cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A post-decoding re-ranking algorithm for predicting interacting residues in proteins with hidden Markov models incorporating long-distance information

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Proteinprotein interactions play a central role in the biological processes of cells. Accurate prediction of the interacting residues in proteinprotein interactions enhances understanding of the interaction mechanisms and enables in silico mutagenesis, which can help facilitate drug design and deepen our understanding of the inner workings of cells. Correlations have been found among interacting residues as a result of selection pressure to retain the interaction during evolution. In previous work, incorporation of such correlations in the interaction profile hidden Markov models with a special decoding algorithm (ETB-Viterbi) has led to improvement in prediction accuracy. In this work, we first demonstrated the sub-optimality of the ETB-Viterbi algorithm, and then reformulated the optimality of decoding paths to include correlations between interacting residues. To identify optimal decoding paths, we propose a post-decoding re-ranking algorithm based on a genetic algorithm with simulated annealing and show that the new method gains an increase of near 14% in prediction accuracy over the ETB-Viterbi algorithm.
Cancer Screening and Early Detection

Overview Cancer screening is an intervention to find cancer at an early stage. The primary goal of screening is to reduce the mortality from the disease being screened for. Secondary is to successfully treat the disease with the least morbidity. In order for screening to be effective, the disease must have a phase in its natural history in which the disease is localized and therapeutic interventions can successfully stop disease progression. The natural history of some cancers is such that screening is not effective. One can best assess a disease as screenable and a screening intervention as useful through a prospective randomized in which people at risk for the cancer are enrolled and randomized to the screening intervention, which is administered on a regular basis or not to get the screening intervention. People who are diagnosed with the disease on both arms should have access to adequate treatment. Over time, the death rate from those who were to be screened is compared to those who were not to be screened. Of note, assessment should be by intention to screen. A successful screening test reduces the death rate. Assessment through a prospective randomized trial is important as some screening tests have been associated with an increase in overall and 5-year survival rate without a decrease in mortality or risk of death. Indeed, the benefit and risk of a screening test is important in determining whether a screening test should be recommended or used. Keywords: screening; early detection; reducing mortality; cancer control; cancer prevention
Usability tests of ideation flexibility tools with engineering design practitioners

AbstractIn an engineering context, ideation flexibility is defined as an engineer’s ability to move between his or her preferred and non-preferred ways of generating ideas as required by the current task. In this study, the usability of three specific tools for enhancing the ideation flexibility of engineers—the Problem Framing Guide, Design Heuristics and Cognitive Style-Based Teaming—was investigated with design practitioners in a real-world setting. The performance and perceptions of 16 professionals were analysed as they explored design problems and solutions using these tools in a 3-h workshop. Study outcomes show that all three tools have value in design ideation, with room for improvement in terms of structured instructions for their use. Additionally, results suggest that cognitive style does not influence an individual’s performance with or perceptions of these tools, which supports their value and validity for a general practitioner audience.
Emissions implications of downscaled electricity generation scenarios for the western United States

Abstract This study explores how emissions from electricity generation in the Western Interconnection region of the U.S. might respond in circa 2030 to contrasting scenarios for fuel prices and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions fees. We examine spatial and temporal variations in generation mix across the region and year using the PLEXOS unit commitment and dispatch model with a production cost model database adapted from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council. Emissions estimates are computed by combining the dispatch model results with unit-specific, emissions-load relationships. Wind energy displaces natural gas and coal in scenarios with relatively expensive natural gas or with GHG fees. Correspondingly, annual emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO2 are reduced by 20–40% in these cases. NOx emissions, which are a concern as a precursor of ground-level ozone, are relatively high and consistent across scenarios during summer, when peak electricity loads occur and wind resources in the region are comparatively weak. Accounting for the difference in start-up versus stabilized NOx emissions rates for natural gas plants had little impact on region-wide emissions estimates due to the dominant contribution from coal-fired plants, but would be more important in the vicinity of the natural gas units.
Assessing the efficacy of corn-based bait containing antimycin-a to control common carp populations using laboratory and pond experiments

Strategic use of oral toxicants could allow for practical and sustainable control schemes for the invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio, or ‘carp’) if a toxicant selectively targeted carp and not native species. In this study, we incorporated antimycin-a (ANT-A), a known fish toxicant, into a corn-based bait and conducted a series of experiments to determine its toxicity, leaching rate, and species-specificity. Our results showed that ANT-A was lethal to carp at doses ≥ 4 mg/kg and that the amount of ANT-A that leached out of the bait in 72 h was not lethal to carp or bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Species-specificity trials were conducted in 227 L tanks, in which carp were stocked with three native species representing families that occur sympatrically with carp in our study region: the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and bluegill. These trials showed high mortality of carp (46%) and fathead minnows (76%) but no significant mortality of perch or bluegill. Finally, a pond study, which used the same species composition except for fathead minnows, resulted in 37% morality among adult carp and no mortality among perch or bluegill. Our results suggest that corn-based bait that contains ANT-A could be used to selectively control carp in ecosystems dominated by percids or centrarchids, such as lakes across the Great Plains ecoregion of North America, where carp are especially problematic.
Time in Law's Domain

