cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Status of Global Sourcing as a Critical Tool of Strategic Planning

Abstract Global sourcing is a powerful factor in developing a global competitive advantage. However, U.S. firms typically use global sourcing casually; that is, as an opportunity presents itself, rather than as a key element in their overall corporate strategic plan. This article establishes a conceptual distinction between opportunistic and strategic sourcing. Our research is based on a large scale study of the international group of the National Association of Purchasing Management. The findings indicate that U.S. companies engaged in large-scale global sourcing show a tendency to place this activity at top management decision levels. They also attach an important role to global sourcing in the strategic plan. Finally, they carefully plan their global sourcing through long-term contacts and interorganizational systems, such as Just-In-Time (JIT). However, many respondents who have engaged in global sourcing on a smaller scale, do just the opposite. They seem to treat global sourcing from an opportunistic perspective. It is maintained here that by making global sourcing a more strategic activity, U.S. firms can improve their global performance.
Jaundice Due to Bacterial Infection

Systemic and extrahepatic infectious disease can lead to biochemical changes indicative of hepatic involvement and even to jaundice.lm3 For the most part the hepatic involvement is overlooked or recognized as an inconsequential component of an identified systemic illness. Furthermore, in the case of viral infections, misconstruing the illness as hepatic rather than systemic would not affect therapy significantly. Bacterial infection as a cause of jaundice, however, if overlooked would fail to receive appropriate therapy.’ Indeed, this appears to be particularly relevant to gram-negative bacterial infections, which are recognized by pediatricians to be an important cause of jaundice in infants.4-‘2 The icterogenie role of infections due to gram-negative bacteria in adults,2.3.‘3-‘7 which is much less appreciated, is illustrated by a patient to be described by Dr. Fang.
Cost-consciousness among Swiss doctors: a cross-sectional survey

Background Knowing what influences physicians attitudes toward health care costs is an important matter, because most health care expenditures are the results of doctors' decisions. Many decisions regarding medical tests and treatments are influenced by factors other than the expected benefit to the patient, including the doctor's demographic characteristics and concerns about cost and income.
Model Completion via Deformation Cloning Based on an Explicit Global Deformation Model

Our main focus is the registration and visualization of a pre-built 3D model from preoperative images to the camera view of a minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Accurate estimation of soft-tissue deformations is key to the success of such a registration. This paper proposes an explicit statistical model to represent global non-rigid deformations. The deformation model built from a reference object is cloned to a target object to guide the registration of the pre-built model, which completes the deformed target object when only a part of the object is naturally visible in the camera view. The registered target model is then used to estimate deformations of its substructures. Our method requires a small number of landmarks to be reconstructed from the camera view. The registration is driven by a small set of parameters, making it suitable for real-time visualization.
The Evolution of Reason: Logic as a Branch of Biology

1. The biology of logic 2. The evolutionary derivation of life-history strategy theory 3. The evolutionary derivation of decision logic 4. The evolutionary derivation of inductive logic (Part I) 5. The evolutionary derivation of deductive logic 6. The evolutionary derivation of inductive logic (Part II) 7. The evolutionary derivation of mathematics 8. Broadening the evolutionary base of classical logic 9. The evolutionary derivation of nonclassical logic 10. Radical reductionism in logic 11. Toward a unified science of reason Appendix: formal theory.
CAMP: A Magnetic Poetry Interface for End-User Programming of Capture Applications for the Home

As the trend towards technology-enriched home environments progresses, the need to enable users to create applications to suit their own lives increases. While several recent projects focus on lowering barriers for application creation by using simplified input mechanisms and languages, these projects often approach application creation from a developer’s perspective, focusing on devices and their interactions, rather than users’ goals or tasks. In this paper, we present a study that examines how users conceptualize applications involving automated capture and playback of home activities and reveals a breadth of home applications that people desire. We introduce CAMP, a system that enables end-user programming for smart home environments based on a magnetic poetry metaphor. We describe how CAMP’s simple interface for creating applications supports users’ natural conceptual models of capture applications. Finally, we present a preliminary evaluation of CAMP and assess its ability to support a breadth of desired home applications as well as the user’s conceptual model.
Toward trustworthy vehicular social networks

Wireless vehicular networks offer the promise of connectivity to vehicles that could provide a myriad of safety and driving-enhancing services to drivers and passengers. With wireless technology available in each car, it is expected that huge amounts of information will be exchanged between vehicles or between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. Due to defective sensors, software viruses, or even malicious intent, legitimate vehicles might inject untrustworthy information into the network. Besides relying on the public key infrastructure, this article proposes a social network approach to study trustworthy information sharing in a vehicular network. We first cover recent research progress in measuring direct trust and modeling indirect trust in online social networks, and then discuss how to apply them to vehicular social networks despite several pressing research challenges.
A new species of Cardioglossa (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) endemic to Mount Manengouba in the Republic of Cameroon, with an analysis of morphological diversity in the genus

