cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonological reduplication in sign language: Rules rule.

Productivity—the hallmark of linguistic competence—is typically attributed to algebraic rules that support broad generalizations. Past research on spoken language has documented such generalizations in both adults and infants. But whether algebraic rules form part of the linguistic competence of signers remains unknown. To address this question, here we gauge the generalization afforded by American Sign Language (ASL). As a case study, we examine reduplication (X→XX)—a rule that, inter alia, generates ASL nouns from verbs. If signers encode this rule, then they should freely extend it to novel syllables, including ones with features that are unattested in ASL. And since reduplicated disyllables are preferred in ASL, such rule should favor novel reduplicated signs. Novel reduplicated signs should thus be preferred to nonreduplicative controls (in rating), and consequently, such stimuli should also be harder to classify as nonsigns (in the lexical decision task). The results of four experiments support this prediction. These findings suggest that the phonological knowledge of signers includes powerful algebraic rules. The convergence between these conclusions and previous evidence for phonological rules in spoken language suggests that the architecture of the phonological mind is partly amodal.
Extraction of Jet Topology Using Three Particle Correlations

Abstract Recent theoretical studies have indicated that the topological features of away-side jet fragments can be significantly altered by medium-induced modifications. The leading candidates resulting from such modifications are Mach Cones and deflected jets. We show that three particle correlations are able to distinguish between these different modification scenarios. Initial results from an application of the method to Au+Au collisions at RHIC ( s NN = 200 GeV ) are presented.
Economic Tradeoffs for Extraction Systems

A method for the quick screening of conceptual design alternatives for liquid extraction processes is described. As an example, the extraction of acetic acid from water using diethyl ether as a solvent is considered. First, two feasible extraction flowsheets are generated based on an analysis of the phase behaviour. Design estimates are made using recently developed geometric methods. An economic analysis shows a significant incentive for both flowsheets as an alternative to conventional binary distillation. Using a rank order analysis, it is found that the fractional recovery of solvent is the most important design variables in the extraction flowsheets. Surprisingly, it is found that the more complex flowsheet is the more economically attractive, because it avoids the difficult separation of small amounts of acetic acid from water by distillation.
Bow-tie wobble artifact: Effect of source assembly motion on cone-beam CT

Purpose: To investigate the cause of a bow-tie wobble artifact (BWA) discovered on Varian OBI CBCTimages and to develop practical correction strategies.Method and Materials: The dependence of the BWA on phantom geometry, phantom position, specific system, and reconstruction algorithm was investigated. Simulations were conducted to study the dependence of the BWA on scatter and beam hardening corrections. Geometric calibration was performed to rule out other gantry-angle dependent mechanical non-idealities as BWA causes. Air scans were acquired with ball-bearing markers to study the motions of the x-ray head assembly as functions of gantry angle. Based on measurements, we developed hypothesis regarding the BWA cause. Simulations were performed to validate our hypothesis. Two correction strategies were implemented: a measurement-based method, which acquires gantry-dependent normalization projections (NPs); and a model-based method that involves numerically shifting the single-angle NP to compensate for the previously-measured bow-tie-filter (BTF) motion.Results: The BWA has a diameter of ∼15 cm, is centered at the isocenter, and is reproducible independent of phantom, position, system, reconstruction, and standard corrections, but only when the BTF is used. Measurements identified a 2D sinusoidal gantry-angle-dependent motion of the x-ray head assembly, and it was the BTF motion (>3 mm amplitude projected onto the detector) resulting an intensity mismatch between the all-angle CBCT projections and a single-angle NP that caused the BWA. Both correction strategies were demonstrated effective.Conclusions: A geometric mismatch between the BTF modulation patterns on CBCT projections and on the NP causes the BWA. The BTF wobble requires additional degrees of freedom in CBCT geometric calibration to characterize.
Isolation and Structure Elucidation of the Terpene β-Thujone from Cedar Leaf Oil

Western red cedar leaf affords an essential oil characterized by high thujone content. Students in an advanced organic chemistry lab course isolate a single thujone diastereoisomer from commercially available cedar leaf oil. Treatment of crude oil, containing roughly 70% thujone, predominately as α-thujone (6.5:1), with ethanolic sodium hydroxide leads to epimerization at the chiral α-carbon. Equilibration thus inverts the diastereoisomeric ratio in favor (roughly 2:1) of the β-thujone epimer. Selective formation of the bisulfite addition product from the β-isomer allows for a simple purification via filtration. Release of the free ketone upon treatment with Na2CO3 yields highly pure β-thujone, which is characterized and identified using IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopy.
AB INITIO IONIZATION AND EXCITATION SPECTRA INVOLVING IO(X2II) AND IO+(X3SIGMA -, A1DELTA , B1SIGMA +)

An equilibrium bond length of re = 1.894 A and harmonic vibrational frequency of ωe = 664 cm-1 are computed for IO(X2Π) at the nonrelativistic all-electron CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df) level of theory. The...
Nitric oxide inhibition of endothelial cell mitogenesis and proliferation

