cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological properties of crude growth inhibiting factor produced by embryonic spinal cord cells in culture.

Abstract Cultured chick spinal cord cells produced a soluble factor or factors which inhibited growth and development of muscle cells in culture. The activity of cord inhibitory factor depended on the number of cord cells inoculated into culture, and the duration of their incubation in culture. Nonreplicating frozen and thawed cells produced little or no inhibitory factor. Cord inhibitory factor was produced by chick cord cells from embryos tested at 11 to 21 days of age. While “stale” media from thigh, heart, and skin cell cultures also were slightly inhibitory, their activity was several-fold less potent than that of cord cells. Media collected from liver cell cultures stimulated growth and protein synthesis. Crude cord inhibitory factor had little or no effect on target muscle cells (plated at 1 × 106 cells per dish) after the first 2 days of culture. Cells began in culture at lower density, however (1 × 105 cells per dish), retained their susceptibility for at least 4 days in culture while continuing active DNA synthesis. This suggests that cord inhibitory factor acted on cells while they were replicating. Although inhibited cells did not incorporate [14C]lysine into protein normally, they retained the ability to take up the amino acid into their cytoplasm. Inhibitory activity of crude cord factor was also demonstrable against cultures of heart and skin cells. Cord cell cultures, however, were relatively resistant. It is at present not known whether the inhibitory factor is produced by neuronal or glial cells.
Impaired, spared, and enhanced ACh efflux across the hippocampus and striatum in diencephalic amnesia is dependent on task demands

Diencephalic amnesia manifests itself through a host of neurological and memory impairments. A commonly employed animal model of diencephalic amnesia, pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD), results in brain lesions and impairments similar in nature and distribution to those observed in humans with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). In the current investigation, 2 separate experiments were conducted in which acetylcholine (ACh) efflux was assessed in the hippocampus and striatum of PTD-treated and pair-fed (PF) control male Sprague-Dawley rats. The goal was to determine under what behavioral conditions and in which brain structures ACh efflux was spared, impaired, or adaptively enhanced. In Experiment 1, rats were assessed on a spontaneous alternation task; in Experiment 2, rats were tested on a T-maze discrimination task that could be learned via a hippocampal- or striatal-based strategy. In Experiment 1, PTD-treated rats were impaired on the spontaneous alternation task and ACh efflux in the hippocampus during testing was significantly reduced, but spared in the striatum. In Experiment 2, PTD- and PF-treated rats did not differ in the number of trials to criterion, but PTD-treated rats demonstrated greater reliance upon egocentric cues to solve the task. Furthermore, ACh efflux in the striatum was greater during maze learning in the PTD-treated animals when compared to the PF animals. These results suggest that there is behavioral and systems level plasticity that can facilitate the use of alternative strategies to solve a task following diencephalic damage and WKS.
High temperature X-ray diffraction and Landau theory investigation of phase transitions in NbRu1 + x and RhTi

Mise en evidence par diffraction RX a 1000 et 1115 C d'une transformation de premier ordre cubique-tetragonale suivie d'une transformation de second ordre tetragonale-orthorhombique pour NbRu 1+x (x=0-0,13-0,27) et RhTi. Ces resultats sont en accord avec les previsions de la theorie de Landau
Distal Coronary Artery Dissection Following Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

The most common cause of acute myocardial ischemia following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is coronary dissection, which characteristically remains localized to the site of balloon dilation. In this article, however, we report on 4 patients in whom percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was complicated by coronary artery dissection extending distally beyond the site of anticipated vein graft anastomosis. Intraoperative diagnosis of distal coronary dissection is suggested by a characteristic appearance of the artery and confirmed by the finding of true and false lumens at the time of coronary arteriotomy. Successful revascularization is achieved by anastomosis of a vein graft to the true lumen with reapproximation of the dissected arterial layers. Proximal coronary artery ligation in this setting is unnecessary.
Insulin infusion stimulates whole-body protein synthesis and activates the upstream and downstream effectors of mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in the gluteus medius muscle of mature horses.

Abstract Little is known about the role insulin plays in regulating whole-body and muscle protein metabolism in horses. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of graded rates of insulin infusion on plasma amino acid concentrations and the activation of factors in the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of horses. Isoglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp procedures were conducted in 8 mature, thoroughbred mares receiving 4 rates of insulin infusion: 0 mU·kg −1 ·min −1 (CON), 1.2 mU·kg −1 ·min −1 (LOWINS), 3 mU·kg −1 ·min −1 (MEDINS), and 6 mU·kg −1 ·min −1 (HIGHINS). Blood samples were taken throughout the clamp procedures to measure plasma amino acid concentrations, and a biopsy from the gluteus medius muscle was collected at the end of the 2-h clamp to measure phosphorylation of protein kinase B, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, and riboprotein S6. Plasma concentrations of most of the essential amino acids decreased ( P P > 0.05), relative to CON, with maximum phosphorylation achieved with MEDINS and HIGHINS treatments. These results indicate that insulin stimulates whole-body and muscle protein synthesis in mature horses.
Isolation and Properties of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Protoplasts of Cell Suspension Cultures of Ammi visnaga and Carrot (Daucus carota).

