cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
9.2.1 Optimized Airport Security Infrastructure System (OASIS)

It has been suggested that the current security measures being implemented in airports around the country produce “soft targets” in the form of lengthy queues. These soft targets heighten the risk of a terrorist attack within airport premises that could potentially have the same impact as destroying a commercial flight. Using Washington Dulles International Airport as a case study, this study examines the security measures being implemented in the airport and designs a methodology that will result in improved allocation and usage of security resources. Two alternatives are designed that make use of layered, defense-in-depth security measures that aim to deter terrorist attacks by using the concept of unpredictability. Models of these alternatives are built and the best alternative is selected by analyzing simulation outputs and evaluating them based on a value function. At the end of the study, an Optimized Airport Security Infrastructure System (OASIS) that will provide a more efficient and reliable method for screening passengers and their luggage is proposed.
Cuba Dreaming: On a Park Bench in Havana with John Lennon

In Havana a fit place to sit and reflect on the revolution is on the park bench next to the sitting statue of John Lennon. A society like the one he imagined is taking shape in the Cuban archipelago. The academic and popular discussion of Cuba in the United States mostly misses the key point: the revolution is achieving a new form of democracy based upon shared social goals. These priorities were enunciated during the 1959 political void left by the almost complete collapse of the old order symbolized by Fulgencio Batista. The original revolutionary objectives have been upheld ever since. This constancy, together with inspirational leadership and the control of corruption, has provided a level of consensus sufficient for the revolution to endure while socialist systems elsewhere fell apart. Basic continuing priorities are mutual assistance, education for all, employment, universal health care, housing, dignified retirement, the promotion of art, a humanitarian international role for Cuba, and public participation in public life. Essentially, all of this is now reality. Three striking indicators are that Cuban student performance is well above that of any other Latin American country, public health statistics have reached the developedcountry range, and 85 percent of families own their own dwellings. For the first time there is a Latin American country in which it is normal for all to be healthy and educated. This has been accomplished by hard work and consumerist denial sustained for almost a half century. But 2005 is a turning-point year for the revolution. At last, more material rewards are at hand. This is because of government policy and international cooperation with-particularly-Venezuela, China, Canada, and Spain. The government's decision to switch from the dollar to the euro as a legal circulating currency was accompanied by a calling in of tucked-away dollars to be changed into convertible pesos if they were not to be discounted 10
Damn, It Feels Good to be a Gangsta: the Social Organization of the Illicit Drug Trade Servicing a Private College Campus

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationships and business practices of an informal Southern California drug dealing network servicing and, in many cases, run by college students of relatively privileged backgrounds. On the basis of qualitative interviews conducted with drug suppliers, the dealing mechanics, motives, and perceptions of the threat of punishment are explored. This network exists virtually unmediated by agencies of formal social control, despite the fact that their material culture, attitudes, and behaviors are frequently similar to those of their street-level counterparts. This ongoing field study underscores the idea that the war on drugs ignores a significant segment of drug dealing and using Americans.
Bargaining, risk and franchising coordination

This article presents a model for analysing the impact of compensation schemes on behaviours of manufacturer and a retailer in a franchising channel. Franchising compensation schemes characterized by the fixed lump sum fees and royalties are discussed by utilizing risk analysis, cross-constrained game theory and bargaining theory. This article explores coordinating relationships between the franchiser and the franchisee. It is demonstrated that the franchisee's risk aversion plays an important role in the franchising coordination. Our analyses show that the channel coordination can be achieved utilizing well-known bargaining models. A numerical example is provided to illustrate our theoretical findings.
Bee pollen-induced anaphylactic reaction in an unknowingly sensitized subject

Background The food supplement bee pollen has been previously found to cause anaphylactic reactions. It has been proposed as useful for "everything from bronchitis to hemorrhoids." Objective This study describes an atopic patient who experienced a non–life-threatening anaphylactic reaction upon her initial ingestion of bee pollen. Microscopic examination of the pollen sample and ELISA inhibition assays were performed. Results The patient had a 7 mm/28 mm wheal/erythema reaction to bee pollen at 1 mg/mL concentration. Bee pollen caused 52% inhibition of IgE binding to short ragweed and 55% to ryegrass. Microscopic analysis revealed ragweed, Alternaria , Cladosporium , honeysuckle ( Lonicera sp ), privet shrub ( Ligustrum sp ), and vetch ( Vicia sativa ). Conclusions An unknowingly sensitized atopic patient experienced an anaphylactic reaction after ingestion of a small quantity of bee pollen that contained pollens and fungi. Previously administered allergen immunotherapy that had reduced rhinitis symptoms did not prevent this allergic reaction.
64.2: Design and Characterization of a Compensator for High Contrast LCoS Projection Systems

We describe the design and contrast measurement results of a high performance contrast enhancer for an LCoS-based projection display that has these attributes: complete a/c-plate compensation, accurate retardance targeting, excellent retardance magnitude and axis uniformity and environmentally durable. An overall system contrast of more than 4500:1 under f/2.4 cone illumination has been obtained.
Going with the flow, and beyond, in myeloma.

