cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing a Framework for Reliable Classification of Usability Problems

The User Action Framework (UAF) is a knowledge base of usability issues and concepts structured to provide a framework and method for classifying usability problems identified during usability evaluation. The UAF is essentially a hierarchical structure of usability attributes that users traverse as a decision structure, selecting the most appropriate classification category and sub-category at each level of the hierarchy. The cumulative set of category choices along the classification path is taken as a sequence of usability attributes that determines a complete classification description of the usability problem in question. The UAF itself has been the subject of usability evaluation and is the product of an extensive, iterative design process. In this paper we report on the reliability of the UAF by measuring the agreement of 10 experienced usability practitioners as they classify 15 different usability problems.
The efficient numerical solution of biological simulation problems.

Abstract A subroutine called DESOL for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of the type arising in' biological simulation problems is described. DESOL is about as efficient as current high quality integrators, but because of its compactness it can be easily used on small computers. The subroutine has excellent stability properties and functions with very little required input from the user. In addition, it has features which aid in debugging associated programs. Several test and example problems are given, as is the derivation of the major formulae used in the package.
Asymptotic Normality of Cumulant Spectral Estimates

The paper considers higher-order cumulant spectral estimates obtained by directly Fourier transforming weighted cumulant estimates. Such estimates computationally are different from those based on the finite Fourier transform. These estimates can be looked at continuously as well as directly on submanifolds. The estimates of cumulants are based on unbiased moment estimates. Asymptotic normality is obtained for these estimates and is based on a strong mixing condition and only a finite number of cumulant summability conditions.
Specific labeling of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii with uracil.

SYNOPSIS Radioactive uracil was not significantly incorporated into the nucleic acids of human fibroblast cells. Infection of these cells with Toxoplasma gondii resulted in an exponential increase in the rate of uracil incorporation that paralleled the exponential growth of the parasite. One day after infection the rate of uracil incorporation was increased 100-fold. It was established by autoradiography that all of the [3H] uracil was incorporated into the intracellular parasites. A possible explanation for this difference in ability to use uracil is our observation that the specific activity of uridine phosphorylase was 100-fold greater in partially purified parasites than in the host cell.
Transitioning Adolescents and Young Adults with a Chronic Health Condition to Adult HealthCare – An Exemplar Program

Pediatric specialists have successfully improved the longevity and quality of life of many children with chronic health conditions. As these children reach adolescence and young adulthood, the scope of their concomitant medical problems often include those typically seen in older patients. As a result, these individuals need continuing quality health care in focused adult healthcare facilities. This article describes the effective partnership between pediatric and adult healthcare providers to create and implement an exemplar Spina Bifida Transition Program. The processes, strategies and tools discussed are likely to be useful to other healthcare professionals interested in developing pediatric to adult transition programs for adolescents and young adults with chronic health conditions.
Crystallization during hot-drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film: influence of the deformation mode

Abstract We have examined the influence of the strain-rate mode—constant extension rate (CER) and constant strain rate (CSR)—on crystallization kinetics during hot-drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. It was found that strain rate/draw time superposition, previously observed in CER drawing, is also applicable to CSR drawing, and that the temperature dependence of the shift factor is essentially the same in both modes of deformation. In CSR drawing, crystallization onset occurs at shorter times and the rate of crystallization is higher. Further analysis of the CSR data confirms previous CER data showing that at high strain rates the crystallization rate during drawing increases with temperature, and that this trend gradually reverses as strain rate decreases.
Role of the H-2 complex in preimplantation mouse embryo development.

The H-2 complex was found to influence early mouse embryo development. Slow development was shown to be associated with the H.2k haplotype. By the use of congenic strains, it was clearly demonstrated that gene(s) in the H-2 complex affect the time of the first cleavage division and the
XLII. A Wehnelt cathode-ray tube magnetometer

1. 1. A magnetometer has been designed and built, depending on the property of the cathode rays being deflected by a magnetic field, the deflexion being compared with that produced by a known stand...
Ion formation from charged droplets: roles of geometry, energy, and time

The formation of ions from the charged droplets produced in the several spray ionization techniques is viewed as an activated rate process involving field-assisted desorption, in accord with the ideas first set forth by Iribame and Thomson. The novel features of the present treatment are particularly relevant to the unique ability of electrospray ionization to transform large molecules in solution to free ions in the gas phase, with extensive multiple charging. These new features stem mainly from the realization that the spacing of charges on a desorbed ion must relate to the spacing of charges on the surface of the droplet whence it came. The consequences of this “rule” can account for the existence of maxima and minima in the number of charges on the ions of a particular species as well as the nature of the distribution of ions among the intervening charge states. They also explain the dependence of charge state on the configuration in solution of the parent molecule of the desorbed ion. In addition, they provide insight into the sequence in time at which ions in the various charge states leave an evaporating droplet.
Phytoplankton growth and biological response to iron and zinc addition in the Ross Sea and Antarctic Circumpolar Current along 170°W

