cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mind the Gaps: Assessing Transatlantic Variation in Muslim Public Opinion

A growing conventional wisdom holds that while the Muslim American community is largely integrated into the mainstream of American life, Europe’s Muslims remain a community set apart, and may pose a dangerous source of home-grown terrorism. This paper uses polling conducted by the Pew Research Center from 2005-2006 to test the claim that there are transatlantic gaps in Muslim public opinion. I argue that such gaps are best understood at the country level, rather than the continental level, with variation within Europe proving as significant as that between European countries and the United States. Factor analysis reveals distinct dimensions of Muslim public opinion; attitudes that I call Westernization stand apart from those that indicate Alienation. Multivariate regression of individual survey questions and these factor scores reveals consistent patterns, with wide country-based variation on both levels of Westernization and Alienation. In addition, factors such as youth, under-education, and high religious observance are consistently associated with more extremist opinion, while other features such as sex and income level have less consistent impacts. My analysis closes with qualitative investigation of potential explanations for country-level variation. I isolate three factors of particular importance: the civic or ethnic nature of a country’s national identity, the variety of secularism that a state has inherited from its state-formation period, and the distance of a state from sources of radicalism in the Middle East.
The Binding of Abraham: Levinas’s Moment in Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling

Most readings of Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling take its account of the Abraham and Isaac story to imply fairly obviously that duty towards God is absolutely distinct from, and therefore capable of superseding, duty towards neighbor or son. This paper will argue, however, that the Akedah, or ‘binding’ of Isaac, as Kierkegaard’s pseudonym, Johannes de Silentio, depicts it, binds Abraham to Isaac in a revitalized neighbor relation that is not at all subordinate, in any simple way, to Abraham’s God-relation. The two relations are defined by an intimate mutual tension, a dynamic of passionate inwardness that responds to the immediate demands of the neighbor as fully as the ethics that Levinas notoriously accuses Kierkegaard of having ignored. It is also the dynamic of time consciousness, which for Levinas is fundamentally ethical. I show that Kierkegaardian faith can be viewed as the dynamic of time-consciousness transformed by passionate inwardness into one’s God-relation—that is, converted into a certain religious mode of life. The ethics corresponding to this—an ethics of neighbor love superseding the ‘social morality’ that Silentio, following Hegel, calls the ‘ethical’—would then be the same dynamic of time-consciousness transformed by passionate inwardness into one’s neighbor-relation. The key to the argument is seeing the need to substitute for the spatial dichotomy ‘interior/exterior,’ which results in so much trouble when comparing Levinas and Kierkegaard, the temporal contraries ‘giving up’ and ‘getting back.’
Evaluation of the pylorus with concurrent intraluminal pressure and EndoFLIP in patients with nausea and vomiting.

Background Nausea and vomiting occurs in gastroparesis due to diabetes mellitus or unknown causes. The aim of this study was to compare (i) pyloric distensibility to pyloric manometric pressure in patients with nausea and vomiting and (ii) to correlate distensibility with delays in gastric emptying. Methods Sleeve manometry and EndoFLIP were performed sequentially during the same endoscopy on 114 patients with nausea and vomiting (47 with diabetes mellitus and 67 with idiopathic cause) after a standardized gastric emptying study. The sleeve manometer was positioned fluoroscopically, and the EndoFLIP was placed endoscopically. Manometric pressure using a water-perfused catheter and distensibility using an EndoFLIP filled with 40 cc of saline were measured from the pylorus. Key Results The basal pyloric pressure was elevated (>10 mmHg) in 34 patients and was normal in 80 patients. The basal and peak pressures were similar in patient with normal and delayed gastric emptying (p > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in distensibility (8.0 ± 1.0 mm2/mmHg) in patients with gastric retention (>20% at 4 h) compared with patients (12.4 ± 1.4 mm2/mmHg) (p < 0.01) with normal gastric retention (<10%). Pressure measurements from the sleeve manometer and the EndoFLIP correlated (r = 0.29) (p < 0.002), and increased EndoFLIP balloon pressure (19.4 ± 1.4 mmHg) (p < 0.01) was associated with a severe delay in gastric emptying. Conclusions & Inferences Elevated basal pyloric pressure occurs in 42% of patients with nausea and vomiting and delayed emptying. Decreased pyloric distensibility occurs with nausea, vomiting, and delayed gastric emptying. The EndoFLIP is a useful tool in the evaluation of pyloric function in symptomatic patients.
In Vitro Tumor Models: Advantages, Disadvantages, Variables, and Selecting the Right Platform

