cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Attachment on Career-Related Variables: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Theoretical Framework to Guide Future Research

There has been a significant amount of research investigation focused on the construct of attachment, and also a significant amount of research investigation using the social cognitive career theory (SCCT). More recently, researchers have investigated the influence of attachment on career-related variables. Studies that focus on both attachment and career-related variables are reviewed in this article. Findings from the majority of studies reviewed support the assertion that attachment could be a crucial factor in career development. A limitation of past research has been the lack of a theoretical framework that explains the relationship between attachment constructs and career-related variables. To address this limitation, the authors propose that the combination of attachment theory and SCCT could provide a useful and more comprehensive framework to guide future research in this area. The integration of the two theories is explained, and suggestions for career counseling practice and future research are...
Homeostasis and Self-Tolerance in the Immune System: Turning Lymphocytes off

The immune system responds in a regulated fashion to microbes and eliminates them, but it does not respond to self-antigens. Several regulatory mechanisms function to terminate responses to foreign antigens, returning the immune system to a basal state after the antigen has been cleared, and to maintain unresponsiveness, or tolerance, to self-antigens. Here, recent advances in understanding of the molecular bases and physiologic roles of the mechanisms of immune homeostasis are examined.
Temperature-induced deformation in shape memory alloys

In this paper, a macro-scale, phenomenological constitutive model for shape memory alloys is used in conjunction with energy balance equations to study the temperature profile and hence deformation profile seen in SMA wires under specific boundary conditions. The general, fully coupled thermo-mechanical problem is formulated, but analytical solutions are determined only for the decoupled case. Results for two specific boundary value problems are presented here: (1) resistive heating of an SMA wire--initial detwinned martensite leads to strain recovery (contraction) on heating; (2) deformation migration in semi-infinite SMA wire cooled at the boundary--deformation zone propagates and expands as initially austenitic wire transforms to martensite (expansion). In both cases, the region and extent of transformation is identified, indicating the magnitude of actuation obtained. Implications of the modeling for active control of structures are discussed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The influence of marital therapy on sexual satisfaction

The influence of behavioral marital therapy on sexual satisfaction was assessed in 44 consecutive cases for which pre and post data were obtained. There were significant increases in both marital and sexual satisfaction associated with marital therapy. Sexual problems were presented in approximately 40% of the cases, but whether sex was presented as a problem or not generally did not affect therapy outcome. Positive feelings toward spouse or caring for one's spouse improved significantly from pre- to posttherapy.
Socioeconomic Status and Belief in a Just World: Sentencing of Criminal Defendants1

The present study investigated whether defendants' socioeconomic status (SES) and jurors' beliefs in a just world affected punishment and blame decisions. The study's 273 participants completed the Just World Scale (Rubin & Peplau, 1975) and read a case scenario describing an aggravated murder. Participants rendered a verdict and answered questions concerning confidence, responsibility, and degree of guilt. Analyses partially supported the hypothesis. High believers in a just world were more likely to assign higher degrees of guilt and to sentence low SES defendants more severely than high SES or no SES information defendants.
High-speed torque control of brushless permanent magnet motors

A method of converter control that improves the high-speed torque of brushless permanent-magnet (PM) motors is presented. The method consists of modulating the converter conduction intervals and their phase relative to the rotor position in order to deliver current to the stator windings at high speeds where the motor back EMF approaches the convertor rating. A microprocessor-based controller is used in the implementation. With this control, operation of the PM motor drive at its maximum ratings can be extended to higher speeds. >
A scanning tunneling microscopy study on the effect of post-deposition annealing of copper phthalocyanine thin films

Abstract Using scanning tunneling microscopy, overlayer lattice structures and thin film morphology of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) have been investigated while varying posterior, annealing temperatures. The room temperature deposition of CuPc on Ag(1 1 1) resulted in ordered domains, which were three molecular layers high and separated with disordered regions. The ordered surface also exhibited an oblique lattice with the lattice constants of 13.3 A and 16.4 A and the angle of 74° between the two. By annealing the thin films systematically to 580 K, the symmetry of overlayer lattice increased from the oblique to the square lattice, commonly observed on various substrates. Further annealing to 780 K desorbed much of the CuPc molecules. However, the remaining molecules reacted and formed dendrite-like chains, in which each CuPc molecule was linked through its isoindole rings. A possible model for the formation of dendritic chains through polymerization is discussed.
Heightened cocaine-induced locomotor activity in adolescent compared to adult female rats

Initiation and experimentation with illicit drugs often occurs in adolescence. Evidence suggests that adolescent rats are more sensitive to some of the effects of drugs of abuse than adult rats. The present study investigated whether adolescent and adult female Sprague Dawley rats differ in cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Animals were placed in the test environment for 30 minutes, and then administered an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of either cocaine (20mg/kg) or saline (0.9%). Both adult and adolescent animals showed significant increases in locomotor activity as a result of cocaine administration compared to saline controls. Interestingly, cocaine induced significantly more locomotor activity in the adolescent females compared to the adults, demonstrating that cocaine acts differently in developing animals.
Friction force and pressure causing “skinning” of potatoes

