cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radical Individualism vs. Institutionalism, I The Division of Institutionalists into ‘Humanists’ and ‘Behaviorists’

. David Seckler has filled an important gap in the methodological literature of economics by providing a “radical individualist” critique of American institutionalism (1). Seckler argues that institutionalists have been unable to develop a coherent methodology because of their ambivalence on the issue of “free will versus determinism.” Thorstein Veblen, he says, entertained both “humanistic” and “behavioristic” hypotheses in his explanations of human behavior and, consequently, descended into obscurantism. The institutionalist literature in general reflects these contradictory methodological tendencies; for example, John R. Commons was a “humanist”, whereas Clarence Ayres was a “behaviorist.” Seckler's critique is not, however, persuasive. He fails to recognize the difficulties inherent in the philosophical dualisms posited by “radical individualism,” and he employs them credulously in his critique of institutionalism. Equally damaging to his argument is his failure to give adequate consideration to the meaning and significance of the “institutional dichotomy” in institutional analysis.
Terahertz resonance splitting via mutual coupling between parallel-plate waveguide cavities

The inclusion of multiple resonant cavities in a terahertz TE 1 -mode parallel-plate waveguide induces splitting of the fundamental resonance due to coupling between the cavities. The resulting features have a higher Q-value than the original resonance.
The Pygmalion Effect and its Mediating Mechanisms

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the Pygmalion effect in children. It presents case studies to highlight the signs and symptoms of this effect, highlighting the uniformity of effects observed across studies. It also demonstrates the method of measuring teacher expectations and explores the question of whether or not the challenge level and teachers' statements impact children's performance. Some of these methods are more direct while some are less direct. More direct procedures include asking teachers to make global overall assessments of the expectations they hold for each of the children in their class. Somewhat less global, more specific, estimates can be obtained from teachers by asking, for each of their students, the grade level at which they will be reading at the end of the year, or the percentile level they will achieve on any one of a number of standardized achievement tests. Finally, the chapter examines what happens when greater intellectual gains are expected of children by adults, and the reason this works to result in higher student achievement.
Decentralized Optimal Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles at an Intersection

In earlier work, we addressed the problem of coordinating online an increasing number of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) crossing two adjacent intersections in an urban area. The analytical solution, however, did not consider the state and control constraints. In this paper, we present the complete Hamiltonian analysis including state and control constraints. In addition, we present conditions that do not allow the rear-end collision avoidance constraint to become active at any time inside the control zone. The complete analytical solution, when it exists, allows the vehicles to cross the intersection without the use of traffic lights and under the hard constraint of collision avoidance. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is validated through simulation in a single intersection and it is shown that coordination of CAVs can reduce significantly both fuel consumption and travel time.
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Pediatric Patients With Seizures

Abstract Background The objective was to determine if it is useful to routinely add magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of seizure in the pediatric patient. Specifically, how often does MRS contribute information to conventional MRI? Methods A retrospective search, over a period of 3 years, of patients Results In 100 of 233 cases (43%), MRS contributed information additional to MRI. In 40 cases, MRS contributed information relevant to patient management by prompting an evaluation for an underlying inborn error of metabolism. MRS contributed information relevant to diagnosis in 24 of 100 cases (e.g., neoplasm versus dysplasia). MRS contributed information relevant to prognosis in 36 cases (e.g., hypoxic-ischemic injury). MRS added more information in cases where the patients had a diagnosis relevant to seizure before imaging. Interestingly, in 25 cases where the MRI was normal, MRS was found to be abnormal, which prompted evaluation for an inborn error of metabolism. Conclusions These results suggest that MRS is a useful evaluation tool in addition to MRI for children undergoing imaging for the evaluation of seizures.
A preliminary declaration of sustainability ethics: making peace with the ultimate bioexecutioner

Sustainability is a utopian vision that requires living harmoniously with nature, which will exact harsh penalties on species that exceed Earth's carrying capacity and violate nature's laws. To make this vision a reality, humankind needs a global ethical consensus on sustainable use of the planet—sustainability ethics. Sustainability ethics has the goal of developing a sustainable, mutual- istic relationship between humankind and the interdependent web of life that serves as Earth's eco- logical life support system. The quest for sustainable use of the planet is a value judgment that has more than one component. Arguably, the most important is increased attention to and compassion for posterity's quality of life, in short, leaving a habitable planet for future generations. This requires leaving natural capital and the ecosystem services it provides undiminished at the least and increased at best. Although material possessions can be left to direct descendants, protecting the planet's ecological life support system must not only be for all of humankind's descendants but those of the 30+ million other species with which we share the planet. This is difficult because the recipients are distant (as individuals) both temporally and spatially. Therefore, this quest will not be realized until an agreement emerges on the values and attitudes necessary to make sustainability a reality. Science can then develop the standards and criteria necessary to reach this goal. In view of present unsustainable practices, a basic ethical consensus is necessary to develop sustainable practices.
Desired Involvement in Treatment Decisions Among Adults with PTSD Symptoms

