cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Marching Technique for Predicting Separated Flows over Arbitrary Airfoils

Introduction T HE aerodynamic design of a flight vehicle accounts for the drag, and the estimation of the drag is greatly affected by viscous effects. For flows of practical interest, the Reynolds number is sufficiently large for the flowfield to be divided into viscous and inviscid zones, e.g., the problem of flow past a wing. Different approaches are available for solving such a problem. Inherently, the Navier-Stokes formulations lead to an extremely stiff nonlinear system. Using an explicit algorithm to solve such problems results in the requirement of very small time-steps in order to satisfy the stability bounds. Therefore, many iterations and large amounts of computer time are required to reach the steady state. To remove the time-step restriction, fully implicit methods have been investigated. The implicit methods, however, still require many iterations to reach the steady state and consequently, require large computational costs. The present work is a generalization and improvement of an earlier work developed for studying separated flows using boundary-layer-type equations. The improvements include extensions to a general coordinate system and use of a more general zonal technique for solving the coupled equations. In order to be able to consider arbitrary geometries, secondorder-accurate (in space) conservative differences are generated by considering the integral formulation of the governing equations in a general coordinate system. The general coordinate system is handled in as general a manner as possible in order to allow for the use of either analytically or numerically generated coordinate systems. The present work used a marching procedure for solving the approximate Navier-Stokes (ANS) equations in the viscous region coupled in a fully implicit manner with the elliptic inviscid equation. To demonstrate the independence of the scheme, as to the way the grid was generated, different grid generation techniques were employed (parabolic and algebric grid generation algorithms). Both orthogonal and nonorthogonal grids were used to predict the flow solutions for the JO 12 and NACA-0012 airfoils. New results were obtained for the J025 airfoil and a comparison with the experiment is shown.
Disturbance, resource pulses and invasion: short-term shifts in competitive effects, not growth responses, favour exotic annuals.

Summary 1. Increased resource availability and resource pulses often promote invasion by exotic invasive plants, but the relative importance of increased resource supply for invaders with different life histories is likely to vary. It is also unclear whether increased resources allow invaders to outgrow their native neighbours or alter the outcome of competition. Understanding mechanisms by which different invasive life histories respond to resource supply will help to target the most important species to control. 2. We found that aerially dropped wildfire retardant on intermountain grassland provided a very high pulse of N and P and caused dramatic increases in the abundance of annual exotic invaders already present in the system. Field experiments with retardant stimulated similar shifts to dominance by exotic annuals and decreases in native perennial grasses, but elicited no responses by native annual species. 3. In a greenhouse experiment, the growth response of both exotic and native species to retardant was not related to the intensity of mean competitive effects or responses. Concomitantly, gram per gram competitive effects differed substantially among species and treatments. N-caused shifts in the strength of competitive interactions were far better predictors than growth responses of the effects of retardant in the field. For example, Centaurea stoebe, an invasive perennial forb, grew disproportionally more than any other species in response to retardant when grown alone, but retardant significantly shifted competitive outcomes with this invader in favour of exotic annuals and the native bunch grass Pseudoroegneria spicata. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that an extreme nutrient pulse did not create conditions whereby invaders outgrew native neighbours or other exotics, but instead altered the competitive playing field in ways that resulted in considerable changes in community composition. Given the minuscule scale of retardant drops on the landscape, our results do not suggest changing the way retardant is used to combat wildfire but do suggest that localized post-retardant weed control may be important so that retardant drops do not become point sources for exotic invasion. Furthermore, our results suggest that under high N conditions, invaders with annual life histories should be prioritized for control.
Increased Intracranial Pressure in a Case of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

A 15-year-old girl presented to our emergency department with dizziness, anorexia, nausea, and malaise. Clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging studies showed characteristic features of multiple sclerosis. Surprisingly, a diagnostic lumbar puncture showed significant intracranial hypertension in addition to numerous oligoclonal bands, elevated immunoglobulin G index and immunoglobulin G/albumin ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is proposed that a large burden of active demyelinating disease may cause increased intracranial pressure, thus providing an additional sound rationale for prompt therapeutic administration of intravenous high-dose steroids.
Soluble epoxide hydrolase gene deletion reduces survival after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Summary The P450 eicosanoids epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are produced by cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenases and metabolized through multiple pathways, including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Pharmacological inhibition and gene deletion of sEH protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury in brain and heart, and against hypertension-related end-organ damage in kidney. We tested the hypothesis that sEH gene deletion improves survival, recovery of renal function and pathologic ischemic renal damage following transient whole-body ischemia induced by cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation. Mice with targeted deletion of sEH (sEH knockout, sEHKO) and C57Bl/6 wild-type control mice were subjected to 10-min CA, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Survival in wild-type mice was 93% and 80% at 10 min and 24 h after CA/CPR (n = 15). Unexpectedly, survival in sEHKO mice was significantly lower than WT. Only 56% of sEHKO mice survived for 10 min (n = 15, p = 0.014 compared to WT) and no mice survived for 24 h after CA/CPR (p < 0.0001 versus WT). We conclude that sEH plays an important role in cardiovascular regulation, and that reduced sEH levels or function reduces survival from cardiac arrest.
Enhanced immune activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope analogs derived from positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries

The pp65495-503 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from cytomegalovirus (CMV) is universally recognized among CMV+ individuals who express an allele of the human leukocyte antigen A (HLA-A*0201). The relative binding affinity of the epitope to HLA-A*0201 is moderate, and its increased activity might prove beneficial in its use as a CTL epitope vaccine. A new approach to enhance the activity of T-cell epitopes is the use of positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries (PS-SCLs). Using a nonamer PS-SCL, the pp65495-503 epitope was modified after screening a CMV-specific T-cell clone (TCC) (3-3F4) from which the native peptide sequence was derived. Two peptides with amino acid substitutions at P1, P3, P7, and P8 are between 103 and 104 more active than the native epitope. Although the native CTL epitope terminates as a free acid, both tetrasubstituted peptides only function as CTL epitopes when the carboxyl terminus is amidated. Selective substitution of the native sequence based on PS-SCL screening results identified 3 amidated monosubstituted and disubstituted peptides that are better recognized than the native epitope by TCCs from a cohort expressing HLA-A*0201. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with each of the peptide epitope analogs stimulated memory CTLs, which recognized CMV-infected targets among a high percentage of CMV+ individuals. Binding studies of peptide analogs with HLA-Ig (immunoglobulin) dimers and 2 different TCCs correlated with in vitro lysis results. These data suggest that increasing the activity of CTL epitopes while maintaining broad recognition is possible, which holds promise for vaccine development in infectious disease and cancer.
Effects of Dexamethasone on Distributions of Water and Pertechnetate in Brains of Cats After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Large parenteral doses of dexamethasone were given to five of ten cats after transorbital occlusion of one middle cerebral artery and to two of four cats after sham operations. Two days later the water content and brain/blood ratios of pertechnetate were measured in samples of cerebral tissue that were categorized as nonischemic, ischemic, or infarcted. Values for infarcted tissue were greater than those for ischemic tissue in untreated cats, but not in cats that received dexamethasone. The drug had no apparent effect in ischemic tissue that was not necrotic. These results help explain inconsistencies in previous studies and help define the potential usefulness of dexamethasone for treatment of cerebrovascular disease.
Keep the River on Your Right: A Modern Cannibal Tale

Keep the River on Your Right:. Modern Cannibal Tale. Directed by David Shapiro and Laurie Gwen Shapiro. 2001. 93 minutes, color, in English. Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA. docued@4er.org.
Pancreatic carcinoma in fibrocalcific pancreatic diabetes: An eastern India perspective

Fibrocalcific pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) is a rare cause of diabetes ( 100-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer. We present 3 patients of FCPD with pancreatic cancer who had long duration of diabetes (19 years, 25 years, and 28 years, respectively), all of whom presented with anorexia, weight loss, and worsened glycemic control. Patient-1 in addition presented with deep venous thrombosis. All the 3 patients had evidence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Computerized tomography (CT) abdomen revealed atrophic pancreas, dilated pancreatic ducts, and multiple calculi in the head, body, and tail of pancreas in all of them. Patient-1 had 38 mm × 38 mm × 32 mm mass in the tail of pancreas with multiple target lesions were seen in the right lobe of liver. Patient-2 had a mass in the tail of pancreas (46 × 34 × 31 mm) encasing the celiac plexus and superior mesenteric artery infiltrating the splenic hilum and splenic flexure of colon. Patient-3 also had a mass in the tail of pancreas (33 × 31 × 22 mm), with multiple target lesions in the liver, suggestive of metastasis. All patients had elevated serum CA19-9 (828.8, 179.65, and 232 U/L, respectively; normal <40 U/L). Patients of FCPD with anorexia, weight loss, worsening of glycemic control should be evaluated to rule out pancreatic cancer. Studies are warranted to evaluate CA19-9 as a screening tool for diagnosing pancreatic cancer at an earlier stage in FCPD.
Formal Synthesis of (±)-Methyl Rocaglate Using an Unprecedented Acetyl Bromide Mediated Nazarov Reaction

To date the prototype Nazarov cyclization of a cross-conjugated pentadienone to the core structure of the rocaglate natural products has not been successful (9 into 12). It has been found that this conversion can be achieved by the use of acetylbromide in excellent yield and results in a strategically very direct route to these antitumor agents.
Hybrid system approach to medical diagnosis

