cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Committing to Plastic: The Effect of Credit Cards on Purchase Intention

When deciding to buy a product, consumers balance consumption utility against financial and psychological costs (pain-of-paying). It has been suggested that credit cards buffer against the pain-of-paying and thereby facilitate spending (the credit card “lift”). We show, first, that credit cards do indeed increase the within-subject likelihood of purchase from an online store closely resembling amazon.com, in a setting where every purchase decision counts and shoppers choose their own consideration set from millions of available products (studies 1-2). Second, we find that the credit card lift disappears for purchases from a prior “wish list”, suggesting that the lift is specifically concentrated on unplanned or impulse purchases (study 3). Finally, we show that credit cards exert influence when a person forms an initial, fully reversible intention to purchase, as shown by the decision to proceed to a checkout screen, and not at the moment of irreversible implementation, at checkout itself. If payment method information is not available at the moment of purchase intention but instead specified only at checkout, then the credit card lift disappears and purchases are made with same frequency as with cash (study 4). This result cannot be reconciled with a rational, financial interpretation of the credit card lift. It also suggests that the lift is better interpreted as a phenomenon of “spending facilitation” by credit cards, rather than one of “spending inhibition” by cash.
Postoperative Feeding Regimens After Laparoscopic Gastrostomy Placement.

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate postoperative feeding regimens after laparoscopic gastrostomy placement and their effect on outcomes. Methods: Children 18 years of age...
The Adenoid Microbiome in Recurrent Acute Otitis Media and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

OBJECTIVE To compare the microbial flora of adenoids from patients with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was prospective and controlled. Adenoids were obtained from children undergoing adenoidectomy for recurrent AOM (n=7) or OSA (n=13). Specimens were processed for total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation. 16s DNA 454-pyrosequencing was performed on AOM (n=5) and OSA (n=5) specimens. All specimens were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the quantification of the oral commensal bacteria, Streptococcus salivarius. RESULTS All adenoid specimens had evidence of microbes. Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were among the dominant species in all samples. S. salivarius, Prevotella sp. and Terrahaemophilus aromaticivorans were more common on adenoids from OSA patients (p<0.05). Bradyrhizobium sp. was more common on adenoids from patients with recurrent AOM (p<0.05). The microbial profiles associated with recurrent AOM were different from, but overlapped with OSA. S. salivarius quantified by real-time PCR was not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION Microbes are present on all adenoid specimens, though the microbial profile differs between recurrent AOM and OSA. The clinical significance of these differences remains to be determined.
Relation algebras and vertex conditions in graph theory

The scheme associated with a graph is an association scheme iff the graph is strongly regular. Consider the problem of extending such an association scheme to a superscheme. The obstacles can be expressed in terms of f-vertex conditions. If a graph does not satisfy the i-vertex condition, a presuperscheme associated with it cannot be erected beyond the {t — 3)rd level. We give an example of an association scheme which is not extendible to a superscheme: it cannot be extended beyond the bottom level of a presuperscheme.
Ecological Constraints on the Foraging Effort of Western Gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) at Bai Hoköu, Central African Republic

Recent studies demonstrate that western lowland gorillas incorporate much more fruit into their diet than Virunga mountain gorillas do. Very little is known, however, about how the frugivorous behavior of western gorillas influences their daily ranging behavior, which may ultimately affect social factors such as group size and structure. I examined the influence of diet and the spatiotemporal availability of plant foods on the foraging effort of nonhabituated western lowland gorilla groups during 17 months at Bai Hokou in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. I determined diet from indirect methods and gorilla plant food availability and spatial distribution from phenology and line transects. Daily path length gives an estimate of foraging effort and was the distance paced, following fresh gorilla trails, from morning to evening nest sites. The availability and distribution of fruit and its consumption by gorillas varied seasonally. When concentrating on fruits, gorillas traveled significantly farther (mean = 3.1 km/day) than when their diet consisted mostly of nonfruit vegetation, such as leaves and woody pith, stems, and bark (mean = 2.1 km/day). The amount of herbaceous vegetation in the diet did not vary seasonally and did not influence daily path length. The best environmental predictor of foraging effort was fruit density, or a measure combining both density and spatial pattern: coefficient of dispersion. In addition, when fruit patches were small, path length tended to increase but not significantly. Compared with results of other studies, gorillas at Bai Hokou travel farther (mean = 2.6 km/day) than gorillas in Gabon (mean = 1.7 km/day) and five times farther than mountain gorillas in the Virungas (mean = 0.5 km/day). Increased foraging effort of gorillas in this region, especially during the fruiting season, may have profound effects on group size and structure.
The Right to Reproduce and International Law