UNLABELLED Most medical patients want to be involved in decisions about their care. Whether this is true for people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-a disorder characterized by avoidance of trauma-related discussions-is unknown. We conducted an online survey assessing preferences for involvement in PTSD treatment decisions (level of control, timing) and information about PTSD treatment (content, format). Adults who screened positive for possible PTSD (N = 301) were recruited from a large online survey panel representative of the U. S. POPULATION Virtually all respondents (97.3%) desired involvement in treatment decisions; two thirds (67.8%) wanted primary responsibility for decisions. Most (64.2%) wanted 30-60 minutes to learn about treatments and 80.1% wanted at least 1-3 days to consider their options. Respondents expressed more interest in informational content on treatment effectiveness and side effects than any other topic. In-person discussion with a provider was preferred more than other learning formats (e.g., websites, brochures). Results suggested that people with symptoms of PTSD want involvement in decisions about their treatment and want to discuss treatment options with their provider. Providers may wish to prioritize information about effectiveness and side effects, and should expect that many patients will need several days after their visit to make a decision.
2-D Bubble Test Cell for the Study of Interactions at the Plasma–Liquid Interface

In plasma–liquid interactions, processes taking place at the gas–liquid interface drive chemical reactions within the bulk liquid. Such reactions and subsequent chemical transport are important to applications, such as plasma medicine and water purification. A 2-D bubble apparatus was investigated as a means to study physical and chemical processes taking place at the plasma–liquid interface. In particular, the approach makes the interfacial and surrounding regions accessible to optical diagnostics. Chemical transport originating at the interface driven by streamer and microdischarges within the bubble was observed, and chemical front propagation velocities were calculated. The propagation of acidification fronts as well as the transport of reactive oxygen species was documented using chemical probes. In addition, plasma-induced convection was observed illustrating the complex coupling of plasma-driven effects to the bulk solution. Time-dependent changes in bubble gas composition presumably driven by gas-phase reactions were also observed.
A New Order of Things: The Redstick War

While the Seminoles were at war in 1812, Creek leaders had worked to crush dissent, punishing and executing warriors involved in a series of political crimes inspired by Tecumseh. Their actions not only imposed law on an unwilling people but also steered the nation away from the religious renewal sweeping through Indian peoples in the early nineteenth century. The conflict between national leaders and Creek dissidents remained circumscribed within the limited compass of crime and punishment until April 1813 when victims of the national council's police force struck back at their persecutors, killing a number of the nation's warriors. The attack marked the beginning of a violent and devastating civil war in which the United States would play a pivotal role. On one side, Redstick Creeks, named for the red clubs that they wielded, challenged the power and property of Creek leaders. On the other, Creek leaders and their U.S. allies defended the new order. By March 1814, when Andrew Jackson struck a decisive blow against the Redsticks at Tohopeka (Horseshoe Bend), many Creek towns had been completely destroyed and the Muskogee peoples permanently divided. A year before the conflict, in March 1812, national leaders had assured Hawkins that their people were “now more occupied than ever in our domestic concerns, spining, weaving and farming.” They looked forward to the arrival of a new blacksmith and to the delivery of spinning wheels and cotton cards.
Design Principles for Cognitive Assistants

This book has presented an advanced approach to developing personal cognitive assistants. Although the emphasis in this book has been on cognitive assistants for evidence-based hypothesis analysis, the Disciple approach is also applicable to other types of tasks, as was illustrated by the agents presented in Chapter 12. Moreover, the Disciple approach illustrates the application of several design principles that are useful in the development of cognitive assistants in general. In this chapter, we review these principles, which have been illustrated throughout this book. Each of the following sections starts with the formulation of a principle and continues with its illustration by referring back to previous sections of the book. LEARNING-BASED KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING Employ learning technology to simplify and automate the knowledge engineering process. It is generally accepted that knowledge engineering is very difficult, involving many creative tasks. One way to simplify this process significantly is to automate as much of the knowledge engineering process as possible. As discussed in Section 3.3.6, the approach taken with Disciple is to replace each knowledge base development activity of the knowledge engineer (e.g., modeling the problem-solving process, ontology development, rule learning, rule refinement) with an equivalent activity that can be performed directly by a subject matter expert and the Disciple agent, with limited or no support from the knowledge engineer (see Figure 3.19, p. 107). Consider, for example, the modeling of the problem-solving process. A knowledge engineer would need to instruct a subject matter expert how to express his or her reasoning in the divide-and-conquer analysis and synthesis framework. Then the expert and the agent can model the solutions of new problems by themselves. In this process, the agent will support the expert in various ways. For example, the agent may employ previously learned rules to suggest likely reductions of the current problem or hypothesis. Or it may learn and reuse reasoning patterns to suggest reductions to the expert. Now consider the development and testing of the reasoning rules, which the knowledge engineer does through interviews with the subject matter expert, as discussed in Section 3.1.4. This time-consuming and error-prone task is reduced to several tasks that the subject matter expert and the Disciple agent can easily perform, as discussed in Sections 9.4 and 10.1.2.
The NICU Lighted Environment

