cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Ripple' effect on infant zBMI trajectory of an internet-based weight loss program for low-income postpartum women.

Background Weight loss interventions can have positive 'ripple' effects on untreated partners in the home, but ripple effects on infants are unknown. Objective To examine whether a 12-month internet-based weight loss intervention for postpartum mothers had a positive ripple effect on participants' infants. Methods A 12-month cluster randomized, assessor-blind, clinical trial enrolling 371 postpartum women at 12 Women, Infants, Children clinics in CA. Clinics were randomized to standard Women, Infants, Children or an internet-based weight loss intervention for mothers. Results A total of 333 of the 371 (89.8%) mothers assented for infant participation. Infants were 5.3 ± 3.2 months; 75.9% were Hispanic and 64% were breastfeeding. Infant retention was 272/333 (82.7%) at 6 months post enrollment and 251/333 (75.3%) at 12 months post enrollment. In intent-to-treat analysis, a significant interaction between group and time was observed (p = 0.008) with the offspring of intervention mothers exhibiting lower zBMI change from study entry through 6 months (0.23 [CI, 0.03, 0.44] vs. 0.65 [0.50, 0.79] zBMI change, respectively; p = 0.001) but was not significant through 12 months (p = 0.16). Regardless of group, maternal reports at the final assessment indicated that infants (aged =17.2 ± 3.4 months) consumed sweetened beverages (0.93 ± 1.5/week), juice (2.0 ± 1.4/day), 'junk food' (7.8 ± 5.4/week) and fast food (2/month), and 46.7% of the infants had a TV in their bedroom. Conclusions An internet-based weight loss program for low-income, postpartum mothers had a positive 'ripple' effect on the zBMI of infants in the home during the first 6 months of treatment.
Effects of long-term care setting on spousal health outcomes

Objective To provide empirical evidence on the effects of home and community-based services (HCBS) (vs nursing home) use on spousal health. Data sources Merged data from the 1996 to 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Area Health Resource File (AHRF). Study design We assess the impact of HCBS use on spousal health. We use an instrumental variable (IV) approach to account for the potential endogeneity of the choice of care setting and reverse causality. Our instrument is the supply of skilled nursing home beds per 1000 people older than 65 years. Data extraction methods Our sample includes spouses of HCBS or nursing home users, resulting in 8608 observations. Principal findings We find that HCBS use leads to harmful effects on spousal physical health, which may be caused by increased informal care responsibilities. We also find improved spousal mental health, especially in depression symptoms, which may be caused by increased satisfaction. Conclusions We find evidence of both beneficial (mental health) and harmful (physical health) consequences for spouses of individuals receiving LTC at home relative to in an institution. Our results are important in estimating the potential cost and effectiveness of HCBS expansion.
Effects of Plain and Gurney Flaps on a Nonslender Delta Wing

A low-speed wind tunnel investigation was conducted to characterize the performance of plain and Gurney flaps on a 55 deg sweep delta wing. The geometry of the plain trailing-edge flaps was varied ...
Self-healing of impact damage in fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract Healing of impact damage in vascular fiber-reinforced composite beam specimens was explored using a flexure after impact testing protocol. Two-part epoxy and amine based healing agents were delivered to impact-damaged beam specimens using a novel air assisted reagent delivery scheme. The incorporation of microchannels into composite specimens did not alter the flexural stiffness or strength of the composites, however, the post impact flexural strength was reduced, on average, by 25.7%. Flexure testing of healed specimens demonstrated 47% recovery of strength and 83% recovery of moduli when compared to control samples in which no agents were delivered. Optical cross-sectional micrographs reveal that not all damage regions are infiltrated during healing as a result of incomplete damage connectivity. A damage filling efficiency during healing agent infiltration was calculated and was found to positively correlate with recovery of post-impact strength.
Quantitative analysis of alloys and thin films using ion scattering spectroscopy

Some problems concerning the quantitative analysis of surfaces originate with the surface itself due to chemical inhomogeneity, roughness, selective diffusion, and grain boundary segregation. Therefore, it is difficult toprepare surface standards. Two choices exist. Either well-characterized bulk standards are used or analysis is done only using elemental standards. Many problems also exist with the various methods of surface analysis such as selective sputtering, surface decomposition, changing ion or electron yields and variable or unknown sampling depths. Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) appears to require fewer corrections than most techniques because of its high sensitivity and selectivity to surface species. ISS used with either elemental or alloy standards and the equilibrium sputtered surface concept provides a rapid and reproducible method for surface analysis.
The Four-Day School Week

