cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Physical and Genetic Framework of the Maize B73 Genome

Maize is a major cereal crop and an important model system for basic biological research. Knowledge gained from maize research can also be used to genetically improve its grass relatives such as sorghum, wheat, and rice. The primary objective of the Maize Genome Sequencing Consortium (MGSC) was to generate a reference genome sequence that was integrated with both the physical and genetic maps. Using a previously published integrated genetic and physical map, combined with in-coming maize genomic sequence, new sequence-based genetic markers, and an optical map, we dynamically picked a minimum tiling path (MTP) of 16,910 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and fosmid clones that were used by the MGSC to sequence the maize genome. The final MTP resulted in a significantly improved physical map that reduced the number of contigs from 721 to 435, incorporated a total of 8,315 mapped markers, and ordered and oriented the majority of FPC contigs. The new integrated physical and genetic map covered 2,120 Mb (93%) of the 2,300-Mb genome, of which 405 contigs were anchored to the genetic map, totaling 2,103.4 Mb (99.2% of the 2,120 Mb physical map). More importantly, 336 contigs, comprising 94.0% of the physical map ( approximately 1,993 Mb), were ordered and oriented. Finally we used all available physical, sequence, genetic, and optical data to generate a golden path (AGP) of chromosome-based pseudomolecules, herein referred to as the B73 Reference Genome Sequence version 1 (B73 RefGen_v1).
Reasoning about Commitments in the Event Calculus: An Approach for Specifying and Executing Protocols

Commitments among agents are widely recognized as an important basis for organizing interactions in multiagent systems. We develop an approach for formally representing and reasoning about commitments in the event calculus. We apply and evaluate this approach in the context of protocols, which represent the interactions allowed among communicating agents. Protocols are essential in applications such as electronic commerce where it is necessary to constrain the behaviors of autonomous agents. Traditional approaches, which model protocols merely in terms of action sequences, limit the flexibility of the agents in executing the protocols. By contrast, by formally representing commitments, we can specify the content of the protocols through the agents' commitments to one another. In representing commitments in the event calculus, we formalize commitment operations and domain-independent reasoning rules as axioms to capture the evolution of commitments. We also provide a means to specify protocol-specific axioms through the agents' actions. These axioms enable agents to reason about their actions explicitly to flexibly accommodate the exceptions and opportunities that may arise at run time. This reasoning is implemented using an event calculus planner that helps determine flexible execution paths that respect the given protocol specifications.
Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) Determines Distribution of Genistein Phase II Metabolites: Reevaluation of the Roles of ABCG2 in the Disposition of Genistein

It was recently proposed that the improved oral bioavailability of genistein aglycone and conjugates in Bcrp1(−/−) mice is mainly due to increased intestinal absorption of aglycone and subsequent elevated exposure to conjugation enzymes. Here we tested this proposed mechanism and found that intestinal absorption of genistein aglycone did not increase in Bcrp1(−/−) mice compared with wild-type mice using an in situ mouse intestinal perfusion model and that inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in Caco-2 cells also did not significantly increase permeability or intracellular concentration of aglycone. Separately, we showed that 5- to 10-fold increases in exposures of conjugates and somewhat lower fold increases (<2-fold) in exposures of aglycone were apparent after both oral and intraperitoneal administration in Bcrp1(−/−) mice. In contrast, the intestinal and biliary excretion of genistein conjugates significantly decreased in Bcrp1(−/−) mice without corresponding changes in aglycone excretion. Likewise, inhibition of BCRP functions in Caco-2 cells altered polarized excretion of genistein conjugates by increasing their basolateral excretion. We further found that genistein glucuronides could be hydrolyzed back to genistein, whereas sulfates were stable in blood. Because genistein glucuronidation rates were 110% (liver) and 50% (colon) higher and genistein sulfation rates were 40% (liver) and 42% (colon) lower in Bcrp1(−/−) mice, the changes in genistein exposures are not mainly due to changes in enzyme activities. In conclusion, improved bioavailability of genistein and increased plasma area under the curve of its conjugates in Bcrp1(−/−) mice is due to altered distribution of genistein conjugates to the systemic circulation.
Stray-Load Losses in Polyphase Induction Maclines

