cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating Bias In Automatic Toxic Comment Detection: An Empirical Study.

With surge in online platforms, there has been an upsurge in the user engagement on these platforms via comments and reactions. A large portion of such textual comments are abusive, rude and offensive to the audience. With machine learning systems in-place to check such comments coming onto platform, biases present in the training data gets passed onto the classifier leading to discrimination against a set of classes, religion and gender. In this work, we evaluate different classifiers and feature to estimate the bias in these classifiers along with their performance on downstream task of toxicity classification. Results show that improvement in performance of automatic toxic comment detection models is positively correlated to mitigating biases in these models. In our work, LSTM with attention mechanism proved to be a better modelling strategy than a CNN model. Further analysis shows that fasttext embeddings is marginally preferable than glove embeddings on training models for toxicity comment detection. Deeper analysis reveals the findings that such automatic models are particularly biased to specific identity groups even though the model has a high AUC score. Finally, in effort to mitigate bias in toxicity detection models, a multi-task setup trained with auxiliary task of toxicity sub-types proved to be useful leading to upto 0.26% (6% relative) gain in AUC scores.
Simulation Helps Equip Nursing Students to Care for Patients with Dementia

Abstract Background Teaching undergraduate students about older adults with dementia remains an area of acute interest in academia. Identifying optimal simulation methodologies to inform dementia education is essential to prepare nursing students to provide care to this population. Methods School of nursing faculty completed a quality improvement project to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation to teach geriatric nursing knowledge and clinical judgment to nursing students. A retrospective review of student journal reflections occurred. The thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the qualitative data collected from narrative journals submitted by nursing students (n = 263). Results Three major themes of Consciousness of Self, Consciousness of Time, and Consciousness of Communication were identified. Conclusion Findings have the potential to transform how nursing students view the care needs of geriatric patients. This article provides a resource for nursing educators seeking to integrate simulation-based education to teach concepts of care related to dementia.
The Timing of Prison Sanctions and the Odds of Returning to Prison After Release

A sample of 48,930 inmates was examined to estimate the direct and moderating effect of the timing of prison sanctions on recidivism. Logistic regression models demonstrated that number of sanction...
OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY FOR BUS GARAGE LOCATIONS

An optimization model is developed for determining both the optimal bus garage locations and optimal assignment of buses to those garages. The model uses a list of candidate garage sites, the transit system’s service and operational characteristics and the characteristics of the regional highway system as input. As output, it produces the optimal number, sizes and locations of bus garage additions or changes. The model considers garage operating and garage construction cost and the costs of deadheading and driver relief under separate operating schedules for morning, all day, and evening route assignments on weekdays, Sundays and Saturdays. In the methodology development, the problem is first formulated as a discrete solution-space fixed-charge facility location problem. The fixed charge problem is formulated as a mixed integer program. However, because of the difficulty involved in solving a large-scale problem with a general purpose mixed-integer program, the problem is solved by a special purpose branch-and-bound process. This process utilizes an efficient sequence of classical transportation problem (a quick solving, special class of linear program). The methodology is demonstrated with a small-scale sample problem.
An Agenda for Child Health Policy in Developing Countries

Identify and discuss the environmental, social, and political factors that influence child health in less-developed countries. Discuss the limitations of global child health policies and programs that are based mostly on vertical, disease-focused programs. Analyze the background to, and rationale for, the Alma Ata Declaration of Primary Health Care. Present a coherent case for the adoption of a global child health policy that is based on the tenets of the Alma Declaration of Primary Health Care.
Bargaining in the Shadow of PeopleSoft's (Defective) Poison Pill

This Commentary is part of a dealmaking symposium on the Oracle-PeopleSoft contest from 2003-2004. The facts of the case are described in Millstone & Subramanian (2005). This Commentary examines Oracle's alternatives and PeopleSoft's potential responses in the fall of 2004. I demonstrate that certain defects in the design of PeopleSoft's poison pill made a deliberate pill trigger a plausible course of action for Oracle at this critical juncture. This radical maneuver becomes even more attractive because Oracle had made the negotiated acquisition route extremely expensive for itself by revealing that it had $26 per share in its pocket nine months earlier. Even if Oracle had not actually triggered PeopleSoft's poison pill, threatening this maneuver would have given Oracle bargaining power that it could have used to pay a lower price in its negotiated acquisition. The Commentary closes with implications of this analysis for practitioners, boards of directors, and the Delaware courts.
On the durability of composite rehabilitation schemes for concrete: use of a peel test

Composites present a potentially cost-efficient and more durable alternative to the use of externally bonded steel plates for the rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete members, due to their high stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance and overall ease of application in the field. Although a number of demonstration projects have shown the initial viability of such schemes, a number of critical questions still remain as related to short- and long-term durability as well as damage and failure mechanisms. In this paper a modified peel test is used to investigate the durability of the bond between concrete and composites under five different environmental exposure regimes. Two different epoxies were used with E-glass and carbon fibre reinforced composites. Differences in peel force and interfacial fracture energies based on material and environmental influences are discussed and modes of failure are presented.
The Impact of Terrorism on Children

