cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate science: The resilience of Amazonian forests.

Isotope evidence suggests that, during dry periods associated with the most recent ice age, the Amazonian forest survived in a region that is sensitive to rainfall changes — settling a debate about Amazonian aridity. See Letter p.204 The Amazon forest both responds to and drives much of the variability in climate and biogeochemistry from annual to millennial time scales. But highly resolved records of past climate variability in the region are hard to come by, and until now it has not been clear whether the Amazon forest was wetter or drier during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Xianfeng Wang et al. have now collected oxygen isotope data covering the past 45,000 years from stalagmite calcite deposits in the Paraiso Cave in eastern Amazonia. Their data show that rainfall was about half that of today during the LGM (around 21,000 years ago) but was some 50% greater during the mid-Holocene (6,000 years ago), broadly coinciding with global changes in temperature and carbon dioxide. Although the Amazon was drier during the glacial period, the rainforest persisted throughout. Whether or not it can be sustained in the future, however, remains an open question.
Architecture in 3D cell culture: An essential feature for in vitro toxicology

Three-dimensional cell culture has the potential to revolutionize toxicology studies by allowing human-based reproduction of essential elements of organs. Beyond the study of toxicants on the most susceptible organs such as liver, kidney, skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract, testis, heart and brain, carcinogenesis research will also greatly benefit from 3D cell culture models representing any normal tissue. No tissue function can be suitably reproduced without the appropriate tissue architecture whether mimicking acini, ducts or tubes, sheets of cells or more complex cellular organizations like hepatic cords. In this review, we illustrate the fundamental characteristics of polarity that is an essential architectural feature of organs for which different 3D cell culture models are available for toxicology studies in vitro. The value of tissue polarity for the development of more accurate carcinogenesis studies is also exemplified, and the concept of using extracellular gradients of gaseous or chemical substances produced with microfluidics in 3D cell culture is discussed. Indeed such gradients-on-a-chip might bring unprecedented information to better determine permissible exposure levels. Finally, the impact of tissue architecture, established via cell-matrix interactions, on the cell nucleus is emphasized in light of the importance in toxicology of morphological and epigenetic alterations of this organelle.
Black Holes—Deshielo Crónica

Abstract Susana Chavez-Silverman is a Califas-born U.S. Latina writer and flaneuse who (against all odds) is also an educator, although she mostly laments what’s happened to la cacademia over the last decade or so. She still finds joy and hope in being la High Priestess of SLOW to her students and former students, some of which are among her closest compinches. Of the two cronicas included in this special curated issue of cultural works in PORTAL under the theme Transitions and Dislocations, she says: ‘My writing/life took a major detour in 2016. For most of the year, I wrote nothing at all. Or rather, nothing except e-mail after email: to administrators, colleagues all over the world, attorneys, friends and relatives. I had scheduled my sabbatical in order to finish a book project, but had been derailed by a Title IX investigation and plagiarism case at my home institution, and the accompanying anxiety and anger . I returned to my book over the summer, culling and editing hundreds of pages of primary texts (letters and emails). But this book is much longer—and truer—than anything I’ve written before and takes a different kind of writing energy, uninterrupted time, and commitment. Writing from a place of anger and anxiety doesn’t serve this book. The two cronicas included in this special curated issue are not part of my book in progress, Our Ubuntu, Montenegro: del Balboa Cafe al Apartheid and Back . Rather, they were my way of easing back into my (he)art space. ‘Casi Vispera’ proves I did write something in 2016 after all (other than email, I mean)—I had no memory of it until early this year! ‘Black Holes’ talks about precisely this (remembering and not). I was determined not to let 2016’s plagiarism/Title IX toxic double helix continue to poison me. I wanted to begin 2017 with a bang, and wrote this for my son, for his 30th birthday.’
Efficient use of gain-bandwidth product in active filters: Gm-C and Active-R alternatives

Conventional Active-RC filters require large GB/ω ο ratio to operate properly. This means a lot of power and band-width are wasted. We explore two alternative implementation types which are more GB/ω ο efficient. Thus, a comparison between Active-R and Gm-C low pass filters is presented. For this purpose, a first order and a biquad low pass structure was implemented using both techniques; analysis an simulations allow to compare their performance in terms of power, linearity and noise. The effects of the amplifier non-ideal behavior are also addressed for both topologies, and we show how to leverage on those non-idealities. As an example, the two biquads were designed for f o = 10MHz, Q = 2 and same power consumption; then, the performance is compared by simulation using IBM 130nm CMOS technology. Under this conditions, both topologies have similar performance in terms of input referred noise, however the Active-R shows better linearity since it achieves an in-band IIP3 of 21.3dBm, compared with 3.3dBm of the Gm-C implementation. Therefore the dynamic range (DR) of the Active-R topology is 1.4 times larger.
Automatic motion correction for in vivo human skin optical coherence tomography angiography through combined rigid and nonrigid registration

