cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plugged In: Psychology, Technology and Popular Culture

This chapter focuses on different moments in twentieth century history of human-machine pairings in popular culture and psychology. Characterizing these moments as shifts from early twentieth century “bodies as machines-in-motion” to bodies-as-codes and to codes-as-identity, human-machine couplings serve to elucidate how these transformations brought about changes in gender meanings even as they continued to secure a social and psychological order of heterosexuality. These couplings were likewise charged psychologically with marking off normative from pathological configurations and relations, including machines as madness-in-motion and hysterical breakdowns in social and psychological identity. Using these case studies, the chapter argues to place technology at the centre of feminist and critical psychology and to make this work historical.
A field test of the Library of Congress Training the Trainer course

Training library staff in the use of technical knowledge is an important responsibility of depart· ment managers, particularly in large libraries. These managers must acquire good basic training skills and gain sufficient practice in using them to become effective trainers, but few libraries afford them opportuni­ ties to do so. The library community might logically look to the Library of Congress (LC) for guidance in this area. LC's Technical Processing and Automation Instruction Office developed Training the Train­ er, a thirty-hour course in development of training skills, which it offers to some of its staff members charged with training tasks. LC is considering sharing the course with the library community. The author suggested an independent field test of Training the Trainer in which students and teacher all were non-LC staff, held at Simmons College, a non-LC setting. The author's preparation for the field test, and the field test's participants, evaluative instruments, activities, and results are described. Training the Trainer can be taught successfully by a non-LC trainer to non-LC staff in a non-LC setting, the curric­ ulum is relevant to library training needs, and the teaching materials prepared by LC perform well. Based on her field test, the author believes that Training the Trainer can improve training results, raise perfor­ mance levels, and more than pay for the investment it requires.
Pamala Wiepking (ed): The State of Giving Research in Europe: Household Donations to Charitable Organizations in Twelve European Countries

For years, the United States has dominated philanthropic research, implementing regularly conducted thorough surveys and coordinated research efforts throughout the country. Unfortunately, this American-centric view of philanthropy ignores the rich traditions of other counties and their own important place in the philanthropic landscape. The collective work in this book presents a snapshot of philanthropic research in the European Community and the data sources available to advance the research even further in an attempt to ‘‘bring philanthropy to the front of the European stage again’’ (p. 6). In addition to providing valuable resources for researchers, the editor and authors hope the book proves to be beneficial for fundraisers and grantmakers who are investigating ways to improve their professions, as well as to policymakers in position to create partnerships with the philanthropic sector. This publication stems from endeavors of the European Research Network on Philanthropy (ERNOP). First meeting in January 2008, this group of scholars began to collectively foster philanthropic research, with the ultimate goal of creating ‘‘Giving Europe’’ which will provide ‘‘structured and comparable microand macro-economic estimations of the content of the philanthropic contributions...for the (European Community) as a whole’’ (p. 6). The scholars participating in this initial meeting determined the first step was to collect the information that is currently available, resulting in this first publication by ERNOP. Nonprofit research synopses on twelve European countries are presented in the book—Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom—written by scholars from those countries. Each of the countries is outlined with an introduction of philanthropic research in the country, information on data sources available, a
Incomplete and Aberrant Particles of Actinophage MSP2 from Lysates of Streptomyces venezuelae

Abstract Lysates of actinophage MSP2, propagated on Streptomyces venezuelae S13, contain at least 1011 PFU/ml. During purification by centrifugation methods and by adsorption chromatography, a number of types of aberrant and incomplete phage particles were seen by electron microscopy. Infectious MSP2 had a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.52 g/cm3 and an absorbance at 260 nm relative to that at 280 nm (A260/A280) of 1.53. Empty capsids banded at 1.276 g/cm3 and partially filled capsids banded at 1.351 g/cm3, and A260/A280 ratios were 0.77 and 1.24, respectively. Two kinds of light capsids found in CsCl fractions of 1.278 g/cm3 probably include the 1.276 component. Some capsids were joined by tail-like structures. Ghosts and polyheads also were present. Aberrant particles observed by electron microscopy included two-tailed actinophage, phage with abnormal tail positions, and large-headed phage.
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in retina: neuroprotection with receptor antagonist, dextromethorphan, but not with calcium channel blockers.

