cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Viscosity-Temperature-Composition Surfaces in a Single Expression for Methanol-Water and Acetonitrile-Water Mixtures

The modeling of the surface of viscosity in composition and temperature at atmospheric pressure for methanol−water and acetonitrile−water was performed by interconnecting various elementary functions and testing them in a systematic manner to minimize the least-squares error. The systematic approach involved developing expressions that were the sum or product of elementary functions in temperature and composition, then visually observing their fit and quantitating the error. To reduce the error, transformation of the data using elementary functions was necessary to create a modified surface simpler in form. For MeOH−H2O, the least-squares error was 0.6 and 0.01 for untransformed data and transformed data, respectively. Similarly, for ACN−H2O, the error was 0.3 and 0.008 for untransformed and transformed data, respectively. The expression describing the viscosity−composition−temperature relationship for both the transformed and untransformed data was a quadratic in x with exponential functions of T as coef...
Self-Excited Oscillations in a Transmission System Using Series Capacitors

Self-excitation can result from using series capacitors in EHV transmission circuits if the series compensation is large and the circuit resistance small. Such a condition can be realized in a highly compensated transmission line using bundle conductors. An analytical approach to solve for the borderline conditions between stability and instability is presented. The analysis presented is suitable for the simultaneous consideration of both electromechanical (hunting) and primarily electrical (self-excitation) oscillations using lumped circuit constants, or for cases of distributed circuit parameters (long lines and/or solid-rotor generators). Numerical examples are included.
Size-Dependent Melting of Silica-Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles

We report on the size dependence of the melting temperature of silica-encapsulated gold nanoparticles. The melting point was determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) coupled to thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The small gold particles, with sizes ranging from 1.5 to 20 nm, were synthesized using radiolytic and chemical reduction procedures and then coated with porous silica shells to isolate the particles from one another. The resulting silica-encapsulated gold particles show clear melting endotherms in the DTA scan with no accompanying weight loss of the material in the TGA examination. The silica shell acts as a nanocrucible for the melting gold with little effect on the melting temperature itself, even though the analytical procedure destroys the particles once they melt. Phenomenological thermodynamic predictions of the size dependence of the melting point of gold agree with the experimental observation. Implications of these observations to the self-diffusion coefficient of gold in the nanoparticles are discussed, especially as they relate to the spontaneous alloying of core-shell bimetallic particles.
Obesity and hypertension in a longitudinal study of black physicians: the Meharry Cohort Study.

Abstract Obesity has been considered a risk factor among the precursors of essential hypertension for many years. Most related studies were general population surveys or predominantly white, male cohorts. This paper reports results of a longitudinal study of former black medical students, now practicing physicians for an average of 22.5 years. A remarkably high 43.8% were found to have developed hypertension. Fifty nine per cent of those who became obese during the study were hypertensive compared with 40% of the non-obese, 36% of those initially obese only, and 45% of those obese on both examinations. The risk ratio was 1.7 for the most obese (⩾ 130% relative body weight) compared with 1.0 for the leanest group Dynamic weight change together with baseline diastolic blood pressure, were more prominent precursors than the other variables studied. Weight control would appear to be a potentially important nonpharmacologic hypertension risk reduction measure.
General Expression for the Effective Mass in the One-Dimensional Treatment of Tunneling Corrections

A simple and general formalism for the calculation of the “effective mass” necessary for the computation of tunneling corrections by simple one-dimensional models is presented. It is shown that this formalism does not require a priori assumptions regarding the molecularity of the reaction or the relative orientation of the reactive fragments. This method, which we call the Generalized Polyatomic Method, GPM, was used to compute tunneling corrections using the simple Wigner tunneling formalism for the six reactions: H′ + H-H f H′-H + H, CH4 + H f CH3 + H2 ,C H 4 + OH f CH3 + H2O, CH3-CH3 + OH f CH3-CH2 + H2O and HCN f CNH. The results obtained in this work indicate that using the “reduced mass” from a direct vibrational analysis of the transition state instead of the “effective mass” could lead to serious errors in the computation of tunneling corrections. This result is very critical given the popularity of this procedure among researchers computing tunneling corrections in gas-phase reactions. Finally, it is also shown that the simple collinear tri-atomic approach (CTM) developed by Johnston is a special case of our more general GPM method. Given its simplicity and computational efficiency, we recommend GPM as the method of choice when computing “effective masses” to be used in one-dimensional tunneling corrections.
Allometry and heterochrony in extant and extinct Malagasy primates