Use of the hybrid system approach to medical diagnosis allows all available methodology to contribute to the problem solution. In addition, the modularity of this approach facilitates the development of new applications by replacement of the knowledge base, either in terms of expert-supplied information or from learned knowledge derived from databases. Since the algorithmic components of the system do not change, it is not necessary to re-evaluate these components. The evaluation can therefore focus on the ability of the hybrid system to arrive at accurate decisions for the new application. Standard evaluation methodologies based on sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy must be repeated for each new medical application. The methodology is illustrated in two applications: diagnosis of cardiac disorders and evaluation of dementia.
The dangers of using a relative risk standard for minimal risk.

Snyder, Miller, and Gray (2011) make a worthwhile attempt to justify important and likely appropriate HIV vaccine research on adolescents in South Africa. They argue that a relative standard of min...
Creating Learning Experiences through Interactive Devices

In this small-scale study, the use of a simple interactive device was designed and studied ethnographically to discover how groups visiting a museum as part of a guided tour interacted with the device as viewed from the perspective of the group tour guides. As the emphasis placed on utilizing interactive devices in museums is increasing, one can become focused on the technology and not on potential visitor learning experiences. The types of positive and productive learning that can occur while using an interactive device as a tool for stimulating conversations that demonstrate learning will be explored.
Next-Generation Medicine: Combining BCR-ABL and Hedgehog-Targeted Therapies

Disease relapse remains a major cause of death in patients with BCR-ABL-positive leukemia despite advances in treatment with kinase inhibitors. Significant efforts are underway to target pathways that maintain leukemia stem cells. Targeting these pathways holds promise for definitive leukemia eradication or improvement of the effectiveness of currently available therapies.
Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology.

Developmental psychopathologists have criticized categorical classification systems for their inability to account for within-group heterogeneity in biological, etiological, developmental, and cultural influences on behavior. Dichotomizing continuous scores of symptom severity is also inadvisable statistically. Perhaps because of a resulting wariness of categorizing, few explorations into the ontological status of traits or disorders as dimensional versus discrete have been conducted. It is argued here that the limitations of categorizing have little to do with the ontological status of traits and that developmental psychopathologists should be concerned with identifying discrete behavioral syndromes. Common taxometric methods for resolving discrete traits are described, and questions of concern to developmental psychopathologists are outlined that can be addressed through taxometrics studies. These include (a) identifying children who are at risk for future psychopathology, (b) identifying discrete subtypes within current diagnostic classes, (c) locating sensitive periods in the development of discrete pathological traits, (d) discovering moderators of treatment outcome, and (e) elucidating mechanisms of equifinality and multifinality. Although most behavioral traits probably are distributed continuously, identifying those that are discrete will advance the science of developmental psychopathology. Disorders for which taxometric analyses might be applied include anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, conduct problems, depression, and schizophrenia.
Demand response simulation implementing heuristic optimization for home energy management

This paper introduces optimized operation of household appliances in a Demand-Side Management (DSM) based simulation tool. DSM can be defined as the implementation of policies and measures to control, regulate, and reduce energy consumption. The principal purpose of the simulation tool is to illustrate customer-driven DSM operation, and evaluate an estimate for home electricity consumption while minimizing the customer's cost. An optimization algorithm i.e. Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) is used for optimizing the DSM operation of the tool. The tool also simulates the operation of household appliances as a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES). The resource management technique is implemented using an optimization algorithm, i.e. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which determines the distribution of energy obtained from various sources depending on the load. The validity of the tool is illustrated through an example case study for various household situations.
Recognition of handwritten script: a hidden Markov model based approach

The handwritten script recognition problem is modeled in the framework of the hidden Markov model. For English text, which is the focus of the present research, the states can be identified with the letters of the alphabet, and the optimum symbols can be generated. In order to do so, a quantitative definition of symbols, in terms of features, is required. Fourteen features (some old, some new) are proposed for this task. Using the existing statistical knowledge about the English language, the calculation of the model parameters is immensely simplified. Once the model is established, the Viterbi algorithm is proposed to recognize the single best optimal state sequence, i.e. sequence of letters comprising the word. The modification of the recognition algorithm to accommodate context information is also discussed. Some experimental results are provided indicating the success of the new scheme. >
Effective control policies for stochastic inventory systems with a minimum order quantity and linear costs

