cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abortive Infection of Shigella dysenteriae P2 by T2 Bacteriophage

We have investigated some of the biochemical events that accompany the abortive infection by T2 of Shigella dysenteriae lysogenized with the temperate phage P2. After infection with T2, protein and RNA synthesis continued for 3 to 5 min. The virus-induced enzyme, deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase was produced in reduced amounts (15% of normal), and the extent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis was 0.1% of that found with a nonlysogenic strain. Measurements of the production of acid-soluble fragments and sedimentation analyses failed to detect enzymatic degradation of the infecting viral DNA which could be specifically related to the presence of the prophage P2. Each interaction between T2 and a bacterium resulted in the death of the cell. This observation is consistent with results obtained with other types of bacteria which show that only when a nucleolytic attack occurs on T2 DNA does the cell have an increased capacity to survive after adsorption of T2.
Free-space laser propagation: atmospheric effects

Interest in high-data-rate free-space optical (FSO) laser communication systems has grown significantly in recent years because of the advantages offered by FSO systems over radio frequency (RF) systems. Most advantages are simple consequences of the short wavelengths associated with optical waves. However, there are some drawbacks that arise from the shorter wavelengths used in FSO systems. This article presents advantages and disadvantages and its effect.
Safety and efficacy of newer anticonvulsant medications in pediatric epilepsy

We provide a comprehensive review of studies done since 2000 of the newest anticonvulsant medications in the treatment of pediatric epilepsy. Using the PubMed search engine we identified any studies referencing the use of the following eight anticonvulsants in children: brivaracetam, clobazam, ezogabine, felbamate, lacosamide, perampanel, vigabatrin and zonisamide. The papers reviewed included case reports, observational studies, retrospective and randomized-controlled trials between the year 2000 and 2014. Although there is abundant observational data on the safety and efficacy of these eight anticonvulsants in the treatment of pediatric epilepsy, there are only a limited number of randomized, placebo controlled trials of these drugs. Further study in this area is needed.
Activation of protein kinases by insulin and non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs in permeabilized 3T3-L1 adipocytes

The molecular events that lead from the interaction of insulin with its receptor to the activation of protein serine/threonine kinases are still unknown. In this study, we have examined the role of GTP-binding proteins in this signaling pathway using differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes permeabilized with alpha-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. Addition of GTP gamma S (guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)) or insulin to such permeabilized cells markedly increases protein kinase activities in cell lysates using the microtubule-associated protein-2 kinase substrate peptide KRELVE-PLTPSGEAPNQALLR, which contains the threonine 669 phosphorylation site on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Similar stimulations of protein kinase activity by these agents are observed using the peptide KRRRLASLAA, which is selectively phosphorylated by ribosomal protein S6 kinases. The effects of insulin and GTP gamma S are not additive. Importantly, the GTP-binding protein antagonist GDP beta S (guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate)) inhibits the activation of the protein kinase activities by insulin in permeabilized 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of Ras or other GTP-binding proteins is a key element of the signaling mechanism whereby insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activates the microtubule-associated protein-2 kinase cascade.
DNA sequences and characterization of dtxR alleles from Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8(-), 1030(-), and C7hm723(-).

Abstract The structural gene encoding DtxR, an iron-dependent diphtheria tox regulatory element, has recently been cloned and sequenced from the C7(-) strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (J. M. Boyd, M. Oza, and J. R. Murphy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5972, 1990). We report here the molecular cloning, DNA sequence analysis, and characterization of DtxR from the PW8(-), 1030(-), and C7hm723 strains of C. diphtheriae. While the sequence of dtxR from PW8(-) is identical to that of the C7(-) allele, the sequence of dtxR from the 1030(-) strain is only 91.4% identical; however, the deduced amino acid sequence of DtxR from 1030(-) differs by only 6 of 678 amino acids. Moreover, DtxR from all three strains is shown to regulate expression of beta-galactosidase from a tox promoter-operator (toxPO)-lacZ transcriptional fusion. In contrast, the dtxR allele from the iron-insensitive tox constitutive mutant C7hm723 was found to have a single G----A transition, resulting in a substitution of Arg-47 to His and the loss of tox regulatory activity in recombinant Escherichia coli.
Musical Sound Separation Based on Binary Time-Frequency Masking

The problem of overlapping harmonics is particularly acute in musical sound separation and has not been addressed adequately. We propose a monaural system based on binary time-frequency masking with an emphasis on robust decisions in time-frequency regions, where harmonics from different sources overlap. Our computational auditory scene analysis system exploits the observation that sounds from the same source tend to have similar spectral envelopes. Quantitative results show that utilizing spectral similarity helps binary decision making in overlapped time-frequency regions and significantly improves separation performance.
Basis random variables in finite element analysis

Galerkin's method is applied to random operator equations. Appropriate Hilbert spaces are defined for random functions and solutions are projected into these spaces, allowing the first- and second-moment properties of the solution to be calculated. An equivalent energy-based approach similar to the Rayleigh–Ritz method is developed, from which a stochastic finite element technique is derived. Several one- and two-dimensional example problems are solved and the results discussed.
New methods for probing nucleic acids.

