cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Microscopy Studies and Image Simulation of the YBa2Cu3O7-x/ BaF2 Interface

Images of the YBa 2 Cu 3 OT 7−x (YBCO) / BaF 2 interface obtained with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) show a relatively wide (∼40 A) band of contrast at the interface, despite attempts to orient the interface plane parallel to the beam. Simulation of STEM annular dark field (ADF) images of several different interface geometries suggests that strain is the dominant cause of this wide band of contrast at the interface. In particular, it is the dislocations which run normal to the beam direction which make a significant contribution to the width of the contrast band in the case of this YBCO / BaF 2 interface. A line scan taken across the interface using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) suggests that there is no significant Ba concentration at the interface, indicating that Z-contrast is not the primary contrast mechanism in these ADF images of the YBCO / BaF 2 interface.
Influence of temperature and humidity on survival and development of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

The survival and development of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis , were assessed at various temperatures and relative humidities (RH). The upper and lower temperature limits for development (egg to adult) were 32 and 13°C. The length of the developmental period ranged from 14 to 140 days at these temperature extremes. Complete development occurred from 50–92% rh. Immature C. felis reared at 92% rh produced larger adults than those reared at 50% rh. At 27°C, the minimum rh necessary for greater than 50% survival of the immature stages was egg, 33%; larva, 50%; and pupa, 2%. Adult longevity increased with increasing rh and decreasing temperature.
Trailing edge noise

Shadowgraphic observations of the flow structure of a wall jet downstream of the trailing edge of a flat plate were carried out. Shadowgraphs obtained at jet exit Mach number 0.3 to 0.8 consistently showed an orderly large oscillatory flow structure. It is believed that these large scale disturbances are the result of flow instabilities. It is also believed that these orderly disturbances are responsible for generating the dominant part of trailing edge noise either directly or indirectly. The interaction of sound generated by these coherent oscillatory flow disturbances and the plate was investigated theoretically. It is found that the farfield noise directivity is strongly influenced by diffraction of sound at the leading edge of the plate.
“Not living, but going”: unheroic survival, trauma performance, and video testimony

ABSTRACTOver the past six decades, the popular view of Holocaust survivors has undergone a profound transformation. In the public eye survivors have gradually metamorphosed from traumatized victims of Nazi brutality whose stories no one wanted to hear to celebrated heroes and quasi-prophetic figures. The proliferation of survivor videography has contributed significantly to this development. An in-depth look at select video testimony from the Shoah Foundation's Visual History Archive challenges this myth of “heroic survival” and reveals its shallow foundation. The reading I offer illustrates the affective dynamic of “trauma performance” and highlights the exorbitant emotional costs of survival.
Chronic hyperdynamic sepsis in the rat: I. Characterization of the animal model

We describe a new rat model of chronic hyperdynamic sepsis. After control values for weight gain, and food and water intake of each animal were obtained over a 5-day period, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 370-425 g were anesthetized, catheterized to allow chronic cardiac-output measurements, and a sterile subcutaneous cavity was formed over the flank area. The animals were allowed a 3-4 day postoperative recovery period. Body weight, food and water intake, and cardiac output were measured daily. Frequent blood samples were withdrawn for bacterial cultures and white cell counts (WBC). On the third and, in some cases, the fourth postoperative day, the subcutaneous cavity was inoculated with 10(9) colony-forming units of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. The resulting sepsis was characterized by loss of body weight in spite of normal food and water intake, increased cardiac output, increased WBC, intermittent bacteremia, decreased muscle mass, and decreased cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle myofibrils. Two levels of septic response emerged--moderate and severe. Based on the above-mentioned measurements, it was possible to categorize all long-term septic animals into these two groups. Both groups exhibited cardiac-output, body-weight, and WBC data significantly different from sham controls. Repeated inoculations of the subcutaneous abscess initiated on the third postoperative day resulted in moderate sepsis with no long-term mortality, severe sepsis with 23% mortality over a 3-week period, or a 100% mortality within 4 days, depending on the virulence of the E. coli organisms used. The new model is ideally suited for pathophysiologic studies of sustained, hyperdynamic sepsis.
Expression of GTP Cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) mRNA in the Rat: Tissue Distribution and Effect of Reserpine

Disruption of vesicular monoamine storage by reserpine results in a marked depletion of monoamines in the central and peripheral nervous systems and a concomitant increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression in response to the resulting acceleration of nerve impulse flow. This increase in TH mRNA appears to be catecholamine (CA) cell-type specific in that it is observed within NE-containing neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and adrenal gland or adrenal chromaffin cells but not in DA neurons of the substantia nigra (SN)1,2. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is synthesized by three or four enzymes from GTP3,4 and is the reduced pteridine cofactor required for CA and nitric oxide biosynthesis5,6. GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in this BH4 biosynthetic pathway3,4. Few studies have examined GTPCH gene expression in monoamine-containing neurons. A full-length cDNA encoding GTPCH has been isolated from rat liver7. We have used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to clone a coding portion of this sequence from rat adrenal gland. With this clone we have performed an analysis of GTPCH mRNA in rat tissues by Northern blot and nuclease protection assay and have examined the expression of GTPCH mRNA in CA neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems following a single reserpine injection.
Mass budget of the glaciers and ice caps of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada, from 1991 to 2015

