cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Cancer Immunotherapy.

Natural killer (NK) cells play a major role in cancer immunotherapies that involve tumor-antigen targeting by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). NK cells express a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors that serve to regulate the function and activity of the cells. In the context of targeting cells, NK cells can be “specifically activated” through certain Fc receptors that are expressed on their cell surface. NK cells can express FcγRIIIA and/or FcγRIIC, which can bind to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins, transmitting activating signals within NK cells. Once activated through Fc receptors by antibodies bound to target cells, NK cells are able to lyse target cells without priming, and secrete cytokines like interferon gamma to recruit adaptive immune cells. This antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of tumor cells is utilized in the treatment of various cancers overexpressing unique antigens, such as neuroblastoma, breast cancer, B cell lymphoma, and others. NK cells also express a family of receptors called Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs), which regulate the function and response of NK cells towards target cells through their interaction with their cognate ligands that are expressed on tumor cells. Genetic polymorphisms in KIR and KIR ligands, as well as FcγRs may influence NK cell responsiveness in conjunction with mAb immunotherapies. This review focuses on current therapeutic mAbs, different strategies to augment the anti-tumor efficacy of ADCC, and genotypic factors that may influence patient responses to antibody-dependent immunotherapies.
If You Can't Build It, They Won't Come: Condominium Construction Moratoria and Gentrification

The increasing presence of bright, new condominium development in America’s cities is changing the composition and appearance of these urban landscapes. Long-time local residents in gentrifying areas are confronted daily with the impacts of development, and are searching for tools to preserve their communities and keep them affordable. One response has been proposed moratoria on condominium construction. This approach aims to stop the influx of more affluent individuals into urban neighborhoods by preventing the construction of higher-end condominiums. This Note examines the validity of such moratoria on condominium construction as an exercise of the police power. Through a comparison to rent control ordinances and condominium conversion moratoria, it argues that valid condominium construction moratoria can be implemented to address social and economic concerns. The Note concludes, however, that valid construction moratoria are not always the most appropriate or effective growth management tool to address a gentrifying community’s needs.
Light Emission from Flames

This chapter describes the radiation phenomena that occur during fuel/oxidizer reactions; specifically the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) light that is emitted via a variety of mechanisms during combustion events. Significant information about combustion can be acquired by analyzing the light-emission profile of combustion events. Techniques such as emission spectroscopy, two-color optical pyrometry, radiation thermometry, and combustion visualization are all utilized to study combustion. Both, sooting and nonsooting flames can be studied effectively with light-emission techniques. The inherent advantage to utilizing emission-based techniques to study combustion is that they require only minimal access to the combustion event; only a method is needed for light to leave the measurement area, such as fiber optics, endoscopes and borescopes, and small windows. Explanations of each of these techniques and their advantages/disadvantages in different applications will be discussed. Keywords: Light emission; chemiluminescence; radiation; diesel; temperature measurement; spectroscopy
A novel approach to model generation for heterogeneous data classification

Ensemble methods such as bagging and boosting have been successfully applied to classification problems. Two important issues associated with an ensemble approach are: how to generate models to construct an ensemble, and how to combine them for classification. In this paper, we focus on the problem of model generation for heterogeneous data classification. If we could partition heterogeneous data into a number of homogeneous partitions, we will likely generate reliable and accurate classification models over the homogeneous partitions. We examine different ways of forming homogeneous subsets and propose a novel method that allows a data point to be assigned multiple times in order to generate homogeneous partitions for ensemble learning. We present the details of the new algorithm and empirical studies over the UCI benchmark datasets and datasets of image classification, and show that the proposed approach is effective for heterogeneous data classification.
Spam deobfuscation using a hidden markov model