Although the four-day school week originated in 1936, it was not widely implemented until 1973 when there was a need to conserve energy and reduce operating costs. This study investigated how achievement tests scores of schools with a four-day school week compared with schools with a traditional five-day school week. The study focused on student performance in Colorado where 62 school districts operated a four-day school week. The results of the Colorado Student Assessment Program (CSAP) were utilized to examine student performance in reading, writing, and mathematics in grades 3 through 10. While the mean test scores for five-day week schools exceeded those of four-day week schools in 11 of the 12 test comparisons, the differences were slight, with only one area revealing a statistically significant difference. This study concludes that decisions to change to the four-day week should be for reasons other than student academic performance.
Evaluation of Ketamine for Excited Delirium Syndrome in the Adult Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS) is characterized by delirium, agitation, and hyperadrenergic autonomic dysfunction. A guideline for ExDS management, which recommends the use of ketamine as a second-line agent, was implemented in our hospital's adult emergency department (ED). Objective The primary objective was to determine whether ketamine, 1 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) or 2 mg/kg intramuscular (i.m.), is being used according to the ExDS guideline. Secondary objectives included evaluating the specific agents, routes, and dosages used to manage ExDS and the safety and efficacy of ketamine. Methods Single-center, retrospective chart review of patients who received ketamine for the management of ExDS in the ED. Efficacy was measured by documented Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) scores. Safety was assessed through evaluation of vital signs and adverse effects. Results Thirty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Eight (25.8%) of them received ketamine for ExDS in adherence with all aspects of the guideline. Administration of ketamine led to a statistically significant decrease in median RASS score of 4 (interquartile range [IQR] 3 to 4) vs. 0 (IQR 2 to –1) (p = 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in vital signs or RASS scores in our subgroup analyses of patients treated according to protocol and of those treated with ketamine, 2 mg/kg i.m. Conclusions We found discordance between current practice and our department's ExDS guideline for patients managed with ketamine. Despite the lack of adherence to departmental guidelines and allowing for limitations of this analysis due to small sample size, the use of low-dose, 1 mg/kg i.v. or 2 mg/kg i.m., ketamine was effective and appears to be a reasonable option as second-line therapy for ExDS.
Cybersecurity and Driverless Cars: In Search for a Normative Way of Safety

Burgeoning technological advancements have led to a quest for efficiency and haste in almost every area. This includes advanced technologies in transportation. Among such technologies are driverless cars that pose as perfect models for promising technology engines. These cars have received much attention and appreciation from high-tech companies. Studies have shown that they are statistically much safer than traditional vehicles; however, many issues remain which must be corrected to make the driverless car even more safe and reliable. For example, cyber-attacks on driverless cars are a major safety concern. Like any new technology, innovations of autonomous and unmanned vehicles have led to the emergence of threats of cyber-attacks. Hackers see multiple attack surfaces and believe they can penetrate any targeted vehicle system, steal an owner’s personal identity information and compromise the vehicles security. Therefore, driverless car industries must put into place an efficient cybersecurity framework which will effectively counter cyber-attacks on driverless cars. In this study, we propose implementing a cybersecurity policy framework that examines potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities against driverless car systems. Threats and attacks exploiting these vulnerabilities are then identified and analyzed. This study investigates current status quo policy, policy objectives, the role of technology, and mitigation strategies for cybersecurity to be used in the development of driverless car systems. Cybersecurity systems are proposed and discussed in the final section.
The impact of language proficiency on airline service satisfaction

Language assumes a key role in the dyadic interaction between service providers and customers. When the provider cannot adjust its language to customers’, such that customers do not receive the ser...
Clinical Bioinformatics in Precise Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Disease

Clinical bioinformatics system is well-established for diagnosing genetic disease based on next-generation sequencing, but requires special considerations when being adapted for the next-generation sequencing-based genetic diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. Challenges are caused by the involvement of mitochondrial DNA genome in disease etiology. Heteroplasmy and haplogroup are key factors in interpreting mitochondrial DNA variant effects. Data resources and tools for analyzing variant and sequencing data are available at MSeqDR, MitoMap, and HmtDB. Revised specifications of the American College of Medical Genetics/Association of Molecular Pathology standards and guidelines for mitochondrial DNA variant interpretation are proposed by the MSeqDr Consortium and community experts.
Taking a gamble: Chinese overseas energy finance and country risk

Abstract Investment in renewable energy is essential for reaching ambitious climate goals outlined in the Paris Agreement. Unfortunately, a large investment gap prevails, particularly in developing economies with underdeveloped domestic capital markets and weak institutions. Multilateral development banks with softer budget constraints and longer investment horizons can play an important role in filling this gap. Development finance, which traditionally originated in the West, has been increasingly dominated by two Chinese state-owned development banks: the China Development Bank and the China Export-Import Bank. These banks acted as major financiers of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative and, between 2005 and 2017, provided more than US$220 billion of overseas energy finance - more than any other multilateral development bank. Their investments have been controversial: the Chinese banks were often accused of financing fossil fuels projects located in politically and economically risky countries. This paper uses detailed data on the Chinese energy finance to illustrate the investment pattern of the Chinese banks, and implements Hurdle and simultaneous Probit models to test whether the two banks are in fact tolerant of the country risk: credit, governance and political risk. The analysis shows that projects located in countries that are politically stable but have higher credit risk and corruption levels are more likely to receive Chinese energy finance. Governance risk and autocratic regime type do not affect the decisions of the Chinese banks. This investment pattern indicates missed opportunities for advancing the clean energy transition and creates future risks for the host countries i.e. stranded assets.
Co-Learning of Task and Sensor Placement for Soft Robotics