Law bends the past of a community's common life towards its future. Precedent is one of law's favored tools for doing the bending, and legal systems that assign precedent a starring role seem especially mindful of time. Yet, mindfulness of time goes far deeper into law's DNA. It is not limited to the doctrine of precedent or unique to common‐law jurisdictions. Recognizing that time is an elemental dimension of human experience and basic ordering principle of practical agency, law utilizes and orders time. Temporality is essential to law's distinctive mode of governance and guidance.
Chemical Bonds and Crystal Structure

The energy levels and wave functions for an electron in a hydrogen atom are found from the solution of the time-independent Schrodinger equation: $$ \left[ { - \frac{{{\hbar ^2}{\nabla ^2}}} {{2{m_e}}} + U(r)} \right]\psi = E\psi$$ (1-1-1) where ħ is the reduced Planck constant, Ψ is the wave function, m e is the electron mass, U is the potential energy, $$ U = - {q^2}/4\pi {\varepsilon _0}r$$ (1-1-2) r is the distance from the nucleus, q is the electronic charge, and e 0 is the permittivity of vacuum.
Molecular Aspects of Membrane Structure in Cerebral Edema

Cerebral edema, regardless of the inciting cause, and irrespective of the cellular sites e.g., tight junctions of vascular structures, glial processes, etc., ultimately represents a pertubation of membrane biomolecules that maintain water and solute compartments. Furthermore, it is likely that in the highly organized tissues of the central nervous system more than one membrane system is involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral edema and the neural dysfunctions that may accompany this process.
Considerations for Preclinical Safety Assessment of Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy Products.

Progress in understanding the molecular bases of human health and disease in recent decades has flourished making it possible for the field of gene therapy (GT) to offer new possibilities for treat...
Detection of Infant Motor Activity During Spontaneous Kicking Movements for Term and Preterm Infants Using Inertial Sensors

Spontaneous kicking in infants is one of the earliest displays of motor skills. Abnormalities observed in these displays are an important indicator of later abnormal neuromotor function. However, these abnormalities are not well defined and difficult to detect outside of direct clinical observation. To allow for extended, non-clinical observation of spontaneous kicking, IMU sensors are attached to the limb segments of the infant’s legs. An activity detection algorithm is then used to quantify kicking activity derived from collected measurement data. This paper presents our method in detail and discusses results from kicking data acquired from term and low-risk preterm infants.
Warum scheint der Mond manchmal auch am Tag

Im Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern Kinderfragen und -perspektiven im Sachunterricht didaktisch berucksichtigt und mit spezifischen (Be-)Wertungen verbunden werden. Im Fokus stehen also nicht fachwissenschaftliche Antworten auf die im Titel des Beitrages fomulierte Frage oder Moglichkeiten ihrer didaktisch-methodischen ‚Bearbeitung‘, sondern kritische Reflexionen hinsichtlich des Verhaltnisses von Fach- und Kind-Perspektiven, bevor Fragen der Anschaulichkeit relevant werden.
Oxidative stress and endoreduplication induced by blue light exposure to CHO cells

Abstract Blue light is commonly used for the treatment of Neonatal Jaundice and as a photodynamic therapy for cancer. In comparison to ultraviolet light, blue light has a lower toxicity due to the differences in photon energies. However, blue light can still be mutagenic to cells. The proposed mechanism suggests blue light exposure induces reactive oxygen species inducing oxidative stress. In this study, we examined how blue light exposure caused genotoxic effects utilizing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and UV135 cells when exposed to fluorescent blue light. Cytotoxic effects of blue light exposure were quantified through cellular oxidative stress analysis, cell survival assay, and in cell cycle arrest experiments. Genotoxicity was studied in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) only, and endoreduplication formation. Following blue light exposure, an increase of cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity was observed. Blue light treatment also produced an increased amount of SCE, and more importantly, induced endoreduplicated chromosomes. In conclusion, exposure to blue light resulted in significant genotoxicity of the treated cells.
Manna: An Accelerator for Memory-Augmented Neural Networks

