cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Wind-Driven Upwelling and Downwelling by Alongshore Bathymetric Variability*

Steady wind-driven flow along a shelf of changing width is described with a frictional barotropic model valid in the limit of small Rossby and Burger number. In these limits, an alongshore wind drives enhanced onshelf transport in a coastal ocean if the shelf widens downwind, and the change in shelf width only affects the flow in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation (‘‘downwave’’) from the change in shelf width. There is enhanced onshore transport of cold, nutrient-laden bottom water if the winds favor upwelling and the shelf narrows in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation. This enhanced transport extends a considerable distance away from the change in shelf width but becomes concentrated near the shelf break far from the change in width. Isobath curvature on the scale of the shelf width significantly modifies local cross-shelf transport. The cross-shelf transport of nutrient-rich water during upwelling is expected to be enhanced from Point Eugenia to La Jolla, San Luis Obispo to Monterey, and Point Reyes to Cape Mendocino on the west coast of North America.
Development of polycarbonate-containing block copolymers for thin film self-assembly applications

Access to well-defined materials is one of the key requirements for successful implementation of block copolymer-based lithography for advanced semiconductor nodes. We report on the development of polystyrene-b-polytrimethylene carbonate (PS-b-PTMC) block copolymer (BCP) using organocatalytic ring opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) from hydroxyl-functional polystyrene macroinitiator as a materials candidate for directed self-assembly applications. The impact of organocatalyst choice and the extent of TMC conversion on the quality of PS-b-PTMC BCP were studied using gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. As a direct method to identify PTMC homopolymer content in the resulting BCPs, a new NMR-based technique was developed. Finally, the influence of BCP purity on the thin film morphology was studied using atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering techniques. Our results indicate that the PTMC homopolymer impurity negatively impacts the thin film morphology, which is extremely important for lithographic applications.
Effect of Sucralfate on the Relative Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Healthy Fed Dogs

Background: Sucralfate impairs absorption of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in humans, but no sucralfate-fluoroquinolone interaction has been reported in dogs. Veterinary formularies recommend avoiding concurrent administration of these medications, which might impact compliance, therapeutic success, and resistance selection from fluoroquinolones. Objectives: To determine whether a drug interaction exists when sucralfate is administered to fed dogs concurrently with ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin, and whether a 2 hour delay between fluoroquinolone and sucralfate affects fluoroquinolone absorption. Animals: Five healthy Greyhounds housed in a research colony. Methods: This was a randomized crossover study. Treatments included oral ciprofloxacin (C) or oral enrofloxacin (E) alone, each fluoroquinolone concurrently with an oral suspension of sucralfate (CS, ES), and sucralfate suspension 2 hours after each fluoroquinolone (C2S, E2S). Fluoroquinolone concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results: Drug exposure of ciprofloxacin was highly variable (AUC 5.52-22.47 h ?g/mL) compared to enrofloxacin (AUC 3.86-7.50 h ?g/mL). The mean relative bioavailability for ciprofloxacin and concurrent sucralfate was 48% (range 8-143%) compared to ciprofloxacin alone. Relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin improved to 87% (range 37-333%) when sucralfate was delayed by 2 hours. By contrast, relative bioavailability for enrofloxacin and concurrent sucralfate was 104% (94-115%).
Organic thyme oil emulsion as an alternative washing solution to enhance the microbial safety of organic cantaloupes

Abstract Emulsions of organic essential oils may be used as postharvest alternative washing solutions in fresh produce production. In the present study, organic thyme oil was emulsified with whey protein concentrate, gum arabic, lecithin, or their equal mass mixtures without using specialized equipment. The stability of these emulsions was monitored by measuring hydrodynamic diameter during ambient storage up to 7 days. The antimicrobial activity of these emulsions against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). All emulsions had lower MIC and MBC than free thyme oil pre-dissolved in ethanol. Thyme oil emulsified with gum arabic had the smallest and most stable hydrodynamic diameter (156–239 nm) and was chosen as the washing solution to evaluate its efficacy in reducing pathogens on organic cantaloupes. Cantaloupes inoculated with pathogens were immersed in 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.5% emulsified or free thyme oil for 2 min. The counts of the three cultures inoculated on cantaloupes were reduced by either 0.2% or 0.5% thyme oil and the emulsions were more effective than free thyme oil (P 0.05). During ambient storage (21 °C) up to 10 days, the counts for all three bacteria gradually declined for all treatments and the emulsion treatment had consistently lower populations than unwashed and water-washed treatments. Therefore, emulsions of organic essential oils have potential applications as postharvest washing solutions to improve the microbiological safety of organic fresh produce.
General Principles for the Postoperative Management of Patients with Anorectal Malformations

