cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of infectious disease surveillance conditions between schools and nurseries in Xicheng district of Beijing

[Objective]To compare the implementation conditions and effect of infectious disease surveillance between schools and nurseries in Xicheng district of Beijing. [Methods]By using the qualitative and quantitative survey,the process,effect,influence factors,difficulties of implementation of the morning and afternoon surveillance between schools and nurseries were compared. [Results]The absence follow-up and suspicious symptoms screening in the morning and afternoon surveillance were the most important factors in the infectious disease surveillance.In schools,class supervisors were responsible for morning and afternoon surveillance,and school doctors were responsible for suspicious symptoms screening.In nurseries,doctors bore the most of responsibility,and were assisted by class supervisors.In primary schools,a few of workers who were responsible for morning and afternoon surveillance had medical background,and school doctors were similar.In middle schools and nurseries,most of doctors had medical background.The class supervisors and school doctors in schools undertook more work than personnel in nurseries. [Conclusion]The conditions in nurseries can meet the need of infectious disease surveillance.But it is difficult for schools to achieve this goal due to the staff number,knowledge and capacity,responsibility,and monitoring time.
Construcción de las identidades femeninas colectivas: mujeres blancas anglosajonas y mujeres de las minorias etnicas en los Estados Unidos

El proposito del trabajo es hacer una comparacion entre los procesos de construccion de la identidad de genero de las mujeres de las minorias estadounidenses. Se intenta mostrar las diferencias entre la constitucion y desarrollo de las organizaciones de las mujeres de las minorias chicanas y negras con las organizaciones de lucha y objetivos de las organizaciones de las mujeres blancas de clase media. El trabajo es descriptivo en parte de los comienzos del feminismo blanco y de las mujeres de las minorias pero al mismo tiempo trata de elucidar la peculiar situacion de las mujeres de color. Estas tienen, como las revolucionarias marxistas de los paises del tercer mundo, el dilema de las prioridades de la patria-pueblo-raza y la identidad de genero. Negociaciones implicitas y explicitas toman cuenta de esta situacion de ambivalencia. Abstract The purpose of this article is to compare the process of gender identity construction of the American women. Anglo women are compared with blacks and Chicanas in an attempt to show the differences between the objectives and organizations of anglo and middle class women and the objectives and organizations of minority women. The paper is descriptive of the starting of the movements trying, however to elucidate the peculiar situation of women of color (chicanas and blacks) in their connection with their priorities of pueblo-race (raza) and gender identity. There is not a single solution to these. Negotiations, both explicit and inexplicit, would take care of this ambiguous situation.
Newly Approved Agents for the Treatment and Prevention of Pediatric Migraine

Treatment of pediatric migraine remains an unmet medical need. There continues to be a paucity of pediatric randomized controlled trials for the treatment of migraine, both in the acute and preventive settings. Pediatric studies are often complicated by high placebo-response rates and much of our current practice is based on adult trials. This lack of significant pediatric studies results in a wide variation in migraine management both amongst clinicians and between institutions, and evidence-based treatments are not always administered. In this article, we aim to briefly review newly approved abortive and preventive agents for migraine in the pediatric age group. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications, including ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, aspirin, and acetaminophen are reasonable first-line options for abortive therapy. In addition, studies have shown triptans, or migraine-specific agents, to be safe and effective in children and adolescents and several formulations have been approved for the pediatric population, including rizatriptan, almotriptan, zolmitriptan nasal spray, and naproxen sodium/sumatriptan in combination.
Book Review: Draper, Kai. War and Individual Rights: The Foundations of Just War Theory

Kai Draper works in the now dominant individualistic and reductive school of just war theory, according to which the moral justifiability of both going to war and killing in war is to be understood along the same lines as acts of self- and other- defense between individuals. But Draper challenges a central pillar of the moral view embraced by, as far as I know, all the other writers in the same school of just war theory. He argues that what he calls the “principle of double effect” (PDE) and related doctrines — including my own “restricting claims principle” — are false. In their stead, he develops a small set of rights-based principles that he thinks distinguish permissible from impermissible acts of killing in war.Draper writes with an admirable combination of wisdom, humility, originality, and clarity. The result is an important contribution to just war theory. Nonetheless, I argue that his challenge to the PDE and related doctrines fails, and that the distinctive prescriptions the book offers must also, therefore, be rejected.
Explaining racial/ethnic differences in all-cause mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): Substantive complexity and hazardous working conditions as mediating factors

