cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anthropological Research, Ethics of

Anthropology's relationship to ethics in research has been driven by periodic disciplinary controversies, often in close association with the involvement of anthropologists in successive war efforts, primarily in the U.S. Over time disciplinary ethics have increasingly focused on the unique exigencies of ethnography, as a disciplinary-specific method. While professional anthropological organizations developed codes of ethics beginning in the Vietnam era, historically, disciplinary ethical language has been used in two ways: as a basis for internal disciplinary self-policing and as a means to claim public professional standing as a social science. These uses continue to be prevalent today. But anthropology's relationship to its ethics also has been historically dynamic, changing with changes in disciplinary identity, values, and priorities. Less recognized are the ways that disciplinary ethics have been regularly reconstituted in close proximity to the frontiers of the identity of anthropology as a changing project. Anthropology's ethics reflect the discipline's specific history and identity debates, and they are one key index of these changing frontiers. This is most evident with respect to anthropology's ambivalent relationship to: science, the nation-state, and encompassing normative structures.
The Emerging Resistance in Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections: From the Pediatrics Perspective.

Background: Healthcare–associated infections results increased healthcare costs and mortality. There are limited studies concerning the distribution of the etiologic agents and the resistance patterns of the microorganisms causing healthcare–associated urinary tract infections (HA-UTI) in pediatric settings.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens causing HA-UTI in children.Material and Methods: Isolates from 138 children with UTI who were hospitalized in pediatric, neonatal and pediatric surgery intensive care units were reviewed.Results: Most common isolated organism was Kleibsella pneumoniae (34.1%) and Escherichia coli (26.8%). Among the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Meropenem and imipenem resistance rates were 46.2% and 38.5%. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was present in 48 Klebsiella species (82.75%). Among ESBL positive Klebsiella species, the rate of meropenem and imipenem resistance was 18.8% and ertapenem resistance was 45.9%. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase production was present in 27 (72.9%) Escherichia coli species. Among ESBL positive E.coli, the rate of meropenem and imipenem resistance was 7.4% and ertapenem resistance was 14.8%Conclusions: Emerging meropenem resistance in P. aeruginosa, higher rates of ertapenem resistance in ESBL positive ones in E.coli and Klebsiella species in pediatric nosocomial UTI are important notifying signs for superbug infections.
The outcomes of hypoglossal nerve stimulation in the management of OSA: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objectives Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disease with significant health impacts. While first line therapy is CPAP, long-term compliance is low and device misuse is common, highlighting the need for alternative therapies. Upper airway surgery is one alternative, but substantial side effects hamper efficacy. A new alternative is an implantable hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HNS). These devices utilize neuromodulation to dilate/reinforce the airway and reduce side effects associated with traditional surgery. Several recent trials investigated the efficacy of these devices. The purpose of this study was to perform meta-analysis of available HNS studies investigating treatment of OSA to analyze objective and subjective outcomes and side effects. Methods A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Scopus was performed. Two independent reviewers examined clinical trials investigating HNS in treatment of sleep apnea in adults. Studies with objective and subjective endpoints in sleep were included for analysis. Adverse events from trials were also recorded. Results Across 16 studies, 381 patients were analyzed. At 6 months (p = 0.008), mean SAQLI improved by 3.1 (95%CI, 2.6–3.7). At 12 months (p Conclusions HNS is a safe and effective treatment for CPAP refractory OSA. Further study comparing HNS to other therapies is required.
High-cooperativity terahertz landau polaritons in the ultrastrong coupling regime

We have integrated an ultrahigh mobility twodimensional electron gas with a high-quality-factor terahertz photonic cavity. With a quantizing magnetic field and at low temperatures, we demonstrated collective nonperturbative coupling of the electron cyclotron resonance with terahertz cavity photons with a high cooperativity. Due to the suppression of superradiance-induced broadening of cyclotron resonance by the high-quality-factor cavity, our hybrid quantum system exhibited unprecedentedly sharp polariton lines and a large vacuum Rabi splitting simultaneously.
A Compact Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectrometer with 1000 Nm of Spectral Coverage

We present a mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer employing PPLN waveguides that generates a broad 3–4μm instantaneous spectrum with 5 mW of power. Outdoor spectroscopy is demonstrated and portable operation should be possible. © 2019 The Author(s) Work of the U.S. government, not subject to copyright.
Importance and Incorporation of User Feedback in Earth Science Data Stewardship

