cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-D-204-04: Average Glandular Dose (AGD) Measurement of GE Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) Using a ACR Mammography Accreditation Phantom

Purpose: To investigate a practical approach to measure the average glandular dose (AGD) for GE Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) using a ACR mammography accreditation phantom Methods: This study used a GE Senographe Essential unit with SenoBright CESM, a Gammex ACR mammography accreditation phantom, an Unfors RaySafe X2 mammography detector, and a Radcal 10×9−6M ion chamber. Five AUTO CESM exposures were done on the ACR phantom with 5 daN compression to select the target/filter combination, kVp, and mAs. These techniques were used for the following manual CESM exposures, and the regular mammography to simulate the low energy exposure of a CESM run. Both Unfors and Radcal detectors are positioned near the phantom as the regular AGD measurement of mammography. The unfors detector measured the high energy exposure of the CESM run directly. The Radcal detector was set to accumulated mode and measured the total output from a CESM run. For Radcal, the high energy exposure was determined by subtracting the output of the regular mammography which simulated the low energy run of CESM from the total output. We also measured the HVLs of the low and high energy exposure respectively. The measured entrance skin air Kerma was then converted to the AGD using two Methods: one was based on the tables provided by GE; the other was introduced by D R Dance and K C Young (2014). Results: The AGD from the AUTO CESM on a ACR mammography phantom is approximately 1.75 mGy, 13.5% higher than that of the regular CNT AUTO mode, and 94% higher than that of the regular STD AUTO mode of this GE unit. The high energy exposure contributes about 18% of the total AGD. The AGD results from two methods are agreed to each other within 2%. Conclusion: We provide a practical approach to measure the AGD of GE CESM.
Membrane interleukin-18 revisits membrane IL-1α in T-helper type 1 responses.

Although all structural studies on cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions are based on a crystallized cytokine binding to its specific receptor, there is no dearth of evidence that membrane-embedded cytokines are biologically active by virtue of cell-cell contact. Clearly the orientation of the membrane cytokine is such that it allows binding to the receptor, as takes place with the soluble form of the cytokine. In this issue, Bellora et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 1618-1626] report that interleukin-18 (IL-18) exists as an integral membrane protein on M-CSF-differentiated human macrophages and that upon LPS stimulation, IL-18 induces IFN-gamma from NK cells in a caspase-1-dependent fashion. The immunological and inflammatory implications for this finding are considerable because of the role of IL-18 as the primary IFN-gamma inducing cytokine in promoting Th1 responses.
The Church of the Creator Part II: Later Developments and the Sacralization of Race in Multicultural America

After the death of Ben Klassen in 1993, the Church of the Creator languished for a few years, but in 1995, an enterprising young law student, Matthew Hale, revived the church and became the movement’s recognized leader. He rechristened the organization as the “World Church of the Creator” and in the months that followed, numerous Creativity branches united under Hale’s leadership. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the World Church of the Creator was at the center of several free speech controversies that strained communities and divided legal scholars. The Creativity movement has always been a relatively modest operation, yet, it has had a significant influence on the broader racialist movement of which it is only a small part. Although, the church is currently in retreat, it is likely that its ideology will continue to inspire extremist activists in the future.
Democracy: Normative Theory

Normative democratic theory deals with the ethical foundations of democracy and democratic institutions. It does not offer in the first instance a scientific study of those societies that are called democratic. It aims to provide an account of when and why democracy is ethically desirable as well as ethical principles for guiding the design of democratic institutions. It is inherently interdisciplinary and must call on the results of political science, sociology, and economics in order to give this kind of concrete guidance. This brief outline of normative democratic theory focuses attention on three distinct issues in recent work. First, it outlines some different approaches to the question of why democracy is morally desirable at all. Second, it explores the problem of the rationality of participation in large democratic societies given the inevitably small impact of participants on the outcomes. It also discusses blueprints of democratic institutions for dealing with this. Third, it surveys different accounts of the proper characterization of equality in the processes of representation. The last two parts display the interdisciplinary nature of normative democratic theory.
Visualization of Spatial Neuroanatomical Data

We have described a neuroanatomical visualization tool to navigate through brain structures while monitoring related data generated as a result of experiments or from published literature. This tool consists of many components including a platform-independent graphical user interface, an object-relational database system, a knowledge base system to reason about published literature, and a number of spatial components to reason about the topological structures of the brain and its relevant data. Currently, we are working on different techniques to represent, query, and manage three-dimensional structures of the brain (i.e., brain volumes) through many levels of 2-dimensional structures.
Polynomial chaos based variability analysis of power distribution networks using a 3D topology of multiconductor transmission lines

