cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PSYCHOGENIC TREMOR OCCURRING AFTER DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION SURGERY FOR ESSENTIAL TREMOR

Thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is an extremely effective treatment for essential tremor (ET) with most patients obtaining complete or nearly complete suppression of tremor.1 Rare failures are usually explained by poor lead placement, lead fracture, or implantable pulse generator (IPG) failure. At times, DBS failure cannot be attributed to hardware malfunction and other causes must be sought. We report a patient who developed psychogenic tremor after DBS surgery for ET. ### Case report. A 54-year-old right-handed man with a family history of ET had a 10-year history of postural and action tremor. When seen by a movement disorders specialist at our institution 8 years into his illness, his examination was consistent with ET affecting the head and arms, but most disabling in the left arm. After numerous failed medication trials, thalamic DBS implantation was undertaken elsewhere. Although the patient had mild disability from right arm tremor prior to surgery, bilateral implantation was considered the best approach. …
Acceptor and donor states of impurities in wide band gap II VI semiconductors

Abstract The stability of substitutional versus displaced atomic configurations for N, Al, Ga, Cl, and isoelectronic O impurities in ZnSe, ZnTe, MgTe wide band gap semiconductors were examined via first-principles pseudopotential calculations. Negatively charged DX centers with very large lattice relaxations are found to be the stable states of Al and Ga donor impurities in ZnTe and MgTe but to be high energy metastable states in ZnSe and MgSe. The acceptor state of O in ZnSe is identified with a strongly bonded configuration in which a Zn-O bond replaces a Zn-Se bond. The idea of a beneficial defect-mediated doping mechanism is proposed and applied to an explanation of the properties of N impurities in ZnSe.
Seasonal and inter-annual trends in the zooplankton prey and growth rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae on Georges Bank

Abstract The combination of two data sets compiled as part of the US GLOBEC NW Atlantic Georges Bank Program afforded us the opportunity to examine prey abundance and larval growth rates over extended spatial and temporal scales. These data demonstrate a strong correlation between larval growth rates and estimated prey biomass concentration. The dominant copepod taxa on Georges Bank were monitored between January and June of 1995 through 1999, using a pump sampler and a 1-m MOCNESS. Between March and May of these years over 10,000 cod and haddock larvae were collected and recent growth rates of individual larvae estimated using RNA/DNA ratio analysis. The zooplankton sampling was completed on monthly broadscale cruises covering much of the Bank, while most of the larval collections were made on process cruises concentrated on the southern flank. Indices of prey abundance on the southern flank were estimated for different size-classes of larvae. Prey counts (# m−3) and prey biomass concentration (μg dry weight m−3) increased between February and May of each year. Following a similar trend, larval growth rates increased between March and May. Particularly strong correlations were observed between the biomass of Pseudocalanus spp. and larval growth rates. These correlations persisted when the seasonal trend was removed from the estimates of prey biomass concentration, and the seasonal and ontogenetic trends were removed from the estimated growth rates. The spring of 1995 and to a lesser extent 1996 appeared to be periods of low prey availability and poor growth of cod and haddock larvae on Georges Bank. Although no large year class of cod was produced during the study period, the 1998 year-class of haddock was among the largest produced over the previous 20 years on Georges Bank. The data suggest that rapid larval growth maybe a necessary but not sufficient requirement for production of a strong year class. The strong correlations observed between prey biomass concentration and larval growth rates provide additional support for the “growth–mortality” hypothesis that links favorable feeding conditions to rapid growth, reduced stage duration and enhanced survival and recruitment.
Handling Marker-Marker Linkage Disequilibrium: Pedigree Analysis with Clustered Markers

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are rapidly replacing microsatellites as the markers of choice for genetic linkage studies and many other studies of human pedigrees. Here, we describe an efficient approach for modeling linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers during multipoint analysis of human pedigrees. Using a gene-counting algorithm suitable for pedigree data, our approach enables rapid estimation of allele and haplotype frequencies within clusters of tightly linked markers. In addition, with the use of a hidden Markov model, our approach allows for multipoint pedigree analysis with large numbers of SNP markers organized into clusters of markers in LD. Simulation results show that our approach resolves previously described biases in multipoint linkage analysis with SNPs that are in LD. An updated version of the freely available Merlin software package uses the approach described here to perform many common pedigree analyses, including haplotyping and haplotype frequency estimation, parametric and nonparametric multipoint linkage analysis of discrete traits, variance-components and regression-based analysis of quantitative traits, calculation of identity-by-descent or kinship coefficients, and case selection for follow-up association studies. To illustrate the possibilities, we examine a data set that provides evidence of linkage of psoriasis to chromosome 17.
Variation in 15N enrichment of crimson clover labeled under field conditions