Since August 1994, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) has been serving a global community of users, currently over 4 million each year, with Earth science data in a variety of disciplines. NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System Project (ESDIS) is responsible for EOSDIS with its 12 Distributed Archive Centers (DAACs). During the life of EOSDIS, various mechanisms for user feedback have been extremely important and valuable to its evolution. Some inputs from user groups have resulted in fundamental changes in EOSDIS, while others have provided ideas for incremental changes. The purpose of this paper is to share this experience and the benefits that have resulted from the user feedback. Notable among user community groups that have had significant influence on EOSDIS are: the EOSDIS Advisory Panel, the National Research Council’s Committee on Global Change Research and the DAAC User Working Groups (UWGs). In addition, an annual survey of EOSDIS users resulting in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) provides a score as well as very helpful user suggestions for system improvements. Also, each DAAC has a user services group that receives on-going requests for help and other comments from users. The ESDIS Project has established a mechanism through the “earthdata” web site ( http://earthdata.nasa.gov ) for users to provide feedback which is routed to appropriate individuals. In addition, focused efforts have been made for user needs assessment, and usability studies are used in making changes to the systems for improving user experience.
Capitalismo de Vigilância na Sociedade da Transparência: Um estudo discursivo sobre as bibliotecas da Universidade de Berkeley

A reforma da biblioteca Moffitt (2016) da Universidade de Berkeley e o ponto de partida para o debate que propoe uma reflexao sobre os processos discursivos e sua materializacao nos espacos urbanos. Ao considerarmos o Homo economicus (DEBRAY, 2019), refletiremos sobre as influencias do Capitalismo de Vigilância (ZUBOFF, 2019) na atualizacao do conceito de assujeitamento (PECHEUX, 1995) e seus desdobramentos nos objetos tecnicos que o cercam na Sociedade da Transparencia (HAN, 2017).
Polymerization Induced Phase Separation in Composite Latex Particles during Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

Multiphase structured latex particles have been studied and produced for decades; however, the mechanism governing the polymerization induced phase separation process in such particles remains incomplete. These particles are typically produced by starting with a first, single phase polymer particle dispersion, and then a second polymer, nearly always thermodynamically phase incompatible with the first, is polymerized within those seed particles. The Gibbs free energy change upon demixing is the driving force inducing polymer–polymer phase separation during polymerization (PIPS). However, the ultimate extent of phase separation is dictated by resistances to mutual polymer chain diffusion within the latex particles. Here, we have elucidated and quantified the contributions of thermodynamic driving force and kinetic diffusive limitations to polymer–polymer phase separation within composite nanoparticles. We present a means to evaluate both the influence of chemistry and process conditions on a master plot pr...
What dielectric spectroscopy can tell us about supramolecular networks

Polymers which can form supramolecular networks are a promising class of materials to provide highly sought-after properties such as self-healing, enhanced mechanical strength, super-stretchability as well as easy recyclability. However, due to the vast range of possible chemical structures it is very demanding to optimize these materials for the desired performance. Consequently, a detailed understanding of the molecular processes that govern the macroscopic properties is paramount to their technological application. Here we discuss some telechelic model systems with hydrogen-bonding end groups and how dielectric spectroscopy in combination with linear oscillatory shear rheology helped to understand the association mechanism on a molecular scale, and verify the model of bond-lifetime renormalization. Furthermore, we analyze a limitation of these H-bonding polymers, namely that there is a trade-off between high plateau modulus and long terminal relaxation time --both cannot be maximized at the same time. Finally, we show how more complex end groups phase separate from the main chain melt and thus lead to a more sophisticated rheological behavior which can overcome that limitation.
Development and Validation of a County-Level Social Determinants of Health Risk Assessment Tool for Cardiovascular Disease.

PURPOSE Social determinants of health (SDoH) have been linked to a variety of health conditions, but there are no multivariate measures of these determinants to estimate the risk of morbidity or mortality in a community. We developed a score derived from multivariate measures of SDoH that predicts county-level cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. METHODS Using county-level data from 3,026 US counties, we developed a score considering variables of neighborhood socioeconomic status, food/lifestyle environment, and health care resource availability and accessibility to predict the 3-year average (2015-2017) age-adjusted county-level mortality rate for all CVD. We used one 50% random sample to develop the score and the other to validate the score. A Poisson regression model was developed to estimate parameters of variables while accounting for intrastate correlation. RESULTS The index score was based on 7 SDoH factors: percentage of the population of minority (nonwhite) race, poverty rate, percentage of the population without a high school diploma, grocery store ratio, fast-food restaurant ratio, after-tax soda price, and primary care physician supply. The area under the curve for the development and validation groups was similar, 0.851 (95% CI, 0.829-0.872) and 0.840 (95% CI, 0.817-0.863), respectively, indicating excellent discriminative ability. The index had better predictive performance for CVD burden than other area-level indexes: poverty only (area under the curve= 0.808, P CONCLUSIONS Our validated multivariate SDoH index score accurately classifies counties with high CVD burden and therefore has the potential to improve CVD risk prediction for vulnerable populations and interventions for CVD at the county level.
Fundamentals of dynamic properties measurement of elastomers. Part I: Measurement and identification principles

The basic principles of parameter identification for a first-order dynamic model for an elastomer sample are presented. The measurement requirements for both on-line and off-line testing are discussed briefly in terms of what can be measured and what should be measured.
The Immunobiology of Transplant Rejection and Acceptance

The immune system normally functions to mitigate infectious and neoplastic risk. In the absence of immunosuppression, the transplantation of allogeneic tissue constitutes a challenge as allorecognition triggers injurious effector mechanisms culminating in allograft destruction. This chapter will focus on the basic mechanisms of allorecognition, costimulation, T cell amplication, effector mechanisms, innate immunity and antibody production.
Emotion Embedded Pose Generation.

