cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite Dimensional Global Attractor for 3D MHD-α Models: A Comparison

We consider two magnetohydrodynamic-α (MHDα) models with kinematic viscosity and magnetic diffusivity for an incompressible fluid in a three-dimensional periodic box (torus). More precisely, we consider the Navier–Stokes-α-MHD and the Modified Leray-α-MHD models. Similar models are useful to study the turbulent behavior of fluids in presence of a magnetic field because of the current impossibility to handle non-regularized systems neither analytically nor via numerical simulations. In both cases, the global existence of the solution and of a global attractor can be shown. We provide an upper bound for the Hausdorff and the fractal dimension of the attractor. This bound can be interpreted in terms of degrees of freedom of the long-time dynamics of the involved system and gives information about the numerical stability of the model. We get the same bound that holds for the Simplified Bardina-MHD model, considered in a previous paper (this result provides, in some sense, an intermediate bound between the number of degrees of freedom for the Simplified Bardina model and the Navier–Stokes-α equation in the nonmagnetic case). However, the Navier–Stokes-α-MHD system is preferable since, in the ideal case, it conserves more quadratic invariants derived from the standard MHD model.
Erbium: YAG laser Lithotripsy Mechanism

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that the mechanism of long pulse erbium:YAG laser lithotripsy is photothermal.Materials and Methods: Human urinary calculi were placed in deionized water and irradiated with erbium:YAG laser energy delivered through a sapphire optical fiber. Erbium:YAG bubble dynamics were visualized with Schlieren flash photography and correlated to acoustic emissions measured by a polyvinylidene fluoride needle hydrophone. The sapphire fiber was placed either parallel or perpendicular to the calculus surface to assess the contribution of acoustic transients to fragmentation. Stones were irradiated using desiccated stone irradiated in air, hydrated stone irradiated in air and hydrated stone irradiated in water. Ablation crater sizes were compared. Uric acid stones were irradiated in water and the water was assayed for cyanide.Results: During the early phase of vapor bubble expansion, acoustic transients had minimal effects on calculus fragmentation. Fragmentation occurred due to direct a...
Remediation of coal-mine drainage by a sulfate-reducing bioreactor: A case study from the Illinois coal basin, USA

Abstract This study reports changes in coal-mine drainage constituent concentrations through an anaerobic SO4-reducing bioreactor monitored over a 3-a period. The purpose of the study was to identify and monitor over time the biogeochemical mechanisms that control the attenuation of toxic compounds in the mine drainage. This information is needed to investigate bioreactor performance and longevity. The water treated at the case example site, the Tab-Simco Mine, was highly acidic with an average pH of 2.9, a net acidity of 1674 mg/L CaCO3 equivalent-CCE, and high levels of dissolved SO 4 2 - , Al, Fe and Mn. The results of this study indicated that the treatment system increased the pH of the acid mine drainage (AMD) to 6.2 and decreased the median acidity to 22.7 mg/L CCE, SO 4 2 - from 2981 to 1750 mg/L, Fe from 450.6 to 1.76 mg/L, Al from 113 to 0.42 mg/L, and Mn from 36.4 to 23.3 mg/L. Geochemical modeling indicates that the bioreactor discharge is saturated with respect to the minerals alunite, gibbsite, siderite, rhodochrosite, jarosite, and Fe hydroxide precipitates. The observed trends also include seasonal variations in SO 4 2 - reduction and a general decline in the amount of alkalinity produced. The average δ34S value of the SO 4 2 - in the untreated AMD was +7.3‰. In the bioreactor, δ34S value of SO 4 2 - increased from an average of +6.9‰ to +9.2‰, suggesting the presence of bacterial SO4 reduction processes. Preliminary results of a bacterial community analysis show that DNA sequences corresponding to bacteria capable of SO4 reduction were present in the bioreactor outflow sample. However, these sequences were outnumbered by sequences similar to bacteria capable of reoxdizing reduced sulfur species. This study illustrates the dynamic nature of metal removal in SO4-reducing bioreactor-based treatment systems.
Recovering the organismic: Werner and Kaplan’s “symbol formation” 50 years later

Symbol Formation was first published in 1963 at a time when the “Cognitive Revolution,” was in full sway. Symbol Formation was both a part of it and a counter to it. Much of the cognitive “action” ...
An alternative architecture and control strategy for hexapod positioning systems to simplify structural design and improve accuracy

Hexapod systems (6 legged Stewart Platforms), offer advantages in accuracy over other positioning systems and are finding applications in numerous telescopes. However, instruments with increased sophistication for modern telescopes continue to grow in size and required positioning accuracy. This paper details an alternative hexapod configuration and design approach, particularly focused on relatively large, high precision hexapod systems supporting high mass payloads. The new configuration improves accuracy, reduces actuator mass, simplifies design, and reduces system cost but requires modest additional control algorithm sophistication.
A pilot clinical trial of ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of a levonorgestrel intrauterine device☆

