cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fractional total colouring

Abstract Behzad conjectured in 1965 that a simple graph G can always be totally coloured using two more colours than the maximum degree in G , Δ ( G ). If the conjecture is true, then the total colouring number of a graph is always equal to either Δ ( G ) + 1, or Δ ( G ) + 2. A weakening of Behzad's conjecture is proved here by presenting an integer programming formulation of the problem and showing that its linear programming relaxation has its value bounded between Δ ( G ) + 1 and Δ ( G ) + 2.
Novel cache management strategy for semantic caching in mobile environment

Recently semantic caching has become very popular due to its novel method for retrieving information. In semantic caching, the cache not only stores the results of the queries, but also stores the semantic description of queries. This strategy provides a good reuse of the cache contents if the results of the queries exactly match the existing semantic regions. Otherwise some existing semantic regions need to be removed to accommodate new regions which are created by the new queries. The constant replacement of existing semantic regions reduces the efficiency expected from this type of caching, since the queries that are using the same relations could have been answered if the existing semantic regions were merged. Therefore, in this research we propose a novel merging strategy for semantic regions in the cache which can enhance the usage of many applications with little memory resources. Although any information system with client/server architecture can benefit from merging of its existing semantic regions, this strategy is particularly useful for mobile environment, due to memory constraints, communication cost, slow and unreliable connections to the server.
Creativity and Hemispheric Functioning: A Second Look at Katz's Data

A review of Katz's 1983 article “Creativity and Individual Differences in Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheric Functioning” in the first issue of this journal shows that the data presented do not support the conclusion that creative people have a tendency toward right-hemisphere lateralization in problem solving and verbal processing, but instead suggest that creativity is associated with a pattern of reduced hemispheric asymmetry.
Kinematics of Growing Waves

This paper is concerned with the problem of distinguishing between amplifying and evanescent waves. These have, in the past, been distinguished by considerations of energy transfer or of the initial and boundary conditions with which a wave must be associated. Both procedures are open to criticism.The problem is here interpreted kinematically: we investigate the classes of wave functions which a given propagating system may support, without inquiring into the way these disturbances may be set up, and postponing inquiry into the boundary conditions necessary. In this way, we may distinguish between amplifying and evanescent waves by determining whether a wave function which may be analyzed into "real-frequency" waves may also be analyzed into "real-wave-number" waves. This question may be answered by means of a certain diagram, which may be constructed from knowledge of the dispersion relation.Interchange of the roles of time and space leads to the statement and solution of a further problem. If a propagating system is unstable, the instability may be such that a disturbance grows, but is propagated away from the point of origin: this is termed "convective instability." On the other hand, the instability may be such that the disturbance grows in amplitude and in extent, but always embraces the original point of origin: this is termed "nonconvective instability." The statement that the system supports amplifying waves is synonymous with the statement that the system exhibits convective instability. A system which exhibits nonconvective instability may not be used as an amplifier, but may be used as an oscillator. It is possible to distinguish between convective and nonconvective instability by a further diagram which also may be constructed from knowledge of the dispersion relation.Our theory enables us to make the following assertions. If $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is real for all real $k$, then any complex $k$, for real $\ensuremath{\omega}$, denotes an evanescent wave. Conversely, if $k$ is real for all real $\ensuremath{\omega}$, then any complex $\ensuremath{\omega}$, for real $k$, denotes nonconvective instability.The theory is illustrated by certain simple examples and by discussion of the result of weak coupling between certain types of waves.
Correlation of anisotropic strain relaxation with substrate misorientation direction at InGaAs/GaAs(001) interfaces

We have investigated the effects of substrate misorientation towards (111)A, (111)B, and (011) on asymmetries in the strain relaxation of InxGa1−xAs, grown on (001) GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. For epilayers grown under conditions of two‐dimensional growth, we find large anisotropies in bulk strain relaxation and epilayer rotation about an in‐plane axis (epilayer tilt) in proportion to the degree of (111)A misorientation. The residual strain asymmetry is largest for the (111)A misoriented substrate (≳50%) and smallest for the (111)B misoriented substrate (<15%). At higher growth temperatures, the bulk strain relaxation becomes isotropic while the epilayer tilt remains sensitive to the offcut direction. At all temperatures, a preference for epilayer tilt toward the [110] direction for (011) misorientations is observed.
New crop developments for industrial oils

Traditional industrial fats and oils are derived from inedible tallow or lard, fish and whale oil, and a small group of plant oils, including linseed, soybean, castor, tung, tall, and rapeseed oil. A group of new crops and prospective new crops is available to be utilized advantageously for the production of renewable industrial resources. Some of these plants have been studied extensively from germplasm variation through crop production and processing to evaluation of the final oil and meal products. Others are not developed that far yet. Case histories onCramble, Limnanthes, Lunaria (long chain acids),Lesquerella (hydroxy acids),Stokesia andVernonia (epoxy acids),Calendula (conjugated unsaturation),Cuphea (short chain acids), jojoba (liquid wax esters), andFoeniculum (petroselenic acid) indicate that many obstacles must be overcome to arrive at success.
Isolation of the canine alpha-L-fucosidase cDNA and definition of the fucosidosis mutation in English Springer Spaniels.

Fucosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of α-L-fucosidase. A biochemically and clinically well characterized canine model of fucosidosis exists in a colony of English Springer Spaniels. To facilitate its use as a model for gene therapy and enzyme replacement therapy in lysosomal storage disorders displaying neurological symptoms, isolation of the canine a-L-fucosidase cDNA was undertaken. Both the nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of canine fucosidase show high levels of identity with the human and rat sequences. Fucosidosis dogs were found to have a greatly reduced level of α-L-fucosidase mRNA when compared with normal dogs by Northern blot analysis. Direct PCR sequencing of products generated from cDNA demonstrated a 14-bp deletion in mRNA from affected dogs. This deletion creates a frameshift mutation and introduces a premature translation termination codon at amino acid position 152 and was shown to correspond to a deletion of the last 14 base pairs of exon 1 of the canine α-L-fucosidase gene. Rapid PCR-based screening for the mutation has now been performed on genomic DNA from dogs within the colony, enabling detection of both carriers and homozygotes.
A statistical-weight interpretation for the 1N2 convergence factors of the topological expansion

Abstract In a world with exact SU N symmetry Veneziano has proposed a topological expansion in terms of the small dimensionless parameter 1 N 2 . We relate this convergence factor to the density of hadronic states. The weakness of higher-order corrections (i.e., 1 N 2 ) is interpreted as reflecting the small proportion of states that can flow through a “cylinder.” States that communicate with the cylinder may be strongly affected thereby, but the number of such states is relatively small.
Not Another Failed State: Toward a Realistic Solution in the Western Sahara

One of Africa's most bitter territorial disputes, with profound implications for both regional and global stability and security, the “question of Western Sahara” has defied the international community's efforts to facilitate its “solution” for decades. This article explores the historical background to the conflict, the viability of the self-proclaimed “Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic,” and the strategic significance of the integration of both the Saharan territory and the Maghreb region, before concluding with the outlines of a realistic approach to resolving the conflict.
Cracked-rectangular sheet with linearly varying end displacements

Abstract It is shown that the stress intensity factors for the end rotation problem for a cracked-rectangular sheet can be determined from a knowledge of the solution for a uniform normal displacement without rotation. The argument depends on the extension of the “weight function” concept to configurations in which the applied forces vary with respect to both the space variables and the crack length parameter. Numerical illustrations are presented for the problem of an edge crack in a rectangular sheet with linearly varying end displacements.
EPR STUDIES OF THE DYNAMICS OF ROTATION OF DIOXYGEN IN MODEL COBALT(II) HEMES AND COBALT-CONTAINING HYBRID HEMOGLOBINS

Earlier we showed that the shapes of the EPR spectra of cobalt(II) porphyrinate(nitrogen base)(dioxygen) complexes in fluid solution were sensitive to the rate of rotation about the Co−O bond (Walker, F. A.; Bowen, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7632). We have now extended these studies to four metal-substituted hybrid hemoglobins in an attempt to determine whether EPR spectroscopy is sensitive to differences in the mobility of dioxygen in the α and β subunits of the T and R quaternary states. For purposes of this study, [α2(CoO2)β2(FeO2)] and [α2(FeO2)β2(CoO2)] were used as R-state models and [α2(CoO2)β2(Zn)] and [α2(Zn)β2(CoO2)] were used as T-state models. EPR spectra were recorded for samples of each of the above hybrids, equilibrated with 1 atm of O2 gas, as a function of temperature. The “progress toward averaging” of the EPR signals of the Co−O2-containing subunits was measured as the difference in field positions, ΔH, for the midpoint of the low- and high-field extrema of the derivative EPR sp...
Evaluation of Genistin and Genistein Contents in Soybean Varieties and Soy Protein Concentrate Prepared with 3 Basic Methods

: The contents of genistein and its β-glucoside form, genistin, in 13 soybean varieties were determined. Soybean variety (Var-1) with high genistein and genistin contents (0.019 mg/g and 0.420 mg/g) was used to evaluate the 3 basic soy protein concentrate (SPC) production methods (acid, alcohol, and hot-water leach) for genistin and genistein retention on a total weight basis. The acid leach method gave the highest total genistin + genistein content (0.742 mg/g) compared to SPCs prepared with the hot-water leach method (0.671 mg/g), and the alcohol leach method (0.070 mg/g). The acid leach, hot-water leach and alcohol leach methods had 20.3%, 24.2%, and 91.2% losses of total genistin + genistein, respectively.
An assessment of the severity of interstitial pancreatitis.

