cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On being a ‘real’ geomorphologist

In a recent editorial Richards (1990) advocated a realist perspective for geomorphology. Scientific real ism, defined broadly, is the doctrine that science attempts to generate true knowledge of the observable and unobservable (i.e. non-empirical) aspects of an objective world. Various brands of realism exist; the particular version cited by Richards (1990) has not strongly influenced mainstream philosophy of science. Also, critical rationalism, which Richards (1990) contrasts with realism, fully adopts a realist perspective . In its broadest sense, realism encompasses the entire spectrum of geomorpho­ logic research, thus providing a unifying philosophical framework for geomorphology.
Congenital dislocation of the knee

The neonatal senior house officer was called to attend a delivery of a term infant due to the presence of meconium-stained liquor. Antenatal scans had been normal, and the pregnancy was unremarkable. A baby girl was delivered by spontaneous vertex delivery in good condition. However, on initial assessment, it was noticed that her left …
Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to mitigate climate change from a quadrupling of CO2

It has been suggested that climate change induced by anthropogenic CO2 could be counteracted with geoengineering schemes designed to diminish the solar radiation incident on Earth’s surface. Though the spatial and temporal pattern of radiative forcing from greenhouse gases differs from that of sunlight, it was shown in a recent study that these schemes would largely mitigate regional or seasonal climate change for a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 content. Here, we examine the ability of reduced solar luminosity to cancel the effects of quadrupling of CO2 content. In agreement with our previous study, geoengineering schemes could markedly diminish regional and seasonal climate change. However, there are some residual climate changes: in the geoengineered 4CO2 climate, a significant decrease in surface temperature and net water flux occurs in the tropics; warming in the high latitudes is not completely compensated; the cooling effect of greenhouse gases in the stratosphere persists and sea ice is not fully restored. However, these residual climate changes are much smaller than the change from quadrupling of CO2 without reducing solar input. Caution should be exercised in interpretation because these results are from a single model with a number of simplifying assumptions. There are also many technical, environmental and political reasons not to implement geoengineering schemes. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Two-color laser photoionization spectroscopy of Ti i: multichannel quantum defect theory analysis and a new ionization potential

Two-photon, double-resonance photoionization spectroscopy has been used to study highly excited bound and autoionizing states in Ti (Ti i). Multichannel quantum defect theory has been used to analyze the spectra and to determine the ionization potential of Ti. A new ionization potential of 55 072.5 ± 0.3 cm−1 is reported, which differs significantly from the previously accepted value.
Characterization of phosphodiester adducts produced by the reaction of cyanoethylene oxide with nucleotides

Cyanoethylene oxide (CEO), a putative toxic and carcinogenic metabolite of acrylonitrile, is a direct-acting mutagen. The focus of this study was to elucidate potential adducts responsible for the mutagenic effect of CEO by characterizing products from the reaction of CEO with nucleotides. The reaction of CEO with the 5'-monophosphates of deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine or deoxythymidine resulted in the formation of at least one adduct for each nucleotide. Using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, CEO-nucleotide adducts (approximately 25% modification) were characterized as 2-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl phosphodiesters. The isolate from the reaction of deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dGMP) with CEO contained a second adduct, identified as N7-(2-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-dGMP. Single and double strand breaks, which were observed in supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA exposed to CEO (> 50 mM), may arise following formation of cyanohydroxyethyl phosphotriester adducts. The characterization of these phosphodiester adducts in vitro may provide insight into the intermediates responsible for the genotoxic effect of CEO in vivo.
Dynamics of Westminster Parliamentarism 1

We model the strategic interaction of two parties and a voter in a parliamentary system of government as a dynamic game of incomplete information. The parties' preferred policy is private information. A party's type (moderate or extreme) changes with positive probability following defeat in election, and partisan types are positively serially correlated. We study symmetric semi-Markovian Perfect Bayesian Nash equilibria. If parties assign high weight on office vs policy, extreme party types (when in control of the party) pursue extreme policies with positive probability only when the party is perceived less moderate than the opposition. Extreme policies occur in equilibrium when (a) both parties are perceived to be relatively extreme, and (b) neither party holds a significant advantage regarding its perceived extremism by the electorate. Equilibrium dynamics produce two qualitatively different adjustment paths. Either there is positive probability of extreme policies in the future for a protracted period of time; or there is zero probability of extreme policies along the equilibrium adjustment path. Thus, two-party parliamentary systems may display long phases of (relative) extremism or moderation. In the long-run, parties' perceived extremism converges to levels that guarantee moderate policies with probability one.
Career Counseling and Psychotherapy: False Dichotomies and Recommended Remedies

This paper addresses counseling psychology's ongoing concerns about the role of career counseling. First, a series of artificial distinctions exacerbating the rift between career and personal couns...
Autonomic Cardiovascular Control During a Novel Pharmacologic Alternative to Ganglionic Blockade

