cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between parental emotional states, family environment and the behavioural adjustment of pediatric burn survivors

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between psychosocial adjustment of the burned child and characteristics of the child's family. It hypothesized that parents who perceived their children without major behavioural problems would possess supportive family values and would, themselves, be better adjusted psychologically than those parents who perceived their children as possessing multiple behavioural problems. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select 35 (29 boys, 6 girls) paediatric burn survivors, ages 9 to 18, 1-5 years post-burn, with burn sizes ranging from 3 to 92% burn. Subjects' parents were administered the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), the Family Environment Scale (FES), the Impact of Events Scale (IES), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of the total problem CBCL scores. i.e. troubled (T > or = 60) or untroubled (T<60). One-way ANOVA tests revealed no significant differences between the two groups in the way parents reacted to trauma (IES) and parental depression (BDI). Significant differences (p<0.01) were revealed between the two groups on FES subscales. The parents of the untroubled group scored higher on 'Cohesion' and 'Organization' and lower on 'Conflict'. These parents also scored higher (p< or =0.05) on 'Achievement Orientation'. The results indicate that work with the family to promote cohesion. to decrease conflict, to enhance stability and to promote expectation of positive achievement must he a part of the rehabilitation of the burned child.
Simulating optical strain measurement and designing a nanoscale rosette

The laser-based interferometric strain—slope rosette (ISSR) has been used to measure principal strains and stresses on material surfaces. In this paper, optical theory models and computer programs are developed to simulate the optical diffraction and interference of the ISSR. The simulation results compare with the experimental results. Then the feasibility of extending the ISSR into a nanoscale rosette is studied. The indentation size is selected on a nanometre scale and other parameters in the nanoscale ISSR design are studied. A virtual optical experiment is conducted to use the designed nanoscale ISSR to measure virtual strains. The simulations show that the ISSR can be potentially extended to nanometre-scale measurement of material deformations.
Erratum to: Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel

In July 2011, Feminist Legal Studies published an article by Jasbir Puar titled: ‘Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking about the Sexual Politics of Israel’ (Vol 19, Issue 2: 133–142). In April 2012, Alan Posener wrote a complaint to Springer, the publisher of Feminist Legal Studies, objecting to content in Puar’s article. Specifically, Posener objected to Puar’s description of Posener as ‘antiMuslim’ on the basis that it was defamatory. In response to this complaint, the author has agreed to amend the relevant section of the article as follows: ‘‘One day prior to the start of the conference, the Director of the Humboldt Graduate School and also a conference organizing committee member, Professor Christina von Braun, gave an interview to Alan Posener, a well-known journalist in Berlin. While Posener is a self-described champion of Muslim rights in Europe, his contributions in the interview with Von Braun reflect one example of the complex ways that anti-Muslim assumptions can be refunctioned and masked within neoliberal discourse. In this interview von Braun made derogatory comments about the author’s work and person... [rest of paragraph to continue with original text]’’. The above paragraph should be deemed to replace the original version.
Photopolymerized sol-gel monoliths for capillary electrochromatography.

A solution of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane in the presence of an acid catalyst, water, toluene, and a photoinitiator was irradiated at 365 nm for 5 min in a 75-μm i.d. capillary to prepare a porous monolithic sol−gel column by a one-step, in situ, process. The photopolymerized sol−gel (PSG) column shows reversed-phase behavior. Using this column, a variety of low-molecular-weight neutral compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl benzenes, alkyl phenyl ketones, and steroids are separated from mixtures. Various different operational parameters, such as buffer composition, field strength, and column temperature, were varied to assess their influence on column performance. Use of PSG as a stationary phase for a pressure-driven separation is also demonstrated.
FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF BOVINE TIBIAL BONE

Abstract Linear elastic fracture mechanics predicts that the fracture stress of precracked materials is dependent on the length of the initial crack and crack tip radius of curvature, as supported by the Griffith and Inglis equations. In order to determine the applicability of these equations and the effects of other variables, tensile specimens of bovine tibia were produced with edge cracks of known dimensions and tested to fracture. Longitudinal sheet tensile specimens were taken from the midposterior diaphysis of bovine tibiae that had been kept frozen in saline soaked towels. Each specimen had a milled gauge length of 25 mm, 16 mm width and 2 mm thickness. All specimen preparation was performed under a saline drip. An edge crack, centered along the gauge length, was milled in the specimen perpendicular to its long axis. The crack lengths used were 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm. The crack tip was formed with drill bits having nominal diameters of 1 32 , 1 16 , and 3 32 in. All the combinations of crack length and crack tip radius were repeated five times for a total of 75 specimens. The testing order was randomly selected. Each specimen was tested in tension to fracture at a constant deformation rate of 7.5 × 10−3 mm s−1, on an Instron mechanical testing device, and the fracture stress was measured. A linear load-deflection curve to fracture was exhibited by all of the specimens. The weight percent calcium of each specimen was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Microradiographs were used to determine the fractional void area and to histologically evaluate each bone sample. The weight percent calcium and the fractional void area were found to not significantly influence the fracture stress. A plexiform structure was present throughout the specimens. A two-way analysis of variance found that the fracture stress was dependent on the crack length (F = 161.79, p 0.26). The relationship between the fracture stress and crack length can be expressed as σ frac = 7.12c −1 2 −54.2 MPa which is similar to the Griffith equation. The surface energy, intrinsic flaw size, and an estimate of the opening mode critical stress intensity factor were found to be 3.98 kJm−2, 1.82 mm and 11.2 ± 2.6 MNm −3 2 , respectively.
Effective Pedagogy for Student-Team Projects:

Two pedagogical tools—the instructor's response to an initial draft of student-team projects and the group-project outline—are shown to be useful for enhancing the quality of term-long team projects in a marketing class. Findings are based upon students' assessment of the effectiveness of numerous pedagogical tools. Suggestions are offered for supervising student teams.
Family-Based Genome-Wide Association Scan of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective Genes likely play a substantial role in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the genetic architecture of the disorder is unknown, and prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not identified a genome-wide significant association. We have conducted a third, independent, multisite GWAS of DSM-IV-TR ADHD. Method Families were ascertained at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH; N=309 trios), Washington University at St. Louis (WASH-U; N=272 trios), and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA; N=156 trios). Genotyping was conducted with the Illumina Human1M or Human1M-Duo BeadChip platforms. After applying quality control filters, association with ADHD was tested with 835,136 SNPs in 735 DSM-IV ADHD trios from 732 families. Results Our smallest p value (6.7E-07) did not reach the threshold for genome-wide statistical significance (5.0E-08), but one of the 20 most significant associations was located in a candidate gene of interest for ADHD (SLC9A9, rs9810857, p=6.4E-6). We also conducted gene-based tests of candidate genes identified in the literature and found additional evidence of association with SLC9A9. Conclusions We and our colleagues in the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium are working to pool together GWAS samples to establish the large data sets needed to follow-up on these results and to identify genes for ADHD and other disorders.
Inactivation of cytochrome P-450 and monoamine oxidase by cyclopropylamines.

(1984). Inactivation of Cytochrome P-450 and Monoamine Oxidase by Cyclopropylamines. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 15, No. 5-6, pp. 1163-1182.
Stone age bedding by the Sea of Galilee.

Evidence by Nadel et al. (1), in a recent issue of PNAS, of the world's oldest bedding at the site of Ohalo II on the edge of the Sea of Galilee is an example of the serendipitous nature of archaeological discovery. During the 1980s and 1990s, drought and pumping of water for domestic and agricultural needs resulted in a serious drop of water level. The falling water level exposed 2,000-year-old boats and the archaeological site Ohalo II, dated to 23,000 years ago (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Satellite image of the Eastern Mediterranean showing the Jordan Valley and the site of Ohalo II (false color Landsat Thematic Mapper image). The site is noteworthy for three reasons. First, it has preserved a wide range of plant material and organic traces of huts or shelters in which people lived. Second, the site was occupied toward the end of what must have been one of the most severe climatic episodes in human history. Finally, direct evidence of bedding and, consequently, of the layout of the domestic space was recovered. Before the Neolithic period (after 11,000 years ago), there is little direct evidence of the human use of plant resources, and information about adaptations and ways of life depend largely on stone artifacts and faunal remains found in archaeological sites. Nadel et al . (1) mention the rare earlier occurrences of normally perishable material and thereby highlight the extraordinary circumstances of the Ohalo discovery where rapid burial by a layer of sand and water sealed the site from disturbance. The burial must have been essentially instantaneous because wave action, exposure to wind and rain, and so on would have dispersed and degraded the plant material and outlines of the huts. Chance …
Towards a More General Model of Land Tenancy and Reform

Introduction, 567. — I. Market structure of land leasing, 569. — II. Oligopoly land market, 573.
The mouse Engrailed genes: a window into autism.

The complex behavioral symptoms and neuroanatomical abnormalities observed in autistic individuals strongly suggest a multi-factorial basis for this perplexing disease. Although not the perfect model, we believe the Engrailed genes provide an invaluable “window” into the elusive etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The Engrailed-2 gene has been associated with autism in genetic linkage studies. The En2 knock-out mouse harbors cerebellar abnormalities that are similar to those found in autistic individuals and, as we report here, has a distinct anterior shift in the position of the amygdala in the cerebral cortex. Our initial analysis of background effects in the En1 mouse knock-out provides insight as to possible molecular mechanisms and gender differences associated with autism. These findings further the connection between Engrailed and autism and provide new avenues to explore in the ongoing study of the biological basis of this multifaceted disease.
Role of Learning in Perceptual Defense

(1963). Role of Learning in Perceptual Defense. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 113-118.
The double demethylation pathway involving cyclopentadienyldiiodocarbonylcobalt(I) and trimethyl phosphite

Abstract The reaction steps taking place when CpCo[P(O)(OMe)2]2[P(OMe)3] is formed by the double Arbuzov transformation in the reaction of CpCoI2(CO) with P(OMe)3 were investigated by monitoring the 1H NMR spectrum as a function of time. The 1 1 , 1 2 and 1 3 reaction stoichiometries were investigated. Concentration vs. time profiles of the reactants, intermediates and products were constructed. Four intermediates were detected. Two of the intermediates and the final product are readily isolated. It is evident that ligand substitution takes place more rapidly than does the Arbuzov-like demethylation. Only the cationic intermediates participate in the demethylation reactions.
THEORY OF FLUCTUATION-INDUCED DIAMAGNETISM IN SUPERCONDUCTORS.

