cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico

222Rn was used in the karst drainage basin of the Rio Grande de Manati in Puerto Rico to study groundwater/surface flow relationships. Locations of groundwater influx along two sections of the Rio Grande de Manati were identified. The 222Rn measurements were used together with stream discharge data in a mass balance equation to quantify the groundwater inputs. The investigation established that both of the sections of the Rio Manati surveyed not only gained groundwater, but lost surface flow. It was calculated that the river gained about 1.2m3s−1 and lost 0.5m3s−1 to the aquifer between Ciales and United States Geological Survey gauging station 5. Between United States Geological Survey gauging stations 6 and 7, groundwater influx and stream flow loss occurred simultaneously with groundwater inputs equalling surface discharge losses of 4m3s−1. The study successfully demonstrated the innovative application of 222Rn as a geochemical tracer in examining groundwater/surface flow relationships in a karst system.
Animals are conscious and should be treated as such

Now that scientists have belatedly declared that mammals, birds and many other animals are conscious, it is time for society to act, says Marc Bekoff
Esophageal manometry in 95 healthy adult volunteers. Variability of pressures with age and frequency of "abnormal" contractions.

Although esophageal manometry is widely used in clinical practice, the normal range of esophageal contraction parameters is poorly defined. Therefore, 95 healthy volunteers (mean age: 43 years; range 22–79 years) were studied with a low-compliance infusion system and 4.5-mm-diameter catheter. All subjects were given 10 wet swallows (5 cc H2O) and 38 subjects also were given 10 dry swallows. Results: Amplitude, but not duration, was greater (P<0.05) after wet compared to dry swallows. Both distal mean contractile amplitude and duration of wet swallows significantly increased with age and peaked in the fifties. Double-peaked waves frequently occurred after both wet (11.3%) and dry (18.1%) swallows, but triple-peaked waves were rare (<1%). Nonperistaltic contractions were more common (P<0.001) after dry compared to wet swallows (18.1% vs 4.1%). This difference resulted from frequent simultaneous contractions after dry swallows (12.6% vs 0.4%). Conclusions: (1) Distal esophageal contractile amplitude and duration after wet swallows increases with age. (2) Triple-peaked waves and wet-swallow-induced simultaneous contractions should suggest an esophageal motility disorder. Double-peaked waves are a common variant of normal. (3) Dry swallows have little use in the current evaluation of esophageal peristalsis.
5-Hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) structure-function relationships of the nitro and amino phenylpiperazines on intact human platelets.

Abstract Nitro and amino phenylpiperazines were synthesized to study the agonist and antagonist activities of the phenylpiperazines at the human platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 (5-HT 2 ) receptor. Amplification of ADP-induced aggregation and binding competition experiments with [ 3 H]ketanserin were used to evaluate receptor interactions in this system. All the monosubstituted phenylpiperazines were antagonists despite the wide variation in electronic and hydrophobic properties. The parent compound, unsubstituted phenylpiperazine (PP), had the lowest affinity for the [ 3 H]ketanserin binding site. The intensely electron-withdrawing NO 2 substituent increased binding affinity at all ring positions and this activity correlated with antagonist potency in platelet aggregation studies (rank order: 4-NO 2 PP >3-NO 2 -PP > 2-NO 2 -PP). NH 2 substitution decreased binding affinity at the 4- and 2-positions compared with the analogous NO 2 substituted compounds; however, evaluation of NH 2 -PP antagonist potency in aggregation studies was complicated due to slow association with the receptor. To compare the activities of the phenylpiperazines at other 5-HT sites, binding competition experiments were performed using [ 3 H]5-HT in bovine brain membranes. The rank order of the affinities for the NO 2 substituted compounds was distinctly different from that determined with platelets, reflecting the heterogeneous composition of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the brain membrane preparations. The platelet aggregation experiments demonstrated that marked alteration of the electronic and hydrophobic properties of phenylpiperazine by ring substitution did not impart 5-HT 2 agonist activity. By contrast, 5-HT 2 antagonist activity appeared to be enhanced markedly by electron-withdrawing resonance effects which decreased the electron density at the 1'-piperazine nitrogen. This enhancement appeared to be specific for the 5-HT 2 receptor subtype.
Interferon action may be mediated by activation of a nuclease by pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A.

