cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Familism, Parent-Adolescent Conflict, Self-Esteem, Internalizing Behaviors and Suicide Attempts Among Adolescent Latinas

Adolescent Latinas continue to report higher levels of suicide attempts than their African-American and White peers. The phenomenon is still not understood and is theorized to be the result of the confluence of many cultural, familial, and individual level factors. In Latino cultures, belief in the importance of the family, the value known as familism, appears to protect youth’s emotional and behavioral health, but parent-adolescent conflict has been found to be a risk factor for suicide attempts. The role of familism in relation to parent-adolescent conflict, self-esteem, internalizing behaviors, and suicide attempts has not been studied extensively. To address this question, we interviewed 226 adolescent Latinas, 50% of whom had histories of suicide attempts. Using path analysis, familism as a cultural asset was associated with lower levels of parent-adolescent conflict, but higher levels of internalizing behaviors, while self-esteem and internalizing behaviors mediated the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict and suicide attempts. Our findings point to the importance of family involvement in culturally competent suicide prevention and intervention programs. Reducing parent-daughter conflict and fostering closer family ties has the added effect of improving self-esteem and shrinking the likelihood of suicide attempts.
Iron–dinitrogen coordination chemistry: Dinitrogen activation and reactivity

Abstract Understanding the coordination of dinitrogen to iron is important for understanding biological nitrogen fixation as well as for designing synthetic systems that are capable of reducing N 2 to NH 3 under mild conditions. This review discusses recent advances in iron–dinitrogen coordination complexes and describes the factors that contribute to the degree of activation of the coordinated N 2 . The reactivity of the N 2 ligand is also reviewed, with an emphasis on protonation reactions that yield ammonia and/or hydrazine. Coordination complexes containing N 2 reduction intermediates such as diazene (N 2 H 2 ), hydrazido (N 2 H 2 2− ), hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ), nitride (N 3− ), imide (NH 2− ), and amide (NH 2 − ) are also discussed in the context of the mechanism of N 2 reduction to NH 3 mediated by iron coordination complexes.
Dephasing effects in a simple magnetic-breakdown linked-orbit network

The magnetoresistivity of a magnetic-breakdown linked-orbit network with one-dimensional topology is calculated for the case of a stochastic distribution of defects in the network. We consider the case of a perfectly periodic network, as well as bimodal and rectangular distributions of defects. The results show an extremely pathological dependence on the defect distribution which is characteristic of the one-dimensional topology.
Turner Syndrome: An Update and Review for the Primary Pediatrician

Turner syndrome (TS) is among the most common of the sex chromosomal aneuploidies. It results from the absence of one sex chromosome (or part of an X chromosome) in a female, leaving only one X chromosome present in the cell. Primary care physicians should be able to recognize the presenting signs and symptoms of TS, and once the diagnosis is confirmed by a chromosome analysis, they should be able to serve as a valuable source of support for the patient and her family and understand the most current treatments available.
Zooming versus multiple window interfaces: Cognitive costs of visual comparisons

In order to investigate large information spaces effectively, it is often necessary to employ navigation mechanisms that allow users to view information at different scales. Some tasks require frequent movements and scale changes to search for details and compare them. We present a model that makes predictions about user performance on such comparison tasks with different interface options. A critical factor embodied in this model is the limited capacity of visual working memory, allowing for the cost of visits via fixating eye movements to be compared to the cost of visits that require user interaction with the mouse. This model is tested with an experiment that compares a zooming user interface with a multi-window interface for a multiscale pattern matching task. The results closely matched predictions in task performance times; however error rates were much higher with zooming than with multiple windows. We hypothesized that subjects made more visits in the multi-window condition, and ran a second experiment using an eye tracker to record the pattern of fixations. This revealed that subjects made far more visits back and forth between pattern locations when able to use eye movements than they made with the zooming interface. The results suggest that only a single graphical object was held in visual working memory for comparisons mediated by eye movements, reducing errors by reducing the load on visual working memory. Finally we propose a design heuristic: extra windows are needed when visual comparisons must be made involving patterns of a greater complexity than can be held in visual working memory.
On the Practicality of Emergency Surgery During Long-Duration Space Missions

While discussions of the practicality of surgery in space often focus on technical issues, such as adapting instrumentation and procedures for use in microgravity, programmatic issues need to be addressed if meaningful capabilities for emergency surgery are to be considered for human exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit. Advanced technologies that have been evaluated, including simulation-enhanced training, telementoring, or robotic assistance, might help prepare or augment a crew medical officer, but a physician with advanced training and relevant experience will be needed if surgical capabilities beyond basic emergency aid are to be considered. Specific operational roles for physician-astronauts should be established.
On Discrete Inner-Outer and Spectral Factorizations

