cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) plasma acceleration

A research effort directed at analytically and experimentally investigating Electron-Cyclotron-Resonance (ECR) plasma acceleration is outlined. In addition, relevant past research is reviewed. Also, the prospects for application of ECR plasma acceleration to spacecraft propulsion are described. It is shown that previously unexplained losses in converting microwave power to directed kinetic power via ECR plasma acceleration can be understood in terms of diffusion of energized plasma to the physical walls of the accelerator. It is also argued that line radiation losses due to electron-ion and electron-atom inelastic collisions should be less than estimated in past research. Based on this new understanding, the expectation now exists that very efficient ECR plasma accelerators can be designed for application to high specific impulse spacecraft propulsion.
Calcium-Binding Ribonucleoprotein in Developing Chick Embryo Brain: Its Relationship to the Ontogenesis of Electrical Activity

A calcium-binding ribonucleoprotein, specific to brain, has been shown to increase in quantity with the increase in the age of chick embryo, attaining a plateau around day 12. The increase has a correlation with the onset and maturation of the electrical activity in the developing chick embryo brain.
Do differences in sleep architecture exist between depressives with comorbid simple phobia as compared with pure depressives

Sleep records from 19 subjects with major depression and comorbid simple phobia were compared retrospectively with 25 patients with major depression alone and 25 normal controls. Groups were matched for age and gender; depressed subjects were matched for severity of depression. All subjects had been free of psychotropic medications at least 2 weeks when recorded. Sleep variables were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Both depressed groups had significantly longer sleep latency than normal controls. Depressed patients with and without simple phobia showed no differences in sleep architecture.
Transforming growth factor-β and angiotensin in fibrosis and burn injuries

This review considers the roles of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), the signaling Smad proteins, and angiotensin II (AT II) in conditions leading to human fibrosis. The goal is to update the burn practitioner and researcher about this important pathway and to introduce AT II as a possible synergistic signal to TGF-beta in burn scarring. Literature searches of the MEDLINE database were performed for English manuscripts combinations of TGF-beta, Smad, angiotensin, fibrosis, burn, and scar. AT II and TGF-beta both activate the Smad protein system, which leads to the expression of genes related to fibrosis. In fibrotic conditions, such as tubulointerstitial nephritis, systemic sclerosis, and myocardial infarctions, AT II acts both independently and synergistically with TGF-beta. Both AT II and TGF-beta act through a messenger system, the Smad proteins that lead to excessive extracellular matrix formation. Treatment and research implications are reviewed. The interaction between AT II and TGF-beta leading to fibrosis is well described in some human diseases. This pathway may be of importance in human burn scarring as well.
Multiphoton vacuum ultraviolet laser dissociation of CH3Br — analysis of chemiluminescent products

Abstract An ArF laser (193 nm) is used to induce the multiphoton dissociation of CH 3 Br. Electronically excited CH fragments (A 2 Δ and B 2 Σ − ) are monitored to determine the excited state branching ratio. Possible photodissociation mechanisms are discussed.
Early exposure to lead and neuropsychological outcome in adolescence

One hundred and ninety-five participants in the Cincinnati Lead Study were neuropsychologically evaluated in mid-adolescence. The neuropsychological measures yielded five factors labeled Memory, Learning/IQ, Attention, Visuoconstruction, and Fine-Motor. Prenatal, Average Childhood, and 78 month blood lead (PbB) levels were used in a series of multiple regression analyses. Following rigorous covariate pretesting and adjustment, a significant main effect of 78 month PbB on the Fine-Motor factor was found (p <.004). Significant interactions were also found between gender and lead exposure parameters for both Attention and Visuoconstruction indicating heightened risk in males. Finally, a trend toward significance was found for the PbB x SES interaction for Learning/IQ, consistent with previous evidence of increased educational and cognitive vulnerability for youth from more disadvantaged backgrounds. These results provide new evidence from the longest continuing prospective study of the remote effects of early lead exposure. They indicate the presence of selective neuropsychological effects in this population, and also that males and females are not uniformly affected. These results also underscore the complexity of models of neurobehavioral development, and the modest predictive power of any single determinant.
Raman spectroscopic study of scandium in sodium silicate glasses

Abstract Glasses in the Na2OSiO2Sc2O3 system have been studied by Raman and difference Raman spectroscopy. Addition of Sc2O3 to sodium silicate glasses results in new vibrational bands at 1025 cm−1 and 360 cm−1. The high frequency band is interpreted to be due to Sc+3 quasi-complexes formed by Sc+3 ions coordinated by SiO4−4 tetrahedra having non-bridging oxygens. The discrete character of the scandium-produced bands implies incipient separation of Sc+3-enriched silicate structures from purely silicate structures.
Column deactivation for the analysis of picogram amounts of underivatized chlorophenols and chlorocresols by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Picogram amounts of underivatized chlorophenols and chlorocresols are analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using high resolution selected ion monitoring. Deactivation by pretreatment of columns with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid gives long-term improvement in sensitivity and reproducibility.
Energy provided by propofol infusion.

