cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The “Interior Resonance” Problem Associated with Surface Integral Equations of Electromagnetics: Numerical Consequences and a Survey of Remedies

ABSTRACT It is well known that certain surface integral equations used to describe exterior electromagnetic scattering problems may not produce unique solutions if applied to closed geometries that also represent resonant cavities. This paper explores the numerical consequences of the uniqueness problem. The “interior resonance” problem and several proposed remedies are illustrated using the eigenvalues of the integral operators for circular cylinders. Although an eigenvalue of the continuous integral operator vanishes at a resonance frequency, discretization error may prevent the associated matrix eigenvalue from becoming appreciably small. Inaccurate results are due to an incorrect balance between the excitation and the small matrix eigenvalue near a resonance frequency.
Followership: The Theoretical Foundation of a Contemporary Construct

This article presents the theoretical foundation of followership. The words follower and followership are increasingly used in discussions of leadership and organizations, and many think that the f...
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance With T2-Weighted Imaging Improves Detection of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Emergency Department

Background— Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging permits early triage of patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain but has been limited by the inability to different...
Asphyxia, cardiac arrest and resuscitation in rats. II. Long term behavioral changes

This study in 53 rats was conducted to investigate a mild insult, sensitive parameter model in contrast to a severe insult, severe damage model of brain resuscitation. Up to now, the latter approach, which causes neuropathologic changes and neurological abnormalities, has not provided unequivocal data on pharmacological measures to ameliorate post-anoxic brain damage, because of logistical difficulties and many extracranial complicating factors. As tracheotomy and oral intubation in rats proved impractical in studies on recovery from asphyxia, transtracheal jet ventilation was tested in 14 rats as a measure for effective prolonged and reversible control of airway and ventilation. Subsequently, in 37 other rats we studied, during the first post-insult week, the effects of anesthesia, with or without 6 min asphyxia, on behavior, i.e. unrestrained spontaneous locomotor activity and two sessions of one-trial passive avoidance. Transtracheal jet ventilation proved a reliable method for reversible and prolonged controlled ventilation in rats. Spontaneous locomotor activity was affected for at least 48 h after anesthesia and differently so after asphyxia. Passive avoidance was affected only after asphyxia. The recovery of behavior was delayed for days, whereas the recovery of neurologic deficits was only delayed for several post-asphyxia hours. The asphyxiated rats showed hyper-excitability for at least 2 weeks. The existence of abnormal behavior during recovery from mild anoxic-ischemic insults to the brain provides parameters for evaluation of therapies of the post-resuscitation disease in a model without the difficulties encountered in models with severe insults, which made post-insult intensive care necessary. The mild insult, sensitive parameter model is promising and further work in this direction is indicated.
Lattice dynamics and hyperfine interactions of the intercalation compounds FexTiS2 (x = 14, 13, and 12) and Fe13NbS2 from 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract The intercalates Fe x TiS 2 (x = 1 4 , 1 3 , and 1 2 ) and Fe 1 3 NbS 2 have been prepared and characterized by 57Fe Mossbauer effect spectroscopy. From isomer shift systematics it is inferred that the electron configuration of the iron atom in these compounds is formally +2, high spin. Fe 1 2 TiS 2 shows magnetic ordering at temperatures below about 140 K, and the internal field at 4.2 K is approximately 30 kOe. Temperature-dependent Mossbauer measurements permit a calculation of the effective vibrating mass of the resonant moiety and a lattice temperature as probed by the Mossbauer atom. The former is nearly constant and that expected for a “bare” iron atom, while the latter varies over a significant range for the four title compounds, despite the similarity in the nearest-neighbor environment around the metal atom in all cases. This variation can be accounted for by the differences in the sulfur bonding modes in these compounds.
Global norms and local politics: uses and abuses of education gender quotas in Tajikistan

