cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sterol 14-α-demethylase is vital for mitochondrial functions and stress tolerance in Leishmania major

Sterol 14-α-demethylase (C14DM) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sterols and the primary target of azoles. In Leishmania major, genetic or chemical inactivation of C14DM leads to accumulation of 14-methylated sterol intermediates and profound plasma membrane abnormalities including increased fluidity and failure to maintain ordered membrane microdomains. These defects likely contribute to the hypersensitivity to heat and severely reduced virulence displayed by the C14DM-null mutants (c14dm‾). In addition to plasma membrane, sterols are present in intracellular organelles. In this study, we investigated the impact of C14DM ablation on mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that c14dm‾ mutants have significantly higher mitochondrial membrane potential than wild type parasites. Such high potential leads to the buildup of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria, especially under nutrient-limiting conditions. Consistent with these mitochondrial alterations, c14dm‾ mutants show impairment in respiration and are heavily dependent on glucose uptake and glycolysis to generate energy. Consequently, these mutants are extremely sensitive to glucose deprivation and such vulnerability can be rescued through the supplementation of glucose or glycerol. In addition, the accumulation of oxidants may also contribute to the heat sensitivity exhibited by c14dm‾. Finally, genetic or chemical ablation of C14DM causes increased susceptibility to pentamidine, an antimicrobial agent with activity against trypanosomatids. In summary, our investigation reveals that alteration of sterol synthesis can negatively affect multiple cellular processes in Leishmania parasites and make them vulnerable to clinically relevant stress conditions.
Conservation laws and non-decaying solutions for the Benney–Luke equation

A long wave multi-dimensional approximation of shallow-water waves is the bi-directional Benney–Luke (BL) equation. It yields the well-known Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation in a quasi one-directional limit. A direct perturbation method is developed; it uses underlying conservation laws to determine the slow evolution of parameters of two space-dimensional, non-decaying solutions to the BL equation. These non-decaying solutions are perturbations of recently studied web solutions of the KP equation. New numerical simulations, based on windowing methods which are effective for non-decaying data, are presented. These simulations support the analytical results and elucidate the relationship between the KP and the BL equations and are also used to obtain amplitude information regarding particular web solutions. Additional dissipative perturbations to the BL equation are also studied.
Prognostic Value of Learning and Retention Measures from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test to Identify Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objective To compare the predictive validity of learning and retention measures from the picture version of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (pFCSRT + IR) for identifying incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Learning was defined by the sum of free recall (FR) and retention by delayed free recall (DFR) tested 15-20 min later. Totally, 1422 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) participants (mean age 69.6 years, 54% male, mean 16.7 years of education) without dementia or MCI received the pFCSRT + IR at baseline and were followed longitudinally. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effect of baseline learning and retention on risk of MCI. Results In total, 187 participants developed MCI over a median of 8.1 years of follow-up. FR and DFR each predicted incident MCI adjusting for age, sex, and education. Also, each independently predicted incident MCI in the presence of the other with similar effect sizes: around 20% decrease in the hazard of MCI corresponding to one standard deviation increase in FR or DFR. Conclusion The practice of preferring retention over learning to predict incident MCI should be reconsidered. The decision to include retention should be guided by time constraints and patient burden.
Are Reductions in Immigrants' Supplemental Security Income Participation Beneficial? It Is Not Completely Clear

[ ]could immigrants' loss of SSI benefits be explained by other factors, such as anti-immigrant policies promulgated by states or the Trump presidential administration? Xenophobic local, state, and federal policies heightened fear in immigrant communities and discouraged many from seeking public benefits or health services 5 7 It Is not apparent whether "chilling effects" would be higher in Medicaid expansion states, but it is plausible that some refrained from seeking SSI not because they were getting Medicaid but because they were afraid of harmful repercussions [ ]even if disabled immigrants were more successful in gaining employment during the 2009 to 2018 period of this study because of Medicaid expansion, is this still true today?
Elasticity of some mantle crystals structures. III - Spessartite-almandine garnet

Measurements of the pressure dependence of the elastic constants of spessartite-almandine garnet are given. The basis for velocity systematics among the available natural and synthetic garnet data is then examined. As for any dense oxide, the natural anion in garnet is dominant in size. The ionic sizes of the cations in the various sites are used to determine the extent to which it might be expected that garnets of different chemical formulas are analogous in elastic properties. The results are used to predict that the elastic velocities in garnet-transformed MgSiO3 are the same as those in pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12).
“I have human papillomavirus”: An analysis of illness narratives from the Experience Project