Background & aims There is limited information on the incidence of and factors associated with severe disease among patients with interstitial pancreatitis (IP). We evaluated a large cohort of patients with IP and compared data with those from patients with extrapancreatic necrosis (EXPN). Methods We evaluated 149 consecutive patients with IP admitted over a 2.5-year period. Transferred patients were excluded. We collected data on age, Charlson comorbidity score (CCI), measures of severity on admission or within 24 hours (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, bedside index for severity of acute pancreatitis scores), persistent (>48 h) systemic inflammatory response syndrome, persistent organ failure, need for intensive care unit, length of hospital stay (in days), and mortality. We also analyzed levels of severity among those with IP and EXPN. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.1 (Cary, NC). Results Among the patients with IP, the median CCI score was 1, the median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 7, and the median bedside index for severity of acute pancreatitis score was 1. In addition, the median length of hospital stay was only 4 days; only 1% had persistent organ failure and only 1% to 2% required intervention. The mortality rate of IP was 3%; it was associated significantly with comorbidity (the median CCI scores of nonsurvivors and survivors was 4 and 1, respectively, P = .003). Patients with EXPN had greater levels of disease severity, compared with patients with IP. Conclusions IP is severe in only 1% to 3% of patients; mortality of IP is associated strongly with comorbidity. EXPN is more frequently severe than IP; EXPN must be distinguished from IP in clinical studies.
Engineering plastics from lignin. 21. Synthesis and properties of epoxidized lignin-poly(propylene oxide) copolymers

Epoxy resins were prepared from hydroxyalkyl lignin derivatives with varying degrees of alkoxylation. The epoxy-functional copolymers were fractionated into narrow molecular weight, chemically uniform prepolymers with good solubility. The epoxy resins were cured with diamine, and the network polymers were characterized by mechanical testing. Modulus and ultimate strength increased with lignin content and ultimate strain decreasing. The resins were comparable or superior to diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A (DGEBA)-based (control) resins in strength.
A transistor coincidence-discriminator circuit for 10−8second pulses☆

Abstract A transistor coincidence-discriminator circuit of better than 10 −8 -sec resolution and 0.25-V sensitivity has been designed for use where large numbers of such circuits are required in a single system. The experience gained in operating 168 units in a physics experiment, and the methods developed for testing the sensitivity and resolution of the circuits during both initial checkout and operation in the experiment show the approach used to circuit design to be highly feasible.
Optimum Subcutaneous Glucose Sampling and Fourier Analysis of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background:The objective of this article was to focus on the application of harmonic decomposition to continuous glucose monitor (CGM) measurements. We show evidence of an attenuation of fast variations of interstitial glucose when compared to blood in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and, using information theory, propose optimal sampling schedules associated with the use and study of CGMs.Method:Using a cohort of 26 T1DM subjects, wearing two Navigator™ sensors for 1 to 3 days, we analyzed the frequency content of each glucose signal and derived across subject frequency cutoffs using discrete Fourier transform and common signal processing techniques.Results:We observed a significant difference in the frequency content of blood glucose compared to interstitial glucose in T1DM, providing evidence toward the existence of a diffusion process between blood and interstitial glucose, acting as a low-pass filter. Furthermore, we obtained a 15-minutes sampling schedule for optimal comparison of CGM values to bloo...
Deterministic fluctuations in an intracavity-coupled solid state laser

ABSTRACT The intensity fluctuations in the output of an intracavity doubled solid state laserhave been shown to be deterministic in origin. We describe a simple technique to eliminatethese fluctuations. Synchronized antiphase oscillations of the longitudinal mode intensities have been observed. Energy sharing between coupled modes is characterized by a statistical analysis of the chaotic fluctuations. 1. INTRODUCTION Traditional studies of laser noise focus on spontaneous emission as the source of fluctuations in the laser intensity and phase. Recently, it has become apparent thatfluctuations in lasers can also have a deterministic origin (see also the paper by R.G. Harrison, et. a!., in this volume). A pioneering study by Baer [1] introduced a deterministic rate equation model to explain the appearance of these fluctuations. Mandel and Wu [2,3] performed a stability analysis of Baer's model. It was shown by Oka and Kubota [4] that the stability of laser operation depended on the polarization of the cavitymodes and the birefringence of the intracavity nonlinear crystal. A detailed analysis of thenonlinear dynamics of this laser model was presented in references 5 and 6. We reviewhere the results of our studies of intensity fluctuations in an intracavity doubled Nd:YAGlaser. We demonstrate a simple method to eliminate this noise [7], describe the observation
Non-iterative optimal design of quantum controls

A non-iterative means for quantum control design is introduced with the aim of offering practical designs that can later be fine-tuned with laboratory closed-loop techniques. The procedure recognizes that Hamiltonians for realistic system control applications are rarely known accurately. The algorithm takes advantage of this fact by allowing for managed deviations in the equations of motion, thus removing the standard Lagrange multiplier. Suitable time-dependent cost functional weights are introduced that eliminate the traditional final time matching condition, thereby producing non-iterative design equations as an initial value problem. Removal of the final time condition also eliminates the demand that the target state be reached at any artificially imposed time. Tests on a simple molecular system indicate that the algorithm leads to well-behaved designs and that the weight functions are adequately estimated by order of magnitude analysis.
Characterization and χ(3) measurements of thin films by third-harmonic microscopy.

