cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly Multiplexed Immunofluorescence of the Human Kidney using Co-Detection by Indexing (CODEX)

ABSTRACT The human kidney is composed of many cell types that vary in their abundance and distribution from organ to organ. As these cell types perform unique and essential functions, it is important to confidently label each within a single tissue to more accurately assess tissue architecture. Towards this goal, we demonstrate the use of co-detection by indexing (CODEX) multiplexed immunofluorescence for visualizing 23 antigens within the human kidney. Using CODEX, all the major cell types and substructures, such as collecting ducts, glomeruli, and thick ascending limb, were visualized within a single tissue section. Of these antibodies, 19 were conjugated in-house, demonstrating the flexibility and utility of this approach for studying the human kidney using traditional antibody markers. We performed a pilot study showing that the studied tissues had on average 84 ± 11 cells per mm2 with the most variance seen within the cells containing vimentin and aquaporin 1, while cells containing α-smooth muscle actin and CD31 possessed a high degree of uniformity between the samples. These precursory data show the power of CODEX multiplexed IF for surveying the cellular diversity of the human kidney and have potential applications within pathology, histology, and building anatomical atlases.
Human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose supplementation improves gut barrier function and signaling in the vagal afferent pathway in mice

2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) is one of the predominant oligosaccharides found in human milk and has several well-established beneficial effects in the host. It has previously been shown that 2′-FL can improve the metabolic phenotype in high-fat (HF)-fed mice. Here we investigated whether dietary supplementation with 2′-FL was associated with improved intestinal barrier integrity, signaling in the vagal afferent pathway and cognitive function. Mice were fed either a low-fat (LF, 10% fat per kcal) or HF (45% fat per kcal) diet with or without supplementation of 2′-FL (10% w/w) in the diet for 8 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, fat and lean mass, intestinal permeability (ex vivo in Ussing chambers), lipid profiles, gut microbiome and microbial metabolites, and cognitive functions were measured. Vagal afferent activity was measured via immunohistochemical detection of c-Fos protein in the brainstem in response to peripheral administration of cholecystokinin (CCK). 2′-FL significantly attenuated the HF-induced increase in fat mass and energy intake. 2′-FL significantly reduced intestinal permeability and significantly increased expression of interleukin (IL)-22, a cytokine known for its protective role in the intestine. Additionally, 2′-FL led to changes in the gut microbiota composition and in the associated microbial metabolites. Signaling in the vagal afferent pathway was improved but there was no effect on cognitive function. In conclusion, 2′-FL supplementation improved the metabolic profiles, gut barrier integrity, lipid metabolism and signaling in the vagal afferent pathway. These findings support the utility of 2′-FL in the control of gut barrier function and metabolic homeostasis under a metabolic challenge.
A Brief Introduction to Other Protein-Blotting Methods

Numerous techniques have carried out the transfer of proteins from gels to membranes. These methods include vacuum blotting, centrifuge blotting, electroblotting of proteins to Teflon tape and membranes for N- and C-terminal sequence analysis, multiple tissue blotting, a two-step transfer of low- and high-molecular-weight proteins, blotting of Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB)-stained proteins from polyacrylamide gels to transparencies, acid electroblotting onto activated glass, membrane-array method for the detection of human intestinal bacteria in fecal samples, protein microarray using a new black cellulose nitrate support, electrotransfer using square wave alternating voltage for enhanced protein recovery, polyethylene glycol-mediated significant enhancement of the immunoblotting transfer, parallel protein chemical processing before and during western blot and the molecular scanner concept, electronic western blot of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric-identified polypeptides from parallel processed gel-separated proteins, semidry electroblotting of peptides and proteins from acid-urea polyacrylamide gels, transfer of silver-stained proteins from polyacrylamide gels to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes, and the display of K+ channel proteins on a solid nitrocellulose support for assaying toxin binding. The quantification of proteins bound to PVDF membranes by elution of CBB, clarification of immunoblots on PVDF for transmission densitometry, gold coating of nonconductive membranes before matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis to prevent charging effect for analysis of peptides from PVDF membranes, and a simple method for coating native polysaccharides onto nitrocellulose are some of the methods involving either the manipulation of membranes with transferred proteins or just a passive transfer of antigens to membranes. All these methods are briefly reviewed in this chapter.
Breaking the Cost/Performance Barrier

A key barrier to the widespread implementation of composite materials in automobile structures is the traditional relationship of cost/performance. Increased performance generally means increased cost and lower cost usually requires compromise in performance. To date, this relationship has been unfavorable for high volume composite applications. Resin selection offers one avenue of moving away from the traditional cost/performance relationship. New resin systems may allow the designer to achieve sufficient performance at an acceptable cost but there are still compromises which must be made. Not all resin properties are critical to all applications and through an in-depth understanding of performance throughout the range of anticipated component requirements, some non-critical performance areas can be identified. This paper presents an evaluation of five different types of resin systems and ranks the relative cost and processability. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, Poissons ratio, elevated temperature performance, low temperature performance, and environmental resistance will be reported for composite materials made from the test resin systems. Identical reinforcement materials were used and the optimum molding conditions observed. For the covering abstract of the proceedings see IRRD 860832.
Law, engineering, and the environment-teaching law and engineering students to work together