Lighting technologies are rapidly evolving, creating many opportunities for good lighting within the NICU. With the widespread adoption of advanced solid-state lighting technologies, lighting no longer needs to be static. Rather, lighting systems can be more easily adjusted to the different and changing visual and non-visual needs of the professional staff, infants and family members throughout the 24-hour day. This paper provides a conceptual framework for defining good lighting in the NICU, recognizing the needs of various constituent groups, each with very different needs from the lighting. Several other papers on the topic of lighting for various constituent groups at different times of the day in the NICU are summarized. Attention is given specifically to the Recommended Standards for Newborn ICU Design, a consensus standard developed by a wide range of experts, to help the reader translate this conceptual framework to practice.
Equilibrium of Elastic Hollow Inhomogeneous Cylinders with Cross Sections in the Form of Convex Semicorrugations

We present the solution of a three-dimensional boundary-value problem of stresses in the theory of elasticity for hollow inhomogeneous orthotropic cylinders with cross sections in the form of convex semicorrugations with zones of large curvature. The boundary conditions at the ends of the cylinder make it possible to separate variables along the length. The additional functions are included in the resolving system of differential equations. These functions make it possible to separate the variables along the directrix by using discrete Fourier series. The boundary-value problem obtained for the system of ordinary differential equations is solved by the stable numerical method of discrete orthogonalization over the thickness of the cylinder. The results are presented in the form of plots and tables.
Impacts of fire radiative flux on mature Pinus ponderosa growth and vulnerability to secondary mortality agents

Recent studies have highlighted the potential of linking fire behaviour to plant ecophysiology as an improved route to characterising severity, but research to date has been limited to laboratory-scale investigations. Fine-scale fire behaviour during prescribed fires has been identified as a strong predictor of post-fire tree recovery and growth, but most studies report these metrics averaged over the entire fire. Previous research has found inconsistent effects of low-intensity fire on mature Pinus ponderosa growth. In this study, fire behaviour was quantified at the tree scale and compared with post-fire radial growth and axial resin duct defences. Results show a clear dose–response relationship between peak fire radiative power per unit area (W m–2) and post-fire Pinus ponderosa radial growth. Unlike in previous laboratory research on seedlings, there was no dose–response relationship observed between fire radiative energy per unit area (J m–2) and post-fire mature tree growth in the surviving trees. These results may suggest that post-fire impacts on growth of surviving seedlings and mature trees require other modes of heat transfer to impact plant canopies. This study demonstrates that increased resin duct defence is induced regardless of fire intensity, which may decrease Pinus ponderosa vulnerability to secondary mortality agents.
The Market Valuation of the Permanent Book-to-Tax Differences Generated by Stock-Based Compensation Awards

ABSTRACT: We examine the market valuation of the annual change in the additional paid-in capital (APIC) tax pool, a financial statement account that captures the permanent book-to-tax differences related to stock-based compensation awards. Evidence from prior compensation studies demonstrates that the tax deduction from the settlement of stock-based awards, rather than the recorded book expense, is the true economic cost of the awards. If this is true, then the APIC tax pool should be negatively related to firm value. Conversely, previous tax avoidance research suggests that this method of tax avoidance should be positively associated with firm value since it reduces cash tax payments. Using hand-collected data, we document a negative relation between the change in the APIC tax pool and cumulative abnormal returns surrounding the 10-K filing date. This result is consistent with the notion that investors use a tax-related financial statement account (i.e., the APIC tax pool) to incorporate the true economi...
Evaluation of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion optimization for low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy

PURPOSE Intraoperative planning with transrectal ultrasound (US) is used for accurate seed placement and optimal dosimetry in prostate brachytherapy. However, prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown superiority in delineation of prostate anatomy. Accordingly, MRI/US fusion may be useful for accurate intraoperative planning. We analyzed planning with MRI/US fusion to compare differences in dosimetry and volume to that derived from the postoperative computed tomography (CT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty patients underwent preoperative prostate MRI, which was fused intraoperatively with US during prostate brachytherapy. Intraoperative 125I or 103Pd seed placement was modified by the use of MRI fusion when indicated. Following implantation, dose comparisons were made between data derived from MRI/US and that from post-operative CT scans. Plan parameters analyzed included the D90 (dose to 90% of the prostate), rectal D30, V30 (volume of the rectum receiving 30 percent of dose), and prostate V100. RESULTS The median number of seeds implanted per patient was seventy-six. The MRI measured prostate volume, which was on average 4.47 cc larger than the CT measured prostate volume. In 9 patients, the apex of the prostate was better identified under MRI with the fusion protocol, and an average of 4 fewer seeds were required to be placed in the apex/urinary sphincter region. Both MRI and US individually showed a reduced intraoperative prostate D90 in comparison to the postoperative CT, with a larger mean difference for MRI in comparison with US (9.71 vs. 4.31 Gy, p = 0.007). This was also true for the prostate V100 (5.18 vs. 2.73 cc, p = 0.009). Post-operative CT underestimated rectal D30 and V30 in comparison to both MRI and US with MRI showing a larger mean difference than US for D30 (40.64 vs. 35.92 Gy, p = 0.04) and V30 (50.20 vs. 44.38 cc, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS The MRI/US fusion demonstrated greater prostate volume compared to standard CT/US based planning likely due to the better resolution of the prostate apex. Furthermore, rectal dose was underestimated with CT vs. MRI based planning. Additional study is required to assess long-term clinical implications of disease control and effects on long-term toxicity, especially as related to the rectum and urinary sphincter. MRI/US intraoperative fusion may improve prostate dosimetry while sparing the rectum and urethra, potentially impacting disease control and late toxicity.
Between-Year and Within-Year School Mobility: Different Effects by Race/Ethnicity:

The current study investigated the effects of school mobility on the academic achievement of different racial/ethnic groups in four cohorts of students from a very large urban school district. In t...
High-Content Screening Approaches That Minimize Confounding Factors in RNAi, CRISPR, and Small Molecule Screening

Screening arrayed libraries of reagents, particularly small molecules began as a vehicle for drug discovery, but the in last few years it has become a cornerstone of biological investigation, joining RNAi and CRISPR as methods for elucidating functional relationships that could not be anticipated, and illustrating the mechanisms behind basic and disease biology, and therapeutic resistance. However, these approaches share some common challenges, especially with respect to specificity or selectivity of the reagents as they are scaled to large protein families or the genome. High-content screening (HCS) has emerged as an important complement to screening, mostly the result of a wide array of specific molecular events, such as protein kinase and transcription factor activation, morphological changes associated with stem cell differentiation or the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. Beyond the range of cellular events that can be screened by HCS, image-based screening introduces new processes for differentiating between specific and nonspecific effects on cells. This chapter introduces these complexities and discusses strategies available in image-based screening that can mitigate the challenges they can bring to screening.
Nondestructive Submicron Dimensional Metrology Using the Scanning Electron Microscope

The evolution of integrated circuit dimensions into the submicron region for the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) programs necessitates inspection techniques with a resolution exceeding that of the optical microscope. Inspection using scanning electron microscopes (SEM), operated in the low accelerating voltage mode, is becoming common place in the on-line fabrication of these submicron devices due to the high spatial resolution and greater depth of field afforded by these instruments. Use of the SEM is necessitated by the desire of many processing facilities which presently work at a 10% process control level to implement process control of 5% or better. This means that the process precision goal is now (or soon will be) in the nanometer range. Even though optical microscopes can be useful for critical linewidth measurement and inspection to about 0.5μm, many fabrication lines presently are integrating low-voltage scanning electron microscopes into the production sequence at chip levels of 1.25-μm geometry and below. This enables the training of operators and the acquisition and development of expertise and experience with control charts for this type of instrumentation. Advanced scanning e-beam instruments are presently being developed to facilitate this work and to do automated inspection.
Synergy among Vocational and Technical Education Disciplines- A Strategy for Poverty Reduction, Job Creation, Economic Prosperity and Food Security in Nigeria

