cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local adaptation across a complex bioclimatic landscape in two montane bumble bee species

Understanding evolutionary responses to variation in temperature and precipitation across species ranges is of fundamental interest given ongoing climate change. The importance of temperature and precipitation for multiple aspects of bumble bee (Bombus) biology, combined with large geographic ranges that expose populations to diverse environmental pressures, make these insects well-suited for studying local adaptation. Here, we analyzed genome-wide sequence data from two widespread bumble bees, Bombus vosnesenskii and Bombus vancouverensis, using multiple environmental association analysis methods to investigate climate adaptation across latitude and altitude. The strongest signatures of selection were observed in B. vancouverensis, but despite unique responses between species for most loci, we detected several shared responses. Genes relating to neural and neuromuscular function and ion transport were especially evident with respect to temperature variables, while genes relating to cuticle formation, tracheal and respiratory system development, and homeostasis were associated with precipitation variables. Our data thus suggest that adaptive responses for tolerating abiotic variation are likely to be complex, but that several parallels among species can emerge even for these complex traits and landscapes. Results provide the framework for future work into mechanisms of thermal and desiccation tolerance in bumble bees and a set of genomic targets that might be monitored for future conservation efforts.
Band alignments and polarization properties of the Zn-IV-nitrides

Zn-IV-nitrides have a range of potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices and can be integrated with currently used III-nitride semiconductors and their alloys. Using hybrid density functional theory, we examine band gaps, band offsets, and polarization properties of the Zn-IV-nitrides and the ramifications of these properties on heterointerfaces formed between the Zn-IV-nitrides and III-nitrides. We find a type-II band alignment between ZnGeN2 and GaN, where the valence band of GaN is 0.28 eV above the valence band of ZnGeN2. Heterostructures between Zn-IV-nitrides and III-nitrides result in interface charges that allow for novel heterostructures and increased control over polarization fields. We find that an interface between InxGa1−xN and ZnGeN2 can lead to zero interfacial polarization charge; however, the band alignments are unfavorable for carrier confinement in light-emitting devices. At the interface between AlN and ZnSiN2, we predict a large two-dimensional electron gas to form, confined to the ZnSiN2 layer.
Partnering with Central Sterile Processing Department Experts to Advance Infection Prevention Competency

Background The Central Sterile Processing Department (CSPD) manages the cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of reprocessed devices and instruments. Infection Preventionists (IP) work closely with CSPD to ensure devices and instruments are reprocessed and stored according to the recommendations of manufacturer, regulatory, and expert guidelines. A large healthcare system surveyed their IP and identified opportunities related to the updated Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) Competency Model (2019) domains. Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization falls under the Operations domain and was identified as an area in which IP wanted to enhance their expertise. Methods IP partnered with CSPD experts throughout the healthcare system to provide an in-depth education workshop to grow IP competency in CSPD. IP within our system are responsible for CSPD in a range of settings, including adult and pediatric acute care, critical access hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and over 120 physician offices or outpatient care areas. The workshop was divided into 4 sessions that consisted of oral presentations, hands-on learning, and discussion of examples and real-life scenarios. Manufacturer instructions for use (MIFU) were addressed, and a review of standard work and best practices due to sterilization failures were discussed. Results 32 attendees from 12 settings participated in the workshop, including Infectious Diseases (ID) physicians, IP, Occupational Health (OH) practitioners, and CSPD technicians. Attendees were asked to evaluate the quality of the educational sessions. 20 attendees completed their evaluations. The 4 sessions each received either an Agree (12) or a Strongly Agree (68) approval rating. The overall quality of the program received an Excellent (16) or a Good (4). Conclusions By partnering with CSPD subject matter experts (SME) from their healthcare facilities, IP, ID Physicians and OH Specialists increased their knowledge about the cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of reusable devices and instruments and enhanced their professional relationships with their CSPD team.
Insult to Injury: Development of Alveolar Hemorrhage after Initiation of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is associated with complications that are separate from the underlying diagnoses that require its use. One of the foremost complications of ECMO is a high incidence of bleeding, including alveolar hemorrhage (AH), which is believed to be due to both prophylactic anticoagulation and critical illness-induced systemic coagulopathy. However, akin to systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass, ECMO causes widespread systemic inflammation and acute lung injury, which likely further predisposes patients to AH. The burden of clinically significant AH among patients on ECMO for advanced lung disease remains unknown. Patients and methods Charts of patients with advanced lung disease who required ECMO at a single institution were reviewed. The clinical course and variables of patients who developed AH and those who did not were compared. Results This report describes five patients who developed AH after initiation of venovenous ECMO for refractory hypoxemia. Clinical and laboratory variables did not predict the development or the prognosis of AH. Two of these patients with refractory hypoxemia and AH were treated with pulse-dose corticosteroids, with a dramatic response in one case. Conclusion The acute decompensation of the patients and response to corticosteroids suggest AH was mediated by a systemic inflammatory process, as opposed to coagulopathy alone. Judicious use of steroids may be considered among select patients who develop AH without symptoms of systemic coagulopathy after initiation of ECMO. How to cite this article Williams S, Batra K, Mohanka M, Bollineni S, Kaza V, Torres F, et al. Insult to Injury: Development of Alveolar Hemorrhage after Initiation of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(12):1201-1205.
Brain endothelial cell tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity promotes maintenance of barrier integrity via the ROCK pathway

