cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Documentation and Storage of Records

Documentation and storage of health records are challenges in any independent nursing practice. What is considered documentation? How often is documentation to be completed? Where is the documentation and records to be stored? Who has access to the documentation record? How long is the record to be maintained and stored? And, who owns the record? These questions all have legal implications. This chapter will address these questions identifying the risks and implications related to this important practice issue for faith community nurses, faith leaders, and communities. The importance of harvesting data from these records and using the data to demonstrate value will also be addressed.
A propensity-score matched analysis of limb salvage vs amputation for osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With recent advances in chemotherapy and surgical techniques, the trend in the treatment of osteosarcoma continues to progress towards limb salvage. However, studies comparing limb salvage with amputation continue to be limited by selection bias and small sample sizes. This study utilized propensity-score matching to minimize potential confounders and selection bias to compare the survival rates in patients with osteosarcoma that were treated with amputation vs limb salvage surgery. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program was utilized to identify all patients with a diagnosis of extremity osteosarcoma. Patients were matched with demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment information. These variables were then fitted in a multivariate model and hazard ratios (HR) for overall- and disease-specific mortality was calculated. RESULTS A total of 4107 patients were identified, of which, 1538 were left after propensity-score matching. Older age, Black race, upper extremity location, and higher American joint committee on cancer (AJCC) class were associated with worse overall- and disease-specific mortality rates (P ≤ .0389). Compared with their matched counterparts, patients treated with amputation had higher overall mortality (HR 1.677; P < .0001) and higher disease-specific mortality (HR 1.678; P < .0001). CONCLUSION Patients whose tumor characteristics preclude limb salvage have significantly higher overall- and disease-specific mortality rates.
Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Augmented Neoclassical Growth Model Perspective

This study applied the augmented Neoclassical growth model to the analysis of the relationship between consumption of energy and economic growth in the Nigerian economy. Five definitions of energy consumption were adopted viz: crude oil, gas, coal, electricity and total energy consumption. Apart from economic growth the study also used labour participation and capital accumulation within the framework of the Vector Auto-regression (VAR) and other estimation techniques. The results of the study show that for each of the energy components and growth variables, own shocks were more profound and there were evidences of substitutability of shocks implying that as own shocks reduce, the shocks from other variables increase in magnitude while in other cases, shocks were sinusoidal in nature. The study recommends that comprehensive energy consumption, labour and capital accumulation, and growth-enhancing policies should be designed for the Nigerian economy and in the context of such policies all the variables adopted in the VAR models are to be treated as target and instruments of energy consumption, capital accumulation, labour participation and economic growth.
Mixing Legal Systems in the British Empire

This talk was given as part of a mini-plenary session on histories of empire and legal pluralism at the New Orleans meeting of the Law and Society Association in 2016. It examines mixed legal systems in the British empire between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, focusing on fusions of Roman law or various bodies of personal law with common law. The history of the legal profession sheds light on how new kinds of mixed legal systems became feasible at particular times. Legal pluralism in the form of diverse legal systems administered by the state emerged through practicality as much as principle. As a result, the question for British colonial officials was perhaps not so much "what bodies of non-Anglo law should we retain, as a matter of principle?" as "what bodies of non-Anglo law can we retain, as a matter of personnel and practice?"
Do ecological–economic tradeoffs triggered by budget allocations for forest carbon sequestration change under different market conditions?

We analyze how the optimal spatial budget distribution for protecting ecosystem services under two extreme market conditions results in different ecological–economic tradeoffs for balance between conservation and sustainable development. As a case study, we develop an empirical framework for the optimal spatial budget distribution given the objectives of maximizing forest carbon storage and maximizing total value added in the Central and Southern Appalachian Region. We consistently find concave efficient frontiers between carbon storage and total value added and differences in ecological–economic tradeoffs under two extreme market conditions in 2006 and 2011 for intra- and inter-generational sustainability. The former confirms previous findings of a concave tradeoff relationship, while the latter new finding suggests that balancing weights between the two objectives with preferences of decision makers can be effectively done depending on the market conditions. For example, if a conservation agency considers increasing the weight on either maximizing total value-added or maximizing forest carbon storage, the decision makers should consider the sacrifice of the other objective required by the optimal decision, which changes across market conditions. We also find that a conservation agency may want to consider the negative consequences on equity between rural and urban areas of increasing the weight on maximizing total value-added, regardless of the market condition.
Analysis on the Influence of the Climate Changes on the Global Vegetation

