cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the effects of compressional and elastic photoacoustic waves to predict transcranial photoacoustic image quality for guidance of minimally invasive neurosurgeries

Patient simulations can be a powerful tool to plan placement of photoacoustic imaging components for surgical guidance. We previously used compressional-wave-only simulations to identify optimal acoustic windows for transcranial photoacoustic imaging. Elastic simulations, which include both compressional and shear waves, are expected to more accurately represent the physical transcranial acoustic process. However, elastic simulations are timing-consuming and memory intensive. This paper contains a comparison of compressional and elastic wave simulations to determine which option is more suitable for preoperative surgical planning. Compressional and elastic photoacoustic k-Wave simulations were performed based on a CT volume of a human cadaver head. Photoacoustic sources were placed in the locations of the internal carotid arteries and likely positions of neurosurgical instrument tips. Transducers received signals from three acoustic windows (i.e., the ocular, nasal, and temporal regions). Target visibility, image-based target size estimates, and target-to-instrument distances were measured using the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio, resolution, and relative source distances, respectively, for each simulation method. The generalized contrast-to-noise ratio and resolution measurements were equivalent between compressional and elastic simulations. Relative source distance measurements were within 0.1 mm of the true distances. These results indicate that it is sufficient to utilize the less time-consuming, less memory-intensive compressional wave simulations for presurgical planning.
Clinician Care Team Composition and Health Care Utilization.

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that a greater proportion of physician time on primary care teams are associated with decreased emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and readmissions, and to determine clinician and care team characteristics associated with greater utilization. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed administrative data collected from January 1 to December 31, 2017, of 420 family medicine clinicians (253 physicians, 167 nurse practitioners/physician assistants [NP/PAs]) with patient panels in an integrated health system in 59 Midwestern communities serving rural and urban areas in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa. These clinicians cared for 419,581 patients through 110 care teams, with varying numbers of physicians and NP/PAs. Primary outcome measures were rates of ED visits, hospitalizations, and readmissions. Results The proportion of physician full-time equivalents on the team was unrelated to rates of ED visits (rate ratio [RR] = 0.826; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.624 to 1.063), hospitalizations (RR = 0.894; 95% CI, 0.746 to 1.072), or readmissions (RR = –0.026; 95% CI, 0.364 to 0.312). In separate multivariable models adjusted for clinician and practice-level characteristics, the rate of ED visits was positively associated with mean panel hierarchical condition category (HCC) score, urban vs rural setting, NP/PA vs physician, and lower years in practice. The rate of inpatient admissions was associated with HCC score, and 30-day hospital readmissions were positively associated with HCC score, lower years in practice, and male clinicians. Conclusion Care team physician and NP/PA composition was not independently related to utilization. More complex panels had higher rates of ED visits, hospitalization, and readmissions. Statistically significant differences between physician and NP/PA panels were only evident for ED visits.
Riding the coronacoaster: Learning, teaching, and living at a health sciences campus during the COVID-19 pandemic

This collaborative autoethnography examines how we (four students and a professor of community-engaged research) used our experiences to make sense of life during COVID‑19. Engaging in a collective approach to autoethnographic writing, we highlight different perspectives of a cultural moment shaped by the science denialism and untruths that define US governmental practices and approaches to the pandemic. We share how we are dealing with COVID‑19 discourses that run counter to the scientific foregrounding of our STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) and health and medical sciences training, reflect on the role of the pandemic in shifting post-baccalaureate plans, navigate the lockdown while participating in racial justice protests in Minneapolis, and examine the experiences of being essential healthcare workers while in school. By situating these shifting ways of learning, teaching, and engaging as portents of the difficulties we may continue to face, we show the possibilities of narrative methods in imagining and implementing post-pandemic healthcare practices grounded on a praxis of community justice and collective care.
The Effect of Psychiatric History on Pain and Related Outcomes Among Living Kidney Donors.

Introduction:Living donor transplantation of kidneys accounts for one quarter of transplants performed in the United States. Careful screening of psychiatric history is a standard part of the donor...
What is Your Article Based On? Inferring Fine-grained Provenance

When evaluating an article and the claims it makes, a critical reader must be able to assess where the information presented comes from, and whether the various claims are mutually consistent and support the conclusion. This motivates the study of claim provenance, which seeks to trace and explain the origins of claims. In this paper, we introduce new techniques to model and reason about the provenance of multiple interacting claims, including how to capture fine-grained information about the context. Our solution hinges on first identifying the sentences that potentially contain important external information. We then develop a query generator with our novel rank-aware cross attention mechanism, which aims at generating metadata for the source article, based on the context and the signals collected from a search engine. This establishes relevant search queries, and it allows us to obtain source article candidates for each identified sentence and propose an ILP based algorithm to infer the best sources. We experiment with a newly created evaluation dataset, Politi-Prov, based on fact-checking articles from www.politifact.com; our experimental results show that our solution leads to a significant improvement over baselines.
A clinical decision rule predicting outcomes of emergency department patients with altered mental status

