cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-strand DNA breaks in rodent and human cells produced by superoxide anion or its reduction products.

Chinese hamster ovary cells and human P3 teratocarcinoma cells were exposed to superoxide anion (O2−) generated by the addition of potassium superoxide (KO2). DNA from the cells was examined by alkaline elution techniques for the production of single-strand breaks, as well as for the production of double-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links. It was demonstrated that KO2 produced only single-strand breaks in DNA in both cell lines, in a dose-dependent manner. The number of breaks was reduced by the prior addition of a metal chelator, indicating that some of the breaks may have been caused by the metal-catalyzed (Fenton reaction) reduction products, hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radical. Catalase almost completely inhibited break induction by O2−, evidence for a role of hydrogen peroxide. The results of this study indicate that O2− and its reduction products can damage intracellular mammalian DNA.
Language revitalization and the (re)constituting of gender: Silence and women in Native California language revitalization

While many authors have investigated the processes by which children are socialized into gender roles within their communities of practice, and others have taken up an examination of the ways in which gender is a consideration in language endangerment and revitalization, the process of gender socialization in communities working towards language revitalization has been less well examined. The purpose of this paper is to examine gender role socialization in the context of Native California language endangerment and revitalization. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which the ideologies linked to gender roles in the traditional cultures associated with endangered Native California languages of heritage are expressed and understood, particularly as they interact with gender ideologies from a surrounding, dominant society. The particular focus of this paper is an examination of the impact of those ideologies on the deployment of silence as a salient attribute of women’s speech in contexts which are framed as traditional and closely tied to Native California languages of heritage.
School-based support for urban adolescent mothers.

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this research was to examine infant birth weights and high school completion rates for two cohorts of adolescent mothers attending an urban school-based program, the Polly T. McCabe center. Method: A retrospective record review was conducted with two convenience samples of 47 adolescent mothers (study I) aged 16.1 ± 1.4 years and 60 adolescent mothers (study II) aged 15.9 ± 1.4 years who were enrolled in the McCabe Center during the 1992–1993 and 1996–1997 academic years. Results: The incidence of low birth weight infants born to students was 4% in study I and 13.6% in study II. High school continuation/completion rates for study I were 79% at 3 years after leaving the program and 80% for study II at 1 year after leaving the program. Discussion: The young mothers and infants appear to have benefitted from the McCabe Center's intervention. Findings of the study suggest that continued implementation of supportive school-based programs similar to the McCabe Center may help prevent lower birth weight infants born to adolescent mothers and may help decrease the high school drop-out rate among this population. J Pediatr Health Care. (2000). 14, 221–227.
Three-photon absorption enhancement in a symmetrical charge transfer fluorene derivative

Abstract In this letter we report the three-photon absorption-induced upconversion fluorescence emission and the three-photon absorption cross-section of two fluorene derivatives with D–π–D (9,9-didecyl-2,7-bis-(N,N-diphenylamino)fluorene) and D–π–A ((7-benzothiazol-2-yl-9,9-didecylfluoren-2-yl)diphenylamine) structural motifs. The three-photon absorption cross-section of the D–π–D analog (σ3′=82×10−78 cm6 s2 photon−2) is 2.2 times greater than that of its D–π–A counterpart (σ3′=37×10−78 cm6 s2 photon−2), showing that symmetric charge transfer enhances 3PA. The three-photon-excitation of these two compounds in hexane solution (9.8×10−3 M) was accomplished with a tunable OPG pumped by picosecond laser pulses. The three-photon absorption coefficients were measured using an open aperture Z-scan technique.
End-stage renal disease in the elderly: dialysis or conservative management?

AbstractThe challenges of health care in an aging population are mirrored in the field of nephrology, in which an increasing proportion of the population has chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. The need for dialysis negatively influences survival and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in all age groups, but particularly in the elderly, raising the issue of withholding dialysis and emphasizing conservative management of CKD in some patients. Increased mortality is seen in dialysis patients who are elderly, have significant comorbidities, and have poor functional status. In such patients, the option of palliative care should be discussed in order to focus on HRQoL in the physical, psychological, and social domains. Although survival among the elderly who forgo dialysis is worse than those who begin dialysis, hospitalizations and HRQoL may be better, especially if the CKD-associated complications are appropriately addressed through effective palliative care.
Solid suspension in a countercurrent flow bed

Abstract Gas and liquid velocities for particle suspension in a countercurrent flow bed, or counter-current three-phase fluidized bed, were studied. In this system, solid particles are suspended in a continuous liquid phase by gas sparging, while the liquid is fed from the top countercurrent to the gas flow. The liquid level in the column is controlled by the use of a weir. By proper design of the gas distributor, the liquid can exit from the bottom of the column without entraining the particles. In this way, particles with low terminal velocity (i.e. fine or low-density particles) can be used in a continuous flow reactor system, which is batch-wise with respect to the solids, at high solids hold-up. Particle suspension was studied for both a low-density particle type and small-diameter particle type using air and water as the fluidizing media.
Detection of the 11-yr sunspot cycle signal in Earth rotation

