cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Continuing Challenge of Outcome Disparities in Children With Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with the development of debilitating, life-shortening complications related to chronic hyperglycemia. In 1993, the landmark Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that carefully supervised, intensive basal-bolus insulin therapy that led to the chronic reduction of HbA1c to normal or near-normal levels could prevent the occurrence and progression of microvascular complications.1 The DCCT findings led to the use of HbA1c as the main clinical indicator of treatment effectiveness, recommendations for patient HbA1c treatment goals in the normal/near normal range, and advocacy of intensive insulin management to achieve those goals.2,3 In the 2 decades since the DCCT, there have been many technical advances in insulin formulations, insulin delivery systems, and blood glucose monitoring to facilitate the achievement of HbA1c outcome goals. Despite these changes, the T1D Exchange Clinic Network found that the majority of pediatric patients in their survey still did not reach recommended HbA1c goals4 and thus remain at potentially higher risk … Address correspondence to Stuart A. Chalew, MD, 200 Henry Clay Ave, Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70118. E-mail: schale{at}lsuhsc.edu
Monitoring of neutron flux changes in short-lived neutron activation analysis

It is well known variations in neutron fluxes can adversely affect the final result in neutron activation analysis. The monitoring of neutron flux changes are usually described for medium and long-lived NAA using foils of cobalt, gold, zirconium, etc. However, for short-lived neutron activation analysis there appears to be no systematic study of the variations of the neutron flux. With our new automatic pneumatic system, where irradiation timing, decay and counting and position are very reproducible, we have performed a series of experiments using thermal and epithermal neutrons using aluminum wire as a monitor to monitor the neutron fluxes. Our experiments confirm that neutron flux fluctuations in the worst case can be up to ±12 % with a SD of 2–3 %. This effect can be seen regardless of the irradiation time and must be taken into consideration to achieve the best result.
Developing a system to predict laboratory-confirmed chlamydial and/or gonococcal urethritis in adult male emergency department patients.

AbstractObjectives: We aimed to create a system for predicting which male emergency department (ED) patients with suspected chlamydial and/or gonococcal urethritis would have laboratory-confirmed infections based on clinical factors available at the initial ED encounter. Methods: We used statistical models to develop a system to predict either the presence or absence of laboratory-confirmed chlamydial and/or gonorrheal urethritis based on patient demographics and presenting symptoms. Data for the system were extracted from a retrospective chart review of adult male patients who were suspected of having, and were tested for, chlamydial and/or gonococcal urethritis at an adult, urban, northeastern United States, academic ED from January 1998 to December 2004. Results: Among the 822 patients tested, 29.2% had chlamydia, gonorrhea, or both infections; 13.8% were infected with chlamydia alone, 12.1% were infected with gonorrhea alone, and 3.3% were infected with both. From the statistical models, the following...
Synthetic applications of dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium fluoroborate: Sulfenyletherification and sulfenyllactonization

Abstract A new method for the formation of cyclic ethers and lactones is described. Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium fluoroborate (DMTSF) initiates formation of an episulfonium ion, which is followed by internal nucleophilic displacement to give the products in good yields.
Production of a foreign protein product with genetically modified plant cells.

Abstract Plant cells (Nicotiana tabacum) were genetically engineered to produce a foreign protein, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and the CAT production from suspension cultures was investigated. Suspension cultures were grown in a shake flask, a stirred fermenter, and a bubble-column fermenter. The CAT production was growth related and the maximum activity was reached during the early stationary phase. A 41-day, semicontinuous stirred fermenter run, consisting of five sequential batch runs, demonstrated long-term CAT production. Continuous CAT production was also accomplished in a bubble-column fermenter at a medium flow rate of 3.1 ml h −1 , which was equivalent to a dilution rate of 0.25 day −1 .
'Road rage' in Arizona: Armed and dangerous

Little is known about the relationship between firearm carrying and hostile behavior on the roadway. To explore a possible association between firearm carrying by drivers and hostile driving behavior we conducted a random-digit-dial survey of 790 licensed drivers in Arizona. In addition to demographic questions, we asked whether respondents had carried a gun while driving in the 12 months prior to the survey. Respondents were also asked if they, in anger, had personally made obscene gestures, cursed or shouted at other drivers, impeded another drivers progress with their vehicle, aggressively 'followed another driver too closely', or brandished a gun at another driver. We used multivariable logistic regression to explore correlates of hostile driving behavior while taking into account several demographic and behavioral characteristics. Overall 11% of drivers always (4%) or sometimes (7%) carried a gun with them in their vehicle; 34% report having made obscene gestures/cursed/shouted angrily; 28% report aggressively following or blocking other drivers with their vehicle. In both crude and multivariate adjusted analyses, self-report of engaging in hostile behavior while driving was significantly more common among men, young adults, and individuals who carried a firearm in their car. Our findings suggest that, at least among Arizona motorists, having a gun in the car is a strong marker for aggressive and illegal behavior behind the wheel.
Mode-I Fracture Toughness of IM7/LaRC-RP46 Composites under Thermal Aging

