cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coastal Engineering 2000

*** Available Only Through ASCE *** http://ascelibrary.aip.org/browse/asce/vol_title.jsp?scode=C This Proceedings contains more than 300 papers presented at the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which was held in Sydney, Australia, 16-21 July 2000. The Proceedings is divided into five parts: characteristics of coastal waves and currents; long period waves, storm surges and wave groups; coastal structures; coastal processes and sediment transport; and coastal, estuarine, and environmental problems. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms, and currents as well as the study of sedimentation, erosion, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both theoretical and practical information, these papers provide the civil engineer and professionals in related fields with a broad range of information on coastal engineering and coastal processes affecting design and operations in the coastal zone.This Proceedings contains more than 300 papers presented at the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which was held in Sydney, Australia, 16-21 July 2000. The Proceedings is divided into five parts: characteristics of coastal waves and currents; long period waves, storm surges and wave groups; coastal structures; coastal processes and sediment transport; and coastal, estuarine, and environmental problems. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms, and currents as well as the study of sedimentation, erosion, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both theoretical and practical information, these papers provide the civil engineer and professionals in related fields with a broad range of information on coastal engineering and coastal processes affecting design and operations in the coastal zone.This Proceedings contains more than 300 papers presented at the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which was held in Sydney, Australia, 16-21 July 2000. The Proceedings is divided into five parts: characteristics of coastal waves and currents; long period waves, storm surges and wave groups; coastal structures; coastal processes and sediment transport; and coastal, estuarine, and environmental problems. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms, and currents as well as the study of sedimentation, erosion, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both theoretical and practical information, these papers provide the civil engineer and professionals in related fields with a broad range of information on coastal engineering and coastal processes affecting design and operations in the coastal zone. *********** This volume was originally published by ASCE. ASCE database link, for record and hard copy purchase: http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?126156
Asset Allocation Advice: Reconciling Expected Utility with Shortfall Risk

Researchers studying the asset allocation problem for long-term investors have employed different investor criterion functions. Some analyses have been based on maximization of expected utility. The most commonly used utilities are quadratic utility, which yields the ubiquitous mean-variance utility function underlying modern portfolio theory, and constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) power utility. Both utilities require an assumed value or measurement of a utility risk aversion parameter appropriate to a particular investor. But there are no scientifically validated procedures for accurately assessing an individual's risk aversion parameter, and some have suggested that all such procedures are doomed to failure. Other analyses have been based on minimizing the probability of falling short of a particular investor's long-term goals or investable benchmark he/she would like to beat. The target shortfall probability approach may be easier to motivate and explain to investors, and obviates the need to assess a risk aversion parameter. But early criticisms from expected utility advocates cast doubt on the prescriptive usefulness of other criteria that depend on shortfall probabilities. I argue that conventional CRRA utility and shortfall probability analyses can be reconciled by simply eliminating the conventional assumption that the utility's risk aversion parameter is not ALSO determined by maximization of expected utility. The simplest asset allocation problem is used to illustrate this result. The results are quite sensible, and lead to a re-examination of expected utility advocates' arguments for the conventional use of expected utility and against the minimization of target shortfall probability. Neither the former nor the latter are as important as expected utility advocates believe.
Elemental Composition and Propagation of Cosmic Rays at High Energies

Detailed observations of the individual energy spectra and relative intensities of the cosmic-ray nuclei are required in order to unfold the changes in the cosmic ray population during propagation and hence, to understand how and at which rate the primary cosmic rays are generated at their sources. For the limited energy region where accurate data exist, composition and energy spectra at the sources and at the observer are characteristically different. We summarize the significance of currently available information and the challenge of new measurements.
Initial Driver Foot Placement as an Antecedent to Pedal Error

Two observational studies were conducted to examine driver foot pedal operation characteristics which may influence pedal activation errors. Driver behaviors were observed during controlled closed-course and natural driving situations to document individual pedal operating characteristics. A substantial portion of the drivers in both studies shifted from park to forward and/or reverse gears without positioning a foot over or on the brake pedal. A small percentage of drivers used both feet for pedal activation. The results of these studies suggest that pedal design and layout should take these behaviors into consideration. Either method would likely be less accurate and potentially more hazardous than when the right foot is directly over the brake pedal, and suggests the efficacy of a mechanical interlock to prevent gear selection from park to either forward or reverse gears until contact with the brake pedal is made.
Folding and Wrapping Soluble Proteins: Exploring the Molecular Basis of Cooperativity and Aggregation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the folding of soluble proteins, mostly focusing on the molecular basis of co-operativity. Wrapping refers to the environmental modulation or protection of intra-molecular electrostatic interactions through an exclusion of surrounding water that takes place as the chain folds onto itself. Thus, a special many-body picture of the folding process is shown to emerge where the folding chain not only interacts with itself but also shapes the micro-environments that stabilize or destabilize the interactions. Taken together, the hydration propensity of amide and carbonyl and the dehydration-induced strengthening of their electrostatic association represent two conflictive tendencies, suggesting that there must be a crossover point in the dehydration propensity of a backbone hydrogen bond. The dehydronic force arises as a nonpolar group approaches a dehydron with a net effect of immobilizing and ultimately removing surrounding water molecules. This displacement lowers the polarizability of the microenvironment which, in turn, deshields the paired charges.
Observations of Leonid Meteors Using a Mid-Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrograph

We report broadband 3–5.5 p.m detections of two Leonid meteors observed during the 1998 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. Each meteor was detected at only one position along their trajectory just prior to the point of maximum light emission. We describe the particular aspects of the Aerospace Corp. Mid-wave Infra-Red Imaging Spectrograph (MIRIS) developed for the observation of short duration transient events that impact its ability to detect Leonid meteors. This instrument had its first deployment during the 1998 Leonid MAC. We infer from our observations that the mid-wave IR light curves of two Leonid meteors differed from the visible light curve. At the points of detection, the infrared emission in the MIRIS passband was 25 ± 4 times that at optical wavelengths for both meteors. In addition, we find an upper limit of 800 K for the solid body temperature of the brighter meteor we observed, at the point in the trajectory where we made our mid-wave IR detection.
Prevention of H2O2 generation by monoamine oxidase protects against CNS O2 toxicity.

Toxicity to the central nervous system (CNS) by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) presumably relates to increased production of reactive oxygen species. The sites of generation of reactive oxygen species during HBO, however, have not been fully characterized in the brain. We investigated the relationship between regional generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the brain in the presence of an irreversible inhibitor of catalase, aminotriazole (ATZ), and protection from CNS O2 toxicity by a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, pargyline. At 6 ATA of oxygen, pargyline significantly protected rats from CNS O2 toxicity whereas ATZ enhanced O2 toxicity. In animals pretreated with ATZ, HBO inactivated 21–40% more catalase than air exposure in the six brain regions studied. Because ATZ-mediated inactivation of catalase was H2O2 dependent, the decrease in catalase activity during hyperoxia was proportional to the intracellular production of H2O2. Pargyline, administered 30 min before HBO, inhibited MAO by greater than 90%, prevented ATZ inhibition of catalase activity during HBO, and reversed the augmentation of CNS O2 toxicity by ATZ. These findings indicate that H2O2 generated by MAO during hyperoxia is important to the pathogenesis of CNS O2 toxicity in rats.
Jeffrey D. Sachs. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 543 pages. $34.95 (paperback).

As the United Nations (UN) processes to finalize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are completed, understanding the complexities of the subject along with the interplay of all the SDG element...
Self-dual non-Abelian N = 1 tensor multiplet in D = 2+ 2 dimensions

Abstract We present a self-dual non-Abelian N = 1 supersymmetric tensor multiplet in D = 2 + 2 space–time dimensions. Our system has three on-shell multiplets: (i) The usual non-Abelian Yang–Mills multiplet ( A μ I , λ I ) , (ii) a non-Abelian tensor multiplet ( B μ ν I , χ I , φ I ) , and (iii) an extra compensator vector multiplet ( C μ I , ρ I ) . Here the index I is for the adjoint representation of a non-Abelian gauge group. The duality symmetry relations are G μ ν ρ I = − ϵ μ ν ρ σ ∇ σ φ I , F μ ν I = + ( 1 / 2 ) ϵ μ ν ρ σ F ρ σ I , and H μ ν I = + ( 1 / 2 ) ϵ μ ν ρ σ H ρ σ I , where G and H are respectively the field strengths of B and C. The usual problem with the coupling of the non-Abelian tensor is avoided by non-trivial Chern–Simons terms in the field strengths G μ ν ρ I and H μ ν I . For an independent confirmation, we re-formulate the component results in superspace. As applications of embedding integrable systems, we show how the N = 2 , r = 3 and N = 3 , r = 4 flows of generalized Korteweg–de Vries equations are embedded into our system.
Effect of a carbohydrate-restricted, calorie-reduced diet on the growth of young rats and on serum growth hormone, somatomedins, total thyroxine and triiodothyronine, free T4 index, and total corticosterone.

