cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Radon-Nikodym Property for Tensor Products of Banach Lattices II

Let 1 p< ∞. We show thatp ˆ ⊗F X, the Fremlin projective tensor product ofp with a Banach lattice X, has the Radon-Nikodym property if and only if X has the Radon-Nikodym property; and thatp ˜ ⊗iX, the Wittstock injective tensor product of � p with a Banach lattice X, has the Radon-Nikodym property if and only if X has the Radon-Nikodym property and each positive operator frompto X is compact, where 1/p + 1/p � = 1 and letp� = c0 if p = 1. Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 46B22, 46B42, 46M05, 47B65
Gap strings and spanning forests for bridge graphs of biconnected graphs

Abstract A labeling scheme for the gaps of the bridges of a broken cycle C′ of a biconnected graph G is developed. This labeling scheme incorporates the ideas of lexicographic order and of attachment order and is used to order the set of gaps (both proper gaps and cospan gaps) of all bridges of the broken cycle C′. Thus a linear order relation is induced on the set of gaps. An O (¦V¦+ ¦E¦) algorithm for the construction of spanning forests for the bridge graph, Gc′, of the biconnected graph G = (V, E) with respect to the broken cycle C′ is given. As a bonus, this algorithm yields a set of instructions to produce a planar embedding of a biconnected graph, should one exist.
A GPU shader programming workshop

Shader programming is fast becoming an essential skill for computer graphics students. Using shaders, programmers have the flexibility to perform amazing vertex-by-vertex and pixel-by-pixel effects, combined with the parallel-processor performance to use shaders in interactive graphics. The emergence of shader programming is having profound effects on all areas of computer graphics including science, engineering, art, animation, and gaming. Because it is new, experience with teaching it is scarce. We taught such a class at OSU last spring, and thus have experience with teaching the topic, along with making up classroom examples and assignments. As part of that class, we developed a hands-on program called glman. glman allows students to create a shader scene description file which not only creates the 3D scene, but creates an interactive user interface to adjust shader parameters. Our experience is that glman is flexible enough to demonstrate and experiment with many shader concepts, and creates a fast and fun learning curve for the students.
Bioethics in the clinic: a review of The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics

The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics is a practical guidebook written from an international and multicultural perspective that will assist clinicians and students alike in identifying and resolving ethical dilemmas in healthcare.
Biosynthesis of zeatin from N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine in Actinidia: Sites and seasonal changes in activity

Abstract In Actinidia arguta (hardy kiwifruit) plants, the potential to accumulate the cytokinin zeatin (io6Ade) during feeding with a precursor, N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine (i6Ade), varies depending on the tissue. This can be demonstrated by incubating explants for 24 hr on a basal nutrient medium supplemented with 30 μM i6Ade and then extracting the tissues and analyzing cytokinin contents using HPLC methodology. Under these conditions, the potential for io6Ade accumulation in tissue slices from growing roots was 93 nmol/g at the root tip, >200 nmol/g immediately behind the tip (1.0-mm diameter), ≈100 nmol/g in 2-mm diameter root, and progressively lower in older tissues. A similar gradient of io6Ade accumulation was detected in growing stems, with relatively low activity (40 nmol/g) in the terminal 0.5 cm, ≈170 nmol/g in the 5- to 15-cm interval, and about 25 nmol/g in stem tissues taken 15-100 cm from the tip. Growing leaves accumulated little io6Ade (7-26 nmol/g) during feeding, as did fruits (0-8 nmol/g) at various stages of development and maturation. Seasonally, root activity was detected as early as March 1, whereas stem activity did not appear until March 15. Thus, the activation of i6Ade metabolism in both of these organs preceded sap flow (March 29) and bud break (April 16) by several weeks. The results suggest that root and stem tissues may be sites of cytokinin biosynthesis in growing Actinidia plants and that cytokinin production may not be the critical factor controlling the beginning of shoot growth in the spring.
An effective chromatographic separation of chicken red blood cell coproporphyrinogen oxidase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, two enzymes in heme biosynthesis.

Abstract Of the heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes, coproporphyrinogen oxidase is one of the least understood. Substrate recognition studies [ Prepr. Biochem. Biotech. 1997 , 27 , 47, J. Org. Chem. 1999 , 64 , 464] have been done using chicken blood hemolysates (CBH) as the source of this enzyme. However, the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is also present in these preparations and separation of these two enzymes from CBH had not yet been achieved. Thus, a substrate ligand column was developed by covalently linking coproporphyrin-III to a sepharose resin following a similar procedure previously used for the purification of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase [ Int. J. Biochem. 1992 , 24 , 105]. The ligand–resin chromatography step rapidly separates coproporphyrinogen oxidase from uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase as well as the majority of the hemoglobin.
Pinned polymer model of posture control.

