cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) Subsets in Ovarian Cancer

The major human antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include monocytes/macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), and B cells. These APC subsets have been observed in ovarian tumor environments. Their phenotypes and functionalities are subjected to alteration by multiple factors in the tumor environment. In this review, we summarize the nature, cellular interactions, and prognostic significance of the main APC populations in ovarian cancer, and discuss the relevance of manipulating APC subsets for patient treatment.
Heterojunction-based GaSb/InAs strained-layer superlattice long wavelength infrared detectors

Abstract Design parameters for the heterojunction-based strained layer superlattice (SLS) long-wave infrared (LWIR) detector are investigated so that it operates at a lower bias voltage with lower dark current and higher photo response. At typical operating temperatures ( T ∼ 77 K), the dark current of GaSb/InAs SLS LWIR detectors is dominated by the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) generation–recombination (g–r) process in the space-charge (depletion) region. In order to suppress this dark current, a wide bandgap region next to the absorber layer has been included in recent SLS designs. A series of heterojunction-based LWIR SLS detectors with various doping and barrier profiles have been designed and characterized. The significance of the doping profile and thickness of the wide-bandgap layer in optimization of the heterojunction-based SLS detector performance are exhibited from the modeling and experimental results of these devices.
Effects of intracerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine injection on thermoregulation in rat ☆

Abstract In order to clarify the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the thermoregulatory system of rat, a number of observations were made following the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) and intraventricular injection of this chemical. PO/AH injections of 5-HT (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μg) at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 23.5°C produced dose dependent increases in hypothalamic temperature (Thy). Changes in tail temperature (Tt) were not observed. No consistent effect on Thy or Tt was noted when PO/AH injections of 5-HT (1.0 μg) were made in an environment of 32°C. Intraventricular injections of 5-HT (10 μg) at an ambient temperature of 23.5°C led to significant decreases in Thy and increases in Tt. During behavioral thermoregulation in the cold (Ta at -7°C), PO/AH injection of 5-HT (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μg) produced little effect on the rate at which rats bar pressed for radiant heat. These injections did, however, produce increases in Thy. It was concluded that the thermoregulatory effects of intraventricular 5-HT injections are not mediated by an effect on the PO/AH area.
Use of a new polyclonal antibody to study the distribution and glycosylation of the sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporter NCBE in rodent brain

NCBE (SLC4A10) is a member of the SLC4 family of bicarbonate transporters, several of which play important roles in intracellular-pH regulation and transepithelial HCO(3)(-) transport. Here we characterize a new antibody that was generated in rabbit against a fusion protein consisting of maltose-binding protein and the first 135 amino acids (aa) of the N-terminus of human NCBE. Western blotting--both of purified peptides representing the initial approximately 120 aa of the transporters and of full-length transporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes--demonstrated that the antibody is specific for NCBE versus the two most closely related proteins, NDCBE (SLC4A8) and NBCn1 (SLC4A7). Western blotting of tissue in four regions of adult mouse brain indicates that NCBE is expressed most abundantly in cerebral cortex (CX), cerebellum (CB) and hippocampus (HC), and less so in subcortex (SCX). NCBE protein was present in CX, CB, and HC microdissected to avoid choroid plexus. Immunocytochemistry shows that NCBE is present at the basolateral membrane of embryonic day 18 (E18) fetal and adult choroid plexus. NCBE protein is present by Western blot and immunocytochemistry in cultured and freshly dissociated HC neurons but not astrocytes. By Western blot, nearly all NCBE in mouse and rat brain is highly N-glycosylated (approximately 150 kDa). PNGase F reduces the molecular weight (MW) of natural NCBE in mouse brain or human NCBE expressed in oocytes to approximately the predicted MW of the unglycosylated protein. In oocytes, mutating any one of the three consensus N-glycosylation sites reduces glycosylation of the other two, and the triple mutant exhibits negligible functional expression.
II—Jody Azzouni: Singular Thoughts (Objects-Directed Thoughts)

Tim Crane (2011) characterizes the cognitive role of singular thought via singular mental files: the application of such files to more than one object is senseless. As many do, he thus stresses the contrast between ‘singular’ and ‘general’. I give a counterexample, plurally-directed singular thought, and I offer alternative characterizations of singular thought—better described as ‘objects-directed thought’—initially in terms of the defeasibility of the descriptions associated with one's thinking of an object, and then more broadly in terms of whether descriptions of the object or description-independent epistemic routes to the object are primarily operative in an agent's thinking.
Nocturnal hypoxemia biomarker predicts sleepiness in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea

Purpose This study aims to assess the association between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and variables extracted from the pulse-oximetry signal obtained during overnight polysomnography. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to study the relation between four hypoxemia variables and EDS as determined by Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores (ESSS) in 200 consecutive patients, newly diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as defined by an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI)≥15. Hypoxemia measurements were compared between sleepy (ESSS≥10) and nonsleepy (ESSS 50, the hypoxemia biomarker (but not individual hypoxemia variables) predicted sleepiness with 82 % accuracy. Conclusion Nocturnal hypoxemia as determined by a polyvariable biomarker reliably predicted EDS in patients with severe OSA (AHI>50), indicating that oxygen fluctuation had a direct role in the development of EDS in patients with severe OSA.
Application of the new concepts and definitions (ICRS, CIP and CEO) in fundamental astronomy

The IAU has introduced the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), the Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP), and the Celestial Ephemeris Origin (CEO) in order to be consistent with the improved accuracies currently achieved and expected in the future. While the bases of the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) are different from previous reference systems, the astrometric definitions and methods remain similar and have a number of simplifications. The changes are from a dynamical to a kinematic defining motion, from bright stars to extragalactic reference sources, from a precessing equinox to a more stable fiducial point, and from a reference frame moving with time to a fixed reference frame independent of date. The new definitions necessary for the application of the ICRS to astronomy and astrometry are given and the methods for reducing observations are discussed. Recommendations are given concerning the forms of data to be provided and the reference frames to be used in various cases.
Survey of academic veterinarians' attitudes toward provision of cardiopulmonary–cerebral resuscitation and discussion of resuscitation with clientele

Objective: To examine the impact of stress on veterinarians resulting from both the provision of cardiopulmonary–cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) and the discussion of CPCR and do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) with affected clients. Design: Descriptive cross-sectional with survey methodology. Setting: Eight colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States. Subjects: Two hundred and one academic veterinarians. Interventions: The survey was distributed by the authors to small animal faculty, residents, and interns. Demographic variables and Likert-style questions about comfort discussing and performing CPCR and affective impact of CPCR events were included. Multiple linear regression models were constructed to determine the effect of the questions on different target variables of interest. Measurements and Main Results: Ninety-six percent of veterinarians experienced stress when performing CPCR and reported that positive emotions after a successful CPCR were statistically greater than the negative emotions of an unsuccessful CPCR. Veterinarians trained in CPCR reported lower scores for stress and negative emotional impact from a failed CPCR. Conclusions: Veterinarians experience stress during CPCR and when discussing CPCR and DNAR choices with owners. Steps can be taken to reduce the likelihood of having a negative affect from CPCR efforts, such as improved training of CPCR supervisors and increased competence of CPCR supervisors.
Movements and Activity of Juvenile Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis)

Understanding the spatial ecology and foraging strategy of invasive animals is essential for success in control or eradication. We studied movements and activity in juvenile Brown Treesnakes on Guam, as this population segment has proven particularly difficult to control. Distance between daytime refugia (from telemetry of 18 juveniles, 423–800 mm snout–vent length) ranged from 0–118 m (n = 86), with a grand mean of 43 m. There were tendencies for shorter snake movements on nights directly following a full moon and on dry nights, but variation among snakes was of a larger magnitude and would greatly reduce chances to detect moon or rain effects unless corrected for. Snake activity was estimated from audio recordings of signals from “tipping” radio transmitters, analyzed for pulse period and amplitude. Activity was highest in the hours immediately after sunset, and gradually declined throughout the night before dropping abruptly in conjunction with sunrise. Snake activity was higher on rainy nights, and ...
Modulation of DNA synthesis by muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Acetylcholine muscarinic receptors are a family of five G-protein-coupled receptors widely distributed in the central newous system and in peripheral organs. Activation of certain subtypes of muscarinic receptors (MI, M3, M,) has been found to modulate DNA synthesis in a number of cell types. In several cell types acetylcholine, by activating endogenous or transfected muscarinic receptors, can indeed elicit cell proliferation. In other cell types, however, or under different experimental conditions, activation of muscarinic receptors has no effect, or inhibits DNA synthesis. A large number of intracellular pathways are being investigated to define the mechanisms involved in these effects of muscarinic receptors; these include among others, phospholipase D, protein kinases C and mitogen-activatedprotein kinases. The ability of acetylcholine to modulate DNA synthesis through muscarinic receptors may be relevant in the context of brain development and neoplastic growth.
L-type calcium channels: highs and new lows.