The forum for which this paper was written addressed many of the ethical, political, social and legal issues which have arisen in connection with the use of assisted reproductive technologies. The focus of this article is on the role of International Law, particularly Human Rights treaties, both in assuring fair and equal access to such technologies and in overseeing States’ regulation of them. Several international treaties contain provisions relevant to these issues – guarantees of the right to privacy, the right to found a family, the right to be free from discrimination and the requirement of informed consent. This paper will briefly outline some of those provisions and explain their relevance. The principal focus, however, will be on the role of the European Court of Human Rights in reviewing and ruling upon States’ laws which arguably conflict with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. To that end, two European Court of Human Rights cases dealing with assisted reproductive technologies will be considered in some detail, with aim of determining: first, whether a right to reproduce or to procreate is recognized and; second, whether the Court has developed or has begun developing a principled jurisprudence in this area which addresses the multitude of competing interests. The paper concludes with a proposal for reconciling these interests.
Disorders of Ganglioside Catabolism

Reactions involved in the catabolism of gangliosides and related neutral glycosphingolipids have been intensively investigated in recent years because deficiencies in certain of the enzymes catalyzing these reactions lead to characteristic neurological disorders known as the lipidoses (Brady, 1966, 1972, 1973). It is presently believed that the catabolism of a ganglioside proceeds stepwise from the nonreducing terminus of the carbohydrate portion of the molecule to the ceramide moiety* (Figure 1), (Tallman and Brady, 1973). The enzymes involved in this process are located in the lysosomes and exhibit properties characteristic of such enzymes. Of the six different enzymes known to participate in ganglioside breakdown, clinical disorders associated with deficiencies in five of these separate reactions have been found. Only a neuraminidase deficiency has not been described (see below). Deficiencies in glucocerebrosidase [Gaucher’s disease (Brady et al; 1965)], and lactosylceramide-β-galactosidase (Dawson and Stein, 1970) are known and discussed elsewhere (Brady, 1973). In this chapter we shall focus on the deficiencies leading to ganglioside accumulation. (See Chapter 2, Table I, for a listing of ganglioside structures and abbreviations.)
Tutoring in a Literacy Center: An Exploration of a Struggling Learner's Missed Opportunities for Substantial Contributions.

Researchers have demonstrated that tutoring is an effective instructional model that relies upon the relationships among the tutor, the tutee, and the curriculum and not merely instructional skills...
Open Surgery for Gastric Cancer: Total Gastrectomy with D2 Lymph Node Dissection

Total gastrectomy (TG), a total resection of the whole stomach including the cardia and pylorus, is a surgical procedure to treat gastric cancer which is located in proximal stomach and in a case that a satisfactory proximal resection safety margin cannot be guaranteed by distal gastrectomy. As like distal gastrectomy, the extent of lymph node (LN) dissection of TG for advanced gastric cancer is recommended in D2 level, and D2 level for TG additionally includes #2 (left paracardial LNs including those along the esophagocardiac branch of the left subphrenic artery), #4sa (left greater curvature LNs along the short gastric arteries), #10 (splenic hilar LNs including LNs in splenic artery distal to the pancreatic tail, in the roots of the short gastric arteries, and along the left gastroepiploic artery proximal to its first gastric branch), and #11d (distal splenic artery LNs from halfway between its origin and the pancreatic tail end, usually from the beginning of posterior gastric artery from splenic artery, to the end of the pancreatic tail) LN groups along with those of distal gastrectomy. TG for gastric cancer is one of challenging surgical procedure because the extent of TG is wider than that of distal gastrectomy, LN dissection around spleen hilum is technically difficult, and surgical complications such as leak from esophagojejunostomy and pseudoaneurysm at splenic artery could be lethal. In addition, combined resection versus preservation of adjacent organs such as the pancreas and spleen for TG has long been in a debate. In this chapter, we will discuss about the historical changes of surgery for TG and technical aspects for TG with LN dissection. Detailed technique for reconstruction after open TG will be addressed in another chapter.
“Hey guys, check this out! #ad” The Impact of Media Figure-User Relationships and Ad Explicitness on Celebrity Endorsements

This study examined the extent to which parasocial relationships (PSR) between celebrities and media users impact the effectiveness of celebrity endorsements on social media for various products. A 2 (high/low PSR endorser) x 2 (explicit/implicit endorsement) experiment tested the effects of PSR and endorsement explicitness on media users’ attitudes toward the endorsed product and product purchase intentions. A total of 346 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 16 Twitter message conditions (i.e., 8 celebrities and 2 types of endorsements). Product purchase intentions were not significantly impacted by the celebrity credibility or source congruence whereas attitudes toward the endorsed product was significantly affected. Media user-figure relationships significantly impacted both attitudes and intentions. PSR and endorsement explicitness had a significant interaction effect on attitudes toward products. Product attitudes were most positive for explicit endorsements from high PSR endorsers and least positive for explicit endorsements from low PSR endorsers. Implications for marketers are discussed in the paper.
Typical Atrioventricular Bypass Tracts

