cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N-Fluoro-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide: interesting reactions involving nucleophilic attack on sulfonyl groups

Abstract N-Fluoro-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (1) undergoes reaction with a variety of nucleophiles to give a number of interesting products. Under suitable conditions, the sulfonyl group on 1 is subject to nucleophilic attack forming N-fluoro-trifluoromethylsulfonyl amide (3) and Nu-SO2CF3. Surprisingly, 3 can also function as a weak nucleophile in the absence of other stronger bases.
Spitzer IRS Observations of the Galactic Center: Shocked Gas in the Radio Arc Bubble

We present Spitzer IRS spectra (R ~ 600, 10-38 μm) of 38 positions in the Galactic center, all at the same Galactic longitude and spanning ±0.3° in latitude. Our positions include the Arches Cluster, the Arched Filaments, regions near the Quintuplet Cluster, the "Bubble" lying along the same line of sight as the molecular cloud G0.11-0.11, and the diffuse interstellar gas along the line of sight at higher Galactic latitudes. From measurements of the [O IV], [Ne II], [Ne III], [Si II], [S III], [S IV], [Fe II], [Fe III], and H2 S(0), S(1), and S(2) lines, we determine the gas excitation and ionic abundance ratios. The Ne/H and S/H abundance ratios are ~1.6 times that of the Orion Nebula. The main source of excitation is photoionization, with the Arches Cluster ionizing the Arched Filaments and the Quintuplet Cluster ionizing the gas nearby and at lower Galactic latitudes including the far side of the Bubble. In addition, strong shocks ionize gas to O+3 and destroy dust grains, releasing iron into the gas phase (Fe/H ~ 1.3 × 10-6 in the Arched Filaments and Fe/H ~ 8.8 × 10-6 in the Bubble). The shock effects are particularly noticeable in the center of the Bubble, but O+3 is present in all positions. We suggest that the shocks are due to the winds from the Quintuplet Cluster Wolf-Rayet stars. On the other hand, the H2 line ratios can be explained with multicomponent models of warm molecular gas in photodissociation regions without the need for H2 production in shocks.
A Failed Institutional Transplant: Raiffeisen′s Credit Cooperatives in Ireland, 1894-1914

Abstract Horace Plunkett′s Irish cooperative association introduced credit cooperatives into Ireland in 1894. The Irish cooperatives were modeled on the very successful Raiffeisen credit cooperatives of rural Germany. Credit cooperatives were never successful in Ireland, in contrast to other branches of Irish cooperation. Irish bankers argued that credit cooperatives failed simply because there was no need for such an institution. Several observers, including parliamentary bodies, came to the opposite conclusion: credit was expensive for smallholders, and credit cooperatives were a potential solution to the problem. This essay argues that several features of the Irish economic and social environment undermined the cooperative′s operation. The Irish credit cooperatives never attracted as members the more prosperous locals who provided crucial monitoring and expertise in Germany. The Irish cooperative movement was also never able to develop the strong central auditing federations that supervised and certified German cooperatives. Finally, rural Irish people seemed reluctant to force their neighbors to repay loans or face adverse consequences, which undermined the monitoring and enforcement advantages that cooperatives potentially have over commercial banks. This episode illustrates both the importance of timing in institutional development and the difficulty of transplanting institutions from one social and economic context to another.
Gauss Equation And Injectivity Radii For Subspaces in Spaces of Curvature Bounded Above

A Gauss Equation is proved for subspaces of Alexandrov spaces of curvature bounded above by K. That is, a subspace of extrinsic curvature ⩽ A, defined by a cubic inequality on the difference of arc and chord, has intrinsic curvature ⩽ K+A2. Sharp bounds on injectivity radii of subspaces, new even in the Riemannian case, are derived.
The value of a promise

The question “What makes a promise binding?” has received much attention both from philosophers and lawyers. One argument is that promises are binding because the act of making a promise creates expectations in the promisee, which expectations it would be morally wrong to disappoint. Another argument is grounded in the effects engendered by the making of a promise, specifically actions taken in reliance upon the promise. These two positions, the so-called expectation and reliance theories, have traditionally been thought to be incommensurable. In a recent article, ‘Promises and Practices’, Thomas Scanlon advances a theory of promising developed out of both of these positions. This article argues that Scanlon's argument fails because it cannot avoid the incommensurability of the expectation and reliance principles.
A new technique in the global reliability of cyclic communications network

The global reliability of a communications network is the probability that given any pair of nodes, there exists a viable path between them. A characterization of connectivity, for a given class of networks, can enable one to find this reliability. Such a characterization is described for a useful class of undirected networks called daisy-chained or braided networks. This leads to a new method of quickly computing the global reliability of these networks. Asymptotic behavior in terms of component reliability is related to geometric properties of the given graph. Generalization of the technique is discussed.
Analyzing the robustness of redundant population codes in sensory and feature extraction systems

