cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A lipid inhibitor of dengue virus in human colostrum and milk; with a note on the absence of anti-dengue secretory antibody

Neutralizing activity against dengue virus types 1--4 was observed in milk samples from 5 non-immune and 29 dengue immune women. Anti-dengue activity in milk and colostrum was found only in the lipid component. The inhibitory activity is directed against the virus and not cell surfaces. When immunoglobulin types IgM,IgA, IgG were isolated from colostrum from dengue immune women, no antibody activity was found. Anti-dengue activity in human milk did not decrease over a period of ten months after delivery.
Adverse health consequences of the Iraq War

Summary The adverse health consequences of the Iraq War (2003–11) were profound. We conclude that at least 116 903 Iraqi non-combatants and more than 4800 coalition military personnel died over the 8-year course. Many Iraqi civilians were injured or became ill because of damage to the health-supporting infrastructure of the country, and about 5 million were displaced. More than 31 000 US military personnel were injured and a substantial percentage of those deployed suffered post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and other neuropsychological disorders and their concomitant psychosocial problems. Many family members of military personnel had psychological problems. Further review of the adverse health consequences of this war could help to minimise the adverse health consequences of, and help to prevent, future wars.
Biological Control not on Target

Non-target effects of exotic biological control agents, parasitoids and predators, released worldwide to control insect pests, are becoming more apparent. This paper summarizes previously recorded information on the diet breadth of natural enemies released to control insect pests worldwide. It also summarizes the diet breadth of native parasitic hymenoptera in North America to determine whether the diet breadths of native and exotic parasitoids differ. Of released biocontrol agents, 48% were recorded as generalists (attacking more than one genus of host) and another 29.2% attacked more than one species in a genus. Only 22.5% were recorded as specialists on the target pests. This suggests that many natural enemies released in biocontrol programs against insect pests have broad diets and that non-target effects are likely. Data from native hymenoptera in North America also show that many species attack multiple host genera and species, with an average of 5.8 genera and 7.3 species attacked, indicating broad agreement with data from biological control releases.
The SOCRATES curriculum: an innovative integration of technology and theory in medical education

This article describes the pilot study of an innovative medical school curriculum module that utilizes a modified problem-based learning (PBL) approach to teach medical students about management of diabetes mellitus. The PBL-based curriculum incorporated computer simulations and analysis of videotaped patient encounters in addition to independent study and group discussion. At the conclusion of the study, student knowledge and clinical decision-making skills were evaluated via questionnaires and examinations. Twenty-three students completed the workshop and all evaluation assessments. Students performed well on the case-study examinations (mean score of 3.39 out of 4) but not on the short answer essay examination, which assessed basic knowledge. Students rated the quality and appeal of the activities using Likert-type scales. In general, students perceived the activities as very worthwhile, with reasonable complexity and adequate time devoted to each activity. Students were very positive about the workshop and preceptor; 15 of the 16 items used to rate workshop appeal yielded mean scores greater than 4 (on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest). The results of the pilot study suggest future enhancements that would further improve the outcomes of the training.
A Neural Signature of Phonological Access: Distinguishing the Effects of Word Frequency from Familiarity and Length in Overt Picture Naming

Cognitive models of word production correlate the word frequency effect (i.e., the fact that words which appear with less frequency take longer to produce) with an increased processing cost to activate the whole-word (lexical) phonological representation. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects produced overt naming responses to photographs of animals and manipulable objects that had high name agreement but were of varying frequency, with the purpose of identifying neural structures participating specifically in activating whole-word phonological representations, as opposed to activating lexical semantic representations or articulatory-motor routines. Blood oxygen level-dependent responses were analyzed using a parametric approach based on the frequency with which each word produced appears in the language. Parallel analyses were performed for concept familiarity and word length, which provided indices of semantic and articulatory loads. These analyses permitted us to identify regions related to word frequency alone, and therefore, likely to be related specifically to activation of phonological word forms. We hypothesized that the increased processing cost of producing lower-frequency words would correlate with activation of the left posterior inferotemporal (IT) cortex, the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Scan-time response latencies demonstrated the expected word frequency effect. Analysis of the fMRI data revealed that activity in the pSTG was modulated by frequency but not word length or concept familiarity. In contrast, parts of IT and IFG demonstrated conjoint frequency and familiarity effects, and parts of both primary motor regions demonstrated conjoint effects of frequency and word length. The results are consistent with a model of word production in which lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological information are accessed by overlapping neural systems within posterior and anterior language-related cortices, with pSTG specifically involved in accessing lexical phonology.
Significant resolution of female sexual dysfunction after bariatric surgery

