cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What determines altocumulus dissipation time

[1] This paper asks what factors influence the dissipation time of altocumulus clouds. The question is addressed using three-dimensional, large-eddy simulations of a thin, midlevel cloud that was observed by aircraft. The cloud might be aptly described as “altostratocumulus” because it was overcast and contained radiatively driven turbulence. The simulations are used to construct a budget equation of cloud water. This equation allows one to directly compare the four processes that diminish liquid: diffusional growth of ice crystals, large-scale subsidence, radiative heating, and turbulent mixing of dry air into the cloud. Various sensitivity studies are used to find the “equivalent sensitivity” of cloud decay time to changes in various parameters. A change from no sunlight to direct overhead sunlight decreases the lifetime of our simulated cloud as much as increasing subsidence by 1.2 cm s−1, increasing ice number concentration by 780 m−3, or decreasing above-cloud total water mixing ratio by 0.60 g kg−1. Finally, interactions among the terms in the cloud water budget are summarized in a “budget term feedback matrix.” It is able to diagnose, for instance, that in our particular simulations, the diffusional growth of ice is a negative feedback.
Exposure of grass shrimp to sediments receiving highway runoff: Effects on reproduction and DNA

A grass shrimp bioassay was carried out on sediments from three estuarine stations which were different distances from a highway storm drain. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were 29, 1.5 and 0.1 μg/g sediment at stations A (next to drain), B (100 m from drain) and C (500 m from drain), respectively. Lower embryo production and embryo hatching rates and a higher level of DNA strand breaks (comet assay) were observed in grass shrimp exposed to stations A and B sediments. There appeared to be an association between reproduction abnormalities and increased DNA strand breaks as a result of grass shrimp exposure to estuarine sediments receiving highway runoff.
Biochemistry of intervertebral disc degeneration and the potential for gene therapy applications

Abstract Background context: Low back pain continues to be a major cause of morbidity in the United States and the world. Although the exact cause has yet to be defined, the intervertebral disk and its age-related changes have been most frequently implicated. Purpose: This article represents a brief summary of intervertebral disk structure and function, both in the "normal" and degenerative states. Study design/setting: Review article. A Medline search from 1966 to present was performed to identify pertinent articles related to the topic of the intervertebral disc and degeneration. Methods: This review article describes the pertinent anatomy, as well as the biochemical and biomechanical changes that occur in the intervertebral disc over time. It presents many of the current theories implicated as causing these changes. Results: Recent studies have shown that gene therapy (the transfer of therapeutic gene[s] into a cell), may have promise as a method of slowing down, or preventing some of the changes seen in the intervertebral disc. Conclusion: Intervertebral disc degeneration is a complex phenomenon, likely the result of a combination of biochemical and biomechanical factors that are known to occur in the disk. Ongoing research efforts in the area of gene therapy show promise as a way to prevent, or even reverse, some of these changes.
A Model for Small Heat Shock Protein Inhibition of Polyglutamine Aggregation

Polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat expansions that lead to the formation of amyloid aggregates are linked to several devastating neurodegenerative disorders. While molecular chaperones, including the small heat shock proteins (sHsp), play an important role in protection against protein misfolding, the aberrant protein folding that accompanies these polyQ diseases overwhelms the chaperone network. By generating a model structure to explain the observed suppression of spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) by the sHsp αB-crystallin, we have identified key vulnerabilities that provide a possible mechanism to explain this heat shock response. A docking study involving a small bioactive peptide should also aid in the development of new drug targets for the prevention of polyQ-based aggregation.
Gouty arthritis: Understanding the disease state and management options in primary care

Acute gouty arthritis is an inflammatory response triggered by the release of monosodium urate crystal deposits into the joint space. The disease is associated with debilitating clinical symptoms and functional impairments as well as adverse economic and quality-of-life burdens. Because gouty arthritis is typically diagnosed and managed in the primary care setting, clinicians require a thorough knowledge of the presenting clinical features, risk factors, differential diagnoses, and treatment options for appropriate management. Although generally effective, the use of currently available therapies to control gouty arthritis is challenging because many medications used to treat comorbidities can exacerbate gouty arthritis and because current agents are associated with a number of adverse events, contraindications, or both. Based on an understanding of the underlying inflammatory pathogenesis of gouty arthritis, several new agents are being developed that may provide improved efficacy.
Effects of boron and heat treatment on structure of dual-phase Ti-TiC

Anin situ method was developed to fabricate a two-phase mixture of titanium carbide in a titanium matrix by solidification from a titanium-carbon melt. The solidified morphology consisted of three-dimensional TiC dendrites in a titanium matrix. The secondary dendrite arm spacing was found to be influenced by the presence of boron. The structure and microhardness of the components as a function of boron content and heat-treatment procedure were determined. Heat treatment plays a major role in the structure while the effect of boron is minimal. Results from X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that the solidified carbide is very rich in vacancies in the carbon sublattice. Annealing leads to a redistribution of the titanium atoms to occupy some of the vacant carbon sites. This thermal redistribution effect results in a dramatic decrease in the hardness of the carbides. The lattice parameter measurement supports the above structure evolution.
Design and performance of the readout system of the MINOS far detector

