cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conceptual framework for adjustment policies

This paper begins by examining the existing conceptual framework for stabilization policies and inquires into the question as to an appropriate framework for adjustment policies. Next, the instruments of adjustment policies are briefly reviewed; followed by a discussion of the principal types of policies, including policies aimed at improving the use of existing resources, increasing savings and investment, and ensuring an efficient choice of investments. Furthermore, brief consideration is given to the coordination of stabilization and adjustment policies and to adjustment with equity.
The Two Faces of Anomaly Mediation

Anomaly mediation is a ubiquitous source of supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking which appears in almost every theory of supergravity. In this paper, we show that anomaly mediation really consists of two physically distinct phenomena, which we dub “gravitino mediation” and “Kahler mediation”. Gravitino mediation arises from minimally uplifting SUSY anti-de Sitter (AdS) space to Minkowski space, generating soft masses proportional to the gravitino mass. Kahler mediation arises when visible sector fields have linear couplings to SUSY breaking in the Kahler potential, generating soft masses proportional to beta function coefficients. In the literature, these two phenomena are lumped together under the name “anomaly mediation”, but here we demonstrate that they can be physically disentangled by measuring associated couplings to the goldstino. In particular, we use the example of gaugino soft masses to show that gravitino mediation generates soft masses without corresponding goldstino couplings. This result naively violates the goldstino equivalence theorem but is in fact necessary for supercurrent conservation in AdS space. Since gravitino mediation persists even when the visible sector is sequestered from SUSY breaking, we can use the absence of goldstino couplings as an unambiguous definition of sequestering.
Health, demographic transition and economic growth

This paper develops a link between four central components of the demographic transition: survival rates; fertility decisions; altruistic intergenerational transfers from workers toward their parents; and economic growth. An increase in child survival is found to reduce the fertility rate and altruistic transfers, and thereby increase the savings rate and the productivity growth rate. The analysis illustrates the key role of child health in the demographic transition.
THE PUZZLE OF THE LYMAN CONTINUUM POLARIZATION OF QSOS

Recent spectropolarimetry of QSOs has revealed a surprising rise in polarization in the Lyman continuum of several objects. We discuss several recent attempts to interpret this feature, including the role of Lyman limit absorption in PG 1222+228. We present new theoretical results involving electron scattering in a hot corona or wind above an accretion disk, and polarization resulting from the relativistic returning radiation. These mechanisms can lead to potentially observable polarization at short wavelengths, but neither has quantitative success in tting the observed Lyman continuum polarization rises. A renewed capability for ultraviolet spectropolarimetry from space is urgently needed to provide further clues to the nature of this phenomenon.
Pairing and symmetry energy in N≃Z nuclei

Abstract It is shown that in N≃Z nuclei the effects of isovector pairing and the symmetry energy are intimately related. In particular, in the odd–odd N=Z nuclei these two effect are essentially equal in magnitude, causing near degeneracy of the lowest T=1 and T=0 states and appearance of the T=1 ground state isospin in many such nuclei. Following the earlier work of Janecke, it is shown that the global symmetry energy fit can be reproduced using just the excitation energies of the lowest T=3/2 states in N=Z+1 nuclei. Similarly, the global pairing gap fit can be related to the excitation energy of the T=|N−Z|/2+1 states in N≃Z even-A nuclei.
The goldstone and goldstino of supersymmetric inflation

We construct the minimal eectiveeld theory (EFT) of supersymmetric in- ation, whoseeld content is a real scalar, the goldstone for time-translation breaking, and a Weyl fermion, the goldstino for supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking. The inating back- ground can be viewed as a single SUSY-breaking sector, and the degrees of freedom can be eciently parameterized using constrained superelds. Our EFT is comprised of a chiral supereld XNL containing the goldstino and satisfying X 2 = 0, and a real supereld BNL containing both the goldstino and the goldstone, satisfying XNLBNL = B 3 = 0. We match results from our EFT formalism to existing results for SUSY broken by a uid background, showing that the goldstino propagates with subluminal velocities. The same eect can also be derived from the unitary gauge gravitino action after embedding our EFT in supergravity. If the gravitino mass is comparable to the Hubble scale during ination, we identify a new parameter in the EFT related to a time-dependent phase of the gravitino mass parameter. We briey comment on the leading contributions of goldstino loops to inationary observables.
Contract Farming in Africa: An Application of the New Institutional Economics

Contract farming is characterized by a contract between a farmer and a firm that will process and/or market the farmer's crop. It is a growing phenomenon in Africa; it has been a component of some of the most successful income generating projects for smallholder farmers; it has been a component of various schemes involving parastatal processing firms and the terms of the contracts between smallholders and parastatals have major consequences for the financial viability of the parastatals and, hence, for the macro balance picture in African economies. This paper reviews the role of contract farming. First, we provide background information on its nature and scope. Second, we use the New Institutional Economics to discuss ways in which contracting overcomes market failures common in African agriculture. We outline the conditions that make contracting the preferred form of market organization, as well as conditions under which it should not be encouraged. Third, we discuss Kenyan experience in light of the theories presented in the previous section. Finally, we discuss the policy implications. The paper draws on secondary sources to discuss contracting in Africa generally, and on a recent survey of contracted farmers in Kenya, where the most attention is focused.
Wake properties of a stripline beam kicker