Abstract Background We have previously reported that most women seeking bariatric surgery have had female sexual dysfunction (FSD) as defined by the validated Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). The present study examined whether FSD resolves after bariatric surgery. Methods A total of 54 reportedly sexually active women (43.3 ± 9.5 years) completed the FSFI preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively after a mean percentage of excess weight loss of 42.3% (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding [n = 38], percentage of excess weight loss, 34.6% ± 15.7%; Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [n = 16], percentage of excess weight loss 60.0% ± 21.2%). The FSFI assesses sexual function across 6 domains, with higher scores indicating better sexual function. The summing of these scores yields a FSFI total score (range 2–36, with a score of ≤26.55 indicating FSD). Results Before surgery, 34 women (63%) had scores indicative of FSD. By 6 months postoperatively, the FSD had resolved in 23 (68%) of these 34 women, and only 1 woman had developed FSD postoperatively. In the entire sample, significant ( P P P P = .18). Conclusion FSD resolved in a large percentage of women after bariatric surgery. Sexual functioning in the entire sample improved to levels consistent with those of normative controls. This improvement in sexual function did not depend on surgery type or weight loss amount and appears to be an additional benefit for women undergoing bariatric surgery.
Agrin isoforms with distinct amino termini: differential expression, localization, and function.

The proteoglycan agrin is required for postsynaptic differentiation at the skeletal neuromuscular junction, but is also associated with basal laminae in numerous other tissues, and with the surfaces of some neurons. Little is known about its roles at sites other than the neuromuscular junction, or about how its expression and subcellular localization are regulated in any tissue. Here we demonstrate that the murine agrin gene generates two proteins with different NH2 termini, and present evidence that these isoforms differ in subcellular localization, tissue distribution, and function. The two isoforms share ∼1,900 amino acids (aa) of common sequence following unique NH2 termini of 49 or 150 aa; we therefore call them short NH2-terminal (SN) and long NH2-terminal (LN) isoforms. In the mouse genome, LN-specific exons are upstream of an SN-specific exon, which is in turn upstream of common exons. LN-agrin is expressed in both neural and nonneural tissues. In spinal cord it is expressed in discrete subsets of cells, including motoneurons. In contrast, SN-agrin is selectively expressed in the nervous system but is widely distributed in many neuronal cell types. Both isoforms are externalized from cells but LN-agrin assembles into basal laminae whereas SN-agrin remains cell associated. Differential expression of the two isoforms appears to be transcriptionally regulated, whereas the unique SN and LN sequences direct their distinct subcellular localizations. Insertion of a “gene trap” construct into the mouse genome between the LN and SN exons abolished expression of LN-agrin with no detectable effect on expression levels of SN-agrin or on SN-agrin bioactivity in vitro. Agrin protein was absent from all basal laminae in mice lacking LN-agrin transcripts. The formation of the neuromuscular junctions was as drastically impaired in these mutants as in mice lacking all forms of agrin. Thus, basal lamina–associated LN-agrin is required for neuromuscular synaptogenesis, whereas cell-associated SN-agrin may play distinct roles in the central nervous system.
Functionalism and the mass media

(1975). Functionalism and the mass media. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 11-22.
NONDISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF COPPER AND ZINC FROM AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY DEHPA AND LIX 984 IN A HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE MODULE

ABSTRACT A liquid-liquid extraction procedure was used to study the amounts of Zn2+ and Cu2+ that could be simultaneously extracted from aqueous solution with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) and LIX 984 diluted with n-heptane at equilibrium. LIX 984 is a 1:1 volume blend of LIX 860 (5-dodoecylsalicylaldoxime) and LIX 84 (2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime). At equilibrium, a 0.3 mol/L DEHPA-20% (v/v) LIX 984 solution extracted 99% of both the zinc and copper from a solution that had 100 ppm of each metal. A polysulfone hollow-fiber membrane module with 1 mm ID and 5,000-molecular weight cutoff was used to study the amounts of Zn2+ and Cu2+ that could be simultaneously extracted with a mixture of DEHPA and LIX 984. The aqueous and organic streams were operated at 100% recycle. With a 0.6 mol/L DEHPA-10% (v/v) LIX 984 solution, a 90.5 ± 1.7% (s.d.) extraction of zinc and a 93.70 ± 0.79% (s.d.) extraction of copper was obtained after 180 min.
Superconducting resonators and high T/sub c/ materials

The application of the new metal-oxide high-transition-temperature superconducting materials to low-noise oscillators operating between 1 and 10 GHz is discussed. Stripline resonator structures are analyzed, and values of Q and oscillator power are calculated. These parameters are used to calculate the expected values of phase noise, which are better than those of other technologies. Measurements of residual noise in niobium resonators have been made to identify possible sources of flicker noise. The results show that good performance can be obtained using niobium. >
Restricted Transcription of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Latently Infected Human Trigeminal and Thoracic Ganglia

Normal human trigeminal and thoracic ganglia latently infected with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Total RNA was extracted from these ganglia and treated with DNase until ganglionic RNA was free of VZV DNA as determined by PCR. Radiolabeled cDNA synthesized by priming with random oligonucleotides was hybridized to Southern blots containing recombinant clones that spanned greater than 95% of the VZV genome. The single region of the VZV genome detected was the 12.5-kb SalI C fragment located in the unique long segment of the viral genome. Two additional regions of the VZV genome, EcoRI G and SalI B, were detected in RNA from adult dorsal root ganglia and infant nervous system tissue.
Concurrency in object-oriented propagation modeling using Ada95

