cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of electrolyte transport by nitric oxide in the mouse cecum

Abstract The effect and role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of ion transport in the mouse cecum were investigated. l -arginine, used to increase NO production, increased short-circuit current (Isc), a measure of ion transport, in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal increase of 193.8±65.5 μA/cm2. This increase was not changed in Cl−- or HCO3−-free buffers, but was significantly decreased in Na+-free buffer. Using immunohistochemistry, the constitutive form of nitric oxide synthase was found not to be different in the inflamed cecum. The inducible form of the enzyme, however, which was absent in the cecum of normal mice, was present in high levels in the cecum of the colitic mouse. These results suggest that NO causes an increase in Na+ absorption. The increased levels of inducible NO synthase in the inflamed cecum suggest a role for NO in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease.
Utility of chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for detection of EGFR amplification in glioblastoma: Comparison with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

In this study, we test the reliability of chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification in glioblastoma. Earlier reports have described EGFR CISH in glioblastoma multiforme, but a comparison of CISH with a "gold standard" testing method, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), has not been described. Therapies targeting the EGFR-signaling pathway might increase the importance of assessment of EGFR-amplification status. CISH is a potential alternative to FISH as a testing method. To test its reliability, EGFR-amplification status by CISH was assessed in 89 cases of glioblastoma and compared with FISH results, and correlated with the protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for EGFR. FISH was scored as being EGFR-amplified in 47/89 tumors, CISH as being amplified in 43/89 tumors. The CISH and FISH results were in agreement in 83/89 cases (93%). Four glioblastomas were scored as being amplified by FISH, but not by CISH; whereas amplification was detected in 2 tumors by CISH that were not amplified using FISH. Forty-eight of the 89 cases were positive for EGFR expression by IHC. EGFR amplification was highly correlated with protein expression by IHC, as 40/48 (83%) EGFR IHC-positive cases were found to be EGFR-amplified. The high concordance of CISH and FISH for the assessment of EGFR gene-amplification status indicates that CISH is a viable alternative to FISH for the detection of EGFR gene amplification in glioblastoma. Detectable EGFR expression by IHC can occur in the absence of gene amplification, but is uncommon.
The elastic stress field associated with a curved dislocation in a two-phase medium with a planar interface

Abstract The elastic field associated with an infinitestimal dislocation segment situated parallel to a planar interface in one of the phases of a two-phase medium is determined by means of surface dislocation analysis. In particular. the continuity conditions at the interface resulting from the tractions and the displacement gradients due to the elastic field of an infinitesimal segment are satisfied using a continuous distribution of surface dislocations on either side of the interface. The resulting dislocation distributions are used to determine the tractions at the interface. Furthermore, the relation between an interface dislocation and surface dislocations situated in either phase is derived. The significance of these results to structural changes at the interface is emphasized.
Nutrition in relation to reproduction in sows.

Gilts of the ‘Palouse’ breed were divided into two groups; one group was full fed from weaning to 1501b. and the other group was fed 70% of full feeding. After six generations, one-half of the pigs in each group were shifted to the other plane of nutrition, thus forming four groups: high-high (HH), low-high (LH), low-low (LL) and high-low (HL). F 10 gilts were slaughtered 38 or 100 days post-coitum to study reproductive and prenatal phenomena. 1. Ten successive generations of controlled feeding had no significant effect on: length of Fallopian tubes, weight of corpus luteum, percentage of implantation, number of viable foetuses, foetus weight, weight of placental membranes, volume of placental fluids or embryonic mortality. 2. There were significant differences between the high and low planes of nutrition in: weight of pituitary, thyroid and adrenals, weaning weight, puberty weight, puberty weight to birth weight, puberty weight to weaning weight and puberty age. The effect of six generations of controlled feeding was not maintained when the plane of nutrition was changed from high to low or low to high. 3. The frequency of silent heat and the number of services per conception was lower in the low planes than in the high planes. 4. Ova migration occurred in both directions in 41% of the gilts; one to four ova migrated. The foetal sex ratio ranged from 4:0 to 1:7 with an average of 1:1. The sexes were unevenly distributed in the horns. 5. Foetus weight at 38 or 100 days post-coitum was not affected by plane of nutrition or sequence in the uterine horn. 6. Within-litter variations were highest in the volume of allantoic fluid followed in order by variations in weight of placental membranes and then the amniotic fluid and foetus. 7. Foetal mortality was not related to sequence in the uterine horn or the number of implantations. 8. There seemed to be two peaks of early prenatal mortality, one at implantation and another at the onset of organo-genesis.
Hurricane wind risk in Louisiana