Summary. A two-channel MESA or maximum entropy spectrum analysis (Morf et al. 1978) between ΔT°=ET–UT (Morrison 1973) and sunspot numbers spanning 1832–1975 yields the following results over a bandwidth 2–20yr: (1) The spectra of ΔT° and sunspot numbers are both dominated by a narrow band signal at 11.0 yr; (2) On average the coherency over the continuum is 0.14 while at 11.0yr it peaks at 0.83; (3) The 11-yr sunspot cycle signal in length of day (lod) has an amplitude of 0.16 ms, and in time lags that in sunspot numbers by 3.4yr. Estimates obtained from segmenting the series yield extremal values which grossly bound the above estimates: The narrow band signal has period range (10.5–11.4yr) coherency (0.8–1.0), amplitude (0.06–0.31 ms), and time lag (3.0–3.Syr). In addition, a two channel analysis of sunspot numbers with a new ΔTn series from 1861–1978 (Morrison 1979) and an earlier segment of ΔT°, as well as a single-channel analysis of ΔT° and ΔTn individually, further support the conclusion that the solar sunspot cycle in Earth rotation has been detected. These experimental results have implications in astronomy, solar physics, meteorology and climatology.
Isolation and characterization of cAMP suppressor mutants of Escherichia coli K12.

We have isolated spontaneous and chemically induced revertants of cya mutant strains of Escherichia coli. Three different classes of revertants were obtained. One class consisted of primary site revertants; a second class was pseudorevertants that had phenotypically reverted to wild type but retaining the original cya mutation and the third class of revertants, designated csm, were pseudorevertants hypersensitive to exogenous cAMP. Transductional analysis of the csm mutation indicated the mechanism of suppression in these strains was intergenic. The csm mutation and hypersensitivity to cAMP map in or near the crp gene. Growth of the csm strains of PTS (phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system) and non-PTS substrates was inhibited by 5 mM cAMP. The csm strains were found to accumulate toxic levels of methylglyocal when grown on non-PTS substrates in the presence of exogenous cAMP. All csm strains were sensitive to catabolite repression mediated by α-methylglucoside. Revertants selected as resistant to cAMP fell into four major classes that could be distinguished by their fermentation patterns in the presence and absence of cAMP as well as by their growth response to streptomycin in the presence of cAMP.
Redox Speciation of Copper in Rainwater: Temporal Variability and Atmospheric Deposition

Copper speciation was determined in 68 rainwater samples collected in Wilmington, NC, from August 25, 2000, to September 24, 2002. Volume-weighted average concentrations of Cu(total), dissolved Cu(II), and dissolved Cu(I) were 5.3, 3.2, and 1.4 nM, respectively, with a significantly higher ratio of Cu(II)/Cu(I) in summer relative to winter events. The concentrations of all Cu species were higher in storms of continental origin relative to marine-dominated events, suggesting anthropogenic and/or terrestrial sources are important contributors of Cu in precipitation. Concentrations of strong Cu-complexing ligands were consistently lower than dissolved Cu concentrations, indicating a significant portion, but not all, of the dissolved Cu in rainwater is strongly complexed. A portion of these ligands, in addition to the sulfite and chloride in precipitation, may be Cu(I)-complexing ligands, which may explain the resistance of Cu(I) against oxidation in rainwater. Using our rainwater concentration data along with other published rainwater Cu concentrations and an estimate for total global annual rain, the total global flux of Cu removed from the atmosphere via wet deposition is 150 x 106 kg yr(-1). This represents complete removal of the estimated Cu input into the troposphere and indicates essentially all Cu released into the global atmosphere is removed by rain.
A General Energy Balance for Battery Systems

A general energy balance for battery systems has been developed. This equation is useful for estimating cell thermal characteristics. Reliable predictions of cell temperature and heat‐generation rate are required for the design and thermal management of battery systems. The temperature of a cell changes as a result of electrochemical reactions, phase changes, mixing effects, and joule heating. The equation developed incorporates these effects in a complete and general manner. Simplifications and special cases are discussed. The results of applying the energy balance to a mathematical model of the cell discharged through two different reaction mechanisms are given as examples. The examples illustrate how the energy equation may be applied to a specific system to examine the relative contributions corresponding to the terms in the equation. The examples show that the processes involved in cell heat generation may be complex and that the application of a sufficiently general energy equation is advantageous.
Self-consistent phonon approximations for the solid phase of a one-component plasma