A free-energy expression for a pure superconductor is derived microscopically which includes effects of a nonlocal order parameter. In the presence of strong field the simple transformation $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}+\frac{2e\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{A}}}{c}$ is no longer valid. Using this free energy, fluctuation-induced diamagnetism of a superconductor above ${T}_{c}$ is calculated. The resulting universal behavior for pure superconductors is in good agreement with the experiment of Gollub, Beasley, and Tinkham.
Microhabitat Use of Deer Mice: Effects of Interspecific Interaction Risks

Microhabitat use by deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) was tested under five different simulated moonlight intensities, using an indoor habitat chamber with shrub covered areas and open areas, and food sources. Tests were run in the presence and absence of a potential competitor, Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ). From tracks in the sand, we determined that, when alone, deer mice decreased total activity as moonlight increased and were more active in areas with cover than in open areas. However, deer mice did not vary proportions of activity allocated to open areas (ca. 20%) and cover/edge areas (ca. 80%) with variations in moonlight. Deer mice consumed more seeds in areas with cover but also did not vary the proportions of seeds eaten in the open (ca. 43%) or cover (ca. 57%) with variations in moonlight. Using infrared video filming, we determined that deer mice increased use of cover to nearly 100% in the presence of Ord's kangaroo rats. Aggression (active chasing and locking fights) by kangaroo rats towards deer mice caused this shift. Our experiments substantiate field observations of variable microhabitat use by deer mice in areas with and without kangaroo rats and identify behavioral interactions involved.
Design and evaluation of dynamic traffic management strategies for congested conditions

This paper presents a procedure for dynamic design and evaluation of traffic management strategies in oversaturated conditions. The method combines a dynamic control algorithm and a disutility function. The dynamic algorithm designs signal control parameters to manage formation and dissipation of queues on system links with explicit consideration of current and projected queue lengths and demands. The disutility function measures the relative performance of the dynamic control algorithm based on preset system performance goals. The user may statically select the management strategy, or alternatively the system may be instructed to set off different management schemes based on predefined performance thresholds. The problem was formulated as one of output maximization subject to state, control, and traffic management strategy choices. Solutions were obtained using genetic algorithms. Four traffic management plans were tested to show the capabilities of the new procedure. The results show that the procedure is able to generate suitable signal control schemes that are favorable to attaining the desired traffic management goals. The results showed that multiple, or hybrids of single measures of effectiveness may need to be examined in order to correctly assess system performance. The procedure has potential for real-time implementation in an intelligent transportation system setting.
Cloud Computing in Sub-Saharan Africa

Cloud-related innovations and services are becoming fundamental sources of economic and societal changes in Sub-Saharan African economies, which are embracing cloud computing. This analysis of the cloud market examines both driving and constraining factors in these economies.
A twin study of genetic influences on diurnal preference and risk for alcohol use outcomes.

Objective:The population-based University of Washington Twin Registry (UWTR) was used to examine (1) genetic influences on chronobiology and (2) whether these genetic factors influence alcohol-use ...
Hair Transplantation surgery

Abstract There have been a multitude of hair transplantation techniques reported throughout the years, although the Orentreich punch graft has remained the most popular. 1 The success of hair-bearing autografts for the correction of alopecia is explained by the principles of donor and recipient dominance introduced by Orentreich in 1959. 1 He found that donor dominance existed in male-pattern alopecia and evolved a theory that each individual hair was a genetic predisposition to be lost at a certain age or to be retained for life, and each hair maintains its characteristic integrity after being transplanted to a site with different characteristics. 1 Thus, any man or woman who has a good source of donor hair that is hair that will be retained and an area of alopecia is a candidate for hair transplant. The procedure can be performed in both men and women, black and white. 2
Ionic conductivity in the hafnia-R2O3 systems

