cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of transient combustion response to acoustic oscillations in axisymmetric rocket motors

A numerical analysis of unsteady motions in solid rocket motors with a nozzle has been conducted. The formulation treats the complete conservation equations for the gas phase and the one-dimensional equations in the radial direction for the condensed phase. A fully coupled implicit scheme based on a dual time-stepping integration algorithm has been adopted to solve the governing equations and associated boundary conditions. After obtaining a steady state solution, periodic pressure oscillations are imposed at the head end to simulate acoustic oscillations of a traveling-wave motion in the combustion chamber. The amplitude of the pressure oscillation is 1.0 % of the mean pressure and the frequency is 1790 Hz, corresponding to the twice of the fundamental frequency of the chamber. Magnitude and phase of pressure and axial velocity fluctuations are influenced by the upstream reflecting wave from the nozzle wall. Axial velocity near surface region oscillates in phase advance manner with reference to the acoustic pressure. Large vorticity fluctuations are observed in near surface region. The mass-flow-rate at the nozzle exit periodically oscillates with a time delay compared to the imposed pressure oscillations at the head end.
Effects of glenosphere positioning on impingement-free internal and external rotation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Introduction Patients may experience a loss of internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). We hypothesized that alterations in the glenosphere position will affect the amount of impingement-free IR and ER. Materials and methods Computed tomography (CT) scans of the scapula and humerus were obtained from 7 cadaveric specimens, and 3-dimensional reconstructions were created. RTSA models were virtually implanted into each specimen. The glenosphere position was determined in relation to the neutral position in 7 settings: medialization (5 mm), lateralization (10 mm), superior translation (6 mm), inferior translation (6 mm), superior tilt (20°), and inferior tilt (15° and 30°). The humerus in each virtual model was allowed to freely rotate at a fixed scaption angle (0°, 20°, 40°, and 60°) until encountering bone-to-bone or bone-to-implant impingement (180° of limitation). Measurements were recorded for each scaption angulation. Results At 0° scaption, only inferior translation, lateralization, and inferior tilt (30°) allowed any impingement-free motion in IR and ER. At the midranges of scaption (20° and 40°), increased lateralization and inferior translation resulted in improved rotation. Supraphysiologic motion (>90° rotation) was seen consistently at 60° of scaption in IR. Superior translation (6 mm) resulted in no rotation at 0° and 20° of scaption for IR and ER. Conclusions Glenosphere position significantly affected humeral IR and ER after RTSA. Superior translation resulted in significant restrictions on IR and ER. Optimal glenosphere positioning was achieved with inferior translation, inferior tilt, and lateralization in all degrees of scaption.
Cooperative communication using protograph-based low-density parity-check codes

We propose a novel two-user cooperation scheme that employs protograph-based low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The proposed scenario is based on time division where each user transmits its message to the base station (BS) in two successive intervals. In the first interval, the user sends its message to the BS as well as its partner user. If the partner user successfully decodes the received signal, the two users cooperatively send the main user's message using the Alamouti scheme during the second interval. Otherwise, the main user simply retransmits its message to the BS. The users change roles during the next two intervals. Furthermore, the users encode their information over a class of protograph-based LDPC codes called the Accumulate-Repeat-4-Jagged-Accumulate (AR4JA) codes that allow flexible selections of rate and length. Using this technique, a three-level diversity is achieved when there exists a strong interuser link, whereas when the interuser channel has a poor quality, at least a two-level diversity is achieved.
Pollen germination and tube growth: dependent on carbon dioxide and independent of ethylene.

The influence of ethylene and CO2 on pollen germination and tube growth was investigated employing ventilated culture systems. Ethylene had no effect on pollen germinability or tube growth. Germinating pollen did not produce a detectable amount of ethylene (less than 0.1 nl/g·hr). Supplementing the cultures with CO2 caused a marked increase in germination and tube growth. The half-maximal response for germination was less than 0.5%. CO2 levels ranging from 1.08 to 2.22% were found in the internal cavity of lily styles. CO2 derived from stylar metabolism may, therefore, modulate pollen tube growth thus integrating the events leading to fertilization.
Cycle period of a network oscillator is independent of membrane potential and spiking activity in individual central pattern generator neurons.

