cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On kernel support for real-time multimedia applications

Real-time operating system services are required to support multimedia systems that rely heavily on the workstation processor for control of the audio and video processors and movement of audio and video data. The requirements for each service are described, together with the YARTOS kernel, an operating system kernel that provides real-time communication and computation services. The programming model supported by YARTOS is an extension of Wirth's discipline of real-time programming. In essence it is a message-passing system with a semantics of interprocess communication that specifies the real-time response that an operating system must provide to a message receiver. This allows a programmer to assert an upper bound on the time to receipt and processing of each message. The YARTOS kernel supports the notion of guaranteed processing rates. The desired processing rate of each task is made known to the kernel, and the kernel provides a guaranteed response time to each task that is sufficient for ensuring that the required processing rate is achieved. >
Priority Assignment of OSHA Safety Inspectors

A priority assignment model for OSHA safety inspectors was developed and tested using 34,500 actual employee injuries from a total of 105,000 injuries in Missouri during 1973. The model combines expert opinions concerning selection of injury criteria and data from, reports of employee injuries. First the model computes a relative accident performance score for each employer. Employers are then grouped by general industrial classification and ranked according to their relative accident performance score. This “worst-first” ranking provides the rationale for assigning OSHA safety inspectors to employer locations. The model and research have been reviewed by Region VII OSHA personnel and implementation is currently under consideration within the Department of Labor. This model could replace current random assignment of inspectors in Missouri. Region VII, and the nation.
Microdomains in Polymerizable Diacetylenic Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers

Monolayers of phospholipids may be used as substrates to stabilize membrane proteins on solid supports, in the fabrication of biosensors and other implantable devices. The stability of phospholipid monolayers can be significantly improved by using polymerizable lipids such as photo-polymerizable diacetylenic lipids. These lipids, once polymerized, form extremely stable structures which may be used as surface coating for biocompatible materials, and carrier vehicles for drugs, among other applications.1–3 The fonction and reliability of the surface coating depend to a large extent on the microstructure of the monolayer used. Recent studies have shown that monolayers of lipids on the air-water interface are by no means uniform in structure.4–7 Phase separated domains exist in most monolayers under certain surface pressure. The microscopic domains in monolayer become increasingly important as more microdevices are fabricated. One may even make use of the micro textures in monolayers to delineate spatially separated functional areas on a device surface. To this end, one must understand the physical chemistry of the formation of these microdomains to ascertain the uniformity and stability of the surface coating or deposit.
Interference neutralization in distributed lossy source coding

We consider a problem of distributed lossy Gaussian source coding with inputs (y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ), where y 1 and y 2 are positively correlated, y 3 = y 1 − cy 2 , c ≥ 0, and the decoder requires y 3 with a target distortion. For this problem, known achievable schemes are unboundedly loose. Inspired by results of binary expansion models, we characterize the rate-distortion region within a bounded gap. Treating each source as a multilayer input, an achievable scheme is developed based on the following observations: (i) some middle layers of y 1 and y 2 are not needed at the decoder, (ii) the required layers are combined with some unneeded interference information, (iii) linear operations among input layers can unboundedly reduce the load of reporting interference. Showing that the cut-set outer-bound has an unbounded gap, we also establish a new outer-bound to prove the bounded-gap result. 1
On "Successful aging and well-being: Self-rated compared with Rowe and Kahn".

1. I appreciate the effort to make the Rowe-Kahn (1998) concept of successful aging operational, that is, to propose ways of measuring each of its three defining components: (a) (relatively) low risk of disease and disease-related disability, (b) (relatively) high mental and physical function, and (c) active engagement with life, including close relationships with others and continued participation in productive activities. In the community-based (EPESE) samples developed by our colleagues in the MacArthur Research Network on Successful Aging, we selected the upper third of the distribution on mental and physical measures on which to concentrate (Berkman et al., 1993). 2. I appreciate the use of the classic Alameda County population sample as a vehicle for exploring the proposed measures (although Berkeley and Oakland are in some respects far from representative of the United States as a whole). 3. I appreciate the idea of comparing the Rowe-Kahn (1998) definition of successful aging with a measure that asks people to rate themselves directly on a 4-point scale of “aging successfully (or aging well).” The psychometric qualities of such singlequestion measures are limited. However, there is ample evidence that subjective measures have predictive power in addition to that generated by objective measures of the same concepts.
K-shell hole production by light ions in the region eta/sup 1///sup 2/ < or approx. = 1

