cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to passive avoidance behavior in laboratory rodents in which animals learn to avoid a compartment where they have previously received an electric shock. The assay takes advantage of negative geotaxis in flies, which manifests as an urge to climb up when they are placed on a vertical surface. The setup consists of vertically oriented upper and lower compartments. On the first trial, a fly is placed into a lower compartment from where it usually exits within 3-15 s, and steps into the upper compartment where it receives an electric shock. During the second trial, 24 h later, the latency is significantly increased. At the same time, the number of shocks is decreased compared to the first trial, indicating that flies formed long-term memory about the upper compartment. The recordings of latencies and number of shocks could be performed with a tally counter and a stopwatch or with an Arduino-based simple device. To illustrate how the assay can be used, the passive avoidance behavior of D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female were characterized here. Comparison of latencies and number of shocks revealed that both D. melanogaster and D. simulans flies efficiently learned the passive avoidance behavior. No statistical differences were observed between male and female flies. However, males were a little faster while entering the upper compartment on the first trial, while females received a slightly higher number of shocks in every retention trial. The Western diet (WD) significantly impaired learning and memory in male flies while flight exercise counterbalanced this effect. Taken together, the passive avoidance behavior in flies offers a simple and reproducible assay that could be used for studying basic mechanisms of learning and memory.
Object recognition in Williams syndrome: uneven ventral stream activation.

Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder associated with severe visuospatial deficits, relatively strong language skills, heightened social interest, and increased attention to faces. On the basis of the visuospatial impairments, this disorder has been characterized primarily as a deficit of the dorsal stream, the occipitoparietal brain regions that subserve visuospatial processing. However, some evidence indicates that this disorder may also affect the development of the ventral stream, the occipitotemporal cortical regions that subserve face and object recognition. The present studies examined ventral stream function in WS, with the hypothesis that faces would produce a relatively more mature pattern of ventral occipitotemporal cortical activation, relative to other objects that are also represented across these visual areas. We compared functional magnetic resonance imaging activation patterns during viewing of human faces, cat faces, houses and shoes in individuals with WS (age 14–27), typically developing 6–9 year olds (matched approximately on mental age), and typically developing 14–26 year olds (matched on chronological age). Typically developing individuals exhibited changes in the pattern of activation over age, consistent with previous reports. The ventral stream topography of the WS individuals differed from both control groups, however, reflecting the same level of activation to face stimuli as chronological age matches, but less activation to house stimuli than either mental age or chronological age matches. We discuss the possible causes of this unusual topography and implications for understanding the behavioral profile of people with WS.
Nonmonetary effects of financial crises

Abstract This paper empirically examines the nonmonetary effects of financial crises. It exploits the special nature of the Great Depression in Canada to test propositions linking financial structure and aggregate economic activity. Canada's large domestic debt and shrinking banking system had little impact on the course of the Depression. In comparison with results for the United States, this implicates bank failures as a prime factor in the real effects of financial crises.
Abstract 2731: PELP1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair via alternative-NHEJ: Implications in therapy resistance

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Estrogen Receptor positive breast cancer is commonly treated with hormonal therapy; however, many patients acquire therapy resistance, a major clinical problem. Recent evidence suggests that the accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities via increased error-prone Alternative-Non-Homologous End Joining (A-NHEJ) DNA repair pathway could contribute to breast cancer therapy resistance. Proline, Glutamic acid, Leucine rich Protein-1 (PELP1), an oncogenic co-regulator for transcription factors, is commonly overexpressed in breast cancer, and its deregulation has been implicated in therapy resistance. Our recent studies identified PELP1 as a novel substrate of the DNA damage response (DDR) kinases. In this study, we discovered that PELP1 regulates the A-NHEJ pathway, and we developed a novel peptide drug that targets PELP1-A-NHEJ axis for the treatment of therapy resistance. Our results suggest that PELP1 is phosphorylated at Ser1033 by DDR kinases and phosphorylated PELP1 co-localizes with the gamma-H2AX foci. Using Homologous Recombination (HR) and NHEJ pathway specific reporter assays, we found that PELP1 knockdown decreases NHEJ, with no apparent effect on the HR pathway. Further, using A-NHEJ specific reporter cell line, we found that PELP1 knockdown decreased the frequency of A-NHEJ, while PELP1 overexpression increased the repair frequency. PELP1's ability to regulate A-NHEJ pathway was further confirmed by sequencing repaired plasmids and by quantitating the degree of end resection. More importantly, metaphase chromosome spreads revealed gross chromosomal abnormalities in PELP1 deregulated breast cancer cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that PELP1 interacts with Mre11, and modulates the degree of end resection at the DNA double strand breaks. Mapping studies identified the C-terminus of PELP1 as the binding site for Mre11. Using yeast based genetic screen composed of 10 million peptides, we identified a unique peptide, PIP3 that binds the C-terminus of PELP1. We developed a stapled peptide of PIP3 (sPIP3), which functioned as a potent cytotoxic agent for breast cancer cells with little activity on normal cells. Further, sPIP3 efficiently inhibited the A-NHEJ pathway and significantly, reduced survival and promoted apoptosis of therapy resistant model cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that PELP1 plays a critical role in the A-NHEJ pathway and sPIP3 represents a novel drug for the treatment of therapy resistant breast cancer. Citation Format: Samaya R. Krishnan, Binoj C. Nair, Gangadhara R. Sareddy, Monica Mann, Ratna K. Vadlamudi. PELP1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair via alternative-NHEJ: Implications in therapy resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2731. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2731
A Strongly Minimal Expansion of $(\omega, s)$

