cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High‐frequency identification of non‐volcanic tremor triggered by regional earthquakes

[1] Subsequent to the discovery of ambient “non-volcanic” tremor activity along the Parkfield-Cholame section of the San Andreas fault in central California, triggered tremors associated with the surface waves of large teleseismic earthquakes have been recognized. However, no evidence of triggered tremors from regional earthquakes has previously been found either here or in other tremor regions. By systematically filtering seismograms to higher frequencies (i.e., above 20 Hz) associated with 99 regional M5+ earthquakes since 2001, we identify four regional earthquakes that have triggered tremors in central California. Significant high-frequency energy is also observed in previously identified teleseismically triggered and ambient tremors, suggesting a common mechanism. We find that long-period and large-amplitude surface waves from both regional and teleseismic events have a greater potential of triggering tremor in the same region, and that the inferred minimum triggering dynamic stress is ∼1 kPa.
American Indian Civil War treaties

AbstractThe creation of nine treaties between the Confederate States of America (CSA) and the tribes residing in Indian Territory in 1861 formed a significant historical perspective to the understanding of the relationships between governments and indigenous peoples of the United States. This research note describes a Web page – “So Long as Grass Shall Grow and Water Run: The Treaties Formed By the Confederate States of America and the Tribes in Indian Territory, 1861” – that provides access to paired CSA Statutes at Large page images and their text for each of these instruments.
Tripping and Falling into the Future: An Eolithic Perspective

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Thirty years ago, Dustin and McAvoy (1984) published an essay in Environmental Ethics titled “Toward Environmental Eolithism.” The article compared and contrasted two distinct orientations to environmental planning and management: the design mentality and the eolithic mentality. The authors concluded that the more popular design mentality lacked sufficient flexibility and adaptability to maximize performance, and that the more obscure eolithic mentality was a superior orientation to environmental planning and management. In this article we extend the logic of that Environmental Ethics essay to criticize a popular offshoot of the design mentality–strategic planning–as it is commonly conducted in the park and recreation administration, and then discuss how an eolithic perspective might complement the strategic planning process. We begin by describing the similarities between strategic planning and the design mentality as well as the shortcomings of strategic planning in a rapidly changing world. We then consider the eolithic mentality’s yin to strategic planning’s yang. We stress the futility of planning for a future that cannot be predicted, and, consequently, how important it is for park and administrators to keep an open mind, be opportunistic, and take risks in a work world characterized by serendipity–the discover of valuable but unforeseen opportunities that strategic planning, by its very nature, cannot anticipate. Finally, we conclude the article by discussing the management implications of both the design and eolithic orientations to park and recreation administration. We anchor our thinking in the management writings of Drucker (2001), Mintzberg's critique of strategic planning (1994), the systems thinking of Meadows (2008) and Ackoff (1983, 1979), and the contributions of other forward-looking theorists renowned for their entrepreneurial spirit and proclivity for proactive leadership.
Acute Leukemia With C-G Chromosome Translocation

The occurrence of acute lymphocytic leukemia in a young man with a C-G translocation is described. Two members of his family also show C-G translocations but have not as yet developed leukemia. A third member of the family, on whom no chromosomal information was available, died of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Different Contributions of Microtubule Dynamics and Transport to the Growth of Axons and Collateral Sprouts

Axonal growth is believed to depend on microtubule transport and microtubule dynamic instability. We now report that the growth of axon collateral branches can occur independent of microtubule dynamic instability and can rely mostly on the transport of preassembled polymer. Raising embryonic sensory neurons in concentrations of either taxol or nocodazole (NOC) that largely inhibit microtubule dynamics significantly inhibited growth of main axonal shafts but had only minor effects on collateral branch growth. The collaterals of axons raised in taxol or nocodazole often contained single microtubules with both ends clearly visible within the collateral branch (“floating” microtubules), which we interpret as microtubules undergoing transport. Furthermore, in these collaterals there was a distoproximal gradient in microtubule mass, indicating the distal accumulation of transported polymer. Treatment of cultures with a high dose of nocodazole to deplete microtubules from collaterals, followed by treatment with 4–20 nm vinblastine to inhibit microtubule repolymerization, resulted in the time-dependent reappearance and subsequent distal accumulation of floating microtubules in collaterals, providing further evidence for microtubule transport into collateral branches. Our data show that, surprisingly, the contribution of microtubule dynamics to collateral branch growth is minor compared with the important role of microtubule dynamics in growth cone migration, and they indicate that the transport of microtubules may provide sufficient cytoskeletal material for the initial growth of collateral branches.
Neuroscience, Embodiment, and Development