Deckboard enrichment experiments were conducted during the US JGOFS Antarctic Environment Southern Ocean Process Study to determine the community response to added iron and zinc and their effect on phytoplankton growth. Seawater was collected into acid-cleaned 20-l polycarbonate carboys and incubated with varying additions of iron and zinc. Cells representing individual taxa were counted before and after incubation. Chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon, and particulate organic nitrogen were measured periodically throughout the experiments. Zinc is not a limiting factor on phytoplankton growth in both the Ross Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The Ross Sea is less iron-stressed than the ACC, in particular at the southern site. However, iron addition largely increased phytoplankton growth and chlorophyll a in both regions. Community growth showed a stronger response to iron addition in high-silicate water than in low-silicate water. Dinoflagellates had the lowest abundance in both natural and iron-enriched seawaters. Prymnesiophytes and pennate diatoms were most sensitive to iron enrichment and were responsible for the bulk of the growth signal. In the high-silicate water of the ACC, Phaeocystis showed the strongest response to iron addition, increasing its abundance from <5% in natural seawater to ∼20% in 2.5 nM Fe-enriched water. Its maximum growth rate was 0.57 day−1 and the half-saturation constant was 0.27 nM, which were higher than most of the diatoms (0.2–0.4 day−1 and 0.05–0.13 nM, respectively).
Influence of Oxygen Concentration and Mechanical Factors on Differentiation of Connective Tissues in vitro

MARCHAND1 postulated that osteoblasts may differentiate from mesenchymal cells. Recently, it was observed that a strain of cells, derived from adult skeletal muscle, elaborated in tissue culture a sub-stance that appeared to be chondro-osteoid2. Since the factors responsible for this cell behaviour were unknown, investigation of the effects of varying mechanical and nutritional factors on a reproducible in vitro system of osteogenesis was made. Hanging-drop, Maximov double cover-slip cultures were established from 20-day-old chick embryo tibial cortex and were maintained as described by Fell3.
Conservative Algorithm for an Adaptive Change of Resolution in Mixed Atomistic / Coarse-Grained Multiscale Simulations

Understanding complex materials often requires investigating multiple, tightly coupled time and length scales. Neither atomistic nor coarse-grained simulations are often able to adequately capture all the relevant scales. To combine the efficiency of coarse-grained models with the accuracy of atomistic models for systems that require atomistic resolution only locally, for example at an interface, mixed-resolution models have been developed. These models use a coarse-grained description for the part of the system distant from an active site and atomistic description for the active site and its direct environment. Since the active zone may diffuse during a simulation, the simulation algorithm needs to permit an on-the-fly reclassication of atoms as they transition between the high- and low-resolution regimes. In this paper, we derive a conservative Hamiltonian and present an explicit symplectic integrator for mixed-resolution systems that allows for such a change in resolution of selected groups of atoms during a MD simulation.
CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Serum samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.), patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.), and controls were examined for virus-neutralising antibodies against measles virus (M.V.) and 2 strains of canine distemper virus (C.D.V.). M.S. and S.S.P.E. patients had higher M.V. antibody titres than controls. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in mean C.D.V.-neutralising antibody titres between M.S. patients and controls. The results, though obtained from a small number of patients, fail to implicate C.D.V. in the aetiology of M.S.
Salting-out chromatography—VIII: Analysis of mixtures of monoalkyl esters of alkane-phosphonic acids and dialkyl esters of phosphoric acid

Abstract A method is described for the determination of each compound in a mixture of 19 acids of phosphorus.
Ketamine protects cultured neocortical neurons from hypoxic injury.

Abstract The general anesthetic ketamine, which has recently been reported to block the excitation of cortical neurons by N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA), was found to markedly reduce neuronal loss in murine neocortical cell cultures exposed to a hypoxic atmosphere or to cyanide. These observations may be relevant to attempts to find pharmacological means of minimizing hypoxic brain damage in the clinical setting.
Synthesis of some N- and S-substituted derivatives of 2-aminobenzenethiol

N- and S-substituted derivatives of 2-aminobenzenethiol were prepared as intermediates in the synthesis of analogs of the phenothiazine tranquilizers. A new synthesis for the preparation of the benzothiazine ring is reported. The ring cleavage of 2,2-pentamethylenebenzothiazoline with alkylating agents is discussed.
Telecom power planning for natural disasters: Technology implications and alternatives to U.S. Federal Communications Commission's “Katrina Order” in view of the effects of 2008 Atlantic Hurricane Season

