cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Employment Policies Changes Through the Decade

In 1991—1992, the Research and Training Center on Rural Rehabilitation (RTC: Rural) evaluated 45 state vocational rehabilitation (VR) agencies' policies and procedures regarding self-employment for people with disabilities. Based on this analysis, researchers developed and broadly disseminated a model VR self-employment policy. In 2002, RTC: Rural investigated state policies again to see how they had changed. This article reports the results of that investigation. Overall, current policies are much more positive toward self-employment than previous ones. The number of model policy components addressed has increased from an average of 3.7 components to an average of 6.6 components. Many agencies have developed self-employment programs and published manuals specifically for counselors. The article concludes with policy recommendations and suggests areas for future research.
The signal from fruiting body and conus tips of Dictyostelium discoideum

Tips from fruiting bodies and conuses were transplanted into interphase fields of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. Progressively increasing concentrations of beef-heart phosphodiesterase added to the fields significantly decreased the chemotactic range of the responding amoebae. The findings suggest that the tip secretes c-AMP. We also find that the chemotactic range is independent of the size of the tip implying that the tip may produce a regulating gradient.
Changes in sub-alpine tree distribution in western North America: a review of climatic and other causal factors

Changes in the distribution of sub-alpine tree species in western North America have been attributed to climatic change and other environmental stresses. These changes include tree-line fluctuations throughout the Holocene and recent invasion of sub-alpine meadows by forest. Most palaeoecological studies suggest that the tree-line was higher during a period of warmer climate approximately 9000 to 5000 BP and lower during the last 5000 years, with short periods of local tree-line advance. Recent advances in sub-alpine tree distribution can be compared with weather records, allowing an examination of relationships between tree advance and climate at a finer resolution. In general, recent sub-alpine forest advances in western North America, based on studies representing three climatic zones (maritime, Mediterranean and continental), have been associated with climatic periods favouring tree germination and growth, although factors such as fire and grazing by domestic livestock have had an impact in some areas...
Teacher Learning Opportunities in a Shifting Policy Environment for Instruction

We bring together education research on factors shaping teacher learning with institutional research on policy shifts and conflicts to explore an instructional policy shift in one school district. Specifically, we compare mathematics teacher learning opportunities in three elementary schools over a three-year period during which a district policy shift toward English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction diverted attention from mathematics curriculum reform efforts. Findings demonstrate that while the policy shift led to significant decreases in mathematics teacher learning opportunities across the district and in two of the case study schools, mathematics teacher learning opportunities were sustained in one case study school due to two school-level strategies: a common, articulated vision for mathematics instruction and a high number of mathematics-focused teachers in the school. Together, these two strategies supported the creation of coherence between mathematics and ESL policies in the school, which ...
Continuous intracranial pressure monitoring via the shunt reservoir to assess suspected shunt malfunction in adults with hydrocephalus.

Object The authors attempted to determine whether continuous intracrnial pressure monitoring via the shunt resevoir identifies ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt malfunctions that are not identified by radionuclide shunt patency study or shunt tap in adults with hydrocephalus. Methods During a 2-year period, 26 adults underwent 32 in-hospital continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring evaluations via needle access of a shunt reservoir. Monitoring was performed for 26.8 ± 13.8 hours (mean ± standard deviation). No ICP waveform abnormality was detected in 31% of the evaluations (10 of 32). In contrast, abnormalities were detected in 69% (22 of 32 evaluations), including B waves (nine of 22 evaluations), siphoning (nine of 22 evaluations), and variable ICP (two of 22 evaluations). In 20 (91%) of these 22 evaluations, the ICP abnormality was detected only after continuous ICP monitoring; in the other two evaluations, ICP became abnormal immediately on accessing the shunt reservoir. On the basis of the ICP...
Abstract B108: “GET SCREENED”: A randomized trial of reminders, recall, and outreach (RRO) to improve cancer screening in safety-net primary care practices