Abstract The ionic conductivity of the hafnia-scandia, hafnia-yttria and hafnia-rare earth solid solutions with high dopant concentrations of 8, 10 and 14 m/o was measured in air at 600–1050°C. Impedance spectroscopy was used to obtain lattice conductivity. A majority of the investigated samples exhibited linear Arrhenius plots of the lattice conductivity as a function of temperature. For all investigated dopant concentrations the ionic conductivity was shown to decrease as the dopant radius increased. The activation enthalpy for conduction was found to increase with dopant ionic radius. The fact that the highest ionic conductivity among 14 m/o doped systems was obtained with HfO 2 −Sc 2 O 3 suggested that the radius ratio approach should be used to predi ct the electrical conductivity behavior of HfO 2 −R 2 O 3 systems. A qualitative model based on the Kilner's lattice parameter ma p does not seem to apply to these systems. For the three systems HfO 2 −Yb 2 O 3 , HfO 2 −Y 2 O 3 and H fO 3 −Sm 2 O 3 a conductivity maximum was observed near the dopant concentration of 10 m/o. Deep vacancy trapping is responsible for the decrease in the ionic conductivity at high dopant concentrations. Formation of microdomains of an ordered phase cannot explain obtained results. A comparison between the ionic conductivities of doped HfO 2 and ZrO 2 systems indicated that the ionic conductivities of HfO 2 -systems are 1.5–2.2 times lower than the ionic conductivities of ZrO 2 systems.
High-resolution microanalysis of semiconductor interfaces

Abstract The possibilities for obtaining high-spatial-resolution chemical and electronic data on semiconductor interfaces to supplement the structural data derived from HREM are discussed and illustrated with examples from the InP-native oxide-SiO 2 interface system.
Nature of inhibition of renal aspartate reabsorption in experimental Fanconi syndrome.

Administration of heavy metals or maleic acid induces a condition resembling the Fanconi syndrome. In the case of metals, an apparently uncompetitive inhibition of reabsorption of amino acids was observed 2 days or longer after injection into rabbits (E. C. Foulkes and S. Blanck, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 64, 103–107, 1982). Transport of aspartate is now shown to be similarly inhibited by maleic acid and cephaloridin. Because maleic acid, as well as p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) and Cd (in presence of mercaptoethanol), exerts an apparent uncompetitive effect within minutes of injection, the inhibition cannot simply reflect characteristics of regenerating epithelium. At low doses, PCMB inhibits aspartate reabsorption without altering transport of certain neutral amino acids, calcium, or p-aminohippurate. The apparent uncompetitive inhibition of aspartate reabsorption therefore does not connote general cytotoxicity. Metals cause relatively specific effects, manifested by functional lesions at the brush border. The mechanism of the aminoaciduric action of maleic acid remains unclear but cannot, under present conditions, involve back leakage of amino acids into tubular urine.
Effect of wheat bran fiber on the development of mammary tumors in female intact and ovariectomized rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and in mice with spontaneously developing mammary tumors

We examined the effect of consumption of graded increases of dietary fiber (soft white wheat bran) on the development of mammary gland carcinomas in intact female Sprague-Dawley rats during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis, induced with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The percent of rats with mammary carcinomas, the total number of mammary carcinomas and the mean number of mammary carcinomas per rat were reduced significantly at all fiber levels examined compared to rats fed a control diet. Inclusion of 9.6% fiber in the diets of ovariectomized rats that had been treated with a single i.v. dose of 2.5 mg DMBA/100 g body weight 2 weeks prior to removal of the ovaries resulted in a significant decrease of carcinomatous and benign mammary tumors compared to ovariectomized rats fed a control diet. Development of spontaneous mammary carcinomas in virgin C3H/HeOuJ female mice and growth of a transplantable mammary gland tumor in such mice were reduced by inclusion of 9.6% fiber in the diet, a reduction that was significant or just barely missed significance, depending on the source of the fiber. Our observations provide evidence that inclusion of soft white wheat bran in the diet is effective in the suppression of mammary gland tumorigenesis in an array of experimental animal models.
Microbiological Changes in Fresh Market Tomatoes During Packing Operations

Preliminary studies in two fresh market tomato packing houses in the Charleston, SC area showed significant differences in microbial counts on tomatoes by packing house, sampling point in packing lines, and season. Higher total plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, and mold counts were found in one packing house, probably due to a failure to maintain adequate chlorine in the wash water. Total plate and Enterobacteriaceae counts were higher on tomatoes packed in July than in November. Enterobacteriaceae and molds isolated from the tomato samples were those normally associated with soil-borne contamination. Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens were predominant Enterobacteriaceae identified; Alternaria, Penicillium, and Cladosporium were the predominant molds isolated and identified.
Modeling tasks with mechanisms

Building a problem solver and acquiring the knowledge needed to operate it are the two central goals of knowledge engineering. to achieve these goals, knowledge engineers construct models of the domain and of the task of interest. the various approaches used for modeling, however, have so far failed to define methods and techniques that can be applied across domains and tasks, and to produce models that can be reused in future applications. In this article, we propose that both of these objectives can be achieved by the use of building blocks called mechanisms. We examine the composition of mechanisms and also show how these mechanisms can be manipulated to construct problemsolving methods. We present PROTEGE-II, a knowledge-acquisition shell that uses problem-solving methods to drive the modeling of tasks, the automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools, and the control flow of the problem solver. the modeling of tasks, within the context of PROTEGE-II, is illustrated with two examples: one from the game domain and another from the medical-therapy domain. In addition, we introduce the conceptual basis for a library of mechanisms that serves as a repository of reusable knowledge components. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cyclobranol: A substrate for C25-methyl sterol side chains and potent mechanism-based inactivator of plant sterol methyltransferase

