cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract # 3078 Contributions of astrocytic IL-1R1 signaling in blast-induced traumatic brain injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability in the United States with an annual economic cost of $76.5 billion. TBI results in profound astrogliosis, the generation of neuropsychiatric complications and an increased incidence of seizures. TBI increases CNS proinflammatory cytokine expression and recent reports have shown that interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) signaling is a requirement for the generation of neurotoxic astrocytes. We hypothesize that IL-1alpha and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) signal through functional type 1 interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R1’s) on astrocytes post-injury thereby contributing to negative functional outcomes post-TBI. Using a murine model of blast-induced TBI (bTBI), we detected increased mRNA expression and immunoreactivity of the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the ipsilateral cortex as compared to sham animals, signifying the presence of reactive astrocytes. Increases in il-1beta, il-1alpha and tnf-alpha mRNA were detected post-TBI, indicating increased CNS production of proinflammatory cytokines post-TBI. Mice exposed to bTBI exhibited increased impulsive-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and an increase in the propensity for kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. Future studies will utilize murine models affording the conditional restoration and elimination of IL-1R1 (Robson et al. 2016) in astrocytes in conjunction with bTBI to study neuroinflammatory profiles and functional outcomes post-injury. Understanding the molecular and temporal requirements for the negative consequences of IL-1R1 signaling post-injury may lead to therapeutic options for those with TBI.
Achieving forest conservation in Fiji through payment for ecosystem services schemes.

Most forests in Fiji are on native land owned by communities with tenure rights that are held largely with clans. Although there are examples in Fiji of local communities setting up conservation areas to protect their valuable forest resources, many are under pressure to issue leases to logging or mining companies for much-needed income. With inadequate legislation and government resources to secure the long-term protection of natural forests, conservation practitioners are looking at alternative models for establishing forest conservation areas in Fiji. One such model is the application of a forest payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme to deliver both ecological and socioeconomic outcomes for local communities. A case study from Kilaka village, Fiji, is presented where the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has worked with traditional land owners to secure a 99-year conservation lease for 402 ha of pristine native forest in Vanua Levu. The lease, which was brokered through the government iTaukei Land Trust Board, provides an alternative source of income to logging and mining. The management plan which is nested within a larger ecosystem-based management plan for the district, sets out the comanagement arrangements between the community and WCS, with the day-to-day management of the forest, enforcement, monitoring and evaluation led by the traditional landowning clan. This PES model and co-management arrangement has potential for replication to other priority forest areas to meet Fiji’s obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity, but at an estimated financial cost ranging from US$69.0–287.8 million.
Mixed Nuts May Promote Satiety While Maintaining Stable Blood Glucose and Insulin in Healthy, Obese, and Overweight Adults in a Two-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Multiple studies have examined the impacts of various nuts on appetitive and metabolic effects; however, fewer studies have addressed the impacts of mixed nuts. The objective was to examin...
Evaluation of living donors: quo vadis for GFR criteria?

The evaluation of potential living donors for kidney transplantation is rigorous and is facilitated by guidelines. The assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is crucial to this process. The methods of ascertaining GFR and thresholds used for determining eligibility of donors are not uniform. Measured instead of estimated GFR, and age-adapted thresholds for GFR, may provide a better assessment of donors, yielding a higher rate of acceptance while minimizing risks of permitting donation in the presence of a reduced (for age) level of GFR.
A 1.0-Mb/s 198-pJ/bit Bluetooth Low-Energy Compatible Single Sideband Backscatter Uplink for the NeuroDisc Brain–Computer Interface

Wireless brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are highly energy constrained because of the need to minimize battery size and weight, as well as the need to minimize the thermal dissipation into the living tissue. We demonstrate an ultralow-power Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) v5.0 compatible backscatter communication uplink for the NeuroDisc BCI. This backscatter approach is compatible with completely unmodified BLE devices such as PCs, smartphones, and tablets and has an energy consumption of under 200 pJ/bit, over $50\times $ less than commercially available BLE transmitters. This article is the first to present an analysis and demonstration of single sideband (SSB) BLE backscatter, which increases the available channel power by +3 dB while suppressing out-of-channel emissions. An analytic model of SSB backscatter communication is provided, along with simulations showing how nonidealities in the achieved backscatter constellation impact opposite-sideband suppression. The experimental measurements of in-channel gain and opposite-sideband suppression are provided. Additional experiments demonstrate a range of 6 m using a +20-dBm external carrier source and an unmodified Nordic Semiconductor nRF51DK BLE adapter, while uplinking prerecorded neural data sampled at 500 Hz.
A randomized noninferiority trial evaluating remotely-delivered stepped care for depression using internet cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and telephone CBT.

