cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
We Don’t Know What they Did Last Summer: Examining Relationships among Parental Education, Faculty Interaction, and College Students’ Post-First Year Summer Experiences

Students may have experiences that relate to long-term retention and success during the summer after completing their first year in college. Research shows that college students’ engagement and success varies based on their cultural and social capital. However, there is a dearth of research on how their cultural and social capital is associated with college students’ summer experiences after they complete their first year. The purpose of this study is to better understand the ways that students’ cultural and social capital—as measured through relationships with parents and faculty—relate to their participation in undergraduate research, internships, paid work, or volunteering after the first year of college. We analyzed longitudinal data from 1,066 students at three universities using data from the Pathways through College Study. We found that students who had parents with graduate or professional degrees had higher odds of participating in summer undergraduate research and internships, compared to first-generation college students. Students who had interactions with faculty outside of the classroom also had higher odds of participating in the four summer experiences, but the relationship between parental education and post-first year experiences do not vary depending on the level of faculty interactions. This study offers implications for faculty and student affairs practitioners related to encouraging students to participate in post-first year summer opportunities, particularly students with less social and cultural capital through their parents or faculty.
Beyond the periphery of the skin: rethinking, remaking, and reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism

“Why the Body?”—a pointed question posed by Sylvia Federici underscores a wide breadth of theoretical, political, and historical reflection in her new book, Beyond the Periphery of the Skin (75). L...
Transformations of work and democratic decay

Democracies worldwide are under stress. Two distinct families of explanation can be identified by the relative emphasis they place on the cultural versus the economic. Protesting against this dicho...
Understanding the Interplay between CdSe Thickness and Cu Doping Temperature in CdSe/CdTe Devices

CdSe thickness and Cu doping play significant roles in achieving a highly efficiency in CdTe solar cells. Using an evaporated CdSe/CdTe device stack to avoid vacuum breaks between layers, we investigate the role of the CdSe thickness on the device performance and show that when the CdSe thickness is above a critical value the device performance, specifically the short circuit current (J SC ), suffers. From these measurements, we determine the critical thickness of CdSe to be 120 nm. However, in some cases the CdSe thicknesses can be increased above the critical value and increasing the Cu doping process temperature can lead to an increase in J SC and an overall improvement in device efficiency. Specifically, for a device with ~270 nm of CdSe, the J SC increases from 7.9 mAcm-2 with CuCl 2 processing temperature of 200 °C to ~29 mAcm-2 when the processing temperature is increased to 250 °C.
Natural Resources, Property Rights, and the Domestic Logic of BIT Signing

In contrast to the substantial scholarship on whether bilateral investment treaties (BITs) increase foreign direct investment (FDI), there is less work on what drives governments to sign these treaties in the first place. I develop a theory of treaty signing that emphasizes the domestic factors that motivate a government to sign BITs. Using a panel dataset of developing countries from 1960 to 2010, I find that governments scarce in natural resources are more likely to sign BITs compared to their richer counterparts. In addition, governments with middle levels of property rights are more likely to sign BITs compared to those with low or high levels. Finally, the most likely BIT signers are resource-scarce countries with middle levels of property rights. That strategic dynamics exist in BIT signing has implications for assessing the effects of these treaties in other issue areas such as trade, human rights, and the environment.
Interpolation with splines in tension : A Green's function approach

Interpolation and gridding of data are procedures in the physical sciences and are accomplished typically using an averaging or finite difference scheme on an equidistant grid. Cubic splines are popular because of their smooth appearances; however, these functions can have undesirable oscillations between data points. Adding tension to the spline overcomes this deficiency. Here, we derive a technique for interpolation and gridding in one, two, and three dimensions using Green's functions for splines in tension and examine some of the properties of these functions. For moderate amounts of data, the Green's function technique is superior to conventional finite-difference methods because (1) both data values and directional gradients can be used to constrain the model surface, (2) noise can be suppressed easily by seeking a least-squares fit rather than exact interpolation, and (3) the model can be evaluated at arbitrary locations rather than only on a rectangular grid. We also show that the inclusion of tension greatly improves the stability of the method relative to gridding without tension. Moreover, the one-dimensional situation can be extended easily to handle parametric curve fitting in the plane and in space. Finally, we demonstrate the new method on both synthetic and real data and discuss the merits and drawbacks of the Green's function technique.
My Year with Ambassador Joseph C. Grew, 1941-1942: A Personal Account

For a long time, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) foreign policy has been a weak area in the study of twentieth-century China. But due to the recent availability of Chinese Communist documents, mem oirs, and diaries,1 things have started to change. Taking advantage of these fresh sources, Chinese scholars have begun to reexamine the history of CCP foreign relations.2 Cong Yanan zouxiang shijie: Zhongguo gongchandang duiwai guanxi de qiyuan (From Yanan to the world: The
Impact of Parental Substance Use Disorder and Child Neglect Severity on Substance Use Involvement in Male Offspring

