cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speaker Meanings and Intentions

There is much talk of intentions in semantics that I argue is mistaken: (I) In virtue of what does a speaker using a name or demonstrative refer to x? A popular answer is: because he intends to refer to x. I have four objections. (1) This answer, unlike another popular one – because he has x in mind – is too intellectualized to be even a good starting point. (2) It is theoretically incomplete: In virtue of what did the speaker intend to refer to x? (3) Once completed, it is redundant. (4) It is misleading. (II) What explains the speaker meaning of a sentential utterance? A central idea of Gricean “intention-based semantics” is that this meaning is constituted by the speaker’s intention to communicate a certain content to an audience. I argue that the idea that this intention is necessary for a meaningful utterance is psychologically implausible and theoretically unmotivated. The basic act of speaker meaning is one of expressing a thought. (III) It is standard among Griceans to believe that there is some constitutive/normative constraint on what a speaker can intend by an utterance. The alleged constraint varies from the astonishingly strong “positive” one that X cannot intend to A unless X believes that she will A to the much weaker “negative” one that X cannot intend to A unless she lacks the belief that she cannot A. I argued that there are no such constitutive/normative constraints on intentions.
Pseudo-Randomness and the Crystal Ball

The last decade has witnessed the emergence of algorithmic fairness as a new frontier in the application of theoretical computer science to problems of societal concern. The delay between academic investigation and industrial rhetoric acknowledging the concern has been surprisingly brief. This alacrity has positive and negative consequences, to wit, opportunity for quick adoption of technology and pressure for quick fixes. An early dichotomy in the literature differentiates between group notions of fairness - based on comparing prediction/classification statistics for (typically disjoint) demographic groups - and individual fairness, i.e., requiring that similar individuals be treated similarly [2]. Both face challenges. Group fairness criteria are appealing but can be meaningless [2, 8] or mutually incompatible [1, 7]; individual fairness requires a task-specific metric specifying the degree to which pairs of individuals are (dis)similar for the purposes of the task at hand. Considerable progress toward learning such a metric from an expert was made only recently [6]; see also [4]. Focus on similarity metrics has thrown into relief foundational questions about randomness and uncertainty. Some questions are specific to the philosophy of fairness, for example, questions about the value of an ex ante guarantee of fairness offered by a roll of the dice. Others involve the choice of metric, exposing the role of context. For example, should the likelihood that a job candidate will succeed in the advertised position be evaluated in the context of the work culture of the specific company that listed the position, or in an ideal, or even just a more egalitarian company with stronger culture of inclusivity?
Degree of Change in Right Ventricular Adaptation Measures During Axillary Impella® Support Informs Risk Stratification for Early, Severe Right Heart Failure Following Durable LVAD Implantation

ABSTRACT Risk assessment for early, severe right heart failure (RHF) after LVAD implantation remains imperfect. We sought to define the differences in RV adaptation and load after axillary Impella support between patients who experienced RHF and those who did not. Seventeen of 18 patients included were deemed intermediate or high risk for RHF by EUROMACS-RHF score. Before Impella insertion, RV adaptation parameters (RAP, RAP:PCWP, PAPi) were worse in the non-RHF group compared to the RHF group. In both groups, RV load parameters (effective pulmonary arterial elastance, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular compliance) improved after Impella insertion. Lesser improvements in RV adaptation were seen in the RHF group. Moreover, load-to-adaptation relationships (EA/RAP and EA/RAP:PCWP) worsened to a greater degree. In patients at intermediate or high risk for RHF after LVAD, assessment of RV adaptation and load during axillary Impella support may improve risk stratification.
Hazardous Waste Reduction and Recycling

Although almost every waste has the potential for causing environmental damage, as a practical matter it has been estimated that 10–151 percent of the industrial wastes generated in our modern industrialized society may be classified as hazardous. That is to say, these are wastes which pose special hazards to public health and the environment unless they are properly handled, treated, stored, transported and disposed of.
Experimental approaches for the diagnostics of hydroacoustic problems in naval propulsion

