cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electro-osmotic flow over a charged superhydrophobic surface

Bubbles can be trapped inside textured structures such as grooves, forming a superhydrophobic surface. A superhydrophobic surface has a large effective hydrodynamic slip length compared to a smooth hydrophobic surface and holds the promise of enhancing electrokinetic flows that find many interesting applications in microfluidics. However, recent theoretical studies suggested that electro-osmotic flows over a weakly charged superhydrophobic surface [the zeta potential of the surface is smaller than the thermal potential (25 mV)] can only be enhanced when liquid-gas interfaces are charged [T. M. Squires, Phys. Fluids 20, 092105 (2008); Bahga, J. Fluid Mech. 644, 245 (2010)]. So far there is little work reported when the zeta potential of the surface is comparable or even larger than the thermal potential. In this paper we numerically investigate electro-osmotic flows over a periodically striped slip-stick surface by solving the standard Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations. Our results indicate that at large zeta potentials, even if liquid-gas interfaces are charged, the nonuniform surface conduction due to the mismatch between surface conductions over no-shear and no-slip regions leads to electric field lines penetrating the double layer and thus the nonuniform surface conduction weakens the tangential component of the electric field which primarily drives electro-osmotic flows. Our results imply that, in the presence of strong nonuniform surface conduction, enhanced electro-osmotic flows over a superhydrophobic surface are possible only in certain conditions. In particular, the enhancement due to the slip can potentially be lost at large zeta potentials. Similar loss of the enhancement of a charged particle's electrophoretic mobility due to the slip was reported by Khair and Squires [Phys. Fluids 21, 042001 (2009)].
The Effect of Changes in Group Composition on the Dominant Behaviour of Young Children

In order to assess the stability of young children's social behaviour, the following questions were posed: 1 To what extent do children remain self consistent in amount of attempted domination when they interact with different peers? 2 If particular changes in social setting affect the amount of dominance individuals exhibit, are such effects consistent in direction? Fifty-five pre-school-age children were observed in paired interaction while playing for a series of 20-minute sessions in a constant setting. The variability of individuals' dominance behaviour during three sessions wherein the partner remained constant, was compared with their variability during two sessions wherein the identity of the playmate was varied. It was found that varying the identity of the playmate tended to decrease the stability of the test children's dominance behaviour significantly. There was also a significant tendency for individuals to display more dominance when paired with the less assertive of two playmates.
Deciphering Cancer Complexities in Genetically Engineered Mice

Because the pRb pathway is disrupted in most solid human cancers, we have generated genetically engineered mouse cancer models by inactivating pRb function in several cell types, including astrocytes and mammary, prostate, ovarian, and brain choroid plexus epithelia. In every case, proliferation and apoptosis are acutely induced, predisposing to malignancy. Cell type dictates the pathways involved in tumor progression. In the astrocytoma model, we developed strategies to induce events in the adult brain, either throughout the tissue or focally. Both K-Ras activation and Pten inactivation play significant roles in progression. In the prostate model, adenocarcinoma progression depends on Pten inactivation. However, nonautonomous induction of p53 in the mesenchyme leads to evolution of both compartments, with p53 loss occurring in the mesenchyme. Thus, studies in these models continue to identify key tumorigenesis mechanisms. Furthermore, we are hopeful that the models will provide useful preclinical systems for diagnostic and therapeutic development.
UTILIZATION ANALYSIS OF A PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM

A previously developed and analyzed pedestrian safety training program was used to teach appropriate street-crossing behaviors to kindergarteners and first graders. Adult crossing guards were trained to provide pedestrian safety instruction. Trained observers monitored the quality of instructions given by crossing guards and the pedestrian behavior of young children as they crossed the street. A multiple-baseline analysis of the effects of two training programs indicated that guards were able to deliver the pedestrian safety program to several groups of children with a high degree of competence after receiving a single videotape and role playing training session. Furthermore, children's level of appropriate street crossing increased contemporaneous to the change in guard behavior both on the street where training was delivered and on a second street where no training was previously delivered. Utilization analysis of the guard training program indicated that one cannot expect to produce consistently high levels of street-crossing behavior by implementing only the “show and tell” portions of the training package. Similarly, results suggested that one is unlikely to produce consistently high quality guard training behavior by only giving written instructions describing how pedestrian training should be administered.
The amorphous state equivalent of crystallization: new glass types by first order transition from liquids, crystals, and biopolymers

Abstract We review the normal state of glasses and explain some exceptional cases by referring to a mode of glass formation, which is distinct from the normal and involves a first order transition route. Important materials like amorphous water and silicon belong to the distinct class, which we expect will prove to have many members, and which we expect will occupy a position part way between quasi-crystals and ordinary glasses. There may also be many mesoscopic examples of this class of material, because the low energy tertiary structures obtained by the (first order) folding of specialized heteropolypeptides (proteins) satisfy many of the criteria that we utilize in defining the class. The mesoscopic examples have the advantage of undergoing the transition to the low energy state under conditions of relatively long-lived metastability so that the phenomenon can be studied at leisure. There is no obvious reason why the phenomenon should be confined to biomolecules. We discuss the relation of the new glass types to ordinary glasses, plastic crystals, folding proteins and quasi-crystals, within the energy landscape paradigm. The first order transition occurs in the lower levels of the landscape in all cases, implying that ‘funnels’ are the general rule.
On the exact and phenomenological Langevin equations for a harmonic oscillator in a fluid

