cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of “Do Not Resuscitate” Status on the Outcome of Major Vascular Surgical Procedures

Background Patients with Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders may still be offered surgery that aims to prolong or improve quality of life. The widely accepted approach of “required reconsideration” mandates that patients and surgeons discuss perioperative risks and expected outcomes in the context of the patient's values and preferences. However, surgical outcomes in this patient population have not been well-defined. The objectives of this study are to assess outcomes in DNR patients undergoing major vascular procedures, and develop an evidence basis for informed, shared decision-making. Methods Patients undergoing common major vascular procedures were identified in the 2007–2010 National Surgical Quality Improvement Project databases. DNR patients were defined as those with an active DNR order within 30 days before surgery. Demographics, comorbidities, procedural details, and complications were compared with those without DNR orders. To isolate the impact of DNR status, multivariate regression and 1:1 propensity score matching were used to compare outcomes between DNR patients and a non-DNR cohort of comparably high-risk patients. Results Of 110,279 patients undergoing major vascular surgery, 1,565 (1.4%) had active DNR orders 30 days preceding surgery. DNR patients were more likely to be functionally dependent (69% vs. 15%; P Conclusions DNR patients are at high risk for major complications and mortality after vascular surgery procedures. Compared with a matched cohort of “high-risk” non-DNR patients, those with DNR orders suffered equivalent rates of postoperative morbidity, but markedly increased mortality. This suggests that DNR status, independent of comorbidities and perioperative complications, may increase the risk of “failure to rescue.” These findings have implications not only for risk adjustment, but also provide an evidence basis for shared decision-making in challenging circumstances.
President Eisenhower and Dr. King on Peace and Human Nature

Fifty years ago Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., began his rise to fame while President Dwight D. Eisenhower was at the height of his prestige. They offered two contrasting views of human nature and peace. Eisenhower saw desire inevitably leading to selfishness and conflict. His concept of peace was based on voluntary restraint of desire, which ultimately meant restraint of historical change. In King's vision of the beloved community, desire coming from the center of each person's being could be fulfilled with no danger to the community, because all people are inherently connected in “a single garment of destiny.” For King, peace was nonviolence: the process of making the beloved community real in the present historical moment. Thus, King saw no need to restrain change. After fifty years, the U.S. society is still dominated by Eisenhower's view. But King's view remains a viable realistic alternative.
Effect of margin width on local recurrence in triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with breast-conserving therapy.

Background The effect of increasing negative margin width after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) on local recurrence (LR) is controversial. LR rates vary by subtype, with the highest rates seen in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This study examined LR rates in relationship to margin width in TNBC treated with BCT.
Postlaminectomy Arteriovenous Fistula Masked by Stenosis of the Inferior Vena Cava

Discovery of a postlumbosacral discectomy fistula between the right iliac artery and vein was obscured by an associated severe stricture of the infrarenal inferior vena cava in a 49-year-old man. During venous stenting for treatment of peripheral edema, the fistula was suspected because of faint pulsatile right iliac vein flow and increased O2 saturation of the venous blood. The suspicion was confirmed on subsequent iliac arteriography. Surgical closure of the fistula with arterial interposition grafting was then performed. The patient improved substantially.
Laser Induced Cationic Polymerization of Epoxy Resins Using 2,6-Di(4'-methoxyphenyl)4-Phenylpyrylium Hexafluoroantimonate. Effect of Alcohols on Photo and Thermal Polymerization.

Laser exposure (at 488nm) of 2, 6-di(4′-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpyrylium hexafluoroantimonate (Pyr) in cycloaliphatic epoxy resin (CY 179) caused partial polymerization at laser dosage of 1.4J/cm2. Less reactive bisphenol-A epoxy (Epon 828) underwent partial polymerization at laser dosage of 7.0J/cm2. More complete polymerization of Epon 828 was observed at the same dose in the presence of 1, 6 hexanediol. Direct interaction of alcohol with the pyrylium excited state was demonstrated by fluorescence quenching. A Stern-Volmer plot and determination of pyrylium excited state lifetime allowed calculation of the rate constant for this reaction. The value of 3.8x108L equiv-1s-1 is indicative of an efficient interaction which is proposed to result in the photogeneration of protons. In contrast to the photochemical studies, thermally-induced polymerization of epoxy was not enhanced in the presence of alcohols.
Why is Obamacare so controversial

# Why is Obamacare so controversial? {#article-title-2} # Cognitive approach to teaching percutaneous coronary intervention {#article-title-3} # The challenge of delivering reliable science and guidelines: opportunities for all to participate {#article-title-4} Erroneous research results have potential for harm far beyond the patients recruited into the study, because the leverage of leadership permits them to alter behaviour of thousands of clinicians for many years. Medical research does not yet have as well-developed and rapid-responding safety systems as other spheres where lives are at stake. As doctors we would all leap to assist in a medical emergency for a patient not formally under our care. Yet, when problems occur in clinical research, we do not yet have good mechanisms to all work together quickly and decisively to improve patient safety. In this article we describe how each of us, regardless of our role, can (and perhaps should) take active steps to support delivery of reliable science for patient care.
Thermal decomposition of aluminium-bearing compounds

