cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desensitization to dyspnea in COPD with specificity for exercise training mode

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit improved exercise capacity after physical training due to reconditioning and improved ventilatory efficiency. Other possible effects are improved ventilatory muscle function and desensitization to dyspnea. We compared general physical training (GPT), consisting of walking and stair climbing exercises, with inspiratory muscle training (IMT), consisting of targeted breathing through inspiratory resistances, in two groups with severe COPD. Seven subjects; age 60 (8) years, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) 0.84 (0.35) L, arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)) 11.1 (0.8) kPa, arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO(2)) 4.9 (0.3) kPa, had GPT and nine subjects; age 60 (9) years, FEV(1) 0.83 (0.31) L, PaO(2) 10.4 (0.8) kPa, PaCO(2) 4.4 (0.5) kPa had IMT. Each group trained daily for 30 minutes for eight weeks and 70% of the sessions were supervised. Six minute walking distance increased in both groups: 32 m (6.9% P < 0.05) with GPT and 23 m (4.8%; P < 0.05) with IMT but significant improvements in symptom-limited incremental cycle exercise performance were not detected. Breathlessness by visual analog scale was reduced following 6-minute walks after GPT (P < 0.05) but not after IMT. Following maximal incremental tests, breathlessness scores were unchanged for both groups. COPD patients performing regular physical exercise report reductions in breathlessness which are specific to the exercise training mode.
Pactamycin inhibition of eucaryotic polypeptide synthesis dependent on added initiation factors

Abstract Pactamycin at low concentrations ( ⩽ 10 −6 M ) selectively inhibits protein synthesis by rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes which is dependent on the addition of initiation factors (KCl wash). The completion of existing nascent peptide chains is unaffected by these levels of antibiotic but higher concentrations also block chain elongation. These results contrast with those obtained with inhibitors such as chlortetracycline and sparsomycin which block the KCl wash-independent incorporation of amino acids into polypeptide as effectively as the KCl wash-dependent incorporation.
Challenges in implementing a successful newborn cystic fibrosis screening program.

Objective To identify necessary components of a successful cystic fibrosis (CF) newborn screening (NBS) program. Study design The approach to CF NBS used by the Massachusetts NBS program was examined. Results Several key components were identified that should be addressed when a state has made the decision to screen, and well in advance of actual implementation. These components include (1) inclusion of CF center directors in the development process; (2) logistics of choosing a screening algorithm relative to practices in place and community wishes; (3) projections of medical service needs from specific algorithms; (4) identification of critical reporting components; (5) identification of critical follow-up components; and (6) recognition of educational needs. Conclusions Careful examination of a wide variety of issues is needed to ensure optimal implementation of NBS for CF.
Structure and isotopic ratios of aliphatic side chains in the insoluble organic matter of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite

We report in this paper the first molecular and isotopic characterization of individual aliphatic side chains from the insoluble organic matter (IOM) in the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite using a novel combined approach of RuO4 oxidation and solid phase microextraction (SPME). The aliphatic side chains in the IOM of Murchison were first released by oxidizing aromatic structures using RuO4. Because the IOM of carbonaceous chondrites contains predominantly short (C1 to C9) aliphatic substitutions, the resulting low molecular weight monocarboxylic acids (MCAs) are highly volatile and water-soluble. The conventional aqueous extraction and derivatization procedures following RuO4 oxidation are unable to recover MCAs for subsequent analyses. We overcame this problem by employing SPME to directly capture the MCAs from the aqueous solution. We selected a SPME fiber with greater affinity for longer chain monoacids to compensate for the exponential decline of monoacid concentrations with increasing carbon numbers in meteorite IOM, allowing more accurate identification and quantification for the less abundant monoacids. We also determined the carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of individual MCAs derived from Murchinson IOM. Our results reveal significant similarity in both molecular structures and hydrogen isotopic ratios between the IOM aliphatic side chains and water-soluble MCAs in Murchison, suggesting that these compounds had common precursors. Our combined new approach of RuO4 oxidation-SPME provides a new way to probe the molecular and isotopic characteristics of aliphatic side chains in carbonaceous chondrites.
Allosteric kinetics and equilibria differ for carbon monoxide and oxygen binding to hemoglobin

