cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personality, spirituality, suicide, and self-injury proneness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults

The present study sought to clarify gaps in current knowledge integrating personality, spirituality, and risk for suicide/self-harm among sample of 336 lesbian, gay, and bisexual community members. It was hypothesised that Neuroticism would positively predict, and Extraversion and Agreeableness would negatively predict, measures of suicide and self-injury proneness. Additionally, it was predicted that spirituality, defined as Spiritual Life Integration (SLI) and Social Justice Commitment, would interact with personality traits to attenuate risk for suicide and self-injury. Results supported the role of Neuroticism, and identified an unexpected predictor of Conscientiousness, at the main effect level. Moderation patterns were observed such that Agreeableness and Extraversion interacted with SLI to attenuate risk, such that high levels of each trait and high levels of spirituality were protective against suicide and self-injury proneness. Theoretical and practical implications with emphasis on counselling i...
Botulinum Toxin: Preparations for Clinical Use, Immunogenicity, Side Effects, and Safety Profile

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) formulations are being used for a variety of medical applications. The use of BoNT preparations is continuously expanding with new formulations and indications. Of the seven antigenically distinct BoNTs, only two serotypes, type A and type B are commonly available for therapeutic use. The four available BoNT products are not equivalent and the knowledge of their formulations is crucial for product selection, avoidance of medication errors, therapeutic efficacy and safety. Generally, BoNT injection is a safe procedure when administered by an experienced injector. Side effects are always transient, and in the majority of cases they are mild and tolerable.
School-Based Adolescent Suicide Prevention

Those who work with children and adolescents have become increasingly concerned about suicidal behaviors. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among youth aged 10–14 years. Certain subgroups of students have higher rates of suicide including American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN). Groups with a higher incidence of suicide attempts are AI/AN females followed by Latinas, AI/AN males, and Asian American/Pacific Islander females. In response to increasing concerns about suicidal behavior, school-based suicide prevention programs were developed and implemented in school settings. Risk and protective factors have been identified and incorporated into these programs, but most do not incorporate cultural considerations. This chapter will provide an overview of the risk and protective factors related to suicidal behaviors, prevalence of suicide and suicide-related behaviors in youth, review school-based suicide prevention programs, and discuss the relevance of culture in program development and delivery.
The Need for Cooperative Action in Mathematical Education

In dealing with the problem of this symposium I shall, with the exception of a single suggestion, limit myself to the needs of teachers of mathematics in our elementary and secondary schools. Surely, I need not, to this group, emphasize the fact that this level of training is of paramount importance. If our institutions are to be not only surely preserved but also constantly improved, if the right kind of foundation for more advanced work is to be laid, the national organizations dealing with advanced mathematical training need to give careful attention to the mathematics of the earlier years. How shall we improve the mathematical offering of the lower schools? Obviously, a necessary step, though not the complete solution, is to design better undergraduate mathematical curricula for the prospective teachers of mathematics for our elementary and secondary schools. And, how can we do this job on which we have all so grievously failed? Fortunately we were given excellent advice forty-two years ago by Professor E. H. Moore in his presidential address before the American Mathematical Society. May I read you four quotations in which I need not change a single word in order to make them apply to today's crucial problems in mathematical education? "I wish ... to express the hope that we may secure the active cooperation of many colleagues in the domains of science and of administration, so that the first carefully chosen steps of a really important advance movement may be taken in the near future." "Undoubtedly in many parts of the country improvements in organization and methods of instruction in mathematics have been made these last years. All persons who are, or may become, actively interested in this movement of reform should in some way unite themselves, in order that the plans and the experience, whether of success or failure, of one may be immediately made available in the guidance of his colleagues. . .." "Teaching must become more of a profession. And this implies not only that the teacher must be better trained for this career but also in his career he be given greater freedom with greater responsibility. To this end closer relations should be established between the teachers of the colleges and those of the secondary schools; standing provisions should be made for conferences as to improvement of the secondary school curricula . . .. and the leading secondary school teachers should be steadily encouraged to devise and try out plans looking in any way toward improvement." "Furthermore, there is evident need of a national organization having its center of gravity in the whole body of science instructors in the secondary
Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles in Zigong From 1988 to 2005

Objective To learn the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Zigong City and provide the basis for the prevention and control of measles.Method Descriptive analysis on the data of measles epidemic situation in Zigong from 1988 to 2005 was made.Results A total of 2 686 cases were reported in Zigong from 1988 to 2005.The annual average incidence was 4.76/105.It was found that the measles incidence was raised periodically.The male to female ratio was 1.14:1.The seasonal peak appeared from March to July when 80.54% of the cases occurred.89.91% cases were15 years old,and the population aged from 6 to 7 and 10 to 15 years old were the most vulnerable groups,occupying 12.54% and 12.18% cases.Conclusion Measles still breaks out and spreads in some areas of Zigong and the primary school students are the key population of the outbreak objects.
Resistance of ascending vasa recta to transport of water.