The chapter begins with a broad introduction to the concept of neuroscience as a different level of analysis, initially working from an account of how classical cognitivism resulted in a neglect of neuroscience in psychology. The emergence of developmental cognitive neuroscience is then considered and current theoretical perspectives in this area are briefly outlined. One key emphasis of the chapter is the embodied nature of development, which is considered here to be an essential part of any theory of developmental cognitive neuroscience. The argument is made that embodiment has the potential to reframe the ways in which neuroscience data are considered in relation to other kinds of data. However, important developmental features of this reframing are currently underspecified, and in the final part of the chapter it is suggested that a relational developmental systems perspective provides one way forward. The implications of this approach for forging a new biologically inspired direction for developmental science are profound, and are discussed in more detail toward the end of the chapter. Keywords: cognitive science; development; developmental cognitive neuroscience; developmental systems; embodied cognition; embodiment; enaction; levels of analysis; neuroscience; representation
Increased thyroid cancer incidence corresponds to increased use of thyroid ultrasound and fine‐needle aspiration: A study of the Veterans Affairs health care system

BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer incidence has increased in the last several decades and may represent either a true increase in the number of cases or increased screening. The objective of this study was to examine thyroid cancer incidence and the use of thyroid ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) screening in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. The authors hypothesized that the incidence of thyroid cancer would correspond to increases in the use of these diagnostic modalities. METHODS This was a multiyear, cross-sectional study using VA administrative data from 2000 to 2012. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify trends in thyroid cancer incidence and the use of thyroid ultrasound and FNA. RESULTS An increase in thyroid cancer incidence occurred from 10.3 per 100,000 individuals in 2000 to 21.5 per 100,000 individuals in 2012. The rate of thyroid ultrasound use increased from 125.6 per 100,000 individuals in 2001 to 572.1 per 100,000 individuals in 2012, and the rate of thyroid FNA use increased from 7.0 per 100,000 individuals in 2000 to 46.2 per 100,000 individuals in 2012. A statistically significant increase in thyroid cancer incidence between 2000 and 2008 (annual percent change [APC], 3.81; P < .05) was followed by a more pronounced increase between 2008 and 2012 (APC, 10.32; P < .05). A simultaneous increase in the use of thyroid ultrasound occurred between 2002 and 2012 (APC, 15.48; P < .05) and the use of thyroid FNA between 2000 and 2012 (APC, 18.36; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of thyroid cancer doubled, a nearly 5-fold increase in the use of thyroid ultrasound and a nearly 7-fold increase in the use of thyroid FNA occurred between 2000 and 2012. These findings suggest that the increase in thyroid cancer incidence may be related to increases in the use of thyroid ultrasound and FNA. Cancer 2015;121:741–746. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Mass Spectrometry in Solar System Exploration

A mass spectrometer system designed to measure chemical composition of gaseous, liquid, or solid samples in planetary environments must include the following components: a sampling system, an ionization source, a mass analyzer, a detection system, a vacuum system, data acquisition and processing system, and various sensors to monitor the operation of the instrument. Over the last couple of decades, research and engineering advances of mass spectrometers have undergone an evolution from room-sized instruments to portable, in situ miniature devices. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been embracing these developments, given its need for small, low power, low mass, yet analytically powerful instruments to accomplish its objectives in space exploration [1]. The study of planetary atmospheric composition, including constituent species, their concentrations, and isotopic ratios, provides a better understanding of both the formation and evolution of the planets and the solar system as a whole. Beyond the principals of planetary formation and evolution lies the question regarding the existence of extinct and/or extant life elsewhere in the universe. Discoveries by previous NASA missions of a period where Mars had an extended aqueous history [2-4], evidence of oceans beneath Europa's ice crust [5-7], and the rich organic chemistry on Titan [8,9] have initiated an exciting period of solar system exploration, as an array of robotic missions might be sent to these bodies to answer questions of astrobiological significance.
Processing and properties of sol-gel derived lithium niobate thin-layers

Sol-gel processing was investigated as a method of deposition for lithium niobate thin layers on a variety of substrates, including silicon, platinum, and sapphire. The influence of solution chemistry and thermal processing conditions on microstructure developed was studied especially for the integration of LiNbO/sub 3/ on Si. An ethanol-based system gave dense layers with grain sizes ranging between 0.1 and 0.2 mu m. Methoxyethanol-based systems also produced dense layers, but the grain sizes were somewhat larger, approaching 0.5 mu m. Electrical properties are reported for LiNbO/sub 3/ on Pt. The layers had preferred orientation, with values of dielectric constant and loss tangent of 22 and 0.005, respectively, at 25 degrees C and 1 MHz. >
Effects of Lawn Maintenance on Nutrient Losses Via Overland Flow During Natural Rainfall Events1