Abstract Current standard experimental methodologies in hydro-acoustics rely on far-field measurements that enable the characterization of the spectral properties and the determination of the sound pressure level with good precision but fail in identifying accurately the flow phenomena at the origin of sound generation and radiation. The present paper reviews two “unconventional” approaches to address the diagnostics, analysis and solution of hydroacoustic problems in naval engineering experimentally. The first approach, based on direct pressure fluctuation measurements combined with detailed flow measurements in the proximity of the noise source, provides a direct estimate of the flow phenomena at the origin of sound generation and emission. The second approach is a relatively recent strategy to investigate the sources of acoustic noise in the aeronautical field and concerns the use of volumetric techniques, such as Tomographic PIV ( Elsinga et al., 2006 ), in combination with acoustic analogies. The abilities of the two approaches are investigated with reference to the analysis of the noise sources in some case studies consisting of an isolated propeller, a propeller operating in the wake a surface ship, and an open-water propeller-rudder system. Both approaches are shown to enable the physical interpretation of the potential mechanisms of noise generation and emission from a naval propeller. For example: (i) the combined employment of Tomographic PIV measurements with the Powell׳s acoustic analogy proved the dominant contribution of the tip vortices to the radiated far-field noise in non-cavitating conditions and showed the different directivity of the quadrupoles associated with the tip vortex, the trailing wake and the hub vortex perturbation; (ii) the use of simultaneous near- and far-field measurements combined with cross-correlation techniques revealed the direct relationship between the acoustic perturbation and the Azimuthal gradients of the blade hydrodynamic loads for an installed propeller in non-cavitating conditions; (iii) the application of a filtering procedure to separate the sound and pseudo-sound contributions from recorded near-field pressure fluctuation signals highlighted the different mechanisms underlying the acoustic and hydrodynamic perturbation in a propeller-rudder system.
SU-F-BRD-16: Relative Biological Effectiveness of Double-Strand Break Induction for Modeling Cell Survival in Pristine Proton Beams of Different Dose-Averaged Linear Energy Transfers

Purpose: High throughput in vitro experiments assessing cell survival following proton radiation indicate that both the alpha and the beta parameters of the linear quadratic model increase with increasing proton linear energy transfer (LET). We investigated the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of double-strand break (DSB) induction as a means of explaining the experimental results. Methods: Experiments were performed with two lung cancer cell lines and a range of proton LET values (0.94 – 19.4 keV/µm) using an experimental apparatus designed to irradiate cells in a 96 well plate such that each column encounters protons of different dose-averaged LET (LETd). Traditional linear quadratic survival curve fitting was performed, and alpha, beta, and RBE values obtained. Survival curves were also fit with a model incorporating RBE of DSB induction as the sole fit parameter. Fitted values of the RBE of DSB induction were then compared to values obtained using Monte Carlo Damage Simulation (MCDS) software and energy spectra calculated with Geant4. Other parameters including alpha, beta, and number of DSBs were compared to those obtained from traditional fitting. Results: Survival curve fitting with RBE of DSB induction yielded alpha and beta parameters that increase with proton LETd, which follows from the standard method of fitting; however, relying on a single fit parameter provided more consistent trends. The fitted values of RBE of DSB induction increased beyond what is predicted from MCDS data above proton LETd of approximately 10 keV/µm. Conclusion: In order to accurately model in vitro proton irradiation experiments performed with high throughput methods, the RBE of DSB induction must increase more rapidly than predicted by MCDS above LETd of 10 keV/µm. This can be explained by considering the increased complexity of DSBs or the nature of intra-track pairwise DSB interactions in this range of LETd values. NIH Grant 2U19CA021239-35
Clinical considerations for epidermal necrolysis.

Background Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are considered a spectrum of acute life-threatening mucocutaneous reactions that differ only in severity. Both diseases are characterized by mucous membrane and skin involvement, are often caused by medications, and are collectively known as epidermal necrolysis (EN).
The single-stranded-DNA-binding protein encoded by the Escherichia coli F factor can complement a deletion of the chromosomal ssb gene.

Abstract Genes encoding single-stranded-DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are carried by a variety of large self-transmissible plasmids, and it previously has been shown that these plasmid-borne genes can complement conditional lethal alleles of the ssb gene on the Escherichia coli chromosome for cellular viability. We have tested one of the plasmid-borne ssb genes, the ssf gene from the E. coli F factor, for its ability to complement total deletion of the chromosomal ssb gene for viability. We have found that ssf can complement the ssb deletion, but only when it is present on a high-copy-number plasmid. Cells that are totally dependent on the F-factor-encoded SSB for viability manifest growth properties indicative of problems in DNA replication.
IDtrace/spl minus/a tracing tool for i486 simulation

The authors describe IDtrace, a binary instrumentation tool which produces execution traces for the ix86 instruction set architecture. Long execution traces can be generated quickly and easily for input to a wide variety of performance evaluation tools. Issues involved in the construction of such a tool are listed along with illustrations of the uses of different generated traces. One example observes the behavior of a branch prediction technique and another compares the cache behavior of the i486 with that of the MIPS R3000. >
Distribution studies of salicylazosulfapyridine and its metabolites.

