cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addressing the Aging Crisis in U.S. Criminal Justice Health Care

The U.S. criminal justice population is aging at a significantly more rapid rate than the overall U.S. population, with the population of older adults in prison having more than tripled since 1990. This increase is at the root of a prison healthcare crisis that is spilling into communities and public healthcare systems because nearly 95% of prisoners are eventually released. The graying prison population is also straining state and local budgets. In prison, older prisoners cost approximately three times as much as younger prisoners to incarcerate, largely because of healthcare costs. In the community, older former prisoners present the least risk of recidivism yet are vulnerable to serious and costly social and medical challenges such as housing instability, poor employability, multiple chronic health conditions, and health-related mortality; however older current and former prisoners are largely ignored in the current geriatrics evidence base. Knowledge about the health, functional, and cognitive status of older prisoners is limited, with even less known about risk factors for long-term poor health outcomes during and after incarceration. This article provides an overview of aging in the criminal justice system. It then describes how geriatric models of care could be adapted to address the mounting older prisoner healthcare crisis and identifies areas where additional research is needed to explore prison-specific models of care for older adults.
Application-Focused Energy-Fidelity Scalability for Wireless Motion-Based Health Assessment

Energy-fidelity trade-offs are central to the performance of many technologies, but they are essential in wireless body area sensor networks (BASNs) due to severe energy and processing constraints and the critical nature of certain healthcare applications. On-node signal processing and compression techniques can save energy by greatly reducing the amount of data transmitted over the wireless channel, but lossy techniques, capable of high compression ratios, can incur a reduction in application fidelity. In order to maximize system performance, these trade-offs must be considered at runtime due to the dynamic nature of BASN applications, including sensed data, operating environments, user actuation, etc. BASNs therefore require energy-fidelity scalability, so automated and user-initiated trade-offs can be made dynamically. This article presents a data rate scalability framework within a motion-based health application context which demonstrates the design of efficient and efficacious wireless health systems.
A tongue input device for creating conversations

We present a new tongue input device, the tongue joystick, for use by an actor inside an articulated-head character costume. Using our device, the actor can maneuver through a dialogue tree, selecting clips of prerecorded audio to hold a conversation in the voice of the character. The device is constructed of silicone sewn with conductive thread, a unique method for creating rugged, soft, low-actuation force devices. This method has application for entertainment and assistive technology. We compare our device against other portable mouth input devices, showing it to be the fastest and most accurate in tasks mimicking our target application. Finally, we show early results of an actor inside an articulated-head costume using the tongue joystick to interact with a child.
Not Just for Bimodal Neurons Anymore: The Contribution of Unimodal Neurons to Cortical Multisensory Processing

Traditionally, neuronal studies of multisensory processing proceeded by first identifying neurons that were overtly multisensory (e.g., bimodal, trimodal) and then testing them. In contrast, the present study examined, without precondition, neurons in an extrastriate visual area of the cat for their responses to separate (visual, auditory) and combined-modality (visual and auditory) stimulation. As expected, traditional bimodal forms of multisensory neurons were identified. In addition, however, many neurons that were activated only by visual stimulation (i.e., unimodal) had that response modulated by the presence of an auditory stimulus. Some unimodal neurons showed multisensory responses that were statistically different from their visual response. Other unimodal neurons had subtle multisensory effects that were detectable only at the population level. Most surprisingly, these non-bimodal neurons generated more than twice the multisensory signal in the PLLS than did the bimodal neurons. These results expand the range of multisensory convergence patterns beyond that of the bimodal neuron. However, rather than characterize a separate class of multisensory neurons, unimodal multisensory neurons may actually represent an intermediary form of multisensory convergence that exists along the functional continuum between unisensory neurons, at one end, and fully bimodal neurons at the other.
Calcium-sensitive inactivation in the gating of single calcium channels

Voltage-activated calcium channels open and close, or gate, according to molecular transition rates that are regulated by transmembrane voltage and neurotransmitters. Here evidence for the control of gating by calcium was found in electrophysiological records of single, L-type calcium channels in heart cells. Conditional open probability analysis revealed that calcium entry during the opening of a single channel produces alterations in gating transition rates that evolve over the course of hundreds of milliseconds. Such alteration of calcium-channel gating by entry of a favored permeant ion provides a mechanism for the short-term modulation of single-ion channels.
The Complexity of Social Mobilization in Health Communication: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Experiences in Polio Eradication

The Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) has been one of the most ambitious global health efforts in recent times. Social mobilization (SM) has been a strategic component of the PEI. Yet, a close-up analysis of SM dynamics seems to be lacking in the health communication literature. We examine critical aspects of the PEI experience in an attempt to move from dominant informational perspectives to a focus on emerging challenges in polio eradication efforts and new levels of complexity to SM. We examine available literature on communication and public health, available data on SM experiences that support polio eradication in Africa and Asia, and field work conducted by the authors where polio eradication efforts are ongoing. Our analysis suggests that (1) SM should not be casually approached as a top-down informational strategy to advance pre-established health goals; (2) centralized strategies hardly amount to SM; and (3) hybrid options that combine both activist and pragmatic SM are concrete possibilities fo...
Unique CD4+ T cells in TCR α chain-deficient class I MHC-restricted TCR transgenic mice: role in a superantigen-mediated disease process

