cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of three different automatic defibrillator implantation approaches: pectoral implantation using conscious sedation reduces procedure times and cost.

Recent technological advances in implantable defibrillator systems(ICD) have changed implantation approaches. The aim of this study was toinvestigate the influence of these improvements on procedure times,implant-related charges, patient recovery, and morbidity. Ninety-sixconsecutive patients undergoing implantation of a nonthoracotomy ICD werestudied. Implantation was performed under general anesthesia with thegenerator placed abdominally in 22 patients (group I) and pectorally in 40patients (group II). Thirty-four patients underwent pectoral implantationusing conscious sedation (group III). Groups were comparable with respect toclinical variables. Implantation duration and total procedure duration wereshorter in group III (67 ± 21 minutes and 117 ± 30 minutes)when compared with group I (100 ± 25 minutes and 157 ± 39minutes) and group II (86 ± 24 minutes and 153 ± 34 minutes, P< 0.05). Patients in group III did not require admission to thePost-Anesthesia Care Unit. In contrast, patients in groups I and II spent 92± 28 minutes and 91 ± 31 minutes in the Post-Anesthesia CareUnit. Implantation-related charges were reduced in patients having pectoralimplantation using conscious sedation ($1451 ± 217 vs.$2354 ± 550 and $2796 ± 384, P < 0.05).Patients in group III had a lower frequency of postoperative oral analgesicuse (3.2 ± 2.7 doses, P < 0.05) and a shortened postoperative length of stay (1.9 ± 1.6 days, P < 0.05) when compared withgroups I (5.7 ± 4.0 doses and 3.3 ± 1.4 days) and II (5.2± 3.5 doses and 2.6 ± 1.1 days). The overall complication ratewas low (6.3%), with no differences between groups. Advances in ICDtechnology have simplified implantation, leading to shorter, less painful,and less expensive procedures.
Peritoneal Tuberculosis: A Forsaken Yet Misleading Diagnosis

In women presenting with an abdominal mass and ascites, the first diagnosis to consider is ovarian cancer. However, clinicians should always consider alternative differentials, namely, peritoneal tuberculosis, especially in the presence of respiratory symptoms and with the increasing prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Peritoneal tuberculosis can mimic the clinical presentation of ovarian cancer, and on imaging, it can show similar features of peritoneal carcinomatosis and nodules. Tumor markers can also be elevated in the absence of malignancy. We present the case of a 44-year-old woman with abdominal distension and ascites. Imaging with CT scan, MRI, and PET scan were inconclusive, showing peritoneal nodules. Cytology of ascites was negative. Laparoscopy was done showing Koch bacilli followed by pulmonary sampling showing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient was treated with quadritherapy with resolution of symptoms.
The Possible Transition From Glacial Surge to Ice Stream on Vavilov Ice Cap

An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright 2019 American Geophysical Union.
Water Forces on Flexible Oscillating Cylinders

Laboratory investigation of effects of support flexibility of cylindrical piles subjected to ocean waves by oscillating vertical cylinder through still water; lateral low-frequency cylinder oscillations of amplitudes to as much as cylinder diameter, resulted in lift and drag forces 4 1/2 times drag for uniform motion; vibrations at higher frequencies of less than 1% of diameter more than doubled drag force, and lift forces were approximately equal to uniform motion drag.
The association of popular diets and erectile function among men in the United States

To determine the relationship between popular diets and erectile function we queried the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional dataset, between 2001 and 2004. All men aged 18–85 who answered the prostate and dietary questionnaires were included. Diets were categorized as Mediterranean, low-fat, low-carbohydrate, or nonrestrictive. Multivariable models were created to determine the relationship between erectile function and each diet. Among 4027 men, 649 (16.1%) met criteria for a low-fat diet, 1085 (26.9%) for a Mediterranean diet, and 0 (0%) for a low-carbohydrate diet. 1999 men (49.6%) had some degree of erectile dysfunction. Men with nonrestrictive diets were more likely to endorse normal erectile function compared with those adhering to the Mediterranean or low-fat diets (both p < 0.05) on univariable analysis. Multivariable analysis controlling for age, comorbidities, activity level, and body mass index showed no differences in erectile function among men adhering to a low-fat, Mediterranean diet, or nonrestrictive diet. There was no association between specific diets and erectile function. While additional prospective research is required to corroborate these findings, these data support the notion that individualized diets should be tailored toward goals of weight loss and reduction of comorbidity.
Serotonergic Integration In the Intestinal Mucosa.