Abstract Previous studies in the rat have indicated that the initial reaction of salicylazosulfapyridine (SAS) metabolism, reduction of the azo bond, can be attributed exclusively to the action of the intestinal bacteria. This finding raises questions concerning the amount of intact SAS that reaches its possible site of action within the lumen in inflammatory disease of the lower intestine. Accordingly, a study of the distribution of SAS and its metabolites in the rat and in man has been undertaken. In both species only small amounts of SAS were recovered in the urine. The drug was not recovered in the feces of rats but small amounts were found in the feces of 4 of 11 human subjects. In both species a consistent finding was high levels of sulfapyridine in the urine and high levels of 5-aminosalicylate in the feces. Indeed the level of 5aminosalicylate in rat feces greatly exceeded that found when an equimolar amount of 5-aminosalicylate itself was fed orally to the rats. These studies indicate that SAS is almost completely metabolized in both human subjects and rats and that there is a tendency for its metabolite 5-aminosalicylate to reach relatively high levels in the feces.
Fertility potential in thalassemia major women: current findings and future diagnostic tools

Preserving fertility, preventing early menopause, and predicting reproductive ability have become crucial for many adult thalassemia major females. Luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) and estradiol, commonly used for assessment of fertility potential in thalassemia, have a poor predictive value. Current reproductive practice uses markers of ovarian reserve testing, which were not yet studied in thalassemia women. We explored the relationship between liver iron concentration (LIC) and fertility status in 26 females (mean 30 years old). Seventeen (65%) of them experienced primary or secondary amenorrhea. Levels of LH/FSH and estradiol were low or undetectable in 48% and 35% of patients, respectively and did not correlate with age, presence of amenorrhea, and LIC. This further addresses the need for utilization of current available methods for assessment of fertility capacity in thalassemia, which will also allow future correlation with pituitary iron measures by MRI as well as early intervention for fertility preservation.
Palliative Care: Dyspnea and Breakthrough Pain

Dyspnea and breakthrough pain are common problems in palliative care. This article reviews reports on the management of these symptoms and provides clinical guidance on management of the symptoms. Mechanisms of both symptoms are discussed. The use of opioids, including via nebulization, is described for dyspnea. True breakthrough pain is differentiated from incident pain and end of dose failure.
Project WEALTH (water, energy, agriculture, lighting, training and health)-harnessing the wealth of nations

Project WEALTH, hereafter referred to as WEALTH, is a global plan for the economic development of an estimated one million villages in the world, where one billion people live. The plan will focus on the provision of: water, energy, agriculture, lighting, training, health (WEALTH), by harnessing the natural resources of the villages and utilizing the technologies available in the industrialized countries. In the first phase of the project, one model village (WEALTH Center) will be established in every developing country of the world. The Center will serve as the training and demonstration center and promote the project in the country. WEALTH will provide economic opportunities for the industrialized and the developing countries. The small business sector will play a major role in the implementation of the project. The project will be developed and implemented, not by governments, but by private sector, in cooperation with national governments. When fully operational, the project has the potential of generating business to the tune of billions of dollars every year. The inner-cities of the US can participate in the project resulting in their own rapid development. WEALTH will spur global economic growth and lay the foundation for prosperity and peace in the twenty-first century.
Three-Dimensional Dynamic Model of TEHD Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing—Part II: Parametric Studies

This paper presents a new analysis method for a thermo-elasto-hydro-dynamic (TEHD) tilting pad journal bearing (TPJB) system to reach a static equilibrium condition adopting nonlinear transient dynamic solver, whereas earlier studies have used iteration schemes such as Newton–Raphson method. The theoretical TPJB model discussed in Part I of this research is combined into a newly developed algorithm to perform a bearing dynamic analysis and present dynamic coefficients. In the nonlinear transient dynamic solver, physical and modal coordinates coexist for computational efficiency, and transformation between modal and physical coordinate is performed at each numerical integration time step. Variable time step Runge–Kutta numerical integration scheme is adopted for a reliable and fast calculation. Nonlinear time transient dynamic analysis and steady thermal analysis are combined to find the static equilibrium condition of the TPJB system, where the singular matrix issue of flexible pad finite element (FE) model is resolved. The flexible pad TPJB model was verified by comparison with other numerical results. Simulation results corresponding with the theoretical model explained in Part I are presented and discussed. It explains how the TPJB dynamic behavior is influenced by a number of eigenvector of flexible pad FE model and pad thickness. Preload change under fluid and thermal load is examined.
Internal friction study of AISI 410 stainless steel