Unlike rigid robots which operate with compact degrees of freedom, soft robots must reason about an infinite dimensional state space. Mapping this continuum state space presents significant challenges, especially when working with a finite set of discrete sensors. Reconstructing the robot's state from these sparse inputs is challenging, especially since sensor location has a profound downstream impact on the richness of learned models for robotic tasks. In this work, we present a novel representation for co-learning sensor placement and complex tasks. Specifically, we present a neural architecture which processes on-board sensor information to learn a salient and sparse selection of placements for optimal task performance. We evaluate our model and learning algorithm on six soft robot morphologies for various supervised learning tasks, including tactile sensing and proprioception. We also highlight applications to soft robot motion subspace visualization and control. Our method demonstrates superior performance in task learning to algorithmic and human baselines while also learning sensor placements and latent spaces that are semantically meaningful.
O crânio-celebridade: Antônio Conselheiro e o fracasso da degeneração racial | The infamous skull: Antônio Conselheiro and the failure of racial degeneration

Resumo Este ensaio examina a sobrevida textual de uma cabeca — a de Antonio Vicente Mendes Maciel, o Antonio Conselheiro (1830-1897), a partir de sua morte na Guerra de Canudos (1896-1897). Tracam-se as figuracoes do crânio de Conselheiro na imprensa brasileira do fim do seculo XIX e nos trabalhos do medico legista Raimundo Nina Rodrigues e do engenheiro e escritor Euclides da Cunha. Embora ambos esperassem que o crânio de Conselheiro apresentasse evidencias fisicas de degeneracao racial , as observacoes craniometricas de Nina Rodrigues revelaram um crânio normal . Argumenta-se que esse fracasso da aproximacao materialista a psique humana deu proeminencia a explicacoes sociologicas para o fenomeno de Canudos, alem de levantar questoes sobre visibilidade, raca e racismo cientifico na virada do seculo XX e no mundo contemporâneo. Palavras-chave: Raca. Psiquiatria. Guerra de Canudos. Antropologia criminal. Abstract This essay examines the textual afterlife of a head—that of Antonio Vicente Mendes Maciel (Antonio Conselheiro [1830-1897]), after his death in the Canudos War (1896-1897). It traces figurations of Conselheiro’s skull in the late nineteenth-century Brazilian press and in the works of Raimundo Nina Rodrigues and Euclides da Cunha. Although these two social scientists expected Conselheiro’s skull to display physical evidence of racial degeneration , Nina Rodrigues’s craniometric measurements and observations revealed a perfectly normal skull. It is argued that this failure of a materialist approach to the human psyche allowed a stronger reliance on sociological explanations for the Canudos phenomenon that opens up questions on scientific racism and the visibility of race in the turn of the twentieth century and in contemporary times. Keywords: Race. Psychiatry. Canudos War. Criminal Anthropology.
“He got a glimpse of the joys of understanding” – The role of epistemic empathy in teacher learning

Background: Efforts to promote reform-based instruction have overlooked the import of affect in teacher learning. Drawing on prior work, I argue that teachers’ affective experiences in the discipli...
A closer look at 30 day hospital readmissions after head and neck cancer surgery.

Abstract Purpose 30-day hospital readmissions after head and neck cancer surgery continue to be a significant source of patient harm and healthcare expenditure. While there is substantial data in the literature assessing predictive factors for readmissions after head and neck cancer surgery, there are a paucity of studies which attempt to understand if such readmissions are preventable. The goal of this paper is to determine factors associated with 30-day hospital readmissions after head and neck cancer surgery and to understand if these readmissions were preventable. Materials and methods Retrospective review from a single academic tertiary care center. Patients readmitted within 30 days after undergoing surgery for cancers of the head and neck between 2015 and 2018 were identified. Results Over a 3-year period, 26 patients undergoing resection with or without reconstruction of head and neck cancers were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. There were 15 (58%) men and 11 (42%) women with a mean age of 68 years (SD 14 years). Twenty-one (81%) patients had squamous cell carcinoma and 13 (50%) had a primary site in the oral cavity. Thirteen (50%) had undergone free or regional flap reconstruction. The indication for readmission was related to the surgical wound in 19 (73%) and to medical complications in 7 (27%). Each case was categorized as “possibly preventable” versus “uncertain if preventable” based on whether a reasonable and feasible change in management may have prevented readmission. Six (23%) readmissions were deemed possibly preventable. Four were related to the surgical wound where initial free or regional flaps may have prevented complication. Two were medical complications that may have benefited from longer inpatient observation. Conclusions For a subset of patients readmitted within 30 days of head and neck cancer surgery, a reasonable and feasible change in management may have prevented their hospital readmission. The significance of better understanding this patient population is underscored by the high mortality rate.
Breakthrough COVID-19 and casirivimab-imdevimab treatment during a SARS-CoV-2 B1.617.2 (Delta) surge

