cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using sonar to describe temporal patterns of oceanic organisms from the MARS observatory

DEIMOS (Deepwater Echo Integrating Marine Observatory System) is an active acoustic package deployed at the MARS cabled observatory in Monterey Bay, CA. Located on the continental slope at a depth of 875 m, DEIMOS transmits an acoustic pulse upwards every five seconds, recording the intensity of reflected sound (i.e. backscatter) from organisms in the water column. Designed as a robust, ROV-deployable package, it is built around a Simrad EK60 38 kHz scientific echosounder. The 7°, split-beam transducer is oil-filled to withstand pressure at depth. Electronics, including the general-purpose transceiver, an addressable web relay for remote rebooting, and a power filter and step-down, are housed in a 17-inch Teledyne Benthos borosilicate glass pressure sphere. The entire assembly is bolted to a galvanized steel frame and is attached to the MARS node by a 50-m Falmat Ethernet cable with an ODI wetmate connector. DEIMOS was deployed in February 2009 by the ROV Ventana from the R/V Point Lobos. Supplied with power and a communications link from the MARS node, DEIMOS is controlled remotely, and yields near-real-time backscatter data from the seabed to the surface. Since deployment, we have implemented automated data handling to monitor data acquisition, issue email alerts if it stops, and to upload data from the acquisition servers at Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) to the Fisheries Acoustics Research Lab in Seattle. Monterey Bay is located in the eastern-boundary California Current. Its food web depends on nutrients supplied by episodic, seasonal upwelling events, and its pelagic fauna are dominated by invertebrates. A variety of biological patterns are visible in the acoustic record. Several backscattering layers undergo diel vertical migrations, and change in number, depth, and density with the seasons. Episodic events such as high-density aggregations and large surface-diving targets are also present. We are developing metrics to characterize temporally-indexed, vertical density distributions. Total backscatter density increased from late spring to early autumn, while simultaneously becoming more dispersed and moving deeper in the water column. These changes reflect a decrease in the number of vertically migrating layers, and the appearance of a large, deep, non-migratory layer centered near 500 m depth. Late winter and spring contained short-term variability, due to the presence of near-surface aggregations. Long-term deployments of stationary acoustic instruments provide high resolution data over a range of temporal scales that is rare for aquatic biological research.
Mormonism and the American Industrial State

We would learn that theological cerebration that is not conscious of its social base cannot be critical of it and therefore becomes a captive of unconscious social determinants.
On Recanati’s Mental Files

AbstractIn his book Mental Files (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), Francois Recanati develops a theory of mind and language based on the idea that Fregean senses should be identified with ‘mental files’, mental representations whose primary function is to store information about objects. I discuss three aspects of Recanati’s book. The first concerns his use of acquaintance relations in individuating mental files, and what this means for ‘file dynamics’. The second concerns his comments on a theory that I have elsewhere advocated, the ‘sequenced worlds’ or ‘multi-centered worlds’ theory. The third concerns how the mental file approach handles non-doxastic attitudes like imagining.
Type of Status Inconsistency and Schizophrenia

A number of previous studies have called attention (typically ex post facto) to the finding that schizophrenics tend to have backgrounds with a particular type of status imbalance—their occupationa...
Walnut development affects chemical composition and codling moth performance

We investigated for early and late blooming walnut cultivars in California whether variation in nut phenology resulted in differences in nutritional quality and whether this, in turn, affected the performance of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the extent of nut damage. 2. Mid-season, during the period of nut growth, nuts from the early cultivars were larger than those from the late cultivars and had higher nitrogen content in both husk and kernel tissue, while kernel phenolic content was significantly lower. No major differences were observed later in the season after nuts from all cultivars had reached their final size. 3. Throughout the season establishment of neonate larvae was highest on nuts from the early cultivars but this was only significantly so at the beginning of the third codling moth generation. During the second codling moth generation (mid season) relative growth rates of third-instar larvae were significantly higher on early than on late cultivars. Nut damage in the field was also significantly greater on early than on late cultivars during generation 2, while no significant differences were obs 4. The data suggest that the variation in codling moth damage among walnut cultivars is related to bloom phenology due to the influence of nut phenology on larval performance.
Enzymatic assay of marine bacterial phosphatases by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

