cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 246: Thoracic versus Abdominal Aortic Stiffness in Young and Old Non-Human Primates

We demonstrated that thoracic aortic stiffness is increased in aging monkeys, with the mechanism involving increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) stiffness. In view of the importance of increased abdominal aortic stiffness to greater incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms, the goal of this investigation was to determine differences in thoracic vs. abdominal aortic stiffness in young and old monkeys (fascicularis and rhesus). Most prior studies on aortic stiffness have been conducted in vitro or in anesthetized animals with indirect measurements of stiffness. A novel feature of the current investigation was to measure aortic diameter and pressure instantaneously and continuously in chronically instrumented, conscious young (n=25, 5-12yrs) and old male (n=21, >24yrs) monkeys, instrumented with aortic pressure gauges and ultrasonic aortic diameter crystals on the thoracic and abdominal aorta. The aortic stiffness index, β[[Unable to Display Character: ]][[Unable to Display Character: ]...
Post-buckling nonlinear vibrations of initially imperfect structuralsystems

equilibriurn position. The total potential energy V can be expressed as The response of an impelfect structure to a simple harmor~ic excitation is studied. It is shown that an imperfect structure with three post-buckling equilibrium positions may exhibit static behavior similar to that of a structure with only one equilibriurn position, but that the two structures may exhibit very different dynamic behaviors. Specifically, the structure with three equilibrium positions can follow a relatively erratic path on its way to a steady state, can have more possible steady states, and can apparently develop a chaotic response. [ : 2 v = c (0 on, p( cos 0" cos O ) ] (1) where C is the stiffness of the rotational spring, O and ( 1 , have previously btwn defined, and p is the load parameter defined by The equilibrium paths, obtained from the equilibrium equation
Method Patent Exceptionalism

Inventive methods and processes have long received hostile treatment by the patent system. Courts have long been skeptical of these claims because of the potential for overbreadth of the patent, particularly if the method is delineated in functional terms. This categorical skepticism, however, fails to consider the technological specificity of such concerns. For example, the pharmaceutical industry views method claims, particularly methods of use and treatment, as weaker, second-tier forms of protection. While important, patents on the chemical compound itself offers greater downstream protection over all uses of the compound.Nevertheless, process claims have received differential treatment in patent law. Congress has adopted process-specific provisions. Notwithstanding that Congress has often legislated specific provisions for process claims, the Federal Circuit has gone further, affording patented processes exceptional – and usually detrimental – treatment, even though the patent statute is neutral as to the nature of the invention. Moreover, the exceptional treatment creates inconsistencies in the law. For example, the Federal Circuit has stated that it would not be possible to infringe a patent on a method by selling or offering to sell the invention, even though the law is clear that method claims are subject to patent exhaustion (the “first sale” doctrine) and to the on-sale bar. Similar exceptional treatments arises for extraterritorial protection for U.S. patents and the manner courts handle “divided infringement” scenarios, where more than one party is involved in the act of infringement. Ironically, the one area where treating methods differently would be most appropriate – assessing patent eligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101 – is the one place where the Supreme Court has conflated patented methods with other types of inventions.This Article offers the first comprehensive exploration of method patent exceptionalism and posits ways to eliminate the differential treatment of method claims to put them on equal footing with other types of inventions.
Effects of Seeding Amount and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Character of Ear and Yield of Lv Han No1 under Direct-sowing Dry Culture Condition

By methods of field trials and randomized blocks design,the seeding amount and nitrogen fertilizer on character of ear and yield of LvHan No 1 under direct-sowing dry culture condition were studied in this experiment.Under the same amount of nitrogen applied fertilizer,the result indicated that the spike number increased,and the length and full grain and branch of panicle were decreased with the raise of seed quantity.Under the lower seed quantity,the panicle and length of panicle increased with the raise of nitrogen applied fertilizer;But under the higher seeding amount,the panicle and length of panicle increased disapparently with the raise of nitrogen applied fertilizer.The effects of seeding amount and nitrogen fertilizer on full grain and grain weight and grain density were small.Within treatments,the yield of A2B2 was most,and the second one was A2B3.When direct sowing,seeding amount with 40-60 kg/hm2and the nitrogen fertilizer with 270 kg/hm2 was considered suitable.
Neurotoxic Methamphetamine Doses Increase LINE-1 Expression in the Neurogenic Zones of the Adult Rat Brain

Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused psychostimulant with the potential to cause neurotoxicity in the striatum and hippocampus. Several epigenetic changes have been described after administration of METH; however, there are no data regarding the effects of METH on the activity of transposable elements in the adult brain. The present study demonstrates that systemic administration of neurotoxic METH doses increases the activity of Long INterspersed Element (LINE-1) in two neurogenic niches in the adult rat brain in a promoter hypomethylation-independent manner. Our study also demonstrates that neurotoxic METH triggers persistent decreases in LINE-1 expression and increases the LINE-1 levels within genomic DNA in the striatum and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and that METH triggers LINE-1 retrotransposition in vitro. We also present indirect evidence for the involvement of glutamate (GLU) in LINE-1 activation. The results suggest that LINE-1 activation might occur in neurogenic areas in human METH users and might contribute to METH abuse-induced hippocampus-dependent memory deficits and impaired performance on several cognitive tasks mediated by the striatum.
Development of the Nursing Community Apgar Questionnaire (NCAQ): a rural nurse recruitment and retention tool

Introduction: Health professional shortages are a significant issue throughout the USA, particularly in rural communities. Filling nurse vacancies is a costly concern for many critical access hospitals (CAH), which serve as the primary source of health care for rural communities. CAHs and rural communities have strengths and weaknesses that affect their recruitment and retention of rural nurses. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool that rural communities and CAHs can utilize to assess their strengths and weaknesses related to nurse recruitment and retention. Methods: The Nursing Community Apgar Questionnaire (NCAQ) was developed based on an extensive literature review, visits to multiple rural sites, and consultations with rural nurses, rural nurse administrators and content experts. Results: A quantitative interview tool consisting of 50 factors that affect rural nurse recruitment and retention was developed. The tool allows participants to rate each factor in terms of advantage and importance level. The tool also includes three open-ended questions for qualitative analysis. Conclusions: The NCAQ was designed to identify rural communities’ and CAHs’ strengths and challenges related to rural nurse recruitment and retention. The NCAQ will be piloted and a database developed for CAHs to compare their results with those in the database. Furthermore, the NCAQ results may be utilized to prioritize resource allocation and tailor rural nurse recruitment and retention efforts to highlight a community’s strengths. The NCAQ will function as a useful real-time tool for CAHs looking to assess and improve their rural nurse recruitment and retention practices and compare their results with those of their peers. Longitudinal
Relationship between terrain use and performance of beef cows grazing foothill rangeland.

A study was conducted on foothills rangeland to determine whether grazing patterns differed among cow breeds and to determine whether there was a relationship between individual grazing patterns and performance of beef cows. Hereford (HH), Tarentaise (TT), 3/4 Hereford × 1/4 Tarentaise (3H1T), 1/2 Hereford × 1/2 Tarentaise (HT), and 1/4 Hereford x 3/4 Tarentaise (1H3T) cows were observed during the summers of 1997 (n = 183) and 1998 (n = 159). Locations of individual cows were recorded two to three times per week during 1.5- to 2.5-h periods in the morning by observers on horseback. Statistical models included cow breed, age, and nursing status. Data from each year were analyzed separately. During 1997 and 1998, nonlactating cows were located at greater (P 0.05) of calving date and weaning weight with cow location. During both years, pregnant and nonpregnant cows used terrain similarly (P > 0.05), which suggests that cow reproductive performance was not related to terrain use. Grazing patterns in foothills rangeland varied among cow breeds. Performance of cows that used more rugged topography was similar to cows using gentler terrain.
Tissue-specific down-regulation of S-adenosyl-homocysteine via suppression of dAhcyL1/dAhcyL2 extends health span and life span in Drosophila

Aging is a risk factor for many human pathologies and is characterized by extensive metabolic changes. Using targeted high-throughput metabolite profiling in Drosophila melanogaster at different ages, we demonstrate that methionine metabolism changes strikingly during aging. Methionine generates the methyl donor S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM), which is converted via methylation to S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH), which accumulates during aging. A targeted RNAi screen against methionine pathway components revealed significant life span extension in response to down-regulation of two noncanonical Drosophila homologs of the SAH hydrolase Ahcy (S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase [SAHH[), CG9977/dAhcyL1 and Ahcy89E/CG8956/dAhcyL2, which act as dominant-negative regulators of canonical AHCY. Importantly, tissue-specific down-regulation of dAhcyL1/L2 in the brain and intestine extends health and life span. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis of dAhcyL1-deficient flies revealed its effect on age-dependent metabolic reprogramming and H3K4 methylation. Altogether, reprogramming of methionine metabolism in young flies and suppression of age-dependent SAH accumulation lead to increased life span. These studies highlight the role of noncanonical Ahcy enzymes as determinants of healthy aging and longevity.
Study of Prismatic Planing Model Spray and Resistance Components

Resultats d'une etude des composantes de resistance et d'embrun d'un modele de navire a coque planante prismatique
Scattering detection of a solenoidal Poynting vector field.

