cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are windfalls a curse

Abstract A puzzling feature of temporary terms of trade booms is that some countries have responded to such windfalls by running current account deficits. Furthermore, those countries that ran current account deficits failed to attain greater post-boom growth rates, indicating the deficits were consumed or invested in low quality projects. The point we make is that the structure of the fiscal process is critical in determining outcomes. If fiscal control is unitary, then the consumption-smoothing effect is operative, and representative-agent models of the current account have predictive power. However, if control is divided among several fiscal claimants, a voracity effect appears which counteracts the consumption smoothing effect, leading to a deterioration of the current account in response to a positive temporary shock. We model the interaction among fiscal claimants as a dynamic game and show that in equilibrium aggregate appropriation increases more than the windfall itself. This results in a deterioration of the current account. We also show that all the windfall is dissipated, with the country experiencing no increase in welfare. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
Non-effectual, non-customer effectual, or customer-effectual: A conceptual exploration of the applicability of the effectuation logic in startup brand identity construction

Abstract Primarily evolving from the marketing and entrepreneurship literature, entrepreneurial marketing has enjoyed many milestones in its acceptance as an area of marketing. Entrepreneurial marketing is now advancing towards theory construction. Since startup brand identity construction is unique, it merits entrepreneurial marketing researchers' attention. Accordingly, this study conceptually explores the applicability of the effectuation logic to startups' brand identity construction. Here, we argue that whether the effectuation logic applies to startups' brand identity construction depends on the pre-existence of a market or a brand community.
The Need to Prioritize and Re-prioritize Palliative Care Options: Smoking Cessation as a Case-in-Point.

Palliative care in cancer patients requires a continuous reprioritization of effort. This review describes the need for this reprioritization and uses smoking cessation as a case-in-point. The treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer has changed dramatically in the past few years. Interestingly, patients who had previously smoked now have an improved prognosis—for a variety of reasons. This review discusses this last observation in detail and raises the question of how forcefully we should advise smoking cessation in patients with incurable metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
Modulation of autophagy: A phase II study of vorinostat (VOR) plus hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) vs regorafenib (RGF) in chemo-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

3551Background: Agents targeting the angiogenic pathway have been a cornerstone therapy in mCRC. In chemo-refractory mCRC, RGF, an oral multikinase inhibitor with considerable angiogenic inhibition...
Quality of care and short and long‐term outcomes of oropharyngeal cancer care in the elderly

Objective To examine associations between quality, short-term and long-term treatment-related outcomes, and costs in elderly patients treated for oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC). Methods We retrospectively evaluated Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data from 666 patients diagnosed with OPSCC from 2004 to 2007 using multivariate regression and survival analysis. Quality indicators were derived from guidelines for recommended care and performance measures. Results Higher quality care was associated with lower risk of death in patients with dysphagia (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.44 [0.32-0.60]), weight loss (HR = 0.42 [0.28-0.62]), gastrostomy (HR = 0.47 [0.33-0.68]), airway obstruction (HR = 0.41 [0.27-0.62]), tracheostomy (HR = 0.17 [0.05-0.67]), and pneumonia (HR = 0.53 [0.33-0.85]). There were no significant differences in mean incremental costs associated with airway and swallowing impairment for patients receiving higher quality care. Conclusions Higher quality OPSCC care was associated with improved survival in elderly patients with airway and swallowing impairment. These data suggest that greater adherence to evidence-based guidelines has favorable implications for long-term outcomes.
A conceptual mapping of three anti-adultist approaches to youth work

Anti-adultist approaches to youth work are designed to empower youth by upholding their rights to participate in the democratic processes that shape youth-serving institutions. Programs that utiliz...
Simulating Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by the accelerated death of dopamine–producing neurons. Numerous studies documenting cognitive deficits of people with PD have revealed impairment in a variety of tasks related to memory, learning, visuospatial skills, and attention. In this chapter, we describe a general approach used to model PD and review three computational models that have been used to simulate cognitive deficits related to PD. The models presentation is followed by a discussion of the role of glia cells and astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that more biologically–realistic computational models of neurodegenerative diseases that include astrocytes may lead to a better understanding and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in general and PD in particular.
Promoting a circular economy in the solar photovoltaic industry using life cycle symbiosis