The problem of graduate unemployment and poverty in Nigeria is on the rise. The resultant effect is the rise in crime and youth restiveness. The situation has led to disenchantment, and the upsurge of insurgency and insecurity in the country. Yet a lot can be done to tackle the problem of poverty and graduate unemployment in Nigeria. Interdisciplinary synergy that cut across vocational and technical education fields, where experts are utilized to develop a sound programme, in order to develop a viable vocational-based SME sector, in line with the food chain model, is imperative to ameliorating the problem.
Variation in the maximum stand density index and its linkage to climate in mixed species forests of the North American Acadian Region

Abstract Maximum stand density index (SDImax) is an important factor controlling stand dynamics that varies by species and region, but less is understood how it differs within a region for a given species. In this analysis, linear quantile mixed modeling (LQMM) and an extensive network of permanent plots were utilized to examine regional variation in the SDImax of 15 species (7 softwoods and 8 hardwoods) across the complex forests of the Acadian Region in North America. Observed plot-level SDImax was then linked to various stand, plant trait, site, and climatic factors and the spatial patterns throughout the region examined. Results indicated high variability of SDImax for a given species with northern hardwood species like yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) having the lowest values (555 – 627), while softwood species such as northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.; 1014), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.; 1026), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.; 967) had the highest values. Compared to the other stand and site factors examined, climate showed the strongest relationship with SDImax with R2 ranging from 82 to 98%. Of the climatic variables examined, those representing growing season length and the timing of precipitation were most influential. For the majority of the species examined, reductions in SDImax were forecasted due to changing climatic conditions. Across species, mean SDImax was found to linearly decline with wood specific gravity and increase with leaf longevity, but showed limited relationships with other species-level functional traits. Overall, the analysis highlights the strong variability of SDImax within and between species as well as the important role that climate has on this attribute within a region.
Trial and Error: How to Avoid Commonly Encountered Limitations of Published Clinical Trials

The randomized controlled clinical trial is the gold standard scientific method for the evaluation of diagnostic and treatment interventions. Such trials are cited frequently as the authoritative foundation for evidence-based management policies. Nevertheless, they have a number of limitations that challenge the interpretation of the results. The strength of evidence is often judged by conventional tests that rely heavily on statistical significance. Less attention has been paid to the clinical significance or the practical importance of the treatment effects. One should be cautious that extremely large studies might be more likely to find a formally statistically significant difference for a trivial effect that is not really meaningfully different from the null. Trials often employ composite end points that, although they enable assessment of nonfatal events and improve trial efficiency and statistical precision, entail a number of shortcomings that can potentially undermine the scientific validity of the conclusions drawn from these trials. Finally, clinical trials often employ extensive subgroup analysis. However, lack of attention to proper methods can lead to chance findings that might misinform research and result in suboptimal practice. Accordingly, this review highlights these limitations using numerous examples of published clinical trials and describes ways to overcome these limitations, thereby improving the interpretability of research findings.
Single course versus maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial bladder tumors: a prospective, randomized trial.

AbstractA total of 42 patients with recurrent superficial bladder tumors or carcinoma in situ entered a prospective, randomized trial to compare the efficacy of bacillus Calmette - Guerin therapy with and without quarterly maintenance instillations of bacillus Calmette - Guerin. Maintenance therapy did not reduce further bladder tumor recurrence rates or the interval to recurrence in patients who responded to the initial course of therapy. However, prolongation of toxicity was observed with maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy.
Oral complications from cancer therapy: Part 1--Pathophysiology and secondary complications.

Purpose/objectives To review the pathophysiology of oral complications from cancer therapy and potential secondary complications. Data sources Published articles, books, and monographs. Data synthesis Cancer, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy disturb the normal integrity and function of the oral cavity. This leads to ulcerations, bone changes, bleeding, infection, salivary gland dysfunction, and dental diseases. Secondary complications occur as consequences of existing oral complications and often result in life-threatening situations. Conclusions Coordinating the efforts of nursing, medicine, and dentistry is critical to the prevention, management, and resolution of oral complications. Continued research is needed. Implications for nursing practice Understanding the pathophysiology of oral complications from cancer therapy enables nurses to identify significant changes and implement appropriate measures to prevent complications. By identifying patients who are at risk for developing secondary complications, nurses can provide detailed instructions to these patients and their significant others to aide them in reporting changes that require prompt medical attention.
47 – Neuroactive Steroids and the GABAA Receptor

