cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I. LUNG VOLUMES

A three-year longitudinal study of a variety of lung function tests in 147 normal children has been carried out to permit better separation of growth effects (by covariance analysis) from individual variation, to supply information not previously available, and to permit study of the interrelationships of the tests in normal subjects. In this, the first of a series of papers, we have presented the results of the study of lung volumes. Height is the best single indicator of physical size for predicting normality. Comparison of residual variances indicates that the use of multiple independent variables offers little advantage. Although there is reason to believe that the lung volumes do not increase in a simple exponential relationship to height after birth, after 5 years of age the lung volumes do increase as approximately the cube of height. When the values of the exponents obtained from regression analyses of the lung volumes on different independent variables are adjusted by the dimensional relationships of the variables, several points become evident. Among them are: (1) the various independent variables (except sitting height) are all reflecting the same general body growth; (2) the exponents for the FRC in girls are less than those for vital capacity in boys or girls and less than the FRC in boys; (3) there is a difference between boys and girls in the exponent for age. The latter only reflects the relatively smaller body growth of girls for each age increment. Analyses of covariance made possible by the longitudinal studies indicate that about three-fourths of the residual variance obtained from the ordinary regression of log vital capacity on log height (and one-half of that of log FRC on log height) is due to a quality inherent in the individual. Knowledge of this factor permits future estimates of a person9s lung volume with greater precision.
Dynamic Lateral Patellar Tilt in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis

An open-configuration magnetic resonance imaging scanner was used to document patellar tracking abnormalities in 11 anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees. The contralateral normal knees were used as controls. Images were obtained with the quadriceps muscles at rest (knee flexion at 40°, 25°, and 10°) and with the quadriceps muscles contracted (knee flexion at 40° and 25°). When the quadriceps muscles were at rest there were no differences in patellar alignment between the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees and the contralateral normal knees. When the quadriceps muscles were maximally contracted at 40° of flexion, the patellae of the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees tilted laterally 3.6° relative to the resting state. When the quadriceps muscles were contracted at 25° of flexion, the patellae of the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees tilted laterally approximately 4° relative to the resting state. Quadriceps-active lateral patellar tilt at 25° of flexion was greater in the anterior c...
Modern Electronics for the General Student

I have spent a fair proportion of my teaching career working with nonscience college students, showing them something of my world and connecting with their own experiences. One unusual course I developed is Modern Electronics, an alternative to the typical courses offered these students. In the hope that other teachers of introductory physics want to try this approach, I will share my motivations and some of the details of this course.
Cholesteric pitch of cholesteryl decanoate near the smectic-a transition

Abstract The temperature dependence of the cholesteric pitch in cholesteryl decanoate has been measured near the smectic-A transition. The data show a power-law divergence with a critical exponent v = 0.67 ± 0.03, in agreement with previous results in cholesteryl nonanoate.
A TALE OF TWO ANALOGUES : LEARNING AT A DISTANCE FROM THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND MAYA AND THE PROBLEM OF DECIPHERING EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIO TRANSMISSIONS

Abstract The transmission of ancient Greek learning and science to medieval western Europe via the translation of Greek and Arab texts is often cited as a terrestrial example of “learning at a distance” that could occur by means of the decipherment of radio messages from advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. However, the translation between such closely related languages as Greek, Latin and Arabic and the decipherment of radio messages from an extraterrestrial civilization to the point where humans could understand them are only nominally analogous tasks. A terrestrial example of such “learning at a distance” from an ancient civilization that perhaps better prepares us for thinking about the immense task inherent in any interstellar knowledge transmission is provided by the lengthy and troubled efforts of western scholars to decipher the inscriptions left by the ancient Maya and to learn from them about this ancient civilization. Only recently, with the rejection of the ideographic fallacy that Maya glyphs symbolized ideas directly without the mediation of language and with the application of linguistic knowledge of Maya languages has it been possible to decipher the Maya inscriptions and learn from them about their science and culture. This experience suggests that without any knowledge of languages in which extraterrestrial messages might be composed, their decipherment could be most problematic. The Maya case is also relevant to the common suggestion that advanced extraterrestrials would deliberately compose messages not in their own natural languages but in artificial ones using logic, numbers, and scientific constants presumably shared among all intelligent civilizations, or at least those in their radio-communicative phases. Numbers and calendrical dating system were the first parts of the Mayan inscriptions to be translated, albeit with the aid of partial “Rosetta stones” left by the Spanish conquerors. This success served, however, to reinforce the ideographic fallacy, and led to rather fantastic notions that the inscriptions dealt only with mathematical, astronomical and mystical domains, when in fact most deal with dynastic history. Examination of the Maya case suggests that if we are to employ terrestrial examples to help us think about extraterrestrial knowledge transmission, we should explore the range of human experience and not just focus upon those examples which support our hopes.
Observations of excited-state absorption in ED-2 neodymium: Glass

