cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral pilocarpine HCl stimulates labial (minor) salivary gland flow in patients with Sjogren's syndrome

Pilocarpine HCl has been shown to stimulate parotid and submandibular gland salivary flow. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this cholinergic-muscarinic drug also stimulates labial (minor) salivary gland (LSG) flow and to relate that with whole unstimulated salivary (WUS) flow rates. Subjects diagnosed with primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS-1; n = 9) or secondary Sjogren's syndrome (SS-2; n = 9) were enrolled in this study after meeting stringent enrollment criteria. An age-gender matched control group was also enrolled. The labial saliva was collected in a standardized manner on Periopaper for 5 min and the volume was analysed by the Periotron. Whole unstimulated salivary samples were collected for 5 min by the method of Mandel and Wotman (1976). Each subject was dosed with pilocarpine HCl (5 mg; tablets; p.o.). After 60 min the LSG flow as well as the WUS flow was determined again as previously. The results indicated a significant (> 180%) increase in both labial salivary gland flow as well as whole salivary flow in the SS-1 and SS-2 subjects (mean +/- s.e.m.): [SS-1: WUS = 0.1080 +/- 0.03 vs 0.2242 +/- 0.03 ml per 5 min; LSG = 93.1 +/- 22.2 vs 167.8 +/- 15.9 microliters/5 min; P < 0.001; SS-2: WUS = 0.1384 +/- 0.02 vs 0.2775 +/- 0.09 ml per 5 min; LSG = 97.7 +/- 20.2 vs 182.8 +/- 17.9 microliters per 5 min; P < 0.001]. These results indicate a significant increase in labial salivary gland flow as well as whole salivary flow as stimulated by pilocarpine HCl in Sjogren's syndrome patients.
Growth of Chickens Fed Only During the Cooler Part of the Day

Abstract THE data of Heywang (1944) show that the growth of young chickens is stimulated to some extent during hot weather when they receive artificial light either all night or from midnight to daylight, thus permitting them to eat during the cooler hours of the day. Because of this finding, it seemed probable that young chickens would grow much faster during hot weather if they were allowed to eat during only the cooler hours instead of only during the daytime hours (the usual method). In order to obtain information on this point, a series of experiments was conducted at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona. This station is located in a region with a subtropical, semiarid climate, where summer temperatures are high, but where the nights are much cooler than the days. The data obtained in these experiments on the weight, feed consumption, and efficiency of feed utilization of the . . .
The Effect of Numerical Solution Procedure on the Simulation of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators

The numerical simulation of shape memory alloy actuators requires the solution of the coupled thermo-mechanical, phase transformation, and constitutive relationship equations. Simulation results are highly affected by parametric values as well as modeling equations. Specifically, the martensite fraction affects the simulation results of the actuator significantly for various input excitation as fraction of martensite is often modeled with a switching function. Depending on the assumed model this may cause changes in other properties of the system. Therefore in this study, we investigate the modeling of NiTi shape memory alloy based on the available phenomenological models and study the effects of integration step, numerical solver parameters and code formulation in Matlab/SIMULINK. To emphasis on the numerical solving procedure a simple spring biased SMA actuator configuration is chosen. Simulation results from multiple available models are provided and discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A 150nW, 5ppm/ o C, 100kHz On-Chip clock source for ultra low power SoCs

This paper presents an ultra low power clock source using a 1μW temperature compensated on-chip digitally controlled oscillator (Osc CMP ) and a 100nW uncompensated oscillator (Osc UCMP ) with respective temperature stabilities of 5ppm/o C and 1.67%/o C. A fast locking circuit re-locks Osc UCMP to Osc CMP often enough to achieve a high effective temperature stability. Measurements of a 130nm CMOS chip show that this combination gives a stability of 5ppm/o C from 20o C to 40o C (14ppm/o C from 20o C to 70o C) at 150nW if temperature changes by 1o C or less every second. This result is 7X lower power than typical XTALs and 6X more stable than prior on-chip solutions.
The role of newly synthesized RNA on nuclear histone synthesis by chicken immature erythrocytes.

Chicken reticulocytes in vitro synthesize hemoglobin, nuclear ribonucleic acid, and nuclear proteins including histones. Inhibition of nuclear ribonucleic acid synthesis occurred promptly after administration of actinomycin D or 5,6-dichloro-l-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole and was followed by a rapid decrease in the rate of synthesis of certain nuclear proteins, particularly histones. The rate of synthesis of the hemoglobin fraction, which comprised the major bulk of cellular protein, was not affected by the inhibitors. The histone fractions demonstrating the greatest degree of biosynthetic suppression after inhibition of RNA synthesis were fractions f1 (the “lysinerich” histone) and f2b. These fractions were synthesized at less than 50 per cent of the rate of controls within 20 min after inhibition of RNA synthesis. These results suggest that the synthesis of specific histones may be under precise control in the reticulocyte nucleus through the mediation of newlyformed nuclear ribonucleic acid.
Impacts of Forced Serious Game Play on Vulnerable Subgroups

