cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Western Old Woman Mountains shear zone: Evidence for late ductile extension in the Cordilleran orogenic belt

Rocks within the 1-km-thick Western Old Woman Mountains shear zone (WSZ) contain ductilely deformed quartz and ductilely and brittlely deformed feldspars, indicating greenschist to lower amphibolite facies mylonitization. Foliation measured in 73 Ma mid-crustal granitoids within the zone generally dips west-southwest, and sense-of-shear indicators demonstrate top-to-the-west sense of movement parallel to gently southwest plunging lineation. The tip of the shear zone is not exposed, but 10 km to the west unmetamorphosed Late Cretaceous-age upper crust is present. The WSZ is thus most simply interpreted as a normal-sense low-angle shear zone. Timing of deformation is constrained to the interval 73 to ca. 65 Ma by the age of deformed granitoids and {sup 40}Ar/{sup 39}Ar chronology. This interval coincides with a period of rapid cooling of rocks now exposed in the Old Woman Mountains that probably resulted from 4 to 8 km of unroofing. The authors suggest that movement along the WSZ is responsible for at least some of this unroofing. The proposed history involves tectonic denudation along a low-angle ductile shear zone and is similar to that demonstrated for Tertiary Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes.
The hidden costs of stock market liquidity

Abstract The seemingly unrelated problems of stock market liquidity and manager-stockholder contracting are closely intertwined. Active stockholders who reduce agency costs by providing internal monitoring also reduce stock liquidity by creating information asymmetry problems. Conversely, stock liquidity discourages internal monitoring by reducing the costs of ‘exit’ of unhappy stockholders. The U.S. has exceptionally many actively-traded firms with widely-diffused stockholding because public policy has favored stock market liquidity over active investing. And, the benefits of stock market liquidity must be weighed against the costs of impaired corporate governance.
Enhancement of liquid forced convection heat transfer in microchannels due to the release of dissolved noncondensables

Abstract An experimental investigation addressing the effect of the release of dissolved noncondensables on the heat transfer in a long, heated microchannel subject to subcooled liquid forced convection was conducted. The convection heat transfer coefficients near the exit of a copper microchannel with 0.76 mm inner diameter and 16 cm heated length, subject to forced-flow cooling by subcooled water, were measured. The range of experimental parameters were: wall heat flux=0.5–2.5 MW/m2; liquid velocity=2.07 to 8.53 m/s; channel exit pressure=5.9 bar. Experiments were performed with degassed water and water saturated with air. The convection heat transfer coefficients obtained with degassed water were systematically under predicted by the widely-used Dittus–Boelter correlation for turbulent pipe flow. The presence of dissolved air in water could increase the heat transfer coefficients by as much as 17%, despite the fact that the maximum increase in the coolant velocity due to the noncondensable gas release was only a few percent. The heat transfer enhancement increased with increasing the heat flux and decreasing the liquid velocity.
Radiation-induced polymerization at high pressures

Several radioinduced polymerization reactions were investigated at pressures between 5,000 and 17,000 atm and temperatures between 20 and 275 deg C. The most detailed studies were with propylene and n-tetradecafluoroheptene-1. With both monomers the variation of rate of polymerization, R/sub p/, with temperature and radiation intensity was consistent with a free radical mechanism. The maximum number of monomer units converted to polymer per 100 ev absorbed, G(M), was 108,000 and 7,600 in the polymerization of propylene and the heptene, respectively; thus, the kinetic chains are long. However, the number-average degree of polymerization, DP/sub n/, was low, the maximum values being about 75 in both polymerizations. In the polymerization of propylene, transfer to monomer limited DP,; the transfer constant became greater as temperature increased or pressure decreased. In the polymerization of the heptene, DP/sub n/ was determined by both transfer and termination. In the latter polymerization both R/ sub p/ and DP/sub n/, first increased and then decreased as the temperature was raised at constant pressure because the depolymerization rate became appreciable at high temperature and reduced the observed R. (auth)
Extraperiosteal temporary plombage in thoracoplasty: a preliminary report.

