cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed Generation Systems: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Energy

The great challenge for designing and developing sustainable alternative energy infrastructure is in essence the same as for maintaining our present infrastructure: How can we best solve the problems of delivering energy when and where it is needed? This involves rethinking supply and demand, load balancing, and energy sourcing paradigms with a view toward local production utilizing next generation technologies. Exploiting distributed generation means designing hybrid systems based on site-specific conditions; using new technologies to leverage traditional energy sources; and minimizing transmission and distribution costs - particularly the losses associated with long-distance transmission. Load balancing in particular becomes far more tractable when viewed as a local problem of matching energy supply and demand. Looking at modern network technologies as the models for creating a new generation of energy delivery systems provides insights into how local energy production systems can be scaled up to internetworked production systems that leverage alternative energy generation based on local and sustainable resources together with traditional large scale generation. As smart grid development advances, network theory and technology provides a new model for energy systems based on a multi-dimensional energy production network rather than the outmoded single-direction, source-to-consumption model we now have.
Haloperidol reduces stimulant and reinforcing effects of ethanol in social drinkers.

Background: Despite abundant preclinical support for a role of dopamine (DA) in the stimulant-like and reinforcing effects of ethanol, there have been few studies directly investigating this mechanism in human subjects. This study examined the effect of a DA antagonist, haloperidol, on the subjective stimulant-like effects of acute doses of ethanol and on ethanol reinforcement in healthy human volunteers. It was hypothesized that a low dose of the DA D2/D3 antagonist haloperidol (3 mg) would attenuate stimulant-like subjective effects of ethanol (0.75 g/kg) and reduce the number of drinks chosen during a subsequent choice phase. Methods: Seventeen healthy men and women, 21 to 35 years old, participated in four laboratory sessions conducted at 1-week intervals. During the four sessions they received, in randomized order under double-blind conditions, capsules containing haloperidol or placebo followed by three drinks containing ethanol (0.75 g/kg) or placebo, at 30-min intervals. Subjective and behavioral responses were measured before and after the beverages. After the third beverage, subjects could choose up to five additional doses of the beverage they had ingested. Results: Haloperidol reduced the number of ethanol beverages subjects chose without altering placebo beverage choices. Haloperidol also dampened some of the subjective effects of ethanol, especially in subjects who experienced stimulation after ethanol. Haloperidol reduced stimulant-like and euphorigenic effects of ethanol in subjects who experienced stimulant effects (n= 8) but had no effect in subjects who did not experience stimulation from ethanol (n= 9). Conclusions: These findings suggest that DA plays a role in the stimulant-like, euphorigenic, and reinforcing qualities of ethanol in humans. However, the findings also raised new questions about the link between the subjective and reinforcing effects of ethanol.
Erectile dysfunction and its association with metabolic syndrome and endothelial function among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Context Evidence suggests that numerous comorbid conditions contribute to erectile dysfunction (ED) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective To review the relationship and mechanism between diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and ED. Methods A manual review of authoritative literature from peer-reviewed publications from January 2001 through July 2010 was performed. These publications were further mined to consider the impact of metabolic syndrome as a comorbid condition. Publications from key references were also consulted. Results The associations between obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, T2DM, CVD, and depression with sexual dysfunction suggest that sexual dysfunction, particularly ED, is a precursor to CVD. Because these conditions share important risk factors with CVD, identifying them and their relationships with the pathogenesis of ED is likely to be critical to the manner in which primary care physicians screen for and manage this condition. Conclusions Primary care physicians ought to establish trusting relationships with their patients, providing opportunities for them to probe such sensitive issues as sexual activities, as a means of addressing the possibility of ED. When making the new diagnosis of sexual dysfunction in the absence of metabolic disease or CVD, physicians ought to consider the risk for T2DM and CVD. Associations between metabolic disease, heart disease, and sexual dysfunction further suggest that all patients who are obese and have dyslipidemia, T2DM, and/or depression should be further screened for ED.
The Chinese Market: Navigating for Sustainable Competitive Advantage

This article examines the crosscurrents of China's economic transition in terms of the strategic and logistical means of accessing and navigating its market. The study is based on an in-depth key informant interviews conducted from 1988 to 2006 regarding China's transition from a command economy to a market economy. The article focuses on the transformation in China's business environment and related business problems in terms of challenges and opportunities resulting from this transition. The article provides a longitudinal, qualitative perspective that contributes to the knowledge at the international strategic business/marketing interface.
The Dynamic Multiprocess Framework: Evidence from prospective memory with contextual variability