Rhythmic motor patterns are thought to arise through the cellular properties and synaptic interactions of neurons in central pattern generator (CPG) circuits. Yet, when examining the CPG underlying...
Cervical cancer screening in hospitals: the efficacy of legislation in Maryland.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of a Maryland law requiring Pap testing to be offered during hospital admissions. "In-reach" strategies emphasize cancer screening within existing health care contacts (such as inpatient stays) rather than additional visits solely for screening. METHODS. Data from a 1986 telephone survey of Maryland women were used to examine the effect of hospitalization on self-reported Pap testing in a 3-year period. The effect of hospitalization on screening was examined by age and income to assess whether inpatient screening was more prevalent among certain subgroups of women. RESULTS. For the group as a whole, the odds of Pap screening did not vary with hospitalization. However, among women aged 45 to 54 years with annual household incomes over $20,000, hospitalized women were more likely than nonhospitalized women to report recent Pap tests. For low-income women aged 75 years and older, hospitalization actually decreased the likelihood of reporting Pa...
Influence of Transverse Fins Attached to the Heated Wall of a Rayleigh-Be´nard Cavity

In this article we examine the augmentation of classic Rayleigh-Benard convection by the addition of periodically-spaced tranverse fins attached to the heated, lower plate. The respective impacts of the fin size, the fin spacing and the thermal conductivity of the fin material are examined through numerical simulations for different laminar Rayleigh numbers and reported it terms of the Nusselt number. With the exception of very closely spaced fins, the heat transport is observed to exceed that of the idealized Rayleigh-Benard case. It is found that local heat transport maxima and minima do exist for specific fin spacings and that the maxima become more pronounced at higher Rayleigh numbers. For ‘small fins’ the fin spacing corresponding to maximum heat transport is such that the fin spacing is approximately equal to the enclosure height.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
On the limitation of quantitative measurements using transmission electron microscopy

Abstract This work discussed the limitation of (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) techniques in quantitative measurements in electron-beam-sensitive silicate glasses and glass ceramics. Electron beam induced damages in the silicate glasses containing Na and the glass ceramics containing fluorite nanocrystals were demonstrated. The damages were mainly caused by preferentially removing Na and decomposing CaF 2 into Ca. All the damage phenomena were observed under electron beam intensities, which were much weaker than the intensities used in the conventional high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and microanalysis in STEM. Therefore, although the advanced TEM/STEM techniques are very promising in the precise measurement of local composition at ultra-high spatial resolution in some materials, they may not be applicable to Na-containing silicate glasses and glass ceramics containing fluorite nanocrystals.
Migdal-Kadanoff study of the random-field Ising model.

The random-field Ising model is studied within a Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization-group scheme. For dimension d=3 the recursion relations and the zero-temperature fixed point are studied numerically. There is a continuous phase transition with magnetization exponent \ensuremath{\beta}=0.02. The magnetization as a function of temperature displays an abrupt crossover from pure Ising to random-field behavior. Analytic results are obtained within a d=2+\ensuremath{\varepsilon} expansion.
Antenatal down syndrome screening in the united states in 2001: A survey of maternal-fetal medicine specialists☆

Abstract Objective: Our objectives were to determine patterns of antenatal Down syndrome screening and risk adjustment by maternal-fetal medicine specialists in the United States in 2001. Study Design: A survey to investigate Down syndrome screening practice patterns was mailed to the 1638 members of the Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in the United States. Practice demographics, screening patterns, and the numeric risks quoted in counseling were analyzed. Results: Five hundred forty-three specialists (33.2%) responded; 530 of these specialists (97.6%) performed antenatal Down syndrome screening; all of them offered second-trimester screening, and 247 of them (45.5%) offered first-trimester screening. With the use of second-trimester ultrasonography, risk was increased by 69.4% of respondents and decreased by 33.1%. Amniocentesis was the most frequently used diagnostic test (83.2%), with loss rates quoted at 1:100 to 1:1000. Conclusion: Maternal-fetal medicine specialists show a wide in variation practices used for Down syndrome screening, modification of risk, and quoted procedure-related loss rates. This information calls for a consensus regarding risks that are quoted in Down syndrome counseling. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1230-4.)
Dislocation dynamics of crack-tip processes—Frequency observations and theoretical modeling

Abstract The general features of static and dynamic models of fatigue crack propagation are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that to sort out the relative applicability of static versus dynamic models that planar crack fronts moving on cleavage planes might be most informative. Specifically, the frequency dependence of fatigue crack growth rate was selected as the important observation. Experimental data for both Fe-based polycrystals and single crystals are presented with emphasis on the latter. It is shown that a two decade decrease in test frequency may result in a factor of three increase in crack velocity on single crystal {001} planes oriented for macroscopic 〈010〉 growth. Further analysis, similar to group dislocation models proposed by Yokobori and colleagues, demonstrated that such frequency observations may be interpreted in terms of the dislocation velocities associated with a crack-tip field.
Acoustic evoked activity in the brain in sharks