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of increasing capillary pressure on volume flux in ascending vasa recta (AVR). In one experiment (group I), AVR were blocked by a single injection of paraffin wax and subjected to free-flow microperfusion at 10 nl/min. Collected fluid was obtained from the perfused vessels by micropuncture. In a second experiment (group II), AVR segments were isolated between two paraffin blocks and perfused at 10 nl/min. In group II, the collection pipette was pressurized to 0, 10, or 20 mmHg. Transmembrane volume flux was determined by measuring the change in concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (2 x 10(6) mol wt) from perfusate to collected fluid. In group I, measurements revealed a capillary pressure of 10.3 +/- 0.5 (SE) mmHg and volume flux of 4.3 +/- 1.0 nl.mm-1.min-1. In group II, volume flux was 1.8 +/- 1.3, 5.9 +/- 1.0, and 11.2 +/- 1.1 nl.mm-1.min-1 at collection pressures of 0, 10, or 20 mmHg, respectively. Based on these data and an AVR diameter of 20 microns, AVR hydraulic conductivity is between 12.5 x 10(-6) and 18.7 x 10(-6) cm.s-1.mmHg-1. The papillary AVR have a high hydraulic conductivity. This is consistent with their role as the sole conduit for removal of water from the papillary interstitium.
ERROR MEASURES FOR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS

The Zienkiewicz and Zhu (or Z-Z) error estimator has become popular for loworder elements in adaptive applications. However, it has some serious problems, in general, that have been overcome by its recent extension. This chapter outlines the basic method and notation of these types of approaches for error estimation. It also outlines the Z-Z procedures to obtain continuous nodal strains or stresses to be utilized in the error norms. Some studies of the Z-Z method show that it is only reliable for quadratic elements applied to elliptic problems. For other elements, it does not act as a good error estimator. However, this approach can give smoothed values useful for post-processing contour displays.
Overt and Relational Victimization: A Meta-Analytic Review of Their Overlap and Associations With Social-Psychological Adjustment.

This meta-analytic review includes 135 studies, representing 17 countries, of child and adolescent (ages 4–17) samples of overt and relational peer victimization and examines the magnitude of overlap between forms of victimization and associations with five social–psychological adjustment indices. Results indicate a strong intercorrelation between forms of victimization (r¯ = .72). No gender difference with regard to relational victimization was found, but boys were slightly higher in overt victimization. Overt victimization is more strongly associated with overt aggression; relational victimization is more strongly related to internalizing problems, lower levels of received prosocial behavior from peers, and relational aggression. Both forms are related to externalizing problems. Age and method of assessment were explored as potential sources of variability in effect sizes.
Oscillatory EEG Activity Induced by Conditioning Stimuli During Fear Conditioning Reflects Salience and Valence of these Stimuli More than Expectancy

Imaging studies have described hemodynamic activity during fear conditioning protocols with stimulus trains in which a visual conditioned stimulus (CS+) is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US, painful laser pulse) while another visual stimulus is unpaired (CS-). We now test the hypothesis that CS Event Related Spectral Perturbations (ERSPs) are related to ratings of CS Expectancy (likelihood of pairing with the US), Valence (unpleasantness) and Salience (ability to capture attention). ERSP windows in EEG were defined by both time after the CS and frequency, and showed increased oscillatory power (Event Related Synchronization, ERS) in the Delta/Theta Windows (0-8Hz) and the Gamma Window (30-55Hz). Decreased oscillatory power (Event Related Desynchronization - ERD) was found in Alpha (8-14Hz) and Beta Windows (14-30Hz). The Delta/Theta ERS showed a differential effect of CS+ versus CS- at Prefrontal, Frontal and Midline Channels, while Alpha and Beta ERD were greater at Parietal and Occipital Channels early in the stimulus train. The Gamma ERS Window increased from habituation to acquisition over a broad area from frontal and occipital electrodes. The CS Valence and Salience were greater for CS+ than CS-, and were correlated with each other and with the ERD at overlapping channels, particularly in the Alpha Window. Expectancy and CS Skin Conductance Response were greater for CS+ than CS- and were correlated with ERSP at fewer channels than Valence or Salience. These results suggest that Alpha ERSP activity during fear conditioning reflects Valence and Salience of the CSs more than conditioning per se.
Isolated Pancreatic Uncinate Duct IPMN