Third-harmonic (TH) generation from a thin layer on a substrate is analyzed in reflection and transmission geometry taking into account interference effects of fundamental and TH waves in the film, the backward-generated TH, and the pump-beam profile. Conditions are derived for both geometries where the signal from the film dominates, which is important for TH microscopy. The analysis results are applied to retrieve from experiment nonlinear susceptibilities χ(3) of hafnia/silica mixture (HfxSi1−xO2), alumina (Al2O3), and scandia (Sc2O3) thin films.
Bicarbonate dialysate for continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care unit patients with acute renal failure

Lactate-buffered peritoneal solution traditionally has been used as dialysate for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in the United States because no bicarbonate solution is commercially available. Since 1994, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Dialysis Unit has prepared a bicarbonate solution (sodium 144 +/- 3 mEq/L, HCO3 37 +/- 2 mEq/L, potassium 3 or 4 mEq/L, calcium 3.0 +/- 0.3 mEq/L, and magnesium 1.4 +/- 0.3 mg/dL) replicating the dialysate for chronic intermittent hemodialysis. No solute precipitation, as calcium or magnesium salts, were observed, and several cultures of the solution, performed at various time periods, remained negative. Fifty critically ill acute renal failure patients have been treated with bicarbonate-CRRT. All patients were in multiple organ failure and required mechanical ventilation; 37 were receiving vasopressors. Forty-four continuous venovenous hemodialysis sessions and eight continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis sessions were performed with a mean duration of 7.8 +/- 6.1 days. The mean inflow dialysate rate was 1,249 +/- 225 mL/hr and the mean outflow rate (dialysate plus ultrafiltration) was 1,399 +/- 237 mL/hr; the inflow rate was constantly kept lower or equal to the outflow rate to avoid an enhanced potential for backfiltration. No related fever spikes or sepsis episodes were noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acute encephalopathy with concurrent respiratory and metabolic disturbances in first known parenteral human administration of flunixin meglumine and acepromazine maleate.

Abstract Background Flunexin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for veterinary use in horses and cattle. Acepromazine is a phenothiazine derivative used in horses, dogs, and cats. Human exposure to these substances is rare. Case Report We report a case of a human injection of two equine medications, flunixin and acepromazine, which resulted in altered mental status, respiratory alkalosis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and elevation of liver transaminases in a 43-year-old woman who worked as a horse trainer. The patient intentionally self-injected these medications and subsequently presented to the Emergency Department with altered mental status and lethargy. The patient required hospitalization for metabolic abnormalities, including respiratory alkalosis, and suffered a gastrointestinal bleed requiring blood transfusion. The patient ultimately recovered with supportive measures. We believe this to be the first case of concomitant injection of flunixin and acepromazine in a human. Conclusions This report explains a case of parenteral administration of two equine medications and the subsequent complications in a patient that presented to the Emergency Department. Human exposure to veterinary medications cannot be predicted by their effect in animals due to variations in absorption, distribution, and metabolism. Physicians should be aware that individuals who work with animals may have access to large quantities of veterinary medicine. This case also exemplifies the challenges that Emergency Physicians face on a daily basis, and generates additional consideration for overdoses and intoxications from medications that are not considered commonplace in humans.
Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans in an unselected population.

Purpose The intent of this study was to determine, in an unselected population, the prevalence of the hyperinsulinemia-associated skin lesion, acanthosis nigricans. Subjects and methods The posterior neck of every child in the sixth and eighth grades of the public schools of Galveston, Texas, was personally examined by the investigators during a state-mandated school health survey. A total of 1,412 children were examined. Results The data for each child examined included the absence or presence of acanthosis nigricans, height, weight, age, sex, and ethnic background. A subset of the children with the skin lesion also had fasting plasma insulin levels measured. Acanthosis nigricans was present in 7.1% of the 1,412 children examined. The skin lesion was equally distributed between boys and girls and was most common among children with severe obesity. The condition was present in two of 440 white non-Hispanics, 19 of 343 Hispanics, and 80 of 601 blacks examined. The fasting plasma insulin concentrations measured in some of these children and in previously evaluated subjects strongly correlate with the presence and severity of the acanthosis nigricans skin lesion. Conclusions This skin lesion is much more common than previously believed and has a dramatic ethnic predisposition. We conclude that the high prevalence of this skin lesion further suggests that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, with all of their serious medical implications, are also highly prevalent.
The Paradox of Cultural Self-representation in Paule Marshall's Praisesong For The Widow