Spence, Porche L., Deanna L. Osmond, Wesley Childres, Joshua L. Heitman, and Wayne P. Robarge, 2012. Effects of Lawn Maintenance on Nutrient Losses Via Overland Flow During Natural Rainfall Events. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 909-924. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00658.x Abstract: A sampling system was used to evaluate the effect of residential lawn management on nutrient losses via overland flow generated during natural rainfall events from three residential landscapes: a high maintenance fescue lawn (HMFL), a low maintenance fescue lawn (LMFL), and a mixed forested residential landscape (FRL). A sampling system was located in designated areas within each landscape such that 100% of the runoff follows natural flow paths to the outlet ports and collects in sterile Nalgene® B3 media bags (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rochester, NY). A rainfall event was defined as producing ≥2.54 mm of water. A total of 87 rainfall events occurred during a 20-month monitoring period. The total runoff volume collected from the LMFL was higher than from the HMFL and FRL, but on average <1% of the total rainfall was collected from the three landscapes. Mean nitrate concentrations from each lawn did not exceed 0.6 mg N/l. Nutrient unit area losses from the HMFL, LMFL, and FRL were 1,000 times less than fertilizer and throughfall inputs, which were due to the presence of well-structured soils (low bulk densities) with high infiltration rates. This study demonstrated that the frequency of runoff, total runoff volumes, and nutrient losses during natural rainfall events are lower from highly maintained (i.e., irrigation, fertilizer application, and reseeding) densely uniform manicured lawns than low maintenance lawns and forested residential landscapes.
The influence of topography and approach angles on local deflections of airflow within a coastal blowout

The spatial variability of air flow through complex topography is an important, but not fully understood, component of dune development and dynamics. This study examines the spatial variability of the wind field in a linear blowout in coastal dunes at Jockey's Ridge State Park, on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. A spatial array of single-height anemometers and wind vanes were placed within the blowout. Topography exerted a significant steering effect when onshore winds approached from directions within 50° of the blowout axis. Under those conditions wind flow in the blowout aligned to the axis regardless of approach angle, maximizing the potential for erosion and transport in the trough. In other locations aspect variations caused deflection both proportional and disproportional to changes in the approaching wind. When prevailing winds approached from directions more oblique than 50° to the blowout axis, topographic steering through the blowout trough was reduced and secondary flow generated by flow separation over the trough became more prominent. During those approach angles, wind directions and speeds within the upper blowout trough became erratic as vortices and turbulence dominated the flow, minimizing transport potential. The changing characteristics of airflow in the blowout relative to differing approach angles has implications on dune development and variations in transport potential under changing conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coherent control of photoexcitation processes

Abstract This is a review of experiments in two pathway optical excitation in which the relative phase between the matrix elements for the two pathways was varied by the experimenter. Most examples have involved interference between one and three-photon absorption matrix elements. However, interference between one and two-photon absorption and also between two color absorptions in different order have been observed.
Relationships between wild sheep and goats and the aoudad (Caprini) studied by immunodiffusion.

Abstract 1. 1. Sera from 6 species of sheep (Ovis), 2 species of goats (Capra), and the aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) were compared by an immunological technique adapted for computer analysis, using nine antisera representing all genera. 2. 2. The serum proteins were virtually indistinguishable at the intrageneric level. 3. 3. The three genera representing the tribe Caprini were clearly differentiated by their proteins although antigenetic differences among them are strikingly less than morphological, behavioral, and karyotypic differences. 4. 4. Antigenic affinities demonstrate a closer relationship between Ovis and Capra than between either of these and Ammotragus.
Cooperation among egoists in Prisoners' Dilemma and Chicken games

Axelrod has developed an evolutionary approach to the study of repeated games and applied that approach to the Prisoners' Dilemma. We apply this approach, with some modifications in the treatment of clustering, to a game that has the Prisoners' Dilemma and Chicken as special cases, to analyze how the evolution of cooperation differs in the two games. We find that the main barrier to the evolution of cooperation in Chicken is that cooperation may not always be correctly thought of as socially optimal, but that strong forces do push the players toward socially optimal action. We derive some of the results on mixed populations for any game with pairwise interaction.
On the recognition of anisacanthus junceus (Acanthaceae)

The Chihuahuan DesertAnisacanthus junceus (Torr.) Hemsl. is recognized as a distinct species and is compared withA. linearis to which it appears similar andA. wrightii to which it is possibly related.
Profile of mothers at risk: an analysis of injury and pregnancy loss in 1,195 trauma patients.