A two-stage thoracoplasty has been devised using temporary extraperiosteal plombage. It has been found safe and effective even in patients up to 64 years of age and in those with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis.
Shareholder-Manager Disagreement and Corporate Investment

We develop a simple theoretical argument that generates testable predictions about how disagreement affects corporate investment and find strong empirical support for these predictions. Investment is negatively related to a proxy for disagreement, after controlling for Tobin's q, and after dealing with the fact that Tobin's q and our disagreement proxy contain measurement error. This proxy is unrelated to traditional indicators of asymmetric information. We also find that variation in disagreement is an important component of the portion of the variation in Tobin's q that matters for investment, and that disagreement affects investment and Tobin's q more if the firm has greater financial flexibility. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
Genotypic analysis of the TGF beta-509 allele in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome

Abstract Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a secreted protein present in the circulation and is a critical regulator of the body's immune system. TGFβ is believed to control several components of the immune system and inhibit autoimmune reactions. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS) are prototypical human autoimmune diseases characterized by the circulating autoantibodies directed against nuclear antigens and immune complex deposition in various tissues leading to target organ inflammation and damage. Although the etiology of SLE is unknown, it has been observed that patients with SLE have lower levels of circulating TGFβ than healthy individuals. In addition, mice lacking the TGFβ1 gene develop a severe autoimmune disease that has features of both SS and SLE. Polymorphisms in the TGFβ1 gene may alter the mRNA expression levels and influence the plasma protein concentration. Of the known TGFβ 1 polymorphisms, only the C-509T polymorphism in the promoter region has been shown to be significantly associated with the plasma concentrations of TGFβ 1. In this study, we have conducted a blinded study to determine if the -509 TGFβ1 gene polymorphism is associated with SS or SLE. Genomic PCR and RFLP analysis of a 441 bp sequence encompassing the –509 polymorphism of the TGFβ gene indicated that there were no statistically significant clinical correlations.
Iterative approach to the Schwinger variational principle applied to electron—molecular-ion collisions

We present a study of electron—molecular-ion collisions. The scattering equations are solved using an iterative approach to the Schwinger variational principle. These equations are formulated using the Coulomb Green's function to properly treat the long-range Coulomb tail of the molecular-ion potential. We apply this approach to electron—hydrogen-molecular-ion collisions in the static-exchange approximation. We obtain elastic differential cross sections, and also use the continuum states from these calculations to compute the photoionization cross section of the hydrogen molecule. The iterative method used here converged rapidly in all calculations performed.
Approximation of Wiener integrals

We present a new proof of Chorin's quadrature formula for Weiner integrals. Numerical experiments show that the rate of convergence may not be quadratic, if the functional is not twice differentiable. copyright 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Investor-owned chains and teaching hospitals. The implications of acquisition.

Within the academic medical community, there is concern about the future economic viability of teaching hospitals. Numerous studies, congressional hearings, and conferences have explored the proble...
Cenozoic variations in the flux of interplanetary dust recorded by ^3He in a deep-sea sediment

Helium-3 concentrations and ^3He/^4He ratios in modern pelagic sediments are known to be far in excess of terrestrial values as a result of micrometeorite fallout. Here I report that extraterrestrial helium is easily detected in a pelagic clay core dating back more than 70 Myr. The remarkable preservation of the extraterrestrial signature arises from high retention of ^3He within interplanetary dust particles, coupled with loss of radiogenic ^4He from terrestrial mineral grains. The core provides a continuous record of the fallout of extraterrestrial helium for the Cenozoic era. This record suggests that there have been significant variations in the influx of interplanetary dust through time, probably related to asteroidal breakup events or the passage of comets through the inner Solar System. The results also show ^3He to be a far more sensitive tracer of the interplanetary dust flux than is iridium.
Branding: a trend for today and tomorrow

Branding is an effective marketing strategy tool that has been used with frequent success in the past. Today, branding is experiencing a new popularity resulting from new, innovative applications. Although there have been instances where branding has been less than successful, marketers are beginning to find the appropriate applications in a given setting. Issues and problems concerning branding strategy today include the selection of a brand name. This fundamental issue will impact on the success of a branding strategy. Once a name is selected, marketers have to choose the advertising strategy to support and communicate the name. Finally, keeping the brand in a strong position is a critical concern. New areas of branding include corporate, industrial, and service branding. These nontraditional branding environments are becoming the future for marketers using branding strategy. To add to the new branding areas, there are new branding techniques. These techniques include brand extensions and ingredient bra...
Rapid and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in 2 Families with DNA Repair Deficiencies of Undetermined Etiology

Known genetic causes of pediatric interstitial lung disease include disorders of surfactant metabolism, telomerase, and DNA repair. We report 4 children from 2 families with rapidly progressive and fatal pulmonary fibrosis. A novel DNA repair defect unrelated to the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene was found in 1 child from each family.
Trends in use and prospects for the future harvest of world fisheries resources

Estimates of the potential yield from the marine environment have varied between 20–1000 million metric tons because they were based on poor and incomplete data and differing approaches to trophic level evaluation. The data is improving slightly and the estimates are beginning to agree within half an order of magnitude. We believe that the yield of marine fisheries could ultimately be expanded to ca. 400 million metric tons, by utilizing presently known but underutilized resources, by opening new fisheries in areas like the Indian Ocean and Antarctic and by improving systems of regulating the catch and fishing effort. In order to meet the maximum potential of the marine environment we will have to harvest at a lower trophic level in the food chain because most fish in higher trophic levels are being harvested at their maximum sustainable yield. This increasing harvest of smaller fish, plus the increasing demand for fishmeal for animal feed will cause an increasing proportion of the fish harvested to be used for reduction to fishmeal and oil.
A note on the flow of blood in capillary tubes