We have measured the forward and reverse rates of the allosteric transition between R (relaxed) and T (tense) quaternary structures for oxyhemoglobin A from which a single oxygen molecule was removed in pH 7, phosphate buffer, using the method of modulated excitation (Ferrone, F.A., and J.J. Hopfield. 1976. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 73:4497–4501 and Ferrone, F.A., A.J. Martino, and S. Basak. 1985. Biophys. J. 48:269–282). Despite the low quantum yield, which necessitated large light levels and an associated temperature rise, the data was of superior quality to the equivalent experiment with CO as a ligand, permitting comparison between the allosteric behavior of hemoglobin with different ligands. Qualitatively, the T structure is favored more strongly in triligated oxyhemoglobin than triligated carboxyhemoglobin. The rates for the allosteric transition with oxygen bound were essentially temperature independent, whereas for CO both the R----T and T----R rates increased with temperature, having an activation energy of 2.2 and 2.8 kcal, respectively. The R----T rate was higher for O2 than for CO being 3 x 10(3) s-1 vs. 1.6 x 10(3) s-1 for HbCO at 25 degrees C. The T----R rate for HbO2 was only 2 x 10(3) s-1, vs 4.2 x 10(3) s-1 for HbCO, giving an equilibrium constant between the structures greater than unity (L3 = 1.5). The data suggest that there may be some allosteric inequality between the subunits, but do not require (or rule out) ligand binding heterogeneity. The ligand-dependent differences are compatible with stereochemical studies of HbCO and HbO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison Between Standard Flank Versus Laparoscopic Nephrectomy for Benign Renal Disease

AbstractTo evaluate the role of laparoscopic nephrectomy in the management of benign renal diseases, 12 patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy were compared to 13 undergoing a classical flank nephrectomy. Both groups were similar in regard to patient age and indications for surgery. The underlying pathological conditions included vesicoureteral reflux, tuberculosis, hydronephrosis, hypertension and failed pyeloplasty. Overall, operative time ranged from 105 to 360 minutes (mean 145) for the laparoscopic group and 60 to 240 minutes (mean 156.6) for the open surgery group. Hospital stay and interval to return to regular preoperative activities were 2 to 6 days (mean 3.5) and 10 to 21 days (mean 16) for patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy, which was significantly shorter than for those undergoing a flank procedure, 3 to 16 days (mean 8) and 35 to 84 days (mean 32.3), respectively. Pain medication requirements were also markedly decreased after laparoscopic nephrectomy. Of the patients in the l...
Dispersive diffusion transport of radiolytic atomic hydrogen in high purity SiO2:OH glass

Abstract Thermal annealing of radiation-induced atomic hydrogen in high purity silica glass was studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) in the temperature range of 95 to 185 K. We found the H0 decay kinetics to be dispersive and to exhibit a strong isotope effect. Taken together with data of diffusive transports of O2 and H2 in high purity silica reported in the literature, our results suggest that the inhomogeneity in the structure of glassy silica is the root of the observed dispersive diffusion transport.
Cyclic imides. XI. Bisimide charge-transfer polymers

Condensation of two equivalents of an aromatic cyclic anhydride with an aromatic diamine, or of two equivalents of an aromatic amine with an aromatic bisanhydride, results in the formation of an aromatic bisimide. Thirty-one such bisimides were prepared. The bisimides in which the two imide groups arc connected by a fully coplanar system show extremely low solubilities and high melting and decomposition temperatures. Many are also strongly colored. It is suggested that these properties may result from intermolecular charge-transfer effects in the solid slate, giving charge-transfer polymers.
Immunomodulatory agents in oncology

Abstract The immunomodulatory drug class has a broad range of biological effects with applications both within and outside oncology, and the oral bioavailability of these compounds makes them attractive agents. Thalidomide, the parent compound, was introduced into oncology over a decade ago to test many of its interesting pre-clinical features. While activity was notable in multiple myeloma, there were signals of activity in other malignancies. Multiple combinations have been developed and tested both in relapsed and front-line treatment of multiple myeloma. Based on modifications of the original drug, two derivatives, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, were developed and have been tested clinically. Lenalidomide is more potent in vitro than thalidomide and has demonstrated significant activity in multiple myeloma as well as myelodysplastic syndromes. Clinical activity has been noted in other malignancies too suggesting a broader range of activity. Multiple combinations have been tested as well in the relapsed and upfront setting. Pomalidomide demonstrated increase potency as well in vitro and has just begun early phase clinical testing.
Lichen herbivore preference: a test of two hypotheses

Field data from a saxicolous lichen community in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, suggested that the slug Pallifera varia grazed more frequently on certain lichen species than would be expected if it fed randomly. Two hypotheses might explain this grazing pattern. The preference hypothesis, that slugs select lichens of highest quality, was tested by measuring the concentration of essential elements in lichens eliciting high and low preference by slugs. Lichens with the highest element contents were assumed to be of the highest quality to herbivores. The avoidance hypothesis, that preference by slugs actually results from the rejection of unpalatable species, was tested by offiering slugs choices of baited filter-paper disks impregnated with secondary products of the lichen species in question. Results suggested that preferred lichens had significantly lower concentrations of N, P, and Ca, and that avoided lichens produced secondary products that effectively inhibited Pallifera grazing activity. These results suggested that the avoidance hypothesis was the better explanation for nonrandom Pallifera grazing patterns. Furthermore, they suggested that lichens with the highest concentrations of essential elements are most likely to produce defense compounds, an observation that supports predictions to
Extremal bipartite matrices

