cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geologic field evidence for non-lithostatic overpressure recorded in the North American Cordillera hinterland, northeast Nevada

Abstract There is a long-standing discrepancy for numerous North American Cordillera metamorphic core complexes between geobarometric pressures recorded in the exhumed rocks and their apparent burial depths based on palinspastic reconstructions from geologic field data. In particular, metamorphic core complexes in eastern Nevada are comprised of well-documented ~12–15 km thick Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic stratigraphy of Laurentia's western passive margin, which allows for critical characterization of field relationships. In this contribution we focus on the Ruby Mountain–East Humboldt Range–Wood Hills–Pequop Mountains (REWP) metamorphic core complex of northeast Nevada to explore reported peak pressure estimates versus geologic field relationships that appear to prohibit deep burial. Relatively high pressure estimates of 6–8 kbar (23–30 km depth, if lithostatic) from the lower section of the Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic passive margin sequence require burial and or repetition of the passive margin sequence by 2–3× stratigraphic depths. Our observations from the least migmatized and/or mylonitized parts of this complex, including field observations, a transect of peak-temperature (Tp) estimates, and critical evaluation of proposed thickening/burial mechanisms cannot account for such deep burial. From Neoproterozoic–Cambrian (Ꞓ) rocks part of a continuous stratigraphic section that transitions ~8 km upsection to unmetamorphosed Permian strata that were not buried, we obtained new quartz-in-garnet barometry via Raman analysis that suggest pressures of ~7 kbar (~26 km). A Tp traverse starting at the same basal Ꞓ rocks reveals a smooth but hot geothermal gradient of ≥40 °C/km that is inconsistent with deep burial. This observation is clearly at odds with thermal gradients implied by high P-T estimates that are all ≤25 °C/km. Remarkably similar discrepancies between pressure estimates and field observations have been discussed for the northern Snake Range metamorphic core complex, ~200 km to the southeast. We argue that a possible reconciliation of long-established field observations versus pressures estimated from a variety of barometry techniques is that the rocks experienced non-lithostatic tectonic overpressure. We illustrate how proposed mechanisms to structurally bury the rocks, as have been invoked to justify published high pressure estimates, are entirely atypical of the Cordillera hinterland and unlike structures interpreted from other analogous orogenic plateau hinterlands. Proposed overpressure mechanisms are relevant in the REWP, including impacts from deviatoric/differential stress considerations, tectonic mode switching, and the autoclave effect driven by dehydration melting. Simple mechanical arguments demonstrate how this overpressure could have been achieved. This study highlights that detailed field and structural restorations of the least strained rocks in an orogen are critical to evaluate the tectonic history of more deformed rocks.
The Use of Tweet-Format Narrative Reflections During a Service-Learning Trip to Appalachia

Background: Tweet-format narratives have been used in medical education to capture student experiences. However, there is a lack of research on tweet-format narratives during experiential learning in nursing education. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to explore the usefulness of tweet-format narratives to capture nursing student experiences and to elicit reflection during a service-learning trip. Methods: Eight bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) students participated in a service-learning experience to Appalachia. A grounded theory approach with three data collection methods was used to determine the usefulness of tweet-format narratives to facilitate student reflection during the event. A free closed text-messaging app was used to house tweet-format narratives. A focus group session and post-survey were conducted at the conclusion of the trip. Emergent themes from each data collection method were compared and modified using iterative techniques and constant comparison analysis until the data were saturated. Results: Focus group responses were reflective in nature and included student elaboration about content themes that were previously identified by the tweet-based narratives. Modification of themes resulted in six final themes of improved skills, cultural competence, patient interaction, socioeconomic factors and health, landscape/clinic setting, and impactful shared experiences. Conclusions: It is important for nursing students to reflect on their experiences during service-learning immersion trips, especially as they relate to underserved rural populations and their unique healthcare scenarios. With the growth of social media, more nursing students are accustomed to communicating in a short, text-based format. The tweet-format narratives in the free closed text-messaging app allowed students to reflect on their experiences through open-ended comments and to communicate with other members of the group. Short text-based narratives can be an effective narrative medicine technique for nursing students participating in service-learning trips in rural areas. Key words: narrative medicine, rural health, service-learning, technology DOI: http://doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v20i2.633
Fine and hyperfine interactions in 171YbOH and 173YbOH.