This paper discusses the components of an innovative class taught by the College of Law and the College of Engineering at the University of Utah. The course was conceived by law professor Susan Poulter, who introduced the idea to JoAnn Lighty, Associate Professor in Chemical and Fuels Engineering. The course was initially taught Spring Semester 1995, and was revamped and taught again Spring Semester 1996. It was then decided to offer the course every other year. The course was open to law students (JD and LLM) and engineering students (graduate and senior undergraduate). The paper discusses the background of the course and material covered as well as the lessons learned from the first year which were applied to the second year. Students appear to enjoy the interaction and discussion among themselves and between the two disciplines.
Modeling Token Ring Networks - A Survey

This paper discusses single and multiple token rings, describes major aspects of their architecture, and discusses in detail the performance issues arising in the design of such local area networks. Following a survey of analytical queueing models to describe the basic token-ring operation, three topics are discussed in detail: 1) The IEEE 802.5 Token Ring and its performance; 2) performance aspects of the ANSI Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) token ring, and 3) performance questions arising in the interconnection of token-ring networks.
An experimental study of rod bundle dispersed-flow film boiling with high-pressure water

Dispersed-flow film boiling data were obtained in a large rod bundle (8 X 8) under steady-state and transient conditions with upward flowing high-pressure, high-temperature water. The bundle is equipped with detailed thermometry, and has geometry typical of later generation pressurized water reactors with 17 X 17 fuel assemblies. Comparisons with the data to empirical correlations commonly used to predict heat transfer in dispersed flow indicate that the Dougall-Rohsenow and Groeneveld-Delorme correlations overpredict and underpredict heat transfer, respectively, while the Groeneveld 5.7 and Condie-Bengston IV correlations perform reasonably well. Spacer grids are shown to cause rod surface temperature depressions of up to 100 K from the upstream to downstream side of the grid. Grid effects persist for 20 to 30 hydraulic diameters downstream of the grid.
Institutional Racism, Organizations & Public Policy

Institutional Racism, Organizations & Public Policy offers a critical yet thoughtful discussion of racism and discrimination within the context of public administration. In 10 chapters, Ward and Ri...
AnonAD: Privacy-Aware Micro-Targeted Mobile Advertisements without Proxies

Mobile advertisements have become the dominant source of revenue for mobile application developers, advertisers and brokers. Using novel sensing techniques and the advanced sensors of mobile devices, it has become feasible to determine a user's fine-grained context such as her location, activity, and interests. This information can be used by the advertisement (ad) brokers to provide more relevant ads to the user based on her context. However, this has led to serious privacy risks, since a user can be tracked by the broker or an adversary based on her context. In this paper, we present AnonAd, an ad delivery scheme that allows users to protect their privacy when receiving micro-targeted ads from the broker. AnonAd utilizes the encryption of the user's context based on a split-secret scheme that guarantees that the broker can decrypt the context only when there exists k other users in the same context. This way, a user's privacy is protected with k-anonymity during the context report. We show that the split-secret scheme integrates seamlessly with existing homomorphic encryption-based schemes that can provide differential privacy for ad click reports. We implement AnonAd on Android smartphones and evaluate it with real users as well as simulated users that follow real mobility traces. Our results show that AnonAd achieves a balance between user's privacy and relevancy of advertisements without the requirement of any additional proxy servers.
Distal protein sequences can affect the function of a nuclear localization signal.

Abstract The major DNA-binding protein, or infected-cell protein 8 (ICP8), encoded by herpes simplex virus can localize to the cell nucleus independently of other viral proteins. To define the nuclear localization signals within ICP8, we performed several forms of mutagenesis on the cloned ICP8 gene. Deletion analysis of the ICP8 gene showed that several portions of ICP8 are involved in its nuclear localization. To determine whether these regions were independent localization signals, we introduced various portions of the ICP8 gene into a series of cassette plasmids which allowed expression of fusion proteins containing pyruvate kinase, normally a cytoplasmic protein, fused to various portions of ICP8. These results showed that the carboxyl-terminal 28 residues are the only portion of ICP8 capable of targeting protein kinase into the nucleus. However, inclusion of certain additional regions of ICP8 into the fusion protein led to an inhibition of nuclear localization. Therefore, the carboxyl-terminal 28 residues of ICP8 can act independently as a nuclear localization signal, but certain conformational constraints or folding or assembly requirements in the remainder of the protein can affect the nuclear localization of the protein. Our results demonstrate that sequences distant from a nuclear localization signal can affect its ability to function. A set of fusion vectors has been isolated which should be of general use for making 5' or 3' fusions in any reading frame to rapidly map localization signals.
Sarah Siddons as Hamlet: Three Decades, Five Towns, Absent Breeches, and Rife Critical Confusion

(2007). Sarah Siddons as Hamlet: Three Decades, Five Towns, Absent Breeches, and Rife Critical Confusion. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 37-44.
Eye bobbing associated with jaw movement.