In this chapter, a series of general guidelines are presented for the medical management after the main repair of most anorectal malformations, including the protocol of anal dilatations and the avoidance of constipation which is extremely important. Also, the authors discuss the series of measures that will help the patients with good functional prognosis to become toilet trained.
A Multibody Knee Model Corroborates Subject-Specific Experimental Measurements of Low Ligament Forces and Kinematic Coupling During Passive Flexion

A multibody model of the knee was developed and the predicted ligament forces and kinematics during passive flexion corroborated subject-specific measurements obtained from a human cadaveric knee that was tested using a robotic manipulator. The model incorporated a novel strategy to estimate the slack length of ligament fibers based on experimentally measured ligament forces at full extension and included multifiber representations for the cruciates. The model captured experimentally measured ligament forces (≤ 5.7 N root mean square (RMS) difference), coupled internal rotation (≤ 1.6 deg RMS difference), and coupled anterior translation (≤ 0.4 mm RMS difference) through 130 deg of passive flexion. This integrated framework of model and experiment improves our understanding of how passive structures, such as ligaments and articular geometries, interact to generate knee kinematics and ligament forces.
Roughness and salt annealing in a polyelectrolyte multilayer.

The surface roughness of polyelectrolyte multilayers made from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDADMAC, and poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS, was measured as a function of film deposition conditions. For dry multilayers, the significant roughness which builds up for thicker films is much more apparent for multilayers terminated with PSS. Corresponding roughness for PDADMA-capped multilayers may be seen by imaging in situ under electrolyte. Roughness may be substantially reduced, but not eliminated, by annealing in salt. Annealing does not lead to loss of polyelectrolyte from the film, even under conditions where the salt concentration is high enough to place the film properties beyond the glass transition. Roughness does not correlate with the molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte and is thus not caused by solution or film polymer chain conformations. The wavelength of the roughness features is approximately proportional to film thickness, which supports a mechanism whereby roughness is generated by...
On the continued search for an infrared spectroscopic identification of OH radicals in water-ice

The chemistry of hydroxyl (OH) radicals plays a key role in the radiolysis and photolysis of water-rich ices of astrochemical origin. Other radical species such as hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals are also potentially important in oxygen cycles that exist on icy satellite surfaces due to the stoichiometric loss of H from radiation-processed water-ices. Both OH and HO2 are likely key intermediates in the formation of H2O in the ISM. Despite the importance of such species, laboratory measurements of OH and HO2 in water-ices are sparse. This is due to a combination of low abundances and overlapping spectral features that makes detection using infrared spectroscopy difficult. There have been several reports in the literature claiming detection of both OH and HO2 in laboratory water-ices. In the present work OH radicals are formed in the gas-phase prior to deposition with water to attempt to trap them stably in water-ice at 6 K. The present work does not find any IR spectral detection of OH in ices prepared by this method. Chemical reactions are likely the sink of OH that limits detection in additiontospectraloverlapwithH2O.Theimplicationsofthisforastrochemistryarediscussed herein. Additional experiments have been performed using the matrix-isolation technique to determine the intrinsic band strengths of the infrared absorption of the OH radical and the related H2O–HO complex. These could be used to quantify OH radical in non-water-ices where spectral interference from H2O is absent.
50 Myths and Lies That Threaten America's Public Schools: The Real Crisis in Education

by David C. Berliner and Gene V. Glass (Eds.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press. © 2014. 260 pages. ISBN 978-0-8077-5524-2.Imagine yourself at an event with a group of educators and parents whe...
Prevention of stroke.

Once the patient at high risk of stroke is identified, measures can be instituted to lower the risk. In hypertensive patients, the goal is control of blood pressure. In patients with occlusive arterial disease, either anticoagulation or surgery may be the treatment of choice.
An integrated planning tool for design of recycled water distribution networks

Pipeline design of urban recycled water networks involves thousands of decisions to ensure delivery of water to multiple use locations with pipelines and pump stations correctly located, optimally sized, and compatible with existing infrastructure. Here, we introduce PRODOT, Pipeline ROuting and Design Optimization Tool, software that identifies near-minimum-cost pipeline routes; accounts for existing configurations, legal, environmental or safety concerns, and trade-offs in pipeline length, pipe installation methods, traffic congestion during construction; optimizes pump station locations, pumping energy, pipe diameters and pressure classes; and includes theoretical additional capacity of each pipe, facilitating future expansion. We illustrate the utility of PRODOT with a case study for a local utility comparing PRODOT-generated configurations to a configuration proposed by an experienced consulting firm. The comparison shows that PRODOT produces pipeline configurations similar to the consulting firm's proposal with improvements by effectively and more broadly incorporating options the consultant may not have considered. Near-minimum-cost pipeline configurations for recycled water distribution systems.źsptimal pipe routing, diameters, pressure classes, pump locations, and energy demand.Inclusion of many pragmatic constraints typical of complex urban environments.Inclusion of theoretical additional capacity of each pipe for future expansion.Consistency with and improvement on the design of an experienced consulting firm.
The Ontogeny of Retroactive Inference: Piagetian and Peircean Accounts