Abstract Let G be an undirected graph on vertices {1,…,n}. Let M(G) be the convex cone of all positive semidefinite hermitian matrices A satisfying aij = 0 if (i, j) is not an edge of G. In the case that G is a complete bipartite graph, we characterize all extreme rays of M(G). In doing so, we shall also find the maximum rank that an extreme matrix in M(G) can have.
The Scientific Impotence Excuse:Discounting Belief-Threatening Scientific Abstracts

The scientific impotence discounting hypothesis predicts that people resist belief-disconfirming scientific evidence by concluding that the topic of study is not amenable to scientific investigation. In 2 studies, participants read a series of brief abstracts that either confirmed or disconfirmed their existing beliefs about a stereotype associated with homosexuality. Relative to those reading belief-confirming evidence, participants reading belief-disconfirming evidence indicated more belief that the topic could not be studied scientifically and more belief that a series of other unrelated topics could not be studied scientifically. Thus, being presented with belief-disconfirming scientific evidence may lead to an erosion of belief in the efficacy of scientific methods.
Homeland Interests, Hostland Politics: Politicized Ethnic Identity among Middle Eastern Heritage Groups in the United States

Why do ethnic diasporas in the United States differ in their readiness for political mobilization on behalf of homeland interests? This study develops a tiered model of politicized ethnic identity emphasizing both individual-level traits and group/collective properties. Using Zogby “Culture Polls,” the theory is tested on three Middle Eastern heritage groups in the United States (Jews, Arab Christians, Arab Muslims). Empirical analysis confirms that individuals differ in their readiness for mobilization around Middle East issues based on the strength of ties to the ethnic community and, net of such differences, each group varies based on the contexts of exit and reception it faced at the time of immigration. The findings suggest that studies of diaspora influence on American foreign policy need to take account of the mass base rather than focus exclusively on elite behavior.
Do Social Workers Understand Research

Abstract This paper reports the results of a survey experiment in which a national sample of NASW members was presented with systematically altered versions of a summary of a hypothetical study of casework effectiveness and asked to make judgments about the quality of the research, its importance to social work, and its significance for their own practice. It was found that although respondents distinguished between studies with good and bad research designs, their judgments of the quality of the research and its implications for their own practice were significantly influenced by whether the findings were positive or negative.
Spectral measures, II: Characterization of scalar operators

We continue the development of part I. The Riesz representation theorem is proved without assuming local convexity. This theorem is applied to give sufficient conditions for an operator (continuous or otherwise) to be “spectral”. A uniqueness problem is pointed out and the function calculus is extended to the case of several variables. A Radon—Nikodym theorem is proved.
The innate sense of the body develops to become a public affair by 2-3 years.

Abstract Infants from birth do express a sense of their own body as a differentiated entity among other entities in the world, an entity that is situated, physically bounded, organized, and agent in the environment. Quickly however, this implicit sense of self develops to become explicit, conceptual, and more importantly, public and social. This development would correlate with the maturation of specific prefrontal cortex regions. By 2 years of age, children begin to perceive and represent the embodied self through the evaluative, possibly coveting eyes of others. They become self-conscious. This developmental transition is further exemplified with the parallel emergence of an explicit sense of possession. By the second birthday, the “me” is extended to include the “mine”, giving children new embodied power to share, exchange, and give.
Vicinal 13C13C spin–spin coupling constants of 1-butanols. Conformational and substituent effects

A series of (>90% isotopic purity) 13C-labeled aliphatic alcohols of the general structure CCC13COH were synthesized and studied by 13C n.m.r. to obtain all 13C13C couplings involving the labeled carbon. The 2J(CC) values were small (<0.5 Hz) and contrast with the large (up to 2.7 Hz) 2J(CC) values obtained in a previous study for 2-butanols. The 3J(CC) values, however, were strikingly similar in the two classes of compounds with respect both to magnitude and to conformational dependency. Thus, the effect of the hydroxyl substituent on 3J(CC) values is small.
Checkpoint Mediators: Relaying Signals from DNA Strand Breaks

The recently identified checkpoint mediator MDC1 facilitates recruitment of DNA repair proteins to damaged sites and establishment of the intra-S-phase cell-cycle checkpoint. Increasing evidence suggests that proteins like MDC1 provide the framework necessary for transducing signals from DNA double-strand breaks.
Cloning of a Xenopus laevis cDNA encoding focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and expression during early development

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a widely produced nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase thought to participate in signalling pathways activated in response to cell interaction with the extracellular matrix. Fibronectin-dependent cell adhesion mediated by integrin receptors plays a critical role in mesodermal cell migration during amphibian gastrulation in early development. As a first step toward understanding the role of FAK in Xenopus laevis (Xl) early development, we isolated cDNAs encoding Xl FAK and deduced the entire amino acid (aa) sequence. Xl FAK has 89-91% overall identity to the homologs previously described from mouse, human and chicken sources. Within the catalytic domain, the aa identity is about 97%. Northern blot analysis revealed that abundant maternal FAK transcript is present in Xl eggs, with levels decreasing slightly through cleavage and early blastula stages. At early gastrulation, the FAK mRNA level becomes modestly elevated, followed by a steady decline through late gastrulation. The mRNA level undergoes a further drop at the neurula stage, then begins a steady increase through the tailbud and tadpole stages. These data indicate that the steady-state level of FAK mRNA is regulated during Xl early development, and are consistent with a proposed role for FAK in the process of gastrulation.
Bounding the current in nonlinear conducting composites

