cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A performer's creative processes: implications for teaching and learning musical interpretation

The purpose of this study is to investigate aspects of musical interpretation and suggest guidelines for developing performance students’ interpretative processes. Since musical interpretation involves basic issues concerning the nature of music, and competing concepts of ‘interpretation’ and its teaching, an overview of these issues is given. There is tendency towards vagueness and incompleteness in many writings on musical interpretation, which may stem from (1) a lack of music education research that considers Music in Situ – a specific work, a specific performer's interpretations of that work, and his/her performative realisations of the work; and (2) a traditional tendency to compartmentalise the education of future performers, educators, and researchers, and their studies. In addressing some of the above issues, and probing the complex web of relationships involved in musical interpretation, several methods of research are used: case study; theoretical–historical musical analysis; narrative inquiry;...
Enantiotopic interactions in the fluorescence quenching of camphor by chiral amines

Abstract A study of the quenching of fluorescence of (+)- and (−) camphor in hexane by a series of chiral primary, secondary, and tertiary amines shows only very small differences in quenching rate constants for the two enantiomers. The collision complex which precedes quenching (probably charge transfer) is thus insufficiently tight for enantiomeric recognition.
Elastic earthquake analysis of torsionally coupled multistorey buildings

With the aid of perturbation analysis of vibration frequencies and mode shapes it is shown that any lower vibration mode of a torsionally coupled building may be approximated as a linear combination of three vibration modes of the corresponding torsionally uncoupled system (a system with coincident centres of mass and resistance but all other properties are identical to the actual system): one translational mode along each of the two principal axes of resistance and one mode in torsional vibration. This result provides the motivation for a simpler—relative to the standard—procedure for analysing the response of torsionally coupled multistorey buildings to earthquake ground motion. To illustrate the application and accuracy of this procedure two numerical examples are presented.
Demonstration of an All-Optical OCDMA Encryption and Decryption System With Variable Two-Code Keying

We demonstrate the first all-optical optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) encryption and decryption system with variable two-code keying. The nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM)-based exclusive or (xor) employed in encryption utilizes the shortest length silica-based nonlinear fiber element to date, enabling a compact architecture. Fiber Bragg grating arrays create wavelength-hopping time-spreading OCDMA codes from broadband pulses at output ports of the xor resulting in variable two-code keying, a code-switching modulation format characterized by a random alternation in bit representation and immunity to differential analysis unlike fixed two-code keying. The terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer employed in decryption shows mutual compatibility of nonlinear fiber-based and semiconductor optical amplifier-based NOLM configurations. Our architecture can potentially perform one-time pad encryption and decryption for unconditional security.
Bending as a mechanism for triggering off-axis volcanism on the East Pacific Rise

We propose that bending stresses play a key role in triggering volcanism on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise by simultaneously opening tensile cracks near the surface and increasing the pore pressure of melt bodies trapped in the lower crust. In addition, crack-tip stress intensities remain high during tensile opening, such that bending cracks propagate downward efficiently and thus have the potential to tap overpressured melt bodies trapped in the lower crust. We find that bending increases the vulnerability of the lithosphere to magmatic penetration out to distances of ∼20 km from the rise axis, corresponding to the region of abyssal hill formation and isolated seamount generation.
Wrongful birth: medical, legal, and philosophical issues.

“Wrongful birth” is a controversial malpractice action, which has arisen in the past two decades, secondary to an expanding knowledge of human genetics and the constitutionally protected access to abortion. Under the wrongful birth claim, parents of a child with a congenital illness or abnormality may bring suit against a physician who allegedly failed to provide appropriate prenatal counseling or information. Typically, the parents claim that they were inadequately warned of a potential problem in their child, and that this paucity of timely information prevented them from avoiding the pregnancy or from obtaining an abortion. While these cases have arisen in a variety of clinical circumstances, a characteristic example is the obstetrician who fails to offer amniocentesis to a woman of advanced maternal age who subsequently gives birth to a child with Down syndrome. Since the parents were prevented from learning of the abnormality and therefore exercising the option to terminate the pregnancy, they may claim damages for themselves for the wrongful birth of the infant.
Comparison of Gauss-Hermite and Midpoint Quadrature with Application to the Voigt Function

The abnormal accuracy of the midpoint and trapezoid rules for integrals of the form $$\smallint^{\infty}_{-\infty}\,\,e^{-t^{2}}f(t)dt$$ and other integrands decaying rapidly for large ∣t∣ has been known for some time [1]. Its principal use has been to derive quadrature rules with exponential convergence for finite and semi-infinite ranges.
Exploring Restoration Methods for the Olympia Oyster Ostrea lurida Carpenter, 1864: Effects of Shell Bed Thickness and Shell Deployment Methods on Shell Cover, Oyster Recruitment, and Oyster Density

