cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of acquired resistance of myeloma cells to bortezomib with Lyn and Src induced inhibition of PP2A and effect of treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib.

8047Background: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the United States. Proteasome inhibitors—especially bortezomib (BTZ)—are a mainstay of treatment in MM, but...
Coherent Illumination-direction-multiplexing dual-space and Fourier ptychographic microscopy

We present a variation of the dual-space and Fourier ptychographic algorithms adapted for imaging samples simultaneously illuminated by multiple beams coherent with each other. The modified algorit...
A New Confidence Interval for the Mean of a Bounded Random Variable.

We present a new method for constructing a confidence interval for the mean of a bounded random variable from samples of the random variable. We conjecture that the confidence interval has guaranteed coverage, i.e., that it contains the mean with high probability for all distributions on a bounded interval, for all samples sizes, and for all confidence levels. This new method provides confidence intervals that are competitive with those produced using Student's t-statistic, but does not rely on normality assumptions. In particular, its only requirement is that the distribution be bounded on a known finite interval.
Osimertinib with chemotherapy for EGFR-mutant NSCLC at progression: Safety profile and survival analysis.

9083Background: First generation EGFR TKIs are well tolerated with chemotherapy (chemo), and have evidence of improved efficacy in EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Osimertinib (osi) is a 3rd-generation EGFR TKI ...
Unmanned aerial vehicle-based rangeland monitoring: Examining a century of vegetation changes

Rangelands comprise a large component of the terrestrial land surface and provide critical ecosystem services, but they are degrading rapidly. Long-term rangeland monitoring with detailed, nonsubjective, quantitative observations can be expensive and difficult to maintain over time. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an alternative means to gather unbiased and consistent datasets with similar details to field-based monitoring data. Comparing summer 2017 UAV images with long-term plot measurements, we demonstrate that rangeland vegetation cover changes can be accurately quantified and estimate an increase in total absolute shrub/subshrub cover from 34% in 1935 to > 80% in 2017 in central Arizona. We recommend UAV image-based rangeland monitoring for land managers interested in a few specific and dominant species, such as the foundation species, indicator species, or invasive species that require targeted monitoring. Land managers can identify and continuously monitor trends in rangeland condition, health, and degradation related to specific land use policies and management strategies.
A Novel Simulation to Assess Residents' Utilization of a Medical Interpreter.

Introduction Physicians must be facile in working with a medical interpreter (MI) given the large population of patients with limited English proficiency. Methods To facilitate residents' assessmen...
Use of error management theory to quantify and characterize residents’ error recovery strategies

Abstract Background Traditional checklist metrics for surgical performance can miss key intraoperative decisions that impact procedural outcomes. Error-based assessments may help identify important metrics for evaluating operative performance and resident readiness for independent practice. Methods This study utilized human factors error analysis and error management theory to investigate a previously collected video database of resident performance during a simulated laparoscopic ventral hernia (LVH) repair on a table-top simulator using standard laparoscopic tools and mesh. Errors were deconstructed and coded using a structured observation tool and video analysis software. Error detection events and error recovery events were categorized for each operative step of the ventral hernia repair. Results Residents made a total of 314 errors (M = 15.7, SD = 4.96). There were more technical errors (63%) than cognitive errors (37%) and more commission errors (69%) than omission errors (30%). Almost half (47%) of all errors went completely undetected by the residents for the entire LVH repair. Of the errors that residents attempted to recover (n = 136), 86.0% were successfully recovered. Technical errors were four times more likely to be successfully recovered than cognitive errors (p = .020). Conclusions Our results revealed specific details regarding residents’ error management strategies and provides validity evidence for the use of human factors error frameworks in surgical performance assessments. Practice in simulation-based learning environments may improve resident decision-making and error management opportunities by providing a structured experience where errors are explicitly characterized and used for training and feedback. Error management training may play a major role in equipping residents and junior faculty with the skills required for independent, high-quality operative performance.
Operationalizing the Intersection of Racial and Socioeconomic Diversity in Predicting School-Level Academic Achievement:

Since Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education et al., school districts seeking to voluntarily integrate schools have designed a host of metrics to structure within-school diversity using ch...
Dance Floor Divas: Fieldwork, Fabulating and Fathoming in Queer Bangalore