Recent studies indicate that the glaciers and ice caps in Queen Elizabeth Islands (QEI), Canada have experienced an increase in ice mass loss during the last two decades, but the contribution of ice dynamics to this loss is not well known. We present a comprehensive mapping of ice velocity using a suite of satellite data from year 1991 to 2015, combined with ice thickness data from NASA Operation IceBridge, to calculate ice discharge. We find that ice discharge increased significantly after 2011 in Prince of Wales Icefield, maintained or decreased in other sectors, whereas glacier surges have little impact on long-term trends in ice discharge. During 1991–2005, the QEI mass loss averaged 6.3 ± 1.1 Gt yr−1, 52% from ice discharge and the rest from surface mass balance (SMB). During 2005–2014, the mass loss from ice discharge averaged 3.5 ± 0.2 Gt yr−1 (10%) versus 29.6 ± 3.0 Gt yr−1 (90%) from SMB. SMB processes therefore dominate the QEI mass balance, with ice dynamics playing a significant role only in a few basins.
Next non-Gaussianity frontier: What can a measurement with σ(fNL)≲1 tell us about multifield inflation?

Future galaxy surveys promise to probe local primordial non-Gaussianity at unprecedented precision, σ (f_(NL)) ≲ 1. We study the implications for multifield inflation by considering spectator models, where inflation is driven by the inflaton field, but the primordial perturbations are (partially) generated by a second, spectator field. We perform a Markov chain Monte Carlo likelihood analysis using Planck data to study quantitative predictions for f_(NL) and other observables for a range of such spectator models. We show that models where the primordial perturbations are dominated by the spectator field, while fine-tuned within the broader parameter space, typically predict f_(NL) of order unity. Therefore, upcoming galaxy clustering measurements will constitute a stringent test of whether or not the generation of primordial perturbations and the accelerated expansion in the inflationary universe are due to separate phenomena.
JC virus granule cell neuronopathy onset two months after chemotherapy for low-grade lymphoma.

Granule cell neuronopathy (GCN) is a rare disease caused by the JC virus, leading to degeneration of cerebellar granule cell neurons. Primarily described in patients with AIDS, it has also been diagnosed in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases and after long-term treatment with immune-suppressing medications such as natalizumab. A 69 year old woman presented with progressive ataxia which began 2 months after initiation of treatment for follicular low-grade B cell lymphoma with rituximab/bendamustine, and progressed for 2 years prior to admission. Extensive prior evaluation included MRI that showed atrophy of the cerebellum but normal CSF analysis and serum studies. Neurologic exam on admission was notable for severe appendicular ataxia and fatigable end-gaze direction-changing horizontal nystagmus. FDG-PET/CT scan was unremarkable and repeat lumbar puncture revealed 2 WBCs/mm3, 148 RBCs/mm3, glucose 70 mg/dL, protein 37.7 mg/dL and negative flow cytometry/cytopathology. Standard CSF JC virus PCR testing was negative, but ultrasensitive TaqMan real-time JC virus PCR testing was positive, consistent with JC virus-related GCN. Because of the diagnostic challenges in identifying GCN, a high threshold of suspicion should be maintained in patients with an immune-suppressing condition such as lymphoma or on immune-suppressing agents such as rituximab, even shortly after initiation of therapy.
Status of Iodine Nutrition in the United States

Sufficient dietary iodine intake is necessary for the normal biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones. Up until 1980, the daily dietary iodine intake in the United States ranged between 170 meg and 700 meg, with regional variations, which exceeds the recommended daily requirement of 150 mcg1.
Effect of baffle and shroud designs on discharge of a thermal storage tank using an immersed heat exchanger