The thermal decomposition of aluminium sulfate, potassium aluminium sulfate, ammonium aluminium sulfate and alunite have been studied by dynamic thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction. Specifically, the factors that affect the sulfate decomposition reaction have been investigated. The sulfate decomposition is found to be significantly influenced by the presence of an inert material such as potassium sulfate in the solid matrix.
Prevention and treatment of depression in pregnancy and the postpartum period – summary of a maternal depression roundtable: a U.S. perspective

This article summarizes the proceedings of a roundtable sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health on January 31, 2001. The objective of this meeting was to discuss the current status and future directions of research on the prevention and treatment of depression in pregnancy and the postpartum period from multidisciplinary and public health perspectives. The major foci included current U.S. federal initiatives, nosology/diagnosis, approaches to assessment, psychosocial and pharmacological interventions, prevention approaches, and service delivery systems. This summary presents the pertinent topics of discussion from the group of experts and identifies key areas for future research and public health directives.
INTRA- VS. INTERSPECIFIC LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN GROWTH: ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE OR SEASONALITY?

In ectotherms, lower mean temperatures and shorter growing seasons at higher latitudes would be expected to cause a reduction in the annual growth rate of an individual. If slower growth reduces fitness, then organisms at higher latitudes may evolve compensatory responses for these climatic effects. Two such forms of local adaptation with increasing latitude are possible: (1) the capacity for growth may shift to a lower range of temperatures (i.e., temperature adaptation) or (2) maximum growth rate may evolve inversely with length of the growing season (i.e., countergradient variation). A third alternative is a mixed strategy involving both of the above. We hypothesized that the form of local adaptation may be affected by constraints that vary within vs. among species. We used common-environment experiments to compare reaction norms for growth in response to temperature among local populations of two contiguous, closely related fish species, the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (L.), and the tidewater silverside, M. peninsulae (Goode and Bean), which together have a range spanning much of the North American Atlantic coast. The common-environment experiments revealed countergradient variation: maximum growth rate increased with latitude both within and among species. However, growth reaction norms of the northern species were shifted to a lower range of temperatures than those of the southern species, indicating adaptation to temperature at the interspecific level. Hence, adaptation to temperature contributes to the interspecific variation, while countergradient variation contributes to both the intra- and interspecific differences.
Hate Speech and the First Amendment

A cornerstone of democracy is the First Amendment's protection of free speech. The founding fathers saw this as contributing to democratic government. Ironically, contemporary free speech protects ...
Matrilin-3 forms disulfide-linked oligomers with matrilin-1 in bovine epiphyseal cartilage.

Abstract A comparison of noncollagenous matrix proteins from different types of bovine cartilage by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a prominent 240-kDa component in extracts of epiphyseal but not tracheal tissue. On amino-terminal sequence analysis, it gave two sequences. One matched the NH2terminus of cartilage matrix protein (CMP) as reported for tracheal cartilage. The other did not match any known protein sequence. Further analysis of the 240-kDa protein after reduction of disulfides resolved two bands on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolation and sequence analysis of tryptic peptides confirmed that one was bovine CMP and the other a CMP homolog. A data base search identified the latter as matrilin-3, a molecule recently predicted from human and mouse cDNA sequences (Wagener, R., Kobbe, B., and Paulsson, M. (1997)FEBS Lett. 413, 129–134). Matrilin-3 and CMP (matrilin-1) were prominent in equimolar amounts in fetal bovine epiphyseal cartilage and absent from adult articular cartilage. Adult tracheal cartilage contained almost exclusively CMP. Although the mechanism of polymeric assembly is unknown, the matrilin-3 chain appears to function in the matrix linked to matrilin-1 in the form of disulfide-bonded heteromeric molecules. The results indicate a molecular stoichiometry of (matrilin-1)2(matrilin-3)2.
Opiate agonist-induced re-distribution of Wntless, a mu-opioid receptor interacting protein, in rat striatal neurons

Abstract Wntless (WLS), a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) interacting protein, mediates Wnt protein secretion that is critical for neuronal development. We investigated whether MOR agonists induce re-distribution of WLS within rat striatal neurons. Adult male rats received either saline, morphine or [ d -Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO) directly into the lateral ventricles. Following thirty minutes, brains were extracted and tissue sections were processed for immunogold silver detection of WLS. In saline-treated rats, WLS was distributed along the plasma membrane and within the cytoplasmic compartment of striatal dendrites as previously described. The ratio of cytoplasmic to total dendritic WLS labeling was 0.70 ± 0.03 in saline-treated striatal tissue. Morphine treatment decreased this ratio to 0.48 ± 0.03 indicating a shift of WLS from the intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane. However, following DAMGO treatment, the ratio was 0.85 ± 0.05 indicating a greater distribution of WLS intracellularly. The difference in the re-distribution of the WLS following different agonist exposure may be related to DAMGO's well known ability to induce internalization of MOR in contrast to morphine, which is less effective in producing receptor internalization. Furthermore, these data are consistent with our hypothesis that MOR agonists promote dimerization of WLS and MOR, thereby preventing WLS from mediating Wnt secretion. In summary, our findings indicate differential agonist-induced trafficking of WLS in striatal neurons following distinct agonist exposure. Adaptations in WLS trafficking may represent a novel pharmacological target in the treatment of opiate addiction and/or pain.
Noninvasive and Three-Dimensional Imaging of CMRO2 in Rats at 9.4 T: Reproducibility Test and Normothermia/Hypothermia Comparison Study

