cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy spectra of donors in GaAs − Ga 1 − x Al x As quantum well structures in the effective-mass approximation

We present the results of a study of the energy spectrum of the ground state and the low-lying excited states for shallow donors in quantum well structures consisting of a single slab of GaAs sandwiched between two semi-infinite layers of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$. The effect of the position of the impurity atom within central GaAs slab is investigated for different slab thicknesses and alloy compositions. Two limiting cases are presented: one in which the impurity atom is located at the center of the quantum well (on-center impurity), the other in which the impurity atom is located at the edge of the quantum well (on-edge impurity). Both the on-center and the on-edge donor ground state are bound for all values of GaAs slab thicknesses and alloy compositions. The alloy composition $x$ is varied between 0.1 and 0.4. In this composition range, ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ is direct, and the single-valley effective-mass theory is a valid technique for treating shallow donor states. Calculations are carried out in the case of finite potential barriers determined by realistic conduction-band offsets.
Interrelationships among hydrologic-budget components of a northern Wisconsin seepage lake and implications for acid-deposition modeling

Components of the hydrologic budget for a northern Wisconsin seepage lake were analyzed by applying correlation and regression techniques to monthly data. Analyses for the 1981–83 water years revealed a statistically significant, direct relationship between storage change and precipitation-evaporation balance. Ground-water outflow was negatively correlated with ground-water inflow, and this relationship was influenced by similar relationships for both hydraulic gradients and cross-sectional areas in outflow versus inflow regions of the lake. Neither ground-water outflow nor inflow was significantly related to precipitation, evaporation, storage change, or lake stage; this may reflect a lag in response time of the ground-water system compared to the lake. The results (1) emphasize the complexity of factors that influence ground-water interactions with seepage lakes and (2) suggest the importance of completing detailed hydrologic studies of these systems before mechanistic models, such as those developed to predict effects of acid deposition, are applied.
Electrocaloric Materials for Solid‐State Refrigeration

The electrocaloric effect (ECE) in dielectric materials has great potential in realizing solid-state cooling devices with compact size and high efficiency, which are highly desirable for a broad range of applications. This paper presents the general considerations for dielectric materials to achieve large ECE and reviews the experimental efforts investigating ECE in various polar dielectrics. For practical cooling devices, an ECE material must possess a large isothermal entropy change besides a large adiabatic temperature change. We show that polar dielectrics operated at temperatures near order―disorder transition have potential to achieve large ECE due to the possibility of large change in polarization induced by electric field and large entropy change associated with the polarization change. We further show that indeed the ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)-based polymers display a large ECE, i.e., an isothermal entropy change of more than 55 J (kgK) ―1 and an adiabatic temperature change of more than 12 °C, at temperatures above the order-disorder transition.
Olfactory basis of cannibalism in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): III. Use of attractants on carbaryl wheat bran bait.

Two known necrogenic attractants, linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3), were added to carbaryl bran bait to enhance control of rangeland grasshoppers in southeastern Wyoming. The primary goal was to increase control of species of Gomphocerinae, which normally do not consume bran bait. Each attractant was applied at 1, 5, and 10 grasshopper equivalents (GE) (e.g., a 1-GE treatment had the amount of fatty acid per unit weight of wheat bran that would be found in one grasshopper). Controls included carbaryl bran with no attractant and no treatment. Bran was applied at a rate of 1 kg/ha to 1-ha blocks on June 6, 1992, with four replicates per treatment and control. Plots were sampled for grasshoppers and nontarget organisms one day prior to and one, two, and three days after treatment. The addition of linoleic acid (10 GE) resulted in significantly lower total grasshopper densities than carbaryl bran alone. None of the attractants significantly improved control of all Gomphocerinae due to inconsistent effects among species. Relative to carbaryl bait alone, all doses of both fatty acids significantly improved control ofAmphitornus coloradus (Thomas). However, the attractants did not change the level of control ofCordillacris occipitalis orAulocara elliotti, and linolenic acid (5 GE) and linoleic acid (1 GE) resulted in significantly poorer control ofAgeneotettix deorum (Scudder) than carbaryl bait alone. Nontarget arthropods were largely unaffected by the attractants, except for the spiders, which were significantly reduced in all linolenic acid treatments.
II. Co-constructing a Marriage: Analyses of Young Couples' Relationship Narratives

