cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Stroke on Neuroimaging of COVID-19 Patients in Coma: A Case Series

Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease suffer from many thrombotic complications including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Large vessel strokes have been reported in young patients with COVID-19 disease. We report four cases of stroke diagnosed based on CT scan in critically ill individuals treated in the medical intensive care unit in a health facility in New York. All patients were receiving supportive treatment and mechanical ventilation at the time of diagnosis. All patients had impaired consciousness and were unable to wake up after sedation had worn off, prompting further workup. The pathogenesis of stroke could be secondary to the embolic phenomenon vs. hypercoagulopathy in our patients. Stroke should be considered in all COVID-19 patients who present with altered mental status. Severe COVID-19 patients with risk factors of stroke may benefit from therapeutic anticoagulation.
Feasibility of Remote Occupational Therapy Services via Telemedicine in a Breast Cancer Recovery Program.

Importance Access to perioperative breast surgery occupational therapy services remains limited in remote areas. Objective To assess the feasibility and acceptance of occupational therapy services using a "hub-and-spoke" telemedicine model. Design Prospective study using videoconferencing to connect the occupational therapist, located at the hub site, with the patient, located at the spoke site. Setting National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center (hub site) and affiliated community cancer center (spoke site). The sites are 75 mi apart. Participants Female breast cancer patients (N = 26) scheduled for breast surgery were asked to participate in telemedicine occupation therapy sessions. Patients lived in a geographically remote region and travelled a mean of 16 miles (range = 3-85) to the hub site. The majority (56%) of the patients had public insurance. Intervention Perioperative occupational therapy sessions completed through videoconferencing. Outcomes and measures Outcome measures were participation in and completion rate for the sessions, number of sessions required to return to baseline, and time interval from surgery to return to baseline function. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire. Results Of the patients who enrolled in the study, 18 completed all postoperative sessions in which functional assessments, exercises, and education were provided. Patients regained baseline function within a mean of 42.4 days after surgery and after an average of three sessions. Patients reported high satisfaction with the sessions. Conclusions and relevance Videoconference telemedicine in breast perioperative rehabilitation is feasible, effective, and acceptable to patients. This study adds to the emerging use of telemedicine for rehabilitative services. What this article adds This study, by demonstrating the acceptability, practicality, and efficacy of breast perioperative occupational therapy services offered through a videoconferencing platform, supports continued research to evaluate the value of telemedicine. Issues with access to medical care may be mitigated through creative use of technology.
Impedance-Matching Technique for an Infrared Folded Dipole Antenna

Modifications of the geometry of a folded dipole antenna operating in the infrared were studied with the objective to increase the antenna input impedance. These modified folded dipoles were designed and optimized using numerical simulations. Candidate antennas were fabricated, and input impedance was measured experimentally using scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy. Numerical and experimental results confirm that the choice of an appropriate antenna geometry leads to an input impedance of 1 kΩ or above. With this impedance, the modified folded dipole antenna could be implemented as a solution for the impedance mismatch challenge that arises in antenna-coupled infrared detectors.
Janet Yellen's Lift Off

Half way through her terms as Fed chair, Janet Yellen presided over the Fed’s controversial decision to start raising interest rates — a decision many viewed then, and many more view now, as premature. Was that decision consistent with Yellen's supposed commitment to full employment? Or was she instead a hawk in dove’s clothing, whose monetary overtightening kept millions out of work for no good reason? I argue that neither view is correct. Instead, the roots of the Fed's untimely rate hike, and Yellen's part in it, lay in her and other Fed officials’ ill-conceived plans for “normalizing” monetary policy.
Creation of a Student-Run Medical Education Podcast: Tutorial

Background: Podcasting has become a popular medium for medical education content. Educators and trainees of all levels are turning to podcasts for high-quality, asynchronous content. Although numerous medical education podcasts have emerged in recent years, few student-run podcasts exist. Student-run podcasts are a novel approach to supporting medical students. Near-peer mentoring has been shown to promote medical students’ personal and professional identity formation. Student-run podcasts offer a new medium for delivering near-peer advice to medical students in an enduring and accessible manner. Objective: This paper describes the creation of the UnsCripted Medicine Podcast—a student-run medical education podcast produced at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Methods: The planning and preparatory phases spanned 6 months. Defining a target audience and establishing a podcast mission were key first steps. Efforts were directed toward securing funding; obtaining necessary equipment; and navigating the technical considerations of recording, editing, and publishing a podcast. In order to ensure that high professionalism standards were met, key partnerships were created with faculty from the College of Medicine. Results: The UnsCripted Medicine Podcast published 53 episodes in its first 2 years. The number of episodes released per month ranges from 0 to 5, with a mean of 2.0 episodes. The podcast has a Twitter account with 217 followers. The number of listeners who subscribed to the podcast via Apple Podcasts grew to 86 in the first year and then to 218 in the second year. The show has an average rating of 4.8 (out of 5) on Apple Podcasts, which is based on 24 ratings. The podcast has hosted 70 unique guests, including medical students, resident physicians, attending physicians, nurses, physicians’ family members, graduate medical education leadership, and educators. Conclusions: Medical student–run podcasts are a novel approach to supporting medical students and fostering professional identity formation. Podcasts are widely available and convenient for listeners. Additionally, podcast creators can publish content with lower barriers of entry compared to those of other forms of published content. Medical schools should consider supporting student podcast initiatives to allow for near-peer mentoring, augment the community, facilitate professional identity formation, and prepare the rising physician workforce for the technological frontier of medical education and practice.
Bidirectional associations of accelerometer-derived physical activity and stationary behavior with self-reported mental and physical health during midlife.

