cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resputtering phenomena and determination of composition in codeposited films

The use of standard characterization techniques to determine elemental compositions in composition spread thin films is time intensive. Combinatorial, high-throughput studies of thin film materials demand high-throughput determination of film composition. We discuss the possibility of calculating codeposited film compositions from deposition profiles obtained during single-source sputtering. In the context of dc magnetron sputtering, we find that while this technique is appropriate for the Pd,Pt,Ti system, it yields atomic ratios in a Pt,Pb composition spread thin film that vary significantly from values measured with wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. A model for resputtering during codeposition is presented to account for these discrepancies and the model is used to calculate resputter rates during Pt,Pb codeposition. We also employ our model to estimate the resputtering susceptibility of commonly sputtered elements.
Continuously operating compact 3He-based neutron spin filter

Abstract Polarized 3 He can be used as a spin filter to polarize a broad energy spectrum of neutrons. As a prototype for use on the single-crystal diffractometer (SCD) at the spallation neutron source (SNS), we have built a compact system to continuously polarize a 3 He spin filter by spin-exchange optical pumping. Polarizing in the neutron beam provides a constant neutron polarization and reduces the sensitivity to relaxation mechanisms. The capability to operate in the presence of non-optimal magnetic field homogeneity allowed us to employ a highly compact solenoid only 9.5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long. Using only 7 W of laser light we maintained 44% 3 He polarization in an 11 cm 3 cell, despite an overall cell relaxation time of ≈ 10 h . Results from a test on the SCD at IPNS are discussed.
New descriptions of dispersion in flow through tubes: Convolution and collocation methods

Abstract : The convective dispersion of a solute in steady flow through a tube is analyzed, and the concentration profile for any Peclet number is obtained as a convolution of the profile for infinite Paclet number. Close approximations are obtained for the concentration profile and its axial moments, by use of orthogonal collocation in the radial direction. The moments thus obtained converge rapidly, and the concentration profile less rapidly, toward exactness as the number of collocation points is increased. A two-point radial grid gives results of practical accuracy; analytical solutions are obtained at this level of approximation. Convective dispersion plays an important role in many processes of chemical reaction and separation. Such systems are commonly analyzed by use of a radially-averaged diffusion equation. The foregoing approach is not easy to apply to reaction or separation processes if the fluid properties vary, nor if the kinetics or equilibria are non-linear. Therefore, in this paper we consider an alternate method: we solve the full diffusion equation by orthogonal collocation in the radial direction. Non-reactive systems are emphasized here; reactive ones will be studied more fully in the sequel to this paper.
The quantitative analysis of constitutive heterochromatic regions of human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 in relation to size and inversion heteromorphisms in East Indians

100 normal East Indians were studied by C-banding technique to estimate the frequency of size and inversion heteromorphisms of the secondary constriction regions (h) of human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, and the data were compared to those of Caucasians and Black Americans.
Assessing comparative production efficiencies for product line management

Product line management involves product expansion or elimination depending on various factors, for example, production processes and demands in the market. This study focuses on measuring product performance for a firm’s product line management, using parametric and non-parametric approaches. First, we choose variables related to the production and demand of products and assess the comparative performance of product groups and individual products using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Second, we attempt to detect possible performance differences among the product groups using one-way analysis of variance. Third, we identify the sources of inefficiency using appropriate DEA scores and offer some managerial insights. Last, we try to confirm the determinants of product performance using Tobit regression analysis. The major contribution of this study is the use of a novel approach for product line management by measuring the performance of product groups and individual products using pertinent variables. The...
Parental underinvestment: A link in the fertility-mortality continuum

Selective parental investment in siblings has been used to describe differential mortality rates. Using data from 986 Filipino women who had an average of 4.8 live births, a LISREL and six sets of regression models support the hypothesis that fertility is linked to underinvestment and that mortality, as a consequence, is linked to high birth order. The analysis also identifies intervening factors associated with this relationship. Age of mother at childbirth showed a strong influence on the relationship of birth order and infant and child mortality; correlations are stronger among older than youger mothers. However, even after the effect of age of mother at childbirth was partialled out, the effect of birth order on infant and child mortality remained significant and substantial. The conclusion is that parental underinvestment represents a link between fertility and mortality during infancy and early childhood that has not been described previously. Policy makers appear to have overlooked parental underinvestment in favor of more obvious economic and health mediators.
Toward a model of business-to-business marketing communications effects

Abstract Inherent differences between business-to-business marketing and consumer marketing results in important differences in how marketing communications tools are processed and acted on by their targets. A model of business-to-business marketing communications effects should consider these differences and adequately explain both internal reactions to advertisements and externally directed influence toward other members of a buying center. We suggest a typology of contextual differences between consumer and business-to-business marketing communications and develop an explanatory model of business-to-business marketing communications effects. The model is congruent with both existing buying center behavior models and an information processing approach to attitude formation. Both emotional and cognitive responses to marketing communications stimuli are related to personal influence attempts within an organizational buying center. Finally, a research agenda is proposed and practical implications for marketing managers are discussed.
Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 22. New combinations and new synonymy in Omphalanthus and Aureolejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta)

