cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“I’d Say I Have a Bit of Work to Do”: Exploring Elementary Social Studies Pre-Service Teacher Criticality through PhotoVoice

Elementary pre-service teacher education offers important insights in terms of how teachers understand and develop criticality surrounding self-reflexivity, interaction with social studies content, and pedagogy. This study applied critical self-authorship frameworks, Freire's theory of conscientisation, and PhotoVoice methodology to explore pre-service teachers' self-awareness of their developing professional identities as situated within an elementary social studies methods course. Broadly, the study explored the question, "How does critical examination of our identities shape our understandings of elementary social studies education?" Results demonstrate an emerging awareness of the influence of personal history and experience, place, and multiple perspectives on learning and teaching social studies, but a need for more comprehensive and sustained attention to criticality throughout entire teacher preparation programs is needed to achieve self-transformation and antiracist/anticolonial pedagogy. These results offer theoretical and practical guidance for thinking about critical social studies elementary teaching and teacher education.
Hardware design and the competency awareness of a neural network

The ability to estimate the uncertainty of predictions made by a neural network is essential when applying neural networks to tasks such as medical diagnosis and autonomous vehicles. The approach is of particular relevance when deploying the networks on devices with limited hardware resources, but existing competency-aware neural networks largely ignore any resource constraints. Here we examine the relationship between hardware platforms and the competency awareness of a neural network. We highlight the impact of two key areas of hardware development — increasing memory size of accelerator architectures and device-to-device variation in the emerging devices typically used in in-memory computing — on uncertainty estimation quality. We also consider the challenges that developments in uncertainty estimation methods impose on hardware designs. Finally, we explore the innovations required in terms of hardware, software, and hardware–software co-design in order to build future competency-aware neural networks. This Perspective examines the relationship between hardware platforms and the competency awareness of a neural network, highlighting how hardware developments can impact uncertainty estimation quality, and exploring the innovations required in order to build competency-aware neural networks in resource constrained hardware platforms.
Numerical analysis of cellulose nanocrystals CNC for reducing cold damage to reproductive buds in fruit crops

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of transient heat transfer was performed using ANSYS Fluent during the freezing process of buds treated with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) to better understand the thermal behavior of CNC and the mechanism by which it provides cold damage protection. The numerical model developed were able to predict the temperature transition and the time required for the bud ice nucleation: the ice nucleation for the control bud started around 1080 s at about 270.2°K (−2.95 °C), while the ice nucleation for the CNC treated bud started around 1450 s at about 268°K (−5.15 °C). The CNC reduced the heat loss due to outgoing radiation to the external environment and decreased the heat flow loss due to convection heat transfer. As a result, CNC delays the formation of intracellular ice at low temperatures and protecting cold damage. The CFD simulation results of temperature distribution profiles were compared with the experimental data, yielding an average relative error of less than 15%. CFD model was able to estimate the convection heat flow, radiation heat transfer, and latent heat (phase change), all of which are difficult to investigate by making measurements in lab conditions.
The Ethics of Aid and Trade: US Food Policy, Foreign Competition, and the Social Contract

The traditional military-territorial model of the nation state defines international duties in terms of protecting citizens' property from foreign threats. In this 1992 book about the principles of the US agricultural policy and foreign aid, Professor Thompson replaces this model with the notion of the trading state that sees its role in terms of the establishment of international institutions that stabilize and facilitate cultural and intellectual, as well as commercial, exchanges between nations. The argument focuses on protectionist challenges to foreign aid and development assistance programs, and engages with the views of a variety of economists, commodity organizations, and philosophers on world hunger and development. What emerges is a new interpretation of social contract theory that can determine goals for international trade and development policy.
Privatization, Free Riding, and Industry-Expanding Lobbying: Additional Materials

This document, first created in 2007 and last updated in 2010, has now been superseded by the technical discussion in my 2010 article, Privatization, Free Riding, and Industry-Expanding Lobbying, in the International Review of Law and Economics and the plain-English discussion in my 2008 article, Privatization and the Law and Economics of Political Advocacy, in the Stanford Law Review.This document which I refer to as Volokh (2007) is now limited to additional supporting materials referred to in those two articles.
Fractional flow reserve: an updated review.