Marriage, without doubt, is an embarkation of enormous developmental importance. It seems especially probable that the social cognitions, relationship schemas, and interactional patterns constructed early in a new couple's relationship are key determinants of the outcome of this voyage. In this chapter, I present results obtained using the Consortium's rating scales on narrative data previously collected from a sample of premarital couples to examine how the Narrative Coherence, Interaction, and Relationship Beliefs scales relate to other aspects of the young couples' families of origin and developing relationships. Perhaps the most developed proposal concerning the role of narrative processes in early marital development is contained in Berger and Kellner's (1964) stimulating and provocative essay, "Marriage and the Construction of Reality," in which they proposed that the central task of early marriage is to engage in a transformative narrative. Specifically, the two individuals' developmental task is to communicate, share, and conversationally redefine the "realities" they brought with them into their relationship, and thereby, construct a new, co-constructed "reality." In their view, this new reality is a perceptual consensus that defines for the couple the nature of the world in which they live as well as their own place and identity within that world. Furthermore, they proposed that this consensus is gradually and painstakingly constructed through an active, transactional process in which each person contributes his or her perception of events, including events from each person's past as well as those currently happening, with the couple repeatedly "talking through" any perceptual disparities present as part of their reality constructing "conversation." This essay concludes with the authors proposing that the outcome of the couple's effort to construct such
A Socialist State of Grace: The Radical Reformism of Jean Jaurès*

Jean Jaures (1859–1914) forged an innovative theory of radical reform by adopting a universalistic conception of human rights from the liberal tradition and a theory of capitalism and class from Marxism. He urged the labor movement to place less emphasis on the hope of a post-revolutionary “paradise” and instead to “live always in a socialist state of grace,” understanding socialism as a regulative ideal guiding a reformist practice. This liberal socialist politics could only take shape, he suggested, to the extent that liberal norms intersected with the self-interest of existing social movements: Jaures's socialism, thus, is highly contingent, and makes no promises about political success. Jaures prompts us to shift the focus of left democratic theory from the polity to the social movement, from “radical democracy” to “radical reform.”
Intrinsic electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric alloys from atomistic simulations

Electrocaloric effect (ECE) in $({\text{Ba}}_{0.5}{\text{Sr}}_{0.5}){\text{TiO}}_{3}$ ferroelectric alloys is calculated from first principles using a computational scheme that combines canonical and microcanonical Monte Carlo simulations. Our results are in very good agreement with the available experimental data and reveal many intriguing features of ECE including; (i) a significant enhancement of the ECE in paraelectric phase, (ii) nearly linear reversible temperature change associated with the electric field variation up to extremely large fields and, (iii) a possibility of achieving large ECE at room temperatures. Our atomistic insight suggests that in ferroelectrics ECE is caused by the redistribution of the entropy between the part associated with the dipoles' order and the part associated with the order in the kinetic energies of atomic vibrations. This mechanism can also be viewed as a ``conversion'' of spatially inhomogeneous dipole distribution into spatially inhomogeneous temperature distribution.
Scalable mean voter for fault-tolerant mixed-signal circuits

Redundancy techniques, such as N-tuple modular redundancy has been widely used to improve the reliability of digital circuits. Unfortunately nothing substantial has been done for the analog and mixed signal systems. In this paper, we propose a redundancy based fault-tolerant methodology to design a highly reliable analog and digital circuits and systems. The key contribution of our work is an innovative mean voter. This mean voter is a low power, small area, very high bandwidth and linearly scalable voting circuit. Unlike other conventional voters which works with odd N in an NMR, the mean voter works for both odd and even N for analog units and hence reduces the area and power further. For the proof of concept, we designed two fault tolerant analog circuits i.e. a low pass anti-aliasing analog filter and a 4-bit flash ADC. We also presented fault-tolerance mechanism in 4-bit binary adder and an FPGA cell for demonstrating its advantage in digital applications. Experimental results are reported to verify the concepts and measure the system's reliability when single upset transient may occur.
Health Status and Clinic Utilization among Refugees from Southeast Asia and the Former Soviet Union

Abstract This research studied health status and the clinic utilization of Southeast Asian and Russian refugees who used the Portland International Health Clinic from March 1, 1991 to February 29, 1992. Patients' medical records were used as the instrument, and a representative sample of 743 records were studied. Significant differences were found between the Southeast Asian and Russian refugee patients in terms of their number of clinic visits, age, and family sizes, The Southeast Asians were older than the Russians (p<.05), with smaller family size (p<.001) and had a greater number of clinic visits (p<.05). Overall, the patient populations had many similarities in health status. However, the prevalence of certain diseases varied by gender and ethnicity. The findings also indicated that age and gender were two important predictors of patients' numbers of clinic visits. The overall sample's number of clinic visits were significantly related with patients' age (r=.26, p<.000), and gender (r=.14, p<.000). U...
Type-II and type-I interband cascade lasers

The authors propose two novel sources emitting in the mid-IR: type-II and type-I interband cascade lasers, and perform detailed gain calculations. High radiative efficiencies are expected, since the phonon processes which dominate relaxation in the intersub-band quantum cascade laser are effectively eliminated.
Divergent Models of Diabetes among American Indian Elders