The ventral pancreas originally forms as an evagination of the common bile duct at 32 days gestation and its duct, the uncinate duct, eventually rotates with the ventral anlage to join the dorsal pancreas and fuse with the main pancreatic duct. Thus, though often considered a “branch” duct of the pancreas, embryologically, the uncinate duct is the “main” pancreatic duct of the ventral pancreas. This concept is not fully addressed in the current definitions of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMN) where international consensus guidelines consider the main-duct IPMN as high risk for malignancy and most small branch-duct IPMN as low risk for malignancy. Thus, it is important to recognize that isolated uncinate-duct IPMN can occur and, based on its embryologic origin and increased association with high-grade dysplasia and invasive cancer, may be managed conceptually as a main duct type of disease rather than a branch duct until better biomarkers of malignancy are discovered. The images provide an example of this unique disease process.
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY HISTORY OF AORTIC DISEASE ON TYPE B AORTIC DISSECTION

Background: The genetic basis of thoracic aortic disease is well established. We sought to describe patients with Type B acute aortic dissection (TBAAD) with and without a family history (FH) of aortic disease and to compare the prevalence of FHbetween Type A and TBAAD. Methods: Patients enrolled
Discussion: Statistical Needs in a Changing Agriculture

tempting to arrange its training and career development programs to accommodate these wider responsibilities, but much remains to be done in the way of coordinated multiagency advance planning in the international field of agricultural statistics. Finally, in its centennial year, SRS has erected the framework, at least, of a structure that looks to the future in this complicated and expensive business of data collection and estimation.
The Association of Domestic Incense Burning with Hypertension and Blood Pressure in Guangdong, China

Abstract: Domestic incense burning is a common activity in China. Although it generates serious air pollution and has been linked to various health outcomes, it remains unknown whether it is associated with blood pressure and hypertension. A community-based survey including 1153 hypertensive subjects and 4432 normotensive participants in Guangdong (China) was used to examine this question. Two-level logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The analyses showed that, compared with non-users, OR of hypertension was 1.24 (95% CI: 1.03-1.50) for users, and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.04-1.80) for daily users with a clear dose-response relationship. The estimated increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 1.02 mmHg (95% CI: 0.06-1.99) and 1.26 mmHg (95% CI: 0.69-1.83) for users, 0.67 mmHg (95% CI: -0.35-1.68) and 1.25 mmHg (95% CI: 0.66-1.85) for occasional users, and 2.09 mmHg (95% CI: 0.79-3.39) and 1.28 mmHg (95% CI: 0.52-2.05) for daily users, respectively. The results remained after adjusting for potential confounders and more pronounced associations were found among females. This study suggests that domestic incense burning may increase the risk of hypertension and blood pressure in the study population, and women are more vulnerable to these effects than men.
Endothelial cells express NKG2D ligands and desensitize antitumor NK responses.

White blood cells called “natural killer cells” are part of the first line of immune defense. Often called NK cells for short, one job of these cells is to help prevent cancer by killing tumor cells. If an NK cell spots a tumor cell, it must become energized so that it can deliver the killing blow, which comes in the form of a packet of cell-killing “cytotoxic” granules. Yet tumor cells look very similar to healthy cells, and NK cells must be able to tell the difference to be effective. Molecules on the outer surface of the NK cell control how the cell recognizes tumors, and deliver the signals the cell needs to become energized. One of these surface molecules is called NKG2D. It interacts with “partner” molecules found on the surface of cancer cells and tells the NK cell to attack. These partner molecules are not usually found on healthy cells, helping the immune system to tell the difference. After NKG2D interacts with its partner molecules, it moves inside the NK cell. This makes the cell less able to become energized. If the NK cells do not encounter any partner molecules in healthy mice, blocking the interactions should have no effect on NKG2D levels. But now, Thompson et al. find that blocking one of these interactions increased the levels of NKG2D on the surface of NK cells in healthy mice. Further experiments revealed that NK cells in mice constantly encounter an NKG2D partner molecule called RAE-1e. A search for the source of RAE-1e in healthy mice pointed to blood vessels inside the lymph nodes. NK cells pass through theses organs as part of their normal path around the body. Thompson et al. also saw that NK cells from healthy mice were less responsive than NK cells from mutant mice that lacked RAE-1e. As a result of their encounters with RAE-1e in healthy mice, the NK cells were less able to kill tumor cells. Blocking the interaction between NKG2D and RAE-1e in mice re-energized their NK cells. More cells were able to enter tumors in these mice and the cells became better at killing tumors. Together these findings increase the current understanding of the biological processes that control NK cells. Further research may lead to new treatments for diseases like cancer. But first, scientists need to find out whether NK cells behave in the same way in humans as they do in mice. If so, developing ways to block the interaction could re-energize human NK cells to better kill cancer cells.
Continuing Medical Education Questions: March 2018: Long-Term Safety of In Utero Exposure to Anti-TNFα Drugs for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the Multicenter European TEDDY Study.