Background Trauma is the number one cause of maternal death during pregnancy, but incidence of fetal loss exceeds maternal loss by more than 3 to 1. We hypothesized that we could identify women at risk for injury during pregnancy and focus our prevention efforts. Study design Women of childbearing age in the American College of Surgeon's National Trauma Data Bank served as the study population. Pregnant patients were compared with nonpregnant patients with respect to age, race, mechanism of injury, injury patterns and severity, risk-taking behaviors, and outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for loss of pregnancy in mothers who survived their trauma. Results Pregnant trauma patients (n = 1,195) were younger, less severely injured, and more likely to be African American or Hispanic as compared with the nonpregnant cohort (n = 76,126). Twenty percent of injured pregnant patients tested positive for drugs or alcohol, and approximately one-third of those involved in motor vehicle crashes were not using seatbelts. Independent risk factors for fetal loss after trauma included Injury Severity Score > 15; Adjusted Injury Score ≥ 3 in the head, abdomen, thorax, or lower extremities; and Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 8. Conclusions Young, African-American, and Hispanic pregnant women are at higher risk for trauma in pregnancy and are most likely to benefit from primary trauma prevention efforts. Those with severe head, abdominal, thoracic, or lower extremity injuries are at high risk for pregnancy loss. Reduction of secondary insults and early recognition of fetal distress may improve outcomes for both the mother and fetus in this high-risk group.
Reentrant field-induced spin-density-wave transitions.

We have used magnetotransport measurements to determine the phase diagram of (TMTSF)/sub 2/ClO/sub 4/ from 0.5 to 10 K in magnetic fields to 30 T. This organic metal becomes a spin-density-wave semimetal as temperature is reduced in a magnetic field greater than a threshold field H/sub c/(T = 0)approx.3 T. The critical temperature T/sub c/(H) increases with field in agreement with present theories, and reaches a maximum of 5.6 K at 18 T. Above this field, however, T/sub c/(H) decreases, extrapolating to zero temperature at 27 T. This reentrant phase diagram is not present in any theoretical model.
Surgical resection for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer to the pancreas

We report the case of a woman with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastatic to the pancreas who underwent pancreatic resection followed by a significant disease-free interval. Resection of NSCLC metastases, other than those to the brain and adrenal gland, are rarely reported. We could not identify any other cases of pancreatic metastasis resection in the literature. This case proves, in principle, that resection of solitary metastatic lesions in certain clinical conditions can be improved regardless of location.
Positron Spectrum from the Decay of the μ Meson

A magnetic spiral-orbit spectrometer was used to study the positron spectrum from an isotropic ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ decay. The detected positrons were identified by an electronic technique designed to measure the lifetime of the muon. Our measured weighted mean value of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ mean life is ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}=2.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ \ensuremath{\mu}sec.The data have been analyzed according to the simplified one-parameter theory of Michel, as modified by Behrends, Finkelstein, and Sirlin and corrected by Berman to include radiative corrections to the muon decay theory. We obtained ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M}=0.741\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.027$ for the Michel parameter as the weighted mean value from four experiments. In these experiments the measurements in the low-energy positron region were not of sufficient accuracy to yield an estimate of the second Michel parameter.Included is a measurement of the maximum positron energy. The weighted mean value of this measurement is $W=52.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ Mev. From this value and its simple algebraic relation to the masses of the decay particles one obtains a value of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ mass $\ensuremath{\mu}=206.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.27$.Tables of the radiative correction to muon decay are given as well as the total corrections that must be added to the Michel parameter that is derived from experimental data by using the simple Michel theory without radiative corrections. For the energy region of the majority of experiments from which the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M}$ value is determined, this total correction in $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}$ is approximately 0.040.From our measured value of the maximum positron energy, an estimate is made of the possible upper limit on the mass of the neutral particle in muon decay. This upper limit is reported as 8 electron-mass units.
Spring-Migration Ecology of Northern Pintails in South-Central Nebraska

Abstract. Spring-migration ecology of staging Northern Pintails, Anas acuta, was investigated in south-central Nebraska, USA. Habitat associations, local movements, settling patterns, arrival dates, residency times and survival were estimated from 71 radiomarked pintails during spring 2001, 2003 and 2004, and diet determined from 130 females collected during spring 1998 and 1999. Seventy-two percent of pintail diurnal locations were in palustrine wetlands, 7% in riverine wetlands, 3% in lacustrine wetlands, 6% in municipal sewage lagoons and irrigation reuse pits and 10.5% in croplands. Emergent wetlands with hemi-marsh conditions were used diurnally more often than wetlands with either open or closed vegetation structures. Evening foraging flights averaged 4.3 km (SE = 0.6) and 72% were to cornfields. In accord with these findings, 87% of 93 pintails collected during spring 1998 and 1999 returning to evening roosts consumed corn, which represented 84% dry mass of all foods. Pintails collected on non-crop...
Lack of Resistance of Adult Mice to Erythrocyte-borne Bittner Virus