Abstract Purpose Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus worldwide. Our purpose was to examine people's experiences with HPV using narratives posted on a website entitled, Experience Project . Method We conducted a content analysis of 127 HPV narratives to identify stigma, emotion-focused and problem-focused coping, and misinformation. Results Negative self-image was the most commonly identified type of stigma. There were more instances of problem-focused than emotion-focused coping. Sources of confusion were mostly about HPV treatment and side effects/symptoms. Conclusions These findings have implications for how nurses and other health professionals can care for individuals living with HPV. Based on these findings, it would be beneficial for clinics/providers to implement on-line forums where myths about HPV can be debunked and accurate information provided. Both patients and the public need to be better informed about HPV, in order to decrease the negative stigma that can create a mental burden for individuals with HPV.
In vitro evaluation of photo-crosslinkable chitosan-lactide hydrogels for bone tissue engineering.

Here we report the development and characterization of novel photo-crosslinkable chitosan-lactide (Ch-LA) hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. We synthesized the hydrogels based on Ch, LA, and methacrylic anhydride (MA), and examined their chemical structures, degradation rates, compressive moduli, and protein release kinetics. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity of the hydrogels and delivery efficacy of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization using W-20-17 preosteoblast mouse bone marrow stromal cells and C2C12 mouse myoblast cells. NMR and FTIR revealed that the hydrogels were formed via amidation and esterification between Ch and LA, and methacrylation for photo-crosslinkable networks. Addition of a hydrophobic LA moiety to a hydrophilic Ch chain increased swellability, softness, and degradation rate of the photo-crosslinkable Ch-LA hydrogels. Changes in Ch/LA ratio and UV exposure time significantly affected compressive modulus and protein release kinetics. The photo-crosslinkable Ch-LA hydrogels were not cytotoxic regardless of the composition and UV crosslinking time. Higher alkaline phosphatase activities of both W-20-17 and C2C12 cells were observed in the less-crosslinked hydrogels at day 5. Mineralization was enhanced by sustained BMP-2 release from the hydrogels, but was cell type dependent. This photo-crosslinkable Ch-LA hydrogel is a promising carrier for growth factors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1393–1406, 2014.
Social Media and Social Capital

Social capital refers to the benefits that people receive through their connections to others in their social network. Various theorists have described the concepts of social capital in different ways, but the common denominator is that people are able to access a variety of resources through their relationships to others, and the nature of these resources depends to some extent on the type of relationship being accessed. Recently, researchers of computer mediated communication more generally and social media, in particular, have identified affordances of online social systems that may facilitate the relationship formation and maintenance activities that lead to social capital generation. Keywords: computer mediated communication; internet; relationships; social network sites
PI observer design for linear time-delay systems

A method for Proportional-Integral (PI) observer design for linear time-delay systems is proposed in this paper. Using Lyapunov-based stability condition for time-delay systems, we establish the stability and convergence of the observer. The PI observer design requires solving certain algebraic Riccati equation. An example is given in order to illustrate the proposed method.
Valuation of Intangible Capital in Agriculture

This study examines the valuation of research as intangible capital in agriculture using Tobin’s q theory. The market value of public research capital is estimated to be 8.6 times higher than conventional assets. Private research capital is valued 5.2 times higher than conventional assets. The estimated valuation multiplier for all farm assets dropped 1/3 over the last decade. In recent years the valuation multiplier has dropped below a dollar, which indicates the market is undervaluing farm assets.
Free Speech Aboard the Leaky Ship of State: Calibrating First Amendment Protection for Leakers of Classified Information

The Obama Administration has initiated six prosecutions of government employees for leaking classified information. This is double the number of prosecutions brought by all previous administrations combined. The rise in prosecutions, coupled with other developments – most notably a series of disclosures from the website wikileaks – has brought a renewed focus to the first amendment status of classified information and those who disseminate it. Most of the attention and concern, however, has centered on the protections due non-governmental third parties who publish information that is leaked to them. When their attention turns to leakers, commentators most often argue or assume that leakers can be prosecuted with little or no constitutional difficulty, given their special positions of trust with respect to classified information. This Article challenges that conventional view. It argues that government insiders who leak classified information merit robust, albeit certainly not unlimited, constitutional protections from prosecution. It also explains that the government should have greater constitutional leeway to punish leakers through administrative sanctions tied to leakers’ insider status – for example, through dismissal from employment or security clearance removal – than through criminal penalties. The Article defends these points on grounds of constitutional text, structure, and principle in their own right and as applied to the realities of the classification system. It also analyzes judicial doctrine, explaining that while aspects of it bode poorly for leaker protections from prosecution, the overall doctrinal picture is far less bleak for leakers than is often assumed.
Inelastic Scattering and Beam Damage

