cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable isotope fractionation in live benthic foraminifera from the southern California Borderland

Live specimens of benthic foraminifera have been analyzed from surface sediment samples collected from 108 to 1134 m depth in the Southern California Borderland. The temperature and isotopic composition of the ambient water and dissolved inorganic carbon have also been measured to permit comparison of foraminiferal compositions to expected equilibrium values. The species analyzed break down into four groups which reflect the influence of mineralogy (aragonite vs. calcite), biological fractionation (“vital effect”), and microhabitat effects on isotopic composition. The aragonitic Hoeglundina elegans show an enrichment in 18O relative to equilibrium calcite of 0.41%0 in shallower water increasing to at least 1.06%0 in deeper water. The 13C enrichment of H. elegans relative to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is also depth dependent, increasing from 1.27%0 at 108 m to 2.13%0 at 940 m. This depth dependence results from the change in composition of the DIC; the 13C composition of H. elegans remains constant with depth for some unknown reason. One possible explanation is that the change in composition of the DIC is balanced by an increase in Hoeglundina—HCO−3 fractionation with decreased temperature. The δ13C values of the Cassidulina species are almost identical to those of the ambient dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and reflect the decrease in the δ13C of the DIC with depth. The δ13C values of species not in 18O equilibrium vary independently of the changing composition of the DIC. There is a correlation between δ13C and δ18O among coeval species, consistent with the model which explains vital effect as the result of incorporation of isotopically light metabolic CO2 into the shell. The magnitude of disequilibrium is relatively constant for 18O but not for 13C, suggesting that in isotopic stratigraphy studies, it may be difficult to “calibrate” the δ13C of different species as has been done with δ18O. There appears to be a relationship between taxonomic group and vital effect. The foraminifera in approximate 18O equilibrium with the water, including species of Cassidulina, Bolivina, Uvigerina, and Globobulimina, are members of the family Cassidulinidae or superfamily Buliminacea. Those not in 18O equilibrium, including species of Pyrgo, Quinqueloculina, Triloculina, and Lenticulina, belong to the families Miliolidae and Vaginulinidae. No disequilibrium species have been found as yet in the low oxygen environments of the borderland. This observation and published findings on the ultrastructure of benthic foraminifera suggest that isotopic “behavior” may be related to a foraminifer's ability to exchange gases rapidly with its ambient water.
A Study of the Distribution of Phylogenetically Conserved Blocks within Clusters of Mammalian Homeobox Genes.

Genome sequencing efforts of the last decade have produced a large amount of data, which has enabled whole-genome comparative analyses in order to locate potentially functional elements and study the overall patterns of phylogenetic conservation. In this paper we present a statistically based method for the characterization of these patterns in mammalian DNA sequences. We have applied this approach to the study of exceptionally well conserved homeobox gene clusters (Hox), based on an alignment of six species, and we have constructed a map of Hox cataloguing the conserved fragments, along with their locations in relation to the genes and other landmarks, sometimes showing unexpected layouts.
Scheduling of tasks with batch-shared I/O on heterogeneous systems

This paper proposes a novel strategy that uses hypergraph partitioning and K-way iterative mapping-refinement heuristics for scheduling a batch of data-intensive tasks with batch-shared I/O behavior on heterogeneous collections of storage and compute clusters. The strategy formulates file sharing among tasks as a hypergraph to minimize the I/O overheads due to duplicate file transfers and employs a K-way iterative mapping-refinement scheme to adapt to the heterogeneity of compute clusters and storage networks in the system. We evaluate the proposed approach through real experiments and simulations on application scenarios from two application domains; satellite data processing and biomedical imaging. Our experimental results show that our approach can achieve significant performance improvement over algorithms such as HPS, Shortest Job First, MinMin, MaxMin and Sufferage for workloads with high degree of shared I/O among tasks.
Dental care utilization among older adults with cognitive impairment in the USA

Aim We examined the relationship between cognitive impairment and dental care utilization among older adults in the USA. Methods A total of 329 older adults aged 70 years and older in West Virginia, USA, were included in the present analyses. We carried out multivariate ordinal regression analyses. Results Individuals with dementia were less likely to visit a dentist regularly, and more time had passed since their last dental visit compared with individuals with normal cognitive function. However, the pattern of dental care utilization for those with cognitive impairment, not dementia did not differ from individuals with normal cognition. A perceived greater social network and having dental insurance were associated with increased dental care utilization. Conclusions Less dental care utilization might contribute to the oral health problems often observed among individuals with dementia. Efforts to increase the use of dental care should include cost-effective options for dental insurance. In addition, educating formal and informal caregivers on the importance of dental care might be beneficial, as these individuals are in the best position to facilitate dental care for individuals with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 255–260.
Domain bias in web search

