cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial sensitivity functions of two-phase formation-tester measurements acquired in vertical wells

We introduce a quantitative method to assess the spatial zone of response of formation-tester measurements acquired in vertical wells. Spatial sensitivity functions are calculated numerically from the variation of pressure transient measurements due to perturbations of permeability and porosity at a given point in space and time. Calculations are performed under the assumption of two-phase fluid flow and consider both finite line- and point-sources as well as pressure and fractional-flow monitoring probes. Conventional single-phase spherical- and radial-flow asymptotic solutions often used in the interpretation of formation-tester measurements can lead to significant errors in the assessment of spatial sensitivity functions. Such errors can bias the estimation of permeability and permeability anisotropy because of unaccounted capillary pressure and relative permeability effects. In addition, non-symmetrical flow barriers modify the spatial zone of response, whereas presence of super-charging limits the ability of formation-tester measurements to probe radially deep into permeable rock formations. Damaged and stimulated zones near the wellbore can also modify the spatial resolution properties of the acquired measurements and significantly reduce their radial length of investigation. The spatial sensitivity functions described in this paper could be used to design measurement acquisition and interpretation strategies that maximize spatial resolution and radial length of investigation in complex geometrical situations that include two-phase fluid-flow phenomena.
Determining the Reading Medium for Students with Visual Impairments: A Diagnostic Teaching Approach:

This article presents a two-phase process to be used by multidisciplinary teams in making decisions on the reading medium for students with visual impairments. The first phase is used as a diagnost...
Three Haptic Shape-Feedback Controllers for Virtual Reality

We present three new novel haptic controllers that render shape force feedback during interaction. 1) CLAW is a multi-purpose controller that renders tactile forces for common hand interactions, such as grasping, touching, and triggering grasped objects. 2) Haptic Revolver is a general-purpose handheld VR controller that renders touch contact with virtual surfaces, motion shear along a surface, textures, and shapes using interchangeable wheels. 3) Haptic Links haptic render shape feedback between two controllers using variable-stiffness locking mechanisms to provide force feedback for grasping and interacting with two-handed objects such as wind instruments, steering wheels, handle bars, or bow and arrow.
Component intensities to relate difference by category with difference overall

Abstract This article gives methods to analyze the difference between two datasets that describe a mutual set of categories. The methods can analyze classification error between mapped and reference categories, or change between two time points. Previous work showed how to compute difference size as the sum of three components: Quantity, Exchange and Shift. These components exist for difference by category and for difference overall. These components can be challenging to compare when the categories’ differences vary by size. To address this challenge, this article introduces equations to compute a component’s intensity, which is the size of the component divided by the size of the difference. Component intensities facilitate comparison of each category with other categories and with difference overall. The case study illustrates how to use component intensities to characterize temporal change using remotely sensed data. Results show how an intensive Exchange component can signal possible confusion of two categories with each other. The literature shows that authors could benefit from interpretation of component intensities. Readers can perform the calculations for free by using the diffeR package in R or the PontiusMatrix spreadsheet available at www.clarku.edu/∼rpontius .
Structure and Dynamics of the CRISPR–Cas9 Catalytic Complex

CRISPR-Cas9 is a bacterial immune system with exciting applications for genome editing. In spite of extensive experimental characterization, the active site chemistry of the RuvC domain-which performs DNA cleavages-has remained elusive. Its knowledge is key for structure-based engineering aimed at improving DNA cleavages. Here, we deliver an in-depth characterization by using quantum-classical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and a Gaussian accelerated MD method, coupled with bioinformatics analysis. We disclose a two-metal aided architecture in the RuvC active site, which is poised to operate DNA cleavages, in analogy with other DNA/RNA processing enzymes. The conformational dynamics of the RuvC domain further reveals that an "arginine finger" stably contacts the scissile phosphate, with the function of stabilizing the active complex. Remarkably, the formation of a catalytically competent state of the RuvC domain is only observed upon the conformational activation of the other nuclease domain of CRISPR-Cas9-i.e., the HNH domain-such allowing concerted cleavages of double stranded DNA. This structure is in agreement with the available experimental data and remarkably differs from previous models based on classical mechanics, demonstrating also that only quantum mechanical simulations can accurately describe the metal-aided active site in CRISPR-Cas9. This fully catalytic structure-in which both the HNH and RuvC domains are prone to perform DNA cleavages-constitutes a stepping-stone for understanding DNA cleavage and specificity. It calls for novel experimental verifications and offers the structural foundations for engineering efforts aimed at improving the genome editing capability of CRISPR-Cas9.
Case 14-2019: A 44-Year-Old Man with Neck Pain and Swelling

A Man with Neck Pain and Swelling A 44-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of pain and swelling on the left side of the neck, which developed 12 weeks after placement of an implantabl...
A combined grazing and fire management may reverse woody shrub encroachment in desert grasslands