Body poses are a rich source of information in the field of sentiment analysis and they complement existing facial emotion recognition tasks by adding significant value especially when faces are not easily available. CCTV recordings and other non-human interfaces are applications where capturing facial expression is challenging and these interfaces can benefit from body pose emotion recognition to conduct context analysis. Another roadblock in this direction is the limited availability of collected and curated datasets of body poses with emotion labels. Addressing these issues, we propose two end-to-end pipelines to generate emotion conditioned human poses corresponding to specific emotion labels. An auxiliary conditional GAN network is presented for pose images and pose skeleton pipelines. The generated images improved emotion classification accuracy by an average of 5.40% across 4 different networks compared to images that were traditionally augmented. Additionally, through image and skeletal augmentation, we achieve state-of-the-art emotion classification results for the BEAST dataset.
Multi-output Gaussian processes for multi-population longevity modelling

We investigate joint modelling of longevity trends using the spatial statistical framework of Gaussian process (GP) regression. Our analysis is motivated by the Human Mortality Database (HMD) that provides unified raw mortality tables for nearly 40 countries. Yet few stochastic models exist for handling more than two populations at a time. To bridge this gap, we leverage a spatial covariance framework from machine learning that treats populations as distinct levels of a factor covariate, explicitly capturing the cross-population dependence. The proposed multi-output GP models straightforwardly scale up to a dozen populations and moreover intrinsically generate coherent joint longevity scenarios. In our numerous case studies, we investigate predictive gains from aggregating mortality experience across nations and genders, including by borrowing the most recently available “foreign” data. We show that in our approach, information fusion leads to more precise (and statistically more credible) forecasts. We implement our models in R, as well as a Bayesian version in Stan that provides further uncertainty quantification regarding the estimated mortality covariance structure. All examples utilise public HMD datasets.
Effects of side reactions on the kinetics of nanoporous gold formation revealed by real-time X-ray scattering during electrolytic dealloying

Nanoporous gold (NP-Au) is used in various energy applications. However, little attention has been paid to the nature of surface films which can grow via side reactions during the formation of NP-Au by selective leaching. These films could significantly impact both the kinetics of NP-Au formation by selective leaching, and the performance of this NP-Au in specific energy applications. While it has been reported that complete removal of Ag from a Au–Ag parent alloy by selective leaching is kinetically more sluggish in HClO4 than in HNO3, and that the resulting structure size of NP-Au is smaller when formed in HClO4 compared to HNO3, these findings were not attributed to the growth of surface film via side reactions during selective leaching. In this work, small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) are used in real time during NP-Au formation by selective electrolytic leaching of Ag from a Au–Ag parent alloy in 1 M HClO4 and 1 M HNO3 to demonstrate that the sluggish dealloying behavior in HClO4 results from the growth of a surface film during dealloying. In HClO4, Ag+ ions released from the Au–Ag working electrode spontaneously react with Cl− ions released from ClO4− reduction at the counter electrode to form an insoluble AgCl passive film on NP-Au. The AgCl hinders Ag dissolution and surface diffusion of Au atoms, slowing down the reaction kinetics and the rate of ligament growth. Our findings shed light on dealloying reaction mechanisms and will contribute to better control of the morphology and surface chemical state of nanoporous metals for energy applications.
Glycerol-driven Denitratation: Process Kinetics, Microbial Ecology, and Operational Controls

ABSTRACT Denitratation, the selective reduction of nitrate to nitrite, is a novel process when coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) could achieve resource-efficient biological nitrogen removal of ammonium- and nitrate-laden waste streams. Using a fundamentally-based, first principles approach, this study optimized a stoichiometrically-limited, glycerol-driven denitratation process and characterized mechanisms supporting nitrite accumulation with results that aligned with expectations. Glycerol supported selective nitrate reduction to nitrite and near-complete nitrate conversion, indicating its viability in a denitratation system. Glycerol-supported specific rates of nitrate reduction (135.3 mg-N/g-VSS/h) were at least one order of magnitude greater than specific rates of nitrite reduction (14.9 mg-N/g-VSS/h), potentially resulting in transient nitrite accumulation and indicating glycerol’s superiority over other organic carbon sources in denitratation systems. pH and ORP inflection points in nitrogen transformation assays corresponded to maximum nitrite accumulation, indicating operational setpoints to prevent further nitrite reduction. Denitratation conditions supported enrichment of Thauera sp. as the dominant genus. Stoichiometric limitation of influent organic carbon, coupled with differential nitrate and nitrite reduction kinetics, optimized operational controls, and a distinctively enriched microbial ecology, was identified as causal in glycerol-driven denitratation.
Introduction to Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relationships in organisms, is one part of the larger field of systematics, which also includes taxonomy. The term taxonomy connotes the process and methodology for the naming and classification of organisms. The context of evolutionary biology is phylogeny, the connections between all groups of organisms as understood by ancestor/descendant relationships. The molecular mechanisms of organisms studied strongly suggests that all organisms on earth have a common ancestor. Thus, the species are related to each other by the virtue of having evolved from the same common (now extinct) ancestor. Such a relationship of species is called phylogeny and it’s graphical representation is called a phylogenetic tree.
The Effect of Education on Health: Cross-Country Evidence

