cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing storage and memory systems for energy and performance

Electrical energy is an essential resource for the modern world. Unfortunately, its price has almost doubled in the last decade. Furthermore, energy production is also currently one of the primary sources of pollution. These concerns are becoming more important in data-centers. As more computational power is required to serve hundreds of millions of users, bigger data-centers are becoming necessary. This results in higher electrical energy consumption. Of all the energy used in data-centers, including power distribution units, lights, and cooling, computer hardware consumes as much as 80%. Consequently, there is opportunity to make data-centers more energy efficient by designing systems with lower energy footprint. Consuming less energy is critical not only in data-centers. It is also important in mobile devices where battery-based energy is a scarce resource. Reducing the energy consumption of these devices will allow them to last longer and re-charge less frequently. Saving energy in computer systems is a challenging problem. Improving a system's energy efficiency usually comes at the cost of compromises in other areas such as performance or reliability. In the case of secondary storage, for example, spinning-down the disks to save energy can incur high latencies if they are accessed while in this state. The challenge is to be able to increase the energy efficiency while keeping the system as reliable and responsive as before. This thesis tackles the problem of improving energy efficiency in existing systems while reducing the impact on performance. First, we propose a new technique to achieve fine grained energy proportionality in multi-disk systems; Second, we design and implement an energy-efficient cache system using flash memory that increases disk idleness to save energy; Finally, we identify and explore solutions for the page fetch-before-update problem in caching systems that can: (a) control better I/O traffic to secondary storage and (b) provide critical performance improvement for energy efficient systems.
Rings and things on upper extremity radiographs of emergency patients

Rings, intravenous lines, and other objects on the injured upper extremities of trauma patients are frequently overlooked by radiology and emergency department (ED) personnel. This can impair proper radiologic evaluation of the injured extremity as well as negatively affect the quality of the patient's treatment. A 1-week sample of radiographs of injured upper extremities from the ED of University Medical Center (UMC), Tucson, Arizona, showed that 20% of the studies (19 of 95) contained at least one object on the injured upper extremity, but only one radiology report (1.1%) mentioned such an object. A review of 2489 upper extremity ED radiology reports from January to June 2002 showed only 47 reports (1.9%) that mentioned the presence of an overlying object. It is important to educate radiology department and ED personnel to remove upper extremity jewelry and place necessary medical devices on noninjured extremities.
Search for the molecular basis of morphological variation in Mycobacterium avium

Isolates of Mycobacterium avium exhibit three different colonial variations: smooth domed (SmD), smooth transparent (SmT), and rough (Rg). Because the discrimination between morphotypes is founded on morphological rather than molecular principles and because of the absence of consensus over the relevance of morphology to pathogenesis and drug sensitivity, a comparative study at the protein level was undertaken. By direct immunization of BALB/c mice with the soluble sonicate of one of the morphotypes of M. avium serovar 2, eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were identified, of which one was M. avium specific. Cross immunization of syngeneic mice with serum-absorbed antigens allowed the generation of 15 further MAbs; 11 were M. avium or M. avium complex specific, but none of them was morphotype specific. Subcellular fractions analyzed by electrophoresis showed similar profiles, with the exception of a cytosolic protein with a relative molecular mass of ca. 66 kDa (protein SmT 66), which was most highly expressed in SmT variants of M. avium serotypes 2 and 4. Because a well-known, ubiquitous stress-heat shock protein (hsp65) has a similar molecular mass, protein SmT 66 was compared with hsp65. Western blot (immunoblot) analyses using several cross-reacting MAbs and N-terminal amino acid sequencing established that this protein was not the ubiquitous stress protein. Thus, SmT 66 is the first product to be described which might be associated with the SmT morphotype.
Regulation of glucose homeostasis through a XBP-1–FoxO1 interaction

To date, the only known role of the spliced form of X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1s) in metabolic processes has been its ability to act as a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes that increase the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) folding capacity, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. Here we show that XBP-1s interacts with the Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor and directs it toward proteasome-mediated degradation. Given this new insight, we tested modest hepatic overexpression of XBP-1s in vivo in mouse models of insulin deficiency or insulin resistance and found it improved serum glucose concentrations, even without improving insulin signaling or ER folding capacity. The notion that XBP-1s can act independently of its role in the ER stress response is further supported by our finding that in the severely insulin resistant ob/ob mouse strain a DNA-binding-defective mutant of XBP-1s, which does not have the ability to increase ER folding capacity, is still capable of reducing serum glucose concentrations and increasing glucose tolerance. Our results thus provide the first evidence to our knowledge that XBP-1s, through its interaction with FoxO1, can bypass hepatic insulin resistance independent of its effects on ER folding capacity, suggesting a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Empiricism, mechanism, and the practice of cognitive-behavior therapy