Plant material labeled with 15N is often used to determine recovery of N from green manure crops by subsequent crops. In this study, 15N enriched crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was grown at a field site where it was to be utilized in a subsequent experiment. A foliar spray of (NH4)2SO4 (99 atom % excess 15N) was applied to a 1.2 m × 8.8 m plot of crimson clover at a rate of 10 kg N ha−1 in early March 1990, immediately prior to the period of rapid vegetative growth. Clover shoots harvested in April contained 1.72 atom % excess 15N. Total N concentration of enriched clover was similar to that in adjacent untreated clover. Clover shoots contained 20% of the applied 15N, and an additional 27% was recovered from the surface soil horizon (0 to 15 cm). A gradient was observed across the plot, with clover enrichment increasing from 1.3 to 2.2 atom % excess 15N. Recovery of applied 15N in soil was highest in the subplots with lowest clover enrichment. Variability in 15N enrichment was also observed among plant parts: leaves from the basal half of shoots had 2.2 atom % excess 15N; while leaves from the terminal half of shoots, terminal stems, and basal stems had between 1.1 and 1.4 atom % excess 15N.
On Weakening the Strongest Link: Attributions and Intervention Strategies for Behavior Change

Participants read vignettes in which two mental antecedents (e.g., two motivations, emotions, or attitudes) generally co-occurred with a behavior. When the behavior was undesirable, they believed that the more typical antecedent represented the stronger subjective experience of the target person. They also recommended that greater modification effort be directed toward the typical antecedent (Study 1) and believed that modifying it would be more effective in reducing the behavior (Study 2). Their responses violated the covariation rule and constituted endorsement of a “weaken the strongest link” strategy of behavior change. When the objective was to strengthen a causal chain to facilitate a desirable behavior, in contrast, participants indicated that they would strengthen the weakest link by modifying the atypical antecedent. Results suggest that both attributions and intervention strategies may be affected by intervention goal.
Associations of variations in alcohol dehydrogenase genes with the level of response to alcohol in non-Asians.

Background: Risk and protective factors for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are complex and reflect both environmental and genetic factors. Genetic components account for about 50% of the variation and influence several phenotypes, including the level of response (LR) to alcohol as well as alcohol-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms. Variations in the ADH1B and ADH1C genes may influence the LR to alcohol by increasing levels of acetaldehyde during alcohol metabolism, although most data on this question come from Asian populations. Methods: This study evaluated associations of ADH1B and ADH1C genotypes in a non-Asian sample. Participants (N=117, 69.2% female) were 18- to 29-year-old men and women, primarily Caucasian (70.1%) and black (26.5%), recruited in San Diego, California. The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism Interview was used to assess demographic, substance use, and psychiatric history information, and the Family History Assessment Module was used to determine first-degree family history of alcohol dependence. An alcohol challenge paradigm was used to gather data on the LR to alcohol over 210 minutes. Results: Participants with the ADH1B*1/*2 genotype had a higher LR to alcohol early in the alcohol challenge (i.e., 30, 60, and 90 minutes after drinking) as measured by both alcohol-related changes in subjective feelings of intoxication and body sway, even when controlling for sex and Russian/Eastern European ancestry. A similar trend was seen for ADH1C*1/*1 genotype, although the results were not significant. Conclusions: These findings suggest that studies searching for genes relating to the LR to alcohol as a vulnerability factor for AUDs should consider controlling for ADH1B genotype, as the ADH1B*2 allele could obscure the impact of other genetic polymorphisms.
Collaborative Investigation of Inclusive Early Education Practices: A Blueprint for Teacher-Researcher Partnership.

This paper describes the rationale, development, and first-year implementation of Wisconsin's Preschool Action Research and Development Initiative (PARDI) which evolved from a desire to enhance the...
Cooperation with demand characteristics and the bimodal distribution of verbal conditioning data

A frequency distribution of verbal conditioning data was found to be quite bimodal. The upper mode was populated exclusively with Ss who claimed to have been aware of and cooperating with demand characteristics during the experiment. Contrary to expectations, S sophistication (time of semester) did not significantly increase verbal conditioning. Postexperimental estimates by aware and cooperating Ss as to the point at which they became aware correlated highly with the point at which they first showed a decided preference for reinforced pronouns.
Quality of Life Outcomes in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With Nodal Irradiation

