cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibrium vibronic states of Cr ions in Mg/sub 2/GeO/sub 4/ studied by upconverted hot luminescence laser spectroscopy

Summary form only given. Following photoexcitation of an impurity ion in a crystal, phonons are emitted associated with the nonradiative energy transfer from "hot" ion into the lattice environment. The nonequilibrium vibronic states populated during the nonradiative relaxation of Cr/sup 4+/ impurity ions in Mg/sub 2/GeO/sub 4/:Cr/sup 4+/ were measured using upconverted hot luminescence to obtain information on the phonon modes and electronic bottlenecks involved.
Intravenous Injection of Amino Acids on Glucose Utilization Rate of Hypophysectomized and Insulin-Treated Rabbits

SummaryA mixture of amino acids when injected intravenously into rabbits with high glucose utilization rates (from hypophysectomy, and from insulin) markedly reduced this glucose requirement.
A Hitchhiker's Guide to the DFM Universe

This paper defines the scope of Design for Manufacturability (DFM) and describes a multi-layered approach to avoid, minimize and model its effects. It argues that through a combination of carefully chosen design rules, DFM guidelines, variability models, design-to-manufacturing and manufacturing-to-design communication, the DFM problem can be kept within tractable limits. It presents a DFM-pervasive design flow as a model and cautions that a good usage model and an appropriate cost vs. benefit determination must accompany adoption of each DFM proposal.
Weeding spammers at the root: A precise approach to spam reduction

Email spam has become one of the most critical threats affecting Internet user experiences. Existing anti-spam techniques, such as spam filters and reputation systems, face growing difficulties due to spammers' use of multimedia content (which is difficult to filter) and computer zombies (which mask true spammer identity). We propose SpamWeeder, a simple idea for spam prevention, which targets the root of the spam problem - the email address trafficking. SpamWeeder can track the email address trafficking channels, expose the parties at the source of these channels, and precisely block all email from all and only parties belonging to a given distribution channel. SpamWeeder can further generate warnings to users against submitting their email addresses to parties likely to engage in address trafficking. Finally, our approach is transparent to users and can be installed autonomously by an organization intranet, without need for any changes to the rest of the email infrastructure.
Interactions between Natural Health Products and Antiretroviral Drugs: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects

Concurrent use of natural health products (NHPs) with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) is widespread among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. This article reviews the clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between NHPs and ARVs. Many NHPs are complex mixtures and are likely to contain organic compounds that may induce and/or inhibit drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Although the weight of evidence for the effects of certain NHPs varies and many studies of these products lack scientific rigor, it has been observed that St. John's wort clearly induces cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein and reduces protease inhibitor and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor concentrations, thereby increasing the likelihood of therapeutic failure. Limited clinical research suggests that intake of garlic and vitamin C results in reductions in ARV concentrations. The intake of milk thistle, Echinacea species, and goldenseal inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro and may increase ARV concentrations, but by clinically unimportant amounts. Intake of fish oil reduces ARV-induced hypertriglyceridemia without significantly affecting lopinavir concentrations. Before recommending the use of NHPs as adjuncts to ARV use, studies should first exclude significant pharmacokinetic interactions and ensure that ARV efficacy is maintained.
On-site diagnostic tests on medium voltage, XLPE-insulated power cables

The dc depolarization current measurement technique was used to test 20 medium voltage, underground XLPE-insulated cables in the local utility power distribution network between January and March 2006 and then in March 2007. The cables varied in length (30 m to ~1600 m), voltage rating (9 to 28 kV), and age (4 to 36 years). Unlike a typical depolarization current measurement where only a low frequency portion of the current is monitored with an electrometer, the described measurements have also included the high frequency component of the depolarization current, occurring right after switching off the poling voltage. The measurements in 2007 also included the dielectric loss factor measurements between 10 mHz and 500 Hz to correlate the tan delta values with the parameters of the depolarization currents. A reasonable correlation was found between cable age and other operating conditions and the depolarization current characteristics. A one year period between 2006 and 2007 produced noticeable changes in the depolarization current characteristics for some cable and almost no change in others. No consistent time effect on the insulation of various cables could be identified.
Evidence for a DNA homologous pairing activity in nuclear extracts from mosquito cells

