cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An initial probabilistic hazard assessment of oil dispersants approved by the United States National Contingency Plan.

Dispersants are commonly applied during oil spill mitigation efforts; however, these industrial chemicals may present risks to aquatic organisms individually and when mixed with oil. Fourteen dispersants are listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). Availability of environmental effects information for such agents is limited, and individual components of dispersants are largely proprietary. Probabilistic hazard assessment approaches including Chemical Toxicity Distributions (CTDs) may be useful as an initial step toward prioritizing environmental hazards from the use of dispersants. In the present study, we applied the CTD approach to two acute toxicity datasets: NCP (the contingency plan dataset) and DHOS (a subset of NCP listed dispersants reevaluated subsequent to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill). These datasets contained median lethal concentration (LC50) values for dispersants alone and dispersant:oil mixtures, in two standard marine test species, Menidia beryllina and Mysidopsis bahia. These CTDs suggest that dispersants alone are generally less toxic than oil. In contrast, most dispersant:oil mixtures are more toxic than oil alone. For the two datasets (treated separately because of differing methodologies), CTDs would predict 95% of dispersant:oil mixtures to have acute toxicity values above 0.32 and 0.76 mg/L for Mysidopsis and 0.33 mg/L and 1.06 mg/L for Menidia (for DHOS and NCP, respectively). These findings demonstrate the utility of CTDs as a means to evaluate the comparative ecotoxicity of dispersants alone and in mixture with different oil types. The approaches presented here also provide valuable tools for prioritizing prospective and retrospective environmental assessments of oil dispersants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1704–1708. © 2011 SETAC
Microscopic effect of an applied voltage on the solvated gramicidin a transmembrane channel in the presence of Na+ and K+ cations

Using the previously reported ab initio interaction energies among K+, Na+, water, and Gramicidin A (GA), this report presents Monte Carlo simulations for the microscopic effect of an applied voltage (0.5 V/32 A) on a solvated gramicidin. The reorientation of water molecules due to the applied voltage is found to be marginal for both cations. The energy contribution due to water dipoles was within 10% of the total energy contribution due to the applied voltage. Inside the channel the total energy contribution varied almost linearly along the channel axis; outside the channel the slope of the total energy contribution with respect to the channel axis decreased.
Flammability of polyesters

Abstract The flammabilities of a series of polyesters, varying both the diol length and the degree of aromaticity of the diacid units were evaluated using cone calorimetry. Addition of inorganic additives, copolymerization with sulfoisophthalate ionomeric units and with the phosphorous flame retarding agent, phospholane, were also examined. A strong, linear relationship between the polymer carbon:hydrogen ratio and various flammability indicators was established. The phospholane was demonstrated to produce only a modest reduction in flammability, whereas the isomeric comonomer produced an unexpectedly strong reduction in all aspects of flammability tested. Addition of inorganic modifiers resulted in varied, and relatively modest changes in polyester flammability.
Names of Death

Human victimizations-whether taking the form of civil war, terrorism, or domestic violence-often force those seeking refuge into neighborhoods characterized by high crime rates, poverty, and ethnic diversity, leading to culture shock and crises of identity. The author recalls such a context after describing the responses of families of murder victims to a serial killer's sentence, drawing parallels with the difficulties the Q'anjob'al Maya face while applying for political asylum.
The usefulness of the munsh as a measure of well-being and psychopathology

Recent questions about the validity and reliability of general measures of psychological well-being over the adult life span led us to address three basic questions in the current investigation. Firstly, does the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) retain its psychometric properties for groups significantly younger than its standardization sample? Secondly, can the MUNSH be used to discriminate between clinical and community samples throughout the adult life span? Finally, what aspects of pathology are being accessed by such scales as the MUNSH? Forty community and 117 recent admissions to a psychiatric hospital served as subjects. Both groups were administered by the MUNSH; in addition, scores on Jackson's Basic Personality Inventory (BPS) were obtained for the clinical group. Results showed the MUNSH to be an instrument of high reliability that could effectively discriminate between community and clinical populations for both younger and older age groups. Virtually all of the explained MUNSH variance was attributed to the Depression scale of the PBS, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that measures of well-being are primarily sensitive to levels of depression.
Current carriers in the near-earth cross-tail current sheet during substorm growth phase

Throughout most of the growth phase of a substorm, the cross-tail current at x about -10 Re can be supplied by the curvature drift of a bi-directional field aligned distribution of 1 keV electrons. Just prior to its local disruption after substorm onset, the cross-tail current in the now thin (about 400 km) current sheet is carried by the cross-tail serpentine motion of non-adiabatic ions (Speiser, 1965). The instability of this latter current leads to the local disruption of the near-earth current sheet.
Religiousness, spirituality, and eudaimonic and hedonic well-being

