cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium Increases in Retinal Glial Cells Evoked by Light-Induced Neuronal Activity

Electrical stimulation of neurons in brain slices evokes increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ in neighboring astrocytes. The present study tests whether similar neuron-to-glial signaling occurs in the isolated rat retina in response to light stimulation. Results demonstrate that Muller cells, the principal retinal glial cells, generate transient increases in Ca2+ under constant illumination. A flickering light stimulus increases the occurrence of these Ca2+ transients. Antidromic activation of ganglion cell axons also increases the generation of Muller cell Ca2+ transients. The increases in Ca2+ transients evoked by light and antidromic stimulation are blocked by the purinergic antagonist suramin and by TTX. The addition of adenosine greatly potentiates the response to light, with light ON evoking large Ca2+ increases in Muller cells. Suramin, apyrase (an ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme), and TTX substantially reduce the adenosine-potentiated response. NMDA, metabotropic glutamate, GABAB, and muscarinic receptor antagonists, in contrast, are mainly ineffective in blocking the response. Light-evoked Ca2+ responses begin in Muller cell processes within the inner plexiform (synaptic) layer of the retina and then spread into cell endfeet at the inner retinal surface. These results represent the first demonstration that Ca2+ increases in CNS glia can be evoked by a natural stimulus (light flashes). The results suggest that neuron-to-glia signaling in the retina is mediated by neuronal release of ATP, most likely from amacrine and/or ganglion cells, and that the response is augmented under pathological conditions when adenosine levels increase.
Thermal Behavior of Hot Copper Plates for Slab Continuous Casting Mold with High Casting Speed

A three-dimensional finite-element heat-transfer model was established to predict temperature of hot copper plates in a slab continuous casting mold with high casting speed and the temperature distribution and effect of casting speed on thermal behavior were simulated in detail. The results show that the calculated temperature agree well with the measured ones and the temperature of hot copper surface is influenced by the flash welded chrome (Cr) layer to a certain extent. The temperature profile of hot copper surface is determined by heat flux, material properties, solidifying shell shrinkage and mold taper and presents a certain shape. Temperature distributions in different transverse sections along effective casting height of mold are all similar and depend on mold structure and contact state between mold wall and slab. The centre temperature of hot copper surface at casting speed 1.8 m·min−1 and 2.0 m·min−1 are higher than that of 1.6 m·min−1 casting speed 4.7–5.2°C and 11.2–12.2°C respectively and temperature is not increased linearly with casting speed. Temperature difference adjacent to meniscus between mold wall and shell surface is influenced obviously by casting speed and increased 4.0–6.0°C with increment of casting speed 0.2 m·min−1. Fluctuation of temperature difference in meniscus should be a main reason to deteriorate casting effectiveness as increasing casting speed.
Primary aldosteronism and a Texas two-step

Primary aldosteronism is unquestionably the most common secondary cause of hypertension, and effective approaches to diagnosis and targeted treatments exist. Even the most conservative estimates of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism, however, indicate that the condition is grossly underdiagnosed. Part of the reason why diagnosis and treatment lag far behind is the lack of expertise, even among endocrinologists and hypertension specialists, in the approach to the patient with possible primary aldosteronism. We will never make an impression on this important problem unless general internists and primary care physicians actively participate in the screening and referral process. A healthcare delivery team need not fear an overwhelming and fruitless battle with an intractable conundrum if a practical and staged approach to workup and treatment is taken. This review discusses the approach we have taken in Dallas, a strategy of targeted screening, referral for positive screens, and individualized management.
Timing of mesozoic and cenozoic plutonic events in circum-pacific North America

Evaluation of isotopic ages of granitic intrusive rocks of large batholiths in circum-Pacific North America indicates that Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonism was episodic but not periodic. Three intrusive epochs have been defined in the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith of Alaska on the basis of concordant potassium-argon ages of coexisting biotite and hornblende or muscovite. Only two intrusive epochs based on concordant ages of mineral pairs and an older plutonic episode can be recognized in the Sierra Nevada and southern California batholiths. Detailed intrusive histories for other parts of Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory cannot be inferred from available data. The intrusive epochs in the western United States do not correlate with the epochs in the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith. The spacing, duration, and synchroneity of intrusive epochs in the circum-Pacific batholiths of North America are not yet well established.
Narrowing of the discrete auroral arc by the ionosphere

