cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The utilitarian scientist: The humanization of scientists in moral dilemmas

Abstract Prior research suggests that people perceive scientists as having both humanizing (e.g., trustworthy, rational) and dehumanizing (e.g., robotic, emotionless) qualities. The present research examined if cultural stereotypes of scientists as utilitarian decision-makers predicts evaluations of scientists' humanness. In a series of studies, participants (U.S. Mechanical Turk workers; N = 783) evaluated how they believed scientists and other target groups would resolve different moral dilemmas. Participants perceived scientists (relative to other target groups) as more likely to make utilitarian decisions (Studies 1–5), an effect predicted by scientists' greater perceived competence (Study 2). Further, scientists who were perceived to make appropriate utilitarian decisions were dehumanized less and trusted more than other target groups (Studies 3–4). Implications for perceptions of scientists in moral decision-making are discussed.
Long‐distance effects of epidemics: Assessing the link between the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak and U.S. exports and employment

Although the economic consequences of epidemic outbreaks to affected areas are often well documented, little is known about how these might carry over into the economies of unaffected regions. In the absence of direct pathogen transmission, global trade is one mechanism through which geographically distant epidemics could reverberate to unaffected countries. This study explores the link between global public health events and U.S. economic outcomes by evaluating the role of the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak in U.S. exports and exports-supported U.S. jobs, 2005-2016. Estimates were obtained using difference-in-differences models where sub-Saharan Africa countries were assigned to treatment and comparison groups based on their Ebola transmission status, with controls for observed and unobserved time-variant factors that may independently influence trends in trade. Multiple model specification checks were performed to ensure analytic robustness. The year of peak transmission, 2014, was estimated to result in $1.08 billion relative reduction in U.S. merchandise exports to Ebola-affected countries, whereas estimated losses in exports-supported U.S. jobs exceeded 1,200 in 2014 and 11,000 in 2015. These findings suggest that remote disruptions in health security might play a role in U.S. economic indicators, demonstrating the interconnectedness between global health and aspects of the global economy and informing the relevance of health security efforts.
Food security and health in transition to adulthood for individuals with disabilities.

Abstract Background Due to a more stringent disability definition used for eligibility redetermination at age 18, individuals with disabilities may lose eligibility for the Supplement and Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Objective This study examines how the transition to adulthood may affect the association between food security and self-rated health and healthcare needs for individuals with disabilities. Methods The study uses five years of data (2011–2015) from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). One health indicator, self-rated health status, and two indicators of unmet healthcare needs, delayed medical care and not receiving medical care due to cost, are analyzed as dependent variables. The effects of food security status on health and health-related outcomes are closely examined for the four groups: youth without disabilities, youth with disabilities, young adults without disabilities and young adults with disabilities. Results Results indicate a statistically significant association between food security status and self-rated health and unmet healthcare needs in late childhood and young adulthood. Such association is stronger for young adults than for youth. The association between low food security and self-rated health and health-related outcomes does not significantly differ between the two youth groups or the two young adult groups by disability status. Conclusions Suggestions for improving accessibility of public food and nutrition programs are discussed. The study also suggests the importance of creating a healthcare system that benefits every member of the society.
Integrating the discourse on teachers and design: An analysis of ten years of scholarship

Abstract This article presents a content and network analysis of a decade (2007–2017) of highly-cited literature on teachers and design. Constructs and definitions were compared in an interpretive content analysis, resulting in 10 strands, each a cluster of literature that frames teaching and design in a particular way. A citation network analysis provided insight into how the strands are conceptually related. Further analysis highlighted how each strand described what, when, and how teachers design, and the value of considering teachers as designers. The results suggest that teaching not only includes design activities, but could be considered a design profession. This perspective has implications for teacher education, specifically the development of professional knowledge.
No Association Between Pharmacogenomics Variants and Hospital and Emergency Department Utilization: A Mayo Clinic Biobank Retrospective Study