Omphalanthus Gottsche et al. (1845a: 303) and Aureolejeunea Schuster (1978: 428) (Lejeuneaceae Cavers (1910: 291) tribe Lejeuneeae Dumortier (1822: 111)) are two small, closely related Afro-American genera of eight and six currently accepted species, respectively. Omphalanthus is the most widespread of the two and occurs commonly throughout tropical America. The distribution of Aureolejeunea is more restricted and it is mainly confined to high elevations in the Andes. In Africa the two genera are very rare and represented by only one species each.
Effects of stereotypical television portrayals of African-Americans on person perception

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that stereotypical television portrayals of African-Americans increase the likelihood that whites will make negative social perception judgments of an African-American (but not a white) target person. Forty white subjects were exposed to comedy skits featuring stereotypical or neutral portrayals of AfricanAmerican characters. Subjects then read a vignette describing an incident in which a college student was allegedly assaulted by his roommate. In half of the conditions, the alleged offender was assumed to be white; in the other half he was assumed to be AfricanAmerican. Subjects rated the likelihood that the alleged offender was guilty of the assault. Guilt ratings of the white target did not differ significantly between the stereotypical and the neutral comedy skit conditions. In contrast, guilt ratings of the African-American target were higher in the stereotypical comedy skit condition than in the neutral comedy skit condition. Television portrayals of AfricanAmericans and other minorities have been shown to influence whites' perceptions of those groups. Greenberg (1972), for instance, found that over half of the white children sampled reported that television was a principal source of information about AfricanAmericans. Furthermore, children who experienced a high degree of exposure to AfricanAmericans on television were particularly likely to believe that the portrayal of African
The Spartan attitude control system - Control electronics assembly

The Spartan attitude control system (ACS) represents an evolutionary development of the previous STRAP-5 ACS through the use of state-of-the-art microprocessors and hardware. Despite a gyro rate signal noise problem that caused the early depletion of argon gas, the Spartan 101 experiment was able to collect several hours of data from two targets. Attention is presently given to the ACS sequencer module, sensor interface box, valve driver box, control electronics software, jam tables, and sequencer programs.
Kinetic analysis of the endonuclease activity of phage lambda terminase: assembly of a catalytically competent nicking complex is rate-limiting.

The terminase enzyme from bacteriophage λ is responsible for excision of a single genome from a concatameric DNA precursor and its insertion into an empty viral procapsid. The enzyme possesses a site-specific endonuclease activity which is responsible for excision of the viral genome and the formation of the 12 base-pair single-stranded “sticky” ends of mature λ DNA. We have previously reported a kinetic analysis of the endonuclease activity of λ terminase which showed an enzyme concentration-dependent change in the kinetic time course of the reaction [Tomka, M. A., & Catalano, C. E. (1993b) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3056−3065]. We presented a model which suggested that the rate-limiting step in the nuclease reaction was the assembly of a catalytically competent prenicking complex. Here, we provide additional evidence for a slow assembly step in the nuclease reaction and demonstrate that the observed rate is affected by protein concentration, but not by the length of the DNA substrate. Consistent with our model...
Understanding the behavior of mercury in the cryosphere

[1] Anthropogenic emission of mercury is increasing, especially in Asia. Mercury in the atmosphere can be deposited into the cryosphere, regions covered by snow and ice. Some of the mercury deposited into the cryosphere is emitted back to the atmosphere, and some enters meltwater, where it can be converted to toxic methylmercury, which can enter the food chain. Many measurements of mercury concentrations in the cryosphere and atmosphere have been made at a variety of field locations and at a variety of times, but it can be difficult to extrapolate from individual field studies. Durnford and Dastoor aim to examine all available data together to derive a consistent theory of the physical and chemical processes governing the behavior of mercury in the cryosphere and the emission of cryospheric mercury to the atmosphere. They present a wide-ranging review of what is known about mercury in the cryosphere. This should help in the development of dynamical, physically based models that accurately capture the behavior of cryospheric mercury and could be used to simulate how cryospheric mercury would respond in a future climate. The authors also present a list of measurements that should be made to provide a more complete view of mercury in the cryosphere and atmosphere. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2010JD014809, 2011)
Abnormalities of the arterial pulse wave in young diabetic subjects.

