cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospital Variation in Renal Replacement Therapy for Sepsis in the United States.

OBJECTIVES Acute renal replacement therapy in patients with sepsis has increased dramatically with substantial costs. However, the extent of variability in use across hospitals-and whether greater use is associated with better outcomes-is unknown. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Nationwide Inpatient Sample in 2011. PATIENTS Eighteen years old and older with sepsis and acute kidney injury admitted to hospitals sampled by the Nationwide Inpatient Sample in 2011. INTERVENTIONS We estimated the risk- and reliability-adjusted rate of acute renal replacement therapy use for patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury at each hospital. We examined the association between hospital-specific renal replacement therapy rate and in-hospital mortality and hospital costs after adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified 293,899 hospitalizations with sepsis and acute kidney injury at 440 hospitals, of which 6.4% (n = 18,885) received renal replacement therapy. After risk and reliability adjustment, the median hospital renal replacement therapy rate for patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury was 3.6% (interquartile range, 2.9-4.5%). However, hospitals in the top quintile of renal replacement therapy use had rates ranging from 4.8% to 13.4%. There was no significant association between hospital-specific renal replacement therapy rate and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio per 1% increase in renal replacement therapy rate: 1.03; 95% CI, 0.99-1.07; p = 0.10). Hospital costs were significantly higher with increasing renal replacement therapy rates (absolute cost increase per 1% increase in renal replacement therapy rate: $1,316; 95% CI, $157-$2,475; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Use of renal replacement therapy in sepsis varied widely among nationally sampled hospitals without associated differences in mortality. Improving renal replacement standards for the initiation of therapy for sepsis may reduce healthcare costs without increasing mortality.
Culture and choice: Toward integrating cultural sociology with the judgment and decision-making sciences

Abstract Cultural sociologists frequently theorize about choices and decisions, although we tend to shy away from this language, and from concepts that are used by the judgment and decision-making (JDM) sciences. We show that cultural sociology and JDM are compatible and complementary fields by dispelling some common misunderstandings about JDM. We advocate for a strategic assimilation approach in which cultural sociologists are able to translate their work into key JDM terms like beliefs, preferences, and endowments. Learning to speak the JDM language will allow cultural sociologists to make important, and uniquely sociological, contributions to social scientific explanations of choices and decisions.
Efficient and autonomous processing and classification of images on small spacecraft

Small satellites and CubeSats are becoming an indispensable platform in space-industry development, however, these systems are severely resource-limited. Depending upon mission requirements and available communication bandwidth, it can take hours to days to downlink an image from a spacecraft to the ground. Improvements in sensors tend to generate increasingly larger data products. Since small spacecraft have limited storage space, it is crucial to filter and delete images that do not meet minimum science criteria. Depending on the mission, criteria may vary. Images can be prioritized based on having features such as high land percentage or a specific land color. Certain images are rarely useful, such as pitch-black images and cloud-filled images, and can be readily deleted. This research describes an autonomous image-classification framework to efficiently use downlink bandwidth by prioritizing image products with high science value for download while deleting others, as well as a training framework for classifier calibration.
Design-unbiased point-to-object sampling on lines, with applications to areal sampling

Sampling methods that depend on the distance between a sample point and a fixed number of objects, such as trees or downed logs, have often been proposed in the forestry and ecology literature. However, such methods have been biased when objects are not distributed with complete spatial randomness, have required difficult field procedures (such as measuring the position of out-of-sample objects), or both. Here a new approach based on measurement of the distance to objects along sample lines is proposed. The approach does not require measuring the position of out-of-sample objects, and its design-unbiased estimators require only simple arithmetic. Furthermore, because many useful sampling procedures can be related back to sampling on a line, the new method leads quickly to sampling procedures applicable when objects are distributed in a two-dimensional region. These include, among others, fixed-count approaches to line intersect sampling, a new approach to variable-area transect sampling, and a density-adapted variable sector sampling method.
Critical exponents for the sinh-cosh interaction model in the zero sector.

In this paper, we continue our investigation of a one-dimensional, two-component, quantum many-body system in which like particles interact with a pair potential {ital s}({ital s}+1)/sinh{sup 2}({ital r}), while unlike particles interact with a pair potential {minus}{ital s}({ital s}+1)/cosh{sup 2}({ital r}). For an equal number of particles of the two components, the ground state for {ital s}{gt}0 corresponds to an antiferromagnet/insulator. Excitations consist of a gapless pair-hole--pair continuum, a two-particle continuum with gap and excitons with gap. For {minus}1{lt}{ital s}{lt}0, the system has two gapless excitations---a particle-hole continuum and a two-spin-wave continuum. Using finite-size scaling methods of conformal field theory, we calculate the asymptotic expressions and critical exponents for correlation functions of these gapless excitations at zero temperature. The conformal structure is closely related to the Hubbard model with repulsive on-site interaction.
"No allogeneic blood transfusion" protocol for the surgical correction of craniosynostoses. II. Clinical application.

The authors describe the results obtained in 13 consecutive cases of craniosynostosis operated on according to a protocol devised at avoiding allogeneic blood transfusion. The protocol is based on pre- and postoperative treatment with erythropoietin, preoperative autologous blood donation, preoperative normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative blood salvage. Nine subjects were affected by simple forms of craniosynostosis, whereas the remaining 4 presented with oxycephaly or craniofacial syndromes. Five of the 13 children were under 7 months and a further 3, under 10 months of age at the time of the surgical operation. Seven children weighed less than 10 kg. Allogeneic blood transfusion was avoided in 11 of the 13 children considered. Two failures – defined as the necessity to reinfuse the patient with an allogeneic blood transfusion – were recorded, 1 of them resulting from an unexpected hemorrhage during surgery. The results obtained indicate that this protocol designed to avoid allogeneic blood transfusion can be safely applied in the great majority of children with craniosynostosis, even when the surgical correction is carried out early in life.
Digital Borders and the Virtual Gallery

Augmented reality art, as a new media subset, distinguishes itself through its peculiar mechanics of exhibition and performative re-contextualization. It allows the artist to translocate the borders and constraints of the experience from physical to virtual, expressing the piece onto spaces independent of physical or locative constraint, yet still tethered to the real world. This practice of anchoring virtual assets to the physical world allows artists to make use of virtual properties such as mutability and replication, while engaging with issues of embodiment, performance, and presence. The art installation occurs not in the gallery, but on the hard drive of mobile devices. In this way AR artworks align themselves more perhaps with movements like net.art, where one must look to the loading screen as the gateway to the gallery, a space which – while mutable and infinitely configurable – is still proscriptive. AR may allow the artist to set many more of the work’s boundaries than in more traditional media, but even that freedom is still subject to the affordances of the software composing the work. Yet the ability to customize those boundaries, to draw one’s own curatorial borders and parameters, is in itself a freedom drawing from augmented reality’s strengths, inviting a model of the world as not one in which art happens, but one which is conditionally defined and experienced as an integrative work of art.
AN ITERATIVE METHOD FOR APPROXIMATING SOLUTIONS TO NONLINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an iterative method for approximating solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations. An iterative method is given for approximating solutions to boundary value problems for a class of partial differential equations. The method has been used in a number of FORTRAN programs. The chapter highlights only the rectangular grids with even spacing on [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Irregularly shaped regions may be treated with only slight extra complication. The transformation D*D serves as a Laplacian for a Dirichlet space with Dirichlet norm even though not all axioms are satisfied. The chapter presents an iteration process starting with a choice of ω ∈ K.
Lipid Content and In Vitro Incorporation of Free Fatty Acids Into Lipids of Human Platelets: The Effect of Storage at 4°C

Lipid content and capacity to incorporate in vitro palmitate-1-14C and linoleate-1-14C into lipids was investigated in fresh and stored (4°C) human platelets. Cholesterol and phospholipids decreased 30% during storage for 6 days. Molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids and percentage distribution of individual phospholipids were similar in fresh and stored platelets. Palmitate bound to albumin was rapidly transferred by an energy-independent mechanism into a free fatty acid fraction of platelets. From there it was incorporated into glycerides and phospholipids, a process requiring energy. More palmitate than linoleate was incorporated into fatty acids and glycerides of fresh and stored platelets but linoleate exceeded palmitate in its incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine. Storage of platelets produced the following changes: (1) Incorporation of palmitate into total lipids was significantly reduced but not that of linoleate. (2) Both palmitate and linoleate showed increased incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine. (3) Incorporation of linoleate into free fatty acids and triglycerides and of palmitate into phosphatidylcholine was reduced.
Rib Fracture and Lung Contusion: Impact on Pulmonary Function Tests

Severe blunt thoracic trauma leads to marked respiratory compromise resulting from rib fractures and lung contusion. This chapter describes the role of pulmonary function testing in understanding the pathophysiology of thoracic trauma. The application of bedside pulmonary function tests to determine early risk stratification after thoracic trauma is also presented. The acute impact, course of pulmonary recovery, and the long-term effects of flail chest and lung contusion are described in detail.
Chronic meningoencephalitis with mixed pathology mimics progressive supranuclear palsy

We report a case of a progressive supranuclear palsy-like phenotype with rapidly progressive dementia and prominent language and executive dysfunction. Pathological examination revealed no midbrain or white matter tauopathy, but rather chronic meningoencephalitis and other mixed pathology. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in this case showed a novel antibody against central nervous system and renal tissue.
Insertion/Deletion Editing in Physarum polycephalum

Mitochondrial gene expression in the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum requires a diverse array of RNA editing events. Virtually all transcripts encoded in the organelle are subject to changes at the RNA level, including both mRNAs and stable RNAs. Roughly 500 editing events involving nucleotide insertion or deletion have been confirmed thus far; these occur co-transcriptionally. Base changes also occur in Physarum mitochondria, but these are much rarer and occur post-transcriptionally. This chapter focuses on the experimental approaches used to dissect the unique mechanism of insertion/deletion editing in Physarum mitochondria.
TEXTBOOKS USE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN CORE SUBJECTS

Standardized textbooks are very important resources that are used in teaching and learning to facilitate learning and learning outcomes in schools. This article determined the association between standardized core subjects’ textbooks use and academic achievement of senior high school students in West Africa Secondary School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) in the Volta region of Ghana. A correlation design was used to carry out the study. A random sample of 32 senior high schools was obtained for the study. Questionnaires were administered to 96 teachers and 32 librarians to rate how often textbooks were used in the classrooms and in the library. The study found that textbooks were very much used in teaching and learning as well as in the library and that a positive correlation exists between textbooks use and academic achievement in the schools. Moreover, schools that had high textbooks use rating scores had statistically significant achievement test scores than schools that reported relatively low textbooks use rating scores. The study suggested standardized textbooks should be fully utilized to facilitate learning in schools rather than storing them for safekeeping. Article visualizations:
Is News Really News: The Effects of Selective Disclosure Regulations

Before legislation enacted to prevent such practices, information leaked via selective disclosure could be incorporated into market prices prior to public release of news. "`News days" did not deliver news to the market. Now they do. We provide novel evidence of changes in returns and turnover behavior around the passage of legislation barring selective disclosure practices in the US and in the EU, and document lack of such changes in Australia and Japan, which did not implement similar legal measures. We conduct extensive cross-sectional tests and document relations between a-priori likelihood of selective disclosure and market response to news release.
A Little Help from My Friends: How Receiving Assistance Affects Participation in Online Knowledge-Sharing Communities

Online knowledge-sharing communities are important arenas for the development and exchange of knowledge; both firm participation and sponsorship in communities are increasing, as is scholarly interest in understanding how interactions between members shape subsequent participation. We contribute to this literature by examining the relationship between two increasingly relevant, yet underexplored, sets of factors: we examine the effects of with whom an interaction occurs (a user or an employee) on two types of participatory outcomes (future asking versus future replying). Specifically, we examine whether receiving a reply to a question––and from whom the reply is received––affects a new member’s likelihood of asking another question or replying to a question. We examine fifteen years of data from Statalist, the online community that formed around the Stata statistical software package. Our findings show that receiving a reply from another user is positively associated with future questioning, but negatively associated with future replying. However, receiving a reply from a firm employee is positively associated with future replying. To help address endogeneity concerns, we conducted qualitative interviews with Stata employees, used fixed-effects models, implemented an instrumental variable-based approach, utilized a two-stage Heckman selection model, and applied coarsened exact matching; the findings remain consistent. These findings suggest that social interactions play a key, albeit nuanced, role in shaping subsequent participation and the continued health of a community.
Political instability: Effects on financial development, roots in the severity of economic inequality

Abstract We here bring forward strong evidence that political instability impedes financial development, with its variation a primary determinant of differences in financial development around the world. As such, it needs to be added to the short list of major determinants of financial development. First, structural conditions first postulated by Engerman and Sokoloff (2002) as generating long-term inequality are shown here to have strong empirical support as exogenous determinants of political instability. Second, that exogenously-determined political instability in turn holds back financial development, even when we control for factors prominent in the last decade’s cross-country studies of financial development. The findings indicate that inequality-perpetuating conditions that result in political instability and weak democracy are fundamental roadblocks for international organizations like the World Bank that seek to promote financial development. The evidence here includes country fixed effect regressions and an instrumental model inspired by Engerman and Sokoloff’s (2002) work, which to our knowledge has not yet been used in finance and which is consistent with current tests as valid instruments. Four conventional measures of national political instability – Alesina and Perotti’s (1996) well-known index of instability, a subsequent index derived from Banks’ (2005) work, and two indices of managerial perceptions of nation-by-nation political instability – persistently predict a wide range of national financial development outcomes. Political instability’s significance is time consistent in cross-sectional regressions back to the 1960s, the period when the key data becomes available, robust in both country fixed effects and instrumental variable regressions, and consistent across multiple measures of instability and of financial development. Overall, the results indicate the existence of an important channel running from structural inequality to political instability, principally in nondemocratic settings, and then to financial backwardness. The robust significance of that channel extends existing work demonstrating the importance of political economy explanations for financial development and financial backwardness. It should help to better understand which policies will work for financial development, because political instability has causes, cures, and effects quite distinct from those of many of the key institutions most studied in the past decade as explaining financial backwardness.
El valor social generado por los programas de inclusión. El caso del Programa ROMI de la Fundación Secretariado Gitano

La demanda creciente de la sociedad por actuar para conseguir la reduccion de las desigualdades ha dado lugar a una diversificacion en los modos de ejecucion de las politicas sociales, dado el interes de las entidades privadas por contribuir a su consecucion. Para avanzar en ello es clave el papel de las entidades no lucrativas, haciendose patente la necesidad de analizar y comunicar el proceso de creacion de valor para legitimar su actuacion. Esta investigacion presenta la aplicacion del SROI, metodologia de analisis del impacto social, para analizar, cuantificar y monetizar los cambios generados por la Fundacion Secretariado Gitano a traves de su programa ROMI, en un sector de la poblacion que se encuentra discriminado en formacion y con dificultades de acceso a la empleabilidad: el colectivo gitano de la ciudad de Cordoba. Los resultados del estudio de caso permiten visualizar y cuantificar los impactos que se generan en procesos de creacion de valor de este tipo, proporcionando una informacion que facilita supervisar la implementacion de la estrategia de la organizacion, asi como conocer si se esta respondiendo a las necesidades de los stakeholders. De igual modo, la metodologia puede servir de referente para otras organizaciones que promuevan actividades similares.
Situated Knowledge and the Regime of Truth

This final chapter explains how an intersectional theory of truth contributes to an epistemology on which some socially and politically situated groups objectively have knowledge and others are objectively in the grip of ignorance due to the function of the oppressive regime of truth. It explains the sense in which political activism and political struggle in solidarity with a group is the only realistic way to gain knowledge of that group’s location in social space, how power operates there, and what is required to establish a more just society with respect to that group’s experiences. These concepts are shown to be compatible with the traditional analytic epistemologist’s concepts of objective truth, justification, and knowledge. Here I explore how a range of epistemic assets can be situated, including knowledge of word meanings, evidence, information, ideology critique, and science.
Why Patentable Subject Matter Matters for Software

Increasingly, courts weary from years of arguing about the scope of patentable subject matter for software patents seem ready to throw in the towel. Rather than continue efforts to craft a test for determining when a software invention graduates from an “abstract idea” or mere algorithm into a patentable invention, several recent Federal Circuit opinions dismissinely reject section 101 challenges as attacks that should have be made instead under sections 102, 103, and 112. This short essay criticizes this recent trend in patentable subject matter jurisprudence. Accused infringers look to section 101 for relief not because doing so is a convenient shortcut around more traditional checks on patentability, but rather precisely because traditional checks on patentability have proven to be woefully ineffective weapons against overbroad software patents.
Strengthening Unemployment Insurance for the 21st Century: An Agenda for Future Research

The Great Recession has placed unusual demands and stress on the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program and revealed problems in the system’s adequacy, coverage, funding, reemployment services, and administration. This brief presents an agenda of research questions that a panel of experts believe must be addressed in order to improve the UI program. It is the product of a national roundtable on Strengthening Unemployment Insurance for the 21st Century, convened by the National Academy of Social Insurance in Washington, DC, on July 13, 2010, and funded by the U.S. Department of Labor, the Annie E. Casey Foundation, the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, and the Direct Employers Association. The event brought together about 70 government officials, legislative staff, researchers, employer and worker representatives, and others. This brief elaborates on the research questions identified by the roundtable as essential to improving the UI program.
Pediatric subspecialty training, certification, and practice: who's doing what.

Objective. To examine the extent of pediatric subspecialty training, certification, and practice among general and subspecialty pediatricians and to determine how the diversity of pediatric careers may affect physician workforce supply estimates. Method. A sample of 4 000 sell-designated pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists from the American Medical Association9s Physician Masterfile were surveyed in 1991 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Seventy-six percent of the sample responded to the 6-page questionnaire on practice characteristics, training, and demographic information. Results. Two-thirds of pediatricians are not subspecialty trained (66.3%), 15.1% are certified subspecialists, 11.3% are trained but not subboard certified, and 7.3% are subspecialty trained in an area with no certification exam. Subspecialty training did not always predict subspecialty practice; 19% of pediatricians without subspecialty training spend some time in a subspecialty, and 13% of those who are subspecialty trained practice general pediatrics exclusively. Certified subspecialists and those who cannot as yet become certified are most likely to practice their subspecialty. One-fourth of those trained in a certifiable subspecialty but who remain uncertified practice general pediatrics exclusively. The proportion of direct patient care time spent overall, and the proportion of direct patient care time spent in the subspecialty are also related to subspedalty certification and training/practice consistency. Conclusion. Pediatric workforce supply projections should incorporate more than certification and training information in calculating estimates, as the practice of general and subspecialty pediatrics is very diverse and accommodating of integrative styles.
What Affluent Americans Want from Politics

Recent quantitative evidence indicates that higher-income Americans have considerably more influence than lower-income citizens on national policy decisions. But the implications of these findings depend on what the affluent want from politics. If their policy preferences closely resemble those of other Americans, the extent of their political power may make little difference. On the other hand, if the affluent tend to pursue their own narrow economic self interests, they may bring about policy results that thwart the wishes of ordinary Americans and cause problems for democracy. Or if affluent Americans tend to be altruistic and strongly concerned about the common good, any disproportionate power they exert may actually have benefits for society. Currently available survey data based on samples of the general population include too few highly affluent respondents to tell us much about what they want from politics. Even combining respondents from several surveys is of limited use because of the “top-coding” problem: we seldom know respondents’ precise incomes, but only their presence in a rather loose top-income category. In this paper we make the best use we can of existing data, combining respondents from three past years of General Social Surveys in order to identify some political views of (roughly) the top 4% of U.S. income earners. These views turn out to be quite distinctive: much more socially liberal or libertarian, and more economically conservative, than those of the average American. They are also more distinctive than the opinions of the top third of income earners. These findings are suggestive. But they are tentative, limited in scope, and based on rather old data. We argue that it is important to conduct an original, highly-stratified survey of the political and social views of the most affluent Americans: particularly the rarified top 1% and top 1/10 of 1% of U.S. wealth-holders and income-earners. We briefly describe the project on “Affluent Americans and the Common Good,” which is undertaking to carry out such a survey, beginning with a small Pilot Study to be fielded this fall.
Laws of Physics Pertaining to Gas Exchange

The sections in this article are: 1 Familiar Equation Illustrating Application of Gas Laws 2 Barometric Pressure and Altitude 3 Practical Use of Mercurial Barometers 4 Boyle's Law (Mariotte's Law) 5 Charles's Law 6 Dalton's Law and The Vapor Pressure of Water 7 Henry's Law 8 Graham's Law 9 Fick's Law 10 Deviations from Ideal Gas Laws 11 Temperature Scales 12 Van Der Waals's Equation 13 Practical Conversion Formulas Based on Ideal Gas Laws 14 Practical Use of Vapor Pressure 15 Historical Use of STPD Corrections in Respiration 16 Historical Use of BTPS Corrections in Respiration 17 Extrapolating from Past to Future: Plea for Better Units
Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred

The Supreme Court in Eldred v. Ashcroft' upheld the constitutionality of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA).2 The Court did this not because it believed it wise to tack 20 years onto all existing copyrights, as well as to copyrights for new works, but because it did not believe that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority in doing so. The Court did not deny that extension would create problems; one of these is our concern in this Article. It is the problem of obtaining licenses to reproduce old works of limited commercial value. The retroactive feature of the CTEA is keeping many of those works from falling into the public domain, where they could be copied and disseminated without the need to locate and negotiate with the owner of a copyright. We suggest that the problem can be solved either by continued evolution of the judicially shaped doctrine of fair use or by a modest amendment to the Copyright Act. We discuss both possible solutions, but begin with a review of the problem.
Property Law Serves Human Society: A First-Year Course Agenda

This essay explains how a first year property law course offers an opportunity to explore the human dimension of property while learning the language and rules of property law. Placing an emphasis on the relational aspect of property law helps students understand the connection between individual rights and community responsibilities while dispelling any trepidation they may have had upon entering the course. The author gives examples of ways to insert concrete examples drawn from contemporary public issues that highlight relationships into the traditional property law course. The article also suggests ways to provoke lively discussion on topics such as the role of discovery in the acquisition of property, transferability of property through common law estates in land, the law of gifts and commercial real estate transactions, sharing of property as common owners, landlord and tenant or members of planned unit developments, and controlling the use and development of land through public and private land use regulation.
Only a Multipronged Strategy Can Advance the Function Life Cycle Logistics

The Life Cycle Logistics career field is by definition not a professional one. Department of Navy Life Cycle Logisticians must nevertheless operate to high degrees of professionalism in order to successfully plan, resource, and execute sustainment programs for defense systems that are effective and maximally affordable for the Fleet to own and operate. The multifaceted solutions to the challenge of advancing both the functions of logistics and its career workforce, in lieu of professional certification, is the subject of this paper.
Dietary Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Differ among Ethnic Subgroups of Black Americans

Coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality are more prevalent in Blacks than Whites in the United States. Most studies evaluate the dietary intake and health of Black Americans as one group and do not consider possible differences among ethnic subgroups within the U.S. Black population. We used data from NHANES III to assess whether dietary intake, CHD risk factors, and predicted 10-y risk of CHD differed between non-Hispanic Black adults born in the United States (NHB-US), and non-Hispanic and Hispanic Black adults born outside of the United States (NHB-non US, HB-non US). Data were provided from single 24-h dietary recalls, biochemical measures, the medical examination, and self-reported responses to survey questions. NHB-US had higher intakes of energy, fat, protein, meat, added sugars, and sodium, and lower intakes of fruits, fiber, and most micronutrients. NHB-US also had higher predicted 10-y risk of developing CHD (5.8%) than NHB-non US (3.7%, P<0.001) or HB-non US (4.7%, P=0.017). Both immigrant groups had better CHD risk profiles and lower proportions of persons with metabolic syndrome and other CHD-related conditions. Our findings show differences in dietary intake and risk of CHD and related health conditions among ethnic subgroups of Blacks living in the United States. Future studies of diet and health should consider cultural differences within the Black population to better understand and reduce overall health disparities in the United States.
Numerical bifurcation diagram for the two-dimensional boundary-fed chlorine-dioxide–iodine–malonic-acid system

We present a numerical solution of the chlorine-dioxide–iodine–malonic-acid reaction-diffusion system in two dimensions in a boundary-fed system using a realistic model. The bifurcation diagram for the transition from nonsymmetry-breaking structures along boundary feed gradients to transverse symmetry-breaking patterns in a single layer is numerically determined. We find this transition to be discontinuous. We make a connection with earlier results and discuss prospects for future work.
A secant-viscosity approach to the time-dependent creep of an elastic viscoplastic composite

At present no homogenization theory seems to exist to estimate the time-dependent creep behavior of a two-phase viscoplastic composite. In this paper an approach introducing a linear viscoelastic comparison composite in conjunction with the secant viscosity is proposed for this purpose. The method makes use of a Maxwell matrix in the viscoelastic composite, and sets its shear viscosity equal to the secant viscosity of the viscoplastic matrix at every stage of deformation. The property of the viscoelastic composite is in turn determined from its elastic comparison composite, and the results are cast in the rate forms to reflect the continuously changing secant viscosity of the viscoplastic matrix. This new approach is neither restricted to rigid particles nor to a viscoplastic matrix with rigid elasticity, and it is capable of accounting for the strain-hardening of the matrix phase. The theory is developed fully for the particle-reinforced composite and, when applied to a TiC/Al system, it leads to a satisfactory agreement with available experimental data. Both concepts of viscoelastic comparison composite and secant viscosity are believed to be new in a homogenization scheme, and, as the secant moduli in the rate-independent plasticity, the secant viscosity now can play a useful role in the determination of the effective behaviour of an elastic-viscoplastic composite.
Genus-specific associations of marine sponges with group I crenarchaeotes

Sponges have rich and diverse associated microbial communities, which may have important functions in their metabolism. A survey of the archaeal communities of 23 poriferan species, focusing on the family Axinellidae, was conducted over the period 2002–2004 using 16S rDNA gene libraries created with archaeal-specific primers. The 28S rDNA sequences of the sponge hosts were also obtained. Of 23 species, 19 showed evidence of archaeal communities from group C1a (marine group I; Crenarchaeota), with three of these also showing evidence of Archaea from group E2 (marine group II; Euryarchaeota). Within the Crenarchaeota, two strongly supported sponge-specific clades were identified corresponding to the sponge family Axinellidae, and a novel sponge clade denoted clade C. These findings suggest that these archaea have evolved closely with their sponge hosts and are likely to play an important role in their metabolism.
Father Custody and Social Development in Boys and Girls

The effects of father custody on children's social development are being studied by comparing children whose fathers have been awarded custody, children whose mothers have been awarded custody, and children from intact families. Half of the subjects are boys, and half are girls aged 6–11 years. Families are matched on SES, family size, and sibling status. The data presented here were based primarily on videotaped observations of parent-child interaction in 60 families. The most intriguing findings to date suggest that children living with the opposite sex parent (father custody girls and mother custody boys) are less well adjusted than children living with the same sex parent. However, in both father custody and mother custody families, authoritative parenting by the custodial parent was positively linked with the child's competent social behavior. Also, in both sets of divorced families, contact with additional adult caretakers was associated with positive social behaviors shown by the child.
Exploring dynamic networks : hypotheses and conjectures

Abstract Previously, theories of network exchange and their applications focused only on static configurations. The purpose of this paper is to show that exchange networks with dynamic structures can be analyzed using Network Exchange Theory (NET) even though that theory was developed with only static networks in mind. The Exchange Seek Likelihood (ESL) and Optimal-Seek methods of NET are used. Hypotheses, which focus on network dynamics from the perspective of the network as a whole and from the perspective of individual actors, are both considered. The only previous paper on exchange networks with dynamic structures is that of Leik [Leik, Robert K. 1992. New directions for NET: stategic manipulation of network linkages. Social Networks. 14: 309– 324.]. Since the issues he considered continue to be significant, we use his paper to guide our analysis, offering new hypotheses and conjectures for the issues he considered.
SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY AS AN INTEGRATING THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IN TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER RESEARCH

Conceptual and empirical research on technological disasters has produced a number of seminal contributions including concepts of recreancy, collective trauma, lifestyle and lifescape change, corrosive community, secondary trauma, and the ecological-symbolic perspective. This article presents social capital theory as a comprehensive framework that incorporates and integrates these key conceptual elements and theories. After presenting fundamental elements of social capital theory, we demonstrate how key concepts in technological disaster research relate to social capital. We conclude that while social capital theory has merit and potential for improving our understanding of all disaster events, it is particularly useful in comprehending the multifarious impacts of technological disasters.
Portal Vein in the Dog

ummary The observations in this study were concerned with the extrahepatic part of the portal system. The extrahepatic part of the portal system was composed of the trunk of the portal vein and its tributaries. Four tributaries, the common mesenteric, the gastrosplenic, the gastro-duodenal, and the right gastric veins joined the trunk of the portal vein. Each of these tributaries and their radicles were traced out in detail. A special study of the venous drainage of the greater omentum was performed. The communications between the portal vein and the systemic veins were observed but their detailed description will be the subject of another report. Zusammenfassung Die Pfortader beim Hunde Die Beobachtungen dieser Untersuchung betreffen den extrahepatischen Teil des Pfortadersystems. Der extrahepatische Teil des Pfortadersystems setzt sich aus einem Truncus venae portae und aus seinen Wurzeln zusammen. Vier Wurzeln, namlich die Vena mesenterica communis, Vena gastrosdlenica, Vena gastroduodenalis und Vena gastrica dextra schliesen sich dem Truncus venae portae an. Jede von diesen Wurzeln wurde eingehend beschrieben. Besondere Beachtung wurde dem Venenabflus des grosen Netzes geschenkt. Verbindungen zwischen der Pfortader und dem Hohlvenensystem wurden beobachtet; eine eingehendere Betrachtung derselben wird Gegenstand einer anderen Mitteilung sein. Resume La veine porte chez le chien Les observations de cette etude ont traite de la partie extrahepatique du systeme porte. La partie extrahepatique du systeme porte se compose du tronc de la veine porte et de ses tributaires. Quatre tributaires, la veine mesenterique commune, la veine gastrosplenique, la veine gastro-duodenale et la veine gastrique droite joignent le tronc de la veine porte. Chaque tributaire et leurs racines ont ete suivis en detail. Une etude speciale du drainage veineux du grand epiploon fut effectuee. Les communications entre la veine porte et les veines systemiques furent observees, mais leur description detaillee sera le sujet d'un autre rapport. Resumen La vena portae del perro Las observaciones en este estudio se refieren a la parte extrahepatica del sistema de la vena portae. Esta parte se compone del tronco de la vena portae y sus tributarios. Cuatro tributarios, la vena mesenterica communis, la vena gastrosplenica, la vena gastroduodenalis y la vena gastrica dextra se unen al tronco de la vena portae. Cada uno de estos tributarios y sus afluentes fueron estudiados detalladamente. Se llevo a cabo un estudio especial del desague venoso del omentum maius. Las communicaciones entre el sistema de la vena portae y el sistema de la vena cava cranialis et caudalis fueron observadas, pero su descripcion detallada sera el tema de otro reporte.
Stimulus pre-exposure and instrumental learning

Rats were given 0, 5, or 60 pre-exposures (PE) of a tone prior to their learning an active avoidance response to that tone. The 60 PE group learned significantly slower than the 0 and 5 PE groups which did not differ from each other. The results confirm and extend to instrumental learning the phenomena of “latent inhibition,” which was discussed in terms of two possible explanations—competing responses and attention-mechanisms.
Nondestructive technique for detecting diseased poultry carcasses

In response to the need of the U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service, the Agriculture Research Service has undertaken a project to develop an accurate, reliable, and nondestructive sensor for detecting poultry diseased carcasses on-line at poultry processing plants. This paper presents some results of a study on the development of a nondestructive technique for the detection of abnormal poultry carcasses based on the spectroscopy of the carcasses. A diode array spectrophotometer equipped with a fiber optic probe was used to obtain optical spectra of the breasts of normal, septicemic, and cadaver poultry carcasses in visible and near-infrared regions (500 - 1100 nm). Optimal wavelengths of reflectance and interactance in the range of 500 to 850 nm were obtained for classifying the carcasses into normal and abnormal (septicemic and cadaver) classes. A back-propagation neural network model was used to develop classifiers for the classification of poultry carcasses into normal, septicemic, and cadaver classes.
PAH refractory index as a source discriminant of hydrocarbon input from crude oil and coal in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Geochemical correlation and differentiation of hydrocarbons from crude oils and coals is difficult. The complex mixture of the hydrocarbon constituents and the dynamic nature of these constituents in the environment as they weather contribute to this difficulty. A new parameter, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) refractory index, is defined here to help in this correlation. The PAH refractory index is a ratio of two of the most refractory constituents of most crude oils, namely triaromatic steranes and monomethylchrysenes. These are among the most persistent compounds in oil after deposition in the environment and thus retain reliably the signature of the original petroleum input. This index is utilized in Prince William Sound (PWS) to differentiate three different oils, as well as to provide evidence that coal, not oil, is the dominant source of the PAHs which are prominent constituents of marine sediments from PWS and the Gulf of Alaska.
Nodal metastasis and sites of recurrence after en bloc esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma

Abstract The operative specimens from 43 patients undergoing en bloc esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus or cardia were analyzed. Depth of invasion of the tumor and extent and location of lymph node metastases were determined. Postoperative recurrence was identified from positive findings on successive 3-month computed tomographic scans. Positive nodes occurred in 33% ( 2 / 6 ) of intramucosal tumors, 67% ( 6 / 9 ) of intramural tumors, and 89% ( 25 / 28 ) of transmural tumors ( p < 0.01). Commonly involved nodes were those in the lesser curve of the stomach (42%), parahiatal nodes (35%), paraesophageal nodes (28%), and celiac nodes (21%). Excluding perioperative deaths, follow-up was complete for 38 patients. Twenty patients had recurrence. Fifteen patients (40%, 15 / 38 ) had nodal recurrence: cervical, 7.9% ( 3 / 38 ); superior mediastinal, 21% ( 8 / 38 ); and abdominal, 24% ( 9 / 38 ) (retropancreatic in 7 and retrocrural in 2). Of 5 patients with nodal recurrence alone, 3 (60%) had recurrence at sites outside the margins of resection. Patients with four metastatic nodes or less had a survival advantage over those with more than four ( p
A Lack of Awareness and Emphasis in Preservice Teacher Training: Preconceived Beliefs About the Gifted and Talented

Gifted and talented (GT) learners in most classroom settings endure unchallenging curriculum, a slow pace of instruction, and a state of ignorance by many of their general education teachers. The a...
Exploring the Physiological Basis of Costs of Herbicide Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

abstract: For some resistance traits identified in crop and weed species, plant physiologists have detailed knowledge of the mechanism of gene action that distinguishes the physiology of resistant and susceptible genotypes. Such information could be useful to those evolutionary biologists interested in coupling the genetics and physiology of resistance mutations with data on the relative fitness of resistant and susceptible genotypes. In previous work, we have shown that the lifetime seed production of chlorsulfuron‐resistant Arabidopsis thaliana was substantially lower than that of susceptible plants, and here we explore potential physiological reasons for the fitness reduction. In addition, we highlight several methodological issues that are essential when using transgenic technology to explore fitness trade‐offs.
Memory Span, Organization, and Transformations in Recall of Pictures and Words:

Immediate memory span, category clustering, and reading comprehension scores accounted for approximately 60% of the variance in average free-recall performance across three trials given 30 high sch...
Gray-scale fidelity in volume multiplexed photorefractive memory.

The effect of gray scale in writing-beam intensity on the recorded refractive-index modulation is investigated by using both scheduled and incremental recording dynamics for volume holographic multiplexing in photorefractive materials. The refractive-index modulation of gratings obtained with scheduled recording is found to depend generally on the writing-beam gray scale, causing the distortion of the stored gray-scale information. In contrast, holograms multiplexed with incremental recording support high fidelity in gray-scale information storage. Theoretical predictions are verified by experimental results.
The oxidation-reduction potential of the copper signal in pigeon heart mitochondria.

The thermodynamic properties of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are of the utmost importance for an ultimate understanding of the mechanism of electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation [ 1, 21 . A systematic study has been undertaken in this laboratory to define the equilibrium oxidation-reduction properties of the components of the respiratory chain [3-71 . The present paper is a continuation of these efforts and it reports the oxidation-reduction midpoint potential value of the component responsible for the 830 run absorption band in pigeon heart mitochondria; this band has been previously identified as due to a copper of cytochrome oxidase [8-l l] . The data presented are relevant to the results of Tsudzuki and Wilson [ 123 on isolated cytochrome oxidase as well as to those of Wilson et al. [ 131 on the EPR determined midpoint potential of copper signal in intact pigeon heart mitochondria.