Abstract Using a sensitive homologous pairing/DNA strand transfer assay, we detected formation of joint molecules in the presence of nuclear extract from cultured mosquito C7-10 cells in a reaction containing single stranded circular m13 DNA and a linear, double stranded DNA 5′-end-labeled on the strand complementary to a portion of the single-stranded substrate. Joint molecules were detected by the reduced electrophoretic mobility of labeled probe on agarose gels, which indicated that the 5′-end labeled strand of the linear duplex had formed a hybrid with the single-stranded substrate. Characterization of the activity detected initially in crude nuclear extracts provided a basis for a 5-fold enrichment of activity after a two-step KC1 elution from heparin-Sepharose. Further purification by preparative electrophoresis yielded a band at approximately 35 kDa, which, when transferred to Immobilon P membrane, specifically bound the labeled, complementary strand probe. Optimal activity of the electroeluted enzyme required both magnesium and ATP and was sensitive to the ratio of single-stranded and double-stranded DNA substrate and to the amount of protein. This homologous pairing activity from mosquito cells is the first such activity to be described from an insect other than Drosophila melanogaster .
Heart Transplantation in Patients 70 Years of Age and Older: Initial Experience

Abstract Background . Heart transplantation has become a highly successful therapeutic option for patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy. Consequently, the criteria for patient selection, particularly regarding recipients' upper age limits, have been expanded, with an increasing number of people older than 60 years of age now undergoing transplantation. Methods . A retrospective analysis of 6 patients 70 years of age and older who underwent heart transplantation was done; their clinical courses and outcomes were compared with those of younger patients, with a special emphasis on their posttransplantation quality of life. Results . All 6 patients are alive and clinically well at a mean follow-up of 12 months. No age-related complications have been observed, and their quality of life is excellent. There has been a very low incidence of rejection, as well as few episodes of rejection. Conclusions . Heart transplantation in selected people 70 years of age and older can be performed successfully with a morbidity comparable to that seen in younger patients and excellent short-term survival. This initial experience is encouraging, but further studies and long-term follow-up are needed to validate the more routine application of this therapy.
TOUGHREACT Version 2.0: A simulator for subsurface reactive transport under non-isothermal multiphase flow conditions

TOUGHREACT is a numerical simulation program for chemically reactive non-isothermal flows of multiphase fluids in porous and fractured media, and was developed by introducing reactive chemistry into the multiphase fluid and heat flow simulator TOUGH2 V2. The first version of TOUGHREACT was released to the public through the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Science and Technology Software Center (ESTSC) in August 2004. It is among the most frequently requested of ESTSC's codes. The code has been widely used for studies in CO"2 geological sequestration, nuclear waste isolation, geothermal energy development, environmental remediation, and increasingly for petroleum applications. Over the past several years, many new capabilities have been developed, which were incorporated into Version 2 of TOUGHREACT. Major additions and improvements in Version 2 are discussed here, and two application examples are presented: (1) long-term fate of injected CO"2 in a storage reservoir and (2) biogeochemical cycling of metals in mining-impacted lake sediments.
Isolation of a full-length CC–NBS–LRR resistance gene analog candidate from sugar pine showing low nucleotide diversity

The nucleotide-binding-site and leucine-rich-repeat (NBS–LRR) class of R proteins is abundant and widely distributed in plants. By using degenerate primers designed on the NBS domain in lettuce, we amplified sequences in sugar pine that shared sequence identity with many of the NBS–LRR class resistance genes catalogued in GenBank. The polymerase chain reaction products were used to probe a cDNA library constructed from needle tissue of sugar pine seedlings. A full-length cDNA was obtained that demonstrated high predicted amino acid sequence similarity to the coiled coil (CC)–NBS–LRR subclass of NBS–LRR resistance proteins in GenBank. Sequence analyses of this gene in megagametophytes from two sugar pine trees segregating for the hypersensitive response to white pine blister rust revealed zero nucleotide variation. Moreover, there was no variation found in 24 unrelated sugar pine trees except for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in the 3′ untranslated region. Compared to other genes sequenced in Pinaceae, such a low level of sequence variation in unrelated individuals is unusual. Although, numerous studies have reported that plant R genes are under diversifying selection for specificity to evolving pathogens, the resistance gene analog discussed here appears to be under intense purifying selection.
Integrated transient thermal and mechanical analysis of molded PBGA packages during thermal shock

During thermal shock, large thermal gradients exist within a molded plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package. The conventional assumption of uniform temperature distribution becomes invalid. In this paper, an integrated thermal-mechanical analysis was performed to evaluate the transient effect of thermal shock. For comparison, an isothermal analysis was also conducted. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to obtain the thermal boundary conditions surrounding the package. The heat transfer coefficient obtained through CFD was compared to two analytical solutions. It was found that the analytical values were not acceptable in the time period of interest. Therefore, to obtain the actual maximum die stress, CFD solution has to be used instead of analytical solutions to derive the thermal boundary condition. This boundary condition was then applied to the package and a sequentially coupled heat transfer and thermal stress analysis was performed. The transient analysis has shown that high stresses occur in the die due to thermal shock, which can not be seen under the traditional isothermal assumption. The impact of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package parameters on transient die stress was also studied, including mold thickness and substrate thickness. The results in this paper could be applied to either wire bond or flip-chip PBGA packages.
A NOTE ON SEQUENTIAL SEARCH.