In this paper, reliable algorithms are developed to perform inner-outer, coprime, and spectral factorizations for discrete FDLTI systems. It is shown that the discrete algebraic Riccati equation plays an important role in obtaining state-space representations for all key factorizations. The implementation of algorithms can be carried out efficiently using real matrix operations.
Identification of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins required for efficient phagocytosis in Drosophila

Phagocytosis is a complex and apparently evolutionarily conserved process that plays a central role in the immune response to infection. By ultrastructural and functional criteria, Drosophila hemocyte (macrophage) phagocytosis resembles mammalian phagocytosis. Using a non-saturated forward genetic screen for larval hemocyte phagocytosis mutants, D-SCAR and profilin were identified as important regulators of phagocytosis in Drosophila. In both hemocytes ex vivo and the macrophage-like S2 cell line, lack of D-SCAR significantly decreased phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, profilin mutant hemocytes exhibited increased phagocytic activity. Analysis of double mutants suggests that D-SCAR and profilin interact during phagocytosis. Finally, RNA interference studies in S2 cells indicated that the D-SCAR homolog D-WASp also participates in phagocytosis. This study demonstrates that Drosophila provides a viable model system in which to dissect the complex interactions that regulate phagocytosis.
Micromechanics of single filament composites

Abstract The results presented are of work on carbon/thermoplastic systems aimed at identifying the relevant mechanisms of micromechanical interaction in single filament composites (SFC) and improving the understanding of the relative role of the strain and the fiber in these mechanisms. The experimental strategy has included the study of SFC specimens deformed in either axial or transverse tension, and the complementary nature of these testing modes is highlighted. Theoretical shortcomings of the Kelly-Tyson model, in its Weibull representation, are discussed on the basis of observed mechanisms for formation of saturated fragments. it is argued that failure conditions of bare fibers incompletely describe those of pre-saturated imbedded fragments. On this basis two procedures are proposed for estimating the interphase shear transmissibility which, as opposed to the Kelly-Tyson method, do not require information about the tensile strength of the filament. Interphase shear transmissibilities estimated by these methods are compared and differences are rationalized on the basis of the observed damage mechanisms. These mechanisms are discussed in terms of the interplay between matrix properties such as polymer chain mobility, toughness and stiffness and the shear transmissibility of the interphase. The short beam shear strength of J2/carbon composites correlates very well with interphase shear transmissibility estimated with SFCs. Methods are proposed for the used of filament fragmentation curves which
Uniaxial three-dimensional shape measurement with projector defocusing

Our study shows that the phase error caused by improperly defocused binary structured patterns correlates to the depth z. This finding leads to a novel uniaxial three-dimensional shape measurement technique without triangulation. Since the measurement can be performed from the same viewing angle, this proposed method overcomes some limitations of the triangulation-based techniques, such as the problem of measuring deep holes. Our study explains the principle of the technique and presents some experimental results to verify its feasibility.
Inhalational anesthetics and conduction velocity of human peripheral nerve

Abstract We recorded compound action potentials percutaneously from ulnar nerve in normal volunteers. The subjects then received various anesthetics, including cyclopropane, ether, nitrous oxide and Ethrane, an experimental halogenated ether. The first three agents increased conduction velocity by approximately 10–20%. In contrast, Ethrane had no effect. The results apparently did not reflect use of d -tubocurarine, changes in arterial carbon dioxide, artifacts of recording over long periods of time or shifts in body temperature. The effective agents may act by reducing the resistance or capacitance of peripheral nerve membranes.
Language Planning and Policy in Taiwan: Past, Present, and Future

This overview and analysis of language policy and planning (LPP) in Taiwan since the seventeenth century is written from the perspective of language ecology and uses Cooper’s three-part approach: status planning, acquisition planning and corpus planning. The paper investigates how languages and their speakers have interacted with one another and with their sociocultural and political contexts, and how different policies at different times have altered the local language ecology. Three emerging factors that are changing the local ecology are further identified. As the first step to successful LPP is a detailed understanding of the local language ecology, it is hoped that the analysis presented here will provide insights for future LPP in Taiwan.
Incorporating Interests and Structure to Improve Participation of a Child with Autism in a Standardized Assessment: A Case Study Analysis.

The rise in the number of children With autism poses challenges to professionals in the field of early care and education. The restricted patterns of communicating, relating, and behaving seen often in children With autism necessitate a sophisticated approach to assessment. There is an increasing need in the field to use alternative assessment approaches in order to alloW professionals to interact and communicate With the child on multiple levels. Assessment approaches that provide the child With choices yield data that go beyond confirmation of a diagnosis to include information about suitable educational and therapeutic interventions and programming outcomes as Well as ideas to support functioning in the natural environment. This article describes an innovative approach to assessing a girl With autism. The approach includes incorporating interests and a structured schedule.
Theory of Metastability in Simple Metal Nanowires

Thermally induced conductance jumps of metal nanowires are modeled using stochastic Ginzburg-Landau field theories. Changes in radius are predicted to occur via the nucleation of surface kinks at the wire ends, consistent with recent electron microscopy studies. The activation rate displays nontrivial dependence on nanowire length, and undergoes first- or second-order-like transitions as a function of length. The activation barriers of the most stable structures are predicted to be universal, i.e., independent of the radius of the wire, and proportional to the square root of the surface tension. The reduction of the activation barrier under strain is also determined.
Who pays? Who benefits? Who decides?

