cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A reversibly deployable air dam: a bending approach based on embedded shape memory alloy actuators, Part II: technology demonstration

Airflow over/under/around a vehicle can affect many important aspects of vehicle performance including vehicle drag (and through this vehicle fuel economy), vehicle lift and downforce (and through these vehicle stability and handling), and cooling/heat exchange for the vehicle powertrain and air conditioning systems. Known devices in current use to control airflow over/under/around the vehicle are all of fixed geometry, location, orientation, and stiffness. Such devices can thus not be relocated, reoriented, reshaped, etc. as driving conditions change and thus airflow over/under/around the vehicle body cannot be adjusted to better suit the changed driving condition. Additionally, under-vehicle airflow control devices, such as air dams, also reduce ground clearance and thus present a constant challenge to designers to provide the needed control of airflow while maintaining sufficient ground clearance to avoid damage. The research project whose second phase is described herein had its genesis in brainstorming on ways in which the field activated shape and stiffness changing attributes of several classes of active materials could be utilized to produce on-demand deploying/stowing of an air dam. During this second phase, bench top working models were developed, constructed, and successfully exercised this demonstrating the feasibility of an SMA actuator based approach to reversibly deploying an air dam through bending of its flexible structure. Beyond feasibility, the bench top working models demonstrated an active materials based approach which would add little weight to the existing stationary system, and could potentially perform well in the harsh under vehicle environment due to a lack of bearings and pivots. This demonstration showed that actuation speed, force, and cyclic stability all could meet the application requirements.
Costratification of a population of bipolar cells with the direction-selective circuitry of the rabbit retina.

We have stained a new population of bipolar cells in rabbit retina by using antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope, CD15. The CD15-positive bipolar cells comprise 6–8% of the total cone bipolar cells in peripheral retina. Their axonal and dendritic arbors are similar in size and range from 15 to 50 μm in diameter. The axonal arbors are narrowly stratified in sublamina b of the inner plexiform layer. Double label experiments using an antibody against the calcium binding protein, calbindin, or an antibody against protein kinase C, demonstrate that the CD15-positive bipolar cells are a separate population from the previously identified calbindin-positive cone bipolar cells and the rod bipolar cells. Labeling the processes of starburst amacrine cells with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase showed that the CD15-positive bipolar cells stratify within and slightly more distally to the processes of the ON-starburst amacrine cells. Confocal images of retinal wholemounts showed that the axons of the CD15-positive bipolar cells follow the pattern of the ON-starburst cells' processes. Axonal varicosities of the CD15-positive bipolar cells penetrate the bundles formed by the processes of the ON-starburst cells. This finding suggests that the CD15-positive bipolar cell provides input to the ON-starburst amacrine cells and/or the ON-plexus of the ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 408:97–106, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Validation of a commercially available immunoassay for the measurement of bovine cardiac troponin I.

Background: Commercially available cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays developed for use in humans have not yet been validated for use in cattle. Hypotheses: The ADVIA Centaur TnI-Ultra immunoassay can be used for the detection of bovine cTnI. In healthy cattle, serum cTnI is undetectable or is present only in trace amounts. Methods: Purified bovine cTnI and cTnI-free bovine serum were used for the evaluation of assay performance including intra- and inter-assay precision, sensitivity, interference, linearity, and recovery. Effects of storage at 23, 4, −20, and −80 °C for 2 days, and at −20 and −80 °C for 7 and 14 days and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on recovery of cTnI were analyzed. Serum cTnI concentrations in 30 healthy dairy cows were determined. Results: Intra- and inter-assay precisions (mean ± SD) were 4.48 ± 2.26 and 13.36 ± 6.59%, respectively. The assay demonstrated linearity at 0.5, 2, 15, and 30 ng/mL cTnI. Mean recovery was 100.81, 85.26, 87.72, and 114.42%, respectively. Skeletal muscle homogenate added to serum of known cTnI concentration did not alter the concentration of the analyte (P > .05). Concentration of cTnI significantly decreased when samples were stored at 4 and 23 °C for 2 days (P .05). Serum cTnI concentration in healthy cattle was ≤0.03 ng/mL. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: ADVIA Centaur can be used reliably for the detection of serum cTnI concentration in cattle.
Radiometric calibration of the EO-1 Advanced Land Imager

The radiometric calibration of the Earth Observation 1 Advanced Land Imager (EO-1 ALI) was completed in the Spring of 1999 at Lincoln Laboratory. This calibration was conducted with the ALI as a fully assembled instrument in a thermal vacuum chamber at operation temperatures. The ALI was calibrated radiometrically at the system level from 0 to > 100 percent Earth-equivalent albedo using a combination of internal and external halogen and Xenon lamps attached to a large integrating sphere. Absolute radiometric calibration was achieved by measuring the output of the integrating sphere at each radiance level prior to ALI illumination using a NIST-traceable spectroradiometer. Additional radiometric characterization of this instrument was obtained from data collected using a collimator designed for the spectral calibration of the ALI. In this paper we review the techniques employed during radiometric calibration and present the measured gain, linearity, offset, signal-to- noise ratio and polarization sensitivity of each pixel. The testing result of a novel, in-flight solar calibration technique are also discussed. Finally, the results from a Lincoln Laboratory/Goddard Space Flight Center Landsat transfer radiometric study are presented.
Characterization of physical-chemical drivers of Hg1-xGdxTe etch rate using time of flight—Secondary ion mass spectrometry and optical interferometry

Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is a Hg1−xCdxTe surface diagnostic tool with unprecedented analysis capabilities, including analyzing a 0.5-µm diameter spot, high mass resolution, elemental and molecular composition scrutiny, applicability to insulators, and surface film sensitivity in the part per million range. The present investigation demonstrates the power of TOF-SIMS when coupled with optical interferometry in understanding process reproducibility and uniformity critical to the fabrication of Hg1−xCdxTe detector arrays at RVS. Previous published works and unpublished studies at RVS have shown that geometry and fluid dynamics influence the lateral uniformity of surface chemistry, topography, and etch rates. By combining a set of photolithographically delineated features having various relative areas of photoresist-coated and uncoated regions in varying proximity to each other with various wet etching chemistries, we have exploited TOF-SIMS interrogation along with optical interferometry to investigate physical-chemical drivers of etch rate variation with window geometry orientation with respect to vertical gravity etchant fluid draining direction and proximity to other structures. This study has given us the ability to deconvolve two important etch rate drivers (depletion of etchant species and cross-contamination of etched windows) and elucidate their roles in enhancing and diminishing etch rates for features having far and close proximities to neighboring structures, respectively. This information allows a more judicious optimization of processing technology.
Spin-dependent effects in proton inelastic scattering☆

Abstract Proton inelastic collisions leading to the excitation of surface modes in even target nuclei are considered. An extension of the phenomenological optical model is made in which both the spin-independent and spin-dependent potentials contain terms linear in the nuclear collective surface coordinates. The spin-dependent part has the full Thomas form. The T -matrix element is derived in the DWBA approximation, and expressions for inelastic observables such as cross section, polarization, asymmetry and spin flip probability are given. The theory is applied to the analysis of the inelastic scattering of protons in the energy range 29–50 MeV by several nuclei. Special attention is paid to the deformed spin-dependent interaction, where we compare the full Thomas form with a previously proposed simplified form. It is found that the use of the full Thomas form substantially improves the fit to the observed asymmetries, especially at forward scattering angles. Moreover, certain features of the measured spin-flip probabilities are reproduced only when the deformed spin-dependent interaction is of the full Thomas form.
CSDP, A C library for semidefinite programming

This paper describes CSDP, a library of routines that implements a predictor corrector variant of the semidefinite programming algorithm of Helmberg, Rendl, Vanderbei, and Wolkowicz. The main advantages of this code are that it can be used as a stand alone solver or as a callable subroutine, that it is written in C for efficiency, that it makes effective use of sparsity in the constraint matrices, and that it includes support for linear inequality constraints in addition to linear equality constraints. We discuss the algorithm used, its computational complexity, and storage requirements. Finally, we present benchmark results for a collection of test problems.
Protein microarrays identify antibodies to protein kinase Cζ that are associated with a greater risk of allograft loss in pediatric renal transplant recipients

Antibodies to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are a risk factor for acute renal allograft rejection and loss. The role of non-HLAs and their significance to allograft rejection have gained recent attention. Here, we applied protein microarray technology, with the capacity to simultaneously identify 5056 potential antigen targets, to assess non-HLA antibody formation in 15 pediatric renal transplant recipients during allograft rejection. Comparison of the pre- and post-transplant serum identified de novo antibodies to 229 non-HLA targets, 36 of which were present in multiple patients at allograft rejection. On the basis of its reactivity, protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) was selected for confirmatory testing and clinical study. Immunohistochemical analysis found PKCζ both within the renal tissue and infiltrating lymphocytes at rejection. Patients who had an elevated anti-PKCζ titer developed rejection, which was significantly more likely to result in graft loss. The absence of C4d deposition in patients with high anti-PKCζ titers suggests that it is a marker of severe allograft injury rather than itself being pathogenic. Presumably, critical renal injury and inflammation associated with this rejection subtype lead to the immunological exposure of PKCζ with resultant antibody formation. Prospective assessment of serum anti-PKCζ levels at allograft rejection will be needed to confirm these results.
Perception of Sweetness Intensity Determines Women's Hedonic and other Perceptual Responsiveness to Chocolate Food

