained by incorporating a concept from one worldview (ecological psychology) into explanations within another worldview (information processing). We discuss shortcomings of the representational affordance approach in general, including lack of clear justification and definition for the concept of affordance representation, and critically evaluate several lines of research that have been interpreted as support for specific affordances. We conclude that there is little evidence to justify application of the concept of affordance to laboratory studies of stimulus–response compatibility effects, either in its ecological form or when it is divorced from direct perception and instead paired with a representational/computational approach.
Abstract 436: Hypercholesterolemia Impairs Erythropoiesis in an Intrinsic Scavenger Receptor BI Deficiency-dependent Manner

Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is an HDL receptor. SR-BI-/- mice display abnormal erythropoiesis as indicated by reticulocytosis, accumulation of erythroid cells in spleen and blockage of erythroblast development. Previous studies proposed that hypercholesterolemia induced by SR-BI deficiency led to the abnormal erythropoiesis in SR-BI-/- mice. However, the expression of SR-BI on erythroid cells leaves us to ask what the role of intrinsic SR-BI in erythropoiesis is. In this study, we utilized three independent animal models to assess the hypothesis that intrinsic SR-BI is required for erythropoiesis and its deficiency is permissive for hypercholesterolemia to impact erythropoiesis. First, in an LDLR knockout model, we found that SR-BI+/+ LDLR-/- mice had high cholesterol concentrations similar to SR-BI-/-LDLR+/+ mice, but had normal erythropoiesis. In contrast, SR-BI-/- LDLR-/- mice had a 2.2-fold increase in reticulocyte percentage, 40% increase in spleen erythroid cells, and a significant increase in the early-to-late erythroblast ratio compared with SR-BI-/- LDLR+/+ mice, suggesting that hypercholesterolemia can exacerbate the abnormal erythropoiesis only in the absence of SR-BI. Secondly, in a liver specific SR-BI deficiency model (SR-BI I179N mutant mice), we found that a 90% decrease in liver SR-BI expression in the mutant mice resulted in a 70% increase in plasma cholesterol concentrations, but did not induce reticulocytosis or spleen erythroid cell accumulation, implying the existence of other factor rather than SR-BI deficiency-induced hypercholesterolemia. Finally, in a bone marrow transplantation model, we found that compared with those received SR-BI+/+ BMCs, SR-BI+/+ mice receiving SR-BI-/- BMCs had a more than 2-fold increase in reticulocyte percentage, 32% increase in spleen erythroid cells, and a more than 5-fold increase in early-to-late erythroblast ratio. Conversely, SR-BI+/+ BMCs injection decreased the percentage and number of erythroid cells in spleen and the early-to-late erythroblast ratio in SR-BI-/- mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that intrinsic SR-BI is required for erythropoiesis and hypercholesterolemia impairs erythropoiesis in an intrinsic SR-BI deficiency-dependent manner.
Why Parents Disenroll Children from Public Health Insurance: The Case of Southeastern North Carolina

Nationally, less than 50 percent of children reenroll in the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), a program for children from families with incomes too high to qualify for Medicaid, b...
Sequencing of Setups in Automated Setup and Fixture Planning

Abstract The computer aided process planning (CAPP) is bridge between computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM). Setup planning is one of the important tasks in the computer aided process planning. Setup planning consists of identification of tool approach direction (TAD), clustering the manufacturing features based on shared TAD and tolerance relations among the features, setup sequencing between the setups and operation sequencing within the setups. This paper mainly focuses on setup sequencing such that cycle precedence (conflicts between the setups) is resolved. There are most likely chances to occur cycle precedence between the setups at time of setup formation. We use an expert system (knowledge based approach) to avoid such conflicts by break down the setups into smaller setups with the minimum violation of tolerance relations. This approach gives optimal setup plan that is minimum number of setups without any cycle conflicts followed by fixture planning.
Measurements of humpback whale song sound levels received by a calf in association with a singera)

Male humpback whales produce loud “songs” on the wintering grounds and some sing while escorting mother–calf pairs, exposing them to near-continuous sounds at close proximity. An Acousonde acoustic and movement recording tag deployed on a calf off Maui, Hawaii captured sounds produced by a singing male escort. Root-mean-square received levels ranged from 126 to 158 dB re 1 μPa. These levels represent rare direct measurements of sound to which a newly born humpback calf may be naturally exposed by a conspecific, and may provide a basis for informed decisions regarding anthropogenic sound levels projected near calves.
The Functional Significance of Cerebral Specialization