In this paper, a stochastic Galerkin formulation for the variability analysis of power distribution network (PDN) structures within a SPICE environment is proposed. The key feature of this work is that the augmented PDN model arising due to the Galerkin projection is realized using a 3D topology of multiconductor transmission lines. Thereafter, a sophisticated delay extraction based modeling technique, previously applied for 2D multiconductor transmission line networks, is used to model this 3D topology. As a result, the proposed work is able to provide more efficient broadband simulation compared to existing lumped stochastic models. A numerical example is provided to validate this work.
Communications issues in concurrent life-cycle design and construction

Concurrent engineering offers the potential for a radical transformation of construction into a more competitive, more efficient and more collaborative industry. To take advantage of this potential, there is the need for effective communication at all levels within the industry. This paper explores the communications issues which are implicit in the adoption of concurrent engineering principles in construction. It identifies seven facets of communication which need to be addressed and highlights the need for efficient management of a collaborative communications infrastructure.
Sequential folding of UmuC by the Hsp70 and Hsp60 chaperone complexes of Escherichia coli.

Replication-blocking lesions generate a signal in Escherichia coli that leads to the induction of the multigene SOS response. Among the SOS-induced genes are umuD and umuC, whose products are necessary for the increased mutation rate in induced bacteria. The mutations are likely to result from replication across the DNA lesion, and such a bypass event has been reconstituted in vitro (Rajagopalan, M., L, C., Woodgate, R., O'Donnel, M., Goodman, M. F., Echols, H. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10777-10781). In this work, we show that the chaperone proteins promote the proper folding of UmuC protein in vitro. We treated purified and inactive UmuC with Hsp70 and Hsp60. After Hsp70 treatment, the DNA binding activity of UmuC was recovered, but the ability to promote replication across DNA lesions was not. However, lesion bypass activity was recovered upon further treatment with Hsp60. The biological significance of such a folding pathway for UmuC protein is strengthened by in vivo evidence for a role of DnaK in UV-induced mutagenesis.
Ethyl formate hydrogenolysis over Mo2C-based catalysts: Towards low temperature CO and CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Abstract Ester hydrogenolysis is a key step in the production of alcohols and new catalysts are being sought to improve the performance and sustainability of this process. Research described in this paper investigated the use of Cu, Mo2C, and Mo2N-based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of ethyl formate at 105–150 °C and 30 bar H2. The high surface area Mo2C-based catalysts were more active and selective to methanol than the Mo2N-based catalysts. The deposition of nanoscale Cu and/or Pd particles onto the Mo2C or Mo2N resulted in significant enhancements in the methanol selectivities. The methanol selectivities varied with the acidity or basicity of the support suggesting some degree of cooperation between the Cu or Pd particles and the support. Temporal variations in rates for the Cu/Mo2C catalyst were consistent with first order kinetics with regard to ethyl formate and the activation energy was 44 kJ/mol. The best performance was achieved over a Pd-Cu/Mo2C catalyst; this material outperformed, by a significant margin, the oxide supported Cu catalysts. Given their high activities and selectivities, the Mo2C supported catalysts are attractive candidates for ester hydrogenolysis, including the intermediate step during the low temperature, cascade hydrogenation of CO and CO2 to methanol.
Stereotyping Low-Wage Mothers Who Have Work and Family Conflicts

This article examines the views of low-wage mothers about how they are stereotyped when they need work flexibility to care for children. From a decade of qualitative and participative research with low-income/working class mothers (n = 300) and employers (n = 50) of entry-level workers, a discourse of “personal irresponsibility” emerged rather than one about work/family conflict. Drawn from interviews and interpretive focus groups, mothers describe being unable to find or buy stable care for children, thus facing trouble at work. While some employers expressed sympathy, others echoed “welfare mother” schema and dismissed low-wage mothers’ conflicts caring for children as the fault of irresponsible reproducers. Implications for a cross-class work/family movement are discussed.
Resistance of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci to Methicillin and Oxacillin

Gravenkemper, Charles F. (University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle), Jean L. Brodie, and William M. M. Kirby. Resistance of coagulase-positive staphylococci to methicillin and oxacillin. J. Bacteriol. 89:1005-1010. 1965.-Two strains resistant to methicillin were discovered among 541 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a clinical laboratory during a 1-yr period, and their properties were compared with those of strains isolated in Europe. The two strains were very active producers of penicillinase, and exhibited cross-resistance with other antistaphylococcal antibiotics. Like the European strains, our resistant cultures showed resistance to methicillin only with large inocula, and consisted of a mixture of cells. The great majority were sensitive and underwent early swelling and lysis, and only a small minority of the bacteria were able to grow in the presence of methicillin. The methicillin-resistant strains caused destruction of methicillin and oxacillin in vitro, but the rate of hydrolysis was slow. Antibiotic destruction was probably due to high concentrations of staphylococcal penicillinase, and not to another specific enzyme. These observations are helpful in explaining why resistance of staphylococci to the synthetic penicillins has not become a significant clinical problem.
Community organization and political action in Montreal

