cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Original Understanding of the Census Clause: Statistical Estimates and the Constitutional Requirement of an 'Actual Enumeration'

This article addresses the question of whether statistical methods of estimating the population for purposes of congressional apportionment are consistent with the constitutional requirement of an "actual enumeration." Although the existing literature generally asserts that history provides no meaningful guidance on this question, this Article uncovers an extensive historical record -- of both British and American origin -- that supports the conclusion that the generation of the Framers understood an "actual enumeration" would consist of an actual count and would not be based on statistical estimation.Specifically, the Article shows that assessments of population on both sides of the Atlantic routinely contrasted methods of drawing "conjectural estimates" with the more costly approach of conducting an "actual enumeration." Moreover, the Article identifies historical evidence that the Framers' generation was well aware of the principal "modern" objection to enumeration -- that the inherent limitations of such an approach predictably lead to an undercount. Thus, the Article concludes that the Framers prescribed a census by "actual enumeration" not out of naivete or unfamiliarity with methods of estimation, but to minimize the risk of political manipulation in what they knew would always be a politically charged decision -- the apportionment of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives.
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis: Nazi Espionage: The Abwehr and SD Foreign Intelligence

D uring the war , the Allies viewed German intelligence as a military and political weapon that they could neutralize if they knew enough about it. At the end of the war, Nazi spies, saboteurs, and intelligence officials might have helped diehard Nazis resist the Allied occupation of Germany or prepare for a future struggle, so even in the postwar period the Allies tried to capture German intelligence personnel and to understand the structure of German intelligence organizations. British and American intelligence officials, often working together, were able to fill gaps in their knowledge. The IWG declassified a small quantity of new Allied material about small German intelligence organizations, such as the Research Office (Forschungsamt), an interception, wiretapping, and decoding service under the nominal supervision of Hermann Goring. The Research Office monitored some of the most sensitive internal Nazi operations, wiretapping uncooperative Catholic priests and Protestant pastors who were or were going to be persecuted. Foreign diplomats in Berlin were another regular target for wiretaps. British and American intelligence paid greater attention to the Abwehr, SD Foreign Intelligence, and the Gestapo. The Abwehr Allied officials initially thought of the Abwehr as the premier German intelligence service. The Abwehr was a top-heavy and generally inefficient military intelligence organization of more than twenty-one thousand officials in 1941, not including informants and other sources. Two particularly good studies of the Abwehr have enriched our understanding of this organization, but both of them were written decades ago.
Granulometries and opening trees

Granulometries constitute one of the most useful and versatile sets of tools of morphological image analysis. They can be applied to a wide range of tasks, such as feature extraction, texture characterization, size estimation, image segmentation, etc., both for binary and for grayscale images. However, for most applications, traditional granulometry algorithms - involving sequences of openings or closings with structuring elements of increasing size - are prohibitively costly on non-specialized hardware. This has prevented granulometries from reaching a high level of popularity in the image analysis community. This paper addresses the computational aspect of granulometries and proposes a comprehensive set of fast algorithms. In binary images, all but the simplest cases (namely linear granulometries based on openings with line segments) require the prior extraction of opening transforms (also referred to as “granulometry functions”). A very efficient algorithm is proposed for the computation of the most useful opening transforms. In grayscale images, linear granulometries are considered first and a particularly efficient algorithm is described. The concept of an opening tree is then proposed as a gray extension of the opening transform. It forms the basis of a novel technique for computing granulometries based on maxima of openings by line segments in different orientations, as well as pseudo-granulometries based on minima of linear openings. Furthermore, opening trees can be used in local granulometry algorithms, thereby making it possible to compute such objects as size transforms directly from grayscale images. Other applications include adaptive openings and closings, as well as granulometric texture segmentation. The efficiency of this set of algorithms greatly increases the range of problems that can be addressed using granulometries. A number of applications are used throughout the paper to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed techniques.
Bayesian Rationale for the Variational Formulation

One of the primary goals of low-level vision is to segment the domain D of an image I into the parts D i on which distinct surface patches, belonging to distinct objects in the scene, are visible, Although this sometimes requires high level knowledge about the shape and surface appearance of various classes of objects, there are many low-level clues about the appearance of the individual surface patches and the boundaries between them. For example, the surface patches usually have characteristic albedo patterns, textures, on them, and these textures often change sharply as you cross a boundary between two patches. Therefore, one approach to the segmentation problem has been to try to merge all the low-level clues for splitting and merging different parts of the domain D and come up with probability measures p({D i }) of how likely a given segmentation {D i } is on the basis of all available low-level information, and what is the most likely segmentation. Alternately, one sets E({D i }) = − log(p({Di})), which one calls the ‘energy’ of the segmentation, and seeks the segmentation with the minimum energy, In general, these models have two parts: a prior model of possible scene segmentations, possibly including variables to describe other scene structures that are relevant (e.g. depth relationships), and a data model of what images are consistent with this prior model of the scene. If we write w for the variables used to describe the scene, e.g. the subsets D i or the set of all their boundary points Γ, then the prior model is some probability space (Ω w,d p), where Ω w,d , is the set of all possible values of w. The model is specified by giving the probability distribution p(w) on all these values. The data model is a larger probability space (Ω w,d , p), where Ω w,d is the set of all possible values of w and of all possible observed images I.
New Lower Bounds for Channel Width