Study objective Approximately 5% of emergency department patients present with altered mental status (AMS). AMS is diagnostically challenging because of the wide range of causes and is associated with high mortality. We sought to develop a clinical decision rule predicting admission risk among emergency department (ED) patients with AMS. Methods Using retrospective chart review of ED encounters for AMS over a 2-month period, we recorded causes of AMS and numerous clinical variables. Encounters were split into those admitted to the hospital ("cases") and those discharged from the ED ("controls"). Using the first month's data, variables correlated with hospital admission were identified and narrowed using univariate and multivariate statistics, including recursive partitioning. These variables were then organized into a clinical decision rule and validated on the second month's data. The decision rule results were also compared to 1-year mortality. Results We identified 351 encounters for AMS over a 2-month period. Significant contributors to AMS included intoxication and chronic disorder decompensation. ED data predicting hospital admission included vital sign abnormalities, select lab studies, and psychiatric/intoxicant history. The decision rule sorted patients into low, moderate, or high risk of admission (11.1%, 44.3%, and 89.1% admitted, respectively) and was predictive of 1-year mortality (low-risk group 1.8%, high-risk group 34.3%). Conclusions We catalogued common causes for AMS among patients presenting to the ED, and our data-driven decision tool triaged these patients for risk of admission with good predictive accuracy. These methods for creating clinical decision rules might be further studied and improved to optimize ED patient care.
If we build it, will they come? Designing a community-based online site for parents

Parents are busy people. Designing social software for parents requires understanding the particular needs and constraints governing their lives. In this paper, we present a study of a community-based site called ParentNet. Based on prior formative work, ParentNet was designed to support parents in keeping up with their children’s social media use. With 10 months of deployment and 133 participants, ParentNet was successful in some regards and unsuccessful in others. Drawing from log data and focus groups, we arrive at three findings. First, parents may not easily switch from existing school communication platforms that they are already familiar with. Second, school support was critical for promoting adoption. Third, parents felt like they had too much technology in their lives and were not looking for more platforms to keep up with. We conclude with lessons for designing for parents and a discussion of technology overuse as a design constraint.
Expression of fibroblast growth factor and its receptors in premalignant and malignant human lung tissues.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5739 The survival of lung cancer patients continues to be abysmal since this cancer is diagnosed at advanced stages. Therefore, improvements in early detection through the identification of molecular markers for diagnosis and for intervention combined with targeted chemoprevention are urgently needed. Several growth and angiogenesis promoting signaling pathways are amplified in lung cancer. Among these, the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and its trans-membrane tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFRs) have been associated with lung cancer development. Up-regulation of bFGF, FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 has been demonstrated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To explore the role of these 3 proteins in NSCLC pathogenesis, we used immunohistochemical methods to investigate their expression in tissue microarrays constructed from paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from NSCLC tumors and their corresponding preneoplastic lesions. The samples examined included: 71 normal bronchial epithelia (NBE), 128 bronchial hyperplasias, 23 squamous metaplasias, 78 squamous dysplasias, 46 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 72 atypical adenomatous hyperplasias (AAH) and 56 adenocarcinomas (ADCA). A semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression was performed. ADCA and SCC specimens demonstrated higher cytoplasmic expression of bFGF, FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 compared to NBE ( P = <0.0001). Nuclear expression of FGFR-2 was increased ( P <0.0001) and FGFR-1 was reduced ( P =0.012 to <0.0001) in both tumor types compared to NBEs. However, bFGF expression was increased only in ADCA ( P =0.0003). In the SCC development sequence, dysplasias demonstrated higher cytoplasmic expression of all markers compared to NBE ( P =0.003 to <0.0001). In the ADCA sequence, AAHs demonstrated decreased cytoplasmic expression for all markers compared to NBE ( P =0.01 to <0.0001), whereas nuclear expression of both FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 was increased ( P <0.0001). For all tissue samples (N=474), correlation between cytoplasmic and nuclear expression was detected for each markers ( P =0.03 to<0.0001); cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of bFGF correlated with FGFR-1 ( P =0.018) and cytoplasmic FGFR-2 ( P =0.012) respectively; and cytoplasmic expression of both receptors was correlated ( P <0.0001). Our findings of cytoplasmic over-expression of bFGF and its receptors in NSCLC tumor specimens and dysplastic squamous lesions indicate that this signaling pathway may play an important role already at early stages of NSCLC pathogenesis. Our analysis identified different expression patterns of bFGF and receptors in cytoplasm and nuclear cell compartments in normal and premalignant lung tissues. The up-regulation of bFGF signaling pathway may represent a target for the development of novel strategies for lung cancer early detection and chemoprevention. Supported by Department of Defense grant, DAMD W81XWH-05-2-0027.
High-Throughput Method of Whole-Brain Sectioning, Using the Tape-Transfer Technique

