cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital Health Applications for Pharmacogenetic Clinical Trials

Digital health (DH) is the use of digital technologies and data analytics to understand health-related behaviors and enhance personalized clinical care. DH is increasingly being used in clinical trials, and an important field that could potentially benefit from incorporating DH into trial design is pharmacogenetics. Prospective pharmacogenetic trials typically compare a standard care arm to a pharmacogenetic-guided therapeutic arm. These trials often require large sample sizes, are challenging to recruit into, lack patient diversity, and can have complicated workflows to deliver therapeutic interventions to both investigators and patients. Importantly, the use of DH technologies could mitigate these challenges and improve pharmacogenetic trial design and operation. Some DH use cases include (1) automatic electronic health record-based patient screening and recruitment; (2) interactive websites for participant engagement; (3) home- and tele-health visits for patient convenience (e.g., samples for lab tests, physical exams, medication administration); (4) healthcare apps to collect patient-reported outcomes, adverse events and concomitant medications, and to deliver therapeutic information to patients; and (5) wearable devices to collect vital signs, electrocardiograms, sleep quality, and other discrete clinical variables. Given that pharmacogenetic trials are inherently challenging to conduct, future pharmacogenetic utility studies should consider implementing DH technologies and trial methodologies into their design and operation.
Screencast Video Feedback in Online TESOL Classes

Abstract As an exploration of effective feedback practices in distance learning settings, this study compares instructor feedback using two types of technology media, i.e., screencast video feedback and text-only feedback on Microsoft Word, in a graduate-level online TESOL class, regarding comment categories, student revisions, and perceptions. Results showed that the two feedback types did not result in a statistically significant difference in teacher comments in each comment category, although screencast videos led to more comments on content, whereas Microsoft Word comments targeted more on grammar and language use. Regarding student revisions, students receiving screencast feedback incorporated more teacher feedback into their revisions, and comments made in Microsoft Word files were less addressed than those made in screencast videos. More students indicated preferences towards screencast video feedback for its personal and conversational nature and inclusion of elaborated details. They commented on its usefulness and efficiency in the revision process, and its assistance with their professional development. Screencast video is therefore a promising tool for teachers to create social presence while providing feedback on students’ writing in online learning contexts.
Anti-invasive efficacy and survival benefit of the YAP-TEAD inhibitor Verteporfin in preclinical glioblastoma models.

BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a largely incurable disease as current therapy fails to target the invasive nature of GBM growth in disease progression and recurrence. Here we use the FDA-approved drug and small molecule Hippo inhibitor Verteporfin to target YAP-TEAD activity, known to mediate convergent aspects of tumor invasion/metastasis, and assess the drug's efficacy and survival benefit in GBM models. METHODS Up to eight low-passage patient-derived GBM cell lines with distinct genomic drivers, including three primary/recurrent pairs, were treated with Verteporfin or vehicle to assess in-vitro effects on proliferation, migration, YAP-TEAD activity, and transcriptomics. Patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models (PDX) were used to assess Verteporfin's brain penetrance and effects on tumor burden and survival. RESULTS Verteporfin treatment disturbed YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity; disrupted transcriptome signatures related to invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal, and proneural-to-mesenchymal transition, phenocopying TEAD1-knockout effects; and impaired tumor migration/invasion dynamics across primary and recurrent GBM lines. In an aggressive orthotopic PDX GBM model, short-term Verteporfin treatment consistently diminished core and infiltrative tumor burden, which was associated with decreased tumor expression of Ki67, nuclear YAP, TEAD1, and TEAD-associated targets EGFR, CDH2 and ITGB1. Finally, long-term Verteporfin treatment appeared non-toxic and conferred survival benefit compared to vehicle in two PDX models: as monotherapy in primary (de-novo) GBM and in combination with Temozolomide chemoradiation in recurrent GBM, where VP treatment associated with increased MGMT methylation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate combined anti-invasive and anti-proliferative efficacy for Verteporfin with survival benefit in preclinical GBM models, indicating potential therapeutic value of this already FDA-approved drug if repurposed for glioblastoma patients.
The Psychology of Pollution Control

This chapter argues that exploring the psychology of pollution perception and response can help in crafting more effective regimes for pollution control. The impacts of pollution—like other environmental problems—are often diffuse, complex, and nonhuman in character. Furthermore, pollution itself often generates an affective, disgusted response, and perceptions of pollution risk are mediated by who is polluting. Each of these characteristics has implications for managing human behaviors that create, promote, or reduce pollution. As a result, understanding the psychology of pollution control can help in understanding, predicting, and evaluating how existing environmental policies shape human behavior, and in crafting policies that are better at controlling pollution.
Tailoring oxygen evolution reaction activity of metal-oxide spinel nanoparticles via judiciously regulating surface-capping polymers

