cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bearing capacity of strip and circular footings in sand using finite elements

Abstract Design of shallow foundations relies on bearing capacity values calculated using procedures that are based in part on solutions obtained using the method of characteristics, which assumes a soil following an associated flow rule. In this paper, we use the finite element method to determine the vertical bearing capacity of strip and circular footings resting on a sand layer. Analyses were performed using an elastic–perfectly plastic Mohr–Coulomb constitutive model. To investigate the effect of dilatancy angle on the footing bearing capacity, two series of analyses were performed, one using an associated flow rule and one using a non-associated flow rule. The study focuses on the values of the bearing capacity factors N q and N γ and of the shape factors s q and s γ for circular footings. Relationships for these factors that are valid for realistic pairs of friction angle and dilatancy angle values are also proposed.
Success and Women's Career Adjustment:

Women have made significant advances in their careers during the last few decades, although there are still barriers facing them in their quest for advancement. Consequently, researchers and career professionals have suggested a number of personal and organizational strategies to help women overcome these barriers and achieve greater levels of success in organizations. Nevertheless, in recent years increasingly more women have left organizations to find career success by starting their own businesses. The present paper examines some of the barriers still facing women, proposed assistance strategies, and issues relevant to entrepreneurial women. Suggestions for future research to enhance the career success of women are offered.
When do antidepressants worsen the course of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder may be more prevalent than previously believed. Because a substantial number of patients with bipolar disorder present with an index depressive episode, it is likely that many are misdiagnosed with unipolar major depression. Even if a correct diagnosis is made, depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder are notoriously difficult to treat. Patients are often treated with antidepressants, which, if used improperly, are known to induce mania and provoke rapid cycling. This article explores diagnostic conundrums in bipolar depression and their possible solutions, based on current research evidence. It also elucidates current evidence regarding the risks and benefits associated with antidepressant use and evaluates alternative treatment regimens for the depressed bipolar population, including the use of traditional mood stabilizers such as lithium, novel anticonvulsants such as lamotrigine, and atypical antipsychotics.
Effect of Intercritical Annealing Temperature on Development of Cold Rolled Dual Phase Steel from Q345 Steel

Cold rolled dual phase steel was developed from Q345 steel by heat treatment procedure for automotive applications. The ultimate tensile strength was improved about 100MPa higher than the traditional cold-rolled Q345 steel in the continuous annealing simulation experiment. The microstructure presented varied characteristics in different intercritical annealing temperatures; mechanical properties were changed correspondingly as well. The chief discussions are focus on the recrystallization, hardenability of austenite and martensite transformation in the experiment.
Gene delivery mediated by recombinant silk proteins containing cationic and cell binding motifs

Silk proteins are biodegradable and biocompatible, and can also be tailored to contain additional features via genetic engineering, suggesting utility for gene delivery. In the present study, novel silk-based block copolymers were bioengineered both with poly(L-lysine) domains to interact with plasmid DNA (pDNA) and RGD, to enhance cell-binding and transfection efficiency. Ionic complexes of these silk-polylysine-RGD block copolymers with pDNA were prepared, characterized and utilized for gene delivery to HeLa cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. The material systems were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis, zeta-potentialmeter, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Sizes and charges of the pDNA complexes were regulated by the polymer/nucleotide molar ratio. Samples with 30-lysine residues and 11 RGD sequences, prepared at the ratio of number of amines/phosphates from pDNA (N/P) of 2, had an average solution diameter of 186 nm and showed the highest transfection efficiency. The intracellular distribution of complexes of Cy5-labeled pDNA was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The Cy5-labeled pDNA was distributed near the cell membrane and around the nuclei, indicating that the pDNA was transferred near the nucleus. The results demonstrated the potential of bioengineered silk proteins with additional functional features as a new family of highly tailored gene delivery systems.
Level correlations and dephasing-induced resonances in molecular aggregates

Dephasing-induced resonances in the nonlinear optical response of molecular aggregates are expressed in terms of level correlations. The third-order optical response is related to the three-dimensional spectral density function κ(E', E, E″). Expressions for κ(E', E, E″) derived using the Frenkel exciton model show the existence of collective (dephasing-induced) resonances
Corrigendum to “Regulating the availability of transforming growth factor β1 in B104 neuroblastoma cells” [Exp Neurol. 225/1 (2010) 123–132]

Corrigendum to “Regulating the availability of transforming growth factor β1 in B104 neuroblastoma cells” [Exp Neurol. 225/1 (2010) 123–132] Amanda L. Lindke , Frank A. Middleton , Michael W. Miller a,b,c,⁎ a Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse NY 13210, USA b Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton NY 13902, Cortland NY 13045, and Syracuse NY 13210, USA c Research Service, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse NY 13210, USA
Partial MAT-2 gene structure and the influence of temperature on mating success in Gibberella circinata.