This paper was presented at the symposium dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the publication of Patrons Despite Themselves: Taxpayers and Arts Policy (Feld et al. 1983), held by the Association for Cultural Economics International, Boston, June 2008. It considers alternative means of providing indirect tax-based state support of the arts, such as the use of tax credits as opposed to tax deductions for charitable contributions, matching grants, and support applied to specific projects. It also considers the problem of broad-based changes to tax policy that have unintended consequences for arts organizations.
SU-FF-T-393: Surface Dose Determinantion for Modulated Electron Radiotherapy

Purpose: To determine the skindose from photonmultileaf collimator (pMLC) deliveredelectron beams for modulated electron therapy (MERT) and examine its dependence on source to surface distance (SSD), energy, obliquity, and field size.Method and Materials:Measurements of surface dose for various fields at six source SSDs were taken using a parallel plate ion chamber for electron energies of 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV. These measurements were supplemented by measurements of surface dose using ultra‐thin TLDs at the same SSDs used for the parallel plate measurements. The behavior of the parallel plate dose data was analyzed with respect to its dependence on energy for each field size as well as dependence of dose on field size for each energy for all different SSDs studied. The TLD data were examined for dependence of dose on SSD, and the dose to the surface was examined as a fraction of the maximum dosedelivered.Results: The dosesmeasured using the parallel plate chamber and the TLDs both indicated that the dose to the skin decreases as the SSD increases. TLD and parallel plate chamber measurements indicate the surface dose increases with increasing electron beam energy, field size and beam obliquity Conclusions: Patient skindose from electron beamsdelivered through a pMLC shows a strong dependence on field size, energy, and SSD. Lower doses were measured as field size and energy decreased and as SSD increased. Knowledge of the variation in surface dose with these factors is necessary during treatment planning for the appropriate choice of electron beam energy in modulated electron radiotherapy.
Horn growth in male pronghorns (Antilocapra americana): selection for precocial maturation in stochastic environments

PronghornsAntilocapra americana (Ord, 1818), the sole member of a family unique to North America, grow rapidly and reproduce at an early age. Recent studies have found male pronghorns can grow large horns by 2 to 3 yrs of age. This pattern contrasts with many other ungulates, and it has profound implications for life history strategies. We examine 5 hypotheses that might explain precocial horn growth: (1) sampling bias, (2) nutrition, (3) phylogenetic inertia, (4) reproductive benefits conveyed by rapid horn growth alone, and (5) rapid horn growth as part of a suite of characteristics acquired due to precocial maturation. Hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 do not imply any natural selection, whereas hypotheses 4 and 5 do. We reject hypotheses 1, 2 and 4, and we cannot evaluate hypothesis 3. We conclude that hypothesis 5 most likely explains precocial maturation in male pronghorns, and mortality related to frequent, severe weather events may drive this pattern. We suggest several experiments to further examine relationships between age, size, and horn growth.
Postpartum maintenance of paternal behaviour in the biparental California mouse, Peromyscus californicus

Abstract Most knowledge of the mechanisms underlying parental behaviour in mammals is derived from studies of maternal behaviour. Male parental care and its proximate causation has been less well studied. The maintenance of paternal and maternal behaviour in the biparental California mouse was investigated by removing the pups and/or mate on the day of birth and testing parents individually on day 3 or day 5 postpartum for 10 min with a 1- to 3-day-old alien pup. Pup presence maintained maternal responsiveness but was not essential for continuation of paternal care. Presence of the father had no effect on maternal care. In contrast, presence of the mother maintained paternal responsiveness. Direct physical contact between mother and father was not necessary for maintenance of paternal behaviour. Maternal excreta were sufficient to keep fathers parental.
Oscillator strengths of the resonance lines of the rare gases—I. Krypton☆

Abstract The oscillator strengths of the resonance lines of Xe I at 1296 A and 1470 A have been measured by an optical absorption technique. The results give 1 f 1296 = 0·27 ± 0·02 and 3 f 1470 = 0·26 ± 0·02. The corresponding lifetimes are τ( 2 P 0 1 ) = 2·80±0·20×10 −9 sec and τ( 3 P 0 1 = 3·74±0·30×10 −9 sec. These are in n near agreement with those obtained by magnetic depolarization (Hanle effect). The experimental ratios, 3 f / 1 f , for both Xe I and Kr I are in agreement with theoretical calculations (of spin-orbit interaction) using King-Van Vleck parameters. It is further shown that qualitative predictions of the lifetimes of the 3 P 0 2 , 3 P 0 1 and 1 P 0 1 resonanc nance levels of the rare gases may be made using experimentally determined Lande g -factors.
A Collaborative IP-Development Session

