cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periodontal changes by HIV serostatus in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men

Abstract. These data represent 20 months of follow-up on 114 homo/bisexual men. Periodontal changes were analyzed in relation to HIV-1 serostatus, immune status, age and plaque. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and relative attachment levels recorded by the computerized Florida disk probe were performed every 4 months. A threshold of ≥3.0 mm of relative attachment loss (RAL) was selected as a significant longitudinal change. RAL≥3 mm occurred 6.16 times (95% CI = 1.95, 19.40) more frequently among subjects with T4 counts 35 years), the incidence (33%) of RAL ≥ 3 mm was significantly higher (p= 0.004) in more immunosuppressed subjects (T4 < 200) compared to the incidence (5%) in less immunosuppressed subjects (T4≥200); this association was not significant in younger subjects less than 35 years old (p= 0.55). In 78 subjects present at all follow-up visits, averaged GI increased and were significantly higher in the seropositive subjects compared to seronegative subjects, but, GI was not related to T4 cell counts within the seropositive group. Separate linear regression of GI by PI by HIV serostatus revealed a significantly higher slope in the seropositive group compared to the seronegative group (p= 0.04), suggesting greater sensitivity to plaque in the seropositive group. Conclusion: immunosuppression, especially in combination with older age, may be a risk factor for attachment loss, and HIV seropositivity, independent of T4 cell counts, may be a risk factor for gingival inflammation.
Preliminary Experience with Aspirin for Anticoagulation in Children with Prosthetic Cardiac Valves

Twenty-four children (ages 1 to 18 years, mean 12.2 years) underwent 27 operations for aortic, mitral, or combined aortic and mitral valve replacement. There was 1 operative death. Of the 23 operative survivors (12 aortic, 8 mitral, 3 combined valve replacement), only 5 were given warfarin for long-term anticoagulation. The remaining 18 (10 aortic, 8 mitral valve replacement) were given aspirin (plus dipyridamole in 5). Twelve of the 18 had at least one mechanical valve (11 Bjork-Shiley and Beall valves; 1 Bjork-Shiley valve was replaced with a Beall disc valve as the child grew). These 18 patients were followed for 1 to 59 months (mean, 20.4 months). There was no thrombotic, embolic, or bleeding complications. There were 2 late deaths (one cardiac). Review of the available literature indicates that in children with prosthetic cardiac valves, aspirin (with or without dipyridamole) provides adequate protection against thromboemboli and avoids the hemorrhagic complications associated with warfarin.
There Is Binding of Collagen IV to β1 Integrin during Early Skin Basement Membrane Assembly

This study is concerned with the mechanism of basement membrane assembly in an in vitro 3-dimensional skin-culture system. Dermal fibroblasts alone can synthesize collagen IV, perlecan, and nidogen, but cannot assemble them into a basement membrane. When keratinocytes are added to the culture, however, linear assembly of collagen IV, perlecan, and nidogen is noted at the epidermo-dermal interface. Northern blots and in situ hybridization showed that perlecan and nidogen mRNAs derive exclusively from fibroblasts, while the alpha 2 (IV) collagen chain is expressed by both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, although the major source is in the mesenchyma (80%). Prior to the development of the lamina densa, collagen IV colocalizes with beta 1 integrins, most likely alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 1, which are known receptors for this collagen. Blocking experiments with the AIIB2 mAb (anti-beta 1 integrin subunit) and by peptide inhibition with the CB3(IV) collagen fragment disrupted the assembly of collagen IV. This study suggests that the initiation of basement-membrane formation involves binding of collagen IV molecules to keratinocyte cell-matrix integrins. These complexes act as nucleation sites for further polymerization of collagen IV molecules mostly derived from fibroblasts, by a process of self-assembly.
Microstructural strengthening in cold worked in situ Cu-14.8 Vol. % Fe composites

Abstract Cu-14.8 vol. % Fe in situ fabricated composites have tensile strengths well above those predicted by the ROM. This increased strength correlates well with fiber spacing but not with prior composite deformation strain. Such microstructural scale strengthening also apparently explains data obtained previously on similar composites. This dependence of strength on scale serves to emphasize the hybrid nature of these fine composites as a mixture of conventional composites and microstructurally strengthened materials. It is worth emphasizing that while fiber spacing has been emphasized as the parameter to describe strengthening in the present work, it is better to think of this parameter in more general terms as representing the influence of the overall microstructural scale. Additionally, fiber size and shape undoubtedly play a concurrent role with that of fiber scale and their importance should rise as the volume fraction of the stronger fiber phase is increased.
Hall-Petch relations for multilayered materials