BITTNER virus, the classical mouse mammary tumour virus (MTV), can be detected in bioassays of various organs and tissues of infected mice including mammary tissues and erythrocytes1–3. We have shown that the final result of the administration of MTV-carrying RBC or of mammary tissue extracts to young hosts is identical: namely, the production in test mice which are free from MTV of mammary nodules and tumours containing electron microscopically visible B particles. The MTV in these two tissues differ, however, in several respects2,3. MTV activity in mammary tissues (M-MTV) is itself associated with B particles, but such particles do not seem to be associated with RBC which bear MTV activity (R-MTV). Resistance to tumorigenesis of adult animals following oncogenic viral administration is well known4. Several investigators have demonstrated that adult mice are more resistant than young ones to mammary tumour development after administration of MTV5,6. We have recently suggested that this resistance in adult mice of the BALB/c strain is systemically mediated7. Dux and Muhlbock8, however, have proposed that both host age and tissue age are involved in the resistance of older mice to MTV. R-MTV has been shown to precede the appearance of M-MTV in naturally infected mice3, and so it was thought possible that a failure in R-MTV production which followed administration of M-MTV to adult mice might account for the low incidence of mammary nodules and tumours. We have now compared the effects of administration of the two forms of MTV to mice of different ages.
The Sil'nikov problem, exponential expansion, strong λ-lemma, C1-linearization, and homoclinic bifurcation

On introduit une nouvelle theorie appelee le developpement exponentiel et on explore ses interactions avec la theorie de la variete invariante locale, les λ-lemmes et la theorie de linerarisation reguliere
Differential in vitro cytotoxicity does not explain increased host toxicities from chemotherapy in Down syndrome acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Treatment-related toxicities such as mucositis and infections are both more frequent and more severe in children with Down syndrome (DS) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) compared to non-DS ALL. Altered methotrexate pharmacodynamics play a role, but severe toxicities also occur in treatment courses that lack methotrexate. We hypothesized that this might be attributable to heightened cytotoxic effects of other ALL chemotherapeutic agents on DS versus non-DS host tissues. Panels of DS and non-DS lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and primary fibroblast cell lines were treated with asparaginase, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, mafosfamide and vincristine. LCL survival was assessed using the MTT assay, and fibroblast proliferation using the clonogenic survival assay. No significant differences were observed between DS and non-DS cell lines using either assay. Both DS and non-DS cell lines were resistant to dexamethasone at the maximal concentrations tested, and did not differ significantly in sensitivity to the other drugs studied. Thus, heightened in vitro cytotoxicity does not appear to account for the increased treatment-related toxicities observed in patients with DS ALL.
Pressure-induced regression of oral apparatus microtubules in synchronized Tetrahymena.

The effect of pressure treatment on the later stages of oral morphogenesis was studied in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis GL-C. Prior to the end of the treatment, there were alterations in the oral cilia and basal bodies, as well as other microtubular structures. Microtubules in the nondeveloping oral regions were insensitive to the pressure treatment. Cells examined after the release of pressure contained basal bodies and denuded cilia within their cytoplasm. The ciliary doublet microtubules regressed in a definite sequence: (1) the outer wall of the B tubule, (2) the remainder of the B tubule, and (3) the A tubule. This regression was asynchronous among doublets and occurred independently of the state of regression of the central microtubules. The regression of basal body microtubules occurred initially with the loss of the circular arrangement of the triplet microtubules, and then these microtubules disintegrated along all parts of the triplet. Regressing oral structures were never observed to be contained within autophagic vacuoles. The possible significance for the lack of autophagy associated with oral resorption is discussed.
Species Recognition, Dewlap Function and Faunal Size