This paper uncovers a new phenomenon in web search that we call domain bias --- a user's propensity to believe that a page is more relevant just because it comes from a particular domain. We provide evidence of the existence of domain bias in click activity as well as in human judgments via a comprehensive collection of experiments. We begin by studying the difference between domains that a search engine surfaces and that users click. Surprisingly, we find that despite changes in the overall distribution of surfaced domains, there has not been a comparable shift in the distribution of clicked domains. Users seem to have learned the landscape of the internet and their click behavior has thus become more predictable over time. Next, we run a blind domain test, akin to a Pepsi/Coke taste test, to determine whether domains can shift a user's opinion of which page is more relevant. We find that domains can actually flip a user's preference about 25% of the time. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of systematic domain preferences, even after factoring out confounding issues such as position bias and relevance, two factors that have been used extensively in past work to explain user behavior. The existence of domain bias has numerous consequences including, for example, the importance of discounting click activity from reputable domains.
Effect of folate oversupplementation on folate uptake by human intestinal and renal epithelial cells

BACKGROUND Folic acid [corrected] plays an essential role in cellular metabolism. Its deficiency can lead to neural tube defects. However, optimization of body folate homeostasis can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects and may decrease the risk of Alzheimer and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Hence, food fortification and intake of supplemental folate are widespread. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of long-term folate oversupplementation on the physiologic markers of intestinal and renal folate uptake processes. DESIGN Human-derived intestinal Caco-2 and renal HK-2 epithelial cells were maintained (5 generations) in a growth medium oversupplemented (100 micromol folic acid/L) or maintained under sufficient conditions (0.25 and 9 micromol folic acid/L). RESULTS Carrier-mediated uptake of (3)H-folic acid (2 micromol/L) at buffer pH 5.5 (but not buffer pH 7.4) by Caco-2 and HK-2 cells maintained under the folate-oversupplemented condition was significantly (P<0.01) and specifically lower than in cells maintained under the folate-sufficient condition. This reduction in folic acid uptake was associated with a significant decrease in the protein and mRNA levels of the human reduced-folate carrier (hRFC) and a decrease in the activity of the hRFC promoter. It was also associated with a decrease in mRNA levels of the proton-coupled folate transporter/heme carrier protein 1 (PCFT/HCP1) and folate receptor (FR). CONCLUSIONS Long-term oversupplementation with folate leads to a specific and significant down-regulation in intestinal and renal folate uptake, which is associated with a decrease in message levels of hRFC, PCFT/HCP1, and FR. This regulation appears to be mediated via a transcriptional mechanism, at least for the hRFC system.
Tests of the use of net throughfall sulfate to estimate dry and occult sulfur deposition

Abstract Throughfall and stemflow measurements taken in a mature high elevation red spruce stand, and precipitation measurements made in a nearby clearing, were used to calculate weekly net throughfall (=throughfall + stemflow - precipitation) sulfate deposition and net throughfall volume in the stand over a 20-week period. The study fortuitously was divisible into a low cloudwater deposition period, during which precipitation volumes generally exceeded throughfall volumes, and a high cloud period, during which the reverse was true. Weekly cloudwater deposition volume was estimated independently from continuously recorded cloudwater collections by an artificial tree located on an elevated platform in the clearing. Weekly net throughfall volume correlated well with cloudwater deposition volume (r = +0.86). Precipitation accounted for only 25% of the throughfall sulfate collected throughout the study and only 15% of that collected during the high cloud period, as net throughfall sulfate was 2.4 times greater during the high cloud period than during the low cloud period. Weekly estimates of cloudwater sulfate deposition correlated well (r = +0.74) with measures of net throughfall sulfate during the high cloud period. Dry deposition models were used to estimate weekly dry S deposition; weekly estimates of the wash-off of this dry deposition also correlated well (r = +0.76) with net throughfall sulfate during the low cloud period. During the high cloud period, estimates of cloudwater S plus dry S deposition accounted for 67% of the sulfate collected in net throughfall; however, during the low cloud period only 55% of net throughfall sulfate was accounted for. The low percentage of sulfate accounted for during the low cloud period suggests that the dry models were underestimating S deposition. Possible reasons for underestimation include failure to consider fully topographic complexity and edge effects, underestimates of surface wetness, and the possibility of canopy sources of sulfate (foliar leaching). These results support the use of throughfall sulfate measurements as gross estimates of (1) total S deposition, (2) total dry S deposition (using net throughfall in environments where cloudwater deposition accounts for less than 5% of total sulfate deposition) and/or (3) total cloud S deposition (subtracting precipitation and dry inputs from total throughfall sulfate in high cloud environments).
Feature compensation in the cepstral domain employing model combination