ABSTRACT Oysters provide habitat, sediment stabilization, and improved water quality, and are important foundation species in many estuarine ecosystems. Worldwide oyster population declines have been dramatic and efforts to restore declining populations and the services they provide are ongoing. Several commonly used oyster restoration techniques were examined to determine which would be the most successful for restoring the Olympia oyster Ostrea lurida in Newport Bay, CA. Replicate (n = 5) 2×2 m shell beds were constructed of two initial shell planting thicknesses (bed thicknesses of 4 versus 12 cm) and two methods of deployment (bagged versus loose shell). Shell cover, oyster spatfall (settlement), oyster recruitment, and adult oyster densities were analyzed over 2 y; 12-cm-thick oyster beds maintained higher shell cover, experienced less sedimentation, and received greater numbers of oyster recruits than 4-cm-thick beds. There was no significant effect of shell deployment method on shell cover, recruit...
Developmental differences in beta and theta power during sentence processing

Although very young children process ongoing language quickly and effortlessly, research indicates that they continue to improve and mature in their language skills through adolescence. This prolonged development may be related to differing engagement of semantic and syntactic processes. This study used event related potentials and time frequency analysis of EEG to identify developmental differences in neural engagement as children (ages 10-12) and adults performed an auditory verb agreement grammaticality judgment task. Adults and children revealed very few differences in comprehending grammatically correct sentences. When identifying grammatical errors, however, adults displayed widely distributed beta and theta power decreases that were significantly less pronounced in children. Adults also demonstrated a significant P600 effect, while children exhibited an apparent N400 effect. Thus, when identifying subtle grammatical errors in real time, adults display greater neural activation that is traditionally associated with syntactic processing whereas children exhibit greater activity more commonly associated with semantic processing. These findings support previous claims that the cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic processing are still developing in adolescence, and add to them by more clearly identifying developmental changes in the neural oscillations underlying grammatical processing.
Posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: does age matter?

Objective Many women report positive life changes, or posttraumatic growth (PTG), as a result of their experience with breast cancer. However, despite compelling evidence that younger age at diagnosis is associated consistently with greater distress, age has not been integrated into models of PTG. Drawing from the theoretical and empirical literature, we tested whether key correlates (i.e., cancer-related impact and engagement, positive mood) of PTG varied by age at breast cancer diagnosis. Methods Participants were 175 women with early stage breast cancer followed from completion of primary treatment through one year post-treatment. Analyses involved data collected at the one-year assessment. Results As hypothesized, correlates of PTG varied significantly as a function of age. Perceived negative impact of the cancer experience was associated with growth for older women (p = .046), whereas approach-oriented coping (p = .004), an expansive time perspective (p = .007), and positive mood were associated with growth for younger women (p = .007). Conclusions PTG may involve distinct processes for women diagnosed at different ages. Consideration of lifespan developmental processes is necessary when studying positive adjustment to cancer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservation Genetics of the American Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus): Allelic Diversity, Zones of Genetic Discontinuity, and Regional Differentiation

Extensive studies of genetic variation of Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus populations have revealed the presence of considerable allelic diversity and population structuring that appear to reflect the actions of various evolutionary processes. We have expanded on our previous efforts to gain a more refined understanding of L. polyphemus population structure by surveying 792 additional animals distributed among 12 additional spawning aggregations. Here we report on variation at 13 microsatellite DNA markers for 1,684 horseshoe crabs sampled from 33 spawning assemblages from northern Maine to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Average unbiased heterozygosity (uH E ) was high (0.74 ± 0.01), the number of private alleles was low (0.06 ± 0.04), effective population size (Ne) ranged from 22 to 187, inbreeding (F) ranged from −0.07 to 0.07, and tests for genic differentiation among populations indicated shallow but statistically significant differentiation within regions and highly significant differences among regions (P < 0.005). Current findings are consistent with previous research by this group in suggesting a series of genetic discontinuities across the species’ range that could indicate regional adaptive significance or reflect vicariant geographic events. Additional collections allowed improved delineation of structuring (as reflected by two new zones of genetic discontinuity) along the southeast Atlantic coast as well as identification of previously undetected shallow but significant structuring along the Florida Gulf coast. Regional groupings may warrant management unit recognition based on the patterns observed among multiple genetic metrics. The integration of this information with previously identified genetic variation and ecological data is essential to developing an ecologically and evolutionarily sound conservation management strategy.
On the Specific Pressure Drop in Horizontal Pneumatic Conveyance

