cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of objects in the anterior areas with a single Panorex radiograph

Impacted objects in the anterior dental region can be localized in a labial-palatal direction with a single Panorex film. Clark's rule is applied to the two views of the anterior area obtained. The technique is verified by means of a dry skull with lead markers in known positions, and two clinical cases are reported.
Parent-driven use of wearable cameras for autism support: a field study with families

Recorded images of children's activities can be useful to caregivers and clinicians who need behavioral evidence to support children with autism. However, image capture systems for autism are typically complex and provide only a top-down, outsider's view. In this work, we assessed the use of cameras worn by children to record the context of their activities and interactions from their perspective. We used a technology probe to explore how this simple, parent-driven system could be designed for families to adopt in their homes. We present the results of a five-week field study with five families. The system helped parents to (1) see the world from their child's eyes, (2) increase their understanding of their child's needs when their child is uncommunicative, and (3) help them encourage their child's social engagement. We discuss how these systems can be designed and used to their full potential.
Kalbreyeracanthus kirkbridei (Acanthaceae), a new species from Colombia.

A new species Kalbreyeracathus kirkbridei, from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, is described, illustrated, and compared with K. atropurpureus, the only other species in the genus.
Isolation of skeleton-associated knobs from human red blood cells infected with malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

In falciparum malaria, only ring-stage parasites are detected in the peripheral circulation whereas mature parasites (trophozoites and schizonts) sequester in tissue capillaries of the human host [1,2]. The attachment of infected erythrocytes to capillary endothelial cells is mediated by knobs as visualized by scanning electron microscopy [3-51. By transmission electron microscopy, surface knobs appear to contain an electron-dense, submembranous cup-shaped structure which suggests their close physical association with the underlying erythrocyte membrane skeleton [2,5,6]. The complete protein composition of knobs and the mechanism of knob formation are not known. Several new techniques for ultrastructural visualization of protein interactions in the human erythrocyte membrane or the spread membrane skeleton have been developed recently [7-111. These techniques were employed in the present work to visualize membrane protein interactions of human red
Hemispheric Collaboration in Creative Subjects: Cross-Hemisphere Priming in a Lexical Decision Task

The literature provides 3 proposals regarding hemispheric involvement in the creative process: the right hemisphere is “more creative,” the 2 hemispheres are complementary, and the hemispheric collaboration model that argues that the 2 hemispheres function as a collaborative unit in a synergistic manner. This study tested the hemispheric collaboration model. Forty-eight participants completed the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking, Figural and Verbal forms. The participants then performed a visual half-field lexical decision task at both a 50 milliseconds (ms) and 750 ms stimulus onset asynchrony in which the primes and targets were presented either ipsilaterally or contralaterally. Results revealed that individuals scoring high on creativity exhibit higher degrees of priming to contralateral presentation of prime-target pairs, while subjects scoring low on creativity exhibit increased priming to prime-target pairs presented to the left VF, right hemisphere. The results of the study support a hemispheric ...
The effect of surface condition and rotation on film / transition boiling from a sphere

Abstract The effects of liquid subcooling and surface condition on transition boiling heat transfer from a rotating surface were investigated in a series of experiments in which Freon 113 was boiled on a spinning sphere. In addition to the usual thermal measurements, the boiling behavior in the transition regime was studied by visual means. It was found that the shape of the system's boiling curve was very dependent on the parameters in question. Hydrodynamic instabilities created in the film boiling regime by the rotation of the sphere were carried on to the transition and nucleate boiling regimes of the boiling curve. Boiling curves exhibiting more than one peak flux were obtained.
Cenozoic faulting and sedimentation in northern San Luis Valley, Colorado

The northern San Luis Valley is a high mountain valley encompassing about 4,000 sq km (1,500 sq mi) of south-central Colorado and is located 210 km (130 mi) southwest of Denver (Fig. 1). The valley is situated along the Rio Grande Rift, a zone of Cenozoic normal faulting, volcanic activity, and high heat flow (Chapin, 1971). The valley is bounded on the east and west by the Sangre de Cristo and San Juan Mountains, respectively, on the north by Poncha Pass, and is bounded in part on the south by a shallow ground and surface water divide north of the Rio Grande. PREVIOUS WORK Previous studies of the northern San Luis Basin can be grouped into two categories: (1) geologic studies of portions of the Sangre de Cristo and San Juan Mountains, such as those by Knepper (1974), Peel (1971), Bolyard (1956), Johnson (1969), Larsen and Cross (1956), Steven and others (1974), and Huntley (1976); and (2) general hydrologic studies of San Luis Valley, such as the work of Siebenthal (1910), Powell (1958), Emery and others (1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975), and Huntley (1976). This report results from an attempt to integrate geologic and hydrologic data of the valley in order to evaluate mechanisms of groundwater recharge to the basin.
HLA-DR2 association with excessive somnolence in narcolepsy does not generalize to sleep apnea and is not accompanied by systemic autoimmune abnormalities

