cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal Matching Pursuit based recovery for correlated sources with partially disjoint supports

Compressed sensing (CS) can be applied in distributed scenarios, where the objective is to independently compress several signals that are characterized by presenting a sparse correlation. In this case, the compressed version of each signal is produced without knowledge of the other signals. The decoder has access to the compressed versions of all the signals of interest and recovers them by exploiting the signal correlations. Motivated by the idea of incorporating prior information in distributed CS we propose to study the effects of including signal support correlation information in the reconstruction process. We investigate the performance improvement obtained by jointly recovering two correlated sources, compared to single source recovery, in terms of number of samples (measurements) required to encode the signal for successful recovery. To perform recovery, we modify the OMP algorithm to jointly recover two correlated sources with partially disjoint support. The final reconstruction algorithm is an iterative process that incorporates prior information of the sources, resembling joint source channel digital coding schemes, where probabilistic information is iteratively exchanged. The study is carried out by means of numerical simulations of synthetic signals with a probabilistic model.
Effect of a low fat versus a low carbohydrate weight loss dietary intervention on biomarkers of long term survival in breast cancer patients ('CHOICE'): study protocol.

Weight loss in overweight or obese breast cancer patients is associated with an improved prognosis for long term survival. However, it is not clear whether the macronutrient composition of the chosen weight loss dietary plan imparts further prognostic benefit. A study protocol is presented for a dietary intervention to investigate the effects of weight loss dietary patterns that vary markedly in fat and carbohydrate contents on biomarkers of exposure to metabolic processes that may promote tumorigenesis and that are predictive of long term survival. The study will also determine how much weight must be lost for biomarkers to change in a favorable direction. Approximately 370 overweight or obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (body mass index: 25.0 to 34.9 kg/m2) will be accrued and assigned to one of two weight loss intervention programs or a non-intervention control group. The dietary intervention is implemented in a free living population to test the two extremes of popular weight loss dietary patterns: a high carbohydrate, low fat diet versus a low carbohydrate, high fat diet. The effects of these dietary patterns on biomarkers for glucose homeostasis, chronic inflammation, cellular oxidation, and steroid sex hormone metabolism will be measured. Participants will attend 3 screening and dietary education visits, and 7 monthly one-on-one dietary counseling and clinical data measurement visits in addition to 5 group visits in the intervention arms. Participants in the control arm will attend two clinical data measurement visits at baseline and 6 months. The primary outcome is high sensitivity C-reactive protein. Secondary outcomes include interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF), IGF binding protein-3, 8-isoprostane-F2-alpha, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, sex hormone binding globulin, adiponectin, and leptin. While clinical data indicate that excess weight for height is associated with poor prognosis for long term survival, little attention is paid to weight control in the clinical management of breast cancer. This study will provide information that can be used to answer important patient questions about the effects of dietary pattern and magnitude of weight loss on long term survival following breast cancer treatment. CA125243
Lung ischemia: a model for endothelial mechanotransduction.

Endothelial cells in vivo are constantly exposed to shear associated with blood flow and altered shear stress elicits cellular responses (mechanotransduction). This review describes the role of shear sensors and signal transducers in these events. The major focus is the response to removal of shear as occurs when blood flow is compromised (i.e., ischemia). Pulmonary ischemia studied with the isolated murine lung or flow adapted pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in vitro results in endothelial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO. The response requires caveolae and is initiated by endothelial cell depolarization via KATP channel closure followed by activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and NO synthase (eNOS), signaling through MAP kinases, and endothelial cell proliferation. These physiological mediators can promote vasodilation and angiogenesis as compensation for decreased tissue perfusion.
ZnO nanowires synthesized by vapor trapping CVD method

A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process modified with vapor trapping method has been used to synthesize n-type ZnO nanowires with high carrier concentration without incorporating impurity dopants. With this method, a spatial variation of synthesis condition was created and the donors were directly introduced into the nanowires during the synthesis process. Electron microscopy and electrical transport studies show that nanowires having distinct morphologies and electrical properties were obtained at different locations in the CVD system. The vapor trapping method elucidates the effect of synthesis conditions, and provides an approach to control nanowire growth for tailorable device applications.
Design and Synthesis of f-Element Selective Ligands

Classical coordination chemistry principles provide a crucial foundation for the systematic construction of improved extractants for f-element ion separations. Such principles have been used recently to design ligands that contain both pyridine N-oxide and organophosphine oxide donor groups that act as bidentate or tridentate chelators on Ln(III) ions. The diverse structural features of these complexes are reviewed.
Lactic Acidosis, a Complication of Papaverine Overdose