Background: Members of racial and ethnic groups and persons with low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to be diagnosed at later stages of cancer and experience higher cancer related mortality. Overall rates of cancer screening have improved, but there has been only modest improvement in disparities in screening. A practice-based intervention using a combination of repeated reminders, recall and outreach (RRO) has been shown to significantly improve child and adult immunizations within safety net practices and reduce community wide disparities. We hypothesized that a similar approach could improve cancer screening in primary care practices that service predominantly minority and low SES patients. Objective: To measure the efficacy of RRO on cancer screening rates within a large practice serving low income minority patients. Methods: A patient-level randomized controlled trial was conducted within a family practice serving large numbers of minority and low SES patients. Eligibility criteria included (1) being a registered patient at the practice; (2) having at least 1 visit in the last 2 years; (3) age 40-75 for Breast Cancer (BC) screening and 50-75 for Colorectal Cancer (CRC) screening; (4) being past due for BC screening, CRC screening or both. Patients were assigned based on their medical record number to either intervention or usual care. The intervention included reminders (repeated point of care prompts to patients and their providers), recall (personalized letters to patients) and outreach (follow-up phone calls and mailed fecal occult blood testing kits). Relevant patient information was abstracted from the electronic medical record and imported into a customized patient tracking registry created in MicrsoftAccess™. Results: Of 3,528 appropriately-aged patients in the practice, 2,389 were overdue for screening and met the eligibility criteria (1730 female; 686 male). At the end of the study period, the BC screening rate was 17% among controls vs 41% in the intervention group (p Conclusion: Practice-based RRO significantly improves cancer screening among largely low income and minority patient population. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):B108.
A route to cyclic peptides and glycopeptides by native chemical ligation using in situ derived thioesters

The synthesis of cyclic peptides and glycopeptides by native chemical ligation using in situ derived thioesters is described.
Paradoxical bronchospasm associated with the use of inhaled beta agonists

Abstract Adverse reaction reports for inhaled relatively β 2 -rselective, adrenergic-agonist bronchodilators submitted to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research of the Food and Drug Administration between 1974 and 1988 were reviewed. There were 126 reports associated with the use of these drugs by metered-dose inhaler, which were consistent with a diagnosis of paradoxical bronchospasm. In addition, 58 such reports were received for these drugs delivered as a solution for nebulization between 1983 and 1988. Increased reporting of reactions consistent with paradoxical bronchospasm generally correlated with increased availability of these products during the same time period, although there has not been a steady upward trend in such reports for metered-dose inhalers during the past 3 years, despite increasing distribution figures. Despite the apparent infrequency of inhaler-induced paradoxical bronchospasm, the potentially life-threatening nature of such reactions makes awareness of this possibility essential. Patients who report that an inhaled β-adrenergic agonist makes their asthma worse, as well as the patients who fail to demonstrate expected improvement with this form of therapy, should be suspected of having developed paradoxical bronchospasm.
Nutrition Societies Presidents' Forum: future challenges and opportunities for nutrition societies in the 21st century.

The Chair introduced Pasteur's Quadrant as a potentially useful paradigm for modern science. Developed by Princeton's Donald E Stokes, the quadrant is two-by-two matrix that classifies knowledge as fundamental and/or applied. The Chair also noted the effect of competitive pressures, and the necessity for cooperation among nutrition societies. The Presidents of The American Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS), The American Society for Clinical Nutrition (ASCN), The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), and the Chair of the Institute of Food Technologist's (IFT) Nutrition Division presented their views on how societies can prepare to meet their members' upcoming needs. The Director of the Center for Food and Nutrition Policy discussed the future role of nutrition societies and how they might interact with various interest groups. The Forum, which included an opportunity for audience participation, took place soon after the February 1996 release of Meeting the Challenge : A Research Agenda for America's Health, Safety, and Food. Published by the Executive Office of the President's Office of Science and Technology Policy, the report highlights the importance of nutrition to our nation's health.
The effects of testosterone propionate on the ovariectomized mature rat.

THE EFFECTS of testosterone propionate n the ovariectomized rat have been extensivelyinvestigated by Korenchevsky and his associates (1, 2). These authors determined the effects of 3 dosage levels of the substance (0.167, 0.7, 1.5 mg.) administered daily for 21 days. At all 3 dosage levels, they observed a marked increase in the weight of the uterus, vagina and preputial glands. The adrenal glands, on the other hand, became smaller and the thymus showed a greater degree of involution than is ordinarily seen in the ovariectomized rat. The hypophysis showed no significant change in weight. Of particular interest were their observations on microscopic structure of the endo- metrium and vaginal mucosa. The latter showed various stages of mucification at all dosage levels. At the 2 highest dosage levels (0.7, 1.5 mg.), the uterine mucosa assumed a lace-like appearance similar tothat seen in this species during pregnancy. At the lowest dosage level (0.167 mg.) progestational changes were, however, not observed.
DISTRICT ATTORNEYS AND CORPORATE CRIME: SURVEYING THE PROSECUTORIAL GATEKEEPERS

A mail survey of California district attorneys regarding corporate crime focused on the recent experiences of the prosecutors with such crimes and on factors that limit the likelihood of their prosecuting corporate offenders. A significant majority of the district attorneys had prosecuted a variety of corporate crimes, and a sizable minority anticipated devoting more resources to corporate crime prosecutions in the future. There was a strong consensus among the district attorneys that the primary obstacle to corporate crime prosecutions is not political but practical and inheres in the level of resources available to them. Prosecutors in small districts were more constrained by the potential impact that a corporate prosecution might have on the local economy than their counterparts in large districts. This finding suggests that community context may influence social control responses to corporate lawbreakers.
Design and Demonstration of a Bulk Micromachined Fabry–PÉrot $\mu$ g-Resolution Accelerometer

