cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Attitudes Toward Women's Roles: Predicting Gender-Role Traditionalism among College Students:

National college student data derived from the 1996 Cooperative Institutional Research Program Freshman Survey and the 2000 College Student Survey were used to assess longitudinal changes in gender-role traditionalism across 4 years of college. Applying the Input–Environment–Outcome model to blocked stepwise regression analyses, the predictive value of students' precollege characteristics and predispositions, and various college environments and experiences, were assessed for men and women. Findings indicated that students' levels of traditionalism declined during college. Although men and women tended to change similarly on this dimension, women held more egalitarian views than did men at college entry and 4 years later. Regression results pointed to the relevance of peers, academic engagement, women's studies courses, and diversity experiences for students' gender-role attitudes 4 years after college entry.
Preplanned total cesarean hysterectomies.

Abstract A combined series of seventy-two total cesarean hysterectomies is reported from two medical communities. The hysterectomy was preplanned as the preferred method of sterilization in patients having repeat cesarean sections. Data are presented to indicate no undue increase in operating time, blood loss, or morbidity in this group of patients. Although it requires adequate experience with pelvic surgery, the over-all results justify the continued use of total hysterectomy as the preferred method of sterilization in elective cases.
A Review of “Fundamentals of social work research”

Rafael J. Engel and Russell K. Schutt state that the goals of their introductory text are twofold: to prepare students to critically evaluate both social work research articles and social work prac...
Peripheral and preemptive opioid antinociception in a mouse visceral pain model.

Recent studies suggest that opioids can produce analgesia through peripheral mechanisms following inflammation of peripheral tissue. This study examined whether opioids administered prior to inflammation can produce antinociception by peripheral mechanisms in a model of visceral pain. Mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 1% acetic acid to evoke abdominal writhing, a standard model of visceral pain. The number of writhes that occurred during 30 min after acetic acid were determined. Intraperitoneal injection of morphine sulfate (60, 90, 100 or 120 microg/0.3 ml) or the peripherally acting opioid loperamide (0.12, 0.36, 1.2 or 3.6 mg/0.3 ml) given 5 min after acetic acid decreased writhing in a dose-dependent fashion. Morphine (100 microg) produced an 70% attenuation in the number of writhes while loperamide (1.2 mg) decreased writhing by 56%. These antinociceptive effects were blocked by pretreatment with the opioid receptor antagonists naloxone (10 mg/kg) and its quarternary version naloxone methiodide (10 mg/kg). To determine whether opioids produced preemptive antinociception via peripheral mechanisms, mice received i.p. injections of morphine (1, 5, and 10 microg/0.3 ml) or vehicle 5 min before acetic acid. Doses of 5 and 10 microg morphine inhibited the number of writhes by 51 and 93%, respectively. The highest dose (10 microg) was ineffective when given intravenously 5 min before acetic acid, suggesting that antinociception following i.p. administration was acting via peripheral mechanisms. These data demonstrate that low doses of opioids, given before or after acetic acid, produce visceral antinociception through peripheral mechanisms. This may be clinically relevant for the management of postoperative abdominal pain.
Structure and electronic states in disordered systems.

We adopt the view that the structure of disordered systems is itself determined by the formation energy of structural deviations from an ideally bonded network. By developing an equilibrium statistical mechanical model for disorder we predict properties of electronic band tails, defects, defect densities of states, and impurity doping.
Acidic Precipitation and Its Consequences for Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review

Abstract Precipitation in Europe and eastern North America has become acidic, a result of increases in sulfuric and nitric acid aerosols produced by fossil-fuel combustion, metal smelting, and industrial processes. The increased use of tall smoke stacks and particle removers has increased long-range transport of acidic gases. Some metals and organic compounds also are transported atmospherically and deposited in acidic precipitation. In regions where acid-neutralizing capacity of soils and water is low, the pH of lakes and streams has decreased and concentrations of metals have increased. Aquatic organisms have been affected in all trophic levels (decomposers, primary producers, primary and secondary consumers); abundance, production, and growth have been reduced and sensitive species have been lost. Fish have suffered acute mortality, reduced growth, skeletal deformities, and especially reproductive failure. Valuable commercial and recreational fisheries have been lost in certain areas and such losses wi...
Histopathologic grading of oral mucositis.

