cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The new regionalism in the Americas: a theoretical framework

Abstract This paper concerns the “new regionalism” of the last decade, as opposed to the “old regionalism” of the 1950s and 1960s. I first argue that the new regionalism is taking place in a world fundamentally different from that of the old regionalism, so that old-regionalism-theory is not necessarily relevant. I then present an explanation for why neighbors might integrate, relevant to why integration might occur in the Americas. This gives prominent roles to political economy, direct investment, and fundamental economic reform, and de-emphasizes the old trade creation versus trade diversion trade-off. It also implies a diversity of approaches to regional integration.
Vibrio cholerae Cytolysin Recognizes the Heptasaccharide Core of Complex N-Glycans with Nanomolar Affinity.

Abstract Pathogens selectively target host cells using adhesion molecules and secreted virulence factors that may utilize protein, lipid, or carbohydrate ligands on the cell surface. The human intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae secretes a pore-forming toxin, V. cholerae cytolysin (VCC), which contains two domains that are structurally similar to known carbohydrate-binding proteins. These tandem domains are attached to the carboxy-terminus of the cytolytic domain and contain a β-trefoil fold and a β-prism fold. VCC has been shown to bind glycosylated proteins, and removal of the β-prism domain leads to a large decrease in lytic activity against rabbit erythrocytes. Despite these clues, the identity of the glycan receptors of VCC and the role of glycan binding in toxin activity remain unknown. To better understand this specificity, we used a combination of structural and functional approaches to characterize the carbohydrate-binding activity of the VCC toxin. We first probed the monosaccharide-binding activity of VCC and demonstrated that the toxin exhibits millimolar affinity for aldohexoses. To understand this specificity, we solved the crystal structure of the VCC β-prism domain bound to methyl-α-mannose. Next, we utilized a mammalian glycan screen to determine that the β-prism domain preferentially binds complex N-glycans with a heptasaccharide GlcNAc4Man3 core (NGA2). Fluorescence anisotropy and surface plasmon resonance indicated an approximately 100-nM affinity of the β-prism domain for the heptasaccharide core. Our results suggest that carbohydrate-binding domains on the VCC toxin facilitate high-affinity targeting of mammalian cell membranes, which may contribute to the ability of VCC to lyse cells at picomolar concentrations.
The inhibition of amylase synthesis in the isolated perfused rat liver by cycloheximide and dinitrophenol

Abstract In summary, we have shown in this paper that cycloheximide, an inhibitor of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic protein synthesis, markedly inhibits amylase production by the isolated, perfused rat liver. This, with the previous work using puromycin, indicates that the increase in amylase activity noted during the perfusion period represents a true synthesis and is not an artifact. In addition, we have shown that when dinitrophenol is used with cycloheximide at the proper concentrations, blockage of amylase secretion from the liver into the plasma can be demonstrated.
Assessment of human colon cancer protein kinetics in vivo

Background. Malignancies enlarge because protein synthesis exceeds the rate of breakdown; however, the specific protein kinetic pattern remains unknown. Determining in vivo protein kinetic rates for a tumor may be useful for quantifying individual responses to a specific therapy. The aim of this study was to assess whether the growth of tumors is related to an increase in protein synthesis or an inhibition of protein breakdown. Methods. Five patients (age, 59 ± 3 years) with adenocarcinoma of the colon undergoing colonoscopy were studied. Tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates were measured in vivo for both segments of colon cancer and adjacent normal-appearing colonic mucosa by using a primed, continuous infusion of 113C leucine with tissue biopsy and quantitation of regional blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry. Results. Segments of colon cancer had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater rate of protein synthesis as quantitated by both the fractional rate of protein synthesis (Ca 45.4% ± 5.0% /day versus nl mucosa 35.7% ± 3.1%/day; mean ± SEM) and by the tissue synthesis rate (Ca 69.4 ± 9.0 versus nl mucosa 51.6 ± 5.2 μmol/L leucine/day/100 gm tissue). Regional blood flow was significantly elevated in the cancer (Ca 110.9 ± 5.8 versus nl mucosa 91.2 ± 2.9 ml/min/100 gm), which contributed to commensurate rates of tissue breakdown (Ca 28.6 ± 2.0 versus nl mucosa 28.2 ± 2.4 μmol/L leucine/day/100 gm). Conclusions. These results illustrate that human colon cancers grow in vivo as a result of increases in protein synthesis. Furthermore, increases in regional blood flow limit the rate of tissue protein breakdown of colon cancer, thereby contributing to growth of the malignancy. These findings support the contention that therapeutic strategies aimed at negating this inherent increase in protein synthesis or limiting blood flow may effectively limit the growth of malignancies. This methodology may also provide an index for evaluating the effectiveness of future therapies aimed at reducing tumor growth for individual patients.
A Soft Switching Scheme for Multiphase DC/Pulsating-DC Converter for Three-Phase High-Frequency-Link Pulsewidth Modulation (PWM) Inverter

