cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The voices of survivors: An exploration of the contributing factors that assisted with exiting from commercial sexual exploitation in childhood

Abstract According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), reported cases of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) have increased considerably in the United States over the past few years, particularly in the Northern California San Francisco Bay Area. From a strengths-based trauma-informed perspective, this study explored the factors that assist youth with exiting the life associated with CSEC. The primary research question was, “What can be learned from the lived experiences of women who successfully exited childhood commercial sexual exploitation and perceive themselves to be functioning well despite this history?” This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 13 predominately women of color, average age of 25 (range 21–26), who successfully exited the Life after enduring an average of 4 years (range 1–9). The average age for the group for becoming exploited was 13 (range 8–17), with all exiting during their 17th year. A thematic analysis identified 20 themes organized under three primary categories. The first category, Self-Defined Wellness (4): naming of self-outside the Life, positive family connections, breaking the cycle, and embracing the term survivor. The second, Describing the Life (6): sex for goods, surviving the Game, pimp control, wanting to be loved/look good, contributing family factors, and the grooming process. The third, Exiting Process (10): naming one who has exited, others depend on me, not profitable to exit, fear keeps you in, thinking about leaving, the role of family, pending motherhood, wanting to be free, sustaining exit, and professional systems not accessed. There were four recommendations from survivors: active listening, encouragement, non-judgment, and don't leave when we push. Two anecdotal themes emerged: treated like garbage by the legal system, and I thought I was grown. The study design uniquely positioned the voices of survivors as experts in relation to expanding knowledge about the exiting process and in offering recommendations for youth-at-risk, family members, and providers. Contributions include underscoring the importance of bearing witness to youths' stories as part of resiliency/recovery and valuing the complexities of family relationships/dynamics in the exiting process. Implications for advocacy, research, and practice are discussed.
Care as Virtue, Care as Critical Frame: A Discussion of Four Recent Ethnographies

Amrith, Megha 2016 Caring for Strangers: Filipino Medical Workers in Asia. Copenhagen, Denmark: NIAS Press. ISBN-13: 978-8776941932, 272 pages. Paperback £18.99 ($27.00)Street, Alice 2014 Biomedici...
How convection on the substrate affects the thermal history of the build in direct laser deposition—finite element analysis

A transient three-dimensional thermal analysis using finite element method was conducted to determine the effect of varied convection applied on the substrate on the thermal history of a multi-layer/multi-pass (per layer) build in direct laser deposition (DLD) of SS316 steel. The effect of the coefficient of heat convection was studied on thermal cycling, thermal gradient, and the output net heat during the deposition process. The results showed that the convection coefficient on the bottom surface of the substrate has negligible effects on the thermal history of the build, thus proving that this parameter may not be used to control the thermal history, and consequently, the microstructure of the build. The results also showed 12% increase in the dissipated heat from the build to the substrate when the coefficient of heat convection changed from 0 to 10,000 W/m2 K. In comparison to the current knowledge, modeling a multi-layer/multi-pass (per layer) geometry provided a better understanding of the thermal history of the build during the DLD process.
Black Hole Mergers From Globular Clusters Observable by LISA II: Resolved Eccentric Sources and the Gravitational Wave Background

In paper I of this series we showed that a large percentage of the binary black hole (BBH) mergers that form through dynamical interactions in globular clusters will have significant eccentricity in the ~10^{-3}-10^{-1} Hz LISA band. In this work we quantify the evolution of these highly eccentric binaries through the LISA and LIGO bands, and compute the stochastic gravitational wave background from the merging, eccentric population. We find that the population of BBHs that merge in-between three-body encounters inside their cluster (~50% of all cluster-formed BBH mergers) will have measurable eccentricity for their entire lifetime in the LISA band. The population of BBHs that merge during three-body encounters (~5% of all cluster-formed BBH mergers), will be detectable by LIGO with eccentricities of e~0.1. The gravitational wave background from dynamically assembled BBHs encodes a characteristic bump due to the high initial eccentricities of these systems. The location and amplitude of this bump depends on globular cluster properties.
Prevention of infectious diseases in patients with Good syndrome.

Purpose of review Good syndrome is a profoundly immunocompromising condition with heterogeneous immune deficits characterized by the presence of thymoma, low-to-absent B-lymphocyte counts, hypogammaglobulinemia, and impaired cell-mediated immunity. Opportunistic infectious diseases associated with Good syndrome represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, given their protean clinical manifestations. Although these infectious complications have been reviewed in prior publications, recommendations regarding their prevention have been lacking. Recent findings Good syndrome usually occurs in adult patients between the ages of 40 and 70 years. Immunologically, it is characterized by low or absent peripheral blood B lymphocytes, hypogammaglobulinemia, and variable defects in cell-mediated immunity including low CD4 T counts, inverted CD4:CD8 T-lymphocyte ratio, and reduced T-lymphocyte mitogen proliferative responses. Patients with Good syndrome are susceptible to a variety of infectious diseases, of which the most common are recurrent bacterial sinopulmonary infections, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and CMV tissue-invasive disease. Preventive guidelines including targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis and vaccination strategies can mitigate infectious complications in patients with Good syndrome. Summary Immunological deficits and infectious complications in Good syndrome have been described for over 60 years. Further research is needed to elucidate its exact pathogenesis and define the mechanistic relationship between thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia. However, tailored prophylactic strategies can be recommended for patients with Good syndrome.
History, Facts, and Theories