A technique for measurement of frictional force and pressure required to cause skinning of potatoes is described. The technique yields data which include friction force, normal force, contact area of the rubbing surfaces, and the dragging speed. Results on potatoes showed that differences in varieties and the effect of time and curing on resistance of the skin to abrasion can be determined. The apparatus can also be used for measurement of static and sliding coefficients of friction when agricultural products are dragged against one another or against various surfaces.
Paradigm for comparing sexual behavior and scent marking in male gerbils

Abstract Gerbils are popular subjects for research on social behavior and olfactory communication, yet little has been reported about their sexual behavior, apparently because researchers have found it difficult to elicit mating in stiuations where it can be observed and quantified. Here we describe a paradigm for eliciting complete copulatory behavior in male gerbils. We also report on the relationship between scent marking and sexual behavior and indicate how several environmental variables affect these behaviors. Our data indicate that (1) scent marking and sexual behavior are related, i.e., males that display sexual activity mark more often than males that do not mate; (2) male gerbils are more likely to copulate late in the light phase of the light: dark cycle than early in the dark phase; (3) housing males in pairs or groups facilitates copulatory behavior; and (4) marking frequencies as assessed in the sex arenas are positively correlated with, but higher than, marking scores obtained in the openfield.
Influence of animal manure application on the chemical structures of soil organic matter as investigated by advanced solid-state NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy

Abstract Annual application of cattle manure to a farmer's field in eastern Nebraska for 5 yr caused improved soil N and P supply and increased corn (Zea mays L.) yield in less productive portions of the field compared to another field treatment receiving the same amount of N as inorganic fertilizer. As a first step toward identifying the soil processes that led to these changes, the effects of manure addition on the chemical nature of soil organic matter were investigated by extracting two humic fractions—mobile humic acid (MHA) and calcium humate (CaHA)—from the field soil for subsequent analysis by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Functional groups were selectively identified and quantified through NMR techniques that included quantitative direct polarization, cross polarization/total suppression of sidebands, 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation NMR, 13C chemical shift anisotropy filtering, CH-signal selection, and other spectral-editing techniques. The CaHAs exhibited high aromaticity and line shapes typical of Mollisols rich in oxidized charcoal, while the MHAs had lower aromaticity and greater contributions from lignin aromatic ethers. Results show that the chemical nature of each humic fraction did not differ significantly between an unfertilized control and the treatment receiving N as inorganic fertilizer. The FT-IR results were consistent with all these findings. The NMR results further showed that the CaHA fraction from the manure treatment was clearly depleted in aromatic rings and enriched in nonpolar alkyl compounds, most likely fatty acids, compared to the other two fertilizer treatments. Selective spectra further show strong indications of enhanced peptide contributions in the manure CaHA, consistent with the improved soil N supply associated with the manure treatment. The peptide enrichment was partially masked in unselective spectra by a simultaneous decrease in overlapping signals for OCH3 and COO groups that are associated with aromatic components, demonstrating the improved accuracy of the selective spectral-editing NMR techniques.
Effects of cell structure on the reflection of cholesteric liquid crystal displays

Cholesteric liquid crystal displays employ cells consisting of parallel glass plates which have indium-tin-oxide coating as the electrode and polyimide as the alignment layer. We have performed a systematic study of the reflections from the interfaces and the liquid crystal. We measured the reflection spectra using various incident light, various polarizations, and detection polarizations. Using the Berreman 4×4 method, we simulated the reflection spectra without fitting parameters; the results agreed well with the experimental results.
An extensive behavioural and genetic analysis of the pawn mutants in Paramecium aurelia.

Pawns are behavioural mutants which show impairment in membrane excitability and are, therefore, devoid of normal avoiding reactions. We obtained 103 lines of Pawns through mutagenesis and screening. Among those that yielded to breeding studies, 59 lines belonged to the pwA complementation group and 38 lines belonged to the pwB group. No other genic loci were found in this extensive analysis. Mutants of the pwA locus showed various degrees of phenotypic leakiness. Based on the pheno- and genotypic differences, we estimated that at least 45 independent mutational events were represented in these 103 Pawn lines.
Comprehension of Linguistic Concepts Requiring Logical Operations by Learning-Disabled Children

The comprehension of linguistic concepts requiring logical operations was compared in 32 learning-disabled and 16 achieving children. The results indicated that the learning-disabled children made ...
A combined electron impact-field ionization source and its application in organic geochemistry☆

Electron impact field ionization source for mass measurement of molecular ions, noting organic geochemistry applications
Steinitz Representations of Polyhedra and the Colin de Verdière Number