A procedure is described for the isolation of native DNA from protoplasts of ammi ( Ammi visnaga ) and carrot ( Daucus carota ) cells. Protoplasts were produced from 40 grams of fresh cells by enzyme hydrolysis and lysed with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The DNA was purified by treatment with pronase and ribonuclease. Final isolation was achieved by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The melting temperature of ammi and carrot DNA in 0.15 m NaCl and 15 mm trisodium citrate buffer, pH 7.0, was 84.0 C and 84.5 C, respectively. The molecular weight for ammi DNA was 1.43 × 10 8 , and for carrot DNA it was 1.56 × 10 8 . Ammi DNA exhibited a single band at 1.690 grams per cubic centimeter in CsCl, whereas carrot DNA showed two bands, one at 1.693 grams per cubic centimeter and another at 1.706 grams per cubic centimeter. Ammi DNA consisted of a doublestranded form, since denaturation of the DNA caused a complete upward shift of 0.020 grams per cubic centimeter.
THE SENCHAKUSHŪ IN JAPANESE RELIGIOUS HISTORY: THE FOUNDING OF A PURE LAND SCHOOL

One of the most interesting and rewarding approaches to the history of religions is the study of times of transition. Of course, every historical moment is a moment of transition, but we refer to those times when the accumulated, unnoticed changes of decades or centuries burst forth in a powerful wave that submerges old forms and establishes in their place new religious ideas and institutions. These are trying times of decision, which challenge many to reexamine their faith and religious commitment. And they are thus times when the character of that faith, and its sources and implications, are more clearly revealed to the view of the historian. Such a time of religious transition took place in Japan at the close of the twelfth century under the leadership of H6nen-b6 Genkui (11331212). In 1198 H6nen authored a treatise, the Senchaku hongan nembutsu shA (Senchakushu or Senjakushu), "Assembled Passages on the Selected Nembutsu of the Original Vow," which crystallized centuries of religious change in Japan. In this work, H6nen sets out the radical positions that (1) the Pure Land way of rebirth after death into Amida Buddha's Pure Buddha-land is the only available salvation for those of his times, (2) the only act necessary for such salvation is invocational nembutsu-the utterance of Amida's name in sincere longing for Pure Land rebirth, and (3) this compassionate salvation is especially directed by Amida Buddha toward those who are spiritually deficient and materially deprived, i.e., the sinful and the poor. These teachings stand as a landmark in the history of the popularization of Buddhism in Japan. They encouraged a flood of Pure Land evangelism and led eventually to the institutionalization of the Pure Land movement in a number of sectarian groups.'
The Role of Respiratory Infections in Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Asthma

Viruses provoke symptoms of wheezing in many patients with asthma. Furthermore, there is evidence that viruses increase airway responsiveness in non-asthma patients. The mechanisms involved in these reactions are not clearly established, but evidence suggests that the ability of viruses to promote this bronchial responsiveness may be related to an upregulation of the allergic inflammatory reaction. This would explain why patients may be more prone to have a late asthmatic reaction.
Epileptiform discharges induced by altering extracellular potassium and calcium in the rat hippocampal slice

During and after intense neuronal activity the concentration of extracellular potassium ([K+]o) increases while the concentration of calcium ([Ca2+]o) decreases. The present study examined the effect of increased [K+]o alone, and with a parallel decrease in [Ca2+]o, on overall excitability, long-term potentiation (LTP), and the appearance of epileptiform discharges. [K+]o and [Ca2+]o were varied over the range in which they fluctuate in vivo. Hippocampal slices were first equilibrated in a control artificial CSF containing 3.1 mM K+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+ and then reequilibrated in an identical solution except that the K+ was increased to 3.55, 4, 5, 6, or 8 mM with and without a decrease in Ca2+ to 1.0 mM. Raising [K+]o caused a leftward shift of input-output curves. Lowering [Ca2+]o to 1.0 mM had no effect on the ability of [K+]o to shift the input-output curve to the left. LTP was not changed by increasing [K+]o. Lowering [Ca2+]o to 1.0 mM blocked LTP and increasing the [K+]o did not overcome this blockade. When [K+]o alone was altered, the [K+]oS at which epileptiform bursts occurred 50% of the time were 5.6 and 7.6 mM for stimulus-locked and spontaneous bursting, respectively. The combination of decreased [Ca2+]o and increased [K+]o made slices considerably more prone to epileptiform activity. In 1.0 mM [Ca2+]o, the [K+]o at which 50% of the slices showed stimulus-locked bursting was decreased to 3.6 mM while that for spontaneous discharges was 5.4 mM. The sensitivity of hippocampal slices to [K+]o and [Ca2+]o, and the synergistic actions of alterations of these ions, indicates that even small changes in the aggregate extracellular ionic milieu may be important in epileptogenesis.
Turning points and lessons learned: Stressful life events and personality trait development across middle adulthood.

