cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thai speech synthesis with emotional tone: Based on Formant synthesis for Home Robot

Home robot will have important role in near further. Human will need to communicate with robot, and vice versa. For English language, some robot can communicate with human. On the other hand, there are many limitations for Thai language. However, Thai is a tonal language which one work can be pronounced five tones including emotional tone. Therefore, there is a speech synthesis of Thai language. But, it does not adaptively perform for changing parameters which are used to generate the emotional tone. Therefore, this paper presents Thai speech synthesis with emotional tone based on Formant synthesis to synthesize Thai syllables including accent tone and emotional tone. Formant synthesis is a rule-base approach which can synthesize the speech by parameters. Fundamental frequency (f0) is an important parameter. In proposed method, the core component is the construction of intonation patterns is called rules. These rules are firstly set up in the format of Formants frequencies. The manipulation of this approach begins with substituting each phoneme of input array of phoneme of syllable with corresponded formants frequencies. Then, outcomes of this process are adapted process with parameters. We utilized 5 samples of Thai syllable for 5 people by listening in control room.
An in situ Auger electron spectroscopy study of chromium thin film coverage of copper surfaces: Effects of surface morphology, temperature and environment

The Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) based method used in epitaxial film growth studies has been adapted to study in situ the coverage characteristics of substrate surfaces with roughness typically encountered in microelectronic applications and to determine the practical average thickness tc below which the overlayer film is discontinuous. As an exemplary case chromium was vapor deposited in ultrahigh vacuum (10-9 Torr) over copper substrates of different surface roughnesses. The effects of substrate surface morphology, temperature (ambient and 330 °C), presence of native surface oxides, and an H2O-vapor-rich (5 × 10-5 Torr) atmosphere during chromium deposition were examined. It was shown that the surface morphology of a copper substrate plays a major role in the coverage characteristics and physical form of a growing chromium film and can be readily studied by the present technique. The presence of a native surface oxide, high substrate temperature and water-vapor-rich ambient during film growth affected the coverage mode and resulted in slower coverage rates and higher tc values. Some of the kinetic factors controlling the surface coverage are discussed.
Neisseria—Avoiding the Jump to Conclusions

Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in a prepubertal child is virtually diagnostic of sexual abuse, provided perinatal infection has been excluded. Therefore, it is imperative that Neisseria gonorrhoeae be correctly identified. We present two cases of false positive Neisseria gonorrhoeae meningitis encountered at two different children's hospitals. Both cases were evaluated by the child protection teams prior to establishing the correct diagnosis.
Growth inhibition by TGF-β linked to suppression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation

The growth-suppressive function of the retinoblastoma gene product, RB, has been ascribed to the underphosphorylated RB form that prevails during G1 phase in the cell cycle. We show that addition of the paracrine growth inhibitor transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) to Mv1Lu lung epithelial cells in mid to late G1 prevents phosphorylation of RB scheduled for this cell cycle stage and arrests cells in late G1. Expression of SV40 T antigen, a transforming protein that binds underphosphorylated RB, does not block the effect of TGF-beta 1 on RB phosphorylation but greatly reduces the growth-inhibitory response to TGF-beta 1. TGF-beta 1 and RB appear to function in a common growth-inhibitory pathway in which TGF-beta 1 acts to retain RB in the underphosphorylated, growth-suppressive state.
From Sirtuin Biology to Human Diseases: An Update

Originally rising to notoriety for their role in the regulation of aging, sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent enzymes that have been connected to a steadily growing set of biological processes. In addition to regulating aging, sirtuins play key roles in the maintenance of organismal metabolic homeostasis. These enzymes also have primarily protective functions in the development of many age-related diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease. In this minireview, we provide an update on the known roles for each of the seven mammalian sirtuins in these areas.
SOME FLAVOR AND COLOR CHANGES DURING LOW TEMPERATURE DEHYDRATION OF GRAPES

Seedless grapes were dried at 45-50°C at air flow rates of 750 fpm to yield a raisin product that differs from sun-dried grapes in having a lighter color, sweeter flavor, and better sanitation. Development of color in the raisin product is strongly affected by the water activity of the grape tissue during drying. Raisin color can be controlled by adjusting drying time and water activity in and near the skin to affect the enzymatic browning rate. Carbohydrates are converted to free sugars during the drying process and storage. As raisin production is being shifted from solar to mechanical drying, these mechanisms become important.
Carnival praxis, carnivalesque strategies and Atlantic interstices

Somo crioulo doido e somo bem legal Temos cabelo duro e so no black pau Que bloco e esse? Eu quero saber. E o mundo negro que viemos mostrar pra voce. Branco, se voce soubesse o valor que o preto t...
Aberrant Splicing of the Senataxin Gene in a Patient with Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 2

Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is caused by a diversity of mutations within the coding region of the senataxin gene. Recently, rare noncoding senataxin mutations affecting RNA processing have been identified in AOA2. Here, we report the case of an 18-year-old woman, with classic clinical features of AOA2, who was found to harbor a mutation within senataxin intron 16. This mutation disrupts the local 5′ splice site architecture via a novel intronic frameshift mechanism, causing skipping of exon 16 with predicted disruption of the conserved DNA/RNA helicase domain. RNA processing mutations expand the growing complexity of pathogenic senataxin mutations.
Copepods of the family Chondracanthidae (Cyclopoida) parasitic on South African marine fishes

Six species of South African parasitic copepods belonging to the family Chondracanthidae were restudied. A redescription was given of Acanthochondria lepidionis, Ghondracanthus colligens and Ch. neali. Ch. lophii reported by Barnard (1955 a ) is actually a new species; it was named Ch. barnardi and redescribed. Ch. congiopodi Barnard, 1955, is conspecific with Ch. tuberculatus Nordmann, 1832. A redescription of this species was given based on Barnard's collection. Ch. merluccii was only mentioned and not redescribed.
Loracarbef concentrations in middle ear fluid

Loracarbef concentrations in plasma and middle ear fluid (MEF) were measured in specimens obtained approximately 2 h after doses of 7.5 or 15 mg/kg. The mean +/- standard deviation concentrations in MEF were 2.0 +/- 2.6 mg/liter (48% of the concentration in plasma) after the smaller dose and 3.9 +/- 2.6 mg/liter (42% of the concentration in plasma) after the larger dose. With the larger dose, the concentrations in MEF were greater than the MIC for 90% of strains of the usual pathogens of acute otitis media tested in 16 of 17 specimens.
GROWTH IN AN ARCTIC GRAZER: EFFECTS OF SEX AND DIETARY NITROGEN ON YEARLING MUSKOXEN

Abstract Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) are sexually dimorphic ruminants from a highly seasonal environment. Five males and 4 females were assigned at the start of spring (309 days) to supplemental diets of either 12.8% or 25.1% protein with ad libitum grass hay (9.1% protein). Males grew more rapidly than females especially in the 2nd autumn (0.29 versus 0.15 kg/day) but returned to slow growth in the next winter (0.09 kg/day). Water space (3H2O) grew from 62 to 94 kg, whereas fat increased from 1.36% to 16.52% of body mass from 312 to 522 days of age. Depth of subcutaneous fat was greater on the high nitrogen (N) supplement, which indicated deposition of excess dietary protein as lipid. Differences in protein content and 15N enrichment of the supplements did not affect density, composition, or enrichment of hair, which indicated minimal incorporation of supplemental protein into lean mass and a low requirement of N for growth. Low body fat may impair survival of muskoxen during the 1st winter, whereas gain...
Utility of sweat patch testing for drug use monitoring in outpatient treatment for opiate dependence

We evaluated the utility of sweat testing for monitoring of drug use in outpatient clinical settings and compared sweat toxicology with urine toxicology and self-reported drug use during a randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid dependence in primary care settings. All study participants (N = 63) were opiate-dependent, treatment-seeking volunteers. The results based on toxicology tests obtained from 188 properly worn and unadulterated patches (out of 536 applied) show that the level of agreement between positive sweat test results and positive urine results was 33% for opiates and 92% for cocaine. The findings of this study, that there is a low acceptability of sweat patch testing by patients (only 54.3% were brought back attached to the skin) and that weekly sweat testing is less sensitive than weekly urine testing in detecting opiate use, suggest limited utility of sweat patch testing in outpatient clinical settings.
Emergent properties in small-scale societies

A multi-agent simulation is used to explore the relationship between the micro and the macro levels in small-scale societies. The simulation demonstrates, using an African hunter-gatherer group (the !Kung san) as a case study, the way in which population stability may arise from culturally framed, micro-level decision making by women about spacing of births. According to the simulation, population stability as an emergent property has different implications, depending on resource density. Data on Australian hunter-gatherer groups are presented that support the implications of the simulation. !Kung san microlevel cultural rules on incestuous marriages are shown to have macro-level consequences in the form of marriages between residential camps. Between-camp marriages have significant implications for access to resources and thereby for population dynamics of the group as a whole.
Attacking and Defending a Diabetes Therapy System

Wearable and implantable medical devices are being increasingly deployed to improve diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy for a range of medical conditions.
Cobalt-phosphate oxygen-evolving compound.

The utilization of solar energy on a large scale requires efficient storage. Solar-to-fuels has the capacity to meet large scale storage needs as demonstrated by natural photosynthesis. This process uses sunlight to rearrange the bonds of water to furnish O2 and an H2-equivalent. We present a tutorial review of our efforts to develop an amorphous cobalt–phosphate catalyst that oxidizes water to O2. The use of earth-abundant materials, operation in water at neutral pH, and the formation of the catalystin situ captures functional elements of the oxygen evolving complex of Photosystem II.
Building a Mobile HIV Prevention App for Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Iterative and Community-Driven Process