Emma guides us through a successful collaborative IP-development session, explaining freenoting, prior art review, idea generation, idea ranking, incorporating organizational structure and content, and driving selected ideas through patent disclosure.
Disorders of classificatory activity in aphasia

Abstract Two nonverbal tasks of classificatory activity (“class inclusion” and “class intersection”) were administered to 46 aphasics, 28 normal controls, 19 nonaphasic left-brain-damaged and 17 right-hemisphere-damaged patients in order to study (a) if aphasic patients are more impaired than nonaphasic brain-damaged patients on these two tasks of elementary logic and (b) if a relationship exists within the aphasic patients between inability to perform the tasks of classificatory activity and impairment of the semantic-lexical level of integration of language. Results were for the most part in line with expectations because (a) aphasics scored worse than normal controls and nonaphasic brain-damaged patients (even if the difference reached the level of statistical significance only on the test of “class intersection”) and (b) within the aphasic patients the worst results were obtained by subjects presenting clear signs of semantic-lexical disintegration.
Facility location models for distribution planning

Abstract A strategic issue which is of interest to distribution planners is where to best site warehouses. Model formulations, and solution approaches, which address the issue vary widely in terms of mathematical and computational complexity. This paper reviews some of the significant contributions which have been made to the relevant and current state of knowledge.
Zero modes of the vortex-fermion system

Abstract Electric charge of a fermion that is coupled only to the gauge field of an abelian vortex need not be quantized, in contrast the situation for a magnetic monopole field. Correspondingly, zero-energy modes of the Dirac equation are not determined topologically. On the basis of mathematical and physical arguments we suggest that a complete description of the fermion-vortex system should include a fermion-scalar field interaction. This quantizes the charge and leads to a non-linear Dirac equation which possesses | n | zero-eigenvalue modes in the n -vortex background field. The result suggests that an index theorem exists for this Dirac equation on the non-compact space R 2 . When regularity requirements on the wave function are relaxed, additional normalizable zero-energy modes are present, even in the vacuum sector, n = 0, and fermions are converted to bosons.
Anomaly in the H/p dependence of the scott effect in normal D2

Abstract Results are reported on the thermomagnetic torque in n-D 2 . Deviations from an H / p behavior are found which can be explained as a result of the coupling between the rotational angular momentum and the nuclear spin in weak magnetic fields.
The impact of rural broadband development: Lessons from a natural field experiment

Abstract Significant public investments in rural broadband internet service authorized by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act raise new questions regarding the impacts of broadband on rural residents and communities. The results of a natural field experiment involving broadband internet projects funded by the Community Connect program of the Rural Utilities Service are reviewed here to provide a context for future evaluations of the effects of broadband infrastructure deployment and efforts to stimulate sustainable broadband use in rural areas. Based on pre–post surveys conducted in four communities in 2005 and 2008, the implementation of broadband infrastructure grants increased broadband adoption, although penetration also increased where a grant was awarded but later terminated. Public education efforts in a community participating in the ConnectKentucky initiative had an incremental effect on broadband adoption by positively affecting residents' perceptions of broadband service. Impacts on individual economic development activities and community satisfaction were not found. Implications for rural broadband initiatives and future evaluations of their effects are drawn.
Role of vasa vasorum in transendothelial solute transport in the coronary vessel wall: a study with cryostatic micro-CT.

Using cryostatic microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT), we sought to determine the role of coronary vasa vasorum (VV) in transendothelial solute transport in arteries with normal and increased...
Cracks on bimaterial and bicrystal interfaces

Abstract The two-dimensional problem of an interface crack between two anisotropic elastic solids is considered. A necessary and sufficient condition for no oscillations in the singular crack-tip fields is derived, and then bicrystals associated with tilt boundaries that satisfy this condition are identified. For a given tilt axis and misorientation the same singularity arises for both geometrically symmetric and asymmetric bicrystals.
The Fear of Reprisal and the Failure of Victims to Report a Personal Crime

Most people who fail to report their victimizations to the police state either that the incident was not serious enough to warrant official attention or that nothing could be done. However, a small proportion of victims states that they did not report because of their fear of reprisal. Based on National Crime Panel victimization data, the offense and personal characteristics of these victims are contrasted with the total victim and nonreporting victim populations. Contrary to the general reasons for not reporting a crime, several personal and offense characteristics are related to reprisal. For instance, reprisal is more often a factor in personal victimizations where victims are female and acquainted with their offenders. The more dangerous the incident, the more often reprisal is the stated reason for not calling the police. The results of the analysis strongly suggest that in certain social environments the fear of reprisal is a major factor in the reporting of crime.
Dopamine has no effect on thyrotropin-releasing hormone mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores in rat anterior pituitary cells.