Cryostat sectioning is a popular but labor-intensive method for preparing histological brain sections. We have developed a modification of the commercially available CryoJane tape collection method that significantly improves the ease of collection and the final quality of the tissue sections. The key modification involves an array of UVLEDs to achieve uniform polymerization of the glass slide and robust adhesion between the section and slide. This report presents system components and detailed procedural steps, and provides examples of end results; that is, 20μm mouse brain sections that have been successfully processed for routine Nissl, myelin staining, DAB histochemistry, and fluorescence. The method is also suitable for larger brains, such as rat and monkey.
Assistive Technology Competencies for Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments: A National Study

IntroductionFor practicing teachers of students with visual impairments, assistive technology has assumed an important role in the education of their students’ assessment and learning of content. L...
Using Science as a Context for Language Learning: Impact and Implications from Two Professional Development Programs

Effective forums to prepare teachers to meet the instructional needs of English Language Learners (ELLs) are necessary as these students will soon constitute a majority of America‟s K 12 population. Current research suggests that the needs of ELLs are better met when English language and content areas are addressed simultaneously. This paper reports on how two professional development (PD) programs created, implemented, and researched training workshops to prepare teachers in promoting higher quality academic, student-to-student interactions and in increasing science literacy. Both PD programs modified the traditional 5E inquiry learning cycle format to incorporate explicit language development strategies for teachers to utilize with their ELLs. The two mixed-methods studies utilized teacher interviews and student scores on state-administered standardized tests. Results from these two PD programs suggest that science is a viable, and arguably a necessary, context to enhance students‟ skills in language and literacy while simultaneously developing conceptual understanding of science content.
SPCF: Its Model, Calculus, and Computational Power (Preliminary Version)

SPCF is an idealized sequential programming language, based on Plotkin's language PCF, that permits programmers and programs to observe the evaluation order of procedures. In this paper, we construct a fully abstract model of SPCF using a new mathematical framework suitable for defining fully abstract models of sequential functional languages. Then, we develop an extended typed λ-calculus to specify the operational semantics of SPCF and show that the calculus is complete for the constant-free sub-language. Finally, we prove that SPCF is computationally complete: it can express all the computable (recursively enumerable) elements in its fully abstract model.
Isolation and Properties of a Thrombin-sensitive Protein of Human Platelets

A glycoprotein of human platelets is released into the incubation medium upon treatment of the intact cells with 1 unit per ml of thrombin for 2 min. The cellular location and properties of this protein differ from those of other thrombin-labile platelet proteins such as fibrin-stabilizing factor, fibrinogen, and the contractile protein thrombosthenin. It occurs only in the particulate fraction and is released only from intact cells. Thrombin concentrations of 100 units per ml do not release this thrombin-sensitive protein from sonicated platelets. As isolated from the incubation supernatant of thrombin-treated platelets the thrombin-sensitive protein is excluded from Sephadex G-200; it has an apparent molecular weight of 190,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, from which it has been purified and partially characterized. No smaller subunits have been found. It has limited solubility in the absence of detergent, and is highly sensitive to proteolytic degradation in whole platelets and after release from the cells. Membrane-bound and released forms of the thrombin-sensitive protein show no significant difference in molecular weight or amino acid and carbohydrate composition, suggesting that release does not involve proteolysis of the thrombin-sensitive protein itself by thrombin. This protein contains 3.9% sialic acid, 1.6% N-acetylglucosamine, and 25% each of acidic and nonpolar residues. Although it contains carbohydrate the thrombin-sensitive protein does not represent the major membrane glycoprotein of platelets, for it contains only 5% of the total platelet sialic acid. The thrombin-sensitive protein accounts for approximately 5% of the total protein in the particulate fraction of human platelets and represents about 20 to 30% of the protein found in the incubation supernatant after thrombin treatment.
Comment on 'Discreteness Effects in Lambda Cold Dark Matter Simulations: A Wavelet-Statistical View' by Romeo et al

Essential equivalence of the conclusions of Romeo et al. (arXiv:0804.0294v1) with earlier work is pointed out. A possible general explanation for these conclusions is suggested.
A comparison of women's collegiate and girls' high school volleyball injury data collected prospectively over a 4-year period

