cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Close Proximity of Escherichia coli Genes: Consequences for Stop Codon and Synonymous Codon Use

It is shown that synonymous codon usage is less biased in favor of those codons preferred by highly expressed genes at the end of Escherichia coli genes than in the middle. This appears to be due to the close proximity of many E. coli genes. It is shown that a substantial number of genes overlap either the Shine-Dalgarno sequence or the coding sequence of the next gene on the chromosome and that the codons that overlap have lower synonymous codon bias than those which do not. It is also shown that there is an increase in the frequency of A-ending codons, and a decrease in the frequency of G-ending codons at the end of E. coli genes that lie close to another gene. It is suggested that these trends in composition could be associated with selection against the formation of mRNA secondary structure near the start of the next gene on the chromosome. Stop codon use is also affected by the close proximity of genes; many genes are forced to use TGA and TAG stop codons because they terminate either within the Shine-Dalgarno or coding sequence of the next gene on the chromosome. The implications these results have for the evolution of synonymous codon use are discussed.
Asset Fixity and Investment Asymmetry in Agriculture

Fixed asset theory implies that it is more difficult to dispose of capital specific to agricultural production than to add to the stock of specialized capital. This theory is tested by determining whether transitions between states of disinvestment are as likely as transitions between states of investment. Of the twenty-four annual capital stock series analyzed, evidence of asymmetry between investment and disinvestment is strong in eight cases, weak in four, and insignificant in twelve. There is considerable, although mixed, evidence of asymmetry for tractors (farm and nonfarm) and other specialized vehicles since World War II and for agricultural machinery.
Weighted multiple testing procedures for genomic studies

With the rapid development of biological technology, measurement of thousands of genes or SNPs can be carried out simultaneously. Improved procedures for multiple hypothesis testing when the number of tests is very large are critical for interpreting genomic data. In this paper, we review recent developments on three distinct but closely related methods involving p-value weighting to improve statistical power while also controlling for the false discovery rate or the family wise error rate.
Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Antioxidants on the Lipid Oxidation and Volatiles of Irradiated Ground Beef

Beef loins, aged for different lengths of time post slaughter, were treated with ionizing radiation, irradiated ground beef produced volatile sulfur compounds (S-volatiles) responsible for the unique irradiation odor and accelerated lipid oxidation. The quality charges by irradiation became greater as aging and storage time increased. During aerobic storage, the S-volatiles disappeared whereas volatile aldehydes drastically increased in irradiated beef.Addition of ascorhic acid at 0.1% (wt/wt) or sesanol) α-locopherol at each 0.01% level to ground breef before irradiation effectively reduced lipid oxidation and S volatiles. As storage time increased, however, the antioxident effect of sesanol + tocopherol in irradiated ground beef was superior to that of ascorbic acid.
Design of a programmable temperature monitoring device for tagging small fish

This paper describes the design of an archival temperature monitoring tag to be used to collect habitat information of Atlantic salmon during the marine phase of the species' natural history. The monolithic circuit should not exceed an average power dissipation of 5 /spl mu/W so that a small 3 V lithium battery of 50 mAh charge will provide the device with the expected lifetime of 3 years. The thermal sensor is realized by a pn-junction. The recorded junction voltages are digitized and stored in static RAM cells. Upon retrieval of the tag, the stored temperature values will be transferred to a computer where the geographical location of the fish at the actual sampling time will be deduced through retrospective navigation based on known sea temperature distribution.
A Source-aware Interrupt Scheduling for Modern Parallel I/O Systems

Recent technological advances are putting increased pressure on CPU scheduling. On one hand, processors have more cores. On the other hand, I/O systems have become more complex. Intensive research has been conducted on multi/many-core scheduling, however, most of the studies follow the conventional approach and focus on the utilization and load balance of the cores. In this study, we focus on increasing data locality by bringing source information from I/O into the core interrupt scheduling process. The premise is to group interrupts associated for the same I/O request together on the same core, and prove that data locality is more important than core utilization for many applications. Based on this idea, a source-aware affinity interrupt-scheduling scheme is introduced and a prototype system, SAIs, is implemented. Experiment results show that SAIs is feasible and promising, bandwidth shows a 23.57% improvement in a 3-Gigabit NIC environment and in the optimal case without the NIC bottleneck, the bandwidth improvement increases to 53.23%.
Effects of a Professional Development Package to Prepare Special Education Paraprofessionals to Implement Evidence-Based Practice:

Although paraprofessionals have become an increasingly integral part of special education services, most paraprofessionals lack training in evidence-based instructional strategies. We used a randomized contolled experimental design to examine the efficacy of a professional development training package and its individual components to equip 25 paraprofessionals to implement constant time delay. The effect of the training package on implementation fidelity was statistically significant and large in magnitude (d = 2.67; p < .001). Video modeling and coaching components were effective, although the effect of coaching alone (d = 2.23; p < .01) was larger than video modeling alone (d = .55; p = .18). Recommendations for further refining effective professional development opportunities for special education paraprofessionals are offered along with discussion of future research needs.
Inactivation of the Pta-AckA Pathway Causes Cell Death in Staphylococcus aureus

During growth under conditions of glucose and oxygen excess, Staphylococcus aureus predominantly accumulates acetate in the culture medium, suggesting that the phosphotransacetylase-acetate kinase (Pta-AckA) pathway plays a crucial role in bacterial fitness. Previous studies demonstrated that these conditions also induce the S. aureus CidR regulon involved in the control of cell death. Interestingly, the CidR regulon is comprised of only two operons, both encoding pyruvate catabolic enzymes, suggesting an intimate relationship between pyruvate metabolism and cell death. To examine this relationship, we introduced ackAand pta mutations in S. aureus and tested their effects on bacterial growth, carbon and energy metabolism, cid expression, and cell death. Inactivation of the Pta-AckA pathway showed a drastic inhibitory effect on growth and caused accumulation of dead cells in bothptaandackAmutants. Surprisingly, inactivation of the Pta-AckA pathway did not lead to a decrease in the energy status of bacteria, as the intracellular concentrations of ATP, NAD, and NADH were higher in the mutants. However, inactivation of this pathway increased the rate of glucose consumption, led to a metabolic block at the pyruvate node, and enhanced carbonflux through both glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Intriguingly, disruption of the Pta-AckA pathway also induced the CidR regulon, suggesting that activation of alternative pyruvate catabolic pathways could be an important survival strategy for the mutants. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate the indispensable role of the Pta-AckA pathway in S. aureus for maintaining energy and metabolic homeostasis during overflow metabolism.
“The Strawberry Caper”: Using Scenario-Based Problem Solving to Integrate Middle School Science Topics

Achieving a deep understanding of the many topics covered in middle school biology classes is difficult for many students. One way to help students learn these topics is through scenario-based learning, which enhances students’ performance. The scenario-based problem-solving module presented here, “The Strawberry Caper,” not only meets but connects ecological and genetic concepts that are required standards in middle school. Here, students are required to provide expert witness for a patent-infringement claim against an organic strawberry farmer by a large neighboring company. The students must think critically and formulate and test hypotheses to provide evidence for the case. Through phenotypic and genotypic analyses, the students are immersed in an inquiry-driven investigation that provides a real-world context for topics covered in the classroom. This, interspersed with integration of concepts, promotes understanding and application of these topics.
Community engagement of men.

Practitioners who understand the broad-based concept of community engagement can improve their cultural competence and are better able translate medical science and information to the community level. A more comprehensive approach to address the root determinants of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, depression, prostate cancer, domestic violence, alcohol and substance abuse, and many other health problems is required, an approach that involves community engagement in the problem definition and effective and sustainable management strategies. This article reports on several models of community engagement and health improvement initiatives.
Assessment of AASHTO LRFD guidelines for analysis of regular bridges subjected to transverse earthquake ground motions

This paper evaluates the two procedures given in AASHTO LRFD specifications for the transverse analysis of regular bridges subjected to transverse earthquake ground motions. The Single Mode Spectral Analysis (SMSA) method and the Uniform Load (UL) method are evaluated for different bridge geometries, rigidities, and ground motion levels and were also compared to the sine shape function approximation and the computer methods. Two-span, three-span and four span continuous units were investigated. The effect of reduced column stiffness was also evaluated. The results from this study showed that for some bridges in certain seismic zones, the differences in column elastic shears and deformations from the UL method can be about 10% lower than those from the SMSA method and the other methods. Abutment elastic forces from the UL method were about 25% to 300% higher than those from the SMSA and other methods. The UL method, permitted by AASHTO LRFD may not be a conservative analysis method for predicting pier forces and deflections for certain bridges. The method also significantly over estimates abutment forces for longer bridges thus making them overdesigned and uneconomical.
Implications for the Peer Review Process

### Appellate Court Requires Disclosure of Peer Review Records to Office of Protection and Advocacy During its investigation into the deaths of two patients with disabilities who were residing in state-administered hospitals, the Connecticut Office of Protection and Advocacy for Persons with
Involvement of substance P in neutral endopeptidase modulation of carotid body sensory responses to hypoxia