To investigate whether dopaminergic reduction of PRL secretion is caused by an inhibition of release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, we used a perifusion system to monitor simultaneously changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]c) and changes in PRL secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells, and from enriched populations of lactotrophs. We eliminated influx of extracellular Ca2+ by using medium with no added Ca2+ and 0.2 mm EGTA, conditions which abolished the increase in [Ca2+]c caused by 56 mm KCI. In this low Ca2+-containing medium, 100 mm TRH induced a burst of [Ca2+]c; the magnitude of the peak was the same whether the cells were perifused with low Ca2+-containing medium for 2 or 20 min before adding TRH, indicating the source of intracellular Ca2+ was stable under these conditions. After 2 min in this medium, TRH was still able to stimulate almost as much PRL release as in medium containing 1.8 mm Ca2+, and 1 mm dopamine inhibited this release, but did not affect the magnitude of the...
A Review of the Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest Zone of Southeastern North America: Floristic Affinities and Arborescent Vegetation Types

I. Abstract The Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest (TBEF) zone is centered in peninsular Florida. It is characterized by mainly nontropical taxa that form an evergreen dicot forest, often with a Sabal palm in the canopy, in which deciduous dicot trees are present but rarely become local dominants. The Madrean-Tethyan floristic affinities of this life zone are briefly discussed, as is plant endemism, and a recommendation is given for recognizing it as a separate phytochorion, the Central Floridian Subprovince, in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Province of southeastern North America. Also recommended for separate status is the Apalachicolan Subprovince, in the panhandle of Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama. These recommendations follow an earlier recognition of the floristic uniqueness of both areas (Greller, 2000). Three physiographical regions in the TBEF are recognized: Peninsular Florida (including the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal regions); the Atlantic Outer Coastal Plain, Sea Islands an...
γ-ray spectra from positron annihilation on atoms and molecules

Positron annihilation on a wide variety of atoms and molecules is studied. Room-temperature positrons confined in a Penning trap are allowed to interact with molecules in the form of low-pressure gases so that the interaction is restricted to binary encounters between a positron and a molecule. Data are presented for the \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectra resulting from positrons annihilating in such interactions. The Doppler broadening of these spectra is a measure of the momentum distribution of the annihilating electron-positron pairs. Consequently, these spectra provide information about the electron and positron wave functions. Systematic studies of annihilation line shapes are discussed for noble gases, a variety of inorganic molecules, alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and perfluorinated and partially fluorinated hydrocarbons. In the case of molecules, the measurements are used to determine the probability of positrons annihilating at specific locations in the molecule. For example, in the case of partially fluorinated hydrocarbons, we have been able to determine the relative probability of annihilation on the fluorine atoms and on the C-H bonds. Insights that these studies provide in understanding the interaction of low-energy positrons with atoms and molecules are discussed.
Novel Sialic Acid Transporter of Haemophilus influenzae

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of otitis media in children and of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lipooligosaccharides, a major component of the outer membrane of H. influenzae, play an important role in microbial virulence and pathogenicity. N-Acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) can be incorporated into the lipooligosaccharides as a terminal nonreducing sugar. Although much of the pathway of sialic acid incorporation into lipooligosaccharides is understood, the transporter responsible for N-acetylneuraminic acid uptake in H. influenzae has yet to be characterized. In this paper we demonstrate that this transporter is a novel sugar transporter of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter family. In the absence of this transporter, H. influenzae cannot incorporate sialic acid into its lipooligosaccharides, making the organism unable to survive when exposed to human serum and causing reduced viability in biofilm growth.
Electrolyte and Plasma Responses After Pickle Juice, Mustard, and Deionized Water Ingestion in Dehydrated Humans.

Context: Some athletes ingest pickle juice (PJ) or mustard to treat exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs). Clinicians warn against this because they are concerned it will exacerbate exercise-induced hypertonicity or cause hyperkalemia. Few researchers have examined plasma responses after PJ or mustard ingestion in dehydrated, exercised individuals. Objective: To determine if ingesting PJ, mustard, or deionized water (DIW) while hypohydrated affects plasma sodium (Na+) concentration ([Na+]p), plasma potassium (K+) concentration ([K+]p), plasma osmolality (OSMp), or percentage changes in plasma volume or Na+ content. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 9 physically active, nonacclimated individuals (age = 25 ± 2 years, height = 175.5 ± 9.0 cm, mass = 78.6 ± 13.8 kg). Intervention(s): Participants exercised vigorously for 2 hours (temperature = 37°C ± 1°C, relative humidity = 24% ± 4%). After a 30-minute rest, a baseline blood sample was collected, and...
Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated raman scattering microscopy

