cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proficiency improvement method in maritime education

The research conducted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) shows that maritime education not always reaches its pre-established goal. One of the aspects in maritime education development process with the aim to prepare ship officers and other specialists is a thorough selection of the learning content according to real life necessities. Structuring the learning content of the subjects, both significant to profession and conforming to the requirements set by professional bodies, is one of the key issues addressed by curriculum developers. The aim of this research is to create a model for the curriculum development in scientific subjects for outcome-based maritime education. The main criterion which determines the significance/contribution level of the included topic in the curriculum is the anticipated learning outcome increasing the level of proficiency in students. Thus, the present research unveils the necessary steps for the evaluation of the proposed topics in the context of teaching/learning and gives grounds for their selection and the arrangement of topics in a logical order for further implementation in teaching/learning process. The present research is illustrated by a case study concerning the development of teaching/learning content for chemistry curriculum as a study subject in the secondary vocational maritime education programme.
Myeloma Cells Cultivate Megakaryocytes To Promote Lytic Bone Disease.

The development of lytic bone lesions in myeloma (MM) is caused by the activation of osteoclasts through direct and indirect interactions with MM cells and by inactivation of osteoblasts by MM cells. Megakaryocytes have been shown to promote osteoblast differentiation and produce critical factors associated with osteoclast activity. Cells of megakaryocytic linage are often expanded in myelomatous bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of myeloma cells on regulation of bone remodeling by megakaryocytes. Culture of megakaryocytes was prepared by incubating mobilized peripheral blood in IMDM media supplemented with BSA, thrombopoeitin (TPO), IL-6 and IL-3. Following removal of all non-adherent cells, the remaining adherent megakaryocytes (>90%) highly expressed c-MPL, CD41a and factor VIII, and had various degree of ploidy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoclast precursors and CD138-selected MM cells were isolated as previously described (Pittenger et al., Science, 1999; Yaccoby et al., Cancer Res., 2004). Our study revealed that MSCs expressed TPO and that expression of TPO was upregulated 5 fold in MSCs after co-culture with MM cells, as determined by quantitive real time PCR (qRT-PCR). To study the effect on osteoblastogenesis, MSCs were co-cultured with megakaryocytes in the presence and absence of primary MM cells (n=5), in media lacking growth factors. Megakaryocytes promoted osteoblast differentiation as determined by elevated expression of alkaline phosphatase, an effect that was completely abrogated by adding MM cells to the cultures. To study the involvement of megakaryocytes on osteoclastogenesis, we initially examined expression of RANKL and OPG by these cells cultured with and without MM cells, using qRT-PCR. OPG and RANKL were expressed by megakaryocytes and gene expression of both factors was upregulated in co-cultured megakaryocytes. However, whereas OPG was insignificantly upregulated by 1.6±0.3 fold, RANKL expression was increased by 5.1±0.4 folds after co-culture with MM cells (p
Developing a Critical Space Perspective in the Examination of the Racialization of Disabilities

Researchers have long argued that the spatial dimensions of our lives, in addition to the social and historical, have important practical and policy significance (Lefebvre, 1991; Soja, 1989, 2010). Although theorizing space has increased in recent years in a number of disciplines, including sociology, anthropology, postcolonial studies, and economics, to name a few (Peake & Schein, 2000), it has been relatively under-theorized in education (Tate, 2008).
Taylor Expansion of and Some Applications

(1984). Taylor Expansion of and Some Applications. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 303-307.
STRENGTHENING OF CALCIUM HYDROXYAPATITE BY ION EXCHANGE

These experiments attempted to increase the flexural strength of bioceramic sintered rods of hydroxyapatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH). by means of ion exchange. To do this solid state reaction between the ceramic rods and powders of the reactant salts at elevated temperatures was used. The reactant salts used were Sr(NO 3 ) 2 , CaCl 2 and SrCl 2 . A strength increase occurred only when the reactant salt SrCl 2 was used. A maximum increase of strength from 65 MN/m 2 to 79 MN/m 2 corresponding to a 22% increase occurred using the conditions of 650°C for 12 hours.
Efectos de protección financiera del sistema de salud pública y del seguro privado en Brasil

En este trabajo se evalua la eficacia del sistema de salud publica y del seguro privado de salud en Brasil para dar proteccion financiera al cuidado de la salud. Los factores determinantes de los gastos catastroficos en salud se estiman mediante regresiones probit con control de ajustes de seleccion de Heckman en materia de necesidad de atencion de salud. Se concluye que con el sistema publico se reduce considerablemente (47%) la probabilidad de que una familia tenga gastos de salud catastroficos y que con un seguro privado esto resulta 36% mas probable. Las recomendaciones que se formulan apuntan al mejoramiento de la cantidad, accesibilidad, calidad y confiabilidad de los prestadores publicos de servicios de salud, a una provision mas adecuada de medicamentos por el sistema publico y a una regulacion mas estricta del seguro privado de salud
Studies on the Development of Tyrosine Hydroxylase, Monoamine Oxidase and Aromatic-L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Several Regions of the Chick Brain

Noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons are present in the central nervous system and their distribution has been mapped out in considerable detail in rat brain by histochemical fluorescence procedures (Hillarp et al, 1966; Ungerstedt, 1971). Norepinephrine neurons arise in the medulla oblongata and pons and either descend into the spinal cord to terminate in the ventral horn or ascend in the median forebrain bundle to terminate in the lower brain stem, mesencephalon and diencephalon. A second major norepinephrine pathway arises in the locus coeruleus. Some of the axons from this nucleus descend to innervate lower brain stem nuclei. Others either proceed laterally to terminate on the purkinje cells of the cerebellum, or ascend via the median forebrain bundle to terminate in such diverse regions as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebral cortex (Ungerstedt, 1971).
The Biochemistry of Family Commitment and Youth Competence: Lessons from Animal Models

Recent advances in neuroscience are beginning to provide fresh insights into the mechanisms for social interaction, including the molecular and cellular processes involved in the formation of social bonds. Understanding the biochemical factors that contribute to social attachment, as well as the biological consequences of parent–offspring interactions, may contribute to better understanding of normative development. In this chapter, we will review some of the results from studies of nonhuman animals revealing the neurobiological causes and consequences of social bonding and parental care. First, we describe a monogamous rodent that has provided an extensive understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of selective social attachment between mates. This research may serve as a model for understanding social bonding in general as the same mechanisms may contribute to many aspects of social attachments. We will then provide an overview of the underlying neurobiology of parental care. Finally, we will describe studies that examine the enduring consequences of differing parental styles on behavior and neurochemistry and provide a model of how these behaviors may be perpetuated across generations. We must stress that the reader bear in mind that most of the data presented here are from rodent studies, and there is very little evidence at this time that these same underlying mechanisms are similar in humans. However, understanding these processes in animals provides a perspective for thinking about how biological and environmental processes may govern behavioral outcomes in human beings.
Chinese Finance, 1348–1700

Beginning in the eleventh century, China experienced unprecedented economic growth and the rise of a dynamic market economy. Commercialization increased the demand for money, leading to the development of a multiple currency monetary system that included state-issued bronze coin, paper money, and uncoined silver. Successive imperial regimes struggled to reconcile the economic inequality produced by the market economy with the precepts of Confucian governance. Except during the early Ming dynasty (late fourteenth century), Chinese governments fostered a favorable environment for private enterprise and commercial expansion. However, the late imperial Chinese economy did not develop the institutional foundations for the formation of banks, stock markets, or other credit institutions that might significantly reduce the costs of capital.
Sputtering for VLSI

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sputtering for very-large-scale-integration (VLSI). With the onset of VLSI device technology, the requirements for thin films employed in the devices created unique processing problems that have resulted in a need for similarly unique solutions. The technique of sputter deposition plays an important role in the fabrication of VLSI devices of contemporary design. With respect to future designs, it is quite conceivable that sputter deposition will also play an important role. In particular, as device geometries are reduced further, effective refractory metal diffusion barriers will still be required. Use of the co-sputtering technique to prepare low-resistance gate metal silicides will probably be done in production, especially as the problems with the processing of these materials are addressed and solved. The optimization of reliable sputter up and sputter sideways deposition systems may allow the use of magnetron-sputtered oxides and nitrides as chip-passivating and interlevel dielectric films.
The intergenerational life history project: promoting health and reducing disease in adolescents and elders

A 38-week Intergenerational Life History Project is designed to create a collaboration in a lower socioeconomic neighborhood between 50 elderly people in the community ages 80 and older (whose life reminiscences make them historians) and 50 high school seniors (who become scribes by writing down the elders' oral histories.) The youth-elder teams provide reciprocal social support and intergenerational mentorship through reminiscence. The project is an integrated, multifaceted effort to bring about health, behavior, and attitude changes in the two age cohorts challenged in different ways and for different reasons by morbidity and mortality.
Density tradeoffs of non-volatile memory as a replacement for SRAM based last level cache