A 61-year-old female developed severe lactic acidosis after ingesting approximately 15 g of papaverine. This was associated with intense respiratory alkalosis, elevated plasma pyruvate, mild hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia. Severe lactic acidosis with elevated plasma pyruvate level and profound respiratory drive observed in this patient can be explained by the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative reactions by papaverine. The clinical and biochemical features of papaverine-induced acid-base disturbance closely resemble those caused by salicylates, another known mitochondrial toxin.
Process Evaluation of a County Drug Court An Analysis of Descriptors, Compliance and Outcome—Answering Some Questions While Raising Others

This process evaluation focuses not only on the results of this study but also raises questions related to comparing the results of studies nationwide to determine the overall effectiveness of Drug Court Policy. In this study, it was determined that demographic characteristics, such as education, employment, and prior felony were among the most useful characteristics for predicting program graduation. Moreover, offenders completing the program had lower recidivism rates than individuals not participating in a drug court program.
Concurrent detection of the production of ultrasonic lesions.

Irradiation with a single beam of focused ultrasound is currently the method of choice for the production of trackless, focal, pan-necrotic lesions of predetermined size at any desired site within the central nervous system of experimental animals and man. Development of a simple technique using the same transducer for concurrent detection of the production of such lesions is described and the results obtained in a phantom brain are presented.
Studies on chemical resistance of low water/cement ratio concretes

Abstract Solutions containing mineral acids, and certain organic acids and salts are highly corrosive to portland cement concrete. Since permeability is the key factor governing the rate of deterioration, it is customary to use a low water-cement ratio in making concretes or concrete overlays required to resist corrosive action of aggressive chemical solutions. Pozzolanic admixtures are often used to provide additional protection against acidic attack. Highly reactive pozzolanic admixtures, such as condensed silica fume, which rapidly react with calcium hydroxide and reduce both the alkalinity and permeability of concrete are now being used for improving durability. During the last two decades, latex admixtures have also found widespread application. The polymeric constituents of a latex seem to coat the alkaline hydration products of portland cement, thus protecting them from attack by aggressive solutions. An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the relative chemical resistance of low water-cement ratio concretes, containing either a styrene-butadiene latex or a silica fume admixture, to the following solutions; 1% HCl, 1% H 2 SO 4 , 1% lactic acid, 5% acetic acid, 5% ammonium sulfate, and 5% sodium sulfate. Time taken to register 25 percent weight loss by fully submerged concrete specimens was used as a criterion for failure. From the data it appears that, except for the ammonium sulfate solution, the concrete containing the silica fume generally showed better resistance to chemical attack than other concrete types.
What good is a pragmatic bioethic

Do bioethicists need yet another theoretical approach with which to frame their disagreements? Many pragmatists contend that pragmatism, unlike its liberal and utilitarian counterparts, is uniquely commendable in (a) beginning from our lived experiences and (b) locating those experiences amid our social relations. In place of an “ principlism,” pragmatism offers a practical “bedside-bioethic”; in lieu of “autonomy run amuk,” pragmatism proposes an ethic rooted in our communal resources. To date, however, efforts to develop such a bioethic have been stymied by pragmatists’ own abstract theoretical commitments, commitments that prevent them, most directly, from beginning with the lived experiences and communal resources of those who hold theological commitments. This self-imposed methodological constraint, I argue, has needlessly thwarted pragmatism’s most striking methodological promise: its potential to cultivate productive debates among secular and theologically-informed participants.
The use of the Iatroscan TH-10 analyzer to quantify total lipids in a variety of sample types and lipid classes in human gallbladder bile.

Two methods for the measurement of total lipid weight in biological and geological samples and the major lipid classes in human gallbladder bile using the Iatroscan TH-10 analyzer are described. Total lipid determination involves the application of small (5 μl) volumes to Chromarods, focusing of the sample into one band by partial development in chloroform-methanol (1∶1), and quantification by flame ionization detection (FID). The response variation between different sample types did not affect the linearity of response, allowing a reproducibility of ±10% of the mean or better for samples ranging from 0.5 to 32 μg. Total lipid determinations in 10 samples could be performed in 30 min. The three major components of human gallbladder bile (cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids) also were quantified with the Iatroscan. Samples focused on Chromarods were separated using a double development scheme in two solvent systems. All three components exhibited a linear response over the range of 0.25 to 8 μg. The repeated scanning of rods required at concentrations greater than 3 μg did not affect linearity of response. Samples from 10 patients could be processed in less than one hr. Several techniques are discussed to increase reproducibility when performing quantitative lipid analysis with the Iatroscan.
HYPERTENSIVE, HYPERVOLEMIC, HEMODILUTIONAL THERAPY FOR ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE: Is It Efficacious? No