Label-free chemical contrast is highly desirable in biomedical imaging. Spontaneous Raman microscopy provides specific vibrational signatures of chemical bonds, but is often hindered by low sensitivity. Here we report a three-dimensional multiphoton vibrational imaging technique based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). The sensitivity of SRS imaging is significantly greater than that of spontaneous Raman microscopy, which is achieved by implementing high-frequency (megahertz) phase-sensitive detection. SRS microscopy has a major advantage over previous coherent Raman techniques in that it offers background-free and readily interpretable chemical contrast. We show a variety of biomedical applications, such as differentiating distributions of omega-3 fatty acids and saturated lipids in living cells, imaging of brain and skin tissues based on intrinsic lipid contrast, and monitoring drug delivery through the epidermis.
Plasmonic Enhancement of Single-Molecule Fluorescence Near a Silver Nanoparticle

In this short paper, we reported the enhanced fluorescence from a single fluorophore bound to a 50nm silver nanoparticle. We found that on average the Cy5 molecules bound to metal nanoparticles are approximately 15-fold brighter than that of free dyes, and that single molecule lifetimes are shorter as compared to free fluorophores. The increased emission rate is primarily the result of local plasmon enhancement. These results demonstrate that the use of fluorophore-metal interactions can increase the brightness and photostability of fluorophores for single molecule detection.
Design, Growth, Fabrication and Characterization of High-Band Gap InGaN/GaN Solar Cells

One of the key requirements to achieve solar conversion efficiencies greater than 50% is a photovoltaic device with a band gap of 2.4 eV or greater. InxGa1-xN is one of a few alloys that can meet this key requirement. InGaN with indium compositions varying from 0 to 40% is grown by both metal-organic, chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and studied for suitability in photovoltaic applications. Structural characterization is done using X-ray diffraction, while optical properties are measured using photoluminescence and absorption-transmission measurements. These material properties are used to design various configurations of solar cells in PC1D. Solar cells are grown and fabricated using methods derived from the III-N LED and photodetector technologies. The fabricated solar cells have open-circuit voltages around 2.4 V and internal quantum efficiencies as high as 60%. Major loss mechanisms in these devices are identified and methods to further improve efficiencies are discussed.
Colony formation enhancement of rat tracheal and nasal epithelial cells by polyacetate, indole alkaloid, and phorbol ester tumor promoters

The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), teleocidin and two polyacetate tumor promoters (aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin) have been tested for their effect on colony forming efficiency (CFE) of rat tracheal and nasal turbinate epithelial cells. In rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells, all four compounds stimulated colony formation by up to 8-fold using picomolar concentrations of aplysiatoxin and teleocidin, whereas TPA and debromoaplysiatoxin were effective in the nanomolar range. In addition, teleocidin and the other promoters increased the number of cells in colonies by 3- to 5-fold resulting in larger colonies, most notably above concentrations that maximally stimulated CFE. In contrast, rat nasal epithelial cells were only marginally stimulated by these tumor promoters to form colonies. The results indicate that there is regional specificity in responses to tumor promoters and RTE cells can act as very sensitive biological indicators of the presence of these three classes of tumor promoters with diverse structure.
Reactive model correction with application to admission control of VPN services

This paper introduces a VPN service centric point of view on the admission control problem. Considering a VPN service that can carry traffic from several classes of service (COS), it is desirable, in order to simplify the service management, to have all of traffic between two end points of the service, regardless of the class of service that it belongs to, follow the same path. In this case, the service traffic requirements are solved together. Thus, this represents a generalization of the connection admission control problem to multi class of service requests. It is known that real network traffic exhibits deterministic temporal characteristics, and as such, it is nonstationary. Therefore an admission control system that operates under nonstationary conditions is highly desirable. Our approach to this problem is to use a model correction technique, which allows us to update dynamically the traffic model. The technique is based on a loss estimator for aggregated traffic, in which the unknown is one of the traffic model parameters, usually either the variance or the Hurst parameter, while the loss itself is obtained by direct measurement This approach is feasible for high speed links, where loss data can be obtained within a short time period, even for relatively low loss targets.
Beam-beam effects and generalized luminosity

The assumption is made that before an NLC is approved, a prototype will be necessary that demonstrates the feasibility of a general purpose linear collider capable of {rvec e}{sup {+-}}{rvec e}{sup {+-}}, {rvec {gamma}}{rvec e} and {rvec {gamma}}{rvec {gamma}} incident channels. At an upgraded SLC, such channels could provide new physics over a range of energies upwards of a few GeV. Effects that limit the luminosity of a GLC are discussed together with their possible mitigations. The expected luminosities in the different channels are then predicted in a consistent way for {radical}s{sub ee} = 0.5 TeV.
A summary of the measured pK values of the ionizable groups in folded proteins

