cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discretizing constant curvature surfaces via loop group factorizations: The discrete sine- and sinh-Gordon equations☆

Abstract The sine- and sinh-Gordon equations are the harmonic map equations for maps of the (Lorentz) plane into the 2-sphere. Geometrically they correspond to the integrability equations for surfaces of constant Gauss and constant mean curvature. There is a well-known dressing action of a loop group on the space of harmonic maps. By discretizing the vacuum solutions we obtain via the dressing action completely integrable discretizations (in both variables) of the sine- and sinh-Gordon equations. For the sine-Gordon equation we get Hirota's discretization. Since we work in a geometric context we also obtain discrete models for harmonic maps into the 2-sphere and discrete models of constant Gauss and mean curvature surfaces.
The Susceptibility Of Cultured American Lobsters To A Chitinolytic Bacterium1

Juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus) cultured at the Bodega Marine Laboratory were found to be susceptible to a chitinolytic bacterium under certain stress conditions. Under optimal conditions the animals were uneffected by the organisms. The greatest susceptibility was found on animals fed a long-term synthetic diet and on animals that were treated with malachite green and fed on a short-term synthetic diet. Excised appendages, carapace abrasion and heavy bacterial inoculation did not increase susceptibility.
Density functional determination of the magnetic state of β-MnAs

Ferromagnetic hexagonal $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-MnAs has a first-order phase transition to $\ensuremath{\beta}$-MnAs at about 40 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Because it shows no long-range antiferromagnetic order, most workers assume that it is paramagnetic in spite of the fact that it does not have a Curie-Weiss magnetic susceptibility. With the aid of density functional calculations, we show that it is antiferromagnetic and explain the lack of observed long-range order.
Which it is it? The acquisition of referential and expletive it.

The purpose of this study was to determine the natural order of acquisition of the proform it, comparing deictic pronoun it, anaphoric pronoun it and expletive it. Files from four children (Adam, Eve, Nina and Peter) aged 1 ; 6–3 ; 0 in the CHILDES database were coded for occurrences of NP it (here it is) and expletive it (it's raining). Occurrences of NP it were coded for whether they followed an overt discourse anaphor (anaphoric it) or not (deictic it). All children examined produce deictic and anaphoric pronoun it from the very first files, but do not produce expletive it until 2–7 months later. Following Inoue's (1991) lexical-semantic reanalysis account of the acquisition of expletive there after locative there, we propose that children acquire expletive it by reanalyzing referential pronoun it to include an expletive subtype. This reanalysis takes place when children realize that expletive it never co-occurs with any deictic/anaphoric referent.
Water and Mean Ionic Activities of Aqueous HNO3 Solutions Calculated from an Extension of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Model

The objective for this research was to employ the extended adsorption isotherm (EAI) to develop a predictive relationship between the activity of H2O (aw) and the mean ionic activity (a±) of aqueous HNO3. The EAI model is a calculative approach to the estimation of solutions for activities of highly non-ideal chemical systems and is the collective efforts of Stokes and Robinson, Abraham, and Ally and Braunstein. From previous works of the HNO3-H2O system by Rains et al., a predictive model of relevant aqueous phase activities was developed that only needs knowledge of composition and temperature of the HNO3 solution.
Survey on Blood Bank Fees and Replacement Policies of Institutional Members of the American Association of Blood Banks

As the socio-economics of blood banking is of great interest, a survey was made to determine the processing and blood replacement fees charged by hospital, community and miscellaneous blood banks. Information furnished by 354 AABB institutional members was analyzed, and weighted mean processing and replacement fees were determined using blood usage as a common base. The replacement policies of the reporting banks also were reviewed. The author concludes there is no great variance in the fees charged or in blood replacement policies reported by banks in all five AABB districts; but that there is a need for blood banks to adopt more standardized terminology as related to blood transfusion charges.
Double fertilization: a personal view

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of double fertilization by Nawaschin in St. Petersburg, Russia and, independently, Guignard in France. This discovery came at the end of a period of controversy about fertilization in angiosperms and ushered in a new period of intense research. Still, by 1950, there were many unanswered questions about double fertilization because of limitations of the light microscope. The introduction of the electron microscope stimulated new research and helped resolve some of the questions. My own research with the electron microscope and that of people who worked in my laboratory is recounted and some of the still unanswered questions raised.
Conversion of high power ruby laser radiation to the UV in RDP

Abstract The reliable generation of ruby second-harmonic radiation in phase-matched rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP), at incident intensities of ∼ 180 MW/cm2 is reported. A peak power conversion efficiency of 37% was achieved for the experimental conditions described, thus demonstrating the attractiveness of RDP for harmonic generator applications.
Conditional Deletion of TrkB but Not BDNF Prevents Epileptogenesis in the Kindling Model

