cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Some College Men Wanted to Know about Marriage and the Family

EVERAL years ago one of my students in a men's small college in the East, asked me why I did not give a course on the family. He had just completed a year's work in sociology in which the family had been treated in its historic aspects as illustrating a phase of social evolution or social change. When he submitted a proposed topical outline of the kind of course he had in mind, with suggested readings even to chapters and pages, it soon became apparent that I had stopped where his real interest began. He had limited the historical background of the family to the first of seven major parts into which his suggested course would be divided. I politely thanked him for his suggestions and promptly filed the outline but not before he had planted a thought that kept recurring. At first I excused my inertia by saying that the literature in the field was too scanty and what there was of it was 'too thin" but, as a wealth of material began to appear, first in this quarter and then in that, from competent men and women in my own field of special interest, much of it written where the real interest of my former student lay, I began to ask myself the question, "Why not?" Certainly if college education is the capstone of our educational system, it should not be satisfied to send its graduates out into life without at least attempting to help illuminate the greatest of all adventures,-matrimony,-with its possibilities of bliss or misery for the individual, not to mention its tremendous significance for the weal or woe of society. Herbert Spencer observed many years ago, that to study the curricula of the vast majority of educational institutions of England, one would think they were rearing a nation of celibates. The same observation is applicable to present day America. Certainly if education is preparation for life, it can not rest content to concentrate on either education for work, or leisure, as though either were experienced by hermits and not by beings essentially social by nature, and bound by ties of human relations of which the closest and most significant for human happiness or misery are the bonds of family life. My final answer to the question, "Why not?" was the offering of a course on the family, meeting three hours a week this past semester. Whether this course accomplished its purposes or not, others must say. Of the fact that the teacher learned as much as the taught, I am sure. As this particular teacher had four sons of his own, two of whom were in their late teens, he could enter into the group dis-
Phylogenetic Characterization of Marine Benthic Archaea in Organic-Poor Sediments of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean (ODP Site 1225)

Sequencing surveys of microbial communities in marine subsurface sediments have focused on organic-rich, continental margins; the database for organic-lean deep-sea sediments from mid-ocean regions is underdeveloped. The archaeal community in subsurface sediments of ODP Site 1225 in the eastern equatorial Pacific (3760 m water depth; 1.1 and 7.8 m sediment depth) was analyzed by PCR, cloning and sequencing, and by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes. Three uncultured archaeal lineages with different depth distributions were found: Marine Group I (MG-I) within the Thaumarchaeota, its sister lineage Marine Benthic Group A (MBG-A), the phylum-level archaeal lineage Marine Benthic Group B (also known as Deep-Sea Archaeal Group or Lokiarchaeota), and the Deep-Sea Euryarchaeotal Group 3. The MG-I phylotypes included representatives of sediment clusters that are distinct from the pelagic members of this phylum. On the scale from fully oxidized, extremely organic carbon-depleted sediments (for example, those the South Pacific Gyre) to fully reduced, organic carbon-rich marine subsurface sediments (such as those of the Peru Margin), Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1225 falls into the non-extreme organic carbon-lean category, and harbors archaeal communities from both ends of the spectrum.
Scaphoid and Lunate Dislocation with Complete Soft-Tissue Avulsion: A Case Report.

Case: We describe an intercarpal dislocation with proximal and rotatory displacement of the lunate and with volar and radial dislocation of the scaphoid; both bones were stripped of soft tissue. Treatment involved ORIF (open reduction and internal fixation). Three years postoperatively, the patient had a DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score of 10, equivalent grip strength and 50% wrist palmar flexion and 98% wrist dorsiflexion compared with the uninjured side, and radiographic evidence of posttraumatic arthritis. Conclusion: Treatment of simultaneous divergent lunate and scaphoid dislocation with loss of nearly all soft-tissue attachments and vascular supply by means of ORIF and repair of soft-tissue structures can result in a favorable intermediate-term functional outcome and may be superior to other salvage procedures such as proximal row carpectomy.
Eddy Memory Mode of Multidecadal Variability in Residual-Mean Ocean Circulations with Application to the Beaufort Gyre

