cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receptor selectivity of icv morphine in the rat cold water tail-flick test

Abstract The cold water tail-flick test in the rat is somewhat unique in that it is sensitive to the analgesic effects of δ- and k- in addition to μ-opioid agonists. The present study was designed to test whether a component of morphine-induced analgesia in this test might be mediated by δ- or k -opioid receptors. Morphine was administered icv in combination with the non-selective opioid antagonist naloxone (NLX), as well as the μ-, δ- and k -selective antagonists. d -Phe-Cys-Tyr- d -Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr (CTAP), naltrindole (NTI) and norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), respectively. Morphine induced analgesia in a dose related manner. Administration of NLX (1–10 μg) or CTAP (1μg) antagonized morphine in a competitive fashion. Neither NTI (1–10 μg) nor norBNI (0.1 μg) had any effect on the morphine dose-effect curve. Thus, morphine appeared to be a selective μ agonist in the cold water tail-flick test, at least by the icv route.
An evaluation of the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage as a function of the surgical approach to the cochlear nerve.

Objective: Direct implantation into the cochlear nerve can bypass the potential limitations of conventional cochlear implants. Implantable electrical arrays increase the number of stimulation sites, broaden frequency selectivity, require less activating current, and are not dependent on cochlear anatomy. Cochlear nerve implantation demands a unique surgical exposure to the modiolus. This study comprises an assessment of the risk of generating an intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak using this approach. Methods: Five fresh cadavers were obtained for dissection. Using dyed normal saline as an indicator, the central nervous system was pressurized to physiological parameters. Surgical approaches to the cochlear nerve were initiated. Leakage of indicator fluid for each approach was quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Indicator dye in the surgical field was considered a CSF breech. Indicator fluid was collected and quantified. Results: Eighty percent of the surgical approaches caused quantifiable leaks with rates ranging from 0.1 mL/minute to 6 mL/minute. For directly implanted microarrays, the utilization of a modified facial recess approach with cochleostomy and modiolar drillout carries significant risk for generating a CSF leak during the procedure.
Mining simulation data for insights about a decision space: application to an urban combat COA

We start with a vision of an integrated decision architecture to assist in the various stages and subtasks of decisionmaking. We briefly describe how the Seeker-Filter-Viewer (S-F-V) architecture for multi-criterial decision support helps realize many components of that vision. The rest of the paper is devoted to one of the components: developing insights about the course of action (COA) decision space from COA simulations. We start with data obtained from multiple simulation executions of an urban combat COA in a specified scenario, where the stochastic nature of different executions produce a range of intermediate events and final outcomes. The Viewer in the S-F-V decision architecture is used to make and visually test hypotheses about how sensitive different events and outcomes are to different aspects of the COA and to various intermediate events. The analyst engages in a cycle of hypothesis making, visually evaluating the hypothesis, and making further hypotheses. A set of snapshots illustrates an investigational sequence of abstractions in an example of iterating on hypotheses. The synergy of data mining tools, high performance computing, and advanced high-resolution combat simulation has the potential to assist battle planners to make better decisions for imminent combat.
Physical surface-complexation models for sorption at the mineral–water interface

NONE of the traditional models of surface complexation of ions at oxide–water interfaces, such as the constant-capacitance, double-diffuse-layer and triple-layer models1–5, provides an explicit, quantitative treatment of ion solvation. Here I show that this process can be included quantitatively in surface-complexation theory by describing it using the Born theory of ion solvation6,7. In this way, the standard Gibbs free energy of sorption can be decomposed into three terms: the standard coulombic term, a Born solvation contribution and a term intrinsic to the ion alone. Consideration of the Born solvation term shows that the equilibrium constant for sorption depends linearly on the inverse of the dielectric constant of the solid. By this means, all three contributions to the free energy can be estimated empirically or calculated theoretically. Inclusion of this physical description of ion solvation should facilitate the application of the theory of ion sorption to complex natural oxide and silicate minerals.
Recent advances in the development of Ferroelectric generators

Ferroelectric Generators (FEGs) are compact explosive driven high voltage generators. They consist of a small explosive charge, ferroelectric ceramic, and output circuit. There has been and continues to be very active Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) programs to develop FEGs as very compact power supplies for a variety of loads including antennas, neutron generators, and detonator arrays. In this paper, we will report on some of our recent efforts to improve the performance of FEGs and their components. In addition, we will look at what impact the load (resistive, capacitive, and inductive) has on FEG operation. We will also examine several specific loads that have been powered by FEGs.
Membrane Systems of Crab Fibers