Is the concept of adolescence universally and uniformly defined and understood across cultures and time? What do we know about the adolescent stage of psychosocial development, and how empirically grounded is this knowledge? These and other philosophical and theoretical questions are addressed in this chapter to provide a foundation for discussions in later chapters of assessment and interventions with adolescent clients and their families.
Disentangling the Fourth Amendment and the Self-Incrimination Clause

The relationship between the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures and the Fifth Amendment's prohibition of compelled self-incrimination has engendered a history wrought with doctrinal confusion and theoretical disarray, which current doctrine has only exacerbated. The lack of a proper theoretical understanding of this relationship has allowed a particular type of "entanglement" to occur, whereby the concerns, concepts, or rationales from one amendment become transposed into the doctrine of the other, and, consequently, problems proper to one amendment are mistakenly analyzed under the other. In this Article I offer a general theory of the relationship between the amendments that attempts to disentangle the doctrine and straighten out the analytic disarray. Part I discusses methodology. My approach is a middle way between the two dominant methods for constitutional theorizing in this area: top-down, normative and bottom-up, descriptive. Section II describes the core features of the doctrine for each amendment. Section III, after first discussing the shortcomings of alternative views, presents my view of the relationship between the two amendments. Incorporating the core features described in Section II, I argue for a view of the amendments as overlapping in the sense that potential Fifth Amendment events may arise within potential Fourth Amendment events. Accordingly, courts should subject government attempts at evidence gathering to a two-part inquiry: first, does the Fourth Amendment render the attempt unreasonable; second, if not unreasonable under the first inquiry, would the attempt compel incriminating propositional content from the mind of a suspect in order to use it against that suspect at a criminal trial? If the answer to the second inquiry is "yes," then the privilege applies. Part IV then employs this two-step inquiry to solve doctrinal problems regarding the government's subpoena power, stop-and-identify statutes, and the use of pre-arrest silence as evidence of guilt.
On the structure of 3D shear flows

Abstract This paper describes an investigation of structure in moderately dilute three-dimensional shear flows. Structure is defined as a dynamic inhomogeneity or fluctuation in the spatial concentration field. Numerical experiments are performed with large numbers of identical frictionless, inelastic spheres. The spheres are contained in a fully periodic cubic control volume. A state of shear is maintained in the control volume by moving the upper periodic image in one direction and the lower image in the opposite direction. As the coefficient of restitution of the spheres is lowered, conditions in the control volume deviate from a state of simple shear, exhibiting strong wavelike fluctuations in the concentration, stress, and velocity fields. Visual inspection of the spatial concentration field reveals a strong tendency for spheres with a low coefficient of restitution to form dense clouds. The clouds are, in general, oriented such that they are aligned with the mean velocity and normal to the direction of the mean velocity gradient created by the moving periodic images of the control volume.
Investment Optimization to Improve Power Distribution System Reliability Metrics

Utilizing historical utility outage data, an approach is presented to optimize investments which maximize reliability, i.e., minimize System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) and System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) metrics. This method is designed for distribution system operators (DSOs) to improve reliability through small investments. This approach is not appropriate for large system planning and investments (e.g. new transmission lines or generation) since further economic and stability concerns are required for this type of analysis. The first step in the reliability investment optimization is to create synthetic outage data sets for a future year based on probability density functions of historical utility outage data. Once several (likely hundreds of) future year outage scenarios are created, an optimization model is used to minimize the synthetic outage SAIDI and SAIFI norm (other metrics could also be used). The results from this method can be used for reliability system planning purposes and can inform DSOs which investments to pursue to improve their reliability metrics.
Assessment of gait kinetics in post-menopausal women using tri-axial ankle accelerometers during barefoot walking.

