cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plume model for the boundary-layer dynamics in hard turbulence.

``Hard turbulence'' has come to be associated with several features of high-Rayleigh-number Boussinesq convection: thermal plumes, intermittency, nonclassical Nu-Ra scaling (Nu\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{Ra}}^{2/7}$), large-scale circulation, and the strongly sheared thermal boundary layers that result. In this paper, we make use of one of these features, the plumes, to offer an explanation of recent measurements of ``waves'' propagating on the boundary layers. The measured ``dispersion relation'' is reproduced here by a scaling theory incorporating the drag force of buoyant plumes and the interaction of these plumes with the boundary layers.
Atg16l1 is Required for Autophagy in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Protection of Mice From Salmonella Infection

Background & Aims Intestinal epithelial cells aid in mucosal defense by providing a physical barrier against entry of pathogenic bacteria and secreting antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Autophagy is an important component of immune homeostasis. However, little is known about its role in specific cell types during bacterial infection in vivo. We investigated the role of autophagy in the response of intestinal epithelial and antigen-presenting cells to Salmonella infection in mice. Methods We generated mice deficient in Atg16l1 in epithelial cells (Atg16l1 f/f × Villin-cre) or CD11c + cells (Atg16l1 f/f × CD11c-cre); these mice were used to assess cell type–specific antibacterial autophagy. All responses were compared with Atg16l1 f/f mice (controls). Mice were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium; cecum and small-intestine tissues were collected for immunofluorescence, histology, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of cytokines and AMPs. Modulators of autophagy were screened to evaluate their effects on antibacterial responses in human epithelial cells. Results Autophagy was induced in small intestine and cecum after infection with S typhimurium , and required Atg16l1. S typhimurium colocalized with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (Map1lc3b or LC3) in the intestinal epithelium of control mice but not in Atg16l1 f/f × Villin-cre mice. Atg16l1 f/f × Villin-cre mice also had fewer Paneth cells and abnormal granule morphology, leading to reduced expression of AMPs. Consistent with these defective immune responses, Atg16l1 f/f × Villin-cre mice had increased inflammation and systemic translocation of bacteria compared with control mice. In contrast, we observed few differences between Atg16l1 f/f × CD11c-cre and control mice. Trifluoperazine promoted autophagy and bacterial clearance in HeLa cells; these effects were reduced upon knockdown of ATG16L1. Conclusions Atg16l1 regulates autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and is required for bacterial clearance. It also is required to prevent systemic infection of mice with enteric bacteria.
Arc Flash Calculations for a 1.3-MW Photovoltaic System

When planning for the installation of a 1.3MW photovoltaic system, and its integration into an existing facility's electrical system, an arc flash study was performed to determine the best protective device settings to minimize the arc flash energy in the photovoltaic system, and to determine the effect of the additional short circuit current on the existing system arc flash calculations. The existing system has distribution at 13.8kV and two 10MVA transformers to a 2.4kV feeder system. The photovoltaic system adds the hazard of 500 VDC sub-array collection wiring and terminations. The DC arc flash exposure of PV systems, including those in the inverter enclosures, can be complicated, and this paper outlines the basic data collected for the study, the steps taken to complete the calculations, the methodology used, the results, and the team's learnings.
The Contribution of the Sisters of Mercy to the Development of Social Welfare

The history of the professionalization of social work often begins with the men of Toynbee Hall who inspired the settlement movement in the United Kingdom and the United States. But is it possible that an earlier group inspired them? The research presented here raises the question of whether the work of the noncloistered Sisters of Mercy may have been a prototype of the settlement movement in England. With their secular beginning in Ireland in 1824, the sisters opened Houses of Mercy in Ireland (1827) and England (1839) and eventually throughout the world to provide relief to the poor through charity, job training, education, health care, and counseling. This article presents original documents to illustrate their work and to open the question of the sisters’ role in the history of social welfare.
Pattern diversity for narrowband direction finding with sensor arrays

Abstract Each sensor in an array is characterized by a spatial response pattern. Despite the fact that the patterns of individual sensors have a large impact on array performance, these patterns are not typically viewed as “free parameters” during array design. This paper presents a framework that allows explicit consideration of the sensor patterns in the array design process. Procedures are developed for choosing the sensor patterns to achieve a desirable array manifold. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the pattern diversity array design procedures.
Presidential address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Dermatopathology, October 12,2002. The APOPTOSIS of dermatopathology?