Abstract Bypass tracts (BTs) are remnants of the atrioventricular (AV) concaused by incomplete embryological development of the AV annuli and failure of the fibrous separation between the atria and ventricles. There are several types of BTs, according to the structures they connect, including atrioventricular, atrionodal, atrio-Hisian, atriofascicular, fasciculoventricular, and nodofascicular BTs. In the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, AV conduction occurs, partially or entirely, through an AV BT, which results in earlier activation (preexcitation) of the ventricles than if the impulse had traveled through the AVN. Concealed AV BTs refer to AV BTs that conduct only in the retrograde direction and therefore do not result in ventricular preexcitation. AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) is a macroreentrant tachycardia with an anatomically defined circuit that consists of two distinct pathways, the normal AV conduction system and an AV BT, linked by common proximal (atrial) and distal (ventricular) tissues. Atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and AV nodal reentrant tachycardia can all coexist with a BT, whereby the BT serves as a bystander route for venor atrial activation. The prevalence of WPW pattern on the surface ECG is 0.1% to 0.3% in the general population. The prevalence of the WPW syndrome (i.e., the combination of ventricular preexcitation and either a documented tachyarrhythmia or symptoms of a tachyarrhythmia) is substantially lower than that of the WPW ECG pattern. Catheter ablation is considered the treatment of choice for patients with the WPW syndrome. Catheter ablation is curative in more than 95% of patients with a relatively low complication rate.
PRISONISASI DAN PENYEBARAN IDEOLOGI RADIKAL DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKAT

Abstract. Penitentiary becomes a conducive tool for the spread of radical ideology, member recruitment and the development of extremist groups. This article explores the influence of prison life on prisoners, especially the process of spreading radical ideologies. Knowing the basics of radicalization in prisons and conditions of prisoners' vulnerability to radical ideology. Based on data from interviews with former terrorist inmates in East Java and Jakarta. This article concludes that Lapas has an impact on the continued development of radical ideology based on several conditions, namely: a life characterized by a loss of freedom, being unable to fulfill sexual desires, a loss of security. Based on environmental conditions in the prison process the radicalization process takes a number of forms such as religious conversion, the growth of groups or gangs, and the emergence of various forms of resistance or violence. Abstrak. Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (Lapas) menjadi sarana yang kondusif bagi penyebaran ideologi radikal, rekrutmen anggota dan perkembangan kelompok ekstremis. Artikel ini mengeksplorasi pengaruh kehidupan Lapas terhadap narapidana, khususnya proses penyebaran ideologi radikal. Mengetahui dasar-dasar radikalisasi di Lapas dan kondisi kerentanan napidana terhadap ideologi radikal. Berdasarkan data wawancara dengan mantan narapidana teroris di Jawa Timur dan Jakarta. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa Lapas memberikan dampak bagi tetap berkembangnya ideologi radikal berdasarkan beberapa kondisi, yaitu: kehidupan yang ditandai dengan hilangnya kebebasan, tidak bisa memenuhi hasrat seksual, hilangnya rasa aman. Berdasakan kondisi lingkungan lapas proses radikalisasi mengambil berberapa bentuk seperti konversi agama, pertumbuhan kelompok atau geng, dan munculnya berbagai bentuk resistensi atau kekerasan.
The Association of Veterans' PSA Screening Rates With Changes in USPSTF Recommendations.

BACKGROUND In 2012, the United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) formally recommended against all prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer. Our goal was to characterize PSA screening trends in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) before and after the USPSTF recommendation and to determine if PSA screening was more likely to be ordered based on a veteran's race or age. METHODS Using the VA Corporate Data Warehouse, we created 10 annual groups of PSA-eligible men covering 2009-2018. We identified all PSA tests performed in the VA to determine yearly rates of PSA screening. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS The overall rate of PSA testing in the VA decreased from 63.3% in 2009 to 51.2% in 2018 (P < .001). PSA screening rates varied markedly by age group during our study period, with men aged 70-80 years having the highest initial rate and greatest decline (70.6% in 2009 to 48.4% in 2018, P < .001). Men aged 55-69 years had a smaller decline (65.2% in 2009 to 58.9% in 2018, P < .001) whereas the youngest men, aged 40-54 years, had an increase in PSA screening (26.2% in 2009 to 37.8% in 2018, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In this analysis of PSA screening rates among veterans before and after the 2012 USPSTF recommendation against screening, we found that overall PSA screening decreased only modestly, continuing for more than one-half of the men in our study. Veterans of different races had similar screening rates, suggesting that VA care may minimize racial disparities. Veterans of varying ages experienced statistically significantly differences in PSA screening trends.
Massively Distributed Graph Distances

Graph distance (or similarity) scores are used in several graph mining tasks, including anomaly detection, nearest neighbor and similarity search, pattern recognition, transfer learning, and clustering. Graph distances that are metrics and, in particular, satisfy the triangle inequality, have theoretical and empirical advantages. Well-known graph distances that are metrics include the chemical or the Chartrand-Kubiki-Shultz (CKS) distances. Unfortunately, both are computationally intractable. Recent efforts propose using convex relaxations of the chemical and CKS distances. Though distance computation becomes a convex optimization problem under these relaxations, the number of variables is quadratic in the graph size; this makes traditional optimization algorithms prohibitive even for small graphs. We propose a distributed method for massively parallelizing this problem using the Alternating Directions Method of Multipliers (ADMM). Our solution uses a novel, distributed bisection algorithm for computing a $p$ -norm proximal operator as a building block. We demonstrate its scalability by conducting experiments over multiple parallel environments.
Rhizosphere community selection reveals bacteria associated with reduced root disease