Background Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation is essential in vascular repair after injury to the vessel wall. Impaired EC proliferation may be an important factor contributing to vessel wall disease. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits proliferation of many cells, including smooth muscle cells (SMC). We tested the hypotheis that NO inhibits EC proliferation and DNA synthesis. Methods Cultured canine venous ECs were treated with NO donors: S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO), or spermine NONOate (SP NO). Proliferation was determined by cell counts after 48 hours. Parallel proliferation studies were done with rat aortic SMC. ECs synchronized in S phase were treated with the NO donor diethylamine NONOate (DEA NO), and DNA synthesis was measured as the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, A NO antagonist, cPTIO, was used to reverse the effects of DEA NO. Results. Concentration-dependent (1 to 100 mmol/L) inhibition of EC proliferation (11% to 71% inhibition; p Conclusions. NO inhibits proliferation and mitogenesis of cultured ECs. This may occur in certain pathologic states, where production of NO in plaques and diseased vessels impedes reendothelialization, thus contributing to adverse thrombotic and vasospastic events.
An econometric analysis of the bank credit scoring problem

Abstract Most credit assessment models used in practice are based on simple credit scoring functions estimated by discriminant analysis. These functions are designed to distinguish whether or not applicants belong to the population of ‘would be’ defaulters. We suggest that the traditional view that emphasizes default probability is too narrow. Our model of credit assessment focuses on expected earnings. We demonstrate how maximum likelihood estimates of default probabilities can be obtained from a bivariate ‘censored probit’ framework using a ‘choice-based’ sample originally intended for discriminant analysis. The paper concludes with recommendations for combining these default probability estimates with other parameters of the loan earnings process to obtain a more meaningful model of credit assessment.
The RIVUR trial: a factual interpretation of our data.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) increases the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal scarring. Many prospective studies have evaluated the role of antimicrobial prophylaxis in the prevention of recurrent UTI and renal scarring in children with VUR. Of these, the RIVUR trial was the largest, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, multicenter study, involving 607 children aged 2–72 months with grade I–IV VUR and a first or second symptomatic UTI. The median age of children in the RIVUR trial was 12 months, 92 % were female, 91 % were randomized after a first UTI, 86 % had a febrile index UTI, and 71 (56 %) of 126 toilet-trained children had bladder bowel dysfunction. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole reduced the risk of UTI recurrences by 50 % (hazard ratio 0.50; 95 % confidence interval 0.34–0.74) as compared to placebo. No significant difference was seen in renal scarring between the two groups. However, this does not invalidate the role of prophylaxis in preventing renal scars because RIVUR and other recent prospective studies were not designed to address renal scarring as a primary study endpoint. In view of the RIVUR Trial and other studies that showed similar results, albeit in selected groups of patients, the debate on antimicrobial prophylaxis should shift from “no prophylaxis” to “selective prophylaxis” in children with VUR.
Etiology of experimental diabetes produced by dietary factors.

Experiments described in this report show that diabetes can be produced by protein-fat diets in dogs after subtotal pancreatectomy or ligation of the main pancreatic duct. In its early, mild stage, this type of experimental diabetes is reversible, i.e., upon the administration of lipotropins, in the form of raw pancreas, the carbohydrate metabolism reverts to normal, and becomes abnormal again when the lipotropins are withdrawn. This phenomenon is analogous to the development of transitory diabetes in normal subjects under the influence of protein-fat or high fat-low protein diets. According to unequivocal proof, furnished by several investigators, most convincingly by Himsworth, the immediate cause of the deterioration of carbohydrate metabolism under this condition is insulin resistance (inhibition of insulin action), but the factor that generates insulin resistance remained obscure. Porges and Adlersberg suspected fatty infiltration of the liver as the generator of insulin resistance, and the present s...
Is reserpine tranquilization linked to change in brain serotonin or brain norepinephrine

Reserpine, when administered to animals stressed by exposure to cold, does not induce sedation or appreciably lower brain serotonin, but markedly lowers brain norepinephrine. Reserpine in cold-exposed hypophysectomized rats elicits sedation and releases both amines equally. The results support the view that the tranquilizing action of reserpine is not related to brain norepinephrine loss but rather to change in the level of brain serotonin.
“Grand Convergence” in the Mexican Colonial Mundane: The Matter of Introductories

“Grand Convergence” introduces Mexican colonial rhetoric by way of a short text that is partial to clerical ideology and that eclipses a rich tradition of Amerindian medical rhetoric. Noting distinctions between Burke's theory of the representative anecdote and New Historicist uses of the “detail,” it explores the suitability of the text as an introduction to Latin American rhetoric historiography. Part two of the article examines contemporary scholarship on colonial Mexican rhetoric for its reductions and deflections.
SOME NITROUS ACID-INDUCED MUTANTS OF TOMATO ATYPICAL MOSAIC VIRUS.