This paper outlines a switching scheme to improve the energy efficiency for an isolated high-frequency multiphase dc/pulsating-dc converter, which is the front end of a three-phase rectifier-type high-frequency-link inverter. Without using any auxiliary circuit, the proposed switching scheme achieves zero-current or zero-voltage switching for the power switches on the front-end multiphase dc/pulsating-dc converter. Moreover, on the back-end pulsating-dc/ac converter, the proposed soft-switching scheme reduces the switching frequency requirements for the associated switchers, which need high-frequency switching. In conjunction with the back-end pulsating-dc/ac converter, operating with a patent-filed hybrid modulation scheme, the proposed switching scheme leads to reduced overall switching loss as compared with other existing schemes. It is more suitable for isolated low-voltage dc to three-phase high-voltage ac applications from the standpoints of cost, efficiency, and footprint.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Nursing Research

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful noninvasive neuroimaging technique nurse scientists can use to investigate the structure and cognitive capacities of the brain. A strong m...
The Moon's Horses

So far as I know, the manuscripts' fraternis in Prop. 2. 34. 52 ‘aut cur fraternis Luna laboret equis’ has never been doubted. I offer an emendation of it in this note. Luna laboret ought to allude to lunar eclipse, but you cannot see it through the fog of fraternis equis . In C.Q.xliii (1949), 26–7, Shackleton Bailey dealt with the traditional claim for it, that the moon is eclipsed, not by the sun, by the presence of her brother's horses, but by their absence, just as in Virgil the sea and Ixion's wheel stand still when the winds' presence is no longer felt: ‘cum placidum ventis staret mare’ (Ecl. 2. 26), ‘Ixioni vento rota constitit orbis’ (G. 4. 484.). Simply, he saw no parallel between the unambiguous absence of those winds’ blasts and the alleged absence of the sun's horses here.
Naloxone reversal of morphine‐induced peripheral vasodilatation

Naloxone is used to reverse the central nervous system and respiratory depressant effects of morphine, but it is not known whether the narcotic antagonist also reverses the peripheral vasodilatation. Since the cutaneous vasodilatation induced by morphine may be hemodynamically important in cardiac patients, we studied the effect of naloxone on the morphine-induced vasodilatation in the cutaneous vascular bed of the hand using venous occlusion plethysmography. Morphine, 15 mg intravenously, caused a 70% reduction in hand vascular resistance. Given 18 min after morphine, naloxone, 0.8 mg intravenously, completely reversed the vasodilatation in 12 to 17 min. Saline placebo given 18 min after morphine induced no reversal; the vasodilatation lasted at least 35 min. Naloxone acts as a pure antagonist to these actions of morphine, since it has no actions on blood flow in the hand when given alone. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 541–544; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.200
THE “SPONTANEOUS” CESSATION OF MARITAL VIOLENCE: THREE CASE EXAMPLES

Despite general trends for violence in marriage to escalate in frequency and intensity, there are some couples who, through their own efforts, stop being violent. Three such couples are described below, with particular attention given to spouses' reports on the cessation of their violence. Discussion focuses on the implications of these couples' experiences for the treatment of wife battering.
Introducing critical race theory to archival discourse: getting the conversation started

This article introduces the application of Critical Race Theory (CRT) to archival discourse in order to demonstrate how such a critical and analytical approach can help identify and raise social and professional consciousness of implicit racial bias. To demonstrate the potential of CRT, the paper discusses how the terminology and methodological structures of CRT might be applied to some aspects of archival theory and practice. The paper concludes that CRT can contribute to a diversified archival epistemology that can influence the creation of collective and institutional memories that impact underrepresented and disenfranchised populations and the development of their identities.
Treatment of Challenging Behavior Exhibited by Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure.

A large body of literature exists describing the harmful effects of prenatal drug exposure on infant and child development. However, there is a paucity of research examining strategies to ameliorate sequelae such as externalizing behavior problems. In the present study, functional analysis procedures were used to assess challenging behavior exhibited by two children who were prenatally exposed to drugs of abuse. Results for both children indicated that challenging behavior was maintained by access to positive reinforcement (adult attention and tangible items). For one child, challenging behavior was also maintained by negative reinforcement (escape from activities of daily living). Function-based interventions were effective in reducing challenging behavior for both children. Implications for utilizing methods of applied behavior analysis in research with children with prenatal drug exposure are discussed.
A round trip time and time-out aware traffic conditioner for differentiated services networks

TCP connection throughput is inversely proportional to the connection round trip time (RTT). To mitigate TCP bias to short RTT connections, a differentiated services traffic conditioner can ensure connections with long RTTs do not starve when connections with short RTTs get all extra resources after achieving the target rates. Current proposals for RTT-aware conditioners work well for a small number of connections when most TCP connections are in the congestion avoidance phase. If there is a large number of TCP connections, however, connections time-out and go to slow start. We show that current RTT-aware conditioners over-protect long RTT flows and starve short RTT flows in this case. We design and evaluate a conditioner based on RTT as well as the retransmission time-out (RTO). The proposed RTT-RTO aware traffic conditioner works well for realistic situations with a large number of connections. Simulation results in a variety of situations confirm that the conditioner mitigates RTT bias.
Sustained Expression of Insulin by a Genetically Engineered Sertoli Cell Line after Allotransplantation in Diabetic BALB/c Mice

