cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On some misconceptions about relativistic co-ordinate transformations

Some authors have recently attempted to substitute alternate formalisms for the Lorentz transformation of special relativity. Their main purpose is to avoid conceptual difficulties which they feel are linked with the asymmetrical ageing that leads to the so-called « clock paradox ». It is shown that the interpretation of their theories given by these authors is fallacious and based on a misconception. The new schemes and the conventional special relativity are physically equivalent, and differ only by the choice of units. Therefore, the adoption of one or the other of these formalisms is completely irrelevant in so far as the description of the physical phenomena (including asymmetrical ageing) is concerned. Incidentally, the remarks made in this paper may help one to dispose of some physically unwarranted philosophical misgivings regarding asymmetrical ageing. Some constants in the transformation formulas of special relativity depend directly on the choice of the units to be used. However, several authors claim to derive the values of those constants from physical arguments without mentioning the units. It is shown that all such arguments involve some fallacy.
DIANE BELCHER and ULLA CONNOR , eds., Reflections on multiliterate lives . (Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, Vol. 26, Series editors Colin Baker & Nancy Hornberger.) Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, 2001. Pp. vii, 211. Hb $79.95, pb $29.95.

Many authors write books and papers about deficits in second language teaching and competence, shining a spotlight on what teachers are doing “wrong” or what students are lacking. In this volume, Diane Belcher and Ulla Connor set out to provide a model that bypasses these negative perspectives and showcases success stories in second (or n th) language learning. The result is a compilation of auto-ethnographies from 18 adults with successful professional careers who were asked to provide their “L1/L2 literacy autobiograph(ies)” (p. 209).
The look of fear and anger: Facial maturity modulates recognition of fearful and angry expressions

The current series of studies provide converging evidence that facial expressions of fear and anger may have co-evolved to mimic mature and babyish faces in order to enhance their communicative signal. In Studies 1 and 2, fearful and angry facial expressions were manipulated to have enhanced babyish features (larger eyes) or enhanced mature features (smaller eyes) and in the context of a speeded categorization task in Study 1 and a visual noise paradigm in Study 2, results indicated that larger eyes facilitated the recognition of fearful facial expressions, while smaller eyes facilitated the recognition of angry facial expressions. Study 3 manipulated facial roundness, a stable structure that does not vary systematically with expressions, and found that congruency between maturity and expression (narrow face-anger; round face-fear) facilitated expression recognition accuracy. Results are discussed as representing a broad co-evolutionary relationship between facial maturity and fearful and angry facial expressions.
The determination of low levels of cobalt-60 in environmental waters by liquid scintillation counting.

Abstract A method for determination of cobalt-60 in waters at levels greater than 0.5 pCi per sample is presented. A modification of the method may be used to analyze fluvial sediments and soils. After the cobalt has been separated, first as the hydroxide and then as the thiocyanate complex in methyl isobutyl ketone, it is counted in a liquid scintillation system at 80% efficiency. Separation factors achieved for six isotopes are generally greater than 2,000. The time for a single analysis, exclusive of the counting and evaporation operations, is about 2 h.
Quantitative FT 13C n.m.r. of solvent-refined coals using sym-triazine as solvent

Abstract Aromaticities (fa) determined for several solvent-refined coals (SRC) by 13C n.m.r. in sym-triazine solution and by the Brown and Ladner 1H n.m.r. technique have been found to be the same within experimental error (0.01). Use of sym-triazine to determine the fa of the soluble and insoluble fractions of a SRC in several solvents showed that the soluble fraction reflected reasonably accurately the properties of the whole sample for dioxan, carbon disulphide, chloroform and benzene extracts. The properties of the insoluble fraction varied only slightly. A more detailed analysis of the aromatic region of the 13C n.m.r. spectrum has led to some useful structural relations.
Optimal CDMA: Fundamentals, developments, and applications

Starting from the early 1980s, there have been steady developments in the coding schemes and enabling technologies in optical code division multiple access (O-CDMA). With the advance in technology and recent suport of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the progress in O-CDMA has been tremendous since four years ago. O-CDMA systems are now closer to be deployable than ever before. In this tutorial, we will first examine various coding schemes and enabling technologies in this area. Then, the recent developments of O-CDMA will be presented. Finally, we will investigate the potential applications and issues of O-CDMA.
PASSION, POLITICS, AND COLLABORATION: CHANGING EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHER PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION

This narrative chronicles the development of a state mandated seamless early care and education career development system designed to improve the quality of preparation of Early Childhood professionals and services supporting young children. Issues of articulation between two‐year and four‐year institutions, statewide standardized core community college coursework, and accountability based on state testing for teacher certification are discussed. Finally, state‐wide teacher preparation changes and university responses to those mandates are included.
Carbon-nanotube-modified electrodes for amplified enzyme-based electrical detection of DNA hybridization.

Carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon (CNT/GC) transducers have been developed for enhancing the sensitivity and stability of enzyme-based electrochemical bioassays of DNA hybridization. The amplified signal reflects the interfacial accumulation of phenolic products of the alkaline-phosphatase tracer onto the CNT layer. In particular, chronopotentiometric measurements (following short accumulation periods) offer a substantial enhancement of the response of enzymatically liberated α-naphthol. The CNT modifier also leads to a dramatic improvement in the stability of the amperometric response of α-naphthol. These advantages of CNT/GC electrodes are illustrated from comparison to unmodified glassy carbon electrodes. Factors influencing the adsorptive accumulation of α-naphthol, and the overall performance of the new DNA assay, are assessed and optimized. The attractive performance characteristics of the new multi-amplification electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization are reported in connection to the detection of nucleic acid sequences related to the breast cancer BRCA1 gene.
Brown trout and food web interactions in a Minnesota stream

Summary 1. We examined indirect, community-level interactions in a stream that contained non-native brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus), native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill) and native slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus Richardson). Our objectives were to examine benthic invertebrate composition and prey selection of fishes (measured by total invertebrate dry mass, dry mass of individual invertebrate taxa and relative proportion of invertebrate taxa in the benthos and diet) among treatments (no fish, juvenile brook trout alone, juvenile brown trout alone, sculpin with brook trout and sculpin with brown trout). 2. We assigned treatments to 1 m2 enclosures/exclosures placed in riffles in Valley Creek, Minnesota, and conducted six experimental trials. We used three designs of fish densities (addition of trout to a constant number of sculpin with unequal numbers of trout and sculpin; addition of trout to a constant number of sculpin with equal numbers of trout and sculpin; and replacement of half the sculpin with an equal number of trout) to investigate the relative strength of interspecific versus intraspecific interactions. 3. Presence of fish (all three species, alone or in combined-species treatments) was not associated with changes in total dry mass of benthic invertebrates or shifts in relative abundance of benthic invertebrate taxa, regardless of fish density design. 4. Brook trout and sculpin diets did not change when each species was alone compared with treatments of both species together. Likewise, we did not find evidence for shifts in brown trout or sculpin diets when each species was alone or together. 5. We suggest that native brook trout and non-native brown trout fill similar niches in Valley Creek. We did not find evidence that either species had an effect on stream communities, potentially due to high invertebrate productivity in Valley Creek.
INCREASES IN TEST SCORES AS A FUNCTION OF MATERIAL REWARDS

In this study 81 experimental and 79 control subjects (randomly assigned to treatments) took Form A of the Nelson Reading Test, twice, with a four week interval between test administrations. Instructions for the retest varied for the E and C groups. The latter group was told that the test was readministered for purposes of assessing improvement. The E subjects were informed that by improving their previous score they would be eligible for winning a prize (candy bars, university sweaters, radios). Analysis of covariance indicated that the effect of the awards was significant (p < .01) in terms of number of items attempted and in terms of items correct. The adjusted mean increase for the E subjects was three months. The authors concluded that, if the terms of an actual performance contract would be applied to their results, they were to realize approximately $3,000 profit on a $75 investment.
The crystalline cell wall of Tetraselmis convolutae (Chlorophyta): a freeze fracture analysis

A freeze fracture analysis of the cell wall of Tetraselmis convolutae (Parke et Manton) revealed the existence of a crystalline median layer consisting of regular repeating subunits of 27 nm. These circular subunits lie in curved, interlocking, longitudinal rows with some irregular discontinuities appearing in the subunit pattern of the crystalline lattice. A comparison with the cell walls of other green algal flagellates is presented, revealing similarities and suggesting evolutionary patterns.
Involvement of separate pathways in the repair of mutational and lethal lesions induced by a monofunctional sulfur mustard

The mutagenic and lethal effects of a monofunctional sulfur mustard, 2-chloro-ethylethylsulfide (CEES), have been studied in a number of repair deficient variants of Escherichia coli K12, B/r and B. The results indicate that CEES induces a (pre)mutational lesion which is subject to Uvr+-excision-repair. Extensive CEES-induced mutagenesis can occur in exrA- uvrA- and recA- uvrB- variants suggesting that the majority of the mutations in Uvr-bacteria do not arise from error-prone repair. These findings are similar to results previously reported with a volatile degradation product of captan and with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) but differ from those reported with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). It is hypothesized that CEES alkylates guanine at the O-6 position (R-O-6-G) and that this R-O-6-G which is Uvr+-excisable is directly mutagenic by producing G-C to A-T transitions during replication. Reduced levels of induced mutation frequencies observed in an endonuclease II-deficient variant lead us to postulate that, in constrast to Uvr- bacteria, CEES-induced mutation in wild-type cells arise from error-prone repair of apurinic sites. Analysis of the lethal actions of CEES indicates that the lesion produced is largely unexcisable by the Uvr+ system. Host-cell reactivation of CEES-treated TI bacteriophage shows that the production of the (pre)ethal lesion is dependent on both the initial dose and post-treatment incubation. The efficient repair of the (pre)ethal lesion requires both endonuclease II and polymerase I. Moreover, deficiencies of these two enzymes rendered bacteria more sensitive to the cytotoxic action of CEES. It is postulated that the lethal mechanism of CEES involves: (I) alkylation at the N-3 position of adenine and the N-7 position of guanine; (2) spontaneous depurination of these alkylated bases; and (3) production of apurinic sites which are lethal unless repaired by the endonuclease II-polymerase I excision-repair system.
Globalization and NGOs: Transforming Business, Government, and Society