Continuing Medical Education Questions: March 2018: Long-Term Safety of In Utero Exposure to Anti-TNFα Drugs for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the Multicenter European TEDDY Study
Maintaining Sexual Desire and Satisfaction in Securely Bonded Couples

Emotion-focused therapy has made major contributions to the field of couple and marital therapy, especially with its emphasis on securely bonded couples. This conceptual/clinical article explores s...
Infraorbital (V2) and Mental (V3) Nerve Stimulations Produce Correspondingly Specific Facial Nerve Reflexes Analogous to the Blink Reflex

This study investigated reflex arcs between the second (V2) and third (V3) divisions of the trigeminal nerve and their corresponding branches of the facial nerve. Although electromyographic presence of the traditional (V1) blink reflex is an important clinical prognostic of facial nerve function, it tests only one of the five major branches of the facial nerve, or about 20% of facial nerve function. Studies were performed in adult humans with facial palsy. The infraorbital and mental nerves were stimulated, and the resultant electromyographic activity measured bilaterally in the nasalis and mentalis muscles, respectively. Results demostrated the presence of reflex arcs between all divisions of the trigeminal nerve and their corresponding branches of the facial nerve.
Public Reporting of Cardiac Data: Pros, Cons, and Lessons for the Future

Beginning with the Health Care Administration mortality reports in the 1980s, public reporting of health outcomes has been controversial, and its impact has been widely debated. The first public release of provider performance using clinical registry data occurred in 1989 when the New York State Department of Health released hospital risk-adjusted mortality rates for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Shortly afterward Pennsylvania released similar data, and currently a few other states, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and several other organizations and professional societies release provider outcomes to the public for a variety of medical conditions and procedures. This communication summarizes and critiques some important literature that assesses the impact of these public releases with regard to quality improvement activities resulting from public reporting, improvement in health outcomes, surgeon reactions to outlier status, avoidance of high-risk patients, ability to predict future performance, and market share. Also, the communication closes with a summary of the state of public reporting and prospects for the future.
The Lilith Summer

Hadley Irwin is the pen name of Lee and Annabelle Irwin who wrote and published many books together. They have received awards from the American Library Association and the Jane Addams Peace Associ...
Schoolin’ Black Girls: Politicized Caring and Healing as Pedagogical Love

This article explores Black feminist pedagogical practices as a viable intervention alternative to traditional methods of educating Black girls. The authors highlight two qualitative research studies that applied Black feminist praxis to non-traditional urban classroom contexts, in order to facilitate the social and intellectual empowerment of young Black women. Through an explicit focus on love as a central tenet of authentically caring and healing pedagogies, this article seeks to facilitate a more complex understanding of how entangled social identities influence learning. Moreover, by situating the analyses of Black young women at the center of each study, the research described in this article positions youth as experts of their sociopolitical location, and empowers them to push conversations around educational equity forward in the service of all learners who are marginalized within the public education system.
Fewer players, fewer homes: concentration and the new dynamics of housing supply

Local homebuilding markets have become highly concentrated in the past decade. We document this increase in concentration and use IV regressions to show that it has led to lower production volume, fewer units in the production pipeline, and greater unit price volatility. These results are consistent with a theoretical model in which oligopolistic firms strategically set the timing, volume, and price of their new construction. Our estimates imply that market concentration has decreased the annual value of housing production nationwide by $106 billion. These findings provide further evidence that the secular decline in competitive intensity is altering macroeconomic dynamics
Design and Optimization of $\boldsymbol{\beta}$ -Ga 2 O 3 on (h-BN layered) Sapphire for High Efficiency Power Transistors: A Device-Circuit-Package Perspective

Despite exceeding the Baliga's Figure of Merit (BFOM) by 400% and Huang's Chip Area Manufacturing FOM (HCAFOM) by 330% [1], the performance of existing $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 FETs is inferior to that of GaN, primarily due to extreme self-heating. Self-heating effect (SHE) has emerged as an important concern for device performance, output power density, run-time variability and reliability for modern logic transistors. The effects are even more severe for high-power transistor where the channel material may be a poor thermal conductor, e.g. $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 . Very high internal electric fields, extreme temperature and mechanical stresses associated with these transistors drive electrochemical reactions [2], influence atomic processes [3], and accelerate multiple non-equilibrium effects [4]. A device-circuit-package, multi-physics, multi-scale simulation is needed to capture these effects self-consistently, but such a model has not yet been developed. In this paper, we (i) develop the first self-consistent device (TCAD), circuit (HSPICE), and package (COMSOL) model considering SHE which predicts FET performance on variety of substrates accurately; (ii) use the model to propose a novel hexagonal-Boron Nitride (h-BN) based $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 FET with 30% (cf. Sapphire substrate) and 80% (cf. SiO 2 substrate) reduction in thermal resistance $(R_{th})$ ; (iii) demonstrate the performance of boost converter (with parameters extracted from our TCAD model) with h-BN based $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 FET, which outperforms the existing $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 FETs, achieving an efficiency within 10-15% of highest performing enhancement mode (E-mode) GaN FET; (iv) propose h-BN based FinFET which exceeds the I ON of the existing $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 FET by more than 500%; and (v) develop a Faraday-cage type novel packaging strategy for effective heat dissipation and efficient system performance in $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 FETs.
Dimensionality Reduction of the Complete Bipartite Graph with K Edges Removed for Quantum Walks