A statistical procedure for estimating the risk of strong winds from hurricanes, known as the Hurricane Risk Calculator, is demonstrated and applied to several major cities in Louisiana. The procedure provides an estimate of wind risk over different length periods and can be applied to any location experiencing this hazard. Results show that an area 100 km around the city of New Orleans can expect to see hurricane winds blowing at 49 ms−1 (44.3–53.7) [90 % confidence interval (CI)] or stronger, on average, once every 20 years. In comparison, for the same time period, the capital city of Baton Rouge and the surrounding area can expect to see hurricane winds of 43 ms−1 (38.2–47.8) (90 % CI) or stronger. Hurricane track direction is also analyzed at the cities of interest. For Morgan City, Lafayette, Lake Charles, and Alexandria, tropical cyclones with winds at least 18 ms−1 travel from the southeast to northwest. New Orleans and Baton Rouge tropical cyclones have a greater tendency to turn toward the east while within 100 km of the city, historically giving them a southwesterly approach. Tropical cyclones within 350 km off the south-central Louisiana coast occur most often in September, and the most extreme of these events are becoming stronger through time as shown with quantile regression.
Protective inflammasome activation in AMD

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly. AMD progression is associated with alterations in inflammatory pathways and the immune system. A new study identifies a protective role for inflammasomes in AMD, suggesting that inflammasome activation might be manipulated as a potential therapeutic strategy for this condition (pages 791-798).
A Beginning Look at the Effects of Interactivity, Product Involvement and Web Experience on Comprehension: Brand Web Sites as Interactive Advertising

Abstract This study explores how interactivity and individual difference variables, product involvement and Web experience, affect comprehension of interactive advertising Web sites. A two-cell (interactivity: low/high) between subjects factorial design tested comprehension (N=153). The limited-capacity processing model provided theoretical framework. The results of this study indicate two very important things—interactivity helps to improve comprehension and individual differences (product involvement and Web experience) are important factors influencing this relationship.
Alumina: Catalyst and support. XVII. Dehydrocracking of hydrocarbons over ?nonacidic? chromia-alumina catalyst*1, *2

Abstract Dehydrocracking of hydrocarbons over “nonacidic” chromia-alumina catalyst at about 525 °C and atmospheric pressure was correlated with the types of carbon-carbon bonds cleaved. In paraffins bond cleavage was preferred between the most substituted carbon atoms. In olefins bond breakage occurred β to the double bond. The cracking pattern over “nonacidic” chromia-alumina catalyst favors a free radical mechanism.
Domestic violence and out-of-hospital providers: a potential resource to protect battered women.

Objective: The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of domestic violence (DV) in a subset of women presenting to the Boston emergency medical services (EMS) system and to evaluate documentation. A secondary objective was to determine the rate of refusal of transport to the hospital for DV-positive patients, compared with the general population. Methods: A retrospective chart review of ambulance run sheets from a nonconsecutive, convenience sample between July and December 1995 was performed. Women presenting with injury, obstetric/gynecologic complaints, or psychiatric complaints were included. Records were reviewed, and labeled as positive, probable, suggestive, or negative for DV, based on a previously used classification system. A weighted kappa test was performed, and data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test. Results: Among 1,251 charts reviewed, 876 met criteria for inclusion. The percentage of positive cases was 5.4% (95% CI = 3.9% to 6.9%), probable 10.8% (8.8% to 12.9%), suggestive 2.6% (1.6% to 3.7%), and negative 81.2% (78.6% to 83.6%). Among DV-positive patients, the refusal to transport rate was 23.4% (11.3% to 35.5%), compared with a 7.1% (5.8% to 9.3%) rate for the entire study population (n= 876), and 4.7% for the general Boston EMS population during the same year. More DV patients presented during the night shift compared with other shifts. Conclusions: Domestic violence is common in this high-risk population. A substantial proportion of women in this population refuse transport to the hospital. Out-of-hospital personnel should be trained with the tools to identify and document DV, assess patient safety, offer timely resources, and empower victims to make choices.
Effects of the MYC oncogene antagonist, MAD, on proliferation, cell cycling and the malignant phenotype of human brain tumour cells

To investigate how overexpression of MAD, an antagonist of MYC oncogenes influences the malignant phenotype of human cancer cells, an adenovirus vector system was used to transfer the human MAD gene (AdMAD) into human astrocytoma cells. Decreased growth potential of AdMAD-infected cells was evidenced by a decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation, an increase in cell doubling time and alteration of cell-cycle distribution. Diminished malignant potential of AdMAD-infected cells was manifested by their loss of anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and by their inability, in general, to induce tumorigenesis in a xenograft animal model. These studies indicate that adenovirus constructs encoding MAD dramatically inhibit the proliferation and tumorigenicity of human astrocytoma cells and support the use of MAD for gene therapy of human tumours.
Piezo-Electric Standards of High Frequency