Materials/Methods: A comprehensive assessment approach that included validated sets of tools which screen for problems in one or more Geriatric domains was used. The assessments were administered immediately before or within first week of radiation treatment and again immediately after or within one week of treatment completion in the physician’s office. The following domains: Functional Status, Co-morbidity, Cognition, Psychological Status, Social Functioning and Support, and Nutritional Status were assessed. The assessment was administered to any patient with solid cancer including Breast, lung, colorectal and skin who gave informed consent, were fluent in English and received definitive radiation or chemoradiation at University of Rochester (NY, New York)or Rochester General hospital (NY, New York). Results: Twenty-five patients were enrolled on the study (mean age 76, years; range, 65-91 years). The majority had early stage breast cancer. The mean time to completion of questionnaires was 16 minutes (7-27 minutes). All eligible patients were able to complete the self-administered portion of the assessment without assistance (100%) and were satisfied with the questionnaire length (100%) at the two time points. There was no association noted between age or educational level and the ability to complete the assessment without assistance. Conclusions: In this study, Comprehensive geriatric assessment could be completed in majority of the patients without assistance in outpatient radiation oncology clinic. Prospective trials of its reliability, validity, and brevity are justified. Author Disclosure: S. Chawla: None. M. Milano: None. L. Nichols: None. L. Dimitroff: None. R. O’Loughlin: None. J. Walker: None. C. Andrews: None. M. Nagel: None. D. Maracle: None. S. Mohile: None.
A Wrench in the Global Works: Anti‐Sweatshop Activism on Campus

When students galvanized anti-sweatshop activism on US and Canadian university campuses in the late 1990s, their actions struck at the core of recent debates about the geographies of counter-hegemonic politics (Blunt and Wills 2000; Herod and Wright 2002; Miller 2000; Sharp et al 2000; Traub-Werner and Cravey 2002). Students staged rallies and sit-ins to challenge their universities’ complicity with the corporate exploitation and abuse of low-wage workers in factories overseas. They directed attention to the embeddedness of academic institutions in the systems that perpetuate global economic inequality, and signaled the re-emergence of students as vocal, vibrant political actors. Observers have celebrated the anti-sweatshop movement’s capacity to build transnational alliances across difference, influence the shape of labor internationalism, link distant nodes in regimes of accumulation, and in some cases even jump scale from the grassroots to international regulatory institutions. Indeed, the movement is cause for optimism among geographers who seek new approaches to the injustices wrought by neoliberal globalization. Yet as the contributors to the present collection argue, the complex changes taking place in transnational geographies of production and governmentality require that activists continually reinvent the entry points, spatial strategies, and subject positions through which they stake their claims (see also, Herod 2001a, 2001b; Katz 2001a, 2001b; Perreault 2003; Radcliffe 2001; Traub-Werner and Cravey 2002; CSE: JP ANTI 003
Probability functions and their assumption sets — the binary case

It is argued in Leblanc 1983b that statements are accorded probabilities in light of assumptions — or, as mathematicians often put it, under conditions.1 It is further argued that each singulary probability function in Kolmogorov 1933 or, equivalently, Popper 1955 comes with (a set of) assumptions, to wit, those statements evaluating to 1 under P. With P a singulary probability function of the Kolmogorov-Popper sort and A a statement from a certain language L, Leblanc thus takes P(A) to be the probability that P accords to A in light of the assumptions in {A : P(A) = 1}. His rationale for interpreting P(A) in this manner is two-fold. He first contends that any assumption set in light of which a rational agent would accord probabilities must be deductively closed and, for convenience’s sake, may be presumed consistent as well. He then establishes that a set S of statements of L is consistent and deductively closed if and only if there is a singulary probability function P for L such that S = {A : P(A) = 1}. The second result is called by Leblanc The Fundamental Theorem on Assumption Sets, Case One.
Use of chemical cues in detection of conspecific predators and prey by newts, Notophthalmus viridescens

Detection of heterospecific predators and prey via chemical cues is well known, but only a few studies have examined the potential for such discrimination in cannibalistic systems. In newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, adults are opportunistic predators of conspecific larvae. I used a laboratory bioassay to determine whether larvae and adults distinguish between chemical stimuli from members of the different age classes. Larvae distinguished between chemical stimuli from larvae and adults by decreasing their activity only following exposure to stimuli from adults. Decreased activity is consistent with an antipredator response in many prey species, including larval newts. In contrast, adults increased their activity and increased time spent in open areas in response to stimuli from larvae, but not to stimuli from adults. Increased activity is consistent with a feeding response; adults also showed increased activity and increased time in open areas in response to chemical stimuli from familiar heterospecific prey (brine shrimp). The proximate cue that allowed the newts to distinguish between the different age classes is not associated with short-term dietary differences because all stimulus animals were fed the same prey. Stimulus “strength” was controlled by diluting the stimulus solutions according to the volume of the stimulus animal. Therefore, there appear to be intrinsic differences in the chemical signatures of larval and adult newts.
Activation of the Prothoracic Glands of Antheraea polyphemus

EVIDENCE has accumulated that the moulting cycle in insects follows a basic pattern involving the activation of the prothoracic glands by a hormone from the brain. The active prothoracic glands then secrete into the blood the moulting hormone, ecdysone. Secretion of the brain hormone has therefore been thought critical in the induction of moulting. The central role of the brain is particularly evident in animals with a pupal diapause, where adult development is not initiated if the prothoracic glands are not activated. Many experiments1,2 have shown that the brain of the diapausing saturniid pupae can be activated by exposing the pupae for various periods to temperatures of less than 10° C. The present investigation confirms the additional observation of Williams (unpublished work) that the brain may be activated by surgical means not involving chilling, and suggests that in certain circumstances the prothoracic glands are activated without the mediation of the brain.
Cleavage of Functionally Relevant Sites in Ferritin mRNA by Oxidizing Metal Complexes