The purpose of our studies was to evaluate different strategies for possible neuroprotection in glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in the retina. In a first set of experiments we attempted to determine if dextrorphan antagonism of glutamate action on NMDA receptors would protect against excitotoxic injury associated with secondary damage seen after surgical laser treatment in retina. In a second set of experiments, the effects of different calcium channel blockers in an in-vitro model of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced retinal ganglion cell excitotoxicity that utilized rabbit retinal explants were evaluated. Dextrorphan infusion prior to laser treatment of rabbit retina produced a significant decrease in the area of neural retinal damage. We attribute the apparent dextrorphan protection to attenuation of glutamate mediated excitotoxicity secondary to laser induced cell death. Preincubation of rabbit retinal explants with verapamil, nimodipine or ω-conotoxin MVIIA did not cause a significant change in NMDA induced cell death in the ganglion cell layer.
Psychosurgery Outcome and CNV Asymmetry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses psychosurgery outcome and contingent negative variation (CNV) asymmetry. Event-related slow brain potentials are useful neurophysiological indicators of information processing. One brain wave complex, contingent negative variation (CNV), is a sensitive indicator of changes in brain functioning associated with impairment in attention processes. Moreover, there is evidence that CNV may provide a method of assessing brain lesion effects on psychological functions. The findings on split-brain and frontal lobe patients do not indicate hemispheric differences in CNV development. An attempt is made to assess the possible association between hemispheric differences in CNV development and clinical outcome following a bimedial prefrontal leukotomy. The fact that hemispheric differences characterize the CNV development of groups of psychosurgery patients with a more favorable and a less favorable outcome suggests that CNV asymmetries may be a useful, non-invasive method for the clinical assessment of behavioral changes following brain lesions. Normal subjects tend to show little or no lateral asymmetry in amplitude of CNV recorded either at the vertex or in areas other than motor cortex.
Simultaneous cecal volvulus and gastric erosion secondary to laparoscopic adjustable gastric band.

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a popular bariatric surgical procedure, and therefore, an understanding of its potential problems is imperative. Band complications are well-documented because of their relative frequency: Slippage and pouch dilation occur in up to 25% of patients [1], and the band may erode through the stomach, as reported in 1–5% of cases [2,3]. Port site problems, including pain, infection, disconnection, and leakage, are also experienced by many patients. Rarely, tubing connecting the port to the gastric band creates serious complications. Small bowel obstruction and/ or strangulation occurs when tubing wraps around mesentery, cutting off blood supplying the associated segment of bowel [3,4]. Similarly, cecal volvulus is extremely rare but reported in a few cases [5–7]. These complications likely result from the tendency to leave extra tube length to simplify potential future operations [5]. We present a patient with simultaneous cecal volvulus and gastric erosion 8 years post-LAGB.
A class of one-to-one two-dimensional transformations

A class of two-dimensional geometrical transformations with three attractive properties is presented: the transformations are smooth, computationally simple, and one-to-one. The transformation functions are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials are required to obey constraints which are proven to be sufficient to ensure that the transformation is one-to-one. The simplest members of the class are bilinear forms; the other members are compositions of the bilinear form. The constraints, which are nonlinear, are given by a set of recurrence relations. Applications of the transformations are discussed.
Impact of snow on surface brightness

The snow-covered land surface has different albedo than the snow-free surface, depending primarily on the type and density of the vegetation, the relief, and the continuity and age of the snow blanket. This is clearly demonstrated by the winter mosaic of east central Asia shown on the front cover. It is a section of a larger composite assembled from cloud-free satellite images to portray the land surface under continuous snow cover. The mosaic is a valuable tool for distinguishing (from remote positions) snow from clouds and for charting snow cover where illumination is poor. It also can be used to determine relative sensitivity of surface albedo to the occurrence of snow. Segments with a minimum of clouds along the orbital subtrack were selected from the transparencies of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Satellite sensors record in the spectral band 0.4–1.2 µm. The satellite is in polar orbit at a mean altitude of 830 km (450 nm) and crosses the equator at approximately local noon. The spatial resolution along the orbital subtrack is about 0.6 km [Dickinson et al., 1974]. The mosaic is assembled from imagery taken between mid-January and mid-February of 1979. The original hard-copy transparencies (on loan from the DMSP library) were reproduced as contact negatives to preserve detail. The snow cover marks the land surface with a characteristic signature that depends on the distribution, density, and type of vegetation; relief; presence of water bodies; distribution and type of land use, etc. This signature can be readily utilized, among others, to distinguish snow-covered land from clouds and from snow-free land [Barnes et al., 1974; Lillesand et al., 1982]. We have compared the brightness fields in the imagery with the vegetation density and land-use patterns charted in the World Forestry Atlas [Wiebecke, 1971].
Third party instigated aggression as a function of attack pattern and a nonaggressive response option

Abstract In the present study, subjects suggested what shock intensity a confederate should set for her opponent in a reaction time competition. Opponents displayed one of three attack patterns: increasing, decreasing, or minimal provocation. Also, for half the subjects a “no shock” option was available. A control group who had the nonaggressive option and for whom the opponent was nonaggressive (always chose “no shock”) was included. Results revealed that subjects' responses were governed by the norm of reciprocity; also the option reduced instigative aggression for subjects encountering increasing and decreasing provocation, while elevating aggressive response when the opponent was minimally provocative. Results are discussed in terms of attribution and locus of control.
A concentration index for differentiated products: the case of religious competition