An accurate numerical calculation of K-shell hole production by light ions is presented for nonrelativistic target atoms in the projectile energy region eta/sup 1///sup 2/ (=hv/Z/sub n/e/sup 2/) < or approx. = 1. Both hydrogenic and Hartree-Fock target-atom potentials were investigated. After correcting a computer error in some of our initial results published recently, good agreement is found for proton impact absolute cross sections and for the projectile atomic-number dependence of the cross section. We also present simple analytical formulas which fairly well reproduce our results for target atomic numbers ranging from Z/sub n/ = 13 to 30. This will hopefully facilitate the use by experimentalists of this rather involved calculation, which includes up to 54 basis functions. An interesting result of the comparison between the calculated and experimental atomic-number dependence of the cross section is that it suggests that charge-transfer contributions to K-shell hole production are at least as large as given by the Brinkman-Kramers (BK) approximation. Such contributions require that a great deal of electron stripping occur as the projectile tries to leave the atom with its captured electron, because experimentally measured cross sections for charge transfer are considerably less than the BK. A simple model is presentedmore » which shows that this is to be expected.« less
Conceptual and Motor Learning in Music Performance

Are the mental plans for action abstract or specified in terms of the movements with which they are produced? We report motor independence for expert music performance but not for novice performance in a transfer-of-learning task. Skilled adult pianists practiced musical pieces and transferred to new pieces with the same or different motor (hand and finger) requirements and conceptual (melodic) relations. Greatest transfer in sequence duration was observed when the same conceptual relations were retained from training to transfer, regardless of motor movements. In a second experiment, novice child pianists performed the same task. More experienced child pianists showed transfer on both the motor and the conceptual dimensions; the least experienced child pianists demonstrated transfer only to sequences with identical motor and conceptual dimensions. These findings suggest that mental plans for action become independent of the required movements only at advanced skill levels.
The Effect of Stimulus Duration and Motor Response in Hemispatial Neglect during a Visual Search Task

Patients with hemispatial neglect exhibit a myriad of profound deficits. A hallmark of this syndrome is the patients' absence of awareness of items located in their contralesional space. Many studies, however, have demonstrated that neglect patients exhibit some level of processing of these neglected items. It has been suggested that unconscious processing of neglected information may manifest as a fast denial. This theory of fast denial proposes that neglected stimuli are detected in the same way as non-neglected stimuli, but without overt awareness. We evaluated the fast denial theory by conducting two separate visual search task experiments, each differing by the duration of stimulus presentation. Specifically, in Experiment 1 each stimulus remained in the participants' visual field until a response was made. In Experiment 2 each stimulus was presented for only a brief duration. We further evaluated the fast denial theory by comparing verbal to motor task responses in each experiment. Overall, our results from both experiments and tasks showed no evidence for the presence of implicit knowledge of neglected stimuli. Instead, patients with neglect responded the same when they neglected stimuli as when they correctly reported stimulus absence. These findings thus cast doubt on the concept of the fast denial theory and its consequent implications for non-conscious processing. Importantly, our study demonstrated that the only behavior affected was during conscious detection of ipsilesional stimuli. Specifically, patients were slower to detect stimuli in Experiment 1 compared to Experiment 2, suggesting a duration effect occurred during conscious processing of information. Additionally, reaction time and accuracy were similar when reporting verbally versus motorically. These results provide new insights into the perceptual deficits associated with neglect and further support other work that falsifies the fast denial account of non-conscious processing in hemispatial visual neglect.
Enhancing stability performance of renewable energy generators by utilizing virtual inertia

This paper presents a method of improving the transient stability of power systems with high penetration of distributed generation. Most distributed generators are characterized by having small or even no intrinsic rotational inertia. When small inertia sources such as micro-turbine or non-inertial sources such as PV system are integrated to the power system, the overall rotating inertia will decrease significantly. This decrease in rotating inertia may cause loss of synchronism under some fault conditions and may lead to system instability. One of the solutions to overcome this problem is to use energy storage elements to provide virtual inertia. This paper presents a new method to include the energy storage devices as virtual inertia in the transient stability studies and utilizes the energy storage devices to enhance stability in systems with embedded distributed generation, as well as to determine the size of storage energy elements to maintain system stability.
Modeling alveolar capillary dysplasia.

To the Editor, I read with great interest the article by Han et al,1 who studied lung morphology in developing endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice. The authors presented exciting data on defective peripheral lung vessel development, which was combined with impaired alveolar maturation. These data reflect very well the current thinking of lung development regulated by molecular cross-talk between mesenchymal and epithelial elements.2 One main point suggested by the …
An assessment of recent trends in girls' violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Is the gender gap closing?