Two child self-report scales were developed to measure parental neglect (emotional distance and parental involvement) in a sample of 344 boys between 10 and 12 years of age. Psychometric analyses of the parental emotional distance and involvement scales demonstrated their unidimensionality; construct, concurrent, and predictive validity; and reliability. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that neglect was more severe among boys who had a parent with a DSM-III-R lifetime substance use disorder (SUD) compared to youth whose parents had no Axis I psychiatric disorder. In addition, children reported more severe neglect by the mother than the father. Longitudinal analyses of a subsample (n = 99) revealed that child neglect at ages 10-12 predicted significant variance on a composite measure of substance use involvement and severity of substance use as well as increased the risk for SUD at age 19.
Liveness by invisible invariants

The method of Invisible Invariants was developed in order to verify safety properties of parametrized systems in a fully automatic manner. In this paper, we apply the method of invisible invariant to “bounded response” properties, i.e., liveness properties of the type $ p \Rightarrow \diamondsuit q$ that are bounded – once a p-state is reached, it takes a bounded number of rounds (where a round is a sequence of steps in which each process has been given a chance to proceed) to reach a q-state – thus, they are essentially safety properties. With a “liveness monitor” that observes certain behavior of a system, establishing “bounded response” properties over the system is reduced to the verification of invariant properties. It is often the case that the inductive invariants for systems with “liveness monitors” contain assertions of a certain form that the original method of invisible invariant is not able to generate, nor to check inductiveness. To accommodate invariants of such forms, we extend the techniques used for invariant generation, as well as the small model theorem for validity check.
A Study of Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes about Computers and Mathematics Teaching: The Impact of Web-Based Instruction.

This study explored the efficacy of web-based instruction in topics in elementary school mathematics in fostering teachers’ confidence and competence in using instructional technology, and thereby promoting more positive attitudes toward using computers and Internet resources in the mathematics classroom. The results indicated that students who participated in the web-based instructions exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) better attitude toward using computers and web-based resources in teaching mathematics than did students in the control group.
What's up, Doctor Goffman? Tell us where the action is!

Erving Goffman was a master of the long essay, a genre comparatively rare in contemporary sociological and anthropological writing. While there is a steadily expanding secondary literature on Goffman, few of his commentators have provided close readings of individual essays. This article offers close readings of ‘Where the action is’ and ‘Normal appearances’ to demonstrate the potential of this approach to the analysis of Goffman's oeuvre. Resume Erving Goffman etait un maitre de l’essai long, genre relativement peu repandu dans l’ecriture sociologique et anthropologique contemporaine. Bien que de nouvelles publications lui soient regulierement consacrees, rares sont, parmi ses commentateurs, ceux qui ont donne une lecture detaillee de ses differents essais. L’auteur propose ici une lecture attentive de Where the action is et Normal appearances, dans le but de demontrer l’interet potentiel de cette approche dans l’analyse de l’œuvre de Goffman.
A Study in Equity: Henry C. Simons' Comments on a Manuscript by Groves

Prior to publication of his Production, Jobs and Taxes in 1944, Harold Groves submitted the manuscript to Henry Simons for comments and suggestions. Simons' comments, dated October 26, 1943, reveal a serious dispute between his and Groves' views on equity in tax treatment. The views expressed in those comments are typical of Simons' published ones of about the same period. However, they offer a rare glimpse of Simons' trenchant, irascible style of contending with criticism or opposing views.
Influence of Composition and Process Selection on Densification of Silicon Nitride

Until approximately five to six years ago, dense Si3N4 was primarily produced by hot pressing with the use of an appropriate densifying additive. Recently, due to economic advantages and the necessity to produce complex shapes, sintering and hot isostatic gas pressing have received increasing attention. Adopted modification of the sintering approach include the use of N2 gas overpressure to 10 MPa to suppress thermal decomposition of the Si3N4, and the development of a dual N2 gas pressure procedure where densification from the closed pore stage proceeds under a higher N2 gas pressure than used for the initial sintering step. The sintering approach has also been facilitated by the development of improved Si3N4 starting powders, i.e., having higher surface area and greater uniformity. The selection of the additive composition for densification is still primarily based on prior successful hot pressing results. Initial screening and evaluation of new compositional systems is quickly performed by hot pressing. It has been demonstrated that Si3N4 is adaptable to compositional and/or microstructural alterations which can improve the properties and performance of the material. The primary material parameters considered for alteration are shown in Table 1. The compositional approach involves additive selection, impurity effects, and phase equilibria/behavior studies. Microstructural improvement relies on starting material characteristics and optimum selection of processing parameters.
Trifluoperazine Reversal of Secretory Diarrhea in Pancreatic Cholera

