cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosolised Antibacterials for the Prevention and Treatment of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Aerosolised administration of antibacterials remains theoretically attractive for the prevention and treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) because of the ability to generate high drug concentrations at the site of infection. There is renewed interest in this area because of the shortcomings of current therapies and increasing multidrug resistance in Gram-negative organisms. Clinical trials of aerosolised or endotracheally administered antibacterials for HAP prevention have generally been positive; however, early trials were hampered by the development of resistance related to indiscriminate use. More recent trials have shown efficacy at HAP prevention without adverse effects on microflora as a result of more limited usage. However, prophylactic aerosolised antibacterials still need to be studied in large randomised trials before they could enter widespread use. The treatment of HAP with aerosolised antibacterials has mostly been reported in case series without control groups. Both early reports with aminoglycosides and the more recent use of colistin have reported very good response rates; even with organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Aerosolised antibacterials were almost always added to intravenous therapy. On the basis of these reports, the current HAP guidelines allow the addition of aerosolised antibacterials in selected patients with multidrug-resistant organisms. This seems to be a reasonable recommendation until large trials are performed. Overall, toxicity was relatively low in the publications reviewed. Aerosolised drug administration in mechanically ventilated patients requires attention to a number of factors in order to maximise drug deposition in the lung.
Residual Effects of Potassium Placement and Tillage Systems for Corn on Subsequent No-Till Soybean

Little is known about K fertility management for no-till (NT) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. This study was conducted to evaluate the residual effects of K application rate, timing, and placement for corn (Zea mays L.) in various tillage systems on subsequent NT soybean. Field experiments involving a corn-soybean rotation were conducted from 1998 to 2000 on long-term NT fields with medium or high exchangeable soil K levels near Kirkton and Belmont, ON, Canada. In the corn year, treatments included the combinations of three fall K rates (0, 42, and 84 kg ha -1 ), spring K rates (two rates differing by 42 kg ha -1 ), and three tillage systems [NT, zone till (ZT), and moldboard plow (CT)]. Both CT and ZT (also known as intermittent tillage systems) reduced soil K stratification relative to continuous NT. Trifoliate leaf K concentrations increased with residual fall and spring K applications in most site-years. Average soybean yield significantly increased by 8.3% with the application of 84 kg K ha -1 in fall plus 42 to 50 kg K ha -1 in spring to previous corn only on medium-testing (K < 100 mg L -1 ) soils. Residual tillage had no effects on leaf K or yield of NT soybean. Application of fall and spring K fertilizers to corn was equally beneficial for subsequent soybean in either continuous or intermittent NT systems. Furthermore, soil K stratification and the residual effects of tillage and K placement method were not major production issues for narrow-row NT soybean in these growing seasons.
Design of multi-mission spacecraft bus

This paper presents preliminary design of a multimission spacecraft bus for meteorological and communications payloads. The meteorological payload uses sun-synchronous circular orbit and the communications payload uses Molniya type orbit to provide communications for areas not covered by geosynchronous communications satellites. The launch vehicles are Pegasus for the meteorological payload and Taurus for the communications payload. The spacecraft bus uses three-axis stabilization consisting of a three reaction wheel system. The electric power system consists of single-axis tracking silicon solar array and Ni2 H2 batteries. The propulsion subsystem consists of six hydrazine thrusters and one propellant tank.
Recovery of DDB1a (DAMAGED DNA BINDING PROTEIN1a) in a Screen to Identify Novel RUB-Modified Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana

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UNILATERAL INHIBITION OF THE RENAL SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON FOLLOWING INJECTION OF BACTERIAL FILTRATE INTO THE RENAL ARTERY

A positive Shwartzman reaction, as indicated by thrombosis and focal hemorrhage in one or more organs, was elicited in 19 of 34 rabbits in which the preparatory injection of bacterial filtrate was made into the left renal artery and the reacting injection was made in the ear vein 24 hours later. In 24 of the 34 rabbits the kidneys were undisturbed throughout the duration of the experiment except for the intra-arterial injection of the left. In 12 of these 24 a positive Shwartzman reaction was observed in the uninjected right kidneys. In only 1 of the 24 injected left kidneys were there changes that might be construed as representing a positive Shwartzman reaction. The changes in this kidney consisted of glomerular thrombosis, not associated with hemorrhage or necrosis. The positive renal Shwartzman reactions seen in the right kidneys were similar to those reported by Apitz and Gerber as representing the renal changes occurring as part of a generalized Shwartzman reaction. The retention of the bacterial filtrate of the preparatory injection in the left kidney, by obstructing both vein and artery for 15 minutes, did not lessen the refractory state. The removal of the right kidney prior to the experiment, with the subsequent demonstration that circulation through the remaining left kidney was not impaired by the intra-arterial injection of filtrate, indicated that the refractory state of the injected kidney was not the result of failure of the reacting dose of filtrate to reach the kidney. In the unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits the development of a positive reaction in other organs indicated that the lack of reaction in the kidney represented a local refractory state. No explanation of the phenomenon was disclosed by these experiments.
Erbium Emission from Nanoengineered Silicon Surface