Research on racial/ethnic health disparities and socioeconomic position has not fully considered occupation. However, because occupations are racially patterned, certain occupational characteristics may explain racial/ethnic difference in health. This study examines the role of occupational characteristics in racial/ethnic disparities in all-cause mortality. Data are from a U.S. community-based cohort study (n=6342, median follow-up: 12.2 years), in which 893 deaths (14.1%) occurred. We estimated mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for African Americans, Hispanics, and Chinese Americans compared with whites. We also estimated the proportion of the HR mediated by each of two occupational characteristics, substantive complexity of work (e.g., problem solving, inductive/deductive reasoning on the job) and hazardous conditions (e.g., noise, extreme temperature, chemicals), derived from the Occupational Information Network database (O*NET). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, nativity, working status at baseline, and study sites. African Americans had a higher rate of all-cause death (HR 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-1.66) than whites. Chinese-American ethnicity was protective (HR 0.59, CI: 0.40-0.85); Hispanic ethnicity was not significantly different from whites (HR 0.88; CI: 0.67-1.17). Substantive complexity of work mediated 30% of the higher rate of death for African Americans compared with whites. For other groups, mediation was not significant. Hazardous conditions did not significantly mediate mortality in any racial/ethnic group. Lower levels of substantive complexity of work mediate a substantial part of the health disadvantage in African Americans. This job characteristic may be an important factor in explaining racial health disparities.
Concentration of Beneficial Phytochemicals in Harvested Grain of U.S. Yellow Dent Maize (Zea mays L.) Germplasm

Although previous studies have examined the concentration of various nutritional compounds in maize, little focus has been devoted to the study of commercial maize hybrids or their inbred parents. In this study, a genetically and phenotypically diverse set of maize hybrids and inbreds relevant to U.S. commercial maize germplasm was evaluated for its variability in phytochemical content. Total protein, unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, soluble phenolics, and insoluble-bound phenolics were evaluated in this study. Of these compounds, only soluble and insoluble-bound phenolic acids exhibited means and variances that were at least as large as the means and variances reported for other sets of germplasm. This suggests that selection for high phenolic acid content is possible in current U.S. commercial germplasm. In contrast, while the total protein, unsaturated fatty acid, or tocopherol content could possibly be improved using current U.S. commercial germplasm, the results of this study indicate that the incorporation of more diverse sources of germplasm would most likely result in quicker genetic gains.
Light-activated chemical probing of nucleobase solvent accessibility inside cells

A method called Light Activated Structural Examination of RNA (LASER) enables monitoring of the solvent accessibility of purine nucleobases and identifies rapid structural changes of cellular RNA–protein interactions and intracellular RNA structures. The discovery of functional RNAs that are critical for normal and disease physiology continues to expand at a breakneck pace. Many RNA functions are controlled by the formation of specific structures, and an understanding of each structural component is necessary to elucidate its function. Measuring solvent accessibility intracellularly with experimental ease is an unmet need in the field. Here, we present a novel method for probing nucleobase solvent accessibility, Light Activated Structural Examination of RNA (LASER). LASER depends on light activation of a small molecule, nicotinoyl azide (NAz), to measure solvent accessibility of purine nucleobases. In vitro, this technique accurately monitors solvent accessibility and identifies rapid structural changes resulting from ligand binding in a metabolite-responsive RNA. LASER probing can further identify cellular RNA–protein interactions and unique intracellular RNA structures. Our photoactivation technique provides an adaptable framework to structurally characterize solvent accessibility of RNA in many environments.
Vapor split manipulation in extractive divided-wall distillation columns

Abstract Several alternative process equipment configurations have recently been proposed to replace the conventional two-column extractive distillation process. One interesting configuration features a single column with a divided wall running from the stripping section all the way two the top of the column. There is only one reboiler at the base of the column, but each of the segregated upper sections has its own independent condenser, reflux and distillate product. The vapor split at the bottom of the wall is fixed at design by the location of the wall. Steady-state economic advantages are claimed over the conventional two-column process. However, the dynamic controllability of this process is in question because the loss of the ability to manipulate the vapor split reduces the number of control degrees of freedom. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new control structure that avoids this loss of control flexibility by manipulating the pressures on the two sides of the wall.
Mid-infrared laser absorption tomography for quantitative 2D thermochemistry measurements in premixed jet flames

A tomographic laser absorption spectroscopy technique, utilizing mid-infrared light sources, is presented as a quantitative method to spatially resolve species and temperature profiles in small-diameter reacting flows relevant to combustion systems. Here, tunable quantum and interband cascade lasers are used to spectrally resolve select rovibrational transitions near 4.98 and 4.19 $$\upmu$$ m to measure CO and $${\mathrm{CO}_{2}}$$ , respectively, as well as their vibrational temperatures, in piloted premixed jet flames. Signal processing methods are detailed for the reconstruction of axial and radial profiles of thermochemical structure in a canonical ethylene–air jet flame. The method is further demonstrated to quantitatively distinguish between different turbulent flow conditions.
Priming in Sentence Processing: Intralexical Spreading Activation, Schemas, and Situation Models

