cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a theory of the basic minimum

Many have thought that an important feature of any just society is the establishment and maintenance of a suitable basic minimum: some set of welfare achievements, resources, capabilities, and so o...
Informed trading and order type

Abstract Each trader must choose between a limit order, a market order, or using a floor broker. We hypothesize that informed investors will: (1) concentrate their trading in floor broker orders and (2) sometimes trade patiently. Consistent with our hypotheses, empirical results suggest that most informed trading occurs through orders executed by floor brokers and that informed floor brokers are sometimes patient. Regardless of their patience, however, quote revisions following trade executions are consistent with the hypothesis that markets recognize that floor traders are more likely to be informed than other traders. As a result, informed trading moves equilibrium security values.
Algorithm 857: POLSYS_GLP—a parallel general linear product homotopy code for solving polynomial systems of equations

Globally convergent, probability-one homotopy methods have proven to be very effective for finding all the isolated solutions to polynomial systems of equations. After many years of development, homotopy path trackers based on probability-one homotopy methods are reliable and fast. Now, theoretical advances reducing the number of homotopy paths that must be tracked and handling singular solutions have made probability-one homotopy methods even more practical. POLSYS_GLP consists of Fortran 95 modules for finding all isolated solutions of a complex coefficient polynomial system of equations. The package is intended to be used on a distributed memory multiprocessor in conjunction with HOMPACK90 (Algorithm 777), and makes extensive use of Fortran 95-derived data types and MPI to support a general linear product (GLP) polynomial system structure. GLP structure is intermediate between the partitioned linear product structure used by POLSYS_PLP (Algorithm 801) and the BKK-based structure used by PHCPACK. The code requires a GLP structure as input, and although finding the optimal GLP structure is a difficult combinatorial problem, generally physical or engineering intuition about a problem yields a very good GLP structure. POLSYS_GLP employs a sophisticated power series end game for handling singular solutions, and provides support for problem definition both at a high level and via hand-crafted code. Different GLP structures and their corresponding Bezout numbers can be systematically explored before committing to root finding.
LY294002-geldanamycin heterodimers as selective inhibitors of the PI3K and PI3K-related family

Several LY294002-GM heterodimers were synthesized with the intent of modulating their activity in the presence of hsp90 and thereby creating selective inhibitors of PI3K and PI3K-related family.
Major surge of the Bering Glacier

Definitive evidence has been obtained in the last few weeks documenting that a new and potentially major surge of Bering Glacier is beginning. According to Bruce F. Molnia, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va., and spokesperson for a USGS research group that includes Austin Post, Dennis Trabant, and Robert Krimmel, as of June 28, several hundred kilometers of the glacier were involved in the surge, displaying intensive crevassing, displaced moraines, ice overriding previously exposed bedrock, and pressure ridge development (Figure 1).
An alternate cAMP pathway Epac promotes hippocampal long‐term depression

The CA1 region of the hippocampus is a model system for the study of long-term synaptic plasticity, which is thought to play an important role in learning and memory. Specifically, studies of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) have provided many insights into the molecular processes that govern long-term synaptic modifcations. While many signalling molecules have been implicated in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, the cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) has proven to play a vital role (Nguyen & Woo, 2003). In particular, PKA enhances LTP through downstream phosphorylation events and gene regulation (Nguyen & Woo, 2003). Conversely, PKA activation inhibits LTD (Nguyen & Woo, 2003).
A quantitative analysis of plasma osmotic pressure during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.

The plasma constituents contributing to osmotic pressure are, in decreasing order: Na+, Cl−, HCO 3 − , K+, glucose, amino acids, urea and protein. Plasma osmotic pressure increases from 180 mmoles/1 to 200 mmoles/1 throughout development.
Protein stability parameters measured by hydrogen exchange

The hydrogen exchange (HX) rates of the slowest peptide group NH hydro- gens in oxidized cytochrome c (equine) are con- trolled by the transient global unfolding equi- librium. These rates can be measured by one- dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and used to determine the thermodynamic parame- ters of global unfolding at mild solution condi- tions well below the melting transition. The free energy for global unfolding measured by hy- drogen exchange can differ from values found by standard denaturation methods, most nota- bly due to the slow cis-trans isomerization of the prolyl peptide bond. This difference can be quantitatively calculated from basic principles. Even with these corrections, HX experiments at low denaturant concentration measure a free energy of protein stability that rises above the usual linear extrapolation from denaturation data, as predicted by the denaturant binding model of Tanford. o 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The protein antigens of peripheral nerve myelin

