cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of xylazine administered to exercised thoroughbred horses

There is limited data describing xylazine serum concentrations in the horse and no reports of concentrations beyond 24 hours. The primary goal of the study reported here was to update the pharmacokinetics of xylazine following intravenous (IV) administration in order to assess the applicability of current regulatory recommendations. Pharmacodynamic parameters were determined using PK-PD modeling. Sixteen exercised adult Thoroughbred horses received a single IV dose of 200 mg of xylazine. Blood and urine samples were collected at time 0 and at various times for up to 96 hours and analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Xylazine serum concentrations were best fit by a 3-compartment model. Mean ± SEM systemic clearance, volume of distribution at steady state, beta half-life and gamma half-life were 12.7 ± 0.735 mL/min/kg, 0.660 ± 0.053 L/kg, 2.79 ± 0.105 hours and 26.0 ± 1.9, respectively. Immediately following administration, horses appeared sedate as noted by a decrease in chin-to-ground distance, decreased locomotion and decreased heart rate (HR). Sedation lasted approximately 45 minutes. Glucose concentrations were elevated for 1-hour post administration. The EC50 (IC50) was 636.1, 702.2, 314.1 and 325.7 ng/mL for HR, atrioventricular block, chin-to-ground distance and glucose concentrations, respectively. The Emax (Imax) was 27.3 beats per minute, 47.5%, 42.4 cm and 0.28 mg/dL for HR, atrioventricular block, chin-to-ground distance and glucose concentrations, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters differ from previous reports and a prolonged detection time suggests that an extended withdrawal time, beyond current regulatory recommendations, is warranted to avoid inadvertent positive regulatory findings in performance horses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase I trial of lenalidomide maintenance after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) in patients with high-risk relapsed/refractory lymphomas.

8553 Background: Lymphoma patients (pts) with residual hypermetabolic lesions on PET imaging after salvage chemotherapy have extremely poor outcomes and may benefit from continued therapy after ASC...
Functional Expression of P-glycoprotein and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Understanding Transport Mechanisms for Improved CNS Drug Delivery?

Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is greatly limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Physical and biochemical properties of the BBB have rendered treatment of CNS diseases, including those with a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) component, extremely difficult. Targeting endogenous BBB transporters from the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily (i.e., P-glycoprotein (P-gp)) or from the solute carrier (SLC) family (i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents)) has been suggested as a strategy that can improve delivery of drugs to the brain. With respect to P-gp, direct pharmacological inhibition using small molecules or selective regulation by targeting intracellular signaling pathways has been explored. These approaches have been largely unsuccessful due to toxicity issues and unpredictable pharmacokinetics. Therefore, our laboratory has proposed that optimization of CNS drug delivery, particularly for treatment of diseases with an H/R component, can be achieved by targeting Oatp isoforms at the BBB. As the major drug transporting Oatp isoform, Oatp1a4 has demonstrated blood-to-brain transport of substrate drugs with neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, our laboratory has shown that targeting Oatp1a4 regulation (i.e., TGF-β signaling mediated via the ALK-1 and ALK-5 transmembrane receptors) represents an opportunity to control Oatp1a4 functional expression for the purpose of delivering therapeutics to the CNS. In this review, we will discuss limitations of targeting P-gp-mediated transport activity and the advantages of targeting Oatp-mediated transport. Through this discussion, we will also provide critical information on novel approaches to improve CNS drug delivery by targeting endogenous uptake transporters expressed at the BBB.
Understanding the Physical Safety, Security, and Privacy Concerns of People with Visual Impairments

With the help of various assistive devices, people with visual impairments are able to live their lives with greater independence both online and offline. But significant work remains to understand and address their safety, security, and privacy concerns, especially in the physical, offline world. For example, people with visual impairments are particularly vulnerable to physical assault and theft, shoulder-surfing attacks, and being overheard during private conversations. The authors conducted two sets of interviews -- one in a small-town setting and the other in a larger metropolitan area -- with 33 participants with visual impairments to identify their physical safety, security, and privacy issues and find out how they manage these concerns and how assistive technologies could help alleviate them. The resulting research proposes design considerations for camera-based devices that would help people with visual impairments monitor for potential threats around them.
Bioinformatics of CYP2E1 CpG intron methylation sites and application to HAR1-RELN sequence analysis