Memory-augmented neural networks (MANNs)-- which augment a traditional Deep Neural Network (DNN) with an external, differentiable memory-- are emerging as a promising direction in machine learning. MANNs have been shown to achieve one-shot learning and complex cognitive capabilities that are well beyond those of classical DNNs. We analyze the computational characteristics of MANNs and observe that they present a unique challenge due to soft reads and writes to the differentiable memory, each of which requires access to all the memory locations. This results in poor performance of MANNs on modern CPUs, GPUs, and other accelerators. To address this, we present Manna, a specialized hardware inference accelerator for MANNs. Manna is a memory-centric design that focuses on maximizing performance in an extremely low FLOPS/Byte context. The key architectural features from which Manna derives efficiency are: (i) investing most of the die area and power in highly banked on-chip memories that provide ample bandwidth rather than large matrix-multiply units that would be underutilized due to the low reuse (ii) a hardware-assisted transpose mechanism for accommodating the diverse memory access patterns observed in MANNs, (iii) a specialized processing tile that is equipped to handle the nearly-equal mix of MAC and non-MAC computations present in MANNs, and (iv) methods to map MANNs to Manna that minimize data movement while fully exploiting the little reuse present. We evaluate Manna by developing a detailed architectural simulator with timing and power models calibrated by synthesis to the 15 nm Nangate Open Cell library. Across a suite of 10 benchmarks, Manna demonstrates average speedups of 39x with average energy improvements of 122x over an NVIDIA 1080-Ti Pascal GPU and average speedups of 24x with average energy improvements of 86x over a state-of-the-art NVIDIA 2080-Ti Turing GPU.
Time is on the Immune System's Side, Yes it is

From bacteria to mammals, nearly all organisms have adapted their physiology and behavior to a daily rhythm. These circadian (daily) rhythms influence virtually all aspects of physiological architecture (i.e., from gene expression to organismal behavior). Therefore, it is not surprising that several features of the immune response are regulated in a time-of-day dependent manner. The field of chrono-immunology has expanded tremendously over the past decade. In this abridged review, we present studies from the past five years that have revealed new parameters of the immune system that demonstrate daily variations in the control of pathogens and response to microbial components. These studies analyzed how the disruption of circadian rhythms impairs immune function, how microbial components alter the circadian clock, and how immune responses demonstrate daily variations in human subjects. Further elucidating the intricate connections between the circadian clock and the immune system will hopefully provide opportunities for chrono-immunotherapy in disease treatment and prevention.
Delivering Instruction via Interactive Television and Videotape: Student Achievement and Satisfaction

Distance education in the form of Interactive Television (ITV) and videotape currently is being discussed as a method to provide instruction to students enrolled in education courses. In this study, the effect of traditional, ITV, and videotape lectures on student achievement and attendance was investigated. Student satisfaction with the course and student evaluations of the instructor were also analyzed. Sixty-seven preservice special education students were randomly assigned to one of three instructional methods. One group received instruction with the instructor present, one group received instruction via ITV and the third group received instruction by means of a videotape lecture. Results indicated that (a) students achieved equally well on quizzes and tests regardless of the instructional method, (b) students who received instruction in the traditional setting were satisfied with the instruction they received, (c) students who received instruction via ITV were satisfied with the instruction they rece...
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A respiratory disorder?

Abstract Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a disorder epitomized by the story of the blind men and the elephant. Patients may see primary care internists or pediatricians due to fatigue, be referred to neurologists for “spells”, to cardiologists for evaluation of pre-syncope or chest pain, to gastroenterologists for nausea or dyspepsia, and even pulmonologists for dyspnea. Adoption of a more systematic approach to their evaluation and better characterization of patients has led to greater understanding of comorbidities, hypotheses prompting mechanistic investigations, and pharmacologic trials. Recent work has implicated disordered sympathetic nervous system activation in response to central (thoracic) hypovolemia. It is this pathway that leads one zero in on a putative focal point from which many of the clinical manifestations can be explained – specifically the carotid body. Despite heterogeneity in etiopathogenesis of a POTS phenotype, we propose that aberrant activation and response of the carotid body represents one potential common pathway in evolution. To understand this postulate, one must jettison isolationist or reductionist ideas of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor functions of the carotid body or sinus, respectively, and consider their interaction and interdependence both locally and centrally where some of its efferents merge. Doing so enables one to connect the dots and appreciate origins of diverse manifestations of POTS, including dyspnea for which the concept of neuro-mechanical uncoupling is wanting, thereby expanding our construct of this symptom. This perspective expounds our premise that POTS has a prominent respiratory component.
Development and psychometric testing of the FLW-MSC scale for measuring frontline worker multisectoral collaboration in rural India.