The total stray-load loss of a polyphase induction machine of the squirrel-cage type is given by the formula: WL = WC + WE + WSL1 + WSL2 + WZ + WB + WK (13) where the several items, except Wc, are given by equations 1, 7, 6, 9, 10, and 12. The sum of WE and Wc can be determined separately from the other losses by measuring the input to the stator when balanced polyphase currents are flowing, with the rotor removed, and subtracting from this the I2R losses calculated on the basis of the d-c resistance of the winding at the test temperature, as required in the Morgan method of load-loss measurement. However, the end loss will differ somewhat from that under load, because the rotor end winding currents are not present. The total loss can be measured by the dynamometer method, either as a motor alone, or by the differential dynamometer method as the average of a motor and a generator, or by the pump-back method or the Morgan method, as outlined in a companion paper. 1 From a theoretical point of veiw, all these methods should give equivalent results, except that the Morgan method would be expected to give a stray loss slightly lower than the true value when the rotor has closed slots.
Psychological reality of physical concepts

Fifty college physics students rated the similarity of pairs of concept words in analytical mechanics, and also provided 1 min of continued word associations to each individual concept word. The mean proportion of responses in common on the word association test was used as an index of associative similarity among concepts. Mean rating-scale judgments served as an index of perceived similarity. These two indices were interpreted as proximity measures and were scaled, using multidimensional scaling procedures with both a Euclidean and a city-block metric. Results suggest that either a two-dimensional configuration with a Euclidean metric or a three-dimensional configuration with a city-block metric describes the underlying structure of the similarity relations. The three-dimensional configuration correlated well with an hypothesized geometric model.
Nuclear Proliferation with Particle Accelerators

The use of accelerators to produce 239Pu or 233U is compared to the production of these materials in a small nuclear reactor. The comparison is given in terms relevant to an entry-level proliferator. Production rates, technological complexity, methods of acquisition, costs, and detection methods are compared.
Fine root biomass under a tropical forest light gap opening in Costa Rica

Research on roots of tropical trees has been less frequent and less thorough than on more visible above-ground segments of trees. In species rich lowland tropical forests, examination of a single species' roots is a difficult task. Most often tree root biomass is estimated for the entire forest without regard to species composition (Edward & Grubb 1982, Greenland & Kowal 1960, Stark & Spratt 1977). Depth distributions of roots have been detailed for large roots, but lateral spatial heterogeneity of fine roots in tropical forests is largely unknown (Coster 1933, Sanford 1985). One obvious locality to examine for below-ground heterogeneity is an area where above-ground disturbance has significantly altered forest structure. Recognition of above-ground patterns of disturbance in old growth tropical forests worldwide has resulted in considerable research on tree fall light gap openings (summarized in Denslow 1987). Intact forests at La Selva Biological Station (LSBS) near Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica (100 26' N, 830 59' W) have been the focus of several studies on light gaps including rate of gap formation and regeneration (Hartshorn 1978, 1980) spacing and size distribution (Sanford et al. 1986), light environments (Chazdon & Fetcher 1984) and more recently, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in gap soils (Vitousek & Denslow 1986). I report here on the fine root biomass under a light gap opening in old growth forest at LSBS. Gap formation has been hypothesized to influence nutrient availability (Collins et al. 1985). A more sophisticated approach has been proposed by Orians (1982) where within-gap zones of disturbance are delineated. Division of gaps into three discrete zones based on above-ground patterns is the approach used
Fun and Fit: Evaluation of a Pediatric Exercise Program

While the components of effective pediatric exercise interventions have been identified in structured research settings, recent reviews have highlighted the need for translating these interventions into accessible programs. In this paper we evaluate a behavioral intervention-based exercise program designed to serve community children and teens at risk for adult obesity. Measures of weight, strength, cardiovascular fitness, and exercise intensity improved significantly over the course of this program, and qualitative assessments indicated that attitudes towards exercise also improved. Our experiences suggest that structured, protocol-driven exercise interventions can be successfully translated into effective programs accessible to children of different ages and socioeconomic levels.
Diabetes mortality and environmental heavy metals in North Carolina counties: An ecological study

Introduction: Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium and nickel have been associated with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in populations exposed to these elements. However, diabetes mortality has not been evaluated. This ecological study correlated airborne concentrations of these metals with diabetes mortality in North Carolina counties. Methods: County level data were extracted from the 2000 US Census, the 1999 US Environmental Protection Agency National Air Toxins Assessment, and 2001-2005 diabetes mortality rates by county from the North Carolina State Center for Health Statistics. Multivariable linear regression correlated airborne concentrations of each element with diabetes mellitus mortality rates in all 100 North Carolina counties controlling for county-level characteristics. Airborne concentrations were logarithmically transformed to normalize their distribution. Results: The lowest air concentrations detected were beryllium and cadmium, with nickel showing the highest concentration. Logarithmic concentrations spanned from 3.74 to 4.02 orders of magnitude. County-level diabetes mortality rates were negatively associated with median county income, but positively associated with county-level air concentrations of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium and nickel. Conclusions: These results support diabetes mortality effects of air pollution, and agree with other studies correlating arsenic, beryllium, cadmium and nickel with diabetes prevalence. Policy implications include regulating point source air pollution.
A20-Binding Inhibitor of NF-κB Activation 1 is a Physiologic Inhibitor of NF-κB: A Molecular Switch for Inflammation and Autoimmunity.