The MINOS experiment is a long baseline search for neutrino oscillations in an intense neutrino beam produced at Fermilab. This beam is intercepted by two detectors; the Near Detector at Fermilab and the Far Detector located a distance of 735 km in a mine in Soudan, Minnesota. The Far Detector is an iron / scintillator tracking calorimeter comprising some 185,000 channels of optical fibers read out by multi-anode photomultiplier tubes. As of this writing, the MINOS Far Detector has been completely installed and instrumented with a readout system. The readout system, along with performance measurements, will be presented.
Reduction of nonlinear integer separable programming problems

This paper considers the general integer separable programming problem. The nonlinear part of the objective function is given in terms of the variables x∊Rn , while the linear part is given in terms of x∊Rk , where k may be much larger than n. The original problem is reduced to a linear zero-one problem. The linearization is based on a particular representation of piecewise linear functions, that approximate the nonlinear part of the objective function. This approximation is exact for all integer feasible points and therefore the solution of the resulting problem is that of the original problem. In addition this linearization is valid for the general nonconvex problem. An example with a nonconvex objective function illustrates these ideas. Using the same techniques a simple algorithm (that requires only sorting) is given for a class of nonlinear integer knapsack problems.
Desulfuration of Thiourea by Saliva.

SummaryA soluble enzyme system from human saliva which desulfurates thiourea has been shown to be heat-labile, non-dialyzable and temperature and pH dependent. Thiocyanate and ascorbic acid are necessary co-factors. Propylthiouracil appears to behave like a non-competitive inhibitor. The products of this reaction are protein bound sulfur, thiosulfate or sulfite, and sulfate. Lamb and lion cub saliva desulfurate thiourea, but rattlesnake venom and calf saliva do not. Preliminary studies of saliva from phenylthiocarbamide tasters and non-tasters have shown no differences in desulfuration activity.
Enhancing Quality Through Innovation: American Society of Clinical Oncology Presidential Address 2010

Members and guests of the Society, welcome to the 46th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). It has been an honor for me to serve as ASCO president this year and to oversee preparations for this meeting. I am pleased to share with you this year’s accomplishments and my view of the opportunities and challenges ahead. A meeting of this size and quality cannot happen without the skill and leadership of very special people. My sincere thanks go to Kim Margolin, MD, Chair of the Cancer Education Committee, and to Daniel F. Hayes, MD, Chair of the Scientific Program Committee. They and their colleagues have assembled an exciting scientific and educational program. We received more than 5,100 abstract submissions—a new annual meeting record. We will offer 165 education and 89 scientific sessions, and most will be available for review on our virtual meeting site, which has had spectacular growth and acceptance since its inception in 1999. New this year is the “Trials in Progress” poster session. The session will allow investigators leading phase I and phase II trials to present their unfinished work, including their background data, trial design, and methodology. With this new session, we hope to stimulate interest in the therapeutic entities being tested, to stimulate accruals and addition of study sites to ongoing trials, and to draw new investigators into studying promising compounds.
Adaptive explicit force control of position-controlled manipulators

This article presents a new adaptive outer-loop approach for explicit force regulation of position-controlled robot manipulators. The strategy is computationally simple and does not require knowledge of the manipulator dynamic model, the inner-loop position controller parameters, or the environment. It is shown that the control strategy guarantees global uniform boundedness of all signals and convergence of the position/force regulation errors to zero when applied to the full nonlinear robot dynamic model. If bounded external disturbances are present, a slight modification to the control scheme ensures that global uniform boundedness of all signals is retained and that arbitrarily accurate stabilization of the regulation errors can be achieved. Additionally, it is shown that the adaptive controller is also applicable to robotic systems with PID inner-loop position controllers. Computer simulation results are given for a Robotics Research Corporation (RRC) Model K-1207 redundant arm and demonstrate that accurate and robust force control is achievable with the proposed controller. Experimental results are presented for the RRC Model K-1207 robot and confirm that the control scheme provides a simple and effective means of obtaining high-performance force control. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Opinion #3: Mary Lou Taylor, PhD

Psychologists have traditionally been held to a very high standard of confidentiality, and many patients believe that what they say to a psychologist individually will be kept confidential. However, the value of a multidisciplinary treatment team is the sharing of information to benefit the overall treatment of the patient. In this case example, the key to whether the patient's confidentiality was violated lies in what she was told at the onset of treatment. Before an evaluation or therapy begins, the psychologist needs to discuss …
Projection-operator based statistical mechanical theory of local and macroscopic electromagnetic fields