An overview of the impact of climate change on vegetation is presented in this paper. With the rapid development of industries and technologies around the world, the concentration of carbon dioxide and other contaminants in the atmosphere has increased significantly. CO2 is one of the main gases responsible for global warming. Data show the global mean temperature rose by 1.15 Celsius degree in 2019 compared with the period of pre-industrial average (1800-1900). Air warmed faster than sea water based on historical data. According to the existing reseach, the Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere, and the warming speed of the entire Arctic is the most in the world. As a result, vegetation has to adapt to the change in temperature by its phenology. Temperature stress, water stress, phenological changes, and changes in sunshine and light intensity are the main factors that impact distribution and combination of forests.
Public Perceptions Toward the Clinical Trials of Organ Xenotransplantation

The importance of psychosocial factors in allotransplantation has been well-established, and the myriad of personal and social issues that xenotransplantation raises for the society and future recipients have been partially addressed within the literature. But two questions need to be asked. Is the current level of psychosocial and theological knowledge with regard to xenotransplantation adequate? Is public support for this potential new form of therapy strong enough for clinical trials to proceed in the near future?
Investigation of human perception of tactile graphics and its dependence on fundamental friction mechanisms

Abstract Accurate depiction of visual information presents a formidable obstacle to the inclusion of people with visual impairments in standardized educational assessment. This challenge is often addressed by using tactile graphics, such as the use of a collection of tactile patterns representing various zones similar to the use of colors to represent political boundaries on a visual map. This study investigated friction mechanisms involved during fingertip exploration of tactile graphics, as well as the role that friction played in forming perceptions. Perception experiments were run using four texture types published by the Braille Authority of North America (BANA): two parallel-ridge textures of different ridge widths and spacings, and two ordered-dot textures of different dot spacings. To minimize tactile confusion, BANA guidelines prohibit the use of similar textures adjacent to each other. In this study, texture pairs were printed adjacent to each other on thermally activated (‘swell touch’) tactile paper. Sighted human subjects participated in a blinded task of determining if the two textures in the pair were the same or different. Friction measurements of the fingertip exploration of the texture pairs was recorded using a dynamometer in a range of normal loads from 0.4 to 0.8 N. A generalized linear model (GLM) with a logistic link function was used to predict the influence of texture pair and participant on the likelihood of perceiving each texture pair as the same or different. Results showed that the particular texture pair had a strong correlation to the ability of participants to discern between textures. These quantitative results support the BANA guidelines. The friction data showed that there was not a significant amount of difference among the coefficients of friction of various textures, such that COF was not a strong predictor of perceptive ability. However, there was some evidence that penetration of the fingertip between raised texture elements, and interlocking with these elements, allowed for dissimilar dot patterns to be better discerned than dissimilar ridge patterns. The results indicate that there are other aspects, possibly still tribological in nature, that govern tactile perception when exploring tactile graphics. These phenomena may include such things as finger deformation and vibrational response produced during contact with individual texture elements.
Veterinary Professions Advising Center: an innovative approach to preveterinary advising for Animal Science students

Veterinary Professions Advising Center (VetPAC) is a unique undergraduate advising center that combines Career Center services with preprofessional advising for preveterinary students at North Carolina State University (NCSU). During the past 10 years, VetPAC has created five distinct internships, three annual study abroad courses, and a competitive annual high school summer camp, provided holistic advising, and hosted large-scale advising events that consistently provide resources to more than 800 students annually. The VetPAC provided outreach to an average of 13 local high schools per academic year and educated over 300 visiting students about VetPAC and preveterinary life at NCSU since 2015. NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine has had a minimum of 26% and a maximum of 45% DVM students in the incoming classes who accessed VetPAC resources and advising. This article presents the impact VetPAC has had on preveterinary student success at NCSU and provides an outline of VetPAC's first 10 years of development as a model of combined career services and preprofessional advising for peer institutions.
Markov decision process modeled with bandits for sequential decision making in linear-flow

In membership/subscriber acquisition and retention, we sometimes need to recommend marketing content for multiple pages in sequence. Different from general sequential decision making process, the use cases have a simpler flow where customers per seeing recommended content on each page can only return feedback as moving forward in the process or dropping from it until a termination state. We refer to this type of problems as sequential decision making in linear--flow. We propose to formulate the problem as an MDP with Bandits where Bandits are employed to model the transition probability matrix. At recommendation time, we use Thompson sampling (TS) to sample the transition probabilities and allocate the best series of actions with analytical solution through exact dynamic programming. The way that we formulate the problem allows us to leverage TS's efficiency in balancing exploration and exploitation and Bandit's convenience in modeling actions' incompatibility. In the simulation study, we observe the proposed MDP with Bandits algorithm outperforms Q-learning with $\epsilon$-greedy and decreasing $\epsilon$, independent Bandits, and interaction Bandits. We also find the proposed algorithm's performance is the most robust to changes in the across-page interdependence strength.
Anteriorizing Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy for Patellofemoral Cartilage Lesions.