Abstract Measurements of the skull and dentition were obtained for three groups of closely-related Malagasy lemurs: Propithecus verreauxi and P. diadema, Hapalemur griseus and H. simus, and Varecia variegata and subfossil Pachylemur insignis. In Propithecus, ontogenetic series for the larger P. diadema and smaller P. verreauxi were compared to evaluate whether species-level differences in skull form result from the differential extension of common patterns of relative growth. In the other two cases, mostly adult H. simus data and adult Pachylemur data were compared to ontogenetic series for their smaller sister taxa, respectively H. griseus and Varecia, to similarly infer whether morphological differences between these taxa result from the ontogenetic scaling of cranial proportions. First, analyses of the data indicate that cranial proportions for both species of Propithecus are ontogenetically scaled. As such, P. diadema apparently attains larger overall size primarily by growing at a faster rate, but not for a longer duration, than P. verreauxi. Second, analyses of the Hapalemur data suggest that facial proportions, but not mandibular dimensions, in both species are ontogenetically scaled. It is inferred that differences in patterns of relative growth for the mandibular corpus and symphysis of bamboo lemurs are correlated with differences in the loading regime of the lower jaw due to variation in the mechanical properties of their diets. Finally, analyses of the data indicate that most cranial proportions for Varecia and Pachylemur are not ontogenetically scaled, thus supporting claims for the generic separation of these taxa. Additional consideration of these comparisons and examples from the literature illustrate potential differences in the effects of selection for body size increases versus decreases, and selection for greater inter- versus intra-specific body size variation, on postcanine dental allometry in ontogenetically-scaled taxa. Possible differences in the development process underlying phyletic size change are also discussed.
SU‐FF‐J‐16: A Tool for Off‐Line Review of 3D Target Verification and Localization with Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography

Purpose: To implement a clinical tool for off‐line review of Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography(CBCT) based 3D target verification and localization. Methods and Materials: An in‐house 3D target localization and verification tool is being developed to allow physicians and physicists to review daily treatment target off‐line. The system provides quick initial target verification via user selected landmark points. An automatic gray‐scale registration technique provides fine‐tuning of the 3D target localization. It also allows the preference of soft‐tissue weighted vs. bony landmark weighted registration. A rigid body 3D‐image registration method, using a combination of correlation coefficient and mutual information measurements, has been developed. The registration algorithm uses a downhill simplex optimization technique to search for the best match of the two image sets. This study evaluates the efficacy and accuracy of the system. First, each CBCT and CT pair is manually registered by a human expert. Then these CBCT are input to the software to be registered with the planning CT. The comparison of the computer calculated 3D correction against the manual alignment evaluates the accuracy of the system. Results: 5 CBCT sets of prostate cancer patients are tested. The registration is bone weighted to simulate actual treatment target position. For all cases, the bone structures are well superimposed on the fused images. However, part of the prostate and rectum shown certain degree of mismatch due to different rectal fillings between CBCTs and CTs. Overall registration accuracy is as accurate as 1 mm and 1 degree for bone structures. Conclusion: An off‐line 3D target localization review tool was implemented. For prostate cases, its accuracy is acceptable for clinical use. Further implementation of the tool to other disease sites and evaluation of soft tissue vs. bone based target localization is underway. Partially supported by a Varian research grant.
Superconducting magnets for fusion

With the intention of informing the broad community of fusion researchers, the background, status, and potential future uses of superconducting magnets are covered. After a brief explanation of the principles of superconducting magnets, the technological basis is examined. Major emphasis is on the description of activities in the worldwide development and application of superconducting magnets in fusion programmes through mid-1981. Evaluation of progress and projection of needs for fusion reactors lead to the conclusion that superconducting magnets can be available when required.
Investigations of high temperature deformation and crack growth under variable load histories

Time dependent deformation and crack growth behavior under variable load conditions are investigated in this study. Experimental observations of load/unload effects in cracked creeping bodies are first discussed. Then a detailed analysis of a typical test result is presented. The potential of integral parameters, including the T∗-integral, to characterize this complex response, is shown.
Conditions for Equivalency of Countercurrent Vessel Heat Transfer Formulations