Ability to image cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) is essential for studying the fundamental role of oxidative metabolism in brain function and disease. We have demonstrated recently that three-dimensional (3D) CMRO(2) images can be obtained in the rat brain during a 2-min (17)O(2) inhalation using the (17)O MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) approach at high field. The feasibility for establishing a completely noninvasive approach for imaging CMRO(2) has also been demonstrated. In this study, we further explored the feasibility of (17)O MRSI approach for performing repeated CMRO(2) measurements within a short period of time and evaluated the reproducibility of the repeated measurements. Subsequently, we applied the (17)O MRSI approach to measure CMRO(2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) values at two brain temperatures in the alpha-chloralose anesthetized rat brain at 9.4 T. Finally, we tested the validity of simplified model for noninvasively determining CMRO(2) in normothermic and hypothermic rat brain. The results show (i) an excellent reproducibility among repeated measurements of 3D CMRO(2) images under the same physiologic condition; (ii) a 44% decrease of CMRO(2) across the rat brain at mild hypothermic (32 degrees C) condition as compared with normothermic (37 degrees C) condition; and (iii) a close correlation between CMRO(2) and CBF within a relatively wide physiologic range. This study demonstrates the capability of (17)O MRSI approach for noninvasively imaging CMRO(2) and its changes caused by physiologic perturbation. This approach, thus, should provide a promising neuroimaging modality for studying oxidative metabolism and bioenergetics associated with brain functions and diseases.
An algebraically partitioned FETI method for parallel structural analysis: algorithm description

An algebraically partitioned FETI method for the solution of structural engineering problems on parallel computers is presented. The present algorithm consists of three attributes: an explicit generation of the orthogonal null-space matrix associated with the interface nodal forces, the floating subdomain rigid-body modes computed from the subdomain static equilibrium equation of the classical force method and the identification of redundant interface force constraint operator that emanates when the interface force computations are localized. Comparisons of the present method with the previously developed differentially partitioned FETI method are offered in terms of the saddle-point formulations at the end of the paper. A companion paper reports implementation details and numerical performance of the proposed algorithm. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in the detection and diagnosis of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions.

In the United States, an estimated 29,370 new cases of oral and pharyngeal cancer were diagnosed in 2005, with more than 7320 tumor-related deaths [1]. Oral cancer represents roughly 3% of total cancer cases in the United States and is the ninth most common form of malignancy among American men. Although the concept of ‘‘early diagnosis leads to improved prognosis’’ applies to oral cancer, most patients present with regional or distant (stage III or IV) disease, which is a problem especially notable among African Americans. The tendency for delayed or late diagnosis is reflected in an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 59% for data pooled from 1995 through 2001. Although this figure represents a significant improvement for oral cancer survival for the first time in decades (up from 54% in 1974–1976), survival within the African-American population has remained comparatively lower (36% in 1974–1976, 40% in 1995–2001) [2]. Increased mortality from oral cancer is especially marked in African-American men, whose 5-year survival rate (34%) is substantially lower than that of their female counterparts (52%). The most common form of oral cancer is primary mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (O90% of cases), although malignancies of salivary gland origin, sarcomas, lymphomas, melanoma, and metastatic disease also contribute to the total cancer burden. Because squamous cell carcinoma and its variants represent most oral cancer cases, this article focuses on the diagnosis and detection of this condition and its precursors. The ability to diagnosis precursor (precancerous) lesions is critical to the battle against oral cancer. With early detection, diagnosis, and treatment, noninvasive intraepithelial lesions (grades of epithelial dysplasia or carcinoma in situ [CIS]) can be conservatively managed with minimal surgical morbidity and 100% survival. In addition, advances in molecular diagnosis suggest that genetic or protein markers of precancerous change are likely detectable before clinically apparent mucosal lesions can be identified. If the promise of such ‘‘prediagnosis’’ can be realized, early detection of patients at increased risk for initial or recurrent disease would be possible and would hopefully lead to reduced patient morbidity and mortality.
Evolution of the genetic apparatus.

