cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ASPP2 inhibits APP-BP1-mediated NEDD8 conjugation to cullin-1 and decreases APP-BP1-induced cell proliferation and neuronal apoptosis.

APP-BP1, first identified as a protein that interacts with the carboxyl (C) terminus of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), is one-half of the bipartite activating enzyme for the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8. We report here that APP-BP1 also specifically interacts with apoptosis stimulating protein of p53 ASPP2 in non-transfected cells through the functional predominant N-terminal domain ASPP2(332–483). ASPP2 inhibits the ability of APP-BP1 to rescue the ts41 cell cycle mutation and inhibits APP-BP1 induced apoptosis in primary neurons. ASPP2 reduces the ability of NEDD8 to conjugate to Cullin-1, inhibits APP-BP1-dependent ts41 cell proliferation, and blocks the ability of APP-BP1 to cause apoptosis and to cause DNA synthesis in neurons. We also show that ASPP2 activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity, which seems to be inhibited by the neddylation pathway since the dominant negative NEDD8 activating enzyme causes enhanced NF-κB activity. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence that ASPP2 is a negative regulator of the neddylation pathway through specific interaction with APP-BP1 and suggest that dysfunction of the APP–BP1 interaction with APP may be one cause of Alzheimer's disease.
The Great Depression Through the Eyes of the Census of Manufactures

AbstractThe author discusses a very rich resource for studying the Great Depression: the Censuses of Manufactures from 1929, 1931, 1933, and 1935. He highlights the strengths and weaknesses of this source in terms of the information available on the schedules and the quality of the data. In terms of information collected, these censuses compare favorably with the modern Census of Manufactures with some limitations. The author also draws on some published studies to argue that the records held at the National Archives are (in general) complete enumerations of the establishments existing at the time. He then conducts tests for the presence of measurement error and finds a limited role.
Synthesis and optical properties of colloidal germanium nanocrystals

Highly crystalline germanium (Ge) nanocrystals in the size range 2--10 nm were grown in inverse micelles and purified and size separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography with on-line optical and electrical diagnostics. The nanocrystals retain the diamond structure of bulk Ge down to at least 2.0 nm (containing about 150 Ge atoms). One of the objectives of the work was to demonstrate visible light emission from these nanocrystals, and, as it turned out, this dictated emphasis on small (5 nm) sizes. The background- and impurity-free extinction and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of 2 and 4 nm nanocrystals revealed rich structure which could be interpreted in terms of the band structure of Ge shifted to higher energies by quantum confinement. The sifts ranged from \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 eV to over 1 eV for the various transitions. PL in the range 350--700 nm was observed from nanocrystals 2--5 nm in size. The 2.0-nm nanocrystals yielded the most intense PL (at 420 nm) which is believed to be intrinsic and attributed to direct recombination at \ensuremath{\Gamma}. Excitation at high energy (250 nm) populates most of the conduction bands resulting in competing recombination channels and the observed broad PL spectra.
Simultaneous measurements of the optical phase & amplitude modulation of injection-locked VCSELs modulated at GHz rates

Using a coherent optical demodulation technique, we have independently measured the AM and PM resulting from current modulation at GHz rates of an I.L. VCSEL at 1.55 µm. The variation of the depth of AM and PM are measured as function of RF modulation frequency and power. Two regimes of modulation for the I.L. VCSEL are explored: 1) At low frequencies &#60; 10 MHz where thermal modulation dominates and mainly PM is generated; 2) At high frequencies > 100 MHz where carrier concentration modulation dominates and both AM and PM are significant. This data is vital for the use of VCSELs as modulators in communications systems.
Longitudinal wave propagation in bars with variable cross section

Eine Stormethode wird angewandt, um die Feldgleichungen fur die Wellenausbreitung in Langsrichtung in Balken mit veranderlichem Querschnitt zu entwickeln.
Experimental Technique for Elevated Temperature Mode I Fatigue Crack Growth Testing of Ni-Base Metal Foils

Details are provided for an experimental approach to study the tensile fatigue crack growth behavior of very thin metallic foils. The technique utilizes a center-notched specimen and a hemispherical bearing alignment system to minimize bending strains. To illustrate the technique, the constant amplitude fatigue crack growth behavior of a Ni-base superalloy foil was studied at temperatures from 20°C to 760°C. The constant amplitude fatigue tests were performed at a frequency of 2 Hz and stress ratio of 0.2. The crack growth rate versus stress intensity range data followed a Paris relation with a stress intensity range exponent m between 5 and 6; this exponent is significantly higher than what is commonly observed for thicker materials and indicates very rapid fatigue crack propagation rates can occur in thin metallic foils.
Explorations of the Lebenswelt : Reflections on Schutz and Habermas