Combines three surveys (SHARE, HRS and ELSA) that include nationally representative samples of people aged 50 and over from thirteen OECD countries paper to shed light on the causal relationship between education and health outcomes.
Cerebral vasomotor reactivity: steady-state versus transient changes in carbon dioxide tension

New Findings What is the central question of this study? The relationship between changes in cerebral blood flow and arterial carbon dioxide tension is used to assess cerebrovascular function. Hypercapnia is generally evoked by two methods, i.e. steady-state and transient increases in carbon dioxide tension. In some cases, the hypercapnia is immediately preceded by a period of hypocapnia. It is unknown whether the cerebrovascular response differs between these methods and whether a period of hypocapnia blunts the subsequent response to hypercapnia. What is the main finding and its importance? The cerebrovascular response is similar between steady-state and transient hypercapnia. However, hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia attenuates the cerebral vasodilatory responses during a subsequent period of rebreathing-induced hypercapnia. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVMR) to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension (P aCO 2) is assessed during steady-state or transient changes in P aCO 2. This study tested the following two hypotheses: (i) that CVMR during steady-state changes differs from that during transient changes in P aCO 2; and (ii) that CVMR during rebreathing-induced hypercapnia would be blunted when preceded by a period of hyperventilation. For each hypothesis, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (P ET , CO 2) middle cerebral artery blood velocity (CBFV), cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCI; CBFV/mean arterial pressure) and CVMR (slope of the linear regression between changes in CBFV and CVCI versus P ET , CO 2) were assessed in eight individuals. To address the first hypothesis, measurements were made during the following two conditions (randomized): (i) steady-state increases in P ET , CO 2 of 5 and 10 Torr above baseline; and (ii) rebreathing-induced transient breath-by-breath increases in P ET , CO 2. The linear regression for CBFV versus P ET , CO 2 (P = 0.65) and CVCI versus P ET , CO 2 (P = 0.44) was similar between methods; however, individual variability in CBFV or CVCI responses existed among subjects. To address the second hypothesis, the same measurements were made during the following two conditions (randomized): (i) immediately following a brief period of hypocapnia induced by hyperventilation for 1 min followed by rebreathing; and (ii) during rebreathing only. The slope of the linear regression for CBFV versus P ET , CO 2 (P < 0.01) and CVCI versus P ET , CO 2 (P < 0.01) was reduced during hyperventilation plus rebreathing relative to rebreathing only. These results indicate that cerebral vasomotor reactivity to changes in P aCO 2 is similar regardless of the employed methodology to induce changes in P aCO 2 and that hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia attenuates the cerebral vasodilatory responses during a subsequent period of rebreathing-induced hypercapnia.
Super-resolution via Superset Selection and Pruning

We present a pursuit-like algorithm that we call the "superset method" for recovery of sparse vectors from consecutive Fourier measurements in the super-resolution regime. The algorithm has a subspace identification step that hinges on the translation invariance of the Fourier transform, followed by a removal step to estimate the solution's support. The superset method is always successful in the noiseless regime (unlike L1-minimization) and generalizes to higher dimensions (unlike the matrix pencil method). Relative robustness to noise is demonstrated numerically.
In vivo electrochemical evidence for simultaneous 5-HT and histamine release in the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata following medial forebrain bundle stimulation.