This study tested a conceptual model of religiousness/spirituality (R/S) and hedonic well-being (HWB; measured by life satisfaction and positive affect) by including eudaimonic well-being (EWB; measured by meaning in life) as a mediator. Given the multidimensionality of R/S, we examined whether and how the magnitudes of direct and indirect relationships varied for various aspects of R/S: organizational religious practices, private religious practices, daily religious/spiritual experiences, and subjective spirituality. Web survey data of 450 US American adults were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results showed that EWB partially mediated the relation of daily religious/spiritual experiences and HWB; however, the other three aspects of R/S had no indirect relationships with HWB. Additionally, private religious practices and subjective spirituality indicated negative direct relationships with HWB. Approximately 68% of the variance in HWB was accounted for by the variables included in this model...
Simple tool use by a red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) in Kibale Forest, Uganda.

//8RAlthough rarely observed in the wild, tool use in varying contexts has been reported for numerous non-hominoid primates [1]. Guenons have been reported to drop branches at human pursuers [2] but have not previously been reported to use tools in contexts requiring more dexterous manipulations, such as feeding and grooming. This is somewhat surprising because captive Cercopithecus species manipulate objects with their fingers as frequently as Macaca, Papio and Cercocebus [3], all of which have been observed using tools as feeding or grooming aids [4–6]. The purpose in this report is to describe the use of an unmodified leaf by an adult female red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) to wipe a sticky substance from her fingers.
Universal Attachment for the Wheeling Striker

Seeking to improve the quality of life for a disabled child, Stephen Horne of Birmingham, AL, designed and built a device to allow a person in a wheelchair to bowl. Although wheelchair bowling is not a new concept, Stephen’s Wheeling Striker was anything but common. Unlike similar devices, the Wheeling Striker provides the bowler a more independent bowling experience. The simple u-shaped device allows more control over the ball, yielding a more fulfilling and independent method of participating in the sports arena. The Wheeling Striker, however, was originally designed for one style wheelchair. This presented a need to make the device applicable for all wheelchairs. Because wheelchairs vary in size and configuration, designing a device that is capable of attaching to most wheelchairs is complex. The design of the universal attachment could not compromise the capability of the Wheeling Striker, the function of the wheelchair, or the safe operation of the wheelchair. The result was a universal attachment engineered to adapt to any wheelchair configuration and allow the Wheeling Striker to be a safe and effective bowling aid for the disabled.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Zonal differences in ethanol-induced impairments in receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins in isolated rat hepatocytes

We have shown previously that ethanol-induced defects in receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoorosomucoid occurred as early as 1 wk after ethanol feeding. This study was undertaken as an initial attempt to establish a possible role of defective receptormediated endocytosis in liver injury by investigating whether differences exist in the effects of ethanol on receptor-mediated endocytosis in hepatocytes isolated from different regions of the liver. Perivenule cells, present in the distal half of the liver, are thought to be more susceptible to ethanol-induced liver injury than are the periportal cells located in the proximal half of the liver acini. For these studies, we fed male Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 days with liquid diets containing either ethanol (36% of calories) or isocaloric carbohydrate. Perivenule and periportal hepatocytes were then isolated using a digitonin-collagenase perfusion method. In control animals, cells isolated from the perivenule region bound significantly more ligand than did cells from the periportal region. Amounts of ligand internalized and degraded were also greater in perivenule than in periportal cells in these animals. After ethanol feeding, cells isolated from both the perivenule and periportal regions bound significantly less ligand than their respective controls. This impairment in surface and total binding was more pronounced in perivenule than in periportal cells. Internalization and degradation of the ligand were also more adversely affected in the centrilobular region as shown by decreases of greater than 60% in perivenule cells and by only 20% to 30% in periportal cells of ethanol-fed animals compared with controls. Receptor recycling was impaired in the perivenule region by ethanol administration as shown by receptor cycle times that were significantly prolonged in cells from the perivenule region but were relatively unchanged in periportal cells. These results indicate that ethanolinduced impairments in receptor-mediated endocytosis are more dramatic in the perivenule region of the liver, thus suggesting a potential role of defective receptor-mediated endocytosis in ethanol-induced liver injury. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:260—266).
Sunlight-Mediated Inactivation of MS2 Coliphage via Exogenous Singlet Oxygen Produced by Sensitizers in Natural Waters

Pathogens in sunlit surface waters can be damaged directly by UVB light. Indirect inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by sunlight interacting with external sensitizer molecules may also be important, but this mechanism has not been conclusively demonstrated. To better understand the role of ROS, we investigated the inactivation of MS2 coliphage, a commonly used surrogate for human enteric viruses, in water samples irradiated with a solar simulator and containing different types of sensitizers: waste stabilization pond (WSP) constituents, Fluka humic acid (FHA), and Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA). Inactivation of MS2 by the indirect mechanism was significant for all three sensitizers, and the efficiency of the sensitizers at inactivating MS2 was FHA > SRHA > WSP. Both dissolved and particulate fractions in the WSP water contributed to inactivation. In the WSP water, the indirect process was quantitatively more important than direct damage by UVB light, due to the rapid attenuation of...
Couple-Based Interventions for Depression