IREs, a family of mRNA regulatory structures, control mRNA function and the synthesis of ferritin and the transferrin receptor. IRE secondary structure is a hairpin; in ferritin mRNA, the IRE also interacts with a base-paired flanking region (FL). Using Rh(phen)2phi3+ and Ru(tpy)(bpy)O2+ as cleavage reagents (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, phi = 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine, tpy = 2,2‘,2‘‘-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine), two different substructures in the IRE or FL were detected that are related to regulation. Rh(phen)2phi3+, which intercalates in RNA or DNA, exhibited a single major cleavage site in the FL. Mutation FL2 altered negative IRE regulation and eliminated the specific Rh(phen)2phi3+ cleavage site; the FL2 derivative, FL2R, restored regulation and the Rh(phen)2phi3+ site. Ru(tpy)(bpy)O2+, which interacts with nucleic acids electrostatically and cleaves on the basis of solvent accessibility and chemical reactivity, cleaved a single site, G14, in the IRE hairpin loop. G14 appeared to have a...
Fast Mapping Across Time: Memory Processes Support Children’s Retention of Learned Words

Children's remarkable ability to map linguistic labels to objects in the world is referred to as fast mapping. The current study examined children's (N = 216) and adults’ (N = 54) retention of fast-mapped words over time (immediately, after a 1 week delay, and after a 1 month delay). The fast mapping literature often characterizes children's retention of words as consistently high across timescales. However, the current study demonstrates that learners forget word mappings at a rapid rate. Moreover, these patterns of forgetting parallel forgetting functions of domain general memory processes. Memory processes are critical to children's word learning and the role of one such process, forgetting, is discussed in detail—forgetting supports both word mapping and the generalization of words and categories.
Further studies on the kinetics of incorporation of valine in the sea urchin embryo

Abstract The kinetics of incorporation of 14 C-valine in the sea urchin embryo have been studied particularly with respect to the time course of incorporation and the effect of exogenous valine on incorporation of 14 C-valine from the amino acid pool. The data are interpreted as reflecting a rapid and continual expansion of the valine pool in the presence of exogenous valine. All kinetic aspects, the apparent linearity of the time course of incorporation, the nonlinear relationship of uptake and incorporation at different concentrations of exogenous valine, and the apparent cessation of incorporation of pool valine in the presence of exogenous valine, can be satisfactorily interpreted by the concept of a readily expansible valine pool. An earlier interpretation that the intracellular amino acid pool is compartmented as regards protein synthesis is untenable, and it is concluded that the total amino acid pool is an obligatory intermediate for incorporation of exogenous amino acids.
Eigenchannel quantum-defect theory of open-shell atoms. II. Calculation of 3p4( 3P)ns Rydberg spectra of the chlorine atom.

Rydberg spectra of the chlorine atom 3s/sup 2/3p/sup 4/( /sup 3/P)ns, J = (1/2), (3/2), and (5/2), are calculated by use of an eigenchannel quantum-defect method. The results indicate that the channel interactions due to electrostatic and spin-orbit potentials are weak. The effect due to channel interaction of the 3s3p/sup 6/ configuration is completely negligible. Agreement with emission data is excellent (< or approx. =0.2% accuracy except for the lowest n = 4 levels). Autoionization resonances are predicted.
Lack of tolerance development to the dipsogenic actions of barbital

Abstract Chronic dosage of rats with barbital produced a dipsogenic state with overhydration. No tolerance could be seen to this effect in fourteen days; on withdrawal of drugs, the water intake of the rats fell to below normal levels, on a weight basis. When daily intake of fluid was restricted during the period of barbital dosage, overhydration did not occur and drinking during the withdrawal phase was increased.
On the applicability of modern algebra techniques to adaptive pattern recognition

Abstract The properties and algebraic structure of error correcting codes are shown to be applicable to adaptive pattern recognition. Mappings to encode pattern classes into a linear vector space are discussed. The relationship of that space to a polynominal ring with its ideal and cosets is developed, and features and pattern classes are presented in terms of their contribution to the elements of the vector space. The concept that each feature conveys information and thus has entropy is developed in its relation to candidate vectors and their joint information with ideal elements. The redundancy of feature information is utilized, and a decision algorithm is postulated upon the basis of a criterion of maximum joint entropy in excess of a calculable minimum. The correspondence of the decision criterion to a maximum likelihood decision is noted, and its relation to a learning algorithm is presented. The methodology appears to be general but requires a determination of the information value of features. A hierarchical network structure for higher order recognition sequences is an extension of the methodology presented, but work in this area is not yet sufficiently complete for presentation.
Estimating time series and cross section tourism demand models: Mainland United States to Hawaii data