EXPOSURE of cells to the antiviral agent interferon inhibits virus replication1. In interferon-treated cells the adsorption, penetration and uncoating of infecting viruses is not affected, but the synthesis of virus-specific mRNA and viral proteins is inhibited2,3. We have studied a mechanism for degradation of mRNA which may be activated in interferon-treated cells by the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of viral origin. Lengyel et al. have reported that an endonuclease present in extracts of cells treated with interferon is activated by dsRNA and ATP4–6. The endonuclease degrades mRNA by a process which can be divided into two phases: an activation phase requiring the presence of both ATP and dsRNA but not of mRNA, and an endonucleolytic phase, which does not require either ATP or dsRNA6. Kerr et al. have at the same time reported that protein synthesis is inhibited in extracts of cells treated with interferon after incubation with dsRNA and ATP7. In these incubation conditions a low molecular weight inhibitor is formed from ATP8,9. The mechanism of action of this inhibitor, the structure of which has recently been determined as pppA2′p5′A2′p5′A (pppApApA)10, is not known. Our results indicate that this trinucleotide mediates the activation of a nuclease which degrades mRNA and may therefore inhibit protein synthesis in this way.
Retardation of conditioned excitation following operational inhibitory blocking

Water-deprived adult rats were used in a conditioned-suppression-of-licking procedure to determine the effect of inhibitory training with a novel stimulus trained in simultaneous compound with a previously established conditioned inhibitor. This procedure constitutes an inhibitory analogue to the excitatory blocking procedure in classical conditioning. The conditioned-inhibition training consisted of either explicitly unpaired CS and US presentations or negative contingency training, in which the likelihood of the US was greater in the absence than in the presence of the CS, but the CS and the US were occasionally paired. To assess conditioned inhibition, a retardation test was used, and comparable retardation was obtained for subjects that were administered the blocking treatment and control subjects given similar conditioned-inhibition training with a compound stimulus in which the nontarget element was not previously established as a conditioned inhibitor.
An Elastic Punch Moving Across the Surface of a Semi-Infinite Solid

An elastic punch, modeled as a semi-infinite strip, moves with constant speed over the surface of a semi-infinite elastic body. Using the plane strain theory of elasticity, we obtain the resulting stress distribution along the interface of the contacting bodies for different material combinations and a range of sliding velocity and frictional coefficients. It is found that both the stress intensity factor and the order of the singularity depend on sliding velocity as well as on the other parameters. Speed-dependent composite material parameters are defined which determine the orders of the singularities.
Thermogelling Biodegradable Polymers with Hydrophilic Backbones: PEG-g-PLGA

The aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) grafted with poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) flow freely at room temperature but form gels at higher temperature. The existence of micelles in water at low polymer concentration was confirmed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy and dye solubilization studies. The micellar diameter is about 9 nm, and the critical micelle concentration is in a range of 0.01−0.05 wt %. The critical gel concentration, above which a gel phase appears, was 16 wt %, and the sol-to-gel transition temperature was slightly affected by the concentration between 16 and 25 wt %. At sol-to-gel transition, viscosity and modulus increased abruptly, and 13C NMR showed molecular motion of hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) backbones decreased while that of hydrophobic poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) side chains increased. The hydrogel of PEG-g-PLGA with hydrophilic backbones was transparent during degradation and remained a gel for 1 week, suggesting a promising material for short-te...
Discrete choice theory, information theory and the multinomial logit and gravity models

Abstract The strong “similarity” between “information minimizing” and “utility maximizing” models of spatial interaction has been known for some time (see Anas 1975, Williams, 1977), but the extent of this “similarity” has been underestimated. This paper proves that the two approaches are identical in that the multinomial logit model can be derived and identically estimated by either method. It is also proved that the doubly-constrained gravity model derived by Wilson (1967) is identical to a multinomial logit model of joint origin-destination choice, consistent with stochastic utility maximization. It follows that behaviorally valid “gravity models” can be estimated from disaggregated data on individual choices. In closure, “behavioral demand modeling”, which follows McFadden (1973), and “entropy-maximizing modeling”, which follows Wilson (1967), should be seen as two equivalent views of the same problem. The behavioral content of models estimated by either approach is entirely determined by the model specification and data aggregation beliefs of the analysts, and not by any inherent structural property of the models themselves.
First-row transition-metal chloride complexes of the wide bite-angle diphosphine iPrDPDBFphos and reactivity studies of monovalent nickel

The diphosphine 4,6-bis(3-diisopropylphosphinophenyl)dibenzofuran (abbreviated as iPrDPDBFphos) has been metalated with transition metal dichlorides of zinc, cobalt, and nickel to yield (iPrDPDBFph...
Abstract 2044: Down-regulation of YAP sensitizes lung cancer cells to platinum and ionizing radiation.