Eric Lenneberg’s studies of the biological foundations of language are classic documentations of the intimate relation between the maturation of the brain and maturation of behavior. Lenneberg carefully followed the development of speech and language skills in the growing child and showed impressive correlations between milestones in the acquisition of language and the attainment of adult values of various parameters of brain maturation. The latter included cell body volume of neurons in the cortex, dendritic arborization, gray-cell coefficient, and the chemical composition. of cerebral white matter. Lenneberg (1967) showed that these values of brain maturation, taken together with various indices of cerebral specialization of function, predict the point at which the child first puts words together (70% of adult brain values or around 20 months), and the time when language is quite clearly a part of the child’s behavioral repertoire, but not yet fully developed (i.e., around 85% of adult brain values and around 4 years of age). Of these variables indexing the state of maturation of the brain, cerebral specialization is the only one for which there are simple methods of observation in the normal child and adult.
Valid statistical approaches for analyzing sholl data: Mixed effects versus simple linear models.

Abstract Background The Sholl technique is widely used to quantify dendritic morphology. Data from such studies, which typically sample multiple neurons per animal, are often analyzed using simple linear models. However, simple linear models fail to account for intra-class correlation that occurs with clustered data, which can lead to faulty inferences. New method Mixed effects models account for intra-class correlation that occurs with clustered data; thus, these models more accurately estimate the standard deviation of the parameter estimate, which produces more accurate p-values. While mixed models are not new, their use in neuroscience has lagged behind their use in other disciplines. Results A review of the published literature illustrates common mistakes in analyses of Sholl data. Analysis of Sholl data collected from Golgi-stained pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of male and female mice using both simple linear and mixed effects models demonstrates that the p-values and standard deviations obtained using the simple linear models are biased downwards and lead to erroneous rejection of the null hypothesis in some analyses. Comparison with existing methods The mixed effects approach more accurately models the true variability in the data set, which leads to correct inference. Conclusions Mixed effects models avoid faulty inference in Sholl analysis of data sampled from multiple neurons per animal by accounting for intra-class correlation. Given the widespread practice in neuroscience of obtaining multiple measurements per subject, there is a critical need to apply mixed effects models more widely.
The impact of wind power growth and hydrological uncertainty on financial losses from oversupply events in hydropower-dominated systems

Abstract The rapid expansion of variable renewable energy (e.g., wind and solar) can make it more difficult to balance electricity supply and demand at a grid-scale. While much attention has focused on the risk of unexpected generation shortfalls, periods of oversupply (when supply is greater than demand) also present challenges that can lead to financial losses for utilities and/or consumers when renewable energy is “curtailed”. A unique form of oversupply occurs in hydro-dominated systems. Although hydropower is thought to offer a highly flexible resource that can complement variable renewable energy, seasonal variability in streamflows and the presence of environmental regulations can create complex oversupply conditions if renewable energy is plentiful. In this study, an integrated hydro-economic model is developed to assess the frequency and severity of financial losses arising from oversupply in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, a hydro-dominated system with rapidly growing wind power generation. Present value losses over 25 years (2016–2040) are evaluated under several future scenarios including increased wind capacity, electricity price uncertainty, and expanded transmission capacity for moving excess electricity to export markets. Results indicate that oversupply losses will increase as a function of installed wind capacity, with the extent of this increase sensitive to future electricity prices. In the case of adding transmission capacity to alleviate oversupply losses, the cost of this infrastructure is substantially more than the associated reduction in losses and is therefore difficult to justify.
Audition in Elasmobranchs

This article presents a current assessment of elasmobranch auditory biology and an evaluation of future directions for research. Excellent review articles have recently detailed the pre-1975 development of this field (Popper and Fay 1977, Myrberg 1978), so I will not emphasize that work. Instead, I will focus on more recent investigations, including some new data.
Can We Cure Genetic Disorders

