cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Rotor Rubbing Faults

Established a single-disc rubbing rotor system test-bench ,and can simulate the design of a single point of rubbing and rubbing of the rotor part. In the case of constant speed to ensure that observed in the rubbing rotor vibration under different conditions, the use of waveform, frequency spectrum, Orbit and other detailed analysis of the system before and after rubbing and chaotic properties of nonlinear response the experimental. results show that the occurrence rub rotor system, the system will stimulate a high frequency and fractional-octave, when there will be a serious rub chaos.
Biological applications of classical electrostatics methods

Continuum electrostatics modeling of solvation based on the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation has gained wide acceptance in biomolecular applications such as energetic analysis and structural visualization. Successful application of the PB solvent models requires careful calibration of the solvation parameters. Extensive testing and validation is also important to ensure accuracy in their applications. Limitation in the continuum modeling of solvation is also a known issue in certain biomolecular applications. Growing interest in membrane systems has further spurred developmental efforts to allow inclusion of membrane in the PB solvent models. Despite their past successes due to careful parameterization, algorithm development and parallel implementation, there is still much to be done to improve their transferability from the small molecular systems upon which they were developed and validated to complex macromolecular systems as advances in technology continue to push forward, providing ever greater computational resources to researchers to study more interesting biological systems of higher complexity.
The Influence of Whole Body X-Irradiation on the Pharmacological Action bf Certain Drugs

A study was made to detect changes in the most prominent pharmacological action of certain drugs after they were administered to rats three days after whole body exposure to 540 roentgens of X-irradiation. There is some evidence that X-irradiated animals exhibit an altered response to epinephrine on blood pressure, atropine on gastric secretions, and ammonium chloride on diuretic action when compared with control or nonirradiated animals.
Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Fission Counter with Transmission Line Electrode Configuration

An ultrahigh-sensitivity fission counter (UHSFC) prototype was designed, fabricated, and tested. The objective of this research was development of a fission counter system for ex-vessel, source-range flux monitoring having a neutron sensitivity of >40 counts s-1 [neutrons/(cm2·s)]-1 (>40 cps/nv) and a size comparable to that of a BF3 proportional counter system. Also, the UHSFC system was required to be operable under conditions beyond the capabilities of BF3 counters: up to a temperature of 450 K and in a gamma radiation field of 7.2 × 10-4 C(kg·s)-1 (i.e., 104 R/h). The sensitivity requirement (40 cps/nv) was met by assembling two transmission line fission counters (TLFCs) within a common envelope. The size requirement (<14 cm diameter, <80 cm length) was met by using a high electrode-packing density with parallel, curved electrodes arranged to maximize the ratio of electrode area to sensitive volume. The measured neutron sensitivity for each TLFC is 23.5 cps/nv at 4.5 × 104 R/h and 450 K. The UHSFC is filled with a recently developed gas (80% Ar, 20% CF4 at 263 kPa pressure) of high electron drift velocity. The electrode area (5 m2) is coated with 88 g of enriched uranium (93.15% 235U, 0.99% 234U, balance 238U). The impedance of the lumped element LC transmission lines is 25 ?, the bandwidth 100 4Hz, and the delay 4 ns per node (each TLFC has 58 nodes). Pulse-height and time discrimination is used to mitigate the effects of noise from the alpha pileup current of the uranium coating.
Real-time subsurface imaging algorithm for intra-wall characterization

For through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI), an accurate characterization of the wall is important for the enhancement of imaging of the target behind the wall. In this paper we cast the two-dimensional (2D) wall interior structure imaging as a subsurface imaging problem. The region between the front and back walls is imaged using a novel linear inverse scattering algorithm for 2D subsurface imaging. The imaging algorithm is based on first order Born approximation and exploiting halfspace Green's function. The exploding reflection model is employed and then the Green's function is expanded in the spectral domain to formulate a novel real time intra-wall imaging algorithm. The linearization of the inversion scheme and the employment of FFT/IFFT in the imaging formula make the imaging algorithm suitable in several applications concerning the diagnostics of large probed domain and allow real time processing. A numerical result is presented to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm for real time intra-wall characterization.
Sequential alterations of neuronal architecture in nucleus magnocellularis of the developing chicken: An electron microscope study