Sensory systems often use groups of redundant neurons to represent stimulus information both during transduction and population coding of features. This redundancy makes the system more robust to corruption in the representation. We approximate neural coding as a projection of the stimulus onto a set of vectors, with the result encoded by spike trains. We use the formalism of frame theory to quantify the inherent noise reduction properties of such population codes. Additionally, computing features from the stimulus signal can also be thought of as projecting the coefficients of a sensory representation onto another set of vectors specific to the feature of interest. The conditions under which a combination of different features form a complete representation for the stimulus signal can be found through a recent extension to frame theory called ''frames of subspaces.'' We extend the frame of subspaces theory to quantify the noise reduction properties of a collection of redundant feature spaces.
Addition Reactions of Benzenesulfinic Acid with Glycals and 1,2-Dibromosugars

The addition of benzenesulfinic acid to glycals was investigated under various conditions, and optimized yields of the glycosyl phenylsulfone products were obtained in the presence of tin tetrachloride as a catalyst. Double bond shift (Ferrier rearrangement) occurred in all cases except amicetal, which lacks a substituent at the allylic carbon. Glycosylation of benzenesulfinic acid with 1,2-dibromides was carried out using silver triflate as the promoter, and gave sulfinate esters as products by reaction at oxygen rather than at sulfur. The sulfinate esters were obtained as mixtures of stereoisomers at the stereogenic sulfur atom. Trapping of the sulfinates with carboxylate nucleophiles was observed during attempted oxidation with MCPBA.
The atmospheric sulfidation of silver in a tubular corrosion reactor

Abstract The corrosion of silver in air contaminated with sub-ppm concentrations of H 2 S was studied in a tubular reactor. Air with H 2 S or H 2 S-containing corrosive mixtures was passed through a circular tube lined with silver foil. Incorporation of corrodent into the metal sample was followed in real time by continuous monitoring of the inlet and outlet gas concentrations. After exposure, the silver sulfide formed on the foil was analysed. Applying a model for mass transfer in the tube, values of pollutant deposition velocity at the surface and of reaction probability γ as a function of concentration, mixture composition, flow rate, reactor length, and exposure time were obtained. In dry air, H 2 S reacts with Ag at a constant rate corresponding to γ on the order of 10 −6 . The process probably involves O 2 as a reactant. With the addition of nitrogen dioxide to the gas mixture, another reaction, 2Ag + H 2 S + 2NO 2 = Ag 2 S + 2HNO 2 , prevails. This reaction dramatically accelerates Ag 2 S formation. In a humid corrodent mixture with a high NO 2 /H 2 S ratio, γ exceeds 10 −3 , and the rate of sulfidation is controlled by the diffusion of H 2 S gas to the sample surface. Under most environmental conditions, mass transfer of pollutants in air is expected to be the main factor limiting the rate of silver corrosion.
It’s not me, it’s you: the functioning of Wall Street during the 2008 economic downturn

Public officials have blamed Wall Street and its complex financial products for causing the 2008 economic downturn. This article addresses three popular claims saying that complex financial markets are at fault and need more regulation. It argues that even in the midst of a major economic downturn, the much-maligned mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, credit default swaps, and unregistered hedge funds functioned almost exactly as designed. When macroeconomic conditions worsened, firms and investors that were paid to assume certain risks had to assume them. Those that opted for safer investment vehicles with more levels of private protection faced fewer problems. Although many investment vehicles lost money, one must differentiate between problems that manifested themselves in markets and problems with the market itself. Even though government policies caused many of the problems, public officials always have an incentive to point the finger at Wall Street and to argue for more regulations when their policies negatively affect markets.
Acoustic loading in planar networks

The acoustic loading in a complex planar network of ducts is determined by a method in which Green function surface elements are used. The network consists of straight ducts, elbows and branched ducts. A transfer matrix technique is developed in which each duct is treated separately and the matrix of the influence coefficients is transformed to tri-diagonal form allowing efficient inversion.
A complete problem for statistical zero knowledge

We present the first complete problem for SZK, the class of promise problems possessing statistical zero-knowledge proofs (against an honest verifier). The problem, called Statistical Difference, is to decide whether two efficiently samplable distributions are either statistically close or far apart. This gives a new characterization of SZK that makes no reference to interaction or zero knowledge.We propose the use of complete problems to unify and extend the study of statistical zero knowledge. To this end, we examine several consequences of our Completeness Theorem and its proof, such as:---A way to make every (honest-verifier) statistical zero-knowledge proof very communication efficient, with the prover sending only one bit to the verifier (to achieve soundness error 1/2).---Simpler proofs of many of the previously known results about statistical zero knowledge, such as the Fortnow and Aiello--Hestad upper bounds on the complexity of SZK and Okamoto's result that SZK is closed under complement.---Strong closure properties of SZK that amount to constructing statistical zero-knowledge proofs for complex assertions built out of simpler assertions already shown to be in SZK.---New results about the various measures of "knowledge complexity," including a collapse in the hierarchy corresponding to knowledge complexity in the "hint" sense.---Algorithms for manipulating the statistical difference between efficiently samplable distributions, including transformations that "polarize" and "reverse" the statistical relationship between a pair of distributions.
Data mining using high performance data clouds: experimental studies using sector and sphere