The purpose of this study was to compare ganglionic blockade with trimethaphan (TMP) and an alternative drug strategy using combined muscarinic antagonist (glycopyrrolate, GLY) and alpha-2 agonist (dexmedetomidine, DEX). Protocol 1: incremental phenylephrine was administered during control and combined GLY-DEX, or control and TMP on two control combined GLY and DEX or TMP infusion on two randomized days. Protocol 2: muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and the baroreflex MSNA relationship was determined before and after GLY-DEX. Blood pressure was higher with GLY-DEX (99+/-3 mm Hg) and lower with TMP (78+/-3 mm Hg) relative to control (GLY-DEX: 90+/-2 mm Hg; TMP: 91+/-2 mm Hg; P<0.05). Incremental phenylephrine increased pressure during GLY-DEX (P<0.01 vs control) and TMP (P<0.01 vs control) to a similar degree. Both GLY-DEX and TMP infusion inhibited norepinephrine release (P<0.01 vs control). GLY-DEX inhibited baseline MSNA (P<0.05) and baroreflex changes in MSNA (P<0.01). We conclude that the GLY-DEX alternative drug strategy can be used as a reasonable alternative to pharmacologic ganglionic blockade to examine autonomic cardiovascular control.
Cellular response in naphthalene-induced Clara cell injury and bronchiolar epithelial repair in mice

Clara cells, progenitors for bronchiolar epithelium, are also primary targets for metabolically activated pulmonary cytotoxicants and have an abundance of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases required for xenobiotic metabolism. To define the repair pattern after massive Clara cell injury, mice were treated with naphthalene, and lungs evaluated 1-14 days postinjury (DPI). Clara cells of terminal bronchioles were vacuolated and swollen 1 DPI, exfoliated 2 DPI, and resembled controls at 14 DPI. The volume fraction of vacuolated cells was highest 1 and 2 DPI and minimal at 5-7 DPI. The volume fraction of normal nonciliated cells decreased 40% at 1 DPI. Cell proliferation increased within epithelium and interstitium at 1 DPI, was maximal at 2 DPI, and at all other time points was similar to baseline levels. Expression of Clara cell differentiation markers was barely detectable in terminal bronchiolar epithelium at 1 and 2 DPI, clearly detectable at 4 DPI, and gradually returned to control levels at 5-14 DPI. We conclude that bronchiolar epithelial repair after naphthalene injury involves distinct phases of proliferation and differentiation, proliferation of cells that are not differentiated Clara cells, and interaction of multiple cell types including nontarget cells.
Imaging Tumor Necrosis with Ferumoxytol.

Objective Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) are promising contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). USPIO mediated proton relaxation rate enhancement is strongly dependent on compartmentalization of the agent and can vary depending on their intracellular or extracellular location in the tumor microenvironment. We compared the T1- and T2-enhancement pattern of intracellular and extracellular USPIO in mouse models of cancer and pilot data from patients. A better understanding of these MR signal effects will enable non-invasive characterizations of the composition of the tumor microenvironment.
Book/Tax Conformity and Equity Compensation

Should we require companies to report the same amount of income to the IRS as they report to their shareholders? The idea behind "book/tax conformity" is that managers' desire to increase reported earnings would act as a check on their desire to minimize taxable income, and vice versa. Some scholars have proposed a comprehensive approach, adopting financial income as the basis for corporate taxation. Legislators, meanwhile, have offered a targeted approach that singles out equity compensation, which has historically been a significant source of the "gap" between book income and taxable income.This Article argues that book/tax conformity carries unexplored costs that reduce its attractiveness, at least in the context of equity compensation (and quite possibly in other areas as well). Conforming the employer's tax treatment of stock and options with the accounting rules creates a paradox for employee-level taxation. Either employee taxation is also conformed to book, which raises liquidity, fairness, and other concerns, or we must diverge from section 83(h), which limits the employer's deduction to the amount included by the employee as income. Severing this link between the employer's deduction and the employee's inclusion would eliminate an important check on tax gamesmanship that is analogous to the check that book/tax conformity proponents seek to create. Conforming tax deductions for options with book, in other words, may simply trade one form of gamesmanship for another.More broadly, book/tax conformity must be evaluated in light of (1) the cost of other gamesmanship that may result from conformity, (2) the availability of other means of combating manipulation, (3) potential distortions in compensation design, and (4) effects on the decision to be a private or public company. We conclude that equity compensation should be excluded from comprehensive book/tax conformity regimes, and one-off proposals to conform employer taxation of stock and options with book are probably misguided. On the other hand, we suggest that if targeted conformity of equity compensation is desired, revising the accounting rules for options to match those of stock appreciation rights, which would yield conformity at the tax end of the spectrum, possibly could improve upon the status quo.
Effect of Larval Density on Food Utilization Efficiency of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Crowding conditions of larvae may have a significant impact on commercial production efficiency of some insects, such as Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Although larval densities are known to affect developmental time and growth in T. molitor, no reports were found on the effects of crowding on food utilization. The effect of larval density on food utilization efficiency of T. molitor larvae was studied by measuring efficiency of ingested food conversion (ECI), efficiency of digested food conversion (EDC), and mg of larval weight gain per gram of food consumed (LWGpFC) at increasing larval densities (12, 24, 36, 48, 50, 62, 74, and 96 larvae per dm(2)) over four consecutive 3-wk periods. Individual larval weight gain and food consumption were negatively impacted by larval density. Similarly, ECI, ECD, and LWGpFC were negatively impacted by larval density. Larval ageing, measured as four consecutive 3-wk periods, significantly and independently impacted ECI, ECD, and LWGpFC in a negative way. General linear model analysis showed that age had a higher impact than density on food utilization parameters of T. molitor larvae. Larval growth was determined to be responsible for the age effects, as measurements of larval mass density (in grams of larvae per dm(2)) had a significant impact on food utilization parameters across ages and density treatments (in number of larvae per dm(2)). The importance of mass versus numbers per unit of area as measurements of larval density and the implications of negative effects of density on food utilization for insect biomass production are discussed.
Cancer Stem Cells and Radiotherapy