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 749–759. Abstract Exploring the mechanisms of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in the brain requires an in vivo method that combines fast temporal resolution with chemical selectivity. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry is a technique with sufficient temporal and chemical resolution for probing dynamic 5-HT neurotransmission events; however, traditionally it has not been possible to probe in vivo 5-HT mechanisms. Recently, we optimized fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for measuring 5-HT release and uptake in vivo in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) with electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the rat brain. Here, we address technical challenges associated with rat DRN surgery by electrically stimulating 5-HT projections in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), a more accessible anatomical location. MFB stimulation elicits 5-HT in the SNR; furthermore, we find simultaneous release of an additional species. We use electrochemical and pharmacological methods and describe physiological, anatomical and independent chemical analyses to identify this species as histamine. We also show pharmacologically that increasing the lifetime of extracellular histamine significantly decreases 5-HT release, most likely because of increased activation of histamine H-3 receptors that inhibit 5-HT release. Despite this, under physiological conditions, we find by kinetic comparisons of DRN and MFB stimulations that the simultaneous release of histamine does not interfere with the quantitative 5-HT concentration profile. We therefore present a novel and robust electrical stimulation of the MFB that is technically less challenging than DRN stimulation to study 5-HT and histamine release in the SNR.
Highly Accelerated Life Testing

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Time Compression Test Coverage Environmental Stresses of HALT Sensitivity to Stresses Design Margin Sample Size Conclusions Reference ]]>
The bx region enhancer, a distant cis-control element of the Drosophila Ubx gene and its regulation by hunchback and other segmentation genes.

The Drosophila homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is regulated by complex mechanisms that specify the spatial domain, the timing and the activity of the gene in individual tissues and in individual cells. In early embryonic development, Ubx expression is controlled by segmentation genes turned on earlier in the developmental hierarchy. Correct Ubx expression depends on multiple regulatory sequences located outside the basal promoter. Here we report that a 500 bp DNA fragment from the bx region of the Ubx unit, approximately 30 kb away from the promoter, contains one of the distant regulatory elements (bx region enhancer, BRE). During early embryogenesis, this enhancer element activates the Ubx promoter in parasegments (PS) 6, 8, 10, and 12 and represses it in the anterior half of the embryo. The repressor of the anterior Ubx expression is the gap gene hunchback (hb). We show that the hb protein binds to the BRE element and that such binding is essential for hb repression in vivo, hb protein also binds to DNA fragments from abx and bxd, two other regulatory regions of the Ubx gene. We conclude that hb represses Ubx expression directly by binding to BRE and probably other Ubx regulatory elements. In addition, the BRE pattern requires input from other segmentation genes, among them tailless and fushi tarazu but not Kruppel and knirps.
An in vitro model for the effects of estrogen on neurons employing estrogen receptor-transfected PC12 cells

Estrogen alters neurite outgrowth, neuritic spine development, and synaptogenesis in estrogen-responsive areas of the rat brain. However, examination of the specific effects of estrogen on neurons in viva has been difficult. An in vitro model for the effects of estrogen on neurons was developed, using the PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line. Wild-type cells (PC12-WT) were stably transfected either with an expression vector coding for the full-length cDNA for the human estrogen receptor (hER), or with a control vector. Resultant clones were isolated, screened for incorporation of vector and expression of ER mRNA and protein, and analyzed for morphologic responses to estrogen. PC12-WT, NE09 (ER-negative), and SER8 (ER-positive) cells exposed to 100 rig/ml NGF exhibited dose-responsive neurite outgrowth within 2 d by light microscopy (LM). Coadministration of lO-‘O to lo-¶ M estradiol (E2) had minimal effects on neurite outgrowth, neuritic spine development, or interneuritic connections in NE09 or PC12-WT cells, but in SER8 cells E, led to additive and dose-dependent increases in neurite outgrowth, spine development, and interneuritic connectivity. Coincubation of SER8 cells with E, and the antiestrogen ICI 184,384 negated estrogenic effects on spine development and interneuritic connectivity. At the electron microscopic (EM) level, intercellular abutments of NE09 or PC12-WT cells contained few and rudimentary gap junctions, with no increase by E,. However, SER8 cells exhibited augmented basal frequencies of gap junctions that increased with E, incubation. Microinjection of Lucifer yellow into PC1 2-WT and NE09 cells demonstrated low frequencies of dye coupling and no change with E,, but SER8 cells demonstrated increased dye-coupling frequency with E, coincubation. The results suggest that SER8 cells recapitulate estrogen effects on neurons in vivo. Estrogen appears to induce an
Characterization and evaluation of pre-clinical suitability of a syngeneic orthotopic mouse ovarian cancer model

Background/Aim: To develop and characterize the pre-clinical suitability of a syngeneic mouse epithelial ovarian cancer model in immunocompetent hosts. Materials and Methods: ID8 mouse ovarian surface epithelium cells were implanted into the left ovarian bursa of C57BL/6 mice. Using conventional as well as ultrasound-based techniques and histopathological analysis, the tumor weights, volumes, metastases, ascites and vascularity were observed over a period of 16 weeks. Results: Ovarian weights and volume increased 12- and 7-fold, respectively. Ultrasound measurements of ovarian ID8 tumors correlated with the actual size obtained following surgical excision. Ascites and metastasis were first observed at 12 weeks post-orthotopic implantation. Histopathological analysis indicated similarities between orthotopically-generated ovarian tumors and human ovarian tumors. However, there was less evidence of angiogenesis in this animal model. Conclusion: The development of this mouse model closely replicates characteristics seen in human ovarian cancer with feasibility of using ultrasound to assess tumor formation, progression and vascularization. Ovarian cancer is the second most frequent invasive malignancy of female reproductive cancer and the most common cause of death among women with gynecological malignancies, with an estimated 22,280 cases diagnosed and 15,500 deaths annually in the U.S. alone (1). Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for over 90% of all ovarian malignancies, still related to high mortality despite advances in treatment regimens, with overall 5-year survival rates of only 46% and even lower rates (28%) for patients with metastatic disease (2, 3). Considering that most EOCs are diagnosed at an advanced stage with the tumor being widely metastatic the development of appropriate disease models, more precisely recapitulating tumorigenesis during early to advanced stages has an immediate demand (4).
Modification of Turbulence in Boundary Layers by Mean and Fluctuating Pressure Gradients