Abstract A study of factors affecting the number of visitors to Hawaii during the period 1993–2007 prompted by an observed waning of the U. S. mainland to Hawaii visitor market was conducted. Both time series and cross section analyses revealed that Log Gross State Product, Log Chained Airfare and Log Distance to Orlando, Florida were the most important predictor variables. A mixed model which modeled Log Chained Gross State Product, Log Chained Airfare, two recessions plus the September 11, 2001 effect in addition to other fixed effects and random state effects was used. Cross section (spatial) airfare elasticities on an annual basis were high and growing over time, but those estimated from the time series analysis (temporal) were much lower. Elasticities derived from Gross State Product were moderately high and very stable over time. To counteract the distance effect, stopovers in existing mainland resort cities when en route to Hawaii and other promotions to develop a stronger presence of a Hawaii image were recommended.
Notes on the History and Adaptation of the Apache Tribes

Sometime between A.D. 1100 and 1600 a group of Athapaskan-speaking tribes migrated from northwestern North America into the southwestern United States, where most eventually came to be referred to as Apaches. Compared with the majority of Amerindian tribes, relatively little is known about this group, specially about their life prior to the arrival of Europeans in the seventeenth century. This paper is an attempt to gather together widely scattered information about their prehistoric movements, their economy, and their general style of adaptation to the Southwest.
The Oregon Community Engagement Initiative: A Multi-Case Study of a Disability Coalition Development Process

This article reports on the development and implementation of a community development technique focusing on local access issues for people with disabilities called the Community Engagement Initiative (CEI). The CEI methodology includes a town hall meeting with the disability community, an infrastructure meeting, and resource mobilization activities. Between 2001 and 2004, the CEI methodology was implemented in two rural communities and four urban settings in Oregon. Communities were noted to vary in the number and type of barriers identified, and in the effectiveness of implementing the procedure. Insights into these variations are provided through examination of patterns in the quantitative data and through two case studies. Future activities will focus on developing methods for supporting and measuring change as a result of community development.
Temperature dependence of surface self-diffusion on Pt(001)

Abstract The surface diffusion of individual Pt atoms on the Pt(001) plane has been investigated by field ion microscopy. The map of binding sites visited by an atom as it diffuses across the surface in the temperature range from 170 to 205 K indicates that individual displacements occur exclusively in the [100] and [010] directions. Migration in these directions is consistent with diffusion by an atomic exchange mechanism. No evidence for diffusion by ordinary hopping was found in this temperature range. The activation energy of surface diffusion and diffusivity (Arrhenius prefactor) were found to be 0.47 ± 0.01 eV and 1.3 × 10 −3 cm 2 /s, respectiv Diffusion off the plane edge was not observed at temperatures below 215 K.
Cardiovascular safety of ADHD medications: Rationale for and design of an investigator-initiated observational study

Purpose To describe the design and rationale of an investigator-initiated observational study to examine the cardiovascular safety of the following commonly-used medications to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): amphetamines, methylphenidate, and atomoxetine. Methods We are conducting an observational cohort study using data from five large Medicaid programs and the HealthCore Integrated Research Database (HIRDSM), which is derived from administrative data from commercial health plans. Our primary outcomes of interest are (1) sudden death/ventricular arrhythmia, (2) stroke, (3) myocardial infarction, and (4) stroke or myocardial infarction as a composite outcome. These claims diagnoses have been previously validated in adults, and the positive predictive value in children will be examined as part of this study. Secondary outcomes are (1) all-cause death, (2) non-suicide death, and (3) non-accident death. All design decisions have been made to minimize bias toward the null. Based on our pilot data, we expect to have at least 90% power to detect a minimum detectable hazard ratio (HR) of 3.0 in children and adolescents who initiate an ADHD medication for each outcome of interest (except for MI, for which the expected minimum detectable HR is 7.9). The expected minimum detectable HR is 1.7 for each outcome for adult incident ADHD medication users. Results Forthcoming. Conclusions Potential limitations to this study include a low expected event rate in children and adolescents, potentially incomplete ascertainment of outcomes, and potential confounding by unmeasured variables. Nevertheless, this study will provide important information about the cardiovascular safety of ADHD medications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical effects of two promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Abstract The effects of two promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis-phenobarbital and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)—on five hepatic biochemical parameters were examined in adult female rats. Phenobarbital given orally in two doses each of 110 mg/kg 21 and 4 hr before the rats were killed caused large increases in hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and cytochrome P-450 content. Extending the number of phenobarbital treatments to five increased the hepatic enzyme induction and also caused a minor decrease in hepatic glutathione and a small increase in serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Two oral doses of 700 mg BHT/kg (20% of the LD50) caused hepatic DNA damage and induction of both ODC activity and cytochrome P-450 content. When the dose of BHT was reduced from 700 to 140 mg/kg no significant effects on the biochemical parameters were found. Both promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis were identified by their induction of ODC, a marker for promotional potential, but only BHT showed a potential for carcinogenic initiation. The biochemical parameters examined, particularly the alkaline elution technique for DNA damage, ornithine decarboxylase activity and serum alanine aminotransferase, may constitute a useful assay system for examining a compound's potential for carcinogenic initiation, carcinogenic promotion and cellular toxicity.
A Pilot Study of a Dual Processing Substance User Treatment Intervention with Adults