The question posed in this chapter—namely, “Can we cure genetic disorders?”—is straightforward. The answer is anything but simple, the best answer, in fact, being “Yes, no, and maybe.” If cure is defined as dictionaries define it, (that is, “to restore health,” or “to treat successfully,” or “to succeed with a course of medical treatment”), then current approaches to some genetic disorders qualify. For instance, lifelong restriction of dietary phenylalanine in a neonate with classical phenylketonuria is likely “to restore health” and “to succeed with a course of medical treatment.” Treatment of Wilson’s disease with D-penicillamine and of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with adrenal steroid hormones and of diabetes mellitus with insulin are other examples of successful medical treatments of genetic disorders. But I contend that we ordinarily reserve the word cure for those situations in which the cause of the disorder is eliminated and treatment can be discontinued without relapse (as in the cure of pneumococcal pneumonia with penicillin or of appendicitis by appendectomy). Given this more restrictive definition, the only genetic disorders that we currently cure are those that can be managed surgically (e.g., the correction of cleft palate, the repair of a congenital heart defect, or colectomy for familial polyposis of the colon). Even in these instances, the primary cause of the disorder (i.e., the genetic factors or mutations) has not been addressed. In truth, if we use elimination of the mutant gene as the criterion defining the cure of any genetic disorder, we will never cure any of them because new mutations are occurring all the time, and because I cannot foresee being able to replace defective genes by normal ones in all cells of an affected patient— regardless of how sophisticated we become in our ability to understand and manipulate DNA.
Behavioral medicine and behavioral health research and practice: An introduction to the Special Issue.

Abstract The field of behavioral medicine continues to have a major impact on psychological science and public health. Presently, the field of behavioral medicine is undergoing rapid development and continues to evolve as a sub-discipline in allied disciplines. This Special Issue highlights emerging work that contributes to the evolution of behavioral medicine as pertaining to behavioral, psychosocial, and biomedical science integration to prevent, diagnose, and treat illness and disease. The present introductory article calls attention to research in behavioral medicine in the larger context of behavioral health research and practice and encourages continued research in this area. Research presented in this Special Issue covers a variety of topics, ranging from the role of cognition and emotion in behavioral disorders, development and refinement of novel technological and integrated interventions, substance use comorbidity, sexual health across special populations, and social determinants of health. This Special Issue is organized into three parts classified as transdiagnostic processes in health behavior and physical illness; personalization of health-specific therapeutic tactics in modern day healthcare in behavioral medicine; and social determinants of health and health disparities in behavioral medicine among special populations. It is hoped that this issue will alert readers to the significance of this work, illustrate the many domains currently being explored via innovative approaches, and identify promising and impactful areas for research.
Bitcoin Dilemma: Is Popularity Destroying Value?

Abstract I measure the amount of congestion in the Bitcoin network by the time to execute a trade and find that congestion is harming Bitcoin's ability to function as a method of trade. The average time to execute a Bitcoin transaction increased from 30 min in 2016 to 413 min in 2018. I find that the congestion is associated with higher transaction fees and reduced volume. The congestion is also creating a distortion in Bitcoin price. The relationship between congestion and price is strongest during the business hours of East Asia.
Model Reduction of A Real Time Multidisciplinary Mechatronic System

Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of the techniques from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and information technology, which influences each other mutually. The mechatronic systems are always composed of a number of subsystems with various controllers, and they are large scale systems. The models of large scale systems are always resulted in complex form and high in dimension, making the computation for modeling, simulation and control design become very complicated, or even beyond the solutions provided by conventional engineering methods. Therefore, a simplified model obtained by using model order reduction technique, which can preserve the dominant physical parameters and reveal the performance limiting factor, is preferred. This paper employs a two-wheeled self-balancing scooter as the subject of the study in research on large scale mechatronic system. Efforts have been put on developing a completed mathematical modeling method based on a unified framework from variational method for both mechanical subsystem and electrical subsystem in the scooter. In order to decrease the computation efforts in simulation and control design, Routh model reduction technique was chosen from various model reduction techniques so as to obtain a low dimensional model. Matlab simulation is used to predict the system response based on the simplified model and related control design. Its performance is verified in test runs on the experimental prototype realized with Labview control system.
Teacher shortage as a local phenomenon: District leader sensemaking, responses, and implications for policy