Abstract This trial examined whether a stepped care program for depression, which initiated treatment with internet cognitive behavioral therapy, including telephone and messaging support, and stepped up non-responders to telephone-administered cognitive behavioral therapy (tCBT), was noninferior, less costly to deliver, and as acceptable to patients compared to tCBT alone. Adults with a diagnosis of major depressive episode (MDE) were randomized to receive up to 20 weeks of stepped care or tCBT. Stepped care (n = 134) was noninferior to tCBT (n = 136) with an end-of-treatment effect size of d = 0.03 and a 6-month post-treatment effect size of d = −0.07 [90% CI 0.29 to 0.14]. Therapist time in stepped care was 5.26 (SD = 3.08) hours versus 10.16 (SD 4.01) for tCBT (p Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01906476.
Laurent Pernot, L’Art du Sous-Entendu: Histoire – Théorie – Mode d’emploi. Paris: Fayard, 2018. 334 pp. $30.00 (cloth), $15.00 (ebook), ISBN:49-1995-3/01.

This book draws in the reader with its scope, its humor, its brio, and its learning. In many ways, it is a collage, as the writer, Laurent Pernot, openly suggests when he says that he is classifyin...
samc: an R package for connectivity modeling with spatial absorbing Markov chains

Quantifying landscape connectivity is fundamental to better understand and predict how populations respond to environmental change. Currently, popular methods to quantify landscape connectivity emphasize how landscape features provide resistance to movement. While many tools are available to quantify landscape resistance, these do not discern between two fundamentally different sources of resistance: movement behavior and mortality. To address this issue, we developed the samc R package that quantifies landscape connectivity using absorbing Markov chain theory. Within this mathematical framework, movements are represented as transient states in the Markov chain, while mortality is represented by transitions to absorbing states. Not only does this framework explicitly account for these different issues, it provides a probabilistic approach that can incorporate both short‐term and long‐term dynamics, as well as species distribution and abundance. The package includes functions to quantify life expectancy, long‐term visitation rates, and various spatially and temporally explicit measures of mortality and movement at the local and landscape scales. These functions in samc have been optimized to find computationally practical solutions in landscapes comprised of > 2 × 10⁶ cells. Here, we illustrate the workflow of the samc package with publicly available movement and mortality data on the endangered Florida panther Puma concolor coryi. This analysis showed that movement and mortality are generally correlated except for locations near roads (areas of high mortality risk) that are within the dispersal range of source locations. This pattern would have been undetectable with current methods that quantify movement resistance. Overall, the samc package provides a means for implementing spatial absorbing Markov chains that can distinguish between movement behavior and mortality resulting in more reliable landscape connectivity measures.
Serial sarcomere number is substantially decreased within the paretic biceps brachii in chronic hemiparetic stroke

Stroke-induced neural deficits substantially alter input to and usage of individual muscles. We combined novel in vivo imaging methods across three scales of muscle to measure sarcomere length, fascicle length, and volume of the biceps brachii in both limbs of individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke and unimpaired controls. We calculated serial sarcomere number and physiological cross-sectional area. The paretic biceps had fewer serial sarcomeres compared to the contralateral limb; no interlimb differences were observed in controls, suggesting the observed differences were muscle adaptations associated with stroke rather than natural interlimb variability. We provide the first direct evidence of the loss of serial sarcomeres in human muscle, observed in a population with neural impairments that lead to disuse and chronically place the affected muscle at a shortened position. This adaptation is consistent with functional consequences (increased passive resistance to elbow extension) that would amplify already problematic, neurally driven motor impairments.
Smart-Steering: An IoMT-Device to Monitor Blood Alcohol Concentration using Physiological Signals

Accidents on road are severe unavoidable incidents that have been exponentially increasing every year in the United States. Statistics show that among the total accidents, 40% are due to driving intoxicated or under influence. With the growth in science and technology, robust solutions with improved, reasonable, feasible mechanisms should be proposed. Smart-Steering strives to solve this issue with a scope of reduction in the increasing rate of road accidents. This proposes a smart “thing” which can convert the regular steering to smart steering with the help of the Internet of things. This device works with the touch of the human driver, collects and analyses the physiological data of the person and performs the analysis in a microcontroller. With the help of the analyzed data, the decision of sobriety of the human is made and sent to the car’s infotainment as a notification. This data is also sent to the cloud server for storing purposes. The blood alcohol prediction is made with an exact level of the concentration present in the human body with an accuracy of approximately 93%.
Political Ethics of Kwame Nkrumah