Diarrhea in a patient with pancreatic cholera syndrome caused by a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide producing pancreatic islet-cell carcinoma responded rapidly and dramatically to the phenothiazine trifluoperazine. Treatment with intravenous somatostatin decreased the plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide level without changing the diarrhea. The chemotherapeutic agent chlorozotocin, the 2-chloroethyl analogue of streptozocin, caused a decrease in plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide but caused significant renal toxicity with proteinuria.
Measurement of arterial aging in relation to diabetes mellitus.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of premature arterial aging in diabetes mellitus and to re-examine the relationship between this type of degenerative vascular change and the other features of the diabetic state. A sensitive method was used to measure changes in the elastic properties of large arteries. Twenty-nine of 50 diabetic patients had premature arterial aging. Sixty-two per cent of the patients, with abnormally high rigidity indices had retinopathy and 21 per cent had Kimmelstiel-Wilson's syndrome. The findings suggest that in diabetic patients premature arteriosclerosis is not necessarily secondary to peripheral occlusive angiopathy. The importance of the duration of diabetes in the development of premature arterial aging was demonstrated. An accelerated arteriosclerotic process may occur with late onset of diabetes. The relation between the metabolic and the vascular defects, was not clear cut. The possibility that the vascular anomalies of the diabetic trait might be i...
Structural characterization of lignin: A potential source of antioxidants guaiacol and 4-vinylguaiacol

The structure of lignin obtained from the ozone and soaking aqueous ammonia pretreatment of wheat straw has been characterized utilizing chemical analytical methods in order to reveal its antioxidant characteristics, including attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), pyrolysis/tetramethylammonium hydroxide-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py/TMAH-GC/MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant evaluation assay. The results demonstrated that the isolated lignin is a ρ-hydroxyphenyl- guaiacyl-syringyl (H-G-S) lignin, with S/G ratio of 0.35 and significant amounts of phenol 2-methoxy (guaiacol) and phenol 2-methoxy-4-vinyl (4-vinylguaiacol). The Py-GC/MS and Py/TMAH-GC/MS pyrograms indicated that the major units in this lignin are derived from hydroxycinnamic acids. The GPC results revealed the molecular weight of the lignin was considerably low and also the FTIR analysis showed that the lignin possessed hydroxyl and methoxy functional groups; the factors led to the extracted lignin having a comparable antioxidant activity to that of currently used commercial antioxidants. The UV-vis and DPPH antioxidant assay results suggested a percentage of inhibition of the DPPH radicals in the following order: guaiacol (103.6 ± 1.36)>butylated hydroxytoluene (103.3 ± 1)>ferulic acid (102.6 ± 0.79)>pretreated lignin (86.9 ± 0.34).
The Schistosomatium douthitti cercarial elastase is biochemically and structurally distinct from that of Schistosoma mansoni.

The cercarial acetabular gland proteinase of Schistosomatium douthitti, an agent of ‘swimmer's itch’, has been identified and characterized. Like the corresponding proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni, it has significant elastase activity and can degrade a model of dermal extracellular matrix. However, unlike the S. mansoni enzyme, it has a higher molecular weight (50 000 versus 30 000), is of a different proteinase class (metallo versus serine), and has no significant primary structure homology to the S. mansoni proteinase. While these findings indicate that the failure of S. douthitti to produce chronic schistosomiasis in humans is not due to its lacking, or having a less potent ‘penetration proteinase’ than S. mansoni, the proteolytic enzymes are sufficiently different to support the hypothesis that the Schistosomatium line diverged quite early from the main branch of Schistosoma evolution.
The influence of structure on the orientation of the veratrum alkaloids at the air/water interface.

Abstract The veratrum alkaloids—veracevine, veratridine, cevadine, and veratramine—have similar chemical structures yet are quite distinct in their pharmacological actions. Veracevine is inactive, veratridine and cevadine are “labilizers” or “unstabilizers”, and veratramine is an antagonist for cevadine and veratridine. The properties of these compounds at the air/water interface also reveal marked differences. Surface tension measurements in water show surface activity decreases in the order veratramine > veratridine > cevadine ⪢ veracevine. A Langmuir-type film balance was used to measure their F-A curves. Films of the alkaloids were unstable because of their slight solubility in the substrate, and a technique was devised which permits reproducible F-A measurements. Despite these precautions, veracevine did not form any films. The F-A curves for veratridine and cevadine show (a) an inflection which corresponds to their areas when oriented horizontally at the a/w interface, and (b) an area in which the molecules are tight-packed corresponding to molecular areas for the vertical orientation of the molecules. Veratramine shows no inflection in the F-A curve, but the tight-packed film occurs at an area in which this molecule is oriented almost horizontal to the a/w interface. Interpretation of these results is in terms of the distribution of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups on the molecules; their implication for pharmacological action is discussed.
X-Band Attenuation and Liquid Water Content Estimation by a Dual-Wavelength Radar

Abstract Direct measurements of attenuation due to liquid water content (LWC) between two points in the common beam of a dual-wavelength radar system will be possible using a real-time digital processor of radar signals presently under construction. Precise measurements of attenuation are possible since accurate absolute calibration of the radars is not required. A resolution of 0.65 dB km−1 is possible in contiguous kilometer sections along the beam axis with an average over 32 independent values of echo power. In terms of LWC this is a resolution of ∼2 mg m−3 of precipitation using a new relation M = 2.23A0.787where M is the liquid water content (gm m−2) and A the attenuation rate (dB km−1) along the common beam.
Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation: The Role of Cognitive Complexity