Like Peirce, Piaget posits that the type of problem-solving truly retrospective in nature is embedded in action schemes (Empirical and Pseudoempirical Abstraction), inducing increasingly diverse courses of action, and spontaneous explanations. Piaget insists that working from the consequence to determine the premises (Retroactive Reasoning) represents a formidable means to develop viable hypotheses which rest upon the means to reverse and compensate in novel ways. He accounts for amplified social and logical reasoning in the face of unexpected consequences (Reflecting/Reflected Abstraction), when reasoning extends beyond present appearances to incorporate diverse orientations, e.g., changes in event participants’ location/orientation and object motility/dimension modifications, e.g., changes in mass do not automatically result in form alterations. Children propose arguments (identity, reversibility, compensation), illustrating objective explanations for changes in appearances. Afterward, children assert others’ epistemic, and deontic idiosyncrasies (as bystanders). This form of Reflected Abstraction unequivocally demonstrates modal logic; it is free from perceptual constraints. These perspective-taking competencies ultimately trigger well-founded recommendations for diverse courses of action in would-be events (West 2014a; West 2014b), representing Piaget’s commitment to germinating plausible hypotheses. For Peirce, recommending courses of action independent of experiencing them (MS 637: 1909) embodies his pragmatic maxim.
Preoperative Evaluation of the Bariatric Surgery Patient

As with any operative undertaking, a careful analysis of the risks and benefits of the planned bariatric surgical procedure must be made. The initial encounter between the patient and bariatric surgeon typically occurs as a result of referral, whether from another physician involved in the patient’s care, a satisfied past patient, or research and self-referral. From this time, a careful bond is formed between the surgeon and patient to facilitate the safest and most efficient realization of the patient’s weight loss goals. By its nature, bariatric surgery is performed only on an elective basis; as such a thorough preoperative evaluation is necessary to minimize the risk of undue complications. The goal of this evaluation and workup is not necessarily to uncover any and all underlying medical diseases but to identify, analyze, and account for any comorbidities which could affect the patient in the perioperative (surgery and 48 h after) and postoperative (30 days) periods. Well-proven indicators for increased risk of peri- and postoperative complication include American Society of Anesthesiologist classification, American Heart Association/American College of Cardiologist guidelines, age, and multiple other indications of underlying medical diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and renal impairment. When deciding the extent of necessary preoperative workup, the patient’s history and physical exam, the intended procedure, anesthesia plan (all laparoscopic bariatric surgeries are performed under general anesthesia), and the expected postoperative disposition are analyzed [1].
Astroglial transcriptome dysregulation in early disease of an ALS mutant SOD1 mouse model.

AbstractAstroglia are a morphologically diverse and highly abundant cell type in the CNS. Despite these obvious observations, astroglia still remain largely uncharacterized at the cellular and molecular level. In disease contexts such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), it has been widely shown that astroglia downregulate crucial physiological functions, become hypertrophied, reactive, and toxic to motor neurons. However, little is known about the astroglia-specific transcriptomic changes that occur during ALS disease progression, especially early in disease. To address this, we FACS-isolated pure astroglia from early and mid-symptomatic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) G93A spinal cord and performed microarray sequencing, in hopes to uncover markers and pathways driving astroglia dysfunction in ALS. After extensive analyses, we uncovered genes selectively enriched and downregulated in both control and SOD1 astroglia at both disease points. In addition, we were able to identify genes and pathways differe...
Issue framing and electoral violence in Ghana: a conceptual analysis

Ghana has conducted several successful elections since 1992, but the country continues to face many threats of widespread violence due to the recurrent nature of micro-level electoral violence and the existence of vulnerabilities such as political patronage, politics of exclusion, winner-takes-all electoral system and ethnic cleavages. While these factors have been used to explain the causes of electoral violence, issue framing by political elites and its connection to electoral violence have not been adequately examined. To better understand this phenomenon, this article draws on the concept of framing to underscore the argument that issue framing and reframing by political elites tend to shape micro-level electoral violence in Ghana.
Successful coil embolization of a ruptured mycotic aneurysm that developed three days after septic embolic infarction: Case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background Infectious intracranial aneurysms (IIAs) are rare entities and are often associated with septic embolus from infectious endocarditis. They may develop rapidly and carry a higher risk of rupture and mortality compared to noninfectious aneurysms. However, the development and rupture of an IIA within 48 h in a patient with septic infarction patient is exceedingly rare. Case description In this report, we describe a 25-year-old male who presented with left-sided hemiparesis and dysarthria from septic embolus to the right middle cerebral artery. Thirty-nine hours after presentation, he became encephalopathic following a witnessed seizure. Angiography demonstrated a new, ruptured aneurysm, which was successfully treated with endovascular coil embolization. Our study documents the first report of coil embolization in a rapidly developed infectious aneurysm. Conclusions Importantly, this case demonstrates that septic infarction may precede and herald IIA development and rupture. If IIA is detected due to rupture, coil embolization can be a safe and effective therapy.
Bevacizumab (Bev) for treatment of recurrent serous borderline (SB) or low-grade serous (LGS) ovarian cancer: A retrospective review of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) experience.