We present here a simple yet effective technique for calculating a lower bound on the number of tracks required to solve a given channel-routing problem. The bound applies to the wiring model where horizontal wires run on one layer and vertical wires run on another layer. One of the major results is that at least \( \sqrt {{2n}} \) tracks are necessary for any dense channel routing problem with n two-terminal nets that begin and end in different columns. For example, if each net i begins in column i and ends in column i+1, at least \( \sqrt {{2n}} \) tracks are required, even though the channel “density” is only 2. This is the first technique which can give results which are significantly better than the naive channel density arguments. A modification results in the calculation of an improved bound, which we conjecture to be optimal to within a constant factor.
Anionic ruthenium(II) alkyls with ancillary diene and dienyl ligands: Synthesis and structures of [(η2,η2-C7H8)RuMe4]2− and [(η3,η2-C8H11)RuMe3]2−

Abstract Treatment of the ruthenium(II) diene complexes [(η2,η2-nbd)RuCl2]n or [(η2,η2-cod)RuCl2]n with 4 equiv. of methyllithium in the presence of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmed) yields the methyl complexes [Li(tmed)]2[(η2,η2-nbd)RuMe4] (1) and [Li(tmed)]2[(η3,η2-C8H11)RuMe3] (2), respectively, where nbd = norbornadiene and cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene. In the latter compound, the cyclooctadiene ligand has been deprotonated to afford a η3,η2-1,2,3:5,6-cyclooctadienyl group. Both complexes were studied by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, and the crystal structure of 2 was determined. One lithium atom in 2 is four-coordinate and bridges between one ruthenium-bound methyl group and one of the wingtip allylic carbon atoms in the η3,η2-C8H11 ligand. The other lithium atom is five-coordinate, and forms contacts with the other two Ru–Me groups and with the other wingtip carbon atom of the allyl unit.
Toward Gender Justice: Confronting Stratification and Unequal Power

This paper advances a theory of gender justice, defined as equality of outcomes in three domains: capabilities, livelihoods , and empowerment/agency . A pivotal requirement is that women and men must be equally distributed along axes of well-being, with their respective distributions possessing equal means and dispersions. An understanding of gender stratification lies behind this proposal, whereby males benefit materially from a system of gender-divided work and responsibilities. This hierarchical system, buttressed by gender ideology, norms, and stereotypes, is disturbed as we approach gender equality in outcomes, especially of livelihoods. The latter induces greater female bargaining power which, coupled with the effect of social role incongruency on norms and stereotypes, serves to leverage change. Macroeconomic policy can support the shift to greater economic power for women by creating the conditions for class equality that is compatible with sustained economic growth.
The Effects of Populist Emotive Appeals Within Direct-Democratic Campaigning

A substantial body of literature has shown that emotive appeals affect citizens' voting behavior. This study addresses the question of whether emotive appeals can affect citizens during homogeneous, intense, and emotive campaigning. We conduct an experiment that manipulates the emotive contents of populist campaign communication during two Swiss direct-democratic campaigns: a proposed ban on minaret construction and a proposed ban on arms exports. The results are mixed, but show the importance of campaign concept accessibility in one's cognition. Although the emotive contents of populist campaign communication advocating the arms exports initiative enhance attention, for the remaining scenarios, campaign accessibility triggers attention regardless of the emotive argumentation contents. Emotive contents tend to influence vote choice for either advocacy campaign, if the campaign is cognitively accessible to the subject. These nuanced results highlight the complexity of the interaction of campaign accessibil...
Accurate numerical solutions of integral equations with kernels containing poles.