The present research examined stressful life events and personality development across middle adulthood. Participants (N = 533) related the most stressful event they had experienced within the last 10 years, indicated whether they considered the event to be a turning point and/or lesson learned, and twice completed a comprehensive measure of traits defined by the five-factor model of personality; the stressful event occurred between these two assessments. Descriptions were coded to classify events into broad content domains based on the nature of the event. Prospectively, individuals high in Neuroticism perceived the event as a turning point; extraverts learned a lesson from it. Longitudinally, perceiving the event as a negative turning point was associated with increases in Neuroticism, whereas learning a lesson from the event was associated with increases in Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Characteristics of the events themselves were primarily unrelated to trait change. Across middle adulthood, personality trait change may be more strongly related to how individuals understand the stressful events in their lives rather than simply the occurrence of such events.
Non-radiating monochromatic sources and their fields

Abstract A new theorem is derived from which a number of previously known results relating to non-radiating monochromatic sources readily follow. Expressions are also obtained for the field within any non-radiating spherically symmetric source. As an example explicit expressions are found for the field within non-radiating homogeneous spherical sources and curves are presented which show the behavior of the field in several non-radiating sources of this kind.
SU‐FF‐T‐248: Quality Assurance for Total Marrow Irradiation (TMI) Using Helical Tomotherapy

Purpose: Helical Tomotherapy (HT) offers advantages for total marrow irradiation (TMI) patients.The purpose of this study was to perform a more rigorous validation of TMI treatment plans using two types of radiation QA phantoms. Methods and Materials: Cylindrical solid water phantom: Several different delivery quality assurance (DQAs) were generated at different anatomical sites of the PTV of an actual TMI patient. The DQAs were performed using an ion chamber for point absolute dose measurement and EDR film for relative dose profiles. The ion chamberdose and film dose profiles were compared with the expected dose and dose profiles calculated from the treatment planning station (TPS). Rando Phantom: A HT TMI treatment plan was generated using a Rando phantom as the patient. The prescription was 80% of the PTV receives12 Gy. A DQA was also generated based on this plan. The same CTimage set acquired for planning the patient was also used as the CT scan for the DQA phantom. Film profile dose measurements were performed in transverse planes in between slabs making up the phantom. Results: For Rando TMI treatment plan, the mean dose of the PTV was 12.34±0.65Gy and the other organdoses were also well below currently accepted normal tissue tolerances. The absolute dose measurement and isodose distribution comparisons between planned and delivered doses on both coronal and transverse direction were within the clinical tolerance limit. Conclusion: Dose verification to the large TMI PTV delivered by the HT system was performed using an ion chamber and film in a cylindrical solid water phantom at multiple treatment sites along the patient's axis. Both the absolute point doses and relative dose profiles were within the clinical tolerance of +/−3%. A Rando phantom can be used for more rigorous QA by eliminating differences between an actual patient and a phantom.
Capacitated, balanced, sequential location-allocation problems on chains and trees

This paper considers finite horizon, multiperiod, sequential, minisum location-allocation problems on chain graphs and tree networks. The demand has both deterministic and probabilistic components, and increases dynamically from period to period. The problem is to locate one additionalcapacitated facility in each of thep specified periods, and to determine the service allocations of the facilities, in order to optimally satisfy the demand on the network. In this context, two types of objective criteria or location strategies are addressed. The first is a myopic strategy in which the present period cost is minimized sequentially for each period, and the second is a discounted present worth strategy. For the chain graph, we analyze ap-facility problem under both these criteria, while for the tree graph, we analyze a 3-facility myopic problem, and a 2-facility discounted present worth problem. All these problems are nonconvex, and we specify a finite set of candidate solutions which may be compared in order to determine a global optimal solution.
360-Degree Feedback: Integrating Business Know-How with Social Work Values

As the field of social work administration evolves, practitioners are increasingly expected to pull from management theory and to integrate business methods with social work values to meet not-for-profit missions. This article explores one management tool called 360-degree feedback, the factors that contribute to and hinder its successful implementation, and its potential use by social work administrators in a not-for-profit setting. If used appropriately, 360-degree feedback can increase self-awareness, promote skill development, and foster a collaborative organizational culture—outcomes that reflect social work values and ethics.
Test of Massey's method for calculating the static potential for electron scattering by N2

The method of linear combination of scaled atomic charge distributions, as invented by Massey, is tested for electron scattering off the nitrogen molecule.
A mathematical model of baseball applicable to managerial decisions

Suppose there is a man on first with two out in the bottom of the ninth inning of a tie game. The runner is noted as an exceptional stealer, however the batter is an exceptional power hitter. Should the manager risk, the stolen base attempt and “take the bat out of the hands” of his fine hitter, or should he send the runner to second, hope he is safe, and can score from there? The model developed here will provide the manager with a probabilistic interpretation of the situation which he can use in addition to his intuition to make a decision.
Conductance and non-linear behavior of a 4He film at the superfluid transition

Abstract We report measurements of the thermal conductance and dissipation of a 4 He film near the superfluid transition. Our results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions, but differ in detail. Comparison with parameters obtained from torsional oscillator measurements shows agreement in the correlation length parameter b , but a possible disagreement in the magnitude of the diffusion constant D .
Microwave-induced thermoelastic pressure wave propagation in the cat brain

This paper presents direct measurements of acoustic pressure wave propagation in cat brains irradiated with pulsed 2.45-GHz microwaves. Short rectangular microwave pulses (2 microseconds, 15 kW peak power) were applied singly through a direct-contact applicator located at the occipital pole of a cat's head. Acoustic pressure waves were detected by using a small hydrophone transducer, which was inserted stereotaxically into the brain of an anesthetized animal through a matrix of holes drilled on the skull. The measurements clearly indicate that pulsed microwaves induce acoustic pressure waves which propagate with an acoustic wave velocity of 1523 m/s.
Rate equation and scaling for fragmentation with mass loss.