Neuroactive steroids such as 3α-OH-5α[β]-pregnan-20-one (THP; 3αOH-3α[β]-THP or allopregnanolone) are potent positive modulators of the GABAA receptor. Because the GABAA receptor mediates most fast inhibition in the brain, THP reduces anxiety and prevents seizures. As a metabolite of progesterone, circulating levels of THP fluctuate across the ovarian cycle and pregnancy, but are also increased by stress, to some extent by localized neuronal synthesis, classifying THP as a neurosteroid. GABAA receptors containing the δ-subunit are the most sensitive to THP, an effect dependent upon the direction of Cl- flux through the receptor channel. α4β2δ receptors are localized extrasynaptically in dentate gyrus, where they underlie a tonic current. This tonic current is especially sensitive to THP, but is also regulated by the ovarian cycle and stress, which increase δ-subunit expression and enhance inhibition. Fluctuations in THP also increase expression of α4βγ2 GABAA receptors, which increase excitability in CA1 hippocampus, due to their fast kinetics. In addition, fluctuations in steroids at the onset of puberty increase α4βδ GABAA receptors in CA1 hippocampus where they are inhibited by this stress steroid, thereby increasing anxiety. Thus, steroid–GABAA receptor interactions may have relevance for premenstrual syndrome, postpartum dysphoria, catamenial epilepsy, and mood swings at puberty.
LEARNED PREFERENCES AS AN APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANIMAL MODEL OF ALCOHOLISM

Male Sprague-Dawley rats, deficient in thiamine, were given 7.5% w/v ethanol (EtOH) as the sole fluid for 24 hours in association with i.p. injection of 267 μg/kg thiamine; rats were again rendered deficient and were recovered 2 more times in association with EtOH. Intake averaged about 12 g/kg/day on the 3 recovery days. A home cage fluid choice when no longer deficient followed the third recovery. EtOH intake averaged greater than 13 g/kg/day in initial days of the choice situation; mean intake remained above 8 g/kg/day for the first 10 choice days. Blood alcohol levels under self-selection in similar studies verified that patterns of intake were pharmacologically effective. Learned preferences, due to their trans-situational nature, appear to be a promising approach to long-term modification of volitional alcohol consumption by laboratory animals.
Weathering the Storm: The Impact of Cutbacks on Public Employees:

The United States saw mass layoffs and unemployment during the Great Recession, where jobs have been slow to recover especially in the government sector. Research on cutback management became wides...
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adiposity, and Heart Rate Variability: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

ABSTRACTPurposeThe importance of cardiorespiratory fitness versus adiposity in determining heart rate variability (HRV) is unclear.MethodsFrom the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, an observational cohort study, we included 2316 participants (mean age = 45.2 ± 3.6 yr at year 20
TransVision: exploring the states of the visual field in the age of extreme augmentation

Through three extreme ideal types of perceptual machines, TransVision questions the habitual ways in which we interpret, operate and understand the visual world intervened by digital media: hypersensitive vision---a speculation on social media's amplification effect and our filtered communication landscape; hyperfocused vision---an analog version of the searching behavior on the Internet; hypercommoditized vision---a monetized vision that meditates on the omnipresent advertisement that targets our visual field.
Martian Material Sourcing Challenges Propel Earth Construction Opportunities

Few places in our solar system have captured the collective imagination of society quite like Mars. Thoughts conjured include imagery of glass domes encapsulating skyscrapers and vast fields of solar arrays extending into the expanse—a truly futuristic landscape. However, when humans first arrive, the sight will be quite the opposite. Aside from a few rovers, the surface is desolate of earthly equipment or engineered-structures, anything astronauts will need must be transported or created on site. Mars offers substantial quantities of sand (or regolith) for construction, though it lacks in other typical building materials. Fortunately, an active geochemical sulfur cycle exists, providing an abundance of sulfur compounds on and near the surface. While not typical in modern industry, sulfur concrete was explored on Earth in limited applications. A study of Martian regolith sulfur concrete (Marscrete) has confirmed its use as a structural material, and even indicated significantly greater strengths than its traditional Earth-based counterpart. Harnessing the ability to efficiently translate disruptive 3D-printing technology to the world of construction remains an ongoing challenge. Martian fabrication will almost certainly require such automation, though—and thus, it must be addressed. While a feat on its own, confronting Martian material sourcing challenges may in fact propel opportunities for 3D-printing in Earth construction.
Placement of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters as performed by the following approaches: laparoscopic versus open peritoneal dialysis catheter placement. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, that provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: access peritoneal cavity, insert catheter into the peritoneal cavity, perform partial omentectomy, place proximal cuff in preperitoneal space, create tunnel from entrance to exit site, place cuff in distal subcutaneous tissue, flush catheter, and close abdomen.
Type I interferon signature predicts response to JAK inhibition in haploinsufficiency of A20