Increasing the capacity of the Last Level Cache (LLC) can help scale the memory wall. Due to prohibitive area and leakage power, however, growing conventional SRAM LLC already incurs diminishing returns. Emerging Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies like Spin Torque Transfer RAM (STTRAM) promise high density and low leakage, thereby offering an attractive alternative for building large capacity LLCs. However these technologies have significantly longer write latency compared to SRAM, which interferes with reads and severely limits their performance potential. Despite the recent work showing the write latency reduction at NVM technology level, practical considerations like high yield and low bit error rates will result a significant loss of NVM density when these techniques are implemented. Therefore, improving the write latency while compromising on the density results in sub-optimal usage of the NVM technology. In this paper we present a novel STTRAM LLC design that mitigates the long write latency, thereby delivering SRAM like performance while preserving the benefits of high density. Based on a light-weight learning mechanism, our solution relieves LLC congestion through two schemes. Firstly, we propose write congestion aware bypass that eliminates a large fraction of writes. Despite dropping LLC hit rates which could severely degrade performance in a conventional LLC, our policy smartly modulates the bypass, overcomes the hit rate loss and delivers significant performance gain. Furthermore, our solution establishes a virtual hybrid cache that absorbs and eliminates the redundant writes, which otherwise might be repeatedly and slowly written to the NVM LLC. Detailed simulation of traditional SPEC CPU 2006 suite as well as important industry workloads running on a 4-core system shows that our proposal delivers on an average 26% performance improvement over a baseline LLC design using 8MB STTRAM, while reducing the memory system energy by 10%. Our design outperforms a similar area SRAM LLC by nearly 18%, thereby making NVM technology an attractive alternative for future high performance computing.
Factors Associated With Loss of Usual Source of Care Among Older Adults.

PURPOSE Access to a usual source of care (USC) is associated with better preventive health and chronic disease treatment. Although most older adults have a USC, loss of USC, and factors associated with loss of USC, have not previously been examined. METHODS We followed 7,609 participants of the National Health and Aging Trends Study annually for up to 6 years (2011–2016). Discrete time-to-event techniques and pooled logistic regression were used to identify demographic, clinical, and social factors associated with loss of USC. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of older adults reported having a USC in 2011, of whom 5% subsequently did not. Odds of losing a USC were higher among older adults with unmet transportation needs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.67), who moved to a new residence (aOR 2.08), and who reported depressive symptoms (aOR 1.40). Odds of losing a USC were lower for those who had ≥4 chronic conditions (vs 0–1; aOR 0.42) and with supplemental (aOR 0.52) or Medicaid (aOR 0.67) insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS We identified factors associated with older adults’ loss of a USC. Potentially modifiable factors, such as access to transportation and supplemental insurance, deserve further investigation to potentially assist older adults with continuous access to care.
The relationship between sleep and autonomic health

Objective: To examine the relationship between sleep and resting autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning in college students. Participants: Participants were 141 undergraduate students (52 males...
Experimental Observations on the Relationship Between Stagnation Region Flow Oscillations and Eddy Shedding for Circular Cylinder

Measurements indicate a direct coupling between the dominant frequencies of flow oscillations at the leading-edge stagnation region, laminar-separation unsteadiness, and the vortex shedding. An array of surface mounted, micro-thin hot-films were used to simultaneously determine the state of the boundary layer along the surface of a circular cylinder, and vortex shedding was monitored by a hot wire placed in its wake.
An Examination of the Accuracy of Small Manufacturer Cheif Executive Officers in Assessing the Legality of Selected Actions

This inquiry investigated the degree of familiarity of C.E.O.s of small manufacturing firms with federal regulations. Important findings were that the managers, especially those employed by firms producing industrial goods, were deficient in their familiarity with the terms of government regulations and could benefit from the acquisition of further insights. Implications and suggestions for the C.E.O.s. are provided.
A Model to Identify Smooth Brome Elongation Using Correlation of Mean Stage Count and Accumulated Growing Degree Days

The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) uses the five-leaf developmental stage as a signal to the initiation of elongation in smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.). In areas where certain plant community criteria are met, conducting a prescribed burn at elongation onset has reduced smooth brome populations. However, leaf stage identification presents USFWS managers with challenges due to the variability of smooth brome development in tallgrass prairies of the Northern Great Plains. The objective of this research was to develop an alternative method to determine when smooth brome populations reach the targeted 50% elongation by linking accumulated growing degree days and population-level plant phenological stages (mean stage count). We determined smooth brome phenological stages at sites in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota and calculated the corresponding number of growing degree days (using the base temperature of 0 °C). Linear regression models, correlating phenological stage and growing degree days, determined onset of elongation in the smooth brome population, regardless of leaf stage variation. The average accumulated growing degree days (1256 AGDD) and corresponding standard deviation (±155 AGDD) can be used to predict when 95% of smooth brome populations in northern tallgrass prairies reach 50% elongation. As part of USFWS Native Prairie Adaptive Management program, results will be used to assist management decisions regarding the timing of defoliation in an effort to enhance native plant communities where smooth brome is the dominant invader.
PSX-22 Evaluation of average fiber diameter measurements by FibreLux micron meter and OFDA2000