The transport of a high current relativistic electron beam in a stripline beam kicker is strongly dependent on the wake properties of the structure. The effect of the beam-induced fields on the steering of the beam must be determined for a prescribed trajectory within the structure. A 3-D time domain electromagnetic code is used to determine the wake fields and the resultant Lorentz force on the beam both for an ultra-relativistic electron beam moving parallel to the beamline axis as well as a beam that follows a curved trajectory through the structure. Usually in determining the wake properties of the structure, a wake impedance is found for a beam that is moving parallel to the beamline axis. However, we extend this concept to curved trajectories by calculating beam induced forces along the curved trajectory. Comparisons are made with simple transmission line models of the structure. The wake properties are used in models to transport the beam self-consistently through the structure.
The Kinematics of Intermediate-Redshift Mg II Absorbers

We present 23 quasar absorption-line systems selected by the Mg II ??2796, 2803 doublet with Wr(2796) > 0.3 ? over the redshift range 0.4 ? z ? 1.2. The kinematics and profile morphologies are studied at 6 km s-1 resolution to a 5 ? equivalent width detection threshold of Wr(2796) = 0.015 ?. We are thus sensitive to very weak clouds isolated in velocity. The absorption profiles were segregated into kinematic subsystems, and the properties (velocities, velocity widths, column densities, etc.) were measured directly from the data and by Voigt profile modeling. Most absorbers are characterized by a dominant kinematic subsystem with Wr(2796) > 0.2 ? and velocity spreads ranging from 10 to 50 km s-1 in proportion to the system equivalent width. Additional kinematic subsystems have velocities separations as large as 400 km s-1 relative to the dominant subsystem. The equivalent widths and velocity spreads of these weaker subsystems are anticorrelated with their velocities, and their equivalent width distribution turns down from a power law below Wr(2796) 0.08 ?. These moderate- and high-velocity subsystems are inferred to have sub-Lyman limit H I, and therefore are probably not higher redshift analogs to Galactic high-velocity clouds (HVCs). Weak subsystems are asymmetrically distributed in velocity such that they are either all blueshifted or all redshifted with respect to the dominant subsystem. This implies, that although the kinematic morphologies vary greatly on a case-by-case basis, a given line of sight is apparently probing a well-defined spatial and kinematic structure. We investigate a simple kinematic model that relies on a rotating disk to explain the observed asymmetries. There are systematic differences, or trends, in both the subsystem-to-subsystem velocity clustering and in the overall kinematic morphologies with increasing equivalent width; we discuss how these may provide clues to the observed differential evolution in the equivalent width distribution of Mg II absorbers.
Millisecond Time Variations of X-Ray Binaries

Millisecond time-scales are natural for some neutron star and black hole processes, although possibly difficult to observe. The Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) has found that for the neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) there are flux oscillations at high frequencies, with large amplitudes. Z sources and bursters tend to exhibit oscillations in the range 300–1200 Hz. Persistent emission may exhibit one or both of two features. In bursts from different bursters, a nearly coherent pulsation is seen, which may be the rotation period of the neutron star. For some the frequency equals the difference between the two higher frequencies, suggesting a beat frequency model, but in others it is twice the difference. The sources span two orders of magnitude in accretion rate, yet the properties are similar. The similar maximum frequencies suggests that it corresponds to the Kepler orbit frequency at the minimum stable orbit or the neutron star surface, either of which would determine the neutron star masses, radii and equation of state. Theories of accretion onto black holes predict a quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) related to the inner accretion disk. The two microquasar black hole candidates (BHCs) have exhibited candidates for this or related frequencies.
THEMIS Observations of the Magnetopause Electron Diffusion Region: Large Amplitude Waves and Heated Electrons

We present the first observations of large amplitude waves in a well-defined electron diffusion region based on the criteria described by Scudder et al at the subsolar magnetopause using data from one Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellite. These waves identified as whistler mode waves, electrostatic solitary waves, lower hybrid waves, and electrostatic electron cyclotron waves, are observed in the same 12 s waveform capture and in association with signatures of active magnetic reconnection. The large amplitude waves in the electron diffusion region are coincident with abrupt increases in electron parallel temperature suggesting strong wave heating. The whistler mode waves, which are at the electron scale and which enable us to probe electron dynamics in the diffusion region were analyzed in detail. The energetic electrons (approx. 30 keV) within the electron diffusion region have anisotropic distributions with T(sub e(right angle))/T(sub e(parallel)) > 1 that may provide the free energy for the whistler mode waves. The energetic anisotropic electrons may be produced during the reconnection process. The whistler mode waves propagate away from the center of the "X-line" along magnetic field lines, suggesting that the electron diffusion region is a possible source region of the whistler mode waves.
What does a Deductible Do? The Impact of Cost-Sharing on Health Care Prices, Quantities, and Spending Dynamics