To circumvent spam filters, many spammers attempt to obfuscate their emails by deliberately misspelling words or introducing other errors into the text. For example viagra may be written vigra, or mortgage written m0rt gage. Even though humans have little difficulty reading obfuscated emails, most content-based filters are unable to recognize these obfuscated spam words. In this paper, we present a hidden Markov model for deobfuscating spam emails. We empirically demonstrate that our model is robust to many types of obfuscation including misspellings, incorrect segmentations (adding/removing spaces), and substitutions/insertions of non-alphabetic characters.
Quality Assurance and the Service Domain in Cardiac and Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Background: Little is known about the quality assurance methods used on cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Also, little is known as to what extent the service domain is evaluated and what methods are employed. Knowledge of what is being done in these regards may facilitate programs effectively and efficiently measuring these outcomes. Methods: A survey was mailed to 1/3 of the programs (approximately 400) in both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation listed in the AACVPR Program Guide 2004. The survey included questions that would add to the knowledge of what is the extent of practice and methods. 12 components of quality assurance were listed and 14 components of patient satisfaction were assessed as to the frequency of use. It was pilot tested and revised. Results: The usable return rate was 48%. Program directors of both types of programs claimed daily formal assessment of most of the 12 areas listed for quality assurance. The three highest being assessment of adverse events, safety, and patient satisfaction. The three lowest use was in the area of efficiency, timeliness and continuity of care. The service domain was assessed as comparable to the other three: health, clinical and behavioral domains. Patient satisfaction was the most commonly assessed component of the service domain with more than 90% of both types of programs measuring program effectiveness, overall program quality and friendliness of the staff. Managers most commonly cited the acquisition of new equipment as the endpoint as the end results of patient satisfaction assessment. Conclusions: There was surprising similarity in results from programs in cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Quality assurance is very frequently assessed in both. Concern for adverse events, safety, and patient satisfaction predominate.
Anterior versus lateral needle decompression of tension pneumothorax: comparison by computed tomography chest wall measurement.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1022–1026 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: Recent research describes failed needle decompression in the anterior position. It has been hypothesized that a lateral approach may be more successful. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal site for needle decompression. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of emergency department (ED) patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) of the chest as part of their evaluation for blunt trauma. A convenience sample of 159 patients was formed by reviewing consecutive scans of eligible patients. Six measurements from the skin surface to the pleural surface were made for each patient: anterior second intercostal space, lateral fourth intercostal space, and lateral fifth intercostal space on the left and right sides. Results: The distance from skin to pleura at the anterior second intercostal space averaged 46.3 mm on the right and 45.2 mm on the left. The distance at the midaxillary line in the fourth intercostal space was 63.7 mm on the right and 62.1 mm on the left. In the fifth intercostal space the distance was 53.8 mm on the right and 52.9 mm on the left. The distance of the anterior approach was statistically less when compared to both intercostal spaces (p < 0.01). Conclusions: With commonly available angiocatheters, the lateral approach is less likely to be successful than the anterior approach. The anterior approach may fail in many patients as well. Longer angiocatheters may increase the chances of decompression, but would also carry a higher risk of damage to surrounding vital structures.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides from US urban areas: estimation from Ozone Monitoring Instrument retrievals for 2005-2014

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can provide valuable information for estimating surface nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Using an exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG) method and taking into account the effect of wind on observed NO2 distributions, we estimate 3-year moving-average emissions of summertime NOx from 35 US (United States) urban areas directly from NO2 retrievals of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) during 2005–2014. Following conclusions of previous studies that the EMG method provides robust and accurate emission estimates under strong-wind conditions, we derive top-down NOx emissions from each urban area by applying the EMG method to OMI data with wind speeds greater than 3–5 m s−1. Meanwhile, we find that OMI NO2 observations under weak-wind conditions (i.e., 0.93) with weak-wind OMI NO2 burdens as well as with bottom-up NOx emission estimates over 35 urban areas, implying a linear response of the OMI observations to surface emissions under weak-wind conditions. The simultaneous EMG-obtained effective NO2 lifetimes (~ 3.5 ± 1.3 h), however, are biased low in comparison to the summertime NO2 chemical lifetimes. In general, isolated urban areas with NOx emission intensities greater than ~ 2 Mg h−1 produce statistically significant weak-wind signals in 3-year average OMI data. From 2005 to 2014, we estimate that total OMI-derived NOx emissions over all selected US urban areas decreased by 49 %, consistent with reductions of 43, 47, 49, and 44 % in the total bottom-up NOx emissions, the sum of weak-wind OMI NO2 columns, the total weak-wind OMI NO2 burdens, and the averaged NO2 concentrations, respectively, reflecting the success of NOx control programs for both mobile sources and power plants. The decrease rates of these NOx-related quantities are found to be faster (i.e., −6.8 to −9.3 % yr−1) before 2010 and slower (i.e., −3.4 to −4.9 % yr−1) after 2010. For individual urban areas, we calculate the R values of pair-wise trends among the OMI-derived and bottom-up NOx emissions, the weak-wind OMI NO2 burdens, and ground-based NO2 measurements, and high correlations are found for all urban areas (median R= 0.8), particularly large ones (R up to 0.97). The results of the current work indicate that using the EMG method and considering the wind effect, the OMI data allow for the estimation of NOx emissions from urban areas and the direct constraint of emission trends with reasonable accuracy.
Effective Choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma:

This is a “primer” on how to play the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game effectively. Existing research approaches offer the participant limited help in understanding how to cope effectively with such interactions. To gain a deeper understanding of how to be effective in such a partially competitive and partially cooperative environment, a computer tournament was conducted for the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Decision rules were submitted by entrants who were recruited primarily from experts in game theory from a variety of disciplines: psychology, political science, economics, sociology, and mathematics. The results of the tournament demonstrate that there are subtle reasons for an individualistic pragmatist to cooperate as long as the other side does, to be somewhat for-giving, and to be optimistic about the other side's responsiveness.
Bridging the Gap Between Prosecutors' Cases and Victims' Biographies in the Criminal Justice System Through Shared Emotions