Microbial ectoenzyme activities in aquatic environments are important determinants of polymer hydrolysis and indicators of the state of microbial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrition. Marine ectoenzymes are found on the cell surface or in the periplasmic space of gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria. Phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups from substrates, are one example of an ectoenzyme. Enzyme assays based on-capillary electrophoresis (CE) take advantage of CE's high-efficiency separation, extremely low sample volume requirements, and its ability to electrophoretically mix and separate zones of enzymes, substrates, and products all in one experimental run. CE has better resolving power and, when utilized with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, it is more sensitive than chromatography. CE-LIF is a promising tool for determining different phosphatases within a single microbial strain as well as the functional diversity between strains. In this study, four bacterial strains were studied (Shewanella sp., TW7, BB2AT2, and Vibrio alginolyticus) with each yielding at least one phosphatase that was kinetically characterized. K(m) values were calculated and found to be in the range of 0.0725-3.35 microM, whereas V(max) values ranged from 1.02 x 10(-3) to 1.05 x 10(-2) microM/min. The large range of values demonstrates differences among the phosphatases, suggesting different roles for each phosphatase not only between the species but also within a single bacterial species. This can have the important implications for organic matter processing in the sea.
Presidential Assassination: A Case Study in the Dynamics of Political Socialization

HOW DOES SOCIETY transmit political attitudes and orientations to its young? Considerable data have been amassed to demonstrate the importance of the primary group, particularly the family, as a determinant of party identification, political participation, and political beliefs:l Other research in political socialization has examined childhood and adolescent information about and attitudes towards the political system, and has traced their development toward mature political behavior.2 But there is little literature that examines the dynamics of the socialization process, that focuses on socializing agencies such as family, school, and mass media in the actual process of directing and influencing the younger political generation. The following paper is a preliminary inquiry into the dynamics of political socialization. It considers one aspect of the overall pro-
Constituting compulsory monogamy: normative femininity at the limits of imagination

Feminists have coined the term ‘compulsory monogamy’ to describe the deeply normalised status of coupling, especially for women. To say that monogamy is compulsory is to call attention to constraints on our ability to imagine alternatives. The visibility of alternative relationship models can challenge monogamy's grip on our imaginations, but it can also reinforce its status. This paper explores how normative femininity functions to code monogamous and non-monogamous possibilities as desirable and undesirable, respectively. While both are possible, monogamy is reinforced as healthy adult sexuality – for women and men – through the policing of femininity. The paper grounds this discussion in a reading of a film – Two Girls and a Guy – in which the possibility of a non-dyadic relationship is on the table and at the same time rendered implausible. The analysis has implications both for further unpacking cultural investments in coupling and for resisting compulsory monogamy.
Postvention for African American Families Following a Loved One's Suicide

This article provides information about suicide in the African American community, suicide and families, and suicide interventions, particularly those with a family focus. A culturally informed postvention model, Healing and Understanding Grieving Suicide Survivors (HUGSS), is presented. The article provides a discussion of the rationale for a culturally informed postvention program for African American suicide survivors, a description of the program and its guiding theoretical framework (symbolic interactionism), and details of the manualized 10-session protocol. Special considerations for child survivors are highlighted. Practice, research, and policy implications of this work are offered.
Re-approaching the refactoring Rubicon

Fowler saw the availability of automated support for the Extract Method refactoring in modern IDEs as an indication for the crossing of the refactoring Rubicon. In spite of the advances in refactoring technology, it seems that this Rubicon has not yet been crossed, and refactoring support in modern IDEs leaves a lot to be desired.We performed a case study in which we converted a Java servlet to use the model-view-controller pattern, using as much automated support as available. We found that while the whole conversion could be described as a series of refactorings, most of these were inadequately supported by the IDE, and some were not supported at all.Based on these findings, we outline the requirements from a refactoring framework that will support much more of the conversion process, and will also enable the composition of small refactorings into larger ones.
A practical approach for converting group assignments into team projects

Engineering instructors frequently use group assignments to provide students experience in dealing with complex open-ended problems. Usually, they do not worry about training or maintaining teams, evaluating the effectiveness of the teams, or assessing the contribution of each individual. With the establishment of the ABET EC2000 criteria, ignoring these aspects becomes unacceptable. This report describes a practical method for converting a standard "group" assignment into a meaningful "team" learning experience and presents data showing the effectiveness of the approach. The approach requires some class time (less than two class periods in total) for training teams, for monitoring weekly progress, and for evaluating individual efforts. Also, it requires some additional instructor time (less than 15 h) for preparing instructional material on teaming, for assigning teams, and for preparing and evaluating student report forms on team progress and individual effort. Data from a senior-level courses show an improvement in the quality of the technical work, in the students' teaming skills, and in their attitude toward teaming that more than justify the class time and the extra instructor effort.
TRP channels in disease.