This study responds to the identified need for evidence-based substance abuse interventions by examining the effects of an innovative dual processing substance use intervention aimed at decreasing the risk for substance relapse by targeting emotional regulation capacity. The study was completed in partnership with a Latino-serving community-based substance user treatment agency in a rural Northeastern region of the United States in 2005–2006 and was supported with pilot monies from the University at Albany School of Social Welfare NIDA-funded research center. The sample (N = 29) was comprised of adults with a diagnosis of substance dependence seeking treatment in an outpatient program. Study findings indicated that individuals who participated in the dual-processing treatment group decreased their craving with a trend toward increased self-efficacy over time in treatment and did not show treatment response differences across Latino and non-Latino clients, suggesting that treatment application was similar ...
Involving rural youth in economic development

Abstract Mobilising rural youth for development requires the integrated action of rural youth organisations and educational institutions. Youth development agencies have failed to involve rural youth in development because they lacked sufficient resources. Extension services in many Latin American countries now have successful rural youth development programmes. Venezuela's rural development clubs (5-V Clubs) provide an interesting example of how the Venezuelan extension service improved educational opportunities for rural youth and introduced them to modern agricultural technology. These 5-V Club projects have broad implications for other developing countries.
Capabilities of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in nuclear target technology

Abstract Targets are made at Los Alamos for experiments at the Ion Beam Facility (Van de Graaff), the Medium Energy Physics Facility (LAMPF), and for experiments conducted at many other accelerators in the US and Europe. Thin, isotopic targets are made by sputtering and evaporation. Versatile, large-scale facilities exists for ceramics and plastics fabrication, electroplating, powder metallurgy, fabrication by pressing, casting and rolling, chemical and physical vapor deposition, and sputtering. Special developments include ultra-precision machining, cryogenic targets, and shaped-foil targets.
Approximating the Mean Time in System in a Multiple-Server Queue that Uses Threshold Scheduling

In this paper we consider a queueing system consisting of a single queue with multiple exponential servers with different servicing rates. We assume that arrivals to the queue come from a Poisson source and are scheduled according to a threshold policy. Since determining the exact mean time in system appears to be difficult, we present an approximation that yields results very close to those obtained from simulation.
Sex steroid induced morphological changes in primary uterine cell cultures

Abstract The ultrastructure of primary cultures of endometrial cells after treatment with diethystilbestrol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone was examined using the method of electronmicroscopic stereology. Cells treated with diethylstilbestrol had the appearance of a rapidly dividing culture having large euchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli with a cytoplasm containing many free ribosomes. Progesterone appeared to convert the cells to a more secretory type with large amounts of RER and smaller nucleoli. Mitochondrial enlargement was induced by sex hormones but not by hydrocortisone.
Measurement Techniques With Mode-Locked Dye Laser.

It is shown that the sech shape assumption does not apply generally for the pulses produced by the passively-mode-locked ring dye laser. Therefore, pulse duration estimates based on intensity autocorrelations alone are not reliable, as demonstrated by accurate measurements of the pulse amplitude and phase modulation. Precise control of the phase modulation guarantees an optimum resolution in measurements of ultrafast events.
Transport in Protein Crystals, Part II: Diffusion Simulation and Chiral Recognition

This second part of a two-part series focuses on diffusion simulation and explores the role of chiral recognition during solute transport in cross-linked protein crystals.
Dopamine D2-like Receptors Are Expressed in Pancreatic Beta Cells and Mediate Inhibition of Insulin Secretion