Abstract Patellofemoral chondral lesions are common and can lead to significant pain. A tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) functions to mechanically unload the patellofemoral joint and improve the clinical success of cartilage restoration procedures. The type of TTO performed is based on several factors. There is a subset of patients with patellofemoral cartilage disease who would benefit from a pure anteriorization of the tibial tubercle. We describe our technique for a pure anteriorization TTO, which functions to safely unload the patellofemoral joint in the appropriately indicated patient.
A new path for one-carbon conversion.

Incorporating one-carbon molecules into metabolic engineering has involved altering central metabolism, which must overcome metabolic regulation. Developing one-carbon metabolic pathways that are orthogonal to central metabolism offers a promising alternative for bioproduct synthesis. Here, Chou, Lee, Zhu et al. describe an orthogonal pathway that has the potential for bioproduct synthesis from one-carbon molecules and can be independent of central metabolism.
Underwater Adaptive Video Transmissions using MIMO-based Software-Defined Acoustic Modems

Achieving reliable acoustic wireless video transmissions in the extreme and uncertain underwater environment is a challenge due to the limited bandwidth and the error-prone nature of the channel. Aiming at optimizing the received video quality and the user's experience, an adaptive solution for underwater video transmissions is proposed that is specifically designed for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO -based Software-Defined Acoustic Modems (SDAMs . To keep the video distortion under an acceptable threshold and to keep the Physical-Layer Throughput (PLT high, cross-layer techniques utilizing diversity-spatial multiplexing and Unequal Error Protection (UEP are presented along with the scalable video compression at the application layer. Specifically, the scalability of the utilized SDAM with high processing capabilities is exploited in the proposed structure along with the temporal, spatial, and quality scalability of the Scalable Video Coding (SVC H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standard. The transmitter broadcasts one video stream and realizes multicasting at different users. Experimental results at the Sonny Werblin Recreation Center, Rutgers University-NJ, are presented. Several scenarios for unknown channels at the transmitter are experimentally considered when the hydrophones are placed in different locations in the pool to achieve the required SVC-based video Quality of Service (QoS and Quality of Experience (QoE given the channel state information and the robustness of different SVC scalability. The video quality level is determined by the best communication link while the transmission scheme is decided based on the worst communication link, which guarantees that each user is able to receive the video with appropriate quality.
Interval bounds for square roots and cube roots

The smallest machine representable interval containing the square root of a given machine representable number is sought. Assuming binary computers with optimal upward directed rounding, it is shown bya priori methods of error analysis that this interval may be obtained via Newton's method without using interval arithmetic. Less sharp but still useful results are obtained for the cube root.
Rotational states of H2, HD, and D2 on graphite.

The rotational states of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, HD, and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ adsorbed on graphite in the \ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} commensurate phase, were calculated using a product wave function consisting of a rotational part, itself a product of single-molecule rotational wave functions, multiplied by a spatial part which describes the motion of the molecular center of mass. The single-molecule rotational term is written as an expansion in free-rotor basis functions. The spatial part is given by a self-consistent-phonon wave function determined in a previous calculation. The rotational ground state for each species is found to be a nearly pure J=0 state, and the lowest group of excited states, which are essentially J=1 states, are split with an energy separation of about 2.5\char21{}2.7 meV. These excited states are separated from the ground state by an average energy which is given approximately by BJ(J+1), where B is the rotational constant of the molecule. Thus the rotational states of hydrogen molecules adsorbed on graphite are, to a good approximation, slightly hindered three-dimensional rotor states.
A pilot study of new approaches to teaching anatomy and pathology.

Purpose Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) has impacted patient care as well as medical training. New medical education opportunities have emerged with MIS. In this pilot study we explore the role of live, interactive MIS to augment and strengthen specific segments of the undergraduate medical curriculum.
Is the Criticism of the Virgocentric Flow Model Justified

Tests of the Virgocentric flow model by numerical simulations must follow strict ground rules in order realistically to mimic the real Virgo Supercluster. An hypothesis is made as to what such “realistic” simulations will find, and a challenge is issued to prove or disprove this hypothesis.
Murine lupus strains differentially model unique facets of human lupus serology