Abstract Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a key feature in many neuroinflammatory diseases. Yet, no therapies exist to effectively mitigate BBB dysfunction. A strategy to bridge this knowledge gap requires an examination of proteins localized to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and evaluating their role in preserving barrier integrity. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is highly abundant in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs); however, its function in BMECs remains unclear. We hypothesized that a loss or inhibition of TNAP activity on BMECs would impair barrier integrity through increased cytoskeletal remodeling driven by the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway. First, we examined barrier integrity in hCMEC/D3 cells treated with a TNAP inhibitor (TNAPi) and in primary BMECs (pBMECs) via the conditional deletion of TNAP in endothelial cells. Our results showed that both pharmacological inhibition and genetic conditional loss of TNAP significantly worsened endothelial barrier integrity compared to controls. Next, we examined the mechanisms through which TNAP activity exerts a protective phenotype on BMECs. Our results showed that hCMEC/D3 cells treated with TNAPi displayed remarkable phalloidin and vimentin cytoskeletal remodeling compared to control. We then examined the role of ROCK, a key player in cytoskeletal remodeling. Our results showed that TNAPi increased the expression of ROCK 1/2. Furthermore, inhibition of ROCK 1/2 with fasudil mitigated TNAPi-induced and VE-cKO barrier dysfunction. Collectively, our results support a novel mechanism through which loss of TNAP activity results in cerebrovascular dysfunction, and selective modulation of TNAP activity in BMECs may be a therapeutic strategy to improve BBB function.
Racial and Ethnic Differences and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of remdesivir and dexamethasone for severe COVID-19 treatment, few large multi-hospital system US studies have described clinical characteristics and outcomes of minority COVID-19 patients who present to the emergency department (ED). METHODS: This cohort study from the Cerner Real World Database (87 US health systems) from December 1, 2019 to September 30, 2020 included PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black (Black), Hispanic White (Hispanic), or non-Hispanic White (White). The main outcome was hospitalization among ED patients. Secondary outcomes included mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit care, and in-hospital mortality. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression compared sociodemographics, comorbidities, receipt of remdesivir, receipt of dexamethasone, and outcomes by racial/ethnic groups and geographic region. RESULTS: 94,683 COVID-19 patients presented to the ED. Blacks comprised 26.7% and Hispanics 33.6%. Nearly half (45.1%) of ED patients presented to hospitals in the South. 31.4% (n=29,687) were hospitalized. Lower proportions of Blacks were prescribed dexamethasone (29.4%; n=7,426) compared to Hispanics (40.9%; n=13,021) and Whites (37.5%; n=14,088). Hospitalization risks, compared to Whites, were similar in Blacks (Risk Ratio (RR)=0.94; 95% CI:0.82, 1.08; p=0.4)) and Hispanics RR=0.99 (95% CI:0.81, 1.21; p=0.91), but risk of in-hospital mortality was higher in Blacks, RR=1.18 (95% CI:1.06, 1.31; p=0.002) and Hispanics, RR=1.28 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.44; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Minority patients were overrepresented among COVID-19 ED patients, and while they had similar risks of hospitalization as Whites, in-hospital mortality risk was higher. Interventions targeting upstream social determinants of health are needed to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19.
Developmental onset of a cerebellar-dependent forward model of movement in motor thalamus

To execute complex behavior with temporal precision, adult animals use internal models to predict the sensory consequences of self-generated movement. Here, taking advantage of the unique kinematic features of twitches--the brief, discrete movements of active sleep--we captured the developmental onset of a cerebellar-dependent internal model. Using rats at postnatal days (P) 12, P16, and P20, we compared neural activity in two thalamic structures: the ventral posterior (VP) and ventral lateral (VL) nuclei, both of which receive somatosensory input but only the latter of which receives cerebellar input. At all ages, twitch-related activity in VP lagged behind movement, consistent with sensory processing; similar activity was observed in VL through P16. At P20, however, VL activity precisely mimicked the twitch itself, a pattern of activity that depended on cerebellar input. Altogether, these findings implicate twitches in the development and refinement of internal models of movement.
A water pill against Alzheimer’s disease

The apolipoprotein E gene e4 allele (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Over 60% of patients have at least one APOE4 allele. A drug discovery approach targeting aging and AD transcriptomic signatures suggests bumetanide might prevent or treat AD in people with the APOE4/APOE4 genotype.
Soft Tissue Replacement II: Blood-Interfacing Implants