Voltage-gated calcium channels are essential for coupling membrane depolarization to the influx of calcium in all excitable cells. The calcium that flows into excitable cells through voltage-gated calcium channels serves a dual function, generating both electrical and chemical signals. The intracellular events controlled by calcium are diverse and many. Excitable cells can select from a number of functionally distinct voltage-gated Ca2+ channel subunits, whose activities are precisely tuned to support specific tasks. These include excitation-contraction coupling in muscle, excitation-secretion coupling in neurons, hair cells, and endocrine cells, and regulation of gene expression.1–5⇓⇓⇓⇓ Ten genes encode the main CaVα1 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex in mammals.6 Sequence comparisons among CaVα1 genes from several genomes reveal three major families, CaV1α1, CaV2α 1, and CaV3α 1.6 Even before the availability of selective toxins, several investigators demonstrated that multiple, functionally distinct classes of voltage-gated calcium channels are expressed in a variety of cell types including heart.8–11⇓⇓⇓ This division was based on the presence of two distinct classes of calcium channels that differed significantly in their voltage dependence of activation. The concept of low voltage-activated and high voltage-activated calcium channels was established, and although simple, this remains a useful and informative way for distinguishing among different classes of calcium channels. Certain features have emerged from studies of voltage-gated calcium channels in heart and neurons that have established a set of standard criteria to define the presence of a specific Ca2+ channel subtype. Low voltage-activated, T-type, Ca2+ channels that contain CaV3α1 subunits (α1G, α1H, α1I) activate rapidly, deactivate slowly, exhibit pronounced voltage-dependent inactivation, and are insensitive …
P03-573 - Depression and anxiety in patients with diabetes mellitus: a conceptual discussion of treatment adherence issues and current treatment recommendations

A growing body of literature suggests that depression and subclinical diabetes-related distress are common in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Likewise, anxiety disorders are more prevalent in patients with diabetes compared to the normal adult population. Importantly, both depression and anxiety have been associated with non-adherence to the diabetes self-care regimen, thus increasing the risk for hyperglycemia and other serious diabetes-related complications. This presentation will discuss the recent literature on the association between depression, anxiety, and reduced treatment adherence, including evidence for plausible biological and behavioral mechanisms. We will then examine current treatment recommendations for both diabetes specialist and generalist healthcare providers. Recommended screening and assessment measures will be reviewed, as well as individual and group stress management and other cognitive-behavioral interventions. The suitability and adaptibility of general cognitive-behavioral and stress management approaches will be discussed, including suggestions for tailoring them to patients with diabetes and specific diabetes components. In general, through this evidence-based discussion, we hope to increase awareness of and sensitivity toward these important issues in the general medical and psychological communities. Further, we hope to encourage dialogue between providers and patients regarding stress in managing diabetes, and make prevention and screening for co-morbided psychological illnesses a focus in routine clinic visits.
The tertiary structure of azurin from Pseudomonas denitrificans as determined by Cu resonant diffraction using synchrotron radiation.

Abstract The structure of Pseudomonas denitrificans azurin has been solved at 3.0 A resolution by film data collection methods using synchrotron radiation. Bijvoet pairs of reflections were collected using 8.98 keV radiation where both Δ f ′ and Δ f ″, the real and imaginary corrections to azurin's Cu prosthetic group scattering, respectively, are large, and using 8.00 keV radiation where these corrections are smaller. The Cu atom was located by difference Patterson syntheses and used to phase the observed protein structure-factor moduli of selected reflections. An atomic model of the protein was built using a restricted data set and phases for all observed reflections to 3.0 A resolution were subsequently calculated from the initial model. The atomic model was subsequently rebuilt using all observed data. The results of this work are presented here and illustrate the utility of synchrotron radiation phasing techniques in solving the structures of metalloproteins without recourse to multiple isomorphous replacement.
324GHz CMOS Frequency Generator Using Linear Superposition Technique

This paper presents CMOS for terahertz applications, substantially extended the operation range of deep-submicron CMOS by using a linear superposition method, in which we have realized a 324GHz frequency generator in 90nm digital CMOS with 4GHz tuning range under 1V supply voltage.
A Poly(3,4‐alkylenedioxythiophene) Electrochromic Variable Optical Attenuator with Near‐Infrared Reflectivity Tuned Independently of the Visible Region

Disubstituted poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene)s (PProDOTs) exhibit large electrochromic contrasts in the near infrared (NIR) while showing essentially no color change in the visible region when incorporated into a reflective device platform. The source of this is attributed to a conductive front that propagates through the insulating polymer film, extending from the polymer/electrode interface to the top of the polymer film. A utility of the large contrasts seen in the NIR region is demonstrated with application of the device as an electrochromic variable optical attenuator modulating fiber-optic signals for optical telecommunications. With bis(ethylhexyloxy)-substituted PProDOT as the active electrochromic polymer in the device, an optical attenuation of 11 dB at the telecommunications wavelengths of 1.31 and 1.55 μm is achieved with only a 0.1–0.2 dB optical loss in the bleached state. Other favorable properties include optical memory in the absorbing state, switching speeds of under 1 s, a low operating voltage of ±1.2 V, and an improved processability that allows spray-casting from organic solvents.
Accurate determination of transverse normal stresses in sandwich panels subjected to thermomechanical loadings