BACKGROUND: There is a relative paucity of research examining the sport-specific injury epidemiology of high school and collegiate volleyball athletes. Moreover, differences in study methodology frequently limit our ability to compare and contrast injury data collected from selected populations. HYPOTHESIS: There are differences between the injury patterns characteristic of high school and collegiate female volleyball athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: We statistically analyzed injury incidence and outcome data collected over a 4-year interval (2005-2006 to 2008-2009) by 2 similar injury surveillance systems, the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Injury Surveillance System (NCAA ISS) and the High School Reporting Injuries Online (HS RIO). We compared diagnoses, anatomic distribution of injuries, mechanisms of injury, and time lost from training or competition between high school and collegiate volleyball athletes. RESULTS: The overall volleyball-related injury rate was significantly greater among collegiate athletes than among high school athletes during both competition (injury rate ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.5-3.4) and practice (injury rate ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 3.1-3.9). Collegiate athletes had a higher rate of ankle sprain, knee injury, and shoulder injury. Concussions represented a relatively high percentage of injuries in both populations (5.0% of total NCAA ISS injuries vs 4.8% of total HS RIO injuries, respectively). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that although similar, there were distinct differences between the injury patterns of the 2 populations. Compared with high school volleyball players, collegiate athletes have a higher rate of acute time loss injury as well as overuse time loss injury (particularly patellar tendinosis). Concussions represented a significant and worrisome component of the injury pattern for both study populations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The injury data suggest that important differences exist in the injury patterns of female high school compared with collegiate volleyball athletes. Consideration of the specific injury patterns may be helpful in future prevention efforts. Language: en
Using and Asking: APIs Used in the Android Market and Asked about in StackOverflow

Programming is knowledge intensive. While it is well understood that programmers spend lots of time looking for information, with few exceptions, there is a significant lack of data on what information they seek, and why. Modern platforms, like Android, comprise complex APIs that often perplex programmers. We ask: which elements are confusing, and why? Increasingly, when programmers need answers, they turn to StackOverflow. This provides a novel opportunity. There are a vast number of applications for Android devices, which can be readily analyzed, and many traces of interactions on StackOverflow. These provide a complementary perspective on using and asking, and allow the two phenomena to be studied together. How does the market demand for the USE of an API drive the market for knowledge about it? Here, we analyze data from Android applications and StackOverflow together, to find out what it is that programmers want to know and why.
Human placental vitamin B6 (pyridoxal) transport: normal characteristics and effects of ethanol

The aims of this study were to define normal human placental transport of pyridoxal, an important form of vitamin B6 in pregnancy, and to determine the effect of short-term alcohol on this process....
Structure and chemistry of grain boundaries in deformed, olivine + basalt and partially molten lherzolite aggregates: evidence of melt-free grain boundaries

Olivine grain boundaries in deformed aggregates of olivine + basalt and partially molten lherzolite were analyzed with various electron microscopy techniques to test for the presence of thin (0.5–10 nm) intergranular melt films. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) observations reveal that most of the boundaries do not contain a thin amorphous phase, although a small fraction of grains are separated by relatively thick (~1 µm) layers of melt. However, due to the anisotropy of the olivine-melt interfacial energy, melt often tapers from a triple junction into an adjoining grain boundary over a length of 1 to 2 µm, giving an effective dihedral angle of only ~2°. The chemistry of olivine-olivine grain boundaries was analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) profiling by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with a probe size of <1.5 nm. Ca, Al and Ti segregate to grain boundaries forming enriched regions of <7 nm width. Although these elements are concentrated in the glass phases, the presence of glass films with the same chemical composition as the bulk glass phases cannot explain concentrations of other elements such as Si and Al at the boundaries. Combined with the HREM results, the STEM/EDX profiling demonstrates the existence of chemical segregation between solid grains but the absence of thin, grain boundary melt films. Additionally, if melt films exist along all of the grain boundaries, as reported for similar samples by other groups, the rock should be substantially weakened. Creep experiments on the partially molten rocks analyzed in this study reveal little weakening at small melt contents, consistent with our observations of melt-free grain boundaries.
Reduction of NO by CO over silica-supported rhodium: infrared and kinetic studies

The kinetics of NO reduction by CO have been investigated over a RhSiO2 catalyst. These studies have been complemented by in situ infrared studies. The specific activity is found to be sensitive to the nature of the catalyst pretreatment. Preoxidation in NO increases the specific activity for NO reduction by 50% over that observed when the catalyst is prereduced. Pretreatment has little effect, though, on the selectivity for forming N2 versus N2O. For NO conversions below 50%, the kinetics for NO reduction, and for N2 and N2O formation, are positive order in CO but inverse order in NO. The activation energies for all three processes are equivalent. Infrared spectra taken under reaction conditions show that the surface is nearly saturated by adsorbed NO. Smaller coverages by CO and NCO species are also observed. The results of both the spectroscopic and rate studies can be interpreted on the basis of a relatively simple reaction mechanism. The rate-limiting step in this model is assumed to be the dissociation of chemisorbed NO. The higher specific activity for NO reduction observed upon preoxidation of the catalyst is ascribed to the more facile dissociation of adsorbed NO on a partially oxidized Rh surface.
Sodium/calcium exchanger expression in the mouse and rat olfactory systems.

