cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New analysis reveals representativeness of the AmeriFlux network

The AmeriFlux network of eddy flux covariance towers was established to quantify variation in carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for observed fluxes and carbon pools. The network is primarily funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the National Science Foundation. Similar regional networks elsewhere in the world—for example, CarboEurope, AsiaFlux, OzFlux, and Fluxnet Canada—participate in synthesis activities across larger geographic areas [Baldocchi et al., 2001; Law et al., 2002].
Spinal noradrenaline transporter inhibition by reboxetine and Xen2174 reduces tactile hypersensitivity after surgery in rats

Spinal noradrenaline (NA) released in response to noxious stimuli may play an important role in suppression of nociceptive transmission. Here, we investigated the efficacy of a competitive NA transporter inhibitor (reboxetine) and a noncompetitive NA transporter inhibitor peptide, Xen2174, isolated from the Pacific cone snail, to treat tactile hypersensitivity following paw incisional surgery. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, an incision of the plantar aspect of the hind paw was performed, and withdrawal threshold to von Frey filaments near the surgical site determined. Reboxetine (0.5-5 microg) and Xen2174 (0.3-100 microg) increased withdrawal threshold when injected 24h after paw incision, with a peak effect at 15-60 min, for Xen2174, an ED50 value of 0.64 microg. Administration of Xen2174 (3-30 microg) 15 min before incision also reduced hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner. Withdrawal threshold after the single 30 microg dose was greater than vehicle control even at 2, 3, and 5 days after incision. Doses <or=30 microg did not alter spontaneous behavior. The anti-hypersensitivity effect of 10 microg of Xen2174 was totally blocked by the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan, and partially blocked by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. These data suggest that selective NA transporter inhibition suppresses post-incisional hypersensitivity through a different mechanism from that of neuropathic pain, since we previously reported that reversal of hypersensitivity by intrathecal clonidine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, following spinal nerve ligation is completely blocked by intrathecal atropine. Finally, these data suggest that intrathecal administration of Xen2174 at the time of spinal anesthesia might produce postoperative analgesia in humans.
Blunt trauma to the carotid artery with transient deficit and early repair

Blunt trauma to the carotid artery is an uncommon but easily overlooked source of neurological deficit. The prompt diagnosis and angiographic definition of carotid-artery injuries can allow early operative intervention in these potentially devastating lesions. We describe a case report of blunt trauma with transient deficit in a patient who underwent direct repair via Dacron-patch angioplasty.
Cloning, purification, and characterization of a non-collagenous anti-angiogenic protein domain from human α1 type IV collagen expressed in Sf9 cells

alpha1(IV)NC1, a cleavage fragment of the carboxy terminal non-collagenous human alpha1 chain of type IV collagen, is derived from the extracellular matrix specifically by MMP-2. Recently we determined the in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activity of alpha1(IV)NC1 and presently, its role in cancer therapy is under evaluation. To characterize alpha1(IV)NC1 as a potential candidate for drug development and to test its efficacy in animal models, an effective method to produce a purified active form of alpha1(IV)NC1 is needed. In the present study, expression of alpha1(IV)NC1 in Sf9 cells using baculovirus expression system was discussed, this method was found to be effective in the production of a functionally active soluble form of the recombinant protein. The purified protein showed its characteristic activities such as inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in endothelial cells.
The effect of uncertainty on the detection of frequency modulation at low modulation rates

Frequency modulation detection performance is compared in two conditions of stimulus variability. The data show that when the modulation rate is randomized within an experimental block, performance is somewhat poorer than when the modulation rate is fixed. The results are interpreted within the framework of a template matching model for modulation detection. They suggest that a template is acquired in part from experimental context and in part from a multistage template matching process.
New approach to calculation of total energies of solids with defects: surface-energy anisotropies

Methode simple pour calculer les energies totales des solides ayant des defauts de reseau. Application au calcul des energies de surface d'une serie de metaux de transition en fonction de l'orientation de surface
Deriving Generalized Knowledge from Corpora Using WordNet Abstraction

Existing work in the extraction of commonsense knowledge from text has been primarily restricted to factoids that serve as statements about what may possibly obtain in the world. We present an approach to deriving stronger, more general claims by abstracting over large sets of factoids. Our goal is to coalesce the observed nominals for a given predicate argument into a few predominant types, obtained as WordNet synsets. The results can be construed as generically quantified sentences restricting the semantic type of an argument position of a predicate.
Productivity effects of worker participation in management, profit-sharing, worker ownership of assets and unionization in U.S. firms