Many neurosurgeons routinely use hypertensive, hypervolemic, hemodilutional, or hyperdynamic therapy (HT) in some form to prevent or to treat vasospasm. Despite the widespread use of this therapy during the past 20 years, however, there are no randomized, prospective, controlled clinical studies demonstrating that HT improves the short- or long-term neurologic outcome or survival after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Guidelines need to be developed to standardize the clinical application of HT, and well-controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trials must be conducted before HT can become an accepted treatment for vasospasm.
Computation of the free energy of liquid water by the Monte Carlo recursion method

Abstract The excess free energy of both the MCY and TIP4P models of liquid water are computed by the Monte Carlo recursion method, with the ideal gas as a reference system. The system contained 64 water molecules at a density of 1.0 g/cm 3 at 25°C; periodic boundary conditions were used, with a cut-off length of 6.2 A (half the length of the box). The computed values of the excess Helmholtz free energy under these conditions are −4.30±0.08 and −5.60±0.09 kcal/mole for the MCY and TIP4P model, respectively, compared to an experimental value of −5.74 kcal/mole.
Bearing-only cooperative geo-localization using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In this paper, we present a cooperative approach to geo-localize a ground target using bearing-only localization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). We design a distributed path planning algorithm using receding horizon control, which improves the localization accuracy of the target and of all of the air vehicles simultaneously while satisfying the observability conditions. We show that the cooperative bearing-only localization removes the constraint of having global position and heading information to all of the vehicles, as long as the sensor network is connected and at least one of the vehicle has GPS measurements. We include simulation results for bearing-only cooperative target geo-localization of a stationary and a mobile ground target demonstrating the feasibility of our proposed methods.
Effects of vasodilator therapy on survival in patients with chronic heart failure.

Over 2.5 million individuals are currently estimated to have heart failure in the United States.] Heart failure accounts for over 500,000 hospital admissions annually and is the leading discharge diagnosis in patients over the age of 65 years2 The incidence of heart failure is likely to increase as improved therapy for acute myocardial infarction and valvular heart disease results in greater patient survival despite significant left ventricular dysfunction. However, survival in heart failure remains poor, with annual mortality rates ranging from 15% to 50% depending on its severity.3,J Left ventricular dysfunction leads to the activation of vasoconstrictor mechanisms that function to preserve adequate systemic perfusion pressure in the face of decreased stroke volume. This activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system associated with increased circulating levels of arginine vasopressin result in vasoconstriction and an expanded intravascular volume.5-‘) There is evidence that heart failure is characterized by an increase in vasoconstrictive neuroendocrine activation that correlates with the clinical severity of this syndrome.’ Neuroendocrine activation initially plays a compensatory role but eventually is outweighed by adverse consequences at both cardiac and vascular levels that may contribute to progressive deterioration of left ventricular function and adversely affect prognosis.r(’ Impedance to left ventricular ejec
Broadband ferromagnetic resonance measurements of a micromagnetic disk array using a meander-line technique

A simple technique involving transmission through a copper-wire meander line is developed to study ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in magnetic arrays. Using this technique, we carried out FMR measurements on a square array of submicrometer-size Permalloy magnetic disks for an external dc magnetic field parallel to the plane of the array, and found several magnetic excitation modes. The dominant mode obeys the Kittel formula for a plain film. The technique is suitable for studying the collective excitation modes in the magnetic nanoarrays over a broad range of frequencies.
Long-Term Activity-Dependent Plasticity of Action Potential Propagation Delay and Amplitude in Cortical Networks

Background The precise temporal control of neuronal action potentials is essential for regulating many brain functions. From the viewpoint of a neuron, the specific timings of afferent input from the action potentials of its synaptic partners determines whether or not and when that neuron will fire its own action potential. Tuning such input would provide a powerful mechanism to adjust neuron function and in turn, that of the brain. However, axonal plasticity of action potential timing is counter to conventional notions of stable propagation and to the dominant theories of activity-dependent plasticity focusing on synaptic efficacies. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show the occurrence of activity-dependent plasticity of action potential propagation delays (up to 4 ms or 40% after minutes and 13 ms or 74% after hours) and amplitudes (up to 87%). We used a multi-electrode array to induce, detect, and track changes in propagation in multiple neurons while they adapted to different patterned stimuli in controlled neocortical networks in vitro. The changes did not occur when the same stimulation was repeated while blocking ionotropic gabaergic and glutamatergic receptors. Even though induction of changes in action potential timing and amplitude depended on synaptic transmission, the expression of these changes persisted in the presence of the synaptic receptor blockers. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that, along with changes in synaptic efficacy, propagation plasticity provides a cellular mechanism to tune neuronal network function in vitro and potentially learning and memory in the brain.
Effect of dietary linoleic acid on the tissue levels of zinc and copper, and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol

The effects of dietary linoleic acid on the serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and its relationship with the tissue status of zinc and copper were examined in adult male rats fed diets differing in the amount of linoleic acid. One group of 9 animals was fed a diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil (4%) and the other was fed a diet containing coconut oil (3.4%) plus linoleic acid (0.6%). Both diets were isocalorically formulated with the equal levels of minerals and other nutrients and contained cholesterol at 1% level. During a 6-week experiment, no differences were observed in food intake and body weight between the two groups. The feeding of linoleic acid produced a significant decrease in serum HDL cholesterol level at 6 weeks and no changes in other lipoproteins and total serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Dietary linoleic acid also significantly lowered the concentrations of zinc in serum and tibia at 6 weeks, while it had no effect on copper contents in these tissues. No changes were observed in the concentration of either zinc or copper in the liver. Linear regression analysis of the 18 pairs of serum zinc and HDL values at 6 weeks indicated a significant positive correlation (r = +0.65; P less than 0.01) between the two parameters. No such relationships were shown between tibia zinc and serum HDL, and between tissue copper and serum HDL. The results indicate that dietary linoleic acid at a relatively low level produces a decrease in serum HDL cholesterol without significantly lowering total serum cholesterol and that the decrease in HDL cholesterol due to linoleic acid feeding is significantly correlated with the reduction in serum zinc level.
Rhetoric, Possibility, and Women's Status in Ancient Athens: Gorgias' and Isocrates' Encomiums of Helen

(1992). Rhetoric, possibility, and women's status in ancient Athens: Gorgias' and Isocrates' encomiums of Helen. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 22, Feminist Rereadings in the History of Rhetoric, pp. 99-108.
Differentiating psychiatrically disturbed children on the basis of a structured interview

A structured psychiatric interview designed for both clinical assessment and data collection was given to 50 pairs of well-matched pediatrie and psychiatric clinic children and their mothers. The two groups were shown to be dearly distinguished on the basis of numbers of symptoms. Behavior and school symptoms gave the sharpest distinction between the two groups. Neurotic and somatic symptoms were the poorest discriminators. The psychiatric children showed significantly more antisocial symptoms than their matched pediatrie peers. Age differences showed the expected trends with the widest divergence in the number of symptoms being in the oldest age group.
Rearrangement of the distal pocket accompanying E7 His .fwdarw. Gln substitution in elephant carbonmonoxy- and oxymyoglobin: proton NMR identification of a new aromatic residue in the heme pocket

Two-dimensional {sup 1}H NMR methods have been used to assign side-chain resonances for the residues in the distal heme pocket of elephant carbonmonoxymyoglobin (MbCO) and oxymyoglobin (MbO{sub 2}). It is shown that, while the other residues in the heme pocket are minimally perturbed, the Phe CD4 residue in elephant MbCO and MbO{sub 2} resonates considerably upfield compared to the corresponding residue in sperm whale MbCO. The new NOE connectivities to Val E11 and heme-induced ring current calculations indicate that Phe CD4 has been inserted into the distal heme pocket by reorienting the aromatic side chain and moving the CD corner closer to the heme. The C{zeta}H proton of the Phe CD4 was found to move toward the iron of the heme by {approximately}4 {angstrom} relative to the position in sperm whale MbCO, requiring minimally a 3-{angstrom} movement of the CD helical backbone. The significantly altered distal conformation in elephant myoglobin, rather than the single distal E7 substitution, forms a plausible basis for its altered functional properties of lower autoxidation rate, higher redox potential, and increased affinity for CO ligand. These results demonstrate that one-to-one interpretation of amino acid residue substitution (E7 His {yields} Gln) is oversimplified and that conformational changesmore » of substituted proteins which are not readily predicted have to be considered for interpretation of their functional properties.« less
Ontogeny of forebrain inhibition of behavioral arousal in the rat

Abstract In a previous study, hunger-induced behavioral arousal could be demonstrated in rats of any age including newborn. However in the present study, inhibition of this behavior by the frontal neocortex or anterior dorsal hippocampus could not be demonstrated in the rat until after the third week of life. Specifically, surgical removal of either of these structures was without effect until this age. Thus the functioning of these forebrain inhibitory areas occurs later in the developmental sequence than that of more caudal excitatory areas. In addition, the hippocampus appeared to assume its behavioral function 2–5 days prior to that of the frontal neocortex.
Recovery of Skin from a Single Suberythemal Dose of Ultraviolet Radiation

