cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen and neuron‐specific enolase in medullary thyroid carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study

Calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were studied in the thyroid glands of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2a, 2b, and with sporadic thyroid carcinomas (MTC). Calcitonin, CEA and NSE were localized in normal C-cells, hyperplastic C-cells, and in MTC. While the distribution of calcitonin and CEA was quite similar in most cases, a smaller proportion of cases were positive for NSE. C-cell hyperplasia was identified in all nine patients with MEN 2a and in four of six patients with MEN 2b. None of the four patients with sporadic MTC had C-cell hyperplasia. These results indicate that C-cell hyperplasia is present in patients with MEN 2a and 2b and that NSE in addition to calcitonin and CEA is a useful marker for the thyroid C-cells.
Coordination of K+ Transporters in Neurospora: TRK1 Is Scarce and Constitutive, while HAK1 Is Abundant and Highly Regulated

Fungi, plants, and bacteria accumulate potassium via two distinct molecular machines not directly coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The first, designated TRK, HKT, or KTR, has eight transmembrane helices and is folded like known potassium channels, while the second, designated HAK, KT, or KUP, has 12 transmembrane helices and resembles MFS class proteins. One of each type functions in the model organism Neurospora crassa, where both are readily accessible for biochemical, genetic, and electrophysiological characterization. We have now determined the operating balance between Trk1p and Hak1p under several important conditions, including potassium limitation and carbon starvation. Growth measurements, epitope tagging, and quantitative Western blotting have shown the gene HAK1 to be much more highly regulated than is TRK1. This conclusion follows from three experimental results: (i) Trk1p is expressed constitutively but at low levels, and it is barely sensitive to extracellular [K(+)] and/or the coexpression of HAK1; (ii) Hak1p is abundant but is markedly depressed by elevated extracellular concentrations of K(+) and by coexpression of TRK1; and (iii) Carbon starvation slowly enhances Hak1p expression and depresses Trk1p expression, yielding steady-state Hak1p:Trk1p ratios of ∼500:1, viz., 10- to 50-fold larger than that in K(+)- and carbon-replete cells. Additionally, it appears that both potassium transporters can adjust kinetically to sustained low-K(+) stress by means of progressively increasing transporter affinity for extracellular K(+). The underlying observations are (iv) that K(+) influx via Trk1p remains nearly constant at ∼9 mM/h when extracellular K(+) is progressively depleted below 0.05 mM and (v) that K(+) influx via Hak1p remains at ∼3 mM/h when extracellular K(+) is depleted below 0.1 mM.
Indications for endo-organ gastric excision

Intragastric surgery for benign and malignant conditions is a new form of minimally invasive surgery, to which the term endo-organ gastric surgery has been applied. This procedure may provide improved results for patients, but reported studies are small, and follow-up evaluation is limited. The indications for endo-organ surgery are evolving as technology and operative expertise begin to meet the need for continued advancements in miniaturized surgery. This new approach is applied primarily to the removal of gastric neoplasms poorly positioned or too large for standard transoral endoscopic excision. Gastric polyps, benign gastric wall tumors such as leiomyomas and carcinoids, and low-grade as well as high-grade malignancies can be removed. The history of endo-organ surgery, the background technology, and surgical experience are reviewed. In addition, current indications for endo-organ surgery and the rationale for algorithms are included. Intraluminal gastric surgery is not widely performed or studied, therefore a further understanding of its role is provided.
Adolescents in a residential school for behavior disorders have an elevated mortality risk in young adulthood

Conduct problems during adolescence are associated with an elevated mortality risk. This study investigated the mortality rate, causes of death, and changes over time in a Finnish residential school (RS) population. All adolescents (N = 885, M/F = 594/291, age mean 15.2 years at baseline) residing in the RS system in 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 and matched controls were included in a register-based study with a follow-up time of up to 22 years. The all-cause mortality rate for people with an RS background was 6.7 % compared to 1.0 % in the controls (Hazard Ratio HR = 6.95, 95 % 4.66–10.37, p < 0.001). 8.1 % of the RS boys had died compared to 2.2 % of the girls (HR = 2.2, p = 0.02). The HR for substance-related death was 24.31 (95 % CI 9.3–65.53, P < 0.001), for suicide 7.23 (95 % CI 3.24–16.11, P < 0.001) and for other external causes 5.45 (95 % CI 2.41–12.36, P < 0.001) compared to controls. Mortality peaked among RS boys at approximately 25 years, whereas for girls it peaked after 30 years. Adolescents with severe disruptive behavior problems have a seven-fold risk for premature adult-age death compared to matched controls. The most common causes for death were avoidable, substance-related followed by suicide. Effective treatment of mental and substance use related problems during and after the placement is needed to reduce mortality.
Pascal and High School Students: A Study of Errors:

A screening test was given to three classes of high school students, who were just completing introductory semester-long courses in Pascal. These tests were graded, and subsequently thirty-five students were given detailed clinical interviews. These interviews showed that errors were made with essentially every Pascal construct. Over half the students were classified as having major difficulties—fewer than 10 percent had no difficulties. The errors noted are discussed in detail in this article. A major finding is that the students attribute to the computer the reasoning power of an average person. The article also speculates about how difficult it might be to remediate the errors found, and concludes with an outline of future work.
Using fNIRS brain sensing in realistic HCI settings: experiments and guidelines

Because functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) eases many of the restrictions of other brain sensors, it has potential to open up new possibilities for HCI research. From our experience using fNIRS technology for HCI, we identify several considerations and provide guidelines for using fNIRS in realistic HCI laboratory settings. We empirically examine whether typical human behavior (e.g. head and facial movement) or computer interaction (e.g. keyboard and mouse usage) interfere with brain measurement using fNIRS. Based on the results of our study, we establish which physical behaviors inherent in computer usage interfere with accurate fNIRS sensing of cognitive state information, which can be corrected in data analysis, and which are acceptable. With these findings, we hope to facilitate further adoption of fNIRS brain sensing technology in HCI research.
Infrastructure and Self-organization in Postmodern Internet Architecture

The Postmodern Internetwork Architecture project, a collaboration among researchers at the Universities of Kentucky, Kansas and Maryland, aims to produce a clean-slate design for a thin (inter)network layer. Design goals for this Internet layer include complete separation of routing from forwarding, avoidance of hierarchical or centrally-assigned identifiers in the forwarding plane, and provision of explicit mechanisms to support policies of the various stakeholders (specifically users and service providers). The talk will begin with a high-level overview of the PoMo architecture, followed by a description of our routing/forwarding approach, which is based on loose source routing. The focus will be on design considerations that suggest which functions of the system should be assigned to the infrastructure, and which should/can be self-organized.
NRC's PORTAGE System for WMT 2007

We present the PORTAGE statistical machine translation system which participated in the shared task of the ACL 2007 Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. The focus of this description is on improvements which were incorporated into the system over the last year. These include adapted language models, phrase table pruning, an IBM1-based decoder feature, and rescoring with posterior probabilities.
Uptake and release of cholesterol by rabbit atheromatous lesions.

Rabbits were fed 1 g of cholesterol per day for 92 days. At the end of this period all animals were transferred to Purina rabbit chow for 63 days at which time half of the animals were fed cholesterol again and half were continued on Purina chow. After either two or three weeks, flux of cholesterol into aorta was measured with C14-cholesterol. The flux of cholesterol into the aortas with similar degrees of atheromatosis varied directly with the plasma cholesterol concentrations. Rabbits were injected with serum containing C14-cholesterol in the free form only. Esterification of C14-cholesterol entering the aorta was minimal. Apparently esterified aortic cholesterol is derived by direct transfer from plasma. Influx and release of cholesterol were investigated in vitro under different conditions of incubation. Boiling of the aorta or the addition of cyanide and fluoride did not stop influx of cholesterol. The release of cholesterol from boiled aortic halves was, for free cholesterol 25% of the amount of the...
The relationship between socioeconomic status and eating-disordered behaviors in a community sample of adolescent girls

Objective Although previous research has demonstrated a relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and weight, the research has not been consistent regarding the relationship between SES and eating disorders. This analysis was designed to examine this relationship in a large community sample of adolescent girls (Grades 7 to 12). Method: Items were selected from a comprehensive self-report health survey completed by 17,571 adolescent girls. The relationships between SES and dieting behaviors and attitudes were examined using chi-square tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to control for body mass index. Results: Although there was a significant positive relationship between SES and some of the unhealthy dieting behaviors, there was no relationship between self-report of clinically significant eating-disordered behaviors (e.g., vomiting twice a week or more) and SES in this community sample. Discussion: This study suggests that while there may be a significant relationship between SES and dieting or other behaviors associated with eating disorders, this relationship does not apply to diagnostically significant behaviors. SES may be associated with differences in dieting or eating behaviors; however, among those young women who meet psychiatric criteria for an eating disorder, SES does not appear to be a significant factor. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 22: 15–23, 1997.
Certifications and Reputation: Determining the Standard of Desirability Amidst Uncertainty

We develop a theory that examines how a particular type of third-party quality signal, certifications, influences an actor's long-term reputation by addressing two different types of uncertainty. The first type deals with the degree to which the capabilities of an actor can be inferred over time based on known performance dimensions. We label this technical uncertainty. The second type deals with assessing whether the perceived capabilities of the actor meet the standard of desirability, which we call performance standard uncertainty. We propose and test that certifications will positively influence the long-term reputation of actors in situations that involve minimal technical uncertainty, and that, across levels of technical performance, certifications will have an inverted U-shaped relationship with assessments of actors such that certifications will have the greatest impact on assessments of actors who are close to the uncertain standard of desirability. We test our hypotheses in the context of the voting for Major League Baseball's Hall of Fame, an environment where comprehensive technical performance measures leave little technical uncertainty. Our results support our hypotheses and suggest that certifications can influence an actor's reputation by reducing performance standard uncertainty rather than just technical uncertainty, as previously presumed.
The N-terminal region of twitchin binds thick and thin contractile filaments: redundant mechanisms of catch force maintenance.