In this study we focus on the effect of mean and fluctuating pressure gradients on the structure of boundary layer turbulence. Two dimensional, time-resolved PIV measurements have been performed upstream of and inside an accelerating sink flow for inlet Reynolds number of Reθ = 3071, and acceleration parameter of Display FormulaK=1.1×10−6. The time-resolved data enables us to calculate the planer projection of pressure gradient by integrating the in-plane components of the material acceleration of the fluid (neglecting out-of-plane contribution). We use it to study the effect of boundary layer scale fluctuating pressure gradients Display Formula∂p′~/∂x, which are expected to be mostly two-dimensional, on the flow structure. Due to the imposed mean favorable pressure gradient (FPG) within the sink flow, the Reynolds stresses normalized by the local freestream velocity decrease over the entire boundary layer. However, when scaled by the inlet freestream velocity, the stresses increase close to the wall and decrease in the outer part of the boundary layer. This trend is caused by the confinement of the newly generated vortical structures in the near-wall region of the accelerating flow due to combined effects of downward mean flow, and stretching by velocity gradients.Within both the zero pressure gradient (ZPG) and FPG boundary layers, sweeping motions mostly occur during positive fluctuating pressure gradients Display Formula∂p′~/∂x>0 as the fluid moving towards the wall is decelerated by the presence of the wall. Vorticity is depleted in the near-wall region, as the wall absorbs Display Formula−ω′ from the flow by viscous diffusion. On the other hand, ejections occur mostly during periods of favorable fluctuating pressure gradients Display Formula∂p′~/∂x 0. During periods of Display Formula∂p′~/∂x>0 in the ZPG boundary layer, sweeps tend to increase the momentum in the near-wall region, whereas the adverse pressure gradient decelerates the fluid. These competing effects result in an unstable Display Formulaω′<0 shear layer which rolls up into coherent vortical structures and increases Display Formulaω′ω′ near the wall as compared to periods of Display Formula∂p′~/∂x<0. Due to the strong mean acceleration of the flow and weaker sweeps in the FPG boundary layer, the formation of an unstable shear layer, and hence vortical structures, is suppressed, decreasing the enstrophy close to the wall as compared to periods of Display Formula∂p′~/∂x<0.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Evidence for formation of a flexural backarc basin by compression and crustal thickening in the central Alaska peninsula

The North Aleutian Basin is a large, Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the northern part of the central Alaska Peninsula and the southern Bering shelf. The gravity anomaly pattern, the geometry, and the structure of the basin suggest that if formed by downward flexure of the backarc lithosphere. Basin modeling suggests that the flexure was driven by the emplacement of surface and subsurface loads having densities comparable to those of oceanic crust and mantle rocks, at approximately the position of the present-day volcanic arc and forearc. The authors suggest that the inferred loads consist of tectonically thickened mafic crustal materials lying beneath the arc and forearc of the central Alaska Peninsula. The crustal thickening may have occurred within a dominantly transpressional regime resulting from oblique convergence between the North American and Pacific plates during the Cenozoic.
Study on the Mechanical Property and the Evolutionary Neural Network Constitutive Model for Limestone under Chemical Corrosive Environments

In this paper, the experimental study on the mechanical property of limestone under triaxial compression with different hydrochemical environments is conducted and the non-linear characteristics of complete stress-strain process of limestone subjected to chemical corrosion, are analyzed. The behaviors of deformation and strength of limestone eroded by different chemical solutions are obtained. It is known from the experimental and analytical results that different chemical environments such as chemical composition, pH value etc can affect the mechanical property of rock differently. How to establish a multifactor characteristic constitutive model which can reflect different chemical environments is the key problem to study the coupling corrosion effect of stress and chemistry of rock. The constitutive model of evolutionary neural network for rock under chemical corrosive environments is put forward, and the neural network constitutive relationship under stress-chemistry coupling corrosion is established by applying the theory of evolutionary computation and neural network. The neural network constitutive model established in this presented paper mainly takes into account the following three aspects: chemical environments of rock specimens, content of main mineral compositions that are liable to being eroded by chemical solution, and mechanical environments. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Inhomogeneous broadening of spectral lines in doped insulators