[1] We investigate the role of the ionosphere in the development of intense, narrow discrete auroral arcs. Our study shows that interactions between a pair of downward and upward magnetic field-aligned currents (FACs) and the ionosphere can lead to the narrowing of the upward current channel and broadening of the downward current channel such that the total width of the initial current pair remains the same. In this case the intensity of the upward current increases, and the intensity of the large-scale downward current decreases. Conditions promoting this asymmetry between the upward and downward FACs include low ionospheric conductivity (≤1 mho) and a moderate magnitude of the current density (<5 μA/m 2 ). Simulations show that the ionosphere causes significant asymmetry not only in the structure and amplitude of the currents but also in the structure and amplitude of the corresponding parallel electric fields. The dynamics of the parallel electric field in the upward current channel is similar to the dynamics of the current itself, but the dynamics of the field in the downward current channel differs from the dynamics of the current. The major difference is that the width of the downward current channel becomes broader with time but the scale size of the parallel electric field becomes smaller inside the channel. This effect is quite important for understanding the parallel electron acceleration in the auroral zone. In particular, it may explain why the so-called "black" auroral arcs, which are produced by the electrons flowing along the magnetic field lines from the ionosphere, always appear in the form of very narrow, discrete dark lines.
Application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling to predict the kinetic and dynamic effects of anti-methotrexate antibodies in mice.

ABSTRACT: We have shown that intravenous (iv) administration of anti-methotrexate (MTX) antibodies (AMAb) reduces the systemic exposure of intraperitoneal (ip) MTX therapy, and we have proposed that AMAb effects on MTX systemic exposure would allow a reduction in MTX-induced systemic toxicity (i.e., producing a desirable antagonistic effect). However, many literature reports have shown that anti-toxin antibodies occasionally demonstrate unexpected agonist-like activity, increasing the extent of toxicity induced by their ligand. In this report, we have utilized a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model to predict the potential of AMAb to increase or decrease the magnitude of MTX-induced body weight loss in mice. Simulations predicted that both anti-MTX immunoglobulin G (AMI) and anti-MTX Fab fragments (AMF) would lead to increases or decreases in MTX toxicity, with effects dependent on the dosing protocol used. Based on the computer simulations, two protocols were selected for in vivo evaluation of predicted agonistic or antagonistic effects. Murine monoclonal AMI and AMF were produced, purified, and characterized. Agonistic effects were tested after 24-h infusion of ip MTX (10 mg/kg) and iv administration of an equimolar dose of AMI. Antagonistic effects were tested after 72-h infusion of ip MTX (5 mg/kg) and iv infusion of an equimolar dose of AMF. Consistent with model predictions of agonist-like activity, the 24-h AMI protocol led to significantly increased animal mortality (all animals died, p p p
Dehydrogenation of cyclohexene to benzene on Pd(111)

Abstract The dehydrogenation and decomposition of cyclohexene on clean Pd(111) have been investigated using Fourier transform mass spectrometry detection with thermal desorption spectroscopy (FT–TDS) and laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD–FTMS). TDS shows two molecular desorption peaks for cyclohexene centered around 180 K and 230 K in the submonolayer regime, with benzene desorbing at ∼450 K. LITD experiments show that benzene formation occurs at low temperatures (
Contributions of female oviposition patterns and larval behavior to group defense in conifer sawflies (hymenoptera: diprionidae)

We studied the effects of adult oviposition and larval interactions on the defensive potential of gregarious behavior in conifer sawflies. Aggregation size and distribution initially reflected adult host plant selection and oviposition behavior. The contagious distribution of egg clusters resulted in part from the utilization of individual trees by multiple females, and of single host shoots by several females. Trees with the greates degree of prior defoliation received the most eggs, even though the potential for larval crowding made resource depletion possible. Foliar monoterpene and nitrogen contents explained only a small proportion of variability in female host utilization. Conifer needle architecture restricted the size of larval subgroups within aggregations, and limited the degree of defensive cohesiveness between subgroups. Subgroup turnover was frequent and independent of local food depletion. Risk of predation from wood ants varied with larval aggregation size and predator foraging level. When ant activity was high, large aggregations suffered greater numerical losses, but showed lower per capita predatory risk, than small groups. Results suggest that female oviposition patterns are influenced in part by the defensive benefits gained by offspring in large aggregations. Against ants, dilution effects and defensive synchrony due to gregariousness contribute to the overall antipredator strategy of sawfly larvae.
Investigation of interdiffusion in thin film couples of aluminum and copper by Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract Interdiffusion in thin film couples of aluminum and copper was investigated at relatively low temperatures (100–200°C) and short annealing times (5–60 min) using Auger electron spectroscopy. Analysis of the results reveals two distinct processes, each characterized by a unique set of diffusion coefficients: (1) diffusion in the vicinity of the original interface and (2) diffusion extending beyond the interfacial region. These processes are identified as defect-induced interfacial diffusion and grain boundary diffusion respectively. Measured values of the activation energy are consistent with those expected for short-circuit diffusion and effectively obliterate, under the imposed conditions of annealing time and temperature, meager effects expected from volume diffusion. In addition, the formation and growth of Al 2 Cu along grain boundaries was detected by transmission electron microscopy.
Keeping Raw Data in Context

![Figure][1] Data sharing. Shared data will only be useful if complete information about the original study design is also available. CREDIT: JUPITER IMAGES We agree with the premise stated in “Making clinical data widely available” (Special Section on Clinical Trials, J. Kaiser, 10
Endoscopic foraminotomy using MED system in cadaveric specimens.