The transcription factor NF-κB comprises a family of transcription factors critical for inflammatory signaling, and innate and adaptive immunity.1 NF-κB regulates the transcription of genes involved in immuno-inflammatory responses, cell survival, cell cycle progression, and cell adhesion. Activation of NF-κB by specific ligand-receptor interactions induces the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, which orchestrate the recruitment of immune cells, induce the inflammatory response, and cause tissue injury.2,3 In this way, excessive NF-κB activity is considered harmful and a pathogenic factor in the chronic inflammation of numerous autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.4 Association between overactive NF-κB and autoimmunity emphasizes the importance of tightly controlled NF-κB signaling. One protein that regulates NF-κB signaling and maintains immune homeostasis is the A20 binding inhibitor of NF-κB1 (ABIN1).
The Plateau Problem

Thanks to David Brewster’s 1824 translation of Legendre’s Elements de Geometrie, even children in school know that a straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
A Spoonful of Free Speech Helps the Medicine Go Down: Off-Label Speech & the First Amendment

For over a decade, drug manufacturers have contended that Food & Drug Administration regulations that restrict their ability to promote prescription drugs for off-label uses violate their First Amendment rights. Courts faced with First Amendment challenges to the FDA’s off-label speech restrictions have been reluctant to declare them unconstitutional in their entirety, for fear that the FDA’s new drug approval process would be undermined to the public’s detriment. However, relying in part on a recent Supreme Court decision, Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc., the Second Circuit recently held in United States v. Caronia that the FDA’s speech restrictions, at least in some cases, violate drug manufacturers’ First Amendment rights. Sorrell has raised serious questions as to whether a court should apply strict scrutiny in addressing the constitutionality of the FDA’s off-label speech restrictions. This Note argues that courts addressing First Amendment challenges should not interpret Sorrell as to require strict First Amendment scrutiny in the off-label context, and should continue to adjudge the FDA’s off-label restrictions under Central Hudson’s lesser-exacting, commercial-speech framework. However, this Note ultimately concludes that, even by that standard, the FDA’s off-label restrictions violate drug manufacturers’ First Amendment rights, and proposes several ways in which the FDA/Congress may act to bring the current law into conformance with the First Amendment.
Increased hepatic progenitor cell response and ductular reaction in patients with severe recurrent HCV post-liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVES Post-liver transplant (LT) hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients may develop allograft cirrhosis and rarely fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH), while others have a stable course. Hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) may be implicated in liver injury and fibrogenesis through ductular reaction (DR). We studied HPC response and DR in three distinct post-LT patterns of HCV: stable recurrence, allograft cirrhosis, and FCH. METHODS We identified 52 patients with untreated recurrent HCV and longitudinal liver biopsies (20 stable/23 cirrhosis/9 FCH) and eight healthy controls. Archived liver biopsy specimens for three time points (LT; initial recurrence; and clinical outcome) were stained for cytokeratin-7. Manual HPC counts and DR quantification using image analysis were performed. RESULTS HCV counts and DR at LT did not differ across groups. At initial recurrence, HPC expansion occurred only in patients who developed cirrhosis, while prominent DR was present in those who developed FCH vs. stable and controls (p < 0.05). At outcome biopsies, HPC response and DR were increased in cirrhosis and FCH vs. stable and controls (p < 0.05). HPC response and DR did not differ in stable vs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that an altered HPC response assessed by cytokeratin-7 stain after LT may predict severity of HCV recurrence.
Dynamic numerical modeling and experimental validation of a molten carbonate fuel cell

In this paper, a detailed model incorporating simplified geometric resolution of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) with detailed and dynamic simulation of all physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes in the stream-wise direction is presented. The model was developed using mass and momentum conservation, electrochemical and chemical reaction mechanisms, and heat-transfer. Results from the model are compared with data from an experimental MCFC unit. Furthermore, the model was applied to predict dynamic variations of voltage, current and temperature in an MCFC as it responds to varying load demands. The voltage was evaluated by applying a model developed by Yuh and Selman [1, 2]. The results show that the model can be used to predict voltage and dynamic response characteristics of an MCFC accurately and consistently for a variety of temperatures and pressures. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.
Abstract 5085: TopModel: An online resource for predictive models in cancer