Previously, we showed that carotid bodies express neutral endopeptidase (NEP)-like enzyme activity and that phosphoramidon, a potent inhibitor of NEP, potentiates the chemosensory response of the carotid body to hypoxia in vivo. NEP has been shown to hydrolyze methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk) and substance P (SP) in neuronal tissues. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether NEP hydrolyzes Met-Enk and SP in the carotid body and if so whether these peptides contribute to phosphoramidon-induced potentiation of the sensory response to hypoxia. Experiments were performed on carotid bodies excised from anesthetized adult cats (n = 72 carotid bodies). The hydrolysis of Met-Enk and SP was analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that both SP and Met-Enk were hydrolyzed by the carotid body, but the rate of Met-Enk hydrolysis was approximately fourfold higher than that of SP. Phosphoramidon (400 microM) markedly inhibited SP hydrolysis ( approximately 90%) but had only a marginal effect on Met-Enk hydrolysis ( approximately 15% inhibition). Hypoxia (PO(2), 68 +/- 6 Torr) as well as exogenous administration of SP (10 and 20 nmol) increased the sensory discharge of the carotid body in vitro. Sensory responses to hypoxia and SP (10 nmol) were potentiated by approximately 80 and approximately 275%, respectively (P < 0.01), in the presence of phosphoramidon. SP-receptor antagonists Spantide (peptidyl) and CP-96345 (nonpeptidyl) either abolished or markedly attenuated the phosphoramidon-induced potentiation of the sensory response of the carotid body to hypoxia as well as to SP. These results demonstrate that SP is a preferred substrate for NEP in the carotid body and that SP is involved in the potentiation of the hypoxic response of the carotid body by phosphoramidon.
Bilateral Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection Following Cesarean Section (PD7.007)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient with bilateral carotid and vertebral artery dissections in the post-partum period following a cesarean section. BACKGROUND: Spontaneous multiple precerebral arterial dissection is extremely rare, especially in association with pregnancy. Previous reports of precerebral arterial dissection in the post-partum period were attributed to eclampsia and mechanical straining during vaginal delivery. We report a case of spontaneous dissection of the bilateral carotid and vertebral arteries occurred in a young woman following cesarean section in the absence of mechanical straining, trauma or hypertension. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report and review of the literature. RESULTS: A 29-year-old woman presented to the emergency department 2 weeks following an elective cesarean section with a sudden occipital headache, right-side numbness and weakness. Neurological examination revealed right Horner syndrome, mild right hemiparesis and hemianesthesia. Brain MRI revealed a small infarct in the right lower lateral medulla. Cerebral angiography revealed bilateral carotid pseudoaneurysm and vertebral arterial dissections without evidence of fibromuscular dysplasia or atherosclerosis. She was treated with antithrombotic (aspirin 325 mg daily). Cerebral angiography 3 months later showed significant improvement in blood flow in the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems with evidence of resolving pseudoaneurysms in the internal carotid arteries. Follow up after 6 months revealed complete resolution of the neurological symptoms. Similar to our patient, 7 reported cases of post-partum precerbral arterial dissections were associated with vaginal deliveries that had been attributed to the mechanical strain during child birth or eclampsia. One patient had intracranial angiopathy resemble a reversible vasoconstriction syndrome. Four patients treated with anticoagulation. Including our patient, outcome was favorable in all reported cases. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic multiple precerebral arterial dissection occurred in the post-partum period in the absence of eclampsia, mechanical strain, or vasoconstriction syndrome. Clinical and radiological outcomes are favorable in all reported cases. Disclosure: Dr. Allam has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alawi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alshekhlee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vora has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mehta has nothing to disclose.
A Review of “Discourse and Identity”

The relation between discourse and identity is today a central issue in various research fields, and gone are the days when it was necessary to advocate for the centrality of language in identity s...
Exercise-induced pulmonary syndromes

When respiratory distress occurs in the exercise arena, the clinician must differentiate between a potential serious bout of EIA or the commoner EIB. The physician's game day medical kit should include epinephrine for initial treatment in suspected EIA. Sports medicine personnel need to maintain a high index of suspicion for EIB in athletes at risk and confirm the diagnosis with a treadmill exercise challenge test. Initial pharmacologic management should consist of a trial of albuterol inhaler use 15 minutes before exercise. Early identification and treatment of EIB may enhance sports performance as well as enjoyment.
The survival benefit of kidney transplantation in ESRD patients with peripheral arterial disease

RESULTS: There have been a total of 250 admissions to the service. The patients in the pilot consisted of 53% males with an average age of 63 years. The average length of stay (ALOS) for this group of patients is 8 days. There has been a reduction of 1.25 days since before this pilot began. From a financial perspective the ACMI of this service has increased .19. This might be due to the better medical record documentation by the hospitalist.
Effects of reflex stimuli on blood flow to the adrenal medulla.