Abstract We consider a model of single-item periodic-review inventory system with stochastic demand, linear ordering cost, where in each time period, the system must order either none or at least as much as a minimum order quantity (MOQ). Optimal inventory policies for such a system are typically too complicated to implement in practice. In fact, the ( s , S ) type of policies are often utilized in the real world. We study the performance of a simple heuristic policy that is easily implementable because it is specified by only two parameters ( s , t ) . We develop an algorithm to compute the optimal values for these parameters in the infinite time horizon under the average cost criterion. Through an extensive numerical study, we demonstrate that the best ( s , t ) heuristic policy has performance close to that of the optimal policies when the coefficient of variation of the demand distribution is not very small. Furthermore, the best ( s , t ) policy always outperforms the best feasible ( s , S ) policies and on average the percentage differences are significant. Finally, we study the impact of MOQ on system performance.
SU(3) breaking in neutral current axial matrix elements and the spin content of the nucleon

We examine the effects of SU(3) breaking in the matrix elements of the flavor-diagonal axial-vector currents between octet baryon states. Our calculations of $K$, $\ensuremath{\eta}$, and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ loops indicate that the SU(3) breaking may be substantial for some matrix elements and at the very least indicate large uncertainties. In particular, the strange axial matrix element in the proton determined from the measurements of ${g}_{1}(x)$ is found to have large uncertainties and might yet be zero. We estimate the strange axial matrix element in the proton to be $\ensuremath{-}0.35\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\Delta}s\ensuremath{\lesssim}0$ and the matrix element of the flavor-singlet current in the proton to be $\ensuremath{-}0.1\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\lesssim}+0.3$ from the E143 measurement of $\ensuremath{\int}{\mathrm{dxg}}_{1}(x)=0.127\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$. The up-quark content of the ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is discussed and its implications for nonleptonic weak processes discussed. We also estimate the matrix element of the axial-vector current coupling to the ${Z}^{0}$ between all octet baryon states. This may be important for neutrino interactions in dense nuclear environments, where hyperons may play an important role.
Elevated Phosphatidyl-CMP Is Not the Source of Diacylglycerol Accumulation Induced by Lithium in NG108-15 Cells

: Previous studies have shown that in the neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15 lithium is able to induce an increase in diacylglycerol levels. This effect was shown to be enhanced by the presence of bradykinin. Another striking effect of lithium was a marked gain in the level of the liponucleotide phosphatidyl-CMP. Increased phosphatidyl-CMP levels were detected in the presence of lithium alone but were considerably more pronounced in the presence of both lithium and bradykinin. These results are consistent with the inhibitory action of lithium on key enzymes of the degradation pathway of inositol phosphates, resulting in a decrease in cellular inositol content and in an elevation in levels of phosphorylated inositols. Comparison of the mass of the inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol showed that the lithium-induced diacylglycerol levels were substantially greater than would be expected from phosphoinositide hydrolysis alone. One possible reason for the increase in the level of diacylglycerol through the action of lithium is the reversal of the reaction for the formation of phosphatidyl-CMP. The resulting phosphatidic acid would then need to be further dephosphorylated to diacylglycerol. The lithium-induced elevation of phosphatidyl-CMP was prevented by addition of myo-inositol (10–30 mM), suggesting that the increase in liponucleotide level was due to depletion of cellular inositol. Under the same conditions the elevated diacylglycerol concentration remained unchanged. Consequently, phosphatidyl-CMP is not its source, and diacylglycerol may arise through an effect of lithium on the degradation of phospholipids other than phosphoinositides. The action of phospholipase C or D on phosphatidylcholine is the most likely mechanism.
Development of a CAD-based intelligent manufacturing system

Abstract This research proposes a CAD-based manufacturing system that embraces computer-aided design, design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA), computer-aided process planning (CAPP), computer-aided assembly planning (CAAP), and vision-robot integration. The proposed system starts with the design of products using a commercial CAD software, Autocad. The design data is then extracted from the CAD database and organized into a standardized product model. Interface programs are used to translate the geometrical and topological information in the model into DFMA, CAPP, CAAP and vision image representations. Based on the results generated by the interface programs the applications using artificial intelligence techniques can automatically generate redesign advises, CNC part programs, assembly sequence and instructions for robots.
General-purpose code acceleration with limited-precision analog computation

As improvements in per-transistor speed and energy efficiency diminish, radical departures from conventional approaches are becoming critical to improving the performance and energy efficiency of general-purpose processors. We propose a solution--from circuit to compiler-that enables general-purpose use of limited-precision, analog hardwareto accelerate "approximable" code---code that can tolerate imprecise execution. We utilize an algorithmic transformation that automatically converts approximable regions of code from a von Neumann model to an "analog" neural model. We outline the challenges of taking an analog approach, including restricted-range value encoding, limited precision in computation, circuit inaccuracies, noise, and constraints on supported topologies. We address these limitations with a combination of circuit techniques, a hardware/software interface, neuralnetwork training techniques, and compiler support. Analog neural acceleration provides whole application speedup of 3.7x and energy savings of 6.3x with quality loss less than 10% for all except one benchmark. These results show that using limited-precision analog circuits for code acceleration, through a neural approach, is both feasible and beneficial over a range of approximation-tolerant, emerging applications including financial analysis, signal processing, robotics, 3D gaming, compression, and image processing
The Relationship of Toxin and Antitoxin Injection Site to Tetanus Development in the Rat.