Modern molecular biology depends on the ability to manipulate DNA. Cloning and other genetic engineering techniques require the specific cleavage of DNA at restriction sites (see below). One method of sequencing nucleic acids relies on base-specific chemical reactions, and several structure-specific ribonucleases are used to probe the secondary and tertiary structure of RNA. There is a great deal of interest in new techniques for studying the structure and function of DNA and RNA. Also, the advent of pulsed field gradient electrophoresis' has made it possible to analyze chromosome-size DNA, and this suggests the extension of probing techniques to this realm. (The size of a typical plasmid is N 5 kb, h phage is 40 kb, the E. coli chromosome is 5 Mb, and the human X-chromosome is 50 Mb; common techniques are useful up to a size of perhaps 50 kb.) We will briefly review some advances in enzymatic and chemical mapping and discuss possibilities for studying structure in nucleic acids and for restricting large DNA's.
Constitutive mutants in the yeast pheromone response: Ordered function of the gene products

The alpha factor pheromone inhibits the division of yeast a cells. A general method was developed for isolating mutants that exhibit constitutive activation of the pheromone response pathway. A dominant allele of the STE4 locus was recovered in addition to recessive mutations in the SCG1 gene. SCG1 and STE4 are known to encode G alpha and G beta homologs, respectively. Analysis of double mutants suggests that the STE4 gene product functions after the SCG1 product but before the STE5 product.
Hyperglucagonemia and insulin-mediated glucose metabolism.

Abstract The effect of chronic physiologic hyperglucagonemia on basal and insulin-mediated glucose metabolism was evaluated in normal subjects, using the euglycemic insulin clamp technique (+50, +100, and +500 microU/ml). After glucagon infusion fasting glucose increased from 76 +/- 4 to 93 +/- 2 mg/dl and hepatic glucose production (HGP) rose from 1.96 +/- 0.08 to 2.25 +/- 0.08 mg/kg X min (P less than 0.001). Basal glucose oxidation after glucagon increased (P less than 0.05) and correlated inversely with decreased free fatty acid concentrations (r = -0.94; P less than 0.01) and decreased lipid oxidation (r = -0.75; P less than 0.01). Suppression of HGP and stimulation of total glucose disposal were impaired at each insulin step after glucagon (P less than 0.05-0.01). The reduction in insulin-mediated glucose uptake was entirely due to diminished non-oxidative glucose utilization. Glucagon infusion also caused a decrease in basal lipid oxidation and an enhanced ability of insulin to inhibit lipid oxidation and augment lipid synthesis. These results suggest that hyperglucagonemia may contribute to the disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism in some diabetic patients.
Effects of Posture and Anxiety Level on Effectiveness of Free Association

Clinical observations have characterized low anxious (LA) Ss as possessing a repressive-denial defense pattern. The psychoanalytic notion that repression diminishes with relaxation and reduced moti...
Homogeneous grain growth and fast-firing of chemically modified nanocrystalline MnZn ferrites

Abstract A chemical method utilizing sol-gel reactions was investigated to uniformly incorporate small amounts of additives of Si and Ca into nanocrystalline Mn 0.6 Zn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 powders (≈14 nm particle size). Sintering behavior of the chemically modified nanocrystalline MnZn ferrites was studied with regard to the effects of the chemical additives and sintering conditions on densification and grain growth. The nanopowder samples without the additives exhibited abnormal grain growth regardless of heating rate after pressing at a relatively low pressure and sintering at 1200°C, while the chemical addition of 2 wt% SiO 2 and 0.5 wt% CaO was found to improve microstructural characteristics, i.e., homogeneous grain growth and less porosity. Fast-firing did not seem to favorably affect densification of the chemically modified MnZn ferrite nanopowder, but was found to contribute to the suppression of grain growth in the nanocrystalline ferrite compacts.
EFFECTS OF SELF-VERBALIZATIONS UPON EMOTIONAL AROUSAL AND PERFORMANCE: A TEST OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THEORY

As a test of rational-emotive theory, the idea that our beliefs influence our emotions and subsequent overt behavior, 36 undergraduate women were presented rational, irrational, or neutral statemen...
Hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning.

