cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor-II in specific regions of the late (post day 9.5) murine placenta

Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) expression has been implicated as a major determinant of fetal size during murine pregnancy. It remains unclear whether expression in the fetus, the placenta, or both is the overriding factor controlling growth. To gain further understanding of the placental contribution, we mapped IGF-II expression in the fetal vascular and trophoblastic portions of the late murine placenta (day 9.5-18.5). We found that, as in the fetus itself, vasculogenic mesenchyme, in this case derived from the allantois, was the strongest expressor of IGF-II. Trophoblast, on the other hand, while expressing somewhat less IGF-II, showed a dynamic pattern of IGF-II expression, which reflected its continuing differentiation during late pregnancy. Initially (days 9.5 and 12.5), the spongiotrophoblast, which is homologous to the cytotrophoblast columns and shell in early human pregnancy, strongly expressed IGF-II. Later, expression in the spongiotrophoblast was down-regulated as a new population, the so-called glycogen cells, emerged within the spongiotrophoblast (day 12.5-15.5) and went on to invade the mesometrial decidua. Glycogen cells, which are homologous to human intermediate trophoblast, strongly expressed IGF-II. Trophoblast lining the area of maternal-fetal exchange, the labyrinth, on the other hand, maintained a constitutive lower level of IGF-II expression throughout late pregnancy.
Reprodueibility of the color test for titration of poliovirus

The dose-response relationship for poliovirus, when determined by the color test, using various cell lines and first sub-culture monkey kidney cells, follows the prediction for one-particle infection. The inter-assay standard deviation for mean log tolerances is 0.079 log units when based on the use of 0.3-log dilution intervals and 16 tubes per dilution; that based on 0.5 log intervals is 0.113; and that based on 1.0-log intervals is 0.155. The standard deviation for numbers of cytopathogenic units per ml., based on single dilutions with 128 tubes per dilution, is 0.079 log units. Close correspondence between these standard deviations and those observed elsewhere with other viruses and other test systems suggests general applicability of the findings.
Viral release and membrane acquisition by budding through the nuclear envelope of hemocytes of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar

Abstract Viral particles of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus) of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar , appear to be released from hemocyte nuclei by budding through both inner and outer lamellae of the nuclear envelope. As a result of budding, the virus particle acquires its envelope from the inner lamella of the nuclear envelope. The outer lamella, which forms a membrane-limited vesicle around the enveloped particles, may fuse with the plasma membrane during viral release from host cells by exocytosis. These observations differ from two other reported cases of nuclear budding in NPV-infected cells in that the process occurred in the absence of nuclear inclusion bodies.
Collision avoidance tree networks

Abstract The Collision Avoidance Tree is a local area network based on a hardware device called the collision avoidance switch. The collision avoidance switch arbitrates random access to a shared communication channel and avoids the penalty of collisions among packets. This network combines the benefits of random access (low delay when traffic is light; simple, distributed, and robust protocols) with concurrency of transmission, excellent network utilization and suitability for the domain of high-speed optical networking. The Collision Avoidance Tree is classified in two groups: the Collision Avoidance Single Broadcast (CASB) Tree and the Collision Avoidance Multiple Broadcast (CAMB) Tree. The CASB Tree allows only a single transmission on the network at a given time, while the CAMB Tree allows concurrent transmissions on the network. This paper describes network architectures (station and switch protocols) as well as designs and implementations. Performance results derived from analyses, simulations, and measurements of experimental networks are also presented.
Multiple-scattering series for color transparency

Cold transparency (CT) depends on the formation of a wave packet of small spatial extent. It is useful to interpret experimental searches for CT with a multiple-scattering series based on wave-packet--nucleon scattering instead of the standard one using nucleon-nucleon scattering. We develop several new techniques which are valid for differing ranges of energy. These techniques are applied to verify some early approximations, study new forms of the wave-packet--nucleon interaction, examine effects of treating wave packets of nonzero size, and predict the production of [ital N][sup *]'s in electron scattering experiments.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the canine shoulder: an anatomic study.

Objectives— To describe the normal anatomy of the soft tissue stabilizing components of the canine shoulder identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate specific acquisition sequences and planes for observing structures of diagnostic interest. Study Design— Descriptive study. Animal— Canine cadavers (n=3). Methods— T1-weighted, proton density fat saturation (PD), and T2*-weighted gradient echo (GE) MRI sequences were obtained in the sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes of the left shoulder of 3 canine cadavers. After imaging, each shoulder was embedded and thin sectioned. The corresponding right shoulder was frozen and thick sectioned. The anatomic structures on the histologic and frozen thick sections were visually correlated with the MR images. Results— The sagittal plane provided a longitudinal view of the bicep, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus tendons. The biceps, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons, and the medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments were identified in the transverse and dorsal planes. The dorsal plane allowed for the bicep tendon to be evaluated transversely as it passed over the humeral head. The GE sequence was more useful in identifying tendons and ligaments. The PD sequence was more helpful in identifying fluid accumulations in the joint and around tendons. Conclusions— The tendinous and ligamentous structures that stabilize the canine shoulder joint can be readily identified with MRI. Clinical Relevance— MRI has the potential to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of canine soft tissue shoulder injuries.
Computation of confidence intervals for the size‐frequency (Hynes) method of estimating secondary production1