Abstract : Optimal distribution of search effort problems for certain kinds of moving targets are considered. It is known that they can be formulated by the use of appropriate Markovian decision models. (Author)
Scaffolding A Broader View

To situate the concept of scaffolding within a broader context than that addressed by Stone, I discuss it with respect to (a) the historical context of learning disabilities, (b) the emerging focus on learners' activity, (c) the reification of learning disabilities, and (d) the unintended effects that frequently occur as a by-product of injudicious (and often unintentional) scaffolding. I conclude that the effective practice of special education has been inhibited by our isolation of interventions from the theories that give rise to them, and by the way we structure teacher education. Although scaffolding is not the answer to correcting these problems, it may serve to refocus our attention and efforts in useful ways.
Electrical conduction models for isotropically conductive adhesive joints

An electrical conduction model for silver filled isotropically conductive adhesives (ICA) was developed. The model combines the microscopic resistance of the bulk silver particles and the contact between silver flakes with the macroscale resistor network calculation by percolation theory. The resistivities of the composites were calculated by resistor network simulations considering both contact effects and particle size effects. Three different types of film typically exist on the silver surface: residual organic films; tarnish films; and a thin epoxy layer. The contact resistance between silver flakes can be due to a constriction resistance, to the tunneling resistance through insulating films, or to the resistance of more conductive layers. The constriction resistance is produced by the restriction of the current flow by small contact spots and is controlled by the actual contact spot area (metallic contact), which is dependent on the contact force between flakes. The tunneling resistance is caused by the very thin layer which may reside on the silver flakes between the metallic contact spots, and is dependent on a barrier film thickness and potential. Oxide and sulfide tarnish films are typically degenerate semiconductors. Two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) computer simulations were performed to predict the effects of particle sizes, shapes, and distribution on the percolation conduction thresholds and cluster sizes. The model predicts that the percolation threshold decreases with broad particle size distributions and high aspect ratio particles. The effective resistivity of the adhesive depends on the thickness dimension of the adhesive pad geometry, with very thin layers resulting in high percolation thresholds and high resistivities. Resistivity does not change with the pad thicknesses greater than a certain thickness level. Silver flake orientation on the surface increases the resistivity of the conductive adhesive pads, but in the same magnitude range. The resistivities of the materials are controlled by silver flake sizes and the nature of the contacts.
Fear conditioning in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease

Emotional blunting and abnormal processing of rewards and punishments represent early features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Better understanding of the physiological underpinnings of these emotional changes can be facilitated by the use of classical psychology approaches. Fear conditioning (FC) is an extensively used paradigm for studying emotional processing that has rarely been applied to the study of dementia. We studied FC in controls (n = 25), Alzheimer's disease (n = 25) and FTLD (n = 25). A neutral stimulus (coloured square on a computer screen) was repeatedly paired with a 1 s burst of 100 db white noise. Change in skin conductance response to the neutral stimulus was used to measure conditioning. Physiological-anatomical correlations were examined using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Both patient groups showed impaired acquisition of conditioned responses. However, the basis for this deficit appeared to differ between groups. In Alzheimer's disease, impaired FC occurred despite normal electrodermal responses to the aversive stimulus. In contrast, FTLD patients showed reduced skin conductance responses to the aversive stimulus, which contributed significantly to their FC deficit. VBM identified correlations with physiological reactivity in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and insula. These data indicate that Alzheimer's disease and FTLD both show abnormalities in emotional learning, but they suggest that in FTLD this is associated with a deficit in basic electrodermal response to aversive stimuli, consistent with the emotional blunting described with this disorder. Deficits in responses to aversive stimuli could contribute to both the behavioural and cognitive features of FTLD and Alzheimer's disease. Further study of FC in humans and animal models of dementia could provide a valuable window into these symptoms.
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology/World Heart Federation Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Classification System and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death Observations From the TRITON-TIMI 38 Trial (Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition With Prasugrel–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 38)

Background—The availability of more sensitive biomarkers of myonecrosis and a new classification system from the universal definition of myocardial infarction (MI) have led to evolution of the classification of MI. The prognostic implications of MI defined in the current era have not been well described. Methods and Results—We investigated the association between new or recurrent MI by subtype according to the European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/World Health Federation Task Force for the Redefinition of MI Classification System and the risk of cardiovascular death among 13 608 patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 38 (TRITON-TIMI 38). The adjusted risk of cardiovascular death was evaluated by landmark analysis starting at the time of the MI through 180 days after the event. Patients who experienced an MI durin...
Modeling Emergency Response Systems