Average fiber diameter (AFD) of wool is one of the most important measurements for determining the value of wool and for improving its quality through selective breeding. A new instrument the FibreLux Micron Meter™ (FL) was compared to the OFDA2000, both of which are meant for on-farm measurement of AFD. Mid-side samples were collected, a staple removed and measured on the OFDA2000 and then on the FL. Measurements with the OFDA2000 and FL were made on-farm prior to shearing. The same staple was taken to the laboratory and measured on the Laser Scan (LS) a reference method for AFD. All measurements were compared using the IWTO-0 Appendix B (2002) procedure for comparison of methods. The OFDA2000 compared favorably to the LS. The slope did not differ from 1 (P = 0.44), there was no level dependent bias(P = 0.46), and r = 0.94. Compared to the LS the FL slope (1.15) differed from 1 (P = 0.03), and there was level dependent bias (P = 0.03), and r = 0.77. The FL underpredicted AFD in fine wools and overpredicted AFD on coarse wools. Samples that measured 15 µm by the reference method would be expected to measure 14.3 µm on the FL and samples that measured 25 µm on the LS would measure 25.7 µm on the FL. A comparison between the FL and the OFDA2000 showed that the results were similar to previously reported results from our laboratory that were conducted on samples in the lab. The FL is suitable for on-farm testing of AFD for selecting animals to improve AFD and for classing wool.
CalSavers and ERISA Redux: The District Court’s Second Opinion in Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association v. The California Secure Choice Retirement Savings Program

On March 10, 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California (Morrison C. England, Jr., J.) issued its second substantive opinion in Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association v. The California Secure Choice Retirement Savings Program.Confirming its initial decision, the district court again held that the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) does not preempt the statute creating the California Secure Choice Retirement Savings Program (CalSavers). This second opinion is important for two reasons. First, it confirms that ERISA does not preempt California’s retirement savings program for the private sector. Taken together, the district court’s opinions about CalSavers provide a roadmap of the ERISA status, not just of CalSavers, but also of other states’ similar retirement security programs. ERISA does not preempt these government-operated programs. Second, the district court decisions exemplify ERISA’s relatively limited preemptive effect in the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in Gobeille v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. This restricted interpretation of ERISA preemption contrasts with the broader understanding which the Supreme Court first embraced. The district court was right to reject the plea that it return to that original, more expansive approach to ERISA preemption.
Pregnancy and Preeclampsia Are Associated With Acute Adverse Peripheral Arterial Events.

Objective: Acute peripheral arterial events, such as aortic dissection, carotid artery dissection, vertebral artery dissection, and ruptured renoviseral aneurysms, have been reported during pregnan...
Bi-directional Modeling Between Cross-Scale Neural Activity

Fundamental principles underlying computation in multi-scale brain networks illustrate how multiple brain areas and their coordinated activity give rise to complex cognitive functions. Whereas the population brain activity has been studied in the micro- to meso-scale in building the connections between the dynamical patterns and the behaviors, such studies were often done at a single length scale and lacked an explanatory theory that identifies the neuronal origin across multiple scales. Here we introduce the NeuroBondGraph Network, a dynamical system incorporating both biological-inspired components and deep learning techniques to capture cross-scale dynamics that can infer and map the neural data from multiple scales. We demonstrated our model is not only 3.5 times more accurate than the popular sphere head model but also extracts more synchronized phase and correlated low-dimensional latent dynamics. We also showed that we can extend our methods to robustly predict held-out data across 16 days. Accordingly, the NeuroBondGraph Network opens the door to revealing comprehensive understanding of the brain computation, where network mechanisms of multi-scale communications are critical.
In-situ ion irradiation induced grain growth in nanocrystalline ceria

Abstract Irradiation grain growth of CeO2 was studied using in-situ ion irradiation with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thin films of ceria were produced by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) and then irradiated at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope (IVEM) with 1 MeV Kr2+ ions at temperatures of 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C. During irradiation at the elevated temperatures, the CeO2 phase remained stable and its grains grew with irradiation. Grain growth was only weakly dependent on irradiation temperature between 400°C and 800°C. The grain growth kinetics were evaluated by a thermal spike model that was used to calculate the activation energy for grain growth.
Transformable topological mechanical metamaterials based on Maxwell lattices

Maxwell lattices are mechanical networks on the verge of instability and feature convenient mechanisms of transformation. They exhibit topologically protected floppy modes and states of self-stress, offering an excellent platform for topologically robust and yet transformable mechanical and acoustic properties. In this talk, we will discuss recent progress in developing topological mechanical metamaterials based on Maxwell lattices, from dramatic changes of surface stiffness upon a small stimuli, to programmable stress distribution for fracturing protection, and nonreciprocal propagation for nonlinear waves. These results reveal great potential for Maxwell lattices as a new class of topological mechanical metamaterials with emerging applications.
The Diversity Demeanor