Abstract The present work adopts an embedded layer (two interface) approximation to a two-component multilayered material, and examines how the critical resolved shear stress for slip transmission of a pile-up depends on layer thickness, component moduli, interface slip properties, source properties, and pile-up orientation. At nanometer layer dimensions, small numbers of dislocations in the critical pile-up produce significant departures from continuum Hall-Petch behavior. The multilayer geometry may enhance or suppress source operation, so that a sharp transition and even a peak in the critical transmission stress may occur at a particular layer thickness. The multilayer geometry also displays a large anisotropy that is related to the effective glide distance between layers.
The p-nuclei: abundances and origins

The review discusses the solar system (meteoritic) abundances and the possible modes of nucleosynthesis of the 30-oddp-nuclei from74Se to196Hg. In addition to a discussion of the abundances for bulk meteorites, isotopic anomalies related to thep-nuclei are discussed; e.g., the Xe-HL associated with the ‘interstellar’ diamonds and the extinct radionuclides146Sm and92Nb. Various proposed schemes of synthesizingp-nuclei are reviewed. It is noted that the 7-process (i.e., photoerosion) operating in SN Ia (exploding C-O white dwarfs) appears capable of accounting for the relative and absolute abundances of all but one or two of the rarest ofp-nuclei. Synthesis of these latter nuclei is also discussed.
Subpicosecond luminescence study of hot-electron relaxation in GaAs quantum wells

Abstract Luminescence spectra from hot carries in GaAs quantum wells have been measured with 60-fs time resolution. At high densities, we find that carriers in the central valley assume a quasi-thermal form less than 100 fs after excitation. A simple theoretical calculation agrees with the measured cooling curve for times below 500 fs, but deviates significantly from the data at longer times.
Advances in High-Speed Photodetectors

This talk will survey our recent work on high-speed, low-noise avalanche photodiodes and photodetectors designed to achieve high saturation current levels.
Expression of mutant amyloid precursor proteins induces apoptosis in PC12 cells

The cause of neuronal loss in Alzheimer disease is unknown. We investigated the effects on survival of PC12 cells expressing A692G, E693Q, and V717F mutant amyloid precursor proteins (APP). Differentiated cells expressing mutant APPs exhibited somal shrinkage, followed by cell detachment from the plates. Increased levels of oligonucleosome-sized DNA ladders and TUNEL-positive nuclei were observed, and electron microscopy revealed extensive plasma membrane blebbing, margination of condensed chromatin, and well-preserved organelles in these transfectants. The levels of TUNEL-positive cells, analyzed by a flow-cytometric method, were increased by four- to sevenfold in mutant APP transfectants, but less than twofold in wild-type APP transfectants relative to untransfected cells. Our results provide evidence that expression of mutant APPs in differentiated PC12 cells induces cell death via an apoptotic pathway. J. Neurosci. Res. 47:253–263, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS AND HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE AMERICAS

Several arenaviruses and hantaviruses have been isolated in the Americas during the last 4 decades. These are rodent-borne viruses responsible for the South American hemorrhagic fevers (SAHF) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Although rare, SAHF and HPS are serious illnesses with high mortality rates. Most viral isolates found in the Americas represent New World lineages of their respective viral families. Their presence in the Western hemisphere is likely ancient, their relationship with their rodent hosts is likely coevolutionary, and their recent detection forebodes the likelihood of detecting additional arena- and hantaviral species in the Americas.
Retroviruses and AIDS: evolution and drug resistance

John M Coffin is the American Cancer Society Professor and Distinguished Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at Tufts University (Boston, MA, USA). He also serves as advisor on HIV and AIDS to the National Cancer Institute and to the HIV Drug Resistance Program (DRP), which he founded in 1997. He received his PhD in Molecular Biology from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1972, where he worked on retroviruses in the laboratory of Howard Temin. He joined the Tufts faculty after 3 years with Charles Weissmann at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. In 1997, he was recruited to organize the DRP, of which he served as Director until 2005. He is well known for his work on retrovirus genetics, genome structure and evolution, and is author of more than 50 peer-reviewed publications, and senior editor of Retroviruses, the definitive text on the subject. In 1995, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of his contributions to the field of retrovirology.
Low concentration of arsenite exacerbates UVR-induced DNA strand breaks by inhibiting PARP-1 activity

Epidemiological studies have associated arsenic exposure with many types of human cancers. Arsenic has also been shown to act as a co-carcinogen even at low concentrations. However, the precise mechanism of its co-carcinogenic action is unknown. Recent studies indicate that arsenic can interfere with DNA-repair processes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 is a zinc-finger DNA-repair protein, which can promptly sense DNA strand breaks and initiate DNA-repair pathways. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that low concentrations of arsenic could inhibit PAPR-1 activity and so exacerbate levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA strand breaks. HaCat cells were treated with arsenite and/or UVR, and then DNA strand breaks were assessed by comet assay. Low concentrations of arsenite (<or=2 microM) alone did not induce significant DNA strand breaks, but greatly enhanced the DNA strand breaks induced by UVR. Further studies showed that 2 microM arsenite effectively inhibited PARP-1 activity. Zinc supplementation of arsenite-treated cells restored PARP-1 activity and significantly diminished the exacerbating effect of arsenite on UVR-induced DNA strand breaks. Importantly, neither arsenite treatment, nor zinc supplementation changed UVR-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, suggesting that their effects upon UVR-induced DNA strand breaks are not through a direct free radical mechanism. Combination treatments of arsenite with PARP-1 inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide or PARP-1 siRNA demonstrate that PARP-1 is the target of arsenite. Together, these findings show that arsenite at low concentration exacerbates UVR-induced DNA strand breaks by inhibiting PARP-1 activity, which may represent an important mechanism underlying the co-carcinogenicity of arsenic.
Changes in the pulmonary capillary pressure after cardiac surgery.