An estimator of variance is described for production values calculated by the size-frequency (Hynes) method. The number of sampling dates is identified as having an important influence on the variance estimate. A geometric mean is proposed to estimate the average weight of individuals when lost between size classes. In an example calculation, Ephemerella dorothea (Ephemeroptera) from North Branch Creek, Minnesota, had an annual production value of 8.5 g·m−2 wet and an approximate 95% confidence interval of 7.0–10.0. Similar calculations for Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera) from the same river yielded an annual production value of 4.7 g·m−2 wet with a confidence interval of 3.6–5.8. Significant differences in annual production thus exist between these mayflies.
Reasoning about space: The hole story

Much of our naive reasoning about space involves reasoning about holes and holed objects. We put things in holes, through holes, around them; we jump out of a hole or fall into one; we compare holes, measure them, enlarge them, fill them up.
Doublecortin induces mitotic microtubule catastrophe and inhibits glioma cell invasion

Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule (MT) binding protein that induces growth arrest at the G2-M phase of cell cycle in glioma and suppresses tumor xenograft in immunocompromised hosts. DCX expression was found in neuronal cells, but lacking in glioma cells. We tested the hypothesis that DCX inhibits glioma U87 cell mitosis and invasion. Our data showed that DCX synthesizing U87 cells underwent mitotic MT spindle catastrophe in a neurabin II dependent pathway. Synthesis of both DCX and neurabin II were required to induce apoptosis in U87 and human embryonic kidney 293T cells. In DCX expressing U87 cells, association of phosphorylated DCX with protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) in the cytosol disrupted the interaction between kinesin-13 and PP1 in the nucleus and yielded spontaneously active kinesin-13. The activated kinesin-13 caused mitotic MT catastrophe in spindle checkpoint. Phosphorylated-DCX induced depolymerization of actin filaments in U87 cells, down-regulated matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9, and inhibited glioma U87 cell invasion in a neurabin II dependent pathway. Thus, localization of the DCX-neurabin II-PP1 complex in the cytosol of U87 tumor cells inhibited PP1 phosphatase activities leading to anti-glioma effects via (1) mitotic MT spindle catastrophe that blocks mitosis and (2) depolymerization of actin that inhibits glioma cell invasion.
Why Evolutionary Biology Is (So Far) Irrelevant To Legal Regulation

Evolutionary biology – or, more precisely, two (purported) applications of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, namely, evolutionary psychology and what has been called human behavioral biology – is on the cusp of becoming the new rage among legal scholars looking for interdisciplinary insights into the law. We argue that as the actual science stands today, evolutionary biology offers nothing to help with questions about legal regulation of behavior. Only systematic misrepresentations or lack of understanding of the relevant biology, together with far-reaching analytical and philosophical confusions, have led anyone to think otherwise. Evolutionary accounts are etiological accounts of how a trait evolved. We argue that an account of causal etiology could be relevant to law if (1) the account of causal etiology is scientifically well-confirmed, and (2) there is an explanation of how the well-confirmed etiology bears on questions of development (what we call the Environmental Gap Objection). We then show that the accounts of causal etiology that might be relevant are not remotely well-confirmed by scientific standards. We argue, in particular, that (a) evolutionary psychology is not entitled to assume selectionist accounts of human behaviors, (b) the assumptions necessary for the selectionist accounts to be true are not warranted by standard criteria for theory choice, and (c) only confusions about levels of explanation of human behavior create the appearance that understanding the biology of behavior is important. We also note that no response to the Environmental Gap Objection has been proffered. In the concluding section of the article, we turn directly to the work of Owen Jones, a leading proponent of the relevance of evolutionary biology to law, and show that he does not come to terms with any of the fundamental problems identified in this article.
The future of Iraq: Uncertainty, disenchantment and despair

(2004). The future of Iraq: Uncertainty, disenchantment and despair. The International Spectator: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 43-52.
A model for the magnetic field in the molecular disk at the Galactic center