A series of eye-tracking experiments investigated priming in natural language understanding. Intralexical spreading activation accounts of priming predict that the response to a target word will be speeded (i.e., primed) when strong associates appear prior to the target. Schema-based priming accounts predict that priming will occur when the target word is a component of an activated schema or script. Situation model accounts predict that priming will occur when a target word can be integrated easily into an evolving discourse representation. In separate experiments, we measured the effect of associated words, synonyms, and identity primes on processing times for subsequently encountered target words. Our designs crossed prime type (e.g., synonyms vs. unassociated words) with semantic plausibility (i.e., the target word was a plausible vs. an implausible continuation of the sentence). The results showed that identity primes, but not associates or synonyms, primed target words in early measures of processing like first fixation and gaze duration. Plausibility effects tended to emerge in later measures of processing (e.g., on total reading time), although some evidence was obtained for early effects of semantic plausibility. We propose that priming in naturalistic conditions is not caused by intralexical spreading activation or access to precompiled schemas.
Adaptive Filtering, Nonlinear State-Space Models, and Applications in Finance and Econometrics

Sequential Monte Carlo methods, also known as particle filters, have far-reaching and powerful applications in modern time series analysis problems involving state-space models. In this chapter we describe important application areas in finance and economics, including frailty models for portfolio default probabilities, stochastic volatility models with contemporaneous price and volatility jumps, and hidden Markov models for high-frequency transaction data. We review particle filters for estimating the latent states under the assumption that the parameters are known and their modifications without such an assumption. We also describe a new adaptive particle filter that uses a computationally efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimate of the posterior distribution of the state-space model parameters in conjunction with sequential state estimation.
De-Epithelialized Skin Flap Coverage in Hypospadias Repair

Abstract The results in 84 hypospadias repairs using a de-epithelialized skin flap are reported. A variety of 1-stage repairs were applied including those of King, Mathieu, Mustarde and Duckett, and a combined midline and transverse island flap for perineal hypospadias. In each repair a flap of transposed prepuce was swung ventral, de-epithelialized and applied over the urethroplasty. In all but 2 repairs complete coverage of the urethra was achieved by this technique. Reoperation was required in 7 patients (8 per cent) but in only 3 (3.5 per cent) was this to close a urethrocutaneous fistula. The addition of a de-epithelialized flap to create a layer completely covering the neourethra appears to reduce the incidence of fistulas significantly.
Plant Community Influences on Intermittent Stream Stability in the Great Plains

Abstract The composition of the greenline plant community is linked to the stability of riparian ecosystems. Cool season exotic grasses are invading native plant communities across the northern Great Plains, potentially compromising streambank stability and increasing the risk of erosion within riparian ecosystems. To determine how the species composition of the greenline community impacts stream type and the risk of streambank erosion, thirty five reaches across five watersheds were sampled to determine the dominant greenline vegetation. At each reach, a cross-section was sampled to determine stream type, greenline vegetation, and risk of streambank erosion. Channel types were delineated using Rosgen’s classification of natural rivers. Canopy cover and composition was assessed using the line point intercept method along a 30.5 m transect in the greenline community. Plants recorded were grouped by their wetland indicator status for the central Great Plains. The Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) was used to assess the streams risk of erosion by calculating the difference between the bank height and bank full height, average plant rooting depth and density, bank angle degree, and the dominant texture of the bank material. Bank height ratio (BHR) was assessed as a measure of streambank stability and floodplain connectivity. A Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling ordination was performed to analyze plant community influences. Analysis of the data determined that the most stable stream types (E and C channels), lower BEHI scores, and stable bank height ratios were associated with high amounts of litter and facultative wet species. In comparison, unstable F channels were associated with early successional species and bare ground. Sites with the higher BEHI scores were associated with greenlines comprised of upland and facultative upland and saline tolerant species. Late successional facultative wetland species were found to provide the most protection to intermittent streambanks.
An Overview of PulseNet USA Databases

Abstract PulseNet USA is the molecular surveillance network for foodborne disease in the United States. The network consists of state and local public health laboratories, as well as food regulator...
Analyses of molecular and histopathologic features and expression of PRAME by immunohistochemistry in mucosal melanomas