Applying Dickey-Fuller time series techniques in tandem with intuitive plot-displays, we examine recent trends in girls' violence and the gender gap as reported in four major sources of longitudinal data on youth violence. These sources are arrest statistics of the Uniform Crime Reports, victimization data of the National Crime Victimization Survey (where the victim identifies sex of offender) and self-reported violent behavior of Monitoring the Future and National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. We find that the rise in girls' violence over the past one to two decades as counted in police arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reports is not borne out in unofficial longitudinal sources. Several net-widening policy shifts have apparently escalated girls' arrest-proneness: first, stretching definitions of violence to include more minor incidents that girls in relative terms are more likely to commit; second, increased policing of violence between intimates and in private settings (for example, home, school) where girls' violence is more widespread; and, third, less tolerant family and societal attitudes toward juvenile females. These developments reflect both a growing intolerance of violence in the law and among the citizenry and an expanded application of preventive punishment and risk management strategies that emphasize early identification and enhanced formal control of problem individuals or groups, particularly problem youth.
Decision Control and Process Control Effects on Procedural Fairness Judgments1

Process control, the capacity to influence the content of a conflict resolution hearing, has been found repeatedly to affect disputants' judgments of the fairness of conflict resolution procedures, but never has there been an unambiguous test of the effect in nonbinding procedures. It was hypothesized that disputants experiencing nonbinding conflict resolution procedures, as well as those experiencing binding conflict resolution, would judge as more fair procedures high in disputant process control. One hundred nineteen undergraduate males and females were placed in apparent conflict with other suhjects. The procedure used to resolve the conflict was either high or low in disputant process control and was either binding or nonbinding. The outcome of the conflict resolution procedure was either favorable or unfavordblc to the subject. High disputant process control procedures were judged more fair than low disputant process control procedures regardless of whether the decision was binding, confirming the hypothesis. The results support new applications of procedural fairness theory and research and encourage testing of process control-like variables in nonlegal settings.
The attenuation of perceived motion smear during combined eye and head movements.

The extent of perceived motion smear was compared for targets that underwent similar velocities of retinal image motion during the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in the dark, the visually enhanced VOR (VVOR), VOR suppression, and fixation. Compared to the extent of perceived motion smear during fixation, observers reported significantly less smear when the target moved either in the same direction or against the direction of the head movement during the VVOR and VOR. We also confirmed a previous finding that perceived smear is attenuated asymmetrically during VOR suppression, with attenuation occurring primarily for targets that move against the direction of the observer’s head motion. The results support the hypothesis that the visual system employs extra-retinal signals that accompany eye and head movements to reduce the perception of motion smear for targets that move physically in the opposite direction of eye and/or head movements. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Endogenous expression of CD80 co-stimulatory molecule facilitates in vivo tumor regression of oral squamous carcinoma.

Background: Most tumor tissues, especially those of non-hematopoietic origin, do not express CD80 co-stimulatory molecules, possibly as a mechanism to evade immune surveillance. The objective of this study was to determine whether abundant endogenous CD80 expression on oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) early during tumor progression can facilitate immune elimination and reverse immune tolerance. Materials and Methods: The growth of regressor and progressor oral SCC lines with differing endogenous CD80 expression were examined in immunecompetent and -deficient mice. Immune effectors were determined by T-cell depletion experiments and immunohistochemistry. Results: Our studies show regression of early tumor growth when immunocompetent animals are inoculated with oral SCC progressor cell lines expressing abundant endogenous CD80. The CD80-induced antitumor response was due largely to induced T-cell responses. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that inadequate CD80 expression during early oral SCC formation may contribute to the escape of tumors from immune elimination. This information can be useful in the design of new approaches to generate more effective immunotherapy against this disease.
How likely is it that biological agents will be used deliberately to cause widespread harm? Policymakers and scientists need to take seriously the possibility that potential pandemic pathogens will be misused.

During the past few years, there has been substantial debate concerning the risks and benefits of certain experiments with pathogens—initially motivated by two publications in 2012 that described laboratory efforts to enhance the mammalian transmissibility of the avian H5N1 influenza virus. One of these two reports was particularly noteworthy because the experiments were designed to yield new viruses with a set of properties that together might confer pandemic potential, such as high transmissibility, high pathogenicity, and resistance to commonly available countermeasures. Not all research on pathogens generates such concerns; in fact, it is only a rare experiment that might lead to the creation of a novel pathogen with pandemic potential (PPP). The term “gain‐of‐function” has also been used to describe this realm of research, but it refers to a much broader range of widely accepted non‐controversial research techniques and goals. For that reason, we think it should not be used in this discussion and refer to this work with the more precise term of PPP. > To say that no one would now or ever use PPP for deliberate misuse is grossly irresponsible guesswork Proponents of such research argue that it is necessary to understand the evolution of pathogens and mechanisms of pathogenesis and transmission and that this knowledge can help public health authorities, vaccine manufacturers, and governments prepare for potential epidemics. Those concerned about PPP argue that this work is not critical for vaccine development or disease surveillance and that the accidental release of PPP—owing to insufficient biosafety or biosecurity or to laboratory accidents—could cause major outbreaks or even a pandemic [1], [2]. Much less has been said or written, however, about the danger that such pathogens or their genome sequences could be deliberately misused to cause harm. While the reporting of accidents and the collection …
Antagonism of Stem Cell Factor/c-kit Signaling Attenuates Neonatal Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling

Antagonism of stem cell factor/c-kit signaling attenuates neonatal chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling
Characterization of beta-adrenoreceptors on smooth muscle cells from guinea pig stomach

To characterize the beta-adrenergic receptors on guinea pig gastric smooth muscle cells, we examined the effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on biological activity, cellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and radioligand binding. Adrenergic agonists, isoproterenol (ISO), epinephrine (EPI), and norepinephrine (NE), inhibited carbachol-stimulated contraction of muscle cells, with relative potencies (IC50S) of ISO (0.1 microM) greater than EPI (1.4 microM) greater than NE (11 microM). Each agonist increased cellular cAMP, with relative potencies (IC50S) of ISO (0.5 microM) greater than EPI (6.3 microM) greater than NE (56 microM). Binding of the nonselective beta-antagonist 125I-pindolol was temperature-dependent, saturable, reversible, and specific. 125I-pindolol binding was inhibited by the three agonists, with relative potencies (IC50S) of ISO (0.9 microM) greater than EPI (9.6 microM) greater than NE (112 microM). Pindolol inhibited binding of 125I-pindolol with an IC50 of 100 nM. The IC50 for inhibition of binding of 125I-pindolol by the relatively beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118,551 was 70 nM and for the relatively beta 1-selective antagonist betaxolol was 1,000 nM. Computer analysis of the dose-inhibition curves for binding of 125I-pindolol for the antagonists indicated that gastric smooth muscle cells possess exclusively beta 2-adrenergic receptors of two classes, one class with a high affinity for ICI 118,551 (Kd = 50 nM) and the other with a low affinity for ICI 118,551 (Kd = 30 microM). Our results indicate that beta-adrenergic agonists interact with beta 2-adrenergic receptors on gastric smooth muscle cells to increase cellular cAMP and inhibit muscle contraction.
Treating the Person Confronting Death

Help the dying patient? Can one realistically hope to improve the lot of a 35-year-old mother dying of cancer by making her feel better? Feel better about what? At the bedside of the dying, the professional may feel overwhelmed by dread of the encounter or by the presumptuousness of his expectation to help. Yet because the dying have no less right to help than the living, their difficulties and needs require specific attention.
Black Control of Adolescent Dating

This study uses data from a representative national sample to examine racial differences in the control of dating behavior. Controlling for social class and area of residence, the impact of age norms on dating is found to be stronger for Black adolescents, especially Black female adolescents. Strong parental control over adolescent decisions is related to later entry into the dating pattern. For our total sample, and within both Black and White subgroups, the control of dating is shown to be related to the control of various forms of deviance. This finding of greater Black control of adolescent dating, particularly among females, suggests the importance of looking at subcultural differences in the emphasis placed upon various aspects of socialization and social control. A possible interpretation is that Black parents are using the control of dating as one device for dealing with an environment that is perceived as threatening to their adolescent children.
Chemical analysis of ice vein μ-environments

Icy environments (glacial ice and sea ice) can be complex ecosystems, supporting a diversity of communities. In particular, the μ-environments in which bacteria and algae are found are poorly understood. One important habitat is the liquid trapped in the ice, either as veins and triple junctions inherent in the ice structure or as liquid inclusions. μ-Raman spectroscopy is an analytical tool with the potential to characterise qualitatively and quantitatively these liquid μ-environments especially with respect to molecular anions such as nitrate, sulphate, bisulphate and MSA. Using a model system for glacial ice, splat-cooled samples were prepared from aqueous solutions of these anions at varying concentrations (50–75 mM total sulphate, 30–200 mM nitrate, and 10–55 mM MSA). Concentrations of these anions in the vein liquid were measured directly and non-destructively at –15 °C using μ-Raman spectroscopy. In agreement with predicted concentrations in glacial ice veins, it was found that typical ionic concentrations in veins are quite high, with mean concentrations ranging from 0.23 M to 3.5 M depending on anion type and initial concentration. For sulphate solutions, it was also possible to measure vein pH's directly. The observed pH in these systems was extremely low, in some cases ~1. The results of these model studies as well as the implications for ice vein concentrations in natural systems of polycrystalline ice are discussed.
Chaine Operatoire; The Concept and Its Applications

(1993). Chaine Operatoire; The Concept and Its Applications. Lithic Technology: Vol. 18, No. 1-2, pp. 106-112.
The Bionomics of Some Tabanidæ (Diptera).