Measuring consumer responsiveness to medical care prices is a central issue in health economics and a key ingredient in the optimal design and regulation of health insurance markets. We study consumer responsiveness to medical care prices, leveraging a natural experiment that occurred at a large self-insured firm which required all of its employees to switch from an insurance plan that provided free health care to a non-linear, high deductible plan. The switch caused a spending reduction between 11.79%-13.80% of total firm-wide health spending. We decompose this spending reduction into the components of (i) consumer price shopping (ii) quantity reductions and (iii) quantity substitutions, finding that spending reductions are entirely due to outright reductions in quantity. We find no evidence of consumers learning to price shop after two years in high-deductible coverage. Consumers reduce quantities across the spectrum of health care services, including potentially valuable care (e.g. preventive services) and potentially wasteful care (e.g. imaging services). We then leverage the unique data environment to study how consumers respond to the complex structure of the high-deductible contract. We find that consumers respond heavily to spot prices at the time of care, and reduce their spending by 42% when under the deductible, conditional on their true expected end-of-year shadow price and their prior year end-of-year marginal price. In the first-year post plan change, 90% of all spending reductions occur in months that consumers began under the deductible, with 49% of all reductions coming for the ex ante sickest half of consumers under the deductible, despite the fact that these consumers have quite low shadow prices. There is no evidence of learning to respond to the true shadow price in the second year post-switch.
LOCATION, CONCENTRATION, AND PERFORMANCE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN BRAZIL *

What are the prospects for economic development in lagging sub-national regions? What are the roles of public infrastructure investments and fiscal incentives in influencing the location and performance of industrial activity? To examine these questions, we estimate a spatial profit function for industrial activity in Brazil that explicitly incorporates infrastructure improvements and fiscal incentives in the cost structure of individual firms. We use firm level data from the 2001 annual industrial survey along with regional data at the microregion level and find that there are considerable cost savings from being located in areas with relatively lower transport costs to reach large markets. In comparison, fiscal incentives have modest effects in terms of influencing firm level costs. Although the results suggest that firms benefit from being in locations with good access to markets, we do not suggest that improving interregional connectivity would necessarily assist lagging regions in the short run. Improving inter-regional connectivity implicitly reduces a natural tariff barrier so firms currently serving large markets and benefiting from economies of scale can more easily expand into new markets in competition with local producers. Therefore, producers in the leading regions can crowd out local producers, which would be detrimental for local production and employment in the lagging region.
Detecting user engagement in everyday conversations.

This paper presents a novel application of speech emotion recognition: estimation of the level of conversational engagement between users of a voice communication system. We begin by using machine learning techniques, such as the support vector machine (SVM), to classify users’ emotions as expressed in individual utterances. However, this alone fails to model the temporal and interactive aspects of conversational engagement. We therefore propose the use of a multilevel structure based on coupled hidden Markov models (HMM) to estimate engagement levels in continuous natural speech. The first level is comprised of SVM-based classifiers that recognize emotional states, which could be (e.g.) discrete emotion types or arousal/valence levels. A high-level HMM then uses these emotional states as input, estimating users’ engagement in conversation by decoding the internal states of the HMM. We report experimental results obtained by applying our algorithms to the LDC EMOTIONAL PROSODY and CALLFRIEND speech corpora.
Fiscal adjustment and growth in Sub-Saharan Africa : overview and lessons from the current downturn

In light of the proliferation of exceptionally large fiscal stimuli to ward off the recession triggered by the 2008 global economic and financial crisis in most advanced economies, this paper revisits the fiscal adjustment and growth nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using transfer functions, it quantifies expected losses in terms of aggregate output largely attributed to a systematic implementation of pro-cyclical expenditure switching and reducing policies to achieve low deficit targets throughout the decades of adjustments. The results consistently highlight a much higher predicted aggregate output under the hypothesized counter-cyclical fiscal expansion option. This consistent outcome suggests that the output gap would have been significantly smaller in the region if countries had drawn on stop-and-go policies of fiscal expansion to sustainably raise the stock of capital investments.
Magnetic signatures of Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices on Saturn's magnetopause: Global survey

