cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The United Kingdom and United States Health Care Systems: a Comparison:

Health care services and systems are fundamental to any society, and health status is directly proportional to standard of living. This article analyzes and compares two of the major health care systems of the world, the National Health Service (NHS) of the United Kingdom and the health care system of the United States; it also references community care nursing. Both health care systems were founded on high ideals and have been able to deliver results to a large extent. However, there will always be areas for improvements. These areas are enumerated and analyzed in this article. This analysis can provide some guidance to the best possible health care delivery model. It has been said that the United States has structured health care as a commodity, whereas the United Kingdom has considered it a part of the welfare state. Neither model, however, has fully accomplished the goal of meeting quality, equitable access, and cost effectiveness.
TU‐C‐I‐609‐09: Towards Low‐Dose Soft‐Tissue Visualization in Megavoltage Imaging: Initial Evaluation of a Prototype High Quantum Efficiency Segmented Crystal‐Based Portal Imager

Purpose: To demonstrate the potential for low‐dose soft‐tissue visualization at megavoltage x‐ray energies using a novel, high‐QE segmented CsI(Tl) detector incorporated in an active matrix flat panel imager (AMFPI). Method and Materials: A prototype AMFPI EPID was developed, incorporating a 40 mm thick, non‐optimized, segmented detector comprised of 160×160 optically‐isolated, crystalline CsI(Tl) elements spaced at 1016 μm pitch. The detector was coupled to an indirect detection‐based active matrix array (508 μm pitch) ‐ each detector element registered to 2×2 array pixels. Detailed quantitative characterization of the prototype imager was performed under radiotherapy conditions (6MV) to determine x‐ray sensitivity, MTF, NPS and DQE. Images of a contrast‐detail phantom and step wedges of low‐contrast tissue equivalent materials were acquired at a dose corresponding to a single beam pulse. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the upper limits of the frequency‐dependent DQE for this prototype EPID as well as for a variety of hypothetical segmented detector configurations. Results: The prototype imager exhibited over an order of magnitude higher DQE at zero spatial frequency compared to conventional AMFPI systems, with gradual fall‐off at higher frequencies. Contrast differences between 1, 2 and 3 cm thick lung tissue phantom (density ∼0.3 g/cm3) overlying an ∼1 cm thick acrylic slab were observed in projection images acquired at a single 6MV beam pulse. Finally, theoretical calculations suggest that DQE up to 50%, along with further improvements in MTF, may be achievable through further optimization of the segmented detector design. Conclusion: The high DQE values and good contrast resolution exhibited by the prototype imager, as well as prospects for further significant improvements in DQE, open up the enticing possibility of obtaining soft‐tissue contrast at clinically practical doses in megavoltage tomographic and perhaps, even projection imaging. This work was supported by NIH grant R01‐CA51397.
Improving redundant robotic manipulator precision using heuristic motion resolution measures

Kinematically redundant robotic manipulators are capable of concurrently achieving multiple manipulation goals, including collision avoidance and energy minimisation, by resolving kinematic null spaces. Given specifications for manipulator joint motion resolution and accuracy, null spaces can also be resolved to increase end effector motion precision, which is a critical capability for micromanipulation tasks. This work outlines a heuristic computational method for controlling and designing robotic manipulators to achieve greater effective motion resolution on specific tasks. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated through case studies in workspace planning and in morphological and mechanical design optimisation.
Performance of a low-pass filter for far-infrared wavelengths.

We describe a low-pass filter that provides high in-band transmittance and excellent rejection at nu > 100 cm^-1. The transmittance of the filter components was measured at liquid-helium temperatures from 10 to 10,000 cm^-1. The total transmittance is > 50% for nu 300 cm^-1. The filter was successfully used in a liquid-helium-cooled, rocketborne, far-infrared absolute photometer.
Online Detection of Repeated Structures in Point Clouds of Urban Scenes for Compression and Registration

Laser range scans of urban areas have a distinctive geometry dominated by facade and ground planes and repetitive regular fenestration. Detection of these ubiquitous features provides profound insights into the scene. We present a novel method for detecting major planes and repetitive architectural features. Armed with this knowledge we illustrate its application in compression and registration of range scans. What is more our algorithm operates online, processing the scan as it is retrieved by the scanner. This realtime approach opens up new possibilities in range data segmentation, compression and registration.
Comparison of Resource Requirements for a Wind Tunnel Test Designed with Conventional vs. Modern Design of Experiments Methods

The factors that determine data volume requirements in a typical wind tunnel test are identified. It is suggested that productivity in wind tunnel testing can be enhanced by managing the inference error risk associated with evaluating residuals in a response surface modeling experiment. The relationship between minimum data volume requirements and the factors upon which they depend is described and certain simplifications to this relationship are realized when specific model adequacy criteria are adopted. The question of response model residual evaluation is treated and certain practical aspects of response surface modeling are considered, including inference subspace truncation. A wind tunnel test plan developed by using the Modern Design of Experiments illustrates the advantages of an early estimate of data volume requirements. Comparisons are made with a representative One Factor At a Time (OFAT) wind tunnel test matrix developed to evaluate a surface to air missile.
Scattering amplitude as a function of the obstacle

