cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilising clinoform architecture to understand the drivers of basin margin evolution: a case study in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Morphological variations within continental-margin clinoforms can help improve our understanding of sediment dispersal on, the composition of, and the sediment transport mechanisms occurring along shelf margins. In this study, we combine 2D and 3D seismic reflection and well data to document variations in clinoform morphologies within the Pliocene-Recent Giant Foresets Formation of the northern Taranaki Basin, offshore western New Zealand. Quantitative analysis of slope geometries, shelf-edge trajectories and geomorphological patterns allowed for the identification of three major stages of clinoform evolution. These results were combined with the analysis of isochron maps and seismic attribute extractions to determine the temporal and spatial relationship between depositional patterns and tectonic activity. Stage 1 clinoforms (early Pliocene) have gentle and smooth architectures, low-angle foresets and rising rollover trajectories. During stage 1, the shelf-edge region was stable and a few slope fans developed. Stage 2 clinoforms (early–late Pliocene) are characterised by concave profiles, increased foreset steepness, mostly flat rollover trajectories and dissected shelfedge regions. Slope steepening during Stage 2, which coincided with a relative sea-level fall, is reflected in an increase in canyon incision and sediment bypass towards the basin. The onset of backarc rifting and formation of the Northern Graben during stage 2 caused local changes in basin physiography and focusing of sediment dispersal along the axis of the structure; deep-water deposits are thus expected in more distal parts of the basin. Stage 3 (late Pliocene-Recent) clinoforms are characterised by sigmoidal, higher and steeper architectures, rising rollover trajectories and dissected slopes that lack a clear connection to the shelf edge area. Stage 3 conditions were dominated by an increase in sediment supply and accommodation, and the progradation of the system resulted in gradually steeper slope gradients that triggered slope mass-wasting. This study demonstrates that the systematic description of clinoform architectures can be coupled with process-oriented interpretations associated with paleoenvironmental and tectonic conditions at the time of deposition to reconstruct basin evolution through time, to predict sediment character in distal portions of the system and to understand the influence of underlying structures on the overall stratigraphic evolution of the system.
Unraveling Privacy: The Personal Prospectus & the Threat of a Full Disclosure Future

Information technologies are reducing the costs of credible signaling, just as they have reduced the costs of data mining and economic sorting. The burgeoning informational privacy field has ignored this evolution, leaving it unprepared to deal with the consequences of these new signaling mechanisms. In an economy with robust signaling, those with valuable credentials, clean medical records, and impressive credit scores will want to disclose those traits to receive preferential economic treatment. Others may then find that they must also disclose private information to avoid the negative inferences attached to staying silent. This unraveling effect creates new types of privacy harms, converting disclosure from a consensual to a more coerced decision. This Article argues that informational privacy law must focus on the economics of signaling and its unraveling of privacy.
Mechanism of Action of Metoclopramide on Opossum Lower Esophageal Sphincter Muscle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of metoclopramide on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle of the opossum. Metoclopramide gave a dose-related increase in LES muscle active tension. A peak response of 12.5 ± 2.1 g (mean ± SEM) was achieved at 3.1 x 10-4 M. The maximal and submaximal LES muscle response to metoclopramide could not be antagonized by atropine, hyoscine, hexamethonium, tetrodotoxin, phentolamine, diphenhydramine, or propranolol. Metoclopramide did not augment the sub maximal muscle responses to gastrin I, acetylcholine, or norepinephrine. These studies suggest that in the opossum, metoclopramide acts through a direct action on the smooth muscle.
Eighteenth-Century Indians’ Travel Narratives and Cross-Cultural Encounters with the West

Though scholarship abounds on early modern Europeans’ first encounters with India and its people, any scholarship in general, and particularly in the English language, on their contemporary Indians’ first encounter with Europe and Indians’ view of the West is limited. The article discusses three 18th-century Indian travelers’ travel narratives about Britain, Life and Adventures of Joseph Emin, 1726-1809 by Joseph Emin; The Wonders of Vilayet: Being the Memoir, originally in Persian of a Visit to France and Britain in 1765 by Mirza Sheikh I’tesamuddin; and Westward Bound: Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb by Mirza Abu Taleb Khan to show that a two-way flow of communication and representation existed between 18th-century Britain and India. An analysis of these travel accounts reveals that depending on the shifting cultural point of view and geographical location of the Indian travelers, “home,” and the foreign or “vilayet” as it is called in Persian (Farsi), was a shifting perception for the writers. The writers found that Britons living in Britain had a more positive response to them than the condescending attitudes, a result of power and political dynamics, which the British living in India had toward Indians, thus revealing an important heterogeneity in British attitudes toward Indians in the 18th century. The writers’ exploration of gender and sexual relations and religious attitudes in Britain was both an important means of defining “home” and self identity as well as marking differences from Europeans. Identifying gender and religious differences with British culture through comparison provided the writers a means to assess and critique Indian culture.
Political News in the News Feed: Learning Politics from Social Media