This chapter uses indigenous Akan wisdom to unpack Kwame Nkrumah’s political ethics. It locates Nkrumah’s politics in the wider discipline of political philosophy as Machiavellian. It contextualizes it within Ghana’s postcolonial politics.
Distinct large-scale networks are associated with motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson9s disease (PD) is characterized clinically by various motor and nonmotor symptoms. The underlying neuroanatomical correlates of nonmotor symptoms in PD remain poorly understood. We investigated the differences and commonalities in the neuroanatomical correlates 1) between highly prevalent nonmotor features including fatigue, anxiety, depression, and apathy, and 2) between these nonmotor features and motor severity in nondemented subjects with mild PD (Hoehn and Yahr disease stage 2) using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Compared to matched controls, the PD group showed atrophy in the basal ganglia and superior frontal cortex. Motor severity correlated with cortical thinning in frontotemporal regions, as well as with reduced functional connectivity between the frontostriatal and cerebellar networks. The composite nonmotor symptom severity did not show any correlation with the structural brain data, but correlated with reduced functional connectivity in a large-scale network consisting of frontostriatal, parietotemporal, and cerebellar nodes. The individual components of the nonmotor symptoms also mapped onto specific neural networks. Our study shows that motor and nonmotor features in PD are associated with distinct large-scale networks. The basal ganglia and cerebellum are core regions in all of these networks. The abnormal functional connectivity in the nonmotor network seems to be related to cognitive and emotional dysregulation and may have implications for future cognitive decline in PD.
SleepSmart: Smart Mattress Integrated with e-Textiles and IoT Functions for Sleep Apnea Management

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is one of the most serious sleep disorders. People who is suffered from OSA may not be aware that their upper airway is blocked and they have difficulty to breathe. For this reason, real-time sleep monitoring in daily life is important. In response to this need, I aim to develop an unobtrusive, wireless sleep monitoring system called SleepSmart. SleepSmart, is a smart mattress topper, which is integrated with textile pressure sensors and allows people to monitor their sleeping habits and respiration rate in real-time in their own bed with its IoT functions. The overall research has three milestones: (1) designing the mattress topper, (2) performing signal analysis on the pressure data to extract respiration rate, and (3) establishing an IoT infrastructure to provide services. This paper demonstrates the promising ongoing research results and the goals for future milestones.
Effects of Teachers’ Language Ideologies on Language Learners’ Translanguaging Practices in an Intensive English Program

This chapter presents the results of a qualitative case study conducted in a university-level Intensive English Program (IEP) in the U.S. The study focused on documenting the ESL teachers’ language ideologies and the ways in which they encouraged or restricted translanguaging in their classes. The participants were three English as a second language (ESL) teachers working with beginner and intermediate levels in an IEP with L1 Arabic-speaking students. At a program level, there was no explicit language policy for teachers to follow (e.g. only English or allowing language mixing) at the IEP. Classroom observations and interviews with teachers indicated that participants had three different orientations that framed their understanding of what the role of the students’ native language should be, and to what extent translanguaging would help or hinder their learning of English: translanguaging-as-a-problem, translanguaging-as-a-natural-process, and translanguaging-as-a-resource. The findings provide evidence that the teachers’ orientations were influenced by their language ideologies and their beliefs about what was the appropriate role of certain translanguaging strategies.
Attributions of social interactions: Driving among self-driving vs. conventional vehicles

Abstract Mixed traffic—roadway shared by automated (AV) and conventional vehicles—is anticipated to take place in the next few decades as the production and acceptance of automated vehicles increases. However, interactions between AVs and drivers in conventional vehicles are projected to be problematic. The current study aimed to examine the relationship among intentionality attributions, emotional reactions, and intended driver behaviors in response to hypothetical traffic scenarios when the actions were performed by human-drivers vs. self-driving cars. Three studies were conducted: Pilot Study 1: modifications of the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale (PADS), Pilot Study 2: verification of the instructions of the modified PADS using a college student sample, and Main Study: collection of ratings of intentionality, emotions, intended responses, trait aggression, and demographics upon reading human-driver and self-driving car PADS using a heterogeneous online sample. Intended responses were more severe in the self-driving car conditions, even though the self-driving car's actions were attributed as less intentional. Self-driving cars portrayed as having a heart and a mind led to similar behavioral responses but different affective ratings. Individuals who attributed the actions intentionally and rated their emotions more negatively had more aggressive intended responses. The results suggest that people perceive and interpret the capacities and responsibilities of the actors—human-driver and self-driving car—differently due to differential mind attributions. As technology in transportation matures, examining people's behaviors and intentions in mixed traffic can lead to better preparation for the future roads and maximize the safety benefits of automated vehicles.
Roles and Responsibilities of Your Committee

Rather than travel alone or with a single travel companion, some travelers will decide to have additional travelers join them on their trip. While doing so can prove advantageous, there can also be a downside to traveling with a group if the roles and responsibilities of each traveler are not agreed to before departure, and adhered to throughout the journey.
Immunometabolic hijacking of immune cells by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing signal

