cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive ventilation: experience at a community teaching hospital.

Objective: To describe our hospital's experience with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (bilevel positive airway pressure; BiPAP) for patients with respiratory failure (RF). Design: Retrospective, observational study. Setting: A 300-bed community teaching hospital. Methods: Medical records were analyzed for physiologic and outcome variables for all patients who received BiPAP for RF between January 1994 and December 1996. Results: Eighty patients with a mean (± S. E.) age of 71.5 ± 1.3 years and APACHE II score of 17.2 ± 0.6 received BiPAP for RF during the study period. Thirty-one patients received BiPAP for hypoxemic RF, 25 for acute hypercapnic RF, 9 for chronic hypercapnic RF, 10 for post-extubation RF and 5 could not be categorized. BiPAP success was defined as no need for invasive ventilation. BiPAP was successful in 47 of 75 cases that could be classified; all BiPAP successes lived whereas 18 of 28 BiPAP failures died. In the overall cohort, BiPAP success was associated with a lower ICU length of stay (5.8 ± 0.9 versus 10.6 ± 1.4 days, p < 0.01). The duration of BiPAP dependency in successful cases was 35.3 ± 6.7 h. BiPAP was successful in 20 of 25 patients with acute hypercapnic RF and in 15 of 31 patients with hypoxemic RF. The risk of BiPAP failure was significantly greater (risk ratio = 2.6, 95 %CI = 1.1–6.1) for patients with hypoxemic than for those with hypercapnic RF. BiPAP success was marked by increased PaO2/FIO2 in patients with hypoxemic RF and by increased pH and reduced PCO2 in patients with hypercapnic RF. BiPAP use was also successful in 8 of 10 patients who developed RF within 48 h of endotracheal extubation. Conclusions: BiPAP is highly effective in selected patients with RF during routine use in a community teaching hospital. The success rate is higher amongst patients presenting with hypercapnic than amongst those with hypoxemic RF and BiPAP failure is associated with an increased likelihood of in-hospital mortality. BiPAP may also be used successfully to temporize patients who develop RF in the period following endotracheal extubation. The duration of BiPAP dependency (35 h in this study) was shorter than in previous trials, and, though this is speculative, may have been minimized by our performing a trial of unassisted breathing each day.
Existence of infinitely many purely imaginary resonances in the problem of potential scattering

Abstract A simple proof of existence of infinitely many purely imaginary resonances in the problem of potential scattering in three dimensions is given.
The vehicle routing problem with backhauls

Abstract The Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls is a pickup/delivery problem where on each route all deliveries must be made before any pickups. A two-phased solution methodology is proposed. In the first phase, a high quality initial feasible solution is generated based on spacefilling curves. In the second phase, this solution is improved based on optimization of the subproblems identified in a mathematical model of the problem. An extensive computational analysis of several initial solution algorithms is presented, which identifies the tradeoffs between solution quality and computational requirements. The class of greedy algorithms is capacity oriented, while K-median algorithms focus on distance. It is concluded that the greedy and K-median algorithms generate equivalent tour lengths, but that the greedy procedure reduces the required number of trucks and increases the truck utilization. The effect of exchange improvement procedures as well as optimal procedures on solution quality and run time is demonstrated. Comparisons with the Clark—Wright method adapted to backhauls are also given.
Automated Estimation Of Lesion Size

Two methods were studied of estimating automatically the relative volume of local lesions in digital subtractions radiographs. The first method approximates the projected, lesion area by an equivalent circular area, and the second by an equivalent polygonal area. Lesion volume is estimated in both methods as equivalent area times the average gray-level difference between the detected area and the surrounding background. Regression results of the estimated relative volume versus the calibrated size of lesions induced in dry human mandibles showed the polygonal approximation to be superior. This method also permitted successful monitoring of bone remodelling during the healing process of surgically induced lesions in dogs. The quantitative results, as well as the examples from in vivo lesions demonstrate feasibility and clinically relavance of the methodology.
Splenorrhaphy in infectious mononucleosis

Prior reports suggest that in infectious mononucleosis spontaneous splenic hemorrhage requires removal rather than preservation since the inflamed spleen is too soft and fragile to be safely retained. We describe a 17-year-old girl who had successful splenorrhaphy following complete rupture. Blood loss was 3 l. Salvage succeeded because of both pursestring absorbable mesh repair and argon beam coagulation. Her spleen, which was five times normal size, soft, friable, and of poor integrity, is now viable, normal in size, and perfused adequately. This case may be the first on record.
Implementation aspects and performance of 3-D object reconstruction from silhouettes