In clinic, tumor recurrence and metastasis are the major barriers to further improve the overall cancer patients’ survival. The theory of tumor repopulation due to radiation described decades ago is being supported by new experimental data. The heterogeneity of cancer cell populations in a given tumor is recently evidenced by the present of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are different from other non-CSC tumor cells and maintain unique self-renewal and tumor-initiating phenotypes. The CSCs isolated from many human tumors including the breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are demonstrated to hold specific characteristics and are demonstrated to be resistant to an array of anti-cancer agents and radiation therapy. In this chapter, a number of prosurvival pathways and biomarkers found in BCSCs will be discussed. Several prosurvival features including CSCs repopulation, DNA repair ability, as well as the HER2-NFκB-HER2 signaling loop in the radioresistant BCSCs will be illustrated. Further clarification of the specific networks associated with the radioresistant phenotype of BCSCs will shed new light on the molecular mechanism of tumor radioresistance, and will help to generate targets to detect and treat therapy-resistant tumor cells.
MMPI F, 4, and 9 as a measure of aggression in a college sample.

Summary.-This study sought to determine whether the MMPI F, 4, 9 composite score which ha been used to assess aggressive acting out in various pathological populations also assesses this disposition in a more normal sample of 124 college students who took the MMPI and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. The MMPI composite score correlated .46 with the Buss-Durkee motor factor of hostility and .53 with the attitude factor. These correlations were higher than correlations with Pd and Ma. The results lend support for the usefulness of the F, 4, 9 Composite with less pathological populations as well. Huesrnann, Lefkowicz and Eron ( 1978) have proposed an MMPI measure of aggressive acting out which consists of adding T-scores of Frequency (F), Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) and Hypomania (Ma). This single score discriminates delinquent from normal subjects (Huesmann, et al., 1978), child abusing from nonabusing parents (Plotkin, Twentyman, & Perrie, 1982), and groups of neuropsychiatric outpatients varying in the quality and frequency of violent behavior (Mungas, 1984). The present study sought to assess whecher the composite measure was significantly related to self-reported aggression in a less pathological group, namely, college students. It also sought to determine whecher F + Pd + Ma produced higher correlations wich aggression than a composite of Ma + Pd, the MMPI subscales more typically used to make such predictions. Subjects were 68 male and 56 female volunteers from introductory psychology who participated 3s part of the course requirement. These subjects, mainly sophomores berween the ages of 18 and 24 (M = 19 yr.), were mostly from the middle and upper-middle class. Subjects completed the entire MMPI and the T-scores for F, Pd, and Ma as well as Pd and Ma were summed to form the composite measures. Subjects also completed the Buss-Durkee (1957) Hostility Inventory, a 75-item quescionnaire of eighc subscales designed to tap different aspects of the corrstmct "hostility-aggression." Factor analysis of the subscales suggests two factors, an attitudinal component of hostility (Resentment and Susp~cion) charzcterized by atcirudes such as "People are no damn good" and a motor component (assault, indirect hostility, irritabilicy, and verbal hostility). The MMPI scales of F, Pd, Ma; Pd + Ma and I; + Pd + Ma were correlated wich both Buss-Durkee factors; see Table 1.
Mn(II) Binding and Subsequent Oxidation by the Multicopper Oxidase MnxG Investigated by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The dynamics of manganese solid formation (as MnOx) by the multicopper oxidase (MCO)-containing Mnx protein complex were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Continuous-wave (CW) EPR spectra of samples of Mnx, prepared in atmosphere and then reacted with Mn(II) for times ranging from 7 to 600 s, indicate rapid oxidation of the substrate manganese (with two-phase pseudo-first-order kinetics modeled using rate coefficients of: k(1obs) = 0.205 ± 0.001 s(-1) and k(2obs) = 0.019 ± 0.001 s(-1)). This process occurs on approximately the same time scale as in vitro solid MnOx formation when there is a large excess of Mn(II). We also found CW and pulse EPR spectroscopic evidence for at least three classes of Mn(II)-containing species in the reaction mixtures: (i) aqueous Mn(II), (ii) a specifically bound mononuclear Mn(II) ion coordinated to the Mnx complex by one nitrogenous ligand, and (iii) a weakly exchange-coupled dimeric Mn(II) species. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of manganese mineralization.
Acceptance of mobile technology by older adults: a preliminary study