Abstract In this paper we provide our first econometric estimates of the effect of worker participation in decision-making, ownership and profits on productive efficiency. Participation has the potential for exerting several conflicting influences on firm performance simultaneously. As a result both the direction and magnitude of its impact are empirical issues. Previous studies have empirically measured the impact of each of these forms of participation; however, no prior study has controlled for the influence of the other forms. Because of the potential for correlation among these forms of participation, it is possible that omitted variables bias has affected the previous results. Using a new panel data set with simultaneous measures of all four types of participation in U.S. manufacturing establishments, we model participation as disembodied technical change, and estimate production function coefficients for each type while controlling for the others. We use both OLS and instrumental variables in order to guard against potential simultaneity. The IV results indicate that participation in decision-making has a large positive productivity effect while the impacts of unionization and profit-sharing depend upon regression specification. Moderate amounts of indirect worker ownership affect productivity positively, while the estimated effect of direct worker ownership is negative. However, this last result may reflect the industrial concentration of the direct ownership firms in our sample.
Chronopotentiometric analysis of highly resistive media

Reciprocal derivative chronopotentiometry is shown to be well suited for performing electrochemistry in highly resistive solutions in connection to conventional-sized electrodes. The fundamentally different operational principles of reciprocal derivative chronopotentiometry (compared to controlled-potential voltammetry) reduces its susceptibility to solution resistance effects. The influences of the electrolyte concentration and constant current upon the reciprocal derivative chronopotentiometric peak area and potential are examined in different solvents. Well-defined, analytically useful peaks are observed in highly resistive media (with low electrolyte/analyte ratios). Narrower peaks, shifted to higher potential values, are observed upon increasing the solution resistance. Yet, the analytical signal (square root of the peak area) is nearly independent of the ohmic drop. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions. Considerable ohmic drop distortions are observed in analogous v...
Motivation and long-term memory

This experiment investigated the effects of motivation on long-term memory. It was hypothesized that when Ss are highly motivated to recall a nonsense syllable list they learned one week earlier, they recall the list better than Ss who are not motivated before recalling the same list. Motivation was found to have an effect only when introduced during the actual learning of the list, one week before recall. It had no effect on trace utilization when introduced just prior to recall one week after learning.
Safety Limits for Nutrient Intakes: Concepts and Data Requirements

The possible quantitative methods calculating safety limits for nutrient intakes are related conceptually to those used to calculate safe limits for exposure to environmental chemicals and to the therapeutic index used to assess the relative safety of drugs. The impact of using a fixed SF has been compared with the use of variable SFs. Of the methods identified, the SRM gives lower limits than does the MPM. However, neither of these methods calculates safety limits below the RDA, even for nutrients with narrow margins of safety. The acceptability criteria for toxicity data for use in identifying safety limits are an issue of major importance and must be resolved before calculated limits may be used to support policy or regulatory decisions. An advantage of adopting a standard formula involving systematically varying SFs to calculate safety limits is that the margin of safety below the expected range of toxicity for each nutrient would be systematic, without having the safety limit for any nutrient regress below its RDA. Once the data acceptability criteria were met, the safety limit would be identified objectively. The confidence in and reasonableness of safety limits, regardless of the method used to define them, will be enhanced if the objectives, data criteria, and the quantitative method have been agreed upon ahead of time by groups responsible for nutrition and health policy. Even with such agreement, the confidence in using such procedures to support policy decisions will be improved by the extent and quality of the data base on toxicity and adverse reactions associated with consumption of excessive levels of the nutrients under consideration.
Performance evaluation of bus lines with data envelopment analysis and geographic information systems

Abstract Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an optimization-based technique widely used to measure relative efficiencies of public transit agencies. However, the literature on DEA pays little attention to the spatial aspects of transit systems. This study combines DEA and geographic information systems (GIS) to evaluate the performance of bus lines within a public transit system, considering both the operations and operational environment. First, we use GIS to create demographic profiles within the service corridor of each bus line. Then, we apply the DEA method to compute each bus line’s operational efficiency and spatial effectiveness scores. This approach allows for close inspection and comparison of operational and spatial aspects of bus lines. We suggest ways to improve the performance of bus lines based on the characteristics of the two types of scores.
Respect, Recognition, and Appraisal: Are All Artworks Valuable?

The apparently simple claim that all artworks are valuable is articulated clearly by Alan Goldman, who writes: ‘‘according to one common conception of art, to call something an artwork is already to grant it a positive evaluative status. What counts as a genuine artwork must meet some minimal threshold of artistic value, so that minor or mediocre works of art are still better than objects that purport to be works of art but do not merit that status.’’ The stakes of endorsing the view that Goldman lays out have generally been unrecognized. If all artworks are valuable, then there is at least one serious obstacle to any analysis that purports to define the concept of art. As Morris Weitz argues, using a version of the argument advanced by G.E. Moore that naturalists in ethics commit a fallacy, if the concept of art is laden with value, it cannot be defined using descriptive, naturalistic terminology. Even more importantly, if all artworks are valuable, questions about the classification and about the value of artworks cannot be separated; that strategy of responding to Weitz, employed by George Dickie, cannot be made to work. Responsible philosophical study of art, even its ontological aspects, would have to take a turn toward valuetheoretic considerations. Not only does the idea that all artworks are valuable have potentially serious theoretical entailments, but it is also widely endorsed by prominent writers on
The Effect of Spironolactone on the Hepatic Metabolism of Aldosterone in Male Rats