Using about equal size of steel shots and glass beads as solid particles, the relation between m (the ratio of particle flow rate to air flow rate) and α (the ratio of total pressure drop to that for air flow alone) was examined.Results obtained are as follows;With increasing m, α increased at first, then decreased and increased again. Assumptions were made: (1) moving particles are fixed on the pipe wall and formed an assumed rough pipe, and (2) ΔPs (pressure drop between air and particles) occurs when air flow through this assumed rough pipe. Under these assumptions, phenomena of our experiment was found to have tendency analogous to the results of Nikuradse's coarse pipe experiment.
Studies on oxidative phosphorylation: XIII. Relationship of coupling factors to stimulation by oligomycin of energy-linked reactions

Abstract The stimulation of energy-linked reactions by low levels of oligomycin varies greatly with the type of submitochondrial particle. Particles made by disruption of combined heavy and light mitochondria by exposure to sonic oscillation and depleted by urea treatment showed no stimulation over a wide range of oligomycin concentration. However, the mitochondrial coupling factor described previously stimulated energy-linked reactions in these particles. Similar particles from heavy mitochondria gave some stimulation with low levels of oligomycin. High stimulation was obtained with alkali-treated particles derived from heavy mitochondria. The magnitude of stimulation appeared to be related to the concentration of endogenous coupling factors. Both severely depleted and fully supplemented particles were not stimulated by oligomycin, but particles with intermediate levels of endogenous factors gave striking effects.
Modeling of heat transfer, fluid flow and solidification microstructure of nickel-base superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), an additive manufacturing process, produces a distinctive microstructure that closely resembles the weld metal microstructure but at a much finer scale. The solidification parameters, particularly temperature gradient and solidification rate, are important to study the as-built microstructure. In the present study, a computational framework with meso-scale resolution is developed for L-PBF of Inconel® 718 (IN718), a Ni-base superalloy. The framework combines a powder packing model based on Discrete Element Method and a 3-D transient heat and fluid flow simulation. The latter, i.e., the molten pool model, captures the interaction between laser beam and individual powder particles including free surface evolution, surface tension and evaporation. The solidification parameters, calculated from the temperature fields, are used to assess the solidification morphology and grain size using existing theoretical models. The IN718 coupon built by L-PBF are characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopies. The experimental data of molten pool size and solidification microstructure are compared to the corresponding simulation results.
Epidemiological Analysis of Varicella in Shenzhen During 2006-2007

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Shenzhen during 2006-2007 and to provide scientific evidences for the control of varicella.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on incidence of varicella during 2006-2007.Results A total of 2 302 varicella cases were reported in Shenzhen during 2006-2007.In 76.62% of them were under 14 years of age.A total of 30 outbreaks were reported which occurred in schools and kindergartens.The positive rate of varicella antibody was 69.7% among healthy population.And the positive rate of people aged 1-5 was 39.5%;aged 5-10 was 49.1%.Conclusion Isolation of sick students and varicella vaccination among the vulnerable population in the critical areas are the most effective measures for the control and prevention of varicella.
Technology evaluation: T-cell activator, Xenova

TA-HPV (therapeutic antigen-human papilloma virus) is a vaccine being developed by Xenova (formerly Cantab) for the potential treatment of cervical cancer. The antigen is intended to activate HPV-specific cytotoxic T-cells to attack tumor cells containing the viral antigen. Over 70% of patients with cervical cancer have tumor cells containing papillomavirus DNA [173070]. TA-HPV has reached phase IIa trials in 60 patients with high-grade anogenital intraepithelial neoplasia, including VIN3 (grade 3 vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia), to evaluate clinical efficacy [381386], [427159], [429895]. In addition, a phase II 'prime-boost' study of TA-HPV in combination with TA-CIN has been initiated at three centers across the UK [427159].
Autophagosome and Phagosome