Abstract Macrophages utilize metabolic pathways to generate energy and metabolites that may be vulnerable to pathogen hijacking to favor pathogen survival and persistence. It is unclear how bacterial pathogens alter metabolic pathways in immune cells for their benefit and persistence in the infected host. We have shown that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AA) allows pathogen persistence in host tissues by triggering host tolerization via histone deacetylase (HDAC)1-mediated epigenetic reprogramming. Here, we provide strong evidence that 2-AA-meditated persistence is linked to specific metabolic pathway alterations that reduce energy availability and biosynthetic macromolecules involved in host immune responses. 2-AA promotes a Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming effect, thereby increasing levels of lactate, which repressed inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Moreover, it interferes with pyruvate translocation to mitochondria, reducing mitochondrial (mt)-oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to down-regulation of estrogen-regulated receptor (ERR)α and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC)-1. This metabolic reprogramming dampened energy production, reduced the acetyl-CoA pool, and generated an anti-inflammatory milieu that favors P. aeruginosa persistence. These findings provide evidence of first-in-class metabolic reprogramming in immune cells mediated by a QS signaling molecule. The specific metabolic programs affected provide insights that may guide the design and development of therapeutics and protective interventions against pathogen-induced immunometabolic alterations and persistence factors.
Countering the rise of syphilis: A role for doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis?:

Doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) holds the potential to mitigate increasing rates of syphilis among sexual minority men (SMM) in the US yet has received limited attention. Since evaluation of this intervention in actual populations is not currently feasible, we used agent-based models (ABM) to assess the population-level impact of this strategy. We adapted ABM of HIV and HPV transmission, representing a population of 10,230 SMM in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. Parameter inputs were derived from the literature, and ABM outputs during the pre-intervention period were calibrated to local surveillance data. Intervention scenarios varied doxycycline uptake by 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, while assuming continued condom use and syphilis screening and treatment. Under each intervention scenario, we incorporated treatment adherence at the following levels: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. Long-term population impact of prophylactic doxycycline was measured using the cumulative incidence over the 10-year period and the percentage of infections prevented attributable to doxycycline at year 10. An uptake scenario of 20% with an adherence level of 80% would reduce the cumulative incidence of infections by 10% over the next decade, translating to 57 fewer cases per 1000 SMM. At year 10, under the same uptake and adherence level, 22% of infections would be prevented due to doxycycline PEP in the instances where condoms were not used or failed. Findings suggest that doxycycline PEP will have a modest impact on syphilis incidence when assuming a reasonable level of uptake and adherence. Doxycycline PEP may be most appropriate as a secondary prevention measure to condoms and enhanced syphilis screening for reducing infections among SMM.
A Versatile Vacuum Ultraviolet Ion Source for Reduced Pressure Bipolar Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Abstract. We present the development of a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) ion source specifically designed for in situ measurements of trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The ion source utilizes a commercially available photoionization krypton lamp, primarily emitting photons in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region at wavelengths of 124 and 117 nm (corresponding to energies of 10 and 10.6 eV, respectively), coupled to a commercially available Vocus Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer. The VUV ion source can produce both negative and positive reagent ions, however, here we primarily focus on generating iodide anions (I−). The instrument’s drift tube (also known as ion molecule reactor) operates at pressures between 2 and 10 mbar, which facilitates ambient sampling at atmospheric pressures as low as 50 mbar. The low operating pressure reduces secondary ion chemistry that can occur in iodide CIMS. It also allows the addition of water vapor to the drift tube to exceed typical ambient humidity by more than one order of magnitude, significantly reducing ambient humidity dependence of sensitivities. An additional benefit of this ion source and drift tube is a 10 to 100-fold reduction in nitrogen consumed during operation relative to standard I− ion sources, resulting in significantly reduced instrument weight and operational costs. In iodide mode, sensitivities of 76 cps/ppt for nitric acid, 35 cps/ppt for Br2, and 8.9 cps/ppt for Cl2 were achieved. Lastly, we demonstrate that this ion source can generate benzene (C6H6+) and ammonium (NH4+) reagent ions to expand the number of detected atmospheric trace gases.
Cortical Silent Period Reveals Differences Between Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia and Muscle Tension Dysphonia

Background. The pathophysiology of adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD), like other focal dystonias, is largely unknown. Objective. The purposes of this study were to determine (a) cortical excitabi...
The role of adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 in β-adrenoceptor signalling in murine airways