Although the early stages of the Tabanidae have been studied in considerable detail, both in this country and in other parts of the world, only a relatively few species of this large family were involved in these studies. The importance of horseflies as irritating pests of man and domestic animals, and as potential vectors of disease organisms makes a further study of their biology desirable. The following study was carried out at Ithaca, N. Y., only a few larvae being collected elsewhere.
Comparative Contact Activity and Residual Life of Juvenile Hormone Analogs Used for German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) Control

The contact activity and residual life of fenoxycarb, hydroprene, and pyriproxyfen were evaluated against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Clean out and maintenance rates were tested on 3 surface types (tempered masonite, unpainted plywood, and stainless steel), and each was aged for up to 4 mo in laboratory and greenhouse environments. Juvenoid activity was determined by evaluating 2 response variables: the percentage of juvenoid- affected adults and twisted-wing rating of adults. Aging period and juvenoid main effects had more influence on the results than the surface type, environment, or dilution rate. Aging accounted for 28 and 36.1% of the variation for percentage of affected adults and twisted-wing rating, respectively. Juvenoids accounted for 22.7 and 21.7% of the variation, respectively. Fenoxycarb was significantly more active than hydroprene and pyriproxyfen and caused higher percentages of affected adults and twisted-wing ratings. Juvenoids aged in the laboratory were significantly more active than those aged in the greenhouse for the 2 response variables. Juvenoid activity on stainless steel was significantly higher than on all the other surfaces. Overall juvenoid effects for all surfaces produced a high percentage of affected adults (92.5%) and twisted wing rating (4.0) at a 1-d aging period. In the laboratory, only fenoxycarb continued to produce severely affected adults (89-100%) and high twisted-wing ratings (4.6- 4.9) throughout the 4-mo residual aging period for the 3 surface types. Hydroprene residues on stainless steel began to exhibit degradation in the severity of wing twisting at the 30-d aging period, and the activity declined sharply at 60 d. Pyriproxyfen on stainless steel continued to produce severely affected adults (86-100%) and twisted-wing ratings (2.9-4.5) throughout the 4-mo aging period, but pyriproxyfen exhibited a noticeable decline in efficacy at the 60-d aging period on tempered masonite and unpainted plywood. Persistence of the 3 juvenoids was affected by the extreme thermal conditions of the greenhouse. Fenoxycarb persisted for up to 60 d without exhibiting a decline in efficacy with twisted-wing ratings ranging from 3.0 to 3.7 on various surfaces. Fenoxycarb activity declined sharply at the 90-d aging period. The activity of hydroprene and pyriproxyfen was reduced significantly at the 30-d aging period with the percentage of affected adults ranging from 44 to 80% and 35 to 60%, and twisted-wing ratings ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 and 0.5 to 1.2 on various surfaces, respectively. The 3 juvenoids did not cause significant ecdysial mortality at either application rate. At clean out, the percentage of mortality of 5th instars during molting to adults ranged from 2.6 to 8.1 and 0.0 to 6.1 on surfaces aged in the laboratory for 1 and 30 d, respectively. The percentages ranged from 0.0-8.6 and 0.0-4.8 on surfaces treated with juvenoids aged in the greenhouse. Juvenoids have short residual lives when applied on selected surfaces aged under extreme conditions.
24 SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION OF ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION: A CASE REPORT.

Introduction Prinzmental9s variant angina is a rare entity. It is characterized by transient ST-segment elevation, without evidence of myocardial necrosis. The pathogenesis of variant angina consists of coronary spasm associated with endothelial dysfunction. Cigarette smoking is the only established risk factor. Case Report A 58-year-old Caucasian male with nonsignificant past medical history other than heavy smoking presented to the emergency department within an hour of the acute onset of typical chest pain. His initial ECG showed hyperacute T waves in leads II, III, and aVF. A few minutes later, a repeat ECG showed 2 mm ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, aVF, and RV4. Given his early presentation and the presence of inferior lead ST-segment elevation, it was decided to proceed with thrombolytic therapy. However, in the next few minutes, his pain resolved, together with the ST-segment elevation. Hence thrombolytic therapy was deferred. A subsequent coronary angiography revealed nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Cardiac enzymes were not elevated. The patient was discharged in a stable condition on calcium channel blockers and was strongly advised to quit smoking. Conclusions In patients with acute myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation, the earlier reperfusion therapy is provided, the greater the benefit. Since “time is myocardium,” it is important to make the diagnosis as quickly as possible. It is equally important, however, not to confuse other causes of ST-segment elevation, such as variant angina, with acute myocardial infarction, to prevent unwarranted thrombolytic therapy or emergency angiography.
Social support and negative life events of mothers with developmentally delayed children

