cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic choice of inventory accounting methods

. This paper presents a stylized game-theoretic model in which inventory accounting choices of firms convey proprietary information to their competitors, and hence those choices are strategically made. The model provides a rationale for the use of FIFO by some firms, foregoing significant amounts of tax benefits which could be captured by the use of LIFO. An explanation is also given for negative market reactions to LIFO adoptions documented by most of the empirical studies of LIFO/FIFO decisions. A further result obtained is that, given a certain condition, the use of FIFO (thus foregoing the LIFO tax benefit) would be more frequently observed in industries with high barriers to entry. Some extensions and limitations of the model are also discussed. Resume. L'auteur propose un modele stylise inspire de la theorie des jeux dans lequel les choix des entreprises au chapitre de la comptabilisation des stocks transmettent de l'information privilegiee a leurs concurrents, ces choix etant donc strategiques. Le modele contient une explication du raisonnement sous-jacent a l'utilisation de la methode de l'epuisement successif (premier entre, premier sorti ou PEPS) par certaines entreprises qui renoncent ainsi aux avantages fiscaux importants qu'elles pourraient tirer de l'utilisation de l'epuisement a rebours (dernier entre, premier sorti ou DEPS). L'auteur propose egalement une explication des reactions negatives du marche vis-a-vis l'adoption de la methode DEPS, appuyee par la majorite des etudes empiriques portant sur les decisions relatives aux methodes DEPS et PEPS. Une autre des conclusions de l'etude veut qu'etant donne certaines conditions, l'utilisation de la methode PEPS (par laquelle l'entreprise renonce aux avantages fiscaux de la methode DEPS) serait plus frequemment relevee dans les secteurs dans lesquels les barrieres a l'entree sont importantes. L'auteur traite egalement des prolongements et de certaines limites du modele.
Gas chromatographic method using photoionization detection for the determination of breath pentane.

Abstract Lipid peroxidation is thought to be an important event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. It has been suggested that pentane, which can be formed during the oxidation of ω-6 fatty acids, is a marker of lipid peroxidation. Previous studies have reported elevated breath pentane and serum markers of lipid peroxidation in smokers. However, chromatographic separation of pentane from isoprene in virtually all of these studies was incomplete and the methods used did not resolve pentane into its isomers, n-pentane and isopentane. Additionally, most current methods are complicated, requiring trapping and concentrating steps to obtain adequate sensitivity prior to hydrocarbon analysis. The purpose of the current study was to develop a gas chromatographic system to analyze breath pentane, that addressses the above technical problems and that would provide a simple in vivo method for measuring lipid. n-Pentane and isopentane standards were easily separated from isoprene with a Al2O3/KCl capillary column contained in a portable gas chromatograph equipped with a photoionization detector. The analysis of repeated measures showed a low coefficient of variation for measurements of n-pentane (10%) and isopentane (9%). We measured breath pentane in 27 subjects (15 smokers, 12 non-smokers). There were no significant difference between the baseline and 4 week interval measurements of n-pentane for smokers both before and after cigarette smoking. The within-subject variability data showed that the assay is highly reproducible for both low and high pentane levels in smokers. Smokers were found to have higher levels of both n-pentane and isopentane than non-smokers (P
Synthesis and characterization of self-metallizing gold-doped polyimide films

State-of-the-art methods for producing reflective polymer films for space applications involve multiple steps, and the integrity of the metal–polymer interface is less than optimal. A more efficient process was developed that consists of doping polyamic acid resins with gold additives and curing them to form self-metallizing polyimide films. Several moderately reflective, flexible metallic gold films were produced that have good thermal stability and mechanical properties, a strong metal–polymer interface, and in some cases, electrical conductivity. It was found that the polymer system, gold additive, gold concentration, and heat treatment all affect the reflectivity, flexibility, and conductivity of the resulting polyimide films by affecting the degree of metallization of the film surface. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Output sensitive and dynamic constructions of higher order Voronoi diagrams and levels in arrangements

We give efficient, output sensitive algorithms to construct Voronoi diagrams of order one to k of a given collection of sites in R d and levels of order one to k in a nonredundant arrangement of hyperplanes in R d (an arrangement is called nonredundant if every hyperplane in it supports the convex polytope of the arrangement surrounding the origin). We also give effficient dynamic algorithms for the same problems that allow the user to add or delete an object-the object being a site in the case of Voronoi diagrams and a nonredundant hyperplane in the case of levels
Effects of near UV radiation and antioxidants on the response of dogfish (Mustelus canis) lens to elevated H2O2

In vitro exposure of dogfish (Mustelus canis) leases to near-UV energy not incompatible with that of the environment, causes an opalescence that is not present in unirradiated lenses or those irradiated after soaking in α-tocopherol or deferoxamine. The ability of whole lenses to destroy H2O2, as shown by their ability to produce O2 bubbles in H2O2 containing media, is markedly diminished by UV exposure without these antioxidant/free radical scavengers added. The lens capsule epithelium is the major site of catalase activity. Bubble formation was prevented by presoaking the lenses in 3-amino-triazole (3-AT), a potent catalase inhibitor. Analytical measurements confirmed the above observations. Near-UV inhibition of catalase may allow H2O2 in the aqueous humor to damage the lens by exerting oxidative stress.
Deep inelastic electron scattering from nuclei