The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large family of proteins with six main subfamilies termed the TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), and TRPA (ankyrin) groups. The sheer number of different TRPs with distinct functions supports the statement that these channels are involved in a wide range of processes ranging from sensing of thermal and chemical signals to reloading intracellular stores after responding to an extracellular stimulus. Mutations in TRPs are linked to pathophysiology and specific diseases. An understanding of the role of TRPs in normal physiology is just beginning; the progression from mutations in TRPs to pathophysiology and disease will follow. In this review, we focus on two distinct aspects of TRP channel physiology, the role of TRP channels in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and their role in the transduction of painful stimuli in sensory neurons
Nrf2 and the promotion of atherosclerosis: lessons to be learned

,...it seems clear that Nrf2 expression can promote atherosclerosis via systemic and/or vascular local effects... despite its antioxidant actions. Therefore, should the strategy to boost endogenous...
M-estimators and robust fuzzy clustering

We compare several recent robust fuzzy clustering methods and show their equivalence in terms of their connection to techniques in robust statistics. In particular, we establish a connection between fuzzy set theory (as used in robust fuzzy clustering methods) and robust statistics, and point out the similarities between robust clustering methods and statistical methods such as the the M-estimator. We also give qualitative and quantitative equivalence of the robust fuzzy clustering techniques with M-estimator.
Optimizing selections over datacubes

Datacube queries compute aggregates over database relations at a variety of granularities. Often one wants only datacube output tuples whose aggregate value satisfies a certain condition, such as exceeding a given threshold. We develop algorithms for processing a datacube query using the selection condition internally during the computation. Thus, we can safely prune parts of the computation and end up with a more efficient computation of the answer Our first technique, called "specialization", uses the fact that a tuple in the datacube does not meet the given threshold to infer that all finer level aggregates cannot meet the threshold. Our second technique is called "generalization", and applies in the case where the actual value of the aggregate is not needed in the output, but used just to compare with the threshold. We demonstrate the efficiency of these techniques by implementing them within the sparse datacube algorithm of Ross and Srivastava. We present a performance study using synthetic and real-world data sets. Our results indicate substantial performance improvements for queries with selective conditions.
A deferred correction coupling strategy for low Mach number flow with complex chemistry

We present a new thermodynamic coupling strategy for complex reacting flow in a low Mach number framework. In such flows, the advection, diffusion and reaction processes span a broad range of time scales. In order to reduce splitting errors inherent in Strang splitting approaches, we couple the processes with a multi-implicit spectral deferred correction strategy. Our iterative scheme uses a series of relatively simple correction equations to reduce the error in the solution. The new method retains the efficiencies of Strang splitting compared to a traditional method-of-lines approach in that each process is discretised sequentially using a numerical method well suited for its particular time scale. We demonstrate that the overall scheme is second-order accurate and provides increased accuracy with less computational work compared to Strang splitting for terrestrial and astrophysical flames. The overall framework also sets the stage for higher-order coupling strategies.
Patterns of Excitatory Amino Acid Release and Ionic Flux After Severe Human Head Trauma

In many of the conditions that result in acute cerebral damage, the role of excitatory amino acids has become the focus of current investigation [1, 2]. The demonstration of excitatory amino acid release has been shown in several animal models of brain trauma, and has been associated with both structural damage and metabolic abnormalities [3–5]. These changes may be reversed by administration of excitatory amino acid antagonists, and this group of compounds has shown a greater magnitude of neuroprotective effect than any other series of drugs in the laboratory [3, 6]. As part of an ongoing study, we have recently measured release of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and ions in 17 acutely head-injured patients in our institution, with the aim of determining the circumstances that are responsible for glutamate release and their possible role as an exacerbating factor in causing secondary brain damage after severe human head injury.
The wearable remembrance agent: a system for augmented memory

This paper describes the wearable remembrance agent, a continuously running proactive memory aid that uses the physical context of a wearable computer to provide notes that might be relevant in that context. A currently running prototype is described, along with future directions for research inspired by using the prototype.
Environmental Quality in Economic Development in Low-Income Countries: Application of an EQT Model using Cross-Country Sample Data

Past studies have tended to inquire as to whether there is evidence that economic growth negatively impacts environmental quality. This remains and has always been an ample question to ponder with regard to the case of high-income countries. In terms of the low-income countries, however, the reverse question seems to be more appropriate given that the main concern in these countries is relatively more about growth than the environment. This paper develops an Environmental Quality Trajectory (EQT) model and applies it to provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of the importance of environmental quality, and how it impacts economic growth and development for developing countries. The study reveals some very important issues concerning the environment and the major factors that shape its role in economic growth and development in low-income countries. And most importantly, the study’s results appear to generally lend support to aspects of the Ruttan-Kuznets propositions about the relationship between income and environmental quality in developing countries, and at the same time seem to refute some aspects of it, to the effect that the implications of the environmental Kuznets curve does not seem to hold equally to all low-income countries per se, as ordinarily believed hitherto.
Monetary Policy Strategies For Emerging Market Countries: Lessons From Latin America