Abstract Terrorism is an extreme form of violent trauma made worse by being of human design. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States and the entire world entered into a new era in history. As much as adults seek to protect children from harm, their lives are too often touched by trauma, including terrorism. It is essential to examine and synthesize the findings of previous research regarding terrorism and trauma in order to guide our mental health work with children and families, particularly in the aftermath of recent terrorist events. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in children affected by terrorism are high, with other common long-term consequences such as depression, anxiety, behavior, and developmental problems. Terrorism also raises unique trauma consequences for children. How children responded after the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City is reviewed in this paper. Although children of all ages had and have reactions to the terrorist tra...
Counseling and Psychological Services for College Student-Athletes, Edward F. Etzel (Ed.)

As a psychologist who has worked for 20 years at a university counseling center and served as a sport psychology consultant to the athletic department, I am very impressed with the depth and breadt...
INTRACELLULAR STARCH FORMATION IN CORYNEBACTERIA

Abstract Carrier, E. Bernard (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.) and C. S. McCleskey. Intracellular starch formation in cor-yne bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 83:1029–1036. 1962.—Cor-ynebacterium tritici, C. striatum, C. renale, and C. pseudodiphtheriticum produce an intracellular starch-like material when grown on native starches; glucose-1-phosphate, mono-, di-, and trisaccharides do not serve as substrates for intracellular starch formation. C. pseudotuberculosis and C. kutscheri produce intracellular starch from starch substrates and glucose-1-phosphate. C. diphtheriae produces starch from glucose-1-phosphate only.
Capac Women and the Politics of Marriage in Early Colonial Peru

During the major Inca civil wars, Atahualpa had almost exterminated Huascar’s kin. Only a few capac women, those who descended from Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, remained alive. Atahualpa had planned to take them as his principal wives since only this type of marriage could successfully maintain the authority of the Incas over a large Andean territory. The Spanish arrival in 1532 interrupted his plans, but it did not eliminate Inca claims of sovereignty through marriage. In fact, it was through marriage that Atahualpa aimed to establish political alliances with Francisco Pizarro. While both Incas and Spaniards understood marriage on their own terms, there were many instances in which both were willing to redefine their own concepts of marriage in their struggle for power. In all of these, the women engaged in these unions were not only conscious about their political roles, but agents in the main historical events of this period.
Mutational Analysis of the mRNA Operator for T4 DNA Polymerase

Biosynthesis of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase is autogenously regulated at the translational level. The enzyme, product of gene 43, represses its own translation by binding to its mRNA 5' to the initiator AUG at a 36-40 nucleotide segment that includes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and a putative RNA hairpin structure consisting of a 5-base-pair stem and an 8-base loop. We constructed mutations that either disrupted the stem or altered specific loop residues of the hairpin and found that many of these mutations, including single-base changes in the loop sequence, diminished binding of purified T4 DNA polymerase to its RNA in vitro (as measured by a gel retardation assay) and derepressed synthesis of the enzyme in vivo (as measured in T4 infections and by recombinant-plasmid-mediated expression). In vitro effects, however, were not always congruent with in vivo effects. For example, stem pairing with a sequence other than wild-type resulted in normal protein binding in vitro but derepression of protein synthesis in vivo. Similarly, a C->A change in the loop had a small effect in vitro and a strong effect in vivo. In contrast, an A->U change near the base of the hairpin that was predicted to increase the length of the base-paired stem had small effects both in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that interaction of T4 DNA polymerase with its structured RNA operator depends on the spatial arrangement of specific nucleotide residues and is subject to modulation in vivo.
SCHOOL DELINQUENCY AND SOCIAL BOND FACTORS: EXPLORING GENDERED DIFFERENCES AMONG A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF 10TH GRADERS

School delinquency has been linked to an array of negative educational outcomes, and if left unchecked, may lead to more serious problems in adulthood. Identifying the risk and protective factors that influence school delinquency is therefore crucial to develop effective intervention programs. Utilizing Hirschi's social bond theory as a framework, the authors investigated the relationships between social bonds (i.e., parental involvement, bond to school, beliefs, commitment to sport activities, commitment to non-sport activities, and involvement) and school delinquency among a nationally representative sample of 10th graders. Special attention was given to gender differences. Results indicate that social bond measures account for a significant variance in school delinquency (11.2%, p < .001) above and beyond that predicted by socioeconomic status (1.5%, p < .001), and that the relationships between social bonds and school delinquency vary across gender. Practical and theoretical implications are for educators and researchers alike.
P1.036 Lack of Evidence For Sexual Transmission of Genital Candida Albicans Isolates Among Women Who Have Sex with Women in Sexual Partnerships