This work examines the potential value of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission “Katrina order” and discusses benefits and practicality of technology alternatives. The analysis is based on the effects of 2008 hurricanes Dolly, Gustav, and Ike through extensive supportive photographic evidence from on-site surveys. This information is compared with Hurricane Katrina's data. The analysis seems to indicate that the “Katrina Order” may not address some important issues, and that other technical approaches may provide a better solution.
Can systems theory generate testable hypotheses?: From talcott parsons to living systems theory

Talcott Parsons and I first met in 1939 when we attended clinical conferences presided over by Dr. Stanley Cobb at the Department of Psychiatry of the Massachusetts General Hospital. We remained friends throughout our lives, meeting fairly often both professionally and socially. We liked each other and always maintained a cordial relationship. As he reminded me from time to time, in our younger years we were both greatly influenced by the ideas of Walter B. Cannon, who was my Professor of Physiology in medical school, and Lawrence J. Henderson, who had a direct personal influence on both of us. Henderson’s espousal of Pareto, both in the courses he taught and in his conversation, had a particularly vigorous impact.
Cyclic changes in liver and muscle glycogen, tissue lipid and blood glucose in a naturally occurring population of Rana catesbeiana.

1. 1. Blood glucose, liver and muscle glycogen, lipid levels of ovary, oviduct, liver and muscle as well as anatomical measurements were used as criteria to elucidate energy changes associated with reproduction and dormancy preparation of Sana catesbeiana during their 14-week summer active period. 2. 2. A general exhaustion of lipid reserves was observed from emergence through breeding. 3. 3. Lipid reserves, particularly liver lipid and fat bodies, increased dramatically following breeding up to dormancy. 4. 4. Blood glucose was elevated throughout breeding to approximately 40–50 mg% and was lowest (approximately 20 mg%) following dormancy. 5. 5. Ovary and oviduct weights doubled during the first week post-dormancy then decreased to half the original weight during ovulation. 6. 6. Liver glycogen surged in mid August to 680 mg/100 g liver. No net concentration increase was maintained but liver weight doubled, therefore, total liver glycogen doubled.
Speculations on mass loss by meteoroid impact and formation of the planets

Abstract The ratio between mass of a meteoroidal projectile and the mass of ejecta from the impact of the projectile which escapes the target planet is computed from extrapolations of available laboratory hypervelocity impact data. If primitive protoplanets have grown by accretion, the meteoroids and planetesimals they accumulated could not have had impact speeds much in excess of the proto-planetary escape speed. The similarities in sizes of the major satellites can be explained by the presence of a high mass loss ratio for escape speeds between 2 and 4 km/sec. At present, asteroids and lunar-sized objects are probably under-going net erosion by impacts.
Adherence of Candida albicans to components of the subendothelial extracellular matrix

1. Summary Candida albicans yeasts adhered avidly to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin immobilized on plastic. Type IV collagen showed an increase of adherence of 400% above control values; laminin, 300%; and fibronectin, 150%. In addition, all three (in quantities of 0.02–200 μ g/well of a culture tray) bound yeasts in a dose-response fashion. Adherence was inhibited when the proteins were preincubated with specific antibody, except with type IV collagen. Soluble laminin or fibronectin inhibited yeast adherence to the same proteins by 36 and 94%, respectively. Soluble fibronectin bound to the yeast surface and in so doing inhibited subsequent yeast adherence to fibronectin by 66%. By comparison, Candida albicans yeasts adhered in smaller numbers to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, Type B, and heparin actually decreased yeast adherence compared to control from 10% to 25%.
Data Center Workload Placement for Energy Efficiency

Data center costs for computer power and cooling have been steadily increasing over the past decade. Much work has been done in recent years on understanding how to improve the delivery of cooling resources to IT equipment in data centers, but little attention has been paid to the optimization of heat production by considering the placement of application workload. Because certain physical locations inside the data center are more efficient to cool than others, this suggests that allocating heavy computational workloads onto those servers that are in more efficient places might bring substantial savings. This paper explores this issue by introducing a workload placement metric that considers the cooling efficiency of the environment. Additionally, results from a set of experiments that utilize this metric in a thermally isolated portion of a real data center are described. The results show that the potential savings is substantial and that further work in this area is needed to exploit the savings opportunity.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Risk-informed optimal routing of ships considering different damage scenarios and operational conditions

Abstract The aim of this paper is the development of a risk-informed decision tool for the optimal mission-oriented routing of ships. The strength of the hull is investigated by modeling the midship section with finite elements and by analyzing different damage levels depending on the propagation of plastification throughout the section. Vertical and horizontal flexural interaction is investigated. Uncertainties associated with geometry and material properties are accounted for by means of the implementation of the response surface method. Load effects are evaluated using strip theory. Reliability analysis is performed for several ship operational conditions and considering four different limit states. Then, risk is assessed by including the direct losses associated with five investigated damage states. The effects of corrosion on aged ships are included in the proposed approach. Polar representation of load effects, reliability, and direct risk are presented for a large spectrum of operational conditions. Finally, the optimal routing of ships is obtained by minimizing both the estimated time of arrival and the expected direct risk, which are clearly conflicting objectives. The optimization process provides feasible solutions belonging to the Pareto front. The proposed approach is applied to a Joint High Speed Sealift.
Radiation-induced solute segregation in a low swelling 316 stainless steel

