cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of PIV data using multiple configurations and processing techniques

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) data have been acquired using three different experimental configurations in the far-field of the interaction created by a transverse supersonic jet exhausting from a flat plate into a transonic crossflow. The configurations included two-component PIV in the centerline streamwise plane at two overlapping stations, as well as stereoscopic PIV in both the same streamwise plane and in the crossplane. All measurement planes intersected at a common line. Data from both two-component measurement stations and the stereoscopic streamwise configuration agreed to within the estimated uncertainty, but data from the crossplane exhibited reduced velocity and turbulent stress magnitudes by a small but significant degree. Subsequent reprocessing of the data in nominally the same manner using a newer software package brought all values into close agreement with each other, but produced substantially higher turbulent stresses. The error source associated with the choice of software was traced to the use of image deformation in the newer software to treat velocity gradients, which is shown by synthetic PIV tests to yield a more accurate result for turbulence measurements even for gradients within the recommended limits for classical PIV. These detailed comparisons of replicate data suggest that routine methods of uncertainty quantification used for a turbulent PIV experiment may not fully capture the actual error sources.
A Summary of “A Direct Transition State Theory Based Study of Methyl Radical Recombination Kinetics”

Multireference configuration interaction based quantum chemical calculations are directly implemented in a variational transition state theory based analysis of the kinetics of methyl radical recombination. Separations ranging from 1.9 to 5.5 A are considered for two separate forms for the reaction coordinate. The a priori prediction for the high-pressure limit rate constant gradually decreases with increasing temperature, with a net decrease of a factor of 1.7 from 300 to 1700 K. Near room temperature, this theoretical estimate is in quantitative agreement with the experimental data. At higher temperatures, comparison between theory and experiment requires a model for the pressure dependence. Master equation calculations employing the exponential down energy transfer model suggest that the theoretical and experimental high-pressure limits gradually diverge with increasing temperature, with the former being about 3 times greater than the latter at 1700 K. The comparison with experiment also suggests that ...
On some conformally invariant fully nonlinear equations, II. Liouville, Harnack and Yamabe

Let (M, g) be an n-dimensional compact smooth Riemannian manifold (without boundary). For n=2, we know from the uniformization theorem of Poinca% that there exist metrics that are pointwise conformal to g and have constant Gauss curvature. For n~>3, the well-known Yamabe conjecture states that there exist metrics which are pointwise conformal to g and have constant scalar curvature. The Yamabe conjecture is proved through the work of Yamabe [65], Trudinger [58], Aubin [2] and Schoen [53]. The Yamabe and related problems have attracted much attention in the last 30 years or so, see, e.g., [57], [3] and the references therein. Important methods and techniques in overcoming loss of compactness have been developed in such studies, which also play important roles in the research of other areas of mathematics. For n~>3, let ~=u4/(n-2)g, where u is some positive function on M. The scalar curvature RO of ~ can be calculated as
International, societal, and cultural considerations in understanding issues of terrorism

Reflecting the ever evolving socio‐political landscape across the world, recent media reports have begun discussing how governments are no longer using phrases such as ‘war on terror’ or ‘terrorism...
Rate constant of the reaction of chlorine atoms with methanol over the temperature range 291–475 K

The rate constant of the reaction Cl + CH3OH (k1) has been measured in 500–950 Torr of N2 over the temperature range 291–475 K. The rate constant determination was carried out using the relative rate technique with C2H6 as the reference compound. Experiments were performed by irradiating mixtures of CH3OH, C2H6, Cl2, and N2 with UV light from a fluorescent lamp whose intensity peaked near 360 nm. The resultant temperature-dependent rate expression is k1 = 8.6 (±1.3) × 10−11 exp[−167 (±60)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Error limits represent data scatter (2σ) in the current experiments and do not include error in the reference rate constant. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 113–116, 2010
Guanylate cyclase C limits systemic dissemination of a murine enteric pathogen

Guanylate Cyclase C (GC-C) is an apically-oriented transmembrane receptor that is expressed on epithelial cells of the intestine. Activation of GC-C by the endogenous ligands guanylin or uroguanylin elevates intracellular cGMP and is implicated in intestinal ion secretion, cell proliferation, apoptosis, intestinal barrier function, as well as the susceptibility of the intestine to inflammation. Our aim was to determine if GC-C is required for host defense during infection by the murine enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium of the family Enterobacteriacea. GC-C+/+ control mice or those having GC-C genetically ablated (GC-C−/−) were administered C. rodentium by orogastric gavage and analyzed at multiple time points up to post-infection day 20. Commensal bacteria were characterized in uninfected GC-C+/+ and GC-C−/− mice using 16S rRNA PCR analysis. GC-C−/− mice had an increase in C. rodentium bacterial load in stool relative to GC-C+/+. C. rodentium infection strongly decreased guanylin expression in GC-C+/+ mice and, to an even greater degree, in GC-C−/− animals. Fluorescent tracer studies indicated that mice lacking GC-C, unlike GC-C+/+ animals, had a substantial loss of intestinal barrier function early in the course of infection. Epithelial cell apoptosis was significantly increased in GC-C−/− mice following 10 days of infection and this was associated with increased frequency and numbers of C. rodentium translocation out of the intestine. Infection led to significant liver histopathology in GC-C−/− mice as well as lymphocyte infiltration and elevated cytokine and chemokine expression. Relative to naive GC-C+/+ mice, the commensal microflora load in uninfected GC-C−/− mice was decreased and bacterial composition was imbalanced and included outgrowth of the Enterobacteriacea family. This work demonstrates the novel finding that GC-C signaling is an essential component of host defense during murine enteric infection by reducing bacterial load and preventing systemic dissemination of attaching/effacing-lesion forming bacterial pathogens such as C. rodentium.
Subsensitivity to noradrenaline and isoprenaline in rabbits acutely pre-treated with morphine