Platinum compounds are the foundation of chemotherapy regimens for non-small cell lung cancer despite poor response rates and limited response duration. In order to identify novel target genes the modulation of which could influence drug sensitivity of lung cancer cells in response to cisplatin, we performed a high-throughput RNAi screen targeting the majority of genes in the human genome. We first transfected PC9 lung cancer cells with an shRNA library containing ∼60,000 individual shRNAs, then identified depleted versus enriched shRNAs following two weeks of cisplatin treatment versus vehicle in surviving cells. Standard quality control studies suggested good correlation among triplicates. After using strict selection criteria, we selected a narrow list of highly depleted genes- genes the activity of which is expected to be required for cell survival in the face of cisplatin therapy, including YAP (Yes associated protein). YAP shRNAs were depleted 80 fold in the cisplatin screen. YAP was initially identified as a protein interacting with the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Yes and is considered a nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway that promotes cell growth as a transcription co-activator. To validate this promising target identified in our screen, we first confirmed that an siRNA pool targeting YAP can efficiently knockdown YAP protein expression in multiple lung cancer cell lines, then next examined the effects of YAP knockdown on drug responses. YAP knockdown indeed quite prominently improved sensitivities not only to cisplatin, but also to ionizing radiation in several cell lines. Furthermore, YAP knockdown also induces prominent apoptosis as measured by induction of PARP cleavage concurrent with platinum therapy. Our findings indicate the YAP inhibition is potentially relevant to improve sensitivities to platinum-based chemotherapy and chemoradiation in lung cancer. Citation Format: Haiying Cheng, Zhenfeng Zhang, Ruth Rodriguez-Barrueco, Jiyang Yu, Jose M. Silva, Simon Cheng, Roman Perez-Soler, Balazs Halmos. Down-regulation of YAP sensitizes lung cancer cells to platinum and ionizing radiation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2044. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2044
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF SEROTYPE A AND B DEXTRANS BY MEANS OF PARTIAL ACETOLYSIS.

Sixteen selected bacterial dextrans were subjected to partial acetolysis, followed by separation and analysis of the disaccharide fragments. Information was obtained bearing on the kinds and proportions of non-1,6-linked units in dextrands and on the chemical basis underlying serotyping of these glucans by type-12 pneumococcus antiserum. The disaccharides found were exclusively α-glucobioses: maltose was recovered from 8 dextrans, kojibiose from 12, and nigerose from all 16 preparations. The latter unexpected finding suggests that dextrans as a class may contain 1,3-linked α- d -glucose as a regular minor structural feature, and that the concept of entirely 1,6-linked dextran may need re-evaluation. For the first time, wide structural differences have been revealed among a number of key dextrans previously found to be identical or closely similar in behavior to periodate oxidation yet different in immunological specificity. Large yields of kojibiose were obtained from those preparations with strong type-12 cross reactivity (serotype A), and none from those devoid of that capacity (serotype B). With all preparations, per cent kojibiose recovered was correlated with extent of reactivity with type-12 pneumococcus antiserum. Among available techniques for studying minor linkages in dextrans, partial acetolysis seems to have an advantage in sensitivity.
Biological sex influences learning strategy preference and muscarinic receptor binding in specific brain regions of prepubertal rats

According to the theory of multiple memory systems, specific brain regions interact to determine how the locations of goals are learned when rodents navigate a spatial environment. A number of factors influence the type of strategy used by rodents to remember the location of a given goal in space, including the biological sex of the learner. We recently found that prior to puberty male rats preferred a striatum-dependent stimulus-response strategy over a hippocampus-dependent place strategy when solving a dual-solution task, while age-matched females showed no strategy preference. Because the cholinergic system has been implicated in learning strategy and is known to be sexually dimorphic prior to puberty, we explored the relationship between learning strategy and muscarinic receptor binding in specific brain regions of prepubertal males and female rats. We confirmed our previous finding that at 28 days of age a significantly higher proportion of prepubertal males preferred a stimulus-response learning strategy than a place strategy to solve a dual-solution visible platform water maze task. Equal proportions of prepubertal females preferred stimulus-response or place strategies. Profiles of muscarinic receptor binding as assessed by autoradiography varied according to strategy preference. Regardless of biological sex, prepubertal rats that preferred stimulus-response strategy exhibited lower ratios of muscarinic receptor binding in the hippocampus relative to the dorsolateral striatum compared to rats that preferred place strategy. Importantly, much of the variance in this ratio was related to differences in the ventral hippocampus to a greater extent than the dorsal hippocampus. The ratios of muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus relative to the basolateral amygdala also were lower in rats that preferred stimulus-response strategy over place strategy. Results confirm that learning strategy preference varies with biological sex in prepubertal rats with males biased toward a stimulus-response strategy, and that stimulus-response strategy is associated with lower ratios of muscarinic binding in the hippocampus relative to either the striatum or amygdala.
Photoconducting nonlinear optical polymers

Photoconductivity and third order optical nonlinearity measurements on a dye doped photocrosslinkable nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer -- PVCN (polyvinylcinnamate)/CNNB-R (3-cinnamoyloxy-4-[4-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-cinnamoyloxy phenylazo] nitrobenzene) are presented. Photoconductivity was measured in this polymer system, in both photocrosslinked and uncrosslinked states, without introducing any photosensitizer and photocharge transport agents. Absorption of CNNB-R, peaked at 518 nm, leads to photocharge generation and it is conjectured that CNNB-R also plays a role in the photocharge transport. Additionally, no phase segregation was observed with CNNB-R concentration up to 33wt%. Large quadratic electro-optic coefficients were measured at 633 nm with a modified Michelson interferometer at different CNNB-R concentrations.
Advancing workplace spiritual development: A dyadic mentoring approach