Abstract Let D j , j = 1,2, be two bounded domains (obstacles) in R n , n ≥ 2, with the boundaries Г. Let A j be the scattering amplitude corresponding to D j . The Dirichlet boundary condition is assumed on Г j . A formula is derived for A ≔ A 1 − A 2 . This formula is used for a derivation of the derivative of the scattering amplitude with respect to Г, the boundary of the obstacle.
Progress in mitochondrial epigenetics

Mitochondria, intracellular organelles with their own genome, have been shown capable of interacting with epigenetic mechanisms in at least four different ways. First, epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of nuclear genome influence mitochondria by modulating the expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Second, a cell-specific mitochondrial DNA content (copy number) and mitochondrial activity determine the methylation pattern of nuclear genes. Third, mitochondrial DNA variants influence the nuclear gene expression patterns and the nuclear DNA (ncDNA) methylation levels. Fourth and most recent line of evidence indicates that mitochondrial DNA similar to ncDNA also is subject to epigenetic modifications, particularly by the 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine marks. The latter interaction of mitochondria with epigenetics has been termed 'mitochondrial epigenetics'. Here we summarize recent developments in this particular area of epigenetic research. Furthermore, we propose the term 'mitoepigenetics' to include all four above-noted types of interactions between mitochondria and epigenetics, and we suggest a more restricted usage of the term 'mitochondrial epigenetics' for molecular events dealing solely with the intra-mitochondrial epigenetics and the modifications of mitochondrial genome.
A media-based acculturation scale for Mexican-Americans: application to public health education programs.

The development and validation of an acculturation scale for Mexican-Americans is described. Media Acculturation Scale (MAS) items were included in a survey as part of an evaluation of a 5-part Spanish radio serries on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. Mexican-American adult women living in 2 adjacent suburban communities in Texas formed the target audience for the radio health promotion program. 795 women participated in a telephone interview that assessed health knowledge attitudes and behavior media language preferences and demographic characteristics. 496 women were sampled immediately before the radio show was aired and a 2nd (posttest) group of 299 women was sampled immediately after the week-long series was aired. A clear sociodemographic and media usage pattern emerges for the Mexican-Americans in this study: the least acculturated group tend to be older and less educated foreign-born and homemakers and earn less income when employed than the more acculturated groups. In addition they exhibited less CVD risk factor knowledge than their counterparts but by identifying and targeting their media usage patterns the study significantly increased their CVD knowledge.
Plant discoveries from PABITRA-related exploration in Papua New Guinea

Abstract Unlike many of the archipelagic stations comprising the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) network, the flora of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is exceedingly speciose and in a remarkable state of preservation. Sites targeted for PABITRA action in PNG are unexplored or have only very limited botanical documentation. Vegetation sampling under such a combination of circumstances is highly problematic, particularly with respect to identification of sterile material from plot enumerations. The country team has thus pursued a study plan based on intensive collection and taxonomic evaluation, conducted prior to establishment of transects. Sterile vouchers can be determined to an acceptable level of confidence when matched to fertile specimens obtained from comprehensive exploration. Substantial numbers of new taxa are being revealed by the PABITRA assessments as a collateral benefit of this procedure. The following narrative summarizes the discoveries which have resulted from ongoing investigations in poorly known environments, and discusses some implications for future floristic work in Papuasia.
Vibrational analysis of aromatic esters

Abstract An eighty seven parameter valence force field for aromatic esters has been determined. Forty two force constants were assigned values determined from earlier work on alkyl benzenes and aliphatic ethers. Forty-five force constants were adjusted using 345 observed frequencies for methyl benzoate, methyl- d 3 benzoate, ethyl benzoate, ethyl- d 5 benzoate, dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl terephthalate- d 4 , diethyl terephthalate, dibenzoyl ethylene glycol, and dibenzoyl ethylene- d 4 glycol. Neglecting the CH-stretching modes, the average error betweeen calculated and observed frequencies was approximately 7.2 cm −1 .
Theoretical interactions between ventilator settings and proximal deadspace ventilation during tracheal gas insufflation.