The author studies the origins of the applied, macroscopic, and local electromagnetic fields by a statistical-mechanical method. In order to obtain the macroscopic fields from the microscopic fields he uses a relevant statistical-density function for ensemble averaging. He presents novel equations for the time-dependent local fields as functions of the applied field, polarization, and macroscopic field.
Police gerontology services for the elderly: A policy guide

The purpose of this article is to acquaint law enforcement supervisors and academicians about the problems of the growing elderly population and subsequent needs. The evolving health needs, intervention strategies, and crimes committed against the elderly require a different approach to police patrol. After a review of current senior needs, this article lays out a foundation of action steps with policy and training applications.
Exploring the Continental Crust of Western United States: ABSTRACT

Seismic-refraction measurements have been made by the U. S. Geological Survey along 10 profiles, each 300 km. long or more, in California and adjacent Nevada, and Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, as a part of the Vela Uniform program of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense. Initial interpretation of results along a line from Fallon to Eureka, Nevada, defines an intermediate crustal layer at a depth of about 22 km. with a velocity of 7.2 km. per sec., and the Mohorovicic discontinuity at a depth of about 40 km., below which the velocity is 8.0 km. per sec. Interpretation of the first profile completed in Colorado defines an intermediate crustal layer at a depth of about 31 km. with a velocity of 6.9 km. per sec., and the Mohorovicic discontinuity a a depth of about 48 km., below which the velocity is 8.0 km. per sec. The velocity in the upper crustal layer, below the near-surface rocks, is 6.1 km. per sec. along both profiles. End_of_Article - Last_Page 265------------
Psychological Aspects of Parenting Critically Ill Neonates

This study was designed to objectively examine depression and distress levels in parents of ill versus parents of healthy neonates by utilizing two well-validated questionnaires, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Kellner Symptom Questionnaire (KSQ). In addition, morbidity of infants was assessed by the Minde-Whitelaw Neonatal Morbidity Scale, and parents completed a socioeconomic questionnaire. Analysis of mean BDI and KSQ scores revealed significant differences between parents of ill neonates and parents of healthy neonates in BDI, total KSQ scores, KSQ anxiety, and depression scale scores. Within these groups, respondents whose scores fell into moderate to severe ranges of distress on either questionnaire were referred for counseling. The BDI and KSQ can be tools for better understanding about distress levels in parents of ill and healthy neonates.
Three‐dimensional crystalline order in an atactic comblike polymer

The production of oriented “crystalline” fibers of an atactic polymer, poly{1-[6-(4-biphenylyloxy)hexyloxycarbonyl]ethylene} is reported. The x-ray diffraction is consistent with a two-chain unit cell with a = b = 23.5 A, c = 6.48 A, and γ = 120. Although the cell is essentially hexagonal, the absence of screw symmetry along the polymer chain reduces the crystal symmetry to P A packing model consistent with these data is proposed.
α-Galactoside Uptake in Rhizobium meliloti: Isolation and Characterization of agpA, a Gene Encoding a Periplasmic Binding Protein Required for Melibiose and Raffinose Utilization

Rhizobium meliloti can occupy at least two distinct ecological niches; it is found in the soil as a free-living saprophyte, and it also lives as a nitrogen-fixing intracellular symbiont in root nodules of alfalfa and related legumes. One approach to understanding how R. meliloti alters its physiology in order to become an integral part of a developing nodule is to identify and characterize genes that are differentially expressed by bacteria living inside nodules. We used a screen to identify genes under the control of the R. meliloti regulatory protein NodD3, SyrM, or SyrA. These regulatory proteins are expressed by bacteria growing inside the root nodule. One gene isolated in this screen was mapped to pSymB and displayed complex regulation. The gene was downregulated by the syrA gene product and also by glucose and succinate. This gene, referred to as agpA, encodes a periplasmic binding protein that is most similar to proteins from the periplasmic oligopeptide binding protein family. It is likely that AgpA binds α-galactosides, because α-galactosides induce the expression of agpA, and agpA mutants cannot utilize or transport these sugars. Activity of an agpA::TnphoA fusion was downregulated by SyrA. Because syrA is known to be expressed at high levels in intracellular symbiotic R. meliloti and at low levels in the free-living bacteria, we propose that AgpA may belong to the class of gene products whose expression decreases when R. meliloti becomes an intracellular symbiont.
Hierarchical production planning in forestry using price-directed decomposition

