cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A human polymorphism affects NEDD4L subcellular targeting by leading to two isoforms that contain or lack a C2 domain

Ubiquitination serves multiple cellular functions, including proteasomal degradation and the control of stability, function, and intracellular localization of a wide variety of proteins. NEDD4L is a member of the HECT class of E3 ubiquitin ligases. A defining feature of NEDD4L protein isoforms is the presence or absence of an amino-terminal C2 domain, a class of subcellular, calcium-dependent targeting domains. We previously identified a common variant in human NEDD4L that generates isoforms that contain or lack a C2 domain. To address the potential functional significance of the NEDD4L common variant on NEDD4L subcellular localization, NEDD4L isoforms that either contained or lacked a C2 domain were tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein, transfected into Xenopus laevis kidney epithelial cells, and imaged by performing confocal microscopy on live cells. We report that the presence or absence of this C2 domain exerts differential effects on the subcellular distribution of NEDD4L, the ability of C2 containing and lacking NEDD4L isoforms to mobilize in response to a calcium stimulus, and the intracellular transport of subunits of the NEDD4L substrate, ENaC. Furthermore, the ability of the C2-containing isoform to influence β-ENaC mobilization from intracellular pools involves the NEDD4L active site for ubiquitination. We propose a model to account for the potential impact of this common genetic variant on protein function at the cellular level. NEDD4L isoforms that contain or lack a C2 domain target different intracellular locations. Additionally, whereas the C2-containing NEDD4L isoform is capable of shuttling between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments in response to calcium stimulus the C2-lacking isoform can not. The C2-containing isoform differentially affects the mobilization of ENaC subunits from intracellular pools and this trafficking step requires NEDD4L ubiquitin ligase activity. This observation suggests a new mechanism for the requirement for the PY motif in cAMP-mediated exocytosis of ENaC. We have elucidated how a common genetic variant can underlie significant functional diversity in NEDD4L at the cellular level. We propose a model that describes how that functional variation may influence blood pressure. Moreover, our observations regarding differential function of the NEDD4L isoforms may impact other aspects of physiology that involve this ubiquitin ligase.
Universal design for learning in science: more than multiple representations

In this paper we describe how a science curriculum designed with Universal Design for Learning principles could make all elementary classrooms more accessible for young students.
Studying Cultural Evolution at the Tips: Human Cross-cultural Ecology

While human genetic variation is limited due to a bottleneck on the origin of the species ∼200 kya, cultural traits can change more rapidly, and may do so in response to the variation in human habitats. Does cultural diversification simulate a natural experiment in evolution much like biodiversity so that cultural divergences and convergences can be interpreted in terms of the differences and similarities of local environments? Or is cultural diversity simply the result of human behavioral flexibility? Although the majority of cultural data comes from the tips of the hominin phylogeny, anthropologists can follow the example of evolutionary ecologists, who often compare the endpoints of phylogenies when that is all that is available. This article compares 97 contemporary indigenous language communities from around the world, and 24 of their cultural traditions, to help determine whether human cultures and their cultural traits are proportionately dispersed, as predicted by the neutral theory of biodiversity, or whether they show non-proportionalities that could be explained with evolutionary reasoning.
Cross‐national applicability of a perceived risk‐value model

A major theme for studies in international marketing is whether marketing programs and processes can be generalized across countries. This study tests the generalizability of a model that predicts consumers' perception of value based upon extrinsic cues – such as brand name, price, retailer reputation, and country of origin – and their perceptions of quality, sacrifice, and risk. The study extends the perceived value model specified by Agarwal and Teas and tested in the USA. The results of this study, based on an experiment conducted in Sweden, suggest that while the overall structure of the model is supported across countries, the relative importance of the extrinsic cues may vary across countries.
RNA silencing genes control de novo DNA methylation

Cytosine DNA methylation silences harmful DNAs such as transposons and retroviruses ([ 1 ][1]). Maintenance DNA methyltransferases propagate pre-existing DNA methylation in the CG sequence context by methylating hemi-methylated sites after DNA replication. Much less is understood about how invasive
Preimplantation development, fate of the zona pellucida, and observations on the glycogen-rich oviduct of the little bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris.