A model for the magnetic field configuration in the Galactic center disk is presented. The field has an open geometry and represents the poloidal field detected at larger distances from the Galactic center, stretched and twisted by the effects of advection and shear in a magnetized accretion disk. It is concluded that the 100 micron polarization measurements of Hildebrand et al. (1990) imply that the radial and azimuthal components of the magnetic field in the disk are comparable and have opposite signs, consistent with the generation of B(phi) from B(r) by differential rotation. The polarization measurements indicate that the z-component of the field is smaller than both /B(phi)/ and /B(r)/; thus, they do not by themselves require that the field lines thread the disk. The field strengths of order 1 mG inferred from the Zeeman measurements and the fact that /B(phi)/ and /B(r)/ exceed B(z) imply that the field could remove the excess angular momentum of the accreted matter in the form of a centrifugally driven outflow. 31 refs.
Quantized motion of a particle pushed around by waves

When a marble rolls down a sloped surface it eventually oscillates about a low point. With friction, it finally comes to a rest at the low point. Electrons are pulled towards an atomic nucleus like the marble is pulled downhill towards a low point by gravity. There are no frictional forces on the electron, but an electron circling around a nucleus creates radiation and these electromagnetic waves carry away energy and slow the electron down. Therefore, the electron is expected to lose energy and to spiral towards the nucleus, until it eventually strikes the nucleus. However, this does not happen in real atoms. When the electron is circling at a certain distance from the nucleus is stops radiating and continues to circulate at that distance. The theory of quantum mechanics explains this phenomenon. There are usually several such preferred distances, called quantum levels, where the electron can circulate without radiating. Therefore, when an electron comes close to a nucleus, it stays for a while at a preferred distance, then jumps to another preferred distance, and so on, till it eventually reaches the smallest preferred distance, called the ground state. At each jump it emits a burst of radiation. Because the electron does not approach the nucleus in a gradual fashion, but in jumps, the motion is called quantized motion.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-related Parasomnias.

Among the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-related parasomnias, the most common and important disorder for which patients present is REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).
Quark nucleon cross section

Abstract We have used data from 100 and 200 GeV hadron-nuclear interactions to estimate quark nucleon and diquark nucleon cross sections. This is done by estimating the flight path of the products of the interactions in the nuclear matter of the struck nucleus. We then measure the attenuation of the leading particles from the interactions. When this attenuation is measured we find a quark-nucleon cross section of 4.5 ± .7 mb and a diquark cross section of 7.0 ± 1.5 mb.
Epidermal growth factor enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis by a caspase 3 independent pathway.

Purpose: Activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor has previously been shown to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents, including cisplatin, UV-B, and γ-radiation. We now investigated the mechanisms by which EGF enhances the sensitivity of human ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. Results: The effect of EGF on cisplatin sensitivity could not be entirely explained by alterations in the cellular detoxification of cisplatin by glutathione or DNA repair of transcribed genes, as assessed by a plasmid reactivation assay. Furthermore, EGF did not affect the levels of several proteins that regulate apoptotic pathways, including bcl2, bclXL, bax and p53. Cisplatin treatment resulted in activation of caspase 3 and subsequent cleavage of specific substrates containing the DEVD (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp) amino acid sequence, including PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase). The EGF-mediated increase in cisplatin-induced apoptosis, however, did not result in increased caspase 3 activity. Moreover, apoptosis induced by cisplatin alone was completely inhibited by the caspase 3 inhibitor DEVD-CHO, whereas cell death induced by combined treatment with cisplatin and EGF was not prevented by inhibition of caspase 3. Conclusion: Our results suggest that, although cisplatin alone induces apoptosis by a caspase 3 dependent pathway, EGF enhances cisplatin-induced cell death by activating an apoptotic pathway that is independent of caspase 3.
A theory of belief

A theory of belief is presented in which uncertainty has two dimensions. The two dimensions have a variety of interpretations. The article focusses on two of these interpretations.The first is that one dimension corresponds to probability and the other to "definiteness," which itself has a variety of interpretations. One interpretation of definiteness is as the ordinal inverse of an aspect of uncertainty called "ambiguity" that is often considered important in the decision theory literature. (Greater ambiguity produces less definiteness and vice versa.) Another interpretation of definiteness is as a factor that measures the distortion of an individual's probability judgments that is due to specific factors involved in the cognitive processing leading to judgments. This interpretation is used to provide a new foundation for support theories of probability judgments and a new formulation of the "Unpacking Principle" of Tversky and Koehler.The second interpretation of the two dimensions of uncertainty is that one dimension of an event A corresponds to a function that measures the probabilistic strength of A as the focal event in conditional events of the form A|B, and the other dimension corresponds to a function that measures the probabilistic strength of A as the context or conditioning event in conditional events of the form C|A. The second interpretation is used to provide an account of experimental results in which for disjoint events A and B, the judge probabilities of |((A ∪ B) and B|(A ∪ B) do not sum to 1.The theory of belief is axiomatized qualitatively in terms of a primitive binary relation on conditional events. (A|B C|D is interpreted as "the degree of belief of A|B is greater than the degree of belief of C|D.") It is shown that the axiomatization is a generalization of conditional probability in which a principle of conditional probability that has been repeatedly criticized on normative grounds may fail.Representation and uniqueness theorems for the axiomatization demonstrate that the resulting generalization is comparable in mathematical richness to finitely additive probability theory.
La dialéctica texto-imagen. A propósito de la representación del judío en las “Cantigas de Santa María” de Alfonso X

