cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Office Building Research

Office building development has had a relatively short history. However, since the 1880s, we have seen tremendous growth in the number and size of office buildings and a significant change in the location of these buildings. Early research in this area centered on technological changes and innovation in construction. As the market matured, researchers began to explore other areas of interest. This article provides a brief history of office building development in the United States. It then identifies, categorizes, and appraises the major studies in this area. It concludes with discussion of topics for future research.
Vegetação como instrumento de proteção e recuperação de taludes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar as caracteristicas da vegetacao, suas condicoes e tecnicas de cultivo, e seus beneficios na recuperacao ambiental em taludes. Trata-se de uma revisao do que existe, especialmente utilizando vegetacao, onde buscou explicar as razoes de sua utilizacao, a importância dos cuidados na escolha das especies, de iniciar com gramineas e leguminosas, comparar os tipos de raizes e reconhecer funcoes diferenciadas para cada grupo de plantas. E apresentada uma lista dos efeitos beneficos do capim Vetiver ( Chrysopogon zizanioides) , que conjuga os beneficios da vegetacao arborea com os beneficios das gramineas. Sao descritos quando e em quais condicoes a vegetacao arborea e necessaria e cita principais metodos de plantio sobre areas em declive para o controle de processos erosivos. Apesar dos efeitos antagonicos da vegetacao em areas de talude (Coelho e Pereira, 2006), nao deixa duvida quanto a sua importância e de como viabilizar sistemas ecologicos mais sustentaveis. Uma analise dos fatores ambientais, edaficos, climaticos e ate da orientacao do talude com relacao ao eixo cartesiano, implica tecnicas diferenciadas. Enquanto a vegetacao de menor porte ou rasteira tem funcao de revestir e proteger o talude, a vegetacao arborea tem influencia na protecao de talude contra rupturas.
The Case for Differential Geometry in the Control of Single and Coupled PDEs: The Structural Acoustic Chamber

In line with the title of the IMA Summer Program—Geometric Methods in Inverse Problems and PDE Control—the aim of the present article may be summarized as follows: we intend to provide a relatively updated survey (subject to space limitations) of results on exact boundary controllability and uniform boundary stabilization of certain general classes of single Partial Differential Equations as well as of classes of systems of coupled PDEs (in dimension strictly greater than one), that have become available in recent years through novel approaches based on differential (Riemannian) geometric methods.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF ACADEMIC HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES

Like all health care institutions, the nation's academic health centers are facing the need for fundamental change in structure and opportunity. This article examines the trends in five major areas: research, higher education, specialization, finance, and organization. The impact of these trends on the academic health centers is explored.
Hepatocyte Lysosomes in Intracellular Digestion and Biliary Secretion

The sections in this article are: 1 Lysosomes: Background and General Considerations 1.1 Perspectives 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Characteristics 1.4 Methods of Study 2 Lysosomes: Formation and Function 2.1 Enzyme Biogenesis 2.2 Endocytosis 2.3 Functions 3 Summary
The 20,000 Da variant of human growth hormone does not bind to growth hormone receptors in human liver.

Abstract The 20,000 Da variant of human growth hormone (hGH) (20K) exhibited no specific binding to hGH receptors in human liver plasma membranes. This contrasts with the 22,000 Da form of human growth hormone (22K), which bound with high affinity to the same hepatic receptor preparation. Since the liver is considered a major target organ for the somatogenic pathway of growth hormone action, this finding implies that in humans the 20K form plays little role in that pathway. The homologous hormone-receptor system examined here yielded results that differ from heterologous receptor binding experiments in animals. The differences are likely explained by the presence in non-primate mammals of more than one type of growth hormone receptor with varied specificities. In man, the 20K form of growth hormone may have a biologial role distinct from that of the main 22K form of growth hormone.
Cardioprotection with α-tocopheryl phosphate: Amelioration of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury is linked with its ability to generate a survival signal through Akt activation

The emerging potential of alpha-tocopheryl phosphate, a phosphoric acid ester of alpha-tocopherol, in health benefits was tested gavaging this compound (5 mg/kg body wt) to a group of rats for a period of thirty days while the control rats were given water only. After thirty days, the rats were sacrificed, the hearts excised, and the isolated hearts were perfused by working mode. Both control and experimental hearts were subjected to 30-min global ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. The tocopheryl phosphate fed rats exhibited significant cardioprotection as evidenced by improved ventricular performance and reduced myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl phosphate converted MAP kinase-induced death signal into a survival signal by enhancing anti-apoptotic p42/44 ERK kinase and p38 MAPKbeta and reducing pro-apoptotic proteins p38 MAPKalpha and JNK. In concert, the phosphorylation of pro-apoptotic c-Src was also reduced. Tocopheryl phosphate increased the DNA binding of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NFkappaB and potentiated the activation of anti-death protein Bcl-2 and survival signaling protein Akt. The results of this study demonstrated for the first time that tocopheryl phosphate could ameliorate myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury by converting ischemia/reperfusion-mediated death signal into a survival signal by modulating MAP kinase signaling.
Mitochondria, the calcium uniporter, and reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation.