Abstract It is argued that the evolution of the genetic apparatus must have required the abiotic formation of macromolecules capable of residue-by-residue replication. This suggests that polynucleotides were present even in the most primitive ancestors of contemporary organisms. Models which explain the evolution of the association between polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences are discussed.
Fused rhabdomeres (fur) in Drosophila: an eye mutation that alters rhabdomere morphology and retinal function.

In the Drosophila compound eye, the photoreceptor cells are organized in highly precise units, the ommatidia. In each photoreceptor cell, the primary photopigment, opsin, is contained in the rhabdomere, an ordered array of densely packed microvilli. A genetic and phenotypic analysis of a new X-linked, P element-induced mutation, fur, (fused rhabdomeres) is presented. Light and electron microscope studies show that mutations at the fur locus result in the fusion of the adjacent rhabdomeres in the developing eye and the fusion takes place during the pupal stage of eye development. Electrophysiological experiments indicate that the fur mutant photoreceptors have reduced sensitivity to light and lack a PDA (prolonged depolarizing afterpotential), a response characteristic of normal photoreceptor cells. Recombination and deficiency mapping localize fur to the proximal region of the X chromosome. Reversion analysis indicates the fur mutant is the result of a P element insertion. These studies suggest that the f...
Cholera in Africa: a message for the West.

Abstract West Africa had been free of cholera during the entire twentieth century until August 1970 when a devastating epidemic of more than 150 000 cases and 20 000 deaths occurred. Cholera is now...
Optimizing Throughput and Latency under Given Power Budget for Network Packet Processing

Current state-of-the-art task scheduling algorithms for network packet processing schedule the program into a parallel-pipeline topology on network processors to maximize the throughput. However, there has been no existing work targeting power budget for packet processing on off-the-shelf multicore architectures. As energy consumption, reliability and cooling cost for packet processing systems become increasingly important, it is necessary to integrate power-awareness into a scheduler to meet the power budget. In this paper, we propose a novel scheduling algorithm to optimize both throughput and latency given a power budget for network packet processing on multicore architectures. This algorithm addresses power-aware parallel-pipeline scheduling problem by applying per-core DVFS to optimally adjust frequency on each core. We implement our algorithm on an AMD machine with two Quad-Core Opteron 2350 processors and compare the results with existing algorithms given the same power budget. For six real packet processing applications, our algorithm improves throughput and reduces latency by an average of 64.6% and 25.2%, respectively.
Toward a new model of scientific publishing: discussion and a proposal.

The current system of publishing in the biological sciences is notable for its redundancy, inconsistency, sluggishness, and opacity. These problems persist, and grow worse, because the peer review system remains focused on deciding whether or not to publish a paper in a particular journal rather than providing (1) a high-quality evaluation of scientific merit and (2) the information necessary to organize and prioritize the literature. Online access has eliminated the need for journals as distribution channels, so their primary current role is to provide authors with feedback prior to publication and a quick way for other researchers to prioritize the literature based on which journal publishes a paper. However, the feedback provided by reviewers is not focused on scientific merit but on whether to publish in a particular journal, which is generally of little use to authors and an opaque and noisy basis for prioritizing the literature. Further, each submission of a rejected manuscript requires the entire machinery of peer review to creak to life anew. This redundancy incurs delays, inconsistency, and increased burdens on authors, reviewers, and editors. Finally, reviewers have no real incentive to review well or quickly, as their performance is not tracked, let alone rewarded. One of the consistent suggestions for modifying the current peer review system is the introduction of some form of post-publication reception, and the development of a marketplace where the priority of a paper rises and falls based on its reception from the field (see other articles in this special topics). However, the information that accompanies a paper into the marketplace is as important as the marketplace’s mechanics. Beyond suggestions concerning the mechanisms of reception, we propose an update to the system of publishing in which publication is guaranteed, but pre-publication peer review still occurs, giving the authors the opportunity to revise their work following a mini pre-reception from the field. This step also provides a consistent set of rankings and reviews to the marketplace, allowing for early prioritization and stabilizing its early dynamics. We further propose to improve the general quality of reviewing by providing tangible rewards to those who do it well.
TOUCH: Provoking new dialogues through fresh perspectives

Featured from the Kaiser Permanente Workplace Safety Exploratorium, TOUCH artifacts were designed to communicate insights around the cultural challenges of workplace safety and to inspire deep conversation within our organization. The interactive artifacts encouraged frontline staff, clinicians, management, and leadership to safely congregate and playfully interact with the sensitive and sometimes controversial insights.
An assessment of the utility of staurolite in U-Pb dating of metamorphism