Abstract Workplace spirituality has become the focus of several major business organizations and scholars. Research has found spirituality to be most beneficial when fostered at the individual rather than collective level (Herman & Gioia, 1998; Krishnakumar & Neck, 2002). Yet, little is known about how leaders deploy workplace spirituality to the individual level and sustain it over time. To address this question, the case is made that spirituality at work may best be fostered through a dyadic mentorship. Accordingly, a concept of spiritual mentoring is proposed, which takes an authentic self perspective to spirituality while approaching spiritual development as best served through a co-created, dyadic process. Drawing on previous research, spiritual mentoring is organized into three categories – inner life, meaningful work, and context/connectedness – and presented as a temporal process through which leaders may provide these supportive behaviors. Prospective outcomes of spiritual mentoring are described, and potential barriers are considered.
Multi-rate DPSK optical transceivers for free-space applications

We describe a flexible high-sensitivity laser communication transceiver design that can significantly benefit performance and cost of NASA's satellite-based Laser Communications Relay Demonstration. Optical communications using differential phase shift keying, widely deployed for use in long-haul fiber-optic networks, is well known for its superior sensitivity and link performance over on-off keying, while maintaining a relatively straightforward design. However, unlike fiber-optic links, free-space applications often require operation over a wide dynamic range of power due to variations in link distance and channel conditions, which can include rapid kHz-class fading when operating through the turbulent atmosphere. Here we discuss the implementation of a robust, near-quantum-limited multi-rate DPSK transceiver, co-located transmitter and receiver subsystems that can operate efficiently over the highly-variable free-space channel. Key performance features will be presented on the master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) based TX, including a wavelength-stabilized master laser, high-extinction-ratio burst-mode modulator, and 0.5 W single polarization power amplifier, as well as low-noise optically preamplified DSPK receiver and built-in test capabilities.
Laser wavefront propagation through turbulent separated shear layers : Laboratory experiments, computations, and physical modeling

Laboratory experiments, computations, and physical modeling of laser wavefronts propagating through variable-refractive-index separated shear layers at large Reynolds numbers are conducted in order to examine the relation between the flow behavior and the laser wavefront behavior for airborne laser communications. The new element of this work is the focus on the dependence on scale of the optical behavior as well as of the flow behavior, using multiresolution analysis of the measured and computed data. The experiments are conducted using the UC Irvine variable-pressure turbulent flow facility. Direct non-intrusive imaging of the refractive index field is accomplished with laser-induced fluorescence and a high-resolution digital camera that resolves three decades of scales. Simultaneously, direct imaging of the propagated laser wavefront phase profile is conducted using a Shack-Hartmann array sensor that also has a resolution of three decades of scales. The computational component consists of near-field wavefront propagation through the measured refractive index field, validated by the direct wavefront measurements. We have conducted multiresolution analysis of the flow data and optical data, by a posteriori reducing the resolution of the refractive-index field and phase field. We present evidence of strong scale dependence at large scales, i.e. in the energy-containing range of scales. Physical modeling of this behavior is developed based on the structure of the coarse-grained refractive turbulent interfaces. This approach is useful in order to relate the root-mean-squared optical path difference and Strehl ratio, at variable resolutions, to the refractive-index variations along the laser wavefront propagation path. This facilitates the identification of the dominant refractive interfaces and serves as a guide to developing aero-optical optimization methods for airborne laser communication applications.
High speed liquid chromatography of phenylethanolamines for the kinetic analysis of [11C]-meta-hydroxyephedrine and metabolites in plasma