Abstract The changes in the pulmonary circulation in 37 cardiac surgery patients undergoing coronary artery bypass (CABG), n = 16; aortic valve replacement (AVR), n = 13; and mitral valve replacement (MVR), n = 8 were studied. The visual technique for the determination of pulmonary capillary pressure (Pc) was used in the preoperative and postoperative periods. The ratio of Pc to the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (Pw) was calculated to determine whether Pc and Pw varied independently. In addition, total pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was divided into precapillary (ra) and postcapillary (rv) components. Results from the CABG patients showed that the relationship between Pc and Pw remained constant despite an increased cardiac output. This differs from the data obtained from AVR and MVR patients in whom the Pc/Pw ratio was significantly higher after surgery. Therefore, Pw would underestimate Pc in this group of patients. In addition, MVR patients showed a significant postoperative increase in PVR and rv as compared with their preoperative values. This was also significantly higher than the rv in either AVR or CABG patients. The etiology of this change is unknown.
THE PRODUCTION OF BLOOD PLATELETS IN THE LUNGS

1. A new fixing solution is described, which preserves the platelets and prevents contact hemolysis of the erythrocytes, so that counts of both corpuscles may be made in the same preparation. 2. Comparative counts of platelets in arteries and veins show that arterial blood contains a larger number of platelets than venous blood. This difference is accentuated under experimental conditions that cause a reduction in the number of platelets. It is concluded that new platelets are added to the blood in the capillary areas of the lungs, and that there is a corresponding destruction of platelets as the blood passes through the capillary areas of the systemic circulation. 3. Perfusion of the lungs with a platelet-preserving solution, compared with that of other organs, gives evidence of the existence of a source of platelet material in the lungs. 4. Histological examination of the lungs with a technique adequate to give a differential staining of platelet material demonstrates the presence of giant cells in the lungs, and supports the view that they are active in the production of platelets. 5. In extrauterine life giant cells are concentrated in the marrow and the lungs, with the maximum of their activity in platelet production in the lungs.
Age, photoperiodic responses, and pineal function in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus.

We tested whether juvenile males of Microtus pennsylvanicus were more sensitive than adults to the suppressive effects of short photoperiods. Voles were transferred to short photoperiods (10L:14D) at 20 or 80 d of age, and 60 d later (i.e. at 80 or 140 d) the animals were killed at intervals throughout the day and night. Pineal glands were collected for measurement of melatonin, and the testes were weighed. There were no differences in paired testicular weights of 80 and 140 d old animals held on long days (median testicular weights: 1,953 and 1,843 mg). In contrast, median testicular weights of voles held on short days were 504 and 1,112 mg, respectively, at 80 and 140 d of age; the testicular weights of both groups were significantly different from their age-matched controls (P less than .001, two-sample t-tests on log transformed data). The responses of the two age groups were compared by normalizing the individual values by the mean and variance of the respective long-day controls. This comparison suggests that the responsiveness to photoperiod decreases as the animals age (t-test, P = .01). Duration and amplitude of the nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin content were similar in differently aged animals. In two experiments, voles were injected daily with melatonin from 20 to 80 or 80 to 140 d of age. Melatonin-injected animals had smaller testes than did saline-injected controls (ANOVA: P = .01), and injections were more effective in the afternoon than in the morning (P = .01). Comparison of the effectiveness of short day and melatonin injections in juvenile and adult voles suggests that while short days inhibited testicular development of young animals more than it induced regression of adults, this decrease in responsiveness may involve factors other than alterations in the nocturnal pattern of melatonin production.
Analysis of nonlinear integro-differential equations arising in age-dependent epidemic models