Recent reports that nearly all patients with narcolepsy have the HLA-DR2 phenotype suggest that autoimmunity may underly the etiology or pathogenesis of this disorder. Of 11 narcoleptic patients in the present study, 9 were HLA-DR2, confirming the strong association with this class II antigen but indicating that this is not an obligatory phenotype. In contrast only 3/10 patients with sleep apnea were HLA-DR2, suggesting that this form of excessive somnolence has a different etiopathogenesis. Significant levels of rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies or autoantibodies to native DNA, denatured DNA, histones, Sjogren's syndrome B antigen, or Smith antigen were undetectable in sera from narcoleptic patients. Antibodies to rodent brain, primate brain stem, and neurocytotoxic antibodies were also not found. These results along with the absence of laboratory signs and clinical features of a systemic inflammatory process indicate that if narcolepsy is an autoimmune disease, the underlying lesion or pathologic condition may be confined to the central nervous system.
Influence of the Positions of cis Double Bonds in the sn-2-Acyl Chain of Phosphatidylethanolamine on the Bilayer’s Melting Behavior

In an attempt to examine the effects of different numbers and positions of cis double bonds in thesn-2-acyl chain of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the bilayer's melting behavior, 21 molecular species of PE were first semisynthesized, and their Tm and ΔHvalues were subsequently determined by high resolution differential scanning calorimetry. In the plot of Tm versus the number of the cis double bond, some characteristic profiles were observed for the various series of PEs. For instance, if the cis double bond was first introduced into the sn-2-acyl chain of C(20):C(20)PE at the Δ5-position, the Tm was observed to reduce drastically. Subsequent stepwise additions of up to fivecis double bonds at the methylene-interrupted positions toward the methyl end resulted in a progressive yet smaller decrease inTm. If, on the other hand, the cisdouble bonds were introduced sequentially at the Δ11-, Δ11,14-, and Δ11,14,17-positions along thesn-2-acyl chain of C(20):C(20)PE, theTm profile in the Tm versus the number of the cis double bond showed a down-and-up trend. Most interestingly, for positional isomers of C(20):C(20:3Δ5,8,11)PE, C(20):C(20:3Δ8,11,14)PE, and C(20):C(20:3Δ11,14,17)PE, an inverted bell-shapedTm profile was detected in the plot ofTm against the position of the ω-carbon for these isomers. Similar Tm profiles were also observed for C(18):C(20)PE, C(20):C(18)PE, and their unsaturated derivatives. This work thus demonstrated that both the positions and the numbers ofcis double bonds in the sn-2 acyl chain could exert noticeable influence on the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition behavior of the lipid bilayer. Finally, a molecular model was presented, with which the behavior of the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition observed for lipid bilayers composed of varioussn-1-saturated/sn-2-unsaturated lipids can be rationalized.
Atrocity Tales, the Unification Church, and the Social Construction of Evil

By evoking outrage at the alleged acts of a religious group, newspaper accounts of atrocities serve to validate “evil” and thereby legitimize social control.
Protestant preaching and the liberal tradition

Wth growing historical perspective, scholars study timely occasions when an enlightened, persuasive speaker makes a distinctive contribution to human progress. Nichols considered great speeches as reponses from thoughtful men standing before intellectual crossroads. Examining Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s speaking, Alonzo described his generation as “a creative, critical moment bursting with possibilities for great things when a decision has to be made; and if the right decision is not made, time may be set back many years.” Studying Robert G. Ingersoll, Fischer discovered that the august agnostic believed that “great orators are the products of their times, of great events, and marvelous achievements; they are disciples of the thoughts and aspirations of the age in which they live.” Inspired by the times which characterize an historic generation, great speeches frequently reflect intellectual ferment and social development.
Multimodal therapy for a child with developmental apraxia of speech: a case study

This case study describes the speech development of a child (Edward) between the ages of 3;1 and 4;10, diagnosed with Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS). During that time, Edward received intensive speech and language services to facilitate his development of intelligible speech. Treatment techniques and documentation of Edward's remark able progress will be discussed. Implications of this case study for other children will also be considered.
Continuing Education for ARL Librarians in Multi-Faceted Public Service Positions

Continuing education for the reference librarian, bibliographer and/or faculty member in an ARL library derives from every facet of the job. Certain functions, such as that of bibliographer, require formal orientation to the political climate of the teaching faculty. Other activities such as reference, online searching, and bibliographic instruction may involve prior experience but become more fully developed through the job itself. The role of faculty member necessitates publishing for promotion and tenure, which may include assistance from colleagues in critiquing papers intended for publication. Beyond diverse and demanding job requirements, however, the librarian needs intellectual and aesthetic development. A model used in the medical profession could serve librarianship well.
Wv paths on the torus

We say that a cell complex has theWv property provided any two vertices can be joined by a path that never returns to a facet once it leaves it. The boundaries of convex polytopes have been shown to have theWv property for polytopes of dimensions at most 3. We extend the three-dimensional result to polyhedral maps on the torus by showing that all such maps have theWv property. We also show that theWv property for all polyhedral maps on manifolds of a given genus is equivalent to the property that for all maps on manifolds of that genus each two faces lie in a subcomplex that is a cell.
Working memory and discourse production abilities following closed-head injury.