Journal of International Business Studies (2004) 35, 564–566. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400114 It is both easy and hard to define something by what it is not. NGOs, by their title, are non-governmental organizations, in other words, all organizations that are not governments. That is the easy definition. The problem is that NGOs, by this definition, include everything but the proverbial kitchen sink, that is, private firms, religious and charitable organizations, universities, advocacy groups, newspapers and other media, and so on. Doh and Teegen’s book, Globalization and NGOs: Transforming Business, Government, and Society, is designed to reduce this open-endedness by focusing on what NGOs are, rather than what they are not. The book has three cross-cutting themes: what are NGOs; how and why they differ from governments and firms; and how they operate in the global economy, fit within societies, and influence other organizations. There are 10 chapters in the book, which explore the rise of NGOs and their impacts on governments and firms. Several nice case studies are included (global climate change, World Wildlife Fund, genetically modified organisms, trade policy, and forestry. The Conclusions chapter sums up and provides a research agenda. Jone Pearce, in her Forward to the book, defines NGOs as ‘the name given to those nonprofit associations focused on social change via political influence or to those providing social and humanitarian services in highly politicized cross-national contexts’ (p xi). Doh and Teegen, in their Conclusion chapter, define NGOs as ‘organizations of individuals and donors committed to the promotion of a particular (set of) issue(s) through advocacy work and/or through operational activities whereby services are delivered’ (pp 206–207). NGOs are seen as one of three key actors in the global economy, together with governments and firms. NGOs not only have their own dyadic relationships with the other two actors but also mediate and moderate the business–government dyad. Doh and Teegen argue that NGOs are agents for change in the global economy. Therefore, scholars and practitioners need to focus more on understanding which NGOs matter, how firms and governments should best engage NGOs, and how NGOs can play a more definitive role on supranational issues that the public and private sectors have failed to address. Journal of International Business Studies (2004) 35, 564–566 & 2004 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00
MRI as an Alternative to CT-Guided Biopsy of Adrenal Masses in Patients With Lung Cancer

Abstract Background . This study was performed to assess chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging (CSMRI) for characterizing adrenal masses in patients with lung cancer, and to compare charges associated with two algorithms for assessing adrenal masses in these patients. Methods . Forty-two patients with lung cancer underwent both CSMRI (using in-phase and opposed-phase gradient echo images) and computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy of adrenal masses. Adrenal-to-spleen signal intensity ratios on the opposed-phase images were correlated with histopathologic results. The normalized charges for two algorithms were compared. In algorithm A, computed tomography-guided biopsy is used first to evaluate an adrenal mass; in algorithm B, CSMRI is used first, followed by computed tomography-guided biopsy only if CSMRI findings are not diagnostic of adenoma. Results . Biopsy showed 24 (57%) adrenal adenomas and 18 (43%) metastases. Chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging was 96% sensitive for adenoma and 100% specific. The average normalized charges associated with algorithm A were $1,905 per patient versus $1,890 with algorithm B. Conclusions . Initial use of CSMRI in evaluating an adrenal mass in lung cancer patients can obviate biopsy in 55% of patients, and its charges are similar to those for performing computed tomography-guided biopsy in all patients.
Temporal changes in ovarian steroid-17alpha-hydroxylase in immature rats treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin.

SummarySteroid 17α-hydroxylase was measured, using a tritium exchange assay, in the microsomal fraction of ovaries from immature intact or hypophysectomized rats exposed to 20IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. The hypophysectomized animals were pretreated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) to increase the ratio of granulosa:theca + interstitium in the ovary; controls received oil vehicle. In intact animals hydroxylase levels decreased within 8 hr after injecting PMS but by 48 hr the concentration was more than 3 times that found in starting controls; after 48 hr the enzyme level decreased drastically and remained low through 120 hr. In oil-treated hypophysectomized rats hydroxylase activity decreased within 12 hr after PMS but in DES-treated animals the enzyme was already extremely low. In both, the enzyme level reached much higher levels than in intact animals and it did not decrease significantly through 72 hr after PMS. The results indicate that 17-hydroxylase activity is induced by PMS treatment but th...
Ventral brain-stem compression from a subarachnoid ependymal cyst.