Objective Oral mucositis is a common adverse effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation, and it causes debilitating morbidity that may necessitate interruptions in cancer treatment. Animal models of oral mucositis are invaluable tools for testing novel therapeutics, but grading of lesions based on subjective assessments makes conformism between studies difficult. A standardized scoring system that can objectively and reproducibly grade the severity of oral mucositis is critical in comparing and validating efficacies of developing therapeutics. Materials and methods The head region of male Balb/C animals was exposed to collimated radiation delivered as fractions of 8 Gy on three consecutive days, or as a single large dose of 22.5 Gy. The development of oral toxicity was assessed by histologic analysis of the tongue at various days postradiation. Results After fractionated radiation, early epithelial atypia of basal cell layer disorganization and nuclear aberrations was evident by day 6. The disease displayed moderate changes of epithelial atrophy and dyskeratosis by day 7.5 with subsequent epithelial breakdown and ulceration by day 9. In contrast, exposure to a single large-dose radiation resulted in bulla formation by day 9 in most animals. Conclusions An oral mucositis grading system based on histopathologic scoring of tissues is proposed.
Fast nondyadic shift-invariant Gabor wavelets

We consider several new applications of wavelet transforms: general time-frequency analysis, detection and range-Doppler processing. These differ from the standard data compression and encoding applications generally considered. We note problems with standard and dyadic wavelet transforms concerning shift-invariance, frequency resolution, detection in noise at high frequencies where the bandwidth of the wavelet subband is large, and in range-Doppler processing. We consider Gabor wavelets and advance a new shift-invariant continuous wavelet filter with only O(N) processing required; we also advance new non-dyadic wavelet filters and an optical implementation for the general use (especially for range-Doppler processing).© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Is repair preferable to replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to compare mitral valve repair and replacement as treatments for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Methods: From 1985 through 1997, a total of 482 patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation underwent either valve repair (n = 397) or valve replacement (n = 85). Patients more likely ( P ≤.01) to undergo repair had functional mitral regurgitation or coronary revascularization with an internal thoracic artery graft; those more likely to receive valve replacement were in higher New York Heart Association functional classes or underwent emergency operations. These factors were used for multivariable propensity matching. Risk factors for early and late death were identified by multivariable, multiphase hazard function analysis. Results: Within the propensity-matched better-risk group, survivals after valve replacement were 81%, 56%, and 36% at 30 days, 1 year, and 5 years, but survivals after repair were 94%, 82%, and 58% at these intervals ( P =.08). In contrast, within the poor-risk group, survivals after repair and replacement were similar ( P =.4). Risk factors ( P ≤.01) included older age, higher functional class, greater wall motion abnormality, and renal dysfunction. Approximately 70% of patients were predicted to benefit from repair; the benefit lessened or was negated if an internal thoracic artery graft was not used, if a lateral wall motion abnormality was present, or if the mitral regurgitation jet pattern was complex. Freedom from repair failure at 5 years was 91%. Conclusion: Late survival is poor after surgery for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Most patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation benefit from mitral valve repair. In the most complex, high-risk settings, survivals after repair and replacement are similar.
A simple method using hydrophilic guide wires for the difficult urethral catheterization

A technique is described that enables successful urethral catheterization in difficult cases using a variety of catheter types and sizes. This method utilizes a urethral catheter that is loaded over a hydrophilic guide wire with the aid of an intravenous catheter. The devices utilized are routinely available to the urologist; therefore, the need for obtaining or stocking special equipment is obviated.
Increased extracellular volume and altered mechanics are associated with LVH in hypertensive heart disease, not hypertension alone.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to assess the relationship among extracellular volume (ECV), native T1, and systolic strain in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (HTN LVH), hypertensive patients without LVH (HTN non-LVH), and normotensive controls. Background Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in HTN LVH patients, as reflected by increased ECV and native T1, may be an underlying mechanism contributing to increased cardiovascular risk compared with HTN non-LVH subjects and controls. Furthermore, increased diffuse fibrosis in HTN LVH subjects may be associated with reduced peak systolic and early diastolic strain rate compared with the other 2 groups. Methods T1 mapping was performed in 20 HTN LVH (mean age, 55 ± 11 years), 23 HTN non-LVH (mean age, 61 ± 12 years), and 22 control subjects (mean age, 54 ± 7 years) on a Siemens 1.5-T Avanto (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using a previously validated modified look-locker inversion-recovery pulse sequence. T1 was measured pre-contrast and 10, 15, and 20 min after injection of 0.15 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine, and the mean ECV and native T1 were determined for each subject. Measurement of circumferential strain parameters were performed using cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes. Results HTN LVH subjects had higher native T1 compared with controls (p Conclusions HTN LVH patients had higher ECV, longer native T1 and associated reduction in peak systolic circumferential strain, and early diastolic strain rate compared with HTN non-LVH and control subjects. Measurement of ECV and native T1 provide a noninvasive assessment of diffuse fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease.
Reduced BMP signaling due to BMPR1A germline mutations in juvenile polyposis