Primary objectives: This study investigated the relationship between working memory (WM) and narrative discourse production in individuals with closed head injury (CHI). It was hypothesized that those individuals with higher performance on tests of WM would demonstrate better performance on measures of discourse production. Research design: Correlation coefficients were calculated among five discourse measures from two story narratives and scores from three sub-tests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Methods and procedures: Fifty-five individuals with moderate-to-severe CHI were studied. Participants included 16 females and 39 males ranging in age from 16–69. Narrative discourse samples were elicited from all participants under two conditions: story retelling and story generation. Main outcomes and results: The results revealed a number of modest, significant correlations (r = 0.29–0.39, p < 0.05) between sub-tests of the WMS and measures of discourse production. Conclusions: Results supported the hypot...
Principles for capturing the upstream effects of deep sills in low resolution ocean models

Principles for incorporating the upstream effects of deep sills into numerical ocean circulation models using nonlinear analytical hydraulic models are discussed within the context of reduced gravity flow. A method is developed allowing the upstream influence of a numerically unresolvable deep sill or width contraction to be reproduced. The method consists of placing an artificial boundary in the numerical model's overflowing layer at some distance upstream of the actual sill or width contraction of the deep strait. Given the model state at time t, the dependent flow variables are then predicted at the artificial boundary at time t + Δt by using the method of characteristics in combination with quasi-steady hydraulic laws. The calculation requires the use of Riemann invariants and examples are given for a simple nonrotating flow and for rotating channel flow with uniform potential vorticity. The computation is considerably simplified by linearizing the relevant equations in the vicinity of the artificial boundary, resulting in a linear wave reflection problem. The reflection coefficients for the two cases are calculated and these can be used directly to numerically satisfy the boundary condition in a straightforward way.
Time encoding with an integrate-and-fire neuron with a refractory period

Abstract Time encoding is a formal method of mapping amplitude information into a time sequence. We show that under simple conditions, bandlimited stimuli encoded with an integrate-and-fire neuron with an absolute refractory period can be recovered loss-free from the neural spike train at its output. We provide an algorithm for perfect recovery and derive conditions for its convergence.
Explanations, Tests, Unity and Necessity

The fact that a scientific hypothesis explains a phenomenon is supposed to be a reason for believing the hypothesis, and, indeed, at least sometimes a special reason over and above considerations of empirical adequacy. 1 Copernicans may have claimed that their theory gave a more accurate accounting of the motions of the planets than did the traditional Ptolemaic astronomy, but the real weight of their argument came from the claim that, even if both systems could save the phenomena, the Copernican theory offered the better explanations.2 If explanation sometimes provides a special reason for belief in a theory, over and above empirical adequacy, then explanations must, it seems, do something more to the phenomena, or say something more about the phenomena, than merely entail their description. My first question is what more it is that explanations do. There is no single answer because there is no single extra thing that explanations accomplish; shortly, I will try to describe two of the things that I think some explanations do, and in virtue of which we give credence to theories: they eliminate contingency and they unify. Explanations are sometimes contrasted with tests. A phenomenon that a theory explains is not always counted as a test of the theory; no one is surprised to read criticisms of psychoanalysis, for example, which admit that the theory explains things, but denies that the things explained constitute tests of psychoanalytic hypotheses. A test of an hypothesis is at least some occurrence that could have been otherwise, and that, had it been otherwise, would have been reason not to believe the hypothesis. In this minimal sense of "test," traditional confirmation theories -the theories we have from Carnap,3 from Hempel,4 and the many varieties of hypotheticodeductivism-are theories of testing. They differ, of course, in their assessment of the relations required between theory
Choice among behavior options: A methodology and an empiricial example

Abstract It is shown that certain core assumptions of the exchange approach can be translated into an algebraic form which is useful in interpreting empirical patterns of choice behavior. These assumptions include the premise that actors hold certain values which they perceive to be attainable in varying degrees by a series of alternative courses of action, and the premise that actors choose among alternative courses of action through a decision rule, which weighs the relative importance and optimal allocation of these values. The algebraic translation of these assumptions can represent the cognitive-evaluative structures used by actors, thereby providing a series of insights into the value dimensions used in choosing among these behavior options. This methodology departs from the analytic procedures of experimental social psychologi by explicitly creating a geometric repressentation of cognitive structure. This representation can be interpreted by mapping independent value rating scales into the space. Coordinates of the space, finally, can be used as dependent variables in conventional multivariate analyses, to study the determinants of individual variation in value orientation.
Difference in Selective Muscle Activity of Thoracic Erector Spinae During Prone Trunk Extension Exercise in Subjects With Slouched Thoracic Posture