The treatment of the image of Jews in the Cantigas by Alfonso X fluctuates between their total condemnation and the perspective of salvation. The condemnation of Judaism embodies some classic topics of medieval anti-Semitism such as alliance with the devil, infanticide, ritual murder, or sacrilegious desecration. This negative vision is tempered in some cantigas in which their jewish protagonists embrace the Christian faith as a result of Virgin Mary's intervention. This ambiguity may be a reflection of the monarch's attitude towards Judaism. On the one hand his reign is marked by prejudice both in certain proceedings and in the regulations of the Partidas, but on the other some Jews cooperate actively with the king's cultural and and scientific undertakings and even hold important public positions.
Thick-absorber line-shape analysis and interference effects in Moessbauer absorption spectra for the E2/M1 77.3-keV transition of $sup 197$Au

A dispersion term which is attributed to interference between internal converion following nuclear resonance absorption of gamma rays and the photoelectric effect has bean observed in /sup 197/Au Mossbauer absorption spectra measured as a function of Au-metal-absorbser thickness. From line-shape analysis which accounts for absorber thickness, the amplitude of the dispersion term is found to be xi = (-4.14 plus or minus 0.17) x 10/sup -3/ Neglect of the disperion term leads to an apparent thickness-dependent isomer shift, whereas inclusion of the dispersion term gives isomer shifts properly independent of thickness. (auth)
Preference for linoleic acid in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats is attenuated by the reduction of CD36 on the tongue

Differential sensing of dietary fat and fatty acids by the oral cavity is proposed to regulate the susceptibility to obesity. In the current experiments, animals that differ in their susceptibility...
Drift of large tabular icebergs in response to atmospheric surface pressure gradients, an observational study

While ocean current and winds certainly play a major role in guiding the trajectories of free-floating icebergs, the direct effect of atmospheric surface pressure gradients can also have an important influence on the trajectories of large icebergs whose horizontal dimensions are sufficiently great to span synoptic systems. This effect is examined as a way of understanding why icebergs B15A, B15J, B15K, and C16 became “trapped” in a limited region immediately north of Ross Island for a period of several years, without being grounded. This limited region is otherwise flushed annually by summer surface winds and currents; thus the delay of the northward drift of the large icebergs (particularly B15A and B15J) defied expectation. The best explanation for this unexpected iceberg behaviour is that the large volcanic massifs on Ross Island create a quasi-permanent surface pressure anomaly patterned as a dipole, with high pressure in the area upwind of the island (an area appropriately called Windless Bight), and low pressure in the downwind area of the iceberg parking lot. The surface pressure regime experienced by two icebergs B15A and B15K is estimated using Automatic Weather Station observations and Global Positioning System receivers deployed on their surfaces to explain why they remained trapped. Breakdown of the atmospheric pressure gradients allowed them to eventually escape from the region to the north-west.
The effect of light on some commercially important polymers

Most organic polymers are damaged by exposure to terrestrial sunlight and eventually the useful properties are lost. Once absorbed, radiation in the erythmal region of the solar spectrum has sufficient energy to cause the rupture of polymer chain bonds. It can be difficult to identify the important chromophores in a polymer system and even more difficult to determine precisely what happens to them following electronic excitation. The number of chemical events leading to the mechanical failure of a plastic can be remarkably small although the variety of them is potentially large. Polypropylene is discussed as an example of a thermoplastic which invariably contains small amounts of light-absorbing impurities and which, if unprotected, is highly susceptible to photo-oxidation. Polyethylene terephthalate is used to illustrate a class of polymers which is susceptible to actinic deterioration owing to chromophores in the repeating unit. The primary photochemical reactions occurring in these two systems are described, with improved methods for UV stabilization in mind.
Mapping the future of HIV vaccines.

Efforts to develop an HIV vaccine have been slower than expected, but significant progress has been made in recent years. Gary Nabel provides an update on this progress, and describes how the field is now poised to begin translating scientific understanding into improved vaccine candidates.
When to Intervene for Asymptomatic Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation (MR), currently the most frequent valvular heart disease, is mostly degenerative, linked to aging and of increasing prevalence. Indications of mitral surgery, the only current approved treatment of MR, are disputed. Coherent cumulative evidence obtained worldwide show that early surgery in asymptomatic patients is the preferred approach. Waiting for symptoms or left ventricular dysfunction is a failed strategy in that these characteristics are insensitive markers of risk, are often unrecognized in a timely manner and, even after successful surgery, are associated with poor outcome. Furthermore, in patients with severe organic MR, surgery is almost unavoidable and early mitral repair before the appearance of symptoms or overt LV dysfunction may restore life expectancy as long as valve repair is performed. New objective markers of adverse outcome under medical management have recently been described, allowing selection of patients for performance of restorative surgery that reestablishes life expectancy. This approach of early surgery provides improved outcomes in observational studies and is conceivable in centers that provide low risk, high repair rates, high quality of repairs and of Doppler-Echocardiographic assessment.
Needle Access as an AIDS Prevention Strategy for IV Drug Users: A Research Perspective