This paper discusses a model for an emergency response system. The model is based on a review of the literature and the incorporation of lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina response. The paper takes a holistic view of a system in that an emergency response system is viewed as including emergency response members, procedures, and the organization as well as the ICT components of the system
The Stream of Consciousness: VI. Relevancies from Imagination, Cognition and Personality

Quite naturally, Imagination, Cognition and Personality is the literal context of the present series of articles, which aims to examine what is known and knowledgeably held about the nature and character of the referents of William James's concept of the stream of consciousness. The sixth and seventh installments focus on selected relevant interpretations and facts from Imagination, Cognition and Personality. These relevancies include 1) Christopher M. Aranosian's account of those temporal sections of the stream of consciousness during composing and improvising that consist of auditory musical imagery, 2) Erwin R. Steinberg's argument against the stream-of-consciousness technique of writing literature, as providing a poor simulation of a stream of consciousness, especially when compared to what might be accomplished by programming a present-day computer, and 3) Lee Tilford Davis and Peder J. Johnson's result of no mental activity at all reported ten per cent of the time by the subjects in an experiment us...
Sleep apnea in patients reporting insomnia or restless legs symptoms.

Objective Insomnia and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are defined by self-reported symptoms, and polysomnography (PSG) is not routinely indicated. Occult obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), common even in asymptomatic adults, may complicate management of patients presenting with insomnia or restless legs. To this end, we investigated objective sleep apnea metrics in a large retrospective cohort according to self-reported symptom profiles. Methods We compared sleep apnea findings in patients referred to our center according to self-reported symptoms associated with insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless legs. The cohort included over 1900 adults who underwent diagnostic (n = 1418) or split-night (n = 504) PSGs and completed a symptom and medical history questionnaire. Results More than 30% of patients who did not endorse any OSA symptoms, but did endorse insomnia or restless legs symptoms, were found to have OSA based on apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) >5 during overnight laboratory testing. Regression models of the full cohort showed that the risk of OSA was related, as expected, to older age, male sex, elevated body mass index, and presence of OSA symptoms. The presence of insomnia symptoms did not alter the risk of OSA. The presence of restless legs symptoms showed a small odds ratio for lowered OSA risk. Conclusions Objective evidence of OSA occurs similarly in those with insomnia or restless legs symptoms, even among those without self-reported OSA symptoms. Providers should be aware of the potential for occult OSA in populations with insomnia and restless legs, which may complicate their management in addition to presenting an independent medical risk itself.
Combined mannitol and deferoxamine therapy for myohemoglobinuric renal injury and oxidant tubular stress. Mechanistic and therapeutic implications.

Mannitol (M) and deferoxamine (DFO) can each protect against myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure (MH-ARF). This study assessed M-DFO interactions during MH-ARF to help discern mechanisms of renal injury, and to define whether M + DFO exerts additive or synergistic antioxidant/cytoprotective effects. Rats subjected to the glycerol model of MH-ARF were treated with (a) M; (b) DFO; (c) M + DFO; or (d) no protective agents. Relative degrees of protection (24-h plasma urea/creatinine concentrations) were M + DFO greater than M greater than DFO greater than or equal to no therapy. To assess whether catalytic Fe is generated during MH-ARF, the bleomycin assay was applied to plasma/urine samples obtained 0-2 h post-glycerol injection. Although striking plasma and urinary increments were noted, excess renal hydroxyl radical (.OH) production was not apparent (gauged by the salicylate trap method). M increased catalytic Fe excretion (four times), whereas DFO eliminated its urinary (but not plasma) activity. To determine direct M/DFO effects on proximal tubular cell oxidant injury, isolated rat proximal tubular segments (PTS) were incubated with toxic dosages of FeSO4 or H2O2. Despite inducing cell injury (lactic dehydrogenase release), Fe caused no .OH production. DFO conferred dose-dependent cytoprotection, correlating with increased, not decreased, .OH generation. Although M scavenged this .OH excess, it had no additive or independent, protective effect. H2O2 cytotoxicity correlated with increased catalytic Fe (but not .OH) generation. The fact that DFO (but not .OH scavengers [M and dimethylthiourea]) blocked H2O2 toxicity implied Fe-dependent, .OH-independent cell killing. In conclusion, (a) striking catalytic Fe generation occurs during MH-ARF, but augmented intrarenal .OH production may not develop; (b) DFO can block Fe toxicity despite a prooxidant effect; (c) H2O2 PTS toxicity is Fe, but possibly not .OH, dependent; and (d) M does not mitigate oxidant PTS injury, either in the presence or absence of DFO, suggesting that its additive benefit with DFO in vivo occurs via a diuretic, not antioxidant effect.
The NTDs and vaccine diplomacy in latin America: opportunities for united states foreign policy.