Mice carrying a transgenic TCR with targeted disruption of the TCR alpha chain (H-Y alpha(-/-)) possess CD4(+) T cells which express the transgenic TCR beta without the alpha chain. These mice developed the murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) after infection with LP-BM5 retroviruses, a process which requires CD4(+) T cells. These cells are negative for TCR delta chain and pre-TCR alpha chain expression, and thus express a unique surface receptor with the TCR beta chain as a component. The cells respond to MAIDS virus-associated superantigen and concanavalin A, but not to protein antigens such as ovalbumin. Thus, this novel surface receptor appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of MAIDS.
A Comparison of Relative Abundance and Biomass of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods Under Different Forest Management Practices

Abstract Habitat structural characteristics and relative abundance and biomass of ground-dwelling arthropods were compared among four replicated stand treatments: intense burning and salvage logging; clearcutting follwed by roller-chopping (100% soil surface disturbance); clearcutting followed by bracke seeding (30% soil surface disturbance); and naturally regenerated mature, forested sand pine scrub. Arthropods were classified by taxa and by mean maximum width. Monthly trends in abundance and biomass of arthropods captured are described. Mature forest differed from the three disturbance treatments in most habitat structural features, but disturbance treatments were similar. Total numbers and dry weight did not differ among treatments but more individuals and biomass of arthropods less than 5 mm mean maximum width occurred in burned sites. These were significantly more arthropods 10 mm or less in mean maximum width than over 10 mm, but arthropods 5–10 mm had the highest biomass. The relative abundance of some taxa differed among treatments, and taxa differed in monthly capture rates. Total numbers and biomass of captured arthropods were greatest from late May through November.
The connected moments expansion for the zero-point energy of coupled anharmonic oscillators

Abstract The connected moment expansion (CMX) technique is used to calculate the zero-point energy of an arbitrary system of coupled anharmonic oscillators. When the anharmonic term has the form of a polynomial with respect to the normal coordinates, it is possible to calculate the zero-point energy in a completely automated way. A numerical example is presented, demonstrating the power of the new method.
Effect of small continuous loads on system efficiency

The DC-AC system with a small continuous load is analyzed putting emphasis on the inverter efficiency drop at part-load condition. The system robustness and lifecycle cost are calculated in various conditions to investigate the effects of the small continuous load. In addition to the large energy consumption by the small continuous load, inverter efficiency drop observed at part-load condition makes it more important to design a cost-effective system.
Information hardware… again

The 1073 Lake Arrowhead Workshop on Distributed Computers presented a session on “Hard-Core Hardware” in which a panel formed of Ed Bergman (Naval Electronic Laboratory Center), Jack Cornell (Systems Development Corporation), Bob Noyee (Intel), Ted Poppelbaum (University of Illinois), Rex Rice (Fairchild), Dan Slotnick (University of Illinois), and Joel Trimble (Office of Naval Research) indulged in enlightened crystal-ball gazing. It seems appropriate to start this paper with a summary of the points of view expressed by the panelists, although some of their opinions are also incorporated in later sections. (The author must, of course, take full blame for misrepresentations!)
Continuous sorting of heterogeneous-sized embryoid bodies

This paper presents a microfluidic device for sorting embryoid bodies (EBs) with large dynamic size ranges up to 300 µm. The proposed separation scheme utilizes appropriately spaced pillars within a microchannel to alter the fluid flow pathway, thus allowing particles of defined sizes to be diverted towards specific flow paths. We test the device functionality by separating polystyrene beads 90, 175 and 275 µm in diameter, demonstrating separation efficiencies approaching 100%. We then demonstrate for the first time on-chip separation of mouse EBs, which were separated into three size groups. The ability to extract specific size ranges of EBs will greatly facilitate their subsequent differentiation studies.
The Electromagnetic Field Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based on ANSYS

This paper uses ANSYS 10.0 software to analyze and calculate electromagnetic field of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator(PMSG). Verify rationality of magnetic circuit by the results of magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity; optimize shape of permanent magnet and reduce harmonics quantity by air-gap flux density harmonics analysis, and use value to solve Electromotive Force(EMF). The simulation result proves that the model satisfies the design requirements and can provide theoretical guide for the optimization design of PMSG.
Variable diffusion in stock market fluctuations