In this issue of Blood , Paiva and colleagues report that MFC performed on bone marrow examinations on day 100 after autotransplantation and intended to provide a measure of MRD in multiple myeloma distinguished patients with strikingly different progression-free and overall survival, independent of
Synchronization of 9L rat brain tumor cells by centrifugal elutriation.

Asynchronous 9L cells were separated into relatively homogeneously-sized populations using centrifugal elutriation with both a conventional collection method and a long collection method. A substantial increase in the homogeneity of the volume distributions and in the degree of synchrony of the separated fractions was obtained using the long collection method. Autoradiographic data indicated that fractions containing ≥97% G1 cells, ≥80% S cells, and 70–75% G2 cells could be routinely recovered with this procedure. Recovery in these fractions varied from 5 to 8% of the total number of cells elutriated. The colony forming efficiency (CFE) of cells from fractions representing each phase of the cell cycle was a constant 60–70%, which was comparable to the 60–80% usually found for asynchronous 9L cells. The percentage of cells in the G1, S, and G2 phases in the elutriated fractions was more accurately determined from the volume distribution than from computer fits of the DNA histogram obtained from flow cytometry. In general, the degree of synchrony was related to the coefficient of variation (CV) of the volume distributions of the elutriated fractions. The CV was about 14% for all elutriated fractions. When the ≥97% G1 population was allowed to progress to S and G2, the CVs were about 17 and 20.2%, respectively. Thus, the best nonperturbing method for obtaining synchronous 9L cells in the S or G2 phases was direct elutriation with the long collection method.
Disruption of the relationship between fat content and leptin levels with aging in humans.

Leptin released from adipose tissue is believed to participate in a negative feedback loop regulating appetite, and malfunction of this mechanism could lead to obesity. We measured plasma leptin and body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) in 70 healthy subjects, divided into 3 age groups (young, 25 ± 1 yr; middle-aged, 53± 1 yr; old, 70 ± 1 yr), while on a 5-day weight-maintaining diet. Pairwise correlations were assessed using product-moment correlation, and regression analysis was used to evaluate relationships between leptin and other variables. Leptin concentrations and relative body fat content were correlated in young females (r = 0.71; P = 0.009) and in young males (r = 0.76; P = 0.007), but not in the combined middle-aged and elderly groups (r = 0.19; P = 0.36 and r = 0.19; P = 0.38 in females and males, respectively). Regression analysis showed a clear correlation between circulating leptin and relative fat mass in the young subjects (P = 0.0001), but not in the older subjects (P = 0....
The Relationship between Job Training and Job Satisfaction: A Review of Literature

As stand-alone concepts, job satisfaction and job training have each been researched extensively. However, encouraged by researchers who have found a myriad of effects of job training on employee behavior in the workplace, the concepts of job training and job satisfaction are being examined together. Results of many studies indicate that the effects of job training go beyond those that might be considered traditional, that is, the acquisition of knowledge, the improvement of skill, and the increasing of efficiency in the workplace. This review of literature looks at the relationship between job training and job satisfaction, and also examines the concept of job training satisfaction. It has been found that the research on the relationship between these two concepts can be categorized as follows: job training satisfaction as a measured construct, workplace and employee studies, training methodology studies, perception and meaning, and additional outcomes. Training and development practitioners must be aware of the relationship between job training and job satisfaction when planning and promoting workplace training programs.
Structure refinement of large domain relaxors in the Pb(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3–PbZrO3 system

Abstract The relaxor ferroelectric compound Pb(Mg 0.3 Ta 0.6 Zr 0.1 )O 3 (PMT–PZ) was studied by X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy in the as-sintered and annealed states. The as-sintered sample was comprised of nanometer-sized 1:1 chemically ordered domains dispersed in a disordered matrix. After annealing at 1325°C the domain size increased to ∼30 nm and the degree of order exceeded 95% in terms of the volume fraction of the ordered domains, yet the sample retained its diffuse, frequency dependent relaxor characteristics. Refinements of the chemically ordered structure using the Rietveld analysis revealed that the octahedral (B) site occupancies were in excellent agreement with a “random site” model for the chemical ordering. In this charge-balanced model for the 1:1 ordered Pb(β′ 1/2 β″ 1/2 )O 3 structure the Ta cations predominantly occupy the β″ site, while the β′ site is populated by a random distribution of the Mg, Zr and remaining Ta cations. Large temperature factors for Pb and O atoms are observed in both as-sintered and annealed samples, indicating localized displacements of the Pb and O atoms. The mixed occupancy of the β′ position appears to be responsible for the relaxor characteristics in the dielectric response in spite of the growth of the chemical domains.
Anomalous fluorescence of aceanthrylene: An example of second excited state emission (S2 → S0)