The present research examined the invariance hypothesis, which predicts lower levels of social dominance orientation (SDO) for women compared to men even when accounting for other factors. Previous research shows that gender linked variables mediate the gender difference in SDO. In two studies using undergraduates in the northeastern U.S., we tested mediation by cognitive complexity, a variable linked to social status but not to gender. Study 1 (n = 117) found that women had higher levels of attributional complexity, but not need for cognition. Study 2 (n = 206) further found that attributional complexity mediated the relationship between gender and SDO, suggesting that higher cognitive complexity due to low social status may be involved in gender differences in SDO.
Methylphenidate and amantadine to stimulate reawakening in comatose patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.

Abstract Background Despite critical-care packages including therapeutic hypothermia (TH), neurologic injury is common after cardiac arrest (CA) resuscitation. Methylphenidate and amantadine have treated coma in traumatically-brain-injured patients with mixed success, but have not been explored in post-arrest patients. Objective Compare the outcome of comatose post-arrest patients treated with neurostimulants to a matched cohort. Methods Retrospective cohort study from 6/2008 to 12/2011 in a tertiary university hospital. We included adult patients treated with methylphenidate or amantadine after resuscitation from in-hospital or out-of-hospital CA (OHCA) of any rhythm, excluding patients with traumatic/surgical etiology of arrest, terminal re-arrest within 6 h, or withdrawal of care by family within 6 h. Primary outcome was following commands; secondary outcomes included survival to hospital discharge, cerebral performance category (CPC), and modified Rankin scale (mRS). We compared characteristics and outcomes to a control cohort matched on TH and 72 h FOUR score ± 1. Results Of 588 patients, 8 received methylphenidate, 6 received amantadine, and 2 both. Most were female suffering OHCA with median age 61 years. All received TH and a multi-modal neurological evaluation. Initial exam revealed median GCS 6 and FOUR 7, which was unchanged at 72 h. Six patients (38%) followed commands prior to discharge at median 2.5 days (range: 1–18 days) after treatment. Patients receiving neurostimulants trended toward improved rate of following commands, survival to hospital discharge, and distribution of CPC and mRS scores. Conclusions Neurostimulants may be considered to stimulate wakefulness in selected post-cardiac arrest patients, but a prospective trial is needed to evaluate this therapy.
Land tenure and land reform: past and present

Abstract This article looks at land reform in history and compares it to the present. The primary concern is the relationship between land tenure and economic development, and land reform and the distribution of income, wealth and power. The main finding—that dispersed ownership and management correlate with economic development—is unsurprising. But it is more difficult to assess how conditions which are conducive to maximal production come about, or how a society shifts from concentrated power over land and labour to a dispersed tenure system.
Investigations on the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of Sr substituted Ln2NiO4 (Ln = Pr, Sm, Gd)

Solid solutions of Ln[sub 2[minus]x]Sr[sub x]NiO[sub 4[+-][delta]](Ln = Pr, Sm) and GdSrNiO[sub 4] were synthesized in air using conventional solid state methods and were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, TGA, electrical resistivity, DSC, Seebeck coefficient, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. A structural transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal was observed at x [approximately] 0.2 for Pr and 0.8 for Sm. For both series of compounds (Ln = Pr, Sm), the tetragonal unit cell parameters a[sub t] and c as functions of x display sharp minima and maxima, respectively, at x [approximately] 0.6. The tetragonality ratio, c/a[sub t], shows a maximum at x [approximately] 0.6. All the compounds are semiconducting from room temperature down to 25 K, except SmSrNiO[sub 4] and GdSrNiO[sub 4], which exhibit a degenerate semiconductor to semiconductor transition at [approximately] 292 K and [approximately] 260 K, respectively. Seebeck measurements indicate that electrons are the dominant carriers of the samples, except Sm[sub 2[minus]x]Sr[sub x]NiO[sub 4[+-][delta]] for x = 0l8 and 1.0, follow Curie-Weiss behavior in the temperature range 100-300K with no evidence of long range magnetic ordering. The effect of Sr[sup 2+] substitution on the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of Ln[sub 2[minus]x]Sr[sub x]NiO[sub 4[+-][delta]] (Ln = Pr, Sm) is discussedmore » in terms of the mixed-valent character of Ni[sup 2+/3+] ions, the Ln-O vs Ni-O bond competition along the crystallographic c-axis, the size effect, the local distortion of NiO[sub 6] octahedra, and a configurational transition in the d-manifold of nickel ions.« less
Peroxidase catalyzed reactions of iodide at low pH.