Abstract Background Postplacental intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is a safe, convenient and effective option for postpartum contraception. Few studies involve ultrasound-guided insertion, and none involve the levonorgestrel IUD or take place in the United States. Study Design The study was conducted to assess the safety and feasibility of ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel IUD following vaginal delivery in a U.S. residency program. Levonorgestrel IUDs were inserted under ultrasound guidance within 10 min of placental delivery by hand or using ring forceps. Subjects were examined at 4 and 10 weeks postpartum for evidence of expulsion or infection. Results Thirty-four subjects were enrolled and 20 received an IUD. Follow-up data are available for 19 subjects over the 10-week follow-up period; 16 subjects returned for the 4-week follow-up, and 14 returned at 10 weeks. Two additional subjects could be contacted by telephone only. At 4 and 10 weeks postpartum, no subjects had evidence of infection. There were two expulsions (2/19, 10.5%) by 10 weeks postpartum. None of the subjects examined had a partial expulsion (intracervical location of the IUD). Conclusions In this pilot study, ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel IUD was feasible and not associated with infection. The risk of expulsion was acceptable. Ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel IUD may be an alternative to delayed insertion but warrants further study.
Determination of [13C]galactose enrichment in human plasma by gas chromatography/positive chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Galactosemia is a potentially fatal disease resulting from a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase. In order to perform mechanistic studies designed to elucidate further the etiology of the disease, we required a method to monitor 13C enrichment in plasma galactose following a single oral dose or intravenous infusion of [1-13C]galactose. Determinations of plasma [13C]galactose enrichment requires methodolgy with extremely high specificity because of potential interference from other low molecular mass plasma constituents and from glucose, an isomer which is present in much higher concentrations. We have developed a method based on gas chromatography/positive chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI-MS/MS) for the precise and accurate determination of plasma [13C]galactose enrichment. The method employed a pentaacetylaldononitrile derivative of galactose in order to improve its GC and MS characteristics. Peak areas resulting from the transitions m/z 328 106 and m/z 329 107 were used to quantify the relative abundance of labeled and unlabeled galactose. Validation of the method was performed by determination of the precision and accuracy over a wide range of galactose concentrations and 13C enrichments. The GC/PCI-MS/MS method was able to determine accurately enrichments at galactose concentrations down to 0.8 µM in the presence of 4 mM glucose, making it both highly selective and the most sensitive method currently available. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Argon isotopic evolution of upper mantle (reply)

WE thank Alexander and Schwartzman (AS)1 for bringing to light a significant error in data point 18 (Table 1) of our paper2. Because of a misinterpretation of a verbal communication from Mueller, we omitted sample 30 in our regression of the data from Baadsgard and Mueller3. We confirm that there is no reason for omitting this sample, and that the data indicate that the non-radiogenic argon present cannot be distinguished from atmospheric contamination. We concur with Alexander and Schwartzman, however, on little else, and consider as still valid the four principal points summarised at the end of our paper2: first, the initial 40Ar/36Ar ratios of mantle-derived igneous rocks have increased steadily over the past 800 Myr. Second, the present day 40Ar/36Ar ratios in the upper mantle and atmosphere are very similar. Third, the majority of argon at present in the atmosphere has been derived from the mantle rather than the crust, and fourth, initial 40Ar/36Ar ratios from igneous rocks are potentially more sensitive petrogenetic indicators than strontium or lead isotopes.
THE EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RIGHT GONAD IN FEMALE FOWL1

BIRDS, unlike other vertebrates, normally have but one functional ovary, located dorsalty on the left side of the abdomen. In the domestic fowl, the right and left embryonic gonads develop concurrently until the 7-9th day of incubation at which time there is a retardation of growth, followed b}r retrogression, of the right organ (Swift, 1915; Brode, 1928). This right rudimentary gonad persists in the adult hen as an inconspicuous, flattened ridge of tissue, closely applied to the inferior vena cava. It is reported to be composed of medullary tissue, with cortical tissue rarely present (Willier, Gallagher and Koch, 1935; Domm, 1939; Snedecor, 1949). According to Lillie (1927), cortex is found only if regression of the right gonad is delayed until after the time proliferation of cortical cords normally occurs in the left ovaiy (8–11 days of incubation). Occasionally, this organ develops into a more or less typical right ovary. Domm (1939) reported that such ovaries, ranging
Accuracy of JBN Estimates of Relative Permeability: Part 1 - Error Analysis

The accuracy of relative permeabilities estimated from displacement experiments by the Johnson, Bossler, and Naumann (JBN) method is considered. A Monte Carlo error analysis is developed to provide quantitative measures of that accuracy. The Monte Carlo error analysis is used to investigate the effect of different experimental operating conditions on the accuracy of relative permeability estimates.
Double-stranded RNA-dependent Protein Kinase Phosphorylation of the α-Subunit of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Mediates Apoptosis *