It is a privilege and an honor for me to have served as your president in this past year and to have the opportunity to address you today. In this presentation, I am using the term ‘APOPTOSIS’ as an acronym (Fig. 1). I do not necessarily mean to imply apoptosis here in its literal meaning; you may well infer it to be so after listening to my presentation and your own personal experience. For reasons of logic, I will not be discussing the various letters in order. Figure 1. Apoptotic cells are seen in the epidermis on the right in a patient with sunburn. Various topics under ‘APOPTOSIS’ are listed on the left. Download figure to PowerPoint
Why global justice matters

Why does global justice as a philosophical inquiry matter? We know that the world is plainly unjust in many ways and we know that something ought to be done about this without, it seems, the need of a theory of global justice. Accordingly, philosophical inquiry into global justice comes across to some as an intellectual luxury that seems disconnected from the real world. I want to suggest, however, that philosophical inquiry into global justice is necessary if we want to address the problems of humanity. First, in some cases, a theory of global justice is needed for identifying what counts as legitimate problems of justice. Second, even in obvious cases of injustices, such as the fact of preventable extreme poverty to which we know we have an obligation to respond, we cannot know the content and the limits of these obligations and who the primary bearers of these obligations are without some theoretical guidance. However, I acknowledge that philosophical inquiry on global justice risks becoming a philosop...
One size doesn’t fit all: Social priorities and technical conflicts for small modular reactors

Abstract Small modular reactors (SMRs) have been proposed as a possible way to address the social problems confronting nuclear power, including poor economics, the possibility of catastrophic accidents, radioactive waste production, and linkage to nuclear weapon proliferation. Several SMR designs, with diverse technical characteristics, are being developed around the world and are promoted as addressing one or more of these problems. This paper examines the basic features of different kinds of SMRs and shows why the technical characteristics of SMRs do not allow them to solve simultaneously all four of the problems identified with nuclear power today. It shows that the leading SMR designs under development involve choices and trade-offs between desired features. Focusing on a single challenge, for example cost reduction, might make other challenges more acute. The paper then briefly discusses other cultural and political factors that contribute to the widespread enthusiasm for these reactors, despite technical and historical reasons to doubt that the promises offered by SMR technology advocates will be actually realized.
Factors Involved in Mortality From Avian Lymphomatosis

Abstract LYMPHOMATOSIS is apparently a naturally occurring malignant disease of chickens characterized by the formation of lymphoid tumors which may be found in nearly all tissues of the bird’s body. Research makes it increasingly evident that this disease is communicable and may be transmitted under natural conditions, both through the egg and by contact (Waters and Prickett, 1944, and Waters, 1945a). It is equally evident that modifications of the environment (Hutt, et al., 1944) and genetic resistance (Hutt, et al., 1941; Taylor, et al, 1943; and Waters, 1945b), determine to a large extent the incidence of lymphomatosis which occurs in experimental groups of non-inoculated chickens when they are exposed to the disease. A knowledge of the part played by the pathogen or causative agent of lymphomatosis is not clearly defined. Inability to identify, characterize, and control such an agent is a definite handicap in studies involving natural transmission of this disease.
A lattice gas approach to shock propagation in a clay-like deformable porous medium

Abstract A three-component interacting lattice gas model is introduced to study the shock propagation in a porous medium consisting of clay-like pore barriers, fluid particles, and empty sites to represent air and other constituents. An attractive potential between the clay particles is considered to generate a soft porous matrix containing fluid in the pores. The mobility of the clay and fluid particles can be varied as well as their concentrations to capture the details of different porous systems. A collision scheme is implemented with appropriate energy dissipation. We restrict to a square lattice and consider a line of shock. The velocity gradient caused by the shock drives the fluid and clay particles. Unusually superfast power-law behavior is observed for the rms displacements of the fluid and clay particles in this velocity-field-driven system; the power-law exponents seem to depend on details such as mass of the particles and their energy dissipation. We find that the propagation and attenuation of the shock front depend strongly on the type of particles, rigidity of the clay-matrix and its porosity. Various general features are observed such as smearing of the shock front with non-linear propagation and evolution of the velocity and density profiles in both fluid within the pores as well as the clay matrix as the shock propagates.
The Effect of Exercise on Left to Right Shunt of Blood Through a Ventricular Septal Defect