Abstract Background: Physical activity (PA) interventions, designed to increase exposure to ground reaction force (GRF) loading, are a common target for reducing fracture risk in post-menopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD). Unfortunately, accurate tracking of PA in free-living environments and the ability to translate this activity into evaluations of bone health is currently limited. Research question: This study evaluates the effectiveness of ankle-worn accelerometers to estimate the vertical GRFs responsible for bone and joint loading in post-menopausal women at a range of self-selected walking speeds during barefoot walking. Methods: Seventy women, at least one year post-menopause, wore Actigraph GT3X + on both ankles and completed walking trials at self-selected speeds (a minimum of five each at fast, normal and slow walking) along a 30 m instrumented walkway with force plates and photocells to measure loading and estimate gait velocity. Repeated measures correlation analysis and step-wise mixed-effects modelling were performed to evaluate significant predictors of peak vertical GRFs normalized to body weight (pVGRFbw), including peak vertical ankle accelerations (pVacc), walking velocity (Velw) and age. Results: A strong repeated measures correlation of r = 0.75 (95%CI [0.71-0.76] via 1000 bootstrap passes) between pVacc and pVGRFbw was observed. Five-fold cross-validation of mixed-model predictions yielded an average mean-absolute-error (MAE[95%CI]) and root-mean-square-error (RMSE) rate of 5.98%[5.61–6.42] and 0.076 [0.069-0.082] with a more complex model (including Velw,) and 6.80%[6.37–7.54] and 0.087BW[0.081-0.095] with a simpler model (including only pVacc), when comparing accelerometer-based estimations of pVGRFbw to force plate measures of pVGRFbw. Age was not found to be significant. Significance: This study is the first to show a strong relationship among ankle accelerometry data and high fidelity lower-limb loading approximations in post-menopausal women. The results provide the first steps necessary for estimation of real-world limb and joint loading supporting the goals of accurate PA tracking and improved individualization of clinical interventions.
Identification of CNS-specific biomarkers for monitoring the progression of multiple sclerosis

There are currently no reliable methods for assessing the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) from the relapsing-remitting to the secondary progressive form. This gap in knowledge hinders the ability for therapeutic intervention and results in continued relapses and physiological deterioration. To begin to address the urgent need for biomarkers of progressive MS we investigated proteome changes over the disease course of progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in NOD mice as a preclinical model of the disease. Our lab has pioneered a high-throughput quantitative proteomic technique, which we have previously used to quantify expression levels of central nervous system (CNS) proteins over the course of monophasic EAE in C57BL/6 mice, producing a predictive protein biomarker fingerprint for clinical relapses. In this study, we utilized this established proteomic technique as well as bioinformatics tools to prioritize key proteins whose expression level in the CNS correlated specifically with the progressive phase of disease in the NOD EAE model. Bioinformatics analysis identified 11 proteins with differential expression in the CNS of mice across the time course of NOD EAE, three of which are CNS specific. We are seeking to detect corollary changes in these three CNS-specific proteins in the serum, pointing to a minimally invasive means of monitoring disease progress and measuring drug efficacy. Our studies will provide a proof-of-concept for identifying homologous human biomarkers to guide treatment in individual patients. Furthermore, our results may provide insights into mechanisms that contribute to disease pathology and offer additional therapeutic targets for slowing the progression of MS.
A shape representation based on geometric topology: bumps, Gaussian curvature, and the topological zodiac

We develop a discrete representation for smooth objects embedded in 3-space, which describes the nesting of bumps, depressions, saddles, and related features within each other. The representation is intrinsic and stable under perturbation of the surface shape and embedding. The final structure is a graph of level set graphs. Each level set graph represents a constant topology of level sets for a region of the Gaussian projective plane (obtained from the Gaussian sphere by identifying antipodal points) bounded by the images of parabolic curves, corresponding to a range of choices of height orientation. The graph of these graphs has the topology of the adjacency graph of the above Tegions on the Gaussian projective plane. We show what the topology of the graphs is, and specify what their bifurcations are. Subparts correspond to subgraphs or collapsed graphs in a simple way. Scale space transformations and smoothing correspond to simple bifurcations of the graph structure.
Nonprobative Photos Increase Truth, Like, and Share Judgments in a Simulated Social Media Environment

Although online content contains information from both credible and dubious sources, most Americans use online platforms as a news source. What psychological factors increase the endorsement and spread of information online, both true and false? Given that related but nonprobative photos increase belief in information in laboratory tasks (the “truthiness effect”), such photos may have a related impact on processing information encountered online. Participants rated their belief in, liking of, and desire to share true and false general knowledge statements in a simulated, online social media environment to assess qualities that affect liking and sharing of true and false information. Compared with information presented alone, a nonprobative photo was associated with an increase in belief, liking, and sharing of both true and false information. Photos may increase the processing fluency of statements, affecting belief in and liking of statements, and consequently increasing the likelihood that statements are shared online.
Theological Models of Religious Pluralism: Historical Precedents, Contemporary Trends, and New Possibilities

This essay focuses on theological models of religious diversity. It begins by highlighting central questions and models of religious diversity, as articulated in the contemporary field of theology of religions. Rather than examine only Jewish and Islamic perspectives, it seeks to provide a broader theological context for these specific acts of interpretation and engagement. The broader framework helps to clarify some extant interpretations, and it also reveals new openings for reconsidering and challenging more exclusive, intolerant, and singular readings. After hinting at interreligious elaborations of theology of religions, the essay then concentrates on trends within the contemporary English Islamic discourse. It concludes by arguing for the potential and enriching possibilities of comparative theology and, specifically, comparative feminist theology. Comparative feminist theology is an approach to religious diversity that acknowledges both religious commonalities and differences; requires deep understanding of other traditions on their own terms; and is uniquely equipped to respond to theological and practical challenges.
Low-Power Highly Reliable SET-Induced Dual-Node Upset-Hardened Latch and Flip-Flop