Although literature about the relationship between social media and political behaviors has expanded in recent years, little is known about the roles of social media as a source of political information. To fill this gap, this article considers the question of whether and to what extent learning political information occurs via Facebook and Twitter. Theory suggests that social media may play a significant role in the learning of political information within the modern media environment. Making use of a combination of experimental and survey-based studies, the data suggest that the potential for users to learn political information from social media exists but is not always realized within the general population.
Cytologic features and diagnostic dilemmas in aspirates of the salivary glands

Salivary glands are frequently the site of benign and malignant neoplasms as well as other lesions that present as tumour masses. Despite their superficial location and easy accessibility to fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, this modality of diagnosis is not as widely accepted in the salivary glands as it is in other anatomical regions. The reasons are two-fold: on one hand there is the fear that FNA will spread tumour cells in malignant neoplasms or will yield non-specific diagnosis in benign conditions, while on the other hand there is the inherent difficulty in classifying neoplasms with similar histologic features and uncertain histogenesis. In this review we stress a cytomorphologic approach that allows the separation between benign and malignant lesions and their subclassification. The emphasis is on cyto-histologic correlation of tumours that are aspirated for diagnosis and surgically removed for treatment. Careful attention to cytologic features assists in resolving most diagnostic dilemmas. The use of multiple FNA facilitates the yield of generous cellular samples that allow the utilization of ancillary techniques in cases of difficult interpretation.
Comments on “Fast Dipole Method for Electromagnetic Scattering From Perfect Electric Conducting Targets”

It is shown that the quadratic phase approximation introduced in the above communication is missing a term that may affect the accuracy of the solution. The presence of this term disallows the factorization of the free space Green's function into source and receiving groups, which presumably is why the term is left out, but not addressed in the communication. It would be interesting to see how this term affects the results.
Influence of acid and temperature on the rate of inversion of sucrose

Abstract The optical rotation, at acid pH, of inverted sucrose solutions was found to be independent of the type of acid. Since it was clear that, under these conditions, the anion had no influence on optical rotation, it was possible to devise a simple mathematical model to predict reaction velocity as measured by polarimetry.
Abstract 3602: Radiation pharmacogenomics: an integrative analysis approach to identify biomarkers using the human lymphoblastoid cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background Radiation therapy is used to treat half of the all cancer patients. Response to radiation therapy varies widely, in terms of both response and toxicity related events. Previous studies suggested almost 80% of the variation in normal tissue response to radiation treatment was likely to be due to genetic factors. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify biomarkers that might help predict radiation response using a the “Human Variation Panel” lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) that consists 287 ethnically defined cell lines. Method Basal gene expression level, 1.3 million genome-wide SNP data were obtained for 287 human LCLs using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 GeneChip, Illumina HumanHap 550K, 510S BeadChips and Affymetix SNP Array 6.0. Radiation cytotoxicity assay was also performed to obtain the area under radiation dose response curve (AUC), a summary measure for cytotoxicity for the same cell lines. Functional validation of candidate genes, selected based on the integrated analysis of SNP, expression and AUC data, was performed in multiple cancer cell lines using specific siRNAs followed by MTS and colony formation assays. Results 27 loci, containing at least 2 SNPs of p values <10−4 within 50kb were associated with radiation AUC. 270 expression probe sets were associated with radiation AUC (p< 10−3). The integrated analysis of 27 loci, 54,000 basal expression probe sets and radiation AUC identified 50 unique SNPs associated with AUC were also associated with gene expression of 39 unique annotated genes. In addition, these 39 genes were associated with radiation AUC with p values <10−3. Based on the GWAS and integrated analysis of SNP, expression array and radiation AUC data, 22 genes were selected for functional validation studies using siRNA knock down followed by MTS and colony formation assays in multiple tumor cell lines. C13orf34 (Bora), MAD2L1, PLK4, TPD52 significantly altered the radiation sensitivity in at least 2 cancer cell lines for both MTS and colony formation assays (p<0.05). Knock down of DEPDC1B, a gene containing 2 SNPs at the 3′-end that was significantly related with Bora gene expression level (p<10−4) significantly desensitized cancer cells to radiation treatment. Both microarray data and QRT-PCR analysis indicated that expression levels for those two genes were significantly correlated. Conclusion Our results using the lymphoblastoid cell lines might help identify novel biomarkers that contribute to variation in response to radiation therapy and help understand the mechanisms underlying the association. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3602.
Orbital Inflammatory Pseudotumors: Etiology, Differential Diagnosis, and Management