Abstract An interpolative technique is presented which yields accurate numerical solutions to various types of integral equations, the kernels of which contain poles. It is also shown that other techniques which are successful when the kernel is weakly singular are unsatisfactory when the singularities are poles. The success of the approach is illustrated by various examples of physical interest.
A Processing, Characterization and Marine Biodegradation Study of Melt-Extruded Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Films

A series of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), all containing 1% nucleating agent but varying in structure, were melt-processed into films through single screw extrusion techniques. This series consisted of three polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and three polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate (PHBV) resins with varying valerate content. Processing parameters of temperature in the barrel (165–173 °C) and chill rolls (60 °C) were optimized to obtain cast films. The gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) results showed a loss of 8–19% of the polymer’s initial molecular weight due to extrusion processing. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) displayed glass transition temperatures of the films ranging from −4.6 to 6.7 °C depending on the amount of crystallinity in the film. DSC data were also used to calculate the percent crystallinity of each sample and slightly higher crystallinity was observed in the PHBV series of samples. X-ray diffraction patterns did not vary significantly for any of the samples and crystallinity was confirmed with X-ray data. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) verified the glass transition trends for the films from DSC while loss modulus (E′) reported at 20 °C showed that the PHBV (3,950–3,600 MPa) had the higher E′ values than the PHB (3,500–2,698 MPa) samples. The Young’s modulus values of the PHB and PHBV samples ranged from 700 to 900 MPa and 900 to 1,500 MPa, respectively. Polarized light microscopy images revealed gel particles in the films processed through single-screw extrusion, which may have caused diminished Young’s modulus and tensile strength of these films. The PHBV film samples exhibited the greatest barrier properties to oxygen and water vapor when compared to the PHB film samples. The average oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) for the PHBV samples was 247 (cc-mil/m2-day) and 118 (g-mil/m2-day), respectively; while the average OTR and WVTR for the PHB samples was 350 (cc-mil/m2-day) and 178 (g-mil/m2-day), respectively. Biodegradation data of the films in the marine environment demonstrated that all PHA film samples achieved a minimum of 70% mineralization in 40 days when run in accordance with ASTM 6691. For static and dynamic incubation experiments in seawater, microbial action resulting in weight loss as a function of time showed all samples to be highly biodegradable and correlated with the ASTM 6691 biodegradation data.
Brown carbon spheres in East Asian outflow and their optical properties

Atmospheric aerosols play a substantial role in climate change through radiative forcing. Combustion-produced carbonaceous particles are the main light-absorbing aerosols; thus, quantifying their optical properties is essential for determining the magnitude of direct forcing. By using the electron energy-loss spectrum in the transmission electron microscope, we quantified the optical properties of individual, submicrometer amorphous carbon spheres that are ubiquitous in East Asian-Pacific outflow. The data indicate that these common spheres are brown, not black, with a mean refractive index of 1.67 - 0.27i (where i = square root 1) at a wavelength of 550 nanometers. The results suggest that brown carbon aerosols should be explicitly included in radiative forcing models.
Vaccination with tumor cells pulsed with foreign peptide induces immunity to the tumor itself

EMT-6 mammary carcinoma and B16 melanoma (B16M) cells are lethal and barely immunogenic in syngeneic BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. We show that mice vaccinated with tumor cells pulsed with a MHC class I-restricted peptide develop a T cell response, not only to the peptide, but also to the unpulsed tumor. These mice display protective immunity against the unpulsed tumor, and their T cells adoptively transfer tumor-specific protection to immunodeficient SCID mice. Our data have implications for cancer vaccine strategies. Grafting a single well-defined foreign peptide on tumor cells might suffice to trigger anti-tumor immunity.
Preparation and purification of zinc sulfinate reagents for drug discovery

The present protocol details the synthesis of zinc bis(alkanesulfinate)s that can be used as general reagents for the formation of radical species. The zinc sulfinates described herein are generated from the corresponding sulfonyl chlorides by treatment with zinc dust. The products may be used crude, or a simple purification procedure may be performed to minimize incorporation of water and zinc chloride. Although the synthesis of the zinc sulfinate salts can generally be completed within 3 h, workup can take up to 24 h and purification can take up to 3 h. Following the steps in this protocol would enable the user to generate a small toolkit of zinc sulfinate reagents over the course of 1 week.
A heart with 67 stents.

![Figure][1] A 56-year-old male with coronary artery disease presented with angina, nonspecific electrocardiographic changes, and elevated troponins. Coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of a stent in the circumflex artery, where another was deployed—his 67th stent. The patient had
Coupling among applied, soil, root, and top components for forage crop production

Abstract This analysis establishes linkage among (a) applied nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), (b) available soil nutrients, (c) root dry matter and nutrient content, (d) top dry matter and nutrient content, and (e) leaf area and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. It was previously shown that (a) and (d) are coupled by logistic equations with a common response coefficient c between dry matter and plant nutrient uptake with each applied nutrient. As a consequence of the common c, it has been shown that dry matter and plant nutrient removal are coupled by a hyperbolic equation. Furthermore, a model has been developed which includes N, P, and K as inputs. In the present work, (a) and (b) were coupled by a logistic equation as were (a) and (c). It was then shown that plant nutrient removal was coupled to available soil nutrients through a hyperbolic equation. The hyperbolic relationship was also shown to link dry matter between roots and tops, as well as plant N removal between roots...
Reasons for Underuse of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Patients With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Dysfunction

