cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutations that increase in situ priming also decrease circularization for duck hepatitis B virus.

The process of hepadnavirus reverse transcription involves two template switches during the synthesis of plus-strand DNA. The first involves translocation of the plus-strand primer from its site of generation, the 3′ end of minus-strand DNA, to the complementary sequence DR2, located near the 5′ end of the minus-strand DNA. Plus strands initiated from DR2 are extended to the 5′ end of the minus-strand DNA. At this point, the 3′ end of the minus strand becomes the template via the second template switch, a process called circularization. Elongation of circularized plus-strand DNA generates relaxed circular DNA. Although most virions contain relaxed circular DNA, some contain duplex linear DNA. Duplex linear genomes are synthesized when the plus-strand primer is used at the site of its generation, the 3′ end of the minus-strand template. This type of synthesis is called in situ priming. Although in situ priming is normally low, in some duck hepatitis B virus mutants this type of priming is elevated. For example, mutations within the 3′ end of the minus-strand DNA can lead to increased levels of in situ priming. We report here that these same mutations result in a second defect, a less efficient template switch that circularizes the genome. Although it is not clear how these mutations affect both steps in DNA replication, our findings suggest a commonality in the mechanism of initiation of plus-strand synthesis and the template switch that circularizes the genome.
Analyses of atmospheric extinction data obtained by astronomers—I. A time-trend analysis of data with internal accidental errors obtained at four observatories

Long-term time-trend analysis was performed on astronomical atmospheric extinction data in wideband UBV and various narrow-band systems recorded at Cerro Tololo, Kitt Peak, Lick, and McDonald observatories. All of the data had to be transformed into uniform monochromatic extinction data before trend analysis could be performed. The paper describes the various reduction techniques employed. The time-trend analysis was then carried out by the method of least squares. A special technique, called 'histogram shaping', was employed to adjust for the fact that the errors of the reduced monochromatic extinction data were not essentially Gaussian. On the assumption that there are no compensatory background and local extinction changes, the best values obtained for extinction trends due to background aerosol changes during the years 1960 to 1972 are 0.006 + or - 0.013 (rms) and 0.009 + or - 0.009 (rms) stellar magnitudes per air mass per decade in the blue and yellow wavelength regions, respectively.
Bayesian Posterior Distributions Without Markov Chains

Bayesian posterior parameter distributions are often simulated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. However, MCMC methods are not always necessary and do not help the uninitiated understand Bayesian inference. As a bridge to understanding Bayesian inference, the authors illustrate a transparent rejection sampling method. In example 1, they illustrate rejection sampling using 36 cases and 198 controls from a case-control study (1976-1983) assessing the relation between residential exposure to magnetic fields and the development of childhood cancer. Results from rejection sampling (odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, 95% posterior interval (PI): 0.57, 5.00) were similar to MCMC results (OR = 1.69, 95% PI: 0.58, 4.95) and approximations from data-augmentation priors (OR = 1.74, 95% PI: 0.60, 5.06). In example 2, the authors apply rejection sampling to a cohort study of 315 human immunodeficiency virus seroconverters (1984-1998) to assess the relation between viral load after infection and 5-year incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, adjusting for (continuous) age at seroconversion and race. In this more complex example, rejection sampling required a notably longer run time than MCMC sampling but remained feasible and again yielded similar results. The transparency of the proposed approach comes at a price of being less broadly applicable than MCMC.
The cross-bicepstrum: definition, properties, and application for simultaneous reconstruction of three nonminimum phase signals

The recovery of three signals from their cross-bispectrum (or the identification of the impulse responses of three parallel linear time-invariant (LTI) systems from the cross-bispectrum of their system outputs) by computing the complex cepstrum of the cross-bispectrum, as long as the signals (or impulse responses) have no zeros on the unit circle, is discussed. It is shown that the three signals can be separated completely and (approximately) recovered in the cross-bicepstrum domain, except for their magnitude and linear phase factors. The computation of the cross-bicepstrum can be seen as a method for the simultaneous computation of the ordinary complex cepstra of three nonminimum-phase signals without the need for phase unwrapping. Both least-squares and fast Fourier-transform (FFT)-based methods for computing the bicepstral coefficients are presented. Simulation examples of signal reconstruction in Gaussian white and nonGaussian colored noise and of system identification are included. The results are extended to nth-order cross-spectra, and the factorization problem for these spectra is discussed. >
Centrality of control-seeking in men's intimate partner violence perpetration.