A two-stage computational procedure is presented for the accurate determination of transverse normal stresses in sandwich panels subjected to thermomechanical loadings. The procedure involves the use of a first-order shear deformation model in the first stage, and an iterational process for successive improvement of the accuracy of the displacement and stress fields in the second stage. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by means of numerical studies of thin and moderately thick flat rectangular sandwich panels. Two sets of boundary conditions are considered; namely, one with all edges simply supported, and the other with two opposite edges simply supported and the remaining two clamped. The displacement components and the transverse shear and normal stresses obtained by the proposed computational procedure are found to be in close agreement with the solutions of the three-dimensional (3-D) continuum models.
Toward A Historical Interpretation of the Origins of Fundamentalism

The fate of Fundamentalism in historiography has been worse than its lot in history. The whirlwind of the twenties, after twisting through the denominations, ended by tearing even the name to shreds. Who were the Fundamentalists? Few today will use the name, and there seems to be no unity among those that do.
The effect of real-world personal familiarity on the speed of face information processing.

Background. Previous studies have explored the effects of familiarity on various kinds of visual face judgments, yet the role of familiarity in face processing is not fully understood. Across different face judgments and stimulus sets, the data is equivocal as to whether or not familiarity impacts recognition processes. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here, we examine the effect of real-world personal familiarity in three simple delayed-match-to-sample tasks in which subjects were required to match faces on the basis of orientation (upright v. inverted), gender and identity. We find that subjects had a significant speed advantage with familiar faces in all three tasks, with large effects for the gender and identity matching tasks. Conclusion/Significance. Our data indicates that real-world experience with a face exerts a powerful influence on face processing in tasks where identity information is irrelevant, even in tasks that could in principle be solved via low-level cues. These results underscore the importance of experience in shaping visual recognition processes.
Thalidomide for Erythema Nodosum Leprosum and Other Applications

Thalidomide, administered as a sedative and antiemetic decades ago, was considered responsible for numerous devastating cases of birth defects and consequently was banned from markets worldwide. However, the drug remarkably has resurfaced with promise of immunomodulatory benefit in a wide array of immunologic disorders for which available treatments were limited. It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Although the relative paucity of leprosy and ENL worldwide may perceivably limit interest in and knowledge about thalidomide, increasing numbers of new and potential uses expand its applicability widely beyond ENL. Thalidomide, an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor a, is the best known agent for short-term treatment of ENL skin manifestations, as well as postremission maintenance therapy to prevent recurrence. For this indication, it is effective as monotherapy and as part of combination therapy with corticosteroids. Studies of thalidomide in chronic graft-versus-host disease showed benefit in children and adults as treatment, but not as prophylaxis. The agent has been administered successfully for treatment of cachexia related to cancer, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, although evidence of efficacy is inconclusive. Thalidomide monotherapy effectively induced objective response in trials in patients with both newly diagnosed and advanced or refractory multiple myeloma. Combination therapy with thalidomide and corticosteroids was also effective in these patients, as well as in treatment of aphthous and genital ulcers. Limited evidence supports the drug's benefit in treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Other thalidomide applications include Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Somnolence, constipation, and rash were the most frequently cited adverse effects in studies, but thalidomide-induced neuropathy and idiopathic thromboembolism were critical causes for drug discontinuation. Thalidomide is still contraindicated in pregnant women, women of childbearing age, and sexually active men not using contraception. Clinicians should be conversant with thalidomide in ENL (its primary application) in the natural course of leprosy, as well as in the agent's other applications.
Improving Recognition of Novel Input with Similarity

Many sources of information relevant to computer vision and machine learning tasks are often underused. One example is the similarity between the elements from a novel source, such as a speaker, writer, or printed font. By comparing instances emitted by a source, we help ensure that similar instances are given the same label. Previous approaches have clustered instances prior to recognition. We propose a probabilistic framework that unifies similarity with prior identity and contextual information. By fusing information sources in a single model, we eliminate unrecoverable errors that result from processing the information in separate stages and improve overall accuracy. The framework also naturally integrates dissimilarity information, which has previously been ignored. We demonstrate with an application in printed character recognition from images of signs in natural scenes.
Sarcolemmal KATP channel triggers delayed ischemic preconditioning in rats.