Objective To investigate the theoretical interactions between ventilator settings, tracheal gas insufflation (TGI), and alveolar ventilation.
Cerebral resuscitation after global brain ischemia: linking research to practice

Despite significant advances in resuscitation medicine, neurologic recovery continues to be the major limiting factor in achieving successful resuscitation outcomes. Clinicians must recognize that successful resuscitation outcomes are not limited to the restoration of normal cardiac rhythm and hemodynamics, but rather the restoration of human mentation. It is well recognized that a cascade of injurious events begins within minutes of ischemia and that ischemic and postischemic events cause significant neuronal damage. An increased understanding of the pathophysiology of global brain ischemia provides evidence of a therapeutic window of opportunity during which interventions hold the potential to improve neurologic outcome. The research basis for understanding global brain ischemia, its clinical prognosis, and potential intervention strategies are examined.
Reflections on a Multicultural Internship Experience

During the 1986–1987 academic year, the author worked as a predoctoral intern in a multicultural counseling training program. In this article the author shares his reflections on the internship and provides potential trainees with a vicarious experience of the following important challenges encountered in multicultural counseling: (a) addressing the fears involved in crossing cultural boundaries, (b) learning about and working with ethnic-minority groups, (c) developing culturally appropriate counseling skills, and (d) confronting ethnocentrism. As a case study in multicultural training, this article supports the training models of Pedersen (1988) and Sue, Akutsu, and Higashi (1985). Implications of the author's experiences for counselor training are discussed. Durante el ano academico 1986–1987 el autor trabajo como interno predoctoral en un programa de entrenamiento de consejeria multicultural. En este articulo el autor comparte sus reflexiones del internado y describe a los potenciales practicantes los importantes desafios que se pueden encontrar en la consejeria multicultural: (a) los miedos que hay en cruzar fronteras culturales; (b) trabajar con grupos de minorias etnicas y aprender de ellos; (c) el desarrollo de habilidades de consejeria culturalmente apropiados; y (d) el enfrentarse al etnocentrismo. Este articulo, como un caso de estudio en entrenamiento multicultural, sostiene los modelos de entrenamiento de Pedersen (1988) y Sue, Akutsu, y Higashi (1985). Se discuten las implicaciones de las experiencias del autor para el entrenamiento de consejeros.
World Trade Center-related physical and mental health burden among New York City Fire Department emergency medical service workers

Objectives To describe the health burden among Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) emergency medical service (EMS) workers and examine its association with work at the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster site. Methods In this observational cohort study, we used FDNY physician diagnoses to estimate the cumulative incidence of physical health conditions including rhinosinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), obstructive airways disease (OAD) and cancer among EMS workers and demographically similar firefighters who were active on 11 September 2001 (9/11). Validated screening instruments were used to estimate the prevalence of probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), probable depression and probable harmful alcohol use. We also analysed the association between health conditions and WTC-exposure. Results Among 2281 EMS workers, the 12-year post-9/11 cumulative incidence (11 September 2001 to 31 December 2013) of rhinosinusitis was 10.6%; GERD 12.1%; OAD 11.8%; cancer 3.1%. The prevalence of probable PTSD up to 12 years after exposure was 7%; probable depression 16.7%; and probable harmful alcohol use 3%. Compared with unexposed, EMS workers who arrived earliest at the site had higher adjusted relative risks (aRR) for most conditions, including rhinosinusitis (aRR=3.7; 95% CI 2.2 to 6.0); GERD (aRR=3.8; 95% CI 2.4 to 6.1); OAD (aRR=2.4: 95% CI 1.7 to 3.6); probable PTSD (aRR=7.0; 95% CI 3.6 to 13.5); and, probable depression (aRR=2.3; 95% CI 1.6 to 3.1). Conclusions In this 12-year study, we documented a high burden of health conditions associated with WTC-exposure among FDNY EMS workers. These findings underscore the importance of continued monitoring and treatment of this workforce.
Morphological transformation induced by glass fibers in BALB/c-3T3 cells.

Studies were conducted to determine whether (1) glass fibers can induce morphological transformation in BALB/c-3T3 cells, (2) the transforming activity of glass fibers is related to fiber size, and (3) transformed cells induced by glass fibers possess neoplastic properties. In the transformation assay, BALB/c-3T3 cells were treated with three different types of glass fibers: Manville code 100 (JM-100, Manville Corp., Denver, CO), Owens-Corning AAA-10 (AAA-10, Owens-Corning Corp., Toledo, OH), and Owens-Corning general building insulation (ISL, Owens-Corning Corp.) fibers. The neoplastic properties were investigated using the soft agar cloning and gene transfection methods. All three different glass fibers were cytotoxic at high concentrations and induced dose-related increases in morphological transformation. The transforming activity was inversely related to fiber size, with AAA-10 showing higher activity than JM-100 and JM-100 showing higher activity than ISL fiber. Transformed cells induced by glass fibers exerted anchorage-independent growth (90%) and DNA transfection-mediated transformation (100%). These results indicate that glass fibers are capable of transforming mammalian (BALB/c-3T3) cells in vitro as a function of their physical properties and that glass fiber-induced transformed cells possess preneoplastic characteristics © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Functional coupling to brush border creatine kinase imparts a selective energetic advantage to contractile ring myosin in intestinal epithelial cells