High temperature Mode-I interlaminar fracture tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of thermal aging at various temperatures on the fracture behavior of DVI7/LaRC-RP46 composites. The Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimens made of unidirectional laminates were used in the test program. The specimens have been aged at high temperatures for times up to and including 6000 hours. Changes in fracture behavior that occurred over periods of aging time and aging temperature have been measured and determined for variations of test temperature and loading rate. As expected, the crack growth at high temperature showed nonlinear load-displacement response due to rate dependent nature of the matrix. High temperature increased G,c values of aged and unaged specimens at temperature near Tg and decreased at temperature above Tg. Longer time thermal aging had also significantly reduced G!C initiation values of aged specimens. In contrast, thermal aging increased GK propagation values due to the occurrence of increased fiber bridging, fiber breakage and microcracks. Results also indicated that high temperature slowed crack growth rate. However, thermal aging and higher loading rates accelerated crack growth rate. The effect of thermal aging and temperature on the crack growth rate da/dt can be correlated with C* parameter in a power law relation.
TRAINING TECHNIQUES: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY'S OIL SPILL CONTROL COURSE

ABSTRACT This paper concerns the growth and development of the Oil Spill Control Course offered in Galveston, Texas, through Texas A&M University's Engineering Extension Service. Emphasis is placed on advances in practical educational methodology made by the course during its three and one-half year span. Areas covered include audience analysis techniques, hands-on training, and various simulation devices and scenarios employed during the course. Attention is given to the course's new specially-constructed facility and its capabilities. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the Engineering Extension Service's movement to improve and expand its core oil spill control curriculum.
Deuterium permeation through 309S stainless steel with thin, characterized oxides☆

Abstract Results from deuterium permeation through 309S stainless steel have been combined with oxide growth and characterization information to establish the effects of surface oxides on permeation. Permeation results for 0.25 mm thick diaphragms were obtained using an all-metal, ion-pumped vacuum system and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The temperature range covered was 250 to 450°C with an upstream deuterium pressure of 100 torr. Analysis by sputter-through Auger electron spectroscopy (AFS) revealed that some oxides were reduced or altered by the permeation process. The study included oxide thicknessess of 100 to 2500 A grown by various procedures. Other characterization techniques employed were proton-induced X-ray spectroscopy (PIX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The oxides investigated were found to have only a minor effect on the measured permeabilities.
Nitric oxide, enhanced by macrophage-colony stimulating factor, mediates renal damage in reflux nephropathy

Nitric oxide, enhanced by macrophage-colony stimulating factor, mediates renal damage in reflux nephropathy. Background Reflux nephropathy (RN) is a major cause of end-stage renal failure in children and young adults. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of tissue injury and inflammation. NO production is enhanced by hematopoietic growth factor including macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). M-CSF plays a pivotal role in the development of nephritis via macrophage activation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and M-CSF in the refluxing kidney, in order to further understand the pathogenesis of RN. Methods The kidney specimens from 6 patients with severe RN and 6 controls were examined by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and immunohistochemistry using ABC method with anti-M-CSF antibody. Double staining using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry/M-CSF immunohistochemistry and M-CSF/iNOS fluorescence immunohistochemistry also was performed. In situ hybridization was performed using digoxigenin labeled M-CSF specific probe. RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the relative amount of iNOS mRNA expression. Apoptosis was determined using the in situ end-labeling technique. Results The most striking difference between tissues from RN patients and controls was the marked increase in NADPH-d activity, iNOS immunoreactivity and mRNA and M-CSF immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in the kidneys of RN patients, particularly in the distal tubules, collecting system. Apoptotic cells were markedly increased in RN compared to controls. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the increase in M-CSF–stimulated local production of nitric oxide may be a major mediator in the development of reflux nephropathy.
Research-Based Knowledge in Psychology: What, if Anything, is Its Incremental Value to the Practitioner?