Abstract We analyze intraday fluctuations in several stock indices to investigate the underlying stochastic processes using techniques appropriate for processes with nonstationary increments. The five most actively traded stocks each contains two time intervals during the day where the variance of increments can be fit by power law scaling in time. The fluctuations in return within these intervals follow asymptotic bi-exponential distributions. The autocorrelation function for increments vanishes rapidly, but decays slowly for absolute and squared increments. Based on these results, we propose an intraday stochastic model with linear variable diffusion coefficient as a lowest order approximation to the real dynamics of financial markets, and to test the effects of time averaging techniques typically used for financial time series analysis. We find that our model replicates major stylized facts associated with empirical financial time series. We also find that ensemble averaging techniques can be used to identify the underlying dynamics correctly, whereas time averages fail in this task. Our work indicates that ensemble average approaches will yield new insight into the study of financial markets’ dynamics. Our proposed model also provides new insight into the modeling of financial markets dynamics in microscopic time scales.
A second-order singular boundary value problem

Abstract We study the second-order boundary value problem −″(t) = α(t)f(u(t)), o satisfying αu(0) − βu″(0) = 0, γu(1) + δu″(1) = 0, where a(t) = Πi=1n ai(t) and α, β, γ, δ ≥ 0, αγ + αδ + βγ > 0. We assume that each ai(t) ϵ LPi [0, 1] for pi ≥ 1 and that each ai(t) has a singularity in (0, 1). To show the existence of countably many positive solutions, we apply Holder's inequality and Krasnosel'ski i ∪ 's fixed-point theorem for operators on a cone.
Dynamic Response of a Pipe Having Bolted Flange Connection With a Gasket

In this paper the effect of a bolted joint on the dynamic response of a pipe will be presented. The problem is analyzed both experimentally and by computer modeling. Standard 2-in. (51mm) Schedule 40 steel piping with a Class 300 RFWN flange is used. The pipe is used as a simply supported beam at its ends with a 14.5-ft (4.42 m) span. It is connected at the midspan by two flanges, with or without a gasket, and high strength bolts. The gasket used is a flexible spiral wound steel gasket of 0.180in. (4.57mm) thickness. Two values of pre-tensioning, 25,000 psi (172.5 MPa) and 50,000 psi (345 MPa) are used in the high strength bolts connecting the two flanges. Experimental values of fundamental frequency are comparable to the values obtained by computer modeling. It is found that the presence of the gasket and the loading exerted by the bolts on the flanges had very little effect on the fundamental frequency of the pipe system.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A New Species of Cecidomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Feeding on Resin of Baldcypress

Abstract Cecidomyia lamellata Gagne, new species, is described from adults of both sexes, pupae, and larvae taken from resin in branchlet swellings of baldcypress, Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (Taxodiaceae), in Fort Pierce, Florida. Some anatomical characters of the new species depart from the previously known limits of the genus. Baldcypress is the first known non-Pinaceae host of Cecidomyia.
Equivalent mixing conditions for Markov chains

Abstract For Markov chains, the ψ-mixing and ψ∗-mixing (“upper ψ-mixing”) conditions are equivalent to each other, and to a certain technical condition on a dependence coefficient.
Transboundary Air Pollution, Environmental Aid, and Political Uncertainty

Abstract A two-stage game is used to evaluate the effectiveness of untied aid in reducing transboundary emissions. The donor nation (North) has incomplete information regarding the political willingness of the recipient (South) to enforce emission standards. The South may be tough or weak on pollution. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of pooling and separating equilibria. Perversely, untied Northern aid is a potential source of higher pollution, at least in the short run, because it provides an incentive for strategic, reputation-building behavior in the form of excessive Southern emissions.
LAT expression during an acute HSV infection in the mouse.

Abstract Previous studies using cell culture systems to evaluate LAT expression demonstrated that the LAT promoter expresses at much higher levels in neuroblastoma cell lines than fibroblast lines. The high level of LAT expression in neuronal-derived cell lines correlates with the high level of LAT accumulation observed in sensory ganglia neurons during a latent infection. We have found that using LAT promoters to express reporter genes from recombinant viruses in vivo produces high levels of LAT promoter activity in the epithelium of the mouse foot. An analysis of LAT promoter activity during an acute infection in the mouse clearly demonstrates that in contrast to studies performed with selected cell lines, the LAT promoter expresses similar levels of reporter gene product in peripheral cells and in neurons. In addition, the amount of reporter gene product is higher when the LAT promoter is located within the RL as compared to the UL region, and when expression is adjusted for copy number of the reporter construct, expression is roughly the same. These results suggest the activity of the LAT promoter varies greatly according to cell type and that high levels of expression is not limited solely to neurons, especially in the in vivo setting.
Conformity, political participation, and economic rewards: The case of Chinese private entrepreneurs

Using institutional and resource dependence theories as the conceptual framework, this study identifies three forms of conformity—political, economic, and social—that can affect the level of private entrepreneurs’ formal political participation in a transition economy. Data from a 2004 national-wide survey of 3,012 private firms in China show that political conformity (indicated by membership in the ruling party), economic conformity (amount of taxes paid), and social conformity (amount of charity donated) are each antecedents to private entrepreneurs’ formal political participation. Moreover, political conformity negatively moderates the relationship between social conformity and private entrepreneurs’ formal political participation—for party members, a lesser amount of charity is associated with higher levels of political position as compared to non-party members. We also found that the rewards of formal political participation have institutional boundaries: political participation can indeed bring private entrepreneurs economic rewards such as a greater amount of loans from state banks but not from shareholding and underground banks.
Plant Protein Kinase Families and Signal Transduction