Fire and controlled grazing have been widely adopted as management interventions to counteract woody shrub proliferation in many arid and semiarid grassland systems. The actual intensity of grazing and fire, along with the timing of the interventions, however, are difficult to determine in practice. This study aims to establish model simulations to access the long-term landscape changes under different land management scenarios. We developed a cellular automata model to evaluate landscape dynamics in response to scenarios of grazing, fire, time of intervention, and initial coverage of grasses and shrubs. With current grazing intensity and fire suppression, the landscape may shift to a shrub-dominated landscape in 100–150 years. An appropriate combination of grazing and fire management could help maintain over 50% of grass cover and reduce the shrub cover to less than 2%, keeping the landscape highly reversible. Even using 1% grazing intensity and periodic fire once a year, the management tools should be implemented in 60 years, otherwise, they may lose effectiveness and the vegetation transition to grasslands would become impossible. This study highlighted that the reintroduction of fire not only directly removes shrubs but also reallocates soil water and resources among different microsites, which may accelerate grass recovery and suppress shrub regrowth, potentially reversing the shrub invasion process. The combined grazing and fire management plans should be carried out before a threshold time depending on the chosen management tools.
Statewide Dissemination of an Evidenced-Based Email Walking Program Delivered Through Cooperative Extension

Using the RE-AIM framework, this study evaluates the statewide dissemination of an evidenced-based, email-delivered physical activity intervention implemented through Cooperative Extension. The Get WalkIN' program is comprised of 16 email messages sent over 12 weeks. Email messages target social cognitive theory constructs of self-efficacy, goal-setting, self-monitoring, and social support. Program reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance were assessed with quantitative measures in a pre-post design. Findings indicate that within the Extension system, program adoption was high and program maintenance was moderate. Program effectiveness was demonstrated with an increase of 77.1 ± 49.9 min in weekly walking post-program. This increase in walking was maintained 3 months post-program. Capturing data on the implementation process was challenging. Overall, the results indicate success in program adoption and maintenance with further efforts needed to improve follow-up data collection from participants.
8.13 – Polymer Membranes

Polymeric membranes are employed in myriad applications involving transport processes. These applications include protective coatings (paint); barrier properties for packaging films; gas membrane separation; water purification processes including reverse osmosis and nano-, ultra-, and microfiltration; electrodialysis; dialysis; and hemodialysis. Emerging applications employ polymeric membranes in fuel cell and lithium battery applications, various optoelectronic applications, and conductive polymeric coatings and films. In this chapter, emphasis will be placed on transport processes involving gas permeability/permselectivity and water purification processes involving polymeric membranes. The membrane formation processes (asymmetric, thin film composites, porous membranes) will be discussed along with membrane module systems typically employed for gas and water separation processes. Fundamentals of the specific transport processes involving polymeric membranes along with applications are detailed in this chapter.
FAMILIAL MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM WITHOUT GYNECOMASTIA DUE TO DEFICIENT 17-KETOSTEROID REDUCTASE ACTIVITY

FAMILIAL MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM WITHOUT GYNECOMASTIA DUE TO DEFICIENT 17-KETOSTEROID REDUCTASE ACTIVITY
Gene Regulation and Suppression of Type I Interferon Signaling By STAT3 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Abstract The Janus kinas (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is central to signaling by receptors of diverse cytokines, growth factors and related molecules, which is critical for normal hematopoiesis and immune response. However, this signaling pathway is deregulated in several B cell lymphomas. In activated B-cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (ABC DLBCL), autocrine production of IL-6 and IL-10 can result from high NF-κB activity caused by a variety of genetic alterations, such as mutations in MYD88 and CARD11. Our recent work has demonstrated that JAK1 is an active kinase downstream of IL-6 and IL-10 signaling that activates STAT3. Interestingly, JAK1 can function in the nucleus to regulate gene expression through phosphorylating histone H3 on tyrosine 41. There are nearly 3,000 JAK1 epigenetic target genes including MYD88, IRF4 and MYC, of which expression is essential for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Here we have investigated the canonical gene regulatory mechanism by STAT3 in ABC DLBCL cells. We performed genome-wide analysis and identified 2,251 STAT3 direct target genes, all of which involve B cell activation, survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration. Whole transcriptome profiling revealed that STAT3 acts as both a transcriptional activator and suppressor, with a comparable number of up- and down-regulated genes. STAT3 regulates multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including NF-κB, cell cycle checkpoint, PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 and STAT3 itself. These results suggest that STAT3 is involved in the positive feedback regulation of IL-6/IL-10 signaling and shows crosstalk with NF-κB signaling pathways in ABC DLBCL cells. In addition, STAT3 negatively regulates the lethal type I interferon signaling pathway by inhibiting expression of IRF7, IRF9, STAT1 and STAT2, all of which are critical transcription factors in the type I interferon pathway. Inhibition of STAT3 activity by ruxolitinib synergizes with the type I interferon inducer lenalidomide in growth inhibition of ABC DLBCL cells in vitro . In an ABC DLBCL xenograft mouse model, combination treatment using ruxolitinib and lenalidomide completely inhibits the tumor growth during the period of treatment. In summary, we demonstrate that STAT3 is a critical transcriptional regulator of ABC DLBCL. Gene regulation by STAT3 in ABC DLBCL accentuates survival signaling pathways while dampening the lethal type I interferon pathway. Knowledge of these STAT3 regulated genes has led to our demonstration that a small molecule inhibitor in the JAK1-STAT3 signaling pathway synergizes with lenalidomide, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for ABC DLBCL, a subtype that is particularly difficult to treat and has poor prognosis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Morphological alteration in rat hippocampal neuronal dendrites following chronic binge prenatal alcohol exposure.