We tabulated 541 measured pK values reported in the literature for the Asp, Glu, His, Cys, Tyr, and Lys side chains, and the C and N termini of 78 folded proteins. The majority of these values are for the Asp, Glu, and His side chains. The average pK values are Asp 3.5 +/- 1.2 (139); Glu 4.2 +/- 0.9 (153); His 6.6 +/- 1.0 (131); Cys 6.8 +/- 2.7 (25); Tyr 10.3 +/- 1.2 (20); Lys 10.5 +/- 1.1 (35); C-terminus 3.3 +/- 0.8 (22) and N-terminus 7.7 +/- 0.5 (16). We compare these results with the measured pK values of these groups in alanine pentapeptides, and comment on our overall findings.
Characterizing Dissolved Cu and Cd Uptake in Terms of the Biotic Ligand and Biodynamics Using Enriched Stable Isotopes

The biotic ligand model considers the biological and geochemical complexities that affect metal exposure. It relates toxicity to the fraction of physiological active sites impacted by reactive metal species. The biodynamic model is a complementary construct that predicts bioaccumulation and assumes that toxicity occurs when influx rates exceed rates of loss and detoxification. In this paper we presume that metal influx rates are mechanistically the resulting processes that characterize transmembrane transport. We use enriched stable isotopes to characterize, both in terms of the biotic ligand and biodynamics, dissolved metal uptake by a freshwater snail at water hardness varying up to 180-fold. Upon 24 h exposure, metal uptake was linear over a range encompassing most environmental concentrations; although saturation kinetics were observed at higher concentrations. Cadmium influx rates correlate with changes in the affinity of the biotic ligand, whereas those of Cu correlate with changes in both site affi...
Preview of films

Abstract Eternal Change: The Story of a Mountain. Produced by Richter McBride Productions, ACI Productions, 35 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, 15 minutes, 16-mm, sound, color, 1974. Land use on the Flood Plains. Educational Advisors: Alan Backler and Michael Roberts, Indiana University Audio-Visual Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47401,16 minutes, 16-mm, sound, color, 1975. $210. The Great Mojave Desert. National Geographic Society, Department 76, P.O. Box 1640, Washington, D.C. 20013, 54 minutes, 16-mm, sound, color, 1971. $495. Wise Masters of Wind and Water. Perspective Films, 369 W. Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 60610, 16 minutes, 16-mm, sound, color. $225. Challenge of the Future. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, PIC-Film Laboratory, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, 30 minutes, 16-mm, sound, color.
Critically indexing for job/task improvement at the Kennedy Space Center

Abstract America's Space Exploration program is characterized by cutting edge technology in support of NASA's goals and research objectives. One principal component of the Space Shuttle System is the Orbiter Vehicle which undergoes necessary repairs and refurbishment at the Kennedy Space Center following each mission. The Orbiter's Thermal Protection System (TPS) is a mission critical component which protects the orbiter from the heat of re-entry from space. The University of Central Florida (UCF) research team was tasked with evaluating TPS processing requirements to reduce overall cycle times between operational mission. A job/task performance analysis was conducted to identify candidate TPS processes for evaluation and possible improvements. The research team developed a computer generated Improvement Potential Index (IPI) following a systematic data collection process. The IPI was then used to identify the top twenty processes which TPS engineers, quality assurance personnel and technicians identified as tasks which would most likely benefit from process improvement. The specified tasks were then analyzed for methods optimization. This paper documents the results of this effort to date, with emphasis on the Improvement Potential Index.
A perfect storm: crack cocaine, HSV-2, and HIV among non-injecting drug users in New York City.

Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has reached 16% among non-injecting drug users (NIDU) in New York City, an unusually high prevalence for a predominantly heterosexual population that does not inject drugs. Using a long-term study (1983–2011, >7,000 subjects) among persons entering the Beth Israel drug-treatment programs in New York City, we identified factors that contributed to this high prevalence: a preexisting HIV epidemic among injectors, a crack cocaine epidemic, mixing between injectors and crack users, policy responses not centered on public health, and herpes-simplex virus 2 facilitating HIV transmission. Implications for avoiding high prevalence among NIDU in other areas are discussed.
Maternal age as a risk factor for hypospadias.