Introduction Juvenile polyposis (JP) is characterized by the development of hamartomatous polyps that collectively carry a high risk of malignant transformation. Germline mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A (BMPR1A) and the tumor suppressor SMAD4 predispose to JP. We set out to evaluate the effect of JP BMPR1A mutations on downstream signaling through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Methods Mutations found in JP patients were individually recreated in a wild-type (WT) BMPR1A expression vector using a PCR-based site directed mutagenesis (SDM) approach. SDM vectors were then cotransfected with a BMP responsive element luciferase vector (BRE-Luc) and a Renilla internal control into HEK-293T cells. Light units reflecting downstream signaling strength were then quantified after 48 hours. Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results Twenty-two SDM JP mutants were created (14 nonsense and 8 missense). After adjusting for transfection efficiency, BMP signaling was found to be altered for 19 mutations, 17 of which were lower than WT. Two missense and 1 nonsense mutation did not lead to a significant change in activity. Compared to WT, the mean decrease in luciferase for nonsense mutations was 73.1% (p Conclusions To date, JP BMPR1A mutations have not been systematically studied in an in vitro model or been shown to affect downstream signaling. This study confirms that the BMPR1A mutations found in JP patients lead to loss of BMP signaling, which is the likely mechanism leading to this phenotype.
Recovery of the murine mononuclear phagocytic system following chronic exposure to cadmium

Consistent with our previously reported findings, chronic ingestion of cadmium chloride in drinking water by mice caused a decrease in the rate of circulation clearance of 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells (E) and IgG-coated E (E-IgG) due to a decrease in the localization of E and E-IgG in the liver. These decreases reached their nadirs after 15 weeks of cadmium ingestion and remained relatively constant for up to one year during continued ingestion of cadmium. Replacement of the drinking water containing cadmium with regular tap water resulted within 8 days in an improvement in the ability of the mice to clear E and E-IgG. Mice also had a decreased ability to develop delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions while being given cadmium; this abnormality also returned toward normal after withdrawal of cadmium. The return of these two responses toward control levels occurred while there was still a large organ burden of cadmium that was not measurably different from that at cessation of cadmium ingestion.
Synthesis of some 2′-deoxyribosides of 8-azaadenine

Abstract The α- and β-anomers of 9-(2′-deoxy- d -ribofuranosyl)-8-azaadenine were synthetized by a chemical method. The β-anomer was compared with the 2′-deoxyribosyl-8-azaadenine obtained by enzyme action, and the two are shown to be identical.
Abstract 2537: The novel sphingosine kinase inhibitor ABC294640 blocks survival and tumorigenesis in chemo- And endocrine resistant breast cancer

Resistance to chemotherapy is a major cause of breast cancer treatment failure today. The sphingolipid metabolizing enzyme sphingosine kinase converts pro-apoptotic ceramide into pro-survival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Sphingosine kinase has been shown to be involved in breast cancer endocrine- and chemo-resistance and is proposed to be a key regulator of proliferation. Here, we studied the effects of the novel sphingosine kinase inhibitor, ABC294640 (3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl) amide), on human breast cancer and compared them to its parent compound, SKI-II (4-[[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-thiazolyl]amino]phenol). Treatment with ABC294640 increased levels of endogenous long chain ceramides while simultaneously reducing levels of S1P in vitro. ABC294640 blocked both viability and survival at low micromolar IC50 concentrations in the endocrine therapy resistant - MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-361 cells, as well as the chemotherapy resistant MCF-7TN-R cell line. Furthermore, treatment with the inhibitor significantly reduced proliferation, as seen in immunofluorescence staining of Ki-67 in vitro. Interestingly, ABC294640 can induce apoptosis and release caspase-9, possibly through modulation of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Treatment with 10μM of the inhibitor blocked transcription of genes known to be mediated by the NF-kappaB, such as at IAP1, IAP2, and SOD1. Finally, utilizing xenograft immunocompromised mouse models, ABC294640 significantly reduced breast cancer tumorigenesis of MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7TN-R in vivo. Treatment with 50 mg/kg of the inhibitor for 14 days decreased MDA-MB-468 tumor volume by 37.3% (n=10) compared to vector control. Similarly, there was a 67.4% decrease in tumor volume following 18 days of treatment in the chemoresistant MCF-7TN-R xenograft mice (n=10). These results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of sphingosine kinase with an orally bioavailable selective inhibitor, ABC294640, has therapeutic potential in the treatment of chemo- and endocrine therapy- resistant breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2537.
Literacy and the Processing of Oral Recasts in SLA.