A linear rate equation describes fragmentation with continuous and discrete mass loss typified by consumption of porous reactive solids and two-phase heterogeneous solids. For a mass-dependent fragmentation rate ${\mathit{x}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ and a continuous-mass-loss rate \ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathit{x}}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$,\ensuremath{\sigma}=\ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\alpha}-10 yields a ``recession regime'' where small particles lose mass continuously without breaking, \ensuremath{\sigma}g0 yields a ``fragmentation regime'' where all particles break, and \ensuremath{\sigma}=0 yields scaling for \ensuremath{\alpha}g0. Shattering for \ensuremath{\alpha}0 and \ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\ge}0 is runaway fragmentation producing an infinte number of particles in a finite time, Exact and asymptotic solutions, exponent relations, and connections with static percolation are found.
Partially-averaged Navier Stokes Model for Turbulence: Implementation and Validation

Partially-averaged Navier Stokes (PANS) is a suite of turbulence closure models of various modeled-to-resolved scale ratios ranging from Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) to Navier-Stokes (direct numerical simulations). The objective of PANS, like hybrid models, is to resolve large scale structures at reasonable computational expense. The modeled-to-resolved scale ratio or the level of physical resolution in PANS is quantified by two parameters: the unresolved-to-total ratios of kinetic energy (fk) and dissipation (fe). The unresolved-scale stress is modeled with the Boussinesq approximation and modeled transport equations are solved for the unresolved kinetic energy and dissipation. In this paper, we first present a brief discussion of the PANS philosophy followed by a description of the implementation procedure and finally perform preliminary evaluation in benchmark problems.
The psychological effects of a four-week emergency medicine rotation on residents in training.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate psychological stress reactions among residents in an emergency medicine (EM) rotation during a 4-week period. Methods: Pre- and postrotation psychological distress levels were assessed over a 4-week EM rotation. Subjects were evaluated by several psychometric measures. These included the assessment of anxiety, depressive, and other psychological symptoms by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the occurrence of traumatic anxiety via the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES). Also assessed were the Impact of Events Scale and the Holmes Social Readjustment Ratings Scale (Holmes), a baseline life-change measure. Demographic data were obtained. The study occurred in a university-affiliated teaching hospital ED. The 45 EM residents and 27 non-EM residents were analyzed as a group, followed by subgroup analysis comparing EM vs non-EM residents. Results: An increase in psychological distress over the 4-week rotation was found in the non-EM group, but not in the EM group. For the non-EM residents, all 10 BSI scales worsened and 3 of 4 DES scales worsened (p = 0.002), indicative of increased psychological distress. In contrast, analysis of the 45 EM residents showed improvement in 8 of 10 BSI scales and 3 of 4 DES scales (p = 0.057). Conclusion: A significant increase in psychologic distress was found among the non-EM residents during an EM rotation. The EM residents showed a trend for a decrease in psychological distress over the same 4-week period.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF IMPERFECTIONS IN RHENIUM.

Abstract An analysis was made of the broadening of the powder pattern peaks from rhenium powders exhibiting different strength properties in the green compacts and from deformed rhenium sintered sheet. The primary source of the line broadening was the small particle size of the crystallites; broadening attributed to lattice distortions was small or negligible. Evidence was found for growth faults on the (002) planes in the samples studied, and most significantly in the powder of the low green strength briquet (one fault every 100 (002) planes) and in the deformed sheet rhenium.
Diamond in the rough

This review of Jared Diamond's new book, Collapse, analyses the book in the context of other Malthusian treatments of environmental issues, noting its original and unconventional analysis of the role of environmental factors in the fate of past cultures, but critiquing its lack of imagination for the institutional dimensions of environmental decision-making for our future today.
Effect of Ca2+ blocking agents on the metabolism of low density lipoproteins in human skin fibroblasts.

