cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Three-Stream Jet Flow Fields

Flow-field measurements were conducted on single-, dual- and three-stream jets using two-component and stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The flow-field measurements complimented previous acoustic measurements. The exhaust system consisted of externally-plugged, externally-mixed, convergent nozzles. The study used bypass-to-core area ratios equal to 1.0 and 2.5 and tertiary-to-core area ratios equal to 0.6 and 1.0. Axisymmetric and offset tertiary nozzles were investigated for heated and unheated high-subsonic conditions. Centerline velocity decay rates for the single-, dual- and three-stream axisymmetric jets compared well when axial distance was normalized by an equivalent diameter based on the nozzle system total exit area. The tertiary stream had a greater impact on the mean axial velocity for the small bypass-to-core area ratio nozzles than for large bypass-to-core area ratio nozzles. Normalized turbulence intensities were similar for the single-, dual-, and three-stream unheated jets due to the small difference (10 percent) in the core and bypass velocities for the dual-stream jets and the low tertiary velocity (50 percent of the core stream) for the three-stream jets. For heated jet conditions where the bypass velocity was 65 percent of the core velocity, additional regions of high turbulence intensity occurred near the plug tip which were not present for the unheated jets. Offsetting the tertiary stream moved the peak turbulence intensity levels upstream relative to those for all axisymmetric jets investigated.
Effect of Parasitism on the Susceptibility of the Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Methyl Parathion and Permethrin

Larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), parasitized by the braconid, Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, and comparable nonparasitized larvae were tested for susceptibility to methyl parathion and permethrin. Parasitized larvae were 14.2 times more susceptible than nonparasitized larvae to methyl parathion, and 2.5 times more susceptible to permethrin. The implications of these findings for the use of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides in integrated pest management programs are discussed.
GRP-152 Prospective Study on the Use of Restricted-Use Antibiotics: Ertapenem, Linezolid, Tigecycline and Daptomycin

Background Because of antibiotic resistance problems and frequent inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents in hospitals, these drugs have often been the target of attempts to restrict their use. Purpose To analyse the appropriateness of use of restricted-use antibiotics approved by the Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC). Materials and Methods The study was conducted prospectively from October 2011 to February 2012 in our hospital. We included all patients treated with restricted antibiotics. The data required for the clinical monitoring of patients were collected from the clinical history. The variables were: age of the patient and laboratory data, clinical service, justification of the indication and duration of treatment. Results We included a total of 100 patients, of whom 39 were treated with ertapenem (39%), 7 with tigecycline (7%), 49 with linezolid (49%) and 5 with daptomycin (5%). The percentage of non-compliance, based on criteria for use approved by the DTC, was 14%. In analysing the results for Services we found that 90% of prescriptions that conformed to the approved DTC indications were prescribed by General Surgery, 81.8% by Internal Medicine, 55% by Infectious Diseases, 85% by Traumatology, 71.4% by Cardiovascular Surgery, 66% by Pulmonology, 50% by Urology and 100% by other services. The suitability was 92.3% for ertapenem, 85.71% for tigecycline, 83.67% for linezolid and 60% for daptomycin. The average duration of treatment was 4.5 days for ertapenem, 12.5 days for linezolid, 11 days for tigecycline and 18 days for daptomycin. Conclusions The appropriateness of use of restricted antibiotics as approved by the DTC, although acceptable, could be improved. An antibiotic control programme between the Pharmacy and Infectious Diseases could improve the quality of patient care. No conflict of interest.
Abstract LB-15: Alpha-2 Heremans Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG) promotes growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the eighth most common tumor in the world. In the United States, approximately 30,000 new cases of HNSCC are reported each year and 8,000 related deaths. HNSCC of the oral cavity is highly metastatic and has a recurrence rate of 20%-50%, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of ∼50%. There continues to be no consistent means for early detection or a reliable biomarker for the disease. This has contributed to the lack of improvement in the mortality rates of the disease, despite advances in delivery of treatment and surgical reconstruction. In a proteomic study seeking possible biomarkers for HNSCC, AHSG was detected at elevated serum levels. AHSG is a cell surface glycoprotein that is known to be synthesized by hepatocytes and found in most body fluids including serum. AHSG is also a negative acute phase function protein, which makes the results from the proteomic study, elevated levels of AHSG, intriguing. Our lab has recently shown that the lack of AHSG reduces tumor incidence and prolongs tumor latency. We now show that some HNSCC cell lines synthesize and secrete AHSG at both the message and protein levels. This is important as most cells acquire AHSG through uptake from serum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AHSG synthesis and expression in HNSCC cell lines. We are currently depleting AHSG expression in these HNSCC cell lines in order to evaluate the effects of AHSG on the growth and metastatic properties (invasiveness and motility) in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-15. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-15
Influence of Dust on the Power Generation Performance of Photovoltaic Panels