High cost and scarcity of the state-of-the-art noble metal-based catalysts represents one of the critical hurdles to be overcome in electrocatalysis. A promising direction is to utilize transition metal-based nanoparticles (NPs), which offer superior electrocatalytic performance over their bulk counterparts. Capping the surface of NPs with polymers is widely recognized as an effective means towards their dispersion and stabilization. However, it is often circumvented due to its tendency to lower the electrocatalytic activity of the ligated NPs. Here, we report the first systematic investigation into the impact of the chain density and hydrophilicity of the surface-capping polymers, which can be judiciously regulated, on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. By capitalizing on star-like diblock copolymers as nanoreactors, spinel CoFe2O4 (CFO) NPs permanently ligated with polymers of interest (i.e., varied chain density and characteristic) are crafted. The correlation between the chain density and hydrophilicity of surface-capping polymers and the OER activity of CFO NPs are scrutinized. Intriguingly, decreasing the number of surface-capping chains and increasing the chain hydrophilicity result in significantly decreased overpotential, caused by an increased exposure of the active material (CFO) to the electrolyte and reduced diffusion resistance. This study provides insight into the strategies for mitigating the activity-limiting properties of surface polymers and tailoring the electrocatalytic properties of polymer-ligated NPs.
Metaphorical Intervention in Alcohol Dependency

Abstract The author provides a rationale for metaphor in working with alcohol dependent clients. An original “fairytale” or metaphor is presented with follow-up activities suggested.
Seminar in Entrepreneurship

The objectives of the course are to learn the bases of entrepreneurship, free enterprise education, and social entrepreneurship - in a variety of forms and delivered experientially. Student teams will continually develop, innovate, and implement an assortment of projects and programs. These projects should tie the skills learned in the entrepreneurship classes to date. The teams are required to document the impact of their efforts, whether it is in dollars, educational achievement, or business health. They should partner with existing organizations on campus, the school system and with the business community. Programs and projects should be developed to ensure their continuity into the future.
Input-output budgets of major ions for a forested watershed in western Maryland.

We measured concentrations and fluxesof major ions in wet deposition, throughfall andstream water in a forested watershed on the AlleghenyPlateau of western Maryland to investigatecanopy-atmosphere interactions and to calculate input–output budgets. Wet deposition was dominated byH+, SO 4 2− , NO 3 − andNH 4 + ions. Hydrogen and SO 4 2− accounted for 70 and 58% of the total cation andanion equivalents, respectively. Annual wet depositionrates of SO 4 2− (0.56 keq ha−1 yr−1), NO 3 − (0.31 keq ha−1 yr −1)and NH 4 + (0.17 keq ha−1 yr −1)were at the high end of the range in wet depositionrates reported for other sites in the eastern UnitedStates. On an annual basis, the forest canopy consumed20% of the free acidity in incident precipitation,had no net effect on Na+ and NH 4 + deposition, and was a net source of K+,Ca2+, Mg2+, SO 4 2− andNO 3 − ; 1.5 to 22 times greater than the wetdeposition rates. On an annual basis, the watershed ofthe unnamed tributary to Herrington Creek (HCWS)retained essentially all of the throughfall H+ andNH 4 + inputs, 35% of the throughfall K+input and 62% of the throughfall NO 3 − input. In contrast, HCWS was a net source ofSO 4 2− , Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+ andNa+; export rates were 2 to 5 times greater thanthroughfall inputs. Sulfate was the dominant anionassociated with cation leaching, accounting for 78%of the total anion export of 1.8 keq ha−1 yr −1 in 1996–1997.
Two Small Canvases

1. IN THIS ONE is painted a paperback copy of To the Lighthouse. It is an edition popular in the sixties, what adapts the original cover design, done by Woolf s sister Vanessa. It is white, with sea-blue lettering on the spine. There is a block of the same sea-blue on the top half of the front, with the title and author's name in yellow script. Around the edges of the block, in yellow and blue, is a pattern that alternates a simple seagull?a flattened "W"?and a simple cockleshell?the ridged fan of it on the top, the level edge of the bottom. The book is shown lying on the ledge of a window, off from the center a bit, and the window's two mullioned halves are open in the sunshine of what appears to be a fine spring afternoon. The room itself appears to be that of a women's college dormitory, and with the configu ration of the painting one can see the trappings of just that to either side of the window. The room's walls are yellow, and it must be on a top floor, or at least the highest in a gabled wing, because the ceiling beams above slope. There is, on the left side, the edge of a winged chair, the type that was maybe once common in dormitory rooms, called a "butterfly chair"; one can see about half of the black wrought-iron frame of it, and the worn black canvas of the sling of it. Beside the chair is a small oaken table, probably part of the dormitory furniture, bearing a couple of spiral-bound note books, a glass of what might be iced coffee, and a single pencil showing at one end one of those pink eraser nubs put over a pencil's original eraser when it wears. Moving from the left, to the center and at the bottom of the painting, is a slice of the throw rug on the planked floor; the rug is a cheap Mexican thing, red, with a zigzagging print of black and white, and in the painting a good sense emerges of its flimsiness?not much more than a blanket, really, some bunching of it up by the end where the fringe is as dirty as old string. After that, there in the center too and below the window ledge, is a long cast-iron radiator. The radiator is painted silver, and the detailing is such that one can see, underneath the rocket-shaped steam valve on one end, a squiggly trail of rust that has dripped down the first slab of the radiator's louvers where the valve has leaked some over the years. There is, on the right side of the painting, a low bookcase with a stereo on it. The record player consists of a turntable under a plastic hood, clear, and two relatively small speakers, each the size of a shoebox set upright; there is
Are University Physical Education Students Models for Fitness