The reproductive biology of Noctilio albiventris was investigated histologically in 112 females collected at the start of their synchronized breeding season during two different sampling years in the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Both ovaries were functional, but the animals were generally observed to be monovular. Embryonic development in the oviduct was found to proceed to blastocyst formation and loss of the zona pellucida. In 22 animals the discarded zona had been left behind in the oviduct upon passage of the embryo into the uterus and was still undissolved at the time of amniogenesis, the latest stage examined. The zonae which had passed into the uterus with the embryos often exhibited signs of dissolution. Most of the early blastocysts were morphologically distinctive, lacking a typical inner cell mass and being instead largely bilaminar. Degenerating ova from previous ovulations were found in the oviducts of two pregnant bats, suggesting that Noctilio may be another species in which the embryo stimulates its own escape from the oviduct. During tubal passage of the embryo the secretory cells of the oviductal ampulla and isthmus exhibited a transient engorgement with glycogen, particularly on the side ipsilateral to the new corpus luteum.
RecDB: towards DBMS support for online recommender systems

Recommender systems have become popular in both commercial and academic settings. The main purpose of recommender systems is to suggest to users useful and interesting items or content (data) from a considerably large set of items. Traditional recommender systems do not take into account system issues (i.e., scalability and query efficiency). In an age of staggering web use growth and everpopular social media applications (e.g., Facebook, Google Reader), users are expressing their opinions over a diverse set of data (e.g., news stories, Facebook posts, retail purchases) faster than ever. In this paper, we propose RecDB; a fully fledged database system that provides online recommendation to users. We implement RecDB using existing open source database system Apache Derby, and we use showcase the effectiveness of RecDB by adopting inside Sindbad; a Location-Based Social Networking system developed at University of Minnesota.
Cleaning Action of Cotton Card Equipped with Metallic Card Clothing

The carding and cleaning action of flats on a cotton card was analyzed by feeding cotton lap to a card equipped with stationary flats located at different places. The amount of flat strip depositing on flats was investigated in relation to the operating time, the location of the flat, and different components of flat strip. The weight of flat strip and longer fibers depositing on a flat increased with the number of fiber tufts contained in cotton lap. At first, flat strip accumulated very rapidly on a flat, but later the rate of accumulation suddenly declines. The rate of trash deposition on flat depends much on the trash content of the passing fibers, but it did not decrease with time. The rate of short fiber deposition was between the rate for longer fibers and the rate for trash. It was predicted from these findings that the speed of moving flats affected the weight of flat strip but did not affect the weight of trash depositing. As a result, an increse in the moving speed of flats does not improve cleaning action, although it increasaes wastes. It was also expected that the opening of fibers in the lickerin part reduced the weight of flat strip. These predictions were proved correct by experimental data.
Identification of Threshold Concepts for Biochemistry

This study describes an iterative process involving faculty and students to identify potential threshold concepts for biochemistry.
A Sex Difference in Morphology of Neutrophils in the Dog

A STRUCTURAL difference has been described between the nuclei of neutrophil leucocytes in the male and those in the female in humans1–5 and in rabbits6.
Approximation algorithm for data mapping on block multi-threaded network processor architectures

Network processor architectures incorporate block multi-threading to alleviate the performance degradation due to memory access latencies. Application design on such architectures requires the determination of the number of threads, and mapping of data items to the various memory elements such that the overall throughput is maximized. The paper presents a quasi-polynomial time approximation algorithm for the multi-threading aware data mapping problem which can be shown to be NP complete. The algorithm generates solutions with throughput no less than 1/(2(1+isin)) optimal and data memory requirements no more than (1 + isin) times the memory constraints. Experimental results obtained by mapping applications on the Intel IXP 2400 network processor demonstrate that the algorithm is able to generate solutions whose throughput is within 80% of the optimal when isin = 0.5.
The Evolving Surgeon Shortage in the Health Reform Era

The evolving surgeon shortage is occurring at a time of societal change. For one of the first times in history, a scientific revolution is occurring while the organization of health care is also changing. With a demand for a more quality health care and a population that has both aged significantly and grown by ten million citizens each decade, the shortage of health care providers is problematic. For surgery, the shortage is particularly challenging. In 1981, 1047 surgeons were certified by the American Board of Surgery; in 2008, that number had dropped to just 909.
The Impact of Neuroscience on Music Education Advocacy and Philosophy

This content analysis examines how philosophy and advocacy articles published between 2005 and 2010 were influenced by current neuroscience research. The contents of twelve journals were explored, resulting in the inclusion of forty-five articles in this analysis. Recently, there has been a growing interest in neuroscientific research on music. Articles were coded for latent content and emerging themes to determine if this interest has begun to be expressed in philosophy and advocacy writings. The educational implications and issues of using neuroscientific findings are addressed, and recommendations are offered for using future research for advocacy purposes.
Applied physics: virtues of diamond defects.

A general method for detecting nuclear magnetic resonance signals from a single molecule has so far been elusive. Magnetic sensors that exploit crystal imperfections in diamond might make such a method a reality.
Imprudent fishing harvests and consequent trophic cascades on the West Florida shelf over the last half century: A harbinger of increased human deaths from paralytic shellfish poisoning along the southeastern United States, in response to oligotrophication?