The goal of this study was to examine changes in blood flow to the adrenal medulla during reflex stimuli that release catecholamines. Adrenal blood flow was measured with microspheres during exercise in conscious dogs and during bicuculline-induced seizures in anesthetized dogs. In awake dogs, blood flow to the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla was 310 +/- 48 and 1,613 +/- 258 (SE) ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively. Blood flow to the cortex and medulla was not affected by moderate exercise. Anesthesia (pentobarbital sodium) reduced blood flow to the adrenal cortex and medulla to 158 +/- 12 and 243 +/- 24 ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively. In anesthetized dogs, seizures markedly increased blood flow to the adrenal medulla (282 +/- 68 to 1,257 +/- 128 ml.min-1.100 g-1), and this response was blocked by sectioning the greater splanchnic nerve. Vasodilator responses of the adrenal medulla to adenosine were not impaired by adrenal denervation. Blood flow to the adrenal cortex was not affected by seizures but increased in response to intravenous adenosine. These findings suggest that 1) anesthesia decreases adrenal blood flow, particularly to the adrenal medulla, and 2) reflex stimuli that release catecholamines can produce selective increases in blood flow to the adrenal medulla.
Diseases of the pleural space.

Summary Pneumothorax in the ED most often will be primary and spontaneous in a young person who may be treated with either chest tube, minichest tube, or aspiration of pneumothorax according to local preference. The other large group of pneumothoraces will be spontaneous but secondary to a disease process, procedure, or drug abuse. The treatment of these must be individualized because conservative measures may not work and the underlying process may require attention as well. Although gaining in popularity, the use of devices or procedures other than formal chest tubes is still not general practice. The major complication of pneumothorax is tension pneumothorax, which is rapidly fatal and must be excluded immediately in all patients regardless of the etiology. Treatment of this complication must be carried out without delay for further diagnostic studies by venting the chest. The significance of pleural effusion depends on its volume and composition. If the cause is not known with certainty or if the patient is dyspneic, thoracentesis should be performed. The fluid is sent for numerous tests including specific gravity, pH, glucose, LDH, and protein. On this basis it is determined as either transudate, which tends to be associated with more benign disorders, or exudate, which is seen with infection, malignancy, and numerous other processes. In all cases the underlying disease requires therapy but only certain exudates require aggressive treatment primarily. Many parapneumonic effusions and all empyemas are exudates that require tube thoracostomy.
The surgery of Hirschsprung's disease.

The author concisely describes what Hirschsprung’s disease is, how it can be diagnosed, and what advantages accrue to the various “definitive” treatments proposed by surgeons.
The Confraternal Structure of Zamora

The traditional Catholic vision of the gates of Heaven was crowded with familiar faces. Just as Dante caught the comforting glance of Beatrice among other acquaintances during his journey to Paradise in the Divine Comedy, so did people count on the support of the righteous both in heaven and on earth to assuage their fears. In the early sixteenth century a townswoman in Zamora, Francisca de la Pena, prepared for her own death in her will through faith, hope and charity in God and in his holy mercy that compassion will greet me; and in supplication of the always glorious Virgin Holy Mary, his mother, our intercessor, to whom I humbly pray, and to all the saints who are before the eternal throne of God, [I pray] that they be my lawyers and persuade my Savior that he receive my soul.... At the Last Judgment, Francisca, like most of her contemporaries, did not imagine herself confronting God directly and alone; rather, she was escorted by the good wishes of loved ones on earth and by the good will of the blessed, to whom friendly recognition had been offered during her life.
Neutron production and ionization efficiency in a gridded IEC device at high currents

Experiments at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) are exploring high current operation in a gridded, Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) device. Until recently all IEC operation has been done at relatively low currents. Calculations indicate that much higher voltages and higher currents are needed to form deep potential wells as required ultimately for reactor applications. Recent experiments have achieved 8x10 8 n/s at peak of 100 microsecond pulses at a cathode-grid potential of 50 kV and 17 amps of current (vs. kA currents projected for a power reactor).
GPU-ABFT: Optimizing Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance for Heterogeneous Systems with GPUs

For matrix operations, the algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) brings much lower fault tolerance overhead than the traditional Triple Modular Redundancy or Double Modular Redundancy approaches. Many works have been done to develop and optimize ABFT schemes on general purpose microprocessors. However, the ABFT schemes on heterogeneous systems with GPUs are not fully developed and optimized. Moreover, existing ABFT schemes can correct computing errors brings by the logic parts, however, many memory storage errors cannot be detected and corrected by current ABFT schemes. In this work, we designed a new ABFT scheme with both computing and memory storage protection. Then, we apply it to Cholesky decomposition on heterogeneous systems with GPUs. In addition, we develop several fault tolerance overhead reduction techniques specifically for heterogeneous systems with GPUs accelerators. Experimental results show that our ABFT scheme is able to correct both computing error and memory storage error with low overhead and comparable overall performance.
THE FOUR TIGERS OF GLOBAL E-BUSINESS INFRASTRUCTURE: STRATEGIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EMERGING ECONOMIES