Introduction The contribution of sexual transmission to genital Candida albicans infection remains unclear. Epidemiologic studies have shown that vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is associated with increased frequency of vaginal sex, receptive orogenital sex, and increased numbers of sexual partners. Correlation of candidal infection between sexual partners has been observed and studies using genotype comparison techniques suggest that genital C. albicans may be sexually transmitted. Nevertheless, conflicting evidence exists regarding treatment of male sexual partners of women with recurrent VVC. The objective of this study was to determine the concordance of C.albicans isolates among women who have sex with women (WSW) in sexual partnerships using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Methods WSW in sexual partnerships and participating in a cross-sectional study of STI prevalence at the Mississippi State Department of Health STD clinic in Jackson, MS were selected for this study if both women had genital isolates of C.albicans identified. Isolates were cultured by standard laboratory practises. DNA was extracted from pure culture. RAPD PCR was performed using 3 separate random oligomers to differentiate genotypic information. Banding patterns were standardised against a known sizing-ladder for hierarchical cluster analysis. Results Among 196 WSW, 13 pairs of WSW in sexual partnerships were identified. 4 pairs consisted of exclusive WSW during the past 12 months, 1 pair of WSW reporting sex with both women and men (WSWM), and 8 pairs a mixture of WSW and WSWM. 11 WSW not in sexual partnerships were randomly selected and matched via distribution frequencies to the partnership group by age and history of sex with men. C.albicans isolates from a total of 36 participants fell into 13 banding patterns. Banding patterns were discordant between WSW in all 13 partnerships. Conclusion This study found no evidence supporting sexual transmission of genital C.albicans isolates among WSW in sexual partnerships.
Modeling interdecadal variations of lake-ice thickness and sensitivity to climatic change in northernmost Alaska

A physically based finite-element heat-transfer model with phase change is used to simulate ice growth and thickness variability on shallow, thaw lakes on the North Slope of Alaska during the period 1947–97. The basic inputs to the model are air temperature and snow depth as recorded at the U.S. National Weather Service station, Barrow, Alaska. The simulated long-term mean maximum ice thickness was 1.91 ±0.21 m with a range from 1.33 m (1962) to 2.47 m (1976). Variations in the seasonal snow cover played a much greater role than air temperatures in controlling ice-thickness variability during the 50 year simulation period. The sensitivity of lake-ice growth to extremes of snow depth, air temperature and snow bulk thermal conductivity is investigated. This study shows that lake-ice thickness has varied significantly from year to year in northern Alaska. Continued variability combined with potential climate change could affect the area of ice that freezes completely to the bottom of lakes each winter, resulting in changes in water storage and availability, permafrost thermal regime and talik dynamics beneath lakes, and methane efflux and energy fluxes to the atmosphere. It is concluded that quantification and a full understanding of these potential effects will require systematic and continuous field measurements that will provide better forcing and validation fields for improved models.
Probing the Nickel Coordination Environment in Helicobacter Pylori NikR

Nickel homeostasis in gram-negative bacteria is often regulated at the transcriptional level by the nickel-dependent protein NikR, which belongs to the ribbon-helix-helix DNA-binding protein family. Generally, NikR is found as a homotetramer, with four nickel ions bound of the tetrameric interface at a metal binding domain (MBD). In Helicobacter pylori, NikR (HpNikR), unlike homologous NikR proteins, sits at a regulatory hub and has been found to have a variety of regulatory roles. HpNikR has been implicated in the regulation of proteins that function in acid acclimation, nickel uptake, virulence, and stress response. There are a number of questions about the nickel coordination environment in HpNikR due to a series of puzzling and sometimes contradictory structural and experimental results. Here we present results from complimentary computational and experimental techniques to help further resolve these questions. Specifically, we use molecular dynamics simulations and spectroscopic experiments to investigate the nickel coordination environment. We use circular dichroism to observe differences in the thermal stability of HpNikR depending on the nickel:protein stoichiometry, with stabilization increasing as nickel concentration increases. Stability of HpNikR is found to be pH dependent. Elucidation of details about nickel coordination in HpNikR will improve our understanding of the functional role of genetic regulatory pathways in H. pylori pathogenicity.
A method for localizing wing flow separation at stall to alleviate spin entry tendencies

A wing leading-edge modification has been developed, applicable at present to single-engine light aircraft, which produces stabilizing vortices at stall and beyond. These vortices have the effect of fixing the stall pattern of the wing such that the various portions of the wing upper surface stall nearly symmetrically. The lift coefficient produced is essentially constant to very high angles of attack above the stall angle of the unmodified wing. It is hypothesized that these characteristics will help prevent inadvertent spin entry after a stall. Results are presented from recent large-scale wind-tunnel tests of a complete light aircraft, both with and without the modification.
Efficacy of budesonide in inhaled corticosteroid-naive patients and patients with mild persistent asthma.