Three vulnerable subgroups of players non-gamers, resistant players, and females were studied to understand how each approaches and plays serious games. The authors explore forced required play using four different online casual games. Their research strongly suggests that the most important threat to a serious game's impact is when players dislike the game. Serious games are less effective for players who dislike a game and most effective for those who like the game. Non-gamers were at a distinct disadvantage as far as gameplay performance. They experienced a more negative effect in two of the four games. Finally, males tended to seek more difficult challenges in games than females. The optimal amount of challenge may be the most important gender difference to consider when designing serious games.
The joint influence of mother and father parenting on child cognitive outcomes at age 5

Few studies of parenting have considered the possibility that the association between one parent's supportive parenting and a child's early cognition is moderated by the other parent's supportiveness. We test this proposition using a low-income sample of coresident couples. In addition, we cross-classify parents within couples according to their parenting behaviors to test for homogamy. Mothers and fathers were videotaped during separate free-play dyadic interactions with their 2-year-old child, and each parent's behavior was coded according to six scales. K-means cluster analysis was used to describe each parent's pattern of parenting behaviors. Parents were then cross-classified within couples by pattern. There was mixed evidence of homogamous parenting styles within couples. After parents were consolidated into four primary pairings, children in each of these pairings were compared on age 5 math and language scores. Children with two supportive parents scored highest, while those with two unsupportive parents scored lowest. Among children with one supportive parent, the sex of that parent was inconsequential. There were no significant interactions between maternal and paternal supportiveness on either math or language. Thus, it appears that in this low-income sample the combined effects of maternal and paternal supportiveness are additive.
Correlating fractional free volume to CO2 selectivity in [Rmim][Tf2N] ionic liquids

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) with smaller molar volumes are typically correlated with improved CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 solubility selectivity. However, it is the free volume (i.e. the “empty” space) present within this molar volume where gas molecules will dissolve. Thus, we seek to find further relationships between IL free volume and molar volume as a means to more intuitively understand CO2 selectivity. Previously, we considered the effect of 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs with various anions (i.e. [Cnmim][X]) using COSMOTherm to rapidly calculate free volume. It was noted that ILs with the smallest molar volumes also had the smallest free volumes, indicating that a correlation between free volume and CO2 selectivity can exist. In our prior work, we considered 165 ILs, many of which had not yet been synthesized or are perhaps purely theoretical. Here, we extend our examination to functionalities other than n-alkyl groups such as ethers, nitriles, fluoroalkyls, etc. with the bis(triflamide) anion ([Tf2N]). The focus is devoted specifically to families of ILs that are readily synthesized and have CO2 solubility and selectivity data reported in the literature. Analysis of these [Rmim][Tf2N] ILs serves to further confirm that ILs with smaller free volumes also have improved CO2 selectivity, and that in most cases, polar functional groups provide better performance than the n-alkyl-functionalized analogs. Given that synthesis of functionalized imidazolium cations is typically more facile than novel anions, a deeper exploration of functional groups may be key to further improving CO2 selectivity in these types of ILs.
Surface properties of silver and aluminum nanoclusters

ABSTRACT We apply rst-principles computational methods to study the surface energy and surface stress of silver andaluminum nanoparticles. The structures, cohesive energies, and lattice contractions of Ag and Al nanoclustersare analyzed using an ab initio density functional pseudopotential technique combined with the generalizedgradient approximation for the exchange-correlation functional. Our calculations predict the surface energy ofAg and Al nanoclusters to be in the range of 1.1  2.2 J/m 2 and 0.9  2.0 J/m , respectively. These values areconsistent with the surface energies of bulk silver and aluminum. The sur face stress is estimated from the averagelattice contraction by consi dering the hydrostatic pressure on the surface of a spherical particle. A comparisonof the calculated surface energies and s tresses indicates a signi cantly greater degree of s urface reconstruction inAl clusters than in Ag clusters.Keywords: silver, aluminum, nanoparticles, ab initio calculations, surface energy, surface stress
Four photon parametric amplification

An analysis is presented describing four-photon parametric amplification in an unbiased Josephson junction. Central to the theory is the model of the Josephson effect as a nonlinear inductance. Linear, small signal analysis is applied to the two-fluid model of the Josephson junction. The gain, gain-bandwidth product, high frequency limit, and effective noise temperature are calculated for a cavity reflection amplifier. The analysis is extended to multiple (series-connected) junctions and subharmonic pumping.
A multinuclear double-tuned probe for applications with solids or liquids utilizing lumped tuning elements

Abstract A high-efficiency multinuclear double-tuned probe using lumped-element construction is compared and contrasted with a transmission line probe. A rationale for improved efficiency at the high frequency and a commensurate improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio is developed. Powder spectra obtained at 44.4 MHz with the lumped-element probe are shown and pertinent construction details are given.
Phase Transitions of an Isotropic Ferromagnet in an External Magnetic Field