A new frog species of the genus Cardioglossa, that is probably restricted to less than 10 km2 of gallery forest near the summit of Mount Manengouba in the Republic of Cameroon, is described. Unlike all other Cardioglossa, in life the coloration of the new species is typically brownish red, with no dorsal markings, but with a pair of thin, golden white lines that extend posteriorly from the tip of the rostrum and terminate just above and behind the tympanum. This new species is morphologically similar to C. oreas, another high-altitude species endemic to the Cameroonian mountains: both have small tympana and lack the hypertrophied third manual digit typical of males of other Cardioglossa. The tadpole of the new species is similar to that of C. occidentalis, the only other Cardioglossa for which the tadpole is fully described, but differs in having a broad anterolaterally projecting supraoral labium, lacking ventral pigmentation, and having a relatively longer spiracular tube. Several features of tadpole morphology are convergent with the unusual fossorial tadpole of the microhylid Otophryne and suggest a similar convergence in ecology. Principal components analysis of morphometric data, followed by discriminant function analysis, was used to explore patterns of morphological similarity within Cardioglossa. These analyses provide support for five species groups: (1) C. aureoli (distinct from other Cardioglossa); (2) C. escalerae, C. gratiosa and C. nigromaculata; (3) C. gracilis, C. melanogaster and C. schioetzi; (4) C. sp. nov. and C. oreas; and (5) C. cyaneospila, C. pulchra, C. venusta and C. trifasciata. The inclusion of C. cyaneospila in the last group supports previous suggestions of past biotic connections between the Albertine Rift mountains and those of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. The description of this new species further emphasizes Mt Manengouba as a centre of anuran endemism within the Cameroonian mountains and reaffirms the importance of this ecoregion within sub-Saharan Africa. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 154, 611–630.
A SENSE OF PLACE: Housing Selection on Chicago's North Shore

One of the classic questions in urban sociology is how social relations and solidarity are maintained in an urbanized, industrialized, bureaucratic society. The two pivotal research focuses have been the issues of (1) the persistence of territorially based affective ties and primary relations in an urban world and (2) the micro/macro links connecting community residents and the larger society. This article argues that social bonds and solidarity are now transformed from affective ties into more diffuse relationships as individuals purposively use the externally shared meanings of housing and community in American society to situate themselves, simultaneously locating themselves with others who share their values and preferences and asserting their social status and social identity to others.
Ecological Design Principles and Their Implications on Water Infrastructure Engineering

Abstract Today's water infrastructures are the outcome of an industrial revolution-based design that are now at odds with the current sustainability paradigm. The goal of this study was to develop ...
Cytotoxic Activity of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Bovine Mastitis

Secreted toxins play important roles in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. In this study, we examined the presence of secreted cytotoxic factors of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from bovine clinical and subclinical mastitis. A 34- to 36-kDa protein with cell-rounding cytotoxic activity was found in many CoNS strains, especially in Staphylococcus chromogenes strains. The protein caused cell detachment and cell rounding in several cell lines, including HEp-2, Int 407, CHO-K1, and Y-1 cells. Native protein recovered from nondenatured polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed both cytotoxic activity and casein hydrolysis activity. The purified protein had a pH optimal at 7.2 to 7.5 and a pI of 5.1 and was heat labile. The proteolytic activity could be inhibited by zinc and metal specific inhibitors such as 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA, indicating that it is a metalloprotease. Protein mass analysis and peptide sequencing indicated that the protein is a novel metalloprotease. Different bacterial strains expressed variable levels of 34- to 36-kDa protease, which may provide an indication of strain virulence.
Gender, Crime, and Desistance: Toward a Theory of Cognitive Transformation

This article analyzes data derived from the first detailed long‐term follow‐up of a sample of serious adolescent female delinquents and similarly situated males. Neither marital attachment nor job stability, factors frequently associated with male desistance from crime, were strongly related to female or male desistance. A symbolic‐interactionist perspective on desistance is developed as a counterpoint to Sampson and Laub’s theory of informal social control, and life history narratives are used to illustrate the perspective. This cognitive theory is generally compatible with a control approach but (a) adds specificity regarding underlying change mechanisms, (b) explains some negative cases, and (c) fits well with life course challenges facing contemporary serious female (and more provisionally male) offenders.
Partial purification and characterization of a novel growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) from teleost brain related to the rat hypothalamic peptide.