Relationship discord is associated with the severity, onset, and course of depression. Consequently, including the partner of depressed individuals in treatment may be expected to be beneficial in the treatment of depression. In this article, we review the existing research on couple-based interventions for depression, including interventions specifically developed for couples experiencing co-occurring depression and relationship discord, as well as interventions developed for couples who are not necessarily discordant. We also review research on change processes and mediators of outcome, as well as on predictors of outcome. Couple-based interventions have been shown to reduce depression and relationship discord for depressed individuals in discordant relationships, and reduce depression for depressed individuals in nondiscordant relationships. Research has begun to identify the change processes and mediators of couple-based interventions for depression, as well as to identify predictors of treatment outcome, but additional research is needed to better understand how and for whom these treatments are effective.
A tribute to Professor Ralph Hendrickse

Ralph Hendrickse congratulating me as I received the Mary Kingsley award at The Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineThe coincidence of a cluster of unrelated events made 1960 a memorable year in m...
Morphinan alkaloids in Papaver bracteatum: Biosynthesis and fate

The known metabolic pathway for hydrophenanthrene alkaloids in Papaver somniferum has been examined for occurrence in P. bracteatum, a species reported to contain thebaine but no codeine or morphine. 1,2-Dehydro-reticulinium-[3-14C] chloride and (±)-reticuline-[3-14C] were fed to P. bracteatum plants and both were incorporated, the former into reticuline and thebaine and the latter into thebaine, suggesting that thebaine biosynthesis is the same in the two species. Studies of the natural abundance of morphinan alkaloids in P. bracteatum and the results from feeding codeinone-[16-3H] and codeine-[16-3H] indicate that this species can reduce codeinone to codeine but can not perform either of the demethylations to produce codeinone or morphine. Fed thebaine-[16-3H] was substantially metabolized but not by pathways that involved demethylations to either oripavine or northebaine.
Embodiment on trial: a phenomenological investigation

This paper considers dimensions of animate life that are readily “embodied” by phenomenologists and by other philosophy and science researchers as well. The paper demonstrates how the practice of “embodying” short-circuits veritable phenomenological accounts of experience through a neglect of attention to Husserl’s basic conception of, and consistent concern with, animate organism. The paper specifies how in doing so, the practice muddies a clear distinction between the body ‘I have’ and the body ‘I am’, and a clear account of their lived conjunction in existential fit. In turn, the paper shows how the practice falls short of recognizing synergies of meaningful movement created by animate organisms; how it is tethered to talk of posture and sensation over kinesthesia and dynamics; and how, in general, the practice of embodying generates static rather than dynamic understandings of everyday life. The paper then critically considers how such liabilities preclude in-depth phenomenological insights into topics such as ‘ownership’ and ‘agency,’ and why inquiries into the nature of animate organisms require nothing less than fine-tuned attention to foundational experiences of animate life, including foundational ontogenetical experiences that undergird adult proficiencies and abilities, and hence fine-tuned attention to learning and to retaining what is learned in kinesthetic memory.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of 60[ddot] dislocations in si-GaAs

Abstract [110] lattice images of dissociated and undissociated 60[ddot] dislocations in semiinsulating GaAs have been obtained using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The majority of dislocations (approximately 80%) observed end-on in the samples which were plastically deformed at 415[ddot]C are dissociated 60[ddot] dislocations, but a significant number of undissociated dislocations were also found. Image simulations were carried out for the 30[ddot] and 90[ddot] partials. It could be shown that dissociated 60[ddot] dislocations are present in the glide set configuration by simulating the 30[ddot] glide and 30[ddot] shuffle set partial and matching simulated and experimental images.
Magnetic and microstructural properties of some lodestones