Mesoscale eddies shape the Beaufort Gyre response to Ekman pumping, but their transient dynamics are poorly understood. Climate models commonly use the Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization, taking the eddy streamfunction Ψ* to be proportional to an isopycnal slope s and an eddy diffusivity K. This local-in-time parameterization leads to exponential equilibration of currents. Here, an idealized, eddy-resolving Beaufort Gyre model is used to demonstrate that Ψ* carries a finite memory of past ocean states, violating a key GM assumption. As a consequence, an equilibrating gyre follows a spiral sink trajectory implying the existence of a damped mode of variability—the eddy memory (EM) mode. The EM mode manifests during the spinup as a 15% overshoot in isopycnal slope (2000 km3 freshwater content overshoot) and cannot be explained by the GM parameterization. An improved parameterization is developed, such that Ψ* is proportional to an effective isopycnal slope s*, carrying a finite memory γof past slopes. Introducing eddy memory explains the model results and brings to light an oscillation with a period 2π√T_Eγ ≈ 50 yr, where the eddy diffusion time scale T_E ~ 10 yr and γ ≈ 6 yr are diagnosed from the eddy-resolving model. The EM mode increases the Ekman-driven gyre variance by γ/T_E ≈ 50% ± 15%, a fraction that stays relatively constant despite both time scales decreasing with increased mean forcing. This study suggests that the EM mode is a general property of rotating turbulent flows and highlights the need for better observational constraints on transient eddy field characteristics.
Comparative genomic analyses of transport proteins encoded within the red algae Chondrus crispus, Galdieria sulphuraria, and Cyanidioschyzon merolae11

Galdieria sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon merolae are thermo-acidophilic unicellular red algal cousins capable of living in volcanic environments, although the former can additionally thrive in the presence of toxic heavy metals. Bioinformatic analyses of transport systems were carried out on their genomes, as well as that of the mesophilic multicellular red alga Chondrus crispus (Irish moss). We identified transport proteins related to the metabolic capabilities, physiological properties, and environmental adaptations of these organisms. Of note is the vast array of transporters encoded in G. sulphuraria capable of importing a variety of carbon sources, particularly sugars and amino acids, while C. merolae and C. crispus have relatively few such proteins. Chondrus crispus may prefer short chain acids to sugars and amino acids. In addition, the number of encoded proteins pertaining to heavy metal ion transport is highest in G. sulphuraria and lowest in C. crispus. All three organisms preferentially utilize secondary carriers over primary active transporters, suggesting that their primary source of energy derives from electron flow rather than substrate-level phosphorylation. Surprisingly, the percentage of inorganic ion transporters encoded in C. merolae more closely resembles that of C. crispus than G. sulphuraria, but only C. crispus appears to signal via voltage-gated cation channels and possess a Na+ /K+ -ATPase and a Na+ exporting pyrophosphatase. The results presented in this report further our understanding of the metabolic potential and toxic compound resistances of these three organisms.
Socially assistive robotics: Human augmentation versus automation

Intelligent, interactive systems provide assistance by facilitating social interactions rather than by automating physical tasks.
Maybe Aesop Was Right, the Tortoise Does Win: A Natural History of the Slow Reading Movement

In the past decade, there has been a growing recognition that society’s emphasis on speed and efficiency came with some costs: a loss of the ability to appreciate activities and understand their meanings. Recently, this meta-movement has made its way into the literature on literacy, causing the author to embark on an investigation into the veracity of the claims that slow reading might also mean better reading. A natural history approach was adopted for the analysis to evaluate whether there was evolutionary justification for the movement, leading to the review of relevant work in the fields of ethology, psychology, cognitive neuroscience, anthropology, sociology, linguistics, and literacy. The findings reveal an evolutionary push toward both speed and understanding, two aims that eventually come to be at odds in expert readers. It is the conclusion of the author that, from an evolutionary perspective, there may be justification for the start of a slow reading movement, but that it must be paired with practices that develop the capacity to read fast.
Radiation dose reduction in the invasive cardiovascular laboratory: implementing a culture and philosophy of radiation safety.

Objectives This paper investigates the effects of sustained practice and x-ray system technical changes on the radiation dose administered to adult patients during invasive cardiovascular procedures. Background It is desirable to reduce radiation dose associated with medical imaging to minimize the risk of adverse radiation effects to both patients and staff. Several clinical practice and technical changes to elevate radiation awareness and reduce patient radiation dose were implemented under the guidance of a cardiovascular invasive labs radiation safety committee. Practice changes included: intraprocedure radiation dose announcements; reporting of procedures for which the air-kerma exceeded 6,000 mGy, including procedure air-kerma in the clinical report; and establishing compulsory radiation safety training for fellows. Technical changes included establishing standard x-ray imaging protocols, increased use of x-ray beam spectral filters, reducing the detector target dose for fluoroscopy and acquisition imaging, and reducing the fluoroscopy frame rate to 7.5 s−1. Methods Patient- and procedure-specific cumulative skin dose was calculated from air-kerma values and evaluated retrospectively over a period of 3 years. Data were categorized to include all procedures, percutaneous coronary interventions, coronary angiography, noncardiac vascular angiography and interventions, and interventions to treat structural heart disease. Statistical analysis was based on a comparison of the cumulative skin dose for procedures performed during the first and last quarters of the 3-year study period. Results A total of 18,115 procedures were performed by 27 staff cardiologists and 65 fellows-in-training. Considering all procedures, the mean cumulative skin dose decreased from 969 to 568 mGy (40% reduction) over 3 years. Conclusions This work demonstrates that a philosophy of radiation safety, implemented through a collection of sustained practice and x-ray system changes, can result in a significant decrease in the radiation dose administered to patients during invasive cardiovascular procedures.
“History Issues” and Zhou Enlai