What Was the Question? Those learning to become physical education teachers will be applying for jobs in schools where they will be expected to be fitness leaders. Kamla, Snyder, Tanner, and Wash (...
Gasification of Phycoremediation Algal Biomass

Microalgae have been utilized in wastewater treatment strategies in various contexts. Uncontrolled algal species are a cheap and effective remediation strategy. This study investigates the thermochemical potential of wastewater treatment algae (phycoremediation) as a means to produce renewable fuel streams and bio-products. Three gasification temperature levels were investigated in an auger gasification platform: 760, 860, and 960 °C. Temperature increases resulted in corresponding increases in CO and H2 concentrations in the producer gas from 12.8% and 4.7% at 760 °C to 16.9% and 11.4% at 960 °C, respectively. Condensable yields ranged between 15.0% and 16.6%, whereas char yields fell between 46.0% and 51.0%. The high ash content (40% on a dry basis) was the main cause of the elevated char yields. On the other hand, the relatively high yields of condensables and a high carbon concentration in the char were attributed to the low conversion efficiency in this gasification platform. Combustion kinetics of the raw algae, in a thermogravimetric analyzer, showed three consecutive stages of weight loss: drying, devolatilization, and char oxidation. Increasing the algae gasification temperature led to increases in the temperature of peak char oxidation. Future studies will further investigate improvements to the performance of auger gasification.
Interactions of circular Rydberg atoms with charged particles

Abstract We report electron capture from oriented circular Rydberg atoms by protons and positrons at speeds comparable to the electron orbital speed. We find orientation dependent, novel peak structures for both protons and positrons in the angular scattering of the particles. The structures may be understood in terms of quasi Thomas double scattering mechanism for capture. Other related aspects including final state population and orientation induced scattering asymmetry will also be discussed.
Robust, versatile, direct low-frequency noise characterization method for material/process quality control using cross-shaped 4- terminal devices

Low frequency (LF) noise measurement is a very sensitive tool for device quality and reliability monitoring. Despite of its potential interest, there are up to now relatively few LF noise studies combined and compared to standard reliability/quality analysis. One of the reasons is the difficulty to implement LF noise measurement on automatic wafer level testing. In this paper we promote a method using cross shaped 4 terminal devices (Hall crosses). The implementation of this method and its advantages over conventional noise measurement methods are described. This method, compatible with on-wafer probe testing, is of particular interest for material/processes quality control purposes especially for less mature material such as AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures.
Ion beam induced desorption with postionization using high repetition femtosecond lasers

Abstract Static SIMS has shown itself to be a powerful tool for surface analysis with high chemical specificity. Because of the destructive nature of the sputtering process, high spatial resolution analysis (sub-200-nm regime) requires very high yields of emitted ions since there is a very limited amount of material in each image pixel. Generally the sputtered neutral yield is significantly greater than the secondary ion yield. To attain the high sensitivities required it is therefore critical that the ejected neutrals be ionized efficiently with minimal fragmentation. This paper explores the application of a high repetition rate Ti:sapphire based femtosecond laser to the ionization of sputtered and gas phase species from a variety of representative materials including silver, indium, tryptophan, benzo[ a ]pyrene, p -nitroaniline and polystyrene. The effects of photon wavelength (800, 400, and 266 nm) and power density on ionization and molecular fragmentation have been studied.
Pseudomonas Pneumonia in Smokers

pneumonia in otherwise healthy subjects, 5 of whom were smokers. The authors concluded that Pseudomonas species should be considered an etiologic agent in anyone with a history of smoking who has rapidly progressive pneumonia. Clinical investigators should be wary of making such recommendations, and editors should be wary of printing them. First, leaving aside the platitude that physicians should always consider every diagnosis, the recommendation is not supported by the data. The number of smokers and nonsmokers with P. aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia who were reported in the literature was the same, and mention of 6 cigarette smokers with rapidly progressive pneumonia in 40 years of medical literature (0.15 patients per year) might as well lead physicians not to consider the diagnosis. Second, the recommendation encourages abuse of antibiotics (e.g., inclusion of an antibiotic to "cover" Pseudomonas species in cases of community-acquired pneumonia). Third, such recommendations have a way of serving as grist for the mill of malpractice attorneys when rare cases do occur subsequently.
Inflated kinetic isotope effects in the branched mechanism of Neurospora crassa 2-nitropropane dioxygenase.