We will show that there is a nontrivial strongly minimal expansion of ( ω, s ), the natural numbers with successor. Pillay and Steinhorn [1] proved that there is no -minimal expansion of ( ω , ≤). This result provides an interesting contrast. The strongly minimal expansion of ( ω, s ) is very easy to describe. Consider the order-two permutation of ω, π recursively defined by Let T be Th( ω, s, π , 0).
Trade‐Induced Unemployment: How Much Do We Care?

It is a common perception that a government, especially in the face of elections, is particularly sensitive to the presence of trade-induced unemployment. In this paper, I ask: how much weight does the incumbent politician actually attach to unemployment resulting from trade? To answer, I build a model that captures government's sympathy to trade-affected workers and allows me to decompose the channels through which trade-induced unemployment affects the level of sectoral protection chosen by a politically-driven incumbent official. I provide empirical evidence that the US government is very sensitive to the presence and the magnitude of trade-induced unemployment. Specifically, I estimate the weight that the office holder attaches to the welfare of trade-affected workers to be positive, significant, and four times larger than the weight on the welfare of those who are not affected by trade.
Long-term survival after use of internal thoracic artery in octogenarians is gender related.

Abstract Objective The goal of this study is to assess the benefits of a left internal thoracic artery as a bypass conduit in octogenarians undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. We hypothesize that there is no survival advantage and that outcome may be gender related. Methods In a retrospective analysis of 1141 octogenarians (aged >80 years) undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting from 1996 to 2012, patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I (coronary artery bypass grafting–left internal thoracic artery) included 870 patients (339 female/531 male), and group II (coronary artery bypass grafting–saphenous vein graft) included 271 patients (131 female/140 male). Results The overall 30-day mortality was 5.7%: 4.3% in group I and 7.0% in group II ( P = .1). Group II had a lower trend of any postoperative complication ( P = .05) and pneumonia ( P = .05). When analyzed by gender, there were no discernable differences in long-term survival for male patients in group I (65% at 5 years and 29% at 10 years) versus male patients in group II (65% at 5 years and 31% at 10 years) ( P = .2). However, survival was significantly greater for female patients in group I (70% at 5 years and 35% at 10 years) versus female patients in group II (63% at 5 years and 21% at 19 years) ( P = .01). Multiple logistic and Cox regression analysis showed that left internal thoracic artery use is associated with improved survival in female patients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.93) but not in male patients (HR, 1.14; CI, 0.9-1.4). Advanced age was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR, 1.08 per year; CI, 1.05-1.1). Both patient age ( P = .01) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons–predicted 30-day mortality ( P = .03) remain in the final model for 30-day mortality. The benefit of the left internal thoracic artery after coronary artery bypass grafting in octogenarians may be gender related. Conclusions This study shows that the benefit of the left internal thoracic artery in the octogenarian population undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting may be gender related. For elderly female patients, the use of the left internal thoracic artery as a bypass conduit was associated with better long-term survival, whereas no significant difference was found among the male population. The use of the left internal thoracic artery was associated with a greater postoperative pulmonary morbidity for the study population as a whole. The present study does not refute the benefit of the left internal thoracic artery–left anterior descending graft, but instead distinguishes a subset who might benefit more.
Laser Communication System Design