From this study of the internal friction at low stresses of AISI 410 stainless steel in four different conditions of heat treatment the following conclusions are made: 1. 1. Young's modulus of the material is influenced by heat treatment and varies in the range 211 to 218 GPa. 2. 2. The internal friction is amplitude dependent and varies in the range 2 to 8 × 10−4 for the different heat treatments and range of strain amplitudes investigated. 3. 3. The break away strain amplitude of the internal friction depends on the heat treatment of the specimen and varies in the range 10−6 to 3 × 10−5. Moreover, the trend of the break away strain amplitude with heat treatment is the inverse of that for the trend of Young's modulus. 4. 4. When the internal friction data for 10−5e−1 < 1 are analyzed in terms of the Granato-Lucke (GL) theory of dislocation damping, values of the minor loop length Lc of the vibrating dislocation line and of the mobile dislocation density Λ could be extracted for the specimens. 5. 5. The values of Lc (13 to 46 nm) and of Λ (1010 to 1012 m−2) obtained from the analysis are acceptable when interpreted in terms of TEM observations on carbide precipitates and dislocations in turbine blade materials similar to the material used in this study. 6. 6. The mobile dislocation density under conditions of amplitude dependent internal friction is less than the estimated total dislocation density. 7. 7. The internal friction results suggest that the value of K (the variable in the GL theory which depends on crystallographic orientation and specimen material) for the specimens used should be near 0.5, and that the value of LN (the major dislocation loop length) should be near 10−7m.
Discrepant Perspectives on Conflict Situations Among Urban Parent–Adolescent Dyads:

Parents influence urban youths’ violence-related behaviors. To provide effective guidance, parents should understand how youth perceive conflict, yet little empirical research has been conducted regarding parent and youth perceptions of conflict. The aims of this article are to (a) report on the nature of discrepancies in attribution of fault, (b) present qualitative data about the varying rationales for fault attribution, and (c) use quantitative data to identify correlates of discrepancy including report of attitudes toward violence, parental communication, and parents’ messages about retaliatory violence. Interviews were conducted with 101 parent/adolescent dyads. The study population consisted of African American female caretakers (n = 92; that is, mothers, grandmothers, aunts) and fathers (n = 9) and their early adolescents (mean age = 13.6). A total of 53 dyads were discrepant in identifying instigators in one or both videos. When discrepancy was present, the parent was more likely to identify the a...
A new technique for in situ measurement of the composition of neutral gas in interplanetary space

Neutral atoms in interplanetary space play an important role in many processes relevant to the formation and evolution of the Solar System. An experimental approach is proposed for in situ atom detection based on the conversion of neutral atoms to negative ions at a specially prepared sensitive surface. Negative ions are subsequently analyzed and detected in an essentially noise-free mode. The use of the technique for in situ study of the composition of neutral interstellar atoms is considered. It is shown that interstellar H, D, and O atoms and possibly H2 molecules can be measured by the proposed technique. The experiment can be performed from a high-apogee Earth-orbiting satellite or from a deep space probe. Possible applications of the technique are discussed.
Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of the pulsatile component of cerebral blood flow and volume from arterial oscillations

We describe a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method to noninvasively measure relative changes in the pulsate components of cerebral blood flow (pCBF) and volume (pCBV) from the shape of heartbeat oscillations. We present a model that is used and data to show the feasibility of the method. We use a continuous-wave NIRS system to measure the arterial oscillations originating in the brains of piglets. Changes in the animals' CBF are induced by adding CO2 to the breathing gas. To study the influence of scalp on our measurements, comparative, invasive measurements are performed on one side of the head simultaneously with noninvasive measurements on the other side. We also did comparative measurements of CBF using a laser Doppler system to validate the results of our method. The results indicate that for sufficient source-detector separation, the signal contribution of the scalp is minimal and the measurements are representative of the cerebral hemodynamics. Moreover, good correlation between the results of the laser Doppler system and the NIRS system indicate that the presented method is capable of measuring relative changes in CBF. Preliminary results show the potential of this NIRS method to measure pCBF and pCBV relative changes in neonatal pigs.
Spatially Resolved Photoluminescence in Spontaneously-ordered GaInP2

The low-temperature (5K) photoluminescence (PL) of partially-ordered GaInP2 is spatially resolved using high-resolution (from~0.2/µm-0.7µm) scanning optical microscopy, revealing the spatial variation in band gap energy and the spatial origin of the ordering-induced low-energy emission and the associated’ quantum-dot-like’ narrow spikes which appear when examining areas smaller, or of comparable size, than a single ordered domain. The large number of spectra taken within a micron- sized area allow a detailed look at the statistical variation in band-gap energy and lineshape. A systematic study of a series of samples where the order parameter varies from η ~ 0 to 0.45 shows that for the most highly-ordered samples, the statisitical distribution of excitonic energy and linewidth show evidence of exciton localization, which is also clearly seen by examining the spatial maps of the excitonic energy and linewidth extracted from the measured spectra.
Pathogenesis of lupus.