Previous studies of exposure of normal skin to ultraviolet radiation have demonstrated a cumulative effect lasting greater than 24 h when repeated suberythemal exposures are given. However, the time course of recovery from a single suberythemal dose of ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) has not been determined. We show here for the first time that the period required for recovery of normal skin (as measured by delayed erythema) following a single suberythemal dose of UVA is between 30 and 48 h, and for UVB is between 24 and 30 h. Photoprotection was noted for both UVA and UVB from the fifth through the ninth day after the single suberythemal exposure, but was only statistically significant on the fourth day after UVB exposure. The curve depicting recovery from a single suberythemal dose of UVA or UVB from the first irradiation time through the fourth day after irradiation may be described as an exponential decay curve. Formulas are given for both UVA and UVB which describe the exponential nature of this curve. These formulas may be used to predict the exact difference in erythema threshold between preirradiated and normal skin. From the fourth day after exposure to the ninth day, the curve is nearly constant. The nature of the recovery curve in the first 4 days after exposure suggests that an exponential decay process occurs in UVA or UVB damage, consistent with unstable photoproduct decay, DNA repair, or constitutive enzymatic processes.
Comparative anatomy of the chalazal endosperm cyst in seeds of the Brassicaceae

Data from this study show that the chalazal cyst is a consistent feature of the Brassicaceae that exhibits variation of potential taxonomic value. The U-shaped seeds of mustards comprise three development chambers: micropylar (MC), central (CC), and chalazal (ChC). Early in seed development the syncytial endosperm in the ChC becomes differentiated into a cyst that remains distinct from storage endosperm. In early syncytial stages, the cyst is stratified into three zones: (1) an apical zone containing nuclei, plastids and mitochondria, (2) a mid-zone rich in endomembranes but depleted of large organelles, and (3) a basal portion that is bordered by a labyrinthine wall. The basal zone has projections that range from foot-like extensions to thread-like haustoria that penetrate the underlying maternal chalazal proliferative tissues (CPT). No cell-to-cell connections occur between endosperm and maternal tissue, but the extensive labyrinthine walls closely invest cell lysate resulting from degradation of the CPT. Structural data from light, confocal and transmission electron microscopy suggest that the cyst is active in uptake and transport of metabolites into the developing seed. Four types of cyst reflecting position and size of the ChC are recognized. In general, they correlate with major tribes of Brassicaceae. Data support recent molecular studies indicating that classification of the Lepidieae is artificial and suggest that Thlaspi is a candidate for realignment. The most divergent morphology in a tribe is seen in the two species of the Hesperidae. Erysimum has a more typical chalazal chamber and cyst morphology while the tubular chalazal chamber and filiform cyst of Chorispora is of the most extreme type encountered in the survey. This suggests that the tribe is paraphyletic and should be reinvestigated to clarify relationships. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 144, 375−394.
Treatment of Laryngeal Carcinoma With Conservative Surgery and Postoperative Radiation Therapy

• Thirteen patients with carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx (N = 10), vocal cord (N = 2), and pyriform sinus (N = 1) were treated with conservative surgery followed by radiation therapy. This plan was chosen because clinically or histologically proven lymph node metastases were present and because the primary cancer had one or more of the following factors that were adverse to patient survival: (1) the tumor extended beyond the limits of safe, conservative laryngeal surgery; (2) it infiltrated surrounding soft tissues, ie, preepiglottic space; (3) it was close to the resected margin; and (4) perineural invasion was present. Laryngeal function has been adequate in all but two patients: one has persistent aspiration one year after treatment, and one has a narrow airway after an extended supraglottic laryngectomy that included the anterior third of both cords and a portion of the subglottis at the anterior commissure with adjacent thyroid cartilage. One patient died in the immediate postoperative period, and this case cannot be evaluated. Twelve patients who completed treatment have been followed up for a median of 30 months (1½ through 3½ years), and all have remained free of recurrent disease. (Arch Otolaryngol104:576-578, 1978)
Molecular modeling of membrane modifications after exposure to nanosecond, pulsed electric fields

Structural modifications of cell membranes are among the primary consequences of exposure to intense nanosecond pulsed electric fields. These alterations can be characterized indirectly by monitoring changes in electrical conductance or small molecule permeability of artificial membranes or suspensions of living cells, but direct observations of the membrane-permeabilizing structures remain out of the reach of experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations provide an atomically detailed view on the nanosecond time scale of the sequence of events that follows the application of an external electric field to a system containing an aqueous electrolyte and a phospholipid bilayer, a simple approximation of a cell membrane. This biomolecular perspective, which correlates with experimental observations of electroporation (electropermeabilization) in many respects, points to the key role of water dipoles, driven by the electric field gradients at the membrane interface, in the initiation and construction of the membrane defects which evolve into conductive pores. We describe a method for stabilizing these lipid electropores in phospholipid bilayers, and for characterizing their stability and ion conductance, and we show how the properties of these nanoscale structures connect with continuum models of electroporation and with experimental results.
Crater detection for autonomous landing on asteroids