As the molecular processes of complex cell stress signaling pathways are defined, the subsequent challenge is to elucidate how each individual event influences the final biological outcome. Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α)atSer51 is a molecular signal that inhibits translation in response to activation of any of four diverse eIF2α stress kinases. We used gene targeting to replace the wild-type Ser51 allele with an Ala in the eIF2α gene to test the hypothesis that translational control through eIF2α phosphorylation is a central death stimulus in eukaryotic cells. Homozygous eIF2α mutant mouse embryo fibroblasts were resistant to the apoptotic effects of dsRNA, tumor necrosis factor-α, and serum deprivation. TNFα treatment induced eIF2α phosphorylation and activation of caspase 3 primarily through the dsRNA-activated eIF2α kinase PKR. In addition, expression of a phospho-mimetic Ser51 to Asp mutant eIF2α-activated caspase 3, indicating that eIF2α phosphorylation is sufficient to induce apoptosis. The proapoptotic effects of PKR-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation contrast with the anti-apoptotic response upon activation of the PKR-related endoplasmic reticulum eIF2α kinase, PERK. Therefore, divergent fates of death and survival can be mediated through phosphorylation at the same site within eIF2α. We propose that eIF2α phosphorylation is fundamentally a death signal, yet it may promote either death or survival, depending upon coincident signaling events.
Approximate solution of the propagation of an axisymmetric blast wave generated by a finite spherical charge

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Ausbreitung starker Stosswellen in einem idealen Gas ohne innere Reibung und Warmeleitung. Fur den Fall einer axialsymmetrischen Stromung werden Ahnlichkeitstransformationen angegeben, welche die Eulerschen Gleichungen in spharischen Polarkoordinaten auf ein System gewohnlicher Differentialgleichungen reduzieren. Die klassischen Losungen von SirG. I. Taylor sind in den angegebenen Transformationen enthalten.
Electropolishing of polycrystalline and single-crystal YBa2Cu3O7 − δ for TEM studies

Abstract The use of a jet-polishing technique to prepare high-quality thin foils of both polycrystalline and single-crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ for study in the transmission electron microscope is demonstrated. The technique is shown to be ideal for conventionally processed sintered material where limited porosity exists as well as single crystals having dimensions of 0.5 mm and larger along the [100] and [010] directions.
Effects of IL-1 on hematopoietic progenitors after myelosuppressive chemoradiotherapy

Recently it has been recognized that IL-1 plays an important role in hematopoietic regulation. Administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to mice causes prolonged neutropenia. rHIL-1 injected to mice after 5-FU, accelerated the recovery of hematopoietic progenitors and blood neutrophils. The combination of rhIL-1 and rhG-CSF reduced the neutropenic period significantly. Sublethal irradiation of mice induced profound neutropenia for 3 weeks which was associated with 80% mortality. Administration of rhIL-1 20 hours prior to or 2 hours post irradiation resulted in a significantly improved survival and rapid recovery of the neutrophil count. IL-1 administered alone or in combination with other colony stimulating factors to spontaneous breast tumor bearing mice following 5-FU therapy resulted in a rapid recovery of neutrophils, improved survival, and markedly reduced the tumor mass. Experiments in primates demonstrated that rhIL-1 administered to 5-FU treated animals shortened the neutropenic period from 30 to 17 days and increased the number of marrow progenitors responsive to other CSFs. Prolonged administration of IL-1 (14 days) to these animals resulted in a delayed neutrophil recovery as compared to animals receiving short courses of IL-1. rhIL-1 administered to primates receiving marrow grafts after lethal irradiation, did not result in rapid hematopoietic recovery. In humans, studies with CD-34 positive marrow cells showed that IL-1 had a radioprotective effect on a committed and early marrow progenitors. These data show the therapeutic potential of IL-1 in the treatment of chemoradiotherapy induced myelosuppression.
EVALUATION OF MILK CARAMELS CONTAINING HYDROLYZED LACTOSE

Several properties of milk caramels containing either hydrolyzed lactose (HL), hydrolyzed sweet whey (HSW), or invert sugar were evaluated. Control caramels containing none of these humectants were also evaluated. Caramels containing 5 and 10% invert sugar or 86% HL had comparable hot spread indices, properties of reducing sugar crystallization during storage, and taste and texture panel acceptabilities. However, caramels made with invert sugar were more compressible than those made with HL. On extended storage, both types of caramels resisted moisture losses at 25 and 40% relative humidities, which was predictable from their equilibrium relative humidities (ERH). Caramels made with 5 and 10% hydrolyzed lactose (90%) as HSW were inferior with respect to taste, texture and compressibility but had superior humectant properties as well as the property of reducing sugar crystallization rates. Although their initial taste and texture panel acceptabilities were good, control caramels had the highest ERH and dried out the most in storage at low humidities, causing excessive sugar crystallization. This study shows excellent caramels can be made containing 5 or 10% HL.
Zero modes of two-dimensional chiral p -wave superconductors