One goal of characterizing the genome-wide landscape of cancer cells is to identify predictive signatures of onset, progression, and treatment outcomes. Many computational approaches have been developed to discover gene signatures with a range of success. The challenge still remains to identify the best approach that, when trained on one cohort, remains accurate in predicting outcomes on an unseen cohort. Thus far, no clear themes have emerged that might provide clues about which method works for a particular task. We have built a system called TopModel that facilitates the identification of top-performing machine-learning algorithms for a series of cancer-genomics challenges. The four components of the system include: 1) a benchmark that includes several cancer genomics datasets with outcome variables as targets to predict; 2) a database of results derived from the application of thousands of machine-learning and feature selection combinations; 3) a web interface that allows bioinformaticians to evaluate their own prediction results; and 4) a web interface that allows a biomedical researcher to upload data on a sample or set of samples in order to receive a report on the signatures predicted to exist in the sample(s). The cancer benchmark component provides a common ground for the development and evaluation of prediction methods for variables such as cancer subtype, drug response, survival, and others. Several datasets have been loaded including predicting survival in the TCGA cohorts, and the hundreds of drug sensitivities in several cancer cell line cohorts. We demonstrate the utility of the resource by comparing state-of-the art feature selection methods to a new approach that uses locality on a genetic interaction network. We evaluate the performance in terms of how well the features generalize across datasets as a trade-off to the accuracy of prediction. In addition to identifying high-value genome features, we explore the robustness of the cancer state in the absence of these features. We simulate gene knock outs by disconnecting these features in our pathway models, inferring the pathway interaction network in the absence of these features, and then reassessing using the top-performing predictive models of cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5085. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5085
419 TESTOSTERONE INHIBITION OF INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY GENES AND ADIPOGENIC GENES OBSERVED IN 3T3-L1 MOUSE PREADIPOCYTE CELLS BY EXPRESSION PROFILE.

The effect of testosterone administration on insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes is poorly understood. Epidemiological studies in men indicate that type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease are correlated with lower free testosterone concentrations in serum, while testosterone treatment in men is associated with increased insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the gene expression profile in a preadipocyte cell line 3T3-L1, during growth in normal and adipogenic medium (AM), and subsequently study the effect of testosterone on expression of various genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway. We analyzed the effect of testosterone (100 nM) treatment on the expression pattern of 112 genes involved in insulin signaling pathway by GEArray (MM-030) from SuperArray. We observed that over 30 genes of this pathway are highly induced over five-fold during adipogenesis. Testosterone treatment led to significant change in at least 19 genes in this pathway. MEK 1, a component of MAP kinase pathway, was up-regulated after 48 hours of testosterone treatment, whereas we found significant inhibition in the expression of other MAP kinase pathway genes, Kras2, B-raf, MNK, and protein kinase C lambda. Inhibition was also observed for the primary target genes for insulin signaling (leptin and C/EBP-Beta) as well as PI-3 kinase pathway genes, eg, Frap 1, PIK3r2 (p85b subunit), and PAI-1, UCP-1, and Vegfa. We performed quantitative analysis by real-time reverse-transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis of various genes/proteins regulated by testosterone in this pathaway in order to have better understanding of the role of testosterone during insulin resistance, observing around three-fold inhibition of expression for leptin, C/EBP-Beta, PPAR-gamma2, and C/EBP-alpha. The information obtained from this study may provide the rationale for targeting key components responsible for insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Influence of Rehabilitation Nursing on Post-Operative SelfCare Ability and Nursing Satisfaction of Fracture Patients

Objective To analyze and study the influence of targeted nursing protocol on post-operative self-care ability and nursing satisfaction of fracture patients Methods 120 patients with fracture, who were admitted and treated with surgical operation from March 2013 to June 2014, were randomly divided into experimental group and control group with 60 cases in each group. Patients in control group received routine nursing service, while patients in experimental group received targeted rehabilitation nursing on the basis of routine nursing. Then, the improvement of post-operative self-care ability and satisfaction on nursing service in two groups were compared. Results Improvement of post-operative self-care ability in experimental group was more significant than that in control group, and satisfaction on nursing service in experimental group was higher than that in control group(26.67%, P0.05), and the differences between two groups were statistically significant. Conclusion Targeted rehabilitation nursing can improve the efficacy of operation, recovery of limb function and improvement of self-care ability of the patients, and gained satisfaction of patients and their family members, thus should be clinically popularized and applied.
Effect on Gel Formation Time of Adding Topical Ophthalmic Medications to ReSure Sealant, an In Situ Hydrogel.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the gel formation times of ReSure® Sealant, an in situ hydrogel approved to seal cataract surgery incisions, when commercially available topical medications are mixed with the sealant. Methods: In this experimental laboratory study, the commercial product, ReSure Sealant, was used as per the product insert. Two drops of diluent were mixed with the polymer and time to gel formation was measured. Following this, various commercial antibiotic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and steroid drops were used in substitution of one of the drops of the diluent. Combinations of 2 medications were also tested. Each condition was performed in triplicate and the mean gel time was calculated. Results: The addition of bromfenac slightly reduced mean gel time from 19 s (ReSure alone) to 13 s. All other medications, including moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, loteprednol etabonate, prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, ketorolac, and nepafena...
Bubble sort: an archaeological algorithmic analysis