Previous work from our laboratory has shown that the sarcolemmal KATP channel (sKATP) is required as a trigger for delayed cardioprotection upon exogenous opioid administration. We also established...
Can interrupting parent–offspring cultural transmission be beneficial? The case of Whooping Crane reintroduction

ABSTRACT Inheriting behavioral patterns culturally (i.e. by learning from parents) rather than genetically is considered an integral part of individual development for many bird and mammal species. I discuss the possibility that in some cases, particularly when only heavily modified habitat remains available, such transmission might have a negative effect on the individual's adaptability and chances of survival. Instead, animals deprived of normal parental care may be better suited for survival in novel environments. I describe this possible scenario with captive-reared Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) released in southwestern Louisiana, primarily in the context of human-modified habitats used by this reintroduced population. Captive-rearing techniques based on this approach may be beneficial for other threatened species, particularly those that have little or no nonmodified habitat left and are amenable to alternative habitats if cultural transmission is interrupted.
Review Essay : Only One Quarrel with Kenneth Boulding:

In 1977, Kenneth Boulding had twelve quarrels with Johan Galtung. Ten years later, reviewing Boulding's two recent books, The World as a Total System and Human Betterment, Galtung has only one quarrel with Boulding. That quarrel concerns the notion of structural violence.
Existence and C0, α regularity of minima of a functional related to the grid‐generation problem

The existence of C0,α regularity of minima of a functional arising from the grid-generation problem are provided in the case of n-dimensional domains. The functional studied in this article is a linear combination of the length functional, the volume functional, and a higher-order term. The inclusion of the latter guarantees the existence and regularity of a minimum via the direct method for calculus of variations. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Positively expansive dynamical systems

We introduce the notions of weakly and strongly positively expansive (wPE and sPE, respectively) discrete dynamical systems. Both are topological generalizations of the well-known metric notion of positive expansiveness (PE). We prove that the three notions are identical on compact metrizable spaces, but not on noncompact spaces. We investigate properties of PE, wPE, and sPE dynamical systems and show how they are related. Finally, we show that the possible dynamics for wPE and sPE homeomorphisms are severely limited, and we classify sPE homeomorphisms.
A weighted pointwise ergodic theorem

Abstract We prove the following weighted ergodic theorem: Let ( X n ) be an i.i.d. sequence of symmetric random variables such that E (| X 1 | p ) p , 1 p Ω ˜ such that for θ ∈ Ω ˜ the following holds: For all dynamical systems ( Y , G , ν, S ), for all r , 1 r ≤ ∞ and g ∈ L r ( ν ) the averages 1 N ∑ n = 1 N X n ( ω ) g ( S n y ) converge a.e. ν .
PROTEIN COAGULATION AND ITS REVERSAL : THE IDENTITY OF NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN WITH THE HEMOGLOBIN PREPARED BY THE REVERSAL OF COAGULATION, AS DETERMINED BY SOLUBILITY TESTS.

1. Methemoglobin prepared from coagulated hemoglobin by the reversal of coagulation has the same solubility within 2 per cent as normal methemoglobin. 2. Methemoglobin synthesized from hemin and the native globin prepared by the reversal of coagulation of globin likewise has the same solubility as normal methemoglobin.
Optimizing RRSs Through Simulation

A recent report by the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR) of 207 hospitals within the U.S. revealed that the majority (86%) has an organized team to respond to in-hospital cardiac arrests.1 Despite the existence of these teams, there is mounting evidence that errors in the management of care for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrests and other medical crises may contribute to poor outcomes.2 – 8 Currently, no standards exist in terms of how such “code teams” are dispatched, how many members are on the team, or the team’s composition. There are even fewer reports regarding the make-up of Medical Emergency Teams (METs). Training to enhance the quality of care delivered by crisis teams in hospitals is essential. Although the composition of these two types of hospital teams varies from place to place, the principles of team training remain the same, and are reviewed in this chapter.
CsoR Is Essential for Maintaining Copper Homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pathogen infecting one third of the world population, faces numerous challenges within the host, including high levels of copper. We have previously shown that M. tuberculosis CsoR is a copper inducible transcriptional regulator. Here we examined the hypothesis that csoR is necessary for maintaining copper homeostasis and surviving under various stress conditions. With an unmarked csoR knockout strain, we were able to characterize the role of csoR in M. tuberculosis as it faced copper and host stress. Growth under high levels of copper demonstrated that M. tuberculosis survives copper stress significantly better in the absence of csoR. Yet under minimal levels of copper, differential expression analysis revealed that the loss of csoR results in a cell wide hypoxia-type stress response with the induction of the DosR regulon. Despite the stress placed on M. tuberculosis by the loss of csoR, survival of the knockout strain was increased compared to wild type during the early chronic stages of mouse infection, suggesting that csoR could play an active role in modulating M. tuberculosis fitness within the host. Overall, analysis of CsoR provided an increased understanding of the M. tuberculosis copper response with implications for other intracellular pathogens harboring CsoR.
The future of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Archaic surgical procedures such as the jejunoileal bypass, vertical banded gastroplasty and duodenal switch have contributed to the current best practice of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedure for the treatment of obesity and its consequences. Despite this, RYGB has been blighted with late occurring adverse events such as severe malnutrition, marginal ulcer and reactive hypoglycemia. Despite this, RYGB has given us an opportunity to examine the effect of surgery on gut hormones and the impact on metabolic syndrome which in turn has allowed us to carry out a lower impact but equally, if not more effective, procedure - the vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). We examine the benefits of sleeve gastrectomy from the less challenging technical aspect to the effect on obesity and its metabolic syndrome long-term and have concluded that sleeve gastrectomy is possibly the next current best practice.
End-tidal PCO2 monitoring via nasal cannulae in pediatric patients: accuracy and sources of error.