BACKGROUND Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) is associated with favorable self-rated mental and physical health. Conversely, poor self-rated health in these domains could precede unfavorable shifts in activity. We evaluated bidirectional associations of accelerometer-estimated time spent in stationary behavior (SB), light intensity physical activity (LPA), and MVPA with self-rated health over 10 years in in the CARDIA longitudinal cohort study. METHODS Participants (n = 894, age: 45.1 ± 3.5; 63% female; 38% black) with valid accelerometry wear and self-rated health at baseline (2005-6) and 10-year follow-up (2015-6) were included. Accelerometry data were harmonized between exams and measured mean total activity and duration (min/day) in SB, LPA, and MVPA; duration (min/day) in long-bout and short-bout SB (≥30 min vs. < 30 min) and MVPA (≥10 min vs. < 10 min) were also quantified. The Short-Form 12 Questionnaire measured both a mental component score (MCS) and physical component score (PCS) of self-rated health (points). Multivariable linear regression associated baseline accelerometry variables with 10-year changes in MCS and PCS. Similar models associated baseline MCS and PCS with 10-year changes in accelerometry measures. RESULTS Over 10-years, average (SD) MCS increased 1.05 (9.07) points, PCS decreased by 1.54 (7.30) points, and activity shifted toward greater SB and less mean total activity, LPA, and MVPA (all p < 0.001). Only baseline short-bout MVPA was associated with greater 10-year increases in MCS (+ 0.92 points, p = 0.021), while baseline mean total activity, MVPA, and long-bout MVPA were associated with greater 10-year changes in PCS (+ 0.53 to + 1.47 points, all p < 0.005). In the reverse direction, higher baseline MCS and PCS were associated with favorable 10-year changes in mean total activity (+ 9.75 cpm, p = 0.040, and + 15.66 cpm, p < 0.001, respectively) and other accelerometry measures; for example, higher baseline MCS was associated with - 13.57 min/day of long-bout SB (p < 0.001) and higher baseline PCS was associated with + 2.83 min/day of MVPA (p < 0.001) in fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS The presence of bidirectional associations between SB and activity with self-rated health suggests that individuals with low overall activity levels and poor self-rated health are at high risk for further declines and supports intervention programming that aims to dually increase activity levels and improve self-rated health.
A Cross-validated Ensemble Approach to Robust Hypothesis Testing of Continuous Nonlinear Interactions: Application to Nutrition-Environment Studies

Gene-environment and nutrition-environment studies often involve testing of high-dimensional interactions between two sets of variables, each having potentially complex nonlinear main effects on an...
Who spoils the barrel? Negative spillover effect on competitor brands during food crises

Abstract Despite an increase in food crisis incidents and their negative influence, little attention has been paid to spillover effects from food crises on competitor brands. Thus, this study examined reciprocal spillover effects (horizontal and vertical) from food crises on competitors' brands depending on the directionality of spillover and association strength. In order to test the reciprocal spillover effects on competitor brands, this study employed an experimental design using restaurant brands’ food crises. The results indicated that a stronger negative spillover was found among high equity brands (High to High compared to Low to Low) and when association strength was high rather than low. Interestingly, the results also showed a spillover effect from low equity brands to high equity brands (Low to High compared to High to Low), supporting the power of a small apple to spoil the whole barrel. These results enhanced the field’s understanding of spillover effects in the restaurant industry and suggested the need for pre-crisis communication strategies.
Shape analysis method can be used for limited non-invasive estimation of striatal and cerebellar [11C]-PMP k3 hydrolysis rates