Background: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) account for a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections in the United States. Mobile technology presents an opportunity for innovative interventions for HIV prevention. Some HIV prevention apps currently exist; however, it is challenging to encourage users to download these apps and use them regularly. An iterative research process that centers on the community’s needs and preferences may increase the uptake, adherence, and ultimate effectiveness of mobile apps for HIV prevention. Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide a case study to illustrate how an iterative community approach to a mobile HIV prevention app can lead to changes in app content to appropriately address the needs and the desires of the target community. Methods: In this three-phase study, we conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with MSM and HIV testing counselors in Atlanta, Seattle, and US rural regions to learn preferences for building a mobile HIV prevention app. We used data from these groups to build a beta version of the app and theater tested it in additional FGDs. A thematic data analysis examined how this approach addressed preferences and concerns expressed by the participants. Results: There was an increased willingness to use the app during theater testing than during the first phase of FGDs. Many concerns that were identified in phase one (eg, disagreements about reminders for HIV testing, concerns about app privacy) were considered in building the beta version. Participants perceived these features as strengths during theater testing. However, some disagreements were still present, especially regarding the tone and language of the app. Conclusions: These findings highlight the benefits of using an interactive and community-driven process to collect data on app preferences when building a mobile HIV prevention app. Through this process, we learned how to be inclusive of the larger MSM population without marginalizing some app users. Though some issues in phase one were able to be addressed, disagreements still occurred in theater testing. If the app is going to address a large and diverse risk group, we cannot include niche functionality that may offend some of the target population. [JMIR Public Health Surveill 2015;1(2):e18]
Enzyme-Linked Assays for Cholesterol

(1977). Enzyme-Linked Assays for Cholesterol. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 193-212.
Remapping to Discriminate Contexts with Hippocampal Population Codes

Changes in the environment and in the internal state of an organism result in differences in hippocampal population activity, which is referred to as remapping. Studies of remapping have not only revealed the existence of a combinatorial code for space, objects, and time in hippocampus, but have also provided substantial insight into intrahippocampal computations that facilitate the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of memory. Hippocampal representations of remembered events consist of neuronal activity in place fields, which represent the location of the event, and of particular firing rates within each place field, which can reflect the current configuration of sensory inputs encountered at the current location. Perhaps not surprisingly, there is no fixed transfer function between sensory stimuli and hippocampal representations, but the firing patterns of place cells are flexibly configured and can be flexibly reconfigured. For example, the earlier processing stages in the hippocampal circuit, dentate gyrus, and CA3 generate neuronal activity patterns that distinguish new experiences from those that are already stored in memory. The new hippocampal representations can be more distinct than expected from the similarity of the current sensory input pattern compared to similar remembered patterns (“pattern separation”). Pattern separation may be particularly important for episodic memories because many novel experiences consist of new components that are added to otherwise familiar situations. Conversely, if parts of an event are recognized as familiar, the activation of hippocampal representations can be refined to retrieve full memories and to precisely resemble patterns that were stored earlier (“pattern completion”). In addition, a gradual drift of activity in hippocampal cell populations over time can be used for estimating the recency of a memory. Each hippocampal map can thus simultaneously represent the “where,” “what,” and “when” aspects of distinct experiences and code for the similarity between experiences.
Four-year follow-up of veterans treated on a small alcoholism treatment ward.

A 4-year follow-up of veterans treated on a small alcoholism ward revealed that only 16% of those who completed treatment had no further drinking incidents reported on their V.A. records.
Effects of Framing Health Messages in Terms of Benefits to Loved Ones or Others: An Experimental Study.

ABSTRACTMany health officials believe the future of public health is in prevention of infectious diseases like pandemic influenza. Vaccine promotion is becoming an increasingly important area for health communication researchers. One strategy health promoters can consider is to emphasize that getting vaccinated protects not only the self, but also loved ones, and unknown others to whom the disease could be spread. The set of experiments described here tested whether such a strategy (called “benefit-target framing”) could prove useful in promoting vaccine intentions. In two experiments, subjects from an online panel were randomized to receive a vaccination message focused on the benefits either to the self, to loved ones, or to society as a whole. Outcome measures included intentions to receive the vaccine and intentions to seek more information (n = 495). Results from two virtually identical studies were pooled to maximize power. Results suggest that messages framed in terms of benefits to society were mo...
Failure to up-regulate transcription of genes necessary for muscle adaptation underlies limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2A (calpainopathy)