A high resolution, passive, bulk-micromachined accelerometer based on the transmission-type intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer has been designed, fabricated and, for the first time, experimentally evaluated via direct inertial characterization. The device characterization includes frequency- and time-domain evaluation. The sensor characteristics of bandwidth, range, sensitivity, and resolution are obtained experimentally and the tradeoffs between these performance parameters are examined. Also, presented is the evaluation of the effects of the excitation of multiple vibration modes in such a sensor. The sensor performance is observed to have a resolution limits below a mug with a demonstrated 30 mug resolution over a sensing bandwidth greater than 2 kHz and better than 1 dynamic range.
Population Dynamics in India and Implications for Economic Growth

Demographic change in India is opening up new economic opportunities. As in many countries, declining infant and child mortality helped to spark lower fertility, effectively resulting in a temporary baby boom. As this cohort moves into working ages, India finds itself with a potentially higher share of workers as compared with dependents. If working-age people can be productively employed, India's economic growth stands to accelerate. Theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of demographics on labor supply, savings, and economic growth underpins this effort to understand and forecast economic growth in India. Policy choices can potentiate India's realization of economic benefits stemming from demographic change. Failure to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in demographic change can lead to economic stagnation.
Informed Consent at Gunpoint: When Psychiatry Affects Gun Ownership

As states take more steps to connect patients' gun ownership to their mental health, psychiatrists are being asked to provide mental health information after clinical interviews as well as after confiscation. This move into the patient-physician relationship raises new questions about how psychiatrists should obtain informed consent when interviews may result in reports to legal authorities. Consent warnings are already practiced more in the breach than in the observance and informed consent is imperfect at its best. In communities torn by controversies surrounding gun control, vehement political views will further influence these established themes to result in unprecedented pressures on patient confidentiality. This analysis draws on new movements in ethical theory and behavioral medicine that go beyond balancing principles to question the use of psychiatry in firearm reporting, and support a vigorous practice of informed consent to protect both individuals and the communities they live in.
Storm Tide Frequencies for Cape Fear River

Frequencies of storm tides, principally from hurricanes, in the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, below Wilmington are calculated by applying two previously developed numerical-hydrodynamic models to simulating surges from a large number of hypothetical hurricanes, chosen so as to collectively represent all climatologically expected hurricanes. The models are the continental shelf model of Jelesnianski and a model for the Cape Fear River by the writers. The recurrence interval of each hypothetical hurricane and its simulated tide is derived by combining the probabilities of the several parameters that define each storm. A methodology for carrying out the frequency evaluation economically is illustrated. The 100-yr return period tide level at Wilmington is estimated to be between 10 ft and 11 ft mean sea level.
A Re-vision of the Adolescent Sexual Health Curriculum: Advancing Youth through Community Collaborative Action

Stage 2: Adolescent Health Workshop Four 2-hour workshop sessions with the basic structure: • “Ice breaker” exercises to encourage interaction and reduce anxiety • Presentation of reproductive health information through hand outs, poster boards, power point slides, and a Jeopardy-like game • Small discussions designed to apply the information to real life scenarios • Final individual student-led presentations on a reproductive health topic PROJECT DESIGN RATIONALE
The Early Years of Elizabeth I (1558–1578)

Throughout the first four Tudor reigns, as we have seen, the dominant conception of Plato in England was the school conception, adulterated by lingering traces of the apocryphal Plato of the Middle Ages. The only important signs we have seen of English awareness of the new court conception of Plato were Colet’s brush with Ficino during the reign of Henry VII, Pole’s purchase of Ficino’s anthology during the reign of Henry VIII, and Dee’s exposure to Agrippa in Paris during the reign of Edward VI. In the third year of the reign of Elizabeth I (1560) the court conception of Plato finally found an English admirer, in Thomas Howell. Between 1560 and 1590 idealized (“Platonic”) love gradually became a modish enthusiasm at Elizabeth’s court; but by 1595 the fad had waned again, leaving the field once more to the Plato of the schools. With this brief overview in mind, we may now turn to a more detailed examination of the status of Plato during Elizabeth’s reign.
The direct observation of charge separation dynamics in CdSe quantum dots/cobaloxime hybrids