The rate of excretion of aldosterone radiometabolites into the bile was demonstrated to be markedly increased in male rats after treatment with a single, acute, pharmacological dose of spironolactone 15 min before the iv injection of [3H]aldosterone. In 1 h, 42% of the injected 3H radioactivity was excreted in the bile of spironolactone-treated male rats compared with 27% in the control rats. This treatment of the males with spironolactone led to an increased rate of excretion of aldosterone metabolites in the bile similar to that previously observed in both gonadectomized male and intact female rats. Sephadex DEAP-LH-20 column chromatography demonstrated significant differences in the types of conjugates of aldosterone and its metabolites present in the bile of male rats treated with spironolactone compared to the controls. The bile of male rats treated with spironolactone contained significantly greater quantities of “mono-” and “disulfates” of aldosterone and its metabolites and significantly smaller q...
Characteristics of Near-Surface Winds and Thermal Profiles on the Windward Slopes of the Island of Hawaii

Abstract The near-surface winds and thermal profiles on the windward side of the island of Hawaii are studied using the dataset from the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP), with special attention to the early morning and late afternoon transition periods that separate the daytime upslope and nighttime downslope flow regimes. The effects of rain showers on the development of daytime upslope and nighttime downslope flow are also discussed. Before sunrise (∼0600 HST), the temperature profiles are usually characterized by a nocturnal inversion about 50–150 m above the ground, with a strength of 1–4 K. The stable downslope flow layer usually extends above the nocturnal inversion with a nocturnal jet beneath the inversion. For rain cases, the nocturnal inversion and the nocturnal jet are weaker with a deeper stable downslope flow than clear cases because of rain evaporation aloft, reduced infrared radiation heat loss at the lowest levels, and vertical mixing associated with precipitation. After sunrise the noctur...
Distributed unmanned ground vehicle navigation in coordinate-free and localization-free wireless sensor and actuator networks

We present a distributed algorithm for the navigation of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) towards a set of identified target nodes in coordinate-free and localization-free wireless sensor and actuator networks. The navigation algorithm proceeds in two phases: first, a node level is determined based on a hop distance from the target nodes, which is accomplished by the network nodes without the need for any UGV action; and second, the UGV uses potential fields created by the network actuators to move towards the target nodes, requiring cooperation between certain actuator nodes and the UGV. The hop distance to the target nodes is used to control the main moving direction while the potential field, which can be measured by listeners on the UGV, is used to determine the UGV's movement. The major contribution of this paper is that the algorithm is fully distributed compared to the existing results in the field, which is suitable for real-time implementation. Meanwhile, the presenting algorithm uses three actuators to generate a potential field, which makes the algorithm more robust and flexible. A study on the communication complexity of the algorithm is presented as well as simulation examples that verify the presented algorithm.
Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of the E. coli panE-encoded ketopantoate reductase.

Ketopantoate reductase (EC 1.1.1.169) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketopantoate to form d-(−)-pantoate in the pantothenate/coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme encoded by the...
Episodic Aleutian Ridge igneous activity: implications of Miocene and younger submarine volcanism west of Buldir Island

Extrusive rocks of Miocene and younger age have been dredged from the submerged insular slopes of the arcuate, 2,220-km-long Aleutian Ridge. Hornblende dacite porphyry recovered at station 70-B29 (lat 52.6/sup 0/N, long 174.8/sup 0/E; depth, 700 m) was extruded less than 610,000 yr ago. The dacite crops out approximately 80 km west of Buldir Island, the westernmost volcanic edifice of the 2,550-km-long Aleutian volcanic chain. The submerged dacite extends the westward limit of this chain of eruptive centers, which are the product of a distinct phase of late Cenozoic (chiefly early Pliocene to present) volcanism. This part of the ridge is not associated with a north-dipping Benioff zone, a fact that may imply that arc-type calc-alkalic magma can be emplaced along sectors of the ridge either obliquely underthrust by the Pacific plate or in strike-slip contact with it (western 800 km).
Expression and function of striatal nAChRs differ in the Flinders sensitive (FSL) and resistant (FRL) rat lines