To identify the main elements of Quebec's ideological system, e.g., the dominant ideol ogy and counterideologies, some important historical events that demonstrate Que bec's ideological tendencies during the last decade will be outlined.2 The main counterideology—the nation alist ideology—is deeply rooted in the his tory of French Canadians or "les que becois"), who constitute more than 80 percent of Quebec's population. The na tionalist movement has developed rapidly during the past ten years and has become an important force. The major events precipi tating this movement are as follows: In 1963 the revolutionary Front de Liber ation du Quebec (FLQ) began planting bombs in Montreal to focus public and governmental attention on the nationalist issue. During the next two years, two other political parties—Rassemblement pour l'Independence Nationale (RIN) and Ras semblement Nationale (RN) were founded. Both RIN and RN advocated the separa tion of Quebec, but, unlike the FLQ, they believed in working from within the ex isting political system. RIN, which had a strong socialist accent and attracted mainly students and young workers, concentrated its efforts in the Montreal area. RN's
Aquifex aeolicus aspartate transcarbamoylase, an enzyme specialized for the efficient utilization of unstable carbamoyl phosphate at elevated temperature.

Aquifex aeolicus, an organism that flourishes at 95 °C, is one of the most thermophilic eubacteria thus far described. The A. aeolicus pyrB gene encoding aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) was cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by affinity chromatography to a homogeneous form that could be crystallized. Chemical cross-linking and size exclusion chromatography showed that the protein was a homotrimer of 34-kDa catalytic chains. The activity of A. aeolicus ATCase increased dramatically with increasing temperature due to an increase in kcat with little change in the Km for the substrates, carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate. The Km for both substrates was 30-40-fold lower than the corresponding values for the homologous E. coli ATCase catalytic subunit. Although rapidly degraded at high temperature, the carbamoyl phosphate generated in situ by A. aeolicus carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) was channeled to ATCase. The transient time for carbamoyl aspartate formation was 26 s, compared with the much longer transient times observed when A. aeolicus CPSase was coupled to E. coli ATCase. Several other approaches provided strong evidence for channeling and transient complex formation between A. aeolicus ATCase and CPSase. The high affinity for substrates combined with channeling ensures the efficient transfer of carbamoyl phosphate from the active site of CPSase to that of ATCase, thus preserving it from degradation and preventing the formation of toxic cyanate.
The Asian free‐reed mouth organs

Mouth‐blown instruments employing a free reed coupled to a pipe resonator have long been known and used throughout East and Southeast Asia. Details of the origin and development of these instruments are not known, but are closely connected with the history and prehistory of a multitude of ethnic groups. These instruments exemplify a pipe–resonator coupling significantly different from the standard wind instruments of European origin. The free reed used is approximately symmetric, often operating on both directions of air flow. In some cases the reed is at or near one end of a closed pipe, but in other examples the reed is mounted in the side of a resonator open at both ends. The instruments can be either multiple pipe instruments with one pipe per note, or a pipe with a single reed and tone holes. A number of experimental studies have been conducted on examples of Asian free‐reed instruments, primarily the khaen, bawu, and sheng. These include studies of reed vibration, measurements of sound spectra, and impedance measurements of the pipes. Comparisons have been made between experimental results and theoretical work on the coupling of reed vibration with the pipe resonator.
The contact zone between portland cement paste and glass “aggregate” surfaces

Abstract The morphology of the contact zone developed between Portland cement paste and glass slide “aggregates” has been explored using SEM and other techniques. A duplex film of about 1 μm total thickness is rapidly deposited on the glass surface. This is a continuous film of Ca(OH) 2 overlain by a parallel array of rod-shaped CSH gel particles projecting normal to the interface. The nearby cement paste exhibits high porosity, but after a few days becomes partly filled with a secondary deposit of stacked platelets of relatively pure Ca(OH) 2 . Cement particles near the interface hydrate in a peculiar manner. A hydration product shell is quickly formed, but the encapsulated cement particles dissolve away to leave partly or completely empty shells. This behavior occurs with various Portland cement types and presumably occurs near aggregate surfaces in concrete.
An integrated 33.5dBm linear 2.4GHz power amplifier in 65nm CMOS for WLAN applications

An integrated linear 2.4GHz CMOS power amplifier is presented. With a 3.3v supply, the PA produces a saturated output power of 33.5dBm with peak drain and power-added efficiencies of 44.2% and 37.6%, respectively and has 40dB small-signal gain. By utilizing gm-linearization and digital pre-distortion, an EVM of −25dB is achieved at 26.4dBm with 22% PAE while transmitting 54Mbs OFDM. The chip is fabricated in standard 65nm CMOS and packaged in a 40-pin QFN package. The PA occupies 2.2mm2 active area.
Control of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in poultry

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is a bacterium that commonly affects both chickens and turkeys. It was first identified as a poultry pathogen in the early 1990s. It can cause both respiratory and locomotor signs. [Marien and others (2005)][1] showed its clinical effects to be exacerbated in turkeys
Numerical simulation of multiphoton photodetachment of H- ions.