The effect of exercise on the pulmonary circulation has been studied in normal patients, but hemodynamic changes which occur with exercise in patients with acyanotic congenital heart disease associated with a left to right shunt have not been adequately studied. A left to right intracardiac shunt is well shown by dye dilution techniques.1 The contour of the curve obtained on the degree of shunting, and a measure of this is the ratio of built-up (BT) : disappearance time (DT). When this is above 1 :2-2.1 a left to right shunt is present, as shown by Broadbent et al,1 and this has also been our experience. As the degree of shunting increases, the BT :DT ratio decreases. The ratio is often expressed DT :BT, when this will increase with shunting. For qualitative clinical purposes the former representation has proven simpler and will be used. Changes in left to right shunt with exercise were studied by comparing dye dilution curves done on patients at rest and when exercising. The results were interpreted in relation to pressures recorded during cardiac catheterization. Method The tests were done with the patient in the supine position. A direct writing oximeter, a modification of the Millikan ear oximeter3 was fitted on the left ear, and 100 per cent oxygen administered for 5 minutes before the injection of dye. Evans Blue dye (T 1824) in dosage of 0.2 mgrn. per Kg. body weight was injected rapidly into a right antecubital vein.4 Care was taken to avoid any constriction above the site of injection. The patient exercised in the recumbent position by moving a pair of roller skates up and down inclined wooden ramps for a minimum of 4 minutes. The slope of the ramps and the weights attached to the skates were varied to suit the strength of the patient. The same amount of dye was again injected during the period of exercise. The amount of work done varied widely, depending on the strength of the patient, but averaged 1.7 ft. lbs./sec. (range from 1.2-2.4). A normal dye dilution curve is demonstrated by Figure 1, and a typical left to right shunt by Figure 2.
Brief Report: A Pilot Summer Robotics Camp to Reduce Social Anxiety and Improve Social/Vocational Skills in Adolescents with ASD

This pilot study evaluated a novel intervention designed to reduce social anxiety and improve social/vocational skills for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The intervention utilized a shared interest in robotics among participants to facilitate natural social interaction between individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) peers. Eight individuals with ASD and eight TD peers ages 12–17 participated in a weeklong robotics camp, during which they learned robotic facts, actively programmed an interactive robot, and learned “career” skills. The ASD group showed a significant decrease in social anxiety and both groups showed an increase in robotics knowledge, although neither group showed a significant increase in social skills. These initial findings suggest that this approach is promising and warrants further study.
Information-theory-based band selection and utility evaluation for reflective spectral systems

We have developed a methodology for wavelength band selection. This methodology can be used in system design studies to provide an optimal sensor cost, data reduction, and data utility trade-off relative to a specific application. The methodology combines an information theory- based criterion for band selection with a genetic algorithm to search for a near-optimal solution. We have applied this methodology to 612 material spectra from a combined database to determine the band locations for 6, 9, 15, 30, and 60- band sets in the 0.42 to 2.5 microns spectral region that permit the best material separation. These optimal bands sets were then evaluated in terms of their utility related to anomaly ddetection and material identification using multi-band data cubes generated from two HYDICE cubes. The optimal band locations and their corresponding entropies are given in this paper. Our optimal band locations for the 6, 9, and 15-band sets are compared to the bands of existing multi-band systems such as Landsat 7, Multispectral Thermal Imager, Advanced Land Imager, Daedalus, and M7. Also presented are the anomaly detection and material identification results obtained from our generalted multi- band data cubes. Comparisons are made between these exploitation results with those obtained from the original 210-band HYDICE data cubes.
The Relationship between Older Americans Act In-Home Services and Low-Care Residents in Nursing Homes

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between supportive services provided under Title III-B of the Older Americans Act (OAA) and the prevalence of low-care residents in nursing homes (NHs). Method: State Program Reports (state-level expenditure and utilization data for each OAA service) and NH facility–level data were analyzed using a two-way fixed effects model. Results: Results suggest that every additional 1% of the population age 65+ that receives personal care services is associated with a 0.8% decrease in the proportion of low-care residents in NHs. Discussion: Despite efforts to rebalance long-term care, there are still many NH residents who have the functional capacity to live in a less restrictive environment. This is among the first studies to suggest that states that have invested in their in-home supportive services, particularly personal care services provided through the OAA, have proportionally fewer of these people.
The Electric Report Card: A Follow-up on Cassette Grading

The use of cassette tape recorders in evaluating technical reports is spreading in college technical writing classes and may have application outside the classroom as well. The technique, which ena...
Foreign Direct Investment and Evaluation of Country Risk: an Empirical Investigation

This paper investigates the extent to which country risk ratings influence the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI). Using International Monetary Fund (IMF) data from over 100 countries and Euromoney’s country risk ratings over a ten‐year period, this study finds that country risk ratings have a significant influence on FDI. This effect is stronger for US FDI. We also analyze the relative importance of the individual components of the country risk index.
Home Anticoagulation Testing: Accuracy of patient reported values