No one doubts Schutz’s contribution to the development of social theory and social philosophy. He was, indeed, a thinker of unique character and ability. My concern here is not to test the validity of Schutz’s theory; history after all has made its judgment. Rather, my purpose will be to consider the extent to which that which Alfred Schutz began in social theory can be carried on. For purposes of analysis and comparison I shall characterize Schutz’s contribution as threefold: first, his usage and development of phenomenological theory adapted from Husserl to account for the constitution of the social world; second, Schutz’s account of the construction of the social world on the basis of face-to-face relations; and third, Schutz’s critique of Weber. I should add that when I turn to a consideration of Habermas I shall reverse the order of analysis.
Half-Lives of Be 11 , C 15 , N 16 , O 19 , and Al 28

The half-lives of several radioactivities induced by Van de Graaff bombardment have been measured using plastic and NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors, together with a time-channel analyzer controlled by a quartz-crystal clock. The half-lives obtained are as follows: ${\mathrm{Be}}^{11}$, 13.81 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.08 sec; ${\mathrm{C}}^{15}$, 2.46 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.01 sec; ${\mathrm{N}}^{16}$, 7.13 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.04 sec; ${\mathrm{O}}^{19}$, 27.1 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1 sec; and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{28}$, 2.252 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.006 min.
The Revolutionary Imperative

: In the last three decades in the advanced capitalist world, the idea of revolution has largely slipped from political view. The neoliberal moment seemed to smother any political possibility other than capitalism, but with that historical phase now itself fading, it may be a good time to revive the idea of revolution if for no other reason than that revolutions do happen. Certainly, the political right is concerned about the possibility of revolts resulting from the social privation resulting, in turn, from the global economic crisis. This essay attempts to explore and reanimate the notion of revolution, both historically and in the present context.
Glucose transport in astrocytes: regulation by thyroid hormone.

: Primary cultures of astrocytes from newborn rat brain showed evidence of a substrate-saturable process for glucose transport. The system shows a relatively high affinity for the substrate, with an apparent Km of approximately 1 mM. Maintenance of the cells in medium containing thyroid-hormone-free serum for 3, 6, or 9 days resulted in significantly reduced rates of hexose transport. Addition of exogenous triiodothyronine to the transport incubation medium of these “hypothyroid′’ cells markedly increased the net rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake within 60 s to values equal to or above those of control cultures (cells maintained in normal serum). These findings support a key role for thyroid hormone in the transport of glucose across plasma membranes of brain cells and demonstrate the presence of this regulatory system in astrocytes.
The Evaluation of a Nigerian Primary Teacher Education Programme.

Abstract A pre‐service Nigerian teacher education programme was evaluated to determine the degree of congruence among the perceptions of major interest groups involved in the programme. Twenty‐one programme lecturers, 106 students, 162 graduates and 51 employers were involved. A five point Likert‐type 30 item rating scale was used to collect data which were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The respondents unanimously agreed on 12 favourably oriented variables, unanimously disagreed on four and expressed mixed opinions on 14. Possible explanations of these findings and their implications for the improvement and development of primary teacher education programmes are discussed.
Interest rate linkages within the European Monetary System: new evidence incorporating long-run trends

Abstract This paper shows that the rejection of the existence of bivariate long-run relationships between the interest rates within the European Monetary System (EMS), by previous studies, may stem from the under-specification of deterministic variables in the models and failure to capture the changes in the trend behavior of the data. The present study applies the Johansen cointegration tests in models with alternative trend specifications to four German-other EMS interest rate pairs for 1979–1998 with three sub-sample periods corresponding to different degrees of EMS monetary integration. In contrast to the findings of past studies, the results of this study lend support to the hypothesis that the interest rates of EMS countries move together more closely over time, converging from a wide dispersion toward the central level.
Electro-mechanics of drift tube wires☆

Abstract The position and stability of the sense wires in very long drift tubes are affected by both gravitational and electrostatic forces, as well as by the wire tension. For a tube to be used as an element of a high-resolution detector all these forces and their effects must be understood in appropriately precise detail. In addition, the quality control procedures applied during manufacture and detector installation must be adequate to ensure that the internal wire positions remain within tolerances. It may be instructive to practitioners to review the simple theory of a taut wire in the presence of anisotropic gravitational and electrostatic fields to illustrate the conditions for stability, the equilibrium wire displacement from straightness, and the effect of the fields on the mechanical vibration frequencies. These last may be used to monitor the wire configuration externally. A number of practical formulae result and these are applied to illustrative examples.
Identification of functional hubs and modules by converting interactome networks into hierarchical ordering of proteins