Abnormalities have been noted in the arterial pulse wave of human subjects with peripheral arteriosclerosis and with hypertension. The major change, diminution to disappearance of the dicrotic wave, has also been found in young diabetic subjects. The present study reports on the differences in the configuration of the arterial pulse wave of 162 diabetic subjects between the ages of 11 and 29 years and a comparable group of 275 nondiabetic controls. The findings seem to support the concept that the vascular abnormalities seen in diabetes mellitus are an integral part and not a complication of the disease.
Formalizing GDOI group key management requirements in NPATRL

Although there is a substantial amount of work on formal requirements for two and three-party key distribution protocols, very little has been done on requirements for group protocols. However, since the latter have security requirements that can differ in important but subtle ways, we believe that a rigorous expression of these requirements can be useful in determining whether a given protocol can satisfy an application's needs. In this paper we make a first step in providing a formal understanding of security requirements for group key distribution by using the NPATRL language, a temporal requirement specification language for use with the NRL Protocol Analyzer. We specify the requirements for GDOI, a protocol being proposed as an IETF standard, which we are formally specifying and verifying in cooperation with the MSec working group.
Powdermilk biscuits: Communication, courage, and clout for librarians

Analyse satirique de la situation des bibliotheques publiques aujourd'hui aux Etats-Unis et de l'attitude des bibliothecaires a son egard
Nd:YAG-CO 2 double-pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of organic films

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) using double-pulse irradiation with Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers was applied to the analysis of a polystyrene film on a silicon substrate. An enhanced emission signal, compared to single-pulse LIBS using a Nd:YAG laser, was observed from atomic carbon, as well as enhanced molecular emission from C2 and CN. This double-pulse technique was further applied to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene residues, and enhanced LIBS signals for both atomic carbon and molecular CN emission were observed; however, no molecular C2 emission was detected.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol protects hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity

Excitotoxic neuronal death underlies many neurodegenerative disorders. Because cannabinoid receptor agonists act presynaptically to inhibit glutamate release, we examined the effects of Win 55212-2, a full agonist at CB(1) receptors, and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a partial agonist, on the survival of neurons exposed to an excitotoxic pattern of synaptic activity. Reducing the extracellular Mg(2+) concentration ([Mg(2+)](o)) to 0.1 mM evoked an aberrant pattern of glutamatergic activity that produced synaptically mediated death of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. Neuronal viability was quantified with a multiwell fluorescence plate scanner equipped to detect propidium iodide fluorescence. Win 55212-2 (100 nM) and THC (100 nM) significantly reduced 0.1 mM [Mg(2+)](o)-induced cell death by 77 +/- 11% and 84 +/- 8%, respectively. Interestingly, the protection afforded by THC was not significantly different from that produced by Win 55212-2, suggesting that attenuation without a complete block of excitatory activity is sufficient for neuroprotection. The effect of prolonged drug exposure on the neuroprotection afforded by cannabinoid receptor agonists was also studied. When cultures were pretreated for 24 h with Win 55212-2 (100 nM) or THC (100 nM), inhibition of 0.1 mM [Mg(2+)](o)-induced toxicity was significantly reduced to 39 +/- 19% and 45 +/- 13%, respectively. Thus, desensitization of CB(1) receptors diminishes the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids. This study demonstrates the importance of agonist efficacy and the duration of treatment on the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids. It will be important to consider these effects on neuronal survival when evaluating pharmacologic treatments that modulate the endocannabinoid system.
Physical Activity and Television Viewing Linked to Body Mass Index among Philippine High School Students: Signaling of an Emerging Epidemic of Obesity?

The major purpose of this study was to determine whether body mass index (BMI) was associated with reports of vigorous physical activity and television viewing among a sample of more than 3,000 Phi...
Biotechnological applications of bacterial protein secretion: from therapeutics to biofuel production

Recent years have witnessed significant progresses in engineering of recombinant protein secretion. The relatively simple secretion mechanisms, Type I and Type V (autotransporters), are increasingly used for secretion of recombinant proteins. The secretion level of target proteins varied from milligrams to grams per liter. The range of proteins was significantly expanded beyond medical application. Notable additions include biofuel productions from renewable feedstock. Despite the progress, almost all successes in the engineering efforts come with significant trials and errors, highlighting the need for a better understanding of secretion systems and rational based methods.
Transcribed oxygen saturation vs oximeter recordings in very low birth weight infants

The objective of this study was to compare hand-transcribed oxygen saturation (SpO2) with electronic oximeter data in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI, <1500 g). Oximeter data were downloaded from birth through 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) for VLBWI before and after interventions to improve neonatal intensive care unit oxygen management. Transcribed SpO2 values were obtained by chart review. Proportions of transcribed and oximetry data in target (85 to 93%), hypoxemic (80 to 84%), and hyperoxemic (⩾98%) ranges before and after intervention were compared. There were 30 441 oximetry hours before intervention and 54 538 oximetry hours after intervention. Transcribed SpO2 values correlated strongly with oximeter overall. However, during hours on supplemental oxygen, transcribed values significantly overdocumented target range and underdocumented values 80 to 84 and ⩾98%. This finding varied by respiratory support and PMA, and increased after intervention. Transcribed SpO2 values overdocumented target range and underdocumented hyperoxemic and hypoxemic ranges compared with electronic oximeter data. These results support incorporating electronic oximeter data into medical records.
Plasma levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and panic disorder

