cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machining with tool–chip contact on the tool secondary rake face—Part I: a new slip-line model

Abstract Given the growing number of applications of groove-type chip breaker tools in modern machining, it is becoming increasingly important to study the tool–chip contact on the tool secondary rake face. This type of tool–chip contact significantly changes not only the state of stresses in the plastic deformation region, but also changes the distribution of forces and temperatures over the tool rake face. A new slip-line model accounting for the tool–chip contact on the tool secondary rake face is proposed in this paper. The model also takes into account chip curl and incorporates seven slip-line models developed for machining during the last six decades as special cases. Dewhurst and Collins's matrix technique for numerically solving slip-line problems and Powell's algorithm of nonlinear optimization are employed in the mathematical formulation of the model. The inputs of the model include (a) the tool primary rake angle γ1, (b) the tool secondary rake angle γ2, (c) the tool land length h, (d) the undeformed chip thickness t1, (e) the ratio of hydrostatic pressure PA to the material shear flow stress k, (f) the ratio of frictional shear stress τ1 on the tool primary rake face to the material shear flow stress k, and (g) the ratio of frictional shear stress τ2 on the tool secondary rake face to the material shear flow stress k. The outputs of the model include (a) the cutting force Fc/kt1w and the thrust force Ft/kt1w, (b) the chip up-curl radius Ru, (c) the chip thickness t2, and (d) the natural tool–chip contact length ln.
On the mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates—35. An equilibrium study of Na+Cs+H+ exchange on crystalline α-zirconium phosphate

Abstract An equilibrium study of the Na+Cs+H+ exchange on crystalline α-zirconium phosphate has been carried out. Isotherms for the ion exchange have been determined and phases formed during the exchange have been identified. The surface groups of the exchanger were found to greatly prefer cesium to sodium. For exchange in the interior, cesium was found to be preferred to sodium for 0–50% of exchange, while sodium is slightly preferred to cesium for the second half of exchange. The influence of surface equilibria on the total exchange mechanism is discussed.
Sparse Spectrum Seas and Waves Statistics

A novel Sparse Spectrum (SS) model of the sea surface (M. Charnotskii, Proc. OMAE, 2011) is based on the conjecture that each surface realization contains a finite, possibly random, number of sinusoidal components with random frequency, phase and amplitude. Unlike the conventional FFT-based model, the number of spectral components forming the surface is determined by the sea state, but not the desired spatial resolution and domain size. A single constrain on the probability distribution of the wavenumbers, and the amplitude variances of the components and the number of spectral components allows the SS surface to conform to any prescribed spectral density.Spectra and single-point probability distribution of the surface elevations are not sensitive to the number of sparse spectral components. In order to gain information about the spectral sparsity of the surface elevation we use our SS-based Monte-Carlo model for the surface elevations to examine the sensitivity of the statistics of the individual waves to the number of the sparse spectral components. We analyze the probability distributions of the wave heights; mean zero crossing period, and exceedance probability of the crest height at a fixed point and over a given region of area for the wave records generated by the SS model and compare it to the statistics based on the traditional FFT-based Monte-Carlo models corresponding to the dense spectrum model.We use the Elfouhaily et.al. spectral model [3] that is common for the ocean remote sensing applications and discuss the sensitivity of the wave statistics to the spectral model choice.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Action Potential-induced Quantal Secretion of Catecholamines from Rat Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

Using single rat adrenal chromaffin cells, we examined the coupling of action potential activity to quantal release of catecholamines by combining perforated patch current-clamp recording with electrochemical microcarbon fiber amperometry. Chromaffin cells display steeper dependence of quantal release on action potential frequency than many nerve terminals, as well as more desynchronized release following an action potential. Also in contrast to neurons, in chromaffin cells, a major chemical secretagogue (acetylcholine) triggers potent quantal release even in the absence of electrical activity. These findings are consistent with an hypothesis that a major component of exocytosis from chromaffin cells involves diffusion of Ca2+ to secretion sites which are less well co-localized with Ca2+ channels than those in nerve terminals.
Manganese(III) meso-tetrakis(ortho-N-alkylpyridyl)porphyrins. Synthesis, characterization, and catalysis of O2˙− dismutation