Abstract As society works to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, the demand for renewable energy has grown rapidly in recent years. Photovoltaic (PV) solar power is one such source of renewable energy and has seen significant growth over the past several decades. While End of Life (EoL) PV volumes remain relatively small at this time, the number of EoL PVs is estimated to grow dramatically in the near future. This raises concerns about the management of EoL PVs. Effective EoL management methods need to be aggressively developed and implemented in order to prevent large volumes of hazardous wastes from being disposed in landfills. At the same time, PV waste can also be viewed as a potential source of valuable materials. The development of effective processing technologies to isolate these materials will help divert waste away from landfills while reducing dependence on virgin resources and enhancing economic sustainability. This paper proposes the circularization of the PV industry by applying the notion of Life Cycle Symbiosis (LCS), an extension of Industrial Symbiosis (IS). By identifying waste streams that may have value as potential raw material/feedstock, through the development of collaborative business/economic interactions among a diverse set of organizations, we have applied LCS in the context of EoL PVs. The avoided global warming potential (GWP) and ecotoxicity impacts 2750 kg CO2 eq and 32,000 CTUe per metric ton of EoL PVs respectively, while the water savings and electricity savings were 37,735.65 m3 and 3615.11 MJ per metric ton of EoL PVs.
Viscoelasticity of reward and control systems in adolescent risk taking.

Abstract Heightened risk-taking tendencies during adolescence have been hypothesized to be attributable to physiological differences of maturation in key brain regions. The socioemotional system (e.g., nucleus accumbens), which is instrumental in reward response, shows a relatively earlier development trajectory than the cognitive control system (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex), which regulates impulse response. This developmental imbalance between heightened reward seeking and immature cognitive control potentially makes adolescents more susceptible to engaging in risky activities. Here, we assess brain structure in the socioemotional and cognitive control systems through viscoelastic stiffness measured with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and volumetry, as well as risk-taking tendencies measured using two experimental tasks in 40 adolescents (mean age ​= ​13.4 years old). MRE measures of regional brain stiffness reflect brain health and development via myelin content and glial matrix makeup, and have been shown to be highly sensitive to cognitive processes as compared to measures of regional brain volume and diffusion weighted imaging metrics. We find here that the viscoelastic and volumetric differences between the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex are correlated with increased risk-taking behavior in adolescents. These differences in development between the two brain systems can be used as an indicator of those adolescents who are more prone to real world risky activities and a useful measure for characterizing response to intervention.
Psychosocial Functioning of Bariatric Surgery Patients 6-Years Postoperative

Mental health professionals routinely assess psychosocial risk factors prior to bariatric surgery to help identify factors that may impede surgical outcomes. Data regarding longer-term psychosocial functioning postoperatively are needed. Assess the psychosocial functioning of patients who obtained bariatric surgery approximately 6 years ago. A total of 161 patients consented to participate in the outcome study. Participants were compensated for their time and participation. Participants were weighed by the research/clinical staff and asked to complete a battery of self-report measures, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Other measures targeted adherence, eating behaviors/body image, alcohol use, and quality of life. Postoperative MMPI-2-RF scores indicate psychosocial functioning is largely similar to previously published pre-surgical functioning data. Six-year weight loss outcomes were lower than previous studies reported for a similar postoperative time period (mean %total weight loss = 22.98%; standard deviation = 11.71), though quality of life scores were relatively high. Postoperative MMPI-2-RF scale scores were associated with poorer psychosocial functioning, reduced adherence, greater eating behaviors/body image concerns, greater alcohol use severity, lower quality of life, and less overall weight loss. Psychological dysfunction 6 years after surgery is associated with various adverse outcomes. Ongoing, postoperative treatment may result in better long-term functioning for patients.
Indoor Object Sensing Using Radio-Frequency Identification with Inverse Solutions

Indoor device-free object sensing can be applied to many applications such as occupant monitoring and assisted living. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) offers a low-cost solution with a plethora of passive tags as spatially dispersed observation units. Both the received signal strength indicator and carrier phase from tag backscattering are assembled to generate the voxel reflectivity distribution by the inverse method. The regularized truncated pseudo-inverse solution has lower computational cost and higher locating accuracy than the conventional matched filtering. An experimental prototype with different placement of tags and reader antennas was constructed to evaluate the system robustness and performance.
Politicizing disability in political science, COVID-19, and police violence

Disability is emerging within political science as an important area of research and analysis; this introduction, to the Dialogues theme Politicizing Disability, calls for this uptake of disability...
Five Key Considerations for the WTO Investment-Facilitation Discussions, Going Forward (未来世界贸易组织投资便利化讨论中的五个关键问题)

English abstract: The WTO’s discussions on investment facilitation for development, going forward, should reflect on five key issues to achieve a broadly acceptable outcome: the scope of a framework; the development dimension; the balance of a framework; ground-level practical input; and capacity building. Chinese abstract: 为进一步达成广泛可接受的结果，WTO关于促发展的投资便利化讨论应关注以下五个关键问题：框架的范围；发展的维度；框架的平衡；底层参与和参与能力建设。
Unfolding Textile-Based Pneumatic Actuators for Wearable Applications

Textile based pneumatic actuators have recently seen increased development for use in wearable applications thanks to their high strength to weight ratio and range of achievable actuation modalitie...
Unguided: Social Media Usage in the Legal Profession and the Need for Practical Guidance

