cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competition among multiple memory systems: converging evidence from animal and human brain studies.

Research of the neurobiological bases of learning and memory suggest that these processes are not unitary in nature, but rather that relatively independent neural systems appear to mediate different types of memory. Neurobiological studies, for instance, have identified separable cognitive or "declarative" and stimulus-response "habit" memory systems that rely upon the medial temporal lobe (e.g. hippocampus) and basal ganglia (e.g. caudate-putamen), respectively. Evidence indicates that multiple memory systems are activated simultaneously and in parallel in various learning tasks, and recent findings suggest that these systems may interact. One form of interaction between medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia memory systems appears competitive in nature, and has been revealed in non-human animal studies in which damage to a given memory system results in enhanced learning. Recent human neuroimaging research has also provided evidence in favor of competition between memory systems. Thus, converging evidence across species supports the hypothesis of interactive multiple memory systems in the mammalian brain. Potential neurobiological mechanisms mediating such interactions include direct anatomical projections between the medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia, indirect neuromodulatory influences of other brain structures (e.g. basolateral amygdala) and activity of neocortical brain regions involved in top-down response selection.
Aortic valve replacement in preteenage children.

Abstract During the last 15 years, 26 children who ranged from 4 to 12 years old underwent sub-coronary aortic valve replacement (AVR) at the Texas Heart Institute. The valve lesions resulted from congenital heart disease in 20 patients, 15 of whom had had a previous operation including 13 aortic valve procedures. Cystic medial necrosis necessitated AVR in 5 patients, all of whom had physical findings of Marfan's syndrome. One patient had rheumatic heart disease and required double-valve (aortic and mitral) replacement. Six different types of prosthesis were used: the Smeloff-Cutter, Starr-Edwards, Cooley-Cutter, Hancock porcine, Ionescu-Shiley, and Bjork-Shiley. The first patient in the series was the only early death (3.8%). Long-term follow-up data ranging from 1 month to 10 years were available on 20 patients. Three late deaths occurred (11.5%). All survivors are doing well and have good exercise tolerance. These data suggest that AVR performed in childhood is a safe, durable, and well-tolerated form of therapy. Later replacement, if necessary, can be accomplished with larger-sized prostheses. Our present choice is the Ionescu-Shiley bovine xenograft because of its superior hemodynamic characteristics and low incidence of embolic complications.
Literature review of HPV vaccine delivery strategies: Considerations for school- and non-school based immunization program.

School-based vaccination is becoming a more widely considered method of delivering HPV immunizations to an adolescent population; however, many countries do not have experience with delivering adolescent vaccines or school-based programs. This literature review will summarize the experiences from countries implementing non-health facility-based and health facility-based vaccination programs and assess HPV vaccine coverage. In October 2012, a systematic search in PubMed for studies related to the evaluation of national/regional, pilot, or demonstration HPV immunization programs that worked within existing health system yielded nine articles, representing seventeen countries. School-based programs achieved high HPV vaccination coverage rates in 9 to 13-year-old girls across the different studies and geographic locations, suggesting non-health facility-based programs are possible for HPV vaccine introduction. Grade-based, compared to age-based, eligibility criteria may be easier to implement in school settings. More studies are needed to explore the methods to standardize estimates for HPV vaccine coverage so that programs can be appropriately evaluated.
“Performance, Resistance, Caring: Racialized gender identity in African American boys”

This study illuminates the meaning making world of 5th, 6th, and 7th grade African American boys in a community based after-school program. Employing participant observation, questionnaire and interviews, the work captures the manifestations of their definitions of gender and racial constructions, including maleness, masculinity, “Blackness,” as well as the intersections of race and gender- racialized gender identity. Their voice revealed the implications of those constructs on schooling along with their sense of the raced and gendered nature of their school experiences. Their sense of identity emerged as multiple, shifting and produced, yet also reflected the presence and desire for a self apart from external constructions.
EXECUTIVE BOARD MEMBERS

Steven Aks, DO, FACMT, FACEP Michelle Blanda, MD, FACEP David Bordo, MD, FACEP Shu B. Chan, MD, MS, FACEP Carlos A. Camargo, Jr., MD, DrPH Andrew K. Chang, MD, FACEP William C. Dalsey, MD, MBA, FACEP Wyatt W. Decker, MD, FACEP Marc Dorfman, MD, FACEP, MACP John E. Duldner, Jr., MD, FACEP Christopher J. Finley, MD, FACEP Steven A. Godwin, MD, FACEP Jonathan A. Handler, MD, FACEP Edward C. Jauch, MD, MS, FACEP A. Antoine Kazzi, MD, FAAEM Mark I. Langdorf, MD, MHPE, FACEP Joseph R. Lex, Jr., MD, FAAEM Thomas W. Lukens, MD, PhD, FACEP Susan Nedza, MD, MBA, FACEP Robert W. Neumar, MD, PhD, FACEP Richard Nunez, MD,FACEP, FAEAM Robert E. O’Connor, MD, MPH, FACEP Brian J. O’Neil, MD, FACEP James R. Roberts, MD, FACEP Philip H. Shayne, MD, FACEP Gary R. Strange, MD, FACEP Stephen J. Wolf, MD, FACEP David W. Wright, MD, FACEP Robert Zalenski, MD, MA, FACEP Leslie S. Zun, MD, MBA, FACEP
TCARE: tailored caregiver assessment and referral