In this work, we investigated photoinduced charge separation dynamics in a CdSe quantum dot/cobaloxime molecular catalyst hybrid using the combination of transient optical (OTA) and X-ray absorption (XTA) spectroscopy. We show that ultrafast charge separation occurs through electron transfer (ET) from CdSe QDs to cobaloxime. In addition to the enhanced 1S exciton bleach recovery in CdSe QDs due to the presence of cobaloxime, the direct evidence for ET process, i.e. the formation of the transient charge separated state, is captured by XTA. These results not only demonstrate the capability of XTA to capture the transient species during the photoinduced reactions in hybrid nanostructures but also enhance our understanding of charge separation dynamics in semiconductor nanocrystal/molecular catalyst hybrid.
Relationship partners have shared scripts for conversations about the relationship: A replication and extension

The first experimental study of relationship talk (N = 42 couples) showed that when couples read stories about spouses who talked to each other about their relationships, such talk had different outcomes for the spouses, depending on the context and which partner was speaking. We replicated and improved upon this study in a number of ways (e.g. sample size and composition, new dependent variable, more standardized materials, more sophisticated and appropriate statistical techniques). Findings were almost identical to those of the earlier study including three-way interactions. Results (N = 238 couples) showed that when spouses talked about their relationship with each other, they were seen to have more positive outcomes, including closeness, than when they did not talk about their relationship. Further, relationship talk appeared to be especially positive in conflictive situations, but the effects of such talk were much weaker in pleasant situations. These findings were conceptualized as evidence of share...
How Ulam set ine siege

(2003). How Ulam set ine siege. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 46-51.
Evaluation of four methods for estimating Parrot population size

We evaluated point transect, line transect, mark-resighting, and roost survey methods by comparing population estimates to a reference population of Green-rumped Parrotlets (Forpus passerinus) in the Ilanos of Venezuela. All four methods produced similar population estimates, reflected peaks in nesting and fledging, and almost always exceeded the known minimum population size. Congruence among the estimates decreased as the breeding season progressed. The mark-resighting method had the largest confidence intervals, but precision was similar for the other three methods. Point transect surveys appeared to underestimate the population in open habitat. Line transect surveys more accurately estimated the distribution of the population between habitats. Detection probability was more variable for point transects than for line transects. We recommend using line transect surveys rather than point transects when conditions allow. Roost surveys were complicated by the tendency of parrotlets to change roost sites often, and roost surveys underestimated populations during breeding. Roost surveys may be reliable during nonbreeding, and we recommend further development of roost survey protocol. Behavioral characteristics of Green-rumped Parrotlets allowed us to meet assumptions and requirements of all methods with the exception of mark-resighting. This success may not be replicated with other parrot species.
Observation of short-term clinical curative effect of old floor of pulp chamber perforation

Objective To observe the clinical curative effect of DYCAL and zinc oxide iodoform paste in the treatment of old floor of pulp chamber perforation. Methods 45 cases with old floor of pulp chamber perforation occurred all in the molar and were combined with medullary cavity polyp. All the perforations were repaired by DYCAL after treating the impacted teeth, then the root canals were prepared and filled with zinc oxide iodoform paste and gutta-percha, and the PAZ zinc was used to fill the bottom and silver amalgam was used to fill and repair after two weeks of observation. The clinical symptoms of impacted teeth were observed, X-ray examination was done, and clinical curative effect was evaluated at the visit after 1 year. Results In 45 cases, there were 6 cases with unsuccessful visit,30 cases were successful and 9 cases were failing among the remaining 39 cases, the successful rate was 76.9%,and the effect of smaller diameter perforation was better than that of bigger diameter perforation, the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05). Conclusion The short-term clinical curative effect of DYCAL and zinc oxide iodoform paste in the treatment of old floor of pulp chamber perforation is satisfactory, and worth of application at the grass-roots work.
Energy and Fuel Systems Integration

Energy and Fuel Systems Integration explains how growing energy and fuel demands, paired with the need for environmental preservation, require different sources of energy and fuel to cooperate and integrate with each other rather than simply compete. Providing numerous examples of energy and fuel systems integration success stories, this book:Discu
Theological Challenges to Religious Women’s Rights

This chapter will contrast the human rights notion with the theological positions of three of the world’s major religions. Volumes have been written about each; these pages will provide a brief overview of equality and women. While each of these religious traditions contains a broad spectrum of interpretation on every social and religious topic, and the fullest compatibility with human rights norms for women, those positions that contribute to the conflict between religious freedoms and women’s rights will receive particular attention. The chapter will demonstrate that in some religious communities the rights notion is so different from essential theological beliefs that its moral authority is eroded and the construct itself is disabled as a tool for securing religious women’s rights. Alternately, the human rights idea can be so modified to adapt to religious teachings that the idea of gender equality is lost and the rights construct, as some religious communities employ it, is again unable to promote women’s actual rights.
Kidney epithelium specific deletion of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) causes hydronephrosis in mice