The anti-inflammatory protein A20, encoded by TNFAIP3 , is a ubiquitin-modifying enzyme that targets proinflammatory molecules, including those upstream of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Patients with heterozygous loss-of-function TNFAIP3 mutations develop haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20), a systemic autoinflammatory disease that can cause severe end-organ pathology.1–3 No available medication directly targets NF-κB signalling; thus, treatment decisions are based on clinical experience. Mild cases are treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, whereas severe cases are treated with systemic corticosteroids and biological agents, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) blockade.1 2 We report that a type I interferon (IFN) signature, or elevation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), correlates with disease activity and predicts response to janus kinase (JAK) inhibition in HA20. A cohort of 12 patients with HA20 is followed at the NIH Clinical Center. All patients were diagnosed by Sanger sequencing, and increased NF-κB activity was confirmed with luciferase assay.2 Five patients had disease that was treatment-refractory or caused end-organ pathology. P1 was a 15-year-old female with p.T604Rfs*93 and severe gastrointestinal ulcerations refractory to TNF-α and IL-1R inhibition. P2–P4 were members of the same extended family with p.F224Sfs*4, aged 28, 32 and 61 years. All three had incomplete responses to TNF-α and IL-1R blockade; P2 had retinal vasculopathy and neuroinflammation, whereas P3 had membranous nephropathy. …
Quantization Conditions in Curved Spacetime and Uncertainty-Driven Inflation

An alternative inflationary model is proposed predicated upon a considerationof the form of the uncertainty principle in a curved background spacetime. Anargument is presented suggesting a possible curvature dependence in the correctcommutator relations for a quantum field in a classical background which cannotbe deduced simply by extrapolation from the flat spacetime theory. To assess thepossible consequences of this dependence, we apply the idea to a scalar field ina closed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker background, using a simple model forthe curvature dependence (along the way, a previous erroneous result obtainedby Bunch for the adiabatically expanded wave function is corrected). The resultis a time-dependent cosmological constant, producing a vast amount of inflationthat is independent of either the mass of the matter field or its effectivepotential.Furthermore, it is seen that the field modes are initially zero for allwavelengthsand come into being as the universe evolves. In this sense, the universe createsits contents out of its own expansion. At the end of the process, the matterfieldis far from equilibrium and essentially reproduces the initial conditions forthe New Inflationary Model.
Improving Understanding of Data Structures for the Blind with Tactile Media and a User-Centered Iterative Approach

This Innovative Practice Full Paper addresses the challenges of teaching data structures and algorithms to blind students using tactile media and a user-centered approach. Computer Science educators have have long used diagrams and other visualizations to assist in teaching data structures and algorithms. As enrollments in computer science rise, a more diverse student body has led to widespread access to computer science, including an increase in the number of students with sight impairments that are seeking computer science degrees. In the Department of Computer Science at Tennessee Technological University we have been actively engaging in the development of methodologies and approaches necessary to facilitate creation of tactile documents suitable for helping students with sight impairments to understand and effectively use common data structures. Using tools generally available to practitioners, we applied a user-centered iterative process to develop standards necessary to create visual idioms that capture various data structures and algorithms as diagrams expressed using tactile documents. With feedback from our visually impaired students, we created several diagrams that represent various data structures using common drawing tools such as Microsoft Visio with Braille font. These documents were then printed using swell paper and a tactile printer. Students using these diagrams have reported gaining an increased understanding of concepts that were previously static abstractions only read about in their textbooks. Many lessons have been learned along the way that range from the general (i.e., how to properly space words in order to not affect ambiguity in the layout of diagrams) to the specific (i.e., how to demonstrate movement of data in a data structure using the tactile medium). In this paper, we report on the approaches used to create tactile diagrams representing various data structures, the ways in which we interacted with students in order to gain a better understanding of how to represent visual idioms in tactile form, challenges faced in creating the documents, and lessons learned. In addition, we discuss the work in the context of the state of the art, and suggest future investigations.
Efficient starshade retargeting architecture using chemical propulsion

NASA is studying a possible starshade flying in formation with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman). The starshade would perform weeks-long translational retargeting maneuvers between target stars. A retargeting architecture that is based on chemical propulsion and does not require ground tracking or interactions with the telescope during the retargeting cruise is introduced. Feasibility is demonstrated through a covariance analysis of the starshade-telescope relative position over several weeks using realistic sensor and actuator assumptions. Performance is sufficient for Roman to reacquire the starshade after retargeting, and the architecture is shown to be applicable to other mission concepts such as the Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx). Results are verified through high-fidelity simulations, and driving sources of uncertainty are identified to confirm the robustness of the approach.
Redesigning clinical education to transition pre-licensure students from all-virtual to in-person clinical