This paper presents the development and implementation of a method for reconstruction of threedimensional object information from silhouettes. Previous work has demonstrated the possibility of such reconstruction based on the differential equations relating surface terminator curves and their projections, but has not addressed important aspects of the implementation given spatially quantized images and a finite number of silhouettes. The method presented here is exact in that it makes appropriate use of angularly and spatially quantized silhouette information to form convex bounds for non-convex objects. For a given set of quantized silhouettes inner and outer convex hulls are obtained by means of an efficient algorithm. The true object convex hull must lie between these two hulls which represent the tightest hulls that can be constructed with the given information. Results of reconstruction by the algorithm are shown, using actual camera-acquired silhouette data. A detailed analysis of the sources of error is presented, demonstrating the effects of spatial quantization of the original silhouettes and of the angular separation of successive silhouettes. It is shown that for a given spatial resolution and local object curvature, an optimum angular separation between pairs of silhouette views exists, and that reconstruction error increases with either a larger or small angular separation. The convex hull boundary construction used in this work is shown to always use the best pair of silhouette points for each hull vertex.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth of ice discs from the vapor and the mechanism of habit change of ice crystals

Ice crystals nucleated on a liquid nitrogen cooled glass fiber grow first as thin disks which subsequently transform to plates and columns as they thicken and extend to regions of higher supersaturation. Crystals are often found to be dislocation-free, which suggests that growth results from surface nucleation, the habit depending on preferential nucleation in an adsorbed multilayer on basal or prism face.
Oxygen consumption of several species of stoneflies (Plecoptera)

Abstract The oxygen consumption rates of various species of stoneflies (Plecoptera) were determined and the effect that various factors have in modifying the metabolic levels of various stonefly species was evaluated. The rate of stonefly oxygen consumption was found to be influenced by such variables as temperature, body size, stage in life cycle, genetic background, and sex of the organism.
The Cellular and Chemical Content of the Fluid in Spina Bifida Sacs, and its Prognostic Value

SUMMARY The fluid from the sac in 100 infants suffering from spina bifida cystica was examined and correlated with their subsequent progress. All samples displayed a higher protein content and 93 per cent a higher white cell content than in normal cerebrospinal fluid. No relationship between the cellular and protein content of the fluid and the subsequent development of meningitis or ventriculitis was demonstrated. RESUME On a examine le liquide du sac chez 100 enfants atteints de spina bifida et on a etudie les correlations des resultats obtenus avec les progres ulterieurs. Tous les echantillons ont revele un contenu proteinique plus eleve et 93 pour cent un contenu leucocytaire plus eleve que ceux du liquide cephalo-rachidien normal. On n'a pu demontrer aucune relation entre le contenu cellulaire et proteinique du liquide et le developpement de meningite ou de ventriculite par la suite. RESUMEN Se examino el liquido del saco en 100 lactantes afectos de espina bifida quistica, para hacer una correlacion con los progresos subsiguientes de los ninos. Todas las muestras tenian una cantidad mas grande de proteinas, y un 93 por ciento tenian una cantidad mas grande de leucocitos de las que tiene el liquido cefalorraquideo normal. No se demostraron ningunas relaciones entre la cantidad de leucocitos y de proteinas en el liquido y una meningitis o ventriculitis subsiguiente. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Von 100 Kleinkindern, die unter spina bifida cystica leiden, wurde die Flussigkeit aus den Taschen untersucht und mit dem nachfolgenden Fortschritt der Kinder in Beziehung gebracht. Alle Proben wiesen einen hoheren Proteingehalt und einen 93 Prozent hoheren weissen Zellenanteil auf, als in normaler zerebrospinaler Flussigkeit. Eine Beziehung zwischen dem Zellen-und Proteinanteil der Flussigkeit und der nachfolgenden Entwicklung von Meningitis oder Ventrikulitis wurde nicht bewiesen.
Adult supratentorial tumors

MR imaging has represented a significant advance in the diagnosis and management of adult supratentorial neoplasms, and indeed MR has become the modality of choice for the initial diagnosis and follow-up in these cases. It is clear that the overall sensitivity has increased significantly, due to both the use of MR itself and to the implementation of IV contrast agents. It appears that some inroads have been made with regard to specificity, but significant overlap still exists in the imaging appearance of many of these entities. A thorough knowledge of neuroanatomy, pathophysiology, and neuropathology aid markedly in the imaging diagnosis of these processes.
Precision Transfer Function Measurements Of Integrated Optical Modulators

We present transfer function (TF) data from a Crystal Technology , Inc. 2x2 switch modulator. The data was obtained using an in-house designed and built automated measurement system that uses pulsed optical illumination at 840nm and pulsed electrical modulation input, to simulate our actual operating conditions for the device. The precision of the TF system electronics is found to be better than 1% over most of the measurement range and approaching 0.1% at the midrange of the signals. The reproduci-bility of the transfer functions themselves was found to be better than 2.0%. The effects of photorefractive damage on the device transfer function were studied. For optical doses of approximately 12 mJ (device output) at 840 nm the photorefractively induced changes in the 'IF were less than 10%. The effects of temperature on the transfer function were studied over a temperature range of 23 C to 45 C and found to be quite significant for one of three devices measured. For two others the temperature effects were nearly negligible.
Note On the Inheritance of Behavior Patterns for Food Selection and Cocoon Spinning in F 1 Hybrids of Callosamia Promethea x c. Angulifera