Abstract Inclusive electron scattering from the nuclei 56Fe and 3He has been measured over a wide range of incident energy and momentum transfer. The data is used to separate the longitudinal and transverse response functions. The two-nucleon correlation function and the momentum distribution of the internal nucleons is compared to the data.
A transformational overview of the core functionality of an abstract class loader for the SSP

The SSP is a hardware implementation of a subset of the JVM for use in high consequence embedded applications. In this context, a majority of the activities belonging to class loading, as it is defined in the specification of the JVM, can be performed statically. Static class loading has the net result of dramatically simplifying the design of the SSP as well as increasing its performance. The functionality of the class loader can be implemented using strategic programming techniques. The incremental nature of strategic programming is amenable to formal verification. This article gives an overview of the core class loading activities for the SSP, their implementation in the strategic programming language TL, and outlines the approach to formal verification of the implementation.
Separation of Lipid Transport Functions by Mutations in the Extracellular Domain of Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type I*

Scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) shows a variety of effects on cellular cholesterol metabolism, including increased selective uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl ester, stimulation of free cholesterol (FC) efflux from cells to HDL and phospholipid vesicles, and changes in the distribution of plasma membrane FC as evidenced by increased susceptibility to exogenous cholesterol oxidase. Previous studies showed that these multiple effects require the extracellular domain of SR-BI, but not the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. To test whether 1) the extracellular domain of SR-BI mediates multiple activities by virtue of discrete functional subdomains, or 2) the multiple activities are, in fact, secondary to and driven by changes in cholesterol flux, the extracellular domain of SR-BI was subjected to insertional mutagenesis by strategically placing an epitope tag into nine sites. These experiments identified four classes of mutants with disruptions at different levels of function. Class 4 mutants showed a clear separation of function between HDL binding, HDL cholesteryl ester uptake, and HDL-dependent FC efflux on one hand and FC efflux to small unilamellar vesicles and an increased cholesterol oxidase-sensitive pool of membrane FC on the other. Selective disruption of the latter two functions provides evidence for multiple functional subdomains in the extracellular receptor domain. Furthermore, these findings uncover a difference in the SR-BI-mediated efflux pathways for FC transfer to HDL acceptors versus phospholipid vesicles. The loss of the cholesterol oxidase-sensitive FC pool and FC efflux to small unilamellar vesicle acceptors in Class 4 mutants suggests that these activities may be mechanistically related.
Methylation of mercury by bacteria exposed to dissolved, nanoparticulate, and microparticulate mercuric sulfides.

The production of the neurotoxic methylmercury in the environment is partly controlled by the bioavailability of inorganic divalent mercury (Hg(II)) to anaerobic bacteria that methylate Hg(II). In sediment porewater, Hg(II) associates with sulfides and natural organic matter to form chemical species that include organic-coated mercury sulfide nanoparticles as reaction intermediates of heterogeneous mineral precipitation. Here, we exposed two strains of sulfate-reducing bacteria to three forms of inorganic mercury: dissolved Hg and sulfide, nanoparticulate HgS, and microparticulate HgS. The bacteria cultures exposed to HgS nanoparticles methylated mercury at a rate slower than cultures exposed to dissolved forms of mercury. However, net methylmercury production in cultures exposed to nanoparticles was 6 times greater than in cultures treated with microscale particles, even when normalized to specific surface area. Furthermore, the methylation potential of HgS nanoparticles decreased with storage time of th...
2‐Fluoro‐6‐iodo­benzo­nitrile

The title compound packs with two crystallographically independent mol­ecules, both symmetry 1, with the same bond lengths and angles within experimental error. The mol­ecules form a four-membered cyclamer held together by I⋯CN intermolecular Lewis acid–base interactions. The two independent N⋯I distances are 3.263 (6) and 3.344 (6) A. The independent mol­ecules are not related by any pseudosymmetry.
CONDITIONING IN THE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM

Light is the dominant environmental cue for entrainment of circadian rhythms. In mammals, light entrains rhythms by resetting the phase of a circadian pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Until recently, the mechanism responsible for pacemaker resetting by light was thought to be exclusively sensitive to photic cues. New experiments indicate, however, that this mechanism is more plastic than once thought; is amenable to conditioned stimulus control; and is capable of acquiring, through conditioning, new response capabilities. These experiments showed that, in rats, a neutral stimulus paired with light in Pavlovian conditioning trials is capable of eliciting cellular and behavioral effects characteristic of circadian clock phase resetting by light, expression of Fos protein in the ventrolateral region of the SCN, and phase shifts of free-running rhythms. These novel results open up a previously unappreciated perspective on photic phase resetting and entrainment of circadian ...
Temperature and molecular weight dependence of the zero shear‐rate viscosity of an entangled polymer melt from simulation and theory

