cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Unfolding Brackets on the Quality of Income Data in a Telephone Survey

In most sample surveys, questions on income have high levels of nonresponse. One method of reducing nonresponse to income questions is to ask follow up questions of initial nonrespondents by using a series of unfolding bracket questions. In this approach, if the respondent does not answer an initial question on income, a follow up question is asked in which the respondent is asked if the amount in question, such as household income, is above or below a rounded figure, such as $30,000. The respondent can then be asked a series of similarly structured questions so that a range for the amount in question can be determined. This method has been found to be effective in reducing uncertainty about measures of income and wealth on other surveys (Juster and Smith 1997; Pleis et al. 2006). It is not known whether the unfolding bracket approach can be used for an initial question on income rather than as a follow-up for nonrespondents to the initial question. In this analysis, I compare the distributions of responses to the income questions used in the 1994 and 1995 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys. The BRFSS is a state-based system of surveys designed to provide estimates on health behaviors for adults 18 and older in the United States. The survey uses a repeated, cross-sectional design and has been carried out as a series of monthly telephone surveys since 1984 by state level health departments with methodological and technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
Die experimentelle allergische Encephalomyelitis. Versuche zu ihrer Morphologie und Pathogenese

1. Es wurde die Immunreaktion der Mausestamme BSVS und BRVR gegen lyophilisiertes Hirnantigen untersucht. Alle Tiere des Stammes BSVS entwickelten allergische Encephalomyelitis, wahrend keines der Tiere des Stammes BRVR erkrankte. 2. Bei keinem der beiden Stamme konnten komplementbindende oder antinucleare Antikorper nachgewiesen werden. 3. Stamm BRVR zeigte ein signifikant hoheres Thymusgewicht als Stamm BSVS und reagierte mit einem signifikant hoheren Gewichtsanstieg der Milz. Der Anstieg des Thymusgewichtes war auf das Erscheinen unreifer, reticuloendothelialer Zellen zuruckzufuhren, wahrend zur Vergroserung der Milz eine Vermehrung der jugendlichen Granulocyten und unreifen Erythrocyten wesentlich beitrug, zusatzlich zur Vermehrung der reticuloendothelialen Zellen. 4. Serum- und Immunelektrophorese ergaben die Ausbildung eines hohen, kombinierten Beta- und Gammagipfels sowie eines hohen Alphagipfels an den Versuchstagen 7, 11 und 13. Wahrend die Erhohung des Gammaglobulingipfels bei Stamm BRVR rasch zuruckging, persistierte sie bei Stamm BSVS. 5. Es wird geschlossen, das zirkulierende Antikorper in dem vorliegenden Versuchsmodell keinen entscheidenden Einflus auf den Ausgang der Erkrankung besitzen.
Λ b → Λ c τ ν ¯ τ decay in the standard model and with new physics

Recently hints of lepton flavor nonuniversality emerged when the BABAR collaboration observed deviations from the standard model predictions in $R({D}^{(*)})\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathcal{B}(\overline{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)+}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}})/\mathcal{B}(\overline{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}})$ ($\ensuremath{\ell}=e,\ensuremath{\mu}$). Another test of this nonuniversality can be in the semileptonic ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}\ensuremath{\tau}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ decay. In this paper we present predictions for this decay in the standard model and in the presence of new physics operators with different Lorentz structures. We present the most general fourfold angular distribution for this decay including new physics. For phenomenology, we focus on predictions for the decay rate and the differential distribution in the momentum transfer squared ${q}^{2}$. In particular, we calculate ${R}_{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}}=\frac{BR[{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}\ensuremath{\tau}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}]}{BR[{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}\ensuremath{\ell}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}]}$ where $\ensuremath{\ell}$ represents $\ensuremath{\mu}$ or $e$, and find the standard model prediction to be around 0.3 while the new physics operators can increase or slightly decrease this value.
Manual therapy and ear pain: a report of four cases

Purpose: To report and discuss four cases of ear pain which were treated successfully with manual therapy.
Teaching referential and social-regulative words to toddlers: mothers' use of metalingual language:

Research showing that young children use language for both referential and social purposes raises questions concerning how parents promote toddlers' acquisition and discrimination of different language functions. Analyses of mothers' input to twenty-nine 20-month-old children revealed that mothers supported the acquisition of different types of language through differential use of language teaching strategies. When focusing on referential language, mothers predominantly employed labelling, thus emphasizing naming skills. When focusing on social- regulative language, mothers used strategies such as assuming the child's role, thus emphasizing turn-taking and other social skills. Mothers also used more language teaching routines when they were in the presence of an observer than when they were alone with their children.
Excitation Energies from Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Linear Polyene Oligomers: Butadiene to Decapentaene

Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is applied to calculate vertical excitation energies of trans-1,3-butadiene, trans−trans-1,3,5-hexatriene, all-trans-1,3,5,7-octatetraene, and all-trans-1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene. Attachment and detachment densities for transitions in butadiene and decapentaene from the ground state to the 2 1Ag and 1 1Bu excited states are also calculated and analyzed. Based on comparisons with experimental results and high level ab initio calculations in the literature, significant improvement over configuration−interaction singles is observed for the 2 1Ag state of the polyenes, which has been known to have significant double excitation character. For the 1 1Bu state, TDDFT underestimates the excitation energy by 0.4−0.7 eV. In this case we have observed a significant difference between the results for TDDFT and TDDFT within the Tamm−Dancoff approximation, both in excitation energies and, at least for butadiene, in the character of the excited state.
Group Sequential Design for Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy Studies: Implications and Guidelines for Practitioners

Purpose. Comparative diagnostic accuracy (CDA) studies are typically small retrospective studies supporting a higher accuracy for one modality over another for either staging a particular disease o...
Anomalous phonon behavior and phase fluctuations in bcc Zr.

The high-temperature bcc phase of Zr is simulated by molecular dynamics using an embedded-atom potential. Our results show strong asymmetric scattering cross sections in different Brillouin zones, in agreement with inelastic neutron scattering experiments. This anomalous behavior arises from fluctuations between the bcc and hcp phases. The phase fluctuations produce large anharmonic contributions to the dynamical structure factors, which are not predicted by traditional phonon theory.
P-853 - Inpatient psychiatric management of the bariatric surgery patient: complexities and considerations

Introduction One-third of Americans are obese, with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater; one-fifth have BMI's of 40 or greater. In 2004, bariatric surgery was performed on an estimated 140,000 individuals. Mental illness, most commonly depressive and anxiety disorders, is prevalent among obese populations. Psychological screening is an important component of the pre-surgical evaluation process; however, pre-surgical psychopathology does not consistently correlate with poorer weight loss outcomes. Objective A paucity of literature exists on the management of psychiatric conditions after bariatric surgery. Studies have suggested depression improves after surgery, but adjusting to life after bariatric surgery can result in the emergence, or recurrence, of symptoms. Aims This study is intended to stimulate discussion regarding the evolving field of bariatric psychiatry. Methods Three cases were studied retrospectively. All three received the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for BMI's greater than 40 with no reported prior history of mental illness. They were admitted to the inpatient unit for suicidal ideation and co-morbid substance dependence. Results Psychiatric management was highlighted by appropriate psychopharmacological treatment reflecting altered pharmacokinetics from the gastric bypass, potentially contraindicating side effects of medications, and preparations of the medications themselves. The management involved the exploration of unique psychosocial stressors, particularly dealing with the impact of surgery and factors contributing to co-morbid substance dependence. Conclusions Bariatric patients in the inpatient psychiatric setting present a unique situation in which surgery results in pharmacological and psychological considerations that must be examined and taken into account for the appropriate management of their condition.
A solution to release twisted DNA during chromosome replication by coupled DNA polymerases

Chromosomal replication machines contain coupled DNA polymerases that simultaneously replicate the leading and lagging strands. However, coupled replication presents a largely unrecognized topological problem. Because DNA polymerase must travel a helical path during synthesis, the physical connection between leading- and lagging-strand polymerases causes the daughter strands to entwine, or produces extensive build-up of negative supercoils in the newly synthesized DNA. How DNA polymerases maintain their connection during coupled replication despite these topological challenges is unknown. Here we examine the dynamics of the Escherichia coli replisome, using ensemble and single-molecule methods, and show that the replisome may solve the topological problem independent of topoisomerases. We find that the lagging-strand polymerase frequently releases from an Okazaki fragment before completion, leaving single-strand gaps behind. Dissociation of the polymerase does not result in loss from the replisome because of its contact with the leading-strand polymerase. This behaviour, referred to as 'signal release', had been thought to require a protein, possibly primase, to pry polymerase from incompletely extended DNA fragments. However, we observe that signal release is independent of primase and does not seem to require a protein trigger at all. Instead, the lagging-strand polymerase is simply less processive in the context of a replisome. Interestingly, when the lagging-strand polymerase is supplied with primed DNA in trans, uncoupling it from the fork, high processivity is restored. Hence, we propose that coupled polymerases introduce topological changes, possibly by accumulation of superhelical tension in the newly synthesized DNA, that cause lower processivity and transient lagging-strand polymerase dissociation from DNA.
Expression of the [FeFe] hydrogenase in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract Biological hydrogen generation from phototrophic organisms is a promising source of renewable fuel. The nuclear-expressed [FeFe] hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has an extremely high turnover rate, and so has been a target of intense research. Here, we demonstrate that a codon-optimized native hydrogenase can be successfully expressed in the chloroplast. We also demonstrate a curiously strong negative selective pressure resulting from unregulated hydrogenase expression in this location, and discuss management of its expression with a vitamin-controlled gene repression system. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first example of a nuclear-expressed, chloroplast-localized metalloprotein being synthesized in situ. Control of this process opens up several bioengineering possibilities for the production of biohydrogen.
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: The Promises and Perils of Treating the Elderly Hypertensive