Abstract An anomalous fluorescence with a quantum yield of 0.017 near 24000 cm −1 is detected from hexane solutions of aceanthrylene. Excitation and synchronous scan spectra verify that the second excited state with a lifetime of 4.3 ns is the source of the fluorescence. The absorption spectrum is simulated by PPP SCF CI computations.
Effects of leaf litter species on macroinvertebrate community properties and mosquito yield in Neotropical tree hole microcosms

Detritus quality and quantity affect macroinvertebrate productivity and distribution in many freshwater ecosystems. This study experimentally investigated the effects of leaf litter from Ceiba pentandra, Dipteryx panamensis, Ficus yoponensis, and Platypodium elegans on macroinvertebrate species composition, richness, and abundance in artificial water-filled tree holes in a lowland moist forest of Panama. Species composition was similar among treatments, but species richness and longevity differed among litter types and were consistently highest with Platypodium litter. Similar patterns were observed in natural tree holes of the focal tree species. The mosquito Culex mollis was the most abundant species in the field experiment. Average conductivity and dissolved oxygen concentration differed among leaf species, but pH did not. Leaf toughness was positively correlated with mean macroinvertebrate abundance and cumulative species richness. A laboratory experiment measured C. mollis yield and pupation time in tree hole microcosms containing the four litter species. Cumulative mosquito mass and time to pupation differed among leaf litter species, with Platypodium litter supporting the greatest yield. Pupation was slowest on Ceiba litter. Grazing by mosquito larvae facilitated leaf decomposition in all treatments. Results suggest that differences in macroinvertebrate species richness and mosquito yield can be attributed to differences in nutritional quality among litter species.
Population changes induced in Candida albicans by nalidixic acid.

Cells of Candida albicans plated on media containing nalidixic acid (Nal) either die, adapt physiologically to Nal-tolerance or mutate to Nal-resistance. The fraction of a population exhibiting each response depends on the growth phase of cells when plated and their nitrogen and carbon nutrition and growth temperatures before and after plating. Nal induces Nal-resistant mutants in very high frequency but only at 37 C on plates containing i) glucose as primary carbon source and ii) adenine, a sulfur amino acid or a representative of the glutamic acid family of amino acids. Nal does not affect either forward mutation to caffeine-resistance or reverse mutation from histidine auxotrophy to prototrophy. Nal-resistant mutants produce minute colonies on Nal-free medium, respire oxidatively and are unusually sensitive to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. They revert spontaneously to wild type at very high rates but can be propagated indefinitely in the absence of Nal by serial selection and replating of minute colonies. Cellular inactivation and induction of Nal-resistant mutants are greatly affected by specific inhibitors of mitochondrial macromolecular syntheses. The presence of chloramphenicol or erythromycin during exposure to Nal prevents cell death and mutation but has no effect on adaptation to Nal-tolerance. Growth on acriflavin or ethidium bromide enhances resistance of cells to inactivation when subsequently plated on Nal containing media. It is concluded that Nal-induced cellular inactivation and mutation to Nal-resistance, but not adaptation to Nal-tolerance, result from damages to the mitochondrion which are fixed or promoted by macromolecular syntheses within the mitochondrion. Implications of these findings for the therapeutic use of Nal are discussed.
The entropy approach to material balancing in mineral processing

Abstract The material balancing problem seeks to transform observed data taken from a mineral processing circuit into a data set satisfying mass conservation. Here entropy forms the basis for this analysis. Developed to model matter in physics and chemistry using the multinomial distribution, entropy has been valuable in determining the most probable state of an observed physical system. For this problem the entropy model combines disparate data such as flow rates, assays and particle size distributions to produce a consistent data set. Two actual data sets are analyzed using entropy and results are compared with a least-squares approach.
The use of the radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of Hymenoptera anaphylaxis

Summary IgE antibody levels to Hymenoptera (honey bee, hornet, wasp or yellow jacket) venom or venom sac were measured in the serum of ninety-six patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to these insect stings. Normal levels of IgE antibody were found in fourty-four of these patients tested. The severity of the systemic reaction was similar in those patients with normal and elevated IgE antibody levels, and the interval from the systemic reaction to antibody determination was also similar. In twelve patients with a definite reaction to honey bee venom, the IgE antibody was elevated in all and correlated with a positive venom skin test in nine out of the twelve. It is not possible to determine if the other patients with normal IgE antibody and a systemic reaction represent a false negative RAST value, loss of sensitivity to the Hymenoptera venom, or a lack of RAST sensitivity with some venom or venom sac antigens. Without the ready availability of venom skin tests to all Hymenoptera antigens or other in vitro tests, a definite assessment of insect anaphylaxis remains in doubt for the patient and physician.
Review of the development and breakdown of protective oxide scales on alloys exposed to coal-derived atmospheres