Forest planning models have increased in size and complexity as planners address a growing array of economic, ecological, and societal issues. Hierarchical production models offer a means of better managing these large and complex models. Hierarchical production planning models decompose large models into a set of smaller linked models. For exam- ple, in this paper, a Lagrangian relaxation formulation and a modified Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition - column generation routine are used to solve a hierarchical forest planning model that maximizes the net present value of harvest incomes while recognizing specific geographical units that are subject to harvest flow and green-up constraints. This allows the planning model to consider forest-wide constraints such as harvest flow, as well as address separate subproblems for each contiguous management zone for which detailed spatial plans are computed. The approach taken in this paper is different from past approaches in forest hierarchical planning because we start with a single model and derive a hierarchical model that addresses integer subproblems using Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition. The decomposition approach is demonstrated by analyzing a set of randomly generated planning problems constructed from a large forest and land inventory data set. Resume´ : Comme les planificateurs considerent un nombre croissant d'enjeux economiques, ecologiques et sociaux, les modeles de planification forestiere deviennent de plus en plus lourds et complexes. Les modeles hierarchiques de produc- tion offrent une facon d'ameliorer la gestion de ces gros modeles complexes. Les modeles hierarchiques de planification de la production decomposent les gros modeles en un ensemble de modeles plus petits relies entre eux. Par exemple, dans cet article, la formule de relaxation de Lagrange et une procedure modifieed e decomposition de Dantzig-Wolfe ou de generation de colonnes ont eteutilisees pour resoudre un modele hierarchique de planification forestiere qui maximise la valeur actuelle nette des revenus de recolte tout en considerant la specificitedes unitesg eographiques sujettes aux flux de recolte et aux contraintes de regeneration. Ceci permet au modele de planification de considerer des contraintes pour l'en- semble de la foret telles que les flux de recolte et de considerer egalement des sous-problemes specifiques a chacune des zones contigues d'amenagement pour lesquelles des plans spatialement detailles sont elabores. L'approche consideree dans cet article differe des approches traditionnelles de planification forestiere hierarchique parce qu'elle debute par un modele unique duquel derive un modele hierarchique qui traite les sous-problemes en entier par la methode de decomposition de Dantzig-Wolfe. L'approche de decomposition est illustree par l'analyse d'un ensemble de problemes generes aleatoirement apartir d'une vaste foret et d'un ensemble de donnees d'inventaire du territoire. (Traduit par la Redaction)
The SiGe heterojunction source PNPN n-MOSFET with SSOI for low power application

A novel device concept, SiGe tunnel source(PNPN) based on the principle of band to band tunneling is reported in this paper. The SiGe source PNPN tunneling FET shows steep sub-threshold swing and higher turn on current than SiGe source PIN tunnel FET. For achieving high turn on current, the SSOI is also investigated in SiGe tunnel source device.
EXPERIMENTAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA BY INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION

When intrabronchial insufflation of pure cultures of the streptococcus or of the influenza bacillus is properly carried out, it produces without fail a pneumonic lesion. This lesion is similar in its nature to the one known in human pathology as bronchopneumonia, and differs materially from the pneumonic lesion produced experimentally by the intrabronchial insufflation of pure cultures of the pneumococcus. Considering the fact that none of the dogs used in the experiments with the pneumococcus and none of those used in the present investigation were selected or prepared in any way, the conclusion seems to be unavoidable that the proper invasion of the microorganism is the determining factor in the development of pneumonia, the condition of the animal being only a minor element in this regard. Furthermore, since different organisms introduced in the same way and under conditions which are apparently the same produced distinctly different pneumonic lesions in animals of the same species, the further conclusion presents itself that the different types of pneumonia are produced by specifically different bacteria. However, further investigation may show that the differences in the nature of the lesion are due rather to the degree of virulence of the causative microorganism than to differences in the species; that is, that different lesions may possibly be produced by organisms of the same species, provided they possess different degrees of virulence. Further experimentation may also show that the condition of the animal and of the affected organ which, in the onset and development of the pneumonic disease, is, perhaps, unimportant, may be the leading factor in determining the course and outcome of the disease.
Fitting a model of tritium uptake by honey bees to data

Abstract A compartmental model of tritium kinetics in honey bee hives was develop from a microcosm experiment. Transfer coefficients (parameters) were estimated from observed tritium concentration in the source, bee, and honey compartments with nonlinear least squares. Application of this model to a field study with tritium released from a vent stack was not particularly successful because of our inability to model the spatial distribution process of tritium. The environmental processes driving the distribution of tritium are highly stochastic. The predictive capability of models developed with rigorous parameter estimates from data obtained on the system being modeled is felt to be superior to other approaches.
A Risk Scale for Predicting Extensive Subclinical Spread of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

BACKGROUNDThe clinical appearance of nonmelanoma skin cancer may represent only a portion of microscopic tumor invasion.OBJECTIVETo develop a scale based on high-risk characteristics for predicting the probability of extensive subclinical spread of nonmelanoma skin cancer.METHODSRetrospective analys
A robust qualitative planner for mobile robot navigation using human-provided maps

A novel method for controlling a mobile robot using qualitative inputs in the context of an approximate map, such as one sketched by a human, is presented. By defining a desired trajectory with respect to observable landmarks, human operators can send semi-autonomous robots into areas for which a truth map is not available. Waypoint planning is formulated as a quadratic optimization problem, resulting in robot trajectories in the true environment that are qualitatively similar to those provided by the human. The algorithm is implemented both in simulation and on a mobile robot platform in several different environments. A sensitivity analysis is performed, illustrating how the method is robust to uncertainties, even large sketch distortions, and allows the robot to adapt and re-plan according to its most current perception of the world.
Notes on the Parasitic Fungi of Illinois—II