Blood-interfacing materials can be divided into two categories: short-term extracorporeal devices such as membranes for artificial organs (kidney and heart/lung machine), tubes and catheters for the transport of blood, and long-term in situ implants such as vascular implants and implantable artificial organs. Although pacemakers for the heart are not interfaced with blood directly, they are considered here since they are devices that help to circulate blood throughout the body.
Multi-agent security service architecture for mobile learning

M-learning continues and extends the learning paradigms and styles derived from a classroom lecture-and-seminar model, now made accessible through Web-based delivery and mobile devices. In an environment, in which circumstances make using a laptop inappropriate, a handheld device offers a convenient alternative. Communicating with anything and everything via wireless can open new opportunities for individuals looking for easy electronic access, navigation, mobility to access the education information anywhere and anytime. However, managing security for m-learning users is one of the more challenging aspects. The paper discusses a multi-agent high-level architecture for the security service. The proposed model is based on ontologies and a mediator for security service agents. Ensuring security of communication and privacy via a cooperative set of services is important for both consumer and m-learning environment. The proposed model for security service architecture is supporting the intelligent security management in the sense that can more accurately work at the human conceptual level.
The forgotten ones

To date, internecine violence in the Darfur region of Sudan has claimed the lives of 400,000 civilians (Coalition for International Justice March 2006); more than 2 million people have been displaced and countless more have been raped, robbed, intimidated and suffered other depredations of a collapsed social structure. The origins and continued enactment of the conflict is far more complex than is currently reflected in either the discourse of the Sudanese government or international political actors. In this paper, the authors present a rich history of the conflicts within the Darfur region of Sudan while drawing upon the extant state crime literature to both conceptually frame and theoretically illuminate the genocide. Through such an examination, not only does the paper present a holistic assessment of the multitude of social forces and conditions behind the events, but also extends the existing literature on both state criminality and genocide.
SOLVE and RESOLVE: automated structure solution and density modification.

Publisher Summary The software packages SOLVE and RESOLVE comprise a suite for an automated structure solution using multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR), multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD), single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD), and other approaches. Their defining feature is that they can carry out all the steps necessary for a structure solution in a fully automated way. SOLVE can scale data, find heavy atom sites, and calculate phases, while RESOLVE can improve density, find patterns of electron density corresponding to helices and sheets, and build a preliminary model. SOLVE and RESOLVE use three basic principles to carry out an automated structure solution. The first is to create a seamless set of subprograms that carry out all the operations that are needed. The second is to develop scoring algorithms that can be used to replace conventional decision-making steps. The third is to make these part of the software systems that are highly error tolerant. The principles used in SOLVE and RESOLVE can be applied to other aspects of structure determination as well, thereby suggesting that full automation of the entire structure-determination process from scaling diffraction data to a refined model can be possible in the near future.
Tumor Vasculature: a Target for Anticancer Therapies

Historically, approaches to improve cancer therapy have focused primarily on achieving increased tumor cell kill. Recently however another treatment approach has garnered considerable attention. Rather than targeting the neoplastic cell population directly, this strategy endeavors to impair the tumor’s nutritional support system by target the tumor blood vessel network. Vascular targeting approaches are based on the recognition that a continuously expanding vasculature is an essential requirement for tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Indeed it is generally well accepted that most tumors remain dormant and fail to develop beyond a few millimeters in size in the absence of angiogenic growth. The therapeutic potential of targeting the tumor vasculature is therefore abundantly clear. As a consequence the fi eld of vascular targeting has expanded rapidly and led to a large number of investigational drugs, many of which have now begun to undergo clinical evaluation. These agents are quite distinct from conventional anticancer treatments such as radiation therapy and cytotoxic drugs. Indeed the application of vascular targeting strategies as adjuvants to standard therapeutic modalities may offers unique opportunities to develop even more effective cancer therapies.
Illusory shifts in visual direction accompany adaptation of saccadic eye movements

A central problem in human vision is to explain how the visual world remains stable despite the continual displacements of the retinal image produced by rapid saccadic movements of the eyes. Perceived stability has been attributed to 'efferent-copy' signals, representing the saccadic motor commands, that cancel the effects of saccade-related retinal displacements. Here we show, by means of a perceptual illusion, that traditional cancellation theories cannot explain stability. The perceptual illusion was produced by first inducing adaptive changes in saccadic gain (ratio of saccade size to target eccentricity). Following adaptation, subjects experienced an illusory mislocalization in which widely separated targets flashed before and after saccades appeared to be in the same place. The illusion shows that the perceptual system did not take the adaptive changes into account. Perceptual localization is based on signals representing the size of the initially-intended saccade, not the size of the saccade that is ultimately executed. Signals representing intended saccades initiate a visual comparison process used to maintain perceptual stability across saccades and to generate the oculomotor error signals that ensure saccadic accuracy.
Expression cloning of a novel zinc finger protein that binds to the c-fos serum response element.