Catalytic turnover of Neurospora crassa 2-nitropropane dioxygenase with nitroethane as substrate occurs through both nonoxidative and oxidative pathways. The pH dependence of the kinetic isotope effects with [1,1-2H2]nitroethane as substrate was measured in the current study by monitoring the formation of the nitronate product in the nonoxidative pathway. The kinetic isotope effect on the second-order rate constant for nitronate formation, kcat/Km, decreased from an upper limiting value of 23 ± 1 at low pH to a lower limiting value of 11 ± 1 at high pH. These kinetic isotope effects are three times larger than those determined previously through measurements of oxygen consumption that occurs in the oxidative pathway of the enzyme [(2006) Biochemistry 45, 13889]. Analytical expressions for the kcat/Km values determined in each study show that the difference in the kinetic isotope effects arises from the branching of an enzyme−ethylnitronate reaction intermediate through oxidative and nonoxidative turnover....
Simpler achievable rate regions for multiaccess with finite blocklength

Although practical communication networks employ coding schemes with blocklengths as low as several hundred symbols, classical information theoretic setups consider block-lengths approaching infinity. Building upon information spectrum concepts and recent work on channel dispersion, we develop a non-asymptotic inner bound on as well as a low-complexity, second-order achievable rate region for a discrete memoryless multiple access channel with a given finite blocklength and positive average error probability. Our bounds appear to capture essentially the same region as those of Tan and Kosut, but are less computationally complex because they require only the means and variances of the relevant mutual information random variables instead of their full covariance matrix.
A NOTE ON CONJOINT MEASUREMENT WITH RESTRICTED SOLVABILITY1

Additive two-factor conjoint measurement is derived from axioms that do not include unrestricted solvability or a condition on interlocked standard sequences.
A simplified method of groundwater direction measurement in a single borehole

Abstract A simple new technique utilizing radio-isotopes for the measurement of groundwater flow direction in boreholes sites in granular pervious material is described. The conventional technique of injection and subsequent measurement of the adsorbed activity peak on the borehole screening by a collimated counting detector is replaced by a single unit incorporating a time-delayed injection mechanism and a cylindrical gauze. A fraction of the radio-isotope injected is adsorbed on the gauze which is then removed from the borehole to be analysed in the laboratory for isotope distribution. Evolution of this technique consisted of comparative field tests with a collimated geiger counter. Results, within the inherent accuracy of both techniques, were identical. The method described allows measurement to greater depth, is less time consuming and dispenses with the necessity of transporting electronic equipment into the field.
Measuring Learning Outcomes in Higher Education: Motivation Matters

With the pressing need for accountability in higher education, standardized outcomes assessments have been widely used to evaluate learning and inform policy. However, the critical question on how scores are influenced by students’ motivation has been insufficiently addressed. Using random assignment, we administered a multiple-choice test and an essay across three motivational conditions. Students’ self-report motivation was also collected. Motivation significantly predicted test scores. A substantial performance gap emerged between students in different motivational conditions (effect size as large as .68). Depending on the test format and condition, conclusions about college learning gain (i.e., value added) varied dramatically from substantial gain (d = 0.72) to negative gain (d = −0.23). The findings have significant implications for higher education stakeholders at many levels.
Urban Morphology Drives the Homogenization of Tree Cover in Baltimore, MD, and Raleigh, NC

Heterogeneous land cover patterns contribute to unique ecological conditions in cities and little is known about the drivers of these patterns among cities. We studied tree cover patterns in relationship to urban morphology (for example, housing density, parcel size), socioeconomic factors (for example, education, income, lifestyle characteristics), and historical legacies in Baltimore, Maryland, and Raleigh, North Carolina. Utilizing a multimodel inference approach and bivariate analyses, we analyzed two primary datasets employed in previous research predicting urban tree cover—one comprising continuous data (US Census), and the other consisting of categorical variables (Claritas PRIZM) that incorporate consumer purchasing data. Continuous data revealed that urban morphological characteristics were better predictors of tree cover patterns than socioeconomic factors in Raleigh and Baltimore at the parcel and neighborhood scales. Although the categorical dataset provided some evidence for the importance of socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics in predicting tree cover patterns, the hierarchical nature of these data preclude separating the impacts of these factors from levels of urbanization. Bivariate analyses of continuous and categorical variables revealed that the highest correlation coefficients were associated with variables describing urban morphology—parcel size, percent pervious area, and house age. In Baltimore, historical census data were better predictors of present-day tree cover than census data from recent years. Most notably, parcel size, a key predictor of tree cover, has decreased with time in Raleigh to sizes consistently seen in Baltimore. Our findings demonstrate that urban morphology, the main driver of tree cover patterns in these cities, may lead to the homogenization of tree canopy in Raleigh and Baltimore in the future.
370. CRM1 Enhances the Lentiviral Vector Production