We have derived, starting from the Liouville equation and using projection operators, the three-dimensional Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations for the time dependence of the momenta and position of two Brownian particles of mass M interacting with a harmonic potential (i.e., a harmonic oscillator) in a fluid of particles with mass m, with M ⪢ m. The resulting Langevin equation has a very complicated structure in that the friction coefficients, x, due to the hydrodynamic interaction between the oscillator particles, are functions of R(t), the time-dependent seperation of the oscillator particles, and the noise terms, though Gaussian, are non-stationary and of a generalized form, i.e., neither “additive” nor “multiplicative”. In addition, there is a term involving the mean force exerted by the fluid on the oscillating Brownian particle. We then investigated the various approximations which must be made to reduce this “exact” Langevin equation to the frequently used one-dimensional, phenomenological Langevin equations (and corresponding Fokker-Planck equations) with purely “additive” and “multiplicative” noise. These approximations are of three types: (a) one must neglect the term arising from the rotational motion of the oscillator in the fluid; (b) one must neglect the R(t) dependence of X[R(t)], leading to purely “additive” noise, or approximate X[R(t)] by a Taylor series expansion to quadratic order in R(t) - R0 (where R0 is the equilibrium separation of the oscillator particles), leading to “additive” and “multiplicative” noise; and (c) one must either neglect the mean force term or approximate it by a term linear in R(t) - R0. We conclude from these results that one-dimensional phenomenological Langevin equations with simple noise structure are of doubtful validity for the dynamical description of the relative momenta (or vibrational energy) of oscillating molecules in a fluid.
Spinoculation of heparan sulfate deficient cells enhances HSV-1 entry, but does not abolish the need for essential glycoproteins in viral fusion

Cell surface heparan sulfate functions as a co-receptor in HSV-1 entry. In order to study its significance in context with specific gD receptors (nectin-1, HVEM, and 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate) a low speed centrifugation based virus inoculation (spinoculation) method was used. The experiments were performed at 1200 x g using glycosylaminoglycan positive (GAG+) or deficient (GAG-) cells expressing gD receptors. Clearly, spinoculation of GAG- nectin-1 or HVEM cells enhanced significantly viral entry compared to similar but unspun cells. The enhanced entry was due to increased virus deposition at the cell surface and not due to pelleting of the virus. Among the gD receptors, spinoculated GAG- HVEM cells showed restoration of HSV-1 entry compared to unspinoculated GAG+ HVEM cells. In contrast, spinoculated GAG- nectin-1 cells showed less entry than unspinoculated GAG+ nectin-1 cells. GAG- 3-O-sulfotransferase-expressing cells or heparinase treated GAG+ 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate cells, in contrast, remained resistant to entry even after spinoculation. To investigate further, any potential effects of centrifugation on membrane fusion, a virus-free cell fusion assay was performed. Clearly, spinning had no effects on cell fusion, nor could it replace the need for all four essential glycoproteins. Taken together these results suggest that heparan sulfate plays a role of an attachment receptor, which could be substituted by spinoculation. This effect, however, varies with the gD receptor used, which in turn, could be used as a means for identifying gD receptor usage for entry into a cell type.
Piezoelectric properties of quartz crystal resonators below 10 K

Abstract Measurements were made of changes in the resonant frequency of piezoelectric quartz crystal resonators over a 1.5–10 K temperature range. Both AT and FC cut 5 MHz, third-overtone, crystal resonators exhibited piezoelectric activity over the specified temperature range. The FC cut crystals showed a minimum in the frequency versus temperature response at 5 K, a phenomenon not observed in the AT cut crystals. Furthermore, the acoustic loss, Q −1 , of both resonators increased between 5 and 7 K, when defect relaxation occurred as a result of two-level energy excitations.
eNOS function is developmentally regulated: uncoupling of eNOS occurs postnatally.