Abstract A growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like molecule has been partially purified and characterized from acid extracts of codfish ( Gadhus morhua ) brain using immunoaffinity and gel chromatography, followed by HPLC. This material has a mol.wt. which is similar to known mammalian forms of GRF but is immunologically and/or chromatographically distinct from previously described GRF peptides. However, it is related to rat(r) GRF(1–43) since it causes marked displacement in the rGRF RIA. Codfish GRF is a highly specific and potent hypophysiotropic factor as shown by its ability to stimulate the release of GH, but no other hormone, from rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. These findings suggest that, phylogenetically, GRF is an ancient molecule with its biologic activity and certain immunoreactive domain(s) conserved, at least, from teleost to mammal.
Detection efficiency of Ge telescopes for 35 to 105 MeV deuterons

Abstract The probability of deuterons detected in Ge telescopes giving anomalously small pulse heights, due to their undergoing inelastic interactions and possibly elastic scattering, was measured from about 35 to 105 MeV. The loss factors, determined to 0.5% or better, increase from 3.1 to 12.2% in this region, and are consistent with a nearly energy-independent d + Ge total reaction cross section of about 2000 mb.
Short-term variability in surface catches of ichthyoplankton in the upper Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Four series of replicate tows with a 505 μm mesh plankton net were made at a single location in the upper Chesapeake Bay during the spring spawning period for anadromous fishes. The majority of the eggs and larvae collected were striped bass. Variation in egg and larval densities at the single sampling location and as associated with tidal stage and water mass sampled was as great or greater than that found to occur between locations in geographic surveys of spawning success conducted in the upper Bay by ourselves and others. Mean striped bass egg densities ranged from 4.13/m 3 in the first replicate series to 17.25/m 3 in the fourth. Mean striped bass larval densities followed an opposite trend and ranged from 15.90/m 3 in the first series to 0.94/m 3 in the fourth. Differences in developmental stage of striped bass eggs and in the abundance of other spring-spawning anadromous and resident species were also observed between series. The results are discussed in terms of the confidence which can be assigned to differences in egg and larval densities noted between locations in such geographic surveys.
Designing Discussion Activities to Achieve Desired Learning Outcomes: Choices Using Mode of Delivery and Structure.

The article provides insights on how the design of discussion activities can be used to facilitate alternative learning objectives in the marketing curriculum. A review of the literature provides insight for making choices with regards to two aspects of discussion design: (a) the choice between face-to-face and online (i.e., threaded bulletin boards) delivery modes and (b) the choice between structured and unstructured discussion. Exploratory research is explicated that lends support to recommendations made relevant to matching desired learning outcomes and discussion activity design.
Flow analysis and control in a subsonic inlet

Traditional aerodynamic inlet design tends to optimize the shape of the duct for the cruise condition. However, during manoeuvres both the external conditions and interaction with the forebody can create drastic losses. In particular, separation can occur inside the inlet duct and generate compressor face distortion leading to instabilities, especially in compact air inlets such as those used on missiles. Flow control is a promising way to improve the inlet performance and extend the stable flow range of the engine at o-design conditions. We are currently conducting flow control experiments on a typical S-duct inlet for transonic missiles. A distortion setup enables us to simulate thick boundary layer ingestion representative of forebody interaction that can occur in certain flight phases. The purpose of these experiments is to evaluate dierent control techniques in terms of distortion level, pressure recovery and aerodynamic performance. The first eort has been to investigate the structure of the flow within the inlet and establish a baseline database. A distortion device was then introduced at the entrance of the inlet to simulate thick boundary layer ingestion. Vortex Generators were then used in a first attempt to enhance the inlet performances. Pulsed flow injection will be the next step.
Light-Evoked Lateral GABAergic Inhibition at Single Bipolar Cell Synaptic Terminals Is Driven by Distinct Retinal Microcircuits

Inhibitory amacrine cells (ACs) filter visual signals crossing the retina by modulating the excitatory, glutamatergic output of bipolar cells (BCs) on multiple temporal and spatial scales. Reciprocal feedback from ACs provides focal inhibition that is temporally locked to the activity of presynaptic BC activity, whereas lateral feedback originates from ACs excited by distant BCs. These distinct feedback mechanisms permit temporal and spatial computation at BC terminals. Here, we used a unique preparation to study light-evoked IPSCs recorded from axotomized terminals of ON-type mixed rod/cone BCs (Mb) in goldfish retinal slices. In this preparation, light-evoked IPSCs could only reach axotomized BC terminals via the lateral feedback pathway, allowing us to study lateral feedback in the absence of overlapping reciprocal feedback components. We found that light evokes ON and OFF lateral IPSCs (L-IPSCs) in Mb terminals having different temporal patterns and conveyed via distinct retinal pathways. The relative contribution of rods versus cones to ON and OFF L-IPSCs was light intensity dependent. ACs presynaptic to Mb BC terminals received inputs via AMPA/KA- and NMDA-type receptors in both the ON and OFF pathways, and used TTX-sensitive sodium channels to boost signal transfer along their processes. ON and OFF L-IPSCs, like reciprocal feedback IPSCs, were mediated by both GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors. However, our results suggest that lateral and reciprocal feedback do not cross-depress each other, and are therefore mediated by distinct populations of ACs. These findings demonstrate that retinal inhibitory circuits are highly specialized to modulate BC output at different light intensities.
The effect of magnesium on glycolysis of permeabilized Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract We have previously observed that extracellular Mg2+ influences the phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity of intact Ehrlich Ascites tumour cells (EATC). In this study we have investigated the mechanism by which Mg2+ modulates this key glycolytic enzyme in EATC made permeable to the cation by either digitonin or dextran sulphate. Results showed that when Mg2+ is freely permeable to the cytosol, the in vivo PFK activity, calculated as FDP G6P ratio, is not increased as it is in intact cells. We also observed that in permeabilized cells Mg2+ determines the increase of glucose 6 phosphate (G6P), fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FDP) and lactate production. We hypothesize that extracellular Mg2+ regulates PFK and glycolysis in these neoplastic cells not by entering the cytosol but by a specific interaction with the plasma membrane.
Treatment of Idiopathic chronic constipation and Irritable Bowel syndrome with constipation: What Role for Lubiprostone?