(2008). TCARE: TAILORED CAREGIVER ASSESSMENT AND REFERRAL. Journal of Social Work Education: Vol. 44, No. sup3, pp. 59-64.
The Pacific Cold Tongue: A Pathway for Interhemispheric Exchange

Abstract Mean meridional upper-ocean temperature, salinity, and zonal velocity sections across the Pacific Ocean between 8°S and 8°N are combined with other oceanographic and air–sea flux data in an inverse model. The tropical Pacific Ocean can be divided into three regions with distinct circulation patterns: western (143°E–170°W), central (170°–125°W), and eastern (125°W–eastern boundary). In the central and eastern Pacific the downward limbs of the shallow tropical cells are 15(±13) × 106 m3 s−1 in the north and 20(±11) × 106 m3 s−1 in the south. The Pacific cold tongue in the eastern region results from diapycnal upwelling through all layers of the Equatorial Undercurrent, which preferentially exhausts the lightest (warmer) layers of the Equatorial Undercurrent [10(±6) × 106 m3 s−1] between 125° and 95°W, allowing the denser (cooler) layers to upwell [9(±4) × 106 m3 s−1] east of 95°W and adjacent to the American coast. An interhemispheric exchange of 13(±13) × 106 m3 s−1 between the southern and northe...
Random mutagenesis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe SRP RNA: lethal and conditional lesions cluster in presumptive protein binding sites

Abstract Signal recognition particle (SRP), a ribonucleoprotein composed of six polypeptides and one RNA subunit, serves as an adaptor between the cytoplasmic protein synthetic machinery and the translocation apparatus of the endoplasmic reticulum. To begin constructing a functional map of the 7SL RNA component of SRP, we extensively mutagenized the Schizosaccharomyces pombe SRP7 gene. Phenotypes are reported for fifty-two mutant alleles derived from random point mutagenesis, seven alleles created by site-directed mutagenesis to introduce restriction sites into the SRP7 gene, nine alleles designed to pinpoint conditional lesions, and three alleles with extra nucleotides inserted at position 84. Our data indicate that virtually all single nucleotide changes as well as many multiple substitutions in this highly structured RNA are phenotypically silent. Six lethal alleles and eleven which result in sensitivity to the combination of high temperature and elevated osmotic strength were identified. These mutations cluster in conserved regions which, in the mammalian RNA, are protected from nucleolytic agents by SRP proteins. The effects of mutations in the presumptive binding site for a fission yeast SRP 9/14 homolog indicate that both the identity of a conserved residue and the secondary structure within which it is embedded are functionally important. The phenotypes of mutations in Domain IV suggest particular residues as base-specific contacts for the fission yeast SRP54 protein. A single allele which confers temperature-sensitivity in the absence of osmotic perturbants was identified in this study; the growth properties of the mutant strain suggest that the encoded RNA is somewhat defective even at the permissive temperature, and is most likely unable to correctly assemble with SRP proteins at the nonpermissive temperature.
Spider web glue: two proteins expressed from opposite strands of the same DNA sequence.

The various silks that make up the web of the orb web spiders have been studied extensively. However, success in prey capture depends as much on the web glue as on the fibers. Spider silk glue, which is considered one of the strongest and most effective biological glues, is an aqueous solution secreted from the orb weaving spider’s aggregate glands and coats the spiral prey capturing threads of their webs. Studies identified the major component of the glue as microscopic nodules made of a glycoprotein. This study describes two newly discovered proteins that form the glue-glycoprotein of the golden orb weaving spider Nephila clavipes. Our results demonstrate that both proteins contain unique 110 amino acid repetitive domains that are encoded by opposite strands of the same DNA sequence. Thus, the genome of the spider encodes two distinct yet functionally related genes by using both strands of an identical DNA sequence. Moreover, the closest match for the nonrepetitive region of one of the proteins is chiti...
Light-dependent Changes in Outer Segment Free-Ca2+ Concentration in Salamander Cone Photoreceptors