The material from which this paper is drawn consists of the incidental collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey's botanists. Submitted as a contribution toward cataloging the fungous flora of the world, as well as of Illinois, it contains an account of five Ascomycetes and twenty-nine imperfect fungi. In the treatment of the Fungi Imperfecti, it is now?as it has been?customary to regard them as separable species when they inhabit distinctive hosts or when they manifest tangible differ? ences in morphology; and the custom is not without its advantages, despite the adverse criticism which has been heaped upon it, for it emphasizes in the matter of "fundamental," or "genetic," species an intimate interdependence of fungus and host that has been demonstrated more often than disproved. Moreover, though we may envision an ultimate phylogenetic taxonomy, we are still too poorly advanced in research to invent a more practical device for perpetuating a knowledge of the im? perfect forms. If the time comes when we are able to list the thallic connections of the Ascomycetes with all their spore forms, there will be needed still, for purposes of description, differentia? tion, and recognition, a classification of the imperfect ones, which, though possibly simpler, must yet take cognizance chiefly of their morphism, their coloration, and their limits of parasitism. The specimens, which are in the Survey's Mycological Collec? tion, are designated especially by accession numbers; and when, upon request, portions of them are sent elsewhere, the labels will bear those numbers.
Effective HF Radar Installation in Challenging Terrain Environments for Homeland Security Applications

Emerging homeland security applications require low-cost and rapid installation of HF radar systems in challenging terrain environments. One example concerns hills with natural slope and surface irregularity and roughness. In this letter, through the investigation of radio-wave propagation in such an environment, we examine the effect of the slope and surface roughness of the terrain on the performance of HF radars. It is shown that the slope and surface irregularity affect the effective electrical spacing between array elements and cause beamforming and scanning errors, which lead to misdetection of targets. It is also shown by an investigation of an actual HF radar site in the area of Koko Head in Hawaii that scattering from surface roughness of the terrain adds extra error to the phase difference between antenna array elements (~30°), hence degrades the radar performance further.
Discovering parametric clusters in social small-world graphs

We present a strategy for analyzing large, social small-world graphs, such as those formed by human networks. Our approach brings together ideas from a number of different research areas, including graph layout, graph clustering and partitioning, machine learning, and user interface design. It helps users explore the networks and develop insights concerning their members and structure that may be difficult or impossible to discover via traditional means, including existing graph visualization and/or statistical methods.
An In 0.15 Ga 0.85 As/GaAs pseudomorphic single quantum well HEMT

This letter describes high electron mobility transistors (HEMT's) utilizing a conducting channel which is a single In 0.15 Ga 0.85 AS quantum well grown pseudomorphically on a GaAs substrate. A Hall mobility of 40 000 cm2/V.s has been observed at 77 K. Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations have been observed at 4.2 K which verify the existence of a two-dimensional electron gas at the In 0.15 Ga 0.85 As/GaAs interface. HEMT's fabricated with 2-µm gate lengths show an extrinsic transconductance of 90 and 140 mS/mm at 300 and 77 K, respectively-significantly larger than that previously reported for strained-layer superlattice In x Ga 1-x As structures which are nonpseudomorphic to GaAs substrates. HEMT's with 1-µm gate lengths have been fabricated, which show an extrinsic transconductance of 175 mS/mm at 300 K which is higher than previously reported values for both strained and unstrained In x Ga 1-x As FET's. The absence of Al x Ga 1-x As in these structures has eliminated both the persistent photoconductivity effect and drain current collapse at 77 K.
Climate Change and the Evolution and Fate of the Tangier Islands of Chesapeake Bay, USA

Climate change and associated sea level rise (SLR) are already impacting low-lying coastal areas, including islands, throughout the world. Many of these areas are inhabited, many will need to be abandoned in coming decades as SLR continues. We examine the evolution (1850-2013) of the last inhabited offshore island in Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay USA, the Tangier Islands. Three SLR scenarios, a low, mid, and high, were considered. Since 1850, 66.75% of the islands landmass has been lost. Under the mid-range SLR scenario, much of the remaining landmass is expected to be lost in the next 50 years and the Town will likely need to be abandoned. The high SLR scenario will accelerate the land loss and subsidence, such that the Town may need to be abandoned in as few as 25 years. We propose a conceptual plan that would significantly extend the lifespan of the islands and Town.
Enteral Glutamine Modulates Renal Glutamine Utilization