Systematic dimensionality reduction allows for the optimization of quantum search and transport problems on particular graphs. In the past, the Lanczos Algorithm has been used to perform systematic dimensionality reduction on matrices of graphs including the Complete Graph (CG), the CG with symmetry broken, and Complete Multipartite Graphs (CMPGs), including the Complete Bipartite Graph (CBG). We focus on expanding the scope of these reductions to the CBG with symmetry broken in order to allow the optimization of Quantum Walks on this type of graph.We show that similarly to the CG, the Lanczos Algorithm can be expanded to the CBG with broken symmetry, which has k random edges removed with the constraints that no more than one edge per node is removed and that no edges that connect to the solution node are removed. Unlike the CG with broken edges, which, after reduction, has 3 types of nodes and a resulting 3×3 matrix, the CBG with broken edges reduces to a graph with 5 types of nodes, resulting in a reduction from an NxN matrix to a 5×5 matrix. From these results, it may be further explored whether or not the more general CMPG reduction may also be expanded by breaking the graph’s symmetry, and if so, how the dimensions of the reduced matrices will be affected as the number of partitions grows.
1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 receptors in the pituitary: characterization and relation to dopaminergic mechanisms

1α,25-(Oh) 2 D 3 specific binding was observed in a variety of pituitary tissues including bovine cytosol and crude nuclear fractions, the crude nuclear fraction of rat pituitary adenoma GH 3 cells and the crude nuclear fraction of pituitary glands from normal non-pregnant rats. The pharmacologic profile of the pituitary 1α,25-(OH) 2 D 3 receptor is similar to the 1α,25-(OH) 2 D 3 receptor in intestine and bone, known target tissues for the hormone. Preliminary evidence suggests that brain dopaminergic systems may modulate the receptor number and affinity of the 1α,25-(OH) 2 D 3 receptor in the rat pituitary.
The Effect of Reperfusion and Streptokinase on Ischemic Myocardium Serum Creatine Kinase Activity, MM Subtypes and Myocardial Blood Flow

The amount of myocardium irreversibly damaged after coronary artery occlusion is of prognostic significance.1-4 Attempts to limit the extent of damage using streptokinase have been effective in reestablishing blood flow to ischemic myocardium.5-11 We were interested in the effect streptokinase has on ischemic myocardium distal to an occlusion when reperfusion occurs and the extent to which streptokinase affects myocardial reperfusion. We measured serum creatine kinase and its MM subtypes. These measurements are simple but indirect means of assessing infarct size that can be used clinically.4-12 However, when reperfusion occurs, serial serum creatine kinase activity is altered.10,13_15obtained more direct measurements of ischemia and subsequent reperfusion using radiolabeled microspheres to determine myocardial blood flow.16,17
TRIM14 is a key regulator of the type I interferon response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

ABSTRACT Tripartite motif family proteins (TRIMs) are well-characterized regulators of type I interferon (IFN) expression following cytosolic nucleic acid sensing. While many TRIMs are known to regulate innate immunity to viruses, their contribution to innate immune signaling and gene expression during bacterial infection remains largely unknown. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potent activator of cGAS-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing, we set out to investigate a role for TRIM proteins in regulating macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis. Here, we demonstrate that TRIM14, a non-canonical TRIM that lacks an E3 ligase RING domain, is a critical negative regulator of the type I IFN response in macrophages. We show TRIM14 physically interacts with both cGAS and TBK1 and that macrophages lacking TRIM14 dramatically hyperinduce interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression following cytosolic nucleic acid agonist transfection, IFN-β treatment, and M. tuberculosis infection. Consistent with loss of negative regulation in these cells, Trim14 knockout (KO) macrophages have more phospho-Ser754 STAT3 relative to phospho-727 and fail to upregulate the STAT3 target Socs3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3), which is required to turn off type I IFN signaling. These data support a model whereby TRIM14 acts as a scaffold between TBK1 and STAT3 to promote phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and promote negative regulation of ISG expression. Remarkably, Trim14 KO macrophages are significantly better than control cells at limiting M. tuberculosis replication. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unappreciated role for TRIM proteins in regulating type I IFN responses in response to cytosolic DNA sensing and M. tuberculosis infection.
The Long and Winding Road of Being and Becoming

AbstractThrough the process of dialogue, collaboration, and sisterhood, we attempted to demonstrate feminist values and principles in leadership and mentorship through the process of writing this a...
Comparing a thioglycosylated chlorin and phthalocyanine as potential theranostic agents.