Simultaneous measurements of photocurrent and outer segment Ca2+ were made from isolated salamander cone photoreceptors. While recording the photocurrent from the inner segment, which was drawn into a suction pipette, a laser spot confocal technique was employed to evoke fluorescence from the outer segment of a cone loaded with the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3. When a dark-adapted cone was exposed to the intense illumination of the laser, the circulating current was completely suppressed and fluo-3 fluorescence rapidly declined. In the more numerous red-sensitive cones this light-induced decay in fluo-3 fluorescence was best fitted as the sum of two decaying exponentials with time constants of 43 ± 2.4 and 640 ± 55 ms (mean ± SEM, n = 25) and unequal amplitudes: the faster component was 1.7-fold larger than the slower. In blue-sensitive cones, the decay in fluorescence was slower, with time constants of 140 ± 30 and 1,400 ± 300 ms, and nearly equal amplitudes. Calibration of fluo-3 fluorescence in situ from red-sensitive cones allowed the calculation of the free-Ca2+ concentration, yielding values of 410 ± 37 nM in the dark-adapted outer segment and 5.5 ± 2.4 nM after saturating illumination (mean ± SEM, n = 8). Photopigment bleaching by the laser resulted in a considerable reduction in light sensitivity and a maintained decrease in outer segment Ca2+ concentration. When the photopigment was regenerated by applying exogenous 11-cis-retinal, both the light sensitivity and fluo-3 fluorescence recovered rapidly to near dark-adapted levels. Regeneration of the photopigment allowed repeated measurements of fluo-3 fluorescence to be made from a single red-sensitive cone during adaptation to steady light over a range of intensities. These measurements demonstrated that the outer segment Ca2+ concentration declines in a graded manner during adaptation to background light, varying linearly with the magnitude of the circulating current.
Executives' perceived environmental uncertainty shortly after 9/11

Environmental uncertainty refers to situations when decision makers experience difficulty in predicting their organizations' environments. Prediction difficulty is mapped by closeness of decision makers' probability distributions of environmental variables to the uniform distribution. A few months after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, we solicited probabilities for three environmental variables from 93 business executives by a mail survey. Each executive assigned probabilities to the future state of the economy specified as categories of growth projected for a year after the 9/11 jolt, conditional probabilities of its effect on her/his organization, and conditional probabilities of her/his organizational response capability to each economic condition. Shannon entropy maps uncertainty, but the data do not provide trivariate state-effect-response distribution. We use maximum entropy method to impute the trivariate distributions from the data on state-effect and state-response bivariate probabilities. Uncertainty about each executive's probability distribution is taken into account in two ways: using a Dirichlet model with each executive's distribution as its mode, and using a Bayesian hierarchical model for the entropy. Both models reduce the observed heterogeneity among the executives' environmental uncertainty. A Bayesian regression examines the effects of two organizational characteristics on uncertainty. Presentation of results includes uncertainty tableaux for visualizations of the joint and marginal entropies and mutual information between variables.
Patterned Functional Carbon Fibers from Polyethylene

Patterned, continuous carbon fibers with controlled surface geometry were produced from a novel melt-processible carbon precursor. This portends the use of a unique technique to produce such technologically innovative fibers in large volume for important applications. The novelties of this technique include ease of designing and fabricating fibers with customized surface contour, the ability to manipulate filament diameter from submicron scale to a couple of orders of magnitude larger scale, and the amenable porosity gradient across the carbon wall by diffusion controlled functionalization of precursor. The geometry of fiber cross-section was tailored by using bicomponent melt-spinning with shaped dies and controlling the melt-processing of the precursor polymer. Circular, trilobal, gear-shaped hollow fibers, and solid star-shaped carbon fibers of 0.5 - 20 um diameters, either in self-assembled bundle form, or non-bonded loose filament form, were produced by carbonizing functionalized-polyethylene fibers. Prior to carbonization, melt-spun fibers were converted to a char-forming mass by optimizing the sulfonation on polyethylene macromolecules. The fibers exhibited distinctly ordered carbon morphologies at the outside skin compared to the inner surface or fiber core. Such order in carbon microstructure can be further tuned by altering processing parameters. Partially sulfonated polyethylene-derived hollow carbon fibers exhibit 2-10 fold surface areamore » (50-500 m2/g) compared to the solid fibers (10-25 m2/g) with pore sizes closer to the inside diameter of the filaments larger than the sizes on the outer layer. These specially functionalized carbon fibers hold promise for extraordinary performance improvements when used, for example, as composite reinforcements, catalyst support media, membranes for gas separation, CO2 sorbents, and active electrodes and current collectors for energy storage applications.« less
Fast composite field S-box architectures for advanced encryption standard

Byte substitution (S-Box), which is essentially a combination of inversion and affine operations over a finite field GF(28), limits the throughput of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Among existing S-Box architectures, the composite field S-Box algorithm is very attractive for its extremely low area cost, which is only 12%-20% of other implementation approaches [1]. However, the composite field S-Box suffers from extremely low throughput rate. In this paper, we propose a novel fast composite field S-Box architecture. By applying pre-computation techniques, some computation on the critical data path can be eliminated so as to reduce the critical path delay. The complexity of the precomputation units is minimized via sharing common structures. The proposed design is implemented using a 0.18-um CMOS technology library. The results show that the throughput rate is increased by 28.22% at the expense of a fairly modest increase in area. Based on the proposed design, we then present an approach to further reduce critical path delay. The gate-level analysis shows that the second proposed approach can increase the throughput rate by 56.25%. In addition, the proposed designs can reduce the pipelining latency by 40%-60% compared with the conventional design while keeping the same throughput rate.
The Reflective Self