Protein-protein interactions play a key role in biological processes of proteins within a cell. Recent high-throughput techniques have generated protein-protein interaction data in a genome-scale. A wide range of computational approaches have been applied to interactome network analysis for uncovering functional organizations and pathways. However, they have been challenged because ofcomplex connectivity. It has been investigated that protein interaction networks are typically characterized by intrinsic topological features: high modularity and hub-oriented structure. Elucidating the structural roles of modules and hubs is a critical step in complex interactome network analysis. We propose a novel approach to convert the complex structure of an interactome network into hierarchical ordering of proteins. This algorithm measures functional similarity between proteins based on the path strength model, and reveals a hub-oriented tree structure hidden in the complex network. We score hub confidence and identify functional modules in the tree structure of proteins, retrieved by our algorithm. Our experimental results in the yeast protein interactome network demonstrate that the selected hubs are essential proteins for performing functions. In network topology, they have a role in bridging different functional modules. Furthermore, our approach has high accuracy in identifying functional modules hierarchically distributed. Decomposing, converting, and synthesizing complex interaction networks are fundamental tasks for modeling their structural behaviors. In this study, we systematically analyzed complex interactome network structures for retrievingfunctional information. Unlike previous hierarchical clustering methods, this approach dynamically explores the hierarchical structure of proteins in a global view. It is well-applicable to the interactome networks in high-level organisms because of its efficiency and scalability.
High-speed optical processing using digital micromirror device

We have designed optical processing architecture and algorithms utilizing the DMD as the input and filter Spatial Light Modulators (SLM). Detailed system analysis will be depicted. Experimental demonstration, for the first time, showing that a complex-valued spatial filtered can be successfully written on the DMDSLM using a Computer Generated Hologram (CGH) [1] encoding technique will also be provided. The high-resolution, high-bandwidth provided by the DMD and its potential low cost due to mass production will enable its vast defense and civil application.
Heralding single photons from pulsed parametric down-conversion

We describe an experiment in which photon pairs from a pulsed parametric down-conversion source were coupled into single-mode fibers. Detecting one of the photons heralded the presence of the other photon in its fiber with a probability of 83%. The heralded photons were then used in a simple multi-photon interference experiment to illustrate their potential for quantum information applications.
Influence of inter-annual variations in climatic factors on fecal coliform levels in Mississippi Sound.

Information on the effects of inter-annual variations in climatic factors on fecal coliform levels in coastal waters is scarce. We used 11 years (1990–2001) of rainfall, water temperature, Pearl River stage and salinity data to assess the effects of the 1991–1992 and 1997–1998 El Nino events on fecal coliform levels in Mississippi Sound. El Nino-Southern Oscillation had major effects on Pearl River stage and water quality in the Sound. The geometric mean fecal coliform number differed among years (P=0.0001), being highest during 1991–1992 El Nino years (14.22 MPN per 100 ml) and lowest during 1999–2000 La Nina years (<1.8 MPN per 100 ml). Mean salinity varied among years (P=0.0001) from 9 ppt (1991–1992) to 21 ppt (1999–2000). Mean water temperature was lowest in 1997–1998 (14.5 °C) and highest in 1998–2000 (19.4 °C). Pearl River stage differed among years (P=0.0001), ranging from 1.96 m (1999–2000) to 3.57 m (1997–1998). Inverse relationships were observed between fecal coliform levels and salinity (r2=0.74; P=0.001) and water temperature (r2=0.69; P=0.001), whereas positive relationships were obtained with total rainfall (r2=0.52; P=0.013) and Pearl River stage (r2=0.90; P=0.0001). These relationships are useful for evaluating the potential effects of climate change on water quality and classification of shellfish growing waters in order to protect humans from consuming contaminated shellfish in shallow river-influenced estuaries.
Help-seeking behavior and attitude of Chinese Americans regarding psychological problems

Investigated the help-seeking behavior and attitude regarding psychological problems as mediated by mental health status, acculturation level, and sociodemographic characteristics in a community sample of Chinese Americans. Of the 128 respondents, 17 (13.3%) had consulted professional help for a nervous or emotional problem. Compared to the others, they reported significantly poorer mental health status (i.e., had more physical symptoms, had once come close to experiencing a "nervous breakdown," and had a relative who had been in treatment), and were more likely to be American-born. For those who had not previously sought help, attitude toward help seeking was examined. A positive attitude was mediated by superior English ability, being younger, married, and from a lower SES background. The findings suggested help-seeking behavior is primarily mediated by presence of need, whereas attitude reflected a general propensity. Acculturation was an important predictor of both behavior and attitude, with the less acculturated most in need of education about the utility of mental health service.
Diapause and life history attributes of Phytodietus vulgaris (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera :Tortricidae)

Phytodietus vulgaris Cresson, an external parasitoid of Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald), has a photoperiodically determined, short-day diapause in the prepupal stage, after cocoon construction. The critical photoperiod for diapause termination was 13-14 h at 20 o C. The percentages of P. vulgaris diapausing as a result of transfer of fifth, fourth, and earlier instars from long to short days were 0,50, and 100%, respectively. Prepural diapause was terminated by transfer from short to long days within only 8 d at 20 o C, regardless of diapause duration or need for chilling. Transfer of fifth instars and 1-d-old prepupae from short to long days caused apparent reversal of diapause induction within 2 and 4 d, respectively. Development at 20 o C averaged 28 d from oviposition to adult. Adult female and male longevity was 60 and 27 d, respectively. Host feeding by female adults resulted in 20% mortality of A. citrana larvae stung
Soft transverse expansion in Pb(158 AGeV) on Pb collisions: preequilibrium motion or first order phase transition?