Catch force maintenance in invertebrate smooth muscles is probably mediated by a force-bearing tether other than myosin cross-bridges between thick and thin filaments. The phosphorylation state of the mini-titin twitchin controls catch. The C-terminal phosphorylation site (D2) of twitchin with its flanking Ig domains forms a phosphorylation-sensitive complex with actin and myosin, suggesting that twitchin is the tether (Funabara, D., Osawa, R., Ueda, M., Kanoh, S., Hartshorne, D. J., and Watabe, S. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 18015–18020). Here we show that a region near the N terminus of twitchin also interacts with thick and thin filaments from Mytilus anterior byssus retractor muscles. Both a recombinant protein, including the D1 and DX phosphorylation sites with flanking 7th and 8th Ig domains, and a protein containing just the linker region bind to thin filaments with about a 1:1 mol ratio to actin and Kd values of 1 and 15 μm, respectively. Both proteins show a decrease in binding when phosphorylated. The unphosphorylated proteins increase force in partially activated permeabilized muscles, suggesting that they are sufficient to tether thick and thin filaments. There are two sites of thin filament interaction in this region because both a 52-residue peptide surrounding the DX site and a 47-residue peptide surrounding the D1 site show phosphorylation-dependent binding to thin filaments. The peptides relax catch force, confirming the region's central role in the mechanism of catch. The multiple sites of thin filament interaction in the N terminus of twitchin in addition to those in the C terminus provide an especially secure and redundant mechanical link between thick and thin filaments in catch.
Preparation and Preliminary Evaluation of 63Zn-Zinc Citrate as a Novel PET Imaging Biomarker for Zinc

Abnormalities of zinc homeostasis are indicated in many human diseases. A noninvasive imaging method for monitoring zinc in the body would be useful to understand zinc dynamics in health and disease. To provide a PET imaging agent for zinc, we have investigated production of 63Zn (half-life, 38.5 min) via the 63Cu(p,n)63Zn reaction using isotopically enriched solutions of 63Cu-copper nitrate. A solution target was used for rapid isolation of the 63Zn radioisotope from the parent 63Cu ions. Initial biologic evaluation was performed by biodistribution and PET imaging in normal mice. Methods: To produce 63Zn, solutions of 63Cu-copper nitrate in dilute nitric acid were irradiated by 14-MeV protons in a low-energy cyclotron. An automated module was used to purify 63Zn from 63Cu in the target solution. The 63Cu–63Zn mixture was trapped on a cation-exchange resin and rinsed with water, and the 63Zn was eluted using 0.05 N HCl in 90% acetone. The resulting solution was neutralized with NaHCO3, and the 63Zn was then trapped on a carboxymethyl cartridge, washed with water, and eluted with isotonic 4% sodium citrate. Standard quality control tests were performed on the product according to current good manufacturing practice, including radionuclidic identity and purity, and measurement of nonradioactive Zn+2, Cu+2, Fe+3, and Ni+2 by ion-chromatography high-performance liquid chromatography. Biodistribution and PET imaging studies were performed in B6.SJL mice after intravenous administration of 63Zn-zinc citrate. 63Cu target material was recycled by eluting the initial resin with 4N HNO3. Results: Yields of 1.07 ± 0.22 GBq (uncorrected at 30–36 min after end of bombardment) of 63Zn-zinc citrate were obtained with a 1.23 M 63Cu-copper nitrate solution. Radionuclidic purity was greater than 99.9%, with copper content lower than 3 μg/batch. Specific activities were 41.2 ± 18.1 MBq/μg (uncorrected) for the 63Zn product. PET and biodistribution studies in mice at 60 min showed expected high uptake in the pancreas (standard uptake value, 8.8 ± 3.2), liver (6.0 ± 1.9), upper intestine (4.7 ± 2.1), and kidney (4.2 ± 1.3). Conclusion: A practical and current good manufacturing practice–compliant preparation of radionuclidically pure 63Zn-zinc citrate has been developed that will enable PET imaging studies in animal and human studies. 63Zn-zinc citrate showed the expected biodistribution in mice.
Reaching the ventricular aspect of the inferior isthmus in a Fontan patient using magnetic navigation.