We discuss fermionic zero modes in the two-dimensional chiral $p$-wave superconductors. We show quite generally that without fine tuning, in a macroscopic sample there is only one or zero of such Majorana-fermion modes depending only on whether the total vorticity of the order parameter is odd or even, respectively. As a special case of this, we find explicitly the one zero mode localized on a single odd-vorticity vortex and show that, in contrast, zero modes are absent for an even-vorticity vortex. One zero mode per odd vortex persists, within an exponential accuracy, for a collection of well-separated vortices, shifting to finite $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}E$ energies as two odd vortices approach. These results should be useful for the demonstration of the non-Abelian statistics that such zero-mode vortices are expected to exhibit and for their possible application in quantum computation.
Information Literacy Instruction and Assessment in an Honors College Science Fundamentals Course

Johnson, C. M., Anelli, C. A., Galbraith, B. J., Green, K. A. (2011). Information literacy instruction and assessment in an honors college science fundamentals course. College and Research Libraries, 72, 6, 533-547. doi: 10.5860/crl-166.
GASEOUS COMPOUNDS OF SOYBEAN TISSUE CULTURES: CARBON DIOXIDE AND ETHYLENE EVOLUTION*

Abstract Soybean cultivars Clark 63, Wayne and Chippewa 64 show identical CO2 evolution patterns from hypocotyl segments during callus induction. Newly developing callus in sealed chambers shows the slowest rate of CO2 evoltion; that of aerated chambers shows the highest. Although CO2 evolution is identical for the three cultivars, their growth rates are significantly different, suggesting that CO2 evolution is not completely coupled to growth. Growth of hypocotyl callus in sealed chambers results in the production of a gaseous compound(s) which reduces net carbon dioxide evolution and biomass accumulation of callus tissues. Wayne and Chippewa 64 have high rates of ethylene evolution compared to Clark 63. At 25°C Clark 63 hypocotyl tissue cultures produce little ethylene while intact seedlings are noted for higher than normal ethylene evolution from the hypocotyl. This suggests differential gene expression. Ethylene accumulations (in sealed chambers at 6 days) from both cv. Wayne and cv. Chippewa 64 are in the phytotoxicity range. This potential for phytotoxicity must be taken into account when using sealed vessels.
An unusual case of membranous nephropathy associated with an ovarian tumor

Secondary membranous nephropathy (MN) associated with malignancy is not uncommon in adults, but it is rare in children. We report a 6-year-old girl who developed nephrotic-range proteinuria following diagnosis of a Sertoli-Leydig ovarian tumor. A renal biopsy was performed, which led to the diagnosis of MN. The patient maintained normal renal function and gradually showed improvement in proteinuria over several months without the use of corticosteroids or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Our case highlights the importance of performing screening urinalyses in children with tumors to recognize the presence of clinically significant, but potentially asymptomatic kidney disease.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Structural and Mechanical Properties of Muscovite: Pressure and Temperature Effects

Layered minerals comprise a large fraction of the soils and crustal rocks on Earth, and knowledge of their anisotropic mechanical properties is essential for many varied applications including underground storage of waste materials, monitoring seismic response, drilling activities, and development of novel nanocomposite materials. Results of molecular dynamics simulations for the elastic and structural properties of muscovite are obtained as a function of temperature, pressure, and strain. Three different temperatures (T = 298, 500, and 800 K), pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to 15 GPa, and strains up to 10% are used to derive mechanical properties of muscovite. Bulk moduli are calculated from NPT simulations with hydrostatic pressure, whereas the Young’s moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson’s ratios are calculated from stress–strain curves generated at relatively slow rates of deformation. Simulation results obtained for room-temperature mechanical properties are in good agreement with reported ...
They would if they could: class, gender, and popular representation of English divorce litigation, 1858-1908.

A systematic sample of the petitions presented to the English Divorce Court from 1858 through 1908 makes it possible to assess the differential contribution of discrete social and economic subgroups to the litigation the Court oversaw. An examination of four of these—the titled aristocracy, those employed in the theater, those in receipt of financial aid, and laborers—shows that English divorce litigants exhibited a broader social profile than commonly attributed to it by the newspaper coverage of divorce litigation, which gave a skewed impression of its social profile. Analysis of these cases underscores the gendered, class, and geographically inflected demand for divorce in a judicial setting that imposed severe restrictions on access to divorce as a remedy for marital breakdown.
Decomposition of progressivity and inequality indices: Inferences from the US federal income tax system