Mucosal serotonin (5-HT) is a key paracrine signaling molecule in the integrated physiology of enterochromaffin cells, enteric mast cells, spinal afferent nerves and the enteric nervous system (ENS). Enterochromaffin cells release 5-HT as a paracrine signal to enteric mast cells, spinal afferents and neurons in the ENS. Enteric mast cells release multiple mediators of paracrine signaling, among which are histamine and the serine proteases, chymase and tryptase, as well as serotonin. Some of these mediators diffuse to receptors on afferent nociceptive and mechanosensitive terminals and sensitize the terminals in a manner that may underlie abdominal pain and distension induced pain in the irritable bowel syndrome. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), released by spinal afferent innervation, degranulate enteric mast cells. Substance P and CGRP are significant factors in mucosal inflammation evoked by bacteria in the colonic microbiome. Binding of immunoglobulin antibodies to FceRI receptors, on enteric mast cells, degranulate the mast cells and release paracrine mediators that overlay integrative microcircuitry in the ENS. An overlay of histamine "calls up" from the ENS library of programed gut behaviors, a defensive program consisting of a sequence of copious mucosal secretions, increased blood flow and powerful orthograde propulsion organized to move threats out of the colonic lumen. Symptoms of acute watery diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain and incontinence are associated with "running" of the defense program. Intestinal behavioral programs stored in the ENS library are described as working like digital "apps".
Lewis Pair Polymerization: Perspective on a Ten-Year Journey

Ten years have passed since the conception of what was termed Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) that employs Lewis acid and base in pairs to not only activate monomers but also effect chain initiatio...
ddcMD: A fully GPU-accelerated molecular dynamics program for the Martini force field.

We have implemented the Martini force field within Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s molecular dynamics program, ddcMD. The program is extended to a heterogeneous programming model so that it can exploit graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerators. In addition to the Martini force field being ported to the GPU, the entire integration step, including thermostat, barostat, and constraint solver, is ported as well, which speeds up the simulations to 278-fold using one GPU vs one central processing unit (CPU) core. A benchmark study is performed with several test cases, comparing ddcMD and GROMACS Martini simulations. The average performance of ddcMD for a protein–lipid simulation system of 136k particles achieves 1.04 µs/day on one NVIDIA V100 GPU and aggregates 6.19 µs/day on one Summit node with six GPUs. The GPU implementation in ddcMD offloads all computations to the GPU and only requires one CPU core per simulation to manage the inputs and outputs, freeing up remaining CPU resources on the compute node for alternative tasks often required in complex simulation campaigns. The ddcMD code has been made open source and is available on GitHub at https://github.com/LLNL/ddcMD.
Memories of the Teratology Society: 1972-2020

Background My career goal in 1971 was to learn about the causes of malformations. Attending the annual meetings of the Teratology Society and reading the articles in Teratology exposed me to the scientists and clinicians involved in this research and the methods being used. Methods Over a period of 49 years (1972-2020), I heard many presentations about several exposures in pregnancy that can cause birth defects. Symposia and platform presentations provided unique and stimulating information on the fetal effects of the teratogen thalidomide. Results I developed research studies and presented the results from our studies on teratogenic exposures, such as anticonvulsant drugs, the prenatal diagnosis procedure chorionic villus sampling, and the abortifacient misoprostol. The annual Pregnancy Registry Workshop was developed as a forum for discussing issues related to this new method of evaluating potential teratogenic exposures in pregnancy. Conclusion Attending the annual meetings and reading the articles in the journal Teratology (now Birth Defects Research) have been an instructive and enjoyable way to learn about the causes of malformations.
Performance Analysis of a Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Device with a Metallodielectric Selective Emitter and Electrical Contacts for the Photovoltaic Cell

A near-field thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system with a multilayer emitter of alternate tungsten and alumina layer is proposed in this paper. The fluctuational electrodynamics along with the dyadic Green’s function for a multilayered structure is applied to calculate the spectral heat flux, and the charge transport equations are solved to get the photocurrent generation and electrical power output. The spectral heat flux is much enhanced when plain tungsten emitter is replaced with multilayer emitter. The mechanism of surface plasmon polariton coupling in the tungsten thin film, which is responsible for the heat flux enhancement, is analyzed. In addition, the invalidity of effective medium theory to predict the optical properties of multilayer structure in near-field radiation is discussed. The tungsten and alumina layer thicknesses are optimized to match the spectral heat flux with the bandgap of TPV cell. Practically, with a gold reflector placed on the back of TPV cell, which also acts as the back electrode, and a 5-nm-thick indium tin oxide (ITO) layer as the front contact, when the emitter and receiver temperature are respectively set as 2000 K and 300 K, the conversion efficiency and electrical power output can be achieved to 23.7% and 0.31 MW/m 2 at a vacuum gap distance of 100 nm.
A Change of Policy: Promoting Agency Policymaking by Adjudication