This paper prop oses an effective method and mathematic model for evaluating the effects of the dust on the performance solar panels. This method can be used to build the mathematic model of the performance degradation of solar panels through monitoring power generating efficiency and the values of the dust density on the solar panels. The built model describes the effect of the dust on the performance of solar panels and provides the quantitative analysis methods. In addition,the test platform for the experiment research is set up and the study shows that the mathematic model is credible and effective.
Evaluation on safety and immunogenicity of Changshengkeji frozen-dried live attenuated varicella vaccine

Objective To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Changshengkeji frozen-dried live attenuated varicella vaccine.Methods A randomized,double-blind study was carried out in 720 children aged 1-12 years in Lianshui,Jiangsu Province to compare the safety,seroconversion rates and geometric mean titer(GMT)increase of the testing vaccine vs domestic vaccine as control.Results After immunization,the systemic and local reaction rates of the testing vaccine were 8.33% and 2.08% respectively.The GMT of antibody of children was 1∶52.23,and the seroconversion rates or success rate was 97.12%.No significant statistical difference was found in the results between the two vaccines.ConclusionThe safety and immunogenicity of Changshengkeji frozen-dried live attenuated varicella vaccine is as good as the same kind domestic vaccine.
A Serious Game for the Illumination of Alternative Fuel and Vehicle Transitions.

The transition to alternative fuels and vehicles presents many challenges that require long-range strategic thought and planning. Fuel producers must make expensive infrastructure decisions about which fuels to support years before they are sold. Vehicle producers must commit to new drivetrains on a similar long-range schedule. Whichever technologies prevail, hydrogen fuel cell, PHEV, BEV or biofuels, fuel and vehicle manufacturers must be reasonably certain that the technologies will be market mature and that consumers will be ready to support them. The cost of a
Outcomes of Nature of Science Instruction along a Context Continuum: Preservice Secondary Science Teachers' Conceptions and Instructional Intentions.

ABSTRACTThis investigation examined outcomes associated with nature of science (NOS) instruction along a science-content context continuum on the development of secondary preservice science teachers’ conceptions of and plans to teach NOS, moving beyond the common dichotomy of contextualized versus noncontextualized instruction. Participants comprised six teacher cohorts (n = 70) enrolled in a two-year Master of Teaching program. Participants were explicitly taught current NOS conceptions using activities that incorporated varied degrees of contextualization and were informed by conceptual change principles during the first program year. Participants’ pre- and post-instruction conceptions were assessed using VNOS-C questionnaire written responses and follow-up interviews. Participants’ views were classified by degree of alignment (non, partially, or fully aligned) with current NOS conceptions. Interview transcripts were analyzed using analytic induction to verify/refine VNOS responses and to identify patte...
Process Characterization and Capability Analysis

The previous chapter dealt with tools for monitoring processes and detecting physical instabilities. The goal of using these is finding the source(s) of any process upsets and removing them, creating a process that is consistent/repeatable/ predictable in its pattern of variation. When that has been accomplished, it then makes sense to summarize that pattern of variation graphically and/or in terms of numerical summary measures. These descriptions of consistent process behavior can then become the bases for engineering and business decisions about if, when, and how the process should be used. This chapter discusses methods for characterizing the pattern of variation exhibited by a reasonably predictable system. Section 4.1 begins by presenting some more methods of statistical graphics (beyond those in Sect. 1.5) useful in process characterization. Then Sect. 4.2 discusses some “Process Capability Indices” and confidence intervals for them. Next, prediction and tolerance intervals for measurements generated by a stable process are presented in Sect. 4.3. Finally, Sect. 4.4 considers the problem of predicting the variation in output for a system simple enough to be described by an explicit equation, in terms of the variability of system inputs.
Extrasolar Planetary Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses extra-solar planetary systems. The most massive planet in the Solar System is Jupiter, and some theoreticians consider this to be the upper limit for a nonluminous, dense, cosmic sphere of matter. The existing equipment cannot directly reveal an object like Jupiter, even if attached to the nearest star. Such an object, or objects, can be revealed through a study of perturbations in the star's proper motion. This is done through the techniques and methods of long-focus photographic astrometry for which the traditional long-focus refactors are eminently suitable. Contributing factors to the high precision thus obtained are long focal length, the inherent high positional quality and stability of photographic plates, and a precision-measuring engine. The long-focus photographic method is eminently suited for the discovery of extra-solar planets. It is important to keep the optical performance of the telescope and the observing techniques as constant as possible. The measuring technique is of considerable importance.
Reflections on Data Integration for SDN