In vitro tumor models have provided important tools for cancer research and serve as low-cost screening platforms for drug therapies; however, cancer recurrence remains largely unchecked due to metastasis, which is the cause of the majority of cancer related deaths. The need for an improved understanding of the progression and treatment of cancer has pushed for increased accuracy and physiological relevance of in vitro tumor models. As a result, in vitro tumor models have concurrently increased in complexity and their output parameters further diversified, since these models have progressed beyond simple proliferation, invasion, and cytotoxicity screens and have begun recapitulating critical steps in the metastatic cascade, such as intravasation, extravasation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and tumor cell dormancy. Advances in tumor cell biology, 3D cell culture, tissue engineering, biomaterials, microfabrication, and microfluidics have enabled rapid development of new in vitro tumor models that often incorporate multiple cell types, extracellular matrix materials, and spatial and temporal introduction of soluble factors. Other innovations include the incorporation of perfusable microvessels to simulate the tumor vasculature and model intravasation and extravasation. The drive towards precision medicine has increased interest in adapting in vitro tumor models for patient-specific therapies, clinical management, and assessment of metastatic potential. Here, we review the wide range of current in vitro tumor models and summarize their advantages, disadvantages, and suitability in modeling specific aspects of the metastatic cascade and drug treatment.
An Empirical Analysis of Income Smoothing: Evidence from Initial Public Offerings

This paper investigates how firms that made initial public offerings of equity between 1975 and 1984 report earnings. For a sample of 489 firms, we find a positive association between a proxy for income smoothing and firm performance. Firms that perform well tend to report earnings with less variability relative to cash from operations; while firms that perform poorly tend to report earnings that increase earnings variability relative to cash from operations. In addition, the five-year earnings response coefficient is greater for firms that are able to smooth earnings relative to cash flows. This result is consistent with a hypothesis that the market makes better assessments of the information content of earnings for firms with smoother earnings. Finally, we show that IPO firms tend to use discretionary accruals to smooth income relative to prior year's earnings.
Assessing the Local Food Supply Capacity of Detroit, Michigan

Urban agriculture is touted as a strategy for more locally reliant food systems, yet there is little under­standing of its potential food provisioning capacity. Using Detroit, Michigan as an example, we use secondary data to develop a methodology for estimating the acreage required to supply, as far as seasonally possible, the quantity of fresh fruits and vegetables consumed by city residents. We com­pare these requirements with a catalog of the publicly owned, vacant parcels in Detroit to assess the feasibility of producing significant quantities of the fresh produce consumed within city limits. We demonstrate that if high-yield, biointensive grow­ing methods are used, 31% and 17% of the sea­sonal­ly available vegetables and fruits, respectively, currently consumed by 900,000 people could be supplied on less than 300 acres without incorpo­rating extraordinary postharvest management or season-extension technology. This indicates that urban agriculture could play an important role in food provisioning in many places.
Mode-Coupled Fluctuations and 1 f Noise

The low-frequency fluctuations resulting from the nonlinear coupling of high-frequency fluctuations is shown to possess a $\frac{1}{f}$ noise spectrum.
Cross Resistance: Treatment and Modeling

We have so far considered combination therapy under the assumption that resistance against one drug does not confer resistance to any of the other drugs in use. While this applies to many of the point mutations that induce resistance against imatinib, dastinib, and nilotinib, one mutation, T315I, confers resistance to all three drugs, i.e., there is complete cross-resistance. This chapter examines the effectiveness of combination therapy in the presence of the cross-resistant T315I mutation. The combination of two drugs is found to increase the probability of treatment success despite this cross-resistance. Combining more than two drugs, however, does not provide further advantages. Hence, according to the model, only the two most effective drugs should be used in combination for the prevention of drug resistance. We also discuss possible combinations involving inhibitors under development that aim to overcome the T315I mutation.
New Perspectives on The Authorship Question

What seemed at the time a futile attempt to make peace between Charlton Ogburn and the FolgerLibrary remains vivid in my memory. By 1970, Ogburn, son of noted exponents of the theory that Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford, wrote the plays usually attributed to William Shakespeare, had become the leading spokesman for the Oxfordian case. The Folger, under Louis B. Wright, who had retired as director in 1969, adhered to the orthodox view of the authorship question and displayed its orthodoxy with a contempt for dissenters that was as mean-spirited as it was loudly trumpeted. Reconciliation was a daunting task, for the question of the authorship of Shakespeare's work rouses wild passions in people otherwise placid and uncontentious. I understood why the Folger, besides being a Shakespeare library, was a center for Reformation and Counter-Reformation studies: the elemental intellectual armageddons typical of the late Renaissance could be replicated by a reader's mentioning the Shakespeare authorship question at the Folger's traditional afternoon tea and observing the vituperative avalanche which followed. The obloquy was usually directed against the unorthodox: understandably, few anti-Stratfordians were among the Library's readers. In the early Seventies, two stalwart friends of the Library, Francis and Helen Hill Miller, had hoped that Charlton Ogburn could somehow be reconciled to the Folger. The work of Ogburn's parents and anti-Stratfordian sentiment in gen-
Steroid atrophy scarring treated with fat grafting in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome: A case report

