cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problem‐solving tasks in a foreign language: the importance of the L1 in private verbal thinking

The objective of the study is the analysis of private verbal thinking (PVT) during problem-solving activities carried out in a second language, as well as the study of the role that both the L1 and the L2 play in this process. PVT is defined as a particular type of private speech that surfaces during the reasoning process as a tool used in the resolution of problem-solving tasks. This study is based on the comparison of the PVT produced by three different groups of speakers: intermediate-level students of Spanish as an L2, advanced-level speakers of Spanish as an L2, and native speakers of Spanish. In addition to analyzing the general characteristics of this phenomenon, special attention is paid to the use that each of these groups made of their L1 in relation to their L2 during the resolution of a battery of logical, mathematical, and spatial questions. The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to clarifying the importance of the L1 in an L2 language classroom, as it was found that the L1 manifested itself as a key factor in the process of reasoning.
Farmers’ Cynicism Toward Nature and Distrust of the Government: Where Does that Leave Conservation Buffer Programs?

Farmers are commonly regarded as stewards of the land. Farmers have, however, become cynical toward nature (Meister, Hest, & Burnett, 2009) and distrustful of the government (Cantrill, 2003). This study examines whether or not that cynicism and distrust is reflected in U.S. farmers’ opinions of and future participation in conservation buffer programs, and if so, how these sentiments are manifested. Findings of this study suggest farmers expressed both cynicism and distrust about conservation buffer programs, perhaps suggesting the government is not doing well in communicating about its programs to constituents. Implications and future research are also presented.
Echo acquisition during frequency-selective pulse trains for proton spectroscopy of metabolites in vivo.

Suppression of water and fat in proton spectra of rat skeletal muscle was achieved by acquisition of the spin echoes formed in the steady state after a series of frequency-selective composite pulses of constant amplitude, phase, and interpulse interval. The method enables observation of lactate in the presence of fat without resorting to difference spectroscopy, and on spectrometers which permit data acquisition immediately prior to a pulse, enables much faster data accumulation compared to standard echo sequences. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Thermoregulation in the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris.

Abstract 1. 1. Previous records of body temperature of the northern elephant seal reveal a wide range for a mammal (30·5–39°C). 2. 2. Deep body temperature of fourteen wild and captive elephant seals were continuously monitored via radio-telemetry and most exhibited a stenothermic state. 3. 3. The eurythermal seals studied always exhibited a decline in body temperature during periods of inactivity on land. 4. 4. Peripheral heat dissipation and conservation mechanism were not impaired in the eurythermal seals, and it therefore appears that an abnormal metabolic state is the basis of this phenomenon.
Micromechanical tunable optical filters: general design rules for wavelengths from near-IR up to 10 μm

General design rules and the scaling laws with wavelength for MEMS tunable optical filters are discussed for the first time. We describe how to determine dimensions and component materials from the system requirements such as tuning range, central wavelength, tuning voltage, tuning speed and resolution. The systematic design allows fair comparison among different topologies such as cantilever, bridge and trampoline. Design examples are shown for filters with center wavelengths at 850 nm and 4 μm.
Exhumed upper mantle within the ocean-continent transition on the northern West Iberia margin: Evidence from prestack depth migration and total tectonic subsidence analyses

[1] The West Iberia continental margin contains an enigmatic north-south ridge of serpentinized peridotite located within the ocean-continent transition. We used prestack depth migration and total tectonic subsidence analysis to constrain the basement type adjacent to the ridge in order to learn more about its emplacement. Prestack depth migration was performed on segments of the nine east-west lines from the Iberia Seismic Experiment (ISE 97), and total tectonic subsidence analyses were performed on the depth sections. The seismic data and subsidence analyses are consistent with exhumed upper mantle occurring immediately landward of the ridge, suggesting that the ridge is located within a broad zone of exhumed mantle that has been serpentinized. The subsidence analyses also provide minimum bounds on the thickness of the serpentinized layer, which extends from the zone of exhumed mantle landward under thinned continental crust. Exhumed upper mantle has previously been identified in the wider ocean-continent transition to the south in the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain, and we conclude that similar but narrower exposures occur to the north in the Galicia Bank area. While upper mantle appears to have been tectonically exhumed along all the ISE 97 lines, it does not always form a distinct basement ridge. There is no well-defined ridge on three seismic profiles in the middle of the ISE 97 survey. Where it is well-developed, the peridotite ridge parallels a deeply-penetrating, west-dipping normal fault, and the three middle lines appear to represent a transfer zone where this normal fault is not well-developed.
Single-Molecule Analysis Reveals Changes in the DNA Replication Program for the POU5F1 Locus upon Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), due to their pluripotent nature, represent a particularly relevant model system to study the relationship between the replication program and differentiation state. Here, we define the basic properties of the replication program in hESCs and compare them to the programs of hESC-derived multipotent cells (neural rosette cells) and primary differentiated cells (microvascular endothelial cells [MECs]). We characterized three genomic loci: two pluripotency regulatory genes, POU5F1 (OCT4) and NANOG, and the IGH locus, a locus that is transcriptionally active specifically in B-lineage cells. We applied a high-resolution approach to capture images of individual replicated DNA molecules. We demonstrate that for the loci studied, several basic properties of replication, including the average speed of replication forks and the average density of initiation sites, were conserved among the cells analyzed. We also demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of initiation zones in hESCs. However, significant differences were evident in other aspects of replication for the DNA segment containing the POU5F1 gene. Specifically, the locations of centers of initiation zones and the direction of replication fork progression through the POU5F1 gene were conserved in two independent hESC lines but were different in hESC-derived multipotent cells and MECs. Thus, our data identify features of the replication program characteristic of hESCs and define specific changes in replication during hESC differentiation.
Pediatric large volume peripheral blood progenitor cell collections from patients under 25kg: A primer

Collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells from small pediatric patients provides many social and technical challenges not faced when collecting from adult patients. This paper provides a single institutions experience with 85 collections from 14 patients less than 25 kg of weight over a 2 year period. Specific challenges include obtaining venous access, anticoagulation, volume shifts, and obtaining patient cooperation. A systematic analysts of options for access, alternative modes of anticoagulation, and the effect of large ratios of extra-corporeal volume to patient's blood volume are discussed. Access uniformly required central venous catheters (CVC) ranging from 7–10 Fr Anticoagulation included systemic heparmization titrating dose by activated clotting time in all cases and combined with nitrate at a ratio of 1:25 · 1:30 in most cases. Collections were performed on a COBE. Spectra, after priming with leukoreduced irradiated red cells and omitting both the initial 120cc diversion and rinse back of red cells at the end Social challenges include issues of assent and ability to distract patients for the duration of a prolonged collection. Progenitor yields from collections from 14 patients were quantitiated by CD34+ assay in all cases and C???GM in ten of 14 patients. A median of 4.5 + 106/kg CD34+ cells were obtained for each collection. Complications, including those related to catheter access are enumerated. In summary, large volume peripheral blood progenitor collection can be safely and efficaciously performed in small pediatric patients. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Survival and prognosis of patients with astrocytoma with atypical or anaplastic features.

This study confirms the importance of histologic tumor necrosis as a major prognostic variable in malignant glioma. Necrosis is present in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and absent in astrocytoma with atypical or anaplastic features (AAF). This paper evaluates 94 patients with AAF and 462 patients with GBM treated with radiation therapy with or without BCNU on 3 consecutive randomized protocols of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) between 1974 and 1983. Multivariate analyses of the 556 patients confirmed histology as a significant independent variable that is prognostically relatively more important than Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and extent of surgery, and somewhat less important than age. The median survival for AAF was 36.2 months and for GBM was 8.6 months. In addition, separate multivariate analyses of AAf cases determined that the extent of surgery is a significant independent variable that is relatively more important than KPS, but less important than age. The median survival of AAF patients who underwent surgical excision was 46.8 months compared with 15.2 months for those biopsied (p < .001).
Language difficulties in children adopted internationally: neuropsychological and functional neural correlates.

Children who have experienced deprivation as a result of orphanage care during early development are at increased risk for a number of cognitive, emotional, and social difficulties (MacLean, 2003). This study examined the neuropsychological and behavioral profile of internationally adopted children with language difficulties, one of the most common cognitive challenges (Behen et al., 2008). In addition to neuropsychological testing, fMRI was utilized to examine activation patterns during expressive fluency and receptive language tasks. In comparison to internationally adopted children without language difficulties and nonadopted controls, participants with language difficulty had worse performance on tasks of verbal memory and reasoning, academic skills, and working memory. Behaviorally, all internationally adopted participants, regardless of language ability, had more parent-reported hyperactivity and impulsivity compared with controls. The fMRI tasks revealed reduced activation in traditional language a...
A Zola "Manuscript"

The Zola "manuscript" is a heavily edited transcription of Emile Zola's ditation for an article in the "Nation" of October 9, 1902, about how he wrote his famous essay "War."Â It is held in the Theodore Stanton Collection in Special Collections.Â The original "War" article was published in the April, 1900 number of the "North American Review."
Low-income minority patient engagement with automated telephonic depression assessment and impact on health outcomes

Purpose We investigated dimensions of low-income minority patient engagement in the context of diabetes-depression care-management with automated telephone assessment (ATA) calls as a facilitator.
Aging and Social Policy Contrasting Western Europe and the United States

In this essay, three generic issues that underlie our implicit social policy toward older adults and their families are considered: What is the proper division of responsibility for impaired elderly between family members and the state? Is age a morally relevant variable when allocating the resources of society? What should be the balance of competing demands between and among different generations? These issues are considered by contrasting the implicit and explicit policies of the United States with those of several Western European nations (Sweden, West Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands). Suggestions for a family-centered policy on aging are offered. In addition, indications for the appropriate blend of age and need as entitlement criteria are presented.
Preoperative evaluation of the patient with hypertension.