Modeling object interdependency within an object-oriented application requires design-time mechanisms for specifying object interrelationships, as well as software constructs for the runtime maintenance of these relationships. In this paper, we present our technique for the design-time modeling of propagations (our term for the relationships between interdependent objects), with a focus on the concurrently executing portions of our propagation model. We examine our propagation model as implemented using Ada95's tasking constructs, and present the source level mechanisms through which our model achieves concurrency. The concurrency embedded within our approach to propagation modeling allows the development of software applications that more fully utilize environments supportive of multi-tasking.
p73 expression is regulated by RNPC1, a target of the p53 family, via mRNA stability.

p73, a p53 family tumor suppressor, is expressed as TA and ΔN isoforms. Due to the role of p73 in tumor suppression and neural development, its expression and activity are tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms, including transcription and posttranslational modifications. Here, we found that p73 mRNA stability is regulated by RNPC1, an RNA binding protein and a target of the p53 family. We also showed that a CU-rich element in the 3′ untranslated region of p73 is recognized by and responsive to RNPC1. To explore the physiological significance of RNPC1-regulated p73 expression, we showed that the loss of RNPC1 in p53-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts leads to reduced expression of p73, along with decreased expression of p21, p130, and γ-H2A.X, and consequently a decreased number of senescent cells. Furthermore, we observed that knockdown of TAp73 or p21, another target of RNPC1, attenuates the inhibitory effect of RNPC1 on cell proliferation and premature senescence, whereas combined knockdown of TAp73 and p21 completely abolishes it. Due to the fact that RNPC1 is a target of p73, the mutual regulation between p73 and RNPC1 constitutes a novel feed-forward loop, which might be explored as a target for tumors without a functional p53.
Elastic and inelastic light scattering from single bacterial spores in an optical trap allows the monitoring of spore germination dynamics.

Raman scattering spectroscopy and elastic light scattering intensity (ESLI) were used to simultaneously measure levels of Ca-dipicolinic acid (CaDPA) and changes in spore morphology and refractive index during germination of individual B. subtilis spores with and without the two redundant enzymes (CLEs), CwlJ and SleB, that degrade spores’ peptidoglycan cortex. Conclusions from these measurements include: 1) CaDPA release from individual wild-type germinating spores was biphasic; in a first heterogeneous slow phase, Tlag, CaDPA levels decreased ∼15% and in the second phase ending at Trelease, remaining CaDPA was released rapidly; 2) in L-alanine germination of wild-type spores and spores lacking SleB: a) the ESLI rose ∼2-fold shortly before Tlag at T1; b) following Tlag, the ESLI again rose ∼2-fold at T2 when CaDPA levels had decreased ∼50%; and c) the ESLI reached its maximum value at ∼Trelease and then decreased; 3) in CaDPA germination of wild-type spores: a) Tlag increased and the first increase in ESLI occurred well before Tlag, consistent with different pathways for CaDPA and L-alanine germination; b) at Trelease the ESLI again reached its maximum value; 4) in L-alanine germination of spores lacking both CLEs and unable to degrade their cortex, the time ΔTrelease (Trelease–Tlag) for excretion of ≥75% of CaDPA was ∼15-fold higher than that for wild-type or sleB spores; and 5) spores lacking only CwlJ exhibited a similar, but not identical ESLI pattern during L-alanine germination to that seen with cwlJ sleB spores, and the high value for ΔTrelease.
Visualizing non-speech sounds for the deaf

Sounds constantly occur around us, keeping us aware of our surroundings. People who are deaf have difficulty maintaining an awareness of these ambient sounds. We present an investigation of peripheral, visual displays to help people who are deaf maintain an awareness of sounds in the environment. Our contribution is twofold. First, we present a set of visual design preferences and functional requirements for peripheral visualizations of non-speech audio that will help improve future applications. Visual design preferences include ease of interpretation, glance-ability, and appropriate distractions. Functional requirements include the ability to identify what sound occurred, view a history of displayed sounds, customize the information that is shown, and determine the accuracy of displayed information. Second, we designed, implemented, and evaluated two fully functioning prototypes that embody these preferences and requirements, serving as examples for future designers and furthering progress toward understanding how to best provide peripheral audio awareness for the deaf.
Hsp40 Facilitates Nuclear Import of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Vpx-Mediated Preintegration Complex