Abstract Heat exchangers immersed in thermal storage tanks are an increasingly popular way to charge and/or discharge energy from the tank. The present experimental study investigates the effects of different baffle and shroud configurations on heat transfer to an immersed copper coil heat exchanger during discharge of a thermal storage tank. The baffle-shrouds create annular regions with the tank wall within which the heat exchanger is located. Negatively buoyant plumes form from the heat exchanger and are directed by the shroud, which surrounds the heat exchanger, into the annular baffle below and through the baffle to the bottom of the tank, while water from the top of the tank is drawn into the top of the shroud to flow over the heat exchanger. Experiments are conducted in 300 L unpressurized storage tank filled with initially isothermal water at 60 °C. Water flows through the coiled copper tube heat exchanger placed at the top of the tank at a rate of 0.1 kg/s and with an inlet temperature of 20 °C. Transient heat transfer rate, produced water temperature, fractional energy discharge, temperature distributions in the tank, and Nu D – Ra D correlations are used to assess how the baffle-shrouds affect tank performance. The three baffle-shroud configurations represent different degrees of fidelity to numerical optimization studies in the literature. However, the simplest design and the one with the least fidelity to those studies—a straight baffle-shroud with a constant width of twice the heat exchanger diameter—performs best by all measures considered. The straight baffle-shroud increases the storage-side convective heat transfer by 27% in the first 90 min of discharge relative to a control experiment with no baffle-shroud. The improved heat transfer is attributed primarily to increased velocity over the heat exchanger, though the ∼2 °C thermal stratification generated by the baffle-shroud also contributes. The other baffle-shrouds have increasingly narrow baffle regions, which results in lower velocities but slightly higher thermal stratification. The benefit of the slight improvements in thermal stratification is outweighed by the cost of the decreased velocity over the heat exchanger.
The effect of pause location on perceived fluency

Speech disfluency in first language (L1) and second language (L2) is not only quantitatively different (e.g., number and length of pauses) but also qualitatively different (e.g., distribution of pauses); however, how pause distributions in L1 and L2 affect judgments of perceived fluency is unclear. The study examined the relationship between pause phenomena and perceived fluency using two experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the relative contributions of frequency, length, and distribution of silent pauses to perceived fluency of L2 speech. Experiment 2 tested causal effects of pause location on perceived fluency of L1 and L2 speech using phonetic manipulations. Findings suggest a significant role of pause location in perceived fluency. In Experiment 1, silent pause rate within a clause demonstrated the strongest correlation with L2 fluency ratings, and in Experiment 2, perceived fluency of L1 and L2 speech was influenced by pause location. The findings suggest that listeners seem to be sensitive to pause location and to understand that pauses within clauses tend to reflect reduced cognitive fluency.
Chapter 87 – Regulation of Smooth Muscle Contraction

Tight regulation of smooth muscle contraction is of tremendous importance for the proper function of organ systems of the body, including circulatory, respiratory, genito-urinary, and digestive systems. Moreover, because of its central role in regulation of blood pressure, smooth muscle contractility indirectly affects virtually all organs of the body. It is therefore not surprising that smooth muscle contraction is controlled and modified at many levels. Electrical, chemical, and mechanical stimulation can trigger smooth muscle contraction. At the molecular level, stimulation is transmitted through various regulatory pathways that aim at only two major targets: actin and myosin. Contractility is modulated by both short-term (e.g. post-translational modification) and long-term (e.g. variations in gene expression) regulatory mechanisms. Scaffold proteins organize the complex network of signaling pathways in space and time.
Rethinking virtuality in a digital media age

Scholars have studied virtuality in teams and organizations for over two decades. The term “virtual” is often used loosely and imprecisely, and theoretical debates have flourished over what differentiates virtual from non-virtual teams. In these debates, scholarship has not explicitly considered the significant ways in which the technological landscape has changed over this time. While the virtual is often treated as a separate space from “real”, physical or face-to-face interaction, the increasing technological saturation of our lives has resulted in a blurring of online and offline worlds such that these distinctions may no longer hold up. I will explore whether the term “virtuality” still has currency and the ways in which we must rethink our underlying assumptions about virtuality in a digital media age.
Superior mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis following laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy. Report of a case.

PURPOSE: This article describes a case of superior mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis following laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy. METHODS: A retrospective case review was performed. RESULTS: Data continue to grow regarding safety and technical feasibility of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy. As this minimally invasive alternative to open colonic resection becomes more popular, it is inevitable that information on benefits and complications associated with it will continue to expand. We report a case of superior mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis following laparoscopic-assisted colon resection. To our knowledge, this represents a complication of laparoscopic colon resection not previously reported in literature. CONCLUSION: Careful patient selection for this procedure is important. Additionally, the incision for extracorporeal resection and anastomosis in laparoscopic-assisted colectomy must be planned appropriately and carefully monitored intraoperatively to avoid potential complication of vascular trauma leading to mesenteric vein thrombosis.
GPCRs and Signal Transducers: Interaction Stoichiometry

Until the late 1990s, class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were believed to function as monomers. Indirect evidence that they might internalize or even signal as dimers has emerged, along with proof that class C GPCRs are obligatory dimers. Crystal structures of GPCRs and their much larger binding partners were consistent with the idea that two receptors might engage a single G protein, GRK, or arrestin. However, recent biophysical, biochemical, and structural evidence invariably suggests that a single GPCR binds G proteins, GRKs, and arrestins. Here we review existing evidence of the stoichiometry of GPCR interactions with signal transducers and discuss potential biological roles of class A GPCR oligomers, including proposed homo- and heterodimers.
Martial arts participation: consumer motivation