Sodium/calcium (Na+/Ca2+) exchangers are membrane transport systems that regulate Ca2+-homeostasis in many eukaryotic cells. In olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons ligand-induced olfactory signal transduction is associated with influx and elevation of intracellular Ca2+, [Ca2+]i. While much effort has been devoted to the characterization of Ca2+-related excitation and adaptation events of olfactory chemosensory neurons (OSNs), much less is known about mechanisms that return [Ca2+]i to the resting state. To identify proteins participating in the poststimulus Ca2+-clearance of mouse OSNs, we analyzed the expression of three potassium (K+)-independent (NCX1, 2, 3) and three K+-dependent (NCKX1, 2, 3) Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. In situ hybridization showed that mRNAs of all six Na+/Ca2+ exchangers coexist in neurons of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems, and that some are already detectable in the embryo. Of these, NCX1 and NCKX1 represent the most and least abundant mRNAs, respectively. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that the NCX1, 2, and 3 proteins are expressed in nearly all neurons of the olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, the septal organ of Masera, and the Grueneberg ganglion. These three exchanger proteins display different expression profiles in dendrites, knobs, and plasma membranes of OSNs and in sustentacular cells. Furthermore, we show that NCX1 mRNA in rat olfactory mucosa is expressed as 8 alternative splice variants. This is the first comprehensive analysis of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger expression in the mammalian olfactory system. Our results suggest that Ca2+-extrusion by OSNs utilizes multiple different Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and that different subtypes are targeted to different subcellular compartments. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:944–958, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Origins of the High 14-Helix Propensity of Cyclohexyl-Rigidified Residues in β-Peptides

[structure: see text] beta-Peptides containing residues derived from trans-2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (ACHC) display high population of 14-helical secondary structure in aqueous solution. We show that hydrophobic interactions between cyclohexyl rings are not responsible for this conformation-promoting effect, and that polar groups may be attached to the cyclohexyl ring without diminishing the effect.
Risk, protection, and vulnerability to adolescent drug use: latent-variable models of three age groups

Much research has focused on the relationships between risk factors and adolescent drug use (DU). Less is known regarding the role of protective factors and how they may inoculate youth from initiating or escalating their DU. Using latent-variable modeling and a risk factor method, we examined the cross-sectional role of risk and protective factors in predicting teenage DU for three age groups, separately by gender. Data are from a biannual statewide survey of California students. A Vulnerability latent construct was reflected in three unit-weighted indexes: risk for initiation to DU, risk for problem DU, and protection from DU. A Polydrug Use construct was reflected in eight measures of alcohol and drug use. Structural equation models revealed that for all age/gender groups, Vulnerability was strongly related to Polydrug Use as well as having specific effects on the DU measures. Effects between Vulnerability and DU were more numerous for seventh and eleventh grade than ninth grade students. Ninth grade females had the fewest effects overall. Number of specific effects between protection and DU remained stable with increasing age. Results underscore two important foci for prevention: 1) the importance of considering age-related developmental phenomena in the overall context of DU prevention; and 2) that programs continue to emphasize risk reduction, while simultaneously developing and reinforcing protective agents.
Numerical investigations of resonant layers in a periodicallv-driven pendulum☆

Abstract Numerical simulations of the presence of resonant layers formed near a resonant separatrix in a periodically driven pendulum are presented through an energy spectrum method. The analytical predictions are also presented. The resonant layers are illustrated through the Poincare mapping sections. For the strong excitation, the sub-resonance effects should be considered through the self-similarity of resonance in the resonant layers.
Tunneling coefficient for GaN Schottky barrier diodes

Abstract In this report, the tunneling coefficient ( C T ) for GaN Schottky barrier diodes is extracted for analytical computation of the reverse leakage current. The extraction method is based up on fitting experimental data to the analytical equation by adjusting Schottky barrier height ( ϕ BN ) to account for defects. The tunneling coefficient (7.1 ± 0.74) × 10 −12 cm 2 V −2 for GaN Schottky contacts is found to be independent of the size of the contact inspite of the presence of defects.
Absolute rate coefficients for energy pooling of Hg(6 (3)P1).