Abstract Genetic analysis of Gibberella circinata, the causative agent of pitch canker disease of pines, historically has been thwarted by a low frequency of mating success in the laboratory. We describe two findings that should facilitate genetic analysis of this fungus and related species. First, we determined that previously described degenerate primers could be used to amplify a portion of the MAT-2 mating type gene from G. circinata. This led to the cloning and sequencing of a fragment of the MAT-2 gene, which in turn made it possible to distinguish between G. circinata isolates of opposite mating types. Second, we discovered that of the 18 G. circinata field isolates in our collection, the 1 female fertile isolate expressed its fertility at 15 and 20°C but not at 25°C, the temperature used for crossing many Gibberella species. It is evident, therefore, that when sexual reproduction in other closely related species is initially being investigated, the crosses should be established at a variety of temperatures. Once we learned that female fertility in this G. circinata isolate was expressed at 20°C, a high frequency of mating success was achieved.
Aluminum toxicity in plants grown in solution culture

Abstract Earlirose rice (Oryza sativa L. ) and Hawkeye soybeans (Glycine max L.) were grown in solution culture with A12(SO4)3 in concentrations of 0, 10‐6, 10‐5, 10‐4, 10‐3 M. Only at 10‐4 (slightly) and at 10‐3 M were there yield depressions due to Al. The threshold concentration of Al for toxicity was about 20 μg/g in rice shoots and about 30 μg/g in soybean leaves. The solution level necessary for these concentrations was 8 μg Al/ml. Plant concentrations which caused severe toxicity were 70 μg Al/g plant with 81 μg Al/ml solution. Most Al remained in roots, but leaves contained more than did stems of soybeans. The high Al decreased Fe, Cu, and Mn concentrations in shoots of rice and decreased Fe, Cu, and Zn in roots of rice. The high Al resulted in decreased Fe and Zn in leaves of soybeans. No Fe deficiency symptoms were present due to the high Al.
New treatments for cocaine abuse

Effective pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence have eluded researchers for decades, despite intensive investigation, but controlled studies have recently identified several promising candidates that might finally impact the prognosis of this treatment refractory disorder. Cocaine acutely activates natural reward pathways that become progressively dysregulated over the course of addiction, leading to abnormal hedonic function and craving, especially in response to conditioned environmental cues. The acute and chronic effects of cocaine on reward-related substrates produce distinct clinical phenomena that might respond to different medications. Pharmacological strategies to block cocaine euphoria, reverse clinically significant neuroadaptations, improve prefrontal cortical function and dampen cue-induced craving are reviewed in the context of known neuronal mechanisms and recent clinical trials.
Treatment of multiple myeloma: An emphasis on new developments

Not all patients who fulfill the minimal criteria for diagnosis of multiple myeloma should be treated. If doubt exists about beginning therapy, one should wait and re-evaluate the patient in 2 or 3 months. There is no evidence that early treatment of multiple myeloma is advantageous. All patients should be considered possible candidates for an autologous stem cell transplantation. If they are deemed to be eligible, they should be treated for 3 to 4 months with therapy that does not damage the hematopoietic stem cells. Currently, most physicians use thalidomide plus dexamethasone or dexamethasone alone for induction. Vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and dexamethasone (VAD) have been used in the past. Autologous stem cell transplantation prolongs disease-free survival and overall survival. The treatment-related mortality rate is 1% to 2%. Melphalan, 200 mg/m2, is the most widely used preparative regimen. Although allogeneic transplantation is attractive, the mortality rate (about 20%) is too high to recommend conventional allogeneic transplantation. Non-myeloablative transplantation is currently under investigation. If the patient is not a candidate for autologous stem cell transplantation, therapy with melphalan and prednisone is a good choice. Patients with relapsed or refractory disease may be treated with dexamethasone, thalidomide and dexamethasone, bortezomib (Velcade, PS-341), or lenalidomide (Revlimid, not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration).
Translesion DNA Synthesis by Yeast DNA Polymerase η on Templates Containing N 2-Guanine Adducts of 1,3-Butadiene Metabolites

Yeast DNA polymerase η can replicate throughcis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 8-oxoguanine lesions with the same efficiency and accuracy as replication of an undamaged template. Previously, it has been shown thatEscherichia coli DNA polymerases I, II, and III are incapable of bypassing DNA substrates containingN 2-guanine adducts of stereoisomeric 1,3-butadiene metabolites. Here we showed that yeast polymerase η replicates DNA containing the monoadducts (S)-butadiene monoepoxide and (S,S)-butadiene diolepoxideN 2-guanines albeit at an ∼200–300-fold lower efficiency relative to the control guanine. Interestingly, nucleotide incorporation opposite the (R)-butadiene monoepoxide and the (R,R)-butadiene diolepoxideN 2-guanines was ∼10-fold less efficient than incorporation opposite their S stereoisomers. Polymerase η preferentially incorporates the correct nucleotide opposite and downstream of all four adducts, except that it shows high misincorporation frequencies for elongation of C paired with (R)-butadiene monoepoxideN 2-guanine. Additionally, polymerase η does not bypass the (R,R)- and (S,S)-butadiene diolepoxideN 2-guanine-N 2-guanine intra- strand cross-links, and replication is completely blocked just prior to the lesion. Collectively, these data suggest that polymerase η can tolerate the geometric distortions in DNA conferred by the N 2-guanine butadiene monoadducts but not the intrastrand cross-links.
Cutting balloon: A novel approach to percutaneous angioplasty☆