Introduction The impact of vaccination and casirivimab-imdevimab monoclonal antibody treatment on the clinical outcome of COVID-19 during a period of SARS-CoV-2 Delta surge is not known. Aim and methods All patients with COVID-19 at our facilities in the US Midwest were enrolled to assess breakthrough cases among vaccinated individuals and to compare the rates of hospitalization between casirivimab-imdevimab treated versus untreated patients. The study period occurred in July 2021 during a period dominated by the Delta variant. Results The majority (68.1%) of 630 COVID-19 cases occurred in unvaccinated individuals. Among 403 patients eligible for monoclonal antibody treatment, the 28-day hospitalization rate was 2.6% of 112 patients who received treatment with casirivimab-imdevimab, compared to 16.6% of 291 eligible high-risk patients who did not receive casirivimab-imdevimab (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.138, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0426-0.4477, p = 0.001). Casirivimab-imdevimab treatment was associated with lower rates of hospitalization among the vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts. Conclusions During a SARS-CoV-2 Delta surge, breakthrough COVID-19 occurred among vaccinated persons, especially among those with multiple medical comorbidities. Casirivimab-imdevimab treatment was associated with significantly lower rates of hospitalization in vaccinated and unvaccinated persons.
Cultural Embeddedness and the Mestiza Ethics of Care: a Neo-Humean Response to the Problem of Moral Inclusion

In this paper, we develop a neo-Humean response to the problem of moral inclusion by bringing Humean moral philosophy into deep and serious dialogue with Latin American philosophy. Our argument for achieving this two-fold aim unfolds as follows. In section one, we elucidate Mia Sosa-Provencio’s conception of a mestiza ethics of care. We begin by highlighting its fundamental elements, especially its concern with what we refer to as the cultural embeddedness both of moral agents and of moral patients. We then explain how this aspect of the mestiza ethic poses a distinctive challenge for Humean moral philosophy. In section two, we develop a neo-Humean response to this challenge. We begin by highlighting the strengths and limits of trying to develop a response by appealing to Hume’s conceptions of sympathy and humanity. We then present what we take to be the most plausible way for a neo-Humean conception of moral philosophy to offer a satisfactory reply to the challenge posed by the mestiza ethics of care, by appealing to two key concepts from outside the system of Hume’s moral philosophy: namely, sympathetic understanding and relational humility.
The Effect of Iron Deficiency on Worker Productivity: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India

I would like to personally thank Dr. Jere D. Haas for allowing me to use his data set from India as well as for guidance and advice throughout the thesis process. I would also like to thank Dr. Michael Lovenheim for all of the guidance throughout the thesis and helping me through many difficult moments. I would also like to thank Dr. Rosemary Avery, Dr. Michael Wenger, Julie Hammons, Eric Przybyszewski, Olivia Healy, and Lianne Epstein for helping me understand the data, the feedback they gave, and the support they have given me. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends who have believed in me and provided me with the support at just the right times.
The mouse wellhaarig (we) mutations result from defects in epidermal-type transglutaminase 3 (Tgm3)

The recessive wellhaarig (we) mutations, named for the wavy coat and curly whiskers they generate in homozygotes, have previously been mapped on mouse Chromosome 2. To further limit the possible location of the we locus, we crossed hybrid (C57BL/6×AKR)F1, we(4J)/+ females with AKR, we(4J)/we(4J) mutant males to create a large backcross family that was typed for various microsatellite markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguish strains AKR and B6. This analysis restricted the location of we(4J) between sites that flank only one gene known to be expressed in skin: epidermal-type transglutaminase 3 (Tgm3). To test Tgm3 as a candidate for the basis of the wellhaarig phenotype we took two approaches. First, we sequenced all Tgm3 coding regions in mice homozygous for four independent, naturally-occurring wellhaarig alleles (we, we(Bkr), we(3J) and we(4J)) and found distinct defects in three of these mutants. Second, we crossed mice homozygous for an induced mutant allele of Tgm3 (Tgm3(Btlr)) with mice heterozygous for one of the wellhaarig alleles we possess (we(4J) or we(Bkr)) to test for complementation. Because the progeny inheriting both a recessive we allele and a recessive Tgm3(Btlr) allele displayed wavy hair, we conclude that the classic wellhaarig mutations result from defects in Tgm3.
Minimum Prediction Error Models and Causal Relations between Multiple Time Series