Transcription factor Nrf2 protects from experimental acute kidney injury (AKI) and is promising to limit progression in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) by upregulating multiple antioxidant genes. We recently demonstrated that deletion of Keap1, the endogenous inhibitor of Nrf2, in T lymphocytes significantly protects from AKI. In this study, we investigated the effect of Keap1 deletion on Nrf2 mediated antioxidant response in the renal tubular epithelial cells. We deleted Keap1 exon 2 and 3 in the renal tubular epithelial cells by crossing Ksp-Cre mice with Keap1 floxed (Keap1 f/f) mice. Deletion of Keap1 gene in the kidney epithelial cells of Ksp-Keap1 -/- mice and its effect on Nrf2 target gene expression was performed using PCR and real-time PCR respectively. Histological evaluation was performed on H&E stained sections. Complete blood count, serum and urine analysis were performed to assess systemic effects of defective kidney development. Student’s T test was used to determine statistical difference between the groups. Ksp-Cre resulted in the deletion of Keap1 exon 2 and 3 and subsequent upregulation of Nrf2 target genes, Nqo1, Gclm and Gclc in the kidney epithelial cells of Ksp-Keap1 -/- mice at baseline. Renal epithelial cell specific deletion of Keap1 in Ksp-Keap1 -/- mice caused marked renal pelvic expansion and significant compression of medullary parenchyma consistent with hydronephrosis in both (3 month-old) males and females. Kidneys from 6 month-old Ksp-Keap1 -/- mice showed progressive hydronephrosis. Hematological, biochemical and urinary analysis showed significantly higher red blood cell count (p = 0.04), hemoglobin (p = 0.01), hematocrit (p = 0.02), mean cell volume (p = 0.02) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.003) in Ksp-Keap1 -/- mice in comparison to Keap1 f/f mice. These unexpected findings demonstrate that Keap1 deletion in renal tubular epithelial cells results in an abnormal kidney development consistent with hydronephrosis and reveals a novel Keap1 mediated signaling pathway in renal development.
Dissipative Structures and the Origins of Life

Modern open system thermodynamics, as pioneered by Prigogine, provides a new framework for examining living and associated systems [Ji 1987] [Schorr and Schroeder 1989] [Loye and Eisler 1987]. This paper will show how the behavior of molecules can lead to biological events. Novel hypotheses are proposed that integrate open system, far from equilibrium, physical principles with the many layers of biological complexity. An abstract conceptual development provides a unifying perspective of prebiotic evolution, the origins of the genetic code, and the origins of life itself. An understanding of the nature of health and disease arises as a natural extension of physical phenomena and includes thermodynamic interpretations of the basic living processes of cell division and cell death. The reiteration of underlying physical principles provides new definitions of speciation and individuality. Consideration of man’s place in an evolving biosphere is also examined.
Fitness Cost of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Differs by Type III Secretion Genotype.

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance is highly prevalent among clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, limiting treatment options. We have reported previously that highly virulent strains containing the exoU gene of the type III secretion system are more likely to be FQ-resistant than strains containing the exoS gene, as well as more likely to acquire resistance-conferring mutations in gyrA/B and parC/E. We hypothesize that FQ-resistance imposes a lower fitness cost on exoU compared to exoS strains, thus allowing for better adaptation to the FQ-rich clinical environment. We created isogenic mutants containing a common FQ-resistance conferring point mutation in parC from 3 exoU and 3 exoS clinical isolates and tested fitness in vitro using head-to-head competition assays. The mutation differentially affected fitness in the exoU and exoS strains tested. While the addition of the parC mutation dramatically increased fitness in one of the exoU strains leaving the other two unaffected, all three exoS strains displayed a general decrease in fitness. In addition, we found that exoU strains may be able to compensate for the fitness costs associated with the mutation through better regulation of supercoiling compared to the exoS strains. These results may provide a biological explanation for the observed predominance of the virulent exoU genotype in FQ-resistant clinical subpopulations and represent the first investigation into potential differences in fitness costs of FQ-resistance that are linked to the virulence genotype of P. aeruginosa. Understanding the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance and possibilities of compensation for these costs is essential for the rational development of strategies to combat the problem of antibiotic resistance.
The Pathologic Characteristics of Interstitial Pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis: A Retrospective Autopsy Study