5545 Background: LGS ovarian cancer is a rare subtype of ovarian cancer, accounting for 10% of ovarian cancer cases. Patients typically present at an early age, exhibit a protracted clinical course, and have response rates to chemotherapy of < 4%. Limited clinical data suggests that bev may have activity in this disease. The objective of this study was to determine the response rate to treatment with bev in patients with SB or LGS ovarian cancer treated at MSKCC. Methods: Following IRB approval, all patients with a diagnosis of SB or LGS ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer treated with ≥ 1 dose of bev for persistent or recurrent disease were identified. 17 patients were treated at MSKCC between July 2005 and June 2012. Diagnosis was confirmed by a gynecologic pathologist. All imaging was independently reviewed by the study radiologist and response was determined by RECIST 1.1 criteria. Results: 17 patients, 10 with LGS ovarian cancer, 3 with LGS primary peritoneal cancer, and 4 with SB disease were inclu...
On the sensitivity of causality filter parameters

In this paper we examine an existing method of causality verification. Specifically, we examine the effect of filter specifications, choice of negative time duration, and the maximum sample frequency, on the method's ability to detect causality of sampled scattering parameters of a finite bandwidth. Our study reveals that although the method is novel in its simplicity and ease-of-implementation, its ability to detect non-causality of sampled data is very much dependent on the choice of above parameters.
An intensive assessment of alcohol use and emergency department utilization in homeless alcohol-dependent adults.

Abstract Background Excessive alcohol use among the homeless may contribute to their high rates of emergency department use. Survey-based studies have provided some information on the relation between alcohol and emergency department use among the homeless. Methods This study used an intensive schedule of random breath collections and self-report assessments to examine the relation between emergency department utilization and alcohol use in homeless alcohol-dependent adults. Data were from homeless alcohol-dependent adults (N = 116) who were participating in a therapeutic workplace that provided job-skills training every weekday for 26 weeks. Breath-sample collections and assessments of self-reported alcohol use were scheduled each week, an average of twice per week per participant, at random times between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. Participants received $35 for each breath sample collected. Self-reports of emergency department use were assessed throughout the study. Results Thirty-four percent of participants reported attending an emergency department and reported an average of 2.2 emergency department visits (range 1–10 visits). Alcohol intoxication was the most common reason for emergency department use. Participants who used the emergency department had significantly more alcohol-positive breath samples and more self-reported heavy alcohol use than participants who did not use the emergency department. Conclusions This study provided a rare intensive assessment of alcohol and emergency department use in homeless alcohol-dependent adults over an extended period. Emergency department use was high and was significantly related to indices of alcohol use.
The Practical Logic of Political Domination: Conceptualizing the Clientelist Habitus:

This article aims to redirect the study of patronage politics toward its quotidian character and acknowledge the key role played by brokers’ strong ties with their closest followers to better under...
Stress and quality of life among parents of children with congenital heart disease referred for psychological services.

Objective The study examined parent stress and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among families of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) referred for psychological services. Methods Parents of 54 children (85% boys) aged 3 to 13 (Mage = 7.48, SD = 2.38) completed measures to assess parenting stress (Parenting Stress Index – Short Form; Pediatric Inventory for Parents) and the PedsQL Family Impact Module. Medical information was retrieved from medical record review. Results Half of parents of children with single ventricle anatomy had clinically significant levels of parenting stress. Parents of children with single ventricle anatomy reported more frequent illness-related stress and more difficulty dealing with illness-related stress than parents of children with two ventricle anatomy. Younger gestational age at birth and referral for attention or behavior problems were associated with greater likelihood of parent at-risk psychosocial functioning. Conclusions Among children referred for psychological services, many parents report significant stress and significant negative impact of the child's medical condition on the family. Results underscore the need to consider assessing parent psychosocial functioning and providing additional support for parents of children with CHD.
Regioselective Simmons–Smith-type cyclopropanations of polyalkenes enabled by transition metal catalysis