The purpose of this study was to examine belief systems about diabetes in American Indian elders, and the effects of culture on care-seeking, adherence, and diabetes self-care. Health belief theory predicts that care-seeking and medical adherence are a function of culturally mediated beliefs that result in behaviors that effect health status. In order to elicit cultural meanings of diabetes, in-depth interviews were conducted with an intensity sample of 30 American Indian diabetic elders (55+). Two models of diabetes were identified, divergent in terms of 1) health behaviors, and 2) cultural identification. One model was characterized by delayed care-seeking, and a non-valuing of adherence to diabetes self-care. Non-adherence to medical recommendations was perceived as being socially desirable, because adherence placed the elder outside their peer group. The second model was characterized by early care-seeking and improved adherence to diabetes self-care. These divergent models of diabetes, in which care-seeking, diabetes self-care, and adherence vary as a function of cultural immersion, has implications for health education and disease management and may contribute substantially to health disparities.
Insulin Secretion by Isolated Islets in Presence of Glucose, Insulin and Anti-Insulin Serum

SummaryIsolated Islets of Langerhans from the rat's pancreas were incubated in media containing varying combinations of glucose, rat insulin, and guinea pig anti-insulin serum (GPAIS). Neither insulin nor GPAIS modified the rate at which insulin was secreted in response to glucose. The concept that insulin in the fluids surrounding Islet tissue can inhibit secretion of insulin by the β-cells is discussed in the light of these results.
In-Hospital Survival Rates Following Cardiac Arrest

Survival rates associated with in-hospital cardiac arrest remain stagnant in spite of recent advances in technology. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the recent literature addressing in-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes and factors that may play a role affecting the outcomes. Recent recommendations demonstrating potential for improved outcomes are discussed.
Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: The impact of physical activity, age, and menopausal status.

Age-related increases in total body fat have been reported, but the impact of menopause on abdominal fat distribution is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of menopausal status on abdominal fat distribution using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, we investigated the influence of abdominal fat distribution on blood lipid profiles and leptin concentrations. Twenty-three premenopausal (PRE), 27 postmenopausal (POST), and 28 postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) had measurements of regional abdominal fat, blood lipids, and serum leptin concentrations. The women were matched for body mass index (BMI) and total body fat mass. Age and menopausal status were not found to be significant predictors of total abdominal fat, visceral fat, or subcutaneous fat, while physical activity was a significant predictor (P <.01) for total abdominal fat (R(2) =.16), visceral fat (R(2) =.32) and percent visceral fat (R(2) =.25). There was a trend for a greater visceral fat content in the POST women compared with the PRE women (2,495.0 +/- 228.4 v 1,770.4 +/- 240.8 cm(2), respectively, P =.06). The percent visceral abdominal fat was significantly lower (P <.05) in the premenopausal women than in either postmenopausal group (PRE, 23.2% +/- 1.7%; POST, 28.9% +/- 1.8%; ERT, 28.9% +/- 1.6%). Menopausal status and age did not influence any of the blood lipid values. Abdominal fat distribution was a significant predictor of cholesterol concentrations and the cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, but only accounted for approximately 15% of the variability in these levels. Total body fat and physical activity accounted for 47% of the variability in leptin concentrations, while abdominal fat distribution, age, and menopausal status were not significant predictors. In conclusion, in early postmenopausal women, the level of physical activity accounts for the variability in abdominal fat distribution observed, while menopausal status and age do not play a significant role. ERT was not associated with additional benefits in abdominal fat distribution compared with postmenopausal women not on ERT or in the blood lipid profile in these women.
Transient conjugated forced convection in ducts with periodically varying inlet temperature

Abstract Transient forced convection for slug flow inside parallel-plate channels and circular ducts including conjugation to the walls is solved analytically and exactly for periodic variation of the inlet temperature. The periodic solution to the problem involved eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of a complex eigenvalue problem. The complex eigenvalue problem is solved by modifying the recently advanced Count Method, and benchmark results are presented for the eigenvalues in tabular form. The amplitude and phase lag of oscillations with respect to the conditions at the inlet are determined for the wall temperature, fluid bulk temperature and heat flux. The results for the cases of both parallel-plate channels and circular ducts are presented in the graphical form as a function of the axial position for different values of the parameters signifying the rate of energy storage in the walls. The effects of walls on damping the amplitude and altering the phase of temperature and heat flux oscillations along the duct are investigated.
Effect of nitrogen substituents on the relative energies of twist and chair-form conformations of CIS 2-oxo-2-dimethylamino-5-t-butyl-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinanes

Abstract Replacement of the phenyl substituent on nitrogen of the 1,3,2-oxaza ring of the title compounds changes the twist-chair equilibrium such that the chair conformation is populated rather than the twist form primarily occupied in the N-phenyl case. A possible rationale based on Me 2 N-phenyl interactions is proposed.
Analyzing stores and references in a parallel symbolic language

We describe an analysis of a parallel language in which processes communicate via first-class mutable shared locations. The sequential core of the language defines a higher-order strict functional language with list data structures. The parallel extensions permit processes and shared locations to be dynamically created; synchronization among processes occurs exclusively via shared locations.The analysis is defined by an abstract interpretation on this language. The interpretation is efficient and useful, facilitating a number of important optimizations related to synchronization, processor/thread mapping, and storage management.
Morality and slavery