The Administrative Procedure Act and Supreme Court precedents permit federal agencies to articulate new policy through both rules and adjudicative orders. Yet over the past several decades, a once strong culture of policymaking by adjudication within agencies has given way in favor of informal rulemaking, such that President Trump issued an executive order last year that appears to be intended to, in part, prohibit the practice. At the same time, some in academia, such as Kristin Hickman and Aaron Nielson in their new piece titled Narrowing Chevron’s Domain, have sought to limit agencies’ abilities to develop policy through adjudicative orders, arguing, for example, that courts should deny Chevron deference even to policies announced in formal adjudications and as designated precedential because they lack the public legitimacy of notice-and-comment rulemakings. In this article, I discuss why agencies must again give adjudication its due consideration as a real policymaking option, and why the method remains worthy of Chevron deference. Though it need not be used in every circumstance, developing policy through case-by-case adjudications—akin to courts’ development of the common law—can offer significant benefits over informal rulemaking, both to agency policymakers (e.g., speed, case-by-case policy development, ex post policy clarification, increased policymaking opportunities) and to the public (e.g., increased participation by marginalized communities, tailored policies). Adjudication can offer just as much rational reason-giving and accountability as informal rulemaking through practices that broadly permit public participation (e.g., intervention, amicus briefing, oral argument, publishing notice in the Federal Register of opportunities for public input, informing the public of newly-articulated policies) as does informal rulemaking. Agencies should consider how to incorporate adjudication into their policymaking activities, and courts should not exclude adjudicatory policymaking from receiving Chevron deference based solely on its form.
Pinch-off dynamics to elucidate animal lapping

Most carnivorous mammals (e.g., cats and dogs) lap water with their tongues to drink water at high frequencies by creating a liquid column out of a bath. Presumably, the animals bite just before the pinch-off time of the water column to maximize the water intake. Such a pinch-off phenomenon in the liquid column can be described as the acceleration-induced (i.e., unsteady) inertia balances with the capillary force.
Opioids inhibit visceral afferent activation of catecholamine neurons in the solitary tract nucleus

Brainstem A2/C2 catecholamine (CA) neurons within the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) influence many homeostatic functions, including food intake, stress, respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes. They also play a role in both opioid reward and withdrawal. Injections of opioids into the NTS modulate many autonomic functions influenced by catecholamine neurons including food intake and cardiac function. We recently showed that NTS-CA neurons are directly activated by incoming visceral afferent inputs. Here we determined whether opioid agonists modulate afferent activation of NTS-CA neurons using transgenic mice with EGFP expressed under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter (TH-EGFP) to identify catecholamine neurons. The opioid agonist Met-enkephalin (Met-Enk) significantly attenuated solitary tract-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (ST-EPSCs) in NTS TH-EGFP neurons by 80%, an effect reversed by wash or the mu opioid receptor-specific antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH(2) (CTOP). Met-Enk had a significantly greater effect to inhibit afferent inputs onto TH-EGFP-positive neurons than EGFP-negative neurons, which were only inhibited by 50%. The mu agonist, DAMGO, also inhibited the ST-EPSC in TH-EGFP neurons in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, neither the delta agonist DPDPE, nor the kappa agonist, U69,593, consistently inhibited the ST-EPSC amplitude. Met-Enk and DAMGO increased the paired pulse ratio, decreased the frequency, but not amplitude, of mini-EPSCs and had no effect on holding current, input resistance or current-voltage relationships in TH-EGFP neurons, suggesting a presynaptic mechanism of action on afferent terminals. Met-Enk significantly reduced both the basal firing rate of NTS TH-EGFP neurons and the ability of afferent stimulation to evoke an action potential. These results suggest that opioids inhibit NTS-CA neurons by reducing an excitatory afferent drive onto these neurons through presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release and elucidate one potential mechanism by which opioids could control autonomic functions and modulate reward and opioid withdrawal symptoms at the level of the NTS.
Erika Love (1925–2020)

Erika Love, MLA president and early advocate for research in libraries, died October 8, 2020. Erika held many leadership positions in the profession and received several MLA awards recognizing her contributions. She has been called "the midwife" of MLA's early research initiatives [1].
Diffusion of a Professional Social Network: Business School Graduates in Focus

Online professional social networks are becoming an instrumental tool to facilitate relationships between business and technology professionals for career success. Even though tools such as LinkedIn can be used to manage human capital for career success use and adoption still is not universally accepted. This paper seeks to better understand the effect university, gender, and degree type has on the diffusion of an online social network LinkedIn across three years 2011 to 2014. The authors' findings show diffusion is not consistent across business school graduates. Their business school findings suggest that university, gender, and degree type have significant associations with LinkedIn participation. This is the case even though the majority of graduates still have yet to join the LinkedIn social network. An analysis of the results and future research directions are presented.
Carbon isotopes for estimating soil decomposition and physical mixing in well-drained forest soils

[1] Carbon isotopes are applied to estimate soil decomposition and physical mixing in well-drained forest soils by coupling new isotope and soil organic carbon (SOC) data with literature meta-analysis and carbon isotope mass balance modeling. New soil data results are presented for old- and second-growth forests in Southern Appalachia, USA and the Blue Mountains, Australia. The soils exhibit a SOC decrease and δ13C increase with depth. The regressed gradient, termed β, of δ13C and the logarithm of SOC with depth in the soil column ranged from −1.09 to −1.65 for the measured soils. Twenty-four soils from 11 published studies across a range of cool temperate to tropical forest soils are used to show that β is dependent upon mean annual temperature (MAT) alone as well as mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and soil texture, thus connecting the natural (nonlabeled) carbon isotope signature to the soil factors controlling soil decomposition and physical mixing. Carbon elemental and isotopic mass balance modeling of multiple SOC pools and multiple soil depths suggest that rates of decomposition and mixing are of the same order of magnitude for turnover in the studied forest soils. The results support the hypothesis that a pronounced negative, regressed β is indicative of isotopic fractionation during decomposition and physical mixing processes that occurs during soil turnover, and other hypotheses posed in the literature are marginalized using modeling and discussion. We discuss integration of the isotope method with existing SOC turnover models as a future research avenue.
C-fos expression in the pons and medulla of the cat during carbachol- induced active sleep

