cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fluid mechanics approach to describing the behavior of pneumatically conveyed powder plugs

Pneumatic conveying plug flow experiments have been carried through for horizontal flow of cohesive silica and kaolin powders over a range of gas superficial velocities and plug lengths. The plug pressure drops and velocities were measured. It is observed that the pressure drop increases linearly with plug length and increases non-linearly with increasing gas superficial velocity. A two-layer model is developed to predict the dynamic behavior of the plug. The inner core of the plug is treated as a Coulomb solid and the shear region of the plug is treated as a frictional fluid. The powder rheology is an important input to the model. The powder rheology for cohesive and non-cohesive powders are measured and compared. The predicted pressure drops using the two-layer model agree well with those measured. As opposed to analyses that treat the entire plug as a Coulomb solid, the two-layer model correctly predicts the dependence of pressure drop on the gas superficial velocity. An inherent advantage of the current approach is that the dimensionless variables that govern dynamically similar plug flow are clearly identified in the solution.
Endocrine correlates of infertility in male primates

The endocrine correlates of infertility in primates are not well understood. On the basis of the levels of gonadotropins in the systemic circulation, infertile men can be classified as eugonadotropic, hypergonadotropic, or hypogonadotropic. Men who have “normal” gonadotropin levels and oligospermia are sometimes treated with one of the following: testosterone, human menopausal gonadotropin, or clomiphene citrate. Fertility is improved in a small percentage of the patients thus treated. In syndromes such as Klinefelter's gonadotropins are elevated in the systemic circulation, testosterone levels are low, and there are varying degrees of seminferous tubule failure. The hypogonadotropic syndromes seem to be an extension of the prepubertal state. Infertility in men can be classified according to the amount of testicular damage estimated by testicular biopsy. Generally speaking, the greater the degree of damage to the seminiferous tubule, the greater the quantities of gonadotropin, especially FSH, that can be found in the systemic circulation. In nonhuman primates many behavioral defects contribute to infertility. Testosterone in male rhesus monkeys is secreted on a diurnal schedule. Although the significance of this pattern is not known, differences in the diurnal rhythms of breeders and nonbreeders have been detected. Measurements of gonadal steroids in the systemic serum of fertile and infertile male gorillas did not reveal differences in steroid concentrations that could be correlated with infertility. The possibility remains that some type of infertility in great apes may be related to immunologic factors.
A Note on the Paintings of Prehistoric Ancestors by Charles R. Knight

One wishes that Moser had been equally forthright in her book, for the re-creation of our ancestors and their times, whether as dioramas, pictures in a book, or scenes with actors in a television program, remain a highly subjective and speculative undertaking, often providing a single view of what are complex and very difficult to interpret subjects. Moreover, aspects that must come entirely from the imaginative mind of the artist, like facial expressions, or even hair distribution, for example, often remain the most memorable part of the scene for many people. The fact, as Moser demonstrates, that many of the basic elements in these re-creations are icons that were con-
Physiological evidence for hippocampal disinhibition resulting from activation of the median raphe

Abstract The mechanism underlying median raphe (MR)-induced facilitation of hippocampal synaptic transmission was investigated by recording stimulus-evoked field potentials and unitary responses in urethanetized rats. Stimulation of the MR 40 ms prior to perforant path (PP) activation significantly increased the magnitude of PP-evoked granule cell population spikes (median increase = 78%) without affecting population EPSP slope. Injection of homocysteic acid into the vicinity of the MR also facilitated PP-evoked granule cell population spikes, in a dose-dependent manner. Nineteen dentate hilar units were characterized as putative interneurons on the basis of their waveform characteristics and their response to PP stimulation. Electrical activation of the MR inhibited spontaneous or PP-evoked activity in the majority (75%) of these cells: the remaining cells were unaffected. MR stimulation also inhibited spontaneous activity in a large proportion (60%) of putative interneurons in CA1. The present results provide evidence that neurons within the raphe modulate hippocampal throughput by altering discharge of non-principal cells. These data, thus, support the idea that disinhibition is a common mechanism by which extrahippocampal structures modulate information flow through the hippocampus.
Desolvations of Solvated Organic Crystals

Abstract The appearance of water of hydration is common in crystals of both organic and inorganic compounds. A review of Molecular Structures and Dimensions1 indicates that more than 1000 crystal structures of solvates have been determined and water is by far the most frequent solvating species. A more restricted review of inorganic crystallography showed that 282 structures of hydrates had been reported through 1970.2
Stress analysis of a deep rigid axially-loaded cylindrical anchor in an elastic medium

The elastostatic problem of an infinite elastic medium containing an axially-loaded rigid cylindrical inclusion is investigated. This problem is of interest in connection with the geotechnical study of the time-independent, load-deflection characteristics of deep rigid anchors embedded in cohesive soil or rock media. The problem is formulated by means of Hankel integral transforms and reduced to a system of four coupled sing ular integral equations, where the unknown quantities are the normal and the shear stresses acting on the entire surface of the anchor. Numerical solutions are investigated for various Poisson's ratios and several values of the aspect ratio of radius to length of the cylindrical anchor.
A cholinoceptive desynchronized sleep induction zone in the anterodorsal pontine tegmentum: Locus of the sensitive region