There is little dispute that carbon monoxide poisoning is common: in the United States it produces an estimated 40 000 emergency department visits each year,1 and the accompanying editorial outlines the difficulties in diagnosing poisoning caused by this “silent killer.” There is disagreement, however, about how best to treat carbon monoxide poisoning, and in particular about the role of hyperbaric oxygen. Carbon monoxide is produced endogenously in small amounts and as a byproduct of incomplete combustion. It is colourless, odourless, and undetectable by human senses. It binds to haemoglobin, displacing oxygen; causes a leftward shift of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve; binds to many intracellular proteins; and may interfere with ATP production at the cytochrome level.2 It can also activate neutrophils pathologically, leading to a reperfusion injury manifested by lipid peroxidation.3 Low levels of carbon monoxide produce evidence of oxidative stress.4 Recently, apoptosis in brain tissue has been observed after carbon monoxide poisoning.5 Supplemental oxygen was found helpful in treating carbon monoxide poisoning in 1868,6 and hyperbaric oxygen was first used for clinical poisoning in 1942.7 The theoretical benefits of hyperbaric oxygen include …
The Role of Empowerment in a School-Based Community Service Program with Inner-City, Minority Youth

Despite considerable fiscal and structural support for youth service programs, research has not demonstrated consistent outcomes across participants or programs, suggesting the need to identify critical program processes. The present study addresses this need through preliminary examination of the role of program empowerment in promoting positive identity development in inner-city, African American youth participating in a pilot school-based service program. Results suggest that participants who experienced the program as empowering experienced increases in self-efficacy, sense of civic responsibility, and ethnic identity, over and above general engagement and enjoyment of the program. Preliminary exploration of differences based on participant gender suggests that some results may be stronger and more consistent for males than females. These findings provide preliminary support for the importance of theoretically grounded program processes in producing positive outcomes for youth service participants.
Microscale flow and heat transfer between rotating disks

Abstract In this paper we consider steady laminar flow and heat transfer generated by two infinite parallel disks separated by a gas-filled micro-gap δ. One disk rotates with angular velocity Ω and the second with angular velocity s Ω . The analysis takes into consideration velocity slip, temperature jump, rarefaction and dissipation. A solution based on similarity transformation is obtained and used to examine the effects of the governing parameters on the velocity field, temperature distribution, disks’ torque and power, and Nusselt number. The solution requires numerical integration of the resulting coupled ordinary non-linear differential equations. An exact analytical solution is obtained for the limiting case of small Reynolds numbers.
Substituent Effects On Intramolecular Epoxide Cyclizations That Can Competitively Occur at Aromatic or Double Bond Positions1

The effects of substituents on epoxides that can competitively cyclize at either a double bond or aromatic position were determined. Adding a group that would stabilize the transition state of the double bond cyclization of an epoxide that underwent predominantly aromatic cyclization increased the relative amount of the former pathway, but not dramatically. Adding a strong activating substituent to the aromatic group of an epoxide that underwent predominantly double bond cyclization increased the relative amount of aromatic cyclization, but a complex product mixture was obtained. An explanation of the behavior observed is presented.
Nonsteady burning of periodic sandwich propellants with complete coupling between the solid and gas phases

Abstract We develop a mathematical model that describes the unsteady burning of a heterogeneous propellant by simultaneously solving the combustion field in the gas-phase and the thermal field in the solid-phase, with appropriate jump conditions across the gas/solid interface. The model takes into account the ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition flame, reaction between the AP products and the binder gases, different properties (density, conductivity) of the AP and binder, temperature-dependent, gas-phase transport properties, and the unsteady nonplanar regressing surface. Propagation of the latter is described by using a level-set formulation which gives rise to a Hamilton–Jacobi equation. Numerical studies for a periodic sandwich geometry show that the surface evolves unsteadily into a steadily propagating front, and the effects of various parameters (pressure, stoichiometry, length scale) on the steady propagation speed are discussed. A variety of surface shapes are predicted, depending on the parameter values. It is shown that accounting for the full Navier–Stokes equation in the gas phase yields results that differ little from those generated when an Oseen model is adopted.
A Global-to-Basic Trend in Early Categorization: Evidence From a Dual-Category Habituation Task.

A series of 3 experiments are reviewed in which infants between 4 and 10 months of age were familiarized with members of 2 basic-level object categories. The degree of distinctiveness between categories was varied. Preference tests were intended to determine whether infants formed a single category representation (at a more global level) or 2 basic-level representations. Across 3 experiments, 10-month-old infants appeared to have formed multiple basic-level categories, whereas younger infants tended to form broader, more inclusive representations. The tendency to form multiple categories was influenced to some extent by category distinctiveness. Whereas 10-month-olds formed separate categories for all contrasts, 7-month-olds did so only when the 2 familiarized categories were from separate global domains. A perceptual account of the global-to-basic shift in early categorization is offered. Task dependencies in early categorization are also discussed.
QUALITY, APPEARANCE, AND TENDERNESS OF ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED LAMB