The role of the mitochondria, and in particular the calcium (Ca) uniporter, in mediating reperfusion-induced arrhythmias is a novel investigative area. This commentary assesses the importance of a new article on this topic, published in this issue of the journal. Ventricular arrhythmogenesis remains an important area of research in the search of novel targets. The article by Garcia-Rivas et al in this issue represents a possible novel focus for investigation.
Subconjunctival Sodium Hyaluronate 2.3% in Trabeculectomy A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose To investigate the efficacy of subconjunctival sodium hyaluronate 2.3% in increasing the success rate of glaucoma filtering surgery and promoting filtering blebs with characteristics presumed to predict better success. Design Randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants Fifty-five patients scheduled for glaucoma surgery. Intervention Patients underwent routine trabeculectomy, with or without phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. In the study group (n = 28), sodium hyaluronate 2.3% was injected between the scleral and conjunctival flaps at the conclusion of the surgery. In the control group (n = 27), balanced salt solution (BSS) was injected in the same fashion, in an unmasked design. Main Outcomes Measures Surgical success was defined as (1) a complete success if the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 21 mmHg or less without any antiglaucoma medication, and (2) a qualified success if the IOP was 21 mmHg or less, with or without antiglaucoma medication. Patients requiring additional surgery, including needling, or with IOP more than 21 mmHg, even when receiving antiglaucoma medications, were considered to have failed treatment. Success rates in both groups were compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and the log-rank test. The morphologic characteristics of the filtering blebs were evaluated using the Indiana Bleb Appearance Grading Scale. Other outcome measures were IOP, visual acuity, need for antiglaucoma medication, and any complications. Results Fifty-two patients completed the study (27 in the study group and 25 in the control group), with a mean follow-up of 12.3 months. Complete success rates were 77.8% for the study group and 84.0% for the control group 12 months after surgery ( P >0.5); qualified success rates were 88.9% for the study group and 92.0% for the control group ( P >0.6). Mean IOP decreased from 26.0±10.0 mmHg to 11.6±4.1 mmHg in the study eyes ( P P P >0.05). The study eyes had more diffuse blebs than the control eyes (62.5% ≥4 clock-hours vs. 22.7%; P = 0.012). Postoperative complications were similar in the study eyes (14.8%) and the control eyes (20.0%; P >0.6). Conclusions There was no difference in success rates in patients who received subconjunctival sodium hyaluronate 2.3% compared to BSS injections. Subconjunctival sodium hyaluronate 2.3% was associated with more diffuse blebs after filtering surgery.
A pharmacological study of pyrethroid neurotoxicity in mice

Abstract Permethrin (cis-, trans-, and technical grade [tech.]) and deltamethrin, representatives of the non-cyano- and cyano-containing classes of synthetic pyrethroids, produced neurotoxic symptoms when administered to mice. ED50 values for this effect were compared following intracerebroventricular (icv) or peripheral (iv) injection. Both permethrin and deltamethrin showed large increases in potency following icv administration, suggesting a mainly central site of action for both classes of pyrethroid. Pretreatment of mice with drugs affecting central noradrenergic, cholinergic, or serotonergic transmission was demonstrated to potentiate the toxic response to iv injections of tech.-permethrin, while some symptoms of toxicity could be partially alleviated by ip pretreatment with diazepam, aminooxyacetic acid, or cycloheximide.
GLC analysis ofHeliothis virescens triglycerides at various metamorphic stages

The triglycerides ofHeliothis virescens (F.), the tobacco budworm, reared on a semidefined diet, were examined at different stages of development. The distribution of triglyceride carbon numbers and the composition of triglyceride fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of intact triglycerides and methyl esters. Triglycerides of carbon number 50 decreased in the unfed adults with age; the decrease corresponded with a decrease in palmitic acid. Linoleic acid and carbon number 50 exhibited fluctuations in concentrations that were correlated with metamorphosis. The observed changes in specific triglyceride carbon numbers with a simultaneous change in specific triglyceride fatty acids indicate a nonrandom fatty acid distribution in the triglycerides of this insect.
The Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Thymotic Acid

Ortho -and para -thymotic acids were shown to have greater analgesic and antipyretic activities than sodium salicylate. The LD 50 ’s in rats were also determined.
Neutron Resonance: Modeling Photoemission and Tunneling Data in the Superconducting State of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ

Motivated by neutron scattering data, we develop a model of electrons interacting with a magnetic resonance and use it to analyze angle resolved photoemission and tunneling data in the superconducting state of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$. We not only can explain the peak-dip-hump structure observed near the $(\ensuremath{\pi},0)$ point, and its particle-hole asymmetry as seen in superconductor-insulator-normal tunneling spectra, but also its evolution throughout the Brillouin zone, including a velocity ``kink'' near the $d$-wave node.
Abstract 3191: Immune cell bound MUC16 (CA125): A novel diagnostic marker for ovarian cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL MUC16 is a cell surface mucin expressed at high levels by epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Following proteolytic cleavage, cell surface MUC16 (csMUC16) is shed (sMUC16) in the extracellular milieu and is detected in the serum of cancer patients as the tumor marker CA125. csMUC16 acts as an adhesion molecule and facilitates peritoneal metastasis of ovarian tumors. Both sMUC16 and csMUC16 also protect cancer cells from cytotoxic responses of natural killer (NK) cells. In a previous study, we demonstrated that sMUC16 binds to a specific subset of NK cells. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to NK cells, sMUC16 also binds to B cells and monocytes isolated from the peripheral circulation and the peritoneal fluid. I-type lectin, Siglec-9, is identified as the sMUC16 receptor on these immune cells. The inhibitory receptor Siglec-9 is expressed on approximately 30-40% of CD16pos/CD56dim NK cells, 20-30% of B cells and >95% of monocytes. sMUC16 binds to the majority of the Siglec-9pos NK cells, B cells and monocytes. sMUC16 is released from the immune cells following neuraminidase treatment. While sMUC16 binds to Siglec-9, it has no affinity for another I-type lectin, Siglec-7. Experiments with Siglec-9 transfected Jurkat cells and monocytes isolated from healthy donors demonstrate that immune cells can bind to ovarian tumor cells via Siglec-9-csMUC16 interaction. sMUC16-Siglec-9 binding is a high affinity and event and the mucin is detected on the surface of the patient-derived immune cells even after the cells have been cultured in vitro in media that does not contain any sMUC16. The MUC16 mucin is also expressed by the human decidua and higher circulating levels of this molecule (measured as CA125) are detected in peripheral circulation of pregnant women. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells from pregnant women indicates that MUC16 can be detected on the surface of specific subsets of immune cells even when the serum CA125 levels are very low or undetectable. Furthermore, we have observed that sMUC16 is detected on distinct subsets of NK cells of women with preeclampsia as compared to healthy pregnant women and patients with ovarian tumors. Our on-going studies are focused on monitoring sMUC16 binding to specific subsets of immune cells to determine if this information can be used to devise a novel assay for the diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3191. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3191
Optimizing engraftment--source and dose of stem cells.

Abstract In recent years, the use of antibodies to measure CD34 + cells and the availability of peripheral blood (PB) and umbilical cord blood (CB) as additional stem cell sources other than bone marrow (BM) has increased interest in determining the impact of stem cell source and dose on the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In addition to differences in their stem cell content, transplants from the three sources differ in the composition and state of activation of immune cells. As a consequence, BM, CB, and PB transplants have different kinetics of hematological recovery, the most rapid engraftment being observed with PB and the slowest with CB. Stem cell source also incurs different risks for developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): PB transplants show a possible increase in acute and a definite increase in chronic GVHD compared with BM. CB transplants have a favorably low risk of GVHD even in mismatched transplants. Stem cell dose in an independent factor in transplants from any source, determining engraftment, transplant-related mortality and risk of leukemic relapse. These findings are of clinical importance—an understanding of the impact of stem cell source and dose is essential to obtain optimum conditions for a successful outcome after transplant. Semin Hematol 39:3-14. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Cylinder wake in lattice gas hydrodynamics

Abstract We measure, using a lattice gas algorithm, the time development of a wake behind a cylinder at Reynolds numbers equal to 30 and 60. We measure also drag at these values and determine Re≅90 to be the Reynolds number where vortex shedding starts. Agreement with experimental results is good. We also measure vortex shedding frequency at Re = 108 from transverse velocity and at Re = 180 from lift on the cylinder. The corresponding Strouhal numbers are obtained and discussed.
Attempted Synthesis of the Dithiophene Analogs of Biphenylene

Synthesis of the four possible dithiophene analogs of biphenylene (1), viz., cyclobuta[1,2-b:3,4-d′]dithiophene (3), cyclobuta[1,2,-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene (4), cyclobuta[1,2-b:3,4-c′]dithiophene (5), and cyclobuta-[1,2-c:3,4-c′]dithiophene (6) has been explored using several different approaches. All these attempts have been unsuccessful similarly as the former efforts of Mc Omie and Wynberg. Equally unsuccessful were the attempts to obtain the iron tricarbonyl complexes of these compounds which were thought to be more stable. The HMO calculations carried out for cyclobutadithiophenes indicate that these four compounds will be highly unstable, also in view of the considerable ring strain.
Palmosalides A-C, new sesquiterpenoids from the indian ocean telestacean octocoral Coelogorgia palmosa

Abstract Three new sesquiterpenoid lactones, palmosalides A-C (1-3), possessing both eremophilane and bakkane carbon skeletons, have been isolated from the Indian Ocean telestacean octocoral Coelogorgia palmosa Milne Edwards & Haime. The structure determinations of the new eremophilanes, palmosalides A and B, were accomplished by NMR methods, while the structure of palmosalide C was assigned by X-ray analysis. Palmosalide C (3) belongs to the rare bakkane class of sesquiterpenoids, but it is epimeric to the known terrestrial bakkenolides at the C-7 spiro center. This is only the second telestacean to be investigated chemically, and the first report of sesquiterpenoid synthesis in this rare class of marine invertebrates.
Understanding cervical cancer screening among lesbians: a national survey