When using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), the development of artifacts due to involuntary movements can severely compromise the visualization and subsequent quantitation of tissue microvasculatures. To correct such an occurrence, we propose a motion compensation method to eliminate artifacts from human skin OCTA by means of step-by-step rigid affine registration, rigid subpixel registration, and nonrigid B-spline registration. To accommodate this remedial process, OCTA is conducted using two matching all-depth volume scans. Affine transformation is first performed on the large vessels of the deep reticular dermis, and then the resulting affine parameters are applied to all-depth vasculatures with a further subpixel registration to refine the alignment between superficial smaller vessels. Finally, the coregistration of both volumes is carried out to result in the final artifact-free composite image via an algorithm based upon cubic B-spline free-form deformation. We demonstrate that the proposed method can provide a considerable improvement to the final en face OCTA images with substantial artifact removal. In addition, the correlation coefficients and peak signal-to-noise ratios of the corrected images are evaluated and compared with those of the original images, further validating the effectiveness of the proposed method. We expect that the proposed method can be useful in improving qualitative and quantitative assessment of the OCTA images of scanned tissue beds.
Active management of cache resources

This dissertation addresses two sets of challenges facing processor design as the industry enters the deep sub-micron region of semiconductor design. The first set of challenges relates to the memory bottleneck. As the focus shifts from scaling processor frequency to scaling the number of cores, performance growth demands increasing die area. Scaling the number of cores also places a concurrent area demand in the form of larger caches. While on-chip caches occupy 50–60% of area and consume 20–30% of energy expended on-chip, their performance and energy efficiencies are less than 15% and 1% respectively for a range of benchmarks! The second set of challenges is posed by transistor leakage and process variation (inter-die and intra-die) at future technology nodes. Leakage power is anticipated to increase exponentially and sharply lower defect-free yield with successive technology generations. For performance scaling to continue, cache efficiencies have to improve significantly. This thesis proposes and evaluates a broad family of such improvements. This dissertation first contributes a model for cache efficiencies and finds them to be extremely low - performance efficiencies less than 15% and energy efficiencies in the order of 1%. Studying the sources of inefficiency leads to a framework for efficiency improvement based on two interrelated strategies. The approach for improving energy efficiency primarily relies on sizing the cache to match the application memory footprint during a program phase while powering down all remaining cache sets. Importantly, the sized is fully functional with no references to inactive sets. Improving performance efficiency primarily relies on cache shaping, i.e., changing the placement function and thereby the manner in which memory shares the cache. Sizing and shaping are applied at different phase of the design cycle: (i) post-manufacturing & offline, (ii) at compile-time, and at (iii) run-time. This thesis proposes and explores techniques at each phase collectively realizing a repertoire of techniques for future memory system designers. The techniques use a combination of HW-SW techniques and are demonstrated to provide substantive improvements with modest overheads.
Investigation of refractive index in dilute-P GaNP alloys by first-principle

First-principle analysis on the refractive index of dilute-P GaNi-xPx alloys have been carried out, and the findings indicate significant refractive index modulation with a minute amount of phosphorus in the GaN material in visible regime.
Faculty calibration and students’ self‐assessments using an instructional rubric in preparation for a practical examination

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of faculty calibration and students' self-assessments on students' performances in a periodontal practical examination. Methods Before a new instructional rubric was implemented in the second-year periodontics course, faculty calibration was conducted with a pilot group of 32 third-year dental students. Afterwards, the new rubric was implemented in the second-year periodontics course. Second-year students used the rubric for their self-assessments before the practical examination. An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to test the reliability of the faculty members. A paired t test was used to compare scores between self-assessments of the pilot group (third-year students) and faculty evaluation. A two-way analysis of variance was performed to compare scores between self-assessments of second-year students and faculty evaluations. Chi-square tests were used to compare overall failure rates amongst four different classes. Results The reliability amongst the faculty members was strong (the ICC = 0.75 at the first and 0.97 at the second calibration). The mean self-assessment score from the pilot group was significantly higher than the faculty evaluation. However, the mean self-assessment score of second-year students was significantly lower than the faculty evaluation. The class that practiced self-assessments with the validated instructional rubric exhibited the lowest overall failure rate compared to three past classes. Conclusions Using an instructional rubric and conducting faculty calibration improved the process of the periodontal practical examination. Improving the examination process and practicing self-assessments with feedback from faculty may have a positive impact on students' performances in the examination.
HPV integration hijacks and multimerizes a cellular enhancer to generate a viral-cellular super-enhancer that drives high viral oncogene expression

Integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes into cellular chromatin is common in HPV-associated cancers. Integration is random, and each site is unique depending on how and where the virus integrates. We recently showed that tandemly integrated HPV16 could result in the formation of a super-enhancer-like element that drives transcription of the viral oncogenes. Here, we characterize the chromatin landscape and genomic architecture of this integration locus to elucidate the mechanisms that promoted de novo super-enhancer formation. Using next-generation sequencing and molecular combing/fiber-FISH, we show that ~26 copies of HPV16 are integrated into an intergenic region of chromosome 2p23.2, interspersed with 25 kb of amplified, flanking cellular DNA. This interspersed, co-amplified viral-host pattern is frequent in HPV-associated cancers and here we designate it as Type III integration. An abundant viral-cellular fusion transcript encoding the viral E6/E7 oncogenes is expressed from the integration locus and the chromatin encompassing both the viral enhancer and a region in the adjacent amplified cellular sequences is strongly enriched in the super-enhancer markers H3K27ac and Brd4. Notably, the peak in the amplified cellular sequence corresponds to an epithelial-cell-type specific enhancer. Thus, HPV16 integration generated a super-enhancer-like element composed of tandem interspersed copies of the viral upstream regulatory region and a cellular enhancer, to drive high levels of oncogene expression.
Ultrasound, photoacoustics, and nanoparticles in glaucoma therapies and research (Conference Presentation)

Our current research explores the applications of sound, light, and nanoparticles in ophthalmology. Specifically, we consider glaucoma, a common blinding disease associated with dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), a fluid drainage tissue in the anterior eye. A promising treatment involves delivery of stem cells to the TM to restore tissue function. To expedite clinical translation, non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of stem cell delivery in vivo is desired. We thus investigated ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging of nanotracer-labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and magnetic guidance of cells to the TM in the eye. Adipose-derived MSCs were incubated with photoacoustic nanoparticles to label cells (PA-MSCs), and 1000-4000 cells/µl were delivered to porcine eyes ex vivo while US/PA imaging was performed. Eyes were dissected for histology and additional spectroscopic PA imaging. Results show proof-of-concept for longitudinal detection of cell delivery using gold nanospheres and magnetically-mediated guidance using photomagnetic nanocubes. As cell number increased, the amplitude of spectroscopically unmixed signal from PA-MSCs increased, showing potential for quantitative imaging. Three-dimensional spectroscopic PA imaging and histology of the TM showed a similar ring-like morphology, with concentrations of signal from fluorescently-tagged cells matching the distribution of PA signal from the PA-MSCs. These results provide proof-of-concept for monitoring MSC ocular delivery, indicating new opportunities for development of nanoparticle-augmented imaging technologies in ophthalmic research. Tracking MSCs loaded with gold nanospheres has also provided new insights for improving delivery efficiency with photomagnetic nanoparticles, novel light delivery systems for safe, sensitive detection, and even a more physiologically relevant glaucoma model.
Problems with Constructing Tests to Accept the Null Hypothesis

Futility designs have been proposed and used by constructing classical (non-Bayesian) hypothesis tests such that the decision of therapeutic interest is to accept the null hypothesis. A consequence is that the probability of accepting (failing to reject) the null when the null is false is unknown. Reversal of the conventional null and alternative hypotheses is not required either to demonstrate futility/nonsuperiority, or to align type I and II errors with their consequences. Conventional methods to test whether the response to the investigational agent is superior to a comparative control (superiority trial) are preferable and in the case that the null hypothesis is rejected, the associated type I error is known.
A Vessel to Navigate a Terrifying World. Rilke’s «Stunden-Buch»

This essay is a reading of Rainer Maria Rilke’s Stunden-Buch, particularly the first book, «Das Buch vom monchischem Leben» from 1905. Throughout the essay, I develop the question of what prayer means in this cycle of poems, and the relationship of prayer to poetry in general. I argue that Rilke surpasses the usual limitations of language, using poetic tech­niques that instead of merely indicating objects in the world, have the ability to speak things into being. Furthermore, I argue that Rilke uses language as a protective layer that allows one to transform oneself and face a world that is increasingly hostile to poetic sensibility.
Influence of Stock Origin on Salmon Migratory Behavior