Rate coefficients for energy pooling ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{EP}}$ of two Hg(6 $^{3}\mathrm{P}_{1}$) atoms to produce three observed states, Hg(9 $^{3}\mathrm{S}_{1}$), Hg(7 $^{3}$${\mathit{D}}_{3}$), and Hg(7 $^{1}\mathrm{D}_{2}$), were measured directly following laser saturation of the resonance transition at 253.7 nm. That provided a reliable method for producing a known initial Hg(6 $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$) density without making a quantitative determination. The individual ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{EP}}$ values summed to g4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, a value that is essentially gas kinetic; their relative magnitudes showed a greater dependence on statistics than on the energy defect.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of hole trapping at defects in silver halides

Abstract Hole-trapping at cation vacancies and iodide impurity in silver halides was studied by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). In AgCl, the hole was found to be preferentially self-trapped on a Ag ion next to a cation vacancy, forming a perturbed self-trapped hole center. The position of the vacancy relative to the center of the STH was determined, by comparison of computer simulations to the experimental EPR spectra, to be in either the nearest-neighbor or next-nearest-neighbor equatorial position. The thermal trap depths of the hole in these centers are estimated to be 0.31 and 0.24 eV, respectively. For lightly doped (several tens of ppm) AgBr:I, an interesting spectrum has been observed, consisting of six equidistant and approximately equi-intense hyperfine EPR lines, consistent with a trapped hole localized at an iodide ion (nuclear spin 5/2), but not with an iodide-perturbed STH.
Parametric optical flow without correspondence for moving sensors

Optical flow fields (which describe image domain motion) extracted from sequences of images acquired with moving sensors have many practical applications including motion analysis, moving target cueing, surface reconstruction and hazard avoidance. It is well known that, for the general optical flow problem, a constraint exists that relates the local change in intensity to image gradient and describes the optical flow component parallel to the gradient. However, the component perpendicular to the gradient is unconstrained, and therefore, the optical flow field can not be determined directly-usually it is necessary to appeal to some other constraint, such as smoothness, which generally requires costly iterative or relaxation techniques. For the special, but important, case of optical flow induced by sensor motion, a model for the motion provides additional constraints. If, in addition, the scene is assumed to be roughly planar, the optical flow can be characterized by six parameters and found directly without iteration or determining correspondence. These parameters can be readily and robustly calculated by performing a least squares fit to data uniformly sampled from the image sequence. We develop the necessary equations and relations, show results of this approach using real imagery and demonstrate that it is applicable to important real problems.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transforming Power Struggles Through Shifts in Perception in Marital Therapy

Family therapists often encounter couples who present with two very difficult conditions. One, partners are caught in power struggles that paralyze the relationship. The other condition is partners who either refuse or are incapable of discussing problems directly and openly with each other. This article suggests that a technique of shifting the partner's perceptions of each other and the relationship is very useful in breaking this deadlock and subsequently transforming the relationship. An important advantage of this method is that it draws on each partner's strengths. Furthermore, it avoids direct confrontation, which often leads to further power struggles and defensiveness from both sides. A case example is presented to demonstrate how this method can be implemented with couples.
Risk analysis in the real property development process: a conceptual framework and a computer simulation model

Abstract Real property development is an interdisciplinary field that produces interesting time-risk questions for the various participants. The conceptual framework of the process is a normative staging of activities and related decision points. The framework provides the theoretical foundation for the application of management science techniques to this complex environment. The computer simulation model is a straightforward quantification of the conceptual framework. The equations incorporated in the model are common to financial and appraisal literature with alterations designed to encompass the unique aspects of the real property development process. The model is a tool for use in the application of sensitivity analysis to development period decision making. At various decision points in the process the decision maker can evaluate alternative risk control techniques on a cost-benefit basis using the model.
Dr. Strangelove, or how I learned to stop worrying and love the core competencies

Swallow hard. If you are a neurology residency program director, plan to be one, or spend considerable amounts of time around one, you may feel that you are in for a rough ride over the next couple of years. New work hours restrictions imposed by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) have created significant strains on our system of providing neurologic education, leading to a fair amount of debate in the graduate medical education community. New ACGME requirements regarding teaching and evaluating core competencies provide another burden and challenge. The core competencies, moreover, are relevant not just to residency education, but to practicing neurologists, as they are to be incorporated into continuing medical education, board certification, and credentialing. But while the core competencies initially struck me as abstruse and burdensome, the difficulties they engender are, on reflection, readily surmountable. In my case, a helpful approach to the competencies began with the recognition that we were already doing most of the things the ACGME asked for, though we may not have labeled them as such. The core competencies are the six general areas of competence in medical practice that all residents, in every specialty, are expected to learn and that faculty members are therefore expected to teach and evaluate. Neurology has specific competencies that reflect our particular field, but these all fall within one of the six general categories. The shift toward competencies is viewed by the ACGME as a fundamental (even revolutionary) change in medical education and reflects a move to a competence-based rather than time-based approach to medical residency training. Whereas in past years, residents were expected and assumed to have achieved competence in their field simply by being present in a residency program and completing certain time-linked rotations (e.g., a month in the neurointensive care unit), …
On Population Growth and Technological Change: Selectivity Bias in Historical Analysis