Orbital inflammation is typically an idiopathic process that occasionally may be identified with a specific local or systemic disease as the causative agent. Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (also known as idiopathic orbital inflammation syndrome, orbital pseudotumor, nonspecific orbital inflammation, and orbital inflammatory syndrome) is defined as an idiopathic tumor-like inflammation consisting of a pleomorphic cellular response and a fibrovascular tissue reaction. Various rheumatologic disorders are associated with orbital inflammation and must be ruled out in cases of orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, including Wegener’s granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The mainstay of therapy is corticosteroid therapy, although there is an increasing trend toward use of antimetabolites, alkylating agents, cytotoxic agents, and other immunosuppressive agents.
The Differential‐Productivity Hypothesis and Purchasing‐Power Parties: Some New Evidence*

The structure of prices of goods entering into international trade relative to those that do not plays a key role in the Balassa-Samuelson explanation of why countries ‘exchange rates differ systematically from their currencies’ purchasing power. the B-S analysis leads to the proposition that the tradable-nontradable price difference is lower for rich countries than for poor. This paper examines the gap, using prices collected by the International Comparison Programme. A variety of regressions were run to see if indeed the difference between tradable and nontradable price parities moved with income in the way B-S expected. They did.
13C nmr of aryl substituted cations: the sigma-bridged coates cation and the 2-adamantyl cation

Abstract A series of aryl substituted Coates and 2-adamantyl cations were generated and their 13 C NMR spectra determined to be consistent with sigma-bridged structures for the former, and unbridged structures for the latter.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF TWO PULSE-COUPLED OSCILLATORS

Abstract In several Letters Pereira studied phase locking of Andronov clocks. A modified version of Pereira's scheme leads to much stronger coupling between oscillators as well as phase synchronization. Generalizations to other systems, including nonlinear oscillators, are also discussed.
Fabrication and characterization of bio-engineered cardiac pseudo tissues

We report on fabricating functional three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs using an inkjet based bio-prototyping method. With the use of modified inkjet printers, contractile cardiac hybrids that exhibit the forms of the 3D rectangular sheet and even the 'half heart' (with two connected ventricles) have been fabricated by arranging alternate layers of biocompatible alginate hydrogels and mammalian cardiac cells according to pre-designed 3D patterns. In this study, primary feline adult and H1 cardiomyocytes were used as model cardiac cells. Alginate hydrogels with controlled micro-shell structures were built by spraying cross-linkers in micro-drops onto un-gelled alginic acid. The cells remained viable in constructs as thick as 1 cm due to the programmed porosity. Microscopic and macroscopic contractile functions of these cardiomyocyte constructs were observed in vitro. These results suggest that the inkjet bio-prototyping method could be used for hierarchical design of functional cardiac pseudo tissues, balanced with porosity for mass transport and structural support.
Systems of Care as Asset-Building Communities: Implementing Strengths-Based Planning and Positive Youth Development

Using a strength-based approach is one of the hallmarks of the system of care (SOC) initiative, and is consistent with the foundations of community psychology. However, while strengths-based planning is recommended and child and family teams often list child and family strengths, the care plans often do not incorporate the strengths in strategies and interventions. The research base regarding strength implementation and effectiveness is summarized, and needed research is outlined. Steps are offered for promoting the use of strengths in SOCS. Implementing programs from the field of positive youth development is advocated as a way that the educational and criminal justice systems could be more actively engaged in implementing strength-based strategies in SOCs. Promoting SOCs to focus more attentively to asset-building (at the child, family, and community level) is compatible with a public health model that addresses mental health concerns in the context of a full range of supports and services so that all children might experience good mental health and realize their potential.
Phospholipase Cβ1 modulates pain sensitivity, opioid antinociception and opioid tolerance formation

Phospholipase C (PLC) activity has been implicated in multiple opioid-induced sequelae. The relevance of PLC-linked pathways to opioid actions is isoform-specific. Chronic morphine augments PLCbeta1 signaling while diminishing that of PLCbeta3. This suggests that PLCbeta1 makes an important contribution to opioid tolerance formation (PNAS 100: 13686-1369, 2003). In the present study, PLCbeta1 knockout animals (-/-) were used to assess the relevance of PLCbeta1 to pain thresholds, morphine antinociception and analgesic tolerance formation. Response latencies to thermal nociceptive stimuli were markedly diminished in -/- animals relative to their wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/-) counterparts; thermal nociceptive thresholds obtained in +/+ and +/- mice did not differ. This suggests that the contribution of PLCbeta1 to thermal pain thresholds requires a critical concentration of PLCbeta1 protein. PLCbeta1 genotype also influenced acute and chronic responsiveness to morphine. Analgesic dose responsiveness and the magnitude of analgesic tolerance formation to morphine were significantly attenuated in -/- vs. +/+ animals. Notably, in contrast to thermal nociceptive thresholds, acute and chronic morphine responsiveness differed significantly only between +/+ and -/- genotypes and not between -/- vs. +/- groups. These data suggest that whereas the contribution of PLCbeta1 to thermal nociceptive response thresholds requires a critical concentration of PLCbeta1 protein, its participation in morphine analgesic and tolerance-producing mechanisms is graded. Importantly, GTPgammaS binding studies revealed that there is no detectable diminution in functional opioid receptors in spinal tissue from -/- animals. This underscores the importance of PLCbeta1 to morphine sequelae that are initiated downstream from the opioid receptor.
Valence-level studies of some first and second row oxyanions by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The X-ray photoelectron spectra of the valence regions of the CO 3 2− , NO 3 − , N 3 − , NO 2 − , ClO 4 − , SO 4 2− , ClO 3 − and SO 3 2− ions have been recorded from lithium salts containing these ions. The experimental photoline intensifies have been compared with theoretical predictions obtained from atomic cross sections and molecular orbital parentages in conjunction with Gelius' model. The results of these comparisons have been used as an aid in the assignment of photolines and in commenting on MO parentages. In general, the agreement between theory and experiment is encouraging. An MO composition scheme for the SO 3 2− ion has been constructed using experimental photoline intensifies, relative atomic cross sections and the ClO 3 − orbital parentages as a starting point.
Performance of Typically Developing Four- and Five-Year-Old Children with AAC Systems using Different Language Organization Techniques