Information on the spatial and temporal distribution of Pacific salmon stocks indicates that marine migratory patterns are not random events. Emigration appears to follow an innately directed pattern of movement, while homing is directed by cues acquired during emigration.
Mechanisms of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have substantially reduced worldwide malaria burden and deaths. But malaria parasites have become resistant to artemisinins. Prior studies suggested two different molecular pathways of artemisinin-resistance. Here we unify recent findings into a single model, where elevation of a lipid, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) results in vesicle expansion that increases the engagement with the unfolded protein response (UPR). Vesicle expansion (rather than increasing individual genetic determinants of the UPR) efficiently induces artemisinin resistance likely by promoting 'proteostasis' (protein translation coupled to proper protein folding and vesicular remodeling) to mitigate artemisinin-induced proteopathy (death from global abnormal protein-toxicity). Vesicular amplification engages the host red cell, suggesting that artemisinin resistant malaria may also persist by taking advantage of host niches and escaping the immune response.
Loosening Categorical Thinking: Extending the Terrain of Theory and Research on Demographic Identities in Organizations

Traditional systems for categorizing individuals into demographic groups have become increasingly misaligned with how individuals understand their own demographic identities. For organizational sch...
Evaluation of a Protocol for Integrated Speech Audiometry.

Purpose This project was aimed at evaluating the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of a protocol for integrated measurements of the most comfortable level (MCL) and uncomfortable level (U...
State of Research in Adult Hospital Medicine: Results of a National Survey.

Background Little is known about the state of research in academic hospital medicine (HM) despite the substantial growth of this specialty. Methods We used the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) membership database to identify research programs and their leadership. In addition, the members of the SHM Research Committee identified individuals who lead research programs in HM. A convenience sample of programs and individuals was thus created. A survey instrument containing questions regarding institutional information, research activities, training opportunities, and funding sources was pilot tested and refined for electronic dissemination. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 100 eligible programs and corresponding individuals were identified. Among these programs, 28 completed the survey in its entirety (response rate 28%). Among the 1,586 faculty members represented in the 28 programs, 192 (12%) were identified as engaging in or having obtained extramural funding for research, and 656 (41%) were identified as engaging in quality improvement efforts. Most programs (61%) indicated that they received $500,000 or less in research funding, whereas 29% indicated that they received >$1 million in funding. Major sources of grant support included the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Institutes of Health, and the Veterans Health Administration. Only five programs indicated that they currently have a research fellowship program in HM. These programs cited lack of funding as a major barrier to establishing fellowships. Almost half of respondents (48%) indicated that their faculty published between 11-50 peer-reviewed manuscripts each year. Conclusion This survey provides the first national summary of research activities in HM. Future waves of the survey can help determine whether the research footprint of the field is growing.
Crimmigration Beyond the Headlines: The Board of Immigration Appeals' Quiet Expansion of the Meaning of Moral Turpitude

The multiple entanglements of immigration and criminal law — known as “crimmigration” — include the reality that certain criminal convictions can lead to deportation, detention, and disqualification from immigration relief. “Crimes involving moral turpitude” (CIMTs) comprise one of the many categories of crimes that can elicit adverse immigration consequences, affecting thousands of people each year. But the precise meaning of moral turpitude has long been elusive. Courts have stated that CIMTs must involve an amorphously defined “culpable mental state” and “reprehensible conduct,” and looked to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) to define the scope of moral turpitude. However, a series of BIA decisions over the last two years suggests that the Board has expanded the definition of moral turpitude in ways that defy common sense and undermine the prevailing methodology for assessing the immigration consequences of crime. Part I of this Essay provides a brief overview of the controversies associated with the use of the categorical approach in the CIMT context. Part II explains how the generic definition of moral turpitude fits into the categorical approach. Part III argues that since 2016, the BIA has remained facially faithful to the categorical approach, and yet its decisions on CIMTs ultimately suggest a more sinister departure from the prevailing legal framework. In stretching the meaning of moral turpitude, the Board has made broad, lightly-supported announcements about the nature of socially reprehensible behavior, replaced the categorical approach’s “minimum conduct” requirement with an unwritten “maximum conduct” test, and relied on the existence of mere criminalization as evidence of moral turpitude. Part IV focuses on how the federal courts may ultimately respond to the BIA’s expansion of CIMTs in various ways. Retroactivity analysis presents one possible, albeit limited, judicial intervention. Courts may refuse to extend Chevron deference to the Board’s definitions of moral turpitude, particularly under step two of the Chevron analysis. Courts can apply arbitrary and capricious review to vacate specific BIA decisions. The judiciary also has an opportunity to take constitutional challenges to the CIMT definition itself more seriously, particularly void for vagueness challenges in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Sessions v. Dimaya.
Best sensitivity of temporal modulation transfer functions in laboratory mice matches the amplitude modulation embedded in vocalizations