A phenomenological model of human posture control is posited. The dynamics are modelled as an elastically pinned polymer under the influence of noise. The model accurately reproduces the two-point correlation functions of experimental posture data and makes predictions for the response function of the postural control system. The physiological and clinical significance of the model is discussed.
Transport and diffusion of material quantities on propagating interfaces via level set methods

We develop theory and numerical algorithms to apply level set methods to problems involving the transport and diffusion of material quantities in a level set framework. Level set methods are computational techniques for tracking moving interfaces; they work by embedding the propagating interface as the zero level set of a higher dimensional function, and then approximate the solution of the resulting initial value partial differential equation using upwind finite difference schemes. The traditional level set method works in the trace space of the evolving interface, and hence disregards any parameterization in the interface description. Consequently, material quantities on the interface which themselves are transported under the interface motion are not easily handled in this framework. We develop model equations and algorithmic techniques to extend the level set method to include these problems. We demonstrate the accuracy of our approach through a series of test examples and convergence studies.
Opioid receptor mRNA expression in primary cultures of glial cells derived from different rat brain regions

Opioid receptors, generally classified as ~t, ~ or K, are widely distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. The activation of these receptors results in several physiological responses, including analgesia and tolerance/dependence. Although historically these receptors have been presumed to have a neuronal localization, recent biochemical studies have suggested that these proteins may also be associated with glial cell membranes [1, 2, 3]. However, radioligand binding studies have yielded equivocal results [4, 5]. The recent cloning of the 11, 6 and 1< receptors has enabled us to directly examine the issue of opioid receptor mRNA expression in primary cultures of rat brain astroglia. In this regard, two questions were addressed in this study: first, for an individual brain region, what is the relative glial expression profile for the different opioid receptor types? Second, for each opioid receptor type, what is its glial distribution profile across different brain regions? To address these questions, the Ctx, Str, Cb, Hippo and Hypo from postnatal day 1 rats were dissected and processed by trypsinization and gradient centrifugation to obtain a mixed neuronal-glial cell suspension. Cells, seeded at 5 x 105/10 cm culture plate, were grown for 13 days, until 80-90% confluent, under conditions favoring astrocyte proliferation. The cells were then lysed directly on the culture plates with Trizol ® Reagent (Gibco-BRL, Long Island, NY) to extract total RNA. The RNA was analyzed for ~t, 8 and K mRNA using ribonuclease protection assays. Autoradiogram signals generated from protected [32p]-labeled RNA fragments were analyzed with respect to the intensity of gray level using computerized image analysis (NIH Image). The results of preliminary studies are presented in summarized form in figure 1. 251
Demonstration of normal plasma somatomedin concentrations in cystic fibrosis

WITH THE IMPROVEMENT in longevity in cystic fibrosis, retardation of skeletal growth has become a common manifestation 1, o and has been generally attributed to inability to meet the increased calorie demands of obstructive lung disease, chronic infection, and malabsorption. In protein-calorie malnutrition, which has been proposed as a model for the growth failure of CF, plasma somatomedin levels are usually low, often in the face of elevated levels of growth hormone? 7 It has been suggested that this suppression of SM generation represents the body's effort to shunt caloric and amino acid substrates away from general anabolic uses, so as to satisfy critical energy demands of vital organsY Lee et al" have recently reported decreased bioassayable SM activity in six children with CF and have proposed that growth retardation in this disease is caused by a defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatomedin generating system, secondary to protein malnutrition. The significance of these data may be questioned, however, because of
Using Flowcharts to Streamline Document Delivery Services in an Academic Library

This article describes the process and methods used to design a flowchart for a document delivery office of a medium sized academic library. The activity of developing a flowchart is intended to improve the speed of obtaining articles and thereby reducing the associated costs. The methods outlined are not restricted to this library operation and are applicable to any situation where a group of people share and collect ideas and work toward a common goal. This article describes adapting the use of flowcharts to a document delivery office, describes the design process in general terms and then details the main points of a simple case study to illustrate the method.
Transesophageal echocardiographic and oxymetric evidence of intraoperative reversal of flow through a patent foramen ovale during an off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Mechanical stabilization of target coronary arteries in the beating heart has facilitated the practice of "off-pump" coronary artery bypass grafting. Exposing the target coronary artery for stabilization involves maneuvers that frequently cause hemodynamic alterations including decreased cardiac output and increased pulmonary artery and/or central venous pressures (CVP). The presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the setting of increased CVP may produce a right-to-left shunt through the PFO. We report a case of a patient undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting with a PFO with a left to right atrium shunt flow of 307 mL/min. During manipulation and elevation of the heart to expose the target vessel, the CVP increased from 15 to 30 mm Hg and the shunt through the PFO reversed direction, going from right to left atrium with a flow of 161 mL/min. Mixed venous oxygen saturation and the calculated shunt fraction decreased from 84% to 78% and 14% to 10%, respectively. All parameters returned to normal after the heart was lowered back inside the chest.
A symmetric hybrid formulation for transient wave simulations in PML-truncated heterogeneous media