A lodestone is an iron ore that behaves as a permanent magnet. A protolodestone is an iron ore capable of being charged sufficiently strongly to behave as a permanent magnet. In the present paper, important criteria are established which distinguish lodestones from other iron ores. Magnetic hysteresis-loop data provide evidence that the massive pieces of lodestone behave magnetically as fine intergrowths rather than coarse multidomain material. This means that the iron ores have been magnetically hardened. The nature and scale of the hardening microstructure is illustrated by photo micrographs. The mechanism of charging the protolodestone appears to be either transient magnetic fields with lightning-discharge currents, or presently obscure aspects of magnetization intensity enhancement associated with maghemitization of massive iron ores.
Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition requiring long-term treatment. Simple lifestyle modifications are the first methods employed by patients and, because of their low cost and simplicity, should be continued even when more potent therapies are initiated. Potent acid-suppressive therapy is currently the most important and successful medical therapy. Whereas healing of the esophageal mucosa is achieved with a single dose of any proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in more than 80% of cases, symptoms are more difficult to control. Patients with persistent symptoms on therapy should be tested (preferably with combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH) for association of symptoms with acid, nonacid, or no GER. Long-term follow-up studies indicate that PPIs are efficacious, tolerable, and safe medication. So far, promotility agents have shown limited efficacy, and their side-effect profile outweighs their benefits. Antireflux surgery in carefully selected patients (ie, young, typical GERD symptoms, abnormal pH study, and good response to PPI) is as effective as PPI therapy and should be offered to these patients as an alternative to medication. Still, patients should be informed about the risks of antireflux surgery (ie, risk of postoperative dysphagia; decreased ability to belch, possibly leading to bloating; increased flatulence). Endoscopic antireflux procedures are recommended only in selected patients and given the relative short experience with these techniques, patients treated with endoscopic procedures should be enrolled in a rigorous follow-up program.
Sex Similarities/Differences in Trajectories of Delinquency among urban Chicago Youth: The Role of Delinquent Peers

A growing body of literature has recently emerged examining sex-specific pathways of offending. Yet, despite significant gains, this area of research is still rather underexplored. With a particular focus on the role of delinquent peers, this current study investigates the sex similarities/differences in offending trajectories among a large sample of urban Chicago male and female youth (n=3,038) from 6th through 8th grade (e.g., ages 12-14). The results suggest that the pathways of offending appear to be more similar than different across sex, and that associating with delinquent peers is significantly related to baseline delinquency. Furthermore, delinquent peers significantly distinguished the moderate and high-rate trajectory groups from the non-delinquents for both males and females, yet once estimated in a more fully specified model, the role of delinquent peers appeared to be indirect (operating through its effect on baseline delinquency). Study limitations and implications for theory and policy are also discussed.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis in neuroblasts of Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer), as determined by observations of individual cells in the mitotic cycle.

Abstract Analysis of 783 mapped and unmapped neuroblasts leads to the following conclusions: 1. 1. 3 H-uridine is incorporated into RNA molecules which are extractable by RNase digestion. 2. 2. RNA synthesis begins in the middle of middle telophase, 9 min after appearance of nucleoli, and continues to approximately the middle part of middle prophase. 3. 3. RNA synthesis begins simultaneously in chromosomes and nucleoli, and nuclear RNA synthesis precedes the appearance of label in the cytoplasm. 4. 4. During those stages in which nuclear RNA synthesis takes place, most of the cellular label is associated with chromosomes and nucleoli. 5. 5. The nucleoli are the most densely labeled structures in the neuroblast. 6. 6. Cytoplasmic labeling is prominent only in cells fixed in very late prophase and mid-mitotic stages, after an exposure to 3 H-uridine of more than 20 min. 7. 7. The uptake of 3 H-uridine is decreased by incubating neuroblasts in hypertonic culture medium.
Influence of Trinexapac-Ethyl on Respiration of Isolated Wheat Mitochondria

The plant growth regulators (PGRs) 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] and malic hydrazide (1,2-dyhydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) have been shown to reduce plant respiration. The effect of other PGRs such as trinexapac-ethyl [(4-cyclopropyl-α-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester] on respiration is unknown. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of trinexapac-ethyl and 2-oxoglutarate on the respiration of mitochondria isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum 'Arapahoe') seedlings. Trinexapac-ethyl applied at increasing concentrations inhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-dependent O uptake, while 2-oxoglutarate had no significant effect. This is different than other reports that trinexapac-ethyl may compete with 2-oxoglutarate for binding sites. Different regions of the mitochondria were tested to determine the site of inhibition caused by trinexapac-ethyl. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity, duroquinol-dependent O uptake, and cytochrome bc 1 activity were all reduced by 30% in the presence of 10 mMtrinexapac-ethyl. Succinate-dependent O uptake, alternative oxidase, and cytochrome oxidase were not reduced by any trinexapac-ethyl concentration. This revealed possible interference of trinexapac-ethyl with ubiquinone binding sites. The reduced form of trinexapac-ethyl was observed to inhibit the electron transport chain greater than the oxidized form. Reduction in respiration from trinexapac-ethyl may result in greater stress tolerance in treated plants.
The Stepwise Introduction of Innovation into Orthopedic Surgery: The Next Level of Dilemmas

The optimum method for the appropriate introduction of innovative technologies into orthopedics is a vital but vexing issue. Compromises in the introduction process are driven by (a) the magnitude of the problem addressed (incidence and severity), (b) the advantages and risks of the proposed solution, and (c) the "universal dilemma," meaning the inherent "gap" between all the nonhuman supporting data and the unknowns of both efficacy and long-term safety in large human usage over many years. Drawing on the data generated and the actual decision tree used in the introduction of a new highly cross-linked polyethylene as a case study, this article illustrates these "subsequent dilemmas."
Development and Application of a Streamlined RI-ISI Methodology