At birth, the transition to gas breathing requires the function of endothelial vasoactive agents. We investigated the function of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in pulmonary artery (PA) v...
The effects of exemplary and cognitive models and self-rehearsal on children's interrogative strategies

Abstract Children aged 6, 8, and 10 years were exposed to three types of training procedures aimed at increasing their use of constraint-seeking questions and enhancing their problem-solving efficiency. One group observed an exemplary model who merely illustrated several constraint-seeking questions. Another group observed a cognitive model who, prior to asking each of her constraint-seeking questions, verbalized her strategy for formulating constraint-seeking questions and integrating the information gained from such questions. A third group received a combination of cognitive modeling and self-rehearsal training in which the children repeated statements representing key features of the constraint-seeking strategy before asking questions on a series of training items. Cognitive modeling alone was the most successful training procedure, effecting changes in both constraint-seeking questioning and problem-solving efficiency for children of all three age groups. Differences between cognitive and exemplary models were most notable among the youngest children, who appeared to require the additional guidance afforded through the verbalizations of the cognitive model.
Floodplain succession and soil nitrogen accumulation on a salmon river in southwestern Kamchatka

We documented riparian primary succession on an expansive floodplain (Kol River, Kamchatka, Russian Federation) that receives large nitrogen subsidies from spawning Pacific salmon. As is typical of primary succession, new alluvial deposits in the lower Kol floodplain were nitrogen poor (200 kg persulfate N/ha to 10 cm soil depth); however, nitrogen accumulated rapidly, and soils contained 1600 kg N/ha (to 10 cm + the litter layer) by 20 years. Soil nitrogen approached an asymptote at ∼2500 kg N/ha by 80 years. Nitrogen-fixing Alnus trees were a minor component of the forest community during the first 20 years of succession. However, salmon carcasses were a substantial nitrogen source during this period of rapid nitrogen accumulation. Similar to other northern Pacific Rim floodplains, we found that new alluvial deposits were colonized by Salix, Chosenia, and Alnus trees; but, unlike other described chronosequences, the community transitioned into meadows of tall forbs (some >2.5 m in height) dominated by F...
Near Linear Lower Bound for Dimension Reduction in L1

Given a set of $n$ points in $\ell_{1}$, how many dimensions are needed to represent all pair wise distances within a specific distortion? This dimension-distortion tradeoff question is well understood for the $\ell_{2}$ norm, where $O((\log n)/\epsilon^{2})$ dimensions suffice to achieve $1+\epsilon$ distortion. In sharp contrast, there is a significant gap between upper and lower bounds for dimension reduction in $\ell_{1}$. A recent result shows that distortion $1+\epsilon$ can be achieved with $n/\epsilon^{2}$ dimensions. On the other hand, the only lower bounds known are that distortion $\delta$ requires $n^{\Omega(1/\delta^2)}$ dimensions and that distortion $1+\epsilon$ requires $n^{1/2-O(\epsilon \log(1/\epsilon))}$ dimensions. In this work, we show the first near linear lower bounds for dimension reduction in $\ell_{1}$. In particular, we show that $1+\epsilon$ distortion requires at least $n^{1-O(1/\log(1/\epsilon))}$ dimensions. Our proofs are combinatorial, but inspired by linear programming. In fact, our techniques lead to a simple combinatorial argument that is equivalent to the LP based proof of Brinkman-Charikar for lower bounds on dimension reduction in $\ell_{1}$.
Fracture toughness of provisional resins for fixed prosthodontics

Six resins for treatment restorations were tested to determine fracture resistance. The resins were broadly categorized chemically as: one epimine, two poly(methyl methacrylate)s, one composite, and two poly (R' methacrylate)s. Miniature compact tension specimens were molded and then cured for 5 minutes at atmospheric pressure or at an additional pressure of approximately 0.14 MPa. A commercially available pressure vessel was used for curing. The epimine and two poly(methyl methacrylate) resins demonstrated the greatest fracture toughness whereas poly (R' methacrylate) had the lowest. The composite, representing a new class of provisional material, recorded an intermediate fracture toughness. The use of a pressure vessel during polymerization did not significantly increase the fracture toughness of the six resins. There was minimal effect of pressure on the surface of the specimens but it reduced the internal porosity evident in the atmospheric pressure-cured specimens.
Climb sources inβ’-NiAl

Climb sources have been observed in Al rich alloys of β’-NiAl by Tisoneet al1 and Marshall.2 In the present investigation the influence of thermal treatment and composition for climb source operation was investigated. It was found that the climb sources were activated by cooling from a high temperature at rates between 700 and 30,000°CJh or by quench-annealing treatments. The climb sources were found only in specific Al rich alloys containing impurities and evidence is presented which suggests that the particles required for climb sources contain Al, Si and O.
Use of Fuzzy rainfall-runoff predictions for claypan watersheds with conservation buffers in Northeast Missouri

Summary Fuzzy rainfall–runoff models are often used to forecast flood or water supply in large catchments and applications at small/field scale agricultural watersheds are limited. The study objectives were to develop, calibrate, and validate a fuzzy rainfall–runoff model using long-term data of three adjacent field scale row crop watersheds (1.65–4.44 ha) with intermittent discharge in the claypan soils of Northeast Missouri. The watersheds were monitored for a six-year calibration period starting 1991 (pre-buffer period). Thereafter, two of them were treated with upland contour grass and agroforestry (tree + grass) buffers (4.5 m wide, 36.5 m apart) to study water quality benefits. The fuzzy system was based on Mamdani method using MATLAB 7.10.0. The model predicted event-based runoff with model performance coefficients of r 2 and Nash–Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSC) values greater than 0.65 for calibration and validation. The pre-buffer fuzzy system predicted event-based runoff for 30–50 times larger corn/soybean watersheds with r 2 values of 0.82 and 0.68 and NSC values of 0.77 and 0.53, respectively. The runoff predicted by the fuzzy system closely agreed with values predicted by physically-based Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender model (APEX) for the pre-buffer watersheds. The fuzzy rainfall–runoff model has the potential for runoff predictions at field-scale watersheds with minimum input. It also could up-scale the predictions for large-scale watersheds to evaluate the benefits of conservation practices.
The effect of head-related transfer function measurement methodology on localization performance in spatial audio interfaces.