Induction of c-fos transcription by serum growth factors requires the serum response element (SRE). The SRE is a multifunctional element which responds to several positively and negatively acting signals. To identify cellular proteins that might mediate functions of the SRE, we screened a human cDNA expression library with an SRE probe. We report the isolation and characterization of SRE-ZBP, a previously unidentified SRE-binding protein. SRE-ZBP is a member of the C2H2 zinc finger family of proteins exemplified by TFIIIA and the Drosophila Kruppel protein. The seven tandemly repeated zinc finger motifs in SRE-ZBP are sufficient for high-affinity binding to the SRE. We show that SRE-ZBP is a nuclear protein and identify a candidate cellular protein encoded by the SRE-ZBP gene. Because we cannot detect any DNA-binding activity attributable to the endogenous protein, we propose that SRE-ZBP activity may be subject to posttranslational regulation. Like c-fos mRNA, SRE-ZBP mRNA is serum inducible in HeLa cells, but with slower kinetics. The role of SRE-ZBP in the regulation of c-fos transcription remains unestablished, but this protein binds to a region of the SRE where mutations lead to derepression.
Carbamic acid, N ‐[[[(1,1‐dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]amino](methylthio)methylene]‐,1,1‐dimethylethyl ester

[107819-90-9] C12H22N2O4S (MW 290.38) InChI = 1S/C12H22N2O4S/c1-11(2,3)17-9(15)13-8(19-7)14-10(16)18-12(4,5)6/h1-7H3,(H,13,14,15,16) InChIKey = UQJXXWHAJKRDKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a versatile reagent for the synthesis of acyclic and cyclic guanidines) Alternate Name: N,N′-di-Boc-S-methylisothiourea. Physical data: mp 115–121°C. Solubility: soluble in ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and commonly used organic solvents. Form Supplied in: white fluffy amorphous solid with lumps. Preparative Methods: the most commonly used procedure for the preparation of N,N′-di-Boc-S-methylisothiourea is the reaction between S-methylthiourea hemisulfate and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in a biphasic solvent system (aq. NaHCO3 & CH2Cl2) at room temperature (eq 1).1 (1) Purification: chromatography (15% Hexanes/CHCl3) or recrystallization from hexanes/ethyl acetate. Handling, Storage, and precautions: weighing and handling should be done with appropriate exhaust ventilation. Although the reagent is stable at room temperature, storing in cool place is preferred. The containers are kept in dry and well-ventilated place with tightly closed caps. Normal preventive fire protection measures are necessary.
Total synthesis of (±)-cortistatin J from furan

A concise, diastereoselective total synthesis of (±)-cortistatin J has been completed in 20 steps from furan. Key steps include an intramolecular [4 + 3] cyclization of a disubstituted furan with a (Z)-2-(trialkylsilyloxy)-2-enal to construct the tetracyclic core and a (Z)-vinylsilane/iminium ion cyclization to form the A ring.
Dynamic Forced Response of a Rotor-Hybrid Gas Bearing System Due to Intermittent Shocks

Gas bearings in microturbomachinery (MTM) offer significant system level benefits, such as improved fuel efficiency, reduction in weight and number of components, extending life cycle and maintenance intervals, and reducing NOX emissions with a lower CO2 footprint. Emerging opportunities for gas bearings applications range from automotive turbochargers to engines for business jet aircraft, for example. Gas bearings, because of the inherently low gas viscosity, have low damping relative to oil-lubricated bearings and are prone to wear during rotor start-up and shut down procedures. The lack of damping brings concerns about rotor-gas bearing system robustness and endurance to tolerate shock induced loads, sudden while landing in jet engines, or intermittent in vehicles while moving across a rough terrain, for example. The paper demonstrates the reliability of a hybrid gas bearing system from rotor vibration measurements induced by sporadic shock loads acting on the base of a test rig and while the rotor is coasting down from a top speed of 60 krpm (1000 Hz). In the tests, (1) an electromagnetic pusher delivers impacts to the rig base, or (2) the whole rig is manually tilted and dropped. The test rig consists of a rigid rotor, 0.825 kg and 28.6 mm in diameter, supported on two flexure pivot tilting pad type, hybrid gas bearings, each with four pads and 60% pivot offset and 0.6 mm feeding holes. The bearings are supplied with feed pressures of 2.36, 3.72, and 5.08 bar (ab). Intermittent shocks, up to 30 g pk-pk and exciting a broad frequency range to 400 Hz, produce a remarkable momentary increase of the overall rotor response amplitude, up to 50 μm (pk-pk). The shocks readily excite the fundamental natural frequency of the rotor-bearing system (150–200 Hz), and on occasion the natural frequency (40 Hz) of the whole test rig. For operation at rotor speeds above the system critical speed, the rotor synchronous response is isolated; with transient motions induced by a shock, subsynchronous in whirl frequency, quickly disappearing. Full recovery takes place in ∼0.10 second. The measurements demonstrate that the hybrid gas bearings have enough damping to rapidly attenuate rotor transient motions and to dissipate the energy induced from intermittent shocks. Note that the shocks acted while the rotor traversed its critical speeds. The reliability of engineered gas bearings to forced transient events is no longer in question.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Gender Differences in Traffic Accident Risk Perception