Abstract Transverse expansion of centrally produced matter in Pb on Pb collisions at beam energies around 158 AGeV appears to be rather ‘soft’. Two possible reasons — an extended preequibrium stage and a first order phase transition from a quark-gluon plasma into hadronic matter — are discussed. The softening of transverse expansion caused by preequilibrium dynamics is estimated with the aid of the transport model RQMD which does not contain a first order phase transition. It is found that the anisotropy of transverse flow in non-central reactions is very different in the preequilibrium and hydrodynamic scenarios even if the latter are based on a strong 1 st order transition.
Comments on vibronic intensity borrowing

Abstract The approximation which uses Herzberg-Teller theory with ground state normal coordinates is examined. It is shown that this procedure is not generally valid and is inconsistent with its underlying assumptions.
Rilke, Modernism and Poetic Tradition

Ryan, Judith. Rilke, Modernism and Poetic Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999. 256 pp. $64.95. Judith Ryan can always be counted on to provide insight into the literary and cultural phenomena she investigates; her recent study of Rilke and modernism adds to this reputation. Ryan examines Rilke's work over a broad time period and with a very wide historical and cultural lens. She asserts that "the only way to understand Rilke's writing fully is to see it in its cultural context" (3). By the end of her study, the reader comes to agree with her. Rilke's own self-fashioned myth depicting himself as a solitary genius begins to develop cracks as Ryan reveals Rilke's ongoing engagement with the culture of his day as well as his struggle with earlier literary traditions that he both employs and seeks to escape. While her main cultural foci within Rilke's work are visual art and other literary texts, she also discusses fashion, ballet, occult traditions (both Egyptian and Orphic) and the decorative arts, among others. In this volume, Ryan works to break down the borders between what critics have considered the various "periods" of Rilke's work in order to see recurrent themes and obsessions. Her discussion looks at different creative strategies throughout Rilke's career, including chapters on "Fashioning the Self," "Arts and Crafts," "Writing Troubles," and "The Modernist Turn." This trajectory helps Ryan to elucidate Rilke's movement from aestheticism and the German Romantic tradition to the modernism of the teens and 20s of the last century. She gives us a new understanding of how Rilke fits into the history of European modernism and how he adapts the concepts and structures of modernism to his own particular poetics. Ryan tackles this complex set of considerations by examining clusters of Rilke's texts. This approach gives readers the benefit of Ryan's formidable ability to shed light on pivotal texts as well as of her skill as a translator. She produces translations that are elegant in their own right because of their attention to the formal structure of Rilke's poetry, which is often lost in English translations. Indeed, these translations prompt those of us who often teach Rilke to an English audience to hope for more work in this vein from Ryan. Her various investigations bring to the surface such diverse topics as how Rilke's androgynous upbringing in childhood led to his early "feminine aesthetics," or how "balletomania" and a performance by Nijinsky contribute directly to the composition of his poem "Judith's Ruckkehr." Ryan performs not so much close readings as an explosion of the images of individual poems into many cultural contexts that tremendously enrich our understanding of each text. …
Dependence of carotid chemosensory responses on metabolic substrates.

Abstract The dependence of the carotid chemosensory response to hypoxia on metabolic substrate and the hypothesis that lactic acidosis is essential for O2 chemoreception were tested. Effects of 3 types of substrate (glucose, glutamate and a mixture of amino acids) on the response to hypoxia (perfusare flow interruption) were measured (n = 33 carotid bodies). The response to nicotine (n = 25) was used to determine whether these effects were exclusive to the hypoxic response. The cat carotid body was perfused and superfused in vitro with modified Tyrode solution (pO2 > 400 Torr, pCO2
Epidermal growth factor induces Egr-1 messenger RNA and protein in mouse osteoblastic cells

The nuclear signaling events activated when epidermal growth factor (EGF) interacts with osteoblasts to produce effects on growth and differentiation are not clearly understood, and may include induction of immediate early genes such as Egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor. In the present study, Northern analyses were performed to define the effects of EGF on the expression of Egr-1 mRNA in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells. Following treatment of quiescent, subconfluent MC3T3-E1 cells with 0.1–100 ng/ml EGF for various periods, maximal induction of Egr-1 mRNA occurred when cells were treated for 30–60 minutes with 1–10 ng/ml EGF. Inhibition of protein kinase C activity by pretreatment with 1 μM chelerythrine chloride or by prolonged stimulation with 50 ng/ml tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) partially diminished the induction of Egr-1 by EGF. . Using an immunohistochemical approach, 10 ng/ml EGF was this induction was localized to the nucleus. These observations indicate that EGF induces Egr-1 mRNA and protein via protein kinase C and other signaling pathways, and that Egr-1 may be part of the regulatory network mediating the actions of EGF on growth and differentiation of osteoblasts.
Anticoagulation management in individuals with hip fracture.