Put abstract text here. Based upon lessons learned from the development of a large number of risk-informed inservice inspection (RI-ISI) applications, EPRI has developed has streamlined process for implementing and maintaining a RI-ISI program. This streamlined RI-ISI process has been codified by ASME in Code Case N-716. While founded on the EPRI RI-ISI methodology contained in EPRI TR-112657, this streamlined approach differs from the traditional RI-ISI approaches in two respects. First, a consequence assessment is not required for every segment. The consequence assessment has been replaced by identifying generic set of high safety significant (HSS) segments coupled with a structured search for plant-specific HSS segments. The second important difference is that partial scope application, which is allowed by previous RI-ISI approaches, is not allowed by this streamlined approach. A distinct advantage of this approach is that this streamlined approach requires fewer resources (i.e. for the initial application as well as maintenance requirements). It also incorporates lessons learned from extension of the EPRI RI-ISI methodologies to other inspection programs (e.g. break exclusion regions, aka HELB areas). The methodology has been approved for use by the USNRC at Grand Gulf (BWR), Cook Nuclear Plant, Units 1 and 2 (West – PWR) and Waterford (CE-PWR). EPRI NDE Center staff are currently supporting the conversion of two previously approved RI-ISI programs to this streamlined approach. The first plant, a Westinghouse NSSS PWR design currently has a program develop using the PWROG RI-ISI methodology on Class 1 piping. The second plant, a General Electric NSSS BWR design currently has a Class 1 and 2 RI-ISI program using the EPRI traditional RI-ISI approach. This paper will present this new methodology and contrast it to other more traditional RI-ISI approaches.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Effects of Violating Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Assumptions on a Cluster-based Population Mixture Analysis of Steelhead Populations in Southeast Alaska

Abstract Clustering methods for population mixture analysis assign individuals probabilistically to populations based on their multilocus genotype data. An assumption of the methods is that loci satisfy Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) conditions within populations. We observed that violating this assumption by including loci measured as deviating from HWE in baseline samples for the mixture analysis at times introduced extra structure into the mixture sample, leading to biased composition estimates and overestimation of the number of populations. Provided that samples from at least some contributing populations are available and that baseline samples can safely be assumed to come from single populations, then a conservative approach to mixture analysis would be to include only those characters that conform to HWE in the baseline samples, but this approach could result in a loss of resolving power. To address this problem, we outlined an ad hoc method of selecting loci for their use in mixture analysis ba...
Criterion Setting for Objective, Fourier Analysis Based Pilot Performance Metrics

This study reports the development and evaluation of time series based objective pilot performance metrics. From a previously developed array of autocorrelation and Fourier analysis based metrics, five Fourier-based metrics that employed a threshold value were chosen to investigate their effectiveness in separating pilots who, based on instructor pilot (IP) evaluations, had either passed or failed a particular segment of an instrument proficiency check flight. An instrument landing system (ILS) approach was chosen for analysis based on IP feedback of what flight segments were most difficult to evaluate, had greatest sensitivity to overall pilot performance, and greatest criticality to the flying task. Further analysis showed that an optimal value for the criterion value could be found that most effectively separated those pilots that had passed the ILS segment from those who had failed. Criterion setting methods without external criteria using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis techniques are a...
Trust in police: A comparison of China and Taiwan

Public trust has become a critical issue in transitional societies, such as China and Taiwan, where the legitimacy and accountability of the government in general, and legal authorities in particul...
Canonical relationships between bending solutions of classical and shear deformation beam and plate theories

In a series of papers and a book the author and his colleagues have developed algebraic relationships between the solutions (e.g., deflections, buckling loads, and frequencies) of a given shear deformation theory of beams or plates and the corresponding classical theory solutions. The bending relationships, for example, can be used to generate the generalized displacements and forces according to the particular shear deformation theory from the known generalized displacements and forces of the same problem according to the classical theory. In the present study relationships between the bending solutions of several shear deformation beam and plate theories and the classical beam and plate theories are presented in a canonical form, i.e., one set of relationships contains several theories and they can be specialized to a specific theory by assigning values to the parameters appearing in the relationships. Numerical examples of bending solutions for beams and rectangular plates with various boundary conditions are presented to show how the relations can be used to determine the deflections, bending moments, and shear forces for various theories. The relationships are validated by comparing the numerical results obtained using the relationships for the first-order plate theory against analytical solutions or those computed using the ABAQUS finite element program.
Determination of sulfide and mercaptans in caustic scrubbing liquor