The perception of spectrotemporal changes is crucial for distinguishing between acoustic signals, including vocalizations. Temporal modulation transfer functions (TMTFs) have been measured in many species and reveal that the discrimination of amplitude modulation suffers at rapid modulation frequencies. TMTFs were measured in six CBA/CaJ mice in an operant conditioning procedure, where mice were trained to discriminate an 800 ms amplitude modulated white noise target from a continuous noise background. TMTFs of mice show a bandpass characteristic, with an upper limit cutoff frequency of around 567 Hz. Within the measured modulation frequencies ranging from 5 Hz to 1280 Hz, the mice show a best sensitivity for amplitude modulation at around 160 Hz. To look for a possible parallel evolution between sound perception and production in living organisms, we also analyzed the components of amplitude modulations embedded in natural ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by this strain. We found that the cutoff frequency of amplitude modulation in most of the individual USVs is around their most sensitive range obtained from the psychoacoustic experiments. Further analyses of the duration and modulation frequency ranges of USVs indicated that the broader the frequency ranges of amplitude modulation in natural USVs, the shorter the durations of the USVs.
Safety and Feasibility of Home INR Monitoring for Outpatient Ventricular Assist Device Support in Children

Purpose The use of intracorporeal continuous flow (CF) ventricular assist devices- namely the Heartware™ HVAD™- has expanded dramatically in the children, with many being discharged home. We sought to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of children discharged home with point of care (POC) INR monitors for their warfarin anticoagulation management. Methods This is a retrospective single center review of all pediatric patients, aged ≤19 years at time of implantation, who were discharged home for longer than 1 week. Efficacy of warfarin anticoagulation and outcomes were evaluated in those with home POC monitors as compared to children who went to laboratory. Results Between November 11, 2012 and January 1, 2018, a total of 12 patients, 33% female, aged median 14.5 years (range 10-18 years), weighing median 65.8kg (range 18.0-89.5 kg) were discharged home or to rehab with HeartWare as a bridge to transplantation. Underlying diagnosis included dilated cardiomyopathy in 67% (n=8), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) in 8% (n=1), and biventricular congenital heart disease (CHD) in 25% (n=3).Two patients were discharged to rehab before returning home. All patients were discharged with Coagucheck XS™ POC INR machines, with goal INR of 2-3 in first 3 patients (23%) and goal INR of 2.5-3.5 in later 10 patients. There were a median number of INR tests of 27 (range 1-99) at home, over the course of a median 185 days (25-625) outpatient VAD support days. Overall median time in the therapeutic range(TTR) was 62.1%(range 20.0-70.7%). There was 100% adherence to clinician recommended INR testing at home. There was 4 bridging events with low molecular weight heparin for sub-therapeutic INR. There were no pump thrombosis or other thrombotic events. There were no major bleeding or clinically relevant non major bleeding events. Epistaxis was the most common minor bleeding event that was mitigated by dose reductions and preventative strategies. All patients were bridged to transplantation with no mortality. Conclusion Use if home POC INR machines in children with intracorporeal VADs, in the outpatient setting was associated with 100% adherence to recommended testing regime. Despite low TTR, there was no major bleeding or thrombotic events.
E-054 Development of an anthropomorphic XMR phantom for neuro-interventional catheters

Introduction Integrated imaging suites possess great clinical significance. In the case of dual MRI and X-ray suites, devices designed to be used in their workflow have lagged in development due to engineering challenges presented by the unique working environment. In the field of neuro-intervention, device visibility is paramount. Such device efficacy must be tested in vitro in vascular phantoms that mimic the in vivo environment; however, the imaging physics of X-ray and MRI mean that a standard phantom in one imaging environment cannot be used effectively in the other. Here, we sought to develop a carotid artery and vertebral bone phantom using poly(vinyl) alcohol cryogel (PVA-C) and epoxy resin to navigate neuro-interventional catheters in integrated MR and X-ray imaging suites. Methods Human-scale models of a carotid artery and cervical spine were adapted from the NIH 3D Print Exchange and printed using an Ultimaker 3 (Ultimaker, Geldermalsen, Netherlands). The vertebral model was used to create a negative silicone mold. Bone Equivalent MaterialEpoxy resin representing a homogeneous mix of cortical and trabecular spongiosa was made using established methods. 36.4% Araldite GY 6010 and Jeffamine T-403 (Huntsman, The Woodlands, TX) were mixed (w/w) with 25.5% silicon dioxide (40–100 mesh sand) and 23.5% calcium carbonate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The mixture was degassed, poured into the vertebral silicone mold, and cured at 20°C for 72 hours. PVA-C Phantom PVA solution was made using previously established methods. Sevol Grade 165 PVA powder was used to create 1.5 L 10% (w/w) PVA. The solution was poured into a 1.8 L container, and the carotid artery and epoxy vertebral models were submerged. Four complete freeze-thaw cycles were performed. The carotid artery model was removed, leaving open lumens in the cryogel. ImagingA gradient echo sequence was acquired at 3T (Discovery MR 750w, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). A 30 cm × 30 cm flat panel C-arm X-ray system guidance (Cios Alpha, Siemens Healthineers, Munich, Germany) was used to acquire X-ray images of the phantom. Results MR and X-ray images showed a phantom with bone- and tissue-like properties (figure 1). Rigidity of the PVA-C was found to be sufficient for future navigation studies with test devices. Conclusions The phantom showed promise as an important tool in imaging research to assess and improve future neuro-interventional devices. These initial steps provide the foundation for a human-scale phantom to test devices for integrated MR and X-ray imaging techniques. Disclosures B. Kilbride: None. C. Jordan: None. P. Kumar: None. T. Moore: None. M. Wilson: None. S. Hetts: None.
A Comprehensive Model for Estimating Heat Vulnerability of Young Athletes