1291 Objectives [11C]N-methylpiperidinyl propionate ([11C]-PMP) is an irreversible radiotracer used to estimate acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis rate in the brain. Two non-invasive kinetic analysis models have been described to calculate [11C]-PMP k3 hydrolysis rate, i.e. the Nagatsuka analysis (Nagatsuka, 2001) and the shape analysis method (Koeppe, 1999). The Nagatsuka method cannot be used to estimate [11C]-PMP k3 hydrolysis rate in the putamen and caudate nucleus and theoretically may give negative values for the cerebellum if enzymatic activity is higher in the cerebellum than the striatum. The objective was to determine the appropriateness of the shape analysis method for determining striatal and cerebellar [11C]-PMP k3 hydrolysis rate. The arterial blood plasma input function was used as the reference standard. Methods 81 (39/42 M/F, 61.2 ± 10.7 years) healthy participants (N=22) and patients (N=59) with variable neurodegenerative pathology underwent [11C]-PMP PET imaging with an arterial line placed for blood plasma sampling. The shape analysis method was analyzed as described before (Koeppe, 1999). PET-based volumes of interest were defined for the putamen, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the degree of agreement of k3 hydrolysis rate between arterial line input function and shape analysis method. Results The shape analysis method correlated significantly with arterial input based [11C]-PMP k3 hydrolysis rate of the putamen (r=0.401, p Conclusions Results showed that striatal and cerebellar [11C]-PMP k3 hydrolysis rate can be estimated by the shape analysis method, although with a compressed dynamic range. Research Support NIH P01 NS015655 & R01 NS07085
An Overview of Optical Waveguide Coatings

Coating optical waveguide fibers as they are drawn has been found to be an effective means of preserving waveguide strength. Coatings can also be a significant factor in the reduction of microbending losses. Functional, material, and applicator requirements are limiting factors in the coating process. These requirements and the current state of coating technology are presented. Coating performance, problem areas, and the direction of future work are also discussed.
This Land is Your Land, This Land is My Land: A Case Study on Eminent Domain and Under Compensation

The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution states “private property [shall not] be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Land is deemed viable for eminent domain when it will be used by the public or if the public will have the opportunity to use the property taken. Such uses can include public access for a post office, airport or highway1. Since its inception there is often debate about the interpretation of just compensation. Both federal and state constitutions have a public use clause, however not all states have a just compensation clause.
Changes in task-based effective connectivity in language networks following rehabilitation in post-stroke patients with aphasia

In this study, we examined regions in the left and right hemisphere language network that were altered in terms of the underlying neural activation and effective connectivity subsequent to language rehabilitation. Eight persons with chronic post-stroke aphasia and eight normal controls participated in the current study. Patients received a 10 week semantic feature-based rehabilitation program to improve their skills. Therapy was provided on atypical examples of one trained category while two control categories were monitored; the categories were counterbalanced across patients. In each fMRI session, two experimental tasks were conducted: (a) picture naming and (b) semantic feature verification of trained and untrained categories. Analysis of treatment effect sizes revealed that all patients showed greater improvements on the trained category relative to untrained categories. Results from this study show remarkable patterns of consistency despite the inherent variability in lesion size and activation patterns across patients. Across patients, activation that emerged as a function of rehabilitation on the trained category included bilateral IFG, bilateral SFG, LMFG, and LPCG for picture naming; and bilateral IFG, bilateral MFG, LSFG, and bilateral MTG for semantic feature verification. Analysis of effective connectivity using Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) indicated that LIFG was the consistently significantly modulated region after rehabilitation across participants. These results indicate that language networks in patients with aphasia resemble normal language control networks and that this similarity is accentuated by rehabilitation.
Microsoft Antitrust Case: EU

This article provides an examination of the two principle antitrust investigations of Microsoft Corp. which were brought by the European Commission during the past decade. Microsoft's behavior is examined in those markets in which the Commission found the “abuse of a dominant position” which is in violation of Article 102 of the European Union's (EU's) 2009 Lisbon Treaty. The remedial actions called for in the first case and Microsoft's commitments resulting from a settlement of the subsequent case are evaluated. A comparison is drawn between these cases and the parallel case brought in the United States. The divergence in policy decisions and remedial relief provided by EU and US antitrust authorities and their respective courts is presented. Keywords: antitrust; tying; European Union; market power; Microsoft
Parallel structure recognition with uncertainty: coupled segmentation and matching

A network is described that recognizes objects from uncertain image-derivable descriptions. The network handles uncertainty by making the recognition and segmentation decisions simultaneously, in a cooperative way. Both problems are posed as labeling problems, and a coupled Markov random field (MRF) is used to provide a single formal framework for both. Prior domain knowledge is represented as weights within the MRF network and interacts with the evidence to yield a labeling decision. The domain problem is the recognition of structured objects composed of simple junction and link primitives. Implementation experiments demonstrate the parallel segmentation and recognition of multiple objects in noisy ambiguous scenes with occlusion. >
Identification of Time Delay in Multiple Input, Multiple Output Discrete Systems

In this work unknown constant or time-varying delays are explicitly identified using an error function approach. This is an extension of the method of Goedcke and Kurz (IFAC Symposium on Identification and System Parameter Estimation, vol. 2, 1979) to the multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) system. Adaptive identification of system parameters can be made faster by increasing the adaptive gains. In explicit identification and control schemes the adaptation speed can be controlled at low noise levels. These approaches can also be used to control nonminimum-phase systems, minimum-phase systems, even though they result in simpler designs. A priori upper bound dmax is assumed for the time delay. The actual time delay may be any integer between 0 and dmax.
Adaptive Reversion of a Frameshift Mutation in Escherichia coli