Abstract Within the context of ubiquitous overfishing of piscivores, recent consequent increments of jellyfish and clupeids have occurred at the zooplanktivore trophic level in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), after overfishing of one of their predators, i.e. red snapper. Initiation of a local trophic cascade thence led to declines of herbivore stocks, documented here on the West Florida shelf. These exacerbating world-wide trophic cascades have resulted in larger harmful algal blooms (HABs), already present at the base of most coastal food webs. Impacts on human health have thus far been minimal within nutrient-rich coastal regions. To provide a setting for past morbidities, consideration is given to chronologies of other trophic cascades within eutrophic, cold water marine ecosystems of the Scotian Sea, in the Gulf of Alaska, off Southwest Africa, within the Barents, White, and Black Seas, in the Gulf of Maine, and finally in the North Sea. Next, comparison is now made here of recent ten-fold increments within Florida waters of both relatively benign and saxitoxic HABs, some of which are fatal to humans. These events are placed in a perspective of other warm shelf systems of the South China and Caribbean Seas to assess prior and possible future poison toxicities of oligotrophic coastal habitats. Past wide-spread kills of fishes and sea urchins over the Caribbean Sea and the downstream GOM are examined in relation to the potential transmission of dinoflagellate saxitoxin and other epizootic poison vectors by western boundary currents over larger “commons” than local embayments. Furthermore, since some HABs produce more potent saxitoxins upon nutrient depletion, recent decisions to ban seasonal fertilizer applications to Florida lawns may have unintended consequences. In the future, human-killing phytoplankton, rather than relatively benign fish-killing HABs of the past, may be dispersed along the southeastern United States seaboard.
Optimized virtual orbital space (OVOS) in coupled-cluster calculations

The optimized virtual orbital space (OVOS) method is described from the perspective of several developments that have occurred since the method was originally introduced 25 years ago during the author's postdoctoral stay in the research group of Rod Bartlett. We describe the OVOS approach in the context of the restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF), unrestricted HF (UHF), and multi-configuration self-consistent field (MCSCF) methods used to generate the reference zero-order wave function for the OVOS calculations.
A FRACTURE MECHANICS METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE CRACK PROPAGATION RESISTANCE OF EMBRITTLED ALUMINUM BICRYSTALS

A fracture mechanics testing method has been adapted to the study of the crack propagation resistance of high purity aluminum bicrystals which fail under liquid metal embrittlement conditions. The tapered double cantilever beam fracture test makes it possible to determine the threshold crack extension force for a propagating crack and the crack velocity as a function of driving force above this threshold. Modifications of this test have been made so that it can be used to determine G ILME and crack velocity for 99.99+% pure aluminum bicrystals in a Hg-3 a/o Ga atmosphere. The test is shown to be reproducible, and variations in G ILME due to differences in crystallographic orientation of the bicrystals are attainable.
Native American student retention in U.S. postsecondary education

This chapter surveys the literature on Native American student retention, framing the discussion in the context of the broader body of literature on retention.
Constraints of time reversal invariance in the polarization structure of reactions

Abstract In any optimal formalism time reversal constraints set up pairwise equalities among most of the reaction amplitudes, and leave the rest unchanged. The corresponding relations for the experimental observables are of two types. In the first type, called mirror relations, two observables are equal (up to a sign). These are a consequence of applying the time reversal operator to both amplitudes in the bilinear products. The second type of relations are of a non-mirror type, and originate in applying the time reversal operator to only one of the two amplitudes in this product. Using a geometrical analogue, the contents of these non-mirror relations are exhibited, showing that a given relation always involves the same particle polarization arguments, in varius permutations. There is a large network of such non-mirror relations, connecting all permutations of a given set of particle polarization arguments, though only a small subset of them form a linearly independent set. A geometrical procedure is constructed which yields these non-mirror relations. Under time reversal invariance and through the non-mirror relations the sizes of the submatrices also decrease in some instances and in fact can even deviate from the 8-by-8, 4-by-4, 2-by-2, and 1-by-1 possibilities which are the only ones when only Lorentz invariance is imposed or when parity constraints are imposed in the transversity formalism. The mirror relations result in pairwise mergers of entire submatrices.
Fertile heteroallelic combinations of mutant alleles of the otu locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