This essay reflects an ongoing dialogue between a clinician versed in mainstream psychological research and theory, and a social psychologist with experience both as a researcher and contributor to applied undertakings in various domains about the “incremental value” of research-based knowledge—that is, its value beyond that provided by the other sources of knowledge available to the practitioner. These sources include knowledge about the needs and coping strategies of all human beings, as well as knowledge both about the specific life circumstances of those one is seeking to help, and knowledge about language and culture. Examples from the clinical practice of the first author are offered, coupled with in-principle arguments about the underspecified and contingent nature of research-based generalizations. By way of rebuttal, examples of arguably useful findings are provided by the second author—especially findings that serve as correctives to biases in lay psychology (notably unwarranted “dispositionism”) and to widespread shortcomings in judgment and decision-making (particularly, Kahneman and Tversky’s work on “prospect theory” ). Both authors agree on the value of a “bricoleur” treatment strategy that relies on careful attention to the specifics of the case at hand and avoids one-size-fits-all applications of theory and prior research, and both agree that research-based findings are more useful in predicting behavior and designing intervention strategies that apply to groups and large samples of individuals rather than single actors. A concluding discussion focuses on necessary criteria and strategies for increasing the usefulness of laboratory and field research for the practitioner.
Preparation of disodium fluorescein powders in association with lauric and capric acids

In previous studies micronized disodium fluorescein (DF) powders were coated with lauric or capric acid. This was a precursor to evaluating the effects of the fatty acids on the hygroscopic growth of the DF aerosols. Studies of the association of fatty acids with DF reflected a limited interpretation of the data obtained. The present study examines more closely the phenomena involved in coating the DF. It is concluded that lateral interactions due to the hydrophobic aliphatic tails of the fatty acids give rise to adsorption, aggregation, and flocculation, all of which cause inflections in the association isotherm rendering it nonlinear.
Formation of the Coefficient Matrix of a Large Dynamic System

The coefficient matrix for the set of first-order differential equations that describe a dynamic system is formed from the block diagram or equations that describe the system. The method for accomplishing this is described in terms of matrix equations. Then the derivative of this coefficient matrix with respect to one of the system parameters is found in terms of the matrices used to form it. The coefficient matrix and its derivative can be used to find the eigenvalues of the system and the sensitivities of the eigenvalues to the system's parameters.
Aortic degenerative changes and thrombus formation: an unusual cause of massive myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries.

More than 90% of acute transmural myocardial infarctions are associated with thrombosis of atherosclerotic coronary arterial stenoses [1,2]. However, as reported by Cheitlin et al [3], there are less common causes of myocardial infarction that occur without coronary atherosclerosis or thrombosis. These include vasospasm, coronary arteritis, trauma, luminal compromise due to accumulation of material in the arterial wall secondary to inborn errors of metabolism, anomalous origin of the coronary arteries, hematologic disorders causing in situ thrombosis, myocardial oxygen demand-supply imbalance, and coronary artery emboli. Sources of coronary emboli include infective or non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis originating on native or prosthetic valves, atria1 or ventricular mural thrombi, tumors such as cardiac myxomas or papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic valve, and dislodgement of thrombi or atherosclerotic plaques during coronary artery bypass surgery or cardiac catheterization. We report a previously unrecognized cause of coronary artery obstruction. Elastin fragmentation and cystic medial necrosis considered by some as part of the normal aging process [4] led to mild aortic root dilatation and stress-induced fracture of a fibrous atherosclerotic plaque with exposure of a thrombogenic surface and subsequent aortic mural thrombus formation. This thrombus then occluded the left main coronary artery ostium, with subsequent partial fragmentation and embolization into the coronary circulation. The process caused massive transmural myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, and death in a 49-yearold black woman who had normal coronary arteries documented angiographically.
Interaction of rule and attribute learning in in identification of concepts involving binary rules

An experiment was performed in which subjects were required in certain problems to discover which of two binary rules, conjunctive or exclusive disjunctive, was correct. In addition, they were required to discover which two attributes were relevant. Subjects were given direct information about the correct rule either on the first or sixth trial and received varying degrees of information about the potentially correct hypothesis on the first six trials. In some problems, possible solutions were narrowed to two, one for each binary rule, by Trial 6. In other problems, less information was given during these trials. It was found that subjects used rule information to solve the problems, and that hypothesis information was helpful in the absence of information about the correct binary rule. Evidence indicated that subjects tracked hypotheses involving both types of rules simultaneously.
Experimental investigation of a new device to control the asymmetric flowfield on forebodies at large angles of attack

An exploratory experimental investigation of a new device to control the asymmetric flowfield on forebodies at large angles of attack has been conducted. The device is a rotatable forebody tip, which varies in cross section from circular at its base to elliptic at its tip. The device itself extends over a small portion of the aircraft or missile forebody. The device provides two important improvements. First, it replaced the normally random behavior of the nose side force as a function of nose tip orientation with a predictable and generally sinusoidal distribution and, second, the device showed promise for use as part of a vehicle control system, to be deflected in a prescribed manner to provide additional directional control for the vehicle. The device was tested on a cone/cylinder model having a 10 deg semiapex angle and on a 3.0 caliber tangent ogive model, each with a base diameter of 3.5 in, for angles of attack from 30 to 60 deg. Data were taken from 3 circumferential rows of pressure taps on each model at a Reynolds number of 84,000 based on cylinder diameter and by a helium-bubble flow visualization technique at a Reynolds number of 24,000.
Experimental results for the behavior of MSMAs subjected to loads seen in power harvesting applications and complex loads