Abstract Two patients were treated for a previously unreported disorder believed to be related to Marcus Gunn jaw-winking. The first, a 9-month-old infant with left congenital blepharoptosis without jawwinking and with normal ocular motility had an up and down movement of the left globe synchronous with nursing movements of the jaw. The second was a 5-year-old girl with left blepharoptosis, jaw-winking, and left double elevator palsy who had up and down movements of both the left upper lid and the left globe synchronous with chewing. The left globe movements were most prominent in the field of vertical action of the superior rectus muscle and persisted after levator excision and fascia lata sling procedures. The possible etiology of the Marcus Gunn jawwinking phenomenon is discussed and related to our cases of eye bobbing. The eye bobbing probably is caused by abnormal innervation to the superior rectus muscle produced by jaw movements in a manner analogous to the abnormal stimulation of the levator muscle in jawwinking. The similar embryologic development and innervation of the levator and superior rectus muscles add credence to this theory.
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS WITH THROMBUS FORMATION AND ABSCESSATION IN A HORSE

A 2.5 year old Appaloosa stallion with progressive weight loss and a heart murmur was diagnosed as having vegetative endocarditis of the right atrioventricular valves with a mass in the right atrium. The ultrasonographic appearance of the lesion was characterized by extreme reverberation. On postmortem examination, a 9 cm diameter thrombus was found within the right atrium and auricle, occupying approximately 80% of the chamber volume. Additionally, a lenticular abscess extended throughout the parietal cusp of the right atrioventricular valve. Histologic examination revealed that the lesions were septic with numerous gram positive cocci in short chains, suggestive of Streptococcus equi, and gram negative rods.
Developing Nations and the Compulsory License: Maximizing Access to Essential Medicines While Minimizing Investment Side Effects

This manuscript addresses how developing countries can maximize access to essential medicines and minimize unwanted side-effects within the legal environment of a compulsory license regime. While compulsory licensing can play a role in improving public health, external social and political conditions must be considered in order to make licensing an effective practice.
Polyamines as clinical laboratory tools.

Since their discovery by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1678 until the recent development of transgenic mice expressing proteins altering polyamine levels in a tissue-specific manner, polyamines have been the object of intense research efforts which have shed light on several biological and pathological processes. From the discovery of a particular form of proteasome regulation of the catabolism of the key regulatory enzyme in their synthetic pathway, to the experimental cancer treatment or prevention with polyamine antagonists or inhibitors of the latter enzyme, a whole spectrum of interests can be revealed. Still, many aspects of their functions remain elusive and difficulties inherent in their analysis, which relies on sophisticated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods, and the lack of standardization; have hampered the transit from the research realm to the standard clinical laboratory domain. Their assay in biological fluids has been used for cancer diagnosis and for monitoring anticancer treatment. In this article, we attempt to provide an overview of polyamine structure, nutritional value, metabolism, and physiological roles. Next, we will summarize the main analytical methods on which we count, and finally we willaddress their role in diagnosis of cancer as well their proposed role as antioxidant and antiglycation agents.
Atrio-ventricular dissociation with accrochage.

A 63-year-old male, who had systemic arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and probable atherosclerotic heart disease, was admitted with dizziness and an episode of syncope. It was revealed that the patient had accrochage at a rate of 41 per minute. There were occasional sinus premature beats, which were all conducted to the ventricles. This arrhythmia was promptly abolished by the administration of atropine, which increased sinus rate. During the 8 months follow-up after discharge from the hospital the patient has remained asymptomatic with normal sinus rhythm.
6-Hour to 1-Year Variance of Five Global Precipitation Sets

Abstract Three-hourly time series of precipitation from three high-resolution precipitation products [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) algorithm 3B-42, the Climate Prediction Center’s morphing method (CMORPH), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)] and two reanalyses are examined for their frequency characteristics using broad and narrow variance categories. After isolating the diurnally forced peaks (at 24, 12, 8, and 6 h), the power spectra are divided into comprehensive broad bands comprising the annual (∼80 days–1 yr), intraseasonal (20 to ∼80 days), slow (6–20 days) and fast (36 h–6 days) synoptic, and high-frequency (6–36 h) periods. Global maps accounting for 100% of precipitation’s variance are analyzed to identify unique regional behaviors. Annual variability is strongest over regions affected by the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone, as well as over monsoonal regions. The intraseasonal band d...
Observation of Nuclear Spin Waves in Spin-Polarized Atomic Hydrogen Gas