We describe the design and implementation of a high performance cloud that we have used to archive, analyze and mine large distributed data sets. By a cloud, we mean an infrastructure that provides resources and/or services over the Internet. A storage cloud provides storage services, while a compute cloud provides compute services. We describe the design of the Sector storage cloud and how it provides the storage services required by the Sphere compute cloud. We also describe the programming paradigm supported by the Sphere compute cloud. Sector and Sphere are designed for analyzing large data sets using computer clusters connected with wide area high performance networks (for example, 10+ Gb/s). We describe a distributed data mining application that we have developed using Sector and Sphere. Finally, we describe some experimental studies comparing Sector/Sphere to Hadoop.
CP violation and moduli stabilization in heterotic models

The role of moduli stabilization in predictions for CP violation is examined in the context of four-dimensional effective supergravity models obtained from the weakly coupled heterotic string. We point out that while stabilization of compactification moduli has been studied extensively, the determination of background values for other scalars by dynamical means has not been subjected to the same degree of scrutiny. These other complex scalars are important potential sources of CP violation and we show in a simple model how their background values (including complex phases) may be determined from the minimization of the supergravity scalar potential, subject to the constraint of vanishing cosmological constant.
Power for portables

Energy density requirements and available flashlight cells suggest the use of lower voltages in power supplies for hand-carried portables. Optimum time utilization of rechargeable batteries requires high charging rates, yet portable radios tend to insulate the batteries thermally, making overcharge at normal rates undesirable. A dual-rate charger with voltage sensing alleviates the overcharge problem. For maximum time utilization, this concept can provide a 15-minute charge to 70 percent capacity. Description is provided of this high-rate charger, with suitable precautions for use in two-way radio environments.
New Yorkers Commute More Everywhere: Contrast Effects in the Field

Previous experimental research has shown that people's decisions can be influenced by options they have encountered in the past. This paper uses PSID data to study this phenomenon in the field, by ...
Probing the Relation Between X-Ray-Derived and Weak-Lensing-Derived Masses for Shear-Selected Galaxy Clusters. I. A781

We compare X-ray and weak-lensing masses for four galaxy clusters that comprise the top-ranked shear-selected cluster system in the Deep Lens Survey. The weak-lensing observations of this system, which is associated with A781, are from the Kitt Peak Mayall 4 m telescope, and the X-ray observations are from both Chandra and XMM-Newton. For a faithful comparison of masses, we adopt the same matter density profile for each method, which we choose to be an NFW profile. Since neither the X-ray nor the weak-lensing data are deep enough to well constrain both the NFW scale radius and central density, we estimate the scale radius using a fitting function for the concentration derived from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations and an X-ray estimate of the mass assuming isothermality. We keep this scale radius in common for both X-ray and weak-lensing profiles, and fit for the central density, which scales linearly with mass. We find that for three of these clusters, there is agreement between X-ray and weak-lensing NFW central densities, and thus masses. For the other cluster, the X-ray central density is higher than that from weak lensing by 2 σ. X-ray images suggest that this cluster may be undergoing a merger with a smaller cluster. This work serves as an additional step toward understanding the possible biases in X-ray and weak-lensing cluster mass estimation methods. Such understanding is vital to efforts to constrain cosmology using X-ray or weak-lensing cluster surveys to trace the growth of structure over cosmic time.
Change in stress directions along the central Denali fault, Alaska after the 2002 earthquake sequence

[1] On the basis of earthquake focal mechanisms, the state of stress along the central Denali fault, Alaska system changed after the 2002 earthquake sequence. Before the earthquake sequence, the maximum stress (σ1) was at a 60° angle with the Denali fault west of the point of its maximum curvature, fault-normal between the fault apex and the Totschunda strand, and at 50° with respect to the Totschunda fault. In the epicentral region, the post-event σ1 has rotated counter-clockwise. Along the rest of the rupture zone the sense of rotation is clockwise. The σ1 direction became nearly fault-normal along the Totschunda strand. Along the central part of the rupture, σ1 is over-rotated with σ3 being nearly vertical, promoting reverse aftershocks. This could be an indication of dynamic overshoot.
Ruthenium-catalyzed tandem enyne-cross metathesis–cyclopropanation: three-component access to vinyl cyclopropanes

Abstract Substituted vinylcyclopropanes are prepared through a ruthenium-catalyzed, tandem three-component coupling between an olefin, alkyne, and diazoester. Grubbs’ 2nd generation (NHC) ruthenium complexes in the presence of ethylene effect a stereoselective enyne-cross metathesis between alkynes and olefins to generate 1,3-substituted dienes. The slow introduction of diazoacetates to this reaction mixture then allows for the regioselective cyclopropanation of the resulting diene. When the olefin reaction partner is just ethylene (i.e., R′ = H), the tandem process is less efficient. In this case, the byproducts provide unique insight into possible catalyst decomposition pathways.
Estrogens and their precursors in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving anastrozole