Microbes benefit plants by increasing nutrient availability, producing plant growth hormones, and protecting against pathogens. However, it is largely unknown how plants change root microbial communities. In this study, we used a multi-cycle selection system and infection by the soilborne fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG8 (hereafter AG8) to examine how plants impact the rhizosphere bacterial community and recruit beneficial microorganisms to suppress soilborne fungal pathogens and promote plant growth. Successive plantings dramatically enhanced disease suppression on susceptible wheat cultivars to AG8 in the greenhouse. Accordingly, analysis of the rhizosphere soil microbial community using deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed distinct bacterial community profiles assembled over successive wheat plantings. Moreover, the cluster of bacterial communities formed from the AG8-infected rhizosphere was distinct from those without AG8 infection. Interestingly, the bacterial communities from the rhizosphere with the lowest wheat root disease gradually separated from those with the worst wheat root disease over planting cycles. Successive monocultures and application of AG8 increased the abundance of some bacterial genera which have potential antagonistic activities, such as Chitinophaga, Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, and Flavobacterium, and a group of plant growth-promoting (PGP) and nitrogen-fixing microbes, including Pedobacter, Variovorax, and Rhizobium. Furthermore, 47 bacteria isolates belong to 35 species were isolated. Among them, eleven and five exhibited antagonistic activities to AG8 and Rhizoctonia oryzae in vitro, respectively. Notably, Janthinobacterium displayed broad antagonism against the soilborne pathogens Pythium ultimum, AG8, and R. oryzae in vitro, and disease suppressive activity to AG8 in soil. Our results demonstrated that successive wheat plantings and pathogen infection can shape the rhizosphere microbial communities and specifically accumulate a group of beneficial microbes. Our findings suggest that soil community selection may offer the potential for addressing agronomic concerns associated with plant diseases and crop productivity.
Statutory Constraints and Constitutional Decisionmaking

Although constitutional scholars frequently analyze the relationships between courts and legislatures, they rarely examine the relationship between courts and statutes. This Article is the first to systematically examine how the presence or absence of a statute can influence constitutional doctrine. It analyzes pairs of cases that raise similar constitutional questions, but differ with respect to whether the court is reviewing the constitutionality of legislation. These case pairs suggest that statutes place significant constraints on constitutional decisionmaking. Specifically, in cases that involve a challenge to a statute, courts are less inclined to use doctrine to regulate the behavior of nonjudicial officials. By contrast, in cases where no statute or regulation is at issue, courts are more likely to construct regulatory doctrinal rules. The Article supports this hypothesis by identifying three structural reasons why statutes are likely to have this influence on constitutional decisionmaking. By drawing upon work in legal philosophy and the social sciences, this Article shows that statutes can shape constitutional law in ways that judges fail to reflect upon, and usually take for granted.
Impossible fictions part I: Lessons for fiction

Impossible fictions are valuable evidence both for a theory of fiction and for theories of meaning, mind and epistemology. This article focuses on what we can learn about fiction from reflecting on impossible fictions. First, different kinds of impossible fiction are considered, and the question of how much fiction is impossible is addressed. What impossible fiction contributes to our understanding of "truth in fiction" and the logic of fiction will be examined. Finally, our understanding of unreliable narrators and unreliable narration in fiction needs to accommodate stories that, on the face of it, cannot possibly be true.
Permanent Interstitial Cesium-131 Brachytherapy in Treating High-Risk Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer: A Prospective Pilot Study.

Purpose/objectives To establish the feasibility and safety of intraoperative placement of cesium-131 (Cs-131) seeds for re-irradiation in recurrent head and neck cancer (HNC). Methods Patients with resectable recurrent HNC who were deemed to have a high risk of second recurrence were eligible. Immediately after tumor extirpation, seeds were implanted in the surgical bed based on the preoperative treatment plan with intraoperative adjustment. The surgical bed and the seeds were covered with a regional flap or microvascular free flap. A CT of the neck was obtained on postoperative day 1 for evaluation of the postoperative dose distribution. Patients were followed 1 and 3 months after surgery, then every 3 months in the first 2 years. Results From November 2016 to September 2018, 15 patients were recruited and 12 patients received treatment per protocol. For the patients who had implants, the sites of initial recurrence included 10 neck alone, 1 neck and larynx, and 1 neck/peristomal. The median follow-up was 21.4 months. After surgery, patients remained hospitalized for a median of 6 days. There were no high-grade toxicities except two patients with wound complications requiring wound care. Eight patients had recurrences, three locoregional alone, three distant alone, and two with both locoregional and distant recurrences. Only one patient had an in-field failure. Five patients died, with 1- and 2-year overall survival of 75 and 58%. Conclusions Cs-131 implant after surgical resection in recurrent HNC is feasible and safe. There were no unexpected severe toxicities. Most failures were out-of-field or distant. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02794675.
Orofacial motricity and use of mixed techniques in a cranio-facial trauma: a case report