Purpose: Hypospadias incidence rates have been widely reported to be increasing. During the last 20 years there has been a significant increase in the number of women who delay childbearing until their mid 30s. Therefore, it was of interest to determine if increasing maternal age is an independent risk factor for hypospadias.Materials and Methods: Data from the New York State Department of Health and California Birth Defects Monitoring Program were analyzed from 1983 to 1996 by maternal age groups of less than 20, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, 30 to 34, and 35 or greater years. A Poisson model was fitted to the data from each state using maternal age and year of birth from which relative rates were calculated.Results: Our analysis revealed that advancing maternal age is significantly associated with hypospadias and is most evident for severe cases. For example, in California a 50% increase in severe cases was demonstrated for children of mothers older than 35 years compared to mothers younger than 20 years (p <0.05...
Effect of Weather on Infestation of Buildings by the Invasive Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Weekly reports of the abundance of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, in 69 households for 18 mo (1/98–7/99) in the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California were compared with weather data. Ant abundance inside homes was highest in cold rainy weather, and there was a second smaller peak of ant abundance in hot dry weather. Pesticide use in the home decreased ant abundance, from one week to the next, only when ant abundance was extremely high.
Evolutionarily Conserved Sequence Features Regulate the Formation of the FG Network at the Center of the Nuclear Pore Complex

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the portal for bidirectional transportation of cargos between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. While most of the structural elements of the NPC, i.e. nucleoporins (Nups), are well characterized, the exact transport mechanism is still under much debate. Many of the functional Nups are rich in phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats and are believed to play the key role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. We present a bioinformatics study conducted on more than a thousand FG Nups across 252 species. Our results reveal the regulatory role of polar residues and specific sequences of charged residues, named 'like charge regions' (LCRs), in the formation of the FG network at the center of the NPC. Positively charged LCRs prepare the environment for negatively charged cargo complexes and regulate the size of the FG network. The low number density of charged residues in these regions prevents FG domains from forming a relaxed coil structure. Our results highlight the significant role of polar interactions in FG network formation at the center of the NPC and demonstrate that the specific localization of LCRs, FG motifs, charged, and polar residues regulate the formation of the FG network at the center of the NPC.
Homologs of CRP: A Diverse Family of Proteins with Similar Structure

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) was first noted over 50 years ago (Tillet and Francis, 1930) as a serum protein that rapidly increased in concentration in diseased patients. Inflammation or injury will nonspecifically cause a variety of serum constituents to fluctuate from normal levels; these proteins are designated acute phase reactants (Owen, 1967). However, human CRP is regarded as the archetype acute phase protein because of its relatively long history and impressive serum changes as an acute reactant. Since the discovery of CRP, numerous investigators have puzzled over its function in inflammation. Another protein, a constituent of human amyloid called amyloid P (AP) component, has been shown to be homologous to CRP (Osmand et al., 1977a; Levo et al., 1977). Because these proteins have been the subject of several excellent current reviews (Koj, 1974; Kushner, 1981; Gewurz et al., 1982;Pepys, 1981;Kushner et al., 1982), this chapter will deal primarily with the expression of proteins homologous with human CRP and AP that have been identified in other animals. In general, these two proteins are represented in a wide variety of species, from fishes to mammals, and a conservative evolution has resulted in functional characteristics similar to those of their human counterparts. These proteins also have a similar unique structure.
Timing and Form of Federal Regulation: The Case of Climate Change

DeShazo and Freeman use the example of climate change to explore two questions: what effect does initial state regulatory activity have on timing of federal regulation, and what explains the form of the ensuing federal policy response? Drawing on race to the bottom, interstate externality and defensive preemption theory, the article develops a picture of how state regulatory entrepreneurialism can provoke interest groups on both sides of an issue to simultaneously demand federal regulation, though for different reasons: environmentalists and state and local governments appeal for federal standards to help solve a collective action problem, spread the cost of regulation, and benefit in-state industries whereas industry will appeal for uniform and preemptive federal standards in the face of costly and heterogeneous state regulations. The article explains how states have hit the "regulatory sweet spot" with their climate change initiatives, illustrating how states can be incremental catalysts of a federal policy response, essentially prompting federal action sooner rather than later. The article then explores three key factors that influence the form of the federal policy response: the end-goals of the dominant interest groups, the particular properties of the regulatory problem, and the compatibility of the available regulatory tools with the eligible targets of regulation. These factors help explain interest group convergence on cap-and-trade as the regulatory tool of choice. The authors show how the unique nature of climate change - the fact that it involves stock pollutants - frees environmentalists from concerns about local effects and enables them to support a cap-and-trade approach; how cap-and-trade, uniquely, provides opportunities for rent seeking in the form of grandfathering, allocation, credits, and offsets; and how early "voluntary" emissions reductions programs create some path dependence for cap-and-trade. Finally, the article explains how some regulatory tools are more compatible than others with different nodes of regulation in the supply chain. As a result, the outcome of political struggles over where to place the burden of regulation (i.e., upstream or downstream) has an impact on what tools will be chosen. Although cap-and-trade may seem on its face like a sensible solution to greenhouse gas regulation, the article explains how a convergence of support for this instrument comes about.