Prediction is widely used in economics, finance, weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and other social and scientific fields. Though difficult, it is important to know what will happen in the future. Least square error (LSE) model and minimum mean square (MMSE) model are the fundamental models of a large group of minimum prediction error models in deterministic and stochastic senses respectively. The key in the minimum prediction error model is the principle of orthogonality to reach global optimum. Further, the MMSE model can be considered a special case of ARMA/ARIMA models. Besides LSE and MMSE, the causal relations between two, three, and multiple variables are reviewed and explored, and the principle of orthogonality is again part of the intrinsic mathematics. Finally, other prediction methods such as the Box–Jenkins prediction are discussed briefly. Keywords: least square error (LSE); causal relations; linear dependence; feedback; minimum mean square error (MMSE); ARMA model; ARIMA model; Box–Jenkins prediction
The Problem With the Replacement of Copper Pennies by Aluminum Pennies

The United States Mint may begin producing an aluminum alloy one-cent coin. Aluminum, unlike copper, is not radiodense and an ingested aluminum coin is difficult to distinguish on radiographs. Since children often swallow coins, this is of particular interest to pediatricians. Should the proposed aluminum coin be minted, pediatricians and radiologists will have to exercise special care in assessing children who may have swallowed such a coin.
Prostaglandins and the lung.

Although the discovery of the pulmonary capillaries dates back three centuries (Malpighius, 1661) and the true nature of the interchange of gases in the lung was elucidated 200 years ago (Lavoisier, 1778), the first observation that lung may have functions other than respiratory was made in this century (Starling and Verney, 1925). Subsequent work has established the many and variegated nonrespiratory functions of this organ. Several reviews have dealt with the metabolic and endocrinological aspects of lung function, including the release of the chemical mediators of anaphylaxis (Heinemann and Fishman, 1969; Said, 1973; Bakhle and Vane, 1974; Fishman and Pietra, 1974; Kaliner and Austen, 1975).
Postpartum hemorrhage due to a depletion of fibrinogen from the circulating blood stream.

Abstract Hypofibrinogenemia as a cause of postpartum hemorrhage is a definite entity. It should be suspected in cases of premature separation of the placenta, dead fetus, and shock associated with hemorrhage. Diagnosis should be made as quickly as possible and treatment with human fibrinogen and whole blood instituted promptly. In cases of excessive lytic substance in the blood, more investigation is needed. It is suggested that toluidine blue may be used to neutralize the fibrinolytic substance. Hypofibrinogenemia (afibrinogenemia) has been discussed and three diagnosed cases of postpartum hemorrhage due to depletion of fibrinogen from the circulatory blood stream have been reported with two maternal deaths resulting. In Case 1, the condition was not suspected and the patient, E. M., died two weeks after delivery, possibly from kidney damage due to an irreversible lower nephron syndrome. The second patient (T. C.) died of hemorrhage and afibrinogenemia due to an excessive amount of circulatory fibrinolytic substance. The third patient (J. R.) lived because of the quick diagnosis and rapid therapy with fibrinogen (about forty-five minutes from onset).
Normal bases for Hopf-Galois algebras

Let H be a Hopf algebra over a commutative ring R such that H is a finitely generated, projective module over R, let A be a right H-comodule algebra, and let B be the subalgebra of H-coinvariant elements of A. If A is a Galois extension of B and B is a local subalgebra of the center of A, then A is a cleft right H-comodule algebra or, equivalently, there is a normal basis for A over B.
Thompson Receives 2013 Early Career Hydrologic Science Award: Response

My most sincere thanks to AGU; the Hydrology section and its chair, Eric Wood; those who were kind enough to nominate me for this award; and, of course, the inimitable Gaby Katul for their support and for this recognition. Receiving the Early Career Hydrologic Science Award is an unexpected and humbling pleasure. After seven schizophrenic years of physical scientists accusing me of being an ecologist and ecologists telling me firmly that I'm an engineer, it's wonderful to be able to come to rest where I have always self-identified—as a hydrologist!
Modeling the influence of gradients in strength on the evolution of damage in metals

The growth of voids during the ductile extension of a notched bar is examined using numerical simulation. The evolution of the strength is assumed to depend not only on the strength itself, but also on the spatial gradients of its distribution. Through the dependence of the void growth on the material strength, the gradients in strength impact the void fraction by limiting the strength in zones of highest stress.
Mexican American Colonization during the Nineteenth Century: Colonizing La Ascensión, Chihuahua

I NTRODUCTION The repatriation of the Mexican populace, as we have read in previous chapters, occurred largely from the 1830s to the 1850s, but by the 1870s the federal government had seemingly forgotten how to foment a viable colonization program. Once the earlier projects of the postwar period were implemented and executed, the Mexican government, according to the state ofi cials searching for federal laws to grant lands, did not continue applying the postwar lessons of a colonization law that addressed the particularities of Mexican American colonization, at least not until the period from 1875 to 1883. The case of La Ascension may serve as a microcosm into the inner workings of how Mexico went about settling colonies along the northern frontier during the 1870s. Letters requesting repatriation to Mexico are few and far between during the period between 1855 and 1875, due primarily to the ongoing wars against the Indios Barbaros and, according to government officials, “administrative disorder.”” Not until the Porfirian period do we see an increase in repatriation requests, perhaps inl uenced in large measure by the case of La Ascension, including an increase in advertisement of the law proper. Moreover, the case of La Ascension influences the foundation of the 1883 Land and Colonization Law that established the first modern colonization program outlining preferential treatment for the Mexican American population residing outside of the country. La Ascension was a watershed in terms of actually implementing and administering a repatriation policy, and ultimately forced the government to pass legislation concerning the colonization process.
Mouse N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) Mutagenesis

