cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactively Decomposing Composite Changes to Support Code Review and Regression Testing

Developers often address multiple development issues to make composite code changes, as opposed to atomic changes that address one single issue. Investigating and testing such code changes is a tedious and error-prone process for developers. To address the problem, this paper presents a technique, called CHGCUTTER, for (1) interactively decomposing composite changes into atomic changes, (2) building related change subsets using program dependence relationships without syntactic violation, and (3) safely selecting only related test cases from the test suite to reduce the time to conduct regression testing. In the evaluation, CHGCUTTER analyzes 28 composite changes in four open source projects. It identifies related change subsets with 95.7% accuracy, and it selects test cases affected by these changes with 89.0% accuracy. Our results show that CHGCUTTER should help developers effectively inspect changes and validate modified applications during development.
Plasticity of Signaling by Spinal Estrogen Receptor α, κ-Opioid Receptor, and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors over the Rat Reproductive Cycle Regulates Spinal Endomorphin 2 Antinociception: Relevance of Endogenous-Biased Agonism

We previously showed that intrathecal application of endomorphin 2 [EM2; the highly specific endogenous μ-opioid receptor (MOR) ligand] induces antinociception that varies with stage of the rat estrous cycle: minimal during diestrus and prominent during proestrus. Earlier studies, however, did not identify proestrus-activated signaling strategies that enable spinal EM2 antinociception. We now report that in female rats, increased spinal dynorphin release and κ-opioid receptor (KOR) signaling, as well as the emergence of glutamate-activated metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) signaling, are critical to the transition from an EM2 nonresponsive state (during diestrus) to an analgesically responsive state (during proestrus). Differential signaling by mGluR1, depending on its activation by membrane estrogen receptor α (mERα; during diestrus) versus glutamate (during proestrus), concomitant with the ebb and flow of spinal dynorphin/KOR signaling, functions as a switch, preventing or promoting, respectively, spinal EM2 antinociception. Importantly, EM2 and glutamate-containing varicosities appose spinal neurons that express MOR along with mGluRs and mERα, suggesting that signaling mechanisms regulating analgesic effectiveness of intrathecally applied EM2 also pertain to endogenous EM2. Regulation of spinal EM2 antinociception by both the nature of the endogenous mGluR1 activator (i.e., endogenous biased agonism at mGluR1) and changes in spinal dynorphin/KOR signaling represent a novel mechanism for modulating analgesic responsiveness to endogenous EM2 (and perhaps other opioids). This points the way for developing noncanonical pharmacological approaches to pain management by harnessing endogenous opioids for pain relief.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The current prescription opioid abuse epidemic underscores the urgency to develop alternative pharmacotherapies for managing pain. We find that the magnitude of spinal endomorphin 2 (EM2) antinociception not only varies with stage of reproductive cycle, but is also differentially regulated during diestrus and proestrus. This finding highlights the need for sex-specific and cycle-specific approaches to pain management. Additionally, our finding that spinal EM2 antinociception in female rats is regulated by both the ebb and flow of spinal dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor signaling over the estrous cycle, as well as the nature of the endogenous mGluR1 activator, could encourage noncanonical pharmacological approaches to pain management, such as harnessing endogenous opioids for pain relief.
Reproof in CD 9:2–8 and 1QS 5:24–6:1

The Damascus Document ( CD 9:2–8) and the Serekh (1QS 5:24–6:1) amplify Leviticus 19:17–18 and carefully spell out the legal procedure for open reproof. In doing so, however, they both omit the key phrase of Leviticus 19:18b (ואהבת לרעך כמוך). This short note suggests that the omission is deliberate and results from a specific sectarian reading of Leviticus 19:17–18. The sectarians are construing this scriptural mandate as a legal command in contrast to the more mainstream reading as exhortation in the Second Temple period.
Urban water supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: historical and emerging policies and institutional arrangements

AbstractThis article synthesizes the literature on historical and emerging institutional arrangements for urban water supply in Sub-Saharan Africa to highlight successes, drawbacks, and opportunities for improving future water access. It traces the influence of decades-long global water initiatives on urban water-policy reforms in the region and reviews evidence on emerging community self-help and partnership models. Finally, it discusses the merits, targets and potential of Sustainable Development Goal 6 to improve urban water access in the region. The findings suggest that improving urban water supply in Sub-Saharan Africa requires innovative governance and institutional arrangements that blend the strengths of public, private and community-based water supply models.
Tuning Optical Matter Chains by Polarization Modulation

We show that the optical binding interactions among metal nanoparticles can be tuned by modulating the polarization states of light, and the spatio-temporal stability of optical matter can be explored by introducing polarization perturbation.
Reoperation Following Homograft Aortic Valve Replacement