Fourteen wether lambs were slaughtered, split longitudinally and the left sides were electrically stimulated (ES) with 17 impulses (1.8 set duration) of 550 volts for 1 min prior to chilling. At 24 hr postmortem, USDA maturity scores were assigned to certain lean surfaces of the carcass. Following storage at 0-2° C for 5 days, four boneless loin chops were removed from each side; two chops were displayed under retail conditions (1–3°C) for 4 days and two chops were used for shear force measurements. Longissimus muscles from ES sides were more youthful (P < 0.001) in color, and body cavity muscles (primary flank, secondary flank, intercostal) were brighter (P < 0.05) in color at 24 hr postmortem. There were no significant differences between chops from ES and control sides for muscle color, surface discoloration and overall appearance after 3 days of retail display; however, loin chops from the ES sides were more desirable (P < 0.10) in appearance on the fourth day of retail display than were the chops from the control (unstimulated) sides. Although there was no difference in cooking loss percentage, there was a significant difference (P < 0.10) in thawing loss percentage (0.83 for ES chops; 1.23 for control chops). Shear force measurements revealed that samples from ES sides were significantly (P < 0.01) more tender than were samples from the control sides. These data suggest that lamb lean color can be made brighter and more youthful in appearance by use of electrical stimulation. Other advantages associated with use of electrical stimulation are extended retail caselife and markedly improved tenderness of loin chops.
Abstract 10: DNA repair and nutritional risk models of triple-negative breast cancer

Purpose: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks treatment targets for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), has been associated with African-American race, BRCA1/2 mutations, TP53 mutations, and poor prognosis. However, the etiology of TNBC remained unknown, which represents a critical barrier in reducing breast cancer mortality. Therefore, we designed a case-only study to test combined genetic and nutritional risk models of TNBC. Methods: In 354 breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2004, we evaluated 18 DNA-repair non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) using the Sequenom MassARRAY system. The 110-item Block 1998 food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate dietary/nutritional intakes. The Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)-logit models were used to define nutritional intakes cut-offs for their associations with TNBC. Results: TNBC was associated with 6 DNA-repair nsSNPs, ERCC4 R415Q (rs1800067), MSH3 R940Q (rs184967), MSH6 G39E (rs1042821), POLD1 R119H (rs1726801), XRCC1 R194W (rs1799782), and XPC A499V (rs2228000) and/or 3 micronutrients (zinc, folate, and β-carotene). Combined DNA-repair risk genotypes and lower micronutrient intakes had a significant dosage-dependent association with TNBC (p Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate multiple DNA repair nsSNPs and nutritional factors are associated with TNBC. Our results suggest that dietary modulation and micronutrient supplementation may have implication in preventing or reversing TNBC, particularly in genetically susceptible women. Citation Format: Jennifer Hu, Eunkyung Lee, Glenn Allen. DNA repair and nutritional risk models of triple-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Susceptibility and Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes; Jan 29-Feb 1, 2014; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(23 Suppl):Abstract nr 10. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CANSUSC14-10
Estrogens Mediate Cardiac Hypertrophy in a Stimulus-Dependent Manner

The incidence of cardiac hypertrophy, an established risk factor for heart failure, is generally lower in women compared with men, but this advantage is lost after menopause. Although it is widely believed that estrogens are cardioprotective, there are contradictory reports, including increased cardiac events in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens and enhanced cardiac protection from ischemic injury in female mice without estrogens. We exposed aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice, which produce no estrogens, to both pathologic and physiologic stimuli. This model allows an investigation into the effects of a complete, chronic lack of estrogens in male and female hearts. At baseline, female ArKO mice had normal-sized hearts but decreased cardiac function and paradoxically increased phosphorylation of many progrowth kinases. When challenged with the pathological stimulus, isoproterenol, ArKO females developed 2-fold more hypertrophy than wild-type females. In contrast, exercise-induced physiological hypertrophy was unaffected by the absence of estrogens in either sex, although running performance was blunted in ArKO females. Thus, loss of estrogen signaling in females, but not males, impairs cardiac function and sensitizes the heart to pathological insults through up-regulation of multiple hypertrophic pathways. These findings provide insight into the apparent loss of cardioprotection after menopause and suggest that caution is warranted in the long-term use of aromatase inhibitors in the setting of breast cancer prevention.
Integrating Ethnographic and Quantitative Research: A Reply to Kleinfeld with Implications for American Indian Self‐Determination