Text books, including books for general audiences, invariably mention bubble sort in discussions of elementary sorting algorithms. We trace the history of bubble sort, its popularity, and its endurance in the face of pedagogical assertions that code and algorithmic examples used in early courses should be of high quality and adhere to established best practices. This paper is more an historical analysis than a philosophical treatise for the exclusion of bubble sort from books and courses. However, sentiments for exclusion are supported by Knuth [17], "In short, the bubble sort seems to have nothing to recommend it, except a catchy name and the fact that it leads to some interesting theoretical problems." Although bubble sort may not be a best practice sort, perhaps the weight of history is more than enough to compensate and provide for its longevity.
The Modern Political Cinema: From Third Cinema to Contemporary Networked Biopolitics

Political cinema, particularly third cinema of the 1960s and subsequently inspired films, often relies upon the formation and transformation of subjectivity. Such films depict a becoming-political of their characters, such as Ali LaPointe's transformation from bricklayer and boxer to revolutionary in Battle of Algiers (La battaglia di Algeri, Gillo Pontecorvo, 1966). As subjects are politicized, they reveal social, moral, existential, or ethical exigencies that drive the politics of the film. In this respect, most narrative-driven political cinema is biopolitical cinema, although its expression shifts from film to film, or from one period of time to another. Gilles Deleuze articulated such a shift in his two works on cinema, Cinema 1: The Movement-Image and Cinema 2: The Time-Image. Namely, he points to the breaking of the link between action and reaction that marks a shift from pre-World War II cinema to the postwar filmmaking environment. To update Deleuze's project on political cinema, this article pos...
Introduction to a Reprint of Emilia Lombardi’s “Enhancing Transgender Health Care”

An introduction is presented which addresses a reprint of Emilia Lombardi's article "Enhancing Transgender Health Care" and Ilan Meyer's editorial "Why Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health?" which appear in the June 2001 issue of the journal, and it mentions the February 2017 issue.
Wizard-of-Oz Interfaces as a Step Towards Autonomous HRI

Within the HRI community, Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) methods have been extensively used to explore robot interactions. However, their wide usage has also been criticized as not giving good representation of how real, autonomous robots can interact. In this paper, I argue that thoughtfully designed Wizard-of-Oz control interfaces can enable robot designers to explore the interaction design space fur human robot interaction and also move them towards autonomous robot development. I provide two case studies of WoZ controlled robots and their interfaces and describe the design rationale behind them. I then provide an initial set of design considerations for future WoZ controllers as a way to improve how WoZ interactions can inform the design of autonomous behavior and move closer to fully autonomous robots.
MG53 Interacts with Cardiolipin to Protect Mitochondria from Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Oxidative Stress

MG53 is a tripartite motif protein that is essential to plasma membrane regeneration. It binds to phosphatidylserine and facilitates the formation of repair patches at sites of plasma membrane disruption. Our previous studies have reported MG53's efficacy in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to multiple organs including the heart, lungs, kidney, and brain. In I/R injury, mitochondria, however, are the primary victim of damage and the exposure of mitochondrial cardiolipin (CL) in response to I/R-induced oxidative stress procures cell death. Thus far, the role of MG53 in the preservation of mitochondrial function has not been studied. Here, we test the hypothesis that MG53 interacts with CL to protect mitochondria from oxidative stress. We find that mitochondria in the heart of MG53 knockout mouse are more susceptible to I/R injury than those of wild type mice. We also observe that MG53 targets mitochondria under chronic oxidative stress conditions, such as high-fat diet induced metabolic syndrome and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We demonstrate that MG53 binds to CL through a lipid dot-blot and a quantitative ELISA lipid-protein binding assay. Additionally, we show that exogenous recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53) protein can be up-taken by a variety of cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, human corneal epithelial cells, and valvular interstitial cells. Once internalized, rhMG53 translocates to mitochondria in response to oxidative stress induced by anoxia-reoxygenation treatment as revealed by live-cell imaging and 3D reconstruction of confocal microscopy. These data suggest that MG53 can target damaged mitochondria through a potential CL signaling mechanism and may implicate MG53 in mitochondrial membrane protection. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the interaction of MG53 with subcellular structures and provides a novel mechanism for MG53-mediated amelioration of I/R-induced tissue injury.
The glucose - fructose ratio of California grapes

