cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of peristaltic micropumps

Abstract This report presents a review of progress on peristaltic micropumps since their emergence, which have been widely used in many research fields from biology to aeronautics. This paper summarizes different techniques that have been used to mimic this elegant physiological transport mechanism that is commonly found in nature. Peristaltic micropumps are defined as micropumps without specific rectification components, distinguishing them from other mechanical micropumps. Peristaltic micropumps are classified in terms of fluidic transportation into continuous-scheme with actuation along the flow path (miniaturized peristaltic pumps), and discrete-scheme where actuation is perpendicular to fluidic path (peristaltic membrane micropumps). Important parameters in peristalsis are presented, such as the operating frequency, stroke volume, and various actuation sequences, along with introducing design rules and analysis for optimizing actuation sequences. Actuation methods such as piezoelectric, motor, pneumatic, electrostatic, and thermal are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages for application in peristaltic micropumps. This review evaluates research efforts over the past 30 years with comparison of key features and outputs, and suggestions for future development. The analysis provides a starting point for researchers designing peristaltic micropumps for a broad range of applications.
Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with false-negative severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results.

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical characteristics associated with false-negative severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results to help inform coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing practices in the inpatient setting. DESIGN: A retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary-care facility. PATIENTS: All patients 2 years of age and older tested for SARS-CoV-2 between March 14, 2020, and April 30, 2020, who had at least 2 SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests within 7 days. METHODS: The primary outcome measure was a false-negative testing episode, which we defined as an initial negative test followed by a positive test within the subsequent 7 days. Data collected included symptoms, demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, labs, and imaging studies. Logistic regression was used to model associations between clinical variables and false-negative SARS-CoV-2 test results. RESULTS: Of the 1,009 SARS-CoV-2 test results included in the analysis, 4.0% were false-negative results. In multivariable regression analysis, compared with true-negative test results, false-negative test results were associated with anosmia or ageusia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-50.5; P = .02), having had a COVID-19-positive contact (aOR, 10.5; 95% CI, 4.3-25.4; P < .0001), and having an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level (aOR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.2-9.3; P = .03). Demographics, symptom duration, other laboratory values, and abnormal chest imaging were not significantly associated with false-negative test results in our multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical features can help predict which patients are more likely to have false-negative SARS-CoV-2 test results.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumor cells as a predictive biomarker for proton craniospinal irradiation for leptomeningeal metastases.

2011Background: Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) involves seeding of tumor cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeninges. Proton craniospinal irradiation (pCSI) has been shown to be po...
On constructing Greek ladders to approximate any real algebraic number

In 2005, Osler et al. showed that algebraic irrational numbers of the form kn for n,k∈N can be approximated using specific Greek ladders (Osler, T. J., Wright, M., & Orchard, M. (2005). Theon's lad...
Dredged Material Plume Dispersal in Central Long Island Sound

A simulation model based upon in situ current velocity data and records of disposal events was developed to predict the chemical exposure field resulting from dredged material disposal plumes in Central Long Island Sound (CLIS) during the spring of 1983. In the model, plumes are assumed to form as subthermocline suspended particulate clouds which are uniform vertically and Gaussian horizontally. Horizontal cloud dimensions are allowed to grow with a constant diffusion velocity as the plume is transported by tidal currents. The model permits estimation of increases or elevations in suspended solids concentration above background levels at individual sites resulting from multiple disposal operations. Model predictions of time-averaged elevations compare favorably with those estimated from tissue residues of Mytilus edulis deployed in CLIS as part of a joint Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Army Corps of Engineers program to investigate dredged material disposal options. Predicted elevations ranged between 0.0 and 1.6 mg/L. Based upon bulk chemistry measurements, a dredged material concentration of 1.5 mg/L translates to a water column polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration of approximately 10 ng/L, or about one third of the EPA chronic water quality criterion for that compound. The model indicates the contaminant exposure field at five biological effects field stations to be derived primarily from plume passage, rather than from postdisposal transport from a nearby disposal mound, during the period of active dredged material disposal. Both near ( 1 km) field dispersal of dredged material in the form of plumes is indicated to occur within this shallow marine svstem.
The Utility of Intracardiac Echocardiography Following Melody™ Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation

The aim of this study was to determine the utility of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in assessing Melody™ transcatheter pulmonary valve (TPV) function immediately following valve implantation. ICE is used increasingly in percutaneous cardiac interventions. At our center, ICE is routinely utilized to evaluate valve function following Melody TPV implantation, but the utility of this practice remains unclear. A retrospective review of all Melody valves placed in the right ventricular outflow tract from April 2010 to September 2013 was performed. The clinical utility of ICE was described, along with the relationship between ICE data and traditional hemodynamic/angiographic data. ICE was performed in 54 cases and provided excellent Melody TPV visualization with no complications. ICE did not change clinical management but did provide supplemental information in two cases. In one case, angiography showed severe catheter-related Melody insufficiency. Subsequent ICE confirmed no insufficiency and prevented the need for additional angiography. In the second case, ICE allowed characterization of the mechanism of a residual gradient. ICE did not detect any clinically significant paravalvar leaks or valvar insufficiency not seen by angiography. The peak catheterization gradient was more closely approximated by the mean ICE gradient (median difference −7.4 % between measurements) than by the peak ICE gradient (median difference 58.3 %; p < 0.0001). ICE provides excellent and safe visualization following Melody TPV implantation but did not provide new clinical information impacting management in this series. Selective use of ICE in cases with more than expected valve insufficiency or larger than expected residual gradients may streamline use while maintaining optimal clinical outcomes.
The Genitive of Negation in Russian

This paper discusses the genitive of negation in Russian, one of the most well-studied case alternations that exists in the language and the most well-known diagnostic for unaccusativity. Direct objects and subjects of unaccusative predicates may occur in the genitive case under sentential negation, alternating with accusative and nominative, respectively. When these Noun Phrases (NPs) appear in the genitive, they tend to receive an indefinite, non-specific, or existential interpretation. Recent semantic analyses of this construction argue that such NPs are best treated as properties of type , which are the result of a type-shifting operation. In this paper, we examine five different types of approaches in analyzing this construction and show that in spite of the range of proposals that exists, a number of issues remain. The genitive of negation presents a puzzle that lies at the heart of the syntax–semantics interface. Putting together the syntactic and semantic generalizations that have been noted for this construction in a coherent way can shed light on the overall architecture of the grammar.
The Potential Diagnostic Approach to Characterize Peripheral Nerve Injury Using 4-AP (P3.057)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the potential diagnostic capability of 4-aminopyridine for prognosis of peripheral nerve crush injury. BACKGROUND: Current electro-diagnostic and treatment options for peripheral nerve crush injury are limited. An injured nerve may have axons which are morphologically intact but demyelinated, and electro-diagnostic and clinical examinations cannot distinguish between this population of injured nerves and those nerves which are intact. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) can be used to prolong action potentials of demyelinated axons to restore the axonal function of transmitting signals. We hypothesized that administration of 4-AP to injured axons would accurately prove the existence of spare functional axons within crushed nerve which could aid in determining prognosis. DESIGN: We performed a standard crush injury in animals and monitored Sciatic Function Index (SFI) in the days following injury. At post-injury days three and five, we treated animals with 4-AP intraperitoneally and test the enhancement of motor function performance by using gait analysis. RESULT: Within minutes after the administration of 4-AP, we observed a large, albeit transient, improvement in gait function. SFI improved by 40% within minutes of 4-AP administration. The improvement lasted approximately 4 hours and did not alter the normal course of recovery in these animals compared with control animals. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic 4-AP administration results in a large, transient improvement in the motor function of injured peripheral nerve - even when function appears completely absent. This suggests that even in the severest of functional deficits, critical diagnostic information can be gained from the use of 4AP to decipher the extent of injury. The diagnostic information elicited from such a substantial functional recovery after single dose adjuvant treatment suggests tremendous functional redundancy in the nerve itself. This redundancy coupled with the relative sparing of small portions of the nerve after crush injury suggests a role in adjuvant therapy to accelerate the healing of less injured fibers to support functional recovery. Disclosure: Dr. Tseng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elfar has nothing to disclose.
Methodological issues of retrospective studies assessing health outcomes of potential clopidogrel-statin interaction.

Objective Clopidogrel and statins have been commonly coprescribed to patients with atherosclerotic diseases. Clopidogrel–statin interaction was initially described by ex vivo studies, but was not well supported by studies examining health outcomes. This personal view article aims to discuss methodological issues of these studies, especially the retrospective studies assessing health outcomes. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify journal articles of clopidogrel–statin interaction that were published in English since January 2003. Key findings The limitations of retrospective studies include lack of central blinded adjudication of clinical events, incomplete assessment of confounders, inadequate comparison groups and inconsistent use of medication dosage. Conclusion A well-designed retrospective study may better understand potential clopidogrel–statin interaction and its clinical impacts.
Searching for Smoking Gun Signatures of Decaying Dark Matter