‘Morality and slavery’ argues that, as much as detachment and dispassion govern standard historical practice, historians cannot escape making moral judgments. Precisely because slavery is a morally charged subject, its history has been especially prone to changing points of view, traceable, for example, in recent histories of the slave trade and the controversy over Olaudah Equiano's birthplace. Various polar extremes – the structural coerciveness of slavery versus the agency of slaves; the persistence of African ethnicities versus rapid creolization; the spread of slavery versus the rapid growth of anti-slavery in the early republic – are evident in historical interpretations, which necessarily involve complicated value judgments and serious moral ramifications. The essay concludes by suggesting that a measure of balance and fairness has been possible in the study of slavery. Through empathy, historians have been able to recover, in part at least, the hopes and fears, dreams and nightmares, notions of right and wrong among both slaves and masters in previous epochs.
Universal Protein Ancestors from Hydrogen Cyanide and Water

Current research in cosmochemistry shows that crude organic solids of high molecular weight are readily formed in planetary, interplanetary and interstellar environments. What are the components of these intractable materials and how are they connected, if at all, with the beginnings of life? It is proposed here that underlying much of this ubiquitous chemistry is a low energy route leading directly to the synthesis of heteropolypeptides from hydrogen cyanide and water. Evidence from laboratory and extraterrestrial investigations suggests that this hydrogen cyanide polymerization is a truly universal process that accounts not only for the past synthesis of protein ancestors on Earth but also for reactions proceeding elsewhere today within our solar system, on planetary bodies around other stars and in the dusty molecular clouds of spiral galaxies. The existence of this preferred pathway adds greatly to the probability of life being widespread in the universe.
Hierarchical Tensor Approximation of Multidimensional Images

Visual data comprises of multi-scale and inhomogeneous signals. In this paper, we exploit these characteristics and develop an adaptive data approximation technique based on a hierarchical tensor-based transformation. In this technique, an original multi-dimensional image is transformed into a hierarchy of signals to expose its multi-scale structures. The signal at each level of the hierarchy is further divided into a number of smaller tensors to expose its spatially inhomogeneous structures. These smaller tensors are further transformed and pruned using a collective tensor approximation technique. Experimental results indicate that our technique can achieve higher compression ratios than existing functional approximation methods, including wavelet transforms, wavelet packet transforms and single-level tensor approximation.
Frontal Polymerization in the Presence of an Inert Material

Propagation of a one-dimensional polymerization wave in a sandwich-type two-layer setting, where one layer is reactive while the other layer consists of an inert material, is considered. Heat exchange is possible between the two layers and thus the presence of the inert layer can significantly affect propagation of the polymerization wave. The existence of multiple propagating fronts in the system for the same parameter values is demonstrated. Linear stability analysis of the propagating fronts is performed, and conditions for oscillatory propagation of the fronts are determined.
VIEWER TAGGING IN ART MUSEUMS: COMPARISONS TO CONCEPTS AND VOCABULARIES OF ART MUSEUM VISITORS

As one important experiment in the social or user-generated classification of online cultural heritage resources collections, art museums are leading the effort to elicit keyword descriptions of artwork images from online museum visitors. The motivations for having online viewers— presumably largely non-art-specialists—describe art images are (a) to generate keywords for image and object records in museum information retrieval systems in a cost-effective way and (b) to engage online visitors with the artworks and with each other by inviting visitors to express themselves and share their descriptions of artworks. This paper explores the question of how effective non-specialist art keyworders can be in capturing (“tagging”) potentially useful concepts and terms for use in art information retrieval systems. To do this, the paper compares evidence from art museum visitor studies which describe how non-specialist art viewers react to and describe artworks and use museum-supplied information in their initial encounters with artworks. A theoretical model of artwork interpretation derived from art museum visitor research provides a framework with which to examine both the activity and the products of artwork tagging for image and information retrieval.
Launch vehicle operations cost reduction through artificial intelligence techniques

NASA's Kennedy Space Center has attempted to develop AI methods in order to reduce the cost of launch vehicle ground operations as well as to improve the reliability and safety of such operations. Attention is presently given to cost savings estimates for systems involving launch vehicle firing-room software and hardware real-time diagnostics, as well as the nature of configuration control and the real-time autonomous diagnostics of launch-processing systems by these means. Intelligent launch decisions and intelligent weather forecasting are additional applications of AI being considered.
Improved learning in genetic rule-based classifier systems

Many learning algorithms tend to converge into local minima that often represent partial solutions. Schemes are presented that greatly minimize the risk of converging to a partial solution and maximize the rule discovery process for rule-based learning. For the experiments, a generic algorithm rule-based learning system called a classifier system has been used. The new strategies are supported by presenting accelerations and completion of learning in higher order letter image classification problems. >
Pulsed Enhancement of acoustic cavitation: a postulated model.