In Central Asia, the post‐Soviet transformation period has been accompanied by significant economic and social costs, including the widening of the gender gaps in politics, economy and the social sphere. Tajikistan, which receives the largest amount of international aid and has the worst record of gender inequity in Central Asia, has quickly responded to the worsening situation by introducing quotas favoring female representation in politics, labor market and education. This article examines the context within which international gender equity norms were introduced in the 1990s as well as the factors that account for the variation in implementation of these policies. By using the case study of Tajikistan, this article suggests that the introduction of policies favoring female participation in political, economic and social life has largely depended on the transfer of international discourses on gender equality, while their implementation has been halted by historical legacies, economic realities and local...
Cervical cancer screening among low-income women: results of a national screening program, 1991-1995.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the results of cervical cytology screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program and to compare the findings with results from other screening programs. Methods: We analyzed data on 312,858 women aged 18 years and older who received one or more Papanicolaou smears, and follow-up if indicated, from October 1991 through June 1995 at screening sites across the United States providing comprehensive National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program services. Results: Of the women screened, more than half were 40 years or older; slightly less than half (44%) were of racial and ethnic minorities. During the first screening cycle, 3.8% of Papanicolaou tests were reported as abnormal (squamous intraepithelial lesion [SIL] or squamous cell cancer); proportions of abnormals decreased with increasing age. The age-adjusted rate of biopsy-confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or worse among women screened was 7.4 per 1000 Papanicolaou tests; rates of CIN were highest among young women, but cancer rates peaked among women in their 50s and 60s. The percentages of first screening cycle–Papanicolaou tests interpreted as high-grade SIL and squamous cell carcinoma associated with biopsy-confirmed CIN II or worse (the positive predictive value) were 56.0% for CIN II/III and 3.7% for invasive cancer. Of the 150 invasive cancers diagnosed, 54.0% were classified as local disease. Conclusion: Observed results emphasize the duality of cervical neoplasia—CIN in younger women and invasive cancer in older women. This finding points to the importance of reaching both younger and older women for cervical cancer screening. (Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:745–52.)
Design Thinking: Promoting Diversity Through Global Immersion

Students must experience diversity if they are to embrace it. This article describes the process of integrating a required global experience into two design units and recommends integration strategies for other family and consumer sciences programs. The global focus began in 2000 with Interior Design's participation in a Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education grant. Semester student exchanges over 3 years were between Mexico, Canada, and the United States. The Interior Design and Fashion Design and Merchandising units then partnered with a Milan, Italy, design school for students to experience Italian culture, design, and language. Curricula were revised to allow for international semester programs, to enhance students' diversity sensitivity. Pedagogical considerations included philosophy identification, program design, and interdisciplinary collaborations.
The Treatment of Recurrent Central Serous Chorioretinopathy With Intravitreal Bevacizumab

Abstract Purpose: To study the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab injection in recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods: Retrospective case series. Patients followed at the Yale Eye Center with a diagnosis of recurrent CSC who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab from January 2007 to January 2009 were studied. Intravitreal injections of bevacizumab were given once every 4 weeks until sub-retinal fluid resolved. We collected preinjection visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography imaging, number of injections administered, OCT data after each injection, and visual acuity after each injection. Each patient was followed for a minimum of 6 months. Results: Three patients met the inclusion criteria. All patients were men and aged from 39 to 46 years. All patients had recurrent disease. None had received prior treatment. Mean preinjection visual acuity was logMar 0.30, with a median of 0.30. Mean postbevacizumab visual acuity was 0.03, 0.07, and 0.03 at 1, ...
Causing Students to Choose More Language Arts Work: Enhancing the Validity of the Additive Interspersal Procedure.

Research on the additive interspersal procedure was extended by exposing seventh-grade students to curricula-based (e.g., educationally valid) language arts assignments. In Experiment I, each student was given a control language arts assignment containing 20 discrete target items and an experimental assignment containing 24 equivalent target items, plus eight interspersed briefer items. After working on both assignments for 10 minutes, significantly more students chose a new experimental assignment for homework. Individual analysis showed that 85% of the students preferred or chose the assignment associated with higher discrete task completion rates. In Experiment II, students completed both assignments. Results extended previous research by showing that even after expending more effort to complete the 20% more target items plus the additional interspersed items on the experimental assignments, significantly more students chose an experimental assignment for homework. Applied and theoretical implications are discussed along with limitations of the current study and directions for future research.
Biophysical and Biochemical Sources of Variability in Canopy Reflectance

Abstract Analyses of various biophysical and biochemical factors affecting plant canopy reflectance have been carried out over the past few decades, yet the relative importance of these factors has not been adequately addressed. A combination of field and modeling techniques were used to quantify the relative contribution of leaf, stem, and litter optical properties (incorporating known variation in foliar biochemical properties) and canopy structural attributes to nadir-viewed vegetation reflectance data. Variability in tissue optical properties was wavelength-dependent. For green foliage, the lowest variation was in the visible (VIS) spectral region and the highest in the near-infrared (NIR). For standing litter material, minimum variation occurred in the VIS/NIR, while the largest differences were observed in the shortwave-IR (SWIR). Woody stem material showed opposite trends, with lowest variation in the SWIR and highest in the NIR. Leaf area index (LAI) and leaf angle distribution (LAD) were the dominant controls on canopy reflectance data with the exception of soil reflectance and vegetation cover in sparse canopies. Leaf optical properties (and thus foliar chemistry) were expressed most directly at the canopy level in the NIR, but LAI and LAD strongly controlled the relationship between leaf and canopy spectral characteristics. Stem material played a small but significant role in determining canopy reflectance in woody plant canopies, especially those with LAI
Intrinsic stress evolution in nanocrystalline diamond thin films with deposition temperature

The stress evolution in nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films deposited at different temperatures (from 800to400°C) was investigated. Results showed that the intrinsic stress gradually changed from tensile to compressive with decreasing deposition temperature. Most importantly, the intrinsic stress can be tailored to zero by adjusting the deposition temperature, which is critical to many applications. It has been proven that more H as well as sp2 bonded carbon was incorporated into the grain boundaries, which was responsible for the evolution of stress and other mechanical properties with deposition temperature. Moreover, all the NCD films showed excellent mechanical properties.
Multiple monovalent ion-dependent pathways for the folding of the L-21 Tetrahymena thermophila ribozyme.

