cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new species and revision of the concept of the genus Thoronidea (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea: Scelionidae).

Une nouvelle espece de Thoronidea Masner et Huggert, Thoronidea cerradensis sp.nov., est decrite a partir de specimens recoltes dans l'etat de Goias, dans le centre du Bresil. Cette espece est associee avec les habitats des ruissseaux dans la vegetation de la savanne et est un parasite des oeufs des Hemipteres aquatiques. Le mâle du genre est decrit ici pour la premiere fois. L'antenne du mâle de T. cerradensis comprend 11 segments et le segment A4 est exagere. Le diagnostic original du genre est modifie pour accommoder cette nouvelle espece.
Multiple mechanisms of lung surfactant inhibition.

We studied the mechanisms by which C16:0 lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and albumin inhibit the surface activity of calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE) by using a pulsating bubble apparatus with a specialized hypophase exchange system, plus adsorption and Wilhelmy balance measurements. In the absence of inhibitors, CLSE (1 mg phospholipid/mL) reached minimum surface tension (γmin) 20 mN/m (67 wt % LPC), even at high CLSE concentrations (3 and 6 mg phospholipid/mL). In contrast, inhibition of CLSE by albumin was more easily abolished when surfactant concentration was raised. Mixtures of albumin (3 mg/mL) and CLSE (1 mg phospholipid/mL) had γmin >20 mN/m, but normal values of γmin < 1 mN/m were reached at higher CLSE concentration (3 mg phospholipid/mL) even when albumin concentration was increased 8-fold to 24 mg/mL. In hypophase exchange studies, LPC, but not albumin, was able to penetrate preformed CLSE surface films and raise γmin. CLSE surface films with γmin < 1 mN/m were isolated by an initial hypophase exchange with saline, and a second exchange with an LPC- containing hypophase raised γmin to ∼10 mN/m. CLSE surface films retained the ability to reach γmin < 1 mN/m in analogous hypophase exchange studies with albumin. The ability of LPC to penetrate surface films of CLSE, although albumin could not, was also demonstrated in absorption experiments in a Teflon dish, where diffusion was minimized by subphase stirring. Wilhelmy balance experiments also demonstrated that LPC could mix and interact with CLSE or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in solvent-spread surface films. The ability of LPC or other cell membrane lipids to penetrate interfacial films and raise γmin even at high surfactant concentration may increase their inhibitory actions during acute lung injury.
Autothermal reforming of glycerol in a dual layer monolith catalyst

Abstract The autothermal reforming (ATR) of glycerol into synthesis gas was studied using the BASF Pt and Rh/Pt dual layer monolith catalyst. At gas hourly space velocities of ∼10 4 h −1 , the catalyst achieved 100% glycerol conversion to near equilibrium concentrations of H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 . The effect of the distance between the atomizer nozzle and catalyst on reactor performance was studied, and the optimum distance was found to be 2 in. The optimum operating conditions to produce high yields of H 2 , CO and H 2 /CO molar ratio of ∼2 with minimal coke formation were also determined to be O 2 /C of 0.15, S/C of 0.8, temperature of 650 °C and atmospheric pressure. In addition, the effect of non-catalytic reactions was studied. The results showed that the catalyst was capable of reforming glycerol as well as the by-products from non-catalytic reaction at 600–700 °C. The Aspen simulation software package was used to calculate the equilibrium product composition for various reaction conditions. A comparison between equilibrium and experimental data was made, and the agreement was generally good indicating that close-to-equilibrium conditions were attained for the selected reaction conditions. This study is the first step in the development of a process for autothermal reforming of crude glycerol to generate synthesis gas for methanol production.
Reflections on Historical Trends and Prospects in Contemporary Nonverbal Research

This article offers a brief, selective review of some important trends and issues in nonverbal research over the last 50 years. Although the volume and range of research have increased dramatically over that period, an adequate integration of this extensive body of work is lacking. In response to this concern, the article proposes that nonverbal communication might be framed in terms of an adaptive and efficient system of managing our social worlds. Several basic characteristics of this system are outlined and their utility in organizing and facilitating research is discussed.
Mechanical Circulatory Support for Bridge to Decision: Which Device and when to Decide

Despite the many advances in the management of patients with acute heart failure, the outcome for patients with refractory acute cardiogenic shock remains disproportionately poor. Clearly, there is a definitive role for wider application of temporary circulatory support in such patients. Questions remain as to the ideal device, the optimal duration of temporary support, and the ideal timing to bridge these patients to a long-term device. There are currently several options available for circulatory support and include surgically implanted ventricular assist devices, percutaneous assist devices, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. This review includes a brief summary of the current assist devices available along with the University of Minnesota's experience with the Levitronix CentriMag system.
Evolving an action-based mechanism for the interpretation of geometrical clues during robot navigation