Objectives Multisectoral collaboration (MSC) is widely recognised as a critical aspect of policies, programmes and interventions addressing complex public health issues, yet it is undertheorised and difficult to measure. Limited understanding of the intermediate steps linking MSC formation to intended health outcomes leaves a substantial knowledge gap about the types of strategies that may be most effective in making such collaborations successful. This paper, which reports the quantitative strand of a broader mixed-methods study, takes a step toward filling in this ‘missing middle’ of MSC evaluation by developing and testing the FLW-MSC scale, an instrument to assess collaboration among the frontline workers of one of India’s largest and most widely known MSCs: the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme. Design This study involved development, field-testing and psychometric testing of an 18-item, Likert-type frontline worker collaboration scale, including internal consistency, construct validity and criterion validity. Setting Village-level primary healthcare in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Participants 281 anganwadi workers, 266 accredited social health activists and 124 auxiliary nurse midwives selected based on random sampling of anganwadi catchment areas from 346 gram panchayats (GPs), including 173 intervention GPs and 173 pair-matched control GPs from a parent evaluation study. Results Results support the scale’s internal consistency (ordinal α=0.92–0.95), construct validity (reasonable exploratory factor analysis model fit for five of the six dyadic relationships Tucker-Lewis Index=0.84–0.88; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation=0.09–0.11), and criterion validity (regression of collaboration score on an information-sharing indicator β=3.528; p=0.006). Conclusions The scale may be useful for ICDS managers to detect and address poor collaboration as the Indian government redoubles its efforts to strengthen and monitor MSC, or ‘convergence’, with important implications for the critical priority of child development. Further, the FLW-MSC scale may be adapted for measuring frontline worker collaboration across sectors in many other scenarios and low/middle-income country contexts.
Two ways to form a portmanteau: Evidence from ellipsis

Bengali negation forms a portmanteau in two cases: with present tense existential copulas and with all perfects. However, ellipsis of the complement of negation treats these two portmanteaux differently. While the negative perfect can be separated by ellipsis into sentential negation and a silenced perfect, the negative present existential cannot be likewise split, even though ellipsis of copulas is generally permitted. This project proposes the existence of two different ways to form portmanteaux and shows that ellipsis deletion is derivationally timed differently with respect to each in order to capture the patterns of elliptical divisibility.
Service utilisation changes in the transition to permanent supportive housing: The role of the housing environment and case management.

This study examines whether routine, low-cost service use changes in the transition from homelessness to permanent supportive housing (PSH) and explores whether housing model, neighbourhood and level of case management engagement affect utilisation of routine services. Data come from a prospective longitudinal study of adults experiencing homelessness who entered PSH in Los Angeles between 2014 and 2016 and participated in four interviews: pre-housing (i.e., while experiencing homelessness), and 3, 6 and 12 months after move-in. Mixed effects logistic regression assessed the effects of demographics, case management, housing model and neighbourhood location on service utilisation at each time point across five domains: basic needs, financial, educational, mental health and physical health. Longitudinal unmet need for services and onsite service use contextualised findings. Service utilisation significantly decreased at each time point in the domains of basic needs, financial and mental health. Neighbourhood was significantly associated with basic needs and mental health service use, while housing model was associated with financial service utilisation. Case management was associated with all service use outcomes with all relationships demonstrating more case management visits was associated with greater odds of routine service utilisation. Unmet service needs were consistent over time. Onsite service utilisation was low across all residents. Results indicate that routine service use declines with length of tenancy while unmet need for services remain prevalent. Case management appears to be critical in facilitating routine service use, while the housing environment should be considered to ensure residents have accessible and proximal routine care.
'Incommensurate Ontologies'? Anti-Black Racism and the Question of Islam in French Algeria

In recent years, scholars and activists in France and the United States have questioned whether discrimination against Muslims constitutes a form of racism. In France, some on the left have claimed that religion is a category of belief and therefore should remain separate from discrimination based on skin color or other physical characteristics. In the United States, Afropessimist approaches insist on the specificity of anti-Black racism, rooted in the historical difference between the native and slave. This article, by contrast, argues that race and religion should be studied relationally and highlights how being Muslim exceeded the frame of personal conviction in colonial Algeria, where religious identity was the basis of a political and economic project that were constructed in their wake. The works of Frantz Fanon are particularly instructive in this regard, as he insisted on viewing Blackness as fundamentally relational and also drew on his analysis of anti-Black racism in mainland France to understand the dynamics of settler colonialism in Algeria. The porous line between religious and racial categories also sheds light on discussions of sectarianism in the Middle East more broadly, as colonial regimes irrevocably shaped the contours of the nation-state that were constructed in their wake. Postcolonial sectarianism inherited the intimate relationship between race and religion constructed by empire.
Effects of Supplements Differing in Fatty Acid Profile to Late Gestational Beef Cows on Steer Progeny Finishing Phase Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and mRNA Expression of Myogenic and Adipogenic Genes