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissue contains a variety of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that may serve as immunogens in proving immune responses, as antigens participating in immunological reactions, or as both types of agents. Three proteins P0, P1, and P2, account for approximately 70% of PNS myelin proteins. P0 is the major PNS myelin protein and is restricted to the PNS. P1 is similar to, if not identical with, myelin basic protein, the component of central nervous system myelin which induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. P2 has neuritogenic properties for inducing experimental allergic neuritis and may be involved in immune-mediated PNS myelin injury in humans. The complete amino acid sequence for P2 has recently been delineated, and its neuritogenic, immunogenic, and antigenic features can now be further characterized.
Novel reverse osmosis membranes incorporated with a hydrophilic additive for seawater desalination

Abstract Novel thin-film-composite reverse osmosis membranes were synthesized successfully for seawater desalination by incorporating the hydrophilic additive, o-aminobenzoic acid–triethylamine (o-ABA–TEA) salt, into the aqueous m-phenylenediamine (MPD) solution to react with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in the organic solution during the interfacial polymerization on a nanoporous polysulfone support. The membrane synthesis conditions, including o-ABA–TEA salt concentration, isopropanol (IPA) concentration, additional amine drying time, and hydrocarbon removal time, were optimized by characterizing membrane performances using synthetic 3.28 wt% NaCl solution under seawater desalination conditions at 800 psi (5.52 MPa) and 25 °C. The synthesized membranes showed a very high flux of 1.81 m3/m2/day (44.4 gallons/ft2/day (gfd)) and a salt rejection of 99.41%. The improvement of membrane hydrophilicity was confirmed by comparing the contact angles of the membranes synthesized with and without the hydrophilic additive. The high-flux membrane was further tested using seawater from Port Hueneme, CA and exhibited a very good and stable desalination performance for 30 days. The fouling-resistant properties of the membranes synthesized with and without the hydrophilic additive were evaluated by using sodium alginate, a common contaminant derived from seaweed, as the model foulant. The membrane synthesized with hydrophilic additive showed significantly smaller water flux decline. The surface morphologies of the membranes were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed a smoother membrane surface for the membrane incorporated with the hydrophilic additive.
Does peripartum infection increase the incidence of cerebral palsy in extremely low birthweight infants

Objectives This study was undertaken to determine the perinatal predictors of cerebral palsy in extremely low birthweight infants ( Study Design A case control study of infants with birthweight of less than 1000 g (19 with cerebral palsy and 38 controls) who survived beyond 18-22 months of corrected age was performed. Outcome variables included maternal demographics, obstetric complications, and neonatal outcome (gestational age at delivery, birthweight, Apgar scores, intrauterine growth restriction, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and neonatal sepsis). Data analysis consisted of t tests, χ 2 , and analysis of variance when appropriate. Results There were no significant differences between cerebral palsy and control groups with regard to mode of delivery, Apgar scores, preeclampsia, antenatal vaginal bleeding, or the use of magnesium sulfate. However, male gender (odds ratio 3.70; 95% CI 1.05-12.5), primigravid status (odds ratio 5.52; 95% CI 1.67-18.3), early neonatal sepsis (odds ratio 12.9; 95% CI 2.94-57.2) and chorioamnionitis, both clinical and histologic (odds ratio 3.71; 95% CI 1.16-11.9) were significantly associated with the development of cerebral palsy. The strong association between cerebral palsy and chorioamnionitis, as well as early neonatal sepsis, remain significant after adjustment for primigravid status and male gender. Conclusion In extremely low birthweight infants, cerebral palsy was strongly associated with chorioamnionitis, early neonatal sepsis, male gender, and primigravid status.
Spectroscopic characterization of copper(I) binding to apo and metal-reconstituted zinc finger peptides