Because of the high sweetness of fructose table grape varieties of high fructose content would be of interest for cold climates. For producing stable sweet table wines with ordinary yeasts high fructose varieties would be desirable. With the Sauternes strain of yeast high glucose varieties would be favored. The LOTHROP-HOLMES method gave good recovery of added glucose, duplicable results, and minor interference of fructose. The glucose/fructose ratio of California grapes at maturity varies over a wide range, from at least 0.80 to 1.12. There is, however, considerable variability in the ratio between different vines. Further data should be obtained for a large number of varieties in order to discover as wide a range of ratios as possible. Plant breeders could then use this information in their experiments.
Vibration over the larynx increases swallowing and cortical activation for swallowing

Vibratory stimulation at 70 and 150 Hz on the neck overlying the larynx increased the frequency of spontaneous swallowing. Simultaneously vibration also enhanced hemodynamic responses in the motor ...
13 Antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric lupus

Neuropsychiatric lupus manifestations, especially the common disorders of mood and cognition, can be mediated by cytokines or by antibodies. In particular, a subset of anti-DNA antibodies has been shown to bind the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor. The antibodies preferentially bind the active configuration of the receptor, augmenting the effects of ligand binding. Meta-analysis has confirmed that high serum titers of these antibodies, present in 30%–40% of SLE patients, are associated with cognitive impairment. In a mouse model, antibody within the circulation is not harmful to the brain unless there is a breach in blood-brain barrier integrity. If there is an insult to the hippocampal vasculature, antibody gains access to hippocampal neurons and mediates tissue damage in 2 distinct stages. First, there is immediate antibody-mediated excitotoxicity causing neuronal loss. Second, after antibody is no longer present in the brain, there is microglial activation and dendritic pruning of surviving neurons. The brain injury that ensues leads to impairment in spatial cognition. These studies suggest there are two distinct approaches to therapy; one might modulate the initial damage by neutralising the pathogenic antibodies or maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, the other might mitigate the later damage by inhibiting microglial cells.
Combining Numeric Predictions

In many applications, several competing models are developed. The instinctive plan is to compare the performance of these models and choose the best for the final use. But there is usually a better approach: keep and use many or all of the models. In all likelihood, some models will have weaknesses that can be alleviated by the strengths of others. By intelligently combining the predictions made by multiple models, a consensus prediction can be made that is nearly always superior to that made by the single best model. This chapter discusses a variety of methods for combining numeric predictions.
Leaders as HR sensegivers: Four HR implementation behaviors that create strong HR systems

Abstract While the problem of the gap between espoused and implemented HR practices has been widely recognized in the past, consideration of the role that leaders, and particularly direct managers, play in implementing HRM has not been well defined. In an effort to close this gap, we argue that more attention needs to be paid to the critical role of managers, as they are the ones who shape employees' climate perceptions by interpreting and providing meaning about the intended messages of HR practices as they relate to the specific job expectations of employees. In particular, we identify four HR implementation leader behaviors for facilitating a strong HR system. We expect that when leaders verbally articulate the intended meanings and expectations, role model desired behaviors, reinforce preferred behaviors, and assess followers' interpretations of the provided meanings so that further adjustments can be made in the meaning-making process, that cohesive climate perceptions that drive a strong HR system will ensue.
Executive and Reward-Related Function in Pediatric Obesity: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract Objective: This study examined the effect of pediatric obesity on executive function and reward-related decision-making, cognitive processes that are relevant to obesogenic behaviors, and evaluated their association with sample (e.g., age, gender, intelligence, and socioeconomic status, SES) and study/task (e.g., categorical/continuous variable, food stimuli) characteristics. Methods: A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Hedge's g effect sizes of published studies from 1960 to 2016, limited to children younger than the age of 21 years without medical comorbidities. Analysis included estimation of heterogeneity (τ2), publication bias (funnel-plot symmetry and fail-safe N), and sensitivity analyses for sample and study/task characteristics. Results: Across 68 studies with 70 samples, obesity was associated with worse functioning overall (−0.24; 95CI: −0.30 to −0.19; p < 0.001) and for each component process (attention, switching, inhibition, interference, working memory, reward, delay...
Garden for Victory! The American Victory Garden Campaign of World War II