The pattern of development of symptoms was studied following injection of 3 MLD (minimum lethal dose) of tetanus toxin in each of the following sites in the rat: vein, muscle, endoneurium, epineurium, spinal cord, subarachnoid space, and subdural space. Similar observations were made when 3 MPD (minimum protective dose) of antitoxin were injected into each of the above sites a few minutes after the intramuscular injection of toxin. Local tetanus followed intramuscular, endoneurial, and epineurial injection of the toxin; blood-borne tetanus also appeared in the latter instance. Tetanus dolorosus followed intraspinal injection of toxin. Both dorsal tetanus and blood-borne tetanus developed after subdural administration of toxin. Blood-borne tetanus, alone, appeared following intravenous and subarachnoid injection of toxin. In no case did injection of antitoxin at the various sites listed above prevent local tetanus from developing after intramuscular injection of toxin. Of the various sites injected with antitoxin, the intramuscular, intraspinal, and intravenous were the most effective. It is suggested that the endoneurial tissue spaces serve as a conduit for tetanus toxin from the muscle to the CNS. The perilemma of the peripheral nerve trunk may act as a selectively permeable membrane which permits tetanus toxin to pass from the epineurium to the endoneurium. Outward diffusion of toxin from the endoneurial spaces is apparently markedly reduced. The antitoxin probably is prevented from permeating this barrier in either direction. The importance of absorption of tetanus toxin by the lymphatic and blood circulation is discussed.
Evaluation of 3 quality of life measurement tools in patients with chronic heart failure

Abstract Objective: The objectives of this study are to (1) Address issues related to selecting a quality of life (QOL) measuring tool; and (2) Present data from a pilot test comparing 3 QOL tools (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 [SF-36], the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire [LHFQ], and a visual analogue scale). Design: Descriptive comparative. Setting: A Southern university-affiliated tertiary medical center outpatient heart failure clinic. Patients: Thirty adults, randomly selected from those treated in a multidisciplinary, nurse practitioner–managed heart failure clinic. Results: Significant correlations were found among the global or broader measures of QOL (visual analog scale and LHFQ Total score) and the component scores (LHFQ Emotional, LHFQ Physical, SF-36 Mental [MCS], and SF-36 Physical [PCS]), with the only exception being that of the LHFQ Total and the SF-36 PCS. Mental and physical components of QOL were not related within the SF-36 or between the SF-36 PCS and the LHFQ Emotional score. However, the emotional and physical scores were highly and significantly related within the LHFQ and between the SF-36 MCS and the LHFQ Physical score. Conclusions: The SF-36 was better able to differentiate physical and emotional aspects of QOL in this sample. The LHFQ subscales may be less useful in QOL assessment than the total score. (Heart Lung® 2001;30:332-40.)
Using Culture in the Classroom: Enhancing Learning for International Law Students

This article advocates for a teaching process that incorporates cultural learning and teaching in the classroom to assist international students in understanding U.S. law. It addresses the intimate connection between law and culture, and why it is difficult to separate the two. The paper explores the difficulties encountered by those societies attempting to merge foreign legal principles into their own legal systems without proper cultural understanding or implementation, and addresses why and how the teacher of U.S. law can make explicit and implicit cultural understanding part of the classroom experience. The author concludes by advocating that international students will be better able to adapt to U.S. legal and educational practices when the classroom is open to understanding their own cultures, and when the law teacher is able to contextualize U.S. law in everyday cultural life in the U.S. Law professors will also benefit by gaining knowledge and understanding about the social and legal cultures of the students they teach and by knowing that they have assisted their students in understanding not only U.S. law, but its context and cultural foundations.
New Even Levels and Classified Lines in the First Spectrum of Tungsten (W i).