Cu(I) exhibits high affinity for thiolate ligands, suggesting that thiol-rich zinc or iron binding sites may be subject to disruption during copper stress conditions. Zinc fingers constitute a large class of metalloproteins that use a combination of cysteine and histidine residues that bind Zn(II) as a structural element. Despite the shared preference of both copper and zinc for thiolate and amine coordination, the susceptibility of zinc finger domains toward copper substitution is not well studied. We report spectroscopic studies that characterize the Cu(I) binding properties of the zinc finger consensus peptides CP-CCHH, CP-CCHC, and CP-CCCC and the C-terminal zinc finger domain of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein p7 (NCp7_C). Cu(I) binds to both the apopeptides and the Co(II)-substituted peptides, and the stoichiometry of Cu(I) binding is dependent on the number of cysteine thiols at the metal binding site. Fluorescence studies of the Zn(II)–NCp7_C complex indicate that Cu(I) also effectively competes with Zn(II) at the metal binding site, despite the high affinity of Zn(II) for the CCHC binding motif. Circular dichroism studies on both CP-CCHC and NCp7_C show that the conformations of the Cu(I)-bound complexes differ substantially from those of the Zn(II) species, implying that Cu(I) substitution is likely to impact zinc finger function. These results show that for the peptides studied here, Cu(I) is the thermodynamically favored metal despite the known high Zn(II) affinity of zinc finger domains, suggesting that Cu(I)-substituted zinc finger domains might be relevant in the context of both copper toxicity mechanisms and copper-responsive transcription factors.
Taking a Multifoci Approach to the Study of Justice, Social Exchange, and Citizenship Behavior: The Target Similarity Model†

An emerging trend within the organizational justice, social exchange, and organizational citizenship behavior literatures is that employees maintain distinct perceptions about, and direct different attitudes and behaviors toward, multiple foci such as the organization, supervisors, and coworkers. However, these multifoci developments have progressed, for the most part, independently of one another. Thus, to gain a more complete conceptualization of the employee experience, this review brings these respective literatures together. Specifically, the authors (a) review and organize multifoci research and theory in justice, social exchange, and citizenship behavior, (b) develop a “target similarity” model to provide a theoretical framework for conceptualizing and integrating multifoci research, and (c) o fer suggestions for future multifoci research.
Teaching to the test: climate change, militarism, and the pedagogy of hopefulness

Climate change and militarism pose existential threats to human existence, and are linked through a number of related processes including access to resources, patterns of consumption, and the workings of the global economy. As nations increasingly militarize their domestic affairs and international postures alike, such patterns can feed back into systems of resource extraction and the production of wastes that are driving climate change. In the face of these interlinked and potentially cataclysmic issues, peace educators should strive to develop forms of pedagogy that address the core challenges by suggesting avenues of authentic engagement and seeking to cultivate a sense of hopefulness despite the mounting crises. This article explores the ways in which educators might teach to this generational ‘test’ characterized by the conjoined challenges of climate change and militarism, drawing upon concrete classroom experiences along with the aspirational aim of sustaining optimism in a time rife with apathy an...
Correction Constants for Present Values of Sub-Annual Cash Flows*

When future cash flows are expected to occur at sub-annual intervals, it is widely recognized that present value estimates are biased by the common assumption that each year's flows occur at year-end. Although a “brute force” remedy for the end-of-year (EOY) bias is well known, the method does not appear to be generally used for financial decisions. The author suggests the possible reasons for continued tolerance of EOY bias are that the present method for eliminating the bias is too cumbersome or that the amount of bias is thought to be negligible. The paper also (a) examines the current remedy, indicating several features that hamper its use, (b) presents a correction constant approach that simplifies calculation of unbiased present values for streams of sub-annual cash flows, (c) derives expressions for correction constants under two alternative assumptions about sub-annual discounting, and (d) demonstrates use of the constants and the possible decision-relevance of EOY bias by a simple capital budgeting example.
Conclusions : the future of antimicrobial therapy -Augmentin® and beyond

Since most infectious microorganisms inevitably develop resistance to any agents used to combat them, there has been a constant need to produce improved, more potent, antimicrobials. At least in part, the emergence and spread of resistant organisms has been provoked by inappropriate over-use of antibacterials. In the last decade, many fewer new antibacterials have been developed but overall prescribing has continued to increase. Consensus prescribing principles have now been defined with the aim of optimising therapy and preventing further increases in, or even to prompt a reduction in, the prevalence of resistance to antibacterial agents. Whilst it is important to encourage continued development of new classes of antibacterials, it is also vital to make the best use of available agents. The development of new dosages and formulations of amoxicillin/clavulanate allows this agent to continue to fill the important role in therapy which it has occupied, and continues to occupy, 25 years after it was launched.
Effect of disorder on the frequency and linewidth of a zone-center Frenkel exciton