The microstructure of magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) is comprised of tetragonal martensite variants, each with their preferred internal magnetization orientation. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the martensite variants tend to reorient so that the preferred internal magnetization aligns with the external magnetic field. Thus MSMAs exhibit the shape memory effect when there is a magnetic field in the vicinity of a material point. Furthermore, the tetragonal nature of the martensite variants allows for a compressive stress to cause variant reorientation. This paper focuses on the experimental evaluation of MSMAs in power harvesting as well as on the response of the material under complex loading conditions. The experimental data reported here provides a basis for the evaluation of MSMAs suitability for applications other than the traditional actuation under a constant magnetic field. For power harvesting applications, consider an MSMA element subject to a large enough magnetic field so that all the variants begin in a field preferred state. Keeping the magnetic field constant and adding a variable compressive stress in a direction normal to that of the magnetic field, some or all of the martensitic variants may rotate into a stress preferred state. As the variants reorient, the internal magnetization vectors rotate, and the specimen's magnetization changes. The change in magnetization induces a current in a pick-up coil, resulting in an output voltage at its terminals according to Faraday's law of inductance. For other applications, the loads that an MSMA element is subject to may be different. Investigation into other potential loadings of an MSMA will give a better overall understanding of the magneto-mechanical behavior of MSMAs and perhaps highlight potential applications of these materials. Thus complex loads on MSMAs should be investigated experimentally and eventually modeled mathematically. For example, this work will study variable field and variable stress loading, which might occur if an actuator is being designed to displace a variable load over a controlled distance.
Experimental Considerations when Characterizing Materials Friction with Atomic Force Microscopy

Operational details and experimental methodology regarding the use of atomic force microscopy for the measurement of tribological data are discussed. Data are presented that highlight both the concerns associated with instrumental alignment and the benefits of comprehensive friction–load data collected at microscopic length scales.
A conjectural variations model of strategic rivalry in state economic development policy

Using a conjectural variations model of strategic rivalry, the paper examines the implications of regional policies aimed at creating local employment, given that many regions are pursuing the same policies. Among its results is an explanation for the recent, dramatic shift in regional policy emphasis at the local level from traditional locational subsidy scheme to create jobs to policies that use the tax, expenditure, and regulatory authority of government to improve factor markets (primarily labor quality) and enhance the technological capabilities of the regions. The analysis illustrates that while regional locational subsidy competition is not necessarily a zero sum game, a strategy of using local public sector resources to enhance regional competitiveness, under some circumstances, is superior.
Cutting planes for mixed-integer knapsack polyhedra

An algorithm for generating cutting planes for mixed-integer knapsack polyhedra is described. The algorithm represents an exact separation procedure and is based on a general methodology proposed by one of the authors in an earlier paper. Computational results are presented. © 1998 The Mathematical Programming Society, Inc. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Platelet-rich plasma in the pathologic processes of cartilage: review of basic science evidence.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to systematically review the basic science evidence for the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of pathologic processes of cartilage, both as an adjunct to cartilage repair and as a conservative management strategy for osteoarthritis, with the intent of determining the effect of PRP and whether a proof of concept for its use has been established to facilitate further investigation at a clinical level. Methods Using the terms "platelet-rich plasma OR PRP OR autologous conditioned plasma OR ACP AND cartilage OR chondrocytes OR chondrogenesis OR osteoarthritis OR arthritis" we searched EMBASE and PubMed/Medline in April 2012. Two authors performed the search, 3 authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, and 2 authors extracted the data. Extracted data included cytologic analysis of PRP, study design, and results. Results Twenty-one studies (12 in vitro, 8 in vivo, one in vitro and in vivo) met the inclusion criteria. The effects of PRP in these studies included increasing chondrocyte and mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, proteoglycan deposition, and type II collagen deposition. PRP was also found to increase the cell viability of chondrocytes and the migration and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and to inhibit the effect of catabolic cytokines. In vivo, PRP was used as an adjunct to concomitant surgical management, including microfracture surgery and implant, scaffold, and graft insertion. Not all studies concluded that PRP has a positive effect on cartilage repair. Conclusions The current basic science evidence suggests that PRP has several potential effects on cartilage repair and osteoarthritis, and a proof of concept has been established. Well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to extrapolate this evidence to the clinical setting.
Role of src gene in growth regulation of Rous sarcoma virus-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts

We report here a study of the mechanisms leading to loss of growth control in chicken embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). We have been particularly concerned with the role of the src gene in this process, and have used RSV mutants temperature sensitive (ts) for transformation to investigate the nature of the growth regulatory lesion. The two principal findings were (1) the stationary phase of the cell cycle (G1) in chick embryo fibroblasts seems to have two distinct regulatory compartments (using the terminology of Brooks et al. we refer to these as 'Q' and 'A' states). When rendered stationary at 41.5 degrees C by serum deprivation, normal cells enter a Q state, but cells infected with the ts-mutant occupy an A state. (2) Whereas normal cells can occupy either state depending on culture conditions, the ts-infected cells, at 41.5 degrees C, do not seem to enter Q even though a known src gene product, a kinase, is reported to be inactive at this temperature. We discuss the possibility that viral factors other than the active src protein kinase influence growth control in infected cultures.
Results from modeling of B-Cell receptors binding to antigen.

Abstract In the late 80's, Dintzis et al. conducted an experiment which showed that T-Cell independent activation of B-cells needs high-valence antigen and happens only in a narrow range of antigen concentration. These experiments were believed to be explained by the “immunon” theory that requires that a minimum number of receptors need to be cross-linked to activate a cell. However, the immunon theory does not take into account receptor dynamics and cannot explain the lack of immune response at high antigen concentration or low antigen valence. We propose instead a simple, new mechanism for the T-Cell independent activation of B-Cell, which includes receptor endocytosis. Our model focuses on the fact that for the majority of antigens where the B-Cell is activated with T-Cell help, the kinetic parameters for binding, unbinding and endocytosis must be tuned so that there is an equilibrium between the number of receptors bound on the surface of the B-Cell and the number of antigen-bound receptors endocytosed. This equilibrium mechanism is probably generic and will also occur even when the B-Cell is activated by antigen without T-Cell help. By computer modeling, we show that if we accept this hypothesis of the requirement for equilibrium between the two mechanisms of binding and endocytosis, then we can explain both the valence cutoff and the low and high zone tolerance seen in the Dintzis experiment.
System for automatic recording of nuclear data

Abstract Described is a system which permits data to be recorded simultaneously on nine scaler units each composed of from four to seven decade scaling strips. Data from the last four scaling strips in each of the scaler units are periodically punched (and printed) on I.B.M. cards for direct presentation to an electronic digital computer. The scaler units with seven scaling strips are capable of recording data at the rate of 10 6 events per second while the scaler units with four scaling strips may record data at 10 5 events per second. Data “punch-out” time for the nine scaler units may be made as small as 10 sec. Also described is a method whereby the system may be expanded to punch-out readings from 1 up to 25 scaler units. Each scaler unit may comprise any desired number of scaling strips from which the readings on up to the last ten scaling strips may be recorded.
Electrophysiologic characteristics of accessory atrioventricular connections in an inherited form of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

EP Characteristics in Familial WPW. Introduction: A familial form of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) occurs in association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction ahnormalities. This syndrome, demonstrating autosomal dominant inheritance and segregating with a high degree of penetrance but variable expressivity, has been genetically linked to chromosome 7q3. The purpose of this study is to detail the electrophysiologic characteristics of accessory atrioventricular connections (AC) in four members of a kindred with this syndrome. Methods and Results: We clinically evaluated 32 members of a single kindred and identified 20 individuals with ventricular preexcitation, abnormal intraventricular conduction including complete AV block and/or ventricular hypertrophy, Genetic linkage analysis mapped the disease gene in this kindred to the chromosome 7q3 locus (maximum logarithm of the odds score = 6.88, θ= 0); recombination events in affected individuals reduced the genetic interval from 7 centimorgans (cM) to 5 cM. Electrophysiologic study of four individuals with preexcitation, identified seven AC (1 right sided, 3 septal, and 3 left sided). All four individuals had inducible orthodromic tachycardia; while three had multiple AC. Bidirectional conduction was demonstrated in 6 of 7 AC. Successful ablation was accomplished in 5 of 7 AC. Conclusion: The electrophysiologic characteristics and location of AC in family members having this complex cardiac phenotype are similar to those seen in individuals with isolated WPW. Identification of WPW in more than one family member should prompt clinical evaluation of relatives for additional findings of ventricular hypertrophy or conduction abnormalities.(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Vol. 10, pp. 629-635, May 1999)
Coccidioidin sensitivity in control, immunized and infected guinea pigs.

Delayed hypersensitivity to potent coccidioidin developed in guinea pigs immunized with deadC. immitis arthrospores and guinea pigs infected with an aerosol ofC. immitis arthrospores at weeks 1 and 2. Delayed hypersensitivity in control animals sensitized by repeated intradermal testing developed at weeks 3 and 4. The delayed hypersensitivity responses were characterized grossly by indurations larger than 25 mm2 and could be seen at 6 and 24 hours after testing. Retesting reduced the size of the 24 hour indurations when compared to virginal reactions. The retest delayed reactions in infected animals had indurations at 24 and 48 hours that were larger than those in the other groups.
Nonlinear internal model control strategy for neural network models

Abstract A nonlinear internal model control (NIMC) strategy based on neural network models is proposed for SISO processes. The neural network model is identified from input—output data using a three-layer feedforward network trained with a conjugate gradient algorithm. The NIMC controller consists of a model inverse controller and a robustness filter with a single tuning parameter. The proposed strategy includes time delay compensation in the form of a Smith predictor and ensures offset-free performance. Extensions for measured disturbances are also presented. The NIMC approach is currently restricted to processes with stable inverses. Two alternative implementations of the control law are discussed and simulations results for a continuous stirred tank reactor and pH neutralization process are presented. The results for these two highly-nonlinear processes demonstrate the ability of the new strategy to outperform conventional PID control.
Subdifferential necessary conditions in set-valued optimization problems with equilibrium constraints

This article concerns new subdifferential necessary conditions for local optimal solutions to an important class of general set-valued optimization problems with abstract equilibrium constraints, where the optimality notion is understood in the sense of the generalized order from Definition 5.53 in the book ‘Variational Analysis and Generalized Differentiation II: Applications’ by B. Mordukhovich. This notion is induced by the concept of set extremality and covers all the conventional notions of optimality in vector optimization. Our method is mainly based on advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation. Our results are formulated in terms of the subdifferential constructions for set-valued mappings. We also provide several important relationships between subdifferentials and coderivatives of set-valued mappings including formulae, sequential normal compactness property, and Lipschitz-like behaviour which are new in vector optimization and even in scalar optimization.
Wilderness Expo 2001: educating the general public on wilderness medicine and outdoor safety.

Every year, more and more people participate in potentially dangerous activities in the wilderness. The majority of these adventurers are tourists and laypersons not adequately trained to deal with the emergencies that every expedition, no matter how large or small, might encounter: hypothermia, burns, snake and insect bites, traveler’s diarrhea, hemorrhage, fractures, poisoning, drowning, high-altitude cerebral edema, and cardiac arrest, just to name a few. Emergency departments in the region of Dayton, OH, have been experiencing dramatic increases in annual patient census. This includes larger and larger numbers of people who are injured in wilderness-related activities such as camping, hiking, biking, boating, canoeing, and hunting. The goal of the Wilderness Expo 2001 project was to organize an event that would educate members of the general public on topics related to wilderness and survival medicine and outdoor safety.
SU-E-T-780: Evaluation of Margin-Reduction Using a Framework for Image-Guided Adaptive Radiotherapy (IGART) of Prostate Cancer in the Clinical Setting

Purpose: This study compares the differences between planned and estimated delivered doses under an IGART framework for prostate cancer treatment, with an emphasis on margin calculation and the resulting dosimetric consequences. Methods: Five patients were enrolled in the protocol. PTVs were generated by adding a 1cm isotropic margin to the CTV, except posteriorly where 6mm was employed to limit rectal dose. Two additional IMRT plans were created: one with a 5mm isotropic expansion except 3mm posteriorly, and a 3mm isotropic margin. Daily CBCTs (acquired for each of 42 fractions for a total of 710 CBCT‐datasets) were used for the daily localization and dose calculation. B‐spline based deformable image registration was performed to register each daily CBCT to reference simulation CT‐datasets (SIM‐CT). Dose was calculated on each daily CBCT and accumulated using spline‐based interpolation on the SIM‐CT to estimate overall dose delivered to the patient using all three margin techniques. Results: For all three margins, the average difference between actual delivered and planned CTV mean doses was within 2%. This discrepancy increased as the margin became smaller. Results were patient‐dependent, ranging from 1% to 11% between planned and delivered CTV mean doses.Dose estimations to organs at risk (mean dose to rectum and bladder) increased in the actual delivered doses (up to 40%). For the isotropic 3 mm margin plan, mean doses to the rectum and bladder were reduced 10% to 40% relative to the conventional margin plan. Conclusions: With IGRT, it is possible to reduce treatment margins in prostate cancer. However, caution should be exercised because IGRT alone cannot fully account for tissue deformation or physiological bladder/rectal filling, which may lead to deficits in PTV coverage. IGART, including an adaptive planning framework, offers the benefit of margin reduction through the evaluation of estimated dose delivery and plan reoptimization.
Prevalence and Infection Load Dynamics of Rickettsia felis in Actively Feeding Cat Fleas