Subcutaneous atrophy is a known complication of steroid injections. Excellent results with fat grafting for the treatment of steroid atrophy have been documented. However, the benefit of treating steroid-induced subcutaneous atrophy in an extremity diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) has not been described. CRPS, known formerly as reflex sympathetic dystrophy or RSD, causalgia, or reflex neurovascular dystrophy, is a severe, progressive musculoskeletal pain syndrome characterized by pain which is disproportionate to the severity of the inciting event, edema, or skin changes. Common treatment modalities include pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and nerve blocks—each therapy producing varying results. We present a literature review of CRPS and the case of a 15-year-old female who developed CRPS of the left lower leg after arthroscopic debridement with retrograde drilling of an osteochondral lesion. Steroid atrophy of the involved area following a saphenous nerve block complicated the patie...
OSTEITIS PRODUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN MICE BY THE VIRUS OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS

Experiments on white mice were undertaken to determine the reaction of bone to the intramedullary introduction of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. The tick-borne encephalitis virus S47, when introduced intraosteally in white mice, provokes osteitis. 2. Inflammation may lead to acute necrosis of bone, preceded by marked medullary oedema and subsequent proliferation, or it may take a milder form with haemorrhagic effusion into the marrow tissue and subsequent hyperplasia of connective tissue. 3. Damage to the epiphysial and articular cartilage may ensue in the course of acute necrotic osteitis. 4. Skeletal and extra-skeletal osteogenesis is a characteristic feature of viral osteitis. 5. In radiographs in acute viral osteitis with extensive necrosis the expanded bone appears to be thickened. 6. Viruses of the S47 strain introduced intraosteally preserve their affinity for brain tissue after three passages through bone. 7. Viruses introduced into the bony tissue preserve their toxicity and are found in the bony tissue after ten days in quantities lethal for young mice when inoculated intracerebrally. 8. The tick-borne encephalitis virus S47 is pathogenic when inoculated into the marrow in white mice. 9. In osteitis of non-bacterial origin in man the possibility of viral infection should be considered.
Disentangling the Effects of Lobbying Laws on Interest Group Registrations in the American States, 1988-2013

Throughout the past twenty-five years, American state governments have come to define lobbyists and their clients differently. The states have also adopted a variety of new regulations on those registered to lobby. I use temporal measures of statutory definitions, prohibitions, and reporting stringency to estimate the effects of such laws on interest group populations or registrations. Definitions with additional, specific criteria are shown to be correlated with increased registrations. Additional prohibitions and reporting requirements, however, are shown to discourage groups from registering in the presence of such specific criteria. Contrary to prior studies, these findings suggest that such regulations are enforced and have countervailing effects on political transparency. I suggest a need for a reevaluation of the effects of such laws on lobbyists.
Verhaltensbezogene Notfälle bei Erwachsenen. Abklärung und Behandlung

Background Behavioral emergencies are frequent occurrences in the emergency room setting. They are associated with an increased risk of harm to patients and staff, and specific training is needed to ensure proper assessment and treatment, including verbal de-escalation techniques, medications, and restraints.
Classifying Residents who use Landscape Irrigation: Implications for Encouraging Water Conservation Behavior

Large amounts of water applied as urban irrigation can often be reduced substantially without compromising esthetics. Thus, encouraging the adoption of water-saving technologies and practices is critical to preserving water resources, yet difficult to achieve. The research problem addressed in this study is the lack of characterization of residents who use urban irrigation, which hinders the design of effective behavior change programs. This study examined audience segmentation as an approach to encouraging change using current residential landscape practices. K-means cluster analysis identified three meaningful subgroups among residential landscape irrigation users (N = 1,063): the water considerate majority (n = 479, 45 %), water savvy conservationists (n = 378, 36 %), and unconcerned water users (n = 201, 19 %). An important finding was that normative beliefs, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control characteristics of the subgroups were significantly different with large and medium practical effect sizes. Future water conservation behaviors and perceived importance of water resources were also significantly different among subgroups. The water considerate majority demonstrated capacity to conserve, placed high value on water, and were likely to engage in behavior changes. This article contributes to the literature on individuals who use residential landscape irrigation, an important target audience with potential to conserve water through sustainable irrigation practices and technologies. Findings confirm applicability of the capacity to conserve water to audience segmentation and extend this concept by incorporating perceived value of water resources and likelihood of conservation. The results suggest practical application to promoting residential landscape water conservation behaviors based on important audience characteristics.
Mechanism of mass transfer on air gap membrane distillation

Air gap membrane distillation is an innovative membrane separation technique. A theoretical study on mechanism of mass and heat transfer was carried out based on several assumptions, namely one dimensional steady flow and non condensable gas in the air gap. A theoretical formula for prediction of membrane distillation flux was deduced by using the order of magnitude analysis and adding assumptions for some small variables. The distillation flux of different solutions, such as, tap water, salt water, dyed water, and alkali solution, was gained by tests of membrane distillation. It is proven from the membrane distillation experiments that the prediction of the distillation flux agrees with the measurement data very well.
TH-AB-207A-07: Radiation Dose Simulation for a Newly Proposed Dynamic Bowtie Filters for CT Using Fast Monte Carlo Methods

Purpose: Dynamic bowtie filter is an innovative design capable of modulating the X-ray and balancing the flux in the detectors, and it introduces a new way of patient-specific CT scan optimizations. This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for a type of dynamic bowtie filter for cone-beam CT (Liu et al. 2014 9(7) PloS one) using MIC coprocessors. Methods: The dynamic bowtie filter in question consists of a highly attenuating bowtie component (HB) and a weakly attenuating bowtie (WB). The HB is filled with CeCl3 solution and its surface is defined by a transcendental equation. The WB is an elliptical cylinder filled with air and immersed in the HB. As the scanner rotates, the orientation of WB remains the same with the static patient. In our Monte Carlo simulation, the HB was approximated by 576 boxes. The phantom was a voxelized elliptical cylinder composed of PMMA and surrounded by air (44cm×44cm×40cm, 1000×1000×1 voxels). The dose to the PMMA phantom was tallied with 0.15% statistical uncertainty under 100 kVp source. Two Monte Carlo codes ARCHER and MCNP-6.1 were compared. Both used double-precision. Compiler flags that may trade accuracy for speed were avoided. Results: The wall time of the simulation was 25.4 seconds by ARCHER on a 5110P MIC, 40 seconds on a X5650 CPU, and 523 seconds by the multithreaded MCNP on the same CPU. The high performance of ARCHER is attributed to the parameterized geometry and vectorization of the program hotspots. Conclusion: The dynamic bowtie filter modeled in this study is able to effectively reduce the dynamic range of the detected signals for the photon-counting detectors. With appropriate software optimization methods, the accelerator-based (MIC and GPU) Monte Carlo dose engines have shown good performance and can contribute to patient-specific CT scan optimizations.
Global Is Not the Opposite of Local: Advocacy for Community College International Education

The vast majority of US community college students enroll in educational programs to advance a career pathway that often has labor market value. Most of these programs are terminal and hence, the only opportunity that a student has to gain international knowledge is during studies at the community college. International education is not new to US community colleges. For 60 years, faculty and leaders have understood the benefits of learning beyond borders, be it between local neighborhoods, inter-state, or cross-national. Internationalization is included in curriculum and pedagogy as community colleges define educational programs and student services to serve changing multicultural communities (Raby and Tarrow 1996) and to create new credential and degree requirements to serve changing global employment needs (Treat and Hagedorn 2013). There are now multiple generations of community college leaders who argue that internationalization is an inherent component of community colleges that advances student knowledge and serves the needs of local communities (Gleazer 1975; Hess 1982; Eddy 2014; Ardalan and Sevanthinathan 2015).
Inequities in tobacco retailer sales to minors by neighbourhood racial/ethnic composition, poverty and segregation, USA, 2015.

Objective Tobacco retailers are an important source of tobacco products for minors. Previous research shows racial discrimination in sales to minors, but no national study has examined neighbourhood correlates of retailer under-age sales. Methods We accessed publicly available results of 2015 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspections of tobacco retailers (n=108 614). In this cross-sectional study, we used multilevel logistic regression to predict the likelihood of retailer sale to a minor based on tract characteristics. We assessed the proportion of residents identifying as American Indian, Asian, Black, Latino and White; Isolation Index scores for each racial/ethnic group; the proportion of people less than age 65 living in poverty; and the proportion of residents age 10–17 in relation to retailer inspection results. Results The proportion of American Indian residents, Black residents, Latino residents and residents less than age 65 under the poverty line in a neighbourhood are independently, positively associated with the likelihood that a retailer in that neighbourhood will fail an under-age buy inspection. The proportion of White residents and residents age 10–17 are independently, negatively associated with the likelihood of sale of tobacco products to a minor. Isolation Index scores show a similar pattern. In multivariable models holding neighbourhood characteristics constant, higher proportions of Black (+), Latino (+) and age 10–17 (−) residents remained significant predictors of the likelihood of under-age sale. Discussion Regulatory agencies should consider oversampling retailers in areas with higher likelihood of sales to minors for inspection. Interventions with tobacco retailers to reduce inequities in youth access should be implemented.
Employees' information security policy compliance