synopsis. Although having a number of functions in reproductive, territorial and aggres? sive behavior, Anolis dewlaps are only one means of intraspecific signaling and they are always present in small anole faunas (e.g., those of one or two species islands) but here, in contrast to the situation in large faunas, their color and pattern appear usually very similar and appear to be unimportant for species (or population) recognition. The latter function is then performed by such characteristics as adult size and body color and pattern. Where, however, numerous species abut or overlap, dewlap color and pattern tend to be diverse and diagnostic (particularly between overlapping forms). Even here, however, adult size, body shape and body color often redundandy reinforce the species and population recognition function of even marked dewlap difference. In certain cases in complex faunas, size and/or body pattern substitute for the species recognition function of reduced or absent dewlaps. In Rand and Williams (1970) we argued that species recognition in anoline lizards is not based on a single sign stimulus or releaser but on a complex of stimuli, re? dundant to each other, which separately and in various combinations identify the display animal. Because natural selection insists that mates be recognizable under a variety of conditions, we have argued that selection must favor a system in which species identity is encoded redundantly. In the specific case analyzed by us in 1970?species recognition in the eight species sympatric at a single locality, La Palma, on the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola?we found that each of the eight species differed from the rest in several (average 2-*/2) characteristics ofthe dewlap. Thus the dewlap alone sufHced to
Global transcription analysis of vaccinated channel catfish following challenge with virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract To determine the identities of genes involved in either innate or adaptive immunity, microarray analysis of 65,182 UniGene transcripts were performed to compare gene expression in vaccinated channel catfish after challenge with a virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri compared to that in sham-vaccinated fish without challenge. With a filter of false-discovery rate less than 0.05 and fold change greater than 2, a total of 167 functionally known unique transcripts were found to be up-regulated, whereas 40 were down-regulated. The 167 up-regulated transcripts represent genes with putative functions in the following eight major categories: (1) immunity (30%); (2) metabolism and energy production (22%); (3) transcription or translation (12%); (4) protein degradation (11%); (5) signal transduction (6%); (6) traffic and transport (6%); (7) cell structure or cell cycle (8%); and (8) others (5%). The 40 down-regulated transcripts represent genes with putative functions in the following six major categories: (1) metabolism (27.5%); (2) immunity (17.5%); (3) cell structure (17.5%); (4) cell motility (10%); (5) signal transduction (15%); and (6) others (12.5%). Microarray analysis revealed that lysozyme c was up-regulated the most (70-fold) in vaccinated fish at 48 h post challenge of virulent E. ictaluri whereas myotubularin related protein 1a and cytochrome P450 2J27 were down-regulated the most (8.1 fold). Differential regulation of eight randomly selected transcripts in vaccinated fish after challenge with virulent E. ictaluri was also validated by quantitative PCR. Our results suggest that these differentially regulated genes might play important roles in channel catfish immunity against E. ictaluri .
Empirical Properties of Foreign Exchange Rates

This paper investigates the behavior of foreign exchange rates. Empirical tests indicate that the distribution of the underlying stochastic process for foreign exchange rate changes was stable paretion during fixed rate periods while a Student model provides a relatively better description of floating rates. These findings point to an important direction for further work on the appropriate distribution for foreign exchange rates and estimates of parameters.
Validity of retrospective assessments of nicotine dependence: a preliminary report.

Information about levels of nicotine dependence in ex-smokers when they smoked, or in current smokers at an earlier date, is useful for clinical and research purposes. To estimate the accuracy of retrospective reports of dependence, 28 individuals who completed either the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) or Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in smoking cessation trials conducted 5 to 12 years earlier were asked to respond again to the same questions, thinking back to their smoking behavior just prior to their on-study quit attempt. Concordance and Kappa values for the items ranged from 50.0% to 95.0% and 0.00 to 0.92, respectively. The mean difference between the baseline and follow-up total scale scores was 0.05 for the FTQ and 0.38 for the FTND, and the correlation between these assessments was 0.62 for the FTQ (p<0.005) and 0.72 for the FTND (p<0.05). These preliminary results suggest that retrospectively assessed FTQ/FTND scale scores have acceptable reliability.
Some recent developments of the endochronic theory with applications

Abstract In this paper we presented a comprehensive review of recent developments of the endochronic theory of plasticity. The endochronic theory was first proposed by Valanis in 1971 with the aim of circumventing some of the difficulties associated with classical theories of plasticity, such as the concept of a yield surface and its motion in the stress space, criteria for unloading, hardening rules, etc. The theory is developed by using irreversible thermodynamics of internal variables. In the early version of the theory the intrinsic time was defined as a measure of length in strain space. This version is now called the simple endochronic theory. The derived constitutive equations have been applied with success to a number of problems of practical interest, e.g. cyclic response, cross hardening, cross ratcheting, etc. However, it has been shown by the first author that the simple theory leads to an unloading response which is not elastic at its onset. As a consequence infinitesimal hysteresis loops in the first quadrant of the stress-strain space are open, in disagreement with observed behavior in metals. Recently Valanis introduced a new intrinsic time scale which is a measure of length in the plastic strain space. As a result, a new model of endochronic theory has been developed which leads to closure of hysteresis loops in the small as well as the large. It is also shown that the new model predicts the existence of a yield surface. Hardening rules proposed in the classical theory of plasticity appear as special results. It is also shown that the constitutive equations derived from the new model are very powerful in their quantitative prediction of steady cyclic response under constant strain amplitude conditions. In the case of cyclic creep the theory predicts the dependence of cumulative axial creep on the plastic shear strain amplitude but that it overestimates the dependence of the latter on the number of cycles. At the present time we think that this difficulty cannot be overcome on the basis of an isotropic theory. This suggests a future area of investigation and application of the endochronic theory.
Physical Activity and Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.