ABSTRACT No reports about treatments applied by orofacial motricity experts, in craniofacial trauma, were found in the specialized literature. However, their knowledge, added to that of the aesthetic area, would be useful in the rehabilitation of scars. The aim of this work is to describe the mixed use of orofacial motor skills, muscle balance massage and scar management in a patient with soft tissues facial trauma. During the initial evaluation, a decrease in the vertical and horizontal oral opening and in the mimic movements, facial asymmetry and marked scars that affected the oral phase of swallowing, chewing (bolus formation), lip mobility, compromising speech intelligibility and, significantly, aesthetics, were observed. Myofunctional therapy lasted 12 months, during which the patient underwent three surgeries. The process was divided into an intensive phase (six months, two weekly sessions) and a follow-up phase (six months, one weekly session), which ended when the indicators evaluated at the beginning were stable, showing improvements in scars condition and appearance, as well as in orofacial functions, including pre-post therapy self-perception and greater muscular mobility, reflecting a management with an integrative approach.
TiPpIng the balance in histone acetylation.

Nutrient availability and the cell cycle are known to affect chromatin accessibility. A fundamental question is which mechanisms are involved in connecting nutrient levels, the cell cycle and chromatin regulation. In this issue, Zhang et al. reveal a signalling cascade whereby nutrient-sensing mTORC1 activates the cell-cycle regulator CDK2, thus leading to nuclear translocation of the metabolic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1). In the nucleus, TPI1 alters the levels of acetate and global histone acetylation through the metabolite dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Tumor Control Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Patients with Vestibular Schwannomas - A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND To better counsel vestibular schwannoma patients, it is necessary to understand the tumor control rates of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). OBJECTIVES To determine tumor control rates, factors determining control and complication rates following SRS. METHODS Tertiary hospital retrospective cohort. RESULTS 579 tumors (576 patients) were treated with SRS. 477 tumors (474 patients, 82%) had ≥1 year follow up and 60% (344) ≥3 years follow up. 88% of tumors had primary SRS and 6.7% salvage SRS. Median follow up time was 4.6 years. At 3 years, the tumor control rate of primary SRS was 89% (258 of 290) in sporadic tumors compared to 43% in Neurofibromatosis type II (3 of 17) (p < 0.01). Our bivariable survival data analysis showed that Neurofibromatosis type II, documented pre-SRS growth, tumor measured by maximum dimension, SRS given as nonprimary treatment increased hazard of failure to control. There was one case of malignancy and another of rapid change following intra-tumoral hemorrhage. For tumors undergoing surgical salvage (25 of 59), 56% had a total or near-total resection, 16% had postoperative CSF leak, with 12% new facial paralysis (House-Brackmann grade VI) and worsening of facial nerve outcomes (House-Brackmann grade worse in 59% at 12 mo). CONCLUSIONS Control of vestibular schwannoma after primary SRS occurs in the large majority. Salvage surgical treatment was notable for higher rates of postoperative complications compared to primary surgery reported in the literature.
Getting Public Rights Wrong: The Lost History of the Private Land Claims

Black-letter constitutional law distinguishes “private rights,” which must be litigated before an Article III tribunal, from “public rights,” which Congress may resolve through administrative adjudication. Yet both the Supreme Court and scholars have long struggled to define this distinction. Recently, many have turned to history for clarity, especially to Murray’s Lessee, the 1856 case that inaugurated the public rights doctrine. As part of a broader critique of the administrative state, Justices and scholars have sought to use this history to cabin the scope of constitutionally permissible administrative adjudication. This Article intervenes in this debate by suggesting that administrative adjudication had a much broader scope in the nineteenth century than previously thought. It examines the sole example of public rights cited in Murray’s Lessee: preexisting property rights held by the European settlers in territories ceded to the United States. These “private land claims,” though almost entirely neglected by scholars of public rights today, were the subject of an enormous amount of nineteenth-century law and jurisprudence. Both the antebellum Congress and Supreme Court concluded that Congress enjoyed considerable discretion over the resolution of these claims, including through binding and preclusive decisions by non-Article III tribunals. The Court reached this conclusion, I suggest, based on a dichotomy between “perfect” title—where complete legal title had passed to the claimant—and “imperfect” title, where some further government act was required before the claimant enjoyed “complete” ownership. But this framework did not mean that private land claims, whether perfect or imperfect, were considered “privileges,” a category that other scholars have used to explain the public rights doctrine. Rather, the era’s caselaw and jurisprudence described both perfect and imperfect titles as vested property rights that the government could not take away. Moreover, by century’s end, the distinction between perfect and imperfect titles had collapsed in favor of a broad and durable embrace of federal power. This history does not offer a new bright-line test to distinguish public from private rights. But it does challenge influential prior accounts in caselaw and scholarship by suggesting that, from the very beginning, the category of “public rights” encompassed vested rights to property that were routinely adjudicated before federal administrative tribunals.
Hydrogen Ion (pH) and Fixed Acids