The Poynting vector S plays a central role in electrodynamics as it is directly related to the power and the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave. In the presence of multiple electromagnetic waves with different polarizations and propagation directions, the Poynting vector may exhibit solenoidal components which are not associated to any power flow. Here, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the presence of such solenoidal components has physical consequences, and it is not a mere artifact of the gauge invariance of S. In particular, we identify a simple field configuration displaying solenoidal components of S and theoretically show that a judiciously designed scatterer can act as a “Poynting vector detector” which when immersed in such field distribution would experience a transverse optical force orthogonal to the incidence plane. We experimentally validate our theoretical predictions by observing a pronounced asymmetry in the scattering pattern of a spherical nanoparticle.
Enzyme Organization in the Polyaromatic—Biosynthetic Pathway: The arom Conjugate and Other Multienzyme Systems*

Publisher Summary The multienzyme system involved in the de novo biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, particularly as it exists in many eukaryotic microorganisms, truly represents a “model system” for studying the structure and function of enzyme organization in vitro . The synthesis of tryptophan requires a total of 13 enzyme reactions, seven of which are constituted by the polyaromatic branch. In Neurospora , for example, this pathway yields three isolable multienzyme clusters—one of which is the arom conjugate. Each of the three clusters exhibits unique kinetic and/or regulatory properties, such as, metabolite “channeling” and coordinate activation. Studies on organized enzyme systems can be expected to have a major impact in the area of metabolic regulation, as well as in the areas of genetics and molecular evolution. This chapter discusses some of the important regulatory features of enzyme organization.
Policy Interventions and Relative Incomes of Families with Children by Family Structure and Parental Education

Cross-nationally, scholars conceptualize welfare states as both systems of stratification, reinforcing status distinctions between groups, and systems granting social rights to citizens. With growi...
Designing a Text Messaging Intervention to Improve Physical Activity Behavior Among Low-Income Latino Patients With Diabetes: A Discrete-Choice Experiment, Los Angeles, 2014–2015

Introduction Automated text messaging can deliver self-management education to activate self-care behaviors among people with diabetes. We demonstrated how a discrete-choice experiment was used to determine the features of a text-messaging intervention that are important to urban, low-income Latino patients with diabetes and that could support improvement in their physical activity behavior. Methods In a discrete-choice experiment from December 2014 through August 2015 we conducted a survey to elicit information on patient preferences for 5 features of a text-messaging intervention. We described 2 hypothetical interventions and in 7 pairwise comparisons asked respondents to indicate which they preferred. Respondents (n = 125) were recruited in person from a diabetes management program of a safety-net ambulatory care clinic in Los Angeles; clinicians referred patients to the research assistant after routine clinic visits. Data were analyzed by using conditional logistic regression. Results We found 2 intervention features that were considered by the survey respondents to be important: 1) the frequency of text messaging and 2) physical activity behavior-change education (the former being more important than the latter). Physical activity goal setting, feedback on physical activity performance, and social support were not significantly important. Conclusion A discrete-choice experiment is a feasible way to elicit information on patient preferences for a text-messaging intervention designed to support behavior change. However, discrepancies may exist between patients' stated preferences and their actual behavior. Future research should validate and expand our findings.
Ritual Communication, Social Elaboration, and the Variable Trajectories of Paleolithic Material Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses ritual communication, social elaboration, and the variable trajectories of Paleolithic material culture. The emergence of complex adaptations among hunter–gatherers by the close of the Pleistocene is widely assumed. Those hunter–gatherers who occupied the classic region of southwestern Europe during the Upper Paleolithic are one of the most heralded examples. During the course of the Upper Paleolithic, social evolution has taken the path of ever-increasing elaboration and complexity. Most Paleolithic archeologists will readily admit that the standard measures of complexity (for example, increasing definition of space or territory) are still outside the scope of Upper Paleolithic archaeological resolution. This is just as much the case for those ecological, environmental, settlement, and subsistence variables that are usually considered more accessible to archeologists as it is for those considered less accessible such as hierarchic organization or information networks.
FROM OVERT TO VEILED SEGREGATION: ISRAEL'S PALESTINIAN ARAB CITIZENS IN THE GALILEE

Author(s): Shafir, Gershon | Abstract: AbstractThis article's geographical focus is the Galilee, Israel's only region with a Palestinian Arab majority. Its sociological focus is the drive to Judaize this region, the mirror image of its de-Arabization, which I anchor in Israelis’ morbid fear of settler colonial reversal. Although direct legal discrimination—restriction of movement under a military government and exclusion from publicly administered land—was banned by the government and the High Court of Justice respectively, new modes of discrimination against Israel's Arab citizens have replaced the older forms. I demonstrate how policies that limit Arab middle-class citizens’ upwardly mobile migration into the Judaized spaces of communal settlements (or overlooks) and towns endure. I compare gatekeeping exercised by national-level indirect legal discrimination operating through the admission committees of communal settlements with the institutional discrimination practiced by municipalities of emerging mixed towns against new Arab residents’ public presence. Finally, I highlight the linkages between instances of Judaization across the Green Line, which make the unwinding of segregation, in all of its forms, that much harder.
Predicting private landowner hunting access decisions and hunter density

Urbanization and shifting landowner demographics are changing how and where hunting occurs. We surveyed nonindustrial private landowners (N = 1,843) in North Carolina, USA to examine how demographi...
Blame trees

We consider the problem of merging individual text documents, motivated by the single-file merge algorithms of document-based version control systems. Abstracting away the merging of conflicting edits to an external conflict resolution function (possibly implemented by a human), we consider the efficient identification of conflicting regions. We show how to implement tree-based document representation to quickly answer a data structure inspired by the "blame" query of some version control systems. A "blame" query associates every line of a document with the revision in which it was last edited. Our tree uses this idea to quickly identify conflicting edits. We show how to perform a merge operation in time proportional to the sum of the logarithms of the shared regions of the documents, plus the cost of conflict resolution. Our data structure is functional and therefore confluently persistent, allowing arbitrary version DAGs as in real version-control systems. Our results rely on concurrent traversal of two trees with short circuiting when shared subtrees are encountered.
Targeting cancer vulnerabilities with high-dose vitamin C

Over the past century, the notion that vitamin C can be used to treat cancer has generated much controversy. However, new knowledge regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of vitamin C and recent high-profile preclinical studies have revived interest in the utilization of high-dose vitamin C for cancer treatment. Studies have shown that pharmacological vitamin C targets many of the mechanisms that cancer cells utilize for their survival and growth. In this Opinion article, we discuss how vitamin C can target three vulnerabilities many cancer cells share: redox imbalance, epigenetic reprogramming and oxygen-sensing regulation. Although the mechanisms and predictive biomarkers that we discuss need to be validated in well-controlled clinical trials, these new discoveries regarding the anticancer properties of vitamin C are promising to help identify patient populations that may benefit the most from high-dose vitamin C therapy, developing effective combination strategies and improving the overall design of future vitamin C clinical trials for various types of cancer.
The Academic Job Search: Steps for Success

The complex and uncertain academic job search is often a terrifying prospect for aspiring recreation and leisure scholars. New doctoral candidates are eager for meaningful lived experiences and use...
Disentangling the roles of maternal and paternal age on birth prevalence of Down syndrome and other chromosomal disorders using a Bayesian modeling approach

Multiple neonatal and pediatric disorders have been linked to older paternal ages. Combining these findings with the evidence that many men are having children at much later ages generates considerable public health concern. The risk of paternal age has been difficult to estimate and interpret because children often have parents whose ages are similar and likely to be confounded. Epidemiologic studies often model the conditional effects of paternal age using regression models that typically treat maternal age as linear, curvilinear or as age-band categories. Each of these approaches has limitations. As an alternative, the current study measures age to the nearest year, and fits a Bayesian model in which each parent’s age is given a conditional autoregressive prior (CAR). Data containing approximately 12,000,000 birth records were obtained from the United States Natality database for the years 2014 to 2016. Date were cross-tabulated for maternal ages 15–49 years and for paternal ages 15–65 years. A Bayesian logistic model was implemented using conditional autoregressive priors for both maternal and paternal ages modeled separately and jointly for both Down syndrome and chromosomal disorders other than Down syndrome. Models with maternal and paternal ages given CAR priors were judged to be better fitting than traditional models. For Down syndrome, the approach attributed a very large risk to advancing maternal age with the effect of advancing paternal age having a very small sparing effect on birth prevalence. Maternal age was also related to the birth prevalence of chromosomal disorders other than Down syndrome while paternal age was not. Advancing paternal age was not associated with an increase in risk for either Down syndrome or chromosomal disorders other than Down syndrome.
Interim results from a phase Ib/II clinical study of the glutaminase inhibitor telaglenastat (CB-839) in combination with azacitidine in patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

7037Background: Glutaminase (GLS) is an enzyme that catalyzes conversion of glutamine to glutamate, providing key metabolic fuel for tumor cells. GLS is highly expressed in AML and high-risk MDS, p...
Democracy and Collective Identity in the EU and the USA

Core state powers continue moving to the centre of the European polity, yet a sense of collective identity among EU citizens remains fragile. We argue that participatory democracy at the European level is a missing element that might create a more robust collective identity in Europe. We examine the history of polity formation in the early American case to probe the link between collective identity and practices of democratic participation, focusing on contestation about the 1789 US Constitution and the creation of pan‐US political parties in the early 19th century. Everyday democratic practices helped both to represent and to constitute the nationalization of politics in the early USA, as it moved from being a de facto international organization to a unified polity. This suggests that practices of democracy may likewise help to generate a more robust collective political identity in the EU. The historical record makes clear, however, that these processes are often exclusionary, uncertain, and far from unidirectional.
CyberGIS-Jupyter for spatially explicit agent-based modeling: a case study on influenza transmission

Despite extensive efforts on achieving reproducible agent-based models (ABMs) to improve the capability of this widely adopted methodology, it remains challenging to reproduce and replicate pre-existing ABMs, due to a number of factors such as diverse computing resources and ABMs platforms. In this study, we propose to employ CyberGIS-Jupyter for spatially explicit ABMs. CyberGIS-Jupyter is a cyberGIS framework to achieve data-intensive, reproducible, and scalable geospatial analytics using Jupyter Notebook based on advanced cyberinfrastructure. Influenza transmission in the city of Miami, Florida, USA was used as a case study. In the model, Influenza is transmitted through the contact networks of individual human agents, which are constructed based on commuting behaviors. CyberGIS-Jupyter can support one not only to conduct collaborative and transparent modeling, but also to perform modeling simulation on advanced cyberinfrastructure resources. It may contribute to boosting the reproducibility and replicability of ABMs.
Neural document expansion for ad-hoc information retrieval.

Recently, Nogueira et al. [2019] proposed a new approach to document expansion based on a neural Seq2Seq model, showing significant improvement on short text retrieval task. However, this approach needs a large amount of in-domain training data. In this paper, we show that this neural document expansion approach can be effectively adapted to standard IR tasks, where labels are scarce and many long documents are present.
Recontextualizing responsibility for justice: the lynching trope, racialized temporalities, and cultivating breathable futures

This essay critically engages the Equal Justice Initiative’s (EJI) Lynching in America report to illuminate how it uses lynching as a trope to gesture to an otherwise temporality of anti-Black viol...
Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Treated with Convalescent Plasma or Remdesivir Alone and in Combination at a Community Hospital in California's Central Valley.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare how treatment with convalescent plasma (CP) monotherapy, remdesivir (RDV) monotherapy, and combination therapy (CP + RDV) in patients with COVID-19 affected clinical outcomes. METHODS: Patients with COVID-19 infection who were admitted to the hospital received CP, RDV, or combination of both. Mortality, discharge disposition, hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, and total ventilation days were compared between each treatment group and stratified by ABO blood group. An exploratory analysis identified risk factors for mortality. Adverse effects were also evaluated. RESULTS: RDV monotherapy showed an increased chance of survival compared to combination therapy or CP monotherapy (p = 0.052). There were 15, 3, and 6 deaths in the CP, RDV, and combination therapy groups, respectively. The combination therapy group had the longest median ICU LOS (8, IQR 4.5-15.5, p = 0.220) and hospital LOS (11, IQR 7-15.5, p = 0.175). Age (p = 0.036), initial SOFA score (p = 0.013), and intubation (p = 0.005) were statistically significant predictors of mortality. Patients with type O blood had decreased ventilation days, ICU LOS, and total LOS. Thirteen treatment-related adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed between patients treated with RDV, CP, or combination therapy. Elderly patients, those with a high initial SOFA score, and those who require intubation are at increased risk of mortality associated with COVID-19. Blood type did not affect clinical outcomes.
Characteristics of and User Engagement With Antivaping Posts on Instagram: Observational Study.

Background: Although government agencies acknowledge that messages about the adverse health effects of e-cigarette use should be promoted on social media, effectively delivering those health messages is challenging. Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms among US youth and young adults, and it has been used to educate the public about the potential harm of vaping through antivaping posts. Objective: We aim to analyze the characteristics of and user engagement with antivaping posts on Instagram to inform future message development and information delivery. Methods: A total of 11,322 Instagram posts were collected from November 18, 2019, to January 2, 2020, by using antivaping hashtags including #novape, #novaping, #stopvaping, #dontvape, #antivaping, #quitvaping, #antivape, #stopjuuling, #dontvapeonthepizza, and #escapethevape. Among those posts, 1025 posts were randomly selected and 500 antivaping posts were further identified by hand coding. The image type, image content, and account type of antivaping posts were hand coded, the text information in the caption was explored by topic modeling, and the user engagement of each category was compared. Results: Analyses found that antivaping images of the educational/warning type were the most common (253/500; 50.6%). The average likes of the educational/warning type (15 likes/post) were significantly lower than the catchphrase image type (these emphasized a slogan such as “athletesdontvape” in the image; 32.5 likes/post; P<.001). The majority of the antivaping posts contained the image content element text (n=332, 66.4%), followed by the image content element people/person (n=110, 22%). The images containing people/person elements (32.8 likes/post) had more likes than the images containing other elements (13.8-21.1 likes/post). The captions of the antivaping Instagram posts covered topics including “lung health,” “teen vaping,” “stop vaping,” and “vaping death cases.” Among the 500 antivaping Instagram posts, while most posts were from the antivaping community (n=177, 35.4%) and personal account types (n=182, 36.4%), the antivaping community account type had the highest average number of posts (1.69 posts/account). However, there was no difference in the number of likes among different account types. Conclusions: Multiple features of antivaping Instagram posts may be related to user engagement and perception. This study identified the critical elements associated with high user engagement, which could be used to design antivaping posts to deliver health-related information more efficiently.
Visceral sensory neuroscience: Interoception.

It has been known for over a century that there is an afferent (body-to-brain) component to the visceral-autonomic nervous system. Despite the fundamental importance of bodily afferent information - sometimes called interoception - to central nervous system control of visceral organ function, emotional-motivational processes, and dysfunctino of these processes, including psychosomatic disorders, its role did not receive much attention until quite recently. This is the first comprehensive review of this topic and it covers both neurobiological and psychobiological aspects. The author first defines the issues and gives an historical background starting with the James-Lange theory of emotion, and addresses learning and motivation, roots in Pavlovian conditioning research, and operant conditioning of visceral function. In the second section he reviews recent scientific findings in the neural basis of visceral perception and studies in cardiovascular-respiratory and alimentary interoception. Finally, he discusses several related areas of research and theory including drug state issues, interoception and psychiatric disorders, and bodily consciousness, and suggests directions for future investigation.
ON THE DELIBERATE CENTRALITY OF AN INVISIBLE HAND: REPLY TO GAVIN KENNEDY, RYAN HANLEY AND CRAIG SMITH

We previously showed that ‘led by an invisible hand’ was physically central in original editions of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations. We suggested that Adam Smith did that deliberately. Three authors commented on our paper, Gavin Kennedy, Ryan Hanley and Craig Smith. In this article we reply to their comments.
The Incoherence of Agricultural, Trade, and Development Policy for Sub-Saharan Africa: Sowing the Seeds of False Hope for Sub-Saharan Africa's Cotton Farmers?

This paper considers the implications of five developments in 2004 for cotton farmers and the clothing industry in sub-Sahara Africa and asks whether their collective impact will be positive, negative, or neutral. The five developments are (1) the Millennium Challenge Act, (2) the AGOA Acceleration Act of 2004, (3) the WTO cotton initiative, (4) the Brazil-US cotton subsidies dispute, and (5) the termination of the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing. The overarching theme of the paper is the lack of overall coherence in U.S. agricultural, trade, and development policies when it comes to sub-Saharan Africa, as evidenced by trade and development programs aimed at improving the lives of people in sub-Saharan Africa, on the one hand, and U.S. subsidies to American cotton producers and the injurious impact those subsidies have had on cotton growers in sub-Saharan Africa, on the other.
Amino acid sequence of whale heart cytochrome c.

Abstract The heart cytochrome c of the California gray whale, Rhachianectes glaucus, has been isolated. Peptides were isolated from a chymotryptic digest of the protein and the sequences were determined. By comparison with other mammalian cytochromes, the complete sequence could be assigned. Whale cytochrome c most closely resembles those from bovine, porcine, and ovine heart tissue, differing from these in only 2 residues. This finding is consistent with the view that the Cetacea were derived from mammals closely related to the Artiodactyla.
Iatrogenic intravesical foreign body following Marshall-Marchetti procedure.

as reported is 1 : 3. The fetus in this case was male; the other two fetuses were female. This fetus was born alive but died shortly thereafter; our other two fetuses were stillborn. Beischer reported 54 stillborn and 38 live births with 19 survivors, Ultrasound was not used in our case as the convulsive state necessitated speed) resolution; however, it was disappointing in our other cases. One was reported as negative, and the other was inconclusive until the presence of a fetus was confirmecl by amniography. Ultrasound might be expected to help make the diagnosis but the molar transformation would have to be extensive for this to be made. With a coexistent fetus the molar transformation may be only minimal.’ A urinary chorionic gonadotropin level of 350,000 I.U. per liter, or a serum level of more than 320 I.U. per milliliter, after day 100, has been found to be consistently accurate in diagnosing the presence of a mole. Our patient had a titer of at least 3,000,OOO I.U. per liter of urine. Titers of greater than 350,000 I. U. per liter of urine were also present in our other two cases. It would seem, then, that in any case of toxemia with an early onset a titer of urinary chorionic gonadotropins should be done. It is an inex’pensivc and rapid test and would undoubtedly uncover manv cases without extensive molar transformation which might be missed at delivery.
Further Nutritional Characterization of Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Hypophagia in Rats: Diet Consistency, Finickiness, Self-Selection of Diets, Starvation and Realimentation and “Stress Eating”

Young-mature male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL); sham-operated rats served as controls. After 30 days of a pelleted commercial laboratory diet, they received a powdered lab diet for 10 days. Both groups of rats reduced food intake for the duration of the test. Thus, although grossly hypophagic under ad libitum feeding conditions, DMNL do not impair adaptation to a diet of different consistency. Both DMNL and controls were significantly hypophagic when fed a quinine-adulterated powdered diet, but only on the first of a 9-day regimen. Thus, they show only transitory finickiness. During a 16-day self-selection test with three equicaloric diets with different amounts of the three macronutrients in each (HCD: high carbohydrate, HFD: high fat, and HPD: high protein diet), DMNL rats ate in absolute terms (g/day) the same amount of HCD, significantly less HFD and during two of seven measuring periods, significantly less HPD. However, their intake in percent of total consumption was similar to that of the controls., After a 48-hour fast, DMNL rats lost and regained body though these rats showed hypophagia during the 48-hour realimentation period, their efficiency of food utilization was similar to the controls. Thus, DMNL rats have not lost the capacity to regulate body weight and food intake after fast-induced weight loss. During eight tail pinch (TP) sessions (11 days), DMNL rats were hyperphagic and preferred HCD and HFD in comparison with controls. In their home cages (lab diet) DMNL rats were hypophagic and over 11 days showed a decline in food intake while the controls displayed an increase. In contrast to previous findings, the challenges of the present study unmasked some deficits in energy homeostasis in the DMNL rat.
Symposium: Insect Behavioral Ecology--85: Multiple Mating, Sperm Competition and the Fertility Component of Fitness in Drosophila Pseudoobscura

Those aspects of an organism's biology that influence the number of progeny produced make up the fertility component of its fitness. The fertility of both male and female Drosophila pseudoobscura is influenced by multiple matings. In the former, rates of multiple matings and the genotypes of females' other mates interact to affect male fitness. Female fecundity and productivity increases with multiple matings, while longevity declines. Mating rates could be the result of these conflicting selection pressures. Density is a non-genetic factor influencing multiple mating. The mechanisms by which multiple matings increase female fertility is not the same in different species of Drosophila. In D. melanogaster, subsequent matings appear to replenish diminished sperm stores, while in D. pseudoobscura, females may absorb sperm for use as a nutrient. These differences emphasize that there need not be single "model systems" even within a genus.
Temperature dependence of equivalent circuit parameters used to analyze admittance spectroscopy and application to CZTSe devices

We present a device physics and equivalent circuit model for admittance spectroscopy of CZTSe based photovoltaic devices. The experimental variations of the capacitance and conductance in the depletion width are reproduced for state of the art coevaporated CZTSe devices. We will show that simple Arrhenius analysis of the main capacitance step seen in CZTSe results in erroneous values for the dominant acceptor energy. We will also show that the bulk resistivity in the quasi-neutral region (QNR), even in the presence of the dominant acceptor freezeout, cannot account for the observed increase in series resistance which is responsible for the temperature dependent frequency shift of the capacitance step. Thus, we suggest that dopant freezeout must affect another component of the lumped series resistance such as a non-Ohmic back contact.
Reproduction in Lizards: Influence of Temperature on Photoperiodism in Testicular Recrudescence

The photoperiodic response of the testis in Anolis carolinensis is very temperature-sensitive. Body temperatures must be elevated to near preferred levels (about 32°C) during at least part of the daily light period for long daylengths to be effective in stimulating testicular recrudescence. High temperatures during the night, with cool days (20°C), may retard testicular growth more than do continuously low temperatures.
Direct identification of γ-carboxyglutamic acid in the sequencing of vitamin K-dependent proteins

Abstract We report the first direct method for the identification of the vitamin K-dependent Ca2+ binding amino acid, γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), in the sequencing of proteins. The carboxyl groups on the protein are first converted to methyl esters with methanolic HCl, a procedure that reduces the polarity of the resulting ATZ derivative of dimethyl-Gla and so greatly improves its extraction from the polybrene-treated glass fiber filter. After conversion to the PTH derivative in methanolic HCl, the resulting dimethyl ester of PTH Gla can be identified directly by a simple modification of the standard HPLC program for the separation of PTH derivatives. This methylation procedure can be used to identify Gla residues in proteins bound to PVDF membranes, as we demonstrate for matrix Gla protein and prothrombin, and to evaluate directly the degree of partial γ-carboxylation at given glutamic acid residues, as we demonstrate for the 50% γ-carboxylation of residue 17 in human bone Gla protein.
Countercurrent extraction of sparingly soluble gases for membrane introduction mass spectrometry

Membrane introduction mass spectrometry has been applied to inert gas measurements in blood and tissue, but gases with low blood solubility are associated with reduced sensitivity. Countercurrent extraction of inert gases from a blood sample into a water carrier phase has the potential to extract most of the gas sample while avoiding dependence of signal on blood solubility. We present the design of a membrane countercurrent exchange (CCE) device coupled with a conventional direct insertion membrane probe to measure partial pressure of low solubility inert gases in aqueous samples. A mathematical model of steady-state membrane CCE predicts that countercurrent extraction with appropriate selection of carrier and sample flow rates can provide a mass spectrometer signal nearly independent of variations in solubility over a specified range, while retaining a linear response to changes in gas partial pressure over several orders of magnitude. Experimental data are presented for sulfur hexafluoride and krypton in water samples. Optimal performance is dependent on adequate equilibration between the sample and carrier streams, and the large resistance to diffusion in the aqueous phase for insoluble gases presents a substantial challenge to the application of this principle.
Interviewer behaviors during structured interviews to assess type A/B behavior in the Western collaborative group study and the multiple risk factor intervention trial

The Structured Interview (SI) is considered the best method for assessing Type A/B behavior. An integral aspect of the SI is the interviewers' style of asking questions and responding to the subjects' answers. Because interviewer style may affect the predictive validity of Type A behavior, the current study describes interviewer behaviors which are likely to facilitate or inhibit subjects' speech. Audiotaped recordings of 746 SIs from the Western Collaborative Group Study (WCGS) and 577 SIs from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) were scored for (a) the number of scripted primary and follow-up questions interviewers asked subjects, (b) the amount of nonscripted interviewer speech, (c) the interruptions of subjects' speech, (d) the latency of asking primary questions, (e) the speed of speaking when asking questions, and (f) the total length of the interview. Each interviewer behavior differed between the WCGS and MRFIT interviews (p <.0001). The WCGS interviewers asked more questions, they interrupted less often, they paused longer between questions, and they spoke more slowly than the MRFIT interviewers. The interviews in the WCGS sample took an average of 13.5 min, compared to an average of 8.9 min for the MRFIT sample. Interviewers also differed significantly within each study, and for a given interviewer there were typically substantial differences between interviews.
Evaluation of Muscle and Fat Loss as Diagnostic Criteria for Malnutrition

According to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics criteria, the diagnosis of malnutrition includes an evaluation of muscle and fat. The role of inflammation not only enhances the catabolism of muscle and fat loss but also interferes with anabolism. Dietitians and other nutrition professionals need to understand techniques to appropriately identify losses of muscle and fat to incorporate them into a malnutrition diagnosis. Proper training is imperative to correctly identify muscle and fat wasting in a consistent and reliable manner. Nutrition clinicians should begin incorporating these practices into patient assessments and care plans. The application of these techniques and assessment tools is challenging and continues to be a work in progress. Various scenarios do not allow for clearly defined methods that would lead to a reliable conclusion for diagnosing malnutrition indicating the need for further research.
Quantitative Performance of a Simple Tenax‐GC Adsorption Method For Use in the Analysis of Aroma Volatiles

A simple method for obtaining ether extracts of aroma volatiles from foods for gas chromatographic analysis using single-use Tenax-GC collection tubes is described. The method was characterized quantitatively for the collection of a variety of compounds from model systems by both dynamic-purging (10 ppb level) and equilibrium displacement techniques (15 ppm level), and for collection of fractions (250 μg level) from packed gas chromatographic columns. A range of variation in reproducibility of 5-22% was found for recovery of compounds by the dynamic purging system, and less than 10% variation was encountered for ethyl esters using the equilibrium displacement system. Collection efficiencies for selected ethyl esters from packed gas chromatography column collections were about 80% of theoretical with a variation of less than 10%.
LIGA: metals, plastics, and ceramics

LIGA, an acronym from the German words for Lithography, Electroforming, and Molding, is being evaluated worldwide as a method to produce microparts from engineering materials. Much of the work to date in LIGA has focused on producing metal microparts, with nickel as the most common material of choice. There is a growing interest in producing plastic parts replicated from LIGA metal masters due largely to microanalytical instrumentation and medical applications. These plastic replicates are generally made by either hot embossing or injection molding. Ceramic replication, of particular interest for high temperature applications or to produce piezoelectric or magnetic microparts, is also emerging as an area of interest. In this paper, a model of the LIGA exposure and development processes is presented along with the result of numerical optimization of mask design and process cost. The baseline processes for a cost- effective method to produce metal microparts are discussed, along with replication methods and result for plastics and ceramics.
Management Errors and System Reliability: A Probabilistic Approach and Application to Offshore Platforms

Probabilistic risk analysis, based on the identification of failure modes, points to technical malfunctions and operator errors that can be direct causes of system failure. Yet component failures and operator errors are often rooted in management decisions and organizational factors. Extending the analysis to identify these factors allows more effective risk management strategies. It also permits a more realistic assessment of the overall failure probability. An implicit assumption that is often made in PRA is that, on the whole, the system has been designed according to specified norms and constructed as designed. Such an analysis tends to overemphasize scenarios in which the system fails because it is subjected to a much higher load than those for which it was designed. In this article, we find that, for the case of jacket-type offshore platforms, this class of scenarios contributes only about 5% of the failure probability. We link the PRA inputs to decisions and errors during the three phases of design, construction, and operation of platforms, and we assess the contribution of different types of error scenarios to the overall probability of platform failure. We compute the benefits of improving the design review, and we find that, given the costs involved, improving the review process is a more efficient way to increase system safety than reinforcing the structure.