Abstract We briefly review work on the nature of inhomogeneous broadening of spectral lines in doped inorganic insulating crystals, and its effect on dynamical processes. Evidence from fluorescence line-narrowing and spectral holeburning suggests that inhomogeneities act as microscopic perturbations, shifting the energy of near-neighbor dopants by an amount comparable to the overall inhomogeneous broadening. Magnetic inhomogeneities due to different nuclear spin configurations are small (≈kHz-MHz) but very important because they vary on the timescale of a spectral holeburning experiment and lead to spectral diffusion.
Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum to extremely low birth weight infants: theoretical perspectives

Studies in adults have shown that the oropharyngeal route can be used to effectively and safely administer interferon-alpha, an immune cell-derived cytokine, to patients who are unable to tolerate its parenteral administration. The mechanism for this appears to be the stimulatory effects of the cytokine, on the oropharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue system. Own mother's colostrum (OMC) is rich in cytokines and other immune agents that provide bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory protection against infection. OMC may be especially protective for the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant in the first days of life; however clinical instability typically precludes enteral feedings during this period. Oropharyngeal administration is a potential alternative method of providing OMC. Oropharyngeal administration of OMC may have immunomodulatory effects on the recipient infant, and would be especially beneficial to the ELBW infant who would otherwise remain nil per os during the first days of life.
Image denoising and segmentation via nonlinear diffusion

Abstract Image denoising and segmentation are fundamental problems in the field of image processing and computer vision with numerous applications. In this paper, we present a nonlinear PDE-based model for image denoising and segmentation which unifies the popular model of Alvarez, Lions and Morel (ALM) for image denoising and the Caselles, Kimmel and Sapiro model of geodesic “snakes”. Our model includes nonlinear diffusive as well as reactive terms and leads to quality denoising and segmentation results as depicted in the experiments presented here. We present a proof for the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the viscosity solution of this PDE-based model. The proof is in spirit similar to the proof of the ALM model; however, there are several differences which arise due to the presence of the reactive terms that require careful treatment/consideration. A fast implementation of our model is realized by embedding the model in a scale space and then achieving the solution via a dynamic system governed by a coupled system of first-order differential equations. The dynamic system finds the solution at a coarse scale and tracks it continuously to a desired fine scale. We demonstrate the smoothing and segmentation results on several real images.
Tools for robust image and video coding in JPEG-2000 and MPEG-4 standards

In this paper, we review the tools for error resilient image and video coding that have already been incorporated in the upcoming ISO/IEC MPEG4 and JPEG2000 video and image coding standards. We also review the ongoing work that are being currently conducted at the evolving JPEG2000 standard. The methodology adopted by the MPEG and JPEG standards bodies for developing error resilience tools is also discussed. Finally, we provide performance data on the effectiveness of these error resilience tools under various channel conditions.
A Correlated Optical-Infrared Outburst of Markarian 744: The Strongest Evidence Yet for Thermal Dust Reverberation

Simultaneous optical and infrared observations of an outburst of the active galaxy Mrk 744 are presented. Cross-correlation analysis reveals that the infrared light curve is delayed and extended relative to the optical with a lag time of 32 ± 7 days. Dust at a radius of 32 light-days would have an equilibrium temperature of 1130 K, based on the integrated UV luminosity of ~1042 ergs s-1. A simple model that reprocesses the observed optical pulse into IR wavelengths falls far short of reproducing the observed outburst, unless both the UV luminosity and amplitude of variability are increased. These two parameters, along with the maximum grain temperature, become well constrained in a simple model that can fully explain the observed IR variability behavior of this object as arising from thermal dust reverberation.
A Semiparametric Approach to Density Estimation

Abstract One method of fitting a parametric density function f(x, θ) is first to estimate θ by maximum likelihood, say, and then to estimate f(x, θ) by . On the other hand, when the parametric model does not hold, the true density f(x) may be estimated nonparametrically, as in the case of a kernel estimate . The key idea proposed is to fit a combination of the parametric and nonparametric estimates, namely where π (0 ≤ π ≤ 1) is unknown. The parameter π is estimated from the data, and its estimate is then used in as the proposed density estimate. The main point is that we expect to be close to unity when the parametric model prevails, and close to zero when it does not hold. We show that, under certain conditions, converges to the parametric density when the parametric model holds and approaches the true f(x) when the parametric model does not hold. The procedure was applied to a number of actual data sets. In each case the maximum likelihood estimate was readily obtained and the semiparametric density es...
Language Defies Logic? Naming Practices Trump Logical Consistency for Indonesian Adults