As favorable attitudes toward the U.S. drop to unprecedented lows in many Latin America countries, jointﾠprograms of neglected tropical disease control and vaccine development could be important, potentially highly productive opportunities for U.S. policy in the region, writes disease and poverty fellow Peter Hotez.
The Global Characteristics of the Wavenumber Spectrum of Ocean Surface Wind

The wavenumber spectra of wind kinetic energy over the ocean from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) observations have revealed complex spatial variability in the wavelength range of 1000‐3000 km, with spectral slopes varying from 21.6 to 22.9. Here the authors performed a spectral analysis of QuikSCAT winds over the global ocean and found that (i) the spectral slopes become steeper toward the Poles in the Pacificandin the South Atlantic,and theslopes exhibitminimallongitudinaldependencein the SouthPacific; (ii) thesteepestslopesare inthe tropical IndianOcean andthe shallowest slopesarein thetropicalPacificand Atlantic; and (iii) the spectra are steeper in winter than summer in most regions of the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere.Thenewfindingsreportedinthepaperprovideatestbedfortheoreticalstudiesandatmospheric general circulation models.
Traffic flow management modeling and operational complexity

Traffic flow management (TFM) actions are commonly used to mitigate capacity/demand imbalances within the National Airspace System (NAS). Modeling TFM events has proven challenging in the past, partly because of weather forecast uncertainty, and partly because of the complexity and unpredictability associated with highly-interrelated traffic patterns and distributed decision-making in the NAS. In this paper, we present results of a simulation of a NAS TFM event in which weather effects are relatively small. This facilitates interpretation of the similarities and differences between simulation results and the actual event in terms of NAS operations and decision making, with relatively small weather-related complications. We conclude that TFM modeling shows promise as a tool to aid post-event TFM analysis, but the complex operational factors impose limits on the predictability of outcomes in TFM events. A CAASD-developed fast-time network simulation of the NAS was used for this analysis.
Recent Clinical and Translational Advances in Pediatric Hypertension

Epidemiological reports describe a child population increase in BP level and an increase in prevalence of hypertension, that is largely, but not entirely, driven by a concurrent increase in childhood obesity. Given current estimates, ≈10% of adolescents have hypertension or prehypertension. In addition to obesity, dietary salt intake and waist circumference, a marker of visceral obesity, are found to be independently associated with the rise in BP among children and adolescents. Dietary salt intake in urban children is well above recommended levels largely because of consumption of processed and fast foods. Childhood exposures, such as stress,52 salt, and fructose, as well as lifestyles, including food sources, sleep patterns, and reductions in physical activity may have a role in obesity-high BP associations. In addition, clinical and translational evidence is mounting that intrauterine exposures alter can effect changes in fetal development that have an enduring effect on cardiovascular and metabolic function later in life. These effects can be detected even in children who are products of a term otherwise normal pregnancy. Hypertension in childhood has been defined statistically (BP ≥ 95th percentile) because of lack of outcome data that links a BP level with heightened risk for future cardiovascular events. Therefore, primary hypertension had been considered a risk factor for later hypertension in adulthood. Intermediate markers of TOD, including cardiac hypertrophy, vascular stiffness, and increases in cIMT, are detectable in adolescents with primary hypertension. Evidence that vascular injury is present in the early phase of hypertension and even in prehypertension warrants consideration on the current definition of pediatric hypertension. With further studies on TOD and other risk factors in addition to high BP, it may be possible to shift from a statistical definition to a definition of childhood hypertension that is evidence based. Preventing or reducing childhood obesity would have substantial benefit in countering the documented increase in BP levels and prevalence of high BP in childhood. Weight control in overweight and obese children, along with dietary changes 53 and increases in physical activity,54 has benefit on BP levels in childhood. Prevention of childhood obesity and BP risk will require multiple levels of intervention, including public health, health policy, and attention to food supply to foster the necessary lifestyle changes to prevent and reduce childhood obesity.
Protein Kinase C-θ Mediates a Selective T Cell Survival Signal Via Phosphorylation of BAD

Protein kinase C (PKC)-activating phorbol esters protect T cells from Fas-induced apoptosis. However, the mechanism of this protective effect and the identity of the relevant PKC isoform(s) are poorly understood. Here, we show that PKCθ plays a selective and important role in this protection. Fas triggering led to a selective caspase-3-dependent cleavage of the enzyme and proteasome-mediated degradation and inactivation of its catalytic fragment. These events preceded the onset of apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of PKCθ promoted Fas-mediated apoptosis in three different types of T cells. Conversely, constitutively active PKCθ (and, to a lesser degree, PKCe) selectively protected T cells from Fas-induced apoptosis. We provide evidence that the distant Bcl-2 family member, BAD, is a PKCθ substrate, is phosphorylated by TCR stimulation, and can mediate at least in part the anti-apoptotic effect of PKCθ.
President John F. Kennedy and the Civil Rights Movement