Background Rickettsia felis is a flea-associated rickettsial pathogen recurrently identified in both colonized and wild-caught cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis. We hypothesized that within colonized fleas, the intimate relationship between R. felis and C. felis allows for the coordination of rickettsial replication and metabolically active periods during flea bloodmeal acquisition and oogenesis.
REACTIONS TAKING PLACE DURING SMELTING OF SUPEROPAQUE ANTIMONY ENAMEL

The reactions taking place during the smelting of a typical superopaque antimony enamel were studied by first determining the thermal effects which occur during the smelting of the raw batch and then by investigating the reactions which produce these effects. By this method, it was found that up to 500°F. the chief reaction was the dehydration of the borax. Between 500° and 800°F., the first liquid developed with the melting of the soda niter. Most of the reactions, however, took place from 800° to 1300°F. Soda niter and sodium silicofluoride were decomposed, and the antimony trioxide was oxidized. Above 1300°F., considerable glass was formed, and the enamel gradually became more uniform.
A Framework for Sex Role Counseling.

The androgyny model of masculinity and femininity serves as the basis for a framework for sex role counseling applicable to both sexes. A conceptualization of individual differences in sex role-related characteristics suggests criteria for personal sex role adjustment other than universal conformity to traditional sex role requirements. It is suggested that consistency among an individual's feminine and masculine self-attributions, sex role ideals, environmental demands with their accompanying rewards and costs, and the behavioral repertoire available for dealing with current situations is needed for a comfortable sense of self as a woman or man. Examples of sex role problems, counseling goals, and interventions are described within this framework. Sex role counseling thus requires a clear comprehension of the impact of sex roles on a personal level.
Organocatalysts of oxidative protein folding inspired by protein disulfide isomerase.

Organocatalysts derived from diethylenetriamine effect the rapid isomerization of non-native protein disulfide bonds to native ones. These catalysts contain a pendant hydrophobic moiety to encourage interaction with the non-native state, and two thiol groups with low pKa values that form a disulfide bond with a high E°′ value.
Effects of CTE-induced residual stresses around hard alpha particles on fatigue crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V

The presence of hard alpha (HA) anomalies in titanium alloys represents a significant potential degradation to gas turbine component performance. Although HA defects in titanium alloys are rare, when they are present, they can crack and ultimately result in failure. In static fracture and fatigue test specimens, embedded HA defects had significantly higher fracture strengths than anticipated. The objective of this work was to determine if residual stresses caused by thermal expansion mismatch during material fabrication were the cause of the observed behaviour. The residual stress fields in and around surface and embedded HA particles in Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-6-4) were determined using an elasticity solution and measured coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) data. The calculated stress distributions serve as the foundation for comparisons of the local stress and the fracture strength, the stress intensity factor K and the crack growth threshold ΔK th , with the experimentally determined fatigue lives. The analytical results indicated that CTE-induced residual stress around HA particles can contribute to the fatigue strength of Ti-6-4 by delaying microcracking of HA anomalies and reducing the driving force (effective ΔK) of the fatigue crack. Based on the analysis results, the differences between the surface and subsurface results as well as the difference between predicted and measured fatigue lives could be largely attributed to the residual stress effects caused by the mismatch of the particle and matrix properties.
Simple technique for measuring the phase property of a twisted nematic liquid crystal television

A simple technique to measure the phase retardation property as a function of the driving voltage of a liquid crystal television (LCTV) accurately using Young’s double-slit interference principle is presented. The phase property of an Epson LCTV is characterized by measuring the irradiance change at a fixed position at the center of the Young’s interference pattern. The phase retardation is also characterized by measuring the fringe shift as previous authors have done, and the measured results obtained with the two methods are consistent.
WE‐C‐116‐11: Prediction of Prostate Gleason Score Using Neural Network and Multi‐Parametric MRI

Purpose: To predict prostate Gleason score (Gleason score >6) using neural network and multi‐parametric MRI. Methods: This study included 17 radical prostatectomy patients who underwent in‐vivo multi‐parametric MRI: Diffusion weighted images (DWI), T2‐Mapping, dynamic‐contrast enhanced (DCE) images, and MR spectroscopy (MRS) prior to surgery. The prostate gland was transversely sectioned and each tissue slice was radially divided into 8 sections. Two hundred thirty one of these sections were examined by a pathologist and a Gleason score was graded individually. For each section, distributions of corresponding parameters extracted from MRI images were used in our analysis. These parameters included the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from DWI, T2‐map, forward volume transfer constant (Ktrans) from DCE, and MRS. The mean and standard deviation of the ADC, T2‐map, Ktrans, and their 95th, 90th, 10th, and 5th percentile values were derived from their distributions. A feed‐forward neural network was constructed using a growth algorithm. In this method, among the above variables, only the variables which increased the model performance were selected as input features of network. The network model was validated using a five‐fold cross‐validation Method: data were randomly divided into 5 groups of approximately equal size; four groups of data were used to train network and the remaining one was used to test the network, in turn. The model performance was evaluated with area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve. Results: MRS, mean value of 90th percentage of Ktrans, mean and standard deviation of 10th percentage of ADC, and mean of 10th percentage of T2‐map were five predictors selected by the neural network model. The area under the ROC curve was 0.77 for cross‐validation data (sensitivity=72%, specificity=71%). Conclusion: Prostate Gleason score can be accurately predicted using multi‐parametric MRI and a neural network model. This provides a non‐invasive way to identify the prostate cancer aggressiveness.
Enlightening the postsynaptic density.