In this paper, the results of two studies designed to investigate the learning demands of four different approaches to the layout and organization of language in electronic augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems are presented: taxonomic grid, schematic grid, schematic scene, and iconic encoding techniques. A total of 80 typically developing children participated in the two studies: 40 four-year-olds (Study 1) and 40 five-year-olds (Study 2). Ten children in each study were randomly assigned to each of the four system organization conditions. The children were introduced to target vocabulary items (24 items for the 4-year-olds and 30 for the 5-year-olds) in a series of four learning and testing sessions. Half of the vocabulary items were concrete concepts and half were abstract concepts. Results of the studies indicated that the 4-year-old and 5-year-old children were more accurate locating target vocabulary in the three dynamic display conditions (taxonomic grid, schematic grid, schemati...
The Soul of a New Political Machine: The Online, the Color Line and Electronic Democracy

As W.E.B. DuBois predicted, the problem for American democracy in the twentieth century was the problem of the color line. The color line is still one of the thorniest aspects of the political thicket, becoming more perplexing, if in some ways less stark, as society becomes increasingly multiracial and multiethnic. How might the online affect the color line? Much of the speculation up to this point has focused pretty narrowly on the "digital divide" - the gap between white and minority access to the internet. The digital divide means that minority citizens have less access to web-based sources of political information and may be less able to use voting techniques, such as online voting, that require a computer. We suggest that there's not much particularly new or interesting here. Socio-economic disparities and differential access to "politically salient resources" have always affected the political prospects of minority voters. The current focus on online voting and the digital divide is simultaneously too concrete and too abstract. It is too concrete in how it thinks about the internet: essentially as a mechanism for recording votes, rather than as a social practice that helps to shape our understanding of "community." But it is too abstract in how it thinks about democracy: it asks questions about the relationship between the internet and "the public sphere" or "free participation in democratic deliberation," rather than asking how the internet might change specific aspects of the political system. In this essay, we suggest two ways in which people's experience with the internet may affect how they think politics ought to be organized, and we consider the consequences for the political aspirations of minority communities. First, the notion of virtual communities - that is, communities that affiliate along nongeographic lines - may provide new support for alternatives to traditional geographic districting practices. As Americans become more comfortable with the idea that people can belong to voluntarily created, overlapping, fluid, nongeographically defined communities, which may be as important as the physical communities in which they live, they may become more interested in election methods that recognize such communities. This possibility offers new political opportunities to minority voters, especially Asian Americans and Hispanics, as well as to nonracially defined minority groups. At the same time, however, the internet may give added strength to the appeal of unmediated expression - that is, the ability of individuals to express their preferences directly, rather than through institutional filters. This may further fuel pressures for direct, rather than representative, democracy. And this possibility poses new threats to minority rights, which are often better protected through a less purely majoritarian, less populist process.
The ill-posedness of the sampling problem and regularized sampling algorithm

In this paper the ill-posedness of the sampling problem is discussed. The restoration algorithm in Shannon's Sampling Theorem is analyzed. A regularized sampling algorithm for band-limited signals is presented. The convergence of the regularized sampling algorithm is studied and compared with Shannon's Sampling Theorem by some examples.
Interactions of Guanosine Triphosphate Analogues with Elongation Factor G of Escherichia coli