Revascularization of ischemia-producing coronary lesions is widely used in the management of coronary artery disease. However, some coronary lesions appear significant on the conventional angiogram when they are truly non–flow limiting. For this reason, it is becoming increasingly important to determine the coronary physiology. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has emerged as a useful tool to determine the lesions that require revascularization. Measurement of FFR during invasive coronary angiography now has a class IA indication from the European Society of Cardiology for identifying hemodynamically significant coronary lesions when noninvasive evidence of myocardial ischemia is unavailable. Current data on FFR can be broadly classified into studies that compare the diagnostic accuracy of FFR measurement compared with other noninvasive modalities and studies that test treatment strategies of patients with intermediate coronary stenoses using a threshold value for FFR and that have clinical outcomes as endpoints. In this review, we will discuss the concept of FFR, current evidence supporting its usage, and future perspectives.
Getting off the Ring

My purpose in this chapter is to start “putting flesh on the bones” of the simple clock metaphor. Up to this point, I’ve tried to hold your attention on “phase” and its rate of change by confining discussion to the simplest metaphor of smooth cyclic dynamics, namely, the ring device. I have studiously avoided allusion to other degrees of freedom of the “state” of any biological clock. To make the transition to a broader perspective in an orderly way, I now wish to introduce just one additional notion, i.e., that a rhythmic --process might be adjustable not only in phase, our exclusive preoccupation in previous chapters, but also in some measure of its vigor, amplitude, range, or degree of variation during the cycle.
Ideals of the Enveloping AlgebraU(sl2)

Abstract In this paper we study the two-sided ideals of the enveloping algebraU = U(sl2(K)) over an arbitrary fieldKof characteristic zero. Starting with two basic ideas, that an irreducible Lie module is generated by its highest weight vector and that the Lie module structure ofUcomes from its ring multiplication, we have found a “good” subset ofUconsisting of highest weight vectors for irreducibleU-submodules ofUso that each two-sided ideal ofUis uniquely generated by at most two elements of that set. Actually, each ideal is generated as a two-sided ideal by just one element. By uniqueness, all the information about the ideal is encoded in the formula for its generator(s). For example, we can list and classify all the prime ideals by height, determine the intersection of an ideal with the center, find the radical ideals and the radical of an ideal, and determine when two ideals are included one in another. An interesting property is that each ideal ofUcan be uniquely written as a product of primes. We also obtain the “least common multiple” and the “greatest common divisor” formulas for the prime ideal factorizations of the intersection and the sum of two ideals. This paper contains many other results of this nature.
Maximum Bound of Quadratic Stability for Possibly Fast Time Varying Polytopic Uncertainties

The stability of linear systems subject to possibly fast time varying uncertainties is analyzed. A condition of quadratic stability is cast in a convex optimization problem. A method of directly computing the maximal bound allowed for retaining quadratic stability is formulted in a two level optimization problem. The inner level of the algorithm consists of choosing an extremum among finite number of values. It is proved that although the outer level of the algorithm is a nonconvex optimization problem, no local minimum distinct from the global minimum can exist. Illustrative examples are presented.
A Historical Perspective of Selected Professional Preparation Conferences that Have Influenced Credentialing for Health Education Specialists

Conferences focusing on professional preparation of health educators have played an integral role in the health education profession. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of selected ...
Calibration of self-reported oral health to clinically determined standards.

Liu H, Maida CA, Spolsky VW, Shen J, Li H, Zhou X, Marcus M. Calibration of self-reported oral health to clinically determined standards. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 527–539. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Objective: Self-report of oral health is an inexpensive approach to assessing an individual’s oral health status, but it is heavily influenced by personal views and usually differs from that of clinically determined oral health status. To assist researchers and clinicians in estimating oral health self-report, we summarize clinically determined oral health measures that can objectively measure oral health and evaluate the discrepancies between self-reported and clinically determined oral health status. We test hypotheses of trends across covariates, thereby creating optimal calibration models and tools that can adjust self-reported oral health to clinically determined standards. Methods: Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, we examined the discrepancy between self-reported and clinically determined oral health. We evaluated the relationship between the degree of this discrepancy and possible factors contributing to this discrepancy, such as patient characteristics and general health condition. We used a regression approach to develop calibration models for self-reported oral health. Results: The relationship between self-reported and clinically determined oral health is complex. Generally, there is a discrepancy between the two that can best be calibrated by a model that includes general health condition, number of times a person has received health care, gender, age, education, and income. Conclusion: The model we developed can be used to calibrate and adjust self-reported oral health status to that of clinically determined standards and for oral health screening of large populations in federal, state, and local programs, enabling great savings in resources used in dental care.
Formalization and Proof of a Solution to the PCI 2.1 Bus Transaction Ordering Problem

The transaction ordering problem of the original PCI 2.1 standard bus specification violates the desired correctness property of maintaining the so called 'Producer/Consumer' relationship between writers and readers. In [3], a correction to this ordering problem was proposed and informally proved (called the \HP solution" here). In this paper, we present a formalization of the PCI 2.1 protocol in PVS. We formalize the fact that with Local Master ID added to the protocol no completion stealing is possible and the Producer/Consumer property is provided even in the presence of multiple readers. The state of our proofs leading to this result, as well as some of the much needed enhancements to theorem-proving frameworks that will greatly facilitate similar proofs, are also elaborated.
Education in Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation (CPCR) Using Self-Training Methods

Although there may be international differences in some aspects of CPCR course content, we hope material presented will catalyze research in education with CPCR self-training systems. Historically, self-training in CPCR was first introduced to the University of Pittsburgh medical students in 1971 through a pilot program in a CPR learning laboratory. This training was enhanced by the development of a mobile prototype recording manikin (by Laerdall with immediate feedback via lights indicating correct and incorrect actions in breathing and external chest compressions.
What do the numbers say? The influence of motivation and peer feedback on students’ behaviour in online discussions

Students' non-posting behaviour in online discussions is often neglected in educational research. However, it can be a potential indicator of student learning. This study examined the relationships between motivation, peer feedback and students' posting and non-posting behaviours in online discussions in a distance learning class. Fifty-seven college students participated in collaborative learning activities through online discussions. Their posting and non-posting behavioural data were tracked automatically in the discussion system. Results show that students spent a significant amount of time participating in non-posting activities. Motivation and peer feedback predicted both posting and non-posting behaviours in online discussions. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic Content analysis has been widely accepted as a common approach for analysing student interaction in online discussions, but this analytical method has limitations., Students' behaviour in online discussions including both posting and non-posting behaviour. However, non-posting behaviour is often neglected in investigating student online learning., Students' motivation and peer feedback have been proven as critical factors that influence students' behaviour in online discussions. However, most empirical studies documented the significant effects of motivation and peer feedback only on posting behaviour., What this paper adds This study provides empirical evidence that the numeric data collected from an online system can be used as an important data source for analysing students' posting and non-posting behaviour in online discussions., This study provides empirical evidence that demonstrates the significance of non-posting behaviour in online discussions., This study provides empirical evidence that demonstrates the significant effects of motivation on both posting and non-posting behaviour in online discussions., Implications for practice and/or policy System designers should consider adding system features to capture both posting and non-posting behaviour and mirror them back to teachers and students., Teachers should design interventions to promote students' feeling of self-competence and autonomy in online discussions., Teachers should encourage peer feedback and peer evaluation in online learning activities., System designers may incorporate peer evaluation mechanism (eg., peer rating) in online learning systems to enable an additional channel for peer feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Effect of ${\hbox {Ca}}^{2+}$ Codoping on Shallow Traps in YSO:Ce Scintillators

Low temperature (~35 K) measurements of the scintillation kinetics of Y2SiO5:Ce (YSO:Ce) have previously illustrated that shallow electron traps can play an important role in the scintillation mechanism. In addition, divalent calcium co-doping of isostructural Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO:Ce) has been shown to eliminate shallow electron traps and decrease scintillation decay time while maintaining high light output. Here we investigate the effect of Ca2+ codoping on the trap populations and scintillation kinetics of YSO:Ce. Single crystals were grown with Ca2+ concentrations up to 0.5 at% relative to Y. Thermoluminescence measurements indicate a significant reduction in shallow traps, and a marked change in the scintillation kinetics can be seen in the scintillation time profiles as a result of Ca2+ codoping.
Intramolecular motion in DIET: Desorption and dissociation of chemisorbed ammonia

Abstract We show that quantum-specific detection of DIET processes of polyatomic adsorbates reveals the multidimensional dynamics of intramolecular motion. Specifically, we present an analysis of the 6–350 eV electron-induced desorption and dissociation of chemisorbed NH3 and ND3 on Pt(1 1 1). State-selective detection of the neutral DIET products is accomplished by 2 + 1 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). Desorption and dissociation occur as a result of distinct electronic excitations that result in different, uncoupled, modes of intramolecular motion. We find that desorption results from 3a1−1-induced inversion motion. Trajectories on a two-dimensional potential energy surface reveal that the excited molecule fully inverts; upon deexcitation, the inverted molecule is sufficiently high on the hard wall of the substrate interaction to have enough energy to desorb. Given the short excitation lifetime, the time scale in which the (H) D atoms reach the inversion geometry directly affects the desorption yield and results in an appreciable enhancement of NH3 desorption over that of ND3. In general, multidimensional molecule-surface potential energy surfaces should be considered in DIET processes involving molecular adsorbates.
Marketing time predicts naturalization of horticultural plants

Horticulture is an important source of naturalized plants, but our knowledge about naturalization frequencies and potential patterns of naturalization in horticultural plants is limited. We analyzed a unique set of data derived from the detailed sales catalogs (1887-1930) of the most important early Florida, USA, plant nursery (Royal Palm Nursery) to detect naturalization patterns of these horticultural plants in the state. Of the 1903 nonnative species sold by the nursery, 15% naturalized. The probability of plants becoming naturalized increases significantly with the number of years the plants were marketed. Plants that became invasive and naturalized were sold for an average of 19.6 and 14.8 years, respectively, compared to 6.8 years for non-naturalized plants, and the naturalization of plants sold for 30 years or more is 70%. Unexpectedly, plants that were sold earlier were less likely to naturalize than those sold later. The nursery's inexperience, which caused them to grow and market many plants unsuited to Florida during their early period, may account for this pattern. Plants with pantropical distributions and those native to both Africa and Asia were more likely to naturalize (42%), than were plants native to other smaller regions, suggesting that plants with large native ranges were more likely to naturalize. Naturalization percentages also differed according to plant life form, with the most naturalization occurring in aquatic herbs (36.8%) and vines (30.8%). Plants belonging to the families Araceae, Apocynaceae, Convolvulaceae, Moraceae, Oleaceae, and Verbenaceae had higher than expected naturalization. Information theoretic model selection indicated that the number of years a plant was sold, alone or together with the first year a plant was sold, was the strongest predictor of naturalization. Because continued importation and marketing of nonnative horticultural plants will lead to additional plant naturalization and invasion, a comprehensive approach to address this problem, including research to identify and select noninvasive forms and types of horticultural plants is urgently needed.
A Review on Current Status of Alloys 617 and 230 for Gen IV Nuclear Reactor Internals and Heat Exchangers

Alloys 617 and 230 are currently identified as two leading candidate metallic materials in the down selection for applications at temperatures above 760 C in the Gen IV Nuclear Reactor Systems. Qualifying the materials requires significant information related to Codification, mechanical behavior modeling, metallurgical stability, environmental resistance, and many other aspects. In the present paper, material requirements for the Gen IV Nuclear Reactor Systems are discussed; certain available information regarding the two alloys under consideration for the intended applications are reviewed and analyzed. Suggestions are presented for further R&D activities for the materials selection.
Dynamic expression of 3' UTRs revealed by Poisson hidden Markov modeling of RNA-Seq: implications in gene expression profiling.

Abstract RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) allows for the identification of novel exon–exon junctions and quantification of gene expression levels. We show that from RNA-Seq data one may also detect utilization of alternative polyadenylation (APA) in 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) known to play a critical role in the regulation of mRNA stability, cellular localization and translation efficiency. Given the dynamic nature of APA, it is desirable to examine the APA on a sample by sample basis. We used a Poisson hidden Markov model (PHMM) of RNA-Seq data to identify potential APA in human liver and brain cortex tissues leading to shortened 3′ UTRs. Over three hundred transcripts with shortened 3′ UTRs were detected with sensitivity > 75% and specificity > 60%. Tissue-specific 3′ UTR shortening was observed for 32 genes with a q-value ≤ 0.1. When compared to alternative isoforms detected by Cufflinks or MISO, our PHMM method agreed on over 100 transcripts with shortened 3′ UTRs. Given the increasing usage of RNA-Seq for gene expression profiling, using PHMM to investigate sample-specific 3′ UTR shortening could be an added benefit from this emerging technology.
Scanning electron microscopy and small-angle light-scattering studies of spherulitic films of polyethylene terephthalate

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy, and small-angle light-scattering (SALS) studies were made on films of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polytetramethylene terephthalate (PTMT) cast from trifluoroacetic acid. It was shown that a range of morphologies could be induced via casting and that some of these were similar to those noted in the preceding article on segmented polyurethanes. The uniaxial deformation behavior of both the PET and PTMT material was found to be nonaffine under the conditions studied. The SALS method did not clearly indicate the nonaffine behavior that was directly observable via scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.
Transsphenoidal Approaches for the Extracapsular Resection of Midline Suprasellar and Anterior Cranial Base Lesions

Objective The transsphenoidal approach is an effective method for treating tumors contained within the sella or extending into the suprasellar cistern. The technique of tumor dissection is predicated on preservation of the integrity of the diaphragma, i.e., intracapsular removal. Gross total extracapsular dissection may, however, be accomplished either by using a standard approach to the pituitary fossa or by extending the exposure to include removal of a portion of the planum sphenoidale and division of the superior intercavernous sinus. Methods Included in this series were 14 patients with parasellar or sellar tumors with extension into the anterior fossa and/or suprasellar cistern. For 4 of 14 patients (29%), extracapsular access was gained by broaching the tumor capsule from within the pituitary fossa. For the remaining 10 of 14 patients (71%), the dura of the floor of the sella and the planum sphenoidale was exposed, using neuronavigation to verify the limits of bony dissection; extracapsular tumor resection was performed using the operating microscope and endoscopy as indicated. The dural defect was repaired with abdominal fat, the sellar floor and planum sphenoidale were reconstructed, and in selected cases a lumbar drain was placed. Results Seven of 14 tumors (50%) were craniopharyngiomas, 3 of 14 (21%) were pituitary adenomas, and 2 of 14 (14%) were meningiomas. There was one case of lymphocytic hypophysitis and one yolk sac tumor. Gross total resection was possible in 11 of 14 cases (79%). Immediate postoperative visual function worsened in 2 of 14 cases (14%), improved in 3 of 14 cases (21%), and was stable in the remainder of cases. Postoperatively, 2 of 14 patients (14%) developed bacterial meningitis. Overt postoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was not observed. Conclusion Gross total extracapsular resection of midline suprasellar tumors via a transsphenoidal approach is possible but is associated with a higher risk of complications than is standard transsphenoidal surgery.
Migraineurs' perceptions of and interactions with pharmacists: a qualitative study

Aims and objectives Migraine is an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition. Diagnosed and undiagnosed migraineurs come into frequent contact with pharmacists, who are in a unique position to intervene and potentially improve the therapeutic outcomes of migraineurs; however, little is known about migraineurs' attitudes towards pharmacists' roles and the experiences they have shared with pharmacists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate migraineurs' perceptions of the roles that pharmacists may play in helping them manage their disease. Setting Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Method The study employed the use of two focus groups of migraineurs from a university population, approached from a phenomenologic perspective. Focus-group sessions were conducted using a flexible interview guide. Focus-group content was digitally recorded, then transcribed, verified for accuracy and content analysed according to established criteria, employing the use of a formal coding procedure. Inductive analysis was performed to establish patterns, themes and categories in the data. Key findings Six principal themes emerged. Among the most important findings were that (1) migraineurs were concerned about managing their headaches and the impact migraine has on their lives and their families' lives, (2) migraineurs did not discuss their headaches or migraine therapy with pharmacists and (3) migraineurs believe that many communication barriers exist in their pharmacistpatient relationship. Conclusion Community pharmacists have an opportunity to impact the level of care provided to migraine sufferers. As such, community pharmacists should strive to remove communication barriers and be more proactive during interactions with these patients. Further study may examine how pharmacists can elicit more social support for migraineurs and to help migraineurs cope with their condition.
Mechanisms of blood-vascular reactions of the primate lung to acute endotoxemia.

Abstract Previous studies have related structural and functional changes of the lung in shock to the syndrome of pulmonary leukocytosis (SPL) which is defined as rapid sequestration, degranulation and fragmentation of PMN-leukocytes in the pulmonary vascular bed. In the present study, in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the mechanism and significance of ultrastructural changes associated with endotoxin-induced SPL. In rhesus monkeys infused with E. coli endotoxin (5 or 10 mg/kg), sequestered PMN-leukocytes revealed numerous digestive vacuoles containing characteristic membranous particles which were positively identified as particulate endotoxin. In places endotoxin particles were found to be incorporated in the matrix of leukocytic granules as well as in digestive vacuoles released intra-vascularly from fragmented leukocytes. These changes were associated with progressive degranulation of the PMN-leukocytes as well as multifocal damage to the endothelium of capillaries and arterioles which was demonstrable before the onset of significant leukocytic fragmentation. In addition, formation of digestive vacuoles and degranulation were found to be more prominent in sequestered rather than in circulating PMN-leukocytes. Platelet aggregates and fibrinous deposits in lung capillaries were virtually absent. In vitro endotoxin-leukocyte interaction reproduced all changes seen in sequestered PMN-leukocytes with the exception of leukocyte fragmentation. The results suggest that endotoxin-induced SPL in associated with early development of endothelial damage, and it is largely a manifestation of increased phagocytosis of endotoxin by the marginating PMN-leukocytes. The findings also provide strong ultrastructural evidence that phagocytized endotoxin results in direct injury to leukocyte lysosomes, which has not been reported to occur with phagocytosis of inert particles. The above evidence is consistent with previous biochemical data which indicated that endotoxin-induced enzyme release, and potential tissue injury, is greater than that observed with simple phagocytosis.
New frontiers in management selection systems: Where measurement technologies and theory collide

Abstract The argument is made that meta-analytic results have liberated the field from an indentured relationship with criterion-related validity. Three major approaches to managerial selection are reviewed with special attention paid to construct validity and theory development efforts. Emphasis is given to meaningful historical trends in the evolution of each approach. Where available, metaanalytic results are reported. Specific directions for future research aimed at increasing our understanding of why current selection systems predict managerial job performance are discussed.
Narcotic Addiction Following Gastric Bypass Surgery—A Case Study

Addictive behavior following gastric bypass surgery is widely discussed in the lay press, but published reports provide conflicting evidence regarding the prevalence of postoperative substance abuse among bariatric surgery patients. We present a case report of a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patient who presented with recurrent and various pain and nausea complaints postoperatively. These symptoms resulted in multiple radiological and operative procedures before her narcotic addiction was identified. Physicians caring for bariatric surgical patients postoperatively need to be aware of this risk and need to be able to identify early signs of potential postoperative addictions.
Lead perturbs epidermal growth factor (EGF) modulation of intracellular calcium metabolism and collagen synthesis in clonal rat osteoblastic (ROS 17/2.8) cells.

EGF, a single-chain polypeptide growth factor important for many cellular functions including glycolysis and protein phosphorylation, is known to modulate calcium metabolism in several cell systems. EGF causes an increase in Ca2+ influx and accumulation of inositol triphosphate and probably exhibits many, if not all, of its effects via the calcium messenger system. Lead is known to interact with and perturb normal calcium signaling pathways; therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine if lead perturbs EGF modulation of calcium metabolism in ROS 17/2.8 cells and if lead impairs collagen synthesis, which is controlled by EGF. To characterize 45Ca kinetics, cells were labelled with 45Ca (1.87 mm Ca) for 20 hr in the presence of 5 μm Pb, 50 ng/ml EGF, or 5 μm Pb and 50 ng/ml EGF. Kinetic parameters were determined from 45Ca efflux curves. Three kinetic compartments described the intracellular metabolism of 45Ca; 5 μm Pb significantly altered the effect of EGF on intracellular calcium metabolism. Calcium distribution was shifted from the fast-exchanging, quantitatively small calcium pools S1 and S2 to the slow-exchanging, quantitatively large S3. There was also a 50% increase in total cell calcium in cells treated with 5 μm Pb and 50 ng/ml EGF over calcium in cells treated with 50 ng/ml EGF alone. Because EGF and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) have similar effects on protein kinase C (PKC) and collagen metabolism, the transient effects of EGF and PMA on 45Ca and 210Pb were also characterized. EGF caused a rapid transient increase in efflux of both isotopes, which was further increased by the addition of PMA. In contrast, PMA pretreatment, which depletes PKC, significantly attenuated the latter effect of EGF, suggesting that downregulation by PKC of EGF-induced increases in 45Ca and 210Pb efflux. Moreover, collagen synthesis was decreased by lead, EGF, and PMA in a similar manner, further suggesting PKC as the common modulator of these effects. These data show that Pb impairs the normal modulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis and collagen synthesis by EGF. Furthermore, these results provide additional support to the postulate that an early and discrete effect of lead involves perturbation of the calcium messenger system at one or several loci.
Echographic Characteristics of Benign Orbital Schwannomas (Neurilemomas)

We examined two patients with orbital schwannomas (neurilemomas). The echo-graphic findings, including a sharply outlined capsule, a well-defined central cystic space within the tumor with very low internal reflectivity surrounded by smaller cysts with variable reflectivity, slight or no compressibility, and blood flow, should help to differentiate these benign tumors from other orbital lesions. Histologic examination showed a combination of Antoni type A (dense and cellular) and Antoni type B (loose, edematous, or necrotic) patterns.
Cloning and characterization of the BglII restriction–modification system reveals a possible evolutionary footprint

Abstract BglII, a type II restriction–modification (R–M) system from Bacillus globigii, recognizes the sequence 5′-AGATCT-3′. The system has been cloned into E. coli in multiple steps: first the methyltransferase (MTase) gene, bglIIM, was cloned from B. globigii RUB561, a variant containing an inactivated endonuclease (ENase) gene (bglIIR). Next the ENase protein (R.BglII) was purified to homogeneity from RUB562, a strain expressing the complete R–M system. Oligonucleotide probes specific for the 5′ end of the gene were then synthesized and used to locate bglIIR, and the gene was isolated and cloned in a subsequent step. The nucleotide sequence of the system has been determined, and several interesting features have been found. The genes are tandemly arranged, with bglIIR preceding bglIIM. The amino acid sequence of M.BglII is compared to those of other known MTases. A third gene encoding a protein with sequence similarity to known C elements of other R–M systems is found upstream of bglIIR. This is the first instance of a C gene being associated with an R–M system where the R and M genes are collinear. In addition, open reading frames (ORFs) resembling genes involved with DNA mobility are found in close association with BglII. These may shed light on the evolution of the R–M system.
Technology for fabricating dense 3-D microstructure arrays for biomimetic hair-like sensors

This paper reports high-density arrays of 3-dimensional (3-D) high-aspect ratio MEMS structures that can imitate biological hairs. Hair has many properties, including high aspect ratio (long and small footprint), large surface area, mechanical flexibility and robustness, and customized material properties. Hair sensors can be made in large arrays, provide high sensitivity through local neural processing, and offer a multiplicity of functions. In nature, hairs typically exist in large-scale arrays, offering distributed sensing functions, redundancy, and improved stability, sensitivity, and dynamic range. In this paper, we present a fabrication technology for forming highly dense 3-D arrays of microstructures useful for a variety of sensing applications, which realize some of these biological advantages. We have fabricated 4×4, 5×5, and 10×10 accelerometer arrays, achieving a sensor density of ~100 sensors/mm2. Initial testing shows accelerometer resonant frequencies and static capacitance values that vary with proof mass and hair/spring dimensions as expected.
The right stuff: Breaking through the xenotransplant barrier

Permanent acceptance of a skin xenograft was achieved by induction of tolerance in the recipient (pages 1211–1216).
Evaluation of FT-IR Measurement Accuracy in Transmittance and Reflectance Measurements

FT-IR spectroscopy is susceptible to numerous sources of error, any number of which can potentially result in large measurement errors.
The effects of raclopride on vacuous jaw movements in rats following acute administration

Classic neuroleptics produce a syndrome of vacuous jaw movements in rats, whereas atypical neuroleptics like clozapine do not. The present study compared the effects of repeated administration of raclopride, clozapine, haloperidol, or vehicle on vacuous jaw movements in rats over a 4-week period. Rats received an IP injection of drug once a day. On days 1, 8, 15, and 29 the rats were observed for a 5-min period by two trained observers who recorded their vacuous jaw movements. The dose-response curves at which each drug produced vacuous jaw movements are presented and discussed in terms of their predictive capabilities of early onset extrapyramidal side effects.
Life-Threatening Bleomycin Pulmonary Toxicity with Ultimate Reversibility

A 60-year-old man with advanced seminoma was treated with four cycles of a cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin. He then developed severe pulmonary toxicity with diffuse infiltrates as evidenced on a chest x-ray film. The room air PaO 2 value was 32 mm Hg. The patient was treated with steroids and oxygen supplementation, including a high FlO, for several days, and survived and eventually experienced marked improvement in his pulmonary status. Aggressive management of severe bleomycin-induced pneumonitis appears justified.
The effect of the condensation temperature on the formation of metastable phases in vapour-deposited Fe-Ni-Cr films and their magnetic properties

Abstract The effect of vapour quenching on the size of the α + γ two-phase region in the system Fe-Ni-Cr was studied. Fe-Ni-Cr films of thickness 500 nm were deposited on silicon substrates by co-evaporation from a chromium and an Fe-Ni source at 2 nm s-1. The substrate temperature was varied between 77 and 673 K. The Fe-Ni binary system (XCr/XNi = 0) and two vertical sections through the ternary Fe-Ni-Cr system at Cr:Ni ratios XCr/XNi of 0.37 and 1.38 were investigated. The iron content was between 40 and 100 at.%. X-ray analysis at room temperature revealed that at XCr/XNi = 1.38 the body-centred cubic α phase, the face-centred cubic γ phase and the tetragonal σ phase were present whereas at XCr/XNi = 0 and at XCr/XNi = 0.37 only α and γ were found. At XCr/XNi = 0 and at XCr/XNi = 0.37 the width of the α + γ two-phase region was found at all temperatures to be considerably less than that in the equilibrium situation. Moreover for XCr/XNi = 0.37 the α + γ two-phase region disappeared between 373 and 173 K. The shape and position of the α + γ region could be explained by the assumption that α→α + γ or γ→α + γ transformations occured at high temperatures by diffusion and that an incomplete diffusionless γ→α martensitic transformation occured at low temperatures during film growth and/or subsequent cooling. The single-phase α films exhibited a maximum of the saturation magnetization of 227 emu g-1 at 87.5 at.% Fe, 7.5 at.% Ni and 5 at.% Cr. The coercivity ranged between 0.8 and 59 Oe. The highest values of Hc were found for the multiphase α + γ + σ and α + γ films.
Directional distributions of beta-rays emitted from polarized 60Co nuclei

Abstract The 60Co nuclei in a thin permendur foil were polarized by a pair of orthogonal magnetic flux loops at ultralow temperatures. The observed angular distribution and the asymmetry factor (Aexp = −1.01 ± 0.02) are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions of (1 + α cos θ) dependence and Atheory = −1.0.
Hydrogenated Milk Fat as an Inhibitor of the Fat Bloom Defect in Dark Chocolate

Abstract The effectiveness of hydrogenated milk fat as an inhibitor of the fat bloom defect in dark chocolate was compared to unhydrogenated milk fat. Under accelerated test conditions involving controlled cycling of temperature during storage, coatings with 2.5% of hydrogenated milk fat remained free of fat bloom two to four times longer than did chocolate containing an equal amount of unhydrogenated milk fat, a recognized bloom inhibitor. Fully hydrogenated milk fat was more effective than partially hydrogenated milk fat. Trials in which concentrations of hydrogenated milk fat were varied up to 3% by weight showed that as the amount of additive in the coating increased, a corresponding decrease occurred in bloom susceptibility. As measured by a compression testing instrument, adding hydrogenated milk fat had a slight softening effect on chocolate in excess of that attributable to the higher fat content. However, the coating was firmer than chocolate containing an equal amount of unhydrogenated milk fat.
Statistical Measures of Parameter Estimates from Models Fit to Respiratory Impedance Data: Emphasis on Joint Vanabilities

To describe respiratory mechanical impedance data, many investigators have proposed electromechanical models and then fit them to data using formal parameter estimation techniques. This approach has resulted in confusion as to how to interpret the resulting estimated values, and hence as to which model is most appropriate. A key cause of this confusion is that most studies rely on the quality of fit between the model and the data as the only measure of model validity rather than performing adequate statistical analysis of the parameter estimates themselves. This paper describes several statistical measures that should be applied to parameter estimates obtained from forced oscillation data. Specifically, we describe standard errors of the parameter estimates, confidence intervals for each parameter estimate, and the joint confidence region for the parameters. Much emphasis is placed on the joint confidence region which, unlike the interval, allows for simultaneous variations in parameters. The measures are applied to an often used six-element model for respiratory impedance data of dogs from 4 to 64 Hz. This application indicated that even when fitting data over this frequency range, parameter estimates are not well defined and the parameter estimated with least accuracy is airway resistance.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases: the role of hospital experience in diagnosis and mortality.

Objective Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii has been increasingly reported in patients with connective tissue diseases, but the frequency of this complication is not known. We sought to determine the frequency of P carinii pneumonia (PCP) in patients with connective tissue diseases, and to determine the role that a hospital's acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–related experience may have in the diagnosis of PCP in these patients. Methods We used a state hospitalization registry to identify all patients with PCP and either rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, polyarteritis nodosa, or scleroderma who had an emergent or urgent hospitalization in California from 1983 to 1994. We compared patient and hospital characteristics between these patients and patients with connective tissue diseases hospitalized with other types of pneumonia. Results Two hundred twenty-three patients with connective tissue diseases were diagnosed with PCP in the 12-year study period. The frequency of PCP ranged from 89 cases/10,000 hospitalizations/year in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis to 2 cases/10,000 hospitalizations/year in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Compared with 5,457 patients with connective tissue diseases and pneumonia due to other organisms, patients with PCP were more likely to be younger, to be male, to have private medical insurance, and to have systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis, inflammatory myopathy, or polyarteritis nodosa rather than rheumatoid arthritis, and were less likely to be African American. Hospital size, teaching status, urban/rural location, proportion of admissions due to AIDS or PCP, and proportion of patients with pneumonia undergoing bronchoscopy were each associated with the likelihood of diagnosis of PCP in univariate analyses, but only the number of patients with PCP being treated at a hospital (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 for each additional 10 cases/year, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.01–1.05) was associated with the likelihood of diagnosis of PCP in multivariate analyses. Patients were also somewhat more likely to be diagnosed with PCP if there had previously been a case of PCP in a patient with a connective tissue disease at the same hospital (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.98–1.85). In-hospital mortality was 45.7%, and was unrelated to hospital characteristics. Conclusion PCP is an uncommon, but often fatal, occurrence in patients with connective tissue disease. A hospital's prior experience with patients with PCP is associated with the likelihood that this condition is diagnosed in patients with connective tissue diseases who present with pneumonia, suggesting that diagnostic suspicion is an important factor in the correct identification of affected patients.
Intermediate School Students with Severe Disabilities Supporting Their Social Participation in General Education Classrooms

Abstract: We compared two approaches for supporting the social participation of students with severe disabilities in general education classrooms. Three students with severe disabilities were studied in four different general education classrooms. Dependent measures included the Kennedy active engagement of students with severe disabilities and their nondisabled peers and the social interactions that peers had with the students. We compared direct assistance from a special education instructional aide with peer support supervised by a special education instructional aide. Our results indicate that the peer support program produced more frequent and longer social interactions for all three students. Also, peers without disabilities demonstrated a more frequent and greater variety of social support behaviors to students with disabilities. Some improvements in the active engagement of students with disabilities and their peers were observed in the peer support condition. Our results suggest that peer support...
Wavelength tracking interferometer for DPSK lasercom links

The performance of a closed loop controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer for optical DPSK communications at 2.67 Gbps in the presence of simulated Doppler and atmospheric scintillation effects is presented. The applied frequency slew rate during testing exceeded those expected for LEO to ground or GEO, aircraft to GEO and LEO to LEO satellite lasercom links. The applied scintillation time series were derived from data collected during recent LEO to ground communications between the NFIRE satellite and the ground station at the European Space Agency observatory in Tenerife, Spain. Results are presented for a range of received power levels representing high and low SNR conditions anticipated for real lasercom systems.
Lectotypification of Cacao guianensis Aublet (Sterculiaceae)

Hitherto “suppressed,”Cacao guianensis, based on a mixture of elements that can be referred to three currently recognized species (i.e.,Theobroma cacao, T. subincanum, andT. velutinum), is lectotypified by Aublet's illustrations of its flowers. This makesC. guianensis a taxonomic synonym ofT. cacao and encourages nomenclatural stability by permitting the continued use ofT. subincanum andT. velutinum.