Clear methods to differentiate between decaying and annihilating dark matter (DM) scenarios are still by and large unavailable. In this note, we study the potential astrophysical signatures of a new class of hidden sector decaying DM models, which can address the recent cosmic ray measurements. Such models may produce primary photons and/or neutrinos at large rates, correlated with the leptonic production. The photon and neutrino spectra will then contain sharp features at the TeV scale. We demonstrate the discovery potential for upcoming and future measurements by FERMI, HESS, AGIS and IceCube/DeepCore. We show that these models may be discovered in the near future. Specifically, measurements of diffuse gamma rays by FERMI can detect the start of a hard photon feature. We argue that these hard spectra can be produced by decaying dark matter and be consistent with current constraints, but are difficult to reconcile with models of annihilating DM. Consequently the measurement of a hard spectral feature, in correlation with the current cosmic ray measurements, will strongly favor decaying DM models. Finally we comment on the preliminary results from the Inner Galaxy presented by the FERMI collaboration.
Connection Between Unimodular Interaction Constraint for Decentralized Controllers and Small Gain Bounds

Decentralized controllers for a stable plant can be designed as if the plant were decoupled provided that the individual controller's Youla parameter satisfies a norm bound imposed by the off diagonal plant operators. This bound is derived from the unimodular interaction constraint associated with the set of stabilizing decentralized controllers. One result from such a bound is the quantification of the notion of weak coupling, used as a condition for the nonsingular perturbation design approach to decentralized control. Using a robust stability framework, the above bound can be related to a small gain bound. Specifically, in the two channel case, any Youla parameters which satisfy the small gain bound will satisfy the above bound. The converse is not true, making this bound less conservative than small gain bound. However, in a fundamental sense either framework (robust stability or unimodular interaction constraint) produce the same stability constraint for the set of stable plants. Therefore, either point of view can be used to derive these bounds. These results are extended to the multi-channel case.
Locally switching between cost functions in iterative non-rigid registration

In non-rigid image registration problems, it can be difficult to construct a single cost function that adequately captures concepts of similarity for multiple structures, for example when one structure changes in density while another structure does not. We propose a method that locally switches between cost functions at each iteration of the registration process. This allows more specific similarity criteria to be embedded in the registration process and prevents costs from being applied to structures for which they are inappropriate. We tested our method by registering chest computed tomography (CT) scans containing a healthy lung to scans of the same lung afflicted with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We evaluated our method both visually and with the use of landmarks and show improvement over existing methodology.
Conflict acts as an implicit cost in reinforcement learning

Conflict has been proposed to act as a cost in action selection, implying a general function of medio-frontal cortex in the adaptation to aversive events. Here we investigate if response conflict acts as a cost during reinforcement learning by modulating experienced reward values in cortical and striatal systems. Electroencephalography recordings show that conflict diminishes the relationship between reward-related frontal theta power and cue preference yet it enhances the relationship between punishment and cue avoidance. Individual differences in the cost of conflict on reward versus punishment sensitivity are also related to a genetic polymorphism associated with striatal D1 versus D2 pathway balance (DARPP-32). We manipulate these patterns with the D2 agent cabergoline, which induces a strong bias to amplify the aversive value of punishment outcomes following conflict. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that interactive cortico-striatal systems implicitly modulate experienced reward and punishment values as a function of conflict.
Ego strength, role-position salience and community tenure of the psychiatric patient.

Summary.-Reanalysis of data from 178 patients suggests role-position salience can predict community tenure but nor the measures of ego strength. The inference from Sarbin's (4) formulation that a prerequisite for social functioning is that relevant role positions be salient in the individual's perception has received empirical support. Wokon and Haldeman reported that a paucity of salient role positions was related to poor current social functioning of psychiatric patients and to future social functioning, i.e., rehospitalization (7). Despite the consistency of the relationships, their strength was not impressive. A distinction was made between effective and ineffective position salience for the psychiatric patient (6). Effective position salience was defined as not only the perceptual salience of positions but also the motivation to fulfill them. Such motivation was conceived of as the ability to perceive reality and cope with ic, strn~lar to the global definition of ego strength. The complexities of defining and measuring ego strength have been delineated by Herron (2, 3). Thus, it was posited that high ego strength is a prerequisite for effective position salience and that effective position salience is a prerequisire for successful social functioning. This paper tests the hypothesis that effective position salience is related to a necessary condition for si~ccessful social functioning of the psychiatric patient, i.e., community tenure. METHOD This report describes an additional analysis of data reported earlier (7). Complete data were available on 178 patients of the original sample of 185. All patients were from state hospitals, were between the ages of 20 and 60 yr., had no known organic involvement, or addiction. As part of an interview conducted within 2 wk. of hospital release, two measures of ego strength were obtained (Barron's Es scale and the Stotsky-Weinberg sentence completion test (1, 5) and one measure of total position salience
Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization in DSM-III Hypochondriasis