The ability to remember to execute delayed intentions is referred to as prospective memory. Previous theoretical and empirical work has focused on isolating whether a particular prospective memory task is supported either by effortful monitoring processes or by cue-driven spontaneous processes. In the present work, we advance the Dynamic Multiprocess Framework, which contends that both monitoring and spontaneous retrieval may be utilized dynamically to support prospective remembering. To capture the dynamic interplay between monitoring and spontaneous retrieval, we had participants perform many ongoing tasks and told them that their prospective memory cue may occur in any context. Following either a 20-min or a 12-h retention interval, the prospective memory cues were presented infrequently across three separate ongoing tasks. The monitoring patterns (measured as ongoing task cost relative to a between-subjects control condition) were consistent and robust across the three contexts. There was no evidence for monitoring prior to the initial prospective memory cue; however, individuals who successfully spontaneously retrieved the prospective memory intention, thereby realizing that prospective memory cues could be expected within that context, subsequently monitored. These data support the Dynamic Multiprocess Framework, which contends that individuals will engage monitoring when prospective memory cues are expected, disengage monitoring when cues are not expected, and that when monitoring is disengaged, a probabilistic spontaneous retrieval mechanism can support prospective remembering.
Growth, ectomycorrhizae and nonstructural carbohydrates of loblolly pine seedlings exposed to ozone and soil water deficit.

Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings from three full-sib families were exposed to 0, 50, 100 or 150 ppb ozone (O3) (5 h/d, 5 d/week for 6 or 12 weeks). Soil water potential was maintained near pot capacity (−0.03 MPa) or soil was allowed to dry to approximately −1.0 MPa and resaturated. Chlorotic mottling and flecking of needles due to O3 injury were observed for seedlings from all pine families. Soil water deficit lessened the intensity of O3 symptoms, possibly due to stomatal closure. Exposure to O3 and soil water deficit each resulted in less seedling volume growth and dry weight, and changed the nonstructural carbohydrate content of seedlings compared with controls. Increasing O3 concentrations resulted in a linear reduction in foliar starch content but did and affect hexose or sucrose content. Soil water deficit resulted in less starch and soluble sugar contents in above- and below-ground plant parts compared with controls. Soil water deficit did not affect numbers or percentages of roots that formed ectomycorrhizal tips. A linear dose-response relationship between O3 and ectomycorrhizae was observed. The number of ectomycorrhizal tips/cm long root and the percentage of feeder roots that formed ectomycorrhizae were lower as O3 concentration increased. Overall, each stress alone caused less seedling growth and carbohydrate content compared with controls, but only O3 was responsible for suppression of ectomycorrhizae.
Influence of short-chain cell-penetrating peptides on transport of doxorubicin encapsulating receptor-targeted liposomes across brain endothelial barrier.

To investigate the influence of different cell penetrating peptides (CPPs-TAT, Penetratin and Mastoparan), on the transport of doxorubicin encapsulating transferrin (Tf)-liposomes across brain endothelial barrier, in vitro and in vivo. The cellular uptake of dual-functionalized, (Tf-CPP), liposomes into various tumor cells was assessed using HPLC. The transport of liposomes was also measured across a robust 3D brain tumor model constructed using chitosan-PLGA scaffolds. The growth of tumor cells was monitored using H&E staining and the fully grown tumor scaffolds were visualized using SEM. The tumor scaffolds were combined with the culture inserts carrying tightly packed brain endothelial cells. The in vitro and in vivo transport of drug (using Tf-CPP-liposomes) across the brain endothelial barrier was determined by extraction of the drug from cells and tissues followed by analysis using HPLC. The results demonstrated improved delivery of doxorubicin using dual-functionalized liposomes versus the single ligand or unmodified liposomes. Among different Tf-CPP-liposomes, the Tf-Penetratin liposomes showed efficient cellular transport of the encapsulated drug (approximately 90–98%) and maximum translocation of the drug across the brain endothelial barrier (approximately 15% across in vitro and 4% across in vivo BBB). The Tf-Penetratin and Tf-TAT liposomes demonstrated excellent cellular biocompatibility and no hemolytic activity upto 200nM phospholipid concentration. The Tf-CPP liposomes showed efficient translocation of the anticancer drug across the brain endothelial barrier. In addition, an absolute and robust in vitro brain tumor model was successfully constructed to overcome the practical intricacies of developing a successful in vivo orthotopic brain tumor model.
The effect of orthographic structure on letter search

Ss were asked to search for a single-letter target embedded in a context of (1) letter strings that were orthographically well structured though not English words, or (2) letter strings that were poorly structured and unpronounceable. Neither college students nor fifth graders differed in scanning rate as a function of the context structure. Reports from Ss revealed that orthographic structure was frequently noted but was used inconsistently, if at all, and without benefit to the search. It was concluded that optimal strategies for processing verbal features change with the task and that pickup of larger structural units is incompatible with fut letter search.
Index Reduction for Brauer Classes via Stable Sheaves