Mobile technologies offer the potential for enhanced healthcare, especially by supporting self-management of chronic care. For these technologies to impact chronic care, they need to work for older adults, because the majority of people with chronic conditions are older. A major challenge remains: integrating the appropriate use of such technologies into the lives of older adults. We investigated how older adults would accept mobile technologies by interviewing two groups of older adults (technology adopters and non-adopters who aged 60+) about their experiences and perspectives to mobile technologies. Our preliminary results indicate that there is an additional phase, the intention to learn, and three relating factors, self-efficacy, conversion readiness, and peer support, that significantly influence the acceptance of mobile technologies among the participants, but are not represented in the existing models. With these findings, we propose a tentative theoretical model that extends the existing theories to explain the ways in which our participants came to accept mobile technologies. Future work should investigate the validity of the proposed model by testing our findings against younger people.
The international impact of Sequoyah’s Cherokee syllabary

Many are familiar with Sequoyah’s creation of the Cherokee syllabary. But few are aware of the international impact of his script. Specialists have noted that his work led to the creation of additional scripts on three continents, but none have calculated the overall impact of Sequoyah’s influence. This article is the first to calculate the breadth of Sequoyah’s influence around the world, documenting his influence in the creation of 21 scripts for over 65 languages.
Facile Self-Assembly Route to Co3O4 Nanoparticles Confined into Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Matrix for Highly Reversible Lithium Storage

Abstract Cobalt oxides are attractive high-capacity anode materials in lithium ion batteries yet suffer from fast capacity fading and low rate capability. Herein, we have prepared well-dispersed cobalt oxide nanoparticles encapsulated within a flexible single-walled carbon nanotubes matrix (marked as Co 3 O 4 NPs@SWCNT), for the first time, through a facile evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) of single-walled carbon nanotubides (SWCNTDs). By varying the loading amount of Co 3 O 4 content in the composite, the optimal Co 3 O 4 NPs@SWCNT exhibits a high capacity of 1286 mAh g −1 after 140 cycles at 100 mA g −1 . When the specific current returns from 5000 mA g −1 to 100 mA g −1 , it still maintains a specific capacity of 1109 mAh g −1 , demonstrating remarkable cycling stability and high rate capability. Moreover, the optimal Co 3 O 4 NPs@SWCNT demonstrates superior prolonged cycling stability for over 200 and 600 cycles at extremely high specific currents of 1000 and 2000 mA g −1 , respectively. Such impressive electrochemical properties are mainly ascribed to the synergic effect of Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles and SWCNTs in the heterostructure, in which the robust SWCNTs not only offer excellent strain accommodation of the encapsulated Co 3 O 4 upon long-term cycling, but also significantly enhance overall electric conductivity and mechanical stability of the electrodes. The facile and effective strategy demonstrated here can be extended to design various SWCNT-based hybrid nanostructures for applications in supercapacitors, water splitting and other fields.
Yo Wear, Inc.

A Charlottesville-based manufacturer of "kooky" active-wear clothing must decide whether to outsource some of its shirts to a manufacturer in Hong Kong. While providing lower costs, the supplier reduces Yo Wear's flexibility to respond to changes in demand volume. Students must determine the relevant costs of sourcing in Hong Kong and making to order in house. A newsvendor-type model is required to determine the optimal order size from Hong Kong. Excerpt UVA-OM-1313 Rev. Feb. 5, 2020 Yo Wear, Inc. Standing in the doorway, Richard Crisler looked out into his warehouse at the hundreds of bolts of fabric and boxes of finished goods while the hum of several sewing machines filled the room behind him. Over the past 17 years, Crisler's company, with its line of kooky US-made activewear products, had ridden the apparel industry's roller coaster. At one time, he had 34 sales representatives tirelessly selling Yo Wear products in vacation areas throughout the United States. As he stood there pondering his sourcing dilemma, he could not help but wonder whether he would ever be able to get back up to $ 890,000 in annual sales and profitability. Yo Wear's History Crisler received his BA in political science from Duke University in 1988. He was introduced to the apparel industry when he worked as a sales representative for University Screen Printing. For an independent study in his junior year, he started manufacturing and selling Duke-logo boxer shorts around campus under the brand name Statonwear. The underwear became so trendy that he was able to negotiate a deal with the university bookstore to supply it with boxer shorts for both in-store and catalog sales. The items were a hit. "They're popular because you can walk around school in your underwear, and people won't look at you in a funny way," said Crisler. Crisler decided to change the company's name to something more catchy and appropriate to the product line. Statonwear, after a brief stint as Yo Boxer, became Yo Wear, with its trademarked "Max Boxxer" line of clothing (Exhibit 1). . . .
30-day all-cause hospital readmission after cystectomy: no worse for rural Medicare residents