Abstract Synchrotron hydroxyl radical (·OH) footprinting is a technique that monitors the local changes in solvent accessibility of the RNA backbone on milliseconds to minutes time-scales. The Mg 2+ -dependent folding of the L-21 Sca 1 Tetrahymena thermophila ribozyme has been followed using this technique at an elevated concentration of monovalent ion (200 mM NaCl) and as a function of the initial annealing conditions and substrate. Previous studies conducted at low concentrations of monovalent ion displayed sequential folding of the P4–P6 domain, the peripheral helices and the catalytic core, with each protection displaying monophasic kinetics. For ribozyme annealed in buffer containing 200 mM NaCl and folded by the addition of 10 mM MgCl 2 , multiple kinetic phases are observed for ·OH protections throughout the ribozyme. The independently folding P4–P6 domain is the first to fold with its protections displaying 50–90% burst phase amplitudes. That the folding of P4–P6 within the ribozyme does not display the 100% burst phase of isolated P4–P6 at 200 mM NaCl shows that interactions with the remainder of the ribozyme impede this domain's folding. In addition, ·OH protections constituting each side of a tertiary contact are not coincident in some cases, consistent with the formation of transient non-native interactions. While the peripheral contacts and triple helical scaffold exhibit substantial burst phases, the slowest protection to appear is J8/7 in the catalytic core, which displays a minimal burst amplitude and whose formation is coincident with the recovery of catalytic activity. The number of kinetic phases as well as their amplitudes and rates are different when the ribozyme is annealed in low-salt buffer and folded by the concomitant addition of monovalent and divalent cations. Annealed substrate changes the partitioning of the ribozyme among the multiple folding populations. These results provide a map of the early steps in the ribozyme's folding landscape and the degree to which the preferred pathways are dependent upon the initial reaction conditions.
Convergence of the coupled-wave method for metallic lamellar diffraction gratings

Numerical evidence is presented that shows that, for metallic lamellar gratings in TM polarization, the coupled-wave method formulated by Moharam and Gaylord [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A3, 1780 ( 1986)] converges slowly. (In some cases, for achieving a relative error of less than 1% in diffraction efficiencies, the number of spatial harmonics retained in the computation must be much greater than 100.) By classification of the modal methods for analyzing diffraction gratings into two distinct categories, the cause for the slow convergence is analyzed and attributed to the use of Fourier expansions to represent the permittivity and the electromagnetic fields in the grating region. The eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions of the modal fields in the grating region, whose accurate determination is crucial to the success of the coupled-wave method, are shown to converge slowly as a result of the use of these Fourier expansions. Despite its versatility and simplicity, the coupled-wave method should be used with caution for metallic surface-relief gratings in TM polarization.
Measuring public sector size in the advanced market economy countries: The problem of deflators

A great deal of scholarly attention has been directed to understanding the causes of the growth of the public sector in the developed market economy countries in recent decades. Unfortunately, this literature has been clouded by uncertainty over measurement of the central variable at issue, the relative size of the public sector. Traditionally, public sector size has been measured as the ratio of government expenditures to GDP, with both figures expressed in current national currencies. Recently, however, this standard approach has been criticized by those who argue that figures for government expenditures and GDP should be separately deflated to account for different rates of inflation in the public sector and the economy as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to explore the empirical relationship between same- and different-deflator indicators of public sector size, focusing on social expenditures in 19 developed market economy countries over the period 1960–1981. The analysis finds that same- and different-deflator indicators are generally strongly correlated and that the choice of deflators, while of some importance, is not of overriding significance in assessing four major explanation of public sector growth in the countries examined.
Linear and non-linear spectroscopy of tetravalent actinide ions in CeF4

Abstract This paper reports laser spectroscopy studies on the tetravalent actinide ions Bk 4+ and Cf 4+ doped into CeF 4 . Fluorescence line narrowing (FLN) and spectral hole burning were applied to unravel the complex 5f state spectra that arise from inhomogeneous line broadening and the presence of two intrinsic metal ion sites. When a persistent spectral hole was burned in an inhomogeneously broadened zero phonon line of 1 at.% Cf 4+ in CeF 4 , satellite spectral holes were also observed in other inhomogeneously broadened lines of Cf 4+ . In the FLN spectra of 0.1 at.% Bk 4+ in CeF 4 , a linear relationship was observed between the excitation-laser photon energy and the energies of the Bk 4+ emission lines. These experimental results can be understood in terms of one limit of a general model of inhomogeneous broadening, namely the limit in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between the optical transition energy and local structure in a disordered system.
Readiness for change and short-term outcomes of female adolescents in residential treatment for anorexia nervosa.