Abstract Balloon angioplasty typically injures the vessel wall by inducing irregular intimai tears, splits and stretches.1 Proliferative response to this injury,2 and elastic recoil3 after balloon angioplasty are implicated as causes of restenosis and acute closure, respectively. We hypothesized that sharp and regular endovascular surgical incisions may enhance the success of angioplasty by limiting both injury and elastic recoil. We designed devices to make radially directed, longitudinal surgical cuts from the luminal surface deepening into the medial layer. In this study we used 1 of the possible designs (Figure 1). One to 4 cutting edges of 0.1 to 0.4 mm metal blades were mounted on the surface of balloon catheters parallel with the longitudinal axis of the balloon (cutting balloon). The aims of the study were to (1) determine the immediate morphology of incisions made with the cutting balloon; (2) determine the healing response to the endovascular incisions; and (3) compare angiographie results obtained with standard and cutting balloons.
The Importance of Being Republican: Forecasting Party Fortunes in House Midterm Elections

Few observers expected the massive Democratic defeat in the 1994 House election In 1982 observers were surprised by how few seats the Republicans lost. These two examples suggest the possibility of a wider phenomenon: Republicans are relatively advantaged in midterm elections Models containing party variables and key variables from various midterm election models provide an excellent fit to the 1950-1994 data and support the hypothesis that Republicans save more seats than do Democrats when presidential approval, economic growth, surge and decline, and safe seats are controlled These contrasting party fates may be related to different expectations voters bring to Republican and Democratic presidencies Bringing party into midterm forecasting shows that the 54 seats lost in 1994 were not surprising for the Democrats, but under similar conditions the Republicans would lose only about 20 seats.
Capillary, interstitial, and cell membrane barriers to blood-tissue transport of potassium and rubidium in mammalian skeletal muscle.

Blood-tissue transport of 42K, 86Rb, and22Na was studied in perfused gracilis muscles of dogs to ascertain the influence of capillary wall, interstitial space, and muscle cell membranes on overall transport kinetics. Single-injection and continuous-infusion techniques were used, with T-1824 or 51Cr-hemoglobin as nondiffusible references. Results were as follows: (1) Extraction (E) of the diffusible solutes was incomplete even in the earliest samples of venous outflow. (2) ERb equaled EK in the first few samples, but later, as both declined, the ratio of ERb to EK became less than one; stable ratios between 0.6 and 0.8 were established in different experiments. (3) ENa was initially slightly less than ERb or EK but declined much more sharply in successive samples. (4) Steadystate ERb and EK decreased with increasing blood flow but maintained a constant ratio. Vasomotion sometimes changed ERb and EK but had little effect on their ratio. Local anesthetics (procaine or cocaine) brought the ratio of ERb to EK ...
Effects of viscous solvent on DNA polymer in a fiber

The viscous forces acting on a DNA macromolecule in a fiber are calculated. The DNA polymer is modeled as an infinite rod of elliptical cross section with a grooved surface. The viscous solvent is hydrodynamic water. Appropriate boundary conditions for determining the viscous forces on the acoustic vibrational modes are discussed. The viscous forces acting on each mode are then calculated as functions of both frequency and amount of water in the fiber. The mass loading of the DNA due to water in the grooves is shown to reduce the longitudinal acoustic velocity, which agrees with recent experimental results. The longitudinal modes are determined to be underdamped and correspondingly sharp over a range of frequencies and humidities appropriate to experimental conditions. The torsional and transverse acoustic modes are still strongly overdamped.
Responsibility and collaboration

Au-dela des arguments du consequentialisme de l'action et du non-consequentialisme concernant le dilemme Jim et les Indiens developpe par B. Williams contre la doctrine de la responsabilite negative, l'A. defend la these selon laquelle l'objection non-consequentialiste de la collaboration avec le mal peut etre utilisee, non pas contre, mais en faveur du meurtre d'un Indien par le protagoniste. Distinguant les versions positive et negative de la responsabilite, et considerant le contexte de l'autorite illegitime, l'A. refute l'objection de l'integrite presentee par B. Williams, d'une part, et etend son analyse morale a la question des collaborateurs de la persecution nazie, du suicide par assistance medicale et de l'euthanasie, d'autre part.
Active switching of light in silicon based self collimating photonic crystals