Although the martial arts industry is rapidly evolving into a mature and highly competitive marketplace, only a few studies have been conducted to understand why people participate in martial arts. The purpose of this study is to examine motivation factors that influence an individual's participation in martial arts to provide leaders of the industry with meaningful managerial implications. The researchers collected data from the 2004 Battle of Columbus Martial Arts World Games IV, one of the most popular martial arts events in the US. The results of a series of MANOVA tests revealed that these martial arts participants (N = 307) are highly motivated by growth-related motivation (e.g. value development and actualisation). In addition, the findings indicate that motivation of martial arts practitioners varies across types of martial arts disciplines, competition orientation and past experiences. Given these results, implications for future research and practice are discussed
Focal Periphyseal Edema (FOPE): A Newly Reported Cause of Knee Pain in Adolescent Athletes:

Objectives:To elucidate the clinical and radiologic features of focal periphyseal edema (FOPE) of the knee, a newly reported cause of knee pain in adolescent athletes, which as been described prima...
P164 Repetitive in-vitro exposure to DFP affects MHC class I and class II antigen expression

Aim O,O-Diisopropyl phosphofluoridate also known as Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) a surrogate compound of nerve agents (Cyclosarin, VX, Sarin), is an organophosphate, used in this study to understand the mechanisms of toxicity on T cells, B cells and monocytes. Our aim was to study MHC class I & II antigen expression on T cells, B cells and monocytes after repetitive exposure to sub-lethal doses of DFP in-vitro . This study was conducted as a proof of concept since this compound was used in rodent models to study Gulf War Illness (GWI), which is a chronic multisymptom disorder affecting military veterans and civilian worker that served during 1990–91 Gulf War. Methods We isolated T cells, B cells, and macrophages from 10 healthy donors. Freshly isolated cells were maintained in culture and were exposed to 0.1–100 μ M DFP for 3 days at a 24 h interval. HLA typing was performed both by using the PCR-sequence specific primer (SSP) and by serological methods before exposure to DFP. After exposure, the cells were screened for the presence of the specific HLA-B and HLA-DR antigen. We isolated the culture supernatant to study the soluble HLA antigens. Results HLA typing was done for both A and B allele for T cells and DR for B cells using serology and by PCR-SSP. Once the antigens were delineated, after exposure they were tested for the specific antigen. Doses above 50 μ M of DFP showed weak antigen expression. The cell surface antigen appeared weak by serology. The cell supernatant tested positive for HLA antigens, although they were combined with other proteins, it will be interesting to see how these HLA cell surface markers detach from the cell. We have isolated the supernatant for LC–MS analysis. Control cells that were not treated with DFP gave a consistently positive result and the HLA A, B, and DR were same as pre-exposure. There was no detectable sHLA in the supernatant. Conclusions Exposure to organophosphate-based pesticides can cause immunotoxicity. Although we suspected and were trying to understand the GWI, these results offer a valid clue that there is relevance to HLA antigen expression and to look for soluble HLA antigen in the serum/plasma, as this sHLA, may very well initiate an autoimmune response by triggering inflammatory signals.
Much Choice, Much Confusion: Treating Basal Cell Carcinoma.

The editorialists discuss Drucker and colleagues' findings and outline the gaps in our knowledge about the best way to treat patients with basal cell carcinoma.
Practical Application of a Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System

A case study using a balanced scorecard approach to strategic management is described for an engineering development organization supporting a major academic healthcare center. While balanced scorecards are well described in the literature, this paper shows how one organization, the Mayo Clinic Division of Engineering, has applied these principles to develop an effective means of capturing and tracking the execution of tactics tied to our strategic plan. The challenges of developing a set of operational objectives and a framework for balancing the organization's strategic objectives, operational objectives, ongoing business processes, and project portfolio will be described.
Explanations of firm survival in renewable energy in the United States: a study of ethanol refineries

Firm survival is key in understanding the evolution of industries and the larger economy. Although exit and entry are common occurrences during an industry’s life cycle, it is not always easy to pr...
Extended Abstract: Plain Language in Text and Talk: Community Health Outreach and the Opioid Addiction Crisis

This presentation reports findings from an exploratory study that investigates whether an adapted plain-language framework can provide guidance for both textual and verbal communication in health literacy contexts. I offer a preliminary model for extending plain language—particularly in mental health community outreach, but potentially other contexts, as well—to encompass text, talk, and other field-specific ethical communication strategies.
A Global Climatology of Extratropical Transition. Part I: Characteristics across Basins

AbstractThe authors present a global climatology of tropical cyclones (TCs) that undergo extratropical transition (ET). ET is objectively defined based on a TC’s trajectory through the cyclone phas...
Portal Use Among Patients With Chronic Conditions: Patient-reported Care Experiences.

Background:Personal health records offer patients access to view their own health information and to manage their care online through secure patient portal tools. Little is known about the patient-reported experience in using health portals to manage chronic conditions.Objective:In a patient-centere
A phase I study of everolimus (E) plus weekly cisplatin (CDDP) plus intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in head and neck (HN) cancer.