We present results of a numerical simulation of photodetachment of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions by an intense laser. We perform a direct integration of the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation, where a model potential is selected to provide the electron with a single bound state and short-range attraction. The numerical integration employs the Crank-Nicholson algorithm, and a variable space grid greatly reduces the computation time. In order to obtain the energy spectrum of the detached electrons, the final wave function is projected onto the discrete, but closely spaced, positive eigenstates of the model potential. The photodetachment rate is computed for wide ranges of laser intensity and frequency. Plots of detachment rate versus intensity display sharp variability with minima that correlate with suppression, at threshold, of peaks in the electron energy spectrum.
The effect of sugars on the mechanical properties of processed cereals

Breakfast wheat-flake materials of different composition have been reconstituted as barshaped test pieces to reduce geometry and structure effects and allow better comparison of the matrix mechanical properties. The ground flakes comprised a control formulation and others in which components had been subtracted or substituted. The aim was to compare the mechanical properties of pressed specimens of multiple-component systems with those published for simpler one- and two-component materials. Sucrose or fructose, present in the ratio sugar∶wheat 1∶5.9–6.1, lowered the modulus of wheat-flake material, but by progressively lesser extent with decreasing water content below 22% (wet-weight basis, w.w.b), the difference becoming negligible at water contents of 7 to 10% (w.w.b). However, the energy to break wheat-flake samples and their fracture toughness were reduced more by fructose than sucrose addition to a control formulation sample at these water contents. The energy to break and fracture toughness increased markedly with increasing water content for all formulations.
Enhanced Heat Transfer From a Horizontal Finned Tube Situated in a Vertical Channel

Etude experimentale du transfert de chaleur, par convection naturelle et rayonnement thermique d'un tube a ailettes horizontal place dans un canal vertical ouvert a ses deux extremites a l'air ambiant. Influence de 3 parametres geometriques sur ce transfert. Determination des conditions geometriques conduisant a une augmentation du transfert de chaleur
Modeling ferrimagnetic resonators

The impedance matrix for an arbitrary n-port ferrimagnetic resonator is derived by applying Poynting's theorem to a region of space surrounding the resonator. Simplifications to the impedance matrix for low-loss (Q> approximately=100) ferrite material make it possible to obtain an equivalent circuit model for the resonator, which can be used with most computer-based circuit simulation programs. The circuit model for the general-case polymodal ferrimagnetic resonator consists of a network of single-pole resonators, each of which has a possible non-frequency-dependent, nonreciprocal phase shift. The components of the circuit model are described in terms of the properties of the ferrite material, and the coupling strength of the microwave circuit to the magnetostatic modes of the ferrimagnet. The method is demonstrated in three simple examples, including a one- and two-port loop coupled filter, and a ferrimagnet in a waveguide. >
Dynamic compression for small bone arthrodesis

A technique providing dynamic compression for arthrodesis of the small joints in the hand uses a longitudinal wire for alignment and two 0.045 Kirschner wires and methyl methacrylate cement for continuous dynamic compression. Thirty-one joints, 12 metacarpophalangeal and 19 interphalangeal, were arthrodesed by this method. There were no angular malunions or nonunions. The technique is recommended as an alternative to current fixation methods in the hand for small joint arthrodesis.
Mobile Datendienste für Privatkunden

Die Mobilfunknetzbetreiber setzen vermehrt auf mobile Da-tendienste als zusatzlichem Umsatztrager. Bislang beschrankt sich die Nutzung von mobilen Datendiensten aber fast ausschlieslich auf das Versenden und Empfangen kurzer Textnachrichten (SMS). Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht, welche Chancen mobile Datendienste im Privatkundensegment haben und welche Barrieren fur die Entwicklung eines Massenmarktes zu uberwinden sind.
Review article: Micrometastasis in colorectal carcinoma: A review

Lymph node metastasis is the most important predictor of prognosis, after surgery, in colorectal carcinoma. The term "micrometastasis" has evolved from a morphological definition to one that is used with molecular-based techniques. We review the literature to evaluate the significance of detecting micrometastases in colorectal carcinoma, either by morphological or molecular techniques, and address technical difficulties encountered with both. Routine use of immunohistochemistry is not recommended as most studies show little change in staging or prognosis. Radioimmunoguided surgery may prove beneficial, but problems of false positives in benign diseases need to be addressed. Immunohistochemical detection of micrometastatic deposits in bone marrow aspirates holds the most promise for clinical practice. Molecular techniques are more sensitive than immunohistochemistry, but prognostic value needs to be determined. Molecular diagnostics can also determine genetic alterations and mutations that should improve our understanding of metastatic colon cancer and staging accuracy.
Coronary thrombolysis by intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction: Acute and follow-up studies☆