The AIDS crisis has forced the consideration of controversial prevention strategies, including the public distribution of sterile syringes and needles as a public heath measure. Because this strategy appears to some to condone IV drug use, it has met with considerable opposition. Arguing for the importance of a research approach to evaluating the health costs and benefits of needle exchange, this paper reviews existing studies and reports on needle exchange programs, IV drug user attitudes and behavior relative to needle sharing, and public attitudes on needle access. to draw public health policy recommendations.
Visual Displays Using Pseudorandom Dot Scan

Pseudorandom dot scan yields a visually tolerable smallarea flicker for low frame rate television as compared to the large-area flicker of a conventional scanning sequence. With a short-persistence phosphor, one can use 12 frames/s. With a long persistence (such as a P38), one can display 3 frames/s. The "drift illusion factors" of various scanning systems are calculated. If n square-wave generators are used to cover a rectangle, n! different scanning sequences are possible; this is applied to the scrambling of pictures. Hybrid systems, which avoid some of the disadvantages of a square-wave scan, are described. The results of an audience-reaction experiment in determining effective resolution are given.
Spectral indices in N-Space

Linear combinations of n spectral bands form physically significant indices in n-dimensional space. The 2-dimensional (2-D) perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) of Richardson and Wiegand and the 4-D tasseled cap of Kauth and Thomas are special cases of n-space indices. A procedure for calculating the coefficients of n-space indices is described. Spectra from 12 wheat and two bare soil (wet and dry) plots were multiplied point by point (at 1-nm intervals) by response functions representing five satellite sensors. Reflectance values were obtained for each band for each sensor (atmospheric effects and sensor characteristics such as noise, resolution, and calibration, were not considered). N-Space indices were calculated for various band combination for the several sensors and their dynamic range for a 0–100% change in vegetation was compared. A 6-D vegetation index (greenness) calculated using six of the thematic mapper bands had the greatest dynamic range, followed closely by two 5-D and one 4-D greenness from the same sensor. The 2-D greenness using bands 4 (near-IR) and 7 (mid-IR) of the thematic mapper had a greater dynamic range than any band combination of the other four satellite sensors. The 4-D greenness of the Landsat-4 MSS and the 3-D index of the SPOT HRV were similar. The 2-D indices from the AVHRR sensors on NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 changed less with vegetation changes than did the other three.
Multiscale modeling of compressive behavior of carbon nanotube/polymer composites

This paper reports a multiscale modeling of the compressive behavior of carbon nanotube/polymer composites. The nanotube is modeled at the atomistic scale, and the matrix deformation is analyzed by the continuum finite element method. The nanotube and polymer matrix are assumed to be bonded by van der Waals interactions at the interface. The stress distributions at the nanotube/polymer interface under isostrain and isostress loading conditions have been examined. The buckling forces of nanotube/polymer composites for different nanotube lengths and diameters are computed. The results indicate that continuous nanotubes can most effectively enhance the composite buckling resistance.
Digital Arithmetic in Nature: Continuous-Digit RNS

© The British Computer Society 2014. It has been reported in the literature on computational neuroscience that a rat's uncanny ability to dash back to a home position in the absence of any visual clues (or in total darkness, for that matter) may stem from its distinctive method of position representation. More specifically, it is hypothesized that the rat uses a multimodular method akin to residue number system (RNS), but with continuous residues or digits, to encode position information. After a brief review of the evidence in support of this hypothesis, and how it relates to RNS, we discuss the properties of continuous-digit RNS, and derive results on the dynamic range, representational accuracy and factors affecting the choice of the moduli, which are themselves real numbers. We conclude with suggestions for further research on important open problems concerning the process of selection, or evolutionary refinement, of the set of moduli in such a representation.
A digital frequency control system for a variable speed alternator

A digital control system has been developed to control the frequency of an alternator operating at variable speeds. The power line frequency or a crystal controlled oscillator can be used as the reference frequency. The alternator output has a ±0.2 percent tolerance to the reference signal after the frequency control system was added. The frequency control of the alternator was accomplished by switching windings in the alternator field. The method is applicable to wind-powered alternators where the speed is variable and a constant 60 Hz output is desired.
Way Down East , “Way Down West”: Hollywood cinema and the rise of conservatism in 1920s China