The purpose of this study was to obtain an understanding of social support and its relationship to negative life events experienced by mothers of developmentally delayed children. The subjects were 91 mothers of children age 6-months to 3-years-old with developmental disabilities. Questionnaires were completed anonymously by the respondents and returned by mail to the investigator. The measure of social support, the Personal Resource Questionnaire, provided three estimates of support: the availability of a number of resources, the satisfaction with help obtained during problem life situations, and perceived support. The Life Experience Survey provided the estimate of negative life events. The findings of this study indicated that the mothers with a high impact of negative events over the past year felt less supported as measured by perceived support and felt less average satisfaction with the help obtained during problems. The relationship between negative life events was maintained whether negative life events were measured subjectively (impact) or objectively (number). Thus, the more struggles these mothers had, the less they felt supported.
Parallel structuring of real-time simulation programs

The E/SP interactive system for construction of parallel programs from Fortran source is applied to a program for real-time simulation of a braking system. There are large and significant classes of programs (real-time control systems, event-driven simulations. etc.) where little parallelism can be extracted from loops. E/SP was constructed to support analysis in the development of parallel structures for these classes of programs, as well as for those with significant loop-based parallelism. The concepts underlying E/SP and the paradigm for its use are described. An example illustrates determination of a call-tree-oriented parallel structure for a production Fortran code which was resistant to loop-based structuring. >
Maternal Incarceration and Children's Education and Labor Market Outcomes

I estimate the effect of maternal incarceration on education and labor market outcomes. I link mother–child panels and estimate maternal fixed effects to control for unobservable household heterogeneity. Maternal incarceration from birth to age 10 is associated with increased grade retention and dropout rates. Conditional on completing high school, incarceration from 15 to 17 is associated with decreased college attendance. Maternal incarceration does not appear to have a further effect on employment, but some wage penalties are apparent. Propensity score analysis suggests that controlling for unobservable household characteristics is vital when examining the link between incarceration and labor outcomes.
Genetic engineering of chimeric antigen receptors using lamprey derived variable lymphocyte receptors

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are used to redirect effector cell specificity to selected cell surface antigens. Using CARs, antitumor activity can be initiated in patients with no prior tumor specific immunity. Although CARs have shown promising clinical results, the technology remains limited by the availability of specific cognate cell target antigens. To increase the repertoire of targetable tumor cell antigens we utilized the immune system of the sea lamprey to generate directed variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). VLRs serve as membrane bound and soluble immune effectors analogous but not homologous to immunoglobulins. They have a fundamentally different structure than immunoglobulin (Ig)-based antibodies while still demonstrating high degrees of specificity and affinity. To test the functionality of VLRs as the antigen recognition domain of CARs, two VLR-CARs were created. One contained a VLR specific for a murine B cell leukemia and the other contained a VLR specific for the human T cell surface antigen, CD5. The CAR design consisted of the VLR sequence, myc-epitope tag, CD28 transmembrane domain, and intracellular CD3ζ signaling domain. We demonstrate proof of concept, including gene transfer, biosynthesis, cell surface localization, and effector cell activation for multiple VLR-CAR designs. Therefore, VLRs provide an alternative means of CAR-based cancer recognition.
Readability of the Most Commonly Accessed Online Patient Education Materials Pertaining to Pathology of the Hand

Background: The American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend that patient education materials be written at no higher than a sixth-grade reading level. Metho...
Personal Growth Initiative: The Construct and Its Measure.

This manuscript presents the Personal Growth Initiative construct and describes the development and initial validation of the Personal Growth Initiative Scale.
Amphibian reproductive success as a gauge of functional equivalency of created wetlands in the Central Appalachians

Context Evaluating the adequacy of created wetlands to replace the functions of lost natural wetlands is important because wetland mitigation is a major tool used to offset wetland losses. However, measurements such as vegetative cover and presence of wildlife may not provide sufficient evidence that created wetlands are functioning properly. Thus, examining the ecology of wetland biota such as that of amphibians may be a more useful surrogate for function. Aims The objectives of this study were to compare the abundance of amphibian metamorphs and survival and growth of larval amphibians in created wetlands, relative to natural wetlands. Methods Amphibian metamorphs were trapped in created and natural wetlands during the spring (April–May) and summer (June–August) of 2009 and 2010, and 165 green frog (Lithobates clamitans) larvae were raised during the spring of 2010 in laboratory aquaria containing water from created or natural wetlands. Key results Abundance of spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) metamorphs decreased significantly from 2009 to 2010 and abundance of green frog metamorphs increased with habitat complexity, but both were unaffected by wetland type. Detection probability of metamorphs of both species was low, increased with water temperature and declined with month of observation. Survival, growth curves and mass were similar among green frog larvae raised in created and natural wetland aquaria. Conclusions Our results suggest that the created and natural wetlands we examined function similarly with respect to providing adequate breeding habitat for green frogs and spring peepers. Implications Wetlands created to offset the loss of natural wetlands, although generally not designed for the purpose of wildlife habitat, can function as adequate breeding habitat for generalist amphibians such as green frogs and spring peepers.
Contention-Aware Kernel-Assisted MPI Collectives for Multi-/Many-Core Systems