Human allografts, most often referred to as “homografts” in the cardiac surgical literature, were introduced in the orthotopic position as a prosthetic option almost simultaneously by Mr. Donald N. Ross and Sir Bryan Barratt-Boyes. Mr. Ross reported, in the September 8, 1962 issue of The Lancet, a single case of an orthotopic aortic valve replacement using a freeze-dried homograft implanted in a manner that would now be termed the subcoronary position [1]. Mr. Ross graciously acknowledged the input of Mr. A. Gunning and Mr. G. Duran of Oxford for their suggestions concerning the preparation and dissection of the valve in preparation for replacement. This clinical work followed on preliminary experimental work as well as human implantation of homograft valves in the descending thoracic aorta. Subsequently, Sir Barratt-Boyes reported, in the March 19, 1964 issue of Thorax, his experience with orthotopic homograft aortic valve replacement between August 1962 and November 1963 in 21 patients with aortic incompetence, 17 patients with calcific aortic stenosis, and six with multivalvular disease [2].
Task synchronization via integration of sensing, planning, and control in a manufacturing work-cell

This chapter presents a novel approach for task synchronization of a manufacturing work-cell. It provides an analytical method for solving the challenging problem in intelligent control, i.e. the integration of low level sensor data and simple control mechanisms with high level perception and behaviour. The proposed Max-Plus Algebra model combining with event-based planning and control provides a mechanism to efficiently integrate sensing, planning and real time execution. It also enables a planning and control system to deal with the tasks involving both discrete and continuous actions. Therefore, task scheduling, which usually deals with discrete type of events, as well as action planning, which usually deals with continuous events, can be treated systematically in a unified framework. More important, the unique feature of this approach is that interactions between discrete and continuous events can be considered in the same framework. As a result, the efficiency and reliability of the task schedule and action plan can increase significantly. A typical robotic manufacturing work-cell is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
The First Law

In thermodynamics, a system is characterized in terms of its internal energy. Once the system is defined, the first law dictates that the energy of the system and its surroundings will remain constant. It is crucial to appreciate that energy is a state function and therefore its characterization depends only on the initial and final states of the system. The first law says that the total energy of the system and its surroundings remains constant, so it would be expected that some energy may be exchanged between them. This exchange occurs at the boundary of the system and will take the form of either thermal energy (heat) or work. Intuitive and mathematical comprehension of this last statement is crucial to an understanding of thermodynamics. Remember that what is being sought is a set of measurable indices that will provide information about the energy of a system. Both thermal energy and work are generally measurable, and they are both measurable in the surroundings, where the experimenter generally is. Heat and work appear at the boundary, not in the system or in the surroundings. Indeed, heat and work are either done by the system on the surroundings or by the surroundings on the system. Energy is exchanged in this way, and the effects of heat and work can be measured in the system or the surroundings, though the heat and work themselves are really only boundary characters.
Transformation Groups on Compact Homogeneous Spaces

The existence of abundant linear actions and the simplicity of topological structure form exactly the ideal combination that makes euclidean spaces, disks, spheres and projective spaces the best testing spaces for the study of transformation groups. So far, most of the deep results in topological transformation groups are still largely concentrating in the study of the above testing spaces. Generally speaking, the ideal combination of topological simplicity and abundant linear actions of the testing spaces are certainly very helpful in obtaining some basic understandings to begin with. For example, it is exactly the classical linear representation theory and those specific results of Chapters V and VI concerning such testing spaces that lead us to the basic understanding of the central importance of elementary abelian groups in the whole theory of topological transformation groups as well as to the formulation of those fundamental splitting theorems of Chapter IV (for actions of elementary abelian groups) in the setting of equivariant cohomology theory. However, the perspective will be undesirably limited if one becomes self-indulgent in insisting on the cohomological simplicity of the testing spaces. In this chapter, we begin to broaden the domain of testing spaces by considering transformation groups on compact homogeneous spaces. Since compact homogeneous spaces cover a wide range of topological types but still accommodate a rich variety of natural actions, the are particularly suitable for the study of transformation group.
Design of conformance verification system for intelligent substation configuration file

The intelligent substation configuration file (SCD) is the unified data source of the whole station, and its correctness is crucial to the safe operation of the whole station. In view of the existing problems of intelligent substation in SCD file management, this paper designs a set of intelligent substation configuration file consistency verification system. The function of configuration file analysis, auxiliary check, file version management, error information collection and other functions provided by this system provide effective technical means for the implementation of the project of smart substation.
Identification of the Tobacco and Arabidopsis Homologues of the Pollen-Expressed LAT59 Gene of Tomato

We describe the complete genomic sequences for the tobacco and Arabidopsis homologues of tomato LAT59, a previously described member of a family of pectate lyase-like genes. Translation of the tobacco gene, Nt59, predicts a protein with 93.5% overall amino acid similarity to LAT59. Nt59 has two introns whose positions are exactly conserved with the two introns of LAT59. Both LAT59 and Nt59 are specifically expressed in pollen and their promoter and 5′-UTR sequences are highly similar. Furthermore, two promoter elements shown to be important for pollen expression of LAT59 are conserved in the Nt59 promoter. The Arabidopsis homologue, At59, was found by examination of four candidates. At59 has 72.6% amino acid similarity to LAT59 and the position of one of its two introns is conserved with one of the LAT59 introns. At59 is also pollen-expressed and although its promoter sequence is quite different from the Nt59 and LAT59 promoters, the two promoter elements are somewhat conserved.
Histories and Material Manifestations of Slavery in the Upper Gambia River Region: Preliminary Results of the Bandafassi Regional Archaeological Project