Abstract By heating a sample of neodymium-doped ED-2 glass, we have achieved a thermal population of the 4 I 11 2 level sufficient to observe the excited-state absorption spectrum. Features were seen at 1.06 μm and at 6000 A.
Implantable fluorescence-based glucose sensor development

An implantable sensor is being created that allows measurement of blood glucose through fluorescent detection of an embedded chemical assay. The sensor is based on the competitive binding reaction between the protein Concanavalin A and various saccharide molecules, specifically a glycodendrimer and glucose. Previous studies have shown the ability of an embedded chemical assay using Con A and dextran with shorter wavelength dyes to both sense changes in glucose and generate sufficient fluorescent emission to pass through the dermal tissue. However, due to the chemical constituents of the assay, multivalent binding was evident resulting in poor spectral change due to glucose within the biological range. Use of a glycodendrimer and longer wavelength dyes has improved the sensor’s spectral change due to glucose and the overall signal to noise ratio of the sensor. In this work, a description of this sensor and the results obtained from it will be presented showing a large dynamic range of fluorescence with glucose.
The goldilocks dilemma in acute ischemic stroke.

Despite the advent of and exciting advances in novel endovascular therapies, t-PA remains the only proven treatment for acute ischemic stroke to date. Although a variety of reasons likely underlie why past trials of endovascular strategies have been unsuccessful, we address in this perspective piece one critical unknown for which a solution is undoubtedly necessary if future ones are to meet with success: determination and selection of patients that are “just right” for endovascular treatments, or the Goldilocks dilemma. Key clinical criteria highlighted in past trials may help provide a solution to this critical problem. However, for them to do so, we propose that they must be applied in service of a model that accounts for the nuanced, dynamic nature of acute ischemic stroke better than the prevailing “time is brain” model. We provide and examine three clinical cases to illustrate this proposal towards solving the Goldilocks dilemma and advancing treatment in acute ischemic stroke. Further, we address our field’s ongoing challenge and mission in the meantime to best care for the “not-so-right” patients, by far the majority of the affected stroke population.
A Model of Spoils Politics

Accounts of state failure in the developing world frequently highlight a logic of “spoils politics” in which a government and an opposing faction vie for control of the state and the accompanying spoils. Attempts to buy the opposition off play a key role in this logic, and an informational problem often complicates these efforts. Because of limited transparancy, the government generally has a better idea about the actual size of the spoils than the opposition does. We formalize this aspect of spoils politics as a signaling game in which the government has private information about the size of the spoils and tries to co-opt the opposition by offering a share of the spoils. The opposition can accept the offer or reject it by fighting. Consistent with the strong empirical finding that the probability of civil war is higher when income is low, the probability of breakdown increases as the size of the spoils decreases. We also study the effects of uncertainty, the opposition's military strength, the cost of fighting, and power-sharing agreements on the probability of fighting.
Superfluidity of dense 4He in vycor.

We calculate properties of a model of {sup 4}He in Vycor using the path integral Monte Carlo method. We find that {sup 4}He forms a distinct layered structure with a highly localized first layer, a disordered second layer with some atoms delocalized and able to give rise to the observed superfluid response, and higher layers of nearly perfect crystals. The addition of a single {sup 3}He atom was enough to bring down the total superfluidity by blocking the exchange in the second layer. Our results are consistent with the persistent liquid-layer model to explain the observations. Such a model may be relevant to the experiments on bulk solid {sup 4}He, if there is a fine network of grain boundaries in those systems.
Accurate structural correlations from maximum likelihood superpositions.

The cores of globular proteins are densely packed, resulting in complicated networks of structural interactions. These interactions in turn give rise to dynamic structural correlations over a wide range of time scales. Accurate analysis of these complex correlations is crucial for understanding biomolecular mechanisms and for relating structure to function. Here we report a highly accurate technique for inferring the major modes of structural correlation in macromolecules using likelihood-based statistical analysis of sets of structures. This method is generally applicable to any ensemble of related molecules, including families of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) models, different crystal forms of a protein, and structural alignments of homologous proteins, as well as molecular dynamics trajectories. Dominant modes of structural correlation are determined using principal components analysis (PCA) of the maximum likelihood estimate of the correlation matrix. The correlations we identify are inherently independent of the statistical uncertainty and dynamic heterogeneity associated with the structural coordinates. We additionally present an easily interpretable method (“PCA plots”) for displaying these positional correlations by color-coding them onto a macromolecular structure. Maximum likelihood PCA of structural superpositions, and the structural PCA plots that illustrate the results, will facilitate the accurate determination of dynamic structural correlations analyzed in diverse fields of structural biology.
Properties of low-density bulk silica gel: lyosil