Mucosal melanomas are rare, and less is known about the biomarkers of this subtype in comparison to cutaneous or uveal melanomas. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) has been studied as a tool for prognostication of uveal melanomas, and immunotherapy against PRAME-expressing tumor cells has already shown promise. Our goal was to retrospectively analyze 29 cases of mucosal melanomas at our institution to determine if any molecular and histopathologic prognosticators could be identified, as well as to study PRAME expression and its association with prognosis. We found that the majority of mucosal melanomas expressed PRAME and a high PRAME expression score predicted a poor prognosis. There was no association between prognosis and the histomorphologic features analyzed, such as presence of spindle cell or epithelioid predominance. BRAF mutations were absent in 16 of 16 cases tested. Pathogenic NRAS mutations were detected in 3 of 11 cases tested and were associated with shorter overall survival compared to those without NRAS alterations, but the presence of NRAS mutations did not correlate with PRAME expression. In conclusion, an increase in PRAME expression and the presence of a pathogenic NRAS were both associated with a worse prognosis in mucosal melanomas.
Active Optical Remote Sensing Sensors and Instrumentation for NASA’s Future Earth and Space Science Measurements/Missions

Active optical (Laser/Lidar) measurement techniques are critical for the future National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth, Planetary Science, Exploration, and Aeronautics measurements. The latest science decadal surveys recommend a number of missions requiring active optical systems to meet the science measurement objectives and the aeronautics community continues to use Laser/Lidar technologies to meet the aeronautics measurement objectives. This presentation will provide an overview of NASA efforts in developing and maturing state-of-the-art advanced solid-state flight laser/lidar systems for airborne and space-borne remote sensing measurements. The presentation will also provide details of a strategic approach for active optical technologies and techniques to meet the NASA’s future Earth and Space Science measurements/missions needs and requirements for space-based applications.
Presidential Address Kidney Week 2019: Winning the War on Kidney Diseases: The Time Is Now

Spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) are among the most commonly employed techniques to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation. The preferred SBT technique, however, is still unclear. To clarify the preferable SBT (T-piece or pressure support ventilation [PSV]), we conducted this systematic review. We then searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, SciELO, Google Scholar, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases through June 2015, without language restrictions. We included randomized controlled trials involving adult subjects being weaned from mechanical ventilation comparing T-piece with PSV and reporting (1) weaning failure, (2) re-intubation rate, (3) ICU mortality, or (4) weaning duration. Anticipating clinical heterogeneity among the included studies, we compared prespecified subgroups: (1) simple, difficult, or prolonged weaning and (2) subjects with COPD. We summarized the quality of evidence for intervention effects using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) methodology. We identified 3,674 potentially relevant studies and reviewed 23 papers in full. Twelve studies (2,161 subjects) met our inclusion criteria. Overall, the evidence was of very low to low quality. SBT technique did not influence weaning success (risk ratio 1.23 [0.94–1.61]), ICU mortality (risk ratio 1.11 [0.80–1.54]), or re-intubation rate (risk ratio 1.21 [0.90–1.63]). Prespecified subgroup analysis suggested that PSV might be superior to T-piece with regard to weaning success for simple-to-wean subjects (risk ratio 1.44 [1.11–1.86]). For the prolonged-weaning subgroup, however, T-piece was associated with a shorter weaning duration (weighted mean difference −3.08 [−5.24 to −0.92] d). In conclusion, low-quality evidence is available concerning this topic. PSV may be associated with lower weaning failure rates in the simple-to-wean subgroup. In contrast, in prolonged-weaning subjects, T-piece may be related to a shorter weaning duration, although this is at high risk of bias. Further study of the difficult-to-wean and COPD subgroups is required.
71 – Integrable Combinations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses integrable combinations applicable to systems of ordinary differential equations. Integrable combinations yield one or more ordinary differential equations that can be integrated exactly. The idea behind integrable combinations is that by combining pieces of a system of differential equations, a combination of the dependent variables can be determined explicitly in terms of the independent variable. Integration of the system of ordinary differential equations, dxi/dt = fi(t, x1, x2,.,xn), for i = 1, 2,…,n, is often accomplished by choosing integrable combinations. An integrable combination is a differential equation which is derived from a system of differential equations and is readily integrable. The chapter also highlights that each linearly independent integrable combination yields a first integral of the original system.
Application of Intergroup Contact Theory to Managing Age-Diverse Teams

The outcomes of out-group members working together can be mixed. Many researchers have taken a pessimistic view, describing conflict and social categorization among age-diverse workforces. Alternat...
Extraction of wearout model parameters using on-line test of an SRAM