Abstract Herein we describe the design, efficient synthesis, and photophysical properties of two macrocycle dyes for cancer theranostics. This study compares a glycosylated chlorin with a glycosylated phthalocyanine designed to specifically target cancer, wherein the photophysical properties enable both fluorescence imaging and the sensitization of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic therapy. Both the compounds show low darktoxicity (IC50 > 100 μM). The glycosylated phthalocyanine showed low phototoxicity (IC50 > 100 μM) while glycosylated chlorin showed high phototoxicity (IC50 = 1–2 μM). ZnPcGlc8 has low solubility and also form aggregates in aqueous media, thus resulting in minimal uptake in two different human breast cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. The glycosylated chlorin however was efficiently taken up by these two cell lines, thus allows fluorescence imaging in cells and in xenograft tumor model in mice. In this study, we find that the chlorin conjugate is the more promising theranostic agent.
Identification of a pangolin niche for a 2019-nCoV-like coronavirus through an extensive meta-metagenomic search

In numerous instances, tracking the biological significance of a nucleic acid sequence can be augmented through the identification of environmental niches in which the sequence of interest is present. Many metagenomic datasets are now available, with deep sequencing of samples from diverse biological niches. While any individual metagenomic dataset can be readily queried using web-based tools, meta-searches through all such datasets are less accessible. In this brief communication, we demonstrate such a meta-meta-genomic approach, examining close matches to the Wuhan coronavirus 2019-nCoV in all high-throughput sequencing datasets in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive accessible with the keyword "virome". In addition to the homology to bat coronaviruses observed in descriptions of the 2019-nCoV sequence (F. Wu et al. 2020, Nature, doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3; P. Zhou et al. 2020, Nature, doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7), we note a strong homology to numerous sequence reads in a metavirome dataset generated from the lungs of deceased Pangolins reported by Liu et al. (Viruses 11:11, 2019, http://doi.org/10.3390/v11110979). Our observations are relevant to discussions of the derivation of 2019-nCoV and illustrate the utility and limitations of meta-metagenomic search tools in effective and rapid characterization of potentially significant nucleic acid sequences.
Knowledge and reasonableness

The notion of relevance plays a role in many accounts of knowledge and knowledge ascription. Although use of the notion is well-motivated, theorists struggle to codify relevance. A reasonable person standard of relevance addresses this codification problem, and provides an objective and flexible standard of relevance; however, treating relevance as reasonableness seems to allow practical factors to determine whether one has knowledge or not—so-called “pragmatic encroachment.” I argue that a fuller understanding of reasonableness and of the role of practical factors in the acquisition of knowledge lets us avoid pragmatic encroachment.
The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders.

In a striking display of trans-kingdom symbiosis, gut bacteria cooperate with their animal hosts to regulate the development and function of the immune, metabolic and nervous systems through dynamic bidirectional communication along the ‘gut–brain axis’. These processes may affect human health, as certain animal behaviours appear to correlate with the composition of gut bacteria, and disruptions in microbial communities have been implicated in several neurological disorders. Most insights about host–microbiota interactions come from animal models, which represent crucial tools for studying the various pathways linking the gut and the brain. However, there are complexities and manifest limitations inherent in translating complex human disease to reductionist animal models. In this Review, we discuss emerging and exciting evidence of intricate and crucial connections between the gut microbiota and the brain involving multiple biological systems, and possible contributions by the gut microbiota to neurological disorders. Continued advances from this frontier of biomedicine may lead to tangible impacts on human health. In this Review, Morais, Schreiber and Mazmanian discuss emerging and exciting evidence of intricate and potentially important connections between the gut microbiota and the brain involving multiple biological systems, and possible contributions by the gut microbiota to complex behaviours.
Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations

The evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors as well as their viral antagonists. Evidence accumulated in the last two decades has substantially increased our understanding of the elaborate mechanisms utilized by these restriction factors to inhibit retroviral replication, mechanisms that either directly block viral proteins or interfere with the cellular pathways hijacked by the viruses. Analyses of these complex interactions describe patterns of accelerated evolution for these restriction factors as well as the acquisition and evolution of their virus-encoded antagonists. Evidence is also mounting that many restriction factors identified for their inhibition of specific retroviruses have broader antiviral activity against additional retroviruses as well as against other viruses, and that exposure to these multiple virus challenges has shaped their adaptive evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of the restriction factors that interfere with different steps of the retroviral life cycle, describing their mechanisms of action, adaptive evolution, viral targets and the viral antagonists that evolved to counter these factors.
Higher serum vitamin D levels are associated with decreased odds of obstructive lung disease in the general population: an NHANES analysis (2007-2008 to 2009-2010).