Purpose We determined hormone concentrations (estradiol [E2], estrone [E1], estrone conjugates [E1-C], androstenedione [A], testosterone [T]) before and on anastrozole therapy where we also determined plasma concentrations of anastrozole and its metabolites.
Factitious disorder by proxy ☆: Awareness among mental health practitioners

Factitious disorder by proxy (FDP) is a form of abuse in which a caregiver surreptitiously simulates or induces illnesses in a person for whom he or she cares. Typically, a mother is the perpetrator and at least one of her children is victimized. FDP has a high morbidity and mortality rate, and a knowledgeable health team increases the primary physician's confidence in making this difficult diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of awareness of FDP among mental health practitioners and their sources of information. Anonymous questionnaires were sent to 687 primary care physicians and mental health practitioners. Psychiatrists (89%) and psychologists (69%) were more aware of the disorder than were social workers (42%). Years in practice were not associated with awareness of FDP. Psychiatrists were more likely than psychologists or social workers to have had exposure through an actual case or through their professional journals. These findings were statistically significant. Awareness of FDP varies significantly among mental health professionals and may reflect the availability of information during training and in journals. Since social workers and psychologists often have earlier and broader opportunities than psychiatrists to interface with families, enhancements in training and the professional literature in these disciplines are needed if FDP is to be consistently considered and identified.
The Coleman-Weinberg mechanism and first order phase transitions

Abstract We study the Coleman-Weinberg phenomenon in a U( N )×U( N ) symmetric scalar model in 4 dimensions. By comparing the numerical simulation results with the bare perturbation calculation in the weak bare coupling region, we demonstrate explicitly that a first order transition is induced by loop-effects. We also observed first order phase transitions in the strong coupling region.
Addition of heterocycles to electron deficient olefins and alkynes catalyzed by gold(III)

Abstract A gold(III)-catalyzed hydroarylation of different olefins is reported here. AuCl 3 works as an excellent catalyst to mediate reactions between various heterocycles and electron deficient olefins and alkynes under mild conditions. This gold(III)-based method tolerates different functional groups such as aldehyde, carboxylic acid, nitrile, and is highly efficient. We have shown that some of these reactions complete in minutes at room temperature.
Localization of interacting fermions at high temperature

We suggest that if a localized phase at nonzero temperature $Tg0$ exists for strongly disordered and weakly interacting electrons, as recently argued, it will also occur when both disorder and interactions are strong and $T$ is very high. We show that in this high-$T$ regime, the localization transition may be studied numerically through exact diagonalization of small systems. We obtain spectra for one-dimensional lattice models of interacting spinless fermions in a random potential. As expected, the spectral statistics of finite-size samples cross over from those of orthogonal random matrices in the diffusive regime at weak random potential to Poisson statistics in the localized regime at strong randomness. However, these data show deviations from simple one-parameter finite-size scaling: the apparent mobility edge ``drifts'' as the system's size is increased. Based on spectral statistics alone, we have thus been unable to make a strong numerical case for the presence of a many-body localized phase at nonzero $T$.
Diatrizoate Enemas: Facts and Fallacies of Colonic Toxicity

Rats were given enemas of Gastrografin in two strengths, Renografin-76, and Tween-80 in a 10% dilution. There were no deleterious effects on the colons with these media used in volumes to fill the colon. Severe changes resulted from volumes which produced over-distention.
Weak Lensing Reconstruction and Power Spectrum Estimation: Minimum Variance Methods

Large-scale structure distorts the images of background galaxies, which allows one to measure directly the projected distribution of dark matter in the universe and determine its power spectrum. Here we address the question of how to extract this information from the observations. We derive minimum variance estimators for the projected density reconstruction and its power spectrum and apply them to simulated data sets, showing that they give a good agreement with the theoretical minimum variance expectations. The same estimator can also be applied to the cluster reconstruction, where it remains a useful reconstruction technique, although it is no longer optimal for every application. The method can be generalized to include nonlinear cluster reconstruction and photometric information on redshifts of background galaxies in the analysis. We also address the question of how to obtain directly the three-dimensional power spectrum from the weak lensing data. We derive a minimum variance quadratic estimator, which maximizes the likelihood function for the three-dimensional power spectrum and can be computed either from the measurements directly or from the two-dimensional power spectrum. The estimator correctly propagates the errors and provides a full correlation matrix of the estimates. It can be generalized to the case where redshift distribution depends on the galaxy photometric properties, which allows one to measure both the three-dimensional power spectrum and its time evolution.
Micromechanical analysis of damping performance of piezoelectric structural fiber composites