Lesbians have low rates of cervical cancer screening, even though they are at risk of developing the disease. The aim of this study was to examine cervical cancer screening behaviors in a national sample of lesbians. A standardized internet survey was sent to 3,000 self-identified lesbians to assess cervical cancer screening behaviors and barriers to screening. The sample consisted of 1,006 respondents. Sixty-two percent of the weighted sample of respondents were routine screeners. Lack of a physician referral (17.5%) and lack of a physician (17.3%) were the most commonly-cited top reasons for lack of screening. Adjusting for age, education, relationship status, employments status, and insurance status, women who had disclosed their sexual orientation to their primary care physician (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.84 [95% confidence interval 1.82-4.45]) or gynecologist (OR 2.30 [1.33-3.96]) had greater odds of routine screening than those who did not. Those who knew that lack of Pap testing is a risk factor for cervical cancer were also more likely to be routine screeners (OR 1.95 [1.30-2.91]), although no association with screening was apparent for women who had more knowledge of general cervical cancer risk factors. Physician recommendation appeared to be a potent determinant of regular screening behavior. Routine screeners perceived more benefits and fewer barriers to screening, as well as higher susceptibility to cervical cancer. Some women who identify as lesbian are at a potentially elevated risk of cervical cancer because they are not routinely screened. Evidence-based interventions should be developed to address critical health beliefs that undermine participation in screening. Given the value placed on physician recommendation, patient-provider communication may serve as the optimal focus of effective intervention.
Changes in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 activity in ischemic and reperfused rat heart.

Phospholipid metabolism is altered during ischemia and post-ischemic reperfusion. Past studies demonstrating elevated myocardial free fatty acid and lysophospholipid content infer accelerated phospholipid degradation involving phospholipase A activity. Recently, ischemic and postischemic reperfusion (reperfusion) have been shown to affect levels of phosphoinositide (PPI) degradation products. Considering the role of PPI turnover in regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis, our laboratory and others have suggested that alteration in the metabolism of the inositol phospholipids could play a role in the development of ischemia-induced calcium overload injury. Using an isolated rat heart model (Langendorff perfusion), this study examines the effect of global ischemia and reperfusion on ventricular phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) activity and PLA2 activity. The primary purpose was to determine if ischemia and reperfusion-induced changes in PLC activity could explain previously observed changes in PPI degradation products, and whether PLC and PLA2 activities were similarly or differentially altered by ischemia and reperfusion. PLC and PLA2 activities were measured in cytosolic and total membrane fractions from control (perfused), ischemic (5, 10, 30 and 60 min), and post-ischemic reperfused ventricular tissue. Phospholipase activity was determined under optimal in vitro conditions using exogenous radiolabeled substrates. Alterations in membrane-associated PPI-PLC activity correlated with reported ischemia and reperfusion-induced changes in ventricular content of PPI metabolites. Membrane PLC activity increased slightly at 5 min of ischemia, decreased significantly at 10 min of ischemia, and continued to decrease with longer duration of ischemia (73% of control after 60 min). Cytosolic PPI-PLC activity was decreased at 5 min, and then significantly increased by longer durations of ischemia, while cytosolic PLA2 activity was reduced at all time points. Pretreatment with muscarinic, alpha1-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, and adenosine receptor blockers did not alter ischemiaelicited changes in PLC activity. Reperfusion caused a 140% to 200% rise in the activities of all phospholipases in all fractions after 40 min of ischemia, but not after 10 min of ischemia. Results suggest 1) ischemia and reperfusion-elicited alterations in membrane-associated PPI-PLC activity can explain previously observed changes in phosphoinositide turnover metabolites, 2) cytosolic and membrane-associated PPI-PLC and PLA2 activities are not uniformly affected by ischemia, 3) reperfusion following ischemia of sufficient duration initiates uniform activation of PIP2-PLC and PLA2, and 4) because ischemia and reperfusion-induced changes in phospholipase activity can be detected under optimal in vitro assay conditions (removed from the in vivo ischemic microenvironment), it is likely that the enzymes themselves have been altered.
Repeated administration of low doses of cocaine enhances the sensitivity of 5-HT2 receptor function.