Abstract Suppose a three-dimensional composite of two nonlinear conducting phases mixed in fixed proportions is subject to a fixed average electric field. What values can the average current take as the microstructure varies over all configurations? What microstructures produce the maximum or minimum current flow? Which microstructures are best for guiding the current in a given direction? Here, following the compensated compactness method of Tartar (1977: Estimation de coefficients homogeneises. In: Glowinski, R., Lions, J.-L. (Eds.), Computer Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Mathematics 704. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 136–212) we show how one can obtain remarkably tight bounds on the average current flow. In many, but not all cases, we find that simple laminate structures produce the maximum or minimum current flow, and are best for guiding the current in a given direction. Sometimes it is advantageous to orient the layer surfaces parallel (rather than orthogonal) to the direction of the applied field to generate the minimum current flow in that direction.
The oxidation of carbonaceous residue dispersed in porous retorted oil shale

Resultats d'une etude experimentale et theorique de l'oxydation du semicoke de schiste bitumineux entre la temperature ambiante et 1000° K. Formulation d'un modele mathematique pour analyser les donnees experimentales
Specific gene expression and therapy for pancreatic cancer using the cytosine deaminase gene directed by the rat insulin promoter

Suicide gene therapy has been shown to be an effective means of destroying pancreatic cancer cells, but cell-specific delivery of the gene is required to limit host toxicity. The objective of this study is to determine whether the rat insulin promoter (RIP) will permit cell-specific gene delivery and subsequent cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells. The RIP DNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the purified fragment was inserted into pCR-Blunt II-TOPO plasmid at the SpeI site, which contains the coding sequence of yeast cytosine deaminase (CD). Transfection assays were carried out using both RIP-lacZ and RIP-CD DNA constructs in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines, PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2. Reporter assays using X-gal staining were performed, and the in vitro cytotoxicity was examined in RIP-CD-transfected cells treated with 5-.ucytosine for 5 days. The expression levels of CD protein in the transfected cells were determined 2 days after transfection by Western blot analysis. The expression levels of insulin promoter factor (IPF-1/PDX-1) in these human pancreatic cell lines, as well as in freshly isolated human pancreatic cancer specimens, were determined using in situ immunohistochemistry analysis. After transfection with RIP-lacZ, only PANC-1 cells, but not MIA PaCa-2 cells, were positive for RIP-lacZ expression, indicating that RIP-directed reporter gene expression occurred only in PANC-1 cells. After transfection with RIP-CD and treatment with 5-flucytosine, PANC-1 cells had a significantly increased cell death rate compared with that of MIA PaCa-2 cells, suggesting that RIP-directed suicide gene expression occurred only in PANC-1 cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that only PANC-1 cells were able to express the CD protein and that significantly increased levels of PDX-1 were found in PANC-1 but not in Mia PaCa-2 cells. In situ immunohistochemical analysis of both cell lines showed that PDX-1 was only expressed in the nuclei of PANC-1 cells and not in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Furthermore, two freshly isolated human pancreatic cancer specimens had significantly increased levels of PDX-1. The RIP is activated in PANC-1 cells, but not in Mia PaCa-2 cells, and the mechanism of activation is via PDX-1. Pancreatic cancer-specific cytotoxicity can be achieved with the use of RIP-CD and 5-flucytosine treatment in vitro. Significantly increased levels of PDX-1 have been found in human pancreatic cancer specimens. These results suggest that RIP could be used for cell-specific suicide gene therapy to target human pancreatic tumors.
Separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins using combined caudal epidural-general anesthesia.

To describe the anesthetic management of newborn omphalopagus conjoined twins undergoing a series of diagnostic and surgical procedures which culminated in successful separation at one month of age. Evaluations of the extent of shared organ systems were carried out without the need for anesthesia. The twins were anesthetized twice, once for insertion of skin expanders, and later for surgical separation. Various airway management techniques were utilized. To facilitate surgical separation, caudal epidural catheters were inserted in an effort to provide both operative and post-operative analgesia. In addition, prior to the induction of anesthesia, the extent of cross-circulation between twins was assessed. Caudal epidural catheters can be used to provide both operative and post-operative analgesia. Early extubation, another benefit of regional analgesia, was not achieved because both twins developed respiratory failure in the immediate post-operative period. Testing for the extent of cross-circulation between twins proved valuable, allowing for detailed scripting of the complex induction sequence and airway management.
Presynaptic Partners of Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic and GABAergic Neurons