[1] Saturn's rapid rotation combined with relatively weak magnetic fields in the outer magnetosphere and sheath lead to conditions that are favorable for the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability. A Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable magnetopause boundary has important consequences for Saturn's interaction with the solar wind due to mass, momentum, and energy transport that can occur at the magnetopause boundary. Previous attempts to identify vortices have been hampered by limited plasma data to unambiguously reveal vortical flow. The magnetic field data, on the other hand, may be able to identify the KH instability due to intense magnetic fluctuations that are associated with KH vortices. We have conducted two-dimensional hybrid code simulations of Saturn's magnetopause boundary to illustrate the expected magnetic field signatures of KH. Specifically, our simulations show strong field-aligned current sheet filaments or strong bipolar fluctuations of the in-plane magnetic field components, bounding the KH vortices. A global search for these characteristic magnetic field signatures near the magnetopause boundary was made of the Cassini mission data from 2004 to 2009. We find that most of the potential KH activity is found on the dusk flank, contrary to expectations. We suggest that KH growth is supported in the prenoon and subsolar regions and that these vortices are transported through coupling to the rotating planet, past noon and tailward on the dusk flank. In addition, we find many instances in the subsolar magnetosphere of possible plasmoid formation (Bz northward) in conjunction with these intense magnetic field fluctuations.
A Method of Measuring the Three-Dimensional Mean Flow and Turbulence Quantities Inside a Rotating Turbo-machinery Passage

A method of measuring the three-dimensional components of mean velocity and turbulence quantities within a rotating turbomachinery passage is developed through the use of hot wire anemometry techniques. Equations are derived which, when solved simultaneously and in conjunction with the data obtained from the hot wire anemometer measurements, will provide values for the radial, axial and tangential components of mean velocity, turbulence intensity and turbulence stress within the rotating turbomachinery passage. A three-bladed rocket pump inducer model, operating in air, was used in the experimentation. The method is very accurate and provides very useful information on the characteristics of the flow inside rotor passages hitherto unexplored.
THE ORBITS AND MASSES OF THE MARTIAN SATELLITES AND THE LIBRATION OF PHOBOS

This paper reports on an update to the orbits and masses of the Martian satellites Phobos and Deimos. We obtained the orbits by fitting a numerical integration to all available Earth-based astrometry through the opposition of 2003, spacecraft imaging observations through 2007, and the Doppler tracking of the Viking and Phobos 2 spacecraft; the Doppler data provide information on the satellite masses. Our dynamical model included the figure acceleration due to a librating Phobos; we determined the amplitude of the forced libration. We also took into account the secular acceleration of Phobos due to the tide that it raises on Mars and estimated the Martian tidal quality factor Q. We provide an assessment of the accuracy of the orbits and a geometrical description of the orbits in the form of mean elements.
On the Convergence of Lacunary Walsh-Fourier Series

We study the Walsh-Fourier series of S_{n_j}f, along a lacunary subsequence of integers {n_j}. Under a suitable integrability condition, we show that the sequence converges to f a.e. Integral condition is only slightly larger than what the sharp integrability condition would be, by a result of Konyagin. The condition is: f is in L loglog L (logloglog L). The method of proof uses four ingredients, (1) analysis on the Walsh Phase Plane, (2) the new multi-frequency Calderon-Zygmund Decomposition of Nazarov-Oberlin-Thiele, (3) a classical inequality of Zygmund, giving an improvement in the Hausdorff-Young inequality for lacunary subsequences of integers, and (4) the extrapolation method of Carro-Martin, which generalizes the work of Antonov and Arias-de-Reyna.
Graded Characters of Modules Supported in the Closure of a Nilpotent Conjugacy Class

This is a combinatorial study of the Poincare polynomials of isotypic components of a natural family of graded GL(n)-modules supported in the closure of a nilpotent conjugacy class. These polynomials generalize the Kostka?Foulkes polynomials and are q -analogues of Littlewood?Richardson coefficients. The coefficients of two-column Macdonald?Kostka polynomials also occur as a special case. It is conjectured that these q -analogues are the generating function of so-called catabolizable tableaux with the charge statistic of Lascoux and Schutzenberger. A general approach for a proof is given, and is completed in certain special cases including the Kostka?Foulkes case. Catabolizable tableaux are used to prove a characterization of Lascoux and Schutzenberger for the image of the tableaux of a given content under the standardization map that preserves the cyclage poset.
Progress Toward the Millennium Development Goals in Africa

Abstract We analyze demographic and health surveys to examine the progress of African countries in achieving six of the seven millennium development goals (MDG) set forth by the United Nations. Our results paint a discouraging picture. Despite some noteworthy progress, the evidence suggests that, in the absence of dramatic changes in the rates of improvement in most measures of living standards, the MDG will not be reached for most indicators in most countries. The results are particularly sobering for rural areas, where living standards are universally lower, and where rates of progress lag behind urban areas.
Matter-induced modification of resonances at RHIC freezeout

Abstract We discuss the physical effects causing a modification of resonance masses, widths and even shapes in a dilute hadronic gas at late stages of heavy ion collisions. We quantify the conditions at which resonances are produced at RHIC, and found that it happens at T ≈120 MeV. Although in the pp case the “kinematic” effects like thermal weighting of the states is sufficient, in AA we see a clear effect of dynamical interaction with matter, both due to a variety of s -channel resonances and due to t -channel scalar exchanges. The particular quantity we focus mostly on is the ρ meson mass, for which these dynamical effects lead to about −50 MeV shift, on top of about −20 MeV of a thermal effect: both agree well with preliminary data from STAR experiment at RHIC. We also predict a complete change of shape of f 0 (600) resonance, even by thermal effects alone.
Walrasian Tâtonnement Auctions on the Tokyo Grain Exchange