Current methods for estimating heat vulnerability of young athletes use a heat index (HI) or a wet bulb globe thermometer (WBGT), neither of which fully include the environmental or physiological characteristics that can affect a person's heat budget, particularly where activity occurs on a synthetic surface. This study analyzed and compared the standard methods, HI and WBGT, with a novel and more comprehensive method termed COMFA-Kid (CK) which is based on an energy budget model explicitly designed for youth. The COMFA model was presented at the same time to demonstrate the difference between a child and an adult during activity. Micrometeorological measurements were taken at a synthetic-surfaced football field during mid-day in hot environmental conditions. Standard methods (HI and WBGT) indicated that conditions on the field were relatively safe for youth to engage in activities related to football practice or games, whereas the CK method indicated that conditions were dangerously hot and could lead to exertional heat illness. Estimates using the CK method also indicated that coaches and staff standing on the sidelines, and parents sitting in the stands, would not only be safe from heat but would be thermally comfortable. The difference in thermal comfort experienced by coaches and staff off the field, versus that experienced by young players on the field, could affect decision making regarding the duration and intensity of practices and time in the game. The CK method, which is easy to use and available for modification for specific conditions, would lead to more accurate estimates of heat safety on outdoor synthetic surfaces in particular, and in sports with a high prevalence of heat illness such as football, and should be considered as a complementary or alternative preventive measure against heat.
English language proficiency, complete tooth loss, and recent dental visits among older adults in the United States

Objectives:This study sought to provide population-based estimates of complete tooth loss and recent dental visits among older adults in the United States by English language proficiency.Methods:We...
Yoga v. health education for attentional processes relevant to major depressive disorder.

Research has shown that yoga may be an effective adjunctive treatment for persistent depression, the benefits of which may accumulate over time. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the following in a sample of persistently depressed individuals: whether yoga increases mindfulness and whether yoga attenuates rumination. Rumination and mindfulness both represent attentional processes relevant for onset and maintenance of depressive episodes. One-hundred-ten individuals who were persistently depressed despite ongoing use of pharmacological treatment were recruited into an RCT comparing yoga with a health education class. Mindfulness and rumination were assessed at baseline and across 3 time points during the 10-week intervention. Findings demonstrate that, compared to health education, yoga was associated with higher mean levels of the observe facet of mindfulness relative to the control group during the intervention period (p = 0.004, d = 0.38), and that yoga was associated with a faster rate of increase in levels of acting with awareness over the intervention period (p = 0.03, f2 = 0.027). There were no differences between intervention groups with respect to rumination. Results suggest a small effect of yoga on components of mindfulness during a 10-week intervention period. Previous research suggests that continued assessment after the initial 10 weeks may reveal continued improvement. Future research may also examine moderators of the impact of yoga on mindfulness and rumination, including clinical factors such as depression severity or depression chronicity, or demographic factors such as age.
The Elementary Particles of Quantum Fields

The elementary particles of relativistic quantum field theory are not simple field quanta, as has long been assumed. Rather, they supplement quantum fields, on which they depend on but to which they are not reducible, as shown here with particles defined instead as a unified collection of properties that appear in both physical symmetry group representations and field propagators. This notion of particle provides consistency between the practice of particle physics and its basis in quantum field theory.
Mean Electron Density Variations of the Quiet Ionosphere: No. 13; Summary of One Year of Data, May 1959-April 1960

Mean electron density variations of the quiet ionosphere - computer calculations, 1959-1960
Bounding Learning Time in XCS

It has been shown empirically that the XCS classifier system solves typical classification problems in a machine learning competitive way. However, until now, no learning time estimate has been derived analytically for the system. This paper introduces a time estimate that bounds the learning time of XCS until maximally accurate classifiers are found. We assume a domino convergence model in which each attribute is successively specialized to the correct value. It is shown that learning time in XCS scales polynomially in problem length and problem complexity and thus in a machine learning competitive way.
Bacterial Growth and Division