Summary Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a polygenic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of anti-nuclear autoantibodies that lead to subsequent end organ damage. Previous array-based studies in patients with SLE have shown that high immunoglobulin (Ig)G anti-nuclear autoantibody reactivity was associated with severe renal lupus, whereas IgM polyreactivity was associated with less severe disease. To ascertain how different murine lupus strains recapitulate these different autoantibody profiles seen in patients, serum from New Zealand black (NZB)/NZ white (W) F1, Murphy Roths large (MRL)/lpr, NZ mixed (M)2410 and BXSB strains were compared using a comprehensive array-based screen. The array results were verified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Serum from MRL/lpr mice exhibited high levels of IgG anti-nuclear antibodies as well as anti-glomerular antibodies and variable levels of antibodies to myosin, Matrigel and thyroglobulin. Elevated anti-nuclear IgG antibodies were associated with severe nephritis in this strain. In contrast, NZM2410 mice exhibited lower IgG autoantibody levels with less severe nephritis but a significantly higher polyreactive IgM autoantibody profile. ELISA analysis confirmed these results. The NZB/NZW F1 and BXSB strains exhibited an intermediate serological profile. Hence, just as in patients with SLE, whereas strong IgG reactivity to nuclear antigens is associated with severe renal disease, a polyreactive IgM seroprofile is also less ominous in murine lupus.
Asymptotic Structure of Space-Time

Many physical theories have the feature that one can distinguish within the theory a certain class of models which one regards as representing “isolated systems”. In Newtonian gravitation, to take one example, one might define a solution as representing an isolated system if i) the mass density vanishes outside some compact set in the Euclidean 3-space, and ii) the Newtonian gravitational potential approaches zero in the limit far from that compact set. Normally, one would not expect that the models so distinguished will actually be realized in our World. Thus, with respect to the example above, one might expect that no matter how far one recedes from a given system in our own Universe one will encounter additional galaxies, whence i) will fail in our Universe. Nonetheless less, it turns out that the solutions so distinguished within a given theory can be of considerable physical interest, for one often encounters in the physical World systems to which these solutions are a good approximation, e.g., in the Newtonian example, our solar system. Indeed, one could perhaps argue for a much stronger statement:
Biochemical studies on the mode of action of cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B binding to red cell membrane in relation to glucose transport.

Abstract Cytochalasin B binds rapidly and reversibly to human red blood cells. Scatchard plot analysis of binding data reveals a class of high affinity binding sites (dissociation constant ≅10-7 m; 3 x 105 sites per cell) and a class of low affinity binding sites (dissociation constant ≧10-5 m). All of the high affinity binding sites are in the plasma membrane (i.e. ghost). Variation of ionic strength and of pH in the range of 5.0 to 9.0 has only a small effect on the ability of the membrane to bind cytochalasin B with high affinity. The high affinity binding is not affected when intact cells are treated with pronase or with trypsin, but is lost when ghosts are similarly treated under conditions where the inner surface of the membrane is accessible to these enzymes. This binding decreases by more than 90% when either intact cells or ghosts are treated with p-chloromercuribenzoate. d-Glucose inhibits the high affinity binding by 80 to 90%, whereas l-glucose has very little effect. The effectiveness of eight different sugars to inhibit high affinity binding of cytochalasin B to ghosts is related to their affinity for the sugar transport system. All of these results indicate that at least 80% of the high affinity cytochalasin B binding sites are intimately related to this transport system. As judged by competition experiments, cytochalasin A and B have the same affinity for the high affinity binding sites, whereas dihydrocytochalasin B and the γ-lactone derivative have a much lower affinity. Selective elution of spectrin and components 5 and 6 has no effect on the high affinity binding of cytochalasin B to the membrane.
Development and application of fuzzy probability to expert witnessing in warning theory

If an expert when questioned in court judges it to be "more probable than not" that a person will read a warning and furthermore judges it "more probable than not" that that person will then heed it, does it therefore necessarily follow that he should conclude that it is "more probable than not" that the person will read and heed a warning? A yes or no answer to such questions commonly figures prominently in multimillion dollar awards to parties seeking compensation for injuries through the courts. Although probability theory would permit such a computation if the individual probabilities were known, no one is likely to be able to defend any particular set of exact values. Or, an expert may opine that the probability of reading such a warning could have been any value between 0 and 1 and the probability of following the warning advice also any probably between 0 and 1 and therefore no conclusion could be drawn one way or another. Does the conclusion "no conclusion could be drawn one way or another" follow from the premises? It is possible to give definitive and reasonable numerical and/or categorical answers to such questions and in the process elucidate the underlying bases for an expert's conclusions.
The lack of L-thyroxine inhibition of human aspartate aminotransferases