A study has been made of the food habits and cocoon-spinning behavior of the F1 hybrids of two related species of Atticine moths, Callosamia promethea and C. angulifera. A total of 447 F1 progeny of the cross ♀ C. prornethea X ♂ C. angulifera was used, these having been secured by making use of the fact that cross-assembling between the species can be made to take place. Young larvae at hatching were uniformly indistinguishable phenotypically from first-instar larvae of C. angulifera. They were given the choice as food plants of Syringa vulgaris, Prunus serotina, Sassafras officinale, and Liriodendron tulipifera. The first two are normal food plants for C. promethea, the fourth for C. angulifera. The third is commonly used by both species. Of the 447, 239 chose L. tulipifera, 205 S. officinale, 2 P. serotina, and 1 S. vulgaris. Thus they resembled the male parent in food habits as well as in morphology.... At the time of spinning, the larva of C. promethea typically selects a single leaf and rolls it into a tube, stitching it lightly and also lining it with silk. The larva then leaves the tube and proceeds for some distance up the leaf petiole and the connecting stalk, coating both rather densely with silk. Thereafter it returns to the tube and completes the cocoon, which is thus firmly bound to the parent tree and adheres during the winter. The larva of C. angulifera behaves quite differently. It typically gathers several leaves into a group and fastens them together as a cover for the cocoon. The stalk-sheathing or "stemming" element of the behavior pattern is entirely absent, and the cocoon commonly falls to the ground when the leaves are shed. Unlike the food habit, in cocoon-spinning there was clear evidence that the inheritance of the behavior pattern was polygenic in character. Every grade of behavior was represented between complete stemming of the cocoon and total lack of it, with the majority of the population intermediate. This polygenic basis accords well with the results found for the cocoon-spinning habit in hybrids of Ephestia by CASPARI. Unfortunately both F2 and backcross ova proved uniformly inviable and it was not possible to carry the analysis further. A discussion is presented of a possible significance of this polygenic situation.
POST-FARTUM EXTENDED MATERNAL-INFANT CONTACT: SUBSEQUENT MOTHERING AND CHILD HEALTH

In a double-blind study, 301 low-income primiparous women were randomly assigned to rooming-in (RI) or control (C) post-partum (PP) beds. C mother-Infant dyads (N=158) were together for 20 minutes every 4 hours for feedings during the first 2 PP days; RI dyads (N=143) were together 6 additional hours each day. Duration of data collection from medical and agency records after delivery (12-21 months) is equivalent between the 2 groups, as are the descriptive data. Analysis is based upon 134 RI and 143 C dyads; 9 RI (6%) and 15 C (9.5%) were lost to follow-up. RI and C children did not differ in average age, frequency of outpatient visits, or frequency of well baby or acute illness diagnoses. No RI and 6 C (4%) were seen for either pertussis or the common exanthematous diseases of childhood (p < .0.05). One RI and 9 C (6%) experienced parenting failure (PF) (p<0.05); no RI and 8 C were hospitalized for PF (p < 0.01). No RI and 9 C experienced abuse, neglect, abandonment or nonorganic failure-to-thrive (p < 0.01). One RI and 5 C were referred to social agencies for possible child maltreatment. No RI and 5 C children either died (1) or experienced foster care (p < 0.05). Extended post-partum maternal-infant contact may benefit subsequent mothering and child health.
Parallel Gray code optimization for high dimensional problems

A parallel Gray code optimization (PGCO) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The Gray code optimization (GCO) shares some similarities with genetic algorithm (GA) and evolutionary programming (EP). It uses a binary representation, but the only operator is the mutation of a number of bits. The evolving strategy utilizes the adjacency property of the Gray code. By controlling how many bits to flip, it keeps a balance between global search and local search. Another property of the GCO is that the population size is not fixed. It grows linearly with the dimension of the problem, which help to alleviate the curse of the dimensionality. In order to avoid the slow convergence of high dimensional problems, a parallel Gray code algorithm using message passing interface (MPI) was implemented. Its scalability in a Beowulf Windows Cluster was investigated.
Virtual radar imaging for sensor networks

Most approaches to sensor data collection in the literature are based on a multihop wireless relay between sensor nodes forming an ad hoc network to reach a remote data-processing destination. In this paper, we propose an alternative Virtual Radar paradigm, which, in its most rudimentary form, is implementable with sensor nodes without networking capabilities. We introduce this concept for a simple setting in which each sensor only has one bit of information to send (e.g., indicating whether the level of a certain chemical has crossed a threshold). "Active" sensors (those which have one to send) respond to a beacon sent by the collector node, precisely timed with a trigger sequence in the beacon. The collector node uses a modified version of synthetic aperture radar processing to obtain an "image" of the activity in the sensor network.
Harnessing homologous recombination in vitro to generate recombinant DNA via SLIC

