cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Specificity in the Interaction of Plants with Bacterial Pathogens

General and specific virulence mechanisms have been defined in plant pathogenic bacteria over the last few years and several global regulator genes identified. Recent information also suggests that the hrp cluster of genes required for pathogenicity may provide a secretion function for virulence factors similar to those occurring in bacterial pathogens of vertebrates. A hrp gene protein from Erwinia amylovora has also been shown to function as an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in several plants. Additional avirulence genes have recently been cloned and characterized from bacterial pathogens that are cosmopolitan—that is, they function in several plant species when expressed in normal pathogens of those plants. One avirulence gene, avrD, causes P. syringae cells to secrete a specific elicitor that interacts with the cognate plant disease resistance gene.
The Preoperative Clinical Pathway

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) remains one of the most common and successful procedures performed in the United States. Improving outcomes, decreasing complications, and minimizing costs have been increasingly emphasized with the shift to alternative payment models. Rapid recovery clinical pathways have led to decreased hospital length of stay, decreased readmissions, increased patient satisfaction, and decreased costs. The preoperative pathway is critical to the success of rapid recovery after total joint arthroplasty. This pathway involves the proper selection of patients suitable for rapid recovery, optimization of modifiable risk factors, and preoperative education. Successful participation in rapid recovery protocols involves a multidisciplinary approach and is critical to the success of total joint arthroplasty.
The sifting of visual information in the superior colliculus

Much of the early visual system is devoted to sifting the visual scene for the few bits of behaviorally relevant information. In the visual cortex of mammals, a hierarchical system of brain areas leads eventually to the selective encoding of important features, like faces and objects. Here, we report that a similar process occurs in the other major visual pathway, the superior colliculus. We investigate the visual response properties of collicular neurons in the awake mouse with large-scale electrophysiology. Compared to the superficial collicular layers, neuronal responses in the deeper layers become more selective for behaviorally relevant stimuli; more invariant to location of stimuli in the visual field; and more suppressed by repeated occurrence of a stimulus in the same location. The memory of familiar stimuli persists in complete absence of the visual cortex. Models of these neural computations lead to specific predictions for neural circuitry in the superior colliculus.
Chapter 18 – Antiarrhythmic Drugs

Arrhythmias as an irregular heart beating are classified as tachycardia (if the heart beating is too fast), bradycardia (if it is too slow), fibrillation (if it is too irregular), or premature contraction (if it is too early). There are hundreds of different types of cardiac arrhythmias. The normal rhythm of the heart (sinus rhythm) can be disturbed through failure of automaticity, or through overactivity, or premature atrial, or ventricular contractions, or fibrillation. The most common example of a relatively benign arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation. Similarly common are premature atrial and premature ventricular arrhythmias. Drugs that used for preventing and treating irregular heart rate and heartbeat are called antiarrhythmic drugs. Antiarrhythmic drugs can be subdivided into 5 main classes: Class I (Class Ia, Class Ib, Class Ic), Class II, Class III, Class IV, and class V. Since 2005, no novel antiarrhythmics have entered the pharmaceutical market, and none is represented in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
Closing Primary and Prenatal Care Gaps to Prevent Congenital Syphilis

Family physicians can prevent congenital syphilis by following national screening guidelines; taking accurate, detailed sexual histories; providing evidence-based interventions to people who use injection drugs; and advocating to reduce structural barriers to care.
Abstract 13876: Squat-to-stand Provocation of Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background: Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is an important determinant in management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Valsalva maneuver and amyl nitrite are used in clinical...
Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Fidelity of Diagnosis Using WHO Criteria

Abstract Purpose Diagnosing primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is challenging because it is a clinicopathologic entity that shares characteristics with other lymphomas and lacks pathognomonic features. We sought to investigate the fidelity between a working diagnosis of PMBCL at our institution and the clinicopathologic criteria established within the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Patients and Methods Medical records and archived tissue of patients treated for stage I-II PMBCL from 1998 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed for clinical and pathologic conformity with current WHO criteria. Disease was characterized as definitely PMBCL if all of the following were present: anterior mediastinal mass with or without lymph node involvement, no extranodal disease, B-cell antigen expression, Epstein-Barr virus negativity, and at least one supportive feature: female gender under age 40, bulky primary tumor, CD30 weakly positive, compartmentalizing alveolar fibrosis, lack of surface immunoglobulin expression, and MUM1 or CD23 positivity. Disease without supportive features or other pathologic findings more suggestive of other entities was characterized as equivocal for PMBCL. Lack of an anterior mediastinal mass, presence of distant lymph node involvement or extranodal disease, lack of B-cell antigen expression, or Epstein-Barr virus positivity were characterized as definitely not PMBCL. Clinical management and outcomes were also assessed. Results Of 63 patients treated for presumed stage I-II PMBCL, 58 (92%) met the criteria for PMBCL. The most common reason for a discordant diagnosis was lack of an anterior mediastinal mass (n = 3). Two additional patients were characterized as having disease equivocal for PMBCL. In retrospect, one patient most likely had a mediastinal gray zone lymphoma due to CD15 positivity and another diffuse large B cell, not otherwise specified, at pathologic review. Five-year progression-free and overall survival were 67% (95% confidence interval, 54-77) and 81% (95% confidence interval, 68-89), respectively, for all patients. Conclusion Despite the complexity of the clinicopathologic criteria of PMBCL, most patients (92%) who were treated for stage I-II PMBCL at our institution appear to have been accurately diagnosed.
Blockchain-Based Payment Channel Networks: Challenges and Recent Advances