Abstract Cyclobranol 8A, an analog of the cycloartenol substrate 1A for the plant sterol C24-methyltransferase (SMT), was shown to be an acceptor of the soybean SMT1 as well as an inhibitor of enzyme action. The Km and kcat for 8A was 37 μM and 0.006 min−1, respectively. The enzyme-generated product was identified by MS and 1H NMR to be a C24, C25-doubly alkylated Δ24(28)-olefin 10A. Inhibitor treatment was concentration and time-dependent affording an apparent Ki of 25 μM, a maximum rate of inactivation of 0.15 min−1 and a partition ratio (kcat/kinact) calculated to be 0.04.
Regulatory tone and mucosal immunity in asthma.

The lung is constantly exposed to a variety of inhaled foreign antigens, many of which are harmless to the body. Therefore, the mucosal immune system must not only have the capacity to distinguish self from non-self, but also harmless versus dangerous non-self. To address this, mucosal immune cells establish an anti-inflammatory steady state in the lung that must be overcome by inflammatory signals in order to mount an effector immune response. In the case of inhaled allergens, the false detection of dangerous non-self results in inappropriate immune activation and eventual allergic asthma. Both basic and clinical studies suggest that the balance between tolerogenic and inflammatory immune responses is a key feature in the outcome of health or disease. This Review is focused on what we term ‘regulatory tone’: the immunosuppressive environment in the lung that must be overcome to induce inflammatory responses. We will summarize the current literature on this topic, with a particular focus on the role of regulatory T cells in preventing allergic disease of the lung. We propose that inter-individual differences in regulatory tone have the potential to not only establish the threshold for immune activation in the lung, but also shape the quality of resulting effector responses following tolerance breakdown.
Antipsychotic polypharmacy: a survey study of prescriber attitudes, knowledge and behavior.

Abstract Objective Although common in psychiatric practice, reasons for antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) have remained unclear. Methods Single-site, semi-structured interview study of prescribers at a psychiatric teaching hospital inquiring about APP attitudes and behaviors, including frequency, preferred combinations, rationale and concerns. Results Forty-four prescribers reported using APP in 17.0 ± 10.0% of antipsychotic-treated patients. Although clinicians themselves initiated APP in only 23.3 ± 27.0% of cases, they did not attempt conversion to antipsychotic monotherapy in 40.9 ± 37.7%, despite reported successful conversion in 28.0 ± 30.8% of cases. The following reasons justified most APP (0–10): cross-titration (9.2 ± 1.4), failed clozapine trial (8.2 ± 2.2), randomized controlled evidence (8.0 ± 2.0), and clozapine intolerance (7.7 ± 2.6). Prescribers felt “moderately” (5.0 ± 1.9) concerned about APP (0–10), mostly due to chronic side effects (7.6 ± 2.0), lack of evidence (7.1 ± 2.2), non-adherence risk (6.7 ± 2.3) and mortality risk (6.7 ± 3.2), while increased cost (4.9 ± 2.5) and higher total antipsychotic dose (4.2 ± 2.9) ranked lowest. Comparing high with low APP prescribers (> 10% vs. ≤ 10% of patients; mean: 36.1 ± 19.8 vs. 3.4 ± 3.4, p 10% (r2:0.35, p Conclusions High APP prescribers had more clinical experience, less concerns about APP and more likely a preferred APP choice, although no overall preferred strategy emerged. Otherwise, high and low APP prescribers shared attitudes toward APP. Both had inherited most of their APP cases and were reluctant to convert patients to antipsychotic monotherapy.
Gendered Instructions: Cultural Lag and Gender Bias in the Hay System of Job Evaluation

This article investigates the structure of gender bias in the Hay system, the dominant system of job evaluation. It shows not only how the system perpetuates gender-based occupational assumptions stemming from its origins in the 1940s and 1950s, but also how it conceals these assumptions under a veneer of gender neutrality. The Hay system consistently values male-dominated management functions over nonmanagement functions more likely to be performed by women.
Oxidation of acetaldehyde and presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat erythrocytes.

Abstract Rat liver erythrocytes were found to oxidize acetaldehyde at 7 nmoles/min/ml blood at 37°C. This is less than 1% the rate that occurs in liver. An aldehyde dehydrogenase was isolated from erythrocytes, but was not purified. The enzyme had a K m of 170μM toward acetaldehyde at pH 7.4. The enzyme, which could oxidize both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, was more active at pH 9 than at 7. Disulfiram proved to be both an in vivo and in vitro inhibitor of the enzyme. Due to the low total capacity of the erythrocytes to metabolize acetaldehyde, it is doubtful they perform any important role in ethanol metabolism.
On the relation between the relative size of acquisitions and the wealth of acquiring firms

There are dozens of studies in the mergers and acquisitions literature that include the relative size of an acquisition as an additive control variable in models explaining acquisition wealth effects. A majority of these studies document a positive coefficient estimate on relative size, but many document a negative coefficient estimate instead. Our study demonstrates that these seemingly contradictory findings stem from a misspecification of the functional form of the relation between Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CAR) and relative size.
Is all chronic kidney disease created equal