Software-defined networking (SDN) provides an unprecedented opportunity to exercise computing principles in networking practice. This paper investigates data integration, a under-explored discipline from the database community. We propose to manage the various SDN control applications that collectively drive a shared dataplane using a data integration system. First, we develop a baseline design and study its feasibility on two networking challenges not adequately addressed in classic data integration systems: the extensibility requirement to add new controls on demand, and the performance requirement to cope with fast dataplane updates. Central to our baseline design is a relational model, where the entire SDN is represented as relational data (values in tables) with distinct roles. The control applications act as data sources generating network state, and the dataplane becomes the integrated whole. Based on this model, we explore extensions to data integration systems called behavioral dependency, a formal notion that captures the dynamic interactions between the control applications. While our design and extension are not intended to provide a comprehensive solution, we believe our study is a step toward reaping the benefits of data integration for SDN.
A new DMSP magnetometer and auroral boundary data set and estimates of field‐aligned currents in dynamic auroral boundary coordinates

We have developed a method for reprocessing the multidecadal, multispacecraft Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Magnetometer (DMSP SSM) data set and have applied it to 15 spacecraft years of data (DMSP Flight 16–18, 2010–2014). This Level-2 data set improves on other available SSM data sets with recalculated spacecraft locations and magnetic perturbations, artifact signal removal, representations of the observations in geomagnetic coordinates, and in situ auroral boundaries. Spacecraft locations have been recalculated using ground-tracking information. Magnetic perturbations (measured field minus modeled main field) are recomputed. The updated locations ensure the appropriate model field is used. We characterize and remove a slow-varying signal in the magnetic field measurements. This signal is a combination of ring current and measurement artifacts. A final artifact remains after processing: step discontinuities in the baseline caused by activation/deactivation of spacecraft electronics. Using coincident data from the DMSP precipitating electrons and ions instrument (SSJ4/5), we detect the in situ auroral boundaries with an improvement to the Redmon et al. (2010) algorithm. We embed the location of the aurora and an accompanying figure of merit in the Level-2 SSM data product. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of this new data set by estimating field-aligned current (FAC) density using the Minimum Variance Analysis technique. The FAC estimates are then expressed in dynamic auroral boundary coordinates using the SSJ-derived boundaries, demonstrating a dawn-dusk asymmetry in average FAC location relative to the equatorward edge of the aurora. The new SSM data set is now available in several public repositories.
Nonlinear Control of Linear Systems with State and Control Constraints 1

Abstract An optimization-based procedure is used to design nonlinear controllers for linear dynamical systems subject to hard constraints on controls and states. The controller stabilizes the system and regulates to the origin or tracks the output of an exosystem which generates a reference signal. Earlier results are briefly reviewed and extended to achieve two objectives: firstly, the online computation of the nonlinear control is appreciably simplified, thus increasing the applicability of the approach; secondly, the approach is extended to computer control where the control is necessarily discrete-time (sampled-data). The nonlinear feedback control law is constructed using the solutions to a finite set of open-loop optimal control problems. This procedure, which relies on linearity of the system being controlled and convexity of the constraint sets, permits incremental improvement of the control law in those regions of state space where simulation reveals improvement is desirable.
Re 2 O 7 -Mediated Dehydrative Cyclization Reactions: Total Synthesis of Herboxidiene and Its 12-Desmethyl Analogue.

Re2 O7 catalysis effects efficient and stereoselective dehydrative cyclization reactions from monoallylic diols, with stereocontrol arising from thermodynamic equilibration. This method was applied to a rapid synthesis of the spliceosome inhibitor herboxidiene. The route was also utilized for the synthesis of an analogue that highlights the importance of a single methyl group in biasing the conformation in the acyclic region of the molecule.
Online Discussions Improve Student Perceptions of Instructor Efforts to Relate Faith to Learning in Graduate Occupational Therapy Courses

ABSTRACTThis article presents the results of a retrospective controlled study conducted in a graduate occupational therapy program. The study examined the effect that an online discussion targeting integration of faith and learning had on student perceptions of instructor effectiveness in relating faith to learning. This study addresses the following question: Does the addition of a single online discussion targeting integration of faith and learning in graduate occupational therapy courses significantly increase student ratings on a course evaluation question addressing faith–learning integration? This study also asked two secondary questions:1. Do online students and face-to-face students both respond favorably to the addition of an online discussion targeting faith–learning integration?2. Do students in three different courses all respond favorably to the addition of an online discussion targeting the integration of faith and learning?Data were collected from three different courses taught by the same ...
Selective Decarbonylation of Fatty Acid Esters to Linear α-Olefins