Background The use of pharmacogenomics data is increasing in clinical practice. However, it is unknown if pharmacogenomics data can be used more broadly to predict outcomes like hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visit. We aim to determine the association between selected pharmacogenomics phenotypes and hospital utilization outcomes (hospitalization and ED visits). Methods This cohort study utilized 10,078 patients from the Mayo Clinic Biobank in the RIGHT protocol with sequence and interpreted phenotypes for 10 selected pharmacogenes including CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A5, HLA B 5701, HLA B 5702, HLA B 5801, TPMT, SLCO1B1, and DPYD. The primary outcome was hospitalization with ED visits as a secondary outcome. We used Cox proportional hazards model to test the association between each pharmacogenomics phenotype and the risk of the outcomes. Results During the follow-up period (median [in years] = 7.3), 13% (n=1354) and 8% (n=813) of the subjects experienced hospitalization and ED visits, respectively. Compared to subjects who did not experience hospitalization, hospitalized patients were older (median age [in years]: 67 vs 65), poorer self-rated health (15% vs 4.7% for fair/poor), and higher disease burden (median number of chronic conditions: 7 vs 4) at baseline. There was no association of hospitalization with any of the pharmacogenomics phenotypes. The pharmacogenomics phenotypes were not associated with disease burden, a well-established risk factor for hospital utilization outcomes. Similar findings were observed for patients with ED visits during the follow-up period. Conclusion We found no association of 10 well-established pharmacogenomics phenotypes with either hospitalization or ED visits in this relatively large biobank population and outside the context of specific drug use related to these genes. Traditional risk factors for hospitalization like age and self-rated health were much more likely to predict hospitalization and/or ED visits than this pharmacogenomics information.
Leverage multiple real-world data sources in single-arm medical device clinical studies

The interest in utilizing real-world data (RWD) has been considerably increasing in medical product development and evaluation. With proper usage and analysis of high-quality real-world data, real-world evidence (RWE) can be generated to inform regulatory and healthcare decision-making. This paper proposes a study design and data analysis approach for a prospective, single-arm clinical study that is supplemented with patients from multiple real-world data sources containing patient-level covariate and outcome data. After the amount of information to be borrowed from each real-world data source is determined, the propensity score-integrated composite likelihood method is applied to obtain an estimate of the parameter of interest based on data from the prospective clinical study and this real-world data source. This method is applied to each real-world data source. The final estimate of the parameter of interest is then obtained by taking a weighted average of all these estimates. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated via a simulation study. A hypothetical example is presented to illustrate how to implement the proposed approach.
Experimental Implementation of SS 316L Cruciform Testing to Achieve Various Deformation Paths

By following varying deformation paths, e.g., a linear path to equibiaxial loading versus a bilinear path of uniaxial loading followed by biaxial loading, the same final strain state can be achieved. However, the stress state that the material is subjected to is considerably different due to the varying deformation. This is of interest in a growing field of stress superposition to improve formability and manipulate final part properties in metal forming applications. One potential application is forming patient-specific, trauma fixation hardware with differing strength and weight reduction requirements in various regions. In this paper, experiments were performed on a custom fabricated cruciform machine with the goal of subjecting stainless steel 316L to various deformation paths. A novel cruciform specimen geometry was designed in collaboration with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology to achieve large strain values in the gauge region. Digital Image Correlation was utilized to measure surface strain fields in real time.
Research on the Strategy to Actively Promote Real Estate Tax Reform in China

Since the abolition of the welfare housing distribution policy and the implementation of the monetary reform of the housing system in 1998, there has even been a bubble phenomenon despite the rapid development of the Chinese real estate market. However, considering that the reform of real estate tax will affect the whole system, and there are still various disputes about real estate tax in society, the Chinese government is very slow in real estate tax reform. Given this, under the background that the State Council has been authorized by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to pilot real estate tax reform, it is still necessary to explore the legitimacy of China's real estate tax reform promotion. In general, under the background of solidly promoting common prosperity, resolutely implementing the policy of "housing to live without speculation," and promoting the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, coupled with the fact that the real estate market has already seen a severe bubble phenomenon. China's active promotion of real estate tax reform has a solid theoretical and practical basis and has urgency and feasibility.
Strength of Longitudinally Stiffened Plate Girders

Methods of estimating the bending strength and the shear strength of longitudinally stiffened plate girders are described and compared with test results. It is concluded that a substantial increase in the static strength of plate girders can result from the use of longitudinal stiffeners.
Determinism: Social and Economic

Social and economic determinism is the thesis that human beliefs and practices are to be explained by social and economic factors. However, sociologists rarely mean ‘determine’ in any mechanical, causal sense. Those such as Marx and Durkheim who have been considered determinists have typically argued that our beliefs and practices are adaptations to, rather than effects of, social and economic conditions. More recent versions of this thesis include the ‘strong programme’ in the sociology of scientific knowledge of David Bloor and his associates and the feminist standpoint epistemology of Sandra Harding and others.
A quality improvement project to increase influenza vaccination in healthcare personnel at a university health center

Purpose The purpose of this quality improvement project was to increase the healthcare personnel (HCP) influenza vaccine uptake at a university student health center. Data sources A descriptive design was used. A preintervention survey identified facilitators and barriers to HCP's uptake of influenza vaccine. Based on the results of this survey, four interventions were implemented. The postintervention survey was administered to assess for intervention effectiveness. Conclusions The most common facilitators for influenza vaccination uptake on the preintervention survey were as follows: (a) protect self/family, (b) free vaccine, (c) recommended by experts, and (d) convenient vaccination process. The most common barrier was concern about vaccine side effects. Postintervention, the vaccination uptake increased from 71% in 2008–2009 to 77% in 2009–2010. Free vaccine and convenient vaccination process were rated as the most effective interventions. Education and the declination form used for the project were rated less favorably. Implications for practice Factors influencing vaccine uptake may be different across practice settings. It is important to identify facilitators and barriers that are unique to health centers to better plan and implement interventions to improve vaccination rates. Furthermore, at a time when resources are limited, it is critical to identify the most effective strategies to maximize outcomes.
Relative deprivation and energy poverty: when does unequal access to electricity cause dissatisfaction?