Purpose of reviewChronic kidney disease (CKD) has generally been characterized functionally as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, without accounting for cause, signs of structural damage, or relative risk of sequelae. Recently released guidelines define CKD as abnormalit
Solid source MOCVD for the epitaxial growth of thin oxide films

A novel solid source metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process has been used to grow highly textured thin films of CeO2 and MgO, and highly oriented thin films of Sr1-xBaxNb206 (SBN). Both (100)-oriented and (lll)-oriented CeO2 films were reproducibly grown on (1102)-oriented Al203 (r-plane sapphire) substrates. Higher substrate temperatures and higher growth rates were found to favor the (111) orientation. The epitaxial (100) CeO2 films, 150 A thick, had very smooth surfaces, with an RMS surface roughness of 7 A, as measured by atomic force microscopy. MgO films with (100) orientation were readily grown on both r-plane sapphire and (100) SrTiO3 substrates at temperatures below 600°C. SBN films, 1.6 μm thick, were also grown on r-plane sapphire substrates at 700-800°C using a CeO2 buffer layer and all tetramethylheptanedionate (Sr, Ba, and Nb) metalorganic sources.
SPACE VARIATIONS OF PRECIPITATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RAINGAGE NETWORK DESIGN

Abstract Space variations of daily precipitation are examined in terms of the field of inter-station correlations over the Sleepers River Watershed in northern Vermont. The correlation field about a control gage is dependent on inter-station distance and azimuth, daily rainfall amount, and the season of the year. No dependence on elevation or elevation difference (slope) was found. A correlation field function is derived which is then used to determine raingage density and configuration required for specified accuracy of watershed precipitation estimates.
Choline and Ethanolamine Requirements in the Laying Ration

Abstract The choline requirements of laying hens have been reported previously by Lucas, Norris, and Heuser (1946) and Ringrose and Davis (1946). These experiments involved only a limited number of hens fed a synthetic diet for a comparatively short period of time. Their results indicate that choline is a necessary factor in the laying ration, but that most rations either contain sufficient amounts of this ingredient or the hen is able to synthesize enough choline from other precursor compounds carried in the ration. Lucas and his co-workers contended that excellent egg production and hatchability were obtained from hens on practical rations where the choline content averaged as little as .12% of the entire ration. During a routine study to check the efficiency of the K.S.C. All-Purpose ration for supplying adequate amounts of choline to the laying hen, four groups of 90 New Hampshire pullets were fed rations containing choline in varying . . .
Genética y Justicia: Tratar la enfermedad, respetar la diferencia

The new possibilities opened up by scientific research, particularly in the area of genetic, raise hitherto unknown moral perplexities and, at the same time, do force us to rethink questions and redefine concepts which use to work adequately up to now. So, for example, regarding to theories of justice: we are used to having a relatively broad agreement on the concept of person, and the discussion was usually focused on the kind of goods which must be distributed to a given group of people. But the possibility of transforming people by changing their talents, and in this way, transforming some features of the population according to certain current criteria, opens up an important discussion insofar those transformations could be considered resources and, if so, been redistributed themselves. However, the fact that some sort of alterations could or, even more, should be made in order to achieve the good for future children embodies the risk consisting in the impoverishment and homogenization of the society, or the obliteration of valuable forms of life and culture. Since this incipient possibility arises paradoxes and disturbing threats, the rigorous reflection represents a basic indispensable critical tool.
Unsteady lifting-line theory as a singular-perturbation problem

Unsteady lifting-line theory is developed for a wing of large aspect ratio oscillating at low frequency in inviscid incompressible flow. The wing is assumed to have a rigid chord but a flexible span. Use of the method of matched asymptotic expansions reduces the problem from a singular integral equation to quadrature. The pressure field and airloads, for a prescribed wing shape and motion, are obtained in closed form as expansions in inverse aspect ratio. A rigorous definition of unsteady induced downwash is also obtained. Numerical calculations are presented for an elliptic wing in pitch and heave; compared with numerical lifting-surface theory, computation time is reduced significantly. The present work also identifies and resolves errors in the unsteady lifting line theory of James (1975), and points out a limitation in that of Van Holten (1975, 1976, 1977).
Rapid platelet morphological changes visualized by scanning‐electron microscopy: kinetics derived from a quenched‐flow approach

Platelet activation is accompanied by distinct morphological changes from disc-shaped cells to more rounded particles with multiple blebs or psuedopodia. A quenched-flow approach has been used to follow the kinetics and nature of these morphological events. Scanning-electron micrographs revealed very rapid alterations in platelet shape. At 0.5 S after activation with ADP or thrombin, the number of resting disc-shaped particles was nearly halved and short blebbed forms were maximal at 0.5 S. By 1.7 S about 60% of particles were in fully activated or multiple-blebbed form. The calcium ionophore A-23187 caused slightly slower effects. Adrenalin was much less potent, with about 14% of platelets becoming fully activated by 10 S. Control experiments showed only small changes in particle morphology when unactivated platelets were pumped through the reaction tubing and then quenched in glutaraldehyde. The resistive volume of platelets increased by 0.42 fl at 0.5 S after ADP stimulation and was essentially independent of variations in particle shape. These results show that the quenched-flow approach can provide new information about platelet function and that morphological changes begin earlier than previously thought.
Characterization of pituitary mediation of stress-induced antinociception in rats.