We have observed narrow, distinct resonances in the NMR spectrum of dilute spinpolarized atomic hydrogen gas ($n\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{16}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$). The dependence of the observed spectra on temperature, density, polarization, and magnetic field gradient is consistent with theoretical predictions for spin-wave excitations damped by diffusion. We have measured the parameter $\ensuremath{\mu}$, which is a measure of the importance of exchange effects in spin-transport processes, and the diffusion coefficient ${D}_{0}$, both of which are in reasonable agreement with theory.
Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline

Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders is common in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of sertraline in a subgroup of PTSD patients suffering from anxiety or depression comorbidity. Two multicenter, 12-week, double-blind, flexible-dose US studies of adult outpatients from the general population with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD evaluated the safety and efficacy of sertraline (50 to 200 mg/d) compared to placebo in the treatment of PTSD. The total severity score of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-2) and the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) were used to examine the effect of comorbidity on treatment outcome. Among the combined 395 subjects enrolled in the two trials, 32.9% had a comorbid depressive diagnosis (no anxiety diagnosis), 6.3% had a comorbid anxiety disorder diagnosis (no depression), 11.4% had both a depression and anxiety disorder diagnosis, and 49.4% had no comorbidity. The correlation, at baseline, between Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) total score and the three CAPS-2 clusters was 0.37 for the re-experiencing/intrusion cluster, 0.52 for the avoidance/numbing cluster, and 0.45 for the hyperarousal cluster. Patients suffering from PTSD complicated by a current diagnosis of both depression and an anxiety disorder showed the highest baseline CAPS-2 cluster score severity. Patients treated with sertraline improved significantly (P <.05) compared to placebo on both the CAPS-2 and DTS whether or not they had a comorbid depressive or anxiety disorder. Sertraline was well tolerated. The presence of comorbidity was associated with a modest and mostly nonspecific increase in the side effect burden of approximately 10% to 20% on both study treatments. Patients suffering from dual depression and anxiety disorder comorbidity benefited from somewhat higher doses (147 mg v 125 mg; P =.08). Similarly, the presence of dual comorbidity resulted in a modest but nonsignificant increase in the mean time to response from 4.5 weeks to 5.5 weeks. We conclude that sertraline (50 to 200 mg/d) is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of PTSD for patients suffering from a current, comorbid depressive or anxiety disorders.
The Elegance of the MicroRNAs: A Neuronal Perspective

As knowledge of microRNAs (miRNA) grows from a compendium of sequences to annotated functional data it has become increasingly clear that a highly significant segment of regulatory biology depends on these approximately 22 nucleotide noncoding transcripts. The expression of many miRNAs in the nervous system, some with a high degree of temporal and spatial specificity, suggests that understanding miRNAs in the nervous system will yield rewarding neurobiological insights. High on the list of insights that microRNAs promise is a deeper understanding of the remarkable cellular diversity found among neurons. This review examines the interface between an emerging biology of miRNAs and their role in nervous systems.
Trophic interactions between the cochleovestibular ganglion of the chick embryo and its synaptic targets in culture.

The effect of the availability of synaptic targets on neuronal survival was tested by explanting the cochleovestibular ganglion from embryonic day 3-1/2 chick embryos and maintaining it in the presence or absence of appropriate synaptic target tissues for 14 days in culture. The targets were the inner ear, peripherally, and the myelencephalon, centrally. Light and electron microscopic observations showed that the ganglion cells in the expiants with targets present had generally achieved a degree of differentiation comparable to that of their counterparts in embryonic day 14 embryos. The variety of cell types seen in the normal embryonic day 14 ganglia was also evident in vitro. In ganglia expanted without peripheral or central targets, few neurons survived. Ganglia explanted with either peripheral or central target intact showed considerably better survival than those explanted without any target. Ganglia explanted with only the peripheral target (the inner ear) survived equally as well as those with both central and peripheral targets. Ganglia cultured with the central target (myelencephalon) did not survive as well as those with peripheral targets. The effect of the peripheral target on the ganglion was less clear-cut when ganglia were first dissected from their targets and then recombined in culture. However, the results of such experiments in which nerve fascicles were traced in serial sections from ganglia to target areas, suggest that the actual innervation of target cells, as well as proximity of ganglia to target tissues, could influence neuronal survival. Establishment of innervation appeared to be selective, in that the closest available target area was not always the one contacted by the ganglionic fibers. The present findings are consistent with a role of neuron-target cell interactions in supporting neuronal survival in the cochleovestibular ganglion of the chick embryo. Both the central and the peripheral targets are implicated in trophic interactions with the sensory neurons.
Finite-element mesh generation from mappable features