The objective was to investigate the effects of feeding late gestational beef cows supplements differing in fatty acid profile on steer progeny finishing phase growth performance, carcass characteristics, and relative mRNA expression of myogenic and adipogenic genes. Seventy Angus-cross steers (initial body weight [BW] 273 ± 34 kg) born from dams supplemented with either 155 g DM/d EnerGII (CON, rich in palmitic and oleic acids) or 80 g DM/d Strata + 80 g DM/d Prequel (PUFA, rich in linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) for the last 77 ± 6 d prepartum were used. Longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose biopsies were collected to evaluate relative mRNA expression of genes related to myogenesis and adipogenesis. Steers were slaughtered at 423 ± 6 d of age. No treatment × time interaction or treatment effect (p ≥ 0.21) was detected for steer finishing phase BW, while steers from PUFA supplemented dams tended (p = 0.06) to have a greater gain to feed ratio (G:F). Neither carcass characteristics nor relative mRNA expression was different (p ≥ 0.11). In conclusion, late gestation PUFA supplementation tended to increase steer progeny finishing phase G:F, but had no effects on finishing phase BW, carcass characteristics, or relative mRNA expression during the finishing phase.
The Effects of Pay Equity Perceptions and Pay Transparency on Personal Pay Disclosure

Pay transparency and pay disclosure represent a top-down and a bottom-up perspective on pay information transfer, respectively. Yet, despite the importance of understanding the cross-level implicat...
Performance evaluation of parametric and nonparametric methods when assessing effect measure modification.

Effect measure modification is often evaluated using parametric models. These models, though efficient when correctly specified, make strong parametric assumptions. While nonparametric models avoid important functional form assumptions, they often requirelarger samples to achieve a given accuracy. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate performance tradeoffs between correctly specified parametric and nonparametric models to detect effect modification of a binary exposure by both binary and continuousmodifiers. We evaluated generalized linear models (GLM) and doubly robust (DR) estimators, with and without sample splitting. Continuous modifiers were modeled with cubic splines, fractional polynomials, and nonparametric DR-learner. For binary modifiers, GLM showed the greatest power to detect effect modification, ranging from 0.42 to 1.00 in the worst and best scenario, respectively. Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting had the lowest power, with an increase of 23% when using sample splitting. For continuous modifiers, the DR-learner was comparable to flexible parametric models in capturing quadratic and non-linear monotonic functions. However, for non-linear, non-monotonic functions, the DR-learner had lower integrated bias than splines and fractional polynomials, with values of 141.3, 251.7 and 209.0, respectively. Our findings suggest comparable performance between nonparametric and correctly specified parametric models in evaluating effect modification.
DENSITY CURRENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

The velocity of propagation of a variety of gravity motivated density currents is given. Several stratification configurations of the ambient fluid environment are considered. Applications are given to surface warm discharge in lakes or reservoirs, the spreading of a slug of sewage sludge at the thermocline level of the sea or lake, and the spreading of oil slick on water surface. Extension of the result to axisymmetric spreading is also given.
Disjointed Innovation: The Political Economy of Digitally Mediated Institutional Reform

Current attention to social media and governance has focused on the enactment of networked communication and information use by and for governance with particular attention to the role of civil society. This paper argues that such a focus, while illuminating a possibly utopian perspective on political participation, often obscures even recent government reforms, existing institutional arrangements, and the myriad processes by which knowledge is translated to action in political settings. Drawing from and extending core perspectives within historical institutionalism, the paper examines three streams of theory and research: temporal models, coordination models, and the political effects of public policies where policies themselves may be conceptualized as institutions. Illustrations are drawn from American and European politics and used to ground as well as to probe models. The objective of the paper is a conceptualization that rebalances attention between agency and structure and that simultaneously considers the political past as well as the future.
Password Protected? Can a Password Save Your Cell Phone from the Search Incident to Arrest Doctrine?

Over the last few years, dozens of courts have authorized police to conduct warrantless searches of cell phones when arresting individuals. Under the so-called search incident to arrest doctrine, police are free to search text messages, call histories, photos, voicemails, and a host of other data if they arrest an individual and remove a cell phone from his pocket. Given that courts have offered little protection against cell phone searches, this article explores whether individuals can protect themselves by password protecting their phones. The article concludes, unfortunately, that password protecting a cell phone offers minimal legal protection. In conducting a search incident to arrest, police may attempt to hack or bypass a password. Because cell phones are often found in arrestees’ pockets, police may take the phones to the police station where computer savvy officers will have the time and technology to unlock the phone’s contents. And if police are themselves unable to decipher the password, they may request or even demand that an arrestee turn over his password without any significant risk of the evidence on the phone being suppressed under the Miranda doctrine or as a Fifth Amendment violation. In short, while password protecting a cell phone may make it more challenging for police to find evidence, the password itself offers very little legal protection. Accordingly, legislative or judicial action is needed to narrow the search incident to arrest doctrine with respect to cell phones.
The Brugada Numbers