Recently published clinical trials have shown clear benefits of the treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Therefore, millions of elderly patients will be considered in need of antihypertensive therapy. In addition to the promises that such therapy offer, there are multiple perils involved in the treatment of elderly patients.
Emerging Molecular Targets for Intravascular Imaging of High-Risk Plaques

Accumulating evidence links catastrophic cardiovascular events to the inflammatory, angiogenic, and apoptotic biological profiles underlying high-risk atherosclerotic plaques. While biological detail is opaque to traditional anatomical imaging readouts, emerging molecular imaging approaches are now yielding significant clinical insights into the biological diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Yet, while clinical molecular imaging approaches are available for larger arterial beds such as the carotid arteries or aorta, molecular imaging pathways for human coronary arterial plaques are lacking. Excitingly, the recent advent of intravascular near-infrared fluorescence technology now offers new potential for in vivo molecular imaging of key molecular and cellular targets in coronary-sized vasculature. Here we provide a framework for coronary artery–targeted molecular imaging using intravascular imaging technology, and present key molecular imaging targets relevant to the detection of high-risk, vulnerable coronary plaques.
The effects of verbal stimuli on disfluencies during spontaneous speech.

A total of 104 normal college adults were divided among four speech conditions. In the 100% condition, subjects heard “wrong” after each disfluency (interjection or repetition). Subjects in the 25%...
Age‐associated mitochondrial DNA deletions in mouse skeletal muscle: Comparison of different regions of the mitochondrial genome

The abundance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions has been shown to increase with age in a number of species and may contribute to the aging process. Estimating the total mtDNA deletion load of an individual is essential in evaluating the potential physiological impact. In this study, we compared three 5-kb regions of the mitochondrial genome: one in the major arc, one in the minor arc, and a third containing the light strand origin of replication. Through PCR analysis of mouse skeletal muscle, we have determined that not all regions produce equal numbers of age-associated deletions. There are, on average, twofold more detectable deletions in the major arc region than in the minor arc region. Deletions that result in the loss of the light strand origin of replication are rarely detected. Furthermore, the mechanism of deletion formation seems to be similar in both the major and minor arcs, with direct repeats playing an important, although not essential, role.
Social Entrepreneurship and Academic Research: Seeking Sustained IT in Non-profits

This research demonstrates a collaborative project between the United Way in a major Midwestern U.S. city and academic researchers. This collaboration was facilitated and funded by a local social entrepreneur who is a United Way Board member. The goal of this collaboration was to scientifically identify the enablers and barriers of 67 United Way agencies to reaching information sustainability using a semi-structured interview methodology. The directors of all 67 agencies were interviewed. Our results indicated that most agencies were experiencing numerous barriers to obtaining needed information. This was due to many issues discussed in this paper. This research resulted in the United Way placing a Chief Information Officer or equivalent on the Board of Directors of all agencies.
Conduct disorder and comorbidity

Conduct Disorder (CD) research is focusing on complex issues introduced by comorbidity because of its widespread existence, thoeretical importance and practical significance. This review provides critical examination of research published during the past ten years addressing CD and its comorbid conditions, specifically Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and internalizing disorders. It is concluded that comorbidity varies with age, gender, informant, diagnostic criteria, and nature of the sample (clinical vs. epidemiological). Implications of comorbidity for etiology, diagnosis, treatment, law, and policy and preventive efforts in work with children and adolescents with CD are offered for school psychologists. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Human modifications to the sediment regime of the Lower Mississippi River flood plain

The Mississippi River is one of the most regulated rivers in the world. Human modifications constructed mainly after 1920 include dams and reservoirs, artificial levees, dikes, concrete revetments and a series of channel cutoffs. This paper examines some of the effects of these modifications on the channel and sediment budget of the river. In particular, the changes to the thalweg profile and the size of channel bars are examined in detail. It is concluded, that prior to the 1930s, when major modifications were introduced, the Lower Mississippi River was an aggrading meandering river. The role of the flood plain has also changed. Prior to modifications, the flood plain was the major sediment source as the result of bank caving. Today the flood plain provides only a minor amount of sediment. It can be shown that major degradation to the channel including the growth of channel bars has occurred as a result of these engineered modifications. The data also indicates that the different geomorphic regions respond to modifications in different ways.
Toward a model for predicting magnetic susceptibility of bedrock regolith and soils