A [i−PrPDI]CoBr2 complex (PDI = pyridine-diimine) catalyzes Simmons–Smith-type reductive cyclopropanation reactions using CH2Br2 in combination with Zn. In contrast to its non-catalytic variant, the cobalt-catalyzed cyclopropanation is capable of discriminating between alkenes of similar electronic properties based on their substitution patterns: monosubstituted > 1,1-disubstituted > (Z)-1,2-disubstituted > (E)-1,2-disubstituted > trisubstituted. This property enables synthetically useful yields to be achieved for the monocyclopropanation of polyalkene substrates, including terpene derivatives and conjugated 1,3-dienes. Mechanistic studies implicate a carbenoid species containing both Co and Zn as the catalytically relevant methylene transfer agent.
Nonrecoverable Compliance and Recovery Behavior of Polymer-Modified and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)–Modified Binders in Arkansas

For quality assurance and quality control purposes, suppliers and users of asphalt binders follow the widely used dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test method (AASHTO T 315, Standard Method of Test for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)) to capture viscoelastic properties of polymer-modified binders (PMBs) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)–modified binders even though it is designed for unmodified asphalt binders. AASHTO T 315 is inadequate to characterize modified binders because of the relatively small impact of the phase angle and strain levels on the rutting and fatigue factors, respectively. The recently approved multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test (AASHTO T 350, Standard Method of Test for Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)) results can better relate the laboratory-based and field rutting of PMBs and additive-modified binders. In the current study, Superpave and MSCR tests were performed to evaluate viscoelastic properties of selected asphalt binders certified in Arkansas. A total of 32 binders were tested in the laboratory. Among these, 8 were unmodified binders, 18 were PMBs, and 6 were RAP-modified binders. The nonrecoverable compliance and MSCR percent recovery data of tested binders were analyzed for the grading purpose and establishing the MSCR percent recovery criteria for local service temperature and traffic conditions. The developed guidelines are expected to be helpful for transportation agencies in Arkansas to adopt the MSCR test method in their quality control processes.
Personality Traits as Predictors of Online Customer Review Motivations

Online customer reviews (OCRs) are becoming increasingly popular among consumers who read them to make informed decisions about products and services. This study investigates consumers’ motivations for posting OCRs and the relationship between the motivations and the Big Five personality traits. The data come from an online sample of 352 online users who reported posting a review of a good or service. The results of the study indicate that individuals who post OCRs are driven primarily by interest in helping other consumers, followed by economic incentives, venting, self-efficacy, and social interaction. Using regression analyses, agreeableness was found to be positively related to interest in helping others and economic incentives, but negatively related to the venting motivation. Extraversion was found to be positively related to social interaction. Further exploration using canonical correlation analysis revealed a cluster of association between self-interested helpers (i.e., those motivated by economic incentives and the desire to help other consumers) and the Big Five personality traits of agreeableness and extraversion. Practical implications of these findings are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.
Abstract 156: Identifying novel therapeutics to inhibit the WNT self-renewal pathway in leukemia stem cells

The relapse rate of pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is 15-20%, and these patients have limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Relapse rate is likely due to a small population of cells known as leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which have the ability to self-renew and can re-form a leukemia from a single cell. Additionally, a major clinical concern is whether these LSCs are effectively killed by conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies. Current efforts to study LSCs have faced serious limitations, which have impeded our understanding of this important population of cells. Prior work in our lab has established a zebrafish Myc-induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) model that mimics the most aggressive and treatment resistant form of human T-ALL. Using this system, we isolated single LSCs through a novel transplantation strategy. Limiting dilution analysis showed significant differences in the rate of self-renewal between different LSCs, suggesting heterogeneity in LSC relapse potential. We generated a library of zebrafish T-ALL with high self-renewal rates (about 1 in 10 leukemia cells is a LSC) for use in bulk RNAseq, as well as single cell qPCR and single cell RNAseq to identify a self-renewal signature unique to LSCs. Single cell analyses showed a population of cells that expressed known self-renewal genes and clustered separately from the rest of the leukemia cells in the population. Ongoing work in our laboratory is focused on functionally testing whether this gene expression profile is linked with self-renewal. Additionally from this analysis, the Wnt pathway, more specifically s-catenin, was enriched in the putative LSC population. These data support previous findings in mammalian models of ALL. We hypothesize that inhibitors of the Wnt pathway will inhibit self-renewal of LSCs and force them to terminally differentiate. However, there are no WNT inhibitors clinically available due to undesirable side-effects. We are currently using a 6xTCF/LEF:GFP zebrafish Wnt reporter model for high-throughput screens to identify new, less toxic Wnt pathway inhibitors. Thus far, several compounds have showed significantly decreased TCF/LEF activity after drug treatment, with no effects on animal health. Future studies will test these inhibitors in our zebrafish high LSC leukemia samples and patient derived xenograft models. Ultimately, these inhibitors may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting treatment-resistant LSCs and preventing ALL relapse. Citation Format: Meghan Green Haney, Chunming Liu, Jessica Blackburn. Identifying novel therapeutics to inhibit the WNT self-renewal pathway in leukemia stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 156.
The Ethical Basis for Using Human Embryonic Stem Cells in the Treatment of Aging