We use twisted sheaves to study the problem of index reduction for Brauer classes. In general terms, this problem may be phrased as follows: given a field k, a k-variety X, and a class α ∈ Br(k), compute the index of the class α k(X) ∈ Br(X) obtained from α by extension of scalars to k(X). We give a general method for computing index reduction which refines classical results of Schofield and van den Bergh. When X is a curve of genus 1, we use Atiyah's theorem on the structure of stable vector bundles with integral slope to show that our formula simplifies dramatically, giving a complete solution to the index reduction problem in this case. Using the twisted Fourier-Mukai transform, we show that a similarly simple formula describes homogeneous index reduction on torsors under higher-dimensional abelian varieties.
Survival and dispersal of oiled brown pelicans after rehabilitation and release

Abstract California brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) were exposed to oil spills just prior to the 1990 breeding season and during the 1991 breeding season in the Southern California Bight (SCB); some were captured, rehabilitated (cleaned and given veterinary care) and released (total = 31 colour- and radio-marked + 81 colour-marked only; = RHB). Nineteen unoiled controls (= CON) from the SCB population, but from an unaffected area, were captured, radio-marked (11) and/or colour-marked (8) in 1990. Despite extensive surveys in the Gulf of California and western Baja California (latitude 23° to 30°N), all radio signals, recoveries and sightings were on the Pacific Coast between 30° and 47°N from 1990–1992. After release and until radio-telemetry data ceased to provide a complete sampling of RHB and CON (after about 6 months), RHB pelicans disappeared at a higher rate than CON; a continuing lower survival of RHB was also indicated from independent sightings of colour-marked pelicans by late 1992. RHB pelicans showed no breeding activity (or even presence or association with breeding colonies) in both years. In contrast, expected proportions of radio-marked CON pelicans were active at breeding colonies in 1990, and the general brown pelican population (which acted as controls in 1991) was active at breeding colonies in 1991. Post-breeding dispersal occurred as expected (mostly to the north) in 1990 and 1991 with CON. RHB pelicans remained sedentary in the SCB for at least 5–6 months in 1990 but dispersed north ahead of CON (as expected for non-breeders) in 1991, apparently in response to building ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation) conditions in the SCB 1991–1992. RHB pelicans (1990) tended to remain farther away from the breeding colonies than CON (1990) in their second post-rehabilitation breeding season. At that time, their dispersal behaviour was similar to that expected for non-breeding adults and juveniles. We conclude that oil and/or rescue and treatment result in long-term injury to brown pelicans, and that current efforts do not restore them to breeding condition or normal survivability.
Effects of bilateral lesions of auditory cortex in mice on the acoustic startle response

The acoustic startle response (ASR) was used to investigate the effects of auditory cortical lesions on a brain stem-mediated auditory behavior. The ASRs were obtained longitudinally from young adult C57BL/6J mice before bilateral ablation of auditory cortex, 1 day after ablation, and 1 month later. Control mice received lesions of nonauditory cortex. For some mice, averaged brain stem-evoked responses (ABR) were obtained, and these indicated no effects of lesions on auditory sensitivity. One month after surgery, mice with auditory cortex ablations were statistically indistinguishable from controls on all suprathreshold measures of ASR. However, 1 day after ablation of auditory cortex, experimental animals (but not controls) exhibited a change in ASR amplitude (but not threshold or latency). When a noise burst of 80 dB SPL was used to elicit the ASR, the amplitude was diminished, but with a 110 dB stimulus, amplitude was enhanced. The findings can be interpreted in one of two ways: temporary interference with modulation of the ASR normally performed by auditory cortex; or a general effect of auditory cortex ablation on brain stem auditory circuits not specific to the ASR. In any event, if auditory cortex plays a modulatory role with regard to the ASR, it is apparently nonessential and/or readily compensated for after ablation.
Ki-67 Antigen Staining as an Adjunct to Identifying Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

The purpose of the work was to determine the feasibility and predictive value of Ki-67 immunostaining of cervical cytology and the detection of cervical dysplasia. Air-dried cervical smears were stained with MIB-1 antibody to identify the Ki-67 antigen. Nuclear decoration in abnormal squamous nuclei determined immunoreactivity. One hundred twenty-four nonpregnant patients underwent colposcopy and directed biopsies for abnormal cytology. Sensitivity (0.89), specificity (0.65), positive predictive value (0.60), and negative predictive value (0.91) were found for Ki-67 immunostaining in detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in 124 patients and positive Ki-67 staining was a significant predictor of high-grade CIN in both univariate (odds ratio 15.5 (95% CI 5.5-43.8) and multivariable (odds ratio 21.5 (95% CI 5.0-92.0) analysis. In 101 patients with ASCUS and LGSIL, Ki-67 immunostaining demonstrated the following in detection of high-grade CIN: sensitivity (0.96), specificity (0.67), positive predictive value (0.49), and negative predictive value (0.98). Ki-67 immunostaining of cervical cytology is a predictor of significant cervical pathology with high sensitivity and negative predictive value. Ki-67 immunostaining of cervical cytology may represent a new and cost-effective triage tool for patients with minor abnormalities on cytology.
A Study of the Deep-Water Cisco Fishery of Lake Ontario with Particular Reference to the Bloater Leucichthys Hoyi (Gill)