The thesis of this article is that a case formulation-driven approach to clinical work that relies on a case formulation and a hypothesis-testing approach to each case facilitates the use, in clinical settings, of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) that were developed in research settings. The two touchstones of a case formulation-driven approach to cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) are, as the title of the article indicates, mechanism and empiricism . In a formulation-driven approach, the therapist relies on hypotheses about the mechanisms causing, maintaining, and promoting change in problem behaviors. The therapist also adopts an empirical approach to each case that includes hypothesis-testing and repeated data collection to evaluate the process and progress of treatment. This article describes the main features of a case formulation-driven approach to CBT, shows how it addresses many of the obstacles that impede practitioners from using empirically supported protocols in their daily clinical work, examines its intellectual origins and some data supporting its effectiveness, and concludes with a discussion of implications of the method for future developments in the field.
Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of EMT in cancer: inhibition of the metastasis-inducer Snail and induction of the metastasis-suppressor RKIP.

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cancer has been controversial and is based on the levels of NO and the responsiveness of the tumor type. It remains unclear whether NO can inhibit the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. EMT induction is mediated, in part, by the constitutive activation of the metastasis-inducer transcription factor, Snail and EMT can be inhibited by the metastasis-suppressors Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and E-cadherin. Snail is transcriptionally regulated by NFκB and in turn, Snail represses RKIP transcription. Hence, we hypothesized that high levels of NO, that inhibit NFκB activity, may also inhibit Snail, induce RKIP and leading to inhibition of EMT. We show that treatment of human prostate metastatic cell lines with the NO donor, DETANONOate, inhibits EMT and reverses both the mesenchymal phenotype and the cell invasive properties. Further, treatment with DETANONOate inhibits Snail expression and DNA-binding activity in parallel with the upregulation of RKIP and E-cadherin protein levels. The pivotal roles of Snail inhibition and RKIP induction in DETANONOate-mediated inhibition of EMT were corroborated by both Snail silencing by siRNA and by ectopic expression of RKIP. The in vitro findings were validated in vivo in mice bearing PC-3 xenografts treated with DETANONOate. The present findings show, for the first time, the novel role of high, yet, subtoxic concentrations of NO in the inhibition of EMT. Thus, NO donors may exert therapeutic activities in the reversal of EMT and metastasis.
Fatigue delamination growth under cyclic compression in glass/epoxy composite beam/plates

Results are reported on the fatigue growth of internal delaminations in glass/ epoxy composite beam/plates subjected to constant amplitude cyclic compression. Because of compressive loading, these structures undergo repeated buckling/ unloading of the delaminated layer with a resulting reduction of the interlayer resistance. A noteworthy feature of the problem is that the state of stress near the delamination tip is of mixed mode (I and II). The present combined experimental/ analytical investigation for the glass/epoxy composites complements our earlier studies on delamination growth under cyclic compression in unidirectional graphite/epoxy specimens. Several configurations are studied with the delamination located at different depths (through the thickness) and with different applied maximum compressive displacements. The experimental data are correlated with the predictions from a combined delamination buckling/postbuckling and fracture mechanics model. A mode-dependent fatigue delamination growth law is used together with an initial postbuckling solution for the deformation pattern of the delaminated layer and the substrate, which does not impose any restrictive assumptions on the delamination thickness and plate length. The experimental data seem to be adequately correlated with the theory and the fatigue delamination growth is found again to be strongly affected by the relative location of the delamination through the plate thickness. Finally, a comparison of the cyclic growth rate in glass/epoxy specimens with the corresponding one in graphite/epoxy specimens of the same geometry and applied loading shows that the delamination would grow much faster in the graphite/epoxy specimens.
Comparative metabolism and disposition of ethoxyquin in rat and mouse. II. Metabolism.

1. The major pathways of ethoxyquin (EQ) metabolism in both the rat and mouse are O-deethylation and conjugation to endogenous substrates.2. The two major EQ-derived metabolites excreted in rat urine were in the form of sulphate conjugates, 1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline sulphate, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3,6-dihydroxy-4-methylene-2,2-dimethylquinoline sulphate. The latter apparently arises from an intramolecular rearrangement of the 3,4-epoxide of ethoxyquin.3. Mouse urine contained one major glucuronide, 1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline glucuronide as well as one major sulphate conjugate, 1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline sulphate.4. EQ-derived radioactivity was excreted in rat bile, mainly as GSH conjugates, with little unchanged EQ present. Two of the biliary metabolites are glutathione conjugates of ethoxyquin 3,4-epoxide; the third appears to be a conjugate of either ethoxyquin 7,8-epoxide or 2,2,4-trimethylquinol-6-one.
Adaptive sampling using mobile sensor networks