This paper describes the ovarian pathologies observed when 108 different heteroallelic combinations were made involving 17 independent mutations at the ovarian tumor (otu) locus. Most of the mutant phenotypes can be explained as graded responses by individual germ cells to different levels of functionally active otu gene product (OGP) synthesized by the mutant cells themselves. The lowest and highest levels of OGP appear to be produced by otu 10 and otu 14, respectively. In most heteroallelic ovaries the alleles have additive effects, and hybrid germ cells reach a developmental stage more advanced than the “weaker” homozygote but less advanced than the “stronger” homozygote. However, examples of both positive and negative complementation also have been found, and these suggest that the products encoded by different mutant alleles can combine to form dimers or multimers which may be superior or inferior to the homodimers. In flies homozygous for otu 11 most ovarioles contain tumors, but some germ cells are able to develop further than those in otu 14 homozygotes. This suggests that, while otu 11 produces intermediate levels of OGP, it also produces a second product (which otu 14 cannot make) that is utilized at the period in oogenesis when development in cells homozygous for otu 14 is blocked. When otu 11 is combined with any one of eight specific alleles, it allows oocyte/nurse cell syncytia to differentiate that can complete development and undergo embryogenesis, if fertilized. The endopolyploid nurse cells of these hybrids have giant polytene chromosomes, and the presence of GPCs in functionally active, germ-line derived cells provides an interesting new system for experimental study. Analysis of the characteristic ovarian pathologies produced by flies of different genotypes leads to the conclusion that the products of the otu + gene are utilized during at least six different periods in Drosophila oogenesis.
The Psychological Measurement of Cultural Syndromes.

An examination of a range of definitions of culture indicates that almost all researchers agree that culture is reflected in shared cognitions, standard operating procedures, and unexamined assumptions. Cultural syndromes consist of shared attitudes, beliefs, norms, role and self definitions, and va
An Investigation of the Stereochemistry of some Nickel(II) Tetraamines in Acetonitrile Solution

Abstract The equilibria of adduct formation between several nickel(II) tetraamine complexes and acetonitrile were determined from −40 to 80 °C in acetonitrile solution by the Evans NMR magnetic susceptibility method. The stability order for adduct formation of the paramagnetic complex in terms of the ligand was found to be: 2,2,2-tet, 3,3,3-tet > 3,2,3- tet > 2,3,2-tet > cyclam. This order parallels that found in previous studies in aqueous solution. However, in this study, enthalpic factors were found to be dominant whereas enthalpic and entropic factors have been reported to be comparable in magnitude in aqueous solution. Optical studies from 200–1500 nm were conducted on 0.01 M acetonitrile solutions of the complexes from 25–65 °C. Only small changes in the intensity and position of the optical bands were observed with temperature except for the 2,3,2-tet (468 nm), 3,2,3-tet (450 nm), and cyclam (460 nm) complexes. These indicated bands increase with increasing temperature, which can be explained by assuming a square-planar (diamagnetic)-octahedral (paramagnetic) equilibrium in agreement with the magnetic susceptibility data. Band assignments were made for the cis- and trans -octahedral isomers for each of the complexes. The order of cis -octahedral character for the complexes was found to be 2,2,2- tet, 3,3,3-tet > 2,3,2-tet > 3,2,3-tet > cyclam in agreement with previous studies in aqueous, DMSO, and DMF solutions.
Growth responses and lignin production in cell suspensions of Pinus elliottii ‘elicited’ by chitin, chitosan or mycelium of Cronartium quercum f.sp. fusiforme

Incubation of suspension-cultured slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) cells with living mycelial plugs or homogenized, washed and autoclaved mycelium of Cronartium quercum f.sp. fusiforme led to rapid clouding of the medium and visible inhibition of cell growth with only a slight increase in cell mortality. Purified chitin elicited similar changes in cloudiness and growth. Chitin treatment concentrations of up to 1 mg ml-1 showed only slight changes in viability over several days (as with the mycelium and mycelial extract). In contrast, chitosan concentrations of as low as 60 μgml-1 showed cell mortality and browning, with a complete ‘hypersensitive’ response and over 90% cell death occurring within 48 h at between 180 and 270 μ ml-1 chitosan amendment. Phloroglucinol staining showed the presence of lignin-like compounds in the medium and lignin-like compounds were elevated in the cell walls of the chitin, chitosan and mycelium elicited suspension cultures as compared to controls.
Microwave ablation for surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation

Abstract Microwave energy is a relatively new energy modality that is being used for surgical atrial ablation as a treatment of atrial fibrillation. Microwave energy works by dielectric heating and has a favorable thermal profile that permits both rapid endocardial and epicardial ablation. The device is also extremely flexible and can be easily adapted to minimally invasive applications. The device has been used in over 600 patients with a success ranging from 70% to 90% and without any device-related complications. Many of these patients have had their ablations performed from the epicardium on the beating heart without the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass. Microwave atrial ablation is likely to become an important part of the surgical armamentarium, particularly for those performing minimally invasive approaches to cure atrial fibrillation. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Reactor Water Environmental Fatigue