Excessive optimism has often been implicated in the disproportionate involvement of young males in traffic crashes. In this study, male and female students (ages 18–24) were asked to judge their re...
Mainstreaming high performance building in New York City: A comprehensive roadmap for removing the barriers

Abstract In the spring of 2002, recognizing that New York City was proving to be a difficult arena in which to do ‘high performance building’ and that this might have serious negative implications for the city's global position, the non-profit Center for Economic and Environmental Partnership, Inc. (CEEP), undertook the High Performance Building Initiative. Its premise was that if high performance building—an approach to construction aimed at, among other things, reduced environmental impact, improved public health, better security, and more flexible space—was to become mainstream in New York City, the high performance path would need to be perceived as reasonably predictable, posing only manageable risks and uncertainties. The purpose of the Initiative was to identify the barriers to high performance building in the city and to propose ways in which they could be reduced or eliminated. To accomplish this, CEEP convened interested and/or knowledgeable individuals from the full range of relevant specializations and stakeholder perspectives. A final report [1] , summarized herein, aggregated the participants' findings. The Initiative was both an important model of collaborative policy research and a valuable catalyst for change in both the public and private sectors.
An Economic Appraisal of Price Measures

3 'HE significant and varied roles which measures of price changes have come to play in the analysis and administration of the modern economy require that they be adapted to playing those parts. That is, of course, a maxim for those who prepare the price measures. But what is argued here is addressed equally to those who use price measures. One might say with justice that such an appraisal is made necessary by the fact that interest in price measures is no longer limited to the specialist. Price facts now provide part of the background information, and even formulas, which enter into public and private decisions. Millions of dollars in private commodity or wage contracts turn on movements of published price series or indexes. Congressional hearings abound with price movement comparisons such as between farm and retail prices or the latter and wages. Equally important, however, are questions about economists' practice, for they now use price measures for such diverse purposes as putting dollar figures in real terms, comparing movements of prices among vertical steps in the industrial structure, or studying the timing of the response of different types of industries to dynamic influences. Altogether price measures are used for a variety of purposes to indicate what goes on in a variety of markets in response to a variety of dynamic influences. Yet whether the reference is to a price series or to a composite index number, a single type of measure, conceptually, is all that is ordinarily available. This is the reported price for a specified item frequently used to represent a product line, or else an index number for a set of such prices, that is, the weighted average of the reported prices for a representative, fixed bill of carefully specified goods. It is true that some widely-used indexes such as that of hourly earnings and that of prices paid by farmers depart from this standard, but to that extent they are considered to be defective.' Whether or not it conforms to this objec-
Biochemistry Instructors' Views toward Developing and Assessing Visual Literacy in Their Courses

Biochemistry instructors are inundated with various representations from which to choose to depict biochemical phenomena. Because of the immense amount of visual know-how needed to be an expert biochemist in the 21st century, there have been calls for instructors to develop biochemistry students’ visual literacy. However, visual literacy has multiple aspects, and determining which area to develop can be quite daunting. Therefore, the goals of this study were to determine what visual literacy skills biochemistry instructors deem to be most important and how instructors develop and assess visual literacy skills in their biochemistry courses. In order to address these goals, a needs assessment was administered to a national sample of biochemistry faculty at four-year colleges and universities. Based on the results of the survey, a cluster analysis was conducted to group instructors into categories based on how they intended to develop visual literacy in their courses. A misalignment was found between the vis...
Effects of intra-adrenal infusion of potassium on urinary potassium excretion in the dog.

Summary1) A technic has been described whereby the dog adrenal may be infused in situ without disturbing its arterial blood supply. 2) Utilizing this technic, infusion into left adrenal arteries of a solution containing high concentrations of potassium did not affect serum potassium concentration or urinary potassium excretion any differently than infusion of similar solution into a non-adrenal artery. It is concluded that the kaliuretic response to potassium infusions is not mediated by a direct action of potassium on the adrenal cortex.
A Comparison of Two Training Formats for Persons With Varying Interpersonal Needs