Objectives: To determine the interventions taken to lower international normalized ratio (INR) in individuals with hip fracture using warfarin before admission for hip fracture surgery in a geriatric fracture center (GFC) and compare outcomes with those of individuals not taking warfarin. Design: Cohort study using retrospective chart review. Setting: University-affiliated community teaching hospital. Participants: Individuals aged 60 and older admitted to a GFC for surgical repair of a nonpathological, nonperiprosthetic hip fracture between April 2006 and April 2012. Measurements: Descriptive data collected from a quality improvement registry with additional information for individuals taking warfarin obtained from chart review. Results: Of the 1,080 individuals included in the analysis, 84 (7.8%) were taking warfarin on admission. Participants using warfarin had a higher average Charlson Comorbidity Index (3.8 vs 3.1, P < .001). Atrial fibrillation was the most common indication for anticoagulation (83.3%). Average INR before surgery was 1.7 (range 1.2�3.6). Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, or both were given to 100% of those taking warfarin with an admission INR of 2.0 or greater. There was a trend toward longer time to surgery in those taking warfarin than in those not taking warfarin (28.9 vs 21.7 hours, P = .05). Length of stay was longer for those taking warfarin than those not taking warfarin (4.8 vs 4.2 days, P = .04). Neither time to surgery nor length of stay were significantly different after adjustment for baseline comorbidity. Participants taking warfarin were not found to have any significant differences in thromboembolic event rates, bleeding complications rates, mortality, or 30-day readmission after surgery than those not taking warfarin on admission. Conclusion: Active management in a GFC model to reverse anticoagulation before surgery may facilitate earlier surgery without increasing observed complications.
Inhibitors of protein kinase C block activation of B lymphocytes by bacterial lipopolysaccharide

Activation of murine splenic B lymphocytes (B cells) by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be markedly inhibited by 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) and N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H-8), two potent inhibitors of protein kinases. The higher sensitivity of DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis and protein N-glycosylation activity to H-7, relative to H-8, strongly supports the proposal that protein kinase C plays a critical role in the activation of B cells. A kinetic study on the time of addition of H-7 indicated that protein kinase C promoted the activation process continuously after the addition of LPS.
Period Analysis and Multiplier Theory

Significant periods: transaction periods, 2; income periods, 3; plan adjustment periods, 5; equilibrium adjustment periods, 6. — The relevant income period, 7.— The length of the adjustment period, 11. — Marginal propensity to consume treated as a psychological factor, 13. — The lag of cumulative income, 16. — Schematic illustration, 17.— Analysis of the leakages, 17. — The leakage through imports, 21. — Dropping some assumptions: effective demand, 23; the state of confidence, 24; cost of production, 24; interest rates, 25. — Unpredictability of idle balances, 26.— Conclusion, 27.
Digital synthesis of pulse shapes in real time for high resolution radiation spectroscopy

Abstract Techniques have been developed for the synthesis of pulse shapes using fast digital schemes in place of the traditional analog methods of pulse shaping. Efficient recursive algorithms have been developed that allow real time implementation of a shaper that can produce either trapezoidal or triangular pulse shapes. Other recursive techniques are presented which allow a synthesis of finite cusp-like shapes. Preliminary experimental tests show potential advantages of using these techniques in high resolution, high count rate pulse spectroscopy.
A membrane process for separating CO2 from diving atmospheres

Abstract Computer simulations have shown that a membrane separation process can be used to remove CO 2 from exhaled air in an underwater breathing apparatus (UBA). Such a process could offer important advantages by comparison with the CO 2 removal technique used at present, which utilizes the chemical reaction of CO 2 with Ca(OH) 2 or LiOH. The advantages of the permeation process are (a) a substantial reduction in the size and weight of the CO 2 removal equipment, (b) increased safety, and (c) no limitations in diving time related to the equipment. The membrane process will use asymmetric or “composite” hollow fiber membranes made of either ethyl cellulose or an acrylonitrile/butadiene block copolymer in order to reduce the CO 2 concentration in the exhaled air from 4 mole % to 1 mole %. The simulations indicate that for a flow rate of exhaled air in the UBA of about 60 L(STP)/min, corresponding to a medium diver work load, the volume of a permeator module for CO 2 removal will be only about 10% of that of the Ca(OH) 2 or LiOH canisters used at present. The CO 2 removed during the process will be dissolved in sea water. A small loss of O 2 will also occur during the process; this loss will be on the order of 17% of the O 2 present in the exhaled air. The O 2 loss could be reduced by using membranes with higher CO 2 /O 2 selectivity.
Production Patterns in Massachusetts Bay with Outfall Relocation