This paper presents an adaptive sparse sampling approach and the corresponding real-time scalar field reconstruction method using mobile sensor networks. Traditionally, the sampling methods collect measurements without considering possible distributions of target signals. A feedback driven algorithm is discussed in this paper, where new measurements are determined based on the analysis of existing observations. The information amount of each potential measurement is evaluated under a sparse domain based on compressive sensing framework given all existing information shared among networked mobile sensors, and the most informative one is selected. The efficiency of this information-driven method falls into the information maximization for each individual measurement. The simulation results show the efficacy and efficiency of this approach, where a scalar field is recovered.
Polarized Apical Targeting Directed by the Signal/Anchor Region of Simian Virus 5 Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase

To examine the possibility of independent cytoplasmic/transmembrane domain-based apical sorting, we have investigated paramyxovirus SV5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), a type II membrane protein with a small N-terminal signal/anchor region. In SV5-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, >90% of HN is found on the apical surface. We have expressed chimeric proteins in which the N terminus of HN, including its signal/anchor region, is attached to a (normally cytosolic) reporter pyruvate kinase (PK). PK itself expressed immediately downstream from a cleavable signal peptide was converted to a 58-kDa N-linked glycosylated form, which was secreted predominantly (80%) to the basolateral surface of MDCK cells. By contrast, stably expressed PK chimeras, now anchored as type II membrane proteins with either the first 48 or 72 amino acids of HN, received similar N-linked glycosylation, yet exhibited polarized transport with a preferentially (75%) apical distribution. These results suggest that the N-terminal signal/anchor region of HN contains independent sorting information for apical specific targeting in MDCK cells.
Influence of Short-Term Oral Hydralazine Therapy on Exercise Hemodynamics in Patients with Severe Chronic Heart Failure

Abstract Changes in left ventricular performance were evaluated in 14 patients with functional New York Heart Association class III or IV chronic heart failure before and after the addition of oral hydralazine to conventional therapy. With conventional therapy, cardiac output increased from 3.4 ± 0.8 (mean ± 1 standard deviation) at rest to 4.7 ±1.4 liters/min during exercise. This increase in cardiac output on exercise during conventional therapy was mainly due to an increase in heart rate. After the addition of hydralazine, cardiac output at rest increased to 5.0 ± 1.4 liters/min. The increase in cardiac output was essentially due to an increase in stroke volume. This enhanced stroke volume after hydralazine therapy was maintained during exercise. Hydralazine therapy did not change either the left ventricular filling pressure at rest or the magnitude of increase in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise. Nevertheless, increased cardiac output and stroke volume with similar changes in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise indicated improved left ventricular performance after hydralazine therapy. After short-term hydralazine therapy, symptom-limited peak exercise work load, duration of exercise and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise did not increase. Clinical follow-up at 2 months after long-term therapy revealed subjective improvement in exercise tolerance in 13 of the 14 patients.
Do we need to crossmatch blood for transurethral prostatectomy

Abstract Elective transurethral prostatectomy cases do not need a routine order for typing and crossmatching blood. Data from the literature and from personal experience in the blood bank of a 580-bed hospital are presented to support this conclusion.
On the vibrational spectra and structural parameters of hydrazine and some methyl substituted hydrazines

Abstract The Raman and infrared spectra of hydrazine, N2H4, and the deuteroisotopomer, N2D4, are compared to the predicted spectra from ab initio MP2(full)/6-31G(d) calculations with three scaling factors. Additionally, r0 structural parameters have been obtained by combining MP2(full)/6-311 + G(d,p) predicted values with previously determined rotational constants. Similar studies have also been initiated for three methyl substituted hydrazines, i.e. methylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (CH3NHNHCH3), and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine ((CH3)2NNH2). The results are discussed and compared to the corresponding values for some similar amines.
A temperature controlled cell for in situ infrared spectroelectrochemical measurements and its use in the study of CO isothermal desorption

Abstract An infrared spectroelectrochemical cell capable of operation at temperatures between ambient and 70°C is described. The cell is based on a conventional design with temperature sensing and heating functions built into the working electrode. The cell was applied to study the isothermal desorption of carbon monoxide from a polycrystalline platinum electrode. The measurements indicate CO desorption can be activated by the solvent. In acetonitrile containing 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAF), the lifetime of a CO adlayer decreased progressively from about 6 h to less than 2 h when CO desorption was monitored at constant temperatures in the range 25–45°C and potentials between 0.0-0.2 V (vs. a Ag ∣ AgCl ∣ KCl (sat) reference electrode). In contrast, CO was stable on platinum electrodes in 0.1 M HClO 4 at temperatures between ambient and 40°C, as long as the electrode was maintained at double layer potentials. In acetonitrile solutions, the addition of chloride, oxygen or one of several organic impurities had little effect on the CO desorption behavior.
Management of Complications of Forearm Fractures

Forearm fractures may be complicated by the disruption of the distal radioulnar, proximal radioulnar, or radiocapitellar joints. The key principles in treating this unique subset of fractures include early recognition and management of the injury and restoration and maintenance of the anatomic alignment. This articles addresses radial diaphyseal fractures with distal radioulnar joint disruption, proximal ulnar fractures with radiocapitellar disruption, and disruption of the forearm longitudinal axis and how to properly recognize and manage these forearm fracture-dislocations.
Motion repulsion arises from stimulus statistics when analyzed with a clustering algorithm