Abstract Rats of Flinders Sensitive (FSL) and Flinders Resistant lines (FRL) differ in their susceptibility to physiological and associated behavioral responses elicited by nicotine. In the present study, we measured dopamine (DA) content in striatal dialysates to investigate the sensitivity of FSL and FRL rats to nicotine delivered locally through a microdialysis probe placed in the striatum. We also measured the expression density of striatal high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and that of mRNAs encoding for α3, α4, α7 and β2 nAChR subunits in both lines. The DA content of dialysates was measured before and after a 1-min perfusion of nicotine (6, 10 or 20 nmoles/min) and the resulting DA increase was taken as a measure of the alkaloid's intrinsic activity for nAChRs involved in the release of DA. The nicotine-induced increase of striatal DA release was greater in FSL than in FRL rats for all concentrations of nicotine, suggesting that the intrinsic activity of nicotine was greater in the FSL than in the FRL rats. This was further supported by our finding that the density of high-affinity nAChRs in the striatum of FSL rats was 44% greater than in the FRL rats, whereas affinity ( K D ) was virtually the same in the two lines of rats. Also the expression of mRNAs encoding for α 4 , α 7 , and β 2 subunits in the striatum was greater in FSL than in FRL rats (attomol/μg total RNA, α 4 :98±10 vs 77±7; α 7 :279±16 vs 184±16; β 2 :310±19 vs 201±12). We hypothesize that the difference in nicotine-induced DA release in the striatum of FSL and FRL rats depends on the difference in nAChR subunit expression in the striatum between the two lines. The Flinders rats could be used as a model for nicotine self-administration studies to evaluate the susceptibilities of FSL and FRL rats to nicotine dependence.
Observation of a double C–H⋯π interaction in the CH2ClF⋯HCCH weakly bound complex

The structure of the CH2ClF⋯HCCH dimer has been determined using both chirped-pulse and resonant cavity Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. The complex has Cs symmetry and contains both a double C–H⋯π interaction, in which one π-bond acts as acceptor to two hydrogen atoms from the CH2ClF donor, and a weak C–H⋯Cl interaction, with acetylene as the donor. Analysis of the rotational spectra of four isotopologues (CH235ClF⋯H12C12CH, CH237ClF⋯H12C12CH, CH235ClF⋯H13C13CH, and CH237ClF–H13C13CH) has led to a structure with C–H⋯π distances of 3.236(6) A and a C–H⋯Cl distance of 3.207(22) A, in good agreement with ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level. Both weak contacts are longer than those observed in similar complexes containing a single C–H⋯π interaction that lies in the Cs plane; however, this appears to be the first double C–H⋯π contact to be studied by microwave spectroscopy, so there is little data for direct comparison. The rotational and chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for the most abundant isotopologue are: A = 5262.899(14) MHz, B = 1546.8074(10) MHz, C = 1205.4349(7) MHz, χaa = 28.497(5) MHz, χbb = −65.618(13) MHz, and χcc = 37.121(8) MHz.
Lysis of human red blood cells 2: effect of contact time on cosolvent induced hemolysis

Abstract The degree of hemolysis induced by several cosolvent formulations is evaluated at various contact times using the dynamic in vitro method developed by Krzyzaniak (Krzyzanik, J.F., Raymond, D.M. and Yalkowsky, S.H., Lysis of Human Red Blood Cells 1: Effect of Contact Time on Water Induced Hemolysis. PDA J. Pharm. Sci. & Tech., 50 (1996) 223–226). Hemolysis is shown to increase with cosolvent concentration and to be sigmoidally related to the logarithm of the formulation:blood contact time. With this information, a physiologically realistic in vitro method with a formulation:blood ratio of 0.1 and a contact time of 1 s has been developed and used to estimate the amount of hemolysis occurring after an intravenous injection of some commonly used cosolvent formulations.
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia.

Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare autosomal recessive metaphyseal chondrodysplasia seen primarily in people of Amish and Finnish origin. It is characterized by disproportionately short stature; limb deformities; fine, sparse, light-colored hair; and immunodeficiency. The aberrant gene was recently mapped to chromosome 9p21-p13 (the ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing [RMRP] gene). The immunologic deficiency in CHH affects primarily the T-cell system but may also involve humoral immunity. Patients with CHH are prone to certain viruses, including varicella, poliovirus, and vaccinia. They also have an increased risk of malignancies. A 39-year-old man with a history of dwarfism first presented with recurrent respiratory infections, allergies, and chronic cough. He experienced chronic sinusitis and recurrent pneumonias that required antibiotics and sinus surgery. Physical examination findings were notable for short stature (114 cm) with typical skeletal deformities; very fine, lightcolored hair; serous otitis media; expiratory rattles; and 2 warts on his left hand. Computed tomography of the chest revealed central bronchiectasis. Moderate lymphopenia was identified, with decreased counts in all subpopulations except natural killer cells. Diminished mitogen-induced blastogenesis was evident. Natural killer cell and neutrophil function were normal. Although CHH predominantly affects cellular immunity, our patient had a profound humoral deficit with remarkably low IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 subclass levels despite a high-normal total IgG level. His response to pneumococcal polysaccharide was extremely limited. Genomic DNA analysis characterized the patient as compound heterozygotic, with 2 changes in the RMRP gene. Initial treatment with an alternating regimen of antibiotics resulted in improvement. After administration of intravenous immunoglobulin, antibiotics were discontinued with sustained clinical benefit.
Glucose intolerance during ethynodiol diacetate--mestranol therapy.