This chapter argues that there is a compelling ethical basis for employing autologous human embryonic stem cells in the treatment of age-related diseases. The grounds for this argument are that such cells can be harvested from a pre-implantation embryo at a time in development when there is no possibility for the embryo to be a “person.” A blastocyst is a collection of a few hundred identical cells with the potential to become a person but is not yet a person. The mathematical framework for this assertion depends on a fuzzy-set definition of “personhood,” with all of its biological, philosophical, legal, and moral implications.
Hereditary Integral Representations of Stress and Strain

As discussed previously, the relation between stress and strain for linear viscoelastic materials involves time and higher derivatives of both stress and strain. While the differential equation method can be quite general, a hereditary integral method has proved to be appealing in many situations. This hereditary integral equation approach is attributed to Boltzmann and was only one of his many accomplishments. In the late nineteenth century, when the method was first introduced, considerable controversy arose over the procedure. Now, it is the method of choice for the mathematical expression of viscoelastic constitutive (stress-strain) equations. For an excellent discussion of these efforts of Boltzmann, see Markovitz (1977).
Hydrogen Spillover and Surface Diffusion : spillover from a point source

Abstract A technique has been developed to measure the rate of hydrogen spillover and surface diffusion. A point source of spillover (Pt/SiO 2 ) was used in the center of a disc of infrared transparent silica. Utilizing a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer with 3mm spatial resolution, the concentration of deuterium was measured as a function of time and distance from the source of spillover. The diffusion coefficient for spilled over deuterium is estimated to be 10 -5 –10 -4 cm 2 /sec. The energetics of the spillover - diffusion - exchange processes are qualitatively interpreted. The results indicate that breaking of the platinum hydride bond (PtD → Pt + D surface) is rate controlling in the spillover and the rate controlling step in reverse spillover is desorption of the deuterium from the metal (2 PtD → 2 Pt + D 2 ). Furthermore, the net process of spillover (D 2 → D sp ) onto the surface of silica is favorable.
Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. XXVII. Chemical modifications of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase.

Abstract The purified Escherichia coli DNA polymerase contains a single sulfhydryl group which reacts with Hg(II) to produce either a monomer containing a single mercury atom or a dimer of two protein molecules joined by a mercury atom. Both forms retain full polymerase and exonuclease activities, implying that the sulfhydryl group is relatively exposed and not essential for enzymatic activity. The acylating agent, N-carboxymethylisatoic anhydride, reacts with an observed maximum of 11 sites on the enzyme to form a highly fluorescent derivative with altered functional properties. Only 0.2% of the original polymerase activity but 920% of the exonuclease activity are observed at pH 7.4 with DNA as primer or substrate. Measurements of release of inorganic pyrophosphate and binding of triphosphates indicate that the predominant effect of this acylating agent is to cause a marked reduction in the affinity for deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate substrates, but concomitant changes in the interaction of the enzyme with polynucleotides are probably also involved. The data are discussed in terms of a model in which the several activities of the enzyme are catalyzed at the same active center, which is differentiated into physically distinct sites.
Attribution theory and reducing stigma toward women with postpartum depression: Examining the role of perceptions of stability.

Beyond dealing with the negative impact of depression, women with postpartum depression (PPD) also experience the burden of stigma. Guided by Weiner’s attribution-emotion-action model, the current studies assessed whether emphasizing the temporary nature of PPD indirectly results in greater willingn
Perceptions of Family Decision-makers of Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia Regarding the Quality of Communication Around End-of-Life Care.