The thermodynamics of transitions between uniformly and nonuniformly magnetized states of an isotropic ferromagnet in an external field is described in the molecular-field approximation. These results are found to be in substantial agreement with many experiments.
A variable order constitutive relation for viscoelasticity

A constitutive relation for linear viscoelasticity of composite materials is formulated using the novel concept of Variable Order (VO) differintegrals. In the model proposed in this work, the order of the derivative is allowed to be a function of the independent variable (time), rather than a constant of arbitrary order. We generalize previous works that used fractional derivatives for the stress and strain relationship by allowing a continuous spectrum of non-integer dynamics to describe the physical problem. Starting with the assumption that the order of the derivative is a measure of the rate of change of disorder within the material, we develop a statistical mechanical model that is in agreement with experimental results for strain rates varying more than eight orders of magnitude in value. We use experimental data for an epoxy resin and a carbon/epoxy composite undergoing constant compression rates in order to derive a VO constitutive equation that accurately models the linear viscoelastic deformation in time. The resulting dimensionless constitutive equation agrees well with all the normalized data while using a much smaller number of empirical coefficients when compared to available models in the literature.
Near-Inertial Wave Propagation In Geostrophic Shear

Abstract An approximate dispersion relation for near-inertial internal waves propagating in geostrophic shear is formulated that includes straining by the mean flow shear. Near-inertial and geostrophic motions have similar horizontal scales in the ocean. This implies that interaction terms involving mean flow shear of the form (v·Δ)V as well as the mean flow itself [(V·Δ)v] must be retained in the equations of motion. The vorticity ζ shifts the lower bound of the internal waveband from the planetary value of the Coriolis frequency f to an effective Coriolis frequency feπ = f + ζ/2. A ray tracing approach is adopted to examine the propagation behavior of near-inertial waves in a model geostrophic jet. Trapping and amplification occur in regions of negative vorticity where near-inertial waves' intrinsic frequency &omega0 can be less than the effective Coriolis frequency of the surrounding ocean. Intense downward-propagating near-inertial waves have been observed at the base of upper ocean negative vorticity...
High frequency sound emission from moving point multipole sources embedded in arbitrary transversely sheared mean flows

Formulas are derived for the high frequency sound emission from moving point multipole sources embedded in an arbitrary unidirectional transversely sheared mean flow. The results are used to study the sound generated by non-axisymmetric turbulent jets. The effect of the asymmetry in both the mean flow and the source distribution is accounted for by a 'circumferential directivity factor', which is easily calculated from the solution of a second order ordinary differential equation in the general case and from an explicit formula when the mean flow is symmetric but the source location is not. This factor is used to assess the potential of employing asymmetric velocity profiles that redirect the sound upward to reduce the noise radiation below the flight path of a jet aircraft.
Thyroid gland and adjacent lesions: Cytomorphological clues!

A 65-year-old female presented for evaluation of hypertension. Physical examination revealed a painless lump in the neck. Ultrasound examination of the thyroid showed a posteriorly located, hypervascular, single hypoechoic, solid lesion, measuring 1.4 cm, near the upper pole of the left thyroid gland. Figure ​Figure1a1a–d shows the cytomorphological features of the fine needle aspirate in Diff-Quik stained smears. Papanicolaou (Pap) stained smears were suboptimal with scant cellularity. Figure 1 Fine-needle aspiration of neck lesion (Diff-Quik stained preparation). (a) Mildly cellular smear without colloid (×4). (b) Showing small groups of cells forming syncitia, admixed with a few bare nuclei (arrowheads). Inset of “b” ...
Applying the Multiple Dimensions of Reading Fluency to Assessment and Instruction

In Study 1 we evaluated whether each of three kinds of reading fluency (oral, silent—sentences, silent—passages) contributed uniquely to reading comprehension when children were in second grade (wh...
Central Charge and BPS Equations of Script N = 2 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory

We present a canonical derivation of the central charge and BPS equations of the low-energy effective action for = 2 SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in the Coulomb phase. Our formula for the central charge includes additional terms that depend on the core structure of charged solitons. We also show that supersymmetry is in general violated by magnetic charges. However, for BPS states, supersymmetry can be restored by adding source terms to the lagrangian.
Representation of lineshape parameters and deconvolution of Mössbauer spectra

Abstract We report a rapidly convergent analytic representation for the Mossbauer effect (ME) lineshape and its Fourier transform, which gives an exact description of transmission and conversion electron cases. This representation permits the accurate determination of all Mossbauer effect (ME) parameters, including position, width, cross section, and interference and can be used to deconvolute hyperfine information contained in either source or absorber. The limitations of lorentzian and exponential-lorentzian fits to ME experiments are clarified.
Clinical Use of Blood Products in Cats: A Retrospective Study (1997-2000)