The Air Force is interested in laser communication systems for a variety of air-to-air applications. Laser data transmission offers significant advantages over RF systems in certain areas including higher data rates with low transmitter power, narrower beam divergence leading to difficulty in interception, narrower field of view coupled with high off-axis energy rejection which makes jamming a very formidable task, and smaller antenna size which creates minimum installation impact on an aircraft. The applications with the greatest near-term potential involve the transfer of data between large aircraft operating in relatively benign dynamic environments normally present at altitudes of about 30,000 feet. Systems performing these strategic data exchange (SDE) functions must operate at ranges of 100 to 200 nautical miles at data rates of 2 to 3 megabits per second and the probability of bit error rates not exceeding 10-6. The paper presents the major communication channel elements of a design for a lasercom system performing SDE roles. The design is established by comparing the advantages of the different approaches. The final design selection is based on the transmitter characteristics required for each system. The characteristics include physical properties, development risk, cost, as well as the flexibility for meeting more stringent system performance specifications without requiring major redesign.
Ocular, neurologic and hematologic manifestations of an inherited abnormality in vitamin B12 metabolism: case study and review of the literature

Abstract A deficiency of vitamin B 12 or cobalamin is well documented to cause both neurologic deficits and anemia. These clinical manifestations are particularly extensive when the lack of cobalamin occurs at birth. The profound deficits in Cobalamin C deficiency originate from the inability of the body's cells to transform inactive cobalamin obtained from the diet into an active form necessary for the proper growth and development of the child. The relevant biochemistry and physiology of cobalamin which functions in vital bodily processes is discussed. This serves to explain the laboratory abnormalities and some of the neurologic and ocular manifestations of cobalamin deficiency.
Uncontrolled eating and obesity in adult primary care patients

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the independent effects of health confidence and uncontrolled eating on obesity risk in primary care patients. Methods A random sample of primary care patients served by a large medical clinic in the mid-western United States was surveyed January–March of 2008; and 944 cases met criteria for the study. The odds of being obese (BMI ≥ 30) were modeled using multiple logistic regression. Uncontrolled eating was measured with a single question addressing problems with food control. Weight control motivation, health confidence, demographic variables, and health behaviors were used as covariates. Results Nearly 47 percent of our respondents reported uncontrolled eating; 42.2 percent of uncontrolled eaters were obese, compared with only 9.4 percent of persons who never had problems with food control. About 27 percent of non-obese persons reported no trouble with food control, compared to 9.4 percent of obese patients having no trouble. Over 70 percent of obese respondents reported at least some trouble with food control, compared to only 37 percent of non-obese patients. Not being able to control food or having some trouble controlling food exhibited the strongest independent association with obesity (OR 6.67, CI 3.91–11.4). Conclusions Adult primary care patients who reported inability to control their eating behavior were more likely to be obese. These effects persisted after adjusting for demographic and behavioral variables. The results of this study suggest that obesity is partly the result of uncontrolled eating. Health promotion programs may have to be patterned after those designed for substance abuse and dependency.
THE NATIONAL CRIME SURVEY REDESIGN

NCS is a retrospective survey; like studies of voting behavior, spells of unemployment, and episodes of ill health, it poses a recall task and relies upon the accuracy with which respondents can describe their past experiences. The survey opens with a checklist designed to elicit reports of recent encounters with crime, and proceeds to a set of detailed questions for those who respond affirmatively. Most of the 18,000 or so NCS respondents each month have little to report, for recent victimization is relatively infrequent and geographically concentrated. Thus, using a national sample to ferret out these few requires that the survey be among the very largest conducted by the Census Bureau. Cost considerations and some technical features of measuring victimization also demand that the NCS be organized as a panel survey as well. Many of the methodological problems involved in fielding large retrospective panel surveys are confounded with the topical content of the NCS, for the distribution of criminal victimization turns out to be closely linked to many of the sources of sampling and nonsampling error which affect such surveys. Recognizing this, the launch of the NCS in 1972 was preceded by a series of six pilot studies that tested alternative questionnaire strategies, respondent selection procedures, and sampling designs for the survey (reports of the studies are reprinted in Lehnen and Skogan, 1981, 1985). This methodological scrutiny continues; almost immediately after the NCS went into the field it was reviewed by a panel convened by the National Research
VAPOR PRESSURE AND SUBLIMATION ENTHALPY OF ELEMENTAL TECHNETIUM.