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of intravenously administered noradrenaline and isoprenaline on cardiovascular responses was studied in anesthetized rabbits pre-treated with morphine intravenously. 2. 2. Morphine inhibited noradrenaline-induced increases in arterial blood pressure and reflex bradycardia. 3. 3. Morphine partially antagonized isoprenaline-induced decreases in arterial pressure but did not affect the tachycardia. 4. 4. In heart tissue, morphine initially decreased and subsequently increased the uptake of tritiated noradrenaline; noradrenaline release was enhanced by morphine. 5. 5. The altered effect of sympathomimetic amines in subjects pre-treated with morphine may be due to subsensitivity of adrenergic receptors and/or due to enhanced noradrenaline uptake in the heart.
The Nature of Near-Ultraviolet-selected Objects in the Chandra Deep Field-South*

We present the first results of the pure parallel near-UV observations with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) in the Chandra Deep Field-South. The main goal is to search for the population of objects that contributes to the rise in the volume-averaged star formation rate at intermediate redshifts (z < 1). A total of 34 objects were identified in the WFPC2 images and their counterparts found in images from the Advanced Camera for Surveys. We use template fitting of the spectral energy distributions to classify the objects and found that 17 are starbursts, nine are late-type galaxies, two are early-type galaxies, and six are stars; two of the late types and one of the starbursts are X-ray sources. The colors of the starbursts were reproduced by the stellar evolutionary synthesis code Starburst99, which shows a mixed population of bursts with ages less than 1 Gyr. Analysis of the light concentration, asymmetry, and clumpiness shows that this sample is a mixed bag, containing dwarf ellipticals, early and late spirals, and peculiar objects that resemble mergers in progress.
Comment on a proposed new anomaly

Recently, Frampton has suggested that the usual cancellation of the Adler-Bell-Jackiw axial-vector anomaly might not occur, leading either to the nonrenormalizability of the weak-electromagnetic interactions or to constraints among fermion masses. We make some remarks on the nature of various regularization schemes and symmetries and, in particular, on the role of current conservation in the regularization of the triangle amplitude. We emphasize that it may be difficult to conclude that a theory is nonrenormalizable, and we give a physical argument as to why one doubts that whether or not a theory is renormalizable can depend upon the values of the particle masses. Finally, it is suggested that Frampton's claim be examined in an Abelian theory where his regularization may be compared with another.
Intermediate-term EVAR outcomes in octogenarians

Objective The utilization of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) in suitable patients has resulted in decreased perioperative morbidity and mortality. Octogenarians as a subgroup have been more readily offered EVAR, as it is less invasive, and therefore presumably better tolerated than conventional open aortic repair. The purpose of this study is to investigate periprocedural and late EVAR outcomes in octogenarians compared with patients less than 80 years of age. Methods From January 2003 to May 2008, 322 patients underwent EVAR. A total of 117 octogenarians were compared with 205 patients less than 80 years of age. A retrospective review of the demographic data, aneurysm details, perioperative morbidity, mortality, and late outcomes were analyzed. Results Octogenarians were significantly more likely to have a history of diabetes mellitus (51% vs 23%; P Conclusions EVAR can be performed safely and effectively in octogenarians, and the incidence of major complications including myocardial infarction, stroke, and death is unchanged compared with younger patients. However, there is a significantly increased rate of access-site hematomas, pulmonary, and perioperative complications in octogenarians as a whole. Our findings suggest EVAR remains a suitable form of therapy in the elderly group provided there is an appropriate preoperative evaluation and perioperative monitoring following repair.
Context-dependent cancer risk

A new study in mice shows that genetic variants underlying a previously mapped lung cancer susceptibility locus can have opposing effects on cancer risk depending on whether an oncogenic somatic mutation at the same locus subsequently arises in cis or in trans. These findings illustrate the complex interplay between genetic background and somatic events in contributing to cancer risk.
Impedance studies on bismuth-ruthenate-based electrodes