AB Purpose: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a prevalent urologic disorder among men, but its etiology is still poorly understood. Our objective was to examine the relation between physical activity and incidence of CP/CPPS in a large cohort of male health professionals. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study among men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study followed from 1986 to 2008. The study population included 20,918 men who completed all CP/CPPS questions on the 2008 questionnaire. Leisure-time physical activity, including type and intensity of activity, was measured by questionnaire in 1986. A National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index pain score was calculated on the basis of the responses on the 2008 questionnaire. Participants with pain scores >=8 were considered CP/CPPS cases (n = 689). Results: Higher leisure-time physical activity was associated with lower risk of CP/CPPS. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio comparing >35.0 to <=3.5 MET[middle dot]h[middle dot]wk-1 of physical activity was 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.92; P for trend <0.001). Observed inverse associations between physical activity and CP/CPPS were similar for both moderate- and vigorous-intensity activities. Sedentary behavior, measured as time spent watching television, was not associated with risk of CP/CPPS (P for trend = 0.64). Conclusions: Findings from this study, the first large scale and most comprehensive study to date on this association, suggest that higher levels of leisure-time physical activity may lower risk of CP/CPPS in middle-age and older men
Diluted acid hydrolysis pretreatment of agri-food wastes for bioethanol production

Abstract Because of its environmental benefits, bioethanol is regarded as a promising biofuel substitute for gasoline in the transportation sector. To make it competitive with fossil fuels, it is necessary to reduce production costs by using new, alternative biomass feedstocks. As a result of its strong agricultural growth, Spain has seen increased development of its vegetable canning industry which produces approximately 450,000 tonnes of waste a year. Solutions must be developed in order to diminish the environmental impact from this increasing amount of waste. For this study, wastes from fresh and processed vegetables were used as feedstocks for a diluted acid hydrolysis process using sulphuric acid as a catalytic agent. The maximum ratios of single sugar recovery in the liquid fraction from dilute acid hydrolysis assays were 40.29 and 50.20% (w/w) for tomato and red pepper residues, respectively (Table 3). More intensive pretreatment was necessary to maximise sugar recovery in the case of pulse food (legumes such as beans, lentils and chickpeas) and artichoke residues because of their high starch and inulin content. Finally, for cardoon residues a maximum single sugar recovery of 78.18% (w/w) was obtained in the liquid fraction (Table 4). The suitability of these pretreatments has also been evaluated by corroborating the low levels of sugar degradation compounds detected in the samples, which are significantly lower than the concentrations reported in previous studies. In conclusion, because the sugars in fresh and processed vegetable wastes are widely available and easily obtainable, they can be considered as potential feedstocks for bioethanol production.
Observation of size oscillations in poly(ethylene) glycol/electrolyte composite microparticles

Abstract Two-dimensional optical diffraction in polymer/electrolyte composite microparticles has revealed interesting structural/morphological dynamics that occur on a time scale of several minutes. In addition to its utility as a qualitative probe of material homogeneity and phase-separation behavior in composite systems, PEG/NaCl particles probed by optical diffraction exhibit particle size oscillation (up to 100 nanometers peak-to-peak). The specific behavior observed depends on the concentration and nature of the electrolyte in the PEG host particle. These results demonstrate the feasibility of 2-D angular scattering in polymer composite particles as a means for probing structural phase transitions in ultrasmall (10–500 femtoliters) confined volumes.
A semblance-guided median filter

R eiter, E.C., T oksoz, M.N. and P urdy, G.M. 1992. A semblance-guided median filter. Geophysical Prospecting 41 , 15–41. A slowness selective median filter based on information from a local set of traces is described and implemented. The filter is constructed in two steps, the first being an estimation of a preferred slowness and the second, the selection of a median or trimmed mean value to replace the original data point. A symmetric window of traces defining the filter aperture is selected about each trace to be filtered and the filter applied repeatedly to each time point. The preferred slowness is determined by scanning a range of linear moveouts within the user-specified slowness passband. Semblance is computed for each trial slowness and the preferred slowness selected from the peak semblance value. Data points collected along this preferred slowness are then sorted from lowest to highest and in the case of a pure median filter, the middle point(s) selected to replace the original data point. The output of the filter is therefore quite insensitive to large amplitude noise bursts, retaining the well-known beneficial properties of a traditional 1D median filter. Energy which is either incoherent over the filter aperture or lies outside the slowness passband, may be additionally suppressed by weighting the filter output by the measured peak semblance. This approach may be used as a velocity filter to estimate coherent signal within a specified slowness passband and reject coherent energy outside this range. For applications of this type, other velocity estimators may be used in place of our semblance measure to provide improved velocity estimation and better filter performance. The filter aperture may also be extended to provide increased velocity estimation, but will result in additional lateral smearing of signal. We show that, in addition to a velocity filter, our approach may be used to improve signal-to-noise ratios in noisy data. The median filter tends to suppress the amplitude of random background noise and semblance weighting may be used to reduce the amplitude of background noise further while enhancing coherent signal. We apply our method to vertical seismic profile data to separate upgoing and downgoing wavefields, and also to large-offset ocean bottom hydrophone data to enhance weak refracted and post-critically reflected energy.
The returns to education in the sub-baccalaureate labor market, 1984–1990