This study explores the role of norms in employees' compliance with an organizational information security policy (ISP). Drawing upon norm activation theory, social norms theory, and ethical climate literature, we propose a model to examine how ISP-related personal norms are developed and then activated to affect employees' ISP compliance behavior. We collected our data through Amazon Mechanical Turk for hypothesis testing. The results show that ISP-related personal norms lead to ISP compliance behavior, and the effect is strengthened by ISP-related ascription of personal responsibility. Social norms related to ISP (including injunctive and subjective norms), awareness of consequences, and ascription of personal responsibility shape personal norms. Social norms related to ISP are the product of principle ethical climate in an organization. This study explores the role of norms in employees' compliance with organizational information security policies (ISP).ISP-related personal norms lead to ISP compliance behavior, and the effect is strengthened by ISP-related ascription of personal responsibility.Social norms related to ISP, awareness of consequences, and ascription of personal responsibility shape personal norms.Social norms related to ISP are the product of principle ethical climate in an organization.
Frequency of CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells Has Diagnostic and Prognostic Value as a Biomarker for Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Abstract Abstract 514 JMM and XQ contributed equally to this work. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in the maintenance of tolerance after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in experimental models. However, the relationship between Treg and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in allogeneic BMT recipients is not well established. We conducted a prospective analysis of Treg frequency in 215 BMT patients (125 allogeneic, 90 autologous) at the University of Michigan. Fresh peripheral blood samples were acquired prior to therapy within 24 hours of GVHD onset and at equivalent time points in patients without GVHD. Treg frequency was measured in triplicate by three color cytometry analysis to determine the frequency of CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ cells within total lymphocytes. There were no significant differences between patients with and without GVHD for median age, nonmalignant disease, conditioning intensity, and median day of sample acquisition. Recipients of grafts from donors who were not family members or who were not HLA-matched were overrepresented in the GVHD group. Autologous BMT patients (N=90) and allogeneic BMT patients without GVHD (N=65) had the same mean Treg frequency (1.09% ± 0.10 vs. 1.09% ± 0.11, p = 0.54), showing that the use of calcineurin inhibitors did not affect Treg frequency. Patients with GVHD (N=60) had 40% fewer Treg (0.66% ± 0.07, p Figure 1 ). The calculated Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for Treg frequency as an independent biomarker of GVHD was 0.69 (95%CI, 0.55-0.83). Treg frequency also correlated with the eventual maximum overall grade of GVHD (p Table 1 ). Acute GVHD accounted for the majority of NRM in the low Treg frequency group. Relapse mortality was similar between groups (p = 0.9) ( Table 1 ). This difference in survival remained significant after adjusting for other important prognostic factors such as age, degree of HLA-match, and conditioning intensity (p = 0.05). In this set of sixty patients, frequency of CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ Tregs at onset of GVHD correlates with GVHD severity, eventual maximum grade and NRM. Treg frequency thus has important diagnostic and prognostic value as biomarker for acute GVHD. Download : Download high-res image (74KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Mean Treg frequencies by grade of GVHD at onset Table 1 . Clinical outcomes according to CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ frequency at GVHD onset. Outcome Treg Frequency ≥ 0.5 % Treg Frequency p value n=30 n=30 1 year Non-Relapse Mortality 8% (95% CI, 2-27) 41% (95% CI, 23-61) 0.03 2 year Relapse Mortality 25% (95% CI, 15-40) 20% (95% CI, 11-35) 0.9 2 year Overall Survival 63% (95% CI, 43-91) 38% (95% CI, 23-63) 0.03 Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Aging and Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

The addition of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to core decompression for the treatment of early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) represents a joint preserving operation to potentially avoid hip arthroplasty. The idea to regenerate the proximal femoral bone stock by replenishing the necrotic segment with viable MSCs has shown great promise compared with core decompression alone. However, the fate of the MSCs and the potential effects of aging have posed some important challenges. Aging affects the number of MSCs available for harvesting and injection, as well as their potential for differentiation into the osteogenic lineage, which are two critical parameters for the success of “cell-based therapy” for ONFH. This review endeavors to provide information relevant to the use of MSCs in aging patients for the treatment of ONFH.
Coupled elastoplasticity and plastic strain-induced phase transformation under high pressure and large strains: Formulation and application to BN sample compressed in a diamond anvil cell

Abstract In order to study high-pressure phase transformations (PTs), high static pressure is produced by compressing a thin sample within a high strength gasket in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). However, since a PT occurs during plastic flow, it is classified and treated here as a plastic strain-induced PT. A thermodynamically consistent system of equations for combined plastic flow and plastic strain-induced PTs is formulated for large elastic, plastic, and transformation strains. The Murnaghan elasticity law, pressure-dependent J2 plasticity (both dependent of the concentration of a high-pressure phase), and plastic strain-induced and pressure-dependent PT kinetics are utilized. A computational algorithm within finite element method (FEM) is presented and implemented in a user material subroutine (UMAT) in the FEM code ABAQUS. Combined plastic flow and strain-induced PT from the highly-disordered hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) sample to a superhard wurtzitic wBN is simulated within the rhenium gasket for pressures up to 50 GPa. The evolution of the fields of stresses and plastic strains, as well as the concentration of phases in a sample is obtained and discussed in detail. Stress-strain fields in a gasket and diamond are presented as well. An unexpected shape of the deformed sample with almost complete PT in the external part of the sample that penetrated the gasket was found. Obtained results demonstrated the difference between material and system behavior which are often confused by experimentalists. Thus, while plastic strain-induced PT may start (and end) at plastic straining slightly above 6.7 GPa, it is not visible below 12 GPa. It becomes detectable at 21 GPa and is not completed everywhere in a sample even at a maximum pressure of 50 GPa. Due to a strong gasket the gradient of pressure is much smaller than the gradient of plastic strain, and therefore the distribution of the high pressure phase is mostly determined by the plastic strain field instead of the pressure field. Possible misinterpretation of the experimental data and characterization of the PT is discussed. The developed model will allow computational design of experiments for synthesis of high-pressure phases.
From DSS to MILS