This paper investigates the relationship between population growth and technological change. After an historical overview of the evolution of world population, alternative models of population growth are examined. They include a Malthusian model, a model of endogenous technological change, and a model of population growth that allows for switching regimes between Malthusian resource limitation and endogenous technological change. The regime-switching model stresses the potential for a biased interpretation of historical data. While there is strong empirical evidence supporting endogenous technical change, it is argued that the Malthusian scenario should not be overlooked even if the odds of facing it are low.
INTRODUCTION: THE FORCE OF A THOUSAND NIGHTMARES

This Introduction provides a thematic overview of this special issue. It draws attention to the multiplicity of forces that produce new and complicated forms of oppression and exploitation in post-Cold War, post-9/11 America and provides brief descriptions of the articles collected here, highlighting their contributions to Americanist critical theory and ethnography and anthropology in general. Early versions of the articles collected in this special issue were presented at the session “The Force of A Thousand Nightmares: Global Inequalities and the American Scene,” organized by Micaela di Leonardo and Jeff Maskovsky, at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 2002. We wish to thank the Society for the Anthropology of North America and the Society for Feminist Anthropology for co-inviting this session. We also thank Identities editors Jonathan Hill and Thomas Wilson for their support and encouragement and for shepherding this project through the pe...
Probability and the subjective evidence condition

This article is an attempt to clarify and possibly extend Achinstein's idea of subjective evidence. The argument is made that even though the idea of subjective evidence is ambiguous in many respects, if clarified, it holds potentially important consequences for various branches of knowledge. An attempt is made to show how the concept of subjective evidence may be given a probabilistic interpretation. This is done by introducing the idea of a potentially relevant class of evidence statements.
Specific alterations of olfactory function in humans with temporal lobe lesions

SUBSTANTIAL anatomical and electrophysiological evidence suggests that human temporal lobe structures are involved in the processing of odour perception. The temporal lobe has both afferent and efferent connections with the olfactory bulb1,2, the major synaptic junction for primary fibres from the olfactory receptors. Olfactory auras accompany epileptic seizures of temporal lobe origin3, and electrical stimulation of the uncus and amygdala in conscious patients elicits odour sensations4. There are, however, no known quantitative studies of olfactory function in patients with surgically verified temporal lobe lesions. The present findings demonstrate that removal of the temporal lobe increases odour detection thresholds (ODT), whereas odour recognition thresholds (ORT) remain similar to those of subjects without brain damage.
Human factors, instructions and warnings, and products liability

The author maintains that technical writers need to consider a variety of information from the field of human factors while producing written instructions and warnings. It is important to consider both the clarity of communication and the discharge of legal duty to warn of potential risks and hazards. The writer must consider the variety of human abilities, the variability of human actions, and the impact that these will have in terms of both use and predictable misuse of a product. The author considers some specific areas of human factors, together with ways in which these may be incorporated into well-designed instructions and warnings. An approach to risk management using estimated benefits and costs is also described.
Distributed multi-destination routing in hypercube multiprocessors

An efficient interprocessor communication mechanism is essential to the performance of hypercube multiprocessors. All existing hypercube multiprocessors basically support one-to-one interprocessor communication only. However, multi-destination communication (multicast), which is highly demanded in executing many data parallel algorithms, is not directly supported by existing hypercube multiprocessors. A multicast algorithm should attempt to inform each destination in a minimum number of time steps while generating a least amount of traffic. This problem is formally modeled as a graph theoretical problem, the Optimal Multicast Tree problem. We conjecture that the optimal multicast tree problem remains NP-hard even for hypercube topology. A heuristic greedy multicast algorithm which guarantees a minimized message delivery time is proposed. Simulation results show that the performance of the greedy algorithm is very close to optimal solution. Routing of multicast messages is done in a distributed manner.
Spillover Impacts of a Reproductive Health Program on Elderly Women in Rural Bangladesh