Background and Purpose Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is a key signalling enzyme for many GPCRs and catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP which, in turn, is a crucial determinant of many biological responses. β-Adrenoceptor agonists are prescribed as bronchodilators for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and it is commonly assumed that they elicit their actions via AC-dependent production of cAMP. However, empirical evidence in support of this is lacking and the exact mechanism by which these drugs acts remains elusive. This is partly due to the existence of at least 10 different isoforms of AC and the absence of any truly selective pharmacological inhibitors. Here, we have used genetically modified mice and model systems to establish the role of AC isoforms in the airway responses to β-adrenoceptor agonists. Experimental Approach Receptors mediating responses to β-adrenoceptor agonists in airway smooth muscle (ASM) and sensory nerve were identified in isolated tissue systems. Expression of mRNA for the AC isoforms in ASM and neurones was determined by qPCR. Functional responses were assessed in AC isoform KO mice and wild-type controls. Key Results Airway and vagal tissue expressed mRNA for various isoforms of AC. AC6 was the most prominent isoform. Responses to β-adrenoceptor agonists in tissues from AC6 KO mice were virtually abolished. Conclusions and Implications AC6 played a critical role in relaxation of ASM to β1-adrenoceptor agonists and in modulation of sensory nerves by β1-3-adrenoceptor agonists. These results further unravel the signalling pathway of this extensively prescribed class of medicine.
Volunteer Military Companies: A Form of Recreation in the 1850's

(1969). Volunteer Military Companies: A Form of Recreation in the 1850's. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 50-52.
Improved lower bounds for learning intersections of halfspaces

We prove new lower bounds for learning intersections of halfspaces, one of the most important concept classes in computational learning theory. Our main result is that any statistical-query algorithm for learning the intersection of $\sqrt{n}$halfspaces in n dimensions must make $2^{\Omega(\sqrt{n})}$queries. This is the first non-trivial lower bound on the statistical query dimension for this concept class (the previous best lower bound was n$^{\Omega(log{\it n})}$). Our lower bound holds even for intersections of low-weight halfspaces. In the latter case, it is nearly tight. We also show that the intersection of two majorities (low-weight halfspaces) cannot be computed by a polynomial threshold function (PTF) with fewer than n$^{\Omega((log{\it n})/loglog{\it n})}$monomials. This is the first super-polynomial lower bound on the PTF length of this concept class, and is nearly optimal. For intersections of k=ω(logn) low-weight halfspaces, we improve our lower bound to $\min\{2^{\Omega(\sqrt{n})},n^{\Omega(k/\log k)}\},$which too is nearly optimal. As a consequence, intersections of even two halfspaces are not computable by polynomial-weight PTFs, the most expressive class of functions known to be efficiently learnable via Jackson’s Harmonic Sieve algorithm. Finally, we report our progress on the weak learnability of intersections of halfspaces under the uniform distribution.
Role of Isoleucyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase in Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Enzyme Repression in Yeast

Temperature-sensitive mutations in the isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase of yeast, ilS−1-1 and ilS−1-2, were used to examine the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes in the regulation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis and enzyme synthesis in a eucaryotic organism. At the permissive temperature, 70 to 100% of the intracellular isoleucyl-tRNA was charged in mutants carrying these mutations; at growth-limiting temperatures, less than 10% was charged with isoleucine. Other aminoacyl-tRNA molecules remained essentially fully charged under both conditions. Net protein and RNA syntheses were rapidly inhibited when the mutant was shifted from the permissive to the restrictive temperature. Most of the ribosomes remained in polyribosome structures at the restrictive temperature even though protein synthesis was strongly inhibited. Two of the enzymes of isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine deaminase and acetohydroxyacid synthetase, were derepressed about twofold during slow growth of the mutants at a growth-limiting temperature. This is about the same degree of derepression that is achieved by growth of an auxotroph on limiting isoleucine. We conclude that charged aminoacyl-tRNA is essential for RNA synthesis and for the multivalent repression of the isoleucine biosynthetic enzymes. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzymes appear to play important regulatory roles in the cell physiology of eucaryotic organisms.
Rapid resolution of akinetic mutism in delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy with intravenous magnesium sulfate.

Objective/Background: Delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is a rare condition marked by the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms, parkinsonism and akinetic mutism days to weeks after an individual has recovered from a prolonged cerebral hypoxic event. This syndrome can cause significant long-term neurologic dysfunction. At present there are no acute treatment strategies that have been identified that have been shown to alter the natural course of this disorder. In most instances all that can be offered to patients is early supportive care and then subsequent rehabilitation services. Methods: Case Report. Results: A patient is presented who developed new onset encephalopathy, extrapyramidal symptoms and akinetic mutism three weeks after being discharged for a respiratory arrest from a drug overdose. MRI showed the development of extensive white matter and bilateral globus pallidus lesions. She had rapid resolution of akinetic mutism with intravenous magnesium sulfate as well as improvement in her other associated neurologic symptoms. Conclusion: Thecase report suggests the use of intravenous magnesium sulfate as anacute treatment for the akinetic mutismasso- ciated with delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy. In addition it also may improve the extrapyramidal and neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with this syndrome. This may be the first potential acute treatment for this rare neurologic condition.
Quantum space-times in the year 2002