I outline the principal ideas of the Distributed Secure System (DSS) on which Brian Randell and I collaborated in the early 1980s, its modern manifestation as MILS, and continuing research challenges posed by these architectures.
An Application of Schwarz's Inequality to Curve Fitting

(1962). An Application of Schwarz's Inequality to Curve Fitting. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 12-12.
High-throughput system for quantifying and characterizing homologous recombination in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, introduced DNA fragments predominantly insert randomly into the nuclear genome by non-homologous recombination (NHR), often resulting in highly variable phenotypes between transformants. Homologous recombination (HR) can occur in C. reinhardtii but at very low frequency, and is often accompanied by insertions, deletions, and/or rearrangements at the recombination site. To benchmark the frequency and characterize the nature of HR integrations in C. reinhardtii, we developed a system for detecting and characterizing HR events that includes three intact markers and one split marker as well a novel design element: utilizing a long intron as the homology region. In this study we demonstrate that this system meets the following criteria: accommodates high-throughput screening; provides a high-fidelity phenotype for detecting HR without false positives from reversion or locus heterogeneity; allows and captures both single- and double-crossover HR events; reports HR and NHR rates from a single transformation; and allows characterization of imprecise recombination or rearrangement at the integration site. Using this system we reproducibly determined the HR rate in our recipient strain of C. reinhardtii and characterized a number of recombinants by restriction digests and sequencing of PCR amplified recombination junctions to show that both double and single crossover events were recovered and that integration occurred both via perfect and imperfect (i.e. accompanied by insertions, deletions, and rearrangements) HR. This system is valuable for systematically testing approaches for increasing HR efficiency and accuracy.
Adenocarcinoma-reactive human monoclonal antibody MS2B6 defines an antigen in simple glandular epithelium

A human monoclonal antibody (MAb), MS2B6, produced from splenocytes isolated from a patient with advanced papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, defines a unique human tumor-associated antigen. This antigen, EA2B6 (epithelial antigen 2B6), is expressed in a tissue-restricted manner on cultured and fresh human adenocarcinomas and some normal glandular epithelial tissues. EA2B6 is a 38-48 kD protein antigen that co-fractionates with the nuclear matrix-intermediate filament scaffold of simple glandular epithelial tissues. EA2B6 is a molecule with restricted solubility, and in vitro antigen-antibody binding is dependent on the antigen being presented on a solid support. To determine if EA2B6 is a cytokeratin, competition studies were undertaken with several cytokeratin-specific murine monoclonal antibodies. None of these antibodies inhibited the binding of human MAb MS2B6 to partially purified EA2B6. Less than 1% of HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells and fresh ovarian adenocarcinoma ascites cells express EA2B6 on their surface. The majority of EA2B6 is intracellular. Because of the restricted tissue distribution of this antigen and stability of the antibody, we believe MS2B6 is a good candidate for MAb-mediated diagnosis and therapy of human adenocarcinomas.
Antepartum Risk Factors

Identification of risk factors allows anticipation of shoulder dystocia and prevention of brachial plexus palsy. Obesity, diabetes, and increased fundal height are the most important risk factors.
Growth of Microcracks in Rocks, and Load-Induced Anisotropy

The effect of microcracks on overall mechanical properties of rocks and other brittle solids is considered, emphasizing their influence on the overall moduli, on the load-induced anisotropy, and on the failure of the solid by the formation of tension cracks at tips of sliding microcracks under the overall farfield compression.
What Do You Think You’re Looking At? The Responsibility of the Gaze

Bill Barrett writes that the role of photography as an instrument for understanding human rights is worthy of exploration, with the aim of enhancing HRE in responsible, ethical ways. Media of visual communication can be used broadly, but students of human rights must critically examine the purpose, and potential consequences, of how images are used. His chapter outlines the key issues inherent to imagery in HRE, as well as resources for educators to use visual media for advancing human rights learning. It uses photographic case studies from the recent sites of conflict and human rights abuse, as well as his personal experiences as a documentary photographer, to investigate ethical issues and explore the possibilities for combining photographic expression with HRE.
The Life After Surgical Residency (LASR) Curriculum for Surgical Residents: Addressing the Nonclinical Barriers to Preparedness for Independent Practice.