5545^ Background: The PI3K/mTOR/eIF4E pathway is upregulated in many HN cancers, and expression of eIF4E in surgical margins has been associated with increased risk of recurrence (Cancer Res 2007; ...
Disseminating Evidence-Based Interventions in Small, Low-Wage Worksites: A Randomized Controlled Trial in King County, Washington (2014–2017)

Objectives. To determine whether (1) participating in HealthLinks, and (2) adding wellness committees to HealthLinks increases worksites’ evidence-based intervention (EBI) implementation.Methods. W...
Percutaneous Peritoneal Drain Placement for Necrotizing Enterocolitis

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for the placement of a peritoneal drain for necrotizing enterocolitis. This includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, key steps, equipment needed, and variations in technique for the procedure. A template operative dictation is then included, providing the reader with a detailed operative report that is similar to what would be found in the patient medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: controlled entry into the peritoneal cavity, avoidance of liver injury, drain placement, and securing the drain.
Driving Behavior Evaluation for Future Mobility: Application of Online Transition Probability Estimation

In future mobility environment, virtual drivers of autonomous vehicles should be monitored for the sake of safety by evaluating their driving behaviors. Evaluating human drivers of non-autonomous vehicles also can be helpful to improve performance of safety control systems. This paper evaluates driving behaviors based on transition probabilities among multiple driving modes. We estimate transition probabilities with likelihoods of multiple modes from an interacting multiple model by proposing an online estimation approach. The proposed approach addresses the numerical issue found in our preliminary work, and it is verified with an extensive simulation. Furthermore, we evaluate driving behaviors by utilizing the estimated transition probabilities. The proposed method of driving behavior evaluation is demonstrated experimentally.
Improving Criminal Investigations with Structured Analytic Techniques

The intelligence community has used structured analytic techniques, methods designed to reduce bias and increase transparency of process, for years. The techniques force analysts out of routine thinking and away from heuristic habits in order to increase creativity, more comprehensively evaluate the questions, and create a document trail that reveals the thinking process that led to the intelligence product. These methods can be adapted for use in criminal investigations to help reduce bias, improve accuracy, and avoid both wrongful convictions (over 2200 to date) and reparations (more than $2.2 billion) while optimizing resources. The methods shift the investigator from intuitive, daily thinking (System 1, in Kahneman’s terminology) to a more analytical approach (System 2) that creates a transparent process, regardless of the outcome. Structured analytical techniques are simple to use, inexpensive, and largely visual; they promote transparency, creativity, and group discussion, leading to better-supported results.
Addressing Gender Disparity: Increase in Female Leadership Increases Gender Equality in Program Director and Fellow Ranks

Women make up 15% of the total number of practicing gastroenterology (GI) physicians in the US. Despite this disparity, only 33% of the current GI fellows are female. Increasing female GIs is a major goal of all four GI societies. It is known that gender disparity exists in the field of gastroenterology, and women are underrepresented in the leadership ranks and trainee level at academic programs. Whether an increase in female leadership in academic medicine is associated with an increase in female program directors and trainees is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess this relationship in GI. Data were collected via a standardized protocol from all 173 US gastroenterology fellowship programs up until October 2018 from program websites and supplemented by online surveys completed by program coordinators. Any missing information was collected by calling the program coordinators. Data were collected on gender and academic rank of the program director, associate program director, division chief, chair of medicine, program size, academic center affiliation, number, and academic rank of female faculty and geographic region. The association was assessed using a Chi-square test or independent samples t test. In leadership positions, men were listed as comprising 86% of chairs, 82% of division chiefs, 76% of program directors and 63% of associate program directors. Forty-three percent of programs did not have female representation at any leadership level. The presence of a female program director or female associate program director was associated with an increase in the number of female fellows (4.03 vs 3.20; p = 0.076; 4.26 vs 3.36; p = 0.041), respectively. Overall, the presence of a female in any leadership position led to an increase in the number of female fellows (4.04 females vs 2.87 females; p = 0.007) enrolled in a program. If a GI division chief was male, the program director was more likely to be male as well (81% male vs. 18.8% female). Conversely, having a female division chief was likely to lead to a more equitable program director representation, 54% female to 48% male (p value < 0.0001, OR 5.03 95% CI 2.04–12.3). Furthermore, if either the internal medicine department chair or GI chief was female, the proportion of female program directors increased to 41% as compared to 19% if both were male (p value < 0.0001, OR 2.99 95% CI 1.34–6.6). Women are significantly underrepresented in the number of practicing gastroenterologists, at all levels of leadership in GI fellowship programs, and at the fellow level. Increasing the number of women in fellowship leadership positions is associated with an increase in female program directors and trainees. Per our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between female leadership in fellowship programs and the gender of trainees. Increasing female representation in leadership positions would not only address current gender disparity, but it may also increase the number of female future GI trainees.
SHOULD CITIES GO FOR THE GOLD? THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF HOSTING THE OLYMPICS