Abstract The development of the auditory nerve endings and their target cells in nucleus magnocellularis was studied by electron microscopy of perfusion-fixed brains from embryonic day 12 to hatching. Embryonic days 12–13 : somatic processes extend from the perikaryon. The cytoplasm of the soma and processes contains free ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and an eccentric, heterochromatic nucleus. Small profiles of auditory nerve fibers containing round, clear vesicles make specialized contacts, including some synapses, on distal somatic processes but rarely on proximal somatic processes or on the soma. The postsynaptic zones contain a flocculent matrix. Days 15–17 : somatic processes disappear and occasional attachment plaques are seen between cell bodies. The nucleus appears euchromatic. Cytoplasmic organelles form a dense matrix indicative of intense metabolic activity. Somatic spines are evident. The afferent axons form large, vesiculated profiles located, increasingly, on the cell body and somatic spines, with many points of synaptic contact. Opposite each ending a band of amorphous, flocculent material fills the postsynaptic cytoplasm. Embryonic day 18-hatching : the somatic cytoplasm becomes less dense; stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum start to condense. Afferent axon terminals mature, especially the synaptic membrane complex and associated densities. The postsynaptic flocculent material diminishes in extent until it is found associated only with somatic spines. The ultrastructural observations on the maturation of nucleus magnocellularis closely corroborate and extend previous results with the Golgi methods. Developing auditory nerve fibers initially synapse on the distal parts of the somatic processes of the immature cells. As the somatic processes disappear or retract, axonal endings move to the soma and develop into large axosomatic end-bulbs. Possibly, the somatic processes as they retract drag the auditory nerve endings to the cell body. The findings also suggest a role of the transiently appearing, flocculent material of the postsynaptic regions in the formation of synapses.
The masses and excited states of 24Al and 28P

Abstract The 24Mg(3He,t)24Al and 28Si(3He,t)28P reactions have been studied at 3He energies in the range 37.8 to 40.1 MeV. The mass excesses of 24Al and 28P are, respectively, -0.07 ± 0.06 and -7.12 ± 0.06 MeV. Eighteen excited states of 24Al and twelve excited states of 28P have been observed.
The right hemisphere is not unitary in its role in aphasia recovery

Neurologists and aphasiologists have debated for over a century whether right hemisphere recruitment facilitates or impedes recovery from aphasia. Here we present a well-characterized patient with sequential left and right hemisphere strokes whose case substantially informs this debate. A 72-year-old woman with chronic nonfluent aphasia was enrolled in a trial of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). She underwent 10 daily sessions of inhibitory TMS to the right pars triangularis. Brain activity was measured during picture naming using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) prior to TMS exposure and before and after TMS on the first day of treatment. Language and cognition were tested behaviorally three times prior to treatment, and at 2 and 6 months afterward. Inhibitory TMS to the right pars triangularis induced immediate improvement in naming, which was sustained 2 months later. fMRI confirmed a local reduction in activity at the TMS target, without expected increased activity in corresponding left hemisphere areas. Three months after TMS, the patient suffered a right hemisphere ischemic stroke, resulting in worsening of aphasia without other clinical deficits. Behavioral testing 3 months later confirmed that language function was impacted more than other cognitive domains. The paradoxical effects of inhibitory TMS and the stroke to the right hemisphere demonstrate that even within a single patient, involvement of some right hemisphere areas may support recovery, while others interfere. The behavioral evidence confirms that compensatory reorganization occurred within the right hemisphere after the original stroke. No support is found for interhemispheric inhibition, the theoretical framework on which most therapeutic brain stimulation protocols for aphasia are based.
Gendered sexuality: a new model and measure of attraction and intimacy.

Currently, the literature related to sexual orientation is ambiguous with regard to the relationship of sexual orientation, sexual identity, attraction, and intimacy. In order to explore the relationships of self-identified categorical sexual identity (which is the most popular method of sexual orientation assessment) with attraction and intimacy, it is imperative that researchers have access to a reliable and valid measure of the latter. The present study proposes a model for conceptualizing attraction and intimacy, termed gendered sexuality, and examines the factor structure of a measure designed to assess the construct. Results suggest that four factors adequately accounted for the variance in gendered sexuality in a large sample of young adults. These factors assess attraction to females, attraction to males, intimacy with females, and intimacy with males. Exploratory analyses provided preliminary evidence of potential construct validity and suggested that discrepancies between desired and available b...
Female social reproductive roles affect central monoamines