In the past, scholars have used a Herfindahl–Hirschman Index using denominational market shares to measure the competitiveness of religious markets. However, this approach ignores both the imperfect substitutability between denominations and the degree of competition within denominations. These two shortcomings make the current index a suspect measure of religious competition; it often falsely identifies which market micro-economists would generally consider the more competitive one. We develop a new religious competition index that incorporates intra-denominational competition and creates a ‘substitutability parameter’ to better specify the appropriate degree of inter-denominational competition. While the model developed in this article applies specifically to religious markets, our index of competition could be expanded to other economic markets where such a substitutability parameter is meaningful.
Mechanical Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol Cryogels for Covered Stents

Covered stents could reduce restenosis rates by preventing cellular migration with a physical barrier and may have reduced thrombotic complications if an appropriate material is selected. Previous Dacron™ or poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) covered stents have had mixed clinical results in part because they are too thick and too thrombogenic at small diameters. Ideally, the covering should be as thin as a stent strut, mechanically able to expand as much as a stent, and durable enough to withstand deployment. As an alternative to PTFE, thin polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogel membranes were tested for their ability to stretch with uniaxial tension tests and for puncture strength with a modified ASTM method. Additionally, PVA cryogel covered stents were made by coating expanded bare metal stents. These covered stents were then hand-crimped onto a balloon catheter and expanded. PVA cryogel membranes were made as thin as 100 μm—thinner than some stent struts—and stretched to approximately 3.0 times their original diameter (similar to a stent during deployment). PVA cryogel membranes resisted puncture well with an average push-through displacement of 4.77 mm—allowing for safe deployment in vessels of up to 9 mm in diameter. Push-through displacement did not depend on membrane thickness in the range tested—a trait that could reduce stent profile without increased risk of puncture. All the PVA cryogel covered stents tolerated the crimping and expansion process well and there was little to no visible membrane damage. In conclusion, based on the results of these mechanical tests, PVA cryogels are mechanically suitable for covered stent membranes. This work represents a first step toward the creation of a new class of covered stent, which could prevent complications from both restenosis and thrombosis.
One-Pot Colorimetric Differentiation of Polynucleotides with Single Base Imperfections Using Gold Nanoparticle Probes

Selective colorimetric polynucleotide detection based on Au nanoparticle probes which align in a “tail-to-tail” fashion onto a target polynucleotide is described. In this new nanoparticle-based detection system, Au particles (∼13 nm diameter), which are capped with 3‘- and 5‘-(alkanethiol)oligonucleotides, are used to complex a 24-base polynucleotide target. Hybridization of the target with the probes results in the formation of an extended polymeric Au nanoparticle/polynucleotide aggregate, which triggers a red to purple color change in solution. The color change is due to a red shift in the surface plasmon resonance of the Au nanoparticles. The aggregates exhibit characteristic, exceptionally sharp “melting transitions” (monitored at 260 or 700 nm), which allows one to distinguish target sequences that contain one base end mismatches, deletions, or an insertion from the fully complementary target. When test solutions are spotted onto a C18 reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography plate, color differentia...
Inhibition of brain dopa-decarboxylase by RO 4-4602 infused ICV blocks alcohol drinking induced in rats by cyanamide

Following the stereotaxic implantation of chronic cannulae for intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion, rats were given an alcohol preference test to establish their preferred concentration in comparison with water. After alcohol was removed, 15 mg/kg cyanamide was then injected subcutaneously for 4 days in order to maximize volitional intake of single solutions of alcohol, which in these animals ranged from 7 to 15%. The l-dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide (Ro 4-4602) injected subcutaneously twice daily in doses of 50–100 mg/kg failed to alter the rats' alcohol consumption either in terms of g/kg or proportional values. However, when given ICV twice daily in concentrations of 10 ng–2.0 μg per 5.0 μl volume, benserazide attenuated the rats' alcohol drinking significantly. This reduction occurred in a dose-dependent manner in terms of both absolute and proportional intakes of alcohol. Pre-treatment of the animals with 1.0 μg benserazide given ICV, when alcohol was removed from the test situation, did not abolish the subsequent ingestion of alcohol but its peripheral administration (50 mg/kg) enhanced drinking. These results suggest that the interference with the metabolic pathway of dopamine or serotonin synthesis, possibly through the mechanism of reduced formation of aldehyde adducts in the brain, markedly alters the pattern of voluntary drinking in the rat. Alternatively, benserazide could act by its central inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase, which in turn would concomitantly elevate levels of acetaldehyde and thereby reduce alcohol drinking.
Occupation of the Crab Nebula by the Solar Corona in June 1963