Immune-privileged Sertoli cells (SCs) exhibit long-term survival after allotransplantation or xenotransplantation, suggesting they can be used as a vehicle for cell-based gene therapy. Previously, we demonstrated that SCs engineered to secrete insulin by using an adenoviral vector normalized blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. However, the expression of insulin was transient, and the use of immunocompromised mice did not address the question of whether SCs can stably express insulin in immunocompetent animals. Thus, the objective of the current study was to use a lentiviral vector to achieve stable expression of insulin in SCs and test the ability of these cells to survive after allotransplantation. A mouse SC line transduced with a recombinant lentiviral vector containing furin-modified human proinsulin cDNA (MSC-EhI-Zs) maintained stable insulin expression in vitro. Allotransplantation of MSC-EhI-Zs cells into diabetic BALB/c mice demonstrated 88% and 75% graft survival rates at 20 and 50 days post-transplantation, respectively. Transplanted MSC-EhI-Zs cells continued to produce insulin mRNA throughout the study (i.e., 50 days); however, insulin protein was detected only in patches of cells within the grafts. Consistent with low insulin protein detection, there was no significant change in blood glucose levels in the transplant recipients. Nevertheless, MSC-EhI-Zs cells isolated from the grafts continued to express insulin protein in culture. Collectively, this demonstrates that MSC-EhI-Zs cells stably expressed insulin and survived allotransplantation without immunosuppression. This further strengthens the use of SCs as targets for cell-based gene therapy for the treatment of numerous chronic diseases, especially those that require basal protein expression.
RIBONUCLEASES AND HOST DEFENSE : IDENTIFICATION, LOCALIZATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN ADHERENT MONOCYTES IN VITRO

Several ribonucleases of the RNase A family function as antibacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-viral agents. In this work, we have shown that mRNAs encoding five of the six known human ribonucleases of the RNase A family are expressed in cultured human monocytes, and that ribonucleases are released by adherent monocytes in culture. Using a polyclonal antiserum prepared against recombinant protein, we have detected one of these ribonucleases, RNase 4, in lysates of normal human peripheral blood monocytes, but not granulocytes or lymphocytes, by Western blotting. Subcellular localization by immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated the presence of RNase 4 in the cytoplasmic granules of isolated monocytes. Interestingly, mRNA encoding RNase 4 could not be detected in freshly isolated monocytes, emerging only after 16 h in culture, suggesting the possibility of de novo protein synthesis in association with monocyte differentiation.
The Impact of Time Separation on Coordination in Global Software Teams: a Conceptual Foundation

While there has been much research on the study of global virtual teams and global software teams, there has been practically no research on the nuances of time separation. We present three converging perspectives on this topic: (a) a view from practices and tactics of global teams; (b) a theoretical view from coordination theories; and (c) a view from our prior research in which we modeled coordination costs for time-separated dyads. Practice suggests that time separation arises not only from time-zone differences but also from factors such as nonoverlapping weekend days and holidays, shifts, and different working schedules. It also suggests that teams employ various coping tactics when faced with time separation—synchronous, asynchronous, and education. Theory suggests that communication is necessary to coordinate and that effectiveness of communication is hampered, both in quality and timeliness, when teams are separated by time. Our model, based on coordination theory, suggests that coordination costs contain four main components—communication, clarification, delay, and rework—and that the various aspects of time-separated work have different effects on each of these components. Our convergent view from these three perspectives shows that distance separation is symmetric—i.e. distance (A, B) = distance (B,A)—while time separation is asymmetric, which affects the planning of team interactions; that the timing of activities matters in time-separated contexts but not in contexts with only distance separation; and that vulnerability costs (i.e. resolving misunderstandings and rework) increase with time separation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A 3.1 M ⊕ Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M3V Star Gliese 581