Two million women and one million men experience rape, stalking, or physical assault by a current or former romantic partner each year in the U.S. Not only do women report twice the incidents, but intimate partner violence (IPV) that women experience is typically more severe. Explanations for IPV gender asymmetry include male dominance attitudes, hostile sexism, and men’s control-seeking. There are gaps in our knowledge of how attitudes and control-seeking co-relate to influence IPV. This study demonstrates a mediation analysis to investigate these relationships. Data were from a cross-sectional online survey of male undergraduate students from a public Southeastern university. The survey measured attitudes of male dominance and hostile sexism, desire for control, and IPV perpetration. After including age and academic level in the model, male dominance remained a significant predictor of likelihood of physical IPV (OR = 1.16, p = .004) but not psychological IPV. The addition of control-seeking (physical OR = 1.65, p < .001) mediated the influence of male dominance on the likelihood of physical IPV perpetration (OR = 1.018, p = .753). Hostile sexism was a significant predictor of psychological and physical IPV (psychological IPV OR = 1.31, p < .001; physical IPV OR = 1.54, p < .001), over and above age and academic level. The addition of control-seeking (psychological IPV OR = 1.27, p < .001; physical OR = 1.53, p < .001) partially mediated the influence of hostile sexism on IPV (psychological IPV OR = 1.21, p = .001; physical OR = 1.34, p < .001). Results suggest control-seeking mediates the relationship between male dominance and physical IPV and partially mediates the relationship between hostile sexism and IPV. Practical implications for IPV prevention programs and theoretical implications are discussed.
Bandwidth and region division for broadband multi-cell networks

A cell planning technique termed BRD (bandwidth and region division) is presented for overcoming interference, maintaining QoS (quality of service) and improving channel capacity over OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)-based broadband cellular networks. Through an optimal combination of sectorization and zero padding, bandwidth and region division is achieved that minimizes the outage probability for forward-link cell planning. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed over multi-cell environments.
Kidney disease in life-course socioeconomic context: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: Persons belonging to the working class or living in an adverse social environment at particular periods of their life course may have an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: This hypothesis was examined among participants of the Life Course Socioeconomic Status Study, an ancillary study of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, conducted in 2001 (mean age, 67.4 years; N 12,631). CKD was defined by hospital discharge diagnosis and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (0.75 mL/s/1.73 m 2 ). Social class was categorized as working class or non‐working class at ages 30, 40, or 50 years. Area-level socioeconomic status was based on a composite of census scores during the same period. Adjusted odds ratios were obtained within strata of white and African-American race. Results: The adjusted odds ratio of CKD for persons belonging to the working class versus non‐working class at age 30 was 1.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.0) in whites and 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.0) in African Americans. Working class membership was associated with CKD, even at earlier stages of adult life, and class was associated more strongly with CKD than was education. Working class membership also suggested a stronger association with CKD among African Americans than whites, independent of diabetes and hypertension status. At later periods in the life course, area socioeconomic status was associated with CKD. Conclusion: Socioeconomic factors, including area socioeconomic status and social class, are associated with CKD and may account for some of the racial disparity in kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 49:217-226. © 2007 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Heterogeneity in the Strehler-Mildvan General Theory of Mortality and Aging

This study examines and further develops the classic Strehler-Mildvan (SM) general theory of mortality and aging. Three predictions from the SM theory are tested by examining the age dependence of mortality patterns for 42 countries (including developed and developing countries) over the period 1955-2003. By applying finite mixture regression models, principal component analysis, and random-effects panel regression models, we find that (1) the negative correlation between the initial adulthood mortality rate and the rate of increase in mortality with age derived in the SM theory exists but is not constant; (2) within the SM framework, the implied age of expected zero vitality (expected maximum survival age) also is variable over time; (3) longevity trajectories are not homogeneous among the countries; (4) Central American and Southeast Asian countries have higher expected age of zero vitality than other countries in spite of relatively disadvantageous national ecological systems; (5) within the group of Central American and Southeast Asian countries, a more disadvantageous national ecological system is associated with a higher expected age of zero vitality; and (6) larger agricultural and food productivities, higher labor participation rates, higher percentages of population living in urban areas, and larger GDP per capita and GDP per unit of energy use are important beneficial national ecological system factors that can promote survival. These findings indicate that the SM theory needs to be generalized to incorporate heterogeneity among human populations.
Escape of autocrine ligands into extracellular medium: experimental test of theoretical model predictions.