In this paper, we present an effective cepstral feature compensation scheme which leverages knowledge of the speech model in order to achieve robust speech recognition. In the proposed scheme, the requirement for a prior noisy speech database in off-line training is eliminated by employing parallel model combination for the noise-corrupted speech model. Gaussian mixture models of clean speech and noise are used for the model combination. The adaptation of the noisy speech model is possible only by updating the noise model. This method has the advantage of reduced computational expenses and improved accuracy for model estimation since it is applied in the cepstral domain. In order to cope with time-varying background noise, a novel interpolation method of multiple models is employed. By sequentially calculating the posterior probability of each environmental model, the compensation procedure can be applied on a frame-by-frame basis. In order to reduce the computational expense due to the multiple-model method, a technique of sharing similar Gaussian components is proposed. Acoustically similar components across an inventory of environmental models are selected by the proposed sub-optimal algorithm which employs the Kullback-Leibler similarity distance. The combined hybrid model, which consists of the selected Gaussian components is used for noisy speech model sharing. The performance is examined using Aurora2 and speech data for an in-vehicle environment. The proposed feature compensation algorithm is compared with standard methods in the field (e.g., CMN, spectral subtraction, RATZ). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed feature compensation schemes are very effective in realizing robust speech recognition in adverse noisy environments. The proposed model combination-based feature compensation method is superior to existing model-based feature compensation methods. Of particular interest is that the proposed method shows up to an 11.59% relative WER reduction compared to the ETSI AFE front-end method. The multi-model approach is effective at coping with changing noise conditions for input speech, producing comparable performance to the matched model condition. Applying the mixture sharing method brings a significant reduction in computational overhead, while maintaining recognition performance at a reasonable level with near real-time operation.
Are community-based pharmacists underused in the care of persons living with HIV? A need for structural and policy changes.

Abstract Objective To describe community pharmacists’ perceptions on their current role in direct patient care services, an expanded role for pharmacists in providing patient care services, and changes needed to optimally use pharmacists’ expertise to provide high-quality direct patient care services to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Four Midwestern cities in the United States in August through October 2009. Participants 28 community-based pharmacists practicing in 17 pharmacies. Interventions Interviews. Main Outcome Measures Opinions of participants about roles of specialty and nonspecialty pharmacists in caring for patients living with HIV infections. Results Pharmacists noted that although challenges in our health care system characterized by inaccessible health professionals presented opportunities for a greater pharmacist role, there were missed opportunities for greater level of patient care services in many community-based nonspecialty settings. Many pharmacists in semispecialty and nonspecialty pharmacies expressed a desire for an expanded role in patient care congruent with their pharmacy education and training. Conclusion Structural-level policy changes needed to transform communitybased pharmacy settings to patient-centered medical homes include recognizing pharmacists as important players in the multidisciplinary health care team, extending the health information exchange highway to include pharmacist-generated electronic therapeutic records, and realigning financial incentives. Comprehensive policy initiatives are needed to optimize the use of highly trained pharmacists in enhancing the quality of health care to an ever-growing number of Americans with chronic conditions who access care in community-based pharmacy settings.
Leucine With Resistance Training for the Treatment of Sarcopenia

Aging is associated with a progressive loss of muscle leading to increasing frailty, weakness, and loss of functional independence. Sarcopenia is a specific muscle-wasting disorder commonly described as an age-related loss in lean muscle tissue. It is estimated that 25% to 50% of men and women 65 years of age and older are sarcopenic. Resistance training is the most effective exercise for slowing the rate of loss of muscle mass and maintaining or improving muscle strength. Several studies have indicated that branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine, regulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis. The purpose of this article is to present the available research on the effectiveness of leucine and it metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle protein synthesis in addition to resistance training for the treatment of sarcopenia.
Coordinated Locomotion of Mobile Sensor Networks

Stationary wireless sensor networks (WSNs) fail to scale when the area to be monitored is open (i.e borderless) and the physical phenomena to be monitored may migrate through a large region. Deploying mobile sensor networks (MSNs) alleviates this problem, as the self-configuring MSN can relocate to follow the phenomena of interest. However, a major challenge here is to maximize the sensing coverage in an unknown, noisy, and dynamic sensing environment while minimizing energy consumption. Another major challenge is to maintain network connectivity for each MSN node during relocations. To address these challenges, we propose a new distributed algorithm, Causataxis1, that enables the MSN to relocate toward the interesting regions and adjust its shape and position as the sensing environment changes. Causataxis achieves scalable control of the MSN via a backbone-tree infrastructure maintained over clusterhead nodes, and achieves agility via localized cluster formation and dissolution. Unlike conventional cluster-based systems with backbone networks, a unique feature of our proposed approach is its bio-system inspired growing and rotting behaviors with coordinated locomotion. We compare Causataxis with a custom tuned swarm algorithm, which uses the concept of virtual spring forces to relocate mobile nodes based on local neighborhood information. Our simulation results show that Causataxis can outperform the swarm based algorithm in terms of the sensing coverage, the energy consumption, and the noise tolerance with a slightly high communication overhead.
Genetic Determination of Cartilaginous Metaplasia in Mouse Aorta