BASICALLY, there are two modes for directly transmitting an infectious disease within a single population: vertical transmission and horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission is defined as the direct transfer of infection from a parent organism to its offsprings. Horizontal transmission is any transfer of infection except that which is vertically transmitted. For example AIDS is both vertically and horizontally transmitted while malaria is horizontally transmitted. Vertically transmitted diseases have seldom been considered in mathematical models of epidemics. Examples of previous such models are found in Anderson and May [I]. Cooke and Busenberg [7], Busenberg and Cooke [3], Busenberg, Cooke and Pozio [4], Fine [lo] and Re’gniere [ 171. Likewise age-dependent diseases has been presented by Cooke and Busenberg [7] and Dietz [8]. Age-dependence introduces a coupling of age-structure and vertical transmission which can produce novel dynamic behavior. In this paper, a system of nonlinear integro-differential equations which model an agedependent epidemic of a disease with vertical transmission is investigated. This model treats the simple S-, I type of epidemic in this new setting. Existence and uniqueness are proved under suitable hypotheses and the asymptotic behavior of the system is determined. A renewal theorem is used to study the behavior of the model equations in various pertinent parameter ranges. A numerical method for integrating this system of equations is developed and is used to obtain approximations of its solutions for some special cases which illustrate the results obtained via analytical means. Moreover, numerical integrations of the equations are used to study some phenomena that were not treated analytically.
Experimental Evaluation of Environmental Enrichment of Sea Turtles

Although behavioral studies have been conducted at zoos and aquaria for years, documentation concerning the effectiveness of environmental enrichment has dealt primarily with terrestrial animals and marine mammals. Few enrichment studies have been conducted on reptiles. For this study, behavioral observations were made on four captive sea turtles (three loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and one blind green, Chelonia mydas) with enrichment present and absent. Enrichment devices were modified for the special needs of the blind turtle. Behaviors were classified as Resting, Pattern Swimming, Random Swimming, Focused Behavior, Aggression, Hiding, Orientation, and Noncategorized Behavior. It was hypothesized that, when enrichment was present, a decrease in Resting and stereotypic Pattern Swimming would be seen along with an increase in Random Swimming and Focused Behavior. It was found that, when no enrichment devices were present, 77% of the turtles' time was spent in Resting and Pattern Swimming. When enrichment devices were provided, 88% of their time was spent in Random Swimming and Focused Behavior with only 8% spent in Pattern Swimming and Resting. Statistically, there were significant increases in Random Swimming (three of the four turtles) and Focused Behavior (4/4) and significant decreases in Resting (3/4) and Pattern Swimming (3/4) when enrichment devices were present. These results suggest that environmental enrichment is as effective with marine reptiles as has been found with other animals and should be encouraged for all captive sea turtles. Zoo Biol 26:407–416, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Worldmaking: Working through Theory/Practice in Design

ABSTRACTThis article argues for an active role for theory in designing, especially feminist theory and cultural studies, both as a means of theorizing design through the work of designers and as a means of reflecting on the complex contexts in which designing takes place and designs take hold. This has particular relevance in the participatory and user-centered frameworks increasingly favored in design practices and education. Changes in design methods, the emergence of "design thinking" in a range of fields including but not always linked to design, and the growth of contemporary "social design" over the past two decades have greatly shifted design practices and contexts. This article argues that Donald Schon's exploration and theorization of "reflective practice" should be expanded to include a framework for seeing what designers are "reflecting through" in relationship to their own position and location. Building on Lucy Suchman's argument for "located accountability," the author proposes that critical...
A 20–90 MHz 26-channel cochlear-based channelizer

This paper presents a 26-channel channelizer based on the mammalian cochlea and covering the 20–90 MHz band. Each channel has a 6-pole frequency response with a constant absolute bandwidth of 1.40 MHz at 20–35 MHz, and a constant fractional bandwidth of 4.5% at 35–90 MHz, and is built entirely using lumped elements. Measurements show an S11 –12 dB at 20–90 MHz, a loss of 4–7 dB, 40 dB isolation between the channels, and agree well with simulations. The applications areas are in communication systems with very high levels of interferes and in defense systems.
Rapid Fluctuations in the Levels of Specific Estradiol-Binding Sites in Endometrial Cells in Culture