Abstract The vapor pressure of technetium metal was measured over the temperature range 2051–2348 K using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. The vapor pressure of technetium measured over this temperature range is R In P(atm) = {− (128.1 ± 1.5) × 10 3 T} + (23.19 ± 0.68) . The present vapor pressures are a factor of 3–6 higher than previously reported values. The third-law enthalpy for the reaction Tc(s) = Tc(g) derived from the present vapor pressures is ΔH° (298.15 K) = 152.7 ± 2.2 kcal mol−1. The corresponding second-law result is ΔH° (298.15 K) = 129.9 ±1.5 kcal mol−1. An approximate value of Tm = 2435 ± 40 K was obtained for the melting temperature of technetium.
Nano-structured carbide-derived carbon films and their tribology

Abstract Carbide-derived carbon (CDC) is a form of carbon produced by reacting metal carbides, such as SiC or TiC, with halogens at temperatures high enough to produce fast kinetics, but too low to permit the rearrangement of the carbon atoms into an equilibrium graphitic structure. The structure of CDC is derivative of the original carbide structure and contains nanoscale porosity and both sp2 and sp3 bonded carbon in a variety of nanoscale structures. CDC can be produced as a thin film on hard carbides to improve their tribological performance. CDC coatings are distinguished by their low friction coefficients and high wear resistance in many important industrial environments and by their resistance to spallation and delamination. The tribology of CDC coatings on SiC surfaces is described in detail.
Thermal adaptability of olive (Olea europaea L.) to the Arid Chaco of Argentina

Abstract In Argentina, the proposed expansion of olive growing into areas ecologically different from areas where commercial plantations now exist, carries a high probability of failure. Temperatures in the Chaco ecosystem may not be conducive to olive production. Thus, the effects of temperatures on flowering and fruiting on olive trees were investigated using a model of thermal adaptability. The model evaluated vernalization periods for 19 sites of Argentina, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Spain and USA, using maximum mean temperatures of 12.5°C and minimum mean temperatures of 0.0°C. The probability of obtaining temperatures included within limits for each 10-day period during the vernalization interval was calculated. Daily probability and the number of days within each period were taken as binomial parameters and outlined as binomial modes. To determine the probability of high temperature damage during flowering within each region, temperatures equal to or higher than 37.8°C were considered. To determine damage produced by late frost, temperature equal to or below 0°C that occurred during flowering within each region was considered. Analysis of thermal information for olive sites proposed for the Arid Chaco indicates important differences from traditional olive growing sites.
A large diurnal variation of the geomagnetically trapped radiation

The satellite Injun 1 was used to find the high-latitude termination of trapping of electrons with energy E≳40 kev at 1000-km altitude over North America. On the average, this termination is at L∼16 or Λ∼75° in the local day and at L ∼8 or Λ∼69° in the local night. As a consequence, in the range 8≲ L≲16 or 69° ≲ Λ ≲75°, the average intensity of trapped electrons is some 100 times greater in the local day than at local night. Several explanations are suggested, but none is proved. The results show that McIlwain's L parameter loses its simple applicability for L≳6 or Λ≳66°.
Elevated Sexual Activity in Violent Marriages: Hypersexuality or Sexual Extortion?

Couples have been observed to be more sexually active in marriages characterized by violence. Two alternative hypotheses are posed to account for this. The hypersexuality hypothesis is that a pre‐existing propensity for both aggression and violence characterizes both partners in selected marriages. The sexual extortion hypothesis is that male violence creates a climate of fear in which women are coerced into having sex more often they would otherwise assent to. Data on 2,435 couples from the National Survey of Families and Households 1987–88 are consistent only with the sexual extortion hypothesis. Holding constant other predictors of sexual frequency, only a husband's violence, but not a wife's, is associated with greater sexual activity in marriage. Moreover, when husbands have been violent, a greater frequency of sexual activity predicts greater depressive symptomatology among wives.
Structure types in chemisorption found by LEED

Abstract Sufficient structural work has now been obtained using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) that fairly general structure types can be identified. For low coverage ( 0 to 1 2 a monolayer) the structures are simple, corresponding to those expected by classical chemisorption concepts. For high coverage ( 1 2 to 1 monolayer) a new structure type is often found, the coincidence lattice structure. It is formed by rows of atoms which are out-of-step with the substrate lattice by a fixed amount, coming into coincidence with it at fixed intervals. At highest coverages the coincidence lattice structures are slightly distorted close-packed structures. Faceting is another structural phenomenon often observed by LEED. It is produced by as little as a monolayer of a chemisorbed element such as oxygen and occurs at sufficiently low temperatures (300–400°C) that its mechanism is believed to be surface diffusion. Depending on exposure conditions the facets may be either high or low index planes. Faceting also occurs on highly stepped surfaces.
The 'states versus weights' dilemma in quality of life measurement.