Microinjection of carbachol into the rostral pontine tegmentum of the cat induces a state that is comparable to naturally occurring active (REM, rapid eye movement) sleep. We sought to determine, during this pharmacologically induced behavioral state, which we refer to as active sleep-carbachol, the distribution of activated neuron within the pons and medulla using c-fos immunocytochemistry as a functional marker. Compared with control cats, which were injected with saline, active sleep-carbachol cats exhibited higher numbers of c-fos-expressing neurons in (1) the medial and portions of the lateral reticular formation of the pons and medulla, (2) nuclei in the dorsolateral rostral pons, (3) various raphe nuclei, including the dorsal, central superior, magnus, pallidus, and obscurus, (4) the medial and lateral vestibular, prepositus hypoglossi, and intercalatus nuclei, and (5) the abducens nuclei. On the other hand, the mean number of c-fos-expressing neurons found in the masseter, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei was lower in carbachol-injected than in control cats. The data indicate that c- fos expression can be employed as a marker of state-dependent neuronal activity. The specific sites in which there were greater numbers of c- fos-expressing neurons during active sleep-carbachol are discussed in relation to the state of active sleep, as well as the functional role that these sites play in generating the various physiological patterns of activity that occur during this state.
Defining the system links between the vehicle on-board computer system and the ground-based computer system

Today trainline information and maintenance information from built-in test equipment is being stored digitally on board the train. Down-loading this information from the on-board system into a lap top computer carried to the train has been the most often chosen method for retrieving and transferring such data to other locations. More timely methods are available that allow direct transfer of information from the vehicle on-board computer system to the ground-based computer system. This paper describes various options open to the designer and explains how one authority chose their particular on-board computer to ground-based computer system link. The discussion is highlighted by reference to the experience gained defining hardware and software and solving interfacing problems for a new ground-based maintenance system being designed for a system. >
Adaptive intervention design in mobile health: Intervention design and development in the Cell Phone Intervention for You trial:

Background/aims:The obesity epidemic has spread to young adults, and obesity is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The prominence and increasing functionality of mobile phones may provide an opportunity to deliver longitudinal and scalable weight management interventions in young adults. The aim of this article is to describe the design and development of the intervention tested in the Cell Phone Intervention for You study and to highlight the importance of adaptive intervention design that made it possible. The Cell Phone Intervention for You study was a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored, controlled, 24-month randomized clinical trial comparing two active interventions to a usual-care control group. Participants were 365 overweight or obese (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) young adults.Methods:Both active interventions were designed based on social cognitive theory and incorporated techniques for behavioral self-management and motivational enhancement. Initial interventio...
Mating Pheromones of Saccharomyces kluyveri: Pheromone Interactions Between Saccharomyces kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces kluyveri is a heterothallic yeast with two allelic mating types denoted as a-k and alpha-k by analogy with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from the work described here. S. kluyveri produces mating pheromones analogous to those of S. cerevisiae, but which appear to have different specificity. S. kluyveri thus differs from S. cerevisiae, Hansenula wingei, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe in that it exhibits both strong constitutive agglutination and mating pheromones. alpha-k cells produce a pheromone ("alpha-k-factor") which causes a-k cells to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and to undergo a morphological change. After a period of time dependent on the concentration of alpha-k-factor, cells exposed to the factor resume cell division. alpha-k-factor has no effect on a-k/alpha-k diploids or on alpha-k cells, but at high concentration does induce G1 arrest of S. cerevisiaea cells (a-c). a-k cells produce a pheromone ("a-k-factor") which causes alpha-k cells to exhibit a morphological change. In addition, a-k cells exhibit the Bar phenotype with respect to alpha-k-factor. Partially purified preparations of S. cerevisiae alpha-factor are more active in inducing G1 arrest of a-k cells than of a-c cells. A more purified preparation of alpha-c-factor is less active against a-k cells than a-c cells, suggesting that an additional factor (KRE, kluyveri response enhancer) may be lost during purification. Attempts to mate S. kluyveri and S. cerevisiae cells by prototroph selection and by cell-to-cell mating have been unsuccessful with all combinations of mating types. Thus, S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri are incompatible for mating even though their pheromones exhibit some physiological cross-reaction.
An inexpensive, versatile sample illuminator for photo-CIDNP on any NMR spectrometer

Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) of proteins requires the introduction of ca. l-7 W of 488 nm light directly into NMR samples (1). This has been previously accomplished by a number of configurations: directing the light beam via an optical bench and mirrors through the bottom of the supercon NMR probe to a flat-bottom NMR sample tube; or, alternatively, focusing the light through a cylindrical quartz rod with a 45” polished end to convey a diverged light beam to the side of a spinning sample tube in the rf coil (2). In both cases, costly probe modifications are necessary, including removal or alteration of the variable temperature control apparatus. Laser beam alignment (into a mirror at the magnet base) can also be awkward and time consuming. Lerman and Cohn (3) illuminated samples by inserting a coupled optical fiber directly into the NMR sample solution. Kaptein and Dykstra (personal communication) have fixed a prism at the end of an optical fiber and situated it between the rf coil windings of a modified Bruker 360 MHz proton probe. We report here an alternative modification utilizing fiber optics illumination. Coupling to the laser was accomplished with a Newport Corporation (Fountain Valley, Calif.) model F-LFI-CO-25 ($850.00) fiber optics coupler laser head mount (universally mounts to any laser bezel mount) with 25 ft of 200 p fiber in place of the standard 10 ft length and armored handpiece. The free output end was stripped free of cladding (l-2 cm length) and inserted into a 2 mm stem coaxial insert (Cat. No. 5203, Wilmad Glass Company, Inc., Buena, N.J.) which fits snuggly into a 5 mm sample tube (Fig. 1). Maximal illumination was observed when the fiber tip was positioned in the center of the rf coil region. The laser light probe was introduced by triggering an inexpensive solenoid mounted to the coupling head slide shutter under computer control. Light coupling was fine tuned with x, y, and z adjustments on the coupling head. For maximal efficiency the fiber must be cut perfectly flat and well polished. Coupling efficiencies of up to 90% were typically measured. In a nonspinning sample of 1 mA4 tyrosine (pH 7.0) and 0.4 r&4 ‘?N-carboxyethyllumiflavin, the tyrosyl 3,5 protons were enhanced (light intensity-dark intensity)/ (dark intensity) 1Zfold at 500 MHz on an NTC spectrometer with a Spectra Physics 165-9 argon ion laser operating at 7.0 W (all lines). Figure 2 displays the light-dark
Clearance of thrombin in vivo: significance of alternative pathways

The clearance of thrombin seems to occur at more than one site and by different mechanisms. This contributes to maintaining thrombin at the right concentrations to act optimally on its various substrates, and thus, to produce the proper amount of proteolytic conversions so that coagulation is precisely controlled. The vascular endothelium plays a major role in thrombin regulation and clearance. It contains heparin-like binding sites and thrombomodulin which serve as cofactors for the thrombin-antithrombin III reaction and the activation of protein C, respectively. In addition, thrombomodulin also serves as a receptor for endothelial cell mediated thrombin endocytosis. Thrombin clearance, which occurs following reaction with antithrombin III or thrombomodulin, probably takes place at different stages in hemostasis.
A broad assessment of clinical outcomes after laparoscopic antireflux surgery.

Objectives There is considerable discussion regarding "success" rates for laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS). We hypothesized that, in part, this was a reflection of the outcome variables used. We, therefore, defined 8 specific variables (within 3 categories) and assessed outcomes for each in a large cohort of patients. Methods Four hundred patients (208 women; median age 52 years old) who underwent LARS at the University of Washington from 1993 to 2008 were given a comprehensive questionnaire to assess various aspects of their outcomes from LARS. In addition, we analyzed all functional studies and all endoscopies performed in these patients in our institution, whether the patients had symptoms or not, and compared the findings to all available preoperative values. Results The median follow-up was 92 (6-175) months. Conclusions The success or failure of LARS cannot be defined in a single domain. A comprehensive analysis of outcomes requires categorization that includes symptom response, side-effects, patient's perception and objective measurement of acid exposure, mucosal integrity, and the need for additional medical or surgical treatment. Only then can patients and physicians better understand the role of LARS and make informed decisions.
Potassium-sodium distribution in human lymphocytes: description by the association-induction hypothesis.

Human lymphocytes were equilibrated for 48 hours over a wide range of external potassium levels, and their contents of potassium, sodium, and water determined. As external potassium rose from zero, cell potassium rose steeply in a sigmoidal fashion, reached half-saturation at 0.4 mM external potassium, and then saturated at 129 mmoles/kg cells. The saturable cell potassium exchanged mole-for-mole with sodium. Analysis of the saturable components by a statistical-mechanical adsorption model demonstrated a cooperative interaction between sites determining equilibrium potassium-sodium distribution. Superimposed upon the saturable fraction of cell potassium was a smaller one that was non-saturable with increasing external potassium to at least 64 mM, and that, when expressed as mmoles/liter cell water, existed in a ratio to external potassium of 0.6. The results strongly support the association-induction hypothesis, which predicts a small non-saturable component of ions determined by exclusion from oriented cell water and a cooperative interaction between sites throughout the cell that associate with potassium or sodium.
ISE02-5: Analysis of Large-Scale Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Network Topology