In this paper, we present a PhC modulator-switch that demonstrates active control over signal routing. We design and characterize a photonic crystal (PhC) based silicon electro-optic modulator.
The 1.6-kV AlGaN/GaN HFETs

The breakdown voltages in unpassivated nonfield-plated AlGaN/GaN HFETs on sapphire substrates were studied. These studies reveal that the breakdown is limited by the surface flashover rather than by the AlGaN/GaN channel. After elimination of the surface flashover in air, the breakdown voltage scaled linearly with the gate-drain spacing reaching 1.6 kV at 20 mum. The corresponding static ON-resistance was as low as 3.4 mOmegamiddotcm2. This translates to a power device figure-of-merit VBR 2/RON=7.5times108 V2middotOmega-1 cm-2, which, to date, is among the best reported values for an AlGaN/GaN HFET
Heterogeneity in Ability and Inheritance, Disparities, and Development

This paper investigates the impact of income inequality on economic growth. A two-period overlapping generations model is developed where agents are heterogeneous in innate abilities and inheritance. In the first period, they receive their inheritance and their abilities are revealed. There are only two types of abilities: high and low. Individuals decide on their education level, and divide their inheritance between spending on education and saving. In the second period, individuals supply their labor and allocate the labor income and the return to their saving between consumption and bequests to their offsprings. Initial capital stock is owned entirely by the capitalists. In this context, a more equal distribution of income enhances economic growth if the economy is lower than a threshold capital-labor ratio, while income inequality has an insignificant effect above this threshold. The predictions of the model are tested empirically using the Hansen (1999) threshold estimation. The results, using a pane...
INELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL STEELS UNDER CYCLIC BIAXIAL NONPROPORTIONAL LOADING

This paper deals with the cyclic behavior of structural steels under biaxial nonproportional compression and torsion. The experimentally observed biaxial cyclic behavior of steels subjected to combined nonproportional compression and torsion is examined and discussed. Some important cyclic behavior of steels within the yield plateau and strain-hardening region, such as reduction of the elastic range, the decrease of the yield plateau, cyclic strain hardening, fading and nonfading memory under biaxial nonproportional loading are presented. The rate of nonproportionality of loading on cyclic behavior is evaluated.
Surrogate model‐based strategy for cryogenic cavitation model validation and sensitivity evaluation

The study of cavitation dynamics in cryogenic environment has critical implications for the performance and safety of liquid rocket engines, but there is no established method to estimate cavitation-induced loads. To help develop such a computational capability, we employ a multiple-surrogate model-based approach to aid in the model validation and calibration process of a transport-based, homogeneous cryogenic cavitation model. We assess the role of empirical parameters in the cavitation model and uncertainties in material properties via global sensitivity analysis coupled with multiple surrogates including polynomial response surface, radial basis neural network, kriging, and a predicted residual sum of squares-based weighted average surrogate model. The global sensitivity analysis results indicate that the performance of cavitation model is more sensitive to the changes in model parameters than to uncertainties in material properties. Although the impact of uncertainty in temperature-dependent vapor pressure on the predictions seems significant, uncertainty in latent heat influences only temperature field. The influence of wall heat transfer on pressure load is insignificant. We find that slower onset of vapor condensation leads to deviation of the predictions from the experiments. The recalibrated model parameters rectify the importance of evaporation source terms, resulting in significant improvements in pressure predictions. The model parameters need to be adjusted for different fluids, but for a given fluid, they help capture the essential fluid physics with different geometry and operating conditions.
Positive plant-soil feedback may drive dominance of a woodland invader, Euonymus fortunei

Positive feedback between invasive and native plants may contribute to invasive species dominance, although this pattern may not be general for all invasions and has not been well explored in woodland systems. We examined the pairwise feedback relationship between Euonymus fortunei, an emerging invader of North American deciduous forests, and Asarum canadense, a co-occuring native groundcover, to determine whether positive feedback might contribute to Euonymus dominance. In a greenhouse in Bloomington, Indiana, USA, we conditioned live woodland soil via growth with either Euonymus or Asarum, then used conditioned soils to inoculate monocultures and pairwise mixtures of each species. After eight weeks, we harvested plants and measured percent growth. We found evidence for positive plant-soil feedback between Euonymus and Asarum. Euonymus grew better in soil conditioned by conspecifics than in soil conditioned by Asarum, whereas total Asarum growth was not different in soil conditioned by conspecifics vs.Euonymus. These results held whether Euonymus and Asarum grew in monoculture or pairwise competition. This study supports a role for positive plant-soil feedback as a driving factor behind the invasion of Euonymus fortunei. Future work should examine the role of abiotic vs. biotic factors in mediating feedback between Euonymus and Asarum. Furthermore, researchers should examine pairwise feedback between Euonymus and other native species in order to better understand the role of positive feedback in Euonymus invasion. By evaluating the importance of this and other possible invasion mechanisms, we can improve our understanding of invasion ecology while facilitating management of harmful invasive species.
The relationship between cigarette use, nicotine dependence, and craving in laboratory volunteers