The Summer Olympics bring hundreds of thousands of visitors and generate upward of $10 billion in spending for the host city. This large influx of tourism dollars is only part of the overall impact of hosting the Olympic Games. In order to host the visitors and sporting events, cities must make sizable investments in infrastructure such as airports, arenas, and highways. Additionally, the publicity and international exposure of a host city may benefit international trade and capital flows. Proponents argue that this investment will pay off through increased economic growth, but research confirming these claims is lacking. This paper examines whether hosting an Olympiad improves a city's long-term growth. In order to control for the self-selection of cities that host Olympic Games, this paper matches Olympic host cities with cities that were finalists for the Olympic Games, but were not selected by the International Olympic Committee. A difference-in-difference estimator examines post-Olympic impacts for host cities between 1950 and 2005. Regression results provide no long-term impacts of hosting an Olympics on two measures of population, real Gross Domestic Product per capita and trade openness. (JEL O18, R11)
Giving Our Better Angels a Chance: A Dialogue on Religious Liberty and Equality

This essay is a collaborative effort to engage in a dialogue on church-state issues that are often hotly debated in our society. Each of us has strongly held positions on the disputes we plan to discuss. Our purpose here, however, is not to present our own views as forcefully as we can. Instead, our goal is to move away from the bitter polarization and demonization that characterizes so much of the arguments about law and religion today. We are searching for ways to discuss and resolve difficult church-state issues that may reduce acrimony and divisions within our society, foster bridge building among divergent communities, identify common ground and provide opportunities for compromise. We address four aspects of church-state disputes: - Foundational Principles and Values - Substantive Doctrine: (1) Free Exercise and (2) Government Prayers and Symbols - The Understanding of Social Reality - The Tone and Content of Reasoning in Opinions We intend to employ a dialogue format for this piece. Other than the introduction, which is co-authored, each section of this essay will offer a primary discussion of the issues by one of us to be followed by a brief response by the other.
Expanding the Scope of Museums' Ethical Guidelines With Respect to Nazi-Looted Art: Incorporating Restitution Claims Based on Private Sales Made as a Direct Result of Persecution

Since the late 1990s, the American museum community has nobly sought to resolve restitution claims involving Nazi-looted art in an equitable fashion. Under the auspices of various ethical guidelines recognizing the horrific tragedies of the Holocaust, museums have made a commitment to purge their collections of artwork tainted by Nazi theft. It remains unclear, however, whether these guidelines govern restitution claims that are based not on Nazi theft but on coerced sales arising from Nazi persecution. This article argues that the scope of the guidelines should be expanded to govern restitution claims arising from coerced sales, and that coerced sales include not only sales in which the Nazis participated but also private sales made by individuals who, as a direct result of Nazi persecution, who were forced to sell their artwork to flee or otherwise survive the Holocaust.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I would especially like to thank Professor Stephen Urice for his indispensable insight and overall support in the development of this article. I would also like to thank Ildi DeAngelis and Professor John Merryman for their excellent suggestions, and Thaddeus Stauber for his willingness to discuss the Martha Nathan cases.
Perioperative Management of Sleep Apnea Patients in an Ambulatory Surgical Setting

Sleep apnea is a disorder affecting 25–30 million Americans, with significantly more remaining undiagnosed. In fact, it is estimated that 80% of moderate to severe OSA cases are undiagnosed. These patients are of particular interest to anesthesiologists, given that they are at significantly increased risk of perioperative pulmonary and cardiovascular complications. Proper knowledge of the disease, associated risks, comorbid conditions, and an appropriate perioperative management, are vitally important for safe care.
Executive function as measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2: children and adolescents with Williams syndrome

BACKGROUND Difficulties with executive functions (EF) are very common among individuals with Williams syndrome (WS). To characterise the pattern of relative strengths and weaknesses in EF for children and adolescents with WS, we considered the performance of a large sample on the parent version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF-2). Associations between distinct components of EF and adaptive behaviour, behaviour problems and intellectual ability were investigated. The concurrent effects of components of behaviour regulation and emotion regulation on attention problems and anxiety problems also were evaluated. METHODS Participants were 308 6-17-year-olds with genetically confirmed classic WS deletions. Parent report of EF was measured by the BRIEF-2 questionnaire. Most participants (223/308) completed the Differential Ability Scales-II as a measure of intellectual ability. The parents of these individuals also completed the Child Behavior Checklist and the interview form of the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised. RESULTS As a group, the participants evidenced considerable parent-reported EF difficulty. A profile of relative strength and weakness was found at the index level, with performance on both the Behavior Regulation Index and the Emotion Regulation Index significantly better than performance on the Cognitive Regulation Index. Within each index, a statistically significant pattern of relative strength and weakness also was identified. Difficulties with behaviour regulation and emotion regulation were related to both behaviour problems and adaptive behaviour limitations. Higher inflexibility and more difficulty with self-monitoring were associated with lower overall intellectual ability. Difficulty with inhibition was uniquely associated with attention problems, and inflexibility was uniquely associated with anxiety problems. CONCLUSIONS Executive function difficulties are highly prevalent among children and adolescents with WS and are associated with adaptive behaviour limitations, both internalising and externalising behaviour problems and more limited intellectual ability. These results highlight the importance of designing and delivering research-based interventions to improve the EF of children and adolescents with WS.
Comparing Healthcare Utilization and Diagnoses in Immigrant Versus Nonimmigrant Youth.

INTRODUCTION To inform efforts to provide healthcare to uninsurable, immigrant youth, we describe The Access Partnership (TAP) hospital-based charity care program and compare healthcare utilization and diagnoses among TAP and Medicaid patients. METHODS We use propensity scores to match each TAP patient to three Medicaid patients receiving care at a pediatric clinic from October 2010 to June 2015 on demographic characteristics. We use descriptive statistics to compare healthcare visits and diagnoses. RESULTS TAP (n = 78) and Medicaid patients (n = 234) had similar healthcare utilization, though Medicaid patients had more outpatient visits (10.8 vs. 7.7, p = .002), and TAP patients were more likely to have ever received subspecialty care (38.5% vs. 22.2%, p = .005). Diagnoses were similar between groups, with some exceptions: TAP patients more likely to present with genital and reproductive disease (33.3% vs. 19.7%, p = .013); Medicaid patients more likely to present with endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disease (52.1% vs. 28.2%, p < .001), psychiatric, behavioral disease, and substance abuse (41.0, 26.9%, p = .026). CONCLUSIONS TAP patients had similar healthcare utilization and diagnoses to matched sample of Medicaid patients. Findings indicate policy proposals that extend public health insurance to all children would likely benefit immigrant children and not incur higher costs than those of low-income U.S. citizen children.
A Process Model of Artificial Intelligence Implementation Leading to Proper Decision Making

This study aims to fill a gap in the literature by identifying and extracting critical success factors that impact the success of AI implementation. The factors are then categorized and presented in a process model that demonstrates the sequence of the factors and the interrelationships among them. The model is composed of three stages: pre-implementation, implementation, and post-implementation. The implementation is composed of three categories organization, process, and technology. Each of these categories contains several critical factors. The model presented helps both researchers and practitioners. Details, discussion, and future research opportunities are discussed in the paper.
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

The clustering of abnormal laboratory test data and body measurements, listed in 1, encompassing parameters that should be measured on a regular basis in physician offices, collectively referred to as “The Metabolic Syndrome” represents an important risk stratification determination with its awareness and applicability to primary care increasing worldwide. A recent review found that greater than 66% of physicians consider this syndrome in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of their patients. These physicians felt that greater than 20% of their patients had metabolic syndrome with over 94% of physicians expecting patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome to increase within the near future [1].
Dry-heat destruction of Bacillus subtilis spores on surfaces: effect of humidity in an open system.

Abstract Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores were tested for dry-heat resistance on stainless-steel strips hung in an oven. Heat resistance was dependent on the relative humidity before and during treatment, which in turn affected the water content of the spores. Higher humidities increased the heat resistance of the spores. D-values ranged from 16.1 min for spores conditioned at <2% relative humidity (RH) and treated at 0.34% RH to 37.6 min for spores conditioned at 89% RH and treated at 1.1% RH. The y-intercept of the regression line ranged from 6.94 × 104 for spores conditioned and treated at the low humidities to 2.00 × 105 for spores conditioned at 89% RH and treated at 0.34% RH. For a constant value of N0, the y-intercept appears to be lowered by low-humidity conditions. The statistic log y0/log N0 is used to measure the downward displacement of the regression line. Values obtained in this experiment range from 0.90 for spores conditioned at <2% RH and treated at 0.34% RH to 1.04 for spores conditioned at <2% RH and treated at 1.1% RH. A combination of linear regression and analysis of variance methods was used for data analysis. The former estimates D-values and y-intercepts, whereas the latter is sensitive to differences between treatments.
Signal Extraction Can Generate Volatility Clusters From IID Shocks

We develop a framework in which information about firm value is noisily observed. Investors are then faced with a signal extraction problem. Solving this would enable them to probabilistically infer the fundamental value of the firm and, hence, price its stocks. If the innovations driving the fundamental value of the firm and the noise that obscures this fundamental value in observed data come from non-Gaussian thick-tailed probability distributions, then the implied stock returns could exhibit volatility clustering. We demonstrate the validity of our hypothesis with a simulation study.
Web accessibility design recommendations for people with cognitive disabilities