We have studied the effect of a carbohydrate-restricted, calorie-reduced diet on the growth of young rats and on serum levels of GH, somatomedins [insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II], total T4 and T3, free T4 index, and total corticosterone. Experimental animals consumed the same quantities of protein and fat as controls, but only 50.3% as much carbohydrate and 76% as many calories. While the experimental group grew at 69.4% of the control rate, their mean (+/- SEM) GH level (175.7 +/- 36.9 ng/mL) was not significantly different from that in the control group (180 +/- 30 ng/mL). In contrast, serum total IGF and IGF-I, while not correlated with serum GH levels, were significantly correlated in all animals with body weight (r = .87 and r = .82, respectively, P less than .01) and tail length (r = .61 and r = .62, respectively, P less than .01). The somatomedin levels of the carbohydrate-restricted rats were significantly lower than those of their age-matched, but not weight-matched, controls by the eighth day of study. Serum T4, T3, and free T4 index were not significantly different in these two groups, while total corticosterone in the experimental group (245 +/- 73 ng/mL) was slightly lower than in controls (292 +/- 80 ng/mL, P less than .05). These data indicate that by restricting carbohydrate intake we have compromised the anabolic use of dietary protein by growing rats, resulting in a retardation of growth and a reduction in serum total IGF and IGF-I levels.
The welfare effects of bilateral free trade between the United States and Colombia in textiles and apparel

Abstract This article considers the potential effects of a bilateral free trade agreement in textiles and apparel with Colombia on the United States. It is estimated that such an agreement will improve the U.S. terms of trade as well as lower consumer prices. Using plausible parameter estimates, it is found that free trade raises the income of consumers by $373 million and lowers producer incomes by $262 million. Tariff revenues decline by $56 million. Overall, the net gain to the U.S. economy is $55 million. Most of the potential gain arises from apparel. By contrast, the gains from free trade in textiles are small.
Cowboys, Indians and perky waitresses: contesting tourist myths of the American West.

Emily Post, an upper-middle class American divorcee, not yet the byword for correct social behaviour, as her Blue Book of Etiquette was to be published seven years later, set off from New York in April 1915 to motor to San Francisco. Armed with many misconceptions about the Wild West, she took two evening dresses, a block and tackle and a solid silver picnic set, and planned to see how far she could go in comfort. Her attitudes changed dramatically as she drove west, and she wrote perceptively about the disjunction between myth and reality and the inherent theatricality of the tourist experience. This paper analyses three incidents in her journey: the meeting with a taciturn cowboy who hailed from Massachusetts, her assessment of the vaudeville nature of a Native American dance performance, and her sensation of being behind the scenes at a theatre as a trainload of passengers were served by the legendary Harvey Girls. The creation of the myth of the Old West was well under way in 1915; this micro-study of...
Ultra-Thin Absorbers Comprised by Cascaded High-Impedance and Frequency Selective Surfaces

The theoretical basis for an ultra-thin broadband absorber is established which is comprised of a mushroom-type high impedance surface (HIS) and a pixelized frequency selective surface (FSS). The latter is engineered to exhibit a prescribed series $RLC$ circuit response and it is placed at an electrically small distance above the HIS. Through a transmission line analysis, it is demonstrated that the admittances of the two structures cancel each other, resulting in an almost zero input reactance and a resistance that fluctuates around that of free space within the frequency range of interest. The resulting structure has a total thickness that does not exceed 2 mm while a $ - 10~\hbox{dB}$ return loss is achieved for normal incidence from $9 - 13~\hbox{GHz}$ .
Neointimal hyperplasia and vascular endothelial growth factor expression are increased in normoglycemic, insulin resistant, obese fatty rats

Abstract Objective Insulin resistance is associated with a constellation of factors that enhance the artherosclerotic process. Vessel injury results in the formation of a markedly increased neointima in type 2 diabetes. Increased neointimal hyperplasia (NH) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression may lead to restenosis post angioplasty. We studied NH and VEGF expression in an obese, insulin resistant, but normoglycemic rat model, after carotid balloon injury. Methods and results Diabetic rats (ZDF, n =10), normoglycemic, insulin-resistant rats (ZDF-normoglycemic, n =6) as well as Zucker fatty rats (FZ, n =6), and lean Zucker rats (LZ, n =6), all 13–16 weeks old, were subjected to right carotid injury by an angioplasty catheter introduced via the femoral artery. Three weeks later the rats were sacrificed and serum and carotids obtained. The intima–media ratio ( I / M ) was then calculated. ZDF-normoglycemic, FZ and ZDF-diabetic rats were all hyperinsulinemic and hypertriglyceridemic when compared to LZ rats. ZDF diabetic rats were hyperglycemic while FZ, ZDF-normoglycemic and LZ rats were normoglycemic. The I / M ratio for ZDF and FZ rats were significantly greater than for LZ rats. The VEGF expression was significantly greater in ZDF and FZ rats than LZ rats. Conclusions In conclusion, insulin resistance increases neointimal hyperplasia and VEGF expression even with normoglycemia, after carotid angioplasty in rats.
Key challenges and recent progress in batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems

Abstract Reducing or eliminating the dependency on petroleum of transportation systems is a major element of US energy research activities. Batteries are a key enabling technology for the development of clean, fuel-efficient vehicles and are key to making today's hybrid electric vehicles a success. Fuel cells are the key enabling technology for a future hydrogen economy and have the potential to revolutionize the way we power our nations, offering cleaner, more efficient alternatives to today's technology. Additionally fuel cells are significantly more energy efficient than combustion-based power generation technologies. Fuel cells are projected to have energy efficiency twice that of internal combustion engines. However before fuel cells can realize their potential, significant challenges remain. The two most important are cost and durability for both automotive and stationary applications. Recent electrocatalyst developments have shown that Pt alloy catalysts have increased activity and greater durability than Pt catalysts. The durability of conventional fluorocarbon membranes is improving, and hydrocarbon-based membranes have also shown promise of equaling the performance of fluorocarbon membranes at lower cost. Recent announcements have also provided indications that fuel cells can start from freezing conditions without significant deterioration. Hydrogen storage systems for vehicles are inadequate to meet customer driving range expectations (>300 miles or 500 km) without intrusion into vehicle cargo or passenger space. The United States Department of Energy has established three centers of Excellence for hydrogen storage materials development. The centers are focused on complex metal hydrides that can be regenerated onboard a vehicle, chemical hydrides that require off-board reprocessing, and carbon-based storage materials. Recent developments have shown progress toward the 2010 DOE targets. In addition DOE has established an independent storage material testing center to verify storage capacity of promising materials. These developments point to a viable path to achieving the DOE/FreedomCAR cost and performance goals. The transition to hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles will occur over the next 10–15 years. In the interim, fossil fuel consumption will be reduced by increased penetration of battery/gasoline hybrid cars.
Historiographic Conceptualization of Information: A Critical Survey

The historical pedigree and meaning of "information" has been hotly contested since its scientific definition in the 1940s. Scientists have authored very different explanations for the origins of informational research, the scope of information theory, and the historical significance of its findings. This survey classifies the historical literature into genres, offering a view into the changing environment of computer research.
Enhanced adhesion of copper to dielectrics via titanium and chromium additions and sacrificial reactions

Abstract Ti and Cr as both interposed layers and alloying components were found to enhance copper adhesion to dielectrics. Films deposited on SiO2, phosphosilicate glass (PSG) and boronphosphosilicate glass (BPSG) were annealed in 95%Ar-5%H2 over the temperature range 400–600 °C. The force required to separate films from substrates was measured by scratch testing. Optical and scanning electron microscopies provided detection of substrate exposure. In the Cu Ti and Cu Cr bilayer systems the force decreases with temperature on all substrates, generally exhibiting better adhesion on SiO2 than on PSG or BPSG. In the Cu(Ti) and Cu(Cr) alloy systems the force increases with temperature with less systematic difference among the three substrates. These results correlate well with tape testing. Ti and Cr segregate out of the Cu layer and react both with the dielectrics and with the ambient gases, as observed by Rutherford backscattering and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. These reactions appear to improve adhesion; however, only a small amount of this reaction is required for the enhancement to occur. We surmise that stress in the copper and/or voiding at the Cu-dielectric interface may play a role as well. We observe a correlation between adhesion and the degree of Cu texturing.
System Handling of Functional Operators

Systems for handling free operators in order to bridge the wide gap exlstlng between the way scientists state problems or mathematical models and the program to which these problems or models must be reduced to be accepted by the compilers or computers of current use are discussed. A system which makes use of charts and symbols for the expansion of the problems, rather than on a translation of the source problems is presented. This system may be used for handling undefined expressions, namely, expressions that do not define a real function of a finite set of real variables such as expressions representing operators on function spaces. (N.W.R.)
Determination of protein hydrogen composition by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

We report on the quantitative identification of the hydrogen composition of high molecular weight proteins in a heavy water solution by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.
South-South Trade and Development: Manufactures in the New International Division of Labour

List of Tables, Figures and Maps - Preface - List of Acronyms - PART 1: APPROACHES - Introduction: South-South Trade: The Global Context - Development of South-South Trade since the 1960s - South-South Trade and Cooperation: The Political Setting - South-South Trade and Development: Theoretical Viewpoints - South-South Trade in Manufactured Goods since the 1960s - PART 2: CASES - South-South Trade in a Regional Perspective: Three Cases - South-South Export of Manufactures as Part of Global Export-Oriented Industrialization: The Case of Malaysia - Transfer of Technology in South-South Trade: India's Export of Capital Goods to Tanzania - Conclusion: Problems and Potentials in South-South Trade - Bibliography - Index
Model of optical bistability in the quantum-well self-electro-optic-effect device

Optical bistability of the multiple-quantum-well self-electro-optic-effect device is studied using a detailed model for a P–I–N photodiode under a constant voltage bias. By solving the Maxwell equations with the experimentally determined absorption function, bistability curves are obtained as functions of the incident frequency and of the bias potential. These results show good agreement with previously reported experimental data.
Comparative antimutagenicity of chlorophyllin and five other agents against aflatoxin B1-induced reversion in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98.