In this paper, I examine how Paule Marshall's Praisesong For The Widow, fictionalizes ‘migrations of the subject’. I argue that Praisesong explores the threshold between displacement, exile and prodigality. The paradox elaborated in this analysis is located precisely in how self-questioning ends up in self-affirmation; how conceptualisations of multiple subjectivities: migration or diaspora-isation decentre the subject, but also reinvents ‘the coveted “private” realm’ or home ‘as the zone of “noninterference” that is off-limits’.
Basic fibroblast growth factor: receptor-mediated internalization, metabolism, and anterograde axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was radiolabeled and used in axonal transport studies to determine whether certain neuronal populations express functional receptors for bFGF. Unlike 125I-NGF, 125I-bFGF was not retrogradely transported in the adult rat sciatic nerve or from iris to trigeminal ganglion or superior cervical ganglion. However, after intraocular injection of 125I-bFGF into the posterior chamber of the eye of adult rats, radioactivity was detected within the retinal ganglion cell projections. This radioactivity was localized to the ipsilateral optic nerve and in the contralateral lateral geniculate body and the contralateral superior colliculus by using autoradiographic techniques. Direct measurement of the radioactivity in dissected brain regions was used to study the process of 125I-bFGF uptake and transport by retinal ganglion cells. The uptake and transport were specific for biologically active bFGF since neither denatured, biologically inactive 125I-bFGF nor 125I-NGF was taken up and transported. The uptake and transport of 125I-bFGF were saturable phenomena since they were blocked in the presence of excess, unlabeled bFGF. Wheat germ agglutinin, but not heparinase, blocked uptake and transport of 125I-bFGF, a finding that is consistent with the uptake being mediated by high-affinity bFGF receptors. Radioactivity from 125I- bFGF was transported in retinal ganglion cell axons in an anterograde direction at a maximum rate in excess of 1.7 mm/hr. No specific retrograde transport of bFGF to the retina was detected after 125I-bFGF was injected into the superior colliculus. The radioactivity from 125I- bFGF that accumulated in the superior colliculus was lost from this tissue with a half-life of about 22 hr. Autoradiography of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE demonstrated that 125I-bFGF was not substantially degraded in the retina after internalization within retinal ganglion cells. During anterograde transport, however, 125I-bFGF underwent limited proteolytic cleavage resulting in 3 prominent 125I-bFGF derivatives of molecular weights greater than 7000 Da. Although these were the major radioactive species recovered from the superior colliculus after intraocular injection, some intact 125I-bFGF was also detected within the innervated target. These results indicate that retinal ganglion cells express high-affinity receptors for bFGF, that these receptors mediate the internalization of bFGF, that internalized bFGF undergoes limited proteolytic cleavage, and that bFGF and its derivatives are anterogradely transported to the lateral geniculate body and the superior colliculus. These data raise the possibility that bFGF or its derivatives may act as an anterograde trophic factor in the visual system, a system that is known to undergo anterograde transneuronal cell death.
Small-angle X-ray scattering-derived structure of the HIV-1 5′ UTR reveals 3D tRNA mimicry

The most conserved region of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) genome, the ∼335-nt 5′ UTR, is characterized by functional stem loop domains responsible for regulating the viral life cycle. Despite the indispensable nature of this region of the genome in HIV-1 replication, 3D structures of multihairpin domains of the 5′ UTR remain unknown. Using small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations, we generated structural models of the transactivation (TAR)/polyadenylation (polyA), primer-binding site (PBS), and Psi-packaging domains. TAR and polyA form extended, coaxially stacked hairpins, consistent with their high stability and contribution to the pausing of reverse transcription. The Psi domain is extended, with each stem loop exposed for interactions with binding partners. The PBS domain adopts a bent conformation resembling the shape of a tRNA in apo and primer-annealed states. These results provide a structural basis for understanding several key molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-1 replication.
Body weight patterns among the Chinese: results from the 1989 and 1991 China Health and Nutrition Surveys.