Selective decarbonylation of p-nitrophenol esters of fatty acids to the corresponding linear α-olefins (LAOs) was achieved using palladium catalysis. After extensive ligand screening, a mixed-ligand system exploiting the trans-spanning diphosphine XantPhos and an N-heterocyclic carbene (IPr) was identified as the most effective in yielding high α-selectivity and high conversions of the ester (>98% selectivity, >90% conversion using 2.5 mol % of PdCl2 and 5 mol % of the ligands, 190 °C, 2–2.5 h). On the basis of insights from modeling at the density functional level of theory, we propose that the mixed-ligand set achieves high α-selectivity by promoting olefin dissociation from the palladium center following β-hydride elimination, which is especially facilitated both by the combined steric bias of the mixed-ligand set and by the ability of the XantPhos ligand to coordinate in both mono- and bidentate fashions.
Fatty acid metabolism by the osteoblast

The emergence of bone as an endocrine organ able to influence whole body metabolism, together with comorbid epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and osteoporosis, have prompted a renewed interest in the intermediary metabolism of the osteoblast. To date, most studies have focused on the utilization of glucose by this specialized cell, but the oxidation of fatty acids results in a larger energy yield. Osteoblasts express the requisite receptors and catabolic enzymes to take up and then metabolize fatty acids, which appears to be required during later stages of differentiation when the osteoblast is dedicated to matrix production and mineralization. In this article, we provide an overview of fatty acid β-oxidation and highlight studies demonstrating that the skeleton plays a significant role in the clearance of circulating lipoproteins and non-esterified fatty acids. Additionally, we review the requirement for long-chain fatty acid metabolism during post-natal bone development and the effects of anabolic stimuli on fatty acid utilization by osteoblasts. These recent findings may help to explain the skeletal manifestations of human diseases associated with impaired lipid metabolism while also providing additional insights into the metabolic requirements of skeletal homeostasis.
Parenting mediates the impact of maternal depression on child internalizing symptoms

Background To examine the potential mediating role of parenting behaviors in the longitudinal, bidirectional relationships between maternal depression and child internalizing symptoms (i.e. depression and anxiety). Methods We analyzed data from 4,581 mother–child dyads from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, assessed when the child was 3, 5, and 9 years old. Data included maternal depression diagnosis, child internalizing symptoms, and parenting behaviors (i.e. psychological aggression, nonviolent discipline, and physical assault). Data were analyzed using cross-lagged panel models. Results Results indicated bidirectional relationships between maternal depression and child internalizing symptoms over childhood. Mediation analyses suggested that maternal depression led to subsequent increased psychological aggression toward their child, which in turn led to increased child internalizing symptoms. Nonviolent discipline and physical assault did not mediate this relationship. However, greater use of nonviolent discipline at age 5 among all parents predicted higher child internalizing symptoms at age 9. No parenting behaviors were both predicted by earlier child internalizing symptoms and predictive of subsequent maternal depression. Conclusions Our results suggest a bidirectional relationship between child and maternal internalizing psychopathology that is partially explained by depressed mothers’ greater use of psychological aggression toward their children. It is important to note that the size of these effects were small, suggesting that the relationship between parent and child psychopathology is likely additionally explained by factors not assessed in the current study. Nonetheless, these results have implications for prevention and intervention strategies targeting child anxiety and depression.
SEEA: Accelerated Learning and Learning Assessment for Systems Engineering Education

The Experience Accelerator is a new approach to developing the systems engineering and technical leadership workforce, aimed at accelerating experience assimilation through immersive, simulated learning situations where learners solve realistic problems. A prototype technology infrastructure and experience content has been developed, piloted, and evaluated. This paper discusses the use of the technology in the systems engineering education domain. An evaluation of the learning potential is presented utilizing the data collected from a pilot application of the prototype in an undergraduate course on project management. Finally, a summary is provided with a description of future work.
Nazi collaborators on trial during the cold war: Viktors Arājs and the Latvian auxiliary security police

In the preface to Nazi Collaborators on Trial during the Cold War, Richards Plavnieks suggests that his book both documents and is part of a ‘process of coming to terms with Latvian collaboration’ ...
Quantifying ecological impacts of mass extinctions with network analysis of fossil communities