One of the Department of Defense's most pressing environmental problems is the efficient detection and identification of unexploded ordnance (UXO). In regions of highly magnetic soils, magnetic and electromagnetic sensors often detect anomalies that are of geologic origin, adding significantly to remediation costs. In order to develop predictive models for magnetic susceptibility, it is crucial to understand modes of formation and the spatial distribution of different iron oxides. Most rock types contain iron and their magnetic susceptibility is determined by the amount and form of iron oxides present. When rocks weather, the amount and form of the oxides change, producing concomitant changes in magnetic susceptibility. The type of iron oxide found in the weathered rock or regolith is a function of the duration and intensity of weathering, as well as the original content of iron in the parent material. The rate of weathering is controlled by rainfall and temperature; thus knowing the climate zone, the amount of iron in the lithology and the age of the surface will help predict the amount and forms of iron oxide. We have compiled analyses of the types, amounts, and magnetic properties of iron oxides from soils over a wide climate range, from semi arid grasslands, to temperate regions, and tropical forests. We find there is a predictable range of iron oxide type and magnetic susceptibility according to the climate zone, the age of the soil and the amount of iron in the unweathered regolith.
Optomechanical Systems Design

In this issue, we present a series of papers addressing, in a variety of ways, the general subject of optomechanical design. That this is an interdisciplinary subject has long been recognized by many of those scientists, designers, and engineers engaged in the evolution of optical instruments. Indeed, Donald H. Jacobs voiced his conviction on this matter way back in 1943 with the words, "In the design of any optical instrument, optical and mechanical considerations are not separate entities to be dealt with by different individuals but are merely two phases of a single problem."1
Mixed Mode I/III Crack-Tip Fields for Perfectly Plastic Mises Materials

In this paper, governing equations and solutions for asymptotic singular and non-singular crack-tip sectors in perfectly plastic Mises materials are first reviewed under combined in-plane and out-of-plane shear loading conditions. The crack-tip fields under mixed mode I/III loading conditions are then investigated. One assembly of four crack-tip plastic sectors is adopted with stress discontinuities along the border of two constant stress sectors. The solutions of the crack-tip fields under pure mode I and mixed mode I/III loading conditions are presented. The crack-tip fields under pure mode I and mixed mode I/III loading conditions give fully-plastic solutions with various hydrostatic tensile stresses ahead of the crack tip. The characteristics of the mode I limits of fully plastic crack-tip fields with different hydrostatic tensile stresses ahead of the crack tip agree well the past computational results under pure mode I with different constraint conditions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Factors associated with the formation of triploid zygotes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Abstract Objective: To determine whether clinical or laboratory factors influence development of triploid (3PN) zygotes after ICSI. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: The assisted reproductive technology program of Brigham and Women's Hospital. Patient(s): Patients undergoing ICSI. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cycles were divided into two groups: group A, cycles with one or more 3PN zygotes after ICSI, and group B, cycles with no 3PN zygotes. Age, amount of gonadotropin administered, peak estradiol levels, number of follicles, number of oocytes retrieved and injected, time between retrieval and injection, oocyte abnormalities, sperm type and motile count, percentage of diploid zygotes, and ongoing pregnancy rates were compared between groups. Result(s): Compared with patients in group B, those in group A received fewer ampoules of gonadotropins, had higher estradiol levels, and had more follicles on the day of hCG administration, oocytes, immature oocytes and oocytes injected and lower percentages of diploid zygotes. However, ongoing pregnancy rates did not differ between groups. Conclusion(s): Patients who produce 3PN zygotes after ICSI are high responders to ovarian stimulation. The appearance of such embryos is not associated with lower ongoing pregnancy rates and should not necessarily dictate alterations in ovarian stimulation protocols.
METHOHEXITONE 5 PER CENT: EVALUATION USING AN EXPERIMENTAL PAIN GENERATOR

Doses of methohexitone (Brietal) of 50 or 75 mg were administered intravenously to 125 healthy volunteers of both sexes. The duration of unconsciousness and the time until there was a response to painful and then verbal stimuli were recorded. The lower dose level was insufficient to allow the performance of any surgical procedure. The higher dose produced anaesthesia for a clinically useful period of time in some volunteers but this occurred at the expense of significant airway obstruction or other respiratory complication in 24 of the 50 volunteers.
On the nature of the excess 100 micron flux associated with carbon stars

The emission from carbon stars with circumstellar dust shells of different structure, composition, opacity, and age was modeled with the purpose of determining the origin of the excess flux in the FIR and testing the detached shell hypotheses of Willems (1987) and Olofsson et al. (1990). Three possible sources for the excess flux were identified: (1) cool dust in a single extended shell; (2) emission from dust in the intervening interstellar medium; or (3) emission from a two-shell system in which the additional shell is a remnant from an earlier mass-loss episode. It was found that only the two-shell model with a remnant shell which is at least 1 pc thick could explain the 60- and 100-micron flux excesses seen in carbon stars with dust shells of a given opacity. Calculations of time scales for the production of the detached shells and of the carbon star lifetime were found to be consistent with the evolutionary scenario proposed by Willems.
Induction of Mutations in a Bacterial Virus