Abstract A method is developed and described for analysis of [ 11 C]- meta -hydroxyephedrine, [ 11 C]MHED, a tracer of cardiac function, and its metabolites in plasma samples. The method combines on-column solid-phase extraction and separation on a single weak cation-exchange column. Phenylethanolamines were used to develop the separation method that concentrates the analytes on-column from physiological saline and then elutes them by changing to an acidic mobile phase. Hydrophobic interactions determine the selectivity, and elution order is the same as for reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a C 18 stationary phase. The mechanism of separation is mixed mode, with ion-exchange coupled with a reversed-phase liquid chromatography mechanism. Each sample analysis requires only 10 min and does not require deproteinization or the use of organic solvents. In human samples, a single plasma metabolite of [ 11 C]MHED along with the parent compound were observed using this method. The method was sufficiently rapid so that in 70 min seven samples were assayed, providing a well-defined time course for MHED and its metabolites in blood. The metabolite concentration increased with time to ≈85% of the plasma activity 50 min after administration. The results with the developed method are comparable to those described for reversed-phase separations, with the advantage that our method does not require deproteinization, reducing sample analysis time by a factor of two.
The rhesus macaque as an animal model for pelvic organ prolapse.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the pelvic floor of the rhesus macaque as an experimental model for human pelvic organ prolapse and to initiate an evaluation of the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the rhesus paravaginal attachment. STUDY DESIGN: Histologic specimens were prepared from the paravaginal attachment of 13 oophorectomized rhesus macaques. Three animals were treated with estradiol; 6 animals were treated with estradiol and progesterone, and 4 animals were untreated (hormone deprived). Immunocytochemistry was used to localize steroid receptors in the paravaginal attachment. RESULTS: Spontaneous pelvic organ prolapse was observed in rhesus macaques. The paravaginal attachment is comprised of dense collagen and elastic fibers that infiltrate the levator ani muscle. The fibroblasts of this attachment are estrogen and progesterone receptor positive, and the receptors are hormone responsive. CONCLUSION: The rhesus macaque has pelvic floor anatomy that is similar to women and makes an excellent experimental model for the study of prolapse. The rhesus paravaginal attachment is ligamentous and hormone sensitive. Its fibroblast activity may be modified by estrogen treatment in a manner similar to that reported in human pelvic connective tissue. The connective tissue of the paravaginal attachment interdigitates with the levator ani muscle cells, which suggests that this muscle plays a critical role in pelvic floor support. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:416-21.)
‘Violation’—does HRA need the concept?

Violations are part of a complex matrix of judgmental behavior. The term violation is an indicator of the possibility of recent judgment errors but more so of latent errors in management and/or design. The effect of investigations in this arena do indicate a need for an extension of the classic slip/mistake taxonomy of human reliability analysis. The note attempts to initiate this extension.
Somewhat circular tensile cracks

In this paper we apply the method developed by Rice [1], of solving for the elastic field of a crack with a front perturbed from some reference shape, to solve the elasticity problems of somewhat circular planar tensile cracks under arbitrary load distributions. The method is based on a known solution for the stress intensity factor along a circular crack due to a pair of wedge-opening point forces on its surfaces. A full solution, accurate to first order in the deviation from a circular shape, is derived for the stress intensity factor and the crack opening displacement distributions. The results of a perturbation in a harmonic wave form suggest that a circular crack, under axially symmetric loading, can be configurationally unstable (not grow as a circle) for loadings that increase in intensity with distance from the center. Circular cracks with harmonic shape perturbations are found to have the same form of variation of the stress intensity factor with arc length along the crack edge (to first order accuracy) as found in previous work for a half plane crack. As a test case for the perturbation solution, an elliptical planar tensile crack under uniform tension is viewed as being perturbed from a circular crack. Results derived from the perturbation formulae through numerical evaluation are compared with the exact solutions existing in the literature. The perturbation results show a very good match with the exact solutions even when the semi-axis lengths of the elliptical crack differ by a factor of two (and by as much as a factor of three when special choices of the reference circular crack location are made). This suggests that the perturbation procedure presented here, while theoretically exact only to first order, can be used to produce acceptable results for some planar cracks whose shapes deviate appreciably from a circle.
Antagonism of the tranylcypromine--meperidine interaction by chlorpromazine in mice.

Abstract P.K. GESSNER. Antagonism of the tranylcypromine-meperidine interaction by chlorpromazine in mice, European J. Pharmacol 22 (1973) 187–190. Chlorpromazine protected mice against the toxicity resultant from administration of tranylcypromine and mepertidine 4 hr apart in a 3 10 ratio by weight. Doses of 3 mg/kg Chlorpromazine administered i.p. 1 hr prior to meperdine completely reserved the mortality seen after the i.p. administration of 21 mg/kg tranylcypromine and 70 mg/kg meperidine. Chlorpromazine was also found to protect mice significantly against meperidine toxicity. Administration of chlorpromazine, 10 mg/kg, 3 hr after tranylcypromine resulted in a marked fall in body temperature and a failure of meperidine. administered 1 hr later, to bring about the hyperthermic response seen in controls.
Effect of ionic polarizability on impurity-vacancy association in silver halides

Abstract Ionic conductivity measurements were used to determine the association enthalpies of divalent impurity ions and silver vacancies in silver chloride and silver bromide. The impurities were chosen, cognizant of previous work, to elucidate the effects of the ionic radius, the electronic structure, and host material. Conductance as a function of temperature was successfully measured for single crystals of AgCl doped with V 2+ , Cr 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Co 2+ , and on single crystals of AgBr doped with Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ . One main result from this investigation is the apparent independence of association enthalpies in AgCl from the size and electronic shell configuration of the first row transition metal ions. As expected, association enthalpy values were found to be smaller in AgBr than in AgCl. Also, a striking relationship between the ionic polarizability and the association enthalpy is demonstrated for AgBr.
Raman hyperspectral imaging spectrometer utilizing crystalline colloidal array photonic crystal diffraction.