Ni ion irradiations were carried out on a high-Ti, Si heat and a low-Ti, Si heat of 316 ss. The large difference in swelling behavior was confirmed, and the damage stages were studied using an electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray analysis capabilities for determining Si segregation at dislocation loops. Possible mechanisms for the effect of Si segregation at dislocations on void growth are discussed. (DLC)
Assessment of Red Blood Cell Membrane Fatty Acid Composition in Relation to Dietary Intake in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization

Assessment of Red Blood Cell Membrane Fatty Acid Composition in Relation to Dietary Intake in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization
Rat Genome Database: a unique resource for rat, human, and mouse quantitative trait locus data

The rat has been widely used as a disease model in a laboratory setting, resulting in an abundance of genetic and phenotype data from a wide variety of studies. These data can be found at the Rat Genome Database (RGD, http://rgd.mcw.edu/), which provides a platform for researchers interested in linking genomic variations to phenotypes. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) form one of the earliest and core datasets, allowing researchers to identify loci harboring genes associated with disease. These QTLs are not only important for those using the rat to identify genes and regions associated with disease, but also for cross-organism analyses of syntenic regions on the mouse and the human genomes to identify potential regions for study in these organisms. Currently, RGD has data on >1,900 rat QTLs that include details about the methods and animals used to determine the respective QTL along with the genomic positions and markers that define the region. RGD also curates human QTLs (>1,900) and houses >4,000 mouse QTLs (imported from Mouse Genome Informatics). Multiple ontologies are used to standardize traits, phenotypes, diseases, and experimental methods to facilitate queries, analyses, and cross-organism comparisons. QTLs are visualized in tools such as GBrowse and GViewer, with additional tools for analysis of gene sets within QTL regions. The QTL data at RGD provide valuable information for the study of mapped phenotypes and identification of candidate genes for disease associations.
The metabolism in vitro of enantiomeric 1-O-alkyl glycerols and 1,2- and 1,3-alkyl acyl glycerols in the intestinal mucosa

Abstract 1. 1. The utilization of a series of monoalkyl glycerols as substrates for triglyceride biosynthesis via the monoglyceride pathways has been investigated. 2. 2. Both the sn -1- and 2-alkyl glycerols are satisfactory substrates. However, the sn -3 derivatives are not acylated by intestinal mucosal microsomes. 3. 3. The sn -monoacyl glycerol is directly utilized for triglyceride biosynthesis. 4. 4. The intermediate 1,3-alkyl acyl glycerols are incorporated into triglycerides without isomerization to the corresponding 1,2 analogs. 5. 5. The substrate requirements for the mono- and diglyceride transacylases are discussed.
Concentration polarization, separation factor, and Peclet number in membrane processes

Concentration polarization affects almost all the membrane separation processes and can be the cause of a substantial reduction in the separation factor and flux. A generalized equation relating the modified Peclet number to the concentration polarization occurring in the boundary layer is proposed and shown applicable to the majority of membrane separation processes like gas separations, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, and dissolved gas permeation in liquid. The membrane permeability, separation factor (or solute rejection), membrane thickness, boundary layer mass transfer coefficient, and Henry's law coefficient are the factors that determine the extent of polarization. An analysis is presented to offer a clean division of the hydrodynamic effect from the pure membrane property for membrane separation processes of liquid phases. Also the effect of membrane thickness on polarization is discussed. An attempt has been made to reconcile the different approaches taken for different membrane processes in the literature. Experimental data from widely different sources illustrate and confirm the present theory for pervaporative separation of dilute solutions of volatile organic compounds, dissolved gas permeation, and ultrafiltration of proteins and carbowax. Specific suggestions are made to obtain independent experimental measurements of the Peclet number and polarization index in terms of measurable quantities like the actual and intrinsic separation factors.
Extended Arch Resection in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: CON

Acute type A dissection is one of the most lethal conditions that surgeons encounter. Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have resulted in acceptable short- and long-term outcomes. Traditionally, the surgical approach involves a conservative extent of aortic arch resection. Recently, some groups have advocated a more aggressive approach wherein the entire aortic arch is replaced or an adjuvant descending aortic stent graft placed. This article reviews the literature pertaining to extent of distal aortic replacement in acute type A aortic dissection, arguing that a conservative approach is associated with more favorable outcome.
Effects of thermal cycling in a reducing atmosphere on metal/polyimide interfaces