We have developed an experimental system for testing mathematical model predictions concerning escape of autocrine ligands into the extracellular bulk medium. This system employs anti-receptor blocking antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) receptor/ligand pair. TGFalpha was expressed under the control of a tetracycline-repressed promoter, together with a constitutively expressed human EGFR in B82 mouse fibroblast cells. This expression system allowed us to vary TGFalpha synthesis rates over a roughly 300-fold range by adjusting tetracycline concentration. TGFalpha accumulation in the extracellular bulk medium was then measured as a function of cell density, TGFalpha synthesis rate, and anti-EGFR blocking antibody concentration. Consistent with model predictions, amounts of ligand in the medium on a per cell basis were found to diminish as cell density was increased but with reduced dependence on cell density at higher ligand synthesis rates. Similarly consistent with model predictions, higher ligand synthesis rates also decreased the effect of anti-receptor blocking antibodies. Our investigation has established that we can successfully analyze and understand autocrine ligand secretion behavior from the basis of our theoretical model.
Performance Model of a Regenerative Hydrogen Bromine Fuel Cell for Grid-Scale Energy Storage

We develop a performance model for a polymer electrolyte membrane based regenerative hydrogen-bromine fuel cell (rHBFC). The model includes four voltage loss mechanisms: ohmic loss through the membrane, hydrogen electrode activation, bromine electrode activation, and bromine electrode mass transport. We explore a large parameter space by looking at the dependences of each of these losses as a function of two “operating parameters”, acid concentration and temperature; and five “engineering parameters”, bromine electrode exchange current density, hydrogen electrode exchange current density, membrane thickness, diffusion layer thickness, and hydrogen gas pressure. The relative importance of each of the losses is explored as both the engineering parameters and operating parameters are varied. The model is also compared to published experimental results on the performance of a hydrogen-bromine cell. By varying engineering parameters and operating parameters within plausible ranges, we project that, with further research, a cell of this design could be developed that operates at greater than 90% voltage efficiency at current densities 700 mA cm­-2 in both electrolytic and galvanic modes and that has a peak galvanic power density of 2760 mW cm-2.
Hibernation during Hypoxia in Cardiomyocytes ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA AS THE O2 SENSOR

During myocardial hibernation, decreases in coronary perfusion elicit inhibition of contraction, suggesting that energy demand is attenuated. We previously found an inhibition of contraction and O2 consumption during hypoxia (3% O2; PO2 = 20 torr for >2 h) in cardiomyocytes, which was reversible after reoxygenation. This study sought to determine whether mitochondria function as cellular O2 sensors mediating this response. Embryonic cardiomyocytes were studied under controlled O2 conditions. Hypoxia produced no acute decrease in mitochondrial potential as assessed using tetramethylrhodamine ethylester (TMRE). Cellular [ATP] was preserved throughout hypoxia, as assessed using the probe Magnesium Green. Thus, ATP synthesis and utilization remained closely coupled. Cells adapted to hypoxia for >2 h exhibited a 4% increase in mitochondrial potential upon reoxygenation, suggesting that a partial inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase had existed. To test whether the oxidase serves as an O2 sensor, azide was administered (1 mM) to simulate the effects of hypoxia by lowering the Vmax of the oxidase. The effects of azide on contraction and mitochondrial potential mimicked the response to hypoxia. We conclude that partial inhibition of cytochrome oxidase during hypoxia allows mitochondria to function as the O2 sensor mediating the decreases in ATP utilization and O2 consumption during hypoxia.
Gender and Technoscience: A Historical Perspective

This paper explores turning points in the historical relationship between gender and technoscience, most notably the gender parity of the 2009 Nobel Prizes; the public debate on the under-representation of women in science that raged world-wide but especially in the US during 2005-2006; and the construction of a public memory for a leading woman technoscientist in the mid-1990s. The paper situates these turning points in the context of historical events, most notably the Scientific Revolution of the 17 th Century, WW2 and the Cold War, the women’s liberation movement of the 1970s that legally ended overt gender discrimination, and the rise of covert gender discrimination since the 1990s. It concludes by highlighting the shift toward interactiveness and fluidity in the theoretical conceptions of both gender and technoscience.
Comparison of direct steam injection and steam-jacketed heating in squid protein hydrolysis for energy consumption and hydrolysis performance

Abstract Direct steam injection (DSI) and conventional steam-jacketed (SJ) heating systems were compared for energy consumption and hydrolysis performance in producing squid hydrolysates (SH). Hydrolysis was carried out with endogenous enzymes at 55 °C for 90 min and native pH (6.5 ± 0.2), followed by pasteurization at 75 °C for 30 min. Hydrolysis performance was evaluated by monitoring the changes in viscosity, degree of hydrolysis (DH), and protein profile during the course of hydrolysis. The DSI heating process was more energy efficient than SJ heating with significantly less energy usage (∼30% energy reduction), shorter come-up times, and total processing time. While considerable fouling was evident with SJ heating, no fouling was observed with DSI heating. No appreciable differences in hydrolysis performance were observed between DSI and SJ heating, although the DSI-treated hydrolysate exhibited slightly lower values in viscosity and DH, as well as weaker protein band intensities due to dilution caused by steam condensation. The use of a steam filtration unit in DSI not only filtered the incoming steam, but also reduced condensation. Results suggest that DSI heating with steam filtration is an energy efficient and fouling-free process for preparing SH and potentially for other type of enzymatic protein hydrolysates.
Web search using mobile cores: quantifying and mitigating the price of efficiency

