cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast algorithm for implementing the minimum-negativity constraint for Fourier spectrum extrapolation. Part 2

The basic theory and essential ideas of a new algorithm based on the minimum-negativity constraint for restoring the Fourier spectrum and improving resolution were set forth in an earlier paper. The method was proved to work for artificial noise-free data of 1024 data points. In the present paper the efficacy of the method will be demonstrated for an experimental data set of 32K data points in length (K = 1024). Further details of the new algorithm will be discussed. A brief comparison will be made between this method and some of the other popular methods for Fourier spectrum extrapolation. Also, a modification of the algorithm that will allow the computations to be implemented on a parallel-processing computer will be presented.
Structure of the Cumulene Carbene Butatrienylidene: H2CCCC

Abstract The microwave rotational spectra of the J = 1 ← 0 and 2 ← 1 transitions of six isotopic species of the singlet carbene butatrienylidene (H 2 CCCC, H 2 13 CCCC, H 2 C 13 CCC, H 2 CC 13 CC, H 2 CCC 13 C, and D 2 CCCC) were measured with a Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer and the r 0 and r s structures were determined. Both structures are consistent with a cumulenic carbon-chain backbone. Our empirical structure is r s (HC (1) ) = 1.079 ± 0.002 A, r s (C (1) C (2) ) = 1.306 ± 0.004 A, r s (C (2) C (3) ) = 1.294 ± 0.004 A, r s (C (3) C (4) ) = 1.278 ± 0.004 A, and A s HC (1) H = 119.4 ± 0.4°. Except for the CC bond closest to the carbene carbon, r s (C (3) C (4) ), an equilibrium geometry determined in a high-level ab initio calculation (M. Oswald and P. Botschwina, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 169, 181 (1995)) is in very good agreement with the experimental structure.
Simultaneous Multicomponent Drug Determinations with a Vidicon Spectrometer

A vidicon spectrometer, useful for absorption spectrophotometry over the 210-800-nm spectral region and capable of scanning a portion of this region at repetition rates of 250 scans/sec, was applied for the simultaneous determination of multicomponent drug formulations without a separation. Results are reported for two drug preparations containing two and four active components. The average of ratios of determined to expected values for the six active components contained in both formulations was 99.2% based on the specified tablet contents. Relative standard errors for the analyses were less than 3%. Other potential applications of the vidicon spectrometer are discussed briefly.
The reliability of postural x-rays in measuring pelvic obliquity.

Abstract Objective: To assess the interrater and intrarater reliability of two methods of measurement of postural radiographs for determining the amount of pelvic obliquity. Design: Four blinded raters evaluated the amount of pelvic obliquity using two measurement methods. Setting: Physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinic in a VA hospital. Participants: Fifty-two randomly chosen radiographs from 36 patients referred to a clinic to evaluate and treat pelvic obliquity. Measures: Amount of pelvic obliquity was determined by line of ebumation and by the intersulcate line. Pearson's correlation coefficients and percent agreements were calculated for each set of measurements. Results: Pearson's correlation coefficients and percent agreements were higher for both interrater and intrarater measurements for the intersulcate line. Conclusion: Intersulcate line is the more reliable method for determining the amount of pelvic obliquity and will be used in future studies to assess the effectiveness of correcting pelvic obliquity to improve chronic back pain.
Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to exercise with caffeine

The effect of caffeine on circulation and metabolism was studied during a discontinuous maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) test on a bicycle ergometer. Eight male subjects were chosen for their minimal use of caffeine of which six normally did not ingest caffeinated beverages. Two caffeinated and two decaffeinated (control) trials were administered to each subject following double-blind and counterbalanced testing procedures. One hour before exercise, subjects ingested decaffeinated coffee with or without 350 mg of caffeine anhydrous added. Cardiac output (Q) was measured by a C02 rebreathing technique. Compared to control trials, caffeine increased the VO2 max by an average of 140ml min−1 (p <0-0·5)l. In addition, during caffeine trials, the average maximal heart rate (HR max) was elevated by 5 beats min−1 (p<0·01). There were no other statistically significant changes in metabolic (VO2 and R) and cardiovascular (Q, HR, SV and (a-v) 02 diff) variables during either submaximal or maximal exercise. Performanc...
An examination of the contribution of red cell spacing to the uniformity of oxygen flux at the capillary wall

It is generally assumed that capillary blood is homogeneous for O2 supply and that red cells can provide a constant, uniform flux of O2 out of the capillary regardless of the spacing between cells. Using a simplified model of red cells moving through a capillary in skeletal muscle, an approximate analysis is developed to study the effect of red cell spacing on the ability of erythrocytes to provide a constant, uniform flux of O2 at the capillary wall. The results suggest the existence of a critical red cell separation distance above which the flux of O2 at the capillary wall between red cells cannot remain uniform and the capillary blood is no longer homogeneous for O2 supply. In resting muscle the predicted critical separation distance is greater than four cell lengths. During maximal O2 consumption, the critical separation distance predicted by the model is one cell length. These predictions agree closely with in vivo observations of red cell spacing. The total red cell flux through a capillary is determined not only by red cell spacing (hematocrit) but also by erythrocyte velocity; a simple example is given which suggests that changes in each of these variables are not equivalent in maintaining a constant and uniform flux of O2 at the capillary wall.
Mass spectra of aniline glucuronides