Abstract Antinociception, induced by continuous cold-water swims (CCWS) and certain parameters of inescapable foot shock, is reduced in hypophysectomized rats receiving supplements of corticosterone and l-thyroxine. To assess which lobe of the pituitary gland is involved in this effect, the first experiment compared the effects of total hypophysectomy and posterior lobectomy in supplemented rats upon CCWS antinociception on the tail-flick and jump tests and upon continuous inescapable foot shock antinociception on the tail-flick test. Total hypophysectomy, but not posterior lobectomy, significantly reduced CCWS antinociception on both tests in supplemented rats relative to sham surgery. Both total and posterior hypophysectomy either reduced or potentiated foot shock antinociception as functions of shock intensity or duration of exposure in supplemented rats. To assess whether hormonal supplementation is necessary for the observed effects, the second experiment examined CCWS antinociception in sham-operated and hypophysectomized rats that received either no hormonal supplements or corticosterone andor l-thyroxine. These regimens failed to alter CCWS antinociception in sham-operated rats. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with corticosterone and l-thyroxine either separately or together significantly reduced CCWS antinociception. In contrast, if hypophysectomized rats did not receive supplements, CCWS antinociception was significantly potentiated relative to sham-operated controls. These effects could not be attributed to treatment-induced changes in either body weight or CCWS hypothermia. These data suggest that the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex are involved in the mediation and/or maintenance of CCWS antinociception.
Interactions between halide anions and a molecular hydrophobic interface.

Interactions between halide ions (fluoride and iodide) and t-butyl alcohol (TBA) dissolved in water are probed using a recently developed hydration-shell spectroscopic technique and theoretical cluster and liquid calculations. High signal-to-noise Raman spectroscopic measurements are combined with multivariate curve resolution (Raman-MCR) to reveal that while there is little interaction between aqueous fluoride ions and TBA, iodide ions break down the tetrahedral hydration-shell structure of TBA and produce a red-shift in its CH stretch frequency, in good agreement with the theoretical effective fragment potential (EFP) molecular dynamics simulations and hybrid quantum/EFP frequency calculations. The results imply that there is a significantly larger probability of finding iodide than fluoride in the first hydration shell of TBA, although the local iodide concentration is apparently not as high as in the surrounding bulk aqueous NaI solution.
A distributed FIFO scheme for on chip communication

Interconnect delays are increasingly becoming the dominant source of performance degradation in the nanometer regime, largely because of disturbances that result from parasitic effects. On chip communication now requires multiple clock cycles for signal propagation between communicating modules/components. Repeater insertion is widely used to improve global interconnect delays. We propose having distributed first-in-first-out buffers to facilitate communication between components/modules of highly integrated systems, such as system-on-chip. This stateful scheme has very good tolerance for voltage and temperature variations. The buffer control circuitry is self-timed and allows for ease of interfacing in multiple domain clock designs. We present the buffer and its associated control circuits that allow data transfers at a maximum frequency of 1.67 GHz in a 0.25 /spl mu/m technology.
Protective CD8 memory T cell responses to mouse melanoma are generated in the absence of CD4 T cell help.

Background We have previously demonstrated that temporary depletion of CD4 T cells in mice with progressive B16 melanoma, followed by surgical tumor excision, induces protective memory CD8 T cell responses to melanoma/melanocyte antigens. We also showed that persistence of these CD8 T cells is supported, in an antigen-dependent fashion, by concurrent autoimmune melanocyte destruction. Herein we explore the requirement of CD4 T cell help in priming and maintaining this protective CD8 T cell response to melanoma. Methodology and Principal Findings To induce melanoma/melanocyte antigen-specific CD8 T cells, B16 tumor bearing mice were depleted of regulatory T cells (Treg) by either temporary, or long-term continuous treatment with anti-CD4 (mAb clone GK1.5). Total depletion of CD4 T cells led to significant priming of IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cell responses to TRP-2 and gp100. Surprisingly, treatment with anti-CD25 (mAb clone PC61), to specifically deplete Treg cells while leaving help intact, was ineffective at priming CD8 T cells. Thirty to sixty days after primary tumors were surgically excised, mice completely lacking CD4 T cell help developed autoimmune vitiligo, and maintained antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses that were highly effective at producing cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). Mice lacking total CD4 T cell help also mounted protection against re-challenge with B16 melanoma sixty days after primary tumor excision. Conclusions and Significance This work establishes that CD4 T cell help is dispensable for the generation of protective memory T cell responses to melanoma. Our findings support further use of CD4 T cell depletion therapy for inducing long-lived immunity to cancer.
Mitochondrial DNA deletions are rare in the free radical-rich retinal environment

