cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protection of the ischemic myocardium during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Therapeutic balloon coronary angioplasty provides a useful model for studying the effects of epicardial coronary artery occlusion in conscious humans. In addition, it is a potent model in which the effectiveness of interventions designed to ameliorate ischemia can be evaluated. Whereas intravenous β -adrenergic blocking drugs and nitrates appear to have a limited protective effect, the regional (i.e., intracoronary) use of β -adrenergic blocking drugs and calcium antagonists seem more potent. Currently, coronary venous retroperfusion with arterial blood does not appear practical, and the intraaortic balloon is a useful adjunctive measure in relatively few patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. In contrast, the direct anterograde delivery of oxygen-rich blood or fluorocarbons holds promise as a reliable means of providing local myocardial protection. If ischemia could be markedly reduced, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty might be applied safely in more high-risk clinical settings. In addition, if prolonged balloon inflation could be performed, there might be an increase in primary success rate and possibly a reduction in restenosis rate.
A Note On the Feeding Behavior of the Snapping Shrimp Synalpheus Fritzmuelleri Coutière (Decapoda, Alpheidae)

Synalpheus fritzmuelleri Couti?re apparently is one of the most widely distributed alpheids. The typical form is known from North Carolina and Bermuda to Florida and throughout the West Indies to Cura?ao (Williams, 1965). Stephensen (1950) found it off Greenland, and Couti?re (1909) recorded it from the waters off Lower California. The species is commonly found in sponges such as Colly sp on gia vaginalis (Lamarck) (Wass, 1955), but is also often found free-living around rocks, particularly in shallow water. Its known vertical range extends to 72 meters (Abele, unpublished). During December, 1970 the author collected a series of sea fans (Gorgonia ventalina Linnaeus) from shallow reefs surrounding the Fowey Rocks area of the northern Florida Keys. The underside of the bases of these fans contained a large variety of invertebrate life. Various polychaetes, sipunculids, sponges, foramini ferans, mollusks and crustaceans were common. The diversity increased with the size of the area of the gorgonian base, and under larger fans the prosobranch mollusk Coralliophila caribaea Abbott was characteristically found. Several G. ventalina were also found with pairs of Synalpheus fritzmuelleri under them orienting ventrally to the underside of the fan. A glass-bottomed aquarium was used to observe their behavior.
Design the fraction of nonconforming control chart with learning curve consideration

The fraction of nonconforming control scheme with learning effect consideration is presented. The learning curve (LC) is used to describe and forecast the progress in reducing the fraction of nonconforming (p). The reduction rate of p may be large during the initial stage of the quality improvement program, and influences the construction of p control chart. Based on average run lengths, the simulation is used to compare the shift-detecting performance of the Shewhart-p chart and modified-p chart, with- and without- consideration of LC in the order of production progress. Via simulation, The p charts with consideration of LC are more efficient than that without consideration of LC. The modified-p chart with consideration of LC performs best.
Nickel and Platinum 1,2-Dibromoacenaphthylene Chemistry

Addition of 1,2-dibromoacenaphthylene to Ni(COD)2/2L gives the oxidative-addition products trans-NiL2(Br)(2-bromoacenaphthylen-1-yl) (L = PEt3, PMe3). The intermediate π-complex Ni(PMe3)2(η2-1,2-di...
The CAP-Gly of p150: one domain, two diseases, and a function at the end.

In this issue of Neuron, work from Moughamian and Holzbaur (2012) and Lloyd et al. (2012) reveals a role for p150 in initiation of retrograde transport at synaptic terminals. These studies also suggest how mutations of p150's CAP-Gly domain lead to both Perry syndrome and HMN7B disease.
Oxygen uptake in male and female boll weevils, Anthonomus Grandis boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of the ebony strain fed a laboratory diet

Abstract o 1. Oxygen uptake was measured in laboratory diet-fed 1- to 15-day old male and female boll weevils of the ebony strain. 2. O 2 uptake was found to be between 27·24 to 6·45 μl O 2 /mg wet wt per hr for males and between 26·37 and 5·64 μl O 2 /mg wet wt per hr for females. 3. Peak O 2 uptake for males was recorded when they were 4 and 12 days old. 4. Peak O 2 uptake for females was recorded when they were 6, 10, and 14 days old.
In-situ determination of cross-over point for overcoming plasma-related matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract A novel method is described for overcoming plasma-related matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The method is based on measurement of the vertically resolved atomic emission of analyte within the plasma and therefore requires the addition of no reagents to the sample solution or to the plasma. Plasma-related matrix effects enhance analyte emission intensity low in the plasma but depress the same emission signal at higher positions. Such bipolar behavior is true for all emission lines and matrices that induce plasma-related interferences. The transition where the enhancement is balanced by the depression (the so-called cross-over point) results in a spatial region with no apparent matrix effects. Although it would be desirable always to perform determinations at this cross-over point, its location varies between analytes and from matrix to matrix, so it would have to be found separately for every analyte and for every sample. Here, a novel approach is developed for the in-situ determination of the location of this cross-over point. It was found that the location of the cross-over point is practically invariant for a particular analyte emission line when the concentration of the matrix was varied. As a result, it is possible to determine in-situ the location of the cross-over point for all analyte emission lines in a sample by means of a simple one-step sample dilution. When the original sample is diluted by a factor of 2 and the diluted sample is analyzed again, the extent of the matrix effect is identical (zero) between the original sample and the diluted sample at one and only one location — the cross-over point. This novel method was verified with several single-element matrices (0.05 M Na, Ca, Ba and La) and some mixed-element matrices (mixtures of Na–Ca, Ca–Ba, and a plant-sample digest). The inaccuracy in emission intensity due to the matrix effect could be as large as − 30% for conventional measurements in the normal analytical zone, but is reduced to within 5% with this new method. The major currently known limitation is that the accuracy of the method is highly sensitive to fluctuations and noise in the vertical emission-intensity profile, so the stability of the ICP system must be controlled to preferably within 1%.
A data-parallel toolkit for information retrieval

Due to the explosive growth of the web that has occurred throughout its history, many researchers working on web corpora have begun to move toward distributed, data parallel computing. The size of the ClueWeb09 [2] corpus, at approximately one billion documents, is an indication of this. Even limiting the collection to only documents in the English language only halves the size of the collection. In this work, we describe the collection of information retrieval algorithms we have implemented using DryadLINQ [8]. DryadLINQ is a data parallel processing system that allows programmers to write distributed programs without worrying about the implementation of a distributed system. DryadLINQ executes programs containing SQL-like Language Integrated Query statements (LINQ) by shipping the computation to nodes in the cluster for parallel execution. The ability to break a computation into many pieces that can be processed on individual machines means that even a small number of computers can be leveraged to reduce the time necessary to process large collections. When researchers first obtain a collection of web documents, there is a substantial amount of preprocessing before analysis can commence. The toolkit assists with parsing, link extraction, associating discovered anchor text with the referenced document. Once the document content and links are in a standard format, then further processing can be performed. The toolkit provides implementations of textbased retrieval methods (BM25 [7] and BM25F [9]), queryindependent link based scoring functions (PageRank, indegree, and trans-domain indegree), query-dependent linkbased scoring functions (SALSA-SETR [6]). Additionally, the toolkit provides an implementation of shingle based duplicate document detection [1], n-gram extraction, and a mechanism to build an inverted index. The algorithms included in this toolkit include both traditional algorithms as well as recent research results. Elements
Is Disulfur Monoxide a Second Absorber on Venus

Abstract The diminished spherical albedo of Venus from 200 to 500 nm requires at least two different absorbers in the cloud layer. SO 2 has been identified as the dominant absorber between 200 and 320 nm; however, the identity of the second UV absorber which darkens the planet from 320 to 500 nm remains a mystery. We present the results from photochemical calculations of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere of Venus which indicate that S 2 O is a strong candidate for the second absorber. The photochemical calculations are constrained by recent observations of SO and SO 2 by a CU/LASP sounding rocket experiment carried out on 29 March 1991. We calculate that the photochemical lifetime of S 2 O in the middle atmosphere of Venus is much less than the dynamical mixing time scale, and this can explain the shortest time scales for changes in the dark markings. The calculated vertical profile of S 2 O from 58 to 96 km is consistent with constraints on the second absorber. In addition, since S 2 O is chemically derived from SO 2 , the observed spatial correlation between the second absorber and SO 2 can be directly explained. The conclusion that S 2 O is an excellent candidate for the second absorber could be confirmed by laboratory measurements of its absorption cross section.
Effects of modeling and topic stimulus on self-referent touching

Self-touching is defined as self-directed touches, e.g., scratching or rubbing, that have no apparent conscious motivation. Earlier research on self-touching focused on internal processes associated with self-touching, e.g., mental conflict, while more recent research has considered external motivators, such as an auditory or visual presentation of a provocative stimulus, e.g., leeches. Here, 110 undergraduate psychology students (68 women, 42 men; M age = 18.7 yr., SD = 1.0) were shown a video about chiggers to replicate previous findings, while simultaneously studying the social influence of self-touching modeled by the presenter. A significant interaction was found as modeled self-touching significantly increased participants' self-touching when they were also attending to the video about chiggers. The results are discussed in terms of potential processes underlying this behavior and directions for research.
Bayesian optimal sequential design for nonparametric regression via inhomogeneous evolutionary MCMC

Abstract We develop a novel computational methodology for Bayesian optimal sequential design for nonparametric regression. This computational methodology, that we call inhomogeneous evolutionary Markov chain Monte Carlo, combines ideas of simulated annealing, genetic or evolutionary algorithms, and Markov chain Monte Carlo. Our framework allows optimality criteria with general utility functions and general classes of priors for the underlying regression function. We illustrate the usefulness of our novel methodology with applications to experimental design for nonparametric function estimation using Gaussian process priors and free-knot cubic splines priors.
Repositioning of a Dislodged and Fibrosed Ventricular Lead

This is a case of a 61 year old African American female with history of end stage renal disease on hemodialysis. She had a dual chamber permanent pacemaker implanted in 2003 for symptomatic bradycardia. Over the past several months the patient had problems with access for dialysis. The right arm AV fistula was occluded. The patient had multiple temporary central catheter placed for dialysis over the past 3 months. The patient was admitted for superior vena-cava syndrome. CT scan of the thorax and neck showed occluded right and left subclavian system. An incidental finding was the right ventricular (RV) lead been dislodged and the tip being in the inferior vena cava. Surgical and non-surgical options were discussed with the patient and she chose to go the less invasive route. The patient underwent a RV lead revision. Using different stylets the RV lead was repositioned in the RV with good pacing and sensing characteristics. Conclusions: Successful repositioning of an old dislodged RV pacing lead using stylets and eliminating the need for invasive procedure like lead extraction.
Higgs-boson masses in a supersymmetric extension of the standard model.

We consider a supersymmetric extension of the standard model with two Higgs-boson doublets and a singlet, and analyze the resulting Higgs-boson mass spectrum from the spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry. If we also require the two extra dimensionless couplings in this model to be bounded as functions of the renormalization point for as long as the U(1) gauge coupling is bounded, then at least one physical neutral Higgs boson must have a mass less than 134 GeV, even in the presence of the most general explicit soft breaking of the supersymmetry.
Why do so Many Americans Oppose the Affordable Care Act

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed by a Democratic Congress and signed into law by a Democratic president in 2010. Republican congressmen, governors, and Republican candidates have consistently opposed the ACA and have vowed to repeal it. Polls have consistently shown that it is supported by <50% of Americans. The most important goal of the ACA is to improve the health of Americans by increasing the number covered by health insurance. In the first year of its implementation, more than 10 million citizens gained health insurance. The percentage of Americans without health insurance decreased from 18% in July 2013 to 13.4% in June 2014. In addition, the ACA has eliminated many of the negative features of private insurance such as the denial of coverage for those with "prior conditions." The benefits of Medicare have been enhanced to decrease the cost of prescription drugs and to eliminate co-pays for preventive services. Despite these positive changes, a near majority of Americans still oppose the ACA, even though they approve of most of its features. They oppose the mandate that all Americans must have health insurance (the individual mandate), and they oppose a government role in health care. Yet Medicare, a mandatory insurance for seniors administered by the federal government since 1965, is overwhelmingly approved by the American public. The opposition to a government role in health care is based on the fact that that the vast majority of our citizens do not trust their government. Republicans are much less trusting of the federal government and much less supportive of a government role in health care than Democrats. The overwhelmingly negative TV ads against the ACA by the Republican candidates in the elections of 2012 and 2014 have had a major impact on Americans' views of the ACA. More than 60% of Americans have stated that most of what they know about the ACA came from watching TV. Opposition to a government role in health care and to mandatory health insurance makes it unlikely that the US will be able to insure that all of its citizens have ongoing access to health care in the near future.
Advanced penile carcinoma.

ABSTRACTPurpose: In the United States penile carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy that represents only 0.4% of all male malignancies and 2% to 4% of genitourinary malignancies. Of penile cancer cases 30% are diagnosed with advanced disease. Improved understanding of the natural history, appropriate and accurate staging, and tailored, less morbid lymphadenectomy have led to improved survival and decreased the adverse effects of therapy. However, the management of advanced penile carcinoma remains a challenge to urological, medical and radiation oncologists. The rarity and paucity of well designed clinical studies of medical and/or surgical therapy for advanced penile cancer have hampered progress in the treatment of this disease. However, there is clear evidence that identifies active chemotherapy and radiation treatments. This review aims to provide the treating physician with an overview of available data for surgical, chemotherapeutic and radiation treatments, and provide guidelines for appropriate patie...
Ornithine-Urea Cycle Activity in Xenopus laevis: Adaptation in Saline

The concentration of urea in the blood and the rate of urea excretion were markedly elevated in Xenopus maintained in hypertonic saline for 2 to 3 weeks. These changes were accompanied by a twofold increase in the activity of the ornithine-urea cycle as measured in liver slices. The activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase rose threefold in frogs adapted to saline. These results suggest that changes in activities of urea cycle enzymes may be important in the adaptation of aquatic organisms to environments of varying salinities.
Assessing compliance to home relaxation: A simple technology for a critical problem

A simple, low-cost, and reliable technology for assessing compliance with relaxation practice in the natural environment is presented. Brief, audible “cue” tones are overdubbed onto selected client relaxation tapes, which are ordered by the therapist and then played in sequence by the client. The presence/absence or number of cue tones on each tape in the sequence is self-monitored, thereby providing the therapist with a record for objectively assessing whether or not the tapes were used as instructed. A clinical case example is presented to illustrate use of the procedure. Finally, advantages and limitations of the procedure are discussed.
Mechanical properties of calcium-leached cement pastes: Triaxial stress states and the influence of the pore pressures

Application of concrete in nuclear waste containments requires knowledge of its mechanical behavior when subjected to calcium leaching. In order to address real-life situations, multiaxial stress states of leached material must be considered. This paper reports results from a series of triaxial tests of calcium-leached cement paste obtained from accelerated leaching tests that operate on an acceleration rate of 300, compared with natural calcium leaching. Along with the global strength loss due to chemical decohesion, an important loss of frictional performance is reported. Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) pictures of both leached and unleached material are presented, and they indicate that this loss of frictional performance can be associated with a highly eroded microstructure perforated by the leaching process. In addition, the frictional behavior of leached cement pastes is found to be strongly dependent on the drainage conditions of the material and thus, on the interstitial pore pressure. Through a poromechanical analysis, it is shown that this high pore pressure sensitivity of leached cement paste can be attributed to the low skeleton-to-fluid bulk modulus ratio, Ks/Kf, of the degraded material, which, together with the increase in porosity, leads to the high compressibility of calcium-leached materials. This low Ks/Kf ratio is the consequence of an intrinsic chemical damage of the solid skeleton, which occurs during calcium leaching.
Highly interactive computing environments: the next wave

Abstract For a long time, computer types have been saying "wait till next year's computer, then we will have lots of power." And next year came, and things changed, but not as dramatically as we had been led to expect. The 90's will finally be when those computer-types won't be crying wolf: the accompanying graph shows quite clearly that we are. fmally, on the elbow of the "MiPS exponential." Those who translate the above graph onto log paper, get a straight line, and then say "so what," are missing the point: there is another, but much grander, threshold of usability that we are crossing. That is, we have seen in thelast few years a veritable order of magnitude increase in the use of computers in everyday life: lots and lots of folks routinely use computers on a moment-by-moment basis. And those folks are now ready for the next increment of computer-based support. The above curve says that the pure horsepower is going to be there; the only issues, of course, are what to provideand how to build it.
Cost–benefit analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether and alternative gasoline formulations

Abstract This paper presents a cost–benefit analysis of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) requiring the addition of oxygen content in gasoline, using California as a case study. The valuation and comparison of costs and benefits for several fuel blends (with and without oxygen content) provides a framework to investigate cross-media (air, water, soil) tradeoffs. We use known valuation methods such as the travel cost method to derive recreational value, the averting expenditures approach and cost of illness approach to derive public health costs, and market price method to quantify increases in fuel price and fuel efficiency costs in order to compare the alternatives. We use data from California to evaluate the current fuel blend with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel blend with ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and a fuel blend without oxygenated compounds. The most expensive option to meet the 1990 CAAA is the current reformulated gasoline blend with MTBE, which results in a net cost to California's economy of between $0.9 and 2.7 billion dollars annually. The cost of treating groundwater contaminated with MTBE is a major cost factor. Our assessment indicates that the non-oxygenated gasoline formulation is the most cost-effective, particularly in the long-term, once refiners are able to implement modifications to their installations or negotiate long-term supply contracts for these additives. Several strategies are identified to transition out of using the current gasoline blend with MTBE.
Substrate Deformation Determines Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization: A Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Study

A mathematical model has been developed to define the relationship between the actin cytoskeleton reorganization of a cell and substrate deformation acting on the cell. The model is based on the following major assumptions: (a) normal substrate strain, not the shear substrate strain, determines the actin cytoskeleton reorganization; (b) the normal substrate strain is transmitted to individual actin filaments; (c) each actin filament has a basal strain energy (BSE) when the cell adheres to the substrate without stretching; and (d) the actin filaments undergo disassembly when their strain energies are decreased to zero or increased to twice their BSEs. The resulting model predicts that the actin filaments are formed in the direction where their BSEs are minimally altered. This direction is therefore the one without normal substrate strain. The prediction was confirmed by experiments conducted on both fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The present model may be relevant for understanding better the effects of mechanical stimuli on the cells.
Identification of Harpins in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Which Are Functionally Similar to HrpK1 in Promoting Translocation of Type III Secretion System Effectors

Harpins are a subset of type III secretion system (T3SS) substrates found in all phytopathogenic bacteria that utilize a T3SS. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 was previously reported to produce two harpins, HrpZ1 and HrpW1. DC3000 was shown here to deploy two additional proteins, HopAK1 and HopP1, which have the harpin-like properties of lacking cysteine, eliciting the hypersensitive response (HR) when partially purified and infiltrated into tobacco leaves, and possessing a two-domain structure similar to that of the HrpW1 class of harpins. Unlike the single-domain harpin HrpZ1, the two-domain harpins have C-terminal enzyme-like domains: pectate lyase for HopAK1 and lytic transglycosylase for HopP1. Genetic techniques to recycle antibiotic markers were applied to DC3000 to generate a quadruple harpin gene polymutant. The polymutant was moderately reduced in the elicitation of the HR and translocation of the T3SS effector AvrPto1 fused to a Cya translocation reporter, but the mutant was unaffected in the secretion of AvrPto1-Cya. The DC3000 hrpK1 gene encodes a putative translocator in the HrpF/NopX family and was deleted in combination with the four harpin genes. The hrpK1 quadruple harpin gene polymutant was strongly reduced in HR elicitation, virulence, and translocation of AvrPto1-Cya into plant cells but not in the secretion of representative T3SS substrates in culture. HrpK1, HrpZ1, HrpW1, and HopAK1, but not HopP1, were independently capable of restoring some HR elicitation to the hrpK1 quadruple harpin gene polymutant, which suggests that a consortium of semiredundant translocators from three protein classes cooperate to form the P. syringae T3SS translocon.
Oxygen consumption in frog sartorius muscle I. The isometric twitch

Direct measurements have shown that the heat output from the frog sartorius muscle stimulated under isometric conditions is maximum when the muscle is at reference length and is decreased at stretched and shortened lengths. Experiments were conducted to determine if oxygen consumption following isometric stimulation varied with length in the same manner as did heat. A modified version of a differential volumeter was used consisting of two small sealed chambers each containing one of a pair of frog sartorius muscles. In the presence of a CO2 absorbant extra oxygen consumption is indicated by movement of the index drop toward the chamber containing the stimulated muscle. It was found that at 12°C the oxygen consumption resulting from ten isometric twitches at reference length is 11.93 μ1/g and decreases to 5.10 μ1/g at 0.75 RL and 8.64 μ1/g at 1.25 RL. The absolute value of the oxygen consumption is in agreement with Hill's heat studies using appropriate heat-oxygen conversion factors. No Feng “stretch response” of an increase in the rate of resting oxygen consumption was observed. Measurements of developed tension were found to parallel the oxygen consumption and heat curves, being 2.28 kg/cm2 at 1.00 RL and decreasing to 1.45 kg/cm2 at 1.25 RL and approaching zero at 0.75 RL. At the shortest lengths the oxygen consumption (5.0 μ1/g) is suggested to represent the equivalent of activation heat since no elastic elements were stretched. Such a suggestion is in agreement with heat studies showing that the energy of activation is approximately half of the maximum initial energy liberated in an isometric contraction.
Evidence for Interventions to Prevent and Control Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: Its Applicability to India

Childhood obesity is on the rise worldwide and its increasing prevalence in low and middle income countries is well-known. Obesity interventions have the potential to prevent adverse health outcomes; however, large gaps in research and knowledge about the efficacy and sustainability of such interventions remain. The objectives of this article were to review the evidence for interventions to prevent and control obesity among children and adolescents, evaluate their applicability in India, and discuss the challenges to sustain such interventions. The authors reviewed published research focusing on childhood obesity interventions, especially in India and other lower-resource countries. Nine observational and 10 interventional studies were reviewed. Most studies identified were from developed countries and took place at day-care settings, schools, and after school programs. Nineteen reported studies were grouped into categories: diet (2), physical activity (4), childcare programs (2), media-based programs (2), parental involvement (2), multi-component studies (1), and screen time (6). Most interventions were effective in reducing BMI, decreasing sedentary behaviors, and increasing physical activity. Sustainability of these interventions was not evaluated. While there is no one method or simple intervention to address obesity, multi-component approaches involving home and school environments are promising and warrant evaluation in India. Literature on obesity prevention and control in India and in lower-resource countries, however, is sparse. Existing gaps in knowledge about obesity should be addressed by conducting research in India and carrying out interventions to determine what strategies will be successful and sustainable locally.
Household Structure in Fourteenth-Century Macedonia

Using data obtained from a fourteenth-century Serbian charter granting six villages to the monastery of Chilandar Athos the author examines the kinship structure of 127 households from that part of medieval Serbia now known as Yugoslav Macedonia. Household size and kinship structure are analyzed as a function of the length of the domestic cycle. The effects on this cycle length of post-marital residence net replacement rate sex ratio age at marriage and availability of land for expansion are investigated (ANNOTATION)
Asynchronous DNA replication and discordant length of homologous autosomes demonstrated by the use of markers.

WE have evidence of differential long arm labelling of homologous chromosomes of the B group in cases where one of the homologues had a deletion of its short arm (our unpublished work with D. Warburton and P. Allderdice). Grain counts have shown that the long arm of the deleted chromosome was more heavily labelled than that of its homologue in the case of chromosome 4, and more lightly labelled in the case of chromosome 5. The long arm of the deleted chromosome was consistently shorter than that of its normal homologue. We describe here a similar difference in grain counts and length between other homologous chromosomes in the human complement.
Finite element thermal analysis of 144 pin plastic flat packs

A numerical thermal analysis of a 144-pin plastic flat pack using the finite-element method is presented. A 3-D model capturing details of the leadframe and internal structure was developed using solid elements. The symmetry of the chip package was utilized in the model to create only a 1/8 section of the package. The thermal conductivities for the silicon chip, metal leadframe and leads, and the epoxy encapsulating material are assigned to the elements. Appropriate adiabatic boundary conditions are assumed on the surface planes of symmetry, and suitable heat transfer rates are prescribed for the remaining surfaces. The models are then solved to determine the internal temperatures at steady state under various thermal conditions. A comparison between the calculated temperature contours and an infrared picture of the actual package showed similar temperature contours. Experimental measurement of the temperature rise differences between locations on the internal chip and the center package surface at varying heat transfer rates were compared with the results of numerical simulations, and it was found that the numerical solutions showed very similar trends. >
HIF and pulmonary vascular responses to hypoxia

In the lung, acute reductions in oxygen lead to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, whereas prolonged exposures to hypoxia result in sustained vasoconstriction, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and the development of pulmonary hypertension. Data from both human subjects and animal models implicate a role for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), oxygen-sensitive transcription factors, in pulmonary vascular responses to both acute and chronic hypoxia. In this review, we discuss work from our laboratory and others supporting a role for HIF in modulating hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and mediating hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, identify some of the downstream targets of HIF, and assess the potential to pharmacologically target the HIF system.
IMPERIAL BARBARIANS: PRIMITIVE MASCULINITY IN LOST WORLD FICTION

Cecil Rhodes, the “Colossus” of late Victorian empire, proudly proclaimed himself a barbarian. He spoke of his taste for things “big and simple, barbaric, if you like,” and boasted that he conducted himself “on the basis of a barbarian” (Millin 165, 242). His famous scholarships designed to turn out men fit for imperial mastery required success in “manly outdoor sports,” a criterion Rhodes privately called the proof of “brutality” (Stead 39). Yet while Rhodes celebrated qualities he called barbaric or brutal, his adversaries seized upon the same rhetoric to revile him. During the Boer War, for instance, the tactics by which Rhodes and his friends tightened their grip on South Africa were boldly condemned by Henry Campbell-Bannerman as “methods of barbarism.” Similarly, G. K. Chesterton denounced Rhodes as nothing more than a “Sultan” who conquered the “East” only to reinforce the backward “Oriental” values of fatalism and despotism (242–44). This strange consensus, in which Rhodes and his critics could agree about his barbarity, reflects a significant uncertainty about late Victorian imperial ambitions and their relationship to “barbarism.” Clearly, the term was available both to the empire's critics as a metaphor for unprincipled or indiscriminate violence and to imperialists as a justification for their efforts to bring civilization to the Earth's dark places, to spread the gospel, and to enforce the progress of history that the anthropologist E. B. Tylor called “the onward movement from barbarism” (29). But Rhodes's cheerful assertion of his own barbarity represents something altogether different: the apparent paradox of an imperialism that openly embraces the primitive. Nor was Rhodes alone in sounding this particularly troubling version of the barbaric yawp. During the period of the New Imperialism (1871–1914), Victorian popular culture became engrossed as never before in charting vectors of convergence between the British and those they regarded as primitive, and in imagining the ways in which barbarians might make the best imperialists of all. This transvaluation of savagery found its most striking expression in the emergence of a wildly popular genre of fiction: stories of lost worlds.
Island Biogeography of Galápagos Lava Lizards (Tropiduridae: Microlophus): Species Diversity and Colonization of the Archipelago

The "lava lizards" (Microlophus) are distributed throughout the Galapagos Archipelago, and consist of radiations derived from two independent colonizations. The "Eastern Radiation" includes M. bivittatus and M. habeli endemic to San Cristobal and Marchena Islands. The "Western Radiation" includes five to seven historically recognized species distributed across almost the entire Archipelago. We combine dense geographic sampling and multilocus sequence data to estimate a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Western Radiation, to delimit species boundaries in this radiation, and to estimate a time frame for colonization events. Our phylogenetic hypothesis rejects two earlier topologies for the Western Radiation and paraphyly of M. albemarlensis, while providing strong support for single colonizations on each island. The colonization history implied by our phylogeny is consistent with general expectations of an east-to-west route predicted by the putative age of island groups, and prevailing ocean currents in the Archipelago. Additionally, combined evidence suggests that M. indefatigabilis from Santa Fe should be recognized as a full species. Finally, molecular divergence estimates suggest that the two colonization events likely occurred on the oldest existing islands, and the Western Radiation represents a recent radiation that, in most cases, has produced species that are considerably younger than the islands they inhabit.
Decentralized H ∞ filtering in a multi-agent system

This paper develops a decentralized H ∞ filtering algorithm for a mobile sensor network. Each agent maintains an estimate of the target and moves to improve the information from its sensor. Simulation results compare the performance of the multi-agent system to a system using only local estimates when the network is tracking an evasive target.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Antimicrobial δ-Toxin (Phenol-Soluble Modulin-γ) Cooperates with Host Antimicrobial Peptides to Kill Group A Streptococcus

Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in host defense against pathogens. Recently, phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) from Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) were shown to interact with lipid membranes, form complexes, and exert antimicrobial activity. Based on the abundance and innocuity of the cutaneous resident S. epidermidis, we hypothesized that their PSMs contribute to host defense. Here we show that S. epidermidis delta-toxin (PSMgamma) is normally present in the epidermis and sparsely in the dermis of human skin using immunohistochemistry. Synthetic delta-toxin interacted with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and colocalized with cathelicidin while also inducing NET formation in human neutrophils. In antimicrobial assays against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), delta-toxin cooperated with CRAMP, hBD2, and hBD3. In whole blood, addition of delta-toxin exerted a bacteriostatic effect on GAS, and in NETs, delta-toxin increased their killing capacity against this pathogen. Coimmunoprecipitation and tryptophan spectroscopy demonstrated direct binding of delta-toxin to host antimicrobial peptides LL-37, CRAMP, hBD2, and hBD3. Finally, in a mouse wound model, GAS survival was reduced (along with Mip-2 cytokine levels) when the wounds were pretreated with delta-toxin. Thus, these data suggest that S. epidermidis-derived delta-toxin cooperates with the host-derived antimicrobial peptides in the innate immune system to reduce survival of an important human bacterial pathogen.
Binary and Ternary Polymer‐Mediated “Bricks and Mortar” Self‐Assembly of Gold and Silica Nanoparticles

An amine-functionalized polymer has been used to simultaneously assemble carboxylic acid functionalized gold and silica nanoparticles into extended aggregates. This three component assembly process is highly versatile, with aggregate morphology controlled through stoichiometry, and nanoparticle segregation within the aggregate regulated through order of component addition.
The Effect of Smartphone Video Camera as a Tool to Create Gigital Stories for English Learning Purposes

The integration of smartphones in the language learning environment is gaining research interest. However, using a smartphone to learn to speak spontaneously has received little attention. The emergence of smartphone technology and its video recording feature are recognised as suitable learning tools. This paper reports on a case study conducted with 67 English as Foreign Language undergraduate students at Tohoku University, Japan. Students were encouraged to use their smartphone video recording feature to produce one 30-second video per week over a 12-week period addressing a teacher-selected theme. The results indicate that students were able to produce video digital stories to express their opinion regarding the teacher-selected themes, in the target language. The implications for teaching and learning clearly indicate that smartphone-based video storytelling is a relevant task for language learners who will have to become conversant with this medium of learning.
Further comments on "On the relationships between structural identifiability and the controllability, observability properties"

DiStefano's counterexample purporting to show that controllability and observability of linear systems are not necessary for identifiability is a special case which does not invalidate the general conclusion.
Agent Applications and their Future in the Power Industry

Advanced agent technology provides significant potential contribution to distributed intelligent controls. Several agent based applications have been developed in the area of power systems. Although these applications have shown some very good results, agent technology has yet to make a significant impact in the power system area. Many agent based applications are not practical due to limitations such as - computation speed, communication bandwidth, unstable realtime operation, and problem complexity. In this paper strength, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the existing agent framework in power systems are discussed. Attempts are been made to envisage the future framework for the agent based applications in this area. Need for mutual collaboration among experts and a paradigm for integrated approach for agent application are stressed. Examples of incremental success stories at the Center for Advanced Power Systems of Florida State University are used to highlight the concepts of this paper.
Genome-wide analysis of regulation of gene expression and H3K9me2 distribution by JIL-1 kinase mediated histone H3S10 phosphorylation in Drosophila

In this study we have determined the genome-wide relationship of JIL-1 kinase mediated H3S10 phosphorylation with gene expression and the distribution of the epigenetic H3K9me2 mark. We show in wild-type salivary gland cells that the H3S10ph mark is predominantly enriched at active genes whereas the H3K9me2 mark is largely associated with inactive genes. Comparison of global transcription profiles in salivary glands from wild-type and JIL-1 null mutant larvae revealed that the expression levels of 1539 genes changed at least 2-fold in the mutant and that a substantial number (49%) of these genes were upregulated whereas 51% were downregulated. Furthermore, the results showed that downregulation of genes in the mutant was correlated with higher levels or acquisition of the H3K9me2 mark whereas upregulation of a gene was correlated with loss of or diminished H3K9 dimethylation. These results are compatible with a model where gene expression levels are modulated by the levels of the H3K9me2 mark independent of the state of the H3S10ph mark, which is not required for either transcription or gene activation to occur. Rather, H3S10 phosphorylation functions to indirectly maintain active transcription by counteracting H3K9 dimethylation and gene silencing.
New developments in contraception.

Oral contraceptives depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and levonorgestrel implants are important contraceptives for adolescents. Four new hormonal products recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration expand the available options. Additionally a new implant is anticipated on the market soon. These new methods have the potential to improve compliance due to a reduction in need for daily use. (authors)
Fishing for NTBs The Catfish Wars as a Rent-Seeking Problem

Over the past decade, US catfish producers have been collectively engaging in protectionist rent seeking against lower-priced import competition, most notably from Vietnam. This one-sided strategy, which has ironically characterized the so-called Catfish Wars thus far, has lead to the imposition of several nontariff barriers (NTBs). For Vietnamese exporters, uncertainty as to trade conditions in the United States, including the ultimate impact of the low-visibility NTBs in existence, has been a persistent problem. This problem is characteristic of a contemporary phenomenon affecting exporters worldwide: the prevalence of disguised forms of protectionism. Viewing the Catfish Wars as a rent-seeking problem, this article discusses the incentives and other factors that lead to disguised protectionism. Further, it discusses how exporters doing business in the United States can reduce the potential impact of disguised protectionism though coordinating with consumer-oriented groups.
PERCEPTION BIBLIOGRAPHY: XXVI. PSYCHOLOGICAL INDEX NO. 22, 1915

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Melanoma–stroma interactions: structural and functional aspects

Cutaneous melanomas are notorious for their tendency to metastasise. Because the tumour microenvironment plays an important part in tumour development and progression, we review the structural and functional aspects of interactions between melanoma and the stroma. We emphasise fibrovascular patterns (both in uveal and cutaneous melanoma), cellular and extracellular composition of the stroma, and the molecules involved. Also, we discuss functional interactions, focusing on melanoma-fibroblast cross-talk by soluble factors and by direct cell-cell contact. On the basis of recent findings we propose that involvement of fibroblasts in melanoma-stromagenesis occurs through different stages: recruitment, activation, and conversion to myofibroblasts, or differentiation to fibrocytes. We reason that this involvement is topographically linked to different areas in and around the tumour, and hypothesise that stromal activation, as seen in tumor ulceration or immunological regression in melanoma, stimulates tumour progression.