Data from epidemiological studies suggest that individual differences in cigarettes per day (CPD) and duration of smoking account for only a small portion of the variance in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) (DSM-IV) nicotine dependence. However, DSM-IV may be an insensitive measure of nicotine dependence; other measures might better reflect the true nature of the relationship between use and dependence. This paper describes the relationship between cigarettes per day (CPD) and years smoking and the severity of nicotine dependence as measured by the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS). Furthermore, we assessed the validity of individual differences in nicotine dependence by determining whether they related to cue-evoked craving during abstinence. Data were pooled from five laboratory studies of 489 regular (i.e., 15+ CPD) smokers. In contrast to previously reported data demonstrating a relatively strong relationship between CPD and dependence in chippers (Shiffman & Sayette, 2005), CPD and years smoking accounted for a statistically significant, but small (<6%), portion of the variance in nicotine dependence in daily smokers. Individual differences in both CPD and years smoking had little or no relationship with craving. However, the magnitude of craving was significantly related to the degree of nicotine dependence even after controlling for use variables and excluding craving-related items on the NDSS. These data suggest that among moderate to heavy daily smokers, meaningful individual differences in nicotine dependence are observed independent of differences in current daily cigarette consumption and duration of smoking. Further research into the sources of this variance is critical to understanding the process of and risk for nicotine dependence.
Chromium as Adjunctive Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE:To review the chemistry, pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of trivalent chromium in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia.DATA SOURCES:The English literature was searched from 1966 through May 2002 using MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and EMBASE. The key words included chromium, glucose, lipids, and diabetes. Pertinent references from review articles and studies were used as additional sources.DATA SYNTHESIS:Trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient and has a key role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Supplementation with chromium does not appear to reduce glucose levels in euglycemia. It may, however, have some efficacy in reducing glucose levels in hyperglycemia. The effects of chromium on lipid levels are variable. Chromium in doses <1000 μg/d appears to be safe for short-term administration. Kidney function and dermatologic changes need to be monitored.CONCLUSIONS:Chromium appears to be a safe supplement and may have a role as adjunctive therapy for treatmen...
Antecedents And Consequences Of Job Satisfaction: Testing A Comprehensive Model Using Integrated Methodology

This study examines the key antecedents and two important consequences of job satisfaction in a comprehensive framework by utilizing integrated methodologies. This involves combining meta-analytic techniques with structural equation modeling. The antecedents represent theoretical perspectives that indicate workplace influences including task characteristics, social information processing, and dispositional perspectives. The consequences are the withdrawal behaviors of absenteeism and turnover. The results indicate all three perspectives are supported to varying degrees with multiple antecedents impacting job satisfaction. However, the dispositional variables maintain the greatest overall impact. Interestingly, job satisfaction had little impact on the progression of withdrawal behaviors. Although job design and leadership behaviors impact job satisfaction, management needs to reconsider hiring and selection practices as they relate to the dispositional aspects of potential employees.
Design of High-Resolution Optical Systems for Fast and Accurate Surface Reconstruction

In the last few decades, virtual reconstruction of objects has grown interest in the field of quality control. As known, smart manufactures need automatic systems for the real-time investigation of production yields, i.e. techniques, methods and technologies devoted to the analysis of quality. In particular, high-resolution systems are required for the measurement of surface profiles aimed to the detection and characterization of small defects, with sizes reaching the limit of few microns. This book Chapter describes the procedure for the design of high-resolution and high-accuracy laser scanning probes based on triangulation techniques for the exhaustive reconstruction of objects. Drawbacks and limitations will be discussed, with particular focus on occlusion problems due to possible undercut surfaces within the testing objects. A complete description of novel techniques will be thus provided together with a demonstration of a resulting optical probe. Challenging metal objects, namely drilling tools, will be then investigated, proving measurement resolutions close to the physical diffraction limit.
The Training of the Executive

The postwar popularity of executive development programs raises in slightly new form the old question of what should be the training of the executive. An executive development program is a conference, course, or seminar lasting from one or two days to a month. Executives, drawn usually from “middle management,” are brought together, usually under the auspices of an academic institution or a trade association (the American Management Association is one of the chief operators in the field), to hear talks by “experts,” usually professors of administration or executives of large organizations, to engage in discussions, and in some cases to engage in “simulation” of administrative situations.2 Many businesses every year send several of their “coming men” to these institutes expense. Until recently federal employees were not so fortunate; the agencies were not permitted to use their appropriations to send employees to “outside” training institutions. Many federal employees took development courses, but they did so at their own expense or on grants from foundations. The Government Employees Training Act of 1985 has given the agencies more freedom, however, and no doubt the demand for executive development will increase accordingly.
Mycotic “Mycotic Aneurysm” of the Aorta Due to Aspergillus fumigatus