The intent of this letter is to raise awareness that propofol infusion may contribute to overfeeding in intensive care unit (ICU) patients who receive enteral or parenteral nutrition. Clinicians have struggled to develop an accurate equation to estimate the daily nutritional energy needs of ICU
High performance ZnO nanowire field effect transistors with organic gate nanodielectrics: effects of metal contacts and ozone treatment

High performance ZnO nanowire field effect transistors (NW-FETs) were fabricated using a nanoscopic self-assembled organic gate insulator and characterized in terms of conventional device performance metrics. To optimize device performance and understand the effects of interface properties, devices were fabricated with both Al and Au/Ti source/drain contacts, and device electrical properties were characterized following annealing and ozone treatment. Ozone-treated single ZnO NW-FETs with Al contacts exhibited an on-current (Ion) of ~4 µA at 0.9 Vgs and 1.0 Vds, a threshold voltage (Vth) of 0.2 V, a subthreshold slope (S) of ~130 mV/decade, an on–off current ratio (Ion:Ioff) of ~107, and a field effect mobility (μeff) of ~1175 cm2 V−1 s−1. In addition, ozone-treated ZnO NW-FETs consistently retained the enhanced device performance metrics after SiO2 passivation. A 2D device simulation was performed to explain the enhanced device performance in terms of changes in interfacial trap and fixed charge densities.
Genetics and Public Health in the 20th Century.

For several years now, there has been a major effort from these authors and others to identify and formally conceptualize the field that is called “public health genetics.” This field has been difficult to reconcile because of the notion that genetics involves only the individual and his or her immediate family, whereas public health is applicable to populations, not individuals. Typically, we do not use public health words like “intervention,” “prevention,” and “behavior modification” in genetics. Nor does genetics have a particularly high cost-benefit ratio like that typical of many public health programs. We now have a book that delineates the fledgling field of public health genetics and demonstrates how the field can readily engage individuals from both disciplines. The book, Genetics and Public Health in the 20th Century, authored by Muin J. Khoury, Wylie Burke, and Elizabeth J. Thomson, covers all aspects of public health, from definitions, birth defects, consent, and legal issues to hemochromatosis and newborn screening. The book has 31 chapters and makes an excellent reference handbook for those interested or actively involved in the process of incorporating genetics into the public health arena. The book reads well because the individual chapters are relatively short, and each manages to highlight particularly relevant issues on each topic.
Safety of high intravenous valproate loading doses in epilepsy patients

Parenteral antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are required in patients needing emergent treatment or unable to take oral medication. In the two United States trials of IV valproate, only low therapeutic serum levels were achieved. This study evaluated the safety of high loading doses to achieve therapeutic levels rapidly. Twenty-five epilepsy patients without active seizures received a single loading dose of IV valproate (Depacon) based on body weight and infused over 1 hour. Ages were 4–39 years (mean: 13.1 ± 8.6 years). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored throughout infusion; blood pressure was measured before and after. Serum valproate was measured 10 minutes postinfusion. The IV valproate dose range was 15–44 mg/kg (mean: 28.3 ± 7.4 mg/kg); infusion rates were 0.25–0.73 mg/ kg/minute (mean: 0.47 ± 0.1 mg/kg/minute). Postinfusion serum valproate concentrations were 71–277 μg/ml (mean: 135.3 ± 59.5 μg/ml). There were no significant changes in blood pressure, no redness or tenderness at the IV site, and no ECG abnormalities. One patient with serum valproate ⩾ 200 μg/ml had mild sedation (resolving in 24 hours). We concluded that serum valproate concentrations of ⩾ 100 μg/ml can be achieved rapidly and safely parenterally, a finding with important implications for the treatment of status epilepticus.
Detection of land-mines using ultra-wideband radar data and time–frequency signal analysis

The authors present a study of the backscattered signatures from various types of land-mines placed either on the Earth's surface or buried underground, and their time–frequency (t–ν) distributions. A BoomSAR designed by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) transmits ultra-wideband (UWB) signals to a test area to be inspected. The backscattered signals are used to form synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and also the corresponding time–frequency distributions. The t–ν plots are generated of the distributions of several mines and ‘confusers’ (i.e. undesirable debris that are similar to mines in terms of amplitude and shape). For both metal and plastic mines, SAR images are generated and the t–ν distributions are obtained using the backscattered signals generated by an electromagnetic (EM) numerical model and are compared against the measured data. Time–frequency characteristics of mines and confusers that may be useful for demining purposes are investigated. Although measurements and EM predictions show good agreement in most cases, the main purpose of the work is to obtain the characteristics of the t–ν distributions of the actual (dielectric and conducting) mines used, as well as those of the ‘confusers’ so that they can be distinguished from the true mines. This has been achieved in all cases shown, and many distinctive features of each have been identified. These could later be used for the development of automated algorithms for in-situ mine detection and could be combined with alternative approaches that have also shown promise for classification purposes, as planned for future research.
Individuation-Attachment and Suicide Trajectory: A Developmental Guide for the Clinician.