An electron microscopic study of internal and surface-connected membrane systems of leg muscle of the crab shows that there are three kinds of surface-connected membrane systems in addition to an intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). One is a system of large infoldings of the sarcolemma referred to as clefts. These are longitudinally-oriented, flattened infoldings of both the plasma membrane and the fibrous sheath of the fiber, and were probably seen earlier with the light microscope. Extending into the fiber both from these clefts and from the free fiber surface are two systems of tubules of much smaller caliber, the Z tubules and the A tubules. The Z tubules are located, as their name indicates, near the Z lines of the myofibrils, and are thought to be attached to them mechanically. The A tubules are found in pairs, near the ends of each A band, and are closely bound to the SR in two-part structures called dyads. Local-activation experiments, like those done earlier by Huxley and Taylor, suggest that the A tubules are involved in excitation-contraction coupling; no such experimental suggestion of function exists for the Z tubules.
A taxonomy of everyday grasps in action

Grasping has been well studied in the robotics and human subjects literature, and numerous taxonomies have been developed to capture the range of grasps employed in work settings or everyday life. But how completely do these taxonomies capture grasping actions that we see every day? We asked two subjects to monitor every action that they performed with their hands during a typical day, as well as to role-play actions important for self-care, rehabilitation, and various careers and then to classify all grasping actions using existing taxonomies. While our subjects were able to classify many grasps, they also found a collection of grasps that could not be classified. In addition, our subjects observed that single entries in the taxonomy captured not one grasp, but many. When we investigated, we found that these grasps were distinguished by features related to the grasping action, such as intended motion, force, and stiffness — properties also needed for robot control. We suggest a format for augmenting grasp taxonomies that includes features of motion, force, and stiffness using a language that can be understood and expressed by subjects with light training, as would be needed, for example, for annotating examples or coaching a robot. This paper describes our study, the results, and documents our annotated database.
The effect of the bulk equivalence ratio on the pah emissions from the combustion of PVC, poly(styrene), and poly(ethylene)

This is an investigation on the effects of the bulk equivalence ratio on the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from the combustion of poly(vinyl-chloride) (PVC), poly(ethylene) (PE), and poly(styrene) (PS) particles. Steady-flow dispersions (clouds) of the above types of polymer particles, 150–212 μm in diameter, were burned in a drop-tube, electrically heated furnance at different bulk equivalence ratios ( ϕ bulk =0.1–7.3) or were pyrolyzed in N 2 . The gas temperature and residence time in the furnance were 1100°C and 1 s, respectively. (a) The total (specific) amounts of condensed and gaseous-phase PAH emissions increased with the equivalence ratio. In the present experiments, the recorded maxima in the total amounts of PAHs were obtained under pyrolysis in N 2 and accounted for 0.7, 4, and 4% of the input masses of PVC, PE, and PS, respectively. (b) PVC particles were found to oxidize effectively in air, since only minimal amounts of PAHs were produced at ϕ bulk ϕ bulk . or in N 2 . Combustion of PE and PS particles produced substantial amounts of PAHs at, or near, stoichiometric conditions. PE particles were prone to flash pyrolysis and readily formed group flames (“puffs”), even at mildly fuel-rich or near-stoichiometric conditions. (c) PAH emissions from pyrolysis of PE and PS were sensitive to the particle mass loading (mass of polymer per mass of N 2 ) in the furnance. This was not the case for PVC. (d) For all polymers, the percentage of naphthalene in the total amount of PAHs was influenced by the combustion conditions and experienced a minimum close to stoichiometry. (e) Finally, the experimentally measured molar fractions of pairs of selected PAH isomers were compared with those obtained from chemical equilibrium calculations. For all polymers, the pairs fluoranthene (F)—acephenanthrylene (AP) and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CP[ed]P)-benzo[ghi]fluoranthene (B[ghi]F) were at equilibrium, while the pairs fluoranthene (F)—pyrene (P) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F)—benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) were not at equilibrium. PS produced much higher soot emissions than PE or PVC.
Nerve crush induced changes in molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in soleus and extensor digitorum muscles

The molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) extracted from the fast twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow twitch soleus (SOL) muscles, were separated by velocity sedimentation after sciatic nerve crush. Three molecular forms were routinely separated from EDL and four from SOL muscle. In the EDL, the 4S and 10S represented the greatest amounts of AChE, and in the SOL the 12S and 16S were the major constituent forms of the enzyme. Total AChE activity in EDL and SOL muscles rapidly decreased after nerve crush. During reinnervation (2 weeks postcrush), total AChE activity in the EDL gradually recovered, whereas the SOL exhibited a 2.5-fold transient increase above control. Immediately after denervation, decreases in the three AChE forms from the EDL (4, 10, and 16S) were evident, whereas the SOL exhibited both rapid increases (4 and 10S) and decreases (12S and 16S). In both muscles the 4S form reappeared before the 16S and 10S molecular forms, suggesting that the light form, 4S, may be a precursor of the heavier molecules. Transient increases during reinnervation occurred in the 16S AChE form in both muscles; however, they were approximately five times greater in the SOL than in the EDL. In the SOL all other molecular forms showed similar increases, whereas none was seen in the EDL. Possible mechanisms are differences in synthesis and catabolism, and in release of molecular forms from these muscles.
Observations on high spontaneous release of histamine from leucocytes in vitro.