Statistics show that the United States is the leader on all fronts of e-business readiness. However, in different geographic regions several other countries are emerging as leaders in e-business infrastructure development. These Tigers of global e-business infrastructure include Singapore, India, Ireland, and Finland. This paper describes the specific e-business infrastructure models that are taking shape in these emerging leaders. The models are differentiated in terms of their underlying IT infrastructures, human capital requirements, alliance aspects, cultural aspects, and institutional environments. The paper analyzes each model as a configuration of activities for creating competitive advantage in e-business infrastructure. Recommendations are drawn for emerging countries striving to increase their participation in global ebusiness.
A chloroplast thylakoid lumen protein is required for proper photosynthetic acclimation of plants under fluctuating light environments

Despite our increasingly sophisticated understanding of mechanisms ensuring efficient photosynthesis under laboratory-controlled light conditions, less is known about the regulation of photosynthesis under fluctuating light. This is important because—in nature—photosynthetic organisms experience rapid and extreme changes in sunlight, potentially causing deleterious effects on photosynthetic efficiency and productivity. Here we report that the chloroplast thylakoid lumenal protein MAINTENANCE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II UNDER HIGH LIGHT 2 (MPH2; encoded by At4g02530) is required for growth acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana plants under controlled photoinhibitory light and fluctuating light environments. Evidence is presented that mph2 mutant light stress susceptibility results from a defect in photosystem II (PSII) repair, and our results are consistent with the hypothesis that MPH2 is involved in disassembling monomeric complexes during regeneration of dimeric functional PSII supercomplexes. Moreover, mph2—and previously characterized PSII repair-defective mutants—exhibited reduced growth under fluctuating light conditions, while PSII photoprotection-impaired mutants did not. These findings suggest that repair is not only required for PSII maintenance under static high-irradiance light conditions but is also a regulatory mechanism facilitating photosynthetic adaptation under fluctuating light environments. This work has implications for improvement of agricultural plant productivity through engineering PSII repair.
Changes in Specific Substance Involvement Scores among SBIRT recipients in an HIV primary care setting.

Substance use is common among people living with HIV (PLHIV) and is associated with worse outcomes along the HIV care continuum. One potentially effective clinic-based approach to addressing unhealthy substance use is screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT). We conducted a two-arm randomized trial to examine the effects of a self-administered, computerized SBIRT intervention compared to a clinician-administered SBIRT intervention in an HIV primary clinic. Patients were surveyed before receiving the intervention and again at 1, 3, and 6 months. We administered the WHO Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test to determine Specific Substance Involvement Scores (SSIS) and to assign participants to categories of lower, moderate, or high risk to health and other problems for each substance. We collapsed moderate or severe risk responses into a single moderate–high risk category. Based on low rates of participation in the computerized arm, we conducted an “as treated” analysis to examine 6-month changes in mean SSIS among SBIRT intervention participants. For the overall sample (n = 208), baseline mean SSIS were in the moderate risk category for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, sedatives and opioids. Of those enrolled, 134 (64.4%) received the intervention, and 109 (52.4%) completed the 6-month follow up. There was a statistically significant decline in mean SSIS for all substances except tobacco and cannabis among participants who were at moderate–high risk at baseline. We also observed a statistically significant increase in mean SSIS for all substances except amphetamines and sedatives among participants who were at lower risk at baseline. Substance use among patients in this urban, safety-net, HIV primary care clinic was near universal, and moderate risk substance use was common. Among participants who received the SBIRT intervention, mean SSISs decreased among those at moderate–high risk at baseline, but increased among those at lower risk at baseline over the 6-month study period. Additional research should examine the clinical significance of SSIS changes for PLHIV, which SBIRT components drive changes in substance use scores, and what other interventions might support those patients at lower risk to maintain health and engagement along the HIV care continuum. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01300806
Rapid quantification of tyrosine sulfation in therapeutic proteins.

Protein tyrosine sulfation (Tyr-O-SO3) is a common post-translational modification (PTM), which is important for protein function. Absolute quantitation of Tyr-O-SO3 in recombinant therapeutic proteins has been challenging. We report here an MRM method used for absolute quantitation of Tyr-O-SO3 in the hydrolysate of a recombinant Fc-fusion protein. Quantitation is achieved by monitoring the sum of two transitions: the loss of carboxylic acid from tyrosine sulfate (major transition) and sulfate group from tyrosine sulfate sodium salt. The method exhibits a good sensitivity with a limit of quantitation of 1.4 ng/mL, linearity over three orders of magnitude, good repeatability, precision and accuracy.
Looking Back in Anger: The Influences of Schooling on Illiterate Adults:

Adult education is often referred to as an "emerging field of practice and studyť' Precisely when and how such an emergence is to be deemed complete is a matter of considerable discussion within the field (Cotton, 1964; Griffith, 1989; Lewis, 1989; Ohliger, 1989; Spear & Mocker, 1989), but there can be little doubt that the emergence of the discipline of adult education thus far has meant that certain bridges have been burned or at least been sorely neglected. One of the most obvious among these is the little-used bridge between the fields of adult and public school education. Although this is a frequent observation in the adult education literature, little has actually been done on either side of the learning gap to address this concern. Adult education researchers working in the area of race and ethnicity, for instance, have noted that "Attitudes toward learning in formal institutions may be formed early in development, and there may very well be some direct connection between these early years and nonparticipation in adult years" (Briscoe & Ross, 1989, p. 585). A few working in adult development, learning to learn, and adult cognition have attempted to bring child learning development and adult learning development closer together (see, e.g., Mezirow, 1990; Smith, 1990). However, the crossover points are so few and the followup research so minimal that one must agree with Gerry Apps's (1986, p. 585) conclusion: "In our zeal for adult education, we magnify our uniqueness, and thus we see no connection between what we do as educators of adults and what first grade teachers do." In fact, taking education as a prism, the kaleidoscope of "lifelong learning," "lifelong education," "cradle to grave
Heuristics for knowledge acquisition from maps

Acquiring knowledge from a map depends upon procedures for focusing attention, encoding information, and integrating diverse knowledge. This paper describes the heuristics people use to study and learn maps. Verbal protocols obtained from eight subjects suggested four categories of procedures that were invoked during learning: attention, encoding, evaluation, and control. The use of certain heuristics in each category was highly predictive of learning success. Good learners differed from poor learners in their ability to encode spatial information, to evaluate their learning progress, and to focus their attention in accordance with a learning plan. Many of the successful heuristics appear to be readily trainable.
Reduction of sidelobe levels in interrupted phased array antennas by means of a genetic algorithm: Research Articles

Interruptions in the regular lattice of a phased array antenna can lead to elevated sidelobe levels in the resulting antenna pattern. A method for reducing the sidelobe level in such an array is presented, based on the use of a genetic algorithm that modifies the element weights in the array. Results are presented for both scanned and unscanned arrays. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Number of Risk Factors in Down Syndrome Pregnancies.

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factor prevalence in pregnancies with fetal Down syndrome, in an effort to characterize efficacy of population-based screening. Study Design Retrospective review of singleton pregnancies with delivery of live born or stillborn infant with Down syndrome from 2009 through 2015. Risk factor categories included maternal age ≥35 years, abnormal serum screening, identification of ≥1 ultrasound marker at 16 to 22 weeks (nuchal thickness ≥6 mm, echogenic intracardiac focus, echogenic bowel, renal pelvis dilatation, femur length Results Down syndrome infants represented 1:428 singleton births. All risk categories were assessed in 125 pregnancies and included abnormal serum screen in 110 (88%), ≥1 ultrasound marker in 66 (53%), and ≥1 anomaly in 41 (34%). The calculated risk was at least 1:270 in 93% of Down syndrome pregnancies. More pregnancies had multiple risk factors than had a single risk factor, 90 (72%) versus 30 (24%), p 50% of fetuses in women 75% of those 35 years and older. Conclusion In a population-based cohort, sensitivity of second-trimester Down syndrome screening was 93%, with multiple risk factors present in nearly three-fourths of cases.
PMU Holdover Performance Enhancement Using Double-Oven Controlled Oscillator

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) rely on high-precision timing signals obtained from global positioning system (GPS) to guarantee the accuracy of measurements. Unfortunately, GPS receivers inside the PMUs cannot lock to satellite signals frequently, leaving PMUs operating under a holdover condition with degraded accuracy. In this letter, a double-oven controlled oscillator (DOCO) is proposed to be utilized as a solution for PMU holdover reliability enhancement. It can generate timing signal within 1 μ s drift to maintain measurement accuracy level for more than 1.5 h in holdover state. Experimental tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the DOCO as a reliable alternative time source for PMUs.
Low Voltage Clock Tree Synthesis with Local Gate Clusters

In this paper, a novel local clock gate cluster-aware low voltage clock tree synthesis methodology is introduced. In low voltage/swing clocking, timing closure is a challenging problem due to tight skew and slew constraints. The clock gating makes this problem more challenging due to the high delay mismatch between the gated and the non-gated sinks. The proposed methodology preserves the power savings of the clock gating and exploits low swing clocking to further reduce the power consumption, while maintaining the same skew and slew constraints as the full swing counterpart. Experimental results performed on the large circuits of ISCAS'89 benchmarks operating at 1.5GHz in the 45nm technology node demonstrate that the proposed methodology can provide 38% power savings as compared to a full swing gated clock tree, achieving an additional 12% savings as compared to a low swing non-gated clock tree.
Can International Law Stop Genocide When Our Moral Intuitions Fail Us