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2A is due to loss-of-function mutations in the Calpain 3 (CAPN3) gene. Our previous data suggest that CAPN3 helps to maintain the integrity of the triad complex in skeletal muscle. In Capn3 knock-out mice (C3KO), Ca2+ release and Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) signaling are attenuated. We hypothesized that calpainopathy may result from a failure to transmit loading-induced Ca2+-mediated signals, necessary to up-regulate expression of muscle adaptation genes. To test this hypothesis, we compared transcriptomes of muscles from wild type (WT) and C3KO mice subjected to endurance exercise. In WT mice, exercise induces a gene signature that includes myofibrillar, mitochondrial and oxidative lipid metabolism genes, necessary for muscle adaptation. C3KO muscles fail to activate the same gene signature. Furthermore, in agreement with the aberrant transcriptional profile, we observe a commensurate functional defect in lipid metabolism whereby C3KO muscles fail to release fatty acids from stored triacylglycerol. In conjunction with the defects in oxidative metabolism, C3KO mice demonstrate reduced exercise endurance. Failure to up-regulate genes in C3KO muscles is due, in part, to decreased levels of PGC1α, a transcriptional co-regulator that orchestrates the muscle adaptation response. Destabilization of PGC1α is attributable to decreased p38 MAPK activation via diminished CaMKII signaling. Thus, we elucidate a pathway downstream of Ca2+-mediated CaMKII activation that is dysfunctional in C3KO mice, leading to reduced transcription of genes involved in muscle adaptation. These studies identify a novel mechanism of muscular dystrophy: a blunted transcriptional response to muscle loading resulting in chronic failure to adapt and remodel.
Studies on the Structure and Properties of Ceramic/Polymernanocomposites

Unique synthetic approaches for the synthesis of homogeneously dispersed and highly loaded aluminum nitride (AIN) / polyimide (PI) nanocomposites have been developed. The effective interactions at the solid-liquid interface during the preparation of stable dispersions of ceramic/polymers have been investigated. In particular, the surface chemical composition of the nanoparticles has been analyzed. Characteristic model reactions on the surface have been carried out, which revealed the mechanisms for the deagglomeration and stabilization of nanoparticles via chemisorption reactions. Moreover, compared to other synthetic approaches, this method demonstrates the capability of preparing extremely highly loaded nanocomposites and being applicable to a wide range of materials. The thermal and mechanical properties of the A1N/PI nanocomposite have also been studied.
Using the Fluorescence Red Edge Effect to Assess the Long-Term Stability of Lyophilized Protein Formulations

Nanosecond relaxation processes in sugar matrices are causally linked through diffusional processes to protein stability in lyophilized formulations. Long-term protein degradation rates track mean-squared displacement (⟨u(2)⟩) of hydrogen atoms in sugar glasses, a parameter describing dynamics on a time scale of picoseconds to nanoseconds. However, measurements of ⟨u(2)⟩ are usually performed by neutron scattering, which is not conducive to rapid formulation screening in early development. Here, we present a benchtop technique to derive a ⟨u(2)⟩ surrogate based on the fluorescence red edge effect. Glycerol, lyophilized trehalose, and lyophilized sucrose were used as model systems. Samples containing 10(-6) mole fraction of rhodamine 6G, a fluorophore, were excited at either 532 nm (main peak) or 566 nm (red edge), and the ⟨u(2)⟩ surrogate was determined based the corresponding Stokes shifts. Results showed reasonable agreement between ⟨u(2)⟩ from neutron scattering and the surrogate from fluorescence, although deviations were observed at very low temperatures. We discuss the sources of the deviations and suggest technique improvements to ameliorate these. We expect that this method will be a valuable tool to evaluate lyophilized sugar matrices with respect to their ability to protect proteins from diffusion-limited degradation processes during long-term storage. Additionally, the method may have broader applications in amorphous pharmaceutical solids.
MATING PREFERENCE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO ADAPTATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: INVERSION POLYMORPHISM AND DDT RESISTANCE.

The importance of adult mating success as a component of fitness influencing inversion polymorphism in two DDT-resistant populations of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The polymorphism involved In(3R)P and the Standard (St) gene arrangement. In population 731R the St/St females showed greater mating propensity than In/In females, while in population J2 the In/In females showed a significant positive association between mating propensity and the percentage of St/St males present. Mating preference data showed that St/St males were selectively favored over In/In males in both populations. No differences were observed between St/St and St/In karyotypes in either population. Frequency-dependent mating in the form of a rare male mating disadvantage for the In/In males tested against the St/St males in 731R was observed; the St/St males in this case showed a marginally significant rare male mating advantage. Thus, mating success as well as previously measured fecundity and fertility all indicate a selective advantage of the St chromosome over the In chromosome in both populations. This fitness relationship does not predict the equilibrium condition of 70-80% St/In, 20-30% In/In, and 0-10% St/St found in the DDT environment, whereas previously collected larval viability data and estimated adult survivorship do. In at least one population (731R), the adult mating success data do predict the dynamics of the polymorphism in the absence of DDT, whereas viability does not. These results, although limited to two populations under two environments (presence or absence of DDT), suggest that the relationship between adaptation to the environment under study and various components of fitness needs to be investigated fully before assessing which fitness components are most important in determining the effects of natural selection in specific populations.
Suitability of Prey Infected by Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus for Development, Survival, and Reproduction of the Predator Nabis roseipennis (Heteroptera: Nabidae)