In the course of experiments designed for other purposes a paradoxical observation was made: phage λ, inactivated by UV irradiation, when adsorbed onto sensitive bacteria was reactivated when a further dose of UV was given to the phage-bacterium complexes. Among the reactivated phages a fairly large proportion were mutants. A description of these findings and a discussion of their implications will be found below.
The role of chemokines in Schistosoma mansoni granuloma formation

The eradication of parasitic diseases, such as schistosomiasis, has been the focus of investigations worldwide for many decades. However, attempts to control their continual spread have, at best, been met with limited success. In the face of these results, it is important to attempt to understand and thus to control the pathology of these widespread diseases. In this review, Nicholas Lukacs, Steven Kunkel, Robert Strieter and Stephen Chensue focus on a family of cytokines that play a pertinent role for leukocyte recruitment in chronic inflammation.
A GIS based method for trail alignment planning

Abstract Presented in this article is a new method for park trail alignment planning. With the assistance of a computerized geographic information system (GIS), it searches, through extensive survey and analysis of area's physical, ecological, and land use conditions, for a connecting path (i.e. trail alignment) that links a future trail's origin and destination by land parcel cells of the greatest trail potential. Trail alignments that are delineated and selected by the model provide a basis for quality site design. Tested in a North Carolina state park, the method proves to be effective, efficient, and practical.
Mineralogy and characterization of arsenic, iron, and lead in a mine waste-derived fertilizer.

The solid-state speciation of arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) was studied in the mine waste-derived fertilizer Ironite using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and aging studies. Arsenic was primarily associated with ferrihydrite (60−70%), with the remainder found in arsenopyrite (30−40%). Lead was observed almost exclusively as anglesite (PbSO4), with <1% observed as galena (PbS). The identification of As in oxidized Fe oxides and Pb as PbSO4 is in disagreement with the dominant reduced phases previously reported and suggests As and Pb contained within the mine waste-derived product are more bioavailable than previously considered. Aging studies in solution result in Ironite granules separating into two distinct fractions, an orange oxide precipitate and a crystalline fraction with a metallic luster. The orange oxide fraction contained As adsorbed/precipitated with ferrihydrite that is released into solution when allowed to equilibrate with water. The fraction with a metallic l...
Regionalism and the law of the sea: The case of semi‐enclosed seas

Abstract One of the possible outcomes of the Third Law of the Sea Conference may be a recognition of the right of countries within a geographic region to establish special juridical arrangements for their offshore areas. Regions may be of two types: common policy groupings, such as the Latin American or Soviet Union/East European Socialist states blocs; or complementary‐use regions, as the Caribbean, Mediterranean, or other semi‐enclosed seas. It is postulated that serious attention should be given at LOS III both to the definition of regions as geographic entities, and to the delineation of the types of special rules and regulations which may be adopted within these regions. A summary of the geographic and legal/political characteristics of twenty‐five “semi‐enclosed seas”; are presented as illustrative of a clearly defined type of complementary‐use region for which specific jurisdictional arrangements might be made.
A fast inverse consistent deformable image registration method based on symmetric optical flow computation

Deformable image registration is widely used in various radiation therapy applications including 4D-CT and treatment planning adaptation. In this work, a simple and efficient inverse consistency deformable registration method is proposed with aims of higher registration accuracy and faster convergence speed. Instead of registering image I to the second image J, two images are symmetrically deformed toward one another in multiple passes, until both deformed images are registered. In every pass, a delta motion field is computed by minimizing a symmetric optical flow system cost function using the modified optical flow algorithms. The images are then further deformed with the delta motion field in positive and negative directions, respectively, and then used for the next pass. The magnitude of the delta motion field is forced to be less than 0.4 voxel for every pass in order to guarantee the smoothness and invertibility of the two overall motion fields which are accumulating the delta motion fields in positive and negative directions, respectively. The final motion fields to register the original images I and J, in either direction, are calculated by inverting one overall motion field and composing the inversion result with the other overall motion field. The final motion fields are inversely consistent and this is ensured by the symmetric way that registration is carried out. Results suggest that the method is able to improve the overall accuracy by 30% or more, reduce the inverse consistency error, and increase the convergence rate. The computation speed may slightly decrease, or increase in some cases because the new method converges faster. Comparing to previously published inverse consistency algorithms, the proposed method is simpler in theory, easier to implement, and faster.
Carbon Dioxide and Bacterial Toxin Production Preliminary Report on Diphtheria Toxin.