We describe a new cloning method, sequence and ligation–independent cloning (SLIC), which allows the assembly of multiple DNA fragments in a single reaction using in vitro homologous recombination and single-strand annealing. SLIC mimics in vivo homologous recombination by relying on exonuclease-generated ssDNA overhangs in insert and vector fragments, and the assembly of these fragments by recombination in vitro. SLIC inserts can also be prepared by incomplete PCR (iPCR) or mixed PCR. SLIC allows efficient and reproducible assembly of recombinant DNA with as many as 5 and 10 fragments simultaneously. SLIC circumvents the sequence requirements of traditional methods and functions much more efficiently at very low DNA concentrations when combined with RecA to catalyze homologous recombination. This flexibility allows much greater versatility in the generation of recombinant DNA for the purposes of synthetic biology.
Role of Neurokinin-1 and Dopamine Receptors on the Striatal Methamphetamine-Induced Proliferation of New Cells in Mice

A neurotoxic dose of methamphetamine (METH) induces the loss of some striatal neurons. Interestingly, the METH-induced apoptosis in the striatum is immediately followed by the generation of new cells (cytogenesis). In the present study, we investigated the role of the neurokinin-1, dopamine D1 and D2 receptors on the METH-induced cytogenesis. To that end, male mice were given a single injection (30 mg/kg, ip) or a binge of METH (10mg/kg, 4× at two-hour intervals, ip). BrdU (100mg/kg, ip) was given 36 h after the last injection of METH. Newly generated cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and cell counts were performed using unbiased computerized stereology. Either single or binge exposure to METH resulted in the generation of new cells. The single optimized dose was used for subsequent mechanistic studies. Pretreatment with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.1mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to METH abrogated the METH-induced striatal cytogenesis. Pretreatment with the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (1mg/kg, ip) failed to affect this phenomenon. Finally, pretreatment with the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist WIN 51,708 (5mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to METH abrogated the METH-induced cytogenesis. In conclusion, neurokinin-1 and dopamine D1 receptors are required for the METH-induced striatal cytogenesis while the D2 receptor is without effect.
A multi-layer client-server queueing network model with synchronous and asynchronous messages

We develop and analyze a multi-layered queueing network model of a client-server system where clients and servers communicate via synchronous and asynchronous messages. The servers are organized in groups such that they form a multi-layered hierarchical structure. The messaging pattern may either be of a single-step hierarchical type or of non-hierarchical type. Depending on this, we identify two different types of queueing networks: Queueing networks with hierarchical messaging and queueing networks with non-hierarchical messaging. The former queueing network is analyzed approximately using a decomposition algorithm. Numerical tests show that the approximation algorithm has a good accuracy. Next, we outline an approximation algorithm to analyze queueing networks with non-hierarchical messaging. Further numerical tests to validate this algorithm are provided. Real-life applications which may be modelled by these type of queueing networks are also discussed.
Judges' Attitudes about and Experiences with Sentencing Circles in Intimate-Partner Abuse Cases

During the 1980s and 1990s, two important changes that occurred in criminal processing were seemingly at odds for intimate-partner abuse cases. The first was the move to treat gender-violence cases more seriously and more punitively. The second was the design and implementation of restorative justice practices, which was mandated for consideration in First Nations cases in R. v. Gladue in 1999. There has also been an ongoing debate globally as to whether restorative justice is appropriate in gender-violence cases. Additionally, some First Nations scholars worry that restorative justice is simply another way of controlling and punishing Aboriginal peoples. This study draws on interviews with 27 judges in a large Western province, a year before the Gladue decision, regarding their attitudes to and experiences with sentencing circles in intimate-partner abuse cases. The findings suggest cautious judicial support tempered by serious concerns.
Viral determinants of cellular tropism.

Cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage are the predominant cell type producing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in extravascular tissues; HIV-1 infection of mononuclear phagocytes may be di
Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High-quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first-line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins, posing patient treatment challenges. Azithromycin has proven to be an effective alternative for treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever. The availability of full genome sequences for S. enterica serotype Typhi and S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A confirms their place as monomorphic, human-adapted pathogens vulnerable to control measures if international efforts can be redoubled.
Electromyographic Activity of Shoulder Muscles During Unilateral Upper Extremity Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Patterns

