cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech evoked activity in the auditory radiations and cortex of the awake monkey

To determine whether phonetic features of human speech are reflected in activity patterns of the auditory cortex and its thalamic afferents, concurrent recordings of multiple unit activity (MUA) and averaged evoked potentials (AEP) to 3 synthetic syllables: /da/,/ba/ and /ta/, were performed in awake monkeys. Using clicks, responses from thalamocortical axons and cortical cells were differentiated on the basis of their response latency, spatial distribution, and relationships to AEP components. Voice onset time was reflected in MUA time-locked to consonant release and voicing onset, and phase-locked to the syllables' fundamental frequency. Place of articulation was reflected in discriminative 'on' and phase-locked responses occurring to the formant transitions of the syllables. Duration of the voiced formant transitions was represented by an accentuation of the phase-locked responses occurring to this period. Activity of thalamocortical fibers and cortical cells differed. Thalamocortical fibers were more responsive to speech sounds, as well as responding more frequently with a phase-locked response pattern. Cortical cells responded with sustained activity to a greater degree. Responses to identical portions of the vowels were biased by the preceding consonant. The spatial extent and timing of the responses demonstrate that speech sounds are processed along parallel, but not synchronous, channels. Relevance to human psychoacoustical phenomena is discussed.
An Overview of the Jurisdictional Issues Affecting Hawaii's Ocean Waters

Serious legal questions about ownership and governance of the waters surrounding Hawaii remain unresolved. Hawaii's islands form a geographical archipelago, but its waters do not qualify as "archipelagic waters" under the formal definition in the LOS Convention. Jurisdictional conflicts exist between the state and federal governments. And the Native Hawaiians have strong claims to the waters and the marine resources that need to be addressed.
Enzymatic interesterification of tallow-sunflower oil mixtures

In an effort to improve the physical and/or thermal characteristics of solid fats, the enzymatic interesterification of tallow and butterfat with high-oleic sunflower oil and soybean oil was investigated. The two simultaneously occurring reactions, interesterification and hydrolysis, were followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of altered glycerides and by gas-liquid chromatography of liberated free fatty acids. The enzymes used in these studies were immobilized lipases that included either a 1,3-acyl-selective lipase or acis-9-C18-selective lipase. The degree of hydrolysis of the fat/oil mixtures was dependent upon the initial water content of the reaction medium. The extent of the interesterification reaction was dependent on the amount of enzyme employed but not on the reaction temperature over the range of 50–70°C. Changes in melting characteristics of the interesterified glyceride mixtures were followed by differential scanning calorimetry of the residual mixed glycerides after removal of free fatty acids. Interesterification of the glyceride mixes with the two types of enzymes allowed for either a decrease or increase in the solid fat content of the initial glyceride mix.
A chiral synthesis of (2S, 3S)‐phenylalanine‐3‐2H via boronic esters

Reduction of (s)-pinanediol (S)[(phenyl) (chloro)-methyl]boronate (1) with lithium triethylborodeuteride yielded (s)-pinanediol (R)-[(phenyl)methyl]boronate-α-2H (2). The chiral purity of 2 was measured via peroxidic oxidation to (S)-benzyl alcohol-α-2H (3), which was analyzed with an NMR chiral shift reagent. (Dichloro-methyl)lithium converted 2 to (s)-pinanediol (1S,2S)-1-chloro-2-phenylethylboronate-2-2H (4), which with sodium azide yielded (s)-pinanediol (1R,2S)-1-azido-2-phenylethylboronate-2-2H (5). (Dichloromethyl) lithium with 5 yielded (s)-pinanediol (1S, 2S,3S)-1-chloro-2-azido-3-phenylpropylboronate-3-2H (6), which was oxidized by sodium chlorite to (2S,3S)-2-azido-3-phenylacetic acid-3-2H (7). Hydrogenation of 7 yielded (2S,3S)-phenylalanine-3-2H (8) in high diastereomeric and enantiomeric purity.
Comparison of the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on the behavior of male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Abstract To compare the behavioral effects of testosterone propionate (TP) and diyhdrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) at doses producing plasma levels of androgens within the physiological rage, observations were made on 4 castrated male cynomolgus monkeys during successive 4-week treatment periods while they received 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg of either TP or DHTP SC/day in counterbalanced order. Males were tested with each of the same 4 female partners (16 pairs, 1024 1-hr behavior tests). Males were injected at 1600 hr and blood samples were obtained at 0800 hr (256 samples, 456 hormone determinations). Physiological plasma levels of T resulted from the 200 μg and 400 μg TP treatments, and were associated with significantly increased ejaculatory behavior. Physiological plasma levels of DHT resulted from the 50 μg and 100 μg DHTP treatments, but there were no changes in ejaculatory behavior over the entire DHTP does range used. This difference in the behavioral effects of TP and DHTP, not previously reported for a primate, could not be accounted for by the effects of treatment order, season, long-term behavioral testing, female sexual motivation or behavior reflecting the peripheral action of androgens.
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Couple Differences

SUMMARY This paper challenges the idea that differences between partners in couple relationships are inherently problematic. A “cross-cultural” perspective on differences in couples that considers partners' reactions to difference as the problem is presented. Couples therapy from a cross-cultural perspective begins with a detailed' assessment of perceived differences, reactions to differences, the context in which the differences have developed, and the purposes they serve. Therapeutic tasks involve managing maladaptive reactions to differences, learning to accept differences, and co-designing a common couple culture.
Sanguinarine: A positive inotropic alkaloid which inhibits cardiac Na+,K+-ATPase

In isolated, isometrically contracting left guinea pig atria, sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid from the papaveracea Sanguinaria canadensis, produced a concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect. Between 2.3 x 10(-6) M and 6.5 x 10(-5) M, sanguinarine increased contractility by 108% which was comparable to the maximal inotropic effect of ouabain. Within the same concentration range, sanguinarine caused inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase isolated from guinea pig myocardium. 100% inhibition of Na+,K+,ATPase activity occurred at 1 x 10(-4) M sanguinarine. The I50 for enzyme inhibition and the ED50 for the inotropic action of sanguinarine were the same (6-6.5 x 10(-6) M) indicating that both effects may be causally related.
Oxidant release is dramatically increased by elevated glucose concentrations in neutrophils from pregnant women.

Objective. To evaluate the mechanism of oxidative stress at glucose levels accompanying diabetic pregnancy. Specifically, we hypothesize that elevated glucose overwhelms hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) down-regulation observed during pregnancy.Methods. Peripheral blood cells from normal healthy pregnant women were exposed to heightened glucose levels to provide an in vitro model of the effects of diabetic pregnancy. Changes in NAD(P)H, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were evaluated in single cells.Results. Altered metabolic dynamics, as judged by NAD(P)H autofluorescence of neutrophils from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, were observed during incubation with 14 mM glucose, a pathophysiologic level. In parallel, increased production of ROS and NO was observed. The ROS and NO levels attained in cells from pregnant women were greater than those observed in cells from non-pregnant women. Inhibitors of the HMS and NAD(P)H oxidase blocked these effects. These metabolic and ...
Report of the Research Committee on Runoff, 1947–1948

Since 1946, the Committee has given consideration to terminology as related to the field of runoff. As the science of hydrology develops, there is increasing need for a more definite and uniform terminology in order to promote use of more precise language in technical literature. While it may not be possible or desirable at this time to standardize completely, it appears entirely possible to standardize many of the terms in common usage. This Committee has begun a compilation of letter symbols and terms related to runoff.
Modeling the Systematic Uncertainty of Photogrammetric Tracking of Human Motion

We address bias errors of photogrammetric tracking of four SELSPOT-II® cameras using active marker photogrammetry in a 2 m x 2 m x 2 m viewing volume for human locomotion measurements. We present uncertainty modeling regarding the first stage ofequipment set up, which provides the camera frame to global frame rotation matrices and the distances among cameras. We also characterize the uncertainty due to the camera distortions of the bare system as compared to published performances achieved with a camera correction procedure. The particular approach is to qualify performances of photogrammetric tracking during routine operation and to identify the nature and magnitude of the uncertainty due to equipment set up and camera distortions as part of the total uncertainty in a self-consistent manner. We found that uncertainty of the camera frame to global frame rotation matrices produced rotation of the image and uncorrected camera hardware uncertainty produced dilatation or compression of the image twice the magnitude of that seen with camera correction. However, camera resolution remains as an equally important factor limiting the accuracy of photogrammetric tracking that can not be easily reduced numerically. In conclusion, the analysis elucidates how uncertainty propagates to numerical derivatives of the tracking data and prepares the groundwork for future development.
Some Properties of Random Apollonian Networks

AbstractIn this work, we analyze fundamental properties of random Apollonian networks [Zhang et al. 06, Zhou et al. 05], a popular random graph model that generates planar graphs with power-law properties. Specifically, we analyze the degree distribution, the k largest degrees, the k largest eigenvalues, and the diameter, where k is a constant.
A Novel ROIC for Advanced 3-D LADAR Applications

We have been working on a novel ROIC (Read-Out-Integrated-Circuit) for advance 3-D LADAR applications. The advanced LADAR not only can measure the distance and size of the target but also can determine its absolute location and absolute velocity, i.e., speed and direction. With these real-time information, targets can be more easily identified, tracked and marked on surveillance monitors in real-time at their true locations. We envision that when the advanced 3-D LADARs working in conjunction with conventional RADARs, wide area surveillance and thus borders and perimeter defense can be more easily accomplished.
Number, origins, and chemical types of rat pallidostriatal projection neurons.

The dorsal globus pallidus (GP) receives major inputs from the dorsal neostriatum (Str), the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the dorsal thalamus. The GP projects to multiple basal ganglia nuclei. One of the GP projection sites is the Str. The pallidostriatal projection has been considered minor. However, several recent studies have suggested that this projection is heavier than previously thought and that it might play a significant role in controlling the activity of the Str. To reveal more details of this projection, we examined the number of GP neurons that participated in the projection, their origins in the GP and their immunoreactivity for the calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV), by using a combination of Fluoro-Gold (FG) retrograde labeling and immunohistochemical methods. Immunostaining for the calcium binding protein calbindin-28K (CaBP) was used to identify the CaBP-poor sensorimotor and CaBP-rich associative Str regions and the corresponding CaBP-poor middle, CaBP-rich border, and the caudomedial GP regions. The CaBP-poor dorsolateral Str region occupies a small portion of the Str, whereas the CaBP-poor middle GP region occupies a large portion of the GP. The immunostaining for neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) was used to visualize neurons that were immunonegative for FG or PV. Cell counts revealed that the middle GP region contained a higher density of neurons and also a higher percentage of PV-positive neurons than the border and caudomedial regions of the GP. These observations suggested that the GP is involved more in sensorimotor function than associative function. Approximately 40% of neurons in the CaBP-poor middle GP region project to the CaBP-poor part of the dorsolateral Str. Approximately 30% of the neurons in both the CaBP-rich border and the caudomedial GP regions project to the CaBP-rich Str region. More than 40% of the pallidostriatal neurons in CaBP-poor middle GP region are PV-positive, whereas most of those in CaBP-rich GP regions are PV-negative. It was estimated from the cell count data that most of the PV-negative neurons in all three regions of the GP project to the Str. The results indicate that the sensorimotor and associative territories of the Str have reciprocal projections between corresponding territories of the GP. The involvement of a large number of GP neurons suggested that the pallidostriatal projection should be taken into account in the analysis of functional roles of the basal ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:438–448, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Incorporating Multiple Index Vectors and Feedback to Improve Urban Objects Retrieval

This paper reports results of integrating multiple index vectors and incorporating feedback in retrieving urban objects from high-resolution images. The integrated method combines an index vector derived from a semivariogram method and another index vector from a wavelet transform method. Results show that the integrated method notably improves retrieval precision over either method when used individually. Feedback on whether a retrieved image is relevant is subsequently incorporated into the retrieval. F-statistics is used to evaluate the ability of individual indices to identify relevant images and to weight these indices. The weighted index vector typically improves retrieval performance further by 10% to 15%.
High magnetic field investigation of the Fermi surface of the pnictinide compound

The Fermi surface of the pnictinide compound has been studied by means of the Shubnikov-de Haas and de Haas-van Alphen quantum oscillatory effects in pulsed magnetic fields to 60 T. Spectral analysis of the magnetoresistance and magnetization shows several closed-pocket regions of the Fermi surface. Closed pockets of 65, 190, 700, and 760 T are determined to account for the Fermi surface. The respective effective masses were found to be of the order of the free electron mass.
Discharge From Hospice: Dead or Alive?

Within this background, Carlson et al investigated this issue in patients with cancer enrolled in hospice. Specifically, they analyzed data from 90 826 patients in 1384 hospices in the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Medicare database who died of cancer between 1998 and 2002 at age 66 years or older and who used hospice during any part of the 6 months prior to death. The average age at death was 78.5 years and 86% were white, non-Hispanic. Over half the patients were female and 49% were married. In all, 26% of patients had lung cancer followed by 12%with colon cancer and 9%with prostate cancer. The mean number of days from hospice enrollment to death was 59.2 days with a median of 19 days. Slightly more than 10% (10.9%) of the patients disenrolled from hospice before death. The median number of days from hospice enrollment to disenrollment was 28, and the median number of days from hospice disenrollment to death was 24. A pattern of disenrollment–enrollment was observed in more than a third of disenrollees. These patients more frequently were admitted to the hospital, the emergency department, or the intensive care unit and often died in the hospital. The most common admission diagnoses were cancer-related (30%), pain or other symptoms (12%), fracture or injury (9%), infection (7%), and psychiatric illness (5%). Finally, the average Medicare expenditures for the hospice patients were $6537 as compared to the disenrolled patents at $30 848. The authors were unable to identify the reasons for hospice disenrollment and speculate that interviews of patients and caregivers may be helpful to understand this phenomenon. They suggest that oncologists view hospice disenrollment as a marker for patient complexity as well as the probability that these patients will be hospitalized often in the last weeks of life. By contrast, a study by Taylor et al reported no difference in costs between hospice disenrollees and patients remaining in hospice until death. A national representative sample of age-eligible Medicare beneficiaries who died from 1993 to 2000 was analyzed during the last year of life. Three groups of patients were identified:
Identifying slip systems around indentations in FCC metals

Abstract Atomic force and orientation imaging microscopy can be used to identify slip planes responsible for slip step formation around indentations in FCC polycrystalline engineering alloys. The character of the slip steps provides insight into the material’s slip mode and the step patterns can be used to study dislocation reactions.
Chemical effects in the flow of dilute polymer solutions

Abstract Experimental results are presented for the pressure drop of a dilute aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide (Polyox) for various chemical additives to the water solvent. These results suggest that the pressure drop and heat transfer behavior of dilute acqueous solutions of high molecular weight polymers is very sensitive to the chemistry of the water solvent.
Improving The Estimation of Moderating Effects by Using Computer-Administered Questionnaires

A program designed to administer questionnaires on IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers is documented. The program prompts subjects to indicate their response by clicking on a graphic line segment displayed on the screen or by entering a numeric value using the keyboard. Features of the program include (a) easily modifiable anchors for the graphic line segment (e.g., agree-disagree, satisfied-dissatisfied), (b) no limit to the number of questions included, and (c) responses that are stored directly into an ASCII file. The program enhances the accuracy in estimating moderating effects because it overcomes two limitations of the more traditional paper-and-pencil mode of administration: (a) transcriptional errors and (b) scale coarseness.
Identification of heterozygote carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by radioimmunoassay of serum 17-OH progesterone.

The response to administered adrenocorticotropin (ACTH, Cortrosyn) of 26 heterozygotes (parents of children with adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency) and of 14 controls are compared. The mean plasma levels of 4-pregnene-3, 20-dione-17, 21-diol (17-OH progesterone) were significantly greater in the heterozygotes 60 minutes (p
Severe Intrauterine Herpes Simplex Disease with Placentitis in a Newborn of a Mother with Recurrent Genital Infection at Delivery

We present a case of fatal herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) in a premature infant born to a mother diagnosed with recurrent HSV-2, based on history and HSV serology results. It was clinically evident at delivery, and subsequently confirmed by laboratory studies that the infant was infected before delivery. There was histopathologic evidence of placentitis and chorioamnionitis upon examination of the placenta and fetal membranes. This case illustrates a relatively uncommon complication of recurrent genital herpes at delivery--intrauterine transmission to the fetus from a primary episode during pregnancy.
Enhancement of sympathetic neurotransmission by prostaglandin F2α in the cutaneous vascular bed of the dog

Abstract The influence of intra-arterial infusion of a wide range of concentrations of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on adrenergic responses was studied in the dinervated hindpaw of the dog under conditions of controlled flow. Infusion of PGF2α, 0.01–1.0 μg/min, did not alter hindpaw vascular resistance, systemic arterial pressure, or responses to intra-arterially injected tyramine or norepinephrine in the range of doses studied, whereas vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were enhanced at all concentrations examined including concentrations likely to occur under certain physiological conditions. The curve for nerve stimulation was shifted to the left in a parallel fashion in the presence of the lowest concentration of PGF2α. The shift to the left during infusion of the 0.1 and 1.0 concentrations was nonparallel with increasingly greater responses obtained at each stimulation parameter. Results of this study suggest that since PGF2α enhances responses to nerve stimulation without changing responsiveness to NE and tyramine that it probably facilitates the release of neurotransmitter from sympathetic nerve terminals in cutaneous vessels. This effect appears to be specific for the pool of transmitter released by nerve stimulation and the release of transmitter is facilitated to a greater extent at higher stimulus frequencies by the 0.1 and 1.0 μg/min concentrations of PGF2α.
Up-hill diffusion of hafnium in Ni3Al intermetallic alloys

Abstract An up-hill diffusion of hafnium was observed during the interdiffusion of Ni-Ni 3 Al(Hf, B) couples. The Hf atoms diffused backward from the original interface to the Ni 3 Al end, instead of moving forward to the Ni end under the concentration gradient. The observation confirms that the Hf atoms partition preferentially to the Ni 3 Al phase by substituting for Al atoms in their sublattice sites.
Multiwavelength observations of eleven cataclysmic variables

A study of 11 cataclysmic variables in the UV, optical and IR ranges has indicated that the alpha index of the UV flux distribution for five systems at quiescence is relatively flat and constrained, implying a narrow range in mass transfer rate. This may be correlated with the mechanism for mass transfer in short orbital period systems. Near maximum light, the alpha index is steep and consistent with steady state models.
Reason-giving in court practice: the example of french immigration litigation

This Article examines the thesis according to which the practice of giving reasons for decisions is a central element of liberal democracies. In this view, public institutions� practice�and sometimes duty�to give reasons is required so that each individual may view the state as reasonable and therefore, according to deliberative democratic theory, legitimate. Does the giving of reasons in actual court practice achieve these goals? Drawing on empirical research carried out in a French administrative court, this Article argues that, in practice, reason-giving often falls either short of democracy or beyond democracy. Reasons fall short of democracy in the first case because they are transformed from a device designed to �protect� citizens from arbitrariness into a professional norm intended to �protect� the judges themselves and perhaps further their career goals. In the second case, reasons go beyond democracy because judges� ambitions are much greater than to merely provide petitioners with a ground for understanding and criticizing the decision: they aim at positively�and paternalistically in some instances�guiding people�s conduct. The discussion proceeds by drawing attention to social aspects that are often neglected in theoretical discussions on reason-giving. A skeptical conclusion is suggested: one can rarely guarantee that any predetermined value will be achieved by the giving of reasons. The degree to which individuals are empowered by the reasons given to them is dependent on the way in which decision-givers envision their reason-giving activity, and this representation is itself conditioned by the social setting of the court.
Measurement of the induced refractive index in a photothermorefractive glass by a liquid-cell shearing interferometer.

A liquid-cell shearing interferometer was developed to measure refractive-index variations (Δn) in transparent materials. The cell was filled with a liquid having a matched refractive index. The achieved resolution was better than 1/1000 of a fringe shift and resulted in a Δn measurement sensitivity down to 10-7 for 1-mm-thick samples. A refractive-index increment in photothermorefractive glass of up to 5 × 10-6 was observed after UV exposure at 325 nm. A refractive-index decrement of up to 1 × 10-3 was observed after thermal development of the exposed sample. It was proved that photothermorefractive glass obeys the reciprocity law; i.e., Δn depends on the UV dosage but does not depend on the irradiance.
Parallel Algorithms For Multidimensional Signal Processing A Unified Signal Algebra Approach

Operations an digital signals similar to those employed for Z transforms are used for producing parallel multidimensional algorithms. All operations are given in the time domain and are part of the Unified Signal Algebra. Algorithms are given using dataflow type diagrams and are presented for the parallel specification of convolution, triple convolution, Volterra convolution, and correlation.
Monitoring in situ stress changes in a mining environment with coda wave interferometry

SUMMARY Coda waves are highly sensitive to changes in the subsurface; we use this sensitivity to monitor small stress changes in an underground mine. We apply coda wave interferometry to seismic data excited by a hammer source, collected at an experimental hard rock mine in Idaho Springs, CO. We carried out a controlled stress-change experiment in a mine pillar and we show how coda wave interferometry can be used to monitor the in situ stress change with modest hardware requirements.
Estrone sulphate in rat brain: uptake from blood and metabolism in vivo12

It Has been well established that the estrogens, estrone and estradiol, enter the brain from the circulatory system. These compounds are concentrated and retained in the hypothalamus and preoptic regions, particularly in the nuclei of the cells in these regions (McEwen, ZIGMOKD, AZMITIA and Weiss, 1970; Zigmond and Mcewen, 1970). In a previous communication from this laboratory we indicated that a small portion of blood bound dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate enters the brain intact and then is converted to free dehydroepiandrosterone and to androstenediol sulfate (Kishimoto and Hoshi, 1972). Estrone sulfate is the most abundant estrogen in plasma at a concentration of 0.349 pg/ml of plasma, a level which is as much as 10-fold higher than that of free estrone and estradiol in both male and female plasma (Loriaux, Ruder and Lipsett, 1971). Therefore, we deemed it important to establish whether estrone sulfate also enters the brain and if it acts as the source of other brain estrogens. In this communication, we wish to report the results obtained by intracardiac and intracerebral injection of [3H] estrone [35S] sulfate into the developing rat.
Olfactory Bulb and Tract and Temporal Lobe Volumes: Normative Data across Decadesa

The sense of smell shows a diminution with age as measured by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). To ascertain whether the volumes of the olfactory bulbs and tracts (OBTs) and the temporal lobes (TL) declined in parallel to smell function, we examined 36 individuals from ages 22 to 78 who did not complain of any loss of the sense of smell using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The OBT volumes showed an initial increase to the 4th decade of life and then a decrease with increasing age, while the trend in TL volume was not as dramatic. There was no correlation between OBT or TL volumes with unilateral or total UPSIT scores. The normative data by decades can be used to assess the OBTs of cohorts of patients with neurodegenerative disorders that affect olfaction.
Hype cycle in radiation oncology.

Are you usually overwhelmed or underwhelmed with the quality, usability, and functionality of new commercial products? Is your answer different for personal products (eg, cell phones, personal computers) versus those in your professional life? We believe that personal commercial products generally seem to be better evolved (ie, more usable and functional) than are the products we purchase in our professional lives. Why is this? We think it might be related to the “hype cycle.” The technological nature of many radiation oncology advances makes them prone to overhype and subject to the “hype cycle” (1). We herein discuss the unique characteristics of the hype cycle in radiation oncology, along with its implications. We offer a modified hype cycle with 3 phases: (1) skeptical resistance, (2) hype, and (3) post-hype.
Evidence that descending serotonergic systems protect spinal cord plasticity against the disruptive effect of uncontrollable stimulation

Abstract Prior work has demonstrated that spinal cord neurons, isolated from the brain through a spinal transection, can support learning. Spinally transected rats given legshock whenever one hindlimb is extended learn to maintain the shocked leg in a flexed position, minimizing net shock exposure. This capacity for learning is inhibited by prior exposure to an uncontrollable stimulus (e.g., intermittent tailshock). The present experiments examined whether spinal cord neurons are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of uncontrollable stimulation after spinal cord injury. Experiment 1 confirmed that uncontrollable shock inhibits subsequent learning in transected rats. Rats that received uncontrollable stimulation prior to transection did not exhibit this effect, suggesting that brain systems exert a protective effect. Experiment 2 showed that this protective effect was removed if subjects received a dorsolateral funiculus lesion prior to shock exposure. Subsequent experiments were designed to determine the identity of the neurochemical systems that protect spinal plasticity. Intrathecal application of serotonin (5-HT) or a 5-HT 1A/7 agonist (8-OH DPAT) in transected rats had a protective effect that blocked the adverse effect of uncontrollable stimulation (Experiment 3). The α-2 noradrenergic agonist, clonidine, also protected plasticity (Experiment 4), but this effect was linked to cross-reactivity at the 5-HT 1A receptor (Experiment 5). Microinjection of a 5HT 1A antagonist (WAY 100635) into the spinal cord before intact rats received uncontrollable stimulation blocked the brain-dependent protection of spinal cord neurons. The findings indicate that serotonergic systems normally protect spinal cord plasticity from the deleterious effects of uncontrollable stimulation.
Risk management in supply networks using monte-carlo simulation

Trends such as (1) globalization, (2) heavy reliance on transportation and communication infrastructures, and (3) lean manufacturing have led to an increase in the vulnerability of supply networks. Due to a large number of interrelated processes and products, disruptions caused by these vulnerabilities propagate rapidly. Firms, however, can partially control the robustness and resilience of their supply networks through strategic and tactical decisions. Therefore, a decision-support tool that assists managers to evaluate the risk exposure of their supply networks can considerably increase the robustness/resilience of these networks. In this study, we present a Monte Carlo simulation based tool designed to assess uncertainty in supply networks. We describe its application and discuss the possible drawbacks of our approach.
Does Globalization Breed Ethnic Discontent

This article examines how different components of globalization affect the death toll from internal armed conflict. Conventional wisdom once held that the severity of internal conflict would gradually decline with the spread of globalization, but fatalities still remain high. Moreover, leading theories of civil war sharply disagree about how different aspects of globalization might affect the severity of ethnic and nonethnic armed conflicts. Using arguments from a variety of social science perspectives on globalization, civil war, and ethnic conflict to guide the analysis, this article finds that (1) economic globalization and cultural globalization significantly increase fatalities from ethnic conflicts, supporting arguments from ethnic competition and world-polity perspectives, (2) sociotechnical aspects of globalization increase deaths from ethnic conflict but decrease deaths from nonethnic conflict, and (3) regime corruption increases fatalities from nonethnic conflict, which supports explanations suggesting that the severity of civil war is greater in weak and corrupt states.
Energy band structure of graphite

The energy band structure of graphite is described in the region of the Fermi surfaces by the Slonczewski-Weiss model. The electron and hole Fermi surfaces are highly elongated and are aligned along the six Brillouin zone edges which are parallel to the trigonal axis of the crystal. The energy is a nonparabolic function of wavenumber and the Fermi surfaces are not ellipsoids. Galvanomagnetic, de Haasvan Alphen, and other experiments have established that: the band overlap is about 0.03 to 0.04 eV, the carrier densities of electrons and holes are each about 3 × 1018 cm-3 at low temperatures, the effective masses perpendicular to the trigonal axis are about 0.04 m0 for electrons and 0.06 m0 for holes, and the length-to-width ratio of the Fermi surfaces is about 12. The only important effect not included in the Slonczewski-Weiss model is the correlation of electron motion due to the coulomb interaction. Though this effect is expected to be important a priori, it is not yet clear if it causes important discrepancies between the predictions of the model and the experimental results.
Pollinator-mediated mating restriction between sympatric varieties of yellow lady’s slipper orchids (Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.)

A predominant theme in the study of orchid evolution has been the importance of floral traits contributing to pollinator-mediated isolating barriers (i.e., floral isolation). However, few studies have quantified the contribution of floral isolation in sympatric orchid populations. Cypripedium parviflorum vars. makasin and pubescens are excellent taxa to test the strength of floral isolation because of their recent phylogenetic separation, overlapping flowering phenologies, and sympatric populations that can lack intermediate morphologies. In this paper, we use sympatric populations to (1) test for pre-mating and early-acting post-mating reproductive isolating barriers, (2) quantify genetic differentiation among populations using allozyme loci, and (3) document floral size differences between varieties. Pollen tracking experiments using fluorescent powders revealed minimal inter-varietal pollen movement. Across two sympatric sites, only 4 inter-varietal pollinations were observed among 52 var. makasin pollinations and 40 var. pubescens pollinations. All of these inter-varietal pollinations had var. makasin as the pollen donor. In contrast, artificial crosses within and between the varieties revealed no statistically significant differences in fruit set, seed weight, or embryo morphology. Allozyme data are consistent with restricted inter-varietal gene flow, showing strong allele frequency differences between the varieties across multiple loci. In a clustering analysis, these differences caused the varieties to group taxonomically and not by their geographic location. These data along with statistically significant morphological differences between the varieties strongly suggest the existence of a pollinator-mediated isolating barrier. The possible nature of the isolating barrier is discussed as well as the likelihood of other late acting post-zygotic barriers.
Relationship between context and sensory processing in children with autism

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between sensory processing and context for children with autism. We examined home and school contexts using the Sensory Profile (Dunn, 1999) and the Sensory Profile School Companion (Dunn, 2006a) questionnaires. METHOD. Teachersof49studentswithautismcompletedtheSensoryProfileSchoolCompanion,andparents completed the Sensory Profile. We conducted correlational analyses using the avoiding and seeking quadrant scores from the School Companion and corresponding avoiding and seeking quadrant scores from the Sensory Profile. RESULTS. The avoiding quadrant score coefficient (.59) and the seeking quadrant score coefficient (.45) were statistically significant (p 5 .01) with good and fair correlations, respectively, suggesting that sensory processing patterns have both universal qualities and context-specific qualities in children with autism. CONCLUSION. Findings from this study provide initial evidence that sensory processing and context for children with autism are related. Brown, N. B., & Dunn, W. (2010). Relationship between context and sensory processing in children with autism. American
Receptive competencies of language-trained animals

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses on what is known of the receptive competencies of animals in language like tasks. The emphasis is on the extensive work with apes, as well as the recent work with marine mammals, bottle-nosed dolphins. Sign language projects have given little attention to receptive competencies. Generally, data from these studies are insufficient for judging the degree to which apes understand the signs of their trainers. The most extensive attempt to quantify sentence comprehension in apes was that by Premack. The chimps Sarah, Peony, and Elizabeth were tutored in a system in which plastic symbols of arbitrary shape and color were used to represent objects, properties, and actions within an artificial language. Sentences could be constructed, by the experimenter or by the chimp, by arranging the symbols in a linear array on a board. There is evidence for an asymmetry of comprehension and production in the development and maintenance of language in humans. During early childhood, comprehension generally precedes and exceeds production. The ability of dolphins to understand imperative and interrogative sentences expressed within artificial acoustic or gestural languages is examined. Two young female bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), housed together in a large seawater tank, were tutored in the artificial languages.
The Overmyer Mastodon (Mammut Americanum) from Fulton County, Indiana

ABSTRACT In June 1978 the partial skeleton of an American mastodon, Mammut americanum, was salvaged from a drainage ditch in Fulton County, north-central Indiana. The remains were recovered mostly from ca. 170–260 cm below the current land surface in marl overlain by peat and peaty marl. The stratigraphy of the site indicates that the remains were deposited in a small, open-water pond that subsequently filled. The skeleton, which is 41–48% complete, is that of a mature female, ca. 30–34 y old at death based on dental eruption and wear. Postcranial bone measurements indicate that this individual was relatively large for a female. Radiocarbon dating of wood from under the pelvis of the mastodon provided a maximum date of 12,575 ± 260 14C y BP [15,550–13,850 cal y BP] for the animal, which is up to 2575 14C y before the species is believed to have become extinct. Pollen samples from the site corroborate the interpretation that the regional climate was cooler and more humid than at present and supported a mix...
Patterning of dopaminergic neurotransmitter identity among Caenorhabditis elegans ray sensory neurons by a TGFbeta family signaling pathway and a Hox gene.

temperature-sensitive type II receptor mutant, as well as heat-shock induction experiments, show that the DBL-1 pathway acts during an interval that extends from two to one cell generation before ray neurons are born and begin to differentiate. In a mutant of the AbdominalB class Hox gene egl-5, rays that normally express EGL-5 do not adopt dopaminergic fate and cannot be induced to express DA when DBL-1 is provided by a heat-shock-driven dbl-1 transgene. Therefore, egl-5 is required for making a subset of rays capable of adopting dopaminergic identity, while the function of the DBL-1 pathway signal is to pattern the realization of this capability. SUMMARY
Health-Related Outcomes among the Poor: Medicaid Expansion vs. Non-Expansion States.

Introduction States’ decisions not to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) could potentially affect access to care and health status among their low-income residents.
The Joined Destiny of Migration and European Citizenship

In this paper I try to unpack the nest of issues that recent waves of migrations bring to the floor and show how immigration plays a crucial role in the making or unmaking democratic citizenship in post-national Europe. Although recurrent terrorist attacks make harder and harder for many opinion-makers and ordinary citizens to associate immigration with positive opportunity for European citizenship, the paper argues that the right to free movement and of emigration is embedded in the nucleus of principles and ideals that makes for European citizenship since the Treaty of Rome. Subsequently, the paper introduces the category of statelessness and uses it to tackle the problem of the legal and political evolution furthered by the practice of rights within the horizon that is defined by the ideal of a European post-national citizenship. Refugees and immigrants are interpreted as a challenge and an opportunity in the spirit of Hannah Arendt’s intuition that citizenship brings to the floor an unsolvable paradox between the human and the political. The conclusion of the paper argues that stateless people—the migrants—personify this paradox as they can be the locus of a new political practice that signals an incipient form of citizenship, truly disconnected from the nation as the European citizenship aspires to be. The denial of many civil and political rights to undocumented immigrants and the detention of thousands of migrants in the camps located at the peripheries of Europe contrast radically with the community of rights that Europe has sought to be since its inception.
Abstract A42: Exogenous normal mammary epithelial mitochondria increase the drug sensitivity of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells

The mitochondrial dysfunction of cancer cells leads to the suppression of glucose oxidation, increased glycolysis, proliferated advantage, resistance to apoptosis and drug resistance. We hypothesize that the introduction of normal mitochondria into cancer cells will restore the mitochondrial function of cancer cells and increase drug sensitivity. We stained the mitochondria of the normal human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-12A with JC-1 dye, and found orange fluorescence (JC-1 aggregates in mitochondria due to high mitochondrial membrane potential) in the MCF-12A cells. We then isolated the JC-1 stained-mitochondria of the MCF-12A cells and co-cultured them with the cells of human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. At 30 minutes after co-culture of MCF-7 cells with the isolated JC-1-stained mitochondria, the orange fluorescence was observed in the MCF-7 cells. The fluorescence continued to increase for at least 6 hours and was still detected at 24 hours. This demonstrated that exogenous normal mitochondria of MCF-12A can enter into MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In order to determine whether mitochondria of normal MCF-12A cells improve the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, we co-cultured MCF-7 cells for 24 hours with normal mitochondria of MCF-12A, aspirated off the media and treated the MCF-7 cells with the drugs doxorubicin, abraxane or carboplatin. We found that MCF-7 cells, treated with the normal mitochondria of MCF-12A, were more sensitive to doxorubicin, abraxane and carboplatin than non-treated MCF-7 cells. We also have RT-PCR results demonstrating that uptake of normal mitochondria by cancer cells down-regulates the expression of membrane glucose transporter GLUT3 in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, we suggest that the introduction of normal cell mitochondria into cancer cells could restore cancer cell mitochondrial function and significantly impact cancer therapy. Citation Format: Xian-Peng Jiang, Jeff Philips, Robert L. Elliott, Jonathan F. Head. Exogenous normal mammary epithelial mitochondria increase the drug sensitivity of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr A42.
Untaxing Seniors: A Solution in Search of a Problem

The author writes that tax breaks are not needed to keep elderly taxpayers from leaving Iowa. Taxes are not a significant factor in migration, the author says. Proposed legislation to provide tax breaks for the elderly would lead to chronic fiscal problems for the state, the author writes.
Structure of Li 11 (g.s.) and an excited 3 / 2 − state

New measurements of reaction cross sections for scattering of $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ from H and C have provided a value for the radius of the neutron density distribution. By using the sensitivity of calculated radii to neutron configuration, I find that the ${s}^{2}$ fraction required to reproduce the new radius is $P({s}^{2})=0.{33}_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{+0.03}$, in agreement with an earlier estimate of 0.33(6). Calculations of relative cross sections for the reaction ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}(t,p)$ (in reverse kinematics) suggest a method to observe an expected excited $3/\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{0ex}}{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state and to independently determine $P({s}^{2})$.
Outcomes of a Partnership for College and Career Readiness and a Senior English Transition Course

This article discusses the outcomes of a partnership between four high schools and one university to reduce the need for remediation in reading and writing. The purpose of the partnership was to build relationships between secondary and postsecondary faculty and to create a senior year English Transition course for students who did not meet ACT benchmarks for reading and/or writing. We discuss recommendations for school administrators and paired t-test results for assessments used in the English Transition course.
Dynamic Response of Cracks Intersecting the Interface of a Two Layered Plate

A numerical method is developed in this paper to determine the dynamic response of a crack which intersects the interface of a two layered plate. The crack response is computed in presence and absence of a second crack when the plate is subjected to time dependent antiplane shear stress field. The interaction of waves diffracted at the crack tip with those reflected at the plate boundaries and transmitted at the material interface makes the problem very complicated, so analytical study of this problem cannot be carried out with our present state of knowledge. Hence the problem is solved numerically.