Abstract To accurately determine the reliability of SRAMs, we propose a method to estimate the wearout parameters of FEOL TDDB using on-line data collected during operations. Errors in estimating lifetime model parameters are determined as a function of time, which are based on the available failure sample size. Systematic errors are also computed due to uncertainty in estimation of temperature and supply voltage during operations, as well as uncertainty in process parameters and use conditions.
A Case for Temperature-Aware Scheduler for Millimeter-Wave Devices and Networks

Millimeter-wave is the core technology to enable multi-Gbps throughput and ultra-low latency wireless connectivity. But the devices need to operate at very high frequency and ultra-wide bandwidth; so, they consume more energy, dissipate more power, and subsequently heat up faster. Device overheating is a common concern of many users, and millimeter-wave (mmWave) would exacerbate the problem. In this work, we first study the thermal characterization of mmWave devices. Our measurements reveal that after only 10 s. of data transfer at 1.9 Gbps bit-rate, the mmWave antenna temperature reaches 68°C; it reduces the link throughput by 21%, increases the standard deviation of throughput by 6×, and takes 130 s. to dissipate the heat completely. Besides degrading the user experience, exposure to high device temperature also creates discomfort. Based on the measurement insights, we propose Aquilo, a temperature-aware multi-antenna scheduler; it maintains relatively high throughput performance, but cools down the devices substantially. Our testbed experiments in both static and mobile conditions show that Aquilo reaches a median peak temperature just 0.5 to 2°C above the optimal by sacrificing less than 10% of throughput.
Escape from Etymology? A Corpus Study of Polish Adjectival Intensifiers

Using the Polish National Corpus (NKJP), the author discusses 31 Polish reinforcing adverbs to determine the degree of their semantic specificity and freedom of connection with adjectives. Empowering adverbs express the person’s judgement, attitudes, and emotions. The author shows that most of the reinforcing adverbs have not deviated from their etymology, even though they are considered synonyms of the word “very”: their etymological meanings influence the choice of the adjective. The most frequently reinforced adjectives in NKJP are “difficult”, “important” and “essential”.
Emotional and Cognitive Empathy in Caregivers of Persons with Neurodegenerative Disease: Relationships with Caregiver Mental Health.

Caregiving for a person with dementia or neurodegenerative disease is associated with increased rates of depression and anxiety. As the population ages and dementia prevalence increases worldwide, ...
Children's Knowledge of Cannabis and Other Substances in States with Different Cannabis Use Regulations.

Background: Public acceptance of cannabis continues to increase across the US, yet there has been little research on how cannabis legalization affects young children. The present study compared knowledge of cannabis and other substances among children living in states with different cannabis laws and examined whether the association between such substance knowledge and externalizing behavior varies by state cannabis regulations. Methods: Participants were from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®) at the baseline assessment (N = 11,875, ages 9-11, collected from 2016 to 2018). Chi-square difference tests were used to compare nested models testing group differences in knowledge of substances and the association between externalizing disorder/behavior and substance knowledge as a function of state legality of cannabis use (recreational, medical, low THC/CBD, none). Results: Children living in states with more permissive cannabis laws had a greater knowledge of cannabis and reported more alcohol experimentation. In contrast, knowledge regarding alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit drugs was not greater in children from states with more permissive cannabis laws. Externalizing disorder/behavior was not significantly associated with cannabis knowledge in any group and not significantly different across groups. The association between externalizing disorder/behavior and illicit drug knowledge was significant only in states with the recreational and medical use laws but did not differ significantly across groups. Conclusion: Children living in environments with more permissive cannabis regulations have greater knowledge of cannabis, but not other substances, and report more experimentation with alcohol.
Wheat Grain Quality Forecasting by Canopy Reflected Spectrum

Advanced site-specific determination of grain protein content by remote sensing can provide opportunities to optimize the strategies for purchasing and pricing grain, and to maximize the grain output by adjusting field inputs. Field experiments were performed to study the relationship between grain quality indicators and foliar nitrogen concentration. Foliar nitrogen concentration at the anthesis stage is suggested to be significantly correlated with grain protein content, while spectral vegetation index is significantly correlated to foliar nitrogen concentration around the anthesis stage. Based on the relationships among nitrogen reflectance index (NRI), foliar nitrogen concentration, and grain protein content, a statistical evaluation model of grain protein content was developed. NRI proved to be able to evaluate foliar nitrogen concentration with a coefficient of determination of R= 0.7302 in year 2002. The relationship between measured and remote sensing derived foliar nitrogen concentration had a coefficient of determination of R=0.7279 in year 2003. The results mentioned above indicate that the inversion of foliar nitrogen concentration and the evaluation of grain protein content by NRI are
High-volume tube-shape sectors (HTS): a network of high capacity ribbons connecting congested city pairs