Motion repulsion is the perceived enlargement of the angle between the directions of motion of two transparently moving patterns. An explanation of this illusion has long been sought for in the neural circuitry of the brain. We show that motion repulsion already arises from the statistical properties of the motion transparency problem when analyzed with a clustering algorithm.
Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of Skewed-Passage and Glass-Ceramic Heat-Transfer Surfaces

Experimental results for convective heat-transfer and flow-friction characteristics of three skewed-passage and four glass-ceramic compact heat-exchanger surfaces are presented which should be of practical use, particularly in the design of gas-turbine regenerators. The heat-transfer data were obtained by the transient technique.
The effects of attention-directing training on recognition memory task performance of three-year-old children

Abstract Thirty-eight 3-year-old children served as subjects in an investigation of recognition memory in which schematic faces differing only in the orientation of the eyes were employed as stimuli. A pretest was administered to all children, after which the two experimental groups received training in either attention to the distinctive feature of the training stimuli (also schematic faces) by means of a matching task, or in labeling the faces according to how they looked (sleepy, happy, sad, mad) and in using the labels to perform a matching task. After the training session all children were given a posttest on recognition memory of the faces. The verbally trained group obtained significantly higher scores on the posttest than either the feature or control groups. These results indicate that although the children were able to discriminate the faces, evidenced in their ease of performance on the training tasks, they were not able to use this knowledge unless given training in attaching labels to the stimuli, which enabled them to store the information for later use. Results are discussed in light of Gibson's (1969) theory of the developmental interrelations of cognitive processes.
Sensitive quantitative analysis of disulfide bonds in polypeptides and proteins

A sensitive quantitative method has been developed to determine the number of disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins. The disulfide bonds of several peptides and proteins were cleaved quantitatively by excess sodium sulfite at pH 9.5 and room temperature. Guanidine thiocyanate (2 M) was added to the protein solutions in order to denature them and thereby make the disulfide bonds accessible. The reaction with sulfite leads to a thiosulfonate and a free sulfhydryl group; the concentration of the latter was determined by reaction with disodium 2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoate (NTSB) in the presence of excess sodium sulfite. The synthesis, purification, and characterization of NTSB are described. The assay is rapid, requiring 3-5 min for oligopeptides and 20 min for proteins, and is as sensitive and quantitative as the sulfhydryl group assay employing 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman's reagent). It can be used for the analysis of as little as 10(8) mol of disulfide bonds, with an error of +/- 3%.
A social relationship conceptualization of trust and accountability in organizations

Abstract In this paper, we explore the integration of trust and accountability, and in so doing, we employ the accountability role theory model proposed by Frink and Klimoski [Toward a theory of accountability in organizations and human resources management. In Ferris, G. R. (Ed.) Research in personnel and human resources management, vol. 16 (pp. 1–51). Stamford, CT: JAI Press]. While these two constructs have been increasingly recognized as having a ubiquitous and important impact on behavior in organizations, some interdependencies between these constructs exist. Utilizing the accountability role theory framework, trust and accountability are explored in an effort to better articulate the process dynamics underlying their integration. We argue that a more informed understanding of the role of these variables and, thus, a more informed understanding of organizational behavior might be derived from developing a combined model of their influence in organizations. The relation of trust, accountability, and organizational influence behaviors of political skill and impression management are discussed to show how this combined role theory model can be effectively used. Implications of this conceptualization of trust and accountability and directions for future research are considered.
Tire Radius Determination and Pressure Loss Detection Using GPS and Vehicle Stability Control Sensors

Abstract In this work a method of using GPS and vehicle safety sensors to detect faults in a commercial vehicle are presented. In this case, the fault being detected is a loss of tire pressure. The method uses GPS to detect tire pressure changes and is based on the hypothesis that the effective tire radius varies according to tire pressure. The algorithm, which uses GPS and wheel speed signals to estimate the effective radius of the tires, is discussed and validated in simulation and experiment. The algorithm is based on Kalman filter theory and operates on the assumption that there is no wheel slip, which is valid for the un-driven wheels when the vehicle is not braking. Experiments are given to show how the radius estimate varies according to tire pressure, and a simple pressure loss detection law is presented. Experiments are also shown which illustrate how pressure loss in the driven wheels can be detected even when the no slip assumption is violated.
Climate change and isoprene emissions from vegetation