Autophagy and phagocytosis are evolutionarily ancient processes functioning in capture and digestion of material found in the cellular interior and exterior, respectively. In their most primordial form, both processes are involved in cellular metabolism and feeding, supplying cells with externally obtained particulate nutrients or using portions of cell's own cytoplasm to generate essential nutrients and energy at times of starvation. Although autophagy and phagocytosis are commonly treated as completely separate biological phenomena, they are topologically similar and can be, at least morphologically, viewed as different manifestations of a spectrum of related processes. Autophagy is the process of sequestering portions of cellular interior (cytosol and intracellular organelles) into a membranous organelle (autophagosome), whereas phagocystosis is its topological equivalent engaged in sequestering cellular exterior. Both autophagosomes and phagosomes mature into acidified, degradative organelles, termed autolysosomes and phagolysosomes, respectively. The basic role of autophagy as a nutritional process, and that of phagocytosis where applicable, has survived in present-day organisms ranging from yeast to man. It has in addition evolved into a variety of specialized processes in metazoans, with a major role in cellular/cytoplasmic homeostasis. In humans, autophagy has been implicated in many health and disease states, including cancer, neurodegeneration, aging and immunity, while phagocytosis plays a role in immunity and tissue homeostasis. Autophagy and phagocytosis cooperate in the latter two processes. In this chapter, we briefly review the regulatory and execution stages of both autophagy and phagocytosis.
Alterations in the O-linked glycosylation of IgA1 in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Objective To examine O-linked glycosylation of serum IgA1 in children with acute Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP). Methods The O-linked oligosaccharides of serum IgA1 from 28 children with acute HSP and 26 control children were examined by enzyme immunoassay using plant lectins with well defined carbohydrate binding specificities. The lectins included Artocarpus integrifolia (jacalin), Arachis hypogaea (peanut lectin), and Sambucus nigra (elderberry lectin). Jacalin binds to galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal-GalNAc). Jacalin interaction with this oligosaccharide is not influenced by the presence of sialic acid on the galactose moiety. Peanut lectin also interacts with Gal-GalNAc, but binding is inhibited if the galactose residue is sialylated. Elderberry lectin binds to N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid). Results There was no difference in the binding of jacalin to IgA1 from patients with HSP compared to controls (p = 0.5). The binding of peanut lectin to IgA1 was significantly higher in HSP compared to controls (p = 0.007). Since peanut lectin binding is inhibited by the presence of sialylated galactose, these results suggest diminished sialic content of the O-linked oligosaccharides of IgA1 in HSP compared to controls. Indeed, the binding of the sialic acid-specific elderberry lectin to IgA1 was significantly lower in HSP compared to controls (p = 0.004). Conclusion The O-linked oligosaccharides of serum IgA1 from children with acute HSP are deficient in salic acid compared to serum IgA1 from control children.
A preliminary investigation of using school-based coaches to support intervention fidelity of a classwide behavior management program

ABSTRACTMany schools are beginning to implement universal behavior management interventions as part of multitiered systems of support. Past research suggests that teachers need support to implement new practices with fidelity. Coaching is one method for supporting implementation, but little is understood about how coaching takes place when relying on school staff to act as coaches. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which school-based coaches delivered coaching and to compare the intervention fidelity of teachers randomly assigned to school-based or university-based coaches. The authors worked with school-based staff to develop a nonintensive coaching procedure and schedule. School-based coaches found it challenging to find time to deliver coaching with one school-based coach completing zero coaching sessions. Teachers assigned to the university-based coach maintained intervention fidelity, adherence, and quality over time compared to teachers assigned to the school-based coaches. The res...
Repeated versus wide reading: A randomized control design study examining the impact of fluency interventions on underlying reading behavior

Repeated readings (RR) has garnered much attention as an evidence based intervention designed to improve all components of reading fluency (rate, accuracy, prosody, and comprehension). Despite this attention, there is not an abundance of research comparing its effectiveness to other potential interventions. The current study presents the findings from a randomized control trial study involving the assignment of 168second grade students to a RR, wide reading (WR), or business as usual condition. Intervention students were provided with 9-10weeks of intervention with sessions occurring four times per week. Pre- and post-testing were conducted using Woodcock-Johnson III reading achievement measures (Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001, curriculum-based measurement (CBM) probes, measures of prosody, and measures of students' eye movements when reading. Changes in fluency were also monitored using weekly CBM progress monitoring procedures. Data were collected on the amount of time students spent reading and the number of words read by students during each intervention session. Results indicate substantial gains made by students across conditions, with some measures indicating greater gains by students in the two intervention conditions. Analyses do not indicate that RR was superior to WR. In addition to expanding the RR literature, this study greatly expands research evaluating changes in reading behaviors that occur with improvements in reading fluency. Implications regarding whether schools should provide more opportunities to repeatedly practice the same text (i.e., RR) or practice a wide range of text (i.e., WR) are provided.
CD21high IgMhigh splenic B cells enriched in the marginal zone: distinct phenotypes and functions.

Upon generation in the fetal liver and adult bone marrow, B lymphocytes are selected into a long-lived pool that participates in the immune response against exogenous antigens. Processes leading to the generation of long-lived naive B cells are still poorly understood, but it is clear that they include the selection of particular clones over others depending on receptor specificity and individual micro-environmental experiences.
The Anacoluthon in Le Rouge et le noir : Cutting Cords and Tying Knots

In Le Rouge et le noir (1830), the protagonist Julien Sorel’s quest for upward social mobility is facilitated by father figures and romantic partners. Abandoned by his abusive father, Julien is inspired by Napoleon and the surgeon-major, and aided by several other father figures: the priests Chelan and Pirard, M. de Renal, and marquis de La Mole. Further, his own paternity is a predominant theme in the novel. His relationship with Mme de Renal disrupts both her conjugal relationship, and her husband’s relationship with his children. While Mathilde struggles with her decision to marry Julien, her relationship with her father is strained. Using Miller, Derrida, and Enqvist, this essay proposes to show that the paternal and conjugal relationships, which involve two (in)fidelities, are governed by a chain of anacoluthons. Further, a nuanced definition of the trope will provide insights into Mathilde’s attempt to bridge the gap between the nobility and the working class. The essay concludes that Julien Sorel’s death leaves many loose ends, and that his character is an embodiment of the ambiguity in the anacoluthon.
Weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has a large negative impact on the Bariatric Quality of Life Index.