HYPERTENSION, ONE OF THE MOST common diagnoses in the US adult population, has prevalence in excess of 50% of individuals older than 65 years. Approximately 23 million US patients are anesthetized annually; they commonly present for preoperative evaluation to the primary care physician, consultant, surgeon, or anesthesiologist with either diagnosed or undiagnosed hypertension. Even if a patient carries the diagnosis of hypertension and takes antihypertensive therapy, the hypertension may be poorly controlled. Additionally, long-standing hypertension may result in end-organ damage in the heart, brain, and kidneys, which might be unrecognized until the time of the preoperative evaluation. Accordingly, the preoperative evaluation is a unique opportunity to identify patients with hypertension and evaluate them for appropriateness of therapy and the presence of end-organ damage. Given the current pressures to proceed expeditiously with scheduled surgery, it is important for the physicians evaluating such patients to understand the evidence regarding thevalueofdelayingsurgery and instituting additional pharmacologic therapies to reduce perioperative and long-term adverse outcomes.
Enhancement s to a Hybrid Navier -Stokes /Free Wake Method for Improved Prediction of Blade -Vortex -Interaction Phenomena

Techniques for accurate capturing of rotor blade vortex interaction phenomena are discussed. A number of algorithmic enhancements including geometric conservation law, refined metric and Jacobian computation, higher order spatial and temporal accuracy schemes, and embedded grids have been systematically examined. Use of the geometric conservation law and refined metric computation were found to reduce non-physical mass accumulation errors. These enhancements improve stability and accuracy of the higher order schemes near far field boundaries and in the vicinity of highly skewed cells. Embedded grids with an adequate grid density were found to improve the predictions. It was also observed that the free wake model, and in particular the determination of the trailing tip vortex release point, plays a critical role in the BVI prediction.
Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy among Latino College Freshmen.

This study examines the changes in self-efficacy among Latinos during the freshman year in a highly selective institution. Results indicate that gender differences exist during this period. Males r...
Image segmentation with neurocomputers

Our ultimate application interest is the automated understanding of images, especially non-biological images such as range or synthetic aperture radar. In this report, we describe one aspect of the processing of such images, segmentation, and show that one can design a neural network to perform this computation. An important step14 in image analysis is segmentation. An image is an array of discrete sampled values called pixels. An image is understood when the objects portrayed in that image are recognized3 or at least characterized. An object is characterized in terms of the segments of the image that it subtends. An image segment1,6 is a collection of pixels that satisfies certain conditions of adjacency and similarity.
The EG project: recent progress

The long term goal of the EG project is to construct, implement, and evaluate a model of scientific inquiry. Figure 1 shows the model of scientific inquiry that we have developed to date.
Constrained Assortment Optimization for the Nested Logit Model

We study assortment optimization problems where customer choices are governed by the nested logit model and there are constraints on the set of products offered in each nest. Under the nested logit model, the products are organized in nests. Each product in each nest has a fixed revenue associated with it. The goal is to find a feasible set of products, i.e., a feasible assortment, to maximize the expected revenue per customer. We consider cardinality and space constraints on the offered assortment, which limit the number of products and the total space consumption of the products offered in each nest, respectively. We show that the optimal assortment under cardinality constraints can be obtained efficiently by solving a linear program. The assortment optimization problem under space constraints is NP-hard. We show how to obtain an assortment with a performance guarantee of 2 under space constraints. This assortment also provides a performance guarantee of 1/(1-ϵ) when the space requirement of each produc...
Relation of unrecognized hypervolemia in chronic heart failure to clinical status, hemodynamics, and patient outcomes.

Abstract Clinically unrecognized intravascular volume overload may contribute to worsening symptoms and disease progression in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The present study was undertaken to prospectively compare measured blood volume status (determined by radiolabeled albumin technique) with clinical and hemodynamic characteristics and patient outcomes in 43 nonedematous ambulatory patients with CHF. Blood volume analysis demonstrated that 2 subjects (5%) were hypovolemic (mean deviation from normal values −20 ± 6%), 13 subjects (30%) were normovolemic (mean deviation from normal values −1 ± 1%), and 28 subjects (65%) were hypervolemic (mean deviation from normal values +30 ± 3%). Physical findings of congestion were infrequent and not associated with blood volume status. Increased blood volume was associated with increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p = 0.01) and greatly increased risk of death or urgent cardiac transplantation during a median follow-up of 719 days (1-year event rate 39% vs 0%, p
FRATERNITIES AND COLLEGIATE RAPE CULTURE Why Are Some Fraternities More Dangerous Places for Women

Social interactions at fraternities that undergraduate women identified as places where there is a high risk of rape are compared to those at fraternities identified as low risk as well as two local bars. Factors that contribute to rape are common on this campus; however, both men and women behaved differently in different settings. Implications of these findings are considered.
Cardioprotection With Adenosine-Regulating Agent, GP531: Effects on No-Reflow, Infarct Size, and Blood Flow Following Ischemia/ Reperfusion in the Rabbit