Effects of thermal cycling in a reducing (deuterium) atmosphere on the structure and chemistry of Cr/Cu/Cr/polyimide (PI)/Si and Au/Cu/Ti/polyimide (PI)/Si multilayer systems have been studied. In the Cr/PI system the interface between the Cr and PI was sharp and distinct in the as-deposited state, and after the anneal in the reducing atmosphere. Tensile cracks through the Cr/Cu/Cr layers were found after annealing and are the result of thermal stresses. No evidence for significant diffusion of Cr into the PI was found. In the Ti/PI system, the interface between the Ti and PI was sharp in the as-deposited state. After annealing in vacuum and in the reducing environment, regions of the interface between the Ti layer and the PI were converted to an oxide, Ti5O9. Annealing in the deuterium environment also caused delamination of the Ti film from the PI and blistering of the metal in the sample interior. No significant diffusion of the Ti into the PI was detected. In both systems, the metal in contact with the PI acted as a barrier to the diffusion of Cu into the PI.
A scaffold-enhanced light-activated surgical adhesive technique: surface selection for enhanced tensile strength in wound repair

An ex vivo study was conducted to determine the effect of the irregularity of the scaffold surface on the tensile strength of repairs formed using our Scaffold-Enhanced Biological Adhesive (SEBA). Two different scaffold materials were investigated: (i) a synthetic biodegradable material fabricated from poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid); and (ii) a biological material, small intestinal submucosa, manufactured by Cook BioTech. The scaffolds were doped with protein solder composed of 50%(w/v) bovine serum albumin solder and 0.5mg/ml indocyanine green dye mixed in deionized water, and activated with an 808-nm diode laser. The tensile strength of repairs performed on bovine thoracic aorta, liver, spleen, small intestine and lung, using the smooth and irregular surfaces of the above scaffold-enhanced materials were measured and the time-to-failure was recorded. The tensile strength of repairs formed using the irregular surfaces of the scaffolds were consistently higher than those formed using the smooth surfaces of the scaffolds. The largest difference was observed on repairs formed on the aorta and small intestine, where the repairs were, on average, 50% stronger using the irregular versus the smooth scaffold surfaces. In addition, the time-to-failure of repairs formed using the irregular surfaces of the scaffolds were between 50% and 100% longer than that achieved using the smooth surfaces of the scaffolds. It has previously been shown that distributing or dispersing the adhesive forces over the increased surface area of the scaffold, either smooth or irregular, produces stronger repairs than albumin solder alone. The increase in the absolute strength and longevity of repairs seen in this new study when the irregular surfaces of the scaffolds are used is thought to be due to the distribution of forces between the many independent micro-adhesions provided by the irregular surfaces.
Penicillin Sensitivity of Streptococci Isolated from Root Canal Infections and the Normal Mouth.

Many workers have shown that certain strains of supposed penicillin-sensitive bacteria may be resistant to penicillin. Since a clinical study of the effect of penicillin in infected root canals was contemplated it was thought desirable to ascertain the sensitivity of individual strains of streptococci, which are the organisms commonly isolated from infected root canals. At the same time it was decided to determine the reactions to penicillin of streptococci from saliva of normal mouths. As it has been presumed that the streptococci causing root canal infections are usually derived from the saliva, the reactions of streptococci from the two sites might lead to some information on their relationship. Material from infected root canals was inoculated into beef infusion semi-solid agar, containing ascitic fluid. The cultures after incubation at 37.50C. for 36-48 hours were plated out on 2% blood agar. Single colonies of streptococci were then transferred to other blood agar plates to be studied. The reaction on blood was determined, and the streptococci classified as hemolytic, viridans or anhemolyticus. No other method or classification was attempted, since the viridans and anhemolytic types form such heterogenous groups that it was not thought expedient at this time to attempt further classification. The hemolytic group of streptococci are recovered in only 2% of infected root canals. Streptococci from saliva were obtained from individuals who had no mouth infections. The saliva after collection was diluted with physiological salt solution, so that discrete colonies grew when streaked on blood agar. Single colonies were transferred to blood agar for study. No difficulty was encountered in identifying viridans type of streptococci, but difficulty was encountered with hemolytic and anhemolytic types of streptococci. It was noticed that colonies which had been picked as hemolytic types after replating, were anhemolytic in type; or that the anhemolytic type was hemolytic. At first it was thought that errors had been made in identifying colonies, but it happened so frequently, and after further precautions had been taken that we realized that we were dealing with dissociated strains, which had to be replated several times to obtain pure phase cultures. This particular problem is to be investigated in the near future. Tryptose broth (1) containing 5% ascitic fluid, and penicillin sodium was used to carry out the penicillin sensitivity tests. Strains were tested in 0.03 U, 0.5 U. and 8 U. of penicillin per c.c. of broth. A positive control was made in the
Characterization of the nucleic acid product of the visna virus RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Abstract The mechanism of nucleic acid synthesis and the nature of the nucleic acid products transcribed by the visna virus RNA dependent DNA polymerase have been investigated. Purified virus preparations activated maximally by .05% NP40 detergent catalyzed the linear incorporation of radioactive nucleoside precursor into acid insoluble product for 60 min and at a decreasing rate thereafter. Analysis of nucleic; acid products by S1 nuclease digestion, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and ultracentrifugation in cesium sulfate, indicate that the reaction proceeds in two steps. The initial step is transcription of a single-stranded DNA bound to RNA template. The second step involves synthesis of double-stranded DNA and this reaction can be blocked with actinomycin D. The DNA synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D contains sequences complementary to the entire viral genome. The double-stranded DNA product consists predominantly of a small molecular weight species with a sedimentation coefficient of 4S and an analytical complexity, measured by reassociation kinetics, of approximately 2–4 × 10−3 mole-sec/liter. The visna polymerase therefore preferentially transcribes a limited portion of the viral genome into doublestranded DNA in vitro.
Material science: oxygen breaks into carbon world.