Abstract Background: Patients with mild intermittent or mild persistent asthma represent 70% of asthma sufferers. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are the mainstay of treatment for persistent asthma, although many of the early clinical studies of these drugs included only patients with moderate to severe asthma. Objective: This article reviews the literature on the efficacy of budesonide in the treatment of mild persistent asthma, including newly diagnosed ICS-naive patients. Methods: Published data were identified by a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature from 1992 to 2002 using the terms budesonide plus efficacy or safety , both with and without the terms fluticasone or beclomethasone . An AstraZeneca reference database was also used to identify publications from the same period. Controlled, randomized studies that included patients with mild persistent asthma and early-treatment intervention were selected for inclusion. Results: Inhaled budesonide has been used for almost 20 years in the treatment and control of moderate to severe asthma. Studies involving patients with mild persistent asthma have demonstrated significant improvements in peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates ( P P P P P Conclusions: Budesonide is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of mild persistent asthma in adults and children, including many patients whose primary care physicians do not think they require daily ICS treatment.
DFT characterization of the optical and redox properties of natural pigments relevant to dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Theoretical studies of the betalains (betanidin, betanin and geomphrenin) have been performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. As dye-sensitizers in DSSCs, only little is known about their molecular properties relevant to the electron injection process. Here, ground state geometries, electronic transition energies, oxidation potentials, and proton affinities are reported. The HOMO → LUMO transition describes all lowest singlet excited states. The ground and excited state oxidation potentials are calculated to be 1.0 V and −1.3 V (vs. NHE), respectively. Deprotonation order is determined by calculating proton affinities at different sites. The vibrational–electronic coupling and its role in the electron transfer process are analyzed.
Polymorphism in Plastosciara perniciosa

Two widely divergent morphotypes of both adult males and adult females were found in laboratory colonies of Plastosciara perniciosa in Hawaii. Extraordinary modification of all features except the genitalia, with associated behavioral differences, enables the micropterous morphotype to take maximum advantage of a stable larval habitat. Capabilities for migration from adverse habitats, dispersal, and maintenance of gene flow are retained in the macropterous morphotype.
Endocarditis following intracardiac placement of umbilical venous catheters in neonates.

Summary Endocarditis, both infected and nonbacterial, was identified at autopsy in ten patients in the course of one year from a neonatal intensive care unit. In eight of the ten patients, the umbilical venous catheter was documented to lie within the heart. The lesions were mainly in the right heart, a distribution that corresponds to the usual site of catheter tip misplacement. Therefore, one must conclude that endocarditis in these neonates is a result of endocardial injury due to misplacement of an umbilical venous catheter. This may be avoided if published guidelines for the placement of the catheters20, 21 are modified slightly to avoid intracardiac trauma. The lesion is potentially serious and is probably entirely preventable if care is exercised in the placement of the venous catheter.
Ductility degradation of vacuum-plasma-sprayed NARloy-Z at elevated temperatures

Abstract Vacuum plasma spray forming is being used in the near-net fabrication of aerospace components at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Alabama. For example, vacuum-plasma-sprayed (VPS) NARloy-Z (a copper-based alloy with high thermal conductivity) is used to form the combustion chamber liner of liquid rocket engines. VPS NARloy-Z possesses properties comparable with the wrought alloy at temperatures ranging from −259 to 316 °C. However, VPS material exhibits lower ductility than the wrought material at chamber operating temperatures (ranging from 427 to 649 °C). Because of these findings, an investigation was initiated into the mechanisms responsible for the loss of high-temperature ductility. Fracture analysis indicated that ductility loss at elevated temperatures is associated with a transition in fracture mode from transgranular to intergranular. Low-ductility specimens featured extensive grain boundary cavitation with limited grain elongation in the stress direction. Grain size also influenced the high-temperature ductility; finer grained material is more ductile. VPS NARloy-Z had more cavities at grain boundaries and a higher bulk oxygen content than wrought NARloy-Z. The ductility loss at high temperatures appears to have been caused by compounding effects of excessive oxygen and grain boundary cavitation. High-temperature ductility was improved by altering the thermal processing (pre-hot isostatic pressing (HIP) vacuum anneal, HIP and post-HIP vacuum aging) to reduce oxygen and enhance grain boundary integrity.
In vivo fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue and liver of meal-fed rats.

SummaryThe results of these studies show that lipogenesis is enhanced in liver and adipose tissue of intact rats as a consequence of meal-feeding. Fatty acid synthesis was approximately 200-fold higher in adipose tissue and 9-fold higher in liver of meal-fed as compared to nibbling rats. Increases in fatty acid radioactivity in adipose tissue, liver and serum were observed between 6 and 9 hours after the initiation of the meal. A possible explanation for these changes is proposed. Serum glucose and serum liver total lipid and cholesterol levels were also determined and no significant alterations due to meal-feeding were noted. From the observed rates of glucose-U-14C incorporation into liver and adipose tissue fatty acids an estimate was made of the relative importance of these tissues as sites of fatty acid synthesis. These calculations suggest that in the nibbling rat 50-90% of the fatty acids are synthesized in adipose tissue whereas when fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by meal-feeding, adipose tiss...
Acute alcohol intoxication, mood states and alcohol metabolism in women and men