The records of the Transfusion Medicine Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at The Ohio State University were searched for client-owned cats that received whole blood (WB), packed red blood cells (PRBCs), or fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions between December 1, 1997, and April 1, 2000. Eighty-one cats received 112 units of blood products, consisting of 49 units of WB (administered to 35 cats), 44 units of PRBCs (administered to 34 cats), and 19 units of FFP (administered to 13 cats); 10 cats received more than 1 product each. Anemia was the most common reason for transfusing RBC-containing blood products, requiring 33 units of WB (75%) and 39 units of PRBCs (80%). The 2 most common causes of anemia were blood loss (27%) and renal disease (20%). Hypoalbuminemia (n = 9) and coagulopathies (n = 6), primarily due to liver disease (n = 7), were the 2 most common reasons for cats to receive transfusions of FFP. There were no differences in increase in PCV after administration of either 1 unit of WB or 1 unit of PRBCs (P = .22). Transfusion reactions occurred in 3 cats; 2 reactions were mild febrile events, but a fatal reaction occurred when a type B cat inadvertently received type A blood.
Applications of Directional Wavefield Decomposition, Phase Space, and Path Integral Methods to Seismic Wave Propagation and Inversion

Recently, de Hoop and coworkers developed an asymptotic, seismic inversion formula for application in complex environments supporting multi-pathed and multi-mode wave propagation (DE HooP et al., 1999; DE HooP and BRANDSBERG-DAHL, 2000; STOLK and DE HooP, 2000). This inversion is based on the Born/Kirchhoff approximation, and employs the global, uniform asymptotic extension of the geometrical method of “tracing rays” to account for caustic phenomena. While this approach has successfully inverted the multicomponent, ocean-bottom data from the Valhall field in Norway, accounting for severe focusing effects (DE HooP and BRANDSBERG-DAHL, 2000), it is not able to account properly for wave phenomena neglected in the “high-frequency” limit (i.e., diffraction effects) and strong scattering effects. To proceed further and incorporate wave effects in a nonlinear inversion scheme, the theory of directional wavefield decomposition and the construction of the generalized Bremmer coupling series are combined with the application of modern phase space and path (functional) integral methods to, ultimately, suggest an inversion algorithm which can be interpreted as a method of “tracing waves.” This paper is intended to provide the seismic community with an introduction to these approaches to direct and inverse wave propagation and scattering, intertwining some of the most recent new results with the basic outline of the theory, and culminating in an outline of the extended, asymptotic, seismic inversion algorithm. Modeling at the level of the fixed-frequency (elliptic), scalar Helmholtz equation, exact and uniform asymptotic constructions of the well-known, and fundamentally important, square-root Helmholtz operator (symbol) provide the most important results.
Industrial Fiber Processing and Machine Design: Mathematical Modeling, Computer Simulation, and Virtual Prototyping

Mathematical modeling and computer simulation of industrial fiber processing technologies are discussed, with focus on the motion, dynamics, transport, and col lection of fibers within specific representative classes of gas flow environments and machine design configurations of importance in the industrial setting. Desired capa bilities are evident in capturing dominant physical processes and fundamental dynamic mechanisms underlying gas-machine, fiber-machine, fiber-fiber, and gas-fiber inter actions. Simulations on high-speed computers demonstrate powerful predictive ca pabilities of optimizing fiber movement, manageability, and control; optimizing input- fiber characteristics to produce output products of higher quality; and virtual proto typing and optimal design and redesign of fiber processing machinery. Strong potential benefits may be possible for "next generation" prototype technologies and machine designs to be considered for large-production fiber processing industrial facilities and machinery ...
Visualizing evolution in real-time method for strain engineering.

The adaptive landscape for an industrially-relevant phenotype is determined by the effects of the genetic determinants on the fitness of the microbial system. Identifying the underlying adaptive landscape for a particular phenotype of interest will greatly enhance our abilities to engineer more robust microbial strains. Visualizing evolution in real-time (VERT) is a recently developed method based on in vitro adaptive evolution that facilitates the identification of fitter mutants throughout the course of evolution. Combined with high-throughput genomic tools, VERT can greatly enhance the mapping of adaptive landscapes of industrially-relevant phenotypes in microbial systems, thereby expanding our knowledge on the parameters that can be used for strain engineering.
A Balancing Act for Taxol Precursor Pathways in E. coli

Taxol (paclitaxel) is a widely used cancer drug that was first isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia . In 1991, during early stages of its clinical use, 130 kg of Taxol were extracted from 1000 tons of bark, which required cutting down more than 500,000 mature Pacific yew trees ( 1 ). Fortunately, Taxol is presently made by less destructive methods, either through chemical conversion of a related molecule derived from needles of the more prevalent European yew, T. baccata ( 2 ), or from cultured plant cells ( 3 ). Nonetheless, both these plant-based processes are difficult, and this valuable drug remains expensive. On page 70 of this issue, Ajikumar et al. ( 4 ) have made progress toward making Taxol in Escherichia coli , biotechnology's workhorse bacterium, in substantial quantities by balancing several enzymatic pathways to make its complex multicyclic core (see the figure).
Determinants of Condom Use Among High-Risk Heterosexual Adults: A Test of the Theory of Reasoned Action1