Abstract A study is made of the effect of disorder on the frequency and linewidth of a zone-center Frenkel exciton. It is assumed the disorder is sufficiently weak that the crystal momentum selection rules are approximately obeyed. As a consequence, the k=0 exciton is identified with the zero-phonon line in the optical spectrum. Two examples of disorder are studied in detail. In the first, disorder is introduced in the form of a small number of substitutional impurities. The average T-matrix approximation is used to obtain the shift in the transition frequency to first order in the impurity concentration for arbitrary impurity-host interactions and impurity transition frequency. In the second example, the effect of randomness in the transition frequencies is studied. A coherent potential approximation is introduced, and the shift and width of the optical transition are calculated as a function of the ratio of the rms width of the transition frequency distribution to the unperturbed exciton bandwidth. Possible experimental tests of the theory are mentioned.
An extended ADALINE neural network trained by Levenberg-Marquardt method for system identification of linear systems

This paper presents a sliding-window version of online identification method for linear time varying systems based on the ADaptive LINear Element - ADALINE (Widrow and Lehr, 1990) neural network trained with Levenberg-Marquardt method which offers faster tracking of system parameter change. It is well known ADALINE is slow in convergence which is not appropriate for online application and identification of time varying system. To speed up convergence of learning and thus increase the capability of tracking time varying system parameters, our previous work added a momentum term to the weight adjustment. While the momentum does speed up convergence, it also shows overshooting or oscillating and also tracks noise closely. The Levenberg-Marquardt method is explored in this paper. Simulation results show that the proposed method provides indeed fast yet smoother convergence and better tracking of time varying parameters.
Disembowelment—a retrospective study of patients suffering evisceration following penetrating abdominal injury

Details are presented of 104 patients admitted over a 1-year period with evisceration following penetrating abdominal wounds. Stabbing was the most common cause of injury. Small bowel was the most commonly eviscerated organ, as well as the organ most frequently injured. Exploratory laparotomy was performed on all the patients who survived to reach the operating theatre. The negative laparotomy rate was 12 per cent, and a further 3 per cent had such mild visceral injuries that they did not require operative repair. For comparison a group of 111 patients admitted over the same period, but suffering only omental protrusion, was also examined. The rate of visceral injury in this group was slightly lower. Wound complications, including breakdown, were more commonly seen in the eviscerated patients, but the mortality was 8 per cent in both groups.
Psychological outcomes of a support intervention in mothers of children with ongoing health conditions: The parent-to-parent network

We compared depression, anxiety, anger, cognitive disturbance, and total scores on the Psychiatric Symptom Index (Ilfeld, 1976) for 365 mothers of 5-to-8 year-olds with diverse health conditions who were randomized either to an experimental (EG) or control (CG) group. EG mothers were offered a 12-month community-based support intervention; CG mothers received standard care. Posttest scores of EG and CG mothers did not differ significantly. Although intervention effects were not related to participation level or illness-related and sociodemographic factors, a significant interaction with stressful life events (SLE) was found. Among mothers reporting more than five SLE in the past year, posttest anxiety was lower in the EG than in the CG, but no difference was found between EG and CG mothers having less than five SLE. The intervention also acted as a moderator variable, with correlations of SLE and posttest depression, anxiety, and total symptoms significantly lower in the EG than CG. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A prospective search for congenital dermal abnormalities of the craniospinal axis.

Nineteen-hundred and ninety-seven consecutive term newborn infants were examined for cutaneous abnormalities of the craniospinal axis. Fifty-eight of the neonates (3%) had one or more abnormalities. The major findings included 28 (1.4%) deep dimples; 23 (1.2%) presumed sinuses; six (0.3%) skin tags, and one nodular mass. Fifty children were seen in follow-up at 4 to 12 months; in 40 infants the initial major finding persisted unchanged. Surgery has been performed on five children. One dermal sinus was found to terminate at the dura, three sinuses terminated at the coccyx, and a skin tag was associated with a fibrous band that extended to the coccyx. The management of congenital dermal sinuses is discussed.
The wide variety of designs for dorsal hand burn splints

A search of the burn literature to find standard dimensions for fabrication of a typical splint to use with patients with a dorsal hand and finger burn is an elusive endeavor. The original impetus for such a search stemmed from a discussion with a student therapist on how to properly splint a burned hand. An ongoing interest was sustained when no one set of universal dimensions for a hand splint design was found to exist. In fact, the literature is replete with numerous individual recommendations on the dimensions to make such a hand splint. In general, dorsal hand burn splints can be classified either as position of function or antideformity splints. However, there is little agreement among authors about how to make these splints. The purpose of this investigation was to document the wide range and variable designs among splints for dorsal hand burns and present the findings for use as a resource guide when making decisions about their fabrication.
Hamiltonian structures for smooth vector fields