Objective Extrinsic burdens, including new personal and professional responsibilities, may distract from early career success. We sought to assess resident preparedness in nonclinical topics and to utilize this data to design a curriculum to address these content areas. Design All residents were surveyed to ascertain their self-reported preparedness on a variety of nonclinical topics (teaching, finances, contract negotiation, real estate, etc.). Using our survey results, a monthly curriculum was designed and implemented for senior residents based on these knowledge gaps. Setting University-based general surgery residency program. Participants All general surgery residents. Results Residents reported low levels of preparedness on the topics of contract negotiation and practice management and high levels of preparedness on the topics of teaching and money management. Following curriculum implementation, statistically significant improvement was noted in the topics of contract negotiation and academic pursuits. Conclusions Residents report low levels of preparedness in many nonclinical topics that may represent potentially modifiable stressors that can impact career success. Implementation of a directed curriculum improves sense of preparedness and may promote wellness among surgical trainees.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Lung Transplant Candidates With Preexisting Renal Dysfunction.

Abstract Background The proportion of lung transplant candidates with comorbid renal dysfunction (RD) may rise as sicker patients are being considered for lung transplant (LT). There is lack of data regarding the characteristics and outcome of patients with RD and the role of simultaneous lung-kidney transplant (SLuKi) among these patients. Methods The United Network of Organ Sharing database was queried for adult patients (18 years or older) undergoing LT between 1995 and 2014. Pretransplant RD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation of Results The frequency of pretransplant RD was 5.42% (n = 1337). Patients with RD have significantly higher 1-year mortality (23.2% vs 15%; P 60mL/min/1.73 m2. The proportion of patients with RD undergoing SLuKi was 2.84% (38 of 1337). Both the number and proportion of patients undergoing SLuKi progressively increased during the study period, especially in the lung allocation score era (30 of 38 SLuKi patients in the post lung allocation score era (linear R2 = 0.641, P Conclusions A significant proportion of LT candidates have a pre-existing RD, and this comorbidity is associated with significantly worse 1- and 3-year survival. Despite being the sicker group at baseline, patients with RD who undergo SLuKi have 1-year outcomes similar to patients with LT alone.
Channel Turn-Off Energy Model for Zero-Voltage-Switching Wide Bandgap Devices

Accurate estimation of the switching loss for power MOSFETs is critical to predict the device junction temperature and the efficiency in power converters. In recent power electronics design, wide bandgap (WBG) devices are adopted with zero-voltage switching (ZVS) to achieve higher efficiency. For devices with ZVS, the only switching loss will be channel turn-off loss, and on the contrary to hard switching, the energy stored in $C_{\text {oss}}$ will be recycled. The models for the estimation of total turn-off energy have been discussed in the literature, whereas the model of channel turn-off energy is absent. In this article, a behavioral model of channel turn-off energy using a simple $\alpha $ – $\beta $ equation for curve fitting is proposed, which can be applied to an entire current and voltage range. The proposed model is verified by different GaN HEMTs and SiC MOSFETs with a double-pulse test circuit in simulation and experiment.
Learning behaviors and school engagement: opportunities and challenges with technology in the classroom

Abstract Despite the great potential for technology use in schools, there are significant debates regarding the optimal use of technology for learning engagement and achievement. For example, there continue to be concerns regarding how best to integrate technology into the classroom; technology use in relation to socioeconomic and race-related achievement gaps; and identifying which digital hardware and software are best suited for which purpose and at which ages. The current chapter reviews the historic trends and current debates regarding technology use in classroom settings, and reviews attentional networks that are needed for learning and how they may be affected by technology. Results from meta-analyses examining technology use of various types in relation to student engagement and learning are also presented, with the goal to detail research findings and highlight gaps where more needs to be determined.
Not all body image constructs are created equal: Predicting eating disorder outcomes from preoccupation, dissatisfaction, and overvaluation

OBJECTIVE Diverse terminology has been used to operationalize body image disturbance in eating disorders. However, the differential validity of these terms and their underlying constructs to predict outcomes among heterogeneous eating disorders is unknown. This study evaluated the validity of body image constructs to predict eating disorder and negative psychological symptoms concurrently and prospectively over 2 years in a transdiagnostic clinical sample. METHODS Women with heterogeneous eating disorder diagnoses (n = 448) completed assessments at baseline, 12-month, and 24-month follow-up. Cross-sectional and cross-lagged generalized linear models examined effects of three body image constructs (i.e., weight and shape preoccupation, overvaluation, and dissatisfaction) on concurrent and subsequent outcomes (i.e., global eating disorder symptoms, binge eating, purging, fasting, self-esteem, and depression). RESULTS In concurrent analyses, preoccupation was significantly associated with all outcomes (ps = .01 to <.001), overvaluation with all outcomes (ps = .01 to <.001) except binge eating (p = .06), and dissatisfaction with all outcomes (ps < .001) except purging (p = .38). In prospective analyses, preoccupation predicted Eating Disorder Examination global (p = .003) and fasting (p < .001), overvaluation predicted binge eating (p = .01), and body dissatisfaction did not predict any outcomes. DISCUSSION Preoccupation, overvaluation, and dissatisfaction are differentially related to eating disorder and psychiatric outcomes, indicating that no one body image construct can capture clinical risk in eating disorders. Preoccupation was the most consistent concurrent and longitudinal predictor; this construct may warrant further attention in assessment and diagnosis. Further investigation of these constructs in diverse samples is encouraged.
TRPM7 is a critical regulator of pancreatic endocrine development and high-fat diet-induced β-cell proliferation.