Chapter 8 reviews the “history issues” between China and Japan, investigates how the way Zhou dealt with the war reparations toward Japan led to the Yasukuni Shrine issue, and contemplates how Chinese President Xi Jinping and Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzō should learn from Zhou’s understanding of Yasukuni Shrine.
Delegation Without Commitment: Soft Authority, Red Flags and the Reputational Motivations of Civil Servants

We model claim resolution and reputation-building by an agent who cannot be fired and whose wages cannot be changed. The agent decides the merits of a claim for relief or allocation of government benefits. On appeal, the appellate body observes a partial picture of the claim. Despite a lack of commitment power, the appellate body grants "soft authority." Many, but not all, resolutions are affirmed. Other resolutions raise red flags and are reversed with positive probability. The agent cares about his reputation because it determines his ongoing soft authority. The model identifies the claim properties that render it an effective vehicle for learning about the agent. It explains many common features of government claim resolution like high affirmance rates; uncertain review standards; and a desire to look for "manifest" error, rather than just error by the agent. The model applies to any judicial and bureaucratic settings where claims are resolved.
Low-dose cyclosporine did not improve symptoms in Crohn disease

Source Citation Feagan BG, McDonald JW, Rochon J, et al. Low-dose cyclosporine for the treatment of Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 30;330:1846-51.
Using the concrete representational abstract (CRA) instructional framework for mathematics with students with emotional and behavioral disorders

ABSTRACTMr. Buxton is a perplexed elementary mathematics teacher. He co-teaches a second-grade classroom, with Ms. Snyder. In their classroom they have 25 students; five are identified as academically at risk, and three receive special education services. In the past Mr. Buxton successfully used an instructional approach consisting of (a) modeling, (b) guided practice, (c) independent practice, and (d) formative assessment. Currently, students are struggling to subtract two- and three-digit numbers requiring regrouping. The co-teacher, Ms. Snyder, suggests that the students need more visuals and concrete examples during instruction.Mrs. Zampelli teaches third grade in a general education classroom. She has support from the special education teacher and a paraeducator who provide consultation and instructional coaching. Of the 18 students in her class, nine have Individual Education Programs. The special education teacher, Mr. Ortiz, provides great suggestions to make learning “hands-on.” However, the conc...
High-Quality Al-Rich AlGaN Alloys

A review is given of the synthesis and characterization of high Al-content AlGaN thin films, including optical properties, bandgap bowing, exciton localization, and n- and p-type doping. A summary of energy levels for various acceptors in AlN is also given.
Imaging-based predictors of permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Background Cardiac conduction abnormalities requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation are major complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We aimed to investigate whether the relationship between prosthetic valve size and cardiac-gated computed tomography (CT)-based aortic root complex measurements can aid in recognizing patients at risk for PPM implantation post-TAVR. Methods We included 83 of 114 consecutive patients who underwent TAVR with the Edwards Sapien valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irving, CA, USA) at our institution. We excluded patients with preexisting PPM, patients who required conversion to an open surgical procedure, and patients without CT data. We assessed the significance of various potential predictors of PPM placement post-TAVR. Results Following TAVR, eight patients (9.6%) required PPM. Prosthetic valve to sinus of Valsalva (SOV) index was significantly higher in those patients requiring a PPM post-TAVR (84.1 ± 9.3 vs 76.8 ± 7.1, P = 0.009). Conclusions The prosthetic valve size to diameter of SOV index was identified as a novel predictor of PPM implantation after TAVR.
Occlusion of bilateral dorsal penile arteries resulting in glans necrosis in an obese male truck driver.

Abstract Ischemic penile gangrene is an uncommon urologic condition associated with significant morbidity. Etiology of the disease is due to vasculogenic ischemia of the penile tissue. Presented are a series of images from a case of a 51-year-old morbidly obese male truck driver with idiopathic ischemic penile gangrene. The patient was evaluated with penile angiography and treated with urinary diversion via suprapubic catheter placement and serial debridement of the necrotic tissue.
Physiological Patterning and Emotion

The purpose of this chapter is to review some of our recent research on the psychophysiology of emotion from a systems perspective and to consider some of its implications for the self-regulation of emotion. We will emphasize the general concepts of response patterning and emergent property. The basic premise underlying this chapter is that the term emotion is used to refer to a complex pattern (combination) of psychobiological processes, where no single process (or part) equals the whole emotion. Rather, in systems terms (Miller, 1978), emotion emerges out of the unique interaction of the parts that comprise the entire response complex. In systems terms, therefore, the whole is “greater” than the sum of its parts, yet is dependent on the interaction of its parts for its unique properties. It follows that the self-regulation of emotion, if it is to be complete, requires that multiple processes be regulated in an integrated and organized fashion. Regulating a part of the emotion complex should only partially mimic the complete emotional response and experience.
The use of Coherence Spectra to Determine Common Synaptic Inputs to Motoneurone Pools of the Cat During Fictive Locomotion