The odd isotopologues of ytterbium monohydroxide, 171,173YbOH, have been identified as promising molecules to measure parity (P) and time reversal (T) violating physics. Here, we characterize the A2Π1/2(0,0,0)−X2Σ+(0,0,0) band near 577 nm for these odd isotopologues. Both laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of a supersonic molecular beam sample and absorption spectra of a cryogenic buffer-gas cooled sample were recorded. In addition, a novel spectroscopic technique based on laser-enhanced chemical reactions is demonstrated and used in absorption measurements. This technique is especially powerful for disentangling congested spectra. An effective Hamiltonian model is used to extract the fine and hyperfine parameters for the A2Π1/2(0,0,0) and X2Σ+(0,0,0) states. A comparison of the determined X2Σ+(0,0,0) hyperfine parameters with recently predicted values [Denis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 152, 084303 (2020); K. Gaul and R. Berger, Phys. Rev. A 101, 012508 (2020); and Liu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 154,064110 (2021)] is made. The measured hyperfine parameters provide experimental confirmation of the computational methods used to compute the P,T-violating coupling constants Wd and WM, which correlate P,T-violating physics to P,T-violating energy shifts in the molecule. The dependence of the fine and hyperfine parameters of the A2Π1/2(0,0,0) and X2Σ+(0,0,0) states for all isotopologues of YbOH are discussed, and a comparison to isoelectronic YbF is made.
Space use in free-ranging canids: are gonadal hormones required for territory maintenance?

Fertility control among carnivores has been used to reduce depredations on livestock and wild neonates, population control, modify behavior, inhibit genetic introgression, and reduce human–wildlife...
Termination of Ca2+ puffs during IP3-evoked global Ca2+ signals.

Abstract We previously described that cell-wide cytosolic Ca2+ transients evoked by inositol trisphosphate (IP3) are generated by two modes of Ca2+ liberation from the ER; ‘punctate’ release via an initial flurry of transient Ca2+ puffs from local clusters of IP3 receptors, succeeded by a spatially and temporally ‘diffuse’ Ca2+ liberation. Those findings were derived using statistical fluctuation analysis to monitor puff activity which is otherwise masked as global Ca2+ levels rise. Here, we devised imaging approaches to resolve individual puffs during global Ca2+ elevations to better investigate the mechanisms terminating the puff flurry. We find that puffs contribute about 40% (∼90 attomoles) of the total Ca2+ liberation, largely while the global Ca2+ signal rises halfway to its peak. The major factor terminating punctate Ca2+ release is an abrupt decline in puff frequency. Although the amplitudes of large puffs fall during the flurry, the amplitudes of more numerous small puffs remain steady, so overall puff amplitudes decline only modestly (∼30%). The Ca2+ flux through individual IP3 receptor/channels does not measurably decline during the flurry, or when puff activity is depressed by pharmacological lowering of Ca2+ levels in the ER lumen, indicating that the termination of punctate release is not a simple consequence of reduced driving force for Ca2+ liberation. We propose instead that the gating of IP3 receptors at puff sites is modulated such that their openings become suppressed as the bulk [Ca2+] in the ER lumen falls during global Ca2+ signals.
“Remember Me”: Hamlet’s Corrupted Host and the Medieval Eucharistic Miracle

Although there are plenty of memorable lines in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, few have inspired quite as much scholarly activity as these: Fare thee well at once:The glow-worm shows the matin to be nearAnd...
Lymphocytes rapidly infiltrate into the brain following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) (CAM5P.246)

Isolated ischemic episodes, such as occurs with stroke, result in long-term neural damage. It is known that lymphocytes along with other immune cells infiltrate brain tissue promoting that process. During cardiac arrest, global ischemia then reperfusion occurs. Although inflammatory mechanisms have been linked to neuronal injury following global cerebral ischemia, the presence of infiltrating immune cells remains understudied. We examined the brains of mice at different time points after global cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) and characterized the influx of lymphocytes into the injured brain. We observed that CA/CPR caused a rapid influx of lymphocytes within 3 hours of resuscitation that was maintained for the duration of our experiments. The large majority of infiltrating lymphocytes were CD4+ T cells that expressed the Th1 characteristic cytokines TNFα or INFγ. Of the CD4+ infiltrating cells, a large portion of them were also CD40+ (Th40). Brain injury models attribute much of the neural damage to microglia and subsequent oxidative stress. We found that the CA/CPR injury model was largely dependent upon T cells, and the lack of functional T cells in TCRα knockout mice significantly reduced neuronal injury. This data indicate that studies investigating the neuro-immune response after global cerebral ischemia should consider the role of infiltrating T cells in orchestrating the acute and sustained immune response.
Characteristics of Treatment Completers versus Treatment Noncompleters in a Targeted Capacity Expansion and HIV/AIDS Education Program for Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders

This study examines and presents outcome analyses of characteristics of treatment completers versus treatment noncompleters in a Targeted Capacity Expansion (TCE) and HIV/AIDS Education Program for adolescents with substance use disorders, using a two-group nonrandomized design. The treatment completion rate was 47%, exceeding the national average of 40% for outpatient clients. These results suggest the importance of utilizing comprehensive assessments, providing linkages to assertive continuing care, and developing curricula to meet cultural, developmental, and gender-specific needs of adolescent clients. The TCE and HIV/AIDS Education Program appears to be an effective program for reducing and eliminating substance abuse among adolescents.
Strategic budgeting instead of strategic planning