Objective. To assess the correlation and accuracy of end-tidal PCO2 (PetCO2) sampled via nasal cannulae in pediatric patients by comparison to the criterion standard PaCO2, and to identify sources of error during PetCO2 monitoring via nasal cannulae.Methods. PetCO2 was monitored continuously by sampling end-tidal gas through nasal cannulae that had been designed and manufactured for this purpose in spontaneously breathing children undergoing conscious or deep sedation during either cardiac catheterization (n = 43) or critical care (n = 54). When both the capnographic wave form and the PetCO2 value had been stable for at least 10 minutes, the PetCO2 value was recorded while blood was drawn from an indwelling arterial line for PaCO2 measurement. The effects of age, weight, respiratory rate, oxygen delivery system, airway obstruction, mouth breathing, and cyanotic heart disease were evaluated by linear regression analysis and calculation of absolute bias (PaCO2-PetCO2).Results. Mouth breathing, airway obstruction, oxygen delivery through the ipsilateral nasal cannula, and cyanotic heart disease adversely affected accuracy. In patients without those factors, PetCO2 correlated well with PaCO2 (R2 = 0.994), and absolute bias was 3.0 ± 1.8 mmHg.Conclusions. Several factors — some controllable and all recognizable — affect the accuracy of PetCO2 monitored via nasal cannulae in pediatric patients. When these factors are not present, PetCO2 correlates well with PaCO2 and appears to be a useful monitor of ventilatory status during conscious or deep sedation.
Uncertainty analysis of continuum scale ferroelectric energy landscapes using density functional theory

Density functional theory (DFT) provides exceptional predictions of material properties of ideal crystal structures such as elastic modulus and dielectric constants. This includes ferroelectric crystals where excellent predictions of spontaneous polarization, lattice strain, and elastic moduli have been predicted using DFT. Less analysis has focused on quantifying uncertainty of the energy landscape over a broad range of polarization states in ferroelectric materials. This is non-trivial because the degrees of freedom contained within a unit cell are reduced to a single vector order parameter which is normally polarization. For example, lead titanate contains five atoms and 15 degrees of freedom of atomic nuclei motion which contribute to the overall unit cell polarization. Bayesian statistics is used to identify the uncertainty and propagation of error of a continuum scale, Landau energy function for lead titanate. Uncertainty in different parameters is quantified and this uncertainty is propagated through the model to illustrate error propagation over the energy surface. Such results are shown to have an impact in integration of quantum simulations within a ferroelectric phase field continuum modeling framework.
Summary and outlook on gear system's kinetic study

Gear system is widely used and often act an important role in essential equipment. Aiming at the problem that its vibration problem at high rotation speed,interior complex structure and various nonlinear factors bring huge difficulty to its kinetic analysis and design,to summarize its kinetic study is of theoretical significance. Based on the analysis and summary on gear transmission' s dynamics research achievements,the basic framework of gear system's dynamics theory was described,the results indicate that the content includes system input,system model and system output. According to the research methods of nonlinear systems,the study on gear system's nonlinear dynamics and the research status of whole multi-stage gear system during past ten years were summarized,especially the typical automotive transmission,and the focus of future research was shown. Finally,the possible research focus and directions in dynamic behavior,vibration and noise,fault diagnosis and reliability of the transmission were put forward.
Character recognition method based on genetic algorithm and Hopfield Neural Network

The basic theories of Hopfield Neural Network(HNN) and Genetic Algorithm(GA) are analyzed,and the application of Hopfield Network in the character recognition is discussed.Aiming at the problem that Hopfield Neural Network can easily fall into local minimum,a new method,GA-Hopfield network is presented.This method uses the global search capability of GA to get rid of local minimum.Experiment results show that this new method has better accuracy rate.
Development of Routine Test Equipment in Environmental Stress Screening