OBJECTIVES. A longitudinal survey assessed the distribution of adult body weight among the Chinese population. METHODS. Data from the 1989 and 1991 China Health and Nutrition Survey were used to study changes in the proportions of adults aged 20-45 years who were classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and severely overweight. RESULTS. There was a slight decline in the proportion of men and women classified as underweight, but among lower-income persons an increase occurred. The proportion of adults with normal body weight decreased, and the proportions of those classified as overweight and severely overweight increased during the same period. The observed increases in proportions of adults classified as overweight and severely overweight were largely confined to the urban residents and to those in the middle- and high-income groups. CONCLUSIONS. Results indicate increases in both obesity and undernutrition. Current efforts in China to develop a preventive health care policy emphasize the pr...
On-Road motion planning for autonomous vehicles

We present a motion planner for autonomous on-road driving, especially on highways. It adapts the idea of a on-road state lattice. A focused search is performed in the previously identified region in which the optimal trajectory is most likely to exist. The main contribution of this paper is a computationally efficient planner which handles dynamic environments generically. The Dynamic Programming algorithm is used to explore in spatiotemporal space and find a coarse trajectory solution first that encodes desirable maneuvers. Then a focused trajectory search is conducted using the "generate-and-test" approach, and the best trajectory is selected based on the smoothness of the trajectory. Analysis shows that our scheme provides a principled way to focus trajectory sampling, thus greatly reduces the search space. Simulation results show robust performance in several challenging scenarios.
Nature’s care: diarrhea, watershed protection, and biodiversity conservation in Flores, Indonesia

Part of the puzzle surrounding biodiversity loss lies in an incomplete understanding of how humans value the functions and services that flow from biodiversity conservation projects. This paper takes a closer look at the links between the conservation of biodiversity and the livelihoods of rural people who live on the fringes of the parks and protected areas. We revisit some of the key aspects of ecosystem valuation—purpose, methodology, and policy design and implementation—because the links between biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and human welfare are obscured by considerable smoke and mirrors. Using a biodiversity conservation project (Ruteng Park) on Flores Island in Indonesia as a case study, we build a concrete empirical example of ecosystem valuation. This conservation project has resulted in spatially patchy watershed protection that allows us to identify and estimate the impacts of watershed services on human health (diarrhea prevalence) in the buffer zone of the park. We conclude by offering a plan of research to improve the design of conservation interventions for protecting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. These recommendations include developing more conceptual knowledge on the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem services; scaling up valuation efforts of underappreciated services such as health; shifting focus from valuing services individually to valuing multiple benefits from the same area; and conducting conservation policy experiments to identify causal outcomes (including defensible estimates of ecosystem values).
Criminological theory in the digital age: The case of social learning theory and digital piracy☆

Abstract To date, few studies had attempted to extend existing theories of crime to technology driven crimes, such as digital piracy. To address this gap in the literature, this study explored the ability of Akers’ social learning theory in explaining the likelihood of engaging in digital piracy. Also explored was the extent to which the social learning process mediated the impact of several noteworthy correlates of digital piracy among college students attending different universities (n = 585), relying on a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. The findings were modestly supportive of social learning theory as it may apply to digital piracy. The findings are discussed in the context of extending existing theories of crime to account for contemporary technology driven crimes, such as digital piracy. Policy implications and direction for future research are discussed.
Cervical lymph node metastases and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip

Background Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip generally has a favorable outcome. The chance of long-term survival is significantly reduced if lymph node metastases develop. Any features that could identify patients having increased risks of occult lymph node metastases would allow more aggressive treatment and, possibly, a better outcome. Methods A chart review of lip cancer from this institution identified 1001 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. This database was used to identify the characteristics that are associated with occult lymph node metastases. Results Delayed cervical lymph node metastases developed in 40 patients. No significant differences were noted in the frequency of delayed lymph node metastases according to gender, lip subsite, or age less than 40 years. Significant differences were noted in association with the tumor size, tumor differentiation, and local recurrence. Conclusions Elective cervical lymphadenectomy is justifiable for higher grade tumors and for locally recurrent tumors. An increase in delayed metastases was observed in patients with tumors greater than 3 cm, but the proportion is not great enough to justify elective neck dissections. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21: 447–453, 1999.
Resident nongame waterbird use following biomanipulation of a shallow Lake

Abstract We examined the use of Lake Christina, Minnesota, USA, by nongame waterbirds following an autumn 2003 application of rotenone to eliminate its fish base and enhance migrating canvasback (Aythya valisineria) habitat. The only nongame waterbirds observed attempting to nest in 2004 were black terns (Chlidonias niger), but they failed to hatch any young. We recorded 246 Western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) on Lake Christina in the spring of 2004, but by mid-June most had left the lake. During this period, few fish were available, and we suggest that although the emergent vegetation was suitable for nesting, the lack of food prevented colony formation. In spring 2005, small fish were again available on the lake, and numbers of all nongame species were greater than in 2004. We located 315 western grebe nests, of which 198 hatched ≥1 young (63% of all attempts). Landscape-level manipulation may enhance habitat for some species but also has the potential to exclude trophic levels from future use an...
Yield of Reticulocyte Counts and Blood Smears in Term Infants