When oxygen atoms bind to a graphite surface, they fall into line and make bridges across carbon atoms. This is the spearhead of a chemical attack in which the atomic arrangement of solid carbon is torn apart.
Seeded dispersion polymerization

Micron-size poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) and polystyrene (PSt) particles were used as seed in second-stage seeded dispersion polymerizations. The effects of various polymerization parameters on the morphology of the structured particles resulting from the second-stage seeded dispersion polymerizations were studied, and a series of uniform micron-size structured particles was successfully prepared. In addition to the polymerization medium, the type of stabilizer (i.e., the molecular weight of the polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP] stabilizer) that was used in the seed preparation and the subsequent seeded dispersion polymerization was found to be important. The final outcome of a seeded dispersion polymerization, that is, the morphology of the structured particles and the formation of secondary particles, was found to be primarily governed by thermodynamic factors. It was also found that the latex particles in these dispersion systems are virtually stabilized by the small amount of grafted PVP molecules. The dispersions maintain colloidal stability after repeated washing of the particles, which removes all of the soluble PVP.
Modeling of Subsidence and Stress-Dependent Hydraulic Conductivity for Intact and Fractured Porous Media

This study investigates the changes in deformation and stress dependent hydraulic conductivities that occur as a result of underground mining in intact and fractured porous media. The intact porous medium is assumed to be comprised of regularly packed spherical grains of uniform size. The variation in grain size or pore space due to the effect of changing intergranular stresses results in a change in rock hydraulic conductivity. A model is developed to describe the sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to effective stresses through Hertzian contact of spherical grains. The fractured porous medium is approximated as an equivalent fracture network in which a single fracture is idealized as a planar opening having a constant equivalent thickness or aperture. Changes in fracture aperture as a result of changes in elastic deformation control the variation of hydraulic conductivity. A model is presented to illustrate the coupling between strain and hydraulic conductivity. Subsidence induced deformations that result from mining induced changes in hydraulic conductivity in both intact and fractured media. These changes are examined and compared with results from a mining case study.
Taking Behavioralism Seriously: The Problem of Market Manipulation

For the past few decades, cognitive psychologists and behavioral researchers have been steadily uncovering evidence that human decisionmaking processes are prone to nonrational, yet systematic, tendencies. These researchers claim not merely that we sometimes fail to abide by rules of logic, but that we fail to do so in predictable ways. With a few notable exceptions, implications of this research for legal institutions were slow in reaching the academic literature. Within the last few years, however, we have seen an outpouring of scholarship addressing the impact of behavioral research over a wide range of legal topics. Indeed, one might predict that the current behavioral movement eventually will have an influence on legal scholarship matched only by its predecessor, the law and economics movement. Ultimately, any legal concept that relies in some sense on a notion of reasonableness or that is premised on the existence of a reasonable or rational decisionmaker will need to be reassessed in light of the mounting evidence that humans are "a reasoning rather than a reasonable animal." This Article contributes to that reassessment by focusing on the problem of manipulability. Our central contention is that the presence of unyielding cognitive biases makes individual decisionmakers susceptible to manipulation by those able to influence the context in which decisions are made. More particularly, we believe that market outcomes frequently will be heavily influenced, if not determined, by the ability of one actor to control the format of information, the presentation of choices, and, in general, the setting within which market transactions occur. Once one accepts that individuals systematically behave in nonrational ways, it follows from an economic perspective that others will exploit those tendencies for gain. That possibility of manipulation has a variety of implications for legal policy analysis that have heretofore gone unrecognized. This article highlights some of those implications and makes several predictions that are tested in other work.
Spring Tree Species Use by Migrating Yellow-Rumped Warblers in Relation to Phenology and Food Availability