Enzymes of the eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily catalyze the reversible transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to amino acid side chains of proteins. Protein kinase function can be counteracted by the action of phosphoprotein phosphatases. Phosphorylation status of a protein can have profound effects on its activity and interaction with other proteins. An estimated 1 to 3% of functional eukaryotic genes encode protein kinases, suggesting that they are involved in many aspects of cellular regulation and metabolism. In plants, protein phosphorylation has been implicated in responses to many signals, including light, pathogen invasion, hormones, temperature stress, and nutrient deprivation. Activities of several plant metabolic and regulatory enzymes are also controlled by reversible phosphorylation. As might be expected from this diversity of function, there is a large array of different protein kinases. Purification of protein kinases and their subsequent cloning, facilitated by the PCR and advances in homology-based cloning techniques, as well as functional analyses, including complementation of conditional yeast mutants and positional cloning of mutant plant genes, has already led to identification of more than 70 plant protein kinase genes. However, the precise functional roles of specific protein kinases and phosphatases during plant growth and development have been elucidated for only a few.
Whither the Love of Hunting? Explaining the Decline of a Major Form of Rural Recreation as a Consequence of the Rise of Virtual Entertainment and Urbanism

Recent journalism and scholarship have noted a years-long decline in Americans' participation in rural forms of outdoor recreation such as hunting. While some attempt has been made to understand these declines few have analyzed the causes of these changes in a theoretically rigorous empirical manner. This study addresses this issue in two empirical approaches. First, we analyze survey data on hunting and various theoretical predictors from the General Social Survey. Second, we statistically analyze changes in hunting license acquisitions at the state level for a period of several years. We empirically test the Videophilia hypothesis (Pergams & Zaradic, 2006) as one explanation positing a substitution effect involving electronic forms of indoor entertainment. We find evidence that the switch to certain kinds of electronic entertainment as well as the growth in urban living explain the decline in hunting and discuss the implications of these findings and future directions for research.
Disturbance-rejection properties of a temperature controller for energy management control systems

Abstract The problem of zone temperature control in the presence of disturbances (such as changes in outdoor air temperatures and solar radiation fluxes) acting on an environmental zone is studied. A temperature controller for a single zone space heating system is designed. Results showing the responses of the system subject to a step, a ramp, a sinusoid and combinations of step and ramp like changes in meteorological variables that typically occur in indoor environment control problems are given. Application of the method to multi-zone heating systems is illustrated with an example.
Mechanism of Enhanced Superoxide Production in the Cytochrome b(6)f Complex of Oxygenic Photosynthesis

The specific rate of superoxide (O2 − ) production in the purified active crystallizable cytochrome b6f complex, normalized to the rate of electron transport, has been found to be more than an order of magnitude greater than that measured in isolated yeast respiratory bc1 complex. The biochemical and structural basis for the enhanced production of O2 − in the cytochrome b6f complex compared to that in the bc1 complex is discussed. The higher rate of superoxide production in the b6f complex could be a consequence of an increased residence time of plastosemiquinone/ plastoquinol in its binding niche near the Rieske protein iron−sulfur cluster, resulting from (i) occlusion of the quinone portal by the phytyl chain of the unique bound chlorophyll, (ii) an altered environment of the proton-accepting glutamate believed to be a proton acceptor from semiquinone, or (iii) a more negative redox potential of the heme bp on the electrochemically positive side of the complex. The enhanced rate of superoxide production in the b6f complex is physiologically significant as the chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) functions in the regulation of excess excitation energy, is a source of oxidative damage inflicted during photosynthetic reactions, and is a major source of ROS in plant cells. Altered levels of ROS production are believed to convey redox signaling from the organelle to the cytosol and nucleus.
Water Use and Reuse in Commercial Turkey Processing Facilities

SUMMARY A survey of turkey processing facilities was conducted to determine the average volume of water used per bird during processing, the average amount of recycled processing water, and the types of poultry processing antimicrobial treatments. Ninety-three surveys were sent out to turkey processing facilities in the United States. Twenty-six surveys were completed and returned (28%). Thecombinedprocessingcapacityofthe26facilitiesthatrespondedtothesurveywasapproximately 1.03 million birds per day or 71% of the total US turkey production (252 million annually). Most of the facilities that responded to the survey reported operating 5 d each week using city water (85%) and discharging wastewater through the city sewer system (77%). The average amount of water used during processing was reported to be approximately 30 gal per turkey—an increase of 23% with the implementation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point program. Approximately 92% of the respondents reported using a cage or truck washing station. Thirtyonepercentofthefacilitiesreportedthattheyrecycleprocessingwater.Datafromthepresentsurvey maybeofinteresttoturkeyprocessingfacilitiesthatwanttoestablishawaterconservationprogram.
Operational experience with the CDF run II silicon detector