ABSTRACT The following paper will apply a social constructionist paradigm to the concepts of the reflective self, creativity and intuition as valuable skills in social work practice education. The students' learning process and their integration of self-reflective, intuitive and creative knowledge and skills will be illustrated through excerpts from their final papers in an advanced social work practice course taught by this instructor. A qualitative analysis will focus on three main themes that emerged from these final papers: learning from the client, the use of intuition, and helplessness and omnipotence. The author's underlying thesis is that on-going self-examination, intuitive knowledge and a creative use of self are not only crucial skills in clinical practice in general but should continue to be emphasized in social work practice education.
Probabilities of very large deviations

If {Xn: 1 ≦ n < ∞} are independent, identically distributed random variables having E(X1) = 0 and Var(X1) = 1, the most elementary form of the central limit theorem implies that P(n-½Sn≧ zn) → 0 as n → ∞, where Sn = Σnk=1 X,k, for all sequences {zn:1 ≧ n gt; ∞} for which zn → ∞. The probability P(n-½ Sn ≧ zn) is called a “large deviation probability”, and the rate at which it converges to 0 has been the subject of much study. The objective of the present article is to complement earlier results by describing its asymptotic behavior when n-½zn → ∞ as n → ∞, in the case of absolutely continuous random variables having moment-generating functions.
Microarray blob-defect removal improves array analysis

Motivation: New generation Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays often have blob-like image defects that will require investigators to either repeat their hybridization assays or analyze their data with the defects left in place. We investigated the effect of analyzing a spike-in experiment on Affymetrix ENCODE tiling arrays in the presence of simulated blobs covering between 1 and 9% of the array area. Using two different ChIP-chip tiling array analysis programs (Affymetrix tiling array software, TAS, and model-based analysis of tiling arrays, MAT), we found that even the smallest blob defects significantly decreased the sensitivity and increased the false discovery rate (FDR) of the spike-in target prediction. Results: We introduced a new software tool, the microarray blob remover (MBR), which allows rapid visualization, detection and removal of various blob defects from the.CEL files of different types of Affymetrix microarrays. It is shown that using MBR significantly improves the sensitivity and FDR of a tiling array analysis compared to leaving the affected probes in the analysis. Availability: The MBR software and the sample array.CEL files used in this article are available at: http://liulab.dfci.harvard.edu/Software/MBR/MBR.htm Contact: xsliu@jimmy.harvard.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Second-Order Estimates for the Macroscopic Response and Loss of Ellipticity in Porous Rubbers at Large Deformations

This work presents the application of a recently proposed “second-order” homogenization method (Ponte Castaneda, 2002) to generate estimates for effective behavior and loss of ellipticity in hyperelastic porous materials with random microstructures that are subjected to finite deformations. The main concept behind the method is the introduction of an optimally selected “linear thermoelastic comparison composite”, which can then be used to convert available linear homogenization estimates into new estimates for the nonlinear hyperelastic composite. In this paper, explicit results are provided for the case where the matrix is taken to be isotropic and strongly elliptic. In spite of the strong ellipticity of the matrix phase, the homogenized “second-order” estimates for the overall behavior are found to lose ellipticity at sufficiently large compressive deformations corresponding to the possible development of shear band-type instabilities (Abeyaratne and Triantafyllidis, 1984). The reasons for this result have been linked to the evolution of the microstructure, which, under appropriate loading conditions, can induce geometric softening leading to overall loss of ellipticity. Furthermore, the “second-order” homogenization method has the merit that it recovers the exact evolution of the porosity under a finite-deformation history in the limit of incompressible behavior for the matrix.
Erythropoietin: multiple targets, actions, and modifying influences for biological and clinical consideration

Erythropoietin (EPO), a humoral regulator of erythropoiesis and replacement therapy for selected red blood cell disorders in EPO-deficient patients, has been implicated in a wide range of activities on diverse cell, tissue, and organ types. EPO signals via two receptors, one comprising EPO receptor (EPOR) homodimers and the other a heterodimer of EPOR and CD131—the common β chain component of the GM-CSF, interleukin (IL)-3, and IL-5 receptors. Ligation of EPORs triggers various signaling pathways, including the JAK2–STAT5 and MAPK–NF-κB pathways, depending both on the receptor and the target cell type. A new study in this issue reveals a novel EPO-triggered pathway involving a Spi2A serpin–lysosome–cathepsin cascade that is initiated through the homodimeric EPOR complex and is required for the survival of erythroid progenitors. A full understanding of EPO’s effects on various cell types and their potential clinical relevance requires more work on the signaling events initiated through both EPORs, the effects of other cytokines and growth factors that modulate EPO’s actions, and a comparison of the effects of full-length versus truncated forms of EPO.
Modeling of nonlinear nonstationary dynamic systems with a novel class of artificial neural networks