1. L-Thyroxine, which inhibits several transaminases, was shown to have no such effect on human aspartate aminotransferases (AspAT). 2. No inhibitory effect was observed at optimal or suboptimal aspartate concentrations with the enzyme in human serum or isoenzymes purified from human tissues. 3. Thyroxine was also shown not to interfere with the stimulation of AspAT by pyridoxal phosphate. Human cytoplasmic and mitochondrial AspAT differ from some other pyridoxal-requiring enzymes in showing this lack of thyroxine inhibition.
Heavy vehicle automation: transitioning from civilian to military applications

We describe potential military robotics applications for the heavy vehicle automation and driver assistance research that has been conducted on at the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH). Specifically, we summarize the state of vehicle automation research at PATH by beginning with a short description of automated platoon operations with eight light duty passenger vehicles. Then we focus on automation of a Class 8 Freightliner Model FLD 125 tractor with 45-ft trailer, and lateral driver assist installed in a 10-wheel International snowplow. We also discuss full automation plans for a Kodiak 4000-ton/hour rotary snowblower, two 40-ft New Flyer buses, one 60-ft New Flyer articulated bus, and three Freightliner Century tractor-trailer combinations. We discuss benefits for civilian applications - congestion relief, driver safety, and fuel economy/emissions reductions. We then follow with a discussion of the benefits from potential military spin-ons which include, as dual-use applications, driver safety and fuel economy/emissions. We end by discussing the additional military benefit in the conduct of tactical resupply operations, where vehicles of similar weight class and performance as those experimented by PATH can be used in automated convoys with savings in manpower and survivability in addition to improved mission operations.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finite-state approximations to denumerable-state dynamic programs

Abstract We show how to find a sequence of policies for essentially finite-state dynamic programs such that the corresponding vector of optimal returns converges pointwise to that of a denumerable-state dynamic program. The corresponding result for stochastic games is also given.
Evaluation of a total scalp electron irradiation technique

Abstract A dosimetric evaluation of a total scalp electron-beam irradiation technique that uses six stationary fields was performed. The initial treatment plan specified a) that there be a 3-mm gap between abutted fields and b) that the field junctions be shifted 1 cm after 50% of the prescribed dose had been delivered. Dosimetric measurements were made at the scalp surface, scalp-skull interface, and the skull-brain interface in an anthropomorphic head phantom using both film and thermolumincescent dosimeters (TLD-100). The measurements showed that the initial technique yields areas of increased and decreased dose ranging from −50% to +70% in the region of the field junctions. To reduce regions of nonuniform dose, the treatment protocol was changed by eliminating the gap between the coronal borders of abutted fields and by increasing the field shift from 1 cm to 2 cm for all borders. Subsequent measurements showed that these changes in treatment protocol resulted in a significantly more uniform dose to the scalp and decreased variation of doses near field junctions (−10% to +50%).
“The soul that dreams it shares the power it feels so well”: The Politics of Sympathy in the Abolitionist Verse of Williams and Yearsley

Identifying abolitionist poetry as an important site for investigating rhetorical transformations and innovations in late eighteenth century women’s poetry, this essay shows how poetic language generates sympathy. In reading women’s poetry in general, and abolitionist poetry in particular, we too often presume that they worked under the assumption that all readers would identify directly with representations of suffering. While William Cowper, writing before Helen Maria Williams and Ann Yearsley, opens up the problematic that all forms of sympathy might be mere narcissistic self-indulgence, Yearsley and Williams provide a model for and effectively limit such reflexive sympathy. For them, the process of sympathizing with an Other begins with the act of taking him or her into one’s own imaginative “domos.” But by actively embracing this narcissistic process, Williams and Yearsley are able to regulate such domestications of the slave’s pain. Williams controls whose identities merge, ensuring that the reader identifies with reformer rather than slaver. In contrast, Yearsley encourages wider-ranging imaginative acts of identification – one can identify with the “crafty merchant” of her “Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade” – but ensures through various poetic devices that such an act will reveal the disjunction between family and capital. By drawing out various theories of the working of sentiment, this essay makes visible sentimental poetry’s theoretical power: slavery poems by Williams and Yearsley operate as sophisticated theories of sympathetic identification.
Investigation of Consumer Choice of Community, Mail Order, or Internet Pharmacies:

Background: The 3 major options for purchase of medications by consumers are community pharmacy, mail order pharmacy, and Internet pharmacy. Certain consumer characteristics and motivating factors may be related to the type of pharmacy a person chooses to patronize. Objective: To describe and compare consumers who use Internet pharmacy versus those who choose community or mail order pharmacy and identify and compare the motivating factors for the use or lack of use of Internet versus community or mail order pharmacies. Methods: Two hundred seventy-eight residents of a major Midwest city were surveyed by mail questionnaire. A total of 91 responses were received, yielding a response rate of 32.7%. Descriptive statistics and Kendall's W coefficient of concordance were performed to analyze the respondents' answers. Results: Internet pharmacy patrons, compared with community pharmacy and mail order pharmacy patrons, were more likely to be male, younger, white, married, wealthier, and more educated. Respondents using Internet pharmacy listed quality and convenience as highly ranked factors in choosing a pharmacy, while respondents using community pharmacy listed quality and reliability and those using mail order pharmacy ranked reliability and convenience most highly. Conclusions: This study suggests that characteristics and motivating factors may differ for customers who choose Internet pharmacy instead of community or mail order pharmacy. As this study was exploratory in nature, additional studies are needed to draw more definitive conclusions.
Hemodynamic Alterations Caused by Passive Changes in Body Position in Dogs with Chronic Atrial Septal Defects

The effects of passive tilting on the circulatory pressures and on the magnitude of shunts across chronic atrial septal defects were studied in 11 dogs with closed chests. These determinations were performed with the dogs in four positions: 45-degree head-up, 45-degree head-down, right lateral decubitus, and left lateral decubitus. Control values were obtained with the animals in the supine horizontal position. The 45-degree head-up tilt position was associated with an increase in the magnitude of the right-to-left shunt detected after injections of indicator into the inferior vena cava, while change from supine to the 45-degree head-down tilt resulted in a decrease or disappearance of a pre-existing right-to-left shunt detected after similar injections. These effects on the right-to-left shunt were not demonstrable after injections of indicator into the superior vena cava, either during the head-up or head-down tilt, in spite of identical alterations in circulatory pressures. A significant interanimal correlation between the magnitude of the changes in systemic or right atrial pressures and the magnitude of the changes in right-to-left shunts could not be demonstrated. Passive changes in posture from supine to 45-degree head-up or head-down positions were not associated with demonstrable systematic effects on the magnitude of the left-to-right shunts. It is postulated that the descent of the heart and diaphragm during the head-up tilt results in a closer anatomical relation between the ostium of the inferior vena cava and the defect in the atrial septum and consequently an increase in the preferential shunting of inferior caval blood through this defect. In these animals, changing the body position from the supine to the right lateral decubitus position was consistently associated with an increase in the magnitude of the left-to-right shunts across the atrial septal defect and an increase in pulmonary blood flow. Since these animals have preferential shunting of blood from the right lung in the left-to-right direction, it is believed that the increase in blood flow through the dependent right lung is responsible for the observed increase in the left-to-right shunt. The left lateral decubitus position was not associated with appreciable effects on pulmonary blood flow or left-to-right shunting of blood across the atrial septal defect.
A proton NMR investigation of metalmetal bonding in trimethyltin-aluminium, -gallium, -indium and -thallium organometallic compounds

Abstract Proton NMR data for the Group III methyl derivatives, MMe 3 and LiMMe 4 are compared with NMR data for the novel tin—Group III-metal bonded species, Li[Me 3 SnMMe 3 ] (M  Al, Ga, In and Tl) and for Li[(Me 3 Sn) n -TlMe 4− n ] ( n = 0 to 4), reported here for the first time. The presence of tinmetal bonding in these derivatives is established by the observed tin-across-metal coupling constants and for the thallium derivatives by the additional observation of thallium-across-tin coupling. The variation in the magnitudes of 2 J (SnCH), 2 J (TlCH), 3 J (SnMCH) and 3 J (TlSnCH) are reported as a function of M and as a function of the number of Me 3 Sn groups bond to thallium in the [(Me 3 Sn) n TIME 4 − n ] − anions. Proposals concerning the factors governing the changes in these coupling constants and the chemical shifts are presented.
Replication of the Bacterial Chromosome: Location of New Initiation Sites After Irradiation

New loci of replication along the bacterial chromosome are observed after irradiation of Escherichia coli. It was conjectured that, after X-irradiation, the new initiation site was random with respect to the fixed-origin, whereas, after ultraviolet light exposure, it was selective and appeared to be from the fixed-origin. Evidence presented here shows that, after X-irradiation of E. coli, the new initiation site(s) for the onset of deoxyribonucleic acid replication is induced at chromosomal regions not restricted to the fixed-origin. After ultraviolet light exposure, the new initiation site is preferentially from the fixed-origin. In these studies amino acid starvation was used to synchronize chromosome replication and to allow for differential radioisotopic labeling of the chromosomal origin and terminus. To facilitate interpretation, growing cells actively replicating their chromosome were compared with cells lacking growth points at the time of irradiation. The role of these new replication sites in the observed kinetics of deoxyribonucleic acid replication following X-ray or ultraviolet light exposure is discussed.
State estimation of systems with UPFCs using the interior point method