We review certain emergent notions on the nature of space-time from noncommutative geometry and their radical implications. These ideas of space-time are suggested from developments in fuzzy physics, string theory, and deformation quantization. The review focuses on the ideas coming from fuzzy physics. We find models of quantum space-time like fuzzy S 4 on which states cannot be localized, but which fluctuate into other manifolds like CP3. New uncertainty principles concerning such lack of localizability on quantum space-times are formulated. Such investigations show the possibility of formulating and answering questions like the probability of finding a point of a quantum manifold in a state localized on another one. Additional striking possibilities indicated by these developments is the (generic) failure of CPT theorem and the conventional spin-statistics connection. They even suggest that Planck’s ‘constant’ may not be a constant, but an operator which does not commute with all observables. All these novel possibilities arise within the rules of conventional quantum physics, and with no serious input from gravity physics.
Convolutions and group representations

In the present chapter, we initiate our study of harmonic analysis proper. The basic operation in harmonic analysis is convolution; in §99, we give a reasonably general definition of convolutions and develop with some care the fundamental properties of convolutions of measures. In §20, we examine explicit formulas for convolutions of measures and functions. In §21, we present some facts about representations of groups and algebras. In §22, we prove the existence of irreducible representations of locally compact groups.
Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, & Recovery, Vols. I & II, by Gary L. Fisher and Nancy A. Roget (Eds.)

This two-volume edited set represents a synthesis of the research literature on almost 350 topics arranged alphabetically in traditional encyclopedic fashion. Some categories of topics include spec...
Sonographic spectrum of hemorrhagic ovarian cysts.

Objective. To present the spectrum of sonographic findings associated with hemorrhagic ovarian cysts. Methods. Experience with making specific and correct diagnosis of hemorrhagic cysts with the use of sonography was reviewed, and the spectrum of sonographic findings was identified. Results. Endovaginal sonography facilitated excellent visualization of internal architectural details of an adnexal mass, which enabled specific diagnosis of hemorrhagic cysts instead of other adnexal masses. Conclusions. A hemorrhagic cyst is a common and important entity to recognize and diagnose correctly, and because it can be confused with more ominous conditions, it is important to recognize its
Malaria in Africa

This essay surveys the distinctive contours of the long history of malarial infections and interventions in tropical Africa, from the development of heavier patterns of disease transmission during the eras of the Bantu expansions through the contemporary malaria control campaign. It discusses the patterns of interactions of tropical Africans with non-immune foreign populations, efforts at mosquito control, the early history of malaria therapeutics, the first era of synthetic insecticides and new chemical therapies (1945–1962), the retreat from malaria control and the resurgence of infections, and the second era of malaria control (1995 to the present).
Phosphorus transformation in pig slurry due to diet and intermittent aeration treatments

The experiment was conducted to study the transformation of phosphorus (P) in slurry from pigs fed two different diets, i.e. the regular maize–soya bean meal diet with or without a supplement of 9% sugar beet pulp (SBP). The slurry was collected and treated either without or with aeration and intermittent aeration (aeration on/off ratio=10 h:14 h) at an airflow rate of 06 l m 3 s 1 for 15 days. Slurry sources and treatments were composed of a 2 by 2 factorial design. The results indicated that aeration increased (probability Po001) the slurry pH by 05–08 within 24 h, from 6 5t o 70 for the SBP slurry, and from 6 9t o 77 for the control slurry, but the pH reached 7 6a nd 80 for the SBP and control slurry in 3–4 days. The average pH of the SBP slurry was lower (Po001) than that of the slurry from the control diet (667 versus 738). However, little change in pH was observed in the non-aerated slurry. Aeration decreased total inorganic P, insoluble inorganic P, and soluble P, but increased organic P by approximately 30 mg l 1 . The average organic P in the slurry for both diets with aeration was about 174% higher than that in the same slurry without aeration. Aeration decreased insoluble inorganic P by about 72% and soluble P by about 45%. The mass balance of P fractions showed transformation of insoluble inorganic P into organic forms during the aeration stage. The insoluble inorganic P took about 68% of the total P in the slurry, so it is essential to perform solid–liquid separation prior to aeration to enhance the efficiency of soluble P removal because insoluble inorganic P is mainly contained in the slurry solids.
Health-related quality of life of US adults with arthritis: Analysis of data from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2003, 2005, and 2007†