Hydrogen ion concentration plays a major role in wine making. Its involvements range from physical-chemical and biological concerns to the sensory attributes and potentially, defects. Hydrogen ion activity usually is measured in terms of the logarithmic concentration term, pH. Initially, the winemaker is concerned with fruit and must pH. The pH values for white wines are often 3.4 or less, whereas higher values usually are observed for red wines, largely because of contact of juice and skins before and during fermentation.
A Comparative Study of Patient Scheduling Systems for Army Sick Call.

Abstract : In April and May 1973, five different scheduling systems for sick call were tested in three troop medical clinics at Ft. Sill, OK, using the following configurations: Troop Clinic A, staggered unit arrival for one month, followed by individual appointment for one month; Troop Clinic B, evening sick call followed by an all-day-no-appointment system and Troop Clinic C, a combination of early afternoon sick call for one month, followed by individual appointments. These systems were compared to the traditional system of holding sick call early in the morning as a mass formation. Patients and unit staff favored the individual appointment, staggered unit, and evening systems. Physicians and troop medical clinics staffs favored the appointment and the morning block systems. Sick call by appointment was shown to be feasible, although the other systems may all be useful under certain circumstances. (Modified author abstract)
Self-Interaction Correction

An electron can interact coulombically with other electrons but not with itself. Approximations for many-electron systems which violate this simple principle are candidates for self-interaction correction.
Another face in our family tree.

The evolutionary history of humans is complex and unresolved. It now looks set to be thrown into further confusion by the discovery of another species and genus, dated to 3.5 million years ago.
Differential expression of genes of Xylella fastidiosa in xylem fluid of citrus and grapevine

Xylella fastidiosa causes a serious Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevine. Xylella fastidiosa cells from a PD strain were grown in a pure xylem fluid of a susceptible grapevine cultivar vs. xylem fluid from citrus, which is not a host for this strain of X. fastidiosa. When grown in grapevine xylem fluid, cells of the PD strain formed clumps and biofilm formed to a greater extent than in citrus xylem fluid, although the PD strain did grow in xylem fluid of three citrus varieties. The differential expression of selected genes of a PD X. fastidiosa strain cultured in the two xylem fluids was analyzed using a DNA macroarray. Compared with citrus xylem fluid, grapevine xylem fluid stimulated the expression of X. fastidiosa genes involved in virulence regulation, such as gacA, algU, xrvA, and hsq, and also genes involved in the biogenesis of pili and twitching motility, such as fimT, pilI, pilU, and pilY1. Increased gene expression likely contributes to PD expression in grapevine, whereas citrus xylem fluid did not support or possibly suppressed the expression of these virulence genes.
Study on the spectral efficiency of SFH-GMSK in land mobile telephone communication by direct simulation

A spread spectrum system, slow frequency hopping with GMSK (Gaussian minimum shift keying) modulation (SFH-GMSK), is proposed for mobile telephone communications. The system performance is evaluated using computer simulation and is compared with an unspread system. Results show that under multipath fading conditions, when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is greater than 15 dB, slow frequency hopping gives some bit error rate improvement over the unspread system. Theoretical predictions indicate that a system efficiency of 20-65 users per cell can be achieved in the cellular configuration. Joint use of SFH-GMSK and FM is also investigated. It is shown that FM interference can cause serious degradation to the SFH-GMSK performance. >
BACE1 Protein Endocytosis and Trafficking Are Differentially Regulated by Ubiquitination at Lysine 501 and the Di-leucine Motif in the Carboxyl Terminus

β-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is a membrane-tethered member of the aspartyl proteases that has been identified as β-secretase. BACE1 is targeted through the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane and then is internalized to endosomes. Sorting of membrane proteins to the endosomes and lysosomes is regulated by the interaction of signals present in their carboxyl-terminal fragment with specific trafficking molecules. The BACE1 carboxyl-terminal fragment contains a di-leucine sorting signal (495DDISLL500) and a ubiquitination site at Lys-501. Here, we report that lack of ubiquitination at Lys-501 (BACE1K501R) does not affect the rate of endocytosis but produces BACE1 stabilization and accumulation of BACE1 in early and late endosomes/lysosomes as well as at the cell membrane. In contrast, the disruption of the di-leucine motif (BACE1LLAA) greatly impairs BACE1 endocytosis and produces a delayed retrograde transport of BACE1 to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and a delayed delivery of BACE1 to the lysosomes, thus decreasing its degradation. Moreover, the combination of the lack of ubiquitination at Lys-501 and the disruption of the di-leucine motif (BACE1LLAA/KR) produces additive effects on BACE1 stabilization and defective internalization. Finally, BACE1LLAA/KR accumulates in the TGN, while its levels are decreased in EEA1-positive compartments indicating that both ubiquitination at Lys-501 and the di-leucine motif are necessary for the trafficking of BACE1 from the TGN to early endosomes. Our studies have elucidated a differential role for the di-leucine motif and ubiquitination at Lys-501 in BACE1 endocytosis, trafficking, and degradation and suggest the involvement of multiple adaptor molecules.
An introduction to the method of moments