Twenty-nine normal adults were tested to measure the electrical activity of the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle and sternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle during the performance of four upper extremity diagonal patterns with the elbow straight, flexing, and extending. The patterns were performed through range of motion, with an isometric contraction performed in the shortened range. With the elbow straight, the middle portion of the deltoid muscle was primarily active with shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation; the anterior portion of the deltoid muscle with shoulder flexion, adduction, and external rotation; the posterior portion of the deltoid muscle with shoulder extension, abduction, and internal rotation; and the sternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle with shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation. The middle and anterior portions of the deltoid muscle exhibited significantly greater activity in their optimal patterns with the elbow strainght, followed by patterns with the elbow flexing and significantly less activity with the elbow extending. The posterior portion of the deltoid muscle in its optimal pattern produced greatest activity with the elbow straight or extending. Findings confirm the patterns considered optimal for monitored portions of these two muscles in normal subjects. Suggestions are made for study of patients who exhibit imbalances of muscle strength.
The maximal robust controlled invariant set of uncertain switched systems

This paper presents a computational method for the maximal robust controlled invariant set (MRCIS) of a class of uncertain switched systems, whose system matrices are unknown but are convex combinations of known matrices. A recursive algorithm is given to compute the MRCIS. It is also shown that the MRCIS can be obtained from the MRCIS of all subsystems.
A mathematical example of the two-echelon inventory model with asymmetric market information

This paper examines the extended two-echelon newsboy problem for a manufacturer and retailer in a supply chain with asymmetric market information. In this scenario, the retailer has better knowledge of the market's demand, and the manufacturer perceives the same demand. This applied model presents how the manufacturer can take advantage of the retailer's market information and improve the efficiencies in the supply chain channel.
To Cre or not to Cre: the next generation of mouse models of human cardiac diseases.

Connecting genes and molecular pathways with in vivo physiological endpoints has never been a simple task. Dissecting the effects of the causal from the phenomenal, the environmental from the inherited, the developmental from the postnatal, the primary from the secondary, and the polygenic from the monogenic has been confounding at best. For those of us interested in complex human cardiovascular diseases, the situation has been even more difficult, given the multifactorial and integrative nature of the most important human diseases and biological processes, such as angiogenesis, atherogenesis, obesity, hypertension, and heart failure, to name a few. Over the last few years, a movement to capitalize on the availability of genetically modified mouse models has led to a resurgence in integrative physiology that has been spurred on by the development of a host of new technology for assaying in vivo phenotypes in the living mouse that now encompasses conscious blood pressure recording, hemodynamic catheterization, microdigitized angiography, noninvasive imaging via echocardiography, new MRI technology, programmed stimulation, long-term Holter monitoring, microsurgical implementation of pressure overload in both the right and left ventricles, in utero myocyte implantation, and many other new techniques.1 In short, physiologists have reinvented themselves by pushing the limits of miniaturization in genetically modified mouse model systems. In parallel, molecular biologists have expanded the tool box for generating genetically modified animals, which now encompasses the activation of a given mutation in specific cell types and at specific times using cre-lox technology for conditional mutagenesis.2 In this regard, the study in this issue of Circulation Research by Minamino et al3 makes a valuable contribution by suggesting the utility of a single transgene to allow ligand-dependent activation of the genetic modification of interest, which in this case is the expression of a LacZ reporter gene. The work underscores the feasibility …
Ocular hypotensive action of ergoline derivatives in rabbits: effects of sympathectomy and domperidone pretreatment

Ergot derivatives, such as bromocriptine, lergotrile and pergolide, are potent dopaminergic agonists in various biological systems. In topical doses ranging from 0.001 to IZ applied unilaterally, each agent produced dose-related ocular hypotension in normal rabbits. Utilizing an intraocular pressure (IOP) recovery rate method (aqueous formation index), each agent was observed to suppress the recovery rate of IOP in normal rabbits. Pretreatment with a prejunctional dopamine receptor antagonist (domperidone) inhibited the ocular hypotensive effect of bromocriptine and pergolide more than that of lergotrile. In rabbits with unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomies, IOP was lowered appreciably less by these compounds in the denervated eyes. These studies indicate that: a) lowering of IOP by these ergot derivatives is dependent, in part, on suppression of sympathetic neuronal activity; b) the most probable sites of action are DA2 receptors on sympathetic nerve endings or in sympathetic ganglia; c) ocular ...
Delinquency and the Schizophrenic Spectrum of Disorders

Abstract This paper hypothesizes that a linkage exists between some delinquency and the schizophrenic spectrum of disorders. Data from retrospective studies, follow-up studies, family studies, and our clinical and epidemiologic studies are presented to support this hypothesis.
Construction of YAC Contigs on Rice Chromosome 5