The ideal health-related quality of life instrument has two important properties: (1) comprehensive assessment of important health domains (e.g., physical function, pain, emotional well-being); and (2) integration of domain-specific information into an overall score. The combination of health domains yields a health ‘state’ for each person. An overall score is produced by assigning a value or weight to the health state. This overall score is highly desirable because of its potential for usage in cost utility evaluations.’ Ratios of cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) can, in theory, be used to decide among competing interventions in, for example, managed health care delivery systems. In practice, health-related quality of life instruments tend to be strong in either state measurement or weighting, but not both. Indeed, health states are not weighted at all in many instruments, because weighting precisely-measured states is often impractical. This issue of Qudity o l Lye Research includes an article by Brazier et ul. that compares a weighted instrument, the EuroQol, with an unweighted instrument, a British version of the SF-36. The EuroQol instrument measures six domains, classifying individuals into three levels of mobility, self-care and pain, and into two levels of main activity, social relationships and mood. Combinations of levels within these six domains yield 216 different possible health states. Multiattribute
Atmospheric mercury deposition to Lake Michigan during the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study.

Wet and dry mercury (Hg) deposition were calculated to Lake Michigan using a hybrid receptor modeling framework. The model utilized mercury monitoring data collected during the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study and the Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans Study together with high-resolution over-water meteorological data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (July, 1994−October, 1995). Atmospheric deposition was determined to be the primary pathway for mercury input to Lake Michigan, contributing approximately 84% of the estimated 1403 kg total annual input (atmospheric deposition + tributary input). Wet (10.6 μg m-2) and dry deposition (9.7 μg m-2) contributed almost equally to the annual atmospheric Hg deposition of 20.3 μg m-2 (1173 kg). Re-emission of dissolved gaseous Hg from the lake was also significant (7.8 μg m-2), reducing the net atmospheric deposition to 12.5 μg m-2 (720 kg). A strong urban influence was observed in the over-water mercury deposition estimates in ...
Dietary Estrogens Influence Urinary Lignan Excretion in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Post-Menopausal Women

Abstract Dietary estrogens, such as lignans, are similar in structure to endogenous sex steroid hormones and may act in vivo to alter hormone metabolism and subsequent cancer risk. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of dietary intake of a lignan-rich plant food (flaxseed) on urinary lignan excretion in post-menopausal women. This randomized, crossover trial consisted of three 7-week feeding periods during which 31 healthy post-menopausal women, aged 52-82, recruited from the Monastery of the Sisters of the Order of St. Benedict in St. Joseph, MN consumed their habitual diets plus 0, 5 or 10 grams of ground flaxseed. Urine samples collected for 2 consecutive days during the last week of each feeding period were analyzed for lignan content (enterodiol, enterolactone, matairesinol) by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Compared to the 0g flaxseed diet, consuming 5 or 10g of flaxseed increased excretion of enterodiol by 3.73 (2.71-5.13) pmol/mg creatinine (95% confidence interval [CI]), p=0.0001 and 8.71 (6.32-11.99) pmol/mg creatinine (95% CI), p=0.0001, respectively, and increased excretion of enterolactone by 7.15 (5.48-9.12) pmol/mg creatinine (95% CI), p=0.0001 and 16.18 (12.41 -21.09) pmol/mg creatinine (95% CI), p=0.0001, respectively. Excretion of matairesinol was not significantly altered with flaxseed feeding. Consuming flax, a significant source of dietary estrogens, in addition to their habitual diets increased excretion of enterodiol and enterolactone, but not matairesinoi, in a dose-dependent manner in this group of post-menopausal women. Urinary excretion of lignan metabolites is a dose-dependent biomarker of flaxseed intake within the context of a semi-controlled diet.
Phase stabilization of sodium sulfate by aliovalent cation substitution

Abstract Phase stabilization of sodium sulfate by yttrium sulfate has been studied using laser Raman spectroscopy. Comparison of the spectrum of stabilized sodium sulfate with the spectrum of pure sodium sulfate in both powder and single crystal form reveals that the stabilized phase is phase I, the high temperature phase of pure sodium sulfate. In addition, powder X-ray diffraction measurements have been used to confirm the identification of the stabilized phase as phase I of the pure compound.
Ask-an-expert services analysis

This article discusses the history and emergence of nonlibrary commercial and noncommercial information services on the World Wide Web. These services are referred to as "expert services", while the term "digital reference" is reserved for library-related on-line information services. Following suggestions in library and information literature regarding quality standards for digital reference, researchers make clear the importance of developing a practicable methodology for critical examination of expert services, and consideration of their relevance to library and other professional information services. A methodology for research in this area and initial data are described. Two hundred forty questions were asked of 20 expert service sites. Findings include performance measures such as response rate, response time, and verifiable answers. Sites responded to 70% of all questions, and gave verifiable answers to 69% of factual questions. Performance was generally highest for factual type questions. Because expert services are likely to continue to fill a niche for factual questions in the digital reference environment, implications for further research and the development of digital reference services may be appropriately turned to source questions. This is contrary to current practice and the emergence of digital reference services reported in related literature thus far.
Amino acid discrimination by a class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase specified by negative determinants.