Abstract Sulfides and mercaptans, which are important in industrial operations involving the removal of acidic gases by caustic alkali scrubbing, are determined by injecting 10 μl of a simulated scrubber liquid into a water carrier and mixing sequentially with strongly acidic solutions of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine and ferric chloride. Both sulfide and mercaptans react; the respective colored products absorb maximally at 670 nm and 500 nm. Simultaneous determination is made possible by using dual wavelength detection. The deliberate use of a short reaction time that results in less than 10% extent of completion of the reaction, and a small sample volume, permits a determination range of 0.1–10 mM (3–320 μg ml−1 S) for each analyte, suitable for the intended application.
Influence of secondary flows on the stability of chemically reacting systems

A model is presented for convection and chemical reacton in porous media. An irreversible chemical reaction of arbitrary order is considered. Reactant depletion allows for basic solutions in either the kinetic or the diffusion regime. The cases of forced flow parallel to the lateral walls of the cavity and a closed system are addressed. A linear stability analysis of the basic states is performed and critical values of the thermal Rayleigh number for the onset of natural convection are determined. A dispersion relation is derived and a graphical representation of the linear stability analysis results is provided for typical values of the system parameters. Analytical predictions are verified by results obtained by numerical integration of the complete set of nonlinear partial differential equations. The effect of natural convection is discussed when the basic state is either in the kinetic or in the diffusion regime. For large gradients, associated with the diffusion regime, chemical reaction can drive free convection even for low values of the Rayleigh number. In forced flow systems, natural convection can change substantially the flow pattern of the system.
High resolution morphologic imaging and T2 mapping of cartilage at 7 Tesla: comparison of cartilage repair patients and healthy controls

Object Our objective was to use 7 T MRI to compare cartilage morphology (thickness) and collagen composition (T2 values) in cartilage repair patients and healthy controls.
Increased elevation of peripheral leukocyte counts by infusion of histocompatible granulocytes.

. The results of 38 HL-A and other antigen matching studies revealed an inverse relationship between the percent of donor-recipient serologic discordance and increases in recipient granulocyte levels 1 h after infusion of donor cells. Selected unrelated, parent, and sibling donors possessing mean percent serologic discordances of 33, 22, and 16, respectively, increased postinfusion granulocyte counts by 10, 46, and 117%, respectively. A mean of 1.58 × 1010 total granulocytes collected from sibling donors was associated with a significant elevation of recipient levels, as compared to unfavorable results with the infusion of 2.05 × 1010 and 2.31 × 1010 total granulocytes harvested from less compatible parent and selected unrelated donors, respectively.
Entomopathogen biodiversity increases host mortality

Abstract In biological control communities, greater predator species richness often strengthens pest suppression. The impacts and importance of species richness in insect-killing pathogen (entomopathogen) communities, however, has received less attention. Here, we manipulated species richness within a community of three soil-dwelling entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis megidis, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae) and one fungus (Beauveria bassiana), and measured resulting effects on mortality of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and wax moth (Galleria mellonella) hosts. When potato beetles were the focal host, increasing pathogen species richness led to a linear increase in host mortality. This diversity effect appeared to result primarily from the pairing of nematodes and fungus within diverse communities; these pairings always produced host mortality that exceeded predictions based on the impact of nematodes or fungus alone. We then conducted an experiment using wax moth as the focal host, because this allowed greater replication, and included two different soil types to see if changing the foraging environment altered niche differences (and thus complementarity) among pathogen species. We again found an increase in host mortality at higher pathogen richness levels due to the apparent nematode–fungus synergism, and this effect was detected across both soil types. Our findings suggest that the positive effects of species richness commonly observed among predator species may extend to pathogen communities as well, such that conserving pathogen biodiversity may carry additional benefits for biological control.
ABCD matrices for dispersive pulse propagation

The use of the ABCD matrices for the calculation of pulse propagation in second-order dispersive media is developed rigorously. Their usefulness is demonstrated by obtaining the results for the propagation of a Gaussian pulse with an arbitrary linear chirp. By analogy with ray optics, the concept of a time ray is introduced to give further insight. The analogy with paraxial optics is carried further by extending the matrix method to a complete Hermite-Gaussian basis and thus to arbitrarily shaped and nonlinearly chirped pulses. Some practical applications of the matrix method are discussed. >
Porous Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

We report the fabrication of photovoltaic devices by the anodization of microcrystalline silicon films on single crystal silicon substrates. The porosity of the films was varied from 20% to 60% by changing the anodization conditions. An unetched μc-Si based device was used for reference. The influence of the porosity on the series resistance (Rs), the reflectance, and the spectral response of the devices was studied in detail. In order to determine Rs, the current-voltage characteristics were analyzed, both in the dark and under illumination. We observed that the value of Rs increased from 3.1 Ω to 97 Ω and the value of the reflectance decreased from 24% to 7% when the porosity increased from 20% to 60%. Initially, an optimum device performance (fill factor of 0.53 and efficiency of 7.2%) was achieved for a porosity of 40%, which was about a 40% improvement as compared to the reference (unetched) μc-si based device. Due to a further reduction in Rs by using an intermediate ITO layer and a superior grid-contact architecture, a device efficiency of 10% has been recently achieved.
Strongly interacting fermions in an optical lattice