Abstract A vector-based geographical information system (GIS) is used to generate a variably-sized triangular element finite-element mesh from mappable features. Important digitally-mapped features are automatically linked to nodes in the finite-element model, ensuring an efficient, virtually error-free alternative to the tedious process of mesh design and data-input preparation by other methods. The procedure permits the user to work interactively with graphically-displayed hydrologic information about the study area allowing different mesh sizes to be used as needed, based on hydrologic complexity. The mesh-generaiion programs are stand-alone macros within the GIS that set up the basic data defining a finite-element mesh for many different finite-element model programs.
Regulation of the Expression or Recruitment of Components of the DNA Synthesome by Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase †

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a component of the multiprotein DNA replication complex (MRC, DNA synthesome) that catalyzes replication of viral DNA in vitro. PARP poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates 15 of the approximately 40 proteins of the MRC, including DNA polymerase alpha (DNA pol alpha), DNA topoisomerase I (topo I), and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Although about equal amounts of MRC-complexed and free forms of PCNA were detected by immunoblot analysis of HeLa cell extracts, only the complexed form was poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated, suggesting that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of PCNA may regulate its function within the MRC. NAD inhibited the activity of DNA pol delta in the MRC in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the PARP inhibitor, 3-AB, reversed this inhibitory effect. The roles of PARP in modulating the composition and enzyme activities of the DNA synthesome were further investigated by characterizing the complex purified from 3T3-L1 cells before and 24 h after induction of a round of DNA replication required for differentiation of these cells; at the latter time point, approximately 95% of the cells are in S phase and exhibit a transient peak of PARP expression. The MRC was also purified from similarly treated 3T3-L1 cells depleted of PARP by antisense RNA expression; these cells do not undergo DNA replication nor terminal differentiation. Both PARP protein and activity and essentially all of the DNA pol alpha and delta activities exclusively cosedimented with the MRC fractions from S phase control cells, and were not detected in the MRC fractions from PARP-antisense or uninduced control cells. Immunoblot analysis further revealed that, although PCNA and topo I were present in total extracts from both control and PARP-antisense cells, they were present in the MRC fraction only from induced control cells, indicating that PARP may play a role in their assembly into an active DNA synthesome. In contrast, expression of DNA pol alpha, DNA primase, and RPA was down-regulated in PARP-antisense cells, suggesting that PARP may be involved in the expression of these proteins. Depletion of PARP also prevented induction of the expression of the transcription factor E2F-1, which positively regulates transcription of the DNA pol alpha and PCNA genes; thus, PARP may be necessary for expression of these genes when quiescent cells are stimulated to proliferate.
Experimental Design for the Laboratory Simulation of Magnetized Astrophysical Jets

Concepts of several experimental configurations for the investigation of magnetized jets and their interaction with magnetized environments are presented. In the planned experiments, the plasma jets will be created by laser ablation of shaped targets, while magnetic and electric fields with the required configurations will be produced independently by a pulsed power generator. In particular, the recently coupled Terawatt laser Tomcat and Terawatt pulsed power generator Zebra will be used for experiments.
Optical classification of radar signals using acousto-optically generated triple-product representations

We have configured an adaptive multi-layer optical classifier as a real-time radar target recognition system to recognize isolated aircraft targets from training profiles with varying orientation and/or range from the radar. The resulting system demonstrates the successful application of a real-time adaptive optical computing system to a challenging temporal signal processing problem with time- bandwidth product requirements too demanding for alternative approaches. In this paper we describe the multi-layer classifier in detail and present classification results of using the optical system to learn form example time- frequency representations of aircraft radar range profiles.
Information activities in selected types of US Scientific and Technical Libraries and information centers

The systematic and purposeful acquisition of information and its systematic and purposeful application are emerging as the new foundations for work, productivity, and effort throughout the world.
Species specificity of hybridoma antibodies to surface antigens of guinea pig sperm

The species specificity of hybridoma antibodies to sperm surface antigens was studied. A collection of over 50 hybridoma antibodies that bind to the guinea pig sperm surface was tested for binding to mouse, rat, hamster, and human sperm by indirect immunofluorescence. None of the antibodies bind to mouse sperm. rat sperm, or human sperm. All but three of the antibodies also fail to bind to hamster sperm. AH-30, AH-31, and AH-1032, the three antibodies that crossreact with hamster sperm, show a different topographical localization on hamster sperm from that seen on guinea pig sperm. The three antibodies do not precipitate a 125I surface-labeled antigen from hamster sperm extracts. However, from guinea pig sperm extracts, all three antibodies precipitate 125I surface-labeled polypeptides with molecular weights (Mr) of 62,000, 52,000, and 38,000. This result suggests that the crossreacting antibodies may be recognizing different antigens on hamster and guinea pig sperm.
Holograms For Optical Interconnects For Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits Fabricated By Electron-Beam Lithography