Mass extinctions documented by the fossil record provide critical benchmarks for assessing changes through time in biodiversity and ecology. Efforts to compare biotic crises of the past and present, however, encounter difficulty because taxonomic and ecological changes are decoupled, and although various metrics exist for describing taxonomic turnover, no methods have yet been proposed to quantify the ecological impacts of extinction events. To address this issue, we apply a network-based approach to exploring the evolution of marine animal communities over the Phanerozoic Eon. Network analysis of fossil co-occurrence data enables us to identify nonrandom associations of interrelated paleocommunities. These associations, or evolutionary paleocommunities, dominated total diversity during successive intervals of relative community stasis. Community turnover occurred largely during mass extinctions and radiations, when ecological reorganization resulted in the decline of one association and the rise of another. Altogether, we identify five evolutionary paleocommunities at the generic and familial levels in addition to three ordinal associations that correspond to Sepkoski’s Cambrian, Paleozoic, and Modern evolutionary faunas. In this context, we quantify magnitudes of ecological change by measuring shifts in the representation of evolutionary paleocommunities over geologic time. Our work shows that the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event had the largest effect on ecology, followed in descending order by the Permian–Triassic, Cretaceous–Paleogene, Devonian, and Triassic–Jurassic mass extinctions. Despite its taxonomic severity, the Ordovician extinction did not strongly affect co-occurrences of taxa, affirming its limited ecological impact. Network paleoecology offers promising approaches to exploring ecological consequences of extinctions and radiations.
Space-capable sounding rocket design for collegiate teams

This paper seeks to present a simulation — validated design for a sounding rocket that will enable collegiate teams to surpass the Karman Line for the first time in history while fulfilling three primary requirements critical to allowing collegiate teams to reach space. The design criteria include 1) the rocket must be capable of reaching an altitude of at least 100 km, 2) the rocket must be relatively easy to manufacture and free of toxic materials, and 3) the rocket must be able to return telemetry, video, and data from on board experiments. To reach 100 km, the rocket will utilize a pressure — fed bipropellant engine and lightweight CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) for much of the outer skin and control surfaces. To reduce cost and environmental impact, the engine will burn a mixture of nitrous oxide and jet fuel, one of the only pairs of readily available, non — toxic, high energy propellants. The engine will deliver an average specific impulse of 204 s with an average thrust of 11 kN. To accomplish the second goal of non — toxicity and ease of manufacturing, the rocket will be constructed from commercially available, non — toxic materials and will lack features such as ablative coatings and intricately shaped components. With the exception of the thermal coatings, the entire vehicle will be made from stainless steel, aluminum, titanium alloy, and carbon fiber. To reduce toxicity, the thermal coatings for both the nose cone and combustion chamber will be comprised of non — toxic silicon dioxide, which has the advantage of not releasing vapor when heated. Additionally, every component of the rocket except for the fuel injector face plate and thermal coatings will be made with equipment commonly found in university machine shops. To recover telemetry and experimental data, the forward section of the rocket will detach at apogee via non — explosive Frangibolts® and return to Earth via parachute. Since the remainder of the rocket will be lost, the rocket body is designed to retain aerodynamic stability after nose cone separation so that its flight can be planned to reduce risk to downrange areas. Additionally, on board Iridium transceiver equipment allows for remote control of the rocket in flight and permit the payload to be easily located and recovered upon landing. Fluid dynamics analysis completed through Autodesk CFD of the rocket's design indicates that it retains aerodynamic stability through all flight phases and is able to recover from significant course deviations while at subsonic velocity, although control authority diminishes rapidly in supersonic flight. Additionally, stress analysis on structural elements shows a retention of structural rigidity from initial engine start, through mach transitions, and until engine burnout at T+70 seconds. This design fulfills all stated design parameters with >10% margins of error across all parts and calculations, indicating that it is a viable means of enabling universities to directly access space.
The origin of aneuploidy in humans.

Aneuploidy is the most common class of chromosome abnormality in humans and is considered by some to be the most important genetic hazard facing man (2). No less than 0.3% of all newborns are aneuploid (12), most with significant physical, intellectual, and behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, these individuals are the least affected of all aneuploid conceptions and make up only a small proportion of this class of abnormality. The vast majority of aneuploids are spontaneously aborted, with 2/3 of all chromosomally abnormal abortions being either sex chromosome monosomies (45,X) or trisomies. Together, these two classes of abnormality constitute approximately 35% of all spontaneous abortions and, assuming a minimal rate of spontaneous abortion of 15% (22), at least 5% of all clinically recognizable human pregnancies.
Quasiclassical equations for 3 He-A

The quasiclassical equations for superfluid3He are studied in detail, with emphasis on the equations for the A phase. A careful discussion of the collision operators is given; the1×∇T term in the energy current is calculated; and the gradient expansion is discussed from the quasiclassical point of view.
Clinical and electrophysiological presentation of pronator syndrome