In English, ‘animal’ applies to humans and non-human animals, but in Indonesian, the word (‘hewan’) does not apply to humans. Previous research has shown that English-speaking children were more likely than Indonesian-speaking children to agree that mammals are animals (age 6) and humans are mammals (age 9). As adults, Indonesian speakers accepted these statements, but denied that humans are animals. Thus, adults’ judgments were intransitive. In the present work, Indonesian-speaking children and adults were asked to revisit their judgments about biological categories following exposure to three-dimensional objects as an analog for class-inclusion relationships. The results were striking: While most of the children changed their judgments after the analogical prompt to agree that humans are mammals and humans are animals, the adults stayed with their initial judgments that were collectively illogical but consistent with their naming practice. These results suggest a complex interplay between naming, logical thinking and development.
Traumatic hyphemas in children secondary to corporal punishment with a belt

Abstract Purpose To report the severity of ocular injury in seven children with traumatic hyphemas resulting from the accidental striking of the child in the face with a belt during the administration of corporal punishment. Design Observational case series. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients (n = 7, aged 4 to 14 years) with traumatic hyphemas secondary to belt injuries evaluated by the senior author between 1989 to 2002 at Le Bonheur Children’s Medical Center, a regional pediatric referral hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Results Anterior segment injuries ranged from small hyphemas with normal intraocular pressure and no vision loss to injuries with severe elevations of intraocular pressure and permanent, significant loss of vision. Conclusions Ocular injury to a child can result from trauma inflicted with a belt by a parent or caretaker during corporal punishment and may result in permanent loss of vision.
EM AND IP RESPONSE OF A STEEL WELL CASING FOR A FOUR-ELECTRODE SURFACE ARRAY. PART I: THEORY*

The basic formulation for the mutual coupling between grounded circuits in the presence of a vertical conductor is used to examine the full electromagnetic and induced polarization response for a homogeneous half-space model. Both interfacial polarization at the steel electrolyte boundary and induced eddy currents in the casing are accounted for in the analysis. It is shown that for mild steel casings the eddy currents, hitherto neglected, play an important role because of their strong frequency dependence. Calculated curves of the apparent complex resistivity as a function of frequency show that the overall response can be influenced by the state of corrosion at the surface of the casing.
Evaluation of the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors for pipe steels in hydrogen-sulfide-containing media

About one third of newly explored gas fields in the Ukraine contain at most 1 vol.% of hydrogen sulfide. For gas fields with relatively low contents of hydrogen sulfide, the application of materials with elevated resistance to hydrogen-sulfide stress-corrosion cracking (HSSC) and hydrogen-induced cracking leads to unreasonably high costs spent for the equipment of gas fields. At the same time, the application of insufficiently resistant materials may lead to failures of the equipment with unpredictable consequences [1–3]. Thus, it is most reasonable to use steels with relatively low resistance to HSSC in combination with inhibitors. For the protection against hydrogen-sulfide corrosion, it is proposed to use various domestic and foreign inhibitors [4–6]. They decrease the rate of general corrosion but not always serve as reliable protectors of steel against stress-corrosion cracking. Until recently, the gas-processing equipment of the Lokachyn Gas Field has been protected against possible corrosion failures by the Naftokhim-3 corrosion inhibitor produced by the “Galychyna” Enterprise (Drohobych) or by the DODICOR inhibitor (Germany) with similar properties [7]. At that time, the Naftokhim-8 inhibitor was not commercially produced. Its testing was originated in June 2005, parallel with testing of the Naftokhim-3 and DODICOR inhibitors. In view of these facts, the development of highly efficient commercially available domestic inhibitors and the analysis of their protective action under the conditions close to operating is a quite urgent problem.
Environmental exposure to residential pesticides, chemicals, dusts, fumes, and metals, and risk of childhood germ cell tumors.

Abstract We examined relationships between exposure to residential pesticides, chemicals, dusts, fumes, and metals, and childhood germ cell tumors (GCTs) in the largest case-control study to date on the topic. We recruited 272 children under 15 years old who had GCT diagnosed between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2001. Controls were selected by random-digit dialing and were frequency matched to cases by sex, age, and geographic area. Telephone interviews and self-administered questionnaires of parents were used to collect exposure information. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Maternal and paternal exposure from 6 months before pregnancy to during breastfeeding and children's postnatal exposure to residential pesticides were generally unrelated to risk of childhood GCT. Elevated OR were observed for mothers’ exposure to hair dyes 1 month before pregnancy for boys (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.0–2.8) and during breastfeeding for boys and girls combined, and for girls (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.0–2.2 and OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.1–2.6, respectively). Among boys, OR for paternal exposure to insecticides more often than four times or exposure to indoor insecticides more often than three times were 0.5 (95% CI=0.2–0.9, trend test p = 0.05 ) and 0.3 (95% CI=0.2–0.8, trend test p = 0.02 ) during the index pregnancy. Overall this study produced no strong evidence linking parental and child residential exposure to pesticides, certain chemicals, dusts, fumes, and metals to increased risk of childhood GCT. Statistically significant associations need to be confirmed in future studies.