This paper is concerned about the state estimation of power systems, which contain flexible ac transmission system devices. Specifically, the formulation of state estimation in order to incorporate the detailed steady state models of the unified power-flow controller (UPFC) is investigated. This formulation involves the use of equality and inequality constraints that account for the limits associated with the device operation and ratings. Furthermore, in addition to its use as an estimator, the developed estimator can also be used to determine the required settings for the control parameters of UPFCs for a given operating condition. Computational issues concerning initialization, step length, and matrix conditioning are also discussed and practical solutions are offered. Simulations on IEEE test systems of sizes ranging from 14 to 118 buses are presented to demonstrate the use of the developed program both as a state estimator and as a tool for setting the parameters of unified power-flow controllers.
Improved Callus Quality and Prolonged Regenerability in Model and Recalcitrant Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars

In vitro performance of immature embryo-derived callus of two barley cultivars, the amenable cultivar, Golden Promise (GP) and the recalcitrant commercial cultivar, Galena (GL), was tested on fourteen media containing combinations of two auxins, dicamba and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and two cytokinins, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and zeatin. Generalizations for both cultivars include the fact that callus-induction frequencies on dicamba and 2, 4-D alone and dicamba plus zeatin were nearly 100%. Qualitative appearance for both cultivars was nearly identical on comparable media but markedly better on BAP-containing media. The addition of zeatin with either auxin supported vigorous growth due to the proliferation of nonregenerable callus; the presence of BAP produced higher quality callus although it inhibited the relative growth rate. GP calli grown on 2, 4-D plus 0.01mg/L BAP regenerated the largest number of green shoots at most time points relative to other media, while GL tissue on 2, 4-D plus 0.1mg/L BAP yielded the most green shoots at all but one time point. Over time regenerability was lost more rapidly in GL than GP except on 2, 4-D plus BAP media; GL had a higher propensity toward albinism than GP. In both cultivars, the use of 2, 4-D and BAP yielded tissue that proliferated for prolonged periods in a regenerable state.
Critical state finite element models of contractional fault-related folding: Part 2. Mechanical analysis

Abstract Finite element modeling of contractional fault-related folding with critical state mechanics concepts reveals fundamentally different behaviors at two levels, depending on (1) mechanical stratigraphy and (2) initial fault geometry. Deviatoric plastic strain rate and strain patterns show that ‘strong’ layers, like normally consolidated sandstone or overconsolidated shale, develop strain localization in form of narrow plastic shear bands. ‘Soft’ layers like normally consolidated shale fail to develop localizations and respond by diffuse, distributed plastic strain. Inter-layered overburdens display both deformation modes. Models with listric thrust fault seeds develop basement-cored anticlines in the hangingwall that are characterized by locally tensile stress regimes within overall compressive regional stress fields. The anticline crests of these models show evidence for strain softening. By contrast, anticlines emerging in detached fault-related fold models are subject to locally compressive stress regimes, consistent with the applied far-field shortening. These anticline crests strain-harden during deformation. Stresses resulting from the finite element models deviate from stress estimates based on integrated densities. The discrepancy is small for basement-involved models but significant for detached style models, suggesting that stress predictions based on integrated densities may be inaccurate for contractional systems. First-order predictions of plastic deformation suggest that footwall synclines in basement-involved fold styles may host reservoirs with relatively poor quality owing to horizontal and vertical compaction. Anticlines found in detached deformation styles are bounded by compactive domains whereas the crestal regions are less affected by volumetric plastic deformation thus producing relatively better reservoir quality.
Concerning Equilibrium in Human Population

The universal adoption of contraceptive practices and family planning in a society does not automatically lead to a cessation of population growth. Indeed if the rest of the world promptly accepted the most advanced techniques of birth control presently known and chose the same average family sizes as are now preferred in Western countries the world population would continue to grow at nearly the same rate as it does now. Continuous growth however invites catastrophe. Thus some new set of controls probably operative at the national level will need to be invoked. Of the possible means for the regulation of births through the exercise of authority external to the family what means seem to be the least oppressive? Which of them are flexible enough to meet changing conditions? There are some new estimates for the carrying capacity of terrestrial resources which enable us to estimate the urgency of the problem. Colin Clark concluded that if the rest of the world produced food with the diligence of the Dutch farmers altogether 27 billion could be supported. [(2)] Meier took into account the present stock of scientific knowledge in addition to the best present practice and obtained figures in the vicinity of 50 billions. (excerpt)
Diglossia: A Bibliographic Review.