Abstract The numerical simulation of wave motion in arbitrarily heterogeneous semi-infinite media requires the truncation of the semi-infinite extent of the domain to yield a finite computational domain. In the presence of heterogeneity, the domain truncation is best accomplished via the introduction of perfectly-matched-layers (PMLs) at the truncation surface. By and large, most PML formulations treat in an identical manner both the interior domain and the PML buffer zone. By construction, the complex-coordinate-stretched equations used to introduce the PML, also serve to describe the interior domain, where they reduce to the original, unstretched, system of governing equations. Such a unified treatment, however, results in increased computational cost. In this development, we discuss a hybrid formulation that leads to a mixed form within the PML, coupled with a standard displacement-only form for the interior domain, both of which are second-order in time. We discuss the formulation and the numerical implementation using finite elements in the context of a standard Galerkin scheme that yields fully symmetric discrete forms, and results in optimal computational cost. We show that existing displacement-based codes for interior domains can be easily modified to accommodate PMLs as a means of domain truncation. We report on numerical results demonstrating the stability, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of the hybrid formulation.
Cysteine-rich domains of muc3 intestinal mucin promote cell migration, inhibit apoptosis, and accelerate wound healing.

Background & Aims: Muc3 intestinal mucin contains an extracellular cysteine-rich domain with 2 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like motifs. The aim of this study was to determine the functional properties of Muc3 proteins. Methods: Glutathione S-transferase-fusion proteins containing both Muc3 EGF-like domains (m3EGF1,2) or truncated versions (m3EGF1 and m3EGF2) were purified from Escherichia coli. Mouse colon (young adult mouse colon) and human A431 and LoVo cells were examined for migration and tyrosine phosphorylation in response to recombinant proteins. LoVo cells were transfected with a human MUC3A transmembrane-EGF1,2 construct and a stable clone was isolated (LhM3c14). Endogenous MUC3A in LoVo was inhibited by specific small interfering RNA transfection. Apoptosis was quantitated by nuclear morphology or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick-end labeling assay. Colitis was induced in mice by oral 5% dextran sodium sulfate or rectal 5% acetic acid, followed by enema treatments. Results: m3EGF1,2 stimulated cell migration in all cell lines, but did not induce proliferation. Migration was inhibited by a tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitor, genistein, but not by the EGF receptor inhibitor, tyrphostin (AG1478). Inhibition of endogenous MUC3A in LoVo reduced baseline migration. Tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB receptors was not observed after treatment of cells with m3EGF1,2. LoVo cells pretreated with m3EGF1,2 and transfected LhM3c14 cells showed reduced apoptosis in response to tumor necrosis factor α or Fas-receptor stimulation. Administration of m3EGF1,2 per rectum significantly reduced mucosal ulceration and apoptosis in experimental acute colitis. Truncated proteins m3EGF1 and m3EGF2 had no effect. Conclusions: The Muc3 mucin cysteine-rich domain plays an active role in epithelial restitution, and represents a potential novel therapeutic agent for intestinal wound healing.
Validation of HPLC assay for the identification and quantification of anthocyanins in black currants

Many publications describe separation and quantification techniques for anthocyanins. However, chromatographic conditions to optimize the separation were seldom reported. We developed a sensitive and reliable HPLC method and validated the method for anthocyanin separation, identification, and quantification. Separation was performed on a Zorbax SB C18 column. The conditions including ion pair reagent, mobile phase pH, and mobile phase flow rate were optimized to improve the separation efficiency. Tandem MS was used to identify the total 6 anthocyanins in black currant. Validation of the developed method showed good linearity, precision, repeatability, and excellent recovery. The validated method was used to quantify anthocyanins from black currant samples.
Non-inherited maternal HLA antigens and protection against serisitisation

To test the hypothesis that non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMAs), which reportedly afford protection against sensitisation by random transfusions, can provide protection against repetitive antigenic exposure of donor-specific transfusion (DST), 140 DST patients whose donors were mismatched for NIMAs and 71 whose donors were mismatched for non-inherited paternal antigens (NIPAs) were studied. The rate of sensitisation in the two groups of patients was similar (22.1% vs 15.5%). There was no difference in sensitisation to NIMAs and NIPAs between patients who received azathioprine and those who did not. The formation of donor specific HLA antibody was comparable in the two groups. After kidney transplantation there were no differences in 1-year graft survival or the incidence of rejection episodes. These findings suggest that NIMAs do not provide lifelong protection against subsequent repetitive antigen challenge and sensitisation.
The Impact of State Debt Management on Debt Activity