We fabricated a novel hyperspectral Raman imaging spectrometer that, for the first time, uses a photonic-crystal wavelength-selecting device to select a narrow-wavelength spectral interval. The photonic crystal consists of an array of highly charged, monodisperse polystyrene particles that self-assemble into a face-centered cubic crystal. The photonic crystal Bragg-diffracts a narrow spectral interval that can be tuned by altering the incident angle of collimated Raman scattered light. Our prototype spectrometer diffracts a ∼200 cm−1 interval of the 488 nm excited visible Raman spectrum of Teflon. This enabled us to select a close-lying triplet of Teflon Raman bands. We imaged the Teflon surface by focusing this narrow region onto a charge-coupled device to create a Raman image of the sample surface that spectrally details the chemical composition.
Magneto-optic Kerr ellipticity of epitaxial Co/Cu overlayers and superlattices.

Co/Cu overlayers and superlattices were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy onto Cu(100) and Cu(111) single crystals. Electron diffraction and Auger spectroscopy were used to characterize the film growth and to confirm the epitaxy. Kerr ellipticities at 633 nm also were measured {ital in} {ital situ} both for Co overlayers that were 10--500 A thick, and for various superlattices as a function of the number of bilayers in the film. The ellipticity data initially increase linearly as a function of total Co thickness, in accord with the additivity law expected for magneto-optic signals in the ultrathin limit. In order to simulate the observed thickness trends, however, it was necessary to assign a value to the complex magneto-optic coupling constant that differs from those reported previously.
Frost Growth and Densification in Laminar Flow Over Flat Surfaces

One-dimensional frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces has been theoretically investigated. Improved representations of frost density and effective thermal conductivity applicable to a wide range of frost circumstances have been incorporated. The validity of the proposed model considering heat and mass diffusion in the frost layer is tested by a comparison of the predictions with data from various investigators for frost parameters including frost thickness, frost surface temperature, frost density and heat flux. The test conditions cover a range of wall temperature, air humidity ratio, air velocity, and air temperature, and the effect of these variables on the frost parameters has been exemplified. Satisfactory agreement is achieved between the model predictions and the various test data considered. The prevailing uncertainties concerning the role of air velocity and air temperature on frost development have been elucidated. It is concluded that that for flat surfaces increases in air velocity have no appreciable effect on frost thickness but contribute to significant frost densification, while increase in air temperatures results in a slight increase the frost thickness and appreciable frost densification.
Health maintenance and screening in breast cancer survivors in the United States

Abstract Background: The general health maintenance and follow-up of breast cancer survivors has not been well-studied. In a population-based sample we sought to investigate the health practices of breast cancer survivors and to compare rates of screening to women with no history of breast cancer. Methods: Subjects were participants of the medical expenditure survey in the years 1996 and 1998, years for which information on screening were available. We used a matched cohort design. Breast cancer survivors aged 40 and older were matched (on age and race/ethnicity) to women with no breast cancer history. We performed logistic regression to estimate the odds of receiving appropriate health care services in breast cancer survivors versus women with no breast cancer history. In addition, we examined demographic and socioeconomic differences between breast cancer survivors who reported appropriate screening and survivors who had inadequate screening. Results: A small minority of breast cancer survivors report inadequate mammography (18%) and clinical breast exam (12%) follow-up. A significant portion of breast cancer survivors report inadequate screening for Pap smear (40%), general physical exam (GPE) (30%) and flu shot (33%). The odds of receiving appropriate screening were higher in survivors versus matched women for mammography, clinical breast and cholesterol screening. There were no differences for other screening. Across all health maintenance and screening practices, breast cancer survivors who did not receive appropriate screening were less likely to have private insurance, to be married and to be above the mean income level, though these differences were non-significant. Conclusions: Although survivors report high levels of screening, a small minority of women report inadequate mammography and clinical breast exam follow-up which is concerning given their risk of recurrence and second primary breast cancer. Additionally, a significant portion of survivors report inadequate screening for general health maintenance issues. Demographic and socioeconomic factors were associated with lower screening rates. However, the deficits in screening among breast cancer survivors appears to be smaller compared to women in the general population.
Transition Form Factor from CLAS

The excitation of nucleon resonances in electromagnetic interaction has long been studied. The study of resonances helps us to understand the long- and short- range structures of the nucleon and its excited states in terms of quark confinement. While the existing data of the low-lying resonances are consistent with the well-studied SU(6) circle times operator O(3) constituent quark model classification, many open questions still remain. Exclusive electro-production is one of the best ways to investigate nucleon resonances. The exclusive electro-production process View the MathML source was measured in the photon virtuality range Q2 = 1.7 â 4.5 GeV2 and the invariant mass range for the n?+ system of W = 1.15 â 1.7 GeV using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer. For the first time, these kinematics are probed in exclusive ?+ production from protons with nearly full coverage in the azimuthal and polar angles of the n?+ center-of-mass system. The n?+ channel has particular sensitivity t
Retention of Mercury in the Muscle of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris)