Abstract The acute and chronic effects of cocaine were evaluated on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-receptor 5-HT 2 mediated behavioral function, the head-twitch response (HTR), in mice. In a recent study, we reported that the (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2- aminopropane HCl (DOI)-induced HTR was dose dependently reduced by cocaine via indirect stimulation of serotonergic 5-HT 1A and adrenergic α 2 receptors. In the present investigation, the HTR was evoked by the nonselective 5-HT agonist 5-methoxy- N , N -dimethyltryptamine hydrogen oxolate (5-MeO-DMT). Cocaine by itself failed to produce HTR but dose dependently inhibited the 5-MeO-DMT-induced behavior. Cocaine's effects were not due to 5-HT 3 antagonism since acute administration of the more potent 5-HT 3 antagonist (ICS-205,930) failed to produce or modify the 5-MeO-DMT-induced behavior. During withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment (5–20 mg/kg). 5-MeO-DMT-induced HTR was enhanced. Depending upon the cocaine dose used, the induced supersensitivity persisted up to 172 h following cessation of cocaine treatment. The mechanisms of cocaine-induced supersensitivity were further investigated using the more selective 5-HT 2 agonist DOI. Withdrawal from a low-dose (0.03–1.25 mg/kg) chronic cocaine treatment caused the DOI-induced HTR to increase, whereas withdrawal from a 5- and 10-mg/kg cocaine regimen had no significant effect. The maximal effect persisted up to 36 h following termination of cocaine treatment. Relative to vehicle-exposed controls, withdrawal from cocaine treatment enhanced the inhibitory potency of the 5-HT 1A agonist (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin HBr (8-OH-DPAT) on DOI-induced HTR. Moreover, the 5-HT 1B/1C agonist 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine HCl (TFMPP) and the 5-HT 3 agonist m -chlorophenylbiguanide HCl (mCPBG) failed to modify DOI-induced HTR in chronically vehicle-exposed mice but both agents reduced the induced behavior in the cocaine-treated group. Unlike changes in the sensitivity of serotonergic receptor subtypes, cocaine exposure failed to modify α 2 adrenoceptor sensitivity because clonidine was equipotent in inhibiting DOI-induced behavior in both groups treated chronically with vehicle and cocaine. Thus, the present study demonstrates a serotonergic component of cocaine's action in that low-dose chronic exposure enhances the functional sensitivity of serotonergic 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2 , and 5-HT 3 receptors.
Two New Edge Detectors

This paper introduces two new edge detection algorithms. One uses multiple difference-based edge detectors. This scheme selects peak center by absolute maximum or center of mass techniques. The other algorithm is motivated by the observation that second-order enhancement improves human contour extraction, but generally confuses difference-based edge detectors. This algorithm translates intensity images into three state images (plus one, zero, and minus one), then uses multiple three-state edge masks to find edge positions. The second scheme has a multiple hardware implementation and interesting biological analogs. Finally, the two operators introduced are compared to some popular edge detection techniques from the literature.
Low-energy networks of the T-cage (H2O)24 cluster and their use in constructing periodic unit cells of the structure I (sI) hydrate lattice.

Hydrate networks are “host” lattices for the storage of “guest” natural gases. To enhance their physical stabilities near ambient conditions, the most stable clathrate hydrates should be identified. Here we report the lowest-energy networks of the tetrakaidecahedral cage (T-cage) (H2O)24 cluster, a constituent of the unit cell of the structure I [denoted (sI)] hydrate. A four-step screening method was employed to search for the lowest-energy T-cage networks, which were eventually optimized at the MP2 level of theory. We further outline a procedure based on the obtained low-energy isomers of the T-cage for constructing periodic unit cells of the (sI) hydrate lattice.
Translational Control of β2-Adrenergic Receptor mRNA by T-cell-restricted Intracellular Antigen-related Protein

Cellular expression of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) is suppressed at the translational level by 3′-untranslated region (UTR) sequences. To test the possible role of 3′-UTR-binding proteins in translational suppression of β2-AR mRNA, we expressed the full-length 3′-UTR or the adenylate/uridylate-rich (A+U-rich element (ARE)) RNA from the 3′-UTR sequences of β2-AR in cell lines that endogenously express this receptor. Reversal of β2-adrenergic receptor translational repression by retroviral expression of 3′-UTR sequences suggested that ARE RNA-binding proteins are involved in translational suppression of β2-adrenergic receptor expression. Using a 20-nucleotide ARE RNA from the receptor 3′-UTR as an affinity ligand, we purified the proteins that bind to these sequences. T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-related protein (TIAR) was one of the strongly bound proteins identified by this method. UV-catalyzed cross-linking experiments using in vitro transcribed 3′-UTR RNA and glutathione S-transferase-TIAR demonstrated multiple binding sites for this protein on β2-AR 3′-UTR sequences. The distal 340-nucleotide region of the 3′-UTR was identified as a target RNA motif for TIAR binding by both RNA gel shift analysis and immunoprecipitation experiments. Overexpression of TIAR resulted in suppression of receptor protein synthesis and a significant shift in endogenously expressed β2-AR mRNA toward low molecular weight fractions in sucrose gradient polysome fractionation. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence for translational control of β2-AR mRNA by TIAR.
Information Integration in Child Welfare Cases: An Introduction to Statistical Decision Making:

Workers in the field of child maltreatment are required to make many complex and far-reaching decisions every week. In this article, two general methods for formulating decision-making policies are...
Adverse selection as an explanation of credit rationing and different lender types