The Tokyo Grain Exchange (TGE)’s itayose mechanism provides the opportunity to analyze functioning Walrasian tâtonnement auctions (WTA). In 15,677 auctions conducted over 1997-1998 for corn and redbean futures contracts, price formation is unexpectedly similar to that observed in continuous double auctions. Provisional prices and pledges are informative. In contrast to behavior observed in experiments, few pledges are deceptive, because the traders participate repeatedly and because the auctioneer has flexibility when changing the provisional price and ending the auction. Both the risk of the auction ending and the more equitable dispersion of information increase depth and the speed at which information is embodied in price.
Synthesis of methyl α-l-callipeltoside

Abstract The synthesis of callipeltose, a novel amino sugar with the proposed structure, 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2, O -3- C -dimethyl- l -talopyranosyl-3,4-urethane, from l -rhamnose is described. Oxime reduction, carbamate cyclization and selective methylation are key steps. The synthesis supports the assignment of the relative stereochemistry of callipeltose.
Neutron diffraction studies of thin film multilayer structures

The application of neutron diffraction methods to the study of the microscopic chemical and magnetic structures of thin film multilayers is reviewed. Multilayer diffraction phenomena are described in general and in particular for the case in which one of the materials of a bilayer is ferromagnetic and the neutron beam polarized. Recent neutron diffraction measurements performed on some interesting multilayer systems are discussed.
Synthesis of 3-benzazepines and azepino[4,5-b]heterocyclic ring systems via intramolecular Friedel–Crafts cyclization

The intramolecular Friedel–Crafts cyclization was found to be effective for the synthesis of 3-benzazepines and azepino[4,5-b]heterocyclic ring systems using simple allylic bromides tethered to activated aromatic nuclei. Amongst the various Lewis acids screened, Bi(OTf)3 was found to be the most effective ‘ecofriendly’ catalyst for the cyclization.
Delamination fracture toughness of woven-fabric composites under mixed-mode loading

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The Transparency of Solar Coronal Active Regions

Resonance scattering has often been invoked to explain the disagreement between the observed and predicted line ratios of Fe XVII λ15.01 to Fe XVII λ15.26 (the "3C/3D" ratio). In this process photons of λ15.01, with its much higher oscillator strength, are preferentially scattered out of the line of sight, thus reducing the observed line ratio. Recent laboratory measurements, however, have found significant inner-shell Fe XVI lines at 15.21 and 15.26 A, suggesting that the observed 3C/3D ratio results from blending. Given our new understanding of the fundamental spectroscopy, we have reexamined the original solar spectra, identifying the Fe XVI λ15.21 line and measuring its flux to account for the contribution of Fe XVI to the λ15.26 flux. Deblending brings the 3C/3D ratio into good agreement with the experimental ratio; hence, we find no need to invoke resonance scattering. Low opacity in Fe XVII λ15.01 also implies low opacity for Fe XV λ284.2, ruling out resonance scattering as the cause of the fuzziness of TRACE and SOHO-EIT 284 A images. The images must, instead, be unresolved due to the large number of structures at this temperature. Insignificant resonance scattering implies that future instruments with higher spatial resolution could resolve the active region plasma into its component loop structures.
The effect of mixed versus blocked sequencing of promotion and prevention features on brand evaluation: The moderating role of regulatory focus

Abstract We investigate if presenting a brand's promotion and prevention features in homogenous blocks (e.g., two promotion features followed by two prevention features — a toothpaste that freshens breath, whitens teeth, stops plaque buildup and prevents cavities) as opposed to alternating their presentation order (a toothpaste that freshens breath, stops plaque buildup, whitens teeth, and prevents cavities) affects brand attitude. We find that alternating feature presentation improves brand evaluation among promotion-focused, but not prevention-focused, consumers. In mixed presentations, since each feature physically contrasts with those near it (e.g., promotion features bracketing a prevention feature), the resulting heightened distinctiveness increases the perceived variety of a brand's benefits and fits better with the advancement goals of promotion-focused consumers. We report two studies that support our predictions.
NOT JUST COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN CREATING AND MAINTAINING A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

This article addresses the historical and contemporary roles which trade unions have played in creating conditions necessary for democracy to flourish. Their effectiveness in fulfilling these roles is due in large measure to the organizational characteristics which make trade unions the archetypal civil society organization: democratic representation, demographic representation, financial independence, breadth of concerns, and placement within society. This article explores these aspects of the trade union movement and suggests that advocates for democracy have cause for concern in the absence of a vibrant, and independent, domestic trade union movement.
Pursuing scalability for hypre's conceptual interfaces