Kamil and Jones have shown that Clark's nutcrackers (a species of crow) can exploit abstract geometrical relationships between landmarks to reach a target location. This has been interpreted as evidence for the existence of ‘cognitive maps’. In the research reported here, we replicate the behaviour observed by Kamil and Jones, using methods from evolutionary robotics. A genetic algorithm is used to train a software model of the Khepera miniature mobile robot, controlled by an artificial neural network. The architecture of the network precludes the existence of cognitive maps. The robots display a range of different behaviours. We demonstrate that these depend on a process of ‘active perception’ and analyse the underlying computational mechanisms. On the basis of our results, we suggest that animals in the wild may indeed use active perception as a tool to exploit geometrical relationships between landmarks and that such a mechanism might complement other mechanisms, including cognitive maps.
Blending of poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) with a low molecular weight ether imide model compound

Poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) was solution-blended with a low molecular weight ether-imide analog to Ultem 1000. The as-cast blends were found to form one-phase structures over the whole of the composition range. By the use of optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, the blends were found to phase separate on heating above the blend glass transition temperature (Tg) but did not remix on cooling. It was concluded that the blends formed on room temperature casting were nonequilibrium and remained one-phase simply because they were well below Tg.
Lithium-induced decrease in spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in single GH3 rat pituitary cells

1. Measurement of [Ca2+]i in single rat pituitary GH3 cells by dynamic single cell imaging techniques demonstrated that under basal conditions there is a large variation in the temporal pattern of [Ca2+]i signalling between individual cells ranging from high frequency asynchronous oscillations to quiescence. 2. We have reported previously that treatment of GH3 cells with 1 mM Li+ (a concentration used therapeutically in the treatment of manic depression) for 7 days reduces basal and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated levels of mass inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3]. In the present study, we show that this is associated with a reduction in the number of cells exhibiting basal Ca2+ oscillations over a sampling period of 60 s, whereas the maximum amplitude of oscillations is unaffected. 3. The pattern of [Ca2+]i responses to the agonist TRH varied considerably between individual cells, making quantitation of the responses difficult; however, data obtained from measurements made on a population of cells showed that increases in peak [Ca2+]i induced by high concentrations of TRH were reduced in cells treated with 1 mM Li+ for 7 days relative to control cells. 4. The sensitivity of the phosphoinositide pathway to [Ca2+]i was investigated by loading GH3 cells with BAPTA/AM at a concentration sufficient to lower 'basal' [Ca2+]i in a population of cells and to inhibit agonist-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i. Under these conditions, basal and TRH-stimulated mass Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels were unaffected. 5. These results demonstrate that a 7-day Li+ treatment leads to an alteration in Ca2+ signalling, in particular by reducing the number of cells exhibiting high frequency Ca2+ oscillations under basal conditions. The significance of these results to the clinical effectiveness of Li+ in the treatment of manic depression is discussed.
Surface potential barrier in SrTiO3

Abstract We have observed supercurrent flow in tunneling measurements in InSrTiO 3 junctions. Applying the coherence-distance criterion to these results, we can set an upper bound of 100 A on the thickness of the indiumSrTiO 3 potential barrier.
Study of Dynamic Properties on NMMCs Material Using Ansys/LS-DYNA

Dynamic properties of Nanostructured Metal Matrix Composites (NMMCs) materials consisting of nanograined aluminum matrix with nano or micro-sized ceramics particulates are calculated using Ansys/LS-DYNA in this paper. There are three conditions for the mechanics analysis involved the target with 10 vol. % SiC, 30 vol. % SiC and 50 vol. % SiC. It is assumed that the SiC particles uniformly distributed in the matrix. According to the analysis, the strength of NMMCs material is reduced, and the deformation of target is weakened by the vol. % of SiC increasing.
The multiple factor theory in terms of common elements

With the mechanism of common elements we designed numerous sets of variates correlated with each other in a known manner and also correlated with the primary and specific factors in the same predetermined fashion. To the correlations from theoretical populations, and also from experimental samples, Thurstone's centroid method of factoring was applied. The resulting centroid co-ordinates were rotated to yield the test vectors. These vectors were close approximations to the theoretical and sample correlations.
Reversible compensatory hypertrophy in transplanted brown Norway rat kidneys.