Abstract Central monoamines display a variety of activation patterns in different social groups, and among males and females. We addressed three social conditions for female lizards of the species Anolis carolinensis : Isolated, paired with a mate, and in a group of 5 competing for one mate. Among those in a group, only 1 or 2 females exhibited recrudescing ovaries. Individuals paired with a mate (for one month) exhibited ovarian growth, isolated animals (initial controls) had quiescent ovaries. Reproductively dominant females had significantly greater telencephalic 5-HIAA, and serotonergic activation, as indicated by the ratio of 5-HIAA to 5-HT. Telencephalic HVA as well as the HVA/DA ratio were also significantly greater in dominant females compared to all other groups. In contrast, serotonergic activation in brainstem was elevated in subordinate females only. These results suggest that serotonergic activation in telencephalon, found only in dominant females, not in other reproductively active females, is a function of the unique social role of a dominant female, possibly combining submissive behaviors toward a male with dominance over other females and competition for access to that male. Dopaminergic activation in telencephalon, also found only in dominant females, may be related to aggressive interactions with other females. Activation of serotonin in brainstem, found in this study in subordinate females and previously in males [C.H. Summers and N. Greenberg, Activation of central biogenic amines following aggressive interaction in male lizards, Anolis carolinensis , Brain Behav. Evol., 45 (1995) 339–349], may be associated with subordinate social status. Monoamines, involved in social behaviors, appear to be regionally specialized for dominant and subordinate social roles, in males [C.H. Summers and N. Greenberg, Activation of central biogenic amines following aggressive interaction in male lizards, Anolis carolinensis , Brain Behav. Evol., 45 (1995) 339–349][T.R. Summers, E.T. Larson, A.L. Hunter, K.J. Renner, N. Greenberg and C.H. Summers, Amygdalar serotonin mediates long-term social roles following aggressive interaction, Soc. Neurosci. Abs., 22 (1996) 1147] and females. Dominant females exhibit unique social position, behavior and monoamine profile whereas subordinate females and males have a similar serotonergic response in this species.
Sore throat management--decision analysis using pleasant hour equivalents.

Abstract Using Bayes theorem and decision analysis, a management plan was developed for sore throat in which utilities were measured in terms of lost hours in pleasant situations, or their equivalents (Pleasant Hour Equivalents). It was estimated that the risk value for a human's time on earth was 7 times earnings, equalling about $2 000 000 for the remaining life of a middle-aged individual. A method for mental calculation of Bayes Theorem was shown, and several methods of determining sore throat management were compared.
Dynamics of Accommodation and the Mechanism of Presbyopia in the Primate Eye

Accommodation is the process whereby the eye changes focus for objects at near. Dynamic analysis of accommodation provides insight into the accommodative mechanism and age changes that lead to the loss of accommodation with presbyopia.
Soluble thrombomodulin and coronary heart disease.

Purpose of review Endothelial thrombomodulin is a major vasoprotective molecule. The membrane thrombomodulin is digested by proteases and the degradation products are detectable in circulating blood. The purpose of this review is to provide recent information regarding the relationship of soluble thrombomodulin with coronary heart disease. Recent findings Results from a population-based, prospective, coronary heart disease, case-cohort study reveal an inverse relationship between plasma soluble thrombomodulin and the relative risk of coronary heart disease. Participants in this study were healthy subjects without acute thrombotic events. They were followed, and coronary heart disease events were ascertained. Individuals with a high level of soluble thrombomodulin are associated with a significant reduction in the relative risk of coronary heart disease events. There is a significant interaction between soluble thrombomodulin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in predicting the risk of coronary heart disease events. Individuals with a high soluble thrombomodulin level do not have an increased risk of coronary heart disease, even when soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is at the highest levels. In contrast, at low soluble thrombomodulin levels, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 has a 'dose-dependent' association with coronary heart disease risk. These results suggest an interplay between vasoprotective and pro-inflammatory endothelial molecules. Soluble thrombomodulin and its parent molecule appear to play a predominant role in determinations of the risk of coronary heart disease events. Summary The soluble thrombomodulin level in plasma is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. It is inversely associated with coronary heart disease risk. Combinatorial analysis of soluble thrombomodulin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 provides a more specific assessment of coronary heart disease risk in middle-aged subjects.
Coexistence of Ligand Localized and MLCT Excited States in a 2-(2‘-Pyridyl)benzo[g]quinoline Complex of Ruthenium(II)

The photophysical behavior of complexes of the type [(bpy)2Ru(L)](PF6)2, where L is a 2-(2‘-pyridyl)quinoline or 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzo[g]quinoline derivative, was investigated in acetonitrile solutions and ethanol-methanol glasses. The luminescence from each complex originates from a metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state and the energy of the emission maxima correlate with other reported quinoline complexes of Ru(II). The 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzo[g]quinoline complex has a unique transient absorption spectrum with a decay rate constant approximately 30 times less than the luminescence decay rate constant, indicating the existence of two nonequilibrated excited states in the complex. Comparison with other related complexes suggests the long-lived transient absorption may be due to a ligand localized (π → π*) excited state. The pyridylquinoline complex exhibits behavior characteristic of a single MLCT excited state.
Asymmetrical distribution of aortic nerve fibers in the pig