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) Vpx is required for nuclear translocation of the viral preintegration complex (PIC) in quiescent cells. In order to decipher the mechanism of action of Vpx, a cDNA library was screened with the yeast two-hybrid assay, resulting in the identification of heat shock protein 40, Hsp40/DnaJB6, as a Vpx-interactive protein. Interaction with Vpx was confirmed by glutathione S -transferase (GST) pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Overexpression of Hsp40/DnaJB6 enhanced Vpx nuclear import, whereas overexpression of a nuclear localization mutant of Hsp40/DnaJB6 (H31Q) or down-regulation of Hsp40/DnaJB6 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced the nuclear import of Vpx. Hsp40/DnaJB6 competed with the Pr55 Gag precursor protein for the binding of Vpx and incorporation into virus-like particles. Overexpression of Hsp40/DnaJB6 promoted viral PIC nuclear import, whereas siRNA down-regulation of Hsp40/DnaJB6 inhibited PIC nuclear import. These results demonstrate a role for Hsp40/DnaJB6 in the regulation of HIV-2 PIC nuclear transport.
Review: The role of angiotensin II AT1-receptors in the regulation of the cerebral blood flow and brain ischaemia.

renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin receptors, hypertension, stroke, brain injury, cerebrovascular blood flow
Adenovirus virus-associated RNA and translation control.

Theadenovirus genome istranscribed bytwoRNA polymerases furnished bythehostcell. RNA polymerase II transcribes bothstrands oftheviral DNA over nearly allof itslength, andtheresultant mRNAs encode more than50 viral proteins. RNA polymerase IIItranscribes lessthan1% oftheviral genome, giving rise to one or two species (depending on thevirus serotype) ofshort, noncoding RNAs (44, 59). ThisRNA was namedvirus-associated (VA)RNA whenits origin fromtheviral genome was still uncertain (45). Eventhough VA RNA was detected ininfected cells asearly as1966, itsrole intranslational control andincounteracting hostantiviral defenses onlybecameapparentinthe1980s andthedetails ofitsaction remain thesubject ofactive investigation. VA RNAs are common toalladenoviruses studied todate, butmostworkhasconcentrated on the groupC adenoviruses, adenovirus types2and5(Ad2and AdS), upon whichthis review will necessarily focus.
Effects of Verbal and Graphed Feedback on Treatment Integrity

Treatment integrity is the degree to which an intervention is implemented as designed and is critical for concluding whether the intervention is responsible for treatment outcomes. This study aimed to add to the integrity literature by examining graphed performance feedback alone and in conjunction with verbal performance feedback for increasing teacher integrity. Participants in this study included four student‐teacher dyads. The authors used an A/B/BC/B design with counterbalancing across participants to assess the effects of graphed feedback alone and combined with verbal feedback on teacher treatment integrity. Results indicated that graphed feedback with a verbal component resulted in slightly higher levels of integrity than the graphed phase, but the differences were negligible. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance in vivo and its prevention by troglitazone

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α may play a role in the insulin resistance of obesity and NIDDM. Troglitazone is a new orally active hypoglycemic agent that has been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance and hyperinsu-linemia in both diabetic animal models and NIDDM subjects. To determine whether this drug could prevent the development of TNF-α-induced insulin resistance, glucose turnover was assessed in rats infused with cytokine and pretreated with troglitazone. Normal male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal powdered food with or without troglitazone as a food admixture (0.2%). After ∼10 days, rats were infused with TNF-a for 4–5 days, producing a plasma concentration of 632 ± 30 pg/ml. In vivo insulin action was measured by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique at a sub-maximal (24 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 ) and maximal insulin infusion rate (240 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 ). TNF-α infusion resulted in a pronounced reduction in submaximal insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate (GDR) (97 ± 10 vs. 141 ± 4 μmol · kg −1 · min −1 P −1 · min −1 P P P p −1 · min −1 , NS) and maximal GDR (271 ± 19 vs. 267 ± 6 μmol · kg 1 · min 1 , NS). The hyperlipidemia was partially corrected by troglitazone (1.53 ± 0.28 vs. 0.87 ± 0.13 mmol/1, P
Definition And Content Of Persuasion In Accounting

Accounting has often been described as a language and as an information system. Language instigates thought processes that may predispose participants in communication activities to a given mode of perception and behavior. Persuasion is a communication strategy designed to satisfy the needs of the parties involved. Hence, a clear understanding of the nature and role of persuasion in accounting is essential to academic and professional accountants. In this report a definition of persuasion in accounting is developed followed by a discussion of persuasion process, content and source. Factor analysis of CPAs evaluation of several persuasion content variables reveals six factors underlying persuasion content. These are authoritative sources (tax regulations; accounting standards authorities; CPAs) and characteristics (qualitative; presentation; and novelty) of accounting information.
Basic Concepts in Physics: From the Cosmos to Quarks, by Masud Chaichian, Hugo Perez Rojas and Anca Tureanu: Scope: review. Level: undergraduate

The universe in its grandiosity is very complex. This conclusion can be drawn by just analysing one of its contents: life; and yet, physicists are able to describe it by doing consistent simplifica...
Characterization of the peptide binding specificity of the HLA class I alleles B*38:01 and B*39:06