Abstract Coronary arteriography was performed before, immediately after, and 9 to 14 days after administering i.v. Streptokinase (850,000 to 1,500,000 IU) to 43 patients within 6 hours of myocardial infarction. Ventricular function was determined by contrast ventriculography before and 9 to 14 days later and by radionuclide studies at clinical follow-up 8 months later. Early reperfusion occurred in 49% of patients, but in only 35 % was it sustained. In patients with sustained reperfusion, early ventricular dysfunction was significantly reduced 9 to 14 days and 10 months later, and frequency of infarction, sudden death, and angina pectoris was not increased at follow-up. No serious bleeding occurred.
Evidence for ε-opioid receptor-mediated β-endorphin-induced analgesia

Abstract Among the opioid receptors, which have been pharmacologically classified as μ, δ, κ and e, the existence of the e receptor has been controversial, and this receptor is generally not recognized as a member of the opioid peptide receptor family because it has not been precisely characterized. However, results from pharmacological, physiological and opioid receptor binding studies clearly indicate the presence of e-opioid receptors, which are distinct from μ-, δ- or κ-opioid receptors. This putative e-opioid receptor is stimulated supraspinally by the endogenous opioid peptide β-endorphin, which induces the release of Met-enkephalin, which, in turn, acts on spinal δ2-opioid receptors to produce antinociception. In this article, this β-endorphin-sensitive e-opioid receptor-mediated descending pain control system, which is distinct from that activated by the μ-opioid receptor agonist morphine, is described and the physiological role of the β-endorphin-mediated system in pain control activated by cold-water swimming and intraplantar injection of formalin is discussed.
Energy harvesting using a piezoelectric "cymbal" transducer in dynamic environment

In this study, we investigated the capability of harvesting the electrical energy from mechanical vibrations in a dynamic environment through a "cymbal" piezoelectric transducer. Targeted mechanical vibrations lie in the range of 50–150 Hz with force amplitude in the order of 1 kN (automobile engine vibration level). It was found that under such severe stress conditions the metal–ceramic composite transducer "cymbal" is a promising structure. The metal cap enhances the endurance of the ceramic to sustain high loads along with stress amplification. In this preliminary study, the experiments were performed at the frequency of 100 Hz on a cymbal with 29 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness under a force of 7.8 N. At this frequency and force level, 39 mW power was generated from a cymbal measured across a 400 kΩ resistor. A DC–DC converter was designed which allowed the transfer of 30 mW power to a low impedance load of 5 kΩ with a 2% duty cycle and at a switching frequency of 1 kHz.
An assessment of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in inoculated Inga oerstediana, a nitrogen-fixing tree shading organically grown coffee in Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract Coffee ( Coffea arabica) production provides a source of income for small-scale farmers in Chiapas, Mexico. Organic production regulations prohibit the use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers, therefore farmers are dependent upon N-sources accepted by organic certification agencies. In the state of Chiapas, little is known about effectiveness of rhizobia and nodule development, location and structure of the common coffee shade tree genus Inga . The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness of selected rhizobia isolates as inoculants for Inga oerstediana under greenhouse and field conditions, (2) describe the morphological and histochemical characteristics of I. oerstediana root nodules, and (3) apply the 15 N natural abundance technique to investigate nitrogen fixation in two stands of I. oerstediana of different ages intercropped with C. arabica. To meet objectives one and two, we assessed shoot biomass, nodule number, nodule mass and total shoot N of inoculated I. oerstediana seedlings at 90 and 150 days after planting (DAP) in the greenhouse and field. Light microscopy, and in situ hybridization of nodule sections for leghemoglobin and Nif H cDNA determination were used to describe nodule morphology and histology. Results indicated that tested isolates appear not to be fixing N 2 150 DAP and inoculation with isolated bacteria, and that inoculated treatment nodules lacked leghemoglobin and Nif H mRNA transcript, however contained infected bacteroids. An unidentified brown-pigmented granular substance was present in all nodules examined. I. oerstediana appears slow to nodulate, with negligible nodulation at 90 DAP, and limited nodulation at 150 DAP. Using the natural abundance method to meet objective three, recycling of fixed N in older 5–7 year plots is thought to have caused great 15 N value variation in both reference and leguminous trees and data could not be used to estimate % N derived from Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF). I. oerstediana found in younger 1–3 year old plots was found to derive 20% of its N from BNF. As fixation appears to be low in young Inga, recommendations for organic C. arabica shade tree management include supplementation of N during early growth of Inga-C. arabica intercrop, and longer-term nodulation studies combined with additional N 2 -fixation assessment using 15 N natural abundance methods.
A “Holistic” Model of the Healing Relationship: What Would That Require of Physicians?

Pellegrino (2006) rightfully argues that the healing relationship is at the heart of medical morality, and a philosophical understanding of the healing relationship is necessary for any reconstruct...
Studies on the role(s) of cerebrospinal fluid osmolality and chloride ion in the centrally mediated pressor responses of sodium chloride.