Abstract We describe a visual positioning system for use by a spacecraft to choose a landing site, while orbiting an asteroid. The spacecraft pose is refined using landmarks, such as craters, observed by a visual sensor. The craters, which have an elliptical shape, are detected using a multi-scale method based on voting, and tensors as a representation. We propose a new robust method to infer curvature estimation from noisy sparse data. This method is applied on edge images in order to obtain the oriented normals of the edge curves. Using this information, a dense saliency map corresponding to the position and shape of the craters is computed. The detected craters in the image are matched with the craters projected from a 3D model, and the best transformation between these two sets is obtained. This system has been tested with both real images of Phobos and a synthetic model.
Filial mistletoes: the functional morphology of moss sporophytes

BACKGROUND A moss sporophyte inherits a haploid set of genes from the maternal gametophyte to which it is attached and another haploid set of genes from a paternal gametophyte. Evolutionary conflict is expected between genes of maternal and paternal origin that will be expressed as adaptations of sporophytes to extract additional resources from maternal gametophytes and adaptations of maternal gametophytes to restrain sporophytic demands. INTERPRETATION The seta and stomata of peristomate mosses are interpreted as sporophytic devices for increasing nutrient transfer. The seta connects the foot, where nutrients are absorbed, to the developing capsule, where nutrients are needed for sporogenesis. Its elongation lifts stomata of the apophysis above the boundary layer, into the zone of turbulent air, thereby increasing the transpirational pull that draws nutrients across the haustorial foot. The calyptra is interpreted as a gametophytic device to reduce sporophytic demands. The calyptra fits tightly over the intercalary meristem of the sporophytic apex and prevents lateral expansion of the meristem. While intact, the calyptra delays the onset of transpiration. PREDICTIONS Nutrient transfer across the foot, stomatal number and stomatal aperture are predicted to be particular arenas of conflict between sporophytes and maternal gametophytes, and between maternal and paternal genomes of sporophytes.
Probabilistic contour extraction with model-switching for vehicle localization

Over the past few years, global positioning systems (GPS) have been increasingly used in passenger and commercial vehicles for navigation and vehicle tracking purposes. In practice, GPS systems are prone to systematic errors and intermittent drop-outs that degrade the accuracy of the sensor. In this work, we describe an approach to localizing vehicles with respect to the road given erroneous sensor measurements using only aerial images. Our method works on both urban and rural areas, while being robust to a number of occlusions and shadows. The spatial tracker incorporates multiple measurement models with varying constraints, automatically detecting and switching to the appropriate model. We demonstrate our technique by correcting in real-time highly inaccurate GPS readings collected while driving in diverse areas.
An evaluation of extraction techniques for arsenic species from freeze-dried apple samples.

The extraction of arsenic from freeze-dried apples and subsequent determination of individual arsenic species by HPLC-ICP-MS is described. Solvent extraction with sonication using various aqueous and aqueous/solvent mixtures was initially evaluated by measuring total arsenic extracted by ICP-MS. A two step procedure using overnight treatment with α-amylase enzyme followed by sonication for 6 h with 40 ∶ 60 acetonitrile–water was found to provide good extraction efficiency. The concentration of arsenic extracted was compared with the concentration of total arsenic in the samples determined using ICP-MS after microwave digestion in order to calculate extraction efficiency. Individual arsenic species in the extracts were measured using HPLC-ICP-MS. The three most abundant arsenic species found were arsenite, arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid. Total arsenic concentrations in the freeze-dried apple samples ranged from 8.2 to 80.9 μg kg−1 As, dry mass. By HPLC-ICP-MS, the relative amount of inorganic arsenic in the samples ranged from 73 to 90% of the sum of the arsenic species detected in each sample.
Introducing Replaceability into Web Service Composition

By discovering and reusing relevant web services, an organization can select and compose those services that most closely meet its business and Quality of Service (QoS) needs. As the number of available web services increases, selecting the best fit services for a given task becomes more challenging. QoS attributes play a significant role in the selection process by directing service composition constraints to a workflow plan that has the best QoS values. Two major problems arise at runtime when undesirable events necessitate the need to reselect services and replan the service bindings. First, if the reselection process consumes additional time, it can impact a temporal QoS constraint. Second, the newly generated composition might not comply with other QoS constraints imposed on the plan. This paper proposes an approach to composing web services that both performs reselection and avoids the violation of QoS constraints after replanning by defining and evaluating a replaceability property. Replaceability factors directly into the algorithm's original service selection process considering all QoS constraints.
The Iraqi High Tribunal A Viable Experiment in International Justice

The Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT) joins the Bosnian War Crimes Chamber in Sarajevo as the first of a new breed of accountability mechanisms which the author characterizes as ‘internationalized-domestic tribunals’. Unfortunately, the IHT faced world-wide opposition from its conception, and once the Dujail trial began, the proceedings were marred by the assassination of defence counsel, the resignation of judges, the boycott of defence lawyers, the disruptive conduct of the defendants and finally by a botched execution that was universally condemned. But judged in light of the unique challenges that the IHT faced, the fact that there were no feasible alternatives available for trying Saddam Hussein, and that war crimes trials are historically divisive and messy, the IHT cannot simply be written off as an utter failure. Rather, an objective assessment of the IHT would have to acknowledge that there were in fact some positive aspects as well, which are described in this essay written by one of the experts who trained the judges that presided over the Saddam Hussein Trial.
The human T-cell circuit.