A series of ortho isomers of meso-tetrakis(N-alkylpyridyl)porphyrins (alkyl being methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, and n-octyl) and their Mn(III) complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, uv/vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and electrochemistry. An increase in the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains from 1 to 8 is accompanied by an increase in: (a) lipophilicity, as measured by the chromatographic retention factor, Rf; (b) metal-centered redox potential, E1/2 from +220 to +367 mV vs. NHE, and (c) proton dissociation constant, pKa2 from 10.9 to 13.2. A linear correlation was found between E1/2 and Rf of the Mn(III) porphyrins and between the pKa2 and Rf of the metal-free compounds. As the porphyrins become increasingly more lipophilic, the decrease in hydration disfavors the creation of charge, while enhancing the electron-withdrawing effect of the positively charged pyridyl nitrogen atoms. Consequently, E1/2 increases linearly with the increase in pKa2, a trend in porphyrin basicity opposite from the one we previously reported for other water-soluble Mn(III) porphyrins. All of these Mn(III) porphyrins are potent catalysts for superoxide dismutation (disproportionation). Despite the favorable increase of E1/2 with the increase in chain length, the catalytic rate constant decreases from methyl (log kcat = 7.79) to n-butyl, and then increases such that the n-octyl is as potent a SOD mimic as are the methyl and ethyl compounds. The observed behavior originates from an interplay of hydration and steric effects that modulate electronic effects.
Expression of somatostatin and GABA immunoreactivity in cultures of rat hippocampus

Abstract Somatostatin (SOM) synthesis and release were studied with radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical techniques in rat fetal hippocampal neurons maintained in monolayer tissue culture. SOM immunoreactivity increased from undetectable to over 4,000 pg/ml in media and over 2,500 pg/culture in neurons by 3 to 5 weeks. After 3 weeks, approximately 11% of the neurons stained for SOM. Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) immunoreactivity was present in hippocampal neurons from 1 day to 5 weeks with 40–50% of the neurons staining for GABA by 5 weeks in vitro. Costaining neurons for SOM and GABA revealed that 63% which were positive for SOM also stained for GABA.
Measurements of density fluctuations in steady, buoyant plumes in crossflow

Abstract Measurements of density fluctuations in steady, buoyant plumes in crossflow are reported. The aim of the laboratory experiments is to obtain density time series within the elevated plume at various locations downwind of the source. Rms levels of density fluctuations are approximately equal in magnitude to the value of the local mean, but time series show that peak values are an order of magnitude greater than the local mean. Crosswind distributions of skewness and kurtosis show near Gaussian values at the center of the plume but indicate skewed and peaked distributions at the plumes' edges. Analysis of the conditional signal reveals that values of the intermittency and non-dimensional burst frequency are inhomogeneous; their product., the burst persistence time, is near constant, however. Evaluation of the duration and spacing between events indicates that instantaneously large density fluctuations will persist for non-dimensional distances of at least up to x / l B ∼ 1000.
On Delayed Observers for Linear Systems with Unknown Inputs

We present a method for constructing reduced-order state observers for linear systems with unknown inputs. Our design provides a characterization of observers with delay, which eases the established necessary conditions for existence of unknown input observers with zero-delay. In order to obtain the observer parameters, we develop a systematic design procedure that is quite general in that it encompasses the design of full-order observers via appropriate choices of design matrices.
Insulin Resistance and Hypertension: Glucose Intolerance, Hyperinsulinemia, and Elevated Free Fatty Acids in the Lean Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Recent evidence suggests that insulin resistance may be a feature of essential hypertension in humans. However, there is some dispute over suitable animal models. To clarify these issues, we performed oral glucose tolerance tests in lean spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as well as in age-matched normotensive rats from the parent Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain. In response to feeding, SHR were significantly hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic compared to WKY. In addition, free fatty acids were significantly higher throughout the oral glucose tolerance tests in SHR compared to WKY. Furthermore, this apparent insulin resistance occurred despite the fact that SHR were significantly leaner than age-matched WKY. When growth curves were compared for the two strains fed ad libitum, both SHR and WKY gained weight appropriately during the period of observation, although SHR were significantly lighter throughout. It is concluded that SHR express insulin resistance in terms of glucose and fatty acid metabolism, and therefore are a suitable model for insulin resistance and essential hypertension in non-obese humans. Further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiologic defects leading to insulin resistance in these animals.
The Occurrence and Mitigation of Lead in San Diego County Burn Ash Sites, Implications for Similar Sites in California

(2002). The Occurrence and Mitigation of Lead in San Diego County Burn Ash Sites, Implications for Similar Sites in California. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 427-428.
Two-eyed versus one-eyed salamanders: does binocularity enhance the optically evoked skin blanching reactions of Ambystoma larvae?

Abstract A wide variety of visual functions show increases attributable to binocularity, and the question pursued here was whether a second eye enhances the visually stimulated skin blanching reaction of the larvalsalamander. Dermal melanin spots (produced by the aggregations of melanosomes within dermal melanophores and which contract or expand to lighten or darken the skin) were measured in eyeless (controls), one-eyed and two-eyed Ambystoma punctatum larvae after chronic adaptation of the subjects to a white background (i.e., stimulus conditions for maximum blanching). The eyeless subjects showed no blanching (thus remained dark) in white cups, and they exhibited melanin spots 7 or 8 times the size of those of the other two groups. All one-eyed or two-eyed subjects exhibited blanching reactions; planometric comparison revealed a significantly larger melanin spot area for one-eyed than for two-eyed animals; i.e., the binocular condition permitted greater contraction of the pigment spots than did the monocular condition. Analytical data compared favorably with independently ascertained pigmentation indices. The results indicate that a second eye quantitatively elevates the blanching maximum of a larval salamander.
Pressure effects of Ar and He on the first two members of the Balmer series of hydrogen