“If I look at the mass I will never act. If I look at one, I will.” This statement, uttered by Mother Teresa, captures a powerful and deeply unsettling insight into human nature: Most people are caring and will exert great effort to rescue “the one” whose needy plight comes to their attention. But these same people often become numbly indifferent to the plight of “the one” who is part of a much greater problem. Why does this occur? The answer to this question will help us answer a related question: Why do good people and their governments ignore mass murder and genocide? A paper based on a 2009 talk by Paul Slovic on this subject is available.
The relationship between variability in baseball pitching kinematics and consistency in pitch location

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between variability in pitching kinematics and consistency in pitch location. Data were collected for 47 healthy baseball pitchers throwing ten full-effort fastballs to the centre of the strike zone. For each pitch, 20 kinematic parameters were calculated with an automated motion capture system while pitch location was measured with a PITCHf/x system. Variability of each kinematic parameter was defined for each pitcher as the standard deviation among his fastballs thrown. For calculating consistency, each pitcher's mean pitch location was first calculated. The distances from each individual pitch to the mean pitch location were then found for each pitcher tested. A consistency metric was then calculated for each pitcher by averaging these distances. A multiple linear regression model was developed using stepwise regression with backwards elimination. The resulting model explained 58% of the variance in the consistency metric and included five parameters, three at foot contact (upper trunk tilt, shoulder abduction, and shoulder horizontal abduction) and two at time of maximum shoulder external rotation (shoulder external rotation and shoulder horizontal adduction). Reducing variability at the shoulder during the early portions of the pitching motion may improve consistency of ball location.
NEAR-SURFACE WIND FLOW AROUND DESERT SHRUBS

Desert shrubs modify the pattern and magnitude of shear stress exerted on the ground surface by the wind. Wind profiles near the surface were measured at different locations around shrubs at six field sites. The profiles show that the pattern of wind flow around shrubs is complex and variable between sites. Estimates of the magnitude of surface shear stress around shrubs indicate that the presence of shrubs decreases shear stress on the surface and that the degree of protection is partly related to the density of shrubs on the surface. [Key words: wind, wind erosion, aeolian geomorphology, deserts.]
A Cooperative Project for Increasing Accountability in Speech-Language Services in Rural Schools.

Nontraditional strategies for graduate student recruitment, training, and placement were developed in the Department of Communicative Disorders at the University of Mississippi, in an attempt to me...
Early experience with computer-supported collaborative exercises for a 2 nd semester Java class

This paper reports on two semesters experience with computer-mediated group discussion exercises in a CS2 computer programming class. The class is a gateway for computer science and computer engineering students, where many students have difficulty succeeding well enough to proceed in their major. The exercises focus on Java concepts. They are designed to require students to rely on each other, but also be individually accountable. Learning gains measured in this trial have been mixed, with the least prepared student (as measured by pretest) in each discussion group showing the highest learning gains, while best prepared student in the discussion group showed score reductions on average. This paper reports on first year results of learning gains and of surveys of student experience with the exercises.
Influenza-associated paediatric respiratory hospitalizations in China, 1996-2012: a systematic analysis.

Background The World Health Organization recommends that children aged ≥ 6 months be vaccinated against influenza. Influenza vaccination policies depend on the evidence of the burden of influenza, yet few national data on influenza-associated severe outcomes among children exist in China. Methods We conducted a systematic review of articles published from 1996 to 2012 on laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated paediatric respiratory hospitalizations in China. We extracted data and stratified the percentage of samples testing positive for influenza by age group (< 2, < 5 and < 18 years old); case definition; test methods; and geographic location. The pooled percentage of samples testing positive for influenza was estimated with a random effects regression model. Results Influenza was associated with 8.8% of respiratory hospitalizations among children aged < 18 years, ranging from 7.0% (95% confidence interval: 4.2-9.8%) in children aged < 2 years to 8.9% (95% confidence interval: 6.8-11%) in children aged < 5 years. The percentage of samples testing positive for influenza was consistently higher among studies with data from children aged < 5 years and < 18 years than those restricted only to children aged < 2 years; the percentages were higher in Northern China than Southern China. Discussion Influenza is an important cause of paediatric respiratory hospitalizations in China. Influenza vaccination of school-aged children could prevent substantial influenza-associated illness, including hospitalizations, in China.
Chapter 10 – Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium

Of the heavier elements in Group IIIA, aluminum is by far the most important. It is a very important structural metal that occurs in nature in the minerals bauxite and cryolite. Because of the very high charge to size ratio of Al3+, it is extremely strongly hydrated in aqueous solutions and the oxide is very stable. It also forms stable complexes of which the hydride, LiAlH4, is the most important because it is a useful reducing agent. Aluminum halides exist primarily as Al2X6 in which there are halogen bridges. There is an extensive organic chemistry of aluminum, partially because aluminum alkyls are used as starting materials in polymerization reactions. Aluminum alkyls also exist as dimers having the formula Al2R6.
Total Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection in the Setting of Hematologic Malignancy: Considerations for Management.