Remembered as a positive and widely popular effort, the American victory garden campaign of World War II illustrates a successful effort to encourage gardening as a response to the needs of a country in crisis. The popularity, effectiveness, and temporality of the victory garden campaign all reveal important aspects to ‘greening the red zone’. Although many people have simplified the intention to be primarily about increasing household food production, in truth it was a broad-based effort that envisioned gardening as an expression of patriotism and as a resource for recreation and restoration during a stressful time. The campaign also gives insight into what it takes to support a national, albeit a temporary, garden campaign and may shed light on what is necessary in addition if the goal is to sustain gardens permanently. The victory garden campaign is first contextualized in light of previous gardening campaigns that date back to the 1890s and typically arose in times of social or economic turmoil. In particular, comparison to the World War I war garden campaign reveals the acknowledgment of gardening as beneficial to broad social and emotional needs in time of war. The chapter then describes the campaign’s organizational structure, promotion, and participation. Description of the gardens reveals the complementary balance of social and personal benefits. The chapter concludes with a description of the end of the program and its legacy to community gardening efforts today.
The (Slow but Sure) Rise of Attachment Theory, Communication, and Relationship Science

Attachment Theory is without a doubt the most influential and validated relational theory during the last few decades that may include intimacy but not identity formation. Therefore, the work by Mikulincer and Shave (2007) will be reviewed extensively as the most complete representative of this theory.
Federal Programs in Climate Change and Health Research

The federal government plays an integral role in supporting climate change science and health research in the USA. Federally funded climate change research initially focused on science to understand climate and earth systems change during the 1970s and 1980s. Today, federally supported climate change research involves numerous agencies pursuing a wide range of climate change science topics and applications, including research exploring the connections between human health and climate change. Because each federal agency has a different mandate and range of scientific expertise, the focus and goals of various agencies’ climate change and human health research vary. For example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) emphasizes the use of weather and climate forecasts and oceanographic data for public health applications, while the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) emphasizes health applications of remotely sensed data from its satellites. This chapter provides a brief history of federally funded climate research and includes a survey of the relevant agencies, programs, tools, and datasets to illustrate the diversity of health and climate change research supported by the federal government.
The Use of Infrared Video Thermography to Study Freezing in Plants

Frost sensitive species have only a limited ability to tolerate ice formation in their tissues (Burke et al. 1976, Cary and Mayland 1990). Most plants, however, can supercool to some extent below 0°C and thus avoid freezing and the concomitant formation of ice in their tissues (Ashworth and Kieft 1995, Lindow et al. 1978, Marcellos and Single 1976, Proebsting et al. 1982). The extent to which a plant can supercool varies by plant species and is influenced by the presence of both extrinsic and intrinsic ice nucleating agents (Anderson and Ashworth 1985, Andrews et al. 1986, Gross et al. 1988, Lindow 1982, 1983, Lindow et al. 1978). Intrinsic ice nucleating agents are believed to be an inherent part of the plant, although the exact nature and composition of these agents remains to be elucidated (Ashworth and Kieft 1995). On the other hand, the most well documented extrinsic ice nucleating agents are of microbial (Lindow 1995) or fungal (Ashworth and Kieft 1995) origin. The relative contribution of these intrinsic and extrinsic ice-nucleating agents in inducing plants to freeze under field conditions continues to be unresolved. Principally, this has been due to the difficulty in monitoring freezing events under field conditions in a comprehensive manner and the inability to directly determine the initial site of freezing and the contribution of that site to the freezing of the whole plant.
Tail behavior of dependent V-statistics and its applications

We establish exponential inequalities and Cramer-type moderate deviation theorems for a class of V-statistics under strong mixing conditions. Our theory is developed via kernel expansion based on random Fourier features. This type of expansion is new and useful for handling many notorious classes of kernels. While the developed theory has a number of applications, we apply it to lasso-type semiparametric regression estimation and high-dimensional multiple hypothesis testing.
Gender Politics in the Lobbying Profession

Although political scientists have increasingly focused on the role of gender in the policy process and the characteristics of individual lobbyists, little is known about the gender politics of the government relations profession. We extend the study of professional women to the unique political context of Washington, DC, lobbying, an important form of political participation that is understudied in terms of gender. Using data from more than 25,000 individuals registered to lobby the federal government from 2008 to 2015, we show that women account for 37% of the lobbyist population in Washington, that female lobbyists are more likely to work as in-house employees than for contract lobbying firms, and that the largest Washington lobbying firms are strongly biased towards employing men. We add to these findings qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 23 lobbyists to reveal how the professional experiences of women often depend on the idiosyncrasies of lobbying employment and the political nature of their work. We conclude that the underrepresentation of women in the professional lobbying community is an underappreciated problem with broader implications for gender equality in elite political participation.
Near-Memory and In-Storage FPGA Acceleration for Emerging Cognitive Computing Workloads