Kleinfeld summarily dismisses the idea that cultural differences adversely affect educational processes (1983). We argue, in contrast, that cultural differences in nonverbal communication represent potentially significant barriers to learning and thus have important implications for cross-cultural education. Although these differences may not constitute the sole (nor even the most important) cause of minority school failures, they are at the least a contributing factor and one that more easily may be ameliorated than many others (e.g., poverty, ghettoization). As such, the subject deserves serious attention from educational researchers. Kleinfeld offers no data confirming that "harm" has been done to minority students as a result of the so-called "culture conflict paradigm." Rather, she argues from logic that it diverts attention from other problems and offers a convenient rationale for neglecting students' problems in acquiring the skills they need to survive in society. She goes on to suggest that anthropologists have become unwitting apologists for ideological conservatives and others who would deprive minorities of opportunities to improve their circumstances. The question, however, is one of neither logic nor ideology: the question is empirical. To what extent does existing evidence support Kleinfeld's view that cultural differences per se do not affect the educational achievement of minority children? The more clarity we are able to achieve on the nature of the problem, the more effective will be the solutions. We strongly disagree with the contention that cultural explanations permit problems to be "thought away." Only an oversimplified view of functionalist anthropology would suggest such a conclusion. We also take exception to the idea that educational practice cannot be modified to suit particular needs and cultural orientations of students. Kleinfeld's position is capsulized in the phrase: "If these cultural differences exist at all, they occur sporadically and are overridden quickly" (p. 284). She cites no research to support this assertion, only the conGreenbaum Dialogue 171
Delta-aminolevulinic acid as a photosensitizer precursor for the treatment of hepatoma cells in vitro

Delta-aminolevulinic acid ((delta) -ALA) has been recently proposed as a tumor photosensitizer precursor with increased selectivity and decreased toxicity for the treatment of neoplasms. We investigated the conversion and cytotoxicity of (delta) -ALA in a human hepatoma cell line to determine its clinical potential. SK-HEP-1 (ATCC) cells were plated on 35 mm coverslips in media for use in a digital fluorescence microscopic imaging system. (delta) -ALA was added to achieve final concentrations between 0-5 mM. Cells were excited with 450-490 nm light while a 610 nm long pass filter was used to assess fluorescence from conversion to protoporphyrin IX, the putative photosensitizer. After maximal fluorescence was obtained at each initial concentration of (delta) -ALA, cells were radiated with 10 J/cm2 of light from a xenon lamp fitted with a 515 nm band pass filter. After photoradiation, cell death was assessed by flow cytometry using propidium iodide labeling. Protoporphyrin IX accumulation was constant at Ksequals0.001 until a plateau was achieved 2 hours after the addition of (delta -ALA. Photoradiation with 10 J/cm2 at a concentration of 1 mM (delta ALA resulted in a linear increase in cell death over time with 5% cell death at 2 hours and 12% at 5 hours compared to controls. Interestingly, controls with (delta) -ALA alone demonstrated a cytoprotective effect with a logarithmic relationship between increasing cell survival and increasing dose of drug.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Subgroup differences in having a usual source of health care among working-age adults with and without disabilities

Abstract Background Having a usual source of health care is positively associated with regular health maintenance visits and receipt of preventive services. People with disabilities are, overall, more likely than those without disabilities to have a usual source of care (USC). However, the population of people with disabilities is quite heterogenous, and some segments of the population may have less access to a USC than others. Objective To determine whether there are significant subgroup differences in having a USC within the U.S. population of working-age adults with disabilities, and to compare adults with and without disabilities while controlling for other subgroup differences. Methods We analyzed Medical Expenditure Panel Survey annual data files from 2002 to 2008. We performed both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship of sociodemographic and disability subgroup variables with having a USC. Results Within the disability population, individuals who were younger; male; Black, Hispanic, or other (non-White) race; less educated; of lower income; or uninsured for part or all of the year were significantly less likely to have a USC. These differences mirrored those among adults without disabilities. When controlling for these differences, people with physical, hearing, or multiple disabilities had greater odds of having a USC than people without disabilities, but those with vision or cognitive limitations did not differ significantly from the non-disabled referent group. Conclusions Disparities among people with and without disabilities are similar, underscoring the need for attention to disparities within the disability population.
Pimelic diphenylamide 106 is a slow, tight-binding inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, including various benzamides and hydroxamates, are currently in clinical development for a broad range of human diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We recently reported the identification of a family of benzamide-type HDAC inhibitors that are relatively non-toxic compared with the hydroxamates. Members of this class of compounds have shown efficacy in cell-based and mouse models for the neurodegenerative diseases Friedreich ataxia and Huntington disease. Considerable differences in IC50 values for the various HDAC enzymes have been reported for many of the HDAC inhibitors, leading to confusion as to the HDAC isotype specificities of these compounds. Here we show that a benzamide HDAC inhibitor, a pimelic diphenylamide (106), is a class I HDAC inhibitor, demonstrating no activity against class II HDACs. 106 is a slow, tight-binding inhibitor of HDACs 1, 2, and 3, although inhibition for these enzymes occurs through different mechanisms. Inhibitor 106 also has preference toward HDAC3 with Ki of ∼14 nm, 15 times lower than the Ki for HDAC1. In comparison, the hydroxamate suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid does not discriminate between these enzymes and exhibits a fast-on/fast-off inhibitory mechanism. These observations may explain a paradox involving the relative activities of pimelic diphenylamides versus hydroxamates as gene activators.
Coupled and Decoupled Dual Quantum Systems in One Semiconductor Nanocrystal