Mutation rates are generally thought not to be influenced by selective forces. This doctrine rests on the results of certain classical studies of the mutations that make bacteria resistant to phages and antibiotics. We have studied a strain of Escherichia coli which constitutively expresses a lacI-lacZ fusion containing a frameshift mutation that renders it Lac-. Reversion to Lac+ is a rare event during exponential growth but occurs in stationary cultures when lactose is the only source of energy. No revertants accumulate in the absence of lactose, or in the presence of lactose if there is another, unfulfilled requirement for growth. The mechanism for such mutation in stationary phase is not known, but it requires some function of RecA which is apparently not required for mutation during exponential growth.
Rapid response to acyclovir in herpes zoster-associated encephalitis

A previously healthy patient became acutely encephalopathic, with complete disorientation and amnesia, several days after the onset of thoracic herpes zoster. She had transiently abnormal electroencephalographic results, abnormalities on radionuclide brain scanning, and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. There was no evidence of a toxic/metabolic encephalopathy except for a mildly elevated ammonia level. Intravenously administered acyclovir (30 mg/kg per day) induced a dramatic response, with complete resolution of the encephalopathy within 72 hours and normalization of the electroencephalographic results. The scant clinical experience with the successful use of acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster-associated encephalitis is reviewed.
Modern Treatment for Heart Attacks Opening Blocked Arteries Quickly

During a heart attack, a clot forms in an artery that supplies blood to the heart and blocks blood flow to the area of heart muscle supplied by that artery. The portion of the heart muscle deprived of blood carrying the needed oxygen begins to become damaged. This is called a “myocardial infarction,” more commonly known as a heart attack. The amount of lasting damage to the heart muscle depends on a number of factors—the size of the clot, the location of the clot, and how long the clot blocks blood flow to the muscle. The longer the heart muscle is without blood and oxygen, the more extensive the damage to the muscle and the greater the size of the heart attack. Learning the warning signs of a heart attack and what steps to take right away can save a life—perhaps your own (Table).1,2 View this table: Heart Attack Warning Signs Calling 9–1–1 is the fastest way to get lifesaving treatment. If you or someone you are with has any symptoms of a heart attack, call 9–1–1 immediately! If you have a history of chest pain for which your doctor has prescribed nitroglycerin, then take ONE dose right away. If your symptoms are not better 5 minutes after taking one dose, then you should call 9–1–1 immediately. In the past, you may have been told to take up to 3 doses of nitroglycerin before calling 9–1–1. However, the medical guidelines for the use of nitroglycerin have changed to help people who may be having a heart attack get to a hospital more quickly. By calling 9–1–1 and taking an ambulance you will be seen in the hospital and treated more quickly.1,2 Sometimes emergency personnel will arrive first in a fire truck or other emergency vehicle, but the ambulance will take …
The diphenylmethylbis(π-chromium tricarbonyl) carbonium ion. Isolation of a stable hexafluorophosphate salt

Abstract Reaction of diphenylmercurybis(π-chromium tricarbonyl) with dicobalt octacarbonyl in THF gave benzophenonebis(π-chromium tricarbonyl). Reduction of the latter with NaBH 4 in methanol resulted in formation of the expected alcohol which was treated with hexafluorophosphoric acid in propionic anhydride to give the title carbonium ion salt as a blue solid. This salt was found to alkylate ethanol, diethylamine and pyrrole.
Effect of conditioned media from several cell types on invasion by Eimeria adenoeides sporozoites.

. The effect of conditioned media (media aspirated from a variety of cell cultures after 4 d of growth) on cellular invasion by sporozoites of the turkey coccidium, Eimeria adenoeides, was examined. Conditioned medium from turkey kidney cells and baby hamster kidney cells failed to alter invasion. However, conditioned medium from turkey cecal cell cultures produced a significant (P ≤ 0.05), two-fold increase in invasion over control medium in a variety of cell types. Retentates of conditioned medium from the turkey cecal cells that were passed through microconcentrators having molecular mass cutoffs of 50, 100, and 300 kDa similarly enhanced invasion over retentates from control medium. However, retentates from microconcentrators with a cutoff of 1,000 kDa failed to enhance invasion. Pretreatment in conditioned medium, followed by washing of sporozoites prior to inoculation into cultures, did not result in enhanced invasion. Moreover, when the interval between inoculation of sporozoites into cells and fixation of cultures was reduced to less than 3 h, no enhancement of invasion occurred. Conditioned medium from turkey cecal cells that were grown in the presence of 35S-translabel had at least two labeled bands at 150 kDa and > 200 kDa that were absent in conditioned media from turkey kidney and baby hamster kidney cells.
A comparison of the characteristics of incontinent and continent stroke patients in a rehabilitation program.