Chlorophyllin was studied for its antimutagenic activity against aflatoxin B1 in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 using the plate-incorporation test in the presence of S9 activation. Comparative antimutagenicity between chlorophyllin and certain commonly studied antimutagens (i.e., vitamins A, C, and E, retinoic acid, and beta-carotene) was also examined. A dose-related inhibition of aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity by chlorophyllin was observed, with the mutagenicity being abolished by 860 nmole chlorophyllin per plate. The inhibitory activity of chlorophyllin occurred only when cells were treated concurrently with chlorophyllin and aflatoxin B1. The antimutagenic potency of chlorophyllin was comparable to that of vitamin A and higher than that of retinoic acid and beta-carotene. Vitamins C and E had no effect on aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity under the conditions used. The results of toxicity tests and a reconstruction experiment showed that inhibition of the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 by chlorophyllin and the other active agents was due to antimutagenicity.
Morphology of Microphase Separation in Arachidic Acid/Cadmium Arachidate Langmuir-Blodgett Multilayers

It is well-known that the fraction of cadmium salt incorporated into arachidic acid Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films deposited from a dilute CdCl2 subphase increases from 0 to 1 over the pH range of about 4.8 to 6.2. We report a systematic change in the surface morphology of such LB multilayers over this pH range using atomic force microscopy (AFM). At pH ≤ 5.0 (low pH) the surface displays increasing coverage of stripes (ridges), 0.6 ± 0.2 nm above the surrounding area, aligned in the dipping direction. At pH = 5.8 (high pH), the surface is pockmarked with irregular but compact indentations about 1.2 ± 0.3 nm deep (in addition to numerous monolayer and bilayer deep holes). At intermediate pH values, the surface is covered by alternating bands (perpendicular to the dipping direction) of the low- and high-pH textures. These bands represent an example of “substrate-mediated condensation”. When films are soaked in benzene, dissolving away the free acid, ridges 2−2.5 nm high remain in the low-pH films; however, s...
Paradigm Shift: Stages of Physicians' Entry into Integrative Practice

Integrative medicine and psychiatry are more than areas of interest; they represent a clear philosophic paradigm with a wide range of beliefs that separate it from conventional care. A child psychiatrist will typically pass through a developmental trajectory as he or she begins to embrace this approach to patient care, which can be broken down into common stages that represent the incorporation and expression of a new philosophy. This article outlines those common stages of development, and also walks through the process of opening an integrative mental health clinic.
Economic and Interpersonal Work Rewards: Subjective Utilities of Men's and Women's Compensation

Pehaps women earn less than do men because they get other rewards. We examine interpersonal work rewards as potential alternatives to economic rewards. The theory of compensating differentials suggests that the subjective utility (measured as psychological well-being and personal control) of earnings is greater for men whereas that of interpersonal rewards is greater for women. In a representative national sample of 1,286 employed persons, we find that women get more interpersonal work rewards than do men, and that these rewards correlate negatively with earnings. However, women do not find interpersonal work rewards more subjectively rewarding than do men, and men do not find economic work rewards more subjectively rewarding than do women. Earnings increase women's psychological well-being more than men's, and recognition from others increases men's sense of personal control more than women's
Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) is a carboxyterminal dipeptidyl peptidase. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of the decapeptide angiotensin I to the octapeptide angiotensin II. In addition, the enzyme catabolizes bradykinin. Because of these actions, the enzyme is of pivotal importance in blood pressure homeostasis. Numerous investigators have demonstrated the presence of the enzyme in association with endothelial cells but relatively little is known concerning the factors controlling the expression of enzyme activity by endothelial cells in culture. We have demonstrated that endothelial cells in culture do not express significant amounts of enzyme activity until several days after growth ceases due to high cell density. This is important because it demonstrates a change in function with stage of growth in culture and a possible difference in functional capabilities between nondividing endothelial cells and cells that are dividing in response to injury. Since density-dependent expression of differentiated traits does not appear to be unique to endothelial cells an understanding of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon may provide a general explanation for the expression of differentiated traits by cultured cells.
Storied selves: A Critical Discourse Analysis of adult learners' literate lives