Carbachol, a long-acting cholinergic agonist, was microinjected (4 micrograms/250 nl per 90 s) into 90 sites within the anterodorsal pontine tegmentum of four cats and the time to onset and percentage of time spent in a desynchronized sleep-like state during 40 min postinjection were calculated. Compared with more posteroventral pontine sites, the shorter latencies and higher percentages observed confirmed earlier predictions of a sensitive cholinoceptive zone in the anterodorsal pons. In 27 trials a desynchronized sleep-like state was observed within 5 min; in 31 trials the latency was 5-10 min and in the remaining 32 trials, greater than 10 min. Plotting the desynchronized sleep-like state latency and the desynchronized sleep-like state percentage as a function of the three-dimensional coordinates revealed that injection sites with short latency (less than 5 min) and high percentage (greater than 80%) were concentrated between the coordinates of P 1.0 to 3.5 and V -3.5 to -5.5, at the lateral coordinate L 2.0. On the frontal plane, the short desynchronized sleep-like state latency and high desynchronized sleep-like state percentage sites begin in the pontine tegmental region just lateral to the ventral tegmental nucleus and extend 3 mm ventrocaudally. A regression plot of the data in sagittal plane 2.0 revealed a short latency axis, around which the short latency sites cluster, running in a slightly dorsoventral direction from about P 1.0 to V -4.0 to P 4.0 to V -5.5. This observation suggests that the sensitive zone might approximate a cylinder in shape, a hypothesis supported by the correlation of longer latencies and lower percentages at increasing radial distance from the axis. The non-linear relationship between cholinergic potency and distance from the short latency axis suggests that the desynchronized sleep-like state latency is a function of two factors; a variable diffusion-based delay of carbachol to distant neuronal populations involved in the desynchronized sleep-like state production, and a fixed recruitment-based delay following activation of neurons in the sensitive zone. Interpretation of these findings in light of earlier studies involving microstimulation of the pontine tegmentum argue in favor of a distributed network of discrete neuronal populations as the source of desynchronized sleep generation.
Criteria for conservative treatment of supratentorial acute subdural haematomas

Without mortality, 31 patients underwent conservative treatment for traumatic supratentorial acute subdural haematoma (SDH). Later on six of them had the haematoma surgically evacuated mainly because of a deterioration of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. It was found that patients with a midline shift of less than 10 mm on the computed tomography (CT) scans and with a GCS score of 15 initially might be treated conservatively under close observation, reserving urgent craniotomy and evacuation of the SDH for those with deteriorating neurological conditions. A smaller degree of midline shift was tolerated by patients with an GCS score of less than 15: a shift of more than 5 mm on the initial CT scans predicted an exhaustion of the cerebral compensatory mechanism within 3 days of injury. In such cases the GCS score worsened, and surgical evacuation of the SDH became necessary. A total hospital stay of 6 to 7 days may suffice for those who have become fully conscious. Repeat CT studies before discharge should be done and a close follow-up during the first 3 to 4 weeks is advisable.
W2Cl4(NR2)2(PR‘3)2 Molecules. 7. Preparation, Characterization, and Structures of W2Cl4(NHR)2(NH2R)2 and W2Cl4(NHR)2(PMe3)2 (R = sec-Butyl and Cyclohexyl) and 31P{1H} NMR Studies of Trans-to-Cis Isomerizations of W2Cl4(NHR)2(PMe3)2

Treatment of W2Cl6(THF)4 with alkylamine NH2R (R = Bus, Cy) affords a dinuclear species having the stoichiometry W2Cl4(NHR)2(NH2R)2 (R = Bus (1), Cy (2)). This has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies for 2 with the following crystal data: tetragonal space group P421c, a = 12.774(2) A, c = 9.934(2) A, Z = 2. The molecule possesses an eclipsed structure with strong NH···Cl intramolecular hydrogen bonding, with disordering of the whole set of ligands containing the amide, amine, and chlorine ligands. Attempts have been made to treat and refine both ligand sets separately for this molecule, and the final refinement converges with reasonable bond distances and angles to R = 0.028 and wR2 = 0.066. In both orientations, the ligand arrangements are the same. Each W atom is surrounded by a trans set of two Cl and two N atoms with a W−W separation of 2.2884(9) A. Substitution of the amine ligands in 1 and 2 by the monodentate phosphine PMe3 proceeds smoothly to produce trans-W2Cl4(NHR)2(PMe...
Effects of maropitant citrate or acepromazine on the incidence of adverse events associated with hydromorphone premedication in dogs.