High performance holograms are a crucial part of realizing the predicted benefits of optical interconnection of electronic circuits. Fabrication of computer-generated holograms using electron-beam lithography provides access to the needed performance but presents new challenges in design, encoding, and data handling. Two holograms are described that represent different approaches in each of these areas. The first hologram connects a single laser source to several widely separated detectors. A paraxial imaging arrangement allows the holographic interferogram to be encoded as concentric circles of a Fresnel zone plate. The second hologram was designed to replace the row address lines on a 1 kbit RAM chip. In this case, broad separation of the sources prohibits use of the paraxial approximation. Instead, a piecewise approximation to the optimal phase function is encoded with a closed-contour fringe-tracing algorithm. Both holograms were evaluated in experimental systems involving photodetectors integrated onto a VLSI circuit chip and a discrete semiconductor laser.
Desferrithiocin analogue iron chelators: iron clearing efficiency, tissue distribution, and renal toxicity

The current solution to iron-mediated damage in transfusional iron overload disorders is decorporation of excess unmanaged metal, chelation therapy. The clinical development of the tridentate chelator deferitrin (1, Table 1) was halted due to nephrotoxicity. It was then shown by replacing the 4′-(HO) of 1 with a 3,6,9-trioxadecyloxy group, the nephrotoxicity could be ameliorated. Further structure–activity relationship studies have established that the length and the position of the polyether backbone controlled: (1) the ligand’s iron clearing efficiency (ICE), (2) chelator tissue distribution, (3) biliary ferrokinetics, and (4) tissue iron reduction. The current investigation compares the ICE and tissue distribution of a series of (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-[2-hydroxy-4-(polyether)phenyl]-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acids (Table 1, 3–5) and the (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(polyether)phenyl]-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acids (Table 1, 8–10). The three most effective polyether analogues, in terms of performance ratio (PR), defined as mean ICEprimate/ICErodent, are 3 (PR 1.1), 8, (PR 1.5), and 9, now in human trials, (PR 2.2). At the onset of the clinical trial on 9, no data were available for ligand 3 or 8. This is unfortunate, as 3 has many advantages over 9, e.g., the ICE of 3 in rats is 2.5-fold greater than that of 9 and analogue 3 achieves very high levels in the liver, pancreas, and heart, the organs most affected by iron overload. Finally, the impact of 3 on the urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), an early diagnostic biomarker for monitoring acute kidney toxicity, has been carried out in rats; no evidence of nephrotoxicity was found. Overall, the results suggest that 3 would be a far superior clinical candidate to 9.
Roles of Werner Syndrome Protein in Protection of Genome Integrity

Werner syndrome protein (WRN) is one of a family of five human RecQ helicases implicated in the maintenance of genome stability. The conserved RecQ family also includes RecQ1, Bloom syndrome protein (BLM), RecQ4, and RecQ5 in humans, as well as Sgs1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rqh1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus laevis, and Drosophila melanogaster. Defects in three of the RecQ helicases, RecQ4, BLM, and WRN, cause human pathologies linked with cancer predisposition and premature aging. Mutations in the WRN gene are the causative factor of Werner syndrome (WS). WRN is one of the best characterized of the RecQ helicases and is known to have roles in DNA replication and repair, transcription, and telomere maintenance. Studies both in vitro and in vivo indicate that the roles of WRN in a variety of DNA processes are mediated by post-translational modifications, as well as several important protein-protein interactions. In this work, we will summarize some of the early studies on the cellular roles of WRN and highlight the recent findings that shed some light on the link between the protein with its cellular functions and the disease pathology.
Bulk Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanofibers by a Seeding Approach

The morphology of doped polypyrrole·Cl powder changes dramatically from granular to nanofibrillar when a very small amount (1−4 mg) of V2O5 nanofibers are added to a chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in aq 1.0 M HCl using (NH4)2S2O8 as the oxidant. Unlike the polyaniline system, a key synthetic requirement in the polypyrrole system is for the seed template to be “active”, i.e., to be capable of independently oxidizing the pyrrole monomer. Thin, strongly adherent films can be obtained on inert surfaces such as glass, plastics, etc., directly from the polymerization mixture without any bulk product isolation steps, significantly simplifying the processing of these nanofibers.
Parallelizing complex scans and reductions

We present a method for automatically extracting parallel prefix programs from sequential loops, even in the presence of complicated conditional statements. Rather than searching for associative operators in the loop body directly, the method rests on the observation that functional composition itself is associative. Accordingly, we model the loop body as a multivalued function of multiple parameters, and look for a closed-form representation of arbitrary compositions of loop body instances. Careful analysis of conditionals allows this search to succeed in cases where existing automatic methods fail. The method has been implemented and used to generate code for the iWarp parallel computer.
Desiderata for ontologies to be used in semantic annotation of biomedical documents