In the least developed countries, unequal access to infrastructure is a major form of inequality. We examine the conditions under which unequal electricity access causes dissatisfaction. The question is important because grievances could prompt demands for policy change. We argue that feelings of relative deprivation both cause dissatisfaction and create hope for improvement. Empirically, we analyze household survey data from five East African countries. All else constant, households living close to a power line are less satisfied with their lighting solution but also have more hope for improvement. Because household lighting is the most important use for electricity in a poor household, this supports the relative deprivation hypothesis. Households that are reminded of their deprivation by the power line are both less satisfied and believe something can be done to solve the problem. To inform policy, we also show that the proximity of a power line decreases the household's interest in solar home systems as an alternative to grid electrification, whereas valuation for solar lanterns seems to be increasing. Copyright ? 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed Steiner Tree and the Lasserre Hierarchy

The goal for the Directed Steiner Tree problem is to find a minimum cost tree in a directed graph G=(V,E) that connects all terminals X to a given root r. It is well known that modulo a logarithmic factor it suffices to consider acyclic graphs where the nodes are arranged in L <= log |X| levels. Unfortunately the natural LP formulation has a |X|^(1/2) integrality gap already for 5 levels. We show that for every L, the O(L)-round Lasserre Strengthening of this LP has integrality gap O(L log |X|). This provides a polynomial time |X|^{epsilon}-approximation and a O(log^3 |X|) approximation in O(n^{log |X|) time, matching the best known approximation guarantee obtained by a greedy algorithm of Charikar et al.
Geometric partial differential equations in image analysis: past, present, and future

The author discusses the main characteristics of the use of partial differential equations and curve/surface evolution theory in computer vision and image processing. The approach and its main advantages are described, together with a number of examples.
Nutrients and Pesticides in Stormwater Runoff and Soil Water in Production Nurseries and Citrus and Avocado Groves in California

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus, pyrethroid, organophosphate, organochlorine SUMMARY. Potential water quality impacts of agricultural production include runoff and leaching losses of nutrients, pesticides, and sediment. Stormwater runoff and soil water samples were collected from citrus (Citrus spp.), avocado (Persea americana), and ornamental nursery sites in Ventura County, CA, across 19 months. Nitrate–nitrite–nitrogen concentrations in runoff ranged from 0.07 to 31.1 mgL ‐1 , with medians for groves and nurseries of 4.2 and 5.7 mgL ‐1 , respectively. Constituents in runoff exceeding benchmarks for surface waters included turbidity, chlorpyrifos, and some organochlorine pesticides. When detected, chlorpyrifos concentration was linearly related to sample turbidity (P = 0.0025, r 2 = 0.49). This suggests that the retention of waterborne sediments on-site may be an effective method for mitigating runoff of this pesticide. Bifenthrin, permethrin, and diazinon were also detected in runoff, but concentrations did not exceed water quality benchmarks. Nutrient concentrations in soil water were generally similar to nutrient concentrations in stormwater runoff, suggesting that potential groundwater contamination from leaching at citrus, avocado, and nursery sites may be as much of a concern as stormwater from these operations, particularly on sites with sandy or structured soil texture or flat topography. Nitrate–nitrite– nitrogen and orthophosphate concentrations in soil water were linearly related to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application rates across sites, respectively (P < 0.0001, r 2 = 0.49 and 0.50, respectively), suggesting that proper nutrient management is important in reducing potential groundwater contamination at these operations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aqueous Carboxyl-Capped CdS Quantum Dots for Bioapplications

A direct and environmentally friendly synthesis method was developed to produce aqueous CdS quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the small size and the cubic zinc blende structure of the nanocrystals. The quantum yield was comparable to that of the commercial core-shell QDs. With 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as the capping molecule, the feasibility of using the aqueous CdS QDs as imaging tool was demonstrated with Salmonella typhimurium cells. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of the present aqueous CdS QDs can be optimized by adjusting various processing parameters. The emission was due to trap states and was related to the dispersion condition. In particular, with higher pH and MPA/Cd ratio of 2, the QDs exhibited stronger emission. The temperature- and concentration-dependent properties of QDs resulted from the intrinsic interactions between nanoparticles. The aqueous CdS QDs displayed long lifetime of 12 h under UV light and excellent stability in DI water, PBS, and cytosol for more than 26 days. The ease of processing and good PL properties of the aqueous CdS QDs provide a practical and economical approach for single-target imaging application.
Update in Allergy and Immunology