A case of ventral brain-stem compression by a congenital subarachnoid ependymal cyst in an infant is presented. Marsupialization of the cyst provided effective decompression and clinical improvement. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the glial nature of the epithelium. The fact that these cysts may be congenital, as demonstrated here, supports the hypothesis that they arise from glia elements that have been displaced during development.
Isovolumic relaxation period in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Previous reports have demonstrated that patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a prolonged isovolumic relaxation period as a result of a delay in mitral valve opening, reflecting a reduced rate of fall of left ventricular pressure. This period as measured from the aortic closure sound (A2on phonocardiogram) to the opening of the mitral valve (on echocardiogram) was determined in 84 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and compared with findings in 31 normal volunteers. The duration of the isovolumic relaxation period in the 84 patients had a wide range from 0 to 160 ms (mean 71 ± 32) that was not significantly different from that in normal subjects (63 ± 11 ms). However, it was possible to identify a group of 15 patients with an extremely short isovolumic relaxation period, 2 standard deviations below the normal range. This shortening was due to a marked delay in aortic closure sound (A2) due to late left ventricular-aortic pressure crossover, as well as early opening of the mitral valve secondary to elevated left atrial pressure, which was confirmed by hemodynamic correlations and digitized echocardiographic data. In this subset of patients, A2 is a poor marker of the onset of rapid left ventricular pressure decline and, thus, the interval from A, to mitral valve opening is not a valid reflection of left ventricular relaxation. It is concluded that in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, both the timing and sequence of relaxation are abnormal, as is the rate of relaxation. Furthermore, the isovolumic relaxation period is multifactorially determined and depends not only on the rate of left ventricular pressure decline, but also on the magnitude of the pressure drop from A2to mitral valve opening. All of these determinants must be kept in mind when the isovolumic relaxation period is used as a measure of left ventricular relaxation.
Accelerating diffusive nonequilibrium processes in discrete spin systems.

New Monte Carlo methods are presented for efficient simulation of nonequilibrium processes in spin systems. The elementary moves are flips of connected sets of spins (clusters), subject to constraints. Use of a constraint on the cluster size gives rapid short-wavelength equilibration and accelerated diffusive long-wavelength kinetics; additional constraints can enforce local conservation laws
Symptomatic venous thromboembolism after femoral vein harvest.

Objective The femoral vein is increasingly utilized as a conduit in major arterial and venous reconstruction. However, perioperative complications, especially venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with femoral vein harvest (FVH), are not well described. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for the development of symptomatic VTE in patients who undergo FVH. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent FVH over a 5-year period at a single institution. Patient clinical characteristics, indications for surgery, postoperative venous duplex scans, and computerized tomography scans of the chest were gathered and reviewed from an electronic medical record query. Statistical analysis was performed to determine which factors correlate with development of perioperative complications after FVH. Results There were 57 patients (53% male; mean age, 62 years) who underwent 58 FVHs. Of the procedures, 53% were performed for arterial reconstruction and 47% for vascular reconstruction after cancer resection (85% portomesenteric reconstruction). Perioperative VTEs were diagnosed in 17 of 58 (29%) FVH procedures. Sixteen ipsilateral deep vein thromboses (DVTs) occurred distal to the FVH site and five (9%) occurred proximal to the FVH site. The incidence of VTE was significantly greater in patients with malignancy (52% vs 10%; P = .001), and 88% of all VTEs in this series were diagnosed in patients with cancer. All DVTs proximal to the FVH site and all DVTs in the contralateral extremity occurred in patients with malignancy. Pulmonary embolism occurred in two patients. No patients developed compartment syndrome or limb loss. Eight patients (14%) required FVH site wound debridement. Conclusions VTE after FVH occurs more frequently in patients with malignancy. Aggressive and prolonged thromboprophylaxis and routine venous ultrasound surveillance are warranted after FVH in patients with malignancy.
Dimerization of mercaptalbumin in presence of mercurials. III. Bovine mercaptalbumin in water and in concentrated urea solutions

Abstract 1. 1. The dimerization of bovine mercaptalbumin has been studied in the presence of mercuric salts and of a bifunctional organic mercurial, as a function of pH, temperature, protein concentration, and concentrations of various added ions. Velocity and equilibrium constants have been obtained over a wide range of conditions. The process of dimerization is found to be accurately describable as a second-order process in any given solvent, but the velocity constant varies enormously with the nature of the solvent. 2. 2. Bovine and human mercaptalbumin behave very similarly in general, but the tendency to dimerization is greater in the bovine protein. 3. 3. When bovine mercaptalbumin is dissolved in concentrated urea solutions, light-scattering studies indicate that the albumin molecule is considerably swollen by selective binding of the urea from the mixed solvent. The data are in good agreement with the earlier work of Katz and Doty. No evidence of protein aggregation in urea, apart from the mercury dimerization reaction, was found in our studies. 4. 4. The mercury dimerization reaction takes place readily in ureawater mixtures, the velocity constant being four times as great in 8 M urea as in water at 25 °. The energy of activation is only 12 kcal./mole in 8 M urea, as compared with 18 kcal./mole in water. The amount of dimer formation at equilibrium in 8 M urea is very slightly greater than in water. 5. 5. The effect of pH on dimerization in 8 M urea is qualitatively similar to its effect in water. The velocity constant is a maximum at the isoelectric point in urea solutions, but the corresponding maximum in aqueous solutions is approximately 0.5 pH unit acid to the isoelectric point. Possible interpretations of the data are discussed. 6. 6. The changes produced in bovine mercaptalbumin, by exposure to 8 M urea for 18 hr., are reversible on dilution of the solution to a urea concentration of 1 M , as judged by measurements of light scattering and dimerization.
Interaction of TRH and CCK in the satiation of alcohol intake.