We reviewed the records of 242 patients admitted over 1 year with heart failure and an ejection fraction < or = 45% to assess the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Most patients were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. However, an important minority (8%) had no apparent reason for the lack of this treatment, highlighting the need for strategies to increase the use of these beneficial agents.
Ockham as a divine-command theorist

Although this thesis is denied by much recent scholarship, Ockham holds that the ultimate ground of a moral judgement's truth is a divine command, rather than natural or non-natural properties. God could assign a different moral value not only to every exterior act, but also to loving God. Ockham does allow that someone who has not had access to revelation can make correct moral judgements. Although her right reason dictates what God in fact commands, she need not know that God so commands. Ockham's divine-command theory plays an important role in the shift away from a nature-based ethics, and it anticipates contemporary problems concerning truth in meta-ethics.
Culture, ecology, and beliefs about gender in son preference caste groups

Abstract Ethnographers have documented the prevalence of extreme forms of female neglect and female infanticide in Tamilnadu, India, among two caste groups: Thevars (a warrior caste) and Gounders (a landowning caste). Using a cultural ecological perspective, three field studies were conducted with Thevar, Gounder, and Brahmin participants to examine caste-specific psychological antecedents to female infanticide. Studies 1 and 2 investigated son bias using resource allocation tasks. Using a culture-of-honor task, Study 3 examined the relationship between honor and son preference. In general, Gounders' son bias was related to a desire to have more sons for patrilineal transfer of ancestral land, whereas Thevars' son preference was related to honor concerns. Furthermore, the relevance of cultural ecological perspective to study female neglect is discussed.
CONCENTRATED VISCOUS CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORT

The need to utilize viscous crude oils will increase in the next decade. One means to facilitate pumping of heavy crudes in pipelines is to transport them as concentrated oil-in-water emulsions. Stable emulsions could be prepared by alkali treatment with four of seven viscous crudes studied. Surfactants are formed by reaction of natural acids in the crude with alkali. At crude volume fractions of 60%, emulsion apparent viscosity was lowered as much as 10,000 times. Viscosities of crude emulsions formed by alkali treatment varied with the nature of the crude and with the ratio of base added to the TAN of the crude. Emulsion viscosities and particle diameters reach extrema close to the equivalence point. The addition of tall oil enhanced the emulsification ability of some of the crudes with alkali treatment, but one crude required non-ionic surfactant to form an emulsion.
Pulmonary and ductal hemodynamics in studies of simulated diaphragmatic hernia of fetal and newborn lambs.

Abstract Congenital Posterolateral Diaphragmatic Hernia is associated with ipsilateral pulmonary hypoplasia and blood flow to the affected lung remains diminished into late childhood. 1 Although this unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia is physiologically significant, it is probably not primarily responsible for the high mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The major immediate threat to a baby's life is the tension effect of the herniated abdominal viscera, but even after successful reduction of these organs, a greater than 50% mortality occurs. The mortality and morbidity is often due to continuing and progressive hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. Several authors 2–4 have reported pulmonary hypertension, patent ductus arteriosus and variable right-to-left shunting in babies with diaphragmatic hernias. Right-to-left shunting via a patent ductus may contribute significantly to increasing hypoxemia and acidosis in addition to the efect of pulmonary hypoplasia. To test this hypothesis, we have developed a simplified fetal model to simulate diaphragmatic hernia and permit studies of pulmonary and ductal hemodynamics. The fetal lamb was chosen for studies of the pathophysiology of diaphragmatic hernia because pulmonary development in fetal lambs occurs late in gestation and because many studies have been made of normal pulmonary function in newborn lambs. 5–8 This cumulative data is available for comparison with laboratory models of pulmornary abnormalities. These studies were therefore designed to test our belief that right-to-left shunting via the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is due to persistent fetal circulation and associated with altered blood flow to the hypoplastic lung.
High Strain-Rate, Small Strain Response of a NiTi Shape-Memory Alloy

The compressive response of a NiTi shape-memory alloy is investigated at various strain rates using UCSD's modified 1/2-in. Hopkinson pressure bar and a conventional Instron machine. To obtain a constant strain rate during the formation of a stress-induced martensite in a Hopkinson test, a copper tube of suitable dimensions is employed as a pulse shaper, since without a pulse shaper the strain rate of the sample varies significantly as its microstructure changes from austenite to martensite, whereas with proper pulse shaping techniques a nearly constant strain rate can be achieved over a certain deformation range. The NiTi shape-memory alloy shows a superelastic response for small strains at all considered strain rates and at room temperature, 296 K. At this temperature and below a certain strain rate, the stress-strain curves of the NiTi shape-memory alloy display two regimes: an elastic austenite regime and a transition (stress-induced martensite) regime. The transition stress of this material and the work-hardening rate in the stress-induced martensite regime increase with increasing strain rate, the latter reaching a steady state level and then rapidly increasing.
Vitamin D supplementation and risk of toxicity in pediatrics: a review of current literature.