This study tested 63 women for hedonic and other perceptual responsiveness to a chocolate food. Subjects tasted four chocolate puddings varying in sugar (high and low) and fat (high and low) content and rated them for pleasantness, caloric density, fillingness and flavor intensities. Results emphasised the importance of sweetness intensity in determining women's responses to the chocolate puddings. Women's perception of sweetness intensity was accurate to sugar content and results consistently indicated that their hedonic responses to the chocolate puddings were based on the perceived sweetness. Women's perception of the caloric density of the puddings was based on their perception of the fat content of the puddings; however, interpretation of that finding must be qualified because the subjects' perception of fat content was inaccurate. The women's perception of sweetness intensity accounted for 31% of the variability in fat perception. Women's perception of the intensity of chocolate flavor was also significantly associated with perceived sweetness of the puddings. These data suggest that the women's accurate perception of the sugar content of the chocolate puddings played a primary role in determining their hedonic and other perceptual responses.
Influence of gender and diabetes on vascular and myocardial contractile function.

Premenopausal women have a lower cardiovascular risk than men or postmenopausal women. However, this “female advantage” is lost in diabetes, a condition characterized by cardiac and vascular contractile dysfunction. This study was designed to compare the influence of diabetes on vascular and myocardial contractile function between genders. Adult male and female rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and maintained for 8 weeks. Tension development was examined in thoracic aortic rings and left ventricular papillary muscles. KCl-induced vasoconstriction, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium dependent or sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, duration and maximal velocity of myocardial contraction and relaxation duration (TPT/RT90, and ± VT) were similar between males and females. Diabetes augmented KCl-induced vasoconstriction at low doses, reduced SNP-induced vasorelaxation and had little effect on ACh-induced vasorelaxation in aortic rings from both g...
Steroid-binding proteins in rabbit plasma: Separation of testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) from corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), preliminary characterization of TeBG, and changes in TeBG concentration during sexual maturation.

Abstract Two distinct steroid-binding proteins are present in rabbit plasma. One of the proteins (TeBG) binds [ 3 H]5α-dihydrotestosterone (5αDHT) and [ 3 H]testosterone. The affinity of this binding protein for 5αDHT was 3–4 times greater than for testosterone. Binding of [ 3 H]5α-DHT could be inhibited by unlabeled 5αDHT, testosterone, 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), and 17α-methyl-B-testosterone (SKF 7690). The relative affinity of the competitors was: 5 α DHT > 3 α -diol > testosterone > SKF 7690. The antiandrogens, cyproterone (1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-pregn-4,6-diene-17α dione), cyproterone-17-acetate, and 6α-bromo-17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-4-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one (BOMT) were ineffective in competing for [ 3 H]5αDHT binding sites, as were 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 17β-estradiol (E 2 ), progesterone, and cortisol. The formation of the [ 3 H]5αDHT-TeBG complex was extremely rapid; the binding reaction was essentially completed in 15 s. The complex dissociated rapidly in the presence of charcoal. The dissociation rate constant ( K diss ) was 0.157 min −1 and the dissociation half-time ( t 1 2 ) was 4.5 min. In the presence of charcoal and unlabeled 5αDHT the K diss was 0.268 min −1 and the t 1 2 was 2.6 min. The sedimentation coefficient of TeBG was ∼- 4.6 S and its molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration on a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column, was ∼- 75,000. The concentration of TeBG in male rabbit plasma decreased with sexual maturation and was approximately three times higher in adult females than in adult males. The other protein (CBG) bound both [ 3 H]cortisol and [ 3 H]progesterone. Binding of these compounds could be inhibited by unlabeled cortisol and progesterone, but not by unlabeled 5αDHT, testosterone, or E 2 . CBG had a sedimentation of ∼- 3.9 S and an apparent molecular weight of ∼- 105,000. TeBG could be separated from CBG by a 60% ammonium sulfate precipitation and by gel filtration chromatography. Both proteins are thermolabile; TeBG is inactivated at temperatures above 30 °C and CBG is inactivated at temperatures above 50 °C.
Photodissociation of Negative Ions and their Clusters: CO−3 and its Hydrates

Photodissociation of the ion CO−3(H2O)n (0 ≤ n ≤ 3) is accomplished in a mass selected ion beam using an intracavity dye laser pumped with an argon ion laser. The unhydrated parent ion is observed to have a bound electronic excited state, through which absorption of a second photon proceeds to a repulsive state leading to the ejection of O− with about 20% of the available energy being partitioned into relative translation. Cluster dissociation is initiated by the same 2A12B1 transition from the ground to a weakly bound excited state of the core ion, leading to the loss of all water molecules within the time of observation. This is in direct contrast to collisional dissociation processes which lead largely to the loss of a single water molecule per collision. Analysis of the kinetic energy distribution of the photofragment CO−3 ions has established that an upper limit to the lifetime of the excited clusters is 20 μsec; most of the available energy is partitioned into internal motion of the CO−3 fragment rather than into relative translation of the photofragments or internal excitation of the ejected water molecules.
Magnetic properties of lanthanide chalcogenide semiconducting nanoparticles.