Lubiprostone is a novel chloride channel 2 activator indicated for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) in adult women. It is effective for chronic constipation at a dose of 24 mcg twice daily and for IBS-C at a dose of 8 mcg twice daily. Lubiprostone is well-tolerated, with nausea and headache being the most commonly reported adverse drug reactions. It also has a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Lubiprostone is a potential treatment for both disorders, which have few treatment options available. Studies of longer duration will help more firmly establish its use for these chronic conditions.
Capillary electrophoresis of highly sulfated flavanoids and flavonoids.

Abstract Flavanoids and flavonoids are natural products present in our diet and known to possess multiple biological activities. Sulfated species of these natural products represent highly charged water-soluble organic molecules that possess unique biochemical properties. We describe here the first studies on capillary electrophoresis of these highly charged molecules. Fully sulfated flavanoids and flavonoids can be electrophoresed and resolved under reverse polarity at pH 3.5 using 5–10 kV in less than 20 min. In contrast, at high pH under normal polarity these species can be electrophoresed only if a pressurized capillary is employed. (±)-Catechin sulfate, a racemic sulfated flavanoid, was resolved into its enantiomers using 15% β-cyclodextrin, a chiral selector, but not with α- or γ-cyclodextrins. Yet, the high charge density of these molecules challenges the resolving capability of capillary electrophoresis as diastereomers (−)-epicatechin sulfate and (+)-catechin sulfate do not resolve, even in the presence of cyclodextrins or chiral positively charged amino acids. Overall, capillary electrophoresis of highly sulfated flavanoids and flavonoids is expected to be useful in rapid structure analysis of sulfated flavonoids, either synthetic or natural.
Ectopic recurrences of craniopharyngioma

Abstract Background. Ectopic recurrences of craniopharyngioma after total surgical removal are a rare event. Two possible mechanisms of seeding have been proposed: the dissemination of tumoral cells during the surgical procedure would account for tumor recurrence along the surgical path, whereas the migration of tumoral cells through the subarachnoid or Virchow-Robin spaces would explain ectopic recurrences far from the surgical bed or within the brain parenchyma. Case report. We report a unique case of metastatic craniopharyngioma recurring in a child after different intervals in which both the mechanisms could have taken place. The first ectopic seeding arose along the operative track of the primary surgical procedure in the frontal region while the second involved the deep cerebral nuclei and the brain stem. Outcome. The first recurrence was successfully operated upon. The following recurrences were not operated upon but remained stable for the last 4 years, thus showing dissociation between the capacity of seeding and invasivity.
Structure of a Naegleria Tet-like dioxygenase in complex with 5-methylcytosine DNA

Cytosine residues in mammalian DNA occur in five forms: cytosine (C), 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). The ten-eleven translocation (Tet) dioxygenases convert 5mC to 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC in three consecutive, Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxidation reactions. The Tet family of dioxygenases is widely distributed across the tree of life, including in the heterolobosean amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi. The genome of Naegleria encodes homologues of mammalian DNA methyltransferase and Tet proteins. Here we study biochemically and structurally one of the Naegleria Tet-like proteins (NgTet1), which shares significant sequence conservation (approximately 14% identity or 39% similarity) with mammalian Tet1. Like mammalian Tet proteins, NgTet1 acts on 5mC and generates 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC. The crystal structure of NgTet1 in complex with DNA containing a 5mCpG site revealed that NgTet1 uses a base-flipping mechanism to access 5mC. The DNA is contacted from the minor groove and bent towards the major groove. The flipped 5mC is positioned in the active-site pocket with planar stacking contacts, Watson-Crick polar hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions specific for 5mC. The sequence conservation between NgTet1 and mammalian Tet1, including residues involved in structural integrity and functional significance, suggests structural conservation across phyla.
Origin of widespread, exceptionally thick basaltic phreatomagmatic tuff breccia in the Middle Jurassic Prebble and Mawson Formations, Antarctica