Tracing his encounters with one particular song during fieldwork on queer nightlife in Bangalore, the author argues for the usefulness of ethnography as a critical method for studying dance and oth...
Impact of the size of the lesion in prenatal neural tube defect repair on imaging, neurosurgical and motor outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES (1) To compare brain findings between large and non-large neural tube defect (NTD); (2) to evaluate the impact of large lesion on the surgical parameters; (3) to study any associations between the size of the lesions and brain findings 6 weeks postoperatively and neurological short-term outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Texas Children's Hospital, between 2011 and 2018. POPULATION Patients who underwent prenatal NTD repair. METHODS Large lesion was defined when the lesion's surface was >75th centile of our cohorts' lesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time of referral: ventriculomegaly and anatomical level of the lesion; surgery: duration and need for relaxing incisions. 6 weeks postoperative: hindbrain herniation (HBH) and ventriculomegaly. After delivery: dehiscence, need for hydrocephalus treatment and motor function. RESULTS A total of 99 patients were included, 25 of whom presented with large lesions. Type of lesion and ventriculomegaly were comparable between individuals with large and non-large lesions. Individuals with large lesions were associated with increased need for relaxing incisions by 5.4 times (95% CI 1.3-23.2, P = 0.02). Six weeks postoperatively, having a large lesion decreased by ten times the likelihood of having a postoperative reversal of HBH (odds ratio = 0.1, 95% CI 0.1-0.4, P < 0.01). At birth, larger lesions increased the risk for repair dehiscence by 6.1 times (95% CI 1.6-22.5, P < 0.01) and the risk of dehiscence or leakage of cerebrospinal fluid at birth by 5.5 times (95% CI 1.6-18.9, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Prenatal repair of patients with large NTD presents a lower proportion of HBH reversal 6 weeks after the surgery, a higher risk of dehiscence and a higher need for postnatal repair. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Evaluation of the size of fetal NTD can predict adverse neurological outcomes after prenatal NTD repair.
Just say zero: containing critical bit-error propagation in deep neural networks with anomalous feature suppression

DNNs are abundantly employed in a variety of applications, including real-time systems with strict safety constraints. The consequences of errors prove disastrous in safety-critical systems, such as autonomous driving, healthcare, and industrial applications. DNNs are resilient to limited numerical perturbations yet fragile under large deviations in weights and activations. The traditional error tolerance measures fail to meet the tight design constraints of DNN processing systems due to extensive overheads or limited advantages in abundant error conditions. The algorithmic particularities of DNNs though create novel opportunities to deal with errors more effectively and economically. We revisit the two fundamental tasks in fault-tolerant system design, namely, error detection and correction, and demonstrate that the precise versions of these operations could be replaced by approximated counterparts in DNNs to deliver an extensive bit-error resilience even at high error rates while necessitating no information redundancy. We first maintain DNN accuracy even under extreme error rates by suppressing the numerical contributions of anomalous activations, eliminating any reliance on precise error correction. We tackle the problem of no redundancy error detection by establishing in training numerical associations among activations, and employing them for anomaly detection. Anomalous feature detection and suppression, performed efficiently at inference with minimal resources in a DNN accelerator, is shown to deliver significant resilience boosts while imposing neither information redundancy nor perceptible overheads.
Theoretical and experimental investigations on metallic acoustic lenses

This work introduces and investigates a metallic acoustic holographic lens to create an arbitrary acoustic pressure pattern in a target plane, using sound reflection phenomenon. The lens performs as a spatial sound modulator by introducing a relative phase shift to the reflected wavefront. The phase-shifting lens is designed using an iterative angular spectrum algorithm, and 3D-printed from powdered aluminum through direct metal laser melting. Then its capabilities to construct diffraction-limited complex pressure patterns and create multifocal areas are tested under water, numerically and experimentally. The proposed holographic lens design can drive immense improvements in applications involving medical ultrasound, ultrasonic energy transfer, and particle manipulation.
The interval between births and the risk of recurrent preeclampsia among predominantly high risk women in urban tertiary care center.

Abstract Introduction Women with a history of preeclampsia have a higher risk of recurrent preeclampsia. This study sought to ascertain the relationship between the interbirth interval and the risk of recurrent preeclampsia and difference in angiogenic markers between the two groups. Methods Data was collected from an ongoing cohort study of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) enrolled at the admission to the labor and delivery floor. From this dataset, multigravida women with a prior diagnosis of preeclampsia were identified and compared to women with no prior history of preeclampsia. Results Of the 375 women with HDP who were predominantly African American, 245 were multigravida and 44 (18.0%) had a prior history of preeclampsia. Women with prior preeclampsia had an earlier gestational age of delivery, higher rates of preterm delivery and a higher incidence of preeclampsia with severe features (56.8% vs 29.8%) in the index pregnancy (p-values ≤ 0.001) than those without. The median number of years between history of preeclampsia in previous pregnancy and current pregnancy was 6 years (IQR 3, 8). Among patients with a prior history of preeclampsia, the interbirth interval was not associated with severe preeclampsia (p = 0.60) and there was no difference in angiogenic factors between patients with a prior history of preeclampsia compared to those without. Conclusions In this study, the duration of the interbirth interval was not identified as a risk factor of developing severe preeclampsia in a subsequent pregnancy and angiogenic factors are not a reflection of maternal predisposition to recurrent preeclampsia.
When Does Compensation for 'Time Spent Under the Employer's Control' Include Pre and Post Shift Waiting and Other Activities?