The commoditization of hardware, data center economies of scale, and Internet-scale workload growth all demand greater power efficiency to sustain scalability. Traditional enterprise workloads, which are typically memory and I/O bound, have been well served by chip multiprocessors com- prising of small, power-efficient cores. Recent advances in mobile computing have led to modern small cores capable of delivering even better power efficiency. While these cores can deliver performance-per-Watt efficiency for data center workloads, small cores impact application quality-of-service robustness, and flexibility, as these workloads increasingly invoke computationally intensive kernels. These challenges constitute the price of efficiency. We quantify efficiency for an industry-strength online web search engine in production at both the microarchitecture- and system-level, evaluating search on server and mobile-class architectures using Xeon and Atom processors.
Fatty acids increase glucose uptake and metabolism in C2C12 myoblasts stably transfected with human lipoprotein lipase

Cellular effects of FFA might differ from those of lipoprotein triglyceride (TG)-derived fatty acids (TGFA). The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, TGFA, or FFA availability and glucose metabolism in the absence of insulin in C2C12 myoblasts. Control myoblasts or myoblasts stably transfected with human lipoprotein lipase (C2/LPL; 15-fold greater LPL activity) were incubated for 12 h in fetal bovine serum-free medium in the absence or presence of Intralipid-20. Intracellular retention of labeled medium glucose was assessed in a subset of experiments. In the presence of Intralipid, medium glucose disappearance was increased in C2/LPL cells but not in control cells. In both cell types, glucose label retention in cellular TG was increased in the presence of Intralipid; incubation with albumin-bound oleate produced similar results. In the presence of Intralipid, the LPL hydrolytic inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin blocked excess glucose retention in cellular TG but did not significantly decrease glucose disappearance in C2/LPL cells. Changes in glucose transport or hexokinase II did not explain the altered glucose disappearance in C2/LPL cells. Our results suggest that LPL overexpression in these cells leads to chronic metabolic adaptations that alter glucose uptake and retention.
Mathematical models of renal fluid and electrolyte transport: acknowledging our uncertainty.

Mathematical models of renal tubular function, with detail at the cellular level, have been developed for most nephron segments, and these have generally been successful at capturing the overall bo...
Thyroxine analogues and cholesterol metabolism: the relative effects of various thyroxine derivatives on growth, oxygen consumption and tissue cholesterol concentrations in the rat.

A number of thyroxinc analogues have been tested for their relative effects on tissue cholesterol concentrations, oxygen consumption, and growth in the hypercholesterolemic rat. Of the compounds studied, diiodothyroacetic (Diac) and diiodothyroformic acid (T2 FA) appear to have the greatest effect in reducing tissue cholesterol concentrations without affecting growth or basal metabolism. Other derivatives such as tri- and tetraiodothyroacetic acids, triiodothyropropionic acid and tetraiodothyroformic acid have been shown by others to exert some preferential effect on tissue cholesterol concentrations. However, when compared on an equal molar basis in the present study, these compounds were not nearly as effective as Diac and T2 FA in lowering cholesterol levels.
Perioperative stroke associated with postoperative epidural analgesia.

Abstract A patient with an epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia developed a stroke in association with a hypotensive episode resulting from a bolus of local anesthetic. After undergoing resection for femoral chondrosacroma under epidural anesthesia, the patient received a continuous infusion of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia. Lidocaine 1% (10 mL in divided doses) was administered through the catheter for breakthrough pain. The patient experienced a hypotensive episode and was noted to have a motor and cortical sensory deficit of the left arm and leg 8 hours after the hypotensive episode. Clinical presentation and subsequent workup were consistent with a watershed infarction. The patient recovered full neurologic function before discharge. Postoperative hypotension from epidural analgesia may be associated with stroke; however, a cause-and-effect relationship usually cannot be established with certainty.
The Google Car: Driving Toward A Better Future?