ABSTRACTThe Bandafassi Regional Archaeological Project (BRAP) explores a multiethnic landscape in the upper Gambia River region heavily impacted by slavery. The project assesses discourses of diffe...
Loewner’s Differential Equation

In this chapter we study a class of conformal mappings belonging to P and show that a certain dense subset of this class consists of mappings obtained from a differential equation. This fact was needed for the complete proof of the Loewner-FitzGerald theorem of the previous chapter.
Prolonged high-fat-diet feeding promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alters gut microbiota in mice

Prolonged high-fat-diet feeding promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alters gut microbiota in mice
The future of penile prostheses for the treatment of erectile dysfunction

Penile prostheses (both inflatable and malleable) are standard care in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). Introduced over 45 years ago, modern penile implants have evolved greatly during that period of time and now represent the cutting edge in materials science and function. Despite the introduction of highly effective oral pharmacotherapy for ED, these devices have remained relevant and will almost certainly remain so for the foreseeable future. Despite their high degree of efficacy, there is always potential for further improvements in both implants themselves and the surgical techniques and processes used for their placement. In this manuscript we speculate on the future of penile implants, based in large part on the historical perspective and recent developments in the implant surgery space. We include recommendations on future technical innovations, post-operative management, and novel implant designs that may revolutionize the future management of ED.
Is Over-investment the Cause of the Post-2007 U.S. Economic Crisis?1

A significant number of left political economists hold that the U.S. Great Recession and subsequent lethargic performance are a crisis of over-capacity that resulted from over-investment. Kotz (2011, 2013) has recently attempted to provide empirical support for this position. Despite sharing an understanding of the crisis very similar to his, the authors find in this paper that a careful examination of his evidence does not support considering this to be a crisis of over-investment.
Patient-based Performance Assessment for Pediatric Abdominal CT: An Automated Monitoring System Based on Lesion Detectability and Radiation Dose.

Rationale and Objective To deploy an automated tool for evaluating pediatric body computed tomography (CT) performance utilizing metrics of radiation dose and image quality for the task of liver lesion detection. Materials and Methods This IRB approved retrospective investigation used 507 IV-contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT scans of pediatric patients ( Results There was minimal SSDE variability by age. Median SSDE at 100 kV on one scanner model was 5.2 mGy (5.0–5.4 mGy interquartile range). However, when assessing image quality by applying d′, the age groups separated such that the younger patients had higher d′ values than older patients. Similar trends were seen in all scanners. Conclusions An automated method to assess clinical image quality for pediatric CT provided a metric of image quality that varied as expected across ages (i.e., higher quality for younger patients). This tool affords the establishment of a quality reference level that, in addition to dose estimations currently available, would allow for enhanced assessment (e.g., facilitated audit) of CT imaging performance.
Adaptive dynamic programming approach to experience-based systems identification and control

Humans have the ability to make use of experience while selecting their control actions for distinct and changing situations, and their process speeds up and have enhanced effectiveness as more experience is gained. In contrast, current technological implementations slow down as more knowledge is stored. A novel way of employing Approximate (or Adaptive) Dynamic Programming (ADP) is described that shifts the underlying Adaptive Critic type of Reinforcement Learning method "up a level", away from designing individual (optimal) controllers to that of developing on-line algorithms that efficiently and effectively select designs from a repository of existing controller solutions (perhaps previously developed via application of ADP methods). The resulting approach is called Higher-Level Learning Algorithm. The approach and its rationale are described and some examples of its application are given. The notions of context and context discernment are important to understanding the human abilities noted above. These are first defined, in a manner appropriate to controls and system-identification, and as a foundation relating to the application arena, a historical view of the various phases during development of the controls field is given, organized by how the notion 'context' was, or was not, involved in each phase.
Voters’ Perceptions of Gender Differences in Vote Buying: The Case of Tanzania:

I examine how voters perceive gender differences in vote buying, using survey and interview data collected in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. I find that (1) an overwhelming majority of voters ...
“We Aren’t Fake News”: The Information Politics of the 2018 #FreePress Editorial Campaign

In August of 2018, hundreds of US newspapers participated in a coordinated editorial campaign to response to President Trump’s attacks on the news media. We examine the full text of 260 of these ed...
Short sleep, insomnia symptoms, and evening chronotype are correlated with poorer mood and quality of life in adolescent transgender males.