Median neuropathy at the elbow (pronator syndrome [PS]) is rare compared to compression at the wrist. We sought to evaluate the clinical/electrophysiological parameters of this focal neuropathy. Between 1992 and 2002, we retrospectively reviewed records of eighty-three limbs in seventy-two patients with PS. Electrodiagnostic data as well as clinical symptoms, physical findings, demographic information and treatment modalities were examined. The main symptoms were forearm pain, numbness and weakness. One patient (two limbs) had nocturnal paresthesias. Twenty-five limbs (30%) showed decreased median forearm velocity. Fifty-four (65%) had abnormal median sensory studies of either abnormal conduction velocity or amplitude. Needle exam showed an abnormality of at least one median innervated muscle, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor carpi radialis, or pronator teres, in 70% (58/83). Sixteen limbs were identified as having undergone surgical decompression. In the surgical group, 10/16 (63%) were found to have constriction with a band which was released during surgery. Eight of the sixteen patients who underwent surgery were found to have documented improvement. Eleven patients (13%) had undergone previous surgery for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) without benefit. The clinical and electrophysiological features of PS are quite different from patients with CTS. Proper localization is crucial to treatment options. Surgery can provide benefit in selected cases.
Testing the Replication and Extension of Why-Quit and How-To-Quit Antismoking Health Messages.

Research on health campaigns and interpersonal communication has seldom examined how campaign message exposure can influence the transmission of campaign-relevant information into interpersonal communication. Specifically, an individual exposed to a campaign message may send the message’s core argument (replication) or other campaign-consistent information (extension) to additional campaign targets. Replication and extension may enhance campaign effects because they are expected to extend a campaign’s reach and produce more campaign-consistent communication. Using a randomized controlled experiment, this study examined how exposure to why-quit and how-to-quit themed antismoking messages influences replication and extension. Study results showed that while both why-quit and how-to-quit messages were successful in increasing replication, only why-quit messages were successful in influencing extension. The study results demonstrate that there is variation in the degree of how messages can successfully be rep...
THE WOUND HORMONES OF PLANTS I. TRAUMATIN, THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF THE BEAN TEST

An attempt has been made in the present investigation to work out a specific test for wound hormone activity, and to use this test in the purification of the active principle of plant tissue extracts. In this way we have isolated a substance, possessing high wound hormone activity, for which we propose the name “traumatin.” This name seems particularly appropriate in view of the historical background of the subject.
The Layer-Crossing Strategy of Curved Wall Cleaning Robot

In this paper, a layer-crossing control strategy applied to curved wall cleaning robot, which is a kind of self-climbing robot, is introduced. With this strategy, the robot can smoothly climb form one layer to another, which have different sloping angles with respect to horizon. Some problems, which may occur during the process of layer crossing, are analyzed. Some solutions are put forward and they are proved effective in practice.
Religion and the Adoption of School Choice Policies

Adoption of policies supporting school choice, in most Western democracies, has served to settle social and political conflicts related to religion. Conflicts related to racial integration played a...
Speculation as a Learned Behavior? Evolving Trading Strategies and Implications for Nascent Markets

This study examines how newly recruited investors learn to mimic the trading behaviors of experienced institutional investors in an emerging capital market characterized by policies that incentiviz...
A high-order and interface-preserving discontinuous Galerkin method for level-set reinitialization

Abstract A high-order numerical method for interface-preserving level-set reinitialization is presented in this paper. In the interface cells, the gradient of the level-set function is determined by a weighted local projection scheme and the missing additive constant is determined such that the position of the zero level set is preserved. In the non-interface cells, we compute the gradient of the level-set function by solving a Hamilton–Jacobi equation as a conservation law system using the discontinuous Galerkin method, following the work by Hu and Shu [SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 21 (1999) 660–690]; the missing constant is then recovered by the continuity of the level-set function while taking into account the characteristics. To handle highly distorted initial conditions, we develop a hybrid numerical flux that combines the Lax–Friedrichs flux and the penalty flux. Our method is stable for non-trivial test cases and handles singularities away from the interface very well. When derivative singularities are present on the interface, a second-derivative limiter is designed to suppress the oscillations. At least ( N + 1 ) th order accuracy in the interface cells and Nth order in the whole domain are observed for smooth solutions when Nth degree polynomials are used. Two dimensional test cases are presented to demonstrate superior properties such as accuracy, long-term stability, interface-preserving capability, and easy treatment of contact lines. We also show some preliminary results on the pinch-off process of a pendant drop, where topological changes of the fluid interface are involved. Our method is readily extendable to three dimensions and adaptive meshes.
Early versus late MCI: Improved MCI staging using a neuropsychological approach