In this exploratory study, we examine the role of literacy in the acquisition of second-language (L2) oral skills through a partial replication of Jenefer Philp's (2003) study of recasts in native speaker (NS) -non-native speaker (NNS) interaction. The principal research question was the following: Is the ability to recall a recast related to the learner's alphabetic print literacy level? The participants in the study were eight first language (LI) speakers of Somali with limited formal schooling, who were grouped according to scores on LI and L2 literacy measures. Procedures involved interactive tasks in which participants received and recalled recasts on their grammatically incorrect interrogative sentences. Unlike Philp's more educated participants, our overall less educated participants showed no significant effects for recast length or, as a group, for number of changes in the recasts. This suggests that findings on the oral L2 processing of more educated L2 learners may not hold for the oral L2 processing of less educated learners. Within our less educated population, the more literate group recalled all recasts significantly better than the less literate group when correct and modified recalls were combined. Literacy level was also significantly related to ability to recall recasts with two or more (2+) changes, with the more literate group doing better than the less literate group. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Microstructure, creep, and tensile behavior of a Ti–21Al–29Nb(at.%) orthorhombic+B2 alloy

Abstract The creep and tensile deformation behavior of a Ti–21Al–29Nb (at.%) alloy were studied. Monolithic sheet materials were produced through conventional thermomechanical processing techniques. Heat treatments at all temperatures above 1050 °C, followed by water quenching, resulted in fully-B2 microstructures. Below 1050 °C, either equiaxed or Widmanstatten O-phase precipitated within the B2 grains. RT elongation-to-failure values of less than 2% were recorded for aged microstructures containing 72–78 volume percent O phase. Tensile-creep experiments were conducted in the temperature range 650–710 °C and stress range 48–250 MPa. The measured creep exponents and activation energies suggested that the creep mechanisms were dependent on stress and microstructure. Microstructural effects on the tensile properties and creep behavior are discussed and the data was compared to that for other Ti 2 AlNb-based alloys.
Interview: Interview with Bryan Jenkins

Distinguished Professor of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis Director, UC Davis Energy Institute. Professor Jenkins teaches and conducts research in the areas of energy and power, with emphasis on biomass and other renewable resources. He has more than thirty years experience working in the area of biomass thermochemical conversion, including combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. His research also includes analysis and optimization of energy systems. He teaches both graduate and undergraduate courses on energy systems, heat and mass transfer, solar energy and power and energy conversion, including renewable energy and fuels, economic analysis, environmental impacts, fuel cells, engines, electric machines, fluid power, cogeneration and other technologies. Professor Jenkins is a recipient of an Outstanding Achievement Award from the US Department of Energy for exceptional contributions to the development of bioenergy and the Linneborn Prize from the European Union fo...
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin directly binds methylene blue and blocks both its cell staining and glucose uptake stimulatory effects

Abstract GLUT1, the most ubiquitously expressed member of the GLUT family of glucose transporters, can be acutely activated by a variety of cell stresses. Methylene blue activates glucose transport activity of GLUT1 in L929 fibroblast cells presumably by a redox cycling of MB, which generates an oxidative stress. Data shown here reveal that methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) blocks both the staining of cells and activation of glucose uptake by directly binding to MB. MCD binding to MB was qualitatively demonstrated by a significantly slower dialysis rate of MB in the presence of MCD. Analysis of the complete spectra of aqueous MB solutions and MB plus MCD solutions by a factor analysis program called SIVVU indicated that these equilibria can be modeled by three species: MB monomer, MB dimer, and MCD–MB inclusion complex. The molar extinction coefficients for each species from 500 to 700 nm were determined. The equilibrium association constant (Ka) for MB dimer formation was measured at 5846 ± 30 M−1 and the Ka for formation of the MCD–MB complex was 310 ± 10 M−1. MCD also dramatically enhances the destaining rate of MB-stained cells. The loss of MB from the cell is tightly correlated with the loss of activated glucose uptake. This suggests that the MB activation of glucose uptake is likely not caused by its redox cycling, but more likely the result of a specific interaction between MB and a protein directly involved in the activation of GLUT1.
Aerospace Systems Design in NASA''s Collaborative Engineering Environment

Past designs of complex aerospace systems involved an environment consisting of collocated design teams with project managers, technical discipline experts, and other experts (e.g., manufacturing and systems operations). These experts were generally qualified only on the basis of past design experience and typically had access to a limited set of integrated analysis tools. These envrionments provided less than desirable design fidelity, often led to the inability of assessing critical programmatic and technical issues (e.g., cost, risk, technical impacts), and generally derived a design that was not necessarily optimized across the entire system. The continually changing, modern aerospace industry demands systems design processes that involve the best talent available (no matter where it resides) and access to the best design and anlaysis tools. A solution to these demands involves a design environment referred to as collaborative engineering. The collaborative engineering environment evolving within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a capability that enables the Agency''s engineering infrastructure to interact and use the best state-of-the-art tools and data across organizational boundaries. Using collaborative engineering, the collocated team is replaced with an interactive team structure where the team members are geographically distributed and the best engineering talent can be applied to the design effort regardless of physical location. In addition, a more efficient, higher quality design product is delivered by bringing together the best engineering talent with more up-to-date design and analysis tools. These tools are focused on interactive, multidisciplinary design and analysis with emphasis on the complete life cycle of the system, and they include nontraditional, integrated tools for life cycle cost estimation and risk assessment. NASA has made substantial progress during the last two years in developing a collaborative engineering environment. NASA is planning to use this collaborative engineering infrastructure to provide better aerospace systems life cycle design and analysis, which includes analytical assessment of the technical and programmatic aspects of a system from "cradle to grave." This paper describes the recent NASA developments in the area of collaborative engineering, the benefits (realized and anticipated) of using the developed capability, and the long-term plans for implementing this capability across the Agency.
An astrovirus frameshift signal induces ribosomal frameshifting in vitro