Research on victims' encounters with prosecutors suggests that victims' rights have had a limited effect on victims' satisfaction with the criminal justice system. This study examines the victim-prosecutor relationship with a focus on people who have lost a loved one to murder. The emotional tone dimension of Carol Heimer's case versus biography analysis proves helpful for explaining the gaps between prosecutors' responsibilities and victims' expectations. The data come from in-depth interviews with thirty-five participants, including twenty victims, three crime victims' advocates, and twelve criminal court professionals in Union County (pseudonym). The findings indicate that shared emotions (e.g., sadness, anger) represent a key mechanism for (1) connecting victims to prosecutors (and individuals to organizations) and (2) improving victims' experiences with the criminal justice system. Although victims' rights do not guarantee the opportunity for shared emotions, prosecutors often honored victims' desire for a close relationship and considered their input on case decisions.
Applying the NSF broader impacts criteria to HCI research

Broader impacts emerged as a major concern in a recent evaluation of the Division of Computer and Network Systems (CNS) at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Evaluators found that the intellectual merit contributions from the CNS investigators were strong, but broader impacts could (and should) be improved [10]. As a result, a summit was held in Washington, D.C., to clarify and strengthen the broader impacts criteria for computing research [4]. In this SIG meeting, we will discuss the outcomes of this summit, with particular attention to broader impacts in human-computer interaction research.
Brief Communication: Likelihood of societal preparedness for global change: trend detection

Abstract. Anthropogenic influences on earth system processes are now pervasive, resulting in trends in river discharge, pollution levels, ocean levels, precipitation, temperature, wind, landslides, bird and plant populations and a myriad of other important natural hazards relating to earth system state variables. Thousands of trend detection studies have been published which report the statistical significance of observed trends. Unfortunately, such studies only concentrate on the null hypothesis of "no trend". Little or no attention is given to the power of such statistical trend tests, which would quantify the likelihood that we might ignore a trend if it really existed. The probability of missing the trend, if it exists, known as the type II error, informs us about the likelihood of whether or not society is prepared to accommodate and respond to such trends. We describe how the power or probability of detecting a trend if it exists, depends critically on our ability to develop improved multivariate deterministic and statistical methods for predicting future trends in earth system processes. Several other research and policy implications for improving our understanding of trend detection and our societal response to those trends are discussed.
Angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis in anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

PURPOSE: Management of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions is controversial. Anal and cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions are similar in that they occur in transitional squamous epithelium, are associated with human papilloma virus infection, and have increased incidence in the immunocompromised population. Ablation of cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions is preferred, but similar ablation or excision of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions may compromise bowel control; thus, there is a need to define the malignant potential of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. METHODS: We analyzed 50 paraffin sections of normal anoderm, anal low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and anal squamous-cell carcinoma. Microvessels were detected immunohistochemically with von Willebrand factor and counted manually along the epithelial-stromal junction. Proliferation and apoptosis were determined in the epithelial cells with MIB-1 antibody immunostaining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-11-dUTP nick end labeling, respectively. RESULTS: Microvascular density was significantly greater in anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (mean, 0.50 vessels/cm)vs. normal anoderm (mean, 0.21 vessels/cm;P=0.0017, Mann-WhitneyU test). The proliferative percentages were greater in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and squamous-cell carcinoma (mean, 20.4, 21.8, and 23.6 percent)vs. normal anoderm (mean, 14.4 percent), although not significantly (P=0.06, Kruskal-Wallis statistic). Although the mean proliferative proportions were similar in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, the apoptotic proportion was lower for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions than low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (10.13vs. 19.96 percent, respectively;P=NS, Mann-WhitneyU test). CONCLUSIONS: Angiogenesis, increased proliferation, and decreased apoptosis occur in anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions as they do in the cervix before the development of malignancy. These biologic markers support the importance of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions as a potential premalignant lesion warranting surgical intervention.
External Impedance vs. Short-Circuit Currents

Effects of external impedance on short-circuit currents in synchronous machines and in networks are discussed in this article. The material presented is not claimed to be new; its chief value lies in the confirmation of calculations by test results, which tends to increase confidence in formulas previously developed. The formulas and test data are given in a form convenient for ready reference.
In vivo and in vitro metabolism of fipronil by larvae of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis.