Context: Although vitamin D toxicity is rare in children, increased use of vitamin D formulations, re-examination of optimal vitamin D levels, and use of higher doses lend potential for an increased incidence of vitamin D toxicity. Evidence Acquisition: A PubMed search was conducted through May 2013 for cases of vitamin D intoxication and vitamin D trials in pediatrics. Safety data were collected and reviewed. Evidence Synthesis: A small number of pediatric studies tested vitamin D doses at or above the currently recommended upper tolerable intake. In children and adolescents, vitamin D excess was rare and usually asymptomatic. Recent cases of intoxication relate to errors in manufacturing, formulation, or prescription; involve high total intake in the range of 240 000 to 4 500 000 IU; and present with severe hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, or nephrocalcinosis. However, mild hypercalcemia and hypervitaminosis using currently recommended doses have been reported in infants with rickets. Conclusions: Althoug...
Internality and interpretable automorphism groups in simple theories

Abstract The binding group (which we call the automorphism group) theorem for stable theories is partially extended to the simple context. Some results concerning internality are proved. We also introduce a ‘small’ normal subgroup G0+ of the automorphism group G = Aut(p/ Q ) and show that if p is Q-internal then it has a finite exponent and G/G0+ is interpretable.
Specific inhibition of the classical complement pathway with an engineered single-chain Fv to C1q globular heads decreases complement activation by apoptotic cells.

Abstract Apoptotic cells are potent complement activators; and proposed mechanisms include IgM-mediated classical pathway activation, C-reactive protein (CRP)-mediated classical pathway activation, and IgM-mediated lectin pathway activation. While complement activation is beneficial in clearing apoptotic cells, the resulting complement-mediated inflammation may extend damage to the surrounding cells and tissues, as observed in ischemia/reperfusion injury. We previously engineered and characterized a single-chain Fv against C1q globular heads (scFv QuVHVL ) that blocked C1q binding to immobilized IgG and to IgG-sensitized cells, and thereby inhibited IgG-mediated classical pathway activation [Hwang H.Y., Duvall M.R., Tomlinson S., Boackle R.J., 2008. Highly specific inhibition of C1q globular-head binding to human IgG: a novel approach to control and regulate the classical complement pathway using an engineered single-chain antibody variable fragment. Molecular Immunology 45, 2570–2580]. In the present study, this scFv QuVHVL was examined for its ability to restrict complement deposition on apoptotic cells in the presence of fresh normal human serum (NHS). Interestingly, the addition of scFv QuVHVL to NHS decreased C1-mediated C4b deposition on apoptotic cells by 60% as compared to appropriate buffer-treated control serum. By inhibiting initiation of the early complement components, the subsequent C3b and membrane attack complex depositions were inhibited by 70%. Apoptotic cells may acquire serum CRP, a known classical complement pathway activator. It was observed that scFv QuVHVL blocked C1 binding to CRP and blocked CRP-mediated classical pathway activation using an ELISA format. However, under the experimental conditions used, the addition of exogenous CRP to apoptotic cells did not further increase the levels of C4b, C3b, or MAC deposition significantly, suggesting predominance by other activation mechanisms, such as antibody-C1-mediated complement activation. In summary, the results indicated that C1-mediated classical pathway activation was a highly significant mechanism for complement activation by apoptotic cells. In the future, specific inhibition of classical complement pathway activation by a humanized form of scFv QuVHVL may be useful in reducing inadvertent damage to healthy bystander tissue in a variety of acute, complement-mediated inflammatory conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Globalization and Desire: A Case Study of International Graduate Student Education in Literacy Studies:

Prospective graduate students from Sub-Saharan Africa continue to choose the United States as their destination for higher education. This choice has always been somewhat of a mixed blessing for African nations; some students return to share the benefits of their education but many stay on in the West. This “brain drain” effect has traditionally been seen as an unavoidable side effect of students’ desires for consumption of American higher education specifically and for the American “consumer” lifestyle more generally. But the current global restructuring of capital and culture offers an opportunity to reevaluate this dynamic and potentially to make adjustments in the ways American universities accommodate their African students. This article draws on a small data set from a case institution to test and articulate an alternative analysis that links desire to production and offers an alternative explanation of globalization and the education of graduate students from the region.
Heterogeneous nucleation on ultra smooth surfaces

