cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracking control in the nonparetic hand of subjects with stroke

Abstract Objective: To examine in subjects with stroke using their nonparetic side how different levels of stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility, which require different levels of information processing, affect manual tracking control. Design: Descriptive study comparing finger movement tracking performance under S-R-compatible and S-R-incompatible conditions between subjects with stroke and healthy controls. Four two-factor analysis of variance tests with one independent factor (group, gender, laterality, or order) and one repeated measures factor (position) comprised the data analysis. Setting: University-based research setting. Patients: Forty subjects with chronic stroke: 20 right hemiplegia (average age, 65.2 ± 2.3yrs); 20 left hemiplegia (average age, 68.6 ± 2.3yrs). Fifty-one healthy controls: 24 using nondominant hand (average age, 68.6 ± 2.lyrs); 27 using dominant hand (average age, 68.7 ± 2.Oyrs). All were right-handed. Main Outcome Measure: Tracking accuracy index (AI), based on root-mean-square error normalized to scale of each subject's tracking target. Results: In S-R-incompatible condition, AT of subjects with stroke was not significantly different from controls ( F (1, 89) = 1.73, p = .19). In S-R-compatible condition, AT of control subjects was significantly better than subjects with stroke ( F (l, 89) = 14.3, p = .0003). Conclusion: Manual tracking is impaired in nonparetic hand of subjects with stroke, suggesting that information processing, distinctly separate from motor weakness, may be an underestimated problem impairing controlled movements in individuals with stroke.
Plant growth modelling and the integration of shoot and root activities without communicating messengers: Opinion

In this paper, we consider the use of compartmental modelling to examine the integration of root and shoot resource allocation without the use of partitioning functions or communicating messengers. Emphasing overall growth and the partitioning of biomass and resources between shoots and roots, we discuss the use of modelling to explore mechanisms of control, to direct experimentation and to test physiological hypotheses concerning their regulation. We discuss how the interrelationships of allocation processes and growth might be considered by generating “mutants” of a basic model, and we suggest this approach as one general way to increase interactions between modellers and experimentalists.
Pancreatic cancer cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor is biologically active in vitro and enhances tumorigenicity in vivo.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic stimulator that acts by binding to high-affinity transmembrane receptors. Although both VEGF and its receptors are overexpressed in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), this malignancy is not generally considered to be highly vascular. It is not known, therefore, whether the abundance of VEGF in PDAC is biologically relevant. To address this issue, we measured the angiogenic effects of pancreatic cancer cell-derived VEGF in an in vitro endothelial cell proliferation assay and characterized the consequences of suppressing VEGF expression on pancreatic tumor growth in an athymic nude mouse model. We found that human pancreatic cancer cell lines secrete large quantities of biologically active VEGF into conditioned medium (CM). Stable transfection of an anti-sense VEGF189 (AS-VEGF189) expression construct into PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells resulted in decreased VEGF expression and secretion, a decreased capacity of the resultant CM to enhance endothelial cell proliferation and a significant attenuation of tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, when injected into athymic nude mice, AS-VEGF189-expressing cells exhibited an 80% decrease in tumor growth compared with control cells. These results support the hypothesis that VEGF promotes pancreatic cancer growth in vivo and suggest that anti-VEGF therapy may be useful in the treatment of this disease. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Marine Mineral Supplement Alters Markers of Bone Metabolism in Yearling Arabians

Abstract This study tested whether the supplement (Aquacid), high in calcium and other minerals, can alter markers of bone metabolism and mineralization of the equine third metacarpus bone. Radiographs were taken of the left third metacarpus of 14 yearlings. Radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE) of each cortex was calculated to estimate mineral content. Blood samples were also taken at this time. Horses were ranked according to RBAE and gender, were pair-matched, and randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Each group was provided one of two mineral supplements in addition to their normal diet. The treated group (Aq) received 75 g Aquacid/horse/d, which provided an additional 15 g of calcium. The control group (Co) received 39.5 g of limestone to provide similar amounts of calcium. The study lasted for 112 days, with blood being taken every 28 days. At day 56 and 112, additional radiographs was taken to track changes in RBAE. Blood was analyzed for osteocalcin (a bone formation marker) and serum C-telopeptide crosslaps of type I collagen (a bone resorption marker) to detect alterations in bone metabolism. Using day 0 values as a covariate for bone markers, there was a trend (P = .07) for osteocalcin concentrations to be greater in Aq horses than in Co. Likewise, C-telopeptide crosslaps of type I collagen concentrations were greater (P
Algorithm fusion in forward-looking long-wave infrared imagery for buried explosive hazard detection