Abstract We give a constructive method to find a hamiltonian and Poisson brackets for any smooth vector field. The construction is local. We exhibit the hamiltonian and Poisson brackets for the damped, one dimensional, simple harmonic oscillator, wherein one can see the global problems. We suggest how one might usefully employ the construction in physical settings.
Relationship of Response-Set Differences on Beck Depression Inventory Scores of Undergraduate Students

The relationship of a ruminating and a distracting response style upon severity of depression and on gender were investigated. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire was modified to include ruminating and distracting scales and administered to 91 undergraduate students who also completed the Beck Depression Inventory. It was hypothesized that (a) regardless of gender, people who ruminate would have greater rated severity of depression than people who distract themselves; (b) women ruminators would show higher rated severity of depression than women distractors; and (c) female and male ruminators would show the same ratings on severity of depression. A set of t ratios was computed for mean differences between the groups. An analysis of variance for response style × gender was also done with the women and men classified as ruminators. The results conformed to the predictions for women but not for men.
A changing higher education environment.

Radical changes in contemporary society are forcing colleges and universities to alter their time-honored traditions. Economics, demographics, and technology have forever changed the university of the past. The public's demand for accountability is challenging the relevancy of programs, the value of tenure, and the utility of research endeavors. Higher education must focus on serving society's needs to survive in the future. New structures, learning environments, and technologies must be used. To be successful, colleges and universities must be able to respond to opportunities as well as serve as catalysts to create a new vision, have a clear sense of the future, and be organized to energize and support the efforts to carry out the vision. University faculty and administrators must carefully deliberate about higher education—its purpose and its methods—and turn those ideas into action to meet society's needs now and into the next century.
Nutritional composition of actual and potential insect prey for the Kasekela chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania.

Humans, all great ape species, and some lesser apes consume insects. Insects can provide compa- rable nutritional yields to meat on a gram-for-gram basis and may serve as an important source of energy, fat, pro- tein, minerals, and vitamins for hominoids. Although potential insect prey are abundant in ape habitats, pat- terns of insectivory are not consistent across species or populations. Efforts to understand these patterns are complicated by a lack of nutritional data. We collected samples of insects consumed by the Kasekela chimpan- zee community of Gombe National Park, Tanzania, as well as of some insects found within the community range and ignored by these chimpanzees but known to be preyed upon by Pan elsewhere. We determined the gross energy (GE), estimated metabolizable energy (ME), fat, protein, fiber, and ash content of these samples following standard methodologies. We use these data to test the hypothesis that Kasekela chimpanzees choose insect prey (at least in part) based on energy and/or macronutrient content. On a fresh-weight, per-gram basis, the insect prey consumed by Kasekela chimpan- zees had significantly higher fat and lower ash content than other assayed insects, and on a fresh-weight, per- foraging-unit (''per-insect,'' ''per-dip,'' or ''per-nest'') basis were significantly higher in GE, fat, and protein. On a per-gram basis, the assayed insects were generally comparable in energy and macronutrients to wild verte- brate meat. We conclude that Kasekela chimpanzees do favor insects that are high in energy, fat, and protein, and that the potential macronutrient yields from some forms of insectivory are not trivial. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:493-503, 2012. V
Multi-Resistance States Through Electrically Driven Phase Transitions in $\hbox{VO}_{2}/\hbox{HfO}_{2}/\hbox{VO}_{2}$ Heterostructures on Silicon

We report on electrically induced multi-resistance states in VO2/HfO2/VO2 heterostructures on silicon at room temperature. Through geometric confinement, the critical threshold voltage for the transition in each VO2 layer can be tuned, and this leads to sharp current jumps as each layer undergoes a conductance transition. Consistent results are obtained in both voltage and current sweep conditions. The ability to realize variable resistance states in correlated oxide heterostructures fabricated on silicon could be of relevance to emerging information processing and storage schemes utilizing functional oxides.
Molecular dynamics of adsorption and segregation from an alkane mixture

Adsorption and segregation of n-hexadecane molecules from an equal by weight mixture of n-hexadecane and n-hexane to an Au(001) surface at 315 kelvin are studied with the use of molecular dynamics simulations. Preferential adsorption of n-hexadecane at the solid-to-liquid interface together with subsequent layer-by-layer growth of an ordered, wetting interface were observed. The long chains penetrate and adsorb at the interfacial layer by means of a sequential segmental mechanism involving end-segment anchoring and displacive desorption of preadsorbed n-hexane molecules.
Anti-μ Treatment suppresses immunoglobulin light-chain gene expression and Peyer's patch development