This paper introduces a novel neural-network architecture that can be used to model time varying Volterra systems from input-output data. The Volterra systems constitute a very broad class of stable nonlinear dynamic systems that can be extended to cover nonstationary (time-varying) cases. This novel architecture is composed of parallel subnets of three-layer perceptrons with polynomial activation functions, with the output of each subnet modulated by an appropriate time function that gives the summative output its time-varying characteristics. The paper shows the equivalence between this network architecture and the class of time-varying Volterra systems, and demonstrates the range of applicability of this approach with computer-simulated examples and real data. Although certain types of nonstationarities may not be amenable to this approach, it is hoped that this methodology will provide the practical tools for modeling some broad classes of nonlinear, nonstationary systems from input-output data, thus advancing the state of the art in a problem area that is widely viewed as a daunting challenge.
The ALLHAT study: results and clinical implications.

The Antihypertensive Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) just published,1 is the largest clinical trial so far conducted. Under the auspices of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), it included over 40 000 high-risk hypertensive patients (aged 55 years or older) who were followed over 5 years (with the exception of the doxazosin treatment arm, which was discontinued prematurely due to a higher incidence of heart failure).2 It included 33 357 patients who were randomized to treatments, including chlorthalidone 12.5–25.0 mg/day ( n = 15 255), amlodipine 2.5–10 mg/day ( n = 9048) and lisinopril 10–40 mg/day ( n = 9054). The doses of these drugs were increased until a blood pressure goal of < 140/90 mmHg was achieved. In addition, other drugs could be added to the baseline treatments such as atenolol (25–100 mg/day), reserpine (0.1–0.2 mg/day) or clonidine (0.1–0.3 mg bid) at the discretion of the investigator. Also, hydralazine 25–100 mg bid could be added as a step 3 drug. The pre-specified primary outcome of this trial was fatal coronary heart disease or non-fatal myocardial infarction combined. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, end-stage renal disease and cancer. The mean age of the study population was 67 years, 47% were women, 35% were Black, 19% were Hispanic and 36% were diabetic. The major clinical findings of this large study were as follows. Some 60% of treated hypertensive patients reached a blood pressure goal of < 140/90 mmHg, compared to current estimates of 34%.3 This despite the protocol limitations on proper drug combination, on which I will comment later. There …
Special Issue on Biomedical Engineering in the University of California System

We are honored and pleased to present the Special Issue on Biomedical Engineering in the University of California System. Through the years, we have been fortunate enough to learn first-hand about our colleagues’ exciting areas of research at the Annual UC Systemwide Bioengineering Symposia and wanted to give you a glimpse of the cutting-edge research taking place across the UC campuses. We realize that one special issue cannot capture the breadth and depth of these research activities, but hope that this issue inspires you to take a closer look at the research of the biomedical engineering community in the UC system. This special issue opens with a historical perspective from Professor Shu Chien, whose unwavering dedication and leadership were the driving forces that brought the bioengineering faculty of the UC campuses together as a multicampus research unit. In his contribution, Professor Chien discusses the timeline for the formation of the various UC bioengineering departments, the establishment of the Bioengineering Institute of California, and the historical progression of the Annual UC Systemwide Bioengineering Symposium, which is hosted by a different UC campus each year and is now in its second decade. Following this historical perspective, original contributions and reviews are clustered, in order of presentation, in the areas of (1) tissue engineering, (2) cellular and molecular engineering, (3) computational biology, (4) devices, and concluding with (5) imaging. We have thoroughly enjoyed working with our colleagues in putting this special issue together. Reading about their new areas of research, as well as reviews on their specialties, have been very educational for us, and we sincerely hope you will enjoy this collection of articles that help demonstrate that the UC campuses are a rich environment for biomedical engineering research. OPEN ACCESS
Fitness penalty in susceptible host is associated with virulence of Soybean mosaic virus on Rsv1-genotype soybean: a consequence of perturbation of HC-Pro and not P3

Summary The multigenic Rsv1 locus in the soybean plant introduction (PI) ‘PI96983’ confers extreme resistance against the majority of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains, including SMV-N, but not SMV-G7 and SMV-G7d. In contrast, in susceptible soybean cultivars lacking a functional Rsv1 locus, such as ‘Williams82’ (rsv1), SMV-N induces severe disease symptoms and accumulates to a high level, whereas both SMV-G7 and SMV-G7d induce mild symptoms and accumulate to a significantly lower level. Gain of virulence by SMV-N on Rsv1-genotype soybean requires concurrent mutations in both the helper-component proteinase (HC-Pro) and P3 cistrons. This is because of the presence of at least two resistance (R) genes, probably belonging to the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) class, within the Rsv1 locus, independently mediating the recognition of HC-Pro or P3. In this study, we show that the majority of experimentally evolved mutational pathways that disrupt the avirulence functions of SMV-N on Rsv1-genotype soybean also result in mild symptoms and reduced accumulation, relative to parental SMV-N, in Williams82 (rsv1). Furthermore, the evaluation of SMV-N-derived HC-Pro and P3 chimeras, containing homologous sequences from virulent SMV-G7 or SMV-G7d strains, as well as SMV-N-derived variants containing HC-Pro or P3 point mutation(s) associated with gain of virulence, reveals a direct correlation between the perturbation of HC-Pro and a fitness penalty in Williams82 (rsv1). Collectively, these data demonstrate that gain of virulence by SMV on Rsv1-genotype soybean results in fitness loss in a previously susceptible soybean genotype, this being a consequence of mutations in HC-Pro, but not in P3.
Karl W. Deutsch: teacher, scholar, mentor, Mensch