Abstract Background The prone trunk extension (PTE) exercise is often used to strengthen the back extensors. Although altered trunk posture is associated with movement impairment, the influences of a slouched thoracic posture on muscle activity of the thoracic erector spinae and thoracic movement during the PTE exercise were overlooked in previous studies. Objectives To compare the muscle activity of the erector spinae muscles and the relative ratio of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles during a PTE exercise in subjects with and without slouched thoracic posture. Design Cross-sectional. Setting University motion analysis laboratory. Participants The study included 22 subjects with slouched thoracic posture (defined as ≥40°) and 22 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. Methods All participants performed the PTE exercise. Main outcome measures Bilateral surface electromyographic signals of the longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis, and pars lumborum muscles were measured during PTE exercises. Thoracic kyphosis (the angle of T1 minus T12) and lumbar lordosis (absolute value of the angle of L5 minus T12) were recorded using inclinometers during the PTE exercise. Results The results showed no difference in muscle activity of the erector spinae in subjects with slouched thoracic posture versus those without during the PTE exercise. However, selective recruitment of the erector spinae pars thoracis was decreased significantly, and the thoracic kyphotic angle and lumbar lordotic curve were increased, during the PTE exercise in subjects with a slouched posture. Conclusions Although the PTE exercise has historically been a key component of correction of hyperkyphosis, the increased spinal curvature inhibits muscle activation of the erector spinae pars thoracis in these individuals, thus limiting effective strength gains. Therefore, modified methods to maintain a neutral posture of the spine and facilitate muscle activation of the erector spinae pars thoracis are needed in these individuals.
Geotechnical sensing using electromagnetic attenuation between radio transceivers

Monitoring the onset of a geo-event such as the intrusion of a chemical plume or a slow progressive mass slide that results in marked changes in the physical properties of the host soil could be potentially accomplished using a distributed network of embedded radio transceivers. This paper introduces a new concept of subsurface geo-event monitoring, which takes advantage of the spatial and temporal variations in signal strength of electromagnetic (EM) waves transmitted within the net of distributed radios within a sensing area. Results of experiments in the laboratory and the field demonstrated that variations in EM signal strength could be used to detect physical changes in the subsurface. Changes in selected physical properties of host soil including water content, density, and formation of discontinuities could be discerned from the changes in the signal strength of the transmitted wave between embedded radio transceivers. Good agreement was observed between a theoretical model and the experimental results for inter-transceiver distances less than 55 cm. These results demonstrated a viable new approach for distributed sensing and monitoring of subsurface hazards for civil infrastructure within a networked domain of radio transceivers.
Another View on “Reinforcement in Developmentally Appropriate Early Childhood Classrooms”

(2000). Another View on “Reinforcement in Developmentally Appropriate Early Childhood Classrooms”. Childhood Education: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 64-67.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 stimulates aboveground biomass in a fire-regenerated scrub-oak ecosystem

The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) on the aboveground biomass of three oak species, Quercus myrtifolia, Q. geminata, and Q. chapmanii, was estimated nondestructively using allometric relationships between stem diameter and aboveground biomass after four years of experimental treatment in a naturally fire-regenerated scrub-oak ecosystem. After burning a stand of scruboak vegetation, re-growing plants were exposed to either current ambient (379 m LL ‐1 CO2) or elevated (704 m LL ‐1 CO2) Ca in 16 open-top chambers over a four-year period, and measurements of stem diameter were carried out annually on all oak shoots within each chamber. Elevated Ca significantly increased aboveground biomass, expressed either per unit ground area or per shoot; elevated Ca had no effect on shoot density. The relative effect of elevated Ca on aboveground biomass increased each year of the study from 44% (May 96‐Jan 97), to 55% (Jan 97‐Jan 98), 66% (Jan 98‐Jan 99), and 75% (Jan 99‐Jan 00). The effect of elevated Ca was species specific: elevated Ca significantly increased aboveground biomass of the dominant species, Q. myrtifolia, and tended to increase aboveground biomass of Q. chapmanii, but had no effect on aboveground biomass of the subdominant, Q. geminata. These results show that rising atmospheric CO2 has the potential to stimulate aboveground biomass production in ecosystems dominated by woody species, and that species-specific growth responses could, in the long term, alter the composition of the scrub-oak community.
The interactions and dissociations of the dorsal hippocampus subregions: How the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 process spatial information.