We applied the self-consistent harmonic (SCH) approximation to the solid phase of the one-component plasma (OCP) to study effects of anharmonicity on its melting transition and equation of state. We calculated both the zero-temperature (Wigner lattice) and high-temperature (classical OCP) limits and compared the high-temperature results with those of Monte Carlo simulations. Our principal findings are that the anharmonic effects are generally small, the dynamic instability in the SCH is unrelated to the melting transition, and except near the instability the SCH predicts anharmonic contributions to the internal energy opposite in sign from those found in the high-temperature Monte Carlo simulations. We also studied two simpler self-consistent phonon approximations, the self-consistent Einstein and Debye approximations, and report their zero- and high-temperature predictions.
Phase Retarder LCDs

Interference colors produced by birefringent plastic layers can be used in conjunction with the twisted nematic liquid crystal displays to produce attractive blue vs. gold LCDs when viewed in refle...
Efficiency of pollution taxation and market structure

Abstract This paper looks at the performance of a uniform pollution tax in achieving a given level of pollution abatement at least cost. It is shown that market structure is an important consideration in this performance and that in general least-cost abatement will not result from a pollution tax uniformly applied. The pattern of pollution taxes that will achieve least-cost abatement when differing degrees of market power exist among polluters is developed and discussed.
POWER SHIFT: THE RISING CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTORS AND RETAILERS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS

The development of new technology combined with the process of deregulation is changing the organizational structure of firms in the wholesale sector. These factors are altering the traditional location of wholesale and warehouse employment, and a variety of countervailing locational tendencies are emerging, including the decentralization of large mass wholesalers and their warehousing complexes and increasing specialization of inner-urban wholesale and warehouse functions. Nationally based wholesalers now transport goods off-hours to meet the needs of large-destination customers. Small, specialized firms make use of new technology to reduce costs, while offering highly tailored services to traditional customers. There also is a general reduction in wholesale employment, with losses concentrated in inner-urban areas as large wholesalers move their warehousing operations out to rural and adjacent suburban areas to take advantage of cheaper land and labor.
Design of an Ultra-Efficient GaN High Power Amplifier for Radar Front-Ends Using Active Harmonic Load-Pull

This work presents a new measurement technique, mixed-signal active harmonic load-pull (MSALP) developed by Anterverta-mw in partnership with Maury Microwave, that allows for wide-band ultra-high efficiency amplifiers to be designed using GaN technology. An overview of the theory behind active load-pull is presented and why load-pull is important for high-power device characterization. In addition, an example procedure is presented that outlines a methodology for amplifier design using this measurement system. Lastly, measured results of a 10W GaN amplifier are presented. This work aims to highlight the benefit of using this sophisticated measurement systems for to optimize amplifier design for real radar waveforms that in turn will simplify implementation of space-based radar systems
Animal models of erectile dysfunction (ED): potential utility of non-human primates as a model of atherosclerosis-induced vascular ED

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent medical condition affecting 18 million men and their sexual partners in the United States alone. In the majority of patients, ED is related to alterations in the flow of blood to or from the penis. Undeniably, significant progress has been made in understanding the multifactorial mechanisms that modulate erectile capacity and predispose one to ED, and this, in turn, has led to the availability of more effective treatment options. Nonetheless, all current therapies have untoward side effects, and moreover, there are still no satisfactory treatments for many patients with ED. Further enhancements in the treatment of ED would logically result from both early intervention and more detailed mechanistic insight into the characteristics of the disease process per se. This fact underscores the importance of improved understanding of the initiation, development and progression of ED. However, to do so requires longitudinal studies on animal models that more closely approximate the corresponding clinical features and time course of human disease. The goal of this report is twofold. First, to provide a brief general overview of the applicability of commonly used animal models for the study of ED. The second and primary goal is to highlight the scientific rationale for using non-human primates to evaluate the impact of atherosclerosis-induced vascular disease on the penile and systemic circulatory systems. This latter goal seems especially relevant in light of the recent literature documenting a link between ED and systemic vascular disease, a finding that has major implications in an aging US male population consuming a high fat diet.
Promoting ethanol in rural Kansas: local framings and cultural politics.

Abstract In this paper, we explore how local promoters framed the development of the ethanol industry in Kansas, in the Midwestern U.S, by attaching it to locally salient discourses related to the environment, economic development, energy independence, and the cultural importance of agricultural production. We use a framing analysis to examine the discourse and cultural politics of the promotion of ethanol production in four regional and one state level newspaper, supplemented by data from key informant interviews conducted to understand how both the promises and the impacts of the ethanol industry are reframed at the local level. We argue that by linking ethanol production to localized economic and environmental benefits, and to national security and energy independence agendas, the discourse promoting biofuels development in the local media sidelined any discussion of climate mitigation or conservation agendas associated with biofuels production, and reframed natural resource issues to justify local claims for continued water mining for agricultural production. In particular, water use in biofuels production is naturalized as an entitlement for agriculture and ethanol producers. Our research adds to the rural studies literature that examines how powerful discourses and ideologies interact to advance an agenda that may actually be counter to economic and environmental futures in rural communities.
N-acetylcysteine protects dental pulp stromal cells from HEMA-induced apoptosis by inducing differentiation of the cells.