In thinking about Karl as a teacher one fact stands out. His mind soared. What was so extraordinary for his students, was to him a way of life. It happened spontaneously in any setting: while answering questions in a lecture hall filled with 250 undergraduates; while debating research strategies in an advanced graduate seminar; and in discussions, one-on-one. Karl often appeared to be unprepared for class, ready to jump on any possible diversion.
The Impact of Consumer Numeracy on the Purchase of Long-Term Care Insurance.

Objective To determine the effect of consumers’ numeric abilities on the likelihood of owning private long-term care insurance. Data Source The 2010 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of Americans age 50 and older, was used (n = 12,796). Study Design Multivariate logistic regression was used to isolate the relationship between numeracy and long-term care insurance ownership. Principal Findings Each additional question answered correctly on a numeracy scale was associated with a 13 percent increase in the likelihood of holding LTCI, after controlling for predictors of policy demand, education, and cognitive function. Conclusions Poor numeracy may create barriers to long-term care insurance purchase. Policy efforts aimed at increasing consumer decision support or restructuring the marketplace for long-term care insurance may be needed to increase older adults' ability to prepare for future long-term care expenses.
Electrochemistry in Near-Critical and Supercritical Fluids. 5. The Dimerization of Quinoline and Acridine Radical Anions and Dianions in Ammonia from -70C to 150C.

Abstract An experimental apparatus capable of supporting electrochemical measurements in ammonia at high temperatures and pressures is described. The dimerization reactions of the radical anions of quinoline and acridine were studied over a 220°C temperature range in ammonia. The cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric experiments were analyzed by the theory for reversible dimerizations. At low temperature the dimerization was totally irreversible, but at elevated temperatures the rate of the back reaction was significant and the dimerization reaction was facile. The rates of the dimerization reactions were extrapolated to very high temperature and were found to be in qualitative agreement with cyclic voltammetric results in supercritical ammonia. The activation energies for the dimerization reactions are reported. The diffusion coefficients of quinoline and acridine from −70°C to 150°C are reported.
On Analog Simulation of Liquid-Metal Flows in Space Rankine-Cycle Power-Systems

In the development of liquid metal Rankine cycle system, experiments using liquid metals generally cannot be conducted on the International Space Station (ISS) or the space shuttles due to a number of issues including safety. Some other fluids must be used to simulate potassium flows in a Rankine cycle. In this paper an analysis for the simulation using surrogate fluids is made. The results of the analysis indicate that single-phase liquid metal flows, either liquid or vapor, can be simulated using surrogate fluids both in ground and space experiments. For two-phase liquid-metal flow, a credible simulation with a surrogate fluid is currently not possible. For the problem of vapor-production efficiency in a boiler, a simulation using a surrogate fluid whose properties are similar to potassium is workable. A high concentration of copper nanoparticles in water (Cu-water nanofluid) is considered a potential possibility for a fluid to simulate liquid-metal turbulent flow and the boiling process. In the final stage of developing the liquid-metal Rankine-cycle system, experimental tests in a subscale liquid-metal system are still indispensable.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
164 EVALUATION OF INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN THROMBOSIS IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH LARGE TUNNELED CATHETERS.

Purpose To evaluate the prevalence of internal jugular vein thrombosis in patients with large diameter (16 French) tunneled dialysis catheters to determine if the larger diameter catheters are associated with increased thrombosis rates. Methods and Materials A retrospective chart review of dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease patients at the Memphis VAMC was performed to identify patients who had received tunneled internal jugular catheters for hemodialysis. Since 2002, large-diameter, 16 French Ash-Split catheters have been primarily used. Eligible patients were those with 16 French catheters placed from January 1, 2002, to October 1, 2006. A total of 60 patients were identified. Additional information obtained from patient records included catheter site placement, number of catheters placed in each site, history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, and number of catheter-related infections. Results All of the 60 patients were men. A diagnosis of hypertension was present in 85% (51 of 60) and diabetes mellitus was present in 35% (21 of 60). These percentages are similar to the overall prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus seen in ESRD patients at this center. In 7 of the 60 patients in the study, bilateral internal jugular veins were used for tunneled catheter placement; thus, the total number of access sites was 67. Thrombosis was present in 16.4% (11 of 67) of the total number of catheter access sites. Of the total number of thromboses present, 63.6% (7 of 11) were in the right internal jugular vein and 36.4% (4 of 11) in the left internal jugular vein. Also, of the 11 thromboses present, 82% (9 of 11) of the occlusions were associated with catheter-related infections. Conclusion Previous studies have reported the prevalence of internal jugular thrombosis in patients with standard dialysis catheters (14.5 French) to be around 10 to 25%. The prevalence of thrombosis demonstrated in this study shows no increased rate of thrombosis with larger catheters. There was an extremely high frequency of catheter-related infections in patients with thrombosis.
Anisotropic oxidation prediction using optimized weight loss behavior of bismaleimide composites