CDF (collider detector at Fermilab) silicon vertex detector consists of three subdetectors: SVX-II, ISL and L00. Altogether it consists of 8 layers of silicon with more than 720,000 readout channels. This detector is essential for CDF's high precision tracking. It is also vital for the forward tracking capabilities and the identification of heavy flavour decays. After four years of data taking in run-II and a delivered luminosity of more than 1.2 fb-1, a summary of the operational experiences with a silicon detector at CDF is given. Besides being very important for the tracking, the silicon detector also plays a vital role in level 2 decision of the CDF trigger system. Finally, aspects of the longevity of this detector and the impact on the CDF physics programme are presented
Effects of a Mid- to Late-Life Parental Divorce on Adult Children

There is a dearth of research on whether and how a later-life parental divorce influences the lives of adult children. Through qualitative interviews with 40 adult children of divorce (ACD)—those whose parents divorced after they were 18 years of age—ACD were asked to discuss their experience of the parental divorce. There were commonalities experienced by the ACD. However, only half of the ACD were initially affected negatively by their parents’ divorce, whereas the other half did not have a tough time initially. Factors including being “put in the middle,” along with strained parent–child relationships, were found to have the potential to affect one’s experience.
Line Emission from Gamma-Ray Burst Environments

The time- and angle-dependent line and continuum emission from a dense torus around a cosmological gamma-ray burst source is simulated, taking into account photoionization, collisional ionization, recombination, and electron heating and cooling due to various processes. The importance of the hydrodynamical interaction between the torus and the expanding blast wave is stressed. Because of the rapid deceleration of the blast wave as it interacts with the dense torus, the material in the torus will be illuminated by a drastically different photon spectrum than that observable through a low-column-density line of sight and will be heated by the hydrodynamical interaction between the blast wave and the torus. A model calculation to reproduce the Fe K? line emission observed in the X-ray afterglow of GRB 970508 is presented. The results indicate that ~10-4 M? of iron must be concentrated in a region of R 10-3 pc. The illumination of the torus material due to the hydrodynamical interaction of the blast wave with the torus is the dominant heating and ionization mechanism leading to the formation of the iron line. These results suggest that misaligned gamma-ray bursts may be detectable as X-ray flashes with strong emission-line features.
Diffraction of an arbitrary plane electromagnetic wave by a half-plane

The asymptotic form of the diffracted field produced by a plane electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization incident obliquely on a conducting half-plane is expressed very simply in terms of the incident and reflected waves F_{1} and F_{2} , respectively, rotated to bring their wave vectors k_{1} and k_{2} on k in the direction of observation. The diffraction coefficients become \pm(\sin \psi_{i}/2)^{-1} where \psi_{i} is the angle between k_{i} (i = 1,2) and the direction of observation k .
A Current Look at the Job Satisfaction/Life Satisfaction Relationship: Review and Future Considerations

We review the literature on the relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction on its theoretical, empirical, and methodological bases. Our review indicates that recent theoretical work is too often characterized by repeatedly confirming the spillover hypothesis to the exclusion of advancing further theoretical developments. The greater sophistication of statistical analyses is cited as one of the few recent methodological advances. Our review focuses on theoretical and methodological developments needed in future research. The areas of multiple links between job and life satisfactions, life stages, and satisfaction as a disposition are described as potential areas for theoretical advances. Methodologically, we suggest improvements by focusing attention on construct validity and the use of longitudinal designs.
Sodium-calcium exchange is essential for effective triggering of calcium release in mouse heart.

In cardiac myocytes, excitation-contraction coupling depends upon sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ release triggered by Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels. Although Na+-Ca2+ exchange (NCX) is essential for Ca2+ extrusion, its participation in the trigger process of excitation-contraction coupling is controversial. To investigate the role of NCX in triggering, we examined Ca2+ sparks in ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from wild-type (WT) and cardiac-specific NCX knockout (KO) mice. Myocytes from young NCX KO mice are known to exhibit normal resting cytosolic Ca2+ and normal Ca2+ transients despite reduced L-type Ca2+ current. We loaded myocytes with fluo-3 to image Ca2+ sparks using confocal microscopy in line-scan mode. The frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks was reduced in KO myocytes compared with WT. However, spark amplitude and width were increased in KO mice. Permeabilizing the myocytes with saponin eliminated differences between spontaneous sparks in WT and KO mice. These results suggest that sarcolemmal processes are responsible for the reduced spark frequency and increased spark width and amplitude in KO mice. When myocytes were loaded with 1 mM fluo-3 and 3 mM EGTA via the patch pipette to buffer diadic cleft Ca2+, the number of sparks triggered by action potentials was reduced by 60% in KO cells compared to WT cells, despite similar SR Ca2+ content in both cell types. When EGTA was omitted from the pipette solution, the number of sparks triggered in KO and WT myocytes was similar. Although the number of sparks was restored in KO cells, Ca2+ release was asynchronous. These results suggest that high subsarcolemmal Ca2+ is required to ensure synchronous triggering with short spark latency in the absence of NCX. In WT mice, high subsarcolemmal Ca2+ is not required for synchronous triggering, because NCX is capable of priming the diadic cleft with sufficient Ca2+ for normal triggering, even when subsarcolemmal Ca2+ is lowered by EGTA. Thus, reducing subsarcolemmal Ca2+ with EGTA in NCX KO mice reveals the dependence of Ca2+ release on NCX.
Using UML collaboration diagrams for static checking and test generation