Abstract An experimental investigation is presented with heterogeneous nucleate boiling on ultra smooth metallic surfaces (30–365 nm RMS roughness), including brass, unpolished stainless steel, and electropolished stainless steel. The fluids used for the investigation are highly wetting pentane and butane. It is observed that the incipient superheat is low for all cases considered, despite the fact that no vapor trapping cavities are available for incipience at low superheat. These data provide further evidence that in addition to vapor trapping, another mechanism must be available for heterogeneous nucleation in boiling systems. The boiling curves are presented for the different surface/fluid combinations. It is found that the heat transfer rate on the brass surface is considerably better than that on the stainless steel surfaces due to the ease with which nucleation sites are formed. In contrast, nucleation site formation on stainless steel is considerably more sparse than that on brass.
Bayesian hierarchical uncertainty quantification by structural equation modeling

SUMMARY Uncertainty quantification is playing an increasingly important role in assessing the performance, safety, 7 and reliability of complex physical systems in the absence of adequate amount of experimental data. Simulation of a complex system involves multiple levels of modeling, such as material (lowest level) to 9 component to subsystem to system (highest level). This paper presents a Bayesian structural equation modeling approach to quantify both epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties in hierarchical model develop11 ment. A generalized structural equation modeling with latent variables is presented to model three sets of relationships in hierarchical model development, namely, model predictions vs experimental observations 13 at each individual level, model predictions at lower vs higher levels, and experimental data at lower vs higher levels. The three sets of relationships are represented by a hierarchical Bayes network, and the 15 influencing factors between them are estimated by a Bayesian regression approach. Both measurement and prediction errors at various levels are quantified through the Bayesian method. The variability of input 17 variables in the computational model is updated and quantified using various levels of measurement data via Bayesian inference and the structural equation modeling parameters. The proposed methodology is 19 illustrated with a transient heat conduction example problem. Copyright q 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting the Mechanical Message Across Cell-Cell Junctions

Here we present direct evidence that cadherin complexes are mechanosensors at cell-cell junctions, and we identified the rudiments of molecular cascades underlying mechanotransduction at cadherin-based adhesions. Magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC) and immunofluorescence imaging measurements demonstrate that cadherin-associated complexes are force sensors that trigger cytoskeletal remodeling and consequent mechanical reinforcement at stressed cadherin adhesions. Alpha catenin at these complexes is a postulated auto-inhibited sensor that is activated by intercellular tension to expose a vinculin binding site, which in turn recruits vinculin and actin to junctions. Bead twisting (MTC) measurements in conjunction with confocal immunofluorescence imaging directly demonstrate that alpha catenin and its vinculin binding site are obligatory for mechanosensing, and that cadherin bond shear triggers the local recruitment of vinculin and F-actin to junctions. We further demonstrate, with a FRET-based alpha catenin sensor, that force induces a conformational change in alpha catenin that coincides with force dependent changes in local protein recruitment. These results reveal a new mechanism of force sensation and force propagation in tissues that is distinct from focal adhesions.
Teaching nursing by computer: An evaluative study

Abstract This paper describes an experiment in teaching nursing by computer to over 300 studient nurses from diploma and associate degree programs. A complete course of 22 lessons in maternity nursing and a series of 11 pharmacology lessons were written and taught on PLATO III using a self-directed inquiry teaching strategy. Evaluative studies of teaching effectiveness, retention, relationship of process variables to student achievement and student and instructor acceptance were performed. The results of these studies are described.
Water on the moon

If the planets formed at falling temperatures with volatile substances accreting last, the low abundance of lead, bismuth, indium, and thallium in lunar rocks implies an initial water content of no more than 370 grams per square centimeter, and probably much less. The depletion of volatile substances might be expected a priori if the moon accreted as an original satellite of the earth.
Simultaneous Color Contrast in 4-Month-Old Infants:

The present paper addresses the question of simultaneous color contrast in 4-month-old human infants. A temporal modulation paradigm was employed for infant testing. In this paradigm, infants viewe...
Design of a Synthesized Helical Gear Set

Conception d'une transmission a engrenages helicoidaux pour lesquels les profils de dentures sont calcules pour repondre a certaines conditions (synthese)
HUMAN FACTORS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS

The Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) segment of the IVHS program is targeted at users of interstate trucks, local delivery vans, buses, taxis, and emergency vehicles. Specifically, the goals of the CVO program are to improve (a) the efficiency and effectiveness of traffic management and regulatory administration by government; (b) the efficiency and effectiveness of fleet management; (c) safety for operators of commercial vehicles and others affected by them; and (d) driver performance. Although a number of technologies have been developed to support these goals, the human factors aspects of these systems have not been examined.
The Tenure Process and Extending the Tenure Clock: The Experience of Faculty at One University