In the face of continued economic uncertainly, employers are increasingly turning to temporary staffing to meet immediate workforce needs as a way of filling a current staffing gap without investing in a long-term commitment to an employee. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 requires that employers pay employees, including temporary employees, for all “hours worked,” so the question is what constitutes hours worked for the temporary worker? The answer generally comes down to “time spent under the employer’s control” but what does that mean? Does the employer need to exercise control over the employees’ choices, or just their actions?
Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion

Gut Reactions is an interdisciplinary defense of the claim that emotions are perceptions of changes in the body. This thesis, pioneered by William James and resuscitated by Antonio Damasio, has been widely criticized for failing to acknowledge that emotions are meaningful insofar as they represent concerns, not respiratory function and blood pressure. Fear represents danger, sadness represents loss. To explain this fact, many researchers conclude that emotions must involve judgments regarding one's relationship to the environment. Prinz offers a new unified account of the emotions that reconciles these two theories. He argues that emotions are embodied appraisals-they are perceptions of the body, but, through the body, they also allow us to literally perceive danger, loss, and other matters of concern. The basic idea behind embodied appraisal theory is captured in the familiar notion of a "gut reaction," which has been overlooked by much emotion research. Using recent work in semantics, Prinz show how emotions can be meaningful without incorporating judgments or other cognitive states. Criticizing those who think that some emotions are social constructions, while others can be explained by evolutionary psychology, Prinz argues that all emotions are the same kind of phenomena, involving both nature and nurture. Prinz also distinguishes emotions from other affective states, such as motivations and moods, and offers a theory of emotional valence (what makes some emotions good and others bad). Ultimately, his theory of emotion consciousness is inspired by recent research on the neural correlates of conscious vision. Drawing a parallel between emotion consciousness and visual consciousness, Prinz shows that emotion is a form of perception in the fullest sense. Where vision reveals the identity of objects in a given situation, emotion reveals how that situation bears on our well-being.
Analysis and Neural Network Modeling of the Nonlinear Correlates of Habituation in the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

Through the process of habituation, continued exposure to low-frequency (0.01 Hz) rotation in the dark produced suppression of the low-frequency response of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in goldfish. The response did not decay gradually, as might be expected from an error-driven learning process, but displayed several nonlinear and nonstationary features. They included asymmetrical response suppression, magnitude-dependent suppression for lower- but not higher-magnitude head rotations, and abrupt-onset suppressions suggestive of a switching mechanism. Microinjection of lidocaine into the vestibulocerebellum of habituated goldfish resulted in a temporary dishabituation. This suggests that the vestibulocerebellum mediates habituation, presumably through Purkinje cell inhibition of vestibular nuclei neurons. The habituated VOR data were simulated with a feed-forward, nonlinear neural network model of the VOR in which only Purkinje cell inhibition of vestibular nuclei neurons was varied. The model suggests that Purkinje cell inhibition may switch in to introduce nonstationarities, and cause asymmetry and magnitude-dependency in the VOR to emerge from the essential nonlinearity of vestibular nuclei neurons.
A Computational Primitive for Convolution based on Coupled Oscillator Arrays

In this paper we present a new computational primitive for convolution using coupled oscillator arrays. It is based on a Degree of Match (DOM) operation for pairs of vectors of analog voltage encoded data. The convolution operation is synthesized from these DOM circuits and computes the precise mathematical convolution of the two vectors. We present an example circuit design for the DOM operator and SPICE simulations of the circuit behavior. A MATLAB model is curve fit to an inverted copy of this output and shown to be roughly equivalent to the square of the Euclidian distance between the vectors. Using a parameterized version of this model we conducted a MATLAB study to analyze the accuracy of the DOM and convolution operations under variations in oscillator array symmetry, locking range, and additive noise. We also show a small example of convolution with an edge enhancement filter.
Why is This Show so Dumb? Advertising Revenue and Program Content of Network Television

Economists have long debated how advertising should be treated in a rational-choice framework. Using unique data from the broadcast networks’ 1995 Fall Network Season, we find that sitcoms attract premia from advertisers, while news and police programs get discounted. We interpret our findings according to two important theoretical treatments of advertising. Because the broadcast networks forgo advertising-unfriendly program content, the cable channel HBO responds with a deliberate counter-programming niche strategy, explicitly airing programming with “darker” and “more difficult” advertising-unfriendly content.
Application Of High Speed Photographic Technology On Study Of Rock Fragmentation Mechanism In Diamond Drilling

A prismatic compensation high speed camera (mounted on a drilling test stand) has been used to get a continuous record of the whole working progress for a diamond bit or cutter brittle in organic optical glass, plexiglass,marble and other materials. Through analyses of these photographic data of drilling in brittle and plastic materials, a new understanding of rock fragmentation by drilling is acquried.
Microstructural changes during long time service exposure of udimet 500 and nimonic 115