Abstract Bulk silica gels prepared by hydrolysis, gelation and curing of tetramethoxy silane were further characterized. The pore size distribution is narrow in the range of 13.1 nm and the BET surface area is 622 m 2 /g. Visible light transmittance for bulk lyosil of 0.5 cm thick plate is 80% with UV cut off at 300 nm of a lyosil having bulk density of 0.40 g/cm 3 . Thermal conductivity of a dried monolithic lyosil is 0.065 W/m K and remained unchanged after firing in air at 600°C. Electron micrographs show that lyosils have uniform distribution of several nanometer sized silica particles linked together.
Note-A Multiple-Item Inventory Model with a Job Completion Criterion

Most office equipment is maintained by service organizations consisting of teams of service representatives. An important problem for the service organizations is the determination of the spare parts inventory to be carried by each service representative. This note presents a model for finding the spare parts kit that has the minimum inventory investment for a specified job completion criterion. The model is shown to be equivalent to a binary knapsack problem. The model is contrasted with the model developed by Smith, Chambers and Shlifer for a similar problem.
The effects of impurities upon photoluminescence and optically induced paramagnetic states in chalcogenide glasses

Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) and optically induced electron spin resonance (ESR) have been studied in As2Se3 glasses doped with Cu, Tl, I, Ag, In, and K and in B-doped As2S3 glass. In all cases there is no significant change in PL efficiency or intensity of induced ESR until dopant concentrations exceed ∼1 at.%. These results are in marked contrast the strong dependence of transient hole transport upon dopant concentration in the same glasses. These parallel but contrasting observations are discussed in terms of the predicted effects of dopants on defects in chalcogenide glasses postulated by Mott on the basis of the charged defect model of Mott, Davis and Street (MDS). PL and ESR studies of the AsSe glass system have revealed that oxygen contamination can severely quench PL efficiency and ESR intensity for As concentrations
STM study of Au growth on S-modified Ru(0001)

Abstract We present results of a detailed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of submonolayer nucleation and growth of two-dimensional Au islands during deposition on clean versus S-precovered Ru(0001), at room temperature. In the presence of tiny amounts of S, a dramatic increase in the mean island densities is observed, corresponding to a decrease in the effective mobility of Au on Ru(0001). As imaged also by STM, the structure of the S adlayer changes during Au deposition, from a dilute lattice-gas, at low Au coverages, to an increasingly denser sequence of ordered superstructure p(2 × 2), ( 3 × 3 - R 30° ) and c(2 × 4) domains, with increasing Au coverage. These findings suggest that the deposited Au atoms displace S adatoms, compressing S domains, a phenomenon consistent with a net repulsive interaction between neighboring Au and S mediated by the Ru substrate.
Genetics of larval urea tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster

The genetic control of larval tolerance to urea, a nitrogenous waste-product occurring naturally in crowded Drosophila cultures, was investigated in a set of five laboratory populations of D. melanogaster that had been successfully subjected to selection for increased larval urea tolerance. Larva to adult survivorship and development time at three different levels of urea were assayed on the five selected populations, their five matched controls and a set of 10 F1 hybrid populations derived from reciprocal crosses between pairs of selected and control populations. As expected from the results of previous studies, the selected populations exhibited greater larval tolerance to the toxic effects of urea, relative to their controls. Comparison of the hybrid and parental populations with respect to both survivorship and development time indicated that the genetic control of urea tolerance in the selected populations is largely dominant, and has a significant X-linked component. The data also suggested that females from the selected populations exercise a nongenetic maternal effect on the development time of their progeny, regardless of urea level.
Localization of wavefunctions from extended systems using orbital occupation numbers

An algorithm is presented which produces localized cluster region orbitals which may be useful in embedded cluster calculations. The orbital occupation number matrix, n, for a trial set of functions is evaluated using the density matrix computed from an extended system. Surprisingly, when using Hartree–Fock (HF) orbitals from finite cluster calculations, several partially occupied orbitals having nii different from 2 and 0 are found. The localization is accomplished by applying Jacobi transformation to n, mixing surrounding functions with the cluster region, so that the final set of localized functions have nii with either 2 or 0. Numerical examples of the algorithm are given for Li clusters simulating the Li(100) surface. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proposed Changes in U.S.A. Regulations for Food Labeling

On November 17, 1999, the United States (U.S.A.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a proposed rule that would allow for the declaration of trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling and would limit trans fatty acids wherever saturated fat limits are placed on nutrient content or health claims. Specifically, FDA proposed that the amount of trans fat be included with that of saturated fat. The combined amount would be followed by an asterisk referring to a footnote specifying the amount of trans fats included in the total value. In addition, the agency proposed that the percent Daily Value shown be based on the combined amount of saturated and trans fatty acids. Other options for declaring trans fatty acids were discussed and comments requested. FDA also published a notice on June 26, 2000, requesting comment on a Citizen Petition that requested: (1) the declaration of added sugars in nutrition labeling, (2) the development of a Daily Value for added sugars so that consumers would be informed of the proportion of a reasonable day's intake of added sugars that was provided by a serving of food, and (3) the revision of criteria pertaining to nutrient content and health claims to take added sugars into account. Le 17 novembre 1999, la Food and drug administration (USA) a publie une proposition de loi concernant le marquage des acides gras trans sur l'etiquette et la limitation des acides gras trans dans les aliments. Concretement, la FDA propose d'inclure les acides gras trans dans les acides gras satures sur l'etiquette de composition nutritionelle. Parallelement, la FDA a egalement publie une notice concernant le marquage de la teneur en sucres ajoutes, en sucres consommes par part de l'aliment, et la prise en compte des sucres ajoutes dans les aliments de sante.
Morphometric condition as a measure of energetic content and reproductive potential in Dactylotum variegatum