This article addresses the impact that state debt management has on the debt activity of a state debt program. A quantitative measure of state debt management is developed and used in analysis of state debt activity. The study finds that states with decentralized debt management issue more long-term debt as compared to states with other forms of debt management. The study also investigates the impact other institutional variables have on state debt activity and highlights the interaction effects of these variables with the institutional debt management variable. The study finds that the effects of previously tested variables such as the number of public authorities and constitutional debt limitations on debt activity are altered if the form of debt management is considered.
A GLOBAL VISION FOR THE 2020 TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY COURSE

DOI: 10.14684/intertech.13.2014.25-28 From many corners of the world have come accusing fingers pointing to technological development as the source of a multitude of human problems. Admittedly, this has been and is a challenge to the engineering profession. The university technology and society course is an opportunity for educators to present a constructive view pointing to both the benefits and burdens that technological development brings to society and the responsibility of engineers to choose the best path forward. This paper assesses the impact this course has had on engineering and non-engineering students both past and present. Specific course topics might include: indigenous peoples and the environment, electronic media, weapons of mass destruction, energy production, genetically modified organisms, and climate change. The technology and society course is a great opportunity to pursue issues critical to all of life. Index Terms - Energy, environment, ethics, sustainable.
Characterization and coding of behaviorally significant odor mixtures

For animals to execute odor-driven behaviors, the olfactory system must process complex odor signals and maintain stimulus identity in the face of constantly changing odor intensities [1-5]. Surprisingly, how the olfactory system maintains identity of complex odors is unclear [6-10]. We took advantage of the plant-pollinator relationship between the Sacred Datura (Datura wrightii) and the moth Manduca sexta[11, 12] to determine how olfactory networks in this insect's brain represent odor mixtures. We combined gas chromatography and neural-ensemble recording in the moth's antennal lobe to examine population codes for the floral mixture and its fractionated components. Although the floral scent of D. wrightii comprises at least 60 compounds, only nine of those elicited robust neural responses. Behavioral experiments confirmed that these nine odorants mediate flower-foraging behaviors, but only as a mixture. Moreover, the mixture evoked equivalent foraging behaviors over a 1000-fold range in dilution, suggesting a singular percept across this concentration range. Furthermore, neural-ensemble recordings in the moth's antennal lobe revealed that reliable encoding of the floral mixture is organized through synchronized activity distributed across a population of glomerular coding units, and this timing mechanism may bind the features of a complex stimulus into a coherent odor percept.
Texture and training of magnetic shape memory foam

Abstract Magnetic shape memory alloys display magnetic-field-induced strain (MFIS) of up to 10% as single crystals. Polycrystalline materials are much easier to create but display a near-zero MFIS because twinning of neighboring grains introduces strain incompatibility, leading to high internal stresses. Pores reduce these incompatibilities between grains and thus increase the MFIS of polycrystalline Ni–Mn–Ga, which after training (thermo-magneto-mechanical cycling) exhibits MFIS as high as 8.7%. Here, we show that this training effect results from a decoupling of struts surrounding pores in polycrystalline Ni–Mn–Ga during the martensitic transformation. To show this effect in highly textured porous samples, neutron diffraction measurements were performed as a function of temperature for phase characterization and a method for structure analysis was developed. Texture measurements were conducted with a magnetic field applied at various orientations to the porous sample, demonstrating that selection of martensite variants takes place during cooling.
Quantitative distribution of the delta opioid receptor mRNA in the mouse and rat CNS.

Abstract We have used a sensitive solution hybridization assay that employs a riboprobe obtained from the mouse delta opioid receptor (DOR) coding sequence to quantitate the relative abundance of DOR mRNA in the central nervous system (CNS) of the adult mouse and rat. In brain Poly A+ RNA extracts this riboprobe hybridized to a single 10 kb transcript from mouse and two transcripts, one of 12 and the other of 4.5 kb in size from rat. In mouse CNS the highest levels of DOR mRNA were found in the caudate-putamen at 3.3 ± 0.1 (SEM) pg/ug RNA. DOR mRNA levels in the range from 2.6 to 2.1 pg/ug RNA were measured in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, whole brain and olfactory tubercle. Spinal cord, periaqueductal gray and hippocampus had DOR mRNA levels in the range from 1.8 to 1.5 pg/ug RNA, while medial thalamus and cerebellum had the lowest levels (0.5 pg/ug RNA). These results correlate with the reported relative distribution of DOR mRNA in mouse using an in situ hybridization technique. In rat CNS, the highest levels of DOR mRNA were measured in caudate-putamen at 2.3 ± 0.1 pg equivalents/ug RNA. Whole brain, cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb and brain stem had levels in the range from 1.5 to 0.9 pg equivalents/ug RNA while the lowest DOR mRNA levels were measured at 0.5 pg equivalents/ug RNA or less in thalamus, hippocampus, substantia nigra and cerebellum. This study demonstrates the ability of solution hybridization assays to quantitate homologous (mouse) as well as similar but heterologous (rat) DOR mRNA levels.
Neural networks that perform recognition using generative error may help fill the “Neuro-Symbolic Gap”

Abstract Matching the brain’s ability to quickly incorporate new information and have it immediately available for logic and inference remains difficult using feedforward neural network recognition models. Feedforward neural network weights are difficult to modify and are sub-symbolic: they cannot be easily used for logic and reasoning. This work shows that by implementing neural network dynamics differently, during the testing phase instead of the training phase, pattern recognition can be performed using more flexible and symbolically-relevant weights. This advancement is an important step towards the merging of neural-symbolic representations, flexibility, memory, and reasoning with pattern recognition.
The Minnesota Model.