The research presents tests of traditional and augmented versions of Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), applied to condom use among adult clients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic. In a longitudinal survey, predictor variables suggested by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), plus gender and condom use self-efficacy, were measured at Time 1. Condom use at Time 2, 3 months later, was regressed onto these variables. The traditional TRA worked well to predict condom use intentions and behavior. Support was also found for inclusion of gender and self-efficacy in the prediction of intention to use condoms, but not behavior. Implications for interventions to increase condom use among those at high risk for AIDS and other STDs are discussed.
The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)

The Cretaceous theropod families Ornithomimidae, Tyrannosauridae, Troodontidae, Elmisauridae, and Avimimidae share an unusual condition of the metatarsus. The central (third) metatarsal is greatly ...
Highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large urban clinic: risk factors for virologic failure and adverse drug reactions.

Unselected patients in whom highly active antiretroviral therapy is started in a clinic setting achieve viral suppression substantially less frequently than do patients in controlled clinical trial...
On the construction of certain Dulac functions

Using methods for the construction of Lyapunov functions, some Dulac functions are obtained that assure the nonexistence of closed paths for second-order dynamical systems. >
Learning Engineering: Design, Languages, and Experiences*

This paper reviews current concerns about engineering education. Paying special attention to the role of design, constructs and themes are offered as enabling perceptions of how students can learn engineering. The constructs view the curriculum as a sum of skills to be mastered and experiences in which to be involved. The themes capture three attitudinal paradigm shifts: changing the balance between design and analysis; more explicitly recognizing that many languages are used in engineering; and considering whether the BS degree in engineering might be uncoupled from its role as the entry-level certification for the profession.
OPC rectification of random space patterns in 193-nm lithography

This paper presents a methodology for modeling the space printability at the gate level in 193nm lithography. Spaces are shown to be more susceptible to process variations and lens aberrations than lines are. Experimental Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) pictures show that the scum and bridging effects can occur in spaces although all the line critical dimensions (CDs) are on target. A resist imaging model is used to simulate the line CDs through defocus, pitch and size, and the prediction error is within 5nm. However, this model can not reasonably predict space CDs without using variable threshold, which is explained a proposed trajectory dissolution rate model. Based on the dissolution model, a process rule checker is proposed which inspects the peak light intensity in a space and compares it with a given threshold. This condition is verified experimentally.
Strontium speciation during reaction of kaolinite with simulated tank-waste leachate : Bulk and microfocused EXAFS analysis

Radioactive strontium (90Sr) is an important constituent of the complex wastes from past nuclear weapons production and has been stored in underground tanks at U.S. DOE sites (e.g., Hanford, WA). Using bulk and microfocused EXAFS spectroscopy, we examined temporal changes in solid-phase Sr speciation in kaolinite samples reacted for 1−369 d with high-pH, high ionic strength synthetic tank-waste leachate containing Sr2+ and Cs+ at 10-3 mol kg-1. Analyses of bulk EXAFS spectra showed that Sr initially forms a precipitate by 7 d with a local structure similar to SrCO3(s). At 33 d, microfocused EXAFS of individual particles in one sample revealed a mixture of hydrated and dehydrated Sr associated with neoformed sodalite-type phases. At aging times of 93 d and longer, bulk EXAFS spectra and supporting characterizations indicated nonexchangeable Sr with a local structure consistent with incorporation into increasingly crystalline aluminosilicate particles, particularly sodalite. These experimental studies sugge...
The effect of the home cage environment on retention of an active avoidance response in previsual rats

Ten-day-old rats trained on multidirectional active avoidance response in a shock well showed no evidence of retention of the response 30 min after training if they were returned to the home cage during the retention interval. In contrast, rat pups that were maintained in a temperature­ controlled chamber showed some retention ofthe response. Potential differences in arousal level may account for the differential effects of the retention interval manipulations. There is ample evidence that rats younger than 2 weeks of age have difficulty retaining· an active avoidance response (AR) even at short time intervals. Spear and Smith (1978), for example, found no 24-h retention in 7-12-day-old rats whose memories were not reactivated during the retention interval. Similarly, Goldman and Tobach (1967), who were the first to examine retention of avoidance behavior in previsual rats, provide no con­ vincing evidence of 24-h retention. Ten- and 13-day-old rats were given 3 successive days of training on an active AR, and the lO-day-olds made fewer ARs on their 3rd day of training than the 13-day-olds on their 1st day of training, suggesting that day-to-day improvements were maturational rather than memorial in nature. More re­ cently, Misanin, Turns, and Hinderliter (in press) found that, although the retentive memory capacity of 10000y-old rats was sufficient to sustain memory beyond the training session, a retention deficit was evident as soon as 5 min af­ ter training. There was no evidence of retention 30 min after training. That the retention deficit in previsual rats is due to the inaccessibility, rather than the unavailabil­ ity, of the memory for the AR is indicated in the work of Spear and Smith (1978). These investigators were able to get 24-h retention of an active AR in 9- and 12-day­ old rats if the rats' memories were reactivated during the retention interval. Retroactive interference often has been suggested as the prime determinant of memory inaccessibility (e.g., Miller & Berk, 1979). Since previsual rats are typically returned to the home cage during the retention interval, home cage environmental stimuli may be the primary source of
Discounted and Per Unit Costs of Product Warranty