Dopamine signaling is mediated by five cloned receptors, grouped into D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3 and D4) families. We identified by reverse transcription-PCR the presence of dopamine receptors from both families in INS-1E insulin-secreting cells as well as in rodent and human isolated islets. D2 receptor expression was confirmed by immunodetection revealing localization on insulin secretory granules of INS-1E and primary rodent and human beta cells. We then tested potential effects mediated by the identified receptors on beta cell function. Dopamine (10 microM) and the D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole (5 microM) inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion tested in several models, i.e. INS-1E beta cells, fluorescence-activated cell-sorted primary rat beta cells, and pancreatic islets of rat, mouse, and human origin. Insulin exocytosis is controlled by metabolism coupled to cytosolic calcium changes. Measurements of glucose-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and ATP generation showed that dopamine and D2-like agonists did not inhibit glucose metabolism. On the other hand, dopamine decreased cell membrane depolarization as well as cytosolic calcium increases evoked by glucose stimulation in INS-1E beta cells. These results show for the first time that dopamine receptors are expressed in pancreatic beta cells. Dopamine inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, an effect that could be ascribed to D2-like receptors. Regarding the molecular mechanisms implicated in dopamine-mediated inhibition of insulin release, our results point to distal steps in metabolism-secretion coupling. Thus, the role played by dopamine in glucose homeostasis might involve dopamine receptors, expressed in pancreatic beta cells, modulating insulin release.
Ethics in Epidemiology at the End of the 20th Century: Ethics, Values, and Mission Statements

Important advances have occurred in ethics and epidemiology in the closing decades of the 20th century (1, 2). These advances include explications of the societal importance of epidemiologic research and practice, clarifications of the ethical duties of epidemiologists, and the increasing integration of ethics into the professional life of epidemiologists (3-12). These developments in ethics are not isolated events. Rather, they have occurred in conjunction with historical events: improvements in institutional and regulatory safeguards for protecting human subjects, rising public concern over the privacy and confidentiality of medical records, the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, and the emergence of molecular epidemiology, to name a few. One sign of the increased attention to ethics and values in epidemiology in recent years is the development of ethics guidelines for epidemiologists and policy statements on data sharing, privacy and confidentiality protection, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing for disease susceptibility, and other issues (6-10, 13-15). Courses on ethics in epidemiology and public health have also been initiated at several institutions that train public health professionals (16-19). In addition, the number of publications on ethical issues in epidemiology has increased (20-23). Indeed, all these developments have likely contributed to the increasing recognition of epidemiology as a distinct profession (2, 12). The focus of these developments (ethics guidelines, curricula, and publications) has often been on identifying and communicating ethical rules and duties and on controversial or still-evolving ethical precepts (e.g., the extent to which epidemiologists should engage in public health advocacy) (24-26). Ethical problems, such as conflicts of interest and scientific misconduct,
The Role of Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease

The epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although there have been numerous studies attempting to elucidate the underlying mechanism for this increased risk, how apoE4 influences AD onset and progression has yet to be proven. However, prevailing evidence suggests that the differential effects of apoE isoforms on Abeta aggregation and clearance play the major role in AD pathogenesis. Other potential mechanisms, such as the differential modulation of neurotoxicity and tau phosphorylation by apoE isoforms as well as its role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation, have not been ruled out. Inconsistent results among studies have made it difficult to define whether the APOE epsilon4 allele represents a gain of toxic function, a loss of neuroprotective function, or both. Therapeutic strategies based on apoE propose to reduce the toxic effects of apoE4 or to restore the physiological, protective functions of apoE.
Urban girls and boys who date: A closer look at the link between dating and risk for alcohol and drug use, self-harm and suicide attempts

This study examined the associations between alcohol use, drug use, self-harm, suicide attempts and dating using logistic regression analyses. Data were obtained from the Youth Violence Survey, conducted in 2004, and administered to all public school students enrolled in grades 7, 9, 11 and 12 (n= 4,131; 52.2% girls and 47.8% boys) in a high-risk school district. Adolescents who reported any alcohol or drug use and any self-harm were more likely to also report dating. While alcohol and drug use were associated statistically with dating for both boys and girls, one or more suicide attempts was linked to dating only among girls in 7th and 9th grades. Similarly, self‐harm was associated with dating among boys in 7th grade but was associated with dating among girls across all grade levels. These findings highlight the importance of understanding and preventing the concurrent risks of dating among adolescents, especially girls, for whom risks were observed across all grade levels.
Digital Photogrammetry Of The Optic Nerve Head

A digital photogrammetric method capable of providing quantitative measurements from stereophotographs of the optic nerve head has been utilized in our laboratory to study the optic cup in patients with ocular hypertension and chronic glaucoma. Studies on the reproducibi-lity of the digital photogrammetric technique of optic nerve head photographs taken with various cameras has revealed that (1) reproducibility was significantly better when simultaneous stereo-photographs were analyzed and (2) the Donaldson stereofundus camera provided the best reproducibility of the majority of geometric measurements in optic cups of various sizes. In addition, it has been determined that the shallower cups encountered larger percentage errors. Improvements in parameter reproducibility have been obtained when finer sampling intervals have been used during film digitization. An additional study comparing reproducibility of cup parameters as determined by the digital photogrammetric procedure with those values obtained from analog photogrammetry and manual analysis revealed generally superior reproducibility of the digital photogrammetric analyses in the eyes studies. Preliminary observations utilizing the digital photogrammetric procedure in a modified Zeiss model eye indicated that minor shifts in camera posi-tion did not alter the reproducibility of the technique.
A low-lying weak transition in the polyene α,ω-diphenyloctatetraene