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the GTP analogue guanosine 3′-diphosphate 5′-triphosphate (pppGpp) was almost without activity in the translocation reaction catalyzed by elongation factor G (EF-G), while it was fully active with elongation factor T (EF-T) and initiation factor 2 (IF-2). To assess the importance of the 3′-ribose hydroxyl itself in the translocation reaction, we examined polyphenylalanine synthesis and EF-G-dependent formation of N-acetylphenylalanylphenylalanylpuromycin (Ac-Phe2-puromycin) supported by 3′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate (3′dGTP) and 3′-deoxy-3′-aminoguanosine 5′-triphosphate (3′dNH2GTP). Like pppGpp, these nucleotides were similar to GTP in EF-T and IF-2-dependent reactions. We also examined the ability of the dialcohol derived from GTP by periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction (rroGTP) and of ITP to support translocation. These compounds had shown significant, although reduced, activity with EF-T and IF-2. A spectrum of activity was found with these compounds in both poly(Phe) synthesis and Ac-Phe2-puromycin formation. All had significantly reduced activity relative to GTP, but all were significantly more active than pppGpp. A surprising finding was that the activities of all analogues relative to GTP were dependent on the reaction temperature in both poly(Phe) synthesis and Ac-Phe2-puromycin formation; these relative activities were significantly lower at 8 °C than 37 °C. Furthermore, the extent of poly(Phe) synthesis with the analogues relative to GTP could be significantly affected by the amounts of EF-G and EF-T in the reaction mixture. Differences were minimized in the presence of rate-limiting EF-T and saturating EF-G and maximized in the presence of rate-limiting EF-G and saturating EF-T. This effect of reducing the level of EF-G in the reaction mixture thus mimicked the effect of lowering the incubation temperature, and a similar: observation was made for Ac-Phe2-puromycin formation. GTP-supported formation of Ac-Phe2-puromycin at 8 °C could be inhibited by 3′dNH2GTP, 3′dGTP, pppGpp, and ITP: these compounds were better inhibitors than they were substrates. Inhibition by other nucleotides was also noted. The GTP analogues were compared to GTP as substrates in EF-G-dependent reactions uncoupled from protein synthesis. Fusidic-acid-dependent binding of nucleotides to ribosomes and ribosome-dependent catalytic nucleotide hydrolysis were both examined, and the activity of the nucleotides as substrates in these reactions showed little correlation with their ability to support translocation.
Role of intracellular phosphate in the regulation of renal phosphate transport during development.

Direct correlations have been observed between the renal intracellular concentration of phosphate ([Pi]i) and postnatal age (3–13 weeks in rats, 1–4 weeks in guinea pigs), as well as between the dietary supply of Pi and [Pi]i. In turn, [Pi]i was found to be inversely correlated with the renal tubular transport of phosphate (TRPi). However, age- and diet-related differences in [Pi]i alone do not explain the high capacity of Na+-Pi cotransport present in the kidney of the neonate. Therefore, we explored whether changes in TRPi induced by altering Pi demand (whole body growth or bone mineralization) are mediated by factors other than changes in [Pi]i. TRPi was measured in vivo and nuclear magnetic resonance-visible [Pi]i in perfused kidneys of 8-week-old genetically growth hormone (GH)-deficient and GH-treated dwarf rats and in 8-week-old thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated or untreated with etidronate (EHDP), an inhibitor of bone mineralization. In dwarf rats, [Pi]i was 1.2±0.2 mM and TRPi 2.4±0.2 μmol/ml glomerular filtrate. In TPTX SD rats, [Pi]i was 1.6±0.2 mM and TRPi 4.2±0.3 μmol/ml glomerular filtrate. Administration of GH to dwarf rats resulted in increases in Pi transport of 38%±8% (P<0.05), while administration of EHDP to TPTX SD rats decreased TRPi by 52%±7% (P<0.05). Neither GH nor EHDP significantly affected [Pi]i. Thus, in the rat changes in TRPi due to alterations in Pi demand occur in the absence of significant changes in [Pi]i. Consequently at least two complementary but independent regnlatory factors, GH and low [Pi]i, account for the high rates of TRPi observed in the neonate.
On sesquilinear forms over fields with involution

Abstract Let k be a field of characteristic ≠ 2 with an involution σ . A matrix A is split if there is a change of variables Q such that ( Q σ ) T AQ consists of two complementary diagonal blocks. We classify all matrices that do not split. As a consequence we obtain a new proof for the following result. Given a square matrix A there is a matrix S such that ( S σ ) T AS = A T and S σ S = I .
White flags on the road to basra : Surrendering soldiers in the persian gulf war

Si la theorie de la guerre juste determine des conditions morales entre les etats belligerants, l'A. delimite la zone d'ambiguite entre le droit de tuer les ennemis et le devoir de proteger les prisonniers. A travers l'exemple de la guerre du Golfe, l'A. examine les circonstances de la cessation des hostilites des lors que des soldats se rendent.
Liquid distribution and electrical conductivity in foam