1. Averaged evoked potentials (AEP’s) were recorded in the medulla, cerebellum, mesencephalon and telencephalon of several species of carcharhinid and triakid sharks, in the anesthetized animal with microelectrodes in the exposed brain and in the unanesthetized animal with implanted electrodes. 2. A preparation is described for recording from implanted electrodes with the unanesthetized shark suspended in the water by rubber bands, subject to air- or water-borne acoustic stimuli, or electric fields or photic stimuli. 3. AEP’s were found in each of the levels named above, to acoustic as well as to electric and photic stimuli. The responsive loci are discrete and small. The loci of best response are distinct for each of these three modalities. Anatomical localizations are given to within about one tenth of a neuromere but rarely to the microscopic level. 4. The form, latencies and recovery times of AEP’s are given for the several levels and modalities. No interaction occurred between modalities at least with brief stimuli. 5. The best acoustic stimulus for AEP amplitude is a “click” with a resonance of a few hundred Hz. The best tone stimulus is a rapidly rising burst of about 300 Hz. This value may be a function of size of animal, species, and electrode position. The lowest sound pressure threshold observed was —8 dB re I µbar near the shark’s head (=66 dB SPL). to a click delivered to the water surface. We do not know the velocity-wave amplitude, although it is believed to be the more relevant quantity. 6. Acoustic AEP’s were markedly suppressed by background white noise or tones — best at about 100 Hz. 7. When sound was delivered very locally the largest AEP occurred if the sound source was directly over the parietal fossa in the dorsal midline of the head. When sound was delivered at a distance, from a larger speaker, experimental occlusion of the parietal fossa usually suppressed the acoustic AEP. We interpret this to support the view that the fossa is an important portal for sound. 8. In two experiments bilateral section of the VIIIth nerve twig to the macula neglecta, together with some incidental damage to the sacculus greatly reduced the acoustic AEP. This supports the view that the macula neglecta is an important concentration of acoustic receptors but does not definitely confirm that proposal. The evidence argues against any substantial role of the lateral line in these species in response to acoustic stimuli at low amplitudes.
Genomic size instability in polyploid Didymium iridis plasmodia

(1989). Genomic Size Instability in Polyploid Didymium Iridis Plasmodia. Mycologia: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 656-657.
On modeling the diffusion to kinetically controlled burning limits of micron-sized aluminum particles

Abstract Aluminum particle burn rates are known to be a strong function of particle size as the mode of burning transitions from diffusion to kinetically controlled. To better understand the rate dependent diffusion and kinetic processes, a fully compressible, one-dimensional, spherically symmetric particle burn model is developed. Several cases are studied to explore the burning of aluminum particles in air, carbon-dioxide and steam environments. Predictions of burn rates versus particle size reveal significant deviations from a diffusion controlled burning limit – highlighting the importance of accounting for finite-rate chemistry in modeling the burning of sub-micron aluminum particles. While overall agreement to data is satisfactory, the detailed model cannot be directly used in system level tools due to computational cost. Two reduced modeling strategies are therefore explored to account for finite-rate chemistry effects in simpler models for use in system level CFD analysis. The first is an augmented D 2 - law where the finite-rate chemistry is treated as a perturbation to flame sheet approximation via augmented burn rate “constants”. Predictions using this approach of deflagration speeds in dusty aluminum-air gases agree well with experiments and show evidence of a maximum flame speed for a given mass loading. The second modeling approach uses a reduced numerical model and kinetics mechanism resulting in computationally efficient solutions. Results using this approach show up to two orders of magnitude reduction in computational effort while maintaining reasonable accuracy for predictions of flame structure, burn rates and burn times.
Machining parameter selection for a stochastic flow system

Abstract This paper examines the foundation for economic analysis in unreliable metal cutting processes. Using queueing models, we present some observations on the effect of cutting speed upon tool life, rate of acceptance of work, and mean flow time in machining parameter optimization. Handled by the Manufacturing Engineering Department.
Creating an enterprise‐level “green” strategy

Purpose – Over the past decade, concepts that focus on environmental stewardship have gripped the collective intellect of humankind, challenged our capacity to be self‐aware, and established a common global imperative to respond to critical issues that arise from world‐wide climate change and natural resource conservation. Yet, while most enterprises have already undertaken some form of “green” initiative, very few have established an enterprise‐level “green” strategy that responds to the new global imperative. This paper aims to provide a methodology and tool‐set to help close that gap.Design/methodology/approach – The article provides a methodology and tool set needed to assess an enterprise and formulate green strategy. The scope covers: a definition of “green” strategy and the guiding principles for its formulation; best practices and illustrations of how they are being adopted; a methodology for developing an enterprise‐level green strategy that integrates with all the other areas of strategy formula...
Optimal spatial distribution of microstructure in porous electrodes for Li-ion batteries

This paper applies simultaneous optimization to the design of spatially-varying porosity profiles in next-generation electrodes to maximize the capacity of Li-ion batteries, based on porous electrode theory. This paper designs a porous positive electrode made of lithium cobalt oxide, which is commonly used in lithium-ion batteries for various applications. For a fixed amount of active material, optimal grading of the porosity across the electrode decreases the Ohmic resistance by 25%, which in turn increases the electrode capacity to hold and deliver energy. Over 40% enhancement was observed in the robustness of the optimal electrode designs to variations in model parameters due to manufacturing imprecision. The results are sufficiently promising to justify investment in the development of experimental procedures to fabricate batteries that have a graded porosity across the electrode.
Temperature Dependence of Fast Dynamics in Proteins