Abstract The 2.5 A crystal structure of Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase in a quaternary complex with tRNAGln, an ATP analog and glutamate reveals that the non-cognate amino acid adopts a distinct binding mode within the active site cleft. In contrast to the binding of cognate glutamine, one oxygen of the charged glutamate carboxylate group makes a direct ion-pair interaction with the strictly conserved Arg30 residue located in the first half of the dinucleotide fold domain. The nucleophilic α-carboxylate moiety of glutamate is mispositioned with respect to both the ATP α-phosphate and terminal tRNA ribose groups, suggesting that a component of amino acid discrimination resides at the catalytic step of the reaction. Further, the other side-chain carboxylate oxygen of glutamate is found in a position identical to that previously proposed to be occupied by the NH2 group of the cognate glutamine substrate. At this position, the glutamate oxygen accepts hydrogen bonds from the hydroxyl moiety of Tyr211 and a water molecule. These findings demonstrate that amino acid specificity by GlnRS cannot arise from hydrogen bonds donated by the cognate glutamine amide to these same moieties, as previously suggested. Instead, Arg30 functions as a negative determinant to drive binding of non-cognate glutamate into a non-productive orientation. The poorly differentiated cognate amino acid-binding site in GlnRS may be a consequence of the late emergence of this enzyme from the eukaryotic lineage of glutamyl-tRNA synthetases.
Student/Faculty Roles in Writing Research Papers:

Many research papers, however, are not directed and evaluated by a committee but by a single faculty member. Synthesizing the roles of the "Four E's" — encourager, editor, and exterminator, plus the role of energizer— into the personage of one faculty member can facilitate students' growth in writing abilities. As the graduate student keenly noted, we all have our preferred roles in assisting students with writing. However, we need to gain skills in all roles and to know when in the writing process to assume a particular role.
Understanding China's renewable energy technology exports ☆

Abstract China became a major player in renewable energy (RE) technology during the 2000s. Chinese solar PV cell and module makers quickly dominated global sales in that industry, while the country's wind turbine producers became poised for significant exports after capturing their rapidly growing home market. In countries like the US, Chinese RE technology strength has been met with claims of excessive governmental support of exports. This study examines to what extent Chinese firms' solar PV and wind technology successes have been enabled by policy supports, and whether those policies appear to have been driven by broader goals versus RE export promotion per se. The evidence suggests that governmental policy toward both wind and solar originated in a push for export-competitive Chinese companies. But the specifics differed substantially due to the particular requirements of building technological capabilities in each: export readiness necessitated substantial support for domestic installation of wind but not solar PV power. The findings also suggest that as the decade of the 2000s progressed, environmental goals played an increasing role alongside export promotion in motivating and shaping Chinese RE technology policies.
Delinquency in Comparative Perspective: India

Similar in many respects to laws in other countries, the Indian national delinquency code of 1986 defines a “delinquent” as a “juvenile” who commits an “offense.” Distinguishing delinquents from neglected youths, this law mandates a rehabilitative, social welfare, rather than a punitive approach be taken toward young offenders. Official delinquency rates have not shown dramatic increases through the 1980s and remain extremely low compared to other countries. Self-report data, however, indicates that at least for mild offenses, delinquent behavior is widespread among Indian youth. While somewhat less frequent among Indian youths compared to those in economically developed societies, offense patterns and distributions among Indian juveniles are similar to those found in most other countries. Existing research does little to cast light on the causal forces responsible for this behavior in India, although some data suggests that bond and learning theories may apply. Moreover, socioeconomic conditions relating...
Calculation of binary phase diagrams of refractory metals, Ta, W, Tc, and Re, with liquid metals, Am, Cm, and Bk, using a regular solution theory modification

The binary phase diagrams of several refractory metals such as Ta, W, Tc, and Re with three low melting metals Am, Cm, and Bk were calculated by the modified regular solution theory. Although there are several parameters that can influence the predictions of the phase diagrams, in this present study they were limited to the internal pressure difference. The internal pressure parameters of solid metals were calculated from the internal parameters of liquid metals. The phase boundaries are then calculated from the modified regular solution theory. A HP-41C program was applied to solve the analytical equations for solubilities and then the solubilities were transferred to analytical equation formats by the Chebyshev Polynomials program. Thus, the phase boundaries can be easily obtained as a function of temperature.
Extraterritorial neuropathic pain correlates with multisegmental elevation of spinal dynorphin in nerve-injured rats.