According to our friends on the woke left, black people comprise some 13% of the overall population. Therefore, we should strive for a situation in which that percentage of all physicists, doctors, economists, lawyers, chemists, politicians, researchers, computer nerds, musicians, artists, actors, singers, engineers, jewelers, bankers, judges, presidents of large corporations, should also prevail. That is, African Americans should fulfill roughly that percentage of all those jobs. To the extent they do not, this is due to toxic straight white male privilege. The cis-gendered white males are hogging up all these good employment slots for themselves, preventing people of color (I think we’re no longer able to say “colored people”: tell that to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, that racist organization) from obtaining them. They want these professions to “look like America” and at present, they do not. If we want to achieve “diversity,” and we most certainly should in the view of the “progressives,” then percentage representation, or at the very least a close approximation thereof, should be the goal.
Transport of Molecular Cargo by Interaction with Virus-like Particle RNA

Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from Leviviridae virions contain substantial amounts of cellular and plasmid-derived RNA. This encapsidated polynucleotide serves as a reservoir for the efficient binding of the intercalating dye thiazole orange (TO). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules and oligopeptides of varying length, end-functionalized with TO, were loaded into VLPs up to approximately 50 % of the mass of the capsid protein (hundreds to thousands of cargo molecules per particle, depending on size). The kinetics of TO-PEG binding included a significant entropic cost for the reptation of long chains through the capsid pores. Cargo molecules were released over periods of 20-120 hours following simple reversible first-order kinetics in most cases. These observations define a simple general method for the noncovalent packaging, and subsequent release, of functional molecules inside nucleoprotein nanocages in a manner independent of modifications to the capsid protein.
IR studies of carbons—III: The oxidation of cellulose chars

Abstract Carbons prepared by charring cellulose in vacuum were oxidized under the conditions leading to the formation of acid or basic carbons. The reactions were followed with IR phothermal beam deflection spectroscopy. The oxidation of chars at temperatures leading to the formation of acid carbons resulted in the formation of several surface species to which acid properties may be ascribed. Some band assignments to definite surface structures were made. Spectra were recorded for the first time of high temperature carbons oxidized at the high temperatures leading to the formation of basic carbons, and the interconversion of acid and basic carbons could be followed. No oxygen-containing species to which basic properties could be attributed were observable.
Organizational Level Stress Management Interventions

The popular press has informed the public that stress can be efficiently managed with a diverse array of techniques and programs. Unfortunately, these claims have not been scientifically tested or evaluated. In fact, organizational based stress management intervention programs which incorporated well designed evaluations have rarely even been attempted. This paper provides a stress management framework and then reviews the literature to determine what can be done to increase researcher interest and dedication to scientifically designing, implementing, and evaluating organizational level stress management intervention programs.
Total Synthesis of [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]Vancomycin Aglycon, [Ψ[C(═NH)NH]Tpg4]Vancomycin Aglycon, and Related Key Compounds: Reengineering Vancomycin for Dual d-Ala-d-Ala and d-Ala-d-Lac Binding

The total synthesis of [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin aglycon (8) and its unique AgOAc-promoted single-step conversion to [Ψ[C(═NH)NH]Tpg4]vancomycin aglycon (7), conducted on a fully deprotected substrate, are disclosed. The synthetic approach not only permits access to 7, but it also allows late-stage access to related residue 4 derivatives, alternative access to [Ψ[CH2NH]Tpg4]vancomycin aglycon (6) from a common late-stage intermediate, and provides authentic residue 4 thioamide and amidine derivatives of the vancomycin aglycon that will facilitate ongoing efforts on their semisynthetic preparation. In addition to early stage residue 4 thioamide introduction, allowing differentiation of one of seven amide bonds central to the vancomycin core structure, the approach relied on two aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions for formation of the 16-membered diaryl ethers in the CD/DE ring systems, an effective macrolactamization for closure of the 12-membered biaryl AB ring system, and the defined order of C...
Striking a Balance in the Process of Globalisation

It is hard to find a popular business or news magazine today that does not focus on what is commonly described as the inexorable movement toward a single global market. With the collapse of the communist system in 1989, one economic system now dominates the globe. Moreover, in the past decade, both trade and foreign direct investment have grown at more than twice the rate of output growth. Globalisation - defined as the increasing mobility of goods, services, and factors of production across geographically distinct markets - is accelerating.
Quantification of the impact of feature selection on the variance of cross-validation error estimation