Previous models of countercurrent blood vessel heat transfer have used one of two, different, equally valid but previously unreconciled formulations, based either on: (1) the difference between the arterial and venous vessels' average wall temperatures, or (2) the difference between those vessels' blood bulk fluid temperatures. This paper shows that these two formulations are only equivalent when the four, previously undefined, "convective heat transfer coefficients" that are used in the bulk temperature difference formulation (two coefficients each for the artery and vein) have very specific, problem-dependent relationships to the standard convective heat transfer coefficients. (The average wall temperature formulation uses those standard coefficients correctly.) The correct values of these bulk temperature difference formulation "convective heat transfer coefficients" are shown to be either: (1) specific functions of (a) the tissue conduction resistances, (b) the standard convective heat transfer coefficients, and (c) the independently specified bulk arterial, bulk venous and tissue temperatures, or (2) arbitrary, user defined values. Thus, they are generally not equivalent to the standard convective heat transfer coefficients that are regularly used, and must change values depending on the blood and tissue temperatures. This dependence can significantly limit the convenience and usefulness of the bulk temperature difference formulations.
Regulatory concerns in the development of biologic‐biomaterial combinations

Several biologic-biomaterial combinations are currently under development in an attempt to modulate tissue or organ function in patients. The FDA regulations on combination products and the intercenter agreements among the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), and the Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research (CDER) provide further guidance on center jurisdiction of combination products and other products where there are jurisdictional concerns. The biological component of biologic-biomaterial combinations raises a number of issues that relate to the safety and bioactivity of the final product. For example, transmission of adventitious agents to patients via somatic cells, tissue, or cell-derived products is a major safety concern as are in vivo inflammatory responses elicited by the biomaterial component. CBER has drafted a number of "Points to Consider" documents to provide further guidance in the development of biological products. The intent of this article is to provide the highlights of the FDA regulations for combination products and the intercenter agreement between CBER and CDRH delineating the responsibilities of each center for medical device activities. In addition, the article focuses on the CBER's concerns related to the development of somatic cell-biomaterial combinations for therapeutic use.
Derivation of sensory neurons and neural crest stem cells from human neural progenitor hNP1

Although sensory neurons constitute a critical component for the proper function of the nervous system, the in vitro differentiation of functional sensory neurons from human stem cells has not yet been reported. This study presents the differentiation of sensory neurons (SNs) from a human neural progenitor cell line, hNP1, and their functional maturation in a defined, in vitro culture system without murine cell feeder layers. The SNs were characterized by immunocytochemistry and their functional maturation was evaluated by electrophysiology. Neural crest (NC) precursors, as one of the cellular derivatives in the differentiation culture, were isolated, propagated, and tested for their ability to generate sensory neurons. The hSC-derived SNs, as well as the NC precursors provide valuable tools for developing in vitro functional systems that model sensory neuron-related neural circuits and for designing therapeutic models for related diseases.
NES test performance in a large US Army veteran sample: Relationships with both demographic factors and traditional neuropsychological measures

Abstract A large sample of Vietnam-era US Army veterans completed a set of 16 neuropsychological tests, including six computer-based tests from the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES), during medical examinations supervised by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Data for 881 participants of the Agent Orange Validation Study (AOV) and Vietnam Experience Study (VES) were available for analysis from public access data tapes provided by CDC. Information was available for several potential covariates from demographic questionnaires, a medical examination and a medical history. Exploratory principal components factor analysis of 16 test variables yielded four factors, including one on which most of the NES tests loaded. The single best predictor of most neuropsychological performance variables was an index of general intellectual level as measured at entry into the Army almost 20 years before the neuropsychological examinations. Alcohol drinking variables were not related to neuropsychological performance. Several measures of general intelligence were compared for use as covariates of neuropsychological test performance. All were superior to years of education in statistically controlling for general intellectual level.
Location of the Border Ranges fault southwest of Kodiak Island, Alaska

A positive magnetic anomaly extends discontinuously from the south side of the Copper River basin, along the southeast side of Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, and southwestward from Kodiak Island to near Sutwik Island. Regionally, this anomaly parallels the Border Ranges fault and is within 10 km of it along the Kodiak Islands. The most probable source for the anomaly near Kodiak Island is mainly Early Jurassic plutonic rocks and locally ultramafic rocks that are associated with a melange. The Border Ranges fault lies between these two rock types, and given the regional parallelism of the fault and the magnetic anomaly, the fault can be traced offshore southwest of Kodiak Island to near Sutwik Island using marine magnetic data. Lithologic evidence suggests that the fault continues southwest of Sutwik Island toward the southwest end of the Alaska Peninsula.
The mechanism of metal incorporation into the cavity of macrocyclic ligands: a molecular mechanical analysis