Objective: To determine if readiness for change (RFC) at admission predicted length of stay (LOS) and short-term outcomes among female adolescents in residential treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN). Method: Using a prospective cohort design to collect data from participants (N = 65) at admission and discharge, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression tested whether RFC on admission predicted time in LOS to a favorable short-term outcome—a composite endpoint based on minimum criteria for weight gain, drive for thinness, depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Results: Participants with low RFC had a mean survival time to a favorable short-term outcome of 59.4 days compared to 34.1 days for those with high RFC (log rank = 8.44, df = 1, p = .003). The probability of a favorable short-term outcome was 5.30 times greater for participants with high RFC. Conclusion: Readiness for change is a useful predictor of a favorable short-term outcome and should be considered in the assessment profile of patients with AN. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
The structure of DNA as deduced from fiber X-ray crystallography

X-ray diffraction patterns obtained experimentally for fibers, together with their chemical structures, can be analyzed theoretically in terms of an integral equation. The partially unknown electron density function can be solved by iteration. This mathematical technique has been applied with success to study the secondary structures of DNA fibers.
The effect of sodium bicarbonate administration on the vasopressor effect of high-dose epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in swine

Sodium bicarbonate is administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the treatment of systemic acidemia. However, the effect of administering standard-dose sodium bicarbonate on the vasopressor effect of epinephrine is unknown. This study compared the effects of sodium bicarbonate or normal saline on the vasopressor effect of epinephrine in 18 pigs. After 10 minutes of unassisted ventricular fibrillation, CPR was started using a pneumatic chest compression device. Two minutes after the start of CPR, sodium bicarbonate (1 mEq/kg) or normal saline (1 mL/kg) was administered into the right ventricule followed 1 minute later by epinephrine (0.2 mg/kg). Defibrillation was attempted at 8 minutes of CPR (18 minutes of ventricular fibrillation). Results demonstrated no significant differences in aortic systolic, aortic diastolic, or coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) between the two groups (1 minute after epinephrine, CPP was 22.6 +/- 13.3 mm Hg versus 21.1 +/- 20.7 mm Hg for the sodium bicarbonate and normal saline groups, respectively). However, when the data were stratified according to pH 7.4, the peak change in CPP was 12.7 +/- 21 mm Hg when pH 7.4 (P = .33). Resuscitation was also similar between the two groups (two of nine for sodium bicarbonate and one of nine for normal saline). In conclusion, the standard recommended dose of sodium bicarbonate did not alter the vasopressor effect of epinephrine or resuscitation compared with normal saline in this closed chest model of ventricular fibrillation and CPR.
The loading capacity of selected cation exchange resins and activated carbons for gold-thiourea complex

Abstract The loading capacities of several types of cation exchange resin and activated carbon for gold-thiourea complex has been evaluated. The maximum loading capacity after 96 hours at ambient temperature (22°C) ranged from 189 to 243 kg Au/t for the cation exchange resins and 159 to 208 kg Au/t for the activated carbons. These values are higher than the capacity values reported by previous investigators. The capacity data were used to generate equilibrium loading isotherms based on the Langmuir and Freundlich models to determine the isotherm equilibrium constants. Some major problems associated with the thiourea system for gold recovery are discussed. They include (i) analytical procedure for the determination of thiourea in solution, (ii) autodecomposition of thiourea, (iii) stabilization of thiourea and (iv) flame AAS for determination of gold in thiourea solutions. The potassium iodate method was found to be better suited than the mercuric nitrate method for the determination of thiourea in solution. Autodecomposition of thiourea was slowed down considerably by the addition of reducing agents such as cysteine. An effective procedure for the use of flame AAS to determine gold in thiourea solutions is recommended.
Sexual Attitudes and Double Standards: A Literature Review Focusing on Participant Gender and Ethnic Background

We conducted a review of literature regarding sexual attitudes and double standards, focusing on participant gender and ethnic background. We found that men had more permissive sexual attitudes than women, and that African Americans had the most permissive sexual attitudes, followed by White Americans, then by Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. The literature regarding sexual double standards was mixed; some studies showed evidence of continued sexual double standards and some studies showed the absence of sexual double standards. In some studies, men were more likely to endorse the sexual double standard than women. We found only one article addressing sexual double standards using ethnic background as a quasi-independent variable; this research revealed that non-North American (Russian and Japanese) samples were more likely to endorse the traditional double standard, that sex is more acceptable for men than for women.
Prolongation of the QTc Interval Is Seen Uniformly During Early Transmural Ischemia