Abstract This paper will present an introduction to the theory and application of the method of moments (MM) to problems of electromagnetic radiation and scattering. The MM procedure for solving a linear operator equation, by transforming it into a matrix equation, is reviewed. The integral equation and MM solution for an arbitrary perfectly conducting body is presented, and then illustrated by the simple example of scattering by a 2D perfectly conducting strip. Numerical results are used to illustrate the accuracy, convergence, and typical computer CPU times. The MM solution for radiation or scattering by a rectangular dielectric cylinder is also presented. Finally, the internal resonance problem is discussed.
Low-power electronics for energy harvesting sensors

This paper addresses low-power, low-voltage electronic circuit requirements for wireless sensors with energy harvesting. The challenges of start-up for micro-controller unit (MCU)-based energy-harvesting platforms is discussed where a transient, low-voltage (20–1000 mV), low-power ( 500 Ω) is used. Efficient converter circuitry is required to transform the low-voltage output from the source to a level suitable for typical electronic devices, 1.8–5 V, and a prototype is demonstrated in the paper. Owing to the limited energy available to deliver to the storage element, the converter output voltage typically has a slow rising slew rate that can be a problem for MCUs. This necessitates a reset circuit to hold-off operation until a level high enough for reliable operation is achieved. Once operational, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) extracts peak power from the harvester while simultaneously tracking the transient nature of the source. In this low-power application, MCU programming needs to be efficient, while otherwise keeping the MCU in the lowest power standby mode possible to conserve energy. In a fully integrated design, a single MCU may be used for the sensor application, power management, power conversion, and MPPT functions.
Development of Habrolepis rouxi Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in two armoured scale hosts (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and parasite egg encapsulation by California red scale.

. 1. California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) and oleander scale Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Homoptera: Diaspididae) are not completely suitable for the development of the encyrtid endoparasite Habrolepis rouxi Compere. 2. Mortality of parasite immatures in California red scale is caused mainly by egg encapsulation. Although oleander scale is unable to encapsulate H. rouxi, it is nutritionally unfavourable for the parasite's development. 3. Some immunity to the parasite is conferred to the oleander scale by the particular host plant used. 4. The parasite's rate of development is not influenced by the host species studied. 5. The mortality of parasite immatures in California red scale is lower than in oleander scale. The former host also is more acceptable and preferred by the parasite for ovipositon. These characteristics of the California red scale render it more suitable than oleander scale as host for H. rouxi. 6. Studies on the encapsulation of H. rouxi eggs by the California red scale indicate that (i) encapsulation does not prevent third instar host larvae from maturing and producing progeny; (ii) neither rearing temperature nor host age affect encapsulation frequency.
Semiclassical description of antiproton capture on atomic helium

A semiclassical, many-body atomic model incorporating a momentum-dependent Heisenberg core to stabilize atomic electrons is used to study antiproton capture on helium. Details of the antiproton collisions leading to eventual capture are presented, including the energy and angular-momentum states of incident antiprotons which result in capture via single- or double-electron ionization, i.e., into ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} or ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, and the distribution of energy and angular-momentum states following the Auger cascade. These final states are discussed in light of recently reported anomalously long-lived antiproton states observed in liquid He [Iwasaki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1246 (1991)].
Aggregation and deposition behavior of boron nanoparticles in porous media.

New kinds of solid fuels and propellants comprised of nanomaterials are making their way into civilian and military applications yet the impact of their release on the environment remains largely unknown. One such material is nano boron, a promising solid fuel and propellant. The fate and transport of nano boron under various aquatic systems was investigated in aggregation and deposition experiments. Column experiments were performed to examine the effects of electrolyte concentration and flow velocity on the transport of boron nanoparticles under saturated conditions, whereas aggregation tests were conducted to assess the effects of electrolytes on the aggregation of the boron nanoparticles. Aggregation tests indicated the presence of different reaction-controlled and diffusion-controlled regimes and yielded critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) of 200 mM, 0.7 mM and 1.5 mM for NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2, respectively. Aggregation and deposition experimental data corresponded with the classic Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) model and the constant attachment efficiency filtration model, respectively. Theoretical calculations indicated that both the primary and secondary energy minima play important roles in the deposition of nano boron in sand columns.
Runaway Pacemaker During High-Energy Neutron Radiation Therapy