Given the relatively small number of microarrays typically used in gene-expression-based classification, all of the data must be used to train a classifier and therefore the same training data is used for error estimation. The key issue regarding the quality of an error estimator in the context of small samples is its accuracy, and this is most directly analyzed via the deviation distribution of the estimator, this being the distribution of the difference between the estimated and true errors. Past studies indicate that given a prior set of features, cross-validation does not perform as well in this regard as some other training-data-based error estimators. The purpose of this study is to quantify the degree to which feature selection increases the variation of the deviation distribution in addition to the variation in the absence of feature selection. To this end, we propose the coefficient of relative increase in deviation dispersion (CRIDD), which gives the relative increase in the deviation-distribution variance using feature selection as opposed to using an optimal feature set without feature selection. The contribution of feature selection to the variance of the deviation distribution can be significant, contributing to over half of the variance in many of the cases studied. We consider linear-discriminant analysis, 3-nearest-neighbor, and linear support vector machines for classification; sequential forward selection, sequential forward floating selection, and the t-test for feature selection; and k-fold and leave-one-out cross-validation for error estimation. We apply these to three feature-label models and patient data from a breast cancer study. In sum, the cross-validation deviation distribution is significantly flatter when there is feature selection, compared with the case when cross-validation is performed on a given feature set. This is reflected by the observed positive values of the CRIDD, which is defined to quantify the contribution of feature selection towards the deviation variance.
Further evidence for a non-random chromosomal abnormality in acute promyelocytic leukemia

We have previously reported on two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who had what appeared to be a deletion of chromosome No. 17. We now describe a third patient with APL. All three patients had a structural rearrangement involving No. 15 and No. 17. Our current interpretation of the chromosomal abnormality is that it is a reciprocal translocation, t (15; 17) (q22; q21). Evidence that this is a consistent rearrangement associated with APL comes not only from our three patients, but also from two other published cases of APL, studied with banding, who also had an identical abnormality.
Exercise-induced regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts in the rat hippocampus.

Previous results from our laboratory indicate that two nights of voluntary wheel running upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the hippocampus. In order to investigate the time-course of the BDNF response and to examine how physical activity preferentially activates particular transcriptional pathways, the effects of 6 and 12 h of voluntary wheel running on BDNF and exons I-IV mRNA expression were investigated in rats. Hippocampal full-length BDNF mRNA expression was rapidly influenced by physical activity, showing significant increases in expression levels as soon as 6 h of voluntary wheel running. Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between distance run and BDNF mRNA expression. Exon I mRNA expression was significantly upregulated after 6 h of running and was maintained or enhanced by 12 h of voluntary running. Exon II had a slower time-course and was significantly upregulated after 12 h, selectively in the CA1 hippocampal region. Exon III and Exon IV showed no significant increase in expression level after 6 or 12 h of running in the paradigm studied. It is significant that the rapid neurotrophin response is demonstrated for a physiologically relevant stimulus, as opposed to the extreme conditions of seizure paradigms. Furthermore, exercise-induced upregulation of BDNF may help increase the brain's resistance to damage and neurodegeneration that occurs with aging.
Complement activation by polymer binding IgG.

Abstract It was found that immobilized IgG on polymer carriers activates complement on contact with the serum. As polymers were microspherical in this study, complement fragments bound to polymers were detected by the agglutination of the polymer microspheres with the corresponding antisera or rosette formation with cells having complement receptors. Without the immobilization of IgG, polymers having amino, carboxyl cyano or phenyl groups activated complement in the serum, while the presence of hydroxyl and carbamoyl groups in polymers did not cause complement activation. When intact IgG was bound to polyfglyceryl methacrylate) by the use of glutaraldehyde, the IgG-polymer conjugate activated complement in spite of the inertness of the polymer itself. The polymers immobilizing F(ab′) 2 activated complement less than the polymers immobilizing intact IgG. When dextran aldehyde prepared by periodate oxidation of dextran was used as a binder instead of glutaraldehyde, complement activation by F(ab′)2–polymer conjugate was remarkably reduced, though antibody activity for binding the antigen remained. These results should be taken into consideration in the design of an immunosorption therapy.
Characterization of cyclic 3':5'-amp-dependent protein kinase in sarcoplasmic reticulum and cytosol of canine myocardium.