Abstract Objective Poor sleep is common among adolescents and associated with impaired mood and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Transgender individuals are at increased risk of mood problems hypothesized to be due to minority stress; however, no research has investigated associations between sleep and mood in this population. We aimed to examine sleep, mood, and HRQOL in transgender adolescent males. Design & setting Transgender males age 13-16 were recruited from a U.S. gender diversity clinic. Measurements Participants completed one week of home actigraphy monitoring. Questionnaires assessed insomnia symptoms, chronotype, mood, and HRQOL. Pearson correlations between sleep, mood, and HRQOL were examined. Results A total of 10 participants completed study measures during the school year. Participants obtained less than the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep per night, and half of participants endorsed insomnia symptoms. Greater insomnia symptoms were correlated with higher anxiety (P = .04) and depression (P = .04) symptoms, and poorer Psychosocial HRQOL (P = .03). Earlier weekday and weekend bed and wake times and earlier weekday sleep midpoint were associated with better Wellbeing HRQOL. No other significant correlations between sleep and mood or HRQOL variables were found. Conclusions Anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with self-reported insomnia symptoms, while HRQOL was associated with both insomnia symptoms and objective sleep timing in this sample of adolescent transgender males. Clinicians should assess both sleep and mood symptoms in this population and future research should evaluate the impact of improved sleep and gender-affirming care on mood and HRQOL for transgender adolescents.
Finding Best Model to Forecast Construction Duration of Road Tunnels with New Austrian Tunneling Method Using Bayesian Inference: Case Study of Niayesh Highway Tunnel in Iran

Forecasting project final duration (i.e., time at completion) is crucial to project risk management and is always sought by project managers during the construction period. Because of a strong correlation between past and future performances in linear projects, past progress data are the best source of information to forecast final duration of this type of project, including tunneling projects constructed by the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM). Bayesian inference is a robust probabilistic approach that can provide accurate forecasts of final duration based on a project’s past performance. However, results of research in this field have shown that selecting an appropriate model, which represents the unknown pattern of the project’s actual progress well, is the most challenging and subjective part of this approach. Effective risk management necessitates looking for the best model that can forecast project final duration accurately and precisely, especially early in the project. This research was aimed ...
Theorizing Sustainability: An Introduction to Science Teacher Education for Sustainability

The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers of this book with an overview and framework for educating science teachers for sustainability. The chapter begins by locating education for sustainability within a social and cultural milieu that includes the natural, built, economic, and political worlds. It then clarifies our use of language to distinguish between sustainability and sustainable development, and between education for sustainability (EfS) and education for sustainable development (ESD). The chapter then delves into the relationship between environmental education and EfS, especially the importance of the need to bring to the forefront the complexities that are human, social constructs that arise from the possible conflicting concerns of a wide range of stakeholders that require negotiation and reconciliation. This is followed by a review of the criteria for EfS suggested by UNESCO, including that it be culturally relevant; that it needs to occur in all educational venues, formal and informal, and for adults as well as children; and that sustainability is a moving target that is best addressed from a transdisciplinary approach. The chapter ends by raising the question of what science teachers ought to teach resustainability, and the relationship between sustainability and the rest of the science curriculum.
Antisocial Behavior from Adolescence to Early Adulthood: Heritability, Stability, and Correlates using a Longitudinal Twin Sample

ix Introduction 1 The Heterogeneity of Antisocial Behavior 1 DSM Diagnoses of Antisocial Behavior.. 2 Additional Definitions of Antisocial Behavior. 4 Gender Differences in Antisocial Behavior. 9 Developmental Trajectories of Antisocial Behavior 10 Antisocial Behavior Across the Lifespan 10 Substance Use Disorders and Antisocial Behavior 12 Causes of Antisocial Behavior 13 Genetic and Environmental Influences on Antisocial Behavior 13 Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Domains of Antisocial Behavior 15 Reasons for Variability 16 Age. 16 The Current Study 18 Methods 19 Participants & Procedure 19 Measures 20 Analyses 22 Factor Analyses 22 Bivariate Modeling 23 Person-Centered Approach 24 Results 25 Descriptive Statistics 25 Factor Analyses 27 Bivariate Analyses 30 Person-Centered Approach 43 Discussion 51 Prevalence Rates. 52 Factor Analyses. 53
Phillips Spring, 23Hi216: a Multicomponent Site In the Western Missouri Ozarks

The Phillips Spring Site is situated on a Holocene terrace of the Pomme de Terre River in northern Hickory County, Missouri. Eleven radiocarbon dates provide a good chronologic framework for the four cultural components recognized at the site. There are three Archaic components which span the period 4280 to 1990 BP. The initial Archaic occupation coincides with the establishment of the present vegetation pattern in the area. A single Late Woodland assemblage, dating from 1410 to 1000 BP, is comparable in cultural content to components of the Highland Aspect.
Validation of the Fear of Sleep Inventory (FOSI) in an urban young adult African American sample.