The B-CK isozyme of cytoplasmic creatine kinase is localized distinctly in the terminal web region of the intestinal epithelial cell brush border (Keller and Gordon: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 19:169-179, 1991). Experiments were performed to determine whether this CK is energetically coupled to the myosin II that is present in the circumferential ring and interrootlet structural domains of the brush border terminal web. In isolated brush borders, ATP-dependent circumferential ring contraction and interrootlet myosin solubilization were supported either by an exogenous PEP-pyruvate kinase-based ATP-regeneration system (PEP-PK) or by the addition of phosphocreatine to the endogenous B-CK-based ATP-regeneration system (PCr-B-CK). Addition of an exogenous hexokinase-glucose ATP-hydrolysis system (HK-G) effectively blocked both contraction and myosin solubilization in the PEP-PK assay. In contrast, HK-G had no significant effect on PCr-B-CK-supported brush border contraction, although it did inhibit interrootlet myosin solubilization. Thus, when high-energy phosphate is supplied as phosphocreatine, brush border B-CK imparts to the circumferential ring myosin a selective energetic advantage over other ATPases. These results suggest that myosin and B-CK are functionally coupled in the brush border circumferential ring, where they might comprise one end of an energy circuit that supplies energy for contraction, but that colocalization of CK with myosin in the brush border interrootlet domain is insufficient to establish functional coupling.
Diagnostic models for engineering process management: A critical review of objectives, constraints and applicable tools

Abstract Automated and computer-based systems for the dynamic management of complex engineering processes have been the subject of active research in recent years. Many of these systems have adopted methodology and technology from the field of artificial intelligence and expert system research. In real-time process diagnosis and process management applications, where model based reasoning may be highly beneficial in terms of speed and functionality, a larger confluence of methods and approaches has started to form. The objective of these applications often includes, besides performing automated fault analysis and diagnosis, also establishing levels of confidence for the results that are obtained. Thus, both deterministic and uncertainty-based models and reasoning frameworks are often needed. Of interest among the deterministic modeling techniques that can be used in a PMS (Process Management System) are binary trees, rule networks, and graph networks, which in turn include influence diagrams, logic flowgraph methodology and signed directed graph. PMS uncertainty management can be based on formal probabilistic methods, such as Bayesian estimation and updating, or less traditional methods such as certainty factors, Dempster—Schafer theory and fuzzy-set theory. The main features, advantages and disadvantages of the approaches and methods that are suitable for use in a PMS are critically examined and discussed.
Designing and Optimal Privatisation Plan for Restructuring Firms and Institutes in Transition

Abstract A privitization authority (PA) wishes to establish and find buyers for firms it creates in those industries. Agents, facing a privatization plan specifying the percentage of ownership offered, payment (subsidy) required, and number of firms per industry, maximise expected utility which depends on profit, effort, and a random element. The PA selects the Stackelberg-optimal plan. We show the existence of this plan and conditions for uniqueness. We provide conditions under which subsidies are necessary and additional ownership must be offered as a further incentive. A lower bound on an agent′s ownership share is derived; optimal sizes of industries are established. J. Comp. Econom., August 1995, 21 (1), pp. 1-28, New York University, New York, New York 10012.
The Effect of Fiscal Deficits on Interest Rates: Reply to Spiro

doing jointly. I had planned to acknowledge the mistake at the time that the paper reporting the new work would be issued. The mistake is a common one, but nevertheless an embarrassing one. When the data reflecting the deficit were copied, they simply were left with the negative signs that they would have if one were referring to fiscal balances, rather than fiscal deficits. I regret the error. Since I wrote that paper (some time in early 1985), several articles have pointed out that changes in the policy rule and operating procedures governing the behavior of the U.S. Federal Reserve System make the kind of statistical analysis carried out in my paper, which took short-term interest rates as the dependent variable, somewhat suspect (see Dwyer (1985) and Kaufman and Lombra (1986)). If the authors of these articles are right, one should resist the temptation simply to change the sign of the deficit variable in the estimated equations of my paper. If the paper did not in fact prove that fiscal deficits caused an increase in short-term interest rates, it should not be interpreted as necessarily having proven that fiscal deficits lowered interest rates.1 Despite the error made, I remain convinced that, if a relationship exists between
Literary politics and the Euripidean Vita

The earliest surviving poetic representation of Euripides, outside of comedy, appears in a piece of early third-century Alexandrian poetry and the picture it paints of the Athenian tragedian is in some ways a surprising one. In his ‘Catalogue of loves’, a terribly corrupt fragment from the third book of the Leontion, Hermesianax of Colophon introduces his lines on Euripides' doomed romantic infatuation with the affirmation that ‘even he’ (ϰἀϰeiνον), that notorious hater of women, was once ‘struck by the crooked bow’. Night did not relieve his suffering,ἀλλὰ Μαϰηδονίων πάσας ϰατeνίσατο λαύραςΑἰγάων μeθέπων Ἀρχέλeω ταμίην, 66eἰσόϰe δαίμων Eὐριπίδῃ eὕρeτ᾿ ὄλeθρονἈρριβίου στυγνῶν ἀντιάσαντι ϰυνῶν. (7.65–8)66 Αἰγάων Bergk: αἰγιeων ARather he went down all the alleyways of Macedonian Aegaein pursuit of the housemaid of Archelaus,until a daemon found death for Euripideswhen he came across the hated hounds of Arribius.While one of the themes Hermesianax' catalogue foregrounds is how lovesick poets of the past left home to pursue their beloveds abroad, the lines on Euripides are remarkable for their elision of this poet's native Attica.
Desglycinamide-9-arginine-8-vasopressin (DGAVP, Organon 5667) in patients with dementia.