Objective: Four head-related transfer function (HRTF) data sets were compared to determine the effect of HRTF measurement methodology on the localization of spatialized auditory stimuli. Background: Spatial audio interfaces typically require HRTF data sets to generate the spatialized auditory stimuli. HRTF measurement is accomplished using a variety of techniques that can require several nearly arbitrary decisions about methodology. The effects of these choices upon the resulting spatial audio interface are unclear. Method: Sixteen participants completed a sound localization task that included real-world, broadband stimuli spatialized at eight locations on the horizontal plane. Four different HRTF data sets were utilized to spatialize the stimuli: two publicly available HRTF data sets and two data sets obtained using different in-house measurement systems. All HRTFs were obtained from the Knowles Electronics Mannequin for Acoustics Research. Results: Unsigned localization error and proportion of front/bac...
Buoyant thermocapillary flow with nonuniform supra-heating. I - Liquid-phase behavior. II - Two-phase behavior

The present computational study of transient heat transfer and fluid flow in a circular pool of n-decane which is undergoing central radiative heating from above gives attention to the volumetric absorption of the radiation incident on the pool surface. The first part of this study notes that buoyancy influences the number and recirculation rates of the subsurface vortices by stabilizing hot subsurface fluid above the colder core fluid; this affects the liquid surface temperature profile and in turn governs the velocity profile that is due to thermocapillarity. In the second part, the effects of gas-liquid phase coupling, variable density and thermophysical properties, and vaporization are considered.
In situ phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in chromaffin cells: Localization to soluble compartments.

Abstract The present studies investigated the subcellular distribution of acetylcholine's effects upon the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in isolated purified bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. After labeling the intact chromaffin cells with 32 P i , over 90% of the [ 32 P]tyrosine hydroxylase was found in soluble fractions. Stimulation of the cells with acetylcholine, the natural secretagogue of chromaffin cells, increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase and over 90% of the increase was associated with soluble tyrosine hydroxylase. Homogenates and subcellular fractions from chromaffin cells were also prepared and phosphorylated in vitro in an attempt to optimize detection of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation. In chromaffin cell homogenates, both 8-bromo-cyclic AMP and calcium increased 32 P incorporation into tyrosine hydroxylase, and again over 90% of the increase was observed in soluble fractions. In the particulate fraction, phosphorylation of a band which comigrated with tyrosine hydroxylase in electrophoresis was occasionally detected but only with very long autoradiographic exposures. Tyrosine hydroxylase enzymatic activity in the isolated purified chromaffin cells was also found to be associated predominantly (approx 90%) with soluble fractions. In contrast, a large portion (40–50%) of the tyrosine hydroxylase activity from crude bovine adrenal medullae was associated with the particulate fraction. The data indicate that although tyrosine hydroxylase (and possibly kinases) can associate with particulate fractions when isolated from crude bovine adrenal medullae, the enzyme is predominantly soluble when isolated from the isolated cells. Further, the effects of acetylcholine on the isolated chromaffin cells are predominantly associated with this soluble tyrosine hydroxylase and its attendant kinases.
American Indian youth substance abuse: community-driven interventions.

Substance abuse among American Indians has a long history that dates back to the colonial era. American Indian youth today continue to have one of the highest substance abuse rates when compared with other groups. Researchers have implemented American Indian youth substance abuse interventions that previously have worked in the general population, but studies have found that they are generally unprepared and poorly designed for American Indian populations. The lack of inclusion of American Indian populations in the interventional studies, poor understanding of American Indian diversity and cultures, and lack of consideration for the unique historical and sociopolitical context of each tribe were cited as reasons the interventions failed. It has been suggested that historical trauma plays a considerable role in American Indian youth substance abuse; however, much of this theoretical framework has yet to be rigorously tested. Contemporary trauma appears to contribute significantly more to American Indian youth substance abuse. The data on American Indian substance abuse are limited, but what is currently available appears to show a vast heterogeneity in the level of substance abuse among American Indian youth that varies across different American Indian tribes and geographical distribution. In summary, this article seeks to describe the special relationship American Indian tribes have with the federal government, review historical and contemporary trauma, review American Indian youth substance abuse and interventions today, and finally describe a unique intervention strategy that tribes in the Pacific Northwest are implementing in order to combat American Indian youth substance abuse. Mt Sinai J Med 78:362–372, 2011 © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Protein digestibility evaluations of meat and fish substrates using laboratory, avian, and ileally cannulated dog assays