A dividing bacterial cell must, on average, have precisely twice as much of everything found in a newborn cell. How does a bacterial cell ensure that all cell components are duplicated between divisions, and how does a cell ensure that it does not divide prior to duplicating all of its components? These questions have been investigated by studying biosynthesis of cell components during the division cycle. Cell cytoplasm increases uniformly and exponentially during the division cycle. There does not appear to be any cell-cycle-specific syntheses of cytoplasmic components during the division cycle of a well-studied bacterium such as E. coli . DNA replication is initiated at a specific time in the division cycle when the cell mass per chromosome origin reaches a particular value. Once initiated, DNA replicates at a constant rate such that the time between initiation and termination of replication is relatively independent of the growth rate. The time between termination of replication and cell division is also relatively constant. High-copy plasmids replicate throughout the division cycle and low-copy plasmids replicate at a particular time during the division cycle according to rules similar to that for initiation of chromosome replication. The cell surface grows in response to the increase in cell mass so that the turgor pressure inside the cell, and the cell density, are constant during the division cycle. At division, the components of the cell are segregated to the two daughter cells. The cytoplasm segregates randomly, the DNA segregates stochastically but nonrandomly, and the peptidoglycan segregates in a manner consistent with the fixed location of the synthesized peptidoglycan. The key “events” during the division cycle are the initiation and termination of DNA replication and the initiation and termination of pole formation. There do not appear to be other cell-cycle-specific events or syntheses during the division cycle that are related to the regulation of the division cycle. Keywords: C-period; D-period; Multiple Forks; Cytoplasm; Peptidoglycan; Cell Membrane; Segregation; Origin; Terminus; Bidirectional Replication; GC-skew; FtsZ Ring
Phosphor-free monolithic high-efficiency white light-emitting-diodes on ternary InGaN substrates

Phosphor-free monolithic high-efficiency tunable white LEDs are realized on ternary InGaN substrates. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that high quantum efficiency and stable white color emission are achieved by using ternary substrates and correctly-engineered device structures.
2x1D Image Registration and Comparison

This paper presents a novel 2×1D phase correlation based image registration method for verification of printer emulator output. The method combines the basic phase correlation technique and a modified 2×1D version of it to achieve both high speed and high accuracy. The proposed method has been implemented and tested using images generated by printer emulators. Over 97% of the image pairs were registered correctly, accurately dealing with diverse images with large translations and image cropping.
L 2 controller synthesis with L ∞ -bounded closed-loop impulse response

In this paper we consider an L2 control problem with an L∞ norm on the closed-loop impulse response. To do this we first construct an upper bound for the L∞ norm of the closed-loop system. To perform controller synthesis, we then modify the standard LQG cost functional by including an additional penalty term that weights the L∞ norm of the impulse response of the closed-loop system. A numerical example is given to illustrate the improved L∞ response of the closed-loop system.
A 2K×2K High Resistivity CCD

We present new results from the characterisation of a fully depleted 2048-row by 2048-column (2K×2K) CCD on high resistivity silicon. The CCD was fabricated at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). This device represents a one hundred-fold increase in CCD size compared to devices previously made at LBNL. The large CCD size allows us to do accurate charge transfer efficiency measurements. A two-layer antireflection coating is modelled and compared with laboratory measurements of both quantum efficiency and reflectivity.
Traumatic brain injury in infants: the phenomenon of subdural hemorrhage with hemispheric hypodensity (“Big Black Brain”)

Clinical and experimental studies of traumatic brain injury during immaturity have been far less numerous than those involving adults, and many questions remain about differences in injury responses among patients of different ages. This chapter reviews a distinctive injury pattern common in infants, the so-called "big black brain" response to acute subdural hematoma. The pathophysiology of this injury remains incompletely understood. Insights from both clinical observation and experimental studies have helped to clarify the probable causes of this injury pattern, which appears to require a combination of stressors during a particular period of maturation.
Outcomes of Treatment for Gender Dysphoria

This paper reviews the empirical research on the psychosocial outcomes of treatment for gender dysphoria. Recent research has highlighted the heterogeneity of transgendered experiences. There are four possible outcomes for patients who present with the dilemma of gender dysphoria: an unresolved outcome, acceptance of one's given gender, engaging in a cross-gender role on a part-time basis, and making a full-time transition to the other gender role. Clinical work, but not empirical research, suggests that some individuals with gender dysphoria may come to accept their given gender role through psychological treatment. Many individuals find that it is psychologically sufficient to express the transgendered part of themselves through such activities as cross-dressing or gender blending. The large body of research on the outcome of gender reassignment surgery indicates that, for the majority of those who undergo this process, the outcome is positive. Predictors of a good outcome include good pre-reassignment ...
Suicide and Civil Litigation