In this article, we propose a method to fuse multiple algorithms in a long wave infrared (LWIR) system in the context of forward looking buried explosive hazard detection. A pre-screener is applied first, which is an ensemble of local RX filters and mean shift clustering in UTM space. Hit correspondence is then performed with an algorithm based on corner detection, local binary patterns (LBP), multiple instance learning (MIL) and mean shift clustering in UTM space. Next, features from image chips are extracted from UTM confidence maps based on maximally stable extremal regions (MSERs) and Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). These sources are then fused using an ordered weighted average (OWA). While this fusion approach has yet to improve the overall positive detection rate in LWIR, we do demonstrate false alarm reduction. Targets that are not detected by our system are also not detected by a human under visual inspection. Experimental results are shown based on field data measurements from a US Army test site.
P02-268 The scandinavian solutions for wellness study - an observational study on the effectiveness of the lifestyle program solutions for wellness

Aims It is known that psychiatric disorders often lead to unhealthy life styles and reduced quality of life, which can lead to weight gain, possibly enhanced by psychotropic treatment. Solutions for Wellness (SfW) is an educational program for life style changes for psychiatric patients. This observational study evaluated the effectiveness of SfW. Method 30 psychiatric clinics collected data for the study. Quality of life was measured by the Subjective Wellbeing under Neuroleptics scale (SWN), at baseline and at the end of SfW participation at 3 months. Demographic, disease and treatment data were also collected. A control group consisted of patients from centers that did not offer the SfW program. Results 314 patients were enrolled in SfW group, 59 in the control group. 54% of the total group had schizophrenia, 67% received atypical antipsychotics. The baseline mean BMI in the SfW group was 31.7 kg/m2. SWN scores for the SfW group improved significantly from baseline to the end of the program (mean increase 3.3 ± 12.2), but not significantly more than for the control group (mean difference 1.4, p = 0.4158 (t-test)). The SfW group demonstrated a significant decrease in BMI, weight and waist circumference from baseline. The decreases were significantly larger compared to the control group for BMI (p = 0.0018) and weight (p = 0.0027) (t-tests). Conclusion Patients in the SfW program improved in BMI, weight, waist circumference and SWN total score. Changes in weight and BMI were significantly larger in the SfW group compared to the control group.
Infrared spectroscopy of carbo-ions: The ν1 and ν4 bands of CH2D+, and the ν1 band of CHD2+

Abstract The ν 1 and ν 4 bands of CH 2 D + and the ν 1 band of CHD 2 + have been observed and analyzed. Both species were formed concurrently in a gas mixture of CD 4 :CH 4 :H 2 :He::120:10:100:7000 m Torr discharged at 6 kHz ac with ∼ 150 mA in a multiple-inlet multiple-outlet, liquid-nitrogen-cooled cell. Their infrared vibration-rotation spectra were recorded with a difference-frequency spectrometer and detected by velocity modulation with unidirectional multipassing and noise subtraction of the probing infrared radiation. The transitions of each band were fitted separately to a Watson A -reduced Hamiltonian to determine the rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion constants. The determined band orgins (in cm −1 ) are ν 1 = 3004.7650(5) and ν 4 = 3105.8406(6) for CH 2 D + and ν 1 = 3056.1694(8) for CHD 2 + . The inertial defects Δ, centrifugal distortion constants, and rotational transitions have been calculated and are given for these two species.
Temporal pattern of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin withdrawal seizures during epilepsy monitoring

Summary Purpose To compare the temporal pattern of seizures after acute withdrawal of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and phenytoin (PHT) in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU). Methods We identified all epilepsy patients admitted to our EMU on OXC or PHT monotherapy, over a period of 5 years. The OXC taper usually occurred over 2 days while PHT was abruptly discontinued on admission day. For each patient, we recorded the number and type of seizures for each EMU day. We used Poisson regression models to estimate daily seizure frequency separately for complex partial seizures (CPSs) and generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs). Results Forty patients were admitted on OXC and 32 on PHT monotherapy. The temporal distribution of seizures varied between the two groups. The first GTCS was more likely to occur in the first 2 days of monitoring for the OXC group ( p p =0.011). The groups did not differ in the pattern of CPS. Conclusions OXC is disproportionately associated with increased GTCS in the first 2 days after acute withdrawal. The early peak of GTCS favors a rebound phenomenon in addition to loss of therapeutic effect.
The optimal parameter of SOR-k method for p-cyclic matrices

Abstract Consider a SOR-k method for solving a p-cyclic system Ax = b (p > 2) if the p-cyclic matrix A is repartitioned as a k-cyclic matrix for 2 ⩽ k ⩽ p. Suppose that the block Jacobi matrix B associated with A is convergent and all the eigenvalues of Bp are nonnegative. A comparison of the optimal spectral radius of the SOR-k iteration matrix L ω ( k ) for 2 ⩽ k ⩽ p was given by Evan and Li under an assumption of the existence and differentiability of an implicit function. In this paper, the assumption is deleted. A comparison of the optimal parameter of SOR-k method, as k varies from 2 to p, is given. We will also compare the spectral radius of L ω ( k ) for a fixed ω and different values of k.
‘Porque Las Raizes No Se Olvidan’: Continuity and Change among Mexican Migrants in New Jersey