Purpose – This article aims to explain why sometimes separating strategic budgeting from strategic planning can be advantageous for library staff as a means of reshaping debate about operations. Strategic planning is a popular concern for library leaders of all types. Budgeting is commonly a component of the strategic planning process. Design/methodology/approach – When, why and how to begin strategic budgeting conversations are explained with detail given toward seven specific goals appropriate for budgeting discussions above and beyond common strategic operational matters related to services, collections and/or facilities. Findings – Consultant intervention, and restructuring periods, are clear times to introduce the concept of strategic budgeting to library staff. Fundamentally, however, immediate implementation of fiscal strategy development is recommended for a smooth and effective transitional process to take shape. Originality/value – Budgeting does not have to a piece of overall strategic planning...
The role of private vending in Developing country water service delivery : the case of Karachi, Pakistan

The private water vending industry in Karachi is an important source of water service delivery in Karachi, Pakistan. Water vending is largely a supplemental service to households with private water connections, due to limited service from the public utility. This research attempts to: i) Characterize the existing water supply situation in Karachi, with particular focus on the water vending industry; ii) Evaluate the extent to which water vending in Karachi affects households' water supply situation and generates excessive profits for vendors; and iii) Assess possible strategies for water sector reform in Karachi. The case of Karachi, where water vending coexists with a piped supply network, poses a challenge to policy makers in water supply planning. The study shows that the major clients of vended water in the city are those who have water connections, storage capacity, and the ability to buy water. The key findings of the study are: i) Karachi's water vending market may not be economically efficient. Although the vending market provides only 9% of the water consumed by city residents on a daily basis, it earns almost 50% of all revenues received from water. ii) Groundwater supplying households' wells and private hydrants is not recognized as a common property resource by the concerned public agencies. As a result, existing government policy fails to address the consequences of unregulated groundwater use by private individuals. iii) Surprisingly, a market for vended water exists even in a city where more than ¾ of all households are served by piped water connections. When levels of the public utility's service are low - in this case an average of 3 hours of service each day - households are forced to turn to other sources to meet their water supply needs. In view of these findings, there appears to be a need for regulatory reforms. The study proposes the adoption of a dual strategy to solve the problem of rent seeking by hydrant owners in Karachi: regulation, and promotion of competition.
Osmotic response of individual cells during freezing: I. Experimental volume measurements

Abstract The osmotic response of yeast to freezing was measured as a funciton of cooling rate and degree of extracellular supercooling. Thirteen experimental trials were conducted on a cryomicroscope in which incremental size changes of individual cells were recorded photographically, and the corresponding volume variations were measured using a digital computer image analysis algorithm. Plots were obtained of normalized cell volume as a function of temperature. Cellular dehydration during freezing was progressively inhibited with increasing values of cooling rate and extracellular supercooling. Normalized cell volume changes were not a function of the relative initial cell size. A constant volume plateau occurred for conditions under which intracellular ice formation was expected.
Focusing improvement and quality assurance: Work samples as authentic performance measures of prospective teachers' effectiveness

The authors suggest that the gap between common evaluation practice in teacher preparation and the consensus reform goal of high levels of student learning for all students is an impediment to reinventing teacher preparation, professional development, and the professionalization of teaching. In the context of Oregon's six-year-old educational transition to a standards-based design for schools and schooling, prospective teachers in Oregon have, since 1989, been required to design, develop, and implement "teacher work samples" as credible evidence of their effectiveness in fostering student learning as a condition for recommendation for an initial teaching license. This article describes teacher work sample methodology and evidence for its reliability and validity in evaluating the performance of prospective teachers. In short, this article describes a methodology that responds to one critical part of the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future's challenge to reinvent teacher education and improve student learning.
Katalyse an Einkristallen. I. Zerfall von Hydrazindampf an Kupfer-Einkristallen

Es wird die Herstellung eines grosen Kupfer-Einkristalls und die Darstellung von Einkristallscheiben bestimmter kristallographischer Orientierung beschrieben. An der (111)- und an der (100)-Flache des Kupfers wurde die Geschwindigkeit des katalytischen Zerfalls von Hydrazindampf gemessen. Die Zerfallsprodukte wurden in einer Mikrogasanalyse untersucht. An der (100)-Flache verlief der Hydrazinzerfall etwa doppelt so schnell wie an der (111)-Flache. A large single crystal of copper and slices of the single crystal with definite crystallographic orientation were prepared. The rate of the catalytic decomposition of hydrazine vapor was measured on the (111)- and the (100)-faces of the copper single crystal and the reaction products were analysed by micro-gas-analysis. The reaction rate is nearly twice larger on the (100)-face than on the (111)-face.
Identidade e alteridade no valor da preposição “selon”