Abstract Iodine-131 labeled sodium iodide was used to demonstrate an iodine release reaction indicative of cavitation activity. Exposure of Na131I at varying pulsed regimes (1:1 duty cycle, 60 sec-60 μsec pulse duration) and intensities (10–30W/cm2) resulted in an increased efficiency of pulsed ultrasound to produce iodine release compared to continous wave exposures. A model based on the concurrent operation of two mechanisms has been proposed to explain this phenomenon.
Anisotropic Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity of La‐Doped Strontium Niobate Sr2Nb2O7

The thermal diffusivity of the La-doped layered perovskite Sr2Nb2O7 parallel and perpendicular to the perovskite layers is reported from room temperature up to 1000°C. The anisotropy persists through an incommensurate-normal ferroelectric phase transformation at 215°C and up to 1000°C, the maximum temperature of our measurements. The thermal conductivity perpendicular to the perovskite layers, derived from the diffusivity in the same direction, calculated using the density and measured heat capacity, has a constant value of 1.05±0.05 W/mK up to 1000°C. Possible explanations for the low thermal conductivity and anisotropy are described.
Dietary α-cyclodextrin lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alters plasma fatty acid profile in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice on a high-fat diet

High dietary intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are some of the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Alpha-cyclodextrin (a-CD) when given orally has been shown in rats to increase fecal saturated fat excretion and to reduce blood total cholesterol levels in obese hypertriglyceridemic subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, the effects of dietary a-CD on lipid metabolism in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were investigated. Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a "Western diet" (21% milk fat) with or without 2.1% of a-CD (10% of dietary fat content) for 14 weeks. At sacrifice, there was no difference in body weight; but significant decreases were observed in plasma cholesterol (15.3%), free cholesterol (20%), cholesterol esters (14%), and phospholipid (17.5%) levels in mice treated with alpha-CD compared with control mice. The decrease in total cholesterol was primarily in the proatherogenic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein fractions, with no significant change in the high-density lipoprotein fraction. Furthermore, alpha-CD improved the blood fatty acid profile, reducing the saturated fatty acids (4.5%) and trans-isomers (11%) while increasing (2.5%) unsaturated fatty acids. In summary, the addition of alpha-CD improved the lipid profile by lowering proatherogenic lipoproteins and trans-fatty acids and by decreasing the ratio of saturated and trans-fatty acids to polyunsaturated fatty acids (-5.8%), thus suggesting that it may be useful as a dietary supplement for reducing cardiovascular disease.
Proneofiber, a New Genus of Vole (Cricetidae: Rodentia) from the Pleistocene Seymour Formation of Texas, and its Evolutionary and Stratigraphic Significance

A new genus and species of a microtine rodent, Proneofiber guildayi, is named on the basis of rooted teeth with cement from the warm Gilliland local fauna, Seymour Formation of Pleistocene age, Knox County, Texas. Proneofiber guildayi is considered to be ancestral to Neofiber, the round-tailed water rat, now living in the extreme southeastern United States. The presence of Pleistocene faunas prior to the first continental glaciation and the existence of three Pearlette-like volcanic ashes in the Plains Region suggest a revision of the age assignment of Pleistocene deposits from the nonglaciated region.
Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in whole blood spots: a minimally invasive method for assessing an aspect of cell-mediated immunity.

Objective Study 1: Introduce and validate a method for measuring EBV p18-VCA antibodies in whole blood spots to provide a minimally invasive marker of cell-mediated immune function. Study 2: Apply this method to a large community-based study of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Methods The EBV antibody method was evaluated through analysis of precision, reliability, stability, and comparisons with plasma and indirect immunofluorescence methods. The effects of life events on p18-VCA antibody level were considered in a subsample of 9, 11, and 13 year-old children participating in the Great Smoky Mountains Study in North Carolina. The subsample was stratified by age, sex, and degree of overall life strain. Results Dried blood spots provided a convenient, sensitive, precise, and reliable method for measuring EBV p18-VCA antibody titer. Life events were positively associated with p18-VCA antibodies in girls but not in boys. Conclusions The validity of the blood spot EBV p18-VCA antibody assay, as well as the ease of sample collection, storage, and transportation, may provide an opportunity for psychoneuroimmunology to explore a wider range of stress models in larger, community-based studies.
Histone H3K4 and K36 Methylation, Chd1 and Rpd3S Oppose the Functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt4–Spt5 in Transcription

Spt4–Spt5, a general transcription elongation factor for RNA polymerase II, also has roles in chromatin regulation. However, the relationships between these functions are not clear. Previously, we isolated suppressors of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae spt5 mutation in genes encoding members of the Paf1 complex, which regulates several cotranscriptional histone modifications, and Chd1, a chromatin remodeling enzyme. Here, we show that this suppression of spt5 can result from loss of histone H3 lysines 4 or 36 methylation, or reduced recruitment of Chd1 or the Rpd3S complex. These spt5 suppressors also rescue the synthetic growth defects observed in spt5 mutants that also lack elongation factor TFIIS. Using a FLO8 reporter gene, we found that a chd1 mutation caused cryptic initiation of transcription. We further observed enhancement of cryptic initiation in chd1 isw1 mutants and increased histone acetylation in a chd1 mutant. We suggest that, as previously proposed for H3 lysine 36 methylation and the Rpd3S complex, H3 lysine 4 methylation and Chd1 function to maintain normal chromatin structures over transcribed genes, and that one function of Spt4–Spt5 is to help RNA polymerase II overcome the repressive effects of these histone modifications and chromatin regulators on transcription.
Cholesterol response and fatty streak formation in hamsters fed two levels of saturated fat and various levels of cholesterol