Background Despite initial successful weight loss, some patients may experience weight regain following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Objective To assess the impact of weight regain on bariatric patients’ quality of life (QoL). Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Fifty-six consecutive RYGB patients were recruited and divided into weight-regain and weight-stable cohorts. QoL was assessed using the Bariatric Quality of Life (BQL) questionnaire. The BQL Index scores of the weight-regain and weight-stable groups were compared using Student’s t-test. Additionally, the BQL Index score of the weight-regain group was compared with that of historical prebariatric patients. Predictors of BQL were assessed using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results Of 56 RYGB patients, 41 (73%) had weight regain. On average, patients had body mass index (BMI) of 37 ±7.5 kg/m2 and gained 34 ±26% of maximal weight initially lost. Weight-regain patients had lower BQL Index scores than weight-stable patients (44.8±6 vs 53±7, p Conclusion Weight regain had a negative impact on bariatric patients’ QoL. Patients who regained at least 15% of maximal weight lost appeared to have as low QoL as those who had not undergone bariatric surgery despite a lower BMI.
DHPLC Elution Patterns of VDR PCR Products Can Predict Prostate Cancer Susceptibility in African American Men.

BACKGROUND/AIM Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) is a technique that is used to detect mutations. The aim of the present study was to determine whether DHPLC elution patterns of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene PCR products can serve as indicators of susceptibility to prostate cancer (PCa) risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA samples of PCa cases and controls were screened for mutations and/or polymorphisms in coding exons of VDR gene using DHPLC analysis. Logistic regression, phi-coefficient (ϕ), and Backward Wald models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Similar elution patterns of exons 1, 6, 7 and 9 along with higher prevalence of heteroduplex DNA were observed in PCa samples than in controls. Exons 4 and 8 had highly significant protective effects (p<0.05). Whereas, exons 5, 7, and 9 were perfectly positively correlated with PCa risk (ϕ=1), thus presenting candidate exons significantly associated with susceptibility to PCa. CONCLUSION DHPLC elution patterns of the selected exons could be useful to predict susceptibility to develop PCa.
2-Aminopyridine-Based Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 (MAP4K4) Inhibitors: Assessment of Mechanism-Based Safety

Studies have linked the serine-threonine kinase MAP4K4 to the regulation of a number of biological processes and/or diseases, including diabetes, cancer, inflammation, and angiogenesis. With a majority of the members of our lead series (e.g., 1) suffering from time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4, we sought design avenues that would eliminate this risk. One such approach arose from the observation that carboxylic acid-based intermediates employed in our discovery efforts retained high MAP4K4 inhibitory potency and were devoid of the TDI risk. The medicinal chemistry effort that led to the discovery of this central nervous system-impaired inhibitor together with its preclinical safety profile is described.
Spectral Spaces: Haunting in the Latin American City

Sierra studies the role of the spectral in contemporary Argentinean fiction through the works of Mariana Enriquez and Samantha Schweblin as it molds and transforms urban space. By employing theories from urban and spectralities studies, she analyzes how the spirits of the dead are woven into the very fabric of the city, as represented in the fiction by Enriquez and Schweblin. As in the fantastic genre, spectral geographies always produce and are produced through a degree of hesitancy. Haunted spaces and ghostly geographies often engender an interpretative position caught or frozen between a familiar explanation of events and a purely supernatural explanation of situations. This uncertainty or hesitancy is the specificity of spectral geographies. Sierra locates the fiction by Enriquez and Schweblin into the context of contemporary Argentinean society in order to study the spectral not only as a trope but also to see the ghost as a social figure.
Foliar Fertilization and Fungicide Application for Soybean

Introduction Numerous trials conducted in Iowa since the 1970s have shown that foliar fertilization results in small, infrequent, and difficult to predict soybean yield responses. Work in the 1970s suggested that spraying N-P-K-S mixtures at late growth stages increased yield, but subsequently hundreds of trials in the Midwest and other regions showed few yield increases. More recent research evaluated N-P-K mixtures with or without sulfur and micronutrients at early stages. It found inconsistent differences between mixtures, a 15% probability of response, and that a single spray with 3 gallon/acre of 3-18-18 gave the most consistent response. Recently, the threat of Soybean Asian Rust has prompted questions about use of fungicide for soybean, alone or in mixture with foliar fertilizers.
High-energy X-ray Diffraction Measurement of Bone Deformation During Fatigue