Abstract The subtle structural difference between meso -5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacy-clotetradecane (tet-a) (L 1 ) and c-rac -5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (tet-b) (L 2 ) is responsible for different methods of metal binding. Conformational studies show that steric interactions limit the flexibility of tet-a (L 1 ) thus increasing the strain energy of the folded forms of the macrocycle. Conformational searches are not normally undertaken in inorganic molecular mechanical calculations but this work shows them to be of vital importance.
Use of the Apathy Evaluation Scale as a Measure of Motivation in Elderly People

Motivation plays an important part in an elderly individual's ability to recover from a disabling event. On the other hand, apathy is a lack of motivation. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) is an 18-item instrument that rates a person's thoughts, actions, and emotions over the previous 4 weeks. The purpose of this study was to use the AES with 102 patients in a geriatric rehabilitation program to determine if it predicted improved function after rehabilitation. In addition, a short 7-item version of the AES was tested. A strong correlation was demonstrated between the 18-item AES and the 7-item AES, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. In separate regression analyses, we found that admission function and both the 18-item and 7-item AES were significant predictors of discharge function, and that functional level at admission to rehabilitation accounted for 31% of the variance in function after rehabilitation. The findings suggest that the AES might be an appropriate measure of motivation in older adults and might predict success in rehabilitation. Moreover, the ability to identify patients with low motivation can alert healthcare providers to develop interventions to improve older adults' motivation and help them attain and maintain their highest functional level.
Working with hurricane Rita.

Hurricane Rita made landfall in the early morning hours of September 24, 2005.[1][1] The storm made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane over southwestern Louisiana—farther east than had originally been projected. Downtown Houston, for the most part, was spared, with the heaviest winds and rain
Estimating evapotranspiration under warmer climates: Insights from a semi-arid riparian system

Summary This paper presents an approach to quantify evapotranspiration under changing climates, using field observations, theoretical evaporation models and meteorological predictions from global climate models. We analyzed evaporation and meteorological data from three riparian sites located in a semi-arid watershed in southern Arizona USA and found that the surface resistance to water vapor transport was closely related to the vapor pressure deficit. From this, we developed a relatively simple daily conductance model and included a growing season index to accurately replicate the onset and the end of the growing season. After the model was calibrated with observations from January 2003 to December 2007, it was used to predict daily evapotranspiration rates from 2000 to 2100 using Penman–Monteith equation and meteorological projections from the IPCC fourth assessment report climate model runs. Results indicate that atmospheric demand will be greater and lead to increased reference crop evaporation, but evapotranspiration rates at the studied field sites will remain largely unchanged due to stomatal regulation. However, the length of the growing season will increase leading to a greater annual riparian water use. These findings of increased riparian water use and atmospheric demand, likely affecting recharge processes, will lead to greater groundwater deficits and decreased streamflow and have important implications for water management in semi-arid regions.
Parathyroid hormone blocks the stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor-I on collagen synthesis in cultured 21-day fetal rat calvariae.

Abstract We examined the interaction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on collagen synthesis in 21-day fetal rat calvariae as assessed by measuring the incorporation of [ 3 H]proline into collagenase-digestible protein. After 96 hours of culture, 10 nM PTH antagonized the stimulation of collagen synthesis and partially blocked the increase in dry weight produced by 10 nM IGF-I. The effect of PTH to block IGF-I stimulated collagen synthesis was observed in the central bone of calvariae and was mimicked by forskolin and phorbol 12myristate 13-acetate, but not by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , transforming growth factor-α or dexamethasone. Our data are consistent with the concept that the direct effect of PTH is to inhibit basal CDP labeling and fully oppose IGF-I stimulated CDP labeling. The finding that this effect of PTH is mimicked by forskolin and PMA suggests that this block in IGF-I stimulation of CDP labeling involves both cAMP and protein kinase C mediated pathways.
Numerical modeling of melt velocity and thermal distributions during aircraft high-gravity arcs