We show that the Steinitz representations of 3-connected planar graphs correspond, in a well described way, to Colin de Verdi?re matrices of such graphs. As an application, we prove a conjecture of Connelly on the eigenvalues of stress matrices of braced convex polytopes.
Bundling, unbundling, and pricing of multiform products: The case of magazine content

The Internet has given rise to a new class of multiform (i.e., hybrid) products that can be offered in both offline and online forms, such as music and magazines. The online medium enables bundling, and unbundling, of such products at negligible cost. Focusing on a print magazine publisher, we develop an analytical model to address three questions. Under what product-market conditions should the seller offer the magazine content online? What assortment of online forms (bundle, unbundled modules, or both) is optimal? What are the pricing implications? A key result is that going online is profit enhancing even when the market strongly prefers the print medium and there are no advertising revenues. Under these circumstances, the online modules, rather than the online bundle, better complements the print bundle. Also, the wider the product line, the higher the prices of the individual products.
The Context of Television Broadcasting in Cameroon

The Republic of Cameroon, a West African nation of about 10 million ethnically, linguistically, and geographically diverse people who occupy about 465,000 square kilometers of land, had some very good reasons for delaying the development of a television system until 1985 even though some of her African neighbors had been operating such a system for about 25 years. The Cameroon population is made up of about 200 ethnic groups who speak about 24 different languages or dialects. The population is unevenly distributed with population densities that range from 74 inhabitants per square kilometer in the West Province to 3 inhabitants per square kilometer in the East Province. The country's seven major ethnic groups correspond approximately to the country's seven administrative regions. The only African country to have been colonized by three different imperial powers (Germany, Great Britain, and France), Cameroon is also the only African country with English and French as official languages of education, government, and commerce, thus reflecting the two dominant administrative and cultural colonial heritages. Geographically, Cameroon is divided into five geoclimatic regions: the southern marshes and mangrove forests, the savannah, the steppe, and the western mountainous areas that border Nigeria. Although Cameroon shares two dominant characteristics of contemporary African political systems, some have argued that
Paramagnetic Alkyl, Hydride, and Alkene Complexes of the Tpt-Bu,MeCo Moiety

The paramagnetic 15-electron alkyls Tpt-Bu,MeCo(R) (R = Me, Et, n-Bu) have been prepared, and the closely related Tpt-BuCo(Me) has been structurally characterized. Hydrogenation of Tpt-Bu,MeCo(N2) produced the analogous hydride, Tpt-Bu,MeCo(H), the crystal structure of which has been determined. Reactions of Tpt-Bu,MeCo(N2) with ethylene and propene yielded the corresponding olefin complexes Tpt-Bu,MeCo(C2H3R) (R = H, Me). Tpt-Bu,MeCo(C2H4) has been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction as well. The alkyls are thermally stable and show no tendency to β-eliminate; upon exposure to CO homolytic cleavage of the Co−C bond is observed rather than migratory insertion.
Modification of Response Class Hierarchies Through Differential Reinforcement of Functionally Equivalent Communication

A response class hierarchy (RCH) is a ranking of the behaviors within a response class, such that the behaviors occur in a predictable, temporal order. In the current study, we identified a RCH through an extinction analysis for two individuals who exhibited multiple topographies of problem behavior. Potential replacement communication responses were identified during the extinction analysis for each participant. We then examined the emergence and subsequent reinforcement of the identified communication responses in the absence of explicit training during treatment analyses. Reinforcement of communication in combination with other treatment components (e.g., extinction; discriminative stimuli) resulted in expansion of the RCH and decreased occurrences of problem behavior.
Impact of polarization and bandwidth on the performance of a real-aperture radar stationary detection algorithm

Detection of stationary targets with a real-aperture radar requires an algorithm that is a function of suitably defined features. The definition and values of these features are normally dependent on bandwidth, look-averaging, and polarization. Since the use of a fully polarimetric radar may not be feasible for low-cost radars on ground platforms, the goal of this effort is to investigate trade-offs between polarization and bandwidth. In this paper, we present prescreener and quadratic polynomial discriminator performance comparisons as a function of polarization, bandwidth, and look-averaging.
ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE RICIN

A toxic crystalline protein has been isolated from crude extracts of castor bean meal. Ultracentrifuge and electrophoresis tests show the crystalline protein to become fairly homogeneous after three or four crystallizations. This is also confirmed by toxicity measurements. Solubility tests, however, indicate the presence of more than one protein component in the crystalline material, possibly in the form of a solid solution which cannot be separated into its components by repeated crystallization under the present technique.
The effects of certain vs risky alternatives in bargaining