Hard mineralized tissues such as bone are the primary load bearing structures in the body. Its basic building block is an organic matrix – mainly type I collagen, a mineral phase – calcium hydroxyapatite and water. These three components interact to form a very complex structure hierarchically organized from the nano– to the macro–scale [1], which is capable of supporting bodily loads and resisting fracture due to its high strength and toughness. However, despite its high resistance, bone fractures occur due to both impact loads and repetitive or sustained loads exerted over larger periods of time. Cyclic loads are the most direct analog to periodic stresses and strains varying in both intensity and type seen in physiological activities like walking and running [2]. It is thus clinically important to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms occurring within this complicated structural hierarchy of bone to ultimately predict and prevent such failures thus leading to improved medical treatments. Fatigue damage has been shown to be characterized by cyclic property degradation [3, 4], caused by accumulation and propagation of microcracks [5, 6]. The formation of microcracks is loading mode dependent [7, 8], which in turn affects the degradation of properties during cyclic loading. The macroscopic behavior has been fairly well understood from the vast number of studies done previously. Still lacking is an understanding of the interaction between the different components of the building block and the subsequent hierarchical levels of bone during such loading, which results in the observed macroscopic behavior. The high–energy X–ray diffraction technique used in this work makes it possible to obtain through–thickness (` 5 mm in this case) crystal lattice information from the bulk of the sample, compared to other high resolution techniques like nanoindentation which sample only surface volumes up to depths of about 1000 nm [9], or other imaging techniques like scanning and transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy [10], which are good for obtaining surface structural information. With its in situ testing capability [11], this high–energy X–ray diffraction technique has recently found applications in probing individual components of bone [12] and dentin [13] materials. The aforementioned diffraction technique is used in the current work to determine the strains in the HAP and collagen phases of bone during cyclic loading in compression at body temperature, and study their evolution with cycles.
Integral solution of the formula for facility of outflow.

Integral solution of the classical formula for facility of outflow is in essential agreement with the current tables except in the normal and higher ranges. Polynomial equations equivalent to Friedenwald's equations have been generated. The integral solution is also the solution of an electrical model of tonography. This indicates that a true model or analogue can be fashioned for a nonlinear elastic concept of the eye.
Determining Spousal Support in Divorce Cases

This analysis presents a new method of estimating economic losses resulting from divorce. The losses involved are individualized and separable, and are estimated using methods that have long been accepted in court testimony. More specifically, the loss calculations rely on data that are typically used for personal consumption adjustments in wrongful death cases. In respect to divorce cases, the personal consumption loss in question is suffered by the spouse with the lower earnings capacity. Such losses can be identified, estimated, and projected into the future. Such a procedure provides loss estimates that are more rational and accurate than various simplistic formulas that are typically used.
Brain Development, Normal Postnatal

From the time the ovum is fertilized, there is continuous development of humans, until maturation. A variety of primitive reflexes are present for relatively short periods of time after birth, and these mass movements are replaced by orderly volitional, and more refined movements. The newborn is able to recognize touch and pain, and differentiation of the two sensory modalities can be demonstrated in a preterm infant of 28 weeks. The perception of vision and auditory stimuli can also be demonstrated in early gestational age. Innumerable developmental processes occur in the early postnatal period, some of which occur simultaneously and others at different times. There is an inexorable progression and an elegant integration of development that continues until maturation.
Botanic gardens are an untapped resource for studying the functional ecology of tropical plants

Functional traits are increasingly used to understand the ecology of plants and to predict their responses to global changes. Unfortunately, trait data are unavailable for the majority of plant species. The lack of trait data is especially prevalent for hard-to-measure traits and for tropical plant species, potentially owing to the many inherent difficulties of working with species in remote, hyperdiverse rainforest systems. The living collections of botanic gardens provide convenient access to large numbers of tropical plant species and can potentially be used to quickly augment trait databases and advance our understanding of species' responses to climate change. In this review, we quantitatively assess the availability of trait data for tropical versus temperate species, the diversity of species available for sampling in several exemplar tropical botanic gardens and the validity of garden-based leaf and root trait measurements. Our analyses support the contention that the living collections of botanic gardens are a valuable scientific resource that can contribute significantly to research on plant functional ecology and conservation.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.
Disparity by insurance status and race in receipt of aggressive and advanced treatments for high risk prostate cancer/PCa.