Epileptogenesis is the process whereby a normal brain becomes epileptic. We hypothesized that the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activates its receptor, TrkB, in the hippocampus during epileptogenesis and that BDNF-mediated activation of TrkB is required for epileptogenesis. We tested these hypotheses in Synapsin-Cre conditional BDNF(-/-) and TrkB(-/-) mice using the kindling model. Despite marked reductions of BDNF expression, only a modest impairment of epileptogenesis and increased hippocampal TrkB activation were detected in BDNF(-/-) mice. In contrast, reductions of electrophysiological measures and no behavioral evidence of epileptogenesis were detected in TrkB(-/-) mice. Importantly, TrkB(-/-) mice exhibited behavioral endpoints of epileptogenesis, tonic-clonic seizures. Whereas TrkB can be activated, and epileptogenesis develops in BDNF(-/-) mice, the plasticity of epileptogenesis is eliminated in TrkB(-/-) mice. Its requirement for epileptogenesis in kindling implicates TrkB and downstream signaling pathways as attractive molecular targets for drugs for preventing epilepsy.
Splitter blades as an aeroelastic detuning mechanism for unstalled supersonic flutter of turbomachine rotors

Splitter plates usable as aeroelastic detuner devices for supersonic flutter in turbomachinery, through the introduction of both aerodynamic and structural detuning to enhance aeroelastic stability, are presently considered by a mathematical model. The model demonstrates that aerodynamic detuning is due to both the alternate circumferential spacing of the full chord airfoils and the variable circumferentially spaced splitters between each pair of full chord airfoils. Structural detuning is based on the lower natural frequencies of the splitters, by comparison with the full chord airfoils. The model's application to two unstable rotors demonstrates enhanced torsion mode flutter stability through the incorporation of splitters, where the critical parameters are chord length and the circumferential and axial locations of the splitters.
Theory of the interplay of luminescence and vibrational relaxation: A master-equation approach

A theory is developed to describe the interplay of vibrational relaxation and luminescence occurring simultaneously in a molecule, in terms of a master equation involving true sinks of probability. Specifically, the basic equation is the Montroll-Shuler equation augmented by the addition of sink terms which can be nonlinear as well as linear in the vibrational energy. These terms describe radiative and nonradiative decay and expressions for the former are derived explicitly in terms of Franck-Condon factors. Exact solutions in terms of known functions are obtained in the linear case for several physically motivated initial vibrational distributions, viz., $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function, Boltzmann, Poisson, and Laguerre. Two perturbation schemes are developed to analyze the nonlinear case, one of which is useful for small nonlinearities and the other for arbitrarily large nonlinearities but for low temperatures. Illustrative applications of the theory include the exact calculation of time- and frequency-resolved emission spectra (linear decay calculation) and the perturbation analysis of quantum yields in the presence of strongly energy-dependent nonradiative transitions (nonlinear decay calculation).
Effect of Pressure Distribution on Energy Dissipation in a Mechanical Lap Joint

Mechanical joints, such as the bolted shear lap joint considered here, are ubiquitous in engineered structures, which realize vibration damping as well as load transfer from them. However, the prediction of the energydissipation characteristics of such joints remains a challenging problem. A cubic relationship between energy dissipated and load magnitude is often assumed in classical joint dynamics, but experiments generally fail to support this assertion. In nearly all of the joint models examined previously, Coulomb friction and uniform pressure in the joint were assumed. Realizing that the Coulomb model may not adequately represent the actual dynamic friction in the slip region of the joint interface and that the actual interfacial pressure is likely nonuniformly distributed, we utilize a distributed-parameter joint model to investigate the constitutive relation and energy dissipation associated with a shear lap joint under longitudinal loading. Two nonuniform pressure distributions in a one-dimensional structure are considered. In both, under the Coulomb friction law, the energy dissipation resulting from microslip can be expressed as a power series starting from the third order of the magnitude of loading. It is shown that the exact cubic relation is valid only for the uniform pressure distribution. The distributed-parameter joint model presented herein can be represented by a parallel‐series Iwan model. The distribution function of critical slip forc ei nthe Iwan model can be obtained analytically from the constitutive relation associated with the joint model; results are given for the cases of the normal traction specified as a power function of the spatial coordinate, and as a Gaussian function.
A CAUSAL-CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS OF EXPECTANCY THEORY HYPOTHESES

Expectancy theory proposes that job effort is a function of the values individuals place on work outcomes and the expectations they have concerning the likelihood of attaining these outcomes. Another hypothesis is that effort or work motivation produces changes in performance level. Utilizing cross-lagged correlations to evaluate the expectancy-effort and effort-performance relationships, it was found that grades in an introductory psychology course may have affected effort. Some support was also indicated for the contention that performance causes attitudes toward both performance (good grades in psychology) and work (studying psychology).
The Impact of an Industrial Agricultural Project on the Bakairi Indians of Central Brazil