Abstract Vertical equity is an important criterion in evaluating a tax system. Vertical equity has two elements: progressivity and income equality. In this paper, we analyze the vertical equity effects of the US income tax system during 1995–2006 and show that income inequality increased substantially during the period combined with a significant reduction in real progressivity. Using a Lorenz-curve-based graphical method, we decompose progressivity and income inequality indices and identify and quantify how much each source of income contributes to overall progressivity and income inequality. Results for the 1995–2006 period indicate that US income tax treatment of Salaries and Wages income were distributed and taxed progressively and contributed to a decrease in income inequality. However, the treatment of Net Capital Gains not only decreased progressivity, it negated the income inequality reduction achieved by salaries and wages. These results show that to evaluate the vertical equity of a tax system, both income inequality and progressivity indexes must be considered. Additionally, the decomposition method allows policy makers to estimate the progressivity and income inequality effects of marginal changes in income source and how each source is taxed.
Contour-model-guided nonlinear deformation model for intersubject image registration

An automated method is proposed for anatomic standardization that can elastically map one subject's MRI image to a standard reference MRI image to enable inter-subject and cross-group studies. In this method, linear transformations based on bicommissural stereotaxy are first applied to grossly align the input image to the reference image. Then, generalized Hough transform is applied to find the candidate corresponding regions in the input image based on the contour information from the pre-segmented reference image. Next, an active contour model initialized with the result from the generalized Hough transform is employed to refine the contour description of the input image. Based on the contour correspondence established in the previous steps, a non-linear transformation is determined using the proposed weighted local reference coordinate systems to warp the input image. In this method, geometric correspondence established based on contour matching is used to control the warping and the actual image values corresponding to registered coordinates need not be similar. We tested this algorithm on various synthetic and real images for inter- subject registration of MR images.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Steady state response and stability of ballooning strings in air

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the steady state response and stability of ballooning strings under the influence of air drag. The equations of motion are derived using Hamilton's principle. Numerical solution of the non-linear steady state equations reveals the dependence of the three-dimensional balloon shapes and eyelet tension on the string length and air drag coefficient. Linearization and approximation using Galerkin's method allows stability analysis of the steady state solutions. The theoretically predicted balloon shapes, eyelet tension, and stability are experimentally verified.
Hybrid inorganic-organometallic compounds with gallium-gallium bonds

Abstract The first examples of digallium compounds that feature both organo and halo substituents, [Li(THF)4][Ar′(Cl)GaGaCl3] (1) and Ar′(Cl)GaGa(Cl)Ar′ (2), have been prepared by reaction of Ga2Cl4·2 dioxane with LiAr′ (Ar′ = 2,4,6−tBu3C6H2). The Ga2Cl2 skeleton of2 is planar with a dihedral angle of 180°.
Computing the Risk Indicators in Fuzzy Systems

The modeling of complex risk situations imposes the existence of multiple ways to represent the risk and compare the risk situations between them. In probabilistic models, risk is described by random variables and risk situations are compared by stochastic dominance. In possibilistic or credibilistic models, risk is represented by fuzzy variables. This paper concerns three indicators of dominance associated with fuzzy variables. This allows the definition of three notions of fuzzy dominance: dominance in possibility, dominance in necessity and dominance in credibility. These three types of dominance are possibilistic and credibilistic versions of stochastic dominance. Each type offers a modality of ranking risk situations modeled by fuzzy variables. In the paper some properties of the three indicators of dominance are proved and relations between the three types of fuzzy dominance are established. For triangular fuzzy numbers formulas for the computation of these indicators are obtained. The paper also contains a contribution on a theory of risk aversion in the context of credibility theory. Using the credibilistic expected utility a notion of risk premium is defined as a measure of risk aversion of an agent in front of a risk situation described by a fuzzy variable and an approximate calculation formula of this indicator is proved.
Impact of paramedic transport with prehospital 12-lead electrocardiography on door-to-balloon times for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Objective. To determine the impact of prehospital 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) on door-to-balloon times for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients prior to the establishment of formally designated STEMI receiving centers. Methods. This was a retrospective study comparing door-to-balloon times for acute STEMI patients transported by paramedics using prehospital 12-lead ECGs with those who arrived via self-transport at four Los Angeles area EDs that performed emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Paramedics calling in from the field verbally notified receiving hospitals of a “STEMI patient.” Activation of the hospital's PCI team was at the discretion of the receiving emergency physician. During the study period, there were no formal diversion criteria for STEMI patients. The main outcome measure was door-to-balloon time. Results. During the study period, 234 patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 168 (72%) were male. The mean age was 62 years. There was no statistic...
Bonding in PF2Cl, PF3Cl, and PF4Cl: insight into isomerism and apicophilicity from ab initio calculations and the recoupled pair bonding model