Abstract The effect of Ca 2+ entry blockers (prenylamine, fendiline, verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine) and calmodulin inhibitors (trifluoperazine and dibucaine) on the biosynthesis of cholesterol and on the metabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDL) was studied in human skin fibroblasts in culture. Addition of prenylamine, fendiline, trifluoperazine or dibucaine (5–10 μM) to the cells incubated with lipoprotein-deficient serum decreased the LDL-mediated inhibition of the incorporation of [1- 14 C] acetate into sterols by greater than 75%. LDL-mediated inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was also decreased by these drugs. Verapamil and diltiazem were also effective at 50–100 μM concentrations. The drugs did not prevent the inhibition of sterol synthesis by 25-hydroxycholesterol, suggesting that they affect LDL metabolism and not HMG-CoA reductase itself. The drugs decreased the cellular degradation of LDL and enhanced the accumulation of LDL in the cells.
Malignancy‐related pericardial effusion. 127 cases from the roswell park cancer institute

Background. Malignancy-related pericardial effusions may represent a terminal event in patients with therapeutically unresponsive disease. However, select patients with malignancies sensitive to available therapies may achieve significant improvement in palliation and long term survival with prompt recognition and appropriate intervention. Methods. From 1968 to 1994,150 invasive procedures were performed for the treatment or diagnosis of pericardial effusion in 127 patients with underlying malignancies. These cases were reviewed retrospectively to best identify the clinical features, appropriate diagnostic workup, and optimal therapy for this complication of malignancy. Results. Dyspnea (81%) and an abnormal pulsus paradoxus (32%) were the most common symptoms. Echocardiography had a 96% diagnostic accuracy. Cytology and pericardial biopsy had sensitivities of 90% and 56%, respectively. Fifty-five percent of all effusions were malignant comprising 71% of adenocarcinomas of the lung, breast, esophagus, and unknown primary site. In 57 patients, a malignant effusion could not be determined, and no definitive etiology could be established for 74% of these effusions. Radiation-induced, infectious, and hemorrhagic pericarditis each were identified in fewer than 5% of cases. Conclusions. Subxyphoid pericardiotomy proved to be a safe and effective intervention that successfully relieved pericardial effusions in 99% of cases with recurrence and reoperation rates of 9% and 7%, respectively. Survival most closely was related to the extent of disease
Introduction to Paper by Yongmin Kim, Ph.D., et al, “Development of a PC-based Radiological Imaging Workstation”

THIS PAPER describes the University of Washington Graphics Systems Processor #1 (UWGSP1) that we developed in 1986 and 1987 as part of the DIN/PACS project at the University of Washington, which was funded by the U.S. Army. This marked the beginning of the UWGSP series systems that have contributed to medical imaging and computing. We are now completing UWGSP11, and UWGSP12 is in start-up. From UWGSP1 to UWGSP11, we have improved performance by a factor of 1,000 to 2,000; e.g., 512 × 512 complex 2D FFT took 9 seconds in the UWGSP1 compared with less than 10 ms today, and 512 × 512 affine warping took 7.5 seconds compared with 3.32 ms now. Amazingly, the basic hardware and software architecture remain the same. UWGSP1 was a very good platform for image processing and analysis. It was also effective in giving demonstrations—e.g., the real-time MRI multiplanar display. It was commercialized more as a microscopy workstation than as a radiology workstation. In the mid-1980s, regular PCs did not have the necessary speed or capacity in terms of memory, disk space, display resolution, and the number of monitors supported. However, the boundaries between PCs and workstations have become blurred since the mid-1990s. With the remarkable cost reduction and improvements in the CPU clock speed, memory capacity, network speeds, display, and user interface, PC-based radiology workstations can now compete successfully with the radiology workstation model. This work was inspired by the insight and constant encouragement of the late Dr. John W. Loop.
Waterfront land use change and marine resource conditions: the case of New Bedford and Fairhaven, Massachusetts.

Abstract A major challenge in gauging long-term and cumulative impacts of fisheries management on coastal fishing communities is the lack of understanding of the interactions between changes in fish stocks and waterfront land uses. This study examines these interactions in the New Bedford/Fairhaven area using parcel-level data and geographic information system (GIS) tools. Logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of changes in marine resource abundance on waterfront land uses. Although land use decisions are influenced by many complex market and regulatory factors, our study detected a significant relationship between fish stock conditions and coastal land uses.
Training a “disturbed” boy using the mother as therapist: A case study

Structured tasks, games, and operant methods were used to teach reading, communication skills, arithmetic operations, and motor coordination to an 8-year-old illiterate boy with limited verbal facility. Treatment was conducted by the boy's mother in and around the home environment. The boy currently reads at his appropriate grade level, speaks relevantly most of the time, and is making daily progress in all pertinent areas of scholastic and social endeavor.
Impediments to drug development

There is a continual need for new products for wound care, as well as a desire by scientists and clinicians to translate information into wound healing improvements for patients. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies devote immense resources to fulfilling these needs and desires. However, there are many impediments to drug development that are poorly understood by caregivers, patients, and the public at large. Among these impediments are the tremendous costs involved, the short patent protection time, and regulatory issues. In addition, there is a marked attrition of potential drugs as they progress through the various stages of development. When the costs, time, regulatory issues, and attrition impediments are overcome, the problems with reimbursement become an impediment. This is especially true in the elderly population in which most chronic wound healing problems occur. Finally, academic societies such as the Wound Healing Society and its members pose an impediment to drug development. There is a need to interact with various governmental agencies and industry to facilitate translating science to patient care. This has not been done with a strong, uniform voice. These are but a few of the impediments that prevent scientific advances from resulting in new products available at the bedside to improve the quality of life of our patients. (WOUND REP REG 2003;11:161–165)
The illegal drug industry, violence and the Colombian economy: A department level analysis