This Update focuses on topics in allergy and immunology that are particularly relevant to internal medicine: latex allergy, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole allergy, environmental controls for persons...
Statistical study of the effect of subcritical crack growth on thermal shock resistance

An experimental study of the effects of subcritical crack growth on thermal shock damage is presented, based on a statistical analysis of the retained strength distribution. Single-quench thermal shock and thermal shock fatigue tests were performed in a room-temperature distilled water bath on glass microscope slides. Experimental results indicate that subcritical crack growth effects are observable in the shock testing of glass slides in terms of systematic shifts in the retained strength distribution.
Order and Randomness in Sedimentary Sequences: ABSTRACT

Sedimentary sequences show statistical evidence of dependence between successive lithologies; no truly random sequence has been reported. Explicit, although idealized, models were examined to determine the sensitivity of chi-squared tests to both random and dependent components of a depositional system. A series of simple models with the following characteristics were tested. P is the probability of transiting from one state to the next in an ideal system, q is the probability of returning (feedback) to an initiating state, and r is the probability of a random transition to any state (including that just exited). P + q + r = 1.0. While varying P, q, and r, I simulated the performance of the system and tested the resulting frequency matrix against random models. P, that part attributed to a "cyclic" process, can be very small (about 0.1 or 0.2) and still result in significant differences from the random model. Even small contributions from a dependent process, superimposed on a largely random process, can cause the appearance of great order. Permian Salado Formation beds exhibit values for P in the general range of 0.1-0.3 and, both visually and statistically, attain considerable order. End_of_Article - Last_Page 519------------
Two-dimensional turbulence

The theory of two-dimensional turbulence is reviewed and unified, and some hydrodynamic and plasma applications are considered. The topics covered include some equations of incompressible hydrodynamics, absolute statistical equilibrium, spectral transport of energy and enstrophy, turbulence on the surface of a rotating sphere, turbulent diffusion, MHD turbulence, and two-dimensional superflow. Finally, an attempt is made to assess the status and future of the principal research topics which have been discussed.
Characteristics of electron tubes having clean electrodes

In conventional electron tubes, the grid and anode electrode surfaces become coated with materials evaporated from the cathode, so that they do not exhibit the characteristics of clean metal. It has been found that clean electrodes can be obtained in electron tubes by using active metal surfaces and high degassing and exhaust temperatures, and that they can be maintained for long periods of time by using with them only oxide-coated cathodes having a passive base metal. Tubes having clean electrodes exhibit low levels of grid and anode emission. A diode having a clean anode surface can be made to operate reliably in the emission limited region. A triode having a clean grid surface can be made to have a built-in grid bias of two volts or more. Tubes with clean electrodes have provided stable and reliable performance for long periods of time.
Reconstruction of intermediate water circulation in the tropical North Atlantic during the past 22,000 years

Abstract Decades of paleoceanographic studies have reconstructed a well-resolved water mass structure for the deep Atlantic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, the variability of intermediate water circulation in the tropics over the LGM and deglacial abrupt climate events is still largely debated. This study aims to reconstruct intermediate northern- and southern-sourced water circulation in the tropical North Atlantic during the past 22 kyr and attempts to confine the boundary between Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and northern-sourced intermediate water (i.e., upper North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) or Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water) in the past. High-resolution Nd isotopic compositions of fish debris and acid-reductive leachate of bulk sediment in core VM12-107 (1079 m depth) from the Southern Caribbean are not in agreement. We suggest that the leachate method does not reliably extract the Nd isotopic compositions of seawater at this location, and that it needs to be tested in more detail in various oceanic settings. The fish debris e Nd values display a general decrease from the early deglaciation to the end of the Younger Dryas, followed by a greater drop toward less radiogenic values into the early Holocene. We propose a potentially more radiogenic glacial northern endmember water mass and interpret this pattern as recording a recovery of the upper NADW during the last deglaciation. Comparing our new fish debris Nd isotope data to authigenic Nd isotope studies in the Florida Straits (546 and 751 m depth), we propose that both glacial and deglacial AAIW do not penetrate beyond the lower depth limit of modern AAIW in the tropical Atlantic.
Collective virtuosity in bartók's concerto for orchestra