Abstract At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, pre-licensure nursing programs swiftly adapted the curriculum to accommodate the cessation of in-person clinical and transition to all-virtual clinical education. Once in-person clinical resumed, a re-design of clinical education facilitated transition to in-person clinical and prepared students for changes to nursing practice due to the pandemic. We describe how we redesigned clinical instruction to facilitate the transition from allvirtual to in-person clinical. We discuss techniques to improve student confidence, enhance therapeutic and inter-professional communication, promote mastery of skills essential for a modified clinical environment, institution of virtual post-clinical conferencing and enhancing student resiliency.
Deep Factor Regression For Computer-Aided Analysis of Major Depressive Disorders With Structural MRI Data

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating psychiatric mood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Conventional methods for MDD severity diagnosis usually rely on neuropsychological assessments that are subjective and susceptible. Recently studies have shown that structural MRI (sMRI) can provide objective biomarkers for MDD severity diagnosis. However, current MRI-based methods generally rely on hand-crafted imaging features and cannot explicitly identify MDD-associated depression symptoms, thus failing to increase our understanding of clinical and cognitive staging of MDD. In this paper, we first employ five depression symptom factors to quantitatively measure MDD grade from different aspects. Then, we design an end-to-end deep factor regression network (DFRN) to predict these factors directly from 3D T1-weighted sMRI scans. To uncover the contributions of different brain regions, we generate attention maps to uncover the implicit attention of the learned DFRN models. Experimental results on 116 MDD subjects show that the predictions for all five factors are positively correlated with ground-truth values. Attention maps also highlight the most informative brain regions for each factor.
THE TRANSCARPATHIAN ART SCHOOL: ARTISTIC, AND CULTURAL CREATIVE VALUE

The article is dedicated to the study of artistic and cultural value of the Transcarpathian Art School as a significant cultural phenomenon that has gained considerable weight in the modern visual context. The relevance of the study for modern art space is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the need to determine the artistic value of the works of representatives of the Transcarpathian Art School, as their widespread recognition in the modern Ukrainian artistic context is associated with high professionalism, unique creativity and emotional musical melody. General scientific, systematic, and art research methods are used. The object of research is Transcarpathian Art School and its founding artists. The subject of research is the cultural and artistic value of the Transcarpathian Art School in the context of modern Ukrainian art space. Socio-cultural aspects of the formation of the Transcarpathian art school in 1920s-1950s, the stages of formation of art education that preceded the formation of the painting movement are covered. The importance of each of the masters included in the cultural circle of the regional circle is emphasized. The special sound of works of Transcarpathians against the general background of art development in the USSR is noted. The dominant artistic and aesthetic qualities of their work are considered. The main features and peculiarities are emphasized. Such artistic features as a high level of professionalism and skill, the use of principles inherent in folk art, special attention to the color scheme, creative energy inherent in the best paintings of school representatives. Key words: Transcarpathian Art School, Transcarpathian Art, Anton Kashshay, Art of Ukraine, Art of the 20th century.
Teacher Effectiveness in Adult Education: The Relationship Between Teacher Characteristics and Student Test Gains and Transitions Into Postsecondary Education:

The federal adult education program serves over 2 million eligible adults who seek basic literacy and English language skills. Using administrative student-level panel data, this study provides the...
Racial microaggressions and major discriminatory events explain ethnoracial differences in psychotic experiences

Few empirical studies have examined whether exposure to major racial discrimination explains ethnoracial disparities in psychosis outcomes and none to our knowledge have done so in the U.S. or have examined the role of other forms of racism such as racial microaggressions. The present study examined ethnoracial differences in self-reported psychotic experiences (PE) among 955 college students in an urban environment in the Northeastern U.S., and the degree to which major experiences of racial discrimination and racial microaggressions explains ethnoracial differences in PE. Mean scores on self-report inventories of PE and distressing PE (i.e., Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ)), major experiences of racial discrimination (EOD), and racial and ethnic microaggressions (REMS) were compared across 4 ethnoracial groups (White, Black, Asian, and Latina/o). Results from parallel mediation linear regression models adjusted for immigrant status, age, gender, and family poverty using the Hayes PROCESS application indicated ethnoracial differences in PE were explained independently by both forms of racism. Specifically, Black young people reported higher mean levels of PE, and distressing PE than both White and Latina/o people and the difference in PE between Black and White and Black and Latino/a young people was significantly explained by both greater exposure to racial microaggressions and major racial discriminatory experiences among Black people. This study re-emphasizes the explanatory role of racism, in its multiple forms, for psychosis risk among Black young populations in the US. Anti-racism interventions at both structural and interpersonal levels are necessary components of public health efforts to improve mental health in Black populations.