Abstract Objective To evaluate rural/urban disparities in 30-day all-cause hospital admission after cystectomy. Materials and methods We used the SEER-Medicare database to identify all Medicare beneficiaries who underwent radical cystectomy (ICD-9 codes 57.7, 57.71, 57.79, and 68.8) between the years 1991 and 2009, yielding a total sample size of 15,572. Our primary outcome was 30-day hospital readmission rate. Rural Urban Continuum Codes were used to designate county-level rural status based on patient residence. Location of surgery was not a variable considered in this analysis. A multivariable regression model was constructed with demographic and clinical variables as covariates. Results A total of 2,003 rural and 2,904 urban patients (31.1% vs. 31.8%, P = 0.33) were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. In the multivariable model, older age, unmarried status, lower socioeconomic status, higher Charlson comorbidity score, shorter index admission hospital stay, and discharge to a skilled nursing facility were associated with higher odds of readmission. The variables for gender, race, cancer stage, tumor grade, and type of urinary diversion were not significant. The odds ratio for readmission was not significant for patients from rural counties in the final model. Conclusions Rural Medicare residents were not at higher risk for 30-day all-cause hospital readmission after cystectomy after accounting for various demographic and clinical variables.
The effects of bilingual language proficiency on recall accuracy and semantic clustering in free recall output: evidence for shared semantic associations across languages.

Two experiments investigated how well bilinguals utilise long-standing semantic associations to encode and retrieve semantic clusters in verbal episodic memory. In Experiment 1, Spanish-English bil...
Error introduced by common reorientation algorithms in the assessment of rodent trabecular morphometry using micro-computed tomography.

Quantitative analyses of bone using micro-computed tomography (μCT) are routinely employed in preclinical research, and virtual image reorientation to a consistent reference frame is a common processing step. The purpose of this study was to quantify error introduced by common reorientation algorithms in μCT-based characterization of bone. Mouse and rat tibial metaphyses underwent μCT scanning at a range of resolutions (6-30 μm). A trabecular volume-of-interest (VOI) was manually selected. Image stacks were analyzed without rotation, following 45° In-Plane axial rotation, and following 45° Triplanar rotation. Interpolation was performed using Nearest-Neighbor, Linear, and Cubic interpolations. Densitometric (bone volume fraction, tissue mineral density, bone mineral density) and morphometric variables (trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing, trabecular number, structural model index) were computed for each combination of voxel size, rotation, and interpolation. Significant reorientation error was measured in all parameters, and was exacerbated at higher voxel sizes, with relatively low error at 6 and 12 μm (max. reorientation error in BV/TV was 2.9% at 6 μm, 7.7% at 12 μm and 36.5% at 30 μm). Considering densitometric parameters, Linear and Cubic interpolations introduced significant error while Nearest-Neighbor interpolation caused minimal error, and In-Plane rotation caused greater error than Triplanar. Morphometric error was strongly and intricately dependent on the combination of rotation and interpolation employed. Reorientation error can be eliminated by avoiding reorientation altogether or by "de-rotating" VOIs from reoriented images back to the original reference frame prior to analysis. When these are infeasible, reorientation error can be minimized through sufficiently high resolution scanning, careful selection of interpolation type, and consistent processing of all images. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2762-2770, 2018.
Ganglioside Storage Diseases: On the Road to Management

Although the biochemical and genetic basis for the GM1 and GM2 gangliosidoses has been known for decades, effective therapies for these diseases remain in early stages of development. The difficulty with many therapeutic strategies for treating the gangliosidoses comes largely from their inability to remove stored ganglioside once it accumulates in central nervous system (CNS) neurons and glia. This chapter highlights advances made using substrate reduction therapy and gene therapy in reducing CNS ganglioside storage. Information obtained from mouse and feline models provides insight on therapeutic strategies that could be effective in human clinical trials. In addition, information is presented showing how a calorie-restricted diet might facilitate therapeutic drug delivery to the CNS. The development of multiple new therapeutic approaches offers hope that longer-term management of these diseases can be achieved. It is also clear that multiple therapeutic strategies will likely be needed to provide the most complete management.
Low-Dimensional Systems

This chapter treats a number of problems concerning systems that either have a highly restricted number of degrees of freedom, or are described by a finite-dimensional Hilbert space. Problems of the first type are familiar from classical mechanics, but those of the second type have no classical counterpart whatever. All the systems of classical physics, whether they be particles or fields, have degrees of freedom with continuous values and require infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces for their quantum mechanical description. For that reason, a full-fledged treatment of any phenomenon ultimately involves such a space. Nevertheless, finite-dimensional state spaces are of great importance, both in the description of actual experiments and in discussions of the foundations of quantum mechanics.
Apoptosis as a Stress Response