Abstract An important factor that determines the outcome of bargaining is the alternatives of the parties if an agreement cannot be reached. In a previous study by S. S. Komorita and D. A. Kravitz ( Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 15 , 147–157), such alternatives were varied and three norms of reward division were contrasted: equality, proportionality, and equal excess. The equal excess norm was found to provide the best description of the data. The present study was an attempt to extend the generality of the equal excess norm to the case or risky (probabilistic) alternatives. Using three-person groups of male under-graduates, three variables were manipulated: distribution of alternatives, probability of alternatives, and the magnitude of the prize to be divided among the three bargainers. The results showed that probability of alternatives and prize magnitude had significant effects on the frequency of groups reaching agreement: The greater the prize value and the greater the probability, the greater the likelihood of reaching agreement. An analysis of the initial demands of the bargainers suggest that low values of prize and probability evoke tougher demands, thus inhibiting consensus among the bargainers. The payoff data also replicate the results found by Komorita and Kravitz and indicate greater support for the equal excess norm than for the other two norms of reward division.
Recent advances in silicon epitaxy and its application to high performance integrated circuits

Abstract This review discusses some of the recent advances made in the areas of epitaxial reactor modeling, reactor design, process modeling, and process innovations. Also discussed are the epitaxial applications for both bipolar and MOS integrated circuit technologies. An effort is made to provide a theoretical framework, which allows an examination of the interactions between tool, process and device aspects of silicon epitaxy.
Dental sexual dimorphisms in some extant hominoids and ramapithecines from China: A quantitative approach.

Studies of sexual dimorphism in the dental dimensions of some extant and fossil hominoids have been carried out by means of univariate statistical methods [Oxnard et al., 1985]. The study reported here extended these studies with multivariate statistical methods (canonical variates analyses). The extant genera studied were Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, and Homo. The fossil teeth interpolated were those of the recently discovered ramapithecines from Yunnan Province, China. For both extant and fossil species, the lengths and breadths of all maxillary and mandibular teeth were used except for the third molar, which was excluded because of its absence in so many human subjects. The nature of sexual dimorphism in the dentition of extant apes and humans was assessed, and the positions of the fossil teeth within the multivariate results for the extant forms was examined. Among the apes, the greatest sexual dimorphism was seen in Gorilla; the least was seen in Pan. Three different patterns of sexual dimorphism were apparent among the three ape species. The maxillary and mandibular patterns were different in Gorilla and Pan but more similar in Pongo. The African apes showed greater differences between variances for each sex and of each jaw; these features may have evolved most recently. The conventional notion that sexual dimorphism is mainly due to size and size-related shape effects along a single continuum or axis was rejected. The interpolation of the fossil data placed Sivapithecus close to each of the more dimorphic apes, especially Pongo, but also showed that it had higher order differences from the extant forms studied. Ramapithecus was most similar to Homo. These results have implications both for the role of sexual dimorphism in the evolution of higher primates and for the phylogenetic relationships among them.
Trellis Representation and State Estimation for Dynamic Systems With a Kth Order Memory and Nonlinear Interference

A fast state estimation scheme is presented for dynamic systems with a Kth order memory and nonlinear interference. This new scheme is based upon a trellis diagram representation of dynamic models and stack sequential algorithm of Information Theory
Enabling a Nuclear Revival — And Managing its Risks

the world will need to produce huge quantities of energy in the 21 century to meet the needs of a growing world population, while also working to lift billions of people out of poverty. Providing this energy at a reasonable cost, without causing unmanageable climate disruption, security risks, or other environmental devastation, will be one of the century’s most daunting challenges. This challenge will be even more difficult to meet if nuclear energy does not play a substantial part. But achieving the scale of nuclear energy growth required while managing the risks of that growth will be a major challenge in itself, one that will require both technical and institutional innovations. Consider the scale of growth that is needed for nuclear energy to make a meaningful contribution to mitigating carbon emissions. One oft-cited 2004 analysis broke down the problem of shifting away from a business-as-usual energy path into seven “wedges”—different technologies that would each grow to displace a billion tons of carbon emissions per year by 2050 (see Figure 1). More recent science suggests that 10 to 15 such wedges are likely to be required, as business-asusual emissions are higher than previously projected, the carbon-absorbing properties of the oceans appear to be weaker, and the atmospheric concentration of carbon required to avoid disastrous climate consequences seem to be even lower than once thought. For nuclear power to provide even one such wedge would require a
Macrobenthos community structure and trophic relationships within active and inactive Pacific hydrothermal sediments