Abstract A global model was developed for estimating spatial and temporal patterns in the emission of isoprene from vegetation under the current climate. Results were then used to evaluate potential emissions under doubled-CO2 climate scenarios. Current emissions were estimated on the basis of vegetation type, foliar biomass (derived from the satellite-generated Global Vegetation Index), and global databases for air temperature and photoperiod. The model had a monthly time step and the spatial resolution was 0.5 degrees latitude and longitude. Emissions under patterns of precipitation and temperature projected for a doubling of atmospheric CO2 were estimated based on predicted changes in the areal extent of different vegetation types, each having a specific rate of annual isoprene emissions. The global total for current emissions was 285 Tg. The calculated isoprene emissions under a doubled-CO2 climate were about 25 % higher than current emissions due mainly to the expansion of tropical humid forests which had the highest annual emission rates. An increase in isoprene emissions would be likely to increase atmospheric concentrations of ozone and methane, which are important greenhouse gases, and thus act as a positive feedback to global warming. Detailed treatment of this question, however, will require incorporation of these emission surfaces into global atmospheric chemistry models.
Numerical Study of a Long-Lived, Isolated Wake Vortex in Ground Effect

This paper examines a case observed during the 1990 Idaho Falls Test program, in which a wake vortex having an unusually long lifetime was observed while in ground effect. A numerical simulation is performed with a Large Eddy Simulation model to understand the response of the environment in affecting this event. In the simulation, it was found that one of the vortices decayed quickly, with the remaining vortex persisting beyond the time-bound of typical vortex lifetimes. This unusual behavior was found to be related to the first and second vertical derivatives of the ambient crosswind.
Critical current behavior in Josephson junctions with the weak ferromagnet PdNi

When a superconducting (S) metal is placed in contact with a normal (N) metal, the properties of both metals are modified near the S/N interface. The resulting superconducting proximity effect was widely studied in the 1960’s, 1 and again in the 1990’s. 2,3 When the normal metal is replaced by a ferromagnetic (F) metal, the resulting physics is extremely rich, due to the very different order parameters in the two metals. There has been sustained interest in S/F systems over at least the past decade. 4,5 Many new phenomena have been observed, including but not limited to: oscillations in the critical temperature of S/F bilayers as a function of F layer thickness, 6 variations in the critical temperature of F/S/F trilayers as a function of the relative magnetization direction of the two F layers, 7 and oscillations in the critical current of S/F/S Josephson junctions. 8 The oscillatory behaviors are a direct result of the exchange splitting of the spin-up and spin-down bands in the ferromagnet, which produce a momentum shift between the up- and down-spin electrons of a Cooper pair that “leaks” from S into F. 9 In the clean limit, the spatial period of the oscillations is governed by the exchange length, ξF = ~vF /2Eex, where vF and Eex are the Fermi velocity and exchange energy of the F material, respectively. Unlike the S/N proximity effect, which extends to distances of order 1 �m at sufficiently low temperature, the novel phenomena associated with the S/F proximity effect persist only over very short distances – limited either by ξF, by the mean free path, le, or by their geometric mean, the dirty-limit exchange length ξ � F =
Role of winged helix transcription factor (WIN) in the regulation of Sertoli cell differentiated functions: WIN acts as an early event gene for follicle-stimulating hormone.

Members of the winged helix transcription factor family are known to regulate epithelial cell differentiation by regulating cell-specific gene expression. rWIN is a newly discovered member of the winged helix family shown to be present in the adult rat testis. In the testis the human homolog of rWIN, HFH-11, was localized to the germ cells (i.e. spermatocytes and spermatids) undergoing spermatogenesis. In the present study we show that rWIN is also expressed in testicular Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells are the epithelial component of the seminiferous tubule and provide both the cytoarchitectural support and the microenvironment for developing germ cells. The presence of rWIN in Sertoli cells was confirmed by Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis. The rWIN transcript size in the Sertoli cells was different from the germ cell transcript that is probably due to alternative splicing or modifications of the 3'-untranslated region. At least two spliced variants of rWIN were observed in the Sertoli cells corresponding to the deletion of an exon in the DNA-binding region. Long term stimulation of cultured Sertoli cells with the gonadotropin FSH down-regulated rWIN expression. In contrast, short-term stimulation (2 h) transiently up-regulated rWIN expression. The FSH-induced transient stimulation of rWIN precedes expression of the transferrin gene that is a marker of Sertoli cell differentiation. FSH-induced transferrin promoter activity was inhibited when cultured Sertoli cells were treated with an antisense oligonucleotide to rWIN. Interestingly, the constitutive overexpression of the DNA-binding domain of rWIN also down-regulated transferrin promoter activity. Analysis of the transferrin promoter with various deletion mutations suggested that rWIN acts at an upstream gene of the transferrin promoter. The results indicate that a transient up-regulation of rWIN in part mediates the ability of FSH to activate the transferrin promoter, which can be inhibited with a rWIN antisense oligonucleotide or constitutive expression of the rWIN DNA-binding domain. The current study demonstrates that rWIN acts as an early event gene for FSH actions on Sertoli cells and that rWIN appears to have a role in the regulation of Sertoli cell differentiated functions.
Crack detection in concrete using real-time ESPI technology