Abstract A tomato mosaic strain of tobacco mosaic virus was treated with nitrous acid, and some of the properties were determined of 12 of the mutants appearing in the reaction mixture. The mutants selected for study shared the property of causing small necrotic lesions on varieties of tobacco in which the parent strain produced large, necrotic lesions. In Turkish tobacco, the new strains were distinguishable by the various chlorotic spots, ring patterns, or mild mosaics which they caused. Eleven of the 12 strains were found, like the parent strain, to have proteins terminating at the C-terminal end in serine. Ten of the 12 strains showed no difference from the parent strain in amino acid content of the protein component. One of the strains was found to have no systemic host among many varieties of tobacco and a few other kinds of plants, causing only local lesions on all of them. This strain was also found to have an altered host range, having lost the capacity to infect tomato, a prominent characteristic of the parent virus.
FATNESS, RATE OF CHILLING AND TENDERNESS OF LAMB

40 lambs were selected to vary in amount of finish for use in determining the mechanism by which fatness affects tenderness. Lambs with thick (n = 10), intermediate (n = 20) or thin (n = 10) finish were slaughtered, chilled at 1 ± 1°C and samples obtained from three muscles for chemical, histological, physical and organoleptic analyses. Subcutaneous fat was removed from one side of each carcass in the intermediate finish group to facilitate comparisons on a within-carcass basis. The data suggest that lamb carcasses which have increased quantities of fat (subjectively determined via live evaluations of finish or objectively determined via subcutaneous fat thickness measurements and marbling scores): (a) chill more slowly; (b) maintain muscle temperatures conducive to autolytic enzyme degradation for greater periods of time postmortem; (c) sustain less shortening of sarcomeres; (d) have muscles with lower ultimate pH values; (e) have less perceptible or softer connective tissue; and (f) are more tender than lamb carcasses which have limited quantities of fat. The data support the hypothesis that deposition of increased quantities of subcutaneous or intramuscular fat (particularly in carcasses with limited quantities of subcutaneous finish) increases tenderness via changes in postmortem chilling rate. An increased quantity of fat decreases the rate of temperature decline (either by insulation or via an increase in carcass mass), enhances the activity (or increases the duration of active proteolysis) of autolytic enzymes in muscle, lessens the extent of myofibrillar shortening and thereby increases the ultimate tenderness of cooked meat from a fatter carcass.
An empirical examination of the role of “closeness” in industrial buyer‐seller relationships

Managers of marketing relationships are advised to get “close” to the customer. Some theoretical models of industrial buyer‐seller relationships incorporate notions such as “closeness” and “intimacy”. What does it mean to have a close relationship? Is closeness essential to success in partnering? What is the payoff? This study attempts to address these questions. A concept of “closeness” is defined and tested empirically. A closeness construct is developed and tested for discriminant and convergent validity. The construct is then incorporated into a structural model of successful industrial buyer‐seller relationships and tested for pragmatic validity. The overall model and hypotheses are tested for statistical significance using LISREL VII. The results of the study indicate that the concept of closeness is indeed an important element in the partnering process. The managerial and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Primary treatment of early breast cancer with conservation surgery and radiation therapy. The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy

The combination of radiation therapy (RT) and conservation surgery is appropriate treatment for Stage I and II breast cancer patients, and is equivalent to radical mastectomy in overall survival and recurrence free survival. Moreover, RT and conservation surgery has the advantage over radical surgery of breast preservation (and subsequent psychological advantage). Inherent in the preservation of the breast is the concept of cosmesis. This implies that the treated breast is not retracted or deformed by the surgery and radiation. Current studies indicate that there is an increase in complications and less satisfactory cosmetic effect on patients receiving chemotherapy in conjunction with conservation surgery and RT, but no effect on survival. This raises the question of which patients should receive chemotherapy and what type of chemotherapy should be used. It also raises the question of the initiation timing and dosage of chemotherapy.
Rigid Field Hydrodynamic simulations of the magnetosphere of σ Orionis E

We present Rigid Field Hydrodynamic simulations of the magnetosphere of σ Ori E. We find that the X-ray emission from the star's magnetically confined wind shocks is very sensitive to the assumed mass-loss rate. To compare the simulations against the measured X-ray emission, we first disentangle the star from its recently discovered late-type companion using Chandra HRC-I observations. This then allows us to place an upper limit on the mass-loss rate of the primary, which we find to be significantly smaller than previously imagined.
Does Self-Neglect Occur Among Older Adults With Dementia When Unsupervised in Assisted Living? An Exploratory, Observational Study