Hydrothermal fluids passing through sediments create a habitat hypothesized to influence the community structure of infaunal macrobenthos. Here we characterize the density, biomass, species composition, diversity, distributions, lifestyle, and nutritional sources of macroinfauna in hydrothermal sediments in NE and SW Pacific settings, and draw comparisons in search of faunal attributes characteristic of this habitat. There is increasing likelihood that seafloor massive sulfide deposits, associated with active and inactive hydrothermal venting, will be mined commercially. This creates a growing imperative for a more thorough understanding of the structure, dynamics, and resilience of the associated sediment faunas, and has stimulated the research presented here. Macrobenthic assemblages were studied at Manus Basin (1430–1634 m, Papua New Guinea [PNG]) as a function of location (South Su vs. Solwara 1), and hydrothermal activity (active vs. inactive), and at Middle Valley (2406–2411 m, near Juan de Fuca Ridge) as a function of habitat (active clam bed, microbial mat, hot mud, inactive background sediment). The studies conducted in PNG formed part of the environmental impact assessment work for the Solwara 1 Project of Nautilus Minerals Niugini Limited. We hypothesized that hydrothermally active sites should support (a) higher densities and biomass, (b) greater dominance and lower diversity, (c) a higher fraction of deposit feeders, and (d) greater isotopic evidence for chemosynthetic food sources than inactive sites. Manus Basin macrofauna generally had low density (o1000 ind. m
Cellular response of a rat brain tumour to a therapeutic neon ion beam.

Clonogenic cell survival of in situ 9L brain tumors was measured in air-breathing rats and rats killed with nitrogen. Animals were irradiated with BEVALAC accelerated carbon ions in the plateau and spread-out Bragg peak regions of the specific ionization curve. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for carbon ions in the plateau was 1.2 ± 0.1 for oxic cells and 1.3 ± 0.1 for anoxic cells; in the Bragg peak the RBE was 1.6 ± 0.1 for oxic cells and 2.0 ± 0.1 for anoxic cells. The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) in the plateau was 2.0 ± 0.1, not significantly different from the 2.1 ± 0.2 found for x rays. The OER in the Bragg peak was reduced to 1.7 ± 0.1. For cells having the same radiobiological sensitivity as in situ 9L cells, the neon ion beam may be therapeutically superior; however, this does not preclude selection of the carbon ion beam in many clinical situations.
The relationship between sleep quality and neurocognition in bipolar disorder.

Abstract Backgrounds Sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are prominent, trait-like features of bipolar disorder (BD) which precede the onset of mood episodes. Neurocognitive impairments also characterize BD not only during acute phases of the illness but also during remission. Although the relationship between these two debilitating aspects of the illness might seem intuitive, very little is known about their relationship. We examined the association between sleep dysfunction and neurocognition in BD. Methods In a sample of 117 BD patients (mean age=45.0±10.7; 59.0% ( n =69) male), neurocognitive functioning was assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Sleep quality data were collected using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Partial Pearson correlations tested for a relationship between sleep and neurocognition. Path analyses were conducted to examine the hypothesized direct influence of sleep disruption on neurocognition. Results Higher levels of sleep disruptions were associated with a more severe clinical presentation and poorer performance in social cognition, visual learning and working memory. Social cognition and working memory were directly (negatively) predicted by sleep disruptions. Limitations The study was limited by a relatively small sample size and the lack of behavioral and biological objectives measure of activity/rest cycles. Conclusions Our study suggests that in patients with BD, sleep disruptions have a detrimental effect on general level of psychopathology and contribute directly to impaired cognitive functioning in the domains of social cognition and working memory. More research using objective measurement of sleep should be pursued to support these data and to further investigate the causal relationship between these disabling aspects of the illness.
Surface Heterogeneity Effects on Regional-Scale Fluxes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Aerodynamic Roughness Length Transitions

The effects of abrupt streamwise transitions of the aerodynamic roughness length ( $$z_\mathrm{o}$$ ) on the stable atmospheric boundary layer are evaluated using a series of large-eddy simulations based on the first Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric Boundary Layer intercomparison study (GABLS1). Four $$z_\mathrm{o}$$ values spanning three orders of magnitude are used to create all possible binary distributions with each arranged into patches of characteristic length scales equal to roughly one-half, one, and two times the equivalent homogeneous boundary-layer height. The impact of the heterogeneity on mean profiles of wind speed and temperature, on surface fluxes of heat and momentum, and on internal boundary-layer dynamics are considered. It is found that $$z_\mathrm{o}$$ transitions do not significantly alter the functional relationship between the average surface fluxes and the mean profiles of wind speed and potential temperature. Although this suggests that bulk similarity theory is applicable for modelling the stable boundary layer over $$z_\mathrm{o}$$ heterogeneity, effective surface parameters must still be specified. Existing models that solve for effective roughness lengths of momentum and heat are evaluated and compared to values derived from the simulation data. The existing models are unable to accurately reproduce both the values of the effective aerodynamic roughness lengths and their trends as functions of patch length scale and stability. A new model for the effective aerodynamic roughness length is developed to exploit the benefits of the other models tested. It accurately accounts for the effects of the heterogeneity and stratification on the blending height and effective aerodynamic roughness length. The new model provides improved average surface fluxes when used with bulk similarity.
Metrics for Assessing Coupling Density and Modularity in Complex Products and Systems