IN a recent communication, Basu and Castelli1 described observations at wave-lengths of 10 cm and 25 cm of the occultation of the radio source in Taurus, the Crab Nebula, by the solar corona in June 1962. The results were interpreted as indicating a progressive increase in the angular diameter of the source with decreasing angular distance from the Sun, due to scattering by irregularities of electron density in a non-uniform corona.
A simple approach to the evolution of twisted accretion discs

A simple set of equations is introduced which governs the time evolution of a twisted accretion disc. The time evolution is governed by two «viscosities», one governing shear within the plane of the disc and the other governing shear perpendicular to the disc (brought about by non-planarity of the disc). It is shown that these equations can be put in numerical difference form so that angular momentum is locally conserved. Numerical simulations are given for two simple cases, the evolution of a simple twist in a steady Keplerian accretion disc, and the effect of precession about an axis which is not aligned with the disc on the inner regions of the disc (the Bardeen-Petterson effect)
Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Why the Suboptimal Outcomes?

Current therapeutic interventions to retard the progression of chronic kidney disease have yielded disappointing outcomes despite adequate renin-angiotensin system blockade. The parameters to gauge the adequacy of blood pressure control need to be reassessed because clinic blood pressure constitutes a poor gauge of such control. The biologically relevant parameter for hypertensive target organ damage is total blood pressure burden, and reliance on isolated clinic blood pressure measurements per se does not accurately reflect the total blood pressure burden. This is particularly relevant to the population with chronic kidney disease in whom masked daytime or nocturnal hypertension and blood pressure lability are both widely prevalent and more difficult to control. Consequently, it is possible that the limited success currently being achieved in preventing or attenuating chronic kidney disease progression may be attributable in part to suboptimal 24-hour blood pressure control. Recent data and analyses also indicate that blood pressure variability, instability, episodic and nocturnal blood pressure elevations, and maximum systolic blood pressure may constitute additional strong predictors of the risk of target organ damage independently of mean systolic blood pressure. Accordingly, we suggest that future research should include the development of safe and effective strategies to achieve around-the-clock blood pressure control in addition to targeting mechanisms that reduce intrarenal blood pressure transmission or interrupt subsequent downstream pathways. Meanwhile, more aggressive use of patient education and home blood pressure monitoring with selection of longer-acting antihypertensive agents or nocturnal dosing should be considered to improve the current suboptimal results.
Miscomprehension, meaning, and phonology: The unknown and phonological Armstrong illusions

People often fail to detect the anomalous word in questions such as How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark?, and incorrectly answer “two” despite knowing that Noah rather than Mose...
An evaluation of National Alcohol Screening Day.

Aims: Although National Alcohol Screening Day (NASD) became the USA's largest and most visible community-based intervention targeting risky drinking over the past decade, its utility in identifying individuals who are at risk for alcohol problems and in catalyzing behaviour change has not been tested in studies including untreated controls. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in alcohol use three months following NASD participation using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Methods: Participants (N = 713) were recruited from 5 NASD sites in Florida, Massachusetts, and New York, USA. Intervention subjects (N = 318) were recruited at the NASD event; control subjects (N = 395) were recruited at the same locations approximately 1 week after NASD. All participants completed brief surveys at the time of enrollment, and then again 3 months later. Results: Significant decreases in the typical number of drinks consumed per occasion were observed among at-risk drinkers in the intervention group relative to controls in the 3 months following NASD. At-risk NASD participants averaged approximately 5.6 fewer drinks per week than at-risk controls. Conclusions: Findings suggest that exposure to a brief screening program with provision of feedback can result in significant reductions in alcohol consumption among risky drinkers.
Two versions of the gene encoding the 41-kilodalton subunit of the telomere binding protein of Oxytricha nova.

Abstract Macronuclear chromosomes of the ciliated protozoan Oxytricha nova terminate with a single-stranded (T4G4)2 overhang. The (T4G4)2 telomeric overhang is tenaciously bound by a protein heterodimer. We have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the 41-kDa subunit of this telomere binding protein. The predicted amino acid sequence comprises two distinct regions, a carboxyl-terminal two-thirds that is 23% lysine and bears similarity to histone H1 and an amino-terminal one-third containing a hydrophobic stretch of about 15 amino acids. Two macronuclear versions of the gene differ in nucleotide sequence at several positions, but the derived polypeptides differ only at a single position, Ser-110 or Ala-110. Both versions harbor a small intron. The existence of this intron demonstrates that, despite the elimination of 95% of the micronuclear genome from the developing macronucleus, at least some noncoding DNA is retained during macronuclear development of hypotrichous ciliates.
Female competition and reproductive success in northern elephant seals