This article investigates the distribution and consumption of Way Down East (directed by D. W. Griffith, 1920) in Chinese cities in the 1920s in an attempt to explore the impact of foreign films on early Chinese filmmaking in particular and on Chinese society in general. Griffith’s Way Down East highlights a young woman’s trials and tribulations caused by male tyranny and deception. Such films by D. W. Griffith struck a chord in China in the 1920s, when the concerns of women and the loss of family values after the May Fourth movement found expression in film. The embracing of Way Down East in China, particularly among progressive intellectuals, indicates the existence of an anti-May Fourth conservatism. Chinese intellectuals were inspired by Way Down East to deny Chinese women’s subjectivity as new women who could control their own destinies; such a denial thereby rejected romantic love as a means of women’s emancipation and enlightenment. The intellectual class’s jettisoning of the rhetoric of “free love” and free marriage and re-emphasizing family values in the 1920s were conducive to the Nationalist Party’s conservative agenda to discipline individuals and Chinese society in the late 1920s and 1930s. Therefore, the “partification” of China during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37) was a direct outgrowth of a conservative consensus that followed upon May Fourth.
Joint interpretation and uncertainty analysis of petrophysical properties in unconventional shale reservoirs

Interpretation of hydrocarbon-bearing shale is subject to great uncertainty because of pervasive heterogeneity, thin beds, and incomplete and uncertain knowledge of saturation-porosity-resistivity models. We developed a stochastic joint-inversion method specifically developed to address the quantitative petrophysical interpretation of hydrocarbon-bearing shale. The method was based on the rapid and interactive numerical simulation of resistivity and nuclear logs. Instead of property values themselves, the estimation method delivered the a posteriori probability of each property. The Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm was used to sample the model space to quantify the a posteriori distribution of formation properties. Additionally, the new interpretation method allows the use of fit-for-purpose statistical correlations between water saturation, salt concentration, porosity, and electrical resistivity to implement uncertain, non-Archie resistivity models derived from core data, including those affected by total organic carbon (TOC). In the case of underdetermined estimation problems, i.e., when the number of measurements was lower than the number of unknowns, the use of a priori information enabled plausible results within prespecified petrophysical and compositional bounds. The developed stochastic interpretation technique was successfully verified with data acquired in the Barnett and Haynesville Shales. Core data (including X-ray diffraction data) were combined into a priori information for interpretation of nuclear and resistivity logs. Results consisted of mineral concentrations, TOC, and porosity together with their uncertainty. Eighty percent of the core data was located within the 95% credible interval of estimated mineral/fluid concentrations.
Present and future of rapid and/or high-throughput methods for nucleic acid testing.

Abstract Background Behind the success of ‘completing’ the human genome project was a more than 30-year history of technical innovations for nucleic acid testing. Methods Discovery of specific restriction endonucleases and reverse transcriptase was followed shortly by the development of the first diagnostic nucleic acid tests in the early 1970s. Introduction of Southern, Northern and dot blotting and DNA sequencing later in the 1970s considerably advanced the diagnostic capabilities. Nevertheless, it was the discovery of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1985 that led to an exponential growth in molecular biology and the introduction of practicable nucleic acid tests in the routine laboratory. The past two decades witnessed a continuing explosion of technological innovations in molecular diagnostics. In addition to classic PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR, numerous variations of PCR and alternative amplification techniques along with an ever-increasing variety of detection chemistries, closed tube (homogeneous) assays, and automated systems were developed. Discovery of real-time quantitative PCR and the development of oligonucleotide microarrays, the ‘DNA chip’, in the 1990s heralded the beginning of another revolution in molecular biology and diagnostics that is still in progress.
Recent improvements to the Nova laser

We have recently made several improvements to the Nova laser at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to enhance its capability for conducting research on both the indirect- drive and direct-drive approaches to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For indirect-drive ICF, we have been working on the Precision Nova project to increase the ten beam output at the third-harmonic wavelength (0.351 micrometers ) to 40 kJ (30 TW power), to obtain instantaneous power balance to 5 - 10% among the beams, and to improve the centroid pointing precision on target to 30 micrometers rms. This paper discusses improvements to the frequency converters and the use of spectral chirp to reach the goals for the energy and power levels. It also discuses our power balancing technique, diagnostics capabilities, and the status of the beam pointing improvements. For direct drive studies, we have implemented on a single beam, 80 cm diameter random phase plates and a version of smoothing by spectral dispersion to achieve a smooth beam at the second harmonic wavelength (0.527 micrometers ). The phase plates were fabricated by a unique sol-gel process and our temporal smoothing technique utilizes a special cross-phase-modulation oscillator. We report the smoothing levels and smoothing rates that we have achieved and briefly discuss the target physics research being done with this smoothed beam.
Moderating Contradictions of Feminist Philanthropy Women’s Community Organizations and the Boston Women’s Fund, 1995 to 2000