An unprecedented ethical dilemma currently faces the legal profession, how to ethically utilize social media. Lawyers who choose to utilize social media in their legal practice are not provided any ethical guidance on how to properly use social media. Specifically, there are currently no uniform guidelines for state bar examiners to emulate these guidelines from. Existing rules of professional conduct address competence, the duty of confidentiality, and legal advertising but none of these rules address the applicability of each topic to social media usage. Social media usage and the traditional practice of law require different rules, so it is inexcusable for lawyers to be instructed to apply existing rules to their ethical dilemmas. To illustrate the lack of guidance provided to lawyers, one can simply consult the guidance that judges, physicians, pharmacists, and nurses are provided regarding social media usage. To provide guidance that the legal profession desperately desires, the largest bar association in the United States, the American Bar Association (ABA), must create rules that address ethical social media usage and add them to the existing Model Rules of Professional Conduct. This can be accomplished by the ABA addressing competent social media usage, confidentiality when using social media, and using social media without violating advertising and solicitation rules. As a result, state bar regulators can be confident in the guidance provided by the ABA and adopt these rules in their jurisdictions, and legal practitioners will no longer face the ethical pitfalls that currently plague the profession.
No Body lives here (ODO). 2020: An Interactive Theater Performance for five people + one AI characterMuffatwerk, Munich, Germany/Centre for Art and Media ZKM, Karlsruhe

ODO is a journey through worlds of imagination inspired by Antoine de Saint-Exupery’s Little Prince and Stanley Kubrick’s “HAL9000” in 2001: A Space Odyssey. An AI character lives on stage as in Pl...
Historical Contingency and the Explanation of Evolutionary Trends

One “big question” of macroevolutionary theory is the degree to which evolutionary history is contingent. A second “big question” is whether particular large-scale evolutionary trends, such as size increase or complexity increase, are passive or driven. Showing that a trend is passive or driven is a way of explaining it. These two “big questions” are related in both a superficial and a deep way. Superficially, defending historical contingency and showing that major trends are passive are two complementary ways of downplaying the importance of natural selection in evolutionary history. A passive trend is one that’s not explained by selection. In order to appreciate the deeper connection between the two issues, it is necessary to distinguish different senses of contingency (especially sensitivity to initial conditions vs. unbiased sorting). It’s plausible that passive trends are generally due to unbiased sorting processes. Serendipitously, thinking of contingency as unbiased sorting also helps to clarify its relationship to species selection, which some think of as biased sorting. Macroevolutionary theory thus turns out to have considerable unity.
An Examination of Ethnic Identity and Academic Performance: Assessing the Multidimensional Role of Parental Ethnic–Racial Socialization Among a Sample of Latino Adolescents

While past research has examined the protective benefits of a strong ethnic identity in promoting positive academic outcomes, less is known about how parental messages addressing a child’s ethnicity (ethnic–racial socialization; ERS) influence this process. Drawing on survey data from a Latino adolescent sample (N = 193), this study examined how a child’s ethnic identity and three dimensions of ERS conjointly influence academic performance. The findings show that the relationship between ethnic identity and academic performance was contingent on the prevalence of socialization messages stressing distrust of other ethnic and racial groups (promotion of mistrust). Where these messages were prevalent, the relationship was negative. Where these messages were not prevalent, the relationship was positive. In addition, messages stressing pride in and knowledge of one’s ethnic group (cultural socialization) were found to increase the strength of one’s ethnic identity. These findings point to a complex interrelationship between ERS, ethnic identity, and academic performance, suggesting that parental strategies emphasizing cultural socialization over the promotion of mistrust may be optimal for promoting ethnic identity development and positive academic outcomes.
Economic Control Chart Designs and the In-Control Time Distribution: A Sensitivity Study

Economic control chart models typically assume that the time to the occurrence of an assignable cause follows an exponential distribution. This paper extends that assumption to the Weibull distribution in order to investigate in general the impact, on ..
Facultative-Thermophilic Thiobacillus-Like Bacteria in Metal Leaching

Thiobacillus-like microbes capable of oxidizing ferrous iron at pH 1.6 and a temperature of 55° have been found in thermal springs (Brock et al., 1976: LeRoux et al., 1977), a large-scale copper leaching test system (Brierley and Lockwood, 1977), commercial dump leaching operations at the Chino Mine, Hurley, New Mexico (Brierley, 1978), the Bingham Canyon Mine, Bingham, Utah, the Vlaidov Vrah Mine, Bulgaria (Groudev et al., 1978), and ore deposits in the USSR (Golovacheva and Karavaiko, 1977). These microbes have a chemolithotrophic heterotroph or mixotrophic mode of metabolism. They oxidize ferrous iron, pyrite or other metallic sulfides for energy, but growth occurs only in media supplemented with a reduced carbon compound such as yeast extract or glutathione. These microbes do not appear to fix carbon dioxide (Brierley et al., 1978) and may not reductively assimilate sulfate (Brierley et al., 1979).
A novel hybrid focused crawling algorithm to build domain-specific collections