The probability of weaning a healthy pup increases with age in female northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. On Ano Nuevo Island, California, weaning success among ‘prime’ females, those 6 years of age or older, was more than double that of ‘young’ females, those 3 to 5 years old. Prime females were better mothers than young females because of superior size, higher social dominance, and greater maternal experience; they were more likely to mate with high-ranking males and gave birth at an optimal time and place, circumstances that maximized the probability that their pups would survive, develop, and reproduce. The competitive advantage of prime-age mothers over younger ones was greatest when female and pup density was high. Young females improved their chances of reproducing successfully by emigrating from crowded harems and establishing new colonies.
Efficient estimation of limited dependent variable models with endogenous explanatory variables

Abstract This paper discusses asymptotically efficient estimation of the parameters of limited dependent variable models with endogenous explanatory variables. General results on asymptotic efficiency of two-stage and Amemiya GLS estimators are derived and used to obtain a simple, asymptotically efficient estimator of the structural coefficients. This estimator can be calculated by applying GLS to estimates of the reduced form coefficients that are obtained by using reduced form residuals as additional explanatory variables. It is also shown that it is possible to obtain asymptotically efficient estimators of the other coefficients by a modified minimum chi-square method.
Analytic requirements for immunosuppressive drugs in clinical trials

Essential to the evaluation of (1) the pharmacokinetics, (2) concentration-effect relationships, and (3) the application of therapeutic drug monitoring, during new immunosuppressive drug clinical trials, is the development of validated analytical methodology for the measurement of pharmacologically active drug and metabolites in biofluids and tissues. The characteristics of analytical methodology developed for cyclosporines A and G, FK-506, mycophenolate mofetil, and rapamycin during clinical trials will be described. The advantages of establishing validated analytical methodology as early as possible during clinical trials include : (a) early identification of metabolites and their quantitative and pharmacological significance ; (b) early development of interpretable PK and PK-PD data ; (c) accrual of experience that will be directly useful in patient monitoring after drug approval ; (d) optimization of analysis conditions ; and (e) early development of reference methodology for therapeutic drug monitoring tests. A suggested set of performance criteria for drug analysis during clinical trials and thereafter will be presented.
“Do Real Women Have Curves?” Paradoxical Body Images among Latinas in New York City

This paper examines Latinas’ assessments of their individual body shape and weight vis-a-vis their beliefs and attitudes regarding mainstream and alternative body images. A mixed method data collection system was used based on individual instruments and focus group guidelines. While individual measures revealed participants’ preference for thinner body types than what they actually considered themselves to be, group data underscore contradictory body paradigms, defined as Latinas’ Paradoxical Body Images (LAPABI). Findings suggest the prevalence of a mainstream stereotype represented by the fit/thin White woman as the ultimate body ideal, along with the Latina curvy shape as its counter-image. The paper further discusses the importance of the media, and of divergent cultural values, in supporting these co-existing body ideals, as well as the need for more studies addressing their combined effect on Latinas’ obesity patterns and their weight-control efforts.
Evaluation of bladder insufflants for transurethral cryoablation of the bladder.

OBJECTIVES To compare helium and carbon dioxide gas insufflation for the creation of pneumocystis during bladder cryoablation in an effort to optimize the technique. METHODS Nine pigs were divided into 3 groups. The pigs in groups 1, 2, and 3 underwent bladder cryoablation in a normal saline, carbon dioxide gas, and helium gas environment, respectively. Each group underwent 2 freeze-thaw cycles of the bladder dome. The bladder pressure measurements were recorded every 5 seconds throughout the cryoablation procedure. Bladder integrity was evaluated with both cystoscopic and laparoscopic visualization. All pigs were killed at the completion of the procedure, and the bladders were harvested for histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS All 9 pigs successfully underwent bladder wall cryoablation. Bladder integrity was maintained in all 6 pigs in groups 1 and 3. In group 2, 2 bladder ruptures were documented. All group 2 pigs had a significantly increased bladder pressure during the 2 thaw cycles of the cryoablation procedure, with the peak pressure >70-100 mm Hg before venting of the excess carbon dioxide gas. No intervention was required to stabilize the bladder pressure in groups 1 and 3. The average change in pressure per 5-second interval during both thaw cycles for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 0.16, 6.96, and 0.42 mm Hg/s, respectively (P = .0003). Group 3 showed mild hemorrhage on histologic examination. CONCLUSIONS The creation of pneumocystis with helium gas reduces sublimation and eliminates the problems of rapidly fluctuating bladder pressures and decreased visibility previously noted with carbon dioxide gas during bladder cryoablation.
Modulation of the polyethylene glycol-hemoglobin structure to increase the efficiency of plasma expansion and O2carrying capacity