>Recently Laun and Corliss [1968] published an extensive list of levels and classified lines for the first spectrum of tungsten (W I). Prompted by these experi· mental data, Shadmi and Caspi [1968] published a theoretical interpretation of the low even levels arising from the (5d + 6S)6 mixture of configurations. Their work provided an interpretation for every level found experimentally below 40000 cm- 1 and predicted values for numerous levels not yet found. It seemed worth· while to search for some of these levels. The search has been made with the Combo program for finding energy levels, which was developed by 1. L. Tech in the National Bureau of Standards Spectroscopy Section. With this program, the wave· numbers of 1391 unclassified W I lines were used to search for new even levels in the energy region where levels were predicted to lie. Ten new levels with num­ bers of combinations significantly above the noise were found. (The noise level in this case was about 6 to 8 combinations for fortuitous levels.) The new levels, which have i-values 2, 3, 4, and 5 are marked with asterisks (*) in table 1. The previously known levels with i-values from 1 through 5 are also listed in order to show the remark­ able regularity in the relationship between the number of combinations (N) made by each level and the level value. According to Shadmi and Cas pi, the three levels marked in parentheses seem of doubtful reality, in view of the relatively large differences between the observed and calculated values for these levels. How­ ever, the tabulations in table 1 show that the number of combinations made by these three levels in question is about the number to be expected. Furthermore, since that number is about five times above the noise level number, it is likely that the levels are indeed real.
Ability of Dipodomys merriami and Chaetodipus intermedios to Locate Resource Distributions

The ability of Merriam's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys merriami ) and the rock pocket mouse ( Chaetodipus intermedius ) to locate sandboxes with food was studied in a series of three experiments using large laboratory arenas (6.9 by 3.7 m). In the first experiment, D. merriami learned the location of sandboxes after 3 nights with the same food distribution; after 4 nights, C. intermedius still had not located these sandboxes. When the foraging area was enlarged (6.9 by 11.1 m), D. merriami again located the food patch by the third trial. The performances of C. intermedius improved, but did not match the accuracy of D. merriami . The final experiment determined whether kangaroo rats detected food patches by smell. Sandboxes were never located efficiently when odor was the only cue available to kangaroo rats. These results indicate that D. merriami was more capable of locating food patches than C. intemedius and that this ability was a function of learning rather than olfactory cues.
Extinction performance as a function of incentive magnitude and number of acquisition trials

Food deprived rats received straight runway training with either a small or large incentive (1 or 10 food pellets) for either 76 or 31 acquisition trials, followed by 30 extinction trials. At the large incentive the group given the greater number of trials exhibited less response strength in extinction whereas at the small incentive the reverse was observed. Additionally both groups given the large incentive demonstrated a more rapid decrement in extinction than their respective small magnitude groups.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator for Stress Incontinence

It has been shown that some patients with stress incontinence after prostatectomy may have significant improvement with electrical anal stimulation. The use of a transcutaneous stimulator is the easiest and least invasive method to try initially. Results may be quite satisfying whether the mechanism is physiologic or placebo. This is the first report of the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with stress incontinence.
Decision-Making & Quantum Mechanical Models of Cognitive Processing

There have been numerous neurobiological theories positing that quantum mechanics is importantly responsible for certain psychological phenomena, such as consciousness and conscious decision-making. In this respect, such theories understand the relevant aspects of the brain to be “quantum mechanical.” Although it is highly questionable whether any of these theories have the requisite or sufficient empirical evidence strictly within the domain of neuroscience to appropriately justify their views, a different approach to arguing that quantum mechanics is importantly relevant to human decisionmaking will be discussed. By putting various puzzle pieces together of empirical evidence in psychology that quantum probability models describe certain human cognitive decision-making processes, I contend that human decision-making overall is best described by quantum mechanical processes. Finally, I at times provide a novel defense of this view from a number of objections.
A Review of Culture, Indigenous Knowledge and Development in Africa: Reviving Interconnections for Sustainable Development

Interest in Indigenous knowledge is increasingly growing. Researchers from diverse field such as education, science, and agriculture are investigating forms of knowledge that are often local and also owned by indigenous communities. Concerns about the survival of indigenous knowledge has caused some scholars to think about ways to preserve this knowledge since it is generally orally communicated, and often depends on the survival of the indigenous communities that owns it. Integrated curriculum, incorporation of indigenous knowledge into formal education, and teaching of indigenous languages are some approaches advised by scholars to preserved these ways of knowing. These concerns and suggestions shed light to the fact that indigenous knowledge is part of human history and development, and losing that knowledge would mean losing part of what makes us humans, our ability to understand and face challenges from different perspectives, and creatively.
Minor neurological dysfunction in five year old very preterm children is associated with lower processing speed

Abstract Background Minor neurological dysfunction (MND) is present in one quarter to one third of children born very preterm (VP). The more severe form, complex (c)-MND has been associated with learning disabilities, behavioural and motor problems. Objective To study the association between c-MND and neurocognitive and motor disabilities at age five in VP children without CP. Methods Ninety-four children born with gestational age Results Eighty-one percent was classified as ‘normal’ (no or simple (s-)-MND) and 19% as ‘abnormal’(c-MND or mild CP). The abnormal group had a significantly lower processing speed quotient (PSQ), M-ABC percentile score and slower simple Reaction Time than the normal group. Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, working memory, focused attention and visuomotor coordination did not differ between groups. Exclusion of the mild CP cases (n = 4) led to similar results. Conclusions Five year old VP children with c-MND have lower PSQ, slower reaction time, and poorer motor skills, than those without c-MND. Neurological examination should include identification of MND to help identify children at risk for neurocognitive disabilities.
The Role of Translational Medicine in Optimization of Therapies Targeting the RAS-MAP Kinase Pathway