Abstract Eruption of the Middle Jurassic Kirkpatrick Basalt flood lavas of Antarctica was preceded by a significant episode of basaltic pyroclastic activity. The resulting deposits include minor tuff and lapilli tuff of base-surge and fall origin, but consist dominantly of massive, poorly sorted tuff breccia in beds up to 170 m thick, which form unbroken successions as much as 370 m thick. Tuff breccia consists of clasts of igneous and sedimentary rock up to several meters long plus basaltic bombs and spatter (≤1 m) dispersed in an ash-and lapilli-size matrix of basaltic pyroclasts and abundant, disaggregated sedimentary debris. Pyroclast characteristics indicate production by phreatomagmatic processes. Sedimentary particles were produced by explosive disruption of underlying strata; some clasts were derived from depths >1 km. Tuff-breccia deposits are attributed to eruption as high concentration mixtures of basaltic tephra, accidental sedimentary debris and water; the ensuing lahars filled valleys and low-standing areas within a tectono-magmatic rift zone associated with Gondwana break-up.
A Study of the Kinematic Evolution of Coronal Mass Ejections

We report the kinematic properties of a set of three coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed with the LASCO (Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft, which showed characteristics of impulsive, intermediate, and gradual acceleration, respectively. The first CME had a 30 minute long fast acceleration phase during which the average acceleration was about 308 m s-2; this acceleration took place over a distance of about 3.3 R☉ (from 1.3 to 4.6 R☉, height measured from disk center). The CME characterized by intermediate acceleration had a long acceleration phase of about 160 minutes during which the average acceleration was about 131 m s-2; the CME traveled a distance of at least 4.3 R☉, reaching a height of 7.0 R☉ at the end of the acceleration phase. The CME characterized by gradual acceleration had no fast acceleration phase. Instead, it displayed a persistent weak acceleration lasting more than 24 hr with an average acceleration of only 4.0 m s-2 throughout the LASCO field of view (from 1.1 to 30 R☉). This study demonstrates that the final velocity of a CME is determined by a combination of acceleration magnitude and acceleration duration, both of which can vary significantly from event to event. The first two CME events were associated with soft X-ray flares. We found that in the acceleration phase there was close temporal correlation both between the CME velocity and the soft X-ray flux of the flare and between the CME acceleration and derivative of the X-ray flux. These correlations indicate that the CME large-scale acceleration and the flare particle acceleration are strongly coupled physical phenomena occurring in the corona.
FORMATION OF LARGE DISTURBANCES ON SHEARED AND FALLING LIQUID FILMS

Abstract The processes lhat lead to formatioh of large secondary disturbances are different for sheared channel flows and falling films largely as the result of different linear celerity and growth behavior. Close to neutral stability, sheared films usually have a band of linearly unstable wave modes with wavenumbers bounded away from 0 with a maximum growth rate at frequency ωm These conditions have been observed to produce steady moderate wavelength waves with frequency close to ωm that remain at small amplitude. For more severe conditions, long waves can become unstable although their growth rate is significantly lower than that at ωm and there still may be an intermediate band of stable waves. However, under some conditions, the linear dispersion relation stipulates that a low frequency unstable mode, ωm is resonant or nearly resonant with the fastest growing mode, ωm ( ωt≪ ωm). Experiments suggest that this mechanism may trigger significant growth of the to, mode by feeding additional energy from the...
p53 expression and mutation analysis of odontogenic cysts with and without dysplasia

Objective Overexpression of p53 protein is well described in odontogenic cystic lesions (OCLs), including those with epithelial dysplasia; however, most p53 antibodies stain both wild-type and mutated p53 protein and may not reflect genotype. Direct sequencing of the p53 gene has not identified mutations in OCLs with dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular basis of p53 expression in several types of OCLs with and without dysplasia. Methods The study material comprised 13 OCLs: odontogenic keratocyst (n = 5), orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (n = 5), dentigerous cyst (n = 2), lateral periodontal cyst (n = 1), and unspecified developmental odontogenic cyst (UDOC) (n = 1). Five of these had features of mild or moderate epithelial dysplasia. One intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that was believed to have arisen from an antecedent dysplastic orthokeratinized OC was also included. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the DO7 monoclonal antibody that recognizes wild-type and mutated p53. DNA was extracted from microdissected tissue for all samples and exons 4 to 8 of the p53 gene direct sequenced. Results In 4 of 5 OCLs with dysplasia there was strong nuclear staining of basal and suprabasal cells. In all cases without dysplasia, nuclear expression in basal cells was either negative or weak and was absent in suprabasal cell nuclei. A mutation in exon 6 of the p53 gene (E224D) was identified in both the dysplastic orthokeratinized OC and the subsequent intraosseous SCC. Conclusions OCLs with features of dysplasia show increased expression of p53 protein that does not reflect p53 mutational status. One dysplastic OC shared the same p53 mutation with a subsequent intraosseous SCC, indicating that p53 mutation may be associated with malignant transformation in this case.
The Pantothenic Acid Requirement of Chicks