Abstract Morphometric condition (i.e., condition estimated from some aspect of body size) is frequently calculated from mass-size residuals, and is often used to infer something about an animal's energetic state. However, controversy exists about the validity of using mass-size residuals for this purpose. Recent work suggests the approach is appropriate in mammals, but it is unclear if morphometric condition is useful in the context of understanding the energetic state of grasshoppers and whether differences in morphometric condition are associated with variation in fecundity-related characteristics in females. To address this question, I examined male and female Dactylotum variegatum, sampled from a mosaic of grazed and ungrazed grasslands in southeastern Arizona, to determine whether morphometric condition corresponded with lipid and glycogen levels in males and a variety of reproductive characteristics in females. D. variegatum was found to be strongly sexually dimorphic relative to mass and femur leng...
Early mortality among triplets in the United States: black-white disparity.

Abstract Objective In this study, we sought to estimate the black-white gap in early mortality among triplets. Study design This was a retrospective cohort study on triplets delivered in the United States from 1995 to 1997. We computed relative risks for early mortality among triplets born to black mothers using the generalized estimating equation framework. Results There were 1317 black and 14,364 white triplets analyzed. Black triplets were twice as likely to have neonatal and infant mortality compared with whites (Odds ratio [OR], 2.00, 95% CI, 1.38-2.77; and OR, 2.20, 95% CI, 1.59-3.00, respectively). The widest disparity was observed postneonatally, with black triplets sustaining a level of risk almost 4-fold that of whites (OR, 3.60, 95% CI, 2.10-6.10). Stillbirth and perinatal mortality were comparable for both races. Conclusion Black-white disparity for early mortality among triplets was widest postneonatally. This finding bears important clinical and public health implications.
Adrenomedullin in patients at high risk for pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Background. Adrenomedullin is a newly identified peptide with profound hypotensive effects. We investigated perioperative adrenomedullin levels among patients with congenital heart disease with and without pulmonary hypertension. Methods. Levels of plasma adrenomedullin, endothelin-1, and nitric oxide metabolites were measured in three groups: (1) low pulmonary flow (n = 11); (2) high flow/low pulmonary arterial pressure (less than 60% systemic pressure) (n = 9); and (3) high flow/high pressure (n = 10). Samples were obtained preoperatively, on and off pump, and 3, 6, and 12 hours after bypass. Results. Adrenomedullin levels were highest in the low pulmonary flow group (189.7 ± 15 pg/mL low flow versus 103.1 ± 9.5 pg/mL high flow/low pulmonary and 139 ± 17.5 pg/mL high flow/high pressure at 12 hours; p ≤ 0.05). The arterial pressure/systemic pressure re-mained significantly lower in the high flow/low pulmonary pressure compared with the high flow/high pressure group (0.37 ± 0.08 versus 0.62 ± 0.11; p Conclusions. Circulating plasma adrenomedullin appears to affect baseline vascular tone in patients with intact endothelial function. It may interact with nitric oxide and endothelin-1 to help regulate blood pressure perioperatively in patients with congenital heart disease.
DNA microarrays in parasitology: strengths and limitations

Genome sequencing efforts have provided a wealth of new biological information that promises to have a major impact on our understanding of parasites. Microarrays provide one of the major high-throughput platforms by which this information can be exploited in the laboratory. Many excellent reviews and technique articles have recently been published on applying microarrays to organisms for which fully annotated genomes are at hand. However, many parasitologists work on organisms whose genomes have been only partially sequenced and where little, if any, annotation is available. The focus of this review is on how to use and apply microarrays to these situations.
Cardiovascular disease in elderly hemodialysis patients