We propose a network of high-volume tube-shape sectors (HTS) which is stretched between congested city pairs as a more efficient system for organizing and managing the aircraft flow, into and out of the large airports. One can think of this network as analogous to the system of interstate highways with passing lanes, breakdown areas, on-ramps and off-ramps, all designed to quickly move as much traffic as possible. This network would maximize the airspace throughput by more efficiently transporting aircraft, into and out of the congested airports. We apply visualization techniques to classify the current air traffic into different layers based on the demand profiles and route structure between origin and destination (OD) pairs. We also model the air traffic as flow of a fluid, where aircraft are the particles of the fluid. Velocity vectors for small volumes of the airspace are calculated as resultant of the velocity vectors for individual aircraft. Accordingly, we construct vector fields of the fluid velocity. Analysis of the routing structure and vector fields' topology assists us to determine the geometry and location of potential HTS.
Netrin1-DCC-Mediated Attraction Guides Post-Crossing Commissural Axons in the Hindbrain

Commissural axons grow along precise trajectories that are guided by several cues secreted from the ventral midline. After initial attraction to the floor plate using Netrin1 activation of its main attractive receptor, DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer), axons cross the ventral midline, and many turn to grow longitudinally on the contralateral side. After crossing the midline, axons are thought to lose their responsiveness to Netrin1 and become sensitive to midline Slit-Robo repulsion. We aimed to address the in vivo significance of Netrin1 in guiding post-crossing axon trajectories in mouse embryos. Surprisingly, in contrast to the spinal cord, Netrin1 and DCC mutants had abundant commissural axons crossing in the hindbrain. In Netrin1 and DCC mutants, many post-crossing axons made normal turns to grow longitudinally, but projected abnormally at angles away from the midline. In addition, exposure of cultured hindbrain explants to ectopic Netrin1 caused attractive deflection of post-crossing axons. Thus, Netrin1-DCC signaling is not required to attract pre-crossing axons toward the hindbrain floor plate, but is active in post-crossing guidance. Also in contrast with spinal cord, analysis of hindbrain post-crossing axons in Robo1/2 mutant embryos showed that Slit-Robo repulsive signaling was not required for post-crossing trajectories. Our findings show that Netrin1-DCC attractive signaling, but not Slit-Robo repulsive signaling, remains active in hindbrain post-crossing commissural axons to guide longitudinal trajectories, suggesting surprising regional diversity in commissural axon guidance mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The left and right sides of the brainstem and spinal cord are connected primarily by axon fibers that grow across the ventral midline, and then away on the other side to their targets. Based on spinal cord, axons are initially attracted by diffusible attractive protein signals to approach and cross the midline, and then are thought to switch to repulsive cues to grow away on the opposite side. Our results in the hindbrain show that the major midline attractant, Netrin1, is not required for midline crossing. However, the post-crossing axons depend on Netrin1 attraction to set their proper trajectories on the other side. Overall, these findings suggest that commissural axons use distinct mechanisms to navigate in different CNS regions.
Overcoming the Negative Influence of Individual Motives on Disruptive Technology Acceptance

In this study, we explore the dueling roles of individual goals and firm goals on the acceptance of disruptive technologies at the employee level. Disruptive technologies are unique in that they require the user to drastically change the manner in which they use this type of technology. As this transition to a disruptive technology takes both time and effort, an individual employee is likely to be distracted from their primary goals (e.g. hitting deadlines, milestones). Because of this, the motivations of individuals may have a negative effect on the acceptance of disruptive technologies at the employee level. In order to highlight the negative influence of technology disruptiveness on individual-firm goal congruency, we empirically compare incremental technologies to disruptive technologies in this study. This comparison is enriched by the introduction of a new scale aimed at measuring technology disruptiveness at the employee level. Furthermore, four moderators of the main effect of individual motives on acceptance are measured: the existence of an internal technology champion, the perceived usefulness and ease of use of the product, and the amount of interorganizational trust with the supplier of the disruptive technology. This article should highlight some possible obstacles towards employee acceptance of disruptive technologies and offer some moderators that could help overcome these obstacles.
"There Are No Trials Inside the Gates of Eden": Mental Health Courts, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Dignity, and the Promise of Therapeutic Jurisprudence