Levels of specific estradiol (E2) binding sites were measured during 5–6 consecutive days in primary cultures of stromal and epithelial cells from 7 specimens of human proliferative and secretory endometrium. Large day to day variations were noted, as we previously reported. Levels of binding sites were also measured hourly (1–30 h after plating) in 11 cultures of an endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (HEC). In these experiments, striking increases and decreases were found to occur within periods as short as 2 h. The rapidity of these changes suggests reversible unmasking or activation of binding sites for E2, rather than new synthesis of binders. Elevated levels were found immediately before periods of accelerated increase in the amounts of DNA per dish, both in cultures of endometrial fibroblasts and in partially synchronized cultures of HEC cells, indicating a possible relation between levels of specific binding sites and the cell cycle. However, since elevated levels have also been found in nongrowi...
Physicians' knowledge of drug costs for the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To measure physicians' knowledge of the costs of commonly used medications in geriatric practice and how such awareness influences their prescribing decisions. DESIGN: A survey of pharmacies to determine the prices of 14 commonly used brand name and generic drugs and an in-person survey of physicians asking them to price these drugs. SETTING: Eastern Massachusetts PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-two primary care practitioners were surveyed during hospital rounds and medical society meetings. MEASUREMENT: The study examined physician awareness of patients' ability to afford drugs, the use of generic drugs, clinical decision-making practices, and the physicians' level of knowledge of drug costs. Actual drug prices were measured by surveying 22 pharmacies. RESULTS: Of the 132 respondents, 85% reported that inability to afford medications was a problem for some of their patients. One in five indicated that they did not believe generic drugs to be as safe or effective as brand name drugs, and 30% reported that they rarely or never had access to information about drug costs. Of the 99 physicians who estimated drug prices, there was a marked trend toward underestimation of the prices of more expensive drugs as well as overestimation of the prices of less costly drugs. Physician estimates of prices were highly variable; their estimates were much more variable than pharmacy prices. Younger physicians were more likely than older physicians to make correct estimates, and specialists in internal medicine were less likely to make correct estimates than physicians in other specialties. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that substantial knowledge deficits exist in physicians' understanding of the economic implications of the prescriptions they write. Considerable educational activity will be necessary in this area if clinicians are to function as cost-effective prescribers under health care reform.
Topology-aware reliability optimization for multiprocessor systems

High on-chip temperatures adversely affect the reliability of processors, and reliability has become a serious concern as high performance computing moves towards exascale. While dynamic thermal management techniques can effectively constrain the chip temperature, most prior work has focused on temperature and reliability optimization of a single processor. In this work, we propose a topology-aware workload allocation policy to optimize the reliability of multi-chip multicore systems at runtime. Our results show that the proposed policy improves the system reliability by up to 123.3% compared to existing temperature balancing policies when systems have medium to high utilization. We also demonstrate that the policy is scalable to larger systems and its performance overhead is minimal.
Estimating seed and pollen movement in a monoecious plant: a hierarchical Bayesian approach integrating genetic and ecological data

The scale of seed and pollen movement in plants has a critical influence on population dynamics and interspecific interactions, as well as on their capacity to respond to environmental change through migration or local adaptation. However, dispersal can be challenging to quantify. Here, we present a Bayesian model that integrates genetic and ecological data to simultaneously estimate effective seed and pollen dispersal parameters and the parentage of sampled seedlings. This model is the first developed for monoecious plants that accounts for genotyping error and treats dispersal from within and beyond a plot in a fully consistent manner. The flexible Bayesian framework allows the incorporation of a variety of ecological variables, including individual variation in seed production, as well as multiple sources of uncertainty. We illustrate the method using data from a mixed population of red oak (Quercus rubra, Q. velutina, Q. falcata )i n the NC piedmont. For simulated test data sets, the model successfully recovered the simulated dispersal parameters and pedigrees. Pollen dispersal in the example population was extensive, with an average father–mother distance of 178 m. Estimated seed dispersal distances at the piedmont site were substantially longer than previous estimates based on seed-trap data (average 128 m vs. 9.3 m), suggesting that, under some circumstances, oaks may be less dispersal-limited than is commonly thought, with a greater potential for range shifts in response to climate change.
EPILEPSY AT A GLANCE: A MOBILE MEDICAL RECORD

Introduction: Inefficient transfer of health information among facilities fragments care and motivates duplicate interventions. This pilot study was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of ‘‘Epilepsy at a Glance’’ (EAG), a portable medical record that contains medical records of children with epilepsy. This mobile tool enables medical providers to expedite information sharing to decrease fragmentation of patient care. Methods: This randomized study included 30 children with epilepsy, 15 each in the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the EAG while the control group received usual care and a medical alert bracelet at the end of the study. At the beginning and end of the study, participants completed a written survey about their contact with outside providers of epilepsy care. The experimental group was also surveyed at two follow-up clinical visits to determine the usage and impact of the EAG. Results: The experimental group brought the EAG to over 90% of outside care encounters. More than 80% of primary care, 68% of urgent care, and 100% of emergency room providers viewed the EAG at the point of care. No outside provider who viewed the EAG inappropriately altered the established long term plan of care or performed duplicate testing. Patients and outside providers were enthusiastic about the value of the EAG. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates the value of EAG usage by patients and medical providers, and suggests a promising use of transferring patient medical information using mobile technology. Future studies should be performed with larger groups using EAG or alternative devices to document improved care and reduction in test duplication.
Pharmacists' communication with Spanish-speaking patients: a review of the literature to establish an agenda for future research.