In the previous chapter, we discussed elastic scattering of the electron beam in which the incident electrons lost no energy as they traversed the specimen. Inelastically scattered (often termed energy-loss) electrons are equally important and we’ll discuss many of these processes here, but leave the applications till later. Why are we interested in inelastic scattering? Well, such scattering generates a whole range of signals, each of which can tell us more about the chemistry of the specimen than we can find out from the elastic electrons. In addition to the energy-loss electrons themselves, the most important signals are the characteristic X-rays, secondary electrons, and, occasionally, visible light (cathodoluminescence (CL)) and so we’ll emphasize how these arise.
Regional localization of human β-casein gene (CSN2) to 4pter-q21

Milk proteins are crucial for the development of all newborn mammals. Caseins that constitute the bulk of the protein in mammalian milk have been shown to be members of a multigene family in at least two species. They are among the most rapidly diverging groups of proteins, and their numbers vary widely among species. beta- and kappa-Caseins are the only caseins present in human milk. Using polymerase chain reaction on genomic DNA from somatic cell hybrids, we have localized the human beta-casein gene (CSN2) to 4pter----q21.
The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the arterial blood pressure of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract 1 In anaesthetized rats, injection of prostaglandin E2 (0.5-5.0 μg/kg i.v.) caused a dose-dependent vasodepressor response. The magnitude of response was significantly greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats. 2 In spontaneously hypertensive rats, the magnitude of the prostaglandin-induced depressor response was closely correlated with blood pressure. The higher the blood pressure, the greater was the response evoked by prostaglandin. 3 In spontaneously hypertensive rats, a combination of guanethidine plus hydralazine reduced both blood pressure and prostaglandin-induced depressor responses. 4 Spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive rats did not differ in the magnitude of their vasodepressor responses to intravenously administered acetylcholine or isoprenaline.
Synergistic Roles of Neuregulin-1 and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway and Cardiac Chamber Morphogenesis

Cardiac chamber morphogenesis requires the coordinated growth of both cardiac muscle and endocardial cell lineages. Paracrine growth factors may modulate the coordinated cellular specification and differentiation during cardiac chamber morphogenesis, as suggested by the essential role of endothelial-derived growth factors, neuregulin-1, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Using the whole mouse embryo culture system for delivery of diffusible factors into the cardiac chamber, neuregulin-1 was shown to promote trabeculation of the ventricular wall. Another factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, had no apparent effect by itself. Combined treatment with neuregulin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I strongly induced DNA synthesis of cardiomyocytes and expansion of both the ventricular compact zone and the atrioventricular cushions leading to chamber growth and maturation. In cultured cardiomyocytes, combined neuregulin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I also had a synergistic effect to promote DNA synthesis and cellular growth, which were prevented by wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Adenoviral delivery of dominant negative Rac1, which acts downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, blocked the effect of combined neuregulin-1/insulin-like growth factor-I treatment. These studies support the concept that the interaction of neuregulin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I pathways plays an important role in coordinating cardiac chamber morphogenesis and may occur through convergent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
A grand unification preon model with E6 metacolor

We have constructed a version of the chiral three-preon model E6 × SO(10) that satisfies the condition of asymptotic freedom in the metacolor and composite color-flavor sectors. The construction is based on the global color-flavor symmetry group SU(18). By applying the 't Hooft anomaly matching condition to the subgroup SU(16) × SU(2) of SU(18), together with a few physical constraints, we obtain a unique solution that gives rise to precisely three generations of the spinorial representation 16 of SO(10) without exotics. Except for N = 18, no solution exists for the global color-flavor group satisfying metacolor asymptotic freedom (N < 22) when SU(N) breaks to SU(16) × SU(N − 16).
A high order ADI method for separable generalized Helmholtz equations

Abstract We present a multilevel high order ADI method for separable generalized Helmholtz equations. The discretization method we use is a one-dimensional fourth order compact finite difference applied to each directional component of the Laplace operator, resulting in a discrete system efficiently solvable by ADI methods. We apply this high order difference scheme to all levels of grids, and then starting from the coarsest grid, solve the discretized equation with an ADI method at each grid level, with the solution from the previous grid level as the initial guess. The multilevel procedure stops as the ADI finishes its iterations on the finest grid. Analytical and experimental results show that the proposed method is highly accurate and efficient while remaining as algorithmically and data-structurally simple as the single grid ADI method.
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide on the Response to Repeated Reductions in Sucrose Concentration in Free-Fed Rats