The slow down in Moore’s Law has resulted in poor scaling of performance and energy. This slow down in scaling has been accompanied by the explosive growth of cognitive computing applications, creating a demand for high performance and energy efficient solutions. Amidst this climate, FPGA-based accelerators are emerging as a potential platform for deploying accelerators for cognitive computing workloads. However, the slow-down in scaling also limits the scaling of memory and I/O bandwidths. Additionally, a growing fraction of energy is spent on data transfer between off-chip memory and the compute units. Thus, now more than ever, there is a need to leverage near-memory and in-storage computing to maximize the bandwidth available to accelerators, and further improve energy efficiency. In this paper, we make the case for leveraging FPGAs in near-memory and in-storage settings, and present opportunities and challenges in such scenarios. We introduce a conceptual FPGA-based near-data processing architecture, and discuss innovations in architecture, systems, and compilers for accelerating cognitive computing workloads.
A Mouse Model of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Failure Associated with p53-Loss and Defective Fbw7-Dependent Cyclin E Regulation.

Abstract 2297 Recent findings have challenged the notion that increased proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) necessarily restricts their self-renewal capacity. We have studied the physiologic consequences to HSCs of ablating a key cell cycle regulatory mechanism, Fbw7-dependent cyclin E ubiquitination, using germline knock-in of a cyclin E T74A T393A allele. Fbw7 is a tumor suppressor that regulates the abundance of several oncoprotein substrates by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, including cyclin E, Notch, and c-Myc. Cyclin E overexpression in vivo is associated with increased proliferation in some cellular contexts as well as a variety of deleterious consequences, including genomic instability, senescence, or apoptosis. In HSCs, Fbw7-loss has been shown to induce self-renewal and multi-lineage reconstitution defects, and the effect of Fbw7-loss in HSCs has been ascribed to dysregulated Myc and Notch expression. Using the cyclin E T74A T393A mouse model, we tested the hypothesis that impaired Fbw7-mediated regulation of cyclin E, specifically, promotes HSC exhaustion due to loss of self-renewal capacity. We first examined bone marrow HSC counts and their cell cycle kinetics in cyclin E knock-in and wild-type control mice at steady state and following hematologic injury induced by 5-fluorouracil treatment. We found that cyclin E dysregulation reduces numbers of quiescent HSCs and increases cells in S/G2/M-phases, while decreasing total numbers of HSCs, phenotypes made more severe after recovery from hematologic stress. Using bromodeoxyuridine labeling studies, we found that excess cyclin E activity causes DNA hyper-replication in cyclin E T74A T393A HSCs in a cell autonomous manner. By enumerating multi-potent progenitors (MPPs), we ruled out increased rate of transit from HSC-to-MPP as a cause of the apparent exhaustion of cyclin E knock-in HSCs. Thus, dysregulated cyclin E in HSCs promotes both increased proliferation and depletion of the HSC pool. Serial transplantation further revealed peripheral blood reconstitution defects associated with cyclin E T74A T393A HSCs. Recently, we have found that p53 is activated by dysregulated cyclin E in hematopoietic cells in vivo, in association with phosphorylation of both p53 and Chk1 proteins, resembling a DNA damage-type response. Interestingly, p53-loss has been found to be associated with a gain of HSC self-renewal activity. We therefore hypothesized that p53-loss would rescue the self-renewal defect of cyclin E knock-in HSCs. Surprisingly, we discovered that cyclin E T74A T393A ; p53-null HSCs showed evidence of significantly worse self-renewal and peripheral reconstitution, compared to p53-null HSCs, defects that are more severe than those associated with impaired Fbw7-mediated cyclin E control in the setting of wild-type p53 (Chi-squared test, p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Recent neuro-imaging findings with respect to conduct disorder, callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy.

Purpose of review To review recent neuro-imaging findings with respect to conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in childhood and comparable psychopathy in adult-hood that deepen the literature in important ways. Recent findings Recent structural findings particularly bring clarity to the literature. First, they reinforce previous work indicating that severity of psychopathy is positively associated with extent of cavum septum pellucidum. This suggests psychopathy is associated with early neurodevelopmental disruption within limbic structures. Second, they clarify the direction of the association between conduct disorder and particularly callous-unemotional traits and white matter tract abnormalities even if it remains less transparent exactly which tracts are disrupted. However, conclusions based on recent functional imaging studies are more equivocal with inconsistencies in direction of emotional (albeit with notably more work confirming the previous reports of hypo-responsiveness in limbic regions) and reward responsiveness. Summary The recent data are, for the most part, consistent with a view that callous-unemotional traits/psychopathy represents an early appearing neuro-developmental disorder particularly associated with compromised emotional (limbic) functioning. However, some patients presenting with severe antisocial behavior may also show hyper-threat sensitivity, perhaps reflecting trauma exposure, and require different clinical interventions.