Enteral glutamine feeding effect on renal glutamine utilization was assessed from the perspective of gamma glutamyltransferase activity-dependent cellular glutamate modulation of phosphate-dependent glutaminase. After 4d, rats fed an elemental diet supplemented with glutamine exhibited a 2 1 % higher kidney glutamate content and 27% reduction in ammonium excretion, both P 90% and decreased kidney glutamate content 42%. This reduction in kidney glutamate was associated with a 3.3-fold enhancement in both glutamine extraction (474 +/- 184 to 1548 +/- 255 nmol x min(-1) x 100 g body weight (-1)) and ammonium excretion (295 +/- 30 to 978 +/- 96 nmol x min(-1) x 100 g body weight(-1)), both P < 0.01. These findings are consistent with enteral glutamine regulation of renal glutamine utilization through an elevation of the cellular glutamate level.
Zero-Dimensional Soot Modeling

A zero-dimension model of spray development and particulate emissions for direct-injection combustion was developed. The model describes the major characteristics of the injection plume including: spray angle, liquid penetration, lift-off length, and temperatures of regions within the spray. The model also predicts particulate mass output over a span of combustion cycles, as well as a particulate mass-history over a single combustion event. The model was developed by applying established conceptual models for direct injection combustion to numerical relations, to develop a mathematical description of events. The model was developed in a Matlab Simulink environment to promote modularity and ease of use.
P1 – 2409: Human neural stem cells reduce penumbral volume and improve motor and cognitive outcomes in neonatal hypoxic ischemic cerebra injury

Objective Neural stem cell transplantation is now being evaluated for treatment of neonatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII), as there is compelling evidence in animal models that it contributes to the repair of multiple delayed/secondary injuries. We sought to determine in a model of rat pup HII model whether delayed stem cell transplantation improved structural and functional recoveries and whether this was due primarily to rescue of penumbral tissue. Methods We transplanted human NSCs (hNSCs) into the contralateral ventricle of a 10 day-old rat pup 3 days post-unilateral HII, exploiting the cell's intrinsic pathotropism to direct them to the lesioned area which would not be hospitable to direct implantation. Using high field magnetic resonance imaging at 2d and 90d post-HII, we examined total lesion, core, and penumbral volumes. Behavior was evaluated at 90d post-HII followed by histological and immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue. Results At both time points, total lesion and penumbral volumes were smaller in animals treated with hNSCs; the necrotic core, as expected, remained unchanged. Activity levels were increased and working memory was improved in animals treated with hNSCs. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that, at least 3 days after injury, there is potentially salvageable cerebral tissue in the penumbra following HII and that hNSC-mediated rescue of that tissue is associated with improved long-term motor and cognitive outcomes. These findings reinforce the speculation that NSCs may be uniquely beneficial for neurorepair in later stages of neonatal HII. Specifically, such intervention should be able to be instituted after 3 days of hypothermia treatment, presently the immediate standard-of-care for HII, allowing for the possibility of synergistic neuroprotective therapies. [Supported by grants from the NIHNINDS–1RO1NS059770-01A2) and the Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine].
Elementary Particle Theory

This final report describes the activities of the high energy theory group at Syracuse University for the period 1 January 2010 through April 30 2013. The research conducted by the group includes lattice gauge theory, non-commutative geometry, phenomenology and mathematical physics.
Compositional Uncertainty Analysis via Importance Weighted Gibbs Sampling for Coupled Multidisciplinary Systems

This paper presents a novel compositional multidisciplinary uncertainty analysis methodology for systems with feedback couplings, and model discrepancy. Our approach incorporates aspects of importance resampling, density estimation, and Gibbs sampling to ensure that, under mild assumptions, our method is provably convergent in distribution. A key feature of our approach is that disciplinary models can all be executed offline and independently. Offline data is synthesized in an online phase that does not require any further model evaluations or any full coupled system level evaluations. We demonstrate our approach on a simple aerodynamics-structures system.
Comparaison des critères prédictifs de mortalité après traitements endovasculaire et ouvert pour anévrysmes rompus de l’aorte abdominale sous-rénale