6538 Background: Young and healthy men with high-risk PCa require aggressive treatment. We examined treatment received by these men using the National Cancer Data Base, which contains 70% of incide...
Integrating amphibian movement studies across scales better informs conservation decisions

Abstract Numerous papers have highlighted the need to integrate amphibian research and conservation across multiple scales. Despite this, most amphibian movement studies focus on a single level of organization (e.g., local population) and a single life stage (e.g., adults) and many suggest potential conservation actions or imply that the information is useful to conservation, yet these presumptions are rarely clarified or tested. Movement studies to date provide little information to guide conservation decisions directly because they fail to integrate movement across scales with individual or population parameters (i.e., fitness metrics); this is exacerbated by a general failure to set movement studies in a probabilistic context. An integrative approach allows prediction of population or metapopulation responses to environmental changes and different management actions, thus directly informing conservation decisions and ‘moving the needle’ towards an informed application of conservation actions. To support this perspective we: 1) revisit reviews of amphibian movement to illustrate the focus on single scales and to underscore the importance of movement – at all scales – to conservation; 2) make the case that movement, breeding, and other demographic probabilities are intertwined and studies executed at different temporal and spatial scales can aid in understanding species' responses to varying environmental and/or management conditions; 3) identify limitations of existing movement-related research to predict conservation action outcomes and inform decision-making; and 4) highlight under-utilized quantitative approaches that facilitate research that either connects movement to fitness metrics (individual-level studies) or estimates population and metapopulation vital rates in addition to, or associated with, movement probabilities.
Predictors of Acute Neurological Worsening after Endovascular Thrombectomy.

Background: Successful reperfusion after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) correlates with good outcome. However, radiographic reperfusion does not always translate into good clinical outcomes even if the reperfusion occurs early after the stroke onset. Reasons for neurological worsening (NW) are thought to be many, such as progression of the stroke, hemorrhagic conversion post tissue plasminogen activator and/or EVT, and procedural complications such as vessel dissection or perforation, distal emboli, and re-occlusion. Data on patients worsening in the acute phase after EVT are limited. Objective: We studied the factors associated with acute NW and also identified the predictors of NW after EVT and its association with poor outcome at discharge. Methods: A retrospective cohort from a single comprehensive stroke center includes patients with acute ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion in anterior and posterior circulation who presented between December 2014 and May 2017 and received EVT were reviewed. Primary outcome was defined as acute NW defined as change in NIHSS ≥4 from baseline in the first 24 h after EVT. Secondary outcome were modified Rankin scale (mRS) 0–2 at discharge and final infarct volume. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate clinical and radiographic variables independently correlating with NW after EVT. Receiver operating curve analysis was also performed to identify predictors. Results: 178 patients were included in the analysis, 26 (14.7%) met the criteria for acute NW. For these 178 patients, the median age was 63 (IQR 53–74, range 26–89), baseline median NIHSS was 19 (IQR 14–24, range 5–37), ASPECTS was 8 (IQR 7–9, range 4–10), admission median systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 150 (IQR 131–170, range 94–287), and initial median blood glucose (BG) was 123 (IQR 106–157, range 69–433). The most common reasons for worsening were progression of the stroke (42.3%) and reperfusion injury PH-2 (26.9%) (p < 0.0001). Univariate logistic analysis showed that race, ASPECTS, collateral score, diabetes mellitus, admission SBP, and admission BG were associated with acute NW. In multivariate analysis, only admission BG (OR 1.00, CI 1.00–1.01, p = 0.04) was found to have a significant association with acute NW. We ran a prediction analysis for variables and found the area under the curve to be 0.75. Finally, there was strong association between NW and poor outcome at discharge (MRS 3–6, p < 0.01) by Fisher’s exact test. About 46.1% in the NW group died during hospitalization compared to 10% in the non-NW group (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our single-center retrospective cohort result is limited by small sample size. It showed that high admission BG is an independent predictor of NW after EVT and ultimately leads to poor outcome.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative and Antiviral Activity of 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl Analogs of the Nucleoside Antibiotics Toyocamycin and Sangivamycin

The glycosylation of 3,4-dicyano-2-[(ethoxymethylene)amino]pyrrole (7) with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl bromide (2) furnished an anomeric mixture of nucleosides (8a,b). This mixture was separated, and the individual anomers were treated with methanolic ammonia to effect a concomitant deblocking and ring closure. This furnished both anomers of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-ara-toyocamycin (9a,b). The cyano moiety of 9b was converted to the carboxamide moiety to furnish 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-ara-sangivamycin (10) and to the thiocarboxamide moiety to furnish 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-ara-thiosangivamycin (11). The target compounds 10 and 11 showed similar antiproliferative activity against L1210 cells in vitro, with IC50's of 3 and 5 microM. Antiviral evaluation revealed a somewhat different pattern of activity. All analogs, both alpha and beta anomers, were active against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), albeit the beta anomers were most active. The beta anomers also were active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Compound 10 was most active in the series, ca. 10-fold more potent than 11; IC50's for 10 ranged from 4 to 25 nM for HCMV, HIV, and varicella zoster virus (VZV) and from 30 to 500 nM for HSV-1. Even though compound 10 was cytotoxic, which will probably preclude its use as an antiviral drug (IC50's = 0.2-5.5 microM), the difference between cytotoxicity and activity against HCMV, HIV, and VZV was sufficient to indicate specific activity against a viral target.
Board Room Simulation Game Helps Strategic Management Course