High-temperature polymer matrix composites are susceptible to thermo-oxidation, which accelerates their degradation and reduces the service life. This work presents the viability of using experimental weight loss for modeling the spatial distribution of oxidation when the oxidized polymer matrix is not discernible due to cracking. The oxidized layer thickness and weight loss were predicted at a microscale level by implementing a volumetric integral in finite element analysis and scaled to a macroscale level by respective area ratios. Weight loss was shown to have a spatial distribution following the three-zone model. The proportionality parameter was optimized by fitting the scaled finite element predictions to the experimental results using artificial neural networks and a generalized pattern search algorithm. Aging experiments have been conducted at the operating temperature range of BMIs, 176.67 °C (350 °F) and 200 °C (392 °F). Optical dark field images were acquired to monitor longitudinal and transverse oxidation. Microscale simulations were conducted using representative volume elements utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics. A novel characteristic index for describing the completely oxidized matrix was the weight loss per unit volume that equals 0.44 mg/µm3 as shown by spatial distribution simulations. The orthotropic diffusivity resulted in a higher degree of anisotropy in the oxidized thickness compared to the weight loss %. At the representative volume element scale, the oxidized layer thickness simulations showed a higher degree of non-linearity at higher temperatures stemming from the cracking effect.
Injectable pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorders (IPOD)

Abstract Background Despite the growing prevalence of opioid use among offenders, pharmacotherapy remains an underused treatment approach in correctional settings. The aim of this 4-year trial is to assess the clinical utility, effectiveness, and cost implications of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX, Vivitrol®; Alkermes Inc.) alone and in conjunction with patient navigation for jail inmates with opioid use disorder (OUD). Methods Opioid-dependent inmates will be randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions before being released to the community to include: 1) XR-NTX only; 2) XR-NTX plus patient navigation (PN), and 3) enhanced treatment-as-usual (ETAU) with drug education and a community treatment referral. Before release from jail, participants in the XR-NTX and XR-NTX plus PN conditions will receive their first XR-NTX injection. Those in the XR-NTX plus PN condition also will meet with a patient navigator. Participants in both XR-NTX conditions will be scheduled for medical management sessions twice monthly for months 1–3, monthly medical management sessions for months 4–6, with monthly injections for 5 months post-release (which, given the pre-release injection, results in a 6-month medication phase). Follow-up data collection will occur at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post release. Results We discuss the study's rationale, aims, methods, and anticipated findings. The primary outcome is the presence of a DSM 5 OUD diagnosis 1 year after randomization (6 months after the end of the active treatment phase). Discussion We hypothesize that providing XR-NTX prior to release from jail will be particularly beneficial for this extremely high-risk population by reducing opioid use, associated criminal behavior, and injection-related disease risk. ClinicalTrials.Gov : NCT02110264
Development in Historical Context

It was once said by Sir William Arthur Lewis that the development of Third Worldcountries “does not in the long run depend upon the existence of the developed countries, and their potential for growth would be unaffected even if all the developed countries were to sink under the sea”1. The developing countries have everything they need for growth. The potential is there. It is only necessary to exploit it. Lewis, it should be added, did not recommend that the developed countries should sink under the sea; he simply made the important point that the poor countries need not be dependent on the rich; they have the capacity for autonomous growth
Higher critical shoulder angle increases the risk of retear after rotator cuff repair

Background No evaluation has been done on the relationship of the critical shoulder angle (CSA) with retear after rotator cuff repair. Our purpose was to evaluate whether a higher CSA is associated with retear after rotator cuff repair. Methods This was a retrospective review of 76 patients who had undergone rotator cuff repair with postoperative ultrasound examination. Ultrasound findings were graded no retear (NT), partial-thickness (PT) retear, or full-thickness (FT) retear. Preoperative radiographs were used to measure CSA, glenoid inclination, lateral acromion angle, and acromion index. Results Average age was 61.9 years (45.3-74.9 years). On ultrasound examination, 57 shoulders (74.0%) had NT, 11 (14.2%) had PT retears, and 8 (10.3%) had FT retears. There was no significant difference in retear rate by age, gender, or tension of repair. Average CSA was significantly lower for the NT group at 34.3° ± 2.9° than for the FT group at 38.6° ± 3.5° ( P 38°, the odds ratio of having an FT retear was 14.8 ( P P P 14, the odds ratio of having a FT retear was 15.0 ( P Conclusion At short-term follow-up, higher CSA significantly increased the risk of an FT retear after rotator cuff repair. Also, increasing CSA correlated with worse postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores. This radiographic marker may help manage expectations for rotator cuff tear patients.
Multi-Method Characterization of Micelles

The “Menger micelle” possesses striking predictive and rationalizing power. Many examples are presented.
Semantic and Syntactic Interference in Sentence Comprehension: A Comparison of Working Memory Models.