Cardiovascular disease (CD) is the most common cause of death in all dialysis patients. We studied 104 stable elderly (≥ 65 years) hemodialysis patients to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease as evidenced by congestive heart failure or symptomatic coronary artery disease, by race and by coincidence of diabetes and to assess the impact of cardiovascular morbidity on physical activity. CD was judged to be present if a patient had clinical and laboratory confirmed congestive heart failure or coronary artery disease. Physical activity assessed by a modified Karnofsky scale was compared in subjects with and without CD. We inventoried co-morbid conditions and compared the extent of co-morbidity in elderly patients with and without CD. We determined the effect of advancing age and increasing duration of ESRD on the prevalence of CD. Thirty-seven (36%) subjects had CD while 67 (64%) did not. There was no significant difference in mean age (+CD=72.6±5.3 years; −CD=71.3±5.2 years, p<0.9), or gender distribution (+CD m/f=23/14; −CD m/f=31/36, p<0.18) between the two groups. The presence of CD did not influence mean scores on the modified Karnofsky scale (+CD=64.8±12.8; −CD=66.2±14, p<0.618). Thirteen (35%) of 37 patients with CD required assistance for routine daily activities while 27 (40%) of 67 patients without CD were similarly debilitated (p<0.879). While patients with CD had more clinically significant comorbid conditions than those without CD, the scores of each subset on the comorbidity indices (+CD=7.5±2.3; −CD=6.4±3.6, p<0.09) were not statistically different. Advancing age or duration on maintenance hemodialysis did not alter the risk for CD. Whites (men 15 of 18, women 3 of 11) had a greater prevalence of CD than blacks (men 6 of 23, women 10 of 37) (p<0.05). We infer that symptomatic CD disease is common in geriatric maintenance hemodialysis patients, more prevalent in whites than blacks, and the rate for CD doesn't increase with advancing age or duration of ESRD in elderly hemodialysis patients.
Unroofing of the southern Front Range, Colorado A view from the Denver Basin

Fission-track (FT) thermochronology of detrital apatite and zircon from synorogenic sedimentary rocks in the Kiowa Cored Well and the Castle Pines drillhole in the Denver Basin can be used to document a generally predictable unroofing sequence for the southern part of the Colorado Front Range. First, Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks that covered the Front Range in late Mesozoic time contributed recycled sedimentary and far-traveled volcanic zircon and apatite to the oldest sediments as Laramide deformation began. Next, two significant pulses of volcanic grains are recorded in both the detrital zircon and apatite FT age populations in the Kiowa Cored Well as volcanoes along the Colorado Mineral Belt dominated the landscape. The volcanic contribution is not as significant in the Castle Pines well, which is more proximal to the mountain front compared to the Kiowa Cored Well. Higher in the stratigraphic sequence, a mix of volcanic grains, recycled grains from the Phanerozoic cover, and Proterozoic basement grains is present, with the percentage of basement grains in the mixture increasing up section. Finally, in the youngest part of the sequence, metamict zircon grains from the basement and apatite grains, derived from the Proterozoic basement with 50 to 70 Ma apatite fission-track cooling ages derived from below the base of the apatite partial annealing zone in the Front Range, dominate the age populations. Complexities in the form of pulses of volcanic or basement components are superimposed on the simple pattern. This study demonstrates the power of analyzing both apatite and zircon when examining detrital grains derived from a basement-cored uplift where basement resided at shallow levels of the crust (
Beyond player types: gaming achievement goal

Education and psychology studies have used motivational constructs called achievement goals to predict learning success and response to failure. In this article we adapted classroom achievement goal scales to instead measure gaming achievement goals. We collected survey data from 432 university students to empirically examine the applicability and utility of achievement goal constructs from education research to gaming. We introduced a new approach to player types based on mastery and performance gaming achievement goals. Four types are studied: super-achievers, mastery-only, performance-only, and non-achievers. We also examined the relationship between our four achievement goal player types to the traditional achiever, explorer player types. We found that Interest in exploration in games can exist in any of the four types, but those with strong mastery goals have the lowest interest in exploration. Gender and gaming frequency were significantly related to gaming achievement goals. The implications and suggestions for designing games for learning and entertainment are discussed.
Mixed Emotional Experience Is Associated with and Precedes Improvements in Psychological Well-Being

Background The relationships between positive and negative emotional experience and physical and psychological well-being have been well-documented. The present study examines the prospective positive relationship between concurrent positive and negative emotional experience and psychological well-being in the context of psychotherapy. Methods 47 adults undergoing psychotherapy completed measures of psychological well-being and wrote private narratives that were coded by trained raters for emotional content. Results The specific concurrent experience of happiness and sadness was associated with improvements in psychological well-being above and beyond the impact of the passage of time, personality traits, or the independent effects of happiness and sadness. Changes in mixed emotional experience preceded improvements in well-being. Conclusions Experiencing happiness alongside sadness in psychotherapy may be a harbinger of improvement in psychological well-being.
Hexatic order in thin smectic-F liquid-crystal films.