It is shown that the qualities sought in a frequency standard are present to a high degree in properly mounted plates or rods of quartz, or steel rods excited by quartz plates, making use of the piezo-electric reactions of the quartz upon a resonant high-frequency circuit. The transverse effect (vibrations perpendicular to the impressed electric field) is chiefly utilized in the construction of piezo-electric resonators. Any given resonator may be excited to resonant vibration at its fundamental frequency or at any one of several overtone frequencies. The logarithmic decrement is very small, of the order of 0.001 or less. Hence a tube generator circuit of variable frequency may be tuned to a natural frequency of the resonator with very great precision.The reactions of the resonator upon the circuit may be expressed in terms of characteristic changes in capacity and resistance. Curves illustrating this are shown, and it is seen that at resonance the resonator functions as a pure resistance.In the construction of resonators, a quartz plate cut in the form of a comparatively narrow rod is placed loosely between two brass side-plates on an insulating base. Effects of changing temperature and of spacing of side-plates are discussed. For frequencies below 50 kilocycles per second steel rods are employed, excited to longitudinal vibration by having small quartz plates cemented to them at the center. By this construction frequencies as low as 3000 cycles have been reached. The upper limit in frequency, using very short quartz rods, is about three million cycles. Over this range the frequency of a vacuum tube generator may be synchronized with the resonator with a precision of one hundredth percent or better. Some of the various electric circuits that can be employed are briefly described.The application of the resonator as a frequency stabilizer, and also as a device for generating electric oscillations, is explained. For these purposes either the transverse effect or the longitudinal effect (vibrations parallel to the electric field) may be used.
Progesterone Upregulates Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin Receptor Components and Cyclic Adenosine 3′5′-Monophosphate Generation in Eker Rat Uterine Smooth Muscle Cell Line

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM), two potent smooth-muscle relaxants, have been shown to cause uterine relaxation. Both CGRP- and AM-binding sites in the uterus increase during pregnancy and decrease at labor and postpartum. These changes in binding sites appear to be related to the changes in calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), receptor activity-modified protein 1 (RAMP1), RAMP2, and RAMP3 mRNA levels. It is not clear, however, whether the changes in the receptor components occur in the myometrial cells and whether the steroid hormones can directly alter these receptor components in the muscle cells. In addition, the mechanism of CGRP and AM signaling in the rat myometrium is not well understood. Therefore, we examined the mRNA expression of CGRP- and AM-receptor components, G protein Galphas, CGRP, and AM stimulation of cAMP and cGMP, and the effects of progesterone on these parameters in the Eker rat uterine myometrial smooth-muscle cell line (ELT3). ELT3 cells expressed CGRP- and AM-receptor components CRLR, RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3. Expression of CRLR and RAMP1 mRNA increased with progesterone treatment and decreased with estradiol-17beta treatment. However, RAMP2 and RAMP3 mRNA expressions were unaltered by both progesterone and estradiol. Progesterone increased (P<0.05) Galphas expression and augmented CGRP- and AM-induced increases in cAMP levels. In uterine smooth-muscle cells, the antagonist to Galphas protein NF449 decreased basal as well as CGRP- and AM-stimulated cAMP levels. None of the cell treatments affected cyclic GMP production. Our results suggest that the progesterone-stimulated increases in CGRP and AM receptors, Galphas protein levels, and cAMP generation in the myometrial cells may be responsible for increased uterine relaxation sensitivity to CGRP and AM during pregnancy.
Rotifers as predators on small ciliates

Clearance rates of Synchaeta pectinata, Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna girodi on Tetrahymena pyriformis (46 µm in length) at a density of 10 cells ml−1, in the presence of algal food, were 2.5 to 6.1 ml rot.−1 day−1. Clearance rates of these rotifers were, respectively, about 2, 3, and 13 times lower on Strobilidium gyrans (58 µm in length) than on T. pyriformis, indicating that the saltations of S. gyrans are an effective escape response. Clearance rates of S. pectinata were considerably lower on Colpidium striatum (81 µm) than on S. gyrans, suggesting that S. pectinata may not be able to ingest ciliates of this size. S. pectinata had a clearance rate of 19 ml rot.−1 day−1 on S. gyrans at a density of 1.2 cells ml−1, in the absence of edible algal food. Rotifers may prey extensively on ciliates in natural plankton communities, ingesting 25 to 50 individuals in the 45–60 µm size range day−1.
Nature of melt rheological transition in a styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer

Our laboratory previously reported the observation of a high temperature, melt rheological transition in a styrene–butadiene–styrene (S:7 × 103 and B:43 × 103) block copolymer from the highly elastic, nonlinear viscous behavior typical of a multiphase structure to linear viscous behavior with insignificant elasticity typical of a single-phase structure. We have investigated the precise nature of this melt rheological transition in the 7S-43B-7S sample by measuring the dynamic viscoelastic properties at more than 11 temperatures, including several in the transition region. A new procedure was developed for accurately measuring the sample temperature in a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The transition is found to start at about 140°C and proceed over a narrow transition region from 140 to about 150°C. Data at all temperatures superimpose onto a single master curve only at high reduced frequencies. At low reduced frequencies, two characteristic branches of the master curve are formed. The data at temperatures below the transition region superimpose onto the upper branch where the dynamic viscosity η′(ω) is a strong function of ω, whereas the data at temperatures above the transition region superimpose onto the lower branch where η′(ω) is independent of ω. The data at temperatures within the transition region fall between the upper and lower branches, ordered according to their temperature positions. The apparent flow activation energy is found to be constant at about 22.8 kcal/mole below the transition region, but appears to decrease to about 17.4 kcal/mole above the transition region. The narrowness of the rheological transition far above the glass transition temperature of the polystyrene domains and the limiting linear viscoelastic behavior at low frequencies above the transition suggest an accompanying morphological transition rather than a gradual weakening of the polystyrene domains.
Pseudomonas carrier rates of patients with cystic fibrosis and of members of their families

The majority (86.6%) of patients with cystic fibrosis were found to be carriers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of them, however, carried P. aeruginosa in their nares. In contrast, none of the non-CF family members of the patients with CF were carriers of P. aeruginosa. For example, only 4 of 468 cultures from skin, throat, and nares of the family members were positive for P. aeruginosa. Isolations of P. aeruginosa from the same CF patients were often of the same pyocine type. No specific pyocine type of P. aeruginosa was predominant in patients with CF. Isolations of P. aeruginosa from siblings with CF may or may not be of the same pyocine type as that of the family proband. Colonization of a patient with CF by P. aeruginosa is not a threat to the non-CF members of the family.
Empowering the Elderly: Gerontological Health Promotion in Latin America

Older people are increasing in number and proportion of the population in Latin America and, as they do their health needs and social resources are becoming more apparent. In response, gerontologiacal health promotion is emerging as a new field emphasizing the community as a unit of health and the participation of older people in the process. Recognizing the need for more empirical research on the topic, this paper identifies initiatives that promote the health of perople in Costa Rica, Chile, and Argentina, by enabling them to plan programmes, develop services, and advocate change at the community level. It analyzes some of their common themes, and discusses general prospects for the future.
Large scale gene expression profiles of regenerating inner ear sensory epithelia.

Loss of inner ear sensory hair cells (HC) is a leading cause of human hearing loss and balance disorders. Unlike mammals, many lower vertebrates can regenerate these cells. We used cross-species microarrays to examine this process in the avian inner ear. Specifically, changes in expression of over 1700 transcription factor (TF) genes were investigated in hair cells of auditory and vestibular organs following treatment with two different damaging agents and regeneration in vitro. Multiple components of seven distinct known signaling pathways were clearly identifiable: TGFβ, PAX, NOTCH, WNT, NFKappaB, INSULIN/IGF1 and AP1. Numerous components of apoptotic and cell cycle control pathways were differentially expressed, including p27KIP and TFs that regulate its expression. A comparison of expression trends across tissues and treatments revealed identical patterns of expression that occurred at identical times during regenerative proliferation. Network analysis of the patterns of gene expression in this large dataset also revealed the additional presence of many components (and possible network interactions) of estrogen receptor signaling, circadian rhythm genes and parts of the polycomb complex (among others). Equal numbers of differentially expressed genes were identified that have not yet been placed into any known pathway. Specific time points and tissues also exhibited interesting differences: For example, 45 zinc finger genes were specifically up-regulated at later stages of cochlear regeneration. These results are the first of their kind and should provide the starting point for more detailed investigations of the role of these many pathways in HC recovery, and for a description of their possible interactions.
Changes in Oligonucleotide Conformation on Nanoparticle Surfaces by Modification with Mercaptohexanol

The conformation of thiol-linked oligonucleotides on the surface of Au nanoparticles was controlled by treatment with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH). MCH displaces noncovalent base adsorption to the surface, changing the oligo conformation on the Au surface. By controlling MCH concentration and reaction time, a change in effective size (Deff) of the Au−DNA conjugates and improved hybridization ability was observed, suggesting a reduced nonspecific adsorption of the oligo to the Au.
Prostaglandin F2α concentration in genital tract secretions of dairy bulls