A Group and Interpersonal Relations Seminar using two training formats was investigated for opinion change in democratic lead ership. The two training formats differed in their residential nature: one format had weekly, non-residential meetings for one semester; the other had approximately the same number of meet ing hours with a residential weekend for part of the seminar. Each participant responded to a pre-, post-test for opinion about democratic leadership and to FIRO-B, a questionnaire used to determine interpersonal need scores.Analysis of the data gave little support to the hypotheses of the study, which were based on the assumption that opinion change would be greatest in situations where needs were most easily met. The data did indicate a positive opinion change over a period of time after the course was completed, little difference in opin ion change for high scorers on FIRO-B regardless of the residential nature of the course, a positive opinion change for low scorers on FIRO-B who were in the ...
Daughterless homodimer synergizes with Eyeless to induce Atonal expression and retinal neuron differentiation

Class I Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors form homodimers or heterodimers with class II bHLH proteins. While bHLH heterodimers are known to have diverse roles, little is known about the role of class I homodimers. In this manuscript, we show that a linked dimer of Daughterless (Da), the only Drosophila class I bHLH protein, activates Atonal (Ato) expression and retinal neuron differentiation synergistically with the retinal determination factor Eyeless (Ey). The HLH protein Extramacrocheate (Emc), which forms heterodimer with Da, antagonizes the synergistic activation from Da but not the Da-Da linked dimer with Ey. We show that Da directly interacts with Ey and promotes Ey binding to the Ey binding site in the Ato 3׳ enhancer. Interestingly, the Ey binding site in the Ato 3׳ enhancer contains an embedded E-box that is also required for the synergistic activation by Ey and Da. Finally we show that mammalian homologs of Ey and Da can functionally replace their Drosophila counterparts to synergistically activate the Ato enhancer, suggesting that the observed function is evolutionary conserved.
What's in a Shape? Children Represent Shape Variability Differently Than Adults When Naming Objects

Abstract Children and adults often generalize a word to objects of the same shape. However, the shape properties on which generalization is based are unknown. We investigated the degree to which two shape dimensions were represented categorically by children and adults when learning names for objects. Multidimensional scaling techniques were used to establish the perceptual similarity of two sets of objects in Experiment 1. In Experiments 2 and 3, children (from 2;8 to 4;5 years of age) and adults participated in two tasks in which they learned a novel name for an exemplar. We then examined how often the novel name was generalized to different objects and to line drawings of the objects. In one task, participants generalized the names from memory; in a second task the exemplar was in front of the participant during generalization. Adults accepted names more often to objects that fell “within” the proposed shape boundaries than to objects that fell “across” the boundaries. Children, however, were just as likely to generalize names to novel objects that fell within as to objects that crossed the boundaries.
Heat Transfer to a Nonisothermal Rotating Disk With a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Three approaches are presented for the prediction of heat transfer from a nonisothermal disk rotating in a fluid of infinite extent at such high speeds that the induced flow is turbulent. These include the analysis of Dorfman, the analysis of Davies (extended to nonisothermal conditions) assuming the eddy diffusivity of radial momentum is equal to the eddy diffusivity of heat, and a modified Davies analysis assuming the eddy diffusivity of tangential momentum is equal to the eddy diffusivity of heat. A comparison of these three predictions with available heat and mass transfer data suggests that Dorfman’s analysis when appropriately modified gives the best representation for the isothermal rotating disk. For the nonisothermal disk having a power-function wall-temperature distribution, Tw − Te = Brm , both the Dorfman analysis and the tangential momentum analogy give what appears to be a reasonable estimate of the influence of the nonisothermal condition, while the radial momentum analogy overestimates the influence. Until additional data are obtained, it is recommended that the modified Dorfman prediction be used to estimate heat transfer from a nonisothermal disk in the presence of turbulent flow.
ALTERATION OF SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY BY MUTATIONS AT THE HIS61 POSITION IN PREDICTED TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN 1 OF HUMAN MDR1/P-GLYCOPROTEIN

In CFTR, a member of the ABC superfamily and a chloride channel, amino acid substitutions in its transmembrane domains 1 and 6 (TM1, TM6) have been reported to modulate the anion selectivity or ion conductance of the ion channel. In P-glycoprotein, no amino acid substitution in TM1, but some in TM6, have been reported to modify the substrate specificity of this protein. In this work, we demonstrated the involvement of His61, which is in the middle of the predicted TM1, in the function of P-glycoprotein. His61 was replaced by all other amino acid residues, and each of the mutant cDNAs was introduced into drug-sensitive human carcinoma cells, KB3-1. The drug-resistance profile of cells stably expressing each mutated P-glycoprotein was investigated by comparing their relative resistance to vinblastine, colchicine, VP16, and adriamycin. The resistance to vinblastine was increased by replacing His61 by amino acids with smaller side chains, while it was lowered by replacing by amino acids with bulkier side chai...
The Phoenix of Hermes, or the Rebirth of Plato in the Eighteenth Century