The temperature dependence of the internal dynamics of recombinant human ubiquitin has been measured using solution NMR relaxation techniques. Nitrogen-15 relaxation has been employed to obtain a measure of the amplitude of sub- nanosecond motion at amide N-H sites in the protein. Deuterium relaxation has been used to obtain a measure of the amplitude of motion of methyl-groups in amino-acid side chains. Data was obtained between 5 and 55� C. The majority of amide N-H and methyl groups show a roughly linear (R 2 . 0.75) temperature dependence of the associated Lipari-Szabo model-free squared generalized-order parameter (O 2 ) describing the amplitude of motion. Interestingly, for those sites showing a linear response, the temperature dependence of the backbone is distinct from that of the methyl-bearing side chains with the former being char- acterized by a significantly larger L-value, where L is defined as d ln(1 � O)/d lnT. These results are comparable to the sole previous such study of the temperature dependence of protein motion obtained for a calmodulin-peptide complex. This suggests that the distinction between the main chain and methyl-bearing side chains may be general. Insight into the temperature depen- dence is gathered from a simple two-state step potential model.
Teleoperated mobile robotics instructional laboratory

Teaching students concepts about mobile and stationary robotics is difficult because there are few environments available for elegant and robust demonstrations. To aid student's understanding, robotic concepts need to be demonstrated not only in the lab but in the classroom. Since it is usually difficult to bring the equipment from the lab to the classroom, an environment for controlling and viewing the robots from the classroom is presented. The environment has several features: control from a distance, visually monitoring of actions, and feedback from different levels of system. A complete environment incorporating these features for teleoperated control of mobile robots and robot arms is detailed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Comparison between the Rapid Burster and GRO J1744–28

Twenty years ago, the Rapid Burster (MXB 1730-335) was discovered. Its most salient feature was the occurrence of rapidly repetitive type II X-ray bursts, the release of gravitational potential energy due to spasmodic accretion onto a compact object. This is almost certainly due to an accretion disk instability whose origin is still not understood. With the recent appearance of GRO J1744-28, the Rapid Burster is no longer the only system to produce such bursts. Both systems are transient low-mass X-ray binaries in which the accretor is a neutron star. The Rapid Burster, located in a globular cluster, also produces type I bursts which are due to thermonuclear flashes on the neutron star's surface; no X-ray pulsations are observed. Its neutron star magnetic field is therefore relatively weak. In contrast, strong X-ray pulsations have been observed in the persistent flux as well as in the type II bursts from GRO J1744-28, but no type I bursts have been observed. Thus, the magnetic field of the neutron star in this system is probably stronger than is the case of the Rapid Burster. The fact that type II bursts occur in both systems may bring us closer to an understanding of the mechanism(s?) that produces them.
Parental Catastrophizing Partially Mediates the Association between Parent-Reported Child Pain Behavior and Parental Protective Responses

This study sought to model and test the role of parental catastrophizing in relationship to parent-reported child pain behavior and parental protective (solicitous) responses to child pain in a sample of children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and their parents ( dyads). Parents completed measures designed to assess cognitions about and responses to their child’s abdominal pain. They also rated their child’s pain behavior. Mediation analyses were performed using regression-based techniques and bootstrapping. Results supported a model treating parent-reported child pain behavior as the predictor, parental catastrophizing as the mediator, and parental protective responses as the outcome. Parent-reported child pain behavior predicted parental protective responses and this association was mediated by parental catastrophizing about child pain: indirect effect (SE) = 2.08 (0.56); 95% CI = 1.09, 3.30. The proportion of the total effect mediated was 68%. Findings suggest that interventions designed to modify maladaptive parental responses to children’s pain behaviors should assess, as well as target, parental catastrophizing cognitions about their child’s pain.
The temporal relationships of synthesis and phosphorylation in stress proteins 70 and 90 in aged caloric restricted rats exposed to bleomycin

A single intraperitoneal injection of the human therapeutic drug bleomycin (BL) was administered to three groups of male Fischer 344 rats at time 0, and the incorporation of [35S]methionine ("synthesis") and phosphorylation patterns of stress proteins (sps/hsps) from bone marrow cells were analyzed over time by two-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography. Two groups of rats, young ad libitum (Y/AL--3 months) and old ad libitum (O/AL--28 months), had free access to rat chow, and a third group of old rats (O/CR--28 months) were maintained on a caloric restricted intake (60% of the AL diet). The administration of BL in Y/AL, O/AL and O/CR animals activated the 35S-labeling of sp 90 which reached a peak at 4 hours. Labeling of sp 90 was significantly greater in Y/AL compared to O/AL, and the incorporation pattern of O/CR was intermediate to Y/AL and O/AL animals. All labeling of sp 90 in each group had disappeared by 10 hours after BL administration. Stress protein 70x (inducible form) in these three animal groups displayed a similar pattern of 35S-incorporation, but the amount of labeling was less than that of sp 90. No labeling of sp 70x remained by 13 hours after BL administration. Phosphorylation ([32P] phosphate incorporation) of sp 90 reached a maximum level at 2 hours in all animals, and 32P-labeling in Y/AL was significantly increased over O/AL and O/CR with an intermediate level found in O/CR animals. The turnover rate (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) of sp 90 induced by BL was significantly suppressed and temporarily extended in O/AL as compared with O/CR, which implied that CR not only increased incorporation of sp 90, but also enhanced a utilization of the phosphate pool very similar to that seen in Y/AL animals.
Image-guided or needle-localized open biopsy of mammographic malignant-appearing microcalcifications?