Summary Clinical and laboratory observations are provided on high, spontaneous, in vitro histamine release (HSHR) from leucocytes (basophils), meaning without addition of antigen or other inducers of histamine release. HSHR has been observed predominantly in persons with a high degree of reaginic sensitivity to food; the leucocytes of forty-eight of fifty-eight individuals (83%), who had positive reactions to foods in double-blind challenges, exhibited HSHR. HSHR resembles antigenic release in a wide variety of characteristics. HSHR does not occur in vivo but only in vitro after compaction of leucocytes by centrifugation at room temperature. An indispensible requirement for HSHR to occur appears to be a high degree of reaginic sensitization.
Optimal pleurodesis: A comparison study

Abstract With the resurgence of thoracoscopy, there is renewed interest in less invasive methods of pleurodesis. We wished to compare in an animal model a variety of methods suggested in reports. The purpose of the study was to rank the effectiveness of each procedure against the standard mechanical pleurodesis. Twenty-five mongrel dogs (weight, 25 to 35 kg) underwent bilateral thoracotomy. Each animal was randomly assigned to receive two of the following methods of pleurodesis: tetracycline, talc, mechanical abrasion, neodymium: yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (Hereus Inc, E. Rutherford, NJ) photocoagulation, and argon beam coagulator (ABC) (Beacon Lab, Bloomfield, CO) electrocoagulation of the parietal pleura. At evaluation at 30 ± 2 days, the efficacy of pleurodesis was graded on a scale of 0 to 4, with 0 representing a complete absence of pleural symphysis and 4 the adhesion of more than one lobe to both the chest wall and mediastinum. Mean grade and standard deviation of each method were: talc, 3.0 ± 0.67; mechanical, 3.0 ± 0.82; tetracycline, 2.3 ± 1.4; ABC, 1.5 ± 0.97; and Nd:YAG laser, 0.7 ± 0.95. Both the talc and mechanical methods were superior to either the Nd:YAG laser or the ABC ( p
Latent functions of the sick role in various institutional settings

Abstract Using Merton's concept of latent functions, this paper asks whether the sick role can contribute to social stability. The sick role provides a controllable form of deviance which mitigates potentially disruptive conflicts between personality needs and the social system's role demands. Although details vary in each institutional setting, the sick role is found to serve stabilizing social functions in the family, mental hospital, totalitarian state, penal institution, armed forces and Selective Service System.
Hamiltonian formulation of adiabatic free boundary Euler flows

Abstract A Hamiltonian formulation of adiabatic free boundary inviscid fluid flow using only physical variables is presented in both the material and spatial formulation. Using the symmetry of particle relabeling, we derive the noncanonical Poisson bracket in Eulerian representation as a reduction from the canonical bracket in Lagrangian representation. When the free boundary of the fluid is given as the zero set of a function dragged along by the fluid flow, there is another bracket due to Abarbanel et al. [Physics of Fluids, (vol. 31), (2802), (1988)]. It is shown that this formulation «coversa the present one by proving that the natural restriction map is Poisson. It is also shown that the potential vortycity and the conserved quantities found by Abarbanel and Holm [Physics of Fluids (vol. 30), (3369), (1987)] are also conserved in the free boundary case.
End Leakage of Aerospace Homopolar Alternators

An accurate knowledge of the magnetic field distribution is of great importance in finding the best designs for electrical machinery. It is the purpose of this paper to present a new numerical method for the determination of three-dimensional flux distribution in the end zone of a highspeed aerospace homopolar alternator, and for the calculation of end leakage reactance. The new analysis is applied to an experimental 95 kVA, 115/200 V, 3400 Hz, 40 800 r/min, three-phase, wye-connected, homopolar alternator.
The process of shear band formation in plane strain compression of fcc metals: Effects of crystallographic texture

Abstract The recent advances in the development of constitutive equations for large deformations of ductile single crystals and the development of robust finite element procedures for solving non-homogeneous boundary-value problems using these constitutive models, provide a foundation for understanding and predicting many features of the localization of deformation into shear bands. This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of the effects of crystallographic texture evolution on the process of shear band formation in plane strain compression of initially isotropic OFHC polycrystalline copper. An aggregate of single crystals is used to represent a polycrystal. The calculations are two-dimensional plane strain at the macroscopic level, but they use the actual slip system structure for fee materials with twelve {111} 110 type slip systems. In the calculations an element of the finite element mesh represents either a single crystal or a part of a single crystal, and the constitutive response at an integration point is given by the single crystal constitutive model. The calculation procedures enforce equilibrium and compatibility throughout the polycrystalline aggregate in the weak finite element sense. No initial material or geometric imperfections are prescribed, but the initial lattice orientations are different from one grain to the next. The localization of deformation in the simulations is found to be a natural outcome of large deformation processes in ductile polycrystalline materials, and associated with the concurrent evolution of crystallographic texture. Comparison of results from the numerical simulations against experimental measurements shows that the resolution of grain-scale micro-shear bands requires very fine finite element meshes. The limitations of our computers are such that at present even very refined finite element meshes are too coarse to capture grain-scale shear bands. However, our simulations do capture the major features that are observed experimentally. In particular, the averaged global stress-strain behavior, the crystallographic texture, and the orientation of macroscale shear bands predicted by our simulations are close to those measured in our experiments.
Atomic structure of FeAl{001}