Resin based materials are now widely used in dental restorations. While the use of these materials is aesthetically appealing in patients, they carry the risk of local and systemic adverse effects. The potential risks are direct damage to the cells and induction of immune-based hypersensitivity reactions. Dental Pulp Stromal Cells (DPSCs) and oral keratinocytes are the major cell types which may come in contact with dental resins such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) after dental restorations. Here we show that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) inhibits HEMA induced apoptotic cell death and restores the function of DPSCs and oral epithelial cells. NAC inhibits HEMA mediated toxicity through induction of differentiation in DPSCs since the genes for dentin sialoprotein (DSP), Osteopontin (OPN), Osteocalcin (OCN), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) which are induced during differentiation are also induced by NAC. Unlike NAC, Vitamin E and C which known anti-oxidant compounds failed to prevent either HEMA mediated cell death or decrease in VEGF secretion by human DPSCs. More importantly, when added either alone or in combination with HEMA Vitamin E and Vitamin C did not increase the gene expression for OPN, and in addition Vitamin E inhibited the protective effect of NAC on DPSCs. NAC inhibited HEMA mediated decrease in NFκB activity thus, providing survival mechanism for the cells. Overall, the studies reported in this paper indicated that undifferentiated DPSCs have exquisite sensitivity to HEMA induced cell death, and their differentiation by NAC resulted in an increased NFκB activity which might have provided the basis for their increased protection from HEMA mediated functional loss and cell death.
DIFFUSION‐DRIFT MODELING OF STRONG INVERSION LAYERS

By generalizing the equation of state of the conduction electron gas in a semiconductor to include a dependence not only on electron density but also on the density gradient we show that the standard diffusion‐drift description can be extended to describe much of the quantum mechanical behavior exhibited by strong inversion layers.
A curriculum for environmental genetics education.

Abstract Introduction: Environmental genetics is a scientific area concerned with interactions between genes and the environment. Progress in this field, coupled with the growth in genetic testing, has great potential for improving human health. There are also ethical, legal, and social concerns surrounding advances in environmental genetics and genetic testing. Because genetic information is rapidly increasing in our society, the public needs to learn more about scientific progress and policy issues in these areas. Objective: To describe a curriculum for the public on environmental genetics and genetic testing. Program: In 1998, the Department of Environmental Health (Center for Environmental Genetics), University of Cincinnati, began an outreach project for the public called Learning Exchange for Genetic and Environmental Disease Solutions (LEGENDS). The project fosters awareness and understanding of environmental genetics and genetic testing with discussion of related policy issues. The curriculum includes brief lectures and discussions based on thematic modules and a set of interactive exercises to be conducted in small groups. More than 100 persons have attended instructional sessions sponsored by LEGENDS at the time of this writing. Significance: The curriculum appears to be a potentially useful resource for educating the public about environmental genetics, genetic testing, and related policy issues. This project has implications for other organizations working to further genetics education.
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF QUANTITATIVE MODELS FOR GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

Abstract The modern treatment of geochemical cycles requires a truly quantitative framework. This paper addresses various aspects of such quantification. The concepts of residence time and response time are reviewed. The important concept of mass balance in geochemical cycles and its dynamical implications are discussed, with particular stress on the need for feedbacks in the carbon cycle. Particular emphasis is also placed on understanding the behavior of non-linear systems. The use of new and more encompassing global rate laws in models of geochemical cycles requires that (a) proper attention be given to the statistical averaging and extrapolation involved in constructing the particular sets of cycle reservoirs (for example, the flux of river water to the sea) and (b) that the knowledge about the fundamental physical chemical and biological processes operating within reservoirs and giving rise to fluxes between reservoirs be incorporated into any global dynamics. As an example of the latter, the problem of rates of dissolution during weathering is presented to illustrate the importance of knowing more about the surface properties and reactivities of minerals.
Engineering ReRAM for high-density applications

Display Omitted Metal ion ReRAM are preferred due to the high window and low variability.Material/programming algorithm optimizations enable high endurance and retention.Fully integrated cell on a 16Gb chip at 27nm have been demonstrated.Several challenges are highlighted to enable sub-10µA reliable operations.Cross-point architectures could enable high-density but require adequate selector. Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices are emerging candidates for the next generation of nonvolatile high-density memory (Sills et al., 2014). The value proposition for this technology is bit alterability, high speed operation, long retention and high endurance. In addition, low-power and low-current operation is highly desirable for high-density memory systems targeting the growing mobile market. This paper presents various challenges in engineering a ReRAM cell suitable for high-density applications such as material selection, programming algorithms, noise issues and scaling path.
Acceptability and willingness to pay for primary care videoconferencing: a randomized controlled trial