Google’s dramatic ascent and subsequent domination in the past fifteen years of the technology and information industries has financially enabled Google to explore seemingly unrelated projects ranging from Google Mail to the Google Car. In particular, Google has invested a significant amount of resources in the Google Car, an integrated system that allows for the driverless operation of a vehicle. While initial reports indicate that the Google Car driverless automobile will be more safe and efficient than current vehicles, the Google Car is not without its critics. In particular, the existential threat that the car presents to several large industries, including the insurance, health care and construction industries, creates an additional challenge to the success of the Google Car well beyond the standard competitive threats from other established car manufacturers in the automobile industry, which begs the question, “Can the Google Car be successful?” With so many challenges above and beyond the competitive forces typically threatening long-term profitability, will the Google Car be able to create and sustain a competitive advantage for Google in the driverless car space?
Online Matching and Ad Allocation

Matching is a classic problem with a rich history and a significant impact, both on the theory of algorithms and in practice. Recently there has been a surge of interest in the online version of matching and its generalizations, due to the important new application domain of Internet advertising. The theory of online matching and allocation has played a critical role in designing algorithms for ad allocation. This monograph surveys the key problems, models and algorithms from online matchings, as well as their implication in the practice of ad allocation. The goal is to provide a classification of the problems in this area, an introduction into the techniques used, a glimpse into the practical impact, and to provide direction in terms of open questions. Matching continues to find core applications in diverse domains, and the advent of massive online and streaming data emphasizes the future applicability of the algorithms and techniques surveyed here.
Garcia v. Google and a 'Related Rights' Alternative to Copyright in Acting Performances

A recent Ninth Circuit case, Garcia v. Google, held that an actor can maintain a copyright interest in her acting performance in a film — independent of the copyright held by the filmmaker — and that this copyright can sometimes be sufficiently powerful to allow the actor to prevent public dissemination of the film. The decision has been widely criticized for its interpretation of the Copyright Act, its First Amendment implications, and its potential economic impact on the film and television industries. But few have considered the point that “related rights” — an alternative form of intellectual property distinct from copyright and designed to protect performances and recordings — could provide a more effective way of balancing the many interests at stake in cases like Garcia. Related rights protection for acting performances is not currently available in the United States, although it is widely recognized under international law and in the laws of many European countries. This means that, under American law, acting performances must either be governed by conventional copyright law or receive no IP protection at all. By adding related rights protection to American law, Congress could stake out a middle ground between these two extremes and thus prevent quagmires like Garcia from emerging in the future.
Development of Inventory Models to Determine Feed Reserves for Beef-Cattle Production under Unstable Climatic Conditions

An investigation is made of the use of inventory models for determining the optimum quantity of feed reserves under drought conditions. The costs and revenues associated with beef‐cattle production and the carrying of reserve feed supplies are combined with a probability distribution of drought occurrence in an expected‐net‐revenue function. Variation in the quantity of feed stored permits the maximization of expected net revenue, which is the criterion for determining optimal levels of feed reserves. The study recognizes the effect of different stocking rates on range and pasture carrying capacity. Several adaptations indicate that various strategies practiced by farmers and ranchers during drought periods are susceptible to quantification and introduction into this type of analysis.
Nurse Practitioners Knowledge, Skills, and Leadership for the End-of-Life Conversation in Intensive Care

An impending policy change in Medicare will provide reimbursement for the end-of-life conversation. The rise in numbers of older adults who face serious illness coupled with advances in healthcare technology are increasing the need for providers to address end of life issues in the acute care setting. Doctoral-level nurse practitioners who specialize in acute care of older adults are poised to be leaders and facilitators of this conversation in a particularly challenging context-the intensive care unit. The focus of this article is the new end-of-life policy in relation to the particular contributions that adult gerontology acute care nurse practitioners offer in the acute care setting.
Intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders - Use of oral [99mTc]DTPA

This study examined intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders by measuring urinary recovery following oral administration of [99mTc]DTPA in 117 subjects. The mean percent of the ingested dose excreted in a 24-hr urine sample was 2.8 +/- 1.6% in 11 healthy controls, 10.8 +/- 10.2% (P less than 0.001) in 21 ulcerative colitis patients, 8.0 +/- 4.7% (P less than 0.001) in 35 Crohn's disease patients, 5.1 +/- 2.9% (P less than 0.01) in 17 patients with heterogeneous digestive disease diagnoses, and 3.2 +/- 4.7% (P greater than 0.05) in 33 patients with hepatobiliary diagnoses. Among ambulatory patients, Crohn's disease subjects, but not ulcerative colitis patients, had greater urinary recovery than the controls (P less than 0.05). The Crohn's disease activity index correlated positively with the radionuclide recovery in Crohn's subjects (r = 0.455, P less than 0.02). In a heterogeneous sample of subjects simultaneous ingestion of [99mTc]DTPA and [51Cr]EDTA produced urinary levels that were correlated positively (r = 0.556, P less than 0.001). Increased absorption of [99mTc]DTPA relative to [51Cr]EDTA, however, was noted in ulcerative colitis patients (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, increased intestinal permeability has been demonstrated by utilizing [99mTc]DTPA in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients. Although this observation appears to be a nonspecific indicator of injury, the test provides a simple objective means of establishing disease activity, which possibly may be utilized for therapeutic and investigative studies.
The effects of pregnancy on biliary lipids in rhesus monkeys.