The melastatin subfamily of the transient receptor potential channels (TRPM) are regulators of pancreatic β-cell function. TRPM7 is the most abundant islet TRPM channel; however, the role of TRPM7 in β-cell function has not been determined. Here, we utilized various spatiotemporal transgenic mouse models to investigate how TRPM7 knockout influences pancreatic endocrine development, proliferation, and function. Ablation of TRPM7 within pancreatic progenitors reduced pancreatic size, as well as α-cell and β-cell mass. This resulted in impaired glucose tolerance due to decreased serum insulin levels. However, ablation of TRPM7 following endocrine specification or in adult mice did not impact endocrine expansion or glucose tolerance. As TRPM7 regulates cell proliferation, we assessed how TRPM7 influences β-cell hyperplasia under insulin resistant conditions. β-cell proliferation induced by high-fat diet was significantly decreased in TRPM7 deficient β-cells. The endocrine roles of TRPM7 may be influenced by cation flux through the channel, and indeed we find that TRPM7 ablation alters β-cell intracellular Mg2+. Together, these findings reveal that TRPM7 controls pancreatic progenitor expansion and β-cell proliferation, which is likely due to regulation of Mg2+ homeostasis.
HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Prevention Awareness, Willingness, and Perceived Barriers among People Who Inject Drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, 2016-2018.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is indicated for people who inject drugs (PWID), yet most studies do not focus on PWID. This study examines factors associated with PrEP awareness...
Messages from the Dead

This chapter discusses gifts from the dead, things like Stonehenge, cave paintings, and the voices of long-lost poets. It is an attempt to come to terms with the humanities as something more than “high culture” trapped in schools or pleas that humans are next to angels.
A Generic Online Parameter (Re-)calibration Framework Using PPL

Parameter calibration is a burdensome yet essential part of robotics development which traditionally was done through manual calibration routines. Over the recent years, many authors have proposed to automatically calibrate parameters directly from the input data, during the operation of the robot. While the majority of methods are discussed within the context of a specific application and benefit from the particularity of the problem, some generic approaches are proposed that are applicable to a wide spectrum of problems. However in practice, they require re-implementation and customization every time applied to a different domain, due to coupling of formulations with the model, e.g. linearization steps, matrix decomposition, closed form solving, etc. In this paper, we exploit the expressiveness of general purpose probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) to build a generic online calibration framework that can estimate the parameters of arbitrary robotic systems during operation. The proposed approach, based on Bayes filter and Monte Carlo methods, only requires model specification and works as a black-box otherwise. Hence, it spans the generality to the implementation aspect of the calibration problem which facilitates a range of new applications, e.g. fast prototyping of arbitrary robots. We show a short PPL program is capable of calibrating kinematic, extrinsic, and noise parameters of a classic SLAM dataset with minimum knowledge about the system and the parameters.
Shareholder Empowerment and Board of Directors Effectiveness

We develop a model to examine implications of empowering shareholders to replace directors. We find that shareholder empowerment functions as a double‐edged sword. On the one hand, it can weaken ineffective boards' incentive to hold on to their position. On the other hand, it can induce both effective and ineffective boards to behave strategically to avoid a potential dismissal. As a result, empowerment does not necessarily increase firm value; in some cases, empowerment exacerbates the agency problem it is intended to address. Giving shareholders the power to set board compensation (have a “say on pay”) can mitigate these problems. However, even when empowerment benefits (harms) the shareholders, firm value may decrease (increase). Finally, we discuss empirical and policy implications of the main findings. Habilitation des actionnaires et efficacite du conseil d'administration Nous elaborons un modele pour examiner les consequences de l'habilitation des actionnaires a remplacer les administrateurs. Nous avons observe que l'habilitation des actionnaires fonctionne comme une arme a double tranchant. D'une part, elle peut affaiblir les incitatifs visant a garder en poste les conseils d'administration inefficaces. D'autre part, elle peut inciter les conseils d'administration, qu'ils soient efficaces ou inefficaces, a agir de facon strategique afin d'eviter une possible destitution. Par consequent, l'habilitation des actionnaires n'accroit pas necessairement la valeur d'une societe; dans certains cas, elle aggrave le probleme de representation qu'elle tente de resoudre. L'octroi aux actionnaires du pouvoir d’etablir la remuneration des membres du conseil d'administration peut attenuer ces problemes. Toutefois, meme lorsque l'habilitation profite (nuit) aux actionnaires, la valeur de la societe peut diminuer (augmenter). Enfin, nous discutons des consequences empiriques et strategiques de nos conclusions.