Optical absorption and emission spectra at liquid helium temperatures of solutions of α,ω-diphenyloctatetraene (DPO) in single crystal bibenzyl and polycrystalline n-paraffins have been measured. These measurements show that (1) there is an excited singlet state at lower energy than the 1B1u state responsible for the strong absorption at 4100 A: (2) the presence of this state rationalizes a number of distinctive characteristics of polyene spectra which had previously been explained on the basis of “Franck-Condon forbiddeness”. Evidence that these results describe a general property of polyene electronic structure which is not specific to DPO is presented.
Attention and mental processing speed in hemodialysis patients

It has remained unclear whether well-dialyzed patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) show persisting neurocognitive deficits, especially in tasks that depend on sustained attention or psychomotor speed. We administered a battery of six attentional measures to 10 stable hemodialysis (HD) patients (age, 61+/-16 years; education, 12.4+/-3.8 years; Kt/V, 1.35+/-0.07) and 10 matched controls with normal renal function (age, 62+/-10 years; education, 11.6+/-1.0 years; estimated creatinine clearance, 92+/-25 mL/min). Results of the Trailmaking Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, Stroop Test, Digit Span, Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and Gordon Diagnostic System did not differ between groups. We conclude it is unlikely that well-dialyzed patients with ESRD manifest significant uremic neurocognitive deficits in the functional spheres related to sustained attention or mental processing speed.
Differences in the pharmacokinetics of cocaine in naive and cocaine-experienced rats.

Abstract: Enhanced cocaine concentrations in brain and blood observed after an intraperitoneal challenge dose in rats exposed to cocaine for 10 days by subcutaneous administration are traced to a change in the absorption process from the site of an intraperitoneal injection to general circulation. This conclusion is reached by three sets of corroborating results: (a) Adipose tissue of rats treated for 10 days with repeat subcutaneous injections of cocaine did not reveal a buildup of cocaine in sufficient concentrations to account for the twofold increase in brain and blood concentrations seen during intraperitoneal administration; (b) administration of the drug by an intravenous route after 10-day cocaine treatment did not show a significant difference between treatment and control groups; (c) nonlinear regression on the intravenous and intraperitoneal data sets using a two-compartment open model indicated a difference in the absorption process but not in the metabolic and blood-brain transfer processes.
Needed Research in Social Psychology on Problems of War and Peace

general question of needed research in social psychology relevant to problems of war and peace. This is for me a familiar area of great personal interest. From 1937 to 1941 I was chairman of a committee set up by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (a kind of analogue of the Society for the Study of Social Problems) on the psychology of war and peace. This committee labored manfully between 1937 and 1941 to produce an integrated psychological analysis of the factors leading to the occurrence of international warfare. Unfortunately, events caught up with us and most of the work of the committee has never reached formal publication. Since 1941, and particularly since 1946, there have been substantial changes in the research interest and theoretical developments among social psychologists which well justify a new look at the field. Rather than rehash any of the old materials which our committee collected and about which I have talked at other gatherings, I should like this afternoon to pick up what I consider to be three important trends in the development of modern social psychology, and relate these to the problems of research on war and peace. These three trends are as follows: 1. studies of social perception; 2. studies of group norms and group goals; and 3. studies of leadership. It seems to me that if *A paper read at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems held at Urbana, Illinois, September 8-11, 1954.
Understanding and Modulating Mammalian-Microbial Communication for Improved Human Health

The fact that the bacteria in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract play a symbiotic role was noted as early as 1885, well before we began to manage microbial infections using antibiotics. However, even with the first antimicrobial compounds used in humans, the sulfa drugs, microbes were recognized to be critically involved in the biotransformation of these therapeutics. Thus, the roles played by the microbiota in physiology and in the management of human health have long been appreciated. Detailed examinations of GI symbiotic bacteria that started in the early 2000s and the first phases of the Human Microbiome Project that were completed in 2012 have ushered in an exciting period of granularity with respect to the ecology, genetics, and chemistry of the mammalian-microbial axes of communication. Here we review aspects of the biochemical pathways at play between commensal GI bacteria and several mammalian systems, including both local-epithelia and nonlocal responses impacting inflammation, immunology, metabolism, and neurobiology. Finally, we discuss how the microbial biotransformation of therapeutic compounds, such as anticancer or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can be modulated to reduce toxicity and potentially improve therapeutic efficacy.
A History of Opera. By Carolyn Abbate and Roger Parker. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2012. Pp. xvii, 603. $39.95.)

The authors of this volume are both prominent scholars of music and music history and unabashed fans of the art form. Organized chronologically, Carolyn Abbate and Roger Parker's narrative frequent...