This paper proposes a detailed model of the costs and benefits to producers and consumers of product warranty. Three common types of product warranty contract are considered. In addition, we explicitly allow for randomness in consumer repurchase behavior and for the possibility of an independent damage process acting on products sold under warranty. The cost criteria considered are discounted costs profits and per unit costs and profits. The model is used to analyze the trade-off between warranty and quality control, and to illustrate the sensitivity of warranty costs to environmental variables.
Irrigating with municipal sewage effluent in a rural environment

Abstract Between 1968 and 1988, tertiary treated sewage effluent from the South Lake Tahoe, California area was pumped from the Tahoe basin, stored in a multi‐use recreation reservoir in a neighboring county, and utilized as agricultural irrigant in that county. A comprehensive monitoring program for surface and groundwater in the irrigation area was not implemented until 1980. The holding reservoir repeatedly proved of inadequate size, resulting in spills to an adjacent creek or the use of irrigant at sub‐optimum times. The number of acres available for effluent irrigation decreased substantially during the study period. The amount of effluent irrigant used per acre was significantly higher than the original, anticipated application rates, resulting in demonstrable impacts on surface and groundwater. These impacts, while of no immediate public health concern, were not an intended outcome of the project and were substantially avoidable with better planning. In this rural, near‐pristine environment, all bu...
Demystifying Research: What's Necessary and Why Administrators Need to Understand It

Despite the need to adopt evidence-based school reform practices, administrators are often stymied by the proliferation of instructional strategies not supported by research data. In this article, misconceptions about research terms are clarified, and sources for reliable studies are suggested. We offer practical guidelines for determining whether findings are credible and relevant for a particular context. By demystifying research, it is hoped school administrators will be encouraged to be critical consumers of research studies when making administrative decisions.
Duopoly Light? Service Agreements and Local TV

The United States is in the middle of a debate about media ownership with clear lines of demarcation. The industry claims that regulation is burdensome, unnecessary, and disruptive of market mechanisms. Media reformers counter that relying only on the market can be detrimental to the public interest. This research revealed that service agreements among stations in the same television market have a profound effect on the content of local TV news as station managers and owners achieve economies of scale in the use of anchors, reporters, scripts, and graphics/video.
Biosynthesis of Camalexin from Tryptophan Pathway Intermediates in Cell-Suspension Cultures of Arabidopsis

Camalexin (3-thiazol-2'-yl-indole) is the principal phytoalexin that accumulates in Arabidopsis after infection by fungi or bacteria. Camalexin accumulation was detectable in Arabidopsis cell-suspension cultures 3 to 5 h after inoculation with Cochliobolus carbonum (Race 1), and then increased rapidly from 7 to 24 h after inoculation. Levels of radioactivity incorporated into camalexin during a 1.5-h pulse labeling with [14C]anthranilate also increased with time after fungal inoculation. The levels of radioactive incorporation into camalexin increased rapidly between 7 and 18 h after inoculation, and then decreased along with camalexin accumulation. Relatively low levels of radioactivity from [14C]anthranilate incorporated into camalexin in the noninoculated controls. Autoradiographic analysis of the accumulation of chloroform-extractable metabolites labeled with [14C]anthranilate revealed a transient increase in the incorporation of radioactivity into indole in fungus-inoculated Arabidopsis cell cultures. The time-course measurement of radioactive incorporation into camalexin during a 1.5-h pulse labeling with [14C]indole was similar to that with [14C]anthranilate. These data suggest that indole destined for camalexin synthesis is produced by a separate enzymatic reaction that does not involve tryptophan synthase.
Ablation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α2 Activity Exacerbates Insulin Resistance Induced by High-Fat Feeding of Mice

OBJECTIVE— We determined whether muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a role in the development of insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Muscle-specific transgenic mice expressing an inactive form of the AMPK α2 catalytic subunit (α2i TG) and their wild-type littermates were fed either a high-fat (60% kcal fat) or a control (10% kcal fat) diet for 30 weeks. RESULTS— Compared with wild-type mice, glucose tolerance in α2i TG mice was slightly impaired on the control diet and significantly impaired on the high-fat diet. To determine whether the whole-body glucose intolerance was associated with impaired insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, glucose transport in response to submaximal insulin (450 μU/ml) was measured in isolated soleus muscles. On the control diet, insulin-stimulated glucose transport was reduced by ∼50% in α2i TG mice compared with wild-type mice. High-fat feeding partially decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport in wild-type mice, while high-fat feeding resulted in a full blunting of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in the α2i TG mice. High-fat feeding in α2i TG mice was accompanied by decreased expression of insulin signaling proteins in gastrocnemius muscle. CONCLUSIONS— The lack of skeletal muscle AMPK α2 activity exacerbates the development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance caused by high-fat feeding and supports the thesis that AMPK α2 is an important target for the prevention/amelioration of skeletal muscle insulin resistance through lifestyle (exercise) and pharmacologic (e.g., metformin) treatments.
Thinking Before We Act