The software library hypre provides high-performance preconditioners and solvers for the solution of large, sparse linear systems on massively parallel computers as well as conceptual interfaces that allow users to access the library in the way they naturally think about their problems. These interfaces include a stencil-based structured interface (Struct); a semistructured interface (semiStruct), which is appropriate for applications that are mostly structured, for example, block structured grids, composite grids in structured adaptive mesh refinement applications, and overset grids; and a finite element interface (FEI) for unstructured problems, as well as a conventional linear-algebraic interface (IJ). It is extremely important to provide an efficient, scalable implementation of these interfaces in order to support the scalable solvers of the library, especially when using tens of thousands of processors. This article describes the data structures, parallel implementation, and resulting performance of the IJ, Struct and semiStruct interfaces. It investigates their scalability, presents successes as well as pitfalls of some of the approaches and suggests ways of dealing with them.
Enantioselective, Organocatalytic Oxy-Michael Addition to γ/δ-Hydroxy-α,β-enones: Boronate-Amine Complexes as Chiral Hydroxide Synthons

An organocatalytic, enantioselective oxy-Michael addition to achiral gamma- and delta-hydroxy-alpha,beta-enones was developed. The key transformation is an unprecedented, asymmetric conjugate addition triggered by complexation between an in situ generated boronic acid hemiester and a chiral amine catalyst. Functionally, the intermediate amine-boronate complex acts as a chiral hydroxide surrogate or synthon. The resultant chiral beta-hydroxy-ketones are obtained in good to excellent yields and high ee following mild oxidative removal of the cyclic boronate. Natural products (R,12Z,15Z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxohenicosa-12,15-dienyl acetate and (+)-(S)-streptenol A were synthesized to demonstrate the utility of this reaction.
Unsteady Transonic Flow Calculations for Realistic Aircraft Configurations

A transonic unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelasticity code has been developed for application to realistic aircraft configurations. The new code is called CAP-TSD which is an acronym for Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance. The CAP-TSD code uses a time-accurate approximate factorization (AF) algorithm for solution of the unsteady transonic small-disturbance equation. The AF algorithm is very efficient for solution of steady and unsteady transonic flow problems. It can provide accurate solutions in only several hundred time steps yielding a significant computational cost savings when compared to alternative methods. The new code can treat complete aircraft geometries with multiple lifting surfaces and bodies including canard, wing, tail, control surfaces, launchers, pylons, fuselage, stores, and nacelles. Applications are presented for a series of five configurations of increasing complexity to demonstrate the wide range of geometrical applicability of CAP-TSD. These results are in good agreement with available experimental steady and unsteady pressure data. Calculations for the General Dynamics one-ninth scale F-16C aircraft model are presented to demonstrate application to a realistic configuration. Unsteady results for the entire F-16C aircraft undergoing a rigid pitching motion illustrated the capability required to perform transonic unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic analyses for such configurations.
GRGM900C: A degree 900 lunar gravity model from GRAIL primary and extended mission data

We have derived a gravity field solution in spherical harmonics to degree and order 900, GRGM900C, from the tracking data of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Primary (1 March to 29 May 2012) and Extended Missions (30 August to 14 December 2012). A power law constraint of 3.6 ×10−4/l2 was applied only for degree l greater than 600. The model produces global correlations of gravity, and gravity predicted from lunar topography of ≥ 0.98 through degree 638. The model's degree strength varies from a minimum of 575–675 over the central nearside and farside to 900 over the polar regions. The model fits the Extended Mission Ka-Band Range Rate data through 17 November 2012 at 0.13 μm/s RMS, whereas the last month of Ka-Band Range-Rate data obtained from altitudes of 2–10 km fit at 0.98 μm/s RMS, indicating that there is still signal inherent in the tracking data beyond degree 900.
Reopening the window on charged dark matter

We reexamine the limits on charged dark matter particles. We show that if their mass and charge fall in the range 100(qX/e)2 mX 108(qX/e) TeV, then magnetic fields prevent particles in the halo from entering the galactic disk, while those initially trapped inside are accelerated through the Fermi mechanism and ejected within about 0.1-1 Gyrs. Consequently, previous constraints on charged dark matter based on terrestrial non-observation are invalid within that range. Further, we find that charged massive particles may simultaneously solve several long-standing astrophysical problems, including the underabundance of dwarf galaxies, the shallow density profiles in the cores of the dwarf galaxies, the absence of cooling flows in the cores of galaxy clusters, and several others.
The environments around long-duration gamma-ray burst progenitors