Abstract Two levels of saturated fat (31 and 39% of the calories) and several levels of cholesterol were fed to weanling male hamsters in order to evaluate their atherogenicity and foam cell formation in the aortic arch. Diets contained 5% cellulose, 20% casein, and either 15% butterfat plus 0, 0.05, 0.5 or 3% cholesterol (C) or 20% butterfat plus 0 or 0.5% C. Total plasma cholesterol (TC) was significantly (P ⩽ 0.05) elevated when dietary fat was increased from 15 to 20% with no added cholesterol (232 vs 262 mg/dl). Addition of 0.05, 0.5 or 3% C to 15% fat diet, or 0.5% C to 20% fat diet resulted in significant TC elevations compared with their respective no added C controls (301, 383 and 533 vs 232 and 490 vs 262 mg/dl, respectively). With 0.5% added C, plasma cholesterol values with 20% fat diet were significantly greater than those with 15% fat (490 vs 383 mg/dl). Increased TC was mainly due to significant elevations in VLDL and LDL cholesterol levels, which resulted in a significant decrease in HDLLDL cholesterol ratios. Elevations in TC and reductions in HDLLDL cholesterol ratios were similar in hamsters fed 15% fat with 3% cholesterol or 20% fat with 0.5% cholesterol. Liver cholesterol increased significantly with increased dietary cholesterol up to 0.5%. Foam cell formation was significantly greater in animals fed 0.5 or 3% added cholesterol with 15 or 20% fat diet compared with low (0 or 0.05% added) C diets. Significant plasma and liver cholesterol elevations, lower HDLLDL cholesterol ratios and increased foam cell formation indicate that a diet containing a higher level of saturated fat and lower cholesterol is as atherogenic as a diet with lower fat and high cholesterol. Significant foam cell formation in 6 weeks by feeding 0.5% cholesterol and 20% butterfat diet to hamsters suggests that this model is suitable for atherosclerosis progression and regression studies within a reasonable time frame.
Stress, Genes and the Biology of Suicidal Behavior

Suicidal behavior is partly heritable. Studies seeking the responsible candidate genes have examined genes involved in neurotransmitter systems shown to have altered function in suicide and attempted suicide. These neurotransmitter systems include the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. With some exceptions, most notably the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (HTTLPR), replication of candidate gene association studies findings has been difficult. This article reviews current knowledge of specific gene effects and gene-environment interactions that influence risk for suicidal behavior. Effects of childhood stress on development and how it influences adult responses to current stress are shown to be relevant for mood disorders, aggressive/impulsive traits, and suicidal behavior.
Application of Double Beltrami states to solar eruptions

We show that the general class of Double Beltrami (DB) states, which are the lowest energy equilibria of Hall magnetohydrodynamics, can have characteristics similar to those of active regions in the solar corona and is capable of undergoing a catastrophe that can cause a solar eruption, such as a flare or coronal mass ejection (CME). We then show that the qualitative evolution of the DB state is consistent with that of a solar eruption. Finally, we make two quantitative comparisons of DB states to CMEs, which are the simplest result of the catastrophe. First, we show that the DB expansion by a factor of 1-2 before the catastrophe is consistent with the increase in the height of the leading edges of Large-Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO C1) CMEs in the quasi-equilibrium stage. Secondly, we use the assumption that DB states are randomly chosen from the allowed phase space of coronal structures to predict that the probability of a coronal structure erupting is 0.046. Identifying active regions with DB states and using observational constraints to estimate that the state is replaced every 60 min by emerging loops results in a CME rate of 11 d -1 , which is in reasonable agreement with the actual rate of about 6 d -1 at solar maximum.
Diagnosing narcolepsy: validity and reliability of new diagnostic criteria