Abstract While the sub-baccalaureate labor market is large and growing, there has been relatively little analysis of its effects on employment. This paper adds to our knowledge by analyzing the Survey of Income and Program Participation, for the years 1984, 1987, and 1990. The benefits of sub-baccalaureate credentials—associate degrees and certificates—are generally positive and statistically significant, contrary to the critics of two-year institutions. However, the benefits of completing some postsecondary education but failing to earn credentials are much lower, especially for women; there are substantial variations in returns among fields of study; and individuals who do not find employment related to their field of study also have lower returns. The implications are that better information should be provided to students so they can make rational choices, and state and federal policy should emphasize practices to improve completion rates and placement rates in both two- and four-year institutions.
Trapped particles from high‐altitude nuclear explosions

A series of invited papers was given on the artificial radiation belt containing a substantial amount of new information. The first large amount of data from the Explorer 15 satellite was released. Walter Brown of Bell Telephone Laboratories and Carl Mcllwain of the University of California, San Diego, discussed their experiments on this new satellite, which was launched specifically to study the trapped particles. Measurements of electrons and protons in several different energy regions were reported. Time histories of particles were shown, and a discussion of the results of the USSR high-altitude explosions on October 28 and November 1, 1962, was presented. The October 28 explosion produced a belt of electrons ranging from L = 1.8 up to about L = 3. Near L = 1.8 the electrons had essentially a fission energy spectrum, but at higher L values the spectral became steadily softer. This belt of particles decayed with lifetimes of the order of one week, in rough agreement with the earlier measurements from Telstar shortly after July 9. The time histories for large L values show significant changes associated with magnetic disturbances.
Io: Observational constraints on internal energy and thermophysics of the surface

Infrared observations of the Io eclipse of April 12, 1980, in five broad bands from 3 to 30 microns define the thermal emission spectrum both during and after eclipse. A substantial fraction of the emitted radiation during eclipse arises from hot spots; the equivalent global average heat flow is 1.5 + or - 0.3 W/sq m, corresponding to an internal source of (6 + or - 1) x 10 to the 13th W. The hot spot spectra can be matched by components with color temperatures of 200-600 K covering 1-2% of the surface. Comparison with observations over the past eight years suggests that, while the flux at the hottest temperatures may be highly variable, there is no evidence for major changes in the total heat flow, which is emitted primarily in the spectral region 10-20 microns. The heating curves of the surface were observed at 10 and 20 microns; when corrected for the hot spot contribution they indicate a typical global thermal inertia for Io of 0.0002 + or - 0.0001 cal/sq cm sec(exp 1/2) K, similar to that of the other Galilean satellites.
The Devil is in the Details: Neutralizing Critical Studies of Publicly Subsidized Stadiums:

This article analyzes the role of economic and sociological studies in the debate over using public subsidies to build new professional sports stadiums. We show how academic studies have been neutralized by supporters of stadium subsidies, thereby making them less effective in policy debates. We illustrate how pro-stadium elites have ignored the studies, criticized them without competing evidence, commissioned contradictory studies, or shifted the debate to non-measurable endpoints. We speculate on some of the reasons why pro-stadiums advocates — in particular politicians and corporate elites — have chosen to support subsidies despite academic findings that suggest little economic payoff from subsidies. This article is drawn from primary research in nine American cities involved in new sports stadium construction.
A methodology for hard/soft information fusion in the condition monitoring of aircraft

Condition-based maintenance (CBM) refers to the philosophy of performing maintenance when the need arises, based upon indicators of deterioration in the condition of the machinery. Traditionally, CBM involves equipping machinery with electronic sensors that continuously monitor components and collect data for analysis. The addition of the multisensory capability of human cognitive functions (i.e., sensemaking, problem detection, planning, adaptation, coordination, naturalistic decision making) to traditional CBM may create a fuller picture of machinery condition. Cognitive systems engineering techniques provide an opportunity to utilize a dynamic resource—people acting as soft sensors. The literature is extensive on techniques to fuse data from electronic sensors, but little work exists on fusing data from humans with that from electronic sensors (i.e., hard/soft fusion). The purpose of my research is to explore, observe, investigate, analyze, and evaluate the fusion of pilot and maintainer knowledge, experiences, and sensory perceptions with digital maintenance resources. Hard/soft information fusion has the potential to increase problem detection capability, improve flight safety, and increase mission readiness. This proposed project consists the creation of a methodology that is based upon the Living Laboratories framework, a research methodology that is built upon cognitive engineering principles 1. This study performs a critical assessment of concept, which will support development of activities to demonstrate hard/soft information fusion in operationally relevant scenarios of aircraft maintenance. It consists of fieldwork, knowledge elicitation to inform a simulation and a prototype.