We report a synchrotron x-ray study of the stacked hexatic smectic-{ital F} phase and the smectic-{ital F} (Sm-{ital F}){r_arrow}smectic-{ital C} (Sm-{ital C}) phase transition in {similar_to}200 and {similar_to}60 molecular layer thick films of terephthal-bis-(20)-alkylanilines. A diffraction geometry is developed to facilitate the measurements on freely suspended liquid-crystal films. Deep in the hexatic Sm-{ital F} phase, both films show a high degree of orientational order. The effects of the surface ordering field in thin liquid-crystal films are discussed. In both samples, the phase transition from the Sm-{ital F} phase to the Sm-{ital C} phase is strongly first order, in contrast with the continuous Kosterlitz-Thouless hexatic-isotropic phase transition predicted for two-dimensional systems.
EFFECT OF GRAPEFRUIT JUICE ON URINARY LITHOGENICITY

Purpose: An increased risk of nephrolithiasis has been associated with the ingestion of grapefruit juice in epidemiological studies. To our knowledge the basis of this effect of grapefruit juice has not been studied previously. We studied the effect of grapefruit juice consumption on urinary chemistry and measures of lithogenicity.Materials and Methods: Ten healthy men and women between ages of 25 and 40 years participated. Each subject drank 240 ml. of tap water at least 3 times daily for 7 days during the control period. This period was followed by a second 7 days experimental period during which they drank 240 ml. of grapefruit juice 3 times daily. In each 7-day period urine was collected for 24 hours during the last 3 days. Urine chemical analysis was performed, supersaturations of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid were calculated and urinary lithogenicity was measured.Results: Urine volume and creatinine excretion were the same during the control and experimental periods. Grapefruit ju...
Deletion of the NSm virulence gene of Rift Valley fever virus inhibits virus replication in and dissemination from the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Background Previously, we investigated the role of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) virulence genes NSs and NSm in mosquitoes and demonstrated that deletion of NSm significantly reduced the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates of RVFV in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The specific aim of this study was to further characterize midgut infection and escape barriers of RVFV in Ae. aegypti infected with reverse genetics-generated wild type RVFV (rRVF-wt) or RVFV lacking the NSm virulence gene (rRVF-ΔNSm) by examining sagittal sections of infected mosquitoes for viral antigen at various time points post-infection.
A modeling study of SOx-NOx-Hydrocarbon plumes and their transport to the background troposphere

The behavior of a complex urban plume and its transport to the background troposphere are analyzed in terms of a model including sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon (HC) photochemistry. A reaction mechanism consisting of 73 NO(x), SO(x) and HC reactions is employed in a model taking account of plume dilution, entrainment, deposition and the development of a diurnal mixing layer from a ground-based nocturnal inversion. When simulation results are compared with field measurements of the urban plumes leaving St. Louis and Milwaukee, and a power plant within the Milwaukee plume, the predicted concentration profiles of NO(x), SO2 and O3 are found to be in close agreement with the measurement, although agreement with the rate of transformation of SO2 to SO4(2-) is less good. Simulations made for a hypothetical urban location under a range of background concentrations and initial HC concentrations show particulate sulfate concentrations to depend strongly on the HC/NO(x) ratio, indicating that the homogeneous gas-phase transformation may occur at night.
Identification of a β3-Peptide HIV Fusion Inhibitor with Improved Potency in Live Cells

We recently reported a β3-decapeptide, βWWI-1, that binds a validated gp41 model in vitro and inhibits gp41-mediated fusion in cell culture. Here we report six analogs of βWWI-1 containing a variety of non-natural side chains in place of the central tryptophan of the WWI-epitope. These analogs were compared on the basis of both gp41 affinity in vitro and fusion inibition in live, HIV-infected cells. One new β3-peptide, βWXI-a, offers a significantly improved CC50/EC50 ratio in the live cell assay.
Estimation and control of an α-olefin polymerization reactor

Abstract The research addressed in this paper is focused on the estimation and control of a nonlinear industrial polymerization process. The majority of the available estimation techniques are not easy to implement on-line due to the intensive computations involved. Therefore, there is a need for an estimation technique that is simple, yet capable of handling multi-rate sampled data with variable measurement dead times. For the polymerization system under study, one such estimator is presented. Estimation is implemented within a nonlinear model predictive control algorithm (NLMPC). The combined estimator-controller is shown to display good set-point tracking and disturbance rejection properties via simulations involving some practical control problems.
THE SIZE OF THE SPLEEN AND THE ADRENALS DURING PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM

IT WAS SHOWN by Barcroft and his coworkers (1) in 1925 that the spleen is capable of serving as a reservoir for red blood corpuscles. It is believed that when the proper stimulus arises the spleen may contract and thus aug' ment the number of circulating red blood cells. It is estimated that about one'third of the total number of red blood cells of the cat can be stored in the spleen. In 1928, Barcroft and Stevens (2) found that during pregnancy, the exteriorized spleen of the dog became smaller. Barcroft later (3) showed that the pregnancy con' traction could be abolished by denervation, and also noted that after parturition the spleen is contracted for a greater or less period whether denervated or not. As long as 2 weeks was necessary for the spleen to return to its normal size after parturition in some cases.
A nuclear mutant of Chlamydomonas that exhibits increased sensitivity to UV irradiation, reduced recombination of nuclear genes, and altered transmission of chloroplast genes.