To the Editor: In a Consensus Report on proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome, Wilde et al1 report an incidence “ranging between 5 and 66 per 10 000.” With a world population of 6 157 000 000,2 that would mean between 3 000 000 and 40 000 000 have the Brugada syndrome, similar in scope to the estimated 36 100 000 infected with HIV.2 This cannot be. More likely, the quoted …
Patterns of interaction-dominant dynamics in individual versus collaborative memory foraging

The extent to which a cognitive system's behavioral dynamics fit a power law distribution is considered indicative of the extent to which that system's behavior is driven by multiplicative, interdependent interactions between its components. Here, we investigate the dynamics of memory processes in individual and collaborating participants. Collaborative dyads showed the characteristic collaborative inhibition effect when compared to nominal groups in terms of the number of items retrieved in a categorical recall task, but they also generate qualitatively different patterns of search behavior. To categorize search behavior, we used multi-model inference to compare the degree to which five candidate models (normal, exponential, gamma, lognormal, and Pareto) described the temporal distribution of each individual and dyad's recall processes. All individual and dyad recall processes were best fit by interaction-dominant distributions (lognormal and Pareto), but a clear difference emerged in that individual behavior is more power law, and collaborative behavior was more lognormal. We discuss these results in terms of the cocktail model (Holden et al. in Psychol Rev 116(2):318-342, 2009), which suggests that as a task becomes more constrained (such as through the necessity of collaborating), behavior can shift from power law to lognormal. This shift may reflect a decrease in the dyad's ability to flexibly shift between perseverative and explorative search patterns. Finally, our results suggest that a fruitful avenue for future research would be to investigate the constraints modulating the shift from power law to lognormal behavior in collaborative memory search.
Weighted Generating Functions for Type II Lattices and Codes

We give a new structural development of harmonic polynomials on Hamming space, and harmonic weight enumerators of binary linear codes, that parallels one approach to harmonic polynomials on Euclidean space and weighted theta functions of Euclidean lattices. Namely, we use the finite-dimensional representation theory of \(\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{l}_{2}\) to derive a decomposition theorem for the spaces of discrete homogeneous polynomials in terms of the spaces of discrete harmonic polynomials, and prove a generalized MacWilliams identity for harmonic weight enumerators. We then present several applications of harmonic weight enumerators, corresponding to some uses of weighted theta functions: an equivalent characterization of t-designs, the Assmus–Mattson Theorem in the case of extremal Type II codes, and configuration results for extremal Type II codes of lengths 8, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72, and 96.
Optimal risk rate in a functional inverse problem

In this note, we will consider the problem of recovering an unknown input function when the output function is observed in its entirety, blurred with functional error. An estimator is constructed whose risk converges at an optimal rate. In this functional model, convergence rates of order 1/n (n is the sample size) are possible, provided that the error distribution is sufficiently concentrated so as to compensate for the ill-posedness of the inverse of the model operator.
A novel role for maternal stress and microbial transmission in early life programming and neurodevelopment

Perturbations in the prenatal and early life environment can contribute to the development of offspring stress dysregulation, a pervasive symptom in neuropsychiatric disease. Interestingly, the vertical transmission of maternal microbes to offspring and the subsequent bacterial colonization of the neonatal gut overlap with a critical period of brain development. Therefore, environmental factors such as maternal stress that are able to alter microbial populations and their transmission can thereby shape offspring neurodevelopment. As the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is primarily inoculated at parturition through the ingestion of maternal vaginal microflora, disruption in the vaginal ecosystem may have important implications for offspring neurodevelopment and disease risk. Here, we discuss alterations that occur in the vaginal microbiome following maternal insult and the subsequent effects on bacterial assembly of the neonate gut, the production of neuromodulatory metabolites, and the developmental course of stress regulation.
PROMPTED RECALL IN GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM SURVEY: PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY

Modeling procedures in transportation planning depend on the quality of data collected from personal travel surveys, which in turn depend on the data-collection technique. All conventional data-collection techniques rely on respondents to report the time, distance, and location attributes of a trip, among other things. Respondents rarely know addresses that they visit with sufficient detail to permit accurate geocoding. Also, it has been observed that short trips are underreported. Earlier studies proved the feasibility of using the Global Positioning System (GPS) as an alternative to acquire error-free, high-quality information on trip-making behavior. However, all GPS survey methodologies tested relied on the respondent to enter information into a personal data assistant (PDA) as the trip is being made and to intervene in other ways to record all data for each trip. This adds the expense of a PDA and its power supply and puts a burden on the respondent. A method that uses GPS technology with less complexity, involving less cost and minimal user intervention while making the trip, is tested and explained. Additional trip attributes that cannot be recorded by the GPS receiver were obtained after the survey period by prompted recall, in which the respondents were aided with maps displaying their travel paths. Analysis of the data showed that this method performed very well. However, a still-larger survey is needed to estimate the benefits.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOLANUM FRUIT GLYCOALKALOIDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FRUGIVORY AND SEED DISPERSAL