Software testing can only be formalized and quantified when a solid basis for test generation can be defined. Tests are commonly generated from program source code, graphical models of software (such as control flow graphs), and specifications/requirements. UML collaboration diagrams represent a significant opportunity for testing because they precisely describe how the functions the software provides are connected in a form that can be easily manipulated by automated means. This paper presents novel test criteria that are based on UML collaboration diagrams. The most novel aspect of this is that tests can be generated automatically from the software design, rather than the code or the specifications. Criteria are defined for both static and dynamic testing of specification-level and instance-level collaboration diagrams. These criteria allow a formal integration tests to be based on high level design notations, which can help lead to software that is significantly more reliable.
Progressive Taxation, Fairness, and Compliance*

This paper examines the preferences for income tax progressivity, other tax fairness issues, and tax compliance of a national sample of nearly six hundred heads of U.S. households. The results reveal that mean public preferences for fair tax burdens are close to actual effective tax rates; however, the similarity between average preferred and actual effective tax rates masks an underlying schism between three groups: (I) those who believe tax rates should be higher for upper income persons (steep progressives), (2) those who prefer mildly progressive tax rates (mild progressives), and (3) those who believe tax rates should be flat (“flatraters). The analysis includes demographic and fairness profiles associated with tax rate preferences. Attitudes about the overall fairness of the income tax, exchange equity with the federal government, government spending, tax complexity, and tax compliance behavior are examined. In general, respondents' stated preferences for vertical equity approximate the current distribution of the income tax burden, yet there is a relatively high consensus that the income tax is unfair, especially with regard to the ability of wealthy taxpayers to exploit loopholes to avoid paying their fair share, and that respondents regard their own tax burdens as unfair. These results suggest that providing information to the public about the relative amount of income taxes paid by upper income individuals and the effects of recent limitations on “loopholes” could improve public attitudes about the fairness of the income tax and tax compliance.
TO POOL OR NOT TO POOL: HOMOGENEOUS VERSUS HETEROGENEOUS ESTIMATORS APPLIED TO CIGARETTE DEMAND

This paper reexamines the benefits of pooling and, in addition, contrasts the performance of newly proposed heterogeneous estimators. The analysis utilizes a panel data set from 46 American states over the period 1963 to 1992 and a dynamic demand specification for cigarettes. Also, the forecast performance of the various estimators is compared.
Flavones and flavonols play distinct critical roles during nodulation of Medicago truncatula by Sinorhizobium meliloti

Flavonoids play critical roles in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. However, the role of individual flavonoid compounds in this process has not yet been clearly established. We silenced different flavonoid-biosynthesis enzymes to generate transgenic Medicago truncatula roots with different flavonoid profiles. Silencing of chalcone synthase, the key entry-point enzyme for flavonoid biosynthesis led to flavonoid-deficient roots. Silencing of isoflavone synthase and flavone synthase led to roots deficient for a subset of flavonoids, isoflavonoids (formononetin and biochanin A) and flavones (7,4'-dihydroxyflavone), respectively. When tested for nodulation by Sinorhizobium meliloti, flavonoid-deficient roots had a near complete loss of nodulation, whereas flavone-deficient roots had reduced nodulation. Isoflavone-deficient roots nodulated normally, suggesting that isoflavones might not play a critical role in M. truncatula nodulation, even though they are the most abundant root flavonoids. Supplementation of flavone-deficient roots with 7, 4'-dihydroxyflavone, a major inducer of S. meliloti nod genes, completely restored nodulation. However, the same treatment did not restore nodulation in flavonoid-deficient roots, suggesting that other non-nod gene-inducing flavonoid compounds are also critical to nodulation. Supplementation of roots with the flavonol kaempferol (an inhibitor of auxin transport), in combination with the use of flavone pre-treated S. meliloti cells, completely restored nodulation in flavonoid-deficient roots. In addition, S. meliloti cells constitutively producing Nod factors were able to nodulate flavone-deficient roots, but not flavonoid-deficient roots. These observations indicated that flavones might act as internal inducers of rhizobial nod genes, and that flavonols might act as auxin transport regulators during nodulation. Both these roles of flavonoids appear critical for symbiosis in M. truncatula.
Vestibular loss as a contributor to Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease is a complex disorder whose etiology is still controversial. It is proposed that vestibular loss may contribute to the onset of Alzheimer's disease, which initially involves degeneration of cholinergic systems in the posterior parietal-temporal, medial-temporal, and posterior-cingulate regions. A major projection to this system emanates from the semicircular canals of the vestibular labyrinth, with vestibular damage leading to severe degeneration of the medial-temporal region. The vestibular loss hypothesis is further supported by the vestibular symptoms found in Alzheimer's patients as well as in various diseases that are major risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
CHEMICAL DEFENSE OF THE CARIBBEAN REEF SPONGE Axinella corrugata AGAINST PREDATORY FISHES