To assess the severity of distress and of somatization in hypochondriasis, the authors administered several validated self-rating scales of depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and anger/hostility to 21 psychiatric outpatients with the DSM-III diagnosis of hypochondriasis and to matched groups of other nonpsychotic psychiatric patients,family practice patients, and employees. Anxiety and somatic symptoms were highest in hypochondriacal patients; depression and anger/hostility did not differ from those of other psychiatric patients hut were higher than in the other groups. The findings do not support the theory that hypochondriasis is a defense against anxiety or that it is a masked depression or depressive equivalent. The findings are consistent with the view that the interaction of severe anxiety and severe somatic symptoms is a common feature of the psychopathology of hypochondriasis.
Understanding communication and coordination among government and service organisations after a disaster

The purpose of this study is to discover how coordination and communication between the government and service organisations responsible for the relief effort following Hurricane Katrina contributed to the poor outcomes for the communities impacted by the storm. Two hypotheses were tested in this study: communication was positively correlated with the degree of coordination immediately following Katrina; and miscommunication was negatively correlated with the degree of coordination after the storm. Quantitative content analysis of media reports was used to analyse the data and test the hypotheses. Both communication and miscommunication were found to be positively correlated with coordination. The results of this study suggest that increasing interorganisational communication and establishing clearly defined roles for organisations must be a high priority in revamping organisational protocol on disaster response if any new approach is to be successful.
Investment opportunities and corporate demand for lines of credit

Abstract The behavior of a risk neutral corporation in selection of a line of credit is modeled in a new framework where demand for credit lines by a firm arises from the stochastic arrival in continuous time of short-lived opportunities to capture investment projects. The firm needs speed and secrecy to capture projects before competitors. The firm chooses a credit line that balances its up-front commitment cost against the expected extra cost of borrowing in the spot market upon exhaustion of its credit line. The firm's demanded credit line depends upon both relative pricing within the contract and the nature of the firm's growth opportunities. Interestingly, while credit line demand is positively related to business growth prospects, it is potentially negatively related to uncertainty in those prospects.
Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing compared with total hip arthroplasty: two to five year outcomes in men younger than sixty five years.

Purpose There are limited studies examining the long-term survivorship for the current generation of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (MOMHR) implants in the young male population, and fewer studies have been published on prospectively collected outcomes data for total hip resurfacing in the USA. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of MOMHR in comparison with total hip arthroplasty (THA) using validated outcome measures, survivorship and complication rates.
Micromachined silicon acoustic delay lines for ultrasound applications.

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication and testing of novel micromachined silicon-based acoustic delay lines. The acoustic properties of different silicon delay-line structures have been characterized. Based on the experiment results, two different acoustic delay line systems (parallel and serial) have been successfully demonstrated to create controlled time delays in multiple channels of ultrasound signals. The time-delayed ultrasound signals are received with a single-element ultrasound transducer in a time-serial manner. This unique capability could be used to merge multiple signal channels, thereby enabling new ultrasound receiver designs with potentially less complexity and lower cost.
Non-traditional fractionation of non-traditional isotopes: Evaporation, chemical diffusion and Soret diffusion

Abstract Recent developments documenting high temperature isotope fractionations of a variety of elements (Li, Mg, Si, Ca, Fe, Ni) by a variety of processes (evaporation, chemical diffusion and thermal diffusion) are reviewed along with some recent applications of these fractionations to Earth and meteoritic problems.
Infants’ use of contextual cues in the generalization of effective actions from imitation

We examined infants' ability to generalize effective actions in an imitation task. In Experiment 1, 15-month-olds imitated effective and ineffective actions on two similarly designed toys. They were then shown a third toy of the same design with both actions available. Children reliably touched and manipulated the effective action handle first and more persistently. In Experiment 2, however, 15-month-olds did not generalize the efficacy of the action when the test toy was different from the two demonstration toys. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of Experiment 2 but also showed that infants generalized efficacy when the demonstration toys differed from one another as well as from the test toy. Our findings are consistent with a computational model that uses certain rational pedagogical assumptions. Overall, the results suggest that 15-month-olds are sensitive to the sampling information they observe and use this information to guide whether to generalize efficacy information they learn from imitation.
Density equilibration near the liquid-vapor critical point of a pure fluid. II. Coexisting phases for T<Tc.

Measurements were carried out on the density change \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(t) in a pure fluid ${(}^{3}$He) after a small step change in the temperature of its container. The sample fluid was kept at constant average densities \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and in the coexisting liquid and vapor phases below the critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The measurements were performed via two superposed capacitive sensors. At temperatures far below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the equilibration in the liquid and vapor phases, measured, respectively, by the top and bottom sensors, are found to proceed very differently. As ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is approached, this difference diminishes; both the measured effective relaxation times level off and join smoothly the data obtained above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. This coexisting liquid-vapor system of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is simulated in one dimension. The results are presented for the spatial and temporal evolution of temperature and density in the fluid following a temperature step of the enclosure. The profiles \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(t) and their effective relaxation times are compared with the experimental observations in both phases. There is a qualitative agreement between the simulation and experiment for (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-T)/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, and the quantitative differences further away from ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ are discussed. The results of experimental measurements and of computer simulations along isotherms are discussed and lead to complementary information on the equilibration dynamics as a function of average density. The asymptotic relaxation times obtained from simulation and from a formula based on the average thermal diffusivity of the entire fluid sample are compared and discussed, both for normal gravity, and also under microgravity conditions where both diverge as ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is approached. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Moderate Treadmill Exercise Protects Synaptic Plasticity of the Dentate Gyrus and Related Signaling Cascade in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is known to be more resistant to the effects of various external factors than other hippocampal areas. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of moderate treadmill exercise on early-phase long-term potentiation (E-LTP) and its molecular signaling pathways in the DG of amyloid β rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Animals were preconditioned to run on treadmill for 4 weeks and concurrently received ICV infusion of Aβ1–42 peptides (250 pmol/day) during the third and fourth weeks of exercise training. We utilized in vivo electrophysiological recordings to assess the effect of exercise and/or AD pathology on basal synaptic transmission and E-LTP magnitude of the perforant pathway synapses in urethane-anesthetized rats. Immunoblotting analysis was used to quantify changes in the levels of learning and memory-related key signaling molecules. The AD-impaired basal synaptic transmission and suppression of E-LTP in the DG were prevented by prior moderate treadmill exercise. In addition, exercise normalized the basal levels of memory and E-LTP-related signaling molecules including Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), calcineurin (PP2B), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Exercise also prevented the reduction of phosphorylated CaMKII and aberrant increase of PP2B seen after E-LTP induction in amyloid-infused rats. Our data suggests that by restoring the balance of kinase–phosphatase, 4 weeks of moderate treadmill exercise prevents DG synaptic deficits and deleterious alterations in signaling pathways associated with AD.
Description of a new genus of scale insect with a discussion of relationships among families related to the Kermesidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea)

. A new kermesid genus, Eriokermes, is described for three species previously placed in the Eriococcidae: Eriokermes gillettei (Tinsley) comb.n.; E.juniperi (Goux) comb.n.; and E.juniperinus (De Lotto) comb.n. Keys to Nearctic kermesid genera, Eriokermes species, and immatures and adults of E.gillettei are provided. Four female and five male instars of E.gillettei are described. Eriokermes is placed in Kermesidae based on a cladistic estimate of its phylogenetic position. Summary Kermesids can be distinguished from eriococcids by: adult males with 5 pairs of simple eyes, presence of a postocciput, prescutal ridge extending into scutum, and scutum with central clear area; adult females with dorsal simple disc pores, without microtubular ducts, usually without protruding anal lobes, and usually with a submarginal band of tubular ducts on the tergum; and first instars with dorsal simple disc pores, with 4 dorsal rows of setae on abdominal segments excluding the posterior one, and without microtubular ducts. Conversely, eriococcids can be distinguished from kermesids by: adult males with 2 pairs of simple eyes, absence of a postocciput, presuctal ridge not extending into scutum, and scutum without central clear area; adult females without dorsal simple disc pores, with microtubular ducts, usually with protruding anal lobes, and usually with tubular ducts scattered over the venter; and first instars with microtubular ducts, with 6 dorsal rows of setae on abdominal segments excluding the posterior one, and without dorsal simple disc pores. The present cladistic analysis provides evidence that the Eriococcidae constitute the sister group of the Pseudococcidae (Boratynski & Davies, 1971) and is contrary to the conclusions of Miller & Kosztarab (1979), Danzig (1980) and Kosztarab & Bullington (1986). The importance of including characters from adult male and first instars in phylogenetic analyses of coccoids has been emphasized previously (Ferris, 1957; Miller & Kosztarab, 1979). The current study confirms their value for the resolution of higher level relationships within the Coccoidea.
Further Subgrouping of the Human Adenoviruses by Differential Hemagglutination

A total of 590 cultures of adenovirus, including all 33 prototype strains and 346 wild strains, were studied for determination of their agglutinability with red blood cells (RBC) of 14 animal species. All variables normally encountered in HA tests, such as host culture system, harvest conditions, hemagglutinin stability, reproducibility of the HA test system, and erythrocyte sensitivity, were considered. Although most adenovirus serotypes showed distinctive composites of agglutinability with RBC from all species at 37 C, 22 C, and 2 C, the 33 types that infect man were divided into 10 subgroups solely on the basis of differential hemagglutination titers with rhesus monkey, human, and rat erythrocytes at 37 C. These subgroups were helpful in identification of adenovirus isolates, which were correctly subgrouped 94% of the time in a blind, coded evaluation, and in characterization of intermediate and atypical strains.
Variation of the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Certain Paramagnetic Crystals with Temperature

Curie and Weiss Constants for the Principal Susceptibilities of Certain Crystals. The Curie and Weiss constants, respectively ${C}_{m}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ of the equation ${x}_{m}=\frac{{C}_{m}}{(T+\ensuremath{\Delta})}$, over the temperature range 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to -45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C have been determined for 5 crystals of the isomorphic monoclinic double sulphate series [M ${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$${(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{2}$ 6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O] containing cobalt, nickel, or copper, and for cobalt sulphate heptahydrate. The measurements were made by Rabi's method of determining the principal magnetic susceptibilities of crystals, which was found applicable over this temperature range. The use of ethyl alcohol as a solvent for the auxiliary paramagnetic salt permitted the extension of the method to temperatures below the freezing point of water solutions, such as those used by Rabi, for crystals of volume susceptibilities less than 35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. The lower limit of the applicability of the method depends only on the availability of low freezing point solutions of sufficient susceptibility. In general the Curie constants for the principal susceptibilities of any given crystal were very nearly the same. The Weiss constant showed considerable variation, both between the different principal magnetic axes of the same crystal, and from one crystal to another. Both the Curie and Weiss constants decreased progressively as the metal ion was changed from cobalt to nickel to copper. The effect of change in the alkali ion from N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ to potassium was less pronounced, although there was a slight tendency for the Curie constant to increase and for the Weiss constant to become more positive. The accuracy claimed for the measurements is 1 percent. In general there was a small continuous change in the orientation of the principal magnetic axes in the plane of symmetry of the crystal with respect to the crystallographic axes as the temperature was varied.
Quantitation of Volatile Constituents in Mandarin Juices and Its Use for Comparison with Orange Juices by Multivariate Analysis

Sixteen unpasteurized juices and one pasteurized juice from mandarin and mandarin hybrid fruit were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC), and 42 volatile constituents were quantified in ...
Varying Ejection Fractions of Both Ventricles in Paradoxical Pulses: Demonstration by Radionuclide Study

A noninvasive radionuclide study of the paradoxical pulse in pericardial effusion is described. The study shows complementary changes of the right and left ventricular ejection fractions in a patient with paradoxical pulse, supporting the theory that the inspiratory reduction of the left ventricular stroke volume is an immediate and direct result of the inspiratory increase of the right ventricular filling. The technique may be sensitive to detect early paradoxical pulse and cardiac tamponade.
EVALUATION OF THE NEED TO IMMUNIZE CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE WITH HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB) VACCINE

Insufficient data are available in which to base recommendations for the use of HIB polysaccharide vaccine in children older than 18-24 months who have functional asplenia who may be at increased risk for HIB systemic disease. Therefore, using a radioimmunoassay for detection of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of HIB, polyribosylribitolphosphate (PRP), we determined the PRP specific antibody levels in 36 children, age 2-20 years (mean 8.9 years) with SS or SC disease cared for in our hematology clinic to assess their potential risk for acquiring HIB disease. Although a precise protective level of PRP antibody has not been established with certainty, we used a level of 1 ug/ml to determine risk based on results generated in the Finnish field trial correlating this level with short term clinical protection. 20/36 (56%) of the children evaluated had PRP antibody levels less than 1 ug/ml. 15 of these “at risk” children (75%) were ≥ 5 years of age, with 8 children being 10 years of age or older. In fact, 10/20 (50%) “at risk” children had PRP antibody levels < 0.25 ug/ml with 50% of these being older than 5 years of age. Based on these data showing low levels of PRP antibody in older children with hemoglobinopathies, recommendations for administration of HIB vaccine should be extended to all children with such chronic conditions.
The universal core of knowledge

Many epistemologists think we can derive important theoretical insights by investigating the English word ‘know’ or the concept it expresses. However, native English speakers make up less than 6 % of the world’s population, and some empirical evidence suggests that the concept of knowledge is culturally relative. So why should we think that facts about the word ‘know’ or the concept it expresses have important ramifications for epistemology? This paper argues that the concept of knowledge is universal: it is expressed by some word in every natural language. I also explore the implications of this thesis for philosophical methodology.
From fundamental motives to religious dimensions: minding the gap

Johnson, Li, and Cohen offer a model that explains cultural and individual variations in religion as dynamic responses to fundamental evolved motivations. Here, I build on this model by considering...
The ombudsman's role in a dispute resolution system

In the terms of Ury, Brett, and Goldberg, ombuds practitioners can help to provide “motivation, resources, and skills” for continuous problem solving in times of change, within a dispute resolution system. Ombuds offices help to foster interest-based solutions. They can help disputants to loop backward or loop forward, where such actions are appropriate. In the language of Total Quality Management, ombudsmanry is focused on the needs of the “customers” (that is, the persons involved in dispute), in particular by providing respect and by providing options. In human terms, ombuds offices appear to be widely used where they have appeared, thus indicating some effectiveness of response to the needs of people in conflict.
The brain-specific Beta4 subunit downregulates BK channel cell surface expression.

The large-conductance K+ channel (BK channel) can control neural excitability, and enhanced channel currents facilitate high firing rates in cortical neurons. The brain-specific auxiliary subunit β4 alters channel Ca++- and voltage-sensitivity, and β4 knock-out animals exhibit spontaneous seizures. Here we investigate β4's effect on BK channel trafficking to the plasma membrane. Using a novel genetic tag to track the cellular location of the pore-forming BKα subunit in living cells, we find that β4 expression profoundly reduces surface localization of BK channels via a C-terminal ER retention sequence. In hippocampal CA3 neurons from C57BL/6 mice with endogenously high β4 expression, whole-cell BK channel currents display none of the characteristic properties of BKα+β4 channels observed in heterologous cells. Finally, β4 knock-out animals exhibit a 2.5-fold increase in whole-cell BK channel current, indicating that β4 also regulates current magnitude in vivo. Thus, we propose that a major function of the brain-specific β4 subunit in CA3 neurons is control of surface trafficking.
Airway Interventions in the Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory: A Retrospective Review

Objective To quantify the incidence of airway interventions during cardiac electrophysiology laboratory procedures. Design A retrospective chart review. Setting A tertiary care teaching hospital. Participants Two-hundred eight adult patients undergoing cardiac electrophysiology laboratory procedures during a 2-year period, March 2006 to March 2008. The patients underwent the following procedures: supraventricular tachycardia ablation, atrial tachycardia ablation, atrial flutter ablation, premature ventricular contraction ablation, and ventricular tachycardia ablation. Patients who were intubated (in the intensive care unit or emergency department) before the ablation began, patients with ventricular assist devices or intra-aortic balloon pumps, and patients receiving inotropic support before the procedure were excluded. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The data were summarized by using the mean and standard deviation. Of the 208 patients, 186 were planned monitored anesthesia care, and 22 were planned general anesthetics. Of the monitored anesthesia care cases, 20 were converted to general anesthesia, and 54 received some type of airway intervention including oral-pharyngeal airway or nasal airway insertion. Therefore, 40% (74/186) of the non–general anesthesia cases required an airway intervention. Conclusions These results suggest that a significant proportion of the authors' patients undergoing cardiac electrophysiology laboratory procedures required deep sedation if not general anesthesia, although a non–general anesthetic was planned. The issue of depth of sedation has implications for patient safety, privileging, and regulatory compliance. Based on the present results, the authors believe sedation for these procedures is best given by anesthesia providers; furthermore, caregivers should be aware that these procedures are likely to require deep sedation if not general anesthesia.
Relating the coverage dependence of oxygen adsorption on Au and Pt fcc(1 1 1) surfaces through adsorbate-induced surface electronic structure effects

Abstract Using density functional theory (DFT) we studied the adsorption of oxygen on gold and platinum fcc (1 1 1) surfaces as a function of coverage. We show how increasing coverages of oxygen atoms lead to a broadening of the surface atom d-bands and a consequent reduction in the average energy of the d-band center due to conservation of the d-band filling. The reduction in the energy of the d-band center leads to a correlated increase (weakening) in the adsorption energy. This underlying electronic structure relationship exists on both the gold and platinum surfaces, and we show that the coverage dependent adsorption energies of oxygen on these two surfaces are related by a simple near-linear correlation.
Effect of turbulent integral scale on probability after-effect measurements

The probability after-effect function determined from particle arrival statistics in two long thin scattering volumes is shown to depend upon the Lagrangian velocity correlation function in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Experimental measurements at three locations in a submerged water jet result in cross-stream turbulent intensities in agreement with laser Doppler velocimetry measurements obtained previously. In addition, the probability after-effects method yields the Lagrangian integral timescale. The success of the techniques suggests a combination with the two-spot time of flight velocimeter to give two components of the turbulent velocity fluctuations.
Invasive slugs as under-appreciated obstacles to rare plant restoration: evidence from the Hawaiian Islands

Introduced slugs have invaded many parts of the world where they were recognized as important pests of gardens and agriculture, but we know little about the effects of introduced slugs on rare plants in natural areas. The Hawaiian Islands have no native slugs, but over a dozen introduced slug species are now established. We reviewed Rare Plant Recovery Plans produced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Hawaii and found that introduced slugs were specifically mentioned as threats or potential threats to 59 rare plant species (22% of all endangered and threatened plants), based mainly on anecdotal observations by field biologists. We then initiated an experimental field study to assess the impact of slug herbivory on the growth and survival of two endangered plant species (Cyanea superba, and Schidea obovata), one non-endangered native species (Nestegis sandwicensis) and two co-occurring invasive plant species (Psidium cattleianum and Clidemia hirta). In mesic forest on the Island of Oahu, we tracked the fate of outplanted seedlings in replicated 1 m2 plots, with and without slug control. Slugs decreased seedling survival of the endangered species by 51%, on average. Slugs did not significantly affect survival of the non-endangered or invasive plant species. Introduced slugs seem to be under-appreciated as a direct cause of plant endangerment. Invasive slugs may also facilitate the success of some invasive plant species by reducing competition with more palatable, native plant competitors. Slug control measures are relatively inexpensive and could facilitate rare plant establishment and population recovery.
Quantum-mechanical theory for 6 fs dynamic absorption spectroscopy and its application to nile blue

A time-dependent wavepacket theory for dynamic absorption spectroscopy is used to analyze the evolution of the transient absorption spectrum of nile blue following excitation with a 6 fs pulse. The femtosecond pump pulse creates nonstationary wavefunctions in both the ground and excited electronic states of the molecule. The absorption spectrum of these initial nonstationary states is expressed in terms of the Fourier transform of the time-dependent dipole matrix element between vibrational wavepackets moving on both the final and initial potential surfaces. The transient spectra observed for nile blue are successfully modeled using a one-dimensional system of displaced 590 cm−1 harmonic potential surfaces.
Electron diffraction from a statistically rough surface

Abstract The effect of roughness of a crystal surface on the electron diffraction intensities in lowenergy or high-energy reflection diffraction experiments is calculated by use of a model in which steps of uniform height occur at random intervals in each of two perpendicular directions. It is shown that the intensity distribution for a perfectly flat surface is modified by a function having maxima at the positions of kinematical diffraction maxima with no refraction effect. A graph is presented which allows an estimate of this modification function to be derived for the conditions of surface roughness and incident beam coherence width appropriate for any experiment.
Growth Mechanism of Sputtered Films of YBa2Cu3O7 Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The surface microstructures of c-axis-oriented films of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7), deposited by off-axis magnetron sputtering on MgO and SrTiO(3) single crystal (100) substrates, have been investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy. There is strong evidence that the films nucleate as islands and grow by adding material to the edge of a spirally rising step. This results in columnar grains, each of which contains a screw dislocation at its center. This microstructure may be of significance in determining superconducting properties such as critical current, and represents a significant difference between thin films (especially those grown in situ) and bulk materials.
The relation between social problem-solving ability and subsequent level of academic competence in college students

A prospective design was used to examine the relations between problem-solving scores derived from the Social Problem-Solving Inventory (SPSI) and later academic performance in college students, while controlling for the level of academic aptitude. The SPSI is a new, multidimensional, self-report measure of social problem-solving ability that provides for a separate assessment of a person's “problem orientation” (i.e., generalized cognitive—emotional—behavioral response set) and his or her “problem-solving skills” (i.e., problem definition and formulation, generation of alternative solutions, decision making, solution implementation and verification). The results showed that the skills measure, but not the orientation measure, significantly predicted cumulative grade point average at the end of the academic year, even after controlling for academic aptitude. The results were interpreted as contributing to the validity of the SPSI and are discussed in relation to other predictors of academic competence.