Abstract Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) are endogenous neuropeptides known to inhibit intake of alcohol. Although both peptides are released by alcohol consumption and are hypothesized to satiate alcohol intake, their interaction has not been examined. We deprived ad-lib-fed male (n=6) and female (n=4) Wistar rats of water for 23 h and then gave them 30 min access to 5% w/v ethanol, followed by 30 min access to water. After adaptation to this schedule, rats were randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneal injections of either saline+saline, CCK (4 μg/kg)+saline, saline+TRH (10 mg/kg) or CCK+TRH immediately before alcohol access. Analyses of variance revealed a significant (P
PhIP carcinogenicity in breast cancer: computational and experimental evidence for competitive interactions with human estrogen receptor.

Many carcinogens have been shown to cause tissue specific tumors in animal models. The mechanism for this specificity has not been fully elucidated and is usually attributed to differences in organ metabolism. For heterocyclic amines, potent carcinogens that are formed in well-done meat, the ability to either bind to the estrogen receptor and activate or inhibit an estrogenic response will have a major impact on carcinogenicity. Here, we describe our work with the human estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), the mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines PhIP, MeIQx, and IFP, and the hydroxylated metabolite of PhIP, N2-hydroxy-PhIP. We demonstrate both by computational docking and NMR analysis that PhIP binds with the ligand binding domain (LBD). This binding competes with estradiol (E2) in the native E2 binding cavity of the receptor. In vitro assays show that PhIP, in contrast to the other heterocyclic amines, increases cell proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and activates the ERα receptor. We als...
Adverse reactions to penicillin and related drugs.

Abstract Penicillin, itself, is a simple chemical which only becomes antigenic when it rearranges chemically, in vivo or in vitro , to form the highly reactive intermediary compound called penicillenic acid. The penicillin molecule has a low molecular weight of 374 and is not antigenic. Penicillenic acid couples with proteins in the blood to produce penicilloyl-protein conjugates and other penicillin-derived protein conjugates. These are the antigens responsible for the clinical types of allergic reactions seen following therapy with penicillin. There are many drugs chemically similar to the basic structure of penicillin, and some of these drugs produce reactions that are clinically identical to the penicillin reactions. Most of these drugs share structural similarities to the penicillin molecule, including the presence of a beta lactam ring (Fig. 1). The side chains are different. Ampicillin, one of the drugs which is very similar, differs from penicillin only in the presence of a single added amino group, yet behaves differently in its antimicrobial spectrum as well as in the overall incidence of rashes, estimated at 5–10% for ampicillin, higher than the 1–3% estimate for penicillin. 1,2 Cross-reactivity among the penicillin aminoglycosides also occurs regularly. The exact incidence is impossible to know for certain but probably ranges from 5 to 15%. Other structurally related antibiotics besides ampicillin are oxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, penicillamine, and the cephalosporin drugs. Only the penicillin structure has been studied in great enough detail to permit identification of the major chemical hapten in the clinical penicillin allergies. This has been identified as the penicilloyl haptenic grouping (Fig. 2). Gamma globulins and albumin are two proteins which couple to penicillenic acid, the reactive penicillin intermediate that binds covalently to proteins. The penicilloyl hapten coupled to protein is called the major antigenic determinant of penicillin allergy because 95% of the drug that undergoes rearrangement and protein coupling goes by this pathway to form the penicilloyl structure. The remainder of the penicillin that becomes antigenic or the 5% pathway is called the minor determinant because it is a minor percentage. This has assumed relevance in terms of skin testing for predicting various types of clinical reactions. Penicillin itself is one of the important ingredients of the minor skin test mixture.
Airflow and Cooling in a Data Center

This paper deals with the distribution of airflow and the resulting cooling in a data center. First, the cooling challenge is described and the concept of a raised-floor data center is introduced. In this arrangement, cooling air is supplied through perforated tiles. The flow rates of the cooling air must meet the cooling requirements of the computer servers placed next to the tiles. These airflow rates are governed primarily by the pressure distribution under the raised floor. Thus, the key to modifying the flow rates is to influence the fiow field in the under-floor plenum. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to provide insight into various factors affecting the airflow distribution and the corresponding cooling. A number of ways of controlling the airflow distribution are explored. Then attention is turned to the above-floor space, where the focus is on preventing the hot air from entering the inlets of computer serves. Different strategies for doing this are considered. The paper includes a number of comparisons of measurements with the results of CFD simulations.
Mechanistic Studies of Hangman Salophen-Mediated Activation of O-O Bonds