A wealth of knowledge valuable to the translational research scientist is contained within the vast biomedical literature, but this knowledge is typically in the form of natural language. Sophisticated natural-language-processing systems are needed to translate text into unambiguous formal representations grounded in high-quality consensus ontologies, and these systems in turn rely on gold-standard corpora of annotated documents for training and testing. To this end, we are constructing the Colorado Richly Annotated Full-Text (CRAFT) Corpus, a collection of 97 full-text biomedical journal articles that are being manually annotated with the entire sets of terms from select vocabularies, predominantly from the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) library. Our efforts in building this corpus has illuminated infelicities of these ontologies with respect to the semantic annotation of biomedical documents, and we propose desiderata whose implementation could substantially improve their utility in this task; these include the integration of overlapping terms across OBOs, the resolution of OBO-specific ambiguities, the integration of the BFO with the OBOs and the use of mid-level ontologies, the inclusion of noncanonical instances, and the expansion of relations and realizable entities.
Misinterpretation of Environmental Monitoring Data--a Plague on Mankind: ABSTRACT

All too often, data collected as part of environmental monitoring programs are subjected to interpretation by those unqualified to do so, frequently with results that require extensive litigation. A recent example involved a study carried out in Mobile Bay where geochemical data were used by certain individuals to "identify" bottom sediments contaminated by the drilling of an exploratory well. Elevated barium contents of up to several hundred ppm near the mouth of the bay were attributed to the spillage of drilling mud, although all drill cuttings, mud, and effluent from the rig had been pumped directly onto barges for disposal at sites onshore. Unfortunately, those making the allegations failed to carry out two analyses on the sediments that would have identified the tru source of the barium. First, the sediments should have been X-rayed to determine if the barium was, in fact, the result of barite (subsequent diffractograms were all negative for barite). Second, the actual source of the barium could have been determined. Chemical "stripping" techniques now allow the elements in an analysis to be partitioned into: (1) a pore-water fraction, (2) an exchangeable ion phase, (3) ions associated with disseminated carbonate minerals, (4) ions associated with iron and manganese oxide phases, (5) ions attached to clays as organometallically chelated compounds, and (6) ions held in structural sites in the clay mineral lattices. Partitioning of the barium in the Mobile Bay sediments disclosed that most was associated with the various clay-mineral phases and substitutional impurities in shell material. Thus, the barium observed was not the direct result of the drilling operation but rather reflected its common association with disseminated oxides in the bottom muds, as a chelated form adhering End_Page 1431------------------------------ to the clay platelets and as replacement ions in the lattice of carbonate minerals. Samples obtained from near the mouth of the bay contained a greater amount of shell material, and, therefore, the barium contents were expectedly higher. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1432------------
Dynamical systems method and surjectivity of nonlinear maps

Abstract If F : H → H is a C loc 2 -map in a real Hilbert space, supu ∈ B(u0,R)∥[F′(u)]−1∥ ⩽ m(R), and limsup R > 0 R m ( R ) = ∞ , then F is surjective.
Pyramidal Defects in GaN:Mg Grown with Ga Polarity

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show formation of different types of Mg-rich defects in GaN. Types of defects strongly depend on crystal growth polarity. For bulk crystals grown with N-polarity, the planar defects are distributed at equal distances (20 unit cells of GaN). For growth with Ga-polarity (for both bulk and MOCVD grown crystals) a different type of defects have been found. These defects are three-dimensional Mg-rich hexagonal pyramids (or trapezoids) with their base on the (0001) plane and six walls formed on 1123 planes. The defects appear in [1120] and [1100] cross-section TEM micrographs as triangular and trapezoidal with sides inclined at 43 and 47 degrees to the base depending on the above observation directions, respectively. The dimension of these pyramids varies depending on growth method (50-1000 Angstrom), but the angle between the base and their sides remain the same. The direction from the tip of the pyramid to its base (and from the shorter to the longer base for trapezoidal defects) is along the Ga to N matrix bond direction. Analysis of the reconstructed exit wave phase image from the pyramid side indicates a shift of Ga atomic column positions from the matrix to the N position within the pyramid. In this way a 0.6{+-}0.2 Angstrom displacement can be measured on the pyramid side between Ga positions in the matrix and within the pyramid.
Heavy atom quenching of the singlet delta dioxygen molecule (1Δg O2)

Abstract Evidence is provided from quenching experiments that heavy atom spin-orbit coupling and donor-acceptor interactions can both contribute to deactivation of 1 Δ O 2 , and that heavy atom quenching is ineffective for poor electron donors.
Quantitative calibration of X-ray film response in the 5-keV to 1.3-MeV region.