Doped bismuth ruthenates and bismuth ruthenate-stabilized bismuth oxide composites were studied as prospective cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells. Symmetric cells were fabricated on gadolinium-doped ceria electrolytes and studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Ca- and Ag-doped bismuth ruthenate electrodes (5–10 mol%) showed the same characteristic frequency as undoped bismuth ruthenate but with higher activation energy and slightly better performance above ∼550 °C. At 700 °C, area-specific resistance (ASR) of undoped, 5 mol% Ca and 5 mol% Sr-doped bismuth ruthenate electrode was 1.45, 1.24, and 1.41 Ωcm2, respectively. The change in ASR as a function of oxygen partial pressure and current bias suggests that the rate-limiting steps for oxygen reduction in bismuth ruthenate systems are charge transfer and surface diffusion of dissociatively adsorbed oxygen to triple phase boundaries. Introduction of the erbia-stabilized bismuth oxide (ESB) phase reduced both the rate-limiting steps resulting in much improved electrode performance. At 700 °C, composite electrodes containing 31.25–43.75 wt% ESB exhibited an ASR of 0.08–0.11 Ωcm2.
Interaction of Cry1Ac toxin (Bacillus thuringiensis) and proteinase inhibitors on the growth, development, and midgut proteinase activities of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea

Potential resistance development to Bt cotton in certain lepidopterans has prompted research to develop strategies that will preserve this environmental-friendly biotechnology. Proteinase inhibitors are potential candidates for enhancing Bt toxicity against lepidopteran pests and for expanding the spectrum of control for other insects. Interactions of Bt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis and proteinase inhibitors were investigated by monitoring growth, development, and gut proteinase activities of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea. Several proteinase inhibitors were combined with Bt protoxin Cry1Ac in artificial diet and fed to newly molted 3rd-instar bollworm larvae to determine effects on larval body weight and length, pupation progress, and mortality rate. Major midgut proteinase activities, including caseinase, tryptic, and chymotrypsin activities, were examined after treatment. A concentration of Bt at a level causing minimal mortality (<10%), was mixed with the following proteinase inhibitors: benzamidine, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and N-α-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). When compared with controls, the synergistic effect of Bt toxin and proteinase inhibitors caused significant decreases in mean larval weight and length over time. Midgut samples tested against the substrates azocasein, α-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA), and N-succinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide (SAAPFpNA) showed significant decreases in the protease activity of larvae fed Bt plus inhibitor versus control. Interaction of Bt and proteinase inhibitors significantly retarded larval growth and resulted in developmental delay and up to 20% mortality.
Automatic inductive theorem proving using PROLOG

Abstract Although P rolog is a programming language based on techniques from theorem proving, its use as a base for a theorem prover has not been explored until recently (Stickel, 1984). In this paper, we introduce a P rolog -based deductive theorem proving method for proving theorems in a first-order inductive theory representable in Horn clauses. The method has the following characteristics: 1. It automatically partitions the domains over which the variables range into subdomains according to the manner in which the predicate symbols in the theorem are defined. 2. For each of the subdomains the prover returns a lemma. If the lemma is true , then the target theorem is true for this subdomain. The lemma could also be an induction hypothesis for the theorem. 3. The method does not explicitly use any inductive inference rule. The induction hypothesis, if needed for a certain subdomain, will sometimes be generated from a (limited) forward chaining mechanism in the prover and not from employing any particular inference rule. In addition to the backward chaining and backtracking facilities of P rolog , our method introduces three new mechanism— skolemization by need, suspended evaluation , and limited forward chaining . These new mechanisms are simple enough to be easily implemented or even incorporated into P rolog . We describe how the theorem prover can be used to prove properties of P rolog programs by showing two simple examples.
The Initiation of Precipitation in Updrafts

Abstract The initial stages of the formation of precipitation in uniform updrafts under natural and seeded conditions are examined using a detailed microphysical model of parcel ascent. The effects of seeding are related to the initiation of precipitation which is considered to be the rate-limiting step in the precipitation process. The times required to reach a 20 dBZ radar reflectivity factor are compared between natural and seeded cases. Three regions of ice-nucleant seedability are defined on the bases of cloud-base temperature and updraft velocity. These are 1) no precipitation under natural or seeded conditions, 2) easy to overseed, and 3) difficult to overseed. It is suggested that these regions define a physically valid stratification for the analysis of cloud seeding projects. The optimal ice crystal concentration which yields the minimum time to form precipitation is estimated to be between 100 and 1000 crystals per liter. Seeding with large drops is shown to produce precipitation more efficient...
Synthesis of platelet-derived growth factor by cells of splenic red pulp in normal rats

A population of cells in the spleens of normal rats was found to contain platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain mRNA. These cells were found predominantly in the red pulp and nuclear morphology of some was consistent with that of macrophages. Similar cells were also shown by immunocytochemical staining to contain PDGF-AB/BB. These PDGF-positive cells were also found almost exclusively in the red pulp. It has been suggested by others that PDGF plays an important role in the function of the lymphohemopoietic microenvironment.
Socioeconomic Adaptation of Post-1991 Eastern European Immigrants in the USA