Temperatures of over 6000°K and pressures of over 1000 atmospheres were reproducibly obtained over a period of a few hundred microseconds with a ballistic compressor. The test gas was heated before compression and energy added during each shot by a capacitive discharge system. For a range of r.d. 27–63, the blue shift of Hα produced by helium was only 0.05 cm-1/r.d. The line was symmetrically broadened and was essentially Lorentzian until the r.d. was above 40. The shift and broadening of the Hβ line produced by helium were 2.5 times and 3.2 times higher than those of Hα. The pressure effects of argon on the Hα line are essentially similar to those observed for the spectral lines of alkali metals and singly ionized alkaline earths.
Adsorption of C-5 Nitriles at Liquid Metal Electrodes. A Comparison of Adsorption Parameters for Isovaleronitrile at Polarized Surfaces of Mercury and Indium−Gallium Alloy (Eutectic Composition)

In this paper a quantitative study ofthe adsorption of iso-C 4 H 9 CN (isovaleronitrile, IVN) at the interfaces between Hg and In-Ga alloy (eutectic composition) electrodes and aqueous solutions is described. The equilibrium charge densities at Hg electrodes were determined from both electrocapillary and impedance measurements, whereas at the In-Ga electrode only impedance data were available. The adsorption parameters for IVN, including the standard Gibbs energy of adsorption (ΔG a d s °), the lateral interaction parameter a, and the limiting Gibbs surface excess (Γ m a x ), were calculated and compared with previous data relative to the behavior of aliphatic compounds at different interfaces. The experimental results are discussed in terms of metal-solvent and metal-adsorbate interactions.
Applications of the theorem of Pythagoras in R3

Three distinct points [image omitted] and [image omitted] with [image omitted] are taken, respectively on the x, y and the z-axes of a rectangular coordinate system in [image omitted] Using the converse of the theorem of Pythagoras, it is shown that the triangle [image omitted] can never be a right-angled triangle. The result seems to be intuitive, but nevertheless requires a proof. As an application, some intuitive results about a tetrahedron are confirmed.
Trophic influence of in vivo transplanted sensory neurons on taste buds.

Abstract Neurons in spinal ganglion can survive in vivo transplantation. The present study was performed to determine if in vivo -transplanted sensory neurons could regenerate their nerve fibers and retain the trophic property of inducing taste bud regeneration. The vagal nodose ganglion (innervates buds in the pharynx) of adult rats was transplanted and anastomosed to the cut distal glossopharyngeal nerve, and the vallate papilla of the tongue examined for taste buds 24 weeks later. Regenerated taste buds were present in four of the six papillae that were studied. Although the total number of buds present was small, each bud appeared normal. Similarly, although the number of neurons in the transplanted ganglia was diminished, they appeared normal and varied from small to large in diameter as in normal ganglia. The results demonstrate that some neurons in the vagal nodose ganglion can survive transplantation, regenerate their nerve fibers, and cause the development and maintenance of taste buds. I conclude that neurons surviving in vivo transplantation retain their trophic property.
TRANSATLANTIC CAPITAL MARKET PRICE DISCOVERY DURING A FINANCIAL CRISIS

Previous results show relatively small amounts of time variation in the Hasbrouck (1995) information share across international markets. Using data from a security that was cross-listed on the New York and London Stock Exchanges in the 1860s, we find that the information share changes dramatically during a financial crisis that began in the foreign market.
T-cell epitope of α3 chain of type IV collagen induces severe glomerulonephritis

T-cell epitope of α3 chain of type IV collagen induces severe glomerulonephritis. Background Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis is among the earliest recognized human autoimmune diseases. However, the etiology of anti-GBM glomerulonephritis remains unclear. We have previously shown that CD4 + T cells, specific to α3NC1 of type IV collagen (Col4α3NC1), were able to induce anti-GBM glomerulonephritis in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the present study, we continued to map the nephritogenic T cell epitope in Col4α3NC1. Methods Synthetic peptides, which covered Col4α3NC1, were used as immunogens to induce glomerulonephritis in WKY rats. T-cell and B-cell responses to the peptides in the animals were analyzed. Results One potent nephritogenic T-cell epitope, pCol(28-40) (SQTTANPSCPEGT), was identified. A single immunization with pCol(28-40) induced extremely severe glomerulonephritis in all 23 rats. Renal pathology revealed nearly 100% of glomeruli with crescentic lesions or tuft necrosis in 21 animals. pCol(28-40) elicited a T-cell response to the peptide; T cells isolated from rats immunized with recombinant Col4α3NC1 reacted with pCol(28-40). pCol(28-40) elicited a peptide specific antibody response, which did not react with polypeptide Col4α3NC1 or native GBM. An 11-mer peptide, pCol(a30-40) (Ac-TTANPSCPEGT), was further mapped to be the core of the T-cell epitope in pCol(28-40). As expected, immunization with pCol(a30-40) induced severe glomerulonephritis in 10 out of 19 rats. Conclusion Our study not only demonstrated that a single T-cell epitope of Col4α3NC1 is sufficient to induce severe glomerulonephritis, but also provides a unique model for studying T-cell–mediated mechanisms in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis pathogenesis.
Efficacy of Hydrogen Cyanide Fumigation as a Treatment for Pests of Hawaiian Cut Flowers and Foliage After Harvest