Existing nuclear plants were designed based on fatigue data obtained entirely in air environments. We now seek to extend the life of these plants, recognizing that many conservatisms were included in the fatigue stress calculations, stress concentration factors and lumped transients. Since we know how these plants were operated, we can quantify the cyclic rates and coolant chemistry. This makes it feasible to use environmental fatigue life evaluation technology which takes credit for the reduced corrosion fatigue damage which occurs during more rapid transients and for reduced dissolved oxygen levels which produce lesser corrosion fatigue damage in carbon and low alloy steels. Accordingly, the use of Fen environmental fatigue life reduction factors which depend on the cyclic rates, coolant chemistry and temperature are quite useful for evaluating the safe fatigue life of aging plants and for license renewal.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The value of serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in predicting response rate and survival of patients with gastrointestinal cancer treated with chemotherapy. A Southwest oncology group study

Elevated serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were found in 70% of 141 patients with advanced gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Serial CEA measurements were performed on 70 patients before and during chemotherapy. The majority were treated with 5-FU and Methyl-CCNU (33 patients), 5-FU (19 patients), or 5-FU and mitomycin-C (8 patients). In 49 patients with colorectal carcinoma who had elevated serum CEA prior to chemotherapy, 18 had objective partial tumor remission, 16/18 (89%) showed definite decrease in CEA level, one had no change, and one had an increase CEA titer. Thirty-one patients had either stable disease (10 patients) or increasing disease (21 patients) while on chemotherapy. Of these patients four showed decrease in CEA, eight had no change, and 19 had increase in CEA levels as compared to pretreatment value. The survival of patients with a decrease in CEA during chemotherapy was statistically significant (p = .03) as compared to survival of those with no change or increasing CEA levels. In 21 patients with other GI cancers, the correlation between the clinical response and change in CEA level observed was not as definite as in patients with colorectal carcinoma.
On the stability of long-run relationships between emerging and US stock markets

Abstract While most studies have found no cointegration between emerging and US stock markets, some recent studies do find a long-run relationship exists between these markets. In view of these mixed findings, this study examines the stability of long-run relationships between a number of emerging stock markets and the US stock market using recursive cointegration analysis. The results show that no long-run relationship exists between emerging markets and the US market over most of the sample period throughout 1997. However, we do find clear evidence of cointegration in response to the recent global emerging market crisis in 1997–1998. We conclude that significant crisis events can change the degree of cointegration between international stock markets and, therefore, need to be taken into account in studies of long-run relationships between international stock markets.
The Development and Teaching of the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Family Scientists.

This article describes the development of the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Family Scientists that the National Council on Family Relations Board of Directors unanimously approved. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of ethics education for family professionals and provides suggestions for educators. Finally, the ethical principles and guidelines are delineated. We argue that the development of a scholarship on ethics education is important for current and future family scientists.
CHIPPING FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF DENTURE TOOTH MATERIALS

Abstract Objective The applicability of the edge chipping method to denture tooth materials was assessed. These are softer materials than those usually tested by edge chipping. The edge chipping fracture resistances of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based and two filled resin composite denture tooth materials were compared. Methods An edge chipping machine was used to chip rectangular blocks and flattened anterior denture teeth. Force versus edge distance data were collected over a broad range of forces and distances. Between 20 and 65 chips were made per condition depending upon the material, the scatter, and the indenter type. Different indenter types were used including Rockwell C, sharp conical 120 o , Knoop, and Vickers. The edge toughness, Te, was evaluated for different indenter types. Results The edge chipping data collected on the blocks matched the data collected from flattened teeth. High scatter, particularly at large distances and loads, meant that many tests (up to 64) were necessary to compare the denture tooth materials and to ascertain the appropriate data trends. A linear force–distance trend analysis was adequate for comparing these materials. A power law trend might be more appropriate, but the large scatter obscured the definitive determination of the precise trend. Different indenters produce different linear trends, with the ranking of: sharp conical 120 o , Rockwell C, and Knoop, from lowest to highest edge toughness. Vickers indenter data were extremely scattered and a sensible trend could not be obtained. Edge toughness was inversely correlated to hardness. Significance Edge chipping data collected either from simple laboratory scale test blocks or from actual denture teeth may be used to evaluate denture materials. The edge chipping method's applicability has been extended to another class of restorative materials.
Fracture Behavior of a Dual Phase Sheet Steel in Hole Expansion