Reticulocyte counts and blood smears are commonly recommended to evaluate jaundice in newborns. To investigate the results and diagnostic yield of these tests, we reviewed a computerized database and medical records of term newborns who had reticulocyte counts (n = 799) or blood smears (n = 781) within the first week after birth at two hospitals. Nearly a threefold difference was noted in reticulocyte counts between the two hospitals (median 8.0% vs 2.8%; P < .0001), apparently due to differences in laboratory methods. Among the patients with "abnormal" reticulocyte counts or blood smears (n = 192), isoimmunization was diagnosed in 54, presumed hemolysis of unknown etiology in two, G6PD deficiency in one, and pyropoikilocytosis in one. We conclude that better standardization of reticulocyte counts is needed. When ordered as screening tests for hemolysis in jaundiced infants, reticulocyte counts and blood smears seldom lead to diagnoses of hemolysis other than isoimmunization.
Interconnect scaling implications for CAD

Interconnect scaling to deep submicron processes presents many challenges to today's CAD flows. A recent analysis by Sylvester and Keutzer examined the behavior of average length wires under scaling, and controversially concluded that current CAD tools are adequate for future module-level designs. In our work, we show that average length wire scaling is sensitive to the technology assumptions, although the change in their behavior is small under all reasonable scaling assumptions. However, examining only average length wires is optimistic, since long wires are the ones that primarily cause CAD tool exceptions. In a module of fixed complexity, under both optimistic and pessimistic scaling assumptions, the number of long wires will increase slowly with scaling. More importantly, as the overall die capacity grows exponentially, the number of modules and thus the total number of wires in a design, will also increase exponentially. Thus, if the design team size and per-designer workload is to remain relatively constant, future CAD tools will need to handle long wires much better than current tools to reduce the percentage of wires that require designer intervention.
Economic dependency in black Africa: an analysis of competing theories

Current attempts to understand and remedy the underdevelopment and peripheral international roles of Third World states derive from three competing paradigms: conventional social science, Marxism, and dependency theory. Each paradigm claims to explain past history and to make relevant policy recommendations for Third World leaders. Yet, none of these approaches has so far been formulated as complex, well specified, causal models. One can build theory relevant to data by specifying competing three-variable models relating economic dependency to economic performance and development potential. An empirical evaluation can then be made of the dependency theory proposition that economic dependency inhibits positive economic performance (growth and development). Partial correlation and regression analyses of economic data from thirty tropical African states in the middle and late 1960s provide little support for two dependency-based models and evidence in favor of conventional and Marxist models. These findings have implications for theory, further research, and policy.
Civilian Job Opportunities and Naval Re-Enlistment Behavior

This paper examines the influence of economic factors on re-enlistment decisions in the U.S. Navy. The effect of civilian wage opportunities on re-enlistment behavior is of particular interest. The study employs a unique longitudinal data base to track the actual civilian employment experiences of Navy personnel who enlisted between 1973-77. The data base was created by merging the records of the Defense Military Data Center and the U.S. Social Security Adminis­ tration. This data base is used to estimate the opportunity costs of re-enlisting and these estimates are then used in the two-step regression procedure to predict re-enlistment behavior.
Catalog: Suellen Glashausser's Artists' Book in the Rutgers University Libraries

The catalog provides an alphabetical arrangement of the artists' books by Suellen Glashausser currently in The Rutgers University Libraries. Every entry contains a title, date, and brief physical description. Readers of the Journal's digital version can view at least one image for every work save Torrado Natural .
Short term outcomes of revision total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Few studies have assessed postoperative complications in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA). The aim of this study was to assess which preoperative factors are associated with postoperative complications in rTKA. Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement (NSQIP) database, we identified patients undergoing rTKA from 2010 to 2012. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and complications within thirty days of surgery were analyzed. A total of 3421 patients underwent rTKA. After adjusted analysis, dialysis ( P = 0.016) was associated with minor complications. Male gender ( P = 0.03), older age ( P = 0.029), ASA class >2 ( P = 0.017), wound class >2 ( P P = 0.038), and pulmonary comorbidity ( P = 0.047) were associated with major complications.
Supplementation of a diatom diet with cholesterol can enhance copepod egg-production rates

Cholesterol is required for animal growth, yet it cannot be biosynthesized de novo by crustaceans. Dietary sterols are thus necessary for the growth and reproduction of copepods. Sterols vary widely in both composition and concentration in phytoplankton. To explore the potential for sterol limitation of copepod growth, I did experiments with adult copepods feeding on diatoms with and without cholesterol supplementation. Cholesterol was added to the diet by (1) homogenizing the insoluble cholesterol with an ultrasonic disintegrator or (2) preparing gelatin/ acacia microcapsules with and without cholesterol using triolein as a carrier. Egg-production rates were measured after 2‐4 d on the experimental diets, except in one experiment, in which an 18-d feeding period was used. Eggproduction rates increased 1.5‐2-fold for Acartia hudsonica, Acartia tonsa, and Calanus finamrchicuswhen the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii was supplemented with 5‐20 m gL 21 cholesterol; supplementation at 1 m gL 21 had no effect. Nearly three-fold higher rates of egg production were observed with C. finmarchicusafter feeding for 18 d on the supplemented diet. Cholesterol had a positive effect on egg-production rates when added by either method. Egg hatch rates for A. hudsonica were also higher when they were fed T. weissflogii supplemented with cholesterol (91% hatched) than when they were fed an unsupplemented diet (40% hatched). Egg production of Centropages hamatus feeding on T. weissflogii was unaffected by supplementation. Egg-production rates of A. hudsonica were unaffected when Chaetoceros affinis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, or Thalassiosira rotulawere supplemented. Higher egg-production rates in supplemented treatments were caused by a decrease in the frequency of small clutches during spawning events rather than an increase in maximum clutch size. These experiments demonstrate the potential for limitation of egg production by dietary sterols when copepods feed exclusively on diatoms.
To Layer Resist For Plasma Etching