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow observations have allowed us to significantly constrain the engines producing these energetic explosions. The redshift and position information provided by these afterglows have already allowed us to limit the progenitors of GRBs to only a few models. The afterglows may also provide another observation that can place further constraints on the GRB progenitor: measurements telling us about the environments surrounding GRBs. Current analyses of GRB afterglows suggest that roughly half of long-duration gamma-ray bursts occur in surroundings with density profiles that are uniform. We study the constraints placed by this observation on both the classic "collapsar" massive star progenitor and its relative, the "helium-merger" progenitor. We study several aspects of wind mass loss and find that our modifications to the standard Wolf-Rayet mass-loss paradigm are not sufficient to produce constant density profiles. Although this does not rule out the standard "collapsar" progenitor, it does suggest a deficiency with this model. We then focus on the He-merger models and find that such progenitors can fit this particular constraint well. We show how detailed observations could not only determine the correct progenitor for GRBs but also allow us to study binary evolution physics.
2-Azonianorbornene-2-spiro-1′ -aziridinium triflate - a novel ethylene immonium ion equivalent: Application to a synthesis of physostigmine

Abstract A unique protocol for either the aminoethylation or the N-methyl aminoethylation of carbonyl compounds featuring the preparation and use of a novel spiroaziridinium salt, 2-azonianorbornene-2-spiro-1′-aziridinium triflate 2 , is described.
KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF THE OXIDATION OF HYDRAZINE BY AQUEOUS IODINE

Kinetics for the reactions of I2 with excess N2H5+/N2H4 and I- are measured by the loss of I3- over a wide range of acidity from pH 0.35 to 8.0 at 25.0 °C, μ = 0.50 M. Pseudo-first-order rate constants increase by factors of more than 107 with increase of pH, hydrazine, and buffer concentrations. Below pH 1, I2 reacts directly with N2H5+ which has a relative reactivity that is 2.4 × 107 times smaller than N2H4 (the dominant reactant at pH ≥ 1). Kinetic evidence for IN2H4+ as a steady-state species is found below pH 3. From pH 3.5 to 6.3, rate constants are measured by stopped-flow methods and at higher pH by pulsed−accelerated-flow methods. A multistep mechanism is proposed where I2 reacts rapidly with N2H4 to form an I2N2H4 adduct (KA = 2.0 × 104 M-1) that is present in appreciable concentrations above pH 6. The adduct undergoes general base-assisted deprotonation accompanied by loss of I- in the rate-determining step. Subsequent intermediates react rapidly with another I2 to form N2 as a final product. ...
Detecting Intervention Effects Using a Multilevel Latent Transition Analysis with a Mixture IRT Model

A multilevel latent transition analysis (LTA) with a mixture IRT measurement model (MixIRTM) is described for investigating the effectiveness of an intervention. The addition of a MixIRTM to the multilevel LTA permits consideration of both potential heterogeneity in students’ response to instructional intervention as well as a methodology for assessing stage sequential change over time at both student and teacher levels. Results from an LTA–MixIRTM and multilevel LTA–MixIRTM were compared in the context of an educational intervention study. Both models were able to describe homogeneities in problem solving and transition patterns. However, ignoring a multilevel structure in LTA–MixIRTM led to different results in group membership assignment in empirical results. Results for the multilevel LTA–MixIRTM indicated that there were distinct individual differences in the different transition patterns. The students receiving the intervention treatment outscored their business as usual (i.e., control group) counterparts on the curriculum-based Fractions Computation test. In addition, 27.4 % of the students in the sample moved from the low ability student-level latent class to the high ability student-level latent class. Students were characterized differently depending on the teacher-level latent class.
Frequency-resolved coherent lidar using a femtosecond fiber laser

We demonstrate a coherent lidar that uses a broadband femtosecond fiber laser as a source and resolves the returning heterodyne signal into N spectral channels by using an arrayed-waveguide grating. The data are processed incoherently to yield an N-times improvement in the Doppler measurement of a surface vibration. For N=6, we achieve a sensitivity of 153 Hz, corresponding to a 0.12 mm/s motion, in 10 ms despite a signal that is speckle broadened to 14 kHz. Alternatively, the data are processed coherently to form a range image. For a flat target, we achieve a 60μm range resolution, limited mainly by the source bandwidth, despite the dispersion of 1 km of optical fiber in the signal path.
INTERBAND MAGNETO-SPECTROSCOPY OF A HIGH-DENSITY TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS IN A STRONG IN-PLANE MAGNETIC FIELD

We report results of temperature and field dependent studies of interband optical absorption and photoluminescence in a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong in-plane magnetic field (up to 45 T). We observe a field dependent shift of the Fermi energy with both the magnitude and sign of the shift varying with magnetic field. Simultaneous low temperature magneto-photoluminescence measurements reveal a monotonically increasing blue shift accompanied by a quenching of the intensity. A theoretical treatment based on a single particle picture and taking into account the diamagnetic shift as well as a shift due to an anisotropic effective mass cannot qualitatively reproduce our experimental results, indicating that many-body interactions may be important.
A Percolation Formula

Let $A$ be an arc on the boundary of the unit disk $U$. We prove an asymptotic formula for the probability that there is a percolation cluster $K$ for critical site percolation on the triangular grid in $U$ which intersects $A$ and such that $0$ is surrounded by the union of $K$ and $A$.
Indications of Inflow Motions in Regions Forming Massive Stars