Lentiviral vectors derived from human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) are increasingly used in the delivery of transgenes into mammalian cells for gene function studies and for potential treatment of human diseases. One of the major barriers of applying HIV vector in disease treatment is to provide sufficient amounts of infectious vectors at high concentration. HIV vectors were generated by transient transfection of human 293T cells with the packaging plasmids and the vector DNA. The exceptionally high transfection efficiency of this cell line leads to production of vector with titers ranging between 105 and 107 infectious particles/ml. We have shown that delivery of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) genes into human hematopoietic cells with HIV vectors led to efficient inhibition of HIV-1 replication. However, the presence of the anti-HIV shRNA gene resulted in at least a 10|[ndash]|100 fold reduction in vector titer. For efficient delivery of shRNA genes into human hematopoietic cells, methods to enhance vector production from 293T cells therefore need to be developed.
Designing an Information Visualization Tool for Sensemaking

The study presents the AVALANCHE visualization test-bed for sensemaking in ill-structured problem domains. AVALANCHE allows the users to develop and frame hypotheses, analyze the hypotheses in the experimental domain, and provide cases for simulation experiments. The visualization and sensemaking support module in AVALANCHE provides human–computer interface and visualization supports. Validation experiments using groups aided with visualization and support tools and groups with no aiding was performed on two open-ended sensemaking cases provided by a military subject matter expert. Statistical analyses revealed mean performance differences in plan accuracy, plan time, and number of cue prompts between aided and unaided groups across task scenarios. In general, the aided group had the highest mean plan outcome accuracy, low planning time, and the least number of prompts. The intention is to extend the study to collaborative sensemaking tasks to address the effects of negotiation on team planning time, cue ...
All-optical address recognition for optically-assisted routing in next-generation optical networks

Optical fiber communication technology enabled high-speed, long-distance capacity in today's networks. The packet switching functions such as address recognition and routing are performed in the electrical domain after optical-to-electrical conversion. As more real-time applications come online, demand for bandwidth increases, and electronic processing may potentially become a bottleneck at the intermediate nodes along the network. We introduce some optical address recognition schemes for optically-assisted routing that may decrease the processing delay at these nodes.
Structural package and board design approach for System-on-Chip power delivery analysis

With the increasing complexity of circuit design, CPU and chipset electrical design target has changed and continue to be more stringent. Power delivery design is getting more challenging to ensure no device functional failure in low power and low cost product. Therefore, platform power delivery engineer is playing an essential role in implementing robust electrical solution. Despite of all these, there is a hidden challenge as System-on-Chip power delivery engineer does not have platform design detail for instance package stack-up and number of layer as well as platform size to initiate power delivery design. This urges the team to transform from traditional passive power delivery working model to more proactive role. This paper presents structural approach of platform parasitic estimation at early product definition phase and production design cycle phase. Accurate estimation of platform parasitic is important to enable early product power delivery involvement and BGA (Ball Grid Array) reduction that could facilitate product cost saving. The correlation of the estimated result and the simulated result is presented and further discussed in the study.
Investigation on the Performance of Fire Detection Systems for Tunnel Applications––Part 2: Full-Scale Experiments Under Longitudinal Airflow Conditions

This paper presents the results of the full-scale experiments conducted in a laboratory tunnel facility under longitudinal airflow conditions and in the Carre-Viger Tunnel. The performance of nine fire detection systems representing five types of the fire detection technologies for road tunnel applications was investigated using representative tunnel fire scenarios. The changes in fire characteristics caused by longitudinal airflow, such as fuel burning time, fire growth rate, temperatures and smoke spread in the tunnel, were measured and analyzed. The experimental results showed that the detection time of the fire detection systems under longitudinal airflow conditions could be increased or decreased, depending on the fuel type, fire size and location, airflow velocity and detection method.
Crop circles and Euclidean geometry

Inspired by an article published in Science News, which relates the crop circles near Stonhenge to Euclidean Geometry, we have proved several theorems concerning the geometrical relationships between the circles and regular n‐gons.
MULTIPLE ACHIEVEMENT BATTERY AND REPEATED MEASUREMENTS: A POSTSCRIPT TO THREE STUDIES ON CREATIVE THINKING.