While the teacher shortage is a national crisis, the manifestations of the shortage are felt most acutely at the local district level. The diversity of these micro-contexts often leads to disparities in the ways local school systems are served by large-scale initiatives. District leaders provide an important lens for understanding the localized manifestation of teacher shortages. This research contributes to the existing macro-level literature on teacher shortages through investigation of the ways in which district leaders in West Virginia make sense of and respond to the teacher shortage. As part of a broader study, we share analyses of interviews with seven district leaders across five county school districts and highlight the ways in which leaders made sense of the phenomenon in paradoxical ways, both in terms of the most salient causes as well as the perceived locus of control in addressing the teacher shortage. Findings also highlight the way district leader sensemaking led to action, with responses differing based on relative affordances of metropolitan versus rural contexts. We conclude with implications for policy and research to further understand the local nature of teacher shortages and to address the problem, particularly in rural contexts underserved by current research and policy.
Graphical Authentication Passcode Memorability: Context, Length, and Number:

Authentication verifies users’ identities to protect against costly attacks. Graphical authentication schemes utilize pictures as passcodes rather than strings of characters, numbers, and symbols. ...
HPV-Related Multiphenotypic Sinonasal Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Objectives Human papilloma virus-related multi phenotypic sinonasal carcinoma (HMSC), a recently characterized sinonasal malignancy, is discussed including histology, clinical presentation, and treatment outcomes. Study design Case report with literature review. Methods A case of HMSC is reported, as well as a retrospective review of all cases of HMSC reported in the English literature from January 2000 through May 2018 in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. Case data from selected articles was pooled along with the presented case and analyzed. Results Including the present case report, a total of 57 cases of HMSC were identified through literature review. Of the 42 cases with staging information, 25 (60%) presented as early-stage disease (T1/T2). No nodal metastasis or disease-specific mortalities were reported. Among the 44 cases with posttreatment follow-up data, 16 cases (36.4%) developed local recurrence. The majority of recurrences occurred 24 to 60 months posttreatment, although reports of recurrence 10 and 29 years posttreatment exist. Local recurrence occurred in 40% and 60% of patients with perineural invasion and bone invasion, respectively. Patients who developed local recurrence had a longer disease-free interval when treated with adjuvant radiotherapy, which approached statistical significance. Conclusions HMSC is a distinct entity with paradoxically aggressive morphology paired with an indolent clinical course characterized by high rates of local recurrence but no reported disease-specific mortalities to date. Surgery with or without adjuvant radiotherapy is the most common treatment modality, and adjuvant radiotherapy may be associated with an increased disease-free interval among patients with local recurrence. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:106-110, 2021.
Genomic Structure, Evolutionary Origins, and Reproductive Function of a Large Amplified Intrinsically Disordered Protein-Coding Gene on the X Chromosome (Laidx) in Mice.

Mouse sex chromosomes are enriched for co-amplified gene families, present in tens to hundreds of copies. Co-amplification of Slx/Slxl1 on the X chromosome and Sly on the Y chromosome are involved in dose-dependent meiotic drive, however the role of other co-amplified genes remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the co-amplified gene family on the X chromosome, Srsx, along with two additional partial gene annotations, is actually part of a larger transcription unit, which we name Laidx. Laidx is harbored in a 229 kb amplicon that represents the ancestral state as compared to a 525 kb Y-amplicon containing the rearranged Laidy. Laidx contains a 25,011 nucleotide open reading frame, predominantly expressed in round spermatids, predicted to encode an 871 kD protein. Laidx has orthologous copies with the rat and also the 825-MY diverged parasitic Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, the likely result of a horizontal gene transfer of rodent Laidx to an ancestor of the liver fluke. To assess the male reproductive functions of Laidx, we generated mice carrying a multi-megabase deletion of the Laidx-ampliconic region. Laidx-deficient male mice do not show detectable reproductive defects in fertility, fecundity, testis histology, and offspring sex ratio. We speculate that Laidx and Laidy represent a now inactive X vs. Y chromosome conflict that occurred in an ancestor of present day mice.
Evaluation of application of bone marrow cavity infusion in neonatal emergency with severe or acute disease