Our understanding of the organisation of the central commands directed to motoneurone pools during motor activity in mammals has been limited by the difficulty of determining the identity of segmental neurones that carry those commands to motoneurones. In rhythmic activities like locomotion, those commands are transmitted by interneuronal elements of spinal central pattern generators (CPG: Grillner, 1981; Gelfand, Orlovsky & Shik., 1988), whose identity and organisation remain to be determined. The present work was undertaken to investigate the organisation of the CPG for locomotion by determining which motoneurone pools receive a common synaptic input during locomotion, as indicated by patterns of synchronisation. Previous work suggests that synaptic inputs that are common to motoneurones are capable of producing a synchronised discharge of those motoneurones (Sears & Stagg, 1976; Kirkwood & Sears, 1978). The use of correlation methods in the time domain has demonstrated synchronisation between motoneurones in various forms of motor activity (Kirkwood, Sears, Tuck & Westgaard, 1982; Datta & Stephens, 1990).
Decision-Making Framework for Management of Dredged Material Disposal

Navigable waterways of the United States have played a vital role in the nation’s economic growth through the years. The US Army Corps of Engineers (CE), in fulfilling its mission to maintain, improve, and extend these waterways, is responsible for the dredging and disposal of large volumes of sediment each year. Dredging is a process by which sediments are removed from the bottom of streams, rivers, lakes, and coastal waters; transported via ship, barge, or pipeline; and discharged to land or water. Annual quantities of dredged material average about 290 million m3 in maintenance dredging operations and about 78 million m3 in new, work-dredging operations with the total annual cost now exceeding $250 million.
Curricular Innovations for Teaching Undergraduate Nursing Students Care of Older Adults.

Background By 2030, 1 in 5 persons will be 65 years or older. To address the health care needs of the burgeoning elderly population, nursing faculty need to use curricular models that are poised to deliver age-appropriate nursing care to the specialized needs of the older adult population. Problem The lack of geriatric clinical experiences and clinical faculty who do not have expertise in geriatric nursing assessment create barriers to guide students in learning about care of older adults. Approach A new curricular approach to educate prelicensure nursing students about caring for older adults was created, which used 6 types of learning assignments during a 7-week clinical practicum. Students were exposed to interactive learning assignments based on competencies involving interviewing, performance-based assessment, clinical decision making, and problem-based learning. Outcome Prelicensure nursing students (n = 124) rated the interactive, performance-based functional evaluation assignment highest for perceived understanding and as the best type of learning experience.
Program for Simulating Gel Electrophoresis of Enzyme-Digested Proteins

A new program, ECEP2D, for simulating the one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) patterns of the gel electrophoresis of a protein after it has been digested by one or more enzymes is introduced. With ECEP2D, students can gain deeper insights into gel electrophoresis by performing hands-on simulations. For example, students can visualize how 2D gel electrophoresis can improve resolution over 1D by comparing them side-by-side. Students can watch how different enzymes cut a protein into different fragments, giving rise to different gel patterns; some patterns are less congested than the others. Students can recognize how enzyme digestion can enhance gel electrophoresis to distinguish proteins. For students not having the chance to take biochemistry laboratories, ECEP2D provides a useful simulated learning environment. Instructors can also complement wet-lab experiments with simulations by ECEP2D to introduce more concepts with fewer laboratory hours. ECEP2D is available for free at http://www.umsl.edu...
Real-World Impact of Minimally Invasive Versus Open Radical Cystectomy on Perioperative Outcomes and Spending.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the minimally invasive approach on spending and perioperative outcomes for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. In a randomized control trial conducted at high-volume centers, robotic, and open cystectomy were shown to have similar outcomes. However, because the majority of cystectomies are performed in low-volume centers, it is unknown whether these findings are broadly generalizable. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified Medicare patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer between 2008 and 2015. We examined the length of stay, readmission rate, and 90-day spending after minimally invasive or open cystectomy. We used multiple regressions to estimate the association between minimally invasive surgery and the outcomes, accounting for patient, hospital, and surgeon factors that may influence these outcomes. RESULTS Of 4760 patients, 693 (14.6%) underwent minimally invasive cystectomy and 4067 (85.4%) had an open approach. Minimally invasive cystectomy was associated with shorter length of stay (10.1 days vs 11.9 days, P <.001), but no difference in readmission rate (27.4% vs 26.8%, P = .77). Minimally invasive cystectomy was associated with lower adjusted 90-day episode spending ($34,369 vs $38,071, P <.001). CONCLUSION In patients across diverse institutions in the United States, minimally invasive cystectomy was associated with a shorter length of stay than open cystectomy and reduced 90-day episode spending, but with no significant difference in readmission rate.
Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma represents approximately 4% of childhood (0–14 years old) malignancies and 15% of adolescent (15–19 years old) malignancies [1]. Bimodal incidence peaks in adolescent and adult age ranges [2]. The Reed-Sternberg cell, CD15+/CD30+, is a key histologic feature in classic subtypes (nodular sclerosing, lymphocyte-rich, lymphocyte-depleted, and mixed cellular) but not nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL). Association with Epstein-Barr virus is highly variable (~30 to 40% in immunocompetent pediatric classical Hodgkin lymphoma, 80% + in immunocompromised patients) [3]. The radiation dose range in major North American trials has been 19.8–25.5 Gy in 1.5–1.8 Gy daily fractions, however, higher doses of 30 Gy are being employed among patients with imcomplete response following chemotherapy and in relapse studies.
Connectivity enhancing coordinated tracking control of multi-agent systems with a state-dependent jointly-connected dynamic interaction topology