The case presented is the first reported instance of fungal mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta not associated with fungal endocarditis or a contiguous focus of fungal infection. Aspergillus fumigatus was the etiologic agent. The patient was a renal transplant recipient who was receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The primary source of the disseminated infection appeared to be the lung. Infection of the aortic wall appeared to result from direct penetration by fungi circulating in the lumen of the aorta.
XCO2 retrieval error over deserts near critical surface albedo

Large retrieval errors in column‐weighted CO_2 mixing ratio (X_(CO2)) over deserts are evident in the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 version 7 L2 products. We argue that these errors are caused by the surface albedo being close to a critical surface albedo (α_c). Over a surface with albedo close to α_c, increasing the aerosol optical depth (AOD) does not change the continuum radiance. The spectral signature caused by changing the AOD is identical to that caused by changing the absorbing gas column. The degeneracy in the retrievals of AOD and X_(CO2) results in a loss of degrees of freedom and information content. We employ a two‐stream‐exact single scattering radiative transfer model to study the physical mechanism of X_(CO2) retrieval error over a surface with albedo close to α_c. Based on retrieval tests over surfaces with different albedos, we conclude that over a surface with albedo close to α_c, the X_(CO2) retrieval suffers from a significant loss of accuracy. We recommend a bias correction approach that has significantly improved the X_(CO2) retrieval from the California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing data in the presence of aerosol loading.
The “Party Period” Revisited

In recent years the most dominant and least challenged framework for understanding nineteenth-century United States political history is easily the "party period" concept, which represents a principal legacy of the new political history of the 1960s and 1970s. In those years the party systems and realignment synthesis tended to dominate both theorizing and monographic exploration. Scholars identified five successive party systems that had appeared from the Federalist era (the 1790s) to the late twentieth century, defined primarily by their grounding in electoral coalitions that shifted during upheavals originating in socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural change. The rearrangements of electoral coalitions or realignments-also ended one party's dominance of governance and inaugurated another's.1 In the nineteenth century the most important realignments were the emergence in the 1 830s and 1 840s of the Democratic and Whig parties as the world's first mass party organizations; the 1850s realignment that destroyed the Whigs and brought the new Republican party into being; and finally the 1890s realignment that ended the political stalemate of the Gilded Age and ushered in a period of Republican dominance, which lasted to the 1930s.2 But in short order the realignment synthesis encountered skepticism and questions. Many historians doubted that the social and political upheavals of the 1820s and 1830s that lead to the second party system should be called a realignment, especially since the Federalist and Republican parties had sunk only shallow roots and seemed not to constitute any kind of "system," and whatever electoral patterns had prevailed before 1815 had become amorphous by the 1820s. The 1850s realignment had brought about decisive changes in both state policy and grass-roots electoral coalitions, but the 1 890s realignment apparently produced no policy change. As doubts grew regarding the realignment-party system synthesis, the concept of the party period loomed larger as a rock of certainty: That the
Rotisserie Political Science

In a recent essay in this journal, Thomas E. Cronin (1991: 489) argues that effectively teaching political science requires a sense of humor. Professor Cronin's insight is thoughtprovoking. Would the use of humor in political science in general improve the discipline? We think so. ' So, from the people who brought you "The Contribution of Elvis Presley to Political Science,"2 comes... [drum roll] . . . Rotisserie Political Science (RPS). Rotisserie games have grown up around most major sports-football, baseball, basketball-why not political science? The basic principle behind rotisserie games is that armchair athletes can get vicarious thrills by selecting players who perform well in real games. Although the rules vary, the game usually begins with each game player drafting a given number of players (henceforth designated "athletes") who participate in that sport. Game players are awarded or lose points for the performance of their chosen athletes that week. For example, a running back in football gets points for touchdowns but loses points for fumbles. The game player selects a group of athletes from those he/she3 has drafted; these athletes are designated to play that week. Game players then receive points for all the athletes they own who play that week. The player whose athletes amass the largest number of points is the winner. An entry fee is usually charged, and weekly and season winners are awarded cash prizes. The most difficult part of rotisserie games is devising the point system for the athletes. Below is our point system for RPS. Because political science does not have natural seasons similar to most other sports, we have arbitrarily declared that a political science season shall be of 12 months' duration beginning on January 1. Points are awarded only for activities during that calendar year, although, as detailed later, some awards may be given for multiyear performance. Otherwise, points cannot be carried over into another season.
Implementing a pharmacy resident run transition of care service for heart failure patients: Effect on readmission rates.