Calcification frequently occurs in atherosclerotic plaques in humans, but the cellular and genetic factors contributing to this pathological trait are unknown. We previously reported that the arterial calcification among inbred strains is genetically determined, and we now report that cartilaginous metaplasia, associated with the presence of arterial chondrocytes that express type II collagen, may underlie this calcification. Both uncalcified and calcified cartilaginous metaplasia were often colocalized with aortic atheromatous lesions and calcification, and clear genetic differences were observed in the occurrence of aortic cartilaginous metaplasia among inbred strains. Analysis of a genetic cross between strains C57BL/6J (exhibiting aortic cartilaginous metaplasia) and C3H/HeJ (no aortic cartilaginous metaplasia) revealed a recessive inheritance pattern; thus, F1 mice were entirely devoid of cartilaginous metaplasia, in common with the C3H/HeJ parental strain. Analyses of an F2 cross and a set of recombinant inbred strains derived from parental strains C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ were consistent with a major gene effect exhibiting incomplete penetrance. The occurrence of aortic calcification was correlated with the occurrence of cartilaginous metaplasia in these genetic crosses, suggesting a link between the traits. Finally, we observed widespread calcified cartilaginous metaplasia within spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions in mice targeted for a null mutation in the apoE gene, suggesting that cartilaginous metaplasia is a potential pathway for artery wall calcification associated with the atherosclerotic plaque.
Google classroom for librarians: features and opportunities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share possible opportunities for librarians, faculty and students with access to Google Classroom, and it includes a discussion of its application and functionality in information literacy sessions. Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes the functionality of Google Classroom with a review of its capabilities for providing information literacy instruction based on hands-on use in several classes and observation. Findings – Google Classroom streamlined delivery of materials with students in one-time and multi-meeting classes. Students appreciated its seamless integration with their university email accounts. Originality/value – Librarians teaching classes often need to share introductory information, exercises and supplemental materials with students. Google Classroom offers a simple platform for this purpose.
Serotherapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation

Within the human hematopoietic system, monoclonal antibodies have been used to identify a large number of surface antigens expressed by both normal and malignant cells, and in many instances it has now been possible to ascribe specific functions to individual cell surface molecules. Since monoclonal antibodies can be produced in large quantities and can be easily purified, it has also been possible to explore the potential therapeutic applications of these unique reagents. As a result, several different antibodies have been used in serotherapy trials in patients with refractory leukemia or lymphoma1–5 and in several solid tumors.6 In each of these studies, antibodies have been infused, with the hopes that antibody-bound tumor cells would subsequently be eliminated by natural effector mechanisms. In addition, monoclonal antibodies have also been utilized under more controlled circumstances in vitro in order to deplete specific target cells from bone marrow prior to either autologous7 or allogeneic marrow transplantation.8 In order to demonstrate the potential utility of these reagents, this chapter will focus on the specific clinical applications of monoclonal antibodies in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although other clinical situations and other monoclonal antibodies with different specificity will undoubtedly present unique problems, much of the information gained in patients with ALL will be applicable to other leukemias and lymphomas and, to a lesser extent, to solid tumors as well.
Racial/Ethnic and Gender Equity Patterns in Illinois High School Career and Technical Education Coursework

This study analyzed high school Career and Technical Education (CTE) enrollments in Illinois, with comparisons to national data when possible, by career cluster and pathway and with respect to gender and racial/ethnic makeup of students. Enrollment patterns in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) CTE programming were emphasized. Gender and ethnicity-based inequities were found in certain areas and more equitable patterns were apparent in others. Of concern, student enrollment in courses fitting within STEM pathways included substantially greater male than female participation (64.1% male vs. 35.9% female), whereas other pathways showed the reverse enrollment pattern (45.0% male and 55.0% female). With respect to ethnicity, all subgroups except White students were underrepresented in CTE programming in general. The underrepresentation was exacerbated for all but Asian students when concerning STEM CTE programming. Considering implications, we recommend heightened focus, support, and goal setting concerning equity of CTE programming.
Is Heading in Youth Soccer Dangerous Play