Abstract Centrifuge crystal growth experiments under 2–6 gravity have produced crystals with microstructure indicative of diffusion controlled growth. A current hypothesis for this phenomenon is that Coriolis and gravity gradient forces produced by the centrifugal motion can effectively damp convective flows. Our research has included the study of solidification during KC-135 aircraft parabolic maneuvers which produce alternate periods of 25 s low gravity and 45 s of high (1.8 g 0 ) gravity. We, thus, examined the question of how the Coriolis and gravity gradient forces during high gravity maneuvers compare to that for common centrifuges. Microstructural examination of samples solidified during high gravity arcs has revealed no evidence of convection dampening. As a first approximation, we model the high gravity arc as a centrifuge with radius of 20,480 ft and angular speed of 0.318 rpm. Scaling analysis indicates that the Coriolis and gravity gradient expected on the aircraft high gravity arc are less than that for the centrifuges by a factor of 100. Detailed Navier-Stokes analysis of the fluid flow and thermal fields during solidification of aluminum and Cd-Te in KC-135 high gravity show that convective flows of about 1 mm/s are induced. The thermal field, however, is only slightly modified by the convection. Coriolis and gravity gradient during solidification in KC-135 high gravity arcs, even at accelerations that have been shown to produce significant convective flow dampening in some centrifuge sytems, are shown to have no significant influence on the melt thermal and flow fields. The KC-135 high gravity arc could, thus, be advantageously utilized for experiments where separation of centrifugal acceleration and Coriolis acceleration is desirable.
Power of Analogies for Advancing Space Scientific Knowledge

It is a truism that every person in every organization ever created uses history to make decisions on a daily basis. This is essentially accomplished through the use of analogy, suggesting that som...
Asymmetric synthesis via acetal templates. 12. Highly diastereoselective coupling reactions with a ketene acetal. An efficient, asymmetric synthesis of R-(+)-α-lipoic acid

Abstract TiCl4 catalyzes the essentially quantitative coupling of chiral acetals 1 with 1- t -butoxy-1- t -butyldimethylsilyloxyethene 2 to generate β-alkoxycarboxylates in which the new asymmetric center is formed with excellent diastereoselection. β-hydroxycarboxylic acids of high ee result from removal of the chiral auxiliary. The procedure has been applied to the synthesis of R-(+)-α-lipoic acid 10.
The target specificity of the extrinsic innervation of the rat small intestine

The target specificity of the extrinsic innervation of the rat small intestine was examined by simultaneously injecting the proximal and distal small intestine with either wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fast blue. The number of single- and double-labeled cells in the nodose, dorsal root and coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglia and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus were counted and expressed as percentages of total labeled cells. Cells containing both HRP and Fast blue projected to both regions of the intestine. We found that the nodose and mesenteric ganglia contained significantly fewer double-labeled neurons (approximately 3 and 9% respectively) than the dorsal motor nucleus (19%) or dorsal root ganglion (20%). Presumably, a large number of double-labeled afferent or efferent neurons would limit the ability of a given component of the extrinsic innervation to control the activity of restricted regions of the small intestine (but might be important in overall regulation of intestinal function). In a separate series of experiments we examined the topography of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus labeled with HRP injection into either the proximal or distal small intestine. Both of these injections labeled neurons in the entire rostro-caudal extent of the nucleus, though approximately 75% of the cells were located between 720 microns caudal and 720 microns rostral to the obex. Cells in the rostral regions were found primarily in the lateral pole of the nucleus, whereas caudal regions contained labeled cells in both the medial and lateral poles.
An exploration of spousal separation and adaptation to long-term disability: six elderly couples engaged in a horticultural programme

The main objective of the present study was to explore the impact of separation on couples where one spouse lives in a skilled nursing facility and the other spouse lives alone in the community. Six couples participated in a 10-week gardening group. Semi-structured interviews were conducted at the beginning of the study and observations were made and discussions engaged through the 10-week horticultural programme. Thematic analysis of interviews and discussions revealed reduced social participation of community-dwelling spouses in an effort to maintain their marital role. In one or more cases the non-institutionalized spouse adapted to separation by developing social roles and relationships within the skilled nursing facility and continuing as a caregiver to their spouse. Occupational therapists are encouraged to include spouses in programmes to nurture healthy spousal roles. Further research is needed to explore how elderly couples may support each other through purposeful occupation while one spouse is in a long-term care facility.
Diffusive transport through mesoporous silica membranes

Abstract The results of a detailed study of the permeation of several light gases through unmodified and modified mesoporous silica membranes are reported. The base membranes which were synthesized by dip-coating multiple layers of a templated silica onto a macroporous alumina support showed relatively high permeances with evidence of both support resistance and a contribution from viscous flow, in addition to Knudsen diffusion, through the active layer. The behavior of the modified membranes, which were prepared by silanation of the original membranes with octadecyldimethylchlorosilane, was more interesting. Permeances were lower and there was no evidence of support resistance or viscous flow. Permeation through the active layer appeared to occur by a “Knudsen-like” process. Permeance and permeance ratios measured in both single component and binary systems showed the characteristic inverse dependence on the square root of the molecular weight (or the molecular weight ratio) but the temperature dependence was much stronger than expected for classical Knudsen flow. The behavior of CO 2 was somewhat anomalous yielding permeances that were about 25% larger than those for propane which has the same molecular weight.
Efficient performance scaling of future CGRAs for mobile applications