Les adultes apportent avec eux dans les structures de formation d'adultes un monde d'experiences de la lecture-ecriture. Et cependant, ni eux ni les programmes dans lesquels ils entrent ne considerent ces experiences comme pertinentes pour leur apprentissage. C'est surprenant parce que c'est souvent hors de l'ecole que les adultes font le plus preuve de sens de l'action et d'habilete en matiere de lecture-ecriture. Il n'existe pas a ce jour dans la litterature relative a la formation des adultes d'etudes systematiques des relations entre les caracteristiques individuelles et les contextes. On a conduit une etude sur quinze etudiants adultes en lecture-ecriture inscrits dans des formations d'adultes et de lecture-ecriture (ABE : Education de base des adultes ; GED : Diplome d'enseignement general) dans une ville du Middlewest afin de repondre a la question : Quelle relation y a-t-il entre l'identite en lecture-ecriture et le contexte dans le cas d'adultes inscrits dans un programme de lecture-ecriture ? On a divise les entretiens en trois domaines : experience scolaire passee et actuelle, pratiques de lecture-ecriture a la maison et dans la vie sociale, et implication dans l'education des enfants. Dans cet article on analyse les entretiens a l'aide d'une analyse critique du discours et on presente les marqueurs linguistiques que les adultes utilisent dans chaque domaine, les differences d'un domaine a l'autre, et les relations entre et parmi les adultes. Pour annoncer les conclusions, les idees des adultes au sujet de l'apprentissage et la lecture-ecriture different d'un contexte a l'autre. Tour d'abord leur sens de soi est different quand changent les discours sur l'apprentissage et la lecture-ecriture. Trois themes emergent des entretiens et je decris les changements linguistiques du sujet lecteur-scripteur dans les trois domaines. Cette recherche a des implications pour le developpement de modeles d'apprentissage de
The relative biological effectiveness of pions in the acute response of human skin.

Abstract Two patients with metastatic skin nodules, primary breast carcinoma were treated with pious and X-rays. The dose distribution of pious in the x , y and z axes was tailored to be almost identical to that of 100 kVp X-rays used as the reference radiation. The selected doses of pions and X-rays proved to give dose response curves which overlapped. The RBE at each of four data points varied from 1.40 to 1.44. This was based on an estimation by five observers of skin response ranging from faint erytbema to moist desquamation. The general problem of scoring skin reactions after a certain degree of tanning bas occurred is discussed, as is that of clinically estimating the disappearance of skin nodules.
MALDI-TOF MS as a supportive tool for the evaluation of bacterial diversity in soils from Africa and the Americas

Identification and characterization of viable culturable bacteria (VCB) associated with soils from Africa and the Americas are significant for environmental and battlefield security. Such analyses are scarce, and their evaluation using traditional microbiological methods does not fully elucidate the structure and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the microbial community. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), spectrometry in addition to 16S rRNA sequencing, and diversity indices were employed to characterize VCB and their associated biomarkers. Nineteen genera were identified across all sample locations, but only four (Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, and Terribacillus) confirmed by ClustalW2 as being 98–99 % similar among locations. Further evaluation of soils showed bacterial diversity (H) of (1.0–8.4), evenness (E H ), (0.14–0.72), similarity (Sj), (0.0–0.38), and cfu/g soil (2.5 × 101–2.2 × 107). Analysis of representative bacteria using MALDI-TOF MS identified biomarkers for the genera Bacillus at m/z 6,778 (75 %), 9,437 (100 %); Brevibacillus, m/z 7,381 (86 %); Paenibacillus, 5,473 (63 %); and Terribacillus, 4,517, 6,532, 7,574 (67 %). Peptide mass fingerprinting of biomarkers identified partial peptide maps for several potential virulence factors such as hemagglutinin from a Brevibacillus spp. The data indicate an east (Sudan) to west (Jamaica; Mexico; Washington, DC; Baltimore) trend of potentially pathogenic endospore-forming bacteria.
Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Thriving: What Can Be Learned?

Using the data from two ongoing studies of resilience and thriving, one of gay men growing up in heterosexist environments, the other of women living with AIDS, we review how qualitative approaches have enabled researchers to grapple with conceptual, methodological, and ethical dilemmas related to the study of resilience and thriving. We discuss the implications our values as researchers have on determining who is thriving; the powerful social, cultural, and political contexts that must be considered when investigating the effects of and resistance to adversity; and the implications of conceptualizing thriving as a process. Finally, we consider the opportunities opened up by qualitative analysis and suggest some avenues for future research.
Models for spin relaxation in dilute solutions of randomly coiled polymers

Models for the interpretation of magnetic relaxation in a randomly coiled macromolecule in dilute solution are considered. Expressions are given for the spin-lattice relaxation time and the nuclear Overhauser enhancement resulting from modulation of the dipole–dipole interaction by three specific independent and mutually competitive types of macromolecular motion. Overall molecular rotation is characterized by a single exponential correlation time and internal anisotropic rotation by the well-known Woessner theory. A simple description of backbone motion is presented based upon a three-bond crankshaft motion and the concept of limited coupling among backbone bonds. The resulting correlation function is numerically similar to that recently proposed by Valeur, Jarry, Geny, and Monnerie from a somewhat different standpoint. Representative calculations for appropriate ranges of the model parameters are made for a 13C nucleus relaxing by heteronuclear dipole–dipole interaction with a single 1H nucleus.
Interfacial Area Transport Equations for Gas-Liquid Flow