Hailed as a critical and popular success since its premiere in December 1944, Bela Bartok's Concerto for Orchestra is most often discussed as the accessible masterpiece that helped launch a posthumous resurgence of the composer's earlier musical output. Yet the historical and aesthetic significance of this work in relation to American orchestral life—and Serge Koussevitzky's Boston Symphony Orchestra in particular—remains largely ignored. The Concerto for Orchestra can be viewed through the lens of what might be called “collective virtuosity”: a concept that describes the performance of a work whose challenging musical language requires a heightened level of artistic teamwork. Described through musical analysis and strengthened by archival research and management theory, this phenomenon reflects a multitude of historical and social developments that are particularly salient to the story surrounding Bartok's Concerto, thus serving as a useful analytic tool that reveals new insights concerning the work and ...
Factors Affecting Volume and Specific Gravity Measurements of Neutral Detergent Fiber and Forage Particles

Abstract Pycnometers were used in this series of experiments to measure the specific gravity of the solid fraction in forage particles and to assess the effect of solubilization of DM on functional specific gravity and the specific gravity of the solid fraction. The removal of cell contents by either neutral detergent extraction or DM solubilization decreased functional specific gravity and the specific gravity of the solid fraction of particles. Solutes increased the specific gravity of gas-free distilled water in proportion to the amount of soluble DM dissolved. The average specific gravity of the solids in particles extracted by neutral detergent and the insoluble DM in alfalfa particles averaged 1.48 and 1.50, respectively. The effect of forage species and method of forage preservation on specific gravity of the solids in forage particles was minimal. However, during partial solubilization of DM, the loss of mass averaged 1.9 times the loss of volume, indicating that minerals were the primary solute responsible for the change in specific gravity of particles. The biological meaning of functional specific gravity is unclear because it excludes the liquid associated with particles. However, functional specific gravity of stem particles passing a 425-µm sieve was identical to specific gravity of the solids, indicating the absence of gas in these particles.
Fundamental Solutions for Degenerate Parabolic Equations

This chapter explains the construction of a candidate for a fundamental solution and the existence, smoothness, and certain bounds for a fundamental solution Γ. The underlying assumptions were that ( a ij , ( x )) is uniformly positive definite and a ij , b i are bounded and uniformly Holder continuous. The chapter presents a proof of how if a ij , b i are Lipschitz continuous, uniformly in compact sets, then, for any Borel set A, P x ,( ξ(t) ∈A) = ∫ A Γ (x, t, y)dy , where Γ( x, t, y ) = Γ( x, t, y , 0). It presents a case where L is a degenerate elliptic operator. The concept of a fundamental solution Γ, if taken in the sense of the equation P x ,( ξ(t) ∈A) = ∫ A Γ (x, t, y)dy , still makes sense. The chapter explains interior and boundary estimates. It also explains estimates near infinity, behavior of ξ ( t ) near S.
Apigenin-induced apoptosis of leukemia cells is mediated by a bimodal and differentially regulated residue-specific phosphorylation of heat-shock protein–27

Apigenin, a natural plant flavonoid with antiproliferative activity, is emerging as a promising compound for cancer prevention and therapy, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. High expression of the small heat-shock protein-27 (Hsp27) in leukemia contributes to the resistance of these cells to cancer treatments. Changes in Hsp27 phosphorylation have been associated with heat and metabolic stress, but its role in flavonoid anticancer activity has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of apigenin in the regulation of Hsp27 on leukemia. We showed that apigenin does not affect Hsp27 expression but induces a bimodal phosphorylation on Ser78 and Ser82. The phosphorylation at early times was regulated by p38. At later times, Hsp27 phosphorylation was dependent on p38 activity and for some residues on PKCδ. Silencing of p38 expression reduced apigenin-induced phosphorylation on Ser15, Ser78, and Ser82, whereas silencing of PKCδ expression reduced the phosphorylation on Ser15 and Ser82 without affecting Ser78. In addition, we found that apigenin-induced PKCδ activity is mediated by p38. We also showed that the phosphorylation of Hsp27 significantly increased the susceptibility of leukemia cells to apigenin-induced apoptosis. Together, these results identify a complex signaling network regulating the cytotoxic effect of apigenin through Hsp27 phosphorylation.
Executive Summary: Global Health and Emergency Care—What Do We Need to Know to Address the Burden of Illness and Injury?