Objective To search for improvement methods based on the routine test equipment temperature cycle stress screening technology.Methods Ordinary thermal cycle test equipment was used,in combination with the actual screening circumstance of the army electronics product,to measure the actual temperature change rate inside the product during temperature cycle stress screening.These measurement results were then analyzed to find out the problems with this method,especially the poor correlation between the fault exposure and the stress screening.To solve this problem,the reasonable selection of temperature cycle screening parameters was analyzed.Results Tests with high theoretical screening strength(e.g.,0.89) turned out to have low measured values of screening strength(e.g.,0.54).Conclusion The application of temperature cycle stress screening method and establishment of reasonable stress parameters could lead to ideal test results and save half of the test time.
Nursing of 95 children patients with cellulites

Objective:To discuss the nursing points and observation on acute cellulites of children.Methods:95 children patients with cellulites from March 2005 to October 2009 were observed.According to the features of children,targeted nursing measures were taken.Results:92 children were cured or got better after active treatment,and 3 cases died of infectious shock.Conclusion:The implementation of targeted nursing measures plays an important role in treating the prognosis of children cellulites,and improves the nursing quality in the meantime.
The Significance of Military Contexts and Culture for Understanding Family Well-Being: Parent Life Satisfaction and Adolescent Outcomes

Formal systems and informal networks are presumed to be significant contexts that affect military families. Their effects on both parents and adolescents in active duty military families are examined (N = 236 families). Social organization and contextual model of family stress theories are employed as frameworks for the analyses of how dimensions of military culture influence parents’ life satisfaction, as well as key developmental outcomes of their adolescents (for example, mental health). Key findings from our analyses included a positive relationship between parents support from military leaders and fellow soldiers and parental well-being findings revealed the importance of civilian parents’ satisfaction with military life on adolescent outcomes for families that have experienced stressful military contexts. These findings provide support for the significance of multiple contexts for understanding resilience among military members and their families.
Supporting Inferential Thinking in Preschoolers: Effects of Discussion on Children’s Story Comprehension

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: This study examines the effects of low– and high–cognitive demand discussion on children’s story comprehension and identifies contributions of discussion, initial vocabularies, and parent reading involvement. A total of 70 English learner preschoolers took baseline vocabulary tests in Portuguese and English, were randomly assigned to experimental or control conditions, and were read pairs of books in small groups. In the experimental condition, 1 book per pair was discussed using low–cognitive demand (literal) talk. The other was discussed using high–cognitive demand (inferential) talk. In the control condition, books were read aloud without discussion. All children took story comprehension tests (new literal and inferential questions) following books’ third readings. Findings showed significant effects of discussion on comprehension. Repeated measures analyses indicated significant effects of high-demand discussion on both question types, particularly inferential questions. Reg...
Green Technologies Enabling Virtual Learning Environments

The ubiquity of the Internet has created options for educators and business professionals to expand learning opportunities through virtual learning environments VLEs. This article discusses how green technology trends and practices such as Cloud computing, 3D printing, big data, digital badges, The Internet of Things, and real-time group meetings support green initiatives by reducing time and costs, while increasing energy efficiency. Furthermore, the impact of these emerging technologies have on the environment in regards to energy, renewable resources, recycling, and e-wastes are discussed. As technology has quickly evolved into more sophisticated forms, it has opened the options for educators and business professionals to expand learning opportunities into virtual learning spaces referred to as VLEs in this article. Major technology trends discussed that are disrupting the status quo are Cloud Computing, 3D printing, Big Data, Digital Badges, the Internet of Things, and the management of manufacturing and recycling of device e-waste. Implications and Future Research Directions are given.
Adipogenic Chemokine Inhibition of Hematopoietic Cell Adherence and Transmigration, a Hurdle to Homing

The hematopoietic cell niche serves to maintain hematopoiesis and recruit cells after hematopoietic cell transplant. The determinants of homing and engraftment after transplant are incompletely understood, but are often mediated by small chemokines secreted by the "niche" cells (stromal, endothelial, reticular, etc). We have shown that the hematopoietic cell homing to adipocyte-rich marrow is decreased by 50% compared to adipocyte-poor regions at 20 hours after adoptive transfer in irradiated recipients (n = 9, p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Hepatitis C virus-associated pruritus: Etiopathogenesis and therapeutic strategies