SUMMARY Polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface decoration of hemoglobin (Hb) is being developed as a design strategy for generating an oxygen carrier with optimal plasma expansion characteristics and maintenance of microvascular function. HexaPEGylated Hb using six copies of 5 kDa PEG provides excellent tissue perfusion when used to correct blood volume losses at a plasma concentration of 2 g Hb/dL (as compared with unPEGylated Hbs used at 6–9 g Hb/dL). Efficacy attained with limited concentration of Hb allows effective use of available Hb obtained from outdated blood. However, the high oxygen affinity of PEG-Hb in combination with its low plasma concentration limits the effective oxygen delivery capacity, impacting tissue oxygenation. This problem can be remedied either by lowering oxygen affinity of PEG-Hb or by increasing its concentration in the circulation. PEGylation of low oxygen affinity intramolecularly cross-linked Hbs, for example αα-fumaryl-Hb, lowers oxygen affinity and modulating the pattern of PEGylation (size and number of PEG-chains to lower the colloidal osmotic pressure of PEG-Hb) reduces the tendency to dilute the PEG-Hb concentration in circulation because of fluid shifts into the intravascular volume. Novel chemistry platforms for PEGylation set the stage for next generation lower oxygen affinity PEGylated Hbs that optimizes oxygen delivery and tissue perfusion.
Relationships among different strains of T7 and among T7-related bacteriophages.

DNAs of the related bacteriophages T7, T3, θII, H, θI, and W31 have been cut with the restriction endonuclease HpaI and the DNA fragments analyzed by gel electrophoresis. A characteristic pattern of fragments was produced from each DNA, only θII and H DNA giving patterns that were obviously related to each other. Thus HpaI restriction patterns can be used to provide rapid and positive identification of these closely related phages. Restriction analysis, together with plating behavior and biochemical characteristics, has revealed a remarkably diversity among strains of the same phage from different laboratories. Of T7 strains received from 19 sources only 8 corresponded to the original wild-type T7, the others being different pure deletion mutants of T7, mixtures of wild-type and different mutants, one host-range mutant, and two strains that were actually T3. Divergence in different lines of other T7-related phages was also observed, as were some additional cases of mistaken identity. Deletions in the gene 0.7 region seem to be a common type of change in all of the T7-related phages. Some misconceptions that have arisen because of strain differences or cases of mistaken identity can now be corrected. Some of the best previous measurements of the molecular weight of T7 DNA were apparently made on DNA from deletion mutants, leading to a commonly accepted value for the molecular weight of T7 DNA that is too low. The T7-related phages are generally thought to be female specific, but in fact authentic T3 plates equally well on isogenic male and female strains of Escherichia coli. Previous reports to the contrary were based on work with a strain that was actually T7. A previous report that T3 grows on K-12 strains of E. coli was also based on work with the same T7 strain. Actually, T3 does not absorb to most K-12 strains but does grow on descendents of Y53, plating behavior reported previously for some other T7-related strains. Other cases where strain differences have led to misconceptions are also pointed out.
Restricted cell surface expression of receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 in pediatric B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia suggests targetability with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

Background Despite high cure rates for pediatric B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), short-term and long-term toxicities and chemoresistance are shortcomings of standard chemotherapy. Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target cell surface antigens with restricted expression in pediatric B-ALL may offer the potential to reduce toxicities and prevent or overcome chemoresistance. The receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 has emerged as a candidate for mAb targeting in select B-cell malignancies.
Interactive, Asynchronous, Face-to-Face: Does it Really Make a Difference?☆

Abstract With the advent of WEB 2.0, the internet has become participatory and interactive. As a practitioner-researchers, we perceive that business students are citizens of this digital world and are continuously searching for the right tools for the teaching/learning environment. Web 2.0 characteristics support the principles of good teaching and learning– active participation and collaboration. This case study illustrates three different learning environments: face-to-face, virtual learning classrooms, online interactive blogs. A sample was drawn from three different undergraduate business courses. The results show that integrating WEB 2.0 interactive tools seems to be the best. Further research is recommended based on the limitations found.
The high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of diverse basic pharmaceuticals on cyanopropyl and pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phases.

Abstract Cyanopropyl (CN) and pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) modified silica columns give good retention and good peak shape for the high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI/MS) analysis of several classes of basic drugs. These phases enhance the ESI-MS signal by providing good retention of basic drugs with a mobile phase containing 90% acetonitrile. With C18 columns, in order to achieve good retention of basic drugs, only a mobile phase containing less than 40% acetonitrile can be used. Higher concentrations of acetonitrile produce a larger MS signal in the ESI process; the MS signal was a factor of 9 and 12 times greater on the CN and PFPP phases when compared with the C18 phase for the analysis of codeine. The C18 phase required only 4.0–6.0% acetonitrile to obtain the same retention time for codeine. The CN and PFPP stationary phases can be used for the analysis of a range of basic drugs, including many compounds which are poorly retained on the popular C18 and C8 stationary phases. Applications of CN and PFPP columns in the HPLC/ESI/MS of basic drugs include the analysis of antimalarials, such as quinine, bronchodialators, such as salbutamol and tulobuterol, cardioactive drugs, such as procainamide and β-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as protriptyline and trimipramine and alkaloids, such as morphine and codeine. The CN and PFPP phases are also useful for the analysis of bufuralol and its metabolite, hydroxy-bufuralol. All the above analyses were performed using the same mobile phase, 90% acetonitrile; thus the HPLC method development process was expedited. The CN and PFPP phases also gave reproducible retention times and peak shape after more than 8 h of analyses.
Observations on the ultrastructure of large cells associated with putative neoplastic disorders of mussels, Mytilus edulis, from Yaquina Bay, Oregon