Loyola Institute of Business Administration (LIBA), a premier management teaching institute in South India, wanted to shift the focus from teaching to learning. Learning by performing an activity o...
Prevalence of early-stage prostate and estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer patients receiving primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in the United States (U.S.)

e22126 Background: AIs and ADT are used to prevent recurrence of breast and prostate cancers but have been shown to accelerate bone loss. We estimated the prevalence of early-stage ER+ breast and p...
The Evolution of the Stars

Drs. Hoyle and Lyttleton have raised1 some objections to the results of the application of nuclear physics to the problems of stellar evolution as discussed in my recent articles on this subject2.
Fusion-Fission Hybrid Reactors

Fission and fusion energy research and development programs have proceeded independent of each other since their initiation in, respectively, the mid-forties and early fifties. For a variety of reasons the development and deployment of both fission and fusion power reactors lasts much longer than anticipated at the onset of these programs. The state of the art is that nuclear energy is still not a major contributor to the energy economy.
Website Users’ Perceptions of Source Credibility Through Online Doctor Profiles: Cultural Differences Based on Doctors’ Approach to Medicine

AbstractUsing a between-subjects experimental design with an online post-test survey, the perception of a bio-psychosocial approach in relation to physician credibility was investigated. One hundre...
The Potential Link Between High Angle Grain Boundary Morphology and Grain Boundary Deformation in a Nickel-Based Superalloy (Postprint)

Abstract Focused ion beam (FIB) based serial sectioning was utilized to characterize the morphology of two high angle grain boundaries (HAGB) in a nickel based superalloy, one that experienced grain boundary sliding (GBS) and the other experienced strain accumulation, during elevated temperature constant stress loading conditions. A custom script was utilized to serial section and collect ion-induced secondary electron images from the FIB-SEM system. The MATLAB based MIPAR TM software was utilized to align, segment and reconstruct 3D volumes from the sectioned images. Analysis of the 3D data indicates that the HAGB that exhibited GBS had microscale curvature that was planar in nature, and local serrations on the order of ±150 nm. In contrast, the HAGB that exhibited strain accumulation was not planar and had local serrations an order of magnitude greater than the other grain boundary. It is hypothesized that the serrations and the local grain boundary network are key factors in determining which grain boundaries experience GBS during creep deformation.
Predicting larval metamorphosis of Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus through measurements of length and mass

The utility of length and mass measurements to predict the larval metamorphosis of Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus was evaluated. During 2004-2008, larval E. tridentatus were collected from Cedar Creek (Washington, USA) in either the spring or autumn, measured for total length and total mass, reared in captivity and monitored for metamorphosis. The minimum total length, total mass and condition factor of larvae that were observed to go through metamorphosis were 102 mm, 2.0 g and 1.52, respectively. Logistic models indicated that total length and condition factor in both spring and autumn were the most significant variables for predicting metamorphosis of Pacific lamprey during the subsequent summer. Mass in the autumn also appeared important to predict whether metamorphosis occurred in the subsequent summer. Collectively, all models using specific minimums of total length, total mass or condition factor of larvae as criteria for them to metamorphose were sometimes (5 of 14 cases) able to predict the percentage of larvae that would metamorphose but rarely (1 of 12 cases) able to predict which individual larvae would metamorphose. Similar to other anadromous species of lampreys, the size and condition of larval E. tridentatus have utility for predicting metamorphic fate.
Towards Context Address for Camera-to-Human Communication

Although existing surveillance cameras can identify people, their utility is limited by the unavailability of any direct camera-to-human communication. This paper proposes a real-time end-to-end system to solve the problem of digitally associating people in a camera view with their smartphones, without knowing the phones’ IP/MAC addresses. The key idea is using a person’s unique "context features", extracted from videos, as its sole address. The context address consists of: motion features, e.g. walking velocity; and ambience features, e.g. magnetic trend and Wi-Fi signal strengths. Once receiving a broadcast packet from the camera, a user’s phone accepts it only if its context address matches the phone’s sensor data.We highlight three novel components in our system: (1) definition of discriminative and noise-robust ambience features; (2) effortless ambient sensing map generation; (3) a context feature selection algorithm to dynamically choose lightweight yet effective features which are encoded into a fixed-length header. Real-world and simulated experiments are conducted for different applications. Our system achieves a sending ratio of 98 . 5%, an acceptance precision of 93 . 4%, and a recall of 98 . 3% with ten people. We believe this is a step towards direct camera-to-human communication and will become a generic underlay to various practical applications.