Several studies have demonstrated the significance of a spatial cognitive map and its role for guided and accurate navigation through the environment. Learning and recalling spatial knowledge depends upon proper topological and metric spatial information processing. The present objectives are to better characterize the role of the hippocampus for processing topological and metric spatial information. Rats with dorsal hippocampal subregional lesions (dDG, dCA3, dCA1) were tested on a previously established metric task and topological task. The results of the present study suggest that dCA1, but not dDG or dCA3, mediates topological memory. Furthermore, dDG, dCA3, and dCA1 mediate metric memory. Dorsal DG is required for spatial information processing via pattern separation or orthogonalization of sensory inputs to generate metric representations. Dorsal CA3 and dCA1 then receive these metric representations transmitted from dDG along the trisynaptic loop. The present data add to a growing body of literature suggesting a diversity of function among the hippocampal subregions.
Fractured rock stress–permeability relationships from in situ data and effects of temperature and chemical–mechanical couplings

The purpose of this paper is to (i) review field data on stress-induced permeability changes in fractured rock; (ii) describe estimation of fractured rock stress-permeability relationships through model calibration against such field data; and (iii) discuss observations of temperature and chemically mediated fracture closure and its effect on fractured rock permeability. The field data that are reviewed include in situ block experiments, excavation-induced changes in permeability around tunnels, borehole injection experiments, depth (and stress) dependent permeability, and permeability changes associated with a large-scale rock-mass heating experiment. Data show how the stress-permeability relationship of fractured rock very much depends on local in situ conditions, such as fracture shear offset and fracture infilling by mineral precipitation. Field and laboratory experiments involving temperature have shown significant temperature-driven fracture closure even under constant stress. Such temperature-driven fracture closure has been described as thermal overclosure and relates to better fitting of opposing fracture surfaces at high temperatures, or is attributed to chemically mediated fracture closure related to pressure solution (and compaction) of stressed fracture surface asperities. Back-calculated stress-permeability relationships from field data may implicitly account for such effects, but the relative contribution of purely thermal-mechanical and chemically mediated changes is difficult to isolate. Therefore, it is concluded that further laboratory and in situ experiments are needed to increase the knowledge of the true mechanisms behind thermally driven fracture closure, and to further assess the importance of chemical-mechanical coupling for the long-term evolution of fractured rock permeability.
Hybrid subgames and copycat games in a pulsing model of advertising competition

Two recent papers,6,7 introduced the game of pulsing competition (PC) in advertising together with its related subgames of alternating pulsing competition (APC) and matching pulsing competition (MPC) for a duopoly. Following a game theoretic approach in conjunction with a continuous Lanchester model, the above authors basically concluded that when at least one of the response functions is convex, generalising monopolistic advertising pulsation results to a competitive setting might not be adequate. This paper expands the scope of the PC game by incorporating in its structure for the first time in the literature, two versions of a hybrid pulsing competition (HPC) subgame. The article compares the payoffs of the four alternative subgames and provides an analytical solution of a special case of the PC game. In addition, the article also introduces for the first time a variant of the PC game designated by ‘the copycat advertising game’ and shows analytically that for such a game the policy of constant advertising spending over time is optimal for both firms irrespective of the shape of their advertising response functions. The paper illustrates at its end how to solve numerically the expanded PC game in its general form using linear programming and how to derive a solution for a copycat advertising game.
HIV infection and cocaine use induce endothelial damage and dysfunction in African Americans.

Abstract Background Clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that HIV infection and cocaine use are associated with an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. The underlying mechanisms linking HIV infection and cocaine use with early atherosclerosis remain elusive. Methods and results Endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in 360 African American participants in Baltimore, Maryland were measured. Quantile regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between ET-1, HIV infection, cocaine use, and other relevant clinical factors. The median of ET-1 in plasma, (1.05pg/mL with interquartile range: 0.73, 1.40) for those with HIV infection was significantly higher than values for those without HIV infection (0.74pg/mL with interquartile range: 0.61, 0.93). The median of ET-1 was markedly higher in chronic cocaine users (0.96pg/mL with interquartile range: 0.71, 1.36) than that in non-cocaine users (0.72pg/mL with interquartile range: 0.58, 1.06). Multivariate quantile regression suggested that HIV infection and duration of cocaine use were independently associated with plasma ET-1 levels after controlling for potential confounding factors. Conclusions This study may provide insight into the mechanism of premature atherosclerosis in HIV-infected cocaine users and suggest that measurement of ET-1 in plasma can be used as a marker of early atherosclerosis in HIV infected patients and cocaine users.
Incidence and Consequence of Close Margins in Patients with Ductal Carcinoma-In Situ Treated with Mastectomy: Is Further Therapy Warranted?