Meiotic progeny of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii normally receive chloroplast genomes only from the mt + parent. However, exceptional zygotes, which transmit the chloroplast genomes of both parents or, more rarely, only those of the mt - parent, arise at a low frequency. Mutations at the mt +-linked mat-3 locus were found previously to elevate the transmission of chloroplast genomes from the mt-parent, resulting in a much higher than normal frequency of exceptional zygotes. In this paper we demonstrate that an ultraviolet-sensitive nuclear mutation mapping at the uvsE1 locus, which is unlinked to mating type, also promotes chloroplast genome transmission from the mt - parent. This mutant, which was previously shown to reduce recombination of nuclear genes in meiosis, acts synergistically which the mat3-3 mutation to produce an extremely high frequency of exceptional zygotes. Through the use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms existing in the chloroplast genomes of C. reinhardtii and the interfertile strain C. smithii, we show that chloroplast DNA fragments from the mt - parent normally begin to disappear shortly after zygote formation. However, this process appears to be blocked totally in the absence of wild-type uvsE1 and mat-3 gene products. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that both gene products contribute to the mechanism responsible for uniparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome from the mt + parent.
Three arithmetic-geometric mean inequality revisited: elementary calculus and negative numbers

Just recently, in teaching theory of interest to actuarial students, I ran into a problem that used the long-known result that the arithmetic mean of n nonnegative numbers exceeds their geometric mean, except when all n numbers are identical in which case the two means coincide. [1, p. 39]. So I decided to produce a proof suitable for first year (i.e., one-variable) calculus students which appears to be new or at least little known. The other proofs in the literature require no calculus at all or, on the contrary, some understanding of advanced calculus. The method produces various corollaries which I did not note in the literature. This in turn inspires a brief discussion of what becomes of the inequality when nonnegativity requirements are relaxed-a point rarely if ever treated heretofore. Let xl, x2,..., xn be n arbitrary nonnegative numbers. We wish to show
Parental Helping Models, Gender, and Service-Learning

SUMMARY Students may be predisposed to benefit from mandatory service-learning programs based on their gender and upon whether their parents serve as models of helping. The role of each of these variables was examined in a survey of seventh grade students (n = 86) who were required to complete service during the school year. Results demonstrated that girls felt more positively about the specific program and were more likely to intend to help in the future than boys. Students with parental helping models were also more likely to intend to help in the future. Girls with parental models were more likely to have altruistic self-images than girls without parental models whereas the presence of parental helping models had no effect on boys' altruistic self-image. These results are discussed with regard to socialization of prosocial behavior in both boys and girls.
Field performance of amorphous metal core distribution transformers

Abstract As part of a three year project funded by GE, EPRI and ESEERCO, twenty-five amorphous metal core distribution transformers were installed on US utility systems to determine the stability of the cores under a variety of loading conditions. After two years of opertion, no aging of the amorphous metal or change i m agnetic performance has been observed.
Regional forest migrations and potential economic effects

Increasing mean global temperatures due to rising levels of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse” gases in the atmosphere could significantly affect the distribution of commercially important forests in North America. Warmer mean annual temperatures and changing precipitation patterns could cause the range of most temperate forests to shift northward. The temperature increases could outpace the ability of forests to adapt, causing considerable stress and mortality to trees in the southern part of their range without a commensurate increase in growth across the expanding range. If realized, these potential biological impacts on forest distribution and health would affect forest management decisions substantially and could adversely impact forest-based economies in the United States. Specific effects on forest management include changes in the methods and costs of fire, insect, and disease protection; greater demands on forest lands for conversion to food production; and uncertain changes in site quality. Such impacts could affect the economic feasibility of forest management substantially. Subsequent impacts of climate change on the forest products sector in the southern United States alone could total $300 million for declining timber volume and resulting pulp and paper yields, and more than $100 million for increased management costs.
Concentrating Cellulases Using a Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogel: Effect of Gel Particle Size and Geometry

A temperature-sensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel was used to concentrate cellulases from Trichoderma reesei. The effect of gel size and geometry on separation efficiency and weight change rate was studied. Gel weight change was reproducible over six cycles of short swelling and collapsing (2 h each) experiments, but the gel weight change capacity of small and large cubes was 90% and 62% of small extruded gel, respectively. The gel weight change capacity of large extruded gel and chopped gel was comparable to that of small extruded gel. Cellulase separation efficiency increased up to 64% for large cubes, but it was lower than 80–97% for comparably sized solutes reported in the literature. Small extruded gel reached its equilibrium weight in 2–3 h, but it took more than 200 times longer for gel disks to reach equilibrium weights. Initial solution flux (surface-specific water release/sorption rate) during swelling and collapsing was 1065–2450 g/m2·h, but flux decreased rapidly with time. Skin formation was partially responsible for the slower weight change rate of larger gels, but chopped gel also formed skin at collapse temperatures higher than 37 °C. Skin formation was not observed for small extruded gel up to 50 °C. During gel disk collapsing experiments, transparent bubbles trapping pressurized water initially were observed all over the gel surface, and some of the bubbles on the disk edge did not collapse until the gel approached an equilibrium weight.
Conservation of Babesia bovis small heat shock protein (Hsp20) among strains and definition of T helper cell epitopes recognized by cattle with diverse major histocompatibility complex class II haplotypes.