GP531, a potent, second-generation adenosine-regulating agent, is pharmacologically silent under basal conditions but increases localized endogenous adenosine during ischemia. GP531 improves functional recovery after myocardial ischemia, but its effects on infarct size and no-reflow have not been reported. The objective was to determine whether GP531 reduces necrosis and the anatomic no-reflow defect and to evaluate its effects on regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF). GP531 was given as a loading dose plus infusion at 2 doses (700 microg/kg and 10 microg/kg per minute or 2100 microg/kg and 30 microg/kg per minute) or vehicle, starting 12 minutes before a 30-minute coronary occlusion and throughout 3 hours reperfusion in rabbits. Risk zone was delineated by blue dye, necrosis by tetrazolium staining, RMBF by radioactive microspheres, and no-reflow defect by thioflavin S. The extent of the ischemic risk zone was similar in all groups. Low-dose GP531 reduced infarct size by 34% (0.33 +/- 0.4 of the risk zone) compared with vehicle (0.50 +/- 0.4, P < .01) and reduced the extent of the anatomic no-reflow zone by 31% compared with vehicle (0.25 +/- 0.3 of the risk zone vs 0.36 +/- 0.4 in the vehicle group, P < .05). Infarct size and zone of no-reflow in the high dose were reduced by 22% and 16%, respectively (P = NS vs the other 2 groups). GP531 did not affect hemodynamics or blood flow. Thus, GP531 was effective at the lower dose evaluated in this study, reducing the severity of ischemic/reperfusion injury, without inducing the adverse hemodynamic effects associated with adenosine administration such as bradycardia and hypotension.
Continuum Theories of Diffuse Reflection

Many theories for diffuse reflection spectrometry have been reported, but none allow concentrations to be obtained with as good accuracy as other sampling techniques. In this article, the more important theories of diffuse reflection are described. Diffusely reflected radiation usually follows the Lambert cosine law. Early theories of light scattering were developed about 100 years ago by Mie and Schuster, and most current treatments are based on one of these two theories. The equation derived by Kubelka and Munk for the diffuse reflectance of a powder was essentially identical to the equation that was derived by Schuster for the radiation scattered from a very dilute suspension of particles. Other workers considered the effect of anisotropic scattering, which are usually too complicated to apply to powdered solids. Application of the Kubelka–Munk equation shows why mid-infrared diffuse reflection spectrometry is an excellent microsampling technique, unless the matrix in which the analyte is dispersed has significant absorption. Keywords: diffuse reflection theories; Lambert cosine law; Mie theory; Schuster theory; theory of Kubelka and Munk; anisotropic scattering; microsampling; matrix absorption
A federal plan for ending the tobacco epidemic.

Thank you so much Dr. Fiore for your most kind introduction. Allow me to begin by thanking you all for the privilege of opening the 18th annual meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT). I am humbled to know that I am speaking today before many of the leading tobacco control scientists in the world. I have greatly admired SRNT for many years. And in preparation for this talk, I had the good fortune to review the impressive scientific program for the next several days. Congratulations to President Robert West, Program Committee Chair Dr. Megan Piper and the Program Committee, the Board of SRNT, and everyone who has traveled here to Houston to make this gathering a great success.
Renal dysfunction increases the risk of saphenous vein graft occlusion: results from the Post-CABG trial

Abstract Objectives Saphenous vein grafts are common among patients with a history of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an established cardiovascular risk factor, but its role in graft disease has not been evaluated. Methods and results The Post-CABG Trial randomized 1351 patients who had undergone CABG surgery 1–11 years earlier to high- or low-dose lovastatin and to low-dose warfarin or placebo. Coronary angiography was conducted at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 4.2 years. Subjects were grouped according to their baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The primary trial endpoint was significant graft disease progression assessed angiographically. Additional pre-defined endpoints included occlusion of grafts patent at baseline, change in minimum lumen diameter, and a composite endpoint of recurrent clinical events. Decreasing eGFR was associated with an increased risk of graft occlusion ( P trend =0.040), but not substantial atherosclerotic progression ( P trend =0.30), per-graft change in minimum lumen diameter ( P trend =0.067), or recurrent clinical events ( P trend =0.86). We did not observe significant effect modification of treatment effects by the presence of CKD. Conclusions CKD may be associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic plaque disruption rather than atherosclerotic progression in saphenous vein grafts.
Closing the peroxy acetyl nitrate budget: observations of acyl peroxy nitrates (PAN, PPN, and MPAN) during BEARPEX 2007