Abstract Background: The evaluation and initial management of abnormalities detected on screening mammography have evolved substantially over the last decade. This study was designed to evaluate the most appropriate initial diagnostic biopsy technique for patients presenting with malignant-appearing microcalcifications on screening or diagnostic mammography. Study Design: An institutional review of a prospective database was performed to compare initial image-guided breast biopsy (IGBB) and needle-localized open biopsy (NLOB) in patients presenting with malignant-appearing microcalcifications. Patients with atypical hyperplasia (AH) or carcinoma in situ (CIS) were identified and reviewed separately. Measures of outcomes included the total number of procedures, time from initial biopsy to definitive treatment, charges, and percentages of patients who required both procedures. Results: A total of 17,121 patients underwent mammography from July 1994 to December 1996 at Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center. Indeterminate microcalcifications were found in 167 patients and were the reason for IGBB in 112 and NLOB in 55 patients. Histologic results included 81 patients (48%) with benign lesions, 25 (15%) with invasive cancers, and 61 (37%) having a proliferative finding including AH or CIS. Ductal CIS was present in 42 (72%) of the 61 proliferative lesions. Comparisons were made between the groups of patients with CIS or AH who underwent initial NLOB (n = 25) versus those having initial IGBB that was followed by a secondary NLOB (n = 25). The median elapsed time to definitive therapy was 20 days (range 0 to 336 days) for initial IGBB followed by NLOB and 7 days (range 0 to 79 days) for an initial NLOB performed for suspicious microcalcifications (p = 0.0367). The total number of procedures performed on each patient and total costs were also less for patients having an initial NLOB. Conclusions: The time to definitive local therapy, the number of procedures, and overall charges were less for patients with AH or CIS having initial NLOB as opposed to initial IGBB. Careful initial evaluation of microcalcifications may identify some patients for whom an initial NLOB remains the most appropriate procedure. Such patients desiring breast-conserving therapy may benefit in terms of time to definitive treatment, total number of procedures performed, and cost if a careful NLOB is the initial procedure performed as a formal lumpectomy.
Phosphatidylserine, a death knell.

Virtually every cell in the body restricts phosphatidylserine (PS) to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane by energy-dependent transport from the outer to the inner leaflet of the bilayer. Apoptotic cells of all types rapidly randomize the asymmetric distribution, bringing PS to the surface where it serves as a signal for phagocytosis. A myriad of phagocyte receptors have been implicated in the recognition of apoptotic cells, among them a PS receptor, yet few ligands other than PS have been identified on the apoptotic cell surface. Since apoptosis and the associated exposure of PS on the cell surface is probably over 600 million years old, it is not surprising that evolution has appropriated aspects of this process for specialized purposes such as blood coagulation, membrane fusion and erythrocyte differentiation. Failure to efficiently remove apoptotic cells may contribute to inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases resulting from chronic, inappropriate exposure of PS. Cell Death and Differentiation (2001) 8, 551–563
Gender Demographics of College Counseling Center Hiring 1989-1995

Abstract In view of the fact that increasing numbers of women are entering the field of professional psychology, annual college counseling survey data were analyzed in order to assess the parallel trend in gender composition of college counseling center staff.
The First Phenanthrene-Fused Imidazol-2-ylidene and Its Transition-Metal Complexes

A new phenanthrene-fused N-heterocyclic carbene was generated and characterized in solution. The synthesis of air-stable Rh, Ir, and Ag complexes, supported by the new phenanthrene-fused imidazol-2-ylidene ligand, is described. Deprotonation of phenanthrene-fused imidazolium salt 4 in the presence of [M(COD)Cl]2 (M = Rh, Ir) afforded complexes 6 and 7 in excellent yields. The silver complex was obtained by reaction of 4 with Ag2O. The solid state molecular structures of these complexes have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. The fluorescence emission spectra of 4, 6, and 7 are compared to that of phenanthrene.
Quantum quench in a p + i p superfluid: Winding numbers and topological states far from equilibrium