Metal components in coal utilization and conversion systems are subject to severe corrosion by sulfur and other impurities in coal-derived environments. Most of the alloys and metallic coatings designed to withstand high-temperature aggressive environments rely on the formation of protective Cr 2O3 and Al 2O3 scales. However, in mixed-gas environments containing sulfur, either the protective oxide scales do not form or they rapidly break down. In order to understand corrosion behavior in mixed-gas environments, previous work on corrosion of high-temperature materials in coal-related applications is summarized. Current ideas for the development of protective oxide scales on alloys in mixed-gas environments by preoxidation and by the addition of reactive elements to the alloys are reviewed. Finally, future studies are recommended as being important to the development of alloys with better corrosion resistance in mixed-gas environments.
Fast 3-D photoacoustic imaging in vivo with a high frequency ultrasound array toward clinical applications

We present an in vivo reflection-mode photoacoustic microscopy system that performs B-scan imaging at 50 Hz with realtime beamforming and 3-D imaging of 166 B-scan frames at 1 Hz with post-beamforming. To our knowledge, this speed is currently the fastest in high frequency photoacoustic imaging. In addition, with a custom fiber based light delivery system, the imaging device is capable of performing handheld operation. Software for image processing and display with clinically user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) is developed. The system has axial, lateral, and elevational resolutions of 25, 70, and 200 μm, respectively, and can image 3 mm deep in scattering biological tissue. Volumetric images of subcutaneous vasculature in murine are demonstrated in vivo. The system is anticipated to have potential clinical applications in skin melanoma detection due to its unique ability to image in realtime and to image anatomical sites inaccessible to other imaging systems.
Some new aspects of supersymmetry R -parity violating interactions

On examine les interactions de brisure de parite R avec violation du nombre de lepton dans le modele de supergravite minimal et on obtient de nouvelles limites rigoureuses sur les constantes de couplage a partir des processus a faible energie. On etudie le declin de la particule supersymetrique la plus legere et on analyse les signatures possibles pour les interactions violant la parite R dans les declins des bosons de Higgs, des bosons W, Z et dans les collisions e + e −
Religiosity profiles of American youth in relation to substance use, violence, and delinquency

Relatively little is known in terms of the relationship between religiosity profiles and adolescents’ involvement in substance use, violence, and delinquency. Using a diverse sample of 17,705 (49 % female) adolescents from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, latent profile analysis and multinomial regression are employed to examine the relationships between latent religiosity classes and substance use, violence, and delinquency. Results revealed a five class solution. Classes were identified as religiously disengaged (10.76 %), religiously infrequent (23.59 %), privately religious (6.55 %), religious regulars (40.85 %), and religiously devoted (18.25 %). Membership in the religiously devoted class was associated with the decreased likelihood of participation in a variety of substance use behaviors as well as decreases in the likelihood of fighting and theft. To a lesser extent, membership in the religious regulars class was also associated with the decreased likelihood of substance use and fighting. However, membership in the religiously infrequent and privately religious classes was only associated with the decreased likelihood of marijuana use. Findings suggest that private religiosity alone does not serve to buffer youth effectively against involvement in problem behavior, but rather that it is the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic adolescent religiosity factors that is associated with participation in fewer problem behaviors.
Encore un : variation dans la prononciation de un dans le sud-est de la France

Dans le sud-est de la France, la voyelle de l'article indefini masculin singulier [] coexiste avec une variante reduite []. Apres une breve recherche de justification de la variabilite de cette voyelle dans son evolution historique et ses caracteristiques articulatoires et acoustiques, l'analyse statistique d'un corpus de 12 informateurs montre que deux facteurs linguistiques semblent influencer le choix de la voyelle de l'article indefini: le nombre de syllabes entre l'article et l'accent tonique et le type de syntagme dont un fait partie. En outre, l'âge et le sexe des informateurs indiquent une forte tendance a favoriser la voyelle reduite parmi les hommes entre 25 et 55 ans et les femmes de moins de 20 ans mais une tendance a la retention de [] pour les autres groupes.
A nonlinear multi-dimensional variable selection method for high dimensional data: Sparse MAVE

Traditional variable selection methods are model based and may suffer from possible model misspecification. On the other hand, sufficient dimension reduction provides us with a way to find sufficient dimensions without a parametric model. However, the drawback is that each reduced variable is a linear combination of all the original variables, which may be difficult to interpret. In this paper, focusing on the sufficient dimensions in the regression mean function, we combine the ideas of sufficient dimension reduction and variable selection to propose a shrinkage estimation method, sparse MAVE. The sparse MAVE can exhaustively estimate dimensions in the mean function, while selecting informative covariates simultaneously without assuming any particular model or particular distribution on the predictor variables. Furthermore, we propose a modified BIC criterion for effectively estimating the dimension of the mean function. The efficacy of sparse MAVE is verified through simulation studies and via analysis of a real data set.
Maxwell stress distributions in chiral sculptured thin films due to obliquely incident plane waves