Cells have evolved a number of protective mechanisms to help them withstand stressful external stimuli such as heat, toxic chemicals, anoxia, and infection by microorganisms. Despite these protective responses, if the level of stress is too great, cell death results. Kerr et al. (1972) were the first to emphasize the differences between cell death directed by the cell, or programmed cell death, and cell death beyond the control of the cell, or necrotic cell death. Whether the death of a cell is programmed or necrotic often depends on the severity of the stress signal. Cells have evolved the ability to respond to many physiological stimuli by assisting in their own death. However, if the level of stress is so great that it overwhelms the ability of the cell to function, necrosis is often the result.
Signal analysis and synthesis with 1-D quasi-continuous wavelet transform

The wavelet transform is a widely used time-frequency tool for signal processing. Because continuous versions are time-consuming, restricted to some types of wavelets or too approximate, the use of wavelets in signal processing is usually limited to discrete-time critically sampled transforms. This paper formalizes the quasi-continuous wavelet transform. A fast quasi-continuous algorithm for analysis is proposed. It is valid for almost any generating analysis wavelet. Thereafter, a synthesis algorithm is described with filter bank implementations. It has the peculiarity to give the same weight to each point of the time-scale plane as required for selective reconstructions of portions of this plane.
On the Evolution of Behavioral Heterogeneity in Individuals and Populations

A wide range of ecological and evolutionary models predict variety in phenotype or behavior when a population is at equilibrium. This heterogeneity can be realized in different ways. For example, it can be realized through a complex population of individuals exhibiting different simple behaviors, or through a simple population of individuals exhibiting complex, varying behaviors. In some theoretical frameworks these different realizations are treated as equivalent, but natural selection distinguishes between these two alternatives in subtle ways. By investigating an increasingly complex series of models, from a simple fluctuating selection model up to a finite population hawk/dove game, we explore the selective pressures which discriminate between pure strategists, mixed at the population level, and individual mixed strategists. Our analysis reveals some important limitations to the "ESS" framework often employed to investigate the evolution of complex behavior.
Credo for optimality.

Optimal or suboptimal, Rahnev & Denison (R&D) rightly argue that this ill-defined distinction is not useful when comparing models of perceptual decision making. However, what they miss is how valuable the focus on optimality has been in deriving these models in the first place. Rather than prematurely abandon the optimality assumption, we should refine this successful normative hypothesis with additional constraints that capture specific limitations of (sensory) information processing in the brain.
Comparing Changes in SBIRT Knowledge, Confidence, and Readiness Among Students and Community Providers

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration funds student training grants to promote implementation of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT). This artic...
Priorities for the design and control of upper limb prostheses: A focus group study

Abstract Background Common prosthetic options do not allow for enough independent control signals to control all the movements of the arm. Invasive approaches to obtain prosthetic control signals are being developed to provide people with upper limb loss improved prosthetic control and feedback. Objective/Hypothesis This study explored the prosthetic qualities that are important to users and examined the factors that play into the decision to consider invasive prosthetic interfaces that allow for enhanced prosthetic control. Methods Individuals participated in semi-structured focus groups or in individual semi-structured interviews (N = 11). A semi-structured interview guide containing open-ended questions was used to learn about ideal prosthesis qualities and interest in prosthetic technology interfaces including targeted muscle reinnervation, peripheral nerve interface, and cortical interface. Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used for transcript analysis. Results Participants were most interested in improving the dexterity and durability of prosthetic options. Recovery time, anticipated risk, medical co-morbidities, and baseline functional status influenced willingness to consider invasive prosthetic interfaces. Participants were interested in learning more about all three invasive interfaces but had the most concerns about cortical interfaces. Conclusions Attitudes toward invasive control interfaces vary. Further education on invasive control interfaces and additional conversations between prosthetic developers and people with limb loss will help to develop effective prosthetic devices that potential consumers will use.
Global & Community Health: Neurologic care for Latinos in South Philadelphia: Global health at home.

On the first Wednesday of each month, 2 neurology residents and an attending from the University of Pennsylvania see patients who lack insurance at Puentes de Salud (Bridges of Health), a nonprofit organization that offers education, health care, and social services to South Philadelphia's Latino immigrant community. On one such evening, I met Carla (name changed to protect patient privacy), who presented for evaluation of a possible seizure disorder. Carla was initially seen by a local doctor in Guatemala and prescribed carbamazepine for events in which she would lose consciousness and bite her tongue. If she felt afraid or anxious, she would take an additional tablet as needed. These episodes coincided with physical and emotional abuse she experienced at the hands of her children's father, and they resolved after she left her abuser. She had no epilepsy risk factors and had not experienced an event in over 8 years.
Impostor syndrome among physicians and physicians in training: A scoping review.