The characteristics of incontinent stroke patients who regained continence by the time of their discharge from an acute rehabilitation program were compared with those of patients who remained incontinent. Of the 90 patients who met the inclusion criteria on admission to the program, 45 were continent at discharge. Compared with those who regained continence, the subjects who remained incontinent at discharge took longer to be transferred to the rehabilitation program after the onset of stroke, had lower total Functional Independence Measure (FIM™) instrument scores at admission and discharge, had more episodes of urinary incontinence (UI) during the first 24 hours after their admission, and had smaller increases in functional scores during rehabilitation. When the time from the onset of stroke was controlled, a subsample of those who remained incontinent scored lower only on the social cognition subscale 14–18 days after the stroke, whereas 27–30 days after their stroke their scores on the sphincter control and self-care subscales were lower. UI was not associated with patients' destinations at discharge. The results of this study provide more information about UI after stroke and give direction for future research.
Charge trapping effects in cryogenic particle detectors made using single-crystal semiconductor substrates

We explore charge-trapping effects in cryogenic particle detectors composed of single-crystal silicon substrates with both titanium transition-edge sensors (TES) and charge-collection electrodes deposited upon them. These effects include transients on various time scales which follow the evolution of different kinds of space charge, intrinsic gain and linearity shifts in signals characteristic of changes in the absorption of energy carried by electrons and holes, variations in charge-collection efficiency and ionization resolution, etc., The physics involved, relevant for many other cryogenic, semiconductor-based devices, includes a variety of charge trapping and transport mechanisms.
Fente médiane cervicomaxillaire inférieure : à propos d’un cas, mise au point éthiopathogénique et thérapeutique

Resume Introduction Les fentes orofaciales comprennent 30 variantes selon la classification de Tessier : le type 30 est celui correspondant a l’atteinte de l’arc mandibulaire seul ou associe a l’atteinte des tissus mous buccaux et peribuccaux. Cas clinique Notre patiente etait un nouveau-ne atteint d’une fente mediane mandibulaire associee a une ankyloglossie, une langue bifide et a une fistule cervicale haute. Nous n’avons pas retrouve de syndrome polymalformatif. La prise en charge chirurgicale a ete precoce, en un temps et les suites ont ete simples avec un recul de 11 mois. Discussion Nous mettons en avant les difficultes du diagnostic antenatal ainsi que la controverse sur le temps adequat pour realiser le traitement du defect osseux mandibulaire. Les dernieres hypotheses physiopathologiques sont developpees.
Biological sex and mechanisms of ischemic brain injury

Cerebrovascular disease is a leading cause of death-from-disease and of disability worldwide, affecting some 15 million people. The incidence of stroke or "brain attack" is unlikely to recede for a decade at minimum by most predictions, despite large public health initiatives in stroke prevention. It has been well established that stroke is also one of the most strikingly sex-specific diseases in its epidemiology, and in some cases, in patient outcomes. For example, women sustain lower rates of ischemic stroke relative to men, even beyond their menopausal years. In contrast, outcomes are worse in women in many clinical studies. The biological basis for this sexual dimorphism is a compelling story, and both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent factors are involved, the latter of which is the subject of this brief review. Understanding the molecular and cell-based mechanisms underlying sex differences in ischemic brain injury is an important step toward personalized medicine and effective therapeutic interventions in patients of both sexes.
Traumatic epistaxis: Skull base defects, intracranial complications and neurosurgical considerations

INTRODUCTION Endonasal procedures may be necessary during management of craniofacial trauma. When a skull base fracture is present, these procedures carry a high risk of violating the cranial vault and causing brain injury or central nervous system infection.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Planetary Nebulae with the Kuiper Airborne Observatory

We present new far-infrared line observations of the planetary nebulae (PNs) NGC 7027, NGC 7009, and NGC 6210 obtained with the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). The bulk of our data are for NGC 7027 and NGC 7009, including [Ne V] 24 μm, [O IV] 26 μm, [O III] (52, 88) μm, and [N III] 57 μm. Our data for [O III] (52, 88) and [N III] 57 in NGC 7027 represent the first measurements of these lines in this source. The large [O III] 52/88 μm flux ratio implies an electron density (cm-3) of log Ne[O III] = 4.19, the largest Ne ever inferred from these lines. We derive N++/O++ = 0.394 ± 0.062 for NGC 7027 and 0.179 ± 0.043 for NGC 6210. We are able to infer the O+3/O++ ionic ratio from our data. As gauged by this ionic ratio, NGC 7027 is substantially higher ionization than is NGC 7009, consistent with our observation that the former produces copious [Ne V] emission while the latter does not. These data help characterize the stellar ionizing radiation field. From our [O IV] and [O III] fluxes, we are able to show that O++ is by far the dominant oxygen ion in NGC 7009. As a result, the O/H abundance inferred using these data tends to corroborate the value found from UV/optical, collisionally excited lines. We determined accurate rest wavelengths for the [Ne V] 2s22p23P1 → 2s22p23P0 (λrest = 24.316 ± 0.008 μm) and [O IV] 2s -->22p -->2P -->03/2→2s -->22p -->2P -->01/2 (λrest = 25.887 ± 0.007 μm) transitions from observations of one or both of the bright PNs NGC 7027 and NGC 7009. Our [O IV] value, to the best of our knowledge, is the most accurate direct determination of this λrest prior to the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). These new KAO data will be beneficial for comparison with the ISO observations of these PNs.
Sister-chromatid exchanges induced in rabbit lymphocytes by 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene after in vitro and in vivo metabolic activation.