Abstract The atomic structure of a clean {001} surface of the ordered binary alloy FeAl with 46 at% Al (lattice parameter 2.904 A) has been determined by low-energy electron diffraction analysis. The bulk structure is of the CsCl-type. The top surface plane is shown to be an Al layer, with an Fe plane for the second layer. The first interlayer spacing (between Al and Fe) is found to be contracted by 14.6%, while the second interlayer spacing (between Fe and Al) is found to be expanded by 4%. A sputter-cleaned but not annealed surface of this alloy is found to have ordered regions of predominantly bcc Fe{001}.
Conflicting preferences and advance directives

Hertogh and his colleagues argue that “the condition of advanced dementia can never be a reason to perform euthanasia based on an [advance euthanasia directive] AED” (Hertogh et al. 2007, 48). The ...
Verification of Register Transfer Level Parallel Control Sequences

This correspondence presents a method for proof of correctness of register transfer level (RTL) parallel control sequences that describe hardware behavior. An RTL language endowed with parallel constructs is presented and its semantics is defined. The semantics includes temporal behavior. An assertion-based proof method is presented for verification of parallel control sequences described in this language. An example is given and comparisons are drawn between proofs of parallel register transfer level sequences and parallel programs. The temporal semantics associated with the language permits the construction and proof of parallel sequences that are not possible with parallel programs. Accessing shared resources outside critical regions is possible and is illustrated.
Decoding nonspecific interactions from nature

The interactions which govern chemical processes may be broadly categorized into specific interactions, high activity for a certain target molecule, and nonspecific interactions, low activity for all targets. Despite their ubiquity in biology and chemistry, nonspecific interactions are generally overlooked and a fundamental understanding of nonspecific interactions is lacking. Molecular chaperones are large protein complexes which have evolved to resist nonspecific interactions. Their interior surface resists binding to thousands of types of misfolded proteins. Proteins found in the cytoplasm, a crowded environment with many spurious binding targets, are another example. These proteins have evolved high selectivity and stability despite nonspecific interactions. Using structural bioinformatics, we have studied the interiors of molecular chaperones from five species and examined the surface chemistry of 1162 proteins, categorized by if they are present in the cytoplasm or extracellular space. A better understanding of how nature resists nonspecific interactions is key for the chemistry of materials, surfaces, and particles which must remain stable in complex environments. The abundance of amino acids, their interactions, their hydration, and sequence patterns were compared in these two systems, molecular chaperones and proteins surfaces. Striking similarities were found and trends were identified as the system environments became harsher. Peptide based mimics were synthesized to test the conclusions. This, in turn, has led to the design of new stealth compounds and a deeper understanding of nonspecific interactions.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of acylated lipids containing pyrene fatty acids

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of acylated lipids containing pyrene fatty acids is described. The method is adapted from a procedure originally developed for the analysis of tissue lipids (Christie, W. W. (1985) J. Lipid Res. 26, 507–512). Pyrenyl lipid analogs ranging in polarity from cholesteryl ester to lysophosphatidylcholine are completely resolved on a silica column in 50 min by gradient elution with a ternary solvent system. Furthermore, pyrene-labeled triglycerides are resolved according to the number of pyrene fatty acid residues incorporated. Pyrenyl lipids are detected at levels of 10−13 mol by high-sensitivity fluorescence detection. Accurate quantification of pyrenyl lipids is obtained by correcting peak areas for mobile-phase quenching effects. The close correspondence between chromatograms obtained for the separation of labeled lipids extracted from Hep-G2 cells incubated with either 12-(1-pyrenyl)dodecanoic acid (fluorescence detection) or [1-14C]oleic acid (radioactivity detection) indicates that this HPLC method is equally suitable for analysis of native lipids.
Preliminary study of haplotypes linked to the rare cystic fibrosis E1104X mutation

The analysis of some extra- and intragenic markers within or closely linked to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene is useful as a molecular method in clinical linkage analysis. Indeed, knowing that the molecular basis of cystic fibrosis (CF) is highly heterogeneous in our population, the study of haplotype association with normal and CF chromosomes could be very helpful in cases where one or both mutations remain unidentified. In this study, we analysed with PCR-RFLP and capillary electrophoresis some extra (pJ3.11, KM19 and XV2C) and intragenic (IVS8CA, IVS17bTA and IVS17bCA) polymorphic markers in 50 normal and 10 Tunisian patients carrying the rare E1104X mutation in order to determine the haplotype associated with this mutation. For the extragenic markers, 8 haplotypes were identified. The most frequent of them are the 221 and 112 accounting for 80% of total haplotypes. For the intragenic markers, five haplotypes were present on the E1104X chromosomes. One of them 16-31-13 accounted for 50%. To our knowledge, this is the first work to be interested to the haplotypes linked to the E1104X mutation. This preliminary study of haplotypes could be a helpful method to determine the molecular lesions responsible of this pathology.
Dysregulation of HIF2α and autophagy in renal cell carcinoma

Our recent study shows that autophagy collaborates with proteasomes to degrade endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1, also known as HIF2α) in a manner dependent on Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62). The genetic dysregulation of autophagy is a common feature of different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Age-Related Differences in Rabbits during Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis

PURPOSE. To analyze age-related changes in susceptibility to experimental Staphylococcus aureus keratitis and purified α-toxin in rabbits. METHODS. Intrastromal injection of S. aureus (100 colony-forming units [CFUs]) induced keratitis in young (6-8 weeks) and aged (approximately 30 months) New Zealand White rabbits. Bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) per cornea were quantified. Purified α-toxin at 1, 10, 25, or 50 hemolytic units (HU) or heat-inactivated α-toxin was intrastromally injected into corneas, and pathologic changes were determined by slit lamp examination (SLE) and histopathologic analysis. α-Toxin hemolysis assays were performed using erythrocytes from young and aged rabbits. RESULTS. S. aureus keratitis produced significantly higher SLE scores in young rabbits than in aged rabbits at 15, 20, and 25 hours postinfection (PI; P ≤ 0.001); aged rabbits essentially recovered from S. aureus keratitis by 7 days PI. At 25 hours PI, numbers of CFUs and PMNs in corneas of young and aged rabbits were equivalent (P ≥ 0.6); the bacterial burden in aged rabbits declined by 5 logs per cornea from day 1 to day 7 PI. Intrastromal injection of ≥10 HU α-toxin also produced significantly more disease in young than in aged rabbit corneas (P ≤ 0.05), whereas 1 HU or heat-inactivated toxin yielded negligible pathologic changes in either group. Hemolysis assays of erythrocytes from young rabbits demonstrated greater susceptibility to α-toxin compared with those from aged rabbits. CONCLUSIONS. Corneas and erythrocytes of young rabbits, relative to aged rabbits, are significantly more susceptible to S. aureus keratitis and to α-toxin.
Blunt intrapericardial superior vena cava injury - A trap for the unwary

Wepresent a case of haemodynamically unstable blunt thoracic injury that required emergency mediastinal exploration and vascular repair for rupture of the intrapericardial superior vena cava and innominate artery. In addition, on further imaging after operation the patient was found to have a third great vessel injury and this was managed non-operatively. The case reinforces the need for all emergency surgeons to: be able to approach and repair the great vessels of the chest, employ re-examination and re-evaluation and the use of advanced imaging to diagnose all injuries and to assure long-term follow-up for those lesions managed conservatively. Workup of blunt thoracic vascular injuries is directed by the physiology of the patient. Unstable patients have limited preoperative management and treatment relies on rapid surgical exploration and repair. Stable patients can undergo further radiographic workup and the intervention selected based on the imaging results. This intervention may range from open repair, endovascular stenting, or observation in patients with lesser injuries.
A market-based mechanism for providing demand-side regulation service reserves

We develop a market-based mechanism that enables a building Smart Microgrid Operator (SMO) to offer regulation service reserves and meet the associated obligation of fast response to commands issued by the wholesale market Independent System Operator (ISO) who provides energy and purchases reserves. The proposed market-based mechanism allows the SMO to control the behavior of internal loads through price signals and to provide feedback to the ISO. A regulation service reserves quantity is transacted between the SMO and the ISO for a relatively long period of time (e.g., a one hour long time-scale). During this period the ISO repeatedly requests from the SMO to decrease or increase its consumption. We model the operational task of selecting an optimal short time-scale dynamic pricing policy as a stochastic dynamic program that maximizes average SMO and ISO utility. We then formulate an associated non-linear programming static problem that provides an upper bound on the optimal utility. We study an asymptotic regime in which this upper bound is tight and the static policy provides an efficient approximation of the dynamic pricing policy. We demonstrate, verify and validate the proposed approach through a series of Monte Carlo simulations of the controlled system time trajectories.
Toward an Accessible Pedagogy: Dis/ability, Multimodality, and Universal Design in the Technical Communication Classroom

This article explores the challenges and opportunities that the rising numbers of students with disabilities and the changing definition of disability pose to technical communication teachers and researchers. Specifically, in a teacher-researcher study that combines methods from disability studies, I report on the effectiveness of multimodal and universal design approaches to more comprehensively address disability and accessibility in the classroom and to revise traditional impairment-specific approaches to disability in technical communication.
Why War? Why Not Peace? Santideva's Answer to Einstein's Famous Question to Freud

Reviewing Sigmund Freud's essays and correspondence during World War I, we find that for the most part he minimized or denied the impact the war was having on him and his patients. Just as Sandor Ferenczi's emphasis on the impact of “real” childhood events and the “real” relationship between patient and analyst was seen as aberrant, so too was Ferenczi's warning Freud to leave Germany in 1933 treated as paranoia. Freud's later works apply his psychoanalytic theories to society as a whole but do not consider ways to “cure” social ills, so it is not surprising that Freud didn't hear Albert Einstein's famous question, Why War? as a plea for insight into how to end war. The author suggests a reconsideration of Einstein's question from the perspective of Buddhist psychology and finds a more optimistic albeit difficult answer.
Preparing the US army for the wrong war, educational and doctrinal failure 1865–91

Doctrine prepares warriors for the next war and is often a repeat of the last war's successful experience. But what happens if the next opponent does not follow the ‘script'? What happens if the next situation is asymmetrical i.e. the opponent is not a mirror image? What happens if the situation negates the high‐tech and maximum use of firepower and ordnance solution modern warfare establishments prefer? This article examines the US Army's conduct in the Indian Wars (1865–91). It focuses on the problems of relying on a conventional education system, doctrine and force structure when dealing with unconventional opponents.
The Strategies and Struggles of Graduate Diversity Officers in the Recruitment of Doctoral Students of Color.

The growing heterogeneity of American society is increasingly reflected in the undergraduate student population, yet there has been less change within graduate education. As graduate education is the pipeline to the professoriate, we must have a better understanding of how to promote institutional change toward greater graduate diversity. This qualitative study of 14 graduate diversity officers (GDOs) across 11 research universities provides insight into efforts universities can make to increase graduate diversity and foster institutional change. Findings suggest promising practices, including integrated recruitment efforts that reflect a strong commitment to diversity at both the institutional and departmental level. Faculty play a significant role in the change process, yet could also be a limiting factor due to inconsistent commitments to diversity and institutional change.
An integrated optimization framework for inferring two generation kinships and parental genotypes from microsatellite samples

With the growing development and application of genetic data availability, it provides new possibilities in establishing the genealogical relationships of individual organisms such as sibling reconstruction, parentage inference, and inheritance investigation. We propose a new integrated optimization framework for parental reconstruction of a single-generation population using microsatellite data. Without prior information about the population, our optimization framework uses the combinatorial concepts of Mendel's laws of inheritance to reconstruct sibling groups and in turn identifies the associated parental genotypes. The effectiveness and robustness of our proposed approach were evaluated by both real biological and simulated data sets, covering different mating systems: monogamy, semi-monogamy, and polygamy. Additionally, we compared the results of the proposed approach with other state-of-the-art sibship reconstruction and parentage inference methods. The results demonstrate efficient and accurate inference for parental genotypes, and potentially suggest that our framework can provide an insightful roadmap for investigators to navigate fundamental ecological and evolutionary studies.
Resistance to cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos in the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, collected from the eastern United States

The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is an important pest in poultry facilities. The toxicity of cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos to five strains of the lesser mealworm was compared with the toxicity to a susceptible laboratory strain. Bioassays were carried out with both larvae and adults. For the susceptible strain, cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos had similar toxicity to adults, but cyfluthrin was 5 times more toxic to larvae when compared with tetrachlorvinphos. High levels of resistance to tetrachlorvinphos in two beetle strains were detected in both larvae and adults, although these strains were heterogeneous and still contained susceptible individuals. Resistance to cyfluthrin ranged from 1.7- to 9.5-fold for adults and from 0.5- to 29-fold for larvae at the LC95. Overall, the patterns of resistance did not mirror the insecticide use patterns reported at these facilities. The implications of these results to management of the lesser mealworms are discussed.  2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Is QSO1146+111B,C due to lensing by a cosmic string?

A newly discovered lens candidate, QSO 1146 + 111B,C, is discussed which appears to consist of two images of equal brightness of a quasar at redshift 1.01 separated by 2.6 arcmin. If this is produced by a cosmic string, its mass per unit length is about 4.0 x 10 to the 23rd g/cm or more. This value is large enough to be interesting for string-assisted galaxy formation and near the upper limits implied by the isotropy of the cosmic microwave background and constraints on gravitational radiation.
Plug and play power electronics interface applied in microgrid

Microgrid is predicted to drastically change the whole grid and offer a wide application domain for power electronics. The interface between distributed energy resource (DER) and the grid is usually through power electronics device, which controls the current drawn from the grid and can be driven to optimize the power flow, improve voltage stability and increase distribution efficiency. To achieve the autonomous control of the microgrid, the plug and play(PnP) power electronics interface for DER is a good solution to support device self-identification and system resources assignment. In the paper, the hardware architecture is built by using integrated power electronics module and a novel hierarchical software architecture is proposed by standardizing interfaces between levels. The experimental results indicate the benefits of the PnP power electronics interface. The proposed architecture with high level of flexibility, modularity can benefit the PnP property and paves the way towards future PnP power electronics interface in microgrid.
Terahertz Excitation of a coherent Λ-type three-level system of exciton-polariton modes in a quantum-well microcavity

Strong THz pulses induce pronounced nonlinear optical effects in a QW microcavity, resonantly driving exction-polariton polarizations coupled to an optically dark 2p-exciton polarization. The coherent coupling between the polarizations dephases within a few picoseconds.
Modeling and simulation (M&S) of communication systems

The authors provide broad perspectives on the modeling and simulation of communications as they relate to distributed interactive simulation (DIS). They also address the general concern of the US Department of Defense with the untapped potential of modeling and simulation, which has led to the establishment of significant new modeling and simulation programs based on a need for an accredited, real-time, fighter-in-the-loop simulation of the joint and combined battlefield. >
Comparative environmental law and regulation

Written by international contributors and edited by noted experts, this title analyzes key environmental laws, regulations, and implementation systems of more than 50 countries. Each country's chapter discusses the potential impact of environmental laws on business transactions and offers practical advice on dealing with regulatory and enforcement authorities. You'll find information on: Local environmental laws; How laws are implemented; When, how, and where to apply for licenses and permits; Prosecution policies for environmental crimes; Toxic tort litigation; Administrative litigation; Jurisdiction of pertinent agencies.Features: Includes a guide to locating environmental law information on the Internet, reliability indicators, research criteria, and advice on how to find the most current official documents; Provides reviews of the pertinent environmental rules of such supranational bodies as ASEAN, the Andean Community, and the European Union.
Tankbot: A miniature, peeling based climber on rough and smooth surfaces

Tankbot is a miniature, energy efficient, lightweight (60 g), and robust climbing robot. It uses the continuous detachment force (peeling) of the flat, bulk tacky elastomer tread to climb. An optimum peeling angle with a preliminary analysis of the pretension effect, and the tread force distributions are presented. A passive tail transfers the peeling force from the rear wheel to the front and ensures intimate continuous contact with the surface. Tankbot works in any orientation on smooth surfaces, such as glass and acrylic, of all slope angles (0 – 360 degrees). However, the robot can only work vertically on relatively rough surfaces in any direction, such as wood, metal, painted wall, and painted brick. Tankbot can carry a payload of up to 40 g and 100 g on inverted and vertical surfaces, respectively. In addition, the robot can go over obstacles up to 15 mm tall on smooth vertical surfaces. Internal transitioning from horizontal to vertical and vertical to horizontal and external transitioning from vertical to the horizontal are also achieved. The potential applications of this robot include inspection, exploration, maintenance, cleaning, repair, and search and rescue.
Retrieval interference in sentence comprehension

The role of interference effects in sentence processing has recently begun to receive attention, however whether these effects arise during encoding or retrieval remains unclear. This paper draws on basic memory research to help distinguish these explanations and reports data from an experiment that manipulates the possibility for retrieval interference while holding encoding conditions constant. We found clear support for the principle of cue-overload, wherein cues available at retrieval cannot uniquely distinguish among competitors, thus giving rise to interference effects. We discuss the data in relation to a cue-based parsing framework (Van Dyke & Lewis, 2003) and other interference effects observed in sentence processing (e.g., Gordon, Hendrick, & Johnson, 2001, 2004). We conclude from the available data that the memory system that subserves language comprehension operates according to similar principles as memory in other domains.
Role of Operative Therapy in Non-cirrhotic Patients with Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We investigated the role of operative therapy in non-cirrhotic patients who developed metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This retrospective cohort study included consecutive non-cirrhotic patients with metastatic HCC after a prior hepatectomy treated between 1990 and 2009. Patients were stratified by operative therapy (resection, ablation, transcatheter therapy). Kaplan–Meier analyses with log-rank comparisons tested effects of operative therapy on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Of 195 non-cirrhotic patients treated for HCC during the study period, 98 [median age 65, interquartile range (IQR) 53–71; 55 % male] subsequently developed metastatic HCC (55 intrahepatic only). Median time to development of metastases after the index operation was 10 months (IQR 5–20 months); median number of metastases was 3 (IQR 2–7). Half of these patients (n = 50) underwent operative treatment of metastases; 20 (40 %) underwent metastasectomy, 18 (36 %) ablation, and 12 (24 %) transcatheter therapy. Operative therapy was associated with improved OS (p < 0.001). Resection or ablation was associated with improved PFS and OS compared to transcatheter therapy (all p ≤ 0.006). Nine patients (seven resection, two ablation) are disease free at a median of 50 months (IQR 24–80 months) posttreatment. Resection and ablation are associated with an improved PFS and long-term OS and should be considered in select patients with metastatic HCC.
Orthorhombic cis‐di­chloro­tetrakis­(di­methyl sulfoxide)­ruthenium(II) at 120 K

Refinement of the structure of the Pccn polymorph of the title compound, [RuCl2(C2H6OS)4], using low-temperature data, has led to an increase in precision by a factor of 2–3 over the previous room-temperature results [Attia & Calligaris (1987). Acta Cryst. C43, 1426–1427] and those for the P21/n polymorph [Mercer & Trotter (1975). J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. pp. 2480–2483; Alessio et al. (1988) Inorg. Chem. 27, 4099–4106]. The chloro ligands are cis, with Ru—Cl distances of 2.4165 (8) and 2.4352 (8) A, and the di­methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ligands trans to them are S-bonded, with Ru—S distances of 2.2717 (8) and 2.2734 (9) A. One of the two mutually trans DMSO ligands is O-bonded, and the Ru–S distance trans to it is shortened, at 2.2480 (9) A.
Conformational analysis of a secondary hydroxamic acid in aqueous solution by NOE spectroscopy.

Hydroxamic acids are metal-binding compounds used by micro-organisms and possess applications in medicine and industry. Hydroxamic acids favor two conformations, E and Z; metal binding is limited to the Z conformation. The Z conformation may be identifiable by NOE spectroscopy, but analysis is complicated by the potential for long-range coupling as well as for relayed NOEs due to conformational switching. In this report, we re-examine the reported conformational preference of N-methyl acetohydroxamic acid (NMHA) in D2O using NOE spectroscopy. We find that the favored conformation of NMHA in aqueous solution is the E conformation, contrary to an earlier report. NOE build-up curves are proposed as a valuable tool to probe conformational behavior in similar systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CP violation in the Cabibbo-rotated nonlinear σ-model

In this paper we obtain a fairly complete account ofCP violation in the kaon system based on a twisted version of the standard nonlinear σ-model introduced in earlier publications. The values estimated for variousCP violation parameters are summarized below, followed by the corresponding experimental data in square brackets. These values were calculated on the assumption that\(\Lambda _{\overline {MS} } = 200MeV\). 1) 〈KS•KL≈3.38·10{si−}[(3.30±0.16)·10−3exp[i(3±2)0]] 2) •e•≈•η+−•≈•η00≈2.39·10−3,[•e•=(2.25±0.13)·10−3, •η+-•=(2.275±0.021)·10−3, •η00•=(2.299±0.036)·10−3], 3) φe≈45°[(43.7±0.2)°], 4) A(Ks→3π)≈0 [fractions: π+π−π0(<4.9)±10−5,π+π0π0(<3.7)±10−5.
Vector Aspects of Dynamic Similarity

Evaluation of results of laboratory scale model studies and theoretical analyses for prediction of characteristics of flow in fluid mechanics design; theory of dynamic similarity; equations are derived for determination of laws of homologous operation of turbomachines; reformulation of laws of dynamic similarity required by vector nature of fluid flow variables; discrepancies in geometrically distorted models and possible model adjustments for compensation.
The History of Radio Astronomy

2009 was the International Year of Astronomy. This marked the 400th anniversary of the Italian astronomer Galileo turning his small refracting telescope towards the sky. Galileo observed the mountains on the Moon and the planet Jupiter with its four large satellites, which are now known as the Galilean satellites. He observed sunspots and made drawings of these sunspots and found that they moved across the Sun’s surface. This led Galileo to note that the Sun rotates on its axis. Meanwhile, the history of unaided eye astronomy can be traced back thousands of years. All ancient civilizations looked up at the sky and saw patterns within the stars, and they gave these groups of stars names.
Tropical cloud buoyancy is the same in a world with or without ice

When convective clouds grow above the melting line, where temperatures fall below 0°C, condensed water begins to freeze and water vapor is deposited. These processes release the latent heat of fusion, which warms cloud air, and many previous studies have suggested that this heating from fusion increases cloud buoyancy in the upper troposphere. Here we use numerical simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium with and without ice processes to argue that tropical cloud buoyancy is not systematically higher in a world with fusion than in a world without it. This insensitivity results from the fact that the environmental temperature profile encountered by developing tropical clouds is itself determined by convection. We also offer a simple explanation for the large reservoir of convective available potential energy in the tropical upper troposphere that does not invoke ice.
Topset-dominated deltas: A new model for river delta stratigraphy

In the late 1800s, G.K. Gilbert provided the first stratigraphic description of river delta deposits, but later work revealed that the "Gilbert-type" model, long thought to be universal, did not apply to all deltas. Here we propose that, in addition to "Gilbert-type" deltas (herein called foreset-dominated), there is a class of deltas with a basic, first-order stratigraphy that is topset-dominated. We develop a geometric model that predicts the occurrence of each delta type by calculating the topset and foreset thicknesses under different fluvial and basinal conditions. Our model predicts that topset-dominated deltas have a novel characteristic: their distributary channels commonly incise into pre-delta sediment. This type of delta should be common on shelves where the slope is less than ∼0.05° and the river feeding the delta has a discharge greater than ∼200 m 3 /s. Field data from Gulf of Mexico deltas confirm the prediction that distributary channels often incise into pre-delta sediment. Finally, we propose a new stratigraphic model for topset-dominated deltas and suggest that future stratigraphic interpretation must distinguish between delta types because the cause of channel incision for each is different and may be unrelated to allogenic changes.