Background Vomiting is a common complication associated with the use of hydromorphine for pre-emptive analgesia in dogs. The ideal anti-emetic protocol for prevention of this complication has not been established. Hypothesis Maropitant administered concurrently or before hydromorphone would reduce the incidence of vomiting, signs of nausea, ptyalism, and increased panting compared to administration of acepromazine or a 0.9% saline control. Animals Sixty mixed-breed female dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy. Methods Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled experimental study. Dogs were assigned to 4 experimental groups with 15 dogs per group. All groups received 0.2 mg/kg of hydromorphone IM. Group “Control” received 0.1 mL/kg saline SC 30–45 minutes before hydromorphone, group “Marop1” received 1 mg/kg maropitant SC 30–45 minutes before hydromorphone, group “Ace” received 0.02 mg/kg IM acepromazine 30–45 minutes before hydromorphone, and group “Marop2” received 1 mg/kg SC maropitant concurrently with hydromorphone. A trained and blinded observer documented adverse events from the time hydromorphone was administered until the time dogs were induced for surgery. Results Marop1 had significantly less vomiting (0%) compared to Control (87%; P < .01) and Ace (53%; P < .01). Marop2 had significantly less vomiting (27%) compared to Control (P < .01). Marop1 had significantly greater incidence of ptyalism (73%) compared to Ace (P < .01; 20%). Ace showed significantly less panting (33%) compared to Marop2 (93%; P < .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance In healthy dogs, maropitant citrate administered before hydromorphone significantly decreases the incidence of vomiting in dogs but does not improve signs of nausea, ptyalism, or increased panting.
Co-evolution and the superorganism: switching cultivars does not alter the performance of fungus-gardening ant colonies

Summary 1 The fungus-gardening ants and their fungi represent a highly co-evolved, vertically transmitted mutualism. Mutualisms such as these are thought to be reciprocal antagonisms, so that the ants and the fungus can be expected to have some conflicting interests. 2 This paper reports the results from a cultivar switch experiment that documented the effects of switching the native cultivar from the basal ‘higher-attine’Trachymyrmex septentrionalis with a derived cultivar from the leaf-cutting ant, Atta texana. If the cultivars have been modified significantly during the adaptive radiation of this clade, then they should differ in their ability to produce ant and fungal biomass. If the ants can perceive differences in cultivar performance, then their food preference may also change as a result of the switch. Lastly, if conflict is present in this mutualism, then the sex ratio in the switched colonies should be male biased. 3 Our results showed that food preference was not altered by the new cultivar. The A. texana cultivar did not change the performance of T. septentrionalis colonies relative to colonies that were cultivating conspecific fungal cultivars. Foragers preferred insect faeces and oak staminate flowers over fresh leaves or flowers. Most variation in colony performance was attributable to substrate type. Sex ratio of offspring was not affected by fungal cultivar. With respect to fungal growth, the A. texana cultivar appeared to be more of a generalist, while the T. septentrionalis cultivar performed better on substrates preferred by the ants than those unpreferred. 4 The results of this study indicate that cooperation and not conflict has been more important in shaping the evolutionary ecology of this mutualism. Although the cultivars were certainly genetically and physiologically distinct, these differences did not account for variation in the production of ant biomass or ant behaviour. The emerging picture thus indicates that this mutualism should be viewed as a highly integrated superorganism that is more than the sum of its parts.
Steady Circulation Generated From Oscillating Flow Through a Hollow Cone at the Exit of a Pipe

A numerical approach to optimizing heat removal from a standing wave thermoacoustic engine by generating steady circulation at the outlet is described. The open-ended standing wave engine makes use of a hollow cone placed opening outwards and flush with the open end of the engine. Parallel paths within and without the cone create asymmetric minor losses. These are designed to induce circulation and heat removal. If successful, this will eliminate the need of a cold heat exchanger. The numerical models make use of the commercial RANS numerical solver FLUENT. Orders of magnitude increase in heat flux out of the engine’s open tube as compared to an engine without a cone are demonstrated. Three cones are evaluated at a range of flow parameters. Performance is found to be a strong function of the displacement amplitude compared to the engine diameter. In addition, these results are compared to an experiment that provides velocity data.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Risk perception and self-management in urban, diverse adults with type 2 diabetes: the improving diabetes outcomes study.

The relationship between risk perceptions and diabetes self-care remains ambiguous. This study aimed to assess baseline, 1-year follow-up, and change score relationships among perceived risk, diabetes self-care, and glycemic control for adult individuals participating in a behavioral intervention that improved glycemic control relative to the active control. One-year randomized trial compared a behavioral telephonic intervention with a print only intervention. Participants (N = 526) are members of a union/employer sponsored health benefit plan, with HbA1c ≥ 7.5 %, prescribed at least one oral diabetes medication. Participants rated perceived risk of diabetes and its complications and diabetes self-care at baseline and 1 year. Data were collected in a large urban area in the USA. There were no relationships between risk perceptions and glycemic control during the study. Baseline perceived risk predicted follow-up self-care. Additionally, participants assigned to the intervention group showed significant changes in dietary and exercise adherence at high levels of risk knowledge and low levels of optimistic bias. Perceived risk relates to dietary, exercise, and medication adherence in diabetes. The perceived risk construct might foster a more coherent conceptualization of the relationship between one’s diabetes, possible complications, and diabetes self-care behaviors.
Alterations in δ13C values of seedling cellulose associated with respiration during germination