This paper investigates the impact of a government-sponsored industrial agricultural project on the traditional mode of production and the economy of the Bakairi Indians of central Brazil. Specifically, it discusses alterations in land use patterns, which involve increased exploitation of the savannah regions of the reservation. In addition, it examines changes in labor arrangements, which include decreased reliance on domestic units. Finally, it looks at modifications in the system whereby goods are distributed and consumed. The paper concludes by evaluating the project in terms of its costs and benefits to the Bakairi Indians.
A crossover trial of bromocriptine in the treatment of vascular dementia

Seven patients with vascular dementia completed an 8-month randomized double-blind crossover trial of bromocriptine in a dosage of up to 30 mg per day. Patients were assessed using a modified UCLA Parkinson Rating Scale of symptoms and signs, and neuropsychological testing including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Wechsler Memory Scale, modified Thurstone Word Fluency Test, Wisconsin Card Sort, a test of visual vigilance, and a reaction time task. Subjects failed to perform significantly better on any measure while on bromocriptine, and on several measures their performance while on the drug was worse.
Characterizing early childhood education programs

A study of sixty-two preschool and kindergarten programs reveals strong associations between the nature of instruction and the social context.
Neutralization of Human Thyrotropin by Antisera to Subunits of Glycoprotein Hormones

ABSTRACT The effects of antisera directed against various human glycoprotein hormone subunits on the biologic activity of human pituitary thyrotropin (hTSH), human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT), bovine pituitary thyrotropin (bTSH), and long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) were studied. Relative thyroid-stimulating potencies were determined using a McKenzie mouse assay. Antiserum to the human chorionic gonadotropin α-subunit (hCGα) completely neutralized hTSH but not hCT, bTSH, or LATS. Antisera to the hCG β-subunit (hCGβ) only partially neutralized hTSH and had no inhibiting effect on the biologic activity of hCT, bTSH, and LATS. In contrast, antisera to the human luteinizing hormone β-subunit had no significant effect on hTSH biologic activity. These results confirm previous reports indicating common antigenic determinants on hCGα subunit and hTSH and suggest similarity of the α subunits of hCG and hTSH. Placental thyroid-stimulating activity was not neutralized by either anti-hCGα or anti-hCGβ sera, indi...
Phase space sensitivities of the Sun-Jupiter triangular libration point

The model of the circular restricted problem of three bodies is used to investigate the sensitivity of a third body motion when it is given a state space deviation away from the Sun-Jupiter L"4 triangular libration point. A high fidelity boundary envelope is constructed using the maximum state space parameters that permit stable librational motion. The line of syzygies (x-axis) is used as a criteria for defining the stability of the third body motion. Poincare's surface of sections are used to compare the regions of stable motion to the trajectories whose initial state space parameters are bounded by the high fidelity boundary envelope.
The research of Petri-net workflow modeling

Workflow Method and Petri-net modeling has developed quickly and been abroad applied in many areas related with information system. This paper prefers that modeling using Petri-net, and to express model using JBPM framework which is a process-describing language, and to actualize persistence and network, offer a develop method which has exact developing process, convenient operation, strong opening and easy validation.
The use of GLS regression in regional hydrologic analyses

Summary To estimate flood quantiles and other statistics at ungauged sites, many organizations employ an iterative generalized least squares (GLS) regression procedure to estimate the parameters of a model of the statistic of interest as a function of basin characteristics. The GLS regression procedure accounts for differences in available record lengths and spatial correlation in concurrent events by using an estimator of the sampling covariance matrix of available flood quantiles. Previous studies by the US Geological Survey using the LP3 distribution have neglected the impact of uncertainty in the weighted skew on quantile precision. The needed relationship is developed here and its use is illustrated in a regional flood study with 162 sites from South Carolina. The performance of a pooled regression model is compared to separate models for each hydrologic region: statistical tests recommend an interesting hybrid of the two which is both surprising and hydrologically reasonable. The statistical analysis is augmented with new diagnostic metrics including a condition number to check for multicollinearity, a new pseudo- R ¯ 2 appropriate for use with GLS regression, and two error variance ratios. GLS regression for the standard deviation demonstrates that again a hybrid model is attractive, and that GLS rather than an OLS or WLS analysis is appropriate for the development of regional standard deviation models.
Novel therapies for treatment of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii skin infections