Based on laser optics, speckle interferometry is sensitive to very small changes in displacement or deformation. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) combines optics and electronics together to provide full-field observation and analysis with accuracy and sensitivity in a sub-micron range. As a state-of-the-art non-destructive testing/evaluation technology (NDT/NDE), electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) was successfully used to detect very small cracks in concrete. The fast image processing made it possible to conduct real-time testing on concrete structures. The laboratory experiments have also shown that it is possible to bring the ESPI technology to field applications, such as NDE of aging airport pavements, bridges, and other aging infrastructure.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of Fluoromethyl Group Chirality Establishes a Common Stereochemical Course for the Enolpyruvyl Transfers Catalyzed by EPSP Synthase and UDP-GlcNAc Enolpyruvyl Transferase†

The stereochemistry of transient methyl group formation at C-3 of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the reaction catalyzed by 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase has been examined using the pseudosubstrates, (E)- and (Z)-3-fluorophosphoenolpyruvate (FPEP). Kinetically stable, chiral [1H, 2H]fluoromethyl analogs of the reaction tetrahedral intermediate were isolated and subjected to decomposition and stereochemical analysis. EPSP synthase was found to catalyze the 2-re face addition of solvent-derived hydrogen to C-3 of FPEP (corresponding to the 2-si face of PEP). Comparison of these data with prior analogous work on the MurA reaction [Kim, D.H., Lees, W.J., & Walsh, C. T. (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 6380-6381] suggests that the two enolpyruvyl transferases share a common stereochemical course, further strengthening the mechanistic, structural, and evolutionary relationship between the two enzymes.
The role of surveillance in monitoring reproductive health

3 methods for detecting environmental exposures that lead to adverse reproductive outcomes: observational epidemiology toxicology and surveillance. Of these 3 approaches observational epidemiology has been most productive in defining hazards. However this benefit must be weighed against the cost of resources used in evaluating possible hazards. For demonstrating a lack of association surveillance coupled with case-control studies has been most effective. For reproductive monitoring a carefully designed and instituted surveillance effort stands to provide the ability to systematically explore the association between the environment and reproduction. In the US the Birth Defects Monitoring Progam and the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program have demonstated that it is possible to measure the incidence of birth defects and determine trends. Since study samples are identified in the surveillance process epidemiologic studies can be performed on this data base at reduced costs. Surveillance can also generate hypotheses and help establish research priorities. A system that monitors early fetal loss might be a more sensitive indicator of reproductive risk than later events such as birth defects.
A model of bacterial DNA segregation based upon helical geometry.

A new mechanism to segregate daughter genomes in bacterial cells is suggested that is based upon the rules of geometry governing the helix clock ( Mendelson, 1982a ). The reorientation of cell surface string arrays used as a timing reference in the helix clock is capable of drawing apart the initial products of DNA replication. Physically linking the sister DNA replication origins to the ends of the initial cell surface string inserted into the cell surface at the start of a helix clock cycle, and linking the DNA terminus to a point along the length of the same string provides a means to mark the locations to which the genomes will segregate as well as the place where cell division will occur. The parallel packing of additional cell surface strings into an array which includes the string to which DNA is attached provides the necessary spatial rearrangements. The helical segregation model can account for the precise registration of cell divisions with the completion of replication forks in a multifork replication system, provides a basis for determining the relationship of sister cell sizes at division, and can also accommodate the asymmetrical divisions associated with minicell production and sporulation. Examination of the helical segregation theory under multifork DNA replication conditions moreover reveals that adjacent helical clocks are physically linked to one another although totally independent in terms of their progression through the clock cycle. A relationship between the initiation of DNA replication forks and the insertion of the first cell surface string associated with the start of a helix clock cycle is predicted by the model.
Lattice Resistance to Hydrolysis of Si−O−Si Bonds of Silicate Minerals: Ab Initio Calculations of a Single Water Attack onto the (001) and (111) β-Cristobalite Surfaces

Hydrolysis of Si−O−Si linkages of β-cristobalite by a single H2O molecule is studied within the cluster approach at the DFT (B3LYP) and MP2 levels of theory. The 6-31G(d) and 6-311G(d) basis sets are used. Cluster models, including from 6 up to 14 Si atoms, of the (001) and (111) surface planes are considered. These models are specially designed to take into account the steric constraints imposed by the solid matrix on the Si−O−Si linkages and their nearest surroundings. For comparison, the hydrolysis of the Si−O−Si bridge of the free (HO)3Si−O−Si(OH)3 molecule is also calculated. The computed activation energy of the reaction (ΔEa) for the (001) and (111) planes of β-cristobalite is larger by 5 and 16 kcal/mol, respectively, than for (HO)3Si−O−Si(OH)3 (17 kcal/mol). The higher energy barrier for the surface is due to the resistance of the lattice to the relaxation of the activated complex of the reaction. The difference in ΔEa between the (001) and (111) planes suggests that the larger the number of Si−O...
Update in lung transplantation 2008.