Background Obstructive lung disease is a significant cause of morbidity and healthcare burden within the USA. A growing body of evidence has suggested that vitamin D levels can influence the course or incidence of obstructive lung disease. However, there is an insufficient previous investigation of this association. Study design and methods We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 spirometry results of individuals aged 40 years and older to assess the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and obstructive lung disease, as defined by the American Thoracic Society using the lower limit of normal. We used stage multivariate survey-logistic regression. Results The final model included age, gender, body mass index, pack-years smoking history, season, income-to-poverty ratio and race/ethnicity. In the primary analysis using vitamin D as a continuous variable, there was no association between vitamin D levels and obstructive lung disease. We noted a trend between ‘other Hispanic’ self-identified race and serum vitamin D levels wherein higher levels were associated with higher odds of obstructive lung disease in this ethnicity, but not among other racial or ethnic groups (OR (95% CI)=1.40 (0.98 to 1.99), p=0.06). In a secondary analysis, when vitamin D was measured as a categorical variable, there was a significant association between the highest levels of serum vitamin D levels and lesser odds of obstructive lung disease (OR (95% CI)=0.77 [0.61 to 0.98], p=0.04). Conclusions Higher serum vitamin D levels among adults are associated with decreased odds of obstructive lung disease in the general population. Results among non-Mexican Hispanic participants highlight the need for further research in minority populations. More work is needed to address the course and incidence of lung disease in the USA.
Variability of p-n Junctions and SiGe HBTs at Cryogenic Temperatures

This investigation examines the physical mechanisms that can increase the variability of both p-n junctions and silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGe HBTs) at cryogenic temperatures. The important operative mechanisms responsible for device parameter variability include bandgap narrowing due to heavy doping, mechanical stress, and the Ge profile. The impact of direct tunneling on cryogenic parameter variability in SiGe HBTs is also examined. Measurement results are compared with TCAD simulations to provide additional insights, and possible mitigation methods are discussed.
Comparing divergence landscapes from reduced-representation and whole genome resequencing in the yellow-rumped warbler (Setophaga coronata) species complex.

Researchers seeking to generate genomic data for non-model organisms are faced with a number of trade-offs when deciding which method to use. The selection of reduced representation approaches versus whole genome resequencing will ultimately affect the marker density, sequencing depth, and the number of individuals that can multiplexed. These factors can affect researchers' ability to accurately characterize certain genomic features, such as landscapes of divergence-how FST varies across the genomes. To provide insight into the effect of sequencing method on the estimation of divergence landscapes, we applied an identical bioinformatic pipeline to three generations of sequencing data (GBS, ddRAD, and WGS) produced for the same system, the yellow-rumped warbler species complex. We compare divergence landscapes generated using each method for the myrtle warbler (Setophaga coronata coronata) and the Audubon's warbler (S. c. auduboni), and for Audubon's warblers with deeply divergent mtDNA resulting from mitochondrial introgression. We found that most high-FST peaks were not detected in the ddRAD data set, and that while both GBS and WGS were able to identify the presence of large peaks, WGS was superior at a finer scale. Comparing Audubon's warblers with divergent mitochondrial haplotypes, only WGS allowed us to identify small (10-20 kb) regions of elevated differentiation, one of which contained the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene NDUFAF3. We calculated the cost per base pair for each method and found it was comparable between GBS and WGS, but significantly higher for ddRAD. These comparisons highlight the advantages of WGS over reduced representation methods when characterizing landscapes of divergence.
Spontaneous Intracranial Artery Dissection causing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Importance of Short-Term Surveillance.

Hemorrhagic intracranial artery dissections are unstable lesions, with a high propensity for rebleeding (up to 40%) in the acute period. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and managem...
Radiomics-based differentiation between glioblastoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma: a comparison of diagnostic performance across different MRI sequences and machine learning techniques