Emergency physicians are uniquely poised to address challenges in health services, health care systems development and management, and emerging global disease burdens (both communicable and noncommunicable). This special issue of Academic Emergency Medicine reports the results of the 2013 consensus conference, which included eight focus areas that are intended to advance emergency care research. Advancing our understanding of cardiac and injury resuscitation, ethics of research, health systems development, and the education of our future leaders in global health will ultimately affect the populations of all nations across the globe. Resumen Los urgenciologos estan excepcionalmente capacitados para abordar los cambios en los servicios sanitarios, en el desarrollo y manejo de los sistemas sanitarios, y en las cargas de enfermedad global emergente (tanto comunicable como no comunicable). Este numero especial de Academic Emergency Medicine documenta los resultados de la Conferencia Consenso de 2013, que incluyo 8 areas en las que se pretende pretende avanzar en la investigacion de la atencion de urgencias y emergencias. El progreso de nuestro conocimiento en la resucitacion cardiaca y traumatologica, la etica de la investigacion, el desarrollo de sistemas sanitarios y la formacion de nuestros futuros lideres en salud global impactara finalmente en todas las naciones del mundo.
Feminism among Social Work Students

Research conducted at the University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work assessed the feminist behavior and identification of two samples of MSW students using the Feminist Behavior Scale, which was developed specifically for the study. The students' responses indicated that they had little awareness of feminist issues and did not identify themselves as feminists. The study also found that the MSW curriculum does not focus on the psychology, history, or oppression of women and that MSW students have few opportunities to write papers that reflect feminist issues. The implications of these findings for a profession that is dominated by women and that frequently provides treatment and other services to women and their families are discussed.
Development Pharmaceutics and process Validation

AbstractA resume is presented of the guideline on the data required under Part I.A.4. of the Annex to European Directive 75/318/EEC covering the choice of composition of a medicinal product, supported by data on development pharmaceutics. The broad areas of development studies cover the function and compatibility of active ingredients and excipients, the development of liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms and the suitability of containers.The guideline aims also to cover general aspects of process validation. The principles laid down in the Guideline are compared with those of FDA guideline on process validation which are much more detailed, but share the same overall aim.One of the fundamental aims of the regulatory control of medicinal products is to ensure the correct purity, potency and consistency of manufacture of each product according to the quality appropriate for its intended use. While Good Manufacturing Practice is essential for quality assurance, other factors such as product design and ...
Novel techniques of single-carrier frequency-domain equalization for optical wireless communications

We investigate the use of single carrier frequency domain equalization (SCFDE) over a diffuse optical wireless (DOW) communications. Recently orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been applied to DOW communications. However, due to high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), the performance of OFDM can severely be affected by the nonlinear characteristics of light emitting diodes (LED). To avoid a PAPR problem, we present in this paper a modified form of SCFDE for DOW communications. We propose three different ways of using SCFDE with DOW communications and show that they exhibit lower PAPR and provide better bit-error rate (BER) performance in the presence of the LED nonlinearity.
A second-order discretization of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation over irregular geometries using non-graded adaptive Cartesian grids

In this paper we present a finite difference scheme for the discretization of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation over irregular domains that is second-order accurate. The interface is represented by a zero level set of a signed distance function using Octree data structure, allowing a natural and systematic approach to generate non-graded adaptive grids. Such a method guaranties computational efficiency by ensuring that the finest level of grid is located near the interface. The nonlinear PB equation is discretized using finite difference method and several numerical experiments are carried which indicate the second-order accuracy of method. Finally the method is used to study the supercapacitor behaviour of porous electrodes.
A triple hot-film and wind octant combination probe for turbulent air flow measurements in and near plant canopies

Abstract A probe (TFWOES) combining three orthogonal hot-film anemometers and a wind octant electronic sensor, for use in plant canopy flow research, is described. The probe is stationary, small, fast response and sensitive to low wind velocities. It is stable in field uses. Holder interference in reversing flows with high turbulence intensity reduces the accuracy of measurements when the wind approach angle is > 120° from parallel to the probe axis. The probe response characteristics and calibration are detailed.
Use of the head shake-sensory organization test as an outcome measure in the rehabilitation of an individual with head movement provoked symptoms of imbalance.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this case report is to highlight the Head Shake (HS) Sensory Organization Test (SOT) (HS-SOT) as an outcome measure in the rehabilitation of a patient with head movement provoked symptoms of dysequilibrium. Despite complaints of imbalance and head movement provoked symptoms, there are individuals who are able to score within normal limits on measures such as the SOT and Berg Functional Balance Test. The HS modification to the SOT can objectively identify abnormal vestibular inputs associated with head motion and maintaining balance. METHODS This case report describes the examination, intervention, and outcomes for a 71-year old female with a history of imbalance and decreased ambulatory endurance. During examination, the patient presented with SOT scores within functional limits. The HS-SOT was then implemented to assess vestibular function during head motion in standing, with eyes closed. The intervention included balance retraining, dynamic gait activities, lower extremity strengthening, and instruction in a home exercise program. RESULTS Improvements were noted for all measures. Initially, during the HS-SOT, the patient fell during all 6 trials of the HS modification to condition 5 and her equilibrium score was 12.Posttreatment, she was able to maintain her balance in 5 out of 6 trials and her score increased to 55. The patient reported increased ambulatory endurance and independence with functional activities (ie, walking and turning her head, and stair negotiation without use of a railing). CONCLUSIONS The HS-SOT quantified the complaint of head movement provoked symptoms for this individual with dysequilibrium and was useful in measuring success of an intervention.
Active-Duty Physicians' Perceptions and Satisfaction with Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Missions: Implications for the Field