A physical map of rice chromosome 5 was constructed with yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones along a high-resolution molecular linkage map carrying 118 DNA markers distributed over 123.7 cM of genomic DNA. YAC clones have been identified by colony and Southern hybridization for 105 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for 8 sequence-tagged site (STS) markers and 5 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Of 458 YACs, 235 individual YACs with an average insert length of 350 kb were selected and ordered on chromosome 5 from the YAC library. Forty-eight contigs covering nearly 21 Mb were formed on the chromosome 5; the longest one was 6 cM and covered 1.5 Mb. The length covered with YAC clones corresponded to 62% of the total length of chromosome 5. There were many multicopy sequences of expressed genes on chromosome 5. The distribution of many copies of these expressed gene sequences was determined by YAC Southern hybridization and is discussed. A physical map with these characteristics provides a powerful tool for elucidation of genome structure and extraction of useful genetic information in rice.
When time flowed The Story of the Clepsydra

(1976). When time flowed The Story of the Clepsydra. La Houille Blanche: Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 347-353.
A global water vapor data set obtained by merging the SSMI and MODIS data

[1] At present, the column amount of atmospheric water vapor over clear land surfaces and over oceanic areas with sun glint is operationally retrieved from radiances measured with near-IR channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) instruments on board the NASA Terra and Aqua Spacecraft platforms. TPW over oceans has also been derived operationally from radiances measured by the Special Sensor Microwave Imagers (SSMI) on board different spacecraft. We report in this letter that a global water vapor data product with improved quality can be obtained by merging the monthly-mean MODIS near-IR TPW data over land and the SSMI TPW data over water surfaces. Major characteristics of the seasonal variations of TPW are described. Examples of water vapor anomalies associated with the 2002 El Nino event are presented. We expect that the merged TPW data product will have useful applications for the study of the global hydrological cycle.
Effects of positive-pressure ventilation, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade on respiratory variation in transmitral flow velocities.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of positive-pressure ventilation and experimentally induced pericardial effusion and tamponade on transmitral flow velocities in dogs. Design: Descriptive. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Eleven tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated dogs. Interventions: Experimental pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade were created by pericardial injection of warm saline. Measurements and Main Results: Hemodynamic parameters and pericardial pressures were monitored in the 11 dogs. Pulsed-wave Doppler tracings of mitral valve flow were obtained at the leaflet tips along with hemodynamic measurements at 4 stages: control, effusion (no decrease in mean arterial pressure), tamponade (≥40% decrease in mean arterial pressure), and tamponade relief (after evacuation of pericardial fluid). Maximal variation (36%) in transmitral flow velocity over the respiratory cycle during positive-pressure ventilation was seen in the control stage. In the effusion and tamponade stages, variation in transmitral flow velocity decreased progressively to 29% (p = 0.1804, not significant) and 16% (p
Mass Accretion Histories & Density Profiles of ΛCDM Clusters

We review briefly results presented in Tasitsiomi, Kravtsov, Gottloeber and Klypin, ApJ 607, 125 (2004).
Computer Society Sponsors Prizes at Intel Science Fair

Topics covered include prizes awarded at the Intel science fair, the 2009 IEEE Medal of Honor award winner, and the announcement of 2009 undergraduate research programs.
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on Carboxylic Acid SAMs on Ti-6Al-4V

The formation of methyl-terminated carboxylic acid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with even numbers of carbons, from eighteen to thirty, was investigated on the oxide surface of Ti-6Al-4V and component metal oxides. Modified surfaces were characterized using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and contact angle analysis. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that using aerosol spray deposition techniques, stable, all-trans SAMs of octacosanoic (28 carbons) and triacontanoic (30 carbons) acids were formed on the alloy. Films were similarly formed on titanium and aluminum oxide. The surface of vanadium oxide exhibited limited reactivity. MALDI-TOF MS confirmed that formed films were monolayers, without multilayers or aggregates present. Water contact angles are indicative of the presence of hydrophobic methyl groups at the interface. This stable carboxylic acid SAM formation could be a useful alternative to phosphonic acid SAMs for corrosion and other applications.
The effects of occupational characteristics on the experience and expression of anger in the workplace

This article examines the relationships among extensive interaction with others on the job, occupational status, and the experience and expression of anger in the workplace using data from the 1996 General Social Survey and occupational characteristic measures from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The findings indicate that individuals who spend much of their time interacting with others at work report experiencing workplace anger more frequently than other workers. The expression of anger was found to be associated with interacting with people at work, occupational status, and relative status. Individuals who deal with people at work are likely to discuss their experienced anger with someone other than the anger target, whereas individuals working in highly esteemed occupations are more likely than lower status workers to confront the target of their anger directly.
The Effect of Pectin, Galacturonic Acid and Alpha Methyl Galacturonate upon the Growth of Enterobacteriaceae