Recent studies have helped to rapidly advance our understanding of the human T lymphocyte, particularly with regard to the heterogeneity of T-cell subpopulations and the characterization of surface determinants on these cells that function as important membrane receptors. With the use of monoclonal antibodies, it is possible to identify cell-surface antigens which appear during T-cell ontogeny and by which functionally and phenotypically distinct subsets of T cells can be distinguished. Within the mature T4+ subset, which is responsible for inducer/helper functions in T-T, T-B, and T-macrophage interactions, are discrete sub-populations responsible for the induction of help for antibody production and for the induction of T8+ suppressor effector cells. Within the T8+ subset are precursor and effector cells responsible for suppressive or cytotoxic activity. For a wide variety of cellular interactions (including the sensitization of cytotoxic effector cells), it is now evident that T4 cells show a preferent...
Coping With Hurricane Katrina: Psychological Distress and Resilience Among African American Evacuees

Hurricane Katrina was one of the most devastating natural disasters in the U.S. history. The economic, physical, and psychological damage to survivors of Katrina may ultimately be incalculable. While this natural disaster affected all racial groups, it was low-income African Americans who disproportionately experienced the greatest suffering. This study examines factors related to psychological resilience in the Hurricane Katrina evacuee sample (N = 363) drawn from the Kaiser Washington Post Harvard Poll #2005 WPH020. The structural equation model (SEM) used explains 34% of the total variance on Katrina victims' resilience measured by their perceived sense of recovery. Findings suggest that those evacuees who reported psychological distress as a reaction to the disaster were less likely to report that they would fully recover from the disaster. All three Hurricane Katrina experience-related variables— being insured, home destruction, and human loss—have significant effects on psychological distress, with human loss having the strongest effect. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
World Wide Experience with Induction in Lung Transplantation for Cystic Fibrosis: Is Induction Necessary?

Purpose Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) often have chronic infections at the time of lung transplantation (LTx). Induction therapy may increase infection risk and worsen outcomes. We evaluated the effect of induction therapy on post-transplant outcomes in CF patients. Methods and Materials We reviewed all primary adult LTx recipients with CF in the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation database from 1/1991-6/2011. Primary stratification was by induction therapy(no induction, inter-leukin 2[IL2] receptor antagonists, anti-lymphocyte/thymocyte globulins [ATG] or alemtuzumab). The primary outcome was survival(30 days, 1 year and 5 years). Secondary outcomes evaluated at 1 year included rejection, infection, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome(BOS). Multivariate Cox and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effects of induction therapy on outcomes. Results 5,907 subjects composed our final cohort. In bivariable models, induction significantly decreased mortality, infection and length of stay; while improving FEV1 at 1 year. After adjustment, induction therapy was associated with improved 1 year survival(HR:0.81, p=0.047). Alemtuzumab, when compared to no induction, was associated with improved survival at 1-year (HR:0.29, p=0.03). While mortality varied between induction regimens, there were no statistically significant differences in infection, rejection, or FEV1 at 1 year. [ figure 1 ] Conclusions Induction therapy for CF improves early survival without increasing infection risk. Alemtuzumab may improve survival when compared to other induction regimens. Further study is needed to fully evaluate the role of induction therapy in CF patients undergoing LTx.
Detection of Selective Forwarding Attacks in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks

Security is crucial for wireless sensor networks deployed in the military and other hostile environments. Due to the limited transmission range, a sensor node may need multiple hops of transmissions to deliver a packet to the base station. An attacker can launch the selective forwarding attack and drop a portion of packets for which it needs to relay while forward the rest. Selective forwarding attack is hard to detect, since packet drops in sensor networks may be caused by unreliable wireless communications or node failures. In this paper, first we describe an efficient scheme for reporting packet drops, then we present an effective scheme for detecting the selective forwarding attack in a heterogeneous sensor network. The scheme utilizes powerful high-end sensors and is based on the sequential probability ratio test. Our extensive simulations show that the proposed scheme achieves high detection ratio and very low false alarm rate.
Characteristics of Pulsed Plasma Doping (P2LAD) Sources for Ultra-Shallow Junction Formation