We present 11 years of HIRES precision radial velocities (RVs) of the nearby M3V star Gliese 581, combining our data set of 122 precision RVs with an existing published 4.3-year set of 119 HARPS precision RVs. The velocity set now indicates six companions in Keplerian motion around this star. Differential photometry indicates a likely stellar rotation period of ~94 days and reveals no significant periodic variability at any of the Keplerian periods, supporting planetary orbital motion as the cause of all the RV variations. The combined data set strongly confirms the 5.37-day, 12.9-day, 3.15-day, and 67-day planets previously announced by Bonfils et al., Udry et al., and Mayor et al.. The observations also indicate a fifth planet in the system, GJ 581f, a minimum-mass 7.0 M ⊕ planet orbiting in a 0.758 AU orbit of period 433 days, and a sixth planet, GJ 581g, a minimum-mass 3.1 M ⊕ planet orbiting at 0.146 AU with a period of 36.6 days. The estimated equilibrium temperature of GJ 581g is 228 K, placing it squarely in the middle of the habitable zone of the star and offering a very compelling case for a potentially habitable planet around a very nearby star. That a system harboring a potentially habitable planet has been found this nearby, and this soon in the relatively early history of precision RV surveys, indicates that η⊕, the fraction of stars with potentially habitable planets, is likely to be substantial. This detection, coupled with statistics of the incompleteness of present-day precision RV surveys for volume-limited samples of stars in the immediate solar neighborhood, suggests that η⊕ could well be on the order of a few tens of percent. If the local stellar neighborhood is a representative sample of the galaxy as a whole, our Milky Way could be teeming with potentially habitable planets.
Harnessing Crowds: Mapping the Genome of Collective Intelligence

MIT Sloan School Working Paper 4732-093/19/2010Harnessing Crowds: Mapping the Genome of Collective Intelligence© 2010 Thomas W. Malone, Robert Laubacher, and Chrysanthos DellarocasThomas W. Malone, Robert Laubacher, and Chrysanthos DellarocasAll rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted withoutexplicit permission, provided that full credit including © notice is given to the source.This paper also can be downloaded without charge from theSocial Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1381502
Dissection of c-MOS degron

c-MOS, a MAP kinase kinase kinase, is a regulator of oocyte maturation. The concentration of c-MOS is controlled in part through its conditional degradation. Previous studies proposed the ‘second-codon rule’, according to which the N-terminal proline (Pro) of c-MOS is a destabilizing residue that targets c-MOS for degradation. We analyzed the degradation signal (degron) of c-MOS in Xenopus oocytes, found it to be a portable degron, and demonstrated that, contrary to the model above, the N-terminal Pro residue of c-MOS is entirely dispensable for its degradation if Ser-2 (encoded Ser-3) of c-MOS is replaced by a small non-phosphorylatable residue such as Gly. The dependence of c-MOS degradation on N-terminal Pro is shown to be caused by a Pro-mediated downregulation of the net phosphorylation of Ser-2, a modification that halts c-MOS degradation in oocytes. Thus, the N-terminal Pro residue of c-MOS is not a recognition determinant for a ubiquitin ligase, in agreement with earlier evidence that Pro is a stabilizing residue in the N-end rule.
"Impoverished" rats weigh more than "enriched" rats because they eat more.

Net consumption measures indicated that rats reared individually in standard laboratory cages consume more food and water and gain weight more rapidly than do their littermates reared in groups in large toy-filled cages.
Configuration controllability for a class of mechanical systems

We define a notion of controllability for mechanical systems which determines the configurations which are accessible from a given configuration. We derive sufficient conditions for this notion of controllability in terms of the given inputs, their Lie brackets, and their covariant derivatives.
C/EBPβ mediates tumour-induced ubiquitin ligase atrogin1/MAFbx upregulation and muscle wasting

Upregulation of ubiquitin ligase atrogin1/MAFbx and muscle wasting are hallmarks of cancer cachexia; however, the underlying mechanism is undefined. Here, we describe a novel signalling pathway through which Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) induces atrogin1/MAFbx upregulation and muscle wasting. C2C12 myotubes treated with LLC-conditioned medium (LCM) rapidly activates p38 MAPK and AKT while inactivating FoxO1/3, resulting in atrogin1/MAFbx upregulation, myosin heavy chain loss, and myotube atrophy. The p38α/β MAPK inhibitor SB202190 blocks the catabolic effects. Upon activation, p38 associates with C/EBPβ resulting in its phosphorylation and binding to a C/EBPβ-responsive cis-element in the atrogin1/MAFbx gene promoter. The promoter activity is stimulated by LCM via p38β-mediated activation of the C/EBPβ-responsive cis-element, independent of the adjacent FoxO1/3-responsive cis-elements in the promoter. In addition, p38 activation is observed in the muscle of LLC tumour-bearing mice, and SB202190 administration blocks atrogin1/MAFbx upregulation and muscle protein loss. Furthermore, C/EBPβ−/− mice are resistant to LLC tumour-induced atrogin1/MAFbx upregulation and muscle wasting. Therefore, activation of the p38β MAPK–C/EBPβ signalling pathway appears a key component of the pathogenesis of LLC tumour-induced cachexia.
PMSG Wind Turbine Performance Analysis During Short Circuit Faults

Due to the increasing price of fossil fuels and the security concerns of the nuclear energy, electricity generation using wind turbines has recently attracted significant attention after a period of neglect. Among different types of wind turbine generators, PM synchronous generators (PMSG) offer better performance due to higher efficiency and less maintenance since they do not have rotor current and could be used without a gear box. In addition, the utilization of a double conversion results in higher flexibility compared with other wind turbine systems. This paper develops the model of a PMSG wind turbine and then simulates short circuits to evaluate the performance of the system during short circuit fault. Since PMSG wind turbine systems use a double conversion converter, this paper develops two methods for controlling the converter, a new protection method for capacitor over voltage is also evaluated in this paper.
Life Paths and Accomplishments of Mathematically Precocious Males and Females Four Decades Later