This paper examines how, as in the past in their home community in Mexico, Mexican immigrants in the United States use a system of flexible kinship and ritual practices to adapt to new circumstances of living and working in communities with new neighbours, new challenges and new threats. The paper focuses particularly on how the increased presence of women who have not always been a large part of the Mexican migrant community in the United States and their ‘kin work’ allows migrants to maintain and extend their social networks. Through various family and ritual events, migrants integrate new friends and acquaintances with new resources into their social networks and thus facilitate their survival in their new home.
Speciation of atmospheric mercury at two sites in northern Nevada, USA

Abstract Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and mercury bound to particles (Hgp) were measured during seasonal 1- or 2-week data collection campaigns at two Mercury Deposition Network sites (NV02 and NV99) in northern Nevada, USA. The sites are rural but are located in an area of diverse natural and anthropogenic mercury sources that include undisturbed and mining mercury-disturbed enriched substrates, coal-fired power plants, ore processing facilities, and industrial facilities. Concentrations of Hg0 averaged over all campaigns were 3.0±1.7 ng m−3 at NV02 and 2.5±3.1 ng m−3 at NV99, higher than has been reported for other rural sites. Hg0 concentrations at the sites were found to be influenced by both local substrate emission and transport from regional source areas. Concentrations of RGM and Hgp were within ranges reported for other rural sites (13±18 and 9±7 pg m−3 at NV02, 7±8 and 13±12 pg m−3 at NV99, respectively). Mercury wet deposition rates measured over 3 years (2003–2005) were similar to other sites in the arid West (3.0±0.7 μg m−2 yr−1 at NV02, 3.9±0.4 μg m−2 yr−1 at NV99).
Turner's Syndrome

Although most children with Turner's syndrome are under the care of specialists, the authors of this article suggest that most affected women can best be served by their primary care practitioners, with the use of informed judgment about the need for referral to specialists. This article reviews current concepts in the genetics, diagnosis, and management of Turner's syndrome.
Effects of noncovalent platinum drug-protein interactions on drug efficacy: use of fluorescent conjugates as probes for drug metabolism.

The overall efficacy of platinum based drugs is limited by metabolic deactivation through covalent drug–protein binding. In this study the factors affecting cytotoxicity in the presence of glutathione, human serum albumin (HSA) and whole serum binding with cisplatin, BBR3464, and TriplatinNC, a “noncovalent” derivative of BBR3464, were investigated. Upon treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), to reduce cellular glutathione levels, cisplatin and BBR3464-induced apoptosis was augmented whereas TriplatinNC-induced cytotoxicity was unaltered. Treatment of A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells with HSA-bound cisplatin (cisplatin/HSA) and cisplatin preincubated with whole serum showed dramatic decreases in cytotoxicity, cellular accumulation, and DNA adduct formation compared to treatment with cisplatin alone. Similar effects are seen with BBR3464. In contrast, TriplatinNC, the HSAbound derivative (TriplatinNC/HSA), and TriplatinNC pretreated with whole serum retained identical cytotoxic profiles and equal levels of cellular accumulation at all time points. Confocal microscopy of both TriplatinNC-NBD, a fluorescent derivative of TriplatinNC, and TriplatinNC-NBD/HSA showed nuclear/nucleolar localization patterns, distinctly different from the lysosomal localization pattern seen with HSA. Cisplatin-NBD, a fluorescent derivative of cisplatin, was shown to accumulate in the nucleus and throughout the cytoplasmwhile the localization of cisplatin-NBD/HSA was limited to lysosomal regions of the cytoplasm. The results suggest that TriplatinNCcan avoid high levels of metabolic deactivation currently seen with clinical platinum chemotherapeutics, and therefore retain a unique cytotoxic profile after cellular administration.
Railgun Accelerators for Gram-Sized Projectiles

In this paper, we describe the operation and critical parameters of railguns, we compare the potential and actual performance with other types of macroparticle accelerators, and we discuss their research and industrial applications. Railgun accelerators have the potential to accelerate massive projectiles to very high velocities in very short distances. Recent research has demonstrated the usefulness of railguns for research and industrial applications. The railgun accelerator is essentially a linear dc motor consisting of a pair of rigid parallel conductors that carry current to and from an interconnecting moveable conductor. The connecting link functions as an armature, and the parallel rails serve as a single-turn field winding. The resulting Lorentz force on the armature is proportional to the square of the current. A 1-MA current will produce about 2(105) N of thrust. A one-gram projectile will experience an acceleration of 2(108) m/s2 and in one meter achieve a velocity of 20 km/s. Conventional projectile launchers are limited to launch velocities of the order of 10 km/s. Hence railguns will enable research and applications at previously unattainable velocities. Velocities in excess of 10 km/s will lead to new research at high pressure and high-energy density. Behavior of matter in the 1-10 TPa or perhaps 100 TPa range will provide valuable insight to terrestrial and extraterrestrial phenomena. Furthermore, velocities of the order of 20 km/s will permit orbital launching from the earth's surface. These and other applications of railguns will be discussed.
Stages IIB and IIIB Hodgkin's disease. Results of combined modality treatment.