Pb isotope data, major and trace element compositions, fission track and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analyses are presented for staurolites from nine pelitic schists in the continental United States to evaluate their potential use in U-Pb geochronology. Seven U-Pb analyses from Lanzirotti and Hanson (1995) are reexamined with respect to this additional data which was not available at the time. These data are then compared to 21 new U-Pb analyses of staurolite of varying composition from a variety of localities. The primary goals of this study are to: (1) evaluate the variability in U and Pb abundance and U/Pb ratio in staurolites of varying composition; (2) constrain how much of the measured U and Pb is derived from radiogenic solid inclusions such as monazite and zircon; (3) constrain how much of the measured U and Pb is derived from staurolite itself and evaluate any possible correlation of U and Pb abundance and U/Pb ratio to major element composition; (4) place preliminary constraints on closure temperature to Pb diffusion in staurolite; (5) evaluate how meaningful U-Pb ages can better be calculated for the low U/Pb ratio minerals. In the staurolite fractions analyzed U abundances range from 0.2 to 24.9 ppm, Pb from 0.13 to 2.41 ppm, the 238U/204Pb ratios vary from 135 to 9447, and the 206Pb/204Pb ratios from 23 to 623. For many of the fractions analyzed precise U-Pb ages can be calculated (±10 Ma or better) that appear to be consistent with available age constraints on the time of peak metamorphism. Mass balance calculations, fission track analysis, and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence trace element mapping show that although radiogenic inclusions are almost always present in large staurolite porphyroblasts, it is difficult for inclusions to account for the measured Pb isotopic compositions. It is also demonstrated that the U-Pb ages calculated for staurolites from Connecticut are at least 20 Ma older than nearby Rb-Sr muscovite and 40Ar-39Ar hornblende ages. This is consistent with staurolite having a closure temperature to U and Pb diffusion significantly higher than 500 °C.
Gaussian solitary waves for the logarithmic Boussinesq equation and the logarithmic regularized Boussinesq equation

Abstract We investigate the logarithmic-Boussinesq equation (log-BE) for Gaussian solitary waves. We also derive Gaussian solitary wave solutions for the logarithmic-regularized Boussinesq equation (log-RBE). The logarithmic nonlinearity for both models will be generalized to obtain generalized Gaussian solutions. We show that both logarithmic models are characterized by their Gaussian solitons.
Patient-specific modelling of the foot: automated hexahedral meshing of the bones

Subject-specific finite element modelling is a powerful tool for carrying out controlled investigations of the effects of geometric and material property differences on performance and injury risk. Unfortunately, the creation of suitable meshes for these models is a challenging and time-intensive task. This paper presents an automated method of generating fully hexahedral meshes of the bones of the feet which requires only surface representations as inputs. The method is outlined and example meshes, using two human feet and the foot of a Japanese macaque, are given to demonstrate its flexibility. Mesh quality is also evaluated for the calcaneus, first metatarsal, navicular and talus. Streamlining the generation of finite element meshes of the foot will ease investigations into the patient-specific biomechanics of injury.
Multiple promoter elements are required for the stimulatory effect of insulin on human collagenase-1 gene transcription. Selective effects on activator protein-1 expression may explain the quantitative difference in insulin and phorbol ester action.

Abstract Several of the complications seen in patients with both type I and type II diabetes mellitus are associated with alterations in the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. To identify the cis-acting elements that mediate the stimulatory effect of insulin on collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) gene transcription a series of collagenase-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion genes were transiently transfected into HeLa cells. Multiple promoter elements, including an Ets and activator protein-1 (AP-1) motif, were required for the effect of insulin. The AP-1 motif appears to be a target for insulin signaling because it is sufficient to mediate an effect of insulin on the expression of a heterologous fusion gene, whereas the data suggest that the Ets motif acts to enhance the effect of insulin mediated through the AP-1 motif. Multiple promoter elements were also required for the stimulatory effect of phorbol esters on collagenase-CAT gene transcription, and the AP-1 motif was also a target for phorbol ester signaling. However, thecis-acting elements required for the effects of insulin and phorbol esters were not identical. Moreover, phorbol esters were a much more potent inducer of collagenase-CAT gene transcription than insulin, a difference that may be explained by selective effects of insulin and phorbol esters on AP-1 expression.
On an unbounded order parameter in lattice equilibrium GKS-type oscillator systems

The existence of an unbounded order parameter (magnetization) is established for a broad class of lattice Gibbs (equilibrium) systems of linear oscillators interacting via a strong pair nearest-neighbor polynomial potential and other many-body potentials. The considered systems are characterized by a general polynomial short-range interaction potential energy that generates Gibbs averages satisfying two generalized GKS inequalities.
Correlation between specific DNA-methylation products and mutation induction at the HGPRT locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Suspension cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or methylnitrosourea (MNU) and assayed for mutation induction (6-thioguanine resistance) and for specific DNA adducts. DNA methylation at the 1-, 3- and 7-positions of adenine, the 3-, O6- and 7-positions of guanine, and phosphate was detected in cultures exposed to MMS, while MNU produced 3- and 7-methyladenine, 3-methylcytosine, 3-, O6- and 7-methylguanine, O4-methylthymidine and methylated phosphodiesters. When mutations induced by MMS and MNU were compared by linear correlation analysis with levels of each of these adducts, only O6-methylguanine displayed a strong correlation with mutations (r = 0.879, p less than 0.001). The relationship between O6-methylguanine and induced mutations in CHO cells is similar to that previously reported in CHO cells for O6-ethylguanine and mutations (Heflich et al., 1982) and indicates that alkylation-induced mutations at the HGPRT locus in CHO cells are primarily associated with O6-alkylguanine formation.
Dam removal in the United States: Emerging needs for science and policy