President John F. Kennedy is often credited with laying the foundation for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and other pertinent civil rights legislation. African Americans perceived President Kennedy as an advocate for civil rights legislation and supporter of the Civil Rights Movement, this paper is an attempt to determine the accuracy of these inferences. It is well documented that President Kennedy asked Dr. King to drop the voting rights component of the Civil Rights Movement in return for a tax exempt status. This, according to the Kennedy Administration, would make it easier to sell civil rights legislation in the south. This request on the part of the Kennedy administration compels some political scientists to speculate whether or not the goal of the administration, with regards to civil rights, was purely political or aimed at helping African Americans achieve social, economic and political parity. If the goal of the Kennedy Administration was primarily political then it may be time for political scientists and historians to reassess the Kennedy legacy with regards to civil rights and acknowledge the true impact President Lyndon Johnson had with regards to advancing civil rights. While it is clear President Johnson was able to garner the political support needed to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, John Kennedy is usually given the credit for introducing the idea of civil rights legislation to the American public and discussing it with key members of the United States Congress.
"Minds the dead have ravished": shell shock, history, and the ecology of disease-systems.

Au cours de la premiere guerre mondiale, une etrange epidemie a touche les soldats anglais: La Psychose. Ce cas precis, sert d'introduction a l'etude de la relation entre les maladies et leur environnement
Receiver Architectures for On-Off-Keying, Free-Space Optical Communications with Avalanche Photodiode Arrays

Receiver architectures are suggested for optimal combining of the outputs of an array of avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors in an on-off-keying (OOK), direct detection free-space optical communication system.
Analysis of malachite green and crystal violet residues in fishes in Guangzhou City

Objective To investigate the malachite green and crystal violet residues in fishes in Guangzhou City,provide reference for regulation,and provide guidance for the consumers. Methods According to the national standard GB / T19857- 2005,the residues of malachite green and crystal violet in fish samples were determined. Results The detection rate of malachite green and its metabolite in total 120 fish samples was 6. 67%( 8 /120),and that of crystal violet and its metabolites was 0. 83%( 1 /120). The detection rate of the forbidden drug in freshwater fishes was 8. 91%( 9 /101),while 0%( 0 /19) in sea fishes. Compared by the species,osmanthus fish had the highest detection rate of 40%( 2 /5).Conclusion Malachite green and crystal violet and their metabolites residues were found in commercial fishes in Guangzhou,which was worthy of attention.
Multi-Resolution Conceptual Modeling in War Game Based on EBI Framework

Wargame must be close to the requirements of military training mission. When we need for " the widely confronting and the local high- solution simulating",the existing simulation systems are not competent. So,we have to model the local action of the wider scenario,and multi- resolution modeling is one of better solutions to this problem. Based on this consideration,the modeling method for multi- resolution modeling based on the EBI framework was put forward from the perspective of conceptual modeling. Furthermore,on the base of this framework,the aggregation /desegregation of multi- resolution model was studied from the three essential aspects of the elements of war system: entity,behavior and interaction. By using standardized and formalized description method,the multi- resolution model was described,which can be the reference for following math modeling and program modeling.
Assessing Tumor Percentage: A Possible Solution in Evaluating HER2 Copy Number (HER2CN) Data Generated by Molecular Inversion Probe (MIP) Technology on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Sections of Breast Cancer (BC) With Low Tumor Cellularity

MIP technology has successfully produced quantitative HER2 copy number (HER2CN) data. Studies have shown high concordance between this emerging technology and conventional methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). OncoScan, the device behind MIP technology, appraises tumor percentage in the form of percent aberrant cells (%AC). However, inability to assess tumor heterogeneity, extensive stroma within the tumor, and prominent in situ …
Safety & the Diverse Workforce: Lessons from NIOSH’s Work with Latino Immigrants

The U.S. workforce is undergoing dramatic demographic shifts that are likely to continue in the coming decades. Increasing participation of men and women in previously gender-segregated fields (Sarkar, 2002), the aging workforce (National Research Council, 2012) and the integration of 2.4 million soldiers who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2011 (Waterstone, 2010) are just a few characteristics of the emerging diverse workplace. Perhaps most noticeable is the country’s growing ethnic diversity as a result of immigration and higher birthrates; this trend has prompted estimates that no ethnic or racial majority will exist in the U.S. by 2042 (Johnson & Lichter, 2010). Each group brings unique experiences, assets and challenges to the workplace in general and occupational safety and health in particular. Effectively responding to this diversity will be increasingly important for public- and private-sector institutions alike.
U–Th–Pb Geochronology