Abstract Studies were made of the deep water cisco fishery on New York waters of Lake Ontario during the summer and fall of 1942. Experimental gill nets were set to test the 2 3/4 inch mesh, as provided under present New York regulations, against various other mesh sizes to determine if changes in the regulations were advisable in order to increase the production of ciscoes. Conclusions are based on a total catch of 2,393 ciscoes of which 93.23 per cent consisted of a single species, the bloater (Leucichthys hoyi). Characteristics of the different species of ciscoes and fishes associated with them were considered in formulating the recommendations. The catch of bloaters by the nets of each mesh size are analyzed with respect to number of fish taken, average length and weight, sex ratio and condition. Studies on the age and growth of the bloater are presented. A change to 2 1/2 inch mesh was recommended for the deep water ciscoes provided that such nets are not fished in less than 180 feet of water.
Cooperation in Microcredit Borrowing Groups: Identity, Sanctions, and Reciprocity in the Production of Collective Goods:

Cooperation to produce collective goods is widespread in society, and yet so is its failure. Theorists have identified competing mechanisms for facilitating group cooperation, including group identity, sanctions and reciprocity. Here I use empirical data to explore how these mechanisms influence cooperation in the natural laboratory of microcredit borrowing groups. Microcredit makes loans to high-risk borrowers through borrowing groups in which individuals' access to credit is dependent on the behavior of other members of the group, thereby creating a social dilemma for members and an opportunity to observe cooperation in real world groups. By analyzing both collective goods production (loans) and compliance (repayment), I find that the competing mechanisms have differential effects. Group identity, sanctions and reciprocity are all associated with more borrowing in the group. Only reciprocity, however, limits loan delinquency and is associated with group longevity, suggesting both that collective goods p...
Social information processing and the perpetration of intimate partner violence: It is (and isn't) what you think

Research on the perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) reveals a wide array of important influences, ranging from neurophysiology to culture. Yet prominent theories are narrow in focus and existing interventions are only modestly effective. This commentary highlights the need for a biopsychosocial model of IPV that is coherent, integrative, nonreductionistic, and facilitates effective practice, and illustrates how the social information processing (SIP) approach can provide an organizing framework for this effort. SIP involves recursive steps leading from the decoding of social cues to the generation, selection, enactment, and evaluation of responses in light of interpersonal goals and with constant reference to a central "database" of social knowledge. Factors such as posttraumatic stress, alcohol intoxication, and neurocognitive deficits increase risk for IPV through specific alterations in SIP processes such as the attribution of negative partner intent and perceived acceptability of violence. From this perspective, violence is an actively selected response option and therefore individuals are personally responsible for choosing to act in an abusive manner. However, a wide array of biological, psychological, and social factors influence SIP processes. Further understanding of SIP in IPV will clarify change targets for intervention, facilitate the development of new intervention strategies, and provide efficient ways to evaluate intervention effects.
Velocity modulation laser spectroscopy of vibrationally excited CF+: determination of the molecular potential function

Abstract The lowest six vibrational hot bands of CF + have been measured in a helium/C 2 F 6 discharge by velocity modulation laser spectroscopy. A total of 56 transitions has been fitted to Dunham expansion for v = 0–7, yielding the parameters: ω e = 1792.6654(18) cm −1 B e = 1.7204176(75) cm −1 , Y 20 , = −13.22968(54) cm −1 , and D 0 = 62086(30) cm −1 . The rotational temperature of CF + in the plasma is near 650 K and the vibrational temperature is approximately 5200 K.
Understanding the work of medical transcriptionists in the production of medical records

Efforts to improve healthcare by reducing medical errors often center on the accuracy of medical records. At the same time, the impact of new technologies such as speech recognition technology on the process of producing medical records has not been sufficiently examined. In this article we analyzed interview data from medical transcriptionists (MTs) describing how they do the work of transcription to produce accurate medical records from doctors' dictation. We found that medical transcriptionists rely on several types of skills that current speech recognition technology lacks. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the design and implementation of SRT systems for the production of medical records and for how the work of MTs can help reduce medical errors.
Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

It is shown that a wide class of non-Abelian gauge theories have, up to calculable logarithmic corrections, free-field-theory asymptotic behavior. It is suggested that Bjorken scaling may be obtained from strong-interaction dynamics based on non-Abelian gauge symmetry.
The separation of adenine and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferases isoenzymes by disc gel electrophoresis.