Field and laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the palatability to predatory fishes of organic extracts and purified compounds from the Caribbean reef sponge Axinella corrugata (=Teichaxinella morchella). When incorporated into artificial foods at the same volumetric concentration as found in sponge tissue, crude extracts of the sponge, as well as a butanol-soluble partition of the crude extract, deterred feeding of the Caribbean reef fish Thalassoma bifasciatum in laboratory aquarium assays and deterred feeding of a natural assemblage of fishes in assays performed on reefs where A. corrugata is found. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the butanol-soluble partition led to the isolation of a single compound responsible for feeding deterrency, stevensine, a previously described dibrominated alkaloid. The mean concentration of stevensine in A. corrugata, as determined by quantitative NMR analysis, was 19.0 mg/ml (N = 8, SD = 7.2 mg/ml). Stevensine deterred feeding in laboratory aquarium assays at concentrations >2.25 mg/ml, and deterred feeding in field assays at ~12 mg/ml. Stevensine represents another in the oroidin class of brominated pyrrole derivatives that function as chemical defenses of sponges in the families Axinellidae and Agelasidae.
Broadband form birefringent quarter-wave plate for the mid-infrared wavelength region.

We discuss the design, fabrication and optical performance of a broadband form-birefringent quarter-wave plate for the 3.5 to 5 aem wave-length region. Rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) was used to design the requisite subwavelength grating for silicon substrates in ambient air. Fabricated samples yield a measured phase retardation of 89o to 102o over the desired wavelength range.
Influence of crosslinking functionality, temperature and conversion on heterogeneities in polymer networks

Abstract Crosslinked polymer formation commonly occurs when two or more multi-functional precursors react to form a three-dimensional network. The resulting networks may contain a significant number of topological imperfections such as loops or dangling ends when formed using crosslinkers with high functionality or when crosslinking at high temperatures. We employ molecular dynamics simulations to analyze these topological imperfections in coarse-grained networks generated from precursors consisting of ‘chain extenders’ composed of two beads (dimers) and a crosslinker of functionality f = 3 or 6 for a wide range of crosslinking temperatures and final conversions. It is shown that these imperfections result in networks in which the number of elastically active chains, the cycle rank and the number of elastically active junctions is smaller than predicted by the Miller–Macosko theory. Such defects must adversely affect the mechanical properties, resistance to solvent swelling and, possibly, the long-term protective properties of polymer networks.
Effects of duodenal and distal ileal infusions of glucose and oleic acid on meal patterns in rats

The mechanisms mediating the anorexic effects of nutrients in the proximal and distal small intestine are not clearly understood. We determined the dose-dependent effects of duodenal and distal ileal infusions of glucose and oleic acid on meal patterns in ad libitum feeding rats. Rats with cannulas in both the duodenum and ileum received a 2-h infusion of glucose (0, 800, 1,600, 3,200, 6,400, or 12,800 mumol/h) or oleic acid (0, 48, 240, 640, or 1,280 mumol/h) into the duodenum or ileum at the start of the dark period, and meal patterns were monitored for 4 h. Cumulative food intake was inhibited dose dependently by ileal as well as duodenal infusion of both glucose and oleic acid. Ileal glucose was more inhibitory than duodenal glucose, whereas duodenal oleic acid was more inhibitory than ileal oleic acid. Duodenal glucose and oleic acid inhibited feeding by decreasing meal frequency; ileal oleic acid decreased only meal size, whereas ileal glucose reduced both meal size and frequency. We interpret these results to suggest that ileal oleic acid and glucose suppress feeding by different mechanisms and that these mechanisms differ from those mediating the anorexic responses to oleic acid and glucose in the duodenum.
Income and Access to Higher Education: Are High Quality Universities Becoming More or Less Elite? A Longitudinal Case Study of Admissions at UW-Madison

Has access to selective postsecondary schools expanded or contracted? Evaluating this question has proven a difficult task because data are limited, particularly with regard to family income. We complement previous work and provide a replicable model of institutional analysis. This paper presents a detailed, quantitative assessment of admissions at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, an elite flagship public university—the type that is supposed to offer excellent opportunities to students from all backgrounds. We use an innovative measure of family income to compare applicant, admissions, and enrollment trends for low-income and minority students from 1972 to 2007. The unique aspects of this study include the more reliable measure of income and the ability to look at the full process from applications, admissions, and matriculations (demand and supply), not generally available in national datasets.
Tetracerus quadricornis (Four-horned antelope)