The Fear of Sleep Inventory (FOSI) was developed to identify factors that contribute to sleep disturbances in individuals exposed to trauma. This investigation examined the psychometric properties of the FOSI in a sample of African American young adults residing in urban areas. A 5-factor structure was derived from an exploratory factor analysis and then verified by confirmatory factor analysis. FOSI factors were positively correlated with the severity of PTSD (rs = .30 to .58, all ps < .001) and insomnia symptoms (rs = .36 to .64, all ps < .001). Individuals with probable PTSD or insomnia had higher scores on the total FOSI and each of the factors compared to those without probable PTSD (all ps < .001; effect sizes: r = .32 to .62) or insomnia (all ps < .001; effect sizes: r = .42 to .70). These data expand the evidence that the FOSI identifies factors contributing to sleep disturbances in trauma-exposed individuals. Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by AsianSTSS 標題： 使用年輕非裔美籍成人樣本來驗證恐懼睡眠清單(FOSI) 撮要：恐懼睡眠清單(FOSI)有助辨認受創人士睡眠障礙的成因。本研究在一批居住市區的年輕非裔美籍成人中檢視FOSI 的心理測量特性。從探索性因子分析得出一個5因子結構，再用驗證性因子分析來確認。FOSI 因子與PTSD嚴重度(rs=.30至.58, 總ps<.001) 和失眠症狀(rs=.36至.64, 總ps<.001) 呈正相連。患上可能PTSD 或失眠人士有較高的總FOSI 評分(對比沒有可能PTSD (總ps<.001; 有效值: r=.32至.62) 或沒有失眠(總ps<.001; 有效值: r=.42至.70) 的人士)。對FOSI 能辨認受創人士睡眠障礙的成因一事，本研究數據加強其佐證。 标题： 使用年轻非裔美籍成人样本来验证恐惧睡眠列表(FOSI) 撮要：恐惧睡眠清单(FOSI)有助辨认受创人士睡眠障碍的成因。本研究在一批居住城巿的年轻非裔美籍成人中检视FOSI 的心理测量特性。从探索性因子分析得出一个5因子结构，再用验证性因子分析来确认。FOSI 因子与PTSD严重度(rs=.30至.58, 总ps<.001) 和失眠症状(rs=.36至.64, 总ps<.001) 呈正相连。患上可能PTSD 或失眠人士有较高的总FOSI 评分(对比没有可能PTSD (总ps<.001; 有效值: r=.32至.62) 或没有失眠(总ps<.001; 有效值: r=.42至.70) 的人士)。对FOSI 能辨认受创人士睡眠障碍的成因一事，本研究数据加强其证明。
Children's literature: What's on the horizons

Lipinski, Tara. (1997) Tara Lipinski: Triumph on ice an autobiography; Dingle, Derek T. (1998) First in the field: baseball hero Jackie Robinson; Krull, Kathleen. (1996) Wilma unlimited: How Wilma Rudolph became the world’s fastest woman; Horenstein, Henry. (1997) Baseball in the Barrios; Blackstone, Margaret (1998) This is figure skating; Erlbach, Arlene. (1997) Sidewalk games around the world; Lankford, Mary D. (1996) Jacks around the world; Egan, Terry, Friedman, Stan, & Levine, Mike. (1997) The good guys of baseball: Sixteen true sports stories; Cooper, Elisha. (1998) Ballpark; Ross, Kathy. (1997) Crafts for kids who are wild about... series.
Programming Irregular Parallel Applications in Cilk

Cilk (pronounced “silk”) is a C-based language for multithreaded parallel programming. Cilk makes it easy to program irregular parallel applications, especially as compared with data-parallel or message-passing programming systems. A Cilk programmer need not worry about protocols and load balancing, which are handled by Cilk's provably efficient runtime system. Many regular and irregular Cilk applications run nearly as fast on one processor as comparable C programs, but the Cilk programs scale well to many processors.
A Proline-Rich Region in the Zeste Protein Essential for Transvection and white Repression by Zeste1

The DNA-binding protein encoded by the zeste gene of Drosophila activates transcription and mediates interchromosomal interactions such as transvection. The mutant protein encoded by the zeste1 (z1) allele retains the ability to support transvection, but represses white. Similar to transvection, repression requires Zeste-Zeste protein interactions and a second copy of white, either on the homologous chromosome or adjacent on the same chromosome. We characterized two pseudorevertants of z1 (z1-35 and z1-42) and another zeste mutation (z78c) that represses white. The z1 lesion alters a lysine residue located between the N-terminal DNA-binding domain and the C-terminal hydrophobic repeats involved in Zeste self-interactions. The z78c mutation alters a histidine near the site of the z1 lesion. Both z1 pseudorevertants retain the z1 lesion and alter different prolines in a proline-rich region located between the z1 lesion and the self-interaction domain. The pseudorevertants retain the ability to self-interact, but fail to repress white or support transvection at Ultrabithorax. To account for these observations and evidence indicating that Zeste affects gene expression through Polycomb group (Pc-G) protein complexes that epigenetically maintain chromatin states, we suggest that the regions affected by the z1, z78c, and pseudorevertant lesions mediate interactions between Zeste and the maintenance complexes.
Remembering Partition: The three partitions of 1947