Introduction Le succes du traitement endovasculaire electif des anevrysmes (EVAR) a conduit a etendre le champ d’utilisation de cette technologie aux ruptures aortiques. L’objectif de cette etude etait d’evaluer nos resultats du traitement des anevrysmes rompus de l’aorte sous-renale (AAAr). Methodes Les resultats du traitement de tous les patients ayant un traitement pour AAAr de Janvier 1990 a Mai 2008 etaient revus retrospectivement. Les comorbidites, les details peroperatoires, et les complications postoperatoires etaient colliges. EVAR et le traitement ouvert etaient compares. Resultats De Janvier 1990 a Mai 2008, 160 patients etaient traites pour AAAr. Parmi eux, 32 (20%) recevaient EVAR pour AAAr; Parmi les 160 patients, 112 etaient consideres comme ayant une rupture libre (70%) et 48 avaient une rupture contenue (30%). Le score moyen Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II etait de 13,3 ± 6,7. Les taux de survie selon Kaplan–Meier a 30 jours, 6 mois, 1 an, et 5 ans etaient de 69% (62,77), 57% (50,65), 50% (43,59), and 25% (19,34), respectivement, sans difference entre le groupe EVAR et le groupe chirurgie ouverte (p = 0,24). La mortalite peroperatoire etait de 5,6%, sans deces dans le groupe EVAR (p = 0,03). Cependant, la mortalite a 30 jours etait de 31,9% sans difference entre EVAR et la chirurgie ouverte (31,2% vs. 32%; p = 0,93). L’analyse multivariee de la mortalite a 30 jours retrouvait que l’insuffisance renale (IR) odds ratio (OR): 2,4 (1,1, 5,3), p = 0,04; l’hypotension OR: 2,4 (1,1, 5,3), p = 0,02; et l’arret cardiaque OR: 3,8 (1,1, 11,6, p = 0,03), etaient tous associes a une mortalite plus elevee. Parmi tous les criteres predictifs analyses, l’analyse multivariee trouvait que l’IR preoperatoire OR: 2,32 (1,55, 3,47), p < 0,001, etait le seul facteur predictif independant de moindre survie a long terme. Conclusions Le taux de mortalite des AAAr demeure eleve. L’utilisation d’EVAR pour ces procedures egale la chirurgie ouverte en termes de mortalite a 30 jours et a long terme. L’arret cardiaque preoperatoire et l’IR etaient associes a des resultats inferieurs avec EVAR et la chirurgie ouverte. Les elements d’analyse clinique permettant de juger quand utiliser EVAR comme modalite primaire de traitement doivent etre affines.
Formalism, Recursion, Gödel

There are many problems and possibilities relevant to the new paradigm, especially in regard to the relation between formal systems and natural language, that must be investigated. I have already touched on some of them, but, since Hofstadter’s ideas concerning meaning are obviously interlocked with his ideas concerning formal systems and natural language, those latter ideas should be addressed first, to preserve continuity, before I turn to the ideas of others.
Synchrony, connectivity, and functional similarity in auditory midbrain local circuits

The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) contains a laminar structure that functions as an organizing substrate of ascending inputs and local processing. While topographic distributions of ICC response parameters within and across laminae have been reported, the functional micro-organization of the ICC is less well understood. For pairs of neighboring ICC neurons, we examined the nature of functional connectivity and receptive field preferences to gain a better understanding of the structure and function of local circuits. By recording from pairs of adjacent neurons and presenting pure-tone and dynamic broad-band stimulation, we estimated functional connectivity and local differences in frequency response areas (FRAs), spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs), nonlinear input/output functions, and single-spike information. From the cross-covariance functions we identified putative unidirectional as well as bidirectional excitatory/inhibitory interactions. STRFs of neighboring neurons strongly conserve best frequency, and moderately agree in STRF similarity, bandwidth, temporal response type, best modulation frequency, nonlinearity structure, and degree of information processing. Excitatory connectivity was stronger and temporally more precise than for inhibitory connections. Neither connection strength nor degree of synchrony correlated with receptive field parameters. The functional similarity of local pairs of ICC neurons was substantially less than for local pairs in the granular layers of primary auditory cortex (AI). These results imply that while the ICC is an obligatory nexus of ascending information, local neurons are comparatively weakly connected and exhibit considerable receptive field variability, potentially reflecting the heterogeneity of converging inputs to ICC functional zones.
Phase II study of bevacizumab and preoperative chemoradiation for esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Background: A standard-of-care for locally advanced esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma is pre-operative chemoradiation. Elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been associated with worse outcomes following chemoradiation and anti-VEGF therapies can potentiate radiation efficacy. Methods: In this single-arm phase II study, we added bevacizumab to induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiation with cisplatin/irinotecan for locally advanced esophageal and GEJ adenocarcinomas. Results: Thirty-three patients were enrolled, with all evaluable. All tumors involved the GEJ and 67% were node-positive by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and imaging. Twenty-eight patients completed chemoradiation and 26 patients underwent surgery (25 R0 resections). Toxicities were not clearly increased. The pathologic complete response (pCR) rate was 15%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 15.1 and 30.5 months respectively. Higher baseline VEGF-A levels were associated with a trend toward improved OS (not reached vs . 21.0 months, P=0.11). Response on positron emission tomography (PET) scan after induction chemotherapy was predictive of PFS and showed trends toward improved OS and pCR rate. Conclusions: The addition of bevacizumab to chemoradiation was not associated with clear worsening of toxicities but also led to no improvement in outcomes, when compared to a prior phase II study of 55 patients. Higher baseline VEGF-A levels correlated with a trend toward improved survival and might be used to stratify or select patients for future studies incorporating this or similar agents. PET scan to assess response following induction chemotherapy and change chemotherapy in non-responders during chemoradiation is the subject of a fully-accrued national trial (NCT01333033).
Long-term mortality risk and life expectancy following recurrent hypertensive disease of pregnancy.