Abstract THE first reports of chick dermatosis, a syndrome characterized by granular sticky eyelids, crustations at the angles of the mandibles, and thickened fissured skin on the bottoms of the feet, were made by Norris and Ringrose (1930) and by Ringrose, Norris, and Heuser (1931). These investigators used two diets in their studies, one containing raw egg-white as the chief source of protein and the other containing purified casein. Kline, Keenan, Elvehjem, and Hart (1932) showed that the severity of the dermatosis in chicks fed a purified casein diet similar to that of Ringrose and associates (1931) is greatly increased by subjecting the diet to prolonged heating at high temperature in a dry atmosphere. Lease and Parsons (1934) reported that the factor which prevents the dermatosis in chicks fed a heat-treated purified casein diet is not identical with the one which prevents the dermatosis in chicks fed a raw egg-white diet. . . .
Optical monitoring and control of three-stage coevaporated Cu(In 1−x Ga x )Se 2 by real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry

Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been applied for in situ monitoring and control of thin-film copper-indium-gallium-diselenide, i.e., Cu(In 1−x Ga x )Se 2 (CIGS), deposition by high vacuum coevaporation in the three-stage process used for efficient photovoltaic devices. Initial studies have been performed on a ∼0.7-µm CIGS layer deposited on crystal silicon to minimize surface roughness and to develop an accurate structural/ optical model of the Cu-poor-to-Cu-rich and Cu-rich-to-Cu-poor transitions that define the ends of the second (II) and third (III) stages of growth, respectively.With a better understanding of the surface achieved through this model, correlations can be made between the surface state and the unprocessed RTSE data {ψ(t), Δ(t)}. During deposition in the solar cell configuration with 2- µm-thick CIGS on a Mo-coated glass substrate, indications of the Cu poor-to-rich and Cu rich-to-poor transitions appear clearly in {ψ(t), Δ(t)}, enabling direct control of stage II and III transitions. The transition times deduced optically are in good agreement with those identified from the film/substrate emissivity by tracking the substrate heater power. It is clear, however, that RTSE can provide higher sensitivity to these transitions and is, therefore, suitable for improved control of three-stage CIGS deposition.
Nitrogen and bicarbonate relationships with iron nutrition in plants

Abstract Bicarbonate levels in soils or in irrigation waters have often been implicated as a most important parameter in the induction of line‐induced chlorosis. If borderline deficiency is present, the addition of nitrogen also induces the deficiency. A physiological disorder induced by excess bicarbonate relating to the onset of iron deficiency has been extremely difficult to elucidate. One of the more obvious effects of bicarbonate is the retention of calcium in roots and failure of its translocation to shoots when high levels of it are present in nutrient solutions. Bicarbonate physiologically is metabolized ‐to organic acids in roots. High levels of nitrate nitrogen are also conducive to the synthesis of organic acids in roots and also to increased basicity in the rhizosphere which can be interpreted as result of bicarbonate. Net result in either case is decreased uptake and translocation of iron. In an experiment with PI‐54619–5‐l soybeans, bicarbonate and nitrate gave similar patterns of chlorosis ...
Biomimetic Facially Amphiphilic Antibacterial Oligomers with Conformationally Stiff Backbones

A foldamer has been designed with a conformationally stiff backbone that is facially amphiphilic. The oligomer has excellent antimicrobial activity and was found to be 18 times more active toward bacterial cells than human red blood cells. The oligomer is built from arylamide bonds around a central 4,6-dicarboxy pyrimidine ring. The conformation was studied by X-ray crystallography and solution NMR spectroscopy. Density-functional (DFT) calculations were performed to guide the design. These calculations accurately predicted the overall conformation as well as NMR chemical shifts. Antibacterial activity was demonstrated against E. coli, a gram-negative strain, and B. subtilis, a gram-positive strain. The minimal inhibitory concentration is 0.8 μg/ml.
Sinogram rebinning and frequency boosting for high resolution iterative CT reconstruction with focal spot deflection

High resolution CT is important for qualitative feature identification and quantitative measurements for many clinical applications. To optimize the spatial resolution, filtered backprojection (FBP) based methods use various sinogram domain frequency boosting filters to provide flexible control of frequency responses in reconstructed images. In comparison, model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) methods usually rely on a single regularization strength parameter to control the image resolution, and there is limited flexibility in controlling the spectral response. Alternatively, MBIR can also improve the spatial resolution by sinogram preprocessing with frequency boosting filters. Focal spot deflection technology has been introduced to high-end CT scanner to increase the effective detector sampling rate. With higher Nyquist sampling rate along detector channels, we can design frequency boosting filters with a much wider frequency range and recover higher resolution details in the reconstructed images. In this paper, we explore the potential of sinogram rebinning and frequency boosting method for high resolution MBIR from data with focal spot deflection data. The proposed method is tested with phantom and clinical data. Compared with MBIR that models native focal spot deflection geometry, our results show that MBIR from the rebinned geometry with frequency boosting filters can achieve higher resolution and better noise-resolution tradeoff. Moreover, we also demonstrate some improvement in contrast and sharpness in clinical images. The proposed method provides a way to flexibly change the noise and resolution tradeoff in MBIR images similar to adjusting the filter kernels in FBP method.
Endorsement for Civil Rights for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People Among Heterosexual College Students: Informing Socially Just Policy Advocacy