Abstract Introduction The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) separates "early" and "late" mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on a single memory test. We compared ADNI's MCI classifications to our neuropsychological approach, which more broadly assesses cognitive abilities. Methods Three hundred thirty-six ADNI-2 participants were classified as "early" or "late" MCI. Cluster analysis was performed on neuropsychological test data, and participants were reclassified based on cluster results. These two staging approaches were compared on progression rates, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and cortical thickness profiles. Results There was little correspondence between the two staging methods. ADNI's early MCI group included a large proportion of false-positive diagnostic errors. The reclassified neuropsychological MCI groups showed steeper survival curves and more abnormal biomarkers. Conclusions Our novel neuropsychological approach improved the staging of MCI by (1) capturing individuals at an early symptomatic stage, (2) minimizing false-positive cases, and (3) identifying a late MCI group further along the disease trajectory.
Sponsorship-linked marketing: research surpluses and shortages

This systematic review of sponsorship-linked marketing from 1996 to 2017 analyzes the current state of research. The overarching conclusion is that there is a surplus of research that examines audience responses to sponsorship-linked marketing but a shortage of research that examines marketing management of the sponsorship process. This misalignment of research needs to research investments stems partly from a failure to consider the sponsorship process as a whole. Research has failed to account for the complexity of the sponsorship-linked marketing ecosystem that influences both audience response and management decision making. The authors develop a sponsoring process model, generalizable to all sponsorship contexts, as an organizing frame for the review and as a reorienting perspective for research and practice. To spur future work, they advance a series of research questions and, to support practice, provide managerial insights.
Where exactly is the ‘real’ in critical realism? Plus, a Dewey-James alternative

In this Special Issue of Journal of Critical Realism on Normativity, Elder-Vass has provided a paper that in part responds to one that Chris Winship and I wrote together, which was presented at the...
Hospital Variation in Readmissions and Visits to the Emergency Department Following Ileostomy Surgery.

Ileostomy surgery is associated with a high readmission rate, and care pathways to prevent readmissions have been proposed. However, the extent to which readmission rates have improved is unknown. This study examined rates of readmission and emergency department visits (“return to hospital,” or RTH) across hospitals in Michigan. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing colorectal surgery with ileostomy formation from July 2012 to August 2017 in twenty Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC) hospitals. Primary outcome was RTH within 30 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for RTH. RTH rates over time were calculated, and hospitals’ risk-adjusted rates were estimated using a multivariable model. Hospitals were divided into quartiles by risk-adjusted RTH rates, and RTH rates were compared between quartiles. Of 982 patients, 28.5% experienced RTH. Rates of RTH did not decrease over time. Adjusted hospital RTH rates ranged from 9.4 to 43.3%. The risk-adjusted rate in the best-performing hospital quartile was 17.5% vs. 37.3% in the worst-performing quartile (p < 0.001). Hospitals that were outliers for ileostomy RTH were not outliers for colorectal resection RTH in general. Rates of RTH following ileostomy surgery are high and vary between hospitals. This suggests inconsistent or ineffective use of pathways to prevent these events and potential for improvement. There is clear opportunity to standardize care to prevent RTH after ileostomy surgery.
Qualia centric hypothetical thinking: applications to vehicle tracking with the fusion of EO and SAR input data sources

In this work, we present a novel improvement to classical vehicle tracking algorithms by implementing a three-tier architecture consisting of a data-centric vehicle tracker paired with a hypothetical thinking layer that is controlled by an overarching goal layer – this models more effectively how a human thinks about and analyzes situations like vehicle tracking. The upper two layers are disassociated from the data itself and instead operate from the idea of qualia in event space. Our proof-of-concept results show how a classical vehicle tracker can be improved by fusing multiple input sources using coincident SAR and EO data paired with a thinking layer that is able to detect, hypothesize, and resolve conflicts.
Second Degree of Freedom: Selection of Sensors

In the previous chapter, it became clear that, in the case of purely symmetrical and grid-related sensor positioning, some load cases lead to MCITn values that do not correlate with the firing times. This skewness in the data can be influenced by a targeted selection of sensors. With regard to sensor selection, another aspect that can be considered and influenced is the question whether there are sensors that correlate so strongly that they will not make a significant contribution to the selectivity within an algorithm.
MRI-Induced Heating of Coils for Microscopic Magnetic Stimulation at 1.5 Tesla: An Initial Study.