Blockchain technology has been developed with the vision to enable trusted collaboration between untrusted parties, without the need for a central authority. Despite its many promising applications, the technology suffers from a scalability problem. In order to increase transaction throughput and decrease transaction confirmation latency, payment channel networks have been proposed. Payment channel networks introduce a layer on top of the main chain, in which transactions can happen in a safe manner between only the transacting parties without burdening the entire network. In this article, we present and highlight the many interesting research aspects this new type of network introduces. We first provide background on the mechanics of the operation of payment channel networks, and then proceed to present a plethora of research problems of networking and/or economics flavor arising in this context, including routing, scheduling, rebalancing, network design and topology analysis, and fee optimization. This work is within the scope of both the networking and network economics communities.
Survival and glycemic control in patients with co-existing squamous cell carcinoma and diabetes mellitus

Aim: This study examined the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on survival in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients, and the impact of SCC on glycemic control. Materials & methods: Patients with ne...
School-based nutrition interventions can improve bone health in children and adolescents.

Abstract Objectives Osteoporosis is a major global health problem, and optimizing bone health during childhood and adolescence with adequate calcium and vitamin D intake is a recommendation to prevent the disease. School milk programs may be a viable approach to help children and adolescents increase calcium and vitamin D intakes while improving their bone health. Methods A review of the literature was conducted on school milk programs, including examination of details regarding these studies and their participants, and assessments of their effects on bone health in children and adolescents. Results Nearly all studies reviewed showed significant increases in the bone health behaviors and outcomes that were measured, such as bone mineral density, milk consumption, and calcium and vitamin D intake. Conclusions School milk programs can be effective in improving bone health in children and adolescents, and public health policies should be considered to help support and fund effective programs that promote bone health and prevent osteoporosis in population health.
The Uncertainties of Cultural Studies

Ghassan Hage once invited us to treat all intellectual offerings as gifts, and to receive them as such. I like to think of cultural studies as a gift, but a particular and even somewhat peculiar sort of gift. Fifty years ago, I stumbled upon the gift of cultural studies, which has since shaped much of my life. Let me try to describe this gift, although I hope that I am not telling you anything you do not already know.
Individual, Context, and Space: Using Spatial Approaches for Understanding Unequal Social and Psychological Fallout of COVID-19

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic extends beyond the health and well-being of the general population. The social, emotional, and economic lives of individuals and their communities are being fully reshaped by this public health crisis. The central goal of this chapter is to illustrate the value of a geographic lens for understanding these multidimensional social, economic, and psychological impacts. Drawing on survey data collected in mid-to-late March from over 10,000 individuals with support from the National Science Foundation, we describe how spatial processes are a critical piece of understanding the current public health crisis in the social sciences. In particular, we describe how social problems—including COVID-19 fear, depressive and anxiety symptomatology, suicide ideation, and food insecurity—cluster in geographic space, as well as how responses by individuals to these social outcomes is driven in part by the geographic distribution of COVID-19 itself. Individuals do not exist in a vacuum—nor do their reactions to and recovery from public health crises like the coronavirus pandemic. Rather, the social actions people undertake during this pandemic follow similar epidemiological processes as the disease itself. Understanding such social behavior requires spatial tools and frameworks to leverage alongside the individual and contextual analyses that constitute the bulk of research to-date.
Hard to Swallow.

Hard to Swallow A previously healthy 20-year-old college student presented before the Covid-19 pandemic with a 3-day history of throat pain, malaise, cough, and chills. She had no congestion or rhi...
In Silico and In Vivo Analysis of Amino Acid Substitutions That Cause Laminopathies.