Background Women with a history of hypertensive disease of pregnancy have increased risks for early mortality from multiple causes. The effect of recurrent hypertensive disease of pregnancy on mortality risk and life expectancy is unknown. Objective We sought to determine whether recurrent hypertensive disease of pregnancy is associated with increased mortality risks. Study Design In this retrospective cohort study, we used birth certificate data to determine the number of pregnancies affected by hypertensive disease of pregnancy for each woman delivering in Utah from 1939 through 2012. We assigned women to 1 of 3 groups based on number of affected pregnancies: 0, 1, or ≥2. Exposed women had ≥1 affected singleton pregnancy and lived in Utah for ≥1 year postpartum. Exposed women were matched 1:2 to unexposed women by age, year of childbirth, and parity. Underlying cause of death was determined from death certificates. Mortality risks by underlying cause of death were compared between exposed and unexposed women as a function of number of affected pregnancies. Cox regressions controlled for infant sex, gestational age, parental education, ethnicity, and marital status. Results We identified 57,384 women with ≥1 affected pregnancy (49,598 women with 1 affected pregnancy and 7786 women with ≥2 affected pregnancies). These women were matched to 114,768 unexposed women. As of 2016, 11,894 women were deceased: 4722 (8.2%) exposed and 7172 (6.3%) unexposed. Women with ≥2 affected pregnancies had increased mortality from all causes (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.76–2.36), diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.33; 95% confidence interval, 2.21–8.47), ischemic heart disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.30; 95% confidence interval, 2.02–5.40), and stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.10; 95% confidence interval, 2.62–9.92). For women whose index pregnancy delivered from 1939 through 1959 (n = 10,488), those with ≥2 affected pregnancies had shorter additional life expectancies than mothers who had only 1 or 0 hypertensive pregnancies (48.92 vs 51.91 vs 55.48 years, respectively). Conclusion Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy are associated with excess risks for early all-cause mortality and some cause-specific mortality, and these risks increase further with recurrent disease.
Gene Expression Profiling of Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells Differentiated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Abstract Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) originate in bone marrow and participate in revascularization and angiogenesis. EPCs can be differentiated from bone marrow, umbilical cord, or peripheral blood cells. In order to better understand the genetic regulation of EPC differentiation, we have characterized genes that are differentially expressed by human EPCs after their development from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and compared them to genes expressed by endothelial cells from arteries, veins, and microvessels. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated from venous blood of healthy human volunteers by density fractionation. MNC were differentiated into EPCs by culturing on fibronectin-coated plates with EMG2-MV (microvascular endothelial) media (Lonza). Total RNA was collected from freshly isolated MNC and EPCs after 7 days of culture. Gene expression profiling was performed using 44k 60-mer Human Whole Genome oligo array (Agilent). Data were analyzed using GeneSpring and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis Enterprise Edition. MNC- and EPC-expressed genes were compared to gene expression profiles of 53 samples of human artery, vein, and microvessels obtained from the Stanford Microarray database. Data were filtered to identify genes that were more than 2-fold differentially expressed between EPCs or endothelial cells when compared to MNCs. Multiple testing correction was applied to achieve statistical significance p Results: Six samples of MNC and 4 samples of EPCs were analyzed by microarray. A total of 356 genes were differentially expressed in EPCs in comparison to MNCs (>2-fold, p Conclusions: We have used gene expression profiling to identify genes that may be important in endothelial cell lineage commitment during EPC differentiation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These findings may provide valuable insight for the future development of treatment modalities for vessel repair and homeostasis.
Gromov's method for Bayesian stochastic particle flow: A simple exact formula for Q

We describe several new algorithms for stochastic particle flow using Gromov's method. We derive a simple exact formula for Q in certain special cases. The purpose of using stochastic particle flow is two fold: improve estimation accuracy of the state vector and improve the accuracy of uncertainty quantification. Q is the covariance matrix of the diffusion for particle flow corresponding to Bayes' rule.
General circulation of Venus from a long-term synoptic study of tropospheric CO by Venus Express/VIRTIS

Abstract The understanding of spatial and temporal variations in tropospheric abundances of the trace gas carbon monoxide (CO) is key to understanding the deep atmospheric circulation on Venus. CO is entrained in the global circulation, as well as being key ingredients in the multi-reaction chemical cycle that creates and destroys the sulfuric acid that is a primary constituent of the clouds. Long-term temporal variations of CO across Venus’ disc would provide critical insights and constraints into the large-scale circulation and cloud forming processes in the troposphere. Here, we present an in-depth look at the CO as a function of latitude, longitude and local time as seen by the VIRTIS-M-IR instrument onboard the Venus Express spacecraft during its three years of operation. We find that CO is slightly enhanced on the dusk hemisphere near the poles (by ∼2 ppmv) and the equatorial concentrations from 22:00 – 03:00 are also elevated. Longitudinal variations of CO are largely absent, except for a potential correlation of anomalous CO around Themis Regio. These observations provide the most stringent constraints yet on global dynamics and CO chemistry of the deep troposphere on Venus.