We study the nonadiabatic dynamics of a two-dimensional $p+ip$ superfluid following an instantaneous quantum quench of the BCS coupling constant. The model describes a topological superconductor with a nontrivial BCS (trivial BEC) phase appearing at weak- (strong-) coupling strengths. We extract the exact long-time asymptotics of the order parameter $\ensuremath{\Delta}(t)$ by exploiting the integrability of the classical $p$-wave Hamiltonian, which we establish via a Lax construction. Three different types of asymptotic behavior can occur depending upon the strength and direction of the interaction quench. We refer to these as the nonequilibrium phases {I, II, III}, characterized as follows. In phase I, the order parameter asymptotes to zero due to dephasing. In phase II, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$, a nonzero constant. Phase III is characterized by persistent oscillations of $\ensuremath{\Delta}(t)$. For quenches within phases I and II, we determine the topological character of the asymptotic states. We show that two different formulations of the bulk topological winding number, although equivalent in the BCS or BEC ground states, must be regarded as independent out of equilibrium. The first winding number $Q$ characterizes the Anderson pseudospin texture of the initial state; we show that $Q$ is generically conserved. For $Q\ensuremath{\ne}0$, this leads to the prediction of a ``gapless topological'' state when $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ asymptotes to zero. The presence or absence of Majorana edge modes in a sample with a boundary is encoded in the second winding number $W$, which is formulated in terms of the retarded Green's function. We establish that $W$ can change following a quench across the quantum critical point. When the order parameter asymptotes to a nonzero constant, the final value of $W$ is well defined and quantized. We discuss the implications for the (dis)appearance of Majorana edge modes. Finally, we show that the parity of zeros in the bulk out-of-equilibrium Cooper-pair distribution function constitutes a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-valued quantum number, which is nonzero whenever $W\ensuremath{\ne}Q$. The pair distribution can in principle be measured using rf spectroscopy in an ultracold-atom realization, allowing direct experimental detection of the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ number. This has the following interesting implication: topological information that is experimentally inaccessible in the bulk ground state can be transferred to an observable distribution function when the system is driven far from equilibrium.
Translating the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet from Research to Practice: Dietary and Behavior Change Techniques

Abstract The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) clinical trial demonstrated that a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, includes whole grains, nuts, fish, and poultry, and is reduced in fats, red meats, sweets, and sugar-containing beverages can be highly effective in lowering blood pressure. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program now suggests the DASH diet for preventing and managing hypertension. For persons modifying their diets, the DASH diet offers varied choices. However, simultaneously modifying several dimensions of a diet can be challenging, even for knowledgeable and motivated persons. Persons who are uncertain about modifying their diet may become overwhelmed by the needed dietary changes. Dietitians and other health care practitioners can help patients adopt the DASH diet by exploring possible ambivalence, increasing motivation, and strengthening commitment to change; encouraging patients to select dietary modifications that will fit their lifestyle; and, finally, offering information about how to change their eating behavior. In this article, we offer dietary advice and counseling suggestions for tailoring interventions to match patients' readiness for adopting the DASH diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(suppl):S90–S95.
Anencephaly in the United States, 1968-1987: The Declining Incidence Among White Infants:

The ethical issues concerning the use of fetal tissue as a source for organ transplantation has focused interest on anencephaly. For reasons that are not entirely clear, the incidence of anencephaly has been declining. As anencephaly is easily recognized and invariably fatal, mortality figures provide an excellent reflection of incidence. In the United States, between 1968 and 1987, infant mortality rates per 100,000 live births due to anencephaly declined from 22.4 to 12.1 (46.0%) for male infants and from 32.7 to 16.6 (49.2%) for female infants. However, when separated by race, the mortality rate declined for white male infants from 25.0 to 13.3 (46.8%) but only decreased from 9.0 to 7.7 (14.4%) for nonwhite male infants. The mortality rate declined for white female infants from 36.7 to 17.6 (52.0%) and actually increased slightly from 12.8 to 13.2 (3.1%) for nonwhite female infants. Thus, the declining incidence of anencephaly reflects a declining incidence of affected white infants but not of affected nonwhite infants.
The Very Highly Ionized Broad Absorption Line System of the QSO SBS 1542+541