We revisit the problem of virtual leader tracking by a group of agents of second order dynamics when only a portion of the agents are informed of the information of the virtual leader, under a state-dependent interaction topology. By proposing a simpler controller structure, we obtain results on coordinated tracking control under a jointly connected topology, both in the presence and in the absence of the virtual leader velocity information. The simplification in control protocols also enables us to arrive at our second contribution on connectivity enhancing coordinated control. In comparison with the existing connectivity preserving control algorithms, our proposed connectivity enhancing mechanism is effective in maintaining both the initially existent topology edges and those newly formed topology edges that were not initially existent. Besides, our proposed algorithms are designed in such a way that the local Lipschitz condition is satisfied and thus technical issues on solution uniqueness of the closed-loop system are avoided. Our proposed technique applies to both consensus tracking and flocking.
The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Nationality in Sport: Media Representation of the Ogwumike Sisters:

The diversity of Black America in general, and how it pertains to gender in particular, remains understudied in analyses of sports media. To get a better understanding of the Black female athlete i...
Prevalence and Correlates of Diabetes Prevention Program Referral and Participation.

Introduction As the burden of type 2 diabetes rises, there is increasing focus on improving the reach of evidence-based lifestyle interventions. Using nationally representative data, this study identifies how frequently at-risk adults are being referred to and participating in diabetes prevention programming, and explores correlates of referral, participation, and interest. Methods Data from the 2016 National Health Interview Survey, a cross-sectional survey of U.S. households, were analyzed in 2017. The study population consisted of adults (aged ≥18 years) without a self-reported diabetes diagnosis, who were likely eligible for diabetes prevention programming based on (1) self-reported diagnosis of prediabetes or gestational diabetes, and (2) meeting BMI criteria. Prevalence of self-reported referral and participation was determined, and sociodemographic correlates of referral, participation, and interest were characterized through multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results The study population consisted of 2,341 adults. The majority were female (63%), white (74.6%), non-Hispanic (83.4%), and aged ≥45 years (68.2%). A total of 4.2% reported ever being referred to a 12-month prevention program and only 2.4% reported ever participating. In multivariable logistic regression, race was correlated with referral (black and Asian adults more likely to report referral) and age was positively correlated with participation. More than 25% of adults who were never referred or participated reported an interest in engaging in programming. Conclusions Although more than one quarter of adults likely eligible for diabetes prevention programming express interest in participating, few are being referred and fewer still have participated. This underscores the need for efforts to enhance program referral and access.
Predicting Long-Term Mortality, Morbidity, and Survival Outcomes Following a Cardiac Event: A Cardiac Rehabilitation Study:

Background:Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has been shown to decrease mortality and morbidity but estimations vary. While there is significant literature supporting short-term benefits, there is not a ...
Radiologic changes in the aging nasal cavity.

Background With an aging population, it is important to understand age-related anatomic changes in the nasal cavity and cribriform plate (CP) that may have clinical implications. Methodology Computed tomography (CT) scans obtained for non-rhinologic conditions were divided into a young cohort (N=35, 18-34 years old) and an older adult cohort (N=32, 80-99 years old). Intranasal airspace volumes and bony anatomy of the CP were manually segmented using OsiriX software. The CP was assessed for mean Hounsfield Units (HU) and percentage of olfactory foramina. Deformation based morphometry (DBM) was then performed on the same cohort and correlated with manual measurements. Results Individual nasal cavity volumes increased 17-75% with age. Regression analysis of all scans revealed age to be the predominant variable influencing intranasal volume differences when controlling for sex and head size. Mean HU of the CP negatively correlated with age. No age-related differences in bone stenosis of olfactory foramina were identified. Automated DBM measurements of intranasal volumes, as well as CP and zygoma mean HU correlated with manual measurements. Conclusion Older subjects have a global increase in intranasal volumes and diffuse bone density loss in the CP. The clinical impact of age-related anatomic changes in the nasal cavity and CP requires further investigation.
(177) Opioid and Cannabis Co-Use among Adults with Chronic Pain: Relations to Substance Misuse, Mental Health, and Pain Experience