These studies were designed to investigate whether the centrally mediated pressor effects of hypertonic sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions are triggered in response to changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) osmolality and whether the chloride ion plays a role in these effects. In Inactin anesthetized, vagotomized rats, alterations in the arterial pressure to cerebroventricular administration (i.c.v.) of various concentrations of NaCl, sodium nitrate (NaNO3), glycerol, creatinine, lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and choline chloride were evaluated. The pressor effects of NaCl were significantly greater than those produced by either glycerol, creatinine and/or NaNO3 solutions. Central effects of NaCl were identical to that of LiCl; likewise, NaNO3 and LiNO3 produced essentially similar increases in the blood pressure. In other words, the two chloride salts produced significantly greater increases in the arterial pressure than the nitrate salts. Choline chloride also produced significant inc...
10. The Universal Concept of Human Rights as a Regulative Principle: Freedom Versus Paternalism

This essay examines the current debates regarding the politics of human rights. The universal concept of human rights is considered as a regulative principle for the possible critique of any state, including a democratic one. Moreover, the philosophical justification of the universal regulative principle for evaluating these states is vital for progressive political change and for the politics of human rights. At the heart of the analysis is Kant's concept of human rights as freedom. It is opposed to a more utilitarian interpretation of rights and political paternalism. Kant's philosophy helps us to better understand the meaning of the definition of human rights as inherent, sacred, and inalienable, as formulated by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. Kant makes these meanings explicit, and he elaborates on the moral-philosophical explanations of humanitarian rights. His philosophy of law was developed in a process of a systematic criticism of political paternalism (which is the flip side of dependence). Kant developed his definition of individual freedom in opposition to authoritarian paternalism, utilitarian arbitrariness, and the "despotism of paternalistic benevolence." The categorical imperative is threefold: the imperatives of morality, right, and peace. Thus it could lie interpreted as "the categorical imperative of peace." The analysis shows the ongoing relevance of Kant's ideas and their recent development by the theorists of "discourse ethics" and of "cosmopolitan democracy." It affirms that the solution to the problems of securing peace and protecting human rights can only be achieved by peaceful means, based on the international rule of law.
Field Response of Soybean to Nodulation by a Rhizobitoxine-Producing Strain of Bradyrhizobium

Nodulation by rhizobitoxine-producing (RT + ) strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum has been shown to decrease shoot growth of green-house-grown soybeans. The potential impact of nodulation by a RT + strain on the productivity of field-grown soybeans has not been determined. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted for 2 yr on a Matapeake silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults) to determine the response of soybean cv. 'Forrest' to nodulation by one RT + strain (USDA 94). Inoculation treatments were (i) USDA 94, (ii) a mixture of bradyrhizobia indigenous to the field site (Control), and (iii) a combination of Treatments 1 and 2 (USDA 94/Soil) [...]
Data structures for gigabyte systems

This paper involves data structures in planning to combine engineering research areas considered as communication modes: image, outline-sketches, and speech. Images are enhanced compressed and transmitted, but in graphics solid display is central, while in speech recognition/identification dominate. Outside computing, graphics uses sketch, outline-drawing, or schematic summaries of other data (photographic images). Practical image-processing involves comparisons, features/edges, shape, and segmentation, using both transforms and other global analyses. Most speech work involves domain restriction. This limit can be deleted by focussing on data structures: they can link word and picture domains, and allow for captioning, for indexing/highlighting-domains to users. This shows data structures enable implementing useful functions, support information-handling with synergistic benefits: the paper's theme. Data structuring is also the theme of recent research literature on alternate means for visual presentation of multiple-measure numerical data. This paper briefly surveys these materials. We show how research from the data structure field enables new methods for addressing visualization issues, improves large-record data-handling, and aids greater use of visual and numerical records. (This expands on a talk presented 8 July 1994 at Argonne National Laboratory.)© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three-dimensional green water velocity on a model structure

Flow kinematics of green water due to plunging breaking waves impinging on a simplified, 3D model structure was investigated in the laboratory. Two breaking wave conditions were tested: one with waves impinging on the vertical wall of the model at still water level, and the other with waves impinging on the horizontal deck surface. The bubble image velocimetry (BIV) technique was used to measure flow velocities. Measurements were taken on both vertical and horizontal planes. Evolution of green water flow kinematics in time and space was revealed and was found to be quite different between the two wave conditions, even though the incoming waves are essentially identical. The time history of maximum velocity is demonstrated and compared. In both cases, the maximum velocity occurs near the green water front and beneath the free surface. The maximum horizontal velocity for the deck impinging case is 1.44C with C being the wave phase speed, which is greater than 1.24C for the wall impingement case. The overall turbulence level is about 0.3 of the corresponding maximum velocity in each wave condition. The results were also compared with 2D experimental results to examine the 3D effect. It was found that the magnitude of the maximum vertical velocity during the runup process is 1.7C in the 3D model study and 2.9C in the 2D model study, whereas the maximum horizontal velocity on the deck is similar, 1.2C in both 3D and 2D model studies.
Abstract 2949: YK-4-279 is a small molecule inhibitor of ETV1 and inhibits metastasis in a mouse model