e r After classic Fontan operation, that is, atriopulmonary onnection, up to 50% of the patients develop atrial tachyardia (AT) during long-term follow-up. The majority of trial arrhythmias following the Fontan procedure are ATs elated to surgical incision or inferior isthmus-dependent utter. We report a 44-year-old man with recurrent AT. His original diagnosis was double inlet left ventricle with discordant ventricular arterial connection and pulmonary stenosis. At age 21 years, he underwent a Fontan operation with an atriopulmonary connection (using a homograft) and patch closure of the AV valve connecting the right atrium (RA) to the left ventricle following a palliative left BlalockTaussig shunt at the age of 12 years. In addition, 2 device closures (Amplatzer, 6 and 15 mm, respectively) were performed for residual patch leaks. (The dotted red line in Figure A depicts the patch across the right-sided AV valve. Note the 2 closure devices.) A single-lead atrial pacemaker had also been implanted for sinus node dysfunction. A 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system (Carto-RMT, Biosense-Webster, Diamond Bar, CA) was used in combination with the remote magnetic navigation system (Niobe, Stereotaxis Inc, St Louis, MO) for mapping and ablation of AT. The activation in the electroanatomic apping and entrainment mapping demonstrated that the achycardia was isthmus dependent. Radiofrequency energy as delivered to the RA-sided inferior isthmus (the blue line n Figure 1) without effect, and hence the decision to aproach the ventricular side of the inferior isthmus (the arrow n Figure 1; the remaining myocardium excluded from the
Leukocyte adhesion and thrombosis.

Purpose of the review The consequences of arterial thrombosis such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular occlusion are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. A high leukocyte count and an elevation in inflammatory markers are identified as significant risk factors for thrombosis. Leukocytes form the front line in defense against infection and are the first cells arriving at the site of inflammation. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which adherent leukocytes can induce a prothrombotic state. Recent findings Circulating tissue factor has been recognized as a potential prothrombotic factor initiating thrombosis after vascular injury. The tissue factor is present on microvesicles originated from activated leukocytes. Leukocytes generate tissue factor containing microvesicles following stimulation with cytokines and following platelet adhesion via P-selectin. Additionally, activated leukocytes release several mediators, such as cathepsin G and elastase, which can activate both the coagulation cascade and platelets. Furthermore, new roles for leukocytes have been identified in vascular injury in sickle cell anemia, in vascular occlusion following the rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, and in thrombotic complications of myeloproliferative diseases. Summary Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium and platelets plays an important role in the activation of the coagulation cascade. An excessive activation of leukocytes during the inflammatory process may induce a systemic procoagulant state. Elucidation of critical steps in activation of coagulation by leukocytes may offer a new therapeutic target for antithrombotic therapy based on blocking leukocyte adhesion.
Loneliness and Communication Problems: Subjective Anxiety or Objective Skills?

In past research, loneliness has been found to be associated with social skill deficits. In the present study, loneliness was also demonstrated to be strongly associated with anxiety over social skills, for both male and female undergraduates and for a variety of social relationships. In a second study, male and female undergraduates were rated on both social skill deficits and anxiety over social skills to determine whether the two factors interacted to produce greater loneliness. Both factors were related significantly but independently to loneliness, with anxiety having a larger effect size.
Renal hemodynamic responses to dynamic exercise in rabbits

Cardiovascular hemodynamics, including renal blood flow, were measured in rabbits with one intact and one denervated kidney during various intensities of treadmill exercise. Within the first 10 s o...
Talker information influences spectral contrast effects in speech categorization.

Spectral contrast effects, the perceptual magnification of spectral differences between sounds, have been widely shown to influence speech categorization. However, whether talker information alters spectral contrast effects was recently debated [Laing, Liu, Lotto, and Holt, Front. Psychol. 3, 1-9 (2012)]. Here, contributions of reliable spectral properties, between-talker and within-talker variability to spectral contrast effects in vowel categorization were investigated. Listeners heard sentences in three conditions (One Talker/One Sentence, One Talker/200 Sentences, 200 Talkers/200 Sentences) followed by a target vowel (varying from /ɪ/-/ɛ/ in F1, spoken by a single talker). Low-F1 or high-F1 frequency regions in the sentences were amplified to encourage /ɛ/ or /ɪ/ responses, respectively. When sentences contained large reliable spectral peaks (+20 dB; experiment 1), all contrast effect magnitudes were comparable. Talker information did not alter contrast effects following large spectral peaks, which were likely attributed to an external source (e.g., communication channel) rather than talkers. When sentences contained modest reliable spectral peaks (+5 dB; experiment 2), contrast effects were smaller following 200 Talkers/200 Sentences compared to single-talker conditions. Constant recalibration to new talkers reduced listeners' sensitivity to modest spectral peaks, diminishing contrast effects. Results bridge conflicting reports of whether talker information influences spectral contrast effects in speech categorization.
Executive attention control and emotional responding in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder--A functional MRI study.