Following previous work on PF n and SF n Cl compounds, we report high-level ab initio quantum chemical calculations on PF2Cl, PF3Cl, and PF4Cl. Coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) calculations were used to determine the structures and energetics of the various PF n Cl isomers, while generalized valence bond calculations were used to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the structure and energetics of the isomers. Muetterties’ rule, which predicts that more electronegative elements occupy the apical positions in pentavalent phosphorus compounds, is examined in the context of the recoupled pair bonding model, which provides invaluable insights into the bonding, structure, and reactivity of hypervalent compounds. While we found more electronegative fluorine is favored in the apical position in closed-shell PF4Cl, the opposite is true for PF3Cl and two triplet excited state isomers of PF2Cl, all of which are open-shell species.
A Theory About Why We Forget What We Once Knew

Traditional theories of forgetting assume that everyday forgetting is a cue-overload phenomenon, and the primary laboratory method used for investigating that phenomenon has long been the A-B, A-C paired-associates procedure. A great deal of research in psychology, psychopharmacology, and neuroscience suggests that this approach to the study of forgetting may not be very relevant to the kind of interference that induces most forgetting in everyday life. An alternative interference theory holds that recently formed memories that have not yet had a chance to consolidate are vulnerable to the interfering force of mental activity and memory formation, even if the interfering activity does not involve material similar to what was previously learned. This account helps to explain why sleep, alcohol, and benzodiazepines all forestall forgetting of a recently learned list, and it is consistent with recent work on the variables that affect the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.
Multimodality treatment of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma

A multimodality treatment program has been applied to ovarian carcinoma at the Johns Hopkins Hospital since August 1975. Forty-nine patients were subdivided into 23 patients with maximally resected Stage III micrometastatic, and 26 patients with significant retained disease, 20 with Stage III macrometastatic and 6 with Stage IV. After initial pilot studies, those patients with minimally retained disease entered a randomized prospective study. Antiovarian antiserum was used in one arm of the study; in both study arms colloidal P-32, delayed split whole abdominal irradiation, and maintenance melphalan were used. For the 23 patients with micrometastatic disease the cumulative survival and survival without evidence of disease at four years is 78 and 34% respectively. Twenty-six patients with macrometastatic disease were treated with or without intraperitoneal antiserum and multiagent chemotherapy; their cumulative one year survival is 50%. The lack of significant toxicity of intraperitoneal antiovarian antiserum and the results of multimodality therapy indicate the feasibility of this therapeutic approach to further improve ovarian cancer therapy.
Progressive and measurable experimental arterial stenosis: A new technique

A technique of retrospective axial photography for the measurement of progressive arterial stenoses by an external loop constricting device, developed and evaluated in 27 experiments on the canine aorta, is described. The method of analysis not only indicated a greater than 95% reliability for this method but demonstrates a major source of error inherent in previous methods in which estimates of luminal area are based on external measurements.
Twelve new polymorphic microsatellites on human chromosome 22

A strategy directed at constructing polymorphic STSs from human chromosome 22 has yielded 15 poly(TG) microsatellite markers. A short insert plasmid library containing flow-sorted chromosome 22 DNA was screened with a labeled poly(AC) probe. A combination of sequencing techniques was used to identify the poly(TG) targets, primers were designed to flank these targets, and PCR screening was carried out on a panel of genomic and hybrid DNAs to determine heterozygosity and regional localization on chromosome 22. Twelve of the STSs are polymorphic. Markers with high heterozygosity have been localized to three subregions of 22q, with seven in the Giemsa-dark 22q12 band. The new chromosome 22 loci will be useful for mapping disease loci, for linkage analysis, and for PCR-based contig construction in the ongoing effort to map human chromosome 22.
Tracking the complexity of interactions between risk incidents and engineering systems

Large-scale engineering systems increasingly contend with massive databases of incident reports pertaining to risk and security. With appropriate processing and analysis, these databases can be offered as inputs to system risk assessments. This paper develops an automated detection of anomalies in an evolving set of incidents associated with engineering systems. It adopts a definition of a system-to-incident interaction, which associates one or more system components with an incident. An interaction is direct when a specific association of system and incident is clear, e.g., discovered in the text narrative of an incident report. An interaction is indirect when the relationship is not obvious and builds on how components relate to others in the system. Statistical process control (SPC) is adopted to analyze a sequence of incident reports. The variables—(i) interaction entropy and (ii) interaction informativity—are used in control charts to track the evolving complexity of the frequency counts of interactions. An example describes risk identification for an oil distribution system. A probability-based characterization of the strength of interaction is introduced as a direction of future effort. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 8: 262–277, 2005
Multipole representation of the elastic field of dislocation ensembles