Research on the PSD touches many branches of neuroscience, and I regret that many relevant studies could not be cited for lack of space. I thank Drs. Nancy Desmond, Lucas Pozzo-Miller, Dennis Landis, James Gurd, and Philip Gordon-Weaks for provision of photographs of the PSD, Dr. R. MacKinnon for PDZ domain structure coordinates, and Drs. Richard Weinberg, Pavel Osten, Mary Kennedy, Lucas Pozzo-Miller, and Sunita DeSouza for critical readings of the manuscript. I thank Laveria Lee and Theresa Serra for assistance in manuscript preparation. E. Z. is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Structure, physico-chemical and sensory properties of feta cheese made with tapioca starch and lecithin as fat mimetics

Abstract Functionality of modified tapioca starch and lecithin as fat mimetics in Feta cheese was studied. Cheeses were made with no fat mimetics, 1% modified tapioca starch, 0.2% lecithin, and a combination of 0.5% tapioca starch and 0.1% lecithin. Low-fat Feta cheeses (9–16% fat) were prepared from bovine 1.6–2.2% fat milk. Cheeses were ripened for 45 d before chemical, sensory, SEM, and textural evaluation. Levels of fat and fat mimetics significantly affected moisture, protein, yield, and hardness. Reduced-fat cheeses with modified tapioca starch had the highest moisture (67.6%) and lowest protein (13.5%) content and their hardness was higher. SEM micrographs revealed that the size of protein aggregates increased as the fat content of the cheese decreased. The combination of modified tapioca starch and lecithin improved flavor, texture and overall acceptability of reduced-fat and low-fat Feta cheeses.
Analysis of damage formation and propagation in metallic thin films under the action of thermal stresses and electric fields

A quantitative analysis is presented of void formation, morphological stability, and evolution in metallic thin films, which are problems that underlie serious reliability issues in interconnections used in integrated circuits. The analysis is based on the coupling of bulk and interfacial mass transport phenomena with elastic deformations and current stressing. The formation and growth of intergranular voids in bamboo-structure conductor lines due to stresses that develop during processing is investigated. The investigation is aided by self-consistent simulation of bulk and grain-boundary diffusional processes using bicrystal models with elastic grains. A systematic analysis is presented of the morphological evolution of transgranular voids in passivated and unpassivated aluminum lines under current densities that are typical of electromigration testing. The effects of the electric field and surface properties on the morphological stability of voids are examined and morphologies that bifurcate from rounded or wedge-like void shapes are predicted. The theoretical results are discussed in the context of experimental data of void propagation under electromigration conditions.
Measurement and Modeling of Normal Contact Stiffness and Contact Damping at the Meso Scale

Modeling of contact inteffaces that inherently include roughness such as joints, clamping devices, and robotic contacts, is very important in many engineering applications. Accurate modeling of such devices requires knowledge of contact parameters such as contact stiffness and contact damping, which are not readily available. In this paper, an experimental method based on contact resonance is developed to extract the contact parameters of realistic rough surfaces under lightly loaded conditions. Both Hertzian spherical contacts and flat rough surfaces in contact under normal loads of up to 1000 mN were studied. Due to roughness, measured contact stiffness values are significantly lower than theoretical values predicted from smooth surfaces in contact. Also, the measured values favorably compare with theoretical values based on both Hertzian and rough contact surfaces. Contact damping ratio values were found to decrease with increasing contact load for both Hertzian and flat surfaces. Furthermore, Hertzian contacts have larger damping compared to rough flat surfaces, which also agrees with the literature. The presence of minute amount of lubricant and wear debris at the interface was also investigated. It was found that both lubricant and wear debris decrease the contact stiffness significantly though only the lubricant significantly increases the damping.
Segmental spinal dysgenesis: report of four cases and proposed management strategy.

Introduction Segmental spinal dysgenesis, a rare developmental malformation, usually manifests during pregnancy or at birth. The resulting gross spinal instability necessitates spinal stabilization, which is inherently challenging in neonates.