Conclusions1. Cahon dioxide plays an important role in toxin production, by preventing the destruction of the toxin, once it is formed. This is probably done by regulating the reaction of the medium.2. It is possible to control the reaction of C. diphtheriae cultures of an initial pH 7.4 to 7.6 by passing an atmosphere containing from 3 to 5 per cent CO2 over them. By this procedure an abundant supply of oxygen is maintained.3. Increased CO2 tension also prevents the rapid destruction of the organisms present after the period of maximum growth, probably by controlling the reaction of the medium.4. “Peptones” high in proteose content are apparently necessary for toxin production for other reasons than their buffering action.5. More abundant growth was obtained with Difco-Proteose Peptone, either with or without increased carbon dioxide tension, than with Difco-Bacto Peptone.6. No appreciable amounts of toxin were found during the period of most active growth, which is the period of decrease in amino acid s...
Insecure Attachment Mediates Effects of Partners’ Emotional Abuse and Violence on Women’s Relationship Quality

Men’s emotional abuse and violence have a broad and pervasive impact on women that may include long-term effects on women’s attachment and relationship quality. In this longitudinal study, women’s Wave 6 ratings of their insecure attachment were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between partners’ Wave 5 abuse (emotional and physical) and Wave 6 relationship quality, with differences in associations by women’s Wave 5 self-classification as secure or insecure. Mediation was tested with data from a sample of 574 African American, Euro-American, and Mexican American community women who had completed at least three waves of a six wave study. Differences occurred in the final structural equation models by women’s Wave 5 attachment style, with direct paths from emotional abuse to insecure attachment and from violence to relationship quality for both groups, but direct effects of violence on relationship quality only for insecurely attached women.
A new tumor imaging agent--111In-bleomycin complex. Comparison with 67Ga-citrate and 57Co-bleomycin in tumor-bearing animals.

A new /sup 111/In-bleomycin complex (BLMC) has been found which has high affinity to tumor, does not bind to transferrin and is stable in vivo. Distribution in animals bearing glioma, hepatoma, or mammary adenocarcinoma at 48 hours showed: the ratios of tumor to blood, brain, heart, lung, liver, pancreas, stomach, and femur were 1.4-22.4 times as high for /sup 111/In-BLMC as for /sup 67/Ga-citrate. In mammary adenocarcinoma, /sup 111/In-BLMC bound more to viable and /sup 57/Co-Bleomycin (BLM) more to necrotic tumor. In viable tumor, the concentration of /sup 111/In-BLMC was similar to that of /sup 57/Co-BLM. The ratios of tumor to stomach and pancreas were higher, to blood, brain, muscle, heart, and femur were lower for /sup 111/In-BLMC than those for /sup 57/Co-BLM. The ratios of tumor to lung, liver, spleen, skin, and kidney were similar for the two compounds. Tumors were imaged more distinctly with the new /sup 111/In-BLMC and /sup 57/Co-BLM than with /sup 67/Ga-citrate. /sup 111/In-BLMC is promising for tumor imaging.
Abdominopelvic injury associated with pelvic fracture.

A retrospective study of 117 cases of pelvic fracture was undertaken to determine the incidence of associated abdominopelvic injury. Fractures of the pubic rami were found to be most common. Seventeen patients (15%) had significant intra-abdominal or genitourinary injury. The bladder and spleen were injured most often. Clinical evaluation, or peritoneal lavage, gave an impression of abdominopelvic visceral injury in the presence or absence of demonstrable injury. Seventy-three of 84 (87%) patients who had urinalyses in the emergency department had microscopic or gross hematuria. Of these, only those with gross hematuria had significant urologic injury. There were four fatalities.
Oxfenicine diverts rat muscle metabolism from fatty acid to carbohydrate oxidation and protects the ischaemic rat heart