Mutations in the LMNA gene cause diseases called laminopathies. LMNA encodes lamins A and C, intermediate filaments with multiple roles at the nuclear envelope. LMNA mutations are frequently single base changes that cause diverse disease phenotypes affecting muscles, nerves, and fat. Disease-associated amino acid substitutions were mapped in silico onto three-dimensional structures of lamin A/C, revealing no apparent genotype–phenotype connections. In silico analyses revealed that seven of nine predicted partner protein binding pockets in the Ig-like fold domain correspond to sites of disease-associated amino acid substitutions. Different amino acid substitutions at the same position within lamin A/C cause distinct diseases, raising the question of whether the nature of the amino acid replacement or genetic background differences contribute to disease phenotypes. Substitutions at R249 in the rod domain cause muscular dystrophies with varying severity. To address this variability, we modeled R249Q and R249W in Drosophila Lamin C, an orthologue of LMNA. Larval body wall muscles expressing mutant Lamin C caused abnormal nuclear morphology and premature death. When expressed in indirect flight muscles, R249W caused a greater number of adults with wing posturing defects than R249Q, consistent with observations that R249W and R249Q cause distinct muscular dystrophies, with R249W more severe. In this case, the nature of the amino acid replacement appears to dictate muscle disease severity. Together, our findings illustrate the utility of Drosophila for predicting muscle disease severity and pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance.
Porn bans, purges, and rebirths: the biopolitics of platform death in queer fandoms

Queer transformative media fandoms have experienced multiple platform deaths due to “adult” content bans that remove queer content because it is considered “not safe for work” or pornographic. Such...
Focused Ultrasound for Tumor Ablation

This chapter reviews the basic principles of focused ultrasound therapy. The physical principles are discussed and explained. The technical requirements and instrumentation used are illustrated. The critical value of using magnetic resonance (MR) as an image guidance method for planning, delivering, and monitoring this form of ablation therapy is reviewed, and its application in uterine leiomyomas is highlighted as an example of current clinical practice.
Caffeine and Naps as Countermeasures for Sleep Loss

Sleep loss is common, whether due to sleep deprivation (one extended wake episode) or sleep restriction (multiple sleep episodes of insufficient duration). Its causes encompass primary medical or psychiatric causes as well as self-selected behaviors such as not allowing sufficient time for sleep due to work, social, or family demands. Once primary causes are ruled out or addressed, there are a range of potential countermeasures that may be useful to increase alertness and performance. Here we review studies of caffeine (often in the form of coffee) and naps as countermeasures in the setting of sleep deprivation or sleep restriction, in laboratory and field study settings.
Usability of Augmented Reality for Revealing Secret Messages to Users but Not Their Devices

We evaluate the possibility of a human receiving a secret message while trusting no device with the contents of that message, by using visual cryptography (VC) implemented with augmented-reality displays (ARDs). In a pilot user study using Google Glass and an improved study using the Epson Moverio, users were successfully able to decode VC messages using ARDs. In particular, 26 out of 30 participants in the Epson Moverio study decoded numbers and letters with 100% accuracy. Our studies also tested assumptions made in previous VC research about users’ abilities to detect active modification of a ciphertext. While a majority of the participants could identify that the images were modified, fewer participants could detect all of the modifications in the ciphertext or the decoded plaintext.
Identification of Systems with Parametric and Nonparametric Uncertainty

A method is presented for parameter set estimation for a system wich contains both parametric and nonparametric uncertainty. Prior nformation is available about both types of uncertainty, but only the parametric type is further refined from the measured data.
Characterization of B-cell subpopulations in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background Recent research suggest that B and plasma cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). The purpose of this study was to subcharacterize the B cell response in the sinus mucosa of control and CRS patients. Methods Representative tissue samples and peripheral blood samples were obtained from controls, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and CRSwNP. Using single-cell suspension flow cytometry these samples were analyzed for overall and stage-specific B and plasma cell percentages. Results Both atopic and nonatopic CRSwNP patients showed an increase in local numbers of naive, active, and memory B cells compared to controls. CRSsNP patients only showed local elevations of naive B cells. Plasma cells were only significantly elevated in the sinus tissue of atopic CRSwNP patients. These local tissue increases did not correlate with increased numbers of circulating B cells. Conclusion This study provides further evidence of an important role of B cells in CRSwNP patients. The local increase appears to be independent of a systemic response.
Crystal structure and tartrate inhibition of Legionella pneumophila histidine acid phosphatase.

Histidine acid phosphatases (HAPs) utilize a nucleophilic histidine residue to catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphomonoesters to water. HAPs function as protein phosphatases and pain suppressors in mammals, are essential for Giardia lamblia excystation, and contribute to virulence of the category A pathogen Francisella tularensis. Herein we report the first crystal structure and steady-state kinetics measurements of the HAP from Legionella pneumophila (LpHAP), also known as Legionella major acid phosphatase. The structure of LpHAP complexed with the inhibitor l(+)-tartrate was determined at 2.0 A resolution. Kinetics assays show that l(+)-tartrate is a 50-fold more potent inhibitor of LpHAP than of other HAPs. Electrostatic potential calculations provide insight into the basis for the enhanced tartrate potency: the tartrate pocket of LpHAP is more positive than other HAPs because of the absence of an ion pair partner for the second Arg of the conserved RHGXRXP HAP signature sequence. The structure also reveals that LpHAP has an atypically expansive active site entrance and lacks the nucleotide substrate base clamp found in other HAPs. These features imply that nucleoside monophosphates may not be preferred substrates. Kinetics measurements confirm that AMP is a relatively inefficient in vitro substrate of LpHAP.
Glass and Structural Transitions Measured at Polymer Surfaces on the Nanoscale