This review highlights advances made over the past 2 years in understanding the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). The criteria used in selecting the articles include: 1) the study was performed using human subjects as opposed to animal models; 2) the quality of methods, data, and interpretation were acceptable; and 3) a current body of literature exists supporting causality for the mechanisms studied. Because lupus is a complex disorder, difficulties arise in distinguishing causal mechanisms from secondary effects. The rationale for selecting these reports rests in our present understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. Current paradigms maintain that lupus develops in people with a genetic predisposition, but also requires an initiating event usually assumed to be environmental. Many researchers are involved in identifying genes predisposing the patient to develop lupus (1,2), and a representative article characterizing potentially pathogenic Fc receptor (Fc R) alleles is discussed. Although the initiating event for most lupus cases is unknown, studies in both human and murine systems indicate that T cells recognizing antigenic determinants in nucleosomes maintain and possibly initiate the hallmark anti-DNA antibody response (3), therefore a recent article examining this response in lupus patients is discussed. Finally, a growing body of literature indicates that the abnormal cell driving lupus is the T lymphocyte, with numerous signaling and other biochemical abnormalities reported in this profoundly disturbed cell (4). One recent paper demonstrating a signaling defect common to the majority of lupus patients is reviewed. Abnormalities in T cell DNA methylation have also been identified in lupus patients and shown to cause a lupus-like disease in animal models (5,6). Therefore a report examining the mechanisms causing DNA hypomethylation in human lupus T cells is discussed. The Fc receptor IIIA-158F allele is a major risk factor for the development of lupus nephritis among Caucasians but not non-Caucasians (Arthritis Rheum, 2001) (7)
Hydralazine kinetics after single and repeated oral doses

In reports on hydralazine kinetics plasma hydralazine levels have been measured with nonspecific assay techniques. The techniques used also include acid-labile hydralazine metabolites and therefore markedly overestimate hydralazine levels. We have developed specific, sensitive assay methods for the measurement of hydralazine and its major plasma metabolite, hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone (HPH). By these methods, we determined hydralazine and HPH kinetics after single and repeated oral doses of hydralazine in eight hypertensive patients. Hydralazine bioavailability in the fast acetylator group (9.5% single dose, 6.6% repeated doses) and in the slow acetylator group (31.3% single dose, 39.3% repeated doses) was phenotype dependent. Peak plasma levels were lower than those reported with nonspecific assays: 0.32 μM for the single dose and 0.14 μM for repeated doses in the fast acetylator group and 1.03 μM for the single dose and 0.96 μM repeated doses in the slow acetylator group. There was no alteration in kinetics and no cumulation in plasma on repeated administration. HPH plasma levels were proportional to those of hydralazine in both acetylator groups and were 2.5 to 4 times as high as those of hydralazine. Elimination half-lifes were phenotype independent, ranging from 4 to 6 hr. HPH cumulated in the rapid but not in the slow acetylator group after repeated doses of hydralazine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 804–811; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.238
Synthesis of binuclear metal carbene complexes containing two different transition metals: cis-(CO)5ReMn(CO)4C(OCH3)CH3 and cis-(CO)5ReMn(CO)4C(OCH3)C6H5

Abstract The reaction of NaRe(CO) 5 with CH 3 Mn(CO) 5 and with C 6 H 5 Mn(CO) 5 followed by alkylation with CH 3 OSO 2 F gives cis -(CO) 5 ReMn(CO) 4 C(OCH 3 )CH 3 and cis -(CO) 5 ReMn(CO) 4 C(OCH 3 )C 6 H 5 respectively.
Direct addition of insulin inhibits a high affinity Ca2+-ATPase in isolated adipocyte plasma membranes.

The mechanism by which insulin regulates cellular metabolism remains unknown although indirect evidence suggests that alterations in intracellular calcium are important. More specifically, it has been proposed that insulin triggers an increase in intracellular calcium which is responsible for the subsequent modification of metabolic activities1,2. The cell maintains a large electrochemical gradient for ionised calcium between the cytoplasm ( 10−3 M). The plasma membrane may, therefore, be important in the regulation of calcium homeostasis, as a slight alteration in the processes maintaining this gradient could result in marked changes in cytoplasmic calcium. One such process is the active extrusion of calcium from the cell by a high affinity calcium-stimulated ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase). Such a mechanism has been well established in red cells5 and is postulated in nerve6, liver7 and muscle8. We have identified a high affinity Ca2+- ATPase in a plasma membrane-enriched subcellular fraction isolated from rat adipocytes9 which may provide the enzymatic basis for a calcium extrusion pump. We demonstrate here that the Ca2+-ATPase is specifically inhibited by the direct addition of physiological concentrations of insulin to the isolated plasma membranes. This effect suggests that direct regulation of calcium homeostasis may represent an important event in the mechanism of action of insulin.
Galectin-3 promotes lamellipodia formation in epithelial cells by interacting with complex N-glycans on α3β1 integrin