The serotonin system powerfully modulates physiology and behavior in health and disease, yet the circuit mechanisms underlying serotonin neuron activity are poorly understood. The major source of forebrain serotonergic innervation is from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), which contains both serotonin and GABA neurons. Using viral tracing combined with electrophysiology, we found that GABA and serotonin neurons in the DR receive excitatory, inhibitory, and peptidergic inputs from the same specific brain regions. Embedded in this overall similarity are important differences. Serotonin neurons are more likely to receive synaptic inputs from anterior neocortex while GABA neurons receive disproportionally higher input from the central amygdala. Local input mapping revealed extensive serotonin-serotonin as well as GABA-serotonin connectivity with a distinct spatial organization. Covariance analysis suggests heterogeneity of both serotonin and GABA neurons with respect to the inputs they receive. These analyses provide a foundation for further functional dissection of the serotonin system.
Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrahydrofuran Vapors in Rats and Mice

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a widely used industrial solvent and was selected for carcinogenesis studies by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) because of its potential for widespread occupational exposure in humans and a lack of information on animal toxicity and carcinogenicity. Groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 200, 600, or 1800 ppm THF by inhalation, 6 h per day, 5 days per week, for 105 weeks. Survival and mean body weights of male and female rats exposed to THF were comparable to that of the controls. No clinical findings or nonneoplastic lesions related to THF exposure were observed in male or female rats. The incidences of renal tubule epithelial adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in exposed male rats occurred with a positive trend, and in males exposed to 600 and 1800 ppm exceeded the historical range for controls in 2-year NTP inhalation studies. There were no other neoplastic lesions related to THF exposure observed in male or female rats. After week 36, the survival of male mice exposed to 1800 ppm was significantly lower than that of the controls. Mean body weights of male and female mice exposed to THF were similar to those of the controls throughout the study. Male mice exposed to 1800 ppm were observed in a state of narcosis during and up to 1 h after the exposure periods. Nonneoplastic lesions related to THF exposure were not observed in male or female mice. The neoplastic lesions related to THF exposure were seen in female mice only. In female mice exposed to 1800 ppm, the incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms were significantly greater than those in the controls. In conclusion, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of THF in male F344/N rats due to increased incidences of adenoma or carcinoma (combined) of the kidney at the 600 and 1800 ppm exposure levels. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms at the 1800 ppm exposure level. THF was not carcinogenic in female rats or male mice exposed at 200, 600, or 1800 ppm.
Distinct gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB and rank ligand in the inflammatory response to variant morphologies of UHMWPE particles

Recent studies have examined the role of wear debris-induced bone resorption in the aseptic loosening of orthopedic prostheses. Research has shown that inflammation depends not only on the amount of particulate debris, but also the shape and size of the accumulated wear particles. Our previous studies have demonstrated that variant shapes of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles induce diverse cellular and apoptotic responses in a murine inflammation model. Since enhanced osteoclastogenesis is recognized as a hallmark of bone loss in prosthetic loosening, we have now investigated the gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) during the inflammatory response to different shapes of UHMWPE particles. Two shapes of UHMWPE particles (globular or elongated) were implanted in established air pouches on BALB/c mice, and pouches harvested 7 days after stimulation with UHMWPE particles. Gene levels of RANK, RANKL, TNFα, IL-1β, and cathepsin K (CK) were quantified by real time RT-PCR, and TRAP staining of pouch membrane was used to evaluate osteoclastogenesis. We found that (i) elongated particles generated significantly higher RANK and RANKL gene expression than globular particles in pouch tissue; (ii) elongated particles provoked significantly higher IL-1β and TNFα gene expression; (iii) a positive association was found between tissue inflammation status and the gene level of RANK/RANKL; and (iv) elongated particles stimulated significantly higher CK gene expression in comparison with globular particles. Histology revealed that clusters of TRAP+ cells were located in regions in contact with elongated particles. Overall, these data suggest that the morphology of wear debris may be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of prosthetic loosening.
Prediction and validation of sidesway collapse of two scale models of a 4‐story steel moment frame

A research program is summarized in which collapse of a steel frame structure is predicted numerically and the accuracy of prediction is validated experimentally through earthquake simulator tests of two 1:8 scale models of a 4-story code-compliant prototype moment-resisting frame. We demonstrate that sidesway collapse can occur for realistic combinations of structural framing and earthquake ground motion; P-Δeffects and component deterioration dominate behavior of the frame near collapse; prediction of collapse is feasible using relatively simple analytical models provided that component deterioration is adequately represented in the analytical model; and response of the framing system near collapse is sensitive to the history that every important component of the frames experiences, implying that symmetric cyclic loading histories that are routinely used to test components provide insufficient information for modeling deterioration near collapse. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A scheme for computing surface fluxes from mean flow observations