Meat and fish serve as important protein sources in the companion animal diet; however, limited protein digestibility data are available for assessing protein digestibility differences among good-quality protein sources. Beef loin, pork loin, chicken breast, pollock fillet, and salmon fillet were evaluated for composition, protein digestibility, and AA bioavailability using the immobilized digestive enzyme assay, cecectomized rooster assay, and ileally cannulated dog assay. Pollock contained the greatest amount of CP, total essential AA (TEAA), and total nonessential AA (TNEAA; DM basis; 96.9, 38.6, and 50.3%, respectively). Salmon contained the next greatest amounts (92.8, 36.4, and 44.6%), followed by chicken (90.3, 36.1, 43.2%). Beef had the least CP content (82.7%), but had slightly greater TEAA and TNEAA concentrations (33.9, 42.0%) compared with pork (86.2, 33.6, 41.3%). Immobilized digestive enzyme assay values were greatest for pollock fillet (0.71) and least for chicken breast (0.52). Beef loin, pork loin, and salmon fillet were similar (0.63, 0.62, and 0.64, respectively). Standardized TEAA and TNEAA digestibility coefficients, evaluated using the cecectomized rooster assay, were greatest (P 0.05) were found in ileal digestibility of protein. Values ranged from 88.9% for chicken to 90.5% for pork loin and pollock fillet. Ileal TEAA and TNEAA coefficients were not different among test substrates, with values between 91.7 and 92.7%, and 88.8 and 90.4%, respectively. Total tract CP apparent digestibility values ranged from 94.4 to 94.8%, with no differences noted among treatments. Despite marked differences in composition and predicted and standardized digestibility values, when the protein sources were added to diets at a concentration of approximately 30% (25% of total energy intake), no differences in test protein substrates were noted in either ileal or total tract nutrient digestibility.
Microcosm studies of subsurface PAH-degrading bacteria from a former manufactured gas plant