Background. Few studies have examined the accuracy of patient-reported international normalized (INR) values for home anticoagulation testing (HAT). Our study objectives were to assess this accuracy and compare the percentage time within therapeutic range (PTWTR) based on HAT data to that obtained with testing through an anticoagulation clinic service (ACS). Materials and methods. Forty-nine anticoagulated patients were enrolled in a year-long, prospective, crossover study comparing HAT to ACS testing. Patients performed HAT for 6 months and telephoned their INR values. Thereafter, devices were interrogated for the 30 most recent INR readings. Data accuracy was calculated for each patient as the percentage of correctly telephoned INR values divided by the total number of INR values common to both the device and the telephone logs. The device-based PTWTR was compared to the PTWTR based on ACS data. Results. Of the 49 enrolled patients, 32 completed the study protocol. The mean accuracy of reporting was 94.0 ± 13.0% (range, 48-100%); the median accuracy was 100%. Three patients had marked low accuracy (48, 60, 62%). No significant difference was seen between the PTWTR based on device data versus that obtained though the ACS (59.8 ± 15.7% versus 59.5 ± 19.4%, P = 0.48). Conclusions. The overall accuracy of patient-reported INR values is high and the PTWTR found with HAT is comparable to that obtained with clinic testing. However, the potential for noncompliance in a small number of patients raises the question of whether periodic confirmation of patient-reported INR values should be considered.
Functional analysis of a transrepressor domain in the hepatitis C virus core protein.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major causative agents of chronic liver disease with the potential for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The putative core protein of the virus has many intriguing properties, including transcriptional regulation of cellular and unrelated viral promoters. To further characterize the transregulatory function, a number of chimeric constructs were made by fusion of the core gene to the DNA binding domain of the yeast transactivator factor GAL4. The fusion protein exhibited a repressor activity on the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter via the upstream GAL4 DNA binding sites. A structure /function analysis of HCV core mutants in the context of the GAL4 DNA binding domain revealed that the transcriptional repressor activity was located near the N-terminus (amino acids 26–85). Transcription was strongly inhibited upon transfer of this repressor domain to a heterologous activation domain, (3CGln) of Epstein Barr virus transcription factor EBNA3C. Results from this study suggest that the HCV core protein contains an overall repressor activity, and that the repressor domain is located near the N-terminus.
Inhibition of sleep and benzodiazepine receptor binding by a β-carboline derivative

The effects of systemic injections of beta-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (beta-CCtB) were investigated with regard to normally occurring sleep and several measures of benzodiazepine receptor occupancy in rats. A dose of 30 mg/kg of beta-CCtB was found to have a long time-course of action as measured by an in vivo assay for benzodiazepine binding, with an 84% depletion of [3H]diazepam binding at one hour after the intraperitoneal injection. This dose of beta-CCtB was shown to delay sleep onset, decrease non-REM and total sleep in the first two hours after the injection, and to delay the appearance of REM sleep after the sleep onset. The dose- and time-dependence of the effects on sleep approximated the dose- and time-dependence of inhibitory effects of an IP injection of beta-CCtB on in vitro measures of benzodiazepine receptor affinity and number.
Free radical generation in the cochlea during combined exposure to noise and carbon monoxide: an electrophysiological and an EPR study

Abstract Ototoxicity following combined exposure to noise and carbon monoxide (CO) is known to result in more severe permanent threshold shifts than exposure to noise alone. We have previously demonstrated that such potentiation of noise-induced auditory impairment by CO can be prevented by the administration of a nitrone spin-trapping agent. Although such protection implicates injury via free radical pathways, drug-induced protection does not provide direct evidence for the presence of free radicals in the cochlea. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the actual presence of nitrone spin adducts in the cochlea following simultaneous exposure to noise and CO. Using electrophysiological end-points, the protective effects of the nitrone spin-trapping agent α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)- N - tert -butylnitrone (POBN) were assessed following combined exposure of adult male Long Evans hooded rats to noise and CO. In addition, an ex-vivo evaluation of POBN spin adducts was done by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The noise used was octave band noise with center frequency 13.6 kHz at 100 dB Lin for a duration of 2 h. The level of CO used was 1200 ppm. Electrophysiological results demonstrate that POBN protects against combined exposure to noise plus CO. The EPR study demonstrates POBN spin adducts in the cochleae of animals exposed to noise plus CO. Therefore, this study provides evidence to the hypothesis that ototoxicity due to noise plus CO exposure is mediated via free radicals.
Emergent Bilinguals: Framing Students as Statistical Data?