Objective To observe and explore the effect of bone marrow cavity infusion in neonatal emergency with severe or acute disease. Methods 64 neonates with severe or acute disease accepted emergency in our hospital from January 2012 to February 2014 were selected. The children were randomly divided into the observation group and control group.32 patients in the observation group accepted marrow cavity infusion treatment, while 32 patients in the control group received intravenous infusion.The infusion channel completion time, infusion rate at atmospheric pressure and with infusion pump were compared, as well as first time success rate and complications were observed. Results Infusion channel completion time, infusion rate at atmospheric pressure and with infusion pump of the observation group were (2.1±0.7)min,(11.3±1.8)mL/min and(28.2±5.1)mL/min,those of the control group were(5.9±1.8)min,(11.7±1.4)mL/min and(27.6±5.6)mL/min,the difference of the completion time of infusion channel was statistically significant between the two groups(P 0.05);31 cases in observation group punctured successfully at the first time, the success rate was 93.8%,while 23 cases in the control group punctured successfully at the first time, the success rate was 71.9%,the difference was statistically significant(P< 0.05);7 patients died of severe underlying disease in observation group, other complications such as osteomyelitis and local swelling did not occur, the incidence rate of complication was 21.9%,while 13 patients died in the control group,4 cases with osteomyelitis,5 cases with local swelling,and the incidence rate of complication was 68.9%,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Marrow transfusion can quickly establish channels for newborns emergency aid, gain time for the rescue, thus providing the opportunity for the newborn survival. Key words: Bone marrow cavity infusion; Neonatal emergency; Intravenous infusion
Moral distress in pediatric otolaryngology: A pilot study.

Abstract Objectives 1. Determine the prevalence of moral distress for pediatric otolaryngologists at a tertiary medical center 2. Evaluate the impact of demographic variables on moral distress levels. Subjects/methods Moral distress is defined as “when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action”. The Moral Distress Survey-Revised (MDS-R) is a validated 21-question survey measuring moral distress in pediatrics. The MDS-R was anonymously distributed to pediatric otolaryngology faculty and fellows at a tertiary institution. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Results Response rate was 89% (16/18). Overall MDS-R score was 40 (range 14–94), which is lower than that found in the literature for pediatric surgeons (reported mean 72), pediatric intensivists (reported means 57–86), and similar to pediatric oncologists (reported means 42–52). Fellows had a significantly higher level of moral distress than faculty (mean 69 vs. 26, p Conclusion Pediatric Otolaryngologists at our institution have lower degrees of moral distress compared to other pediatric subspecialists. Fellows had higher levels of distress compared to faculty. Further research is necessary to determine degrees of distress across institutions and to determine its impact on the wellness of pediatric otolaryngologists.
Efficacy of a five-minute compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation class compared to thirty-minute instruction among college students

Abstract Objective To determine if 5-minute compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCO-CPR) instruction is as effective as 30-minute instruction in improving participant knowledge and comfort with performing CCO-CPR as well as teaching CPR quality and responsiveness to an Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA). Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial of university undergraduates was performed. Participants were randomized to either a 5-minute (experimental) or 30-minute (control) CCO-CPR instruction class. Pre- and post-testing was performed with a written and simulation test. Measurements collected assessed rate and depth of compressions, time to call 911, and time to start chest compressions. Prior to instruction, subjects’ baseline measurements of CPR performance were evaluated during a standardized sudden death scenario using a Laerdal SkillreporterTM mannequin. The written test and scenario were repeated after either the five or 30 ​minute CCO-CPR instruction using the same outcome measures. Statistical tests of association for categorical variables were assessed using the chi-square test and the independent samples t-test was utilized for continuous variables. All tests were two-sided and the level of significance was set at α ​= ​0.05. Results Among the 59 participants, 28 received 5 ​minutes of instruction and 31 received 30 ​minutes. Fifteen (25.4%) individuals reported prior CPR training. Post intervention, all measurements reached statistically significant improvements in each group but there was no difference between the two groups improvement in depth of compressions (experimental group: 41.8 ​mm, 95% CI 36.6–43.4 vs control group: 46.5 ​mm, 95% CI 40.9–48.3, p ​= ​0.06), compressions per minute (114.3 cpm, 95% CI 105.5–122.0 vs 121.1 cpm, 95% CI 115.1–131.4, p ​= ​0.10), time to starting chest compressions (13.5 vs 12.4 ​sec, p ​= ​0.45), or time to calling 911 (8.34 vs 7.65 ​sec, p ​= ​0.58). Further, there was a statistically significant improvement in participants that said they would probably or definitely perform CCO-CPR in real life after both interventions but no difference between the groups (100% of the experimental group and 93.5% of the control group p ​ Conclusion Five-minute instruction is not inferior to 30-minute instruction at teaching undergraduate students how to perform quality bystander CCO-CPR.
Adult opioid poisonings by drug, intent, and resource use from the United States National Poison Data System from 2005–2018