Consumption of nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected prey—larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)—by the predator Nabis roseipennis Reuter variously affected development, survival, and reproduction of the predators. Nymphs fed infected prey larvae developed significantly faster at 25°C than nymphs fed uninfected prey. Nymphal survival was not affected by prey infection. Preoviposition periods were significantly longer for predator females maintained on infected prey throughout their lives than for those receiving uninfected prey during preimaginal or adult (or both) stages. Daily rates of oviposition were highest for females that received uninfected larvae as their nymphal diet, regardless of adult diet. In contrast, total fecundity was greatest for females receiving uninfected prey as adults, regardless of the nymphal diet. The nymphal diet, however, affected total fecundity of females. Consumption of infected larvae by adult predators significantly reduced their longevity, irrespective of the nymphal regimen.
Candidate Age and Youth Voter Turnout

The research addresses youth voter turnout in the United States and, specifically, tests the relationship between candidate age and a commitment to vote by young people in a controlled experiment. ...
A simple method for calculating Vmax

Abstract Maximum velocity of contractile element shortening (V max ) can be obtained from left ventricular pressure and its derivative (dP/dt). The velocity of contractile element shortening (Vce) is plotted against the corresponding total intraventricular pressure (P), where Vce=(dP/dt)/KP. The initial part of the downslope of this plot can be extrapolated to zero load to yield V max . The initial part of the downslope of this plot is assumed to be linear and can therefore be expressed as Vce=mP + b, where m is the slope and b is the intercept, V max . Solving these two equations where dP′/dt denotes peak dP/dt and P′, the corresponding pressure at peak shows that b (V max = 2dP′/dt)/KP′, We compared 69 determinations of V max from three experimental animals by our method (y) with those by the conventional linear extrapolation method (x) and obtained the regression equation y=0.95x + 0.09, r=0.98 and Syx=0.15. We also compared 73 determinations from 23 patients and obtained the regression equation y=0.75x + 0.38, r=0.91 and Syx=0.18. Throughout, there was excellent agreement between our method and the conventional method. Thus, V max can be quickly and easily determined by an accurate and objective method involving only the measurement of peak dP/dt and its corresponding pressure.
Characterization of ultrasonic vocalizations of Fragile X mice

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the leading form of inherited intellectual disability. It is caused by the transcriptional silencing of FMR1, the gene which codes for the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). Patients who have FXS exhibit numerous behavioral and cognitive impairments, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and autistic-like behaviors. In addition to these behavioral abnormalities, FXS patients have also been shown to exhibit various deficits in communication such as abnormal sentence structures, increased utterances, repetition of sounds and words, and reduced articulation. These deficits can dramatically hinder communication for FXS patients, exacerbating learning and cognition impairments while decreasing their quality of life. To examine the biological underpinnings of these communication abnormalities, studies have used a mouse model of the Fragile X Syndrome; however, these vocalization studies have resulted in inconsistent findings that often do not correlate with abnormalities observed in FXS patients. Interestingly, a detailed examination of frequency modulated vocalizations that are believed to be a better assessment of rodent communication has never been conducted. The following study used courtship separation to conduct a detailed examination of frequency modulated ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in FXS mice. Our analyses of frequency modulated USVs demonstrated that adult FXS mice exhibited longer phrases and more motifs. Phrases are vocalizations consisting of multiple frequency modulated ultrasonic vocalizations, while motifs are repeated frequency modulated USV patterns. Fragile X mice had a higher proportion of "u" syllables in all USVs and phrases while their wildtype counterparts preferred isolated "h" syllables. Although the specific importance of these syllables towards communication deficits still needs to be evaluated, these findings in production of USVs are consistent with the repetitive and perseverative speech patterns observed in FXS patients. This study demonstrates that FXS mice can be used to study the underlying biological mechanism(s) mediating FXS vocalization abnormalities.
Analysis on Leading Death Causes of Residents in Fangshan District of Beijing during 2007-2009

[Objective] To understand the health status and leading death causes of residents in Fangshan district of Beijing, provide the scientific evidences for making the sanitation layout and controlling disease. [Methods]The death causes data of residents in Fangshan district during 2007-2009 were analyzed with discriptive epidemiological method.[Results]During 2007-2009, the annual average mortality of residents in Fangshan district was 33.64/lakh, and annual average mortality of top five death causes were as followed: cerebrovascular disease ((114.56/lakh), heart disease (110.00/lakh), malignant tumor (97.94/lakh), respiratory diseases (38.60/lakh), injury and poisoning ((35.55/lakh). The annual average mortality of men and women was 258.20/lakh and 175.44/lakh respectively. The annual average mortality of residents in urban areas was 107.19/lakh, and that of residents in rural area was 326.45 /lakh. The primary death cause of people aged 1~34 years was injury and poisoning, and the leading death cause of people aged over 35 years were malignant tumor, cerebrovascular disease and heart disease.[Conclusion]The chronic diseases, including cerebrovascular disease, heart disease and malignant tumor, were the leading death cause of residents in Fangshan district from 2007 to 2009. The possible high-risk pathogenic factors were life style, living and working environment, diet structure. Therefore, the sanitary work for the future in this district should conform to the guideline of "prevention first, combination of prevention and treatment", the heslth education shoud be strengthened, and the effective intervention measures shoud be carried out according to different target population and risk factors.
An Optimal Design Based on Satisfactory Degree of Gun's Interior Ballistics

The key of gun's interior ballistics design is optimal scheme selection,which is an issue of multi-objective optimization,and the solution is dependent on the selection of target-weight.The satisfactory degree of schemes were presented based on complex ideal target value and negative ideal value in the thesis,which were gotten by solving a series of linear program for schemes and the target-weight was the optimal solution of a linear program for maximum satisfactory degree.Therefore,the priority of schemes was dependent on their complex target values.Finally,a numerical example was given to show the rationality and effectiveness of this method.
Effect of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-tubercidinylhomocysteine on transfer ribonucleic acid methylation in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes.