Reversible compensatory hypertrophy in transplanted Brown Norway rat kidneys. Recently we described methods for optimizing the function of transplanted rat kidneys. In unilaterally nephrectomized recipients, one week after surgery, the left transplanted kidney was identical to the right native kidney with respect to wet weight and the clearances of inulin and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH). The goals of the present experiments were first, to extend the post-surgery period to three weeks (sufficient to allow hypertrophic changes), and second, to study function of transplanted hypertrophied kidneys. Genetically identical Brown Norway rats were used as donors and recipients. Three weeks after transplanting a normal kidney into a unilaterally-nephrectomized recipient, the transplanted kidney had a normal plasma flow and was identical to the contralateral native kidney with respect to wet weight and the clearances of inulin and PAH. Three weeks after transplanting a normal kidney into a bilaterally-nephrectomized recipient, the wet weight, inulin and PAH clearances, and plasma flow of the transplanted kidney were all higher than control, and not significantly different from those observed in unilaterally-nephrectomized control rats. Thus, transplanted and native kidneys exhibited the same degree of compensatory hypertrophy. Hypertrophied donor kidneys (that is, the donor rat had been unilaterally-nephrectomized three weeks previously) remained hypertrophied in bilaterally-nephrectomized recipients, but in unilaterally-nephrectomized recipients, they regressed towards normal (that is, the values of wet weight, inulin and PAH clearances, and plasma flow were significantly less than those in rats with only one kidney) while the contralateral native kidney remained normal (values of wet weight and inulin and PAH clearances were not different from control). Finally, when hypertrophied kidneys were transplanted into recipients which already had a hypertrophied native kidney, both transplanted and native kidneys regressed towards normal. The mechanisms responsible for these compensatory functional adjustments are not clear, but it is clear that hypertrophied kidneys do not affect normal kidneys and that compensatory hypertrophy is reversible in teleologi-cally appropriate circumstances.
Theory of the Brush-Shifting A-C Motor ߞ IV Speed Control With Power-Factor Correction

The preceding papers of this series presented an analysis of the brush-shifting a-c motor. Parts I and II dealt with the case when the voltage introduced into the stator coils from the commutator was collinear with the voltage induced in the stator coils by slip. Part III dealt with the case when the voltage introduced into the stator coils from the commutator was in quadrature with the induced voltage. This paper extends the earlier analysis to include all the possible phase positions of the voltage introduced into the stator coils from the commutator. Under these conditions power factor and speed are controlled simultaneously. Methods for constructing the circle diagram for these conditions are given, and the characteristics of the motor predicted from the circle diagram are compared with the characteristics obtained by laboratory tests.
Existence of a phase-transition in a one-dimensional Ising ferromagnet

Existence of a phase-transition is proved for an infinite linear chain of spins μj=±1, with an interaction energy $$H = - \sum J(i - j)\mu _i \mu _j ,$$ whereJ(n) is positive and monotone decreasing, and the sums ΣJ(n) and Σ (log logn) [n3J(n)]−1 both converge. In particular, as conjectured byKac andThompson, a transition exists forJ(n)=n−α when 1 < α < 2. A possible extension of these results to Heisenberg ferromagnets is discussed.
Caminos de la reflexión. La teoría orteguiana de las ideas y las creencias en el contexto de la Escuela de Madrid

Autopresentacion: Jorge Garcia Gomez, Caminos de la reflexion. La teoria orteguiana de las ideas y las creencias en el contexto de la Escuela de Madrid . Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva/ Fundacion Jose Ortega y Gasset, 2009.
Changes of Induction and Competence During the Evolution of Vulva Development in Nematodes

In Caenorhabditis, the vulva is formed in the central body region from three of six equivalent cells and is induced by the gonad. In some nematodes, however, the vulva is located in the posterior body region. Vulval development has been analyzed in three such genera. The same precursor cells give rise to the vulva in Caenorhabditis and in the posterior vulva species, but in the latter the cells first migrate posteriorly. In two such species, the vulva is not induced by the gonad, but instead relies on intrinsic properties of precursor cells. Thus, evolution of organ position involves changes in induction and competence.
Dose-dependent effect of cholinotoxin AF64A on the cholinergic elements of the cingulum bundle in rat

Previous studies revealed that cholinergic neurons possessing long axons are extremely sensitive to ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A) administration [Neuropharmacology 31 (1992) 397]. In the present paper we examined the effect of AF64A on the cholinergic elements of the cingulum bundle. Seven days after AF64A administration choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive fibers were extensively damaged on the dorsal part of cingulum bundle. These findings are the first reporting damage by AF64A to this brain region.
Reimagining the Swallow and the Toad: Narrating Identity and Reconciliation in Postgenocide Rwanda