Study Design.Four cadavers had cervical foraminotomies performed at noncontiguous levels using either the standard open technique or the microendoscopic technique.Objectives.To evaluate the feasibility of using a minimally invasive technique for posterior decompression of cervical disc disease.Summa
Psychological Literacy A First Approximation

Reported here are the results of a study to determine which terms and concepts in psychology's basic subfields are judged to be of suj~cient importance that they should be general knowledge within the psychological community, especially to students. Questionnaires con- taining 200-250 terms and concepts from each of lO sub- fields of psychology were sent to authors of textbooks in those subfields with a request that they make such judg- ments in the form of ratings. Authors suggested additional terms that were the basis for a second questionnaire. The results have been compiled into tables of "Psychology's Top 100" concepts and of ranked lists of the 100 highest rated terms for each of the 10 subfield areas studied. What are the nuggets in the mother lode of psychological knowledge? How would we know them when we saw them? Some time ago I saw these two questions as crucial to the identification of a general core of psychology that psychologists and their students might be expected to know. The reader will recognize in this concern the in- fluence of E. J. Hirsch, whose book Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs To Know caught the atten- tion of the American public in 1987. Hirsch's thesis was that many Americans have not been provided with the educational background necessary to understand efforts at serious communication, in other words to be good cit- izens. What they need, according to Hirsch, is a knowl- edge base that is encompassed in a long list of terms, concepts, sayings, and people that is presented in the book. Although Hirsch's thesis and his materials have been variously received, I found the general idea of a core of knowledge appealing; citizens are also needed in the psy- chological community. Perhaps U.S. colleges and uni- versities might come to agree on a basic set of materials that psychology majors might be expected to master prior to their graduation. Students might be guided in their course selection by the idea that competence with a rec- ognizable set of concepts and materials was the norm for graduate work or even for an undergraduate education. Not the least of the attractions of a core of psychological material is its explicit messageDthat psychology is much more than it has been portrayedDto a public that knows only the "junk" psychology propagated by the popular press. Psychologists would all agree that psychology has much to say in a large number of important and fasci- nating areas. But what are the more critical parts of these areas that an educated public should be apprised of?. Thus motivated, I undertook the task of developing a list of terms and concepts that our students should know. If not cultural literacy, I could at least aspire toward the identification of a measure of psychological literacy.
Understanding Implementation and Effectiveness of Strong Start K-2 on Social-Emotional Behavior

Strong Start K-2 is a social-emotional learning curriculum, designed for use with children in kindergarten through grade 2. The objectives of this study were twofold. First, authors aimed to evaluate the feasibility and quality of Strong Start implementation. Additionally authors examined the effect of Strong Start on first grade students’ perceptions of emotion and teacher ratings of social behavior and affect. Results suggested that Strong Start was implemented with integrity, and that significant increases in student knowledge about emotion situations and significant decreases in student internalizing behaviors were associated with exposure to the program. Limitations of this study as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Heat Coagulation of Milk

The need for further studies on heat coagulation became apparent during attempts to measure the influence of various electrolytes upon the coagulation temperature of various milks. The data available proved rather limited, and attempts to check certain published results were only partially successful. A lack of uniform methods, it is felt, largely accounts for the differences obtained by various workers. In the present study, the method adopted was carefully standardized, in an attempt to minimize the error in judgment regarding the point at which coagulation first occurs. Goat's milk as well as cow's milk was used.
Social decision making processes and the equal partitionment of shared resources

Abstract Three experiments investigated the hypothesis that group members will be more likely to use the prominent social decision making rule of “divide equally” when they share resources that are partitioned into equal units than when they share nonpartitioned resources. In Experiment 1, subjects were either the first of 3 or the first of 12 group members to draw from a shared resource that was either partitioned or nonpartitioned. The results showed that subjects were most likely to violate the equal division rule when they were members of 12-person groups drawing from a nonpartitioned resource. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that this result was due to the greater size of the nonpartitioned resource for large groups. Experiment 3 examined the idea that people's ability to divide a nonpartitioned resource equally decreases as the number of members in their group increases. The results showed that although there is some evidence for an inverse relationship between this ability and group size, there is stronger evidence that members of large groups are simply less motivated to divide equally than are members of small groups. These data suggest that a partitioned arrangement of a shared resource may inhibit its overconsumption.
Analytic Theory of Hyponormal Operators with Rank One Self-Commutators

An analytic theory is developed for the pure hyponormal operators with rank one self-commutators and with spectra which are the closure of finitely connected bounded domains with analytic boundaries.
“Post”-Conflict Displacement: Isolation and Integration in Georgia

The Abkhaz civil wars and continuing territorial conflicts in Georgia have resulted in the long-term displacement of more than 200,000 people since the early 1990s. Although the international and l...
Preparation of L-proline based aeruginosin 298-A analogs: optimization of the P1-moiety.