Purpose Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proved to be effective in the treatment of movement disorders. However, the direct contact between the metal contacts of the DBS electrode and the brain can cause RF heating in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, due to an increase of local specific absorption rate (SAR). Recently, micro coils (μMS) have demonstrated excitation of neuronal tissue through the electromagnetic induction both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In contrast to electrical stimulation, in μMS, there is no direct contact between the metal and the biological tissue. Methods We compared the heating of a μMS coil with a control case of a metal wire. The heating was induced by RF fields in a 1.5 T MRI head birdcage coil (often used for imaging patients with implants) at 64 MHz, and normalized results to 3.2 W/kg whole head average SAR. Results The μMS coil or wire implants were placed inside an anatomically accurate head saline-gel filled phantom inserted in the RF coil, and we observed approximately 1°C initial temperature rise at the μMS coil, while the wire exhibited a 10°C temperature rise in the proximity of the exposed end. The numerical simulations showed a 32-times increase of local SAR induced at the tips of the metal wire compared to the μMS. Conclusion In this work, we show with measurements and electromagnetic numerical simulations that the RF-induced increase in local SAR and induced heating during MRI scanning can be greatly reduced by using magnetic stimulation with the proposed μMS technology.
Promoting Acquisition and Generalization of Skills for Individuals Severely Impacted by Autism Using Immersive Technologies

This chapter outlines the influences and supports for Virtuoso, an immersive 3D learning intervention for adults severely impacted by autism. In addition, the design of Virtuoso’s prototype intervention focusing on learning to use public transportation is described, along with descriptions of a spherical video-based virtual reality mobile app and a three-dimensional collaborative virtual learning environment. Clear background is provided on autism spectrum disorders and their impacts on individuals’ abilities to transition from secondary education into adulthood, including the use of information and communication technologies as a means for providing interventions for this population. Research literature is explicated that presents insight into how to promote behavior and skill generalizations with an explanation of how specific skills generalization heuristics map onto the design topography of Virtuoso’s public transportation prototype. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the promise of immersive technologies and possible future intersections related to the strengths and challenges of current research.
A Systematic Approach for Arbitration Expressions

Greedy arbiters and bundling merges compose simultaneous events in sequence and parallel respectively. Previous designs for these problems handle two to three inputs, and can be composed in a tree topology to handle more. In addition, they include subtle timing assumptions beyond the QDI delay model and undocumented timing assumptions in their arbiter’s digital model. In this article, we discuss two slightly different digital models that we call the ideal arbiter and buffered arbiter models, and match them to CMOS implementations. From CHP specifications of the greedy arbiter and bundling merge, we derive the Maybe Execute Element. We then show how it may be systematically composed to produce improved circuits for both which use a small number of simple gates, strictly abide by the QDI delay model, and gracefully scale to an arbitrary number of inputs. Finally, we touch on how this approach may be used to develop scalable circuit solutions to more sophisticated arbitration problems.
Black hole spin in X-ray binaries: giving uncertainties an f

The two established techniques for measuring black hole spin in X-ray binaries often yield conflicting results, which must be resolved before either method may be deemed robust. In practice, black hole spin measurements based on fitting the accretion disc continuum effectively do not marginalize over the colour correction factor $f_{\mathrm{col}}$. This factor parametrizes spectral hardening of the disc continuum by the disc atmosphere, whose true properties are poorly constrained. We incorporate reasonable systematic uncertainties in $f_{\mathrm{col}}$ into the eight (non-maximal) black hole spin measurements vetted by the disc continuum fitting community. In most cases, an $f_{\mathrm{col}}$ uncertainty of $\pm$0.2-0.3 dominates the black hole spin error budget. We go on to demonstrate that plausible departures in $f_{\mathrm{col}}$ values from those adopted by the disc continuum fitting practitioners can bring the discrepant black hole spins into agreement with those from iron line modeling. Systematic uncertainties in $f_{\mathrm{col}}$, such as the effects of strong magnetization, should be better understood before dismissing their potentially dominant impact on the black hole spin error budget.
The unmet need for rapid epileptic seizure termination (REST).

Abstract Approximately 40% of epilepsy patients will continue to experience breakthrough seizures despite stable antiepileptic drug regimens. Rescue treatments have demonstrated efficacy and safety for select seizure emergencies. Outpatient administered intranasal and rectally delivered medications are regulatory approved for acute repetitive seizures (ARS), and injectable benzodiazepines are indicated for parenteral treatment of established status epilepticus. Despite these advances, no studies have been shown to abort an ongoing seizure following patient or caregiver home administration of therapy at the first clinical sign of seizure onset. Such treatment would require rapid systemic absorption without intravenous access, and evidence of seizure cessation within minutes of administration that is superior to placebo (eg, seizure self-regulation). Rapid epileptic seizure termination (REST) treatment may apply to multiple seizure emergencies beyond ARS, including focal or generalized seizures preceded by an aura, flurries of absence or myoclonic seizures, or prolonged focal and generalized seizures at high risk of progression to status epilepticus. Novel investigational drug delivery systems have demonstrated feasibility of intraictal delivery and seizure cessation by two minutes. Ongoing randomized trials of REST treatment for diverse seizure emergencies hold the potential to decrease bouts of mental and physical incapacitation in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.