Mass spectra of TMS derivatives of aniline glucuronide and pentachloroaniline glucuronide are presented, and the fragmentation of these derivatives is compared with that of TMS aryl-O-glucuronides. Fragmentation yielding ions entirely from the glycone moiety was sufficiently similar to establish these N-glucuronides as TMS glucuronides in the same manner used for TMS-O-glucuronides; however, differences observed may be diagnostic for TMS-N-glucuronides.
Task Demands in Masonry Work: Sources, Performance Implications, and Management Strategies

AbstractConstruction work involves significant physical, mental, and temporal demands. High task demands increase the likelihood of errors, with implications for rework, safety, and productivity. To ensure the safety and productive efficiency of workers, it is important to better understand the task demands and manage them effectively. This exploratory study investigated the task demands in masonry work, the factors that generate the demands, the influence of demands on performance, and the practices that field supervisors use to manage/regulate them. Data were collected on two masonry projects. The NASA Task Load Index (TLX) was used to measure the workers’ subjective assessment of task demands. The members of masonry crews perceived different type and level of task demands depending on their role—supervisor, masons, laborers, and operator. Interviews with the crew members identified design features and work practices that influenced the task demands. Extensive field observations identified three strateg...
Equity and Advocacy Expectations of Culturally Diverse Families’ Participation in Special Education

The authors contend that the equity and advocacy expectations imbedded in the legal mandate for parent participation in the special education decision-making process directly contradict the hierarchy of professional status and knowledge on which the positivist paradigm of professionalism is based, and are also in conflict with the values held by many families from culturally diverse backgrounds, contributing to low levels of participation and advocacy. They argue the need for professional education to incorporate opportunities for professionals to identify the cultural assumptions imbedded in the field of special education towards more balanced and effective collaboration.
Insurance status, not race, is associated with mortality after an acute cardiovascular event in Maryland.

BACKGROUND It is unclear how lack of health insurance or otherwise being underinsured contributes to observed racial disparities in health outcomes related to cardiovascular disease.
Automatic Indexing: An Experimental Inquiry

This inquiry examines a technique for automatically classifying (indexing) documents according to their subject content. The task, in essence, is to have a computing machine read a document and on the basis of the occurrence of selected clue words decide to which of many subject categories the document in question belongs. This paper describes the design, execution and evaluation of a modest experimental study aimed at testing empirically one statistical technique for automatic indexing.
Case Management: Steadfast Resource for Addressing Linkage to Care and Prevention with Hospitalized HIV-Infected Crack Users.

Interviews were conducted among HIV-positive inpatients in Miami, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia, to examine whether having a case manager was associated with improved outcomes. The authors explored whether current use of a case manager was associated with unprotected sex, HIV care, use of antiretroviral medications, and referral to case management at time of diagnosis. Outcomes among patients who received case management were compared with those without a case manager. Participants with a current case manager were significantly more likely to take HIV medications, have obtained HIV care within the past 6 months, and have been referred to case management when first diagnosed. They were also significantly less likely to engage in unprotected sex within the last 6 months. Interventions that link HIV-positive patients with a case manager may improve HIV health-seeking behaviors and reduce sexual risk engagement, which may lead to improved clinical results.
How does oil and gas behave when released in deepwater

Deepwater oil and gas releases have come to greater attention of the scientists as well as general public in the recent past, especially after the Deepwater Horizon spill in Gulf of Mexico in 2010. In this short paper we show the general behavior of an oil and gas spill in deepwater. A model, CDOG, developed by Zheng et al. (2003) and had undergone successive improvements is used for the simulations to illustrate the oil behavior. The impact of the oil droplet sizes are demonstrated. Although cases are not specific to a particular spill, through the use of a state-of-the-art model, we show the key parameters that affect the behavior of oil. In this paper we show oil and gas behavior that has not been clearly explained in previous papers and address newly found concerns brought on by the recent awareness. This paper also shows how the oil behavior changes when additives like dispersants are applied. Results of the simulations reveal that the “underwater plumes” with low concentrations of oil can be formed and stay submerged for long periods of time when very small (less than 0.5 mm in diameter) oil droplets are present.
The Moth and the Flame: Religion and Power in Comparative Blur

Description d'une part de la principale cesure qui s'est produite dans l'importance politique de la religion suite aux evenements cles de 1979 et d'autre part d'un projet pour etudier la religion, la politique et l'Etat dans plus de douze pays. L'A. s'interesse principalement aux manieres dont les concepts standards en sociologie religieuse americaine ont des significations et connotations differentes dans d'autres pays. Cinq exemples impliquent l'identite religieuse, le fondamentalisme, les relations Eglise-Etat, la religion civile, la secularisation et la secularite. Dans chaque cas, les changements requis a l'etranger sont aussi salutaires pour l'analyse a domicile
Kinetic theory of a concentrated suspension of axisymmetric solute particles

A new generalized diffusion equation is derived for a suspension of interacting axisymmetric brownian particles subjected to a time-dependent external field. Explicit molecular expressions are obtained for the generalized Onsager mobility tensors. Because of the external field, additional ‘field’ mobilities appear in the theory. These can be related but not totally reduced to the Onsager mobility tensors. For translationally invariant systems a separate equation is obtained for the orientational distribution of brownian particles. This equation is a generalization of the familiar Debye equation applicable to interacting axisymmetric particles. The generalized rotational diffusion equation is found to be non-local with respect to the orientational variable. A simple quasihydrodynamical model is used to obtain estimates of the mobility tensors.
Diminished matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion in human immunodeficiency virus-infected mononuclear phagocytes: modulation of innate immunity and implications for neurological disease

Neurotoxic secretory products from virus-infected mononuclear phagocytes (MP; perivascular macrophages and microglia) orchestrate the neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. To uncover such MP products and their relationship to disease, we used a proteomics platform consisting of one dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1-DE), mass spectrometry peptide sequencing, and bioinformatics in order to identify from HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) secretions. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP 9) secreted in abundance in MDM was markedly down-regulated following viral infection. A negative correlation between MMP 9 and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity was shown by quantitative Western blot assays. These data further demonstrate immunoregulatory activities of HIV-1-infected MDM providing unique insights into cellular function in disease.
Apstatin analogue inhibitors of aminopeptidase P, a bradykinin-degrading enzyme.

Membrane-bound aminopeptidase P (AP-P) participates in the degradation of bradykinin in several vascular beds. We have developed an inhibitor of AP-P called apstatin (1) (N-[(2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenyl-butanoyl]-l-prolyl-l-prolyl-l-alaninamide); IC50,human = 2.9 μM. In the rat, apstatin can potentiate the vasodilatory effect of bradykinin, reduce blood pressure in an aortic-coarctation model of hypertension, and reduce cardiac damage and arrhythmias induced by ischemia/reperfusion. In this study, we have determined structure−activity relationships for apstatin analogues as well as for other chemical classes of inhibitors using AP-P isozymes from different sources. The most potent inhibitor was one in which the N-terminal residue of apstatin was replaced with a (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-hexanoyl residue (6, IC50,human = 0.23 μM). The (2R,3S)-analogue of 6 was equipotent with 6 while the (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-analogues were considerably less potent. Apstatin analogues lacking the l-alanine or...
Flow initiation in loose frictional solids

Isotropic, loose frictional solids possess yield surfaces with straight line generators which form regular hexagons when viewed in the octahedral direction.
A Randomized Trial of Longitudinal Effects of Low-Intensity Responsivity Education/Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching

Purpose To evaluate the longitudinal effects of a 6-month course of responsivity education (RE)/prelinguistic milieu teaching (PMT) for young children with developmental delay. Method Fifty-one chi...
Theoretical limits for storage of energy in buildings

Abstract The mass incorporated in the structure of a building has long been used to store energy and offset heating requirements. The amount of mass to employ has been a subject of debate. Existing passive solar design manuals in the United States give recommendations for the amount of mass to employ in different building types, and establish optimum levels for different designs. However, an evaluation of the maximum benefits of building mass on energy consumption has not been performed. In this paper, two limits for the effect of building mass on energy consumption are formulated. The limit for maximum energy consumption is based on there being no mass available in the building for energy storage. The limit for minimum energy consumption is based on there being sufficient mass present to allow excess energy gains to be used at any time during the time period of interest. These limits allow the maximum economic benefit of building mass to be determined. Examples of the application of these limits are presented.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE MURINE PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE BY PHENYLEPHRINE IN VITRO

Phenylephrine was found to enhance the primary (immunoglobulin M) antibody response of murine splenocytes to sheep erythrocytes when added to splenocyte cultures at the time of in vitro immunization. The enhancement was seen at all times during the developing antibody response. One day after the peak response the enhancement was 78% above the control response, and was completely blocked by equimolar concentrations of the alpha adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine. The alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin dose dependently antagonized the enhancement associated with phenylephrine one day after the peak response. These results suggest that phenylephrine prolongs the in vitro IgM antibody response by way of alpha-1 adrenoceptor activation. The adrenoceptors responsible for this pharmacologic response could not be demonstrated using direct radioligand binding techniques.
Near-Infrared Observations of Neptune's Tropospheric Cloud Layer with the Lick Observatory Adaptive Optics System

We provide one of the first constraints on the combined infrared single-scattering albedo and opacity of Neptune's upper tropospheric cloud layer. For the observations, we used the adaptive optics system on the Lick Observatory's 3 m Shane Telescope (Mount Hamilton, California). The cloud layer is thought to be composed of H2S and extend up to 3.5–4.5 bars. Previously, the single-scattering albedo was measured in the range 0.2–0.94 μm and found to be extremely high (>0.8), but decreasing with increasing wavelength. Assuming an optically thick cloud, we find the best-fit single-scattering albedo of a 3.5 bar layer to be 0.23 at 1.27 μm and 0.18 at 1.56 μm. Uncertainties in the column density of haze above the cloud layer, and from deconvolution to remove contaminating light scattered by the point-spread function from infrared-bright features, indicate that the cloud could be even darker, but it is unlikely to be brighter than we report. The cloud particles could be brighter than we report if the total near-infrared opacity of the cloud is very low or the cloud's scattering phase function is significantly more forward-scattering at 1.2–1.6 μm than at 0.75 μm.
Deoxyribonuclease from Salmon Testes : I. Purification and properties

A procedure is described for the purification of salmon testis deoxyribonuclease II by means of acid extraction, fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, heat denaturation of extraneous proteins, and ethanol fractionation. This process separates the deoxyribonuclease activity from that of ribonuclease, phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, and protease. Over 50 per cent of the activity is retained with an over-all enrichment of 20,000-fold. The enzyme degrades both native and heat-denatured DNA, but the rate of degradation of the latter is only one-tenth that of the former. It does not hydrolyze apurinic acid. The enzyme is most stable in the pH range 4 to 5. Electrolytes are essential for the expression of its activity: monovalent ions satisfy the requirement, but divalent ones are much more effective. Above a certain optimum concentration, each electrolyte is inhibitory. The pH of maximal activity, under conditions of optimal ionic strength, is 4.8; the temperature optimum is near to 55°C.
Inclusion of toller-angle dependence in the multi-regge integral equation

Author(s): Silverman, D; Tan, CI | Abstract: The nonforward multiperipheral integral equation for the Reggeon-particle absorptive amplitude is generalized to include complete dependence on the Toller-angle variable. © 1970 The American Physical Society.
Effect of intramolecular reaction on the branching process of grafting reaction between two reactive polymers

Abstract The kinetic formulation described in a previous paper has been extended to include intramolecular reaction. The extension includes the incorporation of spatial correlation among chain species caused by volume exclusion. The need for consideration of spatial correlation among polymer species is reflected in the self-consistency of the kinetic theory. We provide a general procedure to look into the effect of intramolecular reaction on the branching process. Under a certain approximation in our grafting system, we obtain exact expressions for the weight-average molecular weight and gel point of the system. A thorough discussion is given of the various parameters that are important to the extent of intramolecular reaction and the branching process. It is concluded that intramolecular reaction cannot be simply neglected in the grafting system, since gel point and weight-average molecular weight are fairly sensitive to the extent of intramolecular reaction.
Effect of intraluteal estradiol-17β implants on weight and progesterone secretion of porcine corpora lutea

Abstract Estradiol-17β (E 2 ) decreases the effectiveness of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) to induce luteolysis in hysterectomized gilts, and E 2 locally increases corpus luteum (CL) weight in pigs, suggesting a direct luteotropic effect. This study examined the effect of intraluteal E 2 implants on utero-ovarian vein (UOV) progesterone (P 4 ), E 2 , PGF 2α and CL weight in cyclic gilts. Eight gilts were laparotomized on day 11 (day 0 =first day of estrus), catheters were placed in both UOV, and gilts were then divided into two equal groups (E 2 -treated and controls). Each CL on one ovary of E 2 -treated gilts was injected with a quick-curing silastic implant containing E 2 , and each CL on the contralateral ovary received a vehicle implant. Control gilts received bilateral vehicle implants. Blood was collected at 10-min intervals for 1 h beginning at 06.00 and 18.00 h from days 11 to 18. Gilts were subsequently ovariectomized on day 19. Corpora lutea were weighed, homogenized and assayed for P 4 . UOV plasma was assayed for P 4 , E 2 and PGF 2α by validated RIA. No side differences were observed in CL weight or UOV P 4 within groups. CL were maintained in E 2 -treated, but not control gilts, as evidenced by CL weight (333±20 vs 154±12 mg), CL P 4 content (21.8±2.1 vs 0.3±0.1 μ g) and CL P 4 concentration (65.7±5.5 vs 2.3±0.6 ng/mg), respectively. UOV P 4 values were similar between groups up to 18.00 h on day 15, declining from 346±122 ng/ml at 18.00 h on days 11 to 147±20 ng/ml on day 12, then remaining constant to 18.00 h on day 15. Thereafter, UOV P 4 in E 2 -treated gilts returned progressively to day 11 values by 18.00 h on day 18 (364±97 ng/ml) while values of control gilts declined to low levels (5.4±0.6 ng/ml). In E 2 -treated gilts, UOV plasma E 2 was elevated 13-fold ipsilateral, and 4-fold contralateral, to the E 2 -treated ovary when compared with levels in control gilts. Further, uterine PGF 2α release was suppressed in E 2 -treated when compared with control gilts. Although E 2 did not prevent the initial decline in UOV P 4 observed between days 11 and 15 in all gilts, reduced uterine PGF 2α release may have facilitated the progressive return in CL function observed in E 2 -treated gilts.
Renormalization group improved perturbative QCD

Abstract The results of perturbative QCD calculations are reformulated as renormalization-scheme independent predictions; in so doing, we obtain a renormalization group improvement of perturbation theory. As an application, we show that asymptotic freedom alone does not give the correct quantitative relation between pseudoscalar charmonium decay and the scaling violations in deep inelastic scattering.
Insecticides as tools in probing vital receptors and enzymes in excitable membranes

Abstract In reflecting upon insecticides and their use, it is easy to dwell on their well-documented problems as environmental pollutants and nontarget toxicants. Yet very few chemical industries have been as responsive or as innovative as the agrochemical companies in providing society with new and novel compounds that have allowed us to produce and protect the high quality food and fiber necessary to feed and clothe an ever increasing human population. Given the effectiveness and wide-spread use of insecticides, it was naive not to have envisioned the environmental impacts that these chemicals have caused. Nevertheless, the impacts of insecticide use have resulted in a much more complete and rigorous understanding of the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of environmental contaminants, their environmental fate and degradative processes, and an increased insight on mechanisms leading to acquired drug tolerance and resistance. Such understanding would certainly not have been possible without the explicit structure-activity relationships provided by insecticidal chemicals. The availability of homologous series of insecticidal analogues, toxic and nontoxic insecticidal enantiomers, and radiolabeled insecticides have provided us with invaluable tools in the elucidation of how insecticides bind receptors and ultimately produce their toxic response. Pesticide science owes a debt of gratitude to the agrochemical industry for making these compounds readily available to environmental researchers and academic scientists alike. In this review, I examine the mode of action studies of three structurally dissimilar insecticides on the nervous system. These insecticides are DDT, a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that acts as a nerve toxin by modifying the kinetics of voltage-dependent ion channels associated with the neurolemma; deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethrin analog that acts in a similar fashion as DDT; and azinphosmethyl, a phosphorodithioate organophosphate that acts as nerve toxin by competitively inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (Fig. 1). The activity of these insecticides are assessed using three functional assays: (i) the enhanced release of neurotransmitters from isolated presynaptic nerve terminals; (ii) the behavioral and mortality responses of the ciliate organism, Paramecium; and (iii) the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase associated with azinphosmethyl resistance in Colorado potato beetle. In each case, I summarize our findings in terms of the future benefit that they may provide.
To Lead as Equals: Rural Protest and Political Consciousness in Chinandega, Nicaragua, 1912–1979

To Lead as Equals: Rural Protest and Political Consciousness in Chinandega, Nicaragua, 1912-1979. Jeffrey L. Gould. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. 377 pp. $47.50 (cloth), $14.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8078-1904-2, ISBN 0-8078-4275-3.
Rapid determination of iodine value by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been found to be an effective tool for the direct, rapid, and automated determination of the iodine value (IV) of vegetable oils, including hydrogenated oils (IV=45.9–140.2). The total time required to obtain the 1H NMR data is about 3 min per sample. The IV is calculated from the number of double-bonded protons and the average molecular weight derived directly from the spectrum. The average of olefinic protons and allylic plus divinyl protons area was used to calculate the absolute number of double-bonded protons. The 1H NMR results were compared with those obtained by the traditional Wijs-cyclohexane methods. The correlation coefficient between traditional IV and the novel 1H NMR method was r 2=0.9994 for the regression equation Y=0.9885X + 2.8084, where X was the result given by the traditional method. With the proposed regression equation, IV calculated by the 1H NMR method was within an error of ± 1 unit of the result obtained by the traditional method. The proposed method is practically viable if one can afford to have the NMR system.
Boundary interactions for two-dimensional granular flows. Part 2. Roughened boundaries

The global behaviour of a granular flow is critically dependent on its interaction with whatever solid boundaries with which it comes into contact, whether they be used to drive, retard or simply bound the flow field. This paper describes the results of a computer simulation study of the effects of roughening boundaries by ‘gluing ’ particles to the surfaces. Roughness is commonly used in experimental devices as a way of approximating a no-slip condition between a granular material and the driving surfaces. On a microscopic level, this produces a boundary that extends out into the flow field to the limit of the roughness elements. This has a strong effect on the way that forces, and, in particular, torque, is transmitted to the particles in the neighbourhood of the boundary.
Radiographic information theory and application to mammography.

A theoretical estimate is made for the lowest exposure necessary to r e c o r d the smallest feature of interest, using various radiographic detecting surfaces and allowing for the probability of making errors to be within certain specified bounds. These calculated exposures are compared with the actual exposures given in clinical situations in order that the smallest feature of interest can be o b s e r v e d by the practitioner with the same probability of error. A measure of the viewing efficiency of a radiographic process is given by the ratio of these exposures. The application of these concepts to mammography for three different recording media—film, film/screen, and xeroradiography—shows that the minimum entrance exposure necessary for recording information by each receptor varies with the energy of the x‐ray beam, and that the optimal photon energy lies in the 21‐ to 25‐keV region. All three methods with their present modes of processing use at most only a few percent of the information they actually intercept. This argues, for example, that if some more efficient method of reading xerographic plates were found, entrance exposures as low as 9 mR per exposure would suffice for a mammogram.
Combined heat and mass transfer by natural convection over a horizontal surface

Abstract This paper presents a numerical study of combined heat mass transfer by natural convection over a horizontal surface. Both aiding and opposing buoyancies are considered for equal and unequal Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. For aiding buoyancies, the flows and transport are similar to the case of thermal buoyancy-induced flow. For opposing flows, the flow patterns vastly differ from those of aiding buoyancies. The results for Pr = Sc and Pr ≠ Sc reveal significant and interesting differences in flow thermal, and concentration fields. For Pr = Sc , periodic solutions result. For Sc > Pr , on the other hand, we observe stable density stratification above the surface. In both cases, the transport rates are much reduced for opposing buoyancies.
Energy Model to Predict Suspended Load Deposition Induced by Woody Debris: Case Study

Large woody debris (LWD) has been used repeatedly to create aquatic habitats. This study attempts to quantify and predict geomorphological changes induced by LWD. Six cylindrical bundles of LWD were anchored in a stream in central Ohio, and bed elevations were monitored for up to seven months. A model was developed to predict deposition downstream of the LWD. Sediments accumulated immediately downstream of the LWD structures. The average accumulation depth 0.25 m downstream of the LWD was 0.0m. At 1.25 m downstream accumulation averaged 0.07 m. The model to predict the sediment deposition had values of 0.87-0.77 respectively, at the two downstream locations. The most important terms in the model were the Froude number and bankfull depth. An advantage of this model was the use of easily measurable variable including average bankfull velocities, depth, and cross sectional area. This fact will facilitate the use of the model in field settings. Suggestions for future improvements to the model include calibration of different streams, inclusion of a temporal variable, and sediment characteristics.
Adenoviral vector-mediated insulin gene transfer in the mouse pancreas corrects streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia.

Therapy for type 1 diabetes consists of tight blood glucose (BG) control to minimize complications. Current treatment relies on multiple insulin injections or an insulin pump placement, β-cell or whole pancreas transplantation. All approaches have significant limitations and have led to the realization that novel treatment strategies are needed. Pancreatic acinar cells have features that make them a good target for insulin gene transfer. They are not subject to autoimmune attack, a problem with pancreas or islets transplantation, they are avidly transduced by recombinant adenoviral vectors, and capable of exporting a variety of peptides into the portal circulation. Recombinant adenoviral vectors were engineered to express either wild-type or furin-modified human insulin cDNA (AdCMVhInsM). Immunodeficient mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin and injected intrapancreatically with the vectors. BG and blood insulin levels have normalized after administration of AdCMVhInsM. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy showed the presence of insulin in acinar cells throughout the pancreas and localization of insulin molecules to acinar cell vesicles. The data clearly establish a relationship between intrapancreatic vector administration, decreased BG and elevated blood insulin levels. The findings support the use of pancreatic acinar cells to express and secrete insulin into the blood stream. Gene Therapy (2001) 8, 1480–1489.
Preschool social and cognitive behaviors: the Southern Illinois Twins.

The Southern Illinois Twins registry consists of a small group of twins from the southern Illinois area and some areas in Missouri and Kentucky, as well as siblings of twins and singletons who have been involved in the study. The current project has as its primary focus the identification of variables that predict aggressive and prosocial behaviors in preschoolers, especially to explore the etiology of individual differences in aggressive and prosocial behaviors from a behavior genetic perspective. Twins are tested yearly within months of their birthdays, from ages 1 year to 5 years. Siblings are tested at 5 years of age. At ages 1-4 years, children are tested on a cognitive battery and mother-child interactions are videotaped. At 5 years, children engage in a peer play situation in the lab. Results thus far suggest that aggression during play in the lab shows genetic influence, corroborating earlier parent rating studies. Language: en
Electrocardiogram sources in a 2-dimensional anisotropic activation model

This paper develops a model of 2-dimensional anisotropic cardiac tissue which permits the examination of the electrical sources arising from excitation at a point. The specific results depend on the anisotropy parameters and two cases are considered in detail. For assumed equal anisotropicity ratios in the interstitial and intracellular space the isochrones are (asymptotically) confocal ellipses and the total double layer source is (asymptotically) uniform. Surface fields are calculated and plotted for this condition. (For nonequal anisotropy ratios the total double layer source is necessarily nonuniform). When the preparation is very thin so that all fibres are essentially in contact with the extracellular medium the isochrones are (asymptotically) confocal ellipses but the total double-layer sources are now nonuniform. The sources for this case are determined and the fields at the surface of the cardiac tissue evaluated and plotted. The aforementioned ‘thin’ and ‘thick’ tissue preparations are contrasted with each other and the effects of anisotropicity in cardiac tissue discussed.
Identification of pathologically small fetuses using customized, ultrasound and population-based growth norms.

Objectives Fetal growth restriction is a strong risk factor for stillbirth. We compared the performance of three fetal growth curves – customized, ultrasound (Hadlock) and population – in identifying abnormally grown fetuses at risk of stillbirth. Methods We performed a case–control study of singleton stillbirths (delivered between 2000 and 2010) at one center. Four liveborn controls were randomly identified for each stillbirth. Ultrasound-estimated fetal weight within 1 month prior to delivery was used to calculate growth percentiles for each fetus using three fetal growth norms. Sensitivities and odds ratios for stillbirth, as well as odds of abnormal growth according to formula, were calculated. Results There were 49 stillbirths and 197 live births. Using the customized norms, growth of the fetuses destined to be stillborn was bimodal, with both more small-for-gestational-age (SGA; < 10th percentile) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA; ≥ 90th percentile) fetuses. Odds of being abnormally grown were significantly higher using ultrasound compared with population norms (P = 0.02) but were not statistically different using ultrasound and customized norms (P = 0.21). Sensitivity for identification of SGA on ultrasound as a predictor of stillbirth was higher using customized (39%; 95% CI, 24–54%) or ultrasound (33%; 95% CI, 19–47%), rather than population (14%; 95% CI, 4–25%), norms. Conclusions Among fetuses destined to be stillborn, customized and ultrasound norms identified a greater proportion of both SGA and LGA estimated fetal weights. The customized norms performed best in identifying death among SGA fetuses. These results should be interpreted within the limitations of the study design. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Deuteron quadrupole coupling constant of deuterochloroform determined from direct 13C2H couplings in 2H NMR spectra

Abstract The deuteron quadrupole coupling constant, Q D , of 13 CDCl 3 was measured in three different nematic solvents employing the quadrupolar and the direct dipolar 13 C 2 H splittings in 2 H NMR. The values of Q D found in Phase IV and EBBA were 158.9 ± 1 and 157.8 ± 1 kHz, respectively, while the value of Q D in ZLI-1167 was found to be 170.5 ± 1 kHz. These results are discussed and compared with literature values obtained in various media in liquid and solid states.
Problem-Based Learning in Social Work Education

Abstract This article examines the applicability of Problem-Based Learning (“PBL”) to social work education. Borrowed from medical education, PBL requires students to take a more active role in their learning. Key components of PBL are delineated; a pilot study using PBL for preparing school social work practitioners for the 21st century is then discussed. The PBL model was implementedin two graduate level social work courses and was evaluated by the students for effectiveness in learning. The majority of the students agreed that the PBL model helped them in their learning about educational disabilities and cultural diversity, and agreed that it was a stimulating approach to learning about children and families.
Optimization of the shear strengths of ultrasonically consolidated Ti/Al 3003 dual-material structures

Abstract The interfacial bonding between layers in ultrasonically consolidated structures is poor for some material combinations, resulting in relatively low bond strength. This makes resultant parts unsuitable for structural applications. This work discusses a study of the effects of post process heat treatment of ultrasonically consolidated commercially pure titanium and aluminum alloy 3003 dual-material systems. The lap shear strengths of as-consolidated specimens as well as heat treated ones were tested. The results show that there is significant improvement of the strengths of post processed specimens over the as-consolidated ones. The improvement is as a result of stress relieving of the strain hardened interface between the two materials and some interactions of the base materials across the interfacial boundaries at elevated temperatures, leading to stronger bonds. The study highlights the role of post process heat treatments for improving the mechanical properties of ultrasonically consolidated structures.
A Look in the Mirror: Sexual Abuse Professionals' Perceptions about Sex Offenders

Abstract Sex offender policies have been enacted based on anomalous cases of child abduction and murder, leading to public misperceptions about sex offenders, recidivism, and stranger danger. Professionals working in the sexual abuse field were surveyed to determine to what extent their knowledge and perceptions are consistent with current empirical literature. Professionals had accurate perceptions of the rates at which strangers victimize children and offenders come to the attention of authorities. Significant differences were found regarding perceptions of sex offense recidivism rates, treatment effectiveness, and sex offenders' history of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for treatment, training, and advocacy are discussed.
Symptom Validity Testing: Unresolved Questions, Future Directions:

As the stimulating articles in this Special Issue demonstrate, symptom validity tests (SVTs) are alive and well in neuropsychology and allied fields. At the same time, a number of key unresolved is...
A Novel Approach to Support Mobility Management in Wireless Internet