This article applies a two-axis model of human development to the problem of suicide trajectory. The two-axis approach represents a fundamental shift in the way Eriksonian stages are viewed. Typical interpretations of Erikson suggest healthy development is achieved by resolving each stage crisis horizontally in favor of the syntonic as opposed to the dystonic ego quality. A two-axis view proposes that an organism begins each stage at the negative or dystonic position in reaction to the stage-initiating life event and must move ahead vertically to achieve the positive syntonic quality and the attaining of a stage-specific syntonic equilibrium.We are suggesting that successful development involves not the avoidance of the negative or dystonic ego qualities at each stage but the very plunging into each of them as the natural sequela of the preceding life event. Successful development involves working through a stage vertically to attain the respective stage-specific positive or syntonic ego position, followe...
A performance simulation for route maintenance in wireless ad hoc networks

A routing protocol in ad hoc wireless networks must take special consideration to link failure and route maintenance in order that the network services will not be interrupted. To decrease the link failure, Anticipated Route Maintenance Protocol (ARM) has been proposed. However, the detailed performance for this protocol has not been evaluated. In this paper, we have compared the performance of two protocols, standard Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) and a combination of DSR and ARM. The simulation results show how ARM improves the functionality of DSR by preventing the links in the route from breaking. Packets delivery ratio could be increased using ARM maintenance and achieved approximately 100% improvement. The simulations clarify also how ARM shows a noticeable improvement in dropped packets and links stability over DSR, even though there is more traffic and channel overhead in ARM.
Inclined-surface impaction for respirable particle sampling

Abstract Particle-size selective sampling of airborne paniculate matter for health hazard evaluations of industrial air environments is performed by size-classifying the sample so that only the “respirable” fraction penetrates to the collection medium. Respirable penetration curves have been simulated by impacting the particulate airstream against an inclined plate located several jet diameters away from the nozzle exit plane.
Play frequencies in captive and free‐ranging bighorn lambs (Ovis canadensis canadensis)

Behavioral observations on captive animals are frequently extrapolated to provide species-typical descriptions of a given behavior. Comparative studies of free-ranging and captive animals are critical to substantiate this practice. We compared play frequencies in two populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). Play was significantly more common in the free-ranging group than in zoo animals. Reasons for this difference are discussed.
The morphology of nanoscale deposits of rutheniumoxide in silica aerogels

Abstract Ruthenium oxide was deposited on the internal surfaces of silica aerogel by solution impregnation of a Ru(III)tris-acetylacetonate solution followed by reduction and oxidation. The structure of the Ru phase was determined by contrast-matching SANS, which allows independent collection of scattered intensity from SiO2 and Ru oxide components of composite samples. The structure of the Ru oxide deposit depends strongly on the oxidation temperature and very little on the reduction temperature. The Ru oxide forms particles, rather than a conformal layer, which coarsen from a few nanometers after oxidation at room temperature to several tens of nm after oxidation at 250 °C.
Algorithm/hardware co-optimized SAR image reconstruction with 3D-stacked logic in memory

Real-time system level implementations of complex Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image reconstruction algorithms have always been challenging due to their data intensive characteristics. In this paper, we propose a basis vector transform based novel algorithm to alleviate the data intensity and a 3D-stacked logic in memory based hardware accelerator as the implementation platform. Experimental results indicate that this proposed algorithm/hardware co-optimized system can achieve an accuracy of 91 dB PSNR compared to a reference algorithm implemented in Matlab and energy efficiency of 72 GFLOPS/W for a 8k×8k SAR image reconstruction.
Luminous bacteria and light emitting fish: Ultrastructure of the symbiosis

Abstract The luminescent fish Monocentris japonicus uses symbiotic luminous bacteria as a source of light. These bacteria live in light organs, complex tissue compartments, consisting of richly vascularized tubules or canals (in which the bacteria are cultured) lined with mitochondria-rich epithelial cells. The structure is consistent with a proposed model of symbiosis in which nutrients and oxygen are supplied by the vertebrate blood (vascular system). The nutrients, oxidized by the bacteria for growth and light production, are returned in part to the fish as pyruvate, which by reacting with mitochondrial oxygen regulates the light organ oxygen tensions. The luminous bacteria provide steady light that is modulated by passage through the melanocyte-containing dermis of the fish. Both the fish and the bacteria are highly adapted for their symbiotic coexistence.
Organic thermometry for chondritic parent bodies