The effects of long term service exposure on the microstructure of Udimet 500 and Nimonic 115 turbine engine components has been studied. Sigma (σ) phase was detected in both alloys, and its formation could be predicted using critical electron vacancy concentrations computed by the revised method of Barrows and Newkirk and the experimental γ phase composition, γ′ coarsening was quite pronounced in Nimonic 115 turbine blades and varied as a strong function of the temperature distribution along the blade airfoil, σ phase precipitation had no effect on γ′ coarsening rates.
International workshop on software configuration management (SCM-10): new practices, new challenges, and new boundaries

This report provides a brief summary of SCM-10, the ICSE 2001 10th International Workshop on Software Configuration Management. The primary goal of this workshop was to broaden the scope of SCM and establish ties with other disciplines that are strongly related to SCM---whether requiring some form of novel, advanced SCM functionality or influencing the field of SCM with newly available technology. As demonstrated by the accepted set of position papers and the lively discussion in the workshop, SCM-10 succeeded in achieving this goal and raised many new and important questions to be addressed in the years to come.
Nitric Oxide and the Lung: An Overview

: This brief discussion focuses on the effects of nitric oxide (NO) in the lung. A short introduction of some of the physical characteristics of the NO gas molecule and the endogenous production of NO by the vascular endothelium is addressed first. This is followed by a review of inhaled NO use as a hronchodilator of the airway and recent findings of the endogenous production of NO during positive end-expiratory pressure and the possible role of NO produced in the paranasal Sinuses. Next, the use of inhaled NO for both pulmonary hypertension and improvement in oxygenation under a variety of clinical situations is discussed. Finally, some suggestions are given regarding the safe delivery of inhaled NO during clinical applications using a facemask, an anesthesia circuit, and a mechanical ventilator.
Amphitheater-headed canyons formed by megaflooding at Malad Gorge, Idaho

Many bedrock canyons on Earth and Mars were eroded by upstream propagating headwalls, and a prominent goal in geomorphology and planetary science is to determine formation processes from canyon morphology. A diagnostic link between process and form remains highly controversial, however, and field investigations that isolate controls on canyon morphology are needed. Here we investigate the origin of Malad Gorge, Idaho, a canyon system cut into basalt with three remarkably distinct heads: two with amphitheater headwalls and the third housing the active Wood River and ending in a 7% grade knickzone. Scoured rims of the headwalls, relict plunge pools, sediment-transport constraints, and cosmogenic (3He) exposure ages indicate formation of the amphitheater-headed canyons by large-scale flooding ∼46 ka, coeval with formation of Box Canyon 18 km to the south as well as the eruption of McKinney Butte Basalt, suggesting widespread canyon formation following lava-flow diversion of the paleo-Wood River. Exposure ages within the knickzone-headed canyon indicate progressive upstream younging of strath terraces and a knickzone propagation rate of 2.5 cm/y over at least the past 33 ka. Results point to a potential diagnostic link between vertical amphitheater headwalls in basalt and rapid erosion during megaflooding due to the onset of block toppling, rather than previous interpretations of seepage erosion, with implications for quantifying the early hydrosphere of Mars.
Evidence-based treatment of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency.

Abstract Background Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency causes cerebral creatine deficiency. Patients can have autistic behavior, seizures, intellectual disability, and severe speech delay. The goal of therapy is to increase creatine while reducing potentially neurotoxic guanidinoacetate concentrations. Here we evaluate how different therapies affect plasma guanidinoacetate levels in patients with GAMT deficiency. Methods Retrospective analysis of data from five new patients with GAMT deficiency (four with delays and seizures, one diagnosed at birth). Results The four symptomatic patients had decreased brain creatine by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and three also had abnormal globi pallidi by MRI. GAMT sequencing identified four previously reported mutations and one novel missense mutation (c.233T>A/p.V78E). Treatment with creatine (250–1000 mg/kg/day), ornithine (100–800 mg/kg/day), and sodium benzoate (50–135 mg/kg/day) supplements along with dietary protein restriction (0.8–1.5 g/kg/day) improved seizures and development with all patients becoming verbal. The patient treated at birth remains developmentally normal. Reduction in glycine and increase in ornithine levels significantly decreased plasma guanidinoacetate, with glycine levels being the best predictor of guanidinoacetate levels. In contrast, arginine levels were not significantly correlated with plasma guanidinoacetate. Conclusions Our results show that supplements of creatine, sodium benzoate (to reduce glycine) and ornithine reduce guanidinoacetate levels in patients with GAMT deficiency (dietary therapy was not evaluated in our study). Normal development with early therapy renders GAMT deficiency an ideal candidate for inclusion in newborn screening panels.
Liver fibrosis in elderly cadavers: localization of collagen types I, III, and IV, α-smooth muscle actin, and elastic fibers