Recent studies showed that the active piezoelectric structural fiber (PSF) composites may achieve significant and simultaneous improvements in sensing/actuating, stiffness, fracture toughness and vibration damping. These characteristics can be of particular importance in various civil, mechanical and aerospace structures. This study firstly conducted the micromechanical finite element analysis to predict the elastic properties and piezoelectrical coupling parameters of a special type of an active PSF composite laminate. The PSF composite laminates are made of longitudinally poled PSFs that are unidirectionally deployed in the polymer binding matrix. The passive damping performance of these active composites was studied under the cyclic force loadings with different frequencies. It was found that the passive electric-mechanical coupling behavior can absorb limited dynamic energy and delay the structure responses with minimum viscoelastic damping. The actuating function of piezoelectric materials was then applied to reduce the dynamic mechanical deformation. The step voltage inputs were imposed to the interdigital electrodes of PSF laminate transducer along the poled direction. The cyclic pressure loading was applied transversely to the composite laminate. The electromechnical interaction with the 1-3 coupling parameter generated the transverse expansion, which can reduce the cyclic deformation evenly by shifting the response waves. This study shows the promise in using this type of active composites as actuators to improve stability of the structure dynamic.
Asymmetry of Outer space

We study the asymmetry of the Lipschitz metric d on Outer space. We introduce an (asymmetric) Finsler norm \({\|\cdot\|^L}\) that induces d. There is an Out(Fn)-invariant “potential” Ψ defined on Outer space such that when \({\|\cdot\|^L}\) is corrected by dΨ, the resulting norm is quasi-symmetric. As an application, we give new proofs of two theorems of Handel-Mosher, that d is quasi-symmetric when restricted to a thick part of Outer space, and that there is a uniform bound, depending only on the rank, on the ratio of logs of growth rates of any irreducible \({f\in Out(F_n)}\) and its inverse.
Relative entropy at the channel output of a capacity-achieving code

In this paper we establish a new inequality tying together the coding rate, the probability of error and the relative entropy between the channel and the auxiliary output distribution. This inequality is then used to show the strong converse, and to prove that the output distribution of a code must be close, in relative entropy, to the capacity achieving output distribution (for DMC and AWGN). One of the key tools in our analysis is the concentration of measure (isoperimetry).
Tensions and Lüscher terms for (2+1)-dimensional k-strings from holographic models

The leading term for the energy of a bound state of k-quarks and k-antiquarks is proportional to its separation L. These k-string configurations have a Luscher term associated with their quantum fluctuations which is typically a 1/L correction to the energy. We review the status of tensions and Luscher terms in the context of lattice gauge theory, Hamiltonian methods, and gauge/gravity correspondence. Furthermore we explore how different representations of the k-string manifest themselves in the gauge/gravity duality. We calculate the Luscher term for a strongly coupled SU(N) gauge theory in (2+1) dimensions using the gauge/gravity correspondence. Namely, we compute one-loop corrections to a probe D4-brane embedded in the Cvetic, Gibbons, Lu, and Pope supergravity background. We investigate quantum fluctuations of both the bosonic and the fermionic sectors.
Added Mass Coefficients for Submerged Bodies by a Low-Order Panel Method

The added mass coefficients for two and three-dimensional submerged bodies were calculated using a low-order panel code. The source and dipole strengths, and the panel surface area for each panel, were used to compute the integrals needed for added mass in all six degrees of motions. Several applications of this method were used in comparing the results with the theoretical, when available, experimental or other numerical results. The method was found to be successful in predicting the added mass coefficients using relatively low numbers of panels.
Validating Research Results when Cronbach'S Alpha is Below .70: A Methodological Procedure

The study involved 494 auditors from five Big Six accounting firms. Although two of the cognitive tests used in the research had Cronbach's alphas in the .70 to .90 range, the Defining Issues Test had an alpha of .35. This research investigated the relationship between cognitive test elements and the sample to determine the causes of the low alpha. The procedure described in the research is a method that can be used to validate research data when Cronbach's alpha is below .70. The research findings indicate that unbundling both the test and the sample provide statistically sound justification for continuing to use all research data for a highly homogeneous sample.
The Serendipitous Extragalactic X-Ray Source Identification (SEXSI) Program. III. Optical Spectroscopy

We present the catalog of 477 spectra from the Serendipitous Extragalactic X-ray Source Identification (SEXSI) program, a survey designed to probe the dominant contributors to the 2-10 keV cosmic X-ray background. Our survey covers 1 deg2 of sky to 2-10 keV fluxes of 1 × 10-14 ergs cm-2 s-1, and 2 deg2 for fluxes of 3 × 10-14 ergs cm-2 s-1. Our spectra reach to R-band magnitudes of 24 and have produced identifications and redshifts for 438 hard X-ray sources. Typical completeness levels in the 27 Chandra fields studied are 40%-70%. The vast majority of the 2-10 keV selected sample are active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with redshifts between 0.1 and 3; our highest redshift source lies at z = 4.33. We find that few sources at z 1022 cm-2, independent of unobscured luminosity. We classify 168 sources as emission-line galaxies; all are X-ray-luminous (LX > 1041 ergs s-1) objects with optical spectra lacking both high-ionization lines and evidence of a nonstellar continuum. The redshift distribution of these emission-line galaxies peaks at a significantly lower redshift than does that of the sources we spectroscopically identify as AGNs. We conclude that few of these sources, even at the low-luminosity end, can be powered by starburst activity. Stacking spectra for a subset of these sources in a similar redshift range, we detect [Ne V] λ3426 emission, a clear signature of AGN activity, confirming that the majority of these objects are Seyfert 2 galaxies in which the high-ionization lines are diluted by stellar emission. We find a total of 33 objects lacking broad lines in their optical spectra that have quasar X-ray luminosities (LX > 1044 ergs s-1), the largest sample of such objects identified to date. In addition, we explore 17 AGNs associated with galaxy clusters and find that the cluster-member AGN sample has a lower fraction of broad-line AGNs than does the background sample.
Capacitive charge division in centroid finding cathode readouts in MWPCs