Mobile computing as exemplified by the smart phone has become an integral part of our daily lives. The next generation of these devices will be driven by providing richer user experiences and compelling capabilities: higher definition multimedia, 3D graphics, augmented reality, and voice interfaces. To meet these goals, the core computing capabilities of mobile terminals must be scaled within highly constrained energy budgets. Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs) are an appealing hardware platform for mobile systems by providing programmability with the potential for high computational throughput, low cost, and energy efficiency. CGRAs are most commonly used for innermost loops that contain an abundance of instruction-level parallelism. Unfortunately, current CGRAs fail to meet future performance requirements due to their inability to scale. Simply increasing the size of the array is too expensive in terms of power and area. In this paper, we first perform a deep analysis of several mobile applications from the domains of multimedia and gaming. We then explore potential solutions in the context of these applications for scaling the array performance in an energy efficient manner: homogeneous versus heterogeneous functionality, interconnect topologies, simple versus complex processing elements, and scalar versus vector memory support.
Dynamics of singularity surfaces for compressible, viscous flows in two space dimensions

We prove the global existence of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible, barotropic flow in two space dimensions which exhibit convecting singularity curves. The fluid density and velocity gradient have jump discontinuities across these curves, exactly as predicted by the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions, and these jump discontinuities decay exponentially in time, more rapidly for smaller viscosities. The singularity curves remain C1+α despite the fact that the velocity fields which convect them are not continuously differentiable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyanide-induced neurotoxicity: role of neuronal calcium.

Abstract The effect of cyanide on whole-brain calcium levels was determined in mice administered KCN and correlated with the neurotoxic signs manifested during acute cyanide poisoning. KCN (10 mg/kg, sc) significantly increased whole-brain total calcium levels from 48.1 ± 1.8 to 66.5 ± 3.9 μg/g dry wt within 15 min after administration. The levels remained elevated for 3 hr and returned to control readings after 12 hr. Dose-response studies revealed KCN, at doses of 10–15 mg/kg, produced significant elevations of whole-brain calcium 30 min after administration. No measureable effect was obtained from lower doses which suggested a threshold effect. Pretreatment 15 min before KCN with diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, prevented the cyanide-induced rise in whole-brain total calcium. Cyanide-induced tremors, which are centrally mediated symptoms of intoxication, were quantified and correlated with the observed changes in whole-brain calcium. Tremors were detected at 10 and 12 mg/kg KCN and peak intensity was observed at 15 min postcyanide. Pretreatment with diltiazem markedly attenuated the cyanide-induced tremors. It appears that a correlation exists between cyanide-induced change in whole-brain calcium and tremors. This study suggests that intraneuronal calcium may play an important role in mediating cyanide neurotoxicity and calcium channel blocking agents may be useful in limiting the severity of the centrally mediated symptoms of acute cyanide intoxication.
Logistic Normal Priors for Unsupervised Probabilistic Grammar Induction

We explore a new Bayesian model for probabilistic grammars, a family of distributions over discrete structures that includes hidden Markov models and probabilistic context-free grammars. Our model extends the correlated topic model framework to probabilistic grammars, exploiting the logistic normal distribution as a prior over the grammar parameters. We derive a variational EM algorithm for that model, and then experiment with the task of unsupervised grammar induction for natural language dependency parsing. We show that our model achieves superior results over previous models that use different priors.
Deadlock detection and resolution in simulation models

Even though simulation models are validated and verified during the development process, a problem known as "deadlock" can still occur and go unnoticed in large, complex simulation models. Of all the commercial simulation languages currently in use, none can currently detect or prevent deadlocks and this can lead to incorrect results and decisions. Unfortunately, a deadlocking situation will not show up as a syntax or run time error since it is a modeling error. The issues related to deadlock detection and resolution in discrete event simulation models are analyzed and an algorithm for detecting deadlocks in simulation models is presented and illustrated with examples. Issues related to deadlock resolution are also discussed.
Strategic, Tactical and Organizational Dilemmas of the Protest Movement Against Nuclear Power