Dual quantum systems, 0-dimensional quantum dot, and 2-dimensional quantum wells were constructed in one II-VI semiconductor nanocrystal by the epitaxial growth of a barrier (ZnS) layer between the systems in solution. By alteration of the thickness of the barrier layer, the two quantum systems were controlled to either electronically coupled or decoupled. Evidence of optical coupling between the two band gap emissions was also observed. The position and relative intensity of the two emissions can be independently tuned by reaction conditions. Total photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the dual emitting bands reached as high as 30% at room temperature under synthetic conditions not optimized for high emission.
Selective arteriography for vascular impotence

Selective pudendal arteriography plays an important role in clinical research into the vascular causes of primary and secondary impotence and forms the basis for microsurgical penile artery revascularization. Arteriography has identified a heretofore undescribed cause for impotence, arteriovenous malformation. Despite potential risks, this should be performed where revascularization is a possibility. Many patients find penile implantation undesirable and are willing to be studied in this manner.
A practical assessment of spectral accuracy for hyperbolic problems with discontinuity

Physical and transform space filtering has been applied to the Fourier spectral collocation solution of the constant coefficient scalar wave equation with a discontinuous initial condition. High order accuracy can be extracted from the unfiltered solution. Smooth, high order Fourier space filtering gives expected polynomial order solutions away from the discontinuity. Spectral accuracy is observed with the physical space filter of Gottlieb and Tadmor.
New Pathways in Identity Management

In this paper, identity management is discussed. Identification and authentication of individuals accessing computer systems have always been components of cybersecurity. This paper reviews the technical details of biometric identification and verification. It covers the major approaches (for example, fingerprints and irises) with respect to acquisition of biometric data, matching techniques, antispoofing techniques, and current standards. And also covers biometrics' uses and limitations.
Safety of posaconazole

Introduction: The increasing number of invasive fungal infections (IFI) among immunocompromised hosts is a significant clinical issue. Diagnosis of IFI, choosing among the available antifungal drugs, and the high morbidity/mortality associated with IFI pose clinical challenges for healthcare providers. Besides efficacy, a thorough knowledge of the pharmacokinetics, drug–drug interactions and safety profile of the antifungal drugs is critical for appropriate drug selection. Among the commonly used triazoles, the recently released posaconazole is relatively less well investigated in terms of its safety. With expanding clinical use of posaconazole, the present review examines the safety of the drug and its propensity for drug–drug interaction. Areas covered: This paper mainly discusses the safety profile of posaconazole, its adverse effects and drug–drug interaction. Expert opinion: Posaconazole is generally safe and well tolerated. Lack of an intravenous formulation and unpredictable bioavailability of the ...
Crystallization of bovine pancreatic polypeptide.

Summary Bovine pancreatic polypeptide, a 36-residue polypeptide hormone, was successfully crystallized for the first time. During purification by extensive dialysis against distilled water a surprisingly insoluble form of the peptide was obtained which led to its crystallization as orthorhombic needles up to 2 mm in length.
Spatial variation of section sensitivity profile in spiral computed tomography

The section sensitivity profile (SSP) is widely used to describe the longitudinal image resolution in computed tomography (CT). Due to asymmetry in spiral CT interpolation, the SSP depends on the transverse position of the associated longitudinal line. Spatial variation in the spiral CT SSP has not been investigated previously. To determine the SSP variation over the scan field, the SSP for the half-scan interpolation method in terms of its transverse position was formulated. Based on the SSP formula, mathematical analysis and numerical simulation were performed. It was shown that the SSP associated with a transverse slice is antisymmetric with respect to the abscissa axis (which connects the slice center and the source location in the slice). Moment analysis was conducted on the SSP up to order three. The area under the SSP is equal to that under the longitudinal detector response function. As a result, with a normalized SSP the total mass of an object approximately remains after reconstruction. The mean of the SSP is equal to zero, although the SSP is asymmetric. The standard deviation and skewness of the SSP were numerically simulated and plotted for typical imaging parameters. It was demonstrated that for a 50 degrees fan angle (which is extended by two extreme rays in a fan beam) the relative change in the slice thickness is no more than 10%, while the skewness of the SSP is within about 0.15. The smaller the fan angle, the less the SSP spatial variation. Therefore, in spiral CT the SSP along the longitudinal axis can be used as a representative of the SSP family.
Proteomic profiling of phosphoproteins and glycoproteins responsive to wild-type alpha-synuclein accumulation and aggregation.