SummaryIn an effort to determine whether alterations in biliary excretion of lipids could aid in explaining the marked hypolipemia seen during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey, the concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids, and total lipids were measured at selected stages of gestation. No significant changes in biliary lipid levels were observed, indicating that increased biliary concentration of lipids probably does not occur during pregnancy.
Ordering Behavior and Corrosion Properties of Ni-Mo and Ni-Mo-Cr Alloys

Ni-Mo alloys containing 26–28 wt. pct. Mo are known for their excellent corrosion properties in reducing environments. When exposed to temperatures in the range 600°C to 800°C, however, these alloys undergo a longrrange ordering reaction from disordered fcc lattice to ordered Dla superlattice. This ordering phenomenon has been found to have detrimental effects on corrosion properties. Also, alloys based on the Ni-16Mo-16Cr system undergo a long range ordering reaction from disordered fcc lattice to ordered Pt2Mo-type superlattice in the temperature range of 400° to 600°C. However, in contrast to the case of Ni-Mo alloys, ordering in the Ni-Mo-Cr alloys has some beneficial effects on the aqueous corrosion properties. This difference in behavior between the Ni-Mo alloys and the Ni-Mo-Cr alloys is discussed interms of the ordering characteristics determined from transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, X-ray microanalysis in the scanning transmission electron microscope and Auger electron spectroscopy.
The Use of Participatory Action Research to Create a Positive Youth Development Program

A positive youth development program focusing on HIV prevention, alcohol abuse prevention, conflict resolution skills, and managing peer pressure was developed and implemented in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Participatory action research methods were combined with a social marketing approach to generate and implement a narrative-based curriculum. A posttest-only control group field experiment was used to evaluate the impact of a classroom intervention on adolescents' knowledge and attitudes related to the topics covered. The narrative-based curriculum was more effective than the standard, government-endorsed curriculum in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes toward sexual behavior and conflict resolution. The implications of implementing a narrative-based curriculum using a social marketing approach are discussed.
On the formal theory of nerve conduction

A general solution of the formal nerve conduction problem is given. As illustrations of the general method, the capacitative single-factor and the non-capacitative Lapicque problems are solved. Comparisons between velocity formulae for capacitative and non-capacitative models indicate that previously determined non-capacitative velocities are considerably too high.
Can the Visibility of Both Prosthetic Posterior Femoral Condyles on a Postoperative Radiograph Assure that Limb Rotation Is Appropriate to Allow Accurate Measurement of the Anatomic Knee Axis

Abstract Background To better define radiographic parameters for a true anterior–posterior (AP) knee radiograph after total knee arthroplasty, we cataloged the radiographic appearance of 7 different designs of commercially available femoral components at various points of rotation to correlate the visibility of the prosthetic posterior femoral condyles (PPFCs) with the amount of rotation of the femoral component, and hence, the limb. Methods AP radiographs of 7 left-sided, cruciate-retaining femoral trial components were obtained at 5° increments of rotation from 20° internal rotation (IR) to 20° external rotation (ER). Rotational profiles were cataloged based on the visibility of either or both of the PPFCs. Results Three categories of femoral component rotation profiles were noted, based on the visibility of the PPFC: overt ER with only the medial PFC visible at greater than 10° ER, overt IR with only the lateral PFC visible at greater than 20° IR, and near-neutral rotation with both medial and lateral PPFCs visible between 5° ER and 15° IR. Conclusion An acceptable AP radiograph to measure the anatomic knee axis after total knee arthroplasty is one where both the medial and lateral PPFCs are visible on either side of the trochlear flange.
A Prevalence Study on Epidemic Situation of HIV/AIDS in Dongguan

Objective The Purposes of the research are to acquire the current epidemic situation of HIV/AIDS, (comprehend) understand the regularity of epidemic,and provide evidence for policy makers in the control of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Dongguan. Methods Cluster sampling select 10 962 people as sample of the research,(6 867 males and 4 095 females), including 4 451 Entry-exit people,1 198 blood donors,392 cases from STD clinics,560 cases in injection drug addicts,1 334 cases from casino,2 394 cases from clinic,633 normal people,then use ELISA as the initial filter of HIV.The experiment of the checking and acknowledgment of HIV is carried and acknowledgment of HIV is carried out by Western-blot. Results From the survey,23 people infected HIV (16 for males and 7 for females),the percentage of the HIV checking is 0.21%.The proportion between men and women is 2.3:1.The oldest is 35,the youngest is 16,which is likely to happen in people aged 20 to 29.The drug addicts come to the first place of the infected people,who account who account for 87.0 percent.The injection is the main way to diffuse AIDS,and next is the sexual transition. Condusion The most of People carrying HIV were found in people who are drug addicts and aliens in Dong- guan.The local drug addicts are the high-risk group with HIV.The injection between drug addicts is the main way to diffuse AIDS.
Monovalent ‘Features’ in Phonology