Abstract A unique spectroscopic feature has been identified in a study of twenty-five different samples of meteoritic insoluble organic matter (IOM) spanning multiple chemical classes, groups, and petrologic types, using carbon X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The intensity of this feature, a 1s − σ⁎ exciton, appears to provide a precise measure of parent body metamorphism. The intensity of this exciton is also shown to correlate well with a large negative paramagnetic shift observed through solid state 13C NMR. Experiments reveal that upon heating primitive IOM is transformed into material that is indistinguishable from that in thermally processed chondrites, including the development of the 1s − σ⁎ exciton. A thermo-kinetic expression is derived from the experimental data that allows the intensity of the 1s − σ⁎ exciton to be used to estimated the effective temperature integrated over time. A good correlation is observed between the intensity of the 1s − σ⁎ exciton and previously published microRaman spectral data. These data provide a self-consistent organic derived temperature scale for the purpose of calibrating Raman based thermometric expressions.
O'Neill's search for a “language of the theatre”;

(1960). O'Neill's search for a “language of the theatre”; Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 153-170.
Children's Risk from Multimedia Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.

(1998). Children's Risk from Multimedia Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association: Vol. 48, No. 11, pp. 1116-1123.
ALCTS president’s program: Collections, access, and preservation in our digital future

Patricia Oyler, Chair, ALCTS President’s Program Committee, introduced the moderator and speakers for this program. The moderator was Ann Wolpert, Director of Libraries and Head of the MIT Press, M...
SiOx Surfaces with Lithographic Features Composed of a TAT Peptide

Synthetic TAT peptides designed to contain an arginine rich basic unit can bind to RNA with an affinity and specificity of a full-length TAT protein. Therefore, deducing strategies to immobilize such short peptides to surfaces can enable one to study their unique recognition properties in various types of sensor platforms. In this paper, we present a strategy to immobilize a 15-residue TAT peptide (CGISYGRKKRRQRRR) in the form of nanoscopic features on SiOx surfaces. The protocol is based on dip-pen nanolithography that results in the formation of a covalent attachment of the peptide to a SiOx surface rather than immobilization via electrostatic interactions or patterning on metal surfaces. The nanolithography was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Critical parameters identified by this report include roughness quality and chemical composition of the surface prior to patterning, high humidity conditions, and concentration of ink solution needed to modify t...
Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation by phorbol myristate acetate is mediated by protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

Incubation of HER 14 cells with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) decreases epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation, except for a 40-kDa MAP kinase II-like protein, whose tyrosine phosphorylation is further enhanced. The inhibitory effect of PMA on EGF-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation is reversed if cells are pre-incubated with a combination of Na3VO4 and NaF, two known inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity of cell homogenate was measured on immunopurified EGF receptor, and was found to be enhanced in PMA-treated cells. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of PMA on EGF-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation in HER14 cells may be mediated by protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.
Dynamic transition near the peak effect in CeRu 2

We report magnetoresistance $R(H)$ and current-voltage $I\ensuremath{-}V$ measurements in the superconducting mixed state of ${\mathrm{CeRu}}_{2}$ ${(T}_{c}=6.1\mathrm{K}).$ A crossover in the dynamics of the magnetic flux-line lattice is observed, which could be related to the onset of the ``peak effect'' enhancement of the critical current density that occurs near the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}.$ In addition, the transport properties are dependent on the history of magnetic field and temperature cycling through the peak effect region.
Spectroscopic studies of polaron and bipolaron defects in the stringly localized CDW solid [PtII(en)2][PtIV(en)2Cl2](CIO4)4

Abstract The resonance Raman spectroscopy of defect states in [Pt(en) 2 ][Pt(en) 2 Cl 2 ](CIO 2 ) 4 serves to resolve the twwo intragap defect adsorption features (A and B bands) located immediately to the red of the charge transfer band edge into five separate transition. Of these five absorptions, two are associated with a mode at 263 cm −1 , assigned to electron polarons, and two with a mode at 287 cm −1 , assigned to hole polarons, while a fifth band, associated with a mode at 272 cm −1 , is not readily assigned. Of the polaron absorptions, we find that the electron and hole defects exhibit offset adsorptions in the order Ap − + +t + , where P − and P + refer to electron and hole polarons, respectively. This energy asymmetry can be quantitatively reproduced by a two band 3/4-filled model that includes both the metal and halides bands. Alternatively, the asymmetry may be a result of preferential pinning of one type of polaron at a preexisting defect site on the lattice. Temperature dependence of the defect Raman signals shows that the 287 cm −1 hole polaron and the unassigned 272 cm −1 peaks are diminished by raising temperature from 12 to 200 K while the 263 cm −1 electron polaron signal gains relative intensity over this temperature range.
Flow behavior of PST and fully lamellar polycrystals of Ti–48Al in the microstrain regime