A computational scheme is developed for estimating turbulent surface stress, sensible heat flux and humidity flux from mean velocity, temperature and humidity at a single height in the atmospheric surface layer; conditions at this reference level are presumed known from observations or from a numerical atmospheric circulation model. The method is based on coupling a Monin-Obukhov similarity profile to a ‘force-restore’ formulation for the evolution of surface soil temperature to yield the local values of shear stress, heat flux and surface temperature. A self-contained formulation is presented including parameterizations for solar and infrared radiant flux at the surface. In addition to reference-level mean flow properties, the parameters needed to implement the scheme are thermal heat capacity of the soil, surface aerodynamic roughness, latitude, solar declination, surface albedo, surface emissivity and atmospheric transmissivity. Sample calculations are presented for (a), constant atmospheric forcing at the reference level, and (b) variable atmospheric forcing corresponding to Kahle's (1977) measurements of windspeed, air temperature and radiometer soil surface temperature under dry vegetatively sparse conditions in the Mohave Desert in California. The latter case simulated the observed diurnal variations resonably well for the parameters used.
Simpson's Paradox and Related Phenomena

Simpson's paradox is viewed as one of a natural and coherent collection of association reversal phenomena that are of fundamental importance in statistical practice. Association reversal means that the direction of association between two variables X and Y is changed by collapsing (unconditioning) over a covariate Z; an example is Simpson's paradox for contingency tables. This article gives necessary and sufficient conditions for Simpson's paradox and for more general forms of association reversal. Close connections are noted with amalgamation paradoxes, defined as situations where an unconditional measure of association between X and Y lies outside the range of the conditional (on Z) measures. Emphasis throughout is on statistical interpretation and on commonalities and contrasts between the paradoxical phenomena in various settings.
The Effect of Habitat Alteration on Migratory Land Birds in a West Mexican Tropical Deciduous Forest: A Conservation Perspective

: I compared point count census data from both short and tall second-growth sites with counts taken from a nearby undisturbed tropical deciduous forest in coastal Jalisco, Mexico. Each of the second-growth sites differed significantly from the undisturbed forest in its bird composition Much of the change can be attributed to the improvement of conditions for some guild members (e.g., seedeaters) and the removal of adequate conditions for others (eg., trunk-foragers, Nit-eaten). Nonetheless, there was a significant difference in the effect on migrant us. Resident species that was independent of foraging guild; longdistance migratory species were significantly more likely to increase in abundance as a result of disturbance than were resident species Thus; many migratory species in western Mexico may benefit from the human-caused creation of midsuccessional habitats. It is important to note however, that this conclusion may not apply to more intensely disturbed habitats and does not apply to all migratory species In addition without information on the habitat and geographical distribution of migrants in winter, and habitat-dependent mortality rates, we cannot draw conclusions about the had-scale effects on the species that showed population changes in response to habitat disturbance. Comapare conteos puntuales en censos de localidades de bosque secundario alto y bajo con conteos tomados en bosque desciduo, tropical, cercano y no alter- en las costas de Jalisco, Mexoco. Cada una de las localdades de bosque secundario difirio significativamente de las localidades no alteradas en cuanto a su composicion de pajaros Gran parte del cambio puede ser atribuida al mejoramiento de las condiciones para algunas especies parte grupos ecologicos (ej, los comedores de semillas) y la eliminateon de condiciones adecuadas para otras (ej, los forrajeadores de troncos, los comedores de-frutas). Sin embargo, existio una diferencia signiyicativa en el efecto sobre especies migrantes versus especies residentes independientemente de sus grupos ecologicos alimenticios; las especies migratorias de largas distancias tuvieron mayor probabilidad de incrementar su abundancia significatiuemente como resultado de la alteracion que las especies resdentes. Por lo tanto, muchas especies migratorias en el oeste de Mexico podrian beneficiarse de la creacion por humanos de habitats del tipo sucesional-medio. Es importante notar sin embargo que esta conclusion posiblemente no se aplique a los habitats alteradas mas intensamente y que no concieme a todas especies migratorias En adicion sin informacion sobre el habitat y la distribution geografica de migrantes en el invierno, e indices de mortalidad dependientes del habitats, no podremaos generar conclusiones sobre 10s efectos mas amplios en las especies que mostraron cambios poblacioanules en respuesta a la alteracion del habitat.
Review of antiviral therapy for herpes labialis, genital herpes and herpes zoster.