Opioid misuse, particularly among those with chronic pain, constitutes a significant public health problem and is associated with a host of negative outcomes. Despite efforts to curb this increasing epidemic, opioids remain the most widely prescribed class of medications. Prescription opioids are often used to treat chronic pain despite the risks associated with use, and chronic pain remains an important factor in understanding this epidemic. Cannabis is another substance that has recently garnered attention in the chronic pain literature, as increasing numbers of individuals use cannabis to manage chronic pain. Given these substances are often used to treat pain, little work has examined the impact of opioid and cannabis co-use. In general, the co-use of substances is associated with poorer outcomes than single substance use, and this relationship may extend to opioid and cannabis co-use for chronic pain. Therefore, the current study examined the use of opioids alone, compared to opioid and cannabis co-use, among adults (n=450) with chronic pain on mental health, pain, and substance use outcomes. ANCOVA analyses were conducted to examine group differences. Results suggest that, compared to opioid use alone, opioid and cannabis co-use was associated with elevated anxiety (p
Management of Esophageal Peptic Stricture

Esophageal peptic stricture is a manifestation of long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease. It usually involves the distal esophagus and results from chronic exposure of the lower esophagus to the acidic gastric fluid. Dysphagia is the most common presenting symptom. Gastric acid suppression with mechanical dilation (bougienage) or balloon dilation is the mainstay of therapy. Both forms of dilation are highly effective in treating the stricture and resolving the dysphagia. Recalcitrant strictures can be treated by intramucosal steroid injection or esophageal stent placement.
A machine in the barrio: Chicago’s conservative colonia and the remaking of Latino politics in the 1960s and 1970s

The rise of the Latino population in Chicago during the 1960s and 1970s appeared to coincide with the inevitable breakdown of an aging political machine hobbled under the weight of the urban crisis...
Augmenting Neural Nets with Symbolic Synthesis: Applications to Few-Shot Learning

We propose symbolic learning as extensions to standard inductive learning models such as neural nets as a means to solve few shot learning problems. We device a class of visual discrimination puzzles that calls for recognizing objects and object relationships as well learning higher-level concepts from very few images. We propose a two-phase learning framework that combines models learned from large data sets using neural nets and symbolic first-order logic formulas learned from a few shot learning instance. We develop first-order logic synthesis techniques for discriminating images by using symbolic search and logic constraint solvers. By augmenting neural nets with them, we develop and evaluate a tool that can solve few shot visual discrimination puzzles with interpretable concepts.
Secure state estimation and control for cyber security of AC microgirds

A timely, accurate, and secure dynamic state estimation is needed for reliable monitoring and efficient control of microgrids. The synchrophasor technology enables us to obtain synchronized measurements in real-time and to develop dynamic state estimators for real-time monitoring and control of microgrids. In this study, we consider an AC microgrid comprising several synchronous generators and inverter-interface power supplies, and focus on securely estimating the dynamic states of the microgrid from a set of corrupted data. We propose a dynamic state estimator which enables the microgrid operator to reconstruct the dynamic states of the microgrid from a set of corrupted data. Finally, we consider an AC microgrid with the same topology as the IEEE 33-bus distribution system, and numerically show that the proposed secure estimation algorithm can accurately reconstruct the attack signals.
The Hematopathology and Diagnostic Challenges of Rare Lymphomas

Appropriate therapy for lymphomas of all types depends on accurate and timely diagnosis. However, challenges faced in rare lymphoma classification underscore the need for continued clinical and biologic investigation and a careful interdisciplinary approach to patient care. This chapter introduces the complexity and nuance involved in the diagnosis of lymphoma. There will be a particular emphasis on uncommon lymphoma subtypes and diagnostic pitfalls.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation

The use of neuromodulatory devices for the treatment of neurological disorders provides a non-invasive and non-pharmacologic therapeutic approach for patients. Recent years have seen a significant increase in the development and assessment of the efficacy of these devices to treat primary headache and facial pain disorders. Non-invasive stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve afferent projection is one such approach whose development is very much advanced, having undergone several clinical trials to assess its efficacy in the treatment of both migraine and cluster headache. There have also been a series of preclinical studies to provide a translational validation of its clinical efficacy, and also as a way to understand the potential mechanism of therapeutic action involved. In this chapter, we will review the anatomy and physiology of the vagus nerve and provide clinical and preclinical evidence to support the medical use of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of primary headache and, potentially, facial pains, hypothesising likely mechanism of action.
“Acoustic-driven oscillators as cortical pacemaker”: a commentary on Meyer, Sun & Martin (2019)