Activation of the RAS-MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway is a common feature in hematological malignancies, including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Based on its central role in regulating growth and survival of a broad spectrum of human cancers, much attention has focused in recent years on pharmacologic targeting of the RAS–RAF–MEK–MAPK intracellular signaling cascade. Multiple agents now exist in various stages of clinical development that are capable of effectively inhibiting the downstream kinases in this pathway. The emergence of these agents into the clinical trial arena now allows us to turn our attention to how best to deploy them for maximal therapeutic impact in AML patients. Optimization of these therapies will ultimately depend not only on the availability of promising clinical agents but also on the identification of patients most likely to respond. Toward this goal, technological advances have led to comprehensive molecular profiling of AML samples to facilitate the identification of prognostic biomarkers and insights into the rational design of combination strategies.
Improving access to preventive maternal health care using reminders: Experimental evidence from Guatemala

Abstract This paper reports the results of an experiment designed to improve access to prenatal care of pregnant women in a low-resource setting. A simple intervention of timely reminders delivered in person by community health care workers was found to increase prenatal doctor visits by 3.4-7.8 percentage points. The effect was larger for women with riskier pregnancies.
Perella Weinberg Partners: New Firm, Old Values

In the five years since it opened its doors, the investment banking boutique Perella Weinberg Partners had grown into a firm that advised a roster of blue-chip clients on critical transactions and had over $8 billion of client assets under management. The three co-founders, all veterans of Wall Street, were proud of the firm they had created and were pleased with its success to date, but they also knew that it had reached a key inflection point. How much could they, or would they, want to grow? What was the best way to enhance their "relevance"? What were the costs, benefits, and impediments to growth? Another looming question was whether the firm should go public at some point.Learning Objective: To understand: i.) how a firm can enter a crowded market and find a path to success; ii.) explore the challenge of growth for a new firm at an inflection point (what paths can be taken, what are the tangible and intangible pros and cons, affect on culture and values); iii.) the possible decision to take the firm public (costs and benefits and the impact on clients and firm culture).
Disjunctions in the Supply of and Demand for Education in the Labor Force 1930–2003: ‘Trafficking in Gaps’

From the standpoint of a seasoned observer of modern history, the living of life is, in many ways, as valuable as encounters with formal learning. Indeed, I often find matters to quibble about in younger colleagues’ treatments of “contemporary and modern history” based on their distal perceptions of events that I have experienced proximally. My judgment here squares perfectly with Dr. Livingstone’s enormously unorthodox and chastening remonstrances, from his own long years of research, that in our discussions of education and work we have attended to labor force members’ so called informal learning only with studied negligence. We have been preoccupied with measures of formal education in our efforts to put numbers to propositions about the possible levels of ‘mismatching’ of the schooling and skills of national workforces on one side, with the quotidian requirements for successful, “productive” performance in millions of jobs, on the other. The facts are that workers, of all types, have learned much on their jobs that can be taught to newcomers, for example, and, yes (and perhaps more importantly) to new newly appointed managers who replace the upwardly mobile subalterns in progressive corporate settings. We do know, after all, that “downsizings” have left a very great many survivors very short on knowledgeable peers. About informal learning, more below
The Host Support Niche as a Control Point for Tumor Dormancy: Implications for Tumor Development and Beyond

An increasingly appreciated focus of carcinogenesis research is on mechanisms governing tumor growth after the fact of cancer cell creation. Of particular interest are dynamical interactions between tumor and host cell populations that can themselves strongly impact the fate of established cancer lesions. Regardless of tumor type, all cancers face the common problem of having to breach the barrier of angiogenic competency in order to advance from a microscopic lesion to symptomatic disease. If pre-angiogenic tumor cells are held in dormancy due to cell cycle arrest, this will postpone the need to traverse this higher-level barrier. On the other hand, the barrier itself may prove limiting to a tumor at its diffusion-limited size, creating a population-level dormancy characterized by balanced proliferation and cell death. In both cases of dormancy, the “angiogenic switch” has not yet occurred. We here describe and mathematically quantify an underappreciated third dormancy state defined by an angiogenic balance following the angiogenic switch. In this state we term “post-vascular dormancy,” a tumor has attained angiogenic competency, but again demonstrates balanced proliferation and cell death because ambient pro- and anti-angiogenic influences are offsetting. Interestingly, autopsies have shown virtually all of us carry latent tumors in pre- or post-vascular states, many of which lie under the threshold of routine clinical detection. We show how, in the post-vascular case, tumor latency can arise from an elaborate mechanism of self-controlled growth, mediated through the tumor–vascular interaction. Underlying this observation is the finding that a tumor produces both angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors, with the latter having greater influence, both locally and systemically, as the tumor grows—a mechanism we hypothesize is an aberrant co-option of normal organogenic regulation. That a tumor can limit its own growth raises the prospect that chronic therapies aimed at suppressing this tumor–host dynamic may compare favorably to current strategies which often yield favorable short-term responses but fail to deliver long-term tumor suppression.
Optimal allocation of static and dynamic reactive power support for enhancing power system security