Abstract Canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles contain intrinsic cAMP-dependent and Ca 2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) activities and a common substrate, phospholamban, for these enzymes. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes was solubilized with Triton X-100. Solubilization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein kinase did not affect its dependency on cAMP or its substrate specificity. The solubilized cAMP-dependent protein kinase was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and was characterized as a type II enzyme on the basis of its elution at high ionic strength. DEAE-purified cAMP-dependent protein kinase exhibited no Ca 2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. Cytosol from canine cardiac muscle cells, chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose under conditions identical to those used with sarcoplasmic reticulum, exhibited the presence of both type I and type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase isozymes. The properties of the DEAE-cellulose purified type II protein kinases from sarcoplasmic reticulum and cytosol were similar. We conclude that cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum contains primarily type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase and this is probably the enzyme which phosphorylates sarcoplasmic reticulum in vivo and regulates Ca 2+ transport.
Efficient implementation of high order methods for the advection–diffusion equation

Abstract A new approach to designing high order – defined here to exceed third – accurate methods has been developed and tested for a linear advection–diffusion equation in one and two dimensions. The systematic construction of progressively higher order spatial approximations is achieved via a modified equation analysis, which allows one to determine the computational stencil coefficients appropriate for a desired accuracy order. A distinguishing desirable property of the developed method is solution matrix bandwidth containment, i.e. bandwidth always remains equal to that of the second-order discretization. Numerical simulations compare performance of the developed fourth- and sixth-order methods to that of the linear and bilinear basis Galerkin weak statement formulations in one and two dimensions, respectively. Uniform mesh refinement convergence results confirm the order of truncation error for each method. High order approximations are shown to require significantly fewer nodes to accurately resolve solution gradients for convection dominated problems.
Alterations in Cardiac Function and Gene Expression during Autoimmune Myocarditis in Mice

Although myocarditis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure, a definitive relationship between myocardial inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, and changes in myocyte gene expression has not been established. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that myocardial inflammation and replacement fibrosis following an autoimmune response can progress to cardiac dysfunction and may result in progression to the heart failure phenotype. SWXJ mice were immunized with cardiac myosin on day 0 and day 7, in order to induce an autoimmune response to the myosin protein. Cardiac catheterization via the right carotid artery was performed on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, using a 1.4F Millar transducer-tipped catheter. Hearts were weighed, and cross-sections were cut and stained with either haematoxylin and eosin or Masson's trichrome, in order to identify areas of inflammation and/or fibrosis. Myocardial gene expression was determined by Northern blot analysis. In mice with histological evidence of myocarditis, the heart weight/body weight ratio increased beginning on day 14, and cardiac function decreased beginning on day 21. Myocardial inflammation was accompanied by significant fibrosis beginning on day 21. Quantitation of mRNA showed expression of ventricular atrial naturietic factor, as well as a decrease in myosin heavy chain alpha, beginning on day 21. These data demonstrate that autoimmune inflammation of the heart results in significant cardiac dysfunction, leading to phenotypic alterations similar to those demonstrated in human heart failure and animal models of heart failure.
The strain energy density failure criterion applied to notched elastic solids

Abstract Application of the strain energy density failure criterion is made to plane notch problems, where the crack now becomes a special case of a more generalized approach to failure. The specific case considered is that of the plane elliptical cavity under remote tension and compression. Both failure loads and fracture trajectories are discussed. It is shown that an additional characteristic dimension provides satisfactory agreement of the theory with available data. Finally, known characteristics of fracture trajectories from a notch tip are shown to be predicted for unstable fracture conditions.
Structural features and restricted expression of a human α-tubulin gene

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a human alpha-tubulin gene (b alpha 1) is described. This gene is extensively homologous to a rat alpha-tubulin gene in its coding regions, 3'-untranslated region and, indeed, in segments of its largest intron. However, with the exception of three short conserved blocks of homology, the 5' flanking regions of the rat and human genes are unrelated. Hence, these genes each encoding an identical protein are transcribed under the influence of divergent promoters. Blot analyses using RNA from a variety of transformed cells derived from different tissues indicate that expression of the human alpha-tubulin gene is restricted to cells of neurological origin. Among neurological cell types b alpha 1 expression is further restricted to adherent cells that are morphologically differentiated. The data presented suggest that the b alpha 1 gene encodes a prominent neuronal and glial alpha-tubulin and that b alpha 1 expression is a function of the differentiated state of these cells.
Modeling of Porous Filter Permeability via Image-Based Stochastic Reconstruction of Spatial Porosity Correlations

A methodology for producing a pore-scale, 3D computational model of porous filter permeability is developed that is based on the analysis of 2D images of the filter matrix and first principles. The computationally reconstructed porous filter model retains statistical details of porosity and the spatial correlations of porosity within the filter and can be used to calculate permeability for either isotropic or 1D anisotropic porous filters. In the isotropic case, validation of the methodology was conducted using 0.2 and 0.8 μm ceramic membrane filters, for which it is shown that the image-based computational models provide a viable statistical reproduction of actual porosity characteristics. It is also shown that these models can predict water flux directly from first principles with deviations from experimental measure ments in the range of experimental error. In the anisotropic case, validation of the methodology was conducted using a natural river sand filter. For this case, it is shown that the methodo...
The Parenthetical Mode of Whitman's "When I Read the Book"

Reads Whitman's "When I Read the Book" as a grammatically daring poem in which Whitman's extensive use of the parenthetical construction traces the poet's progression of mind.
Learning Disabled Children's Peer Interactions during a Small-Group Problem-Solving Task

Learning disabled children in grades three through eight participated in a problem-solving task requiring group decision making. An analysis of group choices indicated that the independently made choices of learning disabled children were less likely to be among the group's final choices. Analyses of the children's communication patterns revealed that learning disabled children were less likely to disagree with classmates, less likely to try to argue for their choices, and more likely to agree with their peers. In addition, learning disabled children were found to be less likely to engage in "conversational housekeeping" than non- disabled children. Hence, learning disabled children were less persuasive than nondisabled children, apparently as a result of their assuming a submissive, deferential role when interacting with small groups of peers.
Understanding the Extent and Causes of Abrupt Climate Change

Nearly 100 scientists working in disciplines ranging from atmospheric and marine chemistry, paleoclimatology, paleoceanography, and paleoclimate model-data comparison to archaeology attended a weeklong Chapman Conference on abrupt climate change. The basic purpose of the conference was to understand the spatiotemporal extent of abrupt climate change and the forcings behind it. Most of the presenters demonstrated that regardless of whether the paleorecords were from lakes, cave formations (speleothems), ice cores, or marine sediments, abrupt climate change was a recurrent phenomenon at least during the last glacial-interglacial climate cycle (11.6–130 thousand years ago). Whether such recurrent events occurred during previous glacial cycles is not well documented due to the scarcity of very long paleorecords with the requisite spatial and temporal resolution. Participants noted that the number of paleorecords from the Southern Hemisphere irrespective of glacial cycles was very low and stressed the need to increase efforts to acquire more paleorecords from the Southern Hemisphere.
Configuration space topology and quantum internal symmetries

Abstract The inequivalent quantizations of a physical system with a general configuration space Q are studied, with particular emphasis on the case when π 1 (Q) is nonabelian. The necessary generaliztions of the state space and the set of observables are given. Possible realizations of this scenario in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory are outlined.
The glypthelminths (Trematoda: Digenea), with a redescription of one species and the erection of a new genus.

The glypthelminth group comprises approximately 18 species which fall naturally into four genera: GlyphthelminsStafford, 1905, CholedocystusPereira and Cuocolo, 1941, ReynoldstremaCheng, 1959, and Repandum n. gen. The present paper redescribes one species, Glypthelmins pennsylvaniensisCheng, after transferring it to Choledocystus, and erects a new genus, Repandum, for repandumRudolphi (type), palmipedisLutz and seraCordero. The discussion relates to the entire group of species and to the life history data recorded for Brachycoelium obesumNicoll and C. pennsylvaniensis.
The indentation load/size effect and the measurement of the hardness of vitreous silica

The indentation load/size effect (ISE) for the Knoop microhardness measurement of vitreous silica is considered for indentation in different test environments. Analysis was through the application of Meyer's Law, the Hays/Kendall approach of a critical load for the initiation of flow and the proportional specimen resistance (PSR) model proposed by Li and Bradt. The PSR model in combination with a normalized form of Meyer's Law was found to describe consistently the measurements and to yield a load-independent Knoop microhardness for fused silica of 540 kg/mm2. The model also explains the effects of different indentation test environments, suggesting the effect is a result of their lubricating effects at the indenter facet/specimen interface.
Upstream binding factor association induces large-scale chromatin decondensation

The function of upstream binding factor (UBF), an essential component of the RNA polymerase (pol) I preinitiation complex, is unclear. Recently, UBF was found distributed throughout ribosomal gene repeats rather than being restricted to promoter regions. This observation has led to the speculation that one role of UBF binding may be to induce chromatin remodeling. To directly evaluate the impact of UBF on chromatin structure, we used an in vivo assay in which UBF is targeted via a lac repressor fusion protein to a heterochromatic, amplified chromosome region containing lac operator repeats. We show that the association of UBF with this locus induces large-scale chromatin decondensation. This process does not appear to involve common remodeling complexes, including SWI/SNF and histone acetyltransferases, and is independent of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation. However, UBF recruits the pol I-specific, TATA box-binding protein containing complex SL1 and pol I subunits. Our results suggest a working hypothesis in which the dynamic association of UBF with ribosomal DNA clusters recruits the pol I transcription machinery and maintains these loci in a transcriptionally competent configuration. These studies also provide an in vivo model simulating ribosomal DNA transactivation outside the nucleolus, allowing temporal and spatial analyses of chromatin remodeling and assembly of the pol I transcription machinery.