Studies in lung transplantation in 2008 extended many of the advances made during the previous year (1). A summary of trends in adult lung transplantation was provided by the Twenty-fifth Official Report from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) registry (2). The number of lung transplantations, which has steadily increased since the beginning of this decade, demonstrated stabilization near its peak. Some notable observations in the past year included a new high in both average donor and recipient age and a continuing increase in the proportion of bilateral lung transplantation. Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema (COPD) is still the major indication for lung transplantation, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) now accounts for 26% of pretransplant diagnoses. Benchmark survival rates were reported as 78% at 1 year, 63% at 3 years, 51% at 5 years, and 28% at 10 years. The survival half-life continues to be approximately 5 years, and no significant change was noted in the reported half-life of 7.3 years among 1-year survivors.
Histopathology of nail diseases.

The difficulties encountered in attempting to delineate the accurate diagnosis in nail dyscrasias are well known. Where the glabrous skin is involved in a cu- taneous syndrome, the nail condition is assumed to be part of the same disorder. Practically all textbook descriptions are based on this assumption except in fungous infections where the fungi may be found on microscopic examination or where a positive culture has been obtained. Naturally, local causes as contacts, growths and injuries, as well as congenital defects present clinical aberrations.
Mixed-Morphology Supernova Remnants

While shell-like, Crab-like, and composite supernova remnants (SNRs) represent well-defined classes, there is another group of SNRs with different X-ray and radio morphologies: shell-like in the radio and centrally filled in the X-ray (with little or no limb brightening). We present the results of a systematic X-ray study of 19 such remnants, using ROSAT and ASCA data. We show that they have physical and environmental properties distinct from the other categories, and we propose that they form a unique class that we term "mixed-morphology" supernova remnants. We found two prominent distinctions of this new class: their dominant X-ray emission mechanism is thermal despite their X-ray morphological similarity to Crab-like SNRs, and their emission arises primarily from swept-up interstellar material, not ejecta. The temperature across each remnant is nearly uniform, and the density and pressure are constant or increase toward the remnant center, contrary to the standard Sedov model. Most of these remnants are interacting with molecular or H I clouds, as indicated in some cases by strong infrared line emission or OH masers. The population represents at least 8% of all Galactic SNRs and as much as 25% of all X-ray-detected Galactic SNRs. This suggests that supernovae often explode in an environment that is conducive to the formation of a mixed-morphology remnant. The two most likely mechanisms for forming these remnants—evaporation of many small interior clouds and interior "fossil radiation" evolved in a denser than normal medium—require a reservoir of material with density higher than the typical intercloud ISM.
Three- and four-dimensional visualization of magnetic resonance imaging data sets in pediatric cardiology

The purpose of medical imaging technology in pediatric cardiology is to provide clear representations of the underlying anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system--representations that are easily understood and that facilitate clinical decision making. However, standard projective and tomographic imaging methods often yield results that are intelligible only to imaging specialists. Three- and four-dimensional reconstructions from projective and tomographic data sets are an alternative form of image display. Often, these reconstructions are more readily comprehensible as representations of the reality apparent in the operating room or the pathology laboratory than are the original data sets. Furthermore, viewing of these reconstructions is much more time efficient than viewing hundreds of separate tomographic images. Magnetic resonance imaging inherently provides three-, four-, and even higher dimensional data, and magnetic resonance data sets are commonly used to generate volumetric reconstructions. This review will focus on the practical application of magnetic resonance imaging to yield three- and four-dimensional reconstructions of pediatric cardiovascular disorders.
THE RELIGIOUS PLURALISM ON THE COLLEGE CAMPUS

(1956). THE RELIGIOUS PLURALISM ON THE COLLEGE CAMPUS. Religious Education: Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 403-409.
Luciferase does not Alter Metabolism in Cancer Cells.

Luciferase transfected cell lines are used extensively for cancer models, revealing valuable biological information about disease mechanisms. However, these genetically encoded reporters, while useful for monitoring tumor response in cancer models, can impact cell metabolism. Indeed firefly luciferase and fatty acyl-CoA synthetases differ by a single amino acid, raising the possibility that luciferase activity might alter metabolism and introduce experimental artifacts. Therefore knowledge of the metabolic response to luciferase transfection is of significant importance, especially given the thousands of research studies using luciferase as an in vivo bioluminescence imaging reporter. Untargeted metabolomics experiments were performed to examine three different types of lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines (Ramos, Raji and SUP-T1) commonly used in cancer research, each were analyzed with and without vector transduction. The Raji model was also tested under perturbed starvation conditions to examine potential luciferase-mediated stress responses. The results showed that no significant metabolic differences were observed between parental and luciferase transduced cells for each cell line, and that luciferase overexpression does not alter cell metabolism under basal or perturbed conditions.
Remote sensing of Sonoran Desert vegetation structure and phenology with ground-based LiDAR