Le passe devant soi by Gilbert Gatore (1981-) is one of the only novels about the 1994 Tutsi genocide by a Rwandan writer. Published in 2008, the novel attracted notice because of the nationality of its author and because of its portrayal of the relationship between killer and victim, which some have considered unrealistic and even unethical. The criticism that the novel has garnered in some circles raises questions about how genocide should be memorialized and represented through fiction. Though the novel may not accurately portray the psychology of killer and victim, it evokes the role of storytelling in the construction of identity and raises questions about the possibility of reconciliation. In this way, Le passe devant soi reflects the history of ethnic stereotypes that prepared the Tutsi genocide and draws attention to the complexity of reconciliation in Rwanda today.
Prolonged poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate with rapid onset in gila monster,Heloderma suspectum: Relation to diet and foraging and implications for evolution of chemosensory searching

Experimental tests showed that poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate (PETF) and strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) in the gila monster last longer than reported for any other lizard. Based on analysis of numbers of tongue-flicks emitted in 5-min intervals, significant PETF was detected in all intervals up to and including minutes 41–45. Using 10-min intervals, PETF lasted though minutes 46–55. Two of eight individuals continued tongue-flicking throughout the 60 min after biting prey, whereas all individuals ceased tongue-flicking in a control condition after minute 35. The apparent presence of PETF lasting at least an hour in some individuals suggests that there may be important individual differences in duration of PETF. PETF and/or SICS are present in all families of autarchoglossan lizards studied except Cordylidae, the only family lacking linguallly mediated prey chemical discrimination. However, its duration is known to be greater than 2-min only in Helodermatidae and Varanidae, the living representatives of Varanoidea. That prolonged PETF and SICS are typical of snakes provides another character supporting a possible a varanoid ancestry for Serpentes. Analysis of 1-min intervals showed that PETF occurred in the first minute. A review of the literature suggests that a pause in tongue-flicking and delay of searching movements are absent in lizards and the few nonvenomous colubrid snakes tested. The delayed onset of SICS may be a specific adaptation of some viperid snakes to allow potentially dangerous prey to be rendered harmless by venom following voluntary release after envenomation and preceding further physical contact with the prey.
Elementary Calcium-Release Units Induced by Inositol Trisphosphate

The extent to which inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-induced calcium signals are localized is a critical parameter for understanding the mechanism of effector activation. The spatial characteristics of InsP3-mediated calcium signals were determined by targeting a dextran-based calcium indicator to intracellular membranes through the in situ addition of a geranylgeranyl lipid group. Elementary calcium-release events observed with this indicator typically lasted less than 33 milliseconds, had diameters less than 2 micrometers, and were uncoupled from each other by the calcium buffer EGTA. Cellwide calcium transients are likely to result from synchronized triggering of such local release events, suggesting that calcium-dependent effector proteins could be selectively activated by localization near sites of local calcium release.
High-resolution femtosecond measurements of underwater laser ionization and filamentation for electrical discharge guiding

Summary form only given. Laser triggering and guiding of underwater electrical discharges is being investigated at the Naval Research Laboratory. Laser-guided underwater discharges have potential applications in advanced micromachining and pulsed power switching1. Key elements of this technology are underwater laser ionization and the generation of extended underwater optical filaments. We report several new measurements of underwater laser ionization, including high resolution imaging using a 2-laser pump-probe technique with femtosecond time resolution. We used 532 nm, 4 ns, 20 mJ lens-focused pump pulses to ionize a water sample, and independently-timed 400 nm, 50 fs, submillijoule perpendicular-propagating probe pulses to generate shadowgraphs and interferograms. Shadowgraph images appear to show gas bubbles approximately 5 μm in diameter throughout the pump beam path. The number and density of these bubbles was observed to increase with time during the pump pulse. A sufficiently dense trail of residual gas bubbles can merge to form a vapor channel, which has been shown to guide underwater discharges1. Time-resolved spectra of nanosecond laser-ionized water reveal black-body radiation lasting more than 10 ns after the ionizing pump pulse. Interferograms of underwater volumes ionized using 800 nm, 50 fs, 20 mJ laser pulses revealed plasma lifetimes of order 10 ps or less. Recently, using 532 nm, 4 ns pulses with up to 60 mJ, our group demonstrated the generation of underwater optical filaments over 55 cm in length, corresponding to more than 35 Rayleigh lengths. To our knowledge, this is a record length for an underwater optical filament, and could enable techniques for guiding underwater discharges over distances of order of a meter or longer2. Underwater beam profiles were imaged at 4 cm intervals, revealing a characteristic filament diameter of ~100 μm. Simulations using the HELCAP 4D nonlinear laser propagation code also predict reproducible optical filaments of the same diameter. Plans and recent measurements for underwater optical filament characterization, as well as laser guiding of electrical discharges, will be discussed.
Formation and maturation of the calyx of Held.