Background The United States Department of Defense participates in more than 500 missions every year, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, as part of medical stability operations. This study assessed perceptions of active-duty physicians regarding these activities and related these findings to the retention and overall satisfaction of healthcare professionals. Methods and Findings An Internet-based survey was developed and validated. Of the 667 physicians who responded to the survey, 47% had participated in at least one mission. On a 7-point, Likert-type response scale, physicians reported favorable overall satisfaction with their participation in these missions (mean = 5.74). Perceived benefit was greatest for the United States (mean = 5.56) and self (mean = 5.39) compared to the target population (mean = 4.82). These perceptions were related to participants' intentions to extend their military medical service (total model R2 = .37), with the strongest predictors being perceived benefit to self (β = .21, p<.01), the U.S. (β = .19, p<.01), and satisfaction (β = .18, p<.05). In addition, Air Force physicians reported higher levels of satisfaction (mean = 6.10) than either Army (mean = 5.27, Cohen's d = 0.75, p<.001) or Navy (mean = 5.60, Cohen's d = 0.46, p<.01) physicians. Conclusions Military physicians are largely satisfied with humanitarian missions, reporting the greatest benefit of such activities for themselves and the United States. Elucidation of factors that may increase the perceived benefit to the target populations is warranted. Satisfaction and perceived benefits of humanitarian missions were positively correlated with intentions to extend time in service. These findings could inform the larger humanitarian community as well as military medical practices for both recruiting and retaining medical professionals.
Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal? The Perceptual Dialectology of California

This study provides the first detailed account of perceptual dialectology within California (as well as one of the first accounts of perceptual dialectology within any single state). Quantitative analysis of a map-labeling task carried out in Southern California reveals that California's most salient linguistic boundary is between the northern and southern regions of the state. Whereas studies of the perceptual dialectology of the United States as a whole have focused almost exclusively on regional dialect differences, respondents associated particular regions of California less with distinctive dialects than with differences in language (English versus Spanish), slang use, and social groups. The diverse sociolinguistic situation of California is reflected in the emphasis both on highly salient social groups thought to be stereotypical of California by residents and nonresidents alike (e.g., surfers) and on groups that, though prominent in the cultural landscape of the state, remain largely unrecognized b...
PDB10: THE COST OF NEW ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG US RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

OBJECTIVES: Immunosuppressive medications are associated with increased diabetes among kidney transplant recipients. We used data from the USRDS database to estimate the incidence and the average cost to Medicare of new onset diabetes Mellitus (NODM). METHODS: The USRDS database merges the UNOS renal transplant registry with Medicare billing and payment records. The USRDS registry recorded 9,541 single-organ, first, kidney transplants in 1996; 5,987 (63%) of these were not diabetic at transplantation. For the 4,515 (75% of 5,987) patients with Medicare claims, we merged all Medicare institutional and physician supplier claims records from 1996 through 1997 with the clinical information from UNOS. We classified patients as newly diabetic if any ICD-9 diabetes diagnosis (250.00 to 250.79) occurred within one year of the patient's transplant. We then used a Kaplan-Meier-style non-parametric calculation to estimate the average accumulated costs for patients with and without NODM. RESULTS: Among the 4,515 transplant recipients studied, 621 (13.7%) reported diabetes diagnoses within the first year post-transplant. By the end of the first post-transplant year, Medicare had paid $35,288 for each non-diabetic recipient and an extra $17,614 (P = 0.001) for each of the NODM recipients. By two years post-transplant, Medicare had paid an average $46,869 for each of the non-diabetic recipients and an extra $26,032 for each of the NODM recipients (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our 13.7% NODM exceeds the 2% to 5% previously reported, and the extra $26,032 is 55.5% above what Medicare paid for recipients without NODM. New immunosuppressives unassociated with NODM may generate substantial savings worldwide.
Increasing the frequency of co-mingling piglets during the lactation period alters the development of social behavior before and after weaning.