Abstract Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). The hippocampus has been recognized as a vulnerable target to alcohol-induced developmental damage. However, the effect of prenatal exposure to alcohol on dendritic morphological adaptations throughout the hippocampal fields in the developing brain still remains largely unknown in the context of FASD. We hypothesized that chronic binge alcohol exposure during pregnancy alters dendrite arborization throughout the developing rat hippocampus. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either a pair-fed control (PF-Cont) or a binge alcohol (Alcohol) treatment group. Alcohol dams were acclimatized via a once-daily orogastric gavage of 4.5 g/kg alcohol from gestational day (GD) 5–10 and progressed to 6 g/kg alcohol from GD 11–21. Pair-fed dams similarly received isocaloric maltose dextrin. After parturition, all dams received an ad libitum diet and nursed their offspring until postnatal day (PND) 10 when the pup brains were collected for morphological analysis. PAE increased dendritic arborization and complexities of CA1, CA2/3, and DG neurons in the PND 10 rat hippocampus. The number of primary dendrites, total dendritic length, and number of dendritic branches were significantly increased following PAE, and Sholl analysis revealed significantly more intersections of the dendritic processes in PND 10 offspring following PAE compared with those in the PF-Cont group. We conclude that chronic binge PAE significantly alters hippocampal dendritic morphology in the developing hippocampus. We conjecture that this morphological alteration in postnatal rat hippocampal dendrites following chronic binge prenatal alcohol exposure may play a critical role in FASD neurobiological phenotypes.
The influence of observations and ratings on implementation of discrete trial instruction

Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are often taught using discrete trial instruction. Because of low trainer-to-staff ratios commonly found in human service settings, research is needed to find an efficient method to train staff to implement discrete trial instruction with little to no in-vivo training by a qualified trainer. One such technique is observing and rating the behavior of another individual. The resulting improvement in the observer's own behavior is referred to as the observer effect. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of conducting behavioral observations and ratings on staff implementation of discrete trial instruction. Staff trainees viewed videos of the implementation of each step, rated the accuracy of implementation, and conducted the procedure with a confederate consumer. The procedure was effective, and the effects extended to novel skills.
Relationship between Continuum of Hurst Exponents of Noise-like Time Series and the Cantor Set.

In this paper, we have modified the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) using the ternary Cantor set. We propose a modification of the DFA algorithm, Cantor DFA (CDFA), which uses the Cantor set theory of base 3 as a scale for segment sizes in the DFA algorithm. An investigation of the phenomena generated from the proof using real-world time series based on the theory of the Cantor set is also conducted. This new approach helps reduce the overestimation problem of the Hurst exponent of DFA by comparing it with its inverse relationship with α of the Truncated Levy Flight (TLF). CDFA is also able to correctly predict the memory behavior of time series.
Turf war: medical men take on the establishment in Niagara Falls, Ontario.

“The following members of the Medical Staff of the Niagara Falls General Hospital regret the stand taken by the Hospital Trust regarding the recommendations forwarded to your body by the Niagara Falls Medical Association and feel that they have not received the consideration due them. Under these
Ethics and Performance Management

Although the integrity of the performance measure development process is vulnerable to manipulation by self-interested stakeholders, the quality of public performance measures has not been adequately studied. This study assesses education performance policies by conducting a content analysis of the federally mandated No Child Left Behind Act. NCLB aimed to enhance educational outcomes by requiring all 50 states to develop uniform accountability systems outlining performance goals, reporting requirements, and sanctions or rewards for goal achievement. The analysis reveals that many states diminished its impact by creating mediocre performance goals, limiting access to results, and providing tools to manipulate reported outcomes.
Evaluating the Farmer’s-Share-of-the-Retail-Dollar Statistic