The Gram-negative coccobacillus Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) has become an increasingly prevalent cause of hospital-acquired infections during the last two decades primarily resulting in pneumonia and complicated infections, including wound infections in troops injured in Afghanistan and Iraq. Moreover, the majority of clinical Ab isolates display high-level resistance to commonly utilized antimicrobial drugs, which severely compromises our capacity to care for patients with Ab disease. Thus, radically new approaches are urgently needed. This review focuses on novel therapies that can challenge the evolving ability of Ab to develop resistance and cause disease.
The chemistry of dews and frosts in indianapolis, Indiana

Abstract Dews and frosts forming on chemically clean Teflon surfaces were sampled for pH and ion concentrations during a 13-month period in urban Indianapolis, Indiana. We predicted that dews forming in this polluted atmosphere would be acidic due to absorption of SO 2 , NO 2 and CO 2 , but that frost pH would be neutral due to the lack of gas absorption. However, measured pH ranged from 6.0 to 7.2, and dew and frost pH were not significantly different. Anion and cation concentrations did not differ between dews and frosts, implying similar mechanisms and rates for scavenging of atmospheric chemicals. Sulfite and nitrite were present in many samples, indicating SO 2 and NO 2 absorption by both dews and frosts. The presence of ions (K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + ) lacking gaseous sources suggested that sedimentation of aerosols, primarily carbonates and salts, from surrounding agricultural lands occurred into dews and frosts as they formed. Carbonate deposition may have been responsible for near-neutral dew and frost pH. Dews sampled from sugar maple leaves were depleted of ammonium and enriched in other ions, but did not differ substantially in pH, compared to dews simultaneously sampled from Teflon. Temporal (overnight) sampling of dews on Teflon showed that dew chemistry changed substantially during the course of the night.
High Efficiency In Vivo Genome Engineering with a Simplified 15-RVD GoldyTALEN Design

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) enable genome engineering in cell culture and many organisms. Recently, the GoldyTALEN scaffold was shown to readily introduce mutations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and livestock through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). To deploy the GoldyTALEN system for high-throughput mutagenesis in model organisms, a simple design with high efficacy is desirable. We tested the in vivo efficacy of a simplified 15-RVD GoldyTALEN design (spacer between 13–20 bp and T nucleotide preceding each TALEN binding site) in zebrafish. All 14 tested TALEN pairs (100%) introduced small insertions and deletions at somatic efficacy ranging from 24 to 86%, and mutations were inheritable at high frequencies (18–100%). By co-injecting two GoldyTALEN pairs, inheritable deletions of a large genomic fragment up to 18 kb were successfully introduced at two different loci. In conclusion, these high efficiency 15-RVD GoldyTALENs are useful for high-throughput mutagenesis in diverse application including hypothesis testing from basic science to precision medicine.
Potential indicators of insufficient milk supply syndrome

Insufficient milk supply syndrome is a complex phenomenon that has not been adequately investigated. Insufficient milk supply (IMS) is a major reason reported by mothers for early termination of breast-feeding in both developed and developing countries. Using the IMS conceptual framework by Hill and Humenick (1989), a survey was conducted to determine which set of predictors distinguished between mothers who reported an inadequate supply of breast milk (n = 100) from those who reported an adequate supply of milk (n = 284) during the first 8 weeks postpartum. Factor analysis suggested that Potential Determinant factors Maternal Confidence, Paternal Support, Maternal Health, Mother-in-Law Disapproval, and Infant Birthweight accounted for 56.7% of the variance while Potential Indicator factors Baby Behavior, Solid Foods, and Formula accounted for 70.4% of the variance. Using discriminant analysis, factors Maternal Confidence, Maternal Health, Mother-in-Law Disapproval, Baby Behavior, Solid Foods, and Formula predicted 78.04% of the cases accurately. The Potential Indicator factors alone predicted 76.58% of the cases accurately. These findings suggest that the IMS model is valid but additional variables may need to be considered.
A Review of Creatine Supplementation and its Potential to Improve Pork Quality

Abstract James, B.W., Goodband, R.D., Unruh, J.A., Tokach, M.D., Nelssen, J.L. and Dritz, S.S. 2002. A review of creatine supplementation and its potential to improve pork quality. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 21: 1–16. Creatine is an amino acid derivative normally produced by the liver, kidneys and pancreas from arginine, methionine and glycine. It functions to provide high energy phosphate for the rephosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) following rapid energy expenditure. Research conducted with athletes has demonstrated that creatine monohydrate supplementation reduced fatigue and enhanced performance during anaerobic exercise. Based on the observations in humans, creatine supplementation has been investigated to improve meat quality in swine. As muscle is converted to meat, several biochemical reactions occur that have profound effects on product quality. Postmortem glycolysis results in the accumulation of lactic acid which decreases muscle pH. Therefore, if supplemented di...
Illuminating Crime: The Impact of Street Lighting on Calls for Police Service