Abstract Because short in vitro treatments of Chinese hamster cells with 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene did not increase SCEs even in the presence of a metabolic activation system, experiments were carried out with rabbits to see if in vivo activation occurred. Rabbits injected with 2-AF could activate the compound and a transient dose-dependent increase in SCEs was found in peripheral lymphocytes cultured at various times after the injection. With 2-AAF, however, the response was more variable: some rabbits showed an increase immediately, but one showed an increase only after a subsequent injection. This indicated that among rabbits differences exist in their ability to detoxify 2-AAF. Because rabbits could activate the compounds, in vitro experiments were carried out to see if their lymphocytes responded differently from Chinese hamster cells and to see if the metabolic changes brought about by PHA stimulation affect the ability of the cells to activate the chemicals. The addition of PHA and the consequent metabolic stimulation do affect the induction of enzymes involved in the activation of 2-AF and 2-AAF. Benzo[a]pyrene, in contrast, can be activated by rabbit lymphocytes independently of PHA stimulation.
Twenty-four hour blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of once daily treatment of essential hypertension with captopril.

A new ambulatory blood pressure monitoring system is being used in a study of once daily treatment of essential hypertension with captopril. The Instruments for Cardiac Research system consists of a small, battery powered monitoring device carried by the patient and a base unit containing a microcomputer.On completion of the 24-hour monitoring schedule, the base unit extracts the data from the portable unit. The base unit can then display the data in tabular or graphic form on its printer, or record it on a built in microcassette recorder. The data can readily be transferred to a main frame computer for subsequent analysis.Ninety-eight percent of the patients wore the unit initially with only an additional 2% refusals at 3 subsequent evaluations during the 5 month trial. Eighty-six percent of the tapes had one-half or more of the readings.
The binding of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the Ca2(+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum: effects on interactions between ATPase molecules.

Abstract We analyzed the interaction of 14 monoclonal and 5 polyclonal anti-ATPase antibodies with the Ca2+-ATPase of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum and correlated the location of their epitopes with their effects on ATP-ase-ATPase interactions and Ca2+ transport activity. All antibodies were found to bind with high affinity to the denatured Ca2+-ATPase, but the binding to the native enzyme showed significant differences, depending on the location of antigenic sites within the ATPase molecule. Of the seven monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes on the B tryptic fragment of the Ca2+-ATPase, all except one (VIE8) reacted with the enzyme in native sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles in both the E1 and E2V conformations. Therefore these regions of the Ca2+-ATPase molecule are freely accessible in the native enzyme. The monoclonal antibody VIE8 bound with high affinity to the Ca2+-ATPase only in the E1 conformation stabilized by 0.5 mM Ca2+ but not in the E2V conformation stabilized by 0.5 mM EGTA and 5 mM vanadate. Several antibodies that reacted with the B fragment interfered with the crystallization of Ca2+-ATPase in the presence of EGTA and vanadate and at least two of them destabilized preformed Ca2+-ATPase crystals, suggesting inhibition of interactions between ATPase molecules. Of five monoclonal antibodies with epitopes on the A1 tryptic fragment of the Ca2+-ATPase only one gave strong reaction with the native enzyme, and none interfered with ATPase-ATPase interactions as measured by the polarization of fluorescence of FITC-labeled Ca2+-ATPase. Therefore the regions of the molecule containing these epitopes are relatively inaccessible in the native structure. Partial tryptic cleavage of the Ca2+-ATPase into the A1, A2 and B fragments did not promote the reaction of anti-A1 antibodies with sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, but solubilization of the membrane with C12E8 rendered the antigenic site fully accessible to several of them, suggesting that their epitopes are located in areas of contacts between ATPase molecules. Two monoclonal anti-B antibodies that interfered with ATPase-ATPase interactions, produced close to 50% inhibition of the rate of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport, with significant inhibition of ATPase activity; this may suggest a role for ATPase oligomers in the regulation of Ca2+ transport. The other antibodies that interact with the native Ca2+-ATPase produced no significant inhibition of ATPase activity even at saturating concentrations; therefore their antigenic sites do not undergo major movements during Ca2+ transport.
Regeneration of enteric ganglia in mechanically lengthened jejunum after restoration into intestinal continuity.