We examined videoconferencing in comparison with face-to-face office visits in primary care. Four physicians took part in the study and 175 patients were recruited from a general medical practice. Patients were interviewed and examined in both face-to-face and virtual settings, the order being randomized. Patients and clinicians were surveyed by questionnaire after each visit. Physicians were very satisfied with videoconferencing but preferred face-to-face overall (P < 0.0001). For videoconferencing, the physical examination and the ability to order appropriate laboratory tests were the least satisfying elements of the encounter. Patients were also very satisfied with videoconferencing but overall preferred face-to-face (P < 0.0001). This difference was significant for gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and respiratory complaints. However, in terms of willingness to pay (WTP) for videoconferencing access, patients with musculoskeletal and respiratory complaints were the most willing. Age and gender did not significantly predict WTP. The technical quality of the videoconference had a significant effect on satisfaction with the clinical encounter but did not correlate with the patients' WTP for videoconferencing. Travel costs up to $40 and travel times up to 4 hours did not influence the WTP of patients. For non-rural, relatively mobile patients, videoconferencing appears suitable for short visits for relatively simple complaints.
On the radiation-induced soft error performance of hardened sequential elements in advanced bulk CMOS technologies

Test chips built in a 32nm bulk CMOS technology consisting of hardened and non-hardened sequential elements have been exposed to neutrons, protons, alpha-particles and heavy ions. The radiation robustness of two types of circuit-level soft error mitigation techniques has been tested: 1) SEUT (Single Event Upset Tolerant), an interlocked, redundant state technique, and 2) a novel hardening technique referred to as RCC (Reinforcing Charge Collection). This work summarizes the measured soft error rate benefits and design tradeoffs involved in the implemented hardening techniques.
Rain from shallow convective clouds—Maritime and continental

Work done initially with Y. Ogura and later by the present author was reviewed, with special emphasis on physical concepts in a cloud model. The present paper consists of two parts: a warm rain study and a graupel cloud model. The process of continuous improvement on physical ideas taken to formulate warm rain are described in the first part of this paper. It is shown that the number concentration of cloud droplets is the most sensitive factor in determining rainfall, and that there is a critical drop size distribution for initiation of rain. The second part describes a graupel cloud model and shows that graupel formation is the mechanism most likely to lead to precipitation from continental shallow convective clouds.
Emergency Department and Inpatient Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Practical Decision Making and Management Issues

The objective of this article is to review evidence behind community-acquired pneumonia disease management in the emergency department and inpatient setting. Focus was placed on recent guidelines from the American Thoracic Society, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (Mandell et al., Clin Infect Dis 44:S27–72, 2007), and the American College of Emergency Physicians (Nazarian et al., Ann Emerg Med 54:704–31, 2009). These guidelines were used to review the use of blood cultures, empiric antibiotic selection, indications for expanded testing, site-of-care decisions, and discuss clinical parameters for outpatient discharge. This review is intended for ED physicians as well as hospital non-intensive care providers.
The longus colli muscle flap for reconstruction of the lateral pharyngeal wall.

Background Full-thickness lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) defects are difficult to reconstruct, whether the larynx is preserved or removed (extended total laryngectomy). A simple, reliable reconstructive method using local tissue which optimizes wound healing and functional results would allow partial laryngectomy more often, without incurring the cost, donor site morbidity, and increased operative length of regional or free flaps. My objective was to propose use of the longus colli muscle as a reconstructive flap for defects of the LPW. Methods Results of using the longus colli muscle flap (LCMF) in a series of 16 patients with primary tumors of the pharyngeal wall or pyriform sinus are presented. The majority had surgery and planned postoperative radiotherapy. Results There were no wound infections or fistulas. One of 2 previously radiated patients had a transient wound-healing problem. Although 88% of the patients were stage III and IV and 50% had T3–4 primary tumors, there were only 2 local failures, for a local control rate of 88%. Corresponding cancer-free survival was 69% (median follow-up of 22 months). Two thirds of the patients took all or some food by mouth, and of the 12 with larynx preserved, 58% were decannulated, and 11 had a good to normal voice. Conclusions The reliability of wound healing and absence of negative impact on oncologic and functional results validate use of the LCMF as a reconstructive option for defects in the LPW at both the oropharynx and hypopharynx levels. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck19: 297–308, 1997.
The exclusiveness of group identity in celebrations of team success

Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) describes individuals’ tendency to publicly affiliate themselves with successful others. Within sport, scholars have provided foundational knowledge pertaining to BIRGing; however, they have not deeply engaged with sport fans to understand the influence of multiple group identities in celebrating team success. Using social identity theory and social identity complexity as theoretical frameworks in the current study, I conduct qualitative research with sport fans to understand how multiple group identities influence fan behaviours in response to team performance. I discover that fans (1) BIRG and blast for an enhanced sense of inclusiveness and distinctiveness, and (2) possess multiple, ordinarily inclusive group identities, which converge into a highly exclusive social identity structure immediately before, during, and after games against rivals. I conclude by discussing the potential theoretical and managerial implications regarding multiple group identities in sport contexts, as well as directions for future research.
Response of intertidal populations to climate: Effects of extreme events versus long term change