Immigrant youth who are designated as English language learners in American schools—whom we refer to as “emergent bilinguals”—are increasingly framed by numerical calculations. Utilizing the notion of assemblage from actor-network theory (ANT), we trace how emergent bilinguals are discursively constructed by officials, administrators, politicians, and the media through the manipulation and publication of school test scores, district data, and state reports. Drawing upon two overlapping, complementary qualitative studies conducted in New York City, we reveal the ways in which this places burdens on emergent bilinguals and their schools and narrows important discussions of bilingual education pedagogies to ones centered on numerical data.
Identification and Characterization of CPP32/Mch2 Homolog 1, a Novel Cysteine Protease Similar to CPP32

We have identified and characterized a novel cysteine protease named CMH-1 that is a new member of the interleukin 1β converting enzyme (ICE) family of proteases with substrate specificity for Asp-X. CMH-1 has the highest similarity to CPP32 (52% amino acid identity) and MCH2 (31% identical). CMH-1 shares conserved amino acid residues that form the core structure of ICE as well as those residues involved in catalysis and in the P1 aspartate binding. Overexpression of CMH-1 in COS cells resulted in the processing of CMH-1 and the induction of apoptosis of transfected cells. Coexpression of CMH-1 with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) also resulted in a specific cleavage of PARP. Purified recombinant CMH-1 cleaved PARP but not interleukin 1β precursor in vitro.
Eosinophil-fibroblast interactions in fibrogenesis: Eosinophils induce fibroblast secretion of interleukin-6 and expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis

Numerous observations, but few definitive studies, implicate eosinophils and their secretion products in pulmonary fibrosis and other forms of pathologic fibrosis. The role of the eosinophil, in terms of eosinophil signals that may induce or regulate fibroblast function, and the gene targets involved in these interactions, remain poorly defined. We previously reported1 that eosinophil granule major basic protein synergized with transforming growth factor-b1‐ or interleukin (IL)-1a‐primed fibroblasts to upregulate expression of the IL-6 family of cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor) at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. To extend these findings, we used a co-culture system of the human eosinophil-differentiated cell line, AML14.3D10, and either the human lung fibroblast cell line, CCL-202 (American Type Culture Collection), or primary foreskin fibroblasts, to address the nature of fibrogenic eosinophilfibroblast interactions. We focused on IL-6, given the previous reports defining IL-6 as a key fibrogenic mediator. Co-culture of AML14.3D10 eosinophils with lung fibroblasts resulted in a large increase (up to 50-fold) in the secretion of fibroblast-derived IL-6. This increase was augmented approximately 50 to 100% by activating the AML14.3D10 eosinophils with IL-5 during the co-culture period. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the increase in IL-6 secretion was associated with elevated levels of IL-6 mRNA in the
Analysis of Polyphenols, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids in Tubers from Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja, Stenotomum and Andigena

Sixty-five Solanum tuberosum group Andigena, Phureja and Stenotomum genotypes from an initial population of 1,500 were analyzed for phenylpropanoids, carotenoids, and antioxidant capacity. Total phenolic content ranged from 3 to 49 mg g−1 DW, total carotenoids from 4.1 to 154 μg/g DW, anthocyanins from 0.27 to 34 mg g−1 DW and antioxidant capacity from 60 to 1,767 μmol TE/g DW. HPLC analysis of phenolic extracts revealed that 5-O-chlorogenic acid (5CGA) was the most abundant polyphenol in all genotypes. Ten genotypes were independently grown out for more in-depth phytonutrient analysis. The Phureja genotypes RN 27.01 had the highest polyphenol, anthocyanin and antioxidant content, while RN 39.05 had the highest carotenoid content. The tuber percentage dry matter varied markedly among the ten genotypes, influencing the phytonutrient values when expressed on a dry weight basis. Chlorogenic acid concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 29.4 mg g−1 DW and kaempferol-3-rutinose was present up to 3 mg g−1 DW. Petunidin-3-O-coum-rutinoside-5-O-glu or pelargonidin-3-O-coum-rutinoside-5-O-glu were the most abundant anthocyanins. The principal carotenoids were lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, and antheraxanthin, but no one carotenoid was predominant in all genotypes. These findings further support utilization of Phureja group germplasm for phytonutrient enhancement efforts.
Characteristics of Child Molesters: Implications for the Fixated-Regressed Dichotomy

This study attempted to empirically validate the fixated-regressed typology used in the child sexual abuse literature. The sample consisted of 136 consecutive cases of convicted child molesters tried in Pima County, Arizona, over a 2-year period (1984-1985) for whom case history, MMPI, presentence reports, and police report data were collected prior to sentencing. Application of the criteria defining fixated versus regressed status yielded a unimodal and continuous distribution of child molesters rather than the bimodal distribution predicted by theory. In a multiple regression analysis, two independent variables (i.e., whether the victim and offender were related and an offender's prior non-sex-criminal record) significantly predicted an offender's degree of regression, and a third independent variable (i.e., offender age) approached significance. Alternative conceptualizations to the fixated-regressed typology are described, and implications for understanding child molesters are discussed.
On the nonlinear aerodynamic and stability characteristics of a generic chine-forebody slender-wing fighter configuration

