cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fractures and dislocations of the foot

The incidence and severity of fractures and dislocations vary depending on their location and on the direction of the forces responsible for the injury. The radiologist's role in evaluation of the injured foot is to recognize the types of injuries produced by particular forces. Because there is considerable overlap of fractures and dislocations of the foot and ankle, evaluation of one area to the neglect of the other can lead to significant oversights and failure to recognize additional injury patterns. For example, fractures of the talus, calcaneus, base of the fifth metatarsal, and to a lesser extent, the cuboid and navicular bones may masquerade as ankle sprains or malleolar injuries. The most important aspects to correct interpretation of traumatized foot radiographs are (1) pertinent clinical history, (2) a complete radiographic series, and (3) detection of soft-tissue swelling or injury.
Challenges of Connecting Off-Campus Agricultural Science Users with Library Services

ABSTRACT In 2005, the University of Florida (UF) Libraries created a new position, the Outreach Librarian for Agricultural Sciences, whose primary purpose is to enhance library services to the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) off-campus community. As of Spring 2006, IFAS includes more than 995 faculty and staff located at 13 different Research and Education Centers (RECs) and 67 County Extension offices throughout the State of Florida and more than 240 distance learning students from all over the world. Providing library services to IFAS is complicated, considering the distance from the main campus, the various levels of research, the wide range of subject expertise required by users, and the separation into three distinct functions-research, education and extension. In recent years many of the UF services and resources important to off-campus users—such as Interlibrary Loan, virtual reference, instruction services, and electronic resources—have dramatically improved, and yet a lack of a...
Lipopolysaccharide recognition protein, MD-2, facilitates cellular uptake of E. coli-derived plasmid DNA in synovium.

Background Several cell types are susceptible to transfection in vivo using naked plasmid DNA. The mechanisms involved in mediating in vivo transfection are incompletely known, but evidence suggests that receptor-mediated endocytosis is important for specific types of cells. In this study we tested the hypothesis that residual Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) forms a non-covalent complex with expression plasmid DNA, and host-cell-derived soluble LPS-binding proteins bind to the DNA-LPS complexes in order to facilitate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Methods Cells from the murine synovial lining were used as an in vivo model system and in vivo luciferase imaging was used to quantify levels of transgene expression. Using a series of gene-deleted mice, the roles of LPS recognition complex proteins, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), CD14 and MD-2, in the process of in vivo transfection were determined. Results Luciferase expression assays revealed that mice lacking LBP or CD14 had increased luciferase expression (p < 0.023 and < 0.165, respectively), while mice deleted of MD-2 had significant reductions in luciferase expression (p < 0.001). Gene deletion of hyaluronic acid binding protein CD44 was used as a control and had no statistically significant effect on transgene expression in vivo. In muscle tissue, where neither cell surface nor soluble MD-2 is expressed, no MD-2 dependence of plasmid transfection was identified, suggesting the role of MD-2 is tissue or cell type specific. Additionally, depleting mice of macrophages showed that luciferase expression is occurring within fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Conclusions Our data support a physical association between LPS and E. coli-derived plasmid DNA, and that in vivo transfection of fibroblast-like synoviocytes is dependent on the soluble form of the LPS-binding protein MD-2. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Analysis of Marketing Frequency by Kansas Crop Producers

Price and yield risk are among the most important factors influencing the production and marketing actions of agricultural producers. Price risk is especially important to agricultural producers. In the survey which is the focus of this study, 67 percent of Kansas crop farmers indicated that output and/or input price uncertainty was the major source of risk faced by their farm operation. Price risk management is of continuing interest to producers as well as to academic researchers and extension educators. Methods for managing price risk include forward pricing, hedging, options trading, and commodity storage. Marketing practices of agricultural producers have received considerable attention in recent years. Much of this research has focused on producers' adoption of forward and futures pricing methods. Hill; Asplund, Forster, and Stout; Makus et al.; Shapiro and Brorsen; and Goodwin and Schroeder evaluated producers' adoption of forward pricing techniques. Through this research a better understanding of the characteristics of producers associated with one dimension of agricultural marketing, forward pricing, has emerged. In general, these studies have revealed that the adoption of forward pricing techniques increases with farm size, producer education, and financial leverage. Although recent research has enhanced understanding of forward pricing adoption, almost no information exists about the frequency of marketing (the total number of times in a crop year that a portion of the crop is sold). While state-wide crop marketing percentages are readily available by month, little is known about individual producer behavior, and in particular marketing frequency. Marketing and risk management plans have become increasingly complex and in many cases involve more frequent marketings. Knowledge about the relationships between producers' chara teristics and their marketings frequencies will add to the current understanding of producer marke ing practices. This research should be of interest to those providing marketing advisory serv ces, helping them to better target their clientele. F r example, a marketing advisory firm whose comparative advantage lies in multiplemarketings strategies should be especially interes ed in understanding factors that may be associated with marketing frequency. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the frequency of crop marketings for a sample of 572 Kansas wheat, corn, milo (grain sorghum), and soybean producers.' Characteristics of the producers and farm operations will be evaluated for their effects on the frequency of marketing.
He does the police in different voices: James B. white on the rhetoric of criminal law

The verb in the title of James B. White's When Words Lose Their Meaning directs attention to one direction of change, decay. White takes for his "emblem" the passage from Thucydides from which derives his title, as "defining a topic and suggesting a view of life that directs attention to the relation between language, on the one hand, and both the individual self and collective life on the other" (1961-62). That direction of change that is the focus of attention resembles the plot Alasdair MacIntyre recounts in After Virtue and elsewhere, in which virtues become vices, arts become skills, goods become commodities, and practices and norms lose their intelligibility.1 Neither White nor MacIntyre offers a narrative of the opposite direction of change, in which words and deeds gain, or regain, meaning. Because of this emphasis on decline, each is a conservative, although not necessarily politically conservative, since in each while the processes of corruption are detailed innovative and fructifying forces by contrast appear beyond explanation as heroic. The absence of stories in which meaning and community increase does not mean that each thinks that the world has moved away from a golden age and is going to the dogs, although I see each often misread in that way. It simply means that there is an intelligible plot to decline, but not to advances. Advances happen, but there is no pattern to them. It takes, in White's accounts, someone of the status of Thucydides or James Madison, beyond rational planning, to make words gain meaning, and Aquinas occupies a similar place in MacIntyre's story. The exemplary performances of great literary texts, including great legal literary texts, constitute White's account of how words gain their meaning. There is no overall narrative pattern or story in which these exempla live, while the story of decline has a plot, contains explanatory forces, and all the other rhetorical devices that make it appear more intelligible than the story of how words gain their meaning. We can learn how words gain meaning from exempla, although not necessarily learn to imitate them, and we can learn about decline and fall through generalizations and narratives. The patterns of decline make it possible to fight against those forces, while there are no programs for creativity. Exemplary and causal history are both reasonable ways of talking about and learning from the past, but their co-
Translation of modified predicate transition nets models of cummunication protocols into simulation programs

The use of modified predicate transition nets for the modeling of computer communication protocols has been investigated by the authors in reference [43]. The translation of such models into simulation programs is examined in this paper. Though protocols for all layers of a computer communication architecture can be modeled using the technique presented in this paper, we focus on the network layer protocols and we treat mechanisms like: fragmentation and reassembly, routing, store and forward buffering and congestion control.Non-prime transitions can be embedded into the modified predicate transition nets hence a top-down modeling is possible. The present paper uses a hierarchical modeling approach to describe complex communication mechanisms in terms of simpler constructs. Models developed using the modified predicate transition nets can be automatically translated into simulation programs. The paper presents the translation of a computer communication model into a program, using a process oriented simulation language, ASPOL.
Object-oriented database support for software environments

Cactis is an object-oriented, multi-user DBMS developed at the University of Colorado. The implementation is self-adaptive and concurrent, and runs in the Unix/C Sun workstation environment. A central, unique focus of Cactis is the support of functionally-defined data in a manner which provides good performance. Cactis is intended for use in applications which are conducive to an object-oriented approach and involve derived data. Such applications include software environments.Cactis supports the construction of objects and type/subtype hierarchies, which are useful for managing the complex and highly-interrelated data found in software environments. Such data types include programs, requirement specifications, milestone reports, configurations, documentation, and many others. Cactis uses techniques based on attributed graphs to ensure that functionally-defined attributes of objects, such as compilation dependencies, cost calculations, and milestone dependencies can be maintained efficiently. Since it is necessary to dynamically add new tools (such as debuggers and compilers) to a software environment, the DBMS allows the user to extend the type structure. The system also supports an efficient rollback and recovery mechanism, which provides the framework for a software version facility.
Characterization of the dimensional stability of advanced metallic materials using an optical test bench structure

The dimensional stability of low-density high specific-strength metal-matrix composites (including 30 vol pct SiC(p)/SXA 24-T6 Al, 25 vol pct SiC(p)/6061-T6 Al, 40 vol pct graphite P100 fiber/6061 Al, 50 vol pct graphite P100 fiber/6061 Al, and 40 vol pct P100 graphite fiber/AZ91D Mg composites) and an Al-Li-Mg metal alloy was evaluated using a specially designed five-strut optical test bench structure. The structure had 30 thermocouple locations, one retroreflector, one linear interferometer multilayer insulation, and various strip heaters. It was placed in a 10 exp -7 torr capability vacuum chamber with a laser head positioned at a window port, and a laser interferometer system for collecting dimensional change data. It was found that composite materials have greater 40-C temporal dimensional stability than the AL-Li-Mg alloy. Aluminum-based composites demonstrated better 40-C temporal stability than Mg-based composites.
Band bending and the apparent barrier height in scanning tunneling microscopy

We consider the influence of tip-induced band bending on the apparent barrier height deduced from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments at unpinned semiconductor surfaces. Any voltage applied to a probe tip appears partly in the vacuum gap as an electric field at the semiconductor surface and partly in the semiconductor interior as band bending. The fraction appearing in each region is a function of gap spacing so that modulation of the tip-sample separation inevitably modulates the induced surface potential in the semiconductor. At finite temperature, the height and shape of this barrier determine the probability that an electron will reach the semiconductor surface where it can subsequently tunnel through the vacuum gap. Since the surface potential decreases with increasing tip-sample separation, STM measurements of the tunneling barrier at unpinned semiconductor surfaces will yield unusually low values. Detailed numerical calculations of the effect for passivated n-type Si(111) show it to be of observable magnitude. This mechanism may be distinguished from other recently proposed barrier-lowering mechanisms in that it is doping dependent, potentially long range, and possesses a unique voltage signature.
Characterization of differing forms of unburned carbon present in fly ash separated by density gradient centrifugation

Abstract It is generally known that the ASTM LOI specification is not sufficient to identify the suitability of a fly ash for the cement industry, since this criterion only gives an approximation to the carbon content of a sample and in many instances provides a poor correlation with the capacity to adsorb air-entrainment admixtures (AEAs). Petrographic examinations have shown that the unburned carbon is not visually uniform and three microscopically distinct carbon types have been identified: inertinite, isotropic coke and anisotropic coke. Concentrates of these three carbon types have been generated from two high-carbon-content fly ash samples using the technique of density gradient centrifugation (DGC). The work reported here represents the first characterization of the bulk properties of these three carbon types, where the highest DGC purity fractions were extensively analyzed by several analytical techniques, including elemental and surface area analyses. The density of like carbon forms isolated from the two fly ashes appears to be quite similar, regardless of the source of the fly ash. The H/C atomic ratios are ∼0.03–0.02, indicating a high degree of condensation. The surface areas are relatively low (10–60 m 2 g −1 ), and most of the pores are in the mesopore range (2–50 nm in width). For both series of fly ash samples, the surface area was found to increase linearly with increasing particle density. On the basis of the distinctive physical and chemical properties (density, nitrogen and oxygen concentrations, as well as surface area and mesopore volume) of the three carbon types, it is anticipated that each carbon type will have specific adsorption behavior of AEAs.
Conformal relativistic viscous hydrodynamics: Applications to RHIC results at s NN =200 GeV

A new set of equations for relativistic viscous hydrodynamics that captures both weak-coupling and strong-coupling physics to second order in gradients has been developed recently. We apply this framework to bulk physics at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), both for standard (Glauber-type) as well as for color-glass-condensate (CGC) initial conditions and show that the results do not depend strongly on the values for the second-order transport coefficients. Results for multiplicity, radial flow and elliptic flow are presented, and we quote the ratio of viscosity over entropy density for which our hydrodynamic model is consistent with experimental data. For CGC initial conditions, early thermalization does not seem to be required in order for hydrodynamics to describe charged hadron elliptic flow.
Partner Relationship Quality and Drug Use as Predictors of Women's Substance Abuse Treatment Outcome.

This study examined the relationship of relationship quality and partner's drug use on treatment outcomes for women in outpatient drug treatment. The sample consisted of predominately heterosexual couples where the female partner was in drug treatment. Both the partners' perception of relationship quality and the interaction of female client and her partner's perception of relationship quality were significant predictors of one of the outcome variables-the client's posttest report of days of drug use during the previous 30 days. Interestingly, clients reported more days of drug use when their partners reported higher relationship quality. A similar pattern was found with the ASI Drug composite score as the dependent variable except that the interaction term was not significant in that analysis. In addition, partners' relationship quality scores were associated with female clients' treatment completion. A higher proportion of women whose partners reported higher relationship quality failed to complete treatment. Partners' reports of pretest and posttest drug use were not related to women's treatment outcomes.
Perceived Job Insecurity and Entry into Work-Related Education and Training among Adult Workers

Stratification research focuses on the relationship between educational background and the work career. However, few studies have examined the extended educational career beyond young adulthood and its relationship to workers’ labor market experiences, especially their concerns about job loss. We attach the 1995 Adult Education Data File to Bureau of Labor Statistics data to examine the structural conditions under which adult workers (ages 35– 61) perceive their jobs to be insecure. We then examine whether concerns about job loss motivate adult workers to participate in further education, after controlling for the already established effects of human capital, contemporaneous life course roles, minority status, and other labor market conditions. We find that the perceived job insecurity of both advantaged and disadvantaged categories of workers are affected by labor market factors, but in different ways. On the one hand, ethnic minorities, union members, workers without employee benefits, and workers in restructuring sectors are explicitly more concerned about job insecurity. On the other hand, workers in onceadvantaged stratification categories demarcated by higher education, more job experience, gender (male), and seniority (age) do not perceive significantly less job insecurity than other workers and thus are no more protected from these concerns. Adult work-related educational participation reflects perceived insecurity and industrial restructuring more than prior human capital or competing life course roles. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
ANALYTIC DENSITY IN LIE GROUPS

A subgroupH of an analytic groupG is said to beanalytically dense if the only analytic subgroup ofG containingH isG itself. The main purpose of this paper is to give sufficient conditions onG (analogous to those of [8], [9], and [7] in the case of Zariski density) which guarantee the analytic density of cofinite volume subgroupsH. First we consider the case of arbitrary cofinite volume subgroups (Theorem 5 and its corollaries). Then we specialize to lattices, and prove the following result (Theorem 8):Let G be an analytic group whose radical is simply connected and whose Levi factor has no compact part and a finite center. Then any lattice in G is analytically dense. In proving this use is made of a result of Montgomery which also implies that for any simply connected solvable group, cocompactness of a closed subgroup implies analytic density. In the case of a solvable group with real roots this means analytic density and cocompactness are equivalent and thus completes a circle of ideas raised in Saito [13]. In Corollary 9 we deal with a related local condition. Finally in Theorem 10 and its corollaries we apply these considerations to prove a homomorphism extension theorem and an isomorphism theorem for 1-dimensional cohomology.
The biology, ecology and behaviour of the Bivalve Mysella bidentata (Montagu)

Abstract Mysella bidentata is a euryvalent species. Its distribution in the N. Oresund 3-4 months after settling is positively correlated with the density of adult Amphiura filiformis. In the laboratory, Mysella prefers to live in the oxydized layers around the burrow of Amphiura. Dense Amphiura populations enlarge the water-sediment interface and thereby the oxydized layers and the microbial activity. This benefits Mysella which obtains protection from surface-hunting predators and additional supply of food. In their second year the bivalves are functional males, and when three years old and 3 mm long they are hermaphrodites. Males produce fertile and oligopyrene sperm simultaneously. Sperm transfer involves sperm bags and receptacula seminis, and is thus time-independent of egg-spawning. Mysella reacts to gravitation by positive or negative taxes, and to direction of water flow by positive tropo-taxis or compass reactions. Chemical stimuli from a predator (Astropecten) evoke direct orthokinesis. Stimuli...
Simplified Pattern Recognition Based On Multiaperture Optics

Multiaperture optics systems are similar in design to the concepts applying to the insect eye. Digitizing at the detector level is inherent in these systems. The fact that each eyelet forms one pixel of the overall image lends itself to optical preprocessing. There-fore a simplified pattern recognition scheme can be used in connection with multiaperture optics systems. The pattern recognition system used is based on the conjecture that all shapes encountered can be dissected into a set of rectangles. This is accomplished by creating a binary image and comparing each row of numbers starting at the top of the frame with the next row below. A set of rules is established which decides if the binary ones of the next row are to be incorporated in the present rectangle or start a new rectangle. The number and aspect ratios of the rectangles formed constitute a recognition code. These codes are kept and updated in a library. Since the same shape may give rise to different recognition codes depending on the attitude of the shape in respect to the detector grid, all shapes are rotated and normalized prior to dissecting. The rule is that the pattern is turned to maximize the number of straight edges which line up with the detector grid. The mathematical mechanism for rotation of the shape is described. Assuming a-priori knowledge of the size of the object exists, the normalization procedure can be used for distance determination. The description of the hardware for acquisition of the image is provided.
Intuition and Creativity: A Pas de Deux for Qualitative Researchers:

The author writes about the importance of intuition and creativity in the qualitative research project. By discussing lessons learned from well-known creative individuals, researchers find ways to ...
The anatomic pathologist meets molecular pathology.

With the publication in this issue of “Stuck Between a Scalpel and a Rock, or Molecular Pathology and Legal-Ethical Issues in Use of Tissues for Clinical Care and Research: What Must a Pathologist Know?” by Dry et al,1 we launch a new series for the American Journal of Clinical Pathology in a forward-looking celebration of the Journal’s commitment to readers’ education. It will include invited articles that are intended to provide helpful, timely, and informative reviews to assist pathologists and laboratorians alike in anatomic pathology to provide appropriate care when molecular testing is needed. This first article of the series provides an important and insightful overview of the ethical, regulatory, legal, and technical background needed by pathologists for appropriate specimen management. The articles to follow will include detailed information in specific organ systems and disease processes about current testing for which there is evidence to support its use in clinical care, together with an exploration of questions and challenges that remain unanswered regarding test utilization, validation, and interpretation. In addition to this …
Control of angiogenesis by AIBP-mediated cholesterol efflux

Cholesterol is a structural component of the cell and is indispensable for normal cellular function, although its excess often leads to abnormal proliferation, migration, inflammatory responses and/ or cell death. To prevent cholesterol overload, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate cholesterol efflux from the cells to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and the apoA-I-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 1–3 . Maintaining efficient cholesterol efflux is essential for normal cellular function 4–6 . However, the role of cholesterol efflux in angiogenesis and the identity of its local regulators are poorly understood. Here we show that apoA-I binding protein (AIBP) accelerates cholesterol efflux from endothelial cells to HDL and thereby regulates angiogenesis. AIBP- and HDL-mediated cholesterol depletion reduces lipid rafts, interferes with VEGFR2 (also known as KDR) dimerization and signalling and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in vitro and mouse aortic neovascularization ex vivo .N otably, Aibp, az ebrafish homologue of human AIBP, regulates the membrane lipid order in embryonic zebrafish vasculature and functions as a non-cell-autonomous regulator of angiogenesis. aibp knockdown results in dysregulated sprouting/branching angiogenesis, whereas forced Aibp expression inhibits angiogenesis. Dysregulated angiogenesis is phenocopied in Abca1 (also known as Abca1a) Abcg1-deficient embryos, and cholesterol levels are increased in Aibpdeficient and Abca1 Abcg1-deficient embryos. Our findings demonstrate that secreted AIBP positively regulates cholesterol efflux from endothelial cells and that effective cholesterol efflux is critical for proper angiogenesis. AIBP is a secreted protein that was discovered in a screen of proteins that physically associate with apoA-I 7 . Human APOA1BP mRNA encoding the AIBP protein is ubiquitously expressed 7 . Although AIBP binding to apoA-I implies that AIBP may modulate HDL function 7,8 , its role in cholesterol efflux has not been experimentally tested. First, we investigated whether human AIBP had any effect on cholesterol removal from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), in which ABCG1 is a key transporter responsible for cholesterol efflux
Salivary concentrations of steroid hormones in males and in cycling and postmenopausal females with and without periodontitis

Concentrations of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, eslradiol, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol were measured in the saliva by radioimmunoassay. Saliva from male and cycling and postmenopausal female patients with and without periodontitis was studied. It was found that salivary concentration of progesterone was increased in all patients with periodontitis. While testosterone was significantly increased in the female diabetic and non-diabetic patients with periodontitis, no difference in its concentration was found in the saliva of non-diabetic males with and without periodontitis. Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone was also increased in postmenopausal females with periodontitis. In contrast, estradiol was significantly decreased or not measurable in all patient groups with periodontitis. The concentration of cortisol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone showed no significant differences in postmenopausal patients with and without periodontitis. In addition, the salivary concentration of all hormones in postmenopausal females showed circadian variation. Moreover, results obtained in postmenopausal and ovariectomized females provided evidence for extragonadal production of sex steroid hormones in postmenopausal females. The present results suggest that there is a relationship between the altered production of sex steroid hormones and the incidence of periodontal pathology.
Does the mind map learning strategy facilitate information retrieval and critical thinking in medical students

A learning strategy underutilized in medical education is mind mapping. Mind maps are multi-sensory tools that may help medical students organize, integrate, and retain information. Recent work suggests that using mind mapping as a note-taking strategy facilitates critical thinking. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a relationship existed between mind mapping and critical thinking, as measured by the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), and whether a relationship existed between mind mapping and recall of domain-based information. In this quasi-experimental study, 131 first-year medical students were randomly assigned to a standard note-taking (SNT) group or mind map (MM) group during orientation. Subjects were given a demographic survey and pre-HSRT. They were then given an unfamiliar text passage, a pre-quiz based upon the passage, and a 30-minute break, during which time subjects in the MM group were given a presentation on mind mapping. After the break, subjects were given the same passage and wrote notes based on their group (SNT or MM) assignment. A post-quiz based upon the passage was administered, followed by a post-HSRT. Differences in mean pre- and post-quiz scores between groups were analyzed using independent samples t-tests, whereas differences in mean pre- and post-HSRT total scores and subscores between groups were analyzed using ANOVA. Mind map depth was assessed using the Mind Map Assessment Rubric (MMAR). There were no significant differences in mean scores on both the pre- and post-quizzes between note-taking groups. And, no significant differences were found between pre- and post-HSRT mean total scores and subscores. Although mind mapping was not found to increase short-term recall of domain-based information or critical thinking compared to SNT, a brief introduction to mind mapping allowed novice MM subjects to perform similarly to SNT subjects. This demonstrates that medical students using mind maps can successfully retrieve information in the short term, and does not put them at a disadvantage compared to SNT students. Future studies should explore longitudinal effects of mind-map proficiency training on both short- and long-term information retrieval and critical thinking.
Unsaturation Beneath a Water Table

The water table is a fundamental concept in hydrogeology. In standard hydrologic and geotechnical practice, it is the elevation to which water will fill a hole if the borehole is drilled into the top of the shallowest water-bearing zone. As Hubbert (1940) has shown, this definition of the water table corresponds to a surface on which fluid pressure is atmospheric, which is a definition that implies nothing about saturation. Many textbooks take note of this but also point out that a zone above a water table may be saturated with water at subatmospheric pressure because of capillarity (e.g., Davis and DeWiest, 1966; Freeze and Cherry, 1979; and Selker et al., 1999). The potential for unsaturation beneath a water table, however, is seldom acknowledged, except for perched conditions. For example, the American Geological Institute's Glossary of Geology defines the water table as “the surface between the saturated zone and unsaturated zone ; that surface of a body of unconfined groundwater at which the pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere,” which implies they are equivalent (Jackson, 1997). In addition, some textbooks have defined the water table as the top of the zone of saturation (e.g., Walton, 1970; Fetter, 1988; and Domenico and Schwartz, 1997), although it should be noted that the definition is corrected in Fetter's fourth edition (Fetter, 2001). The purpose of this paper is to describe a field example that documents the presence of unsaturation beneath a water table under naturally occurring conditions. The primary significance of documenting unsaturation beneath a water table, apart from confirming the need for care in defining the water table, is to indicate the need for caution in the use of seismic refraction surveys to determine depths to water tables. In addition, recognition of the possibility of unsaturation beneath …
Quantum mechanical analysis of channel access geometry and series resistance in nanoscale transistors

We apply a two-dimensional quantum mechanical simulation scheme to study the effect of channel access geometries on device performance. This simulation scheme solves the nonequilibrium Green’s function equations self-consistently with Poisson’s equation and treats the effect of scattering using a simple approximation inspired by Buttiker. It is based on an expansion of the device Hamiltonian in coupled mode space. Simulation results are used to highlight quantum effects and discuss the importance of scattering when examining the transport properties of nanoscale transistors with differing channel access geometries. Additionally, an efficient domain decomposition scheme for evaluating the performance of nanoscale transistors is also presented. This article highlights the importance of scattering in understanding the performance of transistors with different channel access geometries.
Estimation in truncated samples when there is heteroscedasticity

Abstract If the population parameters of a regression function are estimated from a truncated sample by maximum likelihood under the incorrect assumption of a population homoscedastic disturbance term, the estimators are not consistent for the population parameters, and the size of the asymptotic bias may be substantial. The inconsistency is proved in the first part of the paper for a simple model. In the second part, the asymptotic bias is calculated for a number of combinations of parameters, and it is found that the bias is considerable even when the heteroscedasticity is in the range to be expected in empirical work. It is concluded that heteroscedasticity may be a serious empirical problem in truncated-sample models.
Controlled Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Poly(hexamethylene carbonate)

High molecular weight (Mw > 25 000) poly(hexamethylene carbonate) (PHC) with polydispersity (Mw/Mn) ≤ 2.2 was successfully synthesized via copolymerization of diethyl carbonate with 1,6-hexanediol ...
Tolerance to limb tissue allografts between swine matched for major histocompatibility complex antigens

Transplantation of limb tissue allografts would greatly expand the realm of reconstructive surgery. However, the toxicity of chronic immunosuppression has adversely tilted the risk-benefit balance for clinical transplant. In this study, a procedure was sought to achieve host tolerance to limb tissue allografts through matching of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens between donor and host swine using only a 12-day course of cyclosporine. Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) miniature swine were used as a large animal model with defined MHC, and musculoskeletal grafts from the donor hind limb were transplanted heterotopically to the recipient femoral vessels. Allografts from MHC-mismatched donors treated with cyclosporine (n = 4) were rejected in less than 6 weeks by gross inspection and histologic sections. Allografts from MHC-matched, minor antigen mismatched donors not treated with cyclosporine (n = 4) were rejected between 9 and 12 weeks. Allografts from similarly matched donors treated with 12 days of cyclosporine (n = 7) showed no evidence of rejection until sacrifice between 25 and 47 weeks. Thus allograft tolerance was achieved between MHC-matched swine using a limited course of cyclosporine. Demonstration of limb tissue allograft survival in a large animal model without long-term immunosuppression represents an important step toward clinical transplantation.
Post Magpie: how should we be managing severe preeclampsia?

Purpose of review Preeclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy and a significant cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to highlight and discuss aspects of some of the more recent clinical management papers published in the field of preeclampsia and eclampsia. The title explains the clinical nature of this paper and a detailed review of the basic science literature is beyond the scope of this article. Recent findings Several controversial areas still exist in the current management of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. We present a number of interesting papers dealing with practical management questions and discuss the optimum treatment regimen for preventing eclampsia. The findings of the MAGPIE study are discussed. Opinions are expressed as to the current management of preterm severe preeclampsia, and we outline a new hypothesis on the etiology of eclampsia. Summary Preeclampsia/eclampsia remains a disease without a clear etiology. Despite this, clinical management issues are being addressed and maternal morbidity and mortality continue to fall.
Medium-chain sugar amphiphiles: a new family of healthy vegetable oil structuring agents.

Vegetable oils are frequently structured to enhance their organoleptic and mechanical properties. This is usually achieved by increasing the net amount of saturated and/or trans fatty acids in the oil. With the risk of coronary heart diseases associated with these fatty acids, the food industry is looking for better alternatives. In this context, the medium-chain dialkanoates of low-calorie sugars (sugar alcohol dioctanoates) are investigated as a healthy alternative structuring agent. Precursors of sugar amphiphiles, being FDA-approved GRAS materials, exhibited high cell viability at a concentration ∼50 μg/mL. They readily formed nanoscale multilayered structures in an oil matrix to form a coherent network at low concentrations (1–3 wt %/v), which immobilized a wide range of oils (canola, soybean, and grapeseed oils). The structuring efficiency of sugar amphiphiles was computed in terms of mechanical, thermal, and structural properties and found to be a function of its type and concentration.
FIELD INVESTIGATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS IN SOUTH CAROLINA

A high-performance concrete (HPC) mixture has been used on several bridge construction projects in the upstate region of South Carolina. The majority of these bridge decks, although not all, have experienced problems with early-age cracking both before being opened to traffic and immediately thereafter. The cracking exhibited in these bridge decks presents a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of HPC materials for bridges in South Carolina. In an effort to determine likely causes of the cracking experienced in these concrete bridge decks, sight inspections were made of nine bridges in the Greenville-Spartanburg, South Carolina, area, and a thorough review of construction documentation from three of these sites was carried out. In addition, a review of the South Carolina Department of Transportation concrete specifications was conducted. It was concluded that observed cracking has two likely causes. Early-age shrinkage cracking resulted from a rich concrete mixture combined with poor curing pra...
Creative style and achievement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Previous research has suggested that adults with ADHD perform better on some measures of creativity than non-ADHD adults (White & Shah, 2006). The present study replicated previous findings using a standardized measure of creativity (the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults, Goff & Torrance, 2002) and extended previous research by investigating real-world creative achievement among adults with ADHD. Results indicated that adults with ADHD showed higher levels of original creative thinking on the verbal task of the ATTA and higher levels of real-world creative achievement, compared to adults without ADHD. In addition, comparison of creative styles using the FourSight Thinking Profile (Puccio, 2002) found that preference for idea generation was higher among ADHD participants, whereas preference for problem clarification and idea development was greater among non-ADHD participants. These findings have implications for real-world application of the creative styles of adults with and without ADHD.
Racial disparities in outcomes after appendectomy for acute appendicitis

Abstract Background Although black patients with acute appendicitis have been shown to be less likely than whites to undergo laparoscopic appendectomy, it is unknown whether they suffer increased complications after surgical management of acute appendicitis. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis from 2005 through 2009, using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, was conducted. Rates of serious and overall morbidity were compared between blacks and whites, with adjustment for preoperative risk factors, the severity of appendicitis, and surgical approach. Results Blacks were more likely than whites to suffer serious postoperative complications (4.8% vs 3.3%; adjusted odds ratio vs whites, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.67; P = .0002) or any complication (8.4% vs 6.0%; adjusted odds ratio vs whites, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–1.50; P = .0007). Conclusions Racial disparities in postoperative outcomes exist for even a procedure as ubiquitous as appendectomy. More research is needed to determine the underlying reasons for these disparities.
Psychiatric issues in older cancer patients

Although many patients are surviving longer than in the past, a cancer diagnosis may shatter the dream of a dignified old age for elderly patients. Cancer diagnosis and treatment often produce psychologic stresses resulting from the actual symptoms of the disease, as well as perceptions of the disease and its stigma. Concerns related to cancer have particular meaning for aging individuals who undergo these situations in the context of retirement, widowhood, other medical disabilities and other losses. Today, patients and families are more interested in treatment issues, and quality of life, both during and after treatment. In this article we discuss late life depression, anxiety and delirium as they relate to elderly patients coping with cancer.
Neuroimmune Signaling: A Key Component of Alcohol Abuse

Molecular and behavioral studies corroborate a pivotal role for the innate immune system in mediating the acute and chronic effects of alcohol and support a neuroimmune hypothesis of alcohol addiction. Changes in expression of neuroimmune genes and microglial transcripts occur in postmortem brain from alcoholics and animals exposed to alcohol, and null mutant animals lacking certain innate immune genes show decreased alcohol-mediated responses. Many of the differentially expressed genes are part of the toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway and culminate in an increased expression of pro-inflammatory immune genes. Compounds known to inhibit inflammation, microglial activation, and neuroimmune gene expression have shown promising results in reducing alcohol-mediated behaviors in animal models, indicating that neuroimmune signaling pathways offer unexplored targets in the treatment of alcohol abuse.
Receiver tolerance for imperfect signal reliability: results from experimental signalling games

This paper presents an alternative approach to studying signallerereceiver interactions. The conventional approach focuses on signal reliability; instead, we focus on receivers' willingness to tolerate imperfect reliability (receiver tolerance). Both approaches aim to explain what promotes and maintains communication. We define receiver tolerance as following a signal in the face of reduced reliability. We used experimental signalling games with blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata, subjects to demonstrate whether uncertain environments generate receiver tolerance for imperfect reliability. Many models of signalling games ignore environmental certainty or predictability, but this certainty is a key part of understanding receiver tolerance. For example, low environmental certainty should increase tolerance since receivers are more uncertain about which action to take. We also tested whether signallers exploit receiver tolerance by signalling dishonestly. The results show that receivers are more likely to heed signals when environments are uncertain. Moreover, signallers are sensitive to this receiver tolerance and, when signallers and receivers have opposing material interests, low environmental certainty promotes dishonest signalling and high certainty restricts it. Our results highlight the usefulness of an approach emphasizing receiver tolerance and demonstrate the critical importance of environmental certainty for signallerereceiver interactions.
Two glass transitions in miscible polymer blends

In contrast to mixtures of two small molecule fluids, miscible binary polymer blends often exhibit two structural relaxation times and two glass transition temperatures. Qualitative explanations postulate phenomenological models of local concentration enhancements due to chain connectivity in ideal, fully miscible systems. We develop a quantitative theory that explains qualitative trends in the dynamics of real miscible polymer blends which are never ideal mixtures. The theory is a synthesis of the lattice cluster theory of blend thermodynamics, the generalized entropy theory for glass-formation in polymer materials, and the Kirkwood-Buff theory for concentration fluctuations in binary mixtures.
Ensuring the Safe Use of Genomic Medicine in Children

Several clinical guidelines recommend that genetic testing in children be limited to tests with immediate clinical benefit. However, use of genome risk profiling will not likely meet this requirement, as the benefits are anticipated to be years away. Children who are at higher risk, though, will benefit the most from early initiation of treatment or interventions. The shift in benefit from immediate to long-term benefit warrants a reevaluation of the current practices of testing in children. In this commentary, the authors advocate the use of genomic risk profiling to identify children at increased risk who would benefit from early intervention, but recognize that its integration in clinical practice for this population will require a more nuanced approach to delivery and follow-up. In particular, the importance of counseling, context, consent, communication, and follow-up in the delivery of genomic risk testing to children and adolescents is highlighted.
A System of Thesis and Dissertation Supervision: Helping Graduate Students Succeed

Twenty-nine psychology graduate students participated in a thesis and dissertation supervisor^ system. The system included weekly meetings, task specification, feedback, and incentives. Regular participants completed significantly more tasks when academic credit depended on task completion than when it did not. In comparison with a college-wide control group, a higher percentage of the participants in the supervisory group defined the topic, read relevant articles, collected data, wrote a draft, and completed their projects. In comparison with a psychology control group, the graduating participants completed M A theses of similar quality.