Stopped-flow kinetic studies of a HSX−Mn−SalophOMe (1) catalyst provide spectroscopic evidence for the direct generation of a manganese(V) oxo salophen from a manganese(III) perbenzoate. The O−O bond heterolysis reaction that produces the oxo is not facilitated by intramolecular proton transfer from the acid hanging group of the HSX platform. Instead, the hanging group stabilizes the catalyst against oxidative degradation and, consistent with recent predictions of theory, is geometrically matched to promote the end-on coordination of a H2O2 substrate prior to its oxidation at the manganese(V) oxo center.
Hot-wire accuracy in supersonic turbulence from comparisons with laser-induced fluorescence

A hot-wire anemometer and a new, nonintrusive, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique are used to survey a turbulent boundary layer in a supersonic channel flow at Mach no. 2.06. The purpose is to test the accuracy of using the hot wire to measure the fluctuation amplitudes of static temperature and density in a compressible turbulent flow by comparing the results with independent and direct LIF measurements. Several methods of hot-wire calibration and analysis are applied. With each method, the hot-wire response can be related primarily to fluctuations of mass flux and total temperature, from which fluctuations of static temperature and density are calculated. However, these calculations are shown to be valid only if the fluctuations in static pressure are negligible. The acquisition and the analysis of the hot-wire data are often simplified further by neglecting the effects of fluctuations in total temperature. Comparisons of the fluctuation amplitudes of temperature and density obtained by hot-wire and LIF measurements demonstrate that such assumptions might not always be warranted, even in apparently simple flows.
Measures of life stress and social support specific to an Asian student population

We designed two new measures—the Index of Life Stress (ILS) and the Index of Social Support (ISS)—to assist in the prediction of cultural adjustment for an Asian international student population. In the present study, these two measures were administered to 101 Asian international students. Stability estimates over 1 month were high: .97 for the ILS and .81 for the ISS. Construct validity, assessed via factor analyses, and concurrent validity, assessed via regression analyses to criteria of depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation were satisfactory. Incremental validity for these two measures relative to extant measures of life stress and social support were computed. Results from these analyses indicated that these two measures added incrementally to the prediction of adjustment beyond that offered by existing measures.
Stroke risk among Chinese immigrants in New York City.

Background: Little is known of risk factors for stroke among Chinese immigrants to the United States. We have conducted a case–control study to identify risk factors for stroke among foreign-born Chinese in New York City. Methods: From September 2000 to June 2003, 187 sequential stroke cases (44 hemorrhagic) and 204 controls matched on age, gender, and years since immigration were recruited from New York Downtown Hospital, which was located next to New York City Chinatown. Risk factor status was assessed by questionnaire interview and medical chart review, which included clinical factors, sociodemographic characteristics, personal and family histories, and behavior and lifestyle factors, as well as behavioral changes after immigration to the United States. Results: For cases and controls, mean ages were 74.8 and 74.7 years, 47.3% of cases and 47.5% of controls were male, and mean years since immigration to the United States were 26.7 and 26.8, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics and behavioral pattern including cigarette smoking, exercise, and usage of special diet or dietary supplements were similar between cases and controls. However, stroke patients were more likely to have hypertension (76% vs. 59%, p≤0.001), increased blood pressure (165/84 mmHg vs. 140/74 mmHg, p≤0.001) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (10.1% vs. 4.3%, p≤0.05), and less likely to consume poultry (odds ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59–1.00); fish (0.70, 95% CI 0.42–0.96), fruit and vegetable juice (0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.95), and grains (0.79, 95% CI 0.62–0.96) than were controls. Conclusion: Among Chinese immigrants in New York City, as in general population, poor controlled hypertension was related to the risk of stroke. Therefore, Chinese immigrants presenting with hypertension and/or a family history of hypertension should be detected and followed up regularly to monitor the blood pressure level. In addition, difference in food intake between stroke and control patients may present an opportunity for behavior intervention to prevent stroke.
Whole kidney volume/pressure relationships.

We measured changes in kidney volume and intrarenal pressure produced by step-wise, steady state increases and decreases in ureteral pressure (UP). The purpose of such maneuvers, termed exercises, was to examine the relationship between changes in kidney volume and the changes in intrarenal pressure responsible for those in kidney volume. Changes in kidney volume were assessed from directly measured changes in kidney weight. Changes in the intrarenal pressure distending the renal capsule (renal subcapsular pressure [RSCP]) were measured by a strain guage diaphragm-type microtransducer placed between cortex and capsule. We measured these whole kidney volume/pressure events before and after saline loading and examined their relationship to changes in renal function following saline loading. We found that after four "exercises", the kidney became more complaint, i.e., occupied a larger volume at any given UP or RSCP, and that the compliance of the kidney was further increased following saline loading. However, about one hour after saline loading, RSCP returned to or below pre-saline loading levels and renal volume returned to pre-saline loading levels; nevertheless, the natriuresis persisted. Thus, an increase in renal volume is not necessary to sustain increased sodium and water excretion in post-saline loading. Finally, we found evidence that the renal capsule provides the major force opposing expansion of outer cortex when intrarenal pressure is increased.
Cytotoxic cellular cholesterol is selectively removed by apoA-I via ABCA1