Abstract Patients with malignancy are often profoundly immunocompromised due to chemotherapy, placing them at potential increased risk for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). However, there is little information regarding PJI management in these patients. We describe 4 patients with a history of primary total knee arthroplasty followed by diagnosis of multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia who received chemotherapy within 4 months prior to PJI. The Musculoskeletal Infection Society major and minor criteria and either debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention or a 2-stage approach appear to be effective for acute or chronic PJI, respectively. We recommend an anticoagulant be administered concomitantly with antineoplastics that significantly increase deep vein thrombosis risk, and we recommend long-term oral suppressive antibiotics postoperatively, especially if chemotherapy will be resumed. Additional studies are needed to investigate risks and benefits of PJI prophylaxis during chemotherapy and long-term suppressive antibiotics after PJI treatment.
Genetic analysis of Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) in the Mediterranean region: biogeographical pattern of native populations.

Genetic diversity within and among 42 native populations of Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) was characterized within two regions, the eastern Mediterranean and the western Mediterranean. Two hypotheses were tested for the genetic diversity of these populations: (1) populations from the eastern Mediterranean are more genetically diverse compared with populations to the west, a potential consequence of the species’ westward dispersal with the spread of agriculture, and (2) populations across the Mediterranean contain comparable genetic diversity but display high genetic differentiation, a potential consequence of both regions having served as refugia during glacial advances in the late Quaternary Period. Populations in the eastern Mediterranean possess 16 polymorphic loci and 37 multilocus genotypes. In contrast, populations from the western Mediterranean include a subset of these polymorphic loci (9) and fewer multilocus genotypes (19), consistent with the dispersal of B. tectorum with the east–west Holocene spread of agriculture. Among the 19 multilocus genotypes identified in populations from the western Mediterranean, 13 are undetected among eastern Mediterranean populations. Average genetic diversity within populations from the eastern Mediterranean is nonetheless comparable to the genetic diversity in populations from the Iberian Peninsula, whereas diversity is the lowest in the populations from southern France. Our results suggest a prominent role for agriculture in the grass’s western spread, although glacial history and environmental heterogeneity also could have influenced the grass’s genetic diversity. The exceptionally high level of self-pollination (>99%) in B. tectorum has contributed to preserving the genetic signature associated with the species’ biogeographical history across the Mediterranean region.
Real-time HEP analysis with funcX, a high-performance platform for function as a service

We explore how the function as a service paradigm can be used to address the computing challenges in experimental high-energy physics at CERN. As a case study, we use funcX—a high-performance function as a service platform that enables intuitive, flexible, efficient, and scalable remote function execution on existing infrastructure—to parallelize an analysis operating on columnar data to aggregate histograms of analysis products of interest in real-time. We demonstrate efficient execution of such analyses on heterogeneous resources.
Sex Differences in US Army Suicide Attempts During the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Objective To examine sex differences in risk for administratively documented suicide attempt (SA) among US Army soldiers during the Iraq/Afghanistan wars. Method Using administrative person-month records of Regular Army enlisted soldiers from 2004 to 2009, we identified 9650 person-months with a first documented SA and an equal-probability control sample (n=153,528 person-months). Person-months were weighted to the population and pooled over time. After examining the association of sex with SA in a logistic regression analysis, predictors were examined separately among women and men. Results Women (an estimated 13.7% of the population) accounted for 25.2% of SAs and were more likely than men to attempt suicide after adjusting for sociodemographic, service-related, and mental health diagnosis (MHDx) variables (odds ratio=1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-1.7). Women with increased odds of SA in a given person-month were younger, non-Hispanic White, less educated, in their first term of enlistment, never or previously deployed (vs. currently deployed), and previously received a MHDx. The same variables predicted SA among men. Interactions indicated significant but generally small differences between women and men on 6 of the 8 predictors, the most pronounced being time in service, deployment status, and MHDx. Discrete-time survival models examining risk by time in service demonstrated that patterns for women and men were similar, and that women's initially higher risk diminished as time in service increased. Conclusions Predictors of documented SAs are similar for US Army women and men. Differences associated with time in service, deployment status, and MHDx require additional research. Future research should consider stressors that disproportionately affect women.
The crises of 2020: the effects of intersectionality and virality on marginalized youth in the U.S.

The COVID-19 pandemic and violence inflicted on communities of color by police in the United States has caused unrest across the country. Scholars have focused on the significant influence of socia...