The phenomenon of older adults with dementia who develop behavioral expressions when they are unsupervised in assisted living residences is understudied. This qualitative study aimed to bridge this gap in the literature by focusing on 12 residents in various stages of dementia. Grounded Theory was followed to guide data collection and analysis. Data were collected in two special care units of an assisted living residence for 10 months. Participant observation was the primary data collection strategy. Semistructured interviews with staff and managers and review of clinical records augmented the observation data. While unsupervised, residents exhibited a wide spectrum of negative emotional states, behavioral expressions, functional difficulties, wayfinding difficulties, serious hygiene problems, and safety risks. More than half of the identified incidents represented self-neglectful behaviors. The study highlights the need for enhanced supervision and targeted interventions for residents with dementia who are susceptible to self-neglect.
Oceanic observations of stratified Taylor columns near a bump

Abstract Analyses of two hydrographic sections and records from moored instruments show that the flow over a 400-m high seamount, centred at 36°N, 55°W in the recirculation region of the Gulf Stream system, resembles a stratified Taylor column. Potential density sections indicate a bottom intensified uplifting over the seamount with a vertical scale of approx. 3 km. Time series of relative vorticity deduced from the current meter records show a significant correlation with the bathymetry and a similar vertical scale as seen in the density structure. Estimates of the vorticity balance nominally 1000 m above the bottom demonstrate that the balance is between the advection of relative vorticity and vertical vortex stretching which is consistent with Taylor column behavior. Objective stream function maps at the same depth show closed contours near the seamount for most of the nine-month duration of the moored array. The results suggest that the bathymetry distorts the larger scale mean circulation so as to produce large amplitude, small scale variability which should be taken into account before one extrapolates isolated measurements from moored instruments.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED WATER QUALITY INDEX

: Use-oriented benefits and treatment costs analysis has been incorporated into a water quality index to show an economically optimized concentration for the treatment of the pollutants and the resulting water quality. This combined water quality index can be used in decisionmaking at the federal and local government levels. Five major pollutants, i.e., coliforms, nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, and detergent, have been considered for the municipal waste water. With each higher level of improvement the treatment costs increase accordingly and the benefits associated with the reuse of this treated waste water will increase too but not for the nutrient removal in agricultural use. The optimal concentration is determined when the marginal costs equal the marginal benefits. The combined water quality index is the combination of the maximum net benefits and the water quality index of the optimized residual concentrations. This water quality index is zero dollars for the Tucson region in this study. The possible reclaimed use of municipal waste water is for agricultural irrigation and recreational lakes for the Tucson region.
The Baryon Content of Dark Matter Halos: Empirical Constraints from Mg II Absorbers

We study the extent and covering fraction of cool baryons around galaxies of different luminosity and mass, based on a survey of Mg?II ??2796, 2803 absorption features near known galaxies. The initial sample consists of 13 galaxy and absorber pairs and 10 galaxies that do not produce Mg?II absorption lines to within sensitive upper limits. The redshifts of the galaxy and absorber pairs range from -->z = 0.2067 to 0.892 with a median of -->z = 0.3818. We find that galaxies at larger impact parameters produce on average weaker Mg?II absorbers. This anticorrelation is substantially improved when accounting for the intrinsic luminosities of individual galaxies. In addition, there exists a distinct boundary at -->? = Rgas, beyond which no Mg?II absorbers are found. A maximum likelihood analysis shows that the observations are best described by an isothermal density profile and a scaling relation -->Rgas = 91(LB/LB*)0.35 ? 0.05 h?1 kpc [or -->69 h?1 kpc at -->W(2796) = 0.3??] with a mean covering factor of --> ? = 80% ?86% . Together with the scaling relation between halo mass and galaxy luminosity inferred from halo occupation studies, this scaling of -->Rgas indicates that gas radius is a fixed fraction of the dark matter halo radius. We compare our results with previous studies and discuss the implications of our analysis for constraining the baryon content of galactic halos and for discriminating between competing scenarios for understanding the nature of the extended gas.
Multiscale design of cell-type-specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models for personalized medicine: application to temozolomide in brain tumors.

Optimizing anticancer therapeutics needs to account for variable drug responses in heterogeneous cell populations within the tumor as well as in organs of toxicity. To address cell heterogeneity, we propose a multiscale modeling approach—from in vitro to preclinical and clinical studies—to develop cell-type–specific pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models. A physiologically based mechanistic modeling approach integrating data from aqueous solutions, U87 glioma cells, mice, and cancer patients was utilized to characterize the brain disposition of temozolomide (TMZ), the cornerstone of chemotherapy against glioblastoma multiforme. The final model represented intracellular normal brain and brain tumor compartments in which TMZ pH-dependent conversion to the DNA-alkylating species leads to the formation of DNA adducts that serve as an entry point for a PD model. This multiscale protocol can be extended to account for TMZ PK-PD in different cell populations, thus providing a critical tool to personalize TMZ-based chemotherapy on a cell-type–specific basis.
Real-time ultrasound for the detection of deep venous thrombosis.