This paper reviews our recent progress in determining the surface glass transition temperature, Tg, of free and substrate confined amorphous polymer films. We will introduce novel instrumental approaches and discuss surface and bulk concepts of Tg. The Tg of surfaces will be compared to the bulk, and we will discuss the effect of interfacial interactions (confinements), surface energy, disentanglement, adhesion forces, viscosity and structural changes on the glass transition. Measurements have been conducted with scanning force microscopy in two different shear modes: dynamic friction force mode and locally static shear modulation mode. The applicability of these two nano-contact modes to Tg will be discussed.
Vorstellung einer erweiterbaren Selbstlernumgebung „Operations Research“ als Beispiel für exploratives, Web-basiertes E-Learning im Hochschulumfeld

Im Rahmen der High-Tech-Offensive Bayern (HTO) wurde an der Fachhochschule Augsburg fur die Virtuelle Hochschule Bayern (VHB) eine Web-basierte „Selbstleraumgebung Operations Research (OR)“ entwickelt. Ziel war es, vornehmlich Studierenden der Fachrichtungen Wirtschaftsinformatik und Informatik, eine OR-Vorlesung virtuell bzw. online anzubieten, mit der sie sich die grundlegenden OR-Verfahren im Selbststudium aneignen konnen.
State-level zoonotic disease surveillance in the United States

Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, yet recent commissions have highlighted deficiencies in their surveillance. We conducted a survey to understand the needs of state agencies for zoonotic disease surveillance. The findings will hopefully support the development of biomedical informatics applications that can link animal and human data for surveillance.
Being Modern, Malay, and Muslim in the Movies

Serious analyses of media, especially popular media, and how those media are being negotiated can provide insight into broader social and political change. Media provide us with an arena where global meta-forces - globalization, politics, economics, etc. - intersect with daily life. Analyzing wider social and political-economic issues in Malaysian politics using Malay language cinema as a media example illustrates this point. In this paper the role of Malay language cinema as being both a catalyst for and receiver of Malay lower middle class dissatisfactions with authority, especially in terms of the Malaysian government’s attempts at religious authority, bring new insights into the intersection between media, politics, religion, and society in Malaysia.
Bicycle Parking Analysis with Time Series Photography

Data and analysis of bicycle parking are necessary to evaluate facility designs and parking plans and for analysis of bicycle use more generally. Data and analysis of bicycle parking inform efforts to promote bicycle use and provide direction for policy makers and planners. However, there is a lack of research and data related to bicycle parking, and no standardized methodology exists for data collection. Measures such as duration and turnover have long been identified with vehicular parking studies, but these measures have not been standardized in the literature related to bicycle parking. This paper proposes a methodology for collecting detailed bicycle parking data. This methodology uses digital photography to capture parking data, including arrival and departure times, parking durations, and turnover rates. A trial data collection suggested ways in which the data could be used to answer specific research questions. In addition, the feasibility of the proposed methodology was evaluated, and the work ef...
Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols

[1] The IMPACT global chemistry and transport model has been updated to include an aerosol dynamics module. Here it is used to simulate the dynamics of sulfate aerosol and its interaction with nonsulfate aerosol components: carbonaceous aerosol (organic matter (OM) and black carbon (BC)), dust, and sea salt. The sulfate aerosol dynamics is based on the method of modes and moments. In the current implementation, two modes are used for sulfate aerosol (nuclei and accumulation mode), and two moments are predicted within each mode (sulfate aerosol number and mass concentration). The aging of carbonaceous aerosol and dust particles from hydrophobic to hydrophilic depends on the surface coating of sulfate which occurs as a result of the condensation of sulfuric acid gas H2SO4 (g) on their surface, and coagulation with pure sulfate aerosol. The model predicts high sulfate aerosol number concentrations in the nuclei mode (over 104 cm−3) in the tropical upper troposphere, while accumulation mode sulfate number concentrations are generally within 50–500 cm−3 in most parts of the free troposphere. The model predicted mass concentrations of sulfate, OM, BC, dust, and sea salt, H2SO4 (g) concentration, aerosol number, and size distributions are compared with measurement data. Our model predicts ∼80% of global sulfate existing as a pure sulfate aerosol (9.7% in nuclei and 69.8% in accumulation mode), with 14.3% on carbonaceous aerosol, 3.3% on dust, and 2.7% on sea salt. In the boundary layer, over 40% of sulfate is associated with nonsulfate aerosols in many regions of the world whereas less than 10% of sulfate is associated with nonsulfate aerosols in the upper troposphere. The model predicted mass fraction of sulfate in the sulfate-carbonaceous aerosol mixture suggests that carbonaceous aerosol in most of the troposphere is internally mixed with sulfate and thus generally hygroscopic except near the source regions where the mass fraction is less than 5%. On the global mean, 54% and 93% of carbonaceous aerosol are coated with sulfate in the boundary layer and in the upper troposphere, respectively. Our result suggests that carbonaceous aerosols have a shorter lifetime (3∼4 days) than predicted (4∼8 days) using models that treat these aerosols as partly hydrophobic with an arbitrary e-folding time from hydrophobic to hydrophilic.
Implementing Gigapixel Technology in Highway Bridge Inspections