Between April 1969, and December 1974, 23 IIB and 26 IIIB surgically staged patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Stage IIB patients received either mantle and para-aortic-splenic pedicle, or total modal irradiation (TNI) alone or with the addition of combination chemotherapy. Relapse-free survival is 83% and overall survival 88%. Eleven patients received combination chemotherapy in addition to mantle and para-aortic irradiation, and both the relapse-free and overall survival are 100%. Of the stage IIIB patients, seven received TNI alone with four relapses, and 19 were treated with TNI and MOPP with two relapses. These relapse rates are significantly different (p less than 0.05). The relapse-free and overall survival for all stage IIIB patients is 66% and 84% respectively. These data imply that irradiation alone is not adequate treatment for stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease, and that with the addition of combination chemotherapy both the disease-free and overall survival is similar to that of early stage Hodgkin's disease without systemic symptoms. The ideal management of stage IIB Hodgkin's disease is less certain; it is our plan to study the efficacy of combined modality treatment. Cancer 40:84–89, 1977.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatments for Adult Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatments are currently the gold standard treatment option for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, many individuals do not experience symptom relief following existing CBT treatments so there has been increasing recognition of the need to evaluate alternative treatment approaches. This article provides an overview of the current status of the two most empirically supported CBT treatments for PTSD (cognitive processing therapy & prolonged exposure therapy) as well as the current status and rationale for more recently developed “3rd wave” (e.g., acceptance and commitment therapy) and transdiagnostic (e.g., Unified Protocol) CBT treatment protocols. Similarities and differences in the theoretical rationales, the structures of treatment, and the current evidence base are highlighted for these four CBT treatments. We conclude by discussing five areas in which additional research is needed to better understand how CBT can most effectively promote recovery for adults with PTSD.
Experiments Toward On-Line Identification and Control of a Very Flexible One-Link Manipulator

An adaptive control algorithm based on the self-tuning regu lator concept has been experimentally investigated for appli cation to a very flexible one-link robotic manipulator. Adap tive control is an attractive methodology for maintaining the performance of precise controllers designed for such manipu lators under conditions of varying end-effector load. The use of noncollocated sensors and actuators to give good accuracy in tip positioning also places stringent requirements on the accuracy of dynamic models used for controller design.Identification and control design techniques suitable for on-line implementation have been demonstrated experimen tally on such a single-link flexible manipulator. The identifi cation algorithm employed is a filtered version of the recur sive least-squares algorithm. It is a development of algorithms previously used with the Stanford four-disk sys tem. Stable controllers with good step responses were de signed using the system models identified with the identifica tion algo...
Internal resistance matching for parallel-connected lithium-ion cells and impacts on battery pack cycle life

When assembling lithium-ion cells into functional battery packs, it is common to connect multiple cells in parallel. Here we present experimental and modeling results demonstrating that, when lithium ion cells are connected in parallel and cycled at high rate, matching of internal resistance is important in ensuring long cycle life of the battery pack. Specifically, a 20% difference in cell internal resistance between two cells cycled in parallel can lead to approximately 40% reduction in cycle life when compared to two cells parallel-connected with very similar internal resistance. We show that an internal resistance mismatch leads to high current into each cell during part of the charging cycle. Since capacity fading is strongly dependent on temperature, and hence on charging rate when this rate is sufficiently high, the high current leads to substantially accelerated capacity fade in both cells. A model, based on the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase, is able to explain the dependence of lifetime on resistance mismatch, and also identifies the importance of random sudden capacity losses.
An algorithm for a near optimal NC path generation in staircase (Lase) traversal of convex polygonal surfaces

This paper presents an analytical model of the tool path for staircase traversal of convex polygonal surfaces, and an algorithm-referred to as OPTPATH-developed based on the model to find the sweep angle that gives a near optimal tool path length. The OPTPATH algorithm can be used for staircase traversal with or without (i) overlaps between successive sweep passes, and (ii) rapid traversal along edge passes. This flexibility of OPTPATH renders it applicable not only to conventional operations such as face and pocket milling, but also to other processes such as robotic deburring, rapid proto@ping, and robotic spray painting. The effective tool path lengths provided by OPTPATH are compared with those given by the following two algorithms: (i) a common industrial heuristic-referred to as the IH algorithm-and (ii) an algorithm proposed by Prabhu et al. (Prabhu, P. V., Gramopadhye, A. K., and Wang, H. P., 1990, Int. J. Prod. Res., 28, No. 1, pp. 101-130) referred to as PGW algorithm. This comparison is conducted using 100 randomly generated convex polygons of different shapes and a set of seven different tool diameters. It is found that OPTPATH performs better than both the IH as well as PGW algorithms. The superiority of OPTPATH over the two algorithms becomes more pronounced for large tool diameters.
Alkylamidase of sheep liver