We have shown a high prevalence of liver fibrosis in elderly cadavers with diverse causes of death by Sirius red stain; however, the various collagen types in these samples have yet to be evaluated. To further characterize the histopathology of the fibrotic lesions in the livers of these elderly cadavers, this study used immunohistochemistry and histochemistry to identify the principal collagens produced in liver fibrosis, fibrogenic cells and elastic fibers. Collagen I and III immunoreactions were found to colocalize in collagen fibers of fibrotic central veins, perisinusoidal fibrotic foci, portal tract stroma, and fibrous septa. α-Smooth muscle actin-expressing perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), as well as perivenular, portal, and septal myofibroblasts, were closely associated with collagen fibers, reflecting their fibrogenic functions. HSCs and myofibroblasts were also noted to express collagen IV, which may contribute to production of basal lamina-like structures. In fibrotic livers, the sinusoidal lining showed variable immunostaining for collagen IV. Collagen IV immunostaining revealed vascular proliferation and atypical ductular reaction at the portal-septal parenchymal borders, as well as capillary-like vessels in the lobular parenchyma. While elastic fibers were absent in the space of Disse, they were found to codistribute with collagens in portal tracts, fibrous septa and central veins. Our combined assessment of collagen types, HSCs, myofibroblasts, and elastic fibers is significant in understanding the histopathology of fibrosis in the aging liver.
Sum rules for charmed baryon masses.

The measured masses of the three charge states of the charmed {sigma}{sub {ital c}} baryon are found to be in disagreement with a sum rule based on the quark model, but relying on no detailed assumptions about the form of the interaction. This poses a significant problem for the charmed baryon sector of the quark model. Other relations among charmed baryon masses are also discussed. {copyright} {ital 1995 The American Physical Society.}
Incomplete Left Bundle-Branch Block The View from Transseptal Intraventricular Leads

The direction of the initial 20 to 30 msec forces of multiple unipolar and transseptal bipolar intraventricular electrocardiograms was examined in five patients with and five without incomplete left bundle-branch block (LBBB) and in one patient with complete LBBB. The data obtained were consistent with preservation of the normal left-to-right and apex-to-base direction of septal depolarization in patients with apparent, incomplete LBBB. Furthermore, no evidence of electromechanical delay in the left ventricle could be ascribed to this conduction defect. Until the minute details of normal and abnormal human septal excitation become known, it is suggested that the more descriptive and less mechanistic term "initial force abnormality" be substituted for "incomplete LBBB."
Security-aware resource management for real-time applications on clusters

An increasing number of real-time parallel applications on clusters, such as aircraft control and medical electronics systems, require high quality of security to assure confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of information. Conventional scheduling algorithms for clusters have been proposed to achieve high performance of parallel applications without security requirements; however, enhancing security of clusters for parallel applications requiring service flexibility remains an open problem. In this tutorial, we will discuss our current research that focuses on developing and evaluating new scheduling mechanisms and algorithms for applications with timing and security constraints on clusters. In particular, we will first describe an adaptive control framework for quality of security in cluster computing systems. The framework is centered on a model of security-sensitive real-time applications and security overhead model. The overhead model is used to measure security overheads incurred by an array of security services, including encryption, authentication, integrity check, etc. Next, we will describe a dynamic real-time scheduling algorithm, or TAPADS (Task Allocation for Parallel Applications with Deadline and Security constraints), which seamlessly integrates security requirements into real-time scheduling for clusters. To quantitatively evaluate the performance TAPADS, we conducted extensive experiments using real world applications and traces as well as synthetic benchmarks. We will present experimental results to demonstratively show that TAPADS significantly improves system performance in terms of quality of security and schedulability over three existing scheduling algorithms.
Characterization of the high-temperature behaviour of a glass-filled polymer composite

Abstract The decomposition kinetics and material properties of a decomposing, expanding glass-filled polymer composite have been measured. In addition, the morphology as a function of the stage of decomposition and the decomposition-induced material damage have been monitored visually by scanning electron microscopy. The combination of these data was used to characterize the high-temperature behaviour of the material.
Mechanical behavior of polycrystalline tungsten at elevated temperature

Abstract The influence of stress, temperature, grain size and subgrain size on the steady state creep rate of polycrystalline unalloyed tungsten has been examined based on the extensive published data available. It was shown that the steady state creep rate of polycrystalline tungsten, and other metals, is given by ϵ = Sλ 2 Deff ( σ E ) 7 where λ = subgrain size, σ = creep stress, E = average unrelaxed elastic modulus, and S is a universal creep constant equal to about 3 × 1040 cm−4. The effective diffusion coefficient, Deff, equals ( D L ƒ L + D D ƒ D ) where DL is the lattice diffusion coefficient, DD is the dislocation diffusion coefficient, and ƒ L and D are the fraction of atoms participating in lattice and dislocation diffusion respectively. When subgrains form during creep, as in normal behaving materials, λ = kσ−1 (k is a material constant) and the above equation yields the generally observed five power stress law for creep. When subgrains do not form during creep (as in many refractory metals produced by powder metallurgy techniques), λ in the above equation is replaced by the grain size. In this case ϵ αL 7 and ϵ ;αL 2 , predictions in agreement with experimental evidence. The power law breakdown for creep at high stresses can be explained by one of two possibilities 1. (i) the creation of excess vacancies by plastic deformation which increases DL in the Deff term 2. (ii) the increase in dislocation density with increasing stress, which influences the dislocation diffusion term, D D ƒ D , in Deff.
The Decade Ahead