Abstract Background Spanish-speaking people represent more than 12% of the total population in the United States and are poised to become the largest minority group in the United States by 2015. Although researchers have studied pharmacist-patient communication for approximately 30 years, little emphasis has been placed on the interactions between pharmacists and Spanish-speaking patients. Objectives The objectives of this review are (1) to describe empirical studies on Spanish-speaking patient/pharmacist communication examined relative to patient factors, pharmacist factors, and environmental factors that may influence Spanish-speaking patient/pharmacist communication and (2) to integrate medical and nursing literature to generate a research agenda for future study in this area. Methods We compiled articles from a systematic review of (1) CINAHL, International Pharmacy Abstracts, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge databases using “Hispanic limited English proficiency,” “Latino limited English proficiency,” “language-assistance services,” “Spanish-speaking patients,” “Latino patients,” “Spanish-speaking health literacy,” “pharmacy health literacy,” “patient-provider communication,” “pharmacy language barriers,” and (2) bibliographies of selected articles. Results This search generated 1174 articles, 7 of which met the inclusion criteria. We categorized the results into 4 topic areas: “Spanish-speaking patient literacy,” “pharmacists knowledge of/proficiency in the Spanish language,” “pharmacy resources to overcome language barriers,” and “pharmacists' attitudes toward communicating with Spanish-speaking patients.” Conclusions These studies provide a macroscopic look at the linguistic services offered in pharmacies, gaps in services, and their subsequent impact on pharmacists and patients. Future research should investigate Spanish-speaking patients' literacy issues, pharmacy staff language skills, factors that influence pharmacists' counseling, and language-assistance programs for pharmacists and patients. Furthermore, these studies need to be conducted in large Hispanic/Latino populated areas where positive service models are likely to be present. Addressing these issues will provide pharmacists and pharmacies with information to overcome language barriers and provide Spanish-speaking patients with quality care.
Factors Affecting the Thermal Environment of Agassiz's Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Cover Sites in the Central Mojave Desert during Periods of Temperature Extremes

Abstract Agassiz's Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) spend >95% of their lives underground in cover sites that serve as thermal buffers from temperatures, which can fluctuate >40°C on a daily and seasonal basis. We monitored temperatures at 30 active tortoise cover sites within the Soda Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, from February 2004 to September 2006. Cover sites varied in type and structural characteristics, including opening height and width, soil cover depth over the opening, aspect, tunnel length, and surficial geology. We focused our analyses on periods of extreme temperature: in summer, between July 1 and September 1, and winter, between November 1 and February 15. With the use of multivariate regression tree analyses, we found cover-site temperatures were influenced largely by tunnel length and subsequently opening width and soil cover. Linear regression models further showed that increasing tunnel length increased temperature stability and dampened seasonal temperature extrem...
Pesticide exposure of children in an agricultural community: evidence of household proximity to farmland and take home exposure pathways.

Children's exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides in an agricultural community in central Washington State was determined. Spot urine and hand wipe samples were collected from 109 children 9 months to 6 years of age, as were house dust samples, and wipe samples from various surfaces. Children were categorized based on parental occupation (agricultural vs nonagricultural) and on household proximity to pesticide-treated orchards. Median house dust concentrations of dimethyl OP pesticides in homes of agricultural families were seven times higher than those of reference families (1. 92 vs 0.27 microg/g; P<0.001). Median pesticide metabolite concentrations in agricultural children were five times higher than those in reference children (0.05 vs 0.01 microg/ml; P=0.09). Median pesticide concentrations in housedust (P=0.01) and metabolite concentrations in urine (P=0.01) from agricultural families were significantly higher in the children living near treated orchards (within 200 ft or 60 m) than those living more distant. Ten of 61 agricultural children had detectable OP pesticide levles on their hands, whereas none of the reference children had detectable levels. These findings indicate that children living with parents who work with agricultural pesticides, or who live in proximity to pesticide-treated farmland, have higher exposures than do other children living in the same community
Educating the Heathen: the Foreign Mission School Controversy and American Ideals

" Never in all past ages did a prospect so glorious rise to the view of any nation, as that which is disclosed to our own." 1 So wrote a reviewer in the years following the War of 1812, and he echoed the millennial feelings of his countrymen. Awash in a surge of post-war nationalism, and buffeted by the revivals of the Second Great Awakening, Americans struck out in search of themselves, their culture, and their future. Within a generation, the same reviewer proclaimed, " fifty or sixty millions of men will have poured themselves over our country, carrying civilization and the arts to the extreme corner." 2
Equivalence between single-layered and certain multilayered shells.