Abstract In isolated diaphragms from rats fed on a high-fat diet, oxfenicine (S-4-hydroxyphenylglycine) stimulated the depressed rates of pyruvate decarboxylation (2-fold) and glucose oxidation (5-fold). In diaphragms from normal-fed rats, oxfenicine had no effect on pyruvate decarboxylation but doubled the rate of glucose oxidation and inhibited the oxidation of palmitate. Treatment of fat-fed rats with oxfenicine restored the proportion of myocardial pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form to that observed in normal-fed rats. In rat hearts perfused in the presence of glucose, insulin and palmitate, oxfenicine increased carbohydrate oxidation and stimulated cardiac performance with no increase in oxygen consumption - i.e. improved myocardial efficiency. Working rat hearts perfused with glucose, insulin and palmitate and subjected to 10 min global ischaemia recovered to 81% of their pre-ischaemic cardiac output after 30 min reperfusion, and released large amounts of lactate dehydrogenase into the perfusate. Hearts perfused with oxfenicine had slightly higher pre-ischaemic cardiac outputs and, on reperfusion, recovered more completely (to 96% of the pre-ischaemic value). Oxfenicine reduced the amount of lactate dehydrogenase released by 73%. We conclude that, in rat hearts with high rates of fatty acid oxidation, a relative increase in carbohydrate oxidation will improve myocardial efficiency, and preserve mechanical function and cellular integrity during acute ischaemia.
Coffee consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of coffee or decaffeinated coffee and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. Furthermore, existing studies measured dietary exposures and potential confounders only at baseline and did not consider possible changes in diet or lifestyle over the followup period. We studied whether coffee, decaffeinated coffee, total coffee, tea, or overall caffeine consumption was associated with the risk of RA, using the Nurses' Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of 121,701 women. Methods Information on beverage consumption was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that was completed every 4 years, from baseline in 1980 through 1998. Among the 83,124 women who completed the FFQ at baseline, the diagnosis of incident RA (between 1980 and 2000) was confirmed in 480 women by a connective tissue disease screening questionnaire and medical record review for American College of Rheumatology criteria. Relationships between intake of various beverages and the risk of RA were assessed in age-adjusted models and in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models including the cumulative average intake of each beverage during the followup period, adjusted for numerous potential confounders. In addition, for direct comparisons with prior reports, multivariate analyses were repeated using only baseline beverage information. Results We did not find a significant association between decaffeinated coffee consumption of ≥4 cups/day (compared with no decaffeinated coffee consumption) and subsequent risk of incident RA, in either an adjusted multivariate model (relative risk [RR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5–2.2) or a multivariate model using only baseline reports of decaffeinated coffee consumption (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6–1.7). Similarly, there was no relationship between cumulative caffeinated coffee consumption and RA risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8–1.6 for ≥4 cups per day versus none) or between tea consumption and RA risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7–1.8 for >3 cups/day versus none). Total coffee and total caffeine consumption were also not associated with the risk of RA. Conclusion In this large, prospective study, we find little evidence of an association between coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or tea consumption and the risk of RA among women.
Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Erbium-Doped Y2O3 Nanotubes

Erbium-doped yttrium oxide nanotubes (Er3+:Y2O3 NTs) with 0−100% doping levels were synthesized by a hydrothermal procedure followed by a dehydration process from Er3+:Y(OH)3 NTs. The as-synthesized Er3+:Y2O3 nanotubes ranged from 100 to 400 nm in outer diameter and 2 to 5 μm in length with a hexagonal cross section. A time-dependent nanostructure evolution study was performed under hydrothermal conditions, and the effects of other processing parameters, including pH, concentration, and ionic strength of the precursor solution as well as the time span for adding the alkaline solution, were found to dictate the purity and morphology of the as-synthesized Er3+:Y(OH)3 nanostructures. A kinetics-controlled dissolution−recrystallization mechanism is proposed to explain the anisotropic growth of these hollow nanotubes from the hexagonal crystal structure of yttrium and erbium hydroxides. Outstanding room-temperature photoluminescence around 1535 nm was demonstrated for these Er3+:Y2O3 NTs, making them promising...
Observed relationships between the El Niño-southern oscillation and the extratropical zonal-mean circulation

Abstract There is increasing evidence indicating that the climate response to variations in the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) includes not only thermally forced zonal wind anomalies in the subtropics but also eddy-driven zonal wind anomalies that extend into the mid–high latitudes of both hemispheres. In this study, new insights into the observed seasonally varying signature of ENSO in the extratropical zonal-mean circulation are provided and the associated linkages with the dominant patterns of extratropical variability are examined. The zonal-mean extratropical atmospheric response to ENSO is characterized by two principal features: an equivalent barotropic dipole in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) zonal-mean zonal flow with centers of action located near ∼40° and ∼60° during austral summer, and a weaker, but analogous, dipole in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) with centers of action located near ∼25° and ∼45° during early and late boreal winter. Both structures are accompanied by eddy momentum flux ano...
Nutrition in daily hemodialysis