Philanthropy is typically hierarchically constructed with an imbalance of power between funders and grantees. While this seems inherent in philanthropic relationships where funders inevitably control resources that grantees need, some women’s funds have sought to construct less hierarchical and thus more feminist relationships with the organizations they support. Based on many years of insider access to a local women’s fund, this article describes and explains the organization’s efforts to develop interactive dialogues with its grantees, which led to a change in grants guidelines that were more inclusive of women’s methods of community organizing. A small survey of women’s community groups, done as background to this research, provides data on challenges and obstacles these groups face when seeking monies to support their work. Some attention is given to implications for general theories of organizations, for funder-grantee dialogues leading to increased accountability in philanthropy, and for support of ...
Differential development of rabbit embryos derived from parthenogenesis and nuclear transfer

Parthenogenetic development (PA) is often used as a model to investigate activation protocols for nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. The objective of this study was to compare the development, as well as the dynamics of the nuclear materials and microtubules of PA and NT embryos following similar activation treatment. Our results demonstrate that, during parthenogenesis, activation through either electrical pulses or chemical stimulation alone resulted in low cleavage rates and compromised development. A combination of two sets of electrical pulses and a 2-h-exposure to chemical activation medium (5 microg/ml cycloheximide (CHX) and 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) in KSOM+0.1% BSA) could effectively activate rabbit oocytes, and resulted in a 99% (n = 73) cleavage rate with greater than 60% (n = 73) developing to blastocysts at day 4. However, the same activation protocol following NT resulted in only 65-72% of oocytes cleaved (depending on donor cell type), with less than 20% developing to the blastocyst stage. The differences observed between NT and PA embryos subjected to the same activation protocol were also evident in terms of the time required for their development to the blastocyst stage, as well as the cell numbers present in blastocysts at day 6. Furthermore, laser confocal microscopy revealed that pronuclear formation in the NT embryos was delayed by comparison to that in the parthenotes. In conclusion, our study suggests that an effective protocol for parthenogenesis cannot promise a comparable outcome for NT embryos.
High order modes in Project-X linac

Abstract Project-X, a multi-MW proton source, is now under development at Fermilab. In this paper we present study of high order modes (HOM) excited in continues-wave (CW) superconducting linac of Project-X. We investigate effects of cryogenic losses caused by HOMs and influence of HOMs on beam dynamics. We find that these effects are small. We conclude that HOM couplers/dampers are not needed in the Project-X SC RF cavities.
Effects of columnar disorder on flux-lattice melting in high-temperature superconductors

The effect of columnar pins on the flux-lines melting transition in high-temperature superconductors is studied using path-integral Monte Carlo simulations. We highlight the similarities and differences in the effects of columnar disorder on the melting transition in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (YBCO) and the highly anisotropic ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (BSCCO) at magnetic fields such that the mean separation between flux lines is comparable to the penetration depth. For pure systems, a first-order transition from a flux-line solid to a liquid phase is seen as the temperature is increased. When adding columnar defects to the system, the transition temperature is not affected in both materials as long as the strength of an individual columnar defect (expressed as a flux-line defect interaction) is less than a certain threshold for a given density of randomly distributed columnar pins. This threshold strength is lower for YBCO than for BSCCO. For higher strengths, the transition line is shifted for both materials towards higher temperatures, and the sharp jump in energy, characteristic of a first-order transition, gives way to a smoother and gradual rise of the energy, characteristic of a second-order transition. Also, when columnar defects are present, the vortex solid phase is replaced by a pinned Bose glass phase and this is manifested by a marked decrease in translational order and orientational order as measured by the appropriate structure factors. For BSCCO, we report an unusual rise of the translational order and the hexatic order just before the melting transition. No such rise is observed in YBCO.
The 1-alkoxy-6-nitro-1,2,3-benzotriazole system

The 1-alkoxy-6-nitro-1,2,3-benzotriazole system has been synthesized and characterized via its physical and chemical properties. INDO/molecular orbital calculations provide a good account of the major bands in its ultraviolet absorption spectrum.
MECHANISM OF RNA POLYMERASE ACTION: FORMATION OF DNA-RNA HYBRIDS WITH SINGLE-STRANDED TEMPLATES.