Objective To describe the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of persons with and without arthritis in the 50 US states and the District of Columbia, and to determine correlates of poor HRQOL in persons with arthritis. Methods Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used. Descriptive analyses were age standardized and multivariate analyses used logistic regression. Results Of persons ages ≥18 years with arthritis, 27% reported fair/poor health, compared to 12% without arthritis. The mean numbers of physically unhealthy, mentally unhealthy, and activity-limited days for persons with arthritis exceeded those for persons without arthritis. In regression analyses, black non-Hispanics reported better HRQOL than white non-Hispanics, especially in the ≥14 versus 0 days comparisons. Yet no difference existed in self-reported health status between these two groups. Having a low family income and being unable to work were both strongly associated with poor HRQOL. Being physically active was associated with better HRQOL. Binge drinking was associated with poor HRQOL for some measures, but was associated with better self-reported health. Cost being a barrier to care and having diabetes mellitus were strongly associated with worse HRQOL. Conclusion Adults from the US with arthritis had worse HRQOL than those without. Physical health and mental health were both affected by arthritis; therefore, efforts to alleviate the arthritis burden should address both domains. Given the current and projected high prevalence of arthritis, we face a significant burden of poor HRQOL. Increasing physical activity, reducing comorbidities, and increasing access to health care could improve the HRQOL of persons with arthritis.
Interdiffusion in bilayer CoPt/Co films: potential for tailoring the magnetic exchange spring

Abstract The magnetic and microstructural properties and magnetic domain configuration of exchange-spring model bilayer samples based on L1 0 -type magnetically-hard CoPt and magnetically soft Co were examined and analyzed. Bilayers of varying thicknesses and annealing conditions were examined with room-temperature and elevated-temperature SQUID magnetometry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and magnetic force microscopy. While lower-temperature (300°C ⩽ T ⩽400°C) annealing treatments produced little change in the domain configuration, it did produce subtle change in the microstructure and a noticeable increase in the degree of exchange coupling of the bilayers. Higher-temperature ( T =550°C) annealing treatments produced profound changes in all parameters: the magnetic reversal behavior, the remanence ratio and the magnetic domain configuration. These changes were accompanied by distinct changes in the bilayer phase constitution and proportions of hard and soft phases produced by interdiffusion of the Co and CoPt layers which altered the overall anisotropy and associated magnetic behavior of the system. To support these conjectures micromagnetic modeling of different conditions of the bilayer properties showed that changing the relative proportions of the hard and soft layers could indeed lead to changes in the magnetic behavior similar to those observed in the experimental systems. Both the experimental and modeling-derived results of this work demonstrate that the bulk technical properties of a hard/soft magnetic nanocomposite material depend on the relative proportions of the phases present, the degree of exchange coupling across the interface between those phases as well as on the physical and magnetic properties of those phases. Changing the physical properties of the phases in systematic ways allows the magnetic properties of the ensemble to be tailored.
Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions. Part XI: Infrared Absorptivity of CO2 and N2O in Water at Elevated Temperature and Pressure

The temperature dependence of the infrared absorptivity of the asymmetric stretch of CO2 and N2O dissolved in H2O was determined at 300-600 K under 275 atm. These results are essential for using these species as internal calibrants of the rate of many hydrothermal reactions by infrared spectroscopy. The absorptivity (band area) for upsilon3 (CO2) at constant number density increases from 1.58 X 10 4 cm/mmol at 300 K to 2.68 X 10 4 cm/mmol at 600 K. The absorptivity of upsilon3 (N2O) is 8.57 X 10 3 cm/mmol at 300 K and 1.33 X 10 4 cm/mmol at 525 K. The absorptivity is suppressed in the presence of H2O by a factor of about 5 compared to results for the gas phase. The absorptivity increases, however, with increasing temperature in H2O solution, which is opposite the trend for the gas phase. The Lorentzian line shape in H2O solution provides a global relaxation time of 1 ps, which is more consistent with relaxation by vibrational energy transfer among associated molecules than by collisions or stochastic modulation by the surrounding H2O field.
Socialization for the democratic personality in modern society

A comprehensive analysis of socialization requires a complex model that both explicates and synthesizes the various subprocesses involved in this phenomenon. Traditional concerns with socialization that have focused almost exclusively on its objective functions, that is, on those which serve society and its institutions, need to be complemented by an equal emphasis on subjective functions in terms of the sociological and psychological development of the individual. Chiefly relevant in this latter respect is the production of basic human needs and the consequences that result from their inadequate gratification in unauthentic and/or unresponsive societies. One such outcome that is particularly crucial to both personal and societal function is that of alienation, which can be assessed specifically in terms of its significance for civic participation. Our model recognizes the limits of both human systems and social systems; and, in terms of the principles of authenticity and responsivity, it articulates the linkage among these systems constituting the essence of socialization. Our model also provides an implicit clarification of the nature and meaning of citizenship in a democracy, which by definition should be a responsive society, and delineates the required sociopsychological images for maximizing the role of political participation.
A kinetic study of aluminum adsorption by aluminosilicate clay minerals