Abstract Purpose We previously demonstrated that it is feasible to lengthen intestinal segments with mechanical force and to restore them back into intestinal continuity. The changes in the enteric ganglia in the lengthened intestinal segments have not been described. Methods A 1-cm segment of rodent jejunum was isolated from intestinal continuity and was lengthened using a spring. After lengthening, jejunal segments were either retrieved (n=4) or restored into intestinal continuity (n=4). Rats with restored segments were euthanized 2 to 3 weeks later. Ganglia were identified and quantified by immunostaining of histological sections. Results The normal jejunum had 51±5 myenteric and 31±2 submucosal ganglia per circumferential tissue section. Lengthened segments had 21±7 myenteric and 2±2 submucosal ganglia. Restored segments had 46±14 myenteric and 10±10 submucosal ganglia. Circumferential density of ganglia followed a similar pattern. Conclusion Mechanical lengthening led to a paucity of submucosal and myenteric ganglia. After restoration into continuity, the number increased toward normal, indicating regeneration of the enteric ganglia. The function of regenerated ganglia needs to be assessed in the future.
Friend leukemia cells: Relationship between differentiation, clonogenicity and malignancy

Abstract Friend leukemia cells were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of agents which induce erythroid differentiation. The cultures were harvested and the degree of differentiation determined. Clonogenicity of the cells in vitro and malignancy in vivo were determined as well. There was an inverse exponential relationship between the degree of differentiation and the clonogenicity of the culture. Differentiation was also associated with a modest decline in malignancy. Of interest was the observation that bromodeoxy-uridine inhibited the biochemical manifestations of erythroid differentiation, but did not prevent the decline in clonogenicity which accompanied differentiation.
Genome organization and polymorphism of the murine β-glucuronidase region

Abstract Thirty-eight kilobases of mouse genomic DNA which surround and include the coding sequences for β-glucuronidase has been mapped. Intron-exon arrangements were determined by hybridization of genomic sequences with cDNA clones, and minimum estimates of gene length (11–17 kb) and intron number were obtained. Only a single gene was observed when genomic DNA was probed with subclones containing β-glucuronidase coding sequence; there was no evidence of duplicated or pseudogenes. However, sequences distal to the 3′ end of the gene are present elsewhere in the genome in a limited number of copies. Eight haplotypes of the β-glucuronidase region with differing regulatory genotypes were compared for restriction fragment polymorphisms. Surprisingly little was found, considering the diverse origin of the haplotypes. Two of the polymorphisms that were found may be correlated with regulatory phenotypes. A Bam HI site is missing from the CS and CL haplotypes that share regulatory properties, and a 0.2-kb insertion is consistently present in haplotypes showing increased response to induction by androgens in kidney.
Suppression Aeroelastic Instability Using Broadband Passive Targeted Energy Transfers, Part 1: Theory

We study passive and nonlinear targeted energy transfers induced by resonant interactions between a single-degree-of-freedom nonlinear energy sink (NES) and a 2-DOF in-flow rigid wing model. We show that it is feasible to partially or even completely suppress aeroelastic instability by passively transferring vibration energy from the wing to the NES in a one-way irreversible fashion. Moreover, this instability suppression is performed by partially or completely eliminating its triggering mechanism. Numerical parametric studies identify three main mechanisms for suppressing aeroelastic instability: recurring burstout and suppression, intermediate suppression, and complete elimination. We investigate these mechanisms both numerically by the Hilbert-Huang transform and analytically by a complexification-averaging technique. Each suppression mechanism involves strong 1:1 resonance capture during which the NES absorbs and dissipates a significant portion of energy fed from the flow to the wing. Failure of suppression is associated with restoring the underlying triggering mechanism of instability, which is a series of superharmonic resonance captures followed by escapes from resonance. Finally, using a numerical continuation technique, we perform a bifurcation analysis to examine sensitive dependence on initial conditions and thus robustness of instability suppression.
Prevention of atherosclerosis

Abstract Primary prevention instituted early in life offers the most promising opportunity to affect morbidity and mortality of atherosclerosis. This conclusion is inevitable because of the sudden catastrophic nature of the first event in many patients and the demonstration of advanced pathologic changes in those who are symptomatic. There is little evidence that advanced lesions regress. A prerequisite to the achievement of the goal of primary prevention is the training of “preventive cardiologists” dedicated to accumulating new data and utilizing information now available for the design and implementation of such programs in the young. A scientific approach to primary prevention requires documentation of the basic mechanism of the cause and progression of plaque formation. This information is not presently available. However, it is now possible to identify children at high risk of premature development of complication of the disease utilizing known risk factors and their tendency to familial aggregation. A plan for identification and management of such children is outlined. As new data become available one can anticipate changes in methods of detection and management with a view toward improving results in primary prevention.
Interesting examples of supervised continuous variable systems