Optically active SiOx nanowires were grown on silicon by ion-implanting it with metallic impurities and annealed at 1100 °C in an Ar ambient. The implanted metals precipitate on the silicon surface and act as catalysts for nanowire growth. Ion implantation of erbium into silicon and subsequent heating in an argon ambient resulted in selective nucleation and growth of optically active silica nanowires. The bottom-up nanowire growth, mediated by vapor liquid solid mechanism, was also demonstrated for a multimetal (Au:Er) implant combinations in Si. The role of Er as a catalyst and dopant resulted in optically active silica nanowires that exhibited photoluminescence emission at 1.53 μm from an Er3+ intra-4f transition. Time resolved photoluminescence (PL) from these nanostructures indicated a luminescence lifetime of 24 ms, larger than that generally observed for Er-doped bulk silica. This increase in luminescence lifetime is attributed to a reduction in the optical density of states of Er in the nanowire sa...
Privacy by design: moving from art to practice

Designing privacy into systems at the beginning of the development process necessitates the effective translation of privacy principles, models, and mechanisms into system requirements.
Massless gauge bosons other than the photon

Gauge bosons associated with unbroken gauge symmetries, under which all standard model fields are singlets, may interact with ordinary matter via higher-dimensional operators. A complete set of dimension-six operators involving a massless $U(1)$ field, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and standard model fields is presented. The $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ decay, primordial nucleosynthesis, star cooling, and other phenomena set lower limits on the scale of chirality-flip operators in the 1--15 TeV range if the operators have coefficients given by the corresponding Yukawa couplings. Simple renormalizable models induce ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ interactions with leptons or quarks at two loops, and may provide a cold dark matter candidate.
Analysis of Double Reading in an Observer Study

Previously we showed based on theoretical analysis that it is possible to attain greater diagnostic performance from appropriately combining the diagnostic opinions of two or more equally skilled readers. Such gain in performance is available from combining the readers' "latent decision variables" that are accessible through ROC analysis, but is generally ambiguous at best if the readers' binary decisions with regard to clinical actions (e.g., recall vs. annual screening mammogram) are combined. We now analyze the data of an observer study. In this observer study, ten radiologists interpreted 104 cases of mammograms containing clustered microcalcifications in a diagnostic-study setting to decide whether to recommend biopsy. They also reported diagnostic confidence on a quasi-continuous scale that the calcifications indicated malignancy. A previous analysis showed that combining the radiologists' binary decisions (biopsy vs. no biopsy) would change both sensitivity and specificity generally along the radiologists' single-reading, average, ROC curve but would not increase the diagnostic performance. Combining two radiologists' "latent decision variables" resulted in small increases in the ROC curves consistent with the theoretical predictions. However, the shapes of the single-reading ROC curves were inconsistent with the expectation of the clinical diagnostic-study setting because all benign cases in the observer study were difficult-to-diagnose cases (all cases clinically biopsied). The double-reading results would have been different, and gains in diagnostic performance possible, if the ROC curve shape more accurately resembled that of clinical practice. There is need to estimate the ROC curve of clinical practice.
Macronyssid Mites in Oral Mucosa of Long-Nosed Bats: Occurrence and Associated Pathology

Macronyssid mites (Radfordiella) have been found in the oral mucosa of the long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis), which occurs from Texas southward throughout much of Mexico. This is the first report of mites of the suborder Mesostigmata attached in the oral cavity of a mammal. Osteolysis of hard palate and odontolysis of teeth result from infestations of mites adjacent to the upper premolars and molars; destruction of bone, teeth, and Connective tissue often leads to exfoliation of teeth in life. Oral mites have not been found in Leptonycteris sanborni, a species in part sympatric with Leptonycteris nivalis.
An interdisciplinary taxonomy of social cues and signals in the service of engineering robotic social intelligence

Understanding intentions is a complex social-cognitive task for humans, let alone machines. In this paper we discuss how the developing field of Social Signal Processing, and assessing social cues to interpret social signals, may help to develop a foundation for robotic social intelligence. We describe a taxonomy to further R&D in HRI and facilitate natural interactions between humans and robots. This is based upon an interdisciplinary framework developed to integrate: (1) the sensors used for detecting social cues, (2) the parameters for differentiating and classifying differing levels of those cues, and (3) how sets of social cues indicate specific social signals. This is necessarily an iterative process, as technologies improve and social science researchers better understand the complex interactions of vast quantities of social cue combinations. As such, the goal of this paper is to advance a taxonomy of this nature to further stimulate interdisciplinary collaboration in the development of advanced social intelligence that mutually informs areas of robotic perception and intelligence.
Dimensional Correlation of Lunar Maria and Terrestrial Ocean Basins