When a circularly polarized plane wave is obliquely incident on a chiral sculptured thin film (STF), the Maxwell stress dyadic exhibits a decreasing periodic variation across the thickness of the film. Normal and tangential surface tractions exist on the two faces of the chiral STF, as well as a net normal pressure across the film. These stresses are affected by the incidence angle of light, and are maximized when (i) the incident plane wave and the chiral STF are co-handed, (ii) the wavelength falls within a regime called the Bragg regime, (iii) the ratio of film thickness to the structural period of the chiral STF reaches a saturation value, and (iv) the deviation from normal incidence is small.
Spray-Congealed Formulations of Sulfaethidole (SETD) and Waxes for Prolonged-Release Medication: Effect of Modifiers

An investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of the addition of certain substances—viz., low molecular weight polyethylene, ethylcellulose 20 cps., and glyceryl ester of hydrogenated rosin, to carnauba wax, hydrogenated castor oil, and synthetic wax-like ester, on the in vitro dissolution patterns of spray-congealed particles of sulfaethidole (SETD) and wax-modifier combinations. The pneumatically atomized and congealed particles of the drug-wax-modifier suspensions were observed to possess log-normal particle-size distributions. These were characteristic for a particular wax. The addition of low molecular weight polyethylene was observed to increase the particle size significantly for all three wax formulations. The in vitro dissolution patterns appear to be second order, being functions of the effective surface area and the weight of drug available for dissolution. The dissolution patterns of SETD from the three wax formulations were observed to be characteristic for each wax and dissolution medium. The addition of low molecular weight polyethylene was observed to retard the dissolution rates of SETD from hydrogenated castor oil and synthetic wax-like ester formulations. The addition of ethylcellulose tended to increase the dissolution rate from carnauba wax and synthetic wax-like ester formulations. The addition of glyceryl ester of hydrogenated rosin tended to decrease the dissolution rate of the drug from carnauba wax and hydrogenated castor oil formulations.
Commentary: Research Needed on Cross-Cultural Generational Knowledge Flows

The primary concern for this commentary is to examine and assess the current state of the research performed in the domain of knowledge flow theory and the relationship between these activities and the ways they are affected within different cultures and generations. We observe little research on the relationship between knowledge flow, cross-cultural factors, and stage of life. We feel that more research is needed in order to deal with cross-cultural generational knowledge flows in organizations.
Depositional settings of sand beaches along whitewater rivers

The numbers and sizes of sand beaches suitable for recreation along selected whitewater rivers in the western United States depend on sand concentrations, range of discharge and the size, frequency and type of depositional settings. River-width expansionsdownstream from constrictions are the predominant depositional setting for sand beaches in the upper Grand Canyon and along five Wild and Scenic Rivers in Idaho, but not along other rivers. Beaches located upstream from constrictions are rare, in general, exceptinthe GrandCanyon.Beaches foundinexpansionswithout constrictionsdominate depositional sitesalong the Yampa and Green Rivers, are fairly common along the rivers in Idaho, but are relatively rare in the Grand Canyon. The magnitude of flow expansion is a reliable predictor of beach size. Beaches located on the inside of curves are uncommon, in general, but can be important recreation sites. The mid-channel bar setting is the least important from a recreation standpoint because that setting is rare and beaches there are typically small, and emergent only at low flow. The frequency of beaches is highly variable among rivers and the concentration of sand in transport is only partially responsible. Of the rivers studied, the unregulated Yampa River carries the highest concentrations of suspended sand and has among the most beaches (1.2beacheskm � 1 ). Emergent sand beaches are essentially nonexistent along the Deschutes River and are rare along other Oregon rivers, yet these rivers transport some sand. Sand beaches are fairly common (0.8‐1.1beacheskm � 1 ) along the regulated Colorado River, but are comparatively rare (0.6beacheskm � 1 ) along the unregulated Middle Fork Salmon River. The suspended sand concentrations in study reaches of these two rivers are similar, and the difference in the frequency of beaches maybelargelybecause theprocesses thatcreatebeach-depositionsettingsareless activealongtheMiddleFork Salmon. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The interaction of nitrogen and copper on a W(110) surface

Abstract The segregation of N and Cu adsorbed on W(110) was investigated using Auger, LEED, XPS and work function measurements. It was found that heating Cu n /N/W(110) layers to 800 K led to an almost complete segregation with very small amounts of N trapped under the resulting Cu multilayer islands. Unlike the case of O,Cu,W(110) there does not appear to be a dead zone between Cu and N covered regions and N cannot be squeezed into a (1 × 1) structure. The N concentration after segregation is 1.2 times the maximum achievable by electron induced conversion of N 2 on the surface (estimated as N / W ≈ 0.5), and is thus N / W ≈ 0.6. This layer shows evidence of additional and quite complicated reconstruction, relative to the N / W = 0.5 layer.
Risk in Culture: The American Conflict Over Nuclear Power