Web accessibility for people with Cognitive Disabilities has generated increasing interest in the professional web development, scholarly and advocacy communities in recent years, although there is little acknowledged agreement on how to proceed. This article conducts a review of the current understanding of experts in the field as exemplified by Web design guidelines. It provides current Web design recommendations that have achieved a high degree of agreement as well as four recommendations for implementation. Twenty existing Web design guidelines from Web accessibility experts, government and advocacy organizations were identified in an extensive literature review. Those disabilities specifically addressed by these guidelines included: cognitive disabilities (9), cognitive impairments (2), learning disabilities (4), dyslexia (3), aphasia (1), and mental retardation or intellectual disabilities (1). The authors of the Guidelines came from Australia (1), the United Kingdom (7), and the United States (12). The 20 guidelines contained 187 separate design recommendations which were combined due to duplications and organized for analysis. The top recommendations included: 1) Use pictures, graphics, icons and symbols along with text (75% agreement), 2) Use clear and simple text (70% agreement), 3) Use consistent navigation and design on every page (60% agreement), and 4) Use headings, titles, and prompts (50% agreement).
Neuronal α-Bungarotoxin Receptors Are α7 Subunit Homomers

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system are heterogeneous with distinct pharmacological and functional properties resulting from differences in post-translational processing and subunit composition. Because of nicotinic receptor diversity, receptor purification and biochemical characterization have been difficult, and the precise subunit composition of each receptor subtype is poorly characterized. Evidence is presented that α-bungarotoxin (Bgt)-binding nicotinic receptors found in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells are pentamers composed solely of α7 subunits. Metabolically labeled, affinity-purified Bgt receptors (BgtRs) consisted of a single 55 kDa band on SDS gels, which was recognized by anti-α7 antibodies on immunoblots. Isoelectric focusing separated the 55 kDa band into multiple spots, all recognized by anti-α7 antibodies and, therefore, each a differentially processed α7 subunit. Cell-surface BgtR subunits, cross-linked to each other and 125I-Bgt, migrated on gels as a ladder of five bands with each band a multiple of an α7 subunit monomer. Similar characteristics of BgtRs from rat brain suggest that they, like PC12 BgtRs, are α7 pentamers containing differentially processed α7 subunits.
A catecholaminergic sensory neuron phenotype in cranial derivatives of the neural crest: regulation by cell aggregation and nerve growth factor

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is transiently detectable in cells distributed throughout cranial sensory ganglia during early stages of gangliogenesis [embryonic day (E) 10.5-15.5]. Although TH cells appear in embryonic ganglia of both neural crest and placode origin, mature cranial sensory neurons that express catecholaminergic properties are restricted to placode derivatives. The mechanism(s) underlying the loss of TH expression in crest-derived sensory ganglia is unknown, and the present study was undertaken to define the temporal regulation of this phenotype. Our data indicate that transient TH cells belong to a large subset of primary sensory neurons that exhibit the capability to express TH throughout development. The lack of TH expression after E15.5 appears to be due to modulation of this catecholaminergic potential. The phenotype reappears, however, when E16.5 and older ganglia are dissociated in culture into single cells, suggesting that factors associated with cell aggregation modulate TH expression. In support of this hypothesis, sensory neurons grown at high cell density exhibit lower levels of TH expression than low-density cultures. The decrease in TH levels seen at high density was associated with changes in sensory neuron morphology that are characteristic of ganglion cell maturation in vivo; therefore, modulation of TH expression may be only one facet of a more general program of sensory neuron differentiation associated with cell aggregation in developing ganglia. In contrast to the effects of cell aggregation, treatment with NGF increased the proportion of TH cells in dissociate cultures of E14.5 and E16.5 cranial sensory ganglia. Our findings indicate that sensory transmitter phenotype may be modulated by multiple factors during gangliogenesis, including cellular interactions intrinsic to the developing ganglionic microenvironment.
Maintaining selection of multiple moving objects

References: (1) Pylyshyn & Storm, 1988, Spatial Vision; (2) Alvarez & Franconeri, 2007, JOV; (3) Franconeri, Jonathan, & Scimeca, 2010, PsychSci; (4) Franconeri, et al, 2008, PBR; (5) Intriligator & Cavanagh, 2001, CogPsych; (6) Tombu & Seiffert, 2008, Cognition; (7) Bahcall & Kowler, 1999, VisRes; (8) Cave & Zimmerman, 1997, PsychSci; (9) Cutzu & Tsotsos, 2003, VisRes; (10) Shim, et al, 2008, PBR; (11) Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2005, PsychSci; (12) Carlson et al., 2007, PNAS; (13) Chakravarthi & Cavanagh, 2009, VisRes; (14) Liu et al., 2009, CurrentBio; (15) Holcombe & Chen, 2012, Cognition; (16) Fencsik, et al, 2007, PP (17) Horowitz & Cohen, 2010 APP (18) Iordanescu, et al., 2009, JOV; (19) St. Clair, et al., 2010, JOV; (20) Horowitz et al.,2006, PBR; (21) Keane & Pylyshyn, 2006, CogPsych; (22) Franconeri, et al., 2012, APP Conclusions Instead of retreating to a "resource" explanation, we maintain that competitive interactions within a salience map will explain (the vast majority of) MOT capacity limitations.