Abstract Administration of a “19-nor” progestinestrogen combination, ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol, produced reversible carbohydrate intolerance in 40 per cent of 15 women tested. No correlation was noted between those subjects with a genetic predisposition to diabetes mellitus by history and the impaired tolerance. The over-all significance of these findings remains to be determined.
The effects of aromatase inhibitors and antiestrogens in the nude mouse model.

The effects of antiestrogens, tamoxifen and ICI 182,780, and aromatase inhibitors, arimidex (anastrozole ZD1033) and letrozole (CGS 20,267), on the growth of tumors were studied in nude mice. In this model, estrogen dependent MCF-7 human breast cancer cells stably transfected with the aromatase gene were inoculated in four sites per mouse. Sufficient estrogen is produced from aromatization of androstenedione supplement (0.1 mg/mouse/day) by the cells to stimulate their proliferation, tumor formation, and maintain the uterus similar to that of the intact mouse. Once the tumors reached a measurable size, the mice were injected with antiestrogen or inhibitor for 35–56 days. Tumor volumes were measured weekly. At autopsy, the tumors were removed, cleaned, and weighed. Statistical data was determined from tumor weights. Both antiestrogens were effective in reducing tumor growth in these mice. Tamoxifen appears to be more effective than ICI 182,780, although the former stimulated the uterine weight whereas the pure antiestrogen did not. However, both aromatase inhibitors were more effective than the antiestrogens. Tumor regression was observed with letrozole. Thus, after-treatment tumor weights were less than those of a group of mice at the start of treatment. The aromatase inhibitors also reduced the weight of the uterus, suggesting that these compounds, as well as the pure antiestrogen, may not cause endometrial proliferation, unlike tamoxifen. These aromatase inhibitors may not only benefit patients who have relapsed from tamoxifen, but may be more effective in patients as first line agents for suppressing the effects of estrogen.
In vitro mutagenesis of a circular DNA molecule by using synthetic restriction sites.

Abstract A method for mutagenizing circular DNA molecules has been developed that uses synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide restriction sites as mutagens. A single synthetic restriction site is introduced at random by cleaving circular DNA with a nonspecific double-strand endonuclease. The restriction site is then ligated to the ends and the molecule is subsequently recircularized. These small additions to the genome are mapped by digestion with the appropriate restriction enzyme. Rearrangements such as duplications and deletions can be engineered at will by using the added restriction sites. This technique has been used to produce a fine-structure map of RSF1050, a ColE1 derivative, 60% of which is a transposable DNA sequence encoding the TEM beta-lactamase (Tn3). A subset of the mutations, mapping within a narrow region of Tn3, result in an increased frequency of Tn3 transposition; mutations in other regions abolish transposition entirely.
Relative effects of wind stress curl, topography, and stratification on large‐scale circulation in Lake Michigan

[1] This paper uses the results from two multiseason numerical model simulations of Lake Michigan hydrodynamics to examine the relative effects of wind stress curl, topography, and stratification on large-scale circulation. The multiseason simulations provide a period long enough to encompass the full range of atmospheric and thermal conditions that can occur in the lake. The purpose of this paper is to diagnose the relative importance of various mechanisms responsible for the large-scale circulation patterns by analyzing the vorticity balance in the lake on a monthly timescale. Five different model scenarios are used to isolate the predominant mechanisms: (1) baroclinic lake, spatially variable wind stress; (2) barotropic lake, spatially variable wind stress; (3) baroclinic lake, spatially uniform wind stress; (4) barotropic lake, spatially uniform wind stress; and (5) barotropic lake, linearized equations, spatially uniform wind stress. By comparing the results of these five model scenarios it is shown that the cyclonic wind stress curl in the winter and the effect of baroclinicity in the summer are primarily responsible for the predominantly cyclonic flow in the lake. Topographic effects are also important but are not as significant as wind stress curl and baroclinic effects. Nonlinear effects are much smaller.
A unifying geometric solution framework and complexity analysis for variational inequalities

In this paper, we propose a concept of polynomiality for variational inequality problems and show how to find a near optimal solution of variational inequality problems in a polynomial number of iterations. To establish this result, we build upon insights from several algorithms for linear and nonlinear programs (the ellipsoid algorithm, the method of centers of gravity, the method of inscribed ellipsoids, and Vaidya's algorithm) to develop a unifying geometric framework for solving variational inequality problems. The analysis rests upon the assumption of strong-f-monotonicity, which is weaker than strict and strong monotonicity. Since linear programs satisfy this assumption, the general framework applies to linear programs.
Escaping the Grip of Personal Law in Colonial India: Proving Custom, Negotiating Hindu-ness