Abstract: In this paper 1 provide a reading of the conflict between allegorical and philosophie interpretations of Plato that resulted in the shift of authority from the former to the latter, signalling the decline of rhetoric. The specifie text 1 focus on is Jacob Brucker9s eighteenthcentury revision of the history of philosophy. I show that Brucker conceives of Plato as rational and philosophie in direct response to Renaissance and early modem Neoplatonists like Marsilio Ficino, who read Plato9s writings as allegory and who revered Plato as a divine sage of Egyptian wisdom. Identifying Brucker9s argument for a philosophie Plato as a response to Neoplatonism, 1 argue that Brucker fashions his Plato from eighteenth-eentury attitudes isolating Egypt from Athens, so as to ally ancient Athens more closely to modem Europe. 1 conclude by considering the implications of my reading of Brucker for current histories of rhetoric, drawing parallels between Brucker9s discussion of Plato and that of Brian Vickers.
A dynamic model of the choice of mode for exploiting complementary capabilities

This paper examines the choice of mode for a multinational enterprise and a local firm to exploit their complementary capabilities. We develop a combined real options and game-theoretic model of modal choice by incorporating a range of factors drawn from the dynamic capabilities theory and transaction cost or organizational economics. The factors scrutinized in the model include the parties' absorptive capacities, frictions in knowledge and asset markets and associated incentive problems, cost of switching from one mode to another and cost associated with power jockeying. The model uses simulation to examine how these factors interact to influence the choice of mode. The results identify a number of conditions for one factor to dominate another, and help to reconcile different theories that have made contradicting predictions with regard to the effects of such factors as uncertainty and capability divergence on the optimal choice of mode.
The Democratic Impulse and Legal Change in the Age of Jackson: The Example of Criminal Juries in Antebellum Indiana

(1983). The Democratic Impulse and Legal Change in the Age of Jackson: The Example of Criminal Juries in Antebellum Indiana. The Historian: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 206-219.
Theoretical study of the stress transfer in single fibre composites

The stress transfer in single fibre reinforced composites is studied theoretically with the help of a finite difference type of approach. The results show that the critical fibre length for efficient stress transfer to the fibre is a unique function of the ratio between the Young elastic moduli of fibre and matrix. The effect of the bonding efficiency between the two components is studied and dramatic increases in the critical length are observed when adhesion falls below 30%. The results are compared to the predictions of other analytical and numerical approaches. A good quantitative agreement is found with available experimental data.
Ascorbic acid content of neotropical plant parts available to wild monkeys and bats.

The ascorbic acid content of foliage available to wild primates and bats in Panama (in transition between wet and dry seasons) was lower than that of temperate zone foliage but higher than that of most fruits and vegetables. Intakes of ascorbic acid (mg/kg b.wt/day) by wild primates and frugivorous bats in Panama are much greater than that of most human populations.
Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of a Structured Lipid-Based Emulsion Containing α-Tocopherol and Citric Acid: Influence of pH and NaCl

The effects of salt and pH on copper-catalyzed lipid oxidation in structured lipid-based emulsions were evaluated. Ten percent oil-in-water emulsions were formulated with a canola oil/caprylic acid structured lipid and stabilized with 0.5% whey protein isolate. α-Tocopherol and citric acid were added to the emulsions to determine how changes in pH or the addition of NaCl affected their antioxidant activity. The peroxide values and anisidine values of emulsions stored at 50 °C were measured over an 8-day period. Increased lipid oxidation occurred in the pH 7.0 emulsions and when 0.5 M NaCl was added to the pH 3.0 samples. Adding α-tocopherol, citric acid, or a combination of the two compounds slowed the formation of hydroperoxides and their subsequent decomposition products in pH 3.0 emulsions. Keywords: Anisidine value; citric acid; copper; emulsions; lipid oxidation; peroxide value; structured lipids; α-tocopherol; whey protein isolate
One-axis metallic electrostatic micromirror array

A new micromachined one dimensional (1-D) micromirror array structure is presented that utilizes primarily electroplated nickel, a mechanically durable material with a high glass transition temperature and with controllable residual stress as the main structural material. The goal of this research is to develop custom micromirror array for use in epitaxial growth systems to define the device structure and hence eliminate the need for etching and lithography, the same micromirror can be used for switches and optical cross-connects. The high glass transition temperature of nickel allows it to be used at high temperature without causing any contamination to the epitaxial systems or to the deposited materials. Micromirror arrays with 5×5 and 1×5 pixels were designed with square shape with an area of 500 μm 2 to provide high fill factor and uniform stress distribution. The focus of this paper is on improved design for reducing actuation voltage and increasing the rotation angle. The micromirror was previously fabricated using surface micromachining technologies with a thick photoresist sacrificial layer [1]. The torsion beams were designed with a serpentine shape in order to optimize the voltage necessary to tilt the micromirror by ± 10°. The micromirrors were simulated using Coventor finite element tool in order to determine their geometries and performance. A voltage of 20 volts was required to rotate the mirror with a pixel pitch of 500 μm by 7.68° with resonance frequency of 221.52 Hz.
A Nonlinear Study of Compensatory Manual Control Systems

This study presents the results of a preliminary examination of the nonlinear characteristics of a closed-loop manual control system operated in the compensatory tracking mode. particular consideration is given to 1) nonlinearities of the closed-loop system resulting from inherent nonlinearities within the human operator and 2) the adaptive capabilities of the human operator in compensating for nonlinearities arising in the controlled process. Results indicate that low-order nonlinearities do not account for a substantial portion of the remnant and that a human operator is able to partially compensate for simple nonlinear controlled processes.
Behavioral quality and caloric intake in Malagasy children relative to international growth references.