Deaths due to an opioid overdose nearly doubled from 2013 to 2017. Our objective is to describe the trends in intent, healthcare resource use, and clinical outcomes among adults with opioid exposur...
Abstract TMP86: Telestroke Improves Guideline-Based Comprehensive Stroke Care: The TELECAST Trial

Introduction: Limited access to stroke specialist expertise produces disparities in inpatient stroke treatment. The impact of telestroke on the remote delivery of guideline-based inpatient stroke c...
Bridging the communal gap: The politics of “Hindu–Muslim” Salman Bhaijaan

Of the three Khans that dominate Bombay cinema, Salman Khan enjoys fan popularity amongst Muslims in India. This adoration and identification for Khan is surprising particularly because he has been...
Association of the V122I Transthyretin Amyloidosis Genetic Variant With Cardiac Structure and Function in Middle-aged Black Adults: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

Importance The variant V122I is commonly enriched in the transthyretin (TTR) gene in individuals of African ancestry and associated with greater risk of heart failure (HF) in older adulthood, after age 65 years. Prevention of HF may be most effective earlier in life, but whether screening with echocardiography can identify subclinical cardiac abnormalities during middle age to risk-stratify individuals appears to be unknown. Objective To examine the association between the V122ITTRvariant and cardiac structure and function during middle age in those without prevalent HF. Design, Setting, and Participants This serial cross-sectional study of 875 Black participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort was conducted at 4 urban sites across the US. Recruiting was completed in 1985-1986, and follow-up examinations occurred 25 and 30 years later. A subset of Black adults from the CARDIA cohort who underwentTTRgenotyping was included. Data analysis was completed from January 2020 to October 2020. Exposures The V122ITTRgenotype. Main Outcomes and Measures Echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) circumferential and longitudinal systolic strain and LV structure, measured at years 25 and 30 of follow-up. The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, echocardiography quality, genetic ancestry, and field center. Results Among the 875 Black adults (mean [SD] age, 49.4 [3.8] years at year 25; 543 women [62.1%]), there were 31 individuals who were heterozygous and 1 who was homozygous for the V122ITTRvariant. Of the adults who had an echocardiogram at year 25, rates of hypertension (312 [46%]), diabetes (102 [15%]), and current smoking (128 [19%]) were not significantly different between those who did and did not carry V122ITTR. At year 25, there was no difference in LV circumferential strain, longitudinal strain, or LV structure between those who did vs did not carry V122ITTR. At year 30, those who carried V122ITTRhad significantly lower absolute LV circumferential strain (mean [SD], 12.4 [4.2] percentage units) compared with those who did not carry the variant (mean [SD], 14.5 [3.7] percentage units). Those who carried V122ITTRalso had significantly higher LV mass index values (mean [SD], 97.5 [34.1] g/m2) compared with those who did not (mean [SD], 83.7 [22.6] g/m2) at year 30. Conclusions and Relevance Carrier status for the V122ITTRvariant is associated with subclinical cardiac abnormalities in middle age (worse LV systolic function and higher LV mass) that have been associated with increased risk of incident HF. Midlife screening of individuals who carry V122ITTRwith echocardiography may prognosticate risk of symptomatic HF and inform prevention strategies.
Investigating the Effect of Background Knowledge on Natural Questions

Existing work shows the benefits of integrating KBs with textual evidence for QA only on questions that are answerable by KBs alone (Sun et al., 2019). In contrast, real world QA systems often have to deal with questions that might not be directly answerable by KBs. Here, we investigate the effect of integrating background knowledge from KBs for the Natural Questions (NQ) task. We create a subset of the NQ data, Factual Questions (FQ), where the questions have evidence in the KB in the form of paths that link question entities to answer entities but still must be answered using text, to facilitate further research into KB integration methods. We propose and analyze a simple, model-agnostic approach for incorporating KB paths into text-based QA systems and establish a strong upper bound on FQ for our method using an oracle retriever. We show that several variants of Personalized PageRank based fact retrievers lead to a low recall of answer entities and consequently fail to improve QA performance. Our results suggest that fact retrieval is a bottleneck for integrating KBs into real world QA datasets
Conversion of ammonia‐pretreated switchgrass to biofuel precursors by bacterial–fungal consortia under solid‐state and submerged‐state cultivation