Tenure clock extension policies are increasingly available for faculty who need extra time granted on their ‘clock’ due to special circumstances, such as family responsibilities or health issues. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the formal policy has been available to faculty for over 10 years and is the focus of study by researchers at the Women in Science and Engineering Leadership Institute. The following report is informed by data collected through a campus-wide survey of faculty, as well as from the responses to questions during individual interviews with a sample of female faculty. The survey results suggest that in general, men are more likely to be satisfied with the tenure process, to understand the criteria to achieve tenure, and to feel supported by their department. At the same time, both men and women who used the tenure clock extension policy were equally less satisfied with the tenure process than their counterparts. In-depth interviews give voice to some of these findings. We hypothesize that the life event that led to extending the faculty members’ clocks exacerbated their dissatisfaction with the process of achieving tenure.
Membrane Attack Complex of Complement in Dermatitis Herpetiformis

• The assembly of membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement implies activation of complement to the attachment of C9 and the presence of MAC on tissue suggests a possible pathogenic role for complement in disease since MAC is able to damage membranes. We examined normal skin of five patients with dermatitis herpetiformis for the presence of MAC using a monoclonal antibody (poly C9-MA) that recognizes a neoantigen of C9 that is not present on monomeric C9 but is common to both isolated MAC and to polymerized C9. Granular deposits of polymerized C9 were found at the sites of IgA deposition in the dermal papillae of normal skin from all patients. The pathologic importance of this finding is uncertain. (Arch Dermatol1985;121:70-72)
The role of Uronema marinum (Protozoa) in oyster hatchery production.

Abstract In Maine's hatchery production of oysters, significant mortalities at the early juvenile stage have been associated with ciliate infestations. The predominant ciliate isolated from live infested oysters was identified as Uronema marinum. Feeding experiments, designed to identify the food source of the ciliate in the oyster tank environment, determined that U. marinum is a bacteriophage and not a histophage, thereby clarifying its role in the oyster mortalities.
The evolution of the apparent diffusion coefficient in the pediatric brain at low and high diffusion weightings

Purpose To evaluate the evolution of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with age for different degrees of diffusion weighting using a clinically feasible approach. Materials and Methods Data was acquired using separate scans with b values in the range typically used for clinical studies (100–900 seconds/mm2) and higher b values (1800–3000 seconds/mm2). The ADC was calculated for each of the data sets by fitting the data to a monoexponential function. Results The results from 50 children aged three years and less showed some deviations from literature values derived using a full biexponential fit, with these differences reflecting the approximations inherent in this approach. The values obtained with this technique appear to be reproducible but the resulting “institutional values” are comparable to those from other centers only if identical measurement criteria are used. Conclusion A significant decline in both components of the ADC during the first few months of life was observed; in addition, the attenuated slow ADC values seen in adult white matter were only present at birth in early myelinating regions. The subsequent development of the slow ADC in white matter suggests that it is associated with myelination or processes associated with axonal development. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:665–674. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating in-home training for fathers of children with autism using single-subject experimentation and group analysis methods.

BACKGROUND Autism, or the broader category of autistic spectrum disorder, is a complex developmental disability with uncertain etiologies that appears to be increasing in prevalence. Researchers have stated that training programs for children with autism are most effective when they are individualized, address communicative intent of child behaviors, and promote social reciprocity between children and individuals with whom they have regular contact. Yet, to date, most of what is known comes solely from studying mothers, who have traditionally been the most accessible parent. OBJECTIVES In this study the mother-child in-home training program was modified and evaluated for its effects on the acquisition of training skills by fathers and on precommunication skills by the autistic children. METHODS Frequency counts of skills taught to fathers and targeted child behaviors were obtained from videotaped father-child play sessions. These data were analyzed for each father-child dyad by using graphs and visual analyses, which are integral parts of single-participant experimentation. This procedure was replicated across all of the father-child dyads. Data were then grouped and analyzed using the more traditional repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS The most significant findings were increases in father use of imitating with animation (p < .0001) and child initiating following training (p < .0004). Also noteworthy were significant increases in father responding (p < .0005) and child vocalizations (p < .05). DISCUSSION Results of the study indicate that the in-home training for fathers of children with autism was effective and valued by the participating families.
Ultrafast laser control of backward superfluorescence towards standoff sensing

We study infrared backward cooperative emission in a rubidium vapor induced by ultrafast two-photon optical excitations. The laser coherent control of the backward emission is demonstrated by using a pair of 100 fs pulses with a variable time delay. The temporal variation (quantum beat) of the backward beam intensity due to interference of atomic transitions in the rubidium atomic level system 5S-5P-5D is produced and controlled. Based on the obtained experimental results, we discuss possible applications of the developed approach for creation of an effective “guide star” in the sodium atomic layer in the upper atmosphere (mesosphere).
EB Simplex Superficialis Resulting from a Mutation in the Type VII Collagen Gene