The CYP2E1 CpG methylation sites in the first intron (site +626 to +742 from the starting ATG) as reported in a 2015 epigenetics psychiatry study were analyzed from a bioinformatics perspective. The studied sequences for human, monkey, dog and cow showed a high correlation (R-sq > 0.99) between CpG content and mononucleotide entropy. A comparably high correlation (R-sq > 0.95) was also found between the first exon sequences and mononucleotide entropy. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that CpG content is proportional to nucleotide availability when the latter quantity is computed as information entropy. To probe the nature of CpG sites in HAR1, a comparative study was conducted using the known promoter methylation regions in RELN and EGFR sequences. The observed high correlation (R-sq = 0.999) suggests that the eight CpG sites in HAR1 may function as human-specific gene expression controller sites since the equivalent chimp sequence has no CpG sites. A general scheme using randomly selected CpG methylation sites that precede the starting ATG codon is discussed with regard to fractal dimension modeling. Furthermore, an analysis of the studied RELN homolog CDS sequences for human, bovine, mouse and rat showed a high correlation of dinucleotide entropy with free energy (R > 0.9), consistent with the high correlation (R > 0.9) observed in a similar analysis of the studied pro-BDNF homolog CDS sequences for human, chimp, mouse and rat.
Market Based Credit Rating and Its Applications

Credit rating plays a critical role in financial risk management. It is like a name tag of a firm indicating its health condition. Generally, ratings involve a lot of firm-specific information which is hard to obtain or only available quarterly. In this chapter, we propose a two-step algorithm involving ARIMA-GARCH modelling and clustering to obtain a market based credit rating utilizing easily obtained public information. The algorithm is applied to 3-year CDS spreads of 247 publicly listed firms. Empirical result of the application and comparisons between the obtained ratings with the ratings given by agencies show that such a market based credit rating performs quite well.
An X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of metal sorption to graphene oxide

Abstract Remediation and prevention of environmental contamination by toxic metals is an ongoing issue. Additionally, improving water filtration systems is necessary to prevent toxic metals from circulating through the water supply. Graphene oxide (GO) is a highly sorptive material for a variety of heavy metals under different ionic strength conditions over a wide pH range, making it a promising candidate for use in metal adsorption from contaminated sites or in filtration systems. We present X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy results investigating the binding environment of Cd (II), U(VI) and Pb(II) ions onto multi-layered graphene oxide (MLGO). This study shows that the binding environment of each metal onto the MLGO is unique, with different behaviors governing the sorption as a function of pH. For Cd sorption to MLGO, the same mechanism of electrostatic attraction between the MLGO and the Cd +2 ions surrounded by water molecules prevails over the entire pH range studied. The U(VI), present in solution as the uranyl ion, shows only subtle changes as a function of pH, likely due to the varied speciation of uranium in solution. The adsorption of the U to the MLGO is through a covalent, inner-sphere bond. The only metal from this study where the dominant adsorption mechanism to the MLGO changes with pH is Pb. In this case, under lower pH conditions, Pb is bound onto the MLGO through dominantly outer-sphere, electrostatic adsorption, while under higher pH conditions, the bonding changes to be dominated by inner-sphere, covalent adsorption. Since each of the metals in this study show unique binding properties, it is possible that MLGO could be engineered to effectively adsorb specific metal ions from solution and optimize environmental remediation or filtration for each metal.
Strength of brittle materials in moderately corrosive environments

The strengths of four brittle materials―cordierite glass ceramic, fused silica, silicon, and polycrystalline alumina were measured after exposure to weakly-corrosive water and moderately-corrosive buffered HF (BHF) solution. Exposure to water did not alter the strengths in subsequent inert strength tests and decreased the strengths in reactive strength tests. Exposure to BHF increased the strengths in both tests, but only after an incubation exposure time. Prior to the incubation time, the BHF had the same effect as water, suggesting that the bond rupture kinetics were unaffected. Examination of strength-controlling indentation flaws after the incubation time showed clear corrosive effects on the flaw geometry indicative of reductions in the indentation residual stress fields. The implication is that moderately corrosive environments increase the strength or lifetime of a brittle component by reducing the crack driving force via flaw alteration and do not, as perhaps expected, decrease the strength or lifetime through enhanced chemical reactivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Building Student Affairs Assessment Capacity: Lessons from Two Community Colleges

ABSTRACTHigh-quality student affairs programming and support services are indispensable to community college student success. Yet, while institutions establish well-structured assessment of academic programs, few engage in formal institutional measurement of student affairs and services effectiveness. This article shares two community colleges’ stories of building assessment capacity and assessment implementation within student support services. Using a case-study approach, this work traces the assessment journeys of Eastfield and El Centro Colleges through the eyes of student affairs administrators. Challenges, successes, and lessons learned inform community college practices.
Evaluation of the Adams desaturated D-15 test with congenital color vision defects

The Adams Desaturated D-15 was introduced as a test for acquired color vision defects. In this study, the assessment of congenital color vision defects by the Adams Desat D-15 is considered.
Defense with benefits? Ducking plants outperformed erect plants in the goldenrod Solidago gigantea in the absence of herbivory