Interstitial pneumonia is a poorly understood variant of lung injury in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The authors identified prominent interstitial pneumonia (defined as an inflammatory reaction predominantly involving alveolar septa) in 9 of 43 autopsied patients with CF. Lungs from these nine were studied by light microscopy to determine the histopathologic features, clinicopathologic correlates, and potential causes of CF-associated interstitial pneumonia. Two histologic variants were identified, alveoloseptal (in which the inflammatory reaction was confined to the alveolar wall) and organizing (in which intraalveolar granulation tissue was present in addition to septal inflammation), which respectively affected four and five patients. Cholesterol deposits and capillary proliferation were prominent associated features in some patients. Interstitial pneumonia was not diagnosed antemortem and was identified on chest roentgenogram in only two patients. There were no distinctive clinical features associated with different histologic subtypes, nor did histologic or clinical data identify a specific cause(s) of interstitial pneumonia. The authors conclude that CF-associated interstitial pneumonia, although usually an incidental finding at autopsy, may potentially contribute to respiratory impairment and death. Although there are multiple possible causes of interstitial lung injury associated with CF, the authors were unable to identify, with certainty, the pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonia in any patient in this study.
Development of a theory-based questionnaire to assess structure and control in parent feeding (SCPF)

Parents shape children’s eating environments and act as powerful socialization agents, impacting young children’s behavioral controls of food intake. Most feeding measures assess parents’ use of control to manage children’s intake of energy dense foods. The Structure and Control in Parent Feeding (SCPF) questionnaire was developed to assess more positive aspects of feeding practices with their young children —setting limits, providing routines—that promote self-regulation, as well as controlling feeding practices. A mixed method approach was used to develop the SCPF. In 2013, cognitive interviews informed the modification, deletion and/or replacement of items. In 2014, the survey was distributed statewide to mothers of toddlers aged 12 to 36 months participating in the Women, Infants, and Children program. In 2016, exploratory factor analyses was conducted to test our theoretical parenting model and content validity and criterion validity were assessed (n = 334). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and second-order EFA revealed a 2-factor, 22-item Structure model and a 2-factor, 12-item Control model. Internal consistencies for all factors exceeded 0.70. As predicted, the Structure superfactor was positivity associated with responsiveness, whereas the Control superfactor was positively associated with demandingness on the Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire. The Structure subscales were also positively associated with mealtime behaviors and Control subscales were positively associated with control-oriented feeding measures from the Control in Parent Feeding Practices questionnaire. The SCPF questionnaire is a reliable tool that can be used to assess aspects of structure- and control-based feeding practices to better understand how parents feed their toddlers.
Acoustic vaporization threshold of lipid-coated perfluoropentane droplets.

Phase shift droplets vaporizable by acoustic stimulation offer the advantages of producing microbubbles as contrast agents in situ as well as higher stability and the possibility of achieving smaller sizes. Here, the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) threshold of a suspension of droplets with a perfluoropentane (PFP) core (diameter 400–3000 nm) is acoustically measured as a function of the excitation frequency in a tubeless setup at room temperature. The changes in scattered responses—fundamental, sub-, and second harmonic—are investigated, a quantitative criterion is used to determine the ADV phenomenon, and findings are discussed. The average threshold obtained using three different scattered components increases with frequency—1.05 ± 0.28 MPa at 2.25 MHz, 1.89 ± 0.57 MPa at 5 MHz, and 2.34 ± 0.014 MPa at 10 MHz. The scattered response from vaporized droplets was also found to qualitatively match with that from an independently prepared lipid-coated microbubble suspension in magnitude as well as trend...
Evaluation of sperm chromatin structure and DNA strand breaks is an important part of clinical male fertility assessment.

As reviewed by Agarwal et al. (1) and recently stated by Vu Bach and Schlegel (2), “numerous studies have attempted to assess the association between elevated sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and ART outcomes. Unfortunately, variations between SDF assays, protocols, and thresholds and differences in study populations have resulted in systematic reviews and meta-analyses fraught with heterogeneity and unable to come to robust conclusions”. However, these early meta-analyses were considered a near impossible task leading to vague and questionable conclusions. Recent studies have refined protocols for the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) (3,4) TUNEL (5), SCD (6) and COMET (7) tests. A major consideration for standardizing a protocol is to identify the SDF thresholds. While this has often been described as a single% SDF, e.g., 30% listed as the SCSA threshold in Agarwal et al. (1), more recent SCSA studies have listed two or three thresholds depending on the method of fertilization (see below).
Linking the histories of slavery: North America and its borderlands

This collection of essays grew out of a seminar at the School for Advanced Research, which also published the collection. The authors come from a variety of disciplines and the editors have made a ...
ClassificaIO: machine learning for classification graphical user interface