Objective Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospital readmissions adversely affecting resources and hospital reimbursements. The purpose of this study was to optimize medication therapy, provide patient education and facilitate discharge and follow-up through the creation of a pharmacy resident managed HF transition service with the intention of decreasing readmission rates. Methods A 6-month prospective, single center pilot study was conducted by a pharmacy resident to decrease readmission rates in patients with HF. Patients were identified through emergency department admission reports and direct requests from discharge nurses. The pharmacy resident provided patients with tailored medication and disease state counseling, ensured obtainment of discharge medications and performed follow up telephone calls for appointment reminders and further counseling. The primary outcome measured was readmission rate at 30 days. Secondary outcomes were number of patients requesting safety net medications, reason for readmission(s), and appointment compliance. Results Thirty patients were enrolled in the program. The 30-day heart failure readmission rate decreased from 28.1% to 16.6%. Eighty-eight percent of patients attended their follow up appointments. Conclusion A reduction in readmission rate was achieved through this pharmacy resident-run HF transition service. The majority of patients attended follow-up visits and financial appointments after discharge.
Adjoint-Based Methods in Aerodynamic Design-Optimization

In this paper we study the use of adjoints in.the calculation of design gradients for cost and constraint functionals in optimization-based aerodynamic design. While there is an extensive literature on numerical implementation of these ideas, the underlying mathematical treatment is usually quite formal. Here we focus on rigorous justification of the approach and on careful characterization of the underlying function spaces. One practical result is the demonstration that just as the flow variables may have internal jumps, so also may the associated adjoints. For a particular flow-matching problem we are able to characterize the jump by a transversality condition.
Techniques to ensure adequate portal flow in the presence of splenorenal shunts.

Persistence of a large spontaneous splenorenal shunt (SRS) may result in graft failure in adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) because it reduces the effective portal perfusion to the partial liver graft by diversion of hepatotrophic portal flow into this hepatofugal pathway. We performed a prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of ligation of left renal vein (LRV) to prevent portal flow steal and the safety of this procedure to the renal function in adult LDLT patients with SRS. Between October 2001 and January 2005, 44 cirrhotic patients with large SRS underwent LDLT with ligation of LRV. Each patient received pre- and postoperative computed tomography and Doppler USG to assess the changes of collaterals and portal flow, as well as serial renal and liver function tests. Portal flow after ligation of LRV was statistically and significantly increased when compared with pre-operative value (P = 0.001). Whereas four patients (9.1%) demonstrated sustained, elevated serum creatinine levels after operation, the renal function tests returned to normal in 40 patients. All patients recovered with satisfactory regeneration of the partial liver graft and there was no procedure-related permanent renal dysfunction. In conclusion, ligation of LRV to prevent a 'portal steal phenomenon' seems to be a safe and effective graft salvage procedure for large spontaneous SRS (>10-mm diameter) in adult LDLT.
A review of the genus Chelobasis Gray, 1832 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

The genus Chelobasis Gray, 1832 is reviewed. Four species are recognized. A key to the species is presented. The literature is summarized and each species is illustrated.
Misuse-based detection of Z-Wave network attacks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are becoming ubiquitous, providing low-cost, low-power, and low-complexity systems in which communication and control are tightly integrated. Although much security research into WSNs has been accomplished, researchers struggle to conduct thorough analyses of closed-source proprietary protocols. Of the numerous available and underanalyzed proprietary protocols, those based on the ITU-T G.9959 recommendation specifying narrow-band sub-GHz communications have recently experienced significant growth. The Z-Wave protocol is the most common implementation of this recommendation. Z-Wave developers are required to sign nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements, limiting the availability of tools to perform open source research. Given recently demonstrated attacks against Z-Wave networks, defensive countermeasures are needed. This work extends an existing implementation of a Z-Wave Misuse-Based Intrusion Detection System (MBIDS). A side-by-side comparison is performed through experimentation to measure misuse detection accuracy of the baseline and extended MBIDS implementations. Experiment results determine the extended MBIDS achieves a mean misuse detection rate of 99%, significantly improving the security posture in MBIDS-monitored Z-Wave networks.
Control of dimensionality and topology in nickel and cobalt coordination polymers containing adamantane-based dicarboxylate and long-spanning dipyridyl ligands

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of a metal nitrate, an adamantane-based dicarboxylic acid, and a long-spanning dipyridyl ligand produced six coordination polymers that were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [Ni2(adc)2(μ-H2O)(4-bpfh)2]n (1, adc = 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylate, 4-bpfh = bis(4-pyridylformyl)homopiperazine) displays 1D coordination polymer ribbons based on [Ni2(OCO)2(μ-H2O)] dimeric units. {[Ni(adc)(4-bpfp)2(H2O)2]·H2O}n (2, 4-bpfp = bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine) shows a simple stacked (4,4) layer structure. {[Ni2(adc)2(3-bpmp)2(H2O)2]·15H2O}n (3, 3-bpmp = bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) also possesses stacked (4,4) grids, but with two different types of infinite water tapes in the interlamellar regions. {[Ni2(adc)2(4-bpmp)2(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (4, 4-bpmp = bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) again exhibits (4,4) layers, but with two-fold 2D + 2D → 2D parallel interpenetration. [Co(adc)(4-bpmp)]n (5) displays carboxylate bridged {Co2(OCO)2} cluster units pillared by adc and 4-bpmp ligands into an 8-connected 42464 bcu topology. Use of the longer 1,3-adamantanediacetate (ada) ligand afforded {[Ni2(ada)2(4-bpmp)2(H2O)]·2H2O}n (6), which possesses dinuclear {Ni2(OCO)2(μ-H2O)} cluster units linked into [Ni2(ada)2(H2O)] ribbons, further connected by 4-bpmp ligands into a rare 6-connected self-penetrated 4867 msw net. Variable temperature magnetic studies were undertaken in cases where dimeric units were evident; antiferromagnetic coupling was observed for 1 and 5, while ferromagnetic coupling with low temperature spin canting was observed for 6. Thermal properties of all new materials were also investigated.
Surgical Emergencies in Breast Surgery