Abstract 1. 1. An amidase from sheep liver microsomes which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-monosubstituted and N,N-disubstituted amides was purified 59-fold by hydroxylapatite and benzyl-DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. 2. 2. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the final enzyme preparation indicated that it was a single protein. 3. 3. The enzyme had an optimum at approximately pH 9, was not stimulated by divalent cations and had a molecular weight, as determined by gel filtration, of 230 000 to 250 000. 4. 4. The enzyme was unable to hydrolyze the lower members of a series of N- methyl-substituted amides and only had a trace of activity to N- methyl butyramide. The activity reached a maximum with N- methyl caproamide and decreased with an increase in chain length. The enzyme hydrolyzed N- methyl , N- ethyl and N- propyl caproamide at approximately equal rates. Of all the compounds investigated as substrates. N- phenyl caproamide had the shortest enzymatic half-life. Of the N,N- dialkyl-substituted caproamides evaluated, only N,N- dimethyl caproamide was hydrolyzed.
Predictors of Weight Loss and Effectiveness of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in the Morbidly Obese Hispano-American Population

Co-morbidities and the metabolic response to intervention in morbid obesity have been reported to vary among different ethnic groups. We compared the rate of weight loss, effectiveness of gastric bypass surgery, and variables influencing success after gastric bypass in Hispanics compared to Caucasians. Morbidly obese adult (>18 years old) patients (body mass index [BMI] 40 or above) evaluated by our bariatric group from 2005 to 2006 who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) were studied. Every patient was evaluated for height, weight, BMI, percent body fat, fat mass, serum metabolic analysis (SMA) 12, lipid profile, complete blood count (CBC), iron, ferritin, Vitamins A, D, and B1, complete urinalysis and Fibrospect score II. Weight loss was evaluated at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Seventy-five patients underwent successful open RYGBP with no mortality. Regardless of the significant difference in age and co-morbidities, the mean percentage of total weight loss after 1 year of follow-up was 32% for Hispanics and 30% for Caucasians with no significant difference (p > .5). When comparing the percentage of excess weight lost (% EWL) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, there was no significant difference between both groups. Using multiple regression analysis, we found that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly predicted EWL at 12 months in Caucasians and Fibrospect predicted significantly EWL at 1 year. At 1 year after RYGBP, both ethnic groups lost ∼77–80% of their EWL and BMI. All Caucasians and 95.7% of Hispanics achieved successful weight loss (>50% EWL).
Advanced Manufacturing Training: Mobile Learning Labs

Addressing workforce development in Colorado, particularly in the industrial and manufacturing sectors, Pueblo Community College (PCC) developed a strategy to increase capacity for delivering high quality hands-on instruction remotely by implementing industrial-grade Mobile Learning Labs. Skilled instructors utilize the labs to deliver training in Electrical, Mechanical, Manufacturing and Welding Systems.
Agency and pain: An exploration

The notion of agency has become particularly prominent in social‐science writing. This article identifies some of the weaknesses in the ways it has been employed in contemporary anthropology. It criticises the assumptions of self‐empowerment, responsibility, and constructivism that are held to be essential to moral agency in much of that usage. Present‐day conceptions of agency in this literature introduce—whether intentionally or not—a triumphalist vision of history. Drawing on recent neuro‐physiological research, religious history and ethnography, it focuses on pain in order to think about agency in other than triumphalist terms. Triumphalist versions of agency, the article argues, are not only inherently questionable, they also distract our attention away from the need to understand how different traditions articulate the idea of living sanely in a world that is inevitably painful.
Differential polarization imaging. IV. Images in higher Born approximations

The theory of differential polarization imaging developed previously within the framework of the first Born approximation is extended to higher Born approximations, taking into account interactions among the polarizable groups in the object. Several properties of differential polarization images, originally described using first Born approximation are modified when higher Born approximations are used. In particular, (a) when the polarizable groups are spherically symmetric, the off-diagonal Mueller elements Mij (i not equal to j) in bright field do not vanish in higher Born approximations, as they do in the first Born approximation case. (b) In higher Born approximations, the dark field Mi4 and M4i (i = 1, 2, 3) images do not vanish as in the first Born approximation, due to the anisotropy induced by the interactions among the groups. (c) When the polarizability tensor of each group is symmetric and real, the bright field M14 and M41 images always vanish in the first Born approximation. In higher Born approximations, these terms do not vanish if the groups bear a chiral relationship to each other. Quantitative criteria for the validity of the first Born approximation in differential polarization imaging are explicitly derived for three different types of media: (a) linearly anisotropic, (b) circularly anisotropic, and (c) linearly and circularly anisotropic (medium displaying linear birefringence and circular birefringence). These criteria define the limits of thickness and the degree of anisotropy of optically thin media. Finally, the possibility to perform optical sectioning in differential polarization imaging in the presence and absence of group interactions is discussed.
Fatal delayed rupture of the vertebral artery after blunt chest trauma. A case report and review of the literature.