We have analyzed the broad absorption line system of the bright (V ~ 16.5) high-redshift (z = 2.361) QSO SBS 1542+541 using UV spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph, along with optical data from the Multiple Mirror Telescope and the Steward Observatory 2.3 m telescope. These spectra offer continuous wavelength coverage from 1200 to 8000 A, which corresponds to ~340-2480 A in the QSO rest frame. The line of sight to the object contains only three identified intervening Lyman-limit absorption systems. Only one of these is optically thick at the Lyman edge, a low-redshift (z = 0.156) system with a strong Lyman edge observed at 1055 A (314 A in the rest frame) in a Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope spectrum from the Astro-2 mission. The spectra therefore offer a rare opportunity to study broad absorption lines in the rest-frame extreme UV. We find that the broad absorption line system is lacking in species of relatively low ionization often seen in broad absorption systems, such as C III, O III, and Si IV. Instead, the system is dominated by very high ionization species. The strongest features correspond to O VI, Ne VIII, and Si XII. In addition to other high-ionization lines, we identify apparently saturated broad Lyman-series lines of order Lyγ and higher. There is strong evidence for partial occultation of the QSO emission source, particularly from the higher order Lyman lines that indicate a covered fraction less than 0.2. With the exception of C IV and N V, which are low-ionization species in the context of this system, all of the other lines depress the flux by more than 20%. Absorption from Lyα also depresses the flux more than 20%, indicating that there are at least two different regions contributing to H I absorption. Overall, the data suggest a correlation between a larger covered fraction and a higher state of ionization. These observations reveal inhomogeneity in the ionization structure of the broad absorption line gas. We have used photoionization models to constrain the total column density and ionization state of the system. A single-slab model consistent with our observational limits on the column densities requires NH ≈ 5 × 1022 cm-2 and an incident ionization parameter U ≈ 2. Since the observed covered fractions suggest multiple zones, we also produced a two-slab model and find 1021 cm-2 < NH < 1023 cm-2 and 0.08 < U < 4 for the smaller zone, NH 3 × 1021 cm-2 and U 2 for the larger zone. We suggest that the different covered fractions can be explained either by a special line of sight through a disklike geometry or by the existence of density fluctuations of a factor of 2 in the broad absorption line gas. The large column density and high state of ionization suggest that the system is likely associated with an X-ray "warm absorber."
Biosynthesis of medium chain fatty acids in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Adult Drosophila melanogaster synthesizes dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids in vivo , along with the more common 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids. The radiolabeled C 12 and C 14 fatty acids synthesized from sodium [1- 14 C]acetate are found primarily in the diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol fractions. Partially purified fatty acid synthetase (FAS) synthesizes C 14 , C 16 , and C 18 fatty acids (as the free acids) at 0.2 m ionic strength. Increasing the ionic strength to 2.0 m causes partially purified FAS to synthesize primarily C 12 and C 14 fatty acids. Addition of aliquots of the microsomal pellet and other soluble protein fractions does not alter the pattern of fatty acids synthesized by FAS. The percentage of C 12 and C 14 fatty acids synthesized at high ionic strength by individual fractions from the FAS peak (Sepharose 6B column) is constant across the peak. None of the soluble protein fractions is able to relieve the inhibition of FAS by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. These results indicate that the FAS of D. melanogaster has the inherent capability to form C 12 and C 14 fatty acids and that no other soluble protein appears to be involved in their synthesis.
Enhancing Social Work Practice with Older Adults: The Role of Infusing Gerontology Content into the Master of Social Work Foundation Curriculum

Based on a geriatric enrichment (GeroRich) effort, this study examines outcomes of infusing aging content across the master of social work (MSW) foundation curriculum. In a longitudinal research design tracking one class, there were no significant changes observed in students' levels of experience and interest in gerontological social work. Significant increases were observed in self-rated levels of gerontological knowledge and practice skills—clinical and macro. Full-time status, less gerontological experience, and higher knowledge predicted greater practice skills at the follow-up. Implications for educating the next generation of social workers to better meet the needs of older adults and their families are discussed.
Phonological similarity in multi-word units

In this paper, I investigate the phonological similarity of different elements of the phonological pole of multi-word units. I discuss two case studies on slightly different levels of abstractness. The first case study investigates lexically fullyspecified V-NPDirObj idioms such as kick the bucket and lose one’s cool; the idioms investigated are taken from the Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Idioms (2002). The second case study investigates the lexically less specified wayconstruction, which is exemplified by He fought his way through the crowd (cf. Goldberg 1995: Ch. 9), on the basis of data from the British National Corpus 1.0. I show that both patterns exhibit a strong phonological within-pole relation, namely a strong preference for having their slots filled with phonologically similar elements, where phonological similarity is manifested in alliteration patterns. These preferences are statistically significant when compared to chance-level expectations derived both from the corpora and from the CELEX database (Baayen et al. 1995) and are explained on the basis of Langacker’s concept of syntactic and phonological constituents as well as current exemplar-/usage-based approaches.
The effect of field condition and shoe type on lower extremity injuries in American Football