It is demonstrated that an explanation of the small radius effect or the so-called sigma phenomenon may be obtained by noting that one of the effects of the presence of suspended particles in a flowing fluid is to increase the velocity of flow near the wall over that existing in the absence of particles. This effect may be considered equivalent to relaxing the boundary conditions at the wall.
Managing better: Children, parents, and asthma

To evaluate a health education program to improve family management of asthma, 310 children with asthma and their 290 parents were randomly assigned to a program or control group. Program families participated in health education designed to resolve specific management problems and build self-confidence in the ability to manage asthma. Following education, program parents scored better on an asthma self-management index than parents in the control group (+1.57 versus -0.83, P less than 0.0001). Program parents also scored better on two subindices of the self-management index: attack management (+0.87 vs. +0.42, P less than 0.05) and preventive measures (+0.42 vs. -0.35, P less than 0.05). Also, program parents reported significantly more use of guidelines to determine appropriate levels of physical activity for children. Following education, program children reported more use of three management steps than control children: productive cough or postural drainage (59% vs. 35%, P less than 0.004), breathing and relaxation exercises (80% vs. 65%, P less than 0.05), and attempts to stay calm (12% vs. 2%, P less than 0.05). Program children reported significantly less worry than control children about the limitations asthma imposes and about making mistakes at school.
Worth the 'EEfRT'? The effort expenditure for rewards task as an objective measure of motivation and anhedonia.

Background Of the putative psychopathological endophenotypes in major depressive disorder (MDD), the anhedonic subtype is particularly well supported. Anhedonia is generally assumed to reflect aberrant motivation and reward responsivity. However, research has been limited by a lack of objective measures of reward motivation. We present the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT or “effort”), a novel behavioral paradigm as a means of exploring effort-based decision-making in humans. Using the EEfRT, we test the hypothesis that effort-based decision-making is related to trait anhedonia. Methods/Results 61 undergraduate students participated in the experiment. Subjects completed self-report measures of mood and trait anhedonia, and completed the EEfRT. Across multiple analyses, we found a significant inverse relationship between anhedonia and willingness to expend effort for rewards. Conclusions These findings suggest that anhedonia is specifically associated with decreased motivation for rewards, and provide initial validation for the EEfRT as a laboratory-based behavioral measure of reward motivation and effort-based decision-making in humans.
Steps to an Advanced Ada 1 Programming Environment

Conceptual simplicity, tight coupling of tools, and effective support of host-target software development will characterize advanced Ada programming support environments. Several important principles have been demonstrated in the Arcturus system, including template-assisted Ada editing, command completion using Ada as a command language, and combining the advantages of interpretation and compilation. Other principles, relating to analysis, testing, and debugging of concurrent Ada programs, have appeared in other contexts. This paper discusses several of these topics, considers how they can be integrated, and argues for their inclusion in an environment appropriate for software development in the late 1980's.
Studies on the phosphorylated intermediates of a K+-stimulated ATPase from rabbit gastric mucosa

A density gradient-purified microsomal membrane preparation from rabbit fundic gastric mucosa was used for a detailed study of the K+-stimulated ATPase and associated intermediate reactions. Membranes incubated with γ-[32P]ATP show the rapid incorporation of 32P into phosphoprotein. Phosphoprotein levels were markedly reduced (1) when ATP hydrolysis went to completion or (2) upon addition of unlabeled ATP, thus suggesting the participation of a rapid turnover phosphorylated intermediate in the gastric microsomal ATPase. Addition of K+, Rb+ or Tl+ greatly reduced the level of the intermediate while stimulating ATPase activity; the observed affinities of these cations were similar for the effects on both ATPase and intermediate levels, with Tl+ > K+ > Rb+. Neither ATPase nor intermediate were stimulated by Na+, and ouabain was without effect on the reactions, thus differentiating this system from the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Addition of various inhibitors showed differential effects on the partial reactions of the gastric ATPase system. N-ethylmaleimide and Zn2+ showed characteristics of completely abolishing the K+-stimulated component of ATPase as well as the effects of K+ in reducing the level of intermediate, thus suggesting that these agents exert their inhibitory effect on a phosphoprotein phosphatase partial reaction. F− abolished the K+-stimulated ATPase, but its more complex effects on the intermediate suggested an additional reaction step within the domain of the phosphorylated intermediate. Results are consistent with a model system for the gastric microsomal ATPase involving a Mg2+-dependent protein kinase, a phosphorylated intermediate(s), and a K+-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Two-Stage Earth-to-Orbit Vehicles with Dual-Fuel Orbiter Propulsion