Efficacy of 30 min fumigations at 2,500, 3,700, and 4,600 ppm of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was tested in the laboratory as a treatment against representative Hawaiian quarantine pests. Effective results were obtained for nymphs and adults of the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigroneroosa Coquerel, in red ginger flowers;an armored scale, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley), on oleander leaves; the green scale, Coccus viridis (Green), on ixora leaves; and nymphs of the coconut mealybug, Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell), on palm. Other species of mealybugs and ants also were susceptible to the treatment, particularly at the highest concentration. Mostnymphs and adults of a thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi (Ramakrishna), in red ginger flowers survived all concentrations of fumigation. All adults of an orchid weevil, Orchidophilus aterrimus (Waterhouse), survived the treatment. The suitability of HCN fumigation is discussed.
COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHY, MYELOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE EVALUATION OF CANINE VERTEBRAL AND SPINAL CORD TUMORS IN SIXTEEN DOGS

Radiographic, myelographic and computed tomographic (CT) studies from sixteen dogs with histologically diagnosed vertebral or spinal cord neoplasia (seventeen lesions) were retrospectively evaluated. Radiographs were compared with CT images to evaluate vertebral bony changes (bone production, lysis or both). Myelographic and CT images were evaluated to separate lesions into one of three categories, extradural, intradural/extramedullary, or intramedullary. These findings were compared to histologic tumor type from surgical or necropsy samples. Histologically, seven lesions were vertebral tumors and were classified as extradural lesions; ten lesions were spinal cord tumors of which eight were classified as intradural/extramedullary and two as intramedullary. Using CT, the amount of bony change associated with extradural lesions was greater than or equal to the amount of bony change visualized using radiographs. Myelography more correctly differentiated between intradural/ extramedullary and intramedullary lesions than did CT, although three open diagnoses detracted from the CT results. This study suggests that when evaluating extradural lesions, the amount of bony change was better visualized using CT than survey radiographs. Myelography was better when compared to CT for classifying spinal cord lesions, however, standardization of the CT imaging protocol may help determine the specific clinical indications for using CT in dogs with suspected vertebral or spinal cord tumors.
Abstract: Quantum Mechanical Simulations of Crystalline Helium Using High Performance Architectures

With the rapid growth of emerging high performance architectures comes the ability for the acceleration of computational science applications. In this work, we present our approach to accelerating a Quantum Monte Carlo method called Variational Path Integral. Using many microprocessors and graphics processing units, this VPI implementation simulates the interactions of helium atoms in a crystallized structure at near zero temperature. This work uses an improved master-worker approach to increase scalability from tens to thousands of cores on the Kraken supercomputer. A single node of the Keeneland GPU cluster delivers performance equivalent to ten nodes of Kraken. High performance computing enables us to simulate larger crystals and many more simulations than were previously possible.
Comment on “Can the Share Economy Conquer Stagflation?”

The main thrust of Nordhaus' paper seems to me to be the following. There is no such thing as an "excess demand for labor" in a share economy, and any propositions following from such an idea are at least suspect and probably wrong. In my view, the concept of "excess demand for labor" is merely a heuristic device that many people find useful as a way of thinking about what is happening in a share economy in a short run when pay parameters are quasi-fixed relative to everything else. But absolutely nothing substantive depends on using this phrase or even understanding what it means. A reader of my Economic Journal article [1983] should understand this point quite clearly. A shortrun equilibrium is there defined for a situation where pay parameters are quasi-fixed, and every other variable in the system, including labor, can be freely changed. Then a long-run equilibrium, where pay parameters are also free to vary, is defined. The basic result is that small changes in the neighborhood of a long-run equilibrium may produce short-run unemployment in a quasi-fixed wage system but not in a quasi-fixed share system. This result is robust to various assumptions about labor mobility and survives a number of other alterations. Let me rephrase the basic argument without ever making use of the concept of "excess demand for labor." Suppose that there are two kingdoms, Old Lakeland and New Lakeland, which are physically identical in every way. The economies of both identical-twin kingdoms consist exclusively of fishing from the numerous privately owned lakes and exporting all of the fish at given world prices. In Old Lakeland the monarch has decreed that the money wages to be paid throughout the year at each lake are to be posted on January 1 of that year and cannot be altered until January 1 of the next year. In New Lakeland the monarch has decreed that payment at each lake shall consist of a share of the value of the fish caught per worker; the share fraction applying throughout the year is to be posted on January 1 of that year and cannot be altered until January 1 of the next year. In both economies, once the pay parameters (wages or share fractions) are posted, workers are free to migrate to that highest-paying lake which will employ them. Suppose that the world price of fish has been steady for as long
Cyber-physical co-simulation of smart grid applications using ns-3