Premise of the study Despite the fact that herbivores can be highly detrimental to their host plants' fitness, plant populations often maintain genetic variation for resistance to their natural enemies. Investigating the various costs (e.g., allocation tradeoffs, autotoxicity, and ecological costs) that may prevent plants from evolving to their fullest potential resistance has been a productive strategy for shedding insight into the eco-evolutionary dynamics of plant-herbivore communities. Methods Recent studies have shown that some individuals of goldenrod (Solidago spp.) evade apex-attacking herbivores by a temporary nodding of their stem (i.e., resistance-by-ducking). Although ducking provides an obvious fitness benefit to these individuals, nonducking (erect) morphs persist in goldenrod populations. In this study, I investigated potential costs of ducking in Solidago gigantea in terms of tradeoffs involving growth and reproduction in a common garden experiment using field-collected seeds. Key results The S. gigantea population contained substantial genetic variation for stem morph, with 28% erect and 72% ducking stems. In the absence of herbivory, ducking plants were taller, had thicker stems, and produced an average of 20% more seeds than erect plants. Conclusions This study suggests that resistance-by-ducking, instead of being costly, actually comes with additional, nondefense-related benefits. These results support the conclusion that the factors that constrain the evolution of resistance in plant populations are likely to be more subtle and complex than simple tradeoffs in resource allocation.
Monitoring Design Thinking Through In-Situ Interventions

Building on existing knowledge of design and design thinking we apply several other fields of knowledge such as emotion coding, improvisation, ethnography, social psychology, and decision analysis into key metrics we call Design Thinking Metrics (DTM). We applied these metrics to analyze and assess videos of software design teams. We then conducted a workshop series with a professional software design team to use DTM as a perceptual tool to test a number of action-repertoires and building theory that could be used to improve Design Thinking practice. The result is multi-disciplinary perceptual monitoring of design thinking activity in professional software practice.
Basic Matrix Algebra

The remaining material requires an elementary knowledge of matrix algebra. This chapter contains the basic concepts necessary to understand it. If you know no matrix algebra, it should teach you enough to understand the remaining chapters. If you are not sure of your knowledge of matrix algebra, you should probably at least scan this material. If you already have a basic knowledge of matrix algebra, you may skip most of this chapter, although you should read at least the last section.
The Nonsurgical Valvuloplasty for Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

Nonsurgical treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis by balloon transluminal valvuloplasty has recently become available. The application and initial results of this technique are described in this article and are juxtaposed to observations after surgery.
Models for restoration decision making for a supply chain network after a cyber attack

This work considers modeling approaches to the problem of restoration decision making by supply chain managers. Specifically, we consider an oil supply chain network that has suffered a cyber attac...
The Effects of the Concrete-Representational-Abstract Sequence for Students at Risk for Mathematics Failure

Students who have difficulty with mathematics may have trouble understanding underlying concepts of numbers and operations. The concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) instructional sequence of instruction provides a way for teachers to help students gain meaning from numbers and the mathematical concepts those numbers represent. This study addresses evidence-based practices and applies CRA methods to instruction address concepts such as rounding, regrouping, and equivalent fractions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CRA instruction on the performance of elementary students across varied areas of need related to poor conceptual understanding and proficiency in completing tasks related to numbers and operations. The researchers implemented a multiple baseline across behaviors design for two students who were at risk for mathematics failure. A functional relation was found for CRA intervention and rounding, regrouping, and fraction concepts for the two students. Results and implications are discussed.
Physical activity and fitness among pediatric cancer survivors: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

The number of pediatric cancer survivors has increased dramatically over recent decades. Prior studies involving pediatric cancer survivors have reported reduced physical activity and fitness levels. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize previous findings on physical activity and fitness levels of pediatric cancer survivors, who had completed cancer treatment and are in complete remission compared with age-matched, non-athletic healthy controls with no history of cancer diagnosis. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO) were searched using a combination of 24 terms. Observational studies examining the post-treatment physical activity and/or fitness levels of pediatric cancer survivors compared with that of non-cancer controls and published in peer-reviewed, English-language journals before August 22, 2018 were eligible. Random-effect models were used in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software for effect-size estimations of eight studies for physical activity and eight for fitness. The studies included a total sample of 2628; 1413 pediatric cancer survivors and 1215 non-cancer controls. Both physical activity and fitness were significantly lower in childhood cancer survivors than in non-cancer controls (g = − 0.889; 95% confidence interval [CI] = − 1.648 − 0.130; p = 0.022) and (g = − 1.435; 95% CI = − 2.615 − 0.225; p = 0.017), respectively, with high heterogeneity. Pediatric cancer sequelae and its treatment may limit participation in physical activity and fitness activities by survivors of pediatric cancer. Accentuating the need to incorporate physical activity and fitness into treatment protocols and post-treatment recommendations may improve pediatric cancer survivors’ health and well-being.
HBMITool: a user-friendly software for labeling Human Brain Microscopy Images