AbstractThe current number of deficient U.S. bridges makes the evaluation of bridge condition paramount to a state highway department in developing a bridge management system. State DOTs routinely visually inspect bridges on 24-month cycles. Findings from these inspections are numerically summarized by bridge inspectors for bridge condition ratings and additionally documented with inspector notes and pictures. However, bridge inspections include a human factor, which introduces bias and subjectivity. Consequently, bridge inspection values are tainted with nonuniformity. This article presents gigapixel technology as an inexpensive quality assurance/quality control tool that can easily be implemented by a state DOT for their bridge inspections. The process includes developing gigapixel panoramas of a bridge that can later be reviewed by bridge engineers trained for this task. The proposed approach is used to supplement visual bridge inspection to improve quality control among bridge inspections. This approa...
Polymer nanostructure materials for space defense applications

The unique functional characteristics of nanostructured material are stemming mainly from a large surface-to-volume-ratio and on quantum effects; can yield numerous potential space defense applications. The objective of this study is to explore the polarimetric characterization of polymer nanomaterials, using Mueller matrix and Stokes parameters analysis. Specifically, gold nanoparticles were dispersed within a matrix of two-different polymer domains and their polarimetric response to infrared light was studied.
The reproductive attributes of an endangered plant as compared to a weedy congener

Abstract Comparisons of reproductive attributes related to fitness can help explain differences in the distribution and abundance of rare and common plant species. This study was conducted to characterize a rare taxon (Amsinckia grandiflora (Gray) Kleeb, ex Greene) and its widespread congener (Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) Nels. and Macbr. var. intermedia (Fischer and Meyer) Ganders) with respect to major fitness components and variables. These included: (1) inflorescence output (number of inflorescences per plant); (2) floral cache (number of flowers per inflorescence); (3) floral seed cache (number of seeds per flower); (4) seed weight (per 100 seeds); (5) seed output (total number of seeds per plant); and (6) seed yield (total seed weight per plant). All significant correlations among these fitness components were positive. Inflorescence output was the most important variable determining seed output and seed yield for both the rare and common species, whereas seed weight had no significant direct effect on seed output or seed yield. The rare species. A. grandiflora, was especially sensitive to floral seed cache while the common species, A. menziesii var. intermedia, was especially sensitive to inflorescence output. These results are discussed with respect to the evolution of weediness and the conservation of rarities in the native California flora.
Application of extended elastic impedance: A case study from Krishna-Godavari Basin, India

Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin, on the east coast of India (Figure 1), encompasses a sedimentary cover of approximately 100,000 km2 both onshore and offshore. The basin has emerged as a frontier area due to the discovery of a multitrillion cubic feet super giant gas field (Bastia et al., 2004).
Implication of C-5, C-6 unsaturation as a key structural factor in steroidal alkaloid-induced mammalian teratogenesis

Hamster teratogenicity induced upon oral administration of steroidal alkaloids (solanidanes, spirosolanes and jervanes) appears to relate very closely to the presence or absence of C-5, C-6 unsaturation in the alkaloid, which may be more important than molecular configuration at C-22 and placement of the nitrogen atom with regard to the plane of the steroid.
A method for estimating temperature dependent short circuit current

Solar cell models that can be embedded easily into optical modeling programs have proven to be useful to study the tradeoffs inherent between the optics and solar cells in concentrating photovoltaic systems. In addition to modeling the optics and photovoltaics at 25° C, system designers would like to study the range of temperatures the system will experience during terrestrial operation. Methods for estimating temperature-dependent open-circuit voltage and fill factor have been shown. This leaves the need to accurately estimate the short-circuit current as a function of temperature. In this paper measured EQE for a GaInP/GaInAs/Ge tandem stack has been used to calculate the short-circuit current over a range of operating temperatures. This method can easily be used to conduct system level analysis in any type of solar cell system from flat plate panels to concentrator photovoltaic systems that contain complicated optics.
Relationship of μ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors to GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system, including antinociceptive brainstem circuits