Objectives In order to more clearly understand the electrocardiographic manifestations of early transmural ischemia, we studied electrocardiograms (ECGs) in patients undergoing balloon angioplasty. Background Decisions regarding reperfusion strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction rely largely on the presence of ST-segment elevation (STE) in the ECG, consequently with significant limitations. Studies of the “ischemic cascade” show that ST-segment changes occur well after the onset of wall motion abnormalities. Methods We prospectively analyzed ECGs obtained at 20-s intervals in 74 patients undergoing elective balloon angioplasty. The ECGs were analyzed using 3 methodologies. In 74 patients, the ST-segment, the T-wave, and the QT-interval were analyzed using the MUSE (General Electric HC, Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin) automated system (MUSE). Fifty patients were also analyzed using the Interval Editor automated system (IE; General Electric HC). In 20 patients, measurements were made manually. Results Transmural ischemia prolonged the QTc interval (using the Bazett’s formula) in 100% of patients. In all 74 patients analyzed with MUSE, QTc interval prolonged from 423 ± 25 ms to 455 ± 34 ms (p Conclusions The QTc interval prolongs in 100% of patients with early transmural ischemia. When compared with clinically accepted indexes of transmural ischemia (i.e., STD and STE [≥1 mm]) it is the earliest ECG abnormality.
A new kinesin tree

Dagenbach, E. M. and Endow, S. A. (2004). A new kinesin tree. J. Cell Sci. 117 , [3-7][1]. The neck analysis entries in Table 1 were not aligned correctly in both the print and online versions of this paper. The corrected [Table 1][2] is shown below. We apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Discrimination of loudness similarity

Interval and ratio scale values were derived from measures of variability in the discrimination of loudness similarity. The interval values are linearly related to interval values based on equisection judgments (Garner, 1954), cumulating jnds (Riesz, 1933), and the dispersion of absolute judgments (Gamer, 1952). Scale values based on three diverse discriminability procedures and on the method of equisection are thus in good agreement. The ratio lvalues, however, are at variance with ratio values determined by direct ratio estimations (Stevens, 1955).
Deflection of a vibrissa leads to a gradient of strain across mechanoreceptors in a mystacial follicle

Rodents use their vibrissae to detect and discriminate tactile features during active exploration. The site of mechanical transduction in the vibrissa sensorimotor system is the follicle sinus comp...
Data variability and validity: the elephant in the room.

References 1. Society of Thoracic Surgeons [Internet]. Chicago: The Society; c2010 [updated 2009 Jan 12; cited 2009 Feb 19]. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons STS National Database and Outcomes Program Participation Manual [14 pp]. Available from: http://www.sts.org/documents/pdf/ndb/Database_Manual_2009.pdf 2. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons [Internet]. Chicago: The Society; c2010 [cited 2009 Feb 17]. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Database Manager Section [about 1 index screen]. Available from: http://www.sts.org/sections/stsnationaldatabase/ datamanagers/ 3. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons [Internet]. Chicago: The Society; c2010 [updated 2006 Oct 27; cited 2009 Feb 17]. STS Adult Cardiac Database Training Manual, version 2.52 [about 1 index screen]. Available from: http://www. sts.org/sections/stsnationaldatabase/datamanagers/adultcardiacdb/datacollection/ articles/article1.html 4. Clarke DR, Breen LS, Jacobs ML. Verification of data in congenital cardiac surgery. Cardiol Young. 2008;18:177-87. 5. Fleiss JL. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol Bull. 1971;76:378-81.
Love Thyself Before Loving Others? A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Gender Differences in Body Image and Romantic Love

The present study was designed to explore the intersection of body esteem, romantic love, and gender through qualitative and quantitative analyses. Male (n = 107) and female (n = 113) undergraduates completed the Body Esteem Scale (BES), four Romantic Love Experiences Scale (RLES) subscales, and two open-ended questions about the interrelation between body esteem and relationships. For both genders, significant correlations emerged between the BES and RLES, suggesting a link between body experience and romantic relationships. Regression analyses indicated that two individual RLES variables (i.e., trust and jealousy) predicted body esteem for women but not for men. Qualitative data coding revealed that, compared to men, women were more likely to disclose that body image influenced sexual relations and that relationships affected their self-confidence. These findings illustrate the interpersonal dimensions of body image and highlight the value of quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
Sex and Helping Behavior

Summary Four studies using both opposite and same-sex dyads were conducted to examine the relationship between sex and willingness to volunteer to be a subject in an experiment. The degree of contact between the experimenter and subject was varied. In three of the four studies, a significant interaction effect was found, with subjects helping experimenters of the opposite sex more often than members of their own sex. No evidence supporting an ingratiation interpretation was found.
The agenda for redefining corporate purpose: five key executive actions