Methylation of tRNA in stimulated rat lymphocytes was studied by monitoring the incorporation of [methyl-3H]methionine into tRNA. S-Adenosylhomocysteine and the 7-deaza analogue, S-tubercidinylhomocysteine, both known to inhibit tRNA methylases in vitro, were used to block the methylation of tRNA in stimulated lymphocytes. Both these drugs affected the synthesis and methylation of tRNA when added at various times during the cell cycle. However, S-adenosylhomocysteine stimulated DNA synthesis while S-tubercidinylhomocysteine inhibited it. These opposite effects are presumably due to metabolism of the drugs to homocysteine and either adenosine or tubercidin.
Ventricular Arrhythmias in Heart Failure: To Treat or not to Treat?

The medical management of patients with CHF and ventricular arrhythmias is one of the most challenging clinical situations frequently encountered by physicians on a daily basis. Reviewed and examined in this article are available data regarding the clinical relevance and prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias, their prognostic importance in patients with CHF, and the role of available therapeutic modalities and their limitations in the management of these patients.
Acceleration of metallacycle-mediated alkyne-alkyne cross-coupling with TMSCl.

Abstract Investigation of titanium-centered metallacycle-mediated cross-coupling between unsymmetrical internal alkynes has led to the discovery that TMSCl significantly accelerates the C C bond forming event. We report a collection of results that compare the efficiency of this reaction employing Ti(O i -Pr) 4 /2 n -BuLi in PhMe with and without TMSCl, demonstrating in every case that the presence of TMSCl has a profound impact on efficiency. While relevant in the context of developing this fundamental bond-forming process as an entry to more complex organometallic transformations, these modified reaction conditions allow coupling processes to be run at >10 times the concentrations previously possible [in 2.4 M n -BuLi (hexanes)], without the requirement of additional solvent. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these modified reaction conditions for the annulative cross-coupling between TMS-alkynes and 1,6-enynes leading to the formation of angularly substituted hydrindanes with, now well appreciated, high levels of regio- and stereoselection.
Hormonal Contraceptives for Endometrial Cancer Prevention in Obese and High-Risk Women in Virginia.

OBJECTIVES: Endometrial cancer remains the fourth most common malignancy among US women and hormonal contraceptives drastically reduce this risk. The study objectives were to assess the prescribing patterns counseling practices and knowledge of family physicians and obstetrician/gynecologists (OB/GYNs) regarding hormonal contraceptives obesity and cancer prevention. METHODS: A 25-question survey was mailed to 4600 OB/GYNs and family practitioners licensed in Virginia to assess self-reported hormonal contraceptive prescription practices patient evaluation and counseling and gynecologic oncology knowledge. chi2 and t tests were used to assess for differences across groups. P < 0.05 was deemed significant. RESULTS: In total 392 (9%) surveys were returned with 256 (6%) being complete for analysis. The mean physician age was 53.6 years 50.2% were men and 92.6% of physicians prescribed hormonal contraception. Most physicians recognized decreased endometrial cancer risk associated with oral contraceptive pills (73.0%) and increased risk with obesity (95.3%) but only 36.7% consistently counseled patients on obesity-associated cancer risk. Compared with family physicians OB/GYNs were more likely to cite endometrial cancer prevention as an indication for hormonal contraceptives (53.3% vs 10.9% P < 0.0001); more often counseled patients on obesity-related cancer risk (P = 0.003); and were more likely to correctly identify Lynch syndrome (69.4% vs 22.5% P < 0.0001) diabetes mellitus (85.2% vs 38.8% P < 0.0001) and hypertension (41.7% vs 10.1% P < 0.0001) as risk factors for endometrial cancer. Endometrial or ovarian cancer prevention factored into <2% of total hormonal contraception prescriptions; however OB/GYN physicians were more likely to prescribe for those indications than family physicians (P = 0.005 and P < 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians and OB/GYNs could improve their knowledge of endometrial cancer risk factors and the use of hormonal contraception for chemoprevention. This represents a significant opportunity for both specialties to optimize primary endometrial cancer prevention in their increasingly obese and at-risk female patients.
Beyond accounting and back: An empirical examination of the relative relevance of earnings and “other” information