This study reports on an evaluation of the effects of street lights on crime in several Indianapolis neighborhoods. Crime was measured in terms of calls for police service (CFS). Using a quasiexperimental design, we performed analyses on four multiblock areas, three intersections, and two aggregated address groups. Two control areas were matched to two multiblock areas that received enhanced lighting. Of the nine target areas, six showed evidence of lower CFS volumes after more lighting. We analyzed the mean weekly CFS in the pre- and postinstallation periods. Two lighted areas had a lower mean weekly CFS after installation. The more illuminated target area experienced a greater reduction in average CFS for property and miscellaneous crimes than did the control area.
Effects of the use of control systems

Abstract This research explored the moderating effects of subordinate participation in decision making and subordinate job difficulty on their responses to different uses of control systems by their superiors. In a sample of managers from a moderately large U.S. organization, both of these factors were found to moderate the ways subordinates responded to the perceptions that their superiors used control systems for goal setting, evaluation, problem solving, and contingent reward allocations. The results of the study indicated that the use of control systems for contingent reward allocation produced defensive subordinate responses under all conditions, but also produced the functional response of effort when subordinate participation was low and job difficulty high. The use for goal setting appeared to result in functional responses when subordinate participation was high, and in dysfunctional responses when participation was low. The use for evaluation and the use for problem solving both seemed to be aspects of a collaborative developmental use of the control systems. This use pattern appeared to have primarily functional effects, although the results were more functional when the subordinate jobs were not difficult, and when they participated in decision making. Based on the results several propositions are formulated for future testing.
Egr-1 induction in rat granulosa cells by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone: combinatorial regulation by transcription factors cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate regulatory element binding protein, serum response factor, sp1, and early growth response factor-1.

Early growth response factor (Egr-1) is an inducible zinc finger transcription factor that binds specific GC-rich enhancer elements and impacts female reproduction. These studies document for the first time that FSH rapidly induces Egr-1 expression in granulosa cells of small growing follicles. This response is transient but is reinitiated in preovulatory follicles exposed to the LH analog, human chorionic gonadotropin. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed gonadotropin induced Egr-1 in theca cells. The Egr-1 gene regulatory region responsive to gonadotropin signaling was localized within −164 bp of the transcription initiation site. Binding of Sp1/Sp3 to a proximal GC-box at −64/−46 bp was enhanced by FSH in immature granulosa cells but reduced after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation of preovulatory follicles despite constant protein expression. This dynamic regulation of Sp1 binding was dependent on gonadotropin-regulated mechanisms that modulate Sp1/3-DNA binding activity. Serum response fact...
Resource-adaptive multimedia analysis on stream mining systems

Large-scale multimedia semantic concept detection requires realtime identification of a set of concepts in streaming video or large image datasets. The potentially high data volumes of multimedia content, and high complexity associated with individual concept detectors, have hindered the practical deployment of many current solutions. In this paper, we present a summary of our work in building systems and applications for resource adaptive semantic concept detection in multimedia using large-scale distributed stream mining systems. We construct such concept detection applications as a hierarchical topology of individual concept detectors, and deploy them on distributed processing infrastructure. We then focus on dynamically configuring individual concept detectors to meet system imposed resource constraints while minimizing a penalty defined in terms of the misclassification cost. We present multiple centralized and distributed algorithms for this configuration, and describe the implemented application and system. We also verify through simulations that significant improvement in terms of accuracy of classification can be achieved through our approach.
Modeling U.S. Mortality and Risk-Cost Optimization on Life Expectancy

Human life expectancy has risen in most developed countries over several decades, causing observed demographic shifts. Many researchers have developed models to determine the expectancy of life at birth. Yet due to the complexity of the real-world mortality data, and recent global economy impacts, there is a great demand to search for new models to accurately predict the life expectancy, especially in the United States. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of mortality rate in the United States over a period of six decades (data from 1946 to 2005) with considerations of the six most common distribution functions in the mortality area. These functions are: Gompertz, Gompertz-Makeham, logistic, log logistic, loglog, and Weibull. Given complex mortality data, we develop models including algorithms to compute the mortality measures such as mortality rate, and then select the best function for predicting the life expectancy in the United States. The modeling results include life expectancy at birth, life expectancy at each age, mortality rate, and forecasting models. We also discuss a new risk-cost function with respect to life expectancy, and determine the optimal threshold lifetime level that maximizes the expected risk cost. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the expected risk-cost results. The proposed risk-cost optimization model, and the optimal lifetime threshold value can help the policy-decision makers of related healthcare organizations including insurance companies to carefully perform the tradeoff between the cost and benefits. This approach can affect both short term and long term related healthcare policies and plans. The results show that the logistic distribution uniquely out performs other distributions based on the mean square error criterion. We find that on average the life expectancy at birth in the United States in 2005 for both sexes, males, and females are 84.0, 81.9, and 84.6 years, respectively. This new result shows that the true life expectancy on average in the U.S. is significantly larger than in existing reports. Life expectancy obviously changes as one will get older. By late adulthood, a person's chances of living longer increase as is reflected by the life expectancy function. For example, although the life expectancy from birth in the United States in 2005 is 84.0 years, those who live to age 65 will have an average of 20.4 additional years left to live, making their life expectancy almost 85.4 years. Similarly, those who live to age 75 will gain an additional few years, making their life expectancy almost 87.6 years. On average, a child who will be born in the US in 2015 can expect to live 85.5 years, and in 2025 a child born can expect to live nearly 87 years.
A neuropsychology of deception and self-deception