Excess intracellular free cholesterol (FC) is cytotoxic. This study examines prevention of FC-induced cytotoxicity in J774 macrophage foam cells by incubation with apolipoprotein AI (apoA-I). J774 were cholesterol enriched using acetylated low-density lipoprotein and FC/phospholipid (PL) dispersions. Treatment with an acyl coenzyme-A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, in the absence of extracellular acceptors, produced hydrolysis of stored esterified cholesterol (EC) and FC-induced cytotoxicity. Incubation of cells with ACAT inhibitor plus apoA-I resulted in FC efflux (0.39 +/- 0.02%/h) along with a reduction in cytotoxicity (26.30 +/- 5.80%), measured by adenine release. Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) caused greater FC efflux (0.53 +/- 0.02%/h, P = 0.001), but a modest reduction in cytotoxicity (8.40 +/- 2.70%, P = 0.008). Co-incubation of ACAT inhibitor plus the cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A or the antioxidant Probucol reduced efflux to apoA-I, but not to SUV. Pre-treatment of J774 foam cells with CTP-cAMP upregulates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and further upregulates ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1). Using mouse serum as a cholesterol acceptor, CTP-cAMP caused greater protection against FC-induced cytotoxicity compared to cells without pre-treatment, suggesting a role of ABCA1 in removal of cytotoxic FC. We conclude that a cytotoxic pool of FC is located in the plasma membrane, is readily available for efflux to apoA-I, and removal of cytotoxic cholesterol may involve ABCA1.
Management and organization of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging.

Introduction The decision to install a positron emission tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) system within a health care organization requires an understanding of the mission and vision for using the PET/MRI system. A critical question to consider is if the PET/MRI system will be used for research, routine clinical imaging, or both purposes. If the primary purpose of PET/MRI system is research, then an appropriate funding infrastructure needs to be in place to operate and maintain it. For clinical applications, it is essential that adult and pediatric referring clinicians, including those from medical oncology, radiation oncology, neurology, and cardiology departments, be engaged in discussions about the potential use. Regardless of the purpose, it is important to recognize that, from a financial perspective, a facility should not expect ideal annual growth and increasing net revenue until PET/MRI system development and deployment is more mature. Continued adoption of the PET/MRI modality may take several years and additional peer-reviewed evidence in its support before it is clinically accepted in the United States. The physical location of the system within the radiology department must simultaneously satisfy the requirements of patient workflow, radiation safety, radioactive materials security, and MRI safety. The Philips Ingenuity TF PET/MR system was installed in the University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center in Cleveland, OH, in December 2011. The installation was the first Food and Drug Administration–approved sequential system designed for use in a clinical environment
Differences in papaverine inhibition of prostaglandin-induced contraction of aortic strips from normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Abstract Papaverine was studied for its ability to inhibit prostaglandin (PG) E2, F2α, A1, as well as norepinephrine (NE)-and KCl-induced contractions of aortic strips from normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). There was a 2.8, 5.1, and 6.2 fold increase in the concentration of papaverine required 50% inhibition of PGA1, PGF2α and PGE2 contractions of aortic strips from SHR compared to normal tissues. There was no significant difference in the inhibiton of NE- or KCl-induced contractions of aortae from SHR compared to controls. The relative resistance of aortae from SHR to the inhibitory effect of papaverine on pG-induced contractions may be explained in terms of the higher phosphodiesterase activity in aortae from SHR and/or possible differences in PG-induced Ca2+ translocation compared to normal tissue.
Conversion of UDP-d-glucuronic acid to UDP-d-apiose and UDP-d-xylose by an enzyme isolated from Lemna minor

Abstract An enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of UDP- d -apiose from UDP- d -glucuronic acid was extensively purified from extracts of Lemna minor by a procedure involving adsorption to calcium phosphate, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was purified more than 1000-fold and yields of 20% were consistantly obtained by this procedure. The final preparation was nearly homogeneous as determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and sucrose-density centrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme measured by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and sucrose-density centrifugation was 110 000 ± 10 000. Some of the kinetic properties of the enzyme were examined. Dithiothreitol or cysteine and NAD were required for maximal activity, UDP, NH 4 + and NADH inhibited the reaction. The enzyme forms UDP- d -xylose as well as UDP- d -apiose. The K m of the enzyme for UDP- d -glucuronic acid was 2 μM. The mechanism of the reaction was examined with specifically labeled substrates. The results of experiments with UDP- d -[3- 14 C, 3- 3H ]glucuronic acid and UDP- d -[3- 14 C, 4- 3 H]glucuronic acid showed that essentially all of the 3 H from C-4 of UDP- d -glucuronic acid was transferred to the free hydroxymethyl group of d -apiose, whereas only about 40% of the 3 H from C-3 of UDP- d -glucuronic acid was retained in the hydroxymethyl group of d -apiose. These studies further showed that C-3 of UDP- d -glucuronic acid was converted to C-4′ of d -apiose. The results indicate that a hydride transfer and isomerization reaction may be involved in the conversion of UDP- d -glucuronic acid to UDP- d -apiose.
Prestack depth migration of dense wide-angle seismic data