Abstract —Vasopressin peptides have been shown to facilitate learning and memory in both animals and humans; however, the effectiveness in humans is controversial. In a double blind parallel group study, 17 demented subjects (either Alzheimer's or alcoholic) were given either desglycinamide-9-arginine-8-vasopressin (DGAVP) 92 μg intranasally TID or an identical placebo for 1 week after having received 1 week of placebo. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DGAVP being used in subjects with dementia. The DGAVP group had a statistically significant improvement on the Buschke list learning of low imagery words. However, for various reasons discussed in the paper, we feel this finding needs to be replicated before any definite conclusions can be drawn. Since there were no other appreciable behavioral effects of this DGAVP regimen, our results should be considered negative. There was no evidence of any DGAVP-related adverse effects, except for possible weight gain.
EPR studies of ion pairing in nematic butyl p-(p-ethoxyphenoxy carbonyl)—phenyl carbonate

Abstract The potassium salt of tetracyanoethylene (KTCNE) has been dissolved in nematic butyl p -( p -ethoxyphenoxy carbonyl)—phenyl carbonate by itself and in the presence of the ionophores 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, cryptand 222, nonactin, and valinomycin. The EPR spectra obtained from the ionophore containing solutions indicate the following equilibrium IK + + TCNE − ⇌ (IK + — TCNE − ). Here I represents the ionophore and (IK + — TCNE − ) represents an ionophore complexed loose ion pair. A similar equilibrium occurs in the absence of the ionophore. In general for the (IK + — TCNE − ) ion pair, the degree of orientational ordering and the magnitude of its temperature dependence decrease as the molecular weight of I increases.
Controlling recursive inference

Abstract Loosely speaking, recursive inference occurs when an inference procedure generates an infinite sequence of similar subgoals. In general, the control of recursive inference involves demonstrating that recursive portions of a search space will not contribute any new answers to the problem beyond a certain level. We first review a well-known syntactic method for controlling repeating inference (inference where the conjuncts processed are instances of their ancestors), provide a proof that it is correct, and discuss the conditions under which the strategy is optimal. We also derive more powerful pruning theorems for cases involving transitivity axioms and cases involving subsumed subgoals. The treatment of repeating inference is followed by consideration of the more difficult problem of recursive inference that does not repeat. Here we show how knowledge of the properties of the relations involved and knowledge about the contents of the system's database can be used to prove that portions of a search space will not contribute any new answers.
Incorporating simplified decision rules into tourist decision making processes: A case of fishing trips

Abstract A key assumption of preference valuation methods is that ‘rational’ individuals fully process the information contained in the choice sets for utility maximization. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that individuals are not perfect in terms of managing information processing tasks, and often ignore certain pieces of information. Incorporating such decision making behavior is expected to reduce a source of modeling errors and improve the quality of valuation results. Using a case of recreation and tourism fishing trips, study results indicated that the majority of respondents ignored certain choice attributes when making decisions. Increasing the accuracy of preference measures is an ultimate goal of preference valuation research, and therefore recent developments in decision sciences should be incorporated.
Insect development. IV. External morphology of grasshopper embryos of known age and with a known temperature history

Eggs of Melanoplus differentialis, a grasshopper, secured immediately after they had been laid, were placed in a water bath kept at 25°C, and allowed to develop for definite periods. After fixation, the embryos were dissected out of the eggs and drawn. Large numbers of eggs were examined in order to determine the degree of variation under specific conditions. For the stages following revolution, eggs were used in which ‘hibernation’ had been prevented by exposure to low temperatures.
Theoretical Overview of Quark Gluon Plasma

Abstract The quark gluon plasma created in high energy nuclear collisions has been found to be strongly coupled. Interesting avenues for theoretical studies of this matter are presented along with implications for heavy ion collisions, for neutron stars, and for cosmology.
Expression of correctly folded proteins in Escherichia coli