Low levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in plasma have been associated with the presence of mood disorders in patients with major depressive disorder. We examined plasma GABA in patients with panic disorder, a disorder that is often comorbid with major depression, and in a group of control subjects. Patients with panic disorder had plasma GABA levels that did not differ significantly from levels in controls subjects. These data support the specificity of low plasma GABA as a marker for mood disorders.
High-speed fiber-optic tapped delay line correlator/code generator

Tapped delay lines are basic components for performing a wide variety of signal processing op- orations, such as convolution, correlation, Fourier transformation, and the various processing and filtering functions which derive from them. These operations can be performed using a variety of approaches, such as surface acoustic wave tapped delay lines1 or charge-coupled devices.2 The problem is the extension of these conventional technologies to the processing of signals having bandwidths well in excess of 1 GHz. The macrobend optical fiber tapped delay line is a new device which uses single-mode optical fiber as the delay medium.3 It is ideally suited for high-speed signal processing because of the inherently large time- bandwidth product and low loss of single-mode fiber. In this presentation we describe two new applications of this device, namely, the use of the macrobend optical fiber tapped delay line as a code generator and as a correlator.
Laboratory research in management: Misconceptions and missed opportunities

Laboratory research has long been a common method of inquiry in the behavioral sciences. In recent years, however, laboratory methodologies appear to have fallen from favor with many management researchers. This paper summarizes reasons for this trend including limited external validity and appropriateness of using laboratory methodologies. Additionally, a number of situations in which laboratory research may hold considerable promise and utility are identified such as using multiple samples or multiple studies in one paper, or when sensitive topics are the focus of research. The paper concludes with the reminder that the questions asked should dictate the methodology selected, not the preferences of a reviewer or editor.
von Neumann-Wigner theorem in quantum dot molecules

We show that electrons in coupled quantum dots characterized by high aspect ratios undergo abrupt density rotations when the dots are biased into an asymmetric confinement configuration. Density rotations occur with electron transfer to a single dot, and give rise to sharp variations of the exchange coupling between electrons as a function of interdot detuning. Our analysis based on exact diagonalization technique indicates that this unusual behavior is in agreement with the von Neumann-Wigner theorem that dictates the variations of the energy spectrum from the symmetries of the molecular states during the detuning process. It is also shown that the overall effect is quenched by the presence of magnetic fields, which by adding angular momentum to the electron motion affects the spatial symmetry of the molecular states.
Rational Treatment of Acid-Base Disorders

Acid-base derangements are encountered frequently in clinical practice and many have life-threatening implications. Treatment is dependent on correctly identifying the acid-base disorder and, whenever possible, repairing the underlying causal process. Bicarbonate is the agent of choice for the treatment of acute metabolic acidosis. Controversy surrounds the use of alkali therapy in lactic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis, but bicarbonate should clearly be administered for severe acidosis. In most patients with mild to moderate chloride-responsive metabolic alkalosis, providing an adequate amount of a chloride salt will restore acid-base balance to normal over a matter of days. In contrast, therapy of the chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis is best directed at the underlying disease. When alkalemia is severe, administering hydrochloric acid or a hydrochloric acid precursor may be necessary. Treatment of respiratory acidosis should be targeted at restoring ventilation; alkali should be administered only for superimposed metabolic acidosis. The therapy of respiratory alkalosis is centred on reversal of the root cause; short of this goal, there is no effective treatment of primary hypocapnia. The coexistence of more than one acid-base disorder (i.e. a mixed disorder) is not uncommon. When plasma bicarbonate concentration and arterial carbon dioxide tension (paCO2) are altered in opposite directions, extreme shifts in pH may occur. In such cases, it is imperative that the nature of the disturbance is identified early and therapy directed at both disorders.
On the Mean Square Error of Parameter Estimates for Some Biased Estimators

Biased estimators of β in the linear statistical model Y = Xβ + e have been studied by several authors. Many solutions are of the form * = (C + X′X)+ X′Y for some compatible symmetric matrix C. In this note, conditions on the matrix C are developed which show when, component by component, the mean square error of the biased estimator is less than the corresponding mean square error, or variance, of the estimators using the normal equations. That is if * i is the ith component of *, and i is the ith component of = (X′X)−1 X′Y, C is determined so that for each i var ( i *) + (β i * – β i )2 < var ( i ). The implication for Hoer1 and Kennard's, Marquardt's, and Mayer and Wilke's biased estimators are discussed. Subsequently, the singular valued decomposition of X is used to explore — *.
Bonding and magnetism in Fe-M (M = B,C,Si,N) alloys

Self-consistent-field, X..cap alpha.., scattered-wave, molecular-orbital calculations on tetrahedral Fe clusters with (Fe/sub 4/-M) and without (Fe/sub 4/) central M species (M = B,C,Si,N) are described. The results are consistent with similar earlier calculations and go beyond those works in terms of their chemical-physical insights for bonding and magnetism. Two distinct bonding types, polar and covalent, having different consequences are identified. Polar bonding appears to play a greater role in overall stability than does covalent bonding. It mixes s and d character from Fe with s character from the M species forming new s-p-d hybrids localized largely at the M site. Its magnetic effects depend on the amount of d character lost to this bonding. On the other hand, a more covalent bonding strongly mixes Fe d character with M p character. This covalent p-d bond is delocalized relative to the initial states and can dramatically reduce the electronic state density at the Fermi level, thus suppressing moment formation.
Association of Hemoglobin Levels With Clinical Outcomes in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background— In the setting of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), anemia has the potential to worsen myocardial ischemia; however, data relating anemia to clinical outcomes in ACS remain limited. Methods and Results— We examined the association between baseline hemoglobin values and major adverse cardiovascular events through 30 days in 39 922 patients enrolled in clinical trials of ACS. After adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics and index hospitalization treatments, a reverse J-shaped relationship between baseline hemoglobin values and major adverse cardiovascular events was observed. In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, when those with hemoglobin values between 14 and 15 g/dL were used as the reference, cardiovascular mortality increased as hemoglobin levels fell below 14 g/dL, with an adjusted OR of 1.21 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.30, P 17 g/dL also had ex...
Asp → Asn Substitutions in the Putative Calcium-Binding Site of the Turnip Crinkle Virus Coat Protein Affect Virus Movement in Plants

Many plant virus coat proteins have binding sites for divalent cations, particularly calcium. It has been speculated that the purpose of such sites is to ensure that plant viruses release their RNA only in the host cytoplasm which has a low calcium concentration. By comparison to tomato bushy stunt virus, two of the amino acids that probably interact directly with calcium ions in turnip crinkle virus (TCV) capsids, Asp155 and Asp157, were substituted with Asn residues by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to create the mutant TCV-M18. TCV-M18 coat protein, and virions accumulated to wild-type levels in isolated protoplasts. Mutant virions were able to uncoat and to initiate de novo replication in protoplasts although no symptoms were observed in plants inoculated with TCV-M18. Mutant RNA accumulated to much lower levels than wild-type RNA in inoculated leaves and was not detected in upper, uninoculated leaves. The lower infectivity of TCV-M18 in plants may be due to a decreased capacity to move efficiently from cell to cell, and we suggest the possibility that TCV coat protein plays an active, pivotal role in cell-to-cell movement interactions.
Hands-off interaction with menus in virtual spaces

As dissimilar as virtual environment interfaces are to traditional desktop interfaces, one common element will always be the need for selection. Menus are often used for this type of interaction to minimize memorization requirements. However, the direct analogy of 2-D menus to 3-D applications has not been widely accepted due to complications concerning pointing tasks in virtual space. In this paper, we report results of the use of a new technique for menu display and interaction which involves the display of menu items on a 2-D overlay onto the 3-D world. The proposed technique displays the textual menu items on a viewplane that moves relative to the user so that text will always directly face the eyes. The menu items are selected via a speech recognition system. Advantages of this technique include ease of readability and trivial interaction with the menu. The hands are always free to be used for other tasks. A number of usability issues are discussed. These findings show that this metaphor is an effective technique for not only menus in virtual spaces but for many uses of text in the 3-D domain.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the Reclaiming of Denied Affects in Family therapy

A central developmental task of the family is to help its members develop the capacity to cope with the grief attendant on separation and loss. In order to work through such feelings, each member must first be able to acknowledge the affect as present, internal, and belonging to the self. Depending on the degree of intrapsychic differentiation, and the dread of abandonment, family members may seek to avoid awareness of such feelings within themselves. The disclaimed emotions remain powerful unconscious motivators of behavior, exerting their influence despite their denial. Some typical clinical illustrations of this are provided. Excerpts from conjoint family therapy are then presented to illustrate the therapeutic interventions made in assisting a family to acknowledge denied grief over the separation of one of its members along with unspoken tender feelings within the family. This paper affirms the continued relevance of a psychodynamic, interpretative approach for families struggling with unresolved grief.
Hyponatremia inhibits sprouting of oxytocinergic axons following bilateral lesions of the paraventricular nucleus in rats.

Abstract The external zone of the median eminence in rats contains very few oxytocinergic (OT) libers. However, 6 weeks after lesioning the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) many OT axons can be found in the external zone, possibly as part of a mechanism compensating for the loss of secretion originating from the PVN. In this study, we investigated whether such structural reorganization of the median eminence occurs in chronically hyponatremic rats, which are known to have significantly inhibited OT and vasopressin (AVP) neurosecretory responses to most physiological stimuli. Normonatremic and chronically hyponatremic rats received bilateral PVN lesions using a rotating knife. One week after PVN lesions both vasopressin-neurophysin (AVP-NP) and oxytocin-neurophysin (OT-NP) staining intensities decreased in the internal zone of the median emmence, and AVP-NP immunoreactivity almost entirely disappeared from the external zone. Six weeks after PVN lesions OT-NP but not AVP-NP immunostaming appeared in the external zone of the median eminence in the normonatremic rats. In contrast, no increase in OT-NP staining occurred in the external zone of the median eminence in the hyponatremic rats by six weeks after PVN lesions. These results indicate that chronic hyponatremia inhibits not only synthesis and secretion of AVP and OT, but also impairs cellular processes involved in the sprouting response normally seen following bilateral PVN lesions in rats.
Decreased atrial natriuretic factor receptors and impaired cGMP generation in glomeruli from the cardiomyopathic hamster.

Abstract To determine a possible basis for the decreased action of atrial natriuretic factors (ANF) in congestive heart failure, we compared the cardiomyopathic hamster (CMH) in frank congestive failure, and the agematched, normal, F1B strain of Golden Syrian Hamsters. Scatchard analysis of competitive binding studies revealed two classes of glomerular receptors. The CMH exhibited decreased binding overall and a markedly decreased number of high affinity receptors but comparable receptor affinity compared to the F1B. In contrast, the low affinity receptor population in the CMH had a much greater affinity compared to the F1B while receptor number was similar. Plasma ANF levels were substantially elevated in the CMH compared to the F1B and in-vitro generation of cGMP was significantly lower in the CMH. Such abnormalities could contribute to the resistance to ANF in this disease.
Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters—A National Map

This map illustrates the regional patterns of mean annual alkalinity of surface water in the conterminous United States. As such, it affords a qualitative graphic overview to the sensitivity of surface waters to acidification. The map is based on data from approximately 2500 streams and lakes and apparent spatial correlations between these data and macro-watershed characteristics, especially land-use.
Optimization of the explicit polarization (X-Pol) potential using a hybrid density functional

The explicit polarization (X-Pol) method is a self-consistent fragment-based electronic structure theory in which molecular orbitals are block-localized within fragments of a cluster, macromolecule, or condensed-phase system. To account for short-range exchange repulsion and long-range dispersion interactions, we have incorporated a pairwise, empirical potential, in the form of Lennard-Jones terms, into the X-Pol effective Hamiltonian. In the present study, the X-Pol potential is constructed using the B3LYP hybrid density functional with the 6-31G(d) basis set to treat interacting fragments, and the Lennard-Jones parameters have been optimized on a dataset consisting of 105 bimolecular complexes. It is shown that the X-Pol potential can be optimized to provide a good description of hydrogen bonding interactions; the root mean square deviation of the computed binding energies from full (i.e., nonfragmental) CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ results is 0.8 kcal/mol, and the calculated hydrogen bond distances have an average deviation of about 0.1 A from those obtained by full B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ optimizations.
Thermal elimination reactions of (dfepe)Pt(CF3)X (fluoroalkyl)phosphine complexes (X = Cl, O2CCF3): synthesis and structural characterization of an unusual chelate-bridged platinum(0) complex, [(dfepe)Pt(CO)]2(μ-dfepe)

Abstract Platinum trifluoromethyl-substituted (fluoroalkyl)phosphine complexes (dfepe)Pt(CF3)(X) (dfepe = (C)2F5)2PCH2CH2P(C2F5)2, X = Cl, O2CCF3) have been prepared from the corresponding cyclooctadiene precursors, (cod)Pt(CF3)(X), and have been fully characterized by 19F and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Thermolyses of (dfepe)Pt(CF3) X complexes in acetone at 100°C lead to elimination and disproportionation to give (dfepe)2Pt and unidentified Pt(0) products. In the presence of carbon monoxide, an initial dfepe loss prior to Pt-CF3 elimination is observed and subsequent trapping by dfepe and CO produces (dfepe)Pt(CO)2. In the presence of additional dfepe, (dfepe)Pt(CO)2 reacts further after cooling to ultimately afford a new platinum(0) carbonyl dfepe-bridged dimer, [(dfepe)Pt(CO)]2(μ-dfepe). Crystallographic data for this molecule reveals an unusual distorted-tetrahedral platinum coordination environment and a dfepe-bridged geometry. Crystal data for [(dfepe)Pt(CO)]2(μ-dfepe): triclinic, P1 (No. 2), a = 8.802(2), b = 10.581(2), c = 16.506(3) A, α = 74.75(3), β = 78.03(3), γ = 78.30(3)°, V = 1432.9(5) A3, Z = 1, R = 0.0337, wR2 = 0.0858.
Expression of c-fos gene activation during rough and tumble play in juvenile rats

Rough and tumble (R&T) play is an intrinsic behavior in most mammals. However, unlike sex and aggression, play has not been well characterized in terms of neuronal circuitry. We employed in situ hybridization to explore the differences of c-fos mRNA activation in juvenile rats that had been allowed R&T play for a total of 30 min before sacrifice contrasted to animals with comparable histories that had received no play. Densitometric estimates of c-fos gene activation revealed that the deep and dorsolateral tectum, inferior colliculus, dorsal periaquaductal gray, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsal and ventral striatum, and somatosensory cortex were significantly more activated in animals that had played than those that had not. Prior play dominance and amount of social experience had no clear effects on the levels of c-fos gene expression. This provides a variety of new hypotheses concerning the role of various brain areas in the elaboration of R&T play behavior, but the important role of other types of motor arousal in the differential effects were not evaluated in this study.
The Potential Role for Securitizing Public Sector Revenue FlowsAn Application to the Philippines

Since the mid-1980s, the securitization of future flow receivables has grown in importance as a financing alternative for the public sector. In a world of perfect capital markets, there appears to be little rationalein terms of reducing the average cost of public sector financingto resort to secured borrowing. However, for many developing countries, financial markets are far from perfect. In particular, there may be an important role for secured financing where increased uncertainty or financial market volatility leads to credit rationing driven by information asymmetries. Secured financing, however, does not provide a free lunch. Such arrangements subordinate existing and future creditors and, as a result, may raise the cost of future borrowing. In addition, high transaction costs, the thin market in secured instruments, the risk of legal challenges, and reduced budget and debt management flexibility may offset the cost advantage of public sector securitization.
Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester increases red blood cell scramblase activity and external phosphatidylserine

Externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) is thought to contribute to sickle cell disease (SCD) pathophysiology. The red blood cell (RBC) aminophospholipid translocase (APLT) mediates the transport of PS from the outer to the inner RBC membrane leaflet to maintain an asymmetric distribution of PL, while phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR) equilibrates PL across the RBC membrane, promoting PS externalization. We previously identified an association between PS externalization level and PLSCR activity in sickle RBC under basal conditions. Other studies showed that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate) causes increased external PS on RBC. Therefore, we hypothesized that PMA-activated PKC stimulates PLSCR activity in RBC and thereby contributes to increased PS externalization. In the current studies, we show that PMA treatment causes immediate and variable PLSCR activation and subsequent PS externalization in control and sickle RBC. While TfR+ sickle reticulocytes display some endogenous PLSCR activity, we observed a robust activation of PLSCR in sickle reticulocytes treated with PMA. The PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine (Chel), significantly inhibited PMA-dependent PLSCR activation and PS externalization. Chel also inhibited endogenous PLSCR activity in sickle reticulocytes. These data provide evidence that PKC mediates PS externalization in RBC through activation of PLSCR.
NEWLY IDENTIFIED PRODUCTS OF BENZENE DROPLET COMBUSTION: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS OF THREE TO TEN RINGS

In order to investigate further the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) produced by benzene droplet combustion, we have obtained and analyzed a highly-concentrated benzene droplet combustion sam...
Maximal and submaximal mouth opening with mouth gags in cats: Implications for maxillary artery blood flow

The use of spring-loaded mouth gags in cats can be associated with the development of central neurological deficits, including blindness. In this species, the maxillary arteries are the main source of blood supply to the retinae and brain. Spring-loaded gags generate constant force after placement that could contribute to bulging of the soft tissues between the mandible and the tympanic bulla. Under these circumstances, the maxillary arteries can become compressed as they course between these osseous structures. Smaller gags that might apply less force to the mouth were investigated to determine if they preserved maxillary artery blood flow. Six healthy adult cats were anesthetized. Electroretinography (ERG) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) were performed without the use of a mouth gag and during submaximal (plastic mouth gags of 20, 30 and 42 mm in length between canine teeth) and maximal mouth opening. Maximal mouth opening produced alterations in ERG waveforms consistent with circulatory compromise in 1/6 cats and reductions in signal intensity during MRA in 4/6 cats. Placement of a 42 mm plastic gag produced a reduction in MRA signal in 1/6 cats. No changes were observed with smaller gags. The force applied against the mouth was significantly higher with the spring-loaded gag than with any other gags. The use of a smaller mouth gags was associated with fewer alterations of indicators of maxillary artery blood flow. Nevertheless, a 42 mm plastic gag, equivalent to the size of a needle cap, resulted in an abnormal MRA in one cat.
Revisiting analyses of matched samples in corporate governance research

We observe divergent approaches to analysis of matched samples in recent corporate governance research. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) and Srinivasan (2005) employ a conditional analysis that takes into account matching in the sample selection; Farber (2005) and Erickson, Hanlon, Mayhew (2006) apply traditional methods that do not. As has been shown in simulations, replications, and proofs in Cram, Karan, Stuart (2009), the failure to take matching into account yields biased estimates and can lead to incorrect inferences. We describe use of matched samples in these papers and how more valid and extensive results might be obtained from reanalysis. We illustrate potential impact of correct methodology upon inferences through replication of Heninger (2001), which investigated causes of audit litigation. We make testable predictions about how results of the corporate governance papers will change upon similar reanalysis. We survey other published studies in corporate governance whose findings are questionable and merit revisiting.
Pseudorandom generators hard for $k$-DNF resolution and polynomial calculus resolution

A pseudorandom generator Gn :f0; 1g n !f0; 1g m is hard for a propositional proof system P if (roughly speaking) P cannot eciently
Heterosexual spread of HIV infection

Sexual transmission is the most common route of spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with heterosexual transmission of HIV infection accounting for 90% of those infected in 1992 and over 75% of the 10–12 million of those infected to date worldwide. Yet, heterosexual transmission is poorly understood. Since HIV can be transmitted from HIV-infected people who are asymptomatic as well as from those who have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we must better define the potential for transmission of HIV from HIV-infected individuals as well as the factors which influence the susceptibility of HIV-uninfected individuals.
Office-based ureteral stent placement under local anesthesia for obstructing stones is safe and efficacious.

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of urgent ureteral stent placement under local anesthesia (LA) with those placed under general anesthesia (GA) for obstructing stones. Materials and methods After institutional review board approval, ureteral stents placed from January 2007 to July 2011 at our institution were reviewed. Only primary stent placement for obstructing renal or ureteral calculi was included in the present analysis. Data were evaluated for 2 groups: GA and LA. The primary outcomes were demographics, interval from presentation to stent insertion, interval from stent insertion to stone removal, success and complication rates, and secondary outcomes were costs per encounter. Results A total of 119 primary stent insertion procedures in 110 unique patients were assessed; 73 (GA) and 46 (LA). No differences were found in the mean age or sex between the 2 groups. Both GA and LA groups were stented within 12 hours of presentation, at 58% and 54%, respectively (P = .69); and the interval from stent insertion to stone removal was similar in both groups (mean 33 days and 35 days in the GA and LA groups, respectively, P = .79). No significant differences were found in the failure to place the stent between the GA and LA groups (1.3% vs 8.7%, respectively, P = .07). No complications related to stent placement occurred in either group. The average cost per encounter was nearly 4 times greater in the GA group. Conclusion Urgent ureteral stent placement for obstructing stones can be safely and effectively performed under LA in the office. Although avoiding GA and reducing costs, this approach did not prolong the interval to definitive stone management.
Efficient concurrency-bug detection across inputs

In the multi-core era, it is critical to efficiently test multi-threaded software and expose concurrency bugs before software release. Previous work has made significant progress in detecting and validating concurrency bugs under a given input. Unfortunately, software testing always faces large sets of test inputs, and existing techniques are still too expensive to be applied to every test input in practice.In this paper, we use open-source software to study how existing concurrency-bug detection tools work for a set of inputs. The study shows that an interleaving pattern, such as a data race or an atomicity violation, can often be exposed by many inputs. Consequently, existing bug detectors would inevitably waste their bug detection effort to generate duplicate bug reports, when applied to a set of inputs.Guided by the above study, we propose a coverage metric, Concurrent Function Pairs (CFP), to efficiently approximate how interleavings overlap across inputs. Using CFP, we have designed a new approach to detecting data races and atomicity-violation bugs for a set of inputs.Our evaluation on open-source C/C++ applications shows that our CFP-guided approach can effectively accelerate concurrency-bug detection for a set of inputs by reducing redundant detection effort across inputs.
Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 in Normal Human Lung and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of signaling ligands contributes significantly to lung development and maintenance in the adult. FGF9 is involved in control of epithelial branching and mesenchymal proliferation and expansion in developing lungs. However, its activity and expression in the normal adult lung and by epithelial and interstitial cells in fibroproliferative diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are unknown. Tissue samples from normal organ donor human lungs and those of a cohort of patients with mild to severe IPF were sectioned and stained for the immunolocalization of FGF9. In normal lungs, FGF9 was confined to smooth muscle surrounding airways, alveolar ducts and sacs, and blood vessels. In addition to these same sites, lungs of IPF patients expressed FGF9 in a population of myofibroblasts within fibroblastic foci, hypertrophic and hyperplastic epithelium of airways and alveoli, and smooth muscle cells surrounding vessels embedded in thickened interstitium. The results demonstrate that FGF9 protein increased in regions of active cellular hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrotic expansion of IPF lungs, and in isolated human lung fibroblasts treated with TGF-β1 and/or overexpressing Wnt7B. The cellular distribution and established biologic activity of FGF9 make it a potentially strong candidate for contributing to the progression of IPF.