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) concentrations in genital tract secretions of conscious dairy bulls were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures and compared with peripheral blood plasma levels. The mean (± SD) PGF2α concentration of coccygeal venous blood plasma from four bulls was 0.14 ± 0.05 ng/ml. Values for rete testis fluid and seminal plasma were the same, namely 0.17 ± 0.01 ng/ml (n = 5) and 0.17 ± 0.02 ng/ml (n = 4), respectively. However, the PGF2α level in cauda epididymal plasma was 1.61 ± 0.41 ng/ml, or over 8 to 10 times (P < 0.01) the concentration of any other fluid studied. Added PGF2α had no effect on the endogenous oxygen consumption of washed cauda epididymal spermatozoa or on the oxidative and glycolytic activities of washed ejaculated spermatozoa in vitro. No evidence was obtained suggesting that the prostaglandin may interact with the stimulatory effect of added testosterone or phosphatidylinositol (PI) on the motility, respiration or glucose uptake of ejaculated spermatozoa.
Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Fresh Pork Roasts Cooked to Different Endpoint Temperatures

Pork roasts cooked to various endpoint temperatures were evaluated by sensory and chemical analyses. Increased endpoint temperatures were associated with increased cooking losses; decreased juiciness, pink color, and metallic flavor; increased graininess, brown color, and pork flavor. Increased endpoint temperatures also led to a concentration of lipid, protein and certain fatty acids. Cholesterol levels were not significantly influenced by endpoint temperature. Lipid content was decreased by removal of external fat before cooking. To minimize pink color in some muscles and maximize other sensory characteristics and yield of cooked meat, at least 71.1°C and no more than 76.6°C is recommended as the endpoint temperature for fresh pork roasts.
Sample concentration and purification for point-of-care diagnostics

The ability to increase the concentration of target analytes in a fixed sample volume can potentially lower the limit of detection for many biosensing techniques, and thus is key in sample preparation for infectious disease diagnosis. Concentration by evaporation is an effective method to achieve target enrichment. However, concentrating human samples, including blood and plasma, by evaporation-based methods is made challenging by high concentrations of proteins and electrolytes. Dehydration of the proteins causes the sample to turn into a gel, hindering further analysis. At the same time, decreasing the volume increases the overall concentration of electrolytes, causing bacterial or viral particle lysis, and making them more difficult to detect in affinity-based biosensors. Thus, we fabricated a microfluidic chip that incorporates both dialysis and concentration in a single design. The chip dialyzes the proteins from the plasma, while maintaining an appropriate concentration of electrolytes and concentrating the sample targets. The process to concentrate plasma or serum samples by a factor of 10 takes less than 30 minutes. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated the chip using a defective Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). To distinguish patients on antiretroviral therapy who are failing therapy from those who are not, a diagnostic must be able to detect HIV in plasma down to at least 1000 particles per milliliter. For a number of technical reasons, it is difficult to get on-chip PCR reactions to reach this level of sensitivity, so concentration of HIV from lower viral load samples has the potential to improve the sensitivity of many types of molecular point-of-care viral load tests.
Methodology for Characterization of NOR-NOR Programmable Logic Array

Programmable logic arrays are popular implementations for "multi-input" 2-level "multi- output" functions. PLAs are advantageous for designers especially in GHz technology with deep sub-micron sizing. The regular structures of PLAs are attractive to VLSI designers because they require a small number of separate cell designs. PLAs allow "ease of testing". The biggest advantage is that the entire design flow in the PLA generation can be automated. The main focus of the paper is to establish a quick design verification methodology for PLAs.We choose dynamic PLAs which have an advantage of higher frequency of operation, lesser power consumption and easier predictability of area. The methodology involves generation of spice decks dynamically using Perl code and simulating the PLA's pre-layout net-list in H-Spice. In the post-layout stage layouts are dynamically generated using SKILL programming in Virtuoso and simulating post-layout net-list in H-Spice. Various characterization experiments are done on PLA using this methodology.
On the Role of Interchange Reconnection in the Generation of the Slow Solar Wind

The heating of the solar corona and therefore the generation of the solar wind, remain an active area of solar and heliophysics research. Several decades of in situ solar wind plasma observations have revealed a rich bimodal solar wind structure, well correlated with coronal magnetic field activity. Therefore, the reconnection processes associated with the large-scale dynamics of the corona likely play a major role in the generation of the slow solar wind flow regime. In order to elucidate the relationship between reconnection-driven coronal magnetic field structure and dynamics and the generation of the slow solar wind, this paper reviews the observations and phenomenology of the solar wind and coronal magnetic field structure. The geometry and topology of nested flux systems, and the (interchange) reconnection process, in the context of coronal physics is then explained. Once these foundations are laid out, the paper summarizes several fully dynamic, 3D MHD calculations of the global coronal system. Finally, the results of these calculations justify a number of important implications and conclusions on the role of reconnection in the structural dynamics of the coronal magnetic field and the generation of the solar wind.
Interacting regulatory circuits involved in orderly control of photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1.