Earth-to-orbit vehicle studies of future replacements for the Space Shuttle are needed to guide technology development. Previous studies that have examined single-stage vehicles have shown advantages for dual-fuel propulsion. Previous two-stage system studies have assumed all-hydrogen fuel for the orbiters. The present study examined dual-fuel orbiters and found that the system dry mass could be reduced with this concept. The possibility of staging the booster at a staging velocity low enough to allow coastback to the launch site ts shown to be beneficial, particularly in combination with a dual-fuel orbiter. An engine evaluation indicated the same ranking of engines as a previous single-stage study. Propane and RP-1 fuels result in lower vehicle dry mass than methane, and staged-combustion engines are preferred over gas-generator engines. The sensitivity to the engine selection is less for two-stage systems than for single-stage systems.
Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal adrenalectomy on hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor, glucocorticoid receptor and anterior pituitary POMC mRNA levels in rat neonates

Abstract The stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) occurs during the first two weeks of life (from day 4 to day 14) in the rat. SHRP may occur due to immature hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) regulatory mechanisms of the neonate. Decreased expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been observed during this period, and this decreased hypothalamic `drive' may contribute to the manifestation of SHRP in the rat neonate. Since maternal corticosteroids are elevated toward the end of gestation they may suppress fetal CRF expression leading to a less than adequate activation of the neonatal hypothalamus in response to stress. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to clarify the contribution of maternal glucocorticoids to the decreased CRF expression observed during SHRP in the neonatal rat. We investigated the effects of maternal adrenalectomy on hypothalamic CRF, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and anterior pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in male and female neonates. Maternal adrenalectomy, or sham surgery, was performed on day 8 of gestation and the mRNA levels of CRF, GR and POMC were measured by Northern blotting in the offspring on their postnatal days 1, 7, 14, and 21. The observed changes in the mRNA levels of these genes suggests that an important developmental event occurs in the regulation of these HPA genes between neonatal days 7 and 14 corresponding to the termination of SHRP. Female offspring had significantly higher levels of CRF mRNA than males throughout this period. The lack of maternal corticosteroids evoked a gender-specific response in the neonates. In female offspring, maternal adrenalectomy resulted in a dramatic and correlated increase in mRNA levels of hypothalamic CRF and GR on day 14, with pituitary POMC expression not following this increase. There was no significant effect of maternal adrenalectomy on the expression of these genes in males. These results suggest a sex difference in response to maternal glucocorticoids in the fetus. However, the role of maternal corticosteroids in the low expression of CRF during SHRP could not be established from this study, since their removal by adrenalectomy did not advance the expression profile of CRF toward an earlier increase in the neonatal hypothalamus.
Ascorbic acid is a stimulatory cofactor for mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) from control and scorbutic guinea pig brain, liver and skeletal muscle and from normal rat liver was stimulated several fold by l -ascorbic acid (AA). The amount of AA that gave half-maximal stimulation of guinea pig brain mGPDH was 7.1 μM. At concentrations of AA higher than 500 μM, mGPDH activity decreased to nearly the same activity as in the absence of AA. D-Ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, was equally potent in the activation of washed mitochondrial mGPDH activity. The AA activation of mGPDH was completely inhibited by 50 μM EGTA, but could be fully restored by the sequential addition of 100 μM Ca 2+ . The AA activation of mGPDH was likewise completely inhibited by iron specific chelators, bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid, desferrioxamine, and 1,10-phenanthroline, but the activation could not be restored by the addition of excess Ca 2+ . In the absence of AA, mGPDH activity was not inhibited by either EGTA or the iron chelators and Ca 2+ addition had no effect on the activity. The iron-sulfur protein, succinic dehydrogenase (complex II), was not significantly different in brain mitochondria from control or scorbutic guinea pigs, and was not activated by the subsequent addition of AA. In the presence of AA, succinic dehydrogenase activity was not affected by either bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid or EGTA. The results suggest that mGPDH is a probable site of action of AA in the related glucose-coupled insulin release from pancreatic islets.
Low-Temperature Neutron Moderation

Measurements on an energy level in the microwave spectrum of water are discussed. The inelastic cross section for scattering of 0.005 ev neutrons from HO/sub 1/2/ at room temperature was estimated to be 8 barns. (C.J.G.)
Theoretical investigation of the polarization and band intensities of the optical transitions of the V K center using a valence-bond wave function for the halogen-molecule anion