The responsibility of hospitals and physicians for suicide prevention continues to be a major problem confronting the health care professions. Suicide induced litigation was reviewed in 1960 and 1965 [1,2] and my purpose now is to bring up to date some of the conflicting issues characteristic of this problem.
La angustia de Abraham: un análisis del argumento central de Temor y Temblor

Temor y Temblor, de Kierkegaard, escrito bajo el seudonimo de Johannes de silentio, nos ofrece una recreacionpoetica de la historia biblica de Abraham. Johannes alaba a Abraham como el mas eminente caballero de la fe, pero nuestro analisis encuentra que las caracterizaciones que hace de Abraham, como decidido y al mismo tiempo angustiado por el sacrificio de Isaac, entran en conflicto y se mantienen sin resolver. Esto, sumado a la reconocida ignorancia de Johannes en cuestiones de fe, hace que la representacion de la fe en Temor y Temblor no sea convincente. Solo en sus obras tardias Kierkegaard concilia estas dificultades introduciendo una condicion "metaestable" de la fe.
Use of Filter Paper for the Collection and Analysis of Human Whole Blood Specimens

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners have been operating the Newborn Screening Quality Assurance Program for >20 y. The program helps participating laboratories to evaluate and improve the quality of their newborn-screening testing efforts by providing quality control dried blood spot materials and proficiency-testing materials for the external evaluation of screening programs. The Newborn Screening Quality Assurance Program provides an independent evaluation of filter papers approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the collection of blood for clinical tests. These activities have created a mechanism for the validation of the filter paper blood collection device and the standardization of materials and methods for the analysis of dried blood spots.
Pulse load capability of VVVF propulsion drives

Variable voltage, variable frequency (VVVF) systems have been proposed for use in marine propulsion systems. This paper investigates the use of these systems in cases where there is a significant ship service load, including pulse power loads. The paper provides a steady state analysis of the VVVF system showing overall fuel savings as compared to the conventional electric drive systems. The paper also presents simulations suggesting that the VVVF system has the capability to serve significant levels of pulse loads.
The Chaotic Light Curves of Accreting Black Holes

We present model light curves for accreting Black Hole Candidates (BHC) based on a recently developed model of these sources. According to this model, the observed light curves and aperiodic variability of BHC are due to a series of soft photon injections at random (Poisson) intervals and the stochastic nature of the Comptonization process in converting these soft photons to the observed high energy radiation. The additional assumption of our model is that the Comptonization process takes place in an extended but non-uniform hot plasma corona surrounding the compact object. We compute the corresponding Power Spectral Densities (PSD), autocorrelation functions, time skewness of the light curves and time lags between the light curves of the sources at different photon energies and compare our results to observation. Our model reproduces the observed light curves well, in that it provides good fits to their overall morphology (as manifest by the autocorrelation and time skewness) and also to their PSDs and time lags, by producing most of the variability power at time scales 2 a few seconds, while at the same time allowing for shots of a few msec in duration, in accordance with observation. We suggest that refinement of this type of model along with spectral and phase lag information can be used to probe the structure of this class of high energy sources.
The determination of free ε-amino groups in proteins

Abstract 1. 1. p -Iodobenzene [ 35 S]sulfonyl (pipsyl) chloride has been used to determine the free e-aminos group in proteins by means of the isotope derivative-carrier method. 2. 2. Chromatography on A.R. Dowex-50 X4 citrate was used to isolate and quantitatively determine e - N -pipsyllysine and e - N -pipsylhydroxylysine. 3. 3. Results obtained with a number of well characterized proteins, including ichthyocol and spiny dogfish collagen have shown that all the e-amino groups were derivatized, and rules out their participation in interchain cross links.
Competitive inhibition of interfacial catalysis by phospholipase A2: differential interaction of inhibitors with the vesicle interface as a controlling factor of inhibitor potency

Phospholipid analogues containing a phosphonate in place of the ester at the sn-2 position have been previously shown to be tight-binding competitive inhibitors of secreted phospholipases A 2 . Variants of these compounds in which the structure of the phospholipid polar head group has been changed were prepared and analyzed as inhibitors of the phospholipases A 2 from the and cobra venom, porcine and bovine pancreas, and human synovial fluid. Kinetic measurements of inhibitor potencies were carried out using negatively charged substrate vesicles under conditions in which the enzyme undergoes catalysis without desorption from the vesicle (scooting mode)
On Using Buffer Stock to Combat Schedule Instability

Schedule instability is a major problem in companies using material requirements planning (MRP) systems. The effectivenesss of using buffer stock to combat nervousness in the master production schedule (MPS) of an MRP system is investigated. An example scenario illustrates the need for caution in using buffer stock for reducing schedule instability. Detailed simulation results are presented which suggest the need for further research to understand the role of buffer stock in achieving stable master production schedules.