The data from the author's three earlier studies on the interrelationships among creative thinking, intelligence, and school achievement among secondary and elementary students were re-analyzed. The assumption in the earlier reports of statistical independence among subtest scores on multiple achievement batteries was questioned in the present paper and, thus, the data were treated as repeated measurements. In three out of four analyses involved, the original findings were upheld even when the assumption of dependence was applied. Implications of the findings for both research in creative thinking and psychological measurement in general were discussed.
Applying informatics systems to high-throughput screening and analysis

Genomics, high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry promise dramatic productivity improvements in the drug-discovery process. However, without powerful informatics systems, these promised efficiencies are unlikely to be realized. High-throughput informatics systems have been used to design, register and track combinatorial libraries, and also to facilitate lead identification and the optimization process.
Integrating Physical Education, Math, and Physics

(2004). Integrating Physical Education, Math, and Physics. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 42-50.
Powder segregation due to vibration

Abstract An experimental study on the segregation of particles when subjected to vibrational energy has been made. Radioactive traces techniques were used to follow the movement of the powder. The method did not disturb the bed and thus the segregation could be measured at various time intervals. It was found that the powder properties and the amplitude and frequency of the vibrations had a profound effect on the results obtained. In free-flowing powders, segregarion was readily induced. Powder which demostrated incipient cohesion had pronounced segregation only at a critical vibrational energy. Truly cohesive powders exhibited very tittle segregation once the powder had packed down to its final bulk density.
The nature of flow in the systemic venous pathway measured by magnetic resonance blood tagging in patients having the fontan operation

Abstract Objectives: Our objectives were twofold: (1) to determine cardiac and respiratory dependency of systemic venous pathway flow of patients having the Fontan operation with a total cavopulmonary connection and (2) to describe the velocity profile. Systemic venous pathway flow is hypothesized to be mostly respiratory dependent, to be laminar, and to have a smooth velocity profile. Methods: Twenty-two patients having the Fontan operation (aged 8.6 ± 4.7 years) underwent magnetic resonance blood tagging (bolus tagging). Systemic venous pathway spin-echo images parallel to the blood flow were used as a localizer. A saturation pulse labeled the blood, and a cine image was acquired at the inferior and superior venae cavae and midportion of the baffle in the systemic venous pathway, triggered to the electrocardiogram and gated to both end-expiration and end-inspiration. Repetition time was 50 msec. Results: Flow in the systemic venous pathway was laminar throughout its course and was found to be phasic to both cardiac and respiratory cycles. Approximately 70% of flow was cardiac dependent, and the rest was respiratory. Highest flow occurred near end-systole and early diastole and in inspiration. Lowest flow occurred in diastasis. Velocity was highest and flow least "pluglike" in the mid-baffle area during cardiac or respiratory imaging (45 ± 17 and 32 ± 11 cm/sec, respectively). Conclusion: A substantial amount of pulmonary blood flow in patients who have undergone a total cavopulmonary connection type of Fontan operation has a cardiac component. Furthermore, we confirm that this flow is laminar but nonuniform across the systemic venous pathway. Highest flows occurred near end-systole and early diastole, as well as in inspiration, and the lowest flow occurred in diastasis. This information may help in designing the systemic venous pathway and optimizing medical management. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:1032-41)
The contribution of proximity and orientation to catalytic reaction rates

We present calculations of the possible magnitude of propinquity which has been proposed to play an important role in enzymic catalysis. The effect has been evaluated as in the past by calculating the ratio of bimolecular to intramolecular reaction rates. The ratio is estimated for intramolecular catalysis in rigid systems as well as for systems with five and six rotatable bonds. Our method differs from others mainly in the way cyclization has been treated. The reaction rate (in all cases) is proportional to the probability that the reactive units have the appropriate spatial and orientational positioning for reaction. This probability is obtained by evaluating a distance distribution function within the spatial and angular intervals to which the units are constrained after reaction. For the bimolecular case we have made the usual assumption that the distribution function is uniform. For the intramolecular reaction, neither the spatial nor the angular part of the distribution function is uniform. The pertinent parameters in this case are the bond lengths and angles, and the statistical weight matrices describing torsional rotation. The difficulty in obtaining analytical expressions for the distribution function is circumvented by using Monte Carlo methods. It is argued that the spatial contribution to rate accelerations in rigid systems can be as high as 107M, depending upon the size of the volume to which the reactive units are constrained after reaction. The limitation on the smallest physically reasonable volume is estimated from considerations of energy requirements and vibrational amplitudes. Accelerations by five- and six-membered ring cyclizations were estimated at 103M, the six-membered ring exhibiting the smaller rate enhancement.
On the space of all regular operators between two Riesz spaces

Abstract We prove that for an Archimedean Riesz space E the following two conditions are equivalent. (A) For every Archimedean Riesz space F the regular linear operators of E into F form a Riesz space. (B) E is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of ℝ.
The phenomenology of vigilantism in contemporary America: An interpretation

Vigilante violence is studied, defined, and delineated from a phenomenological stance. An interpretation of American vigilantism is developed: violence is intended by the perpetrators to maintain and defend, rather than change, the established sociopolitical order. Four major types of vigilantism are discussed: (1) private, spontaneous vigilantism; 2) private, organized vigilantism; (3) official, spontaneous vigilantism; and (4) official, organized vigilantism. The main objective of vigilantism is the preservation of social stability in the face of innovative behavior. It is often a reaction to the widening range of officially tolerated innovation and the existence of state‐sponsored innovation. Besides a study of the typification of motivation, the article deals with the vigilante personality.
Mobilization of Lead from Highly Weathered Porous Material by Extracting Agents

Batch and dynamic leaching experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of clay mineralogy and soil organic matter (SOM) present in two highly weathered, surface and subsurface soil materials on Pb sorption and subsequent extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and carboxymethyl ‚-cyclodextrin (CMCD). Saturated soil columns were leached with an acidic Pb solution to simulate a contamination event, followed by injection of artificial groundwater (AGW) at constant velocity. Greater Pb retardation was observed within the surface soil compared to the subsurface soil material, and a significant increase in effluent turbidity was observed coincident with the Pb breakthrough in the subsurface soil material. Electrophoretic, thermo-gravimetric, and X-ray diffraction analysis of the resulting suspension suggested that the presence of strongly adsorbing Pb 2+ and excess H + increased the positive charge on amphoteric mineral surfaces and reduced the negative charge on clay minerals, which induced selective dispersion and transport of Fe oxides. In contrast, no increase in turbidity was observed for the surface soil following Pb injection. While only 30% of adsorbed Pb was mobilized from contaminated subsurface soil material, less than 10% of adsorbed Pb was extracted from surface soil when Pb-contaminated soil columns were flushed with AGW. Following leaching with AGW, extraction solutions containing either 0.37 g L -1 (1 mM) EDTA or 10 g L -1 CMCD were applied to extract the residual bound Pb. Nearly 100% of residual Pb was extracted from the surface soil by EDTA as compared to about 56% removal by CMCD under similar conditions. About 80% of residual Pb was removed by EDTA from the Pbcontaminated subsurface material, but less than 2% of residual Pb was extracted by CMCD under similar conditions.
Buckling of Orthotropic, Curved, Sandwich Panels Subjected to Edge Shear Loads

A linear analysis is presented for determining the shear buckling load of a rectangular, sandwich panel with constant cylindrical curvature and having specially orthotropic facings and core. Solution for classical simplesupport boundary conditions was carried out by the Galerkin method, taking precautions not to "escalate" the equations by differentiati on. This resulted in two doubly infinite sets of eigenvalue equations, representing buckling in the symmetric and unsymmetric modes. Numerical solutions were obtained on a digital computer and the results were compared with those of previous analyses for special cases and with limited test data available for the general case. Finally parametric design curves are presented for a range of parameters.
Estimation of critical stability parameters by asymptotic analysis in multilayer extrusion

In industrial coextrusion operations, multiple layers are frequently brought in contact with each other at different temperatures to “match” viscosities and to reduce interfacial instability. Here, a linear stability analysis of multilayer plane Poiseuille flow is carried out for real, specific polymer melts in terms of process parameters, such as temperatures and flow rates. However, heat transfer across the layers is neglected as a first approximation. Previously, it was observed that below a certain Reynolds number and above a certain relaxation time, the flow-rate ratio (or the depth ratio), above which the flow is stable to all wavelengths, can be estimated by the long-wavelength asymptotic analysis (1,3). The Reynolds numbers for the industrial flows are smaller, and the relaxation times are larger than the corresponding critical values by several orders of magnitude. Therefore, the critical stability parameters can be estimated in the present study for industrial cases using the asymptotic stability analysis at long wavelengths. Although a large number of earlier parametric studies of model fluids indicate the influence of various theological parameters, only the viscosity stratification plays an important role in the interfacial instability within the operating range of industrial coextrusion processes.
Protein Dynamics Studied with Ultrafast Two-Dimensional Infrared Vibrational Echo Spectroscopy

Proteins, enzymes, and other biological molecules undergo structural dynamics as an intrinsic part of their biological functions. While many biological processes occur on the millisecond, second, and even longer time scales, the fundamental structural dynamics that eventually give rise to such processes occur on much faster time scales. Many decades ago, chemical kineticists focused on the inverse of the reaction rate constant as the important time scale for a chemical reaction. However, through transition state theory and a vast amount of experimental evidence, we now know that the key events in a chemical reaction can involve structural fluctuations that take a system of reactants to its transition state, the crossing of a barrier, and the eventual relaxation to product states. Such dynamics occur on very fast time scales.Today researchers would like to investigate the fast structural fluctuations of biological molecules to gain an understanding of how biological processes proceed from simple structural...
A practical approach to cutaneous sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that has the potential to affect multiple organs, including the skin. Its cutaneous manifestations are varied and can provide clues to underlying systemic manifestations. Unfortunately, they also can be disfiguring. Therapy is usually directed at the organ system most severely affected, which often may help cutaneous disease. However, cutaneous disease may be recalcitrant to treatment directed at extracutaneous disease, or it may be severe enough to require targeted therapy. This article focuses on the dermatologist’s role in recognizing and diagnosing cutaneous sarcoidosis, evaluating patients for systemic disease involvement, and treating the skin manifestations of sarcoidosis.
The Logic of State Primary Classification Schemes

This article evaluates the effectiveness of traditional state primary classification schemes as tools for the study of state primary systems. It calls into question the traditional categories (open, closed, and blanket) and analyzes the validity of research based on these categories. It is also argued that alternative classification schemes fail to overcome problems endemic to the traditional scheme. The authors introduce as a corrective the notion of "subject-relevance"—the notion that primary classifications must be made through the use of criteria relevant to specific end-view studies of state primaries. The authors conclude that state primary classification schemes have an acceptable heuristic function only if the requirement of subject-relevance is followed in their construction and only if the limitations of subject-relevance are acknowledged in their future use.
Interaction between the NOS3 Gene and Obesity as a Determinant of Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) catalyzes the production of nitric oxide from L-arginine in endothelial cells. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for diabetes, and obese individuals have been reported to have reduced nitric oxide availability compared to controls whose weight is in the normal range. Since homozygous carriers of the NOS3 G894T variant are predicted to have decreased enzyme activity, the association between NOS3 genotype and type 2 diabetes, and possible effect modification by body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. The prevalence of diabetes and BMI was determined at baseline in 14,374 participants 45–66 years of age from the prospective biracial population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study of the development of atherosclerosis in four communities in the United States. Individuals with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were considered obese. Those subjects not meeting the case definition were the comparison groups for the 728 African American and 980 white participants with diabetes. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and field center were used to test for main genetic effects and interaction with obesity. Although the NOS3 G894T variant was not independently associated with diabetes in either African Americans or whites, significant interaction between BMI and the NOS3 polymorphism indicated that obesity was an effect modifier of diabetes risk for white individuals with the TT genotype (odds ratio (OR) for interaction = 1.65, p = 0.04). In stratified analyses, homozygosity for the NOS3 T allele in obese white participants but not in those whose BMI <30 kg/m2 was associated with an elevated risk of diabetes (OR = 1.47, p = 0.02) when compared to the common GG genotype. These results suggest that interaction between obesity and NOS3 genotype may be a determinant of diabetes case status in whites in the ARIC cohort. Replication in other populations will be required to confirm these observations.
Beneficial Effect of an Essential Fatty Acid Deficient Diet in NZB/NZW F1 Mice

New Zealand Black by White (B/W) hybrid mice spontaneously develop a disease similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Subepidermal immunoglobulin deposits (Se-Ig) and antibodies to double-standed DNA (anti-dsDNA) develop in aging mice. Death from glomerulonephritis occurs at 8 to 12 mo. Previous findings suggest that epidermal DNA:anti-dsDNA complexes form in situ since Se-Ig correlates with anti-ds DNA and Se-Ig accumulation is augmented by increased epidermal proliferation (presumably due to enhanced epidermal DNA release). Since essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency is known to increase epidermal proliferation we have studied the effect of an essential fatty acid deficient EFA-d diet on: (1) Se-Ig, (2) anti-dsDNA, and (3) survival. Ten-mo B/W mice on an EFA-d diet were compared with 14 controls on a calorically equivalent standard diet. Both groups were initiated on their diets at 2 mo of age. Only female mice were used. All were weighed weekly; tested for anti-ds DNA ( Crithidia luciliae assay) each month; and biopsied for direct immunofluorescence (IF) staining of skin at 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5, and 12 mo. Tissue (skin and kidney) was also obtained for light and IF microscopy. Weights in the 2 study groups were essentially identical. All disease manifestations examined were strikingly altered in the EFA-d animals. Only 2 of 14 (14%) control animals survived to 9 mo and both had anti-dsDNA and Se-Ig. In contrast, 8 of 10 (80%) EFA-d mice were alive at 9 mo and none had anti-dsDNA or Se-Ig. The kidneys from EFA-d mice at 10 mo were normal; however, all kidneys from 7 to 9 mo control mice were abnormal by both light and IF microscopy. Eight of the 10 EFA-d mice were alive at 10 mo. None had Se-Ig but one had anti- dsDNA.
The culture of Claviceps purpurea. II. Preliminary metabolism studies.

Various compounds representing structural moieties of lysergic acid were added to submerged cultures and to replacement cultures of Claviceps. Qualitative studies for probable alkaloid synthesis and quantitative utilization of some of these compounds are reported. The effect on growth and a new method for the detection of alkaloids on paper chromatographs are demonstrated.
The Line‐Item Veto in Georgia: Fiscal Restraint or Inter‐Branch Politics?

This article about use of the line-item veto in Georgia concludes that the item veto has been used not as an instrument for reducing the budget total or the size of state government, but as an instrument for protecting the executive budget. Using appropriations data and drawing upon interviews with participants in the budget process, including seven governors, the authors present evidence that in Georgia the item veto (1) is not frequently used, (2) when used, is more likely to remove legislative language than delete dollar amounts, and (3) enables the spending priorities and fiscal policy preferences of the governor to prevail as state policy.