In this article, I discuss and review the proposal to replace traditional binary features (such as [+round]) by unary, single-valued, or monovalent units (such as |round|). I will focus on proposals within the context of dependency phonology, government phonology, and radical CV phonology. In all three approaches, in addition to unary primes, use is made of head–dependency relations. The central motivation for switching from a binary to a unary understanding of phonological primitives comes from the empirical finding that binary approaches wrongly predict that both values of each feature define natural classes of segments or can be involved in a process. The central idea behind monovalency is that in all cases, only one pole of a phonetic opposition can play these roles. A monovalent approach is thus inherently more restrictive and therefore should form the null hypothesis.
Acute Leukemias: Part 2. Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia

Category A-1 continuing education credit is available to anyone who studies a CIE Update series and completes a written exam. Exams can be ordered from the ASCP and will be sent to participants following the appearance of the final article of each series in LABORATORY MEDICINE. After receipt of a completed answer sheet at ASCP, a certificate of credit will be awarded to each participant. An exam order form appears on page 480 in this issue.
Discussion of Barberà’s Paper

Strategy-proofness is the single most important concept of the mechanism design problem originating in the literature of the early 1970s, starting with Hurwicz’s (1972) paper. Salvador Barbera’s survey paper gives an excellent account of the lively stream of research on strategy-proof social choice functions in a variety of different contexts. It shows how much we have learned already; my comments are focused on what remains to be learned, implying that the study of strategy-proof choice methods will remain an exciting field for scholarly research.
Screening for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Older Adults in the Emergency Department.

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of self-harm, suicidal ideation (SI), and suicide attempts (SA) in older adults in the emergency department (ED), including differences according to age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Design Quasi-experimental, multiphase, eight-center study with prospective review of consecutive charts during enrollment shifts (November 2011–December 2014). Setting Eight EDs in seven states, all with protocols for nurses to screen every patient for suicide risk (universal screening). Participants Adults (≥18 years) registered in the ED. Measurements Demographic characteristics; documented screening for self-harm, SI, or SA; and positive self-harm, SI, or SA in those with screening performed. Results Of 142,534 visits, 23.3% were of individuals aged 60 and older. Documented screening for self-harm, SI, or SA declined with age, from approximately 81% in younger age groups to a low of 68% in those aged 85 and older. The prevalence of positive screens for self-harm, SI, or SA also declined with age, with peaks in young and middle-age (9.0%) and reaching the lowest point after the age of 75 (1.2%). Conclusion Documented screening for suicide risk declined with age in this large sample of individuals in the ED. Although the reason for this finding is unclear, at least part of the decline may be related to increasing rates of altered mentation or other individual-level barriers to screening in the older population. These findings support the need for more-detailed examination of the best methods for identifying—and treating—suicide risk in older adults.
Promoting Industrial Goods in China: Identifying the Key Appeals

This study analyses the attributes which Chinese businessmen consider most important when promoting their industrial products. Among these are product information, references to quality, uniformity and adherence to standards, and dependability. The study is based on a content analysis of 454 advertisements appearing in The People's Daily from 1980 to 1989.
Pulse Compression Waveform and Filter Optimization for Spaceborne Cloud and Precipitation Radar

The optimal design of pulse compression waveform/filter pairs for use with near-nadir spaceborne radar in low earth orbit for the observation of clouds and precipitation is discussed. An optimization technique is introduced that considers performance metrics specific to the remote sensing of clouds and precipitation from such platforms. Specifically, the sensitivity of the radar to precipitation and clouds is maximized as close to the ground as required. The sensitivity of the radar near the surface is typically limited by the pulse compression range sidelobes from the surface’s echo. Optimization of the waveform/filter pair’s performance is facilitated by a time-domain radar scattering model to simulate radar reflectivity range profiles. The presented radar-scattering model accounts for the radar’s configuration constraints and platform motion, as well as the spatial distribution and relative motion of the scatterers. In this paper, the optimization of both linear frequency modulation (LFM) and nonlinear frequency modulation (NLFM) waveforms is considered. It is demonstrated that the LFMwaveforms provide superior performance over NLFM waveforms for application subject to unmitigated Doppler shifts.
Fourth Step: Discourse with an Addict

This article is an authentic, unrehearsed, verbatim dialogue between an adult sister and a drug-addicted brother. It deeply reflects the compulsive nature of addiction despite the full comprehension of the consequences of continuing it. It sensitively touches upon the pain and sorrow within the family, although hardly any manifestations of the agony come clearly to the surface. It concludes without any real hope for change. That inevitability brings to the surface the true nature of an addiction.
Chemoproteomic Screening of Covalent Ligands Reveals UBA5 As a Novel Pancreatic Cancer Target.