The paper examines three possible monetary policy strategies for emerging market countries — hard pegs, monetary targeting and inflation targeting — by conducting case studies of the recent Latin America experience. The track record of monetary policy in these countries provides useful clues as to which of the three strategies might be best suited to conditions in different emerging market countries.
Treatment of neural injury with marrow stromal cells

Summary We describe our preclinical studies on the use of bone-marrow stromal cells (MSC; an uncharacterised mixed population of plastic-adherent cells) in the treatment of neural injury. These cells obtained from donor rats or human beings have been directly transplanted into brain or administered intra-arterially or intravenously. MSC selectively target injured tissue and promote functional recovery. Signals that target inflammatory cells to injured tissue probably direct MSC to injury sites. Although some MSC express proteins typical of neural cells, the possibility that benefit is derived by replacement of infarcted tissue with differentiated MSC is highly unlikely. MSC activate endogenous restorative responses in injured brain, which include angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Given the robust therapeutic benefit of these cells in the treatment of experimental neural injury, and the fact that MSC have been used in the treatment of other human disease, there is justification for further preclinical studies leading to clinical trials for the treatment of neural injury such as stroke.
Doxazosin, an α-1 antagonist, prevents further progression of the advanced atherosclerotic lesion in hypercholesterolemic hamsters

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of doxazosin (DOX) on the further progression and regression of the advanced atherosclerotic lesion in the hypercholesterolemic hamster. Thirty-six, male F 1 B Golden Syrian hamsters, 10 weeks of age, were divided into 3 groups of 12 and fed a nonpurified hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) containing 10% coconut oil and 0.1% cholesterol (wt/wt) for 9 months (HCD 9). One group of hamsters was euthanized at 9 months and their aortas were collected, fixed, and stored until analysis. The remaining hamsters were either maintained on the HCD for an additional 6 months (HCD 15) or fed the HCD plus 20 mg/kg/d DOX for the 6 months. At the end of the study (15 months), the DOX-treated hamsters had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) (−68%), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (−73%), and triglycerides (TG) (−74%) compared with the HCD 15. The lumenal narrowing and intimal thickening atherosclerotic lesions were significantly less in the DOX-treated hamsters compared with the HCD 15 (−66% and −70%, respectively). These data suggest that DOX treatment prevents further progression of the advanced atherosclerotic lesion possibly by lowering plasma TC, LDL-C, and TG in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.
Regeneration of single skeletal muscle fibers in vitro

A culture system utilizing single skeletal muscle fibers from adult rats was developed to study the origin and behavior of mononucleated myoblasts during muscle regeneration. The single fibers are removed manually from the leg and thigh muscles at 300-400 gm rats and maintained in vitro embedded in a fibrin clot overlain with culture medium. Regenerative events were monitored by continuous observations of the cultured fibers. During the first few hours in vitro the fibers undergo degenerative changes including the formation of myofibrillar contraction clots and pyknosis of myonuclei. The endomysial tube (basement lamina) remains intact along the entire length of the fiber and forms transparent chambers bridging the contraction clots. Single fibers are free of endomysial cells and display no cellular outgrowth in cultures, except at the cut ends. In contrast, a rich outgrowth of endomysial connective tissue cells is found with bundles consisting of two or more fibers. Isolated mononucleated cells, presumed to be muscle satellite cells, are present within the endomysial tube of single fibers at the onset of the culture period. There is no evidence that myonuclei contribute to the formation of mononucleated cells. The satellite cells enlarge and begin to proliferate during the second day in vitro to form clones of presumptive myoblasts within the endomysial tube. The early clones have a cell doubling time of about 22 hours and exhibit mitotic synchrony. After 5-7 days in vitro the satellite cell progeny begin to fuse to form multinucleated myotubes within the endomysial tube of the original fiber. The myotubes display spontaneous contractile activity and may extend throughout the length of the endomysial tube.
HbSC Disease and Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma with Kernohan's Notch Phenomena

Spontaneous (nontraumatic) acute epidural hematoma is a rare and poorly understood complication of sickle cell disease. A 19-year-old African American male with hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC) presented with generalized body aches and was managed for acute painful crisis. During his hospital stay he developed rapid deterioration of his mental status and computed topography revealed a spontaneous massive epidural hematoma with mass effect and midline shift with Kernohan's notch phenomena for which urgent craniotomy and evacuation was done. We report the first case of HbSC disease associated with catastrophic epidural hematoma progressing to transtentorial herniation and Kernohan's notch phenomena within few hours with rapid clinical deterioration. The etiopathogenesis and the rare presentation are discussed in detail in this case report.
Problem-Based Educational Games: Connections, Prescriptions, and Assessment