Purpose: Accurate diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a clinical problem in emergency practice. A prospective trial was conducted comparing real-time ultrasound with contrast venography in the diagnosis of proximal DVT. Methods: Seventy patients whose clinical presentations mandated diagnostic evaluation for DVT had real-time ultrasound of the involved leg followed by contrast venography. Initial readings of ultrasound and venography were compared with each other and with final readings to assess reliability of interpretation. Results: Final ultrasound readings agreed with final venogram readings in all patients. Negative initial ultrasound readings agreed with final venogram readings in 56 of 56 patients (negative predictive value, 100%; 95% confidence interval, 94 to 100). Eighteen patients had positive initial ultrasound readings compared with 14 who had positive final venogram readings (positive predictive value, 78%; 95% confidence interval, 55 to 91). Conclusion: Negative real-time ultrasonography reliably excludes proximal DVT. Positive ultrasound reliably diagnoses proximal DVT only in experienced hands.
Effects of meals on hemodynamics: Implications for antihypertensive drug studies

The ingestion of food is known to affect blood pressure and heart rate, but food is often allowed in patients under observation for antihypertensive drug effects. Seventy-seven patients with essential hypertension were observed for 8 hours after a 16-hour fast. Thirty-six continued to fast, 20 ate a high-carbohydrate meal, and 21 ate a meal of their own choice. Blood pressure and heart rate did not change during fasting, but both meals lowered mean supine and standing diastolic blood pressures during the subsequent 4 hours by 3 to 7 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The high-carbohydrate meal reduced supine systolic blood pressure by 6 mm Hg (P less than 0.0001). Both meals increased supine and standing heart rates by 5 to 8 bpm (P less than 0.001). After the self-selected meal, standing systolic blood pressure increased in younger patients but decreased in older patients. Food ingestion during antihypertensive drug studies may interfere with the interpretation of results and should be avoided whenever possible.
Electroluminescence in Disordered Zinc Sulphide

IN recent times a detailed study has been made of the structure of zinc sulphide crystals1, and of the solid-state properties, particularly electroluminescence2, of this compound. of the many factors which may influence the electrical and optical properties of zinc sulphide, little attention has so far been paid to the effect of the modifications which can occur in the crystal structure. In addition to the well-known cubic (sphalerite) and hexagonal (wurtzite) forms, single crystals of zinc sulphide can also be obtained with a one-dimensional stacking disorder of the hexagonal (0001) planes3. This disorder may exhibit a periodic arrangement resulting in the formation of polytypes1. Although no experimental work seems to have been published linking electroluminescence with disorder, Schneer4 has, from theoretical considerations, suggested that there may be some connexion; in addition, the electroluminescent properties of some zinc sulphide phosphors have been tentatively ascribed to a partial transformation from hexagonal to cubic5.
Stabilization of echo amplitudes in FSE sequences

The classical CPMG sequence and its extension as an imaging sequence, fast spin echo (FSE, based on RARE), suffer from signal magnitude variations in the early echoes when the refocusing pulses are not set exactly to 180 degrees. It has been suggested that by varying the value of the nutation angle of each refocusing pulse the signal magnitude could be made constant. This article describes an algorithm permitting the generation of sequences of nutation angles yielding series of echoes with constant signal magnitudes. This result is then used to design selective pulses for the FSE imaging technique.
Huygens' Methods for Determining Optical Parameters in Birefringence

Christiaan Huygens’ construction for the birefringence of the crystal Iceland spar has long raised questions concerning the experimental and computational methods that he deployed along the way to his final results, which were eventually printed in the Traite de la Lumiere of 1690. The documentary record as presented in part in the magisterial edition of his Oeuvres Completes does enable the historian to reconstruct much of the development.1 The editors however both reordered the manuscript and omitted pages of calculations. A proper evaluation must accordingly examine the original material, which is preserved in Codex 9 of the Huygens notebooks at the Bibliotheek of the Rijksuniversiteit Leiden. Several omitted pages of the Codex contain numerical data from which a great deal can be concluded that is pertinent for understanding just how Huygens mated mathematics with measurement. What follows presents a new reconstruction of his methods based on the published and unpublished material. From June of 1671 through 1681 Huygens resided for the most part in Paris as a founding member of the Academie des Sceinces and as a client of Colbert, remaining there even during Louis XIV’s war on the Dutch Provinces in 1672. His first notes on double refraction date from 1672 or 1673 and concern his early understanding of the subject after having read Erasmus Bartholin’s recent publication.2 These notes contain inklings (perhaps as a result of contacts with Fr. Ignace Pardies3) of what would evolve sometime during the next five years into Huygens’ fully-fledged wave understanding of light.4 Furthermore he seems by this time to have perceived the problem posed for any such account by the optics of Iceland spar, namely that the extraordinary ray in the crystal seemed to be oblique rather than perpendicular to its front.
Implementing Determinate Sentencing in Illinois: Conscience and Convenience

It is frequently asserted that criminal justice reform movements fail because the ideological model underlying the reform ('conscience") is corrupted by the politics and pragmatics in the system ("...
Phenobarbital versus clonazepam for sedative-hypnotic taper in chronic pain patients. A pilot study.