Abstract. Acyl peroxy nitrates (APNs, also known as PANs) are formed from the oxidation of aldehydes and other oxygenated VOC (oVOC) in the presence of NO2. There are both anthropogenic and biogenic oVOC precursors to APNs, but a detailed evaluation of this chemistry against observations has proven elusive. Here we describe measurements of PAN, PPN, and MPAN along with the majority of chemicals that participate in their production and loss, including OH, HO2, numerous oVOC, and NO2. Observations were made during the Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX 2007) in the outflow of the Sacramento urban plume. These observations are used to evaluate a detailed chemical model of APN ratios and concentrations. We find that the ratios of APNs are nearly independent of the loss mechanisms and thus an especially good test of our understanding of their sources. We show that oxidation of methylvinyl ketone, methacrolein, methyl glyoxal, biacetyl and acetaldehyde are all significant sources of the PAN+peroxy acetyl (PA) radical reservoir, accounting for 26%, 2%, 7%, 20%, and 45%, of the production rate on average during the campaign, respectively. At high temperatures, when upwind isoprene emissions are highest, oxidation of non-acetaldehyde PA radical sources contributes over 60% to the total PA production rate, with methylvinyl ketone being the most important of the isoprene-derived sources. An analysis of absolute APN concentrations reveals a missing APN sink that can be resolved by increasing the PA+∑RO2 rate constant by a factor of 3.
Distal Gastrectomy with D2 Nodal Dissection

Although the incidence of gastric cancer is decreasing, radical distal gastrectomy and total gastrectomy are still occasionally performed. The appropriate extent of nodal dissection has been debated, but recent trials have shown better local tumor control (but no survival benefit) when D2 nodal dissection is performed with gastrectomy. This chapter details technique and pitfalls of distal gastrectomy with D2 nodal dissection procedure. Total gastrectomy with D2 dissection is described in Chap. 38.
DISTRIBUTION OF n-PARAFFINS IN MARINE ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENT1

Twelve species of benthic algae from the northeast coast of the United States, three species of planktonic algae grown in the laboratory, a pelagic alga, a sample of mixed phytoplankton and zooplankton, and a recent marine sediment were analyzed for their normal paraffin distribution from C14H30 to C32H66. Normal paraffins occurred in all samples. Benthic and planktonic algae and the mixed plankton sample exhibited only a slight odd-carbon predominance. All algae showed a major maximum at n-C15H32 or n-C17H36, a minimum between n-C18H38 and n-C31H44 and a secondary maximum between n-C27H56 and n-C30H62. In all these features, the algae and the plankton differed from recent marine sediments. This suggests that the normal paraffins of recent marine sediments are largely derived from sources other than the organisms studied. Differences in the hydrocarbon distribution patterns of various classes of benthic algae may be of taxonomic value. Pristane occurs in several benthic and planktonic algae; phytane, if present, occurs at a concentration too low to be detected by the method used.
Attempts to facilitate dorsal column axonal regeneration in a neonatal spinal environment

The response to injury of ascending collaterals of dorsal root axons within the dorsal column (DC) was studied after neonatal spinal overhemisection (OH) made at different levels of the spinal cord. The transganglionic tracer, cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, and the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine, were used to label dorsal root ganglion cells with peripheral axons contributing to the sciatic nerve. There was no indication of a regenerative attempt by DC axons at acute survival times (3 days and later) after cervical injury, replicating previous work done at chronic survival periods (Lahr and Stelzner [1990] J. Comp. Neurol. 293:377-398). There was also no evidence of DC regeneration after lumbar OH injury even though immunohistochemical studies using the oligodendrocyte markers Rip and myelin basic protein showed few oligodendrocytes in the gracile fasciculus at lumbar levels at birth. Therefore, the lack of myelin in the dorsal funiculus at lumbar levels does not enhance the growth of neonatally axotomized DC axons. In addition, DC axons did not regenerate when presented with fetal spinal tissue implanted into thoracic OH lesions, even though positive control experiments showed that segmental dorsal root axons containing calcition gene-related peptide and corticospinal axons grew into these implants, replicating previous work of others. When a thoracic OH lesion, with or without a fetal spinal implant, was combined with sciatic nerve injury to attempt to stimulate an intracellular regenerative response of DRG neurons, again, no evidence of DC axonal regeneration was detected. Quantitative studies of the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed that OH injury did not result in DRG neuronal loss. However, sciatic nerve injury did result in significant post-axotomy retrograde cell loss of DRG neurons, even in groups receiving thoracic embryonic spinal implants, and is one explanation for the minimal effect of sciatic nerve injury on DC regeneration. Although fetal tissue did not appear to rescue a significant number of DRG neurons, the quantitative analysis showed an enlargement of the largest class of DRG neuron, the class that contributes to the DC projection, in all groups receiving fetal tissue implants. This apparent trophic effect did not affect DC regeneration or neuronal survival after peripheral axotomy. Further studies are needed to determine why DC axons do not regenerate in a neonatal spinal environment or within fetal tissue implants, especially because previous work by others in both the developing and adult spinal cord shows that dorsal root axons will grow within the same type of fetal spinal implant.
UN CUESTIONARIO DE DISEÑO PROPIO PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA TÉCNICA DE RAZ EN LA INCONTINENCIA URINARIA DE ESFUERZO: ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS

Resumen Objetivo Conocer nuestros resultados en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo mediante el uso de la tecnica de Raz, evaluados a traves del envio de un cuestionario. Material y metodos Desde Julio de 1995 hasta el 31 de Diciembre de 1998, 137 pacientes fueron intervenidas mediante la tecnica de Raz. A las 102 cuyo seguimiento supero los 12 meses les fue remitido un cuestionario interrogandoles tanto sobre la evolucion post-operatoria de su incontinencia como sobre el grado de satisfaccion obtenida. De las 78 (76,47%) que respondieron, 75 quedaron incluidas en el estudio, con una edad media de 53,96 anos y un seguimiento medio de 27,12 meses. Resultados Treinta pacientes (40%) mostraron desaparicion de su incontinencia de esfuerzo, 17 (22,7%) una mejoria importante y 10 (13,3%) una mejoria leve; sin embargo solo un 58,20% se mostraron muy o bastante satisfechas con el resultado. Ninguna de las variables preoperatorias analizadas mostro influencia significativa en el resultado, mientras que el mayor tiempo de persistencia de residuos post-miccionales post-operatorios, se mostro como factor predictivo de un mejor resultado. Conclusiones Los mediocres resultados y la baja tasa de satisfaccion obtenida con esta tecnica justifica la busqueda de otras opciones terapeuticas mas eficaces.
Perception of Non-Vibrato Sung Tones: A Pilot Study.

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Singers are often asked to sing with a non-vibrato production. The term non-vibrato is problematic in that it is not possible for a human to sing a tone without fundamental frequency variation. Whether a singer achieves a quality of tone that is perceived as non-vibrato is an aurally subjective matter. The specific aim of this study was to determine when a tone is perceived as non-vibrato by a population of singers, voice teachers, choir directors, and speech pathologists. Using voice samples that exhibit a variety of vibrato rates and extents, the investigators sought to determine (1) if there is a threshold for the perception of non-vibrato tone with regard to vibrato extent; (2) if vibrato rate, given similar vibrato extent, does affect the perceptual threshold of non-vibrato tone; and (3) if there are differences in the perceptual threshold of non-vibrato tone across the different professions of the research subjects. Study Design Survey. Methods Participants responded to an online survey featuring 40 randomized samples of soprano voices singing [ɑ] with a variety of vibrato rates and extents. Some samples were repeated to test subject response reliability. Results and Conclusions Results indicate that a perceptual threshold exists with regard to vibrato extent. However, vibrato rate significantly affected where this extent threshold occurred for the participants. Vibrato extent and rate work together to affect perception of non-vibrato tone. Significant differences were not found across the different groups.
Nitric oxide attenuates cardiac myocyte contraction

Cardiac muscle fibers have microvessels in close proximity, the distance from the nearest capillary being no greater than 8 microns. We performed experiments on isolated, electrically stimulated, c...
Effects of Amygdalectomy on Social-Affective Behavior in Non-Human Primates

The classic studies of Kluever and Bucy (1939), which by now have been reproduced repeatedly by many experimenters, have called attention to a syndrome of behavioral changes that occurs in the monkey after bilateral temporal lobectomy, or with lesion restricted to the amygdaloid nuclei. These changes can be briefly characterized as: 1) a decrease in belligerence and a reduction of fear toward normally fear-inducing objects including man; 2) a tendency to investigate orally and generally contact orally inedible objects including coprophagia and uriposia; 3) increased and inappropriate sexual behavior; 4) “hypermetamorphosis.”
Racial Realism: A Review Essay on John Skrentny's After Civil Rights

In his valuable contribution, After Civil Rights, John Skrentny shows that in many sectors of the labor market, race is used in ways that were unanticipated when the 1964 Civil Rights Act was enacted. With separate chapters on the professions and business, the public sector, media and entertainment, and the low-skill market, he demonstrates that the new racial realism is widespread, generally has some justification from social scientific research, and is usually inconsistent with judicial decisions. I review the racially realistic practices (racial matching, increasing diversity, racial signaling, and racial characteristics) and discuss their implications for labor economics and for policy.
Quantum group SU(1, 1) ⋊ Z 2 and ``super-tensor'' products

A quantum analogue of the groupSU(1,1)⋊Z 2—the normalizer ofSU(1, 1) inSL 2(C)—is introduced and studied. Although there isno correctly defined tensor product in the category of *-representations of the quantum algebraC[SU(1, 1)] q of regular functions, some categories of *-representations ofC[SU(1, 1)⋊Z 2] q turn out to be endowed with a certainZ 2-graded structure which can be considered as a “super”-generalization of the monoidal category structure. This “quantum effect” may be considered as a step to understanding the concept of quantum topological locally compact group. In fact, there seems to be afamily of quantum groupsSU(1, 1)⋊Z 2 parameterized by unitary characters β∈T 1 of the fundamental group of the two-dimensional symplectic leaf ofSU(1, 1)/T, whereT is the subgroup of diagonal matrices. It is shown that thequasi-classical analogues of the results of the paper are connected with the decomposition of Schubert cells of the flag manifoldSL 2(C)R/B (whereB is the Borel subgroup of upper-triangular matrices) into symplectic leaves.
Stability Analysis: Linear Approaches