Expression of the astrovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been hypothesized to be regulated by (-1) ribosomal frameshifting. Sequence analysis of the 70 nucleotide region between open reading frames 1a and 1b indicates the presence of a shifty heptamer consensus sequence and downstream sequences that may be needed for ribosomal frameshifting. We constructed four astrovirus cassettes that spanned this region and inserted each into the rhesus rotavirus VP4 gene. The constructs were expressed in an in vitro system, and products were immunoprecipitated by rotavirus amino and carboxy terminal-specific monoclonal antibodies. Ribosomal frameshifting, at an efficiency of 6-7%, was demonstrated in all constructs containing the shifty heptamer and stem-loop. Deletion of the downstream sequence potentially involved in pseudoknot formation did not affect frameshifting efficiency. However, deletion of the shifty heptamer resulted in no detectable frameshift activity.
Bottom-hole Pressure Data Integration for CO2 Sequestration in Deep Saline Aquifers☆

Abstract We describe a novel approach to update geological models using bottom-hole pressure data from injection and observation wells during CO 2 sequestration. Our proposed history matching workflow, in conjunction with compositional simulations of supercritical CO 2 injection into a saline formation, involves: (a) inversion of zeroth order frequency of the injection-well pressure to modify the spatial permeability field around the injection well, (b) transient pressure arrival time inversion of observation well pressures to modify the inter-well spatial permeability field, and (c) gradient-based minimization of pressure mismatch at all wells using a global permeability multiplier. The proposed approach has been demonstrated on 3-D synthetic models generated using well-log data from the Weaber-Horn well in the Illinois basin. In this case supercritical CO 2 is injected for 11 months into a centrally located well, with pressure response monitored during injection and 1 month of shut-in at three observation wells. Injection is assumed to take place in a high-permeability layer close to the bottom of the model, with pressure responses monitored at all three observation wells only in the injection layer. Forecasts of pressure response at injection/observation wells over a three-year injection period produced with the inverted model also agree well with those from the reference model. Inversion of the 3-D model is more challenging and suffers from non-uniqueness, unless the condition of proximity to the prior model is imposed. In all cases, improved forecast of the CO 2 plume evolution was observed after the pressure history matching. We also show how the integration of time-lapse seismic data into the inversion process results in further improvement in gas saturation forecast. A systematic and efficient approach to integration of pressure data from CO 2 injection operations is presented, offering improved CO 2 plume prediction - especially when time-lapse seismic data is not available.
Differentiation of the effects of preincubation and indomethacin on lymphocyte transformation.

Abstract Lymphocyte-transformation responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin were found to be augmented by either 24-hr preincubation or by the addition of 1.0 μg/ml of indomethacin to the cultures. Preincubation altered the lymphocyte-transformation kinetics by accelerating the response in a manner similar to that obtained by increasing the concentration of mitogen. Indomethacin did not cause this type of effect, but did produce a fairly constant degree of enhancement throughout the period of maximal response (cultures harvested on Days 3 to 7). Indomethacin also produced enhancement of the lymphocyte transformation response to the suboptimal phytohemagglutinin concentration even when the lymphocytes were preincubated beforehand, indicating that these two maneuvers were additive. Fresh, autologous, mononuclear cells did not suppress the enhanced response of preincubated cells, indicating that, in this system, preincubation may involve changes in the responding cells themselves rather than destruction of a suppressor-cell population. Therefore, these studies indicate that a short (24-hr) preincubation and the addition of indomethacin (1.0 μg/ml) to lymphocyte cultures produce enhancement of the lymphocyte-transformation response to a suboptimal mitogen concentration through different mechanisms.
Salt intake determines the renal response to L-arginine infusion in normal human subjects