FnrL, the homolog of the global anaerobic regulator Fnr, is required for the induction of the photosynthetic apparatus in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. Thus, the precise role of FnrL in photosynthesis (PS) gene expression and its interaction(s) with other regulators of PS gene expression are of considerable importance to our understanding of the regulatory circuitry governing spectral complex formation. Using a CcoP and FnrL double mutant strain, we obtained results which suggested that FnrL is not involved in the transduction of the inhibitory signal, by which PS gene expression is “silenced,” emanating from the cbb3 oxidase encoded by the ccoNOQP operon under aerobic conditions. The dominant effect of the ccoP mutation in the FnrL mutant strain with respect to spectral complex formation under aerobic conditions and restoration of a PS-positive phenotype suggested that inactivation of the cbb3 oxidase to some extent bypasses the requirement for FnrL in the formation of spectral complexes. Additional analyses revealed that anaerobic induction of the bchE, hemN, and hemZ genes, which are involved in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways, requires FnrL. Thus, FnrL appears to be involved at multiple loci involved in the regulation of PS gene expression. Additionally, bchE was also shown to be regulated by the PrrBA two-component system, in conjunction with hemN and hemZ. These and other results to be discussed permit us to more accurately describe the role of FnrL as well as the interactions between the FnrL, PrrBA, and other regulatory circuits in the regulation of PS gene expression.
LAW AND REASONS: COMMENTS ON RODRIGUEZ-BLANCO

In Veronica Rodriguez-Blanco’s thoughtful and important article, “Reasons in Action v Triggering Reasons: A Reply to Enoch on Reason-Giving and Legal Normativity,” she explores with great care the nature of reason-giving, in connection with challenging David Enoch’s influential recent work on reason-giving and the law. While Rodriguez-Blanco’s article makes an important contribution to the literature on the best understanding of rea- son-giving and practical reasoning, it is not clear that an approach to reasons for action reformed along the lines Rodriguez-Blanco suggests would change or clarify the ultimate question on which she focuses: the way in which legal systems in general or individual legal norms do (or do not) give citizens reasons for action. The question of whether we have a general (pre- sumptive) moral obligation to act (or refrain from acting) as legal norms direct us depends to a significant degree on whether there are good arguments against an individualistic, case by case, approach to responding to such norms.
Valuing green infrastructure in Portland, Oregon

This study uses the hedonic price method to examine if proximity, abundance, and characteristics of green street facilities affect the sale price of single-family residential properties in Portland, Oregon. Different methods for measuring proximity and abundance are explored with distance based on street network, and abundance of green streets at the census tract and census block level, producing statistically significant results. A property's sale price is estimated to increase as distance from the nearest green street facility increases although the magnitude of this effect is small. Facility type does not have a statistically significant effect on a property's sale price, but characteristics such as facility size, proportion of the facility covered by tree canopy, and design complexity are estimated to influence sale price.
The ultrastructure of the crevicular epithelium of cat gingiva

The ultrastructure of the crevicular epithelium of clinically healthy cat gingiva was similar to that of other non-keratinizing oral epithelia. However, it differed in that the intercellular spaces were wide and extended as a continuous network from the basal lamina to the epithelial surface. Basal cells contained numerous mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes and a fine feltwork of evenly distributed tonofilaments. Hemidesmosomes were present in relation to the basal lamina. Cells in the intermediate layers showed a decrease in the number of organelles and an increase in concentration of tonofilaments, Superficial cells were further flattened and the remaining organelles commonly showed degenerative changes. Epithelial cells showed prominent microvilli extending into the intercellular spaces. Some of these formed desmosomes with similar processes of adjacent cells. Occasional randomly distributed tight junctions were also observed. Inactive basal melanocytes, more superficial Langerhans cells and leucocytes were seen between epithelial cells. The great majority of leucocytes were neutrophils and many of these ruptured as they approached the epithelial surface scattering their specific granules into the intercellular spaces. These findings are discussed in relation to the peculiar permeability of the gingival crevicular region of the oral mucosa to tissue fluid and leucocytes.
Parent—Child Relationship and Mother's Sexual Assault History

Although there is clinical conjecture regarding the effects of maternal trauma on parent- child relationships, research is scarce and this area remains to be explored. In a domestic violence sample, there was significant reduction in quality of parent-child relationships when the mother had experienced sexual assault or rape during adulthood. There was no correlation between the mother's history of childhood sexual assault or rape and parent-child relationship. Survivors of sexual assault may be best served through interventions that utilize relational models. Family-based interventions may be particularly effective in addressing problems in parent-child relationships stemming from the mother's trauma history.
The polluted ecosystem game

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of optimal management of ecosystems by developing a dynamic model of strategic behavior by users/communities of an ecosystem such as a lake, which is subject to pollution resulting from the users. More specifically, it builds a model of two ecosystems that are spatially connected.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the techniques of optimal control theory and game theory.Findings – The paper uncovers sufficient conditions under which the analysis of the dynamic game can be converted to an optimal problem for a pseudo authority. It is shown that if the discount rate on the future is high enough relative to ecological self‐restoration parameters then multiple stable states appear. In this case, if the pollution level is high enough it is too costly in terms of what must be given up today to restore the damaged system. By using computational methods, the paper evaluates the relative strengths of lack of coordination, strength of ecosystem s...
Suppression of ΔbipA Phenotypes in Escherichia coli by Abolishment of Pseudouridylation at Specific Sites on the 23S rRNA