Abstract An adverse selection model is utilized to demonstrate that informational asymmetry may make it wealth optimal for the financial intermediary (FI) to credit ration and to rationalize the existence of different lenders in the credit market. The crucial assumption is that borrowers differ in their tolerance for a lender-imposed default penalty, the severity of which also varies with the lender. The credit rationing portion proves that the FI will: 1) be forced by a binding regulatory constraint to overinvest in capital; 2) ration its worst risk class borrowers; 3) establish its optimal loan interest rate on the basis of the average quality of its loans and the interest rate elasticity of the borrower demand in its best risk category; and 4) decrease the total loan volume and increase the loan interest rate due to an increase in the capital requirement, but the effect on the default risk quality of its loan portfolio is ambiguous. The existence result is that if a lender has a high default penalty, he can charge a lower rate and attract only “good” borrowers, i.e., heterogeneous lender types encourage the screening of borrowers and vice versa.
Some results in robust Wiener filtering

Several aspects of the problem of designing Wiener filters which are robust or insensitive to deviations in assumed signal and noise spectra are considered. Procedures are developed for searching for both unrealizable and realizable robust designs within a general framework, and these results are seen to be generalizations of previously-established design procedures. By considering classes of spectra which satisfy power constraints, it is also seen that results from the theory of robust hypothesis testing can be applied to yield solutions to the robust filtering problem for this case.
Heteralepas Cornuta (Darwin) in the Eastern Pacific Abyssal Fauna (Cirripedia Thoracica)

Le Cirripede Heteralepas cornula (Darwin) est signale pour la premiere fois du Pacifique oriental, ou il a ete rencontre en deux occasions, dans les deux cas au sud des iles Desventurados.
Pseudotumorous renal involvement of sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis, known mainly for pulmonary findings, can present with abdominal disease. Abdominal involvement most commonly affects the liver and spleen. Microscopic renal involvement is common but visible disease is unusual. Sarcoidosis of the kidney can cause nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, lesions or hydronephrosis. 1 Renal sarcoidosis is usually not visible on imaging and rarely presents as noncalcified renal masses. We report on a rare presentation of sarcoidosis with incidental bilateral noncalcified renal masses in the absence of renal dysfunction. CASE REPORT A 40-year-old black woman presented with right back and upper abdominal pain. She had a history of hypertension, cholelithiasis and a recent history of hematuria and urinary tract infection with suspected pyelonephritis. During the evaluation for source of infection, hilar adenopathy was discovered on a chest radiograph. Contrast enhanced abdominal computerized tomography (CT) revealed bilateral, multiple, wedge shaped renal masses from 2.0 to 4.6 cm. (fig. 1). The lesions were homogeneously hypodense and averaged 90 HU compared to adjacent parenchyma, which measured 205 HU. The lesions measured 29 HU on nonenhanced images and were well demarcated. There was no contour deformity of the renal margins. The kidneys were normal in size, and renal vasculature was unremarkable. Additional CT findings were retroperitoneal adenopathy, small hypodense hepatic lesions, gallstones and uterine leiomyomata. Both kidneys appeared normal on abdominal ultrasound for biopsy (fig. 2). No focal renal masses or contour deformities were identified. The cortical echo texture was homogeneous without focal areas of abnormality. After repeat contrast enhanced CT documented the persistence of the renal lesions, biopsy of the right renal lower pole, which had been the most severely affected region on CT, was performed. Pathological evaluation of the samples demonstrated noncaseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. DISCUSSION
Capacity allocation for heavy-tailed packets with time priorities: models and solutions

An effective QoS-constrained IP network must incorporate the time-priority scheduling paradigm. Policies based on priorities can be exerted to different layers of a packet switching network. For example, at the admission control layer, real-time applications should have the priority higher than non-real-time ones to get the required connection. Preemption is associated with priority. A scheduling discipline is non-preemptive if, once a stream has been given the service like a transmitter, the service cannot be taken away until the job is complete. It has been well known that, at the layers other than the connection layer, the traffic usually presents a self-similar (SSM) behavior. One primary attribute of the SSM traffic is the heavy tailed (HT) distributions. In this paper, we propose several capacity allocation models taking the following features into account: (1) The packet inter-arrival time follows the exponential distribution; (2) The packet length follows the Pareto distribution; (3) There are multiple priority classes; and (4) The low priority class can be preempted by a high priority class. The new models are mainly used at the connection level due to feature (1). However, the new models distinguish themselves from those conventional ones due to features (2), (3), and (4).
Insulin Response Genes in Different Stages of Periodontal Disease