Various investigators have tried to attribute the action of the apple to one one of its components. Among thesewere (a) the tannins, whose astringment action was believed to precipitate a protective membrane over inflamed areas, (b) the fruit acids, such as malic which might inhibit bacteria and (c) the vitamin A content, considered instrumental in maintaining a normal mucous membrane in the intestine. Malyoth4 was the first to suggest the pectin constituent of the apple as the effective agent in the treatment of bacillary dysentery. In addition to sugars, pectin is the only substance present in appreciable quantities. Its activity has been attributed to its behavior as a buffer, its inhibition of peristalsis through its calcium and magnesium content, its physical character as a protective colloid rendering bacteria harmless by enmeshing them and removing them from the intestinal tract, and its detoxifying effect due to the uronic acid content. Meager experimental data, if any, is offered in support of these hypotheses. Haynes, Tompkins, Washburn and Winters5 reported a 2% pectin solution at hydrogen ion concentrations of 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 to be bactericidal, the greatest inhibition occurring at the lower PH. Shortly thereafter, Haynes et al6 attributed the inhibitory effect of the pectin used by them, to nickel which was present in concentrations of 0.22% (and less), and which entered the pectin during the manufacturing process. They reported that pectin from other commercial sources did not prove bactericidal.
The Possibilities of Weevil Development in Neglected Seeds in Warehouses

Bean growers as well as commercial bean warehouses usually keep lots of beans and cowpeas over the summer. Such lots of seeds furnish ideal breeding places for the common bean weevil, Bruchus obtectus , and for the four-spotted cowpea weevil, B. quadrimaculatus. They frequently become weevily and furnish the chief source of weevil infestation for the growing crop. Heavy infestations in the field have been traced directly to small lots of weevily seeds. The experiments here recorded show that several broods of weevils may develop in a small lot of seeds. Most of the weevils flyaway in search of new material on which to oviposit, but enough remain among the original seeds to keep up the infestation until practically all the available food has been removed. Sixty-nine pounds of black-eyed cowpeas produced approximately 368,000 emerged weevils or 4½ adults for each seed, and were reduced 62 per cent in weight.
Abstract ES3-1: Evaluation of Breast Cancer Predisposition in Different Clinical Venues

DNA sequence-based cancer susceptibility testing of the BRCA1/2 genes is now one of the most commonly ordered genetic tests in the United States. Increasingly sophisticated computer models help to inform the clinician as to the probability of identify a cancer-associated mutation based on both the nature of the tumor, e.g. estrogen receptor status, the age of onset of cancer, presence of ovarian cancer and the family history of the patient. However, even in clearly high-risk families there are additional levels of complexity which impact the cost of the testing, test choice and the usefulness of the results. Whenever possible it is preferable to initiate testing with an individual with cancer first, in order to clarify whether a BRCA1/2 mutation is responsible for the cancer susceptibility. Results of comprehensive sequence analysis can include either negative, deleterious mutation or variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Currently, the potential cancer risk associated with a VUS result is very broad which leads to confusion among providers and patients. Recommendations for further classifying these VUS results into risk stratified categories to aid clinical decision making have been proposed and efforts to implement these recommendations are being initiated by international groups. A key reason to pursue genetic testing is to identify which healthy relatives are at increased of cancer. Thus, to maximize the cost effectiveness of genetic testing, research on how testing is being performed on these downstream relatives is needed. In particular, the most efficient and least expensive testing requires that physicians caring for the relatives have available the detailed test results of the cancer patient. If the cancer patient carries a VUS, then testing of the healthy relative is typically not indicated. If the cancer patient carries a deleterious mutation, then testing of the relative should be for that specific mutation known as single site testing (or familial mutation testing). Our group queried physicians across five different medical specialties (family medicine, internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, general surgery and hematology/oncology) for test recommendations of at-risk relatives. The majority of physicians recommended full BRCA1/2 sequencing of a healthy at-risk relative whether provided information that the relative with cancer carried a deleterious mutation or VUS. These findings were not impacted by the physician9s own experience with BRCA1/2 testing and potentially result in tenfold higher testing costs compared with national recommendations. Thus, utilization of genetic professionals and improved education of diverse physician specialties about family-centered genetic test decision making may improve efficacy of risk prediction and substantially reduce costs associated with genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES3-1.
Etiological Analysis of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease in Jiangxi

Objective To investigate the etiological characteristics of children with hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Nanchang to provide the basis for clinical diagnosis Methods TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR technique was used for genetic detection of enterovirus 71(EV71),coxsackievirus A16(CA16) and universal enterovirus(EV) in 768 throat swab samples from patients with suspected HFMD. Results Among the 768 samples,489(63.67%) were EV PCR-positive,233(30.34%) were EV71 PCR-positive,and 103(13.41%) were CA16 PCR-positive.EV71 positive rate in inpatients was 36.67%,which was obviously higher than that(21.88%)in outpatients.Therefore,EV71 was the main pathogen causing severe symptoms.Conclusion The major causative agents of HFMD include EV71(30.34%) and CA16(13.41%) and EV71 PCR-positive rate in inpatients is obviously higher than that in outpatients,suggesting that EV71 is the main pathogen causing severe HFMD.
Kinetics and thermochemistry of the reactions of CH3CCl2 and (CH3)2CCl radicals with molecular oxygen