In this paper, we present a simulation tool that supports co-simulation of the cyber and physical aspects of an electric smart grid. This cyber-physical co-simulator combines a state-of-the-art network simulator, ns-3, and a state-of-the-art power system simulator, PowerWorld. This combination has been achieved by extending ns-3 with a power system module, a physical system interface module, and a cyber-system module. We present the details of these new modules as well as a case study of the application of the co-simulation tool using a demand response scenario.
Suction vortices and spiral breakdown in numerical simulations of tornado-like vortices

Three-dimensional simulations of tornado-like vortices are presented. The simulations are from a numerical model of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, with a Reynolds number, based on scales of the entire recirculating updraft, of up to 4.0 × 104. In a companion axisymmetric model, the theory for the corner flow swirl ratio provides an excellent prediction of the results. For the three-dimensional nonaxisymmetric model, the corner flow swirl ratio is not easily applied a priori, but nonetheless provides a framework for identifying a consistent departure of the three-dimensional simulations from the axisymmetric simulations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Initial Public Perceptions of Deep Geological and Oceanic Disposal of Carbon Dioxide

Two studies were conducted to gauge likely public perceptions of proposals to avoid releasing carbon dioxide from power plants to the atmosphere by injecting it into deep geological formations or the deep ocean. Following a modified version of the mental model interview method, Study 1 involved face-to-face interviews with 18 nontechnical respondents. Respondents shared their beliefs after receiving basic information about the technologies and again after getting specific details. Many interviewees wanted to frame the issue in the broader context of alternative strategies for carbon management, but public understanding of mitigation strategies is limited. The second study, administered to a sample of 126 individuals, involved a closed-form survey that measured the prevalence of general beliefs revealed in study 1 and also assessed the respondent's views of these technologies. Study results suggest that the public may develop misgivings about deep injection of carbon dioxide because it can be seen as tempo...
Long-run performance following quality management certification

Public firms that seek and successfully receive certification of quality management, type ISO 9000, seem to experience different post-announcement share-price drifts depending on their size. This result is not consistent with the notion that companies seeking to implement a quality management system may be reducing agency problems between managers and shareholders, which are among corporate governance and control goals of any well management company. Otherwise, we should have observed material and positive abnormal share-price changes, following ISO 9000 registration announcements, independently of company size. Our results show that only stocks of large-size firms, experience positive average significantly abnormal returns over the post-announcement 1-, 2-, and 3-year horizons. On the other hand, stocks of small-size firms experience negative average significantly abnormal returns, and stocks of mid-size firms do not show any material gain over the same horizons. Although there is a rich finance literature that has studied the long-run abnormal stock-price returns following several major corporate events, this study seems to be the only one that have examined the potential long-run impact of this certification-event, despite the fact that those standards have been around since the middle 1980s.
Effects of assumed solar spectral irradiance on intercomparisons of Earth-observing sensors

Recent work by the Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has focused on the calibration and radiance validation of numerous sensors that are part of NASA's Earth Observation System and Earth Sciences Enterprise. The unique orbital combination of many of these sensors, both from formation flying as well as from multi-sensor platforms, provides an unprecedented opportunity with which to cross- compare results from these sensors. This work presents the results of cross-comparisons between the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor, the MODIS- ASTER Simulator (MASTER), and the Advanced Land Imager (ALI). Differences in the cross-comparison between these sensors can be attributed to numerous causes, including spatial registration effects, spectral differences in the sensors, and temporal changes in the atmosphere and surface between sensor collections. One aspect of cross-comparison studies that is often overlooked is the solar spectral irradiance that is used by each sensor's calibration and validation teams, and with the advent of onboard diffusers the selection of the solar irradiance values becomes even more critical. This work describes the differences between typical solar irradiance spectra that are being used for the above-listed sensors and the effect of these spectra on the intercomparison of at-sensor radiances from earth-observing sensors.
Polaronic superconductivity in the absence of electron-hole symmetry.