Bacterial infections are known to alter glucose metabolism within tissues via mechanisms of inflammation. We conducted this study to examine whether insulin response genes are differentially expressed in gingival tissues, comparing samples from experimental gingivitis and periodontitis subjects to those from healthy individuals. Total RNA was extracted from gingival biopsies from 26 participants: 8 periodontally healthy, 9 experimental gingivitis, and 9 periodontitis subjects. Gene expression patterns were evaluated with a polymerase chain reaction array panel to examine 84 candidate genes involved with glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and obesity. Array data were evaluated with a t test adjusted by the false discover rate (P < 0.05), and ingenuity pathway analysis was performed for statistical testing of pathways. Although tissue samples were not sufficient to enable protein quantification, we confirmed the upregulation of the key gene using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary gingival epithelial cells by Western blot. The mRNA expression patterns of genes that are associated with insulin response and glucose metabolism are markedly different in experimental gingivitis subjects compared with healthy controls. Thirty-two genes are upregulated significantly by at least 2-fold, adjusted for false discover rate (P < 0.05). Periodontitis subjects show similar but attenuated changes in gene expression patterns, and no genes meet the significance criteria. Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrates significant activation of the carbohydrate metabolism network in experimental gingivitis but not in periodontitis. G6PD protein increases in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in primary gingival epithelial cells, which is in the same direction as upregulated mRNA in tissues. Acute gingival inflammation may be associated with tissue metabolism changes, but these changes are not evident in chronic periodontitis. This study suggests that acute gingival inflammation may induce localized changes that modify tissue insulin/glucose metabolism.
Synthesis and properties of poly(isobutyl methacrylate‐co‐butanediol dimethacrylate‐co‐methacryl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) nanocomposites

Poly[isobutyl methacrylate-co-butanediol dimethacrylate-co-3-methacrylylpropylheptaisobutyl-T8-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane] [P(iBMA-co-BDMA-co-MA-POSS)] nanocomposites with different crosslink densities and different polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MA-POSS) percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 wt %) were synthesized by radical-initiated terpolymerization. Linear [P(iBMA-co-MA-POSS)] copolymers were also prepared. The viscoelastic properties and morphologies were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The viscoelastic properties depended on the crosslink density. The dependence of viscoelastic properties on MA-POSS content at a low BDMA loading (1 wt %) was similar to that of linear P(iBMA-co-MA-POSS) copolymers. P(iBMA-co-1 wt % BDMA-co-10 wt % MA-POSS) exhibited the highest dynamic storage modulus (E′) values in the rubbery region of this series. The 30 wt % MA-POSS nanocomposites with 1 wt % BDMA exhibited the lowest E′. However, the E′ values in the rubbery region for P(iBMA-co-3 wt % BDMA-co-MA-POSS) nanocomposites with 15 and 30 wt % MA-POSS were higher than those of the parent P(iBMA-co-3 wt % BDMA) resin. MA-POSS raised the E′ values of all P(iBMA-co- 5 wt % BDMA-co-MA-POSS) nanocomposites in the rubbery region above those of P(iBMA-co-5 wt % BDMA), but MA-POSS loadings < 15 wt % had little influence on glass-transition temperatures (Tg's) and slightly reduced Tg values with 20 or 30 wt % POSS. Heating history had little influence on viscoelastic properties. No POSS aggregates were observed for the P(iBMA-co-1 wt % BDMA-co-MA-POSS) nanocomposites by TEM. POSS-rich particles with diameters of several micrometers were present in the nanocomposites with 3 or 5 wt % BDMA. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 355–372, 2005
A Chemical Analysis of Corn Silk from Single Crosses of Dent Corn Rated as Resistant, Intermediate, and Susceptible to the Corn Earworm

Corn silks from 3 single crosses of dent corn rated as resistant, intermediate, and susceptible to the corn earworm Heliothis zea (Boddie), were collected and lyophilized. The silk powder was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for both free and bound amino acids. Analyses were made also of percent protein, percent total and reducing sugars, and ascorbic acid. Fresh samples of silk were analyzed for ascorbic acid to compare losses owing to lyophilization. Equal numbers of amino acids were found in the 3 single crosses, but a slightly greater concentration of ascorbic acid and reducing and total sugars and a lower concentration of protein were found in the susceptible cross. The loss of ascorbic acid through lyophilization was negligible except in the susceptible line.
A fast algorithm for equality-constrained quadratic programming on the Alliant FX/8

An efficient implementation of the null-space method for quadratic programming on the Alliant FX/8 computer is described. The most computationally significant operations in this method are the orthogonal factorization of the constraint matrix and corresponding similarity transformation of the Hessian, and the Cholesky factorization of the reduced Hessian matrix. It is shown how these can be implemented in such a way as to take full advantage of the Alliant's parallel/vector capabilities and memory hierarchy. Timing results are given on a set of test problems for which the data can be easily accommodated in core memory.
Prey selection by Chaoborus punctipennis under laboratory conditions

Equal numbers of Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum, Daphnia parvula, and Diaptomus pallidus were offered to individual, fourth-instar larvae of Chaoborus punctipennis. When the prey species were presented separately to the larvae, 100% of the Diaphanosoma, 67% of the Daphnia, and 57% of the Diaptomus were consumed. However, when the three species were offered to the predator concurrently, 90% of the Diaphanosoma, 10% of the Daphnia and < 1% of the Diaptomus were eaten. This strong selection for Diaphanosoma was consistent at three prey densities.
Immunoquantitative analysis of artemisinin from Artemisia annua using polyclonal antibodies.