Abstract The course of alcohol absorption and elimination was investigated in seven women and nine men administered a moderate (0.66 ml/kg) dose of 95% ethanol. Women were tested during the postmenstrual phase (Day 6–7), when levels of estrogen and progesterone were estimated to be relatively low. Data reflecting alterations in physical sensations, perceived levels of intoxication, and positive and negative mood states were also collected. Women reached significantly higher peak blood alcohol concentrations (BAC's) than men ( p
Ultraviolet A sensitivity in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome: Possible involvement of cholesta-5,7,9(11)-trien-3β-ol

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe developmental disorder caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene coding for 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) reductase, the enzyme involved in the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. SLOS homozygotes exhibit marked deficiency of cholesterol in plasma and tissues with concomitant increase in 7-DHC. Ultraviolet A (UVA) photosensitivity has been recognized as part of SLOS with maximal response occurring at 350 nm. 7-DHC itself has no UVA absorption and so cannot be the direct cause of SLOS photosensitivity. However, cholesta-5,7,9(11)-trien-3beta-ol (9-DDHC), a metabolite of 7-DHC, has been detected in plasma from SLOS patients. Because 9-DDHC has strong absorption in the UVA range (approximately 15,000 @ 324 nm), we have examined its photobiology to determine whether it could be involved in SLOS photosensitivity. High levels of 7-DHC (0.65 mg/100 g wet weight) and measurable amounts of 9-DDHC (0.042 mg/100 g wet weight) were found in skin lipids extracted from CD-1 mice treated with AY9944 (trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride), an inhibitor of 7-DHC reductase. Human HaCaT keratinocytes treated with 9-DDHC (10 microM) and then immediately exposed to UVA (15 J/cm2) exhibited an 88% decrease in viability (compared to dark controls). No damage was observed in cells exposed to 7-DHC/UVA or UVA alone. However, HaCaT keratinocytes treated with 7-DHC (5 microM) for 15 h and then exposed to UVA (30 J/cm2) were damaged. 9-DDHC was detected in keratinocytes incubated with 7-DHC. Reactive oxygen species were detected in 9-DDHC/UVA-exposed cells using the fluorescent probe 5-(and 6-)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester. Singlet oxygen was generated when 9-DDHC was UVA irradiated in CCl4. UVA irradiation of 9-DDHC in acetonitrile generated superoxide and carbon-centered and alkoxyl radicals which were trapped by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. These findings suggest that reactive oxygen species generated by 9-DDHC may play a role in the UVA skin photosensitivity of SLOS patients. Furthermore, several statin drugs inhibit 7-DHC reductase, in addition to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoenzymeA reductase, so that 9-DDHC may also be responsible for statin-derived photosensitivity, dermatoses, and cataract formation. Finally, we have previously detected 9-DDHC in skin lipids from normal subjects, so this sterol may also be the skin chromophore responsible for skin photoaging and UV-induced skin cancer.
A vision for better health: Mass spectrometry imaging for clinical diagnostics

Background Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool that grants the ability to investigate a broad mass range of molecules from small molecules to large proteins by creating detailed distribution maps of selected compounds. Its usefulness in biomarker discovery towards clinical applications has obtained success by correlating the molecular expression of tissues acquired from MSI with well-established histology.
Stages of capitalism: The business of American Jewish Dramatists

In the explosion of talent associated with American Jewry in this century, Broadway has virtually stood at ground zero. To the New York-based stage, Jews have contributed to a startlingly disproportionate degree, whether in owning and operating its theatres, in directing and supporting its productions, or in entertaining its audiences through humor and song in the supremely American form of the musical comedy. When they get serious, Jews have also projected some of the most searing visions into our condition that the nation's writers have offered us.
The effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the adrenergic activation of glycogenolysis in rat hepatocytes

The fatty acid composition of total lipids and the adrenoceptor-mediated activation of glycogenolysis were studied in isolated hepatocytes from rats maintained on a control diet or on an essential fatty acid (EFA)-free diet. In cells from rats on the EFA-free diet there was a marked reduction in linoleic and arachidonic acid (AA) contents and an increase in eicosatrienoic, oleic, and palmitoleic acid contents compared to controls. In freshly isolated cells from both groups, phosphorylase a activity was increased by phenylephrine or epinephrine but not by isoproterenol, and the effect of epinephrine was inhibited by phenoxybenzamine but not by propranolol. When control cells were preincubated in a serum-free buffer for 4 h before testing, the effect of phenylephrine on phosphorylase a activity was reduced, isoproterenol became a potent agonist and the effect of epinephrine was partially inhibited either by phenoxybenzamine or by propranolol. The emerging beta-adrenergic response in 4-h cells was associated with a marked potentiation of isoproterenol-induced cAMP accumulation. A similar 4-h preincubation of EFA-deficient cells resulted in a reduced response to phenylephrine while isoproterenol remained ineffective for increasing either phosphorylase a activity or cAMP production. The response of these 4-h cells to isoproterenol could be restored by in vivo replacement of the EFA-deficient diet with control diet for the last 4 weeks prior to the experiment, but not by the in vitro exposure of the EFA-deficient cells to 10 microM AA throughout the 4-h incubation period. Extending previous observations (Refs. (6-8)), the present results suggest that the time-dependent emergence of beta-adrenergic glycogenolysis, but not the parallel reduction of the alpha-adrenergic response, is mediated by AA or its metabolite(s), which probably act by facilitating the G-protein-dependent coupling of beta-receptors.
In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s