Abstract Biogeographic change in response to climate is a ratchet-like process, with gradual long term change punctuated by advances and retreats caused by extreme events. The winter of 1962–63 was the coldest winter since 1740, and caused lasting widespread changes in intertidal populations in Europe. Against the background of several decades of gradual warming, the severely cold winter of 2009–10 provided an opportunity to test mechanistic hypotheses regarding the control of biogeographic limits, including recruitment failure and adult mortality. As a result of enhanced recruitment in cold conditions, the northern barnacle Semibalanus balanoides expanded its range in both France and Iberia at an average rate of 25 km year − 1 . The northern polychaete Arenicola marina had high recruitment in northern France, which filled in a gap in its range in the central English Channel. The southern barnacles Chthamalus montagui and Chthamalus stellatus , which are sensitive to cold winters, suffered recruitment failure but no adult mortality at their northern limit in continental Europe. The southern limpet, Patella rustica and the southern polychaete Diopatra which are sensitive to cold summers, had virtually no change in distribution, as a result of the prior warm summer. The southern mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis suffered little adult mortality at its northern limit in continental Europe. Metapopulation models of future distribution, based on these mechanisms, and validated by hindcasts of historical biogeography, indicate that a regime shift will occur in northern Europe as southern species like Diopatra are able to invade the English Channel and from there enter the North Sea. These models and the historical biogeographic record confirm the view that biogeographic change is punctuated by population responses to extreme events.
Testing the Reliability of Cluster Mass Indicators with a Systematics Limited Dataset

We present the mass-X-ray observable scaling relationships for clusters of galaxies using the XMM-Newton cluster catalog of Snowden et al. Our results are roughly consistent with previous observational and theoretical work, with one major exception. We find 2-3 times the scatter around the best fit mass scaling relationships as expected from cluster simulations or seen in other observational studies. We suggest that this is a consequence of using hydrostatic mass, as opposed to virial mass, and is due to the explicit dependence of the hydrostatic mass on the gradients of the temperature and gas density profiles. We find a larger range of slope in the cluster temperature profiles at r_{500} than previous observational studies. Additionally, we find only a weak dependence of the gas mass fraction on cluster mass, consistent with a constant. Our average gas mass fraction results argue for a closer study of the systematic errors due to instrumental calibration and analysis method variations. We suggest that a more careful study of the differences between various observational results and with cluster simulations is needed to understand sources of bias and scatter in cosmological studies of galaxy clusters.
Current Versus Ideal Skin Tones and Tanning Behaviors in Caucasian College Women

Abstract. Objective: To explore tanning behaviors and whether a discrepancy between current and ideal skin tones exists. Participants: The sample included 78 Caucasian women from a mid-sized midwestern university. Methods: Data were collected in spring 2012 via a paper questionnaire. Results: Sixty-two percent of the sample regularly engaged in salon tanning at least once per week, with an average frequency of 2.5 visits per week. Thirteen percent endorsed regularly tanning 4 or more times per week, and 26% reported visiting a tanning bed more than once in a 24-hour period. Ninety-four percent wished their current skin tone was darker, and ideal tone was significantly darker than current tone. Conclusions: The data suggest that the young Caucasian women in this sample tend to be dissatisfied with their current skin tone to an extent that leads the majority of them to engage in risky, potentially cancer-causing behavior by either salon tanning or considering tanning in the future as time and finances becom...
Identification and quantitation of the fatty acids composing the CoA ester pool of bovine retina, heart, and liver