Salt intake determines the renal response to L-arginine infusion in normal human subjects. Studies in experimental animals have shown that nitric oxide (NO) generation in the kidney from L-arginine participates in adapting renal function to changes in salt intake, but similar studies in human subjects are lacking. Therefore, we compared the infusion of 30g of L-arginine to 30g of branched chain amino acids (control), in eight normal human subjects after 5 to 7 days of equilibration to a low salt (LS; 20mmol · 24hr -1 ) or high salt (HS; 200mmol · 24hr -1 ) intake. Lithium clearance was used as a marker of proximal tubular reabsorption. Compared to the control infusions, L-arginine did not significantly alter blood pressure, inulin or paraaminohippurate clearance, but significantly increased ( P 2 + NO 3 (NO x ) (LS, 157 ± 46 to 210 ± 48nmol · min -1 ; HS, 138 ± 30 to 182 ± 70) and cGMP (LS, 253 ± 63 to 337 ± 76 pmol · min -1 ; HS, 311 ± 68 to 563 ± 52). Renal sodium excretion was decreased by L-arginine infusion during the low salt intake (45 ± 5 to 21 ± 3 μmol · min -1 ; P -1 ; P P -1 ; HS, 66 ± 7 to 76 ± 9ng · ml -1 ). L-arginine did not significantly alter plasma renin activity. In conclusion, L-arginine increases the excretion of NO x and cGMP and increases plasma insulin, but the effect on sodium excretion depends upon salt intake. L-arginine enhances Na reabsorption in the proximal and distal nephrons during the low salt intake, but inhibits it during the high salt intake. Effects of L-arginine on NO and cGMP may contribute to its effects on Na reabsorption.
Gain nonlinearities due to carrier density dependent dispersion in semiconductor lasers

Semiconductor-field interaction is analyzed by using a semiclassical density-matrix approach. Using an exact elimination procedure for the dipole moments, corrections to the standard rate equation are obtained and shown to result in gain nonlinearities. The gain nonlinearities are due to carrier-density-dependent dispersion at the lasing frequency. Using available measured data of the frequency dependence of the carrier-induced refractive index change, gain compression coefficients in agreement with experimental values are obtained. >
Pulsed power applications to intense neutron source development

Abstract The use of conventional and near term pulsed power technology to generate intense fluxes of neutrons for use in fusion reactor materials studies is discussed. Two types of neutron production mechanism are considered. For the immediate future, the use of single pulse or high rep rate intense ion beam sources is proposed to provide high fluxes of neutrons from beam-target interactions. Farther along in time, the use of intense ion or electron beams to initiate inertially confined fusion reactions will lead to intense sources of thermonuclear neutrons.
Cumulative concentrations of tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco and tomato at different temperatures.

Abstract Assays from inoculated leaves, tip leaves, and composite samples of all the leaves of tobacco and tomato systemically infected with TMV, as well as assays from roots and composite stem and leaf samples of tomato, revealed that, initially, virus concentration increased with an increase in air temperature from 16° to 28°. Subsequent assays from susceptible tobacco and tomato showed an orderly shift of virus concentrations among the different temperatures. In periodic tip leaf assays from any group of plants, there were alternating high and low virus concentrations which coincided directly with periods of severe and mild symptoms, respectively. In resistant tobacco, the highest virus concentrations were always found in plants grown at the highest temperatures where severe symptoms were produced. In soil temperature studies with tobacco, virus concentration initially increased with an increase in soil temperature from 16° to 28°. Later assays revealed a definite reversal of virus concentration order in regard to temperature in susceptible tobacco in that highest concentrations were found in plants grown at 16°. No such reversal occurred in resistant tobacco. Studies on the interaction of air and soil temperatures indicated that soil temperature was less important in determining initial virus concentration in the inoculated leaves and composite samples of all the leaves than air temperature. Data of virus concentration and host growth plotted in cumulative curves showed a definite relationship between rate of host growth and virus concentration. After maximum virus concentrations were reached, as host growth increased, virus concentration decreased.
The father of debate: Protagoras of Abdera

(1918). The father of debate: Protagoras of Abdera. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 196-215.
Three-Dimensional Thermohydrodynamic Morton Effect Simulation—Part I: Theoretical Model

The present study is focused on accurate prediction of the Morton effect problem including journal asymmetric heating and the corresponding long period amplitude oscillations using a nonlinear time transient rotor-dynamic simulation. This paper presents a theoretical model of thermal induced synchronous instability problems in a nonlinear rotor–bearing system, and suggests a new computational algorithm for the nonlinear transient analysis of the Morton effect where the dynamic and thermal problems are combined. For the analysis of the Morton effect problem, a variable viscosity Reynolds equation and a 3D energy equation are coupled via temperature and viscosity, and solved simultaneously. Three-dimensional heat transfer equations of bearing and shaft are modeled by a finite element method, and thermally coupled with the fluid film via a heat flux boundary condition. Asymmetric heat flux into the synchronously whirling rotor is solved by the orbit time averaged heat flux from fluid film to the spinning shaft surface. The journal orbit is calculated by the nonlinear transient dynamic analysis of a rotor–bearing system with a variable time step numerical integration scheme. For the computation time reduction, modal coordinate transformation is adopted in dynamic and thermal transient analysis. Thermal bow effect makes a significant change to the dynamic behavior of a rotor–bearing system, and a thermal hysteresis bode plot, that is one of the characteristics of the Morton effect problem, is presented with time varying spin speed.
Sonographic detection of fluid collections and postoperative morbidity following Cesarean section and hysterectomy.

Objectives To evaluate the clinical significance of sonographically detected fluid collections following Cesarean section and hysterectomy, and to identify risk factors associated with their formation. Methods This was a prospective study including 280 women, 145 of whom had undergone a Cesarean section and 135 of whom had undergone abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. Ultrasound examinations were carried out on all women on day 4 after surgery to assess the presence of abdominal wall or pelvic fluid collections. The sonographers were unaware of the clinical course before the examination and were not involved in any clinical decision-making. Ultrasound findings were correlated with clinical data and postoperative morbidity. Results A fluid collection was found in 69 (48%) women after Cesarean section, and in 59 (44%) women who had undergone hysterectomy. No risk factors for the development of fluid collections after Cesarean section or hysterectomy were identified. The risk of developing febrile morbidity was not related to the presence, location or size of fluid collections. Conclusions Postoperative fluid collections are common after Cesarean section and hysterectomy. As fluid collections detected by sonography were not associated with postoperative morbidity, this finding is unlikely to be useful in the workup for postoperative fever. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute cholecystitis is a common complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and is associated with the use of total parenteral nutrition.

Abstract The incidence and risk factors for acute cholecystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are not well defined. Of 644 consecutive adult transplants performed at our institution between 2001 and 2011, acute cholecystitis occurred in the first year of transplant in 32 patients (5.0%). We conducted 2 retrospective case-control studies of this population to determine risk factors for cholecystitis after HSCT and to evaluate the performance of different methods of imaging to diagnosis cholecystitis in patients undergoing HSCT compared with non-HSCT patients. In the HSCT population, development of cholecystitis was associated with an increased 1-year overall mortality rate (62.5% versus 19.8%, P
Pediatric emergencies in children with psychiatric conditions

This article reviews special considerations for children with psychiatric conditions when they present with pediatric emergencies. The review spans a variety of scientific disciplines and attempts to integrate information that is not usually available to the emergency practitioner from a single source; the intent is not to be exhaustive on any particular topic but to organize what is most relevant to pediatric emergency care. Topics that are discussed include: 1) a brief review of true psychiatric emergencies, 2) side effects of psychotropic medications that have direct implications for emergency assessment and management, 3) neurologic disorders that present with psychiatric manifestations, and 4) psychiatric disorders that present with somatic manifestations.
A New Spatially Rearranged Bundle of Mixed Carbon Nanotubes as VLSI Interconnection

Scaling of device dimensions down to nanometer range helps achieve unprecedented switching speed and multifunctional processing capabilities of nanoelectronic circuits and systems. However, interconnect constraints in the existing and emerging applications are expected to become the primary bottlenecks unless radical change is introduced in the design and technology of on-chip signal communication medium. In response to this demand, various novel and innovative interconnect solutions like carbon nanotube (CNT) are currently being explored as alternatives to metal wires. This paper proposes a unique structure of mixed CNT bundle with a specific arrangement of single-wall and multi-wall CNTs in the bundle. A comprehensive modeling and analysis of the conductance, inductance, and capacitance of the proposed mixed CNT bundle reveals that there will be no significant decrease in the overall conductance of the bundle, but the structural arrangement clearly reduces capacitive crosstalk between neighboring signal lines. Inductive crosstalk is seen to remain unchanged.
Cultural and gender differences in coping strategies between Caucasian American and Korean American older people

Coping strategies have significant effects on older people's health. This study examined whether gender and ethnic differences influence the coping strategies chosen by older adults when they encounter daily life stressors. Data were collected from 444 community-dwelling people over the age of 65, including 238 Caucasian Americans and 206 Korean Americans. Results showed significant differences between the two groups. Korean Americans had higher scores on problem and emotion-focused coping strategies as well as avoidant coping strategies than Caucasian Americans. Caucasian older women employed more active coping, planning, and positive reframing skills; relied more on religion; and sought emotional support more than Caucasian men. For Korean Americans, older women utilized religion and denial; whereas older men employed instrumental support and substance abuse. The results suggest that practitioners should develop ethnic, gender-specific programs to help older adults cope more effectively with their daily life stressors.
Examining the transport of ammonia emissions across landscapes using nitrogen isotope ratios