A major drawback of theories of superconductivity based on small polarons has been that the effective mass of the carriers becomes extremely large in the parameter regime where the effective interaction is attractive. An implicit assumption in these theories has been the existence of electron-hole symmetry. We consider here the Holstein model for small polarons and show that inclusion of electron-hole symmetry-breaking perturbations leads to a pairing mechanism that circumvents the above-mentioned difficulty. Such perturbations arise from a dependence of coupling constant and vibrational frequency on the density of carriers, as well as from anharmonicity in the vibrational potential. The possibility of using such a polaronic model arising from purely electron-phonon interactions to describe superconductivity in high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ oxides is considered. It is concluded that experimental evidence disfavors it, while it favors an electron-hole asymmetric small-polaron model arising from excitations with energies of electronic scale together with a small admixture of electron-phonon effects.
In vivo FCS measurements of ligand diffusion in intact tissues

Tissue patterns appear to be specified by gradients of morphogens. Although it has been established that morphogens are indeed distributed in gradients (morphogenetic gradients), how these gradients arise is not well understood. Two main types of mechanisms have been proposed: (1) diffusion-based, and (2) transcytosis; a third "bucket-brigade" mechanism has also been proposed. The diffusion model is based on the assumption that a morphogen diffuses from a region of origin to form the gradient. The other model proposes that morphogens instead are taken up by one cell and transit that cell to be released on the other side. A third model proposes a “bucket brigade” mechanism in which receptor-bound morphogens on one cell move by being handed off to receptors on an adjacent cell. To provide insight into the mechanism of the formation of the morphogen gradients, we conducted fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements of morphogen Dpp-EGFP fusion protein in intact Drosophila imaginal disks with two-photon excitation at 850 nm. The FCS results are analyzed with a two-species model. The first species can be attributed to Dpp-EGFP in Brownian motion, while the second species could result from either a large complex involving Dpp-EGFP formed through biochemical reactions, or from anomalous diffusion of Dpp, presumably due to its transport along the cell membranes. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that FCS is capable of investigating molecular dynamics in intact tissues.
Synthesis and ionic conductivity of mixed substituted polysiloxanes with oligoethyleneoxy and cyclic carbonate substituents

New comb polysiloxanes with mixed substituents were synthesized by hydrosilylation of PMHS with 4-allyloxymethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one and tri(ethylene glycol) allyl methyl ether (AMPEO3). The effect of the incorporation of carbonate groups on ionic transport, viscosity and thermal properties has been investigated. When doped with lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl) imide, LiTFSI, the mixed substituted polysiloxane polymers with varying carbonate content all exhibited conductivity higher than those for the polysiloxanes with pure carbonate or pure oligoethyleneoxy substituents. The maximum ambient conductivity in this series was 1.62× 10−4 S/cm, occurring for the polymer containing 8.5% polar carbonate groups at a doping level of EO/LiTFSI = 15. The impedance measurement results showed that polymers containing larger amounts of carbonate groups exhibited lower conductivity, probably because of their increased viscosity and higher glass transition temperature. The conduction mechanism for these new comb polymers obeys free volume theory, as indicated by conductivity data fit to the VTF equation.
Randomized Clinical Trials in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is recognized as the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. It constitutes 80% of all gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors and approximately 20% of all small bowel malignancies, excluding lymphomas. It is believed that there are up to 5,000 new cases of GIST diagnosed each year in the United States.1 GIST first gained recognition as a distinct tumor type in the 1980s, before which it was considered a type of leiomyomatous tumor. Further research has demonstrated that approximately 90% of GISTs contain an activating KIT (CD117) mutation, while 5% carry a mutation in platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα). Accordingly, the treatment of GIST has changed radically with the evolution of targeted therapies in oncology. Six prospective, randomized controlled trials have been published on the treatment of this disease during the brief period since its molecular and pathologic characterization.
Heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuits reduce bleeding and transfusion requirements in proximal aortic surgery.

BACKGROUND Methods to improve hemostasis in aortic surgery continue to evolve. Use of heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuits (HBC) has been shown previously to effectively reduce bleeding and improve outcomes in coronary and valve operations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of HBC on bleeding and transfusion requirements in proximal aortic surgery. METHODS Data on 140 consecutive patients undergoing 144 operations of the proximal aorta were collected. Between July 1987 and July 1994, conventional cardiopulmonary bypass circuits (CONV) were used (n = 53). In July 1994, we switched to "tip-to-tip" HBC (n = 91). This study compared clinical outcomes and transfusion requirements between these two groups. RESULTS Indications for surgery, baseline characteristics, and operative profile of the study groups were similar. Overall operative mortality and reoperation for bleeding were 9% and 13%, respectively. Compared with CONV, use of HBC was associated with decreased mortality (3% vs 18%, p = 0.004), reoperation for bleeding (7% vs 24%, p = 0.005), and hospital length of hospital stay (10 +/- 11 vs 20 +/- 30 days, p = 0.002). Although the incidence of allogeneic blood transfusion was similar (HBC 75% vs CONV 87%, p = 0.12), the magnitude of blood products utilization was much lower in the HBC group (total blood products per patient: 24 +/- 29 vs 49 +/- 47 donor units, p = 0.0002). In the multivariate analyses, use of HBC was identified as an independent predictor of reduced mortality, morbidity, and reduced magnitude of allogeneic blood transfusions. CONCLUSION Use of HBC in proximal aortic surgery resulted in reduced bleeding and blood transfusion, improving clinical outcomes. Undoubtedly, multiple factors account for the overall improved results. However, use of HBC is an important component of an overall blood conservation strategy.
The Factor Structure of the MMPI–2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales

We investigated the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales (Tellegen et al., 2003) to determine if they had a more differentiated factor structure than the MMPI-2 Clinical scales. When factored alone, the RC scales had a 5-dimensional structure; the Clinical scales had 3 dimensions. When factored in combination with the Content scales, both sets of scales produced 5 dimensions. However, the RC and Content factors generally provided more efficient and logical markers of psychopathology than the Clinical and Content factors. We discuss interpretive considerations.
Proposed fluvial island classification scheme and its use for river restoration

Fluvial islands are present in nearly all natural and regulated rivers. They are important from hydrological, biological, geopolitical and socio-economic points of view. As ubiquitous as islands are, consideration of islands is relatively absent in most river restoration concepts. The natural river processes that allow for island formation can easily be integrated into typical river classifications. To begin, an island classification scheme is proposed that can become a tool for improved river classifications and restoration projects. In developing an island classification scheme, the objectives are similar to those of previous river classification methods. By observing island characteristics, inductive generalizations may be made about the river's hydrologic and ecologic potential. In river hierarchies, the distinguishing variables used to describe streams were characteristics that could easily be discerned from their appearances, i.e. field-determinable features. A similar approach is sought for island classification. The distinguishing characteristics of any island may be sorted into three basic categories: those that can be measured from a topographic map or an aerial photograph; those that can be measured in situ at the island and those that can be inferred from either a known history of the island or from the other characteristics of the island. Once all the suitable characteristics were identified, a matrix for island classification was created which can be used to classify island origin and type. The better that the inter-relationship between island formation, channel processes and watershed processes are understood, the better the natural bio-physical regime of the river corridor can be identified and incorporated into restoration plans. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interstitial Ciliates: Benthic Microaerophiles or Planktonic Anaerobes?

We observed marine benthic interstitial ciliates Geleia sp. and Tracheloraphis sp. inhabiting the water column of a chemically stratified salt pond. This habitat is uncharacteristic for interstitial ciliates, yet they displayed active and abundant planktonic populations (up to 800 and 250 cells/liter, respectively) and a well-defined pattern of vertical distribution. Completely absent from the oxygenated epilimnion, they first appeared at the oxic/anoxic interface and were present throughout the anoxic hypolimnion. The data could not be explained by a passive removal (e.g. by currents) of these ciliates from their conventional habitat (soft sediments) to water column. The results suggest that 1) these ciliates favored an anoxic environment, and 2) they switched to a planktonic lifestyle as appropriate conditions (seasonal anoxia) developed in the water column. This sharply contrasts the classic view of these ciliates as specifically benthic and aerobic (albeit microaerophilic) organisms. We hypothesize that Geleia sp. and Tracheloraphis sp. can readily grow in either water column or benthos, but are typically found in sediments simply because they contain their preferred (anoxic) niche.
Fundamental investigation of the comparative behaviour of small-signal BJT Darlington and cascode amplifiers

In-depth investigation of the fundamental physics underlying various characteristics of the Darlington pair with common-collector/common-collector (C-C/C-C) and common-collector/common-emitter (C-C/C-E) configurations and of the cascode amplifier with common-emitter/common-base (C-E/C-B) configuration has been performed. Although the investigation is based primarily on experiments, some Pspice simulations have been made, wherever necessary, to provide better insight into the characteristics. Both the low-frequency and highfrequency characteristics of the Darlington pair and cascode amplifier have been discussed. The effects of emitter resistance on the gain in the C-C/C-C Darlington pair and of the collector resistance on the gain in the C-E/C-B cascode amplifier and C-E amplifiers have been compared. Load resistance seems to have identical effects on the gain in all the amplifier circuits. The bypass capacitor has significant influence on the frequency response of the devices. For example, the Darlington...
Guayule Plant Extracts as Recycling Agents in Hot Mix Asphalt with High Reclaimed Binder Content