Abstract Large cells, generally thought to be associated with neoplastic disorders in bivalve mollusks, were studied with the electron microscope. The atypical cells had an average diameter of 15 μm and a nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of about 1–1.5. Nuclei were extensively pleomorphic and bizarre shapes were common. Nucleoli were prominent and often multiple. In the cytoplasm of the large cells, there was a wide range of variability in anomalous organelles. Two cell types were originally thought to exist; however, it is now thought that the two cell types represent the two extreme morphological expressions of a single cell line. Their varying appearance is correlated with the density of ribosomes and abundance of cellular organelles. The large Mytilus edulis cells possess many ultrastructural properties that are characteristic of certain malignant vertebrate cells. However, alternative explanations for their structure and function are also possible.
Survival of rotavirus SA-11 on vegetables

Survival of rotavirus on lettuce, radishes, and carrots was studied to evaluate the potential of rotavirus transmission by vegetables irrigated with wastewater. The vegetables were contaminated with rotavirus SA-11 and stored at 4°C and room temperature in covered and uncovered containers to simulate post harvest conditions. Virus decay rates were greater on radishes and carrots than lettuce. Decay rates of rotavirus on lettuce, radish, and carrot ranged from −0·057 to −0·479 (log10 pfu/day). Rotavirus SA-11 survived on lettuce, radish, and carrot for 25 to 30 days at 4°C but at room temperature survival was very different for the various vegetables varying from 5 to 25 days. Greatest survival was always observed on the lettuce. These data suggest that rotaviruses can survive long enough on contaminated vegetables as to be transmitted by this vehicle.
An X-ray nanodiffraction technique for structural characterization of individual nanomaterials.

An X-ray micro/nanodiffraction technique that allows structural characterization of individual nanomaterials has been developed at an insertion-device beamline of the Advanced Photon Source. Using the extremely high brightness of the third-generation synchrotron radiation source and advanced high-resolution high-energy zone-plate focusing optics, X-rays of energies from 6 to 12 keV have been focused into a spot smaller than 200 nm with a photon density gain of more than 50000 so that significant photon flux can be intercepted by a nanoscale material to generate a measurable diffraction signal for structural characterization. This paper describes the instrumentation of the technique and discusses the application of the technique to studies of tin oxide nanobelts.
Field test evaluation of solar-heated evaporators

The cost of disposal of liquid industrial waste is of intense concern to all industrial waste generators, but especially so to smaller generators which are penalized by the economy of scale. As a last resort to on-site treatment or recycling, the smaller generator is forced to depend upon commercial waste disposal at costs approaching $6.00 per gallon. The use of solar energy to evaporate water from aqueous wastes is a potentially viable alternative if the containments are slats having low volatility. This paper describes a field test conducted with a small solar evaporator installed in a machine shop. A naturally vented, basin-type evaporator was used to evaporate water from a spent plating solution used to anodize aluminum. Measured evaporation data validated performance predictions made earlier using TRNSYS and TMY weather data. The data also indicated that accepted correlation models for predicting performance of solar stills underpredict evaporator performance by about 20 percent.
RANDOMLY INHOMOGENEOUS LUTTINGER LIQUID : FLUCTUATIONS OF THE TUNNEL CONDUCTANCE

A Luttinger liquid in which the concentration of electrons varies randomly with coordinate is considered. We study the fluctuations of the tunnel conductance, caused by the randomness in the concentration. If the concentration changes slowly on the scale of the Fermi wavelength, its prime role reduces to a scattering of the plasmon waves, propagating along the system. As a result of such a scattering, plasmons become localized. We show that the localization length ${\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$ of a plasmon with frequency \ensuremath{\omega} is inversely proportional to the square of the interaction strength, and changes with frequency as ${\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. If the relative variation of the concentration is small, the randomness-induced correction to the tunnel conductance, \ensuremath{\delta}G(V), where V is the applied bias, can be expressed through the spectral characteristics of the localized plasmons. The magnitude of the correction, (\ensuremath{\delta}${\mathrm{G}}^{2}$${)}^{1\mathrm{/}2}$/G, increases with V as $\sqrt{V}$. The typical period of the fluctuations in \ensuremath{\delta}G(V) is of the order of V. At a fixed V, the correlator of \ensuremath{\delta}G at different points of the liquid falls off with distance as a power law, and oscillates with the period which is one-half of the wavelength of a plasmon with frequency \ensuremath{\omega}=eV/\ensuremath{\hbar}.
Competitive Procurement of Auditing Services with Limited Information