The overwhelming success of the commercial game market has brought increased attention to emerging work in educational game design. Much of the existing work in educational games a strong similarity to the field of Problem-Based Learning (PBL), which has a rich history of conceptual literature as well as empirical investigations. Despite apparent similarities between the two fields, there has been no formal effort to explore the connections between them. This conceptual paper examines the basic tenants of PBL with an eye toward making prescriptive recommendations for the design and use of problem-based educational games. Examples within existing educational games are discussed in the context of PBL features and outcomes. Introduction PBL originated at McMaster University in the late 1960s as a response to low enrollments and general dissatisfaction with medical education (Barrows, 1996). This modern
Estimation of FMAX and ISB in microprocessors

Inherent process device variations and fluctuations during manufacturing have a large impact on the microprocessor maximum clock frequency and total leakage power. These fluctuations have a statistical distribution that calls for usage of statistical methods for frequency and leakage analysis. This paper presents a simple technique for accurate estimation of product high-level (Full Chip) parameters such as the maximum frequency (FMAX) distribution and the total leakage (ISB). Moreover, this technique can grade critical paths by their failure probability and perform what-if analysis to estimate FMAX after fixing specific speed paths. Using our FMAX/ISB prediction, we show good correlation with silicon measurements from a production microprocessor.
Modeling and verification of IPSec and VPN security policies

IPSec has become the defacto standard protocol for secure Internet communications, providing traffic integrity, confidentiality and authentication. Although IPSec supports a rich set of protection modes and operations, its policy configuration remains a complex and error-prone task. The complex semantics of IP Sec policies that allow for triggering multiple rule actions with different security modes/operations coordinated between different IPSec gateways in the network increases significantly the potential of policy misconfiguration and thereby insecure transmission. Successful deployment of IPSec requires thorough and automated analysis of the policy configuration consistency for IPSec devices across the entire network. In this paper, we present a generic model that captures various filtering policy semantics using Boolean expressions. We use this model to derive a canonical representation for IPSec policies using ordered binary decision diagrams. Based on this representation, we develop a comprehensive framework to classify and identify conflicts that could exist in a single IPSec device (intra-policy conflicts) or between different IPSec devices (inter-policy conflicts) in enterprise networks. Our testing and evaluation study on different network environments demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
Antecedents in romantic jealousy experience, expression, and goals

The present study seeks to examine biological sex, psychological gender, and relational type as antecedents in jealousy experience, expression, and goals. Data were collected from 334 individuals in romantic relationships. Results indicated that men experienced significantly more cognitive jealousy, while women were more likely to communicatively express their jealousy. Additionally, important gender differences in jealousy expression and goals were identified. Masculinity/instrumentality was positively associated with antisocial responses to jealousy, including distributive communication, signs of possession, violence, contacting the rival, and manipulation. Femininity/expressiveness was positively associated with the prosocial response of integrative communication, and negatively associated with antisocial responses of distributive communication, active distancing, avoidance, violent communication, threats, and manipulation. The study also compared the predictive ability of sex and gender in jealousy ex...
Halo phenomena modified by multiple scattering

Halo phenomena produced by horizontally oriented plate and column ice crystals are computed. Owing to the effect of multiple scattering, a number of optical features, in addition to the well-known halos and arcs caused by single scattering, can be produced in the sky. These include the 44° parhelion, the 66° parhelion, the anthelion, the uniform and white parhelic circle, and the uniform and white circumzenithal circle in the case of horizontally oriented plates. The anthelion is a result of double scattering that involves horizontally oriented columns that produce the Parry arc. The optical phenomena identified in the present study are compared with those of previous research and discussed.
Harvey, M. J., J. S. Altenbach, and T. L. Best. 2011 Bats of the United States and Canada. 1st ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 202 pp. ISBN-978-1-4214-0191-1, price (paper), $24.95

M. J. Harvey, J. S. Altenbach, T. L. Best 2011 Bats of the United States and Canada. 1st ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 202 pp. ISBN-978-1-4214-0191-1, price (paper), $24.95. This book, as the authors note, “is an updated and expanded version” of their 1999 booklet, “Bats of the United States.” Indeed, the book reviewed here is new and improved; it covers considerably more facets of bat biology, updates details of life history, occurrence, and nomenclature of the 47 species (plus 4 species of accidental occurrence), and comes in a much more convenient and durable size (think field-guide size). The first 90 or so pages include overviews of a variety of topics including classification, biology, echolocation, foraging, summer and winter habitats, hibernation, migration, reproduction and longevity, bats as food (and bombs), attracting and controlling bats, diseases, current concerns (e.g., wind power, white-nose syndrome), conservation, and status. There also are short discussions of research techniques such as inventories, thermal imaging, nets and traps, bat banding (for more information on the …
S.A.M. and Breast Cancer—Focus on Metformin and Other Integrative Metformin-Mimic Medicines: The Real “Natural” Options