Several proteins found in retinal photoreceptor cells (guanylate cyclase activating protein, protein kinase A, recoverin, and transducin) are N-terminally modified with the fatty acids 12:0, 14:0, 14:1n-9, and 14:2n-6, whereas similar proteins in other tissues contain only 14:0. It has been hypothesized that the acyl-CoA pool of the retina contains amounts of 12:0, 14:1n-9, and 14:2n-6 elevated over 14:0, in comparison to other tissues, and this accounts for the specificity of N-terminal fatty acylation. To test this hypothesis, we performed fatty acid analysis on total acyl-CoAs purified from bovine retina (light-adapted), heart, and liver. We also examined the N- and S-linked fatty acid composition of the total protein pools from these tissues. Acyl-CoAs were prepared from heart, liver, and retina and separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Identities of peaks were based on HPLC of standard 12:0, 14:0, 14:1n-9, and 14:2n-6 CoAs. Total protein was subjected to base hydrolysis followed by acidic methanolysis to release S- and N-linked fatty acids, respectively, and fatty acid phenacyl esters were prepared for HPLC analysis. Retina had levels of 12:0 (2.7 +/- 2.1%), 14:1n-9 (2.9 +/- 2.2%), and 14:2n-6 (1.6 +/- 0.7%) CoAs below that of 14:0 CoA (7.0 +/- 1.8%). Likewise, heart levels of 14:2n-6 CoA (3.7 +/- 0.1%) were near and 12:0 (2.6 +/- 0. 6%) and 14:1n-9 (0.7 +/- 0.3%) CoAs were below that of 14:0 CoA (3.8 +/- 1.0%). Liver had levels of 12:0 (16.1 +/- 5.7%) and 14:2n-6 (8.1 +/- 1.2%) CoAs above and 14:1n-9 CoA (1.2 +/- 0.6%) below that of 14:0 CoA (5.9 +/- 0.8%). Fatty acid analysis of total protein showed that all tissues contained S-linked 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1n-9. Retina proteins contained N-linked 14:0, 14:1n-9, and 14:2n-6, whereas heart and liver had only 14:0. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the CoA ester pool of the retina is enriched with 12:0, 14:1n-9, and 14:2n-6 over 14:0, in comparison to other tissues. This suggests that alternative models must be considered for the regulation of N-terminal fatty acylation of proteins in photoreceptor cells.
Safety of sequential whole bladder photodynamic therapy (WBPT) in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer remains a serious public health problem in many parts of the world with an estimated 300,000 new cases a year. In the US, there were 53,200 new cases of bladder cancer with 12,200 deaths in 2000. A majority (75%-90%) of these cancers are diagnosed pathologically as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Superficial TCC constitutes 85% of newly diagnosed bladder cancer cases. Superficial bladder cancer includes papillary tumors involving only the mucosa (Ta) or submucosa (T1) and flat carcinoma in suit (CIS). Transurethral resection (TUR) of bladder tumor effectively controls the primary tumors, confirms the superficial or non-muscle invasive nature of the disease, provides cytological and histological tumor characteristics for determining prognostic significance and allows for assessment of the extent of bladder tissue involvement by tumor. Intravesical therapy provides a high concentration of drug in contact with tumor-bearing mucosa for prolonged periods, reduces the likelihood of tumor implantation after resection by destroying viable cancer cells, provides a cytotoxic effect on residual carcinoma, and potentially alters precursor mucosal lesions.
Telomeres and DNA double-strand breaks: Ever the twain shall meet?

Telomeres were first recognized as a bona fide constituent of the chromosome based on their inability to rejoin with broken chromosome ends produced by radiation. Today, we recognize two essential and interrelated properties of telomeres. They circumvent the so-called end-replication problem faced by genomes composed of linear chromosomes, which erode from their termini with each successive cell division. Equally vital is the end-capping function that telomeres provide, which is necessary to deter chromosome ends from illicit recombination. This latter property is critical in facilitating the distinction between the naturally occurring DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) found at chromosome ends (i.e., telomeres) and DSBs produced by exogenous agents. Here we discuss, in a brief historical narrative, key discoveries that led investigators to appreciate the unique properties of telomeres in protecting chromosome ends, and the consequences of telomere dysfunction, particularly as related to recombination involving radiation-induced DSBs.
Suppression of cytochrome P450 Cyp1a-1 induction in murine hepatoma 1c1c7 cells by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and inhibitors of protein kinase C

Abstract Treatment of murine hepatoma lclc7 cultures with dibenz[ a,c ]anthracene (DB[a,c]A)-induced P450 Cyp1a-1 , as indicated by analyses of CYP1A1 mRNA and 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD) activity. Pretreatment of cultures with 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for as short as 1 h reduced protein kinase C (PKC) activity and resulted in a temporary suppression of EROD induction. The dose-response curves defining the TPA-dependent suppression of EROD induction and PKC down-regulation were very similar, as were the initial kinetics of PKC loss and the times of TPA pretreatment required for suppression of EROD induction. The effects of TPA could not be mimicked by 4α-TPA, an analog incapable of activating and down-regulating PKC. Pretreatment of cultures with the protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine, calphostin C, or H7 resulted in dose-dependent suppressions of EROD induction. However, the suppressive and cytotoxic effects of these agents could be separated from one another in the case of only H7. HA 1004, an analog of H7 that inhibits the same spectrum of protein kinases as H7 except for PKC, did not inhibit DBIa,clA induction of EROD. Pretreatment of cultures with H7, but not HA 1004, suppressed the accumulation of CYP1A1 mRNA that normally occurred following treatment with DBIa,cIA. Collectively, these studies suggest that PKC plays a role in the processes involved in the induction of Cyp1a-1 .
Manipulation of host factors optimizes the pathogenesis of western equine encephalitis virus infections in mice for antiviral drug development