An exploratory investigation was conducted of the nonlinear aerodynamic and stability characteristics of a tailless generic fighter configuration featuring a chine-shaped forebody coupled to a slender cropped delta wing in the NASA Langley Research Center's 12-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel. Forebody and wing vortex flow mechanisms were identified through off-body flow visualizations to explain the trends in the longitudinal and lateral-directional characteristics at extreme attitudes (angles of attack and sideslip). The interactions of the vortical motions with centerline and wing-mounted vertical tail surfaces were studied and the flow phenomena were correlated with the configuration forces and moments. Single degree of freedom, free-to-roll tests were used to study the wing rock susceptibility of the generic fighter model. Modifications to the nose region of the chine forebody were examined and fluid mechanisms were established to account for their ineffectiveness in modulating the highly interactive forebody and wing vortex systems.
Are We Preparing Institutional “Difference Makers” ?

During the 20th Century, the most valued faculty members were those who achieved the greatest stature in their field. The acclaim received stemmed largely from success in narrowly focused work within the boundaries of a single discipline. Toward the end of the 20th Century, a new type of highly valued faculty member emerged as especially significant to the demands of a modern university. These faculty members were uncommon in their intellectual range and their ability to lead teams of interdisciplinary faculty in the pursuit of complex, integrative questions. Because of their special ability to enhance the productivity of others, these individuals have been called institutional “difference makers.” This paper discusses the characteristics and special qualities possessed by individuals serving in this newly appreciated role.
Greasing the squeaky wheel: News media coverage and us development aid, 1977–1992

This study explores the role that news media coverage plays in influencing US foreign policy in general, and foreign aid policy in particular. It is expected that foreign policy officials will be responsive to the content of the domestic news media and will attempt to align their actions with what they expect is the public's perception of the importance of a particular issue. In this study, it is hypothesized that that higher levels of news coverage of a potential recipient country will lead to higher aid commitments. The analysis examines the levels of US aid commitments to those it provided aid during the period 1977–1992. Even with an admittedly simple measure of news media coverage, the empirical findings are clear. The level of news coverage is a statistically significant factor in the levels of aid offered by the US. Thus a domestic political motive may be considered to be operative along with more widely studied determinants of aid based upon humanitarian motives and national self‐interests.
Domain-array melting in the dipolar lattice gas.

A lattice gas with long-range ${\mathit{R}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ repulsive interactions is shown to support disk and stripe domains, as well as complex intermediate domain structures. In a sharp-interface limit we examine melting of two-dimensional crystals of disk domains, and the analogous destruction of the stripe phase driven by changing density and temperature. The stripe phase provides an example of a material with two-dimensional smectic order.
Perturbation theory in the vicinity of a periodic orbit by repeated linear transformations

The usual description of motion near a periodic orbit as a solution to a linear time-periodic system (a Floquet problem) can be formally extended to higher orders of approximation. Each subsequent order problem is a linear, time-multiply periodic system. In formulating the second order problem the order of the Hamiltonian can be locally reduced by one degree of freedom for every exact integral of the motion present in the original problem. As in the Floquet problem, the system's state transition matrix at each order can be formally decomposed into the product of a bounded multiply-periodic matrix and the exponential of a constant matrix times the time. This yields stability information for the second and higher order approximations, analogous to Poincare exponents in the Floquet problem. However, second and higher order stability exponents are functions of the displacement from the original periodic orbit, so this method may be able to predict the size of the region of stable motion surrounding a periodic orbit.
Intracavity Phase Measurement Using Compact Mode-Locked All Solid-State Laser

We generate two pulses in the Nd:Vanadate laser by using MQWs as the saturable absorber. The phase shifts of the two pulses caused by the electro optical modulation are measured through the beat frequency.
Rapidity gaps in pbar p, ep, and e+ e- collisions

Results on rapidity gaps in {bar p}p collisions obtained by the CDF collaboration, in ep collisions by the ZEUS and H1 collaborations, and in e{sup +}e{sup -} collisions by the L3 collaboration are presented.
Decoupling Coupled Constraints Through Utility Design