Mutagenesis is a powerful tool for understanding gene function and disease that has been used in many organisms from bacteria to fish. The chemical N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea is being used as a supermutagen in mice to allow forward genetic screens. The addition of a complex mammal such as the mouse to the list of model organisms that have been analyzed by large-scale mutagenesis will provide new mammalian models of human diseases and will allow an analysis of conserved and divergent evolution among species. Keywords: mouse genetics; ENU mutagenesis; allelic series; gene function; balancer chromosome
Psychological and neuroendocrine reactivity to ostracism

This study used the ostracism detection theory to investigate how ostracism impacts individuals in two ways: (1) immediate poststressor needs, mood, ruminative thoughts, and desire to affiliate, and (2) short-term affective and cortisol reactivity. A total of 58 college students were randomly assigned to the inclusion or ostracism conditions of Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing game. Immediately following the experimental manipulation, ostracized participants reported more thwarted psychological need states, more negative mood, and fewer positive ruminative thoughts, relative to their included counterparts. Ostracized participants reported a greater interest in affiliating with others in online or in-person settings. In the short-term, ostracized males reported more hostility than included males, although the scores were within expected norms for most males. There was no relation between Cyberball condition and gender across time for depression, anxiety, or positive affect. Approximately 20 min after the onset of the stressor, women in the luteal phase and women taking oral contraceptives in the ostracized group displayed higher cortisol than their counterparts in the included group. Relative to baseline, however, cortisol did not reliably increase after the onset of the stressor. Ostracized females taking oral contraceptives showed the greatest decline in cortisol, compared to included oral contraceptive users. Overall, results suggest that most of the negative effects of ostracism are immediate and limited to psychological, not neuroendocrine, responses.
Degradation of pesticides by micro-organisms and the potential for genetic manipulation

Abstract Biodegradation offers considerable promise as a strategy for detoxifying pesticide wastes. However, compared with the list of widely used pesticides there are few well-characterized microbial strains that transform pesticides into less toxic or more labile products at environmentally useful rates. Fortunately, the technology needed to isolate and characterize such strains has improved enormously in the past 5 years. In addition, recent experimental advances have made practical the modification of potentially useful biodegradation genes so that they may be optimally expressed in a variety of micro-organisms. This article reviews recent studies that have focused on actual biodegradation of pesticide wastes or have sought to characterize the microbial proteins and genes that are responsible for these enzymatic activities.
Altered sensory-motor control of the head as an etiological factor in space-motion sickness

Mechanical unloading during head movements in weightlessness may be an etiological factor in space-motion sickness. We simulated altered head loading on Earth without affecting vestibular stimulation by having subjects wear a weighted helmet. Eight subjects were exposed to constant velocity rotation about a vertical axis with direction reversals every 60 sec. for eight reversals with the head loaded and eight with the head unloaded. The severity of motion sickness elicited was significantly higher when the head was loaded. This suggests that altered sensory-motor control of the head is also an etiological factor in space-motion sickness.
Newton's Third Rule of Philosophizing: A Role for Logic in Historiography

A Logical Approach Newton's Third Rule of Philosophizing has recently been investigated from several points of view: by studying the vicissitudes of its metamorphosis from “hypothesis” to “rule,” the fact of its augmentation by four sentences in the third edition of the Principia , the Aristotelian and neo-scholastic flavor of some of its language, the scholarly significance of its editorial history. All these investigations have been carried on with relatively little concern for the actual intellectual content of the rule itself. The following analysis is intended to supplement and not to replace the studies previously undertaken. The supplement, however, is a necessity, not a luxury, and the historian can neglect it only at his own loss. What does the rule actually say? Here too the discussion will start with a quotation of the standard English translation, but that will not be followed by a comparison with previous English translations, other language translations, the Latin text of the third edition, that of the second, that of the first, the various drafts of it that can be found among Newton's private papers, and other analogous rules and principles formulated by Newton's contemporaries, predecessors, and successors. Instead I shall proceed to analyze the rule logically, which too could be regarded as a comparison of sorts, a comparison with certain ideals and universals present in the human mind. In my view this kind of comparison — logical analysis — is prior to all the others.
Occurrence and Distribution of the Freshwater AmphipodsGammarus pseudolimnaeus and Gammarus fasciatus inSoutheastern Virginia