Abstract Lactoperoxidase (LP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyze the rapid oxidation of iodide to iodine at pH 3.6. One mole of peroxide reacts with 2 moles of iodide, producing 1 mole of iodine. Neither enzyme catalyzes the further oxidation of iodine. The turnover numbers for LP and HRP are 1.4 × 105 and 2.2 × 104 I2 moles produced/min/enzyme mole, respectively. At the low pH studied, the uncatalyzed reaction between I2 and tyrosine is very slow. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction, on the other hand, is much more rapid. The data provide unequivocal evidence that lactoperoxidase catalyzes iodination of tyrosine directly and not via a spontaneous reaction of enzyme generated I2 with tyrosine. Both LP and HRP will catalyze iodination of tyrosine at this low pH value utilizing either iodide or iodine, in a peroxide dependent reaction. The stoichiometry in these reactions conforms to that shown in the following equations. I2 + H2O2 + 2 Tyr → 2 MIT + 2 H2O, I− + H2O2 + Tyr → MIT + H2O + OH−. The rate at which MIT is produced in these reactions is the same whether I− or I2 is the substrate employed. LP has a turnover number of 5.0 × 104 MIT moles/min while the turnover number for HRP is 1.8 × 102 MIT moles/min.
Pharmacologic Responsiveness of Rat Parenchymal Strips, Bronchi, and Bronchioles

It has been inferred from previous studies that leukotrienes C4 and D4 preferentially exhibit their effects on peripheral airways. Thus we used LTC4 to examine the responsiveness of parenchymal strips, lung preparations often used as in vitro models of airway function, and to compare the responses with those observed in a preparation of isolated peripheral airways. In these studies, the effects of LTC4 on isolated bronchioles of the rat were compared to responses observed in parenchymal strips and primary intrapulmonary bronchi. Parenchymal strips contracted in response to increasing concentrations of LTC4 and to a single concentration of bethanechol. When the maximum responses were normalized to that induced by membrane depolarization, it was found that the parenchymal strip was more responsive to the leukotriene. Primary intrapulmonary bronchi similarly contracted in response to LTC4; however, the intrapulmonary bronchi were much more responsive to bethanechol than to the leukotriene. The bronchioles were not responsive to LTC4 but did contract in response to membrane depolarization and on exposure to bethanechol. When normalized, the responsiveness of the bronchiole to bethanechol was significantly greater than the responsiveness of the bronchi to this agonist. Thus contraction of the rat parenchymal strip to LTC4 cannot be attributed to the direct effects of this agonist on bronchiolar smooth muscle. We conclude that the bronchiole of the rat is not responsive to LTC4 and that the contractions observed in the parenchymal strip in response to this agonist must result from a mechanism other than direct action of LTC4 on peripheral airway smooth muscle.
The hippo pathway effector Yap controls patterning and differentiation of airway epithelial progenitors.

How epithelial progenitor cells integrate local signals to balance expansion with differentiation during organogenesis is still little understood. Here, we provide evidence that the Hippo pathway effector Yap is a key regulator of this process in the developing lung. We show that when epithelial tubules are forming and branching, a nucleocytoplasmic shift in Yap localization marks the boundary between the airway and the distal lung compartments. At this transition zone, Yap specifies a transcriptional program that controls Sox2 expression and ultimately generates the airway epithelium. Without Yap, epithelial progenitors are unable to properly respond to local TGF-β-induced cues and control levels and distribution of Sox2 to form airways. Yap levels and subcellular localization also markedly influence Sox2 expression and differentiation of adult airway progenitors. Our data reveal a role for the Hippo-Yap pathway in integrating growth-factor-induced cues in the developing and adult lung potentially key for homeostasis and regeneration repair.
Miniature Joule–Thomson (JT) Cryocoolers for Propellant Management

A proof-of-concept project is proposed here that would attempt to demonstrate how miniature cryocoolers can be used to chill the vacuum jacket line of a propellant transfer line and thus to achieve transfer line pre-chill, zero boil off and possible propellant densification. The project would be performed both at UCF and KSC, with all of the cryogenic testing taking place in the KSC cryogenic test bed. A LN2 line available in that KSC test facility would serve to simulate a LOX transfer line. Under this project, miniature and highly efficient cold heads would be designed. Two identical cold heads will be fabricated and then integrated with a JT-type cryogenic system (consisting of a common compressor and a common external heat exchanger). The two cold heads will be integrated into the vacuum jacket of a LN2 line in the KSC cryo lab, where the testing will take place.
A probabilistic description of the bed load sediment flux: 1. Theory

[1] We provide a probabilistic definition of the bed load sediment flux. In treating particle positions and motions as stochastic quantities, a flux form of the Master equation (a general expression of conservation) reveals that the volumetric flux involves an advective part equal to the product of an average particle velocity and the particle activity (the solid volume of particles in motion per unit streambed area), and a diffusive part involving the gradient of the product of the particle activity and a diffusivity that arises from the second moment of the probability density function of particle displacements. Gradients in the activity, instantaneous or time-averaged, therefore effect a particle flux. Time-averaged descriptions of the flux involve averaged products of the particle activity, the particle velocity and the diffusivity; the significance of these products depends on the scale of averaging. The flux form of the Exner equation looks like a Fokker-Planck equation (an advection-diffusion form of the Master equation). The entrainment form of the Exner equation similarly involves advective and diffusive terms, but because it is based on the joint probability density function of particle hop distances and associated travel times, this form involves a time derivative term that represents a lag effect associated with the exchange of particles between the static and active states. The formulation is consistent with experimental measurements and simulations of particle motions reported in companion papers.
Incompatibility of cisplatin and Reglan Injectable

Abstract The stability of cisplatin ( cis -diamminedichloroplatinum (II)) in solutions containing Reglan Injectable, comprised of metoclopramide, sodium metabisulfite and sodium chloride, was examined. Loss of cisplatin was monitored by measuring the increasing chloride ion concentrations with a chloride ion-specific electrode. Cisplatin was stable in solution with metoclopramide alone, but degraded very rapidly in solution with metabisulfite. At concentrations similar to those which might be expected in clinical situations (cisplatin = 0.2 mg/ml, metabisulfite = 0.148 mg/ml, metoclopramide = 0.5 mg/ml) there was total loss of cisplatin within 30 min at room temperature. The results indicate that cisplatin reacts with species formed in the oxidation of bisulfite. Therefore, cisplatin should not be admixed with Reglan Injectable solution or any solution containing bisulfite or chemically related antioxidants.
Making DNA Add

Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using DNA-based experiments to compute solutions to combinatorial problems. However, a prerequisite for designing a computer useful in a wide range of applications is the ability to perform mathematical calculations. The development of a DNA-based algorithm for addition is presented. The DNA representation of two nonnegative binary numbers is presented in a form permitting a chain of primer extension reactions to carry out the addition operation. To demonstrate the feasibility of this algorithm, a simple example was executed biochemically.
A Generalized Computing Procedure for Setting Up and Solving Mixed Linear Models

Abstract A generalized computing procedure applicable to a large set of problems in animal breeding including ordinary least squares, generalized least squares, and mixed model equations is presented. The procedure is implemented using sparse storage of coefficients and iteration on data. It allows any number of fixed and random effects, with any number of levels, any number of covariables, multiple-trait models, heterogeneous variances, missing values, and multiple incidence matrices for different traits. Under the sparse storage scheme, the relationship matrix can be included without sorting. Subroutine interfaces are presented that allow identical treatment of the sparse and full stored coefficient matrices. The system of equations can be solved either by direct procedures or iteratively. Modern computers with adequate memory easily can accommodate 100,000 equations under the sparse storage scheme. The iteration on data version, reading data from memory, can accommodate problems up to 10 times larger. Reading data from disk further increases the scope as might be required in national breeding programs. Pseudo codes for both strategies are given.
Terror warfare and the medicine of peace.

Terror warfare's goal is to defeat political opposition by controlling populations through the fear of brutality. Mozambique's 1976-92 war stands as a prime example of this military strategy: over one million people, the vast majority of whom were civilians, were killed. Half of these casualties were children. Fully one-half of the population was directly affected by the war, and one-quarter had to flee their homes. As devastating as terror warfare is, it is destined to fail. People ultimately resist, and they do so in complex and creative ways. Rebuilding war-destroyed worlds, healing the wounds of violence, and crafting concepts of self-identity based on resistance to aggression become powerful conflict-resolution strategies among the average citizenry. The creative resources that Mozambicans developed to survive and end a very brutal war are among the most sophisticated I have seen anywhere in the world. Their war was against violence itself. [War, healing, creativity, conflict resolution, Mozambique]
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel non-piperazine analogues of 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]- and 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazines as dopamine transporter inhibitors.

A series of novel diamine, amine-amide, and piperazinone analogues of N-[2-(bisarylmethoxy)ethyl]-N‘-(phenylpropyl)piperazines, GBR 12909 and 12935, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of presynaptic monoamine neurotransmitter transporters. The primary objective of the study was to determine the structural requirements for selectivity of ligand binding and potency for neurotransmitter reuptake inhibition. In general, the target compounds retained transporter affinity; however, structural variations produced significant effects on reuptake inhibition and transporter selectivity. For example, analogues prepared by replacing the piperazine ring in the GBR structure with an N,N‘-dimethylpropyldiamine moiety displayed enhanced selectivity for binding and reuptake inhibition at the norepinephrine (NE) transporter site (e.g. 4 and 5). Congeners in which the amide nitrogen atom was attached to the aralkyl moiety of the GBR molecule showed moderate affinity (Ki = 51−61 nM) and selectivity for the dopamine...
Does Truth Lead to Reconciliation? Testing the Causal Assumptions of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process

Throughout the world, truth commissions have been created under the assumption that getting people to understand the past will somehow contribute to reconciliation between those who were enemies under the ancien regime. In South Africa, the truth and reconciliation process is explicitly based on the hypothesis that knowledge of the past will lead to acceptance, tolerance, and reconciliation in the future. My purpose here is to test that hypothesis, based on data collected in a 2001 survey of over 3,700 South Africans. My most important finding is that those who accept the “truth” about the country’s apartheid past are more likely to hold reconciled racial attitudes. Racial reconciliation also depends to a considerable degree on interracial contact, evidence that adds weight to the “contact hypothesis” investigated by western social scientists. Ultimately, these findings are hopeful for South Africa’s democratic transition, since racial attitudes seem not to be intransigent.
Comparison of single and sequential soil extractions for predicting copper phytotoxicity

Abstract Phytotoxicity of copper (Cu) and other heavy metals is related to their forms in soil. In this study, different forms of Cu in the soil solid phase, i.e. exchangeable, sorbed, organically bound, precipitate, and residual forms were measured, using a sequential fractionation procedure (SFP), in a soil amended with various rates of Cu. The relationships between different forms of Cu by SFP in soil or Cu extractable by Mehlich 1 (M1) and Mehlich 3 (M3) and accumulation of Cu by citrus roots or shoots were examined. The results showed that Cu mainly existed in the organic fraction. An increase in soil pH decreased the organic fraction and increased the precipitate fraction of Cu. Copper concentration in citrus root was found to correlate with the water soluble, organic, or precipitate fractions of Cu in the soil. Multiple regressions using different forms of Cu in soil gave the same prediction of Cu concentration in citrus root as that using Ml‐ or M3‐extractable Cu.
Natural Enemies of Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Associated Cereal Aphid Species in Spring-Planted Wheat and Barley in Colorado

Colorado has experienced high levels of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), damage and is considered an important site for release of biocontrol agents. In June 1990, field surveys were initiated to provide baseline data on the identity and prevalence of existing aphid pathogens, parasites, and predators. Sampling was conducted in spring-planted grain in irrigated and dry-land fields near Fort Collins and Akron. D. noxia was the most abundant aphid; populations were high in both irrigated and dry-land fields. Parasite prevalence was low <5%) in all fields. D. noxia was the most frequently parasitized aphid, and the most common parasite was Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh). Syrphid fly larvae were the only predators consistently found feeding on aphids within the D. noxia –damaged (rolled) leaves. However, syrphid populations were low, <0.3 larvae per aphid-infested tiller. The ineffectiveness of the existing complex of parasites and predators in suppressing D. noxia populations underscores the need for introductions of more efficient biocontrol agents. Pathogenic fungi were active in nearly all fields; three species were found. In irrigated fields, Entomophthora chromaphidis Burger & Swain was the most common pathogen during the spring, with peak prevalence of 13% on 22 June. Pandora (= Erynia ) neoaphidis (Remaudiere & Hennebert) was not detected until late June, but it rapidly reached epizootic levels (44% infection by 18 July). Highest prevalence (20%) of Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) coincided with that of P. neoaphidis . Prevalence of fungal pathogens in dry-land fields did not exceed 2.5%. The observation of only low levels of entomophthoralean fungal infection in the nonirrigated fields suggests that reliable use of these natural control agents against aphids in the semiarid West will require manipulation of environmental conditions through irrigation.
Inefficiency in forward markets with supply friction

The growth of renewable resources will introduce significant variability and uncertainty into the grid. It is likely that “peaker” plants will be a crucial dispatchable resource for compensating for the variations in renewable supply. Thus, it is important to understand the strategic incentives of peaker plants and their potential for exploiting market power due to having responsive supply. To this end, we study an oligopolistic two-settlement market comprising of two types of generation (baseloads and peakers) where there is perfect foresight. We characterize symmetric equilibria in this context via closed-form expressions. However, we also show that, when the system is capacity-constrained, there may not exist equilibria in which baseloads and peakers play symmetric strategies. This happens because of opportunities for both types of generation to exploit market power to increase prices.
Abstract 4668: Antitumor efficacy of AZD1480 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Aberrant activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival. AZD1480, a pharmacologic inhibitor of JAK2, has been tested in several cancer models including glioblastoma, lung, renal, prostate, breast, and ovarian cancer. However JAK inhibitors, including AZD1480 has not been evaluated in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of AZD1480 was evaluated in HNSCC preclinical models. AZD1480 decreased HNSCC proliferation in cell lines with varying levels of pJAK2 and pSTAT3 with an IC50 ranging from 0.9μM - 4μM. Further evaluation demonstrated downmodulation of pJAK2 and pSTAT3 in HNSCC cell lines by AZD1480. Furthermore, in vivo antitumor efficacy of AZD1480 was tested in heterotopic xenograft tumor models derived from 2 HNSCC patient tumors. AZD1480 at a dose of 30mg/kg, was given twice daily via oral gavage and compared with vehicle (0.5% Hypromellose) control. Tumors treated with AZD1480 exhibited significant growth inhibition relative to the tumors treated with vehicle (p=0.0037). In addition, significant decrease in pSTAT3Tyr705 expression was observed in both the patient tumors treated with AZD1480 compared to vehicle alone indicating that AZD1480 targets pSTAT3 and may be considered for study in the treatment of HNSCC patients. Citation Format: Malabika Sen, John Black, Sarah Wheeler, Maria L. Freilino, Sonali Joyce, Vivian Lui, Yan Zeng, Korey Marshall, Jennifer R. Grandis. Antitumor efficacy of AZD1480 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4668. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4668
A NEOCLASSICAL ANATOMY OF THE ECONOMIC BASE MULTIPLIER

Keynesian export base theory ignores the supply side of the economy, while trade models may overemphasize resource constraints. A general equilibrium model which stakes out a position between those extremes is developed and used to define rigorously the components of an economic base (EB) multiplier. Capital moves freely in and out of the regional economy, but the factor land is fixed. Interregional labor movements are caused by wage differentials. Factor and relative commodity prices are determined endogenously. Demand and supply sides of a small regional economy are included. The relationship between average and marginal EB multipliers, and between key parameters (regional size, several elasticities, etc.) and the marginal multiplier are discussed. The Keynesian constant EB multiplier can be derived from a special case of the model.
Extinction of the consummatory response to a saccharin solution

An attempt was made to replicate Sheffield & Roby’s (1950) findings that saccharin consumption did not extinguish when the saccharin was presented in the absence of a primary reinforcer. The present study reduced the number of prior eating experiences by the Ss to 1/8 and increased the amount of extinction time to 17 times that of Sheffield and Roby’s Ss. Safeguards were also taken to insure that there was no food present in the S’s stomach in order to meet a criticism leveled at Sheffield and Roby’s study by Smith & Capretta (1956). Despite the two modifications to Sheffield and Roby’s design, the present study replicated Sheffield and Roby’s findings. Saccharin consumption did not extinguish during 4,380 h of extinction time. This suggests that Sheffield and Roby’s findings are still perhaps the best single argument against the “secondary reinforcement” explanation of saccharin consumption.
Isolation, identification and separation of isomeric truxillines in illicit cocaine

Abstract Seven out of the eleven possible intact isomeric truxillines present in illicit cocaine have been isolated and identified. These truxilline alkaloids included α-, β-, γ-, δ-, e-, ω- and neo -isomers. The individual truxillines were characterized via high-performance liquid chromatography—diode array detection, capillary gas chromatography—electron ionization mass spectrometry and capillary supercritical fluid chromatography—flame ionization detection. α- and β-truxilline were also identified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Good resolution of the intact truxillines was obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography.
The effect of i.m. ketamine HCl and 2% topical nitroglycerine cream on the survival of experimental flaps

The effect of i.m. Ketamine HCl (150 mg/Kg) and topically applied 2% nitroglycerine cream on the survival of experimental flaps in rats was evaluated for eight days. Ketamine HCl alone, when injected every 6 h for seven days following surgery, significantly improved flap survival. Topically applied 2% nitroglycerine, significantly hindered flap survival. Ketamine HCl with 2% nitroglycerine cream did not show any positive synergistic effect, but adversely affected flap survival. Ketamine HCl, when administered every 12 h during seven days post-operatively, did not affect flap survival. It is suggested that the salutary effect of Ketamine HCl is mediated by producing marked vasodilation of the dermal vessels, as well as increasing blood pressure, which ultimately enhances blood flow to the flap.
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors abolish cocaine-induced toxicity in mice

Abstract Repeated administration of cocaine (45 mg/kg/day) for 7 days to Swiss-Webster mice resulted in a progressive increase in the convulsive response to cocaine and augmentation in lethality rate. Pretreatment with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors, l -name (100 mg/kg/day) or NO-Arg (25 mg/kg/day), prior to cocaine administration completely abolished the sensitization to the convulsive and lethal responses to cocaine. These findings suggest a role for NO in cocaine-induced toxicity.
Coronal hole boundary brightness in λ 284 of Fe XV

An attempt is made to specify coronal hole boundaries in the brightness of λ 284 of Fe xv. This is done by evaluating brightnesses of λ 284 at boundaries selected by various groups. These results are in quite good agreement and suggest a brightness value of (0.8±0.4)×1012 photons cm−2 s−1 sr−1 for coronal hole boundaries in λ 284. The examination of a number of isophote maps near this boundary brightness shows no consistent brightness gradient.
Calculating Depth From Focus Using A Pyramid Architecture

A method for recovering a depth map from an active focus analysis is presented. A sharpness map can be calculated for many small regions in an image using a Gaussian pyramid to sum the output of a Laplacian. The depth of each region can be recovered by examining the sharpness map over a range of focal positions. Real-time performance is achieved through hardware that computes Gaussian and Laplacian pyramids.
Quantum networks: When superatoms talk photons

Quantum networks could permit secure communication over large distances and, eventually, quantum computing with photons. One of the basic building blocks has now been put in place.