Anthropometric, 3-day food weighing, and 2-day time allocation surveys were used in the 1990-1991 dry and wet seasons to examine the recommended international child growth references for weight/height (W/H). The sample included forty 6- to 9-year-old girls and boys from a slash-and-burn horticultural community near Ranomafana National Park in the southeastern Malagasy rain forest. Positional behavior, location, and various productive and social activities were related to anthropometric status, caloric intake, and gender. Sitting activities increased while energetic manual chores and prone activity decreased when W/H was below -1 to -1.5 SD of the international NCHS reference. However, running play and some of the locations that children use decreased more when W/H approached -2.5 or -3 SD, or when caloric intake was below about one half of the international recommendation. The latter anthropometric and dietary levels did not necessarily occur in the same children, suggesting that anthropometric surveillance alone may not identify children at risk. Moral thresholds of socially tolerable behavior relative to growth status and common statistically based cutoffs for growth status vary, which prompts questions about the appropriate level at which to target health programs. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Different Use for French Songs in the Classroom

A pedagogical resource that has not been investigated in depth but which has great potential for helping to develop students' aural comprehension of French is the transcription of song lyrics. Through a rigorously controlled process, the instructor, by using songs, can help to minimize the obstacles encountered by students trying to understand rapid spoken French. The method is simple and adaptable to third and fourth level students who have already attained a certain level of mastery of French grammar but whose aural comprehension is limited to taped exercises and to the instructor's slow, deliberate speech. The transcription of song lyrics is admittedly a challenging exercise, but it is one which provides the needed practice for comprehending spoken conversational French.
TRAFFIC MODELS FOR USE IN VESSEL TRAFFIC SYSTEMS

Traffic management systems for ships are playing an increasingly important role in major ports throughout the world. The function and performance characteristics of these systems are influenced by the physical geometry of the ports and by the dynamics of the port traffic. In a given traffic system intersections between ship routes lead to a potential need for operator intervention to resolve conflicts and promote an orderly and safe flow of traffic. The results in this paper are related to the problem of determining the relative difficulty associated with managing high-density route intersections and for suggesting route structures or regulatory improvements when such flexibility is allowed. The model can be used to distinguish between traffic situations due to high traffic densities and those due to the occurrence of a statistically unusual event. A model is developed for conflicts between ships at route intersections. Quantitative measures are presented for conflict intensity and duration and for intersection capacity. These measures are shown to be related to the geometry of the intersection and to the statistics of the incident flows. An optimum intersection angle is found.
A novel triperoxyniobium-containing polyoxoanion, SiW9(NbO2)3O377−: synthesis, characterization, catalytic allylic epoxidations with H2O2 and preliminary kinetic studies

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of the previously unknown SiW9(NbO2)3O377−, a novel composition of matter containing three adjacent NbvO2 peroxide groups, is described. Also reported is a survey of the catalytic epoxidation of seven olefinic substrates with 30% aqueous H2O2 using this heteropolyanion as a precatalyst. Additionally, the preliminary kinetic evidence presented indicates that SiW9(NbO2)3O377− serves as a catalyst precursor to the true catalyst, a catalytically active W, Nb or polyoxoanion fragment.
Enrichment of stearidonic acid in modified soybean oil by low temperature crystallisation

Abstract The main objective of the present work was to increase the stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4 ω-3) content of modified soybean oil (initial SDA content, ∼23%). Low temperature crystallisations of soybean oil triacylglycerols (TAG) were carried out to effectively concentrate SDA. Several variables, such as winterisation time, type of solvent, and the oil:solvent ratio were evaluated until optimisation of the process was achieved. In the second study, some changes in the winterisation procedure were introduced and the SDA concentration of the final products was remarkably improved. Best relationship between SDA concentration (44.5%) and SDA yield (35.1%) was attained by performing winterisation of TAG with hexane:acetone (10:90, v/v) at 10% oil:solvent ratio for 24 h. Remarkably improved SDA yields (57.4%) were obtained when the lowest oil:solvent ratio (2.5%, w/v) was used. However, the SDA concentration decreased to 39.4% under these conditions. Scaled-up processes were also performed to obtain 33 g of TAG (concentration 45.2%; yield 34.8%) enriched in SDA. The products obtained can be used as starting materials for the production of functional lipids and for clinical trials.