Multi-/many-core CPU based architectures are seeing widespread adoption due to their unprecedented compute performance in a small power envelope. With the increasingly large number of cores on each node, applications spend a significant portion of their execution time in intra-node communication. While shared memory is commonly used for intra-node communication, it needs to copy each message once at the sender and once at the receiver side. Kernel-assisted mechanisms transfer a message using a single copy but suffer from significant contention with a large number of concurrent accesses. Consequently, naively using Kernel-assisted copy techniques in collectives can lead to severe performance degradation. In this work, we analyze and propose a model to quantify the contention and design collective algorithms to avoid this bottleneck. We evaluate the proposed designs on three different architectures - Xeon, Xeon Phi, and OpenPOWER and compare them against state-of-the-art MPI libraries - MVAPICH2, Intel MPI, and Open MPI. Our designs show up to 50x improvement for One-to-all and All-to-one collectives (Scatter and Gather) and up to 5x improvement for All-to-all collectives (Allgather and Alltoall).
Gynecologic Care and Contraception in the Medically Complex Adolescent

When caring for adolescents and young women with chronic illnesses, it is important to address routine gynecologic care and your patient’s contraceptive needs to ensure her optimal health and avoid putting an unplanned pregnancy at risk for serious health effects to both the mother and/or the fetus. This chapter will review what special considerations need to be employed in routine gynecologic care for medically complex paients including Pap smear screening, STI screening, and HPV vaccination. In addition, this chapter will discuss special considerations to address your patient’s contraceptive needs. This will include how the chronic illness and the medications used to treat it interact with contraception and why it is important to consider the risk of pregnancy to your patient’s health and that of the fetus, in addition to issues of teratogenicity, thrombosis, contraceptive efficacy, continuation rates, and interactions with contraception and chronic illness medications.
Protein--solvent interactions in pharmaceutical formulations.

The stability of proteins is affected by a variety of solvent additives. Sugars, certain amino acids and salts, and polyhydric alcohols stabilize proteins in solution and during freeze-thawing. Urea and guanidine hydrochloride destabilize proteins under either condition. These effects can be explained from the preferential interactions of the cosolvents with the proteins; i.e., the protein stabilizers are preferentially excluded from the proteins, while the destabilizers bind to them. There is a class of compounds, such as polyethylene glycol and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, that destabilize proteins at high temperature but stabilize them during freeze-thawing. Such effects can be accounted for by their preferential exclusion from the native proteins determined at room temperature and from their hydrophobic character, which depends on temperature. During freeze-drying, only a few sugars appear to be effective in protecting proteins from inactivation, as most other stabilizers cannot exert their action on proteins without water. The stabilization is due to hydrogen bonding between the sugars and the dried proteins, the sugars acting as water substitute. Understanding the mechanism of the effects of solvent additives on the protein stability should aid in the development of a suitable formulation for protein.
Ab initio phonon point defect scattering and thermal transport in graphene

We study the scattering of phonons from point defects and their effect on lattice thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ using a parameter-free ab initio Green's function methodology. Specifically, we focus on the scattering of phonons by boron (B), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus substitutions as well as single- and double-carbon vacancies in graphene. We show that changes of the atomic structure and harmonic interatomic force constants locally near defects govern the strength and frequency trends of the scattering of out-of-plane acoustic (ZA) phonons, the dominant heat carriers in graphene. ZA scattering rates due to N substitutions are nearly an order of magnitude smaller than those for B defects despite having similar mass perturbations. Furthermore, ZA phonon scattering rates from N defects decrease with increasing frequency in the lower-frequency spectrum in stark contrast to expected trends from simple models. ZA phonon-vacancy scattering rates are found to have a significantly softer frequency dependence ($\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{0}$) in graphene than typically employed in phenomenological models. The rigorous Green's function calculations demonstrate that typical mass-defect models do not adequately describe ZA phonon-defect scattering rates. Our ab initio calculations capture well the trend of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ vs vacancy density from experiments, though not the magnitudes. This work elucidates important insights into phonon-defect scattering and thermal transport in graphene, and demonstrates the applicability of first-principles methods toward describing these properties in imperfect materials.
Radiologic evaluation of obstructive jaundice.