In relation to the modeling of the interfacial transfer terms in the two-fluid model, the concept of the interfacial area transport equation has been proposed to develop a constitutive relation for the interfacial area concentration. The interfacial area transport equation can replace the traditional flow regime maps and regime transition criteria. The changes in the two-phase flow structure can be predicted mechanistically and the effects of the boundary conditions and flow development are efficiently modeled by this transport equation. A successful development of the interfacial area transport equation can make a significant improvement in the two-fluid model formulation and the prediction accuracy of three-dimensional two-phase flow simulations. In this paper, the basic concept of the interfacial area transport equation and its formulation have been briefly described. Available models of the interfacial area sink and source terms and existing databases have been reviewed and the interfacial area transp...
Prediction of ionospheric conditions for antipodal stations

Predicted values of F2 critical frequencies for all hours of the day for Watheroo, Western Australia, and for Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were compared with observed values. It was found that predicted values for Baton Rouge, based on data from Watheroo, agreed with observe values almost as well as those predicted from Baton Rouge values. The two stations in questions are located at almost antipodal points. Similar tests conducted for other stations in corresponding geographical latitudes, north or south, but not antipodally located showed poorer agreement. It is concluded from this that data observed at any given station may be applied with consideration assurance to antipodal points for which no data are available.
Gamma-irradiation facilitates the expression of adoptive immunity against established tumors by eliminating suppressor t cells.

It was found that sublethal (550 rad) whole-body gamma-irradiation of mice bearing established immunogenic tumors enabled tumor-sensitized spleen cells infused intravenously 1 h later to cause complete tumor regression in all mice. In contrast, gamma-irradiation alone caused only a temporary halt in tumor growth, and immune cells gave practically no therapeutic effect at all. This result was obtained with the SA1 sarcoma, Meth A fibrosarcoma, P815 mastocytoma, and P388 lymphoma. Additional experiments with the Meth A fibrosarcoma revealed that the spleen cells from tumor-immune donors that caused tumor regression in gamma-irradiated recipients were T cells, as evidenced by their functional elimination by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement. It was shown next that adoptive T-cell-mediated regression of tumors in gamma-irradiated recipients was inhibited by an intravenous infusion of spleen cells from donors with established tumors, but not by spleen cells from normal donors. The spleen cells that suppressed the expression of adoptive immunity were functionally eliminated by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement. Moreover, they were destroyed by exposing the tumor-bearing donors to 500 rad of gamma-radiation 24 h before harvesting their spleen cells. The results are consistent with the interpretation that gamma-radiation facilitates the expression of adoptive T-cell-mediated immunity against established tumors by eliminating a population of tumor-induced suppressor T cells from the tumor-bearing recipient.
DETECTION AND INCORPORATION OF INTERACTIVE EFFECTS IN DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

Unless special steps are taken, linear discriminant analysis utilizes only the additive information contained in the selected discriminatory variables. This paper gives the description of procedures designed to detect when and where joint (non-additive) discriminatory information exists and effective steps for utilizing such information to modify the linear discriminant model.
Improving the calculation of interdiffusion coefficients

Least-squares spline interpolation techniques are reviewed and presented as a mathematical tool for noise reduction and interpolation of diffusion profiles. Numerically simulated diffusion profiles were interpolated using a sixth-order spline. The spline fit data were successfully used in conjunction with the Boltzmann-Matano treatment to compute the interdiffusion coefficient, demonstrating the usefulness of splines as a numerical tool for such calculations. Simulations conducted on noisy data indicate that the technique can extract the correct diffusivity data given compositional data that contain only three digits of information and are contaminated with a noise level of 0.001. Splines offer a reproducible and reliable alternative to graphical evaluation of the slope of a diffusion profile, which is used in the Boltzmann-Matano treatment. Hence, use of splines reduces the numerical errors associated with calculation of interdiffusion coefficients from raw diffusion profile data.
Gene Therapy: A Primer for Neurosurgeons

Gene therapy involves the transfer of genes into cells with therapeutic intent. Although several methods can accomplish this, vectors based on viruses still provide the most efficient approach. For neurosurgical purposes, preclinical and clinical applications in the areas of glioma therapy, spinal neurosurgery, and neuroprotection for treatment of Parkinson's disease and cerebral ischemia are reviewed. In general, therapies applied in the neurosurgical realm have proven relatively safe, despite occasional, well-publicized cases of morbidity and death in non-neurosurgical trials. However, continued clinical and preclinical research in this area is critical, to fully elucidate potential toxicities and to generate truly effective treatments that can be applied in neurological diseases.
Genetic damage produced by radiation.