On September 6, 2000, the sewage outfall at the mouth of Boston Harbor was relocated 15 km offshore to alleviate pollution in Boston Harbor. The expected responses for nutrients and water column productivity parameters were for values to decrease at Boston Harbor, to increase at the outfall location, and to remain unchanged at the boundary of the near field region within 5 km of the outfall. Average values ofr water column measurements from 1992 to 2004 indicated these general responses with some exceptions. At the Harbor, nutrients decreased and chlorophyll increased but14C primary productivity remained statistically unchanged. At the new outfall location and at the boundary of the near field, nutrients increased and chlorophyll increased but primary productivity remained unchanged. Physical factors affecting primary production, such as pring water temperature, stratification, and wind, had more affects on productivity patters than nutrients from outfall relocation in the near field. A decrease in summer zooplankton after outfall relocation appeared to be due to a region-wide rather than outfall effluents.
A Bis-Acetonitrile Two-Coordinate Copper(I) Complex: Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Soluble B(C6F5)4- Salts of [Cu(MeCN)2]+ and [Cu(MeCN)4]+

Copper(I)−acetonitrile complexes are exceedingly useful starting materials for the synthesis of copper(I) complexes with polydentate ligands. To extend the utility of such chemistry to solution studies in relatively low-dielectric solvents (i.e., diethyl ether, toluene) and to aid in obtaining products amenable to X-ray diffraction studies, we have recently begun to employ counteranions such as B(C6F5)4- for bioinorganic studies. Thus, the synthesis of [Cu(MeCN)4]B(C6F5)4 (1) is presented. Its recrystallization from CH2Cl2/pentane yields the linear, two-coordinate complex [Cu(MeCN)2]B(C6F5)4 (2), whose centrosymmetric X-ray structure shows that its Cu−N distance is significantly shorter than that in other two-coordinate Cu(I) complexes with nitrogen ligands or that in the tetrahedral complex [Cu(MeCN)4]ClO4. Infrared spectroscopy indicates interesting and diagnostically useful differences between the ν(CN) of 1 and 2.
Theory of minimum spanning trees. I. Mean-field theory and strongly disordered spin-glass model

The minimum spanning tree (MST) is a combinatorial optimization problem: given a connected graph with a real weight (``cost'') on each edge, find the spanning tree that minimizes the sum of the total cost of the occupied edges. We consider the random MST, in which the edge costs are (quenched) independent random variables. There is a strongly disordered spin-glass model due to Newman and Stein [Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2286 (1994)], which maps precisely onto the random MST. We study scaling properties of random MSTs using a relation between Kruskal's greedy algorithm for finding the MST, and bond percolation. We solve the random MST problem on the Bethe lattice (BL) with appropriate wired boundary conditions and calculate the fractal dimension $D=6$ of the connected components. Viewed as a mean-field theory, the result implies that on a lattice in Euclidean space of dimension $d$, there are of order ${W}^{d\ensuremath{-}D}$ large connected components of the random MST inside a window of size $W$, and that $d={d}_{c}=D=6$ is a critical dimension. This differs from the value 8 suggested by Newman and Stein. We also critique the original argument for 8, and provide an improved scaling argument that again yields ${d}_{c}=6$. The result implies that the strongly disordered spin-glass model has many ground states for $dg6$, and only of order one below six. The results for MSTs also apply on the Poisson-weighted infinite tree, which is a mean-field approach to the continuum model of MSTs in Euclidean space, and is a limit of the BL. In a companion paper we develop an $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=6\ensuremath{-}d$ expansion for the random MST on critical percolation clusters.
Chemically induced gene activation: selective increase in DNAase I susceptibility in chromatin acetylated with acetyl adenylate.

Abstract Treatment of calf thymus chromatin with acetyl adenylate under appropriate conditions produces acetylation of histones. The pattern of histone acetylation obtained is similar to that produced in vivo . The acetylated chromatin shows increased sensitivity to DNAase I but no increased sensitivity to Staphylococcal nuclease. These digestion patterns are similar to those observed in active genes.
A miniaturized active sampler for the assessment of personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide.

A personalized, miniaturized air sampling system was evaluated to estimate the daily exposure of pediatric asthmatics to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The lightweight device (170 g) uses a sampling pump connected to a solid sorbent tube containing triethanolamine (TEA)-impregnated molecular sieve. The pump is powered by a 9 V battery and samples air over a 24 h period at a collection rate of 0.100 L/min. After exposure, the solid sorbent is removed from the tubes for spectrophotometric analysis (Griess Assay). The lower detection limit of the overall method for NO2 is 11 μg/m3. The linearity, precision and accuracy of the sampler was evaluated. Different NO2 concentrations generated in the laboratory (range: 50 to 340 μg/m3) were simultaneously measured by the TEA tube samplers and colocated continuous chemiluminescent NOx analyzers (reference method). The coefficient of determination for the laboratory test derived from ordinary linear regression (OLR) was r2=0.99 (yOLR=0.94x−4.58) and the precision 3.6%. Further, ambient NO2 concentrations in the field (range: 10–120 μg/m3) were verified with continuous chemiluminescent monitors next to the active samplers. Reweighted least squares analysis (RLS) based on the least median squares procedure (LMS) resulted in a correlation of r2=0.68 for a field comparison in Riverside, CA (yRLS=1.01x−0.94) and r2=0.92 in Los Angeles, CA (yRLS=1.31x−7.12). The precision of the TEA tube devices was 7.4% (at 20–60 μg/m3 NO2) under outdoor conditions. Data show that the performance of this small active sampling system was satisfactory for measuring environmental concentrations of NO2 under laboratory and field conditions. It is useful for personal monitoring of NO2 in environmental epidemiology studies where daily measurements are desired.
Purification and identification of two distinct isoforms of rabbit pancreatic cholesterol esterase.