Acyclovir (Zovirax®) was approved for the treatment of herpesvirus infections almost two decades ago. It was the first agent in a novel group of antiviral medications that now include valacyclovir (Valtrex®), penciclovir (Denavir®) and famciclovir (Famvir®). These agents have made a dramatic impact on the morbidity associated with herpes simplex virus infections and herpes zoster. Topical and oral antiviral use have shown modest but statistically significant efficacy in treating herpes labialis with most studies demonstrating a significant reduction in episode length and/or healing time. Oral acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir are efficacious and safe for the treatment of the first episode and recurrent genital herpes and are useful as suppressive therapy for individuals with frequent genital herpes recurrences. In addition, high doses of oral acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir have been shown to speed the healing of herpes zoster, and data suggests that these agents also decrease associated acu...
Memory-adaptive parallel sparse Cholesky factorization

The problem of Cholesky factorization of sparse positive-definite matrices on distributed-memory multiprocessors is considered. A column-based algorithm with the ability to adapt to the amount of memory available on each processor is presented. Exploiting the available memory allows the local computation on each processor to be ordered so that good local efficiencies and dynamic load balance are achieved. A proof that this distributed algorithm is deadlock-free is given. Experimental results of an implementation of this algorithm on an Intel iPSC/860 multiprocessor system are reported. >
Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella, Captures in Monitoring Traps as Influenced by Proximately to Competing Female-Like- vs. High-Releasing Pheromone Point Sources

This research tested the hypothesis that a codling moth male, Cydia pomonella L., selects the sex pheromone plume of highest concentration when encountering overlapping plumes of differing concentrations. A plume of normal concentration generated by a female-like lure (7 ηg/h), and a plume of high concentration generated by a polyethylene sex pheromone “rope” dispenser, Isomate-C® Plus (6,000 ηg/h), were deployed at various distances and elevations from a standard monitoring trap (Pherocon® VI delta trap) deployed in an abandoned apple orchard. Moth captures in lure-baited traps in the tree canopy were significantly inhibited when the plume from the rope was nearby. However, the concentrated plume from the rope positioned below the monitoring trap at distances of 50 cm or more did not influence moth capture significantly. When the plume from the rope was positioned at the same elevation as the lure, moth captures were reduced significantly only when the separation was 50 cm or less. Our data: 1) falsify the hypothesis that codling moth males are able to select plumes of normal pheromone concentration when exposed simultaneously to plumes of high vs. normal concentrations; 2) confirm that codling moth males favor more vs. less concentrated plumes; and 3) provide further support for competitive attraction as the disruptive mechanism for the Isomate-C® Plus.
Arthroscopic Distal Clavicle Resection in Athletes A Prospective Comparison of the Direct and Indirect Approach

Background: The clinical success of arthroscopic distal clavicle resection for athletes has been well documented. There are, however, no published studies that prospectively compare the recovery rates in athletes as well as the outcomes of the indirect versus direct approaches.Hypothesis: Both procedures are equally successful; however, the direct approach affords faster return to sports.Study Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 2.Methods: Thirty-eight consecutive athletes with osteolysis of the distal clavicle or isolated posttraumatic arthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint without instability underwent arthroscopic distal clavicle resection. The patients were randomized into 2 groups: a direct superior approach and an indirect subacromial approach. American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Athletic Shoulder Scoring System scores were measurable outcomes.Results: Thirty-four athletes were available for a minimum 2-year follow-up. The 2 groups were similar, including preopera...
X-Ray Measurements of Noncapillary Spatial Fluctuations from a Liquid Surface

Off-specular diffuse x-ray scattering measurements on both pure water and a homogeneous Langmuir monolayer of poly- γ-benzyl- L-glutamate (PBLG) on water establish the validity of a proposed sum rule for scattering from capillary fluctuations on liquid surfaces. Excess scattering above the predicted capillary contribution is observed when the PBLG monolayer is compressed beyond its elastic limit. This is interpreted in terms of a second-layer inhomogeneity with a surface correlation length of ∼1000Å. Excess off-specular scattering can be used to probe interface correlation lengths from 100 Å to 1μm.
Lupus enteritis as an initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder which can affect multiple organs and clinical presentation is often a myriad of symptoms; therefore, the index of suspicion should rise when evaluating patients with multiorgan symptomatology. Lupus enteritis is a distinct subset of SLE, defined as either vasculitis or inflammation of the small bowel, with supportive image and/or biopsy findings. The clinical picture of lupus enteritis is often nonspecific, with mild to severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting being the cardinal manifestations. Although considered a form of visceral or serosal vasculitis, lupus enteritis is seldom confirmed on histology, making computerized tomography (CT) the gold standard for diagnosis. Lupus enteritis is generally steroid-responsive, and the route of administration is based on clinical status and organ involvement, with preference for intravenous (IV) route in flares with significant tissue edema. The following case describes a young woman presenting with lupus enteritis and lupus panniculitis as an initial manifestation of SLE, the utilization of abdominal CT in diagnosis, and current treatment protocols used for lupus enteritis.
Anti-stokes photoluminescence in GaN due to three-photon absorption

We have observed anti-Stokes photoluminescence from n-type free-standing GaN, pumped at the excitation photon energy of 1.586 eV, due to three-photon absorption.
Trust of medical devices, applications, and users in pervasive healthcare