It appears that the relentless pursuit of Moore’s law scaling from one generation of process technology to the next increases circuit vulnerability to single-event transient (SET)-induced double-node upset (SEDU). In this paper, we present a novel SEDU-hardened latch. The latch consists of a new 16-transistor (16T) SEDU-hardened storage cell and a C-type output buffer. The latch exhibits 25% lower power consumption, is 81% faster, and also shows 86% lower power-delay product than the existing SEDU-hardened latches. In addition, we present the first SEDU-hardened flip-flop that exhibits negative hold time. The proposed SEDU-hardened flip-flop is 29% faster, consumes 50% lower dynamic power and 25% lower static power, has 45% lower setup time, and uses 27% lower area than the existing partial SEDU-hardened flip-flop.
Sensory profiles in adults with and without ADHD

Abstract Background Our previous work demonstrates that adults with ADHD produce more force at the fingertips compared to adults without ADHD. One possibility is that somatosensation is impaired in ADHD. However, ADHD is often comorbid with anxiety, and anxiety influences sensory responsivity. Aims The goal of the current work was to evaluate differences in the self-report of sensory experiences in adults with and without ADHD, while controlling for internalizing behaviors. Methods and Procedures Forty-five adults (23 with ADHD) completed a semi-structured interview for the diagnosis of ADHD, the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), and the Achenbach Adult Self Report (ASR). Outcomes and Results Adults with ADHD reported more hyper- and hypo- sensitivity compared to adults without ADHD, even when controlling for internalizing behaviors. Specifically, between group differences were found for low registration, sensation seeking, and sensory sensitivity scores, but not for sensation avoiding, and for movement, visual, touch, activity, audition, or taste/smell. Conclusions and Implications These findings demonstrate that sensory hyper- and hypo- sensitivity may be features of ADHD in adults. Further, they demonstrate that internalizing behaviors influence the perception of sensory experiences and thus should be accounted for in studies of sensory processing, integration, and modulation in adults with ADHD.
The Holy See, Islam, and the Role of the Eastern Catholic Patriarchs in Developing Nostra Aetate

Nostra Aetate was initially conceived as a statement on the Church’s relationship with the Jews. The decision to place it on the Council’s agenda was solely that of Pope John XXIII who wished to address the Christian “teaching of contempt” for Jews which gave rise to the Holocaust. The Catholic Patriarchs and bishops from the Arab world, however, feared the statement would be interpreted politically as in the Middle East politics and religion were intertwined. If the statement was construed as the beginning of the Vatican’s recognition of Israel, the Church’s numerous educational and religious missions in the region would be jeopardized. The Eastern bishops argued that a statement on the Jewish people should be accompanied by a statement on Muslims. Little understood in the development of the declaration, especially the statement on Islam, is the influence that scholars, missionaries, and centers for Islamic learning in Cairo and Tunis had on Nostra Aetate. This chapter reveals the role of these missionary scholars and institutions and concludes with a section on current trends in Muslim–Christian relations.
External beam normalization measurements using atmospheric argon gamma rays

Abstract Particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy is a quantitative, sensitive technique that measures light element abundance in materials using external reference standards with known beam energy and intensity. When the ion beam is used ex vacuo, gamma-ray spectroscopy on targets in air greatly increases sample throughput. However, for most targets the accuracy of these measurements is limited by the uncertainty of the collected charge. An indirect beam current measurement technique has been developed using an ion beam reaction on atmospheric argon, the only atmospheric component with sufficient abundance (~1%) that produces abundant gamma rays with low-energy proton beams. The 40Ar(p,nγ)40K reaction has been studied here, and the characteristic 770 keV gamma ray is observed to serve as a reliable monitor for proton flux. This method allows a real-time calibration of beam intensity on target to measured upstream currents for ion beam analysis at beam energies above 3.5 MeV.
QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS FROM RANDOM X-RAY BURSTS AROUND ROTATING BLACK HOLES