Babesia bovis small heat shock protein (Hsp20) is recognized by CD4 T lymphocytes from cattle that have recovered from infection and are immune to challenge. This candidate vaccine antigen is related to a protective antigen of Toxoplasma gondii, Hsp30/bag1, and both are members of the -crystallin family of proteins that can serve as molecular chaperones. In the present study, immunofluorescence microscopy determined that Hsp20 is expressed intracellularly in all merozoites. Importantly, Hsp20 is also expressed by tick larval stages, including sporozoites, so that natural tick-transmitted infection could boost a vaccine-induced response. The predicted amino acid sequence of Hsp20 from merozoites is completely conserved among different B. bovis strains. To define the location of CD4 T-cell epitopes for inclusion in a multiepitope peptide or minigene vaccine construct, truncated recombinant Hsp20 proteins and overlapping peptides were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells from immune cattle. Both amino-terminal (amino acids [aa] 1 to 105) and carboxyterminal (aa 48 to 177) regions were immunogenic for the majority of cattle in the study, stimulating strong proliferation and IFN- production. T-cell lines from all individuals with distinct DRB3 haplotypes responded to aa 11 to 62 of Hsp20, which contained one or more immunodominant epitopes for each animal. One epitope, DEQTGLPIKS (aa 17 to 26), was identified by T-cell clones. The presence of strain-conserved T helper cell epitopes in aa 11 to 62 of the ubiquitously expressed Hsp20 that are presented by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules represented broadly in the Holstein breed supports the inclusion of this region in vaccine constructs to be tested in cattle.
Kinetic hindrance of Fe(II) oxidation at alkaline pH and in the presence of nitrate and oxygen in a facultative wastewater stabilization pond

To better understand the dynamics of Fe2 + oxidation in facultative wastewater stabilization ponds, water samples from a three-pond system were taken throughout the period of transition from anoxic conditions with high aqueous Fe2 + levels in the early spring to fully aerobic conditions in late spring. Fe2 + levels showed a highly significant correlation with pH but were not correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO). Water column Fe2 + levels were modeled using the kinetic rate law for Fe2 + oxidation of Sung and Morgan.[ 5 ] The fitted kinetic coefficients were 5 ± 3 × 106 M− 2 atm− 1 min− 1; more than six orders of magnitude lower than typically reported. Comparison of four potential Fe redox couples demonstrated that the pe was at least 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than would be expected based on internal equilibrium. Surprisingly, measured nitrate and DO (when present) were typically consistent with both nitrate (from denitrification) and DO levels (from aerobic respiration) predicted from equilibrium. ...
Color stability and hardness in dental composites after accelerated aging.

Abstract Objectives . To investigate the color and microhardness changes of five chemically- and five light-curing composites as a function of accelerated aging from light exposure. Materials and methods . From each material five composite specimens were embedded in epoxy resin prior to determining the Knoop microhardness of the surface. For analyzing the color Δ E ∗ =f((L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ )) with a spectrophotometer, three discs per composite were prepared. After measuring the baseline for hardness and color the same specimens were exposed to a xenon arc light and water in a Weather-Ometer machine for a total radiant energy of 150 kJ/m 2 and 122 h. The microhardness and the color were again determined following the aging treatment. Results . Each material showed a significant increase in hardness after aging treatment ( p Δ E ∗ =1.6–2.2, while four composites had Δ E ∗ ranging from 6.2 to 15.5. A significant correlation between hardness values and color changes could not be established. Clinical significance . The findings suggest that, since light-curable materials showed significantly more resistance to color changes after accelerated aging by light and water than chemically-cured materials, they may be more esthetically acceptable. Color changes were not correlated with surface hardness changes of the materials after aging.
The infuence of interchain compositional heterogeneity on the conformation in random copolymers of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate and L‐valine

Variation in the solvent used for the copolymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-valine N-carboxyanhydrides provides copolymers which have variable interchain compositions, and this variation in interchain compositional heterogeneity is reflected in the solid-state conformations of the respective copolymers. Poly[Glu(OBzl)29Val71] prepared in dioxane exhibits a β-structure, whereas a copolymer of the same average composition prepared in benzene/methylene chloride shows predominantly an β-helix conformation with a small amount of β-structure. The use of the monomer reactivity ratio permits the calculation of the average and incremental copolymer compositions at any conversion; thus, correlations between conformation and interchain compositional heterogeneity can be made. In general, copolymers prepared in dioxane show a greater distribution of chain composition and therefore permit a wider variety of conformation than copolymers prepared in benzene/methylene chloride under identical conditions.