Two cohorts of intellectually talented 13-year-olds were identified in the 1970s (1972–1974 and 1976–1978) as being in the top 1% of mathematical reasoning ability (1,037 males, 613 females). About four decades later, data on their careers, accomplishments, psychological well-being, families, and life preferences and priorities were collected. Their accomplishments far exceeded base-rate expectations: Across the two cohorts, 4.1% had earned tenure at a major research university, 2.3% were top executives at “name brand” or Fortune 500 companies, and 2.4% were attorneys at major firms or organizations; participants had published 85 books and 7,572 refereed articles, secured 681 patents, and amassed $358 million in grants. For both males and females, mathematical precocity early in life predicts later creative contributions and leadership in critical occupational roles. On average, males had incomes much greater than their spouses’, whereas females had incomes slightly lower than their spouses’. Salient sex differences that paralleled the differential career outcomes of the male and female participants were found in lifestyle preferences and priorities and in time allocation.
Dynamic Interactions Between Interest-Rate and Credit Risk: Theory and Evidence on the Credit Default Swap Term Structure*

This paper examines the interaction between default risk and interest-rate risk in determining the term structure of credit default swap spreads at different industry sectors and credit-rating classes. The paper starts with a parsimonious three-factor interest-rate dynamic term structure and projects the credit spread at each industry sector and rating class to these interest-rate factors while also allowing the projection residual dynamics to depend on the level of the interest- rate factors. Estimation shows that credit risk exhibits intricate dynamic interactions with the interest-rate factors.
UNIVERSAL DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY: A Treatment Strategy for Tuberculosis

Patient adherence to prescribed tuberculosis regimens must be assured to prevent relapse, acquired resistance, and transmission. Directly observed therapy (DOT), an outpatient management strategy designed to ensure adherence, is not widely used because it is perceived to be inordinately expensive. The primary focus of this article is on using universal, as opposed to selective, DOT in the treatment of tuberculosis patients. Universal DOT is a policy where it is intended that observed therapy be used for all patients. Selective DOT is a policy where patients are observed taking medications only if certain selection criteria are satisfied. Topics addressed include cost, efficacy, nonadherence, and implementation guidelines.
Text Type and Reader Ability: The Effects on Paraphrase and Text-Based Inference Questions.

This study investigated good and poor readers' ability to answer text-based inference and paraphrase questions after reading two narrative stories and two expository passages. Subjects were selected that differed only on reading comprehension, not decoding accuracy or language comprehension, and were asked text-based informational and logical inference questions which were classified according to the Warren, Nicholas, and Trabasso (1979) inference taxonomy. Subjects were also asked questions that paraphrased the verbatim information in the text. Dependent measures were researcher-designed questions and reading times for each text. Results indicate that (a) logical textbased inference questions were significantly more difficult to answer than either informational inference questions or paraphrase questions, but only after reading narrative stories; (b) paraphrase questions were as difficult to answer as informational inference questions on both types of text; (c) expository passages were significantly more difficult for the children to understand than narrative stories; (d) good readers answered significantly more textbased inference questions and paraphrase questions than poor readers on both types of text; and (e) good readers read the texts faster than poor readers. At the heart of the comprehension process is readers' propensity to make inferences. Researchers have investigated the inferential processes of children and adults (Carr, Dewitz, & Patberg, 1983; Goetz, 1977; Hildyard & Olson, 1978; Johnson, Bransford, & Solomon, 1973; Paris & Lindauer, 1976). These
The Alabama Science in Motion Program

DURING the past 30 years, many educators, especially those in secondary science, have become frustrated with traditional teaching methods. Too often, science becomes rote and pedantic; the vitality of scientific inquiry is difficult to incorporate into the formal classroom. To rectify this situation, current educational theory, as reflected in The National Science Education Standards, emphasizes hands-on, inquiry-based learning, typically in a laboratory environment. Unfortunately, lab exercises often require more teacher preparation and classroom resources than more traditional methods. Many schools do not have the resources necessary to support hands-on, inquiry-based learning in the science laboratory. The purpose of this article is to describe the Alabama Science in Motion Program (hereafter abbreviated ASIM), a statewide outreach program supporting science education. The mission of the program is to provide hands-on lab exercises to high school classrooms. ASIM provides equipment, training and expertise. In addition, ASIM delivers lab exercises directly to the schools and works closely with teachers in their own classrooms.
Camelina ( Camelina sativa )

Abstract Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, a member of the Brassicaceae family, has gained tremendous attention as a reemerging oil seed crop. Camelina has many positive attributes that make it unique among oil seed crops, which is the primary reason it has generated much excitement. One of the key issues is that Camelina is adaptable to many different environmental conditions and the only true limitation is heavy clay soils and organic soils. Although seed yields and oil content are highly variable based on environment, it has outperformed rapeseed in trials under identical drought conditions. This combined with the relatively low inputs required makes Camelina an ideal crop for use on less productive lands and in areas without sufficient rainfall to support other crops. When produced under these circumstances, Camelina would not be displacing crops used for food production and positively addresses the food for fuel debate that often plagues the use of crop oils for fuel production. Further, Camelina provides a high value meal with sufficient residual lipid content (5–10%) that has a protein profile similar to soy meal. This makes Camelina meal an ideal meal to add to rations for poultry and other livestock.
The persistence of misinformation.