Amalia Martinez-Mir, Jianjun Liu, Derek Gordon, Madeline S Weiner, Wasim Ahmad, JoDavid Fine, Jurg Ott, T Conrad Gilliam and Angela M Christiano Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A. Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A. Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A. Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, U.S.A. Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Kinetics of Coupling Reactions That Generate Monothiophosphate Disulfides: Implications for Modification of RNAs

The inclusion of guanosine-5'-monothiophosphate (GMPS) in an in vitro transcription reaction facilitates enzymatic synthesis of an RNA transcript with a monothiophosphate group at the 5' end. A kinetic study of the modification reactions that generate monothiophosphate disulfide linkages with either 5'-GMPS alone or 5'-GMPS-primed RNA as the substrate revealed that the second-order rate constants increased as the pH was decreased. For example, when the reaction pH was lowered from 8 to 4, the k2 value for the coupling reaction between N-(6-[biotinamido]hexyl)-3'-(2'-pyridyldithio)propionamide (biotin-HPDP) and GMPS increased 67-fold from 1.84 to 123 M(-1) x s(-1). In addition to discussing a possible mechanism for coupling reactions that involve GMPS and disulfides, we also indicate conditions that are likely to be optimal for modification of the nucleophilic sulfur in 5'-GMPS-primed RNAs.
Triple-Hop Distance as a Valid Predictor of Lower Limb Strength and Power

Abstract Context: Hop tests are functional tests that reportedly require strength, power, and postural stability to perform. The extent to which a triple-hop distance (THD) test measures each of th...
Revisiting the line-of-business restrictions

The telecommunications industry has undergone significant changes since the divestiture of the Bell System. These changes, particularly in state and federal regulatory policy, have served to increase the social costs and decrease the social benefits of the line-of -business restrictions imposed by the Modification of the Final Judgement (MFJ). The increased costs and reduced benefits of the MFJ provide a strong case for their abolition.
Control of sporulation in a blue-green alga.

Abstract Sporulation of the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica Lemm. generally ensues adjacent to heterocysts, in strings of from one to several cells. As a preliminary to an attempt to test whether heterocysts help to initiate sporulation of cells adjacent to them, environmental conditions conducive to rapid, sure sporulation adjacent to heterocysts were established. These conditions included the absence of phosphate from the medium, presence of alanyl-glycine or alanyl-alanine as a buffer, inclusion of sodium acetate and of a relatively high concentration of calcium ion, exposure to an optimal light intensity, and use of an adequate amount of inoculum. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that sporulation of a vegetative cell near a heterocyst is dependent upon two processes: (1) abatement of a sporulation-inhibiting influence which acts on the vegetative cell, and (2) a sequential process commencing adjacent to the heterocyst.
The model-robustness and optimality of randomized designs

Abstract The concept of model-robustness introduced by Wu (1981) is investigated for a class of designs relative to a general optimality criterion, in the setup of Li (1983). A minimaxity result is established, which demonstrates that, for certain types of model inadequacies, randomization validates model based optimality results for many designs, including block designs and row-column designs. The class of optimality criteria considered includes the A- and E-criteria, but not the D-criterion. A counter-example shows that randomization does not guarantee model-robustness of the D-optimality property.
The microdistribution of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in myriophyllum beds in Pennington Creek, Johnston County, Oklahoma

I studied the population densities and the microdistributions of the four most abundant mayfly (Ephemeroptera) nymphs in Myriophyllum heterophyllum beds in Pennington Creek, Johnston County, Oklahoma, from May to December, 1977. The section of the stream studied has relatively constant flow rates and temperatures throughout the year due to continuous inflow from groundwater. This uniform physical environment allows the plant beds to grow throughout the year and provide a permanent habitat. The four mayflies are Tricorythodes fictus (Tricorythidae), Caenis delicata (Caenidae), Baetis favistriga and B. quilleri (Baetidae). All four species are of similar size and feed by scraping periphyton from the surface of the Myriophyllum. T. fictus and the two species of Baetis have overlapping microdistributions in the leafy, upper one-half of the plant bed. T. fictus and C. delicata have overlapping microdistributions in the lower portion of the plant bed and roots. Each species has similar population densities where their distributions overlap. There is no significant selection for position with respect to current flow in the Myriophyllum for any of the species. Food and space are always abundant, especially in the top one-half of the Myriophyllum. There are no major changes in these trends over the year.
Aeroelastic Control Using Multiple Control Surfaces

This paper investigates the use of multiple control surfaces for aeroelastic control. The focus of the present work is to use modal information for intelligent choice of control surface deflection patterns. The theoretical basis for design of optimal flap deflection modeshapes is presented. Optimal flap distribution helps to focus control energy into the mode of interest. This reduces a multi-input multi-output control problem to a single-input single-output problem. In addition, constrained optimization is used to avoid control spillover into other modes. Such simplifications help in the design of simple, robust, physics-based controllers.