Inhibition of neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may underlie some of the excitatory effects of opioids in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we examined the relationship of the cloned mu- and delta-opioid receptors (MOR1 and DOR1, respectively) to GABAergic neurons in brain and spinal cord. This was done by combining immunofluorescent staining for MOR1 or DOR1 with that for GABA or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD); fluorescent retrograde tract-tracing was used in some cases to identify neurons with particular projections. In rats, cells double labeled for GABA and MOR1 were observed in layers II-VI of the parietal cortex and in layers II-IV of the piriform cortex. In the hippocampus, double labeling was observed in the dentate gyrus and in regions CA1 and CA3. Double labeling was very prominent in the striatum and in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus; it was also observed in other portions of the diencephalon. However, double labeling for GABA and MOR1 was never observed in the cerebellar cortex. Cells double labeled for GABA and MOR1 were common in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the medial rostral ventral medulla (RVM) of both rats and monkeys, suggesting that involvement of GABAergic neurons with supraspinal opioid antinociception may extend to primates. In the RVM of rats, many of those double-labeled neurons were retrogradely labeled from the dorsal spinal cord. In contrast, double-labeled neurons in the PAG were almost never retrogradely labeled from the RVM. No unequivocal examples of double labeling for DOR1 and GAD were found in any region of the CNS that we examined in either rats or monkeys. However, GABAergic neurons were often apposed by DOR1 immunoreactive varicosities. Our findings suggest that activation of mu-opioid receptors directly modulates the activity of GABAergic neurons throughout the CNS, including neurons involved in the supraspinal component of opioid analgesia. In contrast, delta-opioid receptors appear to be positioned to modulate the activity of GABAergic neurons indirectly.
550 V, N-channel emitter switched thyristors with an atomic-lattice-layout (ALL) geometry

Experimental and simulation results for a 550 V, Atomic-Lattice-Layout (ALL) cell Emitter Switched Thyristor are reported here for the first time and compared to the conventional stripe cell geometry. It is shown that the ALL cell design improves the maximum gate controllable current density of the Emitter Switched Thyristor by 40%, with a small loss in forward performance at current densities less than 400 A/cm/sup 2/. >
Electron trapping and impurity segregation without defects: Ab initio study of perfectly rebonded grain boundaries.

We present the results of an extensive ab initio study of the \ensuremath{\Sigma}=5 tilt [310] grain boundary in germanium. We find that the boundary reliably reconstructs to the tetrahedrally bonded network observed in high-resolution electron microscopy experiments without the proliferation of false local minima observed in similar twist boundaries. The reduced density of bonds crossing the grain-boundary plane leads us to conjecture that the boundary may be a preferred fracture interface. Though there are no dangling bonds or miscoordinated sites in the reconstruction, the boundary presents electron-trap states just below the conduction band. Further, we show that lattice relaxation effects are irrelevant to the segregation of impurities to tetrahedrally reconstructed defects and that the interfacial electron-trap states give rise to an electronic frustration mechanism that selectively drives the segregation of only n-type dopants to the boundary.
Lubberts effect in columnar phosphors.

Noise transfer in granular x-ray imaging phosphor screens is not proportional to the square of the magnitude of the signal transfer when the transfer properties are considered for the entire screen thickness, unless appropriately weighted at each depth of interaction. This property, known as the Lubberts effect, has not yet been studied in columnar structured screens because of a lack of a generalized description of the depth-dependent light transport. In this paper, we investigate the signal and noise transfer characteristics of columnar phosphors used in digital mammography detectors using DETECT-II, an optical Monte Carlo light transport simulation code. We first validate our choice of optical parameters for the description of granular and columnar screens using published normalized modulation transfer (MTF) experimental data. Our calculations of MTF match empirically measured MTFs for a granular film/screen analog system, and for an indirect x-ray digital imaging system with CsI:Tl screen representative of digital mammography systems. Using the depth-dependent spread functions and collection efficiencies, we calculate the signal and noise transfer functions and the Lubberts fraction, which is the ratio of the signal transfer function to the noise transfer function, for different screen thicknesses of granular and columnar phosphors. We find that the Lubbertsmore » fraction of a 85 {mu}m granular screen model corresponding to a Gd{sub 2}O{sub 2}S:Tb screen is similar to the fraction for a 100 {mu}m columnar CsI:Tl screen.« less
Detection and Location of Damage on Pipelines

The INEEL has developed and successfully tested a real-time pipeline damage detection and location system. This system uses porous metal resistive traces applied to the pipe to detect and locate damage. The porous metal resistive traces are sprayed along the length of a pipeline. The unique nature and arrangement of the traces allows locating the damage in real time along miles of pipe. This system allows pipeline operators to detect damage when and where it is occurring, and the decision to shut down a transmission pipeline can be made with actual real-time data, instead of conservative estimates from visual inspection above the area.
Covalent changes at the N- and C-terminal regions of gamma crystallin during aging of the normal human lens.