all teachers of foreign languages. Our new popularity can vanish as fast as it came, and this would set us back for several decades. Those of us who taught in the 'thirties and the 'forties remember that foreign language teachers then seemed to be the "vanishing Americans." We have all experienced the rapidly increasing number of students, and we know that the next decade will bring us many, many more. This will affect teachers of all subjects, but it will affect us more than most, for these reasons:
Studies directed toward the preparation of polyene macrolide mimics

Abstract Cyclodimerization of two symmetrical but dissimilar fragments provides a facile route to macrocyclic dilactones containing conjugated polyolefins. Methods have been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of cis -2,4,6-triacetoxyheptanedial and the simple acylation of alcohols with dimethyl phosphonoacetic acid.
Ovarian hormones and retention of learned fear in rats.

The present series of investigations was designed to evaluate whether naturally occurring or exogenously induced hormonal changes might influence memory in a state-dependent paradigm. Rats in four experiments received Pavlovian fear conditioning to static environmental cues, followed by passive avoidance testing. In Experiment 1 animals were trained and tested in either the same stages of the estrous cycle (E-E, P-P) or in different stages (E-D, D-E, P-D, D-P). In Experiment 2 rats were trained during one stage of pregnancy, and tested for retention when hormonal conditions were presumably similar (same state) or altered (mismatched). No convincing evidence was found which would indicate that naturally occurring changes in hormonal levels associated with either stages of estrous (Exp 1) or stages of pregnancy (Exp 2) modulate retention of fear. Exogenous administrations of progesterone were employed in Experiments 3 and 4 in order to permit more direct experimental control over internal states and to enhance the salience of changes in internal environment. With a 7-day retention interval progesterone manipulations failed to influence retention performance in a state-dependent manner (Experiment 3), but with a 1-day interval asymmetrical state-dependent effects were obtained. Implications of these findings with respect to boundary conditions on the role of internal contextual cues in memory retrieval were discussed.
Identification of uterine nuclear type II estrogen binding sites in estrogen treated rats.

Uterine nuclear fractions from estrogen-treated rats contain both the estrogen receptor and a lower affinity estrogen binding site (type II site). In Scatchard plots of estrogen binding, two types of curves are seen. The hook-shaped form is composed of a linear component (the estrogen receptor) and a convex component (the type II site) while the curvilinear form is resolvable into two linear binding species (the estrogen receptor and a secondary site). To clarify the relationship between the two forms, we examined the curvilinear form from immature rats injected for 4 days with estradiol (E2) for type II site properties. Like the hook-shaped type II, this form could be detected in a nuclear exchange assay at both 37 and 4°C, but at neither temperature in the presence of reducing agent. Additionally, the steroid specificity of the curvilinear form was identical to the hook-shaped form. The hook-shaped form was found in both immature and ovariectomized adult rats implanted for 6 days with an E2-releasing Silastic capsule to provide pharmacological E2 levels. When uteri from implanted animals displaying the hook-shaped form were mixed in various ratios with uteri lacking type II sites, the curvilinear form was produced. Animals given an E2 implant for 3 days, followed by a 3 day hormone-free period showed a curvilinear form. In vivo E2 dose-response experiments showed the curvilinear form at low E2 doses and the hook-shaped form at the high dose and in implanted animals. We conclude that curvilinear Scatchard plots result from the presence of authentic type II at lower concentrations than those giving rise to the hook-shaped form.
Covert response cost.

The paper introduces the technique of covert response cost, which involves having the client imagine a behavioral response which he wishes to reduce in frequency paired with the imagined loss of a reinforcer. Methodological considerations, research and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of this procedure, and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Interpreted writing center tutorials with college-level deaf students

Abstract Deaf students are attending mainstream postsecondary institutions in increasing numbers. This study attempts to fill a gap in the literature regarding deaf students’ writing tutorials with hearing tutors and interpreters. It consists of observation of tutoring sessions, interviews, and collection and grounded theory analysis of relevant documents with college-age deaf and hearing tutees, tutors, interpreters, and administrators. Tutoring deaf students differed from hearing students in attention to reading comprehension and mechanical and grammatical correctness and the presence of a sign language interpreter. Results indicate that tutors should be sensitive to cultural and linguistic differences and attempt to discover and accommodate deaf students’ learning styles. Tutors should address reading with deaf students and be prepared to be more directive than with hearing students.
Some applications of conformational analysis in organic chemistry