Elections, commissions, protest and strife The years 1945 to 1947 were marked by intense struggle in the subcontinent. What the Second World War established, and the end of the war only underlined, was the changed military, political and economic position of Britain in the world and the radical transformation of the political temper in India. All this lent unprecedented urgency to the question of the transfer of power and the establishment of national government(s) in the subcontinent. It was in this situation that the Indian National Congress leadership was released from jail, efforts at mobilisation of different sections of the society were actively renewed, large-scale urban demonstrations and rural uprisings occurred, new elections were held and sustained high-level constitutional negotiations took place after 1945. Much of the politics of the previous three or four decades had been about national liberation. It was a serious complication that the call for Indian self-government was now joined by the call for Muslim self-government in a new country to be named Pakistan. Talk of independence was rife. However, while the Congress and those in sympathy with it expected the independence of a united India, the Muslim League slogan became ‘Pakistan for Independence’. There were two nations in India, it was argued, and the acceptance of the Pakistan demand was the only road to the genuine independence of all Indians, the Muslims in a free Pakistan and the Hindus in a free Hindustan.
Exploring the connection between frustration and consumer choice behavior in a dynamic decision environment

This research proposes that frustration during the purchase process for high-technology durable goods has a significant effect on the probability that consumers will commit to a technology and make a purchase. In order to explore the effects of consumer frustration on the purchase process, a scale is developed that reveals that frustration in high-technology decision environments is composed of two dimensions, processing frustration and frustration with the pace of technological change. These dimensions of frustration have a significant effect on consumer choice behavior. While processing frustration significantly reduces the probability of commitment to a technology, the probability of making a decision is significantly lower when consumers are frustrated with the pace of technological change. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and G and/or SH Protein Expression Contribute to Substance P, Which Mediates Inflammation and Enhanced Pulmonary Disease in BALB/c Mice

A distinct clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of humans is bronchiolitis, which has clinical features similar to those of asthma. Substance P (SP), a tachykinin neuropeptide, has been associated with neurogenic inflammation and asthma; therefore, we chose to examine SP-induced inflammation with RSV infection. In this study, we examined the production of pulmonary SP associated with RSV infection of BALB/c mice and the effect of anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies on the pulmonary inflammatory response. The peak production of pulmonary SP occurred between days 3 and 5 following primary RSV infection and day 1 after secondary infection. Treatment of RSV-infected mice with anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies suggested that SP may alter the natural killer cell response to primary and secondary infection. In mice challenged after formalin-inactivated RSV vaccination, SP appears to markedly enhance pulmonary eosinophilia as well as increase polymorphonuclear cell trafficking to the lung. Based on studies with a strain of RSV that lacks the G and SH genes, the SP response to RSV infection appears to be associated with G and/or SH protein expression. These data suggest that SP may be an important contributor to the inflammatory response to RSV infection and that anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies might be used to ameliorate RSV-associated disease.
Land Cover, Tenure Characteristics, and Rural Well-Being in a Black Belt County

Landownership is an important form of wealth, especially in a natural-resource dependent region such as the Black Belt of Alabama. We examine the connection between property ownership, land cover, and the well-being of communities in Macon County, Alabama. This study is an exploratory application of geographic information systems to integrate information from property tax assessment records, land cover data, and a well-being index based on census data. Research questions regarding the relationships between socioeconomic well-being, land tenure, and land cover were tested on rural parcels 50 acres or larger N=1418. Test results reveal statistically significant relationships between socioeconomic conditions and absentee ownership both out-of-state and out-of-county and land cover type in particular, evergreen forestland. Analyses of research findings offer insight to the cultural-ecological connections within the Black Belt and prompts exploration of the notion of space as political.
A New Perturbation Method for Oscillatory Systems

We present preliminary results on a new perturbation technique that combines the fundamental elements of the methods of equivalent linearization and first-order averaging. The importance of this procedure is derived from the fact that it can be applied to ODE’s having oscillatory solutions, but for which no harmonic oscillator limiting equation exists. The procedure is illustrated by showing how it can be used to calculate analytical approximations to two nonlinear ODE’s. Comparison with the corresponding accurate numerical solutions is also given. The work presented here was supported in part by research grants from DOE and the MBRS-SCORE Program at Clark Atlanta University.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The reaction of vinyl azides with sulfoxonium ylids. Synthesis of n-vinyl triazolines and vinyl aziridines.