We analyze a system of two-component fermions, which interact via a Feshbach resonance in the presence of a three-dimensional lattice potential. By expressing a two-channel model of the resonance in the basis of Bloch states appropriate for the lattice, we derive an eigenvalue equation for the two-particle bound states, which is nonlinear in the energy eigenvalue. Compact expressions for the interchannel matrix elements, numerical methods for the solution of the nonlinear eigenvalue problem, and a renormalization procedure to remove ultraviolet divergences are presented. From the structure of the two-body solutions we identify the relevant degrees of freedom, which describe the resonance behavior in the lowest Bloch band. These degrees of freedom, which we call dressed molecules, form an effective closed channel in a many-body model of the resonance, the Fermi resonance Hamiltonian (FRH). It is shown how the properties of the FRH can be determined numerically by solving a projected lattice two-channel model at the two-particle level. As opposed to single-channel lattice models such as the Hubbard model, the FRH is valid for general $s$-wave scattering length and resonance width. Hence, the FRH provides an accurate description of the BEC-BCS crossover for ultracold fermions on an optical lattice.
Host Species-specific Restricted Immune Response to Immunization with Pneumocystis carinii (Pc). † 705

Pc is an often fatal opportunistic pathogen. The study of Pc has been hampered by our inability to grow this organism; thus our ability to understand and manipulate Pc is limited to organisms isolated directly from animal models. Cross-reactive epitopes on Pc isolated from various mammalian hosts have been demonstrated but appear to be rare. Active immunization is generally not considered for the prevention of classic opportunistic pathogens. However, we have shown that immunization with whole Pc can protect mice from Pc pneumonia (PCP) when they are subsequently immunosuppressed and challenged with Pc. To determine how the known host species-specific antigenic variation of Pc would affect the immune response, mice were immunized with either mouse or ferret-derived Pc, with subsequent analysis of the immune response and ability of the mice to resist infection after immunosuppression and challenge. Measurement of Pc specific antibody response by ELISA showed that the antibody response was highly restricted to the strain of Pc used to immunize. For example, the ELISA OD to mouse Pc glycoprotein A after immunization with mouse Pc, ferret Pc, or normal ferret lung homogenate was.609;.115; and.122, respectively. The same results were observed using a crude homogenate of Pc as solid phase antigens in the ELISA. Western blot analysis confirmed the poor induction of antibodies to mouse Pc by immunization with ferret Pc. Mice immunized with mouse-derived Pc were completely protected from PCP when challenged by intratracheal inoculation with mouse Pc. Consistent with the results observed in our antibody assays, immunization with ferret Pc had no protective effect after a similar challenge. These results show that: 1) Pc is host species restricted; 2) immunization with one type of Pc does not induce significant cross-reactive immunity; and 3) any possible immunotherapy for PCP in humans must take into consideration these biologically significant antigenic differences in Pc of animal origin.
Estimation of Crosstalk in Three-Conductor Transmission Lines

A simple method for sketching the frequency response of crosstalk in three-conductor transmission lines is presented. The line is composed of three perfect conductors immersed in a lossless homogeneous medium. The method allows one to obtain a logarithmic asymptote plot (Bode plot) common to automatic control and electric circuit problems. In addition, it is shown that the maximum crosstalk may occur for frequencies where the line is electrically short. The magnitude of this maximum crosstalk can be estimated from the plot.
Kinetics of zeolite NaA crystallization in microgravity

The paper describes a population balance-based study of zeolite NaA crystallization from solution for well-mixed batch operations both on ground and in low earth orbit. The model is based on heterogeneous and secondary nucleation and a size-dependent power law crystal growth mechanism. The predicted final particle size distribution is compared with the available experimental data.
Voluntary wheel running augments aortic l-arginine transport and endothelial function in rats with chronic kidney disease

Reduced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis contributes to risk for cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vascular uptake of the NO precursor l-arginine (ARG) is attenuated in rodents wit...
Single-Board 32-Bit Computer for the FASTBUS

The Los Alamos National Laboratory is building a 32-bit computer on a FASTBUS board. It will use the National Semiconductor 32032 chip set, including the demand-paged memory management, floating point slave processor and interrupt control chips. The board will support 4 megabytes of memory which can be accessed by the processor over an on-board execution bus at processor speeds and which can be accessed by the FASTBUS at 80 megabytes per second. A windowed, direct memory access mechanism allows transfers of up to all of the memory.
CONGENTIAL MALFORMATIONS INDUCED MY MONOCLONAL ANTI-BODIES AGAINST RAT VISCERAL YOLK SAC