In the post‐Enron/WorldCom/Tyco environment of public distrust and tightening regulation, corporations must proactively work to regain public trust. In this skeptical environment, they must do more to reflect the fact that corporate legitimacy depends on public acceptance. The new wave of legislation and regulation can achieve only limited results. What is needed is a more radical rethinking, by corporations themselves, of their true role and purpose in society. Restating corporate purpose in terms of social needs rather than solely of maximizing profit is the surest way to be distinguished from the competition, to regain public trust, and to ultimately increase stakeholder (not merely shareowner) value. To ensure the success of this reformation the agenda for executive action must address five key points: (1) develop consensus on a revised statement of corporate purpose and values; (2) clarify the role of profit in the business equation; (3) articulate and communicate the distinctions between the old purpose, values and behaviors and the new; (4) set a strong personal example; and (5) revise the management measurement and reward system.
Do event-contingent diaries about marital conflict change marital interactions?

Abstract Recent increase in the use of diary measures has prompted questions about the effect completing diaries has on participants. After extensive training, married couples completed event-contingent diaries about their couple disagreements for 15 days, focusing on emotional and behavioral aspects of marital conflict. Serving as a control for placebo effects of participation, the diary group ( n =110) and a non-randomized control group ( n =57) also completed brief daily checklists, with minimal training, over the reporting period. Before and after the reporting period, couples engaged in videotaped conflict-resolution tasks that were coded for conflict behaviors and emotions expressed. ANOVAs comparing groups indicated that completing event-contingent diaries for 15 days had no apparent effects on observed husbands’ and wives’ expressed emotions and behaviors during marital interactions. Parental reports on the brief daily diaries indicated minimal differences between the groups in global measures of marital functioning. At the same time, husbands’ self-reports in the home indicated decreasing perceptions of marital quality over the recording period. Thus, although no differences in conflict tactics emerged based on observed marital interactions in the laboratory, certain self-reports of responding suggested potential reactivity effects.
The Sir2-Sum1 Complex Represses Transcription Using Both Promoter-Specific and Long-Range Mechanisms to Regulate Cell Identity and Sexual Cycle in the Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis

Deacetylases of the Sir2 family regulate lifespan and response to stress. We have examined the evolutionary history of Sir2 and Hst1, which arose by gene duplication in budding yeast and which participate in distinct mechanisms of gene repression. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sir2 interacts with the SIR complex to generate long-range silenced chromatin at the cryptic mating-type loci, HMLα and HMRa. Hst1 interacts with the SUM1 complex to repress sporulation genes through a promoter-specific mechanism. We examined the functions of the non-duplicated Sir2 and its partners, Sir4 and Sum1, in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, a species that diverged from Saccharomyces prior to the duplication of Sir2 and Hst1. KlSir2 interacts with both KlSir4 and KlSum1 and represses the same sets of target genes as ScSir2 and ScHst1, indicating that Sir2 and Hst1 subfunctionalized after duplication. However, the KlSir4-KlSir2 and KlSum1-KlSir2 complexes do not function as the analogous complexes do in S. cerevisiae. KlSir4 contributes to an extended repressive chromatin only at HMLα and not at HMRa. In contrast, the role of KlSum1 is broader. It employs both long-range and promoter-specific mechanisms to repress cryptic mating-type loci, cell-type–specific genes, and sporulation genes and represents an important regulator of cell identity and the sexual cycle. This study reveals that a single repressive complex can act through two distinct mechanisms to regulate gene expression and illustrates how mechanisms by which regulatory proteins act can change over evolutionary time.
Magnetospheric substorms - A newly emerging model

A surge of progress in magnetospheric substorm studies is expected by the following three recent developments: (1) the finding of the solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling function epsilon, (2) the determination of the Pedersen current distribution over the entire polar region, and (3) a new understanding of the auroral potential structure. In this paper, the significance of the three developments and the newly emerging model of magnetospheric substorms is described.
A computer-oriented undergraduate systems course

A plan for an undergraduate course in the analysis and design of control systems is presented. Fully integrated with the course is the utilization of modern computing facilities 1) as a computational basis in automatic design procedures, 2) as a medium for analog and hybrid systems simulation, and 3) as a component for online system operation. Prerequisite background courses in system analysis, computer programming, and modern mathematics are specified; a detailed course program is presented, showing an equal emphasis on the development of design procedures for continuous and/or discrete time operation of systems. In conclusion, a description of laboratory facilities required for the implementation of the course is given.
Tree growth and stand development in short-rotation Populus plantings: 7-year results for two clones at three spacings