The acronym S.A.M. (statins, aspirin, metformin) is a simplistic clinician and patient method of remembering the three most important off-label “natural” products that should be primarily discussed with individuals concerned about breast cancer. And simultaneously it sends a message to patients to always consider the largest source of morbidity and mortality in the world and the need to improve overall health while still allowing the maximum potential benefit against more disease-specific issues. S.A.M. are all low-cost, generic, derived from “natural” sources and have more positive data in the area of breast cancer prevention and reducing the risk of recurrence compared to any dietary supplement I have researched over the past 30 years. S.A.M. is also a unisex name that can be applied to women or men because similar potential benefits in patients concerned about prostate cancer mirror those of breast cancer in regard to off-label or integrative medicine utilization (both diseases are hormonally manipulated as one of their primary forms of treatment). It could also simply be argued that by preventing diabetes for example metformin has already demonstrated an ability to prevent cancer. Interestingly, several dietary supplements (alpha-lipoic acid and/or berberine) appear to partially mimic metformin that could potentially serve as current and future options for those intolerant to this medication and/or those in need of even more treatment options.
Abstract 4964: High-throughput genomic analysis of platinum and taxane resistance in ovarian cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Ovarian cancer is the fifth-leading cause of death from cancer in women. The five-year survival rate for ovarian cancer remains low at approximately 45%. Ovarian cancer patients are often treated with a combination of a platinum agent plus a taxane and despite initial success, up to 75% of responders relapse within 18-28 months. We have previously utilized high-throughput siRNA screening to identify gene modulators of cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines. Here, we identify genomic characteristics of paclitaxel-resistant and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Combined with our previous cisplatin-resistance studies, we hope to obtain a more complete picture of platinum/taxane resistance in ovarian cancer. We have developed a variant of the A2780 cell line (A2780-pacli) that exhibits a four-log increase in paclitaxel IC50. Array based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has demonstrated a small number of focal chromosomal aberrations between the parent and isogenic derivative cell lines suggesting drug-specific evolutionary changes to the A2780 genome. We also utilized expression microarrays to identify genes that may contribute to drug-resistant phenotypes. cRNA probes generated from A2780-pacli cells or a commercial cisplatin-resistant A2780 cell line (A2780-cis) and were hybridized against cRNA from wild-type A2780 cells (A2780-WT). Differential gene expression analysis identified overlapping and individual drug-specific patterns of gene expression, including 1519 genes over- or under-expressed in both the cis- and pacli-resistant lines. Additionally, we have completed a high-throughput RNA interference (HT-RNAi) screen on A2780-pacli cells involving 572 kinase genes in order to determine mediators of paclitaxel resistance in this cell line. The HT-RNAi assay was developed to quantify the growth inhibition of A2780-pacli cells transfected with siRNA and treated with an EC50 dose of paclitaxel. Cell viability was assessed after 72 hours of drug exposure. The HT-RNAi screening data was normalized and log 2 ratios of drug-treated/vehicle-treated wells were determined to show drug potentiation. Following data analysis, we generated a list of gene targets that, upon silencing, lead to potentiation of cell viability in response to paclitaxel. Validation of these genes will identify potential therapeutic targets for novel paclitaxel combinations in order to improve clinical efficacy. These findings further demonstrate the effectiveness of using HT-RNAi as a tool for identifying sensitizing targets to chemotherapeutic agents. Taken together, the integrated application of genomic survey methods provides insight into mechanisms of drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4964. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4964
In-situ analysis of the microstructure of thermally treated thin copper films

Copper thin films were deposited by sputtering, electron beam evaporation, and electroless plating onto nitride membranes for TEM analysis. The samples were heat treated in-situ from room temperature to 600 °C for structural and chemical analysis. The as-deposited and heat treated microstructures were investigated. Orientation changes with heat treatment and reactions among the sample layers were analyzed by electron diffraction. This work provides baseline information for a study of the thermal evolution of copper Unes.
Underestimation of metabolic rates owing to reincorporation of 14CO2 in the perfused rat liver.

14CO2 production by perfused rat livers was simulated by infusing NaH14CO3 into the perfusate. Recovery of label as 14CO2 gas + perfusate bicarbonate was 45–85%. Rates of 14CO2 exchange in the liver are 3–70 times greater than net rates of CO2 production. Therefore 14CO2 reincorporation can lead to significant underestimations of rates of oxidation of 14C-labelled substrates in liver.
Do Consultation Psychiatrists, Forensic Psychiatrists, Psychiatry Trainees, and Health Care Lawyers Differ in Opinion on Gray Area Decision-Making Capacity Cases? A Vignette-Based Survey.