A technique is described in which the centroid of induced charge on cathode strips in a proportional chamber can be determined with reduced differential and integral nonlinearity, without increasing the number of readout channels. It is based on capacitive charge division from intermediate cathode strips to adjacent readout strips. It can be applied both to amplifier-per-channel systems and to global-position readout. Both types of readouts have been studied using this approach, which is easy to implement and does not require modification of the existing readout electronics. >
Remote Solar, Wind, and Hybrid Solar/Wind Energy Systems for Purifying Water

Solar energy, wind energy, and a combination of wind and solar energy have been used successfully to power an UV (ultraviolet) water purification system. Five different solar and wind energy systems have been tested and although these renewable energy systems have been used for water purification, graphs contained in the paper can be used to determine the feasibility of powering other electrical loads. Combining a 100-W solar-PV system with a 500-W wind turbine resulted in pumping and purifying enough water to satisfy the potable water requirements of 4000 people (16000 liters/day) at an estimated equipment cost of $4630.
The Radial Extent and Warp of the Ionized Galactic Disk. II. A Likelihood Analysis of Radio-Wave Scattering toward the Anticenter

We use radio-wave scattering data for extragalactic sources and pulsars to constrain the distribution of ionized gas in the outer Galaxy. Like previous models, our model for the H II disk includes parameters for the radial scale length and scale height of the ionized gas. In addition, we have used the known H I distribution in the outer Galaxy in constructing our model, and we allow the H II disk to warp and flare. We also include the Perseus arm in our model. We use a likelihood analysis of 18 anticenter sources with measured scattering observables: 11 extragalactic sources and 7 pulsars. We find that the strength of scattering in the Perseus arm is no more than 60% of the level contributed by spiral arms in the inner Galaxy and is equivalent to a scattering diameter of 1.5 mas at 1 GHz. Our analysis favors an unwarped, nonflaring disk with a scale height of 1 kpc, though this may reflect the nonuniform and coarse coverage of the anticenter provided by the available data. One extragalactic source has a size a factor of 2 smaller than predicted by our model, possibly indicating the existence of holes in the scattering material. The lack of a warp in the scattering material indicates that VLBI observations near 1 GHz with an orbiting station having baseline lengths of a few Earth diameters will not be affected by interstellar scattering at moderate Galactic latitudes, | b | ≈ 15°. The radial scale length is 15-20 kpc, but the data cannot distinguish between a gradual decrease in the electron density and a truncated distribution. We favor a truncated one because we associate the scattering with massive star formation, which is also truncated near 20 kpc. A radial extent of 20 kpc is also comparable to the radial extent of Hα emission observed for nearby spiral galaxies. We find that the distribution of electron density turbulence must decrease more rapidly with Galactocentric distance than does the distribution of hydrogen. Alternate ionizing and turbulent agents—the intergalactic ionizing flux and the passage of satellite galaxies through the disk—are unlikely to contribute significant amounts to scattering in the anticenter. We cannot exclude the possibility that a largely ionized but quiescent disk, similar to that inferred for some Lyα absorbers, extends to 100 kpc.
Management Theory Applications of Prospect Theory: Accomplishments, Challenges, and Opportunities

The authors review management research drawing on prospect theory, focusing primarily on studies in strategic management and organizational behavior/human resource management. These studies have made valuable contributions to several prominent research streams. However, they commonly underutilize or misconstrue central arguments from prospect theory. Furthermore, they illustrate that applying prospect theory in organizational settings poses several theoretical and methodological challenges. Thus, the authors review these studies, critically analyze them, and make suggestions to enrich future work.
Analysis of the positions of substitution of acetate and butyrate groups in cellulose acetate–butyrate by the reductive-cleavage method