Conventional wisdom appears to support the thesis that declines in USDA’s farmer’s share-of-the-retail-dollar (FS) statistics are indicators of low returns to agricultural production. We estimate changes in cattle and hog FS statistics and their relationship with producer surplus (PS) for changes in various exogenous factors. The method accounts for correlations among structural parameter estimates while simulating multivariate distributions of joint parameter realizations. The simulations indicate that relationships between FS and PS depend on the source of exogenous shocks. The lack of informational content in FS statistics suggests these data should not be used for policy purposes.
Bethesda Healthcare Systems: physician information system

The Bethesda Healthcare Systems: Physician Information System case presents students with the opportunity to consider information systems from the viewpoint of a major healthcare provider. Bethesda Healthcare System (BHS) determined it had a strategic need to improve the communication process between the BHS and the doctors and among the doctors themselves. In the past few years BHS had begun working toward this goal by adopting a Physician Information System (PIS). However, further development on this system had come to a standstill until a decision could be made on the future direction of the PIS. To break this paralysis, BHS needs to make a choice among many alternatives. This case presents five possible alternatives and addresses many issues that affect the choice. Students are asked to help the Corporate VP of Strategy make a recommendation to BHS on which alternative to select. In doing this, they are faced with many issues that are not quantifiable. Thus the decision is not clear cut and allows the students to see the difficulty in making IT related decisions.
Numerical Study of the Source of the July 17, 1998 PNG Tsunami

The relatively small July 17, 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake produced very high tsunami amplitudes, localized along a short length of coast near the earthquake source. This prompted speculation regarding possible tsunami source scenarios, including seismic bottom deformation, submarine and/or subaerial slumping, or combinations of each. The MOST numerical model was used to simulate scenarios in which the source was assumed to be either co-seismic bottom deformation or a submarine landslide, modeled as viscous sediment flow. Sources of various sizes at different locations were assumed, and the computed runup estimates were compared with measurements obtained by the International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST). Although distinctions in the tsunami runup dynamics for different tsunami sources are apparent, it was found that both pure landslide and pure bottom deformation scenarios could produce results that satisfactorily matched the observed runup heights. Thus, in the case of the PNG tsunami, and probably many other events as well, runup values alone are insufficient to distinguish between co-seismic, landslide, or combined source mechanisms. Additional information, such as current velocities, sediment deposition and scouring, number of waves and direct measurements in the source area, are necessary for accurate tsunami source determination.
Intracavity laser photoelectron spectroscopy of Cr2-, Cr2H-, and Cr2D-

The photoelectron spectrum of Cr 2 - shows vibrational levels in the 1 (Sigma) g + ground state of the neutral molecule up to 7300 cm -1 above its zero point level. These data, obtained at an instrumental resolution of 5 meV (40 cm -1 ), reveal a panoramic view of the controversial ground state potential curve of Cr 2 . Low-lying vibrational levels are found to fit a Morse potential with (omega) e equals 479 +/- 2 cm -1 and (omega) e (chi) e equals 13.5 +/- 1.0 cm -1 . This unusually large anharmonicity extrapolates to a dissociation asymptote of only 0.5 eV, considerably lower than the true 1.44 eV value. Between 4875 and 7320 cm -1 above the zero point level, we observe twenty peaks at 130 +/- 15 cm -1 intervals, which we assign as transitions from the ground electronic and vibrational state of the anion to high vibrational levels of the Cr 2 ground state. Using an RKR inversion procedure, we have obtained a potential curve that fits all of the observed vibrational levels to within our experimental uncertainty. This potential curve is compared with the predictions of Goodgame and Goddard's modified GVB calculation. Transitions to highly excited vibrational levels of the Cr 2 ground state are far more intense than would be expected for a direct photodetachment process, and are also strongly wavelength dependent. These non-Franck-Condon intensities are attributed to a resonance of the laser with one or more metastable states of the negative ion far above the electron detachment threshold. The electron affinity of Cr 2 is measured to be 0.505 +/- 0.005 eV. An excited electronic state of Cr 2 with a vibrational frequency of 580 +/- 20 cm -1 is observed 14,240 +/- 30 cm -1 above the ground state. For Cr 2 - , we obtain (omega) e equals 470 +/- 25 cm -1 , (omega) e (chi) e equals 20 +/- 10 cm -1 , and r e equals 1.71 +/- 0.01 angstrom. Tentative state assignments of 1 (Sigma) u + or 3 (Sigma) u + for the excited Cr 2 state, and 2 (Sigma) u + for the anion, are discussed. Preliminary results for Cr 2 H - and Cr 2 D - are also presented. The photoelectron spectra of these anions reveal the Cr-Cr and Cr-H stretching frequencies in the neutral molecules, and exhibit partially resolved rotational structure.
Decision analysis in the formulary process