Previous research on the Colombian illegal drug trade, which is generally qualitative in approach and focused on the national level, has concluded that the drug industry harms the economy. In order to test out this widespread claim, this article seeks to differentiate between the corrosive economic effects of Colombia's persistently high levels of generalised political violence and the specific consequences of the cocaine trade. It combines historical national level analysis with quantitative department analysis and identifies the economic effects of both paramilitary and guerrilla violence, thereby contributing to a closer examination of the impact of the drugs trade on the economy. The results reveal that paramilitary violence is related positively to exports but negatively to gross domestic product. Guerrilla violence, however, appears to harm exports but, surprisingly, not gross domestic product. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, coca cultivation does not have independent effects on exports or GDP, a conclusion which suggests that Colombia's economic problems stem more from political violence than from the drug trade in itself.
On the occurrence of blocky martensite in 300M steel

Abstract The presence of blocky martensite at prior austenite grain boundaries in 300M steel (silicon-modified AISI 4340 steel) subjected to different heat treatments was confirmed. e carbide and cementite were identified within this phase and were found to be precipitated on definite habit planes and along specific growth directions, with at least two variants for carbide precipitation. Twins were also identified occasionally within this phase. On the basis of these observations, this phase was identified as autotempered blocky martensite. Additionally, a new orientation relationship between e carbide and martensite was established. The possible effects of this grain boundary phase on the mechanical properties are also discussed.
Primate Pulpal Response to Ultraviolet Light-Polymerized Direct-Bonding Material Systems

An enamel acid-conditioning (etching) solution, an ultraviolet (UV) light-polymerized lining, and an UV light-polymerized composite restorative resin are not injurious to the primate dental pulp in deep cavity preparations providing the floor of the tooth cavity is lined with CaOH before material system placement.
Isopentyl­triphenyl­phospho­nium bromide methanol solvate

At 102 K, the isopentyl group of the title compound, C23H26P+·Br−, is in the extended conformation. The phenyl rings are in the propeller configuration usually found in this family of triphenyl­phospho­nium compounds. The methanol solvent mol­ecule is hydrogen bonded to the bromide ion.
Hearing loss prediction by the acoustic reflex in a young population: comparison of seven methods.

Abstract Seven methods of hearing loss prediction by the acoustic reflex were compared in 869 subjects, aged 1 to 20 years. The seven methods were two versions of S ensitivity P rediction by A coustic R eflex (SPAR), four regression equations, and a bivariate plot technique. While accuracy rate for each of the seven methods generally exceeded 64%, hearing loss was most accurately identified by the bivariate plot system. The proportions of predictive errors among methods, however, ranged from 22 to 31%; moderate errors predominated while severe predictive errors were rare. Accuracy of hearing loss prediction was not significantly affected by chronologic age. However, all methods produced a substantial (31–67%) proportion of predictive errors in patients with minor, clinically insignificant, tympanometric abnormalities. In children with normal impedance findings, the methods permit reasonably accurate identification of hearing loss, categorization of degree of loss, or prediction of hearing loss in dB.
Creating web service interfaces and scientific workflows using command line tools: A GRASS example

With tremendous increase in data from earth and space based sensors, there is growing realization within geoscience community that technologies like web services and allied technologies need to be leveraged for geospatial data analysis and management. Traditionally, standalone Geographic Information Systems software was used for these tasks. Adaptation of this software for use in web services raises several issues and challenges. We have created large number of web services on top of Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS GIS), which is an open source command line GIS software. In this paper the conceptual architecture used in developing the web services is presented in detail. This architecture has different layers of services. The user of services at each layer is immune from having to know the details of lower level services and software. The geospatial model developer, who develops services at highest layer, can work at conceptual level without having to learn specifics of any particular software. The model developer can concentrate on the model itself rather than on many unnecessary and time consuming details. Some of the issues that we encountered during the development — granularity of services, statelessness of services and interoperability between services - are also discussed.
Constraints on the nature of the subvolcanic reservoir at South Sister volcano, Oregon from U-series dating combined with sub-crystal trace-element analysis of plagioclase and zircon

Abstract We present sub-crystal-scale 238U–230Th zircon ages and 238U–230Th–226Ra plagioclase ages of bulk mineral separates from the Holocene (2.0–2.3 ka) eruptions of the Rock Mesa (RM) and Devil's Hills (DH) rhyolites at South Sister volcano, Oregon. We link these age data with sub-crystal trace-element analyses of zircon and plagioclase to provide insight into the subvolcanic system at South Sister, as an example of a small-volume continental arc volcano. Our results document the presence of coeval yet physically-distinct regions within the magma reservoir and constrain the timescales over which these heterogeneities existed. Zircons from the RM and DH dominantly record ages from 20 to 80 ka, with some grains recording ages > 350 ka, whereas plagioclase records 230Th–226Ra ages of 2.3–6.8 ka (RM) and 4.0–9.6 ka (DH-3) and a 238U–230Th age of 10 ± 34 ka (DH-3). We interpret zircons with ages 50 ka within a heterogeneous magmatic system and coexisted as physically-distinct, dominantly-liquid bodies prior to eruption. Thus, we favor a model where rhyolites are generated in independent batches by accumulation of evolved liquids in a heterogeneous, largely crystalline reservoir. Similarities in crystal age and chemical data to that at other young silicic systems (e.g., Mount St. Helens, Okataina Caldera Complex) suggest that this model may be more generally applicable to silicic magmas.
Infrared absorption spectroscopy of single particles using photophoresis.

