cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efimov physics implications at $p$-wave fermionic unitarity

Efimov physics at $p$-wave unitarity for three equal mass fermions in multiple symmetries interacting via Lennard-Jones potentials is predicted to modify the long range interaction potential energy, but without producing a true Efimov effect. This analysis treats the following total orbital angular momenta and parities, $J^{\Pi}=0^{+}, 1^{+}, 1^{-}$ and $2^{-}$, for either three spin-polarized fermions ($\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow $), or two spin-up and one spin-down fermion ($\downarrow \uparrow \uparrow $). Our results for the long range interaction in some of those cases agree with previous work by Werner and Castin and by Blume {\it et al.}, namely in cases where the $s$-wave scattering length goes to infinity. The present results extend those calculated interaction energies to small and intermediate hyperradii comparable to the van der Waals length, and we consider additional unitarity scenarios where the $p$-wave scattering volume approaches infinity. The crucial role of the diagonal hyperradial adiabatic correction term is identified and characterized.
Introductory remarks and some biochemical considerations.

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces molecular approaches to cell biology, and focuses on Dictyostelium discoideum as an excellent eukaryotic organism for the study of cell biological problems. One good example of the multifaceted approach afforded by Dictyostelium is the study of the role of myosin phosphorylation in cell motility and signal transduction. The detailed biochemical information is being complemented by molecular genetic studies. Eventually these studies should include site-directed mutagenesis of the regions of interest on the molecule, coupled with expression of the altered gene in an appropriate host, such as E. coli , yeast, or Dictyostelium . These expressed, modified proteins could then be analyzed by appropriate assays for functional alterations. Thus, using a combination of molecular genetic and biochemical approaches one can probe the structural features of the myosin molecule that are required for its activity and regulation. These and other approaches make it reasonable to hope that will eventually understand the role of myosin in the chemotactic response. This is only one example of the power that the study of Dictyostelium offers in the subject of cell biology. Various approaches and techniques are outlined in detail.
Effect of microscale wave breaking on air-water gas transfer

Measurements of simultaneous and co-located infrared and wave slope imagery of laboratory wind waves show that the wave-related areas of thermal boundary layer disruption and renewal are the turbulent wakes of microscale breaking waves or microbreakers. These signatures of disruption are associated with waves that have a steep forward face and a dimpled crest, and can be quantified by infrared imaging techniques. The fractional area coverage, A B , of the surface affected by these renewal features is significant (0.25 - 0.40) and found to be linearly correlated with the transfer velocity, k. Furthermore, this correlation is insensitive to the presence of surfactants and independent of fetch. Using the controlled flux technique (CFT) to measure k locally, the renewal within the wakes of microscale breaking waves was found to enhance the transfer by a factor of 3.5 on average compared to that outside the wakes. Moreover, up to 75% of the transfer across the air-water interface under moderate wind speeds is the direct result of microbreaking. The roughness features associated with microscale breaking waves are shown to contribute significantly to the mean square slope, , and may explain the observed correlation between k and . The correlation between k and A B regardless of surfactant concentration, combined with the enhanced local k and wave slope results, provides quantitative laboratory evidence that microbreaking is an important physical process contributing to gas transfer at low to moderate wind speeds.
Nutrients in agroecosystems: Rethinking the management paradigm

Agricultural intensification has greatly increased the productive capacity of agroecosystems, but has had unintended environmental consequences including degradation of soil and water resources, and alteration of biogeochemical cycles. Current nutrient management strategies aim to deliver soluble inorganic nutrients directly to crops and have uncoupled carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in space and time. As a result, agricultural ecosystems are maintained in a state of nutrient saturation and are inherently leaky because chronic surplus additions of nitrogen and phosphorus are required to meet yield goals. Significant reductions of nutrient surpluses can only be achieved by managing a variety of intrinsic ecosystem processes at multiple scales to recouple elemental cycles. Rather than focusing solely on soluble, inorganic plant‐available pools, an ecosystem‐based approach would seek to optimize organic and mineral reservoirs with longer mean residence times that can be accessed through microbially and plant‐mediated processes. Strategic use of varied nutrient sources, including inorganic fertilizers, combined with increases in plant diversity aimed at expanding the functional roles of plants in agroecosystems will help restore desired agroecosystem functions. To develop crops that can thrive in this environment, selection of cultivars and their associated microorganisms that are able to access a range of nutrient pools will be critical. Integrated management of biogeochemical processes that regulate the cycling of nutrients and carbon combined with increased reservoirs more readily retained in the soil will greatly reduce the need for surplus nutrient additions in agriculture.
Poisson-Based Regression Analysis of Aggregate Crime Rates