Polyclonal antisera have been made to synthetic peptides corresponding to the N- and C-terminal regions of the putative γ1–2 gene from human lens. These antisera are specific for gamma crystallin, showing no cross-reactivity with any polypeptides of the alpha- and beta-crystallin fractions. Western blot analysis demonstrates a dramatic decrease in the binding of these antisera to gamma crystallin during aging of the normal human lens, while identical analysis with polyclonal antisera to the major cyanogen bromide fragment (19 000 MW) of human gamma crystallin shows little, if any, change during aging. Together, these demonstrate that antisera to synthetic peptides of the N- and C-terminal regions of the γ1–2 gene are very specific probes that can demonstrate extensive covalent modification from both ends of the gamma crystallin molecule during aging of the normal human lens.
Buccal fat pad hemorrhage after retrobulbar injection

Abstract Purpose To enable ophthalmologists to recognize and manage buccal fat pad hemorrhage occurring after retrobulbar injection. Design Interventional case report. Methods A 52-year-old woman with proliferative diabetic retinopathy underwent left retrobulbar injection before panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). Results Immediately after PRP, the patient complained of left cheek swelling. Ocular examination was unremarkable. Computed tomographic imaging studies confirmed the clinical diagnosis of hemorrhage within the buccal fat pad. No hemorrhage was found within the retrobulbar space. The hemorrhage resolved spontaneously without sequelae. Conclusion This case widens the known spectrum of hemorrhagic complications after retrobulbar injection.
ARF proteins mediate insulin-dependent activation of phospholipase D

Abstract Background: ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) have been shown to activate phospholipase D (PLD), an enzyme modulated by extracellular signals, including several growth factors and, in particular, insulin. We have tested the hypothesis that ARF proteins are involved specifically in insulin-induced activation of PLD. Results: We found that in membranes obtained from HIRcB cells, a cell line derived from Rat-1 fibroblasts that overexpresses normal human insulin receptors, binding of the GTP analogue GTP γ S to purified bovine or recombinant ARF was enhanced in the presence of insulin. Membranes obtained from cells that overexpressed a mutated, nonfunctional insulin receptor failed to stimulate ARF activation. Insulin promoted the association of ARF proteins with membranes in the presence of GTP γ S in permeabilized cells. Insulin activated PLD in permeabilized HIRcB cells by a process that required GTP γ S and ARF. Azido– γ [ 32 P]-GTP labelling of immunoprecipitated receptors revealed the presence of a unique 19 kD band; ARF proteins are approximately this size, and analysis using specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that ARF proteins coimmunoprecipitated with the insulin receptor. Coimmunoprecipitation of ARF with the receptor was inhibited by guanine nucleotides and stimulated by insulin. No evidence of the coprecipitation of ARF with mutant receptors could be obtained using azido– γ [ 32 P]-GTP or anti-ARF antibodies. Conclusions: The activation of ARF proteins is stimulated by insulin and this process plays an important role in insulin-mediated regulation of PLD.
A general method for concentrating blood samples in preparation for counting very low numbers of white cells.

BACKGROUND: To count extremely low levels of white cells (WBCs) in WBC-reduced blood components, a larger volume of sample must be processed. The goal was to develop an all-purpose method for concentrating the samples obtained from WBC-reduced red cells or platelets. The method was designed to be compatible with a variety of counting techniques. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Coded samples of red cell concentrates with an expected WBC concentration of 200, 100, 50, and 10 per mL and of the diluent (undetectable WBCs/mL) were sent to three sites on five occasions and counted by the use of the concentration method, crystal violet stain, and a Nageotte counting chamber. Additional samples were tested by flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction, and volumetric capillary cytometry. RESULTS: The results from the three test sites showed good linearity, with an overall r2 = 0.9994. The lower limit of accurate detection of the assay was 10 WBCs per mL. The results were biased toward underestimation, particularly at one of the test sites (Site A). There were no significantly different results in Sites B and C. The intra-assay CV was acceptable. Precision (reproducibility) at the three test sites varied. CONCLUSION: This method allows reliable determination of WBC concentrations as low as 0.01 per μL in blood. Despite the use of technologists trained in Nageotte chamber counting, validation testing demonstrated that one test site's performance was significantly different from that of the other two sites, because of both underestimation bias and variation in count results. The sample concentration method, when used in conjunction with an automated assay for WBC identification, should permit larger volume analysis with a greater degree of precision and a lower limit of detection than is found in assays that do not concentrate the sample before counting.
Adult human enamel: An electron microscopic study of crystallite size and morphology

An electron microscopic study of thin sections from comminuted permanent human enamel was conducted to determine crystallite size and morphology. It was found that the mean thickness and width values for crystallites with an electron-opaque line are essentially the same as crystallites within the same aggregates but without the opaque line. The values obtained were considerably larger than those observed for developing human enamel, but only slightly larger than values previously reported for hypomineralized material (amelogenesis imperfecta). Cross-cut crystallites observed in this study were roughly flattened hexagons. Some of the variations include rounded rather than hexagonal poles and irregular interlocking surfaces. The size and shapes of cross-cut crystallites indicate that crystal growth assumes the directions necessary to fill the available space. The electron-opaque line reported by others was observed in 20% of the cross-cut crystallites. This finding in conjunction with the wide degree of rotation about the long axis may account for the low number of these electron-dense lines demonstrated in longitudinally cut profiles.
Farming the Desert: agriculture in the World War II-era Japanese-American relocation centers.