This chapter illustrates the use of the Routh‐Hurwitz test, and the application of the Nyquist stability criterion. Employing Routh‐Hurwitz and Nyquist stability analyses, show that administration of inhaled 0 2 would eliminate Cheyne‐Stokes breathing in the patient with congestive heart failure. The chapter employs a more intuitive approach by illustrating the basic notions underlying the Nyquist stability criterion. It considers the linear lung mechanics model with proportional feedback. As in the example of the lung mechanics model, the transient response and stability of the systems are determined by the poles of their closed‐loop transfer functions. The relative stability of a given system can be quantified in terms of either the gain margin or the phase margin. The chapter also illustrates how the root locus method is applied. It concludes from Routh‐Hurwitz analysis that the normal pupillary reflex is a highly stable negative feedback system.
Rethinking Psychiatric Terror against Nationalists in Ukraine: Spatial Dimensions of Post-Stalinist State Violence

This study focuses on psychiatric terror in the Soviet Union in the 1960s–1980s applied to nationalists who constituted approximately one-tenth of those who fell victim to political psychiatry. More specifically, through the spatial examination of two Ukrainian psychiatric clinics’ practices and the individual history of the Ukrainian dissident Victor Borovsky, this study analyses the effectiveness of silence that surrounded the cases of “psychiatric patients” in the context of increasing discontent in the republic and the national liberation movement. The medicalization of social control, psychiatric abuses, state violence and brutality exacerbated non-violent popular resistance in Ukraine, which culminated in political activism of Ukrainian patriots in the late 1980s, contributing greatly to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of independent Ukraine. Despite these ultimate outcomes, forced silence through psychiatric terror was an effective tool in the Soviet arsenal of suppression.
Upper Respiratory Infection Caused By Branhamella catarrhalis

The case history of a four-year-old child with an upper respiratory infection caused by Branhamella catarrhalis is described. This organism is being isolated more frequently as a pathogen in upper and lower respiratory infections in small children and older or compromised adults.
Gallery Construction by the Carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae, in Overcup Oak (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

In Mississippi, larvae of the carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck), began feeding in the cambium and then tunneled obliquely upward into the sapwood for about 4 months, when they turned vertically upward. They lengthened and widened their galleries for about 24 months. The obliquely upward portion of galleries averaged 3 in. and the vertical portion 4.3 in. The gallery diameters averaged 0.6 in. Each gallery entrance, where the larva returned to feed, had a destroyed area of inner bark and cambium averaging 1.5 in.[2][1]. [1]: #fn-1
An Inexpensive Keyboard for Continuous Recording of Insect Behavior

In recent years there has been increasing interest in discovering not merely what an animal does during the course of its life, but in what sequence its behavioral activities occur and in how much time is spent on each (Wiens et al. 1970). Because gathering adequate data for such studies can be extremely time consuming, there is an obvious need for mechanical devices which can maximize the data collected per unit time, or which can be automated to collect data in the experiment's absence.
Research Note: Further Evaluation of Yunker's Technique for the Recovery of Rhinonyssidae from Birds

In a previous paper I described the results of using Yunker's technique for the recovery of nasal mites from birds (Wilson, J. Med. Ent. 1 (1): 117. 1964). There was only a slight difference in infestation rate between the visual method of examination and examination by flushing the nares with water (Yunker's technique). Unfortunately, at that time, it was impossible to check the thoroughness of the flushing method by visual examination of the same birds.
Hydroxide Once or Twice? A combined Neutron Crystallographic and Quantum Chemical Study of the Hydride Shift in D-Xylose Isomerase

We present quantum chemical calculations, through 6-311G**/B3LYP, for the isomerization step in D-Xylose Isomerase, based on truncated models of the 3KCO (linear) and 3KCL (cyclic) X-ray/neutron structures, containing 9 free waters, 2 metals, the sugar and roughly 19 amino acids. Perturbative relaxations upon the experimental framework suggest a possible seven-step mechanism of the isomerzation reaction involving direct ionization of the glucose O2 proton on movement of the mobile magnesium ion (Mg2A ->2B). In this model, we also find a compensating proton shift between the K183/D255 pair, corresponding to a ~10kcal/mol reduction in the cost of the ionization, with a delocalized shift in potential along the reaction plane. We find ~16 kcal/mol reaction barriers in reasonable agreement with experiment (14 kcal/mol), as well as a final, exothermic hydroxide consistent with the 3CWH (product) structure, and possibly explaining observed non-Michaelis behavior of this enzyme.
Hoxa10 null animals exhibit reduced platelet biogenesis.