Free-fed rats were shifted from brief access to 32% sucrose (5 min per day for 3 days) to 4% sucrose (5 min per day for 2 days) 8 separate times. During preshift, rats given access to 32% sucrose licked less than rats given access to 4% sucrose (the opposite of what is typically obtained with deprived rats). The shift from 32% sucrose to 4% sucrose resulted in a further decline in lick frequency, suggesting a successive negative contrast effect. Degree of negative contrast diminished with repeated downshifts. Administration of chlordiazepoxide (CDP), 8 mg/kg, on either the first or second postshift day completely offset the effect of reward reduction. The diminution of contrast and the pattern of effectiveness of CDP differed from results obtained with food-deprived rats. The reduction of contrast by CDP was interpreted as being separate from an appetite-stimulation effect of the drug. Finally, all groups showed tolerance to the sedative effects of CDP in an open-field test, a result consistent with that obtained with deprived rats.
Comparison of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in management of out of hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial

Bretylium tosylate was compared with lidocaine hydrochloride as initial drug therapy in 146 victims of out of hospital ventricular fibrillation in a randomized blinded trial. An organized rhythm was achieved in 89 and 93 percent and a stable perfusing rhythm in 58 and 60 percent of the patients who received bretylium and lidocaine, respectively. After initiation of advanced life support, an organized rhythm was first established after an average of 10.4 minutes and 10.6 minutes in the two respective groups, requiring an average of 2.8 defibrillatory shocks in those who received bretylium and 2.4 in the lidocaine-treated patients. Comparable numbers of patients were discharged from the hospital: 34 percent of those given bretylium and 26 percent of the patients whose initial therapy was lidocaine. No instance of chemical defibrillation was observed with either drug. In this study, bretylium afforded neither significant advantage nor disadvantage compared with lidocaine in the initial management of ventricular fibrillation.
Debye–Hückel screening and fluctuations

Abstract The Debye–Huckel theory of screened Coulomb potentials, originally born in chemical physics, has long been adopted by the plasma community. Here it has been applied to a system which is close to but not quite at thermal equilibrium. It has been shown how the presence of small local fluctuations leads to a sizeable contribution to line broadening as demonstrated for the Liman-α line of hydrogen. The conditions for this type of broadening effect are sufficiently unspecific that similar effects are likely to be found in a variety of different systems.
Existence of Periodic Solutions for Ginzburg–Landau Equations of Superconductivity

Abstract In an earlier paper (B. Wang, 1999, J. Math. Anal. Appl.232, 394–412) the author proved the existence of periodic solutions to the Ginzburg–Landau equations of superconductivity in two dimensions. Here we will show that the Ginzburg–Landau equations admit periodic solutions in three-dimensions as well. We also prove the existence of periodic solutions to the phase-lock equations introduced by the author (in press, J. Nonlinear Anal.).
Tandem Networks of Universal Cells

The tandem network, a row-like interconnection of cells is described. Such networks are more general than the widely studied irredundant cascade, but less general than a universal network based on, for example, the Shannon decomposition. The analysis is facilitated by the introduction of three cell-network interconnections, whose functions are characterized by certain attributes of the partition matrix of the realized function. Partition matrices have been used to significant advantage in characterizing disjunctive decompositions. They are also important in the analysis of nondisjunctive decompositions, but their application is cumbersome in such cases. It is shown that certain nondisjunctive decompositions can be handled easily as operations on partition matrices. A counting technique is developed which shows that the number of functions realized by tandem networks is significantly larger than that realized by cascades. In addition, a synthesis technique is shown for constructing a tandem network to realize a given function.
The pharmacy student population: applications received 2004-05, degrees conferred 2004-05, fall 2005 enrollments.

This report presents data that describe the 2004-05 pharmacy application pool, degrees conferred in 2004-05, and fall 2005 pharmacy program enrollments. Data for this report were requested from the 92 U.S. colleges and schools of pharmacy recognized by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) using five separate survey instruments. Through June 2005, there were two professional education programs at U.S. colleges and schools of pharmacy: one leading to a baccalaureate in pharmacy and the other leading to the doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree. For the purpose of this report, students in doctor of pharmacy programs are categorized under Pharm.D.1 when the program leads to a doctor of pharmacy degree conferred as the first professional degree. Students who have already received a baccalaureate in pharmacy and are enrolled in a doctor of pharmacy degree program are categorized under Pharm.D.2. The following definitions refer to the race/ethnicity groups as used in this report. White, black or African American, and Hispanic or Latino refer to students of the respective race/ethnicity who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories. The Asian, native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander group includes students who are Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, Asian Indian, Guamanian, Samoan, or Pacific Islanders who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories. The American Indian or Alaska native classification includes Native Americans, Eskimos, and Aleuts who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories. Students listed under Other are those who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. or its territories, but for whom race/ethnicity is unknown. Included in Foreign are all students who are foreign, nonpermanent residents of the U.S., regardless of race/ethnicity.
Infectious clones of herpesviruses: a new approach for understanding viral gene function.