Two Populus hybrids (11-11 and D-01) were planted in monoclonal block plantings at three spacings (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 m) near Olympia, Washington, and evaluated over a 7-year period for individual tree growth rates and above-ground stand productivity. Differences were substantial between clones and among spacings in both individual tree characteristics (height and diameter growth) and stand productivity (leaf area, basal area, or biomass production). Relative differences in growth between the clones tended to increase with spacing. Woody biomass production of clone 11-11 averaged 18.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1 at the 1.0 m spacing, whereas clone D-01 averaged only 10.1 Mg ha−1 yr−1 at that spacing. The clones differed in phenology of height and diameter growth, maximum rate of periodic height growth, tendency to produce sylleptic branches, partitioning of woody biomass, and sensitivity of growth rates to competition. All of these characteristics have important influences on the productivity of short-rotation plantations.
Mineral Composition of Normal Human Enamel and Dentin and the Relation of Composition to Dental Caries: I. Macrominerals and Comparison of Methods of Analyses:

The macromineral concentrations in enamel and dentin from 175 permanent, sound teeth were related to age, sex, and number of DMFT in the patients. Calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, and potassium concentrations were greater in enamel than in dentin, but magnesium was higher in dentin. Analytical methods were compared for four elements.
Intrapartum treatment of acute chorioamnionitis: impact on neonatal sepsis.

In a study of 312 women with acute chorioamnionitis, 152 women received antibiotics before delivery, 90 received antibiotics after cord clamping, and 70 did not receive antibiotics. Antibiotics were administered during labor rather than after cord clamping if delivery was not imminent. Although endometritis developed more frequently in the patients receiving antibiotics after cord clamping, the difference was not statistically significant (5.6% versus 3.9%, difference not significant). There were two cases of verified sepsis in the group of infants (35 weeks) born to mothers receiving intrapartum antibiotics and there were eight cases in the no antibiotics group ( p = 0.06). More importantly, in neonates ≥ 35 weeks' gestational age, there was a significant difference in the frequency of positive blood cultures for group B streptococci (0/133 versus 8/140, p
The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to assess d orbital participation in compounds of silicon and germanium

Abstract Chemical shifts in core binding energies have been determined for analogous gaseous compounds of carbon, silicon and germanium. These data, in conjunction with the atomic charge potential model and both CNDO/2 and electronegativity parameter charges, indicate that the silicon and germanium atoms in these compounds, except for SiH 4 and GeH 4 , have unexpectedly negative charges. The results are consistent with the existence of significant pπ—dπ bonding in these compounds.
Transsexuals: legal considerations.

An examination of case law in the United States leads to the conclusion that a physician or surgeon may, without fear of criminal liability, perform a sex reassignment operation upon a consenting adult or upon a consenting minor where permitted by statute. A transsexual, free from psychotic symptoms, can probably give an “informed consent” to a sex reassignment procedure but the consent, which should be in writing and witnessed by a third person, should be much more precise than the usual consent to surgical procedure. It should contain, for example, (1) name and age of patient (no operation should be undertaken without both parental approval and court authorization for a minor, unless otherwise authorized by law); (2) his or her educational background—especially if the patient has more than a high school education; (3) description of the procedure which the patient requests and consents to, i.e., removal of male genital organs and fashioning of an artificial vagina; (4) recognition by patient of general surgical complications; (5) recognition by patient of special complications of this procedure relating to urological or gynecological matters; (6) recognition by patient that he or she will no longer be able to function, sexually or procreatively, as a member of his or her anatomical sex (this could be covered in point 5 above); (7) recognition by the patient that this procedure will not change or alter his or her anatomical sex and that it is being requested and consented to solely to prevent deterioration of the patient's mental health. If contested by the State or by the spouse, it is questionable if a transsexual can contract a valid marriage. However, disclosure of prior sex or, at the very least, inability to procreate, in the case of the male transsexual, would remove any allegation or charge of fraud or misrepresentation.
Transposon integration enhances expression of stress response genes

Transposable elements possess specific patterns of integration. The biological impact of these integration profiles is not well understood. Tf1, a long-terminal repeat retrotransposon in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, integrates into promoters with a preference for the promoters of stress response genes. To determine the biological significance of Tf1 integration, we took advantage of saturated maps of insertion activity and studied how integration at hot spots affected the expression of the adjacent genes. Our study revealed that Tf1 integration did not reduce gene expression. Importantly, the insertions activated the expression of 6 of 32 genes tested. We found that Tf1 increased gene expression by inserting enhancer activity. Interestingly, the enhancer activity of Tf1 could be limited by Abp1, a host surveillance factor that sequesters transposon sequences into structures containing histone deacetylases. We found the Tf1 promoter was activated by heat treatment and, remarkably, only genes that themselves were induced by heat could be activated by Tf1 integration, suggesting a synergy of Tf1 enhancer sequence with the stress response elements of target promoters. We propose that the integration preference of Tf1 for the promoters of stress response genes and the ability of Tf1 to enhance the expression of these genes co-evolved to promote the survival of cells under stress.
Diastolic dysfunction: Improved understanding using emerging imaging techniques