The flow behavior of polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals of a Ti-48Al alloy was studied as a function of orientation in the microstrain regime (from 10{sup {minus}5} to 2 {times} 10{sup {minus}2}) at room temperature to understand the evolution of the anisotropy of flow stress with strain. After resolving the stresses on to the slip systems, the variation of flow stress with orientation was observed to be only 10--15 MPa at near-zero (10{sup {minus}5}) strain, but it increases rapidly to {approximately}70 MPa at 0.2% plastic strain. The stress-strain response had discrete steps, indicating the possible effects of the progressive deformation of lamellae of varying thicknesses within the distribution. The flow behavior of a polycrystalline fully lamellar (FLK) alloy of the same composition was also studied in the same strain regime for comparison. The saturation engineering flow stress (0.2%) and the strain-rate sensitivity of the polycrystal were found to be close to those of the 0{degree} orientation of the PST crystals. Combining the data of the hard orientations of the PST material and those of the polycrystal, an apparent Taylor factor for fully lamellar polycrystalline Ti-48Al was determined to be in the range of 3.2--3.8. The results on PST crystals were analyzedmore » and rationalized using a mechanistic model that takes into account the distribution of the lamellar sizes ({gamma}/{gamma} and {gamma}/{alpha}{sub 2}). The work-hardening rate, the saturation flow stress of the hard orientations and the Hall-Petch slopes are all predicted to be sensitive to both the mean and the standard deviation of the lamellar thickness distribution, with dislocation sources from only a fraction of the distribution contributing to the deformation process even at 0.2% plastic strain. Narrower distributions of lamellar spacings are predicted to be beneficial in increasing 0.2% yield strength.« less
Some convexity theorems for the generalized numerical ranges

Let Mn be the algebra n × n complex matrices, where n ≥ 2. Given a nonscalar matrix C ∊ Mn , the C-numerical range of A ∊ Mn is defined by If rank (C − γI) for some γ ∊ C(which is always true when n = 2) then W(C:A) be written as a + bW (q:A) for some a,b ∊ C and q ∊ C and q ∊[0,1], where is the q-numerical range of A. We give short proofs for the faets that W(q :A) is convex for all A ∊ Mn , and that W(C : A) is an elliptical disk if A,C ∊ M2 . These results have been proved by Tsing and Nakazato, respectively, by some very involved computational methods.
A phase II study of concurrent temozolomide and cis-retinoic acid with radiation for adult patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma

Purpose: This Phase II study was designed to determine the median survival time of adults with supratentorial glioblastoma treated with a combination of temozolomide (TMZ) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (cRA) given daily with conventional radiation therapy (XRT). Methods and Materials: This was a single arm, open-labeled, Phase II study. Patients were treated with XRT in conjunction with cRA and TMZ. Both drugs were administered starting on Day 1 of XRT, and chemotherapy cycles continued after the completion of XRT to a maximum of 1 year. Results: Sixty-one patients were enrolled in the study. Time to progression was known for 55 patients and 6 were censored. The estimated 6-month progression-free survival was 38% and the estimated 1-year progression-free survival was 15%. Median time to progression was estimated as 21 weeks. The estimated 1-year survival was 57%. The median survival was 57 weeks. Conclusions: The combined therapy was relatively well tolerated, but there was no survival advantage compared with historical studies using XRT either with adjuvant nitrosourea chemotherapy, with TMZ alone, or with the combination of TMZ and thalidomide. Based on this study, cRA does not seem to add a significant synergistic effect to TMZ and XRT.
The Road To Digitopolis: Perils of Problem Solving

How students solve problems is a topic of central concern both to educational researchers and to math/science teachers: What is the nature of good and poor problem solving? How can students improve their problem-solving capacities? Teachers are in a unique position to witness problem solving in action, and to draw connections between the classroom experiences of their students and the findings of research. This article presents an instance of problem solving (drawn from a popular children's book) annotated with references to current research in cognition and education. The annotations explore issues such as the effect of performance anxiety on problem solving, how problem solvers handle the experience of confusion, and the role of self-monitoring and metacognition in problem solving.
Molecular and clinical perspectives of polyomaviruses: emerging evidence of importance in non-kidney transplant populations.

JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, members of the family Polyomaviridae. These viruses establish persistent infections, and reactivate from latency in their host under immunosuppression. During the last few years there has been recognition of the morbidity related to polyomaviruses, particularly BKV in kidney transplant recipients. More importantly, recent studies indicate the potential implication of JCV, BKV, and SV40 in renal dysfunction among nonrenal organ transplant patients. Polyomaviruses are tumor-inducing viruses and animal models have provided evidence of the oncogenicity of these pathogens. Although data are not conclusive, molecular studies suggest an association of BKV and SV40 with malignancies among solid organ transplant patients. As new and potent immunosuppressive agents are introduced into clinical practice, it is believed that the incidence of polyomavirus-related diseases in organ transplantation might increase. This review evaluates the biologic and epidemiologic features of these 3 viruses, the data regarding their infections in nonkidney organ transplant patients and describes future directions in the management and research of these opportunistic pathogens. Liver Transpl 12:1457-1463, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Prospects for in situ junction formation in CuInSe2 based solar cells