We continue our earlier studies of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in the power spectra of accreting, rapidly rotating black holes that originate from the geometric "light echoes" of X-ray flares occurring within the black hole ergosphere. Our present work extends our previous treatment to three-dimensional photon emission and orbits to allow for arbitrary latitudes in the positions of the distant observers and the X-ray sources in place of the mainly equatorial positions and photon orbits of the earlier consideration. Following the trajectories of a large number of photons, we calculate the response functions of a given geometry and use them to produce model light curves which we subsequently analyze to compute their power spectra and autocorrelation functions. In the case of an optically thin environment, relevant to advection-dominated accretion flows, we consistently find QPOs at frequencies on the order of ~kHz for stellar-mass black hole candidates, while on the order of ~mHz for typical active galactic nuclei (~107 M ☉) for a wide range of viewing angles (30°-80°) from X-ray sources predominantly concentrated toward the equator within the ergosphere. As in our previous treatment, here too, the QPO signal is produced by the frame-dragging of the photons by the rapidly rotating black hole, which results in photon "bunches" separated by constant time lags, the result of multiple photon orbits around the hole. Our model predicts for various source/observer configurations the robust presence of a new class of QPOs, which is inevitably generic to a curved spacetime structure in rotating black hole systems.
Finding Joy in Commenting

This micro essay describes a mindset adjustment that made commenting on law student papers more enjoyable and valuable.
Dostoyevsky and the Defense of Compassion

Is cruelty a problem for politics? For Hannah Arendt, the answer was no. On her view, a compassionate response towards persons suffering cruelty is best avoided because compassion can only become p...
Progression of Cystadenoma to Mucinous Borderline Ovarian Tumor in Young Females: Case Series and Literature Review

ABSTRACT Study Objective To study the progression of benign ovarian lesions to mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (mBOTs); analyze the clinicopathologic features, diagnosis, and management of mBOTs in pediatric and adolescent girls; and provide a review of the literature on mBOTs in this population. Design Retrospective chart review of female adolescents younger than age 18 years diagnosed with mBOTs between July 2017 and February 2021. Setting Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut; and Yale New Haven Health Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut. Participants Three female patients diagnosed with mBOTs between ages 12 and 17 years. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Clinical presentation, preoperative characteristics, surgical technique, histology, tumor stage, treatment, progression, outcome, and rate of recurrence. Results Three adolescent patients were identified to have mBOTs. All three patients presented with a chief complaint of abdominal pain. One of the three patients was premenarchal at presentation. Two of the three patients were initially diagnosed with a mucinous cystadenoma and had recurrences of an ovarian cyst in the same ovary within five and 17 months. Pathology of the recurrent cyst was consistent with mBOT. Two of the three patients initially underwent cystectomy, and all ultimately had a unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Subsequent surveillance over two to four years was without evidence of disease recurrence. Conclusion mBOTs are rare in the pediatric and adolescent population and may arise from benign ovarian tumors.
Nanofilament Dynamics in Resistance Memory: Model and Validation

Filamentary resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) employs a single nanoscale event to trigger a macroscopic state change. While fundamentally it involves a gradual electrochemical evolution in a nanoscale filament that culminates in an abrupt change in filament’s resistance, understanding over many length and time scales from the filament level to the device level is needed to inform the device behavior. Here, we demonstrate the nanoscale elements have corresponding elements in an empirical equivalent circuit. Specifically, the filament contains a variable resistor and capacitor that switch at a critical voltage. This simple model explains several observations widely reported on disparate filamentary ReRAMs. In particular, its collective system dynamics incorporating the power-law time-relaxation of the variable capacitance can accurately account for the responses of variously sized single-filament HfOx ReRAMs to DC/quasi-static and pulse electrical stimulation, exhibiting Avrami-like switching kinetics ...
Polysaccharides of Type 6 Klebsiella

Abstract Water-extractable type 6 Klebsiella antigens were separated into a type 6-specific acidic polysaccharide and a neutral polysaccharide. The neutral polymer was devoid of type 6 activity although it was serologically active. The type 6-specific polymer contained fucose, glucose, and mannose, and pyruvic, galacturonic, and possibly glucuronic acids. The neutral polymer contained glucose, galactose, and mannose.
Sedation Policies, Recommendations, and Guidelines Across the Specialties and Continents

The provision of sedation for children undergoing tests or procedures outside of the operating room has evolved significantly over the last 40 years. Professional societies around the globe have helped make this area of care safer by providing recommendations or guidelines for practitioners. Some organizations, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), have published a series of these guidelines over the years that have adopted the most relevant information and newest technologies as they have developed. Most of the guidelines share common elements. They are intended to maximize the safety and effectiveness of sedation by defining the appropriate evaluation of patients, recommending strategies for sedation, outlining appropriate monitors for patients during sedation, and defining discharge criteria after the procedure/sedation is completed. In this chapter there is a detailed discussion of several of the historically most cited sedation guidelines for children and a brief review of a number of other organizational guidelines from around the world.
Symbolic Analysis: A Basis for Parallelization, Optimization, and Scheduling of Programs

A symbolic analysis framework for parallelizing compilers is presented. Within this framework, various flow analysis problems are solved in a unified way. Symbolic analysis also serves as a basis for code generation optimizations and derivation of cost estimates. A loop scheduling strategy that utilizes timing information is also introduced.
Atomic State Effects in Stabilization