B*38:01 and B*39:06 are present with phenotypic frequencies <2% in the general population, but are of interest as B*39:06 is the B allele most associated with type 1 diabetes susceptibility and 38:01 is most protective. A previous study derived putative main anchor motifs for both alleles based on peptide elution data. The present study has utilized panels of single amino acid substitution peptide libraries to derive detailed quantitative motifs accounting for both primary and secondary influences on peptide binding. From these analyses, both alleles were confirmed to utilize the canonical position 2/C-terminus main anchor spacing. B*38:01 preferentially bound peptides with the positively charged or polar residues H, R, and Q in position 2 and the large hydrophobic residues I, F, L, W, and M at the C-terminus. B*39:06 had a similar preference for R in position 2, but also well-tolerated M, Q, and K. A more dramatic contrast between the two alleles was noted at the C-terminus, where the specificity of B*39:06 was clearly for small residues, with A as most preferred, followed by G, V, S, T, and I. Detailed position-by-position and residue-by-residue coefficient values were generated from the panels to provide detailed quantitative B*38:01 and B*39:06 motifs. It is hoped that these detailed motifs will facilitate the identification of T cell epitopes recognized in the context of two class I alleles associated with dramatically different dispositions towards type 1 diabetes, offering potential avenues for the investigation of the role of CD8 T cells in this disease.
Turbo Quantization of Oversampled Signals

We present a new iterative quantization procedure for oversampled frames with guaranteed convergence and stability. The procedure uses similar concepts to that of turbo decoding in the context of error control coding. The quantization process is modeled as a quadratic integer-programming problem. A trellis structure is introduced to solve the problem, where the quantized coefficients represent a path through the trellis diagram. The quantization metric is iteratively improved through turbo iterations by exchanging quantization extrinsic information. The proposed procedure is shown to provide significant improvement over prior art in quantization and integer programming.
Automated Radiochemical Separation, Analysis, and Sensing

Destructive analysis, complete with radiochemical separation of the radionuclide(s) of interest from the sample matrix and potential interferences, is a fundamental and often critical component of radioanalytical measurements. Faster automated methods for radiochemical separation and analysis are needed to support radioanalytical laboratories. In addition, automation is required to move destructive analysis methods from the laboratory to on-line monitoring applications at nuclear facilities, and to sense radionuclides in the environment, at-site or in situ . Automation offers many significant advantages, including more consistent analytical protocols, increased reliability, improved safety, and reduced worker exposure to radioactivity, as well as shorter analysis times, higher throughput, and lower costs. In addition, automation can enable measurements that are not currently considered feasible, because they are too costly and time consuming for manual laboratory analysis, or too difficult to deploy on-line or at-site. Currently, radiochemical automation is either practiced or under development in the following areas: analysis of spent fuel to support nuclear safeguards, analysis of environmental samples related to management of nuclear sites, bioassay samples, automated monitoring for industrial-scale nuclear processes, sensing systems for radionuclides in environmental water samples, heavy element research, and medical isotope generation. This chapter presents principles and selected applications of automation in radiochemical separations, analysis, monitoring, and sensing, with comprehensive citations to the literature.
CHAPTER 46 – Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

The definition of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)1-5 used in this chapter is modified from that proposed by the Practice Guidelines of the American Society of Hematology for ITP.3 ITP is defined as thrombocytopenia: (a) in the presence of a normal hemoglobin level, white blood cell count and differential, and blood smear and (b) the absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia. However, the fulfillment of part b, “the absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia,” is often not straightforward and may require considerable experience. Whereas marked hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy would direct the clinician to leukemia and abnormalities of the radial ray to the thrombocytopenia with absent radii (TAR) syndrome or Fanconi anemia, other, more subtle immune or nonimmune thrombocytopenias such as the MYH9-related diseases (e.g., May-Hegglin anomaly; see Chapters 54 and 57) or possible drug-induced thrombocytopenias may be difficult to diagnose. Non-immune inherited thrombocytopenias have recently been reviewed. 6,7
Synthesis of Boronated Uridine Derivatives for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

The effectiveness of boron neutron capture therapy would be maximized if the capture reaction occurred in the cell nucleus.1 Thus boronated nucleic acid precursors may be ideal agents for achieving high selective boron concentrations in the nucleus of tumor cells since they should be readily taken up by rapidly proliferating malignant cells and incorporated into cellular DNA or RNA.
Hormones and Insect Behavior

In insects, hormones are involved in the regulation of behavior to a greater extent than in other invertebrate or vertebrate groups. This extensive adoption of hormonal involvement in the function of the nervous system may be partially due to size restrictions and to the rich behavioral repertoires which insects characteristically show. Hormones, with their ability to reach every cell in the nervous system, are capable of causing widespread changes in responsiveness and thus of radically changing behavior. The use of this kind of hormonal control instead of more complex neural mechanisms may be a major factor in packing a broad array of behaviors into a small, simplified nervous system.
The record in the meteorites—I: The former environment of stone meteorites as deduced from K40–Ar40 ages