Observational evidence of inflowing motions in massive star-forming regions has been extremely rare. We have made a spectroscopic survey of a sample of 28 massive star-forming cores associated with water masers. An optically thick line of HCN (3-2) was used in combination with optically thin lines [H13CN (3-2) or C34S (5-4), (3-2), and (2-1)] to identify "blue" line profiles that can indicate inflow. Comparing intensities for 18 double-peaked line profiles yields 11 blue and three red profiles that are statistically significant. In the full sample of 28 sources, 12 show blue profiles, and six show red profiles that are statistically significant based on the velocity offsets of lines that are optically thick from those that are optically thin. These results indicate that HCN (3-2) emission may trace inflow in regions forming high-mass stars.
Protodiscs around Hot Magnetic Rotator Stars

We develop equations and obtain solutions for the structure and evolution of a protodisc region that is initially formed with no radial motion and super-Keplerian rotation speed when wind material from a hot rotating star is channelled towards its equatorial plane by a dipole-type magnetic field. Its temperature is around 10 7 K because of shock heating and the inflow of wind material causes its equatorial density to increase with time. The centrifugal force and thermal pressure increase relative to the magnetic force and material escapes at its outer edge. The protodisc region of a uniformly rotating star has almost uniform rotation and will shrink radially unless some instability intervenes. In a star with angular velocity increasing along its surface towards the equator, the angular velocity of the protodisc region decreases radially outwards and magnetorotational instability (MRI) can occur within a few hours or days. Viscosity resulting from MRI will readjust the angular velocity distribution of the protodisc material and may assist in the formation of a quasi-steady disc. Thus, the centrifugal breakout found in numerical simulations for uniformly rotating stars does not imply that quasi-steady discs with slow outflow cannot form around magnetic rotator stars with solar-type differential rotation.
Plasma-Sprayed Metal-Glass and Metal-Glass Fluoride Coatings for Lubrication to 900 C

Plasma-sprayed composites, which have good oxidation resistance and self-lubricating characteristics to 900 C, were developed. The composites are a nichrome matrix containing dispersed glass for oxidation protection and calcium fluoride for lubrication; they are applied to bearing surfaces by plasma spraying layers about 0.050 cm thick which are then machined to 0.025 cm. Oscillating bearing tests were performed in air to 900 C at unit radial loads up to 5000 psi and a thrust load of 440 lb. Bearings with a composite liner in the bore were in good condition after over 50,000 oscillating cycles accumulated during repeated bearing temperature cycles between 25 and 900 C.
Isometric Actions of Heisenberg Groups on Compact Lorentz Manifolds

We prove results toward classifying compact Lorentz manifolds on which Heisenberg groups act isometrically. We give a general construction, leading to a new example, of codimension-one actions – those for which the dimension of the Heisenberg group is one less than the dimension of the manifold. The main result is a classification of codimension-one actions, under the assumption they are real-analytic.
An evaluation of the quality of therapeutic studies in perinatal medicine.

TREATMENT METHODS recommended in respected medical journals may be incorporated rapidly into clinical practice. Adequate evaluation of these methods prior to their recommendation is needed to avoid widespread use of ineffective or hazardous treatment methods, especially if high-risk patients are involved. We conducted a survey to assess the design and performance of published studies of perinatal treatment methods.
The Effect of Calibration Error on Polarimetric Reconstruction in Microgrid Polarimetric Imagery

We explore the effect of expected deviations from ideal components of microgrid imaging polarimeters using simulation and perform a calibration on an implementation of these errors from data taken by a specific instrument.
Quantum critical paraelectrics and the Casimir effect in time

We study the quantum paraelectric-ferroelectric transition near a quantum critical point, emphasizing the role of temperature as a ``finite-size effect'' in time. The influence of temperature near quantum criticality may thus be likened to a temporal Casimir effect. The resulting finite-size scaling approach yields $\frac{1}{{T}^{2}}$ behavior of the paraelectric susceptibility $(\ensuremath{\chi})$ and the scaling form $\ensuremath{\chi}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)=\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}F(\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{T})$, recovering results previously found by more technical methods. We use a Gaussian theory to illustrate how these temperature dependences emerge from a microscopic approach; we characterize the classical-quantum crossover in $\ensuremath{\chi}$, and the resulting phase diagram is presented. We also show that coupling to an acoustic phonon at low temperatures $(T)$ is relevant and influences the transition line, possibly resulting in a reentrant quantum ferroelectric phase. Observable consequences of our approach for measurements on specific paraelectric materials at low temperatures are discussed.
Holdup and licensing of cumulative innovations with private information

Abstract When innovation is cumulative, early patentees can hold up later innovators. Under complete information, licensing before R&D avoids holdup. But when development costs are private information, ex ante licensing may only occur in regimes with sub-optimal patent policy.