Aim The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate bacterial-fungal communities to deconstruct switchgrass to biofuel precursors. Methods and Results Bacterial-fungal consortia, mesophilic (25 °C) and thermophilic (50 °C), were enriched from switchgrass bales from which enzyme mixtures were used to deconstruct delignified switchgrass (DSG). The bacterial-fungal consortia were able to produce enzymes including endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, xylosidase and pectinase to convert DSG to soluble carbohydrates. 454 pyrosequencing revealed that Paenibacillus and Streptomyces were the dominant bacteria in the mesophilic and thermophilic consortia, respectively. Penicillium and Acremonium were the dominant fungi in the mesophilic consortia, whereas Aspergillus and Penicillium were the dominant fungi present in the thermophilic consortia. Conclusions The results show that the state of cultivation, solid-state or submerged-state, affects the community structure as well as enzyme activities produced by these bacterial-fungal consortia. The enzyme mixture produced by the bacterial-fungal consortia released higher amount of xylose than glucose during saccharification of DSG. Significance and Impact of the Study The study provides a novel approach to produce enzymes for conversion of lignocellulolytic feedstocks to soluble sugars which can be used to produce biofuel precursors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and conformation of backbone N-aminated peptides.

Abstract The chemical modification of peptides is a promising approach for the design of protein-protein interaction inhibitors and peptide-based drug candidates. Among several peptidomimetic strategies, substitution of the amide backbone maintains side-chain functionality that may be important for engagement of biological targets. Backbone amide substitution has been largely limited to N-alkylation, which can promote cis amide geometry and disrupt important H-bonding interactions. In contrast, N-amination of peptides induces distinct backbone geometries and maintains H-bond donor capacity. In this chapter we discuss the conformational characteristics of designed N-amino peptides and present a detailed protocol for their synthesis on solid support. The described methods allow for backbone N-amino scanning of biologically active parent sequences.
Parallel Plate Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Source for Destroying Bacteria and Biofilms

Cold atmospheric pressure (CAP) plasma has been shown to kill bacteria and destroy biofilms through reactive etch and sputter activity. CAP plasma could be used to debride wounds or to remove bacteria from surfaces, including in the food processing industry where microbial contaminants are a source of food-borne illness. We have developed a parallel plate, capacitive discharge device operating at 20 kHz and 3–5 kV. The device is fabricated from a Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic (LTCC) and can be varied in both discharge width (0.2-5 cm) and gap (0.1-3 mm). The two silver metal electrodes for the discharge are completely covered with a 35 μm layer of LTCC. Multiple CAP sources can be stacked together to produce arrays of sources. Mass flow controllers allow argon and oxygen to flow between the plates during the discharge. The CAP plasma has been shown to completely remove 4-day E. coli 0157:H7 biofilms from glass coverslips and kill Staph. aureus cells in 2-day biofilms. Channels etched in the biofilm have been measured with a stylus profilometer and indicate removal rates of > 50 nm/s. CAP plasma also caused a 3-log reduction in viable colony forming units (CFU) with less than 150 s exposure. The source is currently being optimized in terms of operating power, gas flows, and geometry to improve the biofilm removal rate. These results will be presented.
A neural network for Euclidean distance minimization

An electronic neural network for the Euclidean distance minimization problem, implemented in VLSI-based hardware, is described. The convergence properties of the neural-network hardware are investigated and compared with computer simulation results. The neural network's ability to find the 'best' or a 'good' solution is quickly demonstrated. The effect of noise on the circuit dynamics and the convergence behavior of the neural network hardware is also examined. >
It's time to optimize primary care for a healthier population.

What specialty in medicine compromises the quality of its work based on its model of care? The author of this article points to primary care.
Isolation of Mitochondria from the CNS

This unit contains a protocol describing the isolation of brain mitochondria by using discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation. The Percoll density gradient centrifugation separates synaptosomes, myelin, and free nonsynaptic mitochondria released from cells during tissue homogenization into individual fractions. Mitochondria entrapped in synaptosomes (synaptic mitochondria) can be liberated using nitrogen cavitation and then further purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation. These methods yield mitochondria that exhibit good respiratory coupling and high respiratory rates.
Maps as special collections: bibliographic control of hidden material at Yale University

In the years following the 2003 conference on “Exposing Hidden Collections,” held at the Library of Congress—and the subsequent publication of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) Task Force on Special Collections’ white paper entitled Hidden Collections, Scholarly Barriers: Creating Access to Unprocessed Special Collections Materials in America’s Research Libraries —many institutions and repositories have made concerted efforts to address the formidable challenges involved in “exposing” unprocessed and/or underprocessed collections. Exemplary efforts range from a national program initiated by the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation “to identify and catalog . . .
Demographic and genetic estimates of effective population size (Ne) reveals genetic compensation in steelhead trout