A multipole expansion method is developed to determine the elastic field of dislocation loop ensembles of arbitrary geometric complexity. The method results in reduction of the severe computational requirements in large-scale dislocation dynamics (DD) computer simulations without an artificial cutoff on the interaction range. Order of N, $O(N),$ algorithms for DD simulations is immediately accessible on the basis of the developed procedure. Examples of dislocation interaction with large dislocation arrays representing a tilt boundary and a dislocation wall show that the method results in speeding up the calculation of Peach-Kohler interaction forces by a factor of 100, with an error of less than 0.4%. The multipole expansion reveals a physical connection to Kr\"oner's continuum theory of dislocations, with the zeroth order moment being Nye's dislocation density tensor. Higher-order tensors in the expansion correspond to moments of a basic tensor comprised of the tangent and Burgers vectors, and can be used to characterize the spatial distribution of dislocation loop ensembles.
Melampsora ‹columbiana, a natural hybrid of M. medusae and M. occidentalis

Hybrids of Melampsora medusae and M. occidentalis are herein described as M. xcolumbiana. This hybrid taxon is characterized by isolates that generally exhibit morphological intermediacy in uredinial and telial traits, and mixed virulence/avirulence on Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides, the natural hosts of M. occidentalis and M. medusae, respectively. Hybrids frequently contain ribosomal ITS sequences from both Melampsora species, but discordant isolates were also found, like M. medusae in having a urediniospore equatorial smooth spot, and like M. occidentalis in spine density, and intermediate in urediniospore length. Isolates with hybrid urediniospore morphology but homozygous for ITS sequences from M. medusae or M. occidentalis were also found, suggesting that the primary F1 hybrids have produced F2 and/or backcross progeny. In a 1997 survey of the leaf rust population on hybrid poplar in the Pacific Northwest, this ‘new population’ of Melampsora xcolumbiana was the only taxon found. Specimens from nearly a century ago indicate that an older hybrid population is of wide distribution in North America. This ‘older population’ of Melampsora xcolumbiana was found on specimens of all species of Populus in sections Aigeiros and Tacamahaca, and on many of their hybrids, in areas outside the type localities of M. occidentalis and M. medusae. These three Melampsora taxa, M. medusae, M. occidentalis, and M. xcolumbiana, are the only ones that occur naturally on sections Aigeiros and Tacamahaca of Populus in North America.
Moisture level and movement effects on methane production rates in landfill samples

Abstract Samples of refuse were obtained from selected landfills for the purpose of observing the rates of methane production under controlled moisture conditions. Samples of solid waste were obtained following the procedures reported by Hartz & Ham (1982) . The rates of methane production, for each sample, were observed under constant temperature conditions. The moisture levels for certain samples were then increased by adding water. The rates of methane production under the moisture modified conditions were then observed. When moisture levels were sufficient to produce leachate, the sample leachate was recirculated. A wide range of recirculation rates were examined. It was found that some methane production should occur with moisture levels as low as 10% (total weight basis). It was further found that incipient free moisture conditions (field capacity) occurred at approximately 40% moisture (total weight basis), and that when leachate recirculation was practised, methane generation rates were significantly higher when compared to quiescent conditions.
Long-Term Residence of Red Snapper on Artificial Reefs in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Red snapper Lutjanus campechanus (N = 54) were tagged and tracked on 12 artificial reefs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Fish were surgically implanted with ultrasonic transmitters and monitored with Vemco remote receivers and Sonotronics surface receivers from August 2000 to 2004. Four fish were manually tracked from the surface overnight, and their positions were recorded every hour for either 9 or 16 h. The total length of fish tagged was 589 ± 14 mm (mean ± SE). The number of detections by the remote receivers was 290,340 ± 44,696. By the end of this study, 5 fish were still being tracked, 8 fish had been lost immediately after tagging, 15 fish had been caught by fishers, and 26 fish had been lost after extended tracking. Red snapper were resident on artificial reefs for 218 ± 28 d, and residence time ranged from 1 to 595 d. We estimated that most (67%) of the tagged red snapper showed long-term residence (117–595 d), 13% were resident for 8–91 d, and 20% left the tagging site soon after ...
Evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in human cancers

Recent advancements in cancer research have led to some major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable, suggesting that further insight into tumor markers and development of targeted therapies is urgently needed. The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system represents a family of serine proteases that are involved in the degradation of basement membrane and the extracellular matrix, leading to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this review, we have provided an overview of emerging data, from basic research as well as clinical studies, highlighting the evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in tumor progression. It is currently believed that the expression and activation of uPA plays an important role in tumorigenicity, and high endogenous levels of uPA and uPAR are associated with advanced metastatic cancers. The endogenous inhibitors of this system, PAI-1 and PAI-2, regulate uPA-uPAR activity by either direct inhibition or affecting cell surface expression and internalization. PAI-1's role in cancers is rather unusual; on one hand, it inhibits uPA-uPAR leading to inhibition of invasion and metastasis and on the other it has been reported to facilitate tumor growth and angiogenesis. Individual components of uPA/uPAR system are reported to be differentially expressed in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues and, thus, have the potential to be developed as prognostic and/or therapeutic targets. Therefore, this system represents a highly attractive target that warrants further in-depth studies. Such studies are likely to contribute towards the development of molecularly-driven targeted therapies in the near future.
Vocal fold mucus aggregation in persons with voice disorders