The authors analyze two simple deterministic flow models for multiple buffer servers which are examples of the supervision of continuous variable systems by a discrete controller. These systems exhibit what may be regarded as the two extremes of complexity of closed loop behavior: one is eventually periodic, the other is chaotic. The first example exhibits chaotic behavior that could be characterized statistically. The dual system, the switched server system, exhibits very predictable behavior, which is modeled by a finite state automaton. This research has application to multimodal discrete time systems where the controller can choose from a set of transition maps to implement. >
Redox Control of Protein Degradation

This review summarizes evidence that most of cell protein degradation is maintained by pathways transferring energy from glucose to reduction of enzymic and nonenzymic proteins (redox-responsive). In contrast, a major subcomponent of proteolysis is simultaneously independent of the cell redox network (redox-unresponsive). Thus far, direct and indirect redox-responsive proteolytic effector mechanisms characterized by various investigators include: several classes of proteases, some peptide protease inhibitors, substrate conjugation systems, substrate redox and folding status, cytoskeletal-membrane kinesis, metal homeostasis, and others. The present focus involves redox control of sulfhydryl proteases and proteolytic pathways of mammalian muscle; however, other mechanisms, cell types, and species are also surveyed. The diversity of redox-responsive catabolic mechanisms reveals that the machinery of protein turnover evolved with fundamental dependencies upon the cell redox network, as observed in many species. The net redox status of a reversible proteolytic effector mechanism represents the balance between combined oxidative inactivating influences versus reductive activating influences. Similar to other proteins, redox-responsive proteolytic effectors appear to be oxidized by mixed disulfide formation, nitrosation, reactive oxygen species, and associations or reactions with metal ions and various pro-oxidative metabolites. Systems reducing the proteolytic machinery include major redox enzyme chains, such as thioredoxins or glutaredoxins, and perhaps various reductive metabolites, including glutathione and dihydrolipoic acid. Much of mammalian intracellular protein degradation is reversibly responsive to noninjurious experimental intervention in the reductive energy supply-demand balance. Proteolysis is reversibly inhibited by diamide or dehydroascorbic acid; and such antiproteolytic actions are strongly dependent on the cell glucose supply. However, gross redox-responsive proteolysis is not accompanied by ATP depletion or vice versa. Redox-responsive proteolysis includes Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum degradation, lysosomal degradation, and some amount of extravesicular degradation, all comprising more than half of total cell proteolysis. Speculatively, redox-dependent proteolysis exhibits features expected of a controlling influence coordinating distinct proteolytic processes under some intracellular conditions.
Nanocomposite tribological coatings for aerospace applications

Challenges in aerospace tribology and composite coatings for aerospace applications are briefly reviewed. Attention is given to nanocomposite coatings made of carbide, diamond-like carbon (DLC) and transition-metal dichalcogenide phases. The preparation of such coatings within the W–C–S material system using a hybrid of magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition is described. Coatings consist of 1–2 nm WC and 5–10 nm WS2 grains embedded in an amorphous DLC matrix. These WC/DLC/WS2 nanocomposites demonstrate low friction and wear in tests performed in high vacuum, dry nitrogen and humid air. Coatings are found to adapt to the test conditions, which results in: (1) crystallization and reorientation of initially nanocrystalline and randomly oriented WS2 grains; (2) graphitization of the initially amorphous DLC matrix; (3) reversible regulation of the composition of the transfer film between WS2 and graphite with environmental cycling from dry to humid; and (4) possible DLC/WS2 synergistic effects, providing friction reduction in oxidizing environments. These adaptive mechanisms achieve low friction coefficients of 0.02–0.05 and an endurance above two million cycles in space simulation tests. This also provides stable coating performance and recovery of low friction in tests simulating ambient/space environmental cycling. Correlations among WC/DLC/WS2 chemistry, structure, hardness, friction and wear are discussed. The tremendous potential of such composites for aerospace tribology is demonstrated.
Results of providing a liberally adequate diet to children in an institution

Summary The diets of children in an institution were supplemented for a year withall foods necessary to provide the amounts advised in the commonly accepted dietary pattern. The supplements included milk and other dairy products, eggs, whole-grain cereals, and pineapple juice. Daily records were kept of the amounts of each food consumed, and a quantitative dietary study was made at the beginning and close of the year to determine the changes in amounts of various nutrients ingested by the individual children. The acceptance of all foods was unusually good. In 94 to 99 per cent oftimes offered all these foods were accepted by the children, usually in amounts equal to or in excess of the dietary pattern. The original diets were below the recommended dietary allowances for all factors except vitamin A; those most markedly below were thiamine and vitamin C. The intakes of nutrients on the improved diet were sufficient to bring themup to and in most cases well above the allowances. The specific contributions made by the different foods are described. Interpreted in connection with the changes in physical status reported inthe succeeding papers, it is concluded that the supplemented diet supplied some factor or factors which were present in the initial diet in suboptimal amounts. The applications of these findings to the feeding of children in institutions and elsewhere are discussed.