Abstract One of the most popular tools for quantifying protein expression is Immunofluorescence (IF). Although IF is widely applied in drug discovery research and assessing disease mechanisms, it has great room for improvement on the task of analyzing human postmortem brain samples. IF analysis of postmortem human tissue relies mostly on manual interaction, which is often error-prone and leading to low inter and intra-observer reproducibility. The high level of autofluorescence caused by accumulation of lipofuscin pigment during aging impedes systematic analyses of human postmortem brain samples. A method for automating cell counting and classification in IF microscopy of human postmortem brains was proposed before, which speeds up the quantification task while improving reproducibility. To correct for misclassified cells by the algorithm, we created HBFMTool, a software package that ease the process of editing the result produced by cell detection/classification algorithm.
Transduction proteins of olfactory receptor cells: identification of guanine nucleotide binding proteins and protein kinase C.

The authors have analyzed guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) in the olfactory epithelium of Rana catesbeiana using subunit-specific antisera. The olfactory epithelium contained the ..cap alpha.. subunits of three G-proteins, migrating on polyacrylamide gels in SDS with apparent molecular weights of 45,000, 42,000, and 40,000, corresponding to G/sub s/, G/sub i/, and G/sub o/, respectively. A single ..beta.. subunit with an apparent molecular weight of 36,000 was detected. An antiserum against the ..cap alpha.. subunit of retinal transducin failed to detect immunoreactive proteins in olfactory cilia detached from the epithelium. The olfactory cilia appeared to be enriched in immunoreactive G/sub s..cap alpha../ relative to G/sub ichemically bond/ and G/sub ochemically bond/ when compared to membranes prepared from the olfactory epithelium after detachment of the cilia. Bound antibody was detected by autoradiography after incubation with (/sup 125/I)protein. Immunohistochemical studies using an antiserum against the ..beta.. subunit of G-proteins revealed intense staining of the ciliary surface of the olfactory epithelium and of the axon bundles in the lamina propria. In contrast, an antiserum against a common sequence of the ..cap alpha.. subunits preferentially stained the cell membranes of the olfactory receptor cells and the acinar cells of Bowman's glands and the deepmore » submucosal glands. In addition to G-proteins, they have identified protein kinase C in olfactory cilia via a protein kinase C specific antiserum and via phorbol ester binding. However, in contrast to the G-proteins, protein kinase C occurred also in cilia isolated from respiratory epithelium.« less
A group lasso based sparse KNN classifier

Abstract Sparse features have been shown effective in applications of computer vision, machine learning, signal processing, etc. Group sparsity was proposed by considering that there exist natural group structures in many problems. Previous research mainly focuses on improving the way to extract sparse features, such as lasso, group lasso, overlapped group lasso, sparse group lasso. In existing work, sparse features are usually taken as input for classifiers, such as SVM, KNN, or SRC (Sparse Representation based Classification). In this paper, we find that, instead of using sparse group features as input for classifiers, sparse group features are good candidates for selection of most relevant classes/groups. We design a new classifier to improve classification accuracy: (1) we use sparse group lasso to select K most relevant classes/groups, which makes this approach robust, because it filters out unrelated classes/groups in group level, instead of individual sample level; (2) KSVD is used to get exact desired sparsity (k nonzero entries) and thus eliminates the difficulty of hyperparameter tuning; (3) simple summation of regression weights within each class/group contains sufficient class discriminant information, and the chance of a sample belonging to a specific class is denoted simply by the summation of corresponding regression weights within each class, which is in line with the need of Explainable AI (XAI). The K most relevant groups/classes can be considered as K neighbors of the correct class. Thus, we call this classifier Group Lasso based Sparse KNN (GLSKNN). Compared to 8 other approaches, GLSKNN classifier outperforms other methods in term of classification accuracy for two public image datasets and images with different occlusion/noise levels.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FEDERAL FOOD ASSISTANCE AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AMONG ADULTS WITH FOOD INSECURITY: INSIGHTS FROM THE NHANES 2007-2014

Consumption of a healthy diet is associated with positive cardiovascular outcomes. Food insecurity (FI) - a lack of adequate food intake due to limited resources - has been associated with unhealthy dietary patterns. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the federal food assistance
2008 Case Study