Background There are suggestions that patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show impairment in executive attention control and emotion regulation. This study investigated emotion regulation as a function of the recruitment of executive attention in patients with ADHD.
The epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of child pedestrian injury.

根据国际疾病分类第10版本(ICD-10),行人交通伤害是一种运输事故伤害(V01-V99),编码为V01-V09.儿童行人交通伤害定义为15岁及以下的儿童行人发生的交通伤害.在大多数发达国家,儿童行人交通伤害是儿童死亡的主要原因。
Quantum transport simulation of exciton condensate transport physics in a double-layer graphene system

Spatially indirect electron-hole exciton condensates stabilized by interlayer Fock exchange interactions have been predicted in systems containing a pair of two-dimensional semiconductor or semimetal layers separated by a thin tunnel dielectric. The layer degree of freedom in these systems can be described as a pseudospin. Condensation is then analogous to ferromagnetism, and the interplay between collective and quasiparticle contributions to transport is analogous to phenomena that are heavily studied in spintronics. These phenomena are the basis for pseudospintronic device proposals based on possible low-voltage switching between high (nearly shorted) and low interlayer conductance states and on near-perfect Coulomb drag-counterflow current along the layers. In this work, a quantum transport simulator incorporating a nonlocal Fock exchange interaction is presented, and used to model the essential transport physics in, for specificity, a graphene-dielectric-graphene system. Finite-size effects, Coulomb drag-counterflow current, critical interlayer currents beyond which interlayer dc conductance collapses at subthermal voltages, nonlocal coupling between interlayer critical currents in multiple lead devices, and an Andreev-like reflection process are illustrated.
Getting emotional about data The soft side of data management services

Original article, published by College and Research Libraries News, can be found at: http://crln.acrl.org/content/76/8/437.full
Leiter's Error: Legal Realism Goes Beyond 'Naturalistic Jurisprudence'

Legal Realism has been called the major event in 20th century American legal practice and scholarship. Yet, many misconceptions and distortions dog its legacy. For example, in their assessment of Legal Realism positivist scholars like Brian Leiter elevate the explanatory paradigm of the natural sciences to the detriment of both the pragmatic and creative process strains within Legal Realist thought. It is true that Legal Realism emerged during the heyday of positivism, but that was not the only influential philosophical movement active at the time. In fact there are strong indications that Legal Realist thinking also was influenced by the pragmatist philosophy of William James as well as by philosophies of immanence, or creative process, championed by such philosophers as Henri Bergson and Alfred North Whitehead. It is this influence that Leiter’s analysis erroneously omits. Such a critical omission obscures the full import and transformative potential of the Legal Realist contribution to legal theory and practice.
Berechnung von Kreiselpumpen mit Navier-Stokes-Verfahren—aus der Sicht des Anwenders

Berichtet wird uber erste Erfahrungen im, industriellen Einsatz eines kommerziell erhaltlichen Navier-Stokes-Programmes fur die Berechnung von Kreiselpumpen. Zur Zeit lassen sich Laufrad und Leitrad nur getrennt berechnen. Der Einflus der Laufradabstromung auf den Druckruckgewinn im Leitrad und den Wirkungsgrad sowie die starke Wechselwirkung zwischen Laufrad und Leitrad bei Teillast lassen sich somit nicht erfassen. Im Wirkungsgradoptimum ergeben sich bei den zehn untersuchten Laufradern Unterschiede bis ±12% zwischen berechneter und gemessener theoretischer Forderarbeit In der zitierten Literatur werden Abweichungen bis 30% gefunden. Die aus Versuchen berechnete theoretische Forderarbeit ist mit einer Unsicherheit von ±2 bis ±5% behaftet. Fur ein Leitrad werden Rechen- und Mesresultate gezeigt. Kriterien fur die Beurteilung von Stromungsberechnungen werden ausfuhrlich diskutiert.
Bearing Fault Detection in Electromechanical Actuators from Empirically Extracted Features

This paper proposes an approach to detecting bearing faults in electromechanical actuators (EMAs) using features extracted from experimental data. The method of feature extraction proposed uses established parameter estimation techniques based on system identification followed by an orthogonal transformation of estimated parameters to derive the required features. A Bayesian classifier is then used to create health classes from the extracted features. The performance of the approach is tested using both data obtained from simulations of bearing faults in a permanent magnet DC motor system as well as data recorded from a Moog MaxForce EMA. The approach shows a misclassification performance of 10% when tested with 50 different data sets generated via simulations. Marginally inferior performance is observed when using 40 different data sets collected from the Moog MaxForce EMA. The conclusion is that bearing fault detection in EMAs is possible via the proposed approach, although further refinements are required.
Regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function by constitutively active protein kinase C.