ABSTRACTBackground: Soccer is among the most popular youth sports with over 3 million youth players registered in the U.S. Soccer is unique in that players intentionally use their head to strike the ball, leading to concerns that heading could cause acute or chronic brain injury, especially in the immature brains of children.Methods: Pub Med search without date restriction was conducted in November 2014 and August 2015 using the terms soccer and concussion, heading and concussion, and youth soccer and concussion. 310 articles were identified and reviewed for applicable content specifically relating to youth athletes, heading, and/or acute or chronic brain injury from soccer.Results: Soccer is a low-risk sport for catastrophic head injury, but concussions are relatively common and heading often plays a role. At all levels of play, concussions are more likely to occur in the act of heading than with other facets of the game. While concussion from heading the ball without other contact to the head appears ra...
Hunters for Administrative Common Law

Some years ago, in Alaska Prof. Hunters Ass'n v. FAA (APHA), the D.C. Circuit held that an agency must use notice-and-comment rulemaking to change regulatory interpretations that have hardened into "administrative common law." The court was concerned that, absent such a requirement, agencies would enjoy excessive power to shift among plausible regulatory interpretations, thus sandbagging regulated parties. Administrative law scholars have roundly condemned APHA, but it is firmly embedded in the D.C. Circuit and has spread to others. Maybe the courts are on to something. Notwithstanding its flaws, APHA's invocation of "administrative common law" suggests an illuminating way to think about agency interpretive discretion. On a traditional approach to stare decisis, courts should have strong justifications for departing from their precedents, but the legislature is free to override them at any time for pretty much any reason. Translated into an administrative setting, this model might require an agency to have a strong justification for overruling its precedent by non-legislative means. This would allow agencies to overrule cheaply precedents that have proven to be unworkable or badly reasoned. Where an agency cannot offer a strong justification for overruling a precedent, it would need to use legislative rulemaking to do so. This requirement would tend to increase the cost of overruling workable, reasonable precedents upon which regulated parties have come to rely. Adopting the proposed "administrative common law" model might enhance agency interpretive consistency while at the same time preserving agency discretion to change course quickly and cheaply where there is a pressing need to do so. The model might also tend to shunt politically motivated efforts to shift from one reasonable interpretation to another towards notice-and-comment rulemaking, the agency procedure best suited for making political changes.
Enhancing People’s Television Experience by Capturing, Memoing, Sharing, and Mixing

Television has long played an important role in providing rich information and delightful entertainment. However, the trend of applying smart technologies in the design of television has yielded complexities that reduce people‘s enjoyment in television watching. Contextual interview results from our study showed that the participants needed solutions for helping them save interesting content rather than using advanced functions. In line with the rapid development of mobile communications and social networking services, we created and implemented a CatchPo system that includes a CutX TV Memo app that can help viewers use their mobile phone to catch interesting content they are watching on television. Editing the memo and sharing it with friends is easy. Consequently, different cultural groups that consume different media can be connected. Together with the additional CutMix app that enables the viewer to create a collage with their photos and the TV show, the system enhances people’s TV experience with useful technology.
Nonlinear refraction dynamics of solvents and gases

We present measurements of the temporal and polarization dependence of the nonlinear optical (NLO) response of selected organic solvents using our beam deflection (BD) method. These measurements allow us to separately determine the bound-electronic and nuclear responses which then determines the NLO response function. With this NLO response function the outcome of other experiments such as Z-scan as a function of pulse-width can be predicted. By performing similar measurements on the gas phase of these solvents we can compare the hyper-polarizabilities in the two phases.
Properties of a chromoprotein containing extract of the particulate fraction of rat liver.

SummaryWashed rat liver particles were subected to treatment isobutanol in the presence of dilute solution of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt and phosphate buffer at ice bath temperature. The resulting extract, after being freed from isobutanol, contained a water soluble catalytic system capable of transferring electrons from DPN · H2 or TPN · H2 to cytochrome C. The possible identity of a heme protein—like component, with cytochrome B and other enzyme properties of the extract (peroxidase, DPN—ase) are discussed.
On the new Continuous Matrix Product Ansatz

The fertile new field of quantum information theory is inspiring new ways to study correlated quantum systems by providing fresh insights into the structure of their Hilbert spaces. One of the latest developments in this direction was the extension of the ubiquitous matrix-product-state constructions, epitomized by the density-matrix renormalization-group algorithm, to continuous space-time; so as to be able to describe low-dimensional field theories within a variational approach. Following the earlier success achieved for bosonic theories, we present the first implementation of a continuous matrix product state (cMPS) for spinfull non-relativistic fermions in 1D. We propose a construction of variational matrices with an efficient parametrization that respects the translational symmetry of the problem (without being overly constraining) and readily meets the regularity conditions that arise from removing the ultraviolet divergences in the kinetic energy. We tested the validity of our approach on an interacting spin-1/2 system with spin imbalance. We observe that the ansatz correctly predicts the ground-state magnetic properties for the attractive spin-1/2 Fermi gas, including a phase-oscillating pair correlation function in the partially polarized regime (the 1D correlate of the FFLO state). We shall also discuss how to generalize the cMPS ansatz to other situations.
Clinical utility of drug resistance testing