Summary: ClassificaIO is an open-source Python graphical user interface (GUI) for machine learning classification for the scikit-learn module. ClassificaIO aims to provide an easy-to-use interactive way to train, validate, and test data on a range of classification algorithms. The GUI enables fast comparisons within and across classifiers, and facilitates uploading and exporting of trained models, and both validated, and tested data results. Availability: ClassificaIO is implemented as a Python application and is available for download and installation through the Python Package Index (PyPI) (http://pypi.python.org/pypi/ClassificaIO) and it can be deployed using the "import" function once installed. The application is distributed under an MIT license and source code is available for download (for Mac OS X, Unix and Mi-crosoft Windows) through PyPI and GitHub (http://github.com/gmiaslab/ClassificaIO), and at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1133266.
Applying Data Base Management Techniques to Statistical Production Processing

National and international statistical bureaus produce ca. 25000 tables for publication each year, based on hundreds of inter-related object-types with thousand of attributes. It would appear that this environment should be well suited to the application of data base management techniques for the administration of the data.
The role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of virus-induced encephalopathies.

The mechanism by which virus infections of the central nervous system (CNS) cause neuronal damage are understood in only a few viral CNS diseases in which there is evidence that the virus directly destroys its target cells. In many other cases of virus-induced encephalopathy, the virus does not directly destroy neural tissue but causes indirect damage by altering neuronal functions (Fu et al. 1993; Lipkin et al. 1988a,b) or by triggering cell-mediated responses within the CNS (Byrne and Oldstone 1984; Carbone et al. 1988; Doherty et al. 1976). Soluble factors such as proinflammatory cytokines, proteases, free radicals, and neurotoxins produced by immune cells are thought to play an important role in the process of neuronal destruction (Shankar et al. 1992; Koprowski et al. 1993). It is believed that proinflammatory cytokines in particular are exceptionally important in the process of neuronal destruction (Selrnaj 1992). It has been shown that cytokines can have direct cytotoxic effects. For example, the intracisternal challenge of interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in rats induced meningitis and blood brain barrier damage (Quagliarello et al. 1991). Recently, attention has focused on the possibility that reactive nitrogen intermediates generated by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) directly damage neural tissue. Both the constitutive form of NOS (cNOS), and the inducible calcium-independent NOS (iNOS) are thought to play a role in the process of neuronal damage (Koprowski et al. 1993; Murphy et al. 1993).
Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Twelfth International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications --- HotMobile '11. This year's workshop continues the tradition of previous year's workshops of being a highly-selective venue for mobile-computing research. HotMobile's mission is to provide a forum for discussing the future of mobile computing through presentations of new ideas, preliminary research results, and experience reports. The call for papers attracted 49 submissions from Asia, Europe, and North America. The program committee accepted 16 papers that cover a variety of topics, including privacy and security, sensing, and novel user interfaces. The program also includes a keynote speech by Betsy Masiello on the role of mobile computing in communication, information gathering, and human organization as well as a poster and demo session. HotMobile has traditionally included a Doctoral Consortium in which students can receive feedback on their work from a broad range of researchers. We have upheld this tradition, but changed the format. Instead of holding a separate session with several long presentations, this year's Doctoral Consortium participants will give brief overviews of their work at the beginning of each technical session.
Are public misperceptions of crime trends a cause of criminality? Evidence from a randomized experiment

Economists and psychologists have found that people tend to follow descriptive norms (what others do). Accordingly, the view that an increasing number of people engage in crime may increase the acc...
Using Ancestry-Informative SNPs to Quantify Introgression of European Alleles into North American Red Foxes

A recent study demonstrated that British red foxes introduced to the mid-Atlantic coastal plain (ACP) of the eastern United States during the late 18th century successfully interbred with indigenous American red foxes despite half a million year's divergence. However, a large disparity in frequency of European mitochondria (27%) versus Y chromosomes (1%) left unclear the magnitude of genetic exchange. We sought to quantify genomic introgression using 35 autosomal and 5 X-chromosome ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) in conjunction with diagnostic Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNP) markers to characterize the modern state of red foxes in the eastern United States and to gain insight into the potential role of reproductive barriers. European admixture was highest in the ACP and apparently restricted to the central eastern United States. We estimated only slightly (and nonsignificantly) European ancestry in autosomal than X-chromosome markers. European ancestry from autosomal and X-chromosome markers (36.4%) was higher than the corresponding mitochondrial (mt) DNA estimate (26.4%) in the ACP. Only 1 of 124 males (<1%) in the ACP had European Y chromosomes, which was similar to the neighboring regions, in which 2 of 99 (2%) males carried a European Y chromosome (the same haplotype). Although we could not rule out drift as the cause of low European Y-chromosome frequency, results were also consistent with F1 male infertility. In the future, more extensive genomic sequencing will enable a more thorough investigation of possible barrier genes on the X chromosome as well as throughout the genome.
The regulation of initiation of mammalian protein synthesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the regulation of initiation of mammalian protein synthesis. It discusses the current knowledge of the initiation of protein synthesis. The regulation of the rate of initiation has been shown to be of great importance in many cells and tissues during rapid transitions from one metabolic state to another. Although mechanisms by which initiation is regulated in reticulocyte lysate and in extracts from interferon-treated cells have been determined, it is not known to what extent these mechanisms represent general regulatory mechanisms that may be found in a wide variety of cell types and physiological conditions, such as those discussed. The accumulation of information on both the sequence of events and the regulation of initiation derived from reticulocyte lysate has provided a solid foundation from which to ask questions of a wide range of cells and tissues. However, it is not yet known if a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism exists for the control of initiation, or if the regulation of eIF-2 activity is the prevalent point of control. Although data are accumulating to suggest that the control of eIF-2 activity may represent a general regulatory mechanism, it is becoming increasingly apparent that more than one step in the initiation pathway is subject to control. It is expected that the development of cell-free protein synthesizing systems from nucleated cells will allow the pursuit of these questions.
Optic cup morphogenesis requires neural crest-mediated basement membrane assembly