The bibliography following the body of this paper contains a total of 1,092 entries on the subject of diglossia. Entries dealing with diglossia in the classical sense of Ferguson (1959) and in the sense of functional compartmentalization of distinct languages are represented approximately equally. Scholarly publication in the area of diglossia continues unabated as indicated by the fact that approximately one-half of the entries in the bibliography were published between 1983 and 1992. However, there remains a need for a comprehensive integration, comparative analysis, and socioevolutionary interpretation of diglossia research. (Bilingualism, diglossia, functional variation, literary languages, registers, standard languages, standardization)
An AFLP-based test of clonality in widespread, putatively asexual populations of Porphyra umbilicalis (Rhodophyta) in the Northwest Atlantic with an in silico analysis for bacterial contamination

Asexual reproduction often predominates in populations of species experiencing range expansion. Locally selected genotypes can lead to the establishment of clonal populations that accumulate genetic diversity through time. Sexual reproduction has never been observed in extensive field and culture studies of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis from Maine, USA, even though sexual reproduction predominates in this species in the eastern Atlantic (Europe). This suggests that Maine populations are indeed asexual and might consist of one or only a few genetic clones; we have tested this using AFLPs. Individuals were sampled at two sites in Maine (Cobscook Bay [n = 25], Schoodic Point [n = 26]) and compared to sexual individuals from England (Sidmouth [n = 17]). The AFLP analysis determined that individuals at two sites in Maine containing putative asexuals were not strictly clonal; however, two multilocus lineages were sampled more than once. Two genetic clones, one at each Maine site, were comprised of 6 individuals each; the 39 additional Maine individuals had distinctive AFLP genotypes. However, when the individuals from Maine were compared with a known sexual population from Sidmouth, England, much greater genetic diversity was found within the sexual population in England. Finally, we examine how preparation of field-collected material for AFLP investigations can affect the inclusion of non-target DNA and demonstrate an in silico approach for removing some cryptic contaminants from analysis.
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Structure of Polymer−Surfactant Complexes

We investigate the influence of ionic strength on the interaction between a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HTAC), and a water-soluble nonionic polymer, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The formation of a charged PEO/HTAC complex is manifested by a maximum in the specific viscosity when a PEO solution is titrated with HTAC. The height of the viscosity maximum is diminished in the presence of salt because of the screening of electrostatic repulsions. Conductivity and differential refractometry measurements indicate that added salt (0.1 M KNO3) stabilizes the binding of HTAC micelles to the polymer. Static light scattering (SLS) studies in the absence of salt reveal the formation of multipolymer PEO−HTAC complexes at the maximum binding point, whereas in 0.1 M KNO3 predominantly unipolymer complexation occurs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicates, for the complex in water, a broad size distribution that corresponds to a widely polydisperse mixture of multichain clusters. In...
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF WHEAT MILLFEED PROTEIN CONCENTRATES

Protein efficiency ratio (PER), amino acids composition, and nitrogen digestibility were investigated for protein concentrates prepared by alkaline extraction of wheat millfeeds under various conditions. Mean PER (1.88) and nitrogen digestibility (91.6%) were not significantly affected by processing or drying conditions. Protein concentrates from wheat millfeeds represent a potential source of protein and calories in the human diet.
Fitting elastic-scattering cross sections with coupled channels

Abstract A simple method is described for searching for the optical-model parameters that produce best fits to elastic-scattering cross sections in the case where the elastic channel is coupled to other reaction channels. The back-coupling amplitudes from the nonelastic channels are obtained from the coupled-channels calculations and supplied as input to a new optical-model search code CUPID, where they are added to each calculation of the optical-model amplitudes. Iteration of the procedure converges rapidly. An interface program SUMAMP is also described. This program can also combine several sets of amplitudes that result from coupled-channel calculations with one-way couplings and convert the sum to cross sections.
In vivo effects of dexamethasone on the tumor growth of glucocorticoid-sensitive Fu5-derived rat hepatoma cells

We have previously demonstrated that BDS.1 cells are a minimal deviation rat hepatoma cell line that is hypersensitive to the anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoids in vitro. When transplanted into athymic mice, exposure to dexamethasone reduced the initial growth rate and increased the latency time before detection of palpable BDS.1-derived tumors but did not affect the maximal growth rate, size and histology of the tumor. After collagenase dissociation, the in vitro growth of BDS.1-derived tumor cells was fully suppressed by dexamethasone. Exposure to insulin prevented the glucocorticoid inhibition of anchorage-independent growth of BDS.1 cell colonies in vitro and may therefore be one of the systemic factors that masks the long term in vivo growth response of glucocorticoids.