Estimates of effective population size ( N e ) are required to predict the impacts of genetic drift and inbreeding on the evolutionary dynamics of populations. How the ratio of N e to the number of sexually mature adults ( N ) varies in natural vertebrate populations has not been addressed. We examined the sensitivity of N e / N to fluctuations of N and determined the major variables responsible for changing the ratio over a period of 17 years in a population of steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) from Washington State. Demographic and genetic methods were used to estimate N e . Genetic estimates of N e were gained via temporal and linkage disequilibrium methods using data from eight microsatellite loci. DNA for genetic analysis was amplified from archived smolt scales. The N e / N from 1977 to 1994, estimated using the temporal method, was 0.73 and the comprehensive demographic estimate of N e / N over the same time period was 0.53. Demographic estimates of N e indicated that variance in reproductive success had the most substantial impact on reducing N e in this population, followed by fluctuations in population size. We found increased N e / N ratios at low N , which we identified as genetic compensation. Combining the information from the demographic and genetic methods of estimating N e allowed us to determine that a reduction in variance in reproductive success must be responsible for this compensation effect. Understanding genetic compensation in natural populations will be valuable for predicting the effects of changes in N (i.e. periods of high population density and bottlenecks) on the fitness and genetic variation of natural populations.
Phylogenetic placement of Arrowinini trib.n. within the subfamily Staphylininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with revision of the relict South African genus Arrowinus and description of its larva

. The rove beetle genus Arrowinus, a flightless endemic of South Africa, is revised. Arrowinus phaenomenalis Bernhauer, the type species of the genus, is redescribed based on an examination of type and additional material. Three new species, A. relictussp.n., A. peckorumsp.n. and A. minutussp.n., are described. For all four species, an identification key for adults and larvae is provided, along with available data on their distribution and bionomics. Phylogenetic relationships among the four species of Arrowinus were sought by means of a cladistic analysis. Based on the presumed larvae of A. peckorum and other species of the genus (identified by association with the respective adults), the first larval description for Arrowinus is provided. By means of a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of both adults and larvae, analysed separately and in combination, the phylogenetic relationships of Arrowinus with other members of the subfamily Staphylininae were revealed and are discussed. To facilitate this discussion, current problems of phylogeny and systematics are summarized for all Staphylininae. In agreement with an earlier hypothesis, the analysis confirmed that Arrowinus does not belong to the subtribe Quediina of the tribe Staphylinini (where it has hitherto resided) but constitutes a separate taxon, sister to the tribe Staphylinini, for which a new tribe Arrowinini is established. The analysis provides support for the monophyly of the tribe Staphylinini, the subfamily Staphylininae, and the clade (Staphylininae + Paederinae). Adult and larval identification keys to all tribes of Staphylininae are provided.
Niche‐specific contribution to streptococcal virulence of a MalR‐regulated carbohydrate binding protein

Low G+C Gram-positive bacteria typically contain multiple LacI/GalR regulator family members, which often have highly similar amino-terminal DNA binding domains, suggesting significant overlap in target DNA sequences. The LacI/GalR family regulator catabolite control protein A (CcpA) is a global regulator of the Group A Streptococcus (GAS) transcriptome and contributes to GAS virulence in diverse infection sites. Herein, we studied the role of the maltose repressor (MalR), another LacI/GalR family member, in GAS global gene expression and virulence. MalR inactivation reduced GAS colonization of the mouse oropharynx but did not detrimentally affect invasive infection. The MalR transcriptome was limited to only 25 genes, and a highly conserved MalR DNA-binding sequence was identified. Variation of the MalR binding sequence significantly reduced MalR binding in vitro. In contrast, CcpA bound to the same DNA sequences as MalR but tolerated variation in the promoter sequences with minimal change in binding affinity. Inactivation of pulA, a MalR regulated gene which encodes a cell surface carbohydrate binding protein, significantly reduced GAS human epithelial cell adhesion and mouse oropharyngeal colonization but did not affect GAS invasive disease. These data delineate a molecular mechanism by which hierarchical regulation of carbon source utilization influences bacterial pathogenesis in a site-specific fashion.