This article introduces the use of regression models based on the Poisson distribution as a tool for resolving common problems in analyzing aggregate crime rates. When the population size of an aggregate unit is small relative to the offense rate, crime rates must be computed from a small number of offenses. Such data are ill-suited to least-squares analysis. Poisson-based regression models of counts of offenses are preferable because they are built on assumptions about error distributions that are consistent with the nature of event counts. A simple elaboration transforms the Poisson model of offense counts to a model of per capita offense rates. To demonstrate the use and advantages of this method, this article presents analyses of juvenile arrest rates for robbery in 264 nonmetropolitan counties in four states. The negative binomial variant of Poisson regression effectively resolved difficulties that arise in ordinary least-squares analyses.
Concurring in Part & Concurring in the Confusion

This essay addresses some of the least analyzed words in Supreme Court separate opinions. These are the words that follow the comma after the authoring Justice's name such as "concurring," "dissenting," "concurring in part," "concurring in the judgment" or some combination thereof. Specifically, the question arises of what power these "after the comma" phrases should yield when an opinion is labeled as "concurring" but the text conflicts significantly with the opinion of the Court. In other words, should concurring in name trump dissenting in substance? A recent example of this dilemma is found in the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals' reliance on Justice Powell's "concurring" opinion in the Supreme Court reporter's privilege case of Branzburg v. Hayes. In Branzburg, as in other cases, the proper interpretation of Justice Powell's "pseudo-concurrence" is particularly important because it provides the fifth vote for the majority decision. Yet confusion over how to read Branzburg has ensued - some courts focus on the text of the Powell opinion, rather than the "concurring" label, and treat Branzburg as a mere plurality opinion while others rely on the "after the comma" label and declare Branzburg to be a five-justice majority. This essay concludes that the "after the comma" phrases are useful guidelines to the Justices' positions but should not override the more detailed reasoning in the text of the separate opinion. When the two conflict, it should be viewed as an opportunity to return to the Court's seriatim roots where each Justice's rationale is analyzed individually.
Text text revolution: a game that improves text entry on mobile touchscreen keyboards

Mobile devices often utilize touchscreen keyboards for text input. However, due to the lack of tactile feedback and generally small key sizes, users often produce typing errors. Key-target resizing, which dynamically adjusts the underlying target areas of the keys based on their probabilities, can significantly reduce errors, but requires training data in the form of touch points for intended keys. In this paper, we introduce Text Text Revolution (TTR), a game that helps users improve their typing experience on mobile touchscreen keyboards in three ways: first, by providing targeting practice, second, by highlighting areas for improvement, and third, by generating ideal training data for key-target resizing as a side effect of playing the game. In a user study, participants who played 20 rounds of TTR not only improved in accuracy over time, but also generated useful data for key-target resizing. To demonstrate usefulness, we trained key-target resizing on touch points collected from the first 10 rounds, and simulated how participants would have performed had personalized key-target resizing been used in the second 10 rounds. Key-target resizing reduced errors by 21.4%.
Current and future therapeutic approaches in progressive supranuclear palsy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses neurotransmitter replacement therapies, non- pharmacological strategies, palliative treatments, and potential biological therapeutic approaches. It evaluates current therapies based on the outcomes of an extensive systematic literature research. Advances in the understanding of biological processes and the development of biological therapies are also discussed. The chapter provides suggestions for current management of PSP patients and proposes some directions for future pharmacological trials and research. Most of these emerging therapies are directed at altering the disease process, underlining the importance of an early diagnosis, although diagnostic accuracy has recently improved. Since an effective therapy for PSP has yet to be found, current management should include palliative symptomatic therapies, education, and support for patients and caregivers to improve the quality of life of patients and their caregivers.
The surface and grain boundary energies of iron, cobalt and nickel

Abstract Using the zero creep technique for small diameter wires and measurements of the dihedral angle at the base of thermally etched grain boundary grooves, absolute values of the surface energy, γ, and grain boundary energy, γ ∗ , are found for iron at 1480°C, cobalt at 1455°C and nickel at 1370°C in a pure helium atmosphere. Surface energy values for iron, cobalt and nickel are found to be 2525 ergs cm−2, 2595 ergs cm−2 and 2490 ergs cm−2, respectively; corresponding grain boundaries energies are 985 ergs cm−2, 1010 ergs cm−2 and 930 ergs cm−2. The ratio γ ∗ /γ is found to be in the range of 0.37 – 0.39 for the three pure metals. The results are compared with the respective surface tensions and with published values of the interfacial energies.
Polar Coding for Noisy Write-Once Memories

We consider the noisy write-once memory (WOM) model to capture the behavior of data-storage devices such as flash memories. The noisy WOM is an asymmetric channel model with non-causal state information at the encoder. We show that a nesting of non-linear polar codes achieves the corresponding Gelfand-Pinsker bound with polynomial complexity.
Metabolic Bone Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