As more criminals are imprisoned, other individuals change their behavior to replace them, as predicted by the “floating niche” theory of strategic behavior. The physiological correlates of sociopathy suggest that research in cognitive neuroscience can lead toward a solution. Promising pathways include building upon current knowledge of self-deceit, the independence of positive and negative emotions, the lateralization of risk and caution, and the conditions promoting prosocial behavior.
Overcoming the Internet impasse through virtualization

The Internet architecture has proven its worth by the vast array of applications it now supports and the wide variety of network technologies over which it currently runs. Most current Internet research involves either empirical measurement studies or incremental modifications that can be deployed without major architectural changes. Easy access to virtual testbeds could foster a renaissance in applied architectural research that extends beyond these incrementally deployable designs.
Epidemiology of Fracture Risk With Advancing Age

Bone loss and structural damage with advancing age lead to skeletal fragility as manifested by low bone mass and deficits in bone geometry, microarchitecture, and material properties. Skeletal fragility, in combination with a greater propensity to fall, results in an increased susceptibility to fractures with aging, known as fragility fractures. Fragility fractures exceed 2 million per year in number and account for nearly 20 billion dollars per year in health care costs in the United States. Advanced age, low bone mass, and previous fracture are strong risk factors for fractures at nearly all skeletal sites, but each type of fracture also has its own set of unique risk factors. Hip fractures are most strongly associated with adverse consequences, but these account for only a minority of fragility fractures. Vertebral fractures comprise the most common manifestation of fragility fracture, but the majority of these fractures are asymptomatic. Most research has focused on the epidemiology of fractures at the hip, vertebrae, and wrist and less is known about other fracture types, which account for 40% of total fragility fractures that are clinically recognized. Future research focused on identification of older adults at high risk of disabling fractures is warranted.
The Copyright Wars – A Computer Scientist’s View of Copyright in the U.S.

Copyright is an area that until recently was of interest primarily to intellectual property (IP) lawyers and law professors. As a computer scientist and a non-lawyer whose only interactions with IP lawyers until the past decade involved applying for patents, I was convinced that IP law was among the most boring of topics. I now find it fascinating, a change that was brought about by the clash of technology, politics, and the law.
A numerical framework for diffusion-controlled bimolecular-reactive systems to enforce maximum principles and the non-negative constraint

We present a novel computational framework for diffusive-reactive systems that satisfies the non-negative constraint and maximum principles on general computational grids. The governing equations for the concentration of reactants and product are written in terms of tensorial diffusion-reaction equations. We restrict our studies to fast irreversible bimolecular reactions. If one assumes that the reaction is diffusion-limited and all chemical species have the same diffusion coefficient, one can employ a linear transformation to rewrite the governing equations in terms of invariants, which are unaffected by the reaction. This results in two uncoupled tensorial diffusion equations in terms of these invariants, which are solved using a novel non-negative solver for tensorial diffusion-type equations. The concentrations of the reactants and the product are then calculated from invariants using algebraic manipulations. The novel aspect of the proposed computational framework is that it will always produce physically meaningful non-negative values for the concentrations of all chemical species. Several representative numerical examples are presented to illustrate the robustness, convergence, and the numerical performance of the proposed computational framework. We will also compare the proposed framework with other popular formulations. In particular, we will show that the Galerkin formulation (which is the standard single-field formulation) does not produce reliable solutions, and the reason can be attributed to the fact that the single-field formulation does not guarantee non-negative solutions. We will also show that the clipping procedure (which produces non-negative solutions but is considered as a variational crime) does not give accurate results when compared with the proposed computational framework.
The origin and fate of silt sized carbonate in subsurface Miocene—Oligocene mudstones, south Texas Gulf Coast