Context Impostor syndrome (IS) is increasingly recognised as a condition among physicians and physicians in training. Impostor syndrome is especially problematic because of its association with increased rates of burnout and suicide. In order to address this issue, we need to fully understand its prevalence, scope, and factors associated with IS. The purpose of this scoping review is to analyse the existing literature on IS among practising physicians and physicians in training in order to identify current trends and directions for future research. Methods The authors conducted a literature search of nine databases for any articles on IS among practising physicians or physicians in training published prior to January 2019. Two reviewers independently screened articles and identified 18 papers meeting the study inclusion criteria. Two authors independently extracted data and performed quantitative and qualitative syntheses consistent with best practice recommendations for scoping reviews. Results Most studies utilised the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale and cited rates of IS ranging from 22% to 60%. Studies found that gender, low self-esteem and institutional culture were associated with higher rates of IS, whereas social support, validation of success, positive affirmation, and both personal and shared reflections were protective. Overall, IS was also associated with higher rates of burnout. Conclusions This review summarises the existing literature on IS among practising physicians and physicians in training, providing valuable insights and areas for future research.
Validation of Edwardsiella ictaluri oral vaccination platform in experimental pond trials

Since its recognition in the early 1980s, enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by the gram‐negative enteric Edwardsiella ictaluri, is one of the most significant pathogens affecting catfish aquaculture. In efforts to improve disease management in U.S. catfish aquaculture, a live‐attenuated ESC vaccine and method of in‐pond oral vaccine delivery was developed. This work evaluated the efficacy of the oral delivery platform using a live‐attenuated E. ictaluri vaccine under simulated commercial conditions. Channel catfish fingerlings were orally vaccinated approximately 40–50 days poststocking by mixing the attenuated vaccine with feed using a patent‐pending mechanized delivery system. Across three discrete years under varying evaluation methods, vaccination resulted in significant improvements in survival, feed conversion ratio, feed fed, and total yield. An economic analysis of experimental data suggests a significant positive net economic benefit from vaccination. After accounting for a projected cost of vaccination, the realized improvements in survival and yield resulted in an estimated benefit exceeding $3,500/ha ($1,400/acre) on fingerling operations. These results suggest vaccinating channel catfish fingerlings against ESC is an effective strategy to mitigate ESC‐related losses and can significantly improve production efficiency and profitability on catfish operations.
Toward A Precision Era Of Neutrino Oscillation Physics: Liquid Argon Scintillation Detector Development for DUNE and Neutrino Oscillation Studies with NOvA

NOvA is an accelerator-based high-energy particle physics experiment that studies oscillations in a beam of mostly muon (anti-)neutrinos, looking for the disappearance of muon (anti-)neutrinos and appearance of electron (anti-)neutrinos. This search is sensitive to several key neutrino oscillation parameters. After the completion of NOvA, DUNE will continue to study neutrino oscillations with a liquid argon time-projection chamber, which provides finer granularity of tracking than NOvA. Furthermore, the beam will be more powerful, the detector fiducial volume is approximately 3 times larger than the full NOvA detector, and the detector will be situated underground. DUNE is therefore expected to usher in a precision era of long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics. While the main signal from a liquid argon time-projection chamber is the ionization signal produced by the passage of charged particles, argon is also a copious source of scintillation. This light is useful for pro viding a precise event time. Scintillation light is potentially especially useful in non-beam studies in DUNE, such as atmospheric neutrinos, supernova neutrinos, and potential nucleon decay. In this dissertation, I will discuss both projects. In addition to a study of the drift in NOvA’s energy calibration, recent oscillation analysis is discussed, which finds a best fit at $\sin^2\theta_{23}=0.56^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$, $\Delta m^{2}_{32}=2.48^{+0.11}_{-0.06}\times10^{-3}\text{eV}^2$, $\delta_{CP}/\pi=0.0^{+1.3}_{-0.4}$, and prefers normal ordering at 1.9$\sigma$. Contributions to NOvA analysis will also be highlighted, especially methods used to perform separation of neutrinos and antineutrinos in the predominantly antineutrino beam for study. This wrong-sign component is initially used to provide further understanding of the beam components. Furthermore, characterization and prototype testing of photon detectors for DUNE is discussed. Finally, a study is performed with wrong-s ign separation techniques applied to the appearance signal i! n both NOvA and DUNE to create two samples: one enriched in signal and the other enriched in the wrong-sign oscillation appearance. Wrong-sign in the oscillation diminishes the sensitivity of the analysis, so this study aimed to determine if such a separation would enhance the sensitivity of the oscillation. Little benefit was found at the ultimate exposure with NOvA with the techniques currently available, but the study showed potential promise when applied to DUNE.
Pedagogies of sacrifices: the use of narratives as socialization in families and a human resource for resilience

Postsecondary institutions do not typically recognize or utilize students’ cultural wealth, yet cultural practices can significantly affect college persistence. In this longitudinal study, seven Me...
Randomized controlled trial of social interaction police training