An oral calcium supplement (1000 mg/day) is recommended. Regular exercise should be performed. Ethanol intake should be moderate. Protein intake should be moderate. The patient’s vitamin D status should be determined and corrected with an oral supplement when deficiency is present. Baseline and yearly bone density measurement should be taken. Alendronate, 10 mg/d orally, or risedronate, 5 mg/d orally, should be given to patients with osteopenia. Use of corticosteroids, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, and methotrexate should be limited to the short term when possible. Estrogen replacement therapy is recommended in postmenopausal women unless contraindications exist.
Pharmacologic and Chemical Tests as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma

Today pharmacologic and chemical tests are helpful in screening a relatively large number of patients for pheochromocytoma and are a definite aid to a correct diagnosis. No one test is infallible, and knowledge concerning the drugs used or the manner in which the blood and urine are collected, or both, is necessary to avoid a false-positive or false-negative result from the tests.
A visual study of divided-chamber diesel combustion using a rapid compression machine

Abstract The processes of air introduction, fuel injection, ignition, and combustion are investigated optically in simulated diesel engine prechambers mounted on a rapid compression machine. During the compression stroke air velocities at the edge and center of one of the prechambers are on the order of 20 and 15 m/s, respectively. The airflow, therefore, is more complex than solid-body rotation. During fuel injection the fuel spray is strongly deflected by the airflow and hits the glow plug and the wall opposite the injector. Fuel evaporation and air-fuel mixing begin 0.3–0.5 ms after the start of injection but are not complete within the ignition delay period (1–1.5 ms). Hence ignition and combustion occur at times when both liquid and gaseous fuel exist in the prechamber. This liquid fuel is located both within the volume and on the surfaces of the prechamber. Combustion is strongly luminous and implies significant soot formation in the prechamber.
Competition and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Firm-Level Data

This paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of competition on firm productivity. Using firm-level observations from the World Bank Enterprise Survey database, we find a positive and robust causal relationship between our proxies for competition and our measures of productivity. We also find that countries that implemented product-market reforms had a more pronounced increase in competition, and correspondingly, in productivity: the contribution to productivity growth due to competition spurred by product-market reforms is around 12-15 percent.
Tetracycline fluorescence of schistosomes in the tissues of nontreated and treated mice.

Abstract By means of tetracycline-fluorescence staining methods, schistosomal lesions were studied in mice before and after antimonial treatment. The in vivo- and in vitro-staining techniques are equally effective for the demonstration of tissue deposits of calcium. The only structure revealed by the tetracycline-fluorescence methods in infected mice are the calcified Schistosoma mansoni eggs. No other specific fluorescence could be detected in the tissue lesions or in the adult worms, before or after the antimonial treatment. Microscopic examination of the calcified eggs revealed the presence of normal miracidia in the majority. The sensitivity of the tetracycline-fluorescence histochemical method is such that it is able to demonstrate extremely early stages of egg calcification, and this was considered the main reason why this method made visible more calcified eggs in tissue sections when compared to other histochemical techniques for calcium. Histochemical data demonstrated that calcium was initially deposited inside the S. mansoni egg in the space between the sclerotin shell and the living miracidium, and that death of the miracidium occurs after the formation of a thick and impermeable calcium shell around it.
Modeling and Simulation of Near-Earth Wave Propagation in Presence of a Vegetation Layer

The problem of near-earth wave propagation at VHF in the presence of a vegetation canopy that is either infinite or truncated in extend is considered in this paper. When the vegetation layer is continuous and infinite, a homogeneous two-layer half-space model (air/vegetation/ground) is employed. In order to arrive at a computational efficient solution, a second order asymptotic evaluation for the electric fields of an arbitrarily-oriented, infinitesimal electric dipole?for source and observation points located in the vicinity of the air/vegetation interface?is carried out through the method of steepest descents. The formulations are valid in the far field, with the limitation that the exponentially decaying pole and branch cut contributions have been ignored. It is observed that the Norton wave, though it is highly localized near the air/dielectric interface, is a significant contribution either when the dipole and observation points are both located above the dielectric layer or when one is above and the other is within the layer. For the related problem, when the dipole is embedded inside a truncated vegetation layer, a semi-exact solution for the received field at locations exterior to the vegetation layer is obtained by a surface-field integration technique in which the spatial domain of integration is over a plane containing the truncated face of the vegetation canopy. The numerical results are computed using stationary phase approximations and show improvement over those determined through an existing ray-tracing approach.
Ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: Hydrologic vegetation gradient as an indicator for lateral hydrologic connectivity of headwater catchments