The purpose of this study was to determine how increasing the frequency of co-mingling affected piglets' behavior development before and after weaning. Co-mingling once (CM1), piglets interacted with 1 unfamiliar litter Days 10–18 after birth; co-mingling twice (CM2), piglets interacted with 1 unfamiliar litter Days 10–14; and with another, Days 14–18. Control (CM0) piglets did not interact with unfamiliar litters before Day 18 (n = 16 litters per treatment). The study weighed piglets and recorded ear-injury scores throughout the experiment; however, there were no treatment differences. The CM2 piglets spent less time engaged in aggressive interactions (p < .05) than did CM0 piglets following mixing at weaning. During the social challenge, CM2 piglets spent more time in proximity to one another, had shorter latencies to first aggressive interaction, and spent less time fighting than did CM0 piglets (p < .05). During the social recognition test, CM2 piglets recognized the stimulus piglet at a faster rate t...
The Effects of Feeding Varying Amounts of Gossypol from Whole Cottonseed and Cottonseed Meal in Lactating Dairy Cows

Effects of feeding varying amounts of total gossypol from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal were evaluated in 30 lactating Holstein cows. After a 14-d pretreatment period, cows were assigned for 42 d to one of five treatments: control (diet A); 1040 mg/kg of total gossypol, and 989 mg/kg of free gossypol from whole cottonseed (diet B); 900 mg/kg of total gossypol and 64 mg/kg of free gossypol from cottonseed meal (diet C); 960 mg/kg of total gossypol and 531 mg/kg of free gossypol with equal amounts of total gossypol from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal (diet D); or 1922 mg/kg of total gossypol and 1050 mg/kg of free gossypol with equal amounts of total gossypol from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal (diet E). Concentrations of plasma gossypol and its isomers were directly proportional to free gossypol intake. Plasma gossypol concentrations plateaued after 35 d on treatment, and they were highest in cows receiving diet E. At 42 d on treatment, erythrocyte fragility was higher in the cows receiving the diet E, but it did not differ among other treatments. Dry matter intakes were similar for all groups. Cows receiving diet E produced more milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk, but milk protein content decreased. Feeding diets containing 1900 mg/kg of total gossypol and 1050 mg/kg of free gossypol for 42 d resulted in increased plasma gossypol concentrations and erythrocyte fragility, but no detrimental impact on lactation performance were observed.
Si/C composite nanofibers with stable electric conductive network for use as durable lithium-ion battery anode

High-energy anode materials have attracted significant attention because of their potential applications in large-scale energy storage devices. However, they often suffer from rapid capacity fading due to the pulverization of the electrode and the breakdown of electric conductive network caused by the large volume changes of active material upon repeated lithium insertion and extraction. In this work, a new electrode composed of Si/C composite nanofibers was prepared, aiming at the improvement of cycling performance of Si anodes through the establishment of a stable electric conductive network for Si during cycling. By electrospinning, a three-dimensional network of carbon nanofibers, which possesses good elasticity to maintain the structure integrity and stable electric conductive network, is formed; by carbon coating, all Si nanoparticles are tightly bonded with carbon fibers to form a stable electric conductive pathway for electrode reactions. The nanofiber structure and the carbon coating on Si, combined with the binder, lead to a stable network structure that can accommodate the huge volume change of Si during the repeated volume expansion and contraction, thus resulting in excellent cycling performance.
Absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix

Objective To evaluate the estrogen and progesterone receptor status of glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix to assess the possible implications of hormone replacement therapy in these patients. Methods The estrogen and progesterone receptor status of 13 glassy cell carcinomas was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using commercial monoclonal antibodies and a streptavidin-biotin detection system. Result No immunohistochemically detectable estrogen or progesterone receptor protein was present in tumor cells, although both receptors were identified in the adjacent normal cervical tissue. Conclusion The absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in glassy cell carcinoma suggests that this tumor would not be hormonally responsive and that these patients can be safely treated with hormone replacement therapy. Further studies are indicated to confirm this observation.
Residual error analyses are best when independent of model runs

As statistician George E. P. Box famously said, “All models are wrong, but some are useful.” Figuring out when, how, why, and the extent to which models are wrong can unveil new underlying patterns in the system being studied and lead to improved predictive capabilities. At the same time, failing to account for these uncertainties can limit a model's usefulness.
Polar opposites: Fine-tuning cytokinesis through SIN asymmetry.

Mitotic exit and cell division must be spatially and temporally integrated to facilitate equal division of genetic material between daughter cells. In the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a spindle pole body (SPB) localized signaling cascade termed the septation initiation network (SIN) couples mitotic exit with cytokinesis. The SIN is controlled at many levels to ensure that cytokinesis is executed once per cell cycle and only after cells segregate their DNA. An interesting facet of the SIN is that its activity is asymmetric on the two SPBs during anaphase; however, how and why the SIN is asymmetric has remained elusive. Many key factors controlling SIN asymmetry have now been identified, shedding light on the significance of SIN asymmetry in regulating cytokinesis. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of SIN regulation, with an emphasis on how SIN asymmetry is achieved and how this aspect of SIN regulation fine-tunes cytokinesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc