cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature Based Fabrication in Layered Manufacturing

To address the conflicting requirements between holding specified surface quality and decreasing build time in layered manufacturing, we present a feature-based fabrication methodology whereby the curvature effects are localized within each decomposed volume. However, staircase interaction between the boundaries of the decomposed neighboring volumes creates geometric incompatibility for deposition, which further results in undesired material properties. This paper proposes a novel concept, feature interaction volume, to eliminate the staircase interaction. Based on this concept, a feature based volume decomposition algorithm is developed. This algorithm enables each decomposed volume to be fabricated independently and compatibly. Implementation and example results are also presented.
A small sample confidence interval for autoregressive parameters

This paper is concerned with interval estimation of an autoregressive parameter when the parameter space allows for magnitudes outside the unit interval. In this case, intervals based on the least-squares estimator tend to require a high level of numerical computation and can be unreliable for small sample sizes. Intervals based on the asymptotic distribution of instrumental variable estimators provide an alternative. If the instrument is taken to be the sign function, the interval is centered at the Cauchy estimator and a large sample interval can be created by estimating the standard error of this estimator. The interval proposed in this paper avoids estimating this standard error and results in a small sample improvement in coverage probability. In fact, small sample coverage is exact when the innovations come from a normal distribution.
In situ study of abundant expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines in pulmonary granulomas that develop in cynomolgus macaques experimentally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem worldwide. Chemokines and cytokines organize and direct infiltrating cells to sites of infection, and these molecules likely play crucial roles in granuloma formation and maintenance. To address this issue, we used in situ hybridization (ISH) to measure chemokine and cytokine mRNA expression levels and patterns directly in lung tissues from cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) experimentally infected with a low dose of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We examined more than 300 granulomas and observed abundant expression of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-inducible chemokine mRNAs (CXCL9/monokine induced by IFN-γ, CXCL10/IFN-γ-inducible protein, and CXCL11/IFN-γ-inducible T-cell α-chemoattractant) within solid and caseous granulomas, and there was only minimal expression in nongranulomatous regions of tissue. The mRNA expression patterns of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha were examined in parallel, and the results revealed that cytokine mRNA+ cells were abundant and generally localized to the granulomas. Mycobacterial 16S rRNA expression was also measured by ISH, and the results revealed that there was localization predominantly to the granulomas and that the highest signal intensity was in caseous granulomas. We observed several granulomatous lesions with exceptionally high levels of RNA for mycobacterial 16S rRNA, IFN-γ, and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines, suggesting that the local presence of mycobacteria is partially responsible for the upregulation of IFN-γ-inducible chemokines and recruitment of CXCR3+ cells, which were also abundant in granulomatous lesions. These results suggest that expression of CXCR3 ligands and the subsequent recruitment of CXCR3+ cells are involved in granuloma formation and maintenance.
Efficient model learning for dialog management

Intelligent planning algorithms such as the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) have succeeded in dialog management applications [10, 11, 12] because they are robust to the inherent uncertainty of human interaction. Like all dialog planning systems, however, POMDPs require an accurate model of the user (e.g., what the user might say or want). POMDPs are generally specified using a large probabilistic model with many parameters. These parameters are difficult to specify from domain knowledge, and gathering enough data to estimate the parameters accurately a priori is expensive. In this paper, we take a Bayesian approach to learning the user model simultaneously with dialog manager policy. At the heart of our approach is an efficient incremental update algorithm that allows the dialog manager to replan just long enough to improve the current dialog policy given data from recent interactions. The update process has a relatively small computational cost, preventing long delays in the interaction. We are able to demonstrate a robust dialog manager that learns from interaction data, out-performing a hand-coded model in simulation and in a robotic wheelchair application.
Bound, odd-parity Rydberg spectra of Sb i: 5s 2 5p 2 np and 5s 2 5p 2 nf series for J = 1/2, 3/2, and 5/2

The odd-parity spectrum of neutral antimony atoms (Sb i) is measured by two-photon excitation from the ground electronic state. Data are presented for the energies of 112 bound states, most of which belong to three Rydberg series converging on the ionization limit of Sb i. The spectrum is analyzed by multichannel quantum defect theory. A value of 69 431.4 ± 0.1 cm−1 is determined for the ionization limit.
Losing Their Day Jobs: The Radio Éireann Players as a Permanent Repertory Company

During a 1966 Radio Telefis Eireann broadcast celebrating the first forty years of indigenous radio in the Republic of Ireland, Maxwell Sweeney characterized the evolution of radio drama in the nation as a slow process, one that grew out of readings of short stories and poetry. Like all other facets of the early national radio service, dramatic broadcasting suffered greatly from inadequate funding and resources. Equally detrimental to its progress was the widespread, if understandable, ignorance about the new medium's possibilities. Indeed, music dominated the airwaves in the first decade of national radio in Ireland because relaying music performances and gramophone records did not pose the same challenges as speech and dramatic broadcasting. 2RN, as the service was initially called, was but “a part-time affair,” broadcasting for a mere five and a half hours, and “eighty percent of transmission time was devoted to recitals by small groups of instrumentalists, solo traditional musicians, and amateur choirs.” Consequently, though understanding of dramatic broadcasting steadily developed, the Irish Independent could accurately claim in 1933 that radio drama in the Free State had not significantly improved since the establishment of the service seven years earlier.
CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCE EFFECTS WITH SKILLED BASEBALL PLAYERS

Szrmmary.-The learning benefits of contextual interference have been frequently demonstrated in different settings using novice learners. The purpose of the present study was to test such effects with skilled athletic performers. Scheduling differences for biweekly additional ("extra") batting-practice sessions of a collegiate baseball team were examined. 30 players (ns = 10) were blocked on skill and then randomly assigned to one of three groups. The random and blocked groups received 2 additional battingpractice sessions each week for 6 wk. (12 sessions), while the control group received no additional practice. The extra sessions consisted of 45 pitches, 15 fastballs, 15 curveballs, and 15 change-up pitches. The random group received these pitches in a random order, while the blocked group received all 15 of one type, then 15 of the next type, and finally 15 of the last type of pitch in a blocked fashion. All subjects received a pretest of 45 randomly presented pitches of the three varieties. After 6 wk. of extra batting practice, all subjects received two transfer tests, each of 45 trials; one was presented randomly and one blocked. The transfer tests were counterbalanced across subjects. Pretest analysis showed no significant differences among groups. On both the random and blocked transfer tests, however, the random group performed with reliably higher scores than the blocked group, who performed better than the control group. When comparing the pretest to the random transfer test, the random group improved 56.7%, the blocked group 24.8%, and the control group only 6.2%. These findings demonstrate the contextual interference effect to be robust and beneficial even to skilled learners in a complex sport setting.
Generic variations of models of $T$

Let T be a model-complete theory that eliminates the quantifier ∃ ∞ x For T we construct a theory T + such that any element in a model of T + determines a model of T . We show that T + has a model companion T 1 . We can iterate the construction. The produced theories are investigated.
Randomized Phase II Study of Two Irinotecan Schedules for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer Refractory to an Anthracycline, a Taxane, or Both

Purpose A pressing need exists for agents active against anthracycline- or taxane-refractory metastatic breast cancer (MBC), or both. Previous clinical trials suggested that irinotecan might have such activity. We conducted this multicenter phase II study to assess efficacy and tolerability of two irinotecan schedules. Patients and Methods MBC patients who experienced disease progression after one to three chemotherapy regimens, including at least one anthracycline- or taxane-based regimen, were randomly assigned to irinotecan in 6-week cycles comprising 100 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks, then a 2-week rest (weekly) or 240 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Results The weekly arm had 52 assessable patients; the every-3-weeks arm had 51 assessable patients. In the weekly arm, the objective response (complete regression [CR] + partial regression [PR]) rate was 23% (one CR, 11 PR; 95% CI, 13% to 37%). Median response duration was 4.9 months (range, 1.9 to 15.9 months), and median overall survival was 9.7 months (95% CI, 8.0 to...
Aid to a declining matriarch in the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis).

Scientists are increasingly revealing the commonalities between the intellectual, emotional and moral capacities of animals and humans. Providing assistance to elderly and ailing family members is a human trait rarely documented for wild animals, other than anecdotal accounts. Here I report observations of multiple forms of assistance to the declining matriarch of a habituated group of giant otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Manu National Park, Peru. The otter group had been observed annually for several years and all members were known individually. In 2007, the breeding female of the group failed to reproduce and appeared to be in physical decline. She begged from other family members 43 times over 41 contact hours and received food 11 times. Comparisons with 2004–2006 demonstrate that the family's behavior in 2007 constitutes a role-reversal, in which the majority of assistance and prey transfers accrued from young-to-old rather than from old-to-young. As in human societies, both non-adaptive and adaptive hypotheses could explain the family members' aid to their declining matriarch. I suggest that giant otter families may benefit from the knowledge and experience of an elderly matriarch and “grandparent helper,” consistent with the “Grandmother Hypothesis” of adaptive menopause in women.
Abiotic Hydrolysis of Poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] in Acidic and Alkaline Media

Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate)], P(3HB), is the most common member of polyhydroxyalkanoates, the natural biopolyesters of intrinsic biodegradability and biocompatibility. Abiotic hydrolysis of P(3HB) was investigated in acid and base media by monitoring the formation of two monomer products, 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) and crotonic acid (CA), from three types of P(3HB) samples, amorphous granules, irregular precipitates and solvent cast films. The soluble monomeric products were not detected in acid solutions (0.1 to 4 N H + ), but measured as the major hydrolytic products in base solutions (0.1 to 4 N OH'). Unlike the protons as catalyst in both hydrolysis and esterification, hydroxyl anions were consumed during formation of carboxylate anions. The amorphous granules of P(3HB) were decomposed 80- to 100-fold faster than the precipitates and solvent cast films. The latter two had around 71% crystallinity. The hydrolysis of amorphous grannules exhibited a quasi 0 th -order reaction rate and the activation energy of saponification was 82.2 kJ/mol, silimar to those of the biotic hydrolysis of P(3HB) by enzymes and living cells.
Network-based control systems: a tutorial

There are two general structures to design a control system through a network. The first structure is to have several subsystems, in which each of the subsystem contains a set of sensors, a set of actuators, and a controller by itself. These system components are attached to the same control plant. In this case, a subsystem controller receives a set point from the central controller. Another structure is to connect a set of sensors and a set of actuators to a network directly. Sensors and actuators in this case are attached to a plant, while a controller is separated from the plant via a network connection to perform a closed-loop control over the network. A challenging problem in control of networked-based system is network delay effects. The time to read a sensor measurement and to send a control signal to an actuator through the network depends on network characteristics such as their topologies, routing schemes, etc. Therefore, the overall performance of a network-based control system can be significantly affected by network delays. The severity of the delay problem is aggravated when data loss occurs during a transmission. Moreover, the delays do not only degrade the performance of a network-based control system, but also can destabilize the system. This tutorial presents fundamental details of network-based control and recent network-based control techniques for handling the network delays. The techniques are based on various concepts such as state augmentation, queuing and probability theory, nonlinear control and perturbation theory, and scheduling. A general structure of a network-based control system, delay types, and delay behaviors are also described in this tutorial. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed.
(Invited) Thin Film Magnetic Heads - Early Inventions and Their Ongoing Impact on Magnetic Storage and on Electrochemistry

Thin film deposition, photolithography and conductor formation processes for large-scale semiconductor integration (LSI), coupled film memories, bubble memories and thin film heads for disk storage applications were in the very early stage of development in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. In the LSI devices the semiconductors were the active elements; the patterned thin films provided electrical connections. For this application thin sputtered or evaporated films of aluminum patterned by chemical etching through a lithographic mask provided a compatible way to create the conductors.
SURFACE STRONG MOTION ASSOCIATED WITH A STICK-SLIP EVENT IN A FOAM RUBBER MODEL OF EARTHQUAKES

In this paper, we present and interpret dynamic displacement data for a stick-slip event in a foam rubber model of earthquake faulting. Static displacement data are used to infer the stress drop of about 0.016 p, where p is the shear modulus. The rupture velocity 0.7 fl, where fl is the shear-wave speed, is also inferred from the data. The observed particle displacement and particle velocity data are compared with analytical and numerical predictions. Doppler focusing of energy by rupture propagation is clearly observed. No large transverse displacement pulse such as that observed at Station 2 of the Parkfield earthquake is observed. In addition to its value for testing analytical and numerical predictions, the laboratory model provides much needed information on the distribution of strong ground motion in the neighborhood of a fault and thus helps in the problem of microzonation for earthquakes.
Bayesian Fusion of Back Projected Probabilities BFBP: Co-occurrence Descriptors for Tracking in Complex Environments

Among the multitude of probabilistic tracking techniques, the Continuously Adaptive Mean Shift CAMSHIFT algorithm has been one of the most popular. Though several modifications have been proposed to the original formulation of CAMSHIFT, limitations still exist. In particular the algorithm underperforms when tracking textured and patterned objects. In this paper we generalize CAMSHIFT for the purposes of tracking such objects in non-stationary backgrounds. Our extension introduces a novel object modeling technique, while retaining a probabilistic back projection stage similar to the original CAMSHIFT algorithm, but with considerably more discriminative power. The object modeling now evolves beyond a single probability distribution to a more generalized joint density function on localized color patterns. In our framework, multiple co-occurrence density functions are estimated using information from several color channel combinations and these distributions are combined using an intuitive Bayesian approach. We validate our approach on several aerial tracking scenarios and demonstrate its improved performance over the original CAMSHIFT algorithm and one of its most successful variants.
The effect of threat climates on collaborations among local governments: An exploratory approach with perceptions of u.s. city officials

Natural disasters such as floods, tornadoes, and earthquakes happen everywhere around the world, taking many human lives and destroying untold property. In addition to natural disasters, terrorism has been recognized as another potential disaster in the United States since September 11, 2001. Local government is a first responder in all emergency situations, yet its resources and capacities to deal with these situations are restricted. To effectively respond to dangerous circumstances, local governments need to collaborate by exchanging information and resources with such parties as other local governments, private and nonprofit organizations, nonprofit organizations, and other levels of government. The concepts of coordination and collaboration have been embedded in many national emergency policies for disaster relief and homeland security in the U.S. This exploratory research empirically examines how threat climates are associated with various types of local government collaboration: vertical, horizontal, and cross-sectoral. It has been found that public managers' perception of threats has a positive effect on collaboration among local governments, but that collaborative strategies vary by government characteristics.
S-adenosylmethionine deficiency and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic injury

S-adenosylmethionine (Adomet) is a substrate for de novo synthesis of choline. Adomet deficiency occurs in certain types of liver injury, and the injury is attenuated by exogenous Adomet. Tumor nec...
Burrows and Burrowing Behavior of Onychomys leucogaster

A study of the shelter-seeking behavior of captive northern grasshopper mice was made in 15 × 15 × 3 ft sheet metal enclosures. Observations showed that grasshopper mice invariably dug their own burrows. The following types of burrows were recognized: nest burrows, retreat burrows, cache burrows and miscellaneous burrows, including those used for defecation and signposting. Records showed that the burrows provided the mouse with a refuge from extreme fluctuations of temperature. Nest burrows were dug by males with the help of females; individual mice did not dig nest burrows. The burrow entrances were not noticeably raised above the surface, and nest entrances to burrows were not in protected areas.
Calculation of Reduction Coefficient of Water Pressure on Underwater Tunnel Lining

The water pressure on the tunnel lining is one of the key parameters of tunnel structure design.The waterproof-type lining bears hydrostatic pressure.However,the drainage-type lining usually partially responds to the hydrostatic pressure.The hydrostatic pressure exerted on the lining should be reduced.The water pressure reduction coefficient of the lining under the conditions of axial symmetry is deduced,and its reliability is verified by means of numerical method,on basis of water-seepage theory.The calculation results show: 1) The water inflow decreases as the lining permeability reduces.When the value of kl/ks is 0.001,there is almost no water inflow and the water pressure reduction coefficient is nearly equal to 1.2) There is a public intersection between the water inflow and the water pressure reduction coefficient for different values of kl/ks,and the range of kl/ks is from 0.02 to 0.03,meanwhile,the water pressure reduction coefficient is about 0.5.3) The water inflow can be effectively stopped by means of grouting.4) The calculation results are reliable and effective.
The Biological Flora of Coastal Dunes and Wetlands: Avicennia germinans (L.) L.

ABSTRACT Lonard, R.I.; Judd, F.W.; Summy, K.R.; DeYoe, H., and Stalter, R., 2017. The biological flora of coastal dunes and wetlands: Avicennia germinans (L.) L. Avicennia germinans (L.) L. is a pantropical, subtropical, and occasionally warm-temperate mangrove species that occurs on shorelines that have a broad horizontal tidal range. Also known as black mangrove, stands typically develop under anoxic, water-logged conditions in substrates of silt or clay. Black mangrove can tolerate salinity values ranging from 0 to 90 parts per thousand. Salt is excreted from salt glands on both leaf epidermal surfaces, and aerosol salt spray and salt crystals are frequently observed on the upper leaf epidermis. Avicennia germinans is viviparous. The embryos have no dormancy requirements, and there is no seed bank. This mangrove species has the northernmost distributional range of any mangrove species in North America. It occurs in Louisiana and northern Florida. Color-infrared photography and airborne video imagery te...
Learning Classifiers From a Relational Database of Tutor Logs

A bottleneck in mining tutor data is mapping heterogeneous event streams to feature vectors with which to train and test classifiers. To bypass the labor-intensive process of feature engineering, AutoCord learns classifiers directly from a relational database of events logged by a tutor. It searches through a space of classifiers represented as database queries, using a small set of heuristic operators. We show how AutoCord learns a classifier to predict whether a child will finish reading a story in Project LISTEN‟s Reading Tutor. We compare it to a previously reported classifier that uses hand-engineered features. AutoCord has the potential to learn classifiers with less effort and greater accuracy.
Modulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by cetiedil.

Cetiedil citrate monohydrate inhibits sickling of red cells and aggregation of platelets. We assessed its ability to attenuate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function. PMN aggregation in response to 2 X 10(-7) M formyl-met-leu-phe (FMLP) was inhibited in a dose- dependent fashion by cetiedil concentrations ranging from 60 to 250 microM. Additionally, 125 microM cetiedil inhibited PMN aggregation in response to 2 X 10(-7) M FMLP, 20 ng/ml phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and 1 X 10(-6) M A23187 by 69% +/- 18%, 72% +/- 20%, and 65% +/- 4%, respectively. Inhibition of FMLP-induced aggregation was provided by only 5 min of incubation of the drug with the cells and was partially reversible. Cell viability was unaffected by exposure of PMN to the drug. Correspondingly, 125 microM cetiedil prevented the translocation of calcium from the PMN membrane as assessed by chlorotetracycline fluorescence. Paralleling the effect of the drug on PMN aggregation, 125 microM cetiedil inhibited release of superoxide by 55% and decreased the number of available 3H-FMLP receptors. However, its effect on release of the primary granule constituent, myeloperoxidase, was minimal (4.5% inhibition), while the effect on release of the specific granule product, lactoferrin (27% inhibition), was modest. These studies indicate that cetiedil affects PMN aggregation and superoxide release to a much greater extent than PMN degranulation. Thus, cetiedil may have potential uses in modulating inflammatory response in vivo.
Complications and short-term patient outcomes of periacetabular osteotomy for symptomatic mild hip dysplasia.

IntroductionThe purpose of our study is to identify complications and early functional outcome scores in patients treated with periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for mild acetabular dysplasia.MethodsTh...
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Special Populations

Though often considered a young person’s disease because its mean age of onset is in late adolescence, bipolar disorder (BD) frequently demonstrates recurrent episodes and morbidities that continue throughout the lifetime of the patient and into old age. In fact, presentation of mood episodes in older age is quite common and requires clinicians to understand the unique challenges that the interaction of aging and mental illness present. Further, it has been well established that the depressive polarity of episodes increases in frequency over the life span with a decline in manic and mixed episode presentations. Finally, while new onset of illness is relatively rare in later ages, it is not unknown, and the variability of age of onset may allow for a better understanding of the disease process. This chapter reviews our current understanding of BD in the elderly and highlights the implications of age in understanding the heuristic causes of the disease, challenges to treatment, and the limitations of our knowledge for clinical care.
A Constant Composition Method for Modelling Urinary Stone Formation

Much attention has been paid recently to the development of an in vitro system for modelling the formation of renal stones. Although one of the major components of the renal stones is calcium oxalate, this may consist of the mono- (COM), di (COD), or tri- (COT) hydrate and the urine may be supersaturated with respect to any or all of these phases. Thus the less stable COD and COT may act as precursors to the formation of COM, precipitating and dissolving transiently. It is generally accepted that urine contains inhibitors to crystallization of calcium oxalates which may be absent in stone formers and studies have focused on the nature and mechanism of the mineralization inhibition of urine.
The Threat of a Nonnative, Invasive Apple Snail to Oligohaline Marshes along the Northern Gulf of Mexico

ABSTRACT Low, L. and Anderson, C.J., 2017. The threat of a nonnative, invasive apple snail to oligohaline marshes along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic invasive species continue to be a persistent ecological problem. Management of these species requires understanding of their impact and the conditions favorable for their occurrence. Pomacea maculata is an invasive, nonnative freshwater apple snail threatening wetlands through substantial herbivory. Recent detection of P. maculata in coastal Alabama has raised concerns regarding the susceptibility of estuarine marshes in Mobile Bay and the northern Gulf of Mexico. To evaluate this threat, mesocosms were created to examine snail response to the combined effects of salinity and plant species common to estuaries throughout the region. Over a 5-week period, snails in brackish-water mesocosms (∼10 parts per thousand [ppt], with Juncus roemerianus or Cladium jamaicense) became dormant and neither fed nor reproduced. Snails in freshwater mesocosms (<1 ppt, w...
Low-dose 4D cone-beam CT via joint spatiotemporal regularization of tensor framelet and nonlocal total variation

Excessive radiation exposure is still a major concern in 4D cone-beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) due to its prolonged scanning duration. Radiation dose can be effectively reduced by either under-sampling the x-ray projections or reducing the x-ray flux. However, 4D-CBCT reconstruction under such low-dose protocols is prone to image artifacts and noise. In this work, we propose a novel joint regularization-based iterative reconstruction method for low-dose 4D-CBCT. To tackle the under-sampling problem, we employ spatiotemporal tensor framelet (STF) regularization to take advantage of the spatiotemporal coherence of the patient anatomy in 4D images. To simultaneously suppress the image noise caused by photon starvation, we also incorporate spatiotemporal nonlocal total variation (SNTV) regularization to make use of the nonlocal self-recursiveness of anatomical structures in the spatial and temporal domains. Under the joint STF-SNTV regularization, the proposed iterative reconstruction approach is evaluated first using two digital phantoms and then using physical experiment data in the low-dose context of both under-sampled and noisy projections. Compared with existing approaches via either STF or SNTV regularization alone, the presented hybrid approach achieves improved image quality, and is particularly effective for the reconstruction of low-dose 4D-CBCT data that are not only sparse but noisy.
Rules and Regularities Revisited

Setting out to write this essay, I found myself thinking back to an occasion in the early 1970’s when Paul Ziff and I debated the question “Are there rules of language?” before the Philological Club here at the University of North Carolina. I, then a fairly recently minted young Assistant Professor with more energy and enthusiasm than good sense, took the affirmative. Paul, who had recently joined our department as a William Rand Kenan, Jr., Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, took the negative. Since he was already on record in Semantic Analysis 1 as holding that Rules have virtually nothing to do with speaking or understanding a natural language.... An appeal to rules in the course of discussing the regularities to be found in a natural language is as irrelevant as an appeal to the laws of Massachusetts while discussing the laws of motion. (SA, 34) this was not surprising.
A brief history of time-lapse.

Time-lapse is used for imaging the dynamics of living cells and tissues with the light microscope. The technique involves recording a single microscope field at intervals of lapsed time, along with keeping the specimen alive and in good health on the microscope stage throughout the experiment. When the full sequence of images is subsequently played back as a movie, the event is speeded up in proportion to the interval between frames. A structure that appears unremarkable in a still image can take on a new identity when a sequence of the images is played back as a time-lapse movie. For example, when cells are imaged using fluorescent speckle microscopy (25), they appear as a series of bright dots (speckles) in still images. The speckles take on a new identity when viewed as a timelapse movie; for example, the speckles may line up in the case of fluorescently labeled microtubules (25), or they may move together in the case of fluorescently labeled actin (24).
The cytochrome P450 slow metabolizers CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 directly regulate tumorigenesis via reduced epoxyeicosatrienoic acid production

Increased expression of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9, together with elevated levels of its products epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), is associated with aggressiveness in cancer. Cytochrome P450 variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 encode proteins with reduced enzymatic activity, and individuals carrying these variants metabolize drugs more slowly than individuals with wild-type CYP2C9*1, potentially impacting their response to drugs and altering their risk of disease. Although genetic differences in CYP2C9-dependent oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) have been reported, the roles of CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 in EET biosynthesis and their relevance to disease are unknown. Here we report that CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 metabolize AA less efficiently than CYP2C9*1 and that they play a role in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) via impaired EET biosynthesis. When injected into mice, NSCLC cells expressing CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 produced lower levels of EETs and developed fewer, smaller, and less vascularized tumors than cells expressing CYP2C9*1. Moreover, endothelial cells expressing these two variants proliferated and migrated less than cells expressing CYP2C*1. Purified CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 exhibited attenuated catalytic efficiency in producing EETs, primarily due to impaired reduction of these two variants by NADPH-P450 reductase. Loss-of-function SNPs within CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 were associated with improved survival in female cases of non-small-cell lung cancer. Thus, decreased EET biosynthesis represents a novel mechanism whereby CYPC29*2 and CYP2C9*3 exert a direct protective role in NSCLC development.
Abstract 4666: An evaluation of breast cancer cellular membrane lipid-extracted nanoliposomes (CLENs) in relation to formulation design, stability, mechanism of cellular entry and cardioprotective function in vitro

One of the longstanding issues limiting the use of chemotherapeutic agents is the lack of tumor specificity, which leads to systemic toxicity. Therefore, various targeted nanocarriers have been developed to concentrate the cytotoxic drug agents at tumor regions to avoid uptake by normal healthy tissues. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that cell membrane lipid-extracted nanoliposomes (CLENs) are capable of selective targeting compared to nanoliposomes consisting of mainly conventional lipid materials. Also, CLENs were relatively nontoxic when employed at concentrations traditionally used to evaluate nanoparticles in vitro. However, parameters such as lipid composition, size, and surface charge all have a direct impact on liposomal cellular uptake. In this study, we prepared different CLENs different molar ratios of natural and cellular-derived lipids extracted directly from breast cancer cells (4T1), cholesterol, and DPPE-PEG-5000. The formulations were used to investigate the mechanisms of CLENs uptake and determine the underlying mechanisms regulating cellular entry. In the study, CLENs were used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cellular uptake for both target and off-target cell populations. CLENs containing cholesterol and DPPE-PEG-5000 (70/25/5) were able to retain doxorubicin in relevant therapeutic concentrations. CLEN formulations were able to exert selective cytotoxic drug effects against different target breast cancer cells in vitro. 4T1 CLENs containing cholesterol and DPPE-PEG-5000 (70/25/5) demonstrated greater binding to 4T1 (target) cells compared to CLENs prepared using 4T1 lipid extracts alone. The binding was not only temperature- and time-dependent, but also composition- and cell type-dependent. Off-target effect studies showed that 4T1 CLENs were taken up minimally by off-target cells (including normal breast fibroblasts and normal myocytes), compared to controls. Our studies collectively support the use of lipid extracts derived from target cells for selective drug targeting and enhanced cytotoxicity. Future studies will explore underlying mechanisms of cellular entry and cardioprotective function. Citation Format: Hanan M. Alharbi, Robert B. Campbell. An evaluation of breast cancer cellular membrane lipid-extracted nanoliposomes (CLENs) in relation to formulation design, stability, mechanism of cellular entry and cardioprotective function in vitro [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4666.
Professor-Student Rapport and Perceived Autonomy Support as Predictors of Course and Student Outcomes.

Two robust predictors of student success, rapport, and autonomy support were assessed to determine which had a greater impact on course and student outcomes. Survey responses from undergraduate psy...
Friction Factors of Stacks of Perforated Regenerator Plates

The flow resistance of stacks of perforated copper plates has been measured using liquid nitrogen as fluid. Spacer wires of 0.15 mm diameter have been inserted between the plates. Flow velocities and Reynolds number have been based on the hole diameter; (cylindrical hole of 1.397 mm length with a diameter of 0.356 mm). The friction factors obtained are compared to theoretical solutions for tubes of short to moderate lengths. Data are above the prediction for ideal tubes. The pressure drop for two plates is 16% larger than the two-fold value of the single plate result. For 6 plates, the pressure drop per plate has been found to be enhanced by the same order of magnitude, however the velocity range in the experiments is reduced into the Reynolds number range below 1000.
Translation software: An alternative to transit data standards

Abstract Data standardization is recognized in many disciplines as a critical aspect of data stewardship. Establishing and implementing data specifications increases the usefulness of data collection efforts and facilitates analysis techniques. With the advent of large quantities of machine-generated data, the use of standardized data formats feeds opportunities for visualization and advanced applications with machine-learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The transportation industry made substantial progress with data format specifications in the late 1990s, primarily for highway traffic. Unfortunately, establishing data standards has been an on-going challenge for the transit community. Archived Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) transit data (e.g., Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL), Automatic Passenger Counters (APCs), Automatic Fare Card (AFC)) still lack industry standards for data formats. Recent advancements in electronic transit scheduling (e.g., General Transit Feed Specifications (GTFS)) met a portion of this challenge with Open Data specifications. Now GTFS provides transit riders with agile information on services available at any location where the data is provided to developers of mobile device application (apps). Due to system and vendor limitations, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), serving the New York City region, publishes its real-time subway system data in GTFS-R and its bus data in SIRI. This research develops an Application Programming Interface (API) to translate GTFS-R into SIRI to overcome the lack of standards making it possible to harmonize the subway and bus systems for the New York region. This solution offers the opportunity to develop a novel set of analytical tools, including pseudo-surveillance data for performance metrics.
The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative: Character and self in narrative

One truism about narrative is that it is a way we have of knowing ourselves. What are we, after all, if not characters? That is, we seem to be characters, and characters are one of the two principal components in most stories, the other being the action . An extreme position is that we only know ourselves insofar as we are narrativized. But this cannot be entirely the case since scientists can dissect and anatomize humans in static non-narrative conditions and in this manner develop extensive understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological components of what we are. So, to put the generalization more accurately, it is only through narrative that we know ourselves as active entities that operate through time . In this regard, even scientists who study us need to see us in narrative form. Psychologists conducting rigorously controlled experiments on human behavior situate their subjects as if they were characters in stories. Sometimes these are very tiny stories indeed, but the skeletal structure of narrative governs even the most limited patterns of stimulus and response (“The infant's face showed signs of wonder when the ball appeared to pass through a solid object”). In this chapter we shall look at a few of the important issues and questions that arise in connection with the narrative representation of both character and that mysterious (some would say illusory) property of character usually referred to as “the self.”
Security patterns for automotive systems

As automotive systems become increasingly sophisticated with numerous onboard features that support extensive inward and outward facing communication, cybersecurity vulnerabilities are exposed. The relatively recent acknowledgement of automotive cybersecurity challenges has prompted numerous research efforts into developing techniques to handle individual threat vectors, the pathways and threat surfaces by which an attack can be realized. Security design patterns have been developed for many application domains (e.g., enterprise systems, networking systems, and distributed systems), but not much has been explored for automotive systems. This paper introduces a collection of security design patterns targeted for automotive cybersecurity needs. We leverage and extend the de facto standard template used to describe design patterns to include fields specific to the automotive domain and SAE J3061 cybersecurity development guidelines.
Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality applications in orthopedic surgery.

Background Innovation in computer-assisted surgery (CAS) aims to increase operative accuracy and improve safety by decreasing procedure-related complications. The application of reality technologies, to CAS has begun to revolutionize orthopedic training and practice. Methods For this review, relevant published reports were found via searches of Medline (PubMed) data base using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: "virtual reality" or "augmented reality" or "mixed reality" with "orthopedics" or "orthopedic surgery" and all relevant reports we utilized. Results Trainees now have authentic and highly interactive operative simulations without the need for supervision. The practicing orthopedic surgeon is better able to pre-operatively plan and intra-operatively navigate without the use of fluoroscopy, gain access to three-dimensional reconstructions of patient imaging, and remotely interact with colleagues located outside the operating room. Conclusion This review provides a current and comprehensive examination of the reality technologies and their applications in Orthopedic surgery.
Prevention Guidelines as Failed Minimal Standards of Care.

Abstract Clinical practice guidelines have garnered considerable interest among clinicians and researchers in cardiovascular medicine. Among the guidelines, the prevention of coronary heart disease receives great attention as a summary of the clinical trials addressing primary and secondary prevention. One of the challenges to guidelines committees is reduction to clinical practice. Because it can be difficult to gain consensus from experts on broad statements, the final guidelines product represents a compromise which may not serve as a sufficient safety net for patients. Guidelines might best include patient vignettes to motivate guidelines committees to apply their recommendations to clinical practice and serve as a logic check with the aim of not failing patients in need of diagnosis and treatment.
Home-Based Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy at an Urban Safety Net Hospital: Comparing Outcomes in Persons With and Without Noninjection Drug Use

As stimulant use and infections among persons using drugs rise nationally, evidence remains limited on how best to deliver outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) to persons using noninjection drugs. In an urban safety net population including persons using noninjection drugs, home-based OPAT completion rates were similarly high as those of non-drug-using individuals.
Quantifying Variation in Treatment Utilization for Type 2 Diabetes Across Five Major University of California Health Systems.

OBJECTIVE Using the newly created University of California (UC) Health Data Warehouse, we present the first study to analyze antihyperglycemic treatment utilization across the five large UC academic health systems (Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective analysis used deidentified electronic health records (EHRs; 2014–2019) including 97,231 patients with type 2 diabetes from 1,003 UC-affiliated clinical settings. Significant differences between health systems and individual providers were identified using binomial probabilities with cohort matching. RESULTS Our analysis reveals statistically different treatment utilization patterns not only between health systems but also among individual providers within health systems. We identified 21 differences among health systems and 29 differences among individual providers within these health systems, with respect to treatment intensifications within existing guidelines on top of either metformin monotherapy or dual therapy with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Next, we identified variation for medications within the same class (e.g., glipizide vs. glyburide among sulfonylureas), with 33 differences among health systems and 86 among individual providers. Finally, we identified 2 health systems and 55 individual providers who more frequently used medications with known cardioprotective benefits for patients with high cardiovascular disease risk, but also 1 health system and 8 providers who prescribed such medications less frequently for these patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study used cohort-matching techniques to highlight real-world variation in care between health systems and individual providers. This demonstrates the power of EHRs to quantify differences in treatment utilization, a necessary step toward standardizing precision care for large populations.
Practical Body MRI: Protocols, Applications and Image Interpretation

Practical Body MRI: Protocols, Applications and Image Interpretation demystifies MRI examinations of the abdomen and pelvis, giving the essential knowledge required by radiologists in order to develop and select appropriate protocols, assess scan quality and interpret imaging studies. Each chapter describes why each sequence is performed, what to look for, and how the important findings from each sequence lead to a unique diagnosis. Numerous protocols are included, from the more common, such as liver and renal MRI, to more tailored examinations such as rectal and placental MRI. All protocols are richly illustrated with images of body MR pathology. A separate chapter discusses MRA/MRV and an introductory chapter gives a brief, practical introduction to MRI physics and receiver coils. The authors' expertise and practical, concise explanations of both protocols and image interpretation makes this an essential resource for residents, fellows and experienced radiologists using body MRI for the first time.
Vibration Effects on Convective Heat Transfer in a Cryogen-Filled Enclosure

The effect of vibration upon heat-transfer rates in both forced and free convection has been studied extensively for geometries including thin wires, cylinders, annuli, and flat plates [1–9]. A recent paper by Forbes, et al. [10] reported that free convective heat-transfer rates across a rectangular enclosure filled with water may be increased by as much as 50% in the neighborhood of certain resonant frequencies of the system. They found that the resonant frequency range at which the maximum effect on heat-transfer rates occurred could be experimentally determined by placing a pressure transducer at one end of the fluid column and recording the maximum oscillating pressure level as a function of frequency for a fixed acceleration input. This method was suggested by Schoenhals and Overcamp [11] in their studies of bubble formation in vibrated fluid columns. There have been no known reports in the literature of investigations into the effect of vibration on enclosures filled with a cryogen.