Abstract: Long-term vegetation monitoring efforts have become increasingly important for understanding ecosystem response to global change. Many traditional methods for monitoring can be infrequent and limited in scope. Ground-based LiDAR is one remote sensing method that offers a clear advancement to monitor vegetation dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolution. We determined the effectiveness of LiDAR to detect intra-annual variabil ity in vegetation structure at a long-te rm Sonoran Desert monitoring plot dominated by cacti, deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Monthly repeat LiDAR scans of perennial plant canopies over the course of one year had high precision. LiDAR measurements of canopy height and area were accurate with respect to total station survey measurements of individual plants. We found an increase in the number of LiDAR vegetation returns following the wet North American Monsoon season. This intra-annual variability in vegetation struct ure detected by LiDAR was attr ibutable to a drought deciduous
Effects of dietary sucrose concentration on aphid honeydew carbohydrate levels and rates of excretion

Honeydew droplets freshly excreted by two aphid species, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), feeding on nutritionally adequate, artificial diets containing 10–40% w/v sucrose, were collected in oil. The volume, frequency of excretion, and carbohydrate content of the droplets were determined by measuring the diameter of the droplets in the oil, by recording the number of droplets excreted per aphid per hour, and by using a quantitative colorimetric method for estimating carbohydrates. Rates for the intake or excretion of fluid, the intake and absorption of sucrose, and the excretion of carbohydrate were consequently calculated for the two species on each dietary sucrose concentration. The percentage of dietary sucrose absorbed by the aphids ranged from 36% on diet with 40% sucrose to 97% on diet with 10% sucrose. Such honeydew/diet relationships may allow one to use honeydew carbohydrate concentrations to estimate the sucrose concentrations of the phloem sap ingested by aphids feeding on host plants. Resume La teneur en glucides du miellat et le taux d'excretions chez des aphides nourris sur differentes concentrations de saccharose Des gouttelettes de miellat fraichement excretees par deux especes de pucerons, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) et Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), pucerons nourris sur des regimes nutritifs synthetiques contenant 10–40% de saccharose, ont ete recuperees dans de l'huile. Le volume des gouttelettes a ete determine en mesurant leur diametre individuel dans l'huile, la frequence d'excretion etablie par le nombre de gouttelettes excretees par puceron par heure, et la teneur en glucides par une methode d'analyse colorimetrique quantitative. Les taux d'ingestion et d'excretion de liquide, d'ingestion et d'absorption de saccharose ainsi que les taux d'excretion de glucides ont ete par la suite calcules pour les deux especes d'aphides nourris sur les differentes concentrations de saccharose. Le pourcentage de saccharose alimentaire absorbe par les aphides a ete de 36% sur le regime contenant 40% de ce glucide, mais s'est eleve a 97% sur le regime ne contenant que 10% de saccharose. D'apres ces relations miellat/regime nutritif, et en connaissant la teneur du miellat en glucides, on peut faire une approximation de la concentration du saccharose dans la seve elaboree du phloeme ingeree par les aphides.
Effect of Mild Hyperthyroidism upon Secretion of I131 in Milk of Dairy Cattle

Summary Six lactating dairy cows were administered 100 µd. I 131 intrajugularly. Samples of milk were analyzed daily for five days for the content of I 131 present. During the first 24 hr. from 4.9 to 7.2% of the injected dose of I 131 appeared in the milk, with a mean of 5.8%. During the five-day period, the total mean percentage of the injected dose increased to 8.2, with a range of 6.9 to 9.2%. The experiment was repeated with the same cows during a period when each cow was receiving exogenous thyroxine equal to 50% above its individual winter thyroxine secretion rate. In spite of the fact that daily milk secretion increased an average of 22%, the mean percentage of the injected dose of I 131 appearing in the milk during the first 24 hr. was reduced to 2.9, with a range of 1.9 to 3.9%. The mean total percentage of I 131 appearing in the milk during five days was 4.8, with a range of 3.4 to 6.0%. The per cent decline in I 131 in the milk followed an exponential course in both experiments. Mild hyperthyroidism thus reduced the I 131 secretion in milk 50% the first 24 hr., and 41% during the five-day period. It was pointed out that dairy cattle transfer relatively low amounts of I 131 to their milk and that this amount is further reduced by mild hyperthyroidism.
New component in degenerate four-wave mixing of optical pulses in sodium vapor

We have observed a new component in the signals produced by degenerate four-wave mixing of 5-nsec optical pulses by the $D$-line resonances of sodium vapor. This component is comparable in intensity to that previously observed from a grating pattern of excited sodium atoms, but arises rather from a grating of coherently aligned (but not optically pumped) ground-state atoms. This component exists when there are no spatial intensity beats between input waves.