Abstract The adsorption kinetics of Al 3+ by montmorillonite, kaolinite, and vermiculite were investigated as a function of the initial Al concentration, the surface area of the clay, and H + concentration, at 25°, 18°, and 10°C. In order to minimize complicated side reactions the pH range was kept between 3.0 and 4.1. Results showed that the adsorption rate was first order with respect to both the initial Al concentration and the clay surface area. Changes in pH within this narrow range had virtually no effect on adsorption rate. This zero order reaction dependence suggested that the H + , compared to Al, has a weak affinity for the surface. The rates of adsorption decreased in the order of montmorillonite > kaolinite > vermiculite when compared on the basis of equal surface areas, but changed to kaolinite > montmorillonite > vermiculite when the clays were compared on an equal exchange capacity basis. The calculated apparent activation energies were −1 , indicating that over the temperature range of the study the adsorption process, is only marginally temperature sensitive. The mechanism is governed by a simple electrostatic cation exchange involving outer sphere complexes between adsorbed Al and the clay surface. Vermiculite, may have a second reaction step governed by both electrostic attraction and internal ion diffusion. Equilibrium constants for the formation of an adsorbed Al clay complex were also estimated and are 10 5.34 , 10 5.18 , and 10 4.94 for kaolinite, montmorillonite, and vermiculite, respectively, suggesting that these clays could play a significant role in controlling soil solution Al concentrations.
Secular variation in seawater chemistry and the origin of calcium chloride basinal brines

CaCl 2 basinal brines, which are present in most Phanerozoic sedimentary basins, inherited their chemistries and salinities from evaporated paleoseawaters when the world oceans were Ca rich and SO 4 poor (CaCl 2 seas). CaCl 2 seas coincided with periods of rapid seafloor spreading, high influxes of mid-ocean-ridge brines rich in CaCl 2 , and elevated sea levels, conditions that favored accumulation of marine CaCl 2 brines in marginal and interior continental basins. Typical basinal brines in Silurian-Devonian formations of the interior Illinois basin, United States, show the same compositional trends as those of progressively evaporated CaCl 2 -rich Silurian seawater. Chemical deviations can be accounted for quantitatively by brine-rock reactions during burial (dolomitization, dolomite and K-feldspar cement). This explanation for the origin of CaCl 2 basinal brines contrasts with others that assume constancy of seawater chemistry and involve more complex brine-rock interactions.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH INFORMATION IN SELECTED HEALTH EDUCATION TEXTBOOKS FOR GRADES SEVEN AND EIGHT1

— Fourteen health textbooks, seven in each of the seventh and eighth grades, were analyzed for their content in terms of emphasis, location, and repetition. Items of health information were extracted and the total number of words devoted to each item was counted. The content was assigned to eight large areas of health, 23 topics under the eight areas, and 98 subtopics under the topics. Emphasis was determined on the basis of the number of items and the percentage of words devoted to each area, topic, and subtopic.
Stativity and Copula Absence in AAVE Grammatical Constraints at the Subcategorical Level

L'A. rappelle la place des travaux sur la copule dans les recherches sur l'origine de l'anglais vernaculaire afro-americain. Il existe cependant un desaccord entre les chercheurs. l'A. tente de determiner si le type d'adjectif en jeu (statif, non-statif, participial) a un effet sur la presence ou l'absence de copule
Prenatal diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome by targeted second-trimester sonography

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, retinal degeneration, polydactyly and syndactyly, diabetes mellitus, hypogenitalism, renal dysplasia and short stature. Definitive molecular diagnosis for BBS is not currently available and counseling of affected families is based on the 25% recurrence risk consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. Our case presents the first successful use of second trimester targeted sonographic anatomy scanning to prospectively identify a fetus affected with BBS, and indicates that ultrasound can be of critical importance in providing precise as well as timely prenatal diagnosis for families at risk for this serious disorder.
Single-gender group psychotherapy: A “women's group” for adolescent inpatients

This paper describes an attempt at forming and conducting a unique single-gender psychotherapy group with severely disturbed female adolescents on a long-term, psychotherapeutically oriented co-ed inpatient unit. The focus of this group was assisting the female patients in negotiating the tasks and conflicts specific to their gender and developmental stage. The therapeutic approach and the role of female coleaders are described, emphasizing particular modifications made to meet the needs of this group. Clinical examples are offered to high-light salient group themes of identity formation and separation and individuation. Finally, group therapeutic factors specifically enhanced by single gender membership are discussed and observations regarding the group/milieu interface are explored.
The decay schemes of 56Co and 56Mn and their use as calibration standards

Abstract The gamma rays accompanying the beta decays of 56Co and 56Mn have been studied using Ge(Li) and NaI(Ti) detectors in singles and in coincidence experiments. Excited states in 56Fe are placed at 846.6±0.5, 2084.8±0.7, 2657.6±0.8, 2960.1±0.8, 3123.7±1.2, 3369.9±0.7, 3445.0±0.7, 3856.2±11.2, 4049.7±0.7, 4101.0±0.7, 4120.7±0.7, 4298.3±0.7 and 4394.2±2.1 KeV. The usefulness of the 56Co decay as a gamma-ray energy and relative intensity standard is indicated.