Abstract Background: Reports of improved patient outcomes using very long hemodialysis sessions have rekindled interest in alternatives to the standard thrice weekly hemodialysis regimen. Methods: A review of the current literature was undertaken to determine the effect of daily hemodialysis on nutritional indices. Several regimens that deliver longer treatments were considered, including thrice weekly dialysis for 6 to 8 hours, short daily hemodialysis (5 to 7 times per week) for 1.5 to 2.5 hours, and nocturnal hemodialysis for 6 to 8 hours. An increasing number of centers are experimenting with the latter 2 treatment schedules the results of which are reported herein. Results: Nutritional status is an important predictor of outcome in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Nutritional status of patients can be improved by increasing the dose of conventional hemodialysis or by using biocompatible membranes. Therefore, it should not be surprising that daily hemodialysis treatments may affect nutrition. Beyond the effect that the enhanced clearance of small-molecular-weight substances may have on nutrition, the daily modalities open another dimension of depuration because of the ability to remove larger-molecular-weight substances to an extent that has never been approached by conventional hemodialysis. Conclusion: The preliminary data from the studies evaluating the influence of daily and nocturnal hemodialysis on nutrition status suggest a beneficial effect. In particular, a striking lowering of phosphorus level occurs with nocturnal hemodialysis. However, there is little prospective and randomized information on the effects of the modalities on incident patients. The number of patients enrolled in daily hemodialysis is only in the hundreds. Prospective clinical trials are required to delineate the full potential of these therapies as well the differences between them. Both daily and nocturnal regimens should be explored in future studies. Am J Kidney Dis 41(S1):S112-S115. © 2003 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Enhancement of the neutral-beam stopping cross section in fusion plasmas due to multistep collision processes

Multistep processes involving excited atomic states are found to produce a substantial increase in the stopping cross section for a neutral hydrogen beam injected into a plasma, and thus to reduce the beam penetration. For typical plasma and beam parameters of current large tokamak experiments, the stopping cross-sectional enhancement is found to vary from 25% to 50% depending on the beam energy, plasma density, and impurity level. For neutral hydrogen beams with energies greater than or equal to 500 keV, envisioned in tokamak amd mirror reactor designs, the enhancement can be as large as 80 to 90%.
GEMS: Gossip-Enabled Monitoring Service for Scalable Heterogeneous Distributed Systems

Gossip protocols have proven to be effective means by which failures can be detected in large, distributed systems in an asynchronous manner without the limitations associated with reliable multicasting for group communications. In this paper, we discuss the development and features of a Gossip-Enabled Monitoring Service (GEMS), a highly responsive and scalable resource monitoring service, to monitor health and performance information in heterogeneous distributed systems. GEMS has many novel and essential features such as detection of network partitions and dynamic insertion of new nodes into the service. Easily extensible, GEMS also incorporates facilities for distributing arbitrary system and application-specific data. We present experiments and analytical projections demonstrating scalability, fast response times and low resource utilization requirements, making GEMS a potent solution for resource monitoring in distributed computing.
Distance visualization of ultrascale data with explorable images

This talk presents a new approach to distance visualization of very large data sets output from scientific supercomputing. The processing power of massively parallel supercomputers increases at a rather fast rate, about an order of magnitude faster every three years, enabling scientists to model complex physical phenomena and chemical processes at unprecedented fidelity. Several petascale computers are already in operation (http://www.top500.org) and exascale computing is around the corner. Each run of a petascale simulation typically outputs several hundred terabytes of data to disk. Transferring data at this scale over wide-area networks to the scientist's laboratory for post-processing analysis is not an option. Even the data files may be transferred, existing desktop data analysis and visualization tools cannot effectively handle such large-scale data. If the scientists may use the same supercomputing facility for data analysis and visualization, there are three viable solutions:• in situ visualization, where visualization is computed during the simulation on the same supercomputer,• co-processing visualization, where visualization is computed during the simulation on a separate computer, and• post-processing visualization, where visualization is computed after simulation is over.
Comfort Range Thermal Storage

Abstract The utility of incorporating substantial thermal storage capacity within the externally insulated shell of a residential structure, and within an arbitrarily selected Comfort Range (CR ~ 65–75 °F) is considered. Comfort Range Thermal Storage (CRTS) is found to increase the operating efficiencies of the broad range of generally considered heating and cooling sources. These include oil or gas-fires boilers or furnaces, air conditioners, heat pumps, solar collectors and (ambient) temperatures of opportunity. Composite building materials which incorporate components having large phase transition enthalpies in the CR are particularly advantageous. CRTS also supports effective space heating through use of architectural windows.
Ray on Tarski on logical consequence

In “Logical consequence: A defense of Tarski” (Journal of Philosophical Logic, vol. 25, 1996, pp. 617–677), Greg Ray defends Tarski"s account of logical consequence against the criticisms of John Etchemendy. While Ray"s defense of Tarski is largely successful, his attempt to give a general proof that Tarskian consequence preserves truth fails. Analysis of this failure shows that de facto truth preservation is a very weak criterion of adequacy for a theory of logical consequence and should be replaced by a stronger absence-of-counterexamples criterion. It is argued that the latter criterion reflects the modal character of our intuitive concept of logical consequence, and it is shown that Tarskian consequence can be proved to satisfy this criterion for certain choices of logical constants. Finally, an apparent inconsistency in Ray"s interpretation of Tarski"s position on the modal status of the consequence relation is noted.