"An analytic overview of the history of social welfare and juvenile justice in Boston..[Schneider] traces cogently the origins, development, and ultimate failure of Protestant and Catholic reformers' efforts to ameliorate working-class poverty and juvenile delinquency." --Choice "Anyone who wants to understand why America's approach to juvenile justice doesn't work should read In the Web of Class." --Michael B. Katz,University of Pennsylvania
An NMR procedure for determining methoxyl positions of coumarin trimethylsilyl ethers using the benzene induced solvent shift

Abstract The change in NMR chemical shift of methoxyl groups on coumarin trimethylsilyl ethers in benzene relative to chloroform or carbon tetrachloride correlates with the methoxyl position on the ring. The solvent shift is in the order 5,7 > 6 > 8.
The Effects of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate on Driving Behaviors in Young Adults With ADHD Assessed With the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire

Abstract Purpose Young adults with ADHD have been shown to be at increased risk for impairment in driving behaviors. Although stimulant medications have proven efficacy in reducing ADHD symptomatology, there is limited knowledge as to their effects on driving behavior. The focus of this report is on assessing the impact of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) on driving behaviors in young adults with ADHD using a validated driving behavior questionnaire. Methods This assessment was carried out in the context of a randomized, double-blind, 6-week, placebo-controlled, parallel-design study of LDX versus placebo. Subjects were 61 outpatients of both sexes, 18–26 years of age, who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, criteria for ADHD. Subjects were randomized to receive LDX or placebo for 6 weeks. Driving behavior was assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment using a U.S. version of the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ). Results Highly significant improvements were documented on LDX, over placebo, in driving behaviors assessed through the DBQ in measures of driving errors, driving lapses, and a trend toward fewer driving violations. There were no meaningful associations between these DBQ results and previously documented changes in a laboratory driving simulation paradigm or with improvement in symptoms of ADHD assessed through the ADHD rating scale. Conclusions LDX treatment was associated with significant improvements in self-reported driving behaviors that were independent of improvement in symptoms of ADHD. These results suggest that LDX may reduce behaviors associated with driving risks in young adults with ADHD.
Multiple Family Group Therapy: An Interpersonal/Postmodern Approach:

Multiple Family Group Therapy has been identified as a viable treatment model for a variety of client populations. A combination of family systems theories and therapeutic group factors provide the opportunity to explore multiple levels of intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships between families. All group members are afforded the opportunity of both giving and receiving feedback about strengthening their own family ties. This article depicts a Multiple Family Group Therapy model based on interpersonal and postmodern theories of therapy. A theoretical base is provided in conjunction with descriptions of weekly activities.
Physical and chemical properties of soils under some piñon-juniper-oak canopies in a semi-arid ecosystem in New Mexico

Abstract Pinon ( Pinus edulis )-juniper ( Juniperus monosperma )-ecosystems increased substantially in the western USA during the 20th century. Sustainability of these ecosystems primarily depends on soil quality and water availability. This study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the effect of tree species on soil physical quality in a semi-arid region in the western part of Sugarite Canyon, northeast of Raton, Colfax County, NM (37°56′32″N and 104°23′00″W) USA. Three cores and three bulk soil samples were obtained from the site under the canopy of three juniper, Gambel oak ( Quercus gambelii ) and pinon trees for 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths. These samples were analyzed for particle size distribution, soil bulk density ( ρ b ), water stable aggregation (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations and stocks. Sand content was greater under juniper (48%) than oak (32%), whereas clay content followed the opposite trend. The ρ b , WSA, MWD, pH and EC were similar under juniper, pinon, oak canopies for both depths. Estimated (from Philip and Green and Ampt infiltration models) and measured water infiltration parameters did not vary among these sites and were in accord with the values for ρ b , WSA and MWD. The SOC concentrations and stocks were greater under oak (43.1 Mg ha −1 for 0–10 and 37.5 Mg ha −1 for 10–20 cm depths) than pinon (23.3 Mg ha −1 for 0–10 and 18.5 Mg ha −1 for 10–20 cm depths). The TN concentrations were greater under oak (3.4 g kg −1 ) than pinon (1.7 g kg −1 ) for the 0–10 cm depth only. Accumulation of detritus material under tree canopies reduced soil compaction and crusting caused by raindrop impact and increased SOC, and TN concentrations, and water infiltration. Coefficients of variation ranged from low to moderate for most soil properties except infiltration rate at 2.5 h, which was highly variable. Overall, soil quality for each site was good and soil aggregation, water infiltration and SOC concentrations were high, and soil ρ b was low.
Vertical integration of an In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.85/As modulation-doped field effect transistor and GaAs laser grown by molecular beam epitaxy