Once rarely diagnosed, vertebral artery trauma is now more frequently recognised due to the routine use of angiography in the management of the trauma patient. Between 1960 and 1975, vertebral artery injury was reported in only 12 of 2071 (0.6%) civilian vascular injuries [1]. Studies since 1975 have shown an incidence of vertebral artery trauma of 2.4–19% of all vascular traumas [2,3]. Penetrating neck trauma causes the majority of vertebral artery injuries. Blunt trauma, primarily to the neck, accounts for only 3–10% of all cervical vessel injury [4–7] and 5% of vertebral artery trauma [8,9]. Minor trauma, such as hyperextension of the cervical spine and chiropractic manipulation, has also been reported to cause vertebral artery injury [10,11]. The following case report describes a rare occurrence of vertebral artery injury following isolated blunt thoracic trauma.
Identification and Characterization of the Endocytic Transmembrane Glycoprotein Endo180 as a Novel Collagen Receptor

Endo180, a member of the mannose receptor family, is constitutively recycled between clathrin-coated pits on the cell surface and intracellular endosomes. Its large extracellular domain contains an...
Boswell at the Breakfast Table

Oliver Wendell Holmes's The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table is subtitled “Every Man His Own Boswell”: a declaration not only of Holmes's admiration for Samuel Johnson but of his urgent sense of Johnson's London circle as embodying intellectual values still sadly lacking in an America ruled by crude economic individualism.
Click patterns: an empirical representation of complex query intents

Understanding users' search intents is critical component of modern search engines. A key limitation made by most query log analyses is the assumption that each clicked web result represents one unique intent. However, there are many search tasks, such as comparison shopping or in-depth research, where a user's intent is to explore many documents. In these cases, the assumption of a one-to-one correspondence between clicked documents and user intent breaks down. To capture and understand such behaviors, we propose the use of click patterns. Click patterns capture the relationship among clicks on search results by treating the set of clicks made by a user as a single unit. We aggregate click patterns together using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to discover the common click patterns. By using click patterns as an empirical representation of user intent, we are able to create a rich representation of mixtures of multiple navigational and informational intents. We analyze real search logs and demonstrate that such complex mixtures of intents do occur in the wild and can be identified using click patterns. We further demonstrate the usefulness of click patterns by integrating them into a measure of query ambiguity and into a query recommendation task. We show that calculating query ambiguity as the entropy over the distribution of click patterns provides a measure of ambiguity with improved discriminative power, consistency and temporal stability as compared to previous measures of ambiguity. We explore the use of click pattern similarity and click pattern entropy in generating query recommendations and show promising results.
VIRTUES AND VICES ABOUT MONEY

According to the New Testament ‘the love of money’ is a root of all evil and a no-go for church elders. After the financial crises this warning and old virtues are re-discovered. The articles analyse virtues and vices dealing with money. Consulting insights from old texts such as Aristotle, the New Testament, Thomas Aquinas and modern authors like Comte-Sponville and Sofsky we develop a classification with two virtues, generosity and frugality, and two corresponding vices, meanness and greed. Due to the different facets of the topic we discuss these virtues and vices by combining explanations from philosophy, theology, psychology, sociology, and economy. These discussions are led by the question “how can we live these virtues in our modern society?”. Especially, we discuss the challenge of living frugal in a market economy, which regards greed as a ‘virtue in disguise’. doi: 10.7833/111-1-34
Natural Killer-Like T-cell Lymphomas: Aggressive Lymphomas of T-Large Granular Lymphocytes

Natural killer (NK)-like T cells are major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxic T cells that are surface CD3-positive, express NK-cell antigens, and rearrange their T-cell receptor. Most neoplasms arising from this T-cell subpopulation have been a chronic lymphoproliferative disease referred to as T-large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia. Only 10 NK-like T-cell lymphomas have been described in detail previously; this study presents the clinicopathologic features of six others and distinguishes these lymphomas from T-LGL leukemia. All patients presented with B-symptoms and often had marked hepatosplenomegaly without significant peripheral lymphadenopathy. Four of the six patients were immunosuppressed. All had CD3, CD8, CD56-positive tumors, presumably of hepatosplenic (n = 3), intestinal (n = 1), pulmonary (n = 1), or nodal (n = 1) origin. Three patients had lymphomatous bone marrow infiltrates, and four had peripheral blood involvement by neoplastic large lymphocytes, some of which had a blastic appearance or resembled virocytes. Azurophilic granules, ultrastructurally corresponding to cytoplasmic dense core and/or double density granules, were seen in all cases. T-cell clonality was shown in five tumors by Southern blot analysis, and three had abnormal karyotypes. Two untreated patients died 20 days after presentation, and three patients who received combination chemotherapy died within 5 months of presentation. One patient remains in complete remission 22 months after treatment. These findings suggest NK-like T-cell lymphomas are aggressive, are clinicopathologically distinct from T-LGL leukemia, and should be in the differential diagnosis of extranodal T-cell lymphoproliferations, including those in immunosuppressed patients. Furthermore, the LGL morphology, phenotype, and tissue distribution of some NK-like T-cell lymphomas suggest they arise from thymic-independent T cells of the hepatic sinusoids and intestinal mucosa.
The Secrecy Heuristic: Inferring Quality from Secrecy in Foreign Policy Contexts