In vivo and in vitro metabolism of [14C]fipronil was examined in a susceptible European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubner) laboratory strain. [14C]Fipronil penetrated the larval integument slowly, with 71.5% of the applied radioactivity recovered from surface rinses 24 h after topical application. Despite this slow penetration, radioactivity was detected in both the excrement and internal organo-soluble fractions. Radioactivity in the internal aqueous fraction and tissue pellet accounted for less than 0.8% of total radioactivity. The in vivo studies suggest that fipronil oxidation to its sulfone metabolite is the major route of metabolic conversion. In vitro studies were performed using subcellular microsomal fractions isolated from European corn borer larval midguts. Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity (methoxyresorufin O-demethylase) was consistently observed in midgut preparations, and formation and detection of the sulfone metabolite in the same midgut preparations was also NADPH-dependent and inhibited by piperonyl butoxide. In vitro metabolism results indicate microsomal monooxygenases are responsible for the conversion of fipronil to its sulfone form in the European corn borer.
Broadband THz response of a resonantly excited high-density exciton gas

The density-driven crossover of electron-hole pairs from insulating to conducting states is observed via the internal 1s-2p exciton resonance. Decreasing interparticle distance induces strong shifts and broadening, and ultimately the disappearance of the excitonic resonance.
Zinc and tellurium doping in GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs grown by MOCVD

Abstract Diethylzinc and diethyltellurium have been used as p-type and n-type dopants, respectively, for GaAs and Al x Ga 1 - x As epilayers grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The influence of growth temperature, growth rate, and dopant mole fraction upon carrier concentration were investigated for both dopants under similar growth conditions. The V/III ratio was 50 for all the samples. It was observed that the growth parameters do not affect the mobility of doped samples for a given carrier concentration. For both Zn and Te doped layers, the carrier concentrations increased linearly with decreasing growth temperature and increasing mole fraction. For the undoped samples, higher growth rates resulted in lower background impurity incorporation and higher Hall mobilities. The Te incorporation increased with increasing growth rate; however, the Zn incorporation was reduced under similar conditions. The morphology of heavily-doped samples was found to be dependent upon growth temperature and growth rate. By varying these two parameters, mirror-smooth surface morphology was obtained for Zn-doped GaAs epilayers of 1 × 10 20 cm -3 and Te-doped GaAs epilayers of 1 × 10 19 cm -3 .
The relationship between Tibet-tropical ocean thermal contrast and interannual variability of Indian Monsoon rainfall

Abstract During the northern summer the Tibetan Plateau is a heat source for the atmosphere, and the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Cold Tongue is a heat sink, both contributing to the thermal forcing of large-scale quasi-zonal atmospheric circulation. For the period 1954–1979 interannual variability of Indian monsoon rainfall (IM) is found to correlate highly with the thermal contrast between the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the Equatorial Cold Tongue (ECT). An index of this thermal contrast (SLO for sea-land oscillation) is defined as the departure from the mean of the difference between the ground surface temperature of the Tibetan Plateau (Ts,) and the surface temperature of the Equatorial Cold Tongue (Tw). The interannual variability of Ts and Tw are of comparable magnitude and statistically independent of each other. The index of contrast (SLO) that contains them both correlates more strongly with Indian monsoon rainfall (0.61) than does either Ts(0.30) or Tw(0.52). The Ts and Tw each contributes about equall...
Is there really good news about pandemic diabetic nephropathy

Defined in the dictionary as an adjective, the word pandemic, meaning: ‘occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population,’ like epidemic, has evolved to its current usage as a noun [1]. In 2005, growth in number of individuals in the United States treated for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was analysed using data generated by the United States Renal Data system (USRDS), sustaining the conclusion that most of the expansion ‘was due to a three-fold increase in risk of ESRD in people with diabetes and therefore, qualifies as an epidemic (Figure 1) [2].’ Examination of the epidemic growth curve of diabetes [3] pointed to diabetes mellitus as the leading cause of ESRD (i.e. kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) in the United States, accounting for 44% of new cases of treated ESRD in 2002 [4]. As depicted in Figure 2, the incidence count of new ESRD patients between 1984 and 2002 whose renal failure was associated with diabetes has continuously increased each year over the preceding year. More than 53 million Europeans, 8.4% of adults, have diagnosed diabetes with a predicted increase to 9.8% of adults by 2025. Industrialized nations devote about 10% of their healthcare budgets to diabetes care, an estimate that must rise, due to continuing growth of diabetic persons, of about 7 million a year globally. Appreciating that reluctance to accept diabetic persons for ESRD treatment is fading, the financial impact imposed by treating the myriad comorbidities of diabetes must continuously expand. Developing nations, for the present, have avoided including diabetes in the roster of acceptable causes for treating
EmbeddingL 1 in a Banach lattice

We show that ifX is a Banach lattice containing no copy ofc0 and ifZ is a subspace ofX isomorphic toL1[0, 1] then (a)Z contains a subspaceZ0 isomorphic toL1 and complemented inX and (b)X contains a complemented sublattice isomorphic and lattice-isomorphic toL1.
Must God Create the Best