U–Th–Pb geochronology was the first and is still the fastest-growing method of measuring the rates of geologic processes through deep time and calibrating the absolute dates of events in Earth history. A variety of high U–Th minerals are found in nearly all crustal rocks, making this system the most widely applicable to understanding continental evolution. The decay of three parent isotopes to three distinct radiogenic daughter isotopes of Pb also provides a means of assessing open system behavior. This chapter describes (1) the basics of the U–Th–Pb decay chains and dating equations; (2) the different methods of visualizing U–Th–Pb data and identifying open-system behavior; (3) the various geologic processes that cause open system behavior; (4) the benefits and drawbacks of the three most popular methods of analyzing Pb/U and Pb/Th isotope ratios, namely, isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS); (5) the limits to precision and accuracy in U–Th–Pb geochronology; and (6) some examples of exciting current and future research directions. Though not comprehensive, this chapter is meant to be informative to both the beginners and experienced users of U–Th–Pb geochronology and provide the tools and background necessary to delve deeper into one of earth science's most exciting and rapidly evolving fields.
Antibiogram Directed Prophylaxis for Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: An Application of Recommendations in the Setting of High Fluoroquinolone Escherichia coli Resistance

AbstractIntroduction: We investigated local resistance patterns to guide antibiotic use for the prevention of infections associated with transrectal prostate biopsy with ultrasound guidance.Methods: Per the AUA (American Urological Association) recommendations (2014 and 2016) for transrectal prostate biopsy with ultrasound guidance prophylaxis, local antibiogram resistance was reviewed. Rates of Escherichia coli fluoroquinolone resistance were between 20% and 28%. Thus, the antibiotics chosen were a single dose of oral ciprofloxacin and intramuscular ceftriaxone at least 30 minutes before transrectal prostate biopsy with ultrasound guidance. Data were reviewed retrospectively between July 2012 and December 2015. There was no standard prophylaxis before protocol implementation in August 2014. Univariable analyses were performed with appropriate testing followed by multivariable logistic regression.Results: Of 2,351 biopsies 799 were performed in patients in the protocol group. Before protocol implementatio...
In vivo intraocular pressure measurements using a miniaturized nanophotonics-enhanced sensor implant

Glaucoma is the leading causes of blindness, affecting an estimated 70 million individuals in the world. Because an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) has been identified as a major risk factor, current therapies are aimed at lowering eye pressure. Consequently, monitoring of IOP is the most important tool in diagnosis and management of glaucoma. However current pressure measurement approaches have many challenges: measurements are obtained at the doctor's office only every few months, and it is difficult to develop more effective, custom-tailored optimal disease management for individual patients. To address this challenge, a number of efforts have been made to develop implantable IOP sensors based on electrical readout methods, yet further miniaturization, improved readout distance, and signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) are still desired. In this presentation, I will present a compact, implantable nanophotonic pressure sensor with remote optical readout. The sensor has provided robust measurements of hydrostatic pressure between 0–40mmHg and performed well on table top characterizations, ex-vivo, and in-vivo measurements. Sensor design, fabrication, & characterizations; implantation preparation and procedures, and short-term & long-term in-vivo monitoring will be discussed.
Evaluating metropolitan spatial development: a method for identifying settlement types and depicting growth patterns

AbstractThis research developed a method to explore density and growth rates in the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The outcomes of this method enable planners to understand the growth pattern of a region and compare it with other regions in the country. The main objectives of this research were: (1) to identify settlement types (high, medium and low density, suburbs, and urban fringes) in each metropolitan area; (2) to depict and compare general metropolitan structures across the nation; and (3) to evaluate the location of recently developed dwellings in relation to settlement types and structures and estimate growth trends. The paper combined the percentage of impervious surface raster dataset (30-m cell size) produced by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and block-level housing unit data produced by the Census Bureau to map housing density across the lower 48 states in 2000 and 2010. Neighbourhood density profiles were used to identify the settlement types (high, medium and low densit...
Public Practical Reason: An Archeology*

Kant argues that the “discipline” of reason holds us to public argument and reflective thought. When we speak the language of reasoned judgment, Kant maintains, we “speak with a universal voice,” expecting and claiming the assent of all other rational beings. This language carries with it a discipline requiring us to submit our judgments to the forum of our rational peers. Remarkably, Kant does not restrict this thought to the realm of politics, but rather treats politics as the model for reason's authority in all the provinces that rational beings inhabit.
South Africa at a Turning Point