The central role of modularity is becoming more and more apparent in design of complex products and systems. The question frequently arises how modularity can be measured. To better understand the degree of modularity, we developed two metrics based on a design structure matrix (DSM). The non-zero fraction (NZF) captures the coupling density of interconnections between components, while the singular value modularity index (SMI) measures the degree of modularity. Both metrics yield values between 0 and 1. These metrics are applied to 15 systems and products. We show that real products typically have NZF values between 0.05 and 0.4 and an SMI between 0.05 (very integral) and 0.95 (very modular). A randomly generated DSM population of equal size and density exhibits SMI values that are bounded in the range from 0.25 to 0.45. We conclude that neither a high degree of modularity nor strong integrality occurs accidentally; but are the result of deliberate design. In particular, we show a more integral design will emerge if a functionally-equivalent product is designed to be portable. The main advantage of SMI is that it enables analysis of the degree of modularity of any product or system independent of subjective module choices.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Hydrogen Donors in ZnO

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has shown great promise as a wide-bandgap semiconductor with a range of optical, electronic, and mechanical applications. The presence of compensating donors, however, is a major roadblock to achieving p-type conductivity. Recent first-principles calculations and experimental studies have shown that hydrogen acts as a shallow donor in ZnO, in contrast to hydrogen’s usual role as a passivating impurity. Given the omnipresence of hydrogen during growth and processing, it is important to determine the structure and stability of hydrogen donors in ZnO. To address these issues, we performed vibrational spectroscopy on bulk, single-crystal ZnO samples annealed in hydrogen (H2) or deuterium (D2) gas. Using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, we observed O-H and O-D stretch modes at 3326.3 cm -1 and 2470.3 cm -1 respectively, at a sample temperature of 10 K. These frequencies indicate that hydrogen forms a bond with a host oxygen atom, consistent with either an antibonding or bond-centered model. In the antibonding configuration, hydrogen attaches to a host oxygen and points away from the Zn-O bond. In the bond-centered configuration, hydrogen sits between the Zn and O. To discriminate between these two models, we measured the shift of the stretch-mode frequency as a function of hydrostatic pressure. By comparing with first-principles calculations, we conclude that the antibonding model is the correct one. Surprisingly, we found that the O-H complex is unstable at room temperature. After a few weeks, the peak intensity decreases substantially. It is possible that the hydrogen forms H2 molecules, which have essentially no IR signature. Electrical measurements show a corresponding decrease in electron concentration, which is consistent with the formation of neutral H2 molecules. The correlation between the electrical and spectroscopic measurements, however, is not perfect. We therefore speculate that there may be a second “hidden” hydrogen donor. One candidate for such a donor is a hydrogen-decorated oxygen vacancy. Table I. Band gaps of several important wide-band-gap semiconductors. Energies are given in eV (nm). The cubic structure for GaN and AlN is zincblende. The hexagonal structure for GaN, AlN, and ZnO is wurtzite. 4H, 6H, and 2H denote the hexagonal polytypes of SiC.
The mechanisms of iron isotope fractionation produced during dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens and Geobacter sulfurreducens

Microbial dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) is widespread in anaerobic sediments and is a key producer of aqueous Fe(II) in suboxic sediments that contain reactive ferric oxides. Previous studies have shown that DIR produces some of the largest natural fractionations of stable Fe isotopes, although the mechanism of this isotopic fractionation is not yet well understood. Here we compare Fe isotope fractionations produced by similar cultures of Geobacter sulfurreducens strain PCA and Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32 during reduction of hematite and goethite. Both species produce aqueous Fe(II) that is depleted in the heavy Fe isotopes, as expressed by a decrease in 56 Fe/ 54 Fe ratios or δ 56 Fe values. The low δ 56 Fe values for aqueous Fe(II) produced by DIR reflect isotopic exchange among three Fe inventories: aqueous Fe(II) (Fe(II) aq ), sorbed Fe(II) (Fe(II) sorb ), and a reactive Fe(III) component on the ferric oxide surface (Fe(III) reac ). The fractionation in 56 Fe/ 54 Fe ratios between Fe(II) aq and Fe(III) reac was ‐2.95‰, and this remained constant over the timescales of the experiments (280 d). The Fe(II) aq ‐ Fe(III) reac fractionation was independent of the ferric Fe substrate (hematite or goethite) and bacterial species, indicating a common mechanism for Fe isotope fractionation during DIR. Moreover, the Fe(II) aq ‐ Fe(III) reac fractionation in 56 Fe/ 54 Fe ratios during DIR is identical within error of the equilibrium Fe(II) aq ‐ ferric
Integrated Models of Education and Service Involving Community-Based Health Care for Underserved Populations: Tulane Student-Run Free Clinics