The use of decision analysis as a tool in making formulary decisions is discussed. Decision analysis is best applied in formulary decisions when factors other than acquisition costs are important in determining overall treatment costs for two products. The decision-analysis process assigns probabilities and costs to various treatments and outcomes. In the case of acute myocardial infarction, the decision analyst would gather data on angioplasty and thrombolysis and assign probabilities and costs for each treatment and subsequent endpoints on the basis of clinical trial data. When such data do not exist, estimates may be generated by expert panels. Applying clinical trial data to an individual hospital is not straightforward because of differences between clinical trials and clinical practice. Analysts and clinicians should evaluate any proposed model for its robustness and adaptability to local conditions and practitioner variation. Access to internal hospital data is essential in developing the model. An ideal decision-analysis model includes all important available interventions and defines and discloses the analyst's time frame and financial perspective. After implementation of the formulary decision, the results can be monitored and, if necessary, adjustments can be made in the allocation of resources. Barriers to effective decision analysis include lack of data and differences in sources of cost and outcome data. Despite the current limitations of decision analysis, clinicians and policymakers may find this technique increasingly useful in the complex formulary process.
Treatment Options for Bipolar Depression

Bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder because of the high frequency of depressive symptomatology in many patients with bipolar disorder. Depressive episodes that are resistant to treatment may also be associated with a worse course of illness in bipolar disorder, but we do not yet understand all the factors in the connection between bipolar disorder and depression. The data on the effectiveness of antidepressants in the treatment of depression in bipolar disorder vary greatly, and there have been few prospective, randomized studies on the subject. From the data so far, the rates of induction of mania for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and lamotrigine seem similar to those seen with placebo. The optimal length of time to continue antidepressant treatment in patients with bipolar disorder has not yet been determined; however, research tends to indicate that a longer term of treatment (6 months or more) may aid in the prevention of relapse. Newer U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for depression in bipolar disorder include a combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine, which is used for depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, and lamotrigine, which is used for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. Psychoeducation has also been examined as a possible treatment for depression in bipolar disorder, and a study has shown that patients receiving psychoeducation plus medication may have a lower rate of relapse than patients who receive medication alone.
Shelter Blues: Homelessness and Sanity in a Boston Shelter

Shelter Blues: Homelessness and Sanity in. Boston Shelter. Robert R. Desjarlais. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. 320 pp.
Power MOSFET breakdown voltage study for process control by SIMS

A failure analysis case study on power MOSFET breakdown voltage is present in this paper. The failure mechanism was found to be related to the N- dopant concentration at the PN junction between the body and the epitaxial layer, which can be characterized by the secondary ions mass spectrometry (SIMS).
An ab initio study of the electronic properties of magnesium oxide

Abstract We report ab initio energy bands for MgO. This is the first II–VI compound and the first oxide to be treated in the Hartree-Fock scheme with non-local exchange. Correlation corrections are found to be important and the prediction is confirmed that short-range correlation corrections in oxides would be large (∼5 eV). Good agreement with experiment is obtained for the optical gap and u.v. absorption spectrum.
Protein release in recombinant Escherichia coli using bacteriocin release protein

The effect of induction level of the bacteriocin release protein (BRP) on cell growth characteristics, protein expression, and protein release in a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli RR1 was investigated. Mitomycin C, the inducing agent, when added to the growth medium in moderate amounts (up to 200 ng/mL) was observed to enhance the release of periplasmic proteins from the cell to the fermentation broth substantially. The percentages of release of the proteins alpha-amylase and beta-lactamase were increased by factors of about 7 and 3, respectively, upon induction of the BRP. The percentage of alpha-amylase released into the broth increased from only about 5% to almost 50% with the aid of BRP. The cell growth curve and low extracellular activity of the cytoplasmic protein beta-galactosidase were indicative that cell lysis did not occur in an appreciable amount at a low induction level, with a mitomycin C concentration of less than 300 ng/mL.
Neonatal functioning and the sudden infant death syndrome

Abstract A male infant, diagnosed as a Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) at 5 months, 3 weeks, had been extensively tested as a part of a larger sample in a longitudinal study. The longitudinal sample was comprised of 137 clinically normal neonates, born to intact upper middle-class families, living in a large metropolitan area. A neonatal assessment consisted of 5 hours of polygraphic recordings of heart and respiratory rate during sleep and waking cycles, and 1 hour of behavioral testing. At 3 months of age the infant was observed for 12 hours in the home. Retrospective analyses of these data suggested that: (a) neonatal respiratory behavior during sleep did not distinguish this infant from a sample of control infants; (b) the infant lacked strength in movements requiring the involvement of shoulder and neck muscles (head lift from a prone position); and (c) informal observations by skilled and experienced observers distinguished this infant from the sample of controls.
Structures of Aquifex aeolicus KDO8P synthase in complex with R5P and PEP, and with a bisubstrate inhibitor: role of active site water in catalysis.