The concept of exact equivalence between a shell of multiple isotropic layers with equal Poisson's ratios and a single-layered shell is discussed. Exact equivalence is also noted between multilayered shells, the layers of which have properties symmetrically disposed about a middle surface, and sandwich shells with nonshear-deformable cores. The equivalence for problems of stress analysis, vibrations, and stability is defined in order to clarify the limitations on the concept. For multilayered shells which do not have an exactly equivalent shell, it is shown that single-layered shell theory can be used as an approximation for multilayered shell theory when coupling between bending and extension is small. However, when coupling is large, the approximation may yield inaccurate results, especially for stability and vibration problems. Thus, the application of the approximation to problems in which coupling occurs should be made with caution. A numerical example of the stress analysis of an axisymmetrically loaded circular conical shell leads to the conclusion that the approximation yields essentially exact results for this shell. By use of the approximation, results which were about 10% too high were obtained from a stability analysis of the previously mentioned circular conical shell.
p120 Catenin Regulates Dendritic Spine and Synapse Development through Rho-Family GTPases and Cadherins

Both the cadherin-catenin complex and Rho-family GTPases have been shown to regulate dendrite development. We show here a role for p120 catenin (p120ctn) in regulating spine and synapse formation in the developing mouse brain. p120catenin gene deletion in hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vivo resulted in reduced spine and synapse densities along dendrites. In addition, p120 catenin loss resulted in reduced cadherin levels and misregulation of Rho-family GTPases, with decreased Rac1 and increased RhoA activity. Analyses in vitro indicate that the reduced spine density reflects aberrant Rho-family GTPase signaling, whereas the effects on spine maturation appear to result from reduced cadherin levels and possibly aberrant Rho-family GTPase signaling. Thus, p120ctn acts as a signal coordinator between cadherins and Rho-family GTPases to regulate cytoskeletal changes required during spine and synapse development.
Ultrastructure of neurons of the sensorimotor cortex in progeny of rats receiving alcohol during pregnancy.

We have studied the dynamics of ultrastructural changes in the neurons of the sensorimotor cortex on days 21, 30, and 60 of life in offspring of rats given 20% alcohol (2 g/kg) during pregnancy. Moderate antenatal alcoholization leads to certain disturbances in the ultrastructure of the cortical neurons and their dendrites. This is manifested as the presence of signs of retardation in the maturation of nervous cell populations as dystrophic changes in the neurons and their dendrites, and as display of the repair character with their own dynamics in the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The first two catagories of the ultrastructural changes in the cortical neurons become more manifest at early stages of postnatal development of the offspring, and the repair processes at the age of two months. Despite the presence of the repair shifts, the dystrophic changes in the neurons of a hypoxic nature are present up to the period of sexual maturation. This shows that the antenatal alcoholic intoxication in the offspring is manifested in postnatal ontogenesis for a long period.
Cognitive schema and naturalistic decision making in evidence-based practices

A recent article in this journal proposed a naturalistic approach to decision making that overcomes problems intrinsic to classical decision theory. The approach emphasizes cognitive and multi-level processes, the development of expert reasoning, and the role of decision support in individual and organizational decision making. The current paper builds on this effort by suggesting a naturalistic, multi-level, theory that can facilitate the dissemination of evidence-based practices (EBPs). The paper presents "Image Theory," a theory that has been extensively investigated in other disciplines, but has yet to be utilized in medical decision research. It is suggested that its rich, empirically tested, distinctions among kinds of cognitive and organizational processes and types of decisions and tasks make Image Theory especially valuable in describing impediments to implementing EBPs. The paper discusses how naturalistic theory can assist clinicians, administrators, researchers, and policy makers in achieving a balance between evidence-based medicine and patient-centered practice.
AFFECT: HOW DOES IT INFLUENCE ONE'S ENTREPRENEURIAL COGNITIONS?

Speculation to the antecedents of an entrepreneurs' superior ability to recognize and exploit opportunities has been prominent in the entrepreneurship literature. Research is now turning more toward the cognitive antecedents (affect). Stemming from the theoretical contribution of Baron (2008), this article tested the ability of positive/negative affect to subliminally prime individuals via a parafoveal vigilance task in an attempt to influence their entrepreneurial cognitions. Through the utilization of both static and longitudinal measures, the findings show that one's entrepreneurial cognitions can be influenced subliminally. Implications and future directions are discussed.
New compounds: symmetrically substituted tetraalkyl methanes.

The syntheses of tetrakis(3-hydroxypropyl)methane, tetrakis(3-bromopropyl)methane, tetrakis(3-cyanopropyl)methane, and tetrakis(3-carboxypropyl)methane are described. An abnormal conversion of tetrakis(β-bromoethyl)methane to tris(β-iodoethyl)-β-bromoethylmethane is discussed.
Solar radiation prediction based on particle swarm optimization and evolutionary algorithm using recurrent neural networks

Over the last decade, there has been emphasis on the reduction of the dependency of fossil fuels that resulting in the growth of renewable energy industries. These industries have been significant economic drivers in many parts of the United States supported by both government and private sectors. As a part of renewable energy industries, there is a strong growth in solar power generation industries that often requires prediction of solar energy to develop highly efficient stand-alone photovoltaic systems as well as hybrid power systems. Specifically solar radiation prediction is a important component in the solar energy production. However, some computational intelligence methods that have most successful applications on time series prediction have not yet been investigated on solar radiation prediction. Only a limited number of neural networks models were applied to the solar radiation monitoring. Therefore, we propose an Elman style based recurrent neural network to predict solar radiation from the past solar radiation and solar energy in this research. A hybrid learning algorithm incorporating particle swarm optimization and evolutional algorithm was presented, which takes the complementary advantages of the two global optimization algorithms. The neural networks model was trained by particle swarm optimization and evolutional algorithm to forecast the solar radiation. The excellent experimental results demonstrated that the proposed hybrid learning algorithm can be successfully used for the recurrent neural networks based prediction model for the solar radiation monitoring.
Towards the Development of Marketable Products