Abstract Aeruginosins are a family of naturally occurring oligopeptides that share a common bicyclic amino acid core structure. Many compounds in the family are inhibitors of serine proteases, such as thrombin and trypsin. Thrombin is an important enzyme in the blood coagulation cascade, and is a promising target for anticoagulant drug development. In order to understand the structure–activity relationship (SAR) and to find selective thrombin inhibitors, we synthesized a series of aeruginosin 298-A analogs, in which the P2 bicyclic amino acid was replaced by a l -proline residue. The structure optimization was focused on modification of the P1 position. In choosing the P1 group, an effort was made to avoid using the highly basic guanidine groups present in nearly all naturally occurring aeruginosins. The synthesis and enzyme assays of these aeruginosin analogs against thrombin and trypsin are reported. We found that several compounds with neutral P1 groups exhibit excellent selectivity over trypsin and good potency against thrombin. The SAR data of the P1 groups obtained here can be used in preparing other thrombin inhibitors with better selectivity against trypsin.
Strategies for Requesting in Spanish and English: Structural Similarities and Pragmatic Differences.

This paper reports on recent work in the acquisition of pragmatic competence in a second language. It centers on the speech act of requesting and the semantic strategies for conveying that speech act. First, a contrastive analysis of Spanish and English strategies is undertaken to show that basically the same strategies are available in both languages. The paper goes on to describe an experiment in which native speakers of each language were asked to judge the relative politeness of each strategy. It concludes with an examination of the frequency of use of the various strategies for conveying requests among a population of bilingual children. The findings show that, while basically the Same request strategies are available to speakers of Spanish and English, the use of those strategies differs markedly. More polite strategies are employed in speaking Spanish, while more neutral strategies are used in English.
Morphologic Features of Conventional Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx: ‘Keratinizing’ and ‘Nonkeratinizing’ Histologic Types as the Basis for a Consistent Classification System

Morphologic assessment is one of the most basic tools that pathologists use to classify tumors. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx has unique morphologic features that can be readily recognized under the microscope. Yet, these features are not widely recognized or uniformly reported. In our practice, we group oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas into ‘nonkeratinizing’, ‘nonkeratinizing with maturation’, and ‘keratinizing’ histologic types. The ‘nonkeratinizing’ type has a very strong association with HPV, while the ‘keratinizing’ type has a weaker association with the virus. ‘Nonkeratinizing with maturation’ is intermediate but much more closely related to the ‘nonkeratinizing’ type. This classification system parallels that of sinonasal and nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas where nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas are widely recognized histologic variants. This review will discuss this classification system and its utility in routine clinical practice.
The impact of water price uncertainty on the adoption of precision irrigation systems

We examine whether a firm is more or less likely to adopt precision technology when input prices are stochastic. The results are important to determining whether programs and contracts that reduce input price uncertainty may deter the adoption of conservation practices. An economic model of the technology adoption decision shows that the net effect of input price risk is ambiguous and depends on several factors including the shutdown effect, the mean price effect, the precision expansion effect, and the risk aversion effect. An empirical implementation of the model relies on data on water price and irrigation technology adoption observed in a California irrigation district over the period 1999–2002. The results show that a stable input price increases the adoption of precision technology, but the impact depends on crop choice and land quality characteristics.
Army ground robotics technology development and experimentation program

In the past year, the U.S. Army has committed to a paradigm shift in the way future ground military operations will be conducted. Increased emphasis upon the deployability of future forces has focused efforts towards reducing the weight, volume, and logistics requirements for proposed tactical systems. Extensive use of unmanned systems offer a potential means to achieve these goals, without reducing the lethality or survivability of this future ground combat force. To support this vision, the U.S. Army has embarked upon a concerted effort to develop required technology and demonstrate its maturity with the goal of incorporating this technology into the Future Combat Systems and the Objective Force.
Predictability: Recent insights from information theory