The ratiﬁcation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) radically changes the scope of international human rights law as it applies to all persons with disabilities (Melish 2007: 44; Stein 2007: 1203). At the time of writing this chapter, there were 112 ratiﬁcations and 153 signatories of the CRPD and 64 ratiﬁcations and 90 signatories of the Optional Protocol (United Nations Treaty Collection 2012 ). The most signiﬁcant changes have been in the area of mental disability law (Perlin 2009a : 483). Always marginalised, individuals with mental disabilities have been ‘outsiders’ in the world of international human rights law, with many important global human rights agencies traditionally expressing little or no interest in the plight of this cohort. Internationally, persons in forensic mental health systems generally receive, if this seems possible, even less humane services than do civil patients (Perlin 2007a ). Prisoners with mental disabilities are treated inhumanely in most nations, both in correctional facilities and in forensic mental health facilities (Perlin 2009a : 675). The words of Eric Rosenthal (2002: 391), director of Disability Rights International, the most important US-based NGO in this area of law and policy, resonate:I began my research … by examining the human rights studies of nongovernmental organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. I also looked at the U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. What I found is shocking: those human rights organizations and human rights reports criticized governments when political dissidents were put in psychiatric facilities, but they did not speak out about the abuses against other people who may or may not have mental disabilities.
Development and Validation of a Clinical Assessment Tool for Platysmal Banding in Cervicomental Aesthetics of the Female Neck.

Background In facial aesthetics, grading systems are useful tools for planning aesthetic procedures. One key component of rejuvenation—the anterior neck—has been relatively overlooked. In the 1980s, criteria were established for the appearance of a youthful neck. Considering the significant contribution of the anterior neck to the aesthetics of the lower face, updated and more extensive clinical evaluation tools are critical to successful execution and measurement of rejuvenation. A validated assessment scale has yet to be created for platysmal banding, one component of the anterior neck that significantly contributes to the aesthetics. Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish a validated platysmal banding scale for clinical application. Methods Three-dimensional standardized photographs from over 100 volunteer patients of various ages and ethnicities were analyzed to develop a five-point scale for platysmal banding. The scale was validated by a group of academic and nonacademic attending plastic surgeons as well as senior level plastic surgery residents then analyzed through a two stage process to ensure both interrater and intrarater validity. Results We measured the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) for the interrater reliability. ICCs ranged from moderate to excellent agreement. Cronbach's alpha, which represents intrarater reliability, was also calculated for the same sample with all results being good to excellent. Conclusions This study established a validated scale to assess the degree of platysmal banding in the female neck. This grading system has potential application in the preprocedure planning for patients considering face and neck rejuvenation to address platysmal banding.
Modeling EMC/EMI effects of antenna systems on large platforms using multi-solver domain decomposition methods

Modern antennas are usually operating on platforms with existence of other antennas or unintentional radiators. In many scenarios, the multiple antennas mounted on one platform have highly contrasting power levels and overlapping frequency bands, due to their different usage. Besides the impact upon antenna pattern and near field distortion introduced by the platform, the mutual coupling among antennas on board is another very interesting and challenging problem. It is of vital importance since it can cause severe electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problem, which may makes the multiple functional modules of the system unable to operating simulateously. This issue will be even worse when the modern stealth technology are requiring wider frequency band and lower power level.
Ovarian steroids influence the activity of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons

The secretion of prolactin (PRL) from the anterior lobe (AL) of the pituitary gland is tonically inhibited by dopamine (DA) of hypothalamic origin. While ovarian steroids play a role in the regulation of the secretion of PRL, their effect on all three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons is not fully understood. In this study we describe the effects of ovarian steroids on regulation of the release of DA from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA), tuberohypophyseal dopaminergic (THDA) and periventricular-hypophyseal dopaminergic (PHDA) neurons. Adult female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) and, 10 days following ovariectomy (day 0), injected with corn oil (vehicle), estrogen, or estrogen plus progesterone (day 1). Animals were sacrificed every 2 h from 09.00 to 21.00 h by rapid decapitation. Trunk blood was collected and the concentration of PRL in serum was determined by radioimmunoassay. The median eminence (ME) and the AL, intermediate (IL) and neural (NL) lobes of the pituitary gland were dissected and the concentration of DA and DOPAC in each was measured by HPLC-EC. OVX rats presented small but significant increases in the secretion of PRL at 15.00 and 17.00 h. Replacement of estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone increased the basal concentration of PRL. Moreover, injection of estrogen only, or estrogen plus progesterone increased the concentration of PRL in serum at 15.00 h through 19.00 h, respectively, followed by a decrease to baseline thereafter. The turnover of DA in the ME and NL of OVX rats increased at 13.00 and returned to low levels. Turnover of DA in the IL of OVX rats increased in the morning by 11.00 h and remained elevated before decreasing by 17.00 h. The turnover of DA in the ME, IL and NL of OVX rats increased by 19.00 h. Injection of estrogen advanced the increase of TIDA activity by 2 h in the ME compared to OVX rats. Moreover, administration of estrogen suppressed the activity of THDA and PHDA neurons in the afternoon compared to OVX rats. In estrogen plus progesterone-treated rats, the activity of hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons terminating in the ME, IL, and NL was inhibited prior to the increase in the secretion of PRL. The concentration of DA in the AL diminished prior to the estrogen-induced increase of PRL. Administration of progesterone, in concert with estrogen, delayed the increase of PRL in serum and the decrease of DA in the AL, compared to estrogen-treated rats, by 4 h. These data suggest a major role for ovarian steroids in controlling increases in the secretion of PRL by not only stimulating PRL release from lactotrophs, but also by inhibiting the activity of all three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine DAergic neurons.
Multimode squeezed states in tenuous dielectric medium