Abstract Vinyl azides 1 react with dimethylsulfoxonium ylid 3 at the azide function to produce in high yield 1-vinyl-4,5-unsubstituted-Δ-1, 2 -1,2,3-triazolines 4 . Vacuum flash pyrolysis of 4 furnished N-vinylaziridines 7 without formation of pyrolines.
Activation of human γ-globin gene expression via triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO)-directed mutations in the γ-globin gene 5' flanking region

Human beta-globin disorders, such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia, are relatively common genetic diseases cause by mutations in the beta-globin gene. Increasing gamma-globin gene expression has been found to greatly reduce the disease symptom. However, the gamma-globin gene is developmentally regulated and normally expressed at high levels only during the fetal stage of human development. We have explored the possibility of activating the gamma-globin gene expression by triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO)-directed targeted mutagenesis. Using a psoralen-conjugated TFO designed to bind to a site overlapping with an Oct-1 binding site at the -280 region of the gamma-globin gene, targeted mutagenesis of the Oct-1 binding site has been achieved by transfecting the in-vitro-formed plasmid-oligo complex into human normal fibroblast (NF) cells. The mutation frequency at the target site was estimated to be 20% by direct DNA sequencing analysis. In-vitro protein binding assays indicated that these mutations reduced Oct-1 binding to the target site. In-vivo gene expression assays demonstrated activation of gamma-globin gene expression from these mutations in mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. The levels of the gamma-globin gene expression increased by as much as fourfold in mutants with single base changes. These results suggest that the -280 region of the Agamma-globin gene negatively regulates the gamma-globin gene expression, and mutations at the Oct-1 binding site can lead to activation of the gamma-globin gene and generate the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) condition. This study may provide a novel approach for gene therapy of sickle cell disease. The data may also have implications in gene therapy for other diseases including genetic diseases and cancers by introducing mutations into transcription factor binding sites to alter the levels of target gene expression.
Particles and suspensions in chemical engineering: Accomplishments and prospects

The role of particles and suspensions in many process of technologies and how chemical engineers encounter them are briefly described. Trends in academic chemical engineering research are discussed where it is argued that a focus on fundamentals has driven choice of research problems away from technology. Examples of contributions by chemical engineers to advances in basic understanding and technologies are given. The paper concludes with suggestions of current and future problem areas where chemical engineering research will have an impact.
The Causal Relationships among Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Employee Effectiveness

This study investigates the structural relationships among transformational leadership practices, organizational commitment, and employee effectiveness. Path analysis was used to understand the direct and indirect effects of four transformational leadership components, three organizational commitment types, and two employee effectiveness types. The results indicated that transformational leadership, especially as regards idealization influence and inspiration motivation components, directly enhances employees' extra-role behaviors and indirectly enhance employees' desire to stay in an organization through internalization, identification, and exchange organization commitments.
Characterizing patterns of plant distribution in a southern California salt marsh using remotely sensed topographic and hyperspectral data and local tidal fluctuations

We used LiDAR topographic data, AVIRIS hyperspectral data, and locally measured tidal fluctuations to characterize patterns of plant distribution within a southern California salt marsh (Carpinteria Salt Marsh (CSM)). LiDAR data required ground truthing and correction before they were suitable for use. Twenty to forty percent of the uncertainty associated with LiDAR was due to variance in the elevation of the target surface, the balance was attributed to error inherent in the LiDAR system. The incidence of LiDAR penetration of plant canopy cover (i.e., registration of ground elevation) was only three percent. The depth of LiDAR penetration into the plant canopy varied according to plant species composition; plant species-specific corrections significantly improved LiDAR accuracy (58% reduction in overall uncertainty) and with the use of ground-based surveys, reduced overall RMSE to an average of 6.3 cm in vegetated areas. A supervised classification of AVIRIS data was used to generate a vegetation map with six classification types; overall classification accuracy averaged 59% with a kappa coefficient of 0.40. The vegetation classification map was overlaid with a LiDAR-based digital elevation model (DEM) to compute elevation distributions and frequencies of tidal inundation. The average elevations of the dominant plant classifications found in CSM (e.g., Salicornia virginica, Jaumea carnosa, and salt-grass mix, a mixture of multiple marsh plant species) occurred within a 17 cm range, a vertical change that resulted in a 7% difference in the period of tidal inundation.
Design Of Helios Beam Diagnostics

Verification of satisfactory operation of the HELIOS eight-beam laser system requires measurement of many parameters of each beam on each shot. Fifty-joule samples of each of the eight 1250-J, subnanosecond 34-cm-diameter beams of the HELIOS system are diverted to a gallery of eight folded telescopes and beamsplit to provide diagnostic measurements. Total pulse energy, and prepulse and postlase energy of each beam are measured; pulse shape details and a wavelength spectrum of a selected beam from each shot are measured; and provision is made for retropulse measurement and optical quality monitoring. All data are recorded digitally in a local screen room, with control and communication through a fiberoptic link to the main HELIOS computer.
Design, fabrication and control of scanning plasmonic probe for near-field photolithographic applications