The transition probabilities and relative band intensities for the ultraviolet ($^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$) and infrared ($^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$) absorption bands of the ${V}_{K}$ center have been calculated using an approximate valence-bond wave function for the halogen-molecule anion. The most significant feature of this wave function is that it permits an approximate treatment of correlation between electrons of opposite spin. Intra-atomic electron correlation is included by using ionic orbitals for $A$ and neutral-atom orbitals for $B$ in valence-bond structures of the form ${X}_{A}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\cdots}{X}_{B}$ and vice versa in structures of the form ${X}_{A}\ensuremath{\cdots}{X}_{B}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Interatomic electron correlation is treated by a perturbation-theory calculation of the polarization of ${X}_{A}$ by the negative charge on ${X}_{B}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in the ${X}_{A}\ensuremath{\cdots}{X}_{B}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ structures and vice versa in the ${X}_{A}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\cdots}{X}_{B}$ structures. It is found that the correction for intra-atomic electron correlation yields considerably improved agreement between the calculated and observed intensities of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-polarized part of the infrared transition. Calculations of the other transition intensities, such as the uv transition, and the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-polarized part of the infrared transition which is "stolen" from the uv transition by spin-orbit mixing of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ states, are unaffected by the correction for electron correlation. It is also found, however, that interatomic electron correlation makes a major contribution to the isotropic hyperfine interaction in these molecules.
Effects of host quality on flight muscle development in Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

ABSTRACT Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache, biological control agents of Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach, are usually incapable of flight but occasionally develop indirect flight muscles enabling dispersal. This reportedly alternates with oogenesis and is reversible. We examined host quality as a possible explanation for the transitions between these 2 states by allowing populations of the 2 species to develop on plants differing in nutritive quality and then examining the status of their ovaries and flight muscle development. The leaf nitrogen content of the plants increased directly with fertilizer treatment levels but herbivory by the weevils changed the pattern of variation. Neochetina eichhorniae suppressed overall nutritive quality while still enabling tissue nitrogen levels to increase with fertilizer treatments. Neochetina bruchi, however, negated these effects and tissue nitrogen levels failed to correlate with fertilizer treatments. As a result, herbivore intensit...
A comparison of the accuracy and reactivity of methods of monitoring male sexual behavior

Two self-report methods of monitoring male sexuality have been compared—an ongoing method in the form of a diary card and one eliciting retrospective reports in the form of a monthly sexuality interview. Male volunteers were assigned at random to three testing conditions: (a) diary card and monthly interview for 3 months (N=29); (b) three monthly interviews (N=18); and (c) pre- and postinterview only, separated by 2 months (N=21). The correspondence among frequency reports, quality ratings, and number of sexual problems as obtained in diary card and interview measures was examined for respondents in the first condition, revealing that coital frequency and quality ratings were generally quite similar in the two modes of assessment. Interview responses for all subjects were examined for the existence of differential reactive effects according to the frequency of the assessment regimen. No differences emerged among conditions, although a trend for all groups over time was identified. Implications of the results are considered for clinical trials monitoring the effects of new contraceptive methods on sexual functioning.
An infinite hierarchy of linear local adjunct languages

This paper studies a new class of languages, called the local adjunct languages (LAL's), which have been defined by Joshi, Kosaraju, and Yamada in response to strong linguistic motivations. This paper is concerned with the comparison of the LAL's to the context-free languages. Every LAL is a CFL, but here we show that the class of local adjunct languages possesses certain inherent generative capabilities and limitations. The first result settles an open question by showing that there are local adjunct languages which are also linear context-free languages. Furthermore, every Dyck language is also an LAL. On the other hand, Greibach has defined an infinite hierarchy of languages contained within the Dyck languages, and it is shown that certain of the Greibach languages can be written as LAL's, while others cannot. These results serve to contrast the generative capabilities and limitations of the local adjunct grammars to those of the more familiar context-free grammars.
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: Postoperative radiotherapy does not improve survival

Objective The aims of this analysis were to determine prospectively the effects of surgical resection and radiation therapy on the length and quality of survival as well as late toxicity in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Background Retrospective analyses have suggested that adjuvant radiation therapy improves survival in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, in these reports, patients receiving radiotherapy tended to have smaller, often resectable tumors, and were relatively fit. In comparison, patients who have not received radiotherapy often had unresectable tumors, metastatic disease, or poor performance status. Methods From 1988 through 1993, surgically staged patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and 1) no evidence of metastatic disease, 2) Karnofsky score >60, 3) no prior malignancy or radiotherapy, and 4) a patent main portal vein were analyzed. Fifty patients were stratified by resection (n = 31) versus operative palliation (n = 19) and by radiation (n = 23) versus no radiotherapy (n = 27). Results Patients undergoing resection had smaller tumors (1.9 ± 2.8 vs. 2.4 ± 2.1 cm, p < 0.01) that were less likely to invade the hepatic artery (3% vs. 42%, p < 0.05) or portal vein (6% vs. 53%, p < 0.05). Multiple parameters that might have affected outcome were similar between patients who did and did not receive radiation therapy. Resection improved the length (24.2 ± 2.5 vs. 11.3 ± 1.0 months, p < 0.05) and quality of survival. Radiation had no effect on the length (18.4 ± 2.9 vs. 20.1 ± 2.4 months) or quality of survival or on late toxicity. Conclusions This analysis suggests that in patients with localized perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, resection prolongs survival whereas radiation has no effect on either survival or late toxicity. Thus, new agents or strategies to deliver adjuvant therapy are needed to improve survival in these patients.
Effort Testing in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: Validity Indicator Profile and Test of Memory Malingering Performance Characteristics

While the Validity Indicator Profile (VIP) and the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) are designed to limit the influence of actual cognitive impairment on successful performance, the extent to which cognitive dysfunction does play a role in the assessment of effort should be verified in distinct clinical groups. To date, little research has been conducted on VIP performance in individuals diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Fifty-four patients with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were administered the VIP, TOMM, Short Test of Mental Status, and the Wide Range Achievement Test-4 Reading subtest. Specificity rates were compared between tests, with normative data, and with published specificity rates in psychiatric samples. Results indicate that the use of the VIP with psychotic-disordered individuals will generate increased invalid performance profiles, whereas the TOMM is more resilient in this population. Significantly, mental status and estimated intellectual ability were predictive of classifications on the VIP Verbal subtest and the TOMM.
Eukaryotes have “two-component” signal tranducers

The eukaryotic proteins discussed above share a number of amino acid sequence features with prokaryotic members of the two-component signal transducer family. ETRI and Sln1 each contain putative HPK and receivers, while Skn7 has similarity to receivers only. The other proteins - phytochromes, BCKDH kinase and the dr6 gene product - appear to be distant relatives of the two-component family because they have less-conserved motifs, although even biochemically defined prokaryotic family members can lack conserved motifs (Parkinson and Kofoid, 1992). The eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins also show similar diversity with respect to the arrangements of the components; transmitters and receivers can lie within the same protein (for example, ETR1 and Sln1 in eukaryotes and BarA and LemA in prokaryotes) or receivers can lie on a separate protein (for example, Skn7 in yeast and CheY in bacteria (Stock et al., 1985)). The new eukaryotic members of the two-component family raise a number of questions, especially since their functions are not yet clearly defined. The identities of the signals transduced are unknown, except for the red light signal for phytochrome. Ethylene is presumably the signal for ETR1, but this has not been demonstrated directly. It also remains to be seen whether eukaryotic two-component modules are functionally homologous to the prokaryotic two-component systems; eukaryotic modules could be utilized in uncharacterized ways, possibly in combination with different signalling components. Among the eukaryotic proteins discussed here, BCKDH kinase has the best-understood function, yet its substrate is not an orthodox response regulator, and moreover, the substrate is phosphorylated at serine residues. The eukaryotic two-component regulators that have been recognized so far are from diverse organisms (yeast, trypanosome, plant and mammal); they serve in apparently unassociated pathways, and they are more closely related to particular prokaryotic sequences than they are to each other. Preliminary data indicates that ETR1 is a member of a gene family in A. thaliana; one member of the family encodes an HPK domain highly similar to that of ETR1, but does not encode a receiver domain (Chang, Sun, Hua and Meyerowitz, unpublished). These results, and those in yeast, indicate that multiple members are encoded by individual species. Thus, two-component signal transducers could well be widespread in eukaryotes, and the genes described here just the first examples of many more to be uncovered.
The Effects of Race, Gender, and Marital Status on Giving and Volunteering in Indiana

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of race, gender, and marital status on giving and volunteering behavior. A second purpose is to examine these effects across different survey methodologies. Using data from Indiana households, a multimethod, multigroup research design was used to compare giving and volunteering across eight different survey methodologies. Results indicate important differences in philanthropic behaviors by gender, race, marital status, and survey methodology—even when controlling for differences in income, age, and educational attainment. These results highlight the importance of looking specifically at human and social capital variables, and survey methodology, when making assumptions about and interpreting the measurement of philanthropic behavior.
The StcE Protease Contributes to Intimate Adherence of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Host Cells