It has become commonplace to assert that technological risk is a social phenomenon. Social science studies typically establish the point by showing that risk avoidance involves more than scientific criteria. No group responds to all risks in a way that is directly proportional to the magnitudes of the physical hazards involved, and different social groups avoid different kinds of hazards differently. The public controversy over nuclear power has provided the paradigm case, for the decade-long entrenchment of pro-nuclear and anti-nuclear alignments in the face of changing evidence about the hazards of nuclear power stimulated much of the research on risk in the first place. In demonstrating that action to support or oppose nuclear power has social dimensions, however, social science studies have been guilty of the inverse problem, failing to include any role for scientifically based knowledge claims. A host of sociological studies, for example, has sought to explain the actions of pro-nuclear and anti-nuclear groups as the causal product of ideological beliefs or social structural variables without explicitly considering their claims about the hazards of the technology, even while asserting that technical issues remain at the "center" of the dispute (Del Sesto 1979; Nelkin 1981a, 1981b, 1981c; Mazur 1981; Barkan 1979; Useem and Zald 1980). The source of this omission is a theoretical assumption: by analytically separating social and scientific factors as mutually exclusive, they render themselves unable to include the scientific in a social analysis. In Risk and Culture (1982), Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky took an important step in overcoming this problem by describing variations in responses to nuclear risks as the product of contrasts among distinct cultural "cosmologies." But their underlying theory of logical social determinism combined with a neo-conservative political agenda led them to omit science from the cosmologies they described. This article presents an alternative view of the American conflict over nuclear power as an instance in the historical competition among contrasting American ideologies, describing ideologies as implementing cultural categories of meaning rather than reflecting social organization. Three different classifications appeared in sequence, establishing both pro-nuclear and anti-nuclear iden-
Near-infrared metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector based on semi-insulating GaAs and interdigital electrodes

Metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on semi-insulating GaAs with interdigital electrodes showed significant enhancement in the spectral response in the near-infrared region as the electrode spacing is reduced. The photocurrent for the device with 5 μm interdigital spacing is five orders of magnitude higher than the dark current, and the room temperature detectivity is on the order of 2.4×1012 cmHz1/2 W−1 at 5 V bias. Furthermore, the spectral response of this device possesses strong dependence on the polarization of incident light showing potential plasmonic effects with only microscale dimensions. These experimental data were analyzed using optical simulation to confirm the response of the devices.
Energy relaxation dynamics and universal scaling laws in organic light-emitting diodes

Electron- hole (e- h) capture in luminescent conjugated polymers (LCPs) is modeled by the dissipative dynamics of a multilevel electronic system coupled to a phonon bath. Electroinjected e- h pairs are simulated by a mixed quantum state, which relaxes via phonon-driven internal conversions to low-lying charge-transfer (CT) and excitonic (XT) states. The underlying two-band polymer model reflects PPV and spans monoexcited configuration interaction singlets (S) and triplets (T), coupled to Franck-Condon active CAC stretches and ring torsions. Focusing entirely upon long PPV chains, we consider the recombination kinetics of an initially separated CT pair. Our model calculations indicate that S and T recombination proceeds according to a branched, two-step mechanism dictated by near e- h symmetry. The initial relaxation occurs rapidly with nearly half of the population going into excitons (SXT or TXT), while the remaining portion remains locked in metastable CT states. While formation rates of SCT and TCT are nearly equal, SXT is formed about twice as fast TXT in concurrence with experimental observations of these systems. Further, breaking e- h symmetry suppresses the XT to CT branching ratio for triplets and opens a slow CT 3 XT conversion channel exclusively for singlets due to dipole- dipole interactions between geminate and nongeminate configurations. Finally, our calculations yield a remarkable linear relation between chain length and singlet/triplet branching ratio that can be explained in terms of the binding energies of the respective final excitonic states and the scaling of singlet-triplet energy gap with chain length. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 95: 521-531, 2003
Cardiovascular pharmacology of ASL-8052, an ultra-short acting β blocker