The papers that make up this section deal primarily with fermentative pathways familiar to every microbiologist. Yet the individual papers present their subjects from very different points of view. The perspective of basic research, study for the sake of advancing understanding, is certainly well represented in all of the papers. But, to varying degrees, these papers touch on potential applications of the metabolisms being considered. Implicit in Young’s description of alcohol dehydrogenase gene cloning for instance, is the opportunity to manipulate these genes to achieve new approaches to alcohol production. Similarly, Clark’s study of E. coli mutants might serve as a model pointing to industrial applications through the profound analysis of the regulation of fermentative metabolism. The other two contributors, in contrast, explicitly discuss potential practical uses of their organisms and related mutants. Hillman describes the occurrence of lactate dehydrogenase deficient Streptococcus mutans and its potential to colonize the mammalian oral cavity with a consequent decrease in dental caries. Higgins reviews a broad range of cooxidative applications of methanotrophs and their enzymes, including some quite novel attempts to supply reducing power to isolated mixed function oxygenases through electrodes and oxidation-reduction dyes.
Biotherapeutics: Current Status and Future Directions

Publisher Summary Biotherapeutics refers to the goal of regulating the body's immune responses as a therapeutic strategy for neoplastic, infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. This chapter discusses biotherapeutics in recombinant, natural, and synthetic drugs currently approved or in the clinic. A brief discussion on combination and cellular therapy as future prospects is presented. Recombinant proteins approved for therapeutic use are also discussed. Therapeutic proteins have emerged as an important class of drugs for the treatment of cancer, immunosuppresssion, myeloid dysplasia, and infectious disease. Clinical studies on Interferon alpha (IFN-α), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin 2 (IL-2) are discussed and the role of recombinant proteins in clinical development is analyzed. Natural biological response modifiers and chemically defined biological response modifiers are discussed and combination chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and cellular therapy are described. A combination of cytokines along with biological response modulators will have optimal activity when used as adjuvants with more traditional therapeutic modalities.
Fuzziness in JIT and Lean Production Systems

Just-in-time manufacturing has become increasingly popular in the last three decades. Today it reaches far beyond Toyota’s manufacturing plants and is adopted in various industries globally. Lean production, an umbrella term for just-in-time, includes several tools that can benefit from fuzziness. In this chapter, we present Kanban card number calculation and two scheduling models. We also demonstrate the models through numerical examples where appropriate.
Effects on breathing of rostral pons glutamate injection during opossum development

To determine whether pathways from the rostral pons, capable of influencing breathing, were present in immature mammals, the excitatory amino acid glutamate (sodium salt) was pressure injected in very small volumes into the rostral pons of suckling and adult opossums. The youngest animals tested were approximately 3 wk old (1.5-2.9 g). Animals were anesthetized with the thiobarbituric acid derivative, Inactin, and the electromyogram of the diaphragm was used to assess changes in breathing rhythm and ventilatory output. Glutamate concentrations of 50, 150, and 1,000 mM were injected into the rostral pons. Active sites were generally located between parabrachial and either lateral lemniscal or trigeminal nuclei. Effects of glutamate in opossums of all ages included changes in diaphragm activity and respiratory timing over several breaths. In the youngest animals, a very high incidence of apnea occurred as an initial response (17 of 20 sites) at the 1,000 mM concentration. The high incidence of apneic response in the youngest animals suggests that strong activation of rostral pontine neurons can more easily disrupt respiratory output; a physiological circumstance of such activation might include a diving response stimulated by trigeminal afferents.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Presbyopic Eye

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive process for imaging internal structures in the body. High-resolution imaging of the ciliary muscle and lens can be utilized to verify the predictions from the computer simulation model of presbyopia described by Semmlow et al. (Chapter 24). Data for this model were obtained from experiments using topically applied drugs to diminish or enhance the effectiveness of the ciliary muscle. Although the model demonstrates that the presbyopic mechanism is primarily lenticular, and that ciliary muscle change is not fundamental to this process, it does not rule out some change in ciliary muscle response as presbyopia advances. However, the relationship between ciliary muscle and lens response during presbyopia cannot be unambiguously determined by analysis of external behavior alone, such as that observed in the drug studies. High-resolution MRI could provide a direct measurement of ciliary muscle response at known levels of lens accommodation response.