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a diarrheal pathogen that causes attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on intestinal epithelial cells. Strains of the O157 serogroup carry the large virulence plasmid pO157, which encodes the etp type II secretion system that secretes the genetically linked zinc metalloprotease StcE. The Ler regulator controls expression of many genes involved in A/E lesion formation, as well as StcE, suggesting StcE may be important at a similar time during colonization. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that StcE cleaves C1-esterase inhibitor, a regulator of multiple inflammation pathways. Here we report two new substrates for StcE, mucin 7 and glycoprotein 340, and that purified StcE reduces the viscosity of human saliva. We tested the hypothesis that StcE contributes to intimate adherence of EHEC to host cells by cleavage of glycoproteins from the cell surface. The fluorescent actin stain (FAS) test was used to observe the intimate adherence represented by fluorescently stained bacteria colocalized with regions of bundled actin formed on HEp-2 cells. An E. coli O157:H7 strain with a stcE gene deletion was not affected in its ability to generally adhere to HEp-2 cells, but it did score threefold lower on the FAS test than wild-type or complemented strains. Addition of exogenous recombinant StcE increased intimate adherence of the mutant to wild-type levels. Thus, StcE may help block host clearance of E. coli O157:H7 by destruction of some classes of glycoproteins, and it contributes to intimate adherence of E. coli O157:H7 to the HEp-2 cell surface.
Cutting Edge: The Relative Distribution of T Cells Responding to Chemically Dominant or Minor Epitopes of Lysozyme Is Not Affected by CD40-CD40 Ligand and B7-CD28-CTLA-4 Costimulatory Pathways

We examined the frequencies and specificities of the CD4+ T cell responses to the protein hen egg white lysozyme in mice deficient in the CD40-CD40 ligand or B7-CD28 costimulatory pathways. The frequency of T cells was decreased by between 3- and 4-fold in CD40-/- mice, and 12-fold in B7-1/B7-2-/- mice, but surprisingly, the relative distribution of T cells responding to peptides that were presented at levels that differed by >250-fold was similar. We also examined the CD4 response after blocking the regulatory molecule CTLA-4 during immunization. We observed no difference in either the frequency or specificity of the CD4+ T cell response if CTLA-4 was blocking during priming. Thus, the T cell response was generated toward the constellation of chemically dominant and subdominant epitopes as a whole, and did not discriminate among them based on their relative abundance.
Role of Hfq in iron-dependent and -independent gene regulation in Neisseria meningitidis

In Neisseria meningitidis, iron-responsive gene regulation is mediated primarily by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein. When complexed with iron, Fur represses gene expression by preventing transcription initiation. Fur can also indirectly activate gene expression via the repression of regulatory small RNAs (sRNA). One such Fur- and iron-regulated sRNA, NrrF, was previously identified in N. meningitidis and shown to repress expression of the sdhA and sdhC genes encoding subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex. In the majority of Gram-negative bacteria, sRNA-mediated regulation requires a cofactor RNA-binding protein (Hfq) for proper gene regulation and stabilization. In this study, we examined the role of Hfq in NrrF-mediated regulation of the succinate dehydrogenase genes in N. meningitidis and the effect of an hfq mutation on iron-responsive gene regulation more broadly. We first demonstrated that the stability of NrrF, as well as the regulation of sdhC and sdhA in vivo, was unaltered in the hfq mutant. Secondly, we established that iron-responsive gene regulation of the Fur-regulated sodB gene was dependent on Hfq. Finally, we demonstrated that in N. meningitidis, Hfq functions in a global manner to control expression of many ORFs and intergenic regions via iron-independent mechanisms. Collectively these studies demonstrate that in N. meningitidis, iron- and NrrF-mediated regulation of sdhC and sdhA can occur independently of Hfq, although Hfq functions more globally to control regulation of other N. meningitidis genes primarily by iron-independent mechanisms.
Honest signals in video conferencing

We propose a novel system to analyze gestural and nonverbal cues of participants in video conferencing. These cues have previously been referred to as “honest signals” and are usually associated with the underlying cognitive state of the participants. The presented system analyzes a set of audio-visual, non-linguistic features in real time from the audio and video streams of two participants in a video conference. We show how these features can be used to compute indicators of the overall quality and type of conversation being held. The system also provides visual feedback to the participants, who then have the choice of modifying their conversational style in order to achieve the desired outcome of the video conference. Experiments on real-life data show that the system can predict the type of conversation with high accuracy using the non-linguistic signals only. Qualitative user studies highlight the positive effects of increased awareness amongst the participants about their own gestural and non-verbal cues.
Time to emergence of severe suicidal ideation among psychiatric patients as a function of suicide attempt history