The BAC technology represents a major advance in the study of herpesviruses and, in the case of the more slowly replicating β herpesviruses such as HCMV, will probably become the preferred method for genetic analysis. Newer methods for homologous recombination in E. coli will probably increase the efficiency of mutagenesis in this system and lead to the more rapid characterization of viral genes22xRapid modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes by ET-recombination. Muyrers, J.P.P. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999; 27: 1555–1557Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (347)See all References22. Although this technology will greatly simplify the generation of mutant viruses, construction of complementing cell lines will continue to represent a bottleneck in the analysis of viral genes essential for replication. Perhaps the refinement of retroviral-mediated transduction of herpesvirus genes or transient complementation by replication-defective heterologous viruses encoding herpesvirus genes will solve many of the technical problems associated with the production of complementing cell lines. Together with the exciting applications of the BAC technology such as that reported by Borst and Hahn, we can expect an acceleration in the analysis of herpesvirus gene function, especially of viruses, such as HCMV, which have previously defied study because of their slow replicative cycle and highly restricted cell tropism in vitro.
Variation in susceptibility of different cell types to temperature-sensitive host range mutants of herpes simplex virus type 2.

Abstract Four conditional lethal mutants of herpes simplex virus type 2 have been investigated for ability to induce cytopathic effects (CPE) and to replicate at 39° in various cell types. Epithelioid cell cultures were prepared from the kidneys of hamsters, mice, and rabbits; fibroblastoid cell cultures from hamster, mouse, rabbit, and human lung tissues. Parental virus and all mutants replicated in all cell types at 33° resulting in lysis of the cultures. At 39°, fibroblastoid cells of rodent origin were nonpermissive for the mutants. However, epithelioid cells, regardless of origin, and fibroblastoid cells derived from rabbit and human tissues were permissive to mutant virus replication at 39°. As the temperature-sensitive virus defect can be overcome in selected cell types, these mutants display host range and cell-type characteristics.
Psychophysically scaled cue differences, learning rate, and attentional strategies in a tactile discrimination task

Abstract A series of three experiments with nursery school children is reported. Texture cues, which were psychophysically scaled in the first study, were used in the following two experiments to investigate the relationship between cue differences and learning rate. It was found that psychophysically discriminable differences between cues were not used effectively in the learning situation. Except with large cue differences markedly above threshold, chance performance was obtained. The appropriateness of psychophysically scaling cues for learning studies was questioned. In addition to accuracy scores, three “attentional” exploration strategies were observed and the conditional probability of a correct response, given an appropriate attentional response, recorded. Adoption of an efficient exploration strategy led to improved performance. Thus the use of the haptic modality provided an opportunity to observe the “covert” attentional link in the learning chain and information concerning the ability of young children to adopt appropriate search strategies in a tactile discrimination task.
Tumor Amylase: General Properties and Estimation of Activity

A study by Salter, Meyer, and Aub (1), of the enzyme system in tumors which deals with carbohydrate metabolism, has indicated its high specificity for glucose. Among other characteristics, the inability of intact tumor cells to produce lactic acid from glycogen (derived from the same species) was noteworthy. Barr, Ronzoni, and Glaser (2), likewise using the technic of Warburg for (lactic) acid production, had previously observed the same fact. However, Buxton (3), working twenty-five years ago with various types of malignant tissue, found an amylolytic enzyme uniformly present in hashed tumors which was capable of acting on both starch and glycogen, and whose activity he was able to estimate roughly. It is the purpose of this paper to show the general properties of this enzyme and to suggest a method whereby its activity can be accurately measured. Sourceof Materials Mouse sarcoma 180 was the malignant tissue of choice because of its rapid growth and ready transplantability, and because of the cellular nature of the tumor with comparatively little, and usually localized, necrosis. This transplanted neoplasm, borne by pure strain, tumor-susceptible mice (inbred for nine years) was used throughout. The tumor was studied three to four weeks after transplantation. The mouse was killed by a blow over the head, the throat was cut, and the tumor was removed, its capsule and adherent tissue cleaned off, and the necrotic center discarded. After weighing the tumor to 0.1 gram it was ground in a small mortar with washed sand, and an equal weight of distilled water was added. Grinding and extraction were continued for from two to five minutes, after which the tumor hash was centrifuged for fifteen minutes. The supernatant fluid, designated as concentrated (50 per cent) tumor extract, was decanted. This stock extract, preserved with toluol and kept in the ice box, retains its activity essentially unaltered for several months.
Effects of ovariectomy and constant light on responsiveness to estrogen in the rat.