Combined petrographic and geochemical data document several kinds of detrital carbonate in subsurface Miocene-Oligocene mudstones of the Texas Gulf Coast. In the extreme south of Texas, in muddy sediments deposited by ancient precursors to the modern Rio Grande, mudstone carbonate is dominated by extrabasinal detritus derived from Cretaceous limestones of the Edwards plateau. Further north, Oligocene mudstones contain carbonate that is mostly syndepositional skeletal material. Minor amounts of authigenic carbonate are found as replacements of silt sized feldspars in all the mudstones. Depth-related shifts in δ18Ocalcite and δ13Ocalcite suggest that small amounts of authigenic carbonate also form by replacement of detrital carbonate (‘recrystallization’), although this cannot be demonstrated petrographically. Pervasive carbonate cementation in primary pores in mudstones is not generally observed. Textural evidence of carbonate loss through pressure dissolution is widespread, providing a mechanism for the depth-related decline in carbonate content observed in many Gulf Coast wells. Carbonate dissolution in mudstones, and export of the CaCO3, implies a massive acid source, probably resulting from silicate reactions within the mudstones during burial diagenesis.
Dynamic modeling of robotic fish and its experimental validation

In this paper, we present a new dynamic model for a carangiform robotic fish by merging rigid-body dynamics with Lighthill's large-amplitude elongated-body theory. In addition, we refine the model by introducing an effective approach to the evaluation of time-varying drag force and moment coefficients. It is known that these coefficients vary with the angle of attack, but the angle of attack oscillates constantly for a carangiform robotic fish because of the recoil motion of the body. By examining the individual effects of tail beat bias, frequency, amplitude on the attack angle, we find that the bias has much more dominant impact than the other two factors. Based on this observation, we develop a convenient scheme for determining the drag force and moment coefficients, as a function of the tail beat bias. Experimental results on a robotic fish prototype propelled with a servo-controlled rigid tail have verified the proposed model. In particular, we show that the pressure force at the tail tip, which is often ignored in related literature, plays a significant role in the dynamics. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme for adapting the drag force and moment coefficients is also demonstrated through the comparison with a model that uses constant drag coefficients.
The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population

This study sought to better understand the relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health and mental health in 122 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The current study conceptualized religion/spirituality as a multidimensional factor, and measured it with a new measure of religion/spirituality for research on health outcomes (Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religion/Spirituality). Pain patients' religious and spiritual beliefs appear different than the general population (e.g. pain patients feel less desire to reduce pain in the world and feel more abandoned by God). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed significant associations between components of religion/spirituality and physical and mental health. Private religious practice (e.g. prayer, meditation, consumption of religious media) was inversely related to physical health outcomes, indicating that those who were experiencing worse physical health were more likely to engage in private religious activities, perhaps as a way to cope with their poor health. Forgiveness, negative religious coping, daily spiritual experiences, religious support, and self-rankings of religious/spiritual intensity significantly predicted mental health status. Religion/spirituality was unrelated to pain intensity and life interference due to pain. This study establishes relationships between religion/spirituality and health in a chronic pain population, and emphasizes that religion/spirituality may have both costs and benefits for the health of those with chronic pain.
What Is Business History

As one grows old, he becomes increasingly annoyed at confusion of almost any variety; and that which continues to surround the concept of "business history" chances to impinge frequently enough upon my attention to impel me to try to reduce the disparities in concepts still existent among individuals interested in the field. Diversity of concepts was evident even among men interested enough in the area to come in some cases, goodly distances to attend a two-day meeting at the Harvard Business School on the teaching of the subject. Perhaps because I was already teaching economic history before business history was born, because I have known the chief actors in the world created by Professor N. S. B. Gras, and because I have had to give thought to the nature of entrepreneurial history, I may in this connection pretend to pose as a sort of academic amicus curiae. And I think that I have made manifest my interest in the field.
Generation, verification, and execution of boundary scan with built-in self-test hardware for VLSI

Some of the problems traditionally associated with design-for-testability are the complexity of integrating the needed hardware, the verification and execution of this hardware, and the area overhead required for such an integration. A VLSI CAD tool that generates a layout for such hardware for any CMOS chip is presented. A method for verifying fault-free operation and an execution protocol procedure for the hardware are also presented. >
A dynamic localization model for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows

In a previous paper, Germano, et al. (1991) proposed a method for computing coefficients of subgrid-scale eddy viscosity models as a function of space and time. This procedure has the distinct advantage of being self-calibrating and requires no a priori specification of model coefficients or the use of wall damping functions. However, the original formulation contained some mathematical inconsistencies that limited the utility of the model. In particular, the applicability of the model was restricted to flows that are statistically homogeneous in at least one direction. These inconsistencies and limitations are discussed and a new formulation that rectifies them is proposed. The new formulation leads to an integral equation whose solution yields the model coefficient as a function of position and time. The method can be applied to general inhomogeneous flows and does not suffer from the mathematical inconsistencies inherent in the previous formulation. The model has been tested in isotropic turbulence and in the flow over a backward-facing step.
The determination of low lying ionization potentials of BN, BN+ and B2N and photodetachment energies of BN- and B2N- using the multiconfigurational spin tensor electron propagator method