Abstract The degree of substitution (ds) and the distribution pattern of the two ester substituents in commercial samples of cellulose acetate–butyrate (CAB) were determined by sequential neutral methylation, direct reductive cleavage and in situ acetylation. When the reductive-cleavage reaction was conducted with 35 equiv (per anhydroglucose unit) of Et 3 SiH, 70 equiv of MeSO 3 SiMe 3 , and 14 equiv of BF 3 ·OEt 2 at room temperature for seven days, the O -acetyl groups were converted to O -ethyl groups and the O -butyryl groups were converted to O -butyl groups concurrent with reductive cleavage of the glycosidic linkages. Acetylation of the products gave 27 partially methylated, ethylated, and butylated 4- O -acetyl-1,5-anhydro- d -glucitol derivatives that were identified by GLC–CIMS (NH 3 ) and GLC–EIMS. Integration of the GLC profile and correction for molar response gave the mole percent of each product. From these data, the fractional degree of substitution for each ester at each position of the anhydroglucose unit was determined. The combined fractional degree of substitution of both esters at each position and the overall ds were also determined by sequential neutral methylation, acyl–ethyl exchange, and reductive cleavage, and the values so obtained were in good agreement with those derived by sequential neutral methylation and direct reductive cleavage.
Loop quantum cosmology and inhomogeneities

Inhomogeneities are introduced in loop quantum cosmology using regular lattice states, with a kinematical arena similar to that in homogeneous models considered earlier. The framework is intended to encapsulate crucial features of background independent quantizations in a setting accessible to explicit calculations of perturbations on a cosmological background. It is used here only for qualitative insights but can be extended with further more detailed input. One can thus see how several parameters occuring in homogeneous models appear from an inhomogeneous point of view. Their physical roles in several cases then become much clearer, often making previously unnatural choices of values look more natural by providing alternative physical roles. This also illustrates general properties of symmetry reduction at the quantum level and the roles played by inhomogeneities. Moreover, the constructions suggest a picture for gravitons and other metric modes as collective excitations in a discrete theory, and lead to the possibility of quantum gravity corrections in large universes.
General Synthesis of 1‐Substituted 2‐Methylbenzimidazoles from Ketones and 2‐Aminoacetanilide

Abstract A novel method for preparation of 1‐substituted benzimidazoles via reductive amination of ketones with N‐differentiated 1,2‐diaminobenzenes is described. The method appears to be general in application to acyclic and cyclic ketones, as well as heteroatom‐substituted cyclic ketones.
Prognostic Impact of HOTAIR Expression is Restricted to ER-Negative Breast Cancers

Expression of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), a large intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA), has been described as a metastases-associated lincRNA in various cancers including breast, liver and colon cancer cancers. We sought to determine if expression of HOTAIR could be used as a surrogate for assessing nodal metastases and evaluated RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) assay in a tissue microarray constructed from 133 breast cancer patients. The prognostic value of HOTAIR was further validated in large cohorts using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer subjects. RNA-ISH analysis was successful in 94 cases (17% cases scored 0, 32.9% scored 1, 30.8% scored 2, and 19.1% scored 3). The expression of HOTAIR did not correlate with nodal metastasis regardless of the scoring intensity or with other study parameters (age, tumor size and grade, expression status). Further analysis of TCGA dataset showed that HOTAIR expression was lower in ductal carcinomas but higher in ER-negative tumors. Overexpression of HOTAIR was not associated with nodal metastases or prognosis in ER-positive patients. Its function as a poor prognostic indicator in ER-negative patients was restricted to node-positive patients. HOTAIR appears to be a marker for lymphatic metastases rather than hematogenous metastases in ER-negative patients.
Expenditure Response to Increases in In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Recent studies on food stamp participant households’ marginal propensity to spend out of food stamps versus income have had contradictory results: experimental studies have found household behavior aligns with standard economic theory where households’ marginal propensity to spend on food out of food stamps is equivalent to cash income; observational studies nd that households have a larger marginal propensity to spend out of food stamps than cash income. In this study, we re{examine this question by estimating how an unprecedentedly large increase in food stamp benets due to the implementation of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act aects food{at{home expenditure. We nd that the policy change caused households to increase food{at{home expenditure as well as increase households’ share of total expenditure allocated toward food{at{home expenditure. We compare these results to a time period without a meaningful food stamp policy change and nd our results are unique to the ARRA implementation time period.
Chandra View of the Dynamically Young Cluster of Galaxies A1367. II. Point Sources

A 40 ks Chandra ACIS-S observation of the dynamically young cluster A1367 yields new insights on X-ray emission from cluster member galaxies. We detect 59 pointlike sources in the ACIS field, of which eight are identified with known cluster member galaxies. Thus, in total 10 member galaxies are detected in X-rays when three galaxies discussed in Paper I (NGC 3860 is discussed in both papers) are included. The superior spatial resolution and good spectroscopy capability of Chandra allow us to constrain the emission nature of these galaxies. Central nuclei, thermal halos, and stellar components are revealed in their spectra. Two new low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) are found, including an absorbed one (NGC 3861). Besides these two for sure, two new LLAGN candidates are also found. This discovery makes the LLAGN/AGN content in this part of A1367 very high (12%). Thermal halos with temperatures around 0.5-0.8 keV are revealed in the spectra of NGC 3842 and NGC 3837, which suggests that galactic coronae can survive in clusters and that heat conduction must be suppressed. The X-ray spectrum of NGC 3862 (3C 264) resembles a BL Lac object with a photon index of ~2.5. We also present an analysis of other point sources in the field and discuss the apparent source excess (~2.5 σ) in the central field.
Community Detection via Maximization of Modularity and Its Variants