We measured the levels of a somatic, 4977 bp deletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA4977) in paired neural retinal and optic nerve tissues from 14 adults and 1 infant using a quantitative PCR assay. MtDNA is prone to free radical damage, and areas in the brain that are exposed to high levels of free radicals are observed to accumulate higher levels of the mtDNA4977 deletion. The levels of mtDNA deletions also increase with age in many tissues. Despite the presence of a free radical rich environment, mtDNA from the neural retina possessed extremely low mtDNA4977 levels (0.0001-0.001%). Deletion levels were always lower than those in the optic nerve from the same eye and do not appear to increase with age. Our results suggest that antioxidant defenses in the neural retina are effective in protecting mtDNA against oxidative damage.
Colony Structure and Nest Location of Two Species of Dacetine Ants: Pyramica ohioensis (Kennedy & Schramm) and Pyramica rostrata (Emery) in Maryland (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The discovery of numerous Pyramica ohioensis and P. rostrata colonies living in acorns, as well as the efficient recovery of colonies from artificial nests placed in suitable habitats, opens a new stage in the study of North American dacetine ants. Here we present detailed information, based on 42 nest collections, on the colony structure of these two species. P. ohioensis colonies are smaller than those of P. rostrata. Both species are polygynous, but nests of P. ohioensis contain fewer dealate queens than those of P. rostrata. This is the first report of multiple collections of Pyramica colonies nesting in fallen acorns, and of the use of artificial nesting cavities to sample for dacetines in the soil and leaf litter. We describe an artificial cavity nest design that may prove useful in future investigations.
Genetic variability in the NMDA-dependent AMPA trafficking cascade is associated with alcohol dependence

Model studies in mice indicate that the severity of alcohol withdrawal is associated with polymorphic variation and expression of the MPDZ gene. Current knowledge about variation in the human MPDZ gene is limited; however, our data indicate its potential association with alcohol dependence. The multi-PDZ protein is an important part of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking cascade that controls glutamate-related excitatory neurotransmission. To investigate association of variation in the NMDA-dependent AMPA trafficking cascade with alcohol dependence, we performed a gene-set (pathway) analysis using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the Study of Addiction: Genetic and Environment. Rather than testing for association with each SNP individually, which typically has low power to detect small effects of multiple SNPs, gene-set analysis applies a single statistical test to evaluate whether variation in a set of genes is associated with the phenotype of interest. Gene-set analysis of 988 SNPs in 13 genes in the pathway demonstrated a significant association with alcohol dependence, with P < 0.01 for the global effect of variation in this pathway. The statistically significant association of alcohol dependence with genetic variation in the NMDA-dependent AMPA receptor trafficking cascade indicates a need for further investigation of the role of this pathway in alcohol dependence.
Host-Symbiont Stability and Fast Evolutionary Rates in an Ant-Bacterium Association: Cospeciation of Camponotus Species and Their Endosymbionts, Candidatus Blochmannia

Bacterial endosymbionts are widespread across several insect orders and are involved in interactions ranging from obligate mutualism to reproductive parasitism. Candidatus Blochmannia gen. nov. (Blochmannia) is an obligate bacterial associate of Camponotus and related ant genera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The occurrence of Blochmannia in all Camponotus species sampled from field populations and its maternal transmission to host offspring suggest that this bacterium is engaged in a long-term, stable association with its ant hosts. However, evidence for cospeciation in this system is equivocal because previous phylogenetic studies were based on limited gene sampling, lacked statistical analysis of congruence, and have even suggested host switching. We compared phylogenies of host genes (the nuclear EF-1αF2 and mitochondrial COI/II) and Blochmannia genes (16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), groEL, gidA, and rpsB), totaling more than 7 kilobases for each of 16 Cam- ponotus species. Each data set was analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction methods. We found minimal conflict among host and symbiont phylogenies, and the few areas of discordance occurred at deep nodes that were poorly supported by individual data sets. Concatenated protein-coding genes produced a very well-resolved tree that, based on the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test, did not conflict with any host or symbiont data set. Correlated rates of synonymous substitution (dS) along corresponding branches of host and symbiont phylogenies further supported the hypothesis of cospeciation. These findings indicate that Blochmannia-Camponotus symbiosis has been evolutionarily stable throughout tens of millions of years. Based on inferred divergence times among the ant hosts, we estimated rates of sequence evolution of Blochmannia to be ∼0.0024 substitutions per site per million years (s/s/MY) for the 16S rDNA gene and ∼0.1094 s/s/MY at synonymous positions of the genes sampled. These rates are several-fold higher than those for related bacte- ria Buchnera aphidicola and Escherichia coli. Phylogenetic congruence among Blochmannia genes indicates genome stability that typifies primary endosymbionts of insects. (Blochmannia; Camponotus; cospeciation; endosymbiosis; molecular clock; phylogenetics.)