AbstractA randomized, double-blind controlled trial is reported comparing phenobarbital and clonazepam for the purpose of sedative-hypnotic taper in inpatients with chronic, nonmalignant pain. After receiving the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and a standardized psychiatric diagnostic interview, patients' baseline sedative-hypnotic use was assessed over 48 hours. Baseline use was converted into phenobarbital or clonazepam equivalents and administered in four doses daily using a blinded liquid pain cocktail. Baseline dose was maintained for two days and then tapered by 10% per day. Over the first week of taper, differences in mean and maximum Beck Anxiety and Benzodiazepine Withdrawal scores were not significant. However, when scales 1,3, or 8 of the MMPI were taken as covariates, differences on the Withdrawal Scale only increased to a trend level for mean scores and to a significant level for maximum scores. These findings support the superiority of benzodiazepines over barbiturates fo...
Graphene-based metamaterial structures with single and multiple tunable transparency windows

In this paper, we proposed novel graphene-based tunable plasmonic metamaterial structures to realize transparency windows. The proposed structures are composed of a graphene layer perforated with a quadrupole slot structure and a dolmen-like slot structure, which could achieve single and multiple transparency windows, respectively. In both complementary structures, the transparency windows could be dynamically manipulated by varying the Fermi energy levels of the graphene layer through electrical gating. The presented complementary graphene-based metamaterial structures with multiple tunable transparency windows could open up new opportunities for potential applications in tunable multi-wavelength slow light devices and optical sensors.
The Backflow-Cell Model for Continuous Two-Phase Nonlinear Mass-Transfer Operations Including Nonlinear Axial Holdup and Mixing Effects

Abstract The backflow-cell model is applied to countercurrent two-phase flow processes with exchange of a single solute. The effects of nonuniform axial holdup of the phases and nonlinear equilibrium are considered. Efficient matrix methods of solving the model equations for the array of cell concentrations in each phase are developed. These profiles are compared to those of the diffusion model for some linear cases, and methods of smoothing them are discussed.
Enhanced photoluminescence efficiency in Er-Yb codoped InAlP native oxides

Demonstrated is the effectiveness of Yb as a sensitiser to enhance the optical emission of Er in an InAlP native oxide host, which can potentially be integrated with a GaAs-based semiconductor laser. Photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation spectroscopy are used to evaluate the efficacy of Yb codoping. Compared to samples without Yb, an increase of ∼13 times is observed in both the PL and PLE signals for Er-Yb codoped samples with an Er:Yb ratio of 1:3, indicating that the Yb effectively absorbs the pump power and transfers the absorbed energy to the Er ions. The Er PL decay lifetime remains unchanged after codoping with Yb, with the PL emission linewidth decreasing only negligibly from 39 to 35 nm.
OC116: Ductus venosus SIA Index and a-wave reversed flow in severely premature growth-restricted fetuses

test. Results: There were 8 fetal demises (FD), 9 neonatal demises (ND), and 32 neonates survived (NS) at the time of hospital discharge. An ROC curve for the SIA Index in all cases showed less than −1.25 correlated with FD and greater than −1.25 correlated with live birth with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. A second ROC curve of live births showed less than 2.07 correlated with NS and greater than 2.07 correlated with ND with a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 94%. DV A/REDF correlated with FD and ND with sensitivities of 88% and 78%, respectively, and with NS 32%. Of the 32 NS, 11 (34%) possessed A/REDF at some time, with a median of 11 days before delivery. Conclusions: The SIA Index is a novel Doppler parameter in the assessment of severely premature IUGR fetuses that allows a much more accurate prediction of fetal outcome compared to A/REDF alone. Assessment of the SIA Index should therefore be considered part of the evaluation of IUGR fetuses.
Influence of Materials and Counting-Rate Effects on 3He Neutron Spectrometry

The high energy resolution of the Cuttler-Shalev 3He neutron spectrometer causes spectral measurements with this instrument to be strongly susceptible to artifacts caused by the presence of scattering or absorbing materials in or near the detector or the source, and to false peaks generated by pileup coincidences of the rather long-risetime pulses from the detector. These effects are particularly important when pulse-height distributions vary over several orders of magnitude in count rate versus channel. A commercial pile-up elimination circuit greatly improves but does not eliminate the pileup problem. Previously reported spurious peaks in the pulse-height distributions from monoenergetic neutron sources have been determined to be due to the influence of the iron in the detector wall.
Bystander Accessory Pathway During AV Node Re‐entrant Tachycardia

Between 1970 and July 1980, wide QRS tachycardia due to re-entry confined to the AV node with bystander involvement of an accessory atrioventricular pathway (AAV) was documented in three of 290 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome studied at Duke Medical Center. In each of the patients, at least one transition between wide and narrow QRS morphology was recorded without change in either the cycle length of tachycardia or the atrial activation sequence. Two of the three patients had a single left-sided AAV (lateral, postero-lateral) showing antegrade conduction only. The third patient had two right-sided AAVs (free wall, septal), each capable of bidirectional conduction. Initiation and termination of repetitive concealed conduction into the ventricular insert of an AAV appeared to be one mechanism determining bystander AAV participation. Documentation of the retrograde sequence of atrial activation during tachycardia, and examination of the effects of interpolated premature depolarizations from both the ventricle and mid-line atrium are the most helpful features in resolving the differential diagnosis of wide QRS tachycardia in patients with W-P-W syndrome.
Implementing New Teacher Evaluation Systems: Principals' Concerns and Supervisor Support.