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The erythroblastosis virus E26 transforming sequences (ETS) family of transcription factors consists of a highly conserved group of genes that play important roles in cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion. Chromosomal translocations fusing ETS factors to promoters of androgen responsive genes have been found in a majority of prostate cancers, including the most clinically aggressive forms. ERG and ETV1 are the most commonly translocated ETS proteins. Over-expression of these proteins in prostate cancer cells results in a more invasive phenotype. The high prevalence of these rearrangements, and their biological significance represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. We recently demonstrated that the small molecule YK-4-279 inhibits ERG and ETV1 biological activity in fusion-positive prostate cancer cells leading to decreased motility and invasion in-vitro. Here, we present our findings in an in-vivo mouse xenograft model. SCID-beige mice were subcutaneously implanted with fusion-positive LNCaP and fusion-negative PC-3 tumors. Animals were treated with YK-4-279 and its effect on tumor size, lung metastasis and survival were observed. YK-4-279 treatment resulted in decreased tumor size in the LNCaP cohort only. A reduction in tumor metastasis to the lungs was observed in compound treated LNCaP animals with comparable tumor sizes. YK-4-279 also increased survival in LNCaP mice. Expression of ETV1 target genes MMP7, FKBP10 and GLYATL2 was reduced as well. ETS fusion-negative PC-3 xenografts were unresponsive to the compound. YK-4-279 is a chiral molecule that exists as a racemic mixture of R and S enantiomers. As part of this study, we also established that (S) -YK-4-279 is the active enantiomer in prostate cancer cells. (S) -YK-4-279 binds to ETV1 with comparable kinetics as the racemic mixture and inhibits ETV1 activity. (R) -YK-4-279 does not demonstrate ETV1 binding or inhibition. Our results demonstrate that YK-4-279 is a potent inhibitor of ETV1 and should be further evaluated for its clinical applications in prostate cancer. Citation Format: Said Rahim, Sarah Justvig, Sung-Hyeok Hong, Perrer Tosso, Haydar Celik, Yasemin Sayedigar-Kont, Milton Brown, Colm Morrissey, Jeffrey Toretsky, Aykut Uren. YK-4-279 is a small molecule inhibitor of ETV1 and inhibits metastasis in a mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2949. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2949
Epithelial dimensions and capillary supply in the oral mucosa of the rat

Subdividing the cheek, palate and ventral tongue into seven anatomically identifiable regions enabled us to assess relationships that were previously obscured by the great heterogeneity of rat oral epithelium. Capillaries were visualized by an alkaline phosphatase azo dye method in oral mucosa of four 3-month old male rats. Basal layer length per unit surface length showed a statistically significant relationship with the thickness of the epithelial cell layer in all seven regions. Linear regression of mean regional length of basal layer on mean thickness of the cellular layer in the seven regions was statistically highly significant. This was true also for mean capillary length. Thickness of the cellular layer, length of the basal layer and capillary length were similar in a palatal ruga and a thick region of cheek, suggesting that epithelial thickness rather than the type of mucosa influences the magnitude of these values. Proportional reductions in all three variables were observed in a second region of cheek and a region of ventral tongue, supporting this suggestion.
Tensile Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures

Tensile properties of quenched and tempered martensitic alloys EP-823, HT-9, and 422 were evaluated at temperatures ranging from ambient to 600 °C as a function of three different tempering times. The results indicated that the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and the failure strength were gradually reduced with increasing temperature. The ductility parameters were enhanced at elevated temperatures due to increased plastic flow. However, the tempering time did not significantly influence these properties. The evaluation of the fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy revealed reduced cracking and dimpled microstructures, indicating enhanced ductility at higher testing temperatures.
Application of a coupled solid/fluids mixture theory: Process of squeezing a sponge

In this paper, we present the details of the solution of one of three problems obtained via the application of a coupled solid/fluids mixture theory developed recently by Chen. The problem is that of the process of squeezing a sponge. A fluid saturated solid is sandwiched between two infinitely stiff plates, one plate is held fixed and the other applies increasing pressure at its interface with the solid. Results concerning the stress of the solid, volume fraction, bulk density, chemical potential and pressures of the fluid, and the characteristics of fluid mass discharge are reported. The results are consistent with our expectations and experiences.
Simple layered or complex self-penetrated networks in cadmium homophthalate coordination polymers containing 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane

Hydrothermal reaction of cadmium salts with homophthalic acid (H 2 hmph) and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (dpp) afforded coordination polymers whose topologies are determined by the absence or presence of any unligated counteranions. [Cd(hmph)(dpp)] n ( 1 ) has a zig-zag (4,4) layer topology with simple AAA stacking. {[Cd 6 (hmph) 4 (dpp) 11 (H 2 O) 4 ] (ClO 4 ) 4 ·4H 2 O} n ( 2 ) has a complicated, unprecedented tetranodal self-penetrated cationic three-dimensional net built from the linkage of 5-fold interpenetrated 3-connected 4.14 2 cds-a topology [Cd 6 (H 2 O) 4 (dpp) 11 ] n 12 n + subnets by bridging and exotridentate hmph ligands. Luminescent properties of these materials are also discussed.
Public Deliberation and the Geographies of Wind Justice

The Obama Administration has consistently promised that green energy investments will jumpstart the economy and protect the environment. Just weeks after the President's first inaugural address, th...
Evaluation of CdTexSe1−x crystals grown from a Te-rich solution

Abstract We characterized the structural quality of CdTe x Se 1− x crystals grown by the Traveling Heater Method (THM) from a Te-rich solution using Synchrotron White Beam X-ray Diffraction Topography in the reflection mode. Structural defects were also studied by chemical etching of the crystal surfaces. The crystals were found to be fairly free from strains, and they had very few sub-grain boundaries and dislocation/sub-grain boundary networks.
Administrative structure theory and evaluation: An example from the Community Services Administration

Abstract Concern about the inability of existing theories of utilization to explain the use (or lack thereof) of evaluation research on policymaking in public agencies leads the authors to postulate an “administrative structure theory.” Utilization is then explained, in large part, by the structure and behavior of administrative agencies. Administrative structure theory rests on four propositions which relate evaluation research to the development and maintenance sub-systems (within the administrative structure). These propositions are illustrated in the context of the recently abolished U.S. Community Services Administration.
0101 Work Hours, Job Strain, and Occupation with Endothelial Function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Objectives To investigate associations of work hours, job control, job demands, job strain, and occupational category with endothelial function, a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Method Currently employed participants free of CVD (n = 1499; 55.5% men; 62% non-white) of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis provided information on work hours, job decision latitude, and job demands. Responses to current occupation were coded using the Census 2000 Occupational Codes; codes were collapsed to provide four occupational categories. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a validated measure of endothelial function, was obtained using high-resolution ultrasound. Mean values of FMD, expressed as percent change in brachial artery diameter, were examined across categories of work hours ( Results Occupational category was significantly associated with FMD overall, with Blue-collar workers showing the lowest mean values after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, waist circumference, total and HDL cholesterol, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, physical activity, smoking status, and pack-years of smoking: Management/Professional = 4.96 ± 0.22%; Sales/Office = 5.06 ± 0.27%; Services = 4.70 ± 0.29%; Blue-collar workers = 4.18 ± 0.27% (adjusted p = 0.001). There was evidence of effect modification between occupational category and FMD by gender (p = 0.031) such that in stratified analyses, significant associations were observed among women (adjusted p = 0.002) but not men (adjusted p = 0.098). None of the other work exposures were significantly associated with FMD. Conclusions Blue-collar workers had decreased endothelial function compared to other workers; potential reasons should be examined in future studies. Decreased endothelial function may reflect a biological mechanism explaining occupational differences in CVD.
Rheology from Russia

Rheology of Polymers: Viscoelasticity and Flow of Polymers. By G.V. Vinogradov and A. Ya. Malkin. Pp.467. ISBN 3-540-09778-3. (Springer-Verlag: 1981.) $57.90, DM 98.
The problem of obliquely incident beams in electron-beam treatment planning

Oblique incidence of an electron beam can alter the central axis depth dose. The incident beam can be considered to be an integration of many pencil beams or slit beams. Depending on the depth in the phantom, neighboring pencil beams may have a greater or lesser contribution to the dose at a point on the central axis compared to the contribution under normal incidence. The effect has been studied experimentally and theoretically. For 6- and 9-MeV electron beams, oblique incidence is found to produce an increased dose at shallow depths and a decreased dose at normal treatment depths.
Feynman rules for lattice gauge theory

We use functional techniques to give a simple derivation of Wilson's Feynman rules for strongly coupled gauge theory formulated on a lattice. Coupling sources to the various degrees of freedom, we obtain a compact formal expression for the Green's functions of the theory. The theory is rewritten in terms of creation and annihilation operators for quarks and "string bits" in a new space called "string space." This formulation emphasizes the close analogy with a lattice version of the string model. We also give a systematic diagrammatic procedure to evaluate all group integrations arising in the strong coupling expansion.
Increased Sensitivity of Western Blots Using Various Secondary Antibody Detection Methods

The sensitivity of Western blots using four different secondary antibody detection methods is described and compared. Enhanced chemilumines-cence (ECL) and biotinylation are fast and offer many advantages over the other two described methods. Both ECL and biotinylation provide a linear response to increasing known amounts of proteins measured by quantitative analysis. However, ECL was the most sensitive method tested; in addition to an excellent linear response, ECL allowed multiple exposures of the same blot. In summary, ECL is highly sensitive, safe, and fast. This detection method should prove useful for a wide array of applications.