Abstract Experiments were conducted with aqueous foam generated by bubbling nitrogen through anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactant solutions. The ratio of the electrical conductivity of the foam to that of the liquid was found to increase monotonically with the volumetric liquid fraction in the foam. The choice of surfactant as well as the degree of inhomogeneity in bubble size were found to be without effect on the relationship. However, for a fixed liquid fraction, it was found that decreasing the mean bubble size can decrease the conductivity ratio somewhat, as well as accelerate the approach toward Lemlich's limit for low density foam. This effect was attributed to increased suction within the Plateau borders.
Dynamical Systems Approach to Particle Transport Modeling in Dilute Gas-Particle Flows with Application to a Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor

A general method for treating the transport of particles in dilute gas-particle flows is presented. This method formulates the particle transport equations as a dynamical system and utilizes the corresponding theory to analyze the resulting dynamics. As an illustration of this technique, the transport of contaminant particles in a barrel-type chemical vapor deposition reactor is analyzed. The background gas flow field is determined via a numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. The analysis reveals the presence of particle attractors in the flow which are particle size specific. The features of these attractors are discussed, as is their behavior with varying particle size.
I would like them to get where I never got to: Nonresident fathers' presence in the educational lives of their children

Abstract Through the lens of social role theory, provider role strain and father ‘presence’, a qualitative design was used to explore nonresident fathers' perceptions of their role in their children's education and the ways in which they are actively engaged in their children's educational lives. Findings revealed that nonresident fathers with diverse racial, educational and occupational backgrounds (N = 39, mean age = 35) experienced regret over not meeting their own educational goals and they attributed their inability to consistently support their children financially to their educational failures. These low to moderate income fathers hoped to prevent their children from experiencing the same disappointments and financial hardships that they did and consequently emphasized the importance of education to their children. Fathers reported being present in their children's educational lives as advisors, teachers and/or investors. As advisors, fathers encouraged their children to stay in school and to not make mistakes that might derail them from their educational goals. As teachers, fathers provided cognitive support. Finally, fathers aimed to invest in their children's education by saving money for their educational futures. Programs and policies that promote educational presence are likely to influence the educational outcomes of children with nonresident fathers. Recommendations includ educational savings accounts and an emphasis on educational engagement in responsible fatherhood policies and programs.
Development of vowel spaces from age 21 to age 49 in a group of 8 talkers

We describe age-related change in speech during young to middle age adulthood using a new resource for phonetic and sociolinguistic analysis. This resource is based on the “Up” series of documentary films, showing a set of 11 individuals filmed at seven year intervals over a period of 42 years. We analyzed 67 sample utterances (minimum duration = 10 s), containing 4493 vowels produced by eight talkers, with the aim of understanding how vowel spaces change in young and middle-age adulthood, prior to physiological changes often observed in elderly talkers. We measured the first and second formants of each vowel token and analyzed several measures of vowel distribution in F1/F2 space: Euclidean distance from the talker's average F1/F2 (“dispersion”), within-category variability (intra-vowel dispersion), and vowel space area. Area of the vowel space was measured using averages of point vowels (/a/, /ae/, /i/, /u/), as well using the convex hull of all vowels. For some individuals, vowel spaces from age 21 to age 49 come to be more compact, in a manner that has previously been observed in elderly speakers. However, we also find considerable individual variability, with no clear age-related trend across speakers.
The toxins of cyanobacteria.

On May 2, 1878, George Francis of Adelaide, Australia, published the Þrst scholarly description of the potentially lethal eÝects produced by cyanobacteriaNthe microorganisms sometimes called blue-green algae or, more colloquially, pond scum. In a letter to Nature he noted that an alga he thought to be Nodularia spumigena had so proliferated in the estuary of the Murray River that it had formed a Othick scum like green oil paint, some two to six inches thick, and as thick and pasty as porridge.O This growth had rendered the water OunwholesomeO for cattle and other animals that drink at the surface, bringing on a rapid and sometimes terrible death:
The evolution of verbal behavior.

Evolutionary theory has always been plagued by scantiness of evidence. We see the products of evolution but not much of the process. Most of the story happened long ago, and little remains of the early stages. Especially few traces of behavior remain; only recently were there artifacts that could endure. Verbal behavior left no artifacts until the appearance of writing, and that was a very late stage. We shall probably never know precisely what happened, but we ought to be able to say what might have happened-that is, what kinds of variations and what kinds of contingencies of selection could have brought verbal behavior into existence. Speculation about natural selection is supported by current research on genetics; the evolution of a social environment or culture is supported by the experimental analysis of behavior. Strictly speaking, verbal behavior does not evolve. It is the product of a verbal environment or what linguists call a language, and it is the verbal environment that evolves. Since a verbal environment is composed of listeners, it is understandable that linguists emphasize the listener. (A question often asked, for example, is, "How is it possible for a person to understand a potentially infinite number of sentences?" In contrast, a behavioral analysis asks, "How is it possible for a person to say a potentially infinite number of sentences?") This paper, then, is about the evolution of a verbal environment as the source of the behavior of the speaker. The plausibility of a reconstruction depends in part upon the size of the variations that are assumed to have occurred; the smaller the variations, the more plausible the explanation. Web-making in the spider, for example, could scarcely have appeared all at once in its present form as a variation. More plausible is a series of small steps. The excretion that eventually became silk may have begun
Falls in the elderly: A literature review