The aging of America's dams, coupled with increasing awareness of their environmental costs, has brought dam decommissioning and removal to the attention of the scientific community, management agencies, and the general public. Over the past two years, dam removal has been the focus of special sessions at the annual meetings of numerous scientific societies (e.g., American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Geophysical Union, Ecological Society of America, Association of American Geographers) as well as groups focusedon bridging science and policy [Heinz Center, 2002]. Here we briefly examine why dam removal has emerged as a critical issue, the realities of ongoing dam removal efforts and the current policy vacuum, and the need for expanded scientific research to support policy development.
Models of Market Organization with Imperfect Information: A Survey

This paper surveys recent theoretical work characterizing markets whose participants act on the basis of sketchy and incomplete information. Its focus is market equilibrium. Models of what is usually called disequilibrium behavior do not make sense and cannot serve as reliable guides to further theorizing or to policy unless they are consistent and coherent. No single equilibrium concept is valid for all situations. The different models analyzed have a variety of different equilibria; some are characterized by a single price, some by a distribution of prices. An attempt is made to identify the features responsible for the different equilibria.
Electrospinning of chitosan–poly(ethylene oxide) blend nanofibers in the presence of micellar surfactant solutions

Abstract Nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning a mixture of cationic chitosan and neutral poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at a ratio of 3:1 in aqueous acetic acid. Chitosan ((1 → 4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β- d -glucan) is a multifunctional biodegradable polycationic biopolymer that has uses in a variety of different industrial applications. Processing conditions were adjusted to a flow rate of 0.02 ml/min, an applied voltage of 20 kV, a capillary tip-to-target distance of 10 cm and a temperature of 25 °C. To further broaden the processing window under which nanofibers are produced, surfactants of different charge were added at concentrations well above their critical micellar concentrations (cmc). The influence of viscosity, conductivity and surface tension on the morphology and physicochemical properties of nanofibers containing surfactants was investigated. Pure chitosan did not form fibers and was instead deposited as beads. Addition of PEO and surfactants induced spinnability and/or yielded larger fibers with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 240 nm. The presence of surfactants resulted in the formation of needle-like, smooth or beaded fibers. Compositional analysis suggested that nanofibers consisted of all solution constituents. Our findings suggest that composite solutions of biopolymers, synthetic polymers, and micellar solutions of surfactants can be successfully electrospun. This may be of significant commercial importance since micelles could serve as carriers of lypophilic components such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, antimicrobials, flavors or fragrances thereby further enhancing the functionality of nanofibers.
William Kirby. Le Chien d'or/The Golden Dog: A Legend of Quebec. (Mary Jane Edwards, ed.) Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012, 1145 pp., $39.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-773-54016-3.

William Kirby's epic novel, Le Chien d'or/The Golden Dog: A Legend of Quebec, has a special place in the heart of editor Mary Jane Edwards and as such, it is only fitting that she be the one to pre...
Modeling of the magnetic field around a ferrite-cored generator in a proximity detection system

A three-dimensional (3-D) distribution model of the magnetic field flux density around a ferrite-cored generator in a proximity detection system is presented, and the accuracy of the model has been experimentally verified. Our data collection setup and data processing method to produce the model are also presented in the paper.
PHILOSOPHY AND THE MODERN MIND: A DEFENSE*

Defense par l'A. de son livre (Philosophy and the modern mind, Chapel Hill 1975) contre les critiques de A. M. Coyne (ibid. p.391-403). L'A. defend sa version du realisme et son "antinomie du mental" (le mental est reel, mais c'est un detail empirique dans la connaissance scientifique).
Drinking in a patchy environment: The effect of the price of water

Abstract Rats in a laboratory foraging paradigm searched for sequential opportunities to drink in two water patches that differed in the bar-press price of each "sip" (20 licks) of water within a bout of drinking (Experiment 1) or the price and size (10, 20, or 40 licks) of each sip (Experiment 2). Total daily water intake was not affected by these variables. The rats responded faster at the patch where water was more costly. However, they accepted fewer opportunities to drink, and thus had fewer drinking bouts, and drinking bouts were smaller at the more costly patch than at the other patch. This resulted in the rats consuming a smaller proportion of their daily water from the more costly patch. The size of the differences in bout frequency and size between the patches appears to be based on the relative cost of water at the patches. The profitability of each patch was calculated in terms of the return (in milliliters) on either effort (bar presses) or time spent there. Although both measures were correlated with the relative total intake, bout size, and acceptance of opportunities at each patch, the time-based profitability was the better predictor of these intake measures. The rats did not minimize bar-press output; however, their choice between the patches and their bout sizes within patches varied in a way that reduced costs compared to what would have been expended drinking randomly. These data accord well with similar findings for choices among patches of food, suggesting that foraging for water and food occurs on the basis of comparable benefit-cost functions: In each case, the amount consumed is related to the time spent consuming.
THE TREATMENT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING WITH TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE

WITH THE RECENT availability of the chemically pure and highly con′centrated androgens, the medical profession is confronted with the problems of therapeutic indications, margin of safety and optimal dosage.Therapeutic indications and margin of safety of a new therapeutic agent are primarily suggested by the response of animal organs to different quanti′ ties of the product. An analysis of the current literature on the effects of testosterone propionate in female animals permits the following conclusions. A. Short treatment (1 to 10 days) produces indifferent or stimulative changes in the ovary of mature and immature rats, depending largely on the dose employed (1, 2, 3). B. Prolonged treatment (6a to 102 days) produces definite degenerative changes in the rat ovary. This effect is, however, temporary, inasmuch as there is restitution of function and partial restitution of structure in the adult rat within 29 days after withdrawal of treatment (4).
A Second Sexually Aberrant Specimen of Dakoticancer Overanus Rathbun, 1917, From the Upper Cretaceous Dakoticancer Assemblage, Pierre Shale, South Dakota (Decapoda, Brachyura)

[Ein Exemplar von Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun, 1917, mit ungewohnlichen Geschlechtsmerkmalen wird aus dem Pierre Schieferton der Oberen Kreide von South Dakota, U.S.A., beschrieben und ist fossil das zweite Exemplar uberhaupt mit einer solchen Aberration. Die Geschlechtsoffnungen liegen in diesem Fall auf den Coxae der beiden 4. und 5. Peraeopoden. Sekundare Geschlechtsmerkmale weisen einen Zwischenzustand zwischen den normalen Verhaltnissen im mannlichen und weiblichen Geschlecht auf., Ein Exemplar von Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun, 1917, mit ungewohnlichen Geschlechtsmerkmalen wird aus dem Pierre Schieferton der Oberen Kreide von South Dakota, U.S.A., beschrieben und ist fossil das zweite Exemplar uberhaupt mit einer solchen Aberration. Die Geschlechtsoffnungen liegen in diesem Fall auf den Coxae der beiden 4. und 5. Peraeopoden. Sekundare Geschlechtsmerkmale weisen einen Zwischenzustand zwischen den normalen Verhaltnissen im mannlichen und weiblichen Geschlecht auf.]
Hyperplane arrangements, interval orders, and trees

Abstract A hyperplane arrangement is a finite set of hyperplanes in a real affine space. An especially important arrangement is the braid arrangement, which is the set of all hyperplanes xi - xj = 1, 1 </= i < j </= n, in Rn. Some combinatorial properties of certain deformations of the braid arrangement are surveyed. In particular, there are unexpected connections with the theory of interval orders and with the enumeration of trees. For instance, the number of labeled interval orders that can be obtained from n intervals I1,..., In of generic lengths is counted. There is also discussed an arrangement due to N. Linial whose number of regions is the number of alternating (or intransitive) trees, as defined by Gelfand, Graev, and Postnikov [Gelfand, I. M., Graev, M. I., and Postnikov, A. (1995), preprint]. Finally, a refinement is given, related to counting labeled trees by number of inversions, of a result of Shi [Shi, J.-Y. (1986), Lecture Notes in Mathematics, no. 1179, Springer-Verlag] that a certain deformation of the braid arrangement has (n + 1)n-1 regions.
Analysis of the proteolytic cleavage of prolactin by the mammary gland and liver of the rat: characterization of the cleaved and 16K forms

A cleaved form of PRL (CPRL) has been reported to exist naturally in the pituitary and to be the main product of PRL proteolysis by its target tissues. A 16K fragment derived from CPRL has mammary mitogenic activity. To analyze the possible functional significance of the cleavage of PRL generated by incubation of unlabeled rat (r) PRL with a 25,000 generated by incubation of unlabeled rat (r) PRL with a 25,000 x g pellet from the mammary gland and liver of rats. The optimum pH for cleavage was 3.4. PRL and the cleaved products were easily identified and separated from other proteins in the sample. The mammary gland pellet from lactating rats was significantly more potent at cleaving the rPRL molecule than were those of virgin or pregnant rats. However, the livers of all rats showed a similar PRL-cleaving potency. Thus, target tissues may differ in their PRL-cleaving potencies in different physiological states. The PRL-cleaving activity was also present in rat milk. While cleaved and 16K PRLs were the only proteolytic products obtained from rPRL, the PRLs (ovine and human) or the GHs (rat, bovine, and human) of other species were processed into a variety of low mol wt forms. Human placental lactogen was not modified. Accordingly, the processing of rPRL by target tissue enzymes appears to be hormone and species specific. Cleaved and 16K PRLs had 100% and 6.5% of the binding activity for rat liver PRL receptors as did intact rPRL, respectively. Nevertheless, the 16K form may still be of physiological significance.
Topical Review: Acute Neurologic Complications in Children With Systemic Cancer