Este artigo propoe uma hipotese de caracterizacao invariante da significacao da preposicao “selon”. Nele descrevemos um determinado numero de restricoes e fatos interpretativos associados a tres tipos de empregos da preposicao e mostramos de que maneira o conceito de alteridade, entendido como a relacao que um elemento de uma classe mantem com os outros elementos da classe, permite esclarecer os fenomenos.
Rotating Stellar Atmospheres and the Energy Distribution of Altair

Models of rotating stellar atmospheres have been constructed for masses appropriate to middle and late A stars, and some of the photometric properties of these models are discussed. A specific model for the rapidly rotating star Altair has been constructed matching the observed radius, luminosity, and projected rotational velocity. It is found that the energy distribution predicted for the model agrees well with that observed for Altair, after the latter has been corrected for line blanketing.
Shaped laser pulses acting as photonic reagents

Shaped ultrafast laser pulses acting as photonic reagents are used to manipulate a broad variety of quantum dynamics phenomenon. The principles involved are discussed including the prospects for the future use of photonic reagents.
The Arterial Supply of the Odontoid Process

Cervical spines of human and non-human cadavera were injected with suitable media and studied. The arterial blood supply to the odontoid process forms a constant pattern of three groups of vessels from two sources, the anterior and posterior vessels from the vertebral artery and the cleft perforating vessels from the carotid artery.
Erratum to: Instructional guidance in microblogging-supported learning: insights from a multiple case study

Tian Luo is an Assistant Professor in the Instructional Design and Technology program at Old Dominion University. She has received her Ph.D. in Instructional Technology from Ohio University and had worked as an Instructional Design Consultant at Muhlenberg College for one year. Her research interests center on using social media and social technologies to facilitate student learning in both formal and informal educational settings and designing collaborative and authentic learning environments supported and enhanced by various emerging web-based technologies. Her research has been published at British Journal of Educational Technology, Journal of Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice and various peer-reviewed conference proceedings. Her research has also been presented at multiple professional conferences in the field of educational and instructional technology, including AERA, AECT and SITE.
DETECTION OF PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN ANALOG IN FOUR SPECIES OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an auxiliary protein for polymerase-δ and therefore is essential for cellular DNA synthesis. The synthesis and abundance of PCNA in the cell are cell-cycle-dependent, both increasing markedly during the S phase. Such a protein could be a useful cell cycle marker, which is required for estimating algal species-specific growth rates via the cell cycle approach. By using commercially available monoclonal anti-rat-PCNA antibody and an enhanced chemiluminescence technique, PCNA-like proteins were detected in four species of marine phytoplankton. The strong single band detected on western blots of Isochrysis galbana Parke, Thalassiosira weissflogii Cleve, and Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher had an apparent molecular weight of 33–36 kDa. This molecular weight is within the range as observed for PCNA in a wide phylogenetic array of organisms (33–36 kDa). In the diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve, the PCNA antibody detected a major band of about 19 kDa as well as a minor band of 38 kDa. The detected proteins were specifically recognized by the monoclonal anti-rat-PCNA antibody. The PCNA-like proteins in I. galbana, T. weissflogii, and D. tertiolecta were more abundant in the exponential growth stage and then decreased and became undetectable in the late stationary stage. Our results show that the detected antigens appear to be algal analogs of PCNA.
Linear Theory of a Dual-Spin Projectile in Atmospheric Flight

Abstract : The equations of motion for a dual-spin projectile in atmospheric flight are developed and subsequently utilized to solve for angle of attack and swerving dynamics. A combination hydrodynamic and roller bearing couples forward and aft body roll motions. Using a modified projectile linear theory developed for this configuration, it is shown that the dynamic stability factor, S(g), and the gyroscopic stability factor, S(g) are altered compared to a similar rigid projectile, due to new epicyclic fast and slow arm equations. Swerving dynamics including aerodynamic jump are studied using the linear theory.
Vortex lattice prediction of subsonic aerodynamics of hypersonic vehicle concepts

The vortex lattice method introduced by Lamar and Gloss (1975) was applied to the prediction of subsonic aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic body-wing configurations. The reliability of the method was assessed through comparison of the calculated and observed aerodynamic performances of two National Hypersonic Flight Research Facility craft at Mach 0.2. The investigation indicated that a vortex lattice model involving 120 or more panel elements can give good results for the lift and induced drag coefficients of the craft, as well as for the pitching moment at angles of attack below 10 to 15 deg. Automated processes for calculating the local slopes of mean-camber surfaces may also render the method suitable for use in preliminary design phases.
Cosmological consequences of high frequency oscillations of Newton's constant

We show that high-frequency, small-amplitude oscillations of Newton's constant {ital G} can dramatically alter cosmology even if the frequency is very high compared to the expansion rate. For example, it is possible to have a spatially flat universe in which dynamical tests of {Omega}==(matter density)/(critical density)---tests which attempt to directly measure the mass density of the universe---obtain values less than unity ({Omega}==0.1--0.3, say). The cosmological effects can be obtained in a frequency-amplitude range allowed by all known constraints on {ital G} and its time derivative.
Factors contributing to the formation of experimentally-induced ovarian cysts in prepubertal gilts

Manipulation of an ovary during the follicular phase in cycling gilts or prepubertal gilts treated with PMSG and hCG results in formation of cysts on manipulated ovaries and corpora lutea (CL) of normal appearance on nonmanipulated ovaries. In contrast, cysts did not form after manipulation in luteal phase gilts. In the present experiment, daily administration of 50 mg progesterone to prepubertal gilts treated with PMSG and hCG established luteal phase concentrations of progesterone but did not lessen the incidence of manipulated-induced cysts. Number of cysts formed was associated with the number of follicles ≥5 mm at manipulation, which was inversely related to serum concentrations of progesterone. Number of receptors for LH/hCG in follicular tissues did not differ between manipulated and nonmanipulated ovaries but was greater in granulosa (P<.05) and theca (P<.08) from follicles with diameters ≥7 mm compared to 5 and 6 mm. Contents of estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone, progesterone and prostaglandins E2 and F2α in follicular fluid, granulosa and theca were not different between follicles ≥5 mm destined to form cysts or CL. Exogenous prostaglandin E2 or F2α given during follicular development failed to induce cysts. Profiles of progesterone and estradiol in peripheral serum and duration of luteal phase concentrations of progesterone were not different for gilts with induced cysts and gilts with CL. In conclusion, manipulation of follicles resulted in a failure to ovulate. Subsequent formation of cysts did not result from or result in a loss of steroidogenic function or the ability to bind LH to follicular receptors. These results demonstrate that the mechanism for ovulation is independent of other follicular processes, since ovulation can be disrupted without altering follicular steroidogenesis or subsequent luteinization.
Evidence-Based Medicine of Traumatic Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures: A Systematic Review of Operative Management across 20 Years:

Study Design Systematic literature review. Objective The management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures (TLBF) remains challenging, and analyzing the levels of evidence (LOEs) for treatment practices can reform the decision-making process. However, no review has yet evaluated the operative management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures with particular attention placed on LOE from an established methodology. The objective of the present study was to characterize the literature evidence for TLBF, specifically for operative management. Methods A comprehensive search of the English literature over the past 20 years was conducted using PubMed (MEDLINE). The inclusion criteria consisted of (1) traumatic burst fractures (2) in the thoracic or lumbar spine. Exclusion criteria included (1) osteoporotic burst fractures, (2) pathologic burst fractures, (3) cervical fractures, (4) biomechanical studies or those involving cadavers, and (5) computer-based studies. Studies were assigned an LOE and those meeting level 1 or 2 were included. Results From 1,138 abstracts, 272 studies met the criteria. Twenty-three studies (8.5%) met level 1 ( n = 4, 1.5%) or 2 ( n = 19, 7.0%) criteria. All 23 studies were reported. Conclusions The literature contains a high LOE to support the operative management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures. For patients who are neurologically intact, a high LOE demonstrated similar functional outcomes, lower complication rates, and less costs with conservative management when compared with surgical management. There is a high LOE for short- or long-segment pedicle instrumentation without fusion and less invasive (percutaneous and paraspinal) approaches. Furthermore, the posterior approaches are associated with lower complications as opposed to the anterior or combined approaches.
Endogenous photoproteins, calcium channels and calcium transients during metamorphosis in hydrozoans.

There are species of hydrozoans, Eutonina victoria, Mitrocomella polydiademata, and Phialidium gregarium whose eggs contain calcium-specific photoproteins. These cytoplasmic photoproteins are synthesized during oogenesis. During the cleavage stages of embryogenesis they are distributed to all of the cells of the developing planula larva. The amount of photoprotein slowly declines during the development of the planula larva, and markedly declines when the planula undergoes metamorphosis to become a polyp.
Relationships of behavioral and physiological symptoms of preslaughter stress to beef longissimus muscle tenderness.

Relationships between behavioral and physiological symptoms of preslaughter stress and LM Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were investigated using Bos taurus steers (n = 79) and heifers (n = 77). Measurements of heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and concentrations of serum cortisol and plasma epinephrine were used as indicators of stress associated with physical handling and chute restraint, whereas concentrations of cortisol, glucose, lactate, and creatine kinase in blood samples obtained at exsanguination were measured to reflect physiological reactions of animals to transportation stress. Increased plasma epinephrine concentration, indicative of acute handling stress, was associated with elevated heart rate (r = 0.42, P 0.05) among behavior categories. Grouping cattle according to differences in plasma lactate concentration categorized them according to mean differences in LM WBSF. Moreover, steaks from cattle with the greatest plasma lactate concentrations at slaughter (91st to 100th percentile) had a delayed response to aging that persisted until 14 d postmortem. Stress-induced differences in LM tenderness observed in this study were independent of differences in muscle pH.
Further studies on assay and testing of fixation-preventing psychotropic drugs