Falls in older people are both common and assoclated with increased morbidity and mortality. The etiology of falls is due to a multiplicity of pathological diseases, medications and environmental hazards. To prevent falls, clinicians need to identify the underlying factors responsible for falls. This is achieved by obtaining a history and performing a physical evaluation that is specific for falling.
Significant advances in the AIRS Science Team Version-6 retrieval algorithm

AIRS/AMSU is the state of the art infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system flying aboard EOS Aqua. The Goddard DISC has analyzed AIRS/AMSU observations, covering the period September 2002 until the present, using the AIRS Science Team Version-S retrieval algorithm. These products have been used by many researchers to make significant advances in both climate and weather applications. The AIRS Science Team Version-6 Retrieval, which will become operation in mid-20l2, contains many significant theoretical and practical improvements compared to Version-5 which should further enhance the utility of AIRS products for both climate and weather applications. In particular, major changes have been made with regard to the algOrithms used to 1) derive surface skin temperature and surface spectral emissivity; 2) generate the initial state used to start the retrieval procedure; 3) compute Outgoing Longwave Radiation; and 4) determine Quality Control. This paper will describe these advances found in the AIRS Version-6 retrieval algorithm and demonstrate the improvement of AIRS Version-6 products compared to those obtained using Version-5,
An improvement of the projection operator in cylindrical algebraic decomposition

The Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition (CAD) method of Collins [5] decomposes r-dimensional Euclidean space into regions over which a given set of polynomials have constant signs. An important component of the CAD method is the projection operation: given a set A of r-variate polynomials, the projection operation produces a set P of (r - 1)-variate polynomials such that a CAD of r-dimensional space for A can be constructed from a CAD of (r-1)-dimensional space for P. In this paper, we present an improvement to the projection operation. By generalizing a lemma on which the proof of the original projection operation is based, we are able to find another projection operation which produces a smaller number of polynomials. Let m be the number of polynomials contained in A, and let n be a bound for the degree of each polynomial in A in the projection variable. The number of polynomials produced by the original projection operation is dominated by m2n3 whereas the number of polynomials produced by our projection operation is dominated by m2n2.
Novel Chirped Fiber Optic Current Sensor

We present a rugged magnetostriction-based optical current sensor with wide dynamic range. It consists of a fiber Bragg grating embedded in a tapered polymer block converting magnetostrictive strain into frequency chirp proportional to magnetic field.
Needles in the Haystacks: The Social Context of Initiation to Heroin Injection in Rural Ohio

Although there has been much research on the social context of heroin injection, little has been reported outside of major urban areas. This article examines contextual factors associated with initiation to heroin injection in rural Ohio, based on semistructured qualitative interviews and focus groups involving 25 recent heroin injectors (12 women, 13 men) recruited from three contiguous counties between June 2002 and February 2004. Curiosity about the drug's effects, the growing pressures of drug dependence and economic need, and the influence of intimate and group relations were all identified as factors that offset fears commonly associated with injection. This study complements other research on the social ecology of heroin injection and may contribute to improved services for injection drug users in rural areas and small communities.
Adiponectin deficiency: Role in chronic inflammation induced colon cancer

Adiponectin (APN), an adipokine, exerts an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous activity with its role in glucose and lipid metabolism and its absence related to several obesity related malignancies including colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of APN deficiency on the chronic inflammation-induced colon cancer. This was achieved by inducing inflammation and colon cancer in both APN knockout (KO) and C57B1/6 wild type (WT) mice. They were divided into four treatment groups (n=6): 1) control (no treatment); 2) treatment with three cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS); 3) weekly doses of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20mg/kg of mouse body weight) for twelve weeks; 4) a single dose of DMH followed by 3 cycles of DSS (DMH+DSS). Mice were observed for diarrhea, stool hemoccult, and weight loss and were sacrificed on day 153. Tumor area and number were counted. Colonic tissues were collected for Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. APNKO mice were more protected than WT mice from DSS induced colitis during first DSS cycle, but lost this protection during the second and the third DSS cycles. APNKO mice had significantly severe symptoms and showed greater number and larger area of tumors with higher immune cell infiltration and inflammation than WT mice. This result was further confirmed by proteomic study including pSTAT3, pAMPK and Cox-2 by western blot and Immunohistochemistry. Conclusively, APN deficiency contributes to inflammation-induced colon cancer. Hence, APN may play an important role in colorectal cancer prevention by modulating genes involved in chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis.
An Animal Model of Placental Insufficiency-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), often associated with functional placental insufficiency, results in increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. For obvious reasons, many questions regarding the progression of IUGR pregnancies cannot be addressed experimentally in humans, predicating the use of animal models. Although no animal model fully recapitulates human pregnancy, the pregnant sheep has been used extensively to investigate maternal-fetal interactions. In sheep, surgical placement of catheters in both the maternal and fetal vasculature allows repeated sampling from nonanesthetized pregnancies. Considerable insight has been gained on placental oxygen and nutrient transfer and utilization from use of pregnant sheep, often confirmed in the human once appropriate technologies became available. This review will focus on one sheep model, used to examine the impact of placental insufficiency-induced IUGR on oxygen and nutrient transport and utilization.
An efficient class of unidirectional error detecting/correcting codes