A study was conducted to evaluate the potential for natural in situ biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in the subsurface at the site of a former manufactured gas plant. Fifty-seven samples of unconsolidated subsurface sediments were aseptically obtained from five boreholes across the site. Bacteria capable of aerobically degrading PAH's without an acclimation period were detected throughout shallow (2.7 m) and deep (24.7 m) areas of the subsurface in both relatively clean (<20 μg L−1 naphthalene) and contaminated (4400 μg L–1 naphthalene) zones. Significant (p < 0.05) quantities of naphthalene (8±3% to 43±7%) and/or phenanthrene (3±1% to 31±3%) were mineralized in sediment-groundwater microcosms during 4 weeks of aerobic incubation at 22°C. Three samples out of 11 were able to aerobically mineralize significant quantities of benzene (6±2% to 24±1%). Of 11 samples tested for anaerobic mineralization, naphthalene biodegradation (7±1% to 13±2%) in the presence of N03 was observed in two samples. Compound removals were first order with respect to substrate concentration during the first 10–15 days of incubation. Compound biodegradation plateaued in the later stages of incubation (15–40 days), most likely from diminishing bioavailability and nutrient and oxygen depletion. Population densities in the sediments were typically low, with viable aerobic counts ranging from 0 to 105 CFU gdw−1, viable anaerobic counts ranging from 0 to 104 CFU gdw−1, and total counts (AODC) usually 10-fold greater than viable counts. Total counts exhibited a strong (p < 0.01) positive correlation with sample grain size. Viable aerobic and anaerobic populations commonly occurred in the same sample, suggesting the presence of facultative anaerobes. Bacteria were metabolically active in samples from groundwaters with low pH (3.7) and high naphthalene concentrations (11,000 μg L−1). Data from these enumeration and microcosm studies suggest that natural in situ biodegradation is occurring at the site.
Abstract 3659: Next generation sulindac.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Sulindac displays promising antineoplastic activity, but toxicity from cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition limits its long-term use for chemoprevention. Previous studies have concluded that the tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of sulindac is COX-independent and suggest that safer and more efficacious drugs can be developed by targeting the underlying mechanism. Here we report that sulindac sulfide (SS) inhibits cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cGMP PDE) activity, increases intracellular cGMP levels and activates protein kinase G at concentrations that suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of colon tumor cells. Normal colonocytes were refractory to the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of SS as well as its ability to induce cGMP signaling. PDE5-specific inhibitors such as tadalafil also inhibited the growth of colon tumor cells that expressed high levels of the cGMP-specific PDE5 isozyme compared with colonocytes. RNAi knockdown of PDE5 selectively inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of colon tumor cells as did SS. SS, 8-bromo-cGMP, and PDE5 siRNA reduced β-catenin levels, as well as the expression of cyclin D and survivin that are regulated by β-catenin-dependent TCF transcriptional activity by a mechanism involving the transcriptional repression of β-catenin. The significance of these findings are highlighted by studies in the FCCC Min mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis showing that a novel non-COX inhibitory derivative of SS can strongly inhibit colon tumor formation by a mechanism that appears to involve cGMP PDE inhibition. These observations suggest that safer and more efficacious drugs can be developed for colorectal cancer chemoprevention by targeting PDE5 and possibly other cGMP degrading isozymes. Citation Format: Nan Li, Yaguang Xi, Heather N. Tinsley, Evrim Gurpinar, Bernard D. Gary, Bing Zhu, Yonghe Li, Adam B. Keeton, William E. Grizzle, Gary A. Piazza. Next generation sulindac. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3659. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3659
The disaggregation of host polyribosomes in productive and abortive infection with herpes simplex virus.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus strain MP dk − causes disaggregation of host polyribosomes in both permissive (HEp-2) and nonpermissive (DK) cells during the first 3 hours after infection. The following findings are discussed in this paper: (1) UV light-irradiated virus does not cause disaggregation of host polyribosome. (2) To obtain equivalent disaggregation of host polyribosomes, 1 hour after infection the nonpermissive DK cells must be infected with MP dk − virus at a multiplicity twenty- to thirty-fold higher than the permissive HEp-2 cells. (3) Actinomycin D (0–20 μg/ml of medium), 6-azauridine (0–10 −4 M ), or p -fluorophenylalanine (0–10 −3 M ) do not prevent the disaggregation of host polyribosomes in HEp-2 cells infected with 60 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cell of MP dk − virus. However, the drugs do prevent the disaggregation of host polyribosomes in DK cells infected with 1000 PFU/cell of MP dk − virus. (4) The differences between HEp-2 and DK cells with respect to multiplicity requirements to induce disaggregation and the ability of the drugs to prevent it are due to some property of the product specified by MP dk − in these cells. This conclusion is based on the finding that in DK cells productively infected with MP dk + sp , a multistep mutant of MP dk − virus, equivalent disaggregation of host polyribosomes is achieved with 40 PFU/cell and cannot be prevented by actinomycin D. The interpretation of these findings is based on data reported previously that the products specified by MP dk − virus in nonpermissive DK cells malfunction. We conclude that (1) in permissive cells the disaggregation of host polyribosomes is catalyzed by a highly efficient protein synthesized after infection; (2) in nonpermissive cells the protein malfunctions; to obtain comparable reduction in host functions the concentration of this protein must be higher in nonpermissive cells. This condition is satisfied by infecting nonpermissive cells at high multiplicity. (3) The reduction in synthesis or in function of this protein by the various drugs is sufficient to prevent the breakdown of host polyribosomes in nonpermissive cells but not in permissive cells.
Hypothermia and delayed fever in the male and female rat exposed to chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos (CHL) is a commonly used organophosphate (OP) pesticide which irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in the CNS. Little is known regarding the thermoregulatory effects of CHL when administered orally and whether the sensitivity to CHL is affected by sex. To address these issues, male and female rats of the Long-Evans strain were administered 0, 10, 50, or 80 mg/kg CHL by gavage while core temperature (Tc) and motor activity (MA) were monitored continuously by telemetry. Females were generally more sensitive than males to CHL. Significant hypothermie responses to CHL were observed in males administered 80 mg/kg and in females administered 10–80 mg/kg. Following recovery from hypothermia Tc of both males and females underwent a significant elevation during the light phase 1–2 days after CHL exposure. CHL-induced hyperthermia was blocked in male and female rats by administration of 200 mg/kg sodium salicylate (SS), an antipyretic agent. Male castrated rats were markedly more sensitive to the hypothermic and hyperthermic effects of CHL compared to sham operated controls. On the other hand, ovariectomized female rats responded to CHL in a similar fashion as the sham operated controls. Thus, testicular function may be important in determining greater resistance to CHL in male rats. It appears that exposure to CHL leads to a delayed fever which involves activation of CNS pathways normally involved in fever. This mechanism could be responsible for the febrile response to OP pesticides commonly observed in humans exposed to OPs.
The ins and outs of heterochromatic DNA repair.

Repetitive DNA is often packaged into heterochromatin structures that prevent illicit recombination events that cause genomic instability. A recent study by Chiolo et al. (2011) published in Cell finds that DNA double-strand breaks formed within heterochromatin are shuttled to adjacent sites that are "safe" to complete repair by recombination.
Dry deposition and dew chemistry in Claremont, California, during the 1985 nitrogen species methods comparison study