[1] This paper summarizes a framework for investigating predictability based on information theory. This framework connects and unifies a wide variety of statistical methods traditionally used in predictability analysis, including linear regression, canonical correlation analysis, singular value decomposition, discriminant analysis, and data assimilation. Central to this framework is a procedure called predictable component analysis (PrCA). PrCA optimally decomposes variables by predictability, just as principal component analysis optimally decomposes variables by variance. For normal distributions the same predictable components are obtained whether one optimizes predictive information, the dispersion part of relative entropy, mutual information, Mahalanobis error, average signal to noise ratio, normalized mean square error, or anomaly correlation. For joint normal distributions, PrCA is equivalent to canonical correlation analysis between forecast and observations. The regression operator that maps observations to forecasts plays an important role in this framework, with the left singular vectors of this operator being the predictable components and the singular values being the canonical correlations. This correspondence between predictable components and singular vectors occurs only if the singular vectors are computed using Mahalanobis norms, a result that sheds light on the role of norms in predictability. In linear stochastic models the forcing that minimizes predictability is the one that renders the “whitened” dynamical operator normal. This condition for minimum predictability is invariant to linear transformation and is equivalent to detailed balance. The framework also inspires some new approaches to accounting for deficiencies of forecast models and estimating distributions from finite samples.
Cytochrome P450 in the house fly: Structure, catalytic activity and regulation of expression of CYP6 A1 in an insecticide-resistant strain†

The house fly P450 CYP6A1 was cloned and sequenced. This gene was mapped to chromosome V of the house fly. Upstream of the transcription start site are sequences (barbie boxes) that may be related to the inducibility of the gene by phenobarbital. The coding sequence of CYP6A1 is interrupted at the Glu364 codon by a single intron of 60 bp, as in five related CYP6 genes that are present on the same chromosome. The catalytic activity of CYP6A1 was analyzed in a reconstituted system of house fly P450 reductase and CYP6A1. The cDNAs for these two components of the microsomal P450 system were expressed in Escherichia coli. CYP6A1 epoxidized the cyclodiene insecticides heptachlor and aldrin at a high rate. The CYP6A1 gene was shown to be constitutively overexpressed in several insecticide-resistant strains, including the multi-resistant Rutgers strain. This high constitutive expression is not caused by an amplification of the CYP6A1 gene. Overexpression of the CYP6A1 gene is controlled by an incompletely dominant locus on chromosome II, both in larvae and in adults. This shows that overexpression is the result of a mutation affecting a trans-acting factor that regulates CYP6A1 expression on chromosome V. Metabolic resistance to insecticides (organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, juvenile hormone analogs etc.) has been mapped repeatedly to chromosome II in the house fly by genetic methods, and these results support the hypothesis of Plapp that a major resistance gene on chromosome II is a regulatory gene
Silver deprivation limits fecundity and survivability in the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia magna.

The nutritional role of silver for the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia magna, was examined through four generations of deprivation. Silver inclusion in animal media was set at a nominal zero (employing chemicals of the highest available purity). Both reproduction (−60%) and life span (−40%) were negatively affected when compared to animals reared in the presence of 0.4 ng g−1 Ag. These results strongly suggest a nutritional requirement of silver for daphnids at nanomolar concentrations.
Wide-field camera 3 ground testing and calibration

Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), a panchromatic imager being developed for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), is now fully integrated and has undergone extensive ground testing at Goddard Space Flight Center, in both ambient and thermal-vacuum test environments. The thermal-vacuum testing marks the first time that both of the WFC3 UV/Visible and IR channels have been operated and characterized in flight-like conditions. The testing processes are completely automated, with WFC3 and the optical stimulus that is used to provide external targets and sources being commanded by coordinated computer scripts. All test data are captured and stored in the long-term Hubble Data Archive. A full suite of instrument calibration tests have been performed, including measurements of detector properties such as dark current, read noise, flat field response, gain, linearity, and persistence, as well as total system throughput, encircled energy, grism dispersions, IR thermal background, and image stability tests. Nearly all instrument characteristics have been shown to meet or exceed expectations and requirements. Solutions to all issues discovered during testing are in the process of being implemented and will be verified during future ground tests.
Optimal post‐contrast timing of breast MR image acquisition for architectural feature analysis

Purpose To define a post-contrast imaging time span during which diagnostic accuracy of breast magnetic resonance (MR) architectural feature analysis is maintained. Materials and Methods Seventy-five patients with mammographically-visible or palpable findings underwent MR examination. Three sequential post-contrast, fat-saturated, three-dimensional gradient-echo imaging runs were acquired spanning 0–90, 90–180, and 180–270 seconds after contrast injection. Five readers independently predicted the malignant potential of the MR abnormalities. Results Receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curves were our primary measure of diagnostic accuracy. The accuracy of four readers was unchanged over the three post-contrast runs. One reader was slightly more accurate using the second and third runs than using the first. Conclusion For most readers, a single post-contrast run performed at any point during the first four minutes and 30 seconds following injection should yield an equivalent diagnostic accuracy. If any time period is less optimal, it is that of our first run, performed between 0–90 seconds after contrast injection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:42–50. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unusual proximal dislocation without fracture: a case report