It is commonly recognized that for Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) the forming limit is mainly controlled by fracture, rather then by localized necking. To date a reliable fracture limit for forming AHSS is not well defined, especially when a practical forming process is under complex strain paths. Hole expansion test has been used by auto industry for assessing fracture-controlled material forming limit. Understanding of crack mechanisms involved in crack initiation and propagation is important for prediction of fracture failure. A dual phase steel with a fine grain and 20–40vol% martensite particles of ∼1μm mean size was used for this study. The results indicate that the hole piercing and blank placement during hole expansion has sensitive impact to the evaluation of edge crack initiation and propagation. Through the comparative study on the “burr up” and “burr down” blank settings the fracture process and the effect of blank preparation, hole expansion, burr geometry effect on crack initiation, and the crack propagation direction and local interaction with microstructure are investigated.© 2007 ASME
The Rights of Children 150

Thirty years ago “The Children's Bill of Rights” was written to call attention to the lack of attention given to the rights of children and when most of our states had more rights against abuse for animals than they did for children. Accomplishments have been made for children's rights. The United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, has been accepted, except for the United States and one other nation. Currently there are many groups in the United States who are seeking a Constitutional Amendment to secure rights for our children. “The Children's Bill of Rights” is again being used to promote this venture. “The Children's Bill of Rights” will be presented and discussed. Copies will be provided.
Adult Resilience among Maltreated Children: A Prospective Investigation of Main Effect and Mediating Models.

Abstract Studies examining resilience to child maltreatment reveal that maltreatment victims can achieve adaptive functioning in several areas of development; however, few of these individuals persistently demonstrate resilience across multiple domains. The majority of these investigations define adjustment with a limited number of outcomes measured proximal in time to the maltreatment experience. In contrast, this study measured adjustment across a diverse set of domains during early adulthood (ages 16–24), a number of years after the occurrence of childhood maltreatment (ages 0–11). Main effect and mediation analyses were conducted. Data were derived from the Chicago Longitudinal Study, an examination of 1539 minority individuals born in low-income Chicago-area neighborhoods in 1979 or 1980. Study participants were followed prospectively from birth through age 24. Maltreatment data originated from official court and child protective service records. Parent report, self report, and administrative sources informed covariate, mediator and outcome measures. Results from multivariate probit regression revealed that childhood maltreatment significantly and negatively predicted adult resilience. Exploratory and confirmatory mediation analyses showed that the following adolescent indicators helped explain the long-term association between childhood maltreatment and young adult adjustment: school moves and out-of-home placement, reading ability, acting out behavior, social skills, juvenile delinquency, commitment to school, and expectation to attend college. Implications of results are explored.
Anterior cervical fusion using dense cancellous allografts and dynamic plating.

Objective Dense cancellous grafts provide an open matrix for vascular and cellular penetration for early osseous integration. Thus, they provide a better biological fusion substrate than cortical or corticocancellous grafts. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the dense cancellous allografts as a substrate for anterior cervical fusion along with instrumentation. Methods This is a retrospective study of 98 patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy, fusion with dense cancellous allograft bone, and instrumentation using dynamic plating between January 2001 and March 2002. Of these procedures, 60 involved single-level and 38 involved two-level fusions. Subsidence was assessed by plain x-rays at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and fusion at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Fusion was defined as the appearance of bridging trabecular bone and absence of motion in flexion-extension films. Results The mean follow-up period was 15 months (range, 12-25 mo). Successful fusion was observed in 70, 84, and 96% of the patients at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The average subsidences for single-level and two-level fusions were 2.0 and 3.2 mm, respectively. No allograft- or hardware-related complications were encountered in our series. Conclusion Dense cancellous allografts are very effective as bone graft substitutes for achieving anterior cervical fusion along with instrumentation. Successful fusion was observed in 70% of our patients at 3 months, with a fusion rate of 96% at 1 year. These allografts provide an effective replacement for autologous grafts in cervical interbody fusion.
Relationship Between Muscle Fiber Type and Reactive Balance: A Preliminary Study

ABSTRACTThe authors’ objective was to quantify the relationship between type II muscle fiber composition and recovery latency from controlled perturbations. Thirty healthy adults performed a Thorstensson test to indirectly determine muscle fiber composition of the knee extensors. On a subsequent day, reactive balance was measured by assessing latency time required to accommodate three controlled perturbations via computerized dynamic posturography. The proportion of type II fibers had a negative correlation with latency caused by a large backward perturbation (r = –.62, p = .001). These data may indicate a higher percentage of type II fibers in the knee extensors are associated with better reactive balance. Further investigation is warranted, in particular as it pertains to populations at risk for balance impairment.
Dicarboxylate transport in human placental brush-border membrane vesicles.