Background Previous research in the area of medical decision-making capacity has demonstrated relatively poor agreement between experienced evaluators in "gray area" cases. We performed a survey to determine the level of agreement about gray area decision-making capacity case scenarios within and between individuals of different professional backgrounds. Method Participants received a survey consisting of 3 complicated decision-making capacity vignettes with an accompanying "yes/no" question regarding capacity and a certainty scale for each vignette. Participants were identified from mailing lists of professional organizations and local hospitals. We received responses from psychiatry trainees, consultation-liaison psychiatrists, forensic psychiatrists, and lawyers with experience in health care law. Results were analyzed using SPSS. Results Across the 3 vignettes, the percentage agreeing that the individual described had capacity to refuse medical treatment ranged between 35% and 40% for trainees, 33% and 67% for consult psychiatrists, 41% and 76% for forensic psychiatrists, and 40% and 83% for health care lawyers. Only question 2 reached significance between-group differences (Pearson χ 2 = 11.473, p Conclusions As found in previous research, agreement among experienced evaluators appears generally low in gray area capacity cases. It is noteworthy that individuals of different professional backgrounds at times offer divergent between-group opinions on capacity.
How Porosity Increases During Incipient Weathering of Crystalline Silicate Rocks

Weathering of bedrock to produce porous regolith, the precursor to biologically active soil and soluble mineral nutrients, creates the life-supporting matrix upon which Earth’s Critical Zone—the thin surface layer where rock meets life—develops (Ollier 1985; Graham et al. 1994; Taylor and Eggleston 2001). Water and nutrients locked up in low porosity bedrock are biologically inaccessible until weathering helps transform the inert rock into a rich habitat for biological activity. Weathering increases the water-holding capacity and nutrient accessibility of rock and regolith by increasing porosity and mineral surface area, affecting the particle-size distribution, and enhancing ecosystem diversity (Cousin et al. 2003; Certini et al. 2004; Zanner and Graham 2005). Especially in areas where soils are thin and climate is dry, the water stored in weathered rock is essential to ecosystem productivity and survival (Sternberg et al. 1996; Zwieniecki and Newton 1996; Hubbert et al. 2001; Witty et al. 2003). Removal of soluble material during weathering decreases the concentrations of major elements such as Ca, Na, and Mg and the overall mass of the solid, decreasing the bulk density and increasing porosity. These chemical and physical changes result in decreased uniaxial compressive strength and elastic moduli of the rock and increased infiltration of water through the weathered rock (Tugrul 2004). Porosity in intact bedrock is comprised of inter- and intra-granular pores developed during (re-) crystallization in igneous and metamorphic rocks or diagenesis in sedimentary rocks. As we conceptualize it, the conversion of low-permeability bedrock to regolith generally begins due to the transport of meteoric water into protolith through the large-scale fractures that are present as a result of regional tectonic factors or exhumation (Wyrick and Borchers 1981; Molnar et al. 2007). In zones near the fractures, water can infiltrate into the low-porosity rock …
Intermediate-Term Results After Extracardiac Conduit Fontan Palliation in Children and Young Adults with Single Ventricle Physiology—A Single-center Experience

The Fontan operation and its modifications are currently the standard palliation in patients with single ventricle physiology. The advantages of extracardiac conduit Fontan operation (ECF) have previously been described. We evaluated the outcome of patients who underwent ECF operation at our center since the year 2000 to assess morbidity, mortality and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class in the current era. Medical records of 97 patients who underwent ECF operation from November 2000 till October 2013 were reviewed to determine the diagnosis, age at surgery, surgical technique, postoperative complications, NYHA class at last follow-up, echocardiographic parameters, and most recent Holter monitor results. The median age at surgery was 3.4 years with 4 total deaths until last follow-up (hospital mortality was 1 %, and mortality after hospital discharge was 3 %). Seventy-eight of the 97 patients (80 %) underwent fenestrated Fontan surgery. Median duration of follow-up was 3.9 years (IQR 0.2-12.2 years). At the latest follow-up, 62 patients (67 %) were determined to be in NYHA class I, 25 patients (27 %) in NYHA class II, and 6 (6 %) patients in NYHA class III, and the median oxygen saturation was 92 % (IQR 86-96). There were 15 patients with history of preoperative arrhythmias and 6 of them required pacemaker placement at the time of surgery. One patient developed ectopic atrial tachycardia, and 1 patient had clinical thromboembolism on follow-up. Systolic function of the single ventricle by transthoracic echocardiogram at the latest follow-up was described as normal in 77 patients (83 %), fair in 15 patients (16 %), and poor in 1 patient (1 %). The results of our study show that patients who undergo extracardiac conduit Fontan operation in the modern era may have significantly less morbidity and mortality when compared to earlier years.
Utility of Point-of-care Urine Drug Tests in the Treatment of Primary Care Patients With Drug Use Disorders