(1997). The Minnesota Model. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 29, PIONEERING TREATMENT AND RECOVERY MODELS, pp. 141-144.
Nontraumatic posterior temporal lobe hemorrhage: Clinical computed tomographic correlations

Abstract Ten patients with nontraumatic posterior temporal hematomas were analyzed. These hemorrhages were spontaneous (four cases) or hypertensive (six cases). With right posterior temporal hematomas, headache and confusion of sudden onset were the initial common characteristic clinical signs. The absence of prominent lateralizing neurological deficit simulated a diffuse toxic or metabolic encephalopathy. With leftsided hematomas, Wernicke-type aphasia was the initial feature. The 10 hematomas were 1.8 to 2.8 cm in maximal diameter. In these 10 cases, clinical outcome was good, as all patients survived and the hematoma resolved spontaneously.
Promise and limitations of functional neuroimaging in the study of obesity: is it time for a consortium and a multicenter trial?

Promise and limitations of functional neuroimaging in the study of obesity: is it time for a consortium and a multicenter trial?
Target Height Estimation using Multipath Over Land

Airborne radars often receive more than one report on airborne targets due to what is called multipath. Multipath is merely a second, and sometimes third, radar report at a greater range than the actual target. The multipath reports are due to reflections from the earth, and if the location and altitude of the point of reflection is known, the altitude of the target can usually be estimated with good accuracy. This concept is nothing new, and it is believed it may already be employed for operation over water by other systems. The Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) radar has never utilized multipath for height finding because it operates a substantial part of the time over land, and no algorithms for multipath height finding over land were available. More recently, availability of Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) and improvements to the AWACS radar have prompted an investigation into the possibility of adding this capability. The result of this work, we believe, is the first known solution for using multipath radar reports over land to determine target altitude.
The Claymore Field, Block 14/19, UK North Sea

Abstract The Claymore Field is located in UK North Sea Block 14/19 on the southwest margin of the Witch Ground Graben. The principal structure is a southerly tilted and truncated fault block. The field is divided into three producing areas. Major production is from Upper Jurassic paralic sandstones of the Sgiath Formation and turbidite sandstones of the Claymore Sandstone Member of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the downflank Main Area. Minor production is from Permian carbonates of the Halibut Bank Formation and Carboniferous sandstones of the Forth Formation in the crestal Central Area. The Northern Area is a northerly plunging nose, extending graben wards from the Claymore tilt block. Production in the Northern Area is from Lower Cretaceous turbidite sandstones of the Valhall Formation. A small amount of oil was recovered on a wireline test in 1972 from Permian carbonates in the crestally located 14/19-1 well, in what is now termed the Central Area. In 1974 the Main Area was discovered by the southerly downdip well 14/19-2, and the Northern Area was discovered by the northerly downdip well 14/19-6A. Initial oil in place was 1452.9 MMBBL with currently estimated ultimate proved recovery of 511.0 MMBBL of oil. A 36-slot steel platform was installed in 1977. Two subsea water-injection templates were added in 1981 and 1985. Cumulative production to 6 July 1988 was 322.9 MMBBL of oil and daily production was 75 000 BOPD of oil from 28 producers, supported by 16 injectors.
6 nm half-pitch lines and 0.04 νm 2 static random access memory patterns by nanoimprint lithography

A key issue in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is determining the ultimate pitch resolution achievable for various pattern shapes and their critical dimensional control. To this end, we demonstrated the fabrication of 6 nm half-pitch gratings and 0.04 µm2 cell area SRAM metal interconnects with 20 nm line half-pitch in resist by NIL. The mould for the 6 nm half-pitch grating was fabricated by cleaving a GaAs /Al0.7Ga0.3As superlattice grown on GaAs with molecular beam epitaxy, and selectively etching away the Al0.7Ga0.3As layers in dilute hydrofluoric acid. The mould for the 0.04 µm2 SRAM metal interconnects was fabricated in silicon dioxide using 35 kV electron beam lithography with polystyrene as a negative resist and a reactive ion etch with the resist as mask. Imprints from both moulds showed excellent fidelity and critical dimension control.
Accounting Valuation: Is Earnings Quality an Issue?