Many philosophers and theologians have accepted the following proposition: (P) If a perfectly good moral agent created any world at all, it would have to be the very best world that he could create.
Scholarly productivity in mental retardation

The most productive institutions in social, educational, and psychological research in mental retardation were identified by noting the affiliations of authors who have published recently in the field. A frequency count was made of the studies published, giving credit to universities on the basis of the percentage of the total contribution provided by particular investigators, up to a maximum of one full publication. Also, the number of publications represented by each particular university was computed. The implications of these particular data are briefly discussed.
Selective Protonation at a C−F Bond in the Presence of an Iridium−Methyl Bond Gives Diastereoselective Carbon−Fluorine Bond Activation and Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation. A New Path to Carbon Stereocenters Bearing Fluorine Atoms

Reaction of iridium-fluoroalkyl complexes with fluoride acceptors occurs with completely diastereoselective activation of a C-F bond and formation of a new C-C bond. Protonation occurs with complete selectivity at the C-Fbond without any detectable formation of methane by protonation at the Ir-CH 3 group.
Determination of fire resistance of plutonium storage containers

AbstractSeismic upgrades to safety systems at the Plutonium Facility at Los Alamos, NM, USA, are needed based on the latest facility safety analysis. The design basis accident of concern is a large scale seismically induced fire on the processing floor. Such an accident could involve large quantities of plutonium in dispersible forms stored in containers that cannot be counted on to prevent material release. As part of the effort to improve the safety posture of the facility in the near term, we developed a test method to evaluate the capability of storage containers to prevent release of their contents in the event of a seismically induced fire. To provide a defensible basis for testing to the Department of Energy (DOE) and Congressional oversight, we adopted standard test methods from consensus codes and standards. These tests included a time–temperature exposure up to 870°C and a 20 L kerosene open pool fire test. After the thermal tests, containers were dropped from a height of 4 ft onto a steel plate...
The Selection of Computer‐Aided Software Engineering Tools: A Multi‐Criteria Decision Making Approach

The selection of the appropriate computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools to suit the needs of an organization requires the systematic application of the multi-criteria decision methodology (MCDM). In order to make a case for the use of MCDM, the application of the ELECTRE I method to the selection of CASE tools from a possible set of six alternatives is demonstrated. The demonstration helps in gaining a grasp of the MCDM approach and the ELECTRE I method. There is potential for the application of the MCDM approach in other software engineering decisions, especially in the feasibility analysis of the systems life cycle.
Characteristics of Lawyers Portrayed in Television Advertising: The Effects of Preference, Client-Role and Advertisement Type

ABSTRACT This research examines the evaluation of legal television advertisements and the lawyers or law firms represented by these advertisements. Three hypotheses are tested concerning the evaluation of the ads relative to a lawyer's professionalism and personal demeanor, likelihood of choosing a law firm based on a portrayal of desirable characteristics and the varying ability of the ad to attract the consumer depending on whether one is a plaintiff or defendant. Results indicate that ads perceived with more professionalism are evaluated more favorably. Differences in evaluations by potential plaintiffs and defendants were only marginally supported.
Ethics of translation: MOLST and electronic advance directives.

The authors of “Re-examining the Value of Advance Directives,” Levi and Green (2010) have created a useful, and accessible computer-based approach for end-of-life decision making for both patients ...
Repressing Distress in Childhood: A Defense against Health-Related Stress

This paper is a review of empirical investigations of the repressive adaptive style in youth. Studies were selected on the basis of their adherence to Weinberger et al.'s (J Abnorm Psychol 88: 369-380, 1979) paradigm, consisting of the interaction between a measure of distress and a measure of defensiveness to categorize repressors. The presence of a repressive style of adaptation was identified in adolescence, especially among pediatric populations. Adolescent repressors were found to exhibit characteristics similar to those identified among adult samples (i.e., self-deception, biased self-reports, and inhibition of signals of distress). Only one study focused on young repressors' autonomic reactivity, which is another main characteristic of a repressive adaptive style in adulthood. Methodological inconsistencies between child studies are highlighted and weaknesses in the psychometric properties of defensiveness measures in childhood are discussed. Future investigations should examine the impact of a repressive adaptive style on health outcomes and behaviors to see if adult health data associated with a repressive style of adaptation are replicable in childhood.
Detection of collagenase-induced damage of collagen by 9A4, a monoclonal C-terminal neoepitope antibody.