In the past decade, advocacy efforts to establish social policies that legally recognize same-sex relationships and protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people from employment discrimination have increased considerably throughout the country. To inform these advocacy campaigns, we investigate endorsement for LGBT civil rights among heterosexual college students (n = 1,714). Students, overall, were moderately supportive of LGBT rights. Twenty-one variables were found to be significant in the initial analyses; however, only seven retained significance in the final analysis which controlled for all variables. Results suggest that political ideology and specific LGBT attitudes are most influential. Religiosity and having LGBT extended family members are also important. Implications for LGBT advocacy efforts are discussed.
New reagents for the introduction of the thiomethyl group at sulfhydryl residues of proteins with concomitant spectrophotometric titration of the sulfhydryls: Methyl 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide and methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide

Abstract Two new reagents for the titration of sulfhydryl groups in peptides and proteins and for their temporary blocking with the thiomethyl group have been developed. The sulfhydryl groups in cysteine, glutathione, and papain react quantiatively under mild conditions with these reagents, methyl 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide and methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, with concomitant methanethiolation and without the need to employ a large excess of reagent. Because of the chromophoric properties of the 3-nitro-2-thiopyridone and 2-thiopyridone products, spectrophotometric titration of the sulfhydryl groups can be carried out, accompanying their methanethiolation. The modification of the sulfhydryl groups in peptides and proteins with thiomethyl is rapidly and completely reversible upon addition of thiols such as l -cysteine.
Rational choice and AGM belief revision

We establish a correspondence between the rationalizability of choice studied in the revealed preference literature and the notion of minimal belief revision captured by the AGM postulates. A choice frame consists of a set of alternatives @W, a collection E of subsets of @W (representing possible choice sets) and a function f:E->2^@W (representing choices made). A choice frame is rationalizable if there exists a total pre-order R on @W such that, for every [email protected]?E, f(E) coincides with the best elements of E relative to R. We re-interpret choice structures in terms of belief revision. An interpretation is obtained by adding a valuation V that assigns to every atom p the subset of @W at which p is true. Associated with an interpretation is an initial belief set and a partial belief revision function. A choice frame is AGM-consistent if, for every interpretation of it, the associated partial belief revision function can be extended to a full-domain belief revision function that satisfies the AGM postulates. It is shown that a finite choice frame is AGM-consistent if and only if it is rationalizable.
DYNAMICS OF SES BOW SEAL FINGERS

The Surface Effect Ships Project Office has sponsored a number of studies to determine mechanisms which control the drag and wear characteristics of seal fingers. Of these, high speed tests in a towing tank have provided the most illuminating information which is the subject of this paper. These data, and other related information from earlier experimental and analytical work, were used to explain the finger drag and provided a basis for improving seal material testing methods and for estimating seal finger life.
Projecting headcount and credit hour enrollment by age group, gender, and degree level

Political debate about how the changing age distribution of the population would affect higher education enrollments led presidents of Michigan's constitutionally autonomous state universities to sponsor “systemwide” enrollment projections based on calculations of the participation rates and credit hour loads of 66 student subgroups that were defined by age, gender, and degree level. The 1985 figures were applied to cohort population projections in order to assess the impact of an aging population on the enrollments of 1990, 1995, and 2000. “Recession” and “recovery” regression models were then developed and used to explore the 1974–1985 relationship between enrollments and economic variables and to generate alternate projections.
Not just the usual suspects: Insect herbivore populations and communities are associated with multiple plant nutrients

The relationship between plant nutrient content and insect herbivore populations and community structure has long interested ecologists. Insect herbivores require multiple nutrients, but ecologists have focused mostly on nitrogen (an estimate of plant protein content), and more recently phosphorus (P); other nutrients have received little attention. Here we document nutrient variation in grass and forb samples from grassland habitats in central Nebraska using an elemental approach; in total we measured foliar concentrations of 12 elements (N and P, plus S, B, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu). We detected significant variability among sites for N, P, Mg, Na, K, and Cu. We next used a model selection approach to explore how this nutritional variation and plant biomass correlate with grasshopper densities (collectively and at the feeding-guild level), and principal component analysis to explore nutrient correlations with grasshopper community species composition. When all grasshoppers were pooled, densities varied among sites, but only P was associated with abundance of the elements shown to vary between sites. Different responses occurred at the feeding-guild level. For grass specialists, densities were associated with N, plus P, Mg, and Na. For forb specialists, N and P were often associated with density, but associations with Na and K were also observed. Finally, mixed-feeder abundance was strongly associated with biomass, and to a lesser extent P, Mg, Na, and Cu. At the community level, B, Ca, Zn, and Cu, plus biomass, explained .30% of species composition variation. Our results confirm the positive association of N and P with insect herbivore populations, while suggesting a potential role for Mg, Na, and K. They also demonstrate the importance of exploring effects at the feeding-guild level. We hope our data motivate ecologists to think beyond N and P when considering plant nutrient effects on insect herbivores, and make a call for studies to examine functional responses of insect herbivores to dietary manipulation of Mg, Na, and K. Finally, our results demonstrate correlations between variation in nutrients and species assemblages, but factors not linked to plant nutrient quality or biomass likely explain most of the observed variation.
Dennett's Overlooked Originality