Hypoxanthine-guanine (HGPRT; E.C. 2.4.2.8) and adenine (APRT; E.C. 2.4.2.7) phosphoribosyl transferases were studied by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The positions of the isoenzymes were detected by radiochemical enzyme assay. The nucleotide products of the reactions were precipitated in the gel with lanthanum chloride. APRT was found to migrate slightly less rapidly than albumin and produced a single narrow symmetrical peak of activity. HGPRT migrated 25–50% more slowly than albumin and produced a broad zone of activity consisting of four unequal peaks. The APRT enzyme of Rhesus monkey liver and the HGPRT enzyme of sheep erythrocytes migrated notably slower than the corresponding human enzymes. An isoenzyme of APRT was detected in human erythrocytes which migrated more rapidly than that of most individuals. In all instances, the adenine was utilized by one electrophoretic component and hypoxanthine and guanine by another. Furthermore, the components which utilized hypoxanthine and guanine were inseparable. The sensitivity of the assay made it possible to assess the electrophoretic and enzymatic characteristics of HGPRT isoenzymes on aliquots of hemolysates capable of producing 0.5 picomoles of IMP per minute. In human erythrocytes with normal enzyme content, this amount of activity is present in approximately 50 nanoliters of cells.
High Operating Temperature Limitations for Germanium Detectors

The operation of germanium spectrometers at temperatures considerably in excess of 77°K (with attendant advantages in the cooling system) has been made possible with the advent of high purity germanium. The basic limitations on operating temperature are due to (1) increased trapping effects and (2) increased electronic noise. An extensive analysis has been made of temperature-dependent noise sources. The principal limitation is due to trap and band-to-band bulk-generated currents. Experimentally determined parameters for germanium indicate that the operation of larger-volume detectors at temperatures in excess of 200°K is feasible. Several high purity detectors (1 cm3 and 14 cm3 in volume) have already been operated satisfactorily in the 170-180°K range, considerably higher than the 130-140°K maximum range observed for Ge(Li) detectors. In all detectors tested thus far, the principal limitation has been due to trap-generated current, which indicates the possibility of further improvement.
Overview of biostatistics used in clinical research

Purpose. A brief overview is given of the types of statistical tests that are available to analyze pharmacy research data. Summary. The most important aspect of selecting the correct statistical test is defining the types of variables being analyzed. Variables that are controlled or determined by the researcher are referred to as independent variables. Dependent variables are those that are observed and are out of the researcher’s control. There are two types of random error that exist with inferential statistics: rejecting a null hypothesis ( H ) when it is true and failing to reject H when it is false. There are two primary ways to interpret the significance of results from an inferential statistical test: (1) creation of a confidence interval and determination of whether a value falls within the interval and (2) calculation of a ratio and determination of whether the resultant value exceeds an established critical value. Student’s t test is one of the simplest inferential tests and can be used to illustrate both the confidence interval and the ratio approaches to evaluating sample data. The p value indicates the amount of error that can exist if the researcher chooses to reject H . Parametric tests require two additional assumptions in order to be applied correctly. Some examples of these include the two-sample t test and the paired t test. Nonparametric tests are designed for small sample sizes and are easy to calculate. These tests use the median as the measure of center. Some examples of nonparametric tests include the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test. Other statistical tests that are available to help the pharmacist researcher include equivalency testing, survival statistics, and noninferiority studies. Conclusion. Selection of the proper statistical test depends on the type and number of variables and whether parametric conditions are met.
Serum digitalis and arrhythmia in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

To assess the possible role of digitalis in the etiology of arrhythmia following cardiopulmonary bypass, serum digoxin or digitoxin was determined serially by radioimmunoassay in 24 chronically digitalized patients undergoing open-heart surgery. After an initial fall during bypass probably secondary to intraoperative fluid, serum digitalis rebounded, rising to or surpassing the preoperative value in 21 of the 24 patients studied. Peak rebound serum digitalis occurred an average of 13 hours following onset of bypass. Eight patients receiving maintenance digoxin developed arrhythmia postbypass at or near the peak of the rebound. The arrhythmia subsided as the peak was passed. Mean serum digoxin at the time of arrhythmia was 1.3 ± 0.2 (sd) ng/ml. A significantly higher ( P
A new class of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors and a simple assay of inhibition in vivo

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase was shown to be inhibited in vitro by a series of phenylcarbonyl derivatives containing catechol or triphenolic ring systems. The most active compounds were either phenethylamine or gallic acid derivatives. A rapid and simple method is described for measuring tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition in the press juice from guinea pig heart after the administration in vivo of various compounds. The results obtained with this procedure are consistent with the inhibition of the enzyme in vivo as estimated by other procedures.
Staphylococcus aureus antigens and challenges in vaccine development

Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections in humans and animals, as well as mastitis in dairy cattle. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is increasingly recognized as a cause of staphylococcal infection and, therefore, immunotherapeutics have received new interest in both human and veterinary medicine. Vaccines aimed at preventing S. aureus infection in humans and mastitis in dairy cattle have been studied for many years. While some formulations have shown promise in ameliorating clinical disease, few, if any, of the S. aureus vaccines developed have adequately prevented new infection. The antigens targeted by S. aureus vaccines and potential reasons for the lack of success of vaccination against S. aureus are reviewed in this article.
Diel cycling of zinc in a stream impacted by acid rock drainage: initial results from a new in situ Zn analyzer.