Three experiments demonstrate that in the context of U.S. foreign policy decision making, people infer informational quality from secrecy. In Experiment 1, people weighed secret information more heavily than public information when making recommendations about foreign political candidates. In Experiment 2, people judged information presented in documents ostensibly produced by the Department of State and the National Security Council as being of relatively higher quality when those documents were secret rather than public. Finally, in Experiment 3, people judged a National Security Council document as being of higher quality when presented as a secret document rather than a public document and evaluated others' decisions more favorably when those decisions were based on secret information. Discussion centers on the mediators, moderators, and broader implications of this secrecy heuristic in foreign policy contexts.
Identifying traffic differentiation on cellular data networks

The goal of this research is to detect traffic differentiation in cellular data networks. We define service differentiation as any attempt to change the performance of network traffic traversing an ISP's boundaries. ISPs may implement differentiation policies for a number of reasons, including load balancing, bandwidth management, or business reasons. Specifically, we focus on detecting whether certain types of network traffic receive better (or worse) performance. As an example, a wireless provider might limit the performance of third-party VoIP or video calling services (or any other competing services) by introducing delays or reducing transfer rates to encourage users to use services provided by the wireless provider. Previous work explored this problem in limited environments. Glasnost focused on BitTorrent in the desktop/laptop environment, and lacked the ability to conduct controlled experiments to provide strong evidence of differentiation. NetDiff covered a wide range of passively gathered traffic from a large ISP but likewise did not support targeted, controlled experiments. We address these limitations with Mobile Replay.
A nondeterministic well-founded semantics

In order to define the meaning of a collection of rules forming a database or logic program, we have to consider a number of alternative interpretations. In the case of stratified and locally stratified programs, researchers agree that a single such interpretation captures the intended semantics [16]. Nevertheless, nonstratified datalog databases and logic programs can be seen as descriptions of a set of “alternative scenarios”. Sacca and Zaniolo [20] have shown that the nondeterministic nature of these programs can be used to model several useful queries such as those involving thechoice operator. They introducedpartial stable models, a semantics that exhibits the desired nondeterministic behavior. This work opened the problem of finding efficient ways to compute these nondeterministic scenarios. Papadimitriou and Yannakakis [18] introduced a tie-breaking procedure that nondeterministically computes fixpoints for some programs and has polynomial data complexity. However, this algorithm does not handle many programs includingchoice programs. In this paper, we introduce the notion ofwell-founded hypothesis, an intuitive account based on hypothetical reasoning that captures the same semantics as Sacca and Zaniolo's partial stable models. We introduce a notion of linearity that can be used in a skeptical or nondeterministic fashion. We show that the skeptical case corresponds to thewell-founded semantics and that the nondeterministic case computes a sound subclass of well-founded hypotheses. We show that this latter subclass has polynomial data complexity, correctly handleschoice programs, and is universally defined. We develop a simple nondeterministic procedure that computes these linear hypotheses, and we extend it to compute a strict superclass of the well-founded tie-breaking fixpoints in polynomial time.
Organ-preserving therapy for rectal cancer

SUMMARY Total mesorectal excision has resulted in low local recurrence rates in rectal cancer patients; however, it is associated with a significant impairment in quality of life. The operation may be disfiguring and cause permanent effects on gastrointestinal, genitourinary and sexual function. Recently, researchers have identified subgroups of rectal cancer patients who may be able to forgo total mesorectal excision without compromising their oncological outcomes. Two groups of patients are candidates for organ preservation: those with early-stage disease that may be adequately addressed by a more limited resection, and those with locally advanced disease that has responded completely to neoadjuvant therapy. Additionally, radiation alone may be curative in both early and locally advanced disease. This article reviews the data regarding these approaches.
Centromere-Linkage Analysis and Consolidation of the Zebrafish Genetic Map

The ease of isolating mutations in zebrafish will contribute to an understanding of a variety of processes common to all vertebrates. To facilitate genetic analysis of such mutations, we have identified DNA polymorphisms closely linked to each of the 25 centromeres of zebrafish, placed centromeres on the linkage map, increased the number of mapped PCR-based markers to 652, and consolidated the number of linkage groups to the number of chromosomes. This work makes possible centromere-linkage analysis, a novel, rapid method to assign mutations to a specific linkage group using half-tetrads.
Governing innovative collaboration : a new theory of contract