Abstract A tetracycline inducible transfectant cell line (3D5) capable of producing soluble and sarkosyl-insoluble assemblies of wild-type human alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) upon differentiation with retinoic acid was used to study the impact of α-Syn accumulation on protein phosphorylation and glycosylation. Soluble proteins from 3D5 cells, with or without the induced α-Syn expression were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and staining of gels with dyes that bind to proteins (Sypro ruby), phosphoproteins (Pro-Q diamond) and glycoproteins (Pro-Q emerald). Phosphoproteins were further confirmed by binding to immobilized metal ion affinity column. α-Syn accumulation caused differential phosphorylation and glycosylation of 16 and 12, proteins, respectively, whose identity was revealed by mass spectrometry. These proteins, including HSP90, have diverse biological functions including protein folding, signal transduction, protein degradation and cytoskeletal regulation. Importantly, cells accumulating α-Syn assemblies with different abilities to bind thioflavin S displayed different changes in phosphorylation and glycosylation. Consistent with the cell-based studies, we demonstrated a reduced level of phosphorylated HSP90 α/β in the substantia nigra of subjects with Parkinson's disease as compared to normal controls. Together, the results indicate that α-Syn accumulation causes complex cellular responses, which if persist may compromise cell viability.
Reflective states associated with creating inquiry‐based mathematical discourse

A secondary school mathematics teacher and mathematics education researcher engaged in a collaborative professional development experience that focused the teacher’s reflection on videotapes of his instruction. The purpose was to document and explore the teacher’s experiences with respect to his reflections and classroom practice while trying to create inquiry‐based mathematical discourse. Data included videotaped classroom observations, audiotaped interviews, and audiotaped focused reflection sessions. Analysis of the data revealed that over the course of the semester‐long collaboration the teacher exhibited, at various times, four different reflective states (‘explain but not question’, ‘question but not explain’, ‘question and explore’, and ‘exploring’). The identification of these reflective states suggests a more complex relationship between reflection and changing teachers’ practice than previously thought. The results of this article suggest that the interaction of teachers’ reflective activities a...
Correlating lipid bilayer fluidity with sensitivity and resolution of polytopic membrane protein spectra by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has emerged as an excellent tool to study the structure and dynamics of membrane proteins under native-like conditions in lipid bilayers. One of the key considerations in experimental design is the uniaxial rotational diffusion of the protein that can affect the NMR spectral observables. In this regard, temperature plays a fundamental role in modulating the phase properties of the lipids, which directly influences the rotational diffusion rate of the protein in the bilayer. In fact, it is well established that below the main phase transition temperature of the lipid bilayer the protein's motion is significantly slowed while above this critical temperature the rate is increased. In this article, we carried out a systematic comparison of the signal intensity and spectral resolution as a function of temperature using magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy. These observables were directly correlated with the relative fluidity of the lipid bilayer as inferred from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We applied our hybrid biophysical approach to two polytopic membrane proteins from the small multidrug resistance family (EmrE and SugE) reconstituted into model membrane lipid bilayers (DMPC-14:0 and DPPC-16:0). From these experiments, we conclude that the rotational diffusion giving optimal spectral resolution occurs at a bilayer fluidity of ~ 5%, which corresponds to the percentage of lipids in the fluid or liquid-crystalline fraction. At the temperature corresponding to this critical value of fluidity, there is sufficient mobility to reduce inhomogeneous line broadening that occurs at lower temperatures. A greater extent of fluidity leads to faster uniaxial rotational diffusion and a sigmoidal-type reduction in the NMR signal intensity, which stems from intermediate-exchange dynamics where the motion has a similar frequency as the NMR observables (i.e., dipolar couplings and chemical shift anisotropy). These experiments provide insight into the optimal temperature range and corresponding bilayer fluidity to study membrane proteins by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled, NMR Spectroscopy for Atomistic Views of Biomembranes and Cell Surfaces. Guest Editors: Lynette Cegelski and David P. Weliky.
Rescue of misrouted GnRHR mutants reveals its constitutive activity.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) play central roles in almost all physiological functions, and mutations in GPCR are responsible for over 30 hereditary diseases associated with loss or gain of receptor function. Gain of function mutants are frequently described as having constitutive activity (CA), that is, they activate effectors in the absence of agonist occupancy. Although many GPCR have mutants with CA, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) was not, until 2010, associated with any CA mutants. The explanation for the failure to observe CA appears to be that the quality control system of the cell recognizes CA mutants of GnRHR as misfolded and retains them in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the present study, we identified several human (h)GnRHR mutants with substitutions in transmembrane helix 6 (F272K, F272Q, Y284F, C279A, and C279S) that demonstrate varying levels of CA after being rescued by pharmacoperones from different chemical classes and/or deletion of residue K191, a modification that increases trafficking to the plasma membrane. The movement of the mutants from the endoplasmic reticulum (unrescued) to the plasma membrane (after rescue) is supported by confocal microscopy. Judging from the receptor-stimulated inositol phosphate production, mutants F272K and F272Q, after rescue, display the largest level of CA, an amount that is comparable with agonist-stimulated activation. Because mutations in other GPCR are, like the hGnRHR, scrutinized by the quality control system, this general approach may reveal CA in receptor mutants from other systems. A computer model of the hGnRHR and these mutants was used to evaluate the conformation associated with CA.
Assessment of a combined spin- and gradient-echo (SAGE) DSC-MRI method for preclinical neuroimaging