In this issue of the Journal , Granter and colleagues1 share the findings of an investigation as to when and where an erroneous attribution began many years ago. They then discuss a number of reasons as to why the persistence of misinformation has occurred over the subsequent decades. This investigation is important: it is too easy for misinformation to persist and spread in the scientific and medical literature, but few authors have undertaken any analysis of why this occurs. Understanding why a phenomenon occurs is a necessary first step in preventing or minimizing the chances of it happening in the future. Other obvious issues concern the impact of persistent misinformation and, if it does continue to happen, what can be done to detect and correct it. Perpetuation of misinformation may be innocuous or be of only historical interest but can have an important negative impact. Most important, incorrect attribution of previous findings diminishes the integrity of investigation and scholarship. Perpetuation of inaccurate, incomplete, or erroneous findings creates further error, which in an era of digital information can spread quickly. Perpetuation of practices (medical or research) based on flawed or false data creates waste and generates cost and effort of little or no value. Not surprisingly, persistence of misinformation lends itself to dogma: rigorous application of scholarship and data analysis both lead to better understanding and something closer to the truth. In contrast, dogma is usually based on partial understanding or misunderstanding. Or as Charles …
Early Post-Mortem Metabolism and Muscle Shortening in the Pectoralis major Muscle of Broiler Chickens

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sodium pentobarbital (SP), iodoacetate (IO), tubocurarine (TC), and surgical denervation (DN) on early rigor development in broiler breast muscle. In Experiment 1, birds were either anesthetized or not with SP before receiving an injection of IO or TC or maintained as noninjected controls. Experiment 2 was identical except that a treatment of denervation of the breast muscle was added. Experiment 3 was conducted to contrast birds at 1 day (DN1) and 3 days (DN3) denervation prior to slaughter to nonoperated controls. Measurements of muscle lactate, ATP, R value (ratio of inosine to adenine nucleotides), pH, sarcomere lengths, and shear were used to evaluate treatment effects. Results for Experiment 1 showed no significant differences among treatment and control groups for ATP and lactate contents, R values, or sarcomere lengths; however, significantly lower pH and higher shear values were observed for control birds. In Experiment 2, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups for ATP, R values, or sarcomere lengths. However, lactate and shear values were significantly lower, and pH higher, for the DN and SP treated birds. Experiment 3 resulted in lower lactate and higher pH values for the DN3 treatment in comparison with both DN1 and control groups. Results of these studies indicate that the use of SP and DN can be used to alter the early profiles of rigor development.
The Petrarchan Context of Spenser’s Amoretti

Spenser's Amoretti have never been properly appreciated, because they have been judged by the norms they have sought to criticize, the norms of Renaissance Petrarchism. A critique of Petrarchan love, the Amoretti turn away from that system's restless egotism toward the world of marriage, which Spenser presents as a sacred harbor of rest. This is not an absolutely original turn, since Petrarch himself, founder of the conventions of Petrarchan love, also sought to escape his own love situation. He does so, in the Canzoniere, by turning toward Heaven and by turning Laura into an agent of transcendence, like Dante's Beatrice. The turn the Amoretti make is parallel to the turn made by the Canzoniere, though in Spenser marriage replaces death as the means of obtaining sacred rest. Spenser's exaltation of marriage is indebted to Protestant teaching, though the Amoretti is where this new conception of marriage first enters love poetry.
New Guidelines and Standards for Rubella Antibody Testing From NCCLS and CAP

The performance of tests for detection of antibodies to rubella has come under scrutiny from governmental agencies and professional organizations. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards addressed the important technical issues in rubella testing by releasing three guidelines dealing with (1) specimen handling and use of rubella tests in the clinical laboratory, (2) performance criteria for rubella reagent sets, and (3) recommendations for preparation of a rubella IgM antibody reference material. The College of American Pathologists has responded by preparing three IgG rubella reference preparations for use by manufacturers and clinical laboratories. These guidelines and standards are important additions to laboratory medicine.
In vitro absorption of dietary trans-resveratrol from boiled and roasted peanuts in Caco-2 cells.