Recent research has recognized that social movements face several dilemmas in simultaneously mobilizing the many resources that are necessary for their success. This study examines some of the problems that have confronted the contemporary protest movement against the construction and operation of nuclear power plants. Its emphasis is on differences within the antinuclear movement over four strategic, tactical, or organizational matters: (1) the single-issue focus; (2) the definition of nonviolence; (3) the intent of the civil disobedience committed by protesters; and (4) the use of affinity groups and a consensus style of decisionmaking. Some of the tactical problems that antinuclear protesters have encountered in the criminal courts are also identified, and implications for the resource mobilization perspective discussed. Social movements face many tough questions of strategy and tactics. A particular course of action may help achieve one goal but make it more difficult to achieve another. The organizational pattern of movement groups also matters, as a lack of effective organization may frustrate their efforts to change existing conditions. Movements throughout American history have had to resolve these ongoing dilemmas of protest group activity. The abolitionist movement of the nineteenth century, for example, was divided by differences over tactics. In the women's suffrage movement a few decades later, the wisdom of extending the movement's focus beyond the suffrage issue was debated at length. More recently, the southern civil rights movement was often beset by arguments over the possible benefits and disadvantages of various marches and rallies. And several Vietnam antiwar groups developed centralized structures of authority that permitted quick decisionmaking but also led to frustration among those denied any real influence on courses of action. In this paper I examine a number of strategic, tactical, and organizational dilemmas that have characterized the contemporary protest movement against nuclear power. These difficulties derive from the number of issues the movement has chosen to emphasize, its commitment to nonviolent civil disobedience as a primary method of protest, and its novel consensus style of decisionmaking using affinity groups. I also discuss the legal and political dilemmas confronting antinuclear protesters who have faced criminal prosecution for committing civil disobedience. In concentrating on some of the problems of this particular movement, I hope to contribute to
Acoustic daylight imaging via spectral factorization: helioseismology and reservoir monitoring

The acoustic time history of the sun’ s surface is a stochastic t x y -cube of information. Helioseismologists cross-correlate these noise traces to produce impulse response seismograms, providing the proof of concept for a long-standing geophysical conjecture. We pack the x y -mesh of time series into a single super-long one-dimensional time series. We apply Kolmogoroff spectral factorization to the super-trace, unpack, and findthe multidimensional acoustic impulse response of the sun. State-of-the-art seismic exploration recording equipment offers tens of thousands of channels, and permanent recording installations are becoming economically realistic. Helioseismology, therefore, provides a conceptual prototype for using natural noises for continuous reservoir monitoring.
Minimizing energy cost for internet-scale datacenters with dynamic traffic

In this paper, our goal is to achieve an optimal tradeoff between energy efficiency and service performance over a set of distributed IDCs with dynamic demand. In particular, we consider the outage probability as the QoS metric, where outage is defined as service demand exceeding the capacity of an IDC. Our goal is thus to minimize total energy cost over all IDCs, subject to the outage probability constraint. We achieve the goal by dynamically adjusting server capacity and performing load shifting in different time scales. We propose three different load-shifting and joint capacity allocation schemes with different complexity and performance. Our schemes leverage both stochastic multiplexing gain and electricity-price diversity.
The possible mechanism of synergistic effects of ethanol, zinc and insulin on DNA synthesis in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.

In serum-starved NIH 3T3 fibroblast cultures, zinc (15–40 μM) enhanced both the individual and combined stimulatory effects of insulin and ethanol (EtOH) on DNA synthesis. Zinc, but not EtOH, also promoted the stimulatory effects of insulin on activating phosphorylation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. In the presence of zinc, insulin induced premature expression of cyclin E during early G1 phase; EtOH partially restored the normal timing (late G1 phase) of cyclin E expression. The results suggest that zinc and EtOH promote insulin-induced DNA synthesis by different mechanisms; while zinc acts by enhancing the effects of insulin on MAP kinase activation, EtOH may act by ensuring timely zinc-dependent insulin-induced expression of cyclin E.
Applications of Emerging Technologies in Toxicology and Safety Assessment