IN a previous paper1 I have shown that the correlation of diameter versus depth for lunar craters of different apparent ages can be understood in terms of the former presence of a lunar hydrosphere lasting some milliards of years, affecting the relative dimensions at crater formation. Furthermore, this correlation of dimensions included the lunar maria, and was extended later2 to include the terrestrial ocean basins (corrected for isostasy from the mensuration of present basins). The purpose of this communication is to correct a difficulty in the correlation curves for craters formed explosively in water.
LQG cost bounds in discrete-time H2/H-infinity control:

It is shown that a full-state feedback gain that was derived originally to satisfy a discrete-time closed-loop H-infinity norm bound, also minimises three distinct LQG cost bounds.
Local measurement for a set of n -qubit maximally entangled states in cavity QED

An approach for performing a local measurement on a set of complete $n$-qubit maximally entangled states via cavity QED is presented. The method operates essentially by creating a single photon in the cavity through one qubit and then performing a joint multiqubit phase shift on the remaining qubits with the assistance of the photon. It is shown that for three-level qubit systems, a complete set of ${2}^{n}$ $n$-qubit maximally entangled states can be measured simultaneously, deterministic and independent of the number of qubits. Hence, the method is very efficient for realizing multiqubit GHZ-state measurement which is important to quantum information processing and communication.
A Study on Recidivism in the Psychiatric Emergency Room

Our goal in this retrospective study was to assess empirical risk factors for repeat visits to the psychiatric emergency room. This information may be useful for targeted prevention and cost-effective service planning. Over a 7-month period, 400 (18%) of 2212 patients were repeat visitors, accounting for 36% of all visits. A diagnosis of a psychotic disorder at the first visit was a risk factor for a repeat visit, especially in young patients. Substance abuse, as suggested by positive urine toxicology, decreased the likelihood of recidivism, but positive toxicology screens in young schizophrenic patients increased the chances of a repeat visit. In a 1-month consecutive sample of 311 patients, unemployment and homelessness were stronger correlates than a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia. These findings support previous evidence that psychiatric emergency services are often used by underprivileged patients. We suggest that a rational preventive approach to reduce recidivism in psychiatric emergency services may include substance abuse treatment and case management for young schizophrenics and community outreach projects for socially disadvantaged patients. Compliance of recidivist patients poses a difficult task for case managers and community psychiatrists. More studies are needed to assess the efficacy of these interventions.
Primate spinothalamic cell responses to ureteral occlusion

Abstract Experiments were done to examine the effect of occlusion of the uppermost portion of the ureter on activity of spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons. Fifteen monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) were anesthetized with α-chloralose. Extracellular unit recordings were obtained from 38 STT neurons in the T 11 -L 1 segments. All cells were excited by renal Aδ- afferent fibers or by both Aδ- and C-fibers. In addition each cell had a somatic receptive field, most commonly located on the left flank and abdomen. Ureteral occlusion increased activity of 16 cells from 4 ± 1 to a peak of 32 ± 9 spikes/s. Peak responses occurred, on average, 3 s following the onset of occlusion. Thereafter activity adapted to a lower level. Cells that responded to ureteral occlusion were most often wide dynamic range cells and were significantly more likely to receive both Aδ- and C-fiber renal input than the cells that failed to respond. In addition responses of cells with Aδ- and C-fiber inputs were significantly greater then cells with only Aδ-input. Responsive cells were located primarily in laminae V and VII. Results of these experiments show that occlusion of the uppermost portion of the ureter excites thoracolumbar STT cells. These cells probably play a role in pain of renal origin, including its referral to the flank and abdomen.
Opiate mechanisms in self-injury

Self-injuring behavior is among the most unmanageable, expensive, destructive, and unpredictable behaviors exhibited by human beings. Interventions that included punishment or restraint were among the most successful for acute control of SIB. Both painful shock and restraint stimulate release of the body's own opiates into the bloodstream. These powerful agents, which possess analgesic and addictive properties, are more potent than morphine. Based on these observations, two versions of the opiate hypothesis have evolved to explain SIB. The analgesia hypothesis suggests that high-circulating levels of β-endorphin (βE) in individuals with SIB reduces the perception of pain. With the experience of pain reduced, individuals inflict self-harm as a form of stimulation. The addiction hypothesis presumes that the release of opiates after “pain” or SIB produces pleasure. As a consequence, individuals exhibiting SIB become addicted to their own opiate system. The strongest link between SIB and the opiate hypotheses is the finding that opiate receptor blockers attenuate and sometimes eliminate this behavior. In addition to providing a possible treatment for some SIB individuals, these findings suggest that a specific opiate system, βE and mu receptor, is disregulated (by elevated levels of opiates, abnormally sensitive opiate receptors, or uncoupling of co-released peptides). Recent studies have found that βE was elevated after an SIB episode, but that co-released peptides such as ACTH were not. Selective release of βE after SIB provides evidence that endogenous opiates have a direct association with SIB. This association supports speculation that endogenous opiates maintain SIB. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plato as a Philosophical Theologian

THIS PAPER may be called more aptly a footnote on Platonic methodology, for it is hardly more than a brief procedural analysis of Plato's doctrine of the soul as it appears in the Phaedo. Within this restricted compass, however, the writer wishes to lay emphasis not on the aspects of the Platonic concept of the soul already overmuch described, but rather on Plato's use of the mythopoeic form at the end of his argumentative conversation concerning &vaLx -c,. Underlying this emphasis is the basic assumption of the Platonic appropriation of Orphic materials. Although the assumption is now a commonplace,' the theological significance of this religious incorporation may be seen from a new angle if we pose two questions in what light does Plato appropriate the "received opinions," and what bearing do they have on his dialectic? Before these questions can be answered, however, it is necessary (i) to examine briefly the Platonic hypothesis by observing salient features of the soul which are inextricably connected with it, (2) to show that these implications, as well as the hypothesis, are refinements drawn from Orphic dogma and form the Platonic synthesis, and finally (3) to present the rationale of the philosophico-theological thesis.
ISEE 1 & 2 observations of the oscillating magnetopause

The ISEE 1 and 2 magnetometer data for 10 years between October 1977 and September 1987 were used to identify magnetopause crossings that occurred in this period in the northward, horizontal, and southward IMFs and to determine the dependence of the oscillation amplitude of surface waves with periods greater than about 2 min on latitude, local time, and the direction of the IMF. The IMP 8 and ISEE 3 data were used to determine the IMF in the geocentric solar magnetosphere coordinates during the crossings. More than 1000 magnetopause passes were identified, with half of them with multiple crossings. The number of crossings per pass and the inferred average amplitude of the oscillation under southward conditions were nearly three times higher than under northward conditions. The amplitude increased with increasing angle from the subsolar point, when under southward, but not when under northward, conditions. The results suggest that the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability plays a very minor role in causing the surface waves on the dayside magnetopause.
Dagmar Dueber , Nigerian Pidgin English: Language contact, variation and change in an African urban setting

Dagmar Dueber , Nigerian Pidgin English: Language contact, variation and change in an African urban setting . London: Battlebridge, 2005. Pp. xiii, 273. Pb £25. This is a corpus-based study of Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) among the educated in the urban center of Lagos. Deuber's report on the use of NPE in Lagos makes for interesting comparison with the spread and use of other contact varieties in urban areas in Africa (e.g., Sheng in Nairobi; see Fink 2005 and references therein) and its impact on indigenous languages. It is also comparable with the discussions of urban varieties of creoles reported in Patrick's ( 1999 ) work and more recently in Hackert 2004 . One of the obvious issues is the functioning of the variety in new public formal domains. Issues related to both corpus and status planning are discussed (cf. Devonish 1986 ). To help the reader navigate the vast amount of data, there are several maps, sample questionnaires, and complete transcriptions from elicitations and interviews. The included CD contains sociodemographic data for all the informants and background information on the texts, translations, and sound samples. The book should prove beneficial to sociolinguists of varying persuasions, especially creolists, variationists, and discourse analysts.
EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH LEVELS OF RESTRICTION SITE POLYMORPHISM IN DNA NEAR THE MAIZE Adh1 GENE

ABSTRACT Restriction maps have been prepared for the chromosomal region near seven biochemically and genetically distinct maize alcohol dehydrogenase-1 ( Adh1 ) alleles using a small cDNA probe for Adh1 . Five restriction sites spanning about 4 kb in and near the Adh1 transcription unit appear identical in all seven alleles. Outside this conserved region, variation in restriction site position is the rule. Six of the seven alleles are distinguishable, and the alleles appear to fall into four groups. The DNA flanking the 1S -type alleles seems to share no restriction site homology with the DNA near the 1F -type alleles. Several hypotheses are put forward to explain how such high levels of polymorphism could have arisen in a species that has been domesticated for only about 10,000 years.
Stratigraphy and sedimentology at Bir Sahara, Egypt: Environments, climate change and the Middle Paleolithic

Abstract Bir Sahara, situated in northeast Africa, contains a set of sedimentary sequences that imply episodic changes in climate and environment during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Some of the stratigraphic contexts are associated with Middle Paleolithic artifact assemblages. The artifact assemblages are typically in sands that underlie deposits composed of high amounts of carbonate or fine clastics (muds) indicative of expanding lakes and wetter climates. The wetter climates may have provided landscapes that were periodically inhabitable by Pleistocene hominids.
On the Clark–α model of turbulence: global regularity and long-time dynamics

In this paper we study a well-known three-dimensional turbulence model, the filtered Clark model, or Clark–α model. This is a large eddy simulation (LES) tensor-diffusivity model of turbulent flows with an explicit spatial filter of width α. We show the global well-posedness of this model with constant Navier–Stokes viscosity. Moreover, we establish the existence of a finite dimensional global attractor for this dissipative evolution system, and we provide an analytical estimate for its fractal and Hausdorff dimensions. Our estimate is proportional to (L/l d )3, where L is the integral spatial scale and l d is the viscous dissipation length scale. This explicit bound is consistent with the physical estimate for the number of degrees of freedom based on heuristic arguments. Using semi-rigorous physical arguments we show that the inertial range of the energy spectrum for the Clark–α model has the usual k −5/3 Kolmogorov power law for wave numbers kα ≪ 1 and k −3 decay power law for kα ≫ 1. This is an eviden...
Residential Water Demand under Alternative Rate Structures: Simulation Approach

Econometricians have long studied the effect of price on residential water demand and the impact on water use of the rate (tariff) structure in which price signals are embedded. This paper applies an existing deductive model of residential water use for the intermittent supply system in Amman, Jordan and simulates demand responses across a cross section of households over many uniform, increasing block, and linear price (quadratic charge) rate structures at historically low and significantly higher prices. Results show inelastic piped water demand responses for all rate structures at historically low prices similar to findings from a prior econometric study for Amman. However, piped water demand turns more elastic when prices rise above $0.50/ m3 with uniform rates showing the most elastic response. But results also highlight several complications to determine and interpret price elasticity of demand under different rate structures. They also illustrate trade-offs among rate structures and rate structure ...
Riedel's thyroiditis presenting with hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism: dramatic response to glucocorticoid and thyroxine therapy

Riedel's thyroiditis is a rare fibro-inflammatory process originating in the thyroid gland with progressive extension and invasion of surrounding tissues. Patients frequently present with a stony hard thyroid mass suggestive of anaplastic carcinoma. We report a striking case of Riedel's thyroiditis associated with hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism and bilateral vocal cord paralysis. A dramatic response to high dose prednisone and levothyroxine therapy was seen, with recovery of parathyroid and vocal cord function. Our case suggests that early initiation of combination therapy may be important, particularly in the presence of severe disease.
Birds of paradise for the sultan: Early seventeenth-century Dutch-Turkish encounters and the uses of wonder

This article describes and analyzes the first diplomatic gift presented by the States General of the Netherlands to the Ottoman Sultan Ahmet I in 1612/1613. The extensive and very costly assortment of items was presented to the Sultan in gratitude for capitulations, permitting the Dutch access to Ottoman ports and therefore direct access to trade in the Levant and Mediterranean. This paper describes the diplomatic gift, a long-neglected episode in Dutch material cultural history, and looks in particular at the role that wonder and wonders played in structuring this remarkable encounter between the fledgling Dutch Republic and the Ottoman court.
Polarizable theta-stable parabolic subalgebras and K c -saturation in the non-compact real forms of G 2 and F 4

A general method for finding theta-stable parabolic subalgebras was given in 2004 . In this paper, we develop LiE subroutines to find representatives of conjugacy classes of polarizable theta-stable parabolic subalgebras. Using a theorem of Tauvel, we implement algorithms for computing the Kℂ-saturation of the nilradical of such parabolic subalgebras. Furthermore, we provide a tool for testing a long standing conjecture that relates the wave front set of a representation of a real or p-adic group to special nilpotent orbits. Incidently, the conjecture is true for classical groups.
The Complex Role of Angiopoietin-2 in the Angiopoietin–Tie Signaling Pathway

The angiopoietin–Tie signaling system is a vascular-specific receptor tyrosine kinase pathway that is essential for normal vascular development. Although the basic functioning of the pathway is understood, many uncertainties remain about the role of certain members of the pathway, particularly angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), in pathological vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. We summarize the components of the angiopoietin–Tie pathway and then focus on studies that highlight the role of Ang2 in disease settings, including cancer and inflammation. The expression of Ang2 is elevated in many cancers and types of inflammation, which prompted the development of specific reagents to block its interaction with the Tie2 receptor. The application of these reagents in preclinical models of inflammation and cancer has begun to elucidate the role of Ang2 in vascular remodeling and disease pathogenesis and has led to emerging clinical tests of Ang2 inhibitors.
The first Get Away Special payload and how it grew

In October of 1976, NASA initiated its Get Away Special (GAS) Program to provide space flight experiment opportunities aboard the Space Shuttle for groups with limited means and little or no prior experience in the field. The author describes the project established at Utah State University (USU) in 1977 to develop and fly ten experiments in the first Get Away Special canister (G-001). That project has subsequently evolved into a multiinstitutional program, involving hundreds of university students together with dozens of aerospace and electronics companies and several government agencies. >
How older persons structure information in the decision to seek medical care

Typical models of the decision to seek care consider information as a single conceptual object. This paper presents an alternative that allows multiple objects. For older persons seeking care, results support this alternative. Older decision-makers that segregate information into multiple conceptual objects assessed separately are characterized by socio-demographic (younger age, racial category, non-Hispanic, higher education, higher income, and not married), health status (better general health for men and worse general health for women, fewer known illnesses), and neuropsychological (less memory loss for men, trouble concentrating and trouble making decisions for men) factors. Results of this study support the conclusion that older persons are more likely to integrate information, and individuals with identifiable characteristics are more likely to do so than others. The theory tested in this study implies a potential explanation for misutilization of care (either over or under-utilization).
Indium Gallium Arsenide Based Non-Volatile Memory Devices with Site-Specific Self-Assembled Germanium Quantum Dot Gate

This paper presents the implementation of indium gallium arsenide field-effect transistors (InGaAs FETs) as non-volatile memory using lattice-matched II-VI gate insulator and quantum dots of GeOx-cladded Ge as the floating gate. Studies have been done to show the ability of II-VI materials to act as a tunneling gate material for InGaAs based FETs, and GeOx-cladded Ge quantum dots having the ability to store charges in the floating gate of a memory device. Proposed structure of the InGaAs device is presented.
Laminar flow around sharp and curved objects: the lattice Boltzmann method:

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a relatively new computational method to model fluid flows by tracking collision, advection, and propagation of mesoscopic fluid particles. LBM originated from the cellular automata combined with kinetic theory and the Boltzmann equation. The method is used to solve the explicit finite-difference scheme lattice Boltzmann equations which are second order in space and first order in time. LBM does not attempt to solve the Navier–Stokes equations directly; however, it obeys the equations. The two-dimensional flows around square and circular cylinders are simulated with uniform and nonuniform grid structures using the LBM. The boundary layer growth and wake region physics are captured with small-scale details, and the results are validated by comparison with laboratory experiments for the Reynolds numbers between 50 and 350. Compatibility of the method in simulating flow around hydrofoil geometries and a combination of objects is also provided.
Evolution of Gene Deserts in the Human Genome

‘Gene deserts’ are improbably large regions of the human genome that contain no genes. The evolutionary origin of these regions is still unknown, but experimental and computational evidence suggests there are multiple classes of gene deserts in the human genome, each with different evolutionary origins and functional associations. Keywords: gene desert; genome architecture; gene regulation
New rapid methods for DNA sequencing based on exonuclease III digestion followed by repair synthesis

We describe improve enzymatic methods for sequencing method for sequencing DNA. They are based on partial digestion of duplex DNA with exonuclease III to produce DNA molecules with 3' ends shortened to varying lengths, followed by repair synthesis to extend and label the 3' ends. After asymmetrical cleavage of the DNA with a restriction enzyme, the labeled products are separated by gel electrophoresis and the sequence read from the autoradiogram. The entire procedures, beginning with unrestricted DNA and followed through gel electrophoresis, takes only one day for sequencing both strands of the DNA molecule. These methods are especially suitable for sequencing DNA cloned in plasmid vectors, and they greatly extend the usefulness of the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method of Sanger et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5463, 1977). Using these methods we have determined the sequence of a 410 base pair fragment which includes the yeast SUP3 tyrosine tRNA gene.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PARAMETERS OF PERSONS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

Although the benefits of exercise are well documented, few published research studies have examined exercise in persons with schizophrenia. This pilot examined a 16-week walking program for outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 10). Six-minute walking distance, body mass index, percent body fat and severity of psychiatric symptoms were measured. Experimental participants in the walking group experienced significant reductions in body fat (p = 0.03) compared to a control group not participating in the exercises during the same time period. Experimental participants also had greater aerobic fitness, lower body mass indexes, and fewer psychiatric symptoms than controls at the conclusion of the program. Research is needed to identify effective exercise interventions and feasible delivery modalities for persons with schizophrenia in community settings.
Exclusion of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone gene mutations in familial isolated GH deficiency by linkage and single strand conformation analysis.

The molecular basis and the locus responsible for most familial cases of isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) are still unknown. The GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene has been evaluated as a possible candidate in 23 unrelated families with IGHD, 14 of whom were classified as having autosomal recessive IGHD type IB and 9 of whom had autosomal dominant IGHD type II. Three highly polymorphic microsatellites (dinucleotide repeats), mapped close to GHRH on chromosome 20 by previous linkage studies, were analyzed as markers for the GHRH locus. All available family members were genotyped for D20S44 [no recombination with GHRH at a LOD (logarithm of the odds) score of 3.6]. Noninformative families were also genotyped for D20S45 and/or D20S54 (located at approximately 1 and 3 centiMorgan of genetic distance from GHRH, respectively). Twenty families were informative for linkage analysis with 1 or more of these markers. We found at least 1 obligate recombinant with discordance between phenotype and genotype in 19 of the 23 ...
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION : VI. THE AGGLUTININ CONTENT OF ANTISERA TO HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.