Recent work has demonstrated that many trace metals undergo dramatic diel (24-h) cycles in near neutral pH streams with metal concentrations reproducibly changing up to 500% during the diel period (Nimick et al., 2003). To examine diel zinc cycles in streams affected by acid rock drainage, we have developed a novel instrument, the Zn-DigiScan, to continuously monitor in situ zinc concentrations in near real-time. Initial results from a 3-day deployment at Fisher Creek, Montana have demonstrated the ability of the Zn-DigiScan to record diel Zn cycling at levels below 100 μg/l. Longer deployments of this instrument could be used to examine the effects of episodic events such as rainstorms and snowmelt pulses on zinc loading in streams affected by acid rock drainage.
Pentafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl-Terminated Chlorosilanes: New SF5-Containing Films and Polysiloxane Materials

Two new SF5-terminated perfluoroalkylsilanesSF5(CF2CF2)nCH2CH2SiCl3 (n = 1 and 2)were synthesized by addition of trichlorosilane to the corresponding synthetic SF5-terminated perfluoroalkenes by hydrosilylation. Thin films of these SF5-silanes on clean silicon oxide substrates were characterized by ellipsometry, aqueous contact angle, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The shorter SF5-silane film shows a hydrophobic interface with minimal angle dependence in depth-dependent XPS analysis, suggesting a poorly organized film. The longer SF5-silane exhibits a high aqueous static contact angle (106°) and angular-dependent XPS compositional variance consistent with improved film assembly (fewer defects and more vertical chain orientation). Bulk SF5-bearing materials were fabricated by silane hydrolysis, producing SF5-polymers and cross-linked networks bearing the unique SF5 perfluoroalkyl chemistry.
Estimation of groundwater velocity in localized fracture zones from well temperature profiles

Abstract In fractured rocks, well temperature logs often exhibit abrupt temperature changes over a small distance, typically surging or dropping several degrees over several tens of meters. The abrupt temperature changes usually occur in localized fracture zones or small faults. Away from these zones, temperature quickly restores itself to the background linear conductive profile. A theoretical model is presented herein to interpret the pattern of such abrupt temperature changes. I illustrate that this type of temperature profile originates from a different physical process than the physical processes found in some other typical temperature patterns in large scales. I also demonstrate that, using the field data, the theoretical model can be effectively used to estimate fluid flow velocity in fracture zones or local faults. Using the temperature profiles from two boreholes, fluid flow velocity in fracture zones is estimated to be as high as 1.1×10 −6 m/s. Although fracture flow is a highly localized feature, it can reach three orders of magnitude higher than fluid flow in the hosting rock matrices.
Integrals involving legendre polynomials that arise in the solution of radiation transfer

Abstract The integrals involving the product of the Legendre polynomials with the exponential integral function and the exponentials arise in the solution of equation of radiative transfer by a suitable expansion in the space variable in terms of the Legendre polynomials. The success of such methods of solution depends on the availability of rapidly converging analytic expressions for such integrals. In this work, analytic expressions are presented for some of such integrals.
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding allows simple enaminones to structurally mimic the i, i + 4, and i + 7 residues of an α-helix

Abstract An intramolecularly hydrogen bonded enaminone scaffold was designed and synthesized in order to mimic the i, i + 4, and i + 7 residues of an α-helix. The resonance stabilized vinylogous amide group serves as an aromatic ring isostere and allows the positioning and angular projection of the R-groups in a manner similar to an α-helix.
Malignant Tracheal Tumors

Malignant tracheal tumors are uncommon and present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The most frequently diagnosed types of such tumors are squamous cell and adenoid cystic carcinomas. These tumors usually manifest with the obstructive symptom of wheezing; thus, they are often misdiagnosed as asthma. Rigid bronchoscopy is the best procedure for determining a definitive diagnosis. The recommended treatment is primary resection and reconstruction of the trachea when possible. If the lesion is too extensive, radiation therapy, bronchoscopic "coring out" of the tumor, laser treatment, or internal stenting may provide palliation. Surgical resection necessitates experience with complex airway procedures and can be done with minimal morbidity. The long-term prognosis depends on the histologic type and the size of the tumor; excellent results can be achieved with early diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment.
Glutathione oxidation in retina: Effects on biochemical and electrical activities