Abstract The K-Ar ages of meteorites are systematically lower than the Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb ages, owing to diffusion losses of argon. An equation is derived that gives the apparent K-Ar age as a function of the “true” age and the parameter D/a 2 , the diffusion constant of Ar 40 divided by the square of the radius of the potassium-bearing grains. The dependence of D /a 2 in stone meteorites on temperature may be obtained from the work of Geiss and Hess, so that given a “true” and an apparent age, it is possible to deduce an upper limit to the mean temperature at which a meteorite was held since the cessation of strong heating in its parent body. The activation energy for the diffusion of radiogenic Ar 40 from meteorites is unexpectedly small (14 kcal/mole), so that for a group of eight dated chondrites, the upper limit to th9 mean environmental temperature is found to be ≤196°K. This low value implies that the parent body of the chondrites was no closer to the sun than 1.44 astronomical units (a.u.), and no larger than 250 km in radius, for radiation temperatures are higher near the sun, and long-lived radioactivities produce higher temperatures in bodies as large as 300 km in radius. The compatibility of these limits with current theories on the origin of meteorites is examined, and some crucial experiments are proposed. Further diffusion losses will occur after the release of the meteorites from their parent bodies. Consideration of the radiation temperature of a meteorite in space shows that even for perihelia barely within the earth's orbit, some 10.20 per cent of the radiogenic and cosmic-ray induced argon will be lost in times the order of typical exposure ages of chondrites.
Influence of Ignition Timing and EGR on the NOx Emission and the Performance of an SI Engine Fueled With Hydrogen

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and ignition timing have strong effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions. In the present study, detailed chemical reactions with 29 steps of hydrogen oxidation with additional nitrogen oxidation reactions were coupled with an advanced CFD code to investigate the engine performance and emission characteristics of a SI engine fueled with hydrogen. The NOx formation within the engine was computed using the extended Zeldovich mechanism with parameters adjusted for a carbon-free fuel such as hydrogen. The computational results were validated against experimental results with equivalence ratio of 0.84 and fixed ignition timing at crank angle of 5° BTDC (before top dead center). The simulations were then employed to examine the effects of EGR and ignition timing on the engine performance and NOx formation and emission. The EGR ratio was varied between 5% and 15% while the ignition timings considered were 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20° BTDC. It was found that NOx emission increased with advancing the ignition timing away from TDC while the indicated engine power showed an increasing trend with further advancing the ignition timing. Higher indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and indicated thermal efficiency were obtained with an advanced ignition timing of 20° BTDC. The model was also run with three different EGR ratios of 5%, 10% and 15% with fixed ignition timing at 5° BTDC. The simulation results quantified the reduction in NOx and the indicated engine power with the increase in the EGR ratio. The computations were consistent with the hypothesis that the combustion duration increases with the EGR ratio. Finally, the maximization of engine power and minimization of NOx emissions were considered as conflicting objectives. The different data points were plotted in the objective space.Using the concept of “knee”, (5° BTDC, 0% EGR) was selected as the optimal operating point representing the best trade-off between maximum engine power and minimum NOx emissions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Aeroelastic Modeling of the X-56A Using a Rapid Model Generator for Conceptual Design

A comparison was made between models generated by a design-capable, rapid model generator and detailed weight reports and finite element models for the X-56A. Using an iterative approach, the contribution of individual weight groups to the total empty weight was determined. The final model captured 98.9% of the reported empty weight; however, the majority of this weight arose from subsystems and added mass due to design details not captured at the conceptual or preliminary design levels. Ultimately, the challenge of predicting these non-structural weights is a barrier to FEM-based weight prediction. A comparison of structural modes between the rapidly-generated and airframer models produced a good comparison of mode shapes. However, the first symmetric and antisymmetric bending frequencies were under predicted by 8.6% and 18.2%. The frequencies predicted for modes mixing first torsion and second bending were predicted within -11.4%–15.0%, with two modes falling within 0.4%. A flutter analysis was performed for an empty fuel configuration. The rapidly generated model predicted a true body freedom flutter instability at 282 knots; this was 7.20% above the minimum damping predicted for a body freedom flutter hump mode by the airframer. Ultimately, structural and aeroelastic models were generated in a rapid, parametric manner that alleviates the bottleneck of model generation for design and provides the ability to increase fidelity as a design matures.
High-Fidelity Simulations of a Hovering Wing