1. Application of the quantitative agglutination procedure to hemolytic streptococci and their antisera is shown to yield values indicative of the antibody content of the antisera in weight units. 2. Estimations are given of type-specific and group-specific antibody in a number of antisera. 3. An incomplete analysis is given of the antigenic components and antibodies involved in the agglutination. 4. Adaptation of the experimental conditions to a simple qualitative type determination of hemolytic streptococci is suggested.
Strong Coupling in Semiconductor Microcavities

Progress in the science and technology of semiconductors has enabled physicists and engineers not only to conceive and implement new electronic, optical, and optoelectronic devices, but also to probe fundamental phenomena that emerge from new device structures. Indeed, much of the excitement of semiconductor physics stems from the interplay of fundamental investigations and practical applications. The development of quantum wells and other heterostructures has enabled the implementation of a broad range of devices based on the quantization of electronic states; i.e. it has been possible to control the electron wavefunction in crystal structures. Quite recently, the development of technology for fabricating modulated dielectric structures in semiconductors has also made it possible to control the electromagnetic field configuration in device structures. As discussed by several authors in this volume, this has opened up the possibility for numerous applications, such as “thresholdless” lasers and resonant-cavity LED’s, modulators, and detectors.
The Physical Education of Girls and Women

(1911). The Physical Education of Girls and Women. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 487-492.
Spatial Utilization and Foraging Behavior of the Desert Woodrat, Neotoma lepida lepida

Radiotelemetry and direct observations of feeding were used to determine the foraging patterns and foraging behavior of Neotoma lepida lepida . The majority of a 24-h period was spent at a diurnal den site; often this site was located near the edge of a home range. Each individual fed at several sites, each of which was characterized by overhead, side, and rear covering: only one side was open. These feeding sites were visited sequentially, always in the same order, several times a night; usually between sequences an animal returned to the diurnal den site. Travel between feeding sites, and between feeding sites and the diurnal den site, was usually rapid, suggesting that there was little exploratory behavior during those transits. Paths of transit between sites were limited to complex boulder microhabitat which allowed the rats to remain unexposed to visually orienting predators. Activities were thus concentrated at a few loci, and interconnecting pathways, around the periphery of the home range; there was little activity in the center of the home range. These woodrats displayed a highly stereotyped feeding behavior consisting of movement from a shelter to a food plant, removal of a twig and leaves, and retreat to shelter for consumption. It is suggested that these behaviors reflect a response to predation risk or risk of failure to obtain sufficient food when foraging.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SHORT OCEAN SWELL AND TRANSIENT LONG WAVES: DISSIPATIVE AND NONLINEAR EFFECTS

The dissipation and nonlinear effects of random swell interaction with transient long waves are studied. Results from a laboratory experiment in which random swell was generated both with and without a co-existing transient long wave are analyzed. An instantaneous dissipation mechanism for estimating both instantaneous and bulk dissipation from data is used to determine the characteristics of dissipation for both cases. Fourier analysis of the free surface measurements and dissipation estimates reveals that the presence of the transient long wave does not have an appreciable impact on the known dissipation characteristics of random swell. However, the use of wavelet analysis, centered on the long wave in the time series, shows that the dissipation characteristics of the combined short-long wave signals deviate considerably from that of swell alone, indicating that smearing of the long wave signal by the Fourier analysis is sufficiently strong to affect dissipation estimates. A wavelet-based bispectral algorithm is used to determine the nonlinear wave-wave coupling in both swell and combined swell-long wave signals; the results indicate that there can be broader ranges of frequencies in which nonlinear coupling is present for the case of the combined short-long wave signal.
Discussion about measuring Method of needle tubing stiffness

This article mainly analyse the relation of setting and measurement results in needle tubing stiffness measuring test.After theorical analysis,The author think the main reason of measurement deviation caused by different setting(eg.bending force、preliminary velocity)is that the feedback delaying time deviation of force measuring sensor exists when the device records.In this article the author specifies the requirement of how to minimize measurement deviation.in purpose of minimizing measurement deviation,the setting of bending force value should be as small as possible,the value of preliminary velocity and measuring velocity should be the same.This article also give some credible experiments to prove this idea.
Eight-year monitoring of achieving the stage goal of elimination of iodine deficiency disorders