As clinical sequencing enters mainstream use and collection of genomic information from patients becomes routine, one consequence is the incidental discovery of genetic variations that can potentially cause disease. The issue of returning this information to the patient, with the option to act on such findings, has generated a great deal of discussion regarding the best policy to address the ethical issues and improve health outcomes. As the debate continues to play out on how to act, Dorschner and colleagues address an important, related question: How many actionable pathogenic mutations are identifiable from genetic data? The authors began by assembling clinical experts with extensive expertise in medical genetics who then defined a set of 114 genes that were previously determined to harbor clinically actionable genetic variants. After defining very strict criteria for classifying pathogenicity for variants documented in the Human Gene Mutation Database, they screened the data from a set of 1000 individuals (half of European ancestry and half of African descent) randomly selected from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Exome Sequencing Project. Experts then manually reviewed the 239 distinct mutations identified in these individuals. Sixteen of these variants were determined to be pathogenic and were found in 18 individuals (1.8% of those surveyed). Although only a modest number of mutations were classified as high-penetrance and pathogenic, the work brings much-needed attention to the need for better databases designed specifically to identify mutations sufficient for clinical return, the deficit of pathogenic mutations identified in non-European populations owing to insufficient studies in minority populations, the time required to review identified mutations, and the potential for misclassification of pathogenicity given current mutational databases. It is clear that more thinking is needed to develop the next generation of resources and maximize the potential for proper action on genetic findings as they emerge. M. O. Dorschner et al ., Actionable, pathogenic incidental findings in 1,000 participants’ exomes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93 , 631–640 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929713003819
The Investigation of the Teaching of a Second Language

Author's summary.— The following article briefly sketches the work outlined by the Investigation of the Teaching of a Second Language, which is evaluating a number of recent experiments in language teaching.
Principal Angles Separate Subject Illumination Spaces in YDB and CMU-PIE

The theory of illumination subspaces is well developed and has been tested extensively on the Yale Face Database B (YDB) and CMU-PIE (PIE) data sets. This paper shows that if face recognition under varying illumination is cast as a problem of matching sets of images to sets of images, then the minimal principal angle between subspaces is sufficient to perfectly separate matching pairs of image sets from nonmatching pairs of image sets sampled from YDB and PIE. This is true even for subspaces estimated from as few as six images and when one of the subspaces is estimated from as few as three images if the second subspace is estimated from a larger set (10 or more). This suggests that variation under illumination may be thought of as useful discriminating information rather than unwanted noise.
OZONE EXPOSURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES BY BRONCHOALVEOLAR CELLS IN HUMANS

Exposure to ozone injures respiratory epithelium, and the mechanisms may involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study tested the hypothesis that ozone exposure increases the airway burden of ROS to a greater degree in smokers than nonsmokers, and that this effect is independent of ozone-induced changes in spirometry. Healthy subjects were selected as either responders (decrement in FEV1 > 15%) or nonresponders (decrement in FEV1 < 5%) to ozone; each underwent 2 exposures to ozone and 1 to air, with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed 30 min (early) and 18 h (late) after exposure. Release of superoxide anion (O2(-)) was used as a measure of ROS release by all BAL cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect ROS production in alveolar macrophages (AM) only. Recovery of AM was approximately threefold greater in smokers than nonsmokers. Unstimulated, but not stimulated, cells obtained by BAL from smokers released approximately twofold greater amounts of O2(-) than cells from nonsmokers, both early and late after ozone exposure (p =.012 and p =.046, respectively). Stimulated, but not unstimulated, ROS generation by AM from smokers increased following ozone exposure, but the ozone effect was not significant. ROS production by AM decreased in nonsmokers (air vs. ozone late, p =.014). Total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) increased in BAL fluid, consistent with an increase in epithelial permeability. In addition, the concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin increased approximately threefold 18 h after exposure in nonsmokers (p <.001). No relationship was found between measures of ROS production and lung function responsiveness to ozone. These studies suggest the airways of smokers experience a greater burden of ROS than those of nonsmokers following ozone exposure.
North atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms

Variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Tropical Atlantic dominate the climate of the North Atlantic sector, the underlying ocean and surrounding continents on interannual to decadal time scales. Here we review these phenomena, their climatic impacts and our present state of understanding of their underlying cause. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society.
An atypical case of nephrolithiasis with transient remission of symptoms following spinal manipulation.