Abstract Mercury-contaminated yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) were collected from Lake St. Clair and stocked in two earthern ponds in September 1970. Twenty-six months later, concentrations of total mercury in the fillets had declined 53% in the yellow perch and 59% in the rock bass; however, the mean weight of the fish increased 88 and 183%, respectively, during the same period. All of the reduction in mercury concentrations was attributable to dilution by growth. Slight discrepancies between the theoretical and observed reduction of mercury concentrations suggest an initial redistribution of residues from other tissues to the muscle and a continued incorporation of background amounts of mercury during growth.
Secondary Traumatic Stress in Social Workers Responding to Disasters: Reports from the Field

Social workers are called to respond to disasters to provide assessment, crisis counseling and trauma treatment as part of the recovery effort. While research has identified the types of interventions appropriate in assisting trauma survivors, little empirical research exists to help address the distress responses that social workers experience when exposed to the trauma material of disaster survivors and their families. Case examples can inform social work practice using evidence informed interventions and recording the outcomes. This article presents three case histories of social workers responding to disasters, the course of their secondary traumatic stress responses and their struggle to overcome the psychological adversity they faced.
Characterization of a myosin-like antigen from Onchocerca volvulus.

Recombinant cDNAs expressing an immunodominant antigen (Onchoag-1) of Onchocerca volvulus were identified by immunoscreening a cDNA expression library. The Onchoag-1 cDNAs are derived from an 8-kb mRNA that codes for a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 200 kDa. Indirect immunofluorescence using antisera against a recombinant fusion protein showed that Onchoag-1 is located in the muscle tissues of adult O. volvulus. The 2-kb sequence of one of the cDNAs contains a single open translation reading frame that encodes a protein with sequence similarities to Caenorhabditis elegans myosin heavy chain. Analysis of the 3′ region of Onchoag-1 chromosomal gene reveals that it is frequently interrupted by short introns that follow the GT/AG rule at their splice sites. Studies on this myofibrillar antigen should contribute to our understanding of muscle function in O. volvulus as well as provide useful insight to the genesis of the immunopathological damage that is often associated with allergic reactions (the Mazzotti reactions) in onchocerciasis patients, following the administration of a chemotherapeutic agent such as diethylcarbamazine.
Living long with short bowel syndrome: a historical case of twenty-nine years of living with home parenteral nutrition.

Background: This paper traces the 29-year survival of Robert Thomas, who received home parenteral nutrition (PN), and contrasts his oral narrative with the clinical history of PN. Methods: Interviews, chart review, review of the literature, and historical analysis. Results: Bobby Thomas was part of an early group of patients scattered throughout the country who, with their medical team, provided the foundation for more successful survival with home PN. They learned together and taught numerous nutrition support clinicians the intricacies of patient management. The importance of the patient to the teaching function of new and experienced practitioners is highly critical. Patients like Robert Thomas gave practitioners firsthand evidence of both the tenacity of the human spirit and the complexity and difficulties of chronic illness and its treatments. Conclusions: While Bobby struggled with the complications and difficulties that came with the disease and the treatment keeping him alive, his own experiences ...
Image and Anti-Image Covariance Matrices From a Correlation Matrix that May Be Singular.

Following the work of Tucker, Cooper, and Meredith, image and anti-image covariance matrices from a correlation matrix that may be singular are derived.
The Avalanche Perspective: women jurists in Korea 1952–2008

The author proposes and employs the Avalanche Perspective in analysing the entry of women into the Korean judiciary from the first pioneers in 1952 to the present. Starting from a general atmospheric warming trend towards women in postwar Korea, there developed instability in the status quo, then a breakthrough that led to a cascade of women participating in the legal profession. Although cultural resistance and political obstacles remained to be overcome, this quantitative expansion ultimately led to a greater acceptance of women’s participation in the judicial arena. Significant judicial changes that furthered the causes of women in contemporary Korea were coincident with women being members of the judiciary. The quantitative changes of the past fifty-six years opened the possibility of qualitative progress for women in the Korean judiciary. The Avalanche Perspective as applied to the judiciary in Korea, provides an understanding of the forces at work that have had a profound effect upon the place of women in the new cultural and political reality of the Korean people.
Pressure gradient torque in a non-axisymmetric accretion

Etude du transfert du moment cinetique dans une accretion supersonique a symetrie non axiale, plus particulierement du couple du gradient de pression applique a l'ecoulement d'accretion par le vent stellaire
Primary care physicians as providers of frontline genetic services.