The BipA protein of Escherichia coli has intriguing similarities to the elongation factor subfamily of GTPases, including EF-Tu, EF-G, and LepA. In addition, phenotypes of a bipA deletion mutant suggest that BipA is involved in regulation of a variety of pathways. These two points have led to speculation that BipA may be a novel regulatory protein that affects efficient translation of target genes through direct interaction with the ribosome. We isolated and characterized suppressors of the cold-sensitive growth phenotype exhibited by ΔbipA strains and identified insertion mutations in rluC. The rluC gene encodes a pseudouridine synthase responsible for pseudouridine modification of 23S rRNA at three sites, all located near the peptidyl transferase center. Deletion of rluC not only suppressed cold sensitivity but also alleviated the decrease in capsule synthesis exhibited by bipA mutants, suggesting that the phenotypic effects of BipA are manifested through an effect on the ribosome. The suppressor effect is specific to rluC, as deletion of other rlu genes did not relieve cold sensitivity, and further, more than a single pseudouridine residue is involved, as alteration of single residues did not produce suppressors. These results are consistent with a role for BipA in either the structure or the function of the ribosome and imply that wild-type ribosomes are dependent on BipA for efficient expression of target mRNAs and that the lack of pseudouridylation at these three sites renders the ribosomes BipA independent.
The situational public engagement model in a municipal watershed protection program: information seeking, information sharing, and the use of organizational and social media

In an extension of the situational theory of publics, we tested a situational engagement model to answer how situational factors affect public engagement via both communication behaviors and the use of social media and organizational media. As part of the evaluation of a collaborative stormwater outreach and education campaign, a campus-wide survey, assisted by a large public university's public affairs office, was conducted to identify key predictors of public engagement in a watershed protection program. A path analysis for the proposed situation engagement model revealed that problem recognition was the key to predicting both information seeking and sharing. The path analysis also yielded a significant association between communication behaviors and public engagement, mediated by the use of organizational media in seeking information on the issue. Further, the analysis showed a significant direct effect of involvement on engagement. The current study provided a preliminary framework that explains individuals' environmental behaviors in today's participatory and user-generating media environment. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production Costs of Organic Vegetable Farms: Two Case Studies from Pennsylvania

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. economic analysis, enterprise budgets, rotations, horse traction SUMMARY. The market premiums that currently exist for many organic crops are an attractive incentive for conventional growers considering the transition to organic practices. Before making this decision, there is a need to better understand the production costs of these systems. While many factors, such as crop rotation, soil type, and marketing, influence cropping decisions, production costs are vital information for production and pricing decisions. This research evaluated crop budgets from two Pennsylvania organic farms as case studies. A critical component of these budgets was the calculation of costs related to cover cropping, rotations, and compost production or use. These farms were very different in their scale, management, and marketing strategies. The crops selected for study on each farm were also different, based upon economic value to the farm. Beech Grove Farm used horse traction and hired no production labor on about 4 acres of production; budgets for carrot (Daucus carota), onion (Allium cepa), and garlic (Allium sativum) are presented. The other, Spiral Path Farm, used machinery and a hired labor crew extensively on about 60 acres; their production costs for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and winter squash (Cucurbita moschata) are presented. While costs could not be compared between the farms, costs per acre varied widely among crops on a farm, but less so across years. Neither farm spent a great deal on pest control inputs, relying on soil fertility and other management practices to minimize infestations and grow healthy plants. While these single-crop budgets provided some realistic measures of costs of organic vegetable production, longer-term budgets measuring multiyear rotations would better capture the tradeoffs made by diversified organic farmers.
Structural determinants for activation of the alpha-subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.

The 1.8 A crystal structure of transducin α-GDP, when compared to that of the activated complex with GTP-γS, reveals the nature of the conformational changes that occur on activation of a heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunit. Structural changes initiated by direct contacts with the terminal phosphate of GTP propagate to regions that have been implicated in effector activation. The changes are distinct from those observed in other members of the GTPase superfamily.
2-D wavepath migration