The innervation of the aortic arch and associated arterial trunks was investigated in the pig by gross dissection, by microscopic examination of normal arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical interruption of right and left cervical vagi. It is concluded that the aortic depressor fibers of the pig are organized unilaterally, being distributed by the left vagus to arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical with the absence of a dissectable right aortic nerve, there was no histological evidence of sensory innervation in the walls of the brachiocephalic, right subclavian, bicarotid or right common carotid artery. The majority of depressor endings were located in the ventral wall of the aortic arch in a band extending between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the aortic attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum. A few were present in the dorsal wall of the aortic arch and the ventral walls of the pulmonary trunk and ligamentum arteriosum. The depressor fibers were thick, heavily myelinated, varicose, extensively branched and associated with numerous terminal and intercalated neurofibrillar corpuscles. The only epithelioid body observed was a poorly innervated, rudimentary paraganglion in the interval between the aortic arch, the pulmonary artery and the ligamentum arteriosum.
Wide‐ranging abundances of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the world ocean revealed by epifluorescence microscopy and quantitative PCR

Reports that aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAnPB) containing bacteriochlorophyll a (BChla) constitute 10% or more of total bacteria cell counts in seawater prompted us to quantify AAnPB abundances in local waters 15 km off the coast of Southern California and at 18 sites around the globe using infrared epifluorescent microscopy (IREM) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). IREM-estimated AAnPB comprised 1.66% 6 0.55% (mean 6 SD) of total bacterial counts in the euphotic zone between April and September 2001 off Southern California. IREM counts of AAnPB need to be interpreted with caution due to detection sensitivity concerns and overlap between chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll a autofluorescence at wavelengths .850 nm. QPCR-estimated AAnPB were 1.17% 6 1.56% of total bacteria counts at 5-m depth between January 2001 and July 2003 off the coast of Southern California (assuming one pufM gene cell 21 and 2.5 fg total DNA cell 21 ). Global QPCR surveys of AAnPB conducted in tropical to polar waters yielded low estimates (,2.5% of total bacteria counts) of AAnPB in most marine environments surveyed, but estimates .10% were observed in estuarine waters of Long Island Sound and Chesapeake Bay. AAnPB abundances are lower in most marine systems than previously reported from the Eastern Pacific and demonstrate that AAnPB abundances are more variable than previously realized. Our results do not support the notion AAnPB are more abundant in oligotrophic environments and, in fact, suggest the opposite. These results raise questions about where aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis is advantageous in marine ecosystems.
The immunology connection—my first T cell receptor structure projects

Ellis Reinherz and I were riding in a luxury Boston Coach to Long Island in New York State driven by a professional driver. This was not a vacation trip to one of the best leisure places in the United States. We were heading toward the National Laboratory at Brookhaven, where a powerful X-ray source is available in a facility called a synchrotron. The aim of our trip was to use a strong X-ray to shoot the crystals of the T cell receptor (TCR) we had just managed to grow after considerable effort for three-dimensional structure determination. In 1996, this was one of the hottest projects in structural biology as well as in immunology.
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is safe and effective for treatment of postoperative third molar extraction pain.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth. Weil K, Hooper L, Afzal Z, Esposito M, Worthington HV, van Wijk A, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD004487. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004487. pub2. Reviewer Robert Weyant, DMD, DrPH Purpose/Question This study's aim was to assess the benefits and harmful effects of Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for treatment of post-operative pain associated with extraction of lower third molars when compared to placebo. Source of Funding Internal funding from the University of Manchester (UK) and the University of Amsterdam (Netherlands). No external sources of funding supplied. Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis. Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence. Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence.
Enriching revision history with interactions

Revision history provides a rich source of information to improve the understanding of changes made to programs, but it yields only limited insight into how these changes occurred. We explore an additional source of information - program viewing and editing history - where all historical artifacts associated with the program are included. In particular, we suggest augmenting revision histories with the interaction history of programmers. Using this additional information source enables the development of several interesting applications including an influence-recommendation system and a task-mining system. We present some results from a case study in which interaction histories from professional programmers were obtained and analyzed.
Dosimetric Effect of Implanted Hardware in Spine SBRT: Comparison of the Actual Planned Dose Using Pencil Beam Calculation to Monte Carlo

Dosimetric Effect of Implanted Hardware in Spine SBRT: Comparison of the Actual Planned Dose Using Pencil Beam Calculation to Monte Carlo T. Djemil, M. Ouzidane, S. Unal, C.A. Reddy, L. Angelov, J.H. Suh, and S.T. Chao; Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
MIMO-OFDM Channel estimation using Golay complementary sequences

We present a pilot-assisted method for estimating the frequency selective channel in a MIMO-OFDM (Multiple Input Multiple Output - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system. The pilot sequence is designed using the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) of the Golay complementary sequences. Novel exploitation of the perfect autocorrelation property of Golay complementary sequences, in conjunction with OSTBC (Orthogonal Space Time Block Code) based pilot waveform scheduling across multiple OFDM frames, facilitates simple separation of the channel mixtures at the receive antennas. The DFT length used to transform the complementary sequence into the frequency domain is shown to be a key critical parameter for correctly estimating the channel. This channel estimation scheme is then extended to antenna arrays of arbitrary sizes.
Cleavage of K-FGF Produces a Truncated Molecule with Increased Biological Activity and Receptor Binding Affinity