Recent studies have shown that galectin-3 (Gal-3; also known as LGALS3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, promotes cell migration during re-epithelialization of corneal wounds. The goal of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanism by which Gal-3 stimulates cell migration. We demonstrate here that exogenous Gal-3, but not Gal-1 or Gal-8, promotes cell scattering and formation of lamellipodia in human corneal epithelial cells in a β-lactose-inhibitable manner. α3β1 integrin was identified as the major Gal-3-binding protein in corneal epithelial cells by affinity chromatography of cell lysates on a Gal-3-Sepharose column. Preincubation of cells with anti-α3 integrin function-blocking antibody significantly inhibited the induction of lamellipodia by Gal-3. Furthermore, exogenous Gal-3 activated both focal adhesion kinase, a key regulator of integrin-dependent intracellular signaling, and Rac1 GTPase, a member of the family of Rho GTPases, well known for its role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and formation of lamellipodial extensions. Experiments involving knockdown of β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminytransferase V, an enzyme that synthesizes high-affinity glycan ligands for Gal-3, revealed that carbohydrate-mediated interaction between Gal-3 and complex N-glycans on α3β1 integrin plays a key role in Gal-3-induced lamellipodia formation. We propose that Gal-3 promotes epithelial cell migration by cross-linking MGAT5-modified complex N-glycans on α3β1 integrin and subsequently activating α3β1-integrin–Rac1 signaling to promote lamellipodia formation.
Studies on the Role of Molybdenum in Chick Nutrition

Abstract HIGGINS, Richert and Westerfeld (1956) observed normal development in chicks which received a purified casein diet containing approximately 0.02 mg. molybdenum per kg. of diet. An apparent molybdenum deficiency, however, was produced by feeding sodium tungstate. Tungstate feeding decreased growth rate, xanthine dehydrogenase activity and uric acid excretion, all of which were reversed by the addition of molybdenum to the diet. Reid et al. (1956) reported that chicks and turkey poults responded to additional dietary molybdenum when fed a purified diet containing isolated soybean protein. Further results by Kurnick et al. (1957) and Reid et al. (1957) indicated that tissue xanthine dehydrogenase activity as well as growth rate was increased by molybdenum supplementation of the basal diet. Using practical and purified diets, Teekel and Watts (1959) observed no beneficial effect from molybdenum supplementation when the chicks came from dams which received a regular diet. However, when the dams received a …
Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x As an electrode material for ferroelectric devices

Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) was studied as a potential electrode material for devices utilizing perovskite ferroelectric materials. Electrode thick film coatings were made on Barium Titanate (BT), Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Zinc Niobate (PMN-24 PZN), Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PMN-7.5PT) and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT). Conventional slow fire techniques with flowing oxygen were initially used to fire the electrode onto the substrate. These 24 hour firing cycles caused excessive interactions at the electrode-substrate interface, as determined by dielectric constant and loss data. PbO vapor pressure was found to play a key role in the adhesion of these coatings.An alternate “fast fire” technique was excellent in producing conductive, adhering electrode coatings. YBCO electroded PZT samples performed identical to PZT electroded with gold. The YBCO electrode was found to react more with the PMN based substrates.
Pre-B Cell Leukemia Transcription Factor (PBX) Proteins Are Important Mediators for Retinoic Acid-dependent Endodermal and Neuronal Differentiation of Mouse Embryonal Carcinoma P19 Cells

Pre-B cell leukemia transcription factors (PBXs) act as cofactors in the transcriptional regulation mediated by Homeobox proteins during embryonic development and cellular differentition. PBX1 protein is expressed throughout murine embryonic development, and its deletion in mice disrupts chondrogenesis. PBX protein levels are also increased in mouse embryonal carcinoma P19 cells during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation. To elucidate the role of PBX proteins in this process, we stably overexpressed PBX1b antisense mRNA in P19 cells (PBX1b-AS cells). PBX1b-AS cells did not differentiate to neuronal or endodermal cells following treatment with RA suggesting PBX proteins are required for both processes. Furthermore we demonstrated that PBX proteins regulate the RA-dependent induction in the mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and Decorin (DCN) in P19 cells using both PBX1b-AS cells and PBX1 small interfering RNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further demonstrated that PBX proteins directly bind to the promoter of Bmp4 and Dcn in vivo in a RA-dependent fashion. In addition, type I and type II BMP receptor mRNA levels were also increased in P19 cells following RA treatment; however, this was PBX-independent. Taken together these data demonstrate that PBX proteins are required for RA-induced differentiation of P19 cells and that PBX proteins regulate the expression of BMP4 and DCN during this differentiation process.
Laser removal of tattoos.