Cholesterol esterase (CEases; E.C. 3.1.13) has been purified to homogeneity from rabbit pancreas. The method of purification consists of homogenization of total pancreas, high speed centrifugation, anion exchange column chromatography on S-Sepharose, size exclusion on Sephacryl followed by affinity chromatography on heparin agarose. During the purification procedure, two distinct isoforms of CEases have been identified. Both forms are similar in their molecular weights, bile salt requirement and pH optima but differ in their sensitivity to heparin. Isoform-I is resistant and isoform-II is sensitive to heparin. In the normal pancreas of the adult rabbit, the amount of each of the enzymes appears to be in equimolar concentrations. Physiological significance of the existence of heparin sensitive and resistant forms by the same tissue is unclear. In view of the significant role played by heparin in the modulation of CEase activity and several other physiological functions, these two isoforms may have different mechanisms of action on the hydrolysis of carboxyl esters of cholesterol and vitamins.
Differential sublimation rates of light and tritium-labelled water.

WATER is an important component of the body, and the only one that can be measured directly. Body water is also useful, however, to obtain an estimate of body fat. Body water plus body density information enables one to estimate body fat with a precision of approximately 2–4 per cent when the following equation is used : where D is the density of the body, and TBW is the total body water, as a proportion of body weight1.
The use of the equivalent black-body temperature in the thermal energetics of small birds

Abstract 1. 1.|A general model of homeotherm heat transfer incorporating the equivalent black-body temperature ( T e ) concept accurately predicts the resting metabolic rate of White-crowned Sparrows ( Zonotrichia leucophyrs gambelli ) in a laboratory setting simulating outdoor conditions of solar radiation. 2. 2.|When given a choice of several air temperatures and intensities of simulated solar radiation in a laboratory preferendum test, White-crowned Sparrows spend the majority of their time in environments in which T e is near the lower critical temperature. This preference was not revealed by an earlier analysis using only air temperature.
Does maltreatment in childhood affect sexual orientation in adulthood

Epidemiological studies find a positive association between physical and sexual abuse, neglect, and witnessing violence in childhood and same-sex sexuality in adulthood, but studies directly assessing the association between these diverse types of maltreatment and sexuality cannot disentangle the causal direction because the sequencing of maltreatment and emerging sexuality is difficult to ascertain. Nascent same-sex orientation may increase risk of maltreatment; alternatively, maltreatment may shape sexual orientation. Our study used instrumental variable models based on family characteristics that predict maltreatment but are not plausibly influenced by sexual orientation (e.g., having a stepparent) as natural experiments to investigate whether maltreatment might increase the likelihood of same-sex sexuality in a nationally representative sample (n = 34,653). In instrumental variable models, history of sexual abuse predicted increased prevalence of same-sex attraction by 2.0 percentage points [95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–2.5], any same-sex partners by 1.4 percentage points (95 % CI = 1.0–1.9), and same-sex identity by 0.7 percentage points (95 % CI = 0.4–0.9). Effects of sexual abuse on men’s sexual orientation were substantially larger than on women’s. Effects of non-sexual maltreatment were significant only for men and women’s sexual identity and women’s same-sex partners. While point estimates suggest much of the association between maltreatment and sexual orientation may be due to the effects of maltreatment on sexual orientation, confidence intervals were wide. Our results suggest that causal relationships driving the association between sexual orientation and childhood abuse may be bidirectional, may differ by type of abuse, and may differ by sex. Better understanding of this potentially complex causal structure is critical to developing targeted strategies to reduce sexual orientation disparities in exposure to abuse.
Adverse reactions of low osmolality contrast media during cardiac angiography: A prospective randomized multicenter study

Abstract A multicenter study was performed to determine the incidence of adverse reactions to two contrast media with similar low osmolality during cardiac angiography. The study was of a randomized double-blind design comparing ioxaglate (an ionic dimer) and iopamidol (a nonionic compound) and included 500 patients; 250 patients received ioxaglate and 250 iopamidol. There were 58 adverse reactions attributed to the contrast media in the ioxaglate group and 29 in the iopamidol group (p Allergic adverse reactions, such as bronchospasm, urticaria and itching, occurred in 15 of the ioxaglate group and only 1 of the patients receiving iopamidol (p Thus, this multicenter study shows that adverse reactions occur more often with ioxaglate than with iopamidol and that patients with an allergic history have a greater risk with ioxaglate therapy compared with iopamidol.
Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina

Melatonin, a hormone originally discovered in the pineal gland1, has also been found in the retina of several vertebrate species2–5. The enzyme system for melatonin synthesis also exists in the retina2,3,6–8, where the activity of one such enzyme, (serotonin N-acetyltransferase) varies with changes in light intensity in a circadian pattern3,8. As the activity of dopamine containing amacrine neurones of the retina is influenced by changes in illumination9–12 it was of interest to determine the effect of melatonin and its precursors, serotonin and N-acetylserotonin, on the release of 3H-dopamine from rabbit retina. I report here that picomolar concentrations of melatonin (IC50 9pM) selectively inhibited the calcium-dependent release of 3H-dopamine from rabbit retina, but not from striatum. Melatonin, was 1,000 times more potent than its precursor N-acetylserotonin in inhibiting the release of 3H-dopamine in retina, while the putative neurotransmitter serotonin13, was inactive. It is suggested that the light-dependent production of melatonin could play a physiological role in modulating the activity of dopamine-containing neurones in the retina.
Leisure‐time physical activity patterns and risk of colon cancer in women

Although physical activity has been consistently associated with lower risk of colon cancer, many details of the relationship remain unclear. We assessed the relation between physical activity and risk of colon cancer in 79,295 women aged 40-65 who were free of cancer, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and who reported their leisure-time physical activity in 1986; 547 cases were identified through 2002. Women who expended more than 21.5 metabolic equivalent hr/week of physical activity had a relative risk (RR) of colon cancer of 0.77 (95% CI 0.58-1.01), compared to women who expended 4 hr/week had a 40% lower risk of colon cancer than those exercising <1 hr/week (RR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.33-0.94). Long-term physical activity was not associated with risk of colon cancer, but the number of cases was small. A significant inverse association exists between physical activity, including that of moderate intensity, such as walking, and risk of colon cancer in women that is more pronounced for distal tumors.
Effect of model orientation and wall heating condition on local heat transfer in a rotating two-pass square channel with rib turbulators

Abstract The influences of channel orientation and wall heating condition on the local surface heat transfer coefficient in a rotating, two-pass, square channel with 60° and 90° ribs on the leading and trailing walls were investigated for Reynolds numbers from 2500 to 25 000 and rotation numbers from 0 to 0.352. The two channel orientations were (1) square channel perpendicular to the axis of rotation and (2) square channel twisted at 45° to the axis of rotation. Two thermal boundary condition cases were studied: (A) all four walls at the same temperature and (B) all four walls at the same heat flux. Results show the Coriolis force effect is reduced for the 45° channel orientation. Thus, heat transfer coefficients decrease for the first pass trailing and second pass leading walls and increase for the first pass leading and second pass trailing walls, compared with their corresponding perpendicular channel orientation values. The increase of heat transfer coefficients for uneven wall heating condition Case (B) when compared to their corresponding heat transfer coefficients for Case A is greater for the 45° channel orientation than for the perpendicular channel orientation.
Beyond Invasion and Succession: School Segregation, Real Estate Blockbusting, and the Political Economy of Neighborhood Racial Transition:

Recent urban scholarship has questioned the validity, methodology, and assumptions of the invasion‐succession model of neighborhood racial transition but has yet to elaborate a framework that exten...
The effect of symmetry restrictions upon the hyperfine properties

The effect of spatial symmetry restrictions upon the calculated values of the hyperfine splitting constants is examined and results are reported for B, C, O and F. It is found that, if no symmetry restrictions are placed upon the unrestricted Hartree-Fock orbitals, the resulting hyperfine constants (except spin densities) are in good agreement with experiment and with configuration interaction calculations. Nuclear magnetic moments and quadrupole moments are reported on the basis of these calculations and the observed hyperfine structure.
Relationship Between Depression and Specific Health Indicators Among Hypertensive African American Parents and Grandparents

African Americans are at greater risk for hypertension than are other ethnic groups. This study examined relationships among hypertension, stress, and depression among 120 urban African American parents and grandparents. This study is a secondary analysis of a larger nurse-managed randomized clinical trial testing the effectiveness of a telemonitoring intervention. Baseline data used in analyses, with the exception of medication compliance, were collected at 3 months' follow-up. Health indicators, perceived stress, and social support were examined to determine their relationship with depressive symptoms. A total of 48% of the variance in depressive symptomology was explained by perceived stress and support. Health indicators including average systolic blood pressure explained 21% of the variance in depressive symptomology The regression analysis using average diastolic blood pressure explained 26% of the variance in depressive symptomology Based on study results, African Americans should be assessed for perceived stress and social support to alleviate depressive symptomology.
Book Review: Margot Adler's Heretic's Heart

Margot Adler's story is set in the middle of that over-summarised decade, the 1960s. One advantage to reading it is to get past the image of antiwar protests, burning inner-city neighbourhoods, and LSD and to hear two people's stories: hers and that of the American soldier who became her pen pal, confidant and lover.