Organogenesis requires precise interactions between a developing tissue and its environment. In vertebrates, the developing eye is surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix as well as multiple mesenchymal cell populations. Disruptions to either the matrix or periocular mesenchyme can cause defects in early eye development, yet in many cases, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, using multidimensional imaging and computational analyses in zebrafish, we establish that cell movements in the developing optic cup require neural crest. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that basement membrane formation around the developing eye is also dependent on neural crest, but only specifically around the retinal pigment epithelium. Neural crest cells produce the extracellular matrix protein nidogen: impairing nidogen function disrupts eye development, and strikingly, expression of nidogen in the absence of neural crest partially restores optic cup morphogenesis. These results demonstrate that eye formation is regulated in part by extrinsic control of extracellular matrix assembly.
Race modifies default mode connectivity in Alzheimer's disease.

Older African Americans are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) than older Caucasians, and this difference cannot be readily explained by cerebrovascular and socioeconomic factors alone. We previously showed that mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia were associated with attenuated increases in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of total and phosphorylated tau in African Americans compared to Caucasians, even though there was no difference in beta-amyloid 1–42 level between the two races. We extended our work by analyzing early functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) biomarkers of the default mode network in older African Americans and Caucasians. We calculated connectivity between nodes of the regions belonging to the various default mode network subsystems and correlated these imaging biomarkers with non-imaging biomarkers implicated in AD (CSF amyloid, total tau, and cognitive performance). We found that race modifies the relationship between functional connectivity of default mode network subsystems and cognitive performance, tau, and amyloid levels. These findings provide further support that race modifies the AD phenotypes downstream from cerebral amyloid deposition, and identifies key inter-subsystem connections for deep imaging and neuropathologic characterization.
Scale-making, power and agency in arbitrating school-level language planning decisions

Analyzing three cases of school-level language policy decision-making in Nepal shows that each school had a pair of language policy arbiters, actors with disproportionate power over language policy...
Malabsorptive and Mixed Procedures for Obesity

Laparoscopic bariatric surgery has been introduced since 1992 and is today the gold standard approach for obesity surgery.
P580 Predictors of sexually transmitted infection screening among binge alcohol using native american adults

Background: Introduction Native American (Native) adults have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend annual STI screening for those with new or multiple sex partners. Scarce research has been conducted exploring what factors predict STI screening among high risk Native adults and the extent of compliance with CDC recommendations in this population. This analysis bridges this gap in the literature. Methods Participants are N=252 Native adults ages 18 to 55 who recently engaged in binge alcohol use and enrolled in a trial evaluating a risk-reduction counseling program. Data were collected at baseline via self-report and assessed participant demographics, substance use, sexual risk behaviors and mental health symptoms. Bivariate analyses followed by final multivariate regression models explored which factors significantly predicted STI screening behavior in the 12 months prior to assessment. Results Less than half of all participants completed STI screening in the past year (n=96, 38.1%). Among females, using a condom at last sex and having sex with more than one person in the same day was associated with lower odds of STI testing (p=0.03, p=0.02) while having sex with someone with an STI was associated with higher odds of testing (p=0.03). Among males, drug use and having more than 5 drinks in the same day were associated with higher odds of STI testing (p=0.008, p=0.031). Conclusion Regular STI screening is a key prevention strategy for reducing transmission of STIs, particularly among high risk Native American adults. Understanding what factors predict compliance with CDC recommendations can help inform programming development for Native adults who engage in binge alcohol use. Results inform intervention efforts for CDC, Indian Health Service and other tribal-serving organizations working to increase STI screening rates in Native communities. Disclosure No significant relationships.