Abstract ASL-8052, a novel ultra-short acting β receptor blocking agent, was infused i.v. and its cardiovascular effects were investigated in conscious, as well as anesthetized rabbits. On i.v. infusion, its effects reached a steady state within 6 min and on termination of infusion, complete recovery occurred within 20 min. In conscious rabbits it inhibited isoproterenol-induced tachycardia and hypotension. There was more pronounced inhibition of the cardioaccelerator effects of isoproterenol than its hypotensive effects. ASL-8052 produced dose dependent bradycardia in conscious rabbits which was more marked in rabbits pretreated with atropine methyl nitrate. When infused in larger doses, a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure was seen in conscious as well as anesthetized rabbits. This hypotensive effect was not blocked by prior β receptor blockade with propranolol. ASL-8052-induced hypotension was found to be due to a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance. It also produced vasodilation in the mesenteric vascular bed. The role of the liver in the clearance of ASL-8052 was investigated. When infused into the portal vein, the response to ASL-8052 was markedly attenuated, while an equivalent dose infused into the femoral vein produced a significant level of β receptor blockade. These results suggest that ASL-8052 is an ultra-short acting β receptor blocking agent with vasodilator effects in rabbits. While the liver may play a significant role in the clearance of ASL-8052 from circulation, the role of extra-hepatic mechanisms in the rapid decay of its pharmacological effects remains to be investigated.
The cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease: impact on cognition, behaviour and function

Although the neurodegeneration occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects multiple neurotransmitters, the cholinergic system has received the greatest attention. Acetylcholine (ACh) is fundamental to mnemonic function, assisting in the septal hippocampal pathway and facilitating cortical activation. One of the earliest pathological events in AD is the degeneration of ACh-synthesizing neurons in the subcortical nuclei of the human basal forebrain. Indeed, the loss of cholinergic function in AD is correlated with the density of histopathological markers of AD, the severity of cognitive dysfunction and disease duration. However, the precise mechanism by which the cholinergic system influences cognition, and behaviour, is unknown. Recent preliminary data from functional imaging and ligand-binding studies implicate a dynamic interaction between the nicotinic-muscarinic cholinergic receptor systems. The relatively preserved thalamic nicotinic system, compared with the dysfunctional cortical muscarinic system, may facilitate thalamocortical metabolic excitation in the failing AD brain. Thus, it is hypothesized that thalamic influence within frontal-subcortical circuits is augmented in AD patients who demonstrate a marked improvement to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy. Understanding the cholinergic basis of the cognitive, functional and behavioural deficits in AD, and the differential treatment response to various agents, will ultimately improve patient care and neuropharmacological insights. This paper reviews the current understanding of the cholinergic influence in cognition, behaviour and, as a result, function in AD patients.
Purification, subunit structure and inhibitor profile of cathepsin A.

Abstract Cathepsin A (EC 3.4.16.1), a lysosomal carboxypeptidase, has been purified 1374-fold from pig kidney. Purification steps included concanavalin A-Sepharose and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography and chromatofocusing. The specific activity (16.9 U/mg) of the purified enzyme was significantly higher than previously reported values. The enzyme preparation appeared homogeneous when analyzed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was free of detectable protease contamination. The molecular mass ( M r = 97 000), isoelectric point (5.0), and sensitivity to inhibitors were consistent with reported properties of cathepsin A. However, the previously reported three-peptide chain structure was not observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of 2-mercaptoethanol demonstrated that the enzyme is composed of two M r 47 000 subunits, each of which dissociate in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol into two polypeptide chains of 19 000 and 31 000.
Olfactory responses in the gustatory area of the parabrachial pons.

Abstract Electrophysiological responses to olfactory and gustatory stimuli were recorded in the same neural elements in the parabrachial nuclei (PbN) of rats under Flaxedil. Responses to olfactory stimuli varied in temporal pattern and magnitude from responses to gustatory stimuli. Intravenous infusion of Nembutal while recording from one unit appeared to alter the pattern of responsiveness across stimuli. Most importantly the response to one olfactory stimulus (vanilla) was eliminated by this procedure. Olfactory-gustatory elements were located in the lateral portion of the tasteresponsive area of the PbN, just below the brachium conjunctivum. These results suggest that the PbN receives input from both olfactory and gustatory pathways and that these pathways may converge on the same neural elements within the PbN. This convergence may be part of a neurophysiological substrate for the perception of flavor.
Quantitative x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses of fluorochemicals

Abstract Surface characterization of fluoroalkyl polymethacrylate homopolymers, poly[F(CF 2 ) n − (CH 2 ) 2 OOCC(CH 3 )CH 2 ], and segmented fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids of the type F(CF 2 ) n − (CH2) m COOH has been made by ESCA. Information about the composition and structure of the surfaces was obtained. Signal intensities were found to vary according to surface roughness, molecular orientation, surface contamination, and sample matrix type. Comparisons were made between elemental ratios calculated from ESCA data and those calculated from bulk analysis and stoichiometry.
Clinical observations on mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure in bronchiolitis