Abstract To determine whether the collagen network is compromised by collagenase during acute inflammation, a monoclonal antibody (9A4) was developed with specificity for the C-terminal neoepitope sequence generated by collagenase-cleavage of type II collagen (Gly–Pro–Pro–Gly–Pro–Gln–Gly–COOH). 9A4 was shown to detect the collagen collagenase-cleavage neoepitope with a K =1.7×10 −7 M (type II) and K =2×10 −6 M (type I). It does not recognize uncleaved native or denatured collagen. Articular cartilage from control animals is unstained by 9A4. During acute inflammation elicited in hamsters by intra-articular LPS, positive staining for the 9A4 neoepitope indicated the collagen was damaged. Wheel running exercise was used to apply stress to control cartilage and cartilage from animals with damaged collagen. After 6 months of running, the cartilage from normal animals was unaffected. By contrast, in the group with damaged collagen, the cartilage was fibrillated in all animals and in half of those, the cartilage failed and bony eburnation resulted.
Selective reflection from a dense atomic vapor.

A theory of selective reflection (SR) of a light beam from the interface of a dielectric medium and a dense atomic vapor is presented. Following another earlier work on this subject [J. Guo et al., Opt. Commun. 110, 732 (1994)], we calculate the atomic density matrix and the transmitted field in the vapor self-consistently. We extend our previous theory to include an attractive atom-dielectric wall interaction and multiple atomic transitions. We examine the limits at which the conventional SR theories, which are based on the assumption of a plane-wave field in the vapor, start to fail. It is shown that at or above vapor densities of order ${10}^{17}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the frequency shifts of the SR line shape due to the local-field correction (Lorentz-Lorenz shift), the atom-wall interaction, and the nonexponential attenuation of the field in the vapor can have comparable orders of magnitude, and the proper determination of all these effects is essential for calculating the correct SR signals. A comparison of the theoretical SR spectra with an experimental result for a Rb vapor with a density of order ${10}^{17}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ is also presented. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Language as political articulation: East Bengal in 1952

Abstract This paper is an analysis of the role played by the 1952 language movement (bhasha andolan) in East Bengal in the development of a Bengali nationalist discourse. The language movement forged a conscious link between various subaltern social groups, enabling them to transcend existing barriers and transform them into formidable political actors. Using the concept of counter hegemonic striving, this paper argues that the language movement was a definitive outcome of years of counter hegemonic activities of the Bengali subalterns. This process of counter hegemony was especially evident in the peasant insurgency in rural areas and in the building of an alternative political organization. The articulation of political power through these two processes stands in sharp contrast to the efforts of the Muslim League, both ideologically and politically. It negated the idea of the very existence of the Pakistan state, and facilitated new ways of articulating the concept of Bengali nationalism. Although the u...
Human Receptor for Measles Virus (CD46) Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Restricts Virus Replication in Mouse Macrophages by Modulating Production of Alpha/Beta Interferon

Complement regulatory protein CD46 is a human cell receptor for measles virus (MV). In this study, we investigated why mouse macrophages expressing human CD46 restricted MV replication and produced higher levels of nitric oxide (NO) in response to MV and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Treatment of MV-infected CD46-expressing mouse macrophages with antibodies against IFN-alpha/beta blocked NO production. Antibodies against IFN-alpha/beta also inhibited the augmenting effect of MV on IFN-gamma-induced NO production in CD46-expressing mouse macrophages. These antibodies did not affect NO production induced by IFN-gamma alone. These data suggest that MV enhances NO production in CD46-expressing mouse macrophages through action of IFN-alpha/beta. Mouse macrophages expressing a human CD46 mutant lacking the cytoplasmic domains were highly susceptible to MV. These cells produced much lower levels of NO and IFN-alpha/beta upon infection by MV, suggesting the CD46 cytoplasmic domains enhanced IFN-alpha/beta production. When mouse macrophages expressing tailless human CD46 were exposed to culture medium from MV-infected mouse macrophages expressing intact human CD46, viral protein synthesis and development of cytopathic effects were suppressed. Pretreating the added culture medium with antibodies against IFN-alpha/beta abrogated these antiviral effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that expression of human CD46 in mouse macrophages enhances production of IFN-alpha/beta in response to MV infection, and IFN-alpha/beta synergizes with IFN-gamma to enhance NO production and restrict viral protein synthesis and virus replication. This novel function of human CD46 in mouse macrophages requires the CD46 cytoplasmic domains.
The magnetism of copper(II) croconate trihydrate

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of copper(II) croconate trihydrate has been measured in the temperature range 3·0–292°K. Although there is an absorption in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum at 1430 G which is indicative of spin-spin interactions between the copper(II) ions which are bridged by the croconate ligands in the chain structure, the magnetic susceptibility data show that the magnitude of the interaction is less than 3°K.
A Two-Dimensional Octacyanomolybdate(V)-Based Ferrimagnet: {[MnII(DMF)4]3[MoV(CN)8]2}n