Standardized protocols for repeat-dose toxicity studies have many advantages, including experimental redundancy (i.e., the use of more than a single experimental approach in the assessment of a given organ or tissue) and evaluation of numerous tissues to ensure detection of adverse effects, as well as the ability to develop robust historical control databases. However, traditional toxicology study designs may not adequately address questions of a mechanistic nature that might provide insights on whether particular toxicology findings in animals are relevant to humans. Such questions may be more readily answered using mechanism-based technologies such as toxicogenomics, proteomics, or metabonomics. Such newer approaches may permit, for example, the detailed assessment of the transcriptional profile differences that distinguish a normal healthy tissue from a diseased or damaged tissue. The resultant information can be used to elucidate the mechanism and accompanying biomarkers for toxicity, as well as to identify potential molecular targets for therapeutic intervention by drugs. Despite their conceptual appeal, the use of emerging technologies in toxicology is accompanied by significant challenges. For example, toxicogenomic assessments entail the generation of large amounts of bioinformatic data that must be interpretable for their full value to be realized. Also, none of these newer approaches have established uniformly acceptable quality standards (e.g., such as may be defined in interlaboratory validation studies) or a track record of achievement in guiding regulatory decisions. As a result, newer techniques, at least for the present, are more likely to be focused on mechanistic questions with compounds of known toxicity (either positive indicator compounds or "failed" pharmaceutical candidates). If the use of a nascent or emerging technology is contemplated for mechanistic studies of pharmaceutical compounds later in preregistration development, it will be crucial for toxicologists to engage their regulatory colleagues in discussions at an early stage to ensure closer alignment in thought. The successful use of emerging technologies to address toxicology issues will require a close partnership between industry and regulatory agencies.
Imaging of viruses by atomic force microscopy.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to image a variety of virus particles in vitro and could, conceivably, be used as a useful diagnostic for their presence, their structural characterization and even their identification. Virus particles can be imaged by AFM in air, under alcohol or in physiological medium, and accurate measurements of their dimensions obtained. In addition, the appearance and organization of capsomere structures on their surfaces are frequently visible. A number of viruses and virus crystals have been imaged successfully using AFM and improvements in AFM technology and sample handling will undoubtedly increase even more its power, resolution and scope.
Diversifying the Academy: How Conservative Academics Can Thrive in Liberal Academia

Researchers have long recognized that higher education is dominated by professors whose politics are well to the left of the American political center. The cause and implications of this ideological imbalance have been intensely debated since the 1960s. Although critics of higher education, such as David Horowitz, argue that the political imbalance in academia is largely the result of ideological discrimination, emerging research on the views, values, and experiences of the professoriate tells a more complex story. Despite the relatively small numbers in the academy, the findings suggest that many conservative scholars can succeed in a predominantly liberal environment. Drawing on the latest research, as well as their own personal experience, the authors outline steps that conservative faculty can take to avoid needless political conflict and work happily in a profession largely dominated by the Left.
Thought Processes College Students Use When Evaluating Faculty: A Qualitative Study

This study explores the thought processes college students use when answering survey questions on standardized course/faculty evaluations. Thought processes are categorized as: System One or System Two, based on the framework developed by Kahneman (2003) and Stanovich and West (2000). System One processes are typically hurried, superficial, effortless, and charged with emotions. System Two processes are considered to be slower, more deliberate, thoughtful evaluations. Results from eight focus group discussions are provided. Student responses were categorized according to their adherence to System One or System Two cognitive processing. In total, 59% of the student responses were categorized as System One. Implications for faculty and higher education administrators are presented .
Do training programs work? An assessment of pharmacists activities in the field of chemical dependency.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to determine if a selected sample of pharmacists who had attended a chemical dependency training program were performing more chemical dependency related activities than a group of American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) members who had not had this training. Additionally, an assessment of the perceived barriers to performing chemical dependencyrelated activities was performed. Design: A confidential mail questionnaire was sent to 305 Utah School participants and 305 APhA members who had not participated in the program (See Appendix). Results: Respondents who had received educational training in chemical dependency were more likely to perform the following activities: lecture to community groups and health care professionals about chemical dependency, participate in a pharmacists' recovery program, provide patients with information about treatment centers, and counsel patients about the alcohol in over-the-counter products. Respondents who had not received chemical dependency training indicated that the following barriers prevented them from taking a more active role in the chemical dependency field: lack of knowledge of chemical dependency resources in the community, unaware of how to get involved with the state recovery program, belief that involvement in the state recovery program would hurt their professional reputation, belief that chemically dependent individuals cannot be rehabilitated, and uncomfortable working with chemically dependent patients. Conclusions: Pharmacists who have attended substance abuse training programs are performing more chemical dependency activities than pharmacists who have not received training in chemical dependency. In addition, different barriers to performing chemical dependency related activities exist between pharmacists with and without training in this field.