Abstract Part 1 of this account deals with the conformational analysis of the diastereomers of RCHXCHXR (R=CH 3 , X=Cl, Br; R=C 6 H 5 X=Br) and of compounds of the type R 2 CHCHR 2 and RR′CHCHRR′ (R and R′ alkyl). These studies are closely related to Mizushima's pioneering work. In part 2, conformational equilibria of geminally substituted phenylcyclohexanes are discussed, including that of phencyclidine [1-phenyl-1(N-piperidino)cyclohexane] as a function of solvent, temperature and protonation and that of the chromium tricarbonyl complexes of phenylcyclohexane and of 1-methyl-1-phenylcyclohexane.
Temperature dependent loss tangent measurement of polymers with contact resonance atomic force microscopy

Abstract The loss tangent of individual components in a blend of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) is measured as a function of temperature with contact resonance atomic force microscopy. The loss tangent is calculated directly from the experimentally obtained contact resonance frequency, cantilever quality factor and other operating parameters. The temperature dependent variation of the loss tangent, measured at the high frequency of AFM measurements, shows peaks at different temperatures for the different polymer materials. The loss tangent peak at approximately 53 °C for PP is identified as an alpha peak signifying crystal relaxation while the loss tangent peak at approximately 75 °C for PS is identified as a glass transition.
Brain and whole-body imaging in nonhuman primates of [11C]PBR28, a promising PET radioligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors ☆

Objectives Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are upregulated on activated microglia and are thereby biomarkers of neuroinflammation. We developed a PET ligand with an aryloxyanilide structure, [O-methyl-11C]N-acetyl-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-phenoxy-5-pyridinamine ([11C]PBR28), to image PBRs. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate kinetics of brain uptake, and the influence of the peripheral binding on the arterial input function in rhesus monkey.
Probing through cloudiness: Theory of statistical inversion for multiply scattered data.

Wave multiple scattering is responsible for making a random medium cloudy in appearance and opaque in the sense of structure delineation. For a randomly layered medium such as the earth's subsurface, however, knowledge about the generic behavior of multiple scattering enables us to construct a theory of statistical inversion which can recover from a single data set the slowly varying mean character of a medium with signal amplitude only ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ that of the multiple-scattering noise. Inversion accuracy improves systematically with the availability of statistically redundant data.
Glassy-Rubbery Transition and Recrystallization during Aging of Wheat Starch Gels.

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data indicated an increase in final glass transition temperature with storage time, with no increase in initial temperature. After deconvolution, the tan δ(T) curve for ice melting was identified as the main peak, whereas glassy−rubbery transition peak(s) occurred at lower temperatures. Accompanying increase in “unfreezable” water and degree of amylopectin recrystallization showed that increase in the glassy−rubbery transition involved more than just moisture loss, and it may be possible that some amorphous network may have progressed extensively. Keywords: Starch aging; DMA; glassy−rubbery transition
Molecular orientation in quenched channel flow of a flow aligning main chain thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer

Abstract We report measurements of molecular orientation in solid specimens of a main-chain thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) that were quenched from mixed shear-extensional channel flows. The polymer under investigation is a random copolyether with mesogens separated by flexible hydrocarbon spacers. This polymer is known to exhibit ‘flow aligning’ dynamics under slow shear flow. Experiments were designed to preserve the molecular orientation state, representative of steady, isothermal channel flow in the solid samples, so that comparisons could be made against in situ channel flow measurements on other main chain thermotropes without flexible spacers, including a commercial fully aromatic copolyster. In the flow aligning material, little change in orientation was found in slit-contraction flows, and only modest drops in orientation were found in slit-expansion flow. This contrasts strongly with data on commercial LCPs, suggesting that these materials may be of the ‘tumbling’ type.
Mesencephalic central gray lesions and fear-motivated behavior in rats

Abstract In Experiment 1, the performance of 11 rats with central gray lesions including complete destruction of the ventrolateral edge, 11 rats with comparable lesions but with only partial ventrolateral damage and 14 sham-operated controls was compared in an operant, shock-food conflict task. The animals with complete ventrolateral destruction accepted more shocks and accepted shocks at a higher intensity than controls, while the group with partial destruction showed intermediate results. In another test, the spontaneous activity of control animals was totally suppressed for 2 min following noxious shock but was unaltered in animals with complete ventrolateral destruction. In animals with partial lesions, post-shock activity was directly related to the amount of ventrolateral destruction. Both lesion groups explored significantly more than controls in an open field. In Experiment 2, employing different animals, 9 lesioned rats with complete or near-complete ventrolateral central gray destruction and 6 sham-operated controls were tested in a step-through passive avoidance task. The performance of the lesioned animals was greatly impaired. The open field and post-shock activity results of the first experiment were replicated in Experiment 2. When placed in the open field or on a high perch most controls but no lesioned animals defecated. Lesioned animals were significantly more active than controls during a 17-h observation period on an activity platform. It was concluded that the mesencephalic central gray matter, and in particular its ventrolateral aspect, is critical to the normal expression of fear in rats. Several alternative hypotheses were discussed.
A simple polysilsesquioxane sealing of nanofluidic channels below 10 nm at room temperature