Power systems over the recent past few years, has undergone dramatic revolution in terms of government and private investment in various areas such as renewable generation, incorporation of smart grid to better control and operate the power grid, large scale energy storage, and fast responding reactive power sources. The ongoing growth of the electric power industry is mainly because of the deregulation of the industry and regulatory compliance which each participant of the electric power system has to comply with during planning and operational phase. Post worldwide blackouts, especially the year 2003 blackout in north-east USA, which impacted roughly 50 million people, more attention has been given to reactive power planning. At present, there is steady load growth but not enough transmission capacity to carry power to load centers. There is less transmission expansion due to high investment cost, difficulty in getting environmental clearance, and less lucrative cost recovery structure. Moreover, conventional generators close to load centers are aging or closing operation as they cannot comply with the new environmental protection agency (EPA) policies such as Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) and MACT. The conventional generators are getting replaced with far away renewable sources of energy. Thus, the traditional source of dynamic reactive power support close to load centers is getting retired. This has resulted in more frequently overloading of transmission network than before. These issues lead to poor power quality and power system instability. The problem gets even worse during contingencies and especially at high load levels.
Medical Practice after Legalization of Abortion: Bangladesh

The population of Bangladesh is now around 100 million with an estimated growth rate of 2.6 percent annually. Population density is one of the highest in the world at more than 600 persons per square km. The age structure of the population gives a high dependency ratio (93 percent) with 45 percent of the population below 15 years. Total fertility rate remains high, estimated at 5.8 in 1985. Extended breastfeeding practice leads to relatively long birth intervals of approximately 3 years. Early marriage is still the norm. More than 50 percent of women get married by the age of 16 (1981). Health status of the population is unacceptably low with an estimated infant mortality of 125/1000 live births and maternal mortality of 5.7/1000 live births (1975). At least a quarter of this high maternal mortality is due to complications of indigenously induced abortions.
Time Domain Diffraction Tomography

In this paper a formula is developed for computing the density variations in a three-dimensional object from a single scattering measurement. The object is insonified with a plane wave whose time dependence is δ function, and far field scattered wave responses are measured for all angles. The inversion formula is very simple. The problem is solved for a lossless medium with constant compressibility and for small variations in density (Born approximation).
Pediatric dysphagia: Is interarytenoid mucosal height significant?

Objectives The clinical significance of the interarytenoid mucosal height (IAMH) in pediatric dysphagia, ranging from normal anatomy to a laryngeal cleft, is unknown. This study seeks to evaluate a cohort of patients who underwent evaluation of their IAMH during microdirect laryngoscopy (MDL) for associations between IAMH and dysphagia as diagnosed on preoperative videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). Methods A retrospective case series of 1,351 patients who underwent MDL between 2011 and 2016 were reviewed for intraoperative evaluation of IAMH using our interarytenoid assessment protocol. After exclusions, 182 patients were divided into three groups: 1) thickened diet: VFSS with recommendation for thickened liquids (n = 82 of 182; 45.1%), 2) normal diet: VFSS with allowance of thin liquids (n = 19 of 182; 10.4%), and 3) control: no VFSS performed (n = 81 of 182; 44.5%). Results There was no difference in IAMH between groups (P = 0.35). Power analysis was able to achieve > 80% power to detect an effect size of ≥ 0.5 (1-5 mucosal height scale). The majority of patients in each group had an IAMH above the false vocal folds (thickened diet: 57.3%, normal diet: 57.9%, control: 64.2%). There were similar percentages of patients in each group with an IAMH at or below the true vocal folds (thickened diet: 4.9%, normal diet: 5.3%, control: 6.1%). Conclusion There was no significant association between IAMH and preoperative thickened liquid recommendation in this cohort. This data fails to support the hypothesis that the IAMH is an independent etiological factor for pediatric pharyngeal dysphagia. Further studies comparing IAMH with outcomes after feeding therapy and surgery may better clarify this relationship between anatomy and physiology. Level of evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 129:2588-2593, 2019.