Many heterologous polypeptides fail to fold into their native state when expressed in Escherichia coli; instead, they are either degraded by the cellular proteolytic machinery or accumulate in insoluble form, typically as inclusion bodies. Misfolding is a particularly vexing problem in the expression of mammalian proteins, especially those that are composed of multiple subunits, have several disulfide bonds, or contain prosthetic groups. Fortunately, bacteria exhibit a remarkable physiological plasticity that can be successfully exploited to improve protein folding. Significant yields of active heterologous proteins have been obtained through strategies that include the co-expression of homologous or heterologous folding accessory proteins, the optimization of growth conditions, and the use of fusion proteins. A flood of recent reports documenting the successful production of complex eukaryotic proteins in active form have demonstrated that bacteria can provide the proper environment for the folding of the vast majority of recombinant polypeptides.
Basal, but not overload-induced, myonuclear addition is attenuated by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of blocking nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity via NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) on myonuclear addition in skeletal muscle under basal and overloaded conditions. Female Sprague–Dawley rats (approx. 220 g) were placed into 1 of the following 4 groups (n = 7–9/group): 7-day skeletal muscle overload (O), sham operation (S), skeletal muscle overload with l-NAME treatment (OLN), and sham operation with l-NAME treatment (SLN). Plantaris muscles were overloaded via bilateral surgical ablation of the gastrocnemius muscles and l-NAME (0.75 mg/mL) was administered in the animals’ daily drinking water starting 2 days prior to surgery and continued until sacrifice. Myonuclear addition was assessed as subsarcolemmal incorporation of nuclei labeled with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (approx. 25 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1) delivered via osmotic pump during the overload period. As expected, muscle wet mass, total protein content, fiber cross-sectional area, and m...
Control by Phytochrome of 14C-Sucrose Incorporation into Buds of Etiolated Pea Seedlings

When etiolated pea epicotyls are excised immediately above the cotyledons and dipped basally into 14 C-sucrose, their terminal buds respond to red light by increased growth (IG) and enhanced incorporation of sucrose (EIS). Both phenomena are phytochrome controlled, showing typical kinetics, reversal by far-red light, escape from photochemical control and limitation to leaf tissue. EIS is of greater magnitude, occurs more rapidly and is saturated by lower energies of red light than IG, suggesting its possible importance as a controlling reaction in phytochrome-mediated growth. Both IG and EIS are best shown in the presence of a long epicotyl derived from a 5 to 6-day-old seedling in the presence of about 0.1 m unlabeled sucrose in the medium. Enhanced incorporation is most dramatic with sucrose; lesser effects are shown with fructose, glucose, maltose and ribose in that order. Both level of incorporation and red light effects are poor for labeled tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, acetic acid, cinnamic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid. The possible connection between carbohydrates and phytochrome-mediated photomorphogenesis is considered.
Studies on the enzymatic synthesis of cholesterol: use of a liver acetone powder.

We have defined special conditions for the preparation of an acetone powder of rat liver microsomes which is capable of converting squalene to cholesterol in high yield. This preparation is also useful for the demonstration of cofactor requirements for certain reactions in sterol biosynthesis. Buffer washed acetone powders are virtually completely dependent upon the 105,000 ×g supernatant of rat liver (S105) for activity, yet S105 by itself is inert in sterol synthesis. The ability of S105 to stimulate sterol synthesis is heat liable, nondialyzable, trypsin sensitive, and has been partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200. These results plus other experiments support the following hypothesis: the 105,000 ×g supernatant of rat liver (S105) contains a noncatalytic carrier protein (Sterol Carrier Protein or SCP) which originates from the endoplasmic reticulum, binds the substrate, and makes the substrate reactive to the sterol synthesizing enzymes present in the acetone powder of liver microsomes. The participation of SCP may be an important general mechanism in the biological synthesis of cholesterol.
Late Mississippian Rhythmic Sediments of Mississippi Valley

The upper part of the Mississippian column in the type region is the Pope Megagroup, a cyclic alternation of limestone-dominated and clastic-dominated units. Its lower boundary transects time, so that in different districts the Pope equals part of the Chesterian, all of the Chesterian, or includes the Chesterian plus some late Valmeyeran. Within the type region these rocks are essentially confined to the Illinois basin, which as it gradually sank was repeatedly filled by sediments carried from eastern Canada by the Michigan River system, and by locally precipitated limestone. The fill averaged half mud, a quarter sand, and a quarter limestone. The shoreline fluctuated several hundred miles landward (northeastward) and seaward, with 70 or more minor reversals in direction superimposed on about 15 major cycles of advance and retreat. Sea-level is inferred to have been relatively static, and variation in rainfall was the primary factor controlling sedimentary cycles. A clastic unit was deposited when the Michigan River delta prograded scores or hundreds of miles across the subsiding basin in response to increased sediment yield that was triggered by a drier climate in the source area. Lunate sand bars at the mouths of advancing distributaries were lengthened into bar fingers. Unweathered grooves, later filled with more sand, were gouged far below sea-level behind the advancing mouth bars. The delta surface supported vegetation and in some cycles became a great sea-level swamp when increased humidity and more effective plant cover in the source region so reduced sediment yield that clastic sedimentation could no longer keep pace with basin sinking. When plant growth could not keep up with continued subsidence, the sea again covered the area and limestone was deposited until return to a drier climate at the sediment source brought the cycle full turn. A few cycles seem correlated with changes in sea-level, as were many Pennsylvanian cycles. The alternation between tropical pluvial and subtropical interpluvial stages that caused the cyclic sedimentation in what is now the northern hemisphere corresponded in some manner to fluctuations of the boundary of continental ice in the southern hemisphere. However, the direct control of the sedimentary rhythms was rainfall, not glaciation.
IL-4-dependent effector phase in autoimmune exocrinopathy as defined by the NOD.IL-4-gene knockout mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome.