Several multiagent systems exemplify the need for establishing distributed control laws that ensure the resulting agents' collective behavior satisfies a given coupled constraint. This technical note focuses on the design of such control laws through a game-theoretic framework. In particular, this technical note provides two systematic methodologies for the design of local agent objective functions that guarantee all resulting Nash equilibria optimize the system level objective while also satisfying a given coupled constraint. Furthermore, the designed local agent objective functions fit into the framework of state based potential games. Consequently, one can appeal to existing results in game-theoretic learning to derive a distributed process that guarantees the agents will reach such an equilibrium.
Prediction of the effective coefficient of thermal expansion of heterogeneous media using two-point correlation functions

Statistical continuum mechanics is used to predict the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for solid oxide fuel cell glass-ceramic seal materials with different morphology and crystallinity. Two-point correlation functions are utilized to represent the heterogeneous microstructure morphology and phase distribution. The model uses two-point correlation functions in conjunction with local properties to predict the effective CTE. Prediction results are comparable to experimental CTE results. The advantage of using the statistical continuum mechanics model in predicting the effective properties of anisotropic media is shown, using the ability to take the microstructure into consideration.
cJun modulates Gγ-globin gene expression via an upstream cAMP response element

The upstream Ggamma-globin gene cAMP response element (G-CRE) was previously shown to play a role in drug-mediated fetal hemoglobin induction. This effect is achieved via p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent CREB1 and ATF-2 phosphorylation and G-CRE transactivation. Since this motif is also a predicted consensus binding site for cJun we extended our analysis to determine the ability of cJun to transactivate gamma-globin through the G-CRE. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays we showed comparable in vivo cJun and CREB1 binding to the G-CRE region. Protein-protein interactions were confirmed between cJun/ATF-2 and CREB1/ATF-2 but not between CREB1 and cJun. However, we observed cJun and CREB1 binding to the G-CRE in vitro by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Promoter pull-down assay followed by sequential western blot analysis confirmed co-localization of cJun, CREB1, and ATF-2 on the G-CRE. To show functional relevance, enforced expression studies with pLen-cJun and a Ggamma-promoter (-1500 to +36) luciferase reporter were completed; we observed a concentration-dependent increase in luciferase activity with pLen-cJun similar to that produced by CREB1 enforced expression. Moreover, the G/A mutation at -1225 in the G-CRE abolished cJun transactivation. Finally, enforced cJun expression in K562 cells and normal primary erythroid progenitors enhanced endogenous gamma-globin gene expression. We conclude that these data indicate that cJun activates the Ggamma-globin promoter via the G-CRE in a manner comparable with CREB1 and propose a model for gamma-globin activation based on DNA-protein interactions in the G-CRE.
High-aspect-ratio laser-fusion targets driven by 24-beam uv laser radiation.

The implosions of thin-walled, large-diameter, deuterium-tritium--filled glass microballoon targets ablatively driven by the 351-nm, 2-kJ OMEGA laser are reported. Compressed fuel diagnostics, including the first direct simultaneous measurements of the fuel and shell areal densities, and detailed hydrodynamic simulations determine the effect of illumination uniformity on implosion symmetry.
Atmospheric condensed-phase reactions of glyoxal with methylamine

[1] Glyoxal reacts with methylamine in drying cloud droplet/aerosol surrogates to form high molecular mass oligomers along with smaller amounts of 1,3-dimethylimidazole and light-absorbing compounds. The patterns observed by high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry indicate that oligomers form from repeated imine units. The reactions are 1st order in each reactant: rate-limiting imine formation is followed by rapid dimer and oligomer formation. While excess methylamine evaporates from the droplet, half the glyoxal does not, due to self-oligomerization reactions that occur in the absence of methylamine. Glyoxal irreversibly traps volatile amine compounds in the aerosol phase, converting them into oligomers. This is the first reported mechanism for the formation of stable secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material from methylamine, a substance with only one carbon, and could produce as much as 11 Tg SOA yr−1 globally if glyoxal reacts exclusively by this pathway.
Decision aids in routine practice: lessons from the breast cancer initiative

Background Many decision aids have been developed to help patients make treatment and screening decisions; however, little is known about implementing them into routine clinical practice. Objective To assess the feasibility of implementing a patient decision aid (PtDA) for the early stage breast cancer surgical decision into routine clinical care. Design Structured individual interviews. Setting and participants A convenience sample of providers from nine sites, including two community resource centres, a community hospital and six academic centres. Main outcome measures Usage data, barriers to and resources for implementing the PtDAs. Results Six of the nine sites were using the PtDAs with patients. Two sites were primarily using a scheduling system and four sites relied on a lending system. For the academic centres, the keys to successful implementation included integrating the PtDA into the flow of patients through the centre and having physicians who recommended it to patients. At the community centres, the keys to successful implementation included an informed staff and the flexibility to get the PtDAs to patients in different ways. Barriers that limited or prevented sites from using the PtDA included a lack of clinical support, a lack of system support, competing priorities and scheduling problems. Conclusions It is feasible to implement a breast cancer PtDA into routine clinical care at academic centres and community resource centres. Future research should assess the effectiveness of PtDAs in routine clinical care as well as resources and barriers to their implementation in community hospitals.
Job satisfaction, self‐esteem, and general alienation among three groups of blue‐collar service workers