A method for constructing a class of t-error correcting and all unidirectional error-detecting systematic codes is proposed. These codes have been shown to be more efficient than codes constructed using other methods proposed in the literature. In a special case, the code constructed is the Berger code. >
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization Syntheses of Poly(organodecaboranes): New Single-Source Boron-Carbide Precursors

Ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of 6-R-B10H13 organodecaboranes containing strained-ring cyclic olefinic substituents has been found to be an important new method of generating poly(organodecaborane) polymers with higher molecular weights than previously attainable. The monomers, 6-(5-cyclooctenyl)-B10H13 (1), 6-(5-norbornenyl)-B10H13 (2), and 6-(4-cyclohexenyl)-B10H13 (3), were synthesized via the titanium-catalyzed decaborane hydroboration of 1 equiv of 1,5-cycloctadiene, 2,5-norbornadiene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene, respectively. The syntheses of the saturated, linked-cage compounds 6,6‘-(1,5-cyclooctyl)-(B10H13)2 (4) and 6,6‘-(2,5-norbornyl)-(B10H13)2 (5) were also achieved by either the titanium-catalyzed decaborane hydroboration of the remaining double bond of 1 or 2 or the titanium-catalyzed reactions of 1,5-cycloctadiene and 2,5-norbornadiene with an excess amount of decaborane. ROMP of 1 and 2 using either of the Grubbs catalysts, Cl2Ru(CHPh)(PCy3)L, L = PCy3 (I) or...
Two-dimensional time-frequency ultrafast infrared vibrational echo spectroscopy.

2D spectrally resolved ultrafast $(l200\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs})$ IR vibrational echo experiments were performed on $\mathrm{Rh}(\mathrm{CO}{)}_{2}\mathrm{acac}$ [(acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrhodium $(I)$]. The 2D spectra display features that reflect the 0-1 and 1-2 transitions and the combination band transition of the symmetric $(S)$ and antisymmetric $(A)$ CO stretching modes. Three oscillations in the data arise from the frequency difference between the $S$ and $A$ modes (quantum beats) and the $S$ and $A$ anharmonicities. A new explanation is given for these ``anharmonic'' oscillations. Calculations show that spectral resolution enables the 0-1 and 1-2 dephasing to be measured independently.
hERG potency estimates based upon dose solution analysis: What have we learned?

Abstract Introduction Measurement of drug-induced inhibition of potassium current flow through the hERG channel is used to determine potency at the channel, which is used as an in vitro risk assessment for QTc interval prolongation in vivo. In the hERG assay, test solutions of varying strength are prepared to construct a concentration–response curve based upon the nominal drug concentration (NOM). Dose–solution analysis (DSA) is an analytical approach to confirm the test concentration achieved in an in vitro assay (Herron, Towers, & Templeton, 2004), and can be included as a component of hERG channel study to confirm drug concentration in the assay buffer to determine potency using the “actual” drug level in solution (ACT). Thus, DSA could be helpful in confirming test article concentrations. This study examined whether inclusion of DSA improved the accuracy of potency estimates based upon the ACT compared to the NOM concentration during hERG voltage clamp assays (non-GLP) for 99 diverse agents. Methods We examined the correlation of hERG IC 50 derived from NOM with hERG IC 50 derived from ACT, and analyzed potential mechanisms of deviation between ACT and NOM potency values, including solubility, cLogP, PKa, and molecular weights. Results Seventy-four (74) of 99 agents (73.7%) had NOM- and ACT-derived IC 50 values within 3-fold, 87 of 99 (87.8%) had an IC 50 ratio within 10-fold, and 12 (12.1%) had a > 10-fold difference in their NOM IC 50 and ACT IC 50 values. On average, these 12 compounds had less soluble, more lipophilic (high cLogP values), and more basic characters (high pKa values). Discussion Our investigation indicated that DSA did not alter hERG potency estimation for the majority of compounds in this dataset, i.e., DSA confirmed the NOM concentration within 3-fold. For poorly soluble agents or agents with high cLogP and pKa values, however, DSA did not clarify or improve hERG potency estimates.