This study investigates the possible role of glutathione (GSH) in defending the retina against oxidative damage. Freshly excised rat retina was found to contain 1.2 mumol/g wet wt GSH and an undetectable level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Whole retinas were either incubated or superfused with various concentrations of the GSH-oxidant diamide in order to study the effects of oxidation of GSH on the activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) and on the receptor potential of the retina. It was found that exposure of the retina to diamide produced a stimulation of HMS activity up to 26-times that of the control. Significant changes in GSH content and receptor potential were observed at concentrations of diamide that produced more than a 5.4-fold stimulation of HMS activity. The diamide-induced electrical alterations included an increase in latency and peak time of the receptor potential, a delay in the onset of the off response and an increase in the time required for the potential to return to the baseline. It was found that nearly 80% of GHS could be regenerated and that most of the electrical effects of diamide could be reversed by superfusion with normal medium. The results indicate that the retina possesses an active system for maintaining GSH in the reduced state and that this may be essential for the normal function of this tissue.
DETECTION OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN SHELL EGG CONTENTS BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME‐RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE1

A sandwich method was developed for the detection of Salmonella in shell egg contents. Different outbreak strains of Salmonella were used to inoculate shell egg contents at levels between 1 and 25 cfu/egg. Spiked eggs were then mixed with proper enrichment media before incubation at 37C for 4–20 h. After enrichment, the bacteria were first captured by the use of immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) coated with anti-Salmonella antibodies. The captured bacteria were further labeled with samarium (Sm)-conjugated anti-Salmonella antibodies. Sandwiched Salmonella were then treated with fluorescence enhancement solution that contained strong Sm chelators. The processes ranging from IMB capture to Sm chelation were performed using an automated KingFisher apparatus (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA). The fluorescence intensity of chelated Sm was then measured by time-resolved fluorescence (TRF). Using this approach, the presence of ∼1 cfu of outbreak strains of Salmonella Enteritidis per egg (∼50 g of egg content) could be detected after enrichment for 20 h at 37C. For higher levels of S. Enteritidis contamination, e.g., 10 cfu/50 g of egg content, the enrichment time could be reduced to 5 h at 37C. Thus, depending on desired sensitivity, the whole detection process could be completed within either an 8-h shift or 24 h. The results demonstrated that a combination of IMB capture and TRF measurement could be a rapid and sensitive method for S. Enteritidis detection in eggs.
Java-based educational two-dimensional unstructured compressible Navier–Stokes solver

Abstract A Java-based platform for investigations into two-dimensional viscous air flow has been developed with the goal of introducing students to the beauty of fluid dynamics simulations. The graphical user interface is simple to use, allowing the student to select the geometry, Mach number, angle of attack and the scalar variable to be visualized. The underlying computational fluid dynamics solver uses a robust and stable unstructured finite volume algorithm to solve the laminar Navier–Stokes equations, ensuring the success of most simulations from extremely low Mach number to hypersonic speeds and allowing for a wide variety of simulations beyond simple airfoils. Since the simulations converge rapidly and the visualized solutions are constantly being updated, this new interactive CFD platform should become an excellent tool for science education about air flow.
Shifting Sugars and Shifting Paradigms

No organism lives in a constant environment. Based on classical studies in molecular biology, many have viewed microbes as following strict rules for shifting their metabolic activities when prevailing conditions change. For example, students learn that the bacterium Escherichia coli makes proteins for digesting lactose only when lactose is available and glucose, a better sugar, is not. However, recent studies, including three PLOS Biology papers examining sugar utilization in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, show that considerable heterogeneity in response to complex environments exists within and between populations. These results join similar recent results in other organisms that suggest that microbial populations anticipate predictable environmental changes and hedge their bets against unpredictable ones. The classical view therefore represents but one special case in a range of evolutionary adaptations to environmental changes that all organisms face.
Derivation of vegetation isoline equations in red-NIR reflectance space

A technique to derive vegetation isoline equations in red-NIR reflectance space for homogeneous canopies is proposed and demonstrated. A canopy radiative transfer model, known as the Cooper-Smith-Pitts model, is utilized with truncation of the higher order interaction term between the canopy and soil layers. The technique consists of two model simulations, one with a perfect absorber as canopy background and the other with an arbitrary background to estimate the canopy optical properties necessary for the determination of the isoline parameters. These cases are independent of the soil optical properties of any specific site. Hence, the results can be used for any type or series of soils to construct the vegetation isoline equation. A set of simulations was also conducted using the SAIL model to demonstrate the vegetation isoline derivation by the proposed technique. Reflectances and vegetation indices (VI) estimated from the vegetation isoline generally showed good agreement with those simulated by the SAIL model, especially for relatively darker soil. The isoline equation and derivation were found to be useful for further study of two-band VIs and their variation with canopy background.
The relation between individual differences in fantasy and theory of mind