We report the design, fabrication and operation of a scanning plasmonic probe compatible with a fully customized Near-field Scanning Microscope system. The probe is a silicon cantilever with a hollow pyramidal probe tip. A silicon dioxide layer was thermally grown to form the probe. A 100 nm thick aluminum layer was then e-beam evaporated onto the released probe tip to form the metal-dielectric interface for surface plasmonic wave propagation. A 500 nm diameter aperture was subsequently milled with the Focus Ion Beam. The probe was controlled with a built-in scanning controller for the probe-sample distance using a force sensing tuning fork. A tapered optical fiber, connected to 405 nm wavelength laser source, was aligned to the backside of the probe tip to serve as the light source. The transmitted light through the aperture was used to expose the photoresist (AZ 5209E), on a piece of cover glass attached on the tuning fork. The probe was controlled for near-field photolithography, where a series of 15 exposures, varied from 0 to 8 minutes, were carried out on the photoresist stepwise at 6.5 μm separation with subsequent 60 seconds development time. The transmitted light beam spot was simulated with a Full Width Half Maximum of 227 nm. Atomic Force Microscope measurement showed a 200 nm lateral resolution for the photolithography. The depths and widths of the developed patterns were linearly correlated with increasing exposure time, showing slopes of 0.76 nm/second and 1.4 nm/second respectively.
An objective check upon self-reported smoking levels: A preliminary report

The present study undertook a preliminary assessment of the efficacy of measures of carbon monoxide concentration as an objective check upon self-reported smoking consumption. Breath samples were taken from 20 subjects who had completed an anti-smoking program two months previously. Results tentatively suggest that the carbon monoxide test is a valid and nonreactive technique.
Remembrance of Phases Past: An Autoregressive Method for Generating Realistic Atmospheres in Simulations

The advent of expensive, large-aperture telescopes and complex adaptive optics (AO) systems has strengthened the need for detailed simulation of such systems from the top of the atmosphere to control algorithms. The credibility of any simulation is underpinned by the quality of the atmosphere model used for introducing phase variations into the incident photons. Hitherto, simulations which incorporate wind layers have relied upon phase screen generation methods that tax the computation and memory capacities of the platforms on which they run. This places limits on parameters of a simulation, such as exposure time or resolution, thus compromising its utility. As aperture sizes and fields of view increase the problem will only get worse. We present an autoregressive method for evolving atmospheric phase that is efficient in its use of computation resources and allows for variability in the power contained in frozen flow or stochastic components of the atmosphere. Users have the flexibility of generating atmosphere datacubes in advance of runs where memory constraints allow to save on computation time or of computing the phase at each time step for long exposure times. Preliminary tests of model atmospheres generated using this method show power spectral density and rms phase in accordance with established metrics for Kolmogorov models.
On the choice and number of microarrays for transcriptional regulatory network inference

Background Transcriptional regulatory network inference (TRNI) from large compendia of DNA microarrays has become a fundamental approach for discovering transcription factor (TF)-gene interactions at the genome-wide level. In correlation-based TRNI, network edges can in principle be evaluated using standard statistical tests. However, while such tests nominally assume independent microarray experiments, we expect dependency between the experiments in microarray compendia, due to both project-specific factors (e.g., microarray preparation, environmental effects) in the multi-project compendium setting and effective dependency induced by gene-gene correlations. Herein, we characterize the nature of dependency in an Escherichia coli microarray compendium and explore its consequences on the problem of determining which and how many arrays to use in correlation-based TRNI.
Distribution of C‐14 in Products of Photosynthesis and Its Relationship to Phytoplankton Composition and Rate of Photosynthesis

Relationships among the phytoplankton standing crop, rate of photosynthesis, and the distribution of C—14 in primary products of photosynthesis were investigated in western Lake Erie from July to August 1965. Sixty species of phytoplankton were noted during the study, but only four species, Coscinodiscus sp, Ceratium hirundinella (O.F.M.) Schrank, Aphanizomenon flos—aquae (L) Ralfs, and Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz accounted for over 98% of the total cell volume. Cell volumes ranged from 10 to 282 mm3 liter—1. Total photosynthesis (mgC m—3 day—1) in the upper photic zone averaged 566, ranging from 55 to 1690. Relative photosynthesis (mgC day—1 mm—3) ranged from 1.6 to 332. Ethanol—soluble C—14 fractions (mostly carbohydrate and lipids) of the phytoplankton accounted for 25—60% of the total C—14 assimilated. Insoluble C—14 fractions (mostly proteins) accounted for 20—48% of the total C—14 uptake. Large carbohydrate and small protein fractions occurred in Coscinodiscus standing crops under moderate illumination and in steady—state Alphanizomenon—Microcystis standing crops under high illumination. C—14 labeled protein fractions exceeded carbohydrate fractions in rapidly growing Aphanizomenon—Microcystis standing crops under moderate illumination and at the peak of a blue—green algae bloom under low illumination.
UNIVERSAL BINDING ENERGY RELATIONS FOR BIMETALLIC INTERFACES AND RELATED SYSTEMS

We have computed the self-consistent electronic structure and total energy as a function of the distance between surfaces of ten bimetallic contacts -- all combinations of Al(111), Mg(0001), Zn(0001), and Na(110). "Volume" effects are found to be very important to the bimetallic interaction. The kinetic energy initiates the bond, while the exchange-correlation energy is the dominant contributor to the strength of the adhesive bond. It was found that a single relation between the total energy and interfacial distance accurately describes the energetics of all ten contacts, as well as many cases of chemisorption, cohesion, and molecular interaction.