The principal purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the particular identity of an atom photoionized by an intense laser field has a major effect on the strong-field stabilization properties of the atom. This is done by first reviewing the origins of the method used — the Strong-Field Approximation (SFA)1,2 — to show that it is well suited to an examination of the effects of atomic properties on multiphoton ionization. The relationship of the SFA to Kramers-Henneberger (K-H) techniques3–5 and to the Keldysh method6 are exhibited to establish the result that the SFA applies to all laser frequencies from the tunneling limit of the Keldysh technique to the high-frequency domain of K-H methods. Some applications of the SFA to stabilization of atoms are shown both for circular and linear polarization of the laser field over a wide range of frequencies. To emphasize the importance of the state of the atom to stabilization, some comparisons are done for several hydrogenic states and for a short range potential for a uniform binding energy. Effects of the atomic state are found to be dramatic. Finally, ionization by a circularly polarized laser of a low-lying Rydberg state (n=10) is studied as a function of frequency, for both s and p initial states. All cases show clear stabilization behavior, but it is more pronounced for initial p states than for initial s states.
Eigenmodes of classical fluids in thermal equilibrium

The eigenmodes of a classical fluid in thermal equilibrium are discussed. For long wavelengths and times, they can be computed from linear hydrodynamic equations. They are then the hydrodynamic modes, in particular, the heat mode, which describes the diffusion of heat in the fluid and two sound modes. For short wavelengths and times they can be derived from linear kinetic operators. For low densities, the linear Boltzmann operator can be employed and the three most important eigenmodes are direct extensions of the kinetic analogues of the heat and sound modes. For high densities, a generalization of the Boltzmann operator is used. The most important eigenmode is the extended heat mode, while next in importance come two eigenmodes that are extensions of the sound modes. These three extended hydrodynamic modes can be used to obtain the light and neutron spectra of fluids and vice versa.
Weight Changes After Reduction Mammaplasty in Adolescents

Abstract Purpose The ability to exercise more easily and weight loss are often cited benefits of reduction mammaplasty. However, measured weight outcomes after this common procedure are lacking. The purpose of this study was to measure body mass index (BMI) changes in an otherwise healthy adolescent sample after bilateral breast reduction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients aged 12–21 years who underwent reduction mammaplasty at our institution between 2007 and 2013, with a minimum postoperative follow-up time of 1 year. Charts were reviewed for preoperative and postoperative height and weight, amount of breast tissue resected, and medical comorbidities. No formal nutritional support or weight loss program was instituted before or after surgery. Results Eighty patients meeting eligibility criteria were identified. The mean follow-up time was 2.0 ± 1.0 years. Mean postoperative BMI did not differ significantly from mean preoperative BMI (27.8 ± 7.1 kg/m 2 vs. 27.3 ± 6.4 kg/m 2 ). However, among overweight and obese patients, a significant gain in preoperative to postoperative BMI was observed, on average ( p = .019). Twelve (22.2%) of these patients increased their BMI by at least 10% after reduction mammaplasty. Although approximately one third (37%) of overweight/obese patients decreased their BMI, only 5.6% decreased BMI by at least 10%. Conclusions We found no significant difference between mean preoperative and postoperative BMI among patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty. Our results suggest that although reduction mammaplasty may facilitate exercise and help some patients lose weight, meaningful postoperative weight loss without additional support is rare.
Coupling Between Component Sizing and Regulation Capability in Microgrids

Increasing energy security and reliability concerns are intensifying the interest in microgrids. In this setting, design optimization is vital to achieve a reliable infrastructure without overbuilding. This paper considers the impact of frequency and voltage regulation on the optimal design of a conceptual, autonomous military microgrid. This microgrid comprises a solar panel and vehicles as power sources, with each vehicle incorporating a battery and generator. The power output and terminal voltage of these inverter-based sources must be regulated. The paper investigates the effects of battery DC voltage variations on a decentralized regulation scheme, and the resulting influence on optimal component sizing. To this end, controllers are first designed based on the typical assumption that the voltage on the DC side of each inverter is constant. The battery internal resistance is then considered and its impact on regulation performance is investigated. The results show that the battery internal resistance can affect the performance of both frequency and voltage regulation, and consequently must be taken into account in component sizing decisions. Thus, the paper identifies an important coupling between regulation and component sizing problems through battery characteristics, and highlights the need for a combined sizing and regulation framework for microgrid design.
Real time small‐angle x‐ray scattering during annealing of polymer single crystals

Des experiences sur la source synchroton haute energie de Cornell ont montre qu'il est possible d'obtenir des diagrammes de diffusion RX 2-D a partir de mats de monocristaux de polyethylene haute densite avec une resolution temporelle de 0,3 s
Performance of CMOS ternary full adder at liquid nitrogen temperature