Neurologic complications are common in children with cancer, but the literature dealing with this subject is sparse. Using a symptoms and signs approach, the most common causes for requesting a neurologic evaluation for this population are reviewed. The spectrum of neurologic symptoms in children with cancer differs from adults and requires the consulting neurologist to have a thorough knowledge of childhood cancer and its effects on the nervous system. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:705-716).
Chemical preparation of CdTe(100) and (110) surfaces using atomic hydrogen

Abstract We present the results of an AES, XPS, LEED and photoluminescence study of the reaction of oxide and contaminant overlayers on CdTe(100) and (110) surfaces with atomic hydrogen. For both surfaces exposure of an oxide overlayer to a flux of atomic hydrogen produced by ‘cracking’ ambient molecular hydrogen on a hot tungsten filament results, in contrast to the case of GaAs substrates, in a rapid, quantitative removal of the oxide overlayer at substrate temperatures as low as 300 K. This process results in surfaces free of contaminants which have sufficient surface order to produce clear LEED patterns characteristic of well known reconstructions of these surfaces. Additionally in situ photoluminescence spectroscopy allows direct correlation of surface cleaning with reduced nonradiative carrier recombination.
Parametric vibrations of long cylindrical shells subject to transverse static load

The problem of parametric vibrations of long circular cylindrical shells prestressed by a uniformly distributed transverse static load has been considered. The static equilibrium position is found as a result of the solution of a nonlinear problem, where the factors contributing to nonlinearity include flattening of circular cross sections during deformation, stretching of elastic axis and hardening elastic foundation. Small amplitude forced parametric vibrations about the static position are then studied. The solution of the nonlinear parametric vibration problem in the absence of the static load is also shown.
A note on actor network utilities and network evolution

Abstract The corrections provided by Xie and Cui [Xie, F., Cui, W., in press. Cost range and network structures. Social Networks, 30] to one of the theorems provided by Doreian [Doreian, P., 2006. Actor network utilities and network evolution. Social Networks, 28, 137–164] are both necessary and helpful. Accepting these corrections, and linking them more closely to the work of Hummon [Hummon, N.P., 2000. Utility and dynamic social networks. Social Networks, 22, 221–249], leads to some additional suggestions which, together with a restatement of some earlier results, help set the foundations for future work in this area.
Saturation analysis of a monolithic wavelength converter

We investigate the nonlinear response of an InP-based optoelectronic wavelength converter by three-dimensional device simulation including an advanced many-body model for gain and absorption in the InGaAsP quantum wells. The wavelength converter combines a pre-amplified receiver with a post-amplified sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector tunable laser diode. Good agreement between simulation and measurements is obtained. The nonlinear signal transmission is mainly attributed to quantum well saturation effects in amplifier and photo-detector. Saturation related microscopic physical processes are analyzed in detail.
Linear Parallel to Serial Conversion

The system accepts up to 21 simultaneous pulses in parallel and forms a train of pulses for the display on a single channel scope. Representative pulses have the following characteristics: ~15 nsec wide at the base line, ~5 nsec rise time, ~1 ma peak current. Each channel contains a linear gate, controlled by the same event pulse. Upon arrival of the event pulse, the 21 channels open simultaneously for ~25 nsec and allow transmission of the signal pulses into a system of 20 cable delay sections, connected in series. Each joint is a feedpoint for one signal pulse as passed by its corresponding linear gate. The 21 roughly simultaneously occurring pulses can now be displayed as a train of pulses on a single channel scope. Circuit design and performance data are given in the report.
Cecal volvulus in children.

An 1 1 -year-old girl was evaluated because of vomiting, abdominal distension, and hypoactive bowel sounds. She was admitted to Duke University Medical Center initially with anoxic encephalopathy and severe central nervous system dysfunction. One week after placement of a feeding gastrostomy, she became distended and was unable to tolerate gastric feedings. Physical examination revealed a comatose child responsive only to pain, spastic quadriparesis, and flexion contractures. There was moderate distension of the abdomen, no palpable abdominal masses, and decreased bowel sounds. The temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, complete blood count, serum electrolyes, and urinalysis were normal. An abdominal radiograph showed a dilated loop of bowel in the upper midabdomen (figs. 1 A and 1 B). A water-soluble contrast enema confirmed a volvulus of the cecum and ascending colon (figs. 1 C and 1 D). Through a right transverse incision at laparotomy, the cecal volvulus was easily palpable. After decompression by sump drainage through a 1 6 gauge needle, there was easy detorsion of the volvulus of the right colon. Malrotation (incomplete rotation) was present with the duodenojejunal junction in the midline. Ladd bands or midgut volulus were not present. A cecostomy tube was placed and the cecum was sutured to the ventral peritoneum; the tube was removed 3 weeks after surgery. An upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through 2 months after surgery was normal except for the abnormal position of the duodenojejunal junction.