Chemical genetic screening of small-molecule libraries has been a promising strategy for discovering unique and novel therapeutic compounds. However, identifying the targets of lead molecules that arise from these screens has remained a major bottleneck in understanding the mechanism of action of these compounds. Here, we have coupled the screening of a cysteine-reactive fragment-based covalent ligand library with an isotopic tandem orthogonal proteolysis-enabled activity-based protein profiling (isoTOP-ABPP) chemoproteomic platform to rapidly couple the discovery of lead small molecules that impair pancreatic cancer pathogenicity with the identification of druggable hotspots for potential cancer therapy. Through this coupled approach, we have discovered a covalent ligand DKM 2–93 that impairs pancreatic cancer cell survival and in vivo tumor growth through covalently modifying the catalytic cysteine of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5), thereby inhibiting its activity as a protein th...
Appropriate dosing of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation

The development of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has been a major advance in therapy for patients requiring oral anticoagulation, particularly for long-term indications such as stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). The NOACs are generally easier to dose and manage due to less heterogeneity of effect across individuals and fewer drug and food interactions, compared with warfarin. However, the treatment effect of NOACs may vary based on important patient characteristics, particularly renal function. Therefore, the package inserts for these drugs have dosing recommendations for patients with impaired kidney function, which are frequently but not always based on evidence from large-scale, randomized, clinical trials. Furthermore, there is evidence that NOAC dosing inconsistent with the regulatory labeling may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This review discusses the evidence supporting the current NOAC dosing, current dosing practices, associated outcomes, and gaps in knowledge regarding use of NOACs in patients with AF.
Development of a multiphase photon Monte Carlo method for spray combustion and its application in high-pressure conditions

Abstract In this work the development of a multiphase photon Monte Carlo (PMC) method with a focus on resolving radiative heat transfer in combustion simulations is presented. The multiphase PMC solver can account for description of participating media in both Lagrangian and Eulerian frameworks. The solver is validated against exact solutions in several one-dimensional configurations. The developed solver is then applied to Diesel spray combustions, where liquid spray droplets are assumed to be cold, nonemitting, large, and isotropically scattering. Several formulations for radiative properties of the Diesel spray are first explored. The PMC solver has then been coupled with the multiphase spray combustion solver in OpenFOAM and the coupled solver is used for simulations of high pressure Diesel spray combustion. It was found that in typical Diesel spray combustion applications, such as in an internal combustion engine, impact of radiation on the evolution of the liquid spray was insignificant. Although the impact of radiation on the spray was minimal, nongray spectral properties and the assumption of semi-transparency for Diesel spray were found to impact the radiative transfer significantly, while impact of scattering was marginal. Spray radiation was also found not to have much effect on global combustion characteristics in high-pressure engine-relevant configurations. However, a small but noticeable effect on minor species distribution relevant to pollutant formation was observed.
No Increase in Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Privately Insured Adults Prescribed Proton Pump Inhibitors vs Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (2002-2014).

Background & Aims Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used medications. Recent studies reported an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (MI) in PPI users vs non-users. We evaluated MI risk associated with PPIs compared with histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) in privately insured adults in the United States. Methods Using administrative claims from commercial and Medicare Supplemental plans (2001–2014), we compared risk of MI in patients who started a new prescription for PPIs vs H2RAs. Enrollees were followed from their first prescription until MI, medication discontinuation, plan disenrollment, or December 31, 2014. MI was defined using hospital diagnosis codes. Risk differences (RD), risk ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods at 3, 12, and 36 months after treatment initiation. Standardized morbidity ratio weights were used to control measured confounding. Analyses were stratified by plan type (commercial vs Medicare Supplemental). Results We identified more than 5 million new users of prescription PPIs and H2RAs. Median follow-up time was 60 days for patients with commercial insurance and 96 days in patients with Medicare Supplemental insurance. The 12-month weighted risk of MI was low overall (approximately 2 cases per 1000 among patients in commercial plans; 8 per 1000 among patients in Medicare Supplemental plans). In the RD analysis, we found no significant differences in MI risk between patients who started PPIs vs H2RAs for the first 12 months, either in the commercial population (weighted RD per 1000, –0.08; 95% CI, –0.51 to 0.36) or the Medicare Supplemental population (weighted RD per 1000, –0.45; 95% CI, –1.53 to 0.58). Conclusion In an analysis of administrative claims from commercial and Medicare Supplemental plans, we found no evidence that prescription PPIs increase risk of MI compared with prescription H2RAs. Physicians and patients should not avoid starting a PPI because of concerns related to MI risk.