Abstract In this paper we describe our research efforts directed towards the understanding of the CdS/CuInGaSe 2 junctions and, specifically, the interaction of the chemical bath with the CuInGaSe 2 . Information gained from these studies has been used to develop a set of criteria for forming junctions without the need for chemical bath deposition or CdS. Our approach differs from many others previously used “alternative buffer layer” methods which appear to be somewhat problematic in implementation as well as in the quality of the results. This “buffer-free” technology has resulted in a 13.5% efficiency cell.
A systematic model for nerve transmission and memory

Abstract Starting from the notions of standing waves and resonance, a model for the working of nerve transmission and a chemical signal code for the transmission and registration of data is established. This model could equally explain some aspects of the memory phenomenon from a purely chemical point of view.
Academic Referent Group Influences on Hospitality Students’ Intentions to Enroll in an Online Course

Despite the popularity and growth of online courses in hospitality higher education, there still exists ambivalence toward this form of course delivery. Greater scheduling flexibility and accommodation of an ever-growing population of nontraditional students are presented as sup-porting online course adoption in programs still apprehensive toward this form of instruction.Given the pervasive nature and accessibility of Internet-based learning, this study utilized the technology acceptance model to determine the academic referent group influences on students’intentions to enroll in an online course. Findings revealed plausible referent group influences that could be leveraged to encourage students to enroll in an online course, which would ultimately facilitate a positive learning experience.
Adaptive Control in an Adaptive Optics Experiment with Simulated Turbulence-induced Optical Wavefronts

This paper presents results from an adaptive optics experiment in which an adaptive control loop augments a classical adaptive optics feedback loop. A membrane deformable mirror is used for wavefront correction, and a set of frequency-weighted modes based on the actuator geometry are used to define the control channels for the adaptive controller. In the adaptive optics experiment, the wavefront sensor in the control loop is a three step phase shifting self-referencing interferometer. The corrected laser beam is imaged by a diagnostic CCD camera. The effect of atmospheric turbulence is simulated in the experiment by a sequence of wavefronts that is generated by a WaveTrain adaptive optics model and added to the laser beam by a spatial light modulator. The experimental results show the improved closed-loop wavefront errors and diagnostic images produced by the adaptive control loop as compared to the classical adaptive optics loop.
Importance of Achieving a Complete Response in Multiple Myeloma, and the Impact of Novel Agents

The goal of treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) is to improve patients' long-term outcomes. One important factor that has been associated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival is the quality of response to treatment, particularly achievement of a complete response (CR). There is extensive evidence from clinical studies in the transplant setting in first-line MM demonstrating that CR or maximal response post-transplant is significantly associated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival, with some studies demonstrating a similar association with postinduction response. Supportive evidence is also available from studies in the nontransplant and relapsed settings. With the introduction of bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide, higher rates of CR are being achieved in both first-line and relapsed MM compared with previous chemotherapeutic approaches, thereby potentially improving long-term outcomes. While standard CR by established response criteria has been shown to have differential prognostic impact compared with lesser responses, increasingly sensitive analytic techniques are now being explored to define more stringent degrees of CR or elimination of minimal residual disease (MRD), including multiparameter flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction. Demonstrating eradication of MRD by these techniques has already been shown to predict for improved outcomes. Here, we review the prognostic significance of achieving CR in MM and highlight the importance of CR as an increasingly realizable goal at all stages of treatment. We discuss clinical management issues and provide recommendations relevant to practicing oncologists, such as the routine use of sensitive techniques for assessment of disease status to inform evidence-based decisions on optimal patient management.
Actions of wetting agents on coal dust

Abstract The rate of wetting of coal dust by aqueous solutions of surface active agents (surfactants) has been studied. It has been shown that surfactant is adsorbed onto the coal surface during the wetting process. Rates of wetting by solutions of the widely used sodium salt of di(2-ethylhexyl)sulphosuccinic acid (Aerosol OT) are strongly influenced by low concentrations (1–2 mg/l) of dipositive metal ions. After wetting, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) has been used to show the presence of these metal ions and the surfactant on the surface of the particles of coal dust.
Uncoupling lymphocyte proliferation from differentiation: Dissimilar dose-response relations for pokeweed mitogen-induced proliferation and differentiation of normal human lymphocytes

Abstract Dose-response relations for pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced B- and T-cell proliferation and differentiation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes were derived. For each tested concentration of PWM used in stimulating mononuclear cells, proliferation, assayed by cell population size and distribution of cells with respect to cell cycle phases; and differentiation, assayed by incidence of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, were determined as a function of time following PWM stimulation. Balanced T- and non-T-cell proliferation occurred without necessarily being associated with B-cell differentiation. Differentiation, in contrast, was not observed without proliferation. The onset of balanced T- and non-T-cell proliferation preceded the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasmacytoid cells bearing detectable cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. The dose-response relations for PWM-induced proliferation and differentiation were dissimilar. Optimum proliferation occurred at a PWM concentration 1 100 of that required to induce differentiation. The results indicate that while B- and T-cell proliferation may be necessary for B-cell differentiation, it is not sufficient. Proliferation can be uncoupled from differentiation. The dissimilarity of the dose-response relations for the two responses makes it improbable that PWM triggers a unique cellular process seminal to proliferation coupled inevitably to subsequent differentiation.
Diagnosis of partial body radiation exposure in mice using peripheral blood gene expression profiles.