The transcription factor HOXA10 is an important regulator of myelopoiesis. Engineered over-expression of Hoxa10 in mice results in a myeloproliferative disorder that progresses to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) over time, and in humans over-expression is associated with poor outcomes in AML. Here, we report that loss of Hoxa10 expression in mice results in reduced platelet count and platelet production, but does not affect clotting efficiency. About 40% fewer platelets were found in Hoxa10 null animals in comparison to wild type littermates. We found a nearly 50% reduction in the percentage of reticulated platelets in Hoxa10 null mice, suggesting deficient platelet production. Furthermore, Hoxa10 null animals recovered less efficiently from induced thrombocytopenia, supporting our hypothesis of defective platelet production. This also correlated with reduced colony formation potential of stem and progenitor cells seeded in megakaryocyte-enhancing conditions in vitro. Together, our results indicate that HOXA10 is important for megakaryopoiesis and platelet biogenesis.
Analysis on the Appointment Agency of Customer Manager System in Commercial Bank

It is an appointment agency relationship between the decision body of commercial bank and customer managers. The lack of behavior controlling leads to the appointment agency issue. The author expounds the forms of expression of appointment agency in the customer manager system,analyses the reasons and points out some solutions.
Distal Limb Defects and Aplasia Cutis: Adams–Oliver Syndrome

Adams–Oliver syndrome is a rare congenital condition that should be considered in persons with terminal transverse limb deficiencies and scalp defects (aplasia cutis congenita). Broad phenotypic variability exists in this condition. In its more severe forms, Adams–Oliver syndrome can involve the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system and should require prompt evaluation by appropriate subspecialists. Extremity involvement is typically bilateral and asymmetrical, with lower extremities involved more than upper extremities. Brachydactyly is the most common limb defect, and severity ranges from hypoplastic nails to complete absence of the distal limb. The syndrome has been described as resulting from autosomal dominant and recessive modes of inheritance, but most cases are sporadic. No gene has been identified. Although the exact pathogenic mechanism is unknown, a common hypothesis is that a vascular disturbance occurs in watershed areas, such as cranial vertex and limbs, during fetal development.
Methodology of Classical Political Economy

The Edinburgh’s notice of Nassau Senior’s Outline of the Science of Political Economy (1836) pinpoints a distinction between “ought” (deontology) and “is” (ontology) which characterizes the method employed by the “followers of Dr Smith” down to the present. Long before Adam Smith indeed, Petty had sought to separate science, viewed as a means to an end, from moral problems which arise in the selection of ends.2 And Richard Cantillon — “foreign” though he was — had made “a conscious separation of pure theory from normative policy declarations and value judgments.”3 By the end of the nineteenth century, J. N. Keynes was in a position to isolate “a positive science … as a body of systematized knowledge concerning what is” from either “a normative … science as a body of systematized knowledge relating to criteria of what out to be,” or “an art as a system of rules for the attainment of a given end.”4 The most complete account of Petty’s distinction between “means” and “ends” in social science was supplied by Lionel Robbins in the 1930s. Since “Economics … is concerned with that aspect of behaviour which arises from the scarcity of means to achieve given ends” it follows that “Economics is entirely neutral between ends.”5 The argument of his book converges on a corollary of that proposition: “Economics cannot pronounce on the validity of ultimate judgments of value.”6
Chemistry and Metabolism of Intracellular Reserves

Many bacteria are able to accumulate polymers that are considered to function as energy reserves. These compounds may accumulate during growth or at the end of the growth phase and provide either energy or a source of a component no longer available from the environment.
What Is a Ballad? Reading for Genre, Format, and Medium

Meredith L. McGill, “What Is a Ballad? Reading for Genre, Format, and Medium” (pp. 156–175) In this essay I show how definitions of the ballad shift as critics take into account not only the place of ballads within the genre system but also the mediation of nineteenth-century ballads across the full range of popular and elite print formats. Arguing that the ballad is a genre that flourishes with the rise of print, I show how Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s “The Wreck of the Hesperus” (1840) exploits the ballad’s multimedia appeal, forgoing the fiction of folk origins and oral transmission to explore the terms of a sensationalist mass culture.
Effect of Socioeconomic Factors and Family History on the Incidence of Diabetes in an Adult Diabetic Population from Algeria.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a serious public health problem worldwide and particularly in developing countries. In Algeria, this metabolic disorder occurs with a wide variety or atypical forms that linked to multiple risk factors including local habits and traditions. This study aimed to determine the impact of risk factors (metabolic syndrome, social, cultural, physical activity, family history and the treatment used) on the incidence of diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 on a random sample from a resident population in Tebessa, Northeast Algeria, which underwent a significant expanding of diabetes prevalence conditioned by profound socio-economic changes. The survey included 200 subjects, randomly selected; with 100 controls and 100 diabetic patients, (26 diabetic subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus ‘T1DM’ and 74 subjects with type two diabetes mellitus ‘T2DM’). Results: Diabetic subjects were significantly affected by all these risk factors, including metabolic syndrome that was higher in women. The most common treatment among surveyed T1DM subjects was insulin, whereas T2DM patients used metformin. In addition, the duration from T1DM onset in the surveyed subjects is older than T2DM onset. The incidence of diabetes is significantly in close relationship between the majorities of these factors of risk. Conclusion: Subjects with a high socioeconomic status can afford a healthier way of life to avoid the risk of developing diabetes compared to subjects with lower social level.