In addition to its contributing role in the development of chronic liver diseases, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with extrahepatic manifestations, particularly, cutaneous-based disorders including those with pruritus as a symptom. Pruritus is frequently associated with the development of chronic liver diseases such as cholestasis and chronic viral infection, and the accumulation of bile acids in patients' sera and tissues as a consequence of liver damage is considered the main cause of pruritus. In addition to their role in dietary lipid absorption, bile acids can trigger the activation of specific receptors, such as the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBA/ TGR5). These types of receptors are known to play a crucial role in the modulation of the systemic actions of bile acids. TGR5 expression in primary sensory neurons triggers the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) leading to the induction of pruritus by an unknown mechanism. Although the pathologic phenomenon of pruritus is common, there is no uniformly effective therapy available. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the occurrence of pruritus together with the conduction of large-scale clinical and evidence-based studies, may help to create a standard treatment protocol. This review focuses on the etiopathogenesis and treatment strategies of pruritus associated with chronic HCV infection.
Adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for time to initiation of postoperative radiation therapy for patients with head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND Adherence to evidence-based treatment guidelines has been proposed as a measure of cancer care quality. The objective of this study was to determine the rate and predictors of care that does not adhere to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines regarding commencing postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) within 6 weeks of surgery for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS The National Cancer Data Base was reviewed from 2006 to 2014, and patients with HNSCC who underwent curative-intent surgery followed by PORT were identified. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with nonadherence to guidelines regarding the timing of initiating PORT. RESULTS In total, 47,273 patients were included in the study. 55.7% of patients (26,340/47,273) failed to commence PORT within 6 week of surgery. The percentage of patients who failed to initiate PORT within 6 week of surgery increased over time. On multivariable analysis, the factors associated with failure to initiate timely, guideline-adherent PORT included black race, public insurance [Medicare, Medicaid] or uninsured status, lower levels of education, increased severity of comorbidity, increased postoperative length of stay, 30-day unplanned hospital readmission, treatment at an academic medical center, and the receipt of surgery and PORT at different facilities. CONCLUSIONS Over 50% of patients with HNSCC who undergo surgery and PORT receive care that does not adhere to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines with regard to initiating PORT within 6 weeks of surgery. Sociodemographic, oncologic, treatment, and hospital factors are all associated with failure to receive guideline-directed care and should be explored in future studies. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Primary User Emulation Detection Algorithm Based on Distributed Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel primary user emulation (PUE) detection approach which employs a distributed sensor network, where each sensor node operates as an independent PUE detector. Distributed nodes collaborate in order to obtain the final detection results for the whole network. A voting algorithm is used to improve the performance of energy detection, while the classification is conducted by the nearest node in order to improve the efficiency of the detector. As a result of voting, if a potential primary user exists, then the features of the unknown user is compared with entries from the database in order to obtain a solid detection match. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used for the classification of an unknown user. To assess the accuracy of the detection result, we implement a reliability check at the output of ANN. The proposed algorithm is validated via computer simulations as well as by experimental hardware implementations using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radio (SDR) platform. The experiment results show that the distributed network detector detects the PUE 180–200%, depending on the number of primary users, faster than single node detector.
Electro-kinetic Separation of Rare Earth Elements Using a Redox Active Ligand

Purification of rare earth elements is challenging due to their chemical similarities. All of the deployed separation methods rely on thermodynamic properties, such as distribution equilibria in solvent extraction. Rare-earth-metal separations based on kinetic differences have not been examined. Herein, we demonstrate a new approach for rare-earth-element separations by exploiting differences in the oxidation rates within a series of rare earth compounds containing the redox-active ligand [{2-(tBuN(O))C6 H4 CH2 }3 N]3- . Using this method, a single-step separation factor up to 261 was obtained for the separation of a 50:50 yttrium-lutetium mixture.
Combined hypoxia and hypercapnia, but not hypoxia alone, suppresses neurotransmission from orexin to hypothalamic paraventricular spinally-projecting neurons in weanling rats

Both orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and spinally-projecting pre-sympathetic neurons (PSNs) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) play an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular function under normal conditions and during cardiovascular challenges such as hypoxia and/or hypercapnia. We have previously established, using selective optogenetic excitation of orexin neurons and pathways, there is a heterogeneous neurotransmission from orexin neurons to PSNs in the PVN. This study was undertaken to test whether this pathway is altered by acute exposure to hypoxia alone and/or combined hypoxia and hypercapnia (H/H). To test this hypothesis, we selectively expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and photoactivated ChR2-expressing fibers to evoke postsynaptic currents in spinally-projecting PSNs in an in vitro slice preparation in rats. In accordance with previously published data, two subpopulations of spinally-projecting PSNs were established, including those with glutamatergic or GABAergic inputs from orexin neurons. Hypoxia alone did not alter the peak amplitude of either glutamatergic or GABAergic neurotransmission, however, H/H significantly inhibited both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission from orexin neurons to SPNs. In conclusion, H/H may modulate cardiovascular function by affecting heterogeneous pathways from orexin neurons to spinally-projecting PSNs in the PVN.