Postcolonial perspectives on India's past have tended to focus on representations, which served the purpose of colonial domination. The view, for instance, that Indian society is fundamentally constituted by caste or religion legitimated the supposedly secular or neutral system of governance introduced by the British. Building upon Edward Said's Orientalism (1978), scholars have suggested that some of our most widely held assumptions about Indian society were more rooted in an imperial worldview than in real social experiences of Indians. The attempt of colonial administrators to understand and govern India through the study of ancient texts formed the basis of an Indian variety of Orientalism. How colonial courts deployed this text-based knowledge in relation to the actual practices of religious “communities” is the central focus of this essay.
Spectral Representation of 2D NMR Spectra by Hypercomplex Numbers

This paper introduces a new spectral representation for phase-sensitive two-dimensional NMR experiments based on hypercomplex algebra. Some properties of this hypercomplex algebra are given. With this representation, it is shown that the Fourier transform and the phasing of phase-sensitive 2D NMR spectra can take simple expressions. Relationship of this representation with earlier proposed representation is considered.
Pluton emplacement along an active ductile thrust zone, Piute Mountains, southeastern California: Interaction between deformational and solidification processes

Plutons that are emplaced synchronously with regional deformation offer the opportunity to understand the partitioning of deformation and metamorphism in time and space during orogeny. The 85 Ma East Piute pluton of the eastern Mojave Desert is an unusually clear example of a syntectonic pluton; it was emplaced during thrusting in the southern Cordillera. Combined petrologic and structutal studies lead to empirical models for the dynamic interaction of magmatic and deformational processes during granitoid emplacement and final crystallization. Trace- and major-element and isotopic data suggest that closed-system differentiation of a single magma batch was responsible for compositional variation (granodiorite to leucocratic granite). Correlation between degree of chemical evolution of compositional units and intrusive sequence suggests that discrete melt segregation events punctuated fractional crystallization. Modeling of trace-element data suggests segregation of monzogranite melts after 50%-70% crystallization of the magma and segregation of leucocratic granite after about 80% crystallization. Deformation promoted segregation of melt fractions at discrete times during crystallization. During final ascent, and after the magma had crystallized sufficiently (50%-70%) to attain shear strength, monzogranite liquid was incompletely segregated along the active thrust zone at the southern margin of the pluton. At essentially the present crustal level, and after about 80% crystallization, the remaining leucocratic granite melts were more effectively segregated and migrated into thrust-related extensional openings, including tension gashes. Undeformed pegmatite and aplite dike arrays indicate that final crystallization coincided with final increments of shear-zone movement. Solid-state deformational fabrics and brittle synthetic thrusts that offset the pluton margin record sharp temperature decline during and after crystallization. Because plutons crystallize rapidly, they can be used to estimate strain rates during orogeny. Thermal modeling suggests that the transition from rheological liquid to solid in the East Piute pluton occurred during an interval of about 10 4 yr. As final increments of ductile deformation coincided with final crystallization of evolved compositional units, total strain recorded by fabric in the pluton apparently accumulated during this interval. Shear strains estimated from the S-C fabric in the granodiorite unit and rotation of pegmatite-filled vein arrays are on the order of 1. Thus, strain rates in the shear zone were on the order of 10 -12 /sec during crystallization of the pluton. This corresponds to displacements of tens of centimeters per year. These high strain rates suggest punctuated, melt-enhanced movement episodes during contractional orogeny.
Message driven computing and its relationship to actors

We define Message Driven Computation as a style of computing with two characteristics: 1) Messages, not sequential processes, convey both control and data. Indeed, there are no sequential processes unless they are programmed explicitly in terms of messages. 2) Computation is invoked by the presence of a collection of messages at the same location. MDC may be viewed as a generalization of Actors [AGHA86].MDC - Message Driven ComputingMDC is based on message passing to named locations at which both data storage and computation is performed.Messages are sent to labeled message queues called portals. A locus is a named collection of portals.Messages are not sent or received by processes; rather, a collection of messages at a locus that match a pattern will trigger the execution of a procedure. These pattern-invoked procedures are called behaviors. The execution of a behavior can send further messages.There are two kinds of patterns currently provided for triggering behaviors. 1) A specified number of messages at each of several specified portals at the same locus can trigger a behavior. 2) A message arriving at a specified portal of a locus can trigger a behavior if that locus has no other messages at any of its portals. The contents of the messages are not examined in either pattern match.A locus is named by an arbitrary tuple of information. The first component is required to be a symbol, an internally generated value used somewhat like a pointer. All loci whose names begin with the same symbol are typically considered to be components of the same distributed object. Moreover, a garbage collector can collect all loci whose names cannot be generated again because no active computation has access to their initial symbol.A locus will occupy one node of a multi-computer. The node number may be calculated from the locus name by a user specified formula or by hashing if no other method is specified. A locus is created when a message arrives at it and vanishes when no further messages are present or the garbage collector discovers it can no longer be active.Similarly, portals are created at loci when messages arrive at them. A portal name is constructed out of a locus name and a portal label.
Apprehension and motivation among adolescent dual language peers: perceptions and awareness about self-directed teaching and learning