Treatment of [HNBu3]3[MoV(CN)8] with manganese(II) p-toluenesulfonate in N,N‘-dimethylformamide (DMF) affords {[MnII(DMF)4]3[MoV(CN)8]2}n (1) as a two-dimensional network. The structure of 1 consists of [cis-MnII(DMF)4(μ-NC)2]2+ and [trans-MnII(DMF)4(μ-NC)2]2+ units that are linked via cyanides to three-connected [MoV(CN)5(μ-CN)3]3- centers in a 4:2:6 ratio, forming 12-membered rings. Magnetic measurements indicate that 1 is a ferrimagnet (TN = 8 K) that exhibits frequency-dependent behavior in χ‘ ‘. Heating of 1 affords an additional magnetic phase (TN = 21 K) that is absent of linkage isomerism.
The Profitability of Medicare Admissions Based on Source of Admission

Objectives: This study investigates whether admissions from the emergency department (ED) have lower dollar margins than elective admissions under Medicare and explores two possible reasons for differences in margins. Methods: The authors developed patient-level Medicare dollar margins (calculated as patient revenue minus cost) for 1,159,243 Medicare admissions from 321 hospitals using data from the 2003 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the Medicare Impact File. Differences in margins between ED and elective admissions were explored across a number of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) using t-tests. Chi-square tests were used explore whether ED admission was more common among patients in low-profit DRGs and/or patients with greater severity of illness. Results: The average Medicare dollar margins were −$712 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −$729 to −$695) for ED admissions and $22 (95% CI = −$2 to $47) for elective admissions. Medicare dollar margins for ED admissions were lower than those of elective admission for the most common DRGs. ED admission was associated with greater patient severity of illness. Conclusions: Source of admission is a financially meaningful classification. Because Medicare payment policy does not recognize differences in cost based on patients’ route of admission, hospitals may have a financial incentive to favor elective admissions over ED admissions.
Genetic Transmission Effects and Intergenerational Contact with the Criminal Justice System: A Consideration of Three Dopamine Polymorphisms

Parental incarceration has been linked to a wide range of negative intergenerational consequences, including involvement in the criminal justice system. Prior research indicates that those who expe...
Fabrication and Microstructure of Composite Metal‐Clad Ceramic Superconducting Wire

Sheathed high-Tc superconducting ceramic wire composites have been fabricated by wire drawing. Superconducting powders of YBa2Cu3O7-x (Y-123) and Bi4(Sr, Ca)6Cu4O16+x (Bi-464) have both been prepared and successfully fabricated into continuous wire form. Under certain circumstances, a displacement reaction occurs at the interface between the ceramic superconductor and the containment tube; the nature of this displacement reaction and its prevention are discussed. Microcracking of the ceramic core is attributable predominantly to relative shrinkage effects during sintering. Failure of the metal wall during wire fabrication is attributed to drawing conditions and the mechanical properties of core and cladding.
CoMon: a mostly-scalable monitoring system for PlanetLab

CoMon is an evolving, mostly-scalable monitoring system for PlanetLab that has the goal of presenting environment-tailored information for both the administrators and users of the PlanetLab global testbed. In addition to passively reporting metrics provided by the operating system, CoMon also actively gathers a number of metrics useful for developers of networked systems. Using CoMon, PlanetLab administrators and users can easily spot problematic machines, where the problem may arise from the machine itself, local configuration/environment problems, or the workload running on the machine. Furthermore, users can easily observe many properties of all of the experiments running across multiple PlanetLab nodes, facilitating not only their own experiment monitoring and debugging, but also helping scale the task of finding PlanetLab problems.In this paper we describe CoMon's design and operation, including what kinds of data are gathered, the scale of the processing involved, and the approaches we have taken to keep CoMon running. Our goal is not only to illustrate the kinds of problems faced in this environment, but also to invite others to participate, either by experimenting with the data generated by CoMon, or by building on the CoMon system itself.
Sensitivity Analysis of Relative Worth in Empirical and Simulation-Based QFD Matrices

Quality function deployment (QFD) is one of the most popular tools used in the product development process. It relates customer requirements to product requirements and enables engineers to determine which product requirement is more important than the others in satisfying customers. Some of the benefits of QFD are cost reduction, fewer design changes at the start of production, and improved communication among engineers. QFD applications use various approaches (i.e., worth calculation schemes and rating scales) to calculate the worth of requirements. The purpose of this paper is to study the change in the relative worth (normalized worth) of product requirements yielded by different rating scales and calculation schemes. We studied empirical and simulation-generated QFD matrices to determine how calculation schemes and rating scales influence the relative worth of requirements. Two representative scales and two calculation schemes are used to find the most and least sensitive cases, and the influence of the number of rows and columns in the relative worth of requirements. From the results, we identified the least sensitive and most sensitive combination of calculation scheme and rating scale. We also learned that QFD matrices become less sensitive to changes in rating scale and calculation scheme as the number of columns increases.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Dignity and development

Abstract This paper explores how expanding the notion of informal institutions in the broader institutional framework provides a more complete explanation for development. Specifically, I incorporate McCloskey's notion of ‘dignity and liberty’ as part of the institutional nexus. By doing so, a richer explanation and understanding of the importance of institutions in explaining different economic outcomes is offered. Focusing on bourgeois dignity offers a precise mechanism to explain how institutions matter to support economic growth. In addition, analyzing the changing attitudes toward the bourgeoisie provides a specific example of mechanisms that can lead to institutional change.
Two proteins from cowpea mosaic virus.