Tattoos are placed for different reasons. A technique for tattoo removal which produces selective removal of each tattoo pigment, with minimal risk of scarring, is needed. Nonspecific methods have a high incidence of scarring, textural, and pigmentary alterations compared with the use of Q-switched lasers. With new advances in Q-switched laser technology, tattoo removal can be achieved with minimal risk of scarring and permanent pigmentary alteration. There are five types of tattoos: amateur, professional, cosmetic, medicinal, and traumatic. Amateur tattoos require less treatment sessions than professional multicolored tattoos. Other factors to consider when evaluating tattoos for removal are: location, age and the skin type of the patient. Treatment should begin by obtaining a pre-operative history. Since treatment with the Q-switched lasers is painful, use of a local injection with lidocaine or topical anaesthesia cream may be used prior to laser treatment. Topical broad-spectrum antibacterial ointment is applied immediately following the procedure. Three types of lasers are currently used for tattoo removal: Q-switched ruby laser (694nm), Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532nm, 1064nm), and Q-switched alexandrite laser (755nm). The Q-switched ruby and alexandrite lasers are useful for removing black, blue and green pigments. The Q-switched 532nm Nd:YAG laser can be used to remove red pigments and the 1064nm Nd:YAG laser is used for removal of black and blue pigments. The most common adverse effects following laser tattoo treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser include textural change, scarring, and pigmentary alteration. Transient hypopigmentation and textural changes have been reported in up to 50 and 12%, respectively, of patients treated with the Q-switched alexandrite laser. Hyperpigmentation and textural changes are infrequent adverse effects of the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and the incidence of hypopigmentary changes is much lower than with the ruby laser. The development of localized and generalized allergic reactions is an unusual complication following tattoo removal with the Q-switched ruby and Nd:YAG lasers. Since many wavelengths are needed to treat multicolored tattoos, not one laser system can be used alone to remove all the available inks and combination of inks. While laser tattoo removal is not perfect, we have come a long way since the advent of Q-switched lasers. Current research is focusing on newer picosecond lasers, which may be more successful than the Q-switched lasers in the removal of the new vibrant tattoo inks.
Opportunities for membranes in sustainable energy

Abstract Over the next twenty-five years, global energy consumption is projected to grow by almost half, and electricity generation is expected to nearly double. The massive investment in infrastructure required to satisfy this demand presents a major opportunity for innovation in how energy is produced, stored, transmitted, and used. In particular, there is keen interest in sustainable energy technologies capable of improving efficiency and reducing environmental footprint. Membranes have the potential to play a significant role in a number of relevant separations applications, including CO2 capture, energy storage, and water production for energy production. This article seeks to highlight opportunities for membranes-related R&D relevant to sustainable energy, of which the broader membrane community may not be fully aware. We pose some specific technical questions related to two topics – CO2 capture in power generation, and water treatment for energy production – with the twin goals of stimulating thought and discussion within the broader membrane community, and sparking increased engagement between researchers and industrial end-users. This article is based upon a plenary talk on opportunities for membrane technologies in the context of sustainable energy, given at the 2010 NAMS/ICIM conference.
Noun–verb dissociations—evidence from acquisition and developmental and acquired impairments

Abstract This paper reviews the evidence for word class effects in both developmental and acquired language impairments. It is argued that verbs have intrinsic semantic and phonological complexities, which disadvantage thier acquisition (at least in English) and make them particularily vulnerable in developmental disorders. In acquired disorders, more diverse patterns of impairment are reported, such as double disociations between verbs and nouns, and modality specific effects. Different explanations for these patterns are reviewed. The paper concludeds that no single explanation can account for the observed phenomena, rather different individuals may experience word class effects for different reasons. Finally, clinical implications are considered.
Micromachined silicon substrate electrodes for extracellular recording

This paper reviews the present status of multichannel silicon microprobes for recording extracellular potentials in CNS. A wide variety of probe geometries are now available for acute and chronic electrophysiological studies. One and two dimensional arrays offer possibilities for precisely placed electrode recording sites meeting the geometrical needs of the investigation by matching the cytoarchitecture of the tissue under study. Similar multichannel stimulating arrays allow precisely controlled current/charge waveforms to be delivered to highly-localized areas of tissue. On-chip circuitry has been developed for these probes to permit features such as amplification, impedance buffering, multiplexing, and self-testing to be realized, while minimizing the number of external leads. Long term chronic experiments are possible through the use of an unique silicon ribbon cable construction which integrates the interconnect with the electrode thus removing the need for failure prone bonds near the electrode.
A multiresolution analysis for detection of abnormal lung sounds

Automated analysis and detection of abnormal lung sound patterns has great potential for improving access to standardized diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, especially in low-resource settings. In the current study, we develop signal processing tools for analysis of paediatric auscultations recorded under non-ideal noisy conditions. The proposed model is based on a biomimetic multi-resolution analysis of the spectro-temporal modulation details in lung sounds. The methodology provides a detailed description of joint spectral and temporal variations in the signal and proves to be more robust than frequency-based techniques in distinguishing crackles and wheezes from normal breathing sounds.
Molecular Imaging of Macrophage Enzyme Activity in Cardiac Inflammation