In the future, patients may be able to receive health care through the use of pervasive medical devices, sensors, and applications, even outside of hospitals. These data sources monitor and assist patients, aid in treatment, and notify doctors of problems as they develop, allowing them to send help and prepare for emergency treatment faster than otherwise possible. But such data sources are subject to attack or failure. Current trust models guarantee control over access to patient data, but not to determine the trustworthiness of the sources of that data, or of the data itself. This paper shows how the Solar Trust Model can be used to evaluate the trustworthiness of data and data sources in networks of pervasive healthcare devices, sensors, and applications.
SP4: scalable programmable packet processing platform

We propose the demonstration of SP4, a software-based programmable packet processing platform that supports (1) stateful packet processing useful for analyzing traffic flows with session semantics, (2) uses a task-stealing architecture that automatically leverages multi-core processing capabilities in a load-balanced manner without the need for explicit performance profiling, and (3) a declarative language for rapidly specifying and composing new packet processing functionalities from reusable modules. Our demonstration showcases the use of SP4 for performing high-throughput analysis of traffic traces for a variety of applications, such as filtering out unwanted traffic and detection of DDoS attacks using machine learning based analysis.
Uniform circuits for division: consequences and problems

Integer division has been known to lie in P-uniform TC/sup 0/ since the mid-1980s, and recently this was improved to L-uniform TC/sup 0/. At the time that the results in this paper were proved and submitted for conference presentation, it was unknown whether division lay in DLOGTIME-uniform TC/sup 0/ (also known as FOM). We obtain tight bounds on the uniformity required for division, by showing that division is complete for the complexity class FOM+POW obtained by augmenting FOM with a predicate for powering modulo small primes. We also show that, under a well-known number-theoretic conjecture (that there are many "smooth" primes), POW (and hence division) lies in FOM. Building on this work, Hesse has shown recently that division is in FOM [17]. The essential idea in the fast parallel computation of division and related problems is that of Chinese remainder representation (CRR)-storing a number in the form of its residues modulo many small primes. The fact that CRR operations can be carried out in log space has interesting implications for small space classes. We define two versions of s(n) space for s(n)=o(log n): dspace(s(n)) as the traditional version where the worktape begins blank, and DSPACE(s(n)) where the space bound is established by endmarkers before the computation starts. We present a new translational lemma, and derive as a consequence that (for example), if one can improve the result of Hartmanis and Berman (1976) that {0/sup n/: n is prime} /spl notin/ dspace (log log n) to show that {0/sup n/: n is prime} /spl notin/ DSPACE (log log n), it would follow that L/spl ne/NP.
Field Techniques in Remote Sensing: Learning by Doing

Abstract The paper summarizes one professor's observations and resulting approach to teaching a semester‐long course on the subject of field techniques as they relate to remote‐sensing campaigns. The text describes how a “learning‐by‐doing strategy” is applied to such a course. More specifically, the paper describes how the instructor requires students to design, construct, and actually implement “hardware solutions” to problems involving collection of spectral (and ancillary) data in the field. Pupils must test their developed methodologies and “technological creations” with regard to a focused research problem undertaken in a difficult field setting during a week‐long outdoor experience. The students are expected to evaluate, and possibly modify, their methods and procedures “on‐the‐fly.” Individual group research problems, methods, and hardware solutions are briefly described, and selected student evaluations of the experience are provided.
The Developing Nervous System

Growth and development of the nervous system involve a complex series of biologically determined and environmentally influenced events. A full understanding of normal and abnormal physical, cognitive, and behavioral development requires knowledge of these events and of the timetable on which they take place.
Molecular Determinants of Diltiazem Block in Domains IIIS6 and IVS6 of L-type Ca2+ Channels

The benzothiazepine diltiazem blocks ionic current through L-type Ca2+ channels, as do the dihydropyridines (DHPs) and phenylalkylamines (PAs), but it has unique properties that distinguish it from these other drug classes. Wild-type L-type channels containing α1CII subunits, wild-type P/Q-type channels containing α1A subunits, and mutants of both channel types were transiently expressed in tsA-201 cells with β1B and α2δ subunits. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings showed that diltiazem blocks L-type Ca2+ channels approximately 5-fold more potently than it does P/Q-type channels. Diltiazem blocked a mutant P/Q-type channel containing nine amino acid changes that made it highly sensitive to DHPs, with the same potency as L-type channels. Thus, amino acids specific to the L-type channel that confer DHP sensitivity in an α1A background also increase sensitivity to diltiazem. Analysis of single amino acid mutations in domains IIIS6 and IVS6 of α1CII subunits confirmed the role of these L-type-specific amino acid residues in diltiazem block, and also indicated that Y1152 of α1CII, an amino acid critical to both DHP and PA block, does not play a role in diltiazem block. Furthermore, T1039 and Y1043 in domain IIIS5, which are both critical for DHP block, are not involved in block by diltiazem. Conversely, three amino acid residues (I1150, M1160, and I1460) contribute to diltiazem block but have not been shown to affect DHP or PA block. Thus, binding of diltiazem to L-type Ca2+channels requires residues that overlap those that are critical for DHP and PA block as well as residues unique to diltiazem.