Abstract Pathways for transport of dicarboxylic acid metabolites by human placental epithelia were investigated using apical membrane vesicles isolated by divalent cation precipitation. The presence of Na + /dicarboxylate cotransport was assessed directly by [ 14 C]succinate tracer flux measurements and indirectly by fluorescence determinations of voltage sensitive dye responses. The imposition of an inwardly directed Na + gradient stimulated vesicle uptake of succinate achieving levels approximately 5-fold greater than those observed at equilibrium. The increased succinate uptake was specific for Na + as no stimulation was observed in the presence of Li + , K + or choline + gradients. In addition to concentrative accumulation of succinate, a direct coupling of Na + /succinate cotransport was suggested by the absence of a sizeable conductive pathway for succinate uptake and decreased succinate uptake levels associated with a more rapid decay of an imposed Na + gradient. Na + gradient-driven succinate uptake was not the result of parallel Na + /H + and succinate/OH − exchange activities but was reduced by the Na + -coupled transport inhibitor harmaline. The voltage sensitivity of Na + gradient-driven succinate uptake suggests Na + /succinate cotransport is electrogenic occurring with net transfer of positive charge. Substrate-specificity studies suggest the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates as candidates for transport by the Na + -coupled pathway. Decreasing pH increased the citrate-induced inhibition of succinate uptake suggesting divalent citrate as the preferred substrate for transport. Initial rate determinations of succinate uptake indicate succinate interacts with a single saturable site ( K m 33 μM) with a maximal transport rate of 0.5 nmol/mg per min.
A Construct of the Image and a Method of Measurement

This article combines the explanation of a construct on thought process with an exploratory effort at measuring the concept. The Image is defined as the process of subjectively ordering information into categorical units. An explanation of the image is derived mainly from the writing of Kenneth Boulding. Beyond the explanation, factor analytic data are presented to demonstrate the useability of the construct for communication researchers. The stimulus object for the study was the image held by Ohio State University students of the Black Student Union on their campus.
A Method of Producing Broad-Band Circular Polarization Employing an Anisotropic Dielectric

A procedure is described whereby it is possible to design circular polarizers for both waveguides and in window form to be used over a broad band of frequencies. The difference in phase constants for two mutually orthogonal E fields while propagating in an anisotropic dielectric is combined with the effect due to guide wall spacing to obtain a reasonably constant differential phase constant for the two fields over a broad frequency band. By properly choosing the length of the anisotropic dielectric in the direction of propagation, and orienting this dielectric properly with respect to an incident linearily-polarized wave, the transmitted wave is circularly polarized over a correspondingly broad band of frequencies.
Functional dissociations within the inferior parietal cortex in verbal working memory

Neuroimaging studies of working memory have revealed two sites in the left supramarginal gyrus that may support the short-term storage of phonological information. Activation in the left dorsal aspect of the inferior parietal cortex (DIPC) has been observed in contrasts of working memory load, whereas activation in the ventral aspect of the inferior parietal cortex (VIPC) has been found primarily in contrast of information type (verbal vs. nonverbal). Our goal was to determine whether these two areas are functionally distinct or if instead they are part of a homogeneous region with large variations in the focus of peak activity. Toward this end, we used fMRI to assess the neural response in two working memory tasks (N-back and item recognition) in which we also manipulated memory load and the type of information to be recalled (verbal vs. nonverbal). We found both DIPC and VIPC activation in the same group of subjects and further demonstrated that they have differential sensitivity to our experimental factors. Only the DIPC showed robust load effects, whereas only the VIPC showed reliable effects of information type. These results help to account for the differences observed in between-subject comparisons, and they indicate that the two regions are functionally dissociable. In contrast to the DIPC, activity of the VIPC was also recruited in the fixation and low-load conditions, a surprising result that has not been fully explored in prior studies. Despite their distinctive patterns of performance, neither of these regions displayed a pattern of activity that entirely corresponds to common assumptions of a dedicated phonological short-term store (STS). Instead, we hypothesize that the DIPC may support domain-general executive processes, while the VIPC may support phonological encoding–recoding processes central to a variety of language tasks.
Nafcillin Enhances Innate Immune-Mediated Killing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Based on in vitro synergy studies, the addition of nafcillin to daptomycin was used to treat refractory methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. Daptomycin is a de facto cationic antimicrobial peptide in vivo, with antistaphylococcal mechanisms reminiscent of innate host defense peptides (HDPs). In this study, the effects of nafcillin on HDP activity against MRSA were examined in vitro and in vivo. Exposures to β-lactam antimicrobials in general, and nafcillin in particular, significantly increased killing of S. aureus by selected HDPs from keratinocytes, neutrophils, and platelets. This finding correlated with enhanced killing
Data Sandboxing: A Technique for Enforcing Confidentiality Policies