Simulation of normal-hovering mode kinematics was considered for an aspect-ratio 2 flat plate wing over the range of Reynolds numbers of 200 ≤ Rec ≤ 2×104. A high-order implicit large-eddy simulation technique was used which has been shown to be an effective tool for laminar/transitional/turbulent regimes present in moderate Reynolds number flows. This work focuses on investigating the three-dimensional flow structure on low-aspectratio wings including the effects of the aspect-ratio and Reynolds number. The complex flow structure was investigated and discussed in detail for Rec = 1, 000. Increasing the Reynolds number beyond Rec = 500 revealed that the leading edge vortex transforms into an arch-type structure which was not present for the lowest Reynolds number case. Strong low-pressure regions that occur at the arch legs were found to serve as significant liftenhancement mechanisms. Additionally, lift was shown to increase with Reynolds number until little change occurs beyond Rec > 1 × 10. Operating hovering cycles at the higher Reynolds numbers tested could be advantageous due to increasing ratios of cycle-averaged lift to average cycle power. Also, a low-aspect-ratio simulation was compared to a twodimensional infinite-span computation at Rec = 200. The strength of the downward jet for the low-aspect-ratio wing was found to diminish compared to the infinite-span case resulting in an effectively higher effective angle of attack and earlier separation at the symmetry plane.
Jelly fungi, then and now!

Concepts of relationships within the “jelly fungi” have undergone several revisions during the past several decades. While basidial morphology remains an important taxonomic consideration, ultrastr...
Histochemical Determination of Ribose Nucleic Acid in Vertebrate Tissues Following Extraction with Perchloric Acid.

ConclusionsThe data obtained in these experiments indicate that perchloric acid may be substituted for ribonuclease in the histo-chemieal determination of ribonucleic acid. The results obtained by the use of perchloric acid were identical to those obtained by the use of ribonuclease as the digestive agent. The most consistent results were obtained with frozen sections, apparently because of better diffusibility.
Design of Hierarchy and Functions of Regional Energy Internet and Its Demonstration Applications

Relying on Beijing Yanqing smart grid innovation demonstration projects,an analysis is made on the new energy basic conditions and characteristics of Yanqing district.The construction of the demonstration area is elaborated at length with respect to items from the form of energy supply/consumption,the main carrier undertaking energy delivery,and decisionmaking management to public service.An application framework model of the energy internet is developed,and the wide-area power flow supporting AC/DC active power distribution network is described in detail as is the hierarchical partitioning of distributed intelligent control management and open public service mode.The methods and channels of exploring future management and business modes are recommended.
Developing and Validating the User Burden Scale: A Tool for Assessing User Burden in Computing Systems

Computing systems that place a high level of burden on their users can have a negative affect on initial adoption, retention, and overall user experience. Through an iterative process, we have developed a model for user burden that consists of six constructs: 1) difficulty of use, 2) physical, 3) time and social, 4) mental and emotional, 5) privacy, and 6) financial. If researchers and practitioners can have an understanding of the overall level of burden systems may be having on the user, they can have a better sense of whether and where to target future design efforts that can reduce those burdens. To help assist with understanding and measuring user burden, we have also developed and validated a measure of user burden in computing systems called the User Burden Scale (UBS), which is a 20-item scale with 6 individual sub-scales representing each construct. This paper presents the process we followed to develop and validate this scale for use in evaluating user burden in computing systems. Results indicate that the User Burden Scale has good overall inter-item reliability, convergent validity with similar scales, and concurrent validity when compared to systems abandoned vs. those still in use.
Early detection and management of COPD. What you can do to reduce the impact of this disabling disease.

PREVIEWChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious national problem, ranking fourth as a cause of death. The elusive nature of COPD unfortunately contributes to late diagnosis. How can primary care physicians help reverse the increasing morbidity and mortality of COPD? Dr Doherty discusses the importance of spirometrie testing in detecting COPD in its early stages and describes pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for optimal early treatment.
Peanut farming in the rural interior of Guyana

Farmers of Aranaputa Valley village in the rural interior of Guyana rely on peanut as their primary cash crop. The focus of this study was to document current peanut farming practices in this community. Household surveys and informal interviews were conducted in 2012 to evaluate the 2011 farming season. Farmers relied on distant markets or the community development council for agricultural inputs. More than half of farmers were selling their peanut crop to truck drivers who pass through their community, while 35% sold their peanut crop to the local peanut butter cottage industry. Interviewees indicated the desire for new peanut varieties to produce in their farming systems, suggesting the potential for adoption of new varieties recently evaluated in the region. These results suggest a need for additional agricultural research in the region and development projects that can assist in closing the gap of market accessibility; both for inputs and farm sales.
Pedestrian age and gender in relation to crossing behavior at midblock crossings in India

Abstract Pedestrians have unique needs to ensure their safety as they interact with others within a transportation system. Since this is especially true in third world context, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of pedestrian behaviors in developing countries. The goal is to have planners and engineers create appropriate design guidelines and inform policy decisions. Data on pedestrian characteristics and behavior metrics were gathered from midblock crossings in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Quadratic and logistic regressions suggest that pedestrian delay and utilization of crossings increase with age, while conflicts decrease with it. Male waiting time is approximately half of female waiting time, and males are twice as likely to cause conflicts with motor vehicles. These strong patterns will hopefully aid in the understanding of pedestrian behavior in relation to motor vehicle traffic in urban areas of developing countries, encouraging safer crossings to be designed.
What do entangled states superpose