Abstract We have designed, implemented and studied the performance at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) of a CMOS ternary full adder and its building blocks, the simple ternary inverter (STI), positive ternary inverter (PTI) and negative ternary inverter (NTI), and compared the corresponding performance at room temperature (300 K). The ternary full adder has been fabricated in 2 μm, n-well CMOS through MOSIS. In a ternary full adder, the basic building blocks, the PTI and NTI, have been developed using combinations of a CMOS inverter and transmission gate(s). There is close agreement between the simulated and measured voltage transfer characteristics and noise margins of ternary-valued devices. The measured transient times for the NTI, PTI and ternary full adder at 77 K show an improvement by a factor of ≈1.5–2.5 over the corresponding values at 300 K. The present design does not use linear resistors and depletion-mode MOSFETs to implement the ternary full adder and its building blocks, and is fully compatible with current CMOS technology.
A survey of image-guided radiation therapy use in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is a novel array of in-room imaging modalities that are used for tumor localization and patient setup in radiation oncology. The prevalence of IGRT use among US radiation oncologists is unknown. METHODS: A random sample of 1600 radiation oncologists was surveyed by Internet, e-mail and fax regarding the frequency of IGRT use, clinical applications, and future plans for use. The definition of IGRT included imaging technologies that are used for setup verification or tumor localization during treatment. RESULTS: Of 1089 evaluable respondents, 393 responses (36.1%) were received. The proportion of radiation oncologists using IGRT was 93.5%. When the use of megavoltage (MV) portal imaging was excluded from the definition of IGRT, the proportion using IGRT was 82.3%. The majority used IGRT rarely (in <25% of their patients; 28.9%) or infrequently (in 25%-50% of their patients; 33.1%). The percentages using ultrasound, video, MV-planar, kilovoltage (kV)-planar, and volumetric technologies were 22.3%, 3.2%, 62.7%, 57.7%, and 58.8%, respectively. Among IGRT users, the most common disease sites treated were genitourinary (91.1%), head and neck (74.2%), central nervous system (71.9%), and lung (66.9%). Overall, 59.1% of IGRT users planned to increase use, and 71.4% of nonusers planned to adopt IGRT in the future. CONCLUSIONS: IGRT is widely used among radiation oncologists. On the basis of prospective plans of responders, its use is expected to increase. Further research will be required to determine the safety, cost efficacy, and optimal applications of these technologies. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
ORDER-DISORDER IN A2M3+M5+O6 PEROVSKITES

Using x-ray and neutron diffraction data, the degree of order of the octahedral site cations has been determined for the perovskites Sr2AlNbO6 and Sr2AlTaO6, which have been prepared by several different methods and annealed at temperatures up to 1690 °C. The degree of order generally increases with increasing synthesis temperature. The amount of cation ordering is, therefore, primarily controlled by kinetic processes and not by thermodynamic equilibrium considerations. Increased order obtained with increased heating time confirms this general kinetic limitation on the degree of order. However, annealing Sr2AlNbO6 in the highest temperature region resulted in some decrease in order, presumably due to thermodynamic considerations. The cubic edge of both compounds decreases significantly with increasing order. Ordered domains are separated by antiphase boundaries which occur in high concentrations. The cubic cell edge within the ordered domains is significantly smaller than the overall cell edge when the concentration of antiphase boundaries is high. The antiphase boundaries cause significant lattice strain which generally decreases as the concentration of antiphase boundaries decreases. Results on other A2M3+M5+O6 systems are briefly presented.
The ultrastructure of cold-modified segments of metaphase chromosomes

Cold-modified segments ofTrillium mitotic metaphase chromosomes were observed with the electron microscope and found to consist of fibrils 8–9 nm in diameter and fibrils 10–20 nm in diameter. Both types of fibrils were organized into coarser thread-like units, 0.1–0.5Μm in diameter. These observations were interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis that the cold-induced negatively heteropyknotic regions of Feulgen stained chromosomes observed with light microscopy are where the chromatin failed to undergo the typical condensation prior to metaphase.
Empirical considerations regarding the use of ensemble-variance analysis of macroscopic currents.

Two fundamental properties of an ion channel are its single channel current (i) and its open probability (Po), which are most directly defined by single channel recordings. However, under some circumstances either practical limitations (e.g., extreme voltages) or unique channel properties may preclude the use of single channel recordings for definition of such properties. As an alternative, the variance in macroscopic currents (non-stationary noise analysis or variance–mean analysis) has been exploited to define fundamental elementary properties of the underlying channels. Although some limitations of the variance–mean approach have been considered in previous work by others, here simulation methods were used to define the conditions under which variance analysis can be suitable for providing estimates of i and Po. Of particular interest is the extent to which reasonably reliable estimates of Po can be obtained, even under conditions of Po less than 0.5. Empirically, the analysis indicates that, with sufficient numbers of sweeps and with constraints on initial estimates of i, reasonably reliable estimates of Po can be made down to 0.2. The impact of a number of other factors on the utility of variance–mean analysis are also considered, including effects of inactivation, filtering, and the consequences of particular gating schemes.
Mercury: Magnetospheric processes and the atmospheric supply and loss rates