Background The impact of close margins in patients with ductal carcinoma-in situ (DCIS) treated with mastectomy is unclear; however, this finding may lead to a recommendation for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). We sought to determine the incidence and consequences of close margins in patients with DCIS treated with mastectomy.
'Flipping' the Lean Six Sigma classroom

Lean and Six Sigma are well–known process improvement approaches; however, only a limited discussion about how to teach Lean Six Sigma in academia is available in the literature and these resources focus primarily on the use of traditional instructional delivery formats involving mainly face–to–face instruction. The purpose of this research is to describe an innovation for the Lean Six Sigma classroom - the incorporation of an interactive approach known as the 'flipped classroom', where passive, in–class lectures are replaced with more valuable activities traditionally completed by students outside of class such as having discussions or conducting hands–on learning exercises. Comparisons of student performance on certification exams and their perceptions about the course based on course evaluation scores indicates that this approach is at least as good as the traditional classroom approach; yet, it also provides working students with the flexibility and convenience needed to balance both their academic and professional priorities.
A short study of notation efficiency

This comparison indicates that an 8-bit character set, with provision for storing two 4-bit decimal digits in one character position, is a more efficient form of representation than the 6-bit character set, at least for a majority of common applications. This 8(4) representation has several other advantages.
Atomic site determination using the channeling effect in electron-induced x-ray emission

Abstract The variation of the characteristic X-ray emission from a thin crystal with crystallographic direction of the incident electron beam has proved to be a powerful effect for the determination of the crystallographic position of atoms with similar atomic numbers and low concentrations of atoms. The studies of a Al2ZnO4 spinel containing 3% Fe and 0.3% Mn, i.e. small concentrations of neighbours in the periodic system, will be presented. It is concluded that 62±2% of the Fe atoms and 97±10% of the Mn atoms are in tetrahedral positions. The high sensitivity of the method suggests that it is possible to determine the position of a monolayer or less of adatoms on a crystal surface. This possibility is discussed.
Circumcision and health among rural women of Southern Somalia as part of a family life survey

A study of 859 rural women in 16 semipastoralist and semiagricultural villages in Southern Somalia reaffirmed the special significance of female circumcision as a source of full womanhood and an instrument for the control of female sexuality in Somalia. Although condemned in the West, this strongly embedded tradition enjoys unrestrained privilege in one of Africa's predominantly Islamic pastoral societies. The author reviews and analyzes the age‐old tradition of circumcision, paying attention to the accompanying health problems as part of the Family Life Center's program. The Family Life program aims at improving the health conditions of rural women in Somalia and increasing their access to educational and economic opportunities.
Implementation of sustainable construction basics in a construction materials and methods course

The field of construction demands educatedpersonnel in green and sustainable construction. With therecent trends in the industry, many clients demand moregreen materials and design and an overall sustainability toachieve a cleaner and safer structures. The LEEDcertification has also attracted much attention. Here a caseof successful implementation of “green module” into aconstruction material and method course at the bachelor’slevel is presented. Discussions include curriculum flexibilityand constraints reflected by the addition of the greenmodules. The module discussed here is developed accordingto the state-of-the-art body of knowledge and is consistentwith educational program outcomes of the course and that ofthe educational program. The more comprehensive coursecan be delivered online or using hybrid modes ofinstructional delivery. The follow-up empirical assessmentof green modules shows that they are well received by thestudents and their reflective employers, indicating asuccessful implementation. Index Terms - sustainability; construction materials;methods; green; engineering education; module
Empirical Study of Hall Bars on Few-Layer Graphene on C-Face 4H-SiC

Hall bars were fabricated on epitaxial graphene formed on 4H-SiC{0001} under various growth environments. Subsequently, they were analyzed via electrical characterization, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman mapping, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with emphasis on the C-face. The results of the measurement techniques were then corroborated to find correlations. It was found that there is a positive correlation between Hall mobility values and growth pressure in an Ar environment for the C-face. AFM elucidated that topographic features do not correlate with Hall mobility values, nor does device height correlate with carrier concentration. Raman spectroscopy showed that there is a correlation between Hall mobility values and the 2D peak full-width at half-maximum, and a weak correlation with 2D peak position. Additionally, the spectra are sensitive to topographic changes and film discontinuities. Dark-field TEM found higher levels of contrast variation in the SiC〈0001〉 direction, representative of out-of-plane disorder, corresponding to a blue-shift in the 2D peak position. This disorder does not seem to strongly influence Hall mobility values, as it was found in the device with the highest measured Hall mobility: 18,700 cm2 V−1 s−1.
A tail on an untold tale: Response to "Biological and genetic contributors to violence: Widom's untold tale"

VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study by Widom was to provide a response and counter-critique to DiLalla and Gottesman's (1991) criticism of Widom's (1989) past literature review on connections between child abuse, neglect and violent behavior. METHODOLOGY: This article was designed to defend the exclusion of biological and genetic studies from a previous literature review on child abuse, neglect and violent behavior. The strong connections between genetic factors and violence stressed by DiLalla and Gottesman was disputed as overstated. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: While this study acknowledged the importance of biological and genetic research on violence, very little research was found which focused on the biological or genetic influences on child abuse, neglect and violent behavior. This study pointed out that, despite DiLalla and Gottesman contrary conclusions, there was very little evidence of connections between genetics and delinquency, criminality and violent behavior. Widom also critiqued DiLalla and Gottesman for ignoring a large segment of the biological literature focused on such subjects as: neuropsychological deficits, frontal lobe functioning and episodic dyscontrol. This study further criticized DiLalla and Gottesman's assumption that increases in delinquency during adolescence provides conclusive evidence that this behavior was based on increases in hormone levels. This study suggested stronger sex role differentiation during adolescence as an as likely explanation. This study concluded that DiLalla and Gottesman overstated the relationship between genetic factors and violent behavior. AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS: The author suggested the need for researchers to continue crossing "disciplinary boundaries" to develop research strategies and theoretical frameworks (p.131). (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - Domestic Violence Effects KW - Domestic Violence Victim KW - Child Abuse Victim KW - Child Abuse Effects KW - Child Victim KW - Juvenile Offender KW - Juvenile Violence KW - Adult Offender KW - Adult Violence KW - Intergenerational Transmission of Violence KW - Biological Factors KW - Genetic Factors KW - Juvenile Violence KW - Juvenile Offender KW - Juvenile Delinquency KW - Juvenile Crime KW - Adult Crime KW - Adult Violence KW - Adult Offender KW - Violence Causes KW - Crime Causes KW - Delinquency Causes KW - Literature Review KW - Professional Criticism Language: en
The explicit expression for the enthalpy of formation of organometallic compounds of Si, Ge and Sn

Abstract Based on the concept of first-order index and the analysis of the topological geometry of a molecule, we derive a set of explicit expressions for the enthalpies of formation of ( C m H 2 m + 1 ) i C n H 2 n + 1 ) j M and ( C m H 2 m + 1 ) i ( C n H 2 n + 1 ) j MH , which are very simple and useful for any values of m and n and the results agree with the available experimental data. There are no adjustable parameters. Only two parameters are required that are determined from experimental data; all other parameters involved are taken from the basic atomic quantum energy level structure and the electronegativities of atoms from standard tables.
Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Zein Films Plasticized with Oleic Acid

ABSTRACT Water sorption, water vapor permeability, and tensile properties were evaluated for zein films plasticized with oleic acid. The effect of relative humidity on water vapor permeability and tensile properties of films was investigated. Samples were produced by two different methods: casting from a zein solution and stretching from a zein-fatty acid resin. Films were also coated with linseed oil. Results indicated that preparation method affected water sorption and permeability of zein films. Resin films showed lower water sorption than cast films, especially at high Aw values. Water vapor permeability was also lower for resin films. Coating with linseed oil further improved water vapor barrier ability of resin films. Permeability was affected by environmental relative humidity; higher relative humidity resulted in increased permeability. Environmental relative humidity also affected tensile properties of resin films. Toughness and elongation were improved when relative humidity increased from 50 to...
Improved Multiplexed Image Reconstruction Performance Through Optical System Diversity Design

Multiplexed image reconstruction, estimating high resolution images from multiple low resolution images with highly overlapped fields of view, is improved when the magnification of the imagers is diverse. No assumptions of shift invariance or Toeplitz structure are required for computational manageability because localized reconstruction is possible and sensitivity to boundary conditions is reduced. Such multiplexed diverse image sensors have applications in flat sensor systems for surveillance and pervasive personal imaging.
Electric probe measurements near the plasma edge in Alcator

Measurements of the plasma density and electron temperature profiles in the shadow of the limiter in the Alcator tokamak are presented. These results indicate that plasma is transported across the field in this edge region at rates considerably higher than classical diffusion would predict. It also appears that the particle confinement time in this region is much less than in the central core of the plasma.
Epidemiology of subclinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cattle

The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows in early lactation and determine the association of (1) days in milk (DIM) at onset of SCK, and (2) blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration at onset of SCK with development of displaced abomasum (DA) and removal from herd in the first 30 DIM, conception to first service, days to conception within 150 DIM, and early lactation milk yield. Cows from 4 freestall dairy herds (2 in New York and 2 in Wisconsin) were each tested 6 times for SCK from 3 to 16 DIM using the Precision Xtra meter (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). Subclinical ketosis was defined as a BHBA concentration of 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L. Mixed-effects multivariable Poisson regression was used to assess DA, removal from herd, and conception to first service. Semiparametric proportional hazards models were used to evaluate days to conception, and repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate milk yield in the first 30 DIM. A total of 741 of 1,717 (43.2%) eligible cows had a least one BHBA test of 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L. Peak incidence of SCK occurred at 5 DIM, when 22.3% of cows had their first SCK-positive test. Peak prevalence of SCK occurred at 5 DIM, when 28.9% of cows had a SCK-positive test. Median time from first positive SCK test until BHBA test <1.2 mmol/L was 5d. Cows first testing SCK positive from 3 to 5 DIM were 6.1 times more likely [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3 to 16.0] to develop a DA than cows first testing SCK positive at 6 DIM or later. Cows first testing SCK positive from 3 to 7 DIM were 4.5 times more likely (95% CI = 1.7 to 11.7) to be removed from the herd, were 0.7 times as likely (95% CI = 0.6 to 0.8) to conceive to first service, and produced 2.2 kg less milk per day for the first 30 DIM than cows first testing positive at 8 DIM or later. Each 0.1 mmol/L increase in BHBA at first SCK-positive test increased the risk of developing a DA by a factor of 1.1 (95% CI = 1.0 to 1.2), increased the risk of removal from herd by a factor of 1.4 (95% CI = 1.1 to 1.8), and was associated with a decrease in milk production by 0.5 kg/d for the first 30 DIM. These results show that time of onset and BHBA concentration of first SCK-positive test are important indicators of individual cow performance.
Long slit charge-coupled-device observations of active and normal galaxies.