South Africa is at a crossroads. The state has not adequately addressed dire human development needs, often failing to provide the services it constitutionally guarantees. As a result, citizens are expressing their frustrations in a variety of ways, at times including violence. These serious challenges are most readily apparent in poverty, inequality and unemployment statistics, but also in electricity provision, billing and affordability as well as a recent spate of racially motivated attacks which highlight the tension both among South Africans and between South Africans and darker skinned foreigners. The country has, however, been on the brink before and avoided the worst-case scenario of full-scale civil war and state collapse. Far too often South Africa's past successes have been attributed to the role of one man, Nelson Mandela. While Mandela was indeed an extraordinary human being who rightly deserved the international awards and accolades as well as the deep admiration of so many, South Africa's triumphs as a society and a state are the product of both cooperative and conflicting contributions by a wide range of actors. A central question at the present juncture is how well equipped domestic actors and institutions are to address the crisis. The following pages seek to provide some insights and through the perspectives of three authors to consider causes and possible responses.
74-P : RACIAL DIVERSITY IN MICA129 GENOTYPES AND LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM WITH HLA-B

Aim In this study, we investigate the distribution of MICA 129 genotypes and characterized MICA-HLA-B haplotype in two major North American populations. Methods We retrospective reviewed our laboratory electronic database for individuals with high resolution HLA-B and MICA typing and known ethnicity. Total 724 individuals [692 Caucasians (C) and 32 African Americans (AA)] were identified. Typing was performed by PCR-Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probes and/or Sequence Based Typing. MICA 129-MM, MV, and VV genotype distribution was investigated. Two-locus haplotype frequencies (HF) and LD between MICA and HLA-B alleles were estimated using the ELB algorithm on haplotypes that reached HF ⩾ 0.5% and p-value Results Compared to C, AA had higher incidence of MM (30% AA vs. 12% C), similar percentage of MV (43% AA vs. 40% C), and lower incidence of VV (27% AA vs. 48% C), p − value Conclusions There is a significant difference of MICA129 genotype distribution between C and AA. MICA 129-M allele more frequently distributed among the MICA and HLA-B haplotype shared in both C and AA populations.
Science and Technology of Piezoelectric/Diamond Hybrid Heterostructures for High Performance MEMS/NEMS Devices

Most current micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) are based on silicon. However, silicon exhibits relatively poor mechanical/tribological properties, compromising applications to some devices. Diamond films with superior mechanical/tribological properties provide an excellent alternative platform material. Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD®) in film form with 2-5 nm grains exhibits excellent mechanical and tribological properties for high-performance MEMS/NEMS devices. Concurrently, piezoelectric Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 (PZT) films provide high sensitivity/low electrical noise for sensing/high-force actuation at relatively low voltages. Therefore, integration of PZT and UNCD films provides a high-performance platform for advanced MEMS/NEMS devices. This paper describes the bases of such integration and demonstration of low voltage piezoactuated hybrid PZT/UNCD cantilevers.
“Fractivism” in the City: Assessing Defiance at the Neighborhood Level

New extraction processes have unleashed an oil and gas renaissance. The boom has expanded employment opportunities and swelled state and local budgets. The renaissance, however, has a darker side. ...
Automated Collection and Correlation of File Provenance Information

The provenance of a file is a detailing of its origins and activities. Tools have been developed that help maintain the provenance of files. However, these tools require prior installation on a computer of interest before and while provenance-generating events occur. The automated tool described in this chapter can reconstruct the provenance of a file from a variety of artifacts. It identifies relevant temporal and user correlations between the artifacts and presents them to an investigator. Results from six use cases demonstrate that these correlations are reliable and valuable in digital forensic investigations.
Water insecurity among rural households of West Cameroon: lessons learned from the field

The objective of this study was to assess and compare water access and sanitation-related behaviors with self-reported water insecurity among women. The cross-sectional study involved household observations and in-person interviews with women living in rural areas of West Cameroon (n = 134). Water insecurity was prevalent with 37% of women having affirmative responses to the statement ‘being worried about household not having enough water.’ Only 7% of the women reported having any water source (well/pump) in the household compound, and water insecurity was more common among those who did not have an ‘on premise’ water source ( p = 0.038). Additionally, women walking more than 10 minutes to reach the water source were more insecure than their counterparts ( p = 0.022). Amount of water stored at home was lower in water insecure households (37.07 liters) compared to secure households (58.93 liters, p = 0.042). Sanitation rate was low in the study area, with 20% of women reporting open defecation for their children. Water insecurity is associated with long distance to water source and limited water availability at the household level. Future research is needed to understand the association between water insecurity and daily water intake and related dietary behaviors.