Abstract The hypothesis that the responsiveness of sexual behavior and LH secretion to exogenous gonadal steroid treatment is dependent on the endogenous steroid environment existing prior to treatment was tested in female rats. The major finding was that estrogen was more effective in stimulating lordosis behavior when treatment was commenced immediately after ovariectomy than when it was delayed for 6 weeks. This indicates that the sensitivity of behavior regulating mechanisms in the female rat declines after removal of the “activating” hormones, as previously reported for testosterone in the male. Similar results were obtained in groups of animals whose pattern of steroid secretion prior to ovariectomy had been changed by 2 months' exposure to constant light. The constant illumination itself showed no significant effect on behavioral responsiveness in spayed estrogen-treated rats. Results are also reported for plasma LH determinations and uterine weights in each of the experiments. Plasma LH levels were found to be lower under conditions of constant as compared to cycling light, both in spayed untreated and spayed estrogen-treated animals.
Vortex structures in geophysical convection

An intriguing variety of vortex structures arise during buoyant convection, especially in the presence of background stratification and rotation. These vortices play an important role in environmental fluid motions, bearing upon small-scale turbulence to planetary-scale circulation. A brief review of vortex motions associated with buoyant convection is presented in this paper, emphasizing the sources of vorticity, evolution of vortex structures and their role in oceanic and atmospheric dynamics. The genesis of a variety of vortices, for example, mushroom vortices, geostrophic and ageostrophic vortices, dipolar structures and hetons in buoyant convection flows is described, and parameterizations to represent their properties are discussed. New laboratory and numerical simulation results on vortex-related phenomena in stratified and rotating fluids and their implications in geophysical convective flows are also presented.
Effects of Age, Race, Sex, and Employment Experience on Students' Perceptions of Job Applications:

Although a number of laws exist concerning equal employment opportunity (EEO), research suggests that discrimination still exists. Are attitudes and intentions regarding EEO compliance evolving among those who are planning managerial careers and have grown up in the era since passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? To explore this question, the present study investigated business students' evaluations of various job applications. Specifically, students were exposed to resumes of job applicants who varied in terms of their employment experience, age, race, and sex. Analyses indicated a main effect for employment experience and two small interactions. The relationship of these perceptions to actual future behaviors was discussed. Results were also compared to those of previous studies of business students' attitudes and intentions regarding discrimination in employment.
Inhibition of the adenylylation of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulfone during nitrogenase derepression.

Abstract Adenylylation of glutamine synthetase was suppressed during derepression of nitrogenase synthesis in the presence of methionine sulfone and an excess of NH 4 + . Deadenylylation of glutamine synthetase was also promoted during nitrogenase derepression under the same conditions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the unadenylylated form of glutamine synthetase is required for derepression of nitrogenase.
Aortic dissection in women < 40 years of age and the unimportance of pregnancy.

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Collagen architecture and failure processes in bovine patellar cartilage

Cartilage fails by fibrillation and wearing away. This study was designed to identify the microscopic failure processes in the collagen network of bovine cartilage using scanning electron microscopy. Cartilage samples from fibrillated cartilage from the bovine patella were removed from the bone, fixed, digested to remove proteoglycans, freeze-fractured, and processed for SEM. The architecture of the collagen network in the normal cartilage was first defined, and then the failure processes were identified by examining sites of fibrillation and at crack tips. The bovine patellar cartilage was organised with a superficial layer composed of 3–5 lamina, attached to a sub-superficial tissue by angled bridging fibrils. Collagen in the sub-superficial tissue was organised in lamina oriented in the radial direction up to the transition zone. Failure of the system occurred by cracks forming in superficial layer and lamina, creating flaps of lamina that rolled up into the larger ‘fronds’. Larger cracks not following the laminar planes occurred in the transition, mid, and deep zones. Failure at the crack tips in the sub-superficial tissue appeared to be by peeling of collagen fibrils, as opposed to breaking of collagen fibrils, suggesting a ‘glue’ bonding the collagen fibrils in a parallel fashion. Cracks propagated by breaking these bonds. This bond could be a site of disease action, since weakening of the bond would accelerate crack propagation.
An Increased Risk of Crohn's Disease in Individuals Who Inherit the HLA Class II DRB3 * 0301 Allele