English learners are given few opportunities to develop their oral language and be seen as language experts. Self-regulated dual language learning is an authentic approach to communicating in the target language that promotes basic interpersonal communication skills between foreign language and second language learners. This study examines how adolescent emergent English learners (ELs) and Spanish learners (SLs) self-regulated their language learning process in a dual language program. While there is a dearth of research about this topic, there are a number of significant self-efficacy studies that show connections between motivation, confidence and language learning. This case study explores not only how adolescent ELs and SLs practice and teach language but also how they reflected upon this process. Findings from transcription and analysis of 18 language sessions reveal that students go through three specific stages (Language Apprehension, Language Initiation and Language Acquisition) when teaching and ...
Local valence and magnetic characteristics of La 2 NiMnO 6

Epitaxial thin films of ordered double perovskite ${\text{La}}_{2}{\text{NiMnO}}_{6}$ have been studied by a combination of high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy. Our results show the nominal oxidation states of Ni and Mn ions to be ${\text{Ni}}^{2+}$ and ${\text{Mn}}^{4+}$ thus the ferromagnetism in ground state is mainly due to ${\text{Ni}}^{2+}{\text{-O-Mn}}^{4+}$ superexchange interactions. In addition, short-range ferromagnetic correlations are observed above the Curie temperature $({T}_{C}\ensuremath{\sim}280\text{ }\text{K})$ from XMCD measurement, which are likely induced by antisite defects against long-range ordering of the Ni/Mn sublattice. The XMCD results also demonstrate that the ${\text{Ni}}^{2+}$ and ${\text{Mn}}^{4+}$ ions are ferromagnetically aligned but exhibit large differences in the spin and orbital contributions to their effective magnetic moments.
Transforming growth factor-β1 impairs CFTR-mediated anion secretion across cultured porcine vas deferens epithelial monolayer via the p38 MAPK pathway.

The goal of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) affects epithelial cells lining the vas deferens, an organ that is universally affected in cystic fibrosis mal...
Minimal Processing: Its Context and Influence in the Archival Community

ABSTRACT Since its publication in 2005, of Mark A. Greene and Dennis Meissner's “More Product, Less Process: Revamping Traditional Archival Processing” has led to much discussion and self-examination within the archival community about working through backlogs. This article discusses the impact of Greene and Meissner's work and considers the questions and implications that the possible implementation of minimal processing provokes, in relation to financial, time, and privacy considerations, among others.
Prosimian Primates Show Ratio Dependence in Spontaneous Quantity Discriminations

We directly tested the predictions of the approximate number system (ANS) and the object file system in the spontaneous numerical judgments of prosimian primates. Prior work indicates that when human infants and a few species of nonhuman animals are given a single-trial choice between two sequentially baited buckets they choose the bucket with the greater amount of food but only when the quantities are small. This pattern of results has been interpreted as evidence that a limited capacity object-file system is used to track small numbers of objects and that the ANS is not invoked under these circumstances. Here we tested prosimian primates in food choice comparisons that were chosen to contrast predictions of the ANS and object-file systems. We found that prosimian primates consistently chose the larger of two sets when they differed by a 1:3 ratio regardless of whether both values were small (≤ 3), both values were large (> 3), or there was one small and one large value. Prosimians were not able to robustly discriminate quantities that differed by a 1:2 ratio for the same three conditions, nor did they show a preference for small quantities that differed by a 2:3 ratio. These results implicate the ANS in the spontaneous numerical discriminations of nonhuman primates.
Coprecipitation of Strontium and Magnesium with Holocene Cave Calcites, Barbados, West Indies: ABSTRACT

Within stalactites from Barbados caves, progressively younger calcite conical growth layers and central canal void-filling calcites contain smaller amounts of Sr and Mg. The observed distribution of Sr and Mg in the stalactites is in agreement with a solution-reprecipitation model in which calcite-to-calcite transitions within a low-Mg calcite vadose zone yield amounts of Sr and Mg decreasing with time to vadose water seeping into ventilated cavern macropores. Within the overall trend of decreasing Sr and Mg content, vadose seepage and speleothem calcites may become locally enriched in Sr and Mg when (1) the groundwater temperature decreases, thus affecting the temperature dependence of the calcite-water distribution coefficients for Sr (0.14 ± 0.02 at 25°C) and Mg (0.062 ± 0.015 at 27°C), or (2) meteoric waters bypass the upper vadose zone to dissolve low-Mg calcites of higher Sr and Mg content in the End_Page 622------------------------------ deeper parts of the vadose environment. As determined from radiocarbon dating, the stalactites have vertical growth rates of from 0.013 to 0.22 mm/yr and an average rate of lateral conical growth layer accretion of 0.006 mm/yr. End_of_Article - Last_Page 623------------
Configuration products in geometric modeling