Principal leadership is the key to successful implementation of mandated, high-accountability, teacher evaluation systems. Given the magnitude and complexity of change at the school level, understanding principals’ perceptions, responses, and concerns is essential for effective change and support during implementation. Thus, research that considers both principals’ concerns and their perceptions of implementation support contributes to both the scholarship and practice of leadership for change during accountability and reform. This multi-site, 3-year, qualitative study in a Southeastern state used the lens of Hall and Hord’s (Implementing change: patterns, principles, and potholes. Pearson Education, Boston, 2015) stages of concern, from the concerns-based adoption model, to examine K-12 principal perspectives during implementation of new, rigorous, high accountability teacher evaluation policies. Findings from this study increase our understanding of the impact of implementation challenges and change processes on principals charged with leading externally mandated, high stakes innovations. When principals’ knowledge and management concerns are insufficiently addressed, it is difficult for them to move to full and successful implementation. Findings have implications for superintendents, state policy-makers, university faculty in administration preparation programs, and researchers focusing on teacher evaluation, change, and education reform. In addition, this study adds to the literature by examining suburban and rural perspectives, complementing research focused on urban schools and districts.
Infant with gross hematuria and nephrotic syndrome: questions.

A 9-month old girl presented to the emergency room with brown urine and generalized edema. She had been born at full term with normal growth and development. Her parents were unrelated and had no other children. She had been in good health until she developed brown urine 4 days prior to presentation and was noted to have edema 1 day prior to being seen in emergency department. Her physical exam was remarkable for moderate generalized edema, mild pallor, and irritability. Vital signs were within normal limits except for elevated blood pressure (115/63 mmHg). Her urine specimen was turbid and brown. Microscopic exam showed red blood cells (RBC) too numerous to count, 2–5 white blood cells (WBC), and 5–10 squamous epithelial cells per high power field. No RBC casts were seen. Urine protein/creatinine ratio was 17. Renal function panel revealed normal electrolytes, elevated serum creatinine at 0.49 mg/dl (estimated glomerular filtration rate Schwartz 63 ml/min/1.73 m), and low serum albumin at 1.9 g/dl. Complete blood count showed mild anemia with hemoglobin 8.9 g/dl, platelet count 273,000/mm, and WBC 13,900/ mm. Renal ultrasound showed bilaterally enlarged kidneys with increased cortical echogenicity. Chest X-ray was within normal limits. The infant was admitted to the hospital.
Regarding the possible generation of a lunar nightside exo-ionosphere

The non-condensing neutral helium exosphere is at its most concentrated levels on the cold lunar nightside. We show herein that these He atoms are susceptible to impact ionization from primary and secondary electrons flowing in the vicinity of the negatively-charged nightside lunar surface. The secondary electron beams are a relatively recent discovery and are found to be emitted from the nightside surface at energies consistent with the negative surface potential. The effect is to create an electron impact-created ionosphere in nightside regions, possibly especially potent within polar craters.
Apoptosis and HIV neuropathogenesis

A consequence of HIV infection may be neurological dysfunction secondary to the presence of virus in the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS tropism of HIV and the mechanisms that govern its dissemination are not well defined. One view is that HIV enters the brain through the diapedesis of infected monocytes from blood into the perivascular space. HIV may then spread to susceptible cells throughout parenchyma. An alternate hypothesis is presented, which suggests that T lymphocyte apoptosis may also participate in HIV entry and dissemination in the brain. This is based on the following observations: 1) T lymphocyte apoptosis may be a CNS-specific mechanism to control inflammation, 2) the most common circulating reservoir of HIV is the T lymphocyte, 3) uninfected macrophages recruited to phagocytize HIV infected apoptotic T lymphocytes in vitro can become productively infected, and 4) the predominant form of HIV in the CNS is unintegrated. Aberrantly high levels of apoptosis in HIV infected lymphocytes within the CNS and subsequent recruitment and infection of macrophages and microglia may be a novel component of HIV neuropathogenesis.
The oxidation of alcohols and ethers using calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2]

Abstract Calcium hypochlorite, a relatively stable, and easily stored and used solid hypochlorite oxidant, was found to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones in excellent yields. Primary alcohols gave esters where both the acid and the alcohol portions of the esters were derived from the alcohol. Ethers were oxidized to esters though only in moderate yield.
Unitarity constraints on a + b → 1 + 2 + 3