Abstract Cowpea mosaic virus protein was resolved into two polypeptide size classes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in urea plus sodium dodecyl sulfate and by gel permeation chromatography in urea solution. Molecular weights of 22,000 and 42,000 were estimated for these size classes. Amino acid and peptide analyses indicated that each class consisted of a single kind of polypeptide chain. Evidence was obtained for the existence of some amino acid sequences common to the two proteins, but the possibility of a monomer-dimer relationship was excluded. Approximately equimolar amounts of the two proteins were found in each of the three centrifugal components of the virus: top, middle, and bottom.
Variable q-range x-ray scattering chamber for chemical and materials science at the Advanced Photon Source

We present here the design of a novel variable q-range x-ray scattering instrument recently installed at Sector 12 of the Advanced Photon Source. This device provides automated, computer-controlled q-range changes for x-ray scattering experiments by varying the sample-to-detector distance within a large vacuum chamber. Eliminating the need to vent the system when changing camera lengths allows for quick and efficient change-overs between experimental setups. The detector cannot operate in a vacuum environment; therefore it is housed within an air chamber open to atmospheric pressure. A large carbon window isolates the detector from vacuum while allowing high x-ray transmission. An array of motorized beam stops mounted directly upstream of the window protects the detector from the direct x-ray beam for various types of scattering experiments. A smaller detector protrudes into the lower front section for simultaneous wide-angle x-ray scattering data collection. A fully automated support structure aligns the vacuum chamber to the x-ray trajectory.
Enabling Highly Survivable Automated On-Demand Dynamic Network Services with Intelligent Optical Control Planes

Globalization has changed the face and relevance of communication networks dramatically. Communication systems have become the most significant element of mission-critical infrastructure for consumers, businesses, and governments worldwide. Minimizing the risk of disruptions from human error, acts of war, terrorism, or natural disasters, while simultaneously creating a flexible, rapidly provisioned, on- demand network has become a business imperative, and requires the automation of key functions within network operations. Consequently, network architects are building survivable optical networks using intelligent optical control planes.
Increased responsivity of dentate granule cells during nictitating membrane response conditioning in rabbit

We examined the responsivity of dentate gyrus granule cells to perforant path stimulation during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Dentate field potentials elicited by perforant path stimulation were recorded during training to test for changes in granule cell responsivity. Results showed above-baseline increases in dentate population spike amplitudes over the course of training in paired but not unpaired animals. In addition, population spike amplitudes were smaller when elicited during tone presentations in both paired and unpaired animals than between trials when no conditioning stimuli were present. While alternative interpretations remain, these results provide preliminary evidence that processes similar to long-term potentiation may occur in the hippocampus during behavioral conditioning.
Propagation of supersymmetric charged sleptons at high energies

Abstract The potential for neutrino telescopes to discover charged stau production in neutrino–nucleon interactions in Earth depends in part on the stau lifetime and range. In some supersymmetric scenarios, the next lightest supersymmetric particle is a stau with a decay length on the scale of 10 km. We evaluate the electromagnetic energy loss as a function of energy and stau mass. The energy loss parameter β scales as the inverse stau mass for the dominating electromagnetic processes, photonuclear and e + e − pair production. The range can be parameterized as a function of stau mass, initial energy and minimum final energy. In comparison to earlier estimates of the stau range, our results are as much as a factor of two larger, improving the potential for stau discovery in neutrino telescopes.
Soot Mass Concentration Measurements in Diesel Engine Exhaust Using Laser-Induced Incandescence

ABSTRACT Simultaneous measurements of laser-induced incandescence (LII) and elastic scattering from soot particles in diesel engine exhaust have been made. The LII signal scaled linearly with the mass concentration of the non-volatile particulate mass fraction over the entire range of engine operating loads. Over this range of conditions, the volume mean diameter of the soot particles varied from 0.07 to 0.11 μm, but the size change did not appear to affect the signal response. The scattering response did not scale linearly with the mass concentration of soot. Mass concentrations of 0.2 mg/m3 were easily detectable, with even lower values possible. Additional techniques for determining the volatile fraction of particulate mass are described.