This is a commentary on a review article by Meyer, Sun & Martin (2019), “Synchronous, but not entrained: exogenous and endogenous cortical rhythms of speech and language processing”, doi:10.1080/23...
Chapter 2 – Stem Cells

Stem cells are the building blocks of the embryo and they allow the phenomenal gain in size and complexity that accompanies early development. Stem cells are very much dependent on their environment to maintain the stem cell phenotype and easily begin to differentiate into adult cell types when removed from the stem cell niche. Stem cells have the property of plasticity that allows them to respond to different signals in different environments. Some types of stem cells are found in the adult, most often in tissues that constantly regenerate, such as blood and skin and intestinal epithelia. Other tissues that were, until recently, thought not to regenerate have been found to have small numbers of stem or progenitor cells that replace the functional cells slowly, such as bone, heart, and brain. The presence of at least some adult stem cells in all tissues suggests that we must understand their in vivo role and use them to facilitate better and complete tissue regeneration.
Optimized rectification of fiber orientation density function.

PURPOSE To demonstrate an optimized rectification strategy for fiber orientation density functions (fODFs). THEORY AND METHODS In white matter, fODFs can be estimated with diffusion MRI. However, because of signal noise, imaging artifacts and other factors, experimentally determined fODFs may take on unphysical negative values in some directions. Here, we show how to rectify such fODFs to eliminate all negative values while minimizing the mean square difference between the original and rectified fODFs. The method is demonstrated for a mathematical model and for fODFs estimated from experimental human data using both constrained spherical deconvolution and fiber ball imaging. Comparison with an alternative nonoptimized rectification approach is also provided. RESULTS For the mathematical model, it is found that the optimized rectification procedure removes negative fODF values while at the same time reducing the mean square error. Relative to the alternative rectification approach, the optimized fODFs are substantially more accurate. For the experimental data, the optimized fODFs have a lower average fractional anisotropy axonal and often fewer small peaks than the original, unrectified fODFs. The calculation of optimized fODFs is straightforward where the main step is the finding of the root to an equation in one variable, as may be efficiently accomplished with the bisection method. CONCLUSION Unphysical negative fODF values can be easily eliminated in a manner that minimizes the mean square difference between the original and rectified fODFs. Optimized fODF rectification may be useful in applications for which negative values are problematic.
Quantum Information for Particle Theorists.

Lectures given at the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI 2020), 1-26 June 2020. The topics covered include quantum circuits, entanglement, quantum teleportation, Bell inequalities, quantum entropy and decoherence, classical versus quantum measurement, the area law for entanglement entropy in quantum field theory, and simulating quantum field theory on a quantum computer. Along the way we confront the fundamental sloppiness of how we all learned (and some of us taught) quantum mechanics in college. Links to a Python notebook and Mathematica notebooks will allow the reader to reproduce and extend the calculations, as well as perform five experiments on a quantum simulator.
Dynamic Governance in Theory and Application, Part I

This article is the first of two that grapple with a central policy challenge facing the administrative state: how to govern in times of dynamic change, when challenges, and opportunities to address them, are both shifting rapidly. The article suggests that, conceptually, process design that is likely to produce effective regulatory governance requires attention to three key distinct but interrelated variables – the actors who are or should be involved in program implementation in different capacities, the mechanisms (legal and otherwise) available to promote good governance, and the tools available to advance desired results. To demonstrate the value of the conceptual framework that we introduce here, the article uses it to assess one agency’s ongoing experiment in transforming its approach to regulatory enforcement, the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It explores the reasons for EPA’s judgment that a dramatically altered regulatory landscape requires the agency to transform its enforcement strategies. It then analyzes what EPA has characterized as its new enforcement and compliance paradigm, which the agency calls Next Generation Compliance. The article demonstrates how use of our conceptual framework to systematically consider the roles of the relevant actors, mechanisms, and tools, individually and in combination with one another, helps to identify beneficial regulatory options that alternative frameworks like the one EPA has used in designing the Next Generation Compliance initiative may overlook. The companion article builds on this foundation by further documenting how our framework will help to promote more systematic regulatory design in situations in which policy makers believe that a transformation or a new paradigm is needed, such as the situation EPA faces in enforcing the environmental laws. Our analysis underscores the value of our three-pronged conceptual framework in areas that extend well beyond environmental regulation.
The same muscle synergies are used to control symmetric and asymmetric locomotion