Diastolic heart failure is increasing in prevalence. Although the pathophysiology is incompletely understood and current therapeutic strategies are limited, identification of diastolic dysfunction is important. We review the role of contemporary techniques with echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) in the assessment of diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac catheterization is the criterion standard for demonstrating impaired relaxation and filling by making direct measurements; however, echocardiography has replaced it as the most clinically used tool. By evaluating mitral inflow pulsed-wave Doppler with and without the Valsalva maneuver, isovolumetric relaxation time, pulmonary venous flow Doppler, color M-mode velocity propagation, tissue Doppler imaging, and speckle tracking, echocardiography is considered an accurate method for diagnosis and grading diastolic dysfunction. Evaluation of diastolic function can also be performed by CMRI. Mitral valve inflow velocities, early deceleration time, and pulmonary vein flow velocities are diastolic parameters that can be measured by phase-contrast CMRI. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging steady-state gradient echo can evaluate functional dimensions for time-volume curves; and myocardial tagging can assess ventricular diastolic "untwisting," which may be important for improved pathophysiologic understanding. Studies have compared echocardiography and CMRI for diagnosing diastolic dysfunction in small patient groups with similar results. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can now provide clinically relevant data regarding the underlying cause of diastolic dysfunction and offers promise to gain mechanistic insights for therapeutic strategy development and clinical trial planning.
Through the Consul's Eye

Through the Consul's Eye. 1999. 50 minutes. Directed by Jorge Amat. Distributed by First Run/Icarus Films, 32 Court Street, 21st floor, Brooklyn, N.Y., USA 11201. 718-488-8900, info@frif.com
The stoichiometry of hydrogen and carbon monoxide chemisorption on alumina- and silica-supported nickel

Abstract Adsorption stoichiometries of H2 at 298 K and CO at 190–298 K on alumina- and silica-supported Ni catalysts prepared by impregnation and precipitation techniques were investigated. In the case of alumina-supported nickel catalysts the metal loading was varied from 0.5 to 23 wt% in order to study the effects of metal-support interactions. Ni SiO 2 catalysts were prepared by both impregnation and precipitation techniques to determine effects of catalyst preparation. Room-temperature H2 adsorption on alumina- and silica-supported nickel occurs with a stoichiometry of one hydrogen atom per surface nickel atom as determined by chemisorption, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. CO adsorption is considerably more complex, the stoichiometry of which varies with equilibration pressure, temperature, metal crystallite size, and metal loading. Formation of nickel carbonyl and substantial amounts of chemical and physical adsorption of CO on the support provide additional complications.
Analytic continuation of nonholomorphic discrete series for classical groups

The question of unitarity of representations in the analytic continuation of discrete series from a Borel-de Siebenthal chamber is considered for those linear equal-rank classical simple Lie groups G that have not been treated fully before. Groups treated earlier by other authors include those for which G has real rank one or has a symmetric space with an invariant complex structure . Thus the groups in question are locally isomorphic to SO(2m, n)0 with m ≥ 2 and n ≥ 3, or to Sp(m, n) with m ≥ 2 and n ≥ 2.
DNA polymerase β variant Ile260Met generates global gene expression changes related to cellular transformation

Maintenance of genomic stability is essential for cellular survival. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is critical for resolution of abasic sites and damaged bases, estimated to occur 20,000 times in cells daily. DNA polymerase β (Pol β) participates in BER by filling DNA gaps that result from excision of damaged bases. Approximately 30% of human tumours express Pol β variants, many of which have altered fidelity and activity in vitro and when expressed, induce cellular transformation. The prostate tumour variant Ile260Met transforms cells and is a sequence-context-dependent mutator. To test the hypothesis that mutations induced in vivo by Ile260Met lead to cellular transformation, we characterized the genome-wide expression profile of a clone expressing Ile260Met as compared with its non-induced counterpart. Using a 1.5-fold minimum cut-off with a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.05, 912 genes exhibit altered expression. Microarray results were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and revealed unique expression profiles in other clones. Gene Ontology (GO) clusters were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to identify altered gene networks and associated nodes. We determined three nodes of interest that exhibited dysfunctional regulation of downstream gene products without themselves having altered expression. One node, peroxisome proliferator-activated protein γ (PPARG), was sequenced and found to contain a coding region mutation in PPARG2 only in transformed cells. Further analysis suggests that this mutation leads to dominant negative activity of PPARG2. PPARG is a transcription factor implicated to have tumour suppressor function. This suggests that the PPARG2 mutant may have played a role in driving cellular transformation. We conclude that PPARG induces cellular transformation by a mutational mechanism.