Emergence of drug resistant HIV-1 is one of the major causes of the anti-retrovirus treatment failure. There are two types of clinical tests to identify the drug resistance. One is nucleotide sequencing of the drug target genomes (genotyping) and the other is measuring drug susceptibility of patient derived HIV-1 in vitro (phenotyping). Several retrospective studies have shown correlation between drug resistance test results and treatment outcome. The numbers of prospective randomized cohort studies have been also performed to clear the usefulness of drug resistance genotyping and phenotyping. Most of these studies have shown significant decrease of plasma virus level in the cases treated with genotypic and/or phenotypic guides. These results clearly support usefulness of genotyping and phenotyping in managing anti-HIV-1 treatment.
Why Are Some Cities Growing While Others Are Shrinking

Over the last three decades, large cities like Pittsburgh, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Toledo have seen their populations shrink, while areas like Houston, Atlanta, Dallas, Tampa, and Phoenix have seen their populations grow rapidly. Examining the policy differences between those high-growth areas and the low-growth ones can provide evidence that may help declining cities reverse their fortunes. Austin, Texas and Syracuse, New York provide an excellent example of that contrast in experiences. In 1980, they were roughly the same size. The Austin metro area had a population of about 590,000. The Syracuse metro area had about 643,000 residents. By 2007, Austin’s population was more than 1 million larger while Syracuse’s population had been stagnant. That same disparity exists when you examine the growth of employment and real personal income. Another disparity between the two areas is the tax burden. Throughout that growth period, state and local taxes accounted for nearly 13 percent of personal income in Syracuse. The tax burden was only about 9 percent of income in Austin. There are numerous factors other than taxes that can influence the growth of individual economies. However, this is not an isolated example. There is a consistent relationship between low taxes and high economic growth in metropolitan areas, in states, and in nations. This article details that relationship between taxes and growth for the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. In the 10 highest-tax metro areas, the state and local tax burden accounted for about 12.4 percent of personal income. In those same areas, population grew by 21.3 percent from 1980 to 2007. Employment grew by 40.1 percent, and real personal income grew by 75.5 percent. In contrast, taxes were only 8.3 percent of personal income in the 10 lowest-tax areas. The economic growth in those areas was much faster. Population grew by 64.4 percent, employment by 107.6 percent, and real personal income by 157.3 percent. The contrasting experiences of Austin, Texas and Syracuse, New York occurred in countless other areas as well. This study provides 14 such additional examples of pairs of metro areas that had similar tax and growth patterns. These correlations do not prove that low taxes have caused the economic growth. There are many other factors that have an important influence on economic growth. Incorporating those factors is beyond the scope of this paper. (However, see Stansel and Swaleheen (2010) and the additional articles by myself and others cited in footnotes 3 and 4 below for numerous examples of articles that do take that approach.) Nevertheless, the experiences of these 30 metropolitan areas provide valuable lessons for distressed areas everywhere. Keeping tax burdens low appears to be an important ingredient in the recipe for economic prosperity. If high-tax, low-growth metro areas like Detroit, Milwaukee, Buffalo, and Syracuse want to be more like high-growth areas such as Dallas, Tampa, San Antonio, and Austin, they should lower their onerous burden of taxation and bring spending under control.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) was originally designed to prevent relapse in people who had recovered from depression, and many studies have proven its efficacy in this domain. People with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may be maintaining their depression via a similar cognitive style to those who have recovered from depression and are vulnerable to relapse. Therefore, investigators have started to use MBCT to treat people with TRD. In this chapter, we outline the theoretical rationale for using MBCT to treat active depression, in particular TRD. We use a case study to illustrate modifications to the standard MBCT protocol that address challenges in treating people with TRD, such as decreased attentional control and debilitating negative thinking styles. Finally, we review the growing evidence base for the application of MBCT to treat TRD, and discuss practical considerations such as patient selection, group size, and format.
The Context of Care: Reconsidering Culture, Structure, and the Performance of Emotional Labor Among Registered Nurses

Publisher Summary Social scientists' ability to understand the effects of the context of care requires an analysis of the ways in which proximate structures, as well as diffuse status characteristics, affect the performance of emotional labor. This chapter reconsiders the cultural label in light of Hochschild's original theoretical formulation and recent sociological theorizing about the structure–culture distinction. Theory and research on emotion, and particularly emotion management would benefit from reframing the approach as contextual as opposed to cultural or structural. Through an analysis of the emotion management experiences of 1158 registered nurses, support is provided for this proposal by showing how structure and culture combine to differentially affect nurses' experience of emotion and their performance of both surface and deep acting. Consistent with Hochschild's original statement that the emotion-management perspective be used as a lens through which to examine social structure, as well as self and interaction, the results provide new insights into the gendered and racialized performance of emotional labor and the multidimensional context that shapes emotional experience.
A hybrid adaptive data fusion with linear and nonlinear models for skeletal muscle force estimation