Very little is known about new Eastern European immigrants in the USA, despite the rapid growth of this immigrant population. In particular, their socioeconomic adaptation to American life has not been systematically studied. Extending previous research on post-1965 immigration to the USA, this study examines the socioeconomic adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants by focusing on their educational attainment, occupational status, and income. We test our hypotheses using data from the pooled 2006–2010 American Community Surveys and ordinary least squares regression and logistic regression. The results show that new Eastern European immigrants tend to be highly educated and professional, but their income is surprisingly low. The results of regression models indicate that the individual characteristics of immigrants largely explain their socioeconomic adaptation. In addition, such conditions in the countries of origin as gross domestic product and political and personal freedom also influence their socioeconomic performance to some extent. The implications of findings are discussed.
Flow stress asymmetry and cyclic stress-strain response in a BCC Ti-V alloy

The cyclic stress-strain response of relatively stable bcc ..beta..-phase Ti--40 percent V alloy single crystals was studied. Flow stress asymmetry found in the alloy is attributed to the fact that screw dislocations, when gliding on a (211) plane, are more mobile in the twinning direction than in the antitwinning direction. Thus the flow stress of the crystal is greater when it is sheared in the antitwinning direction than in the twinning direction (the latter case results when crystals of the 100 orientation are stressed in tension and those of the 110 orientation are stressed in compression). Such behavior can be a result of the core of a screw dislocation being asymmetric under stress which causes the flow stress asymmetry observed. It should be noted that screw dislocations dominate the low temperature deformation structure of Ti-40V, which strongly suggests deformation is controlled by screw dislocation motion. The observation in Mo that the microyield stress is independent of crystal orientation could be a result of edge dislocation motion controlling microyield in that instance and this observation would not be inconsistent with screw dislocation motion controlling the macroscopic (epsilon/sub p/ greater than 0.05 percent) deformation measured here. (JRD)
The EGF response element in the prolactin promoter.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increases prolactin gene expression in GH4 cells, but the promoter element(s) required for this response has not been clearly defined. We identified a bipartite element −96/−87, −76/−67 in the rat proximal promoter that is essential for EGF signaling using deletion and linker-scanning mutants of the prolactin promoter. This element was active in either normal or inverted orientation when transferred to a heterologous promoter (mammary-tumor virus). We had previously identified this element as the cAMP/insulin response element of the prolactin promoter. However, the effects of EGF are additive with the responses to insulin or cAMP implying that EGF activated prolactin gene transcription by a mechanism different from insulin or cAMP. The EGF response element of the prolactin promoter is a recognition sequence for the Ets-related family of transcription factors and Ets-related factors have been shown to bind this element. Expression of the DNA-binding domain of c-Ets-1, which acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of Ets-related transcription factors, reduces EGF-increased prolactin–CAT expression 65% in GH4 cells. Thus, both EGF and insulin may signal through Ets-related transcription factors to activate prolactin gene transcription at the same response element in the prolactin proximal promoter.
Phospholipid exchange between restricted and nonrestricted domains in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.

Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of rabbit muscle light sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes consist of two overlapping resonances, one much broader than the other. The broad resonance arises from phospholipids motionally restricted, probably by association with the Ca2+-ATPase, while the narrow resonance arises from phospholipid only slightly perturbed by the presence of the protein. (Selinsky, B.S. and Yeagle, P.L. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 2281–2288). The rate of exchange between the two phospholipid domains represented by the resonances was determined by measuring the transfer of magnetization from the broad resonance to the narrow resonance. The rate of exchange of phospholipids from the restricted domain to the nonrestricted domain was determined to be 1 s−1.
Prey refuges and predator prey stability

Abstract Refuge use can be broadly defined to include any strategy that decreases predation risk, e.g., spatial or temporal refuges, prey aggregations, or reduced search activity by prey. The existence of refuges can clearly have important effects on the coexistence of predators and prey. Previous models have only considered the effects of a constant proportion or constant number of prey using refuges. However, these are only two special cases from among the range of possible patterns of refuge use. We show the general conditions for when refuge use should have a stabilizing effect on Lotka-Volterra-type predator-prey systems. For a stabilizing effect, the proportion of prey in refuges must either: (1) decrease with increasing prey density, or (2) increase with both increasing predator density and increasing predation pressure. We also examine the effect of the cost of refuge use in decreased prey feeding or reproductive rates. Finally, we review some relevant empirical data and present some new data of our own.
Effect of exogenous corticotropin and climatic conditions on bovine adrenal cortical function.