Abstract Background and purpose : No gold standard currently exists for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Conventional diagnostic criteria are unwieldy and arbitrary. Clearly defined criteria for case selection are needed to compare the results of different studies. Methods : We developed new clinical and neurophysiologic criteria for narcolepsy using four categories, based on the degree of diagnostic certainty. Category A is Definite Narcolepsy, Category B is Probable Narcolepsy (Laboratory Supported; two subgroups B1 and B2) and Category C is Probable Narcolepsy (Clinical). We assessed the charts of 69 new or established patients with narcolepsy seen consecutively in the Mayo Sleep Disorders Center and classified them according to our system. The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602 status was determined for each patient as an indirect measure of validity. Two investigators independently assessed 30 charts to assess interrater reliability. We assessed additional 337 charts of patients with other hypersomnolence states to assess the specificity of our definitions. Results : Seventy-four percent were positive for HLA DQB1*0602 (including 85% of those with cataplexy). Only 33% of those without cataplexy were HLA DQB1*0602 positive. The two investigators agreed on the classification of 29/30 patients (0.97 reliability). None of the 337 additional patients fulfilled criteria for narcolepsy, and specifically not for cataplexy. Conclusions : We conclude that our new research diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy possess high interrater reliability and appear valid descriptors of the syndrome, based on HLA typing. They may be useful in providing consistent criteria to compare different research studies.
Design of an Integrated Clinical Data Warehouse

I t is our thesis that dramatic changes in the practice of laboratory medicine will emerge. Information from point-of-care devices and laboratories will be treated in a unified manner, and all devices will become components of integrated internet-connected virtual laboratories. Virtual laboratories will combine the immediacy offered by point-of-care devices with services offered by traditional laboratories such as quality assessment, quality control, data capture, and the dissemination of results to patients and clinicians. Development of software support for this new laboratory paradigm is a significant challenge. In order to tackle this challenge, we have developed and deployed a multi-tiered collection of database applications layered on top of both legacy and commodity database and computing platforms. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of our software architecture. Our software infrastructure supports integrated laboratory and point of care data. The infrastructure consists of a data warehouse, software to support POC device connectivity, and software to couple the data warehouse to LIS systems. Associated with the data warehouse are tools used to carry out POC device QC/QA, carry out panic value alerts. POC connectivity architecture is internet based and will soon include wireless links. A web portal is used to support data warehouse queries and to provide laboratory results and educational material to patients and physicians.
Biochemical Characterization of Adeno-Associated Virus Rep68 DNA Helicase and ATPase Activities

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) nonstructural proteins Rep68 and Rep78 are site-specific DNA binding proteins, ATP-dependent site-specific endonucleases, helicases, and ATPases. These biochemical activities are required for viral DNA replication and control of viral gene expression. In this study, we characterized the biochemical properties of the helicase and ATPase activities of homogeneously pure Rep68. The enzyme exists as a monomer in solution at the concentrations used in this study ( CTP 5 dATP > UTP > dGTP. The Km values for ATP in both the DNA helicase reaction and the site-specific trs endonuclease reaction were essentially the same, approximately 180 mM. Both reactions were sigmoidal with respect to ATP concentration, suggesting that a dimer or higher-order multimer of Rep68 is necessary for both DNA helicase activity and terminal resolution site (trs) nicking activity. Furthermore, when the enzyme itself was titrated in the trs endonuclease and ATPase reactions, both activities were second order with respect to enzyme concentration. This suggests that a dimer of Rep68 is the active form for both the ATPase and nicking activities. In contrast, DNA helicase activity was linear with respect to enzyme concentration. When bound to ssDNA, the enzyme unwound the DNA in the 3*-to-5* direction. DNA unwinding occurred at a rate of approximately 345 bp per min per monomeric enzyme molecule. The ATP turnover rate was approximately 30 to 50 ATP molecules per min per enzyme molecule. Surprisingly, the presence of DNA was not required for ATPase activity. We estimated that Rep translocates processively for more than 1,300 bases before dissociating from its substrate in the absence of any accessory proteins. DNA helicase activity was not significantly stimulated by substrates that have the structure of a replication fork and contain either a 5* or 3* tail. Rep68 binds only to ssDNA, as judged by inhibition of the DNA helicase reaction with ss or double-stranded (ds) DNA. Consistent with this observation, no helicase activity was detected on bluntended ds oligonucleotide substrates unless they also contained an ss 3* tail. However, if a blunt-ended ds oligonucleotide contained the 22-bp Rep binding element sequence, Rep68 was capable of unwinding the substrate. This means that Rep68 can function both as a conventional helicase for strand displacement synthesis and as a terminal-repeat-unwinding protein which catalyzes the conversion of a duplex end to a hairpin primer. Thus, the properties of the Rep DNA helicase activity suggest that Rep is involved in all three of the key steps in AAV DNA replication: terminal resolution, reinitiation, and strand displacement.
Fossil sponges from a localized cold-seep limestone in Oligocene rocks of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington

ABsTRACr-A limited fauna of relatively simple, thin-walled, hexactinellid sponges, including moderately coarse-textured, funnellike Hexactinella(?) conica new species, fine-textured, tubular to branched Hexactinella(?) tubula new species, fragments of delicate Eurete goederti(?) Rigby and Jenkins, 1983, and Farrea(?) species, has been found in the Oligocene Lincoln Creek Formation on Canyon River, in the southcentral part of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. These sponges dominate a chemosynthetic invertebrate assemblage that included the gastropod Provanna antigua Squires, 1995; the polyplacophoran Leptochiton alveolus (Lov6n, 1846), and radiolarians. Most of the sponges are preserved as silica in a localized cherty and botryoidal, calcareous cement-filled limestone formed at bathyal depths by bacterial oxidation of methane at a cold seep. This is the third known report of sponges from ancient chemosynthetic deposits.
Abstract 3596: National Estimates of Down Syndrome Prevalence in Patients with Moyamoya Disease