Carpal instability includes a broad spectrum of osseous and ligamentous injuries which have been subclassified into greater and lesser arc injuries, in addition to combinations of both (Mayfield et al. J Hand Surg [Am] 5:226–241, 1980; Yaeger et al. Skeletal Radiol 13(2):120–30, 1985). The injuries typically occur from a fall on the outstretched hand with the wrist in ulnar deviation, hyperextension, and intercarpal supination (Yaeger et al. Skeletal Radiol 13(2):120–30, 1985). The force classically propagates from the radial to the ulnar side of the wrist resulting in a fracture (greater arc) or dislocation (lesser arc) pattern with the extent of the injury occurring in an orderly pattern depending upon the degree of hyperextension and the duration and magnitude of the force (Mayfield et al. J Hand Surg [Am] 5:226–241, 1980; Yaeger et al. Skeletal Radiol 13(2):120–30, 1985). Multiple variations occur, including transradial styloid fractures as well as fractures through carpal bones surrounding the lunate (Mayfield et al. J Hand Surg [Am] 5:226–241, 1980; Yaeger et al. Skeletal Radiol 13(2):120–30, 1985; Kozin SH. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 6 (2): 114–20, 1998. Although carpal dislocations have been noted for many years, the mechanisms and classification have only been recently clarified. We report a case of a complex dislocation involving the entire proximal carpal row without an associated fracture. While this type of complex carpal dislocation has been previously described, to our knowledge, it has never been reported without a fracture of the forearm, wrist, or hand.
Adolescent Psychopathology: II. Psychosocial Risk Factors for Depression

In a prospective study of adolescent depression, adolescents (N = 1,508) were assessed at Time 1 and after 1 year (Time 2) on psychosocial variables hypothesized to be associated with depression. Most psychosocial variables were associated with current (n = 45) depression. Formerly depressed adolescents (n = 217) continued to differ from never depressed controls on many of the psychosocial variables. Many of the depression-related measures also acted as risk factors for future depression (n = 112), especially past depression, current other mental disorders, past suicide attempt, internalizing behavior problems, and physical symptoms. Young women were more likely to be, to become, and to have been depressed. Controlling for the psychosocial variables eliminated the gender difference for current and future but not for past depression.
World grain markets: A functional analysis

Abstract The understanding of world grain markets is necessary for analysing problems of world food and agriculture as well as for developing policies to solve those problems. Although several commodity models already exist for explaining the behaviour of those maakets which could be commented upon, the purpose of this paper is to examine those mechanisms or relationships deemed most important to understanding overall grain market performance. Following an introduction to the general characteristics of grain markets, consideration is given to a number of critical areas of market behaviour: supply, demand, inventories and prices, futures exchanges, and importance for trade and development.
Vowel coalescence in Chumburung: An autosegmental analysis

While the application of autosegmental theory to tonal phenomena is relatively well-established, less accepted, perhaps, is its application to segmental phenomena. In the present work I describe vowel coalescence in Chumburung and some of the vocalic processes in this language that relate directly to it. I then present an analysis of Chumburung coalescence within an autosegmental framework. Drawing on the single-valued feature model of Van der Hulst and Smith (1985) I offer a relatively straight-forward explanation for the quality of the vowel that results from coalescence in Chumburung.
Competition Between Drosophila Melanogaster and Drosophila Simulans: II. The Improvement of Competitive Ability Through Selection.

Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans are very similar in morphology, genetics and ecology. Several wild strains have been used in population cage competition experiments.l At 25?C., in a mixed population of simulans and melanogaster, the last mentioned is the superior species and it eliminates simulans in approximately 100 days. This result has been observed in 19 of 20 cages studied. The exceptional cage proved to be of considerable interest since in it there developed a strain of simulans with greatly improved competitive ability. The exceptional experiment, cage 8 at 25?, was started with 200 females and 100 males of Florida melanogaster strain 99 and a total of 133 females and 67 males of Florida simulans strains 75 and 76. Fresh food was added in cups on a schedule of 4 cups per week. Each cup remained in the cage for 28 days. Egg samples were taken at intervals and after development
SU‐E‐T‐25: Investigating the Impact of Polymer‐Coating On the Dosimetric Characteristics of a 103Pd Brachytherapy Source Using Photon Spectroscopy