Abstract I examined the temporal pattern of migration and tree species preferences of Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata) in relation to tree and food phenology across three spring seasons (2001–2003) at a migration stopover site in east-central Illinois, USA. Foraging Yellow-rumped Warblers used tree species in relation to the date that trees initiated bud break and the date caterpillars were most abundant in trees. The first arrival date of Yellow–rumped Warblers at the stopover site varied with date of bud break; duration of migration through the stopover site ranged from 31 to 47 days. The earliest Yellow-rumped Warbler migrants observed arrived at the stopover site before appearance of many arthropods, and foraged on the temporarily abundant adult stage of the hackberry psyllid (Pachypsylla spp. [Fletcher] [Homoptera]). Later migrants switched to foraging for caterpillars. The proportions of foraging observations among tree species were similar across all 3 years and, each year, tree species ...
Distributed learning in wireless sensor networks

This paper discusses nonparametric distributed learning. After reviewing the classical learning model and highlighting the success of machine learning in centralized settings, the challenges that wireless sensor networks (WSN) pose for distributed learning are discussed, and research aimed at addressing these challenges is surveyed.
Evaluating a Microfill Posterior Composite Resin a Five-Year Study

More polished than ever, tiny filler particles are getting their chance to shine, report Drs. Raquel B. Mazer and Karl F. Leinfelder in “Evaluating a Microfill Posterior Composite Resin: a Five-Year Study.” This study evaluates a pre-polymerized microfill composite resin. Results show this particular resin is resistant to generalized wear in conservative restorations.
Synthesis of block copolymers by sequential carbenium ion polymerization

The sequential carbenium ion block copolymerization of ethyl vinyl ether (EVE) and isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) with N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) is described. Requisite conditions for the successful application of the sequential synthesis technique to these systems were established: (1) the use of stable carbocation initiator salts (e.g., Ph3CSbCl6) which lead to essentially terminationless polymerizations; (2) low solvent-to-monomer ratios in order to suppress any possible chain transfer to methylene dichloride molecules; (3) high ratios of initiator to monomer which create a pseudo-“living” system. The block products (PEVE-b-PNVC and PIBVE-b-PNVC) were isolated by precipitation and extraction. The intrinsic viscosities of these products displayed minima at 30°C.
Brachyury establishes the embryonic mesodermal progenitor niche

Stem and progenitor cells play an essential role during the formation of the vertebrate body and the subsequent homeostasis of the adult form. A growing body of work has demonstrated that stem/progenitor cells exist throughout the embryo and adult in niches—unique physical and molecular environments that support the long-term maintenance of these populations (Morrison and Spradling 2008; Voog and Jones 2010). During vertebrate development, a population of mesodermal progenitor cells residing in the tailbud continuously releases differentiating cells throughout somitogenesis (Dubrulle and Pourquie 2004). We showed previously that the maintenance of this population is dependent on an autoregulatory loop between the T-box transcription factor Brachyury and canonical Wnt signaling, with a failure of this loop resulting in a truncated body axis (Martin and Kimelman 2008), explaining why Brachyury plays such a major role in vertebrate development (Martin and Kimelman 2009). Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is another factor that can affect the formation of the body. Addition of RA to vertebrate embryos causes severe posterior truncations, superficially similar to a loss of Brachyury or Wnt signaling (Sive et al. 1990). Here we show that RA blocks the function of the autoregulatory loop by inhibiting no tail (ntl) expression, resulting in a failure to sustain Wnt signaling. We found that Ntl protects the mesodermal progenitors from RA produced in the adjacent somites by directly activating the expression of the RA-metabolizing enzyme Cyp26a1. Finally, we show that individual mesodermal progenitor cells do not need to express ntl, wnts, or cyp26a1 as long as their neighbors express these genes, demonstrating that the essential role of Brachyury and its downstream targets is to create the niche in which the mesodermal progenitors are maintained in a progenitor state throughout somitogenesis. Previously identified stem/progenitor cell niches are established by a separate population of niche support cells that exist adjacent to the stem/progenitor cells. The embryonic mesodermal progenitor population that we describe is unique in its ability to serve as both the niche support cells and the progenitor cells, without subfunctionalization into two separate cell types. These results have significant implications in understanding the pathogenesis of Brachyury-expressing human cancers.
A recursive estimation algorithm using selective updating for spectral analysis and adaptive signal processing

This correspondence presents a recursive estimation algorithm which, unlike conventional ones, updates the estimates only when a sufficient improvement can be obtained. With a bounded noise, assumption, the resulting sequence of estimates is a sequence of convex sets (ellipsoids) in the parameter space. For the cases studied, the algorithm used less than 20 percent of the data to update the estimates and still acquired very good accuracy for spectral estimation.
Kant’s Political Philosophy