The K-FGF/HST (FGF-4) growth factor is a member of the FGF family which is efficiently secreted and contains a single N-linked glycosylation signal. To study the role of glycosylation in the secretion of K-FGF, we mutated the human K-fgf cDNA to eliminate the glycosylation signal and the mutated cDNA was cloned into a mammalian expression vector. Studies of immunoprecipitation from the conditioned medium of cells expressing this plasmid revealed that the lack of glycosylation did not impair secretion, however the unglycosylated protein was immediately cleaved into two NH2-terminally truncated peptides of 13 and 15 kD, which appeared to be more biologically active than the wild-type protein. These two proteins also showed higher heparin binding affinity than that of wt K-FGF. We have expressed in bacteria the larger of these two proteins (K140), in which the NH2-terminal 36 amino acids present in the mature form of K-FGF have been deleted. Mitogenicity assays on several cell lines showed that purified recombinant K140 had approximately five times higher biological activity than wild-type recombinant K-FGF. Studies of receptor binding showed that K140 had higher affinity than wt K-FGF for two of the four members of FGF receptor's family, specifically for FGFR-1 (flg) and FGFR-2 (bek). K140 also had increased heparin binding ability, but this property does not appear to be responsible for the increased affinity for FGF receptors. Thus removal of the NH2-terminal 36 amino acids from the mature K-FGF produces growth factor molecules with an altered conformation, resulting in higher heparin affinity, and more efficient binding to FGF receptors. Although it is not clear whether cleavage of K-FGF to generate K140 occurs in vivo, this could represent a novel mechanism of modulation of growth factor activity.
The compressive response of carbon fiber composite pyramidal truss sandwich cores

Abstract Pyramidal truss sandwich cores with relative densities in the range 1 – 10 % have been made from carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates using a snap-fitting method. The measured quasi-static uniaxial compressive strength increased with increasing from 1 to 11 MPa over the relative density range investigated here. A robust face-sheet/truss joint design was developed to suppress truss – face sheet node fracture. Core failure then occurred by either (i) Euler buckling () or (ii) delamination failure () of the struts. Micro-buckling failure of the struts was not observed in the experiments reported here. Analytical models for the collapse of the composite cores by Euler bucking, delamination failure and micro-buckling of the struts have been developed. Good agreement between the measurements and predictions based on the Euler buckling and delamination failure of the struts is obtained. The micro-buckling analysis indicates this mechanism of failure is not activated until delamination is suppressed...
Relative increase in leukemia-specific DNA in peripheral blood plasma from patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia

Using loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and X-chromosome inactivation, we compared peripheral blood (PB) plasma with bone marrow (BM) cells in detecting genomic abnormalities in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We detected LOH in the PB plasma of all 45 patients who had cytogenetically documented chromosomal abnormalities (5q - , 7 - , +8, 17 - , or 20 - ). BM cells from the same patients showed LOH in 89% of patients with MDS and 70% of patients with AML. Posttherapy samples from 16 of these patients demonstrated complete concordance between LOH and cytogenetics in detecting residual disease in 15 samples. Of the 16 samples, 4 showed LOH in plasma with normal BM morphology. Using X-chromosome inactivation, clonality was detectable in 19 (73%) of 26 BM samples, whereas all PB plasma samples showed clonality. These data support the conclusion that PB plasma is enriched by tumor-specific DNA and can replace BM cells for studying genomic abnormalities. (Blood. 2004;103:2799-2801)
The occipital region in the basal bony fish Erpetoichthys calabaricus (Actinopterygii: Cladistia)

Erpetoichthys calabaricus has unusual cranio-vertebral anatomy, with an occipital centrum forming a component part of the compound basiexoccipital bone, and a ‘free-floating’ occipital neural arch that differs from accessory arches found in some teleosts. The occipital neural arch bears autapomorphic lateral projections that articulate with small rod-like bones resembling the spatial relationship of parapophyses and ribs, a feature normally restricted to vertebral centra. Based on analyses of cleared and stained specimens, computed tomography and histology, it is hypothesized that the lateral projections and associated rod-shaped bones are structures that share developmental homologies to the unique ‘dorsal ribs’ of Polypteridae.
INVITEd REVIEW: Mineral and vitamin nutrition in ruminants 1

Requirements and factors that affect dietary requirements for several trace minerals and vitamins in ruminants are poorly defined. Most B vitamins and vitamin K are believed to be synthesized by bacteria in the rumen in adequate amounts to meet the requirement of the animal. Nonetheless, several studies indicate that supplementing high-producing dairy cows with approximately 20 mg/d of biotin can decrease hoof lesions and lameness and in many instances increase milk yield. In vivo synthesis of choline is also likely limiting milk production in early lactation. The vitamin E requirement for optimal immunity and health in receiving cattle and transition dairy cows continues to be an area of interest, with responses to supplementation varying. Requirements for vitamin D are being reevaluated in light of its potential effects on immunity. Studies clearly indicate that P requirements of cattle are less than those recommended 20 yr ago. Because of increased use of ethanol by-product feeds that are high in S, considerable research has been conducted to determine the effects of high dietary S (in feedstuffs and water) on performance and incidence of polioencephalomalacia. Requirements for certain microminerals are affected by antagonists. Sulfur and Mo are important Cu antagonists that can greatly affect dietary Cu bioavailability. High dietary Fe, when present in a bioavailable form, is a potent Cu and Mn antagonist. Recent research suggests that NRC recommendations for Co and Mn might underestimate requirements. An estimated requirement for Cr should be considered in the future based on responses to Cr supplementation in cattle.
PREFERENCE IN RHESUS MONKEYS GIVEN A CHOICE BETWEEN COCAINE AND d,l‐CATHINONE

Abstract Previous experiments have shown that both cocaine and d,l-cathinone can function as positive reinforces when delivered intravenously to rhesus monkeys. However, the relative reinforcing efficacies of these compounds have not been established. In the present experiment, three rhesus monkeys were allowed to choose between saline and several doses of d,l-cathinone or cocaine as well as between several doses of both drugs in a discrete-trial choice procedure. Sufficient doses (.05 to .2 mg/kg/injection) of either drug maintained self-administration and the higher doses were reliably preferred to saline. Doses of d,l-cathinone that were preferred to saline were then compared to a range of cocaine doses in drug-drug choice. As the dose of d,l-cathinone that was available was increased, an increase in cocaine dose was necessary to maintain cocaine preference. Comparison of drug-drug choice data to dose combinations predicted to be chosen with equal frequency revealed that the reinforcing efficacy of d,l-cathinone was equivalent to that of cocaine.
Reconstruction of Water Temperature, pH, and Flux of Ancient Hot Springs from Travertine Depositional Facies

An extensive data set of the physical and chemical attributes of two modern hot springs in the Mammoth Hot Springs complex of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A., yields a strong correlation between travertine depositional facies and the temperature, pH, and flux of the hot-spring water from which the travertine precipitated. Because advection dominates in these hot-spring drainage systems, we quantify variability between and within springs in order to construct a hydrologic model that defines the primary flow path in the context of key macroscopic travertine accumulation patterns. This model, based on 343 in situ triplicate measurements, provides the basis for the use of travertine facies models to quantitatively reconstruct hot-spring aqueous temperature, pH, and flux solely from precipitated travertine. As an example reconstruction, we deduce that previously described Pleistocene apron and channel facies travertine quarry deposits from central Italy precipitated from hot-spring waters with a pH of 6.86 6 0.19 and a temperature of 65.4 6 3.6uC.
Modeling spatial patterns of shapes

We introduce a framework for modeling spatial patterns of shapes formed by multiple objects in an image. Our approach is graph-based where each node denotes an object and attributes of a node consist of that object's shape, position, orientation, and scale. Neighboring node are connected by edges, and they are allowed to interact in terms of their attributes/features. Similar to a Markov random field, but now applied to more sophisticated features space, the interactions are governed by energy functionals that can be internal or external. The internal energies, composed entirely of interactions between nodes, may include similarity between shapes and pose. The external energies, composed of outside influences, may include the data-likelihood term and the a-priori information about the shapes and the locations of the objects.
Hydrocolloid dressing in preventing nasal trauma secondary to nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants.

Background Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with nasal devices (nCPAP) is widely used in the respiratory management of newborns. The present study aimed to compare the incidence of nasal trauma secondary to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) protected with or without hydrocolloid dressing in preterm infants. Methods This prospective controlled study was performed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the Children's Hospital of Hunan Province from March 1, 2010 to June 31, 2010. A total of 65 infants, 46 males and 19 females, were recruited in this study. Their average gestational age was 32.6 weeks (range 28-37 weeks). The infants were randomly divided into clinical trial group (group A, n=33) and control group (group B, n=32). Paraffin oil was smeared around the nostrils before inserting prongs in group B; the infants in group A were covered on the infant's nostrils surface with hydrocolloid dressing (hydrocolloid dressing, 1.8 mm thick, 90029T, 3M Company, Minnesota, USA) with a size of 2-3 cm cutting two holes adapted to the nose and nostrils. The nostrils of those infants were inspected daily during nCPAP support until they were weaned off nCPAP. Results Nine infants (2 in group A and 7 in group B) developed nasal injury during nCPAP support. The Chi-square test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference (P=0.01) in the incidence of nasal injury between groups A and B. Conclusion The study demonstrated that hydrocolloid dressing significantly decreased the incidence and the severity of nasal injury.
Measurement of language production in two-year-olds: A structured laboratory technique