[1] Lateral water flow in catchments can produce important patterns in water and nutrient fluxes and stores and also influences the long-term spatial development of forest ecosystems. Specifically, patterns of vegetation type and density along hydrologic flow paths can represent a signal of the redistribution of water and nitrogen mediated by lateral hydrologic flow. This study explores the use of emergent vegetation patterns to infer ecohydrologic processes and feedbacks in forested headwater catchments. We suggest a hydrologic gradient of vegetation density as an indicator of lateral connectivity within headwater catchments. We define the hydrologic vegetation gradient (HVG) as the increase of normalized difference vegetation index per unit increase of the topographic wetness index. HVG are estimated in different headwater catchments in the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory using summer IKONOS imagery. We use recession slope analysis with gauge data and a distributed ecohydrological model to characterize the patterns of seasonal flow regimes within the catchments. Correlations between HVG, catchment runoff, early recession parameters, and model parameters show the interactive role of vegetation and lateral hydrologic connectivity of systems in addition to climatic and geomorphic controls. This suggests that HVG effectively represents the level of partitioning between localized water use and lateral water flow along hydrologic flow paths, especially during the growing season. It also presents the potential to use simple remotely sensed hydrologic vegetation gradients as an indicator of lateral hydrologic connectivity to extrapolate recession behavior and key model parameters of distributed hydrological models for ungauged headwater catchments.
Antigen-dependent cytokine mRNA expression by individual rhesus macaque T helper cells by flow cytometry.

Abstract Specific patterns of cytokine secretion by CD4 + T helper (Th) cells determine the nature of immune effector responses. Using a multiparameter, flow cytometric fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay that detected cytoplasmic mRNA within intact cells, we assessed antigen-specific cytokine expression in rhesus macaque Th cells. In the peripheral lymphocytes of immunized rhesus macaques, FISH detected antigen-induced cytokine gene expression in single Th cells. Analysis of simultaneous cytokine expression by single cells demonstrated that the recall immune response consisted of Th cells expressing either a Th1 (IL-2 + /IFN-γ + ) or a Th2 (IL-4 + /IL-6 + ) cytokine pattern. In addition to the classic Th subsets, Th cells expressing only one of two Th1 or Th2 defining cytokines were common following antigen restimulation. The data gathered with the FISH assay suggest that, in primates, the immune response to recall antigens consists of nonclassic Th cells, as well as a mixture of polarized Th1 and Th2 T cells.
Surface polarization enhanced Seebeck effects in vertical multi-layer metal-polymer-metal thin-film devices.

We explore a new mechanism to develop Seebeck effects by using temperature-dependent surface polarization based on vertical multi-layer Al–P3HT:PCBM–Al thin-film devices. Here, the temperature-dependent surface polarization functions as an additional driving force, as compared with the traditional driving force from the entropy difference, to diffuse the charge carriers under a temperature gradient towards the development of Seebeck effects. The temperature-dependent surface polarization is essentially generated by both the thermally dependent polarization through the charge–phonon coupling mechanism and the thermally modulated interface dipoles by Fermi electrons. It is noted that the entropy difference often causes an inverse relationship between the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity in thermoelectric developments. However, this temperature-dependent surface polarization provides a mechanism allowing a co-operative relationship between the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. We demonstrate simultaneously the enhanced Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity by using the dielectric interface through the temperature-dependent surface polarization to diffuse charge carriers in the Al–MoO3–P3HT:PCBM–Al thin-film device.
Decomposing real and deflator-based government growth: an application to the American states

In recent years the question of how the size of government should be measured has been an unresolved issue in the research program on government growth. Employing the simple ratio of government spending to total economic output in their measures, most scholars have failed to recognize the different inflation rates which characterize the public and private sectors, as well as the fact that observed government growth may be attributable both to the effects of differential deflators and to increases in the scope of government activity. In this paper I present a simple geometric formulation for decomposing government growth into real growth and deflator-based components. Although the utility of this method is illustrated using data from two American states (New York and Florida), the technique has broad applicability for decomposing government growth into real and deflator components for a wide range of political systems for which data are available.
The protective effects of thiopental on brain stem ischemia.