?No philosopher has worked harder than Dan Dennett to set the possibility of machine mentality on firm philosophical footing. Dennett's defense of this possibility has both a positive and a negative thrust. On the positive side, he has developed an account of mental activity that is tailor-made for the attribution of intentional states to purely mechanical contrivances, while on the negative side, he pillories as mystery mongering and skyhook grasping any attempts to erect barriers to the conception of machine mentality by excavating gulfs to keep us "bona fide" thinkers apart from the rest of creation. While I think he's "won" the rhetorical tilts with his philosophical adversaries, I worry that Dennett's negative side sometimes gets the better of him, and that this obscures advances that can be made on the positive side of his program. In this paper, I show that Dennett is much too dismissive of original intentionality in particular, and that this notion can be put to good theoretical use after all. Though deployed to distinguish different grades of mentality, it can (and should) be incorporated into a philosophical account of the mind that is recognizably Dennettian in spirit.
The class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110-β subunit is a positive regulator of autophagy

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cell renewal process that depends on phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P). In metazoans, autophagy is inhibited by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, the product of class IA PI3Ks, which mediates the activation of the Akt–TOR kinase cascade. However, the precise function of class IA PI3Ks in autophagy remains undetermined. Class IA PI3Ks are heterodimeric proteins consisting of an 85-kD regulatory subunit and a 110-kD catalytic subunit. Here we show that the class IA p110-β catalytic subunit is a positive regulator of autophagy. Genetic deletion of p110-β results in impaired autophagy in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, liver, and heart. p110-β does not promote autophagy by affecting the Akt–TOR pathway. Rather, it associates with the autophagy-promoting Vps34–Vps15–Beclin 1–Atg14L complex and facilitates the generation of cellular PtdIns(3)P. Our results unveil a previously unknown function for p110-β as a positive regulator of autophagy in multicellular organisms.
Electrochemical potentials of potassium in skeletal muscle under different metabolic states

Intracellular potassium and membrane potential were measured simultaneously by means of double-barrelled liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes in single fibers of rat thigh muscle in vivo in rats maintained in seven different metabolic states. The K+ equilibrium potential (EK) was more negative than the simultaneously measured membrane potential (Em) in the normal state by 18.4 mV. K+ loading, acute and chronic, resulted in depolarization of Em due to increased serum K+ (hyperkalemia) with no increase in intracellular K+. K+ depletion resulted in hyperpolarization of Em as plasma K+ decreased proportionately more than intracellular K+. Low Na+ diet had no effect. Intracellular K+ was decreased in acute acidosis but not in the chronic state. Thus K+ depletion and acute acidosis are associated with intracellular K+ decrease. The fact that hyperpolarization exists in the former and not the latter is a reflection that hypokalemia accompanies the former condition. The hyperpolarizing states of K+ depletion and chronic acidosis are accompanied by decreased excitability and muscle weakness.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cefdinir, an oral extended spectrum cephalosporin.

Background.Oral second and third generation cephalosporins are undergoing continuing research and development in the arena of pediatric infectious disease in an attempt to fill voids created by existing agents in the quest for the “ideal” antimicrobial. This paper reviews the in vitro antimicrobial
Tuning the rank-n update in a wavefront solver for peak performance

The wavefront solver is a type of linear equation solver that is suitable for solving the system of linear equations that arises in many finite-element applications. A new version of the wavefront solver was recently introduced into the ANSYS® program that uses a rank-n update. The rank-n update has properties that allow it to make very efficient use of a hierarchical memory structure. In addition, the rank-n update can exploit both vector and parallel processing to increase its performance. We discuss several general techniques for tuning the rank-n update, using the IBM ES/3090 VF as an example of a computer that incorporates hierarchical memory and vector and parallel processing capabilities. We then report the performance of the tuned rank-n update, both in isolation and in the context of ANSYS jobs.
Uptake of Hbr on ice at polar atmospheric conditions

The uptake of HBr in water ice has been investigated in a flow reactor under polar atmospheric conditions. The HBr uptake on ice films was determined in the range of 1.1±0.7 × 1014−7.7±1.1 × 1016 molecules/cm² at 188 and 195 K as HBr partial pressures varied from 3.7 × 10−8 to 6.4 × 10−6 Torr. This is the first report of a laboratory study at polar atmospheric conditions that shows HBr·3H2O to be formed during the uptake process. The HBr adsorption and uptake thermodynamics were also investigated. The implications of these new findings for the heterogeneous chemistry of the polar ozone depletion are briefly discussed.