Modeling peer-to-peer (P2P) networks is a challenge for P2P researchers. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of large-scale hybrid P2P network topology, using Gnutella as a case study. First, we re-examine the power-law distributions of the Gnutella network discovered by previous researchers. Our results show that the current Gnutella network deviates from the earlier power-laws, suggesting that the Gnutella network topology may have evolved a lot over time. Second, we identify important trends with regard to the evolution of the Gnutella network between September 2005 and February 2006. Third, we provide a novel two-layered approach to study the topology of the Gnutella network. Due to the limitations of the power-laws, we divide the Gnutella network into two layers, namely the mesh and the forest, to model the hybrid and highly dynamic architecture of the current Gnutella network. We give a detailed analysis of the topology of the mesh and present two power-laws concerning the mesh topology. Moreover, we examine the topology properties of the forest and provide one empirical law concerning the tree size. Using the two-layered approach and laws proposed, we can generate realistic topologies easily.
The public's role in the evaluation of health care technology. The conflict over ECT.

The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), controversial since its inception, offers an instructive case study on the challenge of addressing patients' perspectives in the evaluation of health care technology. Despite widespread professional acceptance of ECT, groups of former psychiatric patients have worked through the U.S. legal system to restrict and even ban ECT in the treatment of mental illness. This unusual lay participation in the regulation of health care illustrates how differing conceptions of evidence can affect the evaluation of technology. ECT provides a powerful example of the value of a more complex definition of the significant outcomes of treatment and the growing practice of outcomes assessment, especially as such research is used to shape health policy.
Resin film infusion (RFI) process simulation of complex shaped composite structures

A 3D model was developed which is used to simulate the RFI manufacturing process of complex shaped composite structures. The model is comprehensive and includes submodels which describe resin flow, heat transfer, preform compaction, and resin kinetics during the RFI process. Experiments were performed to characterize the stitched preform and obtain data for verification of the model. In the verification experiment, a complex shaped stitched preform was resin infiltrated and cured in an instrumented mold which included in situ FDEMS sensors to monitor the flow front position and the state of the resin cure. Results of the verification experiment indicate that the model can accurately predict the thermal behavior of the preform/tool assembly. The model-predicted wet-out times were higher than the sensor measured values, possibly due to resin leakage from the ends of the preform. (Author)
Mapped null hypersurfaces and Legendrian maps

Abstract For an ( m + 1 ) -dimensional space–time ( X m + 1 , g ) , define a mapped null hypersurface to be a smooth map ν : N m → X m + 1 (that is not necessarily an immersion) such that there exists a smooth field of null lines along ν that are both tangent and g -orthogonal to ν . We study relations between mapped null hypersurfaces and Legendrian maps to the spherical cotangent bundle S T ∗ M of an immersed spacelike hypersurface μ : M m → X m + 1 . We show that a Legendrian map λ ˜ : L m − 1 → ( S T ∗ M ) 2 m − 1 defines a mapped null hypersurface in X . On the other hand, the intersection of a mapped null hypersurface ν : N m → X m + 1 with an immersed spacelike hypersurface μ ′ : M ′ m → X m + 1 defines a Legendrian map to the spherical cotangent bundle S T ∗ M ′ . This map is a Legendrian immersion if ν came from a Legendrian immersion to S T ∗ M for some immersed spacelike hypersurface μ : M m → X m + 1 .
Design and analysis of optical systems for the Stanford/MSFC Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array

This paper reports on the design and the theoretical ray trace analysis of the optical systems which will comprise the primary imaging components for the Stanford/MSFC Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array (MSSTA). This instrument is being developed for ultra-high resolution investigations of the sun from a sounding rocket. Doubly reflecting systems of sphere-sphere, ellipsoid-sphere (Dall-Kirkham), paraboloid-hyperboloid (Cassegrain), and hyperboloid-hyperboloid (Ritchey-Chretien) configurations were analyzed. For these mirror systems, ray trace analysis was performed and through-focus spot diagrams, point spread function plots, and geometrical and diffraction MTFs were generated. The results of these studies are presented along with the parameters of the Ritchey-Chretien optical system selected for the MSSTA flight. The payload, which incorporates seven of these Ritchey-Chretien systems, is now being prepared for launch in late September 1989.
Inverse relationship between megakaryocyte buoyant density and maturity.