THIOPENTAL, A BARBITURATE anesthetic, which at high doses suppresses cortical electroencephalogram activity, was evaluated as a neuroprotective agent in a dog model of reversible, hindbrain ischemia. Fourteen dogs were exposed to 20 minutes of isolated brain stem ischemia after pretreatment with 35 mg per kg of thiopental or placebo. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and regional cerebral blood flow were measured before and during the ischemia and for 5 hours after reperfusion. During the ischemic period, both control and thiopental-treated animals experienced dramatic declines in the BAEPs to less than 10% of baseline. On reperfusion for 30 minutes, the BAEPs increased in both groups to near 40% of baseline. In the thiopental-treated animals, the BAEPs continued to recover variably to a mean of 70% of baseline by 5 hours of reperfusion. In contrast, untreated animals showed a decline in BAEPs after 30 minutes of reperfusion. The improved recovery of BAEPs in the thiopental-treated animals suggests that thiopental may be of some value as a cerebroprotective agent, although the mechanism remains unclear. The variability in recovery in this group implies that other factors play a significant role in mediating functional recovery from ischemic brain stem damage.
Low-temperature dielectric phenomena in doped ionic crystals

Abstract Dipole carrying ions (CN - , NO - 2 ) as well as small monoatomic ions (Li + ) in alkalihalides gave a relaxation type contribution to the dielectric constant, that can be explained by rotational orientation or asymmetric displacement of the ions.
THE DENSITIES OF SATURATED LIQUID HYDROGEN

Densities of para-hydrogen from l7 to 32 K are obtained by extrapolating newly determined compressed liquid isotherms to corresponding vapor pressures. Results are combined with earlier data for the range 14 to 20 f K and compared with normal hydrogen by means of densitytemperature relationships. (auth)
Convective burning of a droplet containing a single metal particle

An analytical and numerical study of vaporization and combustion of an isolated liquid hydrocarbon droplet containing a single metal particle in its core is presented. The objective is to formulate a simplified vaporization model that can be used in spray combustion calculations. Further, the model is extended to include the combustion of the liquid fuel, so that ignition characteristics of the metal particle can be studied. The gas phase includes the effects of variable thermophysical properties and nonunitary Lewis number. The liquid phase includes the effects of transient heating and circulation. Results are presented for both a spherically symmetric configuration, and an axisymmetric case, where the liquid motion is analytically given. Calculations are made for both liquid vaporization without combustion and vaporization followed by combustion. The effects associated with varying solid loading are studied. The vaporization rates for a composite droplet are found to be close to those for a corresponding all-liquid droplet. Ignition times for the metal particle are found to depend on the solid mass loading, and can be several times larger than the liquid fuel burnout time. The heat transfer to the particle is convection dominated.
The Protective Dimension of Product Warranty Policies and Practices

In consumer good markets, wide variations occur in warranty policies and practices between products, firms and industries. In this paper, those warranty policies designed to provide self-protection for the seller are examined. The protective facet of warranties carefully delimits the responsibility of the manufacturer for post-sale product performance and quality and hence stabilizes the firm's future costs and profits. The author has striven to conceptualize the association which may exist between a firm's products and markets and the policy objectives of its warranty. Several hypotheses concerning the conditions under which the warranty may be viewed by the seller as a tool of self-protection are suggested; these hypotheses are tested through an analysis of survey data collected from industry executives.
A global approach to analysis and interpretation of metabolic data for plant natural product discovery

Covering: up to 2013 Discovering molecular components and their functionality is key to the development of hypotheses concerning the organization and regulation of metabolic networks. The iterative experimental testing of such hypotheses is the trajectory that can ultimately enable accurate computational modelling and prediction of metabolic outcomes. This information can be particularly important for understanding the biology of natural products, whose metabolism itself is often only poorly defined. Here, we describe factors that must be in place to optimize the use of metabolomics in predictive biology. A key to achieving this vision is a collection of accurate time-resolved and spatially defined metabolite abundance data and associated metadata. One formidable challenge associated with metabolite profiling is the complexity and analytical limits associated with comprehensively determining the metabolome of an organism. Further, for metabolomics data to be efficiently used by the research community, it must be curated in publicly available metabolomics databases. Such databases require clear, consistent formats, easy access to data and metadata, data download, and accessible computational tools to integrate genome system-scale datasets. Although transcriptomics and proteomics integrate the linear predictive power of the genome, the metabolome represents the nonlinear, final biochemical products of the genome, which results from the intricate system(s) that regulate genome expression. For example, the relationship of metabolomics data to the metabolic network is confounded by redundant connections between metabolites and gene-products. However, connections among metabolites are predictable through the rules of chemistry. Therefore, enhancing the ability to integrate the metabolome with anchor-points in the transcriptome and proteome will enhance the predictive power of genomics data. We detail a public database repository for metabolomics, tools and approaches for statistical analysis of metabolomics data, and methods for integrating these datasets with transcriptomic data to create hypotheses concerning specialized metabolisms that generate the diversity in natural product chemistry. We discuss the importance of close collaborations among biologists, chemists, computer scientists and statisticians throughout the development of such integrated metabolism-centric databases and software.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of nerve growth factor and histofluorescence of catecholaminergic nerves in the salivary glands of diabetic mice.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) was localized in the submandibular, sublingual, and parotid salivary glands of male and female diabetic mice and their normal littermates by immunoperoxidase staining usingp-phenylenediamine-pyrocatechol as a chromogen for the cytochemical demonstration of peroxidase activity. In the normal male submandibular gland, immunoreactive NGF was localized in the apical regions of granular, intercalated and collecting duct cells, while in the normal female submandibular gland, NGF was present throughout the cytoplasm of granular duct cells. The localization of NGF in the diabetic male and female submandibular glands was similar and resembled that of the normal female. NGF immunoreactivity was also observed in the striated duct cells in the sublingual and parotid glands of all four types of mice.
Test Generation Approach for Post-Silicon Validation of High End Microprocessor

Post-Silicon Validation faces numerous challenges in the areas of test generation efficiency, time utilization and comprehensive coverage of the various functionalities of advanced microprocessors. The proposed approach uses the concept of building a Master Test Program that is used to build multiple test-streams by utilizing an instruction pool and a data pool. It utilizes lightweight modules such as the Instruction Classifier and Organizer and the Data Pool Generator that generate test streams on the fly. A key advantage of this is that it extends coverage of the processor state space while reducing the build time greatly.
Phosphorus Availability Studies with Feed Grade Phosphates

Abstract THE biological availability of phosphorus from inorganic sources for the chick has been reported by Gillis et al. (1954), Motzok et al. (1956), Nelson and Peeler (1961), Miller and Joukovsky (1953) and others. The results of Nelson and Peeler (1961) indicated that practical type diets could be used in critical chick phosphorus assays. In many studies of this nature, dietary adjustments have been made to keep a constant calcium:phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio in all experimental diets. Other workers have maintained a constant level of calcium at all supplemental phosphorus levels. The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare the results of two assays in which different dietary Ca:P ratios were used, and (2) observe the repeatability of results with a phosphate of reported low availability when fed at levels based on its determined phosphorus availability. EXPERIMENTAL Three experiments were conducted using broiler cockerels obtained from a commercial hatchery. The chicks…
Slow Combustion of Methane at Elevated Pressures

Methane was partially oxidized with oxygen in a batch reactor at pressures of 1700 and 3400 atm and temperatures of 270–480°C. Residence times ranged from 0 to 60 min. Water, methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were produced in every reaction. In addition, ethanol was formed at high temperatures under nonisothermal conditions and formic acid was detected in reactions at 3400 atm. Products analyses were made with a two-column gas chromatograph.
Hydrology of small oceanic islands — Utility of an estimate of recharge inferred from the chloride concentration of the freshwater lenses

Abstract In Bermuda, as in other coastal and oceanic-island environments, rainfall has a significant chloride concentration. As a result, there is a relatively straightforward way of estimating groundwater recharge by considering the Cl− ion as a tracer which is concentrated by evapotranspiration. The Cl− concentration of rainfall in Bermuda is about 15 ppm. That of the freshest part of the largest Ghyben-Herzberg lens is about 60 ppm. Taking the 60 ppm value as an indicator of the Cl− concentration of recharge, the average recharge rate is estimated at 0.25 of the 147-cm/yr. average rainfall, or about 37 cm/yr. This estimate is similar to two other estimates of recharge in Bermuda, each derived from hydrogeologic field data: 1. (1) A 33-cm/yr. estimate inferred from a 2·106-m2 area of diversion in which: (a) outflows (extractions) are 2870 m3/day; and (b) the change in storage is estimated at 1100 m3/day, from the rate of lowering of the water table. 2. (2) An estimate of 35 to 45 cm/yr. resulting from combination of: (a) the ratio of recharge to hydraulic conductivity of the Paget Formation (12·10−6), determined from the configuration of the Ghyben-Herzberg lenses; and (b) the hydraulic conductivity of the Paget Formation (85–100 m/day), estimated from the behavior of the water table. The agreement between the three estimates of recharge indicates that the rather simple and inexpensive technique of calculating recharge from Cl− content of rainfall and fresh groundwater can be a useful addition to the arsenal of techniques by which recharge of small oceanic islands can be evaluated.
Observation of Sub-Poissonian Photon Statistics

The number of photons emitted in a short time interval by a single atom in the process of resonance fluorescence is measured, and it is shown that the probability distribution of this number is sub-Poissonian.
Long-term toxicity study of mycophenolic acid in rabbits.