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) was found to prevent conflict induced behavior fixations during a discrimination problem if administered during the preceding conflict stage. A replication of the experiment with a chemical congener, diazepam, did not show similar effects. Since the difference in results could have been due to differences in dose, comparisons were made between different dosages of these two drugs utilizing an assay technique that measured the effect of the drugs on response latency. Response latency was presumed to be dependent upon the complex of drives existing in the situation. On the basis of the comparative tests, a dosage of diazepam was found that also prevented behavior fixations. It is proposed that these drugs of the benzodiazepine class exert their effects by reducing an animal's involvement with negative incentives.
Plane strain finite element analysis of pressure sensitive plasticity with strong discontinuity

Numerical simulations of localized deformation in solids should capture the structural phenomenon of localization and associated loss of material body strength in a manner independent of spatial discretization. Many regularization techniques have been proposed to address the ill posedness associated with rate-independent softening plasticity that leads to mesh-dependent numerical simulations. One approach to alleviating mesh dependence is the strong discontinuity approach, which represents localized deformation as a slip surface within a plasticity model; a strong discontinuity is a discontinuous displacement field. This approach is used in this paper to formulate a plane strain, pressure sensitive, nonassociative plasticity model with strong discontinuity and to implement the model, along with an enhanced bilinear quadrilateral element, via an assumed enhanced strain method. Numerical examples demonstrate mesh independence of the method for pressure sensitive materials.
Psychology in a medical school: A personal account of a department's 35‐year history

In 1911 John Broadus Watson and Shepard Ivory Franz proposed that the teaching of psychology was as essential to the education of medical students as were anatomy, pharmacology, surgery, and the other basic and clinical sciences. Today, our country's 126 medical schools each employ an average of some 35 full-time faculty psychologists; 6 have established full-fledged departments of psychology that are comparable (administratively) to departments that include faculty from the more traditional basic and clinical sciences. Thirty-five years ago (in 1957) the University of Oregon Medical School was the first medical school to create a department of Medical Psychology. The present writer was hired that year to chair that newly established department and has served continuously in that capacity since then. This Presidential Address to the APA Division of the History of Psychology offers the writer's personal perspective on the history and development of that department during its first 35 years of existence.
Assessing the significance of averaged evoked potentials with an on-line computer: The split-sweep method

Abstract In studying averaged evoked potentials, most experiments rely on the contours of the averaged wave form for judging whether the averaged signal is stable or for comparing two averages. The split-sweep method quantifies these judgments by using an on-line computer to compare two separate averages, one built up of odd-numbered sweeps, the other of even-numbered sweeps. One variant of the split-sweep method searches for a match between the positions of the maxima and minima in the two averages. The other employs a variation of the sign test to determine whether the two averages are more alike than their randomly shuffled counterparts.
A Neural Population Model Incorporating Dopaminergic Neurotransmission during Complex Voluntary Behaviors

Assessing brain activity during complex voluntary motor behaviors that require the recruitment of multiple neural sites is a field of active research. Our current knowledge is primarily based on human brain imaging studies that have clear limitations in terms of temporal and spatial resolution. We developed a physiologically informed non-linear multi-compartment stochastic neural model to simulate functional brain activity coupled with neurotransmitter release during complex voluntary behavior, such as speech production. Due to its state-dependent modulation of neural firing, dopaminergic neurotransmission plays a key role in the organization of functional brain circuits controlling speech and language and thus has been incorporated in our neural population model. A rigorous mathematical proof establishing existence and uniqueness of solutions to the proposed model as well as a computationally efficient strategy to numerically approximate these solutions are presented. Simulated brain activity during the resting state and sentence production was analyzed using functional network connectivity, and graph theoretical techniques were employed to highlight differences between the two conditions. We demonstrate that our model successfully reproduces characteristic changes seen in empirical data between the resting state and speech production, and dopaminergic neurotransmission evokes pronounced changes in modeled functional connectivity by acting on the underlying biological stochastic neural model. Specifically, model and data networks in both speech and rest conditions share task-specific network features: both the simulated and empirical functional connectivity networks show an increase in nodal influence and segregation in speech over the resting state. These commonalities confirm that dopamine is a key neuromodulator of the functional connectome of speech control. Based on reproducible characteristic aspects of empirical data, we suggest a number of extensions of the proposed methodology building upon the current model.
The Loss of Student Idealism in the 3rd-Year Clinical Clerkships:

The purpose of this study was to specify how student attitudes toward different types of patients and the profession change during clinical rotations. A questionnaire was given to all medical stude...
Synthesis and structure of a bimetallic hybrid inorganic/organic layered coordination polymer with an octamolybdate cluster variant trapped between the α and δ isomeric forms