Molecular imaging is highly advantageous as various insidious inflammatory events can be imaged in a serial and quantitative fashion. Combined with the conventional imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) and nuclear imaging, it helps us resolve the extent of ongoing pathology, quantify inflammation and predict outcome. Macrophages are increasingly gaining importance as an imaging biomarker in inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages, recruited to the site of injury, internalize necrotic or foreign material. Along with phagocytosis, activated macrophages release proteolytic enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins into the extracellular environment. Pro-inflammatory monocytes and macrophages also induce tissue oxidative damage through the inflammatory enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO). In this review we will highlight recent advances in molecular macrophage imaging. Particular stress will be given to macrophage functional and enzymatic activity imaging which targets phagocytosis, proteolysis and myeloperoxidase activity imaging.
US Experience With Bladder Management Following Spinal Cord Injury

This review of management of the neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury focuses specifically on the most current literature (2007–2009) regarding therapies offered in the United States. Urodynamic surveillance, indwelling and intermittent catheterization, sphincterotomy, urinary diversion, continent catheterizable stomas, and botulinum toxin usage are all reviewed.
Nonverbal behavior of teachers: Some empirical findings

The effects of systematically varied verbal and nonverbal components of teachers' evaluative behavior upon children's perceptions and attitudes were studied within an experimental classroom. Subjects were 126 sixth-grade students who were removed from their classrooms to participate in a vocabulary lesson. Within each experimental condition a teacher employed one of four evaluative styles: (a) verbally and nonverbally positive, (b) verbally positive and nonverbally negative, (c) verbally negative and nonverbally positive, or (d) verbally and nonverbally negative. The data analysis indicated that teachers' verbal behavior influenced student perception and attraction. Nonverbal behavior influenced student perception and attraction, but only when the teacher was female. The implications of these findings for the study of the adult-child interaction are discussed.
Thermal Conductivity of Nanocrystalline Silicon: Importance of Grain Size and Frequency-Dependent Mean Free Paths

The thermal conductivity reduction due to grain boundary scattering is widely interpreted using a scattering length assumed equal to the grain size and independent of the phonon frequency (gray). T...
Protein nutrition and resistance exercise.

Strength conditioning will result in an increase in muscle size and this increase in size is largely the result of increased contractile proteins. The mechanisms by which the mechanical events stim...
Similarity of Octacalcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite Structures

THE formation of lamellar mixed crystals of hydroxy-apatite and Octacalcium phosphate have been postulated by Brown et al.1 to account for ‘defect apatites’ and other properties of precipitated calcium phosphate salts. One of the mechanisms they suggested for the layering is that of epitaxial overgrowths, since some similarity of structure was recognized. The similarity which Brown2 demonstrated, however, is not nearly so striking as the similarity that can be shown.
Interaction of Strong Turbulence With Free Surfaces

Spray from a nozzle, spilling breakers, and “rooster tails” from speeding boats are all examples of a turbulent flow with a free surface. In many cases like these, the free surface is difficult to discern as the volume of air in the fluid can exceed that of the water. In traditional studies, the free surface is simply defined as a continuous surface separating the fluid from air. The pressure at the surface is assumed to be atmospheric pressure and the fluid comprising the surface moves with the surface. While these conditions are sufficient for non-turbulent flows, such as nonbreaking water waves, and lead to the (albeit non-linear) dynamic and kinematic free surface boundary conditions that serve to provide sufficient conditions to determine the surface, they are not valid descriptions for a bubbly free surface in a highly turbulent regime, such as the roller in front of a spilling breaker or the propeller wash behind a ship.
Special Issue on Programming Models, Software and Tools for High-End Computing

The last decade has observed an unprecedented growth in computational capabilities provided by the most modern supercomputers of today. For high-end computing (HEC), many science domains leverage simulation as an imperative tool along, with theory and experimentation, driving the need for these extreme-scale architectures. Advanced research in HEC architectures is being performed to break the exascale barrier by the end of this decade. Many forms of multi-core architectures (Intel, AMD) with accelerators (graphical processing units [GPUs]), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), high-performance communication networks (InfiniBand, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, iWARP) and integrated systems (IBM, Cray) with various computation and communication tradeoffs have been introduced to meet the requirements. At the same time, designing high-performance software components is imperative to leveraging the computational capabilities of HEC architectures. Programming models, and systems software, which address the issues of performance while maintaining productivity, are imperative to meeting grand challenges of designing high-performance and scalable applications.
A verification of quantum field theory — measurement of Casimir force

Here we review our work on measurement of the Casimir force between a large aluminum coated a sphere and flat plate using an atomic force microscope. The average statistical precision is 1% of the force measured at the closest separation. We have also shown nontrival boundary dependence of the Casimir force.