It is pointed out that the solar wind is an important contributor to the H and He components of the atmosphere of Mercury. For this reason, and because significant differences exist between the magnetospheres of Mercury and the earth, an investigation was conducted of the magnetospheric processes at Mercury to determine how these processes affect the precipitation of solar wind plasma onto the planetary surface. Attention is given to a review of estimates of the Hermaean magnetic moment, the direct impact of the solar wind on the planetary surface, precipitation along closed dayside magnetic field lines, precipitation along open dayside magnetic field lines, particles precipitating on closed field lines from the plasma sheet, radiogenic and other atmospheric sources, atmospheric loss rates, surface interaction mechanisms, and subsurface residence times and chemical reactions.
Fe(III) ESR-signal splitting in unoxidized and oxidized semimagnetic pyrrhotite, Fe7S8

Abstract The characteristic Fe(III) ESR-signal of unoxidized pyrrhotite which occurs at g = 3.10, in an alternating magnetic field, is influenced by exchange fields from unpaired electrons trapped within the iron vacancies, the conduction band, and from holes attached to the remaining nearest-neighbor Fe(III) and sulfur ions. Consequently, a splitting of the iron(III) iron signal results when pyrrhotite is placed in the presence of an external magnetic field. The g -values of the split signal are scanning time dependent and vary from 3.10 to 3.56. Oxidation of the pyrrhotite in air changes the nature of the split signal. Infrared absorption measurements obtained for oxidized pyrrhotite at room temperature demonstrate the appearance of three bands at 1125, 959 and 425 cm −1 which are assigned to SO 4 2- or (OSO) - species, and the two bands at 450 and 560 cm −1 are attributed to iron oxides. The thermochemical reduction of oxidized pyrrhotite by hydrogen sulfide at 673 K for 10 min removes the spectroscopic evidence for the oxidation products.
String field theory for d ⩽ 1 matrix models

Abstract We show that once the jacobian for the transformation from random matrices to a field defined as the eigenvalue density of these matrices has been calculated, the string field theory for all d ⩽ 1 models can be written down. By comparing with the loop equations for the d = 0 theory, we point out that the expression for this jacobian has another contribution in addition to a piece which corresponds to the Vandermonde determinant. We suggest an expression for this additional piece and argue that the resulting field theories are valid in the double-scaling limit.
Parasites Associated with Lepidopterous Leaf Miners on Apple in Northeastern Wisconsin

An ecological study of arthropod species on apple in northeastern Wisconsin from 1959–1962 revealed that six species of lepidopterous leaf miners were present. The apple blotch leaf miner (ABLM), Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), Parornix geminatella (Packard), and the apple leaf trumpet miner (ALTM), Tischeria malifoliella Clemens, were the most abundant species, in that order. Altogether, 25 species of parasites were reared from the leaf miners, 23 being associated with ABLM, 17 with P. geminatella , and 13 with ALTM. A eulophid, Sympiesis marylandensis Girault, was the most common parasite reared from the leaf miners. Overall, Parornix geminatella was the most heavily parasitized leaf miner, with parasitization ranging from 85.9 (1962)–93.7% (1961).
Patient factors contributing to the emergence of gentamicin-resistant Serratia marcescens.

Abstract One hundred forty nosocomial Serratia marcescens infections (including 76 cases of bacteremia) were identified by prospective surveillance from 1975 through 1977 and retrospective chart review from 1968 through 1974. Thirty-four cases (24 per cent) involved gentamicin-resistant strains. All gentamicin-resistant strains appeared after 1974. Ninety per cent of the patients had undergone surgery, and 88 per cent had received prior antimicrobial therapy. The emergence of gentamicin-resistant S. marcescens paralleled the increase in usage of gentamicin. Prior use of gentamicin for more than two days in an individual patient was a significant risk factor (P = 0.0002) for being infected with a Serratia that was gentamicin-resistant. Other factors which separated gentamicin-resistant Serratia infections from gentamicin-sensitive Serratia infections were (1) urinary site of infection (P = 0.0005), (2) urinary catheter (P = 0.002), (3) endotracheal tube or tracheotomy (P = 0.03) and (4) increasing duration of hospitalization (P
Future characterization needs for optical materials

Optical material characterization encompasses absorption, refraction and scattering phenomena as a function of frequency and temperature. The level of knowledge of the optical constants for most optical materials is sparse, especially at temperatures outside of room temperature. Critical future applications will require a more complete database. The need for greater precision in the optical constants requires both improved experimental techniques and more detailed modes. Since a comprehensive experimental database is impossible, physically-based models, allowing accurate interpolation and extrapolation, are an essential part of optical characterization. Furthermore, most optical constant characterization is reported in the frequency- domain. However, high-speed optoelectronic materials require time-domain characterization.