In a previous article, we described how the frequencydependent complex shear modulus and the time-dependent shear stress relaxation modulus for a highly entangled polybutadiene (PBD) melt can be obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of an unentangled PBD melt. In that work, we obtained from simulations of an unentangled melt all properties required for the prediction of the dynamic shear modulus with three reptation theories for the dynamics of entangled melts of linear, monodisperse polymers. More recently, we showed how the high-frequency (glassy) behavior of PBD can be obtained directly from MD simulations. The calculated complex and stress relaxation shear moduli for a PBD melt with a molecular weight of 1.3 z 10 Da at 298 K were found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data. In this work, we investigate the ability of MD simulations of the unentangled melt, in conjunction with reptation theory, to reproduce the molecular weight and temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties of PBD. Here we concentrate on the low-frequency/long-time dynamics that determine the zero shear-rate viscosity, a property that has been extensively studied for PBD as a function of molecular weight and temperature.
Thiamine deficiency and the etiology of tropical ataxic neuropathy

Tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) is a syndrome characterized by sensory polyneuropathy, sensory ataxia, bilateral optic atrophy and bilateral sensorineural deafness. The syndrome has occurred in endemic form in several African countries, and in epidemic form in Cuba. In endemic communities, the syndrome has a high prevalence and a demonstrated risk for high mortality. Despite several studies aimed at elucidating the etiological mechanisms of TAN, the etiology has remained unknown more than five decades after its original description. Chronic cyanide intoxication from a monotonous diet of cassava was long thought to be the major etiological factor, but there has been no evidence of a causal association. Vitamin deficiencies were thought to play little or no role in the pathogenesis of TAN. Evidence from the literature implicating chronic thiamine deficiency in the etiology of TAN is presented in this communication. This includes evidence of abnormal pyruvate metabolism reversed by thiamine in patients with TAN, evidence from erythrocyte transketolase activity indicating significant thiamine deficiency in patients with TAN compared to controls, and a placebo-controlled trial of therapeutic doses of thiamine which showed a clinically dramatic and statistically significant improvement in ataxia. A long-term thiamine supplementation program for susceptible individuals in endemic areas may be effective in the control and eventual eradication of the disease.
Cannabis withdrawal in chronic, frequent cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence within a closed residential environment.

Objectives: Chronic, frequent cannabis smokers may experience residual and offset effects, withdrawal, and craving when abstaining from the drug. We characterized the prevalence, duration, and intensity of these effects in chronic frequent cannabis smokers during abstinence on a closed research unit. Methods:Non‐treatment‐seekingparticipants(N ¼ 29onadmission, 66% and 34% remaining after 2 and 4 weeks) provided subjective effects data. A battery of five instruments was computer‐administered daily to measure psychological, sensory, and physical symptoms associated with cannabinoid intoxication and withdrawal. Plasma and oral fluid specimens were concurrently collected and analyzed for cannabinoids. Outcome variables were evaluated as change from admission (Day 0) with regression models. Results: Most abstinence effects, including irritability and anxiety were greatest on Days 0–3 and decreased thereafter. Cannabis craving significantlydecreasedovertime,whereasdecreasedappetitebeganto normalize on Day 4. Strange dreams and difficulty getting to sleep increased over time, suggesting intrinsic sleep problems in chronic cannabis smokers. Symptoms likely induced by residual drug effects were at maximum intensity on admission and positively correlated with plasma and oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations on admission but not afterward; these symptoms showed overall prevalence higher than cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: The combined influence of residual/offset drug effects, withdrawal, and craving was observed in chronic cannabis smokers during monitored abstinence. Abstinence symptoms were generally more intense in the initial phase, implying importance of early interventionincannabisquitattempts.Sleepdisturbancepersistingfor an extended period suggests that hypnotic medications could be beneficial in treating cannabis dependence. (Am J Addict 2013;
Experimental studies of the universal chemical key (UCK) algorithm on the NCI database of chemical compounds

We have developed an algorithm called the universal chemical key (UCK) algorithm that constructs a unique key for a molecular structure. The molecular structures are represented as undirected labeled graphs with the atoms representing the vertices of the graph and the bonds representing the edges. The algorithm was tested on 236,917 compounds obtained from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database of chemical compounds. In this paper we present the algorithm, some examples and the experimental results on the NCI database. On the NCI database, the UCK algorithm provided distinct unique keys for chemicals with different molecular structures.
Somatodendritic Depolarization-Activated Potassium Currents in Rat Neostriatal Cholinergic Interneurons Are Predominantly of the A Type and Attributable to Coexpression of Kv4.2 and Kv4.1 Subunits

Unlike other neostriatal neurons, cholinergic interneurons exhibit spontaneous, low-frequency, repetitive firing. To gain an understanding of the K+ channels regulating this behavior, acutely isolated adult rat cholinergic interneurons were studied using whole-cell voltage-clamp and single-cell reverse transcription-PCR techniques. Cholinergic interneurons were identified by the presence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA. Depolarization-activated potassium currents in cholinergic interneurons were dominated by a rapidly inactivating, K+-selective A current that became active at subthreshold potentials. Depolarizing prepulses inactivated this component of the current, leaving a delayed, rectifier-like current. Micromolar concentrations of Cd2+ dramatically shifted the voltage dependence of the A current without significantly affecting the delayed rectifier. The A-channel antagonist 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) produced a voltage-dependent block (IC50, approximately 1 mM) with a prominent crossover at millimolar concentrations. On the other hand, TEA preferentially blocked the sustained current component at concentrations <10 mM. Single-cell mRNA profiling of subunits known to give rise to rapidly inactivating K+ currents revealed the coexpression of Kv4.1, Kv4.2, and Kv1.4 mRNAs but low or undetectable levels of Kv4.3 and Kv3.4 mRNAs. Kv1.1, beta1, and beta2 subunit mRNAs, but not beta3, were also commonly detected. The inactivation recovery kinetics of the A-type current were found to match those of Kv4.2 and 4.1 channels and not those of Kv1.4 or Kv1. 1 and beta1 channels. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of Kv4.2 but not Kv1.4 subunits in the somatodendritic membrane of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons. These results argue that the depolarization-activated somatodendritic K+ currents in cholinergic interneurons are dominated by Kv4.2- and Kv4. 1-containing channels. The properties of these channels are consistent with their playing a prominent role in governing the slow, repetitive discharge of interneurons seen in vivo.
Analyzing Cross-disciplinary Design Teams

Seventy student teams in a university service learning program were studied to assess the nature of cross-disciplinary team collaboration, learning, and performance. The development of assessment tools was grounded in three theories/frameworks: activity theory, cross-disciplinary learning, and performance support systems. Using a comparative, multiple-case study design in this mixed methods study, questionnaires were administered to all teams, while observations and interviews were conducted with select teams. The relationships and contradictions within team activity systems, barriers and enhancers to performance, and the degree to which teams evolved toward cross-disciplinary learning during projects were examined. Results indicated that students on CDL teams worked with teammates from different disciplines; made decisions through consensus; and appreciated others techniques and approaches with more frequency than non-CDL teams. The use of activity theory, and cross-disciplinary learning and performance support frameworks to assess teams as a foundation for the design of web-based collaborative learning environments were discussed.
Research on Access Control in Collaborative Process Planning System

Aimed at security issues in collaborative process planning system, a multi-level and dynamic access control (PPMLDAC) model was proposed for collaborative process planning based on role based access control (RBAC) model. A multi-level permission model was discussed on the basis of product and task decomposition level structure. New concepts of permission and permission assignment were defined for enriching the expression ability and simplifying the permission assignment to realize access control of the system. Moreover, permission state was defined and permission state migration was brought into PPMLDAC model for user permission changing along with the change of collaborative process planning environment. Working team was presented to enhance the management of users and meet the requirements of dynamic change for the staff in collaborative process planning environment. Based on the practice, PPMLDAC model was efficient to control collaborative operations and improve the system security.
The Therapeutic Relationship in the Treatment of Pathological Self-Criticism

What sort of therapeutic relationship would best facilitate clients adopting more humane and constructive modes of self-criticism? The focus of this chapter will be on providing an answer to this question. Before turning directly to this answer, a general reminder of an important relationship between self-appraisal and the appraisal of other persons should be helpful to an understanding of the form that this answer will take.
Effect of Knowledge of Deception on Conformity

(1966). Effect of Knowledge of Deception on Conformity. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 101-106.
Hypothyroidism and Depression: A Therapeutic Challenge

OBJECTIVE:To describe a patient with longstanding depression and hypothyroidism who had marked mood improvement only after triiodothyronine (T3) was added to her thyroxine (T4) replacement therapy.CASE SUMMARY: A 50-year-old white woman had a long history of depression and documented hypothyroidism since 1991. Despite treatment with T4 with dosages up to 0.3 mg/d, she continued to be depressed, have symptoms of hypothyroidism, and have a persistently elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration. Addition of a low dose of T3 to her regimen resulted in significant mood improvement.DISCUSSION: The relationship between hypothyroidism and depression is well known. It is possible that this patient's long history of depression may have been a consequence of inadequately treated hypothyroidism, due either to poor patient compliance or resistance to T4. Nevertheless, her depression responded to addition of a low dose of T3 to her regimen. This case emphasizes the importance of screening depressed patients fo...
DNase 1 Retains Endodeoxyribonuclease Activity Following Gold Nanocluster Synthesis

Here we present the synthesis of the enzyme DNase 1 stabilized gold nanoclusters (DNase 1:AuNCs) with core size consisting of either 8 or 25 atoms. The DNase 1:Au8NCs exhibit blue fluorescence whereas the DNase 1:Au25NCs are red emitting. In addition to the intense fluorescence emission, the synthesized DNase 1:AuNC hybrid retains the native functionality of the protein, allowing simultaneous detection and digestion of DNA with a detection limit of 2 μg/mL. The DNase 1:AuNCs could be conveniently employed as efficient and fast sensors to augment the current time-consuming DNA contamination analysis techniques.
Magnetooptical Response of Gold-Magnetite Nanocomposite Films

We present experimental evidence of an enhanced magnetooptical response in chemically synthesized noble metal-magnetic oxide nanocomposites. Colloidal gold and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were chemically linked using a bifunctional organic ligand creating clusters of the two nanoparticle components. The linked gold-magnetite clusters were blended with a transparent polymer and cast as films. Three samples were produced with a different ratios of 30-nm gold and 8-nm magnetite nanoparticles. The localized surface plasmon peak of the gold nanoparticles observed in the optical absorption data at 538 nm. Spectral Faraday rotation and ellipticity data show changes in both spectra which correlate to this surface plasmon resonance wavelength. Specifically, the inclusion of gold nanoparticles results in a change in sign of the Faraday rotation as well as an enhancement of the ellipticity of about 1.8 in the spectral region corresponding to the surface plasmon absorption peak of the gold nanoparticles. Standard models which ignore optical coupling between particles cannot account for the observed effects. The results suggest that the effects are caused by near-field coupling between the optical field concentrated near the gold nanoparticle surface and the magnetite nanoparticles.
THE RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN PERTHES' DISEASE

1. The progressive radiographic changes in twenty-five patients suffering from Perthes' disease of the hip are described. 2. The prognostic value of lateral views of the hip is emphasised, and the present concepts of pathogenesis in the light of recent observations are discussed.
Cohomological equation and cocycle rigidity of parabolic actions in some higher-rank Lie groups

Let $${\mathbb{G}}$$ denote a higher-rank $${\mathbb{R}}$$ -split simple Lie group of the following type: $${SL(n,\mathbb{R})}$$ , SO o (m, m), E 6(6), E 7(7) and E 8(8), m ≥ 4. For any unitary representation $${(\pi,\mathcal{H})}$$ of $${\mathbb{G}}$$ without non-trivial $${\mathbb{G}}$$ -invariant vectors, we study smooth solutions of the cohomological equation $${\mathfrak{u}f=g}$$ , where $${\mathfrak{u}}$$ is a vector in the root space of $${\mathfrak{G}}$$ , the Lie algebra of $${\mathbb{G}}$$ and g is a given vector in $${\mathcal{H}}$$ . We characterize the obstructions to solving the cohomological equation, construct smooth solutions of the cohomological equation and obtain tame Sobolev estimates for f. We also study common solutions to (the infinitesimal version of) the cocycle equation $${\mathfrak{u}h=\mathfrak{v}g}$$ , where $${\mathfrak{u}}$$ and $${\mathfrak{v}}$$ are commutative vectors in different root spaces of $${\mathfrak{G}}$$ and g and h are given vectors in $${\mathcal{H}}$$ . We give the sufficient condition under which the cocycle equation has a common solution: (∗) if $${\mathfrak{u}}$$ and $${\mathfrak{v}}$$ embed in $${\mathfrak{sl}(2,\mathbb{R})\times \mathbb{R}}$$ , then the common solution exists. In fact, condition (∗) is also necessary when $${\mathbb{G}=SL(n,\mathbb{R})}$$ . We show counter examples in each $${SL(n,\mathbb{R})}$$ , n ≥ 3 if condition (∗) is not satisfied. Especially, the cocycle rigidity always fails for $${SL(3,\mathbb{R})}$$ . As an application, we obtain smooth cocycle rigidity for higher rank parabolic actions over $${\mathbb{G}/\Gamma}$$ if the Lie algebra of the acting parabolic subgroup contains a pair $${\mathfrak{u}}$$ and $${\mathfrak{v}}$$ satisfying property (∗). The main new ingredient in the proof is making use of unitary duals of $${SL(2,\mathbb{R})\ltimes\mathbb{R}^2}$$ and $${(SL(2,\mathbb{R})\ltimes\mathbb{R}^2)\ltimes\mathbb{R}^3}$$ obtained by Mackey theory.
Pile Construction in Permafrost

Construction problems in permafrost areas, notably Canada; design considerations for piles in permafrost; preservation of permafrost and tangential adfreezing strength; types of piles used, site preparation, drilling or steam jetting pile locations, pile placing and refreezing of piles are described. (18 refs.)
Science Can Save Us: Outreach as Necessity and Strategy

In a classic essay, George Lundberg posed the provocative question “Can Science Save Us?”, a question that he answered in the affirmative, with the caveat that developments in the physical sciences sometimes raise social issues that are best addressed by other disciplines. In short, a better understanding of the physical universe will often require attention from engineers, policy makers, planners, and others who can facilitate the process that leads from discovery to application. As a society, we demand that science provide us a better life, but we rarely pause to appreciate how scientific developments become useful products. This process of producing and raising awareness of the products of science, though crucial, often receives less than adequate attention and resources from the scientific community. Thus, it is the purpose of this editorial essay to make the case for outreach as a necessary part of science, including respect and legitimacy for those who conduct outreach and a plea for adequate resources to accomplish the transfer of technology from the laboratory to various user groups. [The] process of producing and raising awareness of the products of science, though crucial, often receives less than adequate attention and resources. Although the broader societal implications of scientific research should always be considered, some areas of research are so basic in their attempts to discover, describe, and analyze that outreach, with the objective of developing useful products, is premature. The views expressed in this essay thus refer to those inquiries in which basic processes are reasonably well understood and further research is likely to produce results that have either manifest or latent potential to improve our lives or enhance our safety. I once overheard a scientist say, “Why should we put scarce resources into outreach, let's just do good science and the users of our research will …
How Surgical Robotics Transform the Development of Expertise in Modern Operating Rooms: An Ethnographic Study

Current models of the clinical surgical process, and as a result, surgical education, present robot-assisted surgery (RAS)1 as a simple sequential step in the evolution of surgical treatment from laparoscopy. In an ongoing research program on robot-assisted surgery this paper presents data from the first, ethnographic, research phase demonstrating that the requisite skills for success in the robot-assisted environment are altered from those expected within the laparoscopic domain, and as a result, the training paths and novice-to-expert progression trajectories are noticeably dissimilar.
The Derivative as a Linear Transformation

(1969). The Derivative as a Linear Transformation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 632-638.
Effects of dietary salt, fat, and carbohydrate on fluid and salt consumption of rats.

AbstractStudies were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary sodium chloride (NaCl), fat, and carbohydrate on NaCl preferences of rats. Both long-term (48 hr) and short-term (20 min) two-bottle preference tests were used. Rats were fed either a basal salt (1.17%) diet or high salt (8.37 to 8.59%) diets in which the level of sucrose was modified by substitution with either corn oil or cornstarch. Water and NaCl consumption was measured in 48-hr two-bottle preference tests using various concentrations (0.005 to 0.5 M) of NaCl paired with water. The results of these studies suggest that changes in fluid consumption were accounted for by an increase in water consumption which was inversely related to the sucrose to starch ratio and directly related to the NaCl content of the diets. A reduction in NaCl consumption was observed only during the short-term (20 min) tests.
Theophylline and its interactions.

Drug-drug interactions and drug-disease interactions can substantially affect the elimination/metabolism of theophylline resulting in the potential for undertreatment or serious theophylline toxicity. Macrolide antibiotics, including troleandomycin and erythromycin, cimetidine, and allopurinol, have the capability of decreasing theophylline clearance with resulting increased serum levels, while phenytoin increases theophylline clearance. Drug-disease interactions of theophylline with cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute infections result in impaired clearance with increased serum levels and the potential for serious theophylline toxicity. Other factors, including smoking, which cause a marked increase in clearance, and diet, also play a role. In these situations, serum theophylline monitoring is advised.
The role of race and teachers’ cultural awareness in predicting low-income, Black and Hispanic students’ perceptions of educational attainment

Demographic shifts in the United States have resulted in similar demographic shifts between K-12 teachers and their students, resulting in important implications for the educational outcomes of traditionally marginalized students and educators’ cultural awareness required in teaching diverse classrooms. Using data from the Three-City Teacher Study, this study examined students’ (N = 207; 55 % female; 52 % non-Hispanic Black, 48 % non-White Hispanic; mean age = 16.70 years, SD = 1.67) and teachers’ (N = 202; 71.5 % female; 64.3 % white; mean years of experience = 13.80 years, SD = 10.83) agreement on the potential educational attainment of the student. Specifically, we explored the probability that teachers had lower, matched, or higher perceptions of educational attainment compared to their low-income Black and Hispanic students’ perceptions of attainment while accounting for teachers’ and students’ reports of school connectedness, teachers’ cultural awareness, and moderating effects of students’ race. Results from multinomial logistic regressions found that teachers were more likely to have lower perceptions of educational attainment for Hispanic students compared to Black students. Teachers were also more likely to have lower perceptions when they perceived students to have low school connectedness. For Black students, teachers’ cultural awareness attenuated this association; that is, teachers were more likely to have higher perceptions of educational attainment for Black students when they reported higher cultural awareness. The reverse was true for Hispanic students. These results enhance our understanding of how teacher and student perceptions shape expectations of educational attainment with implications for teacher education and professional development domestically and internationally.
A Ploidy-Sensitive Mechanism Regulates Aperture Formation on the Arabidopsis Pollen Surface and Guides Localization of the Aperture Factor INP1.

Pollen presents a powerful model for studying mechanisms of precise formation and deposition of extracellular structures. Deposition of the pollen wall exine leads to the generation of species-specific patterns on pollen surface. In most species, exine does not develop uniformly across the pollen surface, resulting in the formation of apertures–openings in the exine that are species-specific in number, morphology and location. A long time ago, it was proposed that number and positions of apertures might be determined by the geometry of tetrads of microspores–the precursors of pollen grains arising via meiotic cytokinesis, and by the number of last-contact points between sister microspores. We have tested this model by characterizing Arabidopsis mutants with ectopic apertures and/or abnormal geometry of meiotic products. Here we demonstrate that contact points per se do not act as aperture number determinants and that a correct geometric conformation of a tetrad is neither necessary nor sufficient to generate a correct number of apertures. A mechanism sensitive to pollen ploidy, however, is very important for aperture number and positions and for guiding the aperture factor INP1 to future aperture sites. In the mutants with ectopic apertures, the number and positions of INP1 localization sites change depending on ploidy or ploidy-related cell size and not on INP1 levels, suggesting that sites for aperture formation are specified before INP1 is brought to them.
Cooperation of congernital esophageal atresis and tracheoesophageal fistula for two cases newborn

Objective:To sum up methods and understanding of cooperation for congernital esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula,and province experience for nursing work in future.Method:The conditions before operation and cooperation in operation for two patients with EA-TET from Jan.2006 to Feb.2006 were assessed.Result:All of two patients were gain good effect.Conclusion:The key of successful operation were perfect preparation before operation,knew very well the steps of operation and prevented cross infection.
Brain neurotransmitters and circulating hormones in control of food intake, satiety and appetite for specific macronutrients

Studies of brain monoamines and neuropeptides have provided extensive evidence in support of their role in the control of food intake, meal patterns and appetite for specific macronutrients. In this process, the medial and lateral portions of the hypothalamus have a critical responsibility in balancing signals for hunger and satiety. Via its rich and biologically active neurotransmitter substances, the hypothalamus monitors and integrates the complex sensory and metabolic input concerning the nutritional status of the organism and transduces this information into appropriate quantitative and qualitative adjustments in food intake. The specific neurotransmitters for which there is the most extensive evidence for a physiological function include the eating-stimulatory substances norepinephrine, opioid peptides, pancreatic polypeptides, galanin and gamma-aminobutyric acid; and the eating-inhibitory substances dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and several gut-brain peptides. From biochemical, pharmacological, and endocrine studies, hypotheses have been generated to explain the role of the monoamines, neuropeptides and hormones in controlling total energy intake, in determining the amount and pattern of macronutrient selection, and in maintaining normal energy and nutrient stores under dynamic conditions within the external environment.
FREQUENCY MODULATED-FILTERED RAYLEIGH SCATTERING (FM--FRS): A NEW VELOCIMETRY TECHNIQUE

We present the first proof-of-concept results which will lead, ultimately, to a new non-intrusive velocimetry diagnostic which combines the spectral resolution of narrow bandwidth atomic vapor filters, with the inherent sensitivity of Frequency Modulated (FM) spectroscopy. The experimental approach is illustrated in Fig. 1. One hundred MHz (100 MHz) side-bands are imposed upon the output of a single frequency, continuously tunable Ti: Sapphire laser at 767 nm, using a resonant E/O modulator. The combined Rayleigh and elastic scattering is transmitted through an optically thin potassium vapor filter, and imaged onto a photomultiplier tube, where it is de-modulated with a phase-sensitive detection scheme, producing a characteristic FM 1st derivative spectrum. By standard 1st derivative nulling, the laser has effectively been locked to the flow. If a portion of the excitation laser beam is heterodyned against a reference laser which is locked to an identical potassium absorption filter, then the beat frequency is a direct measure of the flow field Doppler shift, and, therefore, the velocity. Since the Doppler shift is independent of the scattering species, the velocity measurement is independent of the flow composition.
Stress and User Satisfaction

It is possible to measure various quantities about a user’s interaction with a system, such as frequencies of command usage, task completion times, and user think times (Treu, 1975a; Abrams and Treu, 1977). This was discussed in Chapter 5. Values of such measures can reflect the design complexity of interaction language and how well a language is known by certain users, when compared with other users who are more or less experienced. But they say nothing about attainment of user satisfaction with interface features. Satisfying the user is one of the high-level principles of interface design.
A Model for Rounding With Patients in a Psychiatric Hospital.

BACKGROUND Hourly rounding is an organized practice where nurses perform regular checks on individual patients at fixed intervals in order to elicit any information that will improve the patient's care and well-being. Weaknesses in the existing literature on rounding include a lack of focus on the nurse–patient interaction, the absence of a guiding theoretical framework, and, lastly, marginal implementation of rounding within the psychiatric setting. PURPOSE The intent of this paper is to address these weaknesses by describing and proposing a rounding tool, based upon the acronym ICARE, to be used in the inpatient psychiatric setting. Roach's Theory on Caring will be the theoretical underpinnings for the basis of this rounding initiative. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS It is the belief that the hourly rounding initiative will improve satisfaction and the overall quality of care for the psychiatric patient.
Troponin and the J-Curve of Diastolic Blood Pressure: When Lower Is Not Better.

Randomized data regarding the optimal blood pressure (BP) target conflict, with the most recent data from SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) suggesting that lower is indeed better [(1)][1]. Intuitively, though, it would seem that there should be a lower limit below which BP
Studies on Improvement of the Broil-drying Process for Dried Skipjack

節類の焙乾工程に連続乾燥技術を導入して乾燥時間を短縮し,労働力および熱エネルギーの節減をはかることを目的として,温湿度の制御可能なモデル乾燥装置を用い,連続乾燥のための条件を検討するとともに,その製品についても化学的成分および物性の両面から従来法の製品と比較した。その結果(1) 連続乾燥条件としては,乾燥の初期に水分を急速に除去するために乾湿の差を大きくする必要があるが,20時間以後においては節表面の過乾を避けるため環境温度70～80℃,相対湿度60%で乾燥し,さらに乾量含水率100%まで乾燥した後は相対湿度50%の条件で乾燥するのが適切であると考えられる。(2) 適切な温湿度プログラムに従って乾燥を行なう場合,70～80時間の連続乾燥によって節の乾燥を行なうことができた。このようにして製造された製品は表面のひび割れもなく,形状としても満足すべきものであった。(3) 呈味成分を比較したところ,現行法で製造された製品は燻煙を付与されているため,燻煙を付与せずに連続乾燥した製品に比べて酸味があることおよび酸化が防止されていることが認められた。(4) 魚肉組織の凝集性などの測定結果から判断して,低温で乾燥した場合の方が節の内部からの水分の浸透がより容易に行なわれること,および高温・低湿度条件で製造されたものほど脆弱な物性を示すことが明らかになった。
A Developmental Perspective on Adolescents’ Reproductive Self-Care

This article is a comment on Prior's (2016) article “Adolescents’ Use of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives for Menstrual Cycle–Related Problem Treatment and Contraception: Evidence of Potential Lifelong Negative Reproductive and Bone Effects.” In this article I place the medicalization of menstrual cycle–related issues in the context of negative social and cultural messages about menstruation and argue that more positive attitudes toward menstruation and better menstrual education might alleviate the need for some “treatments.” I argue that good education about puberty in general, and menstruation in particular, must be designed with adolescents’ psychosocial and cognitive development, as well as their physical development, in mind. Issues related to developmental maturity must also be considered in any discussion of which contraceptive methods an adolescent girl should use.
A study on IEC CIM DR information modeling based on reverse engineering

Information model is the core content of IEC International Standard. This paper studied the IEC CIM DR information modeling following the roadmap proposed in the IEC PC118 WG2 preliminary work which was intended to give the overall framework and roadmap of DR International Standard. Firstly, the information model of OpenADR2.0b specification is analyzed. Next, the XMLSchema model was transformed into UML model based on reverse engineering. Then the UML model was supplemented considering the DR requirement and use cases. Finally, a model mapping table and ultimately IEC CIM DR Expansion Model was put forward by comparing, expanding and fusing with the CIM model. The study aims to promote the development of DR International Standard.
Thrombin Generation Responses to Human Factor XIa in Plasma of Animal Species

Abstract Abstract 5142 Thromboembolic events (TEE), including deep venous thrombosis and myocardial infarction, have been reported in patients receiving immunoglobulin intravenous (IVIG). Recent research showed that many TEE-induced IVIG samples were contaminated with human coagulation factor XIa (FXIa). At present, there is no systematic investigation of animal models that can be used to assess FXIa dependent thrombogenicity risk in animals and be predictive for human response. To assist in species selection for in vivo animal studies, we compared the magnitude and kinetic parameters of thrombin generation in commercially available human and animal plasma samples in response to human FXIa. A low sample volume, highly reproducible thrombin generation test was developed for this study. In our assay, thrombin generation in plasma (20 microliters) is initiated by physiological activator tissue factor in the presence of procoagulant phospholipids, sample (FXIa), buffer and calcium (combined volume of all additions to plasma is 20 microliters). The thrombin generation response to human FXIa was evident from increased thrombin peak height and/or shortened time to thrombin peak. The minimal effective FXIa concentration was species-dependent and ranged from below 0. 1 pM in monkey plasma to over 100 nM in BalbC mouse. The FXIa sensitivity of commercial plasma samples was aligned in the following order: Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys > Human Donors > New Zealand White Rabbit and Sprague Dawley Rat > Hartley Guinea Pig and CD1 Mouse > Lewis Rat > Wistar and Fisher 344 Rats > C57BL6 and Blab C Mice. However, further experiments on freshly collected guinea pig plasma demonstrated that preanalytical variables, notably, blood collection and plasma freezing and thawing techniques, are critical to achieve optimal sensitivity of the thrombin generation test to FXIa. Therefore, variable quality of commercial plasma may have affected observed interspecies differences in thrombin generation. Collectively, these findings will help to clarify differences in minimal thrombogenic doses of FXIa observed in various animal models and levels of FXIa associated with thrombotic events in humans. This research was supported by the FDA Office of Women's Health grant (2012). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Larderello Dry-Steam Power Plants, Tuscany, Italy

The case studies discussed begin at the birthplace of geothermal energy as a source of electricity—Larderello, Italy. The anomalous geothermal activity in the southern Tuscany region arises from the collision of edges of two of the earth's tectonic plates, the European and the African. The sites of the once numerous thermal manifestations correspond to structural highs of the permeable reservoir rocks, often lying no more than a few hundred meters deep. The most promising and so far successful exploration method for the deep reservoir is 3D reflection seismic surveys. The returns from several lines of receivers are processed into 3D plots that reveal the most promising targets for the deep wells. The most important finding of the new deep exploration program is that the greater Larderello geothermal field is unified at depth. The chapter discusses the power plants of Larderello, beginning with the early designs (1904–1968), the modern designs (1968–1995), and the recent designs (1995–present). The development of the geothermal resources in Larderello beyond the mineral recovery applications to electric power production was driven by the necessity that wartime often brings. The extensive program to upgrade the older plants has been accompanied by more attention being paid to mitigating the environmental impact of the plants. A novel system for the abatement of both mercury and hydrogen sulfide from the geofluid is designed, tested and implemented by ENEL on several plants.