Abstract Objectives (1) Compare family decision-makers' perceptions of quality of communication with nursing home (NH) staff (nurses and social workers) and clinicians (physicians and other advanced practitioners) for persons with advanced dementia; (2) determine the extent to which characteristics of NH residents and family decision-makers are associated with those perceptions. Design Secondary analysis of baseline data from a cluster randomized trial of the Goals of Care intervention. Setting Twenty-two NHs in North Carolina. Participants Family decision-makers of NH residents with advanced dementia (n = 302). Measurements During the baseline interviews, family decision-makers rated the quality of general communication and communication specific to end-of-life care using the Quality of Communication Questionnaire (QoC). QoC item scores ranged from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating better quality of communication. Linear models were used to compare QoC by NH provider type, and to test for associations of QoC with resident and family characteristics. Results Family decision-makers rated the QoC with NH staff higher than NH clinicians, including average overall QoC scores (5.5 [1.7] vs 3.7 [3.0], P Conclusion Although family decision-makers for persons with advanced dementia rated quality communication with NH staff higher than that with clinicians, they reported poor quality end-of-life communication for both staff and clinicians. Clinicians simply did not perform many communication behaviors that contribute to high-quality end-of-life communication. These omissions suggest opportunities to clarify and improve interdisciplinary roles in end-of-life communication for residents with advanced dementia.
Comparative effectiveness and harms of long-acting insulins for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim To review evidence comparing benefits and harms of long-acting insulins in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Methods MEDLINE and two Cochrane databases were searched during February 2018. Two authors selected studies meeting inclusion criteria and assessed their quality. Comparative studies of adult or paediatric patients with diabetes treated with insulin degludec, detemir or glargine were included. Meta-analysis was used to combine results of similar studies, and the I2 statistic calculated to assess statistical heterogeneity. Results Of 2534 citations reviewed, 70 studies met the inclusion criteria. No statistically significant differences in HbA1c were seen between any two insulins or formulations. Hypoglycaemia was less probable with degludec than with glargine, including nocturnal hypoglycaemia in type 1 (rate ratio 0.68, 95% CI 0.56-0.81) and type 2 diabetes (rate ratio 0.73, 95% CI 0.65-0.82), and severe hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes (relative risk 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.96). Patients with type 2 diabetes had higher rates of withdrawal because of adverse events when treated with detemir compared with glargine (relative risk 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.3). Adults taking detemir gained about 1 kg less body weight than those taking degludec (type 1) or glargine (type 2). Conclusions No differences in glycaemic control were seen between insulin degludec, detemir and glargine. Hypoglycaemia was less probable with degludec than glargine, and patients taking detemir gained less body weight than those given degludec or glargine. In type 2 diabetes, withdrawals as a result of adverse events were more probable with detemir than glargine.
Prediction of spray collapse in multi-hole gasoline direct-injection fuel injectors:

A parametric study was conducted to predict the conditions leading to spray collapse in multi-hole gasoline direct-injection fuel injectors using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The compu...
Unveiling the operation mechanism of layered perovskite solar cells

Layered perovskites have been shown to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells while its operation mechanism remains unclear. Here we investigate the process for the conversion of light to electrical current in high performance layered perovskite solar cells by examining its real morphology. The layered perovskite films in this study are found to be a mixture of layered and three dimensional (3D)-like phases with phase separations at micrometer and nanometer scale in both vertical and lateral directions. This phase separation is explained by the surface initiated crystallization process and the competition of the crystallization between 3D-like and layered perovskites. We further propose that the working mechanisms of the layered perovskite solar cells involve energy transfer from layered to 3D-like perovskite network. The impact of morphology on efficiency and stability of the hot-cast layered perovskite solar cells are also discussed to provide guidelines for the future improvement.
Performance of the Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire Across Sexes and Generations.

Author(s): Schuckit, Marc A; Smith, Tom L; Rana, Brinda K; Mendoza, Lee Ann; Clarke, Dennis; Kawamura, Mari | Abstract: BACKGROUND:Low level of responses (low LRs) to alcohol established using the Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) questionnaire are genetically influenced phenotypes related to heavy drinking and alcohol problems. To date, most studies using SREs focused on scores for the number of drinks needed for effects across the first 5 times of drinking (SRE-5), and few evaluated scores that also included the prior 3 months and heaviest drinking periods (SRE-T). This paper evaluates characteristics of SRE-5 and SRE-T within and across generations. METHODS:Data were extracted from 407 participants across 2 generations of 107 families in the San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS). Pearson's product-moment correlations for SRE-5 and SRE-T were determined across first-degree relatives both within and across generations and sexes, as well as correlations of each measure to maximum drinking quantities and alcohol problems. RESULTS:Responding to 4 hypotheses, first the analyses demonstrated significant within-generation positive correlations for both SRE measures across brother-brother and sister-sister pairs as well as cross-generation correlations for fathers and sons, although correlations for mothers and daughters were not robust. Second, both SRE-5 and SRE-T correlated with maximum drinks and alcohol problems for both sexes and both generations. Third, within parental and offspring generations SRE-T correlated more robustly than SRE-5 to maximum drinks and alcohol problems. Fourth, across generations SRE values for sons were more closely related to drinking quantities and problems than for their fathers, but the mother-daughter SRE relationships to adverse alcohol characteristics were not different. CONCLUSIONS:Both the SRE-5 and SRE-T offered useful information about propensities toward heavier drinking and alcohol problems in SDPS families. Correlations with adverse alcohol outcomes were greater for the more broad-based SRE-T, but both scores appeared to be genetically influenced and continue to operate in a robust manner in both generations of these families.
Carbon dioxide laser repair of rat sciatic nerves