Abstract Sound localization requires precise and specialized neural circuitry. A prominent and well-studied specialization is found in the mammalian auditory brainstem. Globular bushy cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) project contralaterally to neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), where their large axons terminate on cell bodies of MNTB principal neurons, forming the calyces of Held. The VCN–MNTB pathway is necessary for the accurate computation of interaural intensity and time differences; MNTB neurons provide inhibitory input to the lateral superior olive, which compares levels of excitation from the ipsilateral ear to levels of tonotopically matched inhibition from the contralateral ear, and to the medial superior olive, where precise inhibition from MNTB neurons tunes the delays of binaural excitation. Here we review the morphological and physiological aspects of the development of the VCN–MNTB pathway and its calyceal termination, along with potential mechanisms that give rise to its precision. During embryonic development, VCN axons grow towards the midline, cross the midline into the region of the presumptive MNTB and then form collateral branches that will terminate in calyces of Held. In rodents, immature calyces of Held appear in MNTB during the first few days of postnatal life. These calyces mature morphologically and physiologically over the next three postnatal weeks, enabling fast, high fidelity transmission in the VCN–MNTB pathway.
The relationship between somatic embryo morphology and conversion in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract Somatic embryos differentiated from immature cotyledonary explants in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) exhibited very divergent morphologies. A classification system of six types of somatic embryos was developed based on axis and cotyledon development, and whether embryos were fused or single; classes were evaluated histologically. Embryo morphology was related to conversion percentage and plant habit but not conversion rate. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) level in the induction medium did not affect embryo rooting or conversion and had little effect on embryo morphology. Overall conversion was 27% without embryo preselection. Bipolar, more typically normal embryos, had well defined shoot apices and produced single axis plants; conversion was 40–47%. Broad, fan-shaped embryos had about 38% conversion, and produced plants with fused stems and multiple branches; these embryos had multiple meristematic regions. Horn-shaped embryos greened, but generally failed to exhibit shoot growth; only 7% converted. Lower conversion rates in some classes were associated with poorly developed shoot meristematic areas. Regenerated plants flowered and set seed. Progeny exhibited general growth characteristics of the cultivar.
Diffusion of Drugs Across the Isolated Mesentery

In order to obtain knowledge of the diffusion rates of pentobarbital, salicylic acid, and urea across the peritoneal membrane under ideal conditions, experiments with isolated rabbit mesentery were conducted. Diffusion coefficients of the drugs were applied to evaluate rates of dialysis at various conditions of pH. Pentobarbital and salicylic acid diffused across the isolated mesentery in both ionic and nonionic form, with no significant difference in rate due to pH. In vivo tests also make it appear that the ionized form of drugs may diffuse across the peritoneal membrane. These results suggest that the research for agents to promote dialysis should include substances other than alkalizing agents.
Structure of murine major histocompatibility complex alloantigens: Identification of cysteine residues involved in two intrachain disulfide bonds of H-2Kb☆

Abstract Two disulfide bonds are present in the antigenic portion of H-2K b . Four of the five cysteine residues have been shown to be involved in these intrachain linkages. Isolation of the disulfide-bonded residues was accomplished by trypsin digestion of H-2K b pap ∥ and subsequent gel filtration of the digested material. Reduction, alkylation and further separation of each of the pairs of disulfide-bonded peptides resulted in the separation of individual cysteine-containing peptides. Sequence analysis of each of these separated peptides indicated that Cys 101 is linked to Cys 164, and Cys 203 is linked to Cys 259. Cys 121 is not involved in intramolecular disulfide linkages. The disulfide bonds found in H-2K b are homologous to those found in HLA-B7 and, most probably, in H-2D b , H-2K d , H-2D d and H-2L d . This pattern of disulfide linkages suggest that this feature is common to all major histocompatibility complex class I antigens.
Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution 2 . Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types 2 . This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
A maximum-likelihood surface estimator for dense range data

Describes how to estimate 3D surface models from dense sets of noisy range data taken from different points of view, i.e., multiple range maps. The proposed method uses a sensor model to develop an expression for the likelihood of a 3D surface, conditional on a set of noisy range measurements. Optimizing this likelihood with respect to the model parameters provides an unbiased and efficient estimator. The proposed numerical algorithms make this estimation computationally practical for a wide variety of circumstances. The results from this method compare favorably with state-of-the-art approaches that rely on the closest-point or perpendicular distance metric, a convenient heuristic that produces biased solutions and fails completely when surfaces are not sufficiently smooth, as in the case of complex scenes or noisy range measurements. Empirical results on both simulated and real ladar data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for several different types of problems. Furthermore, the proposed method offers a general framework that can accommodate extensions to include surface priors, more sophisticated noise models, and other sensing modalities, such as sonar or synthetic aperture radar.
Molecular modeling of carbon dioxide transport and storage in porous carbon-based materials

To fundamentally study the molecular processes in porous carbon-based systems relevant to transport and storage of carbon dioxide, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out with an external driving force imposed on a carbon-based 3-D pore network. The purpose of this study is to investigate the transport properties of pure carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen as well as binary mixtures nitrogen and carbon dioxide and also methane and carbon dioxide through modeled 3-D carbon-based systems representative of porous carbon-based materials. The 3-D pore network has been generated atomistically using the Voronoi tessellation method of a structure containing approximately 125,000 atoms. Simulations have been carried out to determine the effect of the pore structure, exposure to an external potential and composition mixture on phenomena such as fluid distribution in the system and permeability for broad ranges of conditions. The results indicate that the morphological characteristics and energetic effects play a dominant role in the flow and transport properties of fluids. As expected among these factors, the porosity of the structure strongly affect the permeability. In addition, our simulation results indicate that the permeability is zero below a critical porosity of about 0.2 due to the low connectivity in the pore network.
Passives partitioning for single package single chip SoC on 32nm RFCMOS technology

Using a multilayer organic package substrate, we demonstrate that future system-on-chip with co-existing digital and radio integrated circuits can be partitioned to have critical RF inductors/transformers on package and active devices and capacitors on silicon, which enables cost and form factor reduction as well as design of radios on low resistivity substrate. As proof of concept, we present an example of silicon/package co-design, where a WLAN bandpass filter has been designed using 3D inductors on-package and multi-finger-capacitors on a 32nm silicon process. The design is validated both experimentally and through full wave electromagnetic simulation.
Where is the gap?: the contribution of disparities within developing countries to global inequalities in under-five mortality

Background Global health equity strategists have previously focused much on differences across countries. At first glance, the global health gap appears to result primarily from disparities between the developing and developed regions. We examine how much of this disparity could be attributed to within-country disparities in developing nations.
A dynamical systems analysis of afferent control in a neuro--mechanical model of locomotion

Existing models have represented a locomotor system as a rhythmic driver, or central pattern generator (CPG), coupled to a mechanical limb, with feedback closing the loop. Our collaborators have developed a version of this model in which the CPG establishes a rhythm when activating drive is present, and feedback from ground strike helps control phase switching and rhythm stabilization. Spinal cord injury can be simulated through termination of drive, which ceases the rhythm. We derive and analyze a reduced representation of this model, which will elucidate general principles of phase and frequency control in normal locomotion. We aim to understand how the presence of feedback provides stable locomotion, allowing oscillations at a wider range of drive values to the CPG (specifically at lower values) than the CPG without afferent feedback. Furthermore, increasing the drive intensity to the CPG increases locomotor speed by reducing only the duration of the stance phase, at a relatively constant duration of swing phase [1]. This phase asymmetry has been seen in normal locomotion in cats, rats, and humans, but is not observed in the locomotor model without feedback, so we analyze how feedback facilitates this asymmetry. We will also reveal sufficient conditions for recovering rhythmicity in the injured state - how in the absence of drive, increased feedback can restore locomotion and contribute to locomotor stability, with an analysis of differences in rhythm robustness before and after loss of drive.
Smooth Histograms for Sliding Windows

In the streaming model elements arrive sequentially and can be observed only once. Maintaining statistics and aggregates is an important and non-trivial task in the model. This becomes even more challenging in the sliding windows model, where statistics must be maintained only over the most recent n elements. In their pioneering paper, Datar, Gionis, Indyk and Motwani [15] presented exponential histograms, an effective method for estimating statistics on sliding windows. In this paper we present a new smooth histograms method that improves the approximation error rate obtained via exponential histograms. Furthermore, our smooth histograms method not only captures and improves multiple previous results on sliding windows bur also extends the class functions that can be approximated on sliding windows. In particular, we provide the first approximation algorithms for the following functions: Lp norms for p notin [1,2], frequency moments, length of increasing subsequence and geometric mean.
Near optimal solution to the inverse problem for gravitational-wave bursts.

We develop a method for determining the source direction (θ,φ) and the two waveforms h+(t), h×(t) of a gravitational-wave burst using noisy data from three wideband gravitational-wave detectors running in coincidence. The scheme does not rely on any assumptions about the waveforms and in fact it works for gravitational-wave bursts of any kind. To improve the accuracy of the solution for (θ,φ), h+(t), h×(t), we construct a near optimal filter for the noisy data which is deduced from the data themselves. We implement the method numerically using simulated data for detectors that operate, with white Gaussian noise, in the frequency band of 500–2500 Hz. We show that for broadband signals centered around 1 kHz with a conventional signal-to-noise ratio of at least 10 in each detector we are able to locate the source within a solid angle of 1×10^-5 sr. If the signals and the detectors’ band were scaled downwards in frequency by a factor ι, at fixed signal-to-noise ratio, then the solid angle of the source’s error box would increase by a factor ι^2. The simulated data are assumed to be produced by three detectors: one on the east coast of the United States of America, one on the west coast of the United States of America, and the third in Germany or Western Australia. For conventional signal-to-noise ratios significantly lower than 10 the method still converges to the correct combination of the relative time delays but it is unable to distinguish between the two mirror-image directions defined by the relative time delays. The angular spread around these points increases as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases. For conventional signal-to-noise ratios near 1 the method loses its resolution completely.
The Impact of Native Language Learning Problems on Foreign Language Learning: Case Study Illustrations of the Linguistic Cooling Deficit Hypothesis

FOREIGN LANGUAGE (FL) EDUCATORS have been puzzled by the problems many of their students have mastering a FL in the classroom.' A number of hypotheses have been generated to account for these at-risk students, including explanations involving lack of motivation (18; 19), high levels of anxiety (27; 28), inefficient language learning strategies (40), and learning style differences (41). Recently, a new competing theory has been introduced into the FL literature, revived and extended from theories and research on at-risk FL learners in
Halogenated aryl hydrocarbon-induced suppression of the in vitro plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells is not dependent on the Ah receptor

Abstract The immunosuppressive effects of the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,9-PeCDF and 1,3,6,8-TCDF were investigated utilising the Mishell-Dutton model for in vitro immunization. The selected polychlorinated dibenzofuran congeners and 2,3,7,8-TCDD caused a concentration-dependent suppression of the splenic plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells using cell cultures derived from C57BL/6 (Ah responsive) mice. Previous studies showed that there was up to a 14900-fold difference in the in vivo immunotoxicity of these compounds, however in the in vitro studies, their immunosuppressive potencies were comparable. In addition, these congeners also exhibited similar potencies using spleen cell cultures from DBA/2 (Ah-nonresponsive) mice. Previous research demonstrated that α-naphthoflavone was relatively inactive in the in vitro splenic assay system and that co-treatment of cells from C57BL/6 mice with α-naphthoflavone (10 μM) plus 2,3,7,8-TCDD (20 mM) resulted in a significant inhibition of the immunotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. In these studies, comparable interactive effects were also observed in cells treated with α-naphthoflavone plus 1,3,6,8-TCDF, a weak in vivo Ah receptor agonist. Collectively, the results from this study suggest that there may be mechanism(s) of action for HAH-induced suppression of the in vitro murine humoral response to sheep red blood cells which are independent of the Ah receptor protein.
Developmental expression of homeobox genes in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.

Homeobox genes are a large family of genes that encode helix–turn–helix transcription factors that play fundamental roles in such developmental processes including body axis formation and cell specification. They have been found in a wide variety of organisms, from fungi to plants and animals, with some classes being specific to the Metazoa. While it was once thought that organismal complexity was tied to gene complexity, sequencing of genomes from a cnidarian, poriferan, and placozoan have shown no clear correlation. However, little attention has been paid to ctenophores, another early branching taxon. Ctenophores are mostly pelagic marine animals, with complex morphological features, so understanding the gene content and expression of this nonbilaterian phylum is of key interest to evolutionary biology. Expression information from developmental genes in ctenophores is sparse. In this study, we isolated seven homeobox genes from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and examined their expression through development. Phylogenetic analyses of these genes placed four in the ANTP class and three in the PRD class. These are the first reported full-length PRD class genes, although our analyses could not place them into specific families. We have found that most of these homeobox genes begin expression at gastrulation, and their expression patterns suggest a possible role in patterning of the tentacle apparati and pharynx.
A Genome-Wide Survey of R Gene Polymorphisms in Arabidopsis

We used polymorphism analysis to study the evolutionary dynamics of 27 disease resistance (R) genes by resequencing the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region in 96 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. We compared single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these R genes to an empirical distribution of SNP in the same sample based on 876 fragments selected to sample the entire genome. LRR regions are highly polymorphic for protein variants but not for synonymous changes, suggesting that they generate many alleles maintained for short time periods. Recombination is also relatively common and important for generating protein variants. Although none of the genes is nearly as polymorphic as RPP13, a locus previously shown to have strong signatures of balancing selection, seven genes show weaker indications of balancing selection. Five R genes are relatively invariant, indicating young alleles, but all contain segregating protein variants. Polymorphism analysis in neighboring fragments yielded inconclusive evidence for recent selective sweeps at these loci. In addition, few alleles are candidates for rapid increases in frequency expected under directional selection. Haplotype sharing analysis revealed significant underrepresentation of R gene alleles with extended haplotypes compared with 1102 random genomic fragments. Lack of convincing evidence for directional selection or selective sweeps argues against an arms race driving R gene evolution. Instead, the data support transient or frequency-dependent selection maintaining protein variants at a locus for variable time periods.
Literacy, readability and cultural barriers: Critical factors to consider when educating older African Americans about anticoagulation therapy

The number of patients on anticoagulation therapy has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Yet, few studies have examined the psychosocial barriers of low literacy, culture and inappropriate patient education materials used to teach older African Americans about their anticoagulation therapy. The aims of this study were to investigate literacy levels among older patients, and evaluate the readability and determine the cultural sensitivity of written information used in an anticoagulation management clinic. A descriptive, correlational design was used. Patients' (n = 62) knowledge levels and the readability and cultural sensitivity of written materials were examined. The Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) was used to measure reading skills of patients, while the SMOG formula (a formula for assessing readability) was used to test the readability of written educational materials used in an Anticoagulation Management Clinic. A Knowledge Information Profile, developed for this study by one of the authors (Wilson), was used to measure patient knowledge about warfarin, medication side-effects and food sources of vitamin K. A modified, culturally sensitive and easy-to-read pamphlet was used as an alternative teaching tool in the study. The results of the study revealed the average self-reported for highest grade completed in school was twelfth grade; however, the actual mean reading skills were between seventh and eighth grade. The readability of the written information was three to four grades higher than patients' reading abilities. None of the patient education materials were culturally sensitive. This study underscores the importance of having information that is understandable and culturally relevant to prevent the outcome of internal bleeding. Nurses have a vital role in educating patients and ensuring that teaching materials are appropriate for the target population.
A Mathematical Model for the Effects of HER2 Overexpression on Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer

We present a mathematical model to study the effects of HER2 over-expression on cell proliferation in breast cancer. The model illustrates the proliferative behavior of cells as a function of HER2 and EGFR receptors numbers, and the growth factor EGF. This mathematical model comprises kinetic equations describing the cell surface binding of EGF growth factor to EGFR and HER2 receptors, coupled to a model for the dependence of cell proliferation rate on growth factor receptors binding. The simulation results from this model predict: (1) a growth advantage associated with excess HER2 receptors; (2) that HER2-over-expression is an insufficient parameter to predict the proliferation response of cancer cells to epidermal growth factors; and (3) the EGFR receptor expression level in HER2-over-expressing cells plays a key role in mediating the proliferation response to receptor-ligand signaling. This mathematical model also elucidates the interaction and roles of other model parameters in determining cell proliferation rate of HER2-over-expressing cells.
Feeding Dysfunction: A Nursing Diagnosis for Infants Who Resist Oral Feeding

This paper reports a project that identified and validated a nursing diagnosis for the problem of ineffective infant feeding behaviors--feeding dysfunction. Three validation phases were used for development of the diagnosis. During the first phase the literature review provided information about the problem, the etiologies, and the defining characteristics. Phase two of the validation process utilized nurse specialists who were surveyed for their expert judgment of the etiologies and defining characteristics. The third validation phase used case studies of several infants together with assessment of the infants' feeding abilities to validate further the etiologies and defining characteristics. Support for the diagnosis infant feeding dysfunction was evident.
Residues of the UL25 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus That Are Required for Its Stable Interaction with Capsids

The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) UL25 gene product is a minor capsid component that is required for encapsidation, but not cleavage, of replicated viral DNA. UL25 is located on the capsid surface in a proposed heterodimer with UL17, where five copies of the heterodimer are found at each of the capsid vertices. Previously, we demonstrated that amino acids 1 to 50 of UL25 are essential for its stable interaction with capsids. To further define the UL25 capsid binding domain, we generated recombinant viruses with either small truncations or amino acid substitutions in the UL25 N terminus. Studies of these mutants demonstrated that there are two important regions within the capsid binding domain. The first 27 amino acids are essential for capsid binding of UL25, while residues 26 to 39, which are highly conserved in the UL25 homologues of other alphaherpesviruses, were found to be critical for stable capsid binding. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of capsids containing either a small tag on the N terminus of UL25 or the green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused between amino acids 50 and 51 of UL25 demonstrate that residues 1 to 27 of UL25 contact the hexon adjacent to the penton. A second region, most likely centered on amino acids 26 to 39, contacts the triplex that is one removed from the penton. Importantly, both of these UL25 capsid binding regions are essential for the stable packaging of full-length viral genomes.