Kant’s political theory stands in the social contract tradition, but departs significantly from earlier versions of social contract theory. Most importantly Kant holds, against Hobbes and Locke, that we have not merely a pragmatic reason but an obligation to exit the state of nature and found a state. Kant holds that each person has an innate right to freedom, but it is possible to simultaneously honor everyone’s right only under the rule of law. Since we are obligated to respect each person’s right to freedom, and can do so only in a state, we are obligated to submit to the authority of the state if we have one, and to establish one if we do not. In the first half of the essay I reconstruct this argument in more detail. In the second half I survey four points of controversy: (i) What is the relationship between Kant’s political philosophy and his moral philosophy? (ii) How does the innate right to freedom support the postulate that we are permitted to acquire property and other private rights? (iii) How does the postulate support an obligation to found the state? (iv) How should we understand Kant’s views about political revolutions?
Highly Pegylated Sterically Stabilized Micelles in Aqueous Media: Structure, Dynamics, and Storage of Therapeutic Agents

Molecular assemblies of highly PEG-ylated monomers are important in many biomedical applications. For example, sterically stabilized micelles and liposomes of self-assembled DSPE-PEG2000 monomers and other phospholipids can serve as biocompatible and relatively nontoxic drug delivery nanocarriers. We perform a detailed study of the micelles formed from DSPE-PEG2000 in pure water and isotonic HEPES buffered saline solution [1]. The observed micelle sizes (5 - 15 nm) strongly depend on the solvents and the lipid concentrations used. The critical micelle concentration of DSPE-PEG2000 is ∼ 10 times higher in water than in buffer and the viscosity of the dispersion dramatically increases with the lipid concentration. To explain the experimentally observed results, we perform atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated micelles. Our modeling reveals that the observed assemblies have very different aggregation numbers of N ∼ 90 in saline solution and N < 8 in water, due to very different screening of the charged phosphate groups in the DSPE-PEG2000 monomers. We found that in saline solution the micelle cores can inflate and their PEG coronas highly fluctuate, thus allowing storage and delivery of molecules with different chemistry. We also model the stabilization of model drug molecules and small therapeutic peptides in different regions of the micelle.[1] Vukovic, L.; Drake, S. D.; Khatib, F. A.; Madriaga, A.; Brandenburg, K. S.; Kral, P.; Onyuksel, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 13481-13488.
Effects of Lead Framing on Selective Exposure to Internet News Reports

With headlines and texts held constant, the subheads of articles embedded in an Internet newsmagazine were manipulated in an overview from which articles could be selected. In a control condition, the lead, indicating deplorable happenings,was framed in a factual manner.In the other conditions,the leads were framed either in terms of conflict between feuding parties, the unfolding of disastrous occurrences, the emotional upheaval and agony suffered by the victims of these occurrences, or the economic implications of the incidents. Selective exposure to the articles was accumulated in minute intervals and automatically recorded. Leads projecting aggravated conflict or the agony over suffered misfortunes were found to foster increased reading times of the associated articles. The effects of highlighting misfortunes by themselves or of emphasizing the misfortunes’ economic implications proved to be negligible, however.
Medication-Free Research in Early Episode Schizophrenia: Evidence of Long-Term Harm?

This study investigates the question of whether short periodsofmedication-freeresearchinearlyepisodeschizophrenia result in demonstrable long-term harm to human subjects. A meta-analysis of published quasi-experimental and random assignment studies that had a majority of firstor second-episode schizophrenia spectrum subjects, at least 1 initially unmedicated group, and a minimum of 1-year results was conducted. Only 6 studies, with 623 subjects, met inclusion criteria. The initially unmedicated groups showed a small, statistically nonsignificant long-term advantage (r = � 0.09). Incorporating only random assignment studies into a composite effect size produced a similar near-zero result (r = 0.01). Good-quality evidence is inadequate to support a conclusion of long-term harm resulting from short-term postponement of medication in early episode schizophrenia research. A categorical prohibition against such research should be reconsidered.
Abnormal Hemispheric Blood Flow and Metabolism Despite Normal Angiograms in Patients with Stroke

Hemispheric blood flow (HBF) and metabolism were measured using the intracarotid injection of hydrogen-saturated saline in a group of patients with unilateral hemispheric infarction, some of whom had normal angiograms. Blood flow was calculated from the formula derived from the Stewart-Hamilton principle using the clearance curve of hydrogen in the cerebral transverse sinus. Hemispheric metabolic index was estimated using a newly developed formula by assuming that the distribution of hydrogen into each transverse sinus following intracarotid injection indicates the distribution of blood from each hemisphere into each transverse sinus. HBF and oxygen metabolism on the affected side were reduced in all groups, but the reduction was greater in patients with angiographical evidence of vascular occlusion. In many patients, HBF and metabolism on the nonaffected side which angiograms showed to be normal were reduced in the acute phase. It is apparent that by using the hydrogen bolus technique of measuring HBF and metabolism, small disturbances in cerebral circulation can be detected which are not discernible in angiograms.