Objective To find out the monitoring results of IDD after passing stage target evaluation in Tongxiang city,and to explore working mechanism for sustainabe elimination of IDD.Methods Iodized salt sampling monitoring were performed in residents annually.9 towns/streets and 36 villages were selected randomly.8 families were selected randomly in every village to get salt samples.Semiquantitative monitoring of edible salt from 17 residents in vegetable processing zones were performed once or twice every year.Five towns/streets central primary schools were selected randomly from east,west,south,north and central orientation in the city to monitor the thyroid gland swelling rate by palpation or B and uric iodine level among students aged between 8 and 10.Results The average edible rate of qualified iodized salt among residents of Tongxiang city was 91.55% in the last eight years.In children,the average swelling rates of thyroid gland were 4.43% and 8.16% by palpation and by B respectively.The uric iodine mean was 194.47μg/L,the median was 196.10μg/L.The proportion of residents with uric iodine value greater than or equal 100~200μg/L and above 200μg/L were 38.13% and 47.49% respectively.Conclusions The iodine intake of residents was enough and in secure extent in Tongxiang city.But the iodized salt coverage rate and edible rate of qualified iodized salt were still low in vegetable processing zones.So on the basis of continuous health education,collocating iodized salt while the pickles without iodized salt were wholesaled is a fundamental measure to overcome this difficult point.
EVALUATION OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.

T he pressure in the stomach is higher than that in the esophagus. Therefore, an antireflux barrier must exist to prevent regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus in the horizontal position or at other times when the effect of gravity is overcome. The diaphragmatic sling,1,2 the acute angle of entry of the esophagus into the stomach,3-5 and the physiologic lower esophageal sphincter6 have all been suggested as barrier mechanisms in the control of gastroesophageal reflux. The purpose of this paper is to help clarify the relative importance of each of these three mechanisms.
Emergency Department Management of Patients With Febrile Neutropenia: Guideline Concordant or Overly Aggressive?

Objectives The Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommend risk stratification of patients with febrile neutropenia (FN) and discharge with oral antibiotics for low-risk patients. We studied guideline concordance and clinical outcomes of FN management in our emergency department (ED). Methods Our urban, tertiary care teaching hospital provides all emergency and inpatient services to a large comprehensive cancer center. We performed a structured chart review of all FN patients seen in our ED from January 2010 to December 2014. Using electronic medical records, we identified all visits by patients with fever and an absolute neutrophil count of <1000 cells/mm3 and then included only patients without a clear source of infection. Following national guidelines, we classified patients as low or high risk and assessed guideline concordance in disposition and parenteral versus oral antibiotic therapy by risk category as our main outcome measure. Results Of 173 qualifying visits, we classified 44 (25%) as low risk and 129 (75%) as high risk. Management was guideline concordant in 121 (70%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 63% to 77%). Management was guideline discordant in 43 (98%, 95% CI = 88% to 100%) of low-risk patients versus 9 (7%, 95% CI = 3% to 13%) of high-risk patients (relative risk [RR] = 14, 95% CI = 7.5 to 26). Of 52 guideline-discordant cases, 36 (83%, 95% CI = 72% to 93%) involved low-risk cases with treatment that was more aggressive than recommended. Conclusions Guideline concordance was low among low-risk patients, with management tending to be more aggressive than recommended. Unless data emerge that undermine the guidelines, we believe that many of these hospitalizations and parenteral antibiotic regimens can be avoided, decreasing the risks associated with hospitalization, while improving antibiotic stewardship and patient comfort.
Gut microbiota in renal physiology: focus on short-chain fatty acids and their receptors

A number of recent studies have begun to explore a new and exciting area: the interaction between the gut microbiome and renal physiology. In particular, multiple studies have focused on the role of microbially produced short chain fatty acids, which are generally thought to promote health. This review will focus on what is known to date regarding the influence of the microbiome on renal function, with emphasis on the cell biology, physiology, and clinical implications of short chain fatty acids and short chain fatty acid receptors. It is clear that microbe-host interactions are an exciting and ever-expanding field, which has implications for how we view diseases such as hypertension, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. However, it is important to recognize that although the potential promise of this area is extremely enticing, we are only the very edge of this new field.
METIS: A Multi-faceted Hybrid Book Learning Platform

Today, students are offered a wide variety of alternatives to printed material for the consumption of educational content. Previous research suggests that, while digital content has its advantages, printed content still offers benefits that cannot be matched by digital media. This paper introduces the Meaningful Education and Training Information System (METIS), a multi-faceted hybrid book learning platform. The goal of the system is to provide an easy digital-to-print-to-digital content creation and reading service. METIS incorporates technology for layout, personalization, co-creation and assessment. These facilitate and, in many cases, significantly simplify common teacher/student tasks. Our system has been demonstrated at several international education events, partner engagements, and pilots with local universities and high schools. We present the system and discuss how it enables hybrid learning.