To understand the importance of the band gap to the magnetic ordering in magnetic semiconductors, we have studied the effect of particle size on the ferromagnetic Curie temperature in semiconducting EuS. We have synthesized capped ∼20 nm EuS nanoparticles using a single-source precursor, [Eu(S2CNiBu2)3Phen] decomposed in trioctylphosphine. The nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, TEM, and magnetic susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature and field. The Curie temperature, based on Arrott plots, is depressed by 1−2 K from the bulk value.
Effects of chlorpromazine and promazine on perseveration.

(1961). Effects of Chlorpromazine and Promazine on Perseveration. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 181-187.
Model simplification for meshing using face clustering

Abstract In this work a new method for CAD model simplification is presented. The method is especially suited for simplifications performed in preparation for meshing the models. It uses a local analysis approach based on a clustering procedure. The method provides a generic approach for model simplification. It is efficient and robust. It works on non-manifold models, free-form and linear faces, and models with large curved regions. It provides symmetric partitioning of details like blends and fillets, resulting in more symmetric simplified models.
A project-oriented course (Computer Programming II)

In our first programming course we introduce elements of machine organization and JCL, and the balance of the course is FORTRAN and algorithm development in equal portions. To support the second course, we introduce the concept of program structure and top-down design, although there is not enough time to treat these adequately in a one semester course. Documentation is taught: internal, external, user, and maintenance. Structured control constructs and their implementation within FORTRAN are given.Our objectives are to teach structured design and programming and to provide a setting that reinforces student use of software engineering techniques.
Short communication: serum immunoglobulin G and total protein concentrations in dairy calves fed a colostrum-replacement product.

Neonatal calf health is largely dependent on the ingestion and absorption of maternally derived antibodies via colostrum administration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available plasma-derived colostrum-replacement (CR) product as compared with bovine colostrum. Holstein calves were removed from the dam immediately after birth and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 calves (n = 22) were fed 1 package of the CR product; group 2 calves (n = 22) were fed 2 packages of the CR product; and group 3 calves (n = 22) were fed 3 L of bovine colostrum. Blood samples were collected from all calves 24 h after colostrum or CR feeding and analyzed for serum IgG and total protein concentrations. Calves fed bovine colostrum had significantly higher serum IgG and total protein concentration than calves in either group fed the CR product. Group 1 calves (1 package of CR product) had a significantly higher incidence of failure of transfer of passive immunity than calves in groups 2 or 3. The results of this study indicated that 2 packages of this CR product achieved adequate IgG concentrations in calves. However, calves fed 1 package of this CR product consistently had failure of transfer of passive immunity.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT: NUTRITIONAL LEVELS AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSERS*

The relationship between vitamin levels, alcohol intake and cognitive status was examined in a group of 19 chronic alcoholics who had just begun to withdraw from alcohol. The results indicate that during this stage of detoxification levels of folic acid are the best predictors of cognitive performance. Alcohol intake, as measured by either total life consumption or years of alcohol abuse, was only weakly associated with neuropsychological tests scores. It is suggested that the cognitive recovery that occurs during the first weeks of abstinence may be related to nutritional variables, whereas the longer-lasting neuropsychological impairments of alcohol abusers may be related to the direct neurotoxic effects of alcohol.
Thermal conductivity of neutron-irradiated silica

Abstract Low temperature thermal conductivity Λ(T) of vitreous silica has been measured after exposure to various neutron fluences. It has been observed that the increase in Λ(T) saturates for approximately the same fluence for which the change in mass density ϱ saturates. A correlation between Λ(T) and the fictive temperature has been found.
Exact evaluation of ∫dsr2 over a circular element

Abstract A simple analytical scheme to evaluate the essential integral in the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is derived. It is shown that better accuracy is achieved whilethe computer time is considerably reduced. Application to noncircular elements is also discussed and an example problem is included.
Cognitive variability in psychotic disorders: a cross-diagnostic cluster analysis.

Background. Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of psychotic disorders; however, substantial variability exists both within and between subjects in terms of cognitive domains of dysfunction, and a clear ‘profile’ of cognitive strengths and weaknesses characteristic of any diagnosis or psychosis as a whole has not emerged. Cluster analysis provides an opportunity to group individuals using a data-driven approach rather than predetermined grouping criteria. While several studies have identified meaningful cognitive clusters in schizophrenia, no study to date has examined cognition in a cross-diagnostic sample of patients with psychotic disorders using a cluster approach. We aimed to examine cognitive variables in a sample of 167 patients with psychosis using cluster methods.Method. Subjects with schizophrenia (n = 41), schizo-affective disorder (n = 53) or bipolar disorder with psychosis (n = 73) were assessed using a battery of cognitive and clinical measures. Cognitive data were analysed using Ward's method, followed by a K-means cluster approach. Clusters were then compared on diagnosis and measures of clinical symptoms, demographic variables and community functioning.Results. A four-cluster solution was selected, including a ‘neuropsychologically normal’ cluster, a globally and significantly impaired cluster, and two clusters of mixed cognitive profiles. Clusters differed on several clinical variables; diagnoses were distributed amongst all clusters, although not evenly.Conclusions. Identification of groups of patients who share similar neurocognitive profiles may help pinpoint relevant neural abnormalities underlying these traits. Such groupings may also hasten the development of individualized treatment approaches, including cognitive remediation tailored to patients' specific cognitive profiles.
Heading for the Exits: Democratic Allies and Withdrawal from Iraq and Afghanistan