A vertically integrated structure consisting of an In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.85/As pseudomorphic modulation doped field effect transistor (MODFET) and a GaAs graded index separate confinement heterostructure single quantum well (GRINSCH SQW) laser was grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Wafers containing integrated MODFET/laser layers produced MODFETs with DC and microwave performance comparable to wafers containing only MODFET layers, indicating that the modulation doping and the strained In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.85/As channel were largely unaffected by the long, high temperature laser growth. The lasers had threshold currents similar to identical structures grown on n-type substrates and the integrated structures had a -3dB modulation bandwidth of 3.5 GHz. >
Elasticity of monticellite

The adiabatic single-crystal elastic moduli of a natural sample of monticellite (CaMgSiO4), with the olivine crystal structure, have been measured under ambient conditions using Brillouin spectroscopy. From the single-crystal moduli the aggregate bulk and shear moduli are calculated to be Ks=106±1 and μ = 55.2±0.4 GPa, respectively. These results are consistent with a systematic decrease in bulk modulus with increasing molar volume among the olivine-structured silicates. The longitudinal moduli decrease in the order c11>c33>c22, indicating that the structure is stiffest along the a axis and most compliant along the b axis. This relationship among the longitudinal moduli holds for all silicate and germanate olivines, and is thus inferred to result from the topology of the olivine crystal structure. However, the moduli obtained in this study are at variance with previous conclusions concerning deviations from the Cauchy relations (e.g. c12=c44). For monticellite, off-diagonal shear moduli of the c12-type are uniformly greater than pure shear moduli such as c44. Similar behavior is found in pyroxenes such as diopside. The relative magnitudes of shear and off-diagonal moduli are not, therefore, a diagnostic chemical signature in minerals with complex crystal structures.
Learning from Cartograms: The Effects of Region Familiarity

Abstract Value-by-area maps, or cartograms, are a curiosity-provoking method of depicting geographically related data. The use of cartograms for learning such data involves a learner's familiarity with the region depicted and the distortion of true, earth-centered scale. To examine the effects of region familiarity and region distortion on learning from cartograms, college undergraduates viewed a true-scale map of either a familiar or an unfamiliar region followed by either a cartogram or a data map of the same region. They then drew the true-scale map from memory, and matched map data-levels on a cued-recall map. Long-term familiarity was observed as an important prerequisite for successful use of cartograms. Cartogram depiction of unfamiliar regions resulted in inaccurate reconstructions and degraded levels of data recall. The results were interpreted with respect to cognitive theoretical assumptions. Suggestions were made regarding the instructional use of cartograms.
Solution Structures of a DNA Dodecamer Duplex with and without a Cisplatin 1,2-d(GG) Intrastrand Cross-Link: Comparison with the Same DNA Duplex Containing an Oxaliplatin 1,2-d(GG) Intrastrand Cross-Link

Proteins that discriminate between cisplatin-DNA adducts and oxaliplatin-DNA adducts are thought to be responsible for the differences in tumor range, toxicity, and mutagenicity of these two important chemotherapeutic agents. However, the structural basis for differential protein recognition of these adducts has not been determined and could be important for the design of more effective platinum anticancer agents. We have determined high-resolution NMR structures for cisplatin-GG and undamaged DNA dodecamers in the AGGC sequence context and have compared these structures with the oxaliplatin-GG structure in the same sequence context determined previously in our laboratory. This structural study allows the first direct comparison of cisplatin-GG DNA and oxaliplatin-GG DNA solution structures referenced to undamaged DNA in the same sequence context. Non-hydrogen atom rmsds of 0.81 and 1.21 were determined for the 15 lowest-energy structures for cisplatin-GG DNA and undamaged DNA, respectively, indicating good structural convergence. The theoretical NOESY spectra obtained by back-calculation from the final average structures showed excellent agreement with the experimental data, indicating that the final structures are consistent with the NMR data. Several significant conformational differences were observed between the cisplatin-GG adduct and the oxaliplatin-GG adduct, including buckle at the 5' G6.C19 base pair, opening at the 3' G7.C18 base pair, twist at the A5G6.T20C19 base pair step, slide, twist, and roll at the G6G7.C19C18 base pair step, slide at the G7C8.C18G17 base pair step, G6G7 dihedral angle, and overall bend angle. We hypothesize that these conformational differences may be related to the ability of various DNA repair proteins, DNA binding proteins, and DNA polymerases to discriminate between cisplatin-GG and oxaliplatin-GG adducts.
The conflict between natural flavor conservation of Higgs couplings and cabibbo mixing in SU(2)L × U(1)