Work satisfaction, self‐esteem, and alienation measures were obtained from white males in three service occupations (bartenders, barbers, and mailmen) at different levels of the occupational prestige hierarchy. While we found an overall positive relationship between work satisfaction and occupational prestige, this only held for variables where societal reference groups were forced upon the respondents. Such findings suggest that the relationship between work satisfaction and occupational prestige is less absolute than usually suggested by the literature. Hypotheses from the literature arguing for a direct relationship between occupational prestige and alienation were not supported by our data. We conclude that sociologists probably overestimate the salience of work and occupational prestige for the working class.
The homeodomain protein Arix interacts synergistically with cyclic AMP to regulate expression of neurotransmitter biosynthetic genes.

Transcription of the neurotransmitter biosynthetic genes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine -hydroxylase (DBH) is regulated by cell type-specific transcription factors, including the homeoprotein Arix, and second messengers, including cyclic AMP. The cis-acting regulatory sites of the DBH gene which respond to Arix and cAMP lie adjacent to each other, between bases −180 and −150, in a regulatory element named DB1. Neither Arix nor cyclic AMP analogs alone effectively stimulate transcription from the DBH promoter in non-neuronal cell cultures. However, when Arix is present together with cAMP, transcription is substantially activated. Synergistic transcription from the DBH promoter can also be elicited by cotransfection of Arix with an expression vector encoding the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A. Nuclear extracts from PC12 cells display a cAMP-induced complex binding to the DB1 element, and antisera to transcription factors CREB, CREM, Fos, and Jun indicate that these proteins, or closely related family members, interact with DB1. A dominant negative construct of CREB inhibits the response of the DBH promoter to protein kinase A. These results demonstrate a synergistic interaction between a homeodomain protein and the cAMP signal transduction system and suggest that similar interactions may regulate the tissue-specific expression of neuroendocrine genes.
Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Proinflammatory Mediators in Cardiovascular Disease

Inflammation is a key mechanism in the initiation, progression, and clinical sequelae of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. Angiotensin II, the major effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), plays a significant role in the advent and perpetuation of these inflammatory diseases, most notably in atherogenesis. Consequently, suppression of the influence of angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers may reduce or potentially reverse atherosclerosis and other inflammation-associated CVDs. Angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors exert anti-inflammatory actions and prevent or reduce the development of atherosclerosis in animal models. Clinically, RAAS suppression reduces common carotid and femoral artery intima-media thickness, thus indicating moderation of the vascular disease process. These clinical benefits likely involve restraint of the deleterious effects of angiotensin II in addition to, or independent of, lowering blood pressure. Increasing evidence that the detection and monitoring of vascular inflammation are important tools in the management of atherosclerosis also implicates the RAAS in this pathogenic process. Inflammatory molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein have potential diagnostic and prognostic values in CVD and are modified by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Monitoring these markers may be crucial for determining which agents, or combinations of agents, will result in the most clinically beneficial outcomes for patients. Large-scale trials are still required to determine the effects of the long-term suppression of inflammation on CVDs through the use of RAAS modulating agents, as well as to determine how closely markers of inflammatory activity may correlate with CVD outcomes.
Modulation of long-term memory by arousal in alexithymia: The role of interpretation

Abstract Moderate physiological or emotional arousal induced after learning modulates memory consolidation, helping to distinguish important memories from trivial ones. Yet, the contribution of subjective awareness or interpretation of arousal to this effect is uncertain. Alexithymia, which is an inability to describe or identify one’s emotional and arousal states even though physiological responses to arousal are intact, provides a tool to evaluate the role of arousal interpretation. Participants scoring high and low on alexithymia ( N = 30 each) learned a list of 30 words, followed by immediate recall. Participants then saw either an arousing (oral surgery) or neutral video (tooth brushing). Memory was tested 24-h later. Physiological response to arousal was comparable between groups, but subjective response to arousal was impaired in high alexithymia. Yet, delayed word recognition was enhanced by arousal regardless of alexithymia status. Thus, subjective response to arousal, i.e., cognitive appraisal, was not necessary for memory modulation to occur.