Two studies investigated use of an elicited imitation task to encourage the production of semantic relations by 20- to 28-month-old children. In both studies, a model repeated sentences containing target semantic relations several times, accompanied by three-dimensional props to aid the children's memory and to provide context for their language. Results suggested that even the youngest children could be motivated to imitate, and that the elicited imitation technique was particularly successful in increasing the frequency of certain semantic relations that tended to be infrequent in spontaneous speech. Elicited imitation may thus be advantageous over spontaneous speech sampling because it allows greater experimenter control over contextual variables than is possible in most naturalistic settings.
Design and operation of the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope

The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT) was flown aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia for 9 days in December 1990 and the Space Shuttle Endeavour for 17 days in March 1995. Spectrophotometric observations of numerous astronomical sources were made throughout the far ultraviolet. In this paper we describe the HUT instrument and its performance in orbit. The optical system consists of a 90 cm diameter f/2 primary mirror and a prime-focus, Rowland circle spectrograph.
A location dependent benchmark with mobility behavior

Location dependent benchmarking with mobility behavior is a necessary step in the evolution of improvements of wireless and computing technology. The components needed for a mobile computing benchmark include specifications for data, queries, mobile unit behavior and execution guidelines. One of the most unique types of queries present in the mobile computing environment is a location dependent query where its result depends on the issue location. In this paper we describe the main features of a location dependent benchmark including the execution guidelines. While targeted to location dependent applications, it contains more general queries as well. As such, it can be viewed as the first benchmark targeted to the general mobile computing environment.
How Far Do You Have to Go to Get a Cheeseburger Around Here? The Realities of an Environmental Design Approach to Curbing the Consumption of Fast-Food

Recently, researchers have linked the availability and popularity of energy dense fast-foods to an increasingly obesogenic environment. Such availability has led to both over consumption and under nourishment, especially in lower income neighborhoods that fail to offer healthier alternatives. These “food deserts” play their part in both the increasing trend of obesity and the climbing costs associated with treating obesity-related disorders. In order to address this issue, food environments could be engineered by employing creative zoning in at-risk areas. Zoning allows municipalities to support developments that promote health, safety, and public welfare; in this context, zoning law could be utilized to support healthy, and more affordable, lifestyles. However, there is currently a lack of both empirical and public support for such an intervention on any scale. These issues could be addressed through the utilization of convenient pilots and the formation of relationships with target communities, culminating in the implementation of small-scale designs and, ultimately, large-scale intervention studies. In doing so, a foundation may be built upon which the development of a legitimate, environmental design approach to targeting obesity may be feasible.
Fidelity Assessment of Spacecraft Structural Models Using the Spatial Nyquist Criterion

This paper quantifies model fidelity for common spacecraft structural subsystems which predict dynamic displacement under operational conditions. In the preliminary and conceptual design phases, these models consist of finite elements such as beams, trusses, plates and concentrated masses. The fidelity metric quantified in this paper is based on the Nyquist criterion from signal processing and relates the fineness of the finite element mesh to the accuracy of an output figure of merit. Fidelity metrics for beam and plate models will be presented. It will be shown that using the fidelity metric provides a way of determining the suciently-fine finite element mesh required for a selected accuracy level a priori. This is presented as an alternative to model reduction and finite element adaptive mesh procedures. The fidelity of a nominal spacecraft telescope model is assessed and refined using the Nyquist fidelity method. A comparison of output figure of merit accuracy and computational time is made between the Nyquist fidelity method and the balanced model reduction method, and it is shown that using the Nyquist fidelity method saves 62% computational time over the model reduction method while retaining model accuracy.
Conditions for Second Language (L2) Learning

The purpose is to discuss “conditions for learning a second language,” or “L2 learning conditions.” Language is viewed as: (a) systematic, generative, and used for communication; (b) a set of arbitrary symbols (primarily vocal but also may be visual) that have conventionalized meanings; (c) used in a speech community or culture; and (d) acquired by all people in certain universal ways though with minor variations (Brown, 1994a, p. 5). L2 learning refers to the learning of another language once a first language (L1) has been learned (Spolsky, 1988). Learning conditions are the factors, either internal or external, influencing learning (Spolsky, 1988). Thus, L2 learning conditions are the inner or outer influences on the conscious, active gaining of communication capacities in a post-L1 language.
RESPONSE OF FISHES TO FLOODPLAIN CONNECTIVITY DURING AND FOLLOWING A 500-YEAR FLOOD EVENT IN THE UNIMPOUNDED UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