Abstract Background Little is known about the emergence of suicidal ideation among psychiatric inpatients with histories of no, single, or multiple suicide attempts. We investigated differences in time to reemergence of severe suicidal ideation among psychiatric patients as a function of their suicide attempt histories. Method One hundred seventeen individuals meeting criteria for a major depressive disorder who were recently discharged from a psychiatric hospital and participating in a larger study of treatments for depression were included in the current study. Suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and depressogenic cognitions were assessed at baseline, and suicidal ideation was assessed at 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up, as well as inpatient readmission if applicable. Time to the reemergence of severe suicidal ideation was analyzed using survival analysis. Results Twenty-two percent of our sample reported the occurrence of severe suicidal ideation over an 18-month period. Severe suicidal ideation emerged earlier among patients who had a history of prior suicide attempts than those who did not, but single and multiple suicide attempters did not differ significantly in time to severe suicidal ideation. Suicide attempt history remained a significant predictor of time to severe suicidal ideation when statistically controlling for hopelessness, depressive symptoms, depressogenic cognitions, and suicidal ideation at admission and initial treatment group assignment, especially between single attempters and nonattempters. Conclusions Although nearly a quarter of participants endorsed severe, clinically significant suicidal ideation within 18 months of discharge, those with suicide attempt histories reported the occurrence of severe suicidal ideation significantly earlier than those without suicide attempt histories.
Hypodontia is associated with delayed dental development.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information A Radiographic Study of Tooth Development in Hypodontia Uslenghi S, Liversidge HM, et al. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51(2):129-33 Level of Evidence 3a Purpose/Question To determine if hypodontia in 1 or more teeth (excluding third molars) affected the overall dental development and if the teeth adjacent to the missing tooth were more severely affected than other teeth in the mouth. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Case-Control Study
The New Homelessness Revisited

The new homelessness has drawn sustained attention from scholars over the past three decades. Definitional inconsistencies and data limitations rendered early work during this period largely speculative in nature. Thanks to conceptual, theoretical, and methodological progress, however, the research literature now provides a fuller understanding of homelessness. Contributions by sociologists and other social scientists since the mid-1990s differentiate among types of homelessness, provide credible demographic estimates, and show how being homeless affects a person’s life chances and coping strategies. Agreement also exists about the main macro- and micro-level causes of homelessness. Active lines of inquiry examine public, media, and governmental responses to the problem as well as homeless people’s efforts to mobilize on their own behalf. Despite the obstacles faced when studying a stigmatized population marked by high turnover and weak anchors to place, recent investigations have significantly influenced homelessness policy. A greater emphasis on prevention should further strengthen the research-policy nexus.
It takes three to tango: 2. Bubble dynamics in basaltic volcanoes and ramifications for modeling normal Strombolian activity

This is the second paper in a two-part series examining numerical simula- tions of buoyancy-driven ow in the presence of large viscosity contrasts. In the rst pa- per, we demonstrated that a combination of three numerical tools, an extended ghost- uid-type method, the level set approach, and the extension velocity technique accurately simulate complex interface dynamics in the presence of large viscosity contrasts. In this paper, we use this three-fold numerical method to investigate bubble dynamics in the conduits of basaltic volcanos with a focus on normal Strombolian eruptions. Strombolian- type activity, named after the famously episodic eruptions at Stromboli volcano, is char- acterized by temporally discrete fountains of incandescent clasts. The mildly explosive nature of normal Strombolian activity, as compared to more eusive variants of basaltic volcanism, is related to the presence of dissolved gas in the magma, yielding a complex two-phase-ow problem. We present a detailed scaling analysis allowing identication of the pertinent regime for a given ow problem. The dynamic interactions between gas and magma can be clas- sied into three non-dimensional regimes based on bubble sizes and magma viscosity. Re- solving the uid dynamics at the scale of individual bubbles is not equally important in all three regimes: As long as bubbles remain small enough to be spherical, their dy- namic interactions are limited compared to the rich spectrum of coalescence and breakup processes observed for deformable bubbles, in particular once inertia ceases to be neg- ligible. One key nding in our simulations is that both large gas bubbles and large conduit- lling gas pockets ('slugs') are prone to dynamic instabilities that lead to their rapid breakup during buoyancy-driven ascent. We provide upper-bound estimates for the maximum sta- ble bubble size in a given magmatic system and discuss the ramications of our results for two commonly used models of normal Strombolian-type activity, the Rise-Speed-Dependent (RSD) model and the Collapsing-Foam (CF) model.
Yes We Can: Latino Participation in Unconventional Politics

This paper considers participation in unconventional politics and its determinants. In particular, analyses presented below focus on differences in low-risk protest activity among non-Latinos and Latinos of Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban origin. Central to this analysis is an examination of individual and network determinants of unconventional participation as well as determinants unique to immigrant populations: citizenship and generation. I find that, contrary to theoretical predictions, Latinos are less likely to protest relative to non-Latinos. There are also significant differences in participation by ethnicity: Latinos of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent are more likely to protest than their Cuban counterparts. Citizenship and generational status also influence the likelihood of political involvement suggesting these are factors that not only shape conventional political behavior but unconventional participation.