NOD mice manifest many features of autoimmune exocrinopathy (Sjogren's syndrome), a disease generally characterized by a chronic, progressive immunological attack against the exocrine tissues of the salivary and lacrimal glands. Previous studies using the NOD congenic partner strain, NOD.Igmu(null), defined an important role for B lymphocytes in the development of xerostomia, implicating autoantibodies reactive with the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor (M3R) as the possible effector mechanism. In the present study, we have examined the impact of the cytokine, interleukin (IL)-4, on autoimmune exocrinopathy by using the IL-4 gene knockout (KO) NOD mouse strain, NOD.IL-4-/-. Despite manifesting the physiological aberrations and marked leukocytic infiltration of the salivary glands characteristic of autoimmune xerostomia in NOD mice, the NOD.IL-4-/- mice do not develop xerostomia. However, NOD.IL-4-/- mice that received adoptively transferred T lymphocytes derived from NOD.Igmu-/- mice progress to xerostomia, thereby reversing the defect. While progression or lack of progression to xerostomia correlated with the ability of the NOD.IL-4-/- mice to express detectable anti-M3R autoantibodies, the precise mechanism of how IL-4 influences the development of autoimmune xerostomia remains speculative.
Relational expression of ethnic identity in Chinese Americans

The conceptualization of ethnic identity as a dynamic construct differentially expressed as a function of relational context was examined in 207 Chinese Americans. Relational differentiations were made such that individuals expressed their ethnic identity most when with Asian peers, followed by parents, then Caucasian peers. Factor analysis supported differentiations across same-ethnic and different-ethnic contexts. To illustrate the utility of a relational approach, relationship-specific models were developed with relational ethnic identity implicated as a mediator between ethnic support and outcomes of relational adjustment and relationship quality. Across relationships, differences in the strength and significance of direct and mediational paths were found. Discussion emphasizes strengths of a relational framework in the study of ethnic identity and related constructs.
PENDULUMS AND PLANES: WHAT GALILEO DIDN'T PUBLISH

RIASSUNTO Poche ma significative note di lavoro di Galileo trattano di esperimenti. Questo articolo esamina un manoscritto (folio 189v). Si sostiene che esso e il resoconto di un esperimento preciso nel quale Galileo determina empiricamente i tempi di caduta per archi e corde (pendoli e piani) e quindi sviluppa un metodo per determinare il tempo di caduta per una data altezza, dato il quarto di periodo di un pendolo. L'analisi dimostra anche che Galileo fu consapevole del non isocronismo del pendolo (nonostante nelle sue pubblicazioni abbia affermato il contrario). Fu anche consapevole dell'inerzia di rotazione e misuro abbastanza precisamente i suoi effetti. Qui si discute in modo circostanziato tale tesi e si prendono in considerazione le ragioni che indussero Galileo a non pubblicare questi risultati.
Theorizing university identity development: multiple perspectives and common goals

Universities articulate their identities during moments of organizational change. The process of development of university identity is herein explored from multiple theoretical strands: (a) industrial/organizational psychology, (b) human development/social psychology, (c) marketing, and (d) postmodern sociological. This article provides an analysis of historic and emergent theories of identity development, suggesting commonalities such as: people seek positive self-identification with their universities; people use comparative like me versus not like me strategies; a view toward history and legacy is common, but need to be balanced by a view that identity is evolutionary, complex, and mutable. A case example of complex identity challenges for branch campuses is presented.
Environmental context-dependent recognition memory using a short-term memory task for input.

Although many studies have demonstrated that recall is better when tested in the learning environmental context (EC) than in a new EC, almost all of the studies have failed to find EC-dependent memory when recognition was used to measure memory. Evidence of EC-dependent recognition, however, was found in the three experiments of the present study, in which an incidental short-term memory task was used for input of learned material. The results suggest that type of processing during input is a predictor of context-dependent recognition; material studied for a long-term memory test is not susceptible to background context effects, whereas material merely maintained for a short-term memory test is more apt to lead to EC-dependent recognition.
English Composition by Workshop.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of intensive in-class guidance of daily writing practice in freshman English composition courses as opposed to the presently practiced procedures in the course. The study involved 568 themes written by 142 students enrolled in six classes at UWM. Four groups were taught according to a workshop method developed by two instructors in English and an educational psychologist. Two groups were taught according to the procedures outlined in the freshman composition syllabus. An evaluation chart was developed by the three instructors and four complete sets of themes were graded once each by three raters. The hypothesis–there will be a significant difference in the grade achievement on selected freshmen English essays based on differences in instructional procedures between two control and four experimental groups–was supported. Since major variables of initial superiority of any writing group, variation in grading practices, and effect on students of theme as...
Preoperative Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Screening in Mohs Surgery Appears to Decrease Postoperative Infections

BACKGROUNDColonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) places patients at risk for postoperative MRSA wound infections.OBJECTIVETo determine the effect of a decontamination and prophylaxis protocol on postoperative MRSA wound infections in patients with nasal MRSA.METHODS & M
93 NONINVASIVE ESTIMATION OF PULMONARY ARTERY (PA) PRESSURE IN CHILDREN BY DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY

93 NONINVASIVE ESTIMATION OF PULMONARY ARTERY (PA) PRESSURE IN CHILDREN BY DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
The blocked pinocytic activity of mitotic cells is restored in mitotic—Interphase hybrids☆

Abstract During mitosis there is an abrupt inhibition of a wide range of membrane functions, including fluid-phase and adsorptive pinocytosis. We have used cell hybrids formed between mitotic and interphase cells to approach the mechanism of this inhibition. We report that fluid pinocytosis is reactivated in the mitotic partner of hybrids formed between mitotic and interphase Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. It thus appears that the interphase cell provides some necessary element(s) for membrane activity during mitosis. This dominance of interphase membrane properties stands in contrast with earlier evidence that mitotic nuclear properties dominate in similar mitotic—interphase hybrids.
Assessing the relationship between latent inhibition and the partial reinforcement extinction effect in autoshaping with rats.

Abstract Results from a variety of independently run experiments suggest that latent inhibition (LI) and the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) share underlying mechanisms. Experiment 1 tested this LI = PREE hypothesis by training the same set of rats in situations involving both nonreinforced preexposure to the conditioned stimulus (LI stage) and partial reinforcement training (PREE stage). Control groups were also included to assess both LI and the PREE. The results demonstrated a significant, but negative correlation between the size of the LI effect and that of the PREE. Experiment 2 extended this analysis to the effects on LI and the PREE of the anxiolytic benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Whereas chlordiazepoxide had no effect on LI, it delayed the onset of the PREE. No evidence in support of the LI = PREE hypothesis was obtained when these two learning phenomena were compared within the same experiment and under the same general conditions of training.
Elastic-wave sensitivity propagation

Effective and reliable reservoir monitoring is critically important for optimizing oil/gas production and ensuring safe geologic carbon sequestration. It requires an optimal sensor deployment that uses a minimum number of sensors to record the most significant information resulting from reservoir property changes. Conventional monitoring survey designs are typically based on seismic-wavefield illumination analyses, which cannot alone determine the best receiver locations for effective and reliable monitoring of reservoir property changes. We propose a new approach for designing seismic monitoring surveys by analyzing the sensitivities of elastic waves with respect to reservoir geophysical property changes. The method is based on differentiating the elastic-wave equations with respect to geophysical parameters. The resulting sensitivity equations are solved simultaneously with the elastic-wave equations using a finite-difference scheme. Numerical studies confirm that time-lapse seismic survey designs based on elastic-wave sensitivity analysis can be totally different from those based on elastic-wavefield illuminations. For time-lapse seismic monitoring, receivers should be placed at locations where elastic-wave sensitivities are significant. Modeling of elastic-wave sensitivity propagation provides a fundamental tool for effective seismic monitoring survey designs.
Neutrinos from the Sun: The 2003 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to John Bahcall, Raymond Davis, Jr., and Masatoshi Koshiba

Abstract This award recognizes years of research by the laureates using elusive neutrinos to probe the internal workings of the sun. Bahcall and Davis identified an apparently fundamental problem: the fusion reactions that generate the sun's power deep in its core appeared to generate fewer neutrinos than expected. The number of neutrinos detected by Davis was only about a third the number calculated by Bahcall. Koshiba developed a new type of detector that not only confirmed the deficit but also showed that the neutrinos counted by Davis actually come from the Sun. Together the work of these three scientists prepared the way for the resolution of the puzzle, the discovery of a new property of neutrinos called “neutrino oscillations”. On the way from the sun, some neutrinos change identity and become nearly invisible in the detectors. This insight promises to open up new vistas in the fundamental physics of elementary particles.
The effect of hematocrit on the efficacy of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

The therapeutic phototherapy action spectrum ranges from 420 to 500 nm. However, a recent report of improved efficacy of fluorescent “turquoise” light (~490 nm) as compared with blue light (~450 nm) underscores the need to define an optimal action spectrum for precision-targeted phototherapy using very narrow wavelength ranges. We used a current semi-empirical model of the optical properties of skin for robust calculations of the fraction of light absorbed by bilirubin at various wavelengths that could be confounded by hemoglobin (Hb), melanin, and skin thickness. Applying assumptions regarding the wavelength dependence of bilirubin photochemistry, “action spectra” were assembled from the calculated values. All the calculated action spectra displayed a peak between 472 and 480 nm (most at 476 nm), which is a significant shift from the well-reported 460 nm absorption peak of bilirubin. Of note, the relative amplitudes of the action spectra showed an inverse relationship with hematocrit (Hct). We speculate that a narrow range of light at 476 nm would be 60% more effective than blue (broadband) fluorescent lamps. Because Hb serves as a major competitor of bilirubin for light absorption, the calculations also predict that the efficacy of phototherapy is dependent on the Hct. A high Hct could reduce therapeutic efficiency.