The United States’ democratic allies with troops deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan have faced intense conflicting pressures in recent years. On the one hand, long and costly deployments have led to increased public pressure for withdrawal. On the other hand, pressure from the United States and the state’s own national interest often favor remaining deployed. This article seeks to explain why US allies sometimes announce withdrawal decisions prior to the United States, whereas they sometimes remain deployed. The article focuses on three allies that have made relatively large military contributions to US-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: Australia, Italy, and the Netherlands. The article offers three core findings. First, when the opposition in an allied government joins the public in favoring withdrawal, withdrawal is very likely. Second, allies are likely to remain deployed when the government and opposition share a consensus on the value of their alliance with the United States and agree that the target o...
Automated measurement of functional residual capacity by sulfur hexafluoride washout

We have constructed a computerized, totally automated system for measuring functional residual capacity (FRC) during mechanical ventilation, at any positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and fraction of inspired oxygen. This system uses washout of a small amount (0.5 to 1.0%) of an insoluble, nontoxic tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride, to measure FRC. It requires no modification of the ventilator and only minimal changes in the breathing circuit; it can be programmed to make measurements routinely without manual intervention.
Thermal resistance assessment in multi-trenched power devices.

Abstract For the first time the thermal resistance ( R th ) of Multi-Trenched (MT) power devices is evaluated and compared with their Deep Trench Isolation flanked (DTI-flanked) and bulk counterparts. The R th extraction is carried out by adapted test structures based on the four-point heater/sensor method. Additional TCAD simulation supports the experimental stationary values and proves that dynamic heating can limit the MT power devices energy capability.
Preparing Trainees to Deliver Patient-Centered Care in an Ambulatory Cancer Clinic

The purpose of this paper is to describe how an interprofessional cancer care clinic at the Cleveland Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) is training health care professionals in patient-centered care. Teaching strategies included patient huddle discussions pre- and post-clinic, role-play, noon “lunch and learn” conferences, and, most importantly, patient interactions, which were evaluated with the patient perception of patient centeredness (PPPC) instrument. This instrument is designed to capture patient and provider perceptions of the provider’s patient centeredness. Early findings demonstrated that patient responses were overwhelmingly positive and lacked variability. In response to the lack of variability, the educator in the clinic participated in the evaluation and patient, provider, and trainer responses were compared. Discussion of the weekly evaluations provided helpful formative feedback on patient centeredness to the trainees rotating through this specialty care clinic.
Alanine synthesis from glyceraldehyde and ammonium ion in aqueous solution.

The formation of alanine (ala) form C(14)-glyceraldehyde and ammonium phosphate in the presence or absence of a thiol is reported. At ambient temperature, ala synthesis was six times more rapid in the presence of 3-mercaptopropionic acid than in its absence (0.6 and 0.1 percent, respectively, after 60 days). Similarly, the presence of another thiol, N-acetylcysteinate, increased the production of ala, as well as of lactate. The reaction pathway of thiol-catalyzed synthesis of ala, with the lactic acid formed in a bypath, is suggested. In this, dehydration of glyceraldehyde is followed by the formation of hemithioacetal. In the presence of ammonia, an imine is formed, which eventually yields ala. This pathway is consistent with the observation that the rate ratio of ala/lactate remains constant throughout the process. The fact that the reaction takes place under anaerobic conditions in the presence of H2O and with the low concentrations of simple substrates and catalysts makes it an attractive model prebiotic reaction in the process of molecular evolution.
Mitochondrial dynamics and viral infections: A close nexus

Viruses manipulate cellular machinery and functions to subvert intracellular environment conducive for viral proliferation. They strategically alter functions of the multitasking mitochondria to influence energy production, metabolism, survival, and immune signaling. Mitochondria either occur as heterogeneous population of individual organelles or large interconnected tubular network. The mitochondrial network is highly susceptible to physiological and environmental insults, including viral infections, and is dynamically maintained by mitochondrial fission and fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics in tandem with mitochondria-selective autophagy ‘mitophagy’ coordinates mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. Mitochondrial dynamics impacts cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and innate-immune signaling, and thus can be major determinant of the outcome of viral infections. Herein, we review how mitochondrial dynamics is affected during viral infections and how this complex interplay benefits the viral infectious process and associated diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitophagy.
Enhancing Resident Interest in a State Surgical Meeting

Objectives To stimulate increased interest in the annual American College of Surgery (ACS) chapter meeting, a state-wide mock oral examination for senior level surgical residents was organized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of and the results from our state's initial attempt to conduct a state-wide mock oral examination. Methods The mock oral examination was structured as a 90-minute assessment in 9 content areas. Residents at or above the postgraduate year (PGY)-3 level were offered the examination and every attempt was made to ensure that examiners were from institutions different than the examinee's training program. Examinations were scored as satisfactory, marginal, or unsatisfactory. Each examinee received a written assessment of their performance. Results Thirty-eight volunteer examiners committed to participate and 37 of the state's 82 senior-level residents appeared for the mock oral examination. The examiners included faculty from all 7 of the state's training programs and 10 private practice surgeons. The residents represented 6 of the 7 programs with 10 PGY-3, 12 PGY-4, and 15 PGY-5 residents completing the examination. The overall performance on the examination included 15 (40.5%) residents rated as satisfactory, 15 (40.5%) assessed as marginal, and 7 (18.9%) received a rating of unsatisfactory. Conclusions With rare exception, faculty examiners and resident examinees indicated by survey that the mock oral examination was a useful educational experience and increased the level of interest in attending the state's annual ACS meeting.
A diabetogenic polypeptide from bovine adenohypophysis similar to that excreted in lipoatrophic diabetes.

Abstract A polypeptide has been isolated from bovine adenohypophysis which antagonizes the hypoglycemic effect of exogenous insulin and which, per se, induces loss of carbohydrate tolerance in men and dogs. Mild acid hydrolysis of the active polypeptide yields a compound which retains the same biological properties. Characteristics of the active principle and its hydrolytic product is the long duration of their activities, the greatest intensity of the effects being observed between 34 and 60 hours after a single intramuscular injection. Both substances are devoid of ACTH activity. The active polypeptide resembles closely the insulin antagonist isolated from the urine of patients with lipoatrophic diabetes previously reported from this laboratory. Details of the isolation and physiologic effects of the active substance and its hydrolytic product are described.
Szintillationssondengesteuerte Sentinel-Lymphadenektomie beim malignen Melanom

In cutaneous melanoma, biopsy of the first tumor-draining lymph node (Sentinel node, SLN) may replace routine elective lymph node dissection (ELND). The SLN has been shown to contain the first micrometastasis in early lymphatic tumor dissemination. As micrometastases were identified in 10-30% of stage I (AJCC/UICC) patients, sentinel lymphonodectomy (SLND) should enable us to select patients clinically in stages I and II, but histopathologically in stage III. This optimization of patient selection is mandatory as only this subgroup profits from ELND. Since the beginning of 1995 we was scintillation detector (gamma probe)-guided sentinel biopsy in patients with a melanoma > 1.0 mm and clinically negative lymph nodes. After injecting colloidal 99m-Tc-labelled tin(II)-sulfide solution around the tumor (or the biopsy scar), the SLN can be localized exactly. The technique is minimally invasive and easy to handle. If the SLN contains tumor, a standard en bloc lymphonodectomy is performed. Long-term follow-up, however, is needed to delineate the role of this procedure in melanoma treatment.
The renal parenchymal stone: A benign calcified renal mass

Five patients are described, each with a densely calcified solitary mass in a peripheral location in the kidney. There was exophytic projection of the calcification in 4 cases. Three lesions were so completely calcified as to be regarded as stones. The bulk of the lesion was calcified in the 2 other cases, in which the noncalcified portion was either avascular or hypovascular. In no case was there evidence of a soft-tissue mass extending beyond the confines of the calcification. Pathologic correlation in 1 case showed only calcification in association with some renal scarring, and in a second case demonstrated an old organized and calcified abscess. Long-term follow-up in the other 3 cases has demonstrated complete stability without evidence of tumor. All cases are believed to represent examples of calcified renal parenchymal scars, resulting from old granulomatous disease, renal abscess, or hematoma. We propose that these lesions be regarded as solitary renal parenchymal stones without malignant potential, rather than calcified masses. The significance of the findings for patient management are discussed.
Comments on “baseline models of sociological phenomena” by Bruce H. Mayhew

(1984). Comments on “baseline models of sociological phenomena” by Bruce H. Mayhew. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 293-294.
The Role of Surface Topography in MEMS Switches and Relays

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology employed to generate switches and relays has the potential to replace traditional solid-state devices due to broader operating temperature range, higher breakdown voltage, and much higher off-state resistance. Interest in MEMS switches and relays has surged recently, principally due to the demonstrated performance in switching radio-frequency signals. The role of surface topography in the performance and lifetime of MEMS switches and relays is the objective of this review paper. Special emphasis is given to an approach that accounts for effect of roughness and to the role of surface topography in the pull-in voltage and contact bouncing. A critical assessment of emerging topics where experimental and theoretical studies are still required in order to obtain better insight into the role of surface topography in MEMS switches and relays is presented.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of malate, lactate, and pyruvate on myoglobin redox stability in homogenates of three bovine muscles

We investigated the effects of glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolic intermediates on myoglobin redox forms and meat colour stability. Eighteen combinations of malate (M), lactate (L), and pyruvate (P) were added to beef Longissimus lumborum, Psoas major, and Semitendinosus muscle homogenates to study their effect on metmyoglobin formation during incubation at 25 degrees C. Changes in surface colour at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h were evaluated by using reflecto-spectrophotometry [both L*, a*, and b* and wavelengths specific for metmyoglobin (MMb)]. Addition of M, L, and P alone or in combinations stabilized (P M + P > L + P). Enhancing meat with these metabolites can effectively extend colour life of post-rigor meat, apparently by providing more reducing conditions for myoglobin, thus increasing myoglobin redox form stability.
Children's Relationship with Teachers and Bonds with School An Investigation of Patterns and Correlates in Middle Childhood

The purpose of this study was to examine aspects of children's social and contextual experience in schools. Children N = 289 in elementary schools completed a measure designed to assess qualities of their relationships with teachers as well as their perceptions of school environments. Students were then grouped into categories based on these perceptions and comparisons were made between groups on measures of social and emotional adjustment. Findings indicated that student classifications resembled classifications reported by other researchers for student-teacher relationships. Students classified as having poor relationships with teachers and poor bonds with school had poorer scores on self- and teacher ratings of social and emotional adjustment than children classified as having positive relationships and bonds. These findings add to a growing body of research focused on understanding children's social and contextual experience in schools by providing a descriptive typology that could be used by researchers and practitioners interested in identifying students who are having nonoptimal experiences in school settings.
Combined Structural and Functional Investigation of a C-3''-Ketoreductase Involved in the Biosynthesis of dTDP-l-Digitoxose.

l-Digitoxose is an unusual dideoxysugar found attached to various pharmacologically active natural products, including the antitumor antibiotic tetrocarcin A and the antibiotics kijanimicin and jadomycin B. Six enzymes are required for its production starting from glucose 1-phosphate. Here we describe a combined structural and functional investigation of KijD10, an NADPH-dependent C-3′′-ketoreductase that catalyzes the third step of l-digitoxose biosynthesis in the African soil-dwelling bacterium Actinomadura kijaniata. KijD10 belongs to the glucose-fructose oxidoreductase superfamily. For this investigation, both binary and ternary complexes of KijD10 were crystallized, and their structures were determined to 2.0 A resolution or better. On the basis of these high-resolution structures, two potential active site acids were identified, Lys 102 and Tyr 186. These residues were individually mutated and the resultant proteins investigated both kinetically and structurally. The Y186F mutant protein demonstrate...
An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of a series of manganese complexes containing schiff base ligands

Abstract Core binding energies for a series of manganese complexes derived from Schiff-base ligands prepared by condensing various salicylaldehyde derivatives with a variety of polyamines have been measured. The Mn 2p 1 2 3 2 binding energies are relatively insensitive to changes in ligand substituent, ligand donor groups and oxidation state of Mn. Pentadentate and tetradentate ligands have been employed. Formal oxidation states for manganese range from +1 to +4. Manganese 3s 1 2 multiplet splitting gives good agreement with expected trends caused by changes in manganese oxidation state.
Prompt fission neutrons from eV resonances in U 235 : Measurement and correlation with other fission properties

The energy dependence of the fission neutron multiplicity $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ for neutron-induced fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ in the energy region 0.5 to 125 eV has been measured using a continuous spectrum of neutrons from a 100 MeV electron Linac. A new neutron detection technique was used to search for variations in resonance $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ values and possible correlations with other fission properties. Evidence was obtained for a nonstatistical fluctuation in the value of $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ as a function of energy. However, no correlation with resonant spin, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}$, fission-fragment asymmetry, or the angular distribution of fission fragments was observed. A comparison of these data with previous $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ measurements also has been included.RADIOACTIVITY fission $^{235}\mathrm{U}(n,f)$, $E=0.5\ensuremath{-}125$ eV; measured relative ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{n}$, deduced correlations with other fission properties.
Ecto-nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 1 (E-NTPDase1/CD39) Regulates Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Hydrolyzing Released ATP to Adenosine

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils release ATP in response to stimulation by chemoattractants, such as the peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Released ATP and the hydrolytic product adenosine regulate chemotaxis of neutrophils by sequentially activating purinergic nucleotide and adenosine receptors, respectively. Here we show that that ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (E-NTPDase1, CD39) is a critical enzyme for hydrolysis of released ATP by neutrophils and for cell migration in response to multiple agonists (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, interleukin-8, and C5a). Upon stimulation of human neutrophils or differentiated HL-60 cells in a chemotactic gradient, E-NTPDase1 tightly associates with the leading edge of polarized cells during chemotaxis. Inhibition of E-NTPDase1 reduces the migration speed of neutrophils but not their ability to detect the orientation of the gradient field. Studies of neutrophils from E-NTPDase1 knock-out mice reveal similar impairments of chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo. Thus, E-NTPDase1 plays an important role in regulating neutrophil chemotaxis by facilitating the hydrolysis of extracellular ATP.
Structure (1.3 Å) and Charge States of a Ribonuclease A−Uridine Vanadate Complex: Implications for the Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis Mechanism

A joint X-ray crystallographic (1.3 A resolution) and ab initio quantum mechanical analysis of a uridine vanadate−ribonuclease A complex (UV−RNase A) is undertaken to probe specific aspects of the microscopic mechanism by which ribonuclease functions to catalyze the hydrolysis of its natural substrate, phosphate esters. Comparison of the structural features of the vanadate portion from the final X-ray refinement with the oxy-vanadate model compounds determined computationally provides direct evidence of the likely protonation state of the UV inhibitor bound in the active site. Specifically, the UV bound in the active site of UV−RNase A is found to be monoanionic, and the most likely source of this proton is from the active site residue His12. Together with the structural data, these results strongly suggest that even though His12 may act as the catalytic base in the first step of the mechanism, transphosphorylation, and the catalytic acid in the second step, hydrolysis, it must also play an additional, al...
Age-Corrected Beta Cell Mass Following Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Correlates with Plasma C-Peptide in Humans

Background The inability to produce insulin endogenously precipitates the clinical symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the dynamic trajectory of beta cell destruction following onset remains unclear. Using model-based inference, the severity of beta cell destruction at onset decreases with age where, on average, a 40% reduction in beta cell mass was sufficient to precipitate clinical symptoms at 20 years of age. While plasma C-peptide provides a surrogate measure of endogenous insulin production post-onset, it is unclear as to whether plasma C-peptide represents changes in beta cell mass or beta cell function. The objective of this paper was to determine the relationship between beta cell mass and endogenous insulin production post-onset. Methods and Findings Model-based inference was used to compare direct measures of beta cell mass in 102 patients against contemporary measures of plasma C-peptide obtained from three studies that collectively followed 834 patients post-onset of clinical symptoms. An empirical Bayesian approach was used to establish the level of confidence associated with the model prediction. Age-corrected estimates of beta cell mass that were inferred from a series of landmark pancreatic autopsy studies significantly correlate (p>0.9995) with contemporary measures of plasma C-peptide levels following onset. Conclusions Given the correlation between beta cell mass and plasma C-peptide following onset, plasma C-peptide may provide a surrogate measure of beta cell mass in humans. The clinical relevance of this study is that therapeutic strategies that provide an increase in plasma C-peptide over the predicted value for an individual may actually improve beta cell mass. The model predictions may establish a standard historical “control” group - a prior in a Bayesian context - for clinical trials.
Bait for Oriental Fruit Moth Attracts Lesser Peach Tree Borer Moths

A general survey was begun in the spring of 1969 in a poorly kept commercial peach orchard near Byron, Ga., as a preliminary step in efforts to develop an integrated control program for pests of peaches. As part of this survey, we used 4 baited traps to determine the incidence of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck).
Microwave detection using the resonant tunneling diode

An experimental and theoretical study in the use of a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) as a microwave detector, based on its small-signal equivalent circuit model, is presented. It is shown that the rectified current from the diode can be accurately predicted and that the diode can be operated as a reactive microwave detector which absorbs no microwave power. For this detection mode, a matching network which maximizes the applied AC voltage can be used. >
43 Sacrosidase in the Treatment of Chronic Nonspecific Diarrhea in Children.

Context: Chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children, also known as toddler's diarrhea, is a frequently encountered disorder in clinical practice. It tends to cause significant parental anxiety and frustration leading to frequent health care visits.
Ischemic Gall Bladder Perforation: A Complication of Type A Aortic Dissection

Malperfusion of end organs occurs in 20% to 40% patients with acute type A aortic dissection. Because irreversible ischemia is a time-dependent event, expedient diagnosis and treatment are necessary. We herein report successful surgical management of a patient with acute type A aortic dissection causing transient gut ischemia and a rare gall bladder perforation. We implemented one-stage surgical and laparoscopic management approach for the diagnosis and treatment. Increased awareness of this complication and appropriate use of available diagnostic tools may improve the outcome in similar patients. Patients with aortic dissection complicated by visceral ischemia require a prompt sequential and rational multidisciplinary approach for successful management.
STROKE TREATMENT—SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS

Unusual causes of stroke account for a minority of all strokes, but they have specific diagnostic and therapeutic implications which must be considered early in the clinical course. This article focuses on arteriopathies such as arterial dissection, vasospasm-induced stroke, and vasculitis; hematological disorders such as hypercoagulable states, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and sickle cell disease; migraine-induced stroke, and cerebral venous thrombosis.