In the event of a terrorist-mediated attack in the United States using radiological or improvised nuclear weapons, it is expected that hundreds of thousands of people could be exposed to life-threatening levels of ionizing radiation. We have recently shown that genome-wide expression analysis of the peripheral blood (PB) can generate gene expression profiles that can predict radiation exposure and distinguish the dose level of exposure following total body irradiation (TBI). However, in the event a radiation-mass casualty scenario, many victims will have heterogeneous exposure due to partial shielding and it is unknown whether PB gene expression profiles would be useful in predicting the status of partially irradiated individuals. Here, we identified gene expression profiles in the PB that were characteristic of anterior hemibody-, posterior hemibody- and single limb-irradiation at 0.5 Gy, 2 Gy and 10 Gy in C57Bl6 mice. These PB signatures predicted the radiation status of partially irradiated mice with a high level of accuracy (range 79–100%) compared to non-irradiated mice. Interestingly, PB signatures of partial body irradiation were poorly predictive of radiation status by site of injury (range 16–43%), suggesting that the PB molecular response to partial body irradiation was anatomic site specific. Importantly, PB gene signatures generated from TBI-treated mice failed completely to predict the radiation status of partially irradiated animals or non-irradiated controls. These data demonstrate that partial body irradiation, even to a single limb, generates a characteristic PB signature of radiation injury and thus may necessitate the use of multiple signatures, both partial body and total body, to accurately assess the status of an individual exposed to radiation.
Phosphoenolpyruvate-activated phosphorylation of sugars by intestinal mucosa

Abstract 1. 1. Guinea pig and rat intestinal mucosa were evaluated for the presence of a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): monosaccharide phosphotransferase system. A PEP-activated phosphotransferase system was found in the soluble fraction of intestinal' mucosa which differed from ATP-dependent phosphotransferase activity. Its kinetic parameters were evaluated. 2. 2. In contrast to the ATP-dependent system and to an ATP-generating enzyme, pyruvate kinase, the PEP-activated system was labile even when stored at −18° and was very sensitive to heating at 45° and to trypsin. However, the PEP-activated system was not affected by KF, whereas intestinal pyruvate kinase was completely inhibited at 15 mM KF. 3. 3. The PEP-activated system phosphorylated fructose only to fructose 1-phosphate, while the ATP-dependent system yielded the three expected products, fructose 1-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate. In addition, the activity with ATP and PEP together in one assay equalled the sum of the separate ATP-dependent and PEP-activated systems. In experiments with [32P]PEP, concentrations of unlabeled ATP above 10 mM produced no dilution of enzymatically labeled N-acetylglucosamine 6-[32P]phosphate. 4. 4. The PEP-activated system in the intestinal mucosa had no apparent membrane component and did not phosphorylate 3-O-methylglucose. To date, no evidence has been obtained to indicate that this newly described PEP-activated system is related to intestinal sugar transport.
The Effects of Three Chemical Algaecides on Cell Numbers and Toxin Content of the Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaenopsis sp.

Toxic cyanobacteria blooms are a growing concern for public health and safety, due in part to the production of the hepatotoxin microcystin by certain species, including Microcystis aeruginosa. Management strategies for controlling cyanobacteria blooms include algaecide treatments, often with copper sulfate, and more recently oxidizers such as sodium percarbonate that produce hydrogen peroxide. This study assessed the effects of two copper-containing algaecides and one sodium percarbonate-containing algaecide on mitigating cell numbers and toxin content of cultured M. aeruginosa and summer (July) bloom samples of Anabaenopsis sp. in a brackish stormwater detention pond. Monitoring of the bloom revealed that Anabaenopsis sp. was associated with elevated levels of orthophosphate compared to nitrogen (dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratios were 0.19-1.80), and the bloom decline (September-October) was likely due to lower autumn water temperatures combined with potential grazing by the dinoflagellate Protoperidinium quinquecorne. Laboratory-based algaecide experiments included three dose levels, and cyanobacteria cell numbers and microcystin concentrations (particulate and dissolved) were evaluated over 7 d. Following exposure, copper-containing treatments generally had lower cell numbers than either sodium percarbonate-containing or control (no algaecide) treatments. Addition of algaecides did not reduce overall microcystin levels, and a release of toxin from the particulate to dissolved phase was observed in most treatments. These findings indicate that algaecide applications may visibly control cyanobacteria bloom densities, but not necessarily toxin concentrations, and have implications for public health and safety.
The frog test for staphylococcal enterotoxin.