In this paper, we first discuss the definition of modularity ( ${\mbi{Q}}$ ) used as a metric for community quality and then we review the modularity maximization approaches which were used for community detection in the last decade. Then, we discuss two opposite yet coexisting problems of modularity optimization; in some cases, it tends to favor small communities over large ones while in others, large communities over small ones (so-called the resolution limit problem). Next, we overview several community quality metrics proposed to solve the resolution limit problem and discuss Modularity Density ( ${{\mbi{Q}}_{{\bf ds}}}$ ), which simultaneously avoids the two problems of modularity. Finally, we introduce two novel fine-tuned community detection algorithms that iteratively attempt to improve the community quality measurements by splitting and merging the given network community structure. The first one, referred to as Fine-tuned ${\mbi{Q}}$ , is based on modularity ( ${\mbi{Q}}$ ), while the second is based on Modularity Density ( ${{\mbi{Q}}_{{\bf ds}}}$ ) and denoted as Fine-tuned ${{\mbi{Q}}_{{\bf ds}}}$ . Then, we compare the greedy algorithm of modularity maximization (denoted as Greedy ${\mbi{Q}}$ ), Fine-tuned ${\mbi{Q}}$ , and Fine-tuned ${{\mbi{Q}}_{{\bf ds}}}$ on four real networks, and also on the classical clique network and the LFR benchmark networks, each of which is instantiated by a wide range of parameters. The results indicate that Fine-tuned ${{\mbi{Q}}_{{\bf ds}}}$ is the most effective among the three algorithms discussed. Moreover, we show that Fine-tuned ${{\mbi{Q}}_{{\bf ds}}}$ can be applied to the communities detected by other algorithms to significantly improve their results.
Measurements of Sound Radiation from Cavities at Subsonic Speeds

To better understand the physical mechanisms responsible for noise generated by flow over cavities with a range of dimensions common to commercial aircraft, a series of measurements of farfield sound pressure level, fluctuating surface pressure, and drag coefficient was made. An examination of the resultant data shows that two theoretical models are needed for this range of dimensions. The shallow cavity (width-to-depth ratio larger than 1.0) can be approximated by a dipole located near the downstream edge of the cavity and the deep cavity (ratio less than 1.0) can be approximated by a dipole located near the downstream edge with the superimposed effects of the upstream edge of the cavity.
Free field representation for massive integrable models

A new approach to massive integrable models is considered. It allows one to find symmetry algebras which define the spaces of local operators and to get general integral representations for form-factors in theSU(2) Thirring and Sine-Gordon models.
Positroids and Schubert matroids

Postnikov gave a combinatorial description of the cells in a totally nonnegative Grassmannian. These cells correspond to a special class of matroids called positroids. We prove his conjecture that a positroid is exactly an intersection of cyclically shifted Schubert matroids. This leads to a combinatorial description of positroids that is easily computable.
Reach of the Fermilab Tevatron for minimal supergravity in the region of large scalar masses

The reach of the Fermilab Tevatron for supersymmetric matter has been calculated in the framework of the minimal supergravity model in the trilepton channel. Previous analyses of this channel were restricted to scalar masses m 0 ≤ 1 TeV. We extend the analysis to large values of scalar masses m 0 ~ 3.5 TeV, in order to probe the compelling hyperbolic branch/focus point (HB/FP) region, where the superpotential μ parameter becomes small, and which is one of the mSUGRA parameter space regions consistent with WMAP data. In this region, assuming a 5σ (3σ) signal with 10 (25) fb −1 of integrated luminosity, the Tevatron reach in the trilepton channel extends up to m 1/2 ~ 190 (270) GeV independent of tan β. This corresponds to a reach in terms of the gluino mass of m ~ 575 (750) GeV.
Coupling and dissociation in artificial molecules

We show that the spin-and-space unrestricted Hartree-Fock method, in conjunction with the companion step of the restoration of spin and space symmetries via Projection Techniques (when such symmetries are broken), is able to describe the full range of couplings in two-dimensional double quantum dots, from the strong-coupling regime exhibiting delocalized molecular orbitals to the weak-coupling and dissociation regimes associated with a Generalized Valence Bond combination of atomic-type orbitals localized on the individual dots. The weak-coupling regime is always accompanied by an antiferromagnetic ordering of the spins of the individual dots. The cases of dihydrogen (H2, 2e) and dilithium (Li2, 6e) quantum dot molecules are discussed in detail.
DO WE HAVE EVIDENCE FOR NEW PHYSICS IN THE SKY

Predicting signatures of string theory on cosmological observables is not sufficient. Often the observable effects string theory may impact upon the cosmological arena which may equally be predicted by features of inflationary physics. The question: what observable signatures are unique to new physics, is thus of crucial importance for claiming evidence for the theory. Here we discuss recent progress in addressing the above question. The evidence relies on identifying discrepancies between the source terms that give rise to large scale structure (LSS) and CMB, by cross-correlating the weak lensing potential that maps LSS with the CMB spectra.