Abstract Artemisinin was derivatized to dihydroartemisinin carboxymethylether in three steps, without disturbing the peroxide bridge, and then linked to either thyroglobulin (TGB) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). The artemisinin-TGB and -BSA conjugates were injected in female New Zealand rabbits but only the artemisinin-TGB conjugate generated polyclonal antibodies. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and the specificity of the antibodies was confirmed by comparison with pre-immune serum and by competitive assays using different dilutions of artemisinin standards. Although anti-artemisinin antibodies cross-reacted with artemisitene and dihydroartemisinin at all dilutions used, cross-reaction with deoxyartemisinin, artemisinic acid, and arteannuin B occurred only at high concentrations. ELISA successfully detected artemisinin from crude extracts in concentrations as low as 1.5 ng ml−1; and was e 400-fold more sensitive than the HPLC-EC. The ELISA successfully detected and quantified artemisinin in different organs of greenhouse-grown plants and in eight clones of Artemisia annua grown in tissue culture but artemisinin was overestimated owing to cross-reactivity of the antibodies with artemisinin-related compounds present in the samples. Despite overestimation of artemisinin content, the correlations between ELISA and HPLC-EC were r = 0.92 ∗∗ when samples were diluted 100 times, and r = 0.90 ∗∗ when samples were diluted 500 times, indicating that ELISA is a potential tool for screening large A. annua populations.
Using photography as a metaphor for teaching image synthesis

The camera has long served as a metaphor for teaching three-dimensional graphics in introductory computer graphics courses. We extend this metaphor to include the complete photographic pipeline as a framework for teaching image synthesis in a second graphics course. We present the correspondence between photographic processes and areas of study in image synthesis, and discuss the success of using this framework in an image synthesis course at our university for the past 3 years.
Methodological, technological, and technical issues on the collection of education data

Abstract The major methodological, technological and technical issues of education data collection cited in the papers are discussed. These issues, when resolved, would improve the quality of the data collection process. Methodological issues explored include alternative data collection designs, inconsistencies in data element definitions, periodicity of collection, aggregation of data to the appropriate level, comparability, timeliness of reporting and modes of dissemination. Technological issues covered are the use of the telephone in data collection, the use of online computer access in data collection and computer assisted achievement testing. The technical issues of validity, reliability and completeness are combined and discussed as ‘inaccuracy’ problems.
Use of NAD(P)H-fluorescence for monitoring the response of starved cells of Catharanthus roseus in suspension to metabolic perturbations

Abstract In this investigation we have measured, on-line, the concentration of NAD(P)H of a quasi-steady state culture of Catharanthus roseus subjected to a variety of different metabolic perturbations, including transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, and glucose pulse feeding. The NAD(P)H fluorescence was found to qualitatively represent the metabolic state of cells during substrate perturbation. NAD(P)H fluorescence increased immediately upon aerobic-anaerobic transition and decreased immediately after returning to aerobic conditions. NAD(P)H fluorescence response following a decrease or increase in dissolved oxygen tension indicates that the cells are in an aerobic (or oxidized) state at as low an oxygen tension as 11% air saturation.
Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat

The cumulative effects problem in natural resource management and land use planning stems from the difficulty of demonstrating that while each single land use change results in a negligible impact, the accumulation of these individual changes over time and within a landscape or region may constitute a major impact. This paper details a general approach to estimate the cumulative effects of land use change on wildlife habitat using Summit County, CO, USA as a case study. Our approach is based on a functional relationship between effect on habitat and distance from development. Within this building-effect distance, habitat is assumed to be degraded, producing a disturbance zone. We sum the total area within the disturbance zone and track how it changes over time and in response to different land use planning actions. This method is sensitive to both housing density and spatial pattern, so that the relative effects of clustered development can be evaluated. Two factors are important in understanding how development potentially degrades habitat: alteration of habitat near buildings and roads and landscape fragmentation. Our results show clustered development reduces the negative impacts on wildlife habitat. For large building-effect distances, spatial pattern was found to be a stronger indicator of disturbance than density. Efforts to decrease habitat disturbance by lowering development density should include the regulation of subdivision pattern in addition to decreasing density.
Thermoluminescence survey of 12 meteorites collected by the European 1988 Antarctic meteorite expedition to Allan Hills and the importance of acid washing for thermoluminescence sensitivity measurements

Natural and induced thermoluminescence (TL) data are reported for 12 meteorites recovered from the Allan Hills region of Antarctica by the European field party during the 1988/1989 field season. The samples include one with extremely high natural TL, ALH88035, suggestive of exposure to unusually high radiation doses (i.e., low degrees of shielding), and one, ALH88034, whose low natural TL suggests reheating within the last 100,000 years. The remainder have natural TL values suggestive of terrestrial ages similar to those of other meteorites from Allan Hills. ALH88015 (L6) has induced TL data suggestive of intense shock. TL sensitivities of these meteorites are generally lower than observed falls of their petrologic types, as is also observed for Antarctic meteorites in general. Acid-washing experiments indicate that this is solely the result of terrestrial weathering rather than a nonterrestrial Antarctic-non-Antarctic difference. However, other TL parameters, such as natural TL and induced peak temperature-width, are unchanged by acid washing and are sensitive indicators of a meteorite's metamorphic and recent radiation history.