From a valuation perspective, no “best”—or even consistent—measure of pro forma earnings exists.
High intraindividual, intraspecific, and interspecific variability in large-subunit ribosomal DNA in the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium, Diplopsalis, and Preperidinium (Dinophyceae)

Abstract Large-subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) gene sequences are frequently used to infer the phylogeny and species identity of organisms. The many copies of the LSU rDNA found in the genome are thought to be kept homogeneous by concerted evolution. In this study, we found high intraindividual, intraspecific and interspecific diversity in the D1-D6 region of the LSU rDNA in eight species of thecate, heterotrophic dinoflagellates using single-cell PCR, cloning, and sequencing of many clones. For each species, the clone library was usually comprised of one highly represented copy and many unique sequences. Sequence differences were primarily characterized by single base pair substitutions, single base pair insertion/deletions (indels), and/or large indels. Phylogenetic analysis of all sequence clones gave strong support for monophyly of the polymorphic copies of each species and recovered the same species tree as an analysis using just one sequence per species. Analysis of LSU rDNA expression in three spe...
Interpretation of olivine zoning: Study of a maar from the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona

Fe-Mg zoning in olivine represents a disequilibrium state that reflects the physical and chemical environment the mineral has experienced. Olivine crystallization is affected by changes in the magmatic environment. The types of profiles we have observed include (1) homogeneous crystals, (2) homogeneous cores and zoned rims, (3) zoning extending uniformly across the crystal, (4) composition profiles that change in steps across the crystal, and (5) irregular zoning resulting from alteration and oxidation. Stepped profiles appear to have resulted from episodic changes in the magmatic environment. Calculations show that the steps could have formed owing to changing pressure as magma pulsed toward the surface. Olivines from crater 160, a maar in the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona, differ markedly in their zoning profiles. Comparison of separate flows indicates a common parent magma and suggests that a near-surface magma chamber did not exist. Probable correlations between a complex feeder dike and specific nearby flows were made.
Place Mapping and the Role of Spatial Scale in Understanding Landowner Views of Fire and Fuels Management

Place mapping is emerging as a way to understand the spatial components of people's relationships with particular locations and how these relate to support for management proposals. But despite the spatial focus of place mapping, scale is rarely explicitly examined in such exercises. This is particularly problematic since scalar definitions and configurations have implications for research results. In this study, we examine the relationship between place meanings and views on fire and fuels management through in-depth interviews and computer-based mapping with forest landowners. While landowners readily described and mapped special places, these places did not influence views on fire and fuels management, views that were situated almost entirely at larger scales and explained by broader worldviews and political ideologies. Because research results may be an artifact of measurement, place-mapping efforts need to carefully consider scale to ensure that public views are appropriately characterized for decisi...
High-Frequency Half-Bit Shift Register With Amorphous-Oxide TFT

We have designed, fabricated, and successfully characterized a ten-stage half-bit shift register utilizing amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) thin-film-transistor (TFT) technology. High-performance bottom-gate staggered TFT structures with aluminum source, drain, and gate electrodes and RF-sputtered a-IGZO active material has been developed with a field-effect mobility of 16 cm2/V ·s. The half-bit shift register, which consists of only seven transistors per stage, has been successfully driven at a maximum clock frequency of 40 kHz (sufficient to drive a full VGA display at a frame rate of more than 80 kHz) and minimum rail-to-rail supply voltage of 20 V. This effort further demonstrates the potential of oxide-TFT technology to be employed for systems with higher integration level.
A Programmable Molecular Diode Driven by Charge-Induced Conformational Changes

The 3-nitro-2-(3‘-nitro-2‘-ethynylpyridine)-5-thiopyridine molecule shows charge-induced conformational switching and a rectifying behavior with a charge-induced controllable switching. This device can be used as a memory operated with an external field interacting with one of the rings local dipole. Alternatively, the molecule can be used as a nano-actuator controlling the rotation of the ring by charging the molecule with a bias voltage.
Preserving lessons learned in disease outbreaks and other emergency responses

Background Public health departments often miss the opportunity to both learn from outbreaks and disasters and share any ‘lessons learned’ with other public health partners. These missed opportunities inhibit the public health system’s ability to improve, change and adapt in an organized way. Methods In 2003, Western Pennsylvania experienced the largest documented hepatitis A outbreak in US history. The authors documented the key facets of both the outbreak and the response, and in the process developed improved methods for capturing the historical record in an efficient and comprehensive fashion. This process incorporates key aspects of oral history, along with typical public health parameters such as epidemic curves and environmental risk factors, and allows for creation of unique tools for documentation and sharing with diverse audiences. Conclusions Learning from experience is an essential part of reducing mistakes, improving public health response, and the methods described herein show one way that ‘lessons learned’ can become a valuable teaching/training tool for students and practitioners.
Real-Time Detection of Stealthy DDoS Attacks Using Time-Series Decomposition