In situ infrared absorption spectroscopy was performed on a single suspended salt particle using photophoresis. The charged ammonium sulfate particle was levitated in an electric–quadropole field and illuminated by a CO2 laser. The size-dependent absorption spectrum of ammonium sulfate particles was observed for the first time to our knowledge at 930–1080 cm−1. The effects of gas pressure and laser power were also determined. For particles approximately 10 μm in diameter, the photophoretic force was observed to be negative.
Excitation cross section measurement for n = 3 to n = 2 line emission in Fe20+ to Fe23+

Electron impact excitation cross sections have been measured for iron L-shell 3 {yields} 2 lines of FeXXI to FeXXIV at the EBIT-II electron beam ion trap using a crystal spectrometer and a 6 x 6-element array microcalorimeter. The cross sections were determined by direct normalization to the well established cross section of radiative electron capture and a summary of calculated energy dependent radiative recombination cross sections for electron capture into the ground state fine structure levels of Fe{sup 16+} to Fe{sup 23+} ions is given. The measurement results for 17 lines and their comparison with model calculations are presented. While agreement of the model calculations with experiment is good for most measured lines, significant discrepancies were found for a few lines, including the strongest line in Fe XXI.
Lectures on linear systems theory

Part A. Analysis in the Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lecture 1. RC circuits . 2 Lecture 2. From RC circuits to linear systems 8 Lecture 3. Impulse and impulse response . . 14 Lecture 4. Complex numbers 22 Lecture 5. RCL circuits . 30 Lecture 6. RCL circuits, convolution, simple composite systems, odds and ends 38
Coronary Bypass Grafting for Single-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease: A 17-Year Review With Short- and Long-term Follow-up

Study objectives We reviewed our short- (30 days) and long-term (up to 17 years) experience with surgical revascularization for patients with angiographically documented isolated single-vessel coronary artery disease. Design Retrospective study of single-vessel coronary artery bypass procedures performed from January 1980 through June 1996. During this time, 100 consecutive patients underwent a single-vessel coronary artery bypass. All patients were men with a mean age of 59±9 years (range, 35 to 78 years) and a mean ejection fraction of 56±8% (range, 35 to 77%). The vessels bypassed included the left anterior descending in 66 (66%), right coronary artery in 31 (31%), and the obtuse marginal in 3 (3%). Results Short-term results reveal no deaths and six (6.0%) complications. Long-term follow-up by chart review and telephone survey was available in 87 (87%) patients at a mean of 46.9 months (range, 12 to 151 months). Cumulative freedom from angina and repeated revascularization was 93% and 98% at 1 year and 55% and 81% at 10 years, respectively (Kaplan-Meier). Conclusion Single-vessel coronary artery bypass for isolated single-vessel disease can be performed with minimal morbidity and no mortality and provides excellent long-term relief of angina.
Do clinical ethics consultants have a fiduciary responsibility to the patient

Dr. Rasmussen's article “Patient Advocacy in Clinical Ethics Consultation” (2012) raises a very important issue for clinical ethics consultation. The preliminary answers it provides are a sound ste...
An Improved Determination of the Area Ratio of Faculae to Sunspots

We report new results on the ratio of facular area to sunspot area from a program of continuing photometric observations using the Cartesian Full Disk Telescope No. 1 (CFDT1) at the San Fernando Observatory (SFO). The facular areas are determined from images obtained with a 1 nm bandpass Ca II K line filter, and sunspot areas are determined from red images at 672 nm with a 10 nm bandpass filter. On the K line images faculae were identified by pixels that had a contrast equal to or greater than 4.8% divided by μ. Previously, we found that the average facular-to-spot area ratio was 16.7 ± 0.5 during the latter part of solar cycle 22 and that there was a small but statistically significant rise in the ratio with time. If we take an average from the beginning of the K line data (mid-1988) until the middle of 1996, excluding days of zero sunspot area, the average ratio is 16.4 ± 0.4. The average ratio from mid-1996 to the end of 1999 November is 12.6 ± 0.5. Including days of zero sunspot area for these same intervals we find average ratios of 16.8 ± 0.5 and 13.2 ± 0.6, respectively. We have recently reprocessed our K line images, which have been photometrically "cleaned." We can now reliably identify facular pixels with a contrast criterion of 2.4%, resulting in an increase in the average facular-to-spot ratio of approximately 3. The average facular and sunspot areas for cycle 23 are significantly lower than for cycle 22.
Investigation of dietary changes in the Gezira, Sudan