Position and force control are two critical aspects of prosthetic control. Surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals can be used for skeletal muscle force estimation. In this paper, skeletal muscle is considered as a system and System Identification (SI) is used to model sEMG and skeletal muscle force. The recorded sEMG signal is filtered utilizing optimized nonlinear Half-Gaussian Bayesian filter, and a Chebyshev type-II filter prepares the muscle force signal. The filter optimization is accomplished using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Multi- linear and nonlinear models are obtained with sEMG as input and skeletal muscle force of a human hand as an output. The outputs of these models are fused with a probabilistic Kullback Information Criterion (KIC) for model selection and an adaptive probability of KIC. This approach gives good estimate of the skeletal muscle force.
QA Q&A Corner: Regulations, Records, and Razzle-Dazzle in Research

This issue’s column considers some of the complicating factors regarding responsibilities, documentation, branding, and screening in clinical studies.
Ironing out the photochemical and spin-crossover behavior of Fe(II) coordination compounds with computational chemistry

Abstract Effective strategies for designing Fe(II) coordination complexes with specifically tailored spin-state energetics can lead to advances in many areas of inorganic and materials chemistry. These include, but are not limited to, rational development of novel spin crossover complexes, efficient chromophores for photosensitization of dye-sensitized solar cells, and multifunctional materials. As the spin-state ordering of transition metal complexes is strongly rooted in their electronic structures, computational chemistry has naturally played an important role in assisting experimental work in this area. Unfortunately, despite many advances, accurate determination of the spin-state energetics of Fe(II) complexes still poses a remarkable challenge for virtually all applicable forms of electronic structure theory due to being controlled by a delicate balancing between correlation and exchange effects. This review focuses on some of the more notable successes and failures of modern electronic structure theory in properly describing these systems in the absence of solid-state effects. The strengths and weaknesses of using traditional wavefunction based methods and density functional theory are considered, and illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate that the modern computational chemist should make use of experimental data whenever possible and expect to utilize a combination of methods to obtain the best results. The review closes by briefly surveying some of the many interesting combined computational and experimental studies of Fe(II) chemistry that have lead to greater fundamental insight and practical understanding of this challenging class of systems.
Engaging elementary students in higher order talk and writing about text

The purpose of this article is to describe higher order talk and writing about text with seven and eight year old students. Much research has been conducted with intermediate and secondary students...
The Politics of Schools and Money: Building Awareness about Channeling Practices for Supplemental Resource Allocations to Serve English Language Learners.

One of the aims of K-12 supplemental programs is to maximize the potential for success of students who bring special needs into a classroom. Therefore, the intent behind a large majority of these additional resources is to support programs that are designed to address the needs of otherwise marginalized students by leveling the playing field. The purpose of this work is to shed light on how supplemental funds are potentially channeled from the source to the students for whom these funds are intended and whose needs these funds intend to serve. Specifically, this article draws attention to the dynamics associated with channeling practices of supplemental dollars for English language learners. This article concludes with a practical discussion to offer insights for navigating the typical channeling practices of these funding streams.
G-quartet oligonucleotides: A new class of Stat3 inhibitors that suppresses growth of prostate and breast tumors through induction of apoptosis