Research Summary: We conducted a randomized-controlled trial (RCT) of a social interaction training program to determine its effectiveness in improving attitudes and behaviors among police officers. Survey data and a series of difference-in-difference tests found that participating in the training program improved attitudes with treatment group officers placing higher priorities on procedurally fair communication during a hypothetical officer–citizen encounter. An interrupted time-series analysis of official use-of-force reports provided no evidence that the training program altered officer behavior. Policy Implications: Policing scholars and reformers have increasingly called for improvements to police training that emphasize communication and de-escalation skills. Although many programs addressing these issues exist, evidence of their effectiveness has been scarce. Our findings provide evidence that such training may improve police officer attitudes but perhaps not behaviors.
Cannabinoid modulation of neuronal activity in adult rat hippocampus.

Cannabinoids have powerful psychoactive properties and alter many physiological processes (Howlett, 1995). These effects are mediated through specific receptors found throughout the brain (Herkenham et al., 1990). The first isolated endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors was the lipid derivative N-arachidonylethanolamine, dubbed anan-damide (Devane et al., 1992), which has been shown to be produced in neurons (Di Marzo et al., 1994). It is believed that there may be several additional cannabimimetic lipid mediators. Indeed, a second endogenous cannabinoid ligand, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), is found in brain (Stella et al., 1997). The levels of 2-AG markedly increase upon fiber tract stimulation in hippocampal slices, suggesting that 2-AG may act as a signaling molecule in hippocampus.
Perfectionism and the Imposter Phenomenon in Academically Talented Undergraduates

The imposter phenomenon is characterized as difficulty internalizing success due to feelings of inauthenticity or phoniness despite contrary evidence of competence. Academically talented students i...
Development of an oropharyngeal swab assembly

Oropharyngeal (OP) swabbing is a clinical specimen collection method to diagnose the presence of viral infection in the respiratory tract. During the Covid-19 pandemic, OP swab sampling plays an important role in the disease diagnosis. With its advantages in direct visualization of the swab site and less training requirement on medical professionals, OP swab is massively used for COVID-19 specimen collection in many countries. However, patients may demonstrate less tolerance for the OP swabbing by gagging or closing their mouths, which puts the swab tip in contact with the oral palate or tongue and results in defective sampling. Gagging and other involuntary reactions increase the risk to medical workers who are in direct contact with the patients. To solve these issues, this research presents a novel OP swab assembly which can assist adult patients to collect OP swab specimen by themselves or facilitate adults to collect specimens for their children or disable family members. The OP swab assembly has features to mitigate discomforts in the swab procedures as so to reduce involuntary reactions, minimizing specimen contamination. It also has features to keep the mouth open and constrain the motion of the swab tip in the effective sampling area, furtherly ensuring the high quality of the specimen. Experiments were conducted on a standard adult human skull mannequin by using the presented OP swab assembly. The results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of self-collection for OP swabs using the presented assembly and method. Copyright © 2021 by ASME.
Capacitated Location-Allocation-Routing Problem with Time Windows for On-Demand Urban Air Taxi Operation:

Urban air taxi (UAT) operation has gained traction with the advancements in distributed electric propulsion and the emergence of electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft. Start-up companies ...
Newborn Pulse Oximetry for Infants Born Out-of-Hospital

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Conventional timing of newborn pulse oximetry screening is not ideal for infants born out-of-hospital. We implemented a newborn pulse oximetry screen to align with typical midwifery care and measure its efficacy at detecting critical congenital heart disease. METHODS Cohort study of expectant mothers and infants mainly from the Amish and Mennonite (Plain) communities with limited prenatal ultrasound use. Newborns were screened at 1 to 4 hours of life (“early screen”) and 24 to 48 hours of life (“late screen”). Newborns were followed up to 6 weeks after delivery to report outcomes. Early screen, late screen, and combined results were analyzed on the basis of strict algorithm interpretation (“algorithm”) and the midwife’s interpretation in the field (“field”) because these did not correspond in all cases. RESULTS Pulse oximetry screening in 3019 newborns (85% Plain; 50% male; 43% with a prenatal ultrasound) detected critical congenital heart disease in 3 infants. Sensitivity of combined early and late screen was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.4% to 99.2%) for algorithm interpretation and 100% (95% CI 29.2% to 100%) for field interpretation. Positive predictive value was similar for the field interpretation (8.8%; 95% CI 1.9% to 23.7%) and algorithm interpretation (5.4%; 95% CI 0.7% to 18.2%). False-positive rates were ≤1.2% for both algorithm and field interpretations. Other pathologies (noncritical congenital heart disease, pulmonary issues, or infection) were reported in 12 of the false-positive cases. CONCLUSIONS Newborn pulse oximetry can be adapted to the out-of-hospital setting without compromising sensitivity or prohibitively increasing false-positive rates.