In 1925, irrigation water brought the Gezira area of the Sudan under cotton production. The Gezira Irrigation Scheme transformed an agricultural and pastoral people into tenant cultivators and wage laborers. Twenty‐six years later, Mrs. G. M. Culwick documented dietary intake among the Scheme's inhabitants. Her account of village life details patterns of food consumption in relation to the physical environment, social structure, available food stuffs and traditional methods of food processing and preparation. Diet in the Gezira Irrigated Area, Sudan describes the interplay of etiologic factors which contribute to malnutrition.
Identification of shoulder osteoarthritis biomarkers: comparison between shoulders with and without osteoarthritis

Background The biologic factors associated with shoulder osteoarthritis (OA) have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate osteoarthritic biomarkers of the shoulder. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze shoulder cartilage for OA-associated genes and to examine human shoulder cartilage for a possible biomarker, connexin 43 (Cx43). Materials and methods Cartilage from 16 osteoarthritic and 10 nonosteoarthritic humeral heads was assessed for expression of the following genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction: types I, II, and X collagen; matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs); interleukins; versican; cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); aggrecanase 2 (ADAMTS5); and Cx43. Results In osteoarthritic shoulders, Cx43, Cox-2, versican, collagen type I, ADAMTS5, MMP-3, and TNF-α expressions were significantly increased compared with controls. TIMP-3 and iNOS trended toward significance, with robust expression in osteoarthritic shoulders and low expression in nonosteoarthritic shoulders. In osteoarthritic shoulders, gene expression of Cx43, ADAMTS5, collagen type I, Cox-2, versican, and TIMP-3 showed predominance (85-, 33-, 13-, 12-, 11.5-, and 3-fold increases, respectively) relative to nonosteoarthritic controls. Spearman correlation analysis showed significant correlations between Cx43 and collagen (types I, II, and X), MMP-9, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3, versican, Cox-2, iNOS, and ADAMTS5. Conclusions Certain genes are markedly upregulated in osteoarthritic shoulders compared with nonosteoarthritic shoulders, with Cx43, Cox-2, versican, collagen type I, ADAMTS5, MMP-3, and TNF-α expression being significantly increased. These genes might be useful biomarkers for examining shoulder OA. Clinical relevance Identification of osteoarthritic biomarkers can help us better understand shoulder OA and build the foundation for future research on disease progression and treatments.
Structure of Escherichia coli aminodeoxychorismate synthase: architectural conservation and diversity in chorismate-utilizing enzymes.

Aminodeoxychorismate synthase is part of a heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the two-step biosynthesis of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate, a precursor of p-aminobenzoate and folate in microorganisms. In the first step, a glutamine amidotransferase encoded by the pabA gene generates ammonia as a substrate that, along with chorismate, is used in the second step, catalyzed by aminodeoxychorismate synthase, the product of the pabB gene. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of Escherichia coli PabB determined in two different crystal forms, each at 2.0 A resolution. The 453-residue monomeric PabB has a complex α/β fold which is similar to that seen in the structures of homologous, oligomeric TrpE subunits of several anthranilate synthases of microbial origin. A comparison of the structures of these two classes of chorismate-utilizing enzymes provides a rationale for the differences in quaternary structures seen for these enzymes, and indicates that the weak or transient association of PabB with PabA during ...
Naloxone prolongs the survival time of mice treated with neuroblastoma.

Abstract The effect of naloxone on tumor growth and survival time was studied in mice with neuroblastoma tumors. Daily s.c. injections of either 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg naloxone were initiated either 2 weeks prior to tumor cell inoculations (pre-treated groups) or one week after tumor transplantation (post-treated groups). The S20Y cell line, cloned from A/Jax murine C1300 neuroblastoma, was utilized and each animal was inoculated with 106 cells. All mice in the saline- tumor and naloxone post-treated groups, developed tumors within 3 weeks after tumor cell inoculation. In the naloxone pre-treated groups, 4 of 12 mice exposed to 20 mg/kg, 2 of 12 mice exposed to 15 mg/kg, and 1 of 12 mice exposed to 10 mg/kg, did not develop tumors within the 91-day post-inoculation period. Three animals in the 20 mg/kg naloxone pre-treated group developed tumors between 43 and 63 days after tumor cell inoculation. Tumor dimensions were often reduced in naloxone-treated animals but a dose-response relationship was not found in regard to the magnitude of alterations in tumor size. At the time of death, tumor sizes of control and naloxone-exposed mice were similar. In general, tumor-bearing mice receiving naloxone lived longer than saline-tumor controls, with animals receiving higher drug dosages surviving for the longest time. In contrast to a mean survival time of 27 days for controls, naloxone pre-treated groups had increases in survival times of 25–61%, whereas naloxone post- treated groups exhibited increases of 20–40%. The median day of death for all mice exposed to naloxone was prolonged by 21–75%, occuring 6–21 days after the 28-day median for saline-tumor controls. These results suggest that naloxone, a non-addictive compound, is an effective agent in modulating neoplasia.