Runaway pacemaker occurred in a patient undergoing high-energy neutron radiation therapy despite adherence to published safety guidelines. The very low estimated dose of 0.9 Gy received by the pacemaker demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of integrated circuits to this new modality of radiation therapy.
Distinct Effects of Rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and 6-hydroxydopamine on Cellular Bioenergetics and Cell Death

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The bioenergetic susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to toxins which induce Parkinson’s like syndromes in animal models is then of particular interest. For example, rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its active metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), have been shown to induce dopaminergic cell death in vivo and in vitro. Exposure of animals to these compounds induce a range of responses characteristics of Parkinson’s disease, including dopaminergic cell death, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. Here we test the hypothesis that cellular bioenergetic dysfunction caused by these compounds correlates with induction of cell death in differentiated dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. At increasing doses, rotenone induced significant cell death accompanied with caspase 3 activation. At these concentrations, rotenone had an immediate inhibition of mitochondrial basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) concomitant with a decrease of ATP-linked OCR and reserve capacity, as well as a stimulation of glycolysis. MPP+ exhibited a different behavior with less pronounced cell death at doses that nearly eliminated basal and ATP-linked OCR. Interestingly, MPP+, unlike rotenone, stimulated bioenergetic reserve capacity. The effects of 6-OHDA on bioenergetic function was markedly less than the effects of rotenone or MPP+ at cytotoxic doses, suggesting a mechanism largely independent of bioenergetic dysfunction. These studies suggest that these dopaminergic neurotoxins induce cell death through distinct mechanisms and differential effects on cellular bioenergetics.
Circulation of estrogens introduced into the rectum or duodenum in pigs

Abstract To determine the absorption and metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2) by the rectum of the pig, 10 mg of crystalline E2 was placed in the rectum of prepubertal gilts in Experiment 1. Blood samples were subsequently obtained from hepatic portal and jugular veins and plasma was assayed for E2, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol-glucuronide (E2G), estrone-glucuronide (E1G) and estrone-sulfate (E1S). Concentration of E2, E1, E2G, E1G, and E1S rose in the hepatic portal vein within 30 min and remained elevated for several hr. Concentrations of E2 in the hepatic portal vein represented 3% of the total estrogen detected in the hepatic portal vein during the 5 hr sampling period, indicating that most of the E2 was metabolized prior to entering the hepatic portal vein after absorption by the rectal mucosa. Concentrations of E2, E1, E2G, E1G, and E1S rose in the jugular vein and remained elevated for several hr. The rise in E2 and E1 in the jugular vein may have come from E2 and E1 in venous circulation from the rectum that entered the inferior vena cava bypassing the hepatic portal vein and liver. The net result of absorption of E2 from the rectum of gilts was a large rise in unconjugated and conjugated E2 and E1 in the peripheral circulation. In Experiment 2 prepubertal gilts fitted with jugular, hepatic portal, duodenal, and gall bladder catheters were infused into the duodenum with bile from pregnant gilts. Concentrations of E2, E1, E2G, and E1G were determined in gallbladder bile of gilts before infusion and at 470 min. Concentrations of E2G and E1G were determined in hepatic portal and jugular plasma before and after infusion of bile. A cholagogue was given at 480 min and E2G and E1G were measured in plasma from 490 min to 960 min. Concentrations of E2 and E1 in gallbladder bile rose at 470 min and fell to basal concentrations at 970 min. In gilts given the cholagogue, E2G and E1G in both the jugular and hepatic portal veins rose significantly over those in gilts not given the cholagogue. Bile estrogens circulate via the enterohepatic route and factors that influence secretion of estrogens in bile can influence concentrations of circulating estrogens.
Novel biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(L-lactic acid) porous scaffolds fabricated by phase separation for tissue engineering applications

Scaffolds with intrinsically interconnected porous structures are highly desirable in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, three-dimensional polymer scaffolds with highly interconnected porous structures were fabricated by thermally induced phase separation of novel synthesized biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(L-lactic acid) in a dioxane/water binary system. Defined porous scaffolds were achieved by optimizing conditions to attain interconnected porous structures. The effect of phase separation parameters on scaffold morphology were investigated, including polymer concentration (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%), quench time (1, 4, and 8 min), dioxane/water ratio (83/17, 85/15, and 87/13 wt/wt), and freeze temperature (−20, −80, and −196 °C). Interesting pore morphologies were created by adjusting these processing parameters, e.g., flower-shaped (5%; 85/15; 1 min; −80 °C), spherulite-like (5%; 85/15; 8 min; −80 °C), and bead-like (5%; 87/13; 1 min; −80 °C) morphology. Modulation of phase separation conditions also resulted in remarkable differences in scaffold porosities (81–91%) and thermal properties. Furthermore, scaffolds with varied mechanic strengths, degradation rates, and protein adsorption capabilities could be fabricated using the phase separation method. In summary, this work provides an effective route to generate multi-dimensional porous scaffolds that can be applied to a variety of hydrophobic polymers and copolymers. The generated scaffolds could potentially be useful for various tissue engineering applications including bone tissue engineering.