Previous studies on the transport and absorption of resveratrol (3,5,4-O-trihydroxystilbene) were done using the pure compound. In this study, the absorption of resveratrol in digested peanut micellar from boiled and roasted peanuts was investigated using a human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer. The amount transported and rate of transport of both resveratrol glycosides and its hydrolytic product were quantified by a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection. Four peaks were identified in the digested peanut micellar of both boiled and roasted peanuts: two resveratrol glycosides, one resveratrol diglycoside, and possibly an acylated resveratrol glycoside. Resveratrol from roasted peanut micellar had a higher transport rate than those from the boiled peanut. This implies that resveratrol from roasted peanut is better absorbed than from boiled peanut. Also, the rate of transport and amount of resveratrol transported were higher for the hydrolytic product ...
An Experimental Investigation on the Wake Interference of Multiple Wind Turbines in Atmospheric Boundary Layer Winds

In this study, an investigation was carried out in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind tunnel to investigate the wake interferences of multiple wind turbines sited over a flat terrain in order to elucidate the underlying physics to optimize the design of wind turbines layout in wind farm for higher power yield and better durability. Firstly, the effects of the turbine spacing and the wind farm layout on the wake interferences were investigated among multiple wind turbines sited over a flat terrain. The characteristics of the surface winds (both mean velocity and turbulence profiles) were quantified to elucidate the interaction between atmospheric boundary layer and wind farms. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the dynamic wind loads as well as the power outputs of the wind turbine models in both aligned and staggered wind farms. In addition, the effects of different characteristics of the incoming atmospheric boundary layer on the performance of the individual wind turbines and on the array efficiency of different wind farm layouts were also investigated. The results obtained from the present study shed light on how complex aerodynamics and efficiency of different wind farms could be affected by different factors such as the wind farm configuration, turbine spacing, as well as incoming flow turbulence level.
Preliminary study on evaluating adrenal function in nephrotic syndrome patients by low-dose rapid ACTH_(1-39) stimulation tes

Objective Recently, a lot of papers have been published in abroad which recommended low-dose rapid ACTH1-24 stimulation test instead of large-dose ACTH1-24stimulation test when evaluating adrenocortical insufficiency. There was no similar research report in China. This study used ACTH1-39to replace ACTH1-24 for performing low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test. A self control design was also used to compare the results of low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test with conventional 2-hour ACTH stimulation test. Methods Two kinds of ACTH stimulation tests were performed in 18 patients with nephritic syndrome on alternate days. On day 1, low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test was performed. 1 U ACTH was injected as an intravenous bolus after collection of a sample at 0 min. Another sample was drawn at 25 min for cortisol measurement. On day 3, conventional 2-hour ACTH stimulation test was performed. 25 U ACTH was injected as an intravenous drip for 2 hours after collection of a sample at 0 min. The other sample was attained at 2 hour for cortisol measurement. ACTH1-24 was replaced by ACTH1-39 in both low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test and conventional 2-hour ACTH stimulation test. Student's test and Kappa analysis were used for statistical analysis.Results The results of two kinds of tests were completely equal in 10 cases who took prednisone daily or prior treatment. 8 cases took prednisone every other day, 5 cases of them showed the same results in the two tests. Only 3 cases showed different results in the two tests, who took prednisone more than 1 mg·kg-1 every other day. The low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test revealed a diminished adrenocortical reserve, while the traditional 2-hour ACTH stimulation test was normal. Kappa analysis of paired results showed good concordance. Conclusions ACTH1-39 could substitute ACTH1-24 to perform low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test. The two kinds of ACTH stimulation tests had good correlation. Compared with the traditional 2-hour ACTH stimulation test,the low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test was more convenient and could be performed in out-patient clinic. So the low-dose rapid ACTH stimulation test may replace the conventional 2-hour ACTH stimulation test for evaluating adrenocortical function.
41 ASSOCIATION OF CD4 COUNTS WITH TETANUS ANTIBODY TITERS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS

Background Approximately 90% of the US population has protective levels of anti-tetanus-antibody (ATA). Elderly individuals demonstrate lower protective levels of ATA compared with the general population; decreased immune system function has been postulated. It is unknown if human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is also associated with non-protective ATA. Objective Determine if there is an association between CD4 counts and ATA in HIV-infected patients. Methods A convenience sample of outpatients from 2 HIV specialty clinics was recruited from May 2000 until July 2004. ATA was measured by ELISA, and a level greater than 0.15 IU is considered protective. CD4 counts were measured by flow cytometry within 60 days of ATA testing. The lowest CD4 count documented in the clinic record was also documented (nadir CD4). For analysis, a CD4 count of Results 262 subjects were included with a mean age of 43 years (range 20 to 67 years). A total of 227/262 (87%) had protective ATA. The CD4 count for patients with protective ATA was 459 cells/μL compared to 353 cells/μL for nonprotective ATA (p = 0.055). When the nadir CD4 count was analyzed, patients with protective ATA had 208 cells/μL and nonprotective had 128 cells/μL (p = 0.006). Those with nadir CD4 counts Discussion HIV-infected individuals have generally similar protection to tetanus as the general US population. However, among HIV patients, a history of lower CD4 counts is more often associated with non-protective tetanus titers. This suggests that in some patients the memory for this antigen is lost, particularly when CD4 counts drop below 100 cells/μL. Conclusion Clinicians must be aware that HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts may be at greater risk for non-protective ATA. Support received from North Shore-LIJ Research Institute, GCRC, Grant # M01 RR018535.
The Role of Capecitabine/Temozolomide in Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Background Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are commonly treated with multimodality therapy. The combination of capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM) has been suggested as a treatment option for patients with metastatic NETs. We present our experience with CAPTEM. Methods Data on NET patients who were placed on CAPTEM and received at least one cycle were obtained from a Velos eResearch database. Response rate was calculated by RECIST 1.1. Overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier survival method. Results A total of 29 patients (17 male and 12 female) were included. Median age at CAPTEM initiation was 58 years (range: 26-77). Primary tumors included 9 small bowel (31%), 15 pancreas (52%), 3 lung (10%), and 2 rectum (7%). Median number of CAPTEM cycles was 8 (range: 1-55). Partial response occurred in 5 patients (5 of 29, 17%); 14 patients (14 of 29, 48%) had stable disease, and 10 patients (10 of 29, 34%) had progressive disease. A total of 3 (20%) and 5 (33%) pancreatic NETs experienced partial response and stable disease, respectively. A total of 2 (14%) and 9 (64%) nonpancreatic NETs experienced partial response and stable disease, respectively. Partial response was noted in 1 patient (13%) and stable disease in 5 patients (63%) with Ki-67 values of less than 2%. In patients with Ki-67 values of 2%-20%, partial response was noted in 3 (19%) and stable disease in 8 (50%). Partial response and stable disease were noted in 1 patient each (20%) with Ki-67 values greater than 20%. Median PFS was 12 months. Adverse reactions caused dose reductions in 24% of patients. Conclusion Although adverse reactions were experienced, most patients tolerated this regimen. CAPTEM should be considered as a reasonable treatment option for metastatic NET patients. Implications for practice The role of chemotherapy in neuroendocrine tumors has evolved in recent years. The results of this study suggest that the combination of capecitabine and temozolomide provides an adequate treatment option and may prolong survival in patients with a wide variety of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Although prospective data are needed, this research adds to the abundance of retrospective experience with this combination that appears to show that capecitabine and temozolomide could potentially be an option for patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors who have progressed on standard treatment.
The intelligence of fear

AbstractIntelligence agencies long have brought unwelcome news to civilian political and military masters – and sometimes suffered severely for it. Even in Western democracies, insecurities and outright fear produce behavioral responses by individuals and defensive institutional reactions that distort normal intelligence activities and affect the overall performance of intelligence agencies. Causes of fear include: political leaders, overseers, agency managers, and the security elements of their organizations. This article highlights the importance of institutional factors, especially organizational cultures and incentives, on the activities and overall performance of intelligence agencies and suggests that motivated biases, caused by personal and organizational self-interest and fears, are more significant causes of intelligence failures than are commonly believed.
Comparison of accommodative and nonaccommodative targets for the assessment of ocular deviations.

(1976). Comparison of Accommodative and Nonaccommodative Targets for the Assessment of Ocular Deviations. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 83-86.
I am because we are: Combined race and gender political consciousness among african american women and men anti-rape activists

Abstract African American women and men antirape activists evidenced a combined race and gender political consciousness when their reasons for participating in an antirape protest ad were analyzed for content. Both women and men activists stressed “the need to speak out” about rape and “the need to support Black women” in their responses. However, the activists qualified their answers in gender-specific ways. Women's qualifications emphasized their vulnerability to rape. Men's qualifications emphasized the need to hold rapists accountable. Together, activists' responses conveyed how the problem of rape compromises African American solidarity. Moreover, their responses exemplified the African-derived communal concept “I am because we are; and since we are, therefore I am” in both pro-Black and pro-feminist ways.
Thermal contact resistance across a linear heterojunction within a hybrid graphene/hexagonal boron nitride sheet

Interfacial thermal conductance plays a vital role in defining the thermal properties of nanostructured materials in which heat transfer is predominantly phonon mediated. In this work, the thermal contact resistance (R) of a linear heterojunction within a hybrid graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) sheet is characterized using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. The effects of system dimension, heat flux direction, temperature and tensile strain on the predicted R values are investigated. The spatiotemporal evolution of thermal energies from the graphene to the h-BN sheet reveals that the main energy carrier in graphene is the flexural phonon (ZA) mode, which also has the most energy transmissions across the interface. The calculated R decreases monotonically from 5.2 × 10−10 to 2.2 × 10−10 K m2 W−1 with system lengths ranging from 20 to 100 nm. For a 40 nm length hybrid system, the calculated R decreases by 42% from 4.1 × 10−10 to 2.4 × 10−10 K m2 W−1 when the system temperature increases from 200 K to 600 K. The study of the strain effect shows that the thermal contact resistance R between h-BN and graphene sheets increases with the tensile strain. Detailed phonon density of states (PDOS) is computed to understand the thermal resistance results.