Abstract Interactions between three climatic conditions and exogenous adrenocorticotropin (200IU) or saline on glucocorticoids of plasma were tested in six pregnant Holstein heifers. Animals were under cold (5C, 30% relative humidity), thermoneutral (18C, 80% relative humidity), and hot (35C, 50% relative humidity) conditions. Effects of treatment, interactions of environment with treatment, and environment with treatment with interval on glucocorticoids of plasma were measured through timed intervals of blood collection at pre- and postintravenous injection of a treatment solution. Adrenocorticotropin elevated corticoid concentrations in plasma, but interactions of environment with treatment and environment by treatment by sampling interval were nil for responses of corticoids in plasma.
Arachidonate lipoxygenase activity in human fetal lung

The results are suggestive of the presence of lipoxygenase activity in human fetal lung. Since human fetal lung produces PG's and since the lipoxygenase products, HETE and its labile hydroperoxy precursor, HPETE have been proposed as potentially important mediators for many biological activities, the formation of these compounds including PGs early in gestation is suggestive of a role for lipoxygenase metabolites in the pathophysiology of the human fetal lung. Modification of arachidonate lipoxygenase activity in the fetal and neonatal lung may have profound effects upon responses to pathological stimuli by modulating leukocyte infiltration and by effecting bronchoconstriction.
Fertilizability of cryopreserved zona-free hamster ova

Mature unfertilized ova from superovulated hamsters were freed from all investments and frozen at −50°C. They were cooled at about 1°C/min to 0°C then at 0.8° to 0.6°C/min to −50°C. At 0°C, dimethyl sulfoxide was added to a final concentration of 1.25 M. The ova were stored at −50°C for up to four months. Thawing was performed at 2–4°C/min and followed by several washes with insemination medium. Approximately 90% of the ova were normal in appearance after thawing. The frozen and thawed ova with normal appearance could be penetrated by hamster or human spermatozoa at a rate comparable to unfrozen controls. The ability of hamster ova to tolerate storage at a relatively convenient temperature (−50°C) for long periods (tested for up to four months) makes possible their shipment at low cost to institutions lacking this resource. There they can be used for basic biological studies of sperm–egg interaction or in the clinical assessment of human sperm quality.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and whole-blood serotonin levels : effects of comorbidity

Whole-blood serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels were measured in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid conduct disorder (CD) or oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD). It was hypothesized that the whole-blood 5-HT levels of ADHD probands would be significantly correlated with the whole-blood 5-HT levels of their mothers. Fifty-two children who met DSM-III-R criteria for ADHD were selected consecutively from an ADHD clinic (47 males--35 Caucasians, 10 African-Americans, and 2 Hispanics; 10 females--all Caucasians). Whole-blood 5-HT was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography and compared between ADHD children with and without comorbid CD or ODD. The familiality of whole-blood 5-HT levels was studied by Spearman's rank-order correlation. There were no significant age, race, or sex effects. There was no significant difference in whole-blood 5-HT levels between children with ADHD only (n = 22; 190 +/- 45 ng/ml) and ADHD with CD or ODD (n = 30; 212 +/- 67). However, 7 out of 30 (23%) children with ADHD+CD/ODD had whole-blood 5-HT levels > 270 ng/ml, while none of the ADHD-only children had whole-blood 5-HT levels > 270 ng/ml, a statistically significant difference. Whole-blood 5-HT levels showed significant positive correlations between 36 children with disruptive behavior disorders and their biological mothers (rs = 0.47). There was no difference in mean levels of whole-blood 5-HT between subgroups of children with ADHD with or without comorbid CD or ODD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptor protein Lnk, negatively regulates the mutant MPL, MPLW515L, associated with myeloproliferative disorders

Recently, activating myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (MPL) mutations, MPLW515L/K, were described in myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) patients. MPLW515L leads to activation of downstream signaling pathways and cytokine-independent proliferation in hematopoietic cells. The adaptor protein Lnk is a negative regulator of several cytokine receptors, including MPL. We show that overexpression of Lnk in Ba/F3-MPLW515L cells inhibits cytokine-independent growth, while suppression of Lnk in UT7-MPLW515L cells enhances proliferation. Lnk blocks the activation of Jak2, Stat3, Erk, and Akt in these cells. Furthermore, MPLW515L-expressing cells are more susceptible to Lnk inhibitory functions than their MPL wild-type (MPLWT)–expressing counterparts. Lnk associates with activated MPLWT and MPLW515L and colocalizes with the receptors at the plasma membrane. The SH2 domain of Lnk is essential for its binding and for its down-regulation of MPLWT and MPLW515L. Lnk itself is tyrosine-phosphorylated following thrombopoietin stimulation. Further elucidating the cellular pathways that attenuate MPLW515L will provide insight into the pathogenesis of MPD and could help develop specific therapeutic approaches.
Interpersonal Group Therapy for Women Experiencing Bulimia

Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is a chronic disorder that results in a high degree of psychological impairment for many women. This article presents a description of Interpersonal Therapy for Group (IPT–G), an evidence-based approach for the treatment of BN. The author presents a rationale for the use of IPT–G, an outline of the group model, and provides considerations for using IPT–G in clinical practice.
POST MORTEM PULMONARY ARTERIAL INJECTION STUDIES IN HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

Immediate postmortem injection of radiopaque modified Schlesinger mass into the pulmonary arteries of infants dying of hyaline membrane disease and a control group dying of other causes revealed marked discrepancies between the degrees of small vessel filling. The lungs in hyaline membrane disease revealed the typical muscular arterial tortuosity and pruned tree appearance of pulmonary hypertension as manifest on in vivo pulmonary angiography. The lungs of the control group revealed perfusion of all arterial and arteriolar branches as seen in normal pulmonary arteriograms suggesting that pulmonary hypo-perfusion plays a role in the causation or may be the result of hyaline membrane disease. These findings support previous clinical demonstrations of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypo-perfusion in this disease.
The reactivity of dimethylaluminum hydride with the aminoarsines Me2AsNMe2, MeAs(NMe2)2, and As(NMe2)3

Abstract The reactions of (Me2AlH)3 with Me2AsNMe2, MeAs(NMe2)2, and As(NMe2)3 were investigated as a function of time at room temperature and over the temperature range −90 to 24°C by use of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. (Me2AlH)3 was found to be very reactive toward the aminoarsines, even at −90°C, and no stable Me2AlH-aminoarsine adducts were observed. Instead, the initial stages of the reactions involved ASN bond cleavage with the generation of highly reactive AlN- and AsH-bonded species. The subsequent course of each reaction and the final arsenic-containing product distribution depended upon the original AL:N stoichiometric ratio and the respective aminoarsine. When the Al:N ratio was 1:1, the reactions were straightforward for each aminoarsine. However, in every case, [Me2AlNMe2]2 was the final AlN-containing product. Independent reactions were carried out to verify many of the proposed decomposition pathways that lead to thermodynamically stable products. The results of this study are compared with those of the analogous, previously reported (Me3Al)2-aminoarsine systems. Additionally, a new synthetic route to [Me2AlAsMe2]3 has been established from the reaction of (Me2AlH)3 with Me2AsH.
The Perceptual Buildup of Three-Dimensional Structure from Motion

We present psychophysical experiments that measure the accuracy of perceived 3D structure derived from relative image motion. The experiments are motivated by Ullman''s incremental rigidity scheme, which builds up 3D structure incrementally over an extended time. Our main conclusions are: first, the human system derives an accurate model of the relative depths of moving points, even in the presence of noise; second, the accuracy of 3D structure improves with time, eventually reaching a plateau; and third, the 3D structure currently perceived depends on previous 3D models. Through computer simulations, we relate the psychophysical observations to the behavior of Ullman''s model.
A contrast polarity search effect in letter identification

Lauren Scharff lauren.scharff@usafa.edu Albert Ahumada al.ahumada@nasa.gov) U. S. Air Force Academy Introduction Scharff and Ahumada (2002, 2003abc) measured text legibility for light text and dark text. For paragraph scanning and letter identification, performance was better for dark text than light text when we equate Weber contrast (the difference between text and background luminance divided by the background luminance). In recent studies with better stimulus control (Scharff & Ahumada, 2005; 2008), we continued to find a small, but consistent benefit of dark text for letter identification. Reading involves both scanning and identification. In the experiments below we replicate our scanning result with our improved apparatus and add scanning to our letter identification task by manipulating eccentricity.
Aggressive Behavior, Seclusion and Physical Restraint in an Inpatient Child Population

The use of seclusion and physical restraint in response to child aggressive behavior was examined within an inpatient psychiatric facility. Results indicate that both seclusion and physical restraint are used at moderate levels as the clinical response to child aggression. Several environmental variables were noted to precipitate seclusion and physical restraint in a child psychiatric setting. The need to refine our understanding and implementation of these more extreme clinical measures is discussed.
A Ca2+-activated K+ channel from rabbit aorta: modulation by cromakalim.

A large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel from rabbit aorta was incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. This channel had a conductance of 337 ± 7 pS in symmetrical 250 mM KCl solutions and had a Na+/K+ permeability ratio of < 0.04. In asymmetrical solutions containing 300 mM KCl cis (intracellular), 100 mM KCl trans (extracellular) or 100 mM KCl cis 500 mM KCl trans, the reversal potentials for the channel were −30 and +46 mV, respectively. This channel possessed voltage-dependent activation and cis (intracellular) Ca2+ sensitivity. Cromakalim (50 nM) added to the trans side of the bilayer significantly increased the Popen by 56% from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.14 ± 0.01(P < 0.01) at −40 mV without altering the single channel conductance. This effect was dose-dependent, increasing at higher cromakalim concentrations. The primary effect of cromakalim was to decrease the τslow of the channel closed state from 266 ± 32 to 147 ± 17 ms which is sufficient to account for the increase in Popen of the channel in the presence of cromakalim.
Controlled Deposition of Crystalline Organic Semiconductors for Field-Effect-Transistor Applications

The search for low-cost, large-area, flexible devices has led to a remarkable increase in the research and development of organic semiconductors, which serve as one of the most important components for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). In the current review, we highlight deposition techniques that offer precise control over the location or in-plane orientation of organic semiconductors. We focus on various vapor- and solution-processing techniques for patterning organic single crystals in desired locations. Furthermore, the alignment of organic semiconductors via different methods relying on mechanical forces, alignment layers, epitaxial growth, and external magnetic and electric fields are surveyed. The advantages, limitations, and applications of these techniques in OFETs are also discussed.
Colloidal metal particles as probes of nanoscale thermal transport in fluids

We investigate suspensions of 3--10 nm diameter Au, Pt, and AuPd nanoparticles as probes of thermal transport in fluids and determine approximate values for the thermal conductance G of the particle/fluid interfaces. Subpicosecond $\ensuremath{\lambda}=770\mathrm{nm}$ optical pulses from a Ti:sapphire mode-locked laser are used to heat the particles and interrogate the decay of their temperature through time-resolved changes in optical absorption. The thermal decay of alkanethiol-terminated Au nanoparticles in toluene is partially obscured by other effects; we set a lower limit $Gg20\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{MW}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ The thermal decay of citrate-stabilized Pt nanoparticles in water gives $G\ensuremath{\approx}130{\mathrm{MW}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ AuPd alloy nanoparticles in toluene and stabilized by alkanethiol termination give $G\ensuremath{\approx}5{\mathrm{MW}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ The measured G are within a factor of 2 of theoretical estimates based on the diffuse-mismatch model.
Health Blogging An Examination of the Outcomes Associated With Making Public, Written Disclosures About Health

The reported study explored the implications of making public, written disclosures about illness-related experiences in the context of health blogging. The outcomes associated with specific forms of expression used by bloggers and their readers were investigated. A panel study was conducted among 72 individuals who live with and blog about their experiences with a specific health condition. The results, although modest, show that elements of health blogging are associated with improvements in bloggers’ well-being. Bloggers’ use of insight words was associated with decreased health-related uncertainty and, among bloggers who posted relatively more frequently, increased purpose in life. Additionally, for those bloggers whose readers commented more frequently, readers’ use of negative emotion words was associated with increased perceptions of personal growth among bloggers.
A methodology for the simultaneous design of supply and signal networks

We present an early-stage global wire-design methodology that simultaneously considers the performance needs for both signal lines and power grids under congestion considerations. An iterative procedure is employed in which the global routing is performed according to a congestion map that includes the resource utilization of the power grid, followed by a step in which the power grid is adjusted to relax the congestion in crowded regions. This adjustment is in the form of wire removal in noncritical regions, followed by a wire-sizing step that overcomes the voltage noise after wire removal and a wire-width resizing that meets the maximum current-density constraint. Experimental results show that the overall routability can be significantly improved while the power-grid noise is maintained within both the voltage-drop and current-density constraints.
Advances on the Hamiltonian Problem – A Survey

This article is intended as a survey, updating earlier surveys in the area. For completeness of the presentation of both particular questions and the general area, it also contains material on closely related topics such as traceable, pancyclic and hamiltonian-connected graphs and digraphs.
On Kalman filter solution of space-time interpolation

The approximate Kalman filtering algorithm presented previously (see ibid., vol.3, p.773-88, Nov. 1994) for image sequence processing can introduce unacceptable negative eigenvalues in the information matrix and can have degraded performance in some applications. The improved algorithm presented in this note guarantees a positive definite information matrix, leading to more stable filter performance.
Management Science in Marketing: Prehistory, Origin, and Early Years of the INFORMS Marketing College

It is now nearly 50 years since the Institute of Management Science was founded and the prestigious journal, Management Science, began publication in October of 1954. While I was still a junior in high school in 1954 and several years from discovering Management Science, I was privileged to be present at and participate in the exciting days of intellectual ferment in the mid 1960s when management science emerged in marketing and ultimately spawned marketing science. This paper is an attempt to record something of what it was like before the INFORMS Marketing College (thus setting the context in which the College emerged), how the Marketing College was formed, and the early years of both the College and management science in marketing. It is probably not too soon to record these recollections while the principals are still alive and have most of their faculties (an assumption lacking in empirical support).
Studies on pharmaceutical powders and the state of subdivision. I. The application of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms to the determination of surface areas*,†

Although it has been shown qualitatively that the pharmacological effects of sparingly soluble drugs are strongly influenced by the fineness of these Pharmaceuticals, very little in the nature of quantitative study of this phenomenon has been attempted. A project has been initiated to correlate pharmacologic effects of slightly soluble pharmaceutical powders with their specific surface areas. In the present paper, which is the first of a series proposed in this program, the practicability of the nitrogen adsorption method for the determination of specific surface areas of pharmaceutical powders is shown. The significance of particle dimensions as calculated by these results is also discussed. Data are presented illustrating the application of the method to representative samples of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and barium sulfate.
A SURVEY ON HAPLOTYPING ALGORITHMS FOR TIGHTLY LINKED MARKERS

Two grand challenges in the postgenomic era are to develop a detailed understanding of heritable variation in the human genome, and to develop robust strategies for identifying the genetic contribution to diseases and drug responses. Haplotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been suggested as an effective representation of human variation, and various haplotype-based association mapping methods for complex traits have been proposed in the literature. However, humans are diploid and, in practice, genotype data instead of haplotype data are collected directly. Therefore, efficient and accurate computational methods for haplotype reconstruction are needed and have recently been investigated intensively, especially for tightly linked markers such as SNPs. This paper reviews statistical and combinatorial haplotyping algorithms using pedigree data, unrelated individuals, or pooled samples.
Failure analysis of titanium nitride/titanium silicide barrier contacts under high current stress

The I-V characteristics of single-pair titanium nitride/titanium silicide contact structures under current ramp are reported to reveal the existence of an unstable region when the current exceeds a critical value beyond which the diffusion region, especially near the pn junction, becomes an intrinsic semiconductor. When stressing at a constant current in this stable region, the devices tend to either become electrically shorted with metal flowing (at room temperature) into the diffusion region/substrate or exhibit a leaky junction (at high temperature) within a very short amount of time, When stressing at a current below the critical value, the devices show damage to anode contacts in the form of either voiding or junction spiking, due to the conventional electromigration mechanism. >
Antiangiogenic Activity of the Cleaved Conformation of the Serpin Antithrombin

Antithrombin, a member of the serpin family, functions as an inhibitor of thrombin and other enzymes. Cleavage of the carboxyl-terminal loop of antithrombin induces a conformational change in the molecule. Here it is shown that the cleaved conformation of antithrombin has potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in mouse models. The latent form of intact antithrombin, which is similar in conformation to the cleaved molecule, also inhibited angiogenesis and tumor growth. These data provide further evidence that the clotting and fibrinolytic pathways are directly involved in the regulation of angiogenesis.
Detection of G Proteins in Purified Bovine Brain Myelin

: Following a previous report on detection of muscarinic receptors in myelin with the implied presence of G proteins, we now demonstrate by more direct means the presence of such proteins and their quantification. Using [35S]guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) ([35S]GTPγS) as the binding ligand, purified myelin from bovine brain was found to contain approximately half the binding activity of whole white matter (138 ± 9 vs. 271 ± 18 pmol/mg of protein). Scatchard analysis of saturation binding data revealed two slopes, a result suggesting at least two binding populations. This binding was inhibited by GTP and its analog but not by 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate [App(NH)p], GMP, or UTP. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of myelin proteins and blotting on nitrocellulose, [α-32P]GTP bound to three bands in the 21–27-kDa range in a manner inhibited by GTP and GTPγS but not App(NH)p. ADP-ribosylation of myelin with [32P]NAD+ and cholera toxin labeled a protein of 43 kDa, whereas reaction with pertussis toxin labeled two components of 40 kDa. Cholatc extract of myelin subjected to chromatography on a column of phenyl-Sepharose gave at least three major peaks of [35S]GTPγS binding activity. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses of peak I indicated the presence of Goα, Giα, and Gsα. Further fractionation of peak II by diethyl-aminoethyl-Sephacel chromatography gave one [35S]GTPγS binding peak with the low-molecular-mass (21–27 kDa) proteins and a second showing two major protein bands of 36 and 40 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Immunoblot analysis of this material identified the 36-kDa protein as the β subunit, whereas the fraction containing 40-kDa polypeptides reacted with specific antibodies to Goα and Giα. Thus, purified myelin from bovine brain has been shown to contain several GTP-binding proteins resembling in broad outline the G proteins of whole brain and potentially able to transduce signals received by muscarinic (and perhaps other) receptors in this membrane.
Understanding and detecting real-world performance bugs

Developers frequently use inefficient code sequences that could be fixed by simple patches. These inefficient code sequences can cause significant performance degradation and resource waste, referred to as performance bugs. Meager increases in single threaded performance in the multi-core era and increasing emphasis on energy efficiency call for more effort in tackling performance bugs.This paper conducts a comprehensive study of 110 real-world performance bugs that are randomly sampled from five representative software suites (Apache, Chrome, GCC, Mozilla, and MySQL). The findings of this study provide guidance for future work to avoid, expose, detect, and fix performance bugs.Guided by our characteristics study, efficiency rules are extracted from 25 patches and are used to detect performance bugs. 332 previously unknown performance problems are found in the latest versions of MySQL, Apache, and Mozilla applications, including 219 performance problems found by applying rules across applications.
The Life and Times of Extremal Black Holes

Charged extremal black holes cannot fully evaporate through the Hawking effect and are thus long lived. Over their lifetimes, these black holes take part in a variety of astrophysical processes, including many that lead to their eventual destruction. This paper explores the various events that shape the life of extremal black holes and calculates the corresponding time scales.