Polyclonal antisera against rat visceral yolk sac (VYS) produces severe congenital malformations when injected into pregnant rats on the 9th day of gestation. To define and characterize the teratogen-stimulating antigen(s) from the VYS, monoclonal antibodies (MCA) against rat VYS were prepared. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice, hyperimmunized with VYS antigens purified by IEF and gel filtration were fused with two myeloma cell lines SP2/0-Ag 14 and P3x63 Ag. 8.653. Hybrids specific for VYS by indirect immunofluorescence were selected and cloned by limiting dilution and further expanded as ascitic tumor in BALB/c mice. More than 25 immunofluorescent hybrids for VYS have been selected and their biological activity defined. The first 12 clones were not teratogenic but since last year (1986) ascitic fluid from B-3 clone (IgG 2b type) induced CNS malformations and the clone D-4 (IgG 2a type) induced growtn retardations when injected into pregnant rats on the 9th day of gestation. Each teratogenic MCA stained the apical portion of VYS endodermal cell, tubular kidney brush border and failed to react with kidney glomeruli, Reicherts membrane, long, lens capsule and liver tissue by immunofluorescence. Both teratogenic MCA's failed to recognize the VYS antigens by Western blots. Further studies will be directed toward using the teratogenic MAC's to study the mechanism of teratogenesis and the quantitative aspects of embryonic nutrition during early organogenesis. (Supported by NIH)
Effect of Growth Rate on Histidine Catabolism and Histidase Synthesis in Aerobacter aerogenes

A study was made of how the catabolism of a carbon and energy source is affected by the biosynthetic demands of growing bacterial cells. Cultures of Aerobacter aerogenes in l-histidine medium were grown in a chemostat at rates determined by the supply of either sulfate or a required amino acid, l-arginine. It was discovered that the rate at which these cells grow under a biosynthetic restriction determines both the rate and the pattern of histidine degradation. (i) Histidine catabolism is partially coupled to the growth rate. This coupling is achieved by catabolite repression of histidase (histidine ammonia lyase; EC 4.3.1.3.), and also by a slightly decreased in vivo function of this enzyme at low growth rates. (ii) The looseness of the coupling results in a direct relationship between growth rate and growth yield, and possibly is correlated with an altered pattern of carbon flow from histidine. (iii) Sudden decreases in growth rate cause total repression of histidase synthesis for substantial periods of time. (iv) Sudden release of biosynthetic restriction leads rapidly to an increase in the functioning of the cells' complement of histidase, an increase in the rate of synthesis of this enzyme, and an increase in the growth yield from histidine.
Computer Modeling and Folding of Four-Helix Bundles

In the context of simplified models of globular proteins, the requirements for the unique folding to a four-helix bundle have been addressed through a new Monte Carlo procedure. In particular, the relative im- portance of secondary versus tertiary interac- tions in determining the nature of the folded structure is examined. Various cases spanning the extremes where tertiary interactions com- pletely dominate to that where tertiary interac- tions are negligible have been explored. Not surprisingly, the folding to unique four-helix bundles is found to depend on an adequate bal- ance of the secondary and tertiary interactions. Moreover, because the simplified model is com- posed of spheres representing a-carbons and side chains, the geometry of the latter being based on small real amino acids, the role played by the side chains, and the problems associated with packing and hard-core repulsions, are considered. Also, possible folding intermedi- ates and their relationship with the experimen- tally observed molten globule state are ex- plored. From these studies, a general set of rules is extracted which should aid in the fur- ther design of more detailed protein models ad- equate to more fully investigate the protein folding problem. Finally, the relationship be- tween our conclusions and experimental work with specifically designed sequences is briefly discussed.
Full length article: Asymptotics of multiple orthogonal polynomials for a system of two measures supported on a starlike set

For a system of two measures supported on a starlike set in the complex plane, we study the asymptotic properties of the associated multiple orthogonal polynomials Q"n and their recurrence coefficients. These measures are assumed to form a Nikishin-type system, and the polynomials Q"n satisfy a three-term recurrence relation of order three with positive coefficients. Under certain assumptions on the orthogonality measures, we prove that the sequence of ratios {Q"n"+"1/Q"n} has four different periodic limits, and we describe these limits in terms of a conformal representation of a compact Riemann surface. Several relations are found involving these limiting functions and the limiting values of the recurrence coefficients. We also study the nth root asymptotic behavior and zero asymptotic distribution of Q"n.
Fluorescence lifetimes as a distinguishing property of members of drug series

Abstract The fluorescence lifetimes of antidepressant drugs, benzimidazoles, barbiturates and antimalarial drugs are reported for several different chemical environments. The quantum yields and natural fluorescence lifetimes are also reported for the latter two drug families. Structurally similar members of each drug group were qualitatively distinguished through temporal resolution, and the sensitivity of fluorescence enhanced by proper choice of chromophore environment.