The multiconfigurational spin tensor electron propagator method (MCSTEP) is a Green's function based approach for directly calculating accurately the low lying ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of highly correlated closed and open shell molecules. The MCSTEP method has been employed to determine the vertical ionization potentials and adiabatic ionization potentials of BN, BN+ and B2N and the photodetachment energies (PDEs) of BN− and B2N−. These systems have had wide industrial applications and have recently been the focus of considerable attention. For BN, the lowest few MCSTEP vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials are in good agreement with other theoretical values previously reported. For BN− the MCSTEP PDEs are in good agreement with the experimental values and previous theoretical results. MCSTEP vertical and adiabatic IPs for BN+ differ for some states compared with other previously reported theoretical values. This is believed to be the first time that the vertical an...
Influence of Beam and Target Properties on the Excimer Laser Deposition of Yba2Cu3O7-x Thin Films

Target modification by excimer laser exposure has been investigated. Under conditions typical in the fabrication of superconducting thin films, deposition rate decreases with exposure and significant physical and chemical modifications occur on the target surface. These modifications do not inhibit congruent evaporation.
MOISTURE AND HYDROGEN-INDUCED EMBRITTLEMENT OF IRON ALUMINIDES

It is now apparent that Fe3Al and FeAl alloys with less than 40 at.% Al are intrinsically ductile. Brittleness is manifested only in environments providing ready access to hydrogen. Microstructure, alloy content and surface condition may alter somewhat the susceptibility to embrittlement by moisture or by hydrogen, but are key considerations in alloy design for toughness or ductility when aluminum content is within the Fe3Al-FeAl range. The susceptibility of iron aluminides to moisture and to hydrogen is a major factor hampering their development as structural alloys. Other properties which need to be improved include tensile strength and creep and impact resistance, but approaches to achieve improved strength properties must consider the susceptibility to the external environment. Development of alloys with less than 16% Al appears to be attractive for situations where reduced strength and oxidation resistance can be tolerated because of the insensitivity of these alloys to embrittlement. However, it must be realized that these alloys are not intermetallics.
The Politics of Altruism: The American Church-State Conflict in the Food-for-Peace Program

The church-state problem in the United States has its focal point usually at school board meetings, sometimes in city hall or the state house, and on rare occasions in the Supreme Court. The stakes vary from the loan of a few hundred physics textbooks through public bussing of parochial schoolchildren on up to the possible achievement of long-term federal subsidies for church related schools and social welfare programs. The antagonists are virtually always the same: the Roman Catholic Church and a few Protestant sects seeking to gain greater access to the ma terial resources controlled by the state; organized Protestants and "others" opposing the efforts of the Roman Catholics. The problem is so familiar that little background need be provided the reader. Consequently, the overriding aim of this article is a simple one: to bring into the view of an informed public an area of American church-state relations hitherto the conscious concern of fewer than one hundred persons. This is the conflict among church-related voluntary agencies working in cooperation with the United States Government in the Food-for-Peace Pro
SOCIAL DISTRACTIBILITY OF NORMAL AND PREVIOUSLY IRRADIATED MALE RHESUS MONKEYS.

A study was made of the effects of distraction upon freecage behavior to determine the relation between amount of previous whole-body radiation exposure of adult male rhesus monkeys and behavioral stability under conditions of social distraction. The irradiated monkeys had been exposed to atomic weapons detonations 31/2 years earlier at various doses of radiation, from 10-rep neutron plus 70-r neutron radiation to 54-rep + 554-r doses. Other monkeys were chronically exposed 6 years earlier in the lab to doses up to 670 rem. Exposed monkeys were each systematically observed once, over a 3-day period, under each of three conditions of social distraction. One condition had no social stimuli present, a second had an adult female monkey at menses present, and the third had an adult female monkey at estimated time of ovulation present. Order of condition presentation was counterbalanced over days within each radiation-dosage group. The female monkey was, in each instance, visually, but not physically accessible, being placed in a cage three feet from the cage housing the experimental male monkey. The study was repeated one month later with the same experimental subjects. Statistical treatment of each set of data yielded a significant radiation groups-by-conditions interaction. Each interaction reflectedmore » a positive relation between amount of previous whole-body radiation exposure and behavioral stability under conditions of social distraction. These results are interpreted as reflecting decreased social distractibility accruing to whole-body radiation exposure and are in accord with findings of previous studies concerned with the effects of nonsocial distractions upon performance of specific laboratory tasks. Whether these results reflect direct effects of radiation exposure upon the endocrine system of the monkey remains to be determined. (BBB)« less