Abstract The general problem of conservation of strangeness and other quark flavors by the exchange of several neutral Higgs mesons is investigated in SU(2)L × U(1). We find that the horizontal symmetries necessary to enforce this conservation conflict with the known Cabibbo mixing. In particular, if the quarks form an irreducible representation of the horizontal symmetry, the mixing angles are all trivial (i.e., 0 or π 2 ); if they form a reducible representation, it is possible to have some nontrivial mixing angles, but only if there are several unmixed generations of quarks with exactly the same relative pattern of masses and mixings.
FREE-AIR TURBULENCE

Abstract Eighteen hundred seventy-seven layers of turbulence, measured between 3000-18,300 m at four widely separated locations during all seasons by a parachuted telemetering instrument, have been analyzed by reducing the data to punched cards with the corresponding meteorological data. The altitude distribution of the layers exhibited three relative maxima (7400, 11,000, and 14,400 m), and three relative minima (6200, 9500, and 12,800 m). The first maximum, due to fronts, is the strongest. The other two are associated with the jet stream and probably represent clear-air turbulence. The trend is for turbulence to increase from 3000 to 7400 m, then to decrease slightly to 14,400 m, and then to decrease rapidly to 18,300 m. The average thickness of the layers was 239 m ; 87 per cent were less than 400 m thick. Most of this turbulence was indicated to be fairly persistent and moderate to heavy, having horizontal dimensions of at least 10 to 20 mi. This turbulence is below normal at the lowest freezing level...
Examining the effect of level of stress on firefighters’ time-to-decision in virtual reality

Highly immersive virtual reality environments were used to examine firefighters’ decision making process and choice. We report here the effects of acute occupationally-relevant stress level on time-to-decision. When comparing low to high-stress situations, time spent on enhancing situational awareness and overall time-to-decision were significantly longer in the low stress setting. However, time spent on reviewing information that was not embedded in the environment was not statically different. Analysis indicated that stress level did not significantly affect the distribution of final choice.We propose that when stress increases, firefighters sacrifice time available to them to enhance their situational awareness rather than sacrifice information review time; however, stress per se, did not affect their decision choice.
Flash-Fire Propensity of Plastics and Elastomers

Various plastics and elastomers were evaluated for flash-fire propensity, using the USF flash-fire screening test method. The test results were compared with those obtained with the NBS and Douglas...
A CHANDRA OBSERVATION OF SNR 0540 - 697

This paper describes a Chandra observation of SNR 0540−697 within the Hii complex N159 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Scattering from the nearby bright source LMC X-1, which obscures the western edge of the remnant, has been removed. Larger than previously believed, the 2. 0 × 2. 8 remnant is defined by optical filaments and two lobes of X-ray emission. A band of intervening material absorbs X-rays from the central part of the remnant. The N Lobe of the remnant is relatively bright and well defined, while emission from the S Lobe is much weaker. There is structure within the N Lobe but no clear X-ray emission from an outer shell indicating a shock in the interstellar medium. The X-ray spectrum is thermal with emission lines from Fe, Mg, and Si. The observed temperature and luminosity of the hot gas are 0.6 keV and 6 × 10 35 erg s −1 , respectively. These are consistent with characteristics expected for older remnants. There is also diffuse thermal X-ray emission north of N159 extending into N160, evidence for a larger remnant or bubble.
Phosphatidylserine Receptors: Role of CD36 in Binding of Anionic Phospholipid Vesicles to Monocytic Cells

Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) has been implicated in the recognition and phagocytosis of senescent and apoptotic cells, and CD36 has been proposed as one receptor protein that recognizes PtdSer and other anionic phospholipids. We investigated the binding of phospholipid vesicles to the monocytic leukemia cell lines THP-1 and J774A.1 with a flow cytometric assay; vesicles contained 50 mol% PtdSer, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), or phosphatidylglycerol (PtdGro), with the balance being phosphatidylcholine. Specific, high affinity binding was observed for vesicles containing PtdSer, PtdIns, or PtdGro. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by control experiments with erythrocytes, which showed minimal vesicle binding, and with annexin V, which blocked the binding of PtdSer, PtdGro, and PtdIns vesicles to the THP-1 cells. However, O-phospho-L-serine (to 1 mM) had no effect on the binding of PtdSer vesicles, indicating that high affinity binding requires a surface containing multiple phosphoserine groups rather than a single molecule. A monoclonal antibody to CD36 blocked up to 60% of the specific binding of PtdSer vesicles but had minimal to no effect on the binding of PtdGro or PtdIns vesicles. This antibody also selectively inhibited the phagocytosis of PtdSer-containing vesicles as measured by fluorescence microscopy, indicating that CD36 is functionally significant for phagocytosis of this vesicle type. In addition, collagen and thrombospondin, two other putative ligands of CD36, were unable to inhibit the binding of PtdSer vesicles. We conclude that CD36 is the primary protein responsible for the high affinity binding of PtdSer vesicles to these monocyte-like cells. In addition, CD36 appears to be specific for PtdSer among anionic phospholipids, and non-phospholipid ligands of CD36 do not share binding sites with PtdSer on CD36.