Abstract Prestack depth migration of wide-angle seismic data represents an extension of traditional imaging with near-vertical incidence data because it includes a larger component of the recorded wave field. To date, however, studies that have employed wide-angle migration have suffered because only widely spaced data were available and because only very simple synthetic tests were performed. Although wide-angle migration has the potential to increase our ability to image deep-crustal structures, particularly when closely spaced data are collected, a thorough study of this technique has been lacking. To address this, we present a case study of prestack depth migration of relatively dense synthetic wide-angle marine data. The objectives are to identify potential benefits and limitations of this approach and answer such fundamental questions as how close the receiver spacing must be for a typical survey to image effectively with wide-angle data. This will facilitate the design of better seismic experiments. Our study employs Kirchhoff prestack depth migration of variably spaced full wave-field synthetic wide-angle ocean-bottom hydrophone (OBH) data generated using a realistic velocity model based on the passive eastern margin of the United States. We show how an increase in OBH density improves the migration by increasing the lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. We also investigate the contribution of various offset ranges to the migrated image and show how the wider-angle components contribute primarily to the deepest parts of the image with relatively low spatial frequency compared to the near-vertical incidence components. To investigate how errors in the velocity model affect imaging as a function of offset range we migrate the data using a velocity model derived from refraction and reflection traveltime inversion. This example demonstrates the need to obtain an increasingly accurate model as increasingly wider-angle data are migrated. To effectively image structures in our 200 × 40 km synthetic velocity model, an OBH spacing of approximately 2 km is required.
Cracking the code of human T-cell immunity.

Combinatorial tetramer staining coupled with mass cytometry allows simultaneous detection of T cells specific for a wide array of peptide epitopes.
Symptomatic palatal tremor of cortical origin due to stroke

Palatal tremor (PT) is usually considered a movement disorder that presents with recurring rhythmic contractions of the soft palate. The inferior olive shows a characteristic pseudohypertrophy secondary to brainstem lesions in the triangle of Mollaret and Guillain that interrupt dentato-olivary and tegmental pathways. We report a 35-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled hypertension who presented to the emergency department with PT after a left middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. The diagnostic work-up consisted of brain MRI, which revealed restricted diffusion over the left frontoparietal lobes without involvement of the brainstem. During hospitalization, the patient reported two brief episodes of soft palate and base-of-the-tongue high-frequency, low-amplitude and rhythmic tremor that resolved after intravenous administration of lorazepam. A 2-hour video electroencephalogram showed no abnormalities. After initiation of levetiracetam therapy, no further spells were reported by the patient. At the 2-month follow-up, the patient had had no episodes of stereotypical PT or upper limb tremors since discharge. This report provides further evidence of the central role of the cortex in the generation of PT. The cortical origin of symptomatic palatal tremor (SPT) should be considered in patients presenting after an acute ischemic insult, particularly if there is no evidence of a brainstem lesion. Potential causes of SPT of cortical origin include focal epilepsy and diaschisis.
Thermal acclimation and oxygen consumption rates in neotenic grey-belly salamanders, Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster (plethodontidae), from an arkansas cave

1. 1.|O2 consumption rates (VO2) in cave-dwelling neotenic grey-belly salamanders (Eurycea multiplica griseogaster) were measured at acclimation temperatures of 5, 10, 15 and 20°C, and acutely at ± 5°C, and compared with data reported for adults. 2. 2.|Inverse compensation (Precht Type V) was suggested at 5°C and partial acclimation (Precht Type III) between 15 and 20°C. 3. 3.|Neotenes showed no short-term compensation or metabolic insensitivity to acute ± 5°C changes. 4. 4.|Compared to epigean adults, neotenes had higher VO2 at all experimental temperatures. 5. 5.|Neotenes acclimated at 15°C and below were more sensitive to acute temperature changes within the 5–15°C range than adults. Those acclimated at 20°C were also more sensitive than adults to acute temperature changes above 15°C. 6. 6.|An opposite pattern of acute sensitivity occurred for 15°C-acclimated neotenes and adults in the 10–20°C and 15–25°C ranges.
McCandless's Response to “Soul Healing: A Model of Feminist Therapy”

The term soul healing captures the reader's imagination by intimating that therapy may do more than just focus on the healing of emotional pain. The author of “Soul Healing: A Model of Feminist Therapy,” Patricia M. Berliner, a psychologist, therapist, and sister of St. Joseph (Brentwood, New York) is to be applauded for recognizing the need for a model of therapy that consciously intends to address the concerns of women “who value the spiritual dimension in their lives” (p. 2).