The kinetics of the reactions CH3CCl2 + O2 ⇌ CH3CCl2O2 → products (1) and (CH3)2CCl + O2 ⇌ (CH3)2CClO2 → products (2) have been studied using laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectrometry. Decay constants of the radicals were determined in time-resolved experiments as a function of temperature (299−1000 K (reaction 1) and 299−700 K (reaction 2)) and bath gas density ([He] = (3−48) × 1016 molecules cm-3 (reaction 1) and (3−24) × 1016 molecules cm-3 (reaction 2)). At room temperature the rate constants are in the falloff region under the conditions of the experiments. Relaxation to equilibrium in the addition step of the reaction was monitored within the temperature ranges 430−500 K (reaction 1) and 490−550 K (reaction 2). Equilibrium constants were determined as functions of temperature and used to obtain the enthalpies of the addition step of the reactions 1 and 2. At high temperatures (600−700 K) the rate constant of reaction 2 is independent of both pressure and temperature within the uncertainty o...
A Model of Yeast Cell-Cycle Regulation Based on a Standard Component Modeling Strategy for Protein Regulatory Networks

To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell cycle progression in eukaryotes, a variety of mathematical modeling approaches have been employed, ranging from Boolean networks and differential equations to stochastic simulations. Each approach has its own characteristic strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we propose a “standard component” modeling strategy that combines advantageous features of Boolean networks, differential equations and stochastic simulations in a framework that acknowledges the typical sorts of reactions found in protein regulatory networks. Applying this strategy to a comprehensive mechanism of the budding yeast cell cycle, we illustrate the potential value of standard component modeling. The deterministic version of our model reproduces the phenotypic properties of wild-type cells and of 125 mutant strains. The stochastic version of our model reproduces the cell-to-cell variability of wild-type cells and the partial viability of the CLB2-dbΔ clb5Δ mutant strain. Our simulations show that mathematical modeling with “standard components” can capture in quantitative detail many essential properties of cell cycle control in budding yeast.
Intuition in the Art and Science of Medicine

Persons practiced in the medical disciplines often simply see what is wrong with a patient and what ought to be done. They have the right intuition. There is a problem in assessing the significance of such claims. Do such persons simply have a non-inferential knowledge of what is at stake? Or are they so practiced that they, in an unconscious fashion, produce a proper inferential conclusion? Are such intuitions, in fact, simply unconscious inferences open to reconstruction and critical evaluation, so that in the end one would be able through a science of medical decision-making to improve upon their intuitions? What do intuitions have to do with physicians who say they are practiced in the art of medicine? Does being a good artist, rather than just a good scientist, require possessing intuitions? One’s view of the significance of the intuitions of clinicians will have major implications for how one regards the science of medical decision-making as well as the contrast often drawn between the science and the art of medicine.
Ex Vivo Culture and Separation of Functional Renal Cells

The following methods outline the procedures for isolating primary renal cells from kidney tissue via enzymatic digestion, followed by their culture, harvest, and then fractionation of renal subpopulations from primary culture. The current methods describe procedures to sub-fractionate biologically active cells that have been used to treat and stabilize renal function in models of chronic kidney disease (Kelley et al. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 299(5):F1026-F1039, 2010).
Dissolution of Uric Acid Stones

A great revolution has taken place in the treatment of urolithiasis in the last few years. Percutaneous lithotripsy, which is minimally invasive, and extracorporeal lithotripsy, which is non-invasive, have made the removal of urinary stones much less morbid than the older, open techniques. Not all stones that need to be removed must be removed surgically. Chemolysis of cystine, struvite, and, particularly, uric acid stones is possible. Dissolving stones by an oral program on an outpatient basis would certainly seem more cost-effective than surgical removal. We undertook a prospective study to examine the effectiveness and safety of dissolving uric acid stones. It has long been known that uric acid stones can be dissolved by oral therapy (1–7). However, these reports tend to be retrospective studies of a few cases, and little can be said about the effectiveness and safety of an oral dissolution program. We present our experience with 21 patients who had relatively lucent, minimally obstructive stones.
Stimuli-Responsive Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

An emerging concept is that cancers strongly depend on both internal and external signals for growth and invasion. In this review, we will discuss pathological and physical changes in the tumor microenvironment and how these changes can be exploited to design gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy. These intrinsic changes include extracellular and intracellular pH, extracellular matrix enzymes, and glutathione concentration. External stimuli include the application of laser, ultrasound and X-ray. The biology behind these changes and the chemistry behind the responding mechanisms to these changes are reviewed. Examples of recent in vitro and in vivo studies are also presented, and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed.