cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large fire emissions in summer over the southeastern US: Satellite measurements and modeling analysis

Abstract We apply satellite fire detection products and air quality modeling to study the contribution of fire emissions to ambient aerosol concentrations over the southeastern U.S. We find that satellite MODIS fire counts show more extensive summer burnings than suggested by the bottom–up fire inventory VISTAS in the summer of 2002. We develop a hybrid emission inventory that combines information from satellite fire counts and the bottom–up inventory by scaling the data of top–down fire count in the other months with its ratio to the bottom–up burned area data in March, the month of most prescribed burning in the Southeast in 2002. Such computed burned areas in summer are higher than the bottom–up inventory in summer; the increase of fire emissions is spatially allocated over satellite observed fire pixels based on the spatial distribution of fuel loading. We show that the updated fire emission inventory leads to notably improved CMAQ model performance of OC, EC and PM2.5, in the Southeast on a regional basis, with reduced model low bias in the summer and better agreement with the observed seasonality. Our study suggests that missing fire emissions in bottom–up inventories can partially explain the underestimated concentrations of PM2.5, OC and EC in the Southeast and demonstrates that satellite fire detection can help improve our understanding of fire emissions and their impact on air quality.
Social Ties, Collective Efficacy, and Crime-Specific Fear in Seattle Neighborhoods

AbstractWhile research suggests that individuals’ interactions with their communities—such as their social integration into the community and perceptions of collective efficacy—impact their perceived risk of victimization, only a handful of studies have examined the influence of these characteristics on crime-specific, emotional fear. Using the Seattle Neighborhoods and Crime Survey, we conduct multilevel models to examine whether social ties and collective efficacy are associated with perceived risk and emotional fear of violence and burglary. The results show that individuals’ social ties to the community are negatively associated with perceived risk, but not emotional fear of violence or burglary, while perceived collective efficacy is negatively related to both cognitive and emotional fear. Moreover, the results suggest that individuals’ social integration into the community functions through perceptions of collective efficacy to predict perceived risk; however, this process does not extend to emotion...
IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.

Abstract Mice were immunized by intraperitoneal or intravenous infection with sublethal inocula of one of four strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Intraperitoneal (IP) or intravenous (IV) challenge with ordinarily lethal inocula was performed 2 weeks later. IV immunization protected against subsequent IP or IV challenge with homologous or heterologous strains. IP immunization protected against IP but not against IV challenge. Increased resistance to staphylococcal infection was associated with enhanced phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages and by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Following IV challange, immunized animals also demonstrated an increased ability to mobilize leukocytes into the peritoneal cavity. Mice protected against challenge with living staphylococci also survived longer than controls after infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae but were not protected against inoculation of lethal amounts of staphylococcal toxin.
Voice Without a Subject

In this article, I deterritorialize the subject by thinking with concepts in the new empiricisms. Thinking first with Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the Body without Organs, and then with Deleuz...
Validating a Measure of Work Stress for Correctional Staff A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

The purpose of this study is to examine the structure of a measure of work stress. More specifically, the research investigated whether six items properly identified a latent measure of work stress...
Xenaderm: an essential wound care therapy.

Objective To discuss the clinical efficacy, indications, and application of Xenaderm in wound care management. Data sources Healthcare literature from Medline and Ovid databases that focus on clinical trials and case studies that used Xenaderm to evaluate duration of wound healing. Study selection Inclusion criteria for article selection: (1) articles on clinical trials and case studies in which Xenaderm was the focus of the wound therapy, (2) articles written in English, and (3) articles published later than 2003. Studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Conclusion Outcomes from clinical trials demonstrate that Xenaderm is efficacious and successful in healing wounds twice as fast as saline-treated wounds. Use of Xenaderm is considered safe and cost-effective. Xenaderm is eligible to be included in the wound care management algorithm and is recommended to be used on most partial-thickness wounds. Results from clinical trials show that Xenaderm is an essential topical therapy to facilitate wound healing, decrease hospital financial costs, and improve the quality of life for patients who acquire iatrogenic skin damage.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EXPECTED RESIDUAL VIBRATION OF INPUT SHAPING DESIGNS

In the modeling of flexible structures, there is generally uncertainty in both the frequencies and damping constants, and it is thus important that the control methods for such systems be robust to these uncertainties. Input shaping has been successfully applied for controlling flexible structures while being insensitive to modeling errors. However, previous studies have primarily used a measure of insensitivity that does not incorporate information about the probability distribution of parameter variations. We investigate a recently proposed input shaping method,1 that suggests a measure of performance in terms of the expected level of residual vibration and easily incorporates the probability distribution of parameter variations. We also propose a very straightforward and computationally efficient technique to derive shapers that yield near-optimal performance. An analysis is presented for several types of "optimal" and near-optimal input shapers, and some interesting trends and qualitative behaviors of the shapers are shown.
Abstract 683: Biological significance of conjugated linoleic acid in ovarian carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has long been recognized to exert protective effects on carcinogenesis in breast, prostate and colon malignancies. Recent data suggests that CLA plays a key role in inhibiting several important survival pathways in breast cancer cell. However, data on effects of CLA in epithelial ovarian carcinoma are lacking and was the focus of this study. Methods: A2780 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell were treated with increasing concentrations of two different isomers of CLA (9:11, 10:12) and effect of CLA on cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at different time points with and without oxaliplatin. Additionally, effect of CLA isomer 10:12 were evaluated on A2780 ovarian cancer cell apoptosis by flow (Annexin V/PE). Results: CLA isomer-10:12 significantly affected the ovarian cancer cell viability in a time and dose dependent fashion. Seventy-two to 96h of CLA treatment (isomer 10:12, 7µμ) resulted in ∼50% reduction in cell viability compared to control (p 80% reduction in live cell compared to controls. However, CLA isomer 9:11 had no effect in all doses and time points tested (0.001 µM- 50mM). Additionally, at IC50 dose of oxaliplatin treatment, the addition of CLA, resulted in a substantial reduction (by ∼50%, p<0.05) in percent live cell compared to oxaliplatin monotherapy. Conclusion: Our data indicate that CLA can significantly hamper the survival of ovarian cancer cell. These findings may have therapeutic implications for ovarian cancer management and needs further exploration. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 683. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-683
Radiation Damage and its Annealing in Semiconductors

Residual damage in the form of point defect clusters and amorphous regions has been investigated in ion and neutron irradiated silicon specimens. Annealing of this damage during conventional heating, flame annealing, and pulsed laser irradiation has been studied by plan-view and cross-section electron microscopy techniques. These results provide detailed information on annealing mechanisms, and emphasize the characterization of damage in the as-irradiated state.
Bidirectional Soft-Decision Feedback Turbo Equalization for MIMO Systems

This paper proposes a bidirectional soft-decision feedback turbo equalizer for severe triply selective fading channels. The proposed bidirectional soft-decision feedback equalizer (Bi-SDFE) uses a time reversed SDFE in conjunction with a normal SDFE to harvest time-reverse diversity and mitigate error propagation. A simple and effective linear combining scheme is derived for combining the extrinsic information on the two SDFEs for multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems with multilevel modulation. The bit-error-rate (BER) simulation results show that the proposed Bi-SDFE exhibits a lower signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) threshold than the original SDFE and outperforms the well-known exact turbo minimum mean square error (MMSE) linear equalizers (LEs) at medium-to-high SNRs. Moreover, both extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis and BER simulation results show that the Bi-SDFE achieves better performance than the original SDFE, whereas the Bi-SDFE uses only half the number of iterations of the SDFE. Therefore, the total computational complexity of the Bi-SDFE is similar to that of the original SDFE, which is a linear function of the channel length, MIMO size, and modulation constellation size. The performance gain of the proposed Bi-SDFE is also verified through an underwater acoustic (UWA) communication experiment with tough channel conditions.
Rapid multi-physics approach to the develop-ment of electric drive systems for hybrid and electric vehicles

Developing electric drive systems for hybrid or electric vehicles requires modeling in the magnetic, mechanical, electrical, thermal, and control domains. MTS Systems Corporation has successfully designed and built many electric drive systems for the highest levels of motorsports, including Formula 1, Le Mans and Formula E. Through this experience, MTS has created the necessary modeling and simulation tools for rapid development and optimization of electric drive systems, and the test lab to verify these models. This paper presents MTS’ rapid development process for electric drive systems, which includes Finite Element Analysis, Control Design, System Simulation, Data Analysis, Hardware Design, Code Generation, and Testing & Verification.
What Is Justified Group Belief

This essay raises new objections to the two dominant approaches to understanding the justification of group beliefs—inflationary views, where groups are treated as entities that can float freely from the epistemic status of their members’ beliefs, and deflationary views, where justified group belief is understood as nothing more than the aggregation of the justified beliefs of the group's members. If this essay is right, we need to look in an altogether different place for an adequate account of justified group belief. From these objections emerges the skeleton of the positive view that this essay goes on to develop and defend, called the group epistemic agent account: groups are epistemic agents in their own right, with justified beliefs that respond to both evidence and normative requirements that arise only at the group level but that are nonetheless importantly constrained by the epistemic status of the beliefs of their individual members.
Speech language pathology and education students engage in interprofessional collaborative practice to support children with special needs in preschool settings

Abstract Speech language pathologists must be able to engage in interprofessional collaborative practice (ICP) with educators to support the education and care of young children with special needs and their caregivers in community-based settings (WHO Study Group). To prepare speech language pathology and early childhood special education students for "real world" ICP, we designed a semester-long interprofessional education (IPE) experience. Within the contexts of classroom discussions, team meetings inside and outside the classroom, and field-based activities in preschool settings, student teams learn how to engage in ICP (ICP) using a consultation model. Team members conduct routines-based assessments, develop functional goals, and implement outcomes-based intervention plans for young children with special needs. We assessed student learning using formative and summative assessment including end-of-semester surveys, written reflections, and case study overviews. Students agreed that, by participating in this IPE experience, they learned how to engage in the collaborative consultation process to support young children's learning, and acquired core ICP competencies in the four domains of teams and teamwork, interprofessional communication, understanding roles and responsibilities, and values and ethics.
THE 80% PENSION FUNDING TARGET, HIGH ASSUMED RETURNS, AND GENERATIONAL INEQUITY

Generational inequity in pension funding is highly sensitive to the lax policies of 80% funding targets and high assumed returns to investment. I develop a simple, powerful relationship between steadyâstate (SS) inequity in contributionsâthe percent of extra contributions to fund prior cohortsâand the SS unfunded ratio. I then show how the SS unfunded ratio is governed by x% funding targets and the gap between assumed and true returns. The SS degree of inequity is over 60% under an 80% funding target and over 50% with a oneâpoint gap between assumed and true returns. (JEL H75)
Coordinated decline in photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance during drought stress in Zea mays

Abstract Present efforts to improve maize performance in water-limited environments are aggressively pursuing leaf-level traits, such as quantum efficiency, mesophyll osmoregulation, and stress-protein responses. However, it is possible that improvement of these traits will lead directly to hydraulic failure if hydraulics and photosynthesis are closely aligned. Here, we address the whole plant response to drought stress and ask if photosynthetic and hydraulic traits appear bundled together as a “coordinated” response, or if these traits operate largely independently of one another. Xylem conductance of leaves and stems, whole plant conductance, stomatal conductance, rate of electron transport (ETR), maximal catalytic rate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (V pmax ) (EC 4.1.1.31), and net CO 2 assimilation (A max ) were measured in maize plants subjected to contrasting levels of drought stress in greenhouse and field experiments. Photosynthetic traits (A max , ETR, V pmax ), hydraulic traits (whole plant and stem conductance) and stomatal conductance were all reduced by >80% as leaf water potentials declined below −3.0 MPa. Furthermore, 83% of the variation associated with the photosynthetic and hydraulic traits measured in this study was explained by a single principal component, revealing a remarkable degree of alignment among them. Whole plant transpiration rates recovered to ca 90% of maximal values 4 d after lifting severe drought stress (Ψ leaf ≈ −3.5 MPa). Closely aligned hydraulic, photosynthetic, and stomatal responses to drought stress suggest that improvements to individual traits, in isolation to each other, may lead to the loss of plant functioning (e.g. water transport) rather than leading to marked improvements in growth.
Non-obstetric Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy

Though abdominal pain may be a harbinger of an obstetric complication, pregnant women can also develop abdominal pain unrelated to the pregnancy itself. As many as 1 in 500 pregnant women develop an acute abdomen, and up to 1% of women need an operation during pregnancy for a non-obstetric problem. Diagnosing the cause of abdominal pain may be challenging, however, due to anatomic and physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy. The gravid uterus may displace abdominal organs, peritonitis may not develop due to abdominal musculature stretching, and leukocytosis is unreliable due to leukocytosis of pregnancy. Causes of abdominal pain can range from gynecologic to genitourinary to gastrointestinal.
Some Issues in Infant Speech Perception: Do the Means Justify the Ends?

A major focus of research on language acquisition in infancy involves experimental studies of the infant's ability to discriminate various kinds of speech or speech-like stimuli. This research has demonstrated that infants are sensitive to many fine-grained differences in the acoustic properties of speech utterances. Furthermore, these empirical findings have led investigators to theorize about how the infants internally process and represent speech stimuli. This paper examines one particular experimental protocol frequently used in these experiments: the Head-Turn Preference Procedure. It will be shown that this procedure is methodologically flawed and the theoretical conclusions drawn from its results are not adequately warranted.
Wars and State-Making Reconsidered - The Rise of the Developmental State*

This article argues that the term “fiscal-military state” is a misnomer, particularly when applied to one of the paradigmatic cases of early modern state formation, Britain. Britain devoted a significantly smaller proportion of government revenues to military expenses than any other European state. Moreover, its overall expenditure included important non-military elements and massive investment in colonial development, a fact that standard accounts fail to take into consideration. The existing fiscal historiography also ignores large swaths of other types of state activity. Finally, the article argues that the British state—and quite probably other early modern states—was not forged in warfare. If war did not make the British state, this would explain why the British state was less narrowly focused on making war.
Endoscopic Approach to Clival Chordomas: The Northwestern Experience.

Introduction Chordomas are rare primary bone tumors with a low-grade histology but an aggressive clinical behavior characterized by local invasion and recurrence. When occurring in the skull base, their treatment is limited by proximity to critical neurovascular structures. Open surgical approaches can carry high morbidity, making the development of alternative approaches desirable. We describe our experience with endoscopic endonasal approaches to clival chordomas over 13 years. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with clival chordomas and treated with an endoscopic endonasal approach between 2003 and 2015 at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. We reviewed presenting symptoms, tumor location and size, extent of resection, complications, recurrence, adjuvant treatment, retreatment, and follow-up duration. Results A total of 23 charts were reviewed, with 17 included in our final review. Mean age was approximately 48 years. The most common presenting symptom was diplopia present in 70.6% of patients. Mean tumor volume was 20.2 cm3. Gross total resection was achieved in 52.9% of patients. With a mean follow-up period of 63.4 months, 5 patients had a recurrence. The most common complication was cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, which was noted in 6 patients. Tumor volume was significantly higher in patients with CSF leak. No correlation between intradural extension and postoperative CSF leak was noted. Conclusions Clival chordoma are challenging entities to treat. The best outcomes are achieved with gross total resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy treatment. We show that the endonasal endoscopic corridor is a viable alternative approach to these lesions.
Peritoneal access devices for intraperitoneal chemotherapy

To transform the peritoneum from a lubricating system to a chemically therapeutic system for removal of toxins or delivery of drugs, only two items are required: a suitable access device and sterile fluid containing the desired chemicals or drugs. A successful peritoneal access device must allow infusion of a sufficient volume to recruit all of the peritoneal surface and should drain the fluid out of the peritoneum in a minimal amount of time if needed. Infusion, distribution, and drainage of peritoneal fluid is much more difficult when the peritoneum is filled with carcinoma than in the normal peritoneum. Complications of the peritoneal access device, including failure to place the catheter successfully, bowel perforation during placement, obstruction of inflow, failure of outflow, and pain during infusion, are much more common when the peritoneum is already filled with carcinoma than when the peritoneum is normal. The definition of biocompatibility for the catheter is also more difficult when the peritoneal space is already anatomically abnormal.
The Emancipation of America

The emancipation of most of America—that is, the Western Hemisphere—may be best understood as a series of reactions by the settlers to the actions and events that occurred in their mother countries. The social and political structure, resource base, and, most of all, the timing and context of each region's emancipation affected the process and determined the future of the newly independent nations. French explorers, missionaries, traders, and settlers established themselves in North America—in Canada and the Mississippi River basin—during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and later in the Caribbean islands. Although the nature of representation and negotiation was much weaker in French America than in Spanish or British America, the region nonetheless offered its minority white population more of both than the people of France possessed. Spanish Americans and British Americans considered themselves either true Spaniards or true Britons, the possessors of all the rights and privileges of those people.
Nutrition in the Newborn

This chapter offers healthcare providers an overview of how best to promote newborn nutrition. Parents should be making informed decisions on how to provide nutrition for their newborn to promote optimal growth, development, and good health. This chapter will cover the benefits of breastfeeding and discuss the clinician’s role in supporting exclusive breastfeeding. Through a case-study approach, providers will learn to recognize and address common issues that mothers may face when they choose to breastfeed. This chapter will also discuss formula as alternative source of feeding. Newborn nutrition is closely tied to subsequent infant and maternal health, and guidance from the healthcare provider can help to establish healthy feeding patterns in the earliest stages of life.
Addressing the envisioned world problem: a case study in human spaceflight operations

The construction of future technological systems in work domains that do not yet exist, known as the envisioned world problem, is an increasingly important topic for designers, particularly given the rapid rate of technological advancement in the modern era. This paper first discusses the theoretical underpinnings of using cognitive work analysis (CWA) for developing a decision support system (DSS) situated within the envisioned world problem and recasts the problem as pathway-dependent processes. Using this pathway-dependent framework, each stage of the envisioning process is described to reveal how human factors experts can link existing work domains to envisioned instances. Finally, a case study example of the envisioning process that incorporates CWA modelling is demonstrated as it pertains to the advancement of the human spaceflight domain. As a result, this paper provides a unified treatment of the envisioned world problem with an end-to-end example of one approach to designing future technologies for future work domains.
Ethnic Nationalism, Social Darwinism, and Alternative Modernities

The prior investigations of postcolonial political theology and mimicry lead us to this chapter which includes a case study of previously colonialized nation, South Korea by Japan. It focuses on colonial modernity, alternative modernities, and the postcolonial epistemology, especially in dealing with the political and cultural problems of South Korea. The reason for this study is relevant to my previous critical undertaking of social Darwinism, which remains an undercurrent in its racially oriented nationalism in South Korea. A debate of the modernization thesis or colonial modernity is undertaken in treating the period of Japanese colonialism. This debate leads to a subsequent inquiry of ethnic nationalism and social Darwinism, which was shaped during the Japanese colonial period. To advance the thesis of civil nationalism, I take issue with the idea of Eurocentrism and develop a postcolonial project of political theology and trans-modernity. I conceptualize the significance of multiple or alternative modernities within the context of the critical theory and seek to overcome the limitations of the modernization theory and ethno-nationalism toward the postcolonial political theology.
Understanding School Principal Attrition and Mobility Through Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling

Despite a growing body of turnover literature, much remains unknown about the factors predicting career transitional behaviors of school principals. To bridge this gap, we examined variations in pr...
Working memory capacity and strategy use on the RAPM

Abstract Despite many studies showing that high working memory capacity (WMC) individuals perform better on analytic reasoning and problem-solving tasks, the cognitive mechanisms underlying these relationships are still under debate. The present work explored the link between WMC and performance on a popular test of fluid intelligence (gF), the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM; Raven, Raven, & Court, 1998), with the goal of assessing whether strategies might play a mediating role in the WMC and gF relationship. Using think-aloud protocols to assess strategies, it was determined that individual differences in strategy use on the RAPM partially mediated the relationship between WMC and performance. In addition, evidence suggested that participants decreased their use of constructive matching strategies as item difficulty increased. Finally, think-aloud protocols provided evidence for a third, hybrid strategy: isolate-and-eliminate. This new strategy goes beyond constructive matching and response elimination, utilizing aspects of each.
Genotype-Fitness Maps of EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma Chart the Evolutionary Landscape of Resistance for Combination Therapy Optimization

Summary Cancer evolution poses a central obstacle to cure, as resistant clones expand under therapeutic selection pressures. Genome sequencing of relapsed disease can nominate genomic alterations conferring resistance but sample collection lags behind, limiting therapeutic innovation. Genome-wide screens offer a complementary approach to chart the compendium of escape genotypes, anticipating clinical resistance. We report genome-wide open reading frame (ORF) resistance screens for first- and third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and a MEK inhibitor. Using serial sampling, dose gradients, and mathematical modeling, we generate genotype-fitness maps across therapeutic contexts and identify alterations that escape therapy. Our data expose varying dose-fitness relationship across genotypes, ranging from complete dose invariance to paradoxical dose dependency where fitness increases in higher doses. We predict fitness with combination therapy and compare these estimates to genome-wide fitness maps of drug combinations, identifying genotypes where combination therapy results in unexpected inferior effectiveness. These data are applied to nominate combination optimization strategies to forestall resistant disease.
Mathematical modeling of frontal polymerization

Frontal polymerization is way to convert liquid resin into a solid material with a self-propagating reaction. The reaction spreads like a flame from the heat of the reaction that diffuses into neighboring regions, starting more reaction. The frontal velocity has been accurately modeled for free-radical polymerization systems. The dynamics of fronts have been studied theoretically and experimentally. If the viscosity of the initial medium is low, then fronts can become unstable due to buoyancy-driven convection. A fascinating aspect of frontal polymerization is that fronts often do not propagate as a plane waves but exhibit complex modes such as “spin modes” and chaos. The kinetics of the polymerization significantly affects the onset of these modes. Multifunctional acrylates exhibit more complex dynamics than monoacrylates. Using multifunctional acrylates and inorganic fillers, 3P LLC created “cure-on demand” systems that do not require mixing before use, have a long shelf life and can be hardened in seconds to minutes. We consider two commercial products using frontal polymerization. The first is a wood filler that can be applied to a damaged section of wood and hardened in a few seconds by the application of heat to the surface. The second product is QuickCure Clay (QCC). QCC has an unlimited working time during which it can be sculpted. QCC is then cured by heating part of the object to 100 ° C, setting off the propagating curing front. The modeling of frontal polymerization helped guide the development of these products.
Affinity labeling of receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the affinity labeling of receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones. Affinity labeling is a technique for the selective, covalent labeling of binding sites in macromolecules. It involves initially the reversible binding of an affinity probe, which is a ligand modified to contain a reactive functional group (attaching function), within the binding site of the macromolecule, followed then by the covalent attachment of the affinity probe to the molecular constituents within or near the binding site. The selectivity of the labeling process derives from the selective interaction of the affinity probe with the binding site. The labeling of receptors for hormones generally requires that a very small quantity of protein, generally present as a very minor component in a heterogeneous binding preparation, undergo covalent interaction with the affinity probe. For this to be done successfully, or at best optimally, the labeling process must be both efficient—that is, as much as possible (ideally all) of the receptor should become labeled—and selective—that is, as little as possible of the other non-receptor proteins should become labeled.
Geometry of flat-space null geodesic congruences

In Minkowski space-time, (locally) space-filling families of null geodesics i.e., null geodesic congruences, appear in a variety different physical contexts. We here describe what appears to be the general explicit generic expression for these congruences. From each congruence one can construct a (virtually) unique form of the flat Lorentzian metric that is associated with the congruence. In addition, the “so-called” optical parameters for each congruence are calculated. The very important special cases of the shear-free congruences (twisting and non-twisting) are described in detail. These results are closely related to the asymptotically shear-free null geodesic congruences of asymptotically flat space-times and their rather surprising physical implications.
The Greatest Challenge to Using AI/ML for Primary Health Care: Mindset or Datasets?

The global vision for primary health care (PHC) is defined by regular access to quality care for comprehensive services throughout the course of life. However, this is not what typically happens, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where many people access the formal health system only for emergent needs. Yet, even episodic care is nearly impossible to attain due to infrastructure barriers, critical shortages of health care providers, and low-quality care. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) can help us revolutionize the current reality of health care into the vision of continuous health care that promotes individuals to maintain a constant healthy state. AI/ML can deliver precise recommendations to the individual, transforming patients from a passive receiver of health services into an active participant of their own care. By accounting for each individual, AI/ML can also ensure equitable coverage for entire populations with an ongoing data exchange between personal health, genomic data, public health, and environmental factors. The greatest challenge to enlisting AI/ML in the quest towards the PHC vision will be instilling a sense of responsibility with global citizens to recognize health data for the global good while prioritizing protected, individually owned data sets. Only when individuals start taking a collective approach to health data, shifting the mindset towards the goal of prevention, will the potential of AI/ML for PHC be realized. Until we overcome this challenge, the paradigm shift of the global community away from our ad hoc, reactive health system culture will not be achieved.
Understanding the Los Angeles County Coronavirus Epidemic: The Critical Role of Intrahousehold Transmission

Abstract We tracked the course of the COVID-19 epidemic among the approximately 300 communities comprising Los Angeles County. The epidemic, we found, had three distinct phases. During Phase I, from early March through about April 4, initial seeding of infection in relatively affluent areas was followed by radial geographic extension to adjoining communities. During Phase II, which continued to about July 11, COVID-19 cases continued to rise at a slower rate, and became increasingly concentrated in four geographic foci of infection across the county. This phase saw changes in two indicators of social mobility: the proportion of location-tracked smartphones staying at home, and the number of smartphones visiting a gym. For both indicators, those communities with a larger reduction in social mobility during April reported fewer new COVID-19 cases in May. During Phase III, COVID-19 incidence only gradually declined, remaining as high as the incidence seen at the end of Phase I. Across communities, the prevalence of households at high risk for intergenerational transmission was strongly correlated with the persistence of continued COVID-19 propagation. This association was even stronger in those communities with a higher rate of gym attendance in Phase II. The map of the prevalence of at-risk households in Los Angeles County coincided strikingly with the map of cumulative COVID-19 incidence. These findings, taken together, support the critical role of household structure in the persistent propagation of COVID-19 infections in Los Angeles County. Public health policy needs to be reoriented from a focus on protecting the individual to a focus on protecting the household.
The effects of coding intensity in Medicare Advantage on plan benefits and finances.

Objective To assess how beneficiary premiums, expected out-of-pocket costs, and plan finances in the Medicare Advantage (MA) market are related to coding intensity. Data sources/study setting MA plan characteristics and administrative records from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for the sample of beneficiaries enrolled in both MA and Part D between 2008 and 2015. Medicare claims and drug utilization data for Traditional Medicare (TM) beneficiaries were used to calibrate an independent measure of health risk. Study design Coding intensity was measured by comparing the CMS risk score for each MA contract with a contract level risk score developed using prescription drug data. We conducted regressions of plan outcomes, estimating the relationship between outcomes and coding intensity. To develop prescription drug scores, we assigned therapeutic classes to beneficiaries based on their prescription drug utilization. We then regressed nondrug spending for TM beneficiaries in 2015 on demographic and therapeutic class identifiers for 2014 and used the coefficients to predict relative risk. Principal findings We found that, for each $1 increase in potential revenue resulting from coding intensity, MA plan bid submissions declined by $0.10 to $0.19, and another $0.21 to $0.45 went toward reducing plans' medical loss ratios, an indication of higher profitability. We found only a small impact on beneficiary's projected out-of-pocket costs in a plan, which serves as a measure of the generosity of plan benefits, and a $0.11 to $0.16 reduction in premiums. As expected, coding intensity's effect on bids was substantially larger in counties with higher levels of MA competition than in less competitive counties. Conclusions While coding intensity increases taxpayers' costs of the MA program, enrollees and plans both benefit but with larger gains for plans. The adoption of policies to more completely adjust for coding intensity would likely affect both beneficiaries and plan profits.
Addition of TLR9 agonist immunotherapy to radiation improves systemic antitumor activity.

Radiotherapy (RT) has been used to control tumors by physically damaging DNA and inducing apoptosis; it also promotes antitumor immune responses via neoantigens release and augmenting immune-oncology agents to elicit systemic response. Tumor regression after RT can recruit inflammatory cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages and CD11b+ myeloid cell populations, a major subset of which may actually be immunosuppressive. However, these inflammatory cells also express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can be stimulated to reverse suppressive characteristics and promote systemic antitumor outcomes. Here, we investigated the effects of adding CMP-001, a CpG-A oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonist delivered in a virus-like particle (VLP), to RT in two murine models (344SQ metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and CT26 colon carcinoma). High-dose RT (12Gy x 3 fractions) significantly increased the percentages of plasmacytoid dendritic cells within the tumor islets 3- and 5-days post-RT; adding CMP-001 after RT also enhanced adaptive immunity by increasing the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RT plus CMP-001-mediated activation of the immune system led to significant inhibition of tumor growth at both primary and abscopal tumor sites, thereby suggesting a new combinatorial treatment strategy for systemic disease.
"Save the Vein" Initiative in Children With CKD: A Quality Improvement Study

Rationale and objective An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in the non-dominant arm is the preferred access for hemodialysis (HD) patients. Prior peripheral intravenous (PIV) line placement can lead to vascular injury and limit options for AVF placement, a particular problem for children with the potential need for HD over a lifetime. We instituted an initiative to increase the frequency of PIV placement in the dominant arm for hospitalized pediatric patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Study design Quality improvement (QI) initiative. Setting & participants Children with CKD Stage 3-5, on dialysis, and following kidney transplantation who were hospitalized at one children's hospital between September 2018 and August 2020. Quality improvement activities Retrospective data on PIV location for patients from January 1 to June 30, 2017 served as baseline data. QI activities consisted of: 1) education of the multidisciplinary treatment team, patients, and parents regarding importance of vein preservation, 2) placement of individualized notes in the electronic medical record identifying the preferred arm for PIV placement, 3) use of restricted extremity arm bands, and 4) vascular access team participation to minimize attempts for PIV placement. Outcome Monthly compliance with placement of PIV in dominant arms. Analytical approach Location of PIV placements were determined monthly and used to create run charts describing compliance. Results At baseline and prior to institution of this initiative, 34 of 72 ( 47%) PIVs were placed in patient's dominant arms, with only 2 of 8 (25%) PIVs placed in the dominant arm for children Limitations Single center study. Conclusion Education regarding the importance of vein preservation, along with implementation of a standardized process for identifying children for whom vein preservation is important, can help direct PIV placement and potentially preserve vasculature in pediatric patients with CKD.
An Effective Response: Smoldering Crisis and Capacity Cost Management

This article looks at how two airlines — Southwest and US Airways — responded to the smoldering crisis of loss of profitability and ridership in their short-haul markets from the early 1990s to mid-2000s. The contribution of this article is developing a linkage between the literature of risk and crisis management, cost management, and the strategic cost management (SCM) approach to capacity management as a strategic crisis response.
Marriage Litigation in the Western Church, 1215–1517

From the establishment of a coherent doctrine on sacramental marriage to the eve of the Reformation, late medieval church courts were used for marriage cases in a variety of ways. Ranging widely across Western Europe, including the Upper and Lower Rhine regions, England, Italy, Catalonia, and Castile, this study explores the stark discrepancies in practice between the North of Europe and the South. Wolfgang P. Muller draws attention to the existence of public penitential proceedings in the North and their absence in the South, and explains the difference in demand, as well as highlighting variations in how individuals obtained written documentation of their marital status. Integrating legal and theological perspectives on marriage with late medieval social history, Muller addresses critical questions around the relationship between the church and medieval marriage, and what this reveals about both institutions.
Impact of early massive transfusion and blood component ratios in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation.

Background This study evaluates the impact of early massive transfusion and blood component ratios on outcomes following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Methods Adults undergoing LVAD implantation between 2009 and 2018 at a single institution were included. Transfusions were analyzed during the intraoperative and the initial 24-h postoperative period. Patients were stratified into massive and nonmassive transfusion groups. The primary outcome was survival, and secondary outcomes included postoperative complications. Sub-analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of balanced transfusion. Results A total of 278 patients were included. A total of 45.3% (n = 126) required massive transfusions. The massive transfusion group experienced significantly higher rates of postimplant adverse events, including reoperation, renal failure, and hepatic dysfunction (all, p ≤ .05). Furthermore, the massive transfusion group had significantly lower 30-day, 90-day, 1-year, 2-year, and overall survival rates following LVAD implantation (all, p .05). However, balanced platelet to pRBC massive transfusion did improve 2-year and overall mortality rates in the massive transfusion cohort (both, p ≤ .05). Conclusions This study demonstrates a significant association between early massive transfusion and adverse outcomes following LVAD implantation. Balancing platelet to pRBC transfusion in the early postoperative period may help mitigate some of these detrimental effects of massive transfusion on subsequent survival.
The Accuracy of the Diagnosis of Migraines and Prevalence of Prophylactic Care Prescribed (53)

Objective: To determine the accuracy that residents correctly diagnose migraine headaches; the frequency that level A and level B prophylactic treatment is prescribed for eligible patients; the growth of residents regarding these two variables over their three years of training in a traditional neurology residency. Background: Migraine headaches are a debilitating condition that are often times either not diagnosed or are misdiagnosed. Using the ICHD-3 guidelines, neurologists must correctly diagnose the type of migraine someone experiences to prescribe the proper preventative pharmacologic treatment rather than ineffective opioids or NAIDSs. Design/Methods: A chart review of 276 patients originally seen by a neurology resident between July 2017 and June 2018 was conducted at Temple University Hospital. Using notes written by residents, a diagnosis was determined based on ICHD-3 guidelines and the features of the migraines outlined in patient notes. A determination was made as to whether the patient could benefit from prophylactic treatment and then it was recorded what kind of medication (if any) that the patient received. Results: Of 276 patients, 57% received the correct diagnosis from the neurology resident. Looking into the level of residents, the correct diagnosis increased progressively from PGY2 residents with a 50% accuracy to PGY4 residents with a 68% accuracy. Of the 225 patients who qualified for prophylactic pharmacologic treatment, 10% did not receive any preventative treatment, while 52% were prescribed level A medicine, 22% level B, and 16% received other unrecommended preventative medications. Conclusions: A large minority of patients are not receiving the correct diagnosis for their migraines even though senior residents are correctly diagnosing their patients at a significantly higher rate than junior residents. While most patients are receiving prophylactic treatments when needed, less than the majority are being prescribed level A medications outlined by AAN. Disclosure: Dr. Sisti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hellerslia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Katz has nothing to disclose.
Banking and Lending Institutions

Recent reports by the United States Department of Commerce reflect the steady and consistent growth of Negro banks and the continued progress of building, loan, and savings associations operated by Negroes. These two types of financial institutions are vital to the Negro economy in that they represent avenues through which sizable aggregates of capital may be accumulated and instrumentalities which may be used as direct or indirect sources of capital and credit for business purposes.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Natural Product-Based Libraries

Chemistry on the Interface of Natural Products and Combinatorial Chemistry Armen M. Boldi and Dean R. Dragoli Natural Products and Combinatorial Chemistry - An Uneasy Past but a Glorious Future A. Ganesan Computational Analysis of Natural Molecules and Strategies for the Design of Natural Product-Based Compound Libraries Florence L. Stahura and Jurgen Bajorath Accessing Expanded Molecular Diversity through Engineered Biosynthesis of Natural Products Steven D. Dong and David C. Myles Natural Product-Based, Chemically and Functionally Diverse Libraries Peter Eckard, Ulrich Abel, Hans-Falk Rasser, Werner Simon, Bernd Sontag, and Friedrich G. Hansske The Use of Polymer-Supported Reagents and Scavengers in the Synthesis of Natural Products Steven V. Ley, Ian R. Baxendale, and Rebecca M. Myers Carbohydrate-Derived Small-Molecule Libraries Armen M. Boldi In Search of Novel Antibiotics Using a Natural Product Template Approach Michael J. Sofia Synthetic Libraries of Fungal Natural Products Michael C. Pirrung, Zhitao Li, and Hao Liu Solid-Phase Combinatorial Synthesis Based on Natural Products Takayuki Doi and Takashi Takahashi Employing Natural Product-Like Combinatorial Libraries in the Discovery of Lead Libraries Pedro M. Abreu, Paula S. Branco, and Susan Matthew Index