Recently, many new types of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have emerged, posing a great challenge to intrusion detection systems. In this paper, we introduce a new type of DDoS attacks called stealthy DDoS attacks, which can be launched by sophisticated attackers. Such attacks are different from traditional DDoS attacks in that they cannot be detected by previous detection methods effectively. In response to this type of DDoS attacks, we propose a detection approach based on time-series decomposition, which divides the original time series into trend and random components. It then applies a double autocorrelation technique and an improved cumulative sum technique to the trend and random components, respectively, to detect anomalies in both components. By separately examining each component and synthetically evaluating the overall results, the proposed approach can greatly reduce not only false positives and negatives but also detection latency. In addition, to make our method more generally applicable, we apply an adaptive sliding-window to our real-time algorithm. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach using real Internet traces, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Paying a high price for low costs: why there should be no legal constraints on the profits that can be made on drugs for tropical diseases

This paper deals with the question of how to price drugs for tropical diseases. The thesis defended in the paper is: (i) there should be no legal constraints on the profits pharmaceutical companies can make on their products for tropical diseases. In essence, (i) expresses the idea that drugs for tropical diseases should be treated as any other product on the free market and that the producers of these drugs should be allowed to sell their products at whatever price the market can bear. The main argument in favour of (i) is first outlined. Five common arguments against (i) are thereafter discussed, and it is argued that all of these fail in their intended purpose.
Economic Costs of Influenza-Related Work Absenteeism

Background: Influenza vaccinations are currently advocated only for individuals over age 50. However, vaccination of all working-age people may be warranted based on reduced absenteeism from work. Objective: This study aims to quantify the association between lost workdays and influenza, controlling for other factors. A secondary aim of the study is to assess the net benefit of expanded vaccination in a workplace setting. Research design: Multivariate regression analyses of the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component are used to estimate the number of workdays missed because of influenza-like illness (ILI) when controlling for other health, demographic, and employment factors. Mean productivity costs are measured in terms of absences from work and valued in dollar terms. The net benefit of influenza vaccination is estimated using a simple decision analysis. Subjects and measures: Health, demographic, and employment data for employed individuals between the ages of 22 and 64 years are analyzed. Results: The average number of workdays missed due to ILI was 1.30 days, and the average work loss was valued at $137 per person. The vaccine strategy was not preferred in the baseline analysis; however, this result was sensitive to assumptions regarding the incidence of influenza, the cost of delivering the vaccine, and the productivity impact of worker absenteeism. Moreover, nonproductivity benefits of vaccination were omitted. Conclusions: The economic attractiveness of expanded investment in influenza vaccination hinges on employerand population-specific assumptions. Our analysis provides a simple framework within which competing considerations of disease epidemiology, worker productivity, and economic cost may be weighed.
Charitable Choice Implementation: What Public Managers Should Know About Public Opinion and the Potential Impact of Government Funding on Private Giving

Abstract Charitable Choice, a cornerstone of President Bush's domestic policy agenda, provides that faith-based organizations (FBOs) will have an opportunity to compete for government contracts. However, few empirical studies examine the impact of public funding to FBOs on individual charitable giving to FBOs. Using public opinion survey data and multivariate analysis to examine this relationship, we find that most financial supporters of FBOs report that they would not change their giving behavior in the wake of increased government funding to FBOs, contrary to the much- established crowding-out hypothesis. The policy and management implications of these findings are discussed.
Influences on Diversity in Teacher Education: Using Literature to Promote Multiple Perspectives and Cultural Relevance

It is not uncommon for students in a teacher education program to bring with them a lack of experience in working with diverse populations. This culturally insular perspective often leaves them ill-prepared to face the highly diverse classrooms they will soon encounter. This study describes a context created for 120 students in an undergraduate Literature for Children course to critically analyze selected literature and participate in varied group discussions in order to better understand the diverse classrooms they will likely face as teachers. This qualitative study examines themes extracted from student journals and discussions in order to show the influence literature can hold in promoting multiple perspectives and cultural relevance.
METABOLIC INTERMEDIATES IN ADAPTIVE FERMENTATION OF GALACTOSE BY YEAST