The ability of the constitutively active fragment of protein kinase C (PKM) to modulate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-activated currents in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons and acutely isolated CA1 hippocampal neurons from postnatal rats was studied using patch-clamp techniques. The responses of two heterodimeric combinations of recombinant NMDA receptors (NR1a/NR2A and NR1a/NR2B) expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells were also examined. Intracellular applications of PKM potentiated NMDA-evoked currents in cultured and isolated CA1 hippocampal neurons. This potentiation was observed in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+ and was prevented by the coapplication of the inhibitory peptide protein kinase inhibitor(19–36). Furthermore, the PKM-induced potentiation was not a consequence of a reduction in the sensitivity of the currents to voltage-dependent blockade by extracellular Mg2+. We also found different sensitivities of the responses of recombinant NMDA receptors to the intracellular application of PKM. Some potentiation was observed with the NR1a/NR2A subunits, but none was observed with the NR1a/NR2B combination. Applications of PKM to inside-out patches taken from cultured neurons increased the probability of channel opening without changing single-channel current amplitudes or channel open times. Thus, the activation of protein kinase C is associated with potentiation of NMDA receptor function in hippocampal neurons largely through an increase in the probability of channel opening.
Doctors and families in France, 1880-1930: the cultural reconstruction of medicine.

Entre 1880 et la fin des annees 1920, la notion de famille est devenue capitale pour la pratique medicale francaise. Cette importance provient non seulement du desir d'une clientele elargie mais aussi de l'ebauche de la comprehension des maladies hereditaires
Ongoing Experimentation with Business-Government Councils in Latin America

A fundamental distinction, elaborated in Chapter 2, revolves around the difference between councils designed to change the activities of government (passive policy) and councils intended to alter the behavior of business (active industrial policy). The former are often characterized as competitiveness councils or public—private dialogue (PPD) and generally aim to reduce the cost of doing business by reforming what governments do. These passive policies are easier to negotiate and do not require monitoring or sanctioning of business. The second kind of policy and council aims to change the private sector, the realm of active industrial policy. This conceptual distinction is crucial because the expectations of private—public interaction differ so much. However, in practice some of the specific instruments and measures may look similar (e.g., port reform). This chapter examines councils engaged in both kinds of policy.
Photographic Image Simulation

AbstractA photogrophic-image simulation technique is described with which phatographs have been generated having prescribed spread function, granularity. tonal scale and image size or scale. Each of these image-strucwre factors can be both varied and accurately measured independently of one another. The simulation technique is a modified contact-printing process wherein the image of the original is selectively altered to form the reproduction by control of the intensity distribution of the light source area. the distances between the light source and the original and the degree af contact between the original and the reproduction. Granularity is simulated by covering the print film with a film sheet bearing an image of grain structure. This technique has proved to be a valuable tool in image-evaluation studies.
Simulation Model to Predict Failure Cycles in Board Level Drop Test

Drop reliability of Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages has been a concern for electronic packages to meet drop performance requirement. Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) has provided a board-level drop standard to investigate the drop performance of electronic packages. Simulation models have been developed to simulate the drop dynamics in drop tests. However, thus far, there is no valid finite element model to predict the failure cycles for JEDEC drop tests. In this study, a finite element model is developed to simulate the drop response of package drop tests for JEDEC board level and further predict the failure cycles under a certain drop height. Solder joints are modeled as elastic-plastic materials that have been studied in drop tests. The simulation model is first correlated with the transient dynamic response of board in drop tests. Then a failure prediction model is determined by correlating the simulation results and test data. The averaged plastic energy density (SED) is used as a damage indicator to predict failure cycles and calculated using two different approaches. The first approach calculates the averaged SED for the critical volume at the solder-pad interface with a fixed thickness. The second approach calculates the averaged SED for a critical volume that is initiated from the element with the highest SED and then expands to the adjacent elements until a given percentage of volume is reached. The parameters in the drop cycle model were obtained by comparing with the test data. It would expect the developed model can well predict the failure cycles in board level drop tests. This study could serve as a foundation for modeling solder joint fatigue failure during drop tests and provide design guidance to improve BGA solder joint reliability in drop tests.
Empirical force laws for the prescribed dynamic uplift of a floating plate

An infinite thin plate floating on an ideal fluid of finite depth is subjected to a concentrated dynamic uplift force. For a specified upward displacement, the uplift force potential is the solution of a Volterra integral equation of the first kind and of convolution type. In this paper, empirical force laws for the prescribed dynamic uplift of a floating plate are derived for two canonical problems.
Fight Club: An Exploration of Buddhism