Abstract Hydrothermal combination of CuSO4, MoO3, and 4-phenylpyridine (4-phpyr) in a 1:4:4.5 ratio under basic conditions afforded purple crystals of {[Cu(4-phpyr)4]2(Mo8O26)·4-phpyr} (1), which were analyzed by spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric octamolybdate clusters in 1 adopt an intermediate structural variant between the known α and δ isomeric forms, with four octahedral and three tetrahedral molybdenum coordination spheres, along with one molybdenum atom in a highly distorted square pyramidal environment. Paddle-wheel shaped [Cu(4-phpyr)4]2+ cations link adjacent {α/δ-Mo8O26}4− clusters into a 2-D layered rhomboid grid coordination polymer. Uncoordinated 4-phpyr molecules lie in incipient voids in the interlamellar regions. The structure of 1 illustrates the utility of sterically bulky coordination complexes in the stabilization of intermediate conformations during energetically facile polyoxometallate isomer interconversion. Crystallographic data: triclinic, P1, a = 13.717(3) A, b = 13.728(3) A, c = 14.809(3) A, α = 109.251(4)°, β = 107.670(4)°, γ = 92.005(4)°, V = 2480.0(9) A3, R1 = 0.0637, wR2 = 0.1054.
An evaluation of butyl rubber insulated cable

PRIOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT of butyl rubber, high-voltage ozone-resisting compounds utilized natural rubber, which requires complete protection by thoroughly dispersing the natural rubber in a vegetable oil derivative or “factice.” This coated the rubber particles and protected these highly unsaturated molecules from attack by oxygen, ozone, and ultraviolet light. These oil-base insulations, when carefully formulated and processed, have given excellent service within their limits of operating temperatures and environment. However, as with all materials such limitations do exist and, thus, generate the constant search for materials with improved inherent properties.
The reduction of α-ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyl compounds with titanium(III) chloride

Thirteen model alpha-ketocarboxylic acids and alpha-dicarbonyl compounds have been observed to be reduced by titanium(III) chloride. The products of these reactions were shown by melting (boiling) points, mixed melting points, derivatives, refractive indices, infrared, and NMR comparisons with authentic compounds or literature information to be the corresponding alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids or alpha-hydroxyketones.
An investigation into the influence of cultural factors in the international lobbying of the International Accounting Standards Committee: The case of E32, Comparability of Financial Statements

Abstract This article investigates the influence of cultural factors on the corporate comment letters sent concerning the International Accounting Standards Committee's exposure draft 32, Comparability of Financial Statements, to test Gray's hypothesized linkages between accounting values and the cultural values identified by Hofstede. For cultural values, content analyses results were consistent with the power distance and individualism hypotheses but only partly supported the femininity-masculinity and uncertainty avoidance hypotheses. For accounting subcultural values, strong support was found for the Anglo and Nordic companies' hypothesis but only weak support was evident for the Germanic and More developed Latin companies' hypothesis.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of the High Pressure Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition of InN using Trimethylindium and Ammonia

A physico-chemical model of the High Pressure Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition (HPOMCVD) process that describes three dimensional transport phenomena as well as gas-phase and surface reactions underlying the growth of compound semiconductors is presented. A reduced-order model of the Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition of indium nitride (InN) from trimethylindium In(CH3)3 or TMI and ammonia (NH3) at elevated pressures has been developed and tested using the computational fluid dynamics code, CFD-ACE+. The model describes the flow dynamics coupled to chemical reactions and transport in the flow channel of the Compact Hard Shell Reactor, as a function of substrate temperature, total pressure and centerline flow velocity.
Activation of H−H, Si−H, and C−H Bonds by nsnp Excited States of Metal Atoms

We present a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge of the interactions of valence M(nsnp 3P) and M(nsnp 1P1) excited states with H−H, Si−H, and C−H bonds, where M = Mg, Zn, Cd, and Hg. It is proposed that the high reactivity of M(nsnp 3P1) states with H−H and Si−H bonds compared to C−H bonds is due to the lack of steric hindrance in the localized, side-on, M(npπ)−XH(σ*) donor−acceptor molecular orbital interactions, since the Si−H bond length in SiH4 is ∼1.5 A compared to C−H bond lengths of ∼1.1 A. It is also concluded that Mg(3s3p 1P1) and Zn(4s4p 1P1) efficiently activate C−H bonds as well as H−H and Si−H bonds not just because of their higher energy but because of better M(npπ)−XH(σ*) energy matches and overlap, which overcomes M(ns)−XH(σ) repulsion and the steric hindrance. It is further proposed that the striking differences in the microscopic mechanisms of attack of C−H bonds by Mg(1P1) versus Zn(1P1) may be due to the fact that the Zn(4s) “core” is substantially (∼0.2 A) smaller than the...
Effects of Context-Induced Processing Operations on Semantic Information Acquired from Discourse.