We analyse the auditing procurement process when the client is initially uncertain about her/her auditing needs and when she/he cannot discern the level of assurance provided by the auditor. The client's limited information can lead to under-auditing and substantial rent for auditors, despite the presence of ex ante competition among auditors. The information asymmetry can also make it difficult for new auditors with superior auditing technologies to displace incumbent auditors. In addition, the asymmetry can limit the incentives of auditors to improve their technologies.
Late Phase of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Pathway Is Regulated by Hog1 MAP Kinase

When unfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causing ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR) responds rapidly to induce a transcriptional program that functions to alleviate the stress. However, under extreme conditions, when UPR activation is not sufficient to alleviate ER stress, the stress may persist long term. Very little is known about how the cell responds to persistent ER stress that is not resolved by the immediate activation of the UPR. We show that Hog1 MAP kinase becomes phosphorylated during the late stage of ER stress and helps the ER regain homeostasis. Although Hog1 is well known to function in osmotic stress and cell wall integrity pathways, we show that the activation mechanism for Hog1 during ER stress is distinct from both of these pathways. During late stage ER stress, upon phosphorylation, Hog1 translocates into the nucleus and regulates gene expression. Subsequently, Hog1 returns to the cytoplasm, where its phosphorylation levels remain high. From its cytoplasmic location, Hog1 contributes to the activation of autophagy by enhancing the stability of Atg8, a critical autophagy protein. Thus, Hog1 coordinates a multifaceted response to persistent ER stress.
Immune deficiency and autoimmunity.

Purpose of reviewTo provide an overview of the mechanisms of autoimmunity associated with primary immunodeficiencies.Recent findingsOver the past several years, new concepts of the relationship between primary immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity have developed that promise to illuminate the mechanis
High-temperature fast-flow reactor kinetics study of the reaction between BCl and CO2 from 770 to 1830 K

The kinetics of the title reaction have been studied under pseudo-first order conditions in a high-temperature fast-flow reactor (HTFFR). BCl radicals were generated by a two-stage method that combines microwave discharge with thermal dissociation of BCl 3 . The Arrhenius plot has pronounced curvature over the temperature range investigated. The best three-parameter fit to the measured rate coefficients yields k (T)=1.8×10 −31 (T/K) 5.6 exp(−1180 K/T) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , with 2σ precision limits of ±20% and 2σ confidence limits of ±30%. These k (T) are compared to those for the reactions of BCl with O 2 and AlCl with O 2 and CO 2 . Arguments are advanced that suggest that all these reactions proceed by O-atom abstraction leading to oxychloride formation. An explanation for the larger rate coefficients of the BCl as compared to the corresponding AlCl reactions is given.
Soybean responses to potassium placement and tillage alternatives following no-till

More information is needed about optimum potassium (K) fertilizer placement for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in no-till fields. This study was conducted at two locations in Ontario, Canada, from 1998 to 2000 to examine soybean responses to K placement methods and tillage systems on soils with a 5- to 7-yr no-till history and medium to high soil-test K levels. Fertilizer K treatments (15-cm deep banding in fall, 7.5-cm shallow banding in spring, surface broadcast in fall, and a zero K control) were compared in three conservation tillage systems (fall zone-till, fall disk, and no-till). The K fertilizer rate was 100 kg ha -1 for all but the control treatment. Soybean row widths (76 or 38 cm) varied with tillage systems, and soybean rows were positioned above K fertilizer bands if applicable. Yield responses to K application occurred in the fall zone-till and no-till systems on some medium- to high-testing soils. There was no significant leaf K or seed yield advantage to band placement compared to surface broadcasting, and to fall zone-till or fall disk systems relative to no-till, for soybean of similar row width. Neither leaf K nor seed yield was negatively affected by degree of soil K stratification. Despite vertical soil K stratification after continuous no-till, there was no significant leaf K or yield benefit to replacing narrow-row, no-till soybean systems (involving surface K fertilizer application) with widerow zone-till or no-till systems (involving deep banding of K), or with narrow-row, fall disk systems (involving surface-applied, but tillage-incorporated K).
Family rituals--from research to the consulting room and back again: comment on the special section

This article offers a comment on the special research section on Family Routines and Rituals from the point of view of a family therapist who has made the use of rituals a specialty in clinical practice. Ways that the research usefully informs clinicians seeking to use rituals in therapy are highlighted. A critique of the articles, particularly in the area of ritual definition, is offered. The comment concludes with several suggestions for future research.