Abstract The role of inflammatory T cells in Crohn's disease suggests that inherited variations in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes may be of pathogenetic importance in inflammatory bowel disease. The absence of consistent and strong associations with MHC class II genes in Caucasian patients with inflammatory bowel disease probably reflects the use of less precise typing approaches and the failure to type certain loci by any means. A PCR-sequence-specific oligonucleotide-based approach was used to type individual alleles of the HLA class II DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 loci in 40 patients with ulcerative colitis, 42 Crohn's disease patients, and 93 ethnically matched healthy controls. Detailed molecular typing of the above alleles has previously not been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A highly significant positive association with the HLA-DRB3*0301 allele was observed in patients with Crohn's disease (P = 0.0004) but not in patients with ulcerative colitis. The relative risk for this association was 7.04. Other less significant HLA class II associations were also noted in patients with Crohn's disease. One of these associations involved the HLA-DRB1*1302 allele, which is known to be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB3*0301. These data suggest that a single allele of an infrequently typed HLA class II locus is strongly associated with Crohn's disease and that MHC class II molecules may be important in its pathogenesis.
Anomalous behavior in the two-step reduction of quinones in acetonitrile

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of eight quinones, 9,10-anthraquinone (1), duroquinone (2), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (3), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (4), 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (5), tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (6), tetrabromo-1,2-benzoquinone (7) and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone (8), have been studied in acetonitrile. In every case it was found that cyclic voltammograms differed in significant ways from those expected for simple stepwise reduction of the quinone to its radical anion and dianion. The various types of deviations for the eight quinones have been cataloged and some speculation is offered concerning their origins.
Genetic heterogeneity in a single year-class from a panmictic population of adult blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus)

We used microsatellite genetic markers to investigate adult population structure and the formation of a new year-class in Sebastes mystinus (blue rockfish). Since S. mystinus may live as long as 45 years and reach reproductive age at approximately 5 years, the adult population may contain as many as eight generations of reproductive adults. We investigated whether the juveniles of the 2000 year-class and the adult population were genetically homogeneous along the California coast. We sampled approximately 100 juveniles from three sites, two sites along the Monterey Peninsula (Carmel and Monterey) in central California and one at Fort Ross in northern California, and approximately 50 adult S. mystinus from five sites throughout the population center. The adult sampling spanned approximately 700 km from the northern Channel Islands to Fort Bragg. The juveniles showed significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among distant locations and genetic homogeneity among adjacent locations. In contrast, the adults showed genetic homogeneity over large distances (San Miguel Island to Fort Bragg), indicating little limitation of gene flow in this region. Allele frequencies of juveniles differed from adult samples and in some cases reduced genetic diversity indicative of sweepstakes recruitment (small sample of the adult reproductive potential). The genetic structure of the 2000 year-class suggests that despite a genetically homogenous adult population, settled juveniles can be genetically heterogeneous along the California coast. The results also suggest that the adults, with several year-classes, are capable of maintaining a panmictic population despite the genetic distinctiveness of individual year-classes.
A fast solution switching system with temperature control for single cell measurements.

This article describes a perfusion system for biophysical single cell experiments at the physiological temperature. Our system regulates temperature of test solutions using a small heat exchanger that includes several capillaries. Water circulating inside the heat exchanger warms or cools test solutions flowing inside the capillaries. Temperature-controlled solutions are delivered directly to a single cell(s) through a multibarreled manifold that switches solutions bathing a cell in less than 1 s. This solution exchange is optimal for patch clamp, single-cell microamperometry, and microfluorometry experiments. Using this system, we demonstrate that exocytosis from pancreatic β cells and activation of TRPV1 channels are temperature sensitive. We also discuss how to measure local temperature near a single cell under investigation.
Treatment of dorsal perilunate dislocations and fracture–dislocations using a standardized protocol

Background The aims of this study were to evaluate the associated injuries occurring with acute perilunate instability and to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes of perilunate dislocations and fracture–dislocations treated with a combined dorsal and volar approach.
Gene tree rooting methods give distributions that mimic the coalescent process