Purpose: Synthetic polymers have been used to coat the surface of existing low‐energy brachytherapy sources to improve their fixity in tissue in order to minimize seed migration in the patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the polymer‐coating on the photon energy spectra emitted by Pd‐103 seeds and to estimate its impact on the dosimetric characteristics of these seeds. Methods: Two Pd‐103 AnchorSeeds (Biocompatibles, Inc) and two Pd‐103 TheraSeeds (Theragenics Corporation) were used in this study. The AnchorSeed is made from the TheraSeed by coating its surface with bio‐absorbable polymeric anchoring rings and ribs. Photon energy spectra emitted by these seeds were measured using a high‐resolution, high‐purity Germanium (HPGe) photon spectrometer. The effects of polymer coating on the dose rate constant were quantified by comparisons of the coated seed with a non‐coated seed. Results: The relative photon energy spectrum emitted by the AnchorSeed was nearly identical to that emitted by the TheraSeed without polymer coating. The dose‐rate constants determined from the emitted photon energy spectra for the two seed models were identical to the third digit after the decimal point (0.679 ± 0.037 cGyh‐1U‐1). Because the basic dosimetric property of a brachytherapy seed is fundamentally determined by the photon characteristics emitted by the seed, effects of the polymer‐coating on the relative dosimetry data of TheraSeed is also expected to be minimal. Using a preexisting photon spectrometer, these measurements and calculations were completed in about 10 working hours. Conclusion: The polymer coating used in the AnchorSeed has minimal impact on its dosimetric characteristics compared to the non‐coated TheraSeed. We also demonstrate that photon spectroscopy provides a ready tool for the evaluation of impact of various coatings or other material changes in the seed manufacture process.
Predictors of cord blood IgE levels in children at risk for asthma and atopy

Background Increased cord blood IgE levels, in conjunction with a family history of atopy, are associated with the development of allergic diseases in children. However, little is known about predictors of cord blood IgE levels. Objective Our objective was to identify predictors of cord blood IgE levels among infants at increased risk of atopy. Methods Cord blood IgE levels were measured in 874 infants who were screened for participation in a birth cohort. Questionnaires were administered after birth of the infant, and maternal and cord blood was obtained for measurement of IgE levels. Logistic and tobit regression models were used to study the association between perinatal factors and cord blood IgE levels. Results In multivariable models infant male sex, increased maternal total IgE level, maternal allergen sensitization, Hispanic ethnicity, and residence in low-income areas were associated with detectable or increased cord blood IgE levels, whereas increasing maternal age was associated with undetectable or lower cord blood IgE levels. Although maternal smoking during pregnancy was positively associated with cord blood IgE levels in univariable models, the effect did not persist after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusion Maternal allergen sensitization, markers of socioeconomic disadvantage and race/ethnicity, maternal age, and infant sex might influence fetal production of IgE. We found no association of maternal parity, mode of delivery, gestational age, or season of birth with cord blood IgE levels. Clinical implications The identification of these definable familial and environmental factors that predict cord blood IgE levels might help in the early detection of infants at risk for atopic disorders.
Future Directions for Theory and Research with Instructional Manipulatives:Commentary on the Special Issue Papers

Professional organizations, educators, and researchers have proposed that instruction with manipulatives is an effective classroom teaching technique. As examples, both the National Council for the Teaching of Mathematics (NCTM 2008) and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC 2009) recommend manipulatives play a prominent role in classroom instruction. These recommendations are intuitively appealing as there are many circumstances in which representing the world through physical action with concrete objects occurs naturally. For example, an experienced outdoorsperson providing complicated directions to a desired location in the mountains is a circumstance that lends itself to the use of manipulatives. If a verbal description fails, the outdoorsperson may gather some rocks, sticks, and other convenient objects to construct a rough model on the ground of the local topography. In this manner, the spatial relations of the landscape can be efficiently relayed to the neophyte adventurer for cognitive processing in real time. It is anticipated that the adventurer will be able to later visualize this rough mapping of landmarks with objects while in the field. Classroom teachers often support learning in similar manners to the outdoorsperson introducing a novice to an unfamiliar region. In formal instructional contexts, teachers of academic topics may deliver instruction by encouraging learner interactions with manipulatives that represent core concepts. The underlying theoretical expectation in these circumstances is students will derive similar benefits in terms of online and offline cognitive processing as those garnered from representing a landscape with readily available objects. However, unlike the spontaneous mapping provided by the outdoorsperson, which has a fairly discrete outcome (i.e., successful navigation of a constrained region), teachers likely assume and desire generalization to a multitude of abstract learning outcomes (i.e., transfer of learning, Barnett and Ceci 2002; Martin and Schwartz 2005). Manipulatives used in formal learning contexts may be perceptually more or less grounded in terms of representational properties (Belenky and Schalk 2014/this issue). In addition, the instructional guidance in classrooms may differ considerably from that provided by the experienced outdoorsperson in our illustration. As an example, when teaching about the Educ Psychol Rev DOI 10.1007/s10648-014-9259-1
Social market economics revisited