An Army doctrinal shift in 2008 from mid-intensity to low-intensity combat is not surprising given that the Army was deeply engaged in both Iraq and Afghanistan at the time. What is surprising is the timing of this shift. By 2008, the Army had been fighting in Afghanistan for seven years and Iraq for five. Previous updates to FM 100-5 were made during or immediately after other US conflicts. The current body of scholarly literature suggests that the Army delayed updating its doctrine until 2008 because it was not willing or able as an institution to learn the lessons of Afghanistan and Iraq fast enough or well enough while engaged in those conflicts. I argue that domestic politics, particularly Republican losses in the 2006 mid-term elections, combined with the impact of the 2007 Republican presidential primary campaigns, to have a significant impact on the Army, finally prompting it to make this doctrinal shift when it did in 2008.
Citizen Scientist or Citizen Technician: A Case Study of Communication on One Citizen Science Platform

The different types of engagement in citizen science produce potentially different outcomes. Although participation in citizen science can increase volunteer scientific literacy, recent research suggests that this does not occur in projects in which volunteers only contribute data. We performed a content analysis of CitSci.org project descriptions (n = 152) along with project descriptions found on hyperlinked websites (n = 23), analyzing volunteer tasks according to cognitive order as defined by Bloom’s Taxonomy, an educational framework designed to classify an individual’s depth of knowledge. We also considered who benefits from the tasks that volunteers performed. We found that most projects described volunteers as performing (low order) tasks and described the benefits to citizen science projects. Our analysis indicates that project managers describe the scientific process in a limited capacity, which has implications for volunteer scientific literacy. That said, our study is limited in that we did not confirm the findings with project managers who wrote task descriptions. It is also important to recognize that our findings investigate communication on a single citizen science platform and are not representative of the entire field of citizen science. However, it serves as a first step to better understand how scientists and project managers communicate about citizen science.
School Counselors’ Work-Related Rumination as a Predictor of Burnout, Turnover Intentions, Job Satisfaction, and Work Engagement:

We examined work-related rumination among 288 school counselors and its relationship to elements of their professional well-being. The composite of affective rumination, problem-solving pondering, ...
Combining farming practices drastically shrinks blue orchard bee populations

![Graphic][1] Blue orchard bees pollinate fruit trees in orchards across the United States. However, multiple farming practices pose a threat to the bees’ survival. Though both pesticides and changing landscapes can affect survival of bees in the lab, little is known about their combined
Consumer Willingness-to-Pay for Biopower: Results from Focus Groups

To find out whether consumers are willing to pay a surcharge for biopower, the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries hosted consumer focus groups at four locations in Alabama. Results showed that consumers were willing to pay a premium in line with the costs, but that most did not have much prior information about green energy options.
Pandemics, Mitigation Measures, and Environment.

The paper studies the effects of mitigation measures on environment during a pandemic. Various mitigation measures such as business closures have been imposed to reduce health risks. Such measures also limit economic activities and reduce emissions. Measures disproportionately affect the contact-intensive sectors such as the leisure and hospitality industry, as their economic activities involve more person-to-person interactions. Thus, the extent of emission reduction depends on the severity of a measure and the size of the contact-intensive sectors. Using data on business and restaurant closures, school closures and bans on gatherings across 50 U.S. states during the Covid-19 pandemic, an empirical analysis shows that emissions decrease more in states with a more stringent measure and a larger share of the contact-intensive sectors.
Does Eco-Certification Correlate with Improved Financial Performance? Evidence From a Longitudinal Study in the US Hospital Industry.

Health care-based negative production externalities, such as greenhouse gas emissions, underscore the need for hospitals to implement sustainable practices. Eco-certification has been adopted by a ...
The Door, the Key, and the City: The Representational Dialectic of Image and Text in Buenos Aires Buenos Aires

Julio Cortazar partnered with visual artists on projects throughout his entire career. This diverse list of works includes graphic novels, illustrated poetry books, mixed media books, or as he put ...
Engineering Philadelphia: The Sellers Family and the Industrial Metropolis

Both the rise and decline of industrial Philadelphia, as explained by Dominic Vitiello, assistant professor of city planning and urban studies at the University of Pennsylvania, have depended to a ...
Anthropology accountability and the prevention of AIDS.

This paper examines the belief that AIDS originated in Haiti. More specifically, this paper addresses how this belief affected Haitians living in North America, and how this belief complicated efforts to prevent AIDS among Haitians. Finally, the present paper also suggests possible roles for anthropologists and other scholars in addressing the problems posed by AIDS‐related discrimination.
Historical PAH fluxes to Lake Michigan sediments determined by factor analysis