Pyruvic acid, which is known to be an intermediate of glucose fermentation, was added to yeast during adaptation to galactose fermentation. It was found to neutralize the inhibition by sodium fluoride, and to decrease the apparent time of adaptation from 90 to about 45 or 60 minutes. In control experiments, it was shown that intact yeast is unable appreciably to ferment or decarboxylate alone, although it oxidizes the compound readily. Experiments in which galactose and pyruvate were added at various times and in different orders were used to eliminate the possible complications of the rates at which these compounds penetrate the cells. Under these conditions, it was not possible to reduce the time of adaptation below 45 minutes. It was concluded that the role of added pyruvate was to serve as a source of acetaldehyde, which in turn could accept hydrogen and be reduced to alcohol. Substances, such as triose phosphate, which could serve as hydrogen donors were not produced from galactose in appreciable quantities until 45 minutes had elapsed. This time was therefore inferred to be the true adaptation time, during which the first synthesis of adaptive enzymes occurred. Some determinations of the distribution of phosphorylated intermediates at various stages during the adaptive process were carried out. It was found that ATP, which usually serves to phosphorylate hexoses, accumulates during the preadaptive phase, diminishes rapidly after 60 minutes, and subsequently increases once more. The source of the ATP phosphate appeared to be PPA or triose phosphate initially present in the cells. It was inferred that the adaptive enzyme was concerned with the phosphorylation of galactose and the conversion of the phosphate ester to a glucose ester, which could then be fermented by the normal enzymes of the cell. Added ATP was found to stimulate adaptation to a considerable extent, but did not shorten the time of adaptation below 75 minutes. This seemed consistent with the role of ATP as a phosphate donor for galactose. Creatine was found to inhibit adaptation to some degree, in agreement with its known ability to act as a competitive phosphate acceptor. It was demonstrated that yeast produces, during and after adaptation, substances which shorten the apparent adaptation time of fresh samples of yeast. In agreement with our other findings, it appeared that such substances were not formed before about 45 minutes. They are probably not metabolic intermediates, and may be identical with the adaptive principle which can be extracted from adapted cells.
A new randomized response model

Summary. We suggest an efficient randomized response model that can easily be adjusted to be more efficient than the Warner, Mangat and Singh, and Mangat methods by selecting certain parameters of the proposed randomization device.
Vasopressin Resistance Induced by Low Sodium and High Mannitol in Toad Bladder

The natriferic and hydroosmotic responses to vasopressin (ADH) of the isolated toad bladder were studied as a function of the serosal bath NaCl concentration. Bladders were preincubated in Ringer's solution containing equiosmotic substitutions of mannitol, choline chloride, or choline sulfate for NaCl. Their hydroosmotic and natriferic responses to ADH were measured in NaCl Ringer's solution. Bladders previously bathed on their serosal surface with mannitol had a markedly diminished hydroosmotic response, whereas the natriferic response of these bladders was essentially normal. Similarly, preincubation with either choline chloride or sulfate also inhibited the hydroosmotic response, although the decline was substantially less than that with mannitol. Preincubation with mannitol also inhibited the hydroosmotic response to dibutyryl cAMP. Therefore, the isosmotic substitution of serosal bath NaCl with mannitol decreases primarily the hydroosmotic response to ADH at a post-AMP step. The natriferic effect of ...
Personality and Perceived Health in Older Adults: The Five Factor Model in Primary Care

Responses to specific questions tapping perceived health are associated with morbidity, mortality, and the use of health services, yet there has been little research on their personality correlates. We examined the associations between Five Factor Model personality traits and responses to four items extracted from the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 in 266 primary care patients who were 65 years of age or older. Multivariate analyses controlling for age, gender, depressive symptoms, and physical disease burden showed that having a higher Neuroticism score was associated with worse perceived health in response to all items except "I am as healthy as anybody I know." Having a lower Extraversion score was associated with worse perceived health in response to the item "I expect my health to get worse." We discuss implications for understanding personality influences on morbidity, mortality, and health services utilization.
Information and service needs for young adult cancer survivors

Background The intent of this study was to examine supportive care needs and preferences among young adult cancer survivors.
Critique of Pure Folly

A critique of the draft PhyloCode is presented. Its stated goals cannot be met by the proposals in the current draft, which also fails to uphold its stated principles. Its internal contradictions include a cumbersome reinvention of the very aspect of the current Linnaean system that advocates of the PhyloCode most often decry.
Interplay between Ionic Strength, Association Rates and Electrostatic Interaction in the C3d:CR2 Complex

The complement system, consisting of several plasma proteins and cell-bound receptors, is an important part of innate immunity. Within the complement system, the interaction between complement fragment C3d and complement receptor 2 (CR2) acts as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Mutations in the C3d:CR2 interaction are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Electrostatic interactions have been suggested to amplify complement response by driving conformational changes, and, in the case of C3d:CR2 complex, electrostatic interactions have been suggested as the basis for association. In our study, we utilize the more recent structure of C3d:CR2 (PDB Code: 3OED), which has been established to be physiologically relevant, to evaluate the effect of ionic strength on the association rate of CR2 to C3d using Brownian dynamics simulations and electrostatic free energy calculations. We also utilize mutants from experimental studies to investigate the contributions of specific residues to the association of the C3d:CR2 complex. We demonstrate that the association rate constant is ionic strength-dependent and that the rate constant decreases with increasing ionic strength. Mutations disrupting favorable or unfavorable interactions in the computational mutagenesis study result in slower or higher association rate constants, respectively. Our results are in line with the presence of electrostatic steering in accelerating the interaction between C3d and CR2. The mutagenesis results demonstrate the applicability of this method in optimizing the design of protein-protein interaction interfaces.