Despite the robust diagnostic performance of MRI-based radiomic features for differentiating between glioblastoma (GBM) and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) reported on prior studies, the best sequence or a combination of sequences and model performance across various machine learning pipelines remain undefined. Herein, we compare the diagnostic performance of multiple radiomics-based models to differentiate GBM from PCNSL. Our retrospective study included 94 patients (34 with PCNSL and 60 with GBM). Model performance was assessed using various MRI sequences across 45 possible model and feature selection combinations for nine different sequence permutations. Predictive performance was assessed using fivefold repeated cross-validation with five repeats. The best and worst performing models were compared to assess differences in performance. The predictive performance, both using individual and a combination of sequences, was fairly robust across multiple top performing models (AUC: 0.961–0.977) but did show considerable variation between the best and worst performing models. The top performing individual sequences had comparable performance to multiparametric models. The best prediction model in our study used a combination of ADC, FLAIR, and T1-CE achieving the highest AUC of 0.977, while the second ranked model used T1-CE and ADC, achieving a cross-validated AUC of 0.975. Radiomics-based predictive accuracy can vary considerably, based on the model and feature selection methods as well as the combination of sequences used. Also, models derived from limited sequences show performance comparable to those derived from all five sequences. • Radiomics-based diagnostic performance of various machine learning models for differentiating glioblastoma and PCNSL varies considerably. • ML models using limited or multiple MRI sequences can provide comparable performance, based on the chosen model. • Embedded feature selection models perform better than models using a priori feature reduction.
Judges, 'Testilying,' and the Constitution

U.S. courts have turned increasingly to so-called objective tests to resolve many Fourth Amendment issues. One of the most flawed of these tests is the "could have" test used to judge the constitutionality of traffic stops. This test is defective precisely because it forecloses consideration of the motivations for searches and seizures. As a result, it offers inadequate protection for the privacy and liberty rights preserved by the Fourth Amendment. This "could have" test even can provide police officers with incentives to lie about their reasons for conducting searches and seizures. If government conduct is. legitimated whenever the facts permit a judge to conclude that a proper motivation could have existed, then in some number of cases acts generated by improper motives will be approved despite the officer's subjective intention to circumvent legal rules. Even if the officer intended to violate the Fourth Amendment, his conduct will receive judicial approval if any plausible justification can be constructed, after the fact, and regardless of the officer's actual subjective fault. The courts should abandon the flawed "could have" test. In its place courts should employ a two-part test that examines both the officer's subjective motive and the objective reasonableness of the search and seizure. Federal and state courts have used such two-part tests to decide whether the facts known to police officers justify searches and seizures and whether the officers' testimony about the intrusions were truthful. This analysis became more important after the Warren Court's decision in Mapp v. Ohio imposing the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule upon the states. In the years following the decision, it became apparent that some police officers responded to Mapp by offering testimony that described constitutional searches and seizures regardless of the actual facts of the encounters between the police and civilians. This Article begins with a discussion of the unpleasant topic of police perjury, which occurs most frequently in the context of search and seizure testimony. It then examines the different tests courts have used when deciding whether to accept police officers' explanations of why they conducted warrantless searches and seizures. This discussion explains why the "would have" test is the superior of the two common "objective" tests because it indirectly addresses the issue of subjective purpose. It also explains why both "objective" tests underestimate the significance of the investigating officers' subjective motives. Ultimately, the Article concludes that judges should abandon the recent attempt to rely upon purely objective tests when interpreting the Fourth Amendment.
Genomic analyses overturn two long-standing homoploid hybrid speciation hypotheses

The importance of hybridization in generating biological diversity has been historically controversial. Previously, inference about hybridization was limited by dependence on morphological data; with the advent of the next-generation sequencing tools for nonmodel organisms, the evolutionary significance of hybridization is more evident. Here, we test classic hypotheses of hybrid origins of two species in the Phlox pilosa complex. Morphological intermediacy motivated the hypotheses that Phlox amoena lighthipei and Phlox pilosa deamii were independent homoploid hybrid lineages derived from P. amoena amoena and P. pilosa pilosa. We use double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing of individuals from throughout the range of these taxa to conduct the most thorough analysis of evolutionary history in this system to date. Surprisingly, we find no support for the hybrid origin of P. pilosa deamii or P. amoena lighthipei. Our data do identify a history of admixture in individuals collected at a contemporary hybrid zone between the putative parent lineages. We show that three very different evolutionary histories, only one of which involves hybrid origin, have produced intermediate or recombinant morphological traits between P. amoena amoena and P. pilosa pilosa. Although morphological data are still an efficient means of generating hypotheses about past gene flow, genomic data are now the standard of evidence for elucidating evolutionary history.
LinCDE: Conditional Density Estimation via Lindsey's Method

Conditional density estimation is a fundamental problem in statistics, with scientific and practical applications in biology, economics, finance and environmental studies, to name a few. In this paper, we propose a conditional density estimator based on gradient boosting and Lindsey's method (LinCDE). LinCDE admits flexible modeling of the density family and can capture distributional characteristics like modality and shape. In particular, when suitably parametrized, LinCDE will produce smooth and non-negative density estimates. Furthermore, like boosted regression trees, LinCDE does automatic feature selection. We demonstrate LinCDE's efficacy through extensive simulations and several real data examples.