Background: An association between Moyamoya disease and Down syndrome appears to exist based on reported anectdotal cases in the literature. Objective: We performed this study to determine the prev...
Modeling Sewage Treatment Plant Input BOD Data

A wastewater treatment plant is a complex stochastic dynamic system. The methodology developed by Box and Jenkins to model time series is used to characterize the field BOD input data for a sewage treatment plant. A simple first-order autoregressive model describes the data fairly well for many engineering purposes. Modeling system inputs and outputs is the first step in deriving stochastic-dynamic transfer functions for the system.
Time Management

This article presents the deterministic scheduling of a fleet of plug-in hybrid vehicles for distributed generation.This article seeks to quantify the following factors, which are very important for integrating distributed generation (DG) into the power system: typical driving patterns, battery characteristics and sizing for a PHEV with a 40-mi all-electric range, or AER (using the Chevy Volt as a base-case design), consumer preferences and PHEV penetration forecasts, and power system limitations.
anthony blunt and phoebe pool, Picasso, The Formative Years

(1966). anthony blunt and phoebe pool, Picasso, The Formative Years. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 263-267.
Superconductivity in films of Pb/PbSe core/shell nanocrystals.

Superconductivity in films of electronically coupled colloidal lead nanocrystals is reported. The coupling between particles is in situ controlled through the conversion of the oxides present on the surface of the nanoparticles to chalcogenides. This transformation allows for a 109-fold increase in the conductivity. The temperature of the onset of the superconductivity was found to depend upon the degree of coupling of the nanoparticles in the vicinity of the insulator–superconductor transition. The critical current density of the best sample of Pb/PbSe nanocrystals at zero magnetic field was determined to be 4 × 103 A/cm2. In turn, the critical field of the sample shows 50-fold enhancement compared to bulk Pb.
A New Method for Suppressing Sperm Granuloma Formation in the Vasectomized Rat

In the authors experience sperm grnaulomas invariably occured after vasectomy in rats and in this study an attempt was made to suppress this formation by testosterone implants designed to suppress spermatogenesis. Mature male sprogue-Dautey rats were used. The incidence and size of these grnaulomas was markedly reduced or eliminated by suppression of spermatogenesis through subcutaneous implants of testosterone in silastic capsules. Implants did not alter the size of the ventral prostate or the seminal vesicles. However testicular weight was reduced by 52% and epididymal weight was reduced by 38%. Spermatogenesis was markedly reduced. The significance of sperm granulomas associated with vasectomy in men is discussed.
Biological modification of protracted infusion of 5-fluorouracil with weekly leucovorin. A dose seeking clinical trial for patients with disseminated gastrointestinal cancers.

A clinical trial was designed to find the maximally tolerated dose of weekly leucovorin (LV) that could be combined with 4 weeks of protracted infusion (PI) of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) at a fixed soe of 200 mg/m2. A total of 36 patients with disseminated gastrointestinal malignancies were treated; 9 either progressed or died before receiving 4 weeks of treatment leaving 27 patients evaluable for toxicity and response. 5FU was given as a protracted infusion using an ambulatory infusion pump and indwelling venous access. LV doses included 20, 25, 50, and 75 mg/m2 given as an i. v. push at the time of weekly pump fill with 5FU. In all, 72% of the patients tolerated LV at 20 mg/m2 for 4 continous weeks, whereas the higher doses required treatment rests prior to 4 weeks. The dose-limiting toxicity at all doses was stomatitis. No significant myelosuppression was seen; diarrhea was infrequent. Overall, 40% of the patients with measurable cancer had partial responses. In view of evidence of biologic and therapeutic effects of these weekly doses of 20 mg/m2 LV with 200 mg/m2 5FU per day given as a protracted infusion over 4 weeks, phase II trials and multimodality studies for patients with gastrointestinal malignancies are being initiated at our institution using this dose and schedule.
Examination of the Relative Effects of Neighborhoods and Schools on Juvenile Delinquency: A Multilevel Cross-Classified Model Approach

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of the present study is to examine the relative effects of neighborhoods and schools on adolescents’ delinquency involvement. A multilevel cross-classified modeling approach, which has never been applied to the study of juvenile delinquency, was employed. Analyses of the first wave of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (ADD Health) data revealed that the effect of neighborhoods on delinquency is about two or three times larger than the effect of schools. Also, each of the social contexts has its own independent effect even after controlling for the other social context. These findings suggest that examination of the simultaneous effects of schools and neighborhoods applying a new analytical technique is important for a better understanding of the causes of juvenile delinquency.