The six-dimensional space SE(3) is traditionally associated with the space of configurations of a rigid solid (a subset of Euclidean three-dimensional space E3). But a solid can be also considered to be a set of configurations, and therefore a subset of SE(3). This observation removes the artificial distinction between shapes and their configurations, and allows formulation and solution of a large class of problems in mechanical design and manufacturing. In particular, the configuration product of two subsets of configuration space is the set of all configurations obtained when one of the sets is transformed by all configurations of the other. The usual definitions of various sweeps, Minkowski sum, and other motion related operations are then realized as projections of the configuration product into E3. Similarly, the dual operation of configuration quotient subsumes the more common operations of unsweep and Minkowski difference. We identify the formal properties of these operations that are instrumental in formulating and solving both direct and inverse problems in computer aided design and manufacturing. Finally, we show that all required computations may be implemented using a fast parallel sampling method on a GPU.
Myt1 family recruits histone deacetylase to regulate neural transcription

The myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1) gene family is comprised of three zinc finger genes [Myt1, Myt1L (Myt1-Like) and NZF3] of the structurally unique CCHHC class that are expressed predominantly in the developing CNS. To understand the mechanism by which this family regulates neural differentiation, we searched for interaction partners. In both yeast and a mammalian two-hybrid system, Myt1 and Myt1L interacted with Sin3B, a protein that mediates transcriptional repression by binding to histone deacetylases (HDACs). Myt1–Sin3B complexes were co-immunoprecipitated from transfected mammalian cells and included HDAC1 and HDAC2. Myt1 and Myt1L could partner with all three Sin3B isoforms, the long form (Sin3BLF) that includes the HDAC-binding domain, and the two short forms (Sin3BSF293 and Sin3BSF302) that lack this domain and may consequently antagonize Sin3BLF/HDAC-mediated co-repression. Myt1 or Myt1L interactions with the HDAC-binding form of Sin3B conferred repression on a heterologous promoter. Oligodendrocytes were shown to express transcripts encoding each of the Sin3B isoforms. We present a model in which the Myt1 family of zinc finger proteins, when bound to a neural promoter, can recruit Sin3B. Depending on the relative availability of Sin3B isoforms, the Myt1 gene family may favor the silencing of genes during neural development.
Space Telescope observations of aurorae on the giant planets

Abstract For the distant giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, the observation of aurorae may be the best astronomical technique for the detection of planetary magnetic fields, with implications for the structure and composition of their interiors. Aurorae may be detected by emssion of H I Ly α (1216 A) and by H 2 bands near 1600 A. The latter are important for very faint aurorae because there is essentially no planetary, interplanetary or geocoronal scattering of sunlight to contaminate the signal. For Uranus, present IUE results suggest the presence of a strong aurora at Ly α, but the background and instrument noise levels are very high compared to the apparent signal. At 1600 A, the IUE instrument noise renders the H 2 emission bands on Uranus marginal at best. No aurora has yet been observed on Neptune. For Jupiter, where the existence and general characteristics of the magnetic field are well established, there is disagreement between ground-based infrared and space-borne ultraviolet observations of the location of the aurorae. For all four giant planets, Space Telescope can improve upon the quality of current optical observations. For spectroscopy, the low resolution mode of the High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS) is particularly well suited to auroral observations because of its spectral range, adequate resolution and high sensitivity. For ultraviolet imaging through appropriate filters, the ST spatial resolution, expected to be of order 5 hundredths of an arc second, is also well suited to determine the spatial properties of the aurorae.
Program Analysis for Mobile Application Integrity and Privacy Enforcement

Program analysis has become an essential tool to verify the correctness of programs before these are deployed to end users' computers and devices. Detecting security problems in today's mobile applications by just relying on manual code inspection is unrealistic. Testing is also limited because there is often no guarantee that all the possible paths of execution of an application are tested under all the possible inputs, and so false negatives may arise. Static analysis is a very promising solution but suffers from the dual problem of false positives. A combination of static and dynamic analysis mitigates the disadvantages that arise when static and dynamic analysis are executed individually and is, therefore, the recommended solution to detect and correct application-level cyber security attacks in mobile applications. This tutorial presents both static and dynamic analysis approaches to enforce privacy of mobile applications, and includes a hands-on lab that teaches the audience how to use create a static-analysis solution that verifies the integrity and confidentiality of the data managed by the program itself.