Prestack Kirchhoff migration (KM) is computationally intensive for iterative velocity analysis. This is partly because each time sample in a trace must be smeared along a quasi‐ellipsoid in the model. As a less costly alternative, we use the stationary phase approximation to the KM integral so that the time sample is smeared along a small Fresnel zone portion of the quasi‐ellipsoid. This is equivalent to smearing the time samples in a trace over a 1.5‐D fat ray (i.e., wavepath), so we call this “wavepath migration” (WM). This compares to standard KM, which smears the energy in a trace along a 3‐D volume of quasi‐concentric ellipsoids. In principle, single trace migration with WM has a computational count of O(N1.5) compared to KM, which has a computational count of O(N3), where N is the number of grid points along one side of a cubic velocity model. Our results with poststack data show that WM produces an image that in some places contains fewer migration artifacts and is about as well resolved as the KM ...
An efficient numerical model of CMOS latch-up

A one-dimensional numerical model of latch-up in bulk CMOS structures is presented. The model simulates the triggering and sustaining regimes of the parasitic SCR, yielding results nearly equivalent to those obtained using two-dimensional analysis, but with two orders of magnitude-lower computational cost. The model is used to obtain the SCR switching characteristics of typical CMOS based on two-dimensional impurity cross sections, and parameter sensitivities are examined.
Flexible routing and deadlock avoidance in automated manufacturing systems

Deadlock avoidance policies guarantee deadlock free buffer space allocation to concurrent competing parts in flexible manufacturing systems. Typically, these policies require enumeration of routes that parts follow. In systems with flexible routing, where parts can choose from a set of machines at each processing step, route enumeration can be of exponential complexity. Setup and execution of deadlock avoidance constraints are rendered computationally intractable. The objective of this work is to develop a control model that allows for several processing alternatives at each step while maintaining polynomial bounds on deadlock-free operation.
RIGOROUS IMAGE FORMATION FROM AIRBORNE AND SPACEBORNE DIGITAL ARRAY SCANNERS

Sensor builders in the digital era have design limitations due to the constraint of maximum available digital array size. A straightforward solution exists, for example, when four cameras that each simultaneously captures an image from essentially the same perspective centre; they can be re-sampled to form a virtual large format image that can be exploited using a single (instead of four separate) instantiation of a frame model. The purpose of this paper is to address the less trivial time-dependent cases where the sensor scans the ground and the detector arrays obtain chips of imagery that need to be stitched together to form a single conveniently exploitable image. Many operational techniques warp the imagery to form a mosaic, or ortho-rectify it using an imperfect digital surface model (DSM), thus eliminating the possibility for accurate geolocation and uncertainty estimation. This algorithm, however, forms a single virtual image with associated smooth metadata, which can be exploited using a simple physical sensor model. The algorithm consists of four main steps: 1) automated tie point matching; 2) camera calibration (once per sensor); 3) block adjustment; and 4) pixel re-sampling based on an "idealized" virtual model. The same geometry model used to form the image, or its true replacement, must be used to exploit it. This paper verifies the algorithm using real imagery acquired from the Global Hawk (GH) UAV. Registration of the virtual image to a WorldView1 stereopair using four tie points yielded an RMS below 0.6 meters per horizontal axis.
Classification of Clickjacking Attacks and Detection Techniques

ABSTRACTAmong many existing security threats, clickjacking attacks are the least understood and one of the common emerging security threats on the Web. A clickjacking attack lures users to click on objects transparently placed in malicious Web pages that may lead to unwanted operations on the legitimate Websites without the knowledge of the users. In particular, victims can be tricked to click on objects from various Websites such as social networks (Facebook, Twitter), shopping (Amazon), and online banking. Therefore, clickjacking attacks need to be addressed to mitigate these unwanted consequences. To combat the clickjacking attacks, it is necessary to understand how clickjacking attacks occur in the real world along with the comparative performance of the state-of-the art solutions.In this article, we discuss various basic and advanced clickjacking attacks. We then discuss a number of client, server, and proxy-level approaches that can be employed to combat clickjacking attacks. We also highlight the a...
Kinematic and static hypotheses for constitutive modelling of granulates considering particle rotation

The granular material perceived as a collection of particles is modelled as a Cosserat or multipolar continuum taking into account the effect of material microstructure. The macro-scale constitutive law for a granular material is derived from the micro-scale of two interacting particles. We adopt an approach based on a static hypothesis and establish two relationships: i) macro-to-micro static relationship, and ii) micro-to-macro kinematic relationship. We derive macro-scale constitutive constants for granular materials with idealized isotropic packing structure. The effects of inter-particle stiffness on the macro-scale constitutive constants are discussed. In addition, Green's function for concentrated force and couple is derived to be expressed in terms of inter-particle stiffness. Using the expressions of Green's function, the physical meaning and the effect of the internal characteristic length for granular materials are discussed.
Spectra of matching polynomials

Abstract The spectra of matching polynomials which are useful in the computations of resonance energy and grand canonical partition functions and other properties are obtained for certain classes of graphs and lattices. All the eigenvalues are obtainable for graphs which possess Hermitian adjacency matrices whose secular determinants are the matching polynomials. Several illustrative examples are provided.