AbstractIncreased usage of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and reclaimed asphalt roofing shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) has increased the need for recycling agents intended to return the age-hardened RAP/RAS binder (asphalt) to its original state. However, a decreasing supply of liquid asphalt and concerns over adverse health effects when using petroleum-based recycling agents have created the opportunity for bio-based solutions to these issues. The guayule plant is a woody perennial shrub that is native to areas of the southwestern U.S. and is a well-documented source of resin and high-quality rubber. The study objective was to determine the viability of using guayule-based materials as recycling agents in HMAs with high contents of RAP and/or RAS. Of the many guayule-based materials investigated, an acetone-extractable, residual resin in the rubber was shown to be effective in meeting the study objective.
Physical schemas for large multidimensional arrays in scientific computing applications

We describe physical schemas for storing multidimensional arrays on disk. We have developed an i/o library supporting these schemas that provides an abstract interface shielding scientific application developers from physical storage details. Our library has resulted in simplified programming and improved i/o performance in the applications we have studied. >
Joint Inference for Fine-grained Opinion Extraction

This paper addresses the task of finegrained opinion extraction ‐ the identification of opinion-related entities: the opinion expressions, the opinion holders, and the targets of the opinions, and the relations between opinion expressions and their targets and holders. Most existing approaches tackle the extraction of opinion entities and opinion relations in a pipelined manner, where the interdependencies among different extraction stages are not captured. We propose a joint inference model that leverages knowledge from predictors that optimize subtasks of opinion extraction, and seeks a globally optimal solution. Experimental results demonstrate that our joint inference approach significantly outperforms traditional pipeline methods and baselines that tackle subtasks in isolation for the problem of opinion extraction.
Commentary on an article by Rick Delamarter, MD, et al.: "Prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of the ProDisc-L total disc replacement compared with circumferential arthrodesis for the treatment of two-level degenerative lumbar disc disease. Results at twenty-four months".

For nearly as long as spinal arthrodesis has been used to treat lumbar spine disorders, concerns have been raised regarding the long-term biomechanical and anatomic ramifications of successful fusion, particularly adjacent-segment disc degeneration and loss of lumbar range of motion. In many ways, the specter of adjacent-segment disc degeneration has been most concerning as it can lead to a deterioration in function that was gained following the initial procedure as well as to symptoms that may require further surgery. As a result, new surgical devices and procedures are being developed with the intention of treating lumbar degenerative conditions while maintaining near-normal biomechanical and anatomic parameters. Without question, the total disc replacement is one such “motion-sparing” device that has received substantial attention within the spine surgery community. Despite the fact that total disc replacement has been performed in Europe since the mid-1980s, there have been few scientifically rigorous investigations capable of providing high-grade evidence regarding optimal indications, effectiveness, and longevity1,2. Recently, randomized prospective studies on the short-term benefits of single-level total disc replacement have demonstrated that the beneficial results of this procedure have been maintained for up to five years following surgery1,2. Yet, until now, no comparable investigation was available regarding the use of total disc replacement as treatment for lumbar degenerative disorders at two contiguous levels. The authors of the present study are to …
Fabrication of metal gated FinFETs through complete gate silicidation with Ni

Metal-gate FinFETs were fabricated using complete gate silicidation with Ni, combining the advantages of metal-gate and double-gate transistors. NiSi-gate workfunction control is demonstrated using silicide induced impurity segregation of As, P, and B over a range of 400 mV. High device performance is achieved by integrating the NiSi metal gate with an epitaxial raised source/drain, silicided separately with CoSi/sub 2/. Process considerations for this dual silicide integration scheme are discussed. Poly-Si gated FinFETs are also fabricated and used as references for workfunction and transconductance.
THE EFFECT OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS ON SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND CONVECTIVE MOTION AT THE WATER/AIR INTERFACE

Abstract Considerable information is now available showing that certain monomolecular films can greatly retard evaporation of water. Recent studies have shown that such monomolecular films will also change the temperature of the water surface, the reduced rate of evaporation giving rise to a surface warming. In addition to their effect on evaporation, monomolecular films also change the surface tension and surface viscosity of an aqueous substrate. The present study shows that changes in these two properties, apart from the monolayer's effect on evaporation, can lead to changes in the temperature of a water surface. When conditions are conducive to a high rate of evaporation at a clean water surface, there will be a rapid cooling, generally accompanied by a convective exchange of warmer bulk water for the cooler, more dense surface water. A monolayer may change the temperature of such a surface by altering the rate of this convective exchange, the change in convective flow being due to the reduction in surface tension or the change in viscosity of the surface layer of water. It is thus apparent that the surface temperature of a layer of water will be dependent upon many environmental factors and can be influenced in several ways by the addition of a monomolecular film to the interface.
On-Site Sample Work-Up Procedures to Isolate Chemical Warfare Related Compounds using Solid Phase Extraction and Solid Phase Microextraction Technology

The rapid preparation and accurate analysis in the field of suspect samples is most important for on-site investigations relevant to the planned Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) inspections. Sample preparation becomes the limiting factor and one of the most critical aspects of the challenge inspection. The primary aim of the analysis is to detect the presence of undeclared chemicals subject to control by the Convention.