An unusually large number of infants (82) were admitted to Stanford University Hospital from November 1, 1983, through May 31, 1985, with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis requiring oxygen therapy. A larger percentage of these infants (17/82 = 21%) than generally expected required mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. Fourteen infants had respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, and three had parainfluenza virus infections. Ten patients had respiratory difficulties as neonates. The mechanical ventilation of the children requiring respiratory assistance was characterized by high minute ventilation with high tidal volumes (15 to 20 ml/kg) and slow respiratory rates (16 to 22 breaths/min). Peak inspiratory pressure averaged (mean +/- SD) 35 +/- 6 cm H2O in the RSV group and 34 +/- 6 cm H2O in the parainfluenza group. The mean number of days on the ventilator was 9.7 +/- 3.1 for the RSV group and 8.3 +/- 2.9 for the parainfluenza group. All were extubated within 17 days of presentation and discharged within 28 days. The complications encountered included pneumothorax and acute pulmonary hypertension.
POWER SPECTRA AND MIXING PROPERTIES OF STRANGE ATTRACTORS

Edward Lorenz used the phrase “deterministic nonperiodic flow” to describe the first example of what is now known as a “strange” or “chaotic” a t t ra~tor . ’ -~ Nonperiodicity, as reflected by a broadband component in a power spectrum of a time series, is the characteristic by which chaos is currently experimentally identified. In principle, this identification is straightforward: Systems that are periodic or quasiperiodic have power spectra composed of delta functions; any dynamical system whose spectrum is not composed of delta functions is chaotic. We have found that, to the resolution of our numerical experiments, some strange attractors have power spectra that are superpositions of delta functions and broad backgrounds. As we shall show, strange attractors with this property, which we call phase coherence, are chaotic, yet, nonetheless. at least approach being periodic or quasi-periodic in a statistical sense. Under various names, this property has also been noted by Lorenz (“noisy peri~dicity”),~ Ito et al. (“nonmixing ~ h a o s ” ) , ~ and the authors6 The existence of phase coherence can make it difficult to discriminate experimentally between chaotic and periodic behavior by means of a power spectrum. In this paper, we investigate the geometric basis of phase coherence and demonstrate that this phenomenon is closely related to the mixing properties of attractors. The theory of dynamical systems provides two useful measures of chaos: the Kolmogorov entropy’ and the Lyapunov characteristic exponent^.^,^ The application of this theory to strange attractors is not well understood, but it is at least a commonly expressed conjecture, supported by numerical evidence,” that these quantities can be defined for strange attractors, and that the appropriately normalized Kolmogorov entropy is equal to the sum of the positive Lyapunov characteristic exponents.”.’* The presence of chaotic behavior in a dynamical system is signaled by a positive Kolmogorov entropy. We have discovered, however, that neither of these quantities distinguish between phase coherent and phase incoherent chaos. Since attractors with a long term average periodicity are intuitively “more orderly” than incoherent attractors, these quantities provide an inadequate measure of the chaotic properties of a strange attractor. Phase coherent strange attractors may be the correct models for many physical systems. In Couette flow, for example, through certain parameter ranges, wavy Taylor
Surfactant chromatographic movement: An experimental study

Previous papers (Trogus et al., 1979a; Harwell et al., 1982) have developed a theory of surfactant chromatographic movement on the assumption that micelles may be treated as a separate thermodynamic phase in predicting surfactant adsorption. The work examined here demonstrates that, even with incorporation of the complex surface interactions between surfactant molecules that are present in real systems, conclusions and observations made in the previous studies hold true. Additionally, theoretical predictions are compared to experimental results to demonstrate that for the system studied the phase separation model of micelle formation (Shinoda, 1963) and the plateau adsorption model (Trogus et al., 1979a) are powerful and useful simplifications for predicting surfactant chromatographic behavior.
Hemodynamic profile of neuropeptide Y in dogs: effect of ganglionic blockade.

Abstract Hashim, M. A., W. W. Harrington, A. J. Daniels and A. S. Tadepalli. Hemodynamic profile of neuropeptide Y in dogs: Effect of ganglionic blockade. Peptides 18(2) 235–239, 1997.—The hemodynamic effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were examined over a dose range of 0.03–30 nmol/kg, IV, in anesthetized, open-chest, ventilated dogs with and without ganglionic blockade. In normal (non-ganglion-blocked) animals, NPY produced significant, dose-dependent, and sustained (lasting 15–45 min) increases in mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) with a threshold dose of 0.3 nmol/kg and a maximum effective dose of 10 nmol/kg. Cardiac index (CI) decreased at doses > 1 nmol/kg, but stroke volume was not altered; heart rate (HR) decreased significantly at and above the 3 nmol/kg dose. No significant changes were observed in the left ventricular dP/dt (LVdP/dt) or the contractility index (LVdP/dt ÷ systolic pressure). In ganglion-blocked animals, pressor and SVR responses to NPY were similar to those seen in normal animals but HR was not affected and a small but significant decrease in CI was seen only at the 30 nmol/kg. Furthermore, whereas LVdP/dt of ganglion-blocked dogs increased significantly at and above the 1 nmol/kg dose, the contractility index increased slightly only with the 10 and 30 nmol/kg doses. These data indicate that NPY produces sustained hypertension in dogs secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction, has a weak, direct positive inotropic action on the heart, and lacks chronotropic effects.