Dry deposition of HNO_3 and aerosol nitrate in Claremont, California, during the September 1985 Nitrogen Species Methods Comparison Study was evaluated by means of nylon and Teflon surrogate-surface collectors. Dew chemistry and deposition to dew were also investigated. The nitrate dry deposition was governed largely by HNO_3; most of the dry deposition of inorganic nitrate (defined here as HNO_3(g) plus aerosol nitrate) onto the surrogate collectors occurred in the daytime, reflecting chiefly a greater-than-10-fold diurnal variation in ambient HNO_3 (g) concentration. In the absence of dew, deposition velocities were ~1.3cms^(−3) for HNO_3(g), ~0.2cms^(−1) for aerosol nitrate, and 0.5cms^(−1) for nitrate without distinction between the two species. Night-time nitrate deposition velocities appeared to be lower when there was dew. The total titratable acidity of the dew, though considerable (~ 50 μM), was not present chiefly as free acidity (H^+); the average pH was only ~ 5. Preliminary evidence suggests that some of the titratable dew acidity was derived from organic acids. These results are compared to dry deposition and dew chemistry in other areas.
Studio Based Learning: Proposing, Critiquing, Iterating Our Way to Person-Centeredness for Better Classroom Management.

This article relates how the proposing, critiquing, iterating process of studio-based learning (SBL) provides for person-centered classroom management. SBL is defined in connection to how the pedagogy works within a school of architecture. Then, a description of how the approach is applied to one course in a teacher education program is offered. The model is important to person-centered classroom management because it positions teacher candidates as the person being centered on in the course and as a professional who will be called on to manage a classroom in more person-centered ways. Survey data and discourse analyses provide evidence of how SBL practices can bring about more person-centered thinking about classroom management. Evidence reveals that the propose–critique–iterate process of SBL allows teacher candidates to better understand the connection between person-centeredness and SBL and, ultimately, classroom management.
Characterization of an N-channel 1T-1C nonvolatile memory cell using ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 as the capacitor dielectric

Abstract This work investigates the feasibility of a 1T-1C memory cell consisting of an n-channel transistor and ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 as the capacitor dielectric. 1T-1C ferroelectric memory cells processed through interconnect metalization are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of two different process sequences are examined. Data indicates that n-channel transistor damage is highly dependent on the process sequence, and that a SrBi2Ta2O9 1T-1C memory cell is fully functional through interconnect metalization.
Multiple Mediations in Zora Neale Hurston's Mules and Men:

Analysant le livre de Zora Neale Hurston, « Mules and Men » (1935), l'A. montre comment les facettes de Hurston en tant qu'ethnographe, ecrivain et membre de la communaute afro-americaine d'Eatonville en Floride dont elle a recueilli contes et chansons, sont reunies dans l'utilisation d'un style narratif qui donne un pouvoir aux mots prononces par les personnes interrogees sur les mots ecrits par elle-meme. Cet ouvrage montre egalement les difficultes rencontrees et les relations entretenues entre l'autorite ethnographique et l'authenticite personnelle, la methode employee du « spy-glass ».
Information and asymptotic efficiency of the case-cohort sampling design in Cox's regression model

Efficiencies of the maximum pseudolikelihood estimator and a number of related estimators for the case-cohort sampling design in the proportional hazards regression model are studied. The asymptotic information and lower bound for estimating the parametric regression parameter are calculated based on the effective score, which is obtained by determining the component of the parametric score orthogonal to the space generated by the infinite-dimensional nuisance parameter. The asymptotic distributions of the maximum pseudolikelihood and related estimators in an i.i.d, setting show that these estimators do not achieve the computed asymptotic lower bound. Simple guidelines are provided to determine in which instances such estimators are close enough to efficient for practical purposes.
GPCR Signaling Is Required for Blood-Brain Barrier Formation in Drosophila

Summary The blood-brain barrier of Drosophila is established by surface glia, which ensheath the nerve cord and insulate it against the potassium-rich hemolymph by forming intercellular septate junctions. The mechanisms underlying the formation of this barrier remain obscure. Here, we show that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Moody, the G protein subunits Gαi and Gαo, and the regulator of G protein signaling Loco are required in the surface glia to achieve effective insulation. Our data suggest that the four proteins act in a complex common pathway. At the cellular level, the components function by regulating the cortical actin and thereby stabilizing the extended morphology of the surface glia, which in turn is necessary for the formation of septate junctions of sufficient length to achieve proper sealing of the nerve cord. Our study demonstrates the importance of morphogenetic regulation in blood-brain barrier development and places GPCR signaling at its core.
Human and cattle ergotism since 1900: Symptoms, outbreaks, and regulations

Ergotism in humans and cattle are caused by several species of Claviceps that infect rye and other cereal grains. Symptoms in humans vary greatly and are generally classified as convulsive, gangrenous, or gastrointestinal (enteric). Cattle are particularly susceptible to both gangrenous and hyperthermic ergotism (also called summer syndrome). The prevalence of ergotism has decreased as knowledge of the fungus has increased, mainly through implementation of regulations and advances in milling procedures. However, outbreaks in humans have recently occurred in lower socioeconomic populations of Ethiopia (1977 and 2001) and India (1975) with devastating results. Prominent outbreaks in cattle have occurred in Australia (1987), the United States (1996), South Africa (1996-1997), and Brazil (1999) and, as opposed to human cases, they do not appear to be bound by economic development. This review provides a detailed summary of all major ergot epidemics since 1900 in both humans and cattle. Special attention is devoted to the ergotism symptoms and to the regulations surrounding the control of ergot in the food supply.
Association of Health Services With Secondary Conditions: Use of a Population-Based Cohort of Persons With SCI in South Carolina