Summary. We examined the relationship between rat megakaryocyte buoyant density and maturation stage in continuous Percoll density gradients. An average of 88% of megakaryocytes had buoyant densities <1–054 g/ml. There was an inverse relationship between megakaryocyte buoyant density and maturation. Morphologically mature forms comprised 90% of the megakaryocytes with buoyant densities of 1.030–1.033 g/ml. In contrast, immature morphology was present in three-quarters of megakaryocytes with buoyant densities of 1.042–1.046 g/ml. These morphological findings were confirmed by [3H]thymidine labelling studies. Cell viability assessed by trypan blue exclusion was highest among more dense megakaryocytes of which the majority were immature. The lowest trypan blue exclusion was found in the less dense, predominantly mature megakaryocytes indicating that these cells are more susceptible to membrane damage during marrow suspension. Megakaryocyte DNA content distributions and platelet antigen levels, determined by two-colour flow cytometry, were also related to megakaryocyte density; the more dense megakaryocytes showed an approximately two-fold higher proportion of 8N cells and less platelet antibody binding than did less dense megakaryocytes. These studies suggest that megakaryocytes can be fractionated according to their buoyant densities into immature and mature populations suitable for molecular studies of differentiation.
The Hydrogen Molecule

RECENT experimental and theoretical work by Richardson, Witmer, Dieke and Hopfield, Hori, Burrau, Condon, Dennison, Sugiura, and others, makes possible a reasonably certain determination of the more important constants of the hydrogen molecule and molecule ion. In order to compare the results of different investigators, it is essential that these be calculated consistently according to some adopted interpretation, and with definite values of the basic constants. I should like especially to emphasise the necessity of distinguishing results in terms of the new wave mechanics from those in terms of the older quantum mechanics. Failure to make such a distinction has already led to a number of errors in the published literature.
European integration, voters and national politics

(2000). European integration, voters and national politics. West European Politics: Vol. 23, Europeanised Politics? European Integration and National Political Systems, pp. 52-72.
Metaphors and models of executive functioning: comment on Giancola (2000).

Clinical researchers have become increasingly interested in considering the role of normal and impaired executive functioning in psychopathology. The concept of executive functions is, however, often used as a metaphor for a wide range of operations that may, on the one hand, be distinct from one another, but also may be integrated in various ways under different information-processing conditions. A clinician's perspective of executive functioning should take full advantage of the rich body of data and theory that has developed in contemporary cognitive neuroscience around functions such as forms of inhibition and controlled (in contrast to automatic) functions, in a variety of cognitive domains such as making decisions and tracking performance. Language: en
The crystal structure of 2-[3,4,5,6-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]heptamethyltrisilane☆

Abstract The crystal structure of 2-[3,4,5,6-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]-heptamethyltrisilane has been determined from three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected by counter methods. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group Pna 2 1 with unit cell parameters a = 24.081 ± 0.008, b = 9.839 ± 0.007, c = 15.973 ± 0.009 A, ρ o = 0.967, ρ c = 0.984 g/cm 3 for Z = 4. Block-diagonal anisotropic least-squares refinement led to a conventional R of 0.07 for 1225 observed reflections. The molecular structure is composed of a tetrasubstituted cyclohexene ring with the carbon-carbon double bond vinylic to the trisilane moiety. The average Si-Si bond distance is 2.35 ± 0.01 A, and the average Si-C( sp 3 ) bond distance is 1.88 ± 0.04 A.
Mitochondrial targets of oxidative stress during renal ischemia/reperfusion

Abstract Endogenous tyrosine nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has previously been shown to occur in both human and rat chronic renal allograft rejection. To elucidate the time course of MnSOD inactivation and mitochondrial dysfunction at earlier times during renal transplantation, we developed a rodent model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Renal function was significantly impaired at 16 h reperfusion following 30 min of warm ischemia. Tyrosine nitration of specific mitochondrial proteins, MnSOD and cytochrome c , occurred at the earliest time point examined, an event that preceded significant renal injury. Interestingly, a small percentage of both mitochondrial proteins were also located in the cytosol. This leakage and decreased adenosine 5 ′ -triphosphate levels indicate loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity during renal I/R. Inactivation of MnSOD occurred rapidly in this model of renal I/R, suggesting that loss of MnSOD activity leads to further renal injury and nitration of other mitochondrial targets.
Body image concerns and reduced breastfeeding duration in primiparous overweight and obese women

Objectives: To test differences in breastfeeding duration by prepregnant maternal weight status, and determine whether body image concerns mediate any differences. Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort of primiparous women was followed from pregnancy to, at minimum, 6 months postpartum. Questionnaire responses on body concerns were obtained during pregnancy and at 4 months postpartum. Kaplan-Meier curves compared breastfeeding duration in overweight/obese and normal weight groups. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine whether body image variables mediated the relationship between maternal weight and duration. Results: Although intended duration was similar between groups, overweight/obese women had a shorter median duration of any breastfeeding (38.6 weeks) compared to normal weight women (48.9 weeks) (P < 0.01) and they experienced higher risk of breastfeeding cessation over the entire first year postpartum [hazard risk (HR) = 1.43; confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–2.01; P < 0.05]. Overweight/obese women reported lack of body comfort/confidence postpartum more frequently than normal BMI women (P < 0.01). Lack of body comfort/confidence postpartum was negatively associated with duration after adjusting for maternal BMI (P = 0.01). Thus, the effect of BMI on duration was reduced by this variable (HR = 1.31; CI = 0.93, 1.86; P = 0.13), suggesting mediation. Conclusions: Women with high prepregnant BMI have reduced lactation duration that is mediated by lack of comfort/confidence with one's body. Further research into the interplay between body image, weight status, and breastfeeding outcomes may point to behavioral targets amenable to intervention and modification that may in turn improve breastfeeding outcomes for overweight/obese women and their infants. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The structural basis for terminator recognition by the Rho transcription termination factor.

Abstract The E. coli Rho protein disengages newly transcribed RNA from its DNA template, helping terminate certain transcripts. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of the RNA-binding domain of Rho complexed to an RNA ligand. Filters that screen both ligand size and chemical functionality line the primary nucleic acid–binding site, imparting sequence specificity to a generic single-stranded nucleic acid–binding fold and explaining the preference of Rho for cytosine-rich RNA. The crystal packing reveals two Rho domain protomers bound to a single RNA with a single base spacer, suggesting that the strong RNA-binding sites of Rho may arise from pairing of RNA-binding modules. Dimerization of symmetric subunits on an asymmetric ligand is developed as a model for allosteric control in the action of the intact Rho hexamer.
Myosin light chain phosphorylation in contraction and relaxation of intact rat thoracic aorta.

Abstract 1. 1. Myosin light chain phosphorylation in intact rat thoracic aorta was elevated during contraction induced by 0.3 μM norepinephrine, but was not maintained. 2. 2. Addition of 0.5 μM sodium nitroprusside to norepinephrine treated rat aorta strips led to elevation of cyclic GMP levels, relaxation of tension, and dephosphorylation of myosin light chain. 3. 3. Depletion of extracellular calcium or addition of calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and W7 diminished the contraction and phosphorylation of myosin light chain by norepinephrine, but did not prevent dephosphorylation by sodium nitroprusside or the elevated levels of cyclic GMP. 4. 4. Isoproterenol, 8-bromo cyclic GMP, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP all caused dephosphorylation of myosin light chain and induced relaxation during the period of development of tone. 5. 5. Eight other proteins had increased phosphorylation following norepinephrine treatment and one protein had less phosphorylation. The different proteins phosphorylated by norepinephrine showed varying degrees of sensitivity to Ca2+-free solution and to the calmodulin antagonists. 6. 6. The pattern of protein phosphorylation caused by sodium nitroprusside was best mimicked by 8-bromo cyclic GMP, rather than isoproterenol and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. These proteins were, generally, unaffected by Ca2+-free solution and the calmodulin antagonists. 7. 7. The present observations support the hypothesis that vasodilators inhibit tone development through myosin light chain dephosphorylation. Furthermore, the nitrovasodilators act through elevation of cyclic GMP and phosphorylation of proteins by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase.
Finite element analysis of a laminated composite plate subjected to circularly distributed central impact loading

Abstract A two dimensional finite element analysis has been made for a fiber-reinforced composite laminate subjected to circularly distributed impact load which results, for example, from impacting the plate with a blunt-ended projectile. A finite element displacement model which includes the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia was used along with Hamilton's principle to derive the finite element matrices. Newmark's direct integration technique was used to integrate with respect to time. The interaction force between the projectile and the plate was calculated by using the Hertzian law of contact. Results for laminate deformations are shown to compare quantitatively with experimental results. Numerical values for stresses in the plate were calculated.
Highly constrained college basketball scheduling

In intercollegiate athletics, conference basketball schedules must satisfy several criteria to be acceptably fair to each team. Scheduling is often further complicated by building conflicts and agreements regarding televised games. Although these requirements make it tedious to develop feasible schedules by hand; they can readily be modelled as constraints in an integer programming formulation. Software has been developed that finds multiple feasible solutions to this integer program, where each solution corresponds to an acceptable schedule. By generating multiple schedules in a short period of time, the software allows conference personnel to quickly evaluate different scheduling scenarios (eg different TV games) and consider several alternatives. Thus, the software makes an important contribution to finding the most attractive schedule possible.
Solution 1H NMR characterization of the distal H-bond network and the effective axial field in the resting-state, high-spin ferric, substrate-bound complex of heme oxygenase from N. meningitidis.

The solution 1H 1D and 2D NMR spectra of the high-spin ferric, resting-state, substrate-bound complex of heme oxygenase, HO, from the pathological bacterium N. meningitidis have been investigated to assess the prospects for definitive assignment of hyperfine shifted and relaxed residue protons and the interpretation of those shifts in terms of the anisotropy and orientation of the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor, χ. Appropriately tailored 1D/2D NMR data, together with analyses of paramagnetic relaxation and a preliminary estimate of the magnetic anisotropy, reveal a χ that is axially anisotropic and oriented along the Fe−His vector. Together with T-2 dependence of the shifts, Δχax yields a zero-field splitting constant, D = 9.1 cm-1, which is expected to serve as a very sensitive probe of H-bond interactions between the iron-ligated water and a series of distal ordered water molecules implicated in the mechanism of HO action. The side chains, Gln49 and His53, involved in the stabilization of catalytica...