A lack of insurance and underinsurance in the United States constitutes a significant national public health problem.1 In the United States, 50.7 million individuals, 16.7% of the population, are uninsured and many more experience barriers to obtaining health care.2,3 Certain population subgroups have a low amount of health insurance coverage, including ethnic minorities, residents of southern and urban locations, and low-income households.3 In Louisiana, 17.4% of the population is uninsured and the highest uninsured rate for the state is in Orleans Parish (24.3%).3 There is a substantial need for safety-net services to provide care for uninsured individuals in the United States and Louisiana in particular. Many medical students are exposed to the safety-net healthcare environment for underserved populations, either on a volunteer basis or as part of their education. Approximately half of US medical schools have at least one student-run clinic, with most serving poor and uninsured patients.4 In addition to providing a needed service to patients, these clinics have the potential to teach students clinical skills, medical humanism, systems-based practice, collaborative and multidisciplinary approaches to medicine, and leadership skills.4–6 Participating in community-based, student-run clinics has the added advantage of potentially influencing students’ choice to practice in primary care.7 The purpose of this article is to describe the clinic models, patient demographics, and services provided by four student-run clinicsVBridge House Wednesday Clinic, Ozanam Inn Weekend Clinic, Fleur de Vie at Covenant House, and Fleur de Vie in New Orleans East—and to examine the relevance of these clinics for medical education and healthcare service delivery for underserved populations in New Orleans.
Clostridium difficile in the Pediatric Population of Monroe County, New York.

Background. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence in hospitalized children has increased over the past decade and disease has been reported in the community. Therefore, population surveillance that includes nonhospitalized cases is important to accurately estimate the burden of CDI in children. We describe the epidemiology of CDI in the pediatric population of Monroe County, New York. Methods. Active, laboratory, and population-based surveillance for CDI has been ongoing in Monroe County through the Emerging Infections Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 2010. Infants less than 12 months of age are excluded. Results. In 2010, the incidence of CDI in the pediatric population was 33.8 per 100 000 population, which increased to 45.8 in 2011and remained stable in 2012. Seventy-one percent of the CDI cases were communityassociated, 60% had an underlying medical condition, and 71% received antibiotics before their illness. The North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (NAP1) epidemic strain was identified in 27% of cultured stool specimens. Conclusions. Clostridium difficile infection has emerged as a disease affecting children in both the community and hospital settings, with a higher proportion of community illness in our population. The majority of children with CDI had chronic underlying conditions and prior antibiotic exposure. To prevent CDI in this population, the judicious use of antibiotics, especially in the outpatient setting, may be the best strategy. Further population-based studies are warranted to determine preventable risk factors for CDI in the pediatric population.
Reconfigurable microfluidic systems with reversible seals compatible with 2D and 3D surfaces of arbitrary chemical composition

Microfluidic channels are typically fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using soft lithography and sealed against a support substrate using various irreversible/reversible techniques-the most widely used method is the irreversible bonding of PDMS to glass using oxygen plasma. These techniques are limited in their ability to seal channels against rough, uneven, and/or three-dimensional substrates. This manuscript describes the design and fabrication of soft microfluidic systems from combinations of silicone elastomers that can be reversibly sealed against an array of materials of various topographies/geometries using compression. These soft systems have channels with cross-sectional dimensions that can be decreased, reversibly, by hundreds of microns using compressive stress, and the ability to interface with virtually any support substrate. These capabilities go beyond that achievable with devices fabricated in PDMS alone and enable the integration of microfluidic functionality directly with rough and/or 3D surfaces, providing new opportunities in solution processing useful to, for example, materials science and the analytical/forensic sciences.
The histology and calcification of regenerating scales in the blackspotted topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus (Storer)

The regenerating scale and tissues comprising the scale pocket of Fundulus olivaceus were examined microscopically at specific intervals. Scale removal resulted in a thickening of the epidermis which persisted through the early stages of regeneration. This thickening was due in part to the appearance of columnar basal cells which divided producing cells that became mucous cells and squamous cells. The scale regenerated as a relatively large plate of bone which first appeared between layers of scleroblasts on the floor of the scale pocket and then grew producing circuli and radii. By the fourth day of regeneration, calcium was observed in the cytoplasm of the scleroblasts and at randomly distributed foci in the osseous portion of the scale. The osseous layer was completely calcified by 15 days of regeneration.
A Contemporary Atlas of the Mouse Diaphragm Myogenicity, Vascularity, and the Pax3 Connection