Abstract Neuropathic pain is often associated with the appearance of pain in regions not related to the injured nerve. One mechanism that may underlie neuropathic pain is abnormal, spontaneous afferent drive which may contribute to NMDA-mediated central sensitization by the actions of glutamate and by the non-opioid actions of spinal dynorphin. In the present study, injuries to lumbar or sacral spinal nerves elicited elevation in spinal dynorphin content which correlated temporally and spatially with signs of neuropathic pain. The increase in spinal dynorphin content was coincident with the onset of tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Injury to the lumbar (L 5 /L 6 ) spinal nerves produced elevated spinal dynorphin content in the ipsilateral dorsal spinal quadrant at the L 5 and L 6 spinal segments and in the segments immediately adjacent. Lumbar nerve injury elicited ipsilateral tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia of the hindpaw. In contrast, S 2 spinal nerve ligation elicited elevated dynorphin content in sacral spinal segments and bilaterally in the caudal lumbar spinal cord. The behavioral consequences of S 2 spinal nerve ligation were also bilateral, with tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia seen in both hindpaws. Application of lidocaine to the site of S 2 ligation blocked thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia of the hindpaws suggesting that afferent drive was critical to maintenance of the pain state. Spinal injection of antiserum to dynorphin A (1–17) and of MK-801 both blocked thermal hyperalgesia, but not tactile allodynia, of the hindpaw after S 2 ligation. These data suggest that the elevated spinal dynorphin content consequent to peripheral nerve injury may drive sensitization of the spinal cord, in part through dynorphin acting directly or indirectly on the NMDA receptor complex. Furthermore, extrasegmental increases in spinal dynorphin content may partly underlie the development of extraterritorial neuropathic pain.
Chromatography, today and tomorrow

Abstract The history of chromatography is briefly reviewed. Current trends are documented, pointing to the advanced degree of maturation of the method. Its future as a research area results from its unique position as an extremely powerful technique of investigation of the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase equilibria, in the same time as it is the most powerful method of separation available in the life sciences.
Phencyclidine Model of Frontal Cortical Dysfunction in Nonhuman Primates

Long-term intake of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)/glutamate receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP), can simulate schizophrenia-like symptomatology in human subjects and can produce aberrant behavior in animals. The behavioral changes produced by PCP in animals have been suggested to model certain primary symptoms of idiopathic psychotic disorders, and the neurobiological substrates affected by PCP have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This review considers the validity of PCP-induced behaviors in animals as a model of the human disorder, and a developing hypothesis of PCP-induced neurochemical dysfunction within the prefrontal cortex is presented. The behavioral and neurochemical effects of PCP may support the notion that altered glutamatergic/dopaminergic interactions within prefrontal cortex contribute to the cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenia.
Brief report: Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in pervasive developmental disorders

TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) defines Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) as those syndromes which are characterized by severe and pervasive impairment of reciprocal social skills, communication, or the presence of stereotyped interests and activities. Included under PDD are Autism, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). To date, detailed neuroanatomic studies have been initiated in only two of these disorders, Autism and Rett syndrome (RS) and some very preliminary data are available for Asperger syndrome (AS).
Shore protection structures: Effects on recession rates and beaches from the 1870s to the 1970s along the Ohio shore of lake Erie

Shore-protection structures—largely groins and seawalls—have increased in number along the 300-km-long mainland Ohio shore of Lake Erie from about 60 in 1876–77, to about 1,400 in the late 1930s, to about 3,600 in the mid 1970s. Recession rates, on the other hand, have decreased from the early period (1876–1877 to the late 1930s) to the later period (late 1930s to 1973). Forexample, the length of shore that receded at the intermediate rate (0.3 to 0.9 m/yr) decreased from 76 to 54 km and the length of shore that receded at the lowest rate (less than 0.3 m/yr) increased from 151 to 171 km. Beach widths also have decreased; the length of shore fronted by wide (greater than 15 m) beaches decreased from 64 km to 35 km between 1876–1877 and 1968. Furthermore, the length of shore without a beach increased from 84 km in 1876–1877 to 112 km in 1968. The decreases in recession rates have been caused by the shore-protection structures, which have directly armored the shore from waves (seawalls) or reduced the wave energy reaching the shore by trapping sand (groins). Moreoever, because the shore is a major source of sand for the beaches, the decrease in recession has led to a reduced sand supply and narrower beaches. Ironically, by protecting the shore, the structures apparently have more than compensated for the loss of the best natural form of shore protection, beach sand.
Synthesis, characterization and pyrolysis of poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) derivatives