Multi-layers are involved in the handover procedure when the MN is moving between different networks. In order to ensure proper quality of service for real-time communication in a mobile wireless Internet environment, it is essential to minimize the transient handover delay and packet loss. This paper introduces multilayered techniques to reduce handover latency and packet loss during handover in a SIP-based signaling environment. In this article, a new integrated mobility management scheme that advantageously combines the mobility management of MAC layer, network layer and application layer is presented. The experimental results show that this integrated model provides fast handover and reduces the packet loss for ongoing media sessions.
Phosphorescence of individual horseradish peroxidases proteins having a modified heme group

Phosphorescence of single protein molecules has been directly observed by laser confocal microscopy. The native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been converted into a phosphorescent analog (Pt-HRP) by replacing the heme prosthetic group with platinum mesoporphyrin IX (Pt-MP). Oxygen quenching of the triplet state emission of single Pt-HRP molecules has been directly detected and the oxygen quenching constant could be estimated at the single molecule level. The method lays a foundation for experimental studies of the pathways of oxygen diffusion in proteins.
Effect of high and low temperatures on the survival of wound-tumor virus in sweet clover

Abstract Sweet clover plants, Melilotus officinalis L. (Lam.), infected with the vectorless (VL) strain of wound-tumor virus (WTV), were grown for various intervals at 35° or 40°. Cuttings from the treated plants were grown under conditions favorable for tumor development in the resulting plants. Successive vegetative generations propagated by cuttings from symptomless plants yielded only progressively higher proportions of symptomless plants. After four succesive vegetative propagations from symptomless plants under conditions optimal for symptom expression, cuttings from plants treated at 35 and 40° were, respectively, 98 and 100% symptomless. Plants remaining symptomless for two successive vegetative generations under optimal conditions were designated “90% virus-free” because tests indicated that 82–90% of them remained free of symptoms when tested for the third and fourth vegetative generations. Growth of cuttings at a low temperature (14°) markedly increased the frequency of 90% virus-free plants. When plants infected with a vectorial strain of WTV were subjected to identical 14° exposures, the increase in proportion of 90% virus-free cuttings was much less. Incidence of symptom expression after growth for one generation at 14° was different for three strains of WTV.
Stimulated Raman scattering with shaped femtosecond pulses

We show that spectral hole refilling can be used to detect stimulated Raman scattering to determine vibrational frequency of molecules. The technique can be applied to spore detection and tissue microscopy.
Raman fingerprints on a spinor BEC

We present examples of ring structures that arise in a 87Rb spinor condensate through the application of Raman laser pulses that couple the internal spin states of the F = 2 ground state manifold. The appearance of fringes within the context of the population transfer dynamics is discussed, and several pulse protocol options are compared.
A fast and accurate decoder for underwater acoustic telemetry

The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System, developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, has been used to monitor the survival of juvenile salmonids passing through hydroelectric facilities in the Federal Columbia River Power System. Cabled hydrophone arrays deployed at dams receive coded transmissions sent from acoustic transmitters implanted in fish. The signals’ time of arrival on different hydrophones is used to track fish in 3D. In this article, a new algorithm that decodes the received transmissions is described and the results are compared to results for the previous decoding algorithm. In a laboratory environment, the new decoder was able to decode signals with lower signal strength than the previous decoder, effectively increasing decoding efficiency and range. In field testing, the new algorithm decoded significantly more signals than the previous decoder and three-dimensional tracking experiments showed that the new decoder's time-of-arrival estimates were accurate. At multiple distances from hydrophones, the new algorithm tracked more points more accurately than the previous decoder. The new algorithm was also more than 10 times faster, which is critical for real-time applications on an embedded system.
VelociGene: a high-throughput approach for functionizing the genome via custom gene mutation and high-resolution expression analysis in mice

Now that the genome has been sequenced, determining gene function presents the next major challenge. Many scientists agree that the most powerful technologies for determining gene function involve genetic manipulations that knock out, replace, or overexpress gene products in mice so as to evaluate functional consequences. Unfortunately, even in the most sophisticated laboratories, such approaches still remain rather custom and low-throughput. I will describe a new set of technologies that allow for an unprecedented rate of generation of knockouts, knockins and transgenics–easily industrializable and scaleable to thousands per year. These approaches involve rapid manipulation of very large pieces of DNA (hundreds of kilobases in size), allowing the entire genome to be spanned by about 25,000 separate pieces of DNA. VelociGene has enormous flexibility, allowing the production of custom mutations with nucleotide precision, deletions of very large size, reporter knockins, transgenic overexpression, as well as conditional and complex alleles. Genetically modified mice produced via VelociGene are phenotyped using a variety of high-throughput approaches, ranging from high-throughput/high-resolution reporter gene analyses to localize the target gene with cellular resolution, to four-dimensional transcriptional fingerprinting via microarray. These approaches have identified and validated multiple targets in therapeutic areas such as obesity and diabetes, arthritis and cartilage growth, muscle atrophy, and angiogenesis and cancer.