Surgical emergencies are uncommon in the breast cancer patient. Of the emergencies that are encountered, most occur within the early postoperative period and are secondary to bleeding or infection. The diagnosis and management of these complications are largely based upon the initial type of operation and/or reconstructive approach. It is important to also recognize scenarios that would appear to require more urgent operative intervention, but for which surgery should be postponed or avoided. These include cases of granulomatous mastitis and inflammatory breast cancer, which have a similar presentation but vastly different treatment algorithms.
Comparative Validity of Members of the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform Groups for Indicating the Presence of Salmonella in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

During a 24-month survey, 539 samples each of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the overlying water were collected to determine the relation of most probable number (MPN) of the total and fecal coliform groups in shellfish and water to the presence of Salmonella in the shellfish themselves. Occurrence of Salmonella in the shellfish more closely paralleled a progressive increase in the fecal coliform MPN as compared to the total coliform MPN in the water and shellfish meat. The percentage of Salmonella-positive shellfish samples was somewhat higher in oysters harvested from waters conforming to the present bacteriological approved growing area standard of ≤70 total coliforms per 100 ml water as compared to these same waters meeting a recently proposed fecal coliform standard of ≤14 organisms per 100 ml. In no instance was Salmonella detected in oysters from growing areas officially approved for harvesting on the basis of both a bacteriological and sanitary survey. Of a variety of enrichment br...
Playing for the Rules: How and Why New Christian Right Public Interest Law Firms Invest in Secular Litigation

This article catalogues and analyzes the litigating behavior of four of the leading New Christian Right Public Interest Law Firms (NCR PILFs). Consistent with the finding from judicial politics that all PILFs seek first and foremost to have policy influence, we find that most of the litigation these PILFs invest in is either explicitly or implicitly religious or mission-driven. However, we also observe a trend of increased participation in secular cases by the two largest NCR PILFs in our study. Through in-depth, qualitative content analysis of the briefs submitted in these secular cases, we show that while some of this behavior can be attributed to organizational maintenance or coalitional goals, most of this secular participation appears motivated by a desire to influence the legal rules, rather than the outcome of the particular case. In doing so, this article shows how Public Interest Law Firms engage with an increasingly complex legal and political landscape. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Structural stability of small oligomeric proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the experimental methods used to thermodynamically characterize the oligomeric systems and summarizes the mechanisms of stabilization of these proteins. Using the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism, it is possible to thermodynamically characterize the temperature induced unfolding of oligomeric proteins. It has been demonstrated that the thermal unfolding of both p53 tumor suppressor (p53tet) and general control nonrepressed 4 (GCN4) leucine zipper can be described by two state processes where the folded oligomers unfold cooperatively into unfolded monomers. Under all conditions, the concentration of intermediate species consisting of folded dimers or monomers for p53tet or folded monomers for GCN4 could not be detected. The majority of interfacial contacts in the oligomers are hydrophobic, making isolated dimeric or monomeric structures highly unstable. The hydrophobic effect is a major stabilizing force for both of these oligomers. The results pointed to a stabilization mechanism where intrinsically unstable structures are stabilized by quaternary structural interactions.
Self-oriented forgiveness and other-oriented forgiveness: Shaping high-quality exchange relationships

We examine the effects of two distinct forgiveness motives, self-oriented and other-oriented, on relationship quality within supervisor–subordinate relationships. We provide empirical evidence that both forgiveness motives are positively associated with leader–member exchange and differentially associated with interpersonal citizenship behavior and suggest that previous forgiveness research may be incomplete. We demonstrate that high-quality leader–member relationships and interpersonal citizenship behavior can be enhanced by self-oriented forgiveness motive and other-oriented forgiveness motive. We further show that the association between forgiveness motive and leader–member exchange can be strengthened by one’s disposition, such that proactive personality strengthens the influence of self-oriented forgiveness motive on leader–member exchange and empathic concern strengthens the influence of other-oriented forgiveness motive on leader–member exchange. This manuscript aims to empirically examine two key pathways to forgiveness: one driven by self-orientation and the other driven by other-orientation.