Purpose – The socioeconomic as well as the political world has undergone significant changes, challenging the meaning and validity of economic and political paradigms. This treatise highlights that Eucken's paradigm of a “social market economy,” with its structural and regulating principles, needs to be modified to account for changing strategic factors.Design/methodology/approach – No economic theories, however relevant in the past, hold true for all time. This is verified by the dynamics of change as indicated by Hegelian dialectics, functionalism and structuralism, as well as by quantum theory.Findings – National economies have become linked in the widening web of the global economy, exemplified, for example, by the European Union, the Euro Bloc, NAFTA, WTO, as well as by other trading arrangements. Enterprises have developed a global orientation, internationalizing their products and services, encouraging labor and capital to move instantaneously among industrialized countries, affecting social, fisca...
Self-expanding plastic stents in treatment of benign esophageal conditions.

Background Recently, self-expanding plastic stents (SEPSs) have been proposed for the treatment of benign esophageal disease. Objectives Our purpose was to review our experience with SEPSs in patients with benign esophageal conditions. Design This was a retrospective case review of patients who underwent SEPS placement for benign esophageal disease, including (1) benign stricture, including reflux disease, ischemia, and idiopathic, (2) radiation-induced strictures, (3) anastomotic strictures, and (4) esophageal leak/fistulae. Patients Nineteen male and 11 female patients (average age 52.1 years, range 11-87 years) underwent SEPS placement. Interventions SEPS placement. Main Outcome Measurements Initial complications, stent migration, long-term complications, and treatment success according to clinical symptoms, follow-up endoscopy, or imaging. Results Eighty-three of 84 SEPS placements were successful. The most common complications were chest pain, dysphagia, nausea, and vomiting. No deaths were reported from stent placement. Stent migration was more frequent in proximal (30/44 stents, 68.1%) and distal (19/27 stents, 70.4%) compared with mid esophageal (3/10 stents, 30%). Migration was more frequent in stents placed for benign strictures (18/22 stents, 81.8%), anastomotic strictures (18/24 stents, 75%), and fistulae/leak (13/22 stents, 59.1%) compared with radiation-induced strictures (4/14 stents, 28.6%). Only 5 of 83 interventions (6%) resulted in long-term improvement after stent removal. Limitations This was a retrospective review, and patients were selected from a tertiary medical center. Conclusion Use of SEPSs for benign esophageal conditions resulted in frequent stent migration and few cases of long-term improvement. Further investigation is warranted to identify optimal patient populations and to guide future recommendations for the use of SEPSs.
An analysis of limiting conditions on empirical nonbonded potential functions

The use of empirical potential functions for describing the interaction between molecules has suffered from the difficulty of finding suitable potential constants. In particular, the barrier to rotation about a C-C bond is open to the question of how to partition the energy between nonbonded through space interactions and “intrinsic” resistance to bond rotation. Using the equation for the cohesive energy and its derivative for each of the three lattice parameters,a, b, andθ of the unit cell of polyethylene, we obtain four equations which are linear in the six potential constants required to write these quantities in terms of aMie potential. Instead of making additional assumptions, we have applied a series of inequalities and used linear programming to assess the range of permissible values. Many of the reported potential function parameters do not fall within this permissible range. The results show that the total contribution of nonbonded interactions to the barrier to rotation must be in the vicinity of 10–25%. Permissible ranges for the potential constants were very sensitive to the value of the chain setting angle,θ with no possible solutions lying outside the range 44°<θ<49°.
Ethnicity and sampling bias in binge eating disorder: Black women who seek treatment have different characteristics than those who do not.

Objective The current study investigated sampling bias as it affects recruited clinic samples of Black and White women with binge eating disorder (BED). Methods Clinical characteristics of a recruited clinic sample (35 Black and 302 White consecutively evaluated women) with BED were compared with a community sample of Black and White women with BED drawn from the New England Women's Health Project. The clinic and community groups met the same definition of BED and were assessed with identical methods. Results Among White women, the clinic and community samples differed on some features (higher body mass index [BMI], and greater eating concerns and shape concerns in the clinic sample) but these differences reflected small to moderate effects sizes. In contrast, among Black women, the clinic sample had substantially higher levels (large effect sizes) of several features of eating disorders (eating concerns, dietary restraint, and shape concern), higher (moderate effect size) BMI, but lower frequency of binge eating (moderate effect size) than the community sample. A comparison of Black and White women within the clinic sample revealed little difference in clinical presentation, except for the significantly higher BMI among Black women. Conclusion A sampling bias appears to exist between both White and Black recruited clinic samples of women with BED, although the bias appears to be substantially greater for Black women. Black women with BED who seek treatment have significantly different characteristics than those who do not. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.