Mucus aggregation on the vocal folds is a common finding from laryngeal endoscopy. Patients with voice disorders report the presence of mucus aggregation. Patients also report that mucus aggregation causes them to clear their throat, a behavior believed to be harmful to vocal fold mucosa. Even though clinicians and patients report and discuss mucus aggregation, we have a limited understanding of mucus aggregation in persons with voice disorders. The primary goal of this study was to provide an initial assessment of the presence and features of mucus aggregation in persons with voice disorders. The secondary goal of this study was to determine if there are differences in mucus aggregation between persons with and without voice disorders. To address these goals, four features of mucus aggregation were judged from laryngeal endoscopy recordings from 54 speakers with voice disorders and compared to judgments of these same features in persons without voice disorders. The results from this study showed: (1) 100% of dysphonic speakers had visible mucus aggregation on their vocal folds. (2) Persons with hyperfunctional voice disorders had different mucus characteristics than persons with hypofunctional voice disorders (p=0.002). (3) Dysphonic speakers did not differ in frequency of mucus identified on the vocal folds than non-dysphonic speakers. However, the two groups had different mucus characteristics (p=0.001). Future studies are warranted to determine if these differences in mucus aggregation between persons with and without voice disorders relate to specific aspects of laryngeal pathology or patient characteristics, such as age and gender. Once we understand these relationships, we may be able to use this information to improve our diagnosis and treatment of patients with atypical laryngeal mucus aggregation.
Imaging metric for infrared focal plane arrays

This paper discusses a method for characterizing the combined effects of temporal and spatial noise in staring infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA) and presents example measurements using a metric called D*(array). Two staring MWIR IRFPA's (HgCdTe and InSb) were calibrated and operated using an automated data acquisition system. Measurements were made under varying flux levels to determine the effects of nonlinearities on the nonuniformity correction process and the related ultimate performance of an IR sensor. The results show that the sensitivity of IRFPA's can be significantly degraded by very small nonlinearities. It was also found that the usable operating range of an array after two-point nonuniformity correction can be much less than that expected from simple dynamic range measurements of the IRFPA response function.
Epidemiology of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: an update

This aim of this review is to highlight recent studies that have furthered our understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery. AKI is an important postoperative complication of cardiac surgery and is an independent risk factor for perioperative mortality. A consensus definition of AKI, the risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria, has recently been evaluated in the cardiac surgery population. AKI is an independent risk factor for postoperative death and is associated with increased postoperative complications and overall resource utilization. Despite the high early mortality rate, patients with postoperative AKI who survive to hospital discharge have a reasonable long-term prognosis. The identification of risk factors for AKI has allowed the development of preoperative risk stratification strategies. Future studies are necessary to determine if preoperative risk stratification leads to improved outcomes by...
AI modelling of animal movements in a heterogeneous habitat

Abstract We demonstrate use of object-oriented programming, dynamic linkages, rule-based decission procedures, and several other concepts from the field of artificial intelligence (AI) for modelling animal movements in a heterogeneous habitat. An object-oriented model of a deer that learns about habitat structure, plans movements, and accommodates to changes in a patchy brushland habitat is described and used to simulate effects of patch size on deer movements. Innovative features of this model include: (a) representation of habitat as a network of heterogeneous patches, (b) representation of an individual's knowledge of the environment (memory network) as different from but related to the habitat (habitat network), (c) individual's use of knowledge of the environment to plan paths to goals, and (d) ability for an individual to change its knowledge base when it encounters changes in the environment. Decision rules in the model are hypothetical, but the current application suggests that object-oriented modelling provides a concise yet detailed technology for modelling animal movements.
Review and Recent Development of Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry for Detection of Precancerous Cells in Human Esophageal Epithelium

The combination of low-coherence interferometry with angle-resolved light scattering measurements has been shown to be a powerful method for determining the structure of cell nuclei within intact tissue samples. The nuclear morphology data have been used as a biomarker of neoplastic change in a wide range of settings. Here, we review the development of angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) for assessing the health status of human esophageal epithelial tissues based on depth-resolved measurements of the morphology of cell nuclei. The design and implementation of clinical instrumentation are reviewed, and results from ex vivo human tissue measurements are presented to validate the capabilities of the technique. In addition to the review of earlier papers, new results are presented, which demonstrate the first application of a portable a/LCI system with a flexible endoscopic probe to assessing depth-resolved nuclear morphology in a clinical setting. High sensitivity for the detection of precancerous tissues is demonstrated.