We present a simple sealing method to fabricate nanofluidic channels, where plasma treated polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) thin film on a rigid support is used to bond to a hydrophilic glass surface permanently at room temperature. This method shows precise dimension control below 10 nm with easy experimental setup. Using this method, one dimensional confined shallow nanochannels with a depth as small as 8 nm and an aspect ratio of <4 × 10−5, two dimensional confined nanochannel arrays, and integrated nano/microchannel devices with a micro-to-nano interface have been demonstrated. Smooth transfer of DNA fragments from microchannel to nanochannel through the interface area was observed.
Pharmacoeconomics of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected and HIV-noninfected patients.

Despite the proven effectiveness of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis in both HIV-infected and HIV-noninfected patients, PCP remains an important cause of serious pulmonary infection. Because PCP is a frequent event requiring inpatient admission at our institution, we conducted a study to define the pharmacoeconomics of this infection and the incidence of adverse events associated with anti-PCP therapy. In a retrospective review, 133 patients (101 HIV-positive, 32 HIV-negative) with documented PCP were identified. Significant differences in age, initial arterial oxygen tension (paO2), intensive care unit admission and mortality were evident between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients; however, there were no differences in the duration of hospitalisation or the duration of anti-PCP therapy. The incidence of biochemical abnormalities was similar between the groups. Leucopenia occurred at an incidence of 52 and 31%, while thrombocytopenia occurred at a rate of 7 and 44%, in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, respectively. Drug toxicity or treatment failure necessitated a change of therapy in 43% of HIV-positive and 59% of HIV-negative patients. PCP treatment cost, pharmacy cost, hospital cost and net loss (i.e. the difference between hospital cost and reimbursement) were all significantly greater in HIV-negative than in HIV-positive patients. The duration of anti-PCP therapy and the hospital cost for cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)- and pentamidine-treated patients were similar, although the treatment cost and pharmacy cost were statistically different in favour of cotrimoxazole. Overall, cotrimoxazole is an inexpensive treatment option. However, the high incidence of adverse events attributed to this agent often necessitates a change to a more costly therapy.
A popularity-based URL ordering algorithm for crawlers

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ordering algorithms are used by Web crawlers to determine the order in which to download pages from the Web. The current approaches for URL ordering based on link structure are expensive and/or miss many good pages, particularly in social network environments. In this paper, we present a novel URL ordering algorithm that exploits the access count information present in the Web logs on the individual Websites. In particular, we develop algorithms based on internal and external counts and by using this popularity information for URL ordering, we are able to retrieve high quality pages earlier in the crawl. We perform our experiments on two data sets using the Web logs from university and CiteSeer Websites and, on these data sets, we achieve a statistically significant improvement in the ordering of the high quality pages (as indicated by Google's PageRank) of 57.2% and 65.7% over that of a breadth-first search crawl.
Charged hadron multiplicities and topologies in inelastic μ−p scattering

Abstract We report the final state charged-hadron multiplicities and topological cross sections for inelastic scattering of 16 GeV μ −, s from hydrogen in the SLAC 40-inch bubble chamber. We find that for 1.8 ⩽ W ⩽ 5.0 GeV the charged hadron multiplicity is generally lower at Q 2 = 1.5 GeV 2 than for photoproduction.
Normal modes of vibration for non-linear continuous systems

A definition and a constructive methodology for normal nodes of motion are developed for a class of vibratory systems the dynamics of which are governed by non-linear partial differential equations. The definition for normal modes is given in terms of the dynamics on two-dimensional invariant manifolds in the system phase space. These manifolds are a continuation of the planes which represent the well-known normal modes of the linearized system. A local asymptotic approximation of the geometric structure of these manifolds can be obtained by using an approach which follows that used for generating center manifolds. The procedure also provides the non-linear ordinary differential equations which govern individual modal dynamics and a physical description of the system configuration when it is undergoing a modal motion. In this paper, the general theory is described for the application of vibrations of continuous media, but it can easily be extended to other situations. In order to demonstrate the power of the approach and its unique procedural aspects, three examples involving beam vibrations are worked out in detail. The examples are conservative, simply supported beams. The first demonstrates the methodology for a linear beam model, the second is a beam on a non-linear elastic foundation, and the third example is a beam with non-linear torsional springs attached at each end. In these examples, the simplicity of the mode shapes of the linearized model yields relatively simple calculations that do not obscure the important features of the procedure.