While alphaviruses spread naturally via mosquito vectors, some can also be transmitted as aerosols making them potential bioterrorism agents. One such pathogen, western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), causes fatal human encephalitis via multiple routes of infection and thus presumably via multiple mechanisms. Although WEEV also produces acute encephalitis in non-human primates, a small animal model that recapitulates features of human disease would be useful for both pathogenesis studies and to evaluate candidate antiviral therapies. We have optimized conditions to infect mice with a low passage isolate of WEEV, thereby allowing detailed investigation of virus tropism, replication, neuroinvasion, and neurovirulence. We find that host factors strongly influence disease outcome, and in particular, that age, gender, and genetic background all have significant effects on disease susceptibility independent of virus tropism or replication within the central nervous system. Our data show that experimental variables can be adjusted in mice to recapitulate disease features known to occur in both non-human primates and humans, thus aiding further study of WEEV pathogenesis and providing a realistic therapeutic window for antiviral drug delivery.
Lesions caused by the hepatic trematode, Metorchis conjunctus, Cobbold, 1860. A comparative study in carnivora.

— Lesions caused by the hepatic trematode, Metorchis conjunctus Cobbold, 1860, in five species of Carnivora, the dog, cat, raccoon, mink, and gray fox were compared. Marked hyperplasia of the mucosa of the intrahepatic bile ducts and gall bladder was found. The inflammatory reaction consisted principally of lymphocytes and plasma cells with a few eosino-phils. Verminous granulomas were also present and incited a local eosinophilic response. With heavy infections, the raccoon developed a severe cirrhosis, and osseous metaplasia was found in the bile ducts of one mink. Resume— On compare les lesions provoqueees par un trematode hepatique, Metorchis conjunctus (Cobbold, 1860) chez cinq especes de carnivores, le chien, le chat, le raton laveur, la loutre et le renard gris. On a trouve une hyperplasie importante de la muqueuse des canaux biliaries intrahepatiques et de la muqueuse de la vesicule biliare. La reaction inflammatoire comportait surtout des lymphocytes, des plasmocytes mais peu de cellules eosinophiles. On a trowe aussi des granulomes vermineux ayant entraine une reaction epsinophilique locale. En cas d'infestation massive, le raton peut presenter une cirrhose intense et on a pu observer la metaplasie osseuse des canaux biliaires chez une loutre. Zusammenfassung— Es werden Lasionen, die bei funf Fleischfresserarten, dem Hund, der Katze dem Waschbaren, dem Nerz und dem Graufuchs, durch Leberegel, Metorchis conjunctus Cobbold, 1860, verursacht waren, miteinander verglichen. Eine ausgesprochene Hyperplasie der Schleimhaute wurde in den intrahepatischen Gallengangen und der Gallenblase beobachtet. Die entzundliche Reaktion bestand hauptsachlich aus Lympho-zyten und Plasmazellen, sowie vereinzelten Eosinophilen. Auserdem waren verminose Granulome vorhanden, die ortlich eine eosinophile Reaktion hervorriefen. Bei schweren Infektionen entwickelte sich bei den Waschbxren eine hochgradige Zirrhose, und in den Gallengangen eines Nerses wurden knochige Metaplasien gefunden.
Prevalence of mutagens in the environment: experimental data versus simulations

The recent availability of experimental data on the mutagenicity in Salmonella of a subset of high production volume chemicals allowed a comparison with the estimate derived from computer-based simulations. The prevalence of mutagens in the subsets was not significantly different: 20% versus 19.5% based upon experimental and simulation data, respectively. This provides support for the use of the rapid and low-cost simulation approach.
Attrition of Women Business Majors in an Urban Community College

The purpose of this study was to identify intervention protocols that would reduce the attrition of women Business Administration and Business Management majors at an urban community college. Academic progress data were reviewed and surveys conducted to determine common bases for leaving the institution. College programs designed to improve persistence were examined in light of these findings. The need for support mechanisms throughout the freshman year and extending into the second year of a student's academic program was identified.
Ultrafast and scalable laser liquid synthesis of tin oxide nanotubes and its application in lithium ion batteries

Laser-induced photo-chemical synthesis of SnO2 nanotubes has been demonstrated by employing a nanoporous polycarbonate membrane as a template. The SnO2 nanotube diameter can be controlled by the nanoporous template while the nanotube length can be tuned by laser parameters and reaction duration. The microstructure characterization of the nanotubes indicates that they consist of mesoporous structures with sub 5 nm size nanocrystals connected by the twinning structure. The application of SnO2 nanotubes as an anode material in lithium ion batteries has also been explored, and they exhibited high capacity and excellent cyclic stability. The laser based emerging technique for scalable production of crystalline metal oxide nanotubes in a matter of seconds is remarkable. The compliance of the laser based technique with the existing technologies would lead to mass production of novel nanomaterials that would be suitable for several emerging applications.