Lasers have been used to reanastomose divided arteries, veins, fallopian tubes, vas deferens, uterine horns, and nerves and to close skin and cornea. This paper describes a new surgical technique that utilizes laser heat energy to repair transected rat sciatic nerves. The energy emitted at 10.6 μm is used to thermally denature tissue components for use as a biological glue.
Tensaurus: A Versatile Accelerator for Mixed Sparse-Dense Tensor Computations

Tensor factorizations are powerful tools in many machine learning and data analytics applications. Tensors are often sparse, which makes sparse tensor factorizations memory bound. In this work, we propose a hardware accelerator that can accelerate both dense and sparse tensor factorizations. We co-design the hardware and a sparse storage format, which allows accessing the sparse data in vectorized and streaming fashion and maximizes the utilization of the memory bandwidth. We extract a common computation pattern that is found in numerous matrix and tensor operations and implement it in the hardware. By designing the hardware based on this common compute pattern, we can not only accelerate tensor factorizations but also mixed sparse-dense matrix operations. We show significant speedup and energy benefit over the state-of-the-art CPU and GPU implementations of tensor factorizations and over CPU, GPU and accelerators for matrix operations.
Expression of STRA6 in nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung in a rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Objective To explore the role of STRA6 in a nitrofen-induced rat congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) model. Methods Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or 100 mg of nitrofen on day 9. 5 of gestation (D 9. 5). Fetal lungs were harvested on D 15.5,D 17. 5 and D 21.5. The lungs were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 18) and the nitrofen group (n =18). QRT-PCR was performed to evaluate the relative level of STRA6 mRNA in the lungs. Results On D 15.5, the relative mRNA expression level of STRA6 was significantly decreased in the lungs of nitrofen group (1. 191 ± 0. 351 ), compared to that of the controls (14. 800 ± 5. 155) (P＜0. 01 ).STRA6 mRNA level on D 17. 5 of the nitrofen group was significantly higher than that on D 15. 5 and D 21.5 (both, P＜0. 01 ), while STRA6 mRNA level in the controls was decreased gradually. Conclusions In early stage of lung morphogenesis of this rat CDH model (D 15. 5), nitrofen can reduce the mRNA level of STRA6, which causes mal-absorption of retinol in lungs and leads to hypoplasia of the lungs. However, STRA6 expression is increased during intermediate stage (D 17. 5), which might be a negative feedback to the deficiency of retinol through the retinoid signaling pathway. Key words: Hernia, diaphragmatic, congenital; Models, animal
Facilitating Sexual Assault Reporting on the College Campus: The Role of Procedural Justice in Bystander Decisions to Provide Police Referrals:

Using a randomly assigned 2 (victim race) × 2 (alcohol consumption) between-subjects factorial design, this study used surveys from a sample of 571 undergraduate students at a mid-sized, public university in the United States to determine the effect of procedural justice on police referral after reading a sexual assault disclosure vignette. Multivariate binary logistic regression models demonstrated that positive perceptions of procedural justice increased police referral following sexual assault disclosure. Victim alcohol consumption and rape myth acceptance decreased police referral. Victim race, victim alcohol consumption, and participant sex did not moderate the effect of procedural justice on police referral. Implications are discussed.
New Approaches to Simulation-Based Science Instruction to Enhance Reasoning and Communication Skills in Lebanese Elementary Education

Purpose: The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of a self-instruction intervention received by teachers on the reasoning and communication skills of sixth and fifth graders. It comprised training elementary science teachers to integrate the Five-E Inquiry-based-computer-simulations. Approach/Methodology/Design: A mixed-methods quasi-experimental design was employed in this study to investigate the effect of the intervention on students’ reasoning and communication skills from the results of tests, interviews, and observations. The sample included five private schools in the region of Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Participants included 434 students and 10science teachers. Qualitative data were collected from the interview replies of ten science teachers, and 22 pre-post observations. Quantitative data were collected from the pre-post-test results in reasoning and communication over a sample of 434 students from grades five and six. Findings: The integration of the Five-E Inquiry Model-Computer-Simulation-approach enhanced students’ reasoning skills particularly at the levels of “Analysis”, “Interpretation” and “Conclusion”. Post-test results indicated a significant improvement in students’ reasoning and communication skills. Teachers tackled written communication skills more through writing laboratory reports, and the post-test results for written communication showed significant improvement. Therefore, there was a statistically significant difference between post-test scores of the experimental schools and those of the control schools. Practical Implications: The study will contribute to the proper integration of computer simulations in an inquiry-based learning environment to enhance elementary students’ reasoning and communication skills in science. Originality/value: This study responded to students’ lack of reasoning and communication skills and teachers’ lack of technological pedagogical knowledge. The study provided instructional strategies for the proper integration of computer simulations based on the Five-E instructional model that enhanced students’ reasoning and communication skills.