Abstract δ 13 C values of heterotrophically synthesized cellulose of roots from germinating seeds treated with a respiratory uncoupler were compared with those produced by untreated seed. Seeds or grains having starch as their principal storage substrate synthesized cellulose enriched in 13 C relative to their substrate. Those having lipids as their principal storage substrate synthesized cellulose depleted in 13 C relative to their substrate. The respiratory uncoupler decreased respiration and caused lower 13 C abundance in synthesized cellulose relative to the controls for starch-storing seeds. Decreased respiration, however, caused an increase in 13 C of synthesized cellulose from lipid-storing seeds. The observed isotopic enrichment of cellulose with increase in respiration in the starch-storing seeds is consistent with the hypothesis that stems and roots of plants are isotopically enriched relative to leaves because of respiration.
The effects of RU 486 and leuprolide acetate on uterine artery blood flow in the fibroid uterus: A prospective, randomized study

Objective: Our purpose was to examine the effects of RU 486 and leuprolide acetate on uterine artery blood flow and uterine volume. Study Design: Patients were randomly assigned to group A (eight patients) receiving 25 mg of RU 486 daily for 3 months or group B (six patients) receiving 3.75 mg of leuprolide acetate monthly for 3 months. Uterine artery blood flow change was determined by resistive index by means of vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography. Uterine volume was measured before and during the study with abdominal ultrasonography. Results: Both groups showed an increase in resistive index. Patients receiving RU 486 had uterine artery blood flow decreased by 40%, and those receiving leuprolide acetate had a 21 % decrease. We noted a sigificant decrease in uterine volume compared with pretreatment in both groups at 3 months. There was no significant decrease between groups. Conclusion: Both RU 486 (25 mg daily) and leuprolide acetate (3.75 mg monthly) are effective in decreasing blood flow to the uterus (increasing resistive index) and decreasing uterine volume at 3 months. A significant decrease in uterine artery blood flow may provide a mechanism for the decrease in uterine size and the decrease in uterine blood loss at the time of surgery.
On the effectiveness of assessing model accuracy at design points for radial basis functions

A study is performed on the effectiveness of assessing accuracies of radial basis functions (RBFs) at design (or sampling) points. The RBF has been shown to be appropriate for creating approximation functions for linear, quadratic, and higher-order nonlinear responses even with a relatively small size of design samples. One favourable feature of RBFs is that all RBF models pass exactly through design points; therefore, an RBF model has no error at design points. However, this feature prevents the use of statistical parameters, which are commonly used in polynomial-regression approximations, to obtain model accuracy based on evaluations at design points. Since obtaining additional samples for many complex engineering applications is expensive, it is desirable to have some knowledge of the model accuracy based on evaluations at design points so that the best RBF model(s) can be selected. In this study, the effectiveness of using statistical parameter R2 for prediction (R) is evaluated for two highly accurate RBFs using mathematical functions and real engineering applications. The results show that R is inappropriate for RBF models, and should be used cautiously for highly nonlinear responses with a small number of sampling points and/or a large number of design variables. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of Chemical Freezing in a Freejet Expansion

The chemical freezing process in a freejet is studied using an activation energy concept. The numbers of activated collisions for bimolecular reactions with various activation energies are computed along the freejet centerline for gases of specific heat ratios 7 = 5/3, 7/5, and 9/7. It is found that the number of activated collisions in a freejet can be characterized by a dimensionless kinetic parameter defined by the ratio of the chemical activation energy divided by the random thermal energy, and by a dimensionless scaling parameter defined by the ratio of the flow time divided by the collision time. The chemical freezing point in a freejet determined using a last-activated-collision criterion is plotted as a function of the scaling and the kinetic parameters. It is found that complete chemical freezing in a freejet is obtained if the ratio of the logarithmic scaling parameter divided by the kinetic parameter is less than 0.5. An application of the present study to molecular-beam sampling from a reacting-species source is demonstrated.
Review of the tectonic history of the Florida basement

Abstract Lithological similarities between the Suwannee Basin deposits of undeformed Ordovician and Silurian sandstone and shale lying 0.9–1.9 km below the north Florida surface and equivalent-aged strata from Senegal to Sierra Leone in western Africa suggest an African location for the Florida basement during the early Paleozoic. The southern edge of the Paleozoic sediments laps onto a Pan African granitoid batholith which is considered representative of an early Paleozoic Afro-South American assemblage. A late Paleozoic (Allegheny) continental closure brought the Florida basement, and much of the present-day Gulf Coastal margin, into juxtaposition with North America, but the arrangement of continental promontories precluded a direct application of deforming stresses to the overlying basin sediments. Numerous occurrences of early Mesozoic rhyolitic tuffs and ignimbrites in deep (2.7–5.5 km) bore holes from central and south Florida are interpreted as indicative of a Triassic hot spot that initiated rifting and the opening of the North Atlantic. Subsurface rhyolitic rocks are also present in northern Florida, but the position of the hot spot dictated that the Florida Plateau remain appended to North America as radially propagating rifts from the hot spot created a new configuration of plate boundaries from those of the Paleozoic. Other continental terrains adjacent to southern Florida were either altered and foundered to underlie the Bahamas or stayed with Africa and/or South America.
Lack of association between autism and four heavy metal regulatory genes.

Autism is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic and environmental components. Though unproven, genetic susceptibility to high mercury (Hg) body burden has been suggested as an autism risk factor in a subset of children. We hypothesized that exposure to “safe” Hg levels could be implicated in the etiology of autism if genetic susceptibility altered Hg's metabolism or intracellular compartmentalization. Genetic sequences of four genes implicated in the transport and response to Hg were screened for variation and association with autism. LAT1 and DMT1 function in Hg transport, and Hg exposure induces MTF1 and MT1a. We identified and characterized 74 variants in MT1a, DMT1, LAT1 and MTF1. Polymorphisms identified through screening 48 unrelated individuals from the general and autistic populations were evaluated for differences in allele frequencies using Fisher's exact test. Three variants with suggestive p-values <0.1 and four variants with significant p-values <0.05 were followed-up with TaqMan genotyping in a larger cohort of 204 patients and 323 control samples. The pedigree disequilibrium test was used to examine linkage and association. Analysis failed to show association with autism for any variant evaluated in both the initial screening set and the expanded cohort, suggesting that variations in the ability of the four genes studied to process and transport Hg may not play a significant role in the etiology of autism.
Perceptions of an Instructor: Dress and Students' Characteristics:

This study examined the influence of a female instructor's clothing style on students' perceptions of an instructor's characteristics. Social perception provided the theoretical framework. Formality of clothing style, students' clothing interest, and students' gender were the independent variables. Perception of the instructor's characteristics was the dependent variable. A 25-item questionnaire was administered to 216 college students from three universities. Perceptions of the instructor's characteristics varied significantly with formality of clothing style. The students' clothing interest influenced perceptions to some extent; gender of students did not.
Viologen-mediated transmembrane oxidation-reduction

A mechanism for oxidation-reduction reactions occurring across bilayer membranes is identified from kinetic studies on viologens bound to vesicles and from stoichiometric analyses of viologen redistribution accompanying the reaction. The viologens, as the only lipophilic ions in the system, diffuse in response to membrane electrical potential, and consequently track the movement of the electron. >
Performance Studies in/for the 21st Century

Reflecting on some of the most important work in performance studies of the last century, this article looks forward to the next. In the spirit of Vic and Edie Turner, it asks not only how this intellectual history is relevant to the academy, but also to the wider world—in particular the tragic events of September 11, 2001.
Attitudes about preconception sex selection: a focus group study with Americans.

BACKGROUND: MicroSort, a sperm-sorting technology for sex selection, may eventually be approved by the Food and Drug Administration and marketed to the public. Data on US public attitudes about the morally appropriate uses and regulation of this technology are lacking. METHODS: We conducted 20 focus groups in April 2003 with participants from five major US cities to identify the values that shape Americans' attitudes about the use and regulation of preconception sex selection (PSS) technology. One hundred and seventy-six individuals between the ages of 18 and 68 were assigned to groups ranging from 6 to 11 participants based on their location, sex, race/ethnicity, religion, age, education and parental status. Qualitative analysis of focus group transcripts was conducted using NVivo 2.0 software to determine beliefs and values that shape participants' opinions about the appropriate use and regulation of PSS. RESULTS: Most participants strongly favor using PSS to avoid X-linked genetic diseases. Although some participants were uncomfortable with the use of PSS for non-medical sex selection, believing it to be 'selfish' and inconsistent with parental love, they did not perceive the potential harms to be significant enough to warrant governmental intrusion into reproductive decisions. CONCLUSIONS: PSS should face little public opposition in the US if widely marketed.
Middleware support for multicast-based data dissemination: a working reality

Multicasting is an effective method to guarantee scalability of data transfer. Multicast applications range from the relief of Internet hot spots to healthcare alert systems. Much research has focused on isolated data management issues that arise in a multicast environment, including our previous work on caching, scheduling, indexing, hybrid schemes, and consistency maintenance. This paper discusses the integration of these research contributions and the transition to a working software distribution that provides the middleware support of a data management layer to applications. Our middleware is flexible, can be shared across applications, and operates on top of existing and upcoming implementations of multicast protocols. The middleware benefits distributed applications with a uniform, efficient, scalable, and state-of-the-art support for critical data management functionality.
An ultrafast wide-band millimeter-wave (MMW) polarimetric radar for remote sensing applications

With the advent of high-frequency radio frequency (RF) circuits and components technology, millimeter-wave (MMW) radars are being proposed for a large number of military and civilian applications. Accurate and high-resolution characterization of the polarimetric radar backscatter responses of both clutter and man-made targets at MMW frequencies is essential for the development of radar systems and optimal detection and tracking algorithms. Toward this end, a new design is developed for ultrafast, wide-band, polarimetric, instrumentation radars that operate at 35 and 95 GHz. With this new design, the complete scattering matrix of a target (magnitude and phase) can be measured over a bandwidth of 500 MHz in less than 2 /spl mu/s. In this paper, the design concepts and procedures for the construction and calibration of these radars are described. In addition, the signal processing algorithm and data-acquisition procedure used with the new radars are presented. To demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the new radars, backscatter measurements of certain points and distributed targets are compared with their analytical radar cross section (RCS) and previously measured /spl sigma//spl deg/ values, respectively, and good agreements are shown. These systems, which can be mounted on a precision gimbal assembly that facilitates their application as high-resolution imaging radar systems, are used to determine the MMW two-way propagation loss of a corn field for different plant moisture conditions.
Efficacy of Chest Compressions Directed by End-Tidal CO2 Feedback in a Pediatric Resuscitation Model of Basic Life Support

Background End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) correlates with systemic blood flow and resuscitation rate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and may potentially direct chest compression performance. We compared ETCO2-directed chest compressions with chest compressions optimized to pediatric basic life support guidelines in an infant swine model to determine the effect on rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Methods and Results Forty 2-kg piglets underwent general anesthesia, tracheostomy, placement of vascular catheters, ventricular fibrillation, and 90 seconds of no-flow before receiving 10 or 12 minutes of pediatric basic life support. In the optimized group, chest compressions were optimized by marker, video, and verbal feedback to obtain American Heart Association-recommended depth and rate. In the ETCO2-directed group, compression depth, rate, and hand position were modified to obtain a maximal ETCO2 without video or verbal feedback. After the interval of pediatric basic life support, external defibrillation and intravenous epinephrine were administered for another 10 minutes of CPR or until ROSC. Mean ETCO2 at 10 minutes of CPR was 22.7±7.8 mm Hg in the optimized group (n=20) and 28.5±7.0 mm Hg in the ETCO2-directed group (n=20; P =0.02). Despite higher ETCO2 and mean arterial pressure in the latter group, ROSC rates were similar: 13 of 20 (65%; optimized) and 14 of 20 (70%; ETCO2 directed). The best predictor of ROSC was systemic perfusion pressure. Defibrillation attempts, epinephrine doses required, and CPR-related injuries were similar between groups. Conclusions The use of ETCO2-directed chest compressions is a novel guided approach to resuscitation that can be as effective as standard CPR optimized with marker, video, and verbal feedback.
An integration framework for sensor networks and data stream management systems

This demonstration shows an integrated query processing environment where users can seamlessly query both a data stream management system and a sensor network with one query expression. By integrating the two query processing systems, the optimization goals of the sensor network (primarily power) and server network (primarily latency and quality) can be unified into one quality of service metric. The demo shows various steps of the unified optimization process for a sample query where the effects of each step that the optimizer takes can be directly viewed using a quality of service monitor. Our demo includes sensors deployed in the demo area in a tiny mockup of a factory application.
Atomistic Mechanisms of Dislocation Mobility in Silicon

We study the leading mechanisms of kink mobility of 30° and 90°-partial dislocations in the glide set {111} of silicon. The calculations are performed using a new empirical potential for Si, which has been shown to give an accurate description of core properties of partial dislocations [1], to study mechanisms of kink formation and migration. In the case of 30°-partial dislocation, two kinds of kinks are identified, left and right, which have different structures, formation energies, and mobilities.
Rapid-response, molecular-friendly surgical pathology: a radical departure from the century-old routine practice.

Background Currently, surgeons have to wait for at least 1 day to receive the pathology report of a biopsy or other surgical excision. This delay is mandated by the overnight tissue-processing methods that have been in use for more than a century. Patient anxiety and delay in treatment are consequences of this practice. Here we report the impact of a tissue-processing system on the turnaround time of surgical pathology reporting and its potential effect on overall patient management. This technique provides the feasibility for performing molecular assays on the same sample used for pathologic diagnosis. Study Design Biopsies and other surgically removed specimens from patients treated at the University of Miami, Jackson Memorial Hospital during calendar year 2005 were processed by an automated, microwave-assisted rapid tissue-processing method. Turnaround time for surgical pathology reports was calculated and compared with that of year 1996, the last year before the new technology was phased in. Results Total tissue-processing time was reduced from 8 to 10 hours to 67 minutes, resulting in the availability of slides in less than 3 hours. In 80% of the patients, diagnoses were reported on the same day they were received in the laboratory. The 1-day turnaround for the reports in 1996 was Conclusions The rapid turnaround capability of the new tissue-processing system has allowed the pathology laboratory to render the final report in the majority of specimens on the day they are received. The feasibility of preserving macromolecules in the same clinical samples used for diagnosis is a timely advantage in the era of molecular medicine.
Disorders of Band 3

Band 3 is the most abundant protein of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane and plays multiple structural and functional roles. It is therefore no surprise that numerous mutations in the band 3 gene have been described and found to be associated with several erythroid phenotypes. In addition, band 3 is expressed in renal collecting ducts and a distinct group of band 3 mutations have been linked to the phenotype of distal renal tubular acidosis. In the following paragraphs, we will segregate band 3 defects according to the primarily affected tissue (erythroid vs. non-erythroid) and to the degree of band 3 deficiency caused by the mutations.
CLARIFICATION OF CITRUS JUICES WITH POLYGALACTURONIC ACID

Polygalacturonic acid (PGA), dissolved by neutralization with KOH, rapidly clarified lime, lemon, grapefruit, orange, and apple juices, orange and grapefruit pulp wash liquors, and lemon peel juice. In 1 hr turbidity was reduced to 5% or less of its original value in orange, grapefruit, and lemon juices, 12% in lime juice, 8% in grapefruit pulp wash liquor, and 11% in lemon peel juices. Turbidities of apple juice and orange pulp wash liquor were reduced to 30 and 38%. Optimum PGA concentration ranged from 75-500 ppm. Clarification was pH dependent, with different commercial preparations differing in pH optima. Optimal pH for clarification varied directly with PGA molecular weight.
Automatic Measurement of Syntactic Development in Child Language

To facilitate the use of syntactic information in the study of child language acquisition, a coding scheme for Grammatical Relations (GRs) in transcripts of parent-child dialogs has been proposed by Sagae, MacWhinney and Lavie (2004). We discuss the use of current NLP techniques to produce the GRs in this annotation scheme. By using a statistical parser (Charniak, 2000) and memory-based learning tools for classification (Daelemans et al., 2004), we obtain high precision and recall of several GRs. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by performing automatic measurements of syntactic development with the Index of Productive Syntax (Scarborough, 1990) at similar levels to what child language researchers compute manually.
Utilization of nonhomologous minus-strand DNA transfer to generate recombinant retroviruses

During reverse transcription, minus-strand DNA transfer connects the sequences located at the two ends of the viral RNA to generate a long terminal repeat. It is thought that the homology in the repeat (R) regions located at the two ends of the viral RNA sequences facilitate minus-strand DNA transfer. In this report, the effects of diminished R-region homology on DNA synthesis and virus titer were examined. A retrovirus vector, PY31, was constructed to contain the 5' and 3' cis-acting elements from Moloney murine sarcoma virus and spleen necrosis virus. These two viruses are genetically distinct, and the two R regions contain little homology. In one round of replication, the PY31 titer was approximately 3,000-fold lower than that of a control vector with highly homologous R regions. The molecular characteristics of the junctions of minus-strand DNA transfer were analyzed in both unintegrated DNA and integrated proviruses. Short stretches of homology were found at the transfer junctions and were likely to be used to facilitate minus-strand DNA transfer. Both minus-strand strong-stop DNA and weak-stop DNA were observed to mediate strand transfer. The ability of PY31 to complete reverse transcription indicates that minus-strand DNA transfer can be used to join sequences from two different viruses to form recombinant viruses. These results suggest the provocative possibility that genetically distinct viruses can interact through this mechanism.
Fault tolerant Block Based Neural Networks

Block Based Neural Networks (BBNNs) have shown to be a practical means for implementing evolvable hardware on reconfigurable fabrics for solving a variety of problems that take advantage of the massive parallelism offered by a neural network approach. This paper proposes a method for obtaining a fault tolerant implementation of BBNNs by using a biologically inspired layered design. At the lowest level, each block has its own online detection and correcting logic combined with sufficient spare components to ensure recovery from permanent and transient errors. Another layer of hierarchy combines the blocks into clusters, where a redundant column of blocks can be used to replace blocks that cannot be repaired at the lowest level. The hierarchical approach is well-suited to a divide-and-conquer approach to genetic programming whereby complex problems are subdivided into smaller parts. The overall approach can be implemented on a reconfigurable fabric.
Transaortic Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Artery Endarterectomy

Transaortic celiac and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) endarterectomy is performed for occlusive disease of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries causing chronic mesenteric ischemia. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Optimum Performance of Pendulum-Type Torsional Vibration Absorber

The crankshaft-propeller system of a single row radial aircraft engine may be considered as a single-degree of freedom system with one natural frequency. After an absorber device is incorporated, it becomes a system of two degrees of freedom with two natural frequencies. I t appears tha t the introduction of the absorber would give worse results than if the device were not incorporated, since it splits one natural frequency to two natural frequencies instead of removing the resonance. The purpose of this article is to investigate the two natural frequencies of the resulting system and the factors that control them. I t was found that one of the natural frequencies is insignificant and, by properly adjusting the moment of inertia of the pendulum, the other natural frequency can be kept well away from resonance with the forced frequencies of the harmful orders of torque harmonics.
Strongly conjugated hydroporphyrin dyads: extensive modification of hydroporphyrins' properties by expanding the conjugated system.

We report the synthesis and basic photophysical characterization of strongly conjugated hydroporphyrin (chlorin and bacteriochlorin) dyads. Hydroporphyrins are connected at their respective 13 (β) or 15 (meso) positions by ethynyl or butadiynyl linkers. Synthesis entails a series of palladium-catalyzed reactions, starting from appropriate bromobacteriochlorin or bromochlorin. Strong conjugation in the dyads results in a significant bathochromic shift of longest-wavelength (Qy-like) band, which in case of the 13–13′ ethynyl-linked bacteriochlorin dyad is positioned past 800 nm. The Qy-like band is broad and split for the 13–13′ linked chlorin and bacteriochlorin dyads. All dyads exhibit an intense, relatively narrow fluorescence emission band in nonpolar solvents. Bacteriochlorin dyads exhibit a strong dependence of fluorescence intensity on the solvent polarity, which results in more than 10-fold quenching of fluorescence in dimethylformamide. The assembling of hydroporphyrins into strongly conjugated arr...
Reply to Steven C. Campbell, Gopal N. Gupta, Robert G. Uzzo, Alexander Kutikov's Letter to the Editor re: Raj Satkunasivam, Sheaumei Tsai, Sumeet Syan, et al. Robotic Unclamped "Minimal-margin" Partial Nephrectomy: Ongoing Refinement of the Anatomic Zero-ischemia Concept. Eur Urol 2015;68:705-12.

We address the four main issues raised by the letter, in order of importance. First, the authors’ primary contention is that our zeroischemia minimal-margin partial nephrectomy (PN) [1] is ‘‘unequivocally’’ enucleation.We disagree unequivocally.We disagree that in our video, ‘‘no normal parenchymalmargin is demonstrated,’’ and we disagree that the ‘‘tumor pseudocapsule is readily evident throughout the dissection.’’ We initiate the parenchymal incision at a 1to 2-mm distance from the tumor edge and deepen this incision along naturally existing planes of cleavage, all the while striving for a thin parenchymal cover on the tumor. On reaching the renal sinus fat (where renal parenchyma does not exist), dissection follows the tumor capsule contour, maintaining sinus fat on the tumor, if available. In our video, the sliver of normal parenchyma on the tumor is readily evident in the parenchymal part of the dissection (from the 8:40-minmark of the video onward); [2_TD$DIFF]certainly, a discerning eye is necessary to recognize this subtlety. Furthermore, data do not lie! Our median parenchymal margin width was 1 mm (range: 1–9), and in no case was the parenchymal width zero (Table 5). Conversely, enucleation, by definition, implies a 0-mm parenchymal margin. The letter misses this fundamental point. Note that our genitourinary pathologists exclude pseudocapsule thickness when measuring margin width (pers. comm., M. Aron, Los Angeles, CA, USA). We emphasize that our video shows a technically challenging, 3.2-cm, posteromedial, largely intrarenal central tumor that is broadly abutting the central sinus fat. It should be obvious thatat this intrarenaldepth, atwhich the tumordirectlyabuts sinus fat, there can be no parenchymal cover because there is no parenchyma! Ergo, at this location, it is the sinusmargin— not the parenchymal margin—that is being addressed. Our zero-ischemia minimal-margin PN technique is rooted in anatomic and histologic [3_TD$DIFF]basis [2]. Anatomically,
The Latent Community Model for Detecting Sybils in Social Networks.

Collaborative and recommendation-based computer systems are plagued by attackers who create fake or malicious identities to gain more influence in the system— such attacks are often referred to as “Sybil attacks”. We propose a new statistical model and associated learning algorithms for detecting Sybil attacks in a collaborative network using network topology, called the latent community (LC) model. The LC model is hierarchical, and groups the nodes in a network into closely linked communities that are linked relatively loosely with the rest of the graph. Since the author of a Sybil attack will typically create many false identities and link them together in an attempt to gain influence in the network, a Sybil attack will often correspond to a learned community in the LC model. Evaluation of the LC model using both realworld and synthetic networks demonstrates the promise of the method.
Logistics in a Developing Economy: Contrasting Perceived Control with Perceived Importance

On the basis of analysis of data collected from a national sample of Indian companies, the authors conclude that, among Indian managers, perceptions of actual control over logistics functions do not necessarily conform to their perceptions of importance of having such control over such functions. Implications to global marketersarediscussed.
Reaching physical board addresses in a PC from Windows protected mode

Gives programming details and examples to show how to reach a physical memory address from within Windows for the purpose of communicating with standard interface cards. >