RNA polymerase converts single-stranded DNA templates to a DNA-RNA hybrid. Free RNA does not appear until the composition of the hybrid reaches a llimiting value of equal quantities of DNA and RNA. This is in contrast to the situation with double-stranded DNA templates where the double helix is conserved and only free RNA is produced. The bacteriophage φ X174 DNA-RNA hybrid undergoes a relatively sharp optical density transition with increasing temperature ; the T m of DNA-RNA hybrid is slightly less than that of the corresponding double-stranded φ X DNA although the dependence of T m on counter-ion concentration of the two helices is quite similar. After dissociation of the hybrid at high temperature, the helical structure can be reformed by annealing at high ionic strength. The RNA of the hybrid is less susceptible to low levels of pancreatic ribonuclease than the free RNA. φ hybrid can serve as template for RNA synthesis; in doing so a major portion of the RNA of the hybrid template is replaced by newly-synthesized RNA; i.e. the reaction is predominantly semi-conservative. These results have been discussed in terms of possible models of the copying process.
Gonococcal transferrin binding protein chimeras induce bactericidal and growth inhibitory antibodies in mice

We have previously demonstrated the full-length gonococcal transferrin binding proteins (TbpA and TbpB) to be promising antigens in the development of a protective vaccine against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In the current study we employed a genetic chimera approach fusing domains from TbpA and TbpB to the A2 domain of cholera toxin, which naturally binds in a non-covalent fashion to the B subunit of cholera toxin during assembly. For one construct, the N-terminal half of TbpB (NB) was fused to the A2 subunit of cholera toxin. In a second construct, the loop 2 region (L2) of TbpA was genetically fused between the NB domain and the A2 domain, generating a double chimera. Both chimeras were immunogenic and induced serum bactericidal and vaginal growth-inhibiting antibodies. This study highlights the potential of using protective epitopes instead of full-length proteins in the development of an efficacious gonococcal vaccine.
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior in Japanese Quail

1. Thirty-four five-month old male Coturnix were divided into 17 pairs on the basis of matched body weights (mean difference within pairs = 2 grams). The members of each pair were separated except during daily five-minute pair encounters. 2. Two classes of response were measured during the encounters: "head-grabs" and "pecks". A bird was called dominant if he performed more head-grabs and pecks than his pair-mate during the last three of four preexperimental encounters. 3. After the first four encounters the 17 pairs were divided into four groups: castrate, in which the dominant birds underwent bilateral gonadectomy (five pairs); sham operate, in which the dominant birds underwent the surgical procedure of the castrate group except for testis removal (four pairs) ; TCP injected, in which the submissive birds were administered testosterone cyclopentypropionate on a regular schedule (four pairs) ; and saline injected, in which the submissive birds were administered saline on the same schedule (four pairs). Pairs were observed for 23 encounters subsequent to the first experimental manipulations. 4. Gonadectomy had a clear, rapid effect on the behavior measured. From the fourth postoperative encounter through the eleventh, the (originally dominant) castrated birds performed zero head-grabs and zero pecks. The behavior of the pair-mates increased sharply during this time. 5. From the eleventh through the twenty-third postoperative encounter the castrated birds were given four injections of TCP. Androgen injections led to the reestablishment of original dominance relations in all cases. 6. Sham operations produced a mild effect on the established dominance relations. The operated animals showed relatively slight decreases in head-grabs and pecks; some pair-mates showed increased peck frequencies. In contrast to the behavior of the castrates, zero responding by the sham operates was rare. 7. TCP injections produced large changes in the behavior of three out of four intact submissive birds, and a slight change in the fourth. Androgen increased the average number of headgrabs and pecks exhibited by the injected animals by a factor of more than four; the pair-mates showed substantially reduced rates of responding (encounters 6-9). Cessation of androgen treatment produced a reversion to original relations within nine encounters after the last injection. 8. Treatment with saline had no effect on the originally established dominance relations. 9. The level of aggressive activity could be manipulated by varying the level of circulating androgen. Analysis of the functional significance of the observed behavior was made difficult by the close similarity of response in these homosexual contacts to that observed during heterosexual contact.
Accurate oscillator strengths

Abstract Accurate multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) ƒ-values are compared with the most reliable theoretical values obtained by other theories and recent laser beam experiments. For the 2 3 S-2 3 P transition in Li II, MCHF results are in excellent agreement with those of Schiff et al. For the resonance transitions of Li I, Na I, and K I, particular attention is given to core effects. It is shown that in core-polarization calculation, the theoretical ionization energy of the valence electron is larger than the observed ionization, that the inclusion of radial correlation in the core decreases the theoretical ionization energy and brings length and velocity forms of the ƒ-values into better agreement. The effect on the oscillator strength was to increase the length form and the discrepancy with the experimental values of Gaupp et al.
Myasthenia Gravis Presenting as Persistent Unilateral Ptosis with Facial Droop.

Background Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that is classically characterized by fluctuating weakness and fatigability of the ocular, bulbar, limb, or respiratory muscles. Over half of patients with MG will initially experience isolated ocular symptoms in one or both eyes. Most patients report that ocular symptoms are mild or undetectable upon awakening, and worsen throughout the day or with tasks such as driving. We describe an unusual case of MG presenting with an acute onset of persistent unilateral ptosis and ipsilateral facial droop without diurnal variation or other fluctuation in severity.