We examined data collected on fish assemblage structure among three differing floodplain types (broad, moderate, and narrow) during the 1993 flood in the unimpounded reach of the upper Mississippi River. This 500 year flood event provided a unique opportunity to investigate fish-floodplain function because the main river channel is otherwise typically disjunct from approximately 82% of its floodplain by an extensive levee system. Fishes were sampled during three separate periods, and 42 species of adult and young-of-the-year (YOY) fishes were captured. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed a significant and distinguishable difference between both adult and YOY assemblage structure among the three floodplain types. Analysis of variance revealed that Secchi transparency, turbidity, water velocity, and dissolved oxygen were significantly different among the floodplain types. However, only depth of gear deployment and Secchi transparency were significantly correlated with adult assemblage structure. None of these variables were significantly correlated with YOY assemblage structure. The numerically abundant families (adult and YOY catches combined) on the floodplain included Centrarchidae, Ictularidae, and Cyprinidae. Both native and non-native fishes were captured on the floodplain, and several of the numerically abundant species that were captured on the floodplain peaked in catch-per-unit-effort 1–3 years after the 1993 flood event. This suggests that some species may have used flooded terrestrial habitat for spawning, feeding, or both. The findings from our study provide much needed insight into fish-floodplain function in a temperate, channelized river system and suggest that lateral connectivity of the main river channel to less degraded reaches of its floodplain should become a management priority not only to maintain faunal biodiversity but also potentially reduce the impacts of non-native species in large river systems.
Cranial deformation in craniosynostosis. A new explanation.

This article presents the historical development of our understanding in the pathogenesis of cranial vault deformities associated with craniosynostosis. A working hypothesis of calvarial growth that predicts all the deformities clinically observed from premature fusion of a coronal, sagittal, metopic, or lambdoid suture is described also.
Three Forms of Gi Discriminated by Synthetic Peptide Antisera

Two signal transduction pathways that are regulated by guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) have been well characterized: the light-stimulated visual cascade and the hormone-sensitive adenylyl cyclase system (for review see Stryer, 1986; Gilman, 1987). Stimulation of retinal cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase by the photoreceptor rhodopsin is mediated by the G protein Gt (also referred to as transducin). Hormone-sensitive adenylyl cyclase is under dual stimulatory and inhibitory control by two other G proteins, Gs and Gi Receptors that stimulate adenylyl cyclase are coupled to the enzyme by Gg, whereas inhibitory receptors are coupled by Gi. These classical G proteins exhibit a characteristic heterotrimeric subunit structure. The s and γ subunits are tightly associated with each other and in some cases are functionally interchangeable between different α subunits. The α subunits display more structural heterogeneity and functional specificity, and thus they serve to distinguish the different G protein oligomers. The α subunits possess a high-affinity binding site for guanine nucleotides and an intrinsic GTPase activity that are involved in the activation and deactivation of the G protein. Toxins from Vibrio cholerae and Bordetella pertussis are capable of covalently modifying and functionally altering a subunits. Cholera toxin catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of Gs and Gt. ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin blocks activation of Gt and Gi by receptors. Activation of G proteins in detergent solution (and Gt in phospholipid vesicles) by nonhydrolyzable analogs of GTP involves dissociation of the α subunit from βγ. It is the α subunits of Gs and Gt (αs and αt) that stimulate their respective effector enzymes.
Method for classifying cardiac arrhythmias using photoplethysmography

Advances in mobile computing and miniature devices have contributed to the accelerated development of wearable technologies for clinical applications. The new trend of wearable technologies has fostered a growth of interest for sensors that can be easily integrated into wearable devices. In particular, photoplethysmography (PPG) is especially suitable for wearable sensing, as it is low-cost, noninvasive, and does not require wet electrodes like the electrocardiogram. Photoplethysmograph signals contain rich information about the blood pulsating variation which is strongly related to the electrical activities of the heart. Therefore, in this paper we hypothesize that the ambulatory PPG monitoring could be employed for arrhythmia detection and classification. This paper presents a method for classifying ventricular premature contraction (VPC) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) from normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and supraventricular premature contraction (SVPC) recorded in patients going through ablation therapy for arrhythmia. Although occasional VPCs are benign, the increase in the frequency of VPC events may lead to VT, which in turn,could evolve into ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Therefore the accurate measurement of VPC frequency and early detection of VT events becomes essential for patients with cardiac disease.
French Urbanism in Sub-Saharan Africa

Although Algeria is considered France’s first colony in Africa, France had been present in Africa in one capacity or another since 1659. This is when French traders set up a permanent trading post in Saint Louis in present-day Senegal. This marked the beginning of France’s effective control of what later came to be known as French sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is worth noting that the official onset of European colonialism did not begin in Africa until 1884/1885, following the conclusion of the Berlin Conference. This chapter discusses how French colonial authorities employed urban planning to facilitate attainment of important goals of the colonial project in this region. These goals were of the economic, political, socio-cultural and psychological variety.