Abstract The “generalized coherent state” representation was applied to the model hamiltonian, describing the light propagation in a tenuous inhomogeneous dielectric medium. For multimode squeezed states, the “equation of motion” for squeezing and other parameters were derived. Some approximate solutions obtained suggest that under certain conditions the squeezing parameter may be increased due to the interaction between different modes in a process of multiple scattering.
The deposition of charged particles in tubes, with reference to the retention of therapeutic aerosols in the human lung

Abstract 1. 1. The deposition of charged aerosol particles upon the walls of a cylindrical conducting container as a result of electrical repulsion alone has been calculated for two cases: 1.1. (a) A non-stirred condition of the aerosol; streamline flow. 1.2. (b) A continually stirred condition of the aerosol: turbulent flow. The results for both cases are the same. 2. 2. The deposition equation has been considered in connection with the problem of the retention of aerosol particles in the human lung.
NAD(P)H-dependent oxidation of the hydroxyl radical scavenging agent 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KMBA) by microsomal fractions from the hepatopancreas of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Abstract A secondary pathway of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system in which the terminal oxidase is expressed as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production is well documented in mammalian systems.1 H2O2 is a precursor of hydroxyl radical (·OH), a potent oxidant that has been implicated in numerous pathologies and in the metabolism of various xenobiotic substrates.2 The ability of ·OH to oxidize 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KMBA) was used as a means to study the ·OH-generating oxidase pathway of P. clarkii hepatopancreas microsomes. Both a post-mitochondrial supernatant (S9) and microsomes catalyzed the oxidation of KMBA in a reaction that was dependent upon NAD(P)H, stimulated by added iron-EDTA and inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and competing ·OH scavenging agents. The H2O2/·OH generating oxidase activity of P. clarkii microsomal fractions was mainly NADH-dependent, which is in contrast to the rat system which is mainly NADPH-dependent. This oxidase activity should be considered in evaluating xenobiotic metabolism by this aquatic invertebrate.
Theoretical prediction of self-propagating, diffusion- and decomposition-limited intermetallic reactions☆

Abstract A method for predicting the steady-state structure and propagation velocity of an infinite, exothermic alloying process is presented. It is assumed that two unreacted solid-phase metals, one of which is assumed to be in a combined state with a gaseous species, are premixed in stoichiometric proportions. It is also assumed that the propagation of the reaction is limited not only by thermal and mass diffusion, but also by the need for the gaseous species to be completely driven off before the two metals can react. The governing ordinary differential system possesses an equilibrium point in the burned region at infinity, and an asymptotic analysis in this region shows the structure of the equilibrium point to be that of a saddle point. The unknown eigenvalue V ∗ , the velocity of propagation of the reaction, is then uniquely determined from the requirement that the solution be bounded at infinity. The method is illustrated by considering both an idealized analytical example and a more realistic model requiring a numerical algorithm suggested by the analysis.
Measurements of the Dispersion of Air from 3651 to 15 300 Angstroms

The difference between the index of refraction for green mercury light and for 7 other mercury emission wavelengths from 15 300 A to 3651 A has been measured using a Twyman-Green interferometer as a refractometer. A photoelectric method was used for the infrared determination. A method depending upon photography of interference fringes which were caused to appear crossing the lines in the mercury spectrum was used for the visible and ultraviolet measurements. The mean observed deviation of the measurements of (μ − 1) from the predictions of the Edlen formula was 1 part in 105.
A Lattice-Gas Hamiltonian for Micellar Binary Solutions

An explicit Ising-spin lattice Hamiltonian is proposed as a model for studying the phase diagrams of micellar binary solutions on the micellar length scale. Incorporating many essential features, it can be used to check the validity of a previously suggested scenario for nonuniversality at the consolute point.