Herein I outline an alternative theory of contract and contract enforcement. This theory is based upon two claims, one positive and one normative. The first claim is that incomplete contracting theory fails to explain how economic actors govern production in the new economy. Theories of "pragmatic governance" do, however, capture how modern firms order their relationships. To support this first claim, evidence from collaborative contracts is presented. The second claim is that, because both the traditional contextualist and the ascendant neoformalist approaches to contract enforcement undermine this new form of contract, a new philosophy is needed. A hybrid approach, integrating both formalism and problem-solving judicial intervention, provides such an alternative.
Psychosexual Differentiation in the Human

This review presents the major findings in studies on humans of chromosomal, gonadal, prenatal hormonal and environmental contributions to sex dimorphic behaviors. The hypotheses derived from these studies are evaluated. Findings relevant to possible biological antecedents in the formation of gender identity, gender role behaviors, sexual orientation and “parenting” behaviors are reviewed and critically discussed.
Generational cache management of code traces in dynamic optimization systems

A dynamic optimizer is a runtime software system that groups a program's instruction sequences into traces, optimizes those traces, stores the optimized traces in a software-based code cache, and then executes the optimized code in the code cache. To maximize performance, the vast majority of the program's execution should occur in the code cache and not in the different aspects of the dynamic optimization system. In the past, designers of dynamic optimizers have used the SPEC2000 benchmark suite to justify their use of simple code cache management schemes. In this paper, we show that the problem and importance of code cache management changes dramatically as we move from SPEC2000, with its relatively small number of dynamically generated code traces, to large interactive Windows applications. We also propose and evaluate a new cache management algorithm based on generational code caches that results in an average miss rate reduction of 18% over a unified cache, which translates into 19% fewer instructions spent in the dynamic optimizer. The algorithm categorizes code traces based on their expected lifetimes and group traces with similar lifetimes together in separate storage areas. Using this algorithm, short-lived code traces can easily be removed from a code cache without introducing fragmentation and without suffering the performance penalties associated with evicting long-lived code traces.
2-Deoxyribose Gene-Enzyme Complex in Salmonella typhimurium: Regulation of Phosphodeoxyribomutase

Phosphodeoxyribomutase, the enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate to 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate, has been partially purified from Salmonella typhimurium. The enzyme had an absolute requirement for manganese ion and was stimulated by glucose-1, 6-diphosphate. Phosphodeoxyribomutase was induced by deoxyribose-5-phosphate and was coordinately regulated with the enzymes thymidine phosphorylase and deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, type II. Mutants deficient in these three enzymes were isolated and mapped close to the threonine locus in S. typhimurium. The three enzymes thymidine phosphorylase, deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, type II, and phosphodeoxyribomutase are controlled by a series of linked genes and appear to constitute an operon.
Appropriateness of Milk Use in International Supplementary Feeding Programs

Recognition of lactose intolerance, debate over the limitedness of dietary energy and protein in specific settings, and the appreciation for the uniqueness and appropriateness of human milk during the 1st yr of life have prompted reexamination of the use of milk in international feeding programs. Substantial proportions of preschool and school-age children from expected populations are lactose intolerant. However, studies in this county indicate that lactose intolerant preschool and early school-age children can tolerate amounts of milk usually consumed. Older individuals with symptomatic responses to milk also will often have similarly mild symptomatic responses to hydrolyzed lactose milk. Appropriately controlled studies in developing countries are planned or are underway to assess milk tolerance. In feeding programs designed to provide a protein supplement, milk continues to be a very attractive option. The question of how much milk protein must be given and how often it should be provided to make a significant impact on a population's well-being depends on an evaluation of the data base describing protein intakes and needs for specific populations. These types of data for most populations are inadequate.
MicroRNA Biogenesis via Splicing and Exosome-Mediated Trimming in Drosophila

microRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22 nucleotide regulatory RNAs derived from hairpins generated either by Drosha cleavage (canonical substrates) or by splicing and debranching of short introns (mirtrons). The 5' end of the highly conserved Drosophila mirtron-like locus mir-1017 is coincident with the splice donor, but a substantial "tail" separates its hairpin from the 3'splice acceptor. Genetic and biochemical studies define a biogenesis pathway involving splicing, lariat debranching, and RNA exosome-mediated "trimming," followed by conventional dicing and loading into AGO1 to yield a miRNA that can repress seed-matched targets. Analysis of cloned small RNAs yielded six additional candidate 3' tailed mirtrons in D. melanogaster. Altogether, these data reveal an unexpected role for the exosome in the biogenesis of miRNAs from hybrid mirtron substrates.
Imaging diffuser-obscured objects by making coherence measurements on enhanced backscatter radiation

An image of a planar object obscured by a moving diffuser can be obtained if the diffuser is illuminated by a spatially coherent quasi-monochromatic plane wave and coherence measurements are made on the wave field reflected by the object back through the diffuser. The image distribution is given by the intensity that would be observed were the object illuminated directly by a plane wave and the reflected wave allowed to propagate one half of the diffuser–object distance.