Initially panned by many critics for its violent content, David Fincher's Fight Club may seem like the most unlikely film to incorporate the tenants of Zen Buddhism. However, if one looks beyond the surface, issues like fighting against capitalism, saving people from themselves, creating a world-wide equilibrium, and suffering to gain enlightenment are all present in Fight Club. This alone may not be enough to prove an airtight connection between Zen Buddhism and Fight Club but the film's characters, structure and storyline can also be linked to key aspects of the Zen Buddhist doctrine. By exploring these multiple connections this paper provides a different, if not completely opposed, view of what could be one of the most controversial and ultimately misunderstood films of the last decade. This article is available in Journal of Religion & Film: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol11/iss2/5 In 1999, the movie Fight Club was released to both ferocious criticism and fanatical support. The movie, based on Chuck Palahniuk's novel of the same name, was supported by large numbers of young adults who felt the movie's message was important, and appreciated the film's ability to show a critical analysis of American culture. Controversy surrounded the film for its cynical view on modern day capitalism, its vulgarity, and most of all, its violence. The controversy, in retrospect, was very short-sighted because upon digging deeper in to the movie's message, one finds a story of a man's spiritual journey to break his cycle of suffering and achieve enlightenment in the mold of Siddhartha Guatama. While a movie entitled Fight Club would seem to go against the very concepts of Buddhism, the film shows remarkable similarities to the major tenants of Zen Buddhism. These commonalities include the four noble truths, the eightfold path, samsara, the Tri Kaya doctrine, the three characteristics of existence, rebirth, and nirvana. Therefore, I intend to show that the film is not merely just another Hollywood-produced feast of angst and violence, but it serves as a modernist twist on Buddhism and a running commentary on both society and the importance and impotence of religion.
Hydroclimatological data and analyses from a headwaters region of Mongolia as boundary objects in interdisciplinary climate change research

Collaborative work on increasingly complex hydroclimatic investigations often crosses disciplinary boundaries. Elements of scientific inquiry, such as data or the results of analyses can become objectified, or capable of being adopted and/or adapted by users from multiple disciplinary realms. These objects often provide a bridge for collaborative endeavors, or are used as tools by individuals pursuing multi-disciplinary work. Boundary object terminology was first formalized and applied by social scientists. However, few examples of the application of this useful framework are found in the hydrologic literature. The construct is applied here to identify and discuss how common research products and processes are used both internally and externally through providing examples from a project examining the historical and paleo proxy-based hydroclimatology of a headwaters region of Mongolia. The boundary object concept is valuable to consider when conducting and critiquing basic research, collaborating across multiple disciplinary teams as when studying climate change issues, as an individual researcher working in a cross boundary sense using methods from differing disciplines to answer questions, and/or when one group adapts the work of another to their own research problems or interpretive needs, as occurred with selected products of this project.
GENUS GEOCORIS FALLÉN (HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) IN SERBIA AND ADJACENT REGIONS

Genus Geocoris is represented in Serbia by nine species: Geocoris (Geocoris) arenarius (Jakovlev), Geocoris (Geocoris) ater (Fabricius), Geocoris (Geocoris) dispar (Waga), Geocoris (Geocoris) grylloides Linnaeus, Geocoris (Geocoris) lapponicus (Zetterstedt), Geocoris (Geocoris) lineola (Rambur), Geocoris (Geocoris) megacephalus (Rossi), Geocoris (Geocoris) pallidipennis (Costa) and Geocoris (Piocoris) erythrocephalus (Lepeletier & Serville). Geocoris (Geocoris) pallidipennis (Costa) is a new species for the fauna of Serbia.
Correlation of neuronal cell death, functional image and electrical activity after a focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse

P70 Functional loss and recovery are critical issues after an ischemic insult. The focal ischemia in the cerebral barrel cortex is an ideal model for studying short- and long-term functional alterations of sensory cortex. We extend the “mini-stroke” model from rat to mouse by studying the correlation between neuronal injury and functional activities, intrinsic optical signals (IOS) and evoked potentials in response to whisker stimulation in the ischemic barrel cortex of the mouse. Methods. Adult mice were anesthetized and multiple branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) that supply the right side of the barrel cortex were permanently ligated. IOS were used for identifying the barrel cortex; a recording electrode was placed in multiple sites of the barrel cortex in and around the ischemic region. Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) was measured by Laser Doppler and quantitative autoradiography. Cell injury was determined by immunohistochemistry after the ischemia. Results. Immediately after MCA ligations LCBF was markedly reduced to 10% of control levels followed by simultaneous losses of IOS and evoked potentials in the ischemic side of the cortex. IOS responses and evoked potential were closely matched in all cases. TUNEL positive and/or CM-1 positive cell death and lack of cytochrome oxidase staining in the ischemic core were found 2 days after ischemia and continued for up to 10 days later. With the exception of ischemic injury, IOS image and evoked potential were partially recovered 30 days after the ischemia. Conclusion. The small focal stroke in the mouse barrel cortex shows high reliability for functional assays and their correlation to LCBF. Apoptosis may contribute to the ischemic barrel injury. The functional recovery 30 days after ischemia implies a neurovascular plasticity that is beneficial for long-term rehabilitation after a focal ischemic stroke. Supported by grants from NIH (NS37372) and AHA (IBN-9817151).
Decreasing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit: One Unit’s Success