This study investigated the nature of the underlying working memory system supporting sentence processing through examining individual differences in sensitivity to retrieval interference effects during sentence comprehension. Interference effects occur when readers incorrectly retrieve sentence constituents which are similar to those required during integrative processes. We examined interference arising from a partial match between distracting constituents and syntactic and semantic cues, and related these interference effects to performance on working memory, short-term memory, vocabulary, and executive function tasks. For online sentence comprehension, as measured by self-paced reading, the magnitude of individuals’ syntactic interference effects was predicted by general WM capacity and the relation remained significant when partialling out vocabulary, indicating that the effects were not due to verbal knowledge. For offline sentence comprehension, as measured by responses to comprehension questions, both general WM capacity and vocabulary knowledge interacted with semantic interference for comprehension accuracy, suggesting that both general WM capacity and the quality of semantic representations played a role in determining how well interference was resolved offline. For comprehension question reaction times, a measure of semantic short-term memory capacity interacted with semantic but not syntactic interference. However, a measure of phonological capacity (digit span) and a general measure of resistance to response interference (Stroop effect) did not predict individuals’ interference resolution abilities in either online or offline sentence comprehension. The results are discussed in relation to the multiple capacities account of working memory (e.g., Martin & Romani, 1994; Martin & He, 2004), and the cue-based retrieval parsing approach (e.g., Lewis, Vasishth, & Van Dyke, 2006; Van Dyke, Johns, & Kukona, 2014). While neither approach was fully supported, a possible means of reconciling the two approaches and directions for future research are proposed.
Finland’s Success

This chapter details the school education story of Finland; it uses outcomes mainly from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to set Finland as the world’s top school performer. In the narrowest of hallways of research with all their scientific pretensions, it is important to mention that not even the Finnish agree on the reasons for their success, but many factors can be cited as influential for success. The chapter then describes very briefly the education system, since many publications have done that before. Instead of going to the more academic review of the literature about Finnish success as was done in Chap. 1, this chapter delves into more specific and often-cited reasons behind this success, mainly from the point of view of governmental experts and some principals. Among those topics, the chapter describes the following: curriculum, age of entrance to schools, comprehensive education, open school opportunities, reading and libraries, free school lunch, educational and pedagogical leadership, and welfare state and fairness.
Odysseus and the Cult of Apollo at Delos

This paper explores literary representations of the cult of Apollo on Delos. This island is, to be sure, mentioned only occasionally in early Greek poetry, but details specific to the cult do appear. Thus, for example, Odysseus describes a palm tree he saw at an altar of Apollo on Delos ( Od . 6.162-3), and a third-century inscription from the island mentions just such a feature. References to a palm, altar, and temple at Delos in later classical authors, including Callimachus, Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch, demonstrate that the Archaic period traditions represented by the Homeric passages continued to shape how successive generations of visitors understood Delos. The material record makes clear that the Greek epic tradition documents a time when Delos was already a well attended sanctuary, and that later constructions at the site attempted to remain consistent with the details preserved in the epics.
Input filter design of a current source inverter or a front end rectifier: analysis and simulation

This paper presents a step by step design procedure for the input filter of a current source inverter (CSI). The design is also applicable to matrix converters. The design is based on the specifications of allowable ripple in the input voltage of the CSI and high frequency harmonic components in input grid current. Analytical techniques have been developed to estimate the ripple present in the input current and to model the converter for fundamental or grid frequency. This is essential for the analysis of input filter. The analysis and design of the input filter have been verified by simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
A physics based model for twisted and coiled actuator

This paper presents the static and dynamic modeling for a recently discovered artificial muscle-twisted and coiled actuator (TCA). This actuator can generate large force and displacement; moreover, it is low-cost, easy to fabricate, and customizable. Since the discovery of TCA, it has been widely adopted for various robotic applications. Nevertheless, theoretical models to describe the static performance and dynamic response are underexplored. In this paper, we aim to model the statics and dynamics for TCA from physics perspective. Specifically, the developed model utilizes parameters related to the working principle and material properties of the actuator. Experiments are conducted to verify the proposed model, and the results demonstrate that the proposed model can predict the static performance and dynamic response for the actuator. Given the wide applications of TCA in robotics, the developed model will enable closed-loop control of robotic systems with TCAs to achieve precise motion.