Abstract A series of polyfstyrene/divinylbenzene) derivatives were prepared and characterized by solid-state 13C FT-NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, SEM and TGA. The resins were then subjected to pyrolysis in order to determine which derivatives resulted in high yields of carbonaceous material while retaining a spherical shape.
Zn enhancement during surfactant-mediated growth of GaInP and GaP

The addition of surfactants during organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) growth is a novel approach to controlling the surface processes and materials properties of the resultant epitaxial layers. The present work elucidates the effects of the surfactants Sb and Bi on dopant incorporation in GaP and GaInP. The effects of Sb and Bi surfactants are dramatic. The surfactants significantly increase the incorporation of the acceptor Zn in both GaP and GaInP. Also, increased H concentrations are observed. A simple mechanism is proposed to explain both the increase in Zn and H. These results suggest a simple and effective method for controlling the incorporation of dopants by adding a minute amount of surfactant during OMVPE growth.
DTPA as a source of Zn, Mn, cu and Fe in calcareous soil

Abstract DTPA is a more effective source of Zn, Mn and Cu than is EDTA for calcareous soils and equally effective as EDDHA as a source of Fe on a calcareous sandy soil of pH 7.5. FeDTPA was not effective on a calcareous loam soil while FeEDDHA was. A Krilium‐like polymer which increased water‐stable aggregates in the soil increased vegetative wheat yield.
Hostility and sex guilt: Perceptions of self and others as a function of gender and sex-role orientation

Males and females indicated their perceptions of sex and hostility guilt for themselves and for typical males or typical females. Males were found to be less guilty than females. Both sexes perceived the typical female to be more guilty than the typical male, and both underestimated the actual level of female guilt. Subjects were also classified according to sex-role orientation. Masculine sex-typed people were less guilty than feminine sex-typed individuals, with androgynous groups falling between these two. Also, sex-consistent subjects and androgynous females perceived themselves as similar to others of their gender, while androgynous males perceived themselves as being similar to both males and females. Sex-reversed subjects evidenced conflict and inaccuracies in their perceptions of self versus others. Implications for future research are presented.
Partial and total α parameters in semiconductor optical devices

α parameters due to partial variation of carrier density (αN) or temperature (αT) are calculated for a two-dimensional semiconductor. We also introduce and investigate the total alpha parameter (αt) due to simultaneous variations of the carrier density and temperature. We find that, unlike the usual αN, the partial αT and total αt show quite different behavior with changes in underlying variables and could be positive, negative, or singular.
Insect fauna of the heads and stems of native sunflowers (Asterales: Asteraceae) in eastern North Dakota

Insect fauna from the heads (capitula) and stems of six native sunflower species in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota are reported. Eight insect species in six families of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera were recovered from the heads of six species of Helianthus . Heads of Helianthus annuus L. contained the greatest diversity of insect species. Insect species collected were also commonly found as pests of cultivated sunflower heads. Two major pests of commercial sunflower in the Great Plains—the red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte; and the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham—were collected from the heads of all six native Helianthus species, although they were most common in H. annuus . Neotephritis finalis (Loew) also occurred in the heads of all Helianthus spp. examined. Insects from seven overwintering species were recovered from the stems of all six Helianthus spp. Insect stem fauna diversity was greatest in H. maximiliani Schrader, and least in H. rigidus subrhomboideus (Rydberg). The sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), was the only major insect pest of cultivated sunflower that was recovered from sunflower stems. It was most abundant in H. annuus . A single species of parasitoid, Nealiolus curculionis (Fitch), was reared from sunflower stem weevil larvae. Results suggest that some species of Helianthus have high potential as sources of insect resistance for incorporation into commercial sunflower.
Locus of control, trust, situational control and morale of the elderly

The demand for improving the quality of life for institutionalized aged has increased in recent years. Quality of life has been variously defined to include a sense of well-being, high self-esteem, life satisfaction and high morale. Investigations of aging have considered life satisfaction and morale to be important components of successful aging or adaptation (Edwards and Klemmack, 1973; Havighurst, 1961; Neugarten et al., 1961; Palmore and Luikart, 1972; Spretizer and Synder, 1974; Wolk and Telleen, 1976). The present study examines the relationship of selected personality and situational variables to morale of the institutionalized aged. It investigated the relative contributions of generalized expectancies of control and trust, and situational control in predicting morale of the aged within a conceptual framework which considered the congruence between personality characteristics and situations. This information was thought to be useful to care-level personnel by enabling them to tailor situations in such a way as to influence the morale of the institutionalized aged.