The locomotor control system is organized hierarchically to reduce the computational complexity of task execution and latencies in the control pathways. Stereotypical locomotion with preferred stride characteristics may not require inputs from the descending pathways. Yet, cortical activity has been shown to be modulated during locomotion. We tested the idea that the same muscle synergies will be used in the coordination of walking on bilaterally placed pegs configured symmetrically with preferred stride length or asymmetrically requiring precise foot placement. Intramuscular electromyography (EMG) of the representative forelimb muscles was collected in rats and analyzed with two dimensionality reduction algorithms, principal component analysis (PCA) and nonnegative matrix factorization (NNMF). We found that five synergies explained over 95% of the variability in both symmetrical and asymmetrical task conditions. We used a similarity index to test if the same synergies are used across the conditions. High similarity indices for both the principal components and their eigen values supported the idea that the same synergies are used by spinal and supraspinal pathways.
Effects of a Novel Movement-to-Music (M2M) Intervention on Physical and Psychosocial Outcomes in People Poststroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Objective To investigate effects of a 12-week movement-to-music (M2M) intervention on physical and psychosocial outcomes in people poststroke. Design Two-arm randomized controlled trial. Setting A community-based fitness facility. Participants Participants (N=47) with stroke between 18 and 65 years old were randomized to M2M (n=23) or waitlist control (n=24). Interventions Participants in M2M completed three 60-minute exercise sessions per week for 12 weeks. Controls received biweekly educational newsletters via mail. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcomes included Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT, in meters), Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST, in seconds) and Timed Up and Go (TUG, in seconds). Secondary outcomes were self-reported measures using PROMIS Fatigue and Pain Interference Short Form 8a. Outcomes were collected at baseline and post-intervention. Analyses involved descriptive statistics and adjusted linear mixed models. Results Mixed models adjusted for the respective baseline values and demographic variables showed that M2M participants had longer 6MWT distance (LSM difference [95% CI]=14.5 [-12.9, 42.0]), more FTSST time (2.0 [-4.5, 8.5]), and less fatigue (-3.0 [-7.2, 1.2]) compared to control post-intervention. When controlling for baseline TUG and demographic variables, there were larger increase in 6MWT distance (37.9 [-22.7, 98.6]), lower FTSST time (-6.1 [-18.5, 6.2]), and decrease in fatigue (-6.5 [-13.1, 0.2]) in M2M compared to controls. Moderate effect sizes were observed for improving 6MWT (d=0.6), FTSST (d=-0.6), and fatigue (d=-0.6). There was no group difference in change in TUG time and pain interference, with trivial effect sizes (d=-0.1). Conclusion Movement-to-music may be a valuable exercise form for adults with stroke. Future studies are needed to determine optimal exercise doses for improving health and function in this population.
Bioactivation by S-adenosylation, S-methylation, or N-methylation.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the activation of xenobiotic methionine analogs by S-adenosylation and the activation of xenobiotic sulfur- and nitrogencontaining molecules by methylation. AdoMet is second only to ATP in the number of different group-transfer reactions in which it acts as a group donor. AdoMet is best known as a methyl donor and among the types of molecules that act as methyl acceptors in a variety of species, including higher animals, are DNA, RNA, proteins lipids, amino acids, catecholamines, various other nitrogen compounds, and sulfur and seleniumcompounds. AdoMet is also a group donor during polyamine biosynthesis. It is first decarboxylated to form dcAdoMet, which donates one aminopropyl group to putrescine to form spermidine. Spermidine then accepts a second aminopropyl group from dcAdoMet to form spermine. The enzymatic biosynthesis of AdoMet is of interest because of the importance of the product and because of the unique nature of the reaction. AdoMet synthesis is one of only two known adenosylation reactions utilizing ATP, the other being the biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin.
A Role for Law in Preparing for Death

This Article discusses the limits of how end of life law can address threats to patient autonomy. The reluctance of physicians, patients and family to discuss end of life matters and to confront the certainty of death, together with a culture that actively denies the aging process itself, interferes with a patient’s ability to exercise choice as death approaches. Thus, patients often suffer needlessly from the continuation of treatments and life-supportive measures that they would choose to decline if better informed about their choices and the importance of choosing. Advance directives, as a legal mechanism, often fail fully to protect a patient’s choices; however, they have inherent value in that they encourage patients to confront the dying process and to have meaningful conversations with their physicians, attorneys, and relatives. The Author concludes that, although advance directives often have minimal impact on decision making at the end of life, they should still be used to direct a patient’s attention to exercising his or her choice over how to die and how to enhance remaining life.
Hands-On Laboratory Exercises for an Undergraduate Hydrogeology Course

The interdisciplinary nature of hydrogeology may create some difficulties for students, even at the introductory level, as they struggle to understand the interconnection between topics in geology, physics, chemistry, and, mathematics. Because hydrogeology includes field, experimental, and theoretical (mathematical modeling) activities, teaching hydrogeology presents unique challenges and requires an innovative approach. This paper describes hydrogeology laboratory exercises that undergraduate students could use to (1) obtain hands-on, practical experience of field data acquisition using appropriate instrumentation and (2) experience the ground-water investigation process from field data collection to data analysis (by hand or by computational methods) and final interpretation. Through the field, experimental, and computational exercises, students become familiar with water sampling, water-level mapping, aquifer-testing techniques and data analysis, stream gauging, flow-net construction, data visualizatio...