Response vs energy was measured for Kodak No-Screen and Rapid-Process films. Monochromatic incident radiation was obtained by fluorescent excitation of the characteristic x-ray lines in an element such as copper followed by crystal diffraction to pass only the Kα component. Fluorescing elements from atomic number 23(V) to 60(Nd) covered the energy range 4.95–37.0 keV. A single point at 1.25 MeV was obtained for gamma radiation from 60Co. A proportional detector measured the incident flux density (photons cm−2 sec−1). The No-Screen film is more sensitive than Rapid-Process film and has greater contrast. At 8 keV, to obtain a photographic density of unity requires 3.76 × 107 photons/cm2 for No-Screen film and 4.19 × 107 photons/cm2 for Rapid-Process film; at 20 keV, No-Screen film requires 7.47 × 107 photons/cm2 and Rapid-Process film requires 12.87 × 107 photons/cm2.
On Goldberg's Response

I realize that, in a time when most academics favor a view of the unlimited maleability of human behavior and social institutions, the conclusion that there are immutable limits set on institutional possibility by our psychobiological natures will meet strong resistance. (I think it a bit disingenuous of Dr. Leacock to fail to mention' that she favors such a view, that much of her work is on Engels, and that I spend a number of pages criticizing the logical underpinnings of Engels' work and the historical explanation of patriarchy.) However, it seems to be only certain psychobiological realities that elicit anger: no one would today take exception to the statement that human psychobiology is such that every society's institutions must conform to limits set by the psychobiological factors we subsume under the term "sex drive." A hundred years ago values lauded aggressiveness and denied sexuality; today this is reversed. But it is not values that are of primary causal importance to patriarchy. Things change in a hundred years. But not, to any significant extent, the things I discuss in Patriarchy.
The erythrocyte in aging

Abstract The whole blood viscosity was determined as a function of the shear rate for young and old subjects. The results of these studies indicate that a definite difference does exist in the viscosity of whole blood. This difference is related to the age, morphology, mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin content of the red cell.
On the inverse problem for a three-term phase function

Abstract Elementary considerations are used to establish the phase function for a three-term scattering law basic to the inverse problem for radiative transfer in a finite slab.
Assessment of an Alternative Stabilization Device for Electronic Fetal Monitoring Utilizing External Ultrasound and Tocodynamometer in Labor and Delivery Patients

Patients/Participants A total of 30 pregnant women admitted to labor and delivery who satisfy all of the following eligibility requirements will be asked to participate: 18 years or older; at term (37-42 weeks gestation); singleton pregnancy; and no known allergy to adhesives. Aside from those not meeting the above requirements, any woman meeting one or more of the following criteria will be excluded: highrisk/critically ill pregnancy; patient declines consent; body mass index greater than 30; elective repeat cesarean.
On the transfer and advantageous reallocation paradoxes

It is well known that the transfer and advantageous reallocation paradoxes cannot occur at a Walrasian stable equilibrium in a two agent economy. In an influential recent paper Chichilnisky provided an example of the transfer paradox in the context of a globally Walrasian stable three agent economy. It is evident, though, that the paradoxes depend on the underlying data-tastes, preferences and net export positions-of the economy. This paper characterizes and generalizes the transfer and advantageous reallocation paradoxes: necessary and sufficient conditions on the underlying data of a globally Walrasian stable economy for the occurence of each of these paradoxes are established; the key role of the third agent in generating these paradoxes is clarified.
Epithelial stratification in the developing chick cornea

The process of epithelial stratification was studied in the embryonic chick corneal epithelium between 10 and 21 days of incubation. Information was collected on the DNA synthetic activity occurring in individual cell layers, on cell density changes in the basal layer, and on mitotic spindle orientation in each cell layer before, during, and upon the completion of layer formation. Prior to the initiation of stratification, mitotic spindles are oriented parallel to the basement membrane interface. This orientation changes to predominantly vertically directed spindles as layer formation proceeds. Later, the majority of the spindles are horizontally aligned once more. This pattern was observed as each successive cell layer formed. The possible relationship between the spindle data and that obtained on DNA synthetic activity and cell density changes is discussed in terms of the role these factors might play in layer formation in the cornea, as well as in other stratified epithelia.
The influence of tobacco countermarketing ads on college students' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs.

Abstract Objective: To determine which antitobacco messages were perceived effective in changing college students’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about tobacco use. Participants: College students (n = 1,020) were surveyed before and after viewing 4 30-second antitobacco advertisements in 1 of 3 theme categories—social norms, health consequences, or tobacco industry manipulation. Methods: An independent samples t test was used to test for differences in the mean responses to the knowledge, attitude, and belief questions at posttest by smoking status and gender. Results: Health consequences ads significantly increased overall knowledge and negative attitudes and beliefs. Conclusion: Findings from this study may help health educators who work in college settings and other young adult settings to include media messages as part of a comprehensive tobacco control program.
Determination of N-acetyl groups in glycosaminoglycans by gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract A method for determination of N-acetyl groups in glycosaminoglycans (MPS) by GLC is described. MPS were hydrolyzed with 2 N HCl for 3 hr and the acetic acid liberated was directly measured by GLC on Chromosorb 102 columns. The observed values of acetic acid released from MPS by hydrolysis were in agreement with those expected. Samples of heparin from different sources contained small and varying amounts of acetyl groups.