Abstract Ohlson (1995) models firm value as a function of book value, earnings, and analysts' earnings forecasts which capture “other” information not yet reflected in the financial statements. Within this framework, stock returns reflect information from earnings and forecasts, each of which is different in terms of reliability and timeliness. For the period 1984–2012, this paper examines time trends and the influence of aggregate market conditions on the relative relevance of earnings and forecasts. In this context, relative relevance is defined as the incremental explanatory power of earnings or forecasts, relative to their combined explanatory power with respect to the cross-section of stock returns. This inquiry is motivated by anecdotal evidence and recent research, which suggests that aggregate market conditions influence the usefulness of accounting information for investors. The findings show that while the relative relevance of earnings has remained stable, the relative relevance of forecasts has increased over time. I also find that the relative relevance of earnings is higher in bad years, i.e. years with low market returns or elevated market uncertainty. Overall, the results reported in this study suggest that despite the increase in the relevance of timely “other” information, investors tend to rely more on reliable accounting information during bad years.
Real life experience of omalizumab on selected children with severe allergic asthma

Evidence has shown that omalizumab is highly effective for the treatment of severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled on step 5 of BTS guideline. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of Omalizumab in carefully selected group of children with severe allergic asthma aged 6 -18 years. METHOD: This is a retrospective observational study of 19 children with severe allergic asthma treated with Omalizumab for a minimum of 4 months between 2011 and 2015.Number of severe exacerbations(requiring oral corticosteroids ≥3 days),unscheduled hospital visits,HDU/PICU admissions,inhaled corticosteroid (CS) dose,daily dose of maintenance oral prednisolone,FEV1% predicted,exhaled nitric oxide(FeNO) and Asthma Control Test(ACT) were recorded before and every 4 weeks after commencing treatment. RESULTS: 14/19(73%)continued Omalizumab beyond 16 weeks trial and 12/19(63%) beyond 52 weeks.There was a significant statistical reduction in the number of severe exacerbations, unscheduled hospital visits,HDU/PICU admissions and maintenance daily prednisolone 52 weeks after starting Omalizumab.There was no significant change of the inhaled CS dose,FEV1% predicted,ACT scoring and FeNO post starting Omalizumab. There is no significant difference between patients aged <12 and ≥12 years. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated long-term clinical efficacy of Omalizumab as add-on therapy in carefully selected children with severe therapy resistant allergic asthma.
Consonant categorization exhibits a graded influence of surrounding spectral context

When spectral properties differ across successive sounds, this difference is perceptually magnified, resulting in spectral contrast effects (SCEs). Recently, Stilp, Anderson, and Winn [(2015) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137(6), 3466–3476] revealed that SCEs are graded: more prominent spectral peaks in preceding sounds produced larger SCEs (i.e., category boundary shifts) in categorization of subsequent vowels. Here, a similar relationship between spectral context and SCEs was replicated in categorization of voiced stop consonants. By generalizing this relationship across consonants and vowels, different spectral cues, and different frequency regions, acute and graded sensitivity to spectral context appears to be pervasive in speech perception.
The Divergent “Loyalty” Behaviors of a Captive Consumer

ABSTRACTThis research investigates situations where consumers display divergent loyalty behaviors. Study I qualitatively identifies and classifies word-of-mouth spreading behaviors of captive loyalists. The results reveal that, despite repurchase behaviors, captive loyalists spread mostly negative word-of-mouth. Study II quantitatively investigates four separate loyalty behaviors of captive loyalists. The results confirm that these consumers are likely to stay when dissatisfied, and allocate a significant share of their wallet to the provider whilst spreading negative word-of-mouth. The simultaneous existence of opposing loyalty behaviors has significant implications for erecting switching barriers and for applying customer loyalty metrics.
Electromagnetic Properties of Rocks and Minerals

The physical properties of rocks, which affect the propagation of the electromagnetic field, are electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and magnetic permeability. In this chapter, we discuss these physical properties from three viewpoints: 1) the physical phenomena which cause the properties to behave as they do, 2) the values of these physical properties for rocks as they exist in the earth, and 3) the way in which these properties respond to environmental conditions and how they correlate with other physical and geological properties of rocks. We note also that, the electrical properties depend on many factors, some environmental, like temperature and pressure, and others which reflect the character of the rock, such as composition. We also introduce a phenomenon called induced polarization, associated with the current flow in the rocks. It is important to have a quantitative method, which would allow us to calculate the bulk conductivity of a complex rock formed by a mixture of conductive minerals and a host rock. This problem is solved using the methods of effective-medium theory. The properties of large-scale geoelectrical structures of the Earth, including the oceans and the atmosphere, are summarized as well.
Resistance is mobile: Dynamics of repression, challenger adaptation, and surveillance in US ‘Red Squad’ and black nationalist archives

An emerging consensus holds that achieving successful counter-movement outcomes requires combining overt repression (e.g. raids, arrests, and targeted assassination) with covert repression (e.g. mo...
CO-Bridged H-Cluster Intermediates in the Catalytic Mechanism of [FeFe]-Hydrogenase CaI.