We tested two sets of hypotheses about the role of secondary metabolites (glycoalkaloids) in ripe Solanum (Solanaceae) fruit. The Directed Toxicity Hypothesis states that these compounds are most toxic to frugivores that do not disperse seeds (e.g., fungi), whereas its alternative, the General Toxicity Hypothesis, states that they are generally toxic to all frugivores. The Removal Rate Hypothesis states that highly rewarding fruits, which are removed rapidly by dispersers, require only low levels of glycoalkaloids for protection against insects and microbes. The alternative Nutrient–Toxin Titration hypothesis states that highly rewarding fruits may be able to maintain higher levels of glycoalkaloids because high nutrient content may offset the negative effects of glycoalkaloids on dispersers. Our previous work with vertebrate frugivores supported the General Toxicity and Removal Rate hypotheses. We used artificial fruit pulp media to measure how the mycelial growth rate of nine fungal species was affected by two glycoalkaloids, α-solasonine and α-solamargine, both common in ripe Solanum fruits. In one set of fungal growth trials, we mimicked two species of fruit, S. americanum with low levels of glycoalkaloid in ripe fruit and S. carolinense with high levels, to determine the relative effects of nutrient and toxin content. In another set of trials, we examined the relative and interactive effects of the two glycoalkaloids. Finally, we tested whether or not increases in nutrient content could offset the negative effects of glycoalkaloids on fungal growth. All fungi tested were inhibited by the glycoalkaloids, with lower levels of antifungal activity for agars corresponding to (low-toxin) S. americanum fruits than to (high-toxin) S. carolinense fruits. Because fungi varied in their degree of inhibition by glycoalkaloids, we found only limited support for the Directed Toxicity Hypothesis. The degree of inhibition for fungi was, on average, similar in magnitude to the negative effects upon vertebrate feeding rates, providing further support for the General Toxicity Hypothesis. Additionally, we found no evidence for differences in antifungal effects between the two glycoalkaloids and no evidence of synergism between them. Nutrient effects were generally small, with little evidence that nutrient variation could compensate for the antifungal activity produced by levels of glycoalkaloids found in ripe S. carolinense fruits. Fruits that are presumably more profitable (S. americanum) are preferred by vertebrate frugivores and contain much lower levels of glycoalkaloid. These results support the Removal Rate Hypothesis. We conclude that glycoalkaloids of Solanum fruits may act as effective antifungal defenses. However, because they are also toxic to seed-dispersing vertebrates, their effects upon fruit–disperser interactions are probably general and important.
Carl Schmitt and the clash of civilizations: the missing context

Scholarship on Carl Schmitt tends either to contextualize obsessively his Weimar-era work to convict or exonerate vis-a-vis fascism, or effectively decontextualize it in the service of buttressing contemporary political theoretical projects. While both approaches have produced interesting work, this paper argues that both have missed key elements. An important and hitherto largely unexamined context for Schmitt's enduring series of interwar writings was the widespread European concern over the threat posed to Western civilization by Bolshevism. This is shown by analysing Schmitt's texts from the period both internally, and comparatively with other influential contemporary writers, who also predicted a European–Bolshevik ‘clash of civilizations’ as the conceptual order of future politics.
Sources of polarized neutrons from 2 to 33 MeV using polarization transfer reactions at 0

Abstract In the recent polarization transfer measurements at 0° for the T( p → , n → ) 3 He , D( d → , n → ) 3 He , and T( d → , n → ) 4 He reactions, large neutron polarizations were measured. Because the reaction cross sections are also large at this angle, the figures of merit for these reactions as sources of polarized neutrons are appreciably larger than for reactions initiated by unpolarized beams. Thus polarization transfer reactions are new and important sources of polarized neutrons over most of the 2 to 33 MeV energy interval. Other significant advantages of these reactions are discussed.
Bite forces before and after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was 1) to compare morphologic parameters and voluntary bite forces between controls and a sample of patients with mandibular prognathism before surgical correction, and 2) to examine how these patients' bite forces adapt after treatment. Patients and Methods: Twenty-four prognathic patients were compared with 24 controls before and up to 3 years after mandibular setback surgery. Measures of skeletal morphology and maximum isometric bite force were made on all subjects over time. Statistical analysis compared the controls, the patients before surgery, and the patients after surgery. Results: Surgical shortening of the mandible averaged 4.1 mm, bringing most skeletal measures into the normal range. Before surgery, the jaw muscle mechanical advantages for patients were significantly smaller than for controls; surgery did not significantly change this relationship. Before surgery the patients had maximum isometric bite forces that were significantly less than those of controls. Bite forces steadily increased after surgery, approaching normal values within 2 to 3 years. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that correction of mandibular prognathism by mandibular setback surgery produces some significant functional benefits.
Discovery As A Process