We describe the acquisition, reduction, and analysis of long slit spectra of active and normal galaxies using the Steward Observatory Texas Instruments TI 3PCCD system on the University of Arizona Observatory 2.3 m telescope. We also present fully reduced data for one Seyfert and one normal galaxy to illustrate the scientific motivations for using such a detector system.
Models for contact loading and unloading of a rough surface

Abstract Two basic models of loading and unloading of elastic–plastic rough surfaces are presented. The first is based on a surface composed of columnar asperities and the second is based on the more traditional hemispherical asperities. These models extend the Greenwood and Williamson paradigm [Proc. Roy. Soc. A 295 (1966) 300] to cyclic loading where an evolving subset of the contacting asperities undergo irreversible deformation.
Probing the charge-transfer state of CO on Pt(111) by two-dimensional infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy

The lowest charge-transfer band of CO on Pt(111) was identified using two-dimensional infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy. The electronic resonance associated with the stretching mode of atop CO appeared at 2.51 eV with a bandwidth of 0.83 eV. The result is consistent with earlier calculations using CO-Pt cluster models indicating that the resonance is from $5d$ to $6sp$ orbital of Pt hybridized with orbital of CO. The measured transition energy suggests that the antibonding state of Pt $6sp$ and CO $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ for atop CO on Pt(111) is $\ensuremath{\sim}2.2\mathrm{eV}$ above Fermi level.
Patterns of oral-verbal perseveration in adult aphasics

Abstract This descriptive study sought to examine the nature of perseverative errors uttered by adult aphasics in response to a picture naming taks. Previous research on perseveration is reviewed. Three major patterns of perseverative behavior are identified and illustrated— semantic selection, program of action , and phonemic carry-over . The hypothesis that site of lesion (anterior vs. posterior) may account for the amount or pattern of perseveration an aphasic exhibits is not supported. An information-processing model is proposed to account for all patterns of oralverbal perseverative response.
The Six-Minute Walk Test Predicts Peak Oxygen Uptake and Survival in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

Background The 6-min walk test (6'WT) is a simple measure of functional capacity and predicts survival in patients with moderate heart failure (HF). Methods To assess the role of the 6'WT in the evaluation of patients with advanced HF, 45 patients (age 49±8 years, mean±SD; New York Heart Association class 3.3±0.6; left ventricular ejection fraction 0.20±0.06; right ventricular ejection fraction 0.31±0.11) underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing and the 6'WT during cardiac transplant evaluation. Results Mean 6'WT distance ambulated was 310±100 m and peak oxygen uptake (peak V ˙ o 2 ) was 12.2±4.5 mL/kg/min. There was a significant correlation between 6'WT distance ambulated and peak V ˙ o 2 (r=0.64, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis of patient characteristics, resting hemodynamics, and 6'WT results identified the distance ambulated during the 6'WT as the strongest predictor of peak V ˙ o 2 (p<0.001). 6'WT distance ambulated less than 300 m predicted an increased likelihood of death or pretransplant hospital admission for continuous inotropic or mechanical support within 6 months (p=0.04), but did not predict long-term overall or event-free survival with a mean follow-up of 62 weeks. Peak V ˙ o 2 was the best predictor of long-term overall and event-free survival. Conclusions In patients with advanced HF evaluated for cardiac transplantation, distance ambulated during the 6'WT predicts (1) peak V ˙ o 2 and (2) short-term event-free survival.
Oxidation of Polyisoprene Popcorn Polymer. IV. Effect of Polymer Purity on Carbon Dioxide and Water Yields

Abstract Recent oxidation studies on polysisoprene popcorn polymer have shown that the yields of volatile products are a function of the presence or absence of residual isoprene dimers on the polymer. In contrast to previously reported data, no carbon dioxide is detected when highly purified polymer is used. Also, the yields of water drop to approximately half the previously reported values. Quantitative data are presented for the production of water during the early stages of autoxidation. The reported data emphasize the possible errors that can occur when oxidation reaction mechanisms are based on the stoichiometry of volatile products produced from impure polymer samples.