The isobar model for $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1+2+3$ is reexamined in light of the requirements of subenergy unitarity. Discontinuities of the amplitude across the subenergy variables are removed by means of a set of coupled integral equations. We make a comparison of the amplitudes with and without the unitarity corrections and suggest a ratio test to check the validity of the isobar model.
Promises and Cautions regarding Using Response to Intervention with English Language Learners

This article provides a commentary on issues regarding the use of response to intervention (RTI) with English language learners (ELLs). The commentary draws on current literature on reading instruc...
Simultaneous determination of individual ambient particle size, hygroscopicity and composition

[1] A new system for simultaneous determination of individual particle size, hygroscopicity, and composition of internally and externally mixed aerosols is presented. An HTDMA is used to select particles according to their size and hygroscopicity for compositional analysis by a single particle mass spectrometer. The capability of the system is demonstrated on a laboratory generated aerosol consisting of polystyrene latex spheres coated with a layer of ammonium nitrate to represent an internally mixed aerosol with controllable hygroscopicity that is externally mixed with pure ammonium nitrate particles. Results are presented from an ambient study illustrating the sensitivity of the system and the capability to provide detailed information on individual atmospheric particles within a short sampling time.
Expression of phospholamban mRNA during early avian muscle morphogenesis is distinct from that of α‐actin

We have studied the expression of phospholamban during the early development of chick embryos by in situ hybridization and have compared it to that of α-cardiac and α-skeletal actin. In adult cross-striated muscles there is only one phospholamban gene and it is expressed exclusively in the heart and slow muscles. In the heart phospholamban transcripts were first detected at stage 14 in the region of presumptive ventricle and at stage 20 in the atrium. In the myotomal portion of the somites phospholamban mRNA was first detected at stage 20, which lagged behind the appearance of the α-actins. In the limb rudiments all three mRNAs were barely detectable through stage 24, but increased by stage 28 +. However, quantitative analysis of signal intensity at stage 28 + indicated that less phospholamban mRNA is present in the limb bud than in the myotome since for phospholamban the ratio of the signal density in the myotome to that in the limb rudiments was about twice the value of the ratio determined for the α-actins. Northern blot analysis of embryonic day 11 chick fast pectoralis muscle showed that phospholamban mRNA was not detected in vivo while α-cardiac actin mRNA was. Moreover, no phospholamban mRNA was detected in primary cultures derived from pectoralis muscle of the same age. In concert with previous observations that phospholamban is not detectable at stage 30–32 in wing or thigh muscle, these results suggest that phospholamban mRNA is expressed independently of the α-actins in the limb buds during early myogenesis. © 1993 wiley-Liss, Inc.
The inhibition of rabies virus by arabinosyl cytosine. Studies on the mechanism and specificity of action.

Abstract Arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C) inhibits the replication of rabies virus strains in all tissue culture cell systems tested, including the BHK-21, RK 13 , and WI-38 cell lines. The growth of other RNA-containing viruses (Egtved, NDV, West Nile, Sindbis, WEE, LCM, Reo type 1, and Mengo) is not significantly affected by the antimetabolite, although the infective titers of both the Indiana and New Jersey serotypes of VSV and cocal virus are reduced 2- to 20-fold under the conditions used. When actinomycin D, nogalamycin, cycloheximide, or puromycin are added during the first 3 hours of rabies viral replication in BHK-21 cells in the presence of ara-C, the inhibitory effect of the pyrimidine nucleoside analog is partially or completely reversed. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ara-C requires the induction of a cellular protein for its specific inhibitory action on rabies virus growth, and that this protein exerts its inhibitory effect at an early stage in viral replication.
Data Dependent Sparing to Manage Better-Than-Bad Blocks

We forecast that proper handling of unreliable storage blocks (e.g., "bad block management" in solid-state drives) will remain critical for future systems built with advanced and emerging memory technologies. This paper argues that the conventional block retirement and sparing approach--a block is retired as soon as it shows faulty behavior--is overly conservative and inefficient. We observe that it is highly unlikely that all faulty bits in a storage block manifest errors. Consequently, we propose data dependent sparing, a relaxed block retirement and sparing approach that recycles faulty storage blocks. At small management cost and with less than 1% sparing, data dependent sparing achieves the same lifetime as the conventional approach with 20% sparing.
Interferon gamma and interleukin 1, but not interferon alfa, inhibit rotavirus entry into human intestinal cell lines

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Rotavirus, an important agent of gastroenteritis in children, causes diarrhea by infecting differentiated villus enterocytes in the small intestine. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokines that can be expressed by mucosal cells have an effect on the rotavirus susceptibility of cultured human enterocytes. METHODS: Caco-2 and HT-29 cells were pretreated with various cytokines before challenge with rotavirus. RESULTS: Interleukin (IL)-1, interferon (IFN)-alpha, and IFN-gamma pretreatment led to a dose-dependent resistance to rotavirus infection. Maximum effects occurred after 72 hours of pretreatment, whereas no detectable inhibition occurred with