Abstract The freshwater amphipod, Gammarus fasciatus, and a population that keys to Gammarus pseudolimnaeus are broadly sympatric in southeastern Virginia. By documenting the successful formation of pre-copulatory mate-guarding pairs between individuals collected from Virginia and New York, we confirmed the occurrence of a G. pseudolimnaeus population strongly disjunct from the previously described range in the Mississippi and St. Lawrence River drainage basins. Gammarus pseudolimnaeus appears restricted to high-quality, spring-fed streams that occur at low density across an increasingly fragmented natural landscape in Virginia. Gammarus fasciatus, however, occurs in lakes and streams of developed landscapes that typically are more degraded, and this species does not co-occur with G. pseudolimnaeus in high-quality habitat. Gammarus pseudolimnaeus reproduces year-round, with adults and juveniles of all size classes continuously present. Gammarus fasciatus reproduces primarily from February through June, at...
Rosalià Abreu and the Apes of Havana

Rosalia Abreu (1862–1930) was a wealthy amateur collector and keeper of primates, including apes. She was the first person to keep orangutans and chimpanzees alive in captivity for their natural lifespans, and the first to breed chimpanzees. Although not a scientist, she made her animals available for scientific study, and it was on her animals that the first published observations of chimpanzee mating, birth, and development were made. The system of husbandry that she designed for apes, with an emphasis on spacious cages, vegetarian diet, cleanliness, and social contact (preferably conspecific, but heterospecific where conspecifics were not available), were groundbreaking in their time. Through her extensive correspondence, her methods of husbandry spread and formed the basis of captive ape practices around the world. Though much of Abreu’s work was forward-looking, other aspects, such as her belief that chimpanzees were monogamous and had psychic abilities, strike modern readers as eccentric. Nonetheless primatologists today may be helped to see the cultural assumptions that underlie today’s research by noting those that guided research in the past.
Aerobic Fitness and Physical Activity Levels of Children Born Prematurely following Randomization to Postnatal Dexamethasone

Objective To investigate the effects of postnatal dexamethasone treatment on aerobic fitness and physical activity levels in school-aged children born with very low birth weight (VLBW). Study design This was a follow-up study of 65 VLBW infants who participated in a randomized controlled trial of dexamethasone (DEX) to reduce ventilator dependency. Aerobic fitness was determined from peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak ) with a cycle ergometer. Habitual physical activity was assessed by questionnaire. Results A trend for a treatment with an interaction between treatment and of diagnosis of chronic lung disease (CLD) was found, with the children in the placebo group with CLD having the lowest VO 2peak ( P = .09). Reduced fitness was seen in 53% of the group treated with DEX and 48% of the group given placebo. No between-group differences in physical activity were seen. Parental reports suggested that nearly two-thirds of the children participated in r = 0.30; P = .03). Conclusions We found no adverse effect of postnatal DEX on aerobic fitness or habitual physical activity at school age. However, the reduced fitness and physical activity levels emphasize the need for closer follow-up and early interventions promoting physical activity to reduce the risk of chronic disease in this at-risk population.
Comparison of Transient Response of a Skin Panel under Uniform and Non-Uniform Thermal Loading

This paper presents transient response of a skin panel under combined mechanical loading and provides a comparison of uniform and non-uniform thermal loading. A finite element model of a representative structural panel is used to evaluate the performance of an aero-structure subjected to severe aerodynamic heating and fluctuating pressure. This structure exhibits complex nonlinear response including thermal buckling and snap-through. In this study, uniform and non-uniform temperature distribution are used to understand the influence of spatial thermal distribution on the nonlinear response of the skin panel. It is shown that the parametric space snap-through boundary is significantly different for the two cases.
Alcohol use among pedestrians and the odds of surviving an injury: Evidence from Florida law enforcement data

Alcohol consumption by pedestrians is widely recognized as a factor influencing the risk of being hit by a motor vehicle, but its effect on the likelihood of dying, given that a collision has occurred, is more uncertain. Studies of drivers find that alcohol increases the risk. Unlike previous studies based on clinical data, the present study is population-based and takes into account indicators of crash severity. Using Florida law enforcement data, logistic regression models yielded a four to fivefold increase in the odds ratios associated with alcohol use, depending on the model. Findings from a model investigating the magnitude of the potential bias due to differential investigative behavior indicated bias may account for some but not all of the increase in the odds of dying. Recommendations include improving law enforcement procedures for identifying alcohol impairment and increasing public awareness of the risk involved in mixing heavy drinking and walking.
Episodic growth of the Kodiak convergent margin

Convergent plate boundaries have long been recognized as zones where deep-sea sediments become accreted to plate margins, causing the margin to grow with time1. However, our understanding of the evolution of these margins is limited because accreted rocks are often too poorly exposed to unravel the complex history theyrecord. Recent results from field, deep-sea drilling and high-resolution seismic-reflection studies indicate that various processes can occur in time along a specific margin2. For example, both the middle America and Japan trenches are believed to record a history of strike-slip faulting and/or tectonic erosion before the periods of subduction accretion which presently characterize these margins3,4. Here, we propose that growth of the Kodiak continental margin in south-west Alaska, one of the largest accretionary prisms in the world, has been dominated by two relatively short episodes of accretion; the first in the late Cretaceous and the second in the early Eocene. These two periods of growth appear to account for >70% of the margin growth during the past 75–100 Myr.
Management of moderate functional mitral regurgitation at the time of aortic valve replacement: Is concomitant mitral valve repair necessary?