Radiologic methods helpful for evaluating jaundiced patients fall into two main categories – the physiologic and the anatomic. The physiologic methods depend to some degree on the functional status of the hepatic parenchymal cells for their efficacy, while the anatomic modalities depend solely upon demonstration of abnormal anatomy.
Elements of Hypothesis-Testing Theory

A primary goal of scientific research often concerns the verification or refutation of assertions, conjectures, currently accepted laws, or descriptions relating to a given economic, sociological, physical, or biological process or population. Statistical hypothesis testing concerns the use of a random sample of observations from the process or population being studied, together with probability and mathematical statistics principles, to judge the validity of stated assertions, conjectures, laws, or descriptions in such a way that the probability of making incorrect decisions can be controlled. The precise nature of the types of errors that can be made and how, and in what sense, the probabilities of such errors can be controlled is the subject of this chapter.
Dorsal Radiocarpal Joint Fracture-Dislocation: A Case Report.

Case A 19-year-old right-hand-dominant man sustained a right dorsal radiocarpal dislocation. He presented with instability secondary to displacement of the volar ligamentous structures and an avulsed fragment of the distal aspect of the radius within the radiocarpal articulation. The patient was treated with open reduction and internal fixation, as well as a capsuloligamentous repair. At the 18-month follow-up, he had no pain and excellent functional recovery. Conclusion Our experience emphasizes the importance of looking critically at the radiographs when there is an irreducible radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. A volar distal radial fragment and attached ligamentous structures can be the main blocks to closed reduction.
Lernen für die Praxis: Das Skills-Lab

Bereits in den 70er Jahren wurden insbesondere in den USA und den Niederlanden erste sogenannte »Skills-Lab s« aufgebaut. Unter einem Skills-Lab wurden dabei solche Trainingseinrichtungen verstanden, die praktische Basisfertigkeiten fur die spatere klinische Tatigkeit als Arzt vermitteln sollen. Spatestens im Nachgang der geanderten Approbationsordnung von 2002 sind derartige Trainingszentren inzwischen auch in Deutschland flachendeckend etabliert und an fast jeder medizinischen Fakultat in unterschiedlicher Form und Grose vorhanden.
On Pomorskiye Otvety

Pomorskiye otvety is a presentation of the doctrine of the Old Believers in form of answers to 106 questions presented by a representative of the Synod, hieromonk Neofit. In this work written primarily by Andrei Denisov, major points of disagreement between the Old Believers and the official church arc discussed: the 2-finger sign, the number of the sung alleluias, the representation of the cross, the Eucharist, the spelling of the name of Jesus, the wording of the creed, and many others. The article briefly presents these points and responses to them. It also discusses the problem of viability of sacraments among Old Believers and focuses on the Eucharist and the sacrament of marriage.
miRNA Targeting: Growing beyond the Seed.

miRNAs are small RNAs that guide Argonaute proteins to specific target mRNAs to repress their translation and stability. Canonically, miRNA targeting is reliant on base pairing of the seed region, nucleotides 2–7, of the miRNA to sites in mRNA 3′ untranslated regions. Recently, the 3′ half of the miRNA has gained attention for newly appreciated roles in regulating target specificity and regulation. In addition, the extent of pairing to the miRNA 3′ end can influence the stability of the miRNA itself. These findings highlight the importance of sequences beyond the seed in controlling the function and existence of miRNAs.
The Clinical Reasoning Mapping Exercise (CResME): a new tool for exploring clinical reasoning

National organizations have identified a need for the creation of novel approaches to teach clinical reasoning throughout medical education. The aim of this project was to develop, implement and evaluate a novel clinical reasoning mapping exercise (CResME). Participants included a convenience sample of first and second year medical students at two US medical schools: University of Central Florida (UCF) and Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS). The authors describe the creation and implementation of the CResME. The CResME uses clinical information for multiple disease entities as nodes in different domains (history, physical exam, imaging, laboratory results, etc.), requiring learners to connect these nodes of information in an accurate and meaningful way to develop diagnostic and/or management plans in the process. The majority of medical students at both institutions felt that the CResME promoted their understanding of the differential diagnosis and was a valuable tool to compare and contrast elements of a differential diagnosis. Students at both institutions recommended using the CResME for future sessions. The CResME is a promising tool to foster students’ clinical reasoning early in medical school. Research is needed on the implementation of the CResME as an instructional and assessment strategy for clinical reasoning throughout medical school training.