Summary form only given. Ultra-shallow junctions (USJ) are required for fabrication of sub-0.1 mum transistors in semiconductor integrated circuits. The most straightforward fabrication method is to extend the beam-line ion implantation technology to ultra-low energies (100s eV to a few kV). Due to space charge induced divergence, low energy beams are restricted to low currents resulting in lower throughputs. Several alternative techniques have been proposed for fabricating USJ. The most promising candidates are plasma implantation methods which include pulsed plasma doping (P2LAD) and plasma ion immersion implantation (PIII). P2LAD is an attractive, simple and low cost alternative to beam line technologies, P2LAD is capable of delivering high dose rates at ultra-low energies (0.02-20 kV) using conventional plasma processing technologies. For sufficiently low pressures, the ions are implanted into the wafer with energies largely determined by the pulse voltage and the ion charge. In this talk, results from a computational investigation of P 2LAD will be discussed. The investigation was preformed using a modified version of the hybrid plasma equipment model to address such quasi-DC pulsed biases. An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is used to generate ions in pressures of 10s mtorr. A quasi-DC pulsed bias is applied to the substrate to accelerate ions. Typical bias pulse lengths range between 5 and 50 mus and bias voltages are up to 20 kV. Results will be presented for Ar/NF3 (a surrogate for Ar/BF3 ) and BF3 gas mixtures. The consequences of pulse width, wafer bias voltage waveform, ICP power and pressure on discharge characteristics and ion energy distributions (IEDs) to the substrate will be discussed. The shape of the bias waveform has important consequences on the IEDs not only because of the transit times of the ions but also due to instabilities that can be launched into the plasma
Chemistry of the phenoxathiins and isosterically related heterocycles. XIII. 13C-NMR spectroscopy of 1-azaphenoxathiin 10,10-dioxide. An unusual perturbation of 1H-13C coupling constants

The total assignment of the 13C-nmr spectrum of 1-azaphenoxathiin 10,10-dioxide is reported based on the utilization of additivity correlations for the conversion of sulfide to sulfone linkages. Although the benzenoid portion of the molecule obeyed standard additivity correlations, substantial deviation in additivity behavior was observed in the pyridyl portion of the molecule. Examination of the 1H-13C spin-coupling constants showed a perturbation of the primary one bond (1JCH) couplings of the C-2 and C-4 carbons.
Improved trends in patient survival and decreased major complications after emergency ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Background Improved trends in patient survival and decreased major complications after emergency ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Emergency AAA repair carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. This study seeks to examine morbidity and mortality trends from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, and identify potential risk factors. Methods All emergency AAA repairs were identified using the NSQIP database from 2005 to 2011. Univariate analysis (using the Student t , χ 2 , and Fisher's exact tests) and multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine trends in mortality and morbidity. Results Out of 2761 patients who underwent emergency AAA repair, 321 (11.6%) died within 24 hours of surgery. Of the remaining 2440 patients, 1133 (46.4%) experienced major complications and 459 (18.8%) died during the postoperative period. From 2005 to 2011, there was a significant decrease in patient mortality, particularly in patients who survived the perioperative period ( P = .002). Total complications increased overall ( P P P Conclusions Patient survival has increased from 2005 to 2011 after emergency AAA repair, with a significant improvement particularly in patients who survive past the first 24 hours. EVAR was not associated with mortality, but was protective of 30-day complications. Although the total number of complications increased, the number of major complications decreased over the study period, suggesting that newer techniques and patient care protocols may be improving outcomes.
Several mixotrophic dinoflagellates preferentially ingest ciliates as an alternate source of nutrition

Mixotrophy is a common nutritional strategy among dinoflagellates. Especially in enriched coastal regions where dinoflagellates are often abundant, mixotrophy may constitute an important microbial pathway. In Chesapeake Bay, several bloom-forming dinoflagellates are mixotrophic, including Ceratium furca, Akashiwo sanguinea, and Gymnodinium instriatum. While these three species are mainly photosynthetic, all three are capable of ingesting prey. Analysis of food vacuole content shows that they predominantly feed on oligotrich ciliates. Their grazing impact on prey populations can be substantial at times, with both C. furca and A. sanguinea capable of removing over 100% of the <20-μm-oligotrich standing stock. The ingested ciliate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus may contribute significantly to the dinoflagellates' nutritional requirements. For example, C. furca could meet up to 65% of its C, 92% of its N, and 57% of its P requirements for reproduction through phagotrophy, theoretically leading to a 40%-reduction in doubling time. Feeding in these dinoflagellate species is influenced by a number of factors, including prey abundance, irradiance, and nutrients. In C. furca, internal carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus pools and their relative concentrations seem to play a role in feeding regulation. When cellular nutrient ratios deviate significantly from those required for optimum growth, either due to limited inorganic nutrient availability or reduced carbon fixation, feeding is induced in an attempt to balance the nutrient budget. The ability of these dinoflagellates to exploit an organic nutrient source (i.e. ciliates) may thus give them a competitive advantage over purely photosynthetic species, especially when inorganic nutrients are limited.