Objective The optimal management of moderate functional mitral regurgitation at the time of aortic valve replacement remains undefined. Methods We retrospectively identified 686 consecutive patients undergoing aortic valve replacement between 1993 and 2006 with at least moderate (grade 2 or more) functional mitral regurgitation. Patients with structural valve abnormalities or significant coronary artery disease were excluded, leaving 190 in the study. Analyses for predictors of residual mitral regurgitation and survival were performed. The impact of mitral regurgitation on survival was further analyzed among 91 patients case matched for age, gender, and left ventricular ejection fraction to individuals without mitral regurgitation undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement. Results The mean age of the study group was 74 ± 11years, 45% were male, and 78% had New York Heart Association III or IV Class classification. The mean preoperative ejection fraction was 48% ± 17%. Operative mortality was 5% (n = 9). Follow-up echocardiographic data were available for 88% of patients at discharge and 57% of patients at midterm. Mitral regurgitation was improved at discharge in 76% of patients and at mid-term follow-up in 67% of patients. Independent predictors of improved mitral regurgitation were lesser degrees of preoperative tricuspid regurgitation or prebypass mitral regurgitation, absence of cerebrovascular disease, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. Postoperatively, 89% of patients were New York Heart Association Class I or II Symptom; No reoperations for mitral regurgitation were performed. Survival was 68% at 5 years and 42% at 10 years. Independent predictors of late mortality were increasing age, diabetes, dialysis-dependent renal failure, and increased tricuspid regurgitation severity. The survival of 91 patients from this cohort did not differ from case-matched patients without mitral regurgitation undergoing aortic valve replacement ( P = .33). Conclusion Moderate functional mitral regurgitation improved in most patients after aortic valve replacement. Residual mitral regurgitation did not affect survival independently of left ventricular function.
A New Synthesis of the Pentapeptide L-Histidyl-L-Phenylalanyl-L-Arginyl-L-Tryptophyl-Glycine and its Melanocytestimulating Activity

A SYNTHESIS of the pentapeptide H.His-Phe-Arg-Try-Gly.OH along classical lines has recently been described by Hofmann et al. 1. The amino-acid sequence of this peptide, which occurs in adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) hormones2, presents a number of considerable difficulties for chemical synthesis, chiefly owing to the presence of tryptophan, arginine and histidine. In this communication, we wish to report the synthesis of this pentapeptide in a stepwise manner beginning at the C-terminus with the p-(p′-methoxy-phenylazo)-benzyloxy carbonyl group (MZ group), described by one of us3, used as the amino-protecting agent. In addition, the p-toluenesulphonyl (tosyl) group was introduced to protect the guanidino group of arginine, since this protecting group resists catalytic hydrogenation and is easily removed by sodium in liquid ammonia. When the peptide was assayed either in the hypophysectomized frog or on frog skin in vitro, it was found to possess melanocyte-stimulating activity.
Electron-Excitation Cross Sections of Sodium by the Method of Close Coupling

The electron-excitation cross sections of the $3^{2}P$, $3^{2}D$, $4^{2}S$, $4^{2}P$, $4^{2}D$, and $4^{2}F$ states have been calculated at several incident energies between 4 and 24 eV by using the method of close coupling. Three different sets of calculations in which the wave functions of the electron-atom system are expanded by three states ($3s,3p,3d$), by seven states ($3s,3p,3d,4s,4p,4d,4f$), and by eight states ($3s,3p,3d,4s,4p,4d,4f,5p$) of the target atom, have been performed in order to investigate how the cross sections are influenced by the indirect coupling of the ground state to the final state through the intermediate ones. The $3^{2}D$ cross sections are found to be about 30% higher than the values obtained by the Born approximation and by the scheme of $3s\ensuremath{-}3d$ two-state close coupling. The strong coupling of $3s$ with $3p$ and of $3d$ with $3p$ provides an indirect coupling between $3s$ and $3d$ which is mainly responsible for the large increase of the $3^{2}D$ cross sections over the Born-approximation values. A similar kind of increase in the cross sections is also observed for the $4^{2}D$ state owing to the indirect coupling through the intermediate $3p$ and $4p$ states. Inclusion of the intermediate states $3^{2}D$, $4^{2}D$, and $4^{2}S$ in the close-coupling calculation likewise affects considerably the $3^{2}P$ and $4^{2}P$ cross sections. The effect of indirect coupling is most pronounced in the $4^{2}F$ cross sections (ranging from a fourfold to a tenfold increase over the Born approximation), because the direct coupling between $3s$ and $4f$ is weak and of rather short range so that the major contribution to the cross sections arises from the indirect part. Comparisons of the theoretical cross sections with the experimental values are made.