Background/aim Considerable improvement has been made in football field surfaces and types of shoe, yet relatively few epidemiological studies have investigated their roles in the risk of football injuries. This study examined the effects of field surface, surface condition and shoe type on the likelihood of lower extremity football injuries. Methods Deidentified data from 188 players from one division I university football team during the 2007–2010 seasons were analysed. Lower extremity injury rate and rate ratio, along with 95% confidence limits, were calculated by football activity, playing surface condition and shoe type. Results A total of 130 lower extremity injuries were sustained, with an overall lower extremity injury rate of 33.5/10 000 athlete-sessions. The lower extremity injury rate was 2.61 times higher when the surface condition was abnormal compared with when the surface condition was normal. During games, the risk for lower extremity injury was 3.34 times higher (95% CI 1.70 to 6.56) on artificial turf compared with natural grass. However, this trend was not statistically significant in practice sessions. Furthermore, neither the number of shoe cleats nor the height of the shoe top was statistically associated with risk of lower extremity injuries. Conclusions Football players who played on artificial turf or when the surface condition was abnormal were susceptible to lower extremity injuries. Evidence from this study suggests that further research into playing surfaces and shoe types may provide fruitful opportunities to reduce injuries to collegiate football players.
Power Device Packaging Technologies for Extreme Environments

Silicon carbide is a wide bandgap semiconductor capable of operation at temperatures in excess of 600degC. However, high temperature contacts and packaging to interface with the other elements of the electrical system are required. Contact pad stacks, die attach, wire bonding and passivation materials and techniques have been demonstrated for use at temperatures from 300-350degC. The contacts stacks use amorphous TaSi2:N2 as a diffusion barrier to prevent oxidation of the Ni or Al:Ti based contacts. Liquid transient phase bonding has been developed with Au-Sn:Au, yielding high die shear strength after 2000 hours at 350degC. The die attach system has also shown no degradation after 500 hours at 400degC. Large diameter gold wire bonding was used for top side electrical contact. Polyimide has been demonstrated for use as a passivation layer at 300degC. Alternate passivation materials must still be developed for higher temperature, higher voltage applications
A Framework for Network State Management in the Next-Generation Internet Architecture

In the next-generation Internet architecture, more functionality will be placed in the data path of routers in the form of "services" and other packet processing features. This trend will increase the amount of state information that is maintained by system inside the network. In this paper, we present a framework for structuring and managing network state information distributed across the next-generation Internet architecture.
The Abl and Arg Kinases Mediate Distinct Modes of Phagocytosis and Are Required for Maximal Leishmania Infection

Leishmania, an obligate intracellular parasite, binds several receptors to trigger engulfment by phagocytes, leading to cutaneous or visceral disease. These receptors include complement receptor 3 (CR3), used by promastigotes, and the Fc receptor (FcR), used by amastigotes. The mechanisms mediating uptake are not well understood. Here we show that Abl family kinases mediate both phagocytosis and the uptake of Leishmania amazonensis by macrophages (Ms). Imatinib, an Abl/Arg kinase inhibitor, decreases opsonized polystyrene bead phagocytosis and Leishmania uptake. Interestingly, phagocytosis of IgG-coated beads is decreased in Arg-deficient Ms, while that of C3bi-coated beads is unaffected. Conversely, uptake of C3bi-coated beads is decreased in Abl-deficient Ms, but that of IgG-coated beads is unaffected. Consistent with these results, Abl-deficient Ms are inefficient at C3bi-opsonized promastigote uptake, and Arg-deficient Ms are defective in IgG1-opsonized amastigote uptake. Finally, genetic loss of Abl or Arg reduces infection severity in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis, and imatinib treatment results in smaller lesions with fewer parasites than in controls. Our studies are thefirst to demonstrate that efficient phagocytosis and maximalLeishmania infection require Abl family kinases. These results highlight Abl family kinase-mediated signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets for leishmaniasis.
Time-gated harmonic imaging through scattering media

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated that time-gated upconversion can be used in a nonscanning geometry for background-free imaging of stationary objects with millimeter resolution. Our results were obtained using a crossed beam configuration, but collinear (inline) geometries are feasible in type II geometries. No image processing was necessary to obtain the results presented here. Images were obvious to the naked eye at short gate delays. This scheme is expected to be well-adapted to imaging problems involving moving scattering media because the nonlinear process utilized to reconstruct the image is an intensity correlation, which should be insensitive to phase variations of scattered fields.
Multidimensional Triangulation and Interpolation for Reinforcement Learning

Dynamic Programming, Q-learning and other discrete Markov Decision Process solvers can be applied to continuous d-dimensional state-spaces by quantizing the state space into an array of boxes. This is often problematic above two dimensions: a coarse quantization can lead to poor policies, and fine quantization is too expensive. Possible solutions are variable-resolution discretization, or function approximation by neural nets. A third option, which has been little studied in the reinforcement learning literature, is interpolation on a coarse grid. In this paper we study interpolation techniques that can result in vast improvements in the online behavior of the resulting control systems: multilinear interpolation, and an interpolation algorithm based on an interesting regular triangulation of d-dimensional space. We adapt these interpolators under three reinforcement learning paradigms: (i) offline value iteration with a known model, (ii) Q-learning, and (iii) online value iteration with a previously unknown model learned from data. We describe empirical results, and the resulting implications for practical learning of continuous non-linear dynamic control.