In 1942 over 110,000 Japanese Americans were evacuated from the West Coast to ten inland, barbed wire―enclosed relocation centers in the name of national security. Agriculture was a key component of the eight arid to semi-arid centers located in the western United States. Each center's agricultural program included produce for human consumption, feed crops, and livestock. Some centers also grew seed, ornamental, and war crops. Evacuees raised and consumed five types of livestock and sixty-one produce varieties, including many traditional foods. Seasonal surpluses were preserved, shipped to other centers, or sold on the open market. Short growing seasons, poor soils, initially undeveloped lands, pests, equipment shortages, and labor issues hampered operations. However, imprisoned evacuee farmers proved that diverse agricultural programs could succeed in the harsh settings primarily because of labor-intensive farming methods, ingenuity, and the large markets provided by the centers. These agricultural programs played major roles in feeding, providing meaningful employment, and preparing evacuees for life outside the centers, and readied lands for post-war "homesteaders. ".
Pregnancy Rates and Milk Production in Natural Service and Artificially Inseminated Dairy Herds in Florida and Georgia

Effects of artificial insemination (AI) and natural service (NS) breeding systems on pregnancy rates (PR) by stage of lactation, season, and changes in milk production over time were examined using lactation and herd DHIA records of Holstein cows in dairy herds located in Florida and Georgia. The reported genetic profile of service sires of the herd was used to determine the percentage of cows bred to natural service bulls (%NS). Two seasons were considered: winter (November-April) and summer (May-October) from 1995 to 2002 (16 periods). Herd-periods were assigned 1 of 3 breeding systems: AI (0 to 10% NS), mixed (11 to 89% NS) and NS (90 to 100% NS). Seventy percent of the herds used NS bulls as a component of their breeding system during the study period. The PR during winter (17.9%) was greater than that during summer (9.0%). During winter, PR for AI herds (17.9%) did not differ from that for mixed (17.8%) and NS herds (18.0%). During summer, PR for AI herds (8.1%) was slightly less than that for mixed (9.3%) and NS herds (9.8%). During winter, PR for cows at 71 to 91 d, 92 to 112 d, and 113 to 133 d in milk were 1.4% lower for mixed herds compared with AI and NS. Pregnancy rate for NS herds was 2.6% lower during late lactation compared with AI and mixed herds. During summer, PR for cows at 71 to 91 and 92 to 112 d in milk were 2.6 and 1.8% greater, respectively, for NS herds compared with AI. However, from 260 to 364 d in milk, PR for NS herds was less than that for AI and mixed herds. No significant interaction was detected between breeding system and lactation number. Rolling herd average milk production during the study period was less in the NS herds (7180 kg) compared with AI (8513 kg) and mixed herds (8176 kg), but the annual change in milk production was not different among breeding systems. The results indicated that use of NS bulls did not result in meaningful disadvantages in terms of PR and changes in milk production over time.
Dynamics and Internal Stress at the Nanoscale Related to Unique Thermomechanical Behavior in Polymer Nanocomposites

A small amount of alumina nanoparticles in polymethylmethacrylate causes a sharp depression of the glass transition temperature (${T}_{g}$) accompanied by a toughening of the composite. We investigated this phenomenon using multispeckle x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Measurements reveal a dynamic structure factor that has the form $\mathrm{exp}﻿[\ensuremath{-}(t/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{a}{)}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}]$, with $\ensuremath{\beta}$ greater than 1. We show for the first time that $\ensuremath{\beta}(T)$ tracks the internal stress at the polymer-particle interface. The internal stress, which we propose arises due to the entropic penalty that the polymer faces in the presence of the nanoparticles, engenders temporally heterogeneous dynamics. In the jammed glassy state, we show that the dominant fast relaxation mode---${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{max}﻿}$---aided by a weak dewetting interface relieves the stress and follows the variations in ${T}_{g}$.
American Indians, World Markets: The Evolution of a Career

Somewhat to my surprise, I've become a social and applied anthropologist. Certainly, I received a firm grounding in the hallowed fourfield approach both as an undergraduate and a graduate student, but I always supposed that the "lesser three fields" would merely serve as adjuncts to my career as an academic archeologist, useful mainly for teaching yet another generation of undergraduates the importance of eating mongongo nuts among the Bushmen. I began with an interest in Southwest anthropology and archeology and received a B.A. from the University of New Mexico and a doctorate from the University of Arizona. Yet even then I was interested in the full range of Indian America, contemporary as well as historic and prehistoric. Now I am founder and president of Bronitsky and Associates, a firm with offices in Denver, Colorado, and Bergamo, Italy, which works with American Indian individuals, communities and organizations throughout the United States (including Alaska) and Canada to bring to the world the bes...