We have determined the crystal structures of the metalloenzyme 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate (KDO8P) synthase from Aquifex aeolicus in complex with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), and with a bisubstrate inhibitor that mimics the postulated linear reaction intermediate. R5P, which is not a substrate for KDO8P synthase, binds in a manner similar to that of arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P), which is the natural substrate. The lack of reactivity of R5P appears to be primarily a consequence of the loss of a water molecule coordinated to Cd2+ and located on the si side of PEP. This water molecule is no longer present because it cannot form a hydrogen bond with C2-OHR5P, which is oriented in a different direction from C2-OHA5P. The bisubstrate inhibitor binds with its phosphate and phosphonate moieties occupying the positions of the phosphate groups of A5P and PEP, respectively. One of the inhibitor hydroxyls replaces water as a ligand of Cd2+. The current work supports a mechanism ...
The Language of Lovers, Flovers, and Friends: Communicating in Social and Personal Relationships:

In this paper language and social relationships are viewed as theoretical entities with mutual entailments. Several types of relationships are conceptualised and the various levels of language are related to these. Language is discussed as an independent variable which affects interpersonal bonding and as a dependent variable which is affected by relational processes. Several issues are raised, includ ing : Can persons talk about relationships with precision? Is language a funda mental constituent of most relationships? And, does communication play a primary role in relationship formation, maintenance, and decay? A general model is offered and theoretical implications are discussed.
Partitioning of Cu, Sn, Mo, W, U, and Th between melt and aqueous fluid in the systems haplogranite-H2O−HCl and haplogranite-H2O−HF

The partition coefficients KD=cfluid/cmelt of Cu, Sn, Mo, W, U, and Th between aqueous fluid and melt were measured in the systems haplogranite-H2O−HCl and haplogranite-H2O−HF at 2kbars, 750°C, and Ni−NiO buffer conditions using rapid-quench cold seal bombs, with many reversed runs. Concentrations of trace elements (1–1000 ppm) in the quenched aqueous fluid and in the glass were determined by plasma emission spectrometry (DCP). KD of F is close to 1 in the system studied. KD of Cu and Sn strongly increases with increasing Cl concentration due to the formation of chloride complexes in the aqueous fluid, while HF has no effect. However, in 2M HCl, KD of Cu approaches 100, while KD of Sn is below 0.1 under the same conditions. The partition coefficients of Mo and W are high if water is the only volatile present (Mo: 5.5, W: 3.5), but strongly decrease with increasing HCl and HF, due to the destabilization of hydroxy complexes. KD of U and Th is very low in the absence of complexing agents, but strongly increases with increasing HF concentration. KD of U also increases with increasing HCl concentration and with increasing CO2 concentration in the system haplogranite-H2O−CO2, indicating the stability of chloride and carbonate complexes of U at magmatic temperatures. The data suggest a stoichiometric ratio of Cl: U=3:1 and of F:U=2:1 in these complexes. Cl-rich fluids are responsible for the formation of porphyry Cu deposits, but are much less effective in the transport of Sn. F appears not to be essential for the concentration of Mo and W in fluids evolving from a granitic magma. The different complexing behavior of U and Th in aqueous fluids may account for their fractionation during magma genesis.
Cannibalism within nests of the crab spider Misumena vatia

Abstract About 1% of the nests of a crab spider (Misumena vatia [Clerck 1757]) population in coastal Maine, USA, contained apparently cannibalistic individuals. These spiderlings remained in their nests over three times longer than average and attained average masses twice that of non-cannibalistic spiderlings (maximum = four-fold) before dispersing. Parents of the 14 cannibalistic broods came from 10 sites separated from each other by 0.5–10 km and over 23 years; thus, this behavior appears to be widespread and relatively stable, though uncommon.
Marketing strategy: From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to organize the semantics jungle of marketing strategy approaches, terms and concepts into a logically coherent framework using the history of marketing thought to inform current marketing research and practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of an intensive literature review tracing the three streams of marketing strategy terms and concepts from their roots in the literatures of early marketing management, managerial economics and corporate management to the present. Findings – Along with marketing ideas, strategy concepts from managerial economics and from corporate management were absorbed directly into the corpus of strategic marketing thought. These three streams of research have converged into the current state of marketing strategy – an eclectic mixture of both complementary and conflicting strategic approaches, terms and concepts. By systematically following the evolutionary development of major contributions to strategic marketing thought and by redefining terms and refining concepts the various approaches to strategy can be integrated into a comprehensive conceptual framework for organizing and choosing among individual marketing strategies. Originality/value – The framework offers conceptual and practical value. It provides a researcher with a consistent set of terms and concepts to build upon. The framework also provides a strategic toolkit for the marketing manager, based upon organizational and environmental conditions, to choose from among the feasible alternatives the most effective marketing strategy to achieve management's goal(s).
Understanding the physiological role of retinol-binding protein in vitamin A metabolism using transgenic and knockout mouse models

Retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) play an essential role in many biological functions. However mammals are incapable of de novo synthesis of vitamin A and must acquire it from the diet. In the intestine, dietary retinoids are incorporated in chylomicrons as retinyl esters, along with other dietary lipids. The majority of dietary retinoid is cleared by and stored within the liver. To meet vitamin A requirements of tissues, the liver secretes retinol (vitamin A alcohol) into the circulation bound to its sole specific carrier protein, retinol-binding protein (RBP). The single known function of this protein is to transport retinol from the hepatic stores to target tissues. Over the last few years, the generation of knockout and transgenic mouse models has significantly contributed to our understanding of RBP function in the metabolism of vitamin A. We discuss below the role of RBP in maintaining normal vision and a steady flux of retinol throughout the body in times of need.
Web Service for extracting stream networks from DEM data

This paper describes the implementation of a morphology based algorithm for extracting stream networks from data as a Web Service within the framework of GeoBrain, an open, interoperable, distributed, standard-compliant, multi-tier web-based geospatial information services and knowledge building system. Unlike standard out-of-the-box GIS software, which uses the flow direction based algorithm and often produces streams that are spatially uniform, streams extracted with this Web Service correctly reflect spatial variability in dissection patterns. In addition, this Web Service is free and can be accessed from anywhere provided that there is an Internet connection and a standard Web browser.
Open series fault comparison in AC & DC micro-grid architectures

This paper explores empirical observations of open series fault (arc fault) testing during current interruptions. Emphasis is on dc systems, but arc behavior is also compared to that of ac systems under “quasi-equivalent” circuit parameters. Specific parameters that are considered regarding arc behavior include gap voltage, current, dissipated power, voltage and current transient characteristics, reignition, bus disturbances, and contact position during dc arc collapse. Based on these results, comparisons between ac and dc systems seem to indicate that different arc-related challenges exist for both dc and ac architectures.
Molecular basis for dynorphin A selectivity: A chimeric study

The role of Coulombic interactions (1,2,3,4) in the selectivity of DynA fragments toward the ic receptor was investigated by the construction of several rd8 receptor chimeras. The affinity of different Dyn fragments to these chimeric as well as wild type receptors were determined by competition study. Based on the binding profile of DynA fragments at different receptors, it is suggested that while the 8 receptor may contain a high affinity pocket for the Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe opioid core, the Coulombic interactions between the positive charges in the Dyn peptides and the negative charges in the extracellular (EC) domains of the 1< receptor may play an important role in the selectivity of DynA toward the ic receptor. Restriction sites Aft3 and Bgl2 present in both the rat ~c and 8 receptor cDNA (4, 5) were utilized to produce chimeric 1¢/8 receptors as illustrated in the following figure. Small circles represent the net negative charges in the EC domains.
ATR FTIR spectroscopy for in situ measurement of supersaturation

The current contribution establishes the technical feasibility of Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the in situ measurement of supersaturation in crystallization processes. The approach was inspired by recent advancements in ATR spectroscopy by way of various light transfer systems for remote sensing and by the increasing availability of ATR configurations well suited for remote, in situ measurements. The feasibility of the technique was investigated using a DIPPER-210® immersion probe manufactured by Axiom Analytical, Inc. Initial experiments conducted using aqueous maleic acid proved that ATR FTIR spectroscopy can be successfully employed to measure supersaturation, solubility and the metastable limit, in situ, with sufficient accuracy and precision.
Affinity Regulates Spatial Range of EGF Receptor Autocrine Ligand Binding

Proper spatial localization of EGFR signaling activated by autocrine ligands represents a critical factor in embryonic development as well as tissue organization and function, and ligand/receptor binding affinity is among the molecular and cellular properties suggested to play a role in governing this localization. We employ a computational model to predict how receptor-binding affinity affects local capture of autocrine ligand vis-a-vis escape to distal regions, and provide experimental test by constructing cell lines expressing EGFR along with either wild-type EGF or a low-affinity mutant, EGF(L47M). The model predicts local capture of a lower affinity autocrine ligand to be less efficient when the ligand production rate is small relative to receptor appearance rate. Our experimental data confirm this prediction, demonstrating that cells can use ligand/receptor binding affinity to regulate ligand spatial distribution when autocrine ligand production is limiting for receptor signaling.
Representations and inequalities for Ising model Ursell functions

We describe and investigate representations for the Ursell functionun of a family ofn random variables {σi}. The representations involve independent but identically distributed copies of the family. We apply one of these representations in the case that the random variables are spins of a finite ferromagnetic Ising model with quadratic Hamiltonian to show that (−1)n/2+1un(σ1, ...,σn) ≧ 0 forn=2, 4, and 6 by proving the stronger statement\(( - 1 )^{\frac{n}{2} + 1} \frac{{\partial ^m }}{{\partial J_{i1j1} \cdots \partial J_{imjm} }}Z^{\frac{n}{2}} u_n \left| {_{J = 0} } \right. \geqq {}^\backprime 0\) forn=2, 4, and 6, theJij being coupling constants in the Hamiltonian andZ the partition function. For generaln we combine this result with various reductions to show that sufficiently simple derivatives of (−1)n/2+1Zn/2un, evaluated at zero coupling, are nonnegative. In particular, we conclude that (−1)n/2+1un ≧ 0 if all couplings are nonzero and the inverse temperature β is sufficiently small or sufficiently large, though this result is not uniform in the ordern or the system size. In an appendix we give a simple proof of recent inequalities which boundn-spin expectations by sums of products of simpler expectations.
FASP,an analytic resource appraisal program for petroleum play analysis