Multi-locus phylogenetic inference is commonly carried out via models that incorporate the coalescent process to model the possibility that incomplete lineage sorting leads to incongruence between gene trees and the species tree. An interesting question that arises in this context is whether data “fit” the coalescent model. Previous work (Rosenfeld et al., 2012) has suggested that rooting of gene trees may account for variation in empirical data that has been previously attributed to the coalescent process. We examine this possibility using simulated data. We show that, in the case of four taxa, the distribution of gene trees observed from rooting estimated gene trees with either the molecular clock or with outgroup rooting can be closely matched by the distribution predicted by the coalescent model with specific choices of species tree branch lengths. We apply commonly-used coalescent-based methods of species tree inference to assess their performance in these situations.
Excess Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activity in Patients with Dexamethasone-Suppressible Hyperaldosteronism Is under Adrenocorticotropin Control*

Total mineralocorticoid activity in human serum was assessed by the rat renal slice receptor assay (RRA). RRA values were compared to RIA-derived aldosterone (aldo) equivalents. Our data demonstrate that in normal subjects, mineralocorticoid receptor-binding steroids can be almosttotally accounted for by immunoreactive deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, and aldo (RRA, 4.73 ±1.34 ng/ml aldo; RIA, 3.91 ± 1.52 ng/ml aldo equivalents), while in 8 patients with dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism (DSH), RRA values were greater than RIA values in the basal state (RRA, 7.57 ± 0.75; RIA, 3.24 ± 0.34; P % 0.01). DSH patients had a RRA to RIA ratio after ACTH stimulation similar to the ratio in these patients in the basal state (basal, 2.34; ACTH-stimulated, 2.04). During dexamethasone treatment, RRA values fell markedly (1.82 ± 0.26). Thus, total mineralocorticoid activity, as measured by RRA in DSH patients, was greater than RIAmeasurable deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, and al...
Setting Instructional Expectations: Patterns of Principal Leadership for Middle School Mathematics

Principal instructional leadership has been found to support improved instruction. However, the methods through which principal leadership influences classroom instruction are less clear. This study investigates how principals’ leadership may predict the expectations that mathematics teachers perceive for classroom practice. Results from a hierarchical generalized linear (HGLM) model, using data from four urban school districts, show that the principal's work to frame instructional vision, and the principal's own vision, both predict perceived instructional expectations. However, other conventional leadership activities are not predictive. Finally, principals appear to provide a baseline of expectations for standards-based mathematics instruction rather than comprehensive expectations.
An algebraic variational approach to the calculation of total cross sections for one- and two-photon ionization

Abstract We outline a method for computing total cross sections for one- and two-photon ionization from a stationary principle. The method is based on a generalization of the complex Kohn variational method, recently developed for studying electron-neutral atom/molecule collisions. It also has features common to complex basis function techniques. The method is illustrated by application to atomic hydrogen in its ground and various excited states.
The recognition of mentalistic agents in infancy

Abstract The ability to construe ourselves and others as agents with minds having mental states such as perceptions, attention, desires and beliefs, is critical to humans' social, linguistic, and cognitive competence. When and how this ability becomes available to us during development is therefore of particular theoretical importance. Historically, most work in this area has concentrated on the ability of three- and four-year-olds to predict and explain behaviors based on false beliefs. With recent advances in the methods available for studying cognition in pre-verbal infants however, more research is now focused on earlier age groups. In this review, arguments are presented for and against the presence of a rudimentary ‘theory of mind' in infancy, with evidence discussed from three sources: (1) infants' active interactions with people; (2) infants' passive observations of people; and (3) infants' interactions with, and observations, of non-human agents.
Extracellular crystalline material in intercellular spaces of cockroach peripheral glia

Abstract Campaniform sensilla on legs of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis , are mechanoreceptors; each sensifum functions via a single bipolar neuron. The cell bodies of the bipolar neurons are tunicated; that is, they are spirally wrapped by one or more glial cells. An elaborate extracellular channel is defined by the plasma membranes of adjacent glial cell folds surrounding a given neuron. The electron microscope reveals that this extracellular space often contains conspicuous crystalline material whose lattice planes, oriented at right angles to the long crystal axis, are manifest as parallel electron-dense lines separated by an intercentre distance of 150 A. The chemical nature of these crystals has not been determined in the present study. Like most biological crystals, however, this precisely ordered crystalline material is probably proteinaceous.
Stability of a chain of linear differential equations

Abstract The behavior of an infinite sequence of ordinary differential equations of the form: dXn dt = ∑ i=−M N L i X i+n , 0 ⩽ n, 0 , X n (0) = C n , (1) X n ≡ 0, n , where Xn(t) is a vector valued function of R+, is studied in spaces of infinite sequences of vectors. In particular, sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability of this sequence of linear equations are established and applied to the stability analysis of a string of vehicles with a simple form of automatic control.