Purpose: To describe the second of 3 research studies under the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Secondary Conditions in Individuals with SCI. Methods: Access to care is critical to individuals with SCI to maintain their health and avoid secondary conditions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the availability of rehabilitative and other health care services to persons with SCI and their association with secondary conditions using a population-based cohort from the state of South Carolina SCI Surveillance System (SCSCISS). Conclusion: This study will provide valuable information on the effects of lack of health care resources (including rehabilitation) on secondary conditions after SCI.
NASCRAC - A computer code for fracture mechanics analysis of crack growth

NASCRAC - a computer code for fracture mechanics analysis of crack growth - is described in this paper. The need for such a code is increasing as requirements grow for high reliability and low weight in aerospace components. The code is comprehensive and versatile, as well as user friendly. The major purpose of the code is calculation of fatigue, corrosion fatigue, or stress corrosion crack growth, and a variety of crack growth relations can be selected by the user. Additionally, crack retardation models are included. A very wide variety of stress intensity factor solutions are contained in the code, and extensive use is made of influence functions. This allows complex stress gradients in three-dimensional crack problems to be treated easily and economically. In cases where previous stress intensity factor solutions are not adequate, new influence functions can be calculated by the code. Additional features include incorporation of J-integral solutions from the literature and a capability for estimating elastic-plastic stress redistribution from the results of a corresponding elastic analysis. An example problem is presented which shows typical outputs from the code.
Ettringite-induced heave in chromite ore processing residue (COPR) upon ferrous sulfate treatment.

A pilot-scale treatment study was implemented at a deposition site of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) in New Jersey. Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) was employed to reduce hexavale...
Scattering of composite goldstone bosons in a renormalization QFT

Abstract We calculate the scattering amplitudes of composite Goldstone bosons in the (2+1)-dimensional four-Fermi model, using the technique of 1/ N expansion. The Goldstone bosons correspond to the symmetry breaking pattern U L ( n )×U R ( n )→U( n ). The effective lagrangian describing the low-energy scattering is explicitly derived. We also compute the effects of explicit symmetry breaking parameters. Unitary in the context of the 1/ N expansion is analyzed in some detail.
Structure-activity relationships in drug-induced pancreatic islet cell toxicity.

Abstract The ability of various compounds to induce pancreatic islet cell vacuolization in the rat was assessed. Desmethylcyproheptadine (DMCPH), a metabolite of cyproheptadine in the rat, was found to produce islet cell lesions similar in appearance to those produced by the parent compound. The N-ethyl and N-propyl derivatives of DMCPH underwent N-dealkylation in vivo and were also found to produce islet cell vacuolization. The N-acetyl derivative was not metabolized to DMCPH in vivo and was relatively ineffective in producing islet cell toxicity. Several other drugs were found to induce the pancreatic lesions, although they were less potent than DMCPH in this respect. These were: cyclizine, pizotyline, azacylonol and EX10-542A. Other drugs having similar structures and pharmacologic activities to the drugs causing islet cell vacuolization were found not to be pancreotoxic. Studies with a series of piperidine analogs indicated that 4-diphenylmethylpiperidine apparently represents a basic pancreotoxic structure since that compound, but not some other piperidine analogs, caused vacuolization of rat islet cells.
Quantum theories of gravity

The working out of the implications of the quantum theory and the theory of relativity, and the study of their impact on each other, has been the major preoccupation of theoretical physics in this century. This effort has led to the development of a great number of conceptual schemes having their origins in the formal structure of 'naive' quantmn field theory, primarily within the framework of special relativity. Of much less immediate concern to the physicist at large, but perhaps of equal long range significance, have been a number of efforts in recent years to recast quantum field theory in the setting of general relativity. The latter efforts have involved only a small number of people, but the results achieved are already of some general interest. In narrowest terms the union of general relativity and the quantum theory is called 'the quantization of the gravitational field'. When this nomenclature is used, the almost total irrelevance, to the experimentalist, of the activity in this field becomes obvious. Its significance lies not in the direction of current experimental physics (at least not yet) but in the realm of new perspectives on the foundations of physics and the origins of the universe. It is now clear that no obstacles of principle exist which prevent the unification of the quantum theory and general relativity. Several formalisms providing such unification are very much alive and kicking. These formalisms invoke no new axioms of physics; rather they provide us with new insights into what we already have and what we can yet do with quantum field theory. J. A. Wheeler has attempted to capture the flavor &these unconventional developments in conventional physics by coining, as a replacement for 'quantum theory of gravity', the phrase 'quantum geometrodynamics', which deemphasizes the narrow view of general relativity as a theory of gravity, and suggests a fundamental all-pervading role for the quantized