A capped photoresist mask of Kodak 809 on PN with minimal undercut is developed. The advantage of leaving Kodak 809 cap is that it offers better erosion resistance in the chlorine-containing plasma. The undercut of PMMA is dependent on the incidence angle of ultraviolet light to the resist. A wide incident angle creates substantial undercut while a normal incidence produces very slight undercut.
Mass spectral studies of Schiff's bases and their metal complexes

Mass spectra of N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (I) and its nickel complex (III) and of N,N′-bis(salicylidene)isobutylenediamine (II) and its nickel, cobalt, copper and palladium complexes (IV to VII) have been investigated. The metal chelates' spectra are marked by intense molecular ions and a general paucity of metal-free ions, though chelates of the more readily reducible metals (Cu, Pd) show more ligand ions. In general, the principal fragmentations are the same for both chelates and ligands, but some specific fragmentations are found for individual chelates.
Fingertip force planning for multifingered robot hands

A fingertip force decomposition model for a multifingered robot hand grasping and manipulating an object is proposed. During the trajectory execution the fingertip force is decomposed into a dynamic equilibrating force and an internal interaction force. Using the equations of motion and the displacement consistency relationship of the virtual grasping system, a computational algorithm is derived for the dynamic equilibrating forces subject to the constraint of dynamic stability. To simplify the formulation, a representation of the internal interaction force components is developed. An objective function based on the fingertip forces is defined and the internal interaction forces are optimally determined. A computational algorithm for planning fingertip forces during trajectory execution is derived. >
Distributed sensor localization using barycentric coordinates

In this paper, we review our work on distributed sensor localization using barycentric coordinates. We present an algorithm for localization in m-dimensional Euclidean spaces. The algorithm is distributed and requires at least m + 1 anchors. Anchors are the nodes that know their exact locations. We require that the nonanchor nodes (all the network nodes that do not know their locations) lie in the convex hull of at least m + 1 anchors. Using barycentric coordinates, each non-anchor node updates its location estimate as a linear combination of its (carefully chosen) neighboring nodes. Under minimal network connectivity assumptions, we show that the distributed localization algorithm converges to the exact sensor locations. We further extend the localization algorithm to include imperfect barycentric computation, communication link failures, and communication noise.We show that, with the aid of stochastic approximation, the localization algorithm converges almost surely to the exact locations under the random phenomena described before.
Application of 3-D, Unsteady Navier-Stokes Simulation to Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser Technology Development

Three-dimensional, time-dependent solutions of the reacting flow Navier-Stokes equations are applied simulations of chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) hardware. The presented simulations examine various aspects of COIL physics and performance, including mixing nozzle performance as related to flow unsteadiness and diffuser performance as determined by shock-boundary layer interactions.
Increased Hepatic Glucose Production in Fetal Sheep With Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Not Suppressed by Insulin

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the risk for metabolic disease and diabetes, although the developmental origins of this remain unclear. We measured glucose metabolism during basal and insulin clamp periods in a fetal sheep model of placental insufficiency and IUGR. Compared with control fetuses (CON), fetuses with IUGR had increased basal glucose production rates and hepatic PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase expression, which were not suppressed by insulin. In contrast, insulin significantly increased peripheral glucose utilization rates in CON and IUGR fetuses. Insulin robustly activated AKT, GSK3β, and forkhead box class O (FOXO)1 in CON and IUGR fetal livers. IUGR livers, however, had increased basal FOXO1 phosphorylation, nuclear FOXO1 expression, and Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation during hyperinsulinemia. Expression of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α were increased in IUGR livers during basal and insulin periods. Cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations were positively correlated with glucose production rates. Isolated IUGR hepatocytes maintained increased glucose production in culture. In summary, fetal sheep with IUGR have increased hepatic glucose production, which is not suppressed by insulin despite insulin sensitivity for peripheral glucose utilization. These data are consistent with a novel mechanism involving persistent transcriptional activation in the liver that seems to be unique in the fetus with IUGR.