4565 Malignant melanoma is usually resistant to drug therapy which historically has been non selective and often toxic. We and others have previously shown that unlike other tumor cell lines, melanoma cell lines are auxotrophic for arginine, a non essential amino acid in humans (Cancer Res.62:5443, 2002). Exposure of melanoma cell lines to arginine deiminase (ADI) an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine to citrulline results in cell death. The IC50 ranged from 0.3-0.01 ug/ml in 17 melanoma cell lines tested whereas in lung cancer cell lines, the IC50 was > 100ug/ml. This differential sensitivity is most likely due to the fact that melanoma cell lines do not express argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS). To maximize the pharmacological effect, ADI was combined with polyethylene glycol (ADI-PEG-20). A phase I-II trial with ADI-PEG-20 in melanoma has shown promising results (Proc.ASCO.2003 Abs #2855 ). We have investigated the mechanism of antitumor activity of ADI-PEG-20. Exposure of A-375 and Sk-Mel-2 to ADI-PEG-20 to 0.1 ug/ml for 72 hr results in apoptosis detected by in situ end labeling assay using the kit from ONCOR. Limited gene array analysis (included 23 genes related to apoptosis, purchased from SuperArray) demonstrated that after exposure to ADI-PEG-20, A-375 expressed DR-5, TRAIL, GADD 45, Caspase 10 and NF-kB. Thus, it is possible that ADI-PEG-20 induces TRAIL production and triggers autocrine induction of apoptosis in addition to amino acid deprivation. We are currently investigating this possibility. Since another important issue is development of resistance to ADI-PEG-20, we have established primary culture obtained from patients who failed ADI-PEG-20 and found that these cells express ASS by RT-PCR, and also showed an ID 50 of >25 ug/ml. Similarly, continuous exposure to low doses of ADI-PEG-20 in melanoma cell line (A-375) also induces ASS expression. Interestingly, exposure of melanoma cells to corticosteroids (hydrocortisone) at 1uM for 48 hr. or 0.5 uM for 7 days, decreases the antitumor activity of ADI-PEG-20. The ID50 increased from 0.07 to 0.36 ug/ml. A small but detectable amount of ASS transcript was seen by RT-PCR. Thus, our data suggest that expression of ASS is most likely one of the mechanisms of treatment failure and that certain drugs such as corticosteroids may decrease the effectiveness of ADI-PEG-20 by inducing ASS expression. Other pharmacological manipulation such as oleic acid is being investigated to decrease ASS expression and thereby augment the antitumor effect of ADI-PEG-20. Thus, ADI-PEG-20 is effective in melanoma cells which lack ASS expression. The use of corticosteroids may decrease the effectiveness of this agent.
Hemochromatosis, iron-loading anemia, and SMAD.

In this issue of Blood , Wang et al show that SMAD1 and SMAD5 act cooperatively to increase hepatic hepcidin expression in response to iron-mediated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and they provide evidence that erythroferrone produced by bone marrow progenitors may suppress hepatic hepcidin expression by inhibiting these same factors (see figure). 1
Mapping and recontextualizing the evolution of the term Latinx: An environmental scanning in higher education

The term Latinx emerged recently as a gender-neutral label for Latino/a and Latin@. The purpose of this paper is to examine ways in which Latinx is used within the higher education context, and to ...
A study of impacts of ESD protection on 28/38GHz RF switches in 45nm SOI CMOS for 5G mobile applications

This paper reports the first study of impacts of on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection on 28GHz/ 38GHz RF switches designed in a 45nm SOI CMOS for 5th generation mobile networks (5G) mobile applications. Single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switches with 5-diode diode-string and silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) ESD protection structures were fabricated and characterized. Measurement and analysis reveal serious influences of ESD-induced parasitic effects on SPDT insertion loss and isolation.
Dynamics of forest composition and growth in Alabama of USA under human activities and climate fluctuation

ABSTRACTIntegrated analysis of forest dynamics under both anthropogenic influence and climatic change is crucial to indicating emergent patterns and meeting objectives of climate change mitigation....
Defective transcription elongation in a subset of cancers confers immunotherapy resistance

The nature and role of global transcriptional deregulations in cancers are not fully understood. We report that a large proportion of cancers have widespread defects in mRNA transcription elongation (TE). Cancers with TE defects (TEdeff) display spurious transcription and defective mRNA processing of genes characterized by long genomic length, poised promoters and inducible expression. Signaling pathways regulated by such genes, such as pro-inflammatory response pathways, are consistently suppressed in TEdeff tumors. Remarkably, TEdeff correlates with the poor response and outcome in immunotherapy, but not chemo- or targeted therapy, -treated renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma patients. Forced pharmacologic or genetic induction of TEdeff in tumor cells impairs pro-inflammatory response signaling, and imposes resistance to the innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses and checkpoint inhibitor therapy in vivo. Therefore, defective TE is a previously unknown mechanism of tumor immune resistance, and should be assessed in cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy.
Influence of both anisotropic friction and cohesion on the formation of tension cracks and stability of slopes

Abstract A modified logarithmic-spiral limit equilibrium procedure is proposed to rigorously determine the critical failure mechanism and stability of slopes comprised of soils where both friction angle and cohesion demonstrate anisotropic shear strength. The influence of both cohesion and friction anisotropy has not been explicitly considered using the logarithmic spiral approach. This procedure allows for the critical failure mechanism and stability to be determined in simplified soil strata independent of the internal statical assumptions associated with other rigorous slope stability approaches. The unique geometry of the logarithmic spiral enables direct assessment of the normal stress distribution acting along the failure surface using a modified analytical solution. This computed normal stress distribution enables evaluation of tensile stresses along a slip surface, thus providing a rational means of explicitly determining the depth of the tension crack for both isotropic and anisotropic conditions, which is novel. Within this study, a procedure is proposed to study the influence of cohesive and frictional anisotropy on tension crack depth and slope stability. In addition, to understand the impact of an often-realistic variable on anisotropic stability, the orientation of the plane of weakness due to geologic conditions is studied over the range from 90° to −90°.