The [FeFe]-hydrogenases ([FeFe] H2ases) catalyze reversible H2 activation at the H-cluster, which is composed of a [4Fe–4S]H subsite linked by a cysteine thiolate to a bridged, organometallic [2Fe–2S] ([2Fe]H) subsite. Profoundly different geometric models of the H-cluster redox states that orchestrate the electron/proton transfer steps of H2 bond activation have been proposed. We have examined this question in the [FeFe] H2ase I from Clostridium acetobutylicum (CaI) by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with temperature annealing and H/D isotope exchange to identify the relevant redox states and define catalytic transitions. One-electron reduction of Hox led to formation of HredH+ ([4Fe–4S]H2+–FeI–FeI) and Hred′ ([4Fe–4S]H1+–FeII–FeI), with both states characterized by low frequency μ-CO IR modes consistent with a fully bridged [2Fe]H. Similar μ-CO IR modes were also identified for HredH+ of the [FeFe] H2ase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrHydA1). The CaI proton-transfer variant C298S showe...
Inherent Self-Interference Cancellation for In-Band Full-Duplex Single-Antenna Systems

We propose a new analog self-interference cancellation (SIC) technique for in-band full-duplex transmission in single-antenna systems. We use an RF circulator to separate transmitted (Tx) and received (Rx) signals. Instead of estimating the SI signals and subtracting them from the Rx signals, we use the inherent secondary SI signals at the circulator, reflected by the antenna, to cancel the primary SI signals leaked from the Tx port to the Rx port. We modified the frequency response of the secondary SI signals using a reconfigurable impedance mismatched terminal (IMT) circuit, which consists of two varactor diodes at the antenna port. We can also adjust the frequency band and the bandwidth by controlling the varactor diodes bias voltages. The IMT adjustability makes it robust to antenna input impedance variations and fabrication errors. We analyze and fabricate a prototype of the proposed technique at 2.45 GHz. We achieved more than 40-dB cancellation over 65 MHz of bandwidth. Our technique is independent of the RF circulator and antenna type and it can be applied to any frequency band. It is also very relevant to small mobile devices because it provides a simple and low-power and low-cost adjustable analog SIC technique.
Intrauterine fetal distress.

Intrauterine fetal distress which developed in 22 normal pregnant patients during labor and delivery was studied by means of monitoring uterine contractility, FHR, oxygen tension and hydrostatic pressures. Such simultaneous measurements served to identify individual and combined action of the following stressful stimuli: (a) abnormal uterine contractility, (b) maternal post-spinal hypotension and superimposed peripheral vasoconstriction, (c) maternal hypoxia and (d) excessive pressure on the fetal vertex. An effort was made (1) to measure oxygen tension specifically during the action of these stimuli and (2) to estimate the degree of fetal hypoxia they cause. The most severe fetal hypoxia with fetal hypotension was encountered due to a combination of tetanic contraction and peripheral vasoconstriction. Abnormal uterine contractility, especially tetanic contraction, caused a rapid decline of pO2 in the fetal compartments. Such a decline was similar to that caused by a primary drop of arterial pO2 in maternal blood without the interference of myometrial contraction. Acceptable measurements are too few, and an outline of a precise relationship of these factors to oxygen supply to the fetus awaits further study. It is apparent, however, that all these stressful factors can produce fetal hypoxia, although by different mechanisms, and all can be prevented during the labor in an obstetrically normal and healthy pregnant patient.
A molecular dynamics study of water-soluble polymers: analysis of force fields from atomistic simulations

A force field (FF) analysis was performed on three water-soluble polymers (PAM, PNIPAAm, and PEO), that are of significant interest for biomedical applications, by measuring the polymer radius of g...
Small Bowel Tumors

Small bowel tumors are a rare clinical entity comprising 3–5% of all gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. Presenting symptoms are often vague and nonspecific, as such small bowel tumors may be encountered as an unexpected source of abdominal pain, weight loss, or anemia or as an incidental finding. This chapter outlines the workup and management of small bowel tumors.
The Importance of Improving Youths' Attitudes Toward Science (ATS): A Validation of a Short Form Assessment of Attitudes in Science Constructs for Fourth Grade (AASC-4).

If children have opportunities to develop positive attitudes toward learning science, the pipeline to science careers can be maintained and enhanced. This article describes the development and validation of a short form, 24-item, Assessment of Attitudes in Science Constructs for Fourth Grade (AASC-4) for utilization in future research aimed at improving youths’ Attitudes Toward Science (ATS). A researcher developed long form, 50-item AASC-4 was administered in an intervention and comparison, pre- and post-implementation science education study (n=1,117). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to reduce the original 50-item AASC-4 to the current 24-item form. The current AASC-4 included 24 questions, and eight constructs. Reliability measures of the short-form AASC-4 improved reliability for Fear of Failure on Course from 0.200 to 0.694, Value of Science from 0.478 to 0.779, Attitudes of Family (Parents) toward Science from 0.706 to 0.754, and Perception of the Science Teacher from 0.700 to 0.791. Utilization of the validated constructs within the short-form AASC-4 may help researchers and educators identify science education intervention features that have positive impact on youths’ ATS.