When an application reads private / sensitive infor- mation and subsequently communicates on an output channel such as a public file or a network connection, how can we ensure that the data written is free of private information? In this paper, we address this question in a practical setting through the use of a technique that we call "data sandboxing" . Essentially, data sandboxing is implemented using the popular technique of system call interposition to mediate output channels used by a pro- gram. To distinguish between private and public data, the program is partitioned into two: one that contains all the instructions that handle sensitive data and the other containing the rest of the instructions. This parti- tioning is performed based on techniques from program slicing. When run together, these two programs collec- tively replace the original program. To address confi- dentiality, these programs are sandboxed with different system call interposition based policies. We discuss the design and implementation of a tool that enforces con- fidentiality policies on C programs using this technique. We also report our experiences in using our tool over several programs that handle confidential data.
Controlled and uncontrolled subject descriptions in the CF database: a comparison of optimal cluster-based retrieval results

Abstract Word stems derived from titles and abstracts are used to represent the 1,239 documents in the cystic fibrosis document collection. Evidence for clustering structure and the effectiveness of cluster-based retrieval are investigated as a function of the exhaustivity of the uncontrolled subject descriptions. Results are compared to equivalent calculations for controlled descriptions based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and subheadings. For both representations, the evidence for clustering structure is inversely related to the effectiveness of cluster-based retrieval. Exhaustive subject descriptions produce the strongest evidence for clustering structure and the lowest levels of retrieval performance. Levels of retrieval performance associated with exhaustive subject descriptions can be explained by assuming that the structure imposed on documents by subject relationships is the result of a random process. Optimal levels of cluster-based retrieval performance can be detected for both representations. The optimal levels of performance provide a clear indication of the relative utility of document representations, and show that controlled and uncontrolled subject descriptions produce equivalent levels of performance and complementary outcomes. High levels of retrieval performance are achieved by optimizing the exhaustivity of document representations for each query. Retrieval performance based on combinations of retrieval outcomes from the subject descriptions is materially superior to the highest performance of each representation. Average levels of recall, precision, and effectiveness are shown to convey little information about typical outcomes. Performance standards for individual queries are suggested.
SRAM Local Bit Line Access Failure Analyses

Due to the increasing process parameter variations and bitline capacitance, design of fast, reliable and robust read/write circuits for nanoscale SRAMs is a challenge. In this paper, we have investigated the effect of threshold voltage variations on the stability of read and write access schemes in SRAM designs. We considered three small signals read out and two write schemes to establish the SRAM local bitline failure trends and behavior under aggressive timing constraints and in the presence of process variations. The critical transistors in both the memory cell and the sense circuits are determined using corner analyses. Detailed simulation analyses are then performed by randomly varying the threshold voltages of these critical transistors, and the failing probabilities and points are then determined. Observations and conclusions on the failure trends of both the read and write operations are presented.
CT should not be relied on for cases of isolated vomiting in children with blunt head trauma

Commentary on : Dayan PS, Holmes JF, Atabaki S, et al. Association of traumatic brain injuries with vomiting in children with blunt head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 2014;63:657–65.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Accurate emergency diagnostic work up of children who have sustained a minor traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging. In most cases, symptoms are non-specific and may include episodes of altered or transient loss of consciousness, irritability, sleepiness or headache. Each physician must decide if clinical observation is sufficient to exclude intracranial complications or if a more aggressive diagnostic approach, including neuroimaging (eg, CT) should be pursued. The growing awareness of radiation-induced side effects urges each physician to take full advantage of the clinical findings. The current paper suggests that a history of vomiting is linked to an increased prevalence of TBI seen on CT, while the absence of vomiting is coupled with a decreased prevalence of TBI on CT. The desire to have an easy, safe, practical and reproducible diagnostic sign … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnn%2BEmerg%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D63%26rft.spage%253D657%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.annemergmed.2014.01.009%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24559605%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.01.009&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24559605&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F1%2F32.atom
Using Milieu Training to Promote Photograph Exchange for a Young Child With Autism

A milieu teaching sequence was used to train photograph exchange as a method of requesting to a 7-year-old boy with autism. A multiple baseline design across four items (ball, puzzle, books, bubble...
Testing of Experimental Compounds in a Relapse Model of Tuberculosis Using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Gene-Disrupted Mice

This study describes an in vivo model for evaluating the sterilizing activity of compounds against persisting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The initial treatment with isoniazid and rifampin in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene-disrupted mice reduced the number of bacteria more than 99% within 3 weeks. A subsequent treatment with individual drugs was performed to assess their activity on the 1% of remaining bacilli and disease relapse.