Abstract Rabbits were chosen for a long-term toxicity study of mycophenolic acid (MPA) because the rate of formation of the MPA-glucuronide metabolite was rapid and similar to that for man and because they were able to tolerate larger daily doses than other laboratory species such as rats, dogs, and monkeys. Dutch Belted rabbits were given daily (5 days/week) oral doses of 0, 80, or 320 mg of MPA/kg for 1 yr. Survival of the animals was similar for each test group. There were no apparent signs of toxicity. The hematologic and blood chemistry values were unaffected with the exception of a dose-related decrease in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). It was concluded that the rabbit was an appropriate animal model and tolerated large daily doses of MPA for 1 yr without important treatment-related changes.
Path Analysis Tests of Theoretical Models of Children's Memory Performance.

Path analysis was used to test theoretical models of relations among variables known to predict differences in children's memory-strategies, capacity, and metamemory. Children in kindergarten to fourth grade (chronological ages 5 to 11) performed different memory tasks. Several strategies (i.e., sorting, clustering, rehearsal, and self-testing) were coded from videotapes and their average number of different strategies served as the strategy variable. Memory span and task-specific metamemory tasks served as the capacity and metamemory variables, respectively. The W�rzburg Model, derived from laboratories in Germany, had a significant chi-square statistic. The more successful Utilization Deficiency Model had a nonsignificant chi-square statistic and accounted for 48% of the variance in recall. Additional support for the Utilization Deficiency Model was evident from the significant path coefficients, which suggested that metamemory drives the production of strategies and that both metamemory and capacity co...
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Carbon Fibers. Part XV: Electrochemical Treatment on Pitch-Based Fibers by Potentiostatic and Galvanostatic Methods:

DuPont E-120 high-modulus pitch-based carbon fibers were treated on both an electrochemical standard cell system and a pilot plant system under potentiostatic and galvanostatic operation modes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to monitor the fiber surface chemistry and bulk structure changes brought about by the electrochemical treatments. On both the standard cell and pilot plant systems, galvanostatic treatments gave more reproducible changes to the surface and bulk chemistry of the carbon fibers than did potentiostatic treatments. The difference was more obvious when the fibers were treated for a short period of time (less than one minute). The pilot plant system allows the fibers to be treated continuously to obtain a large amount of surface-modified fibers, enabling composite samples to be prepared. The work shows that operating the pilot plant system under a galvanostatic mode allows us to obtain a much more evenly treated fiber surface along the length of the fiber tow.
A comparative study between experimental results and numerical predictions of multi-wall structural response to hypervelocity impact

Over the last three decades, multiwall structures have been analyzed extensively, primarily through experiment, as a means of increasing the protection afforded to spacecraft structure. However, as structural configurations become more varied, the number of tests required to characterize their response increases dramatically. As an alternative, numerical modeling of high-speed impact phenomena is often being used to predict the response of a variety of structural systems under impact loading conditions. This paper presents the results of a preliminary numerical/experimental investigation of the hypervelocity impact response of multiwall structures. The results of experimental high-speed impact tests are compared against the predictions of the HULL hydrodynamic computer code. It is shown that the hypervelocity impact response characteristics of a specific system cannot be accurately predicted from a limited number of HULL code impact simulations. However, if a wide range of impact loadings conditions are considered, then the ballistic limit curve of the system based on the entire series of numerical simulations can be used as a relatively accurate indication of actual system response.
Nitric Oxide Loaded Echogenic Liposomes for Nitric Oxide Delivery and Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia

Objectives We sought to develop a new bioactive gas-delivery method by the use of echogenic liposomes (ELIP) as the gas carrier. Background Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive gas with potent therapeutic effects. The bioavailability of NO by systemic delivery is low with potential systemic effects. Methods Liposomes containing phospholipids and cholesterol were prepared by the use of a new method, freezing under pressure. The encapsulation and release profile of NO from NO-containing ELIP (NO-ELIP) or a mixture of NO/argon (NO/Ar-ELIP) was studied. The uptake of NO from NO-ELIP by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) both in the absence and presence of hemoglobin was determined. The effect of NO-ELIP delivery to attenuate intimal hyperplasia in a balloon-injured artery was determined. Results Coencapsulation of NO with Ar enabled us to adjust the amount of encapsulated NO. A total of 10 μl of gas can be encapsulated into 1 mg of liposomes. The release profile of NO from NO-ELIP demonstrated an initial rapid release followed by a slower release during the course of 8 h. Sixty-eight percent of cells remained viable when incubated with 80 μg/ml of NO/Ar-ELIP for 4 h. The delivery agent of NO to VSMCs by the use of NO/Ar-ELIP was 7-fold greater than unencapsulated NO. We discovered that NO/Ar-ELIP remained an effective delivery agent of NO to VSMCs even in the presence of hemoglobin. Local NO-ELIP administration to balloon-injured carotid arteries attenuated the development of intimal hyperplasia and reduced arterial wall thickening by 41 ± 9%. Conclusions Liposomes can protect and deliver a bioactive gas to target tissues with the potential for both visualization of gas delivery and controlled therapeutic gas release.
Stress analysis of axisymmetric extrusion in the presence of strain-induced anisotropy modeled as combined isotropic-kinematic hardening