Due in part to shortages of health care professionals with expertise in genetics, primary care physicians will assume a greater role in providing frontline genetic services as genetic tests for more d
A multithreaded scheduler for a high-speed spacecraft simulator

The Cassini Spacecraft will soon journey to Saturn to perform a close-up study of the Saturnian system; its rings, moons, magneto-sphere, andf the planet itelf. Sequences of commands will be sent to the spacecraft by ground personnel to control every aspect of the mission. To validate and verify these command sequences, a bit-level, high-speed simulator (HSS) has been developed.
A view of 20th and 21st century software engineering

George Santayana's statement, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," is only half true. The past also includes successful histories. If you haven't been made aware of them, you're often condemned not to repeat their successes.In a rapidly expanding field such as software engineering, this happens a lot. Extensive studies of many software projects such as the Standish Reports offer convincing evidence that many projects fail to repeat past successes.This paper tries to identify at least some of the major past software experiences that were well worth repeating, and some that were not. It also tries to identify underlying phenomena influencing the evolution of software engineering practices that have at least helped the author appreciate how our field has gotten to where it has been and where it is.A counterpart Santayana-like statement about the past and future might say, "In an era of rapid change, those who repeat the past are condemned to a bleak future." (Think about the dinosaurs, and think carefully about software engineering maturity models that emphasize repeatability.)This paper also tries to identify some of the major sources of change that will affect software engineering practices in the next couple of decades, and identifies some strategies for assessing and adapting to these sources of change. It also makes some first steps towards distinguishing relatively timeless software engineering principles that are risky not to repeat, and conditions of change under which aging practices will become increasingly risky to repeat.
Anthracene-modified pyrenes immobilized on carbon nanotubes for direct electroreduction of O2 by laccase

article i nfo Enhancement of direct bioelectrocatalysis of dioxygen reduction with laccase has been investigated using π-electron rich compounds, such as anthracene, for docking the laccase active site in close proximity to the electrode. These molecules have been shown to promote direct bioelectrocatalysis by orienting the enzyme to undergo fast, direct electron transfer. In this study, pyrene moieties have been covalently grafted to anthracene groups to be able to functionalize carbon nanotube walls to increase the number of binding sites on nanotubes for laccase. Current densities were compared to unmodified pyrene immobilized by non-covalent interactions on the hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH). The presence of pyrene derivatives leads to higher current density than regular MWCNT-OH. In both configurations, the covalent grafting of the anthracene group to pyrene improved electrocatalytic signals. Under normal aerated conditions, 1-pyrenemethanol-modified and 1-aminopyrene-modified electrodes produced 81.4 ± 14.5 μA/cm
Efficacy-mediated effects of spirituality and physical activity on quality of life: A path analysis

Physical activity has been established as an important determinant of quality of life, particularly among older adults. Previous research has suggested that physical activity’s influence on quality of life perceptions is mediated by changes in self-efficacy and health status. In the same vein, spirituality may be a salient quality of life determinant for many individuals. In the current study, we used path analysis to test a model in which physical activity, spirituality, and social support were hypothesized to influence global quality of life in paths mediated by self-efficacy and health status. Cross-sectional data were collected from a sample of 215 adults (male, n = 51; female, n = 164) over the age of 50 (M age = 66.55 years). The analysis resulted in a model that provided acceptable fit to the data (χ 2 = 33.10, df = 16, p < .01; RMSEA = .07; SRMR = .05; CFI = .94). These results support previous findings of an efficacy-mediated relationship between physical activity and quality of life, with the exception that self-efficacy in the current study was moderately associated with physical health status (.38) but not mental health status. Our results further suggest that spirituality may influence health and well-being via a similar, efficacy-mediated path, with strongest effects on mental health status. These results suggest that those who are more spiritual and physically active report greater quality of life, and the effects of these factors on quality of life may be partially mediated by perceptions of self-efficacy.
Can computed tomography of the chest stage lung cancer?—Yes and no

To determine the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) of the chest in the staging of lung cancer, we studied 418 patients with primary pulmonary carcinoma between 1979 and 1986. Each had a preoperative scan performed before detailed operative staging. Each CT scan was analyzed for components of the current TNM staging system. Computed tomography sensitivity and specificity for mediastinal lymph node metastasis were 84.4% and 84.1%, with corresponding positive and negative predictive accuracies of 68.7% and 92.9%, respectively. When TNM stages were derived from CT scans, only 190 of 418 (45.4%) completely agreed with operative staging. An additional 53 of 418 (12.7%) predicted the correct stage, although components of the TNM system were incorrect. In 94 of 418 scans (22.5%) CT overestimated the stage, whereas in 81 (19.4%) CT downgraded the stage. Computed tomography suggested metastatic lesions in liver, lung, adrenal gland, bone, or abdominal lymph nodes in 40 of 373 scans (10.7%); only five of 40 (12.5%) had documented metastasis. In summary, CT of the chest cannot accurately stage primary lung carcinoma according to the TNM classification. Because the negative predictive accuracy for mediastinal lymph node metastasis remains high (92.9%), invasive staging can be deferred for definitive thoracotomy when no lymphadenopathy is evident on CT. The high negative predictive accuracy for scans of the chest and upper abdomen makes CT a useful tool for exclusion of metastatic disease.