There is evidence that superpositions of states of non-composite quantum systems A exist and can be interpreted as the simultaneous existence of two or more physically distinct quantum states of A. This paper shows, however, that entangled superposition states have a quite different character from simple superposition states. Whereas a simple superposition superposes two coherent states of a non-composite object A, entangled states superpose correlations between states of two incoherent subsystems A and B of a composite system AB. Thus an entangled state is best conceptualized as a coherent or phase-dependent superposition of correlations between incoherent or phase-independent subsystem states.
Interleaved auxiliary resonant snubber for high-power, high-density applications

Power density has become increasingly important for applications where weight and space are limited. New wide-bandgap (WBG) devices, combined with softswitching, now allow inverters to shrink in size by pushing to higher switching frequencies while maintaining efficiency. This paper proposes a novel interleaved auxiliary resonant snubber for high-frequency soft-switching to reduce volume while maintaining efficiency. The design of an auxiliary resonant snubber is discussed; this allows the main GaN MOSFETs to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS). The auxiliary switches and SiC diodes achieve zero current switching (ZCS). While soft-switching minimizes switching loss, conduction loss is simultaneously reduced for high-power applications by interleaving two high frequency legs.
Single Institution Study of Abnormalities Involving Chromosomes 13 and 17 Detected by Classical Cytogenetics and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Myeloma and Their Relationship to Survival in Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplant.

Multiple myeloma is associated with a variety of chromosomal anomalies each of which may affect survival to varying degrees. Recent data indicate that patients with chromosome 13 and 17 anomalies have a poor prognosis. In the current single institution study we analyzed the presence of anomalies involving chromosomes 13 and 17 detected by classical cytogenetics (karyotype analysis) (CC) and interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in patients who underwent autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma and correlated this with mean survival. Our patients had undergone autologous stem cell transplantation between April 1998 and March 2006. Of the 79 patients studied, data on CC and FISH was available on 43 patients and 29 patients respectively. 34 of 43 patients had normal CC and 11 of 29 patients had normal FISH. The mean survival of patients with normal cytogenetics was 45.36 months and for those with a normal FISH result it was 50 months. 9 of 43 patients had an abnormal CC result and 18 of 29 patients had an abnormal FISH result. Mean survival with an abnormal CC result was 30.40 months compared to 40.83 months with an abnormal FISH result. Anomalies of chromosomes 13 and/or 17 were seen in 6 of 9 patients by CC and 15 of 18 patients by FISH. Mean survival in these two groups was 30.25 months and 42.80 months respectively. These results indicate that normal cytogenetics and fluorescent in situ hybridization results at the time of diagnosis are associated with favorable outcome. The presence of abnormalities detected by conventional cytogenetics is associated with poorer outcome, particularly for deletion 13q and deletion 17p. Patients with interphase FISH abnormalities for chromosomes 13 and 17 have better survival than those with abnormalities for these chromosomes detected by conventional cytogenetics. Abnormalities in conventional cytogenetics may suggest actively proliferating disease. Thus interphase FISH should not substitute for conventional cytogenetic analysis in the diagnosis of myeloma.
The mission lifeline severity-based stroke treatment algorithm: We need more time.

On March 10th, 2017 the American Heart Association presented their Mission Lifeline Severity-Based Stroke Treatment Algorithm For EMS. This document consisted of single page algorithm written to provide guidance to EMS providers regarding the triage and transport of suspected stroke patients, as well as a single explanatory page (https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Professional/MissionLifelineHomePage/MissionLifeline-Stroke\_UCM\_491623_SubHomePage.jsp). Specifically, patients with suspected emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) (based on pre-hospital stroke assessment), who were last know well within 6 hours, are to be considered for direct transfer to an endovascular capable center if such a direct transfer will not delay arrival at a stroke center by more than 15 minutes. The AHA acknowledges that level I data are lacking to support a firm recommendation on the acceptable delay in arrival at a stroke center when considering re-routing patients. They therefore state that the committee felt it “was best to err on the side of caution and initially set the additional transport delay to 15 minutes”. The JNIS applauds the AHA's effort to further the important conversation of stroke patient triage and transfer. We also recognize that the document's authors acknowledge fallability of any algorithm, and clearly state that this algorithm is not a final or comprehensive answer to the many problems currently relevent to communities struggling to provide timely care for stroke patients. However, we feel that there are a number of critical limitiations to the document that should be addressed and discussed in the broader community. It is our hope to engender a constructive conversation, which will ultimately lead to a revised recommendation and the best possible care for stroke patients. In 2015 and 2016, seven concordant randomized controlled trials powerfully and unequivocally demonstrated that for ELVO, thrombectomy results in markedly better patient outcomes than does treatment with IV-tPA alone.1–7 The differences between treatment groups were massive, …