The study of the discovery process in science is inhibited by the assumption that discovery is an event of short duration, not subject to internal scrutiny, and by the focus on empirical studies as being the most scientific. The argument is made that discoveries are often made by a pattern recognition process. The discovery process, however, also includes the elaboration of a perceived pattern so that it may be communicated and tested. The elaboration process includes development of a descriptive vocabulary, elucidation of mathematical relations and measures, development of instruments and techniques for measurement, and deduction of testable hypotheses. Thus discovery as a process can be very elaborate and prolonged and should be amenable to explicit study. Implications of this analysis for the practice of science and for science policy are also discussed.
Development Planning and Management of Petroleum Reservoirs Using Tank Models and Nonlinear Programming

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of applying generalized reduced gradient nonlinear programming methods to solve optimal control models for petroleum reservoir development planning and management. The objective of the models is to maximize present value of profits, and their decision variables are how many wells to drill in each time period, the production rates, abandonment time, and platform size. The analysis uses tank-type reservoir models to describe the reservoir dynamics, and models both a gas reservoir with water drive, and a three phase oil reservoir. Results of several case studies on each model are presented. Extensions that consider spatial variation in the reservoir and use grid reservoir models are being investigated.
For-profit post-secondary education and civic engagement

Theorists such as Gumport (2000) suggest thatdifferent conceptions of higher education mayhave important consequences for students andsociety. We explore this possibility byconsidering a specific research question: Dostudents who attend for-profit post-secondaryschools show lower levels of civic engagementthan students who attend non-profit communitycolleges, either at the beginning of theirstudy or two years later? Using longitudinal data from the U.S. NationalCenter for Education Statistics (NCES)National Post-secondary Student Aid Survey(NPSAS90) and Beginning Post-secondary Survey(BPS), we test the hypothesis that students whoattend for-profit, post-secondary vocationalschools will show lower levels of civicengagement on several measures than similarstudents in community colleges. Studentsattending the two types of schools are alike intheir levels of civic engagement at thebeginning of their post-secondary education,but different four years later. We considerwhether observed differences in civic behaviorare due to variations in who attends thedifferent types of schools or to identifiableexperiences students may have in theirprograms, such as interactions with faculty orother students. The effect of proprietary school attendance onseven out of the ten different types of civicengagement measured here appears to be direct,rather than being mediated by measurableeducational experiences. We reflect further onprocesses that might explain the differencesand consider the policy implications of thesefindings for educational decision-makers.
Radiological imaging features and clinicopathological correlation of hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor: experience in a single tertiary cancer center

To determine the imaging features of hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor (HFLT), which has a propensity towards local recurrence and the potential to transform into myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS). The study included 8 patients with a diagnosis of HFLT and imaging at a tertiary cancer center. Imaging studies included radiographs (n = 2), ultrasound (n = 3), and MRI (n = 16). Imaging features were evaluated including location, calcification, sonographic echogenicity, vascular flow, size, border, signal characteristics, contrast enhancement, and blooming on MRI. The HFLT was located in the ankle/foot in 4 out of 8 and was subcutaneous in 8 out of 8, ranging in size from 2 to 18 cm. Histology at initial diagnosis was HFLT in 5 out of 8 and HFLT with MIFS in 3 out of 8. None was calcified on radiography. On ultrasound 2 out of 3 were heterogeneously echogenic with ≥10 foci of vascular flow. Two out of 8 patients had MRI only at local recurrence. The tumor border was infiltrative in 4 out of 6 at initial diagnosis and in 2 patients with MRI at recurrence only. Fat and septae were present in 7 out of 8 at initial diagnosis and at recurrence. Signal intensity was iso-/hypointense to muscle on T1-weighted sequences in more than two thirds of the tumor in 4 out of 7 and hyperintense to muscle in at least one third of the tumor on fluid-sensitive sequences in 6 out of 8. Contrast enhancement was heterogeneous in 7 out of 7; blooming in two thirds of the tumor on gradient-echo sequence MRI indicated hemorrhage. The HFLT commonly presents as a mass with an infiltrative border, interspersed fat and septations at initial diagnosis and local recurrence on MRI regardless of histology of HFLT alone or with MIFS. Hemosiderin deposits may be detected as blooming on gradient-echo sequences.