Abstract Using large deformation finite element analysis together with a rate-independent combined isotropic-kinematic hardening model, the influence of strain-induced anisotropy on the basic characteristics of axisymmetric extrusion has been investigated. The evolution of the anisotropy reflects both direct contribution of the plastic strain rate and the influence of induced spin due to non-coaxiality of the embedded back stress and the rate of plastic deformation. The influence of various material dependent parameters on the stresses generated during the extrusion is discussed. In addition to this, the paper also contains detailed description of the computational procedure, specifically the manner in which the rate constitutive relations have been integrated. The results indicate that for fixed ratios of isotropic to kinematic hardening, residual stresses are strongly influenced by variation of the non-dimensional material parameter which controls the contribution of the spin to the evolution of the anisotropy.
Gamma globulins of bovine lacteal secretions.

Abstract Gamma globulin components of bovine colostrum and dry secretion were compared with their counterparts in serum by means of immunoelectrophoresis, anion exchange chromatography, and double-diffusion antigenic analysis. Although comparable components appeared immunochemically and physicochemically similar no matter where they originated, the proportional amount of each component varied greatly according to the character of the secretion. Thus, electrophoretically fast and slow 7S gamma globulin components were found to selectively accumulate in dry secretion relative to other serum proteins. Colostrum formation involved the same discrimination relative to other serum proteins and also a virtually complete discrimination against slow 7S gamma globulin in favor of a fast component. Bovine gamma-1M and gamma-1A globulins were found in lacteal secretions.
Translation, Hybridization, and Modernization: John Dewey and Children’s Literature in Early Twentieth Century China

This essay examines how John Dewey’s child-centered educational philosophy was adopted and adapted in the early twentieth century in China to create a Chinese children’s literature. Chinese intellectuals applied Dewey’s educational philosophy, which values children’s interests and needs, to formulate a new concept of modern childhood that influenced emerging Chinese children’s literature. Underlying the apparently faithful borrowing of Dewey’s theory, though, is a fundamental contradiction between Dewey and his Chinese counterparts in terms of the nature of children. While Dewey was rejecting the notion that human beings possess innate characteristics, Chinese intellectuals were attempting to do the opposite, namely they were endeavoring to make “children” an essentialist category. By emphasizing this intersection of both foreign and indigenous influences in modern Chinese children’s literature, this essay also suggests that Chinese children’s literature is a hybrid product.
On Chip Signal Generators for Low Overhead ADC BIST

Testing of ADCs deeply embedded in SOCs is a significant challenge due to access limitations. ADC Built-in self-test (BIST) is considered a promising alternative to traditional test. This paper investigates implementation issues in adapting the stimulus error identification and removal (SEIR) algorithm, originally developed for production test, into a practical ADC BIST solution. Signal generators with very low transistor count and area consumption are presented. Extremely simple methods for generating small constant voltage level shifts are introduced and evaluated. Simulation results show that the generated signals, together with the level shifts, are able to test a 16-bit ADC to 16 bit accuracy levels. These results demonstrate that accurate BIST of deeply embedded analog and mixed-signal (AMS) blocks may be practically implemented on chip with very low overhead.
Misperceptions of Sex Offender Perpetration Considering the Impact of Sex Offender Registration

A popular misconception among the general public is that sex offenders most often victimize strangers. To better understand these misconceptions about sex offenders, this study determines the frequency of misperception in the general public and establishes if the misconceptions are related to the policy of sex offender registration. Using a self-administered mail survey, it is found that on average, 3 out of 10 respondents indicate more worry about a child being sexually abused by a stranger than a child being sexually abused by someone known to them. In neighborhoods where registered sex offenders reside, awareness of a local sex offender significantly increases the likelihood that a respondent is more worried about a stranger sexually abusing a child. Interpretations of the findings follow, including discussing if the findings demonstrate an unintended consequence of sex offender registries.
Factor Analytic Validation of the Ford, Wolvin, and Chung Listening Competence Scale

This research begins to independently and quantitatively validate the Ford, Wolvin, and Chung (2000) Listening Competency Scale. Reliability and Confirmatory Factor analyses were conducted on two independent samples. The reliability estimates were found to be below those reported by Ford, Wolvin, and Chung (2000) and below acceptable levels for three of the listening dimensions. The factor analytic results indicated some lack of fit. Given the well-established theory and logic behind the dimensions of the Listening Competence Scale, the primary recommendation is that the individual items be revisited and modified to improve reliability and model fit.