Abstract The proportion of reactive nitrogen in wet deposition attributable to ammonium (NH4+) has increased over the last three decades in the U.S. due to steadily increasing NH3 emissions and concomitant reductions in NOx emissions. The importance of examining NH3 emission sources and transport is amplified as the fraction of NH3 contributing to reactive nitrogen budget increases. Presented here is a study illustrating how the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of NH3 (δ15N–NH3) can be used to characterize the transport of NH3 emissions at the landscape-scale. To accomplish this, ambient NH3 was sampled across varying land use types (e.g. conventionally managed cornfield, tallgrass prairie, concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO), dairy operation, urban setting) and analyzed for δ15N–NH3 values. Ambient δ15N–NH3 values at a conventionally managed cornfield were used in an isotope mixing model to make first order approximations of NH3 source contributions to ambient air over the cornfield. Results suggest that while volatilized fertilizer is a primary contributor to ambient NH3 after fertilizer application, during periods of low or no fertilization, vehicle NH3 emissions can be a substantial contributor to ambient NH3 over cornfields that are adjacent to roadways. These source approximations can aid in evaluating NH3 emission abatement techniques to local landscapes. Modeled NH3 deposition flux at a CAFO was found to contribute a considerable amount of nitrogen to the landscape and δ15N–NH3 values were used to trace the livestock source contributing to this flux. Ambient NH3 concentrations and δ15N–NH3 values were measured across an urban region and δ15N–NH3 values indicated primarily fossil fuel-based emissions and large spatial variations in NH3 concentrations.
Tryptophan fluorescence quenching by alkaline pH and ternary complex formation in human β1β1 and horse EE alcohol dehydrogenases

The horse EE and human β1β1 alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes have almost identical protein backbone folding patterns and contain 2 tryptophans per subunit (Trp-15 and Trp-314). Tyr-286, which had been proposed to quench the fluorescence of Trp-314 by resonance energy transfer at alkaline pH in EE, is substituted by Cys in β1β1. The proposed role of Tyr-286 in pH-dependent quenching of EE is confirmed by our observation that tryptophan fluorescence of β1β1 is not substantially quenched at alkaline pH. Tyr-286 had also been implicated in the quenching of Trp-314 upon formation of the EE-NAD+-trifluoroethanol ternary complex. However, β1β1 exhibits the same extent of tryptophan fluorescence quenching as EE upon complexation, which strongly suggests that Tyr-286 is not involved in ternary complex quenching.
On the solution of plane flow of granular media for jump non-homogeneity

This paper deals with the plane plastic equilibrium of a cohesive frictional material in the case of a jump non-homogeneity. Three types of interface separating rigid-plastic bodies with different material parameters are distinguished: (i) a perfect adhesion contact, (ii) a thin layer of a material different from the adjacent bodies, (iii) a combined frictional-adhesive contact. A sliding along the interface may occur if certain conditions are satisfied. For the first two types of joint, the direction and propagation of the velocity jump vector along the interface follow from the classical theory of plane plastic flow. In the third case, the potential sliding rule relating the velocity jump vector to the limit condition of the joint, or to the potential different from the limit condition, may be adopted. The direction of the velocity jump vector results from such a rule. The problem of stability of a slope, being continuously non-homogeneous in one region, and homogeneous in another, is shown in an example. The two regions of the slope are separated by the interface, a thin layer of a different material, (type ii). The associated flow law for both regions of the slope and for the material of the interface is assumed.
Imaging of Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System, Spine, and Orbit

Lymphomas of the central nervous system, spine, and orbit consist of both systemic lymphomas and primary central nervous system lymphomas. This article addresses the typical imaging findings of lymphoma in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, discusses the differential possibilities, and reviews the response criteria being used in clinical trials. Also described are metabolic imaging techniques with nuclear medicine and advanced MR imaging and how they can help improve the understanding of tumor biology.
Supersymmetric CP violation: higgs and flavor

Abstract The phenomenolical implications of the flavor—blind and flavor—sensitive supersymmetric (SUSY) CP phases are analyzed by considering the SUSY Higgs sector and the neutral kaon system. It is shown that the production and decays of the Higgs bosons are significantly affected by their CP—violating mixings. On the other hand, the pure SUSY CP violation is shown to be insufficient for saturating the CP violation in the neutral kaon system given the existing experimental bounds on the branching fraction of the b → s γ decay.
Continuous particle separation with localized AC-dielectrophoresis using embedded electrodes and an insulating hurdle

This paper reports a microfluidics-based lab-on-a-chip device combining the alternating current (AC) dielectrophoresis (DEP) and pressure-driven flow for separation of particle/cell mixtures. The dielectrophoretic separation is achieved by a hybrid design using a PDMS (poly-dimethylsiloxane) hurdle and a pair of embedded metal electrodes to generate localized non-uniform AC electric field. Since the particles and the cells are transported through the small DEP separation region, the negative effects associated with the Joule heating and exposure to the electric field have been significantly reduced. Mixtures of polystyrene particles of different sizes and yeast cells with polystyrene particles were successfully separated at AC electric field of 200 kHz.