The Web, containing a large amount of useful information and resources, is expanding rapidly. Collecting domain-specific documents/information from the Web is one of the most important methods to build digital libraries for the scientific community. Focused Crawlers can selectively retrieve Web documents relevant to a specific domain to build collections for domain-specific search engines or digital libraries. Traditional focused crawlers normally adopting the simple Vector Space Model and local Web search algorithms typically only find relevant Web pages with low precision. Recall also often is low, since they explore a limited sub-graph of the Web that surrounds the starting URL set, and will ignore relevant pages outside this sub-graph. In this work, we investigated how to apply an inductive machine learning algorithm and meta-search technique, to the traditional focused crawling process, to overcome the above mentioned problems and to improve performance. We proposed a novel hybrid focused crawling framework based on Genetic Programming (GP) and meta-search. We showed that our novel hybrid framework can be applied to traditional focused crawlers to accurately find more relevant Web documents for the use of digital libraries and domain-specific search engines. The framework is validated through experiments performed on test documents from the Open Directory Project [22]. Our studies have shown that improvement can be achieved relative to the traditional focused crawler if genetic programming and meta-search methods are introduced into the focused crawling process.
Role of Information Technology, Incentives, and Collaboration for Concurrent Teams

Concurrent team strategy is widely employed by firms in large projects. This research investigates the design of incentives and the role of collaboration for concurrent teams. Proposing and studying two types of reward policies: individual-based reward (IBR) and group-based reward (GBR), we characterize the structure of incentives, and demonstrate that firms can achieve maximal profits with collaborative concurrent teams under the IBR policy. We also study the role of IT in facilitating collaboration and discuss when IT investments are more valuable.
Homeownership and Volunteering: An Alternative Approach to Studying Social Inequality and Civic Engagement1

Previous research on volunteering finds significant differences by race and social class. We augment these findings by examining a largely ignored measure of social class: tenure status, the distinction between renters and homeowners. We test a theory that predicts people volunteer more if they have a "stake" in their community and we use the value of their home as a measure of the size of this stake, with renters having no stake at all, using data from the 2003 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find that although homeowners volunteer more than renters, the value of their home has no influence on their volunteer work. Length of residence in the neighborhood has a positive effect on volunteerism. Tenure status partially mediates the influence of race and family income on volunteering but not education.
INTERMITTENT PREDNISONE THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Retardation of growth and maturation is a frequently observed complication after renal transplantation in children. It is attributed predominantly to the presently used immunosuppressive therapy. In four girls who were followed up to 28 months after transplantation the dose of prednisone was reduced to 1 mg/kg/day within six weeks. Between three and one-half and five months it was further changed to an alternate-day treatment schedule provided no signs of rejection were found and a stable renal function was present. With this treatment the incidence of rejection was not increased, all steroid side effects gradually subsided and the renal function remained normal. All four patients were growth retarded before operation. They continued or started to grow after transplantation; two girls reached the 50th height percentile within 12 months; the other two have shown considerable growth. Alternate-day prednisone therapy is an important modification of the presently used immunosuppressive treatment, facilitating medical and social rehabilitation and reducing the number of complications in children and adolescents.
Identification of rat ovarian nuclear factors that interact with the cAMP-inducible lactate dehydrogenase A subunit promoter.

Abstract Utilizing the gel electrophoresis/DNA binding assay and a new technique of direct binding of radioactive DNA to protein blots, we have investigated putative factors selective for the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) of the lactate dehydrogenase A subunit promoter in rat ovary nuclear extracts. Analysis of linker-scanning mutants of lactate dehydrogenase A subunit promoter fragments by DNA binding assay identified DNA binding activity selective for the 11-nucleotide sequence 5' TCTGACGTCAG 3' located between positions -51 and -41 relative to the transcription initiation site. This sequence contains the previously identified CRE 5' TGACGTCA 3'. Probing of protein blots with radioactive promoter fragments containing the CRE demonstrated that ovarian nuclear extracts contain a protein of relative molecular mass 47,000 (Mr 47,000) which exhibits selective binding affinity for the CRE. The 47-kDa CRE binding protein was found to be present in comparable levels in the ovaries of normal and hypophysectomized rats. Furthermore, our data suggest the presence of a 37,000-dalton (Mr 37,000) protein which possesses selective binding affinity for part of the CRE sequence. The binding activity/level of the 37-kDa CRE binding protein appeared to be modulated by short-term hypophysectomy/follicle-stimulating hormone administration. These results provide evidence for the presence of CRE binding factors in rat ovarian nuclei, which may be involved in the molecular events responsible for transcriptional regulation of ovarian cAMP-inducible genes.
Exact conservation of energy and momentum in staggered-grid hydrodynamics with arbitrary connectivity

For general formulations of staggered-grid hydrodynamics (SGH), we show that exact difference expressions for total energy conservation are derivable directly from the difference expressions for nodal mass and momentum conservation. The results are multi-dimensional and apply to arbitrarily (as well as regularly) connected grids. In SGH the spatial centering of coordinates and velocity are at nodes while mass, internal energy, and pressure are within zones; temporally, variables are usually centered at the integer time step except for velocity which is at the half step.
Points of View The Interface of Mathematics and Biology

Note from the Editors Too often, biology has been considered by both students and faculty as the ideal major for the scientifically inclined but mathematically challenged, even though the advantage of quantitative approaches in biology has always been apparent. Increasingly, biologists are utilizing mathematical skills to create simulations or manage and query large data sets. The need for basic mathematical and computer science (CS) literacy among biologists has never been greater. But does this require a fundamental change in the organization of the undergraduate biology curriculum? What is the utility of math/CS in different areas of biology? How can we best provide math/CS instruction to biologists so that the utility is appreciated? Do all biology students require a stronger math/CS foundation, or only those interested in research careers? Given the speed at which technology changes, what is the best preparation? Three different points of view are offered below. Dr. Roger Brent, President and Director of the Molecular Sciences Institute, reflects on the “innumeracy” common among biologists and argues that significant insights into biological problems may be gained from better mathematical intuition. Professor Louis Gross, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, has worked to engage all beginning biology students in quantitative analysis, to develop an appreciation of mathematical approaches. Professor Ronald Hoy, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, has examined this problem from the perspective of a neurobiologist. We hope these different perspectives will stimulate discussion in biology departments around the world as to the best approach for our students. Interdisciplinarity and the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum: Finding a Balance
Topiramate: a new antiepileptic drug

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage of topiramate are reviewed. Topiramate is indicated for use in the adjunctive treatment of adult partial-onset epilepsy. A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide, it is structurally distinct from other antiepileptic agents. Topiramate acts by blocking the spread of seizures. Oral topiramate has high bioavailability and low protein binding, and as monotherapy its half-life permits once- or twice-daily administration. The drug is excreted largely unchanged in the urine. Clinical trials have shown that topiramate is effective as adjunctive therapy in treating adult partial-onset epilepsy with or without secondarily generalized seizures. In adults with refractory partial epilepsy, topiramate has shown efficacy when carbamazepine or phenytoin has failed. Topiramate may also be effective against partial-onset epilepsy and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children, but more pediatric studies are needed. CNS adverse effects are the most common; weight loss and nephrolithiasis have also been reported. The drug does not appear to interact significantly with other antiepileptic agents, but enzyme inducers like phenytoin and carbamazepine can decrease serum topiramate levels by 50%. The initial dosage is 50 mg nightly for seven nights, followed by an increase weekly to 400 mg/day in two divided doses. Topiramate is more costly than other anticonvulsants; however, drug therapy accounts for less than 10% of the total direct cost of epilepsy treatment. Topiramate offers an effective, well-tolerated option in patients with adult partial-onset seizures.
The Advantages of Prenatal Consultation by a Neonatologist

The neonatologist can be a valuable source of information for the pregnant woman and her partner faced with making difficult decisions. In specific clinical situations, a focused, thorough consultation by a neonatologist provides benefits for the parents, their child, the physicians, and the health care delivery system as a whole. Members of the perinatal team should act to facilitate early neonatal consultation in order to ease the transition from the obstetric to the neonatal team after delivery.
3,4-Dehydroproline Inhibits Cell Wall Assembly and Cell Division in Tobacco Protoplasts

We investigated the function of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins by observing the effects of a selective inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase, 3,4-dehydro-L-proline (Dhp), on wall regeneration by Nicotiana tabacum mesophyll cell protoplasts. Protoplasts treated with micromolar concentrations of Dhp do not develop osmotic stability and do not initiate mitosis. The architecture of regenerated cell walls was examined using deep-etch, freeze-fracture electron microscopy of rapidly frozen tobacco cells. Untreated protoplasts assemble a dense fibrillar cell wall consisting of laterally associating subelementary fibrils. In contrast, treatment of protoplasts with Dhp alters the structure of the regenerated wall fibrils in several ways: first, the microfibrils are coated with globular knobs; second, some larger fiber bundles have an open ribbon-like appearance; and third, the smallest subelementary fibrils were not visible. Tobacco cells develop an abnormal morphology as a consequence of this abnormal cell wall structure. Thus, inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase results in the regeneration of a cell wall with abnormal structural and functional properties. These data provide experimental evidence that hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins are important for the structural integrity of primary cell walls and for the correct assembly of other wall polymers, and that wall structure is an important regulator of cell division and cell morphology.
Role for ADAP in shear flow-induced platelet mechanotransduction

Binding of platelets to fibrinogen via integrin alphaIIbbeta3 stimulates cytoskeletal reorganization and spreading. These responses depend on tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins by Src family members and Syk. Among Src substrates in platelets is adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP), an adapter with potential binding partners: SLP-76, VASP, and SKAP-HOM. During studies of platelet function under shear flow, we discovered that ADAP(-/-) mouse platelets, unlike ADAP+/+ platelets, formed unstable thrombi in response to carotid artery injury. Moreover, fibrinogen-adherent ADAP(-/-) platelets in shear flow ex vivo showed reduced spreading and smaller zones of contact with the matrix. These abnormalities were not observed under static conditions, and they could not be rescued by stimulating platelets with a PAR4 receptor agonist or by direct alphaIIbbeta3 activation with MnCl2, consistent with a defect in outside-in alphaIIbbeta3 signaling. ADAP+/+ platelets subjected to shear flow assembled F-actin-rich structures that colocalized with SLP-76 and the Rac1 exchange factor, phospho-Vav1. In contrast, platelets deficient in ADAP, but not those deficient in VASP or SKAP-HOM, failed to form these structures. These results establish that ADAP is an essential component of alphaIIbbeta3-mediated platelet mechanotransduction that promotes F-actin assembly and enables platelet spreading and thrombus stabilization under fluid shear stress.
Structural and functional responses of a freshwater plankton community to acute copper stress.

Abstract An in-situ experiment was performed to quantify the impacts of copper sulfate on plankton structure and carbon dynamics. Plankton were exposed to 140 μg litre−1 copper in quadruplicate mesocosms. Community structure was monitored for 14 days by microscopical counts and compared with untreated controls. Carbon dynamics were assessed by tracer studies using 14C bicarbonate and 14C glucose, to follow the fate of carbon in the algal- and bacterial-based pathways, respectively. Copper reduced the dry-weight biomass of zooplankton, ciliates, flagellates, and autotrophic phytoplankton. Bacterial biomass was increased by an order of magnitude relative to the controls. The bacterial response was most likely due to reduced grazing pressure and/or nutrient release from dying plankton. Copper reduced the effectiveness of the food web in transporting carbon to the surviving zooplankton. Bacterial-based pathways were more greatly affected than algal-based pathways, because zooplankton in the copper treatment were macro-grazers (cyclopoids), which cannot utilize bacteria.
Modern uplift associated with a proposed magma body in the vicinity of Socorro, New Mexico

Analysis of repeated levelings in and near a part of the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico reveals a zone of anomalous relative uplift in the vicinity of Socorro. Maximum uplift relative to nearby bench marks was about 20 cm from 1911 to 1951, corresponding to an average relative velocity of 5 mm/yr. This feature is one of the most clear-cut and striking anomalies of this scale ever detected by leveling in the United States. The principal data come from a north-south profile extending from El Paso, Texas, to Albuquerque, New Mexico. The primary anomaly extends approximately 70 km north from a point about 15 km south of Socorro; the maximum observed uplift occurs approximately 25 km north of Socorro. This zone of anomalous relative uplift overlies and closely correlates spatially with the unusual crustal discontinuity that was detected by Sanford and others and which, on the basis of a variety of evidence, was tentatively identified by them as the upper boundary of a magma body at a depth of about 18 km beneath Socorro. A simple elastic model for surface deformation associated with subsurface magmatic activity indicates that the observed movement in the Socorro area could result from the expansion of a magma chamber at a depth approximately equal to the depth of the discontinuity reported by Sanford and others, but the model is nonunique, and an elastic model may not be realistic.
How quickly do interviewers reach decisions? An examination of interviewers' decision-making time across applicants

We develop and test a model of factors that may account for how quickly interviewers make decisions about job applicants. Data were collected from 166 interviewers who interviewed applicants (N = 691) at a university career centre. Results revealed that interviewers who possessed more experience and higher interviewing efficacy tended to make quicker decisions, as did interviewers who engaged in more rapport building. In contrast, use of question consistency (a key element of structured interviews) tended to increase the time interviewers took to make their decisions. Consistent with cognitive load theory, interview decision time had a curvilinear relationship with applicant order. Specifically, decision time increased as interviewers progressed through the first few applicants, but after about four applicants, decision time reached an asymptote and then began to decrease as interviewers evaluated additional applicants. These findings have implications for the design of future interview research (e.g., accounting for intra-interviewer changes in decision-making time across applicants), as well as for the use of interviews in organizations (e.g., designing interviews and interview schedules that discourage quick decisions). Practitioner points The belief that most interviewers make very quick decisions about job applicants may be overstated. Interviewers with more experience and higher interviewing efficacy tend to make quicker decisions than interviewers with less experience and lower efficacy. Organizations may want to conduct refresher training for interviewers that emphasizes the value of gathering information throughout the entire interview. The way interviews are designed can promote or inhibit quick decisions. For example, less structured interviews that encourage interviewers to build rapport with applicants at the outset of the interview appear to lead to quicker decisions. In contrast, structured interviews that require interviewers to ask every applicant the same questions appear to discourage quick decisions. Interviewers tend to take longer to evaluate applicants near the beginning of their interview schedule and take less time to evaluate applicants near the end of their schedule. This may prevent applicants who appear later in the schedule from having a full opportunity to perform. Organizations may benefit from limiting the number of interviews an interviewer conducts in immediate succession to around four, which may decrease reliance on more automatic information processing strategies.
The KRAB-associated co-repressor KAP-1 is a coiled-coil binding partner, substrate and activator of the c-fes protein tyrosine kinase

The c-Fes protein tyrosine kinase is implicated in the differentiation of a number of cell types including neuronal, endothelial and myeloid cells. Structurally, Fes consists of a unique N-terminal region, followed by SH2 (Src homology domain 2) and kinase domains. Two coiled-coil (CC) domains (CC1 and CC2) located within the unique N-terminal region are critical regulators of Fes activity in vivo and may function to recruit Fes activators and/or substrates. A yeast two-hybrid screen, utilizing a K-562 cell cDNA library and the Fes CC2 domain as bait, identified an interacting clone encoding the CC domain and B-box motifs (residues 114-357) of the transcriptional co-repressor KRAB-associated protein (KAP)-1. KAP-1(114-357) interacted with full-length Fes in yeast, and the KAP-1 CC domain was sufficient to bind the Fes N-terminal region in Sf-9 cells. Co-expression of Fes with full-length KAP-1 in human 293T cells stimulated Fes autophosphorylation and led to KAP-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Association of endogenous Fes and KAP-1 was also observed in HL-60 myeloid leukaemia cells. Together, these data identify a novel Fes-KAP-1 interaction, and suggest a dual role for KAP-1 as both a Fes activator and downstream effector.
Impact of Minimum Driveway Spacing Policies on Safety Performance: An Integrated Traffic Micro-Simulation and Automated Conflict Analysis

ABSTRACT A key strategy for successful access management is the adoption of driveway spacing guidelines that consider both safety and operations. The goal is to provide sufficient distance from one driveway to the next so that drivers can perceive and react to the conditions at each potential conflict point in succession. State DOTs across the country have adopted different driveway spacing standards that vary according to the access class and characteristics of the adjacent roadway, such as type of roadway, posted speed limit, and traffic volume. Utilizing the VISSIM microscopic traffic simulation tool and FHWA's Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM), this research examined safety implications of four different driveway spacing policies representing 13 states. The analysis involved calibrating the VISSIM model for an arterial roadway corridor in West Columbia, SC, and then using the calibrated model to simulate various operational changes to the corridor, including speed limits, traffic volumes, and the associated minimum driveway spacing criteria for the four different policies. SSAM was used to analyze vehicle trajectories derived from VISSIM to determine the number of conflict points. Experimental results indicate that posted speed limit and traffic volume are the primary impact factors for driveway safety, and thus, these parameters should be considered in establishing minimum driveway spacing. Findings from this study indicate that there are significant differences in safety impacts between the different driveway spacing policies adopted by various state DOTs.
Interaction of some coupling agents and organic compounds with hydroxyapatite: hydrogen bonding, adsorption and adhesion

Adhesion to hydroxyapatite (which is the structural prototype of bone or tooth mineral) is a first step towards the efficacious application of restorative composites and bone cements to teeth and bones. The key medium to effect chemical adhesion between the mineralized substrate and a composite resin is a coupling agent. On the basis of many adsorption studies, primarily by the author, which are reviewed in this paper, it is proposed that a potential coupling agent suitable for dental adhesion can develop strong and durable bonds with a substrate through its hydrogen-bonding functional groups. The coupling agents must also be polyfunctional or possess some hydrophobic moieties to be hydrolytically stable. The criterion defining the capability for adhesion of a compound to hydroxyapatite is determined through a study of its adsorption characteristics from a particular solvent. The stability of this bond in aqueous environments may be determined by desorbing the adsorbed compound with water. The surface ori...
Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity in Roots: Distribution in a Seedling and Storage Root, and the Effects of Red and Far‐red Illuminations

Pisum seedling and Pastinaca storage roots contained high glutanrate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in areas of reported rapid growth and high phytoctrome content. A similar distribution was observed for malate dehydrogenase. Freeze-thawings of mitochondrial preparations from Pisum roots always resulted in increases of GDH specific activity; however, the observed increases were much larger with basal than apical sections. Both intact and freeze-thawed mitochondrial preparations from seedling roots exhibited increases in GDH activity with time after isolation. In intact mitochondrial preparations from roots of etiolated seedlings, an increase in malate dehydrogenase activity was observed similar to that of GDH activity; however, no increased malate dehydrogenase activity was noted in preparations from light-grown seedlings. Illuminating Pisum seedlings with far-red light slowly increased GDH activity in roots over a period of two weeks. Since these observed increases were not due to direct exposure of roots to light, other factors were likely involved.
Evidence for enhanced dynamic flow in ionospheric holes from the pioneer venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer

Ion mode measurements made by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS) for two ionospheric holes on orbit numbers 530 and 531 were used to find evidence for enhanced dynamic flow in ionospheric holes. The analysis of the spin modulation has provided measurements of one component of the ion drift in the hole regions. It was found that, inside the holes, the He(+)/O(+) ratio is enhanced relative to that occurring outside the holes. The in drift direction in the ecliptic plane for the hole regions was found to be consistent with downward ion flow (i.e., toward the planet) and, for one orbit examined without a hole, with upward ion flow at the approach of ionopause. The ONMS measurements in the hole and near the ionopause suggest that both areas are regions of enhanced dynamic flow.
Morphological differences between planes of section do not influence the electrophysiological properties of identified rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus neurons.

Recent cytoarchitectonic studies have shown that the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) comprises neurons with different morphological features. Our own studies, conducted in horizontal brainstem slices, have shown that DMV neurons projecting to stomach areas can be distinguished from neurons projecting to the intestine on the basis of their electrophysiological as well as morphological properties. The majority of the in vitro experimental investigations, however, have been conducted on coronal brainstem slices. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the electrophysiological properties of DMV neurons are due to intrinsic membrane properties of the neurons or are dependent upon the plane of section, i.e., coronal vs. horizontal, in which the brainstem is cut. The fluorescent retrograde tracer DiI was applied to either the stomach or intestine of rats. Whole cell recordings were subsequently made from labeled DMV neurons in thin brainstem slices sectioned in either the horizontal or coronal plane. In the horizontal plane, both the somata and the dendritic tree of gastric-projecting neurons were smaller than intestinal-projecting neurons. In the coronal plane, however, apart from a smaller soma diameter in gastric-projecting neurons, morphological differences were not found between the groups. The electrophysiological differences observed between the groups were, however, consistent in both planes of section, that is, intestinal-projecting neurons had larger and longer afterhyperpolarization (AHP) as well as slower frequency–responses to depolarizing stimuli than gastric-projecting neurons. Our data suggest that intrinsic rather than morphological features govern the electrophysiological characteristics of DMV neurons.
Effects of multiple low doses of flunixin meglumine on repeated endotoxin challenge in the horse.

Abstract Previous work has shown repeated low doses of flunixin meglumine (FM) inhibit thromboxane production in normal horses. Enhanced concentrations of thromboxane in serum occurred after the drug therapy was discontinued. Our study was performed to evaluate the effects of low doses of FM in horses repeatedly challenged with endotoxin. Group I horses received E. coli endotoxin (0.1 μ g/kg IV) at 0 and 90 h. Group II horses received endotoxin and were also treated with FM (0.25 mg/kg IV) at 2, 10, 18, 26, 34, and 42 h after the initial administration of endotoxin. Clinical signs of endotoxemia were observed in all horses, but FM treated horses recovered more rapidly. The leukopenic response after endotoxin was attenuated in Group II following the second dose. Serum thromboxane (TxB 2 ) decreased after the initial administration of endotoxin and remained below baseline values throughout the study. Serum TxB 2 concentrations were not different between the groups. Plasma TxB 2 and 6-keto-PGF 2α concentrations were increased after the initial endotoxin injection. In Group II, plasma TxB 2 levels declined rapidly after FM administration and remained low. After the second dose of endotoxin, Group I horses had a mild rise and decline in TxB 2 and 6-keto-PGF 2α concentrations, respectively. Thromboxane B 2 levels in Group II changed little after the second dose of endotoxin, but a dramatic increase in 6-keto-PGF 2α concentrations occurred. These results suggest that multiple low doses of FM to horses with endotoxemia cause a selective and sustained suppression of TxB 2 production and an enhancement of 6-keto-PGF 2α .
Assessing the Demand for Designation Wildlife Viewing Sites

The demand for wildlife viewing sites is assessed using a trip response model. This model uses anticipated trips to estimate a demand function for proposed designated wildelife viewing sites. The estimated function suggests that the market area for wildlife viewing sites is relatively local. Potential site visitors would be willing to pay an average of about $58 per trip. The results suggest that there is significant demand for nonconsumptive wildlife viewing opportunities in the United States.