ConclusionThe occurrence of a spasm in frogs fed staphylococcal culture products is either a non-specific response to various substances of an especially viscid nature which is elicited more readily at certain seasons, or is a response at a particular season to some stimulus not yet determined.
WLC25-6: Greedy-Coordinated Scheduling with Resource-Sharing Constraints in Wireless Networks

In wireless networks where all users have different channel characteristics and service classes, it is challenging to design an adaptive scheduler to support quality of service (QoS). Some fraction of multiuser diversity gain, which offers significant capacity increase, should be sacrificed to meet certain QoS targets. We present an opportunistic scheduling scheme under resource-sharing constraints. The scheduler solves the weighted fairness by diverting a fraction of resources from surplus users to underserved users. Given the average received signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of users and resource-sharing constraints, the capacity of the proposed scheduler is analyzed over Rayleigh fading channels. Degree of weighted fairness for various scheduling schemes is also provided. Numerical results illustrate that while sacrificing a fraction of the achievable total capacity the proposed scheduler provides perfect weighted fairness.
Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy with Anterior Fundoplication Ameliorates Symptoms of Achalasia in Pediatric Patients

Background This study was undertaken to define outcomes after laparoscopic Heller myotomy with anterior fundoplication in pediatric patients and compare their outcomes with those in adults. Study Design A total of 337 patients have undergone laparoscopic Heller myotomy with anterior fundoplication since 1992, and were prospectively followed; 14 were pediatric patients of median age 17 years (range 11 to 19 years). Symptoms noted by pediatric patients before and after myotomy were compared with symptoms of 56 concurrently treated adults (4 treated adults for each pediatric patient) of median age 48 years. Among many symptoms, patients scored the severity and frequency of dysphagia, chest pain, regurgitation, choking, vomiting, and heartburn before and after myotomy using a Likert scale, ranging from 0 (never/not bothersome) to 10 (always/very bothersome). Followups were 38 months, 42 months±33.1. Data are reported as median, mean ± SD. Results For pediatric patients, length of stay after myotomy was 2 days, 3 days±2.9 versus 2 days, 2±2.1 for adults. Before myotomy, symptom frequency and severity were similar between groups. After myotomy, symptom frequency and severity were similar between pediatric and adult patients, except for the frequency of chest pain. Conclusions Achalasia can produce disabling symptoms, which were similar between pediatric and adult patients before myotomy. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy with anterior fundoplication ameliorated symptoms of achalasia in all patients, with postmyotomy symptoms similar between pediatric and adult patients. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy dramatically improved symptoms of achalasia in pediatric patients and its use is encouraged.
Rearranging the Deck Chairs or Reallocating the Lifeboats?: Homelessness Assistance and Its Alternatives

Problem: At present, homelessness in the United States is primarily addressed by providing emergency and transitional shelter facilities. These programs do not directly address the causes of homelessness, and residents are exposed to victimization and trauma during stays. We need an alternative that is more humane, as well as more cost-efficient and effective at achieving outcomes. Purpose: This article uses research on homelessness to devise alternative forms of emergency assistance that could reduce the prevalence and/or duration of episodes of homelessness and much of the need for emergency shelter. Methods: We review analyses of shelter utilization patterns to identify subgroups of homeless single adults and families with minor children, and propose alternative program models aimed at the particular situations of each of these subgroups. Results and conclusions: We argue that it would be both more efficient and more humane to reallocate resources currently devoted to shelters. We propose the developme...
The Effects of Life Stressors and Daily Stressors on Stuttering

This study systematically documented the effect of perceived daily stress on subjective and objective measures of disfluencies in 12 adults who stuttered and 12 adults who did not stutter. Subjects participated in a prospective research study for 22 consecutive days. Measures of life stress, daily stress, and self-ratings of fluency were obtained. Subjects were trained in rating their fluency levels (self-ratings of fluency) and perceived daily stress levels (frequency and perceived impact of daily stressors). Results revealed a significantly higher number of daily stressors endorsed by subjects who stutter. Subjects who stuttered also displayed a significantly greater number of disfluencies and higher self-ratings of disfluencies on "high-stress" days. No significant differences were found between the mean total scores for life stress or impact scores for daily stress for the two groups. These data suggest that day-to-day variations in stuttering could be related to multiple, minor, daily stressors in so...
Network models of concentrated polymer solutions derived from the yamamoto network theory

Several choices of the functions describing the creation and destruction processes of entanglement junctions in the Yamamoto network theory of concentrated polymer solutions have been examined. These choices are simple functions of the extension of the network segments bridging the entanglement points and it is demonstrated that the moments of the distribution function describing the network conformation can be solved for analytically. This has been done for a wide range of two-dimensional flows, both for the steady state and transient start-up and relaxation problems. The macroscopic stress tensor and flow birefringence are calculated and a variety of nonlinear effects are predicted and discussed.