Abstract An analytic probabilistic methodology for resource appraisal of undiscovered oil and gas resources in play analysis is presented in a FORTRAN program termed FASP. This play-analysis methodology is a geostochastic system for petroleum resource appraisal in explored as well as frontier areas. An established geologic model considers both the uncertainty of the presence of the assessed hydrocarbon and its amount if present. The program FASP produces resource estimates of crude oil, nonassociated gas, dissolved gas, and gas for a geologic play in terms of probability distributions. The analytic method is based upon conditional probability theory and many laws of expectation and variance.
Crowding and reactions to uncontrollable events

The current study sought to test the consequences associated with misattributing uncontrollable events to crowding. Results showed that when density is a salient cue, greater crowding attributions were made when individuals were exposed to uncontrollable as opposed to controllable outcomes. In addition, performance deficits were found for individuals who were exposed to uncontrollable outcomes, indicated high crowding, and were administered a subsequent task in a nondense setting. The results are discussed in relation to the learned helplessness model as well as studies investigating the aftereffects of stress on human performance.
The consistency fallacy and failures of theory embellishment.

Trafimow (2013) rejects the notion that data can militate against a theory if the data is wholly irrelevant to the theory. This very reasonable-sounding argument may not hold in the important (and common) case where competing models are being compared. The underlying issues may be clarified by way of example. Consider the active debate on the contributions of fMRI to cognitive theory (e.g., Mather et al., 2013). It has been argued that fMRI adds little to cognitive theorizing, because data from fMRI are fundamentally irrelevant to cognitive theories pitched at the traditional computational level of analysis (Marr, 1982). A so-called “consistency fallacy” is said to be committed when data is treated as informative simply because some theory is consistent with it (Loosemore and Harley, 2010; Coltheart, 2013). This fallacy putatively arises because no other result could possibly obtain; neuroscientific data is simply irrelevant to cognitive theories at this level of analysis. Both this argument and Trafimow's (2013) more general variant of it are, however, incorrect when any competing theory assigns a differential prior to the obtained result. Take the general case described by Trafimow (2013): some theory assigns equal likelihood to all possible outcomes of an experiment. (This is just another way of saying the data are irrelevant to it.) The observed data will nonetheless reduce our belief in the original theory as compared to some competing theory, all else being equal, if this competitor had assigned a higher prior to the obtained outcome. Conversely, the observed data will increase our belief in the original theory as compared to a competing theory, if this competitor had assigned a lower prior to the obtained outcome. This argument holds regardless of whether the observed outcome is a significant difference or a null effect; Bayes' rule of course applies in both these conditions. That said, it is true that no evidence can be offered regarding existing theories if they all assign equal likelihood to all outcomes, or if they cannot be subject to model comparison. In practice, such a situation might less often reflect sloppy inference than a failure to adequately articulate, develop or embellish a theory.
Style of third party intervention, face-saving and bargaining behavior

Abstract Four forms of third party intervention were investigated under both high- and low-need to save face in a bargaining study. These forms were: nonbinding suggestion (mediation), binding decision (arbitration), selection of the best of the bargainers own proposals (govplan), and no third party intervention (control). This variable was crossed with high- vs low-need to save face. The interaction of these variables indicated that when there was a high-need to save face bargainers were more conciliatory when no intervention was anticipated. When there was low-need to save face those expecting arbitration were most likely to reach agreement. After intervention, those who received a suggestion for settlement were no more likely to reach agreement than were those who did not receive a suggestion. It was found that in the high face-saving condition there was a negative association between the magnitude of the first concession and the final offer. The relationship was reversed in the low face-saving condition. Finally, the issue of the relative effects of the anticipation of intervention and the actual intervention is posed.
On the Optimal Lifetime of Nuclear Powe Plants

We present an empirical model of optimal operation of nuclear power plants. The optimal lifetime is the solution to an optimal stopping problem: The plant is closed when the expected discounted losses from continued operation exceed the discounted costs of decommissioning. We forecast the evolution of the nuclear power industry under the current regime of 40-year operating licenses and for a policy allowing 20-year license extensions. We conclude that the extension would double the expected discounted value of U.S. nuclear power plants and double the undiscounted electrical power output of the U.S. nuclear industry over its remaining lifetime.