This paper extends the program evaluation literature by investigating intra-household externalities generated by a reproductive health program, administered as a quasi-control experiment in rural Bangladesh. Although the program targeted only mothers and children in randomly selected treatment areas, using a reduced form demand approach and data from Matlab Health and Socio-economic Survey of 1996, we found a significantly positive spillover impact of this reproductive health program on the health of the never-targeted elderly women.
Effects of Transferring to STEM-Focused Charter and Magnet Schools on Student Achievement

ABSTRACTThere have been strong calls to action in recent years to promote both school choice and the learning of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This has led to the burgeoning development of STEM-focused schools. Nine STEM-focused charter and 2 STEM-focused magnet schools that serve elementary-aged students were examined to assess the achievement of students who transfer to these schools, as compared to students transferring to non-STEM schools, in the content areas of mathematics, language arts, and reading. The achievement of students transferring to STEM-focused elementary schools was also evaluated after 3 years at their new school and compared both to students’ own prior achievement at their old school and to achievement of students comprising comparison groups. Results generally indicated no effect of STEM-focused magnet schools, but did indicate some positive effects of STEM-focused charter schools.
Comparative cytophysiology of striated muscle with special reference to the role of the endoplasmic reticulum.

1. The structure and distribution of the components of striated muscle cells vary with the species and with the specialization of muscle fiber function. 2. There appear to be two, easily distinguishable, general categories of striated muscle structure. A. High frequency muscle (represented by flight muscle of higher insects and hummingbird, and cicada tympanal muscle) is characterized by widely spaced, non-branching fibrils of large diameter and short period, little endoplasmic reticulum, and large quantities of large mitochondria (low fibril-sarcoplasm ratio). This structure is correlated with heavy tracheolization or vascularization, high oxidative activity, and dark color as compared with other muscles of the same species. B. Low frequency muscle is characterized, in general, by high fibril-sarcoplasm ratio, relatively long period, few mitochondria increasing with activity and decreasing with absolute power of the fiber. Oxidative capacity and color are proportional to the quantity of mitochondria. These fibers are further differentiated into ( a ) fibrillar arrangement of contractile material which permits a regular pattern of interfibrillar and segmental reticulum, and ( b ) afibrillar arrangement of contractile material leading to an unsystematic distribution of reticulum. 3. The endoplasmic reticulum appears as a complex coordination system in the muscle fiber. Peripherally, it links the Z and M lines of the fibrils to the sarcolemma and between the fibrils it links the cross-bands, forming the Grundmembran of earlier authors. By longitudinal linkage, it connects with the sarcolemma at the muscle extremity to form a digital arrangement into which the tendon fibrils are spliced. The extent of its development and its position have a definite relationship to the degree and site of fiber shortening. At present the reticulum is the only structure that one can consider to be an internal conducting system. It may distribute the excitation transversely from fibril to fibril, and lengthwise saltatorially to the symmetry centers of the sarcomeres. 4. The nucleus is the mediating element between the cytoplasmic phases within and without the tubular system of the endoplasmic reticulum. A possible mechanism which correlates nucleus, adenylic acid system, ion exchange, and reticulum with the initiation of contraction is postulated.
A gas-flow powder target for the cyclotron production of pure 123I

Abstract A gas-flow 122Te powder target is described for the production of 123I via the 122 Te ( 4 He , 3n) 123 Xe 123 I reaction. Iodine-123 yields in the range of 2–4 mCi/h have been obtained from 1–1·5 g 123Te (≈96 per cent) targets bombarded with 42-MeV alpha particles at beam currents of ∼50 muA. At typical bombardment conditions, the 124I contamination can be held to as low as 0·001 per cent. The 125I contamination which results from decay of 125Xe collected in the liquid nitrogen trap was 0·4 per cent. No other radioiodine contamination was detectable. Analysis of Ge(Li) spectra of high-purity 123I showed energies and relative intensities of 13 previously unreported gamma lines at 198·5, 330, 450·0, 697·5, 836·4, 876·9, 894, 908, 1035 and 1067 keV. The same target could also be used to produce 123I via the 122 Te ( 3 He , 2n) 123 Xe 123 I and 123 Te ( 3 He , 3n) 123 Xe 123 I reactions.
Optimum target detection using a spatial-domain bipolar composite filter with a joint transform correlator

Synthesis of a spatial-domain bipolar composite filter (SBCF) using simulated annealing algorithm is presented. Since a SBCF is a spatial-domain filter, it is very suitable for implementation in a joint transform correlator. To alleviate the stringent control requirement of a phase-modulated spatial light modulator (SLM), a position-encoding technique is used to generate the SBCF as well as the input objects. Experimental demonstrations are also provided, in which it is shown that the SBCF has a higher discrimination capability of extracting the target objects against the antitarget objects.