The goal of this study was to optimize and validate a combined spin- and gradient-echo (SAGE) sequence for dynamic susceptibility-contrast magnetic resonance imaging to obtain hemodynamic parameters in a preclinical setting. The SAGE EPI sequence was applied in phantoms and in vivo rat brain (normal, tumor, and stroke tissue). Partial and full Fourier encoding schemes were implemented and characterized. Maps of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), vessel size index (VSI), volume transfer constant (K(trans)), and volume fraction of the extravascular extracellular space (ve) were obtained. Partial Fourier encoding provided shortened echo times with acceptable signal-to-noise ratio and temporal stability, thus enabling reliable characterization of T2, T2(*) and T1 in both phantoms and rat brain. The hemodynamic parameters CBV, CBF, and MTT for gradient-echo and spin-echo contrast were determined in tumor and stroke; VSI, K(trans), and ve were also computed in tumor tissue. The SAGE EPI sequence allows the acquisition of multiple gradient- and spin-echoes, from which measures of perfusion, permeability, and vessel size can be obtained in a preclinical setting. Partial Fourier encoding can be used to minimize SAGE echo times and reliably quantify dynamic T2 and T2(*) changes. This acquisition provides a more comprehensive assessment of hemodynamic status in brain tissue with vascular and perfusion abnormalities.
Nondissociative electron attachment to molecules and clusters

We present results of effective range theory calculations of nondissociative electron attachment to SF6 molecules and CO2 clusters. The first process is strongly influenced by the SF-6 virtual state, and the second by vibrational Feshbach resonances associated with electron capture by the long-range polarization field of the cluster with simultaneous vibrational excitation of one molecular unit. We also study how both processes depend on the initial vibrational excitation of the target. We obtain a noticeable dependence of the attachment cross-section on the symmetric stretch vibration of SF6, although it does not lead to a significant temperature dependence at low electron energies.
The Life Cycle of the Government‐Sponsored Enterprise: Lessons for Design and Accountability

The federal government uses government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) to allocate credit to sectors such as housing and agriculture that are considered to deserve special support. The GSEs illustrate the importance of life cycle in the design and accountability of federal agencies and instrumentalities. Four case studies are presented here. In general, market and political dominance and rapid growth are inherent in GSE design. Dominance means inadequate feedback, which can foster poor management and financial risk. Government lacks an exit strategy for GSEs that have outlived their usefulness. Government should systematically review the organizational structure, accountability, and design of all agencies and instrumentalities, both at inception and over their life cycles.
Alterations in pain thresholds and avoidance conditioning in rats with septal lesions

Abstract Rats with septal ablations displayed lower jump thresholds for pain than sham-operated controls, but did not differ in open-field activity. Septal rats were poor two-way avoidance learners with a moderately strong UCS intensity on both a simple and a discriminated avoidance task. Septal lesions may affect avoidance performance by increasing the rat's responsiveness to painful stimuli, thereby disrupting behavior associated with an intense fear drive.
Sorption of non-ionic surfactants onto soil

Abstract Experiments in batch soil/aqueous systems were conducted to evaluate the sorption onto soil of three micelle-forming non-ionic surfactants and one lamellae-forming non-ionic surfactant. Non-ionic surfactant sorption onto soil was assessed using a surface tension technique for aqueous-phase surfactant concentrations less than surfactant monomer saturation. These sorption data were found to fit a Freundlich isotherm. Non-ionic surfactant sorption onto soil was assessed in the presence of surfactant micelles, or surfactant bilayer lamellae, depending on the type of surfactant, with either a spectrophotometric technique or a chemical oxidation technique. Sorption of the micelle-forming non-ionic surfactants onto soil was found to be constant at a value of the bulk solution surfactant concentration exceeding surfactant monomer saturation, i.e. the critical micelle concentration. Sorption of the lamellae-forming non-ionic surfactant onto soil was found to be an increasing function of the surfactant dose for bulk solution surfactant concentrations exceeding a critical aggregate concentration. Understanding of surfactant sorption onto soil is needed to assess surfactant mobility in soil and surfactant-facilitated transport of organic compounds in soil/aqueous systems.
Structure and charging kinetics of electrical double layers at large electrode voltages

The structure and charging kinetics of electrical double layers (EDLs) at interfaces of NaCl solutions and planar electrodes are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) and Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) simulations. Based on the MD results and prior experimental data, we show that counterion packing in planar EDLs does not reach the steric limit at electrode voltages below 1 V. In addition, we demonstrate that a PNP model, when complemented with a Stern model, can be effectively used to capture the overall charging kinetics. However, the PNP/Stern model can only give a qualitative description of the fine features of the EDL.
Forced Mobility: The Relocation of Public-Housing Residents in Atlanta

In this paper we argue for the use of ‘mobility’ to describe not just bodily movement, travel, or transport, but as a concept that animates the constellation of policies and power relations that si...