Abstract A factor analysis (FA) model with non-negative constraints is used to apportion historical records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources in seven sediment cores (CLM-A, C, D, E, F, G, and H) from the central Lake Michigan (CLM) area. Source apportionment of PAHs is important for environmental modeling and management. Instead of PAH compound concentrations, averages of total PAH fluxes (the sum of sixteen PAHs) into sediments during 5-year periods are used in the FA model. As a consequence, apportionment results indicate historical input records of sources. A data matrix, based on unmixed and focus-corrected total PAH fluxes of seven sediment cores and seven time periods, was used in the FA model. From the FA results, modified Wisconsin petroleum and coal consumption records are identified for the first and the second factors, respectively. The predicted and the Wisconsin coal profiles exhibit similar trends with peaks for the 1946–1951 and 1968–1973 periods. The patterns of predicted and actual profiles for petroleum are also similar, however, predicted values are lower than actual values after 1964. Results from the petroleum profile analysis may indicate a limitation of the FA model when coefficients of variation are not constant over the entire period of study. Factor score results show the separation of the cores into two groups. Cores A, C, D, and E are affected significantly (>36%) by coal and to some extent petroleum point sources (Port Washington and Milwaukee) whereas cores F, G, and H, are impacted mainly (>76%) by diffuse petroleum sources with a weak coal component. This is consistent with the prevailing southwestern wind direction and chemical mass balance (CMB) model results for individual PAHs.
Teaching Students with Dyslexia in the Regular Classroom

(1996). Teaching Students with Dyslexia in the Regular Classroom. Childhood Education: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 2-5.
Identification of indole compounds secreted by Frankia HFPArI3 in defined culture medium

Indole compounds secreted byFrankia sp. HFPArI3 in defined culture medium were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). WhenFrankia was grown in the presence of13C(ring-labelled)-L-tryptophan,13C-labelled indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-ethanol (IEtOH), indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), and indole-3-methanol (IMeOH) were identified.
Limit analysis in stability calculations of reinforced soil structures

Abstract Stability analyses of reinforced soil structures are traditionally based on limit equilibrium calculations. Results from such analyses are sometimes ambiguous because of different assumptions made in addition to the limit state. It is shown in this paper that these ambiguities can be removed if the kinematic approach of limit analysis is used, in which a rigorous bound to the required strength of reinforcement is sought. The required strength of reinforcement is the strength needed to maintain stability of the structure. Since limit analysis leads to a rigorous bound on the reinforcement strength, limit loads, or a safety factor, the geometry of the failure mechanisms considered can be optimized, so that the best bound is obtained (a solution closest to the exact solution). A dual formulation of kinematic limit analysis is possible in terms of limit force equilibrium, but the former is preferable since the kinematics of collapse mechanisms appeals to engineering intuition more than the distribution of forces does.
Numerical Analyses of the Roles of Gas Phase and Liquid Phase UV Photochemistry in Conventional and Immersion 193 nm Lithography

We examine the impacts of photochemistry of air and water on resist films during lithographic exposure at 193 nm. The analysis uses a detailed quantitative kinetic model based on available literature mechanistic data and constructed with in-house simulation tools. In conventional 193 nm lithography, both oxidation of the resist polymer due to the UV photolysis of molecular oxygen, and film interaction with strong acids, formed by photo-oxidation of nitrogen and sulfur species in ambient air, have been proposed to lead to degraded resist imaging. We assess the extent to which such reactions can occur under typical lithographic process conditions, and find that while oxidation is minimal, acid deposition into the top of the resist film can be significant and can spread over distances of millimeters. Immersion lithography using 193 nm radiation utilizes a layer of highly purified, degassed water as an index-matching fluid. When water is exposed to 193 nm light, short-lived chemical intermediates are produced by two pathways, neutral and ionic. A quantitative evaluation of this photochemistry during lithographic immersion exposure shows that neither these intermediates nor acid formed by photolysis of leached photoacid generator leads to substantial changes in the composition of the water layer, so resist impacts are not likely to be significant. Organic immersion fluids may undergo significant photolysis, however there are insufficient experimental data to assess any potential impacts at this time.
An experimental and theoretical evaluation of the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame as an atomization cell for flame spectroscopy

Abstract The formation of free atoms from aerosols of metal-containing solutions introduced into nitrous oxide-acetylene flames is examined by: (a) inference from well identified reactions and equilibria prevailing in cooler flames; (b) calculations employing a thermodynamic flame model; and (c) experimental observation of relative free-atom number densities in the flames as a function of stoichiometry. The calculated partial pressures of the major natural flame species and some of the spectroscopically observed minor species are presented as a function of the flow ratio of nitrous oxide to acetylene ( p ). Predicted relative number densities of Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Li, Be, Al, W, Ti and Si as a function of p are compared with measured free-atom absorbances in an argon-shielded flame. These comparisons were completed for various heights above the burner tip. The data reported show that: (a) the degree of metal atomization in the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame can be adequately described by the equilibrium state; (b) in general, when solute vaporization is complete, there exists a value of ρ at which atomization is complete for metals that form monoxides with dissociation energies less than ~ 6.5 eV; and (c) certain metals may form carbon-containing compounds in the interconal zone.
Gradual recovery of lactotroph responsiveness to dynamic stimulation following surgical removal of prolactinomas: long-term follow-up studies.

Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas were selectively removed through a transsphenoidal approach from 120 women. Basal serum PRL levels (measured one to six months after surgery) were normal in 96 patients and decreased appreciably but not to normal in the remaining 24 patients. Dynamics of PRL secretion were studied at three to four months in 81 patients who had normal basal PRL level. Two different patterns of response to provocative stimuli were noted in these patients. In one group (group I, n = 65), patients had >100% rise in serum PRL following TRH or perphenazine (Pz) administration. However, when analyzed as a group, the mean ± SEM incremental responses (ΔPRL) to TRH and Pz in these patients (29.9 ± 1.9, 20.4 ± 1.5 ng/mL) were significantly less (P < 0.005 and P < 0.001) than those of normal women (38.8 ± 5, 33 ± 5 ng/mL, respectively). Nineteen of these patients were restudied 12 to 72 months after surgery. The responses to provocative stimulation at that time were improved and similar to normal women. In contrast, in the second group (n = 16) of patients (group II), the responses to stimulation with the same agents were blunted or absent and remained so during subsequent studies. Recurrence of the hyperprolactinemia was noted in 11 of the 16 patients in group II and in only two of 65 patients in group I. The daily serum PRL levels in the immediate postoperative period were higher in patients from group II than those from group I. We conclude that transsphenoidal surgery is an optimal form of therapy for patients with PRL-secreting adenomas. The dynamics of PRL secretion are helpful in evaluating the outcome of surgery and in predicting patients at risk for recurrences. Following complete removal of the adenoma, lactotrophs of the normal pituitary recover gradually and their responsiveness to stimulation becomes normal months to years later. These findings are consistent with the concept that PRL-secreting pituitary adenomas are primary pituitary disorders.
Inhibition of collagen cross-linking associated with β-aminopropionitrile-induced cleft palate in the rat

Abstract Lathyrogenic compounds have been shown previously to induce cleft palate in the rat when administered during gestation. The present study examines the induction of cleft palate by the lathyrogen, β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) and attempts to correlate this with the effect BAPN has on the cross-linking of embryonic collagen. It was found that 98% cleft palate fetuses could be produced by a single oral dose of 600 mg/kg BAPN only when administered during a 24-hr period of gestation beginning with day 15, whereas cleft palate was not induced on day 14 or 16. BAPN did not affect the synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides or proteins, including collagen, in the embryo, but a dramatic and reversible inhibition was observed in collagen cross-linking. Maximum inhibition occurred 24 hr after BAPN administration, whereas no effect was seen after 48 hr. A correlation was observed between the inhibition of collagen cross-linking and cleft palate formation when BAPN was given in various concentrations as a single oral dose on day 15. It is suggested that the inhibition of collagen cross-linking in the embryo may play a role in cleft palate induction by BAPN.
Identification of the metabolites of simple phthalate diesters in rat urine

Abstract Rat urinary metabolites of orally-administered dimethyl, di- n -butyl and di- n -octyl phthalates have been isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography on Porasil A. A linear gradient of tetrahydrofuran into n -heptane resolved the following classes of diazomethane-treated metabolites: diesters, triesters, ketodiesters, and two classes of hydroxydiesters. Phthalic acid was a very minor metabolite except in the case of dimethyl phthalate precursor. The corresponding monoesters become more significant as they become more polar (methyl > butyl > n -octyl ≈ ethylhexyl). The remaining metabolites are those that woudl be expected from ω - 1 and ω- followed by α-and β-oxidation of the monoesters. Intact diester was excreted as a trace component when dibutyl phthalate was fed, and as a significant component when dimethyl phthalate was fed.
Design spaces for link and structure versioning

This paper reflects upon existing composite-based hypertext versioning systems, and presents two high-level design spaces that capture the range of potential choices in system data models for versioning links, and versioning hypertext structure. These two design spaces rest upon a foundation consisting of a containment model, describing choices for containment in hypertext systems, and the design space for persistently recording an object's revision history, with applicability to all versioning systems. Two example points in the structure versioning design space are presented, corresponding to most existing composite-based hypertext versioning systems. Using the presented design spaces allows the data models of existing hypertext versioning systems to be decomposed and compared in a principled way, and provides new system designers significant insight into the design tradeoffs between various link and structure versioning approaches.
Structural Characterization of Three Novel Hydroxamate-Based Zinc Chelating Inhibitors of the Clostridium botulinum Serotype A Neurotoxin Light Chain Metalloprotease Reveals a Compact Binding Site Resulting from 60/70 Loop Flexibility.

Neurotoxins synthesized by Clostridium botulinum bacteria (BoNT), the etiological agent of human botulism, are extremely toxic proteins making them high-risk agents for bioterrorism. Small molecule inhibitor development has been focused on the light chain zinc-dependent metalloprotease domain of the neurotoxin, an effort that has been hampered by its relatively flexible active site. Developed in concert with structure−activity relationship studies, the X-ray crystal structures of the complex of BoNT serotype A light chain (BoNT/A LC) with three different micromolar-potency hydroxamate-based inhibitors are reported here. Comparison with an unliganded BoNT/A LC structure reveals significant changes in the active site as a result of binding by the unique inhibitor scaffolds. The 60/70 loop at the opening of the active site pocket undergoes the largest conformational change, presumably through an induced-fit mechanism, resulting in the most compact catalytic pocket observed in all known BoNT/A LC structures.
Local velocity representation: evidence from motion adaptation.

Adaptation to a moving visual pattern induces shifts in the perceived motion of subsequently viewed moving patterns. Explanations of such effects are typically based on adaptation-induced sensitivity changes in spatio-temporal frequency tuned mechanisms (STFMs). An alternative hypothesis is that adaptation occurs in mechanisms that independently encode direction and speed (DSMs). Yet a third possibility is that adaptation occurrs in mechanisms that encode two-dimensional pattern velocity (VMs). We performed a series of psychophysical experiments to examine predictions made by each of the three hypotheses. The results indicate that: (1) adaptation-induced shifts are relatively independent of spatial pattern of both adapting and test stimuli, (2) the shift in perceived direction of motion of a plaid stimulus after adaptation to a grating indicates a shift in the motion of the plaid pattern, and not a shift in the motion of the plaid components, and (3) the twodimensional pattern of shift in perceived velocity radiates away from the adaptation velocity, and is inseparable in speed and direction of motion. Taken together, these results are most consistent with the VM adaptation hypothesis.
Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation

Abstract The Ekman divergence around Antarctica raises a large amount of deep water to the ocean's surface. The regional Ekman transport moves the upwelled deep water northward out of the circumpolar zone. The divergence and northward surface drift combine, in effect, to remove deep water from the interior of the ocean. This wind-driven removal process is facilitated by a unique dynamic constraint operating in the latitude band containing Drake Passage. Through a simple model sensitivity experiment we show that the upwelling and removal of deep water in the circumpolar belt may be quantitatively related to the formation of new deep water in the northern North Atlantic. These results show that stronger winds in the south can induce more deep water formation in the north and more deep outflow through the South Atlantic. The fact that winds in the southern hemisphere might influence the formation of deep water in the North Atlantic brings into question long-standing notions about the forces that drive the ocean's thermohaline circulation.
Deletion of the dystrophin muscle promoter in feline muscular dystrophy

We have characterized the mutation in a feline model of DMD that selectively eliminates expression of the muscle and Purkinje neuronal dystrophin isoforms. The cortical neuronal isoform was expressed at a detectable level in skeletal muscle in the absence of the muscle promoter and levels of PCR products representing cortical neuronal-type transcripts in dystrophic muscle were comparable to those of normal feline skeletal muscle. Although localized at the sarcolemma, cortical neuronal dystrophin apparently failed to protect skeletal muscle. Neuronal transcripts could not be amplified from feline heart, indicating that these promoters are not active in this tissue in the cat.
Development of a novel acoustic lens based pulse echo ultrasound imaging system

Acoustic lens based focusing technology where the image reconstruction is achieved through the focusing of an acoustic lens, can potentially replace time consuming and expensive electronic focusing technology for producing high resolution real time ultrasound (US) images. A novel acoustic lens focusing based pulse echo US imaging system is explored here. In the system, a Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film transducer generates plane wave which is backscattered by the object and focused by a spherical acoustic lens on to a linear array of transducers. To improve the anticipated low signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the received US signal due to the low electromechanical coupling coefficient of the PVDF film, here we explored the possibility of implementing pulse compression technique using linear frequency modulated (FM) signals or chirp signals. Comparisons among the different SNR values obtained with short pulse and after pulse compression with chirp signal show a clear improvement of the SNR for the compressed pulse. The preliminary results show that the SNR achieved for the compressed pulse depends on time bandwidth product of the input chirp and the spectrum of the US transducers. The axial resolution obtained with compressed pulse improved with increasing sweep bandwidth of input chirp signals, whereas the lateral resolution remained almost constant. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using a PVDF film transducer as an US transmitter in an acoustic lens focusing based imaging system and implementing pulse compression technique into the same setup to improve SNR of the received US signal.