In the 21st line of the fifth paragraph of the article "Genetic damage produced by radiation," by H. J. Muller, in the issue of 17 June, page 837, the word not was inadvertently omitted. The sentence should have read: "This is why the group of responsible scientists who signed the official report on these investigations in Japan (4) stated that it had `always been doubtful whether significant findings9 could be obtained by the methods there used and pointed out that the inconclusive results, although not definitely positive, were at the same time `entirely consistent with what is known of the radiation genetics of a wide variety of [other] material.9 "
Associations of Depression With C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6 : A Meta-Analysis

Objective:To assess the magnitude and direction of associations of depression with C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in community and clinical samples.Methods:Systematic review of articles published between January 1967 and January 2008 in the PubMed and PsycINFO electronic data
The Evolution of Texas Water Law and the Impact of Adjudication

Texas' surface water law began its evolution during the Hispanic period of occupance. Later, the English riparian doctrine was adopted, and finally, in the late 1800's, the prior appropriation doctrine was superimposed, resulting in an exceedingly complex dual system. Though the judiciary, legislature, and state water agencies have wrestled with the problem of coordinating these diverse water rights and more accurately delineating and measuring riparian rights and water use since early in this century, until recently all attempts were unsuccessful. The unknown riparian element, in particular, made coordinated and efficient management and administration of the state's surface water resources impossible. Finally, measurable progress toward solution of these problems began in 1967 with passage of the Water Rights Adjudication Act, aimed at identifying all unrecorded surface water rights claims and eventually merging all claims into the permit system. This paper examines the gradual evolution of Texas' curious blend of Hispanic-English riparian rights and later appropriate rights; discusses the resultant problems of water resource administration; and traces the progress of the ongoing water rights adjudication, a lengthy, expensive, and complex procedure, which should eventually make possible more efficient administration of all surface water rights.
Tunable Broadband MMIC Active Directional Coupler

This paper presents a tunable broadband monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) active directional coupler that demonstrates tuned coupling gains (from 3 dB to -6 dB) and tuned center frequencies. The active directional coupler consists of two broadband near 90° phase shifters, two amplifiers between these phase shifters, and varactors at the connection nodes of the phase shifters and the amplifiers. It was designed and fabricated in a 130-nm process. For a 3-dB coupling gain, the 10-dB directivity bandwidth is 2.3 GHz (from 5.5 to 7.8 GHz). The amplitude imbalance is 3 dB ±0.5 dB, the phase imbalance is 180° ± 5°, and the noise figure is less than 8 dB in the range of 4 to 9 GHz. The return losses are better than 19 dB and the insertion loss is less than 1.2 dB in the range of 4 to 9 GHz. The measured IP1 dBs for 3-dB and 0-dB coupling gains at 6.7 GHz are 0.3 dBm and 1.8 dBm, respectively. The supply voltage is 1.2 V. The measured power consumptions at 3-dB, 0-dB, - 3-dB, and - 6-dB coupling gains are 22 mW, 6 mW, 3 mW, and 1 mW, respectively. The core chip area, including two on-chip DC bias inductors, is 470 μm × 250 μm.
ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY RELATED TO SALT INTAKE

A predominantly middle-class female sample of British adults completed questionnaires designed to estimate salt intake and to assess attitudes towards adding table salt to food, along with Cattell's 16PF personality inventory. The attitudes questions were based on the approach suggested by Fishbein and Ajzen, and proved to be good predictors of table salt use. The person's own feeling about table salt use was a better predictor than perceived pressure from other people. Beliefs about adding table salt were closely related to the person's attitude, but only beliefs about taste (not beliefs about health consequences) predicted usage. Beliefs about pressure from doctors and nutritionists/dietitians, but not family, were also related to usage. There was lower usage and more negative attitudes in respondents under 35 years old. Two of the second-order personality factors from the 16PF correlated with salt intake, but appeared to act through attitudes: tough poise (i.e. given to rapid action with insufficient thought) correlated positively with estimated table and cooking salt use; anxiety correlated positively with cooking use, with salt consumed in foods and with estimated total intake. The results suggest that any attempt to reduce salt intake might best be directed at satisfying taste, and not exclusively at augmenting anxiety about the health consequences of salt intake.
Some modifications of the Z -tests of normality and their isotones

Abstract Characterization theorems in statistics, especially those involving the maximal entropies and independence of sample statistics, have proved useful in constructing goodness-of-fit tests. All maximum entropy tests, e.g. of the normal, exponential and inverse Gaussian composite hypotheses are consistent, and have reasonable power against essentially all alternatives. On the other hand the tests based on the independence of sample statistics, e.g. the Z -tests of the normal and inverse Gaussian distributional assumptions, are consistent against, and are appropriate for detecting, only certain classes of alternatives. In this note we consider using Hoeffding’s [W. Hoeffding, A nonparametric test of independence, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 19 (1948) 546–557] and Blum et al. [J.R. Blum, J. Kiefer, M. Rosenblatt, Distribution free tests of independence based on the sample distribution function, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32 (1961) 485–498] consistent tests of bivariate independence to construct modifications of the Z -tests of normality. An investigation of the operating characteristics makes use of a Monte Carlo experiment and a deterministic graphical device called isotones.