The thoracic diaphragm is a unique skeletal muscle composed of costal, crural, and central tendon domains. Although commonly described in medical textbooks, newer insights into the diaphragm cell composition are scarce. Here, using reporter mice, combined with gene expression analyses of whole tissues and primary cultures, we compared the diaphragm domains and their myogenic progenitors (i.e., Pax3/7 satellite cells). The outcomes of these analyses underscore the similarities between the myogenic aspects of the costal and crural domains. Expression levels of all myogenic genes examined (except Pax3) were strongly affected in mdx (dystrophin-null) mice and accompanied by an increase in fibrosis- and adiposity-related gene expression. Cell culture studies further indicated the presence of a non-myogenic Pax3-expressing population, potentially related to vascular mural cells. We additionally investigated the diaphragm vasculature. XLacZ4 and Sca1-GFP transgenes allowed a fine definition of the arterial and microvasculature network based on reporter expression in mural cells and capillary endothelium, respectively. We also provide insights into the organization of the diaphragm venous system, especially apparent in the central tendon and exhibiting arcades lined with fat-containing cells. The novel information in this "contemporary atlas" can be further explored in the context of diaphragm pathology and genetic disorders.
Faculty and Librarians' Partnership: Designing a New Framework to Develop Information Fluent Future Doctors

Abstract Upon faculty request, information literacy instruction was fully integrated into an English for Academic Purposes course for non-native English speaking students pursuing a medical degree at a U.S. institution in the Gulf State of Qatar. Adopting the flipped classroom modality, librarians designed modules to meet the students' information literacy needs while adapting the content to the course syllabus. Content was uploaded to the learning management system, Canvas. Readings, online tutorials, quizzes and assignments were created to achieve the outcomes of each session. Completion of information literacy modules is factored in the overall grades of students in the English for Academic Purposes course. This paper will outline the design, implementation, and assessment of information literacy sessions and will highlight the importance of collaboration between faculty and librarians to set a common ground and reach expected outcomes. It will also share the students' perceptions of the effectiveness of integrating information literacy in an English for Academic Purposes course.
Sustained infection induces 2 distinct microvascular mechanisms in the splanchnic circulation

dichotomy. Methods. Chronic infection was induced in rats by bacterial inoculation (Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis) of an implanted subcutaneous sponge. Separate groups were studied at 24 and 72 hours after a single inoculation of bacterium or 24 hours after a second inoculation (ie, 72 hours of sepsis). Time-matched controls were used for each group. Intravital microscopy of the terminal ileum was used to assess endothelial-dependent vasodilation to acetylcholine (10 ‐9 to 10 ‐5 mol/L) in resistance (A 1 ) and premucosal (A 3 ) arterioles. Threshold sensitivity (‐log of 20% response dose) was calculated from dose response curves for each animal. Results. Vasodilator sensitivity to acetylcholine in A 1 arterioles was significantly decreased at 24 hours, and these changes persisted up to 72 hours after a single bacterial inoculation. There was no change in the dilator sensitivity of A 3 arterioles after a single inoculation. When there was a challenge with a second bacterial inoculation, there was a reversal of the A 1 dilator response and an increase in A 3 sensitivity. Conclusions. An initial septic event results in a decrease in dilator reactivity in the resistance A1 arterioles that persists for at least 72 hours. A sustained septic challenge results in increased dilator reactivity in both A 1 and A 3 vessels. This enhanced sensitivity during sepsis suggests that more than 1 therapeutic approach to preservation of intestinal blood flow will be necessary. (Surgery 2000;128:513-9.)
Screening of human brain tumors for SV40‐related T antigen

A series of 39 human brain tumors has been screened for the presence or absence of SV40-related T antigen by the direct and indirect immuno-peroxidase methods. Two tumors of ependymal origin (malignant ependymoma, choroid plexus papilloma) revealed markedly positive nuclear staining for T antigen both in vivo and in vitro. The relationship of these tumors to their experimental counterparts inducible by recent human papova-virus isolates is discussed.
Mimicking of Local Tax Burdens Among Neighboring Counties

This article contributes to the small literature on the determination of local taxes by testing hypotheses about whether local officials consider the tax burdens of neigh boring counties when making their own decisions about taxes on residents. Based on data for large U.S. counties, evidence of tax mimicking appears first in compar isons of the degree of clustering of tax burdens among neighboring counties within metropolitan areas to that among nonneighboring counties within states. In addition, regression equations based on both 1978 and 1985 data confirm the presence of tax mimicking for total local tax burdens and for property tax burdens, but not for sales tax burdens.
Organizing a multidisciplinary clinic.

Multidisciplinary cancer care models have become increasingly more popular in recent years. This comprehensive approach to care delivery has evolved to address numerous medical and social aspects critical to all patients diagnosed with cancer. Because of the sheer number of specialists involved in the care trajectory of patients with cancer, multidisciplinary care models add significant value in facilitating communication between specialists and in coordinating care. Multidisciplinary models also allow for new and innovative therapies to be incorporated more quickly than is seen in single provider care. Two principal modes of multidisciplinary care have been described—the tumor board and the multidisciplinary clinic. While tumor boards are well established in oncology literature and practice, there is growing support favoring the use of multidisciplinary clinics, bringing providers together at the point of care. In this section, we describe recent data demonstrating the value of the multidisciplinary approach, with particular focus on the creation and potential benefits of a formal multidisciplinary clinic.