Objective Nephrolithiasis is a common condition with symptoms similar to common mechanical lesions of the lumbar spine and pelvis. The purpose of this report is to outline a case of nephrolithiasis that closely mimicked sacroiliac joint syndrome in subjective report, objective findings, and reduction of symptoms with spinal manipulation.
A comparison of data mining methods for yield modeling, chamber matching and virtual metrology applications

Statistical modeling methods have become a key tool in yield analysis and chamber matching. As the transition to 45nm and below increases it is becoming difficult to maintain yield and avoid excursions. Generalized and accurate models of process behavior to predict yield can quickly give insight into the cause of yield loss and process excursion. Here we simulate linear and nonlinear models of yield from process data and evaluate the performance of methods like partial least squares, support vector regression, and rules ensemble in predicting these yield models.
Effects of Comparative Perfusions of Equimolar, Single Component Insulin and Proinsulin in the Human Forearm

The human forearm was used as a model system for testing the biological activity of proinsulin (PI) upon peripheral adipose tissue and muscle. Contrasts were made with equimolar perfusions of single component insulin (SCI) in a mean venous perfusion concentration of 263 μU per milliliter and also with SCI perfusions giving venous concentrations of 83 or 47.7 μU permilliliter. Mean venous concentration of PI when perfused alone was equivalent on a molar basis to SCI at 281 μU. per milliliter. PI, at a molar excess of 26:1 (PI:endogenous insulin), shut off lipolysis and promoted potassium uptake but was only slightly effective in promoting glucose uptake. PI was quantitatively similar in effect to 47.7 or 83 μU. per milliliter of insulin upon K flux and blockade of lipolysis but less effective than 47.7 μU. per milliliter in promotion of glucose uptake. When PI and SCI were simultaneously perfused in a molar ratio of 1:1, PI neither augmented nor inhibited SCI actions.
Fee versus royalty licensing in a Cournot duopoly model

Abstract This paper finds that royalty licensing can be superior to fixed-fee licensing for the patent-holding firm when the cost-reducing innovation is non-drastic. The reason for this result is that the patent-holding firm enjoys a cost advantage over the licensee under royalty licensing while the two firms compete on equal footing under fixed-fee licensing.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Language and Brain Plasticity.

Our understanding of speech and language disorders may be aided by information about the constraints and predispositions contributed by neural developmental processes. As soon as we begin to look at human neuroanatomy and development from a comparative perspective, it is possible to recognize a number of ways that human brains diverge from the general pattern of other ape and monkey brains. These divergences may offer clues to language evolution. Large-scale quantitative changes in the relative proportions of brain regions (as opposed to just overall expansion) offer some of the most obvious clues. Additional information about how axons are guided in their extensions to distant developmental targets and how competitive trophic processes sculpt these connections also provides a way to understand how gross quantitative changes in cell numbers could affect circuit organization and ultimately behavior.
On the Radiation Resistance of a Simple Vertical Antenna at Wave Lengths below the Fundamental

In this paper, the radiation resistance of a filamentary vertical antenna erected over perfectly conducting plane earth is calculated for wave lengths down to 0.3 of the fundamental. Pierce's assumption of sinusoidal variation of the current amplitude along the antenna forms the basis of an application of the methods of the electron theory, whereby the e.m. potentials are found by integration and the field and Poynting vectors subsequently derived by differentiation. An improved method of computation, using the sine- and cosine-integrals, is introduced. The numerical results are tabulated and exhibited graphically.
Inhibition of EGFR signaling in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells by combination treatment with β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate and curcumin

Many naturally occurring compounds, including beta-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and curcumin, exhibit significant anti-cancer chemopreventive effects. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of PEITC and curcumin in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells and in PC-3 cells that were stably transfected with an NF-kappaB luciferase plasmid (PC-3 C4). We found an additive effect of PEITC and curcumin for the induction of apoptosis. To elucidate the potential mechanisms of this effect, we studied several critical cellular signaling pathways, including the critical NF-kappaB cell survival signal that is hyper-activated in PC-3 cells and many other cancers. PEITC and curcumin additively inhibited NF-kappaB luciferase activity. Furthermore, the combined treatment significantly increased the activity of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase and cleavage of caspase-3 in correlation with apoptotic cell death. Studying upstream signaling events, we found that the phosphorylations of IkappaBalpha and Akt (Ser473, Thr308) were significantly attenuated by the combination of PEITC and curcumin. As these events can be downstream of the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we pretreated PC-3 cells with PEITC and curcumin and then stimulated them with EGF. EGFR phosphorylations (Y845 and Y1068) were dramatically suppressed by PEITC or curcumin, and more so by the combination. Importantly, the degree of Akt and PI3K phosphorylations induced by EGF were also significantly suppressed. We conclude that the simultaneous targeting of EGFR, Akt and NF-kappaB signaling pathways by PEITC and curcumin could be the molecular targets by which PEITC and curcumin exert their additive inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and ultimately lead to programmed cell death of tumor cells.