Skin biopsies of these animals (1♂;1♀) were made available by Dr. H. Heck, Catskill Game Farm, Catskill, New York, USA. Pairing of autosomes is arbitrary and the X chromosome could only be distinguished using tritiated thymidine and observing late replication of one X in the female specimen.
A generalized Fourier penalty in prior-image-based reconstruction for cross-platform imaging

Sequential CT studies present an excellent opportunity to apply prior-image-based reconstruction (PIBR) methods that leverage high-fidelity prior imaging studies to improve image quality and/or reduce x-ray exposure in subsequent studies. One major obstacle in using PIBR is that the initial and subsequent studies are often performed on different scanners (e.g. diagnostic CT followed by CBCT for interventional guidance); this results in mismatch in attenuation values due to hardware and software differences. While improved artifact correction techniques can potentially mitigate such differences, the correction is often incomplete. Here, we present an alternate strategy where the PIBR itself is used to mitigate these differences. We define a new penalty for the previously introduced PIBR called Reconstruction of Difference (RoD). RoD differs from many other PIBRs in that it reconstructs only changes in the anatomy (vs. reconstructing the current anatomy). Direct regularization of the difference image in RoD provides an opportunity to selectively penalize spatial frequencies of the difference image (e.g. low frequency differences associated with attenuation offsets and shading artifacts) without interfering with the variations in unchanged background image. We leverage this flexibility and introduce a novel regularization strategy using a generalized Fourier penalty within the RoD framework and develop the modified reconstruction algorithm. We evaluate the performance of the new approach in both simulation studies and in physical CBCT test-bench data. We find that generalized Fourier penalty can be highly effective in reducing low-frequency x-ray artifacts through selective suppression of spatial frequencies in the reconstructed difference image.
Initiation of Branching in the Germ Tubes of Peronospora parasitica by Alcohol

Low molecular weight alcohols (0.67 M, 0.89 M, 1.09 M methanol and 0.44 M, 0.67 M, 0.89 Methanol) initiate branching in the germ tubes of the conidia of Peronospora parasitica. Propanol and butanol...
Interactive Graphics: A New Tool for All N C Part Programmers

Part programming by interactive graphics is a technique of communicating with a computer by means of simple words and diagrams on a cathode ray tube. A basic mini-computer system is described and an example of geometry input and tool path generation is given. The toolpath of a production lathe tape and examples of future 3 and 5 axis milling applications are shown. The current benefits of the system are also outlined.Copyright © 1975 by ASME
A mixed-modes approach for estimating hiking on trails through diverse forest landscapes: the case of the Appalachian Trail

Many hiking trails traverse the forests and public lands across North America. It has therefore become important for federal management to gain an understanding of total use on these trails. However, there has never been a formal attempt to estimate hiking on these long, backcountry trails. This paper presents an approach that utilizes two survey instruments (exit-site tallies and a trail-user questionnaire) and two primary estimation components (standard and augmented sites) to es- timate hikers over a spatial and temporal span. For illustrative purposes, the methodology is applied to a 175 km segment of the Appalachian Trail from 1 June through 14 August 2007. Two alternative estimation methodologies are presented and compared. The model-based approach may be preferred to the design-based approach when sample size is small because it smoothes erratic strata estimates and yields smaller standard errors. However, the design-based approach relaxes an assump- tion and is more appropriate as sample size increases. In our survey of the Appalachian Trail, there was a 5.6% difference between the visitation estimates based on these two approaches, and such stability reinforces confidence in the methodology. Resume : Plusieurs sentiers de randonnee pedestre traversent les forets et les terres publiques partout en Amerique du Nord. Il est par consequent devenu important pour la gestion federale d'acquerir une comprehension de l'utilisation totale de ces sentiers. Cependant, il n'y a jamais eu de tentative formelle pour estimer la randonnee pedestre dans ces longs sentiers d'ar- riere-pays. Cet article presente une approche qui utilise deux instruments de sondage (des releves de sortie du site et un questionnaire destine aux utilisateurs des sentiers) pour estimer les randonneurs pedestres sur un horizon temporel et spatial. A titre d'exemple, la methodologie a ete appliquee a un segment de 175 km du sentier des Appalaches du 1 juin au 14 aout 2007. Deux methodes alternatives d'estimation sont presentees et comparees. L'approche basee sur un modele peut etre pre- ferable a l'approche basee sur un plan lorsque la taille de l'echantillon est petite parce qu'elle adoucit les estimations des strates irregulieres et produit de plus petits ecarts types. Cependant, l'approche basee sur un plan assouplit une hypothese et est plus appropriee a mesure que la taille de l'echantillon augmente. Dans notre enquete sur le sentier des Appalaches, il y avait un ecart de 5,6 % entre les estimations de frequentation basees sur les deux approches et une telle stabilite renforce la confiance dans la methodologie. (Traduit par la Redaction)