The relation between early fantasy/pretense and children's knowledge about mental life was examined in a study of 152 3- and 4-year-old boys and girls. Children were interviewed about their fantasy lives (e.g., imaginary companions, impersonation of imagined characters) and were given tasks assessing their level of pretend play and verbal intelligence. In a second session 1 week later, children were given a series of theory of mind tasks, including measures of appearance-reality, false belief, representational change, and perspective taking. The theory of mind tasks were significantly intercorrelated with the effects of verbal intelligence and age statistically controlled. Individual differences in fantasy/pretense were assessed by (1) identifying children who created imaginary characters, and (2) extracting factor scores from a combination of interview and behavioral measures. Each of these fantasy assessments was significantly related to the theory of mind performance of the 4-year-old children, independent of verbal intelligence.
Accuracy of the All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups Classification System in Congenital Heart Surgery

Background Administrative data are increasingly used to evaluate clinical outcomes and quality of care in pediatric congenital heart surgery (CHS) programs. Several published analyses of large pediatric administrative data sets have relied on the All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APR-DRG, version 24) diagnostic classification system. The accuracy of this classification system for patients undergoing CHS is unclear. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of all 14,098 patients 0 to 5 years of age undergoing any of six selected congenital heart operations, ranging in complexity from isolated closure of a ventricular septal defect to single-ventricle palliation, at 40 tertiary-care pediatric centers in the Pediatric Health Information Systems database between 2007 and 2010. Assigned APR-DRGs (cardiac versus noncardiac) were compared using χ 2 or Fisher's exact tests between those patients admitted during the first day of life versus later and between those receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support versus those not. Recursive partitioning was used to assess the greatest determinants of APR-DRG type in the model. Results Every patient admitted on day 1 of life was assigned to a noncardiac APR-DRG ( p p p Conclusions In classifying patients undergoing CHS, APR-DRG coding has systematic misclassifications, which may result in inaccurate reporting of CHS case volumes and mortality.
Guidance Receptors Find Their Places in the Axonal Order

In this issue of Neuron, Katsuki and colleagues show that cell-autonomous mechanisms divide Drosophila axons into proximal and distal compartments. Axon guidance receptors selectively localize to one compartment. A diffusion barrier exists near the compartment boundary, suggesting that it may have properties like those of the axon initial segment in mammalian neurons.
Discussions on Induced Polarization: Authors' Second Reply

We have received a copy of W.’s second discussion on the induced polarization problem. After reading it thoroughly, our position is unchanged. The aquifer is not a “linear medium” because the motions of the ions are essentially different with and without electric field. Therefore, values for the dielectric constant calculated on the decay part of the curves do not have to agree with the ones calculated from the magnitude of the induced polarization signal.
Robot-assisted Intracorporeal Ileal Conduit: Marionette Technique and Initial Experience at Roswell Park Cancer Institute

Objectives To present our technique and initial experience with patients who underwent robot-assisted intracorporeal creation of ileal conduit and to compare them with patients who underwent extracorporeal ileal diversion after robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Methods Twenty-six patients diagnosed with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent a robot-assisted radical cystectomy with bilateral extended pelvic lymphadenectomy with ileal conduit diversion. Total intracorporeal ileal conduit creation was performed in the last 13 patients. Operative data and short-term outcomes between the 2 groups were assessed. The novel surgical technique for intracorporeal ileal conduit will be presented. Results The intracorporeal group (IC) included 2 female and 11 male patients (mean age 71 years). The extracorporeal group (EC) included 4 female and 9 male patients (mean age 66 years). No significant differences were noted between the groups in terms of patient age, BMI, sex, prior surgery, or pathologic stage. Overall operative time and intraoperative complications were similar. No significant differences were noted between the 2 groups in terms of diversion time or estimated blood loss. There were 4 complications recorded in IC patients, including nonspecific colitis, small bowel obstruction requiring exploratory laparotomy with lysis of adhesions, a urine leak that eventually resolved but required a temporary nephrostomy tube, and a fever of unknown origin that resolved without intervention. Conclusions Robot-assisted intracorporeal ileal conduit can be accomplished safely with acceptable operative times even during early experience. Larger series with favorable results will be required to add this new paradigm to minimally invasive surgery for bladder cancer.
Near-optimum storage models for nested relations based on workload information

The problem of choosing a storage model for a nested relation (i.e., a relation containing relations) is considered. A technique is introduced that uses the workload information of the database system under consideration to obtain a better storage model (i.e., one with a lower query cost) for a given nested relation. The nested relation scheme is first represented as a tree called the scheme tree. By using the workload information and by performing a series of merges in the nodes of the scheme tree, a near-optimum scheme tree is produced, and file organization types are assigned to each node (file) in the scheme tree. The authors' methodology is applied by using a specific nested relational algebra and three file organization types, namely, sequential, heap, and dense index files. The proposed methodology locates the optimum storage model and the optimum file organization techniques for the external and internal relations of the nested relations tested. >