Objectives To determine if urine drug tests (UDTs) can detect under-reporting of drug use (ie, negative self-report, but positive UDT) and identify patient characteristics associated with underreporting when treating substance use disorders in primary care. Methods Self-reported use (last 30 d) and UDTs were gathered at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months from 829 primary care patients participating in a drug use intervention study. Rates of under-reporting were calculated for all drugs, cannabis, stimulants, opioids, and sedatives. Logistic regressions were used to identify characteristics associated with under-reporting. Results Among the participants, 40% (n = 331) denied drug use in the prior 30 days despite a corresponding positive UDT during at least 1 assessment. Levels of under-reporting during 1 or more assessments were 3% (n = 22) for cannabis, 20% (n = 167) for stimulants, 27% (n = 226) for opioids, and 13% (n = 106) for sedatives. Older (odds ratio [OR] 1.04), female (OR 1.66), or disabled (OR 1.42) individuals were more likely to under-report any drug use. Under-reporting of stimulant use was also more likely in individuals with lower levels of educational attainment, previous arrests, and family and social problems. Under-reporting of opioid use was more likely in those with other drug problems, but less likely in those with better physical health, more severe alcohol and psychiatric comorbidities, and African-Americans. Conclusions With the exception of cannabis, UDTs are important assessment tools when treating drug use disorders in primary care. UDTs might be particularly helpful when treating patients who are older, female, disabled, have legal and social problems, and have more severe drug problems.
Determination of hydrogen sulfide in air of operational site

Objective:To develop a new method for the determination of hydrogen sulfide in air of operational site by spectrophotometric analysis.Methods:The brown colloidal solution of Ag2S producted by the reaction of H2S with AgNO3,and then detected with ultraviolet spectrophotometer,a new method was proposed for the determination of hydrogen sulfide in air of operational site by spectrophotometric analysis.Results:The calibration curve′s correlation coefficient was 0.9995.The linear range and the determination limit were 0～16.0 μg and 0.08 μg/ml,the lowest detection density was 0.11 mg/m3.The relatively standard deviation and the recovery rate was 2.1%～8.3% and 96.0%～99.4%.Conclusion:The method reduces the determination limit and enhanced the sensitivity.It can be applied to the determination of hydrogen sulfide in air of operational site with satisfactory results.
Industry responsibility in interactive computer modeling.

One of the responsibilities of an industry health economist is to develop interactive computer models that will encourage decisionmakers to use their company's products by demonstrating to the decision-maker that these products are good value for money. This responsibility may be referred to as a promotional responsibility. In an ideal, "Adam Smith"world, which assumes a competitive market place with no barriers to entry as well as perfect information without transactions costs for the decision-makers or for competing companies, these interactive models would have to be scientifically valid or the results would have no effect on purchasing decisions. Thus fulfilling these promotional responsibilities would increase both the public and private welfare. In reality, this ideal situation is far from the true one. People do not have access to complete information and gathering even imperfect information has time and financial costs. Also, the markets for pharmaceutical products are not always competitive; there may be very few products in a therapeutic area and the high costs of research
Robust and parallel Bayesian model selection

Abstract Effective and accurate model selection is an important problem in modern data analysis. One of the major challenges is the computational burden required to handle large datasets that cannot be stored or processed on one machine. Another challenge one may encounter is the presence of outliers and contaminations that damage the inference quality. The parallel “divide and conquer” model selection strategy divides the observations of the full dataset into roughly equal subsets and perform inference and model selection independently on each subset. After local subset inference, this method aggregates the posterior model probabilities or other model/variable selection criteria to obtain a final model by using the notion of geometric median. This approach leads to improved concentration in finding the “correct” model and model parameters and also is provably robust to outliers and data contamination.
Multilingual pedagogies and pre-service teachers: Implementing “language as a resource” orientations in teacher education programs

ABSTRACTWhile Ruiz’s (1984) influential work on language orientations has substantively influenced how we study and talk about language planning, few teacher education programs today actually embed his framework in the praxis of preparing pre-service and practicing teachers. Hence, the primary purpose of this article is to demonstrate new understandings and expansions of Ruiz’s language-as-resource (LAR) approach and ways in which teacher education programs can model this orientation in their own classes, including those programs, like ours, that prepare mostly monolingual pre-service and in-service teachers to work with bi/multilingual students. The authors pursue this by laying out the theoretical framework for multilingual pedagogies that approach teacher education through the LAR orientation and then illustrate these pedagogies as they are realized in their own teacher education programs with the aim of moving closer to and expanding on Ruiz’s original proposal.