Abstract Effects of context on processes involved in understanding discourse were investigated. An experimental context designed to directly affect discourse processing by inducing subjects to generate inferences involving text content was compared to a context in which subjects simply listened to and recalled the content of a text. The extent of inferential discourse processing was estimated from derived semantic information in subjects' text recalls. The experimental context produced effects on inferred and other derived information in subjects' text recalls which were predicted from a constructive model of discourse processing. Also consistent with this model, the amount of derived information increased with repeated exposures to the text. In a third condition, subjects repeatedly listened to the text in the experimental context, but only recalled it once on the last trial. The context produced very substantial effects on proportions of derived information under this condition. Context effects were still present one week later.
The treatment of benign sebaceous hyperplasia with the topical application of bichloracetic acid

Sebaceous hyperplasia is a benign lesion that occurs commonly on the face of older individuals. A variety of treatment options have been described, including oral isotretinoin, electrodesiccation, CO2 laser surgery, cryosurgery, and shave excision with curettage. Problems have been noted with these approaches. These techniques are more complex, less effective, require more time, or are more likely to scar than the procedure we describe. The treatment of sebaceous hyperplasia with bichloracetic acid is described with results presented after treatment of our first 20 patients.
First-principles phase diagram calculations for the system NaCl–KCl: The role of excess vibrational entropy

Abstract First principles phase diagram calculations were performed for the system NaCl–KCl. Plane-wave pseudopotential calculations of formation energies were used as a basis for fitting cluster expansion Hamiltonians, both with and without an approximation for the excess vibrational entropy ( S VIB ). Including S VIB dramatically improves the agreement between calculated and experimental phase diagrams: experimentally, the consolute point is { X C = 0.348, T C = 765 K} Exp ; without S VIB , it is { X C = 0.46, T C ≈ 1630 K} Calc ; with S VIB , it is { X C = 0.43, T C ≈ 930 K} Calc .
Role of the RNA-dependent protein kinase in the regulated expression of genes in transfected cells.

Abstract The RNA-dependent P1/eIF-2α protein kinase is a highly specific protein-serine/threonine kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2. The kinase plays a central role in translational control. The activity of the kinase is regulated by a variety of naturally occurring effector RNAs which bind to the regulatory domain of the enzyme. Certain RNAs are able to activate the eIF-2α kinase activity inherent within protein P1, a process which involves an autophosphorylation of protein P1, whereas other RNAs are able to antagonize the activation process. Translational repression mediated by the kinase may also be disrupted by RNA binding proteins that sequester activator double-stranded RNAs and by site-directed mutants and homologs of the eIF-2α translation factor substrate. The P1/eIF-2α protein kinase is an important regulator of the translation of plasmid-derived mRNAs in transfected eukaryotic cells.
Communication, neighbourhood belonging and household hurricane preparedness

This paper reports on an examination of data on how local residents in Tuscaloosa, a mid-sized city in the state of Alabama, United States, responded to Hurricane Ivan of September 2004. The evaluation revealed that an integrated connection to community-level communication resources-comprising local media, community organisations and interpersonal networks-has a direct impact on the likelihood of engaging in pre-hurricane preparedness activities and an indirect effect on during-hurricane preparedness activities. Neighbourhood belonging mediated the relation between an integrated connection to community-level communication resources and during-hurricane preparedness activities. Neighbourhood belonging was determined to increase the likelihood of taking preparedness actions during Hurricane Ivan, but not prior to it. In addition, we discovered an interesting pattern for two different types of risk perceptions: social and personal risk perceptions. Social risk perceptions increase the likelihood of taking preventative steps before a hurricane while personal risk perceptions are positively related to engaging in preventative action during a hurricane.
Finite element based adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference technique for parameter identification of multi‐layered transportation structures

Abstract During the service life of a pavement, it is often required to conduct Non‐destructive tests (NDTs) to evaluate its structural condition and bearing capacity and to detect damage resulting from the repeated traffic and environmental loading. Among several currently used NDT methods, the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) is the most commonly used pavement NDT method applied by many transportation agencies all over the world. Non‐destructive testing of pavements using FWD is typically accompanied by the prediction of the Young's modulus of each layer of the pavement structure through an inverse analysis of the acquired FWD deflection data. The predicted pavement layer modulus is both an indicator of the structural condition of the layer as well as a required input for conducting mechanistic‐based pavement structural analysis and design. Numerous methodologies have been proposed for back‐calculating the mechanical properties of pavement structures from NDT data. This paper discusses the development...
A model-based calibration method for diffuse optical tomography

We report a model-based calibration method that allows absolute calibration of measurements of diffuse photon fluence without making reference to a previous instrument calibration. It also makes possible to image reconstruction from a single set of measurement.