Background Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are preventable adverse outcomes that increase hospital morbidity, mortality, and costs. These infections are particularly prevalent in intensive care units. Objectives To describe the success of an 18-bed neurological intensive care unit in using several nurse-implemented strategies that reduced the number of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Methods A prospective, interventional design with application of evidence-based practices to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections was used. Results Before implementation of the strategies, 40 catheter-associated urinary tract infections were reported for 2012 and 38 for 2013. The standardized infection ratio was 2.04 for 2012 (95% CI, 1.456-2.775) and 2.34 (95% CI, 1.522-3.312) for 2013. After implementation of the strategies, significantly fewer catheter-associated urinary tract infections were reported. In 2014, a total of 15 infections were reported, and the standardized infection ratio was less than 1.0 (95% CI, 0.685-1.900). Conclusions Application of current evidence-based practices resulted in a substantial decrease in the number of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and a lower standardized infection ratio. These findings support current recommendations for "bundling" to maximize outcomes.
The Revolution in Scientific Publishing

Scientists publish their research results for many reasons: For example, publications get personal recognition, establish priority for discoveries, provide an accounting to their funders, set the stage for future studies, compare current results against those reported by others, and warn others about pitfalls and problems that are encountered. The forces encouraging research reproducibility, and those encouraging open science, have combined to create new online journals and to alter traditional journals. This chapter reviews some of the recent innovations in scientific publishing, with an emphasis on open access and new peer-review models, and a peek at proposals to alter the structure of the scientific article itself.
Robust wavenumber and dispersion calibration for Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography

Many Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) systems sample the interference fringes with a non-uniform wavenumber (k) interval, introducing a chirp to the signal that depends on the path length difference underlying each fringe. A dispersion imbalance between sample and reference arms also generates a chirp in the fringe signal which, in contrast, is independent of depth. Fringe interpolation to obtain a signal linear in k and compensate dispersion imbalance is critical to achieving bandwidth-limited axial resolution. In this work, we propose an optimization-based algorithm to perform robust and automated calibration of FD-OCT systems, recovering both the interpolation function and the dispersion imbalance. Our technique relies on the fact that the unique function that correctly linearizes the fringe data in k space produces a depth-independent chirp. The calibration procedure requires experimental data corresponding to a single reflector at various depth locations, which can easily be obtained by acquiring data while moving a sample mirror in depth. We have tested both spectral domain OCT and swept source OCT systems with various nonlinearities. Results indicate that the proposed calibration method has excellent performance on a wide range of data sets and enables nearly constant resolution at all imaging depths. An implementation of the algorithm is available online.
A Brief History of Syringomyelia

The history of syringomyelia is considered from the original observation of the entity, the theories of pathogenesis, and the history of the development of treatment modalities.
DEFECTIVE INTERFERING VIRUS PARTICLES ATTENUATE VIRUS LETHALITY IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

ABSTRACT. DI particles of rhabdoviruses are both generated and replicated readily in vivo in brains of newborn mice, but not as well in adult mice. The greater capacity of newborn mice to replicate VSV DI is probably correlated with the much greater susceptibility of the cells of the newborn. Nevertheless, DI reduce the virulence of VSV in adult mice and greatly slow or abort the course of acute disease in adults.
Feasibility of Electroencephalography for Direct Assessment of Concussion

In this chapter, we will focus on sport-related concussions as studied through the use of electroencephalography. It should be noted that in this chapter the terms concussion and mild traumatic brain injury are used interchangeably.
The web as a laboratory

Insights from Web Science and Big Data Analysis have led many researchers to the conclusion that the Web not only represents an almost unlimited data store but also a remarkable multi-disciplinary laboratory environment. A new challenge is how to best leverage the potential of this experimental space. What are the procedures for defining, implementing and evaluating "Web-scale" experiments? What are acceptable measures of robustness and repeatability? What are the opportunities for experimental collaboration? What disciplines are likely to benefit from this new research model? The Web Laboratory model provides an exciting new and fertile model for future research.
Tensor Field Regularization using Normalized Convolution and Markov Random Fields in a Bayesian Framework

This chapter presents two techniques for regularization of tensor fields. We first present a nonlinear filtering technique based on normalized convolution, a general method for filtering missing and uncertain data. We describe how the signal certainty function can be constructed to depend on locally derived certainty information and further combined with a spatially dependent certainty field. This results in reduced mixing between regions of different signal characteristics, and increased robustness to outliers, compared to the standard approach of normalized convolution using only a spatial certainty field. We contrast this deterministic approach with a stochastic technique based on a multivariate Gaussian signal model in a Bayesian framework. This method uses a Markov random field approach with a 3D neighborhood system for modeling spatial interactions between the tensors locally. Experiments both on synthetic and real data are presented. The driving tensor application for this work throughout the chapter is the filtering of diffusion tensor MRI data.