Anti-mu treated mice have been used extensively as a model for suppressed B-cell development [Murgita R. A., Mattioli C. A. and Tomasi T. B., Jr. (1973) J. exp. Med. 138, 209; Manning D. D. (1975) J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 18, 63; Manning D. D. and Jutila J. W. (1972) J. Immun. 108, 282; Janeway C. A., Jr., Murgita R. A., Weinbaum F. I., Asofsky R. and Wigzell H. (1977) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 4582; Hayglass K. T., Naides S. J., Benacerraf B. and Sy M.-S. (1985) J. Molec. Cell. Immun. 2, 107; Manning D. D. (1972) J. Immun. 109, 1152; Cooper M. D., Kearney J. F., Gathings W. E. and Lawton A. R. (1980) Immun. Rev. 52, 29; Burrows P. D., Kearney J. F., Lawton A. R. and Cooper M. D. (1978) J. Immun. 120, 1526]. However, little molecular evaluation has been performed on these animals to determine the level at which B-lineage cells are arrested. Experiments reported here were designed to determine the effects of anti-mu treatment of newborn mice on Ig-specific mRNA expression in lymphocyte populations. Newborn CBA/J mice received i.p. injections of goat anti-mu IgG or non-immune goat IgG, every 2 days, from birth until age 4 weeks. The degree of B-cell suppression in anti-mu treated mice was evident by low serum Ig levels and lack of surface Ig+ cells in splenic lymphocytes. Morphologically, spleens of B-cell depleted mice were slightly reduced or normal size, while the total area of Peyer's patches (PP) was three-fold less than control mice. Spleen cells from anti-mu suppressed mice contained high levels of mu-mRNA, but markedly reduced levels of mRNA specific for other Ig heavy-chain isotypes, as determined by DNA excess dot blot and Northern blot hybridizations. RNA specific for other sequences (actin or IL-2 receptor) was not affected and hybridization to parent plasmid (pACYC) was not detected. In addition, suppression of kappa- and lambda-mRNA accumulation was evident. This was surprising, since the target for anti-mu treatment appears to be a B-cell population expressing intact surface IgM, a stage in B-cell development in which both mu- and light-chain-specific mRNA accumulation should be detected. Our results suggest one of the following models: (1) anti-mu treatment deletes all Ig+ cells from the animal, so that only mu expressing pre-B-cells remain; or (2) anti-mu suppresses B-cell development by inhibiting kappa and lambda transcription, perhaps by some feedback mechanism in which the presence of surface Ig is required to maintain light-chain transcription.
The effect of copper on erythrocyte deformability. A possible mechanism of hemolysis in acute copper intoxication

Although the development of hemolytic anemia as a complication of acute copper intoxication is well documented, the precise mechanism by which copper produces accelerated erythrocyte destruction is unknown. Normal erythrocyte survival depends in part on the ability of the cell to deform and pass through narrow areas of microcirculation in the liver and especially in the spleen. In the present study, it is demonstrated that toxic concentrations of copper rapidly and markedly reduce erythrocyte deformability. This reduction in cell deformability is associated with a marked increase in membrane permeability and osmotic fragility of copper-treated cells. Further, the decrease in deformability occurs despite normal levels of cell ATP and the apparent absence of oxidative damage to the cell. These observations indicate that copper-mediated changes in the erythrocyte membrane may be responsible for reducing the flexibility of the cell. The loss of deformability could act to reduce erythrocyte survival and thus explain the hemolysis associated with copper intoxication in vivo.
A New Species of Liophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea

Abstract I describe a new species of Liophryne from Cape Nelson, southeastern New Guinea, that is unique in its combination of rather large size, a single-note call emitted from an underground burrow, and absence of vocal slits. This species also has a variety of morphometric and color-pattern features that distinguish it from one or more congeners. The new species is among the more-variable species of Liophryne in dorsal color pattern, being either brown, ochre, or a combination of the two. It is known currently only from the upper elevations of an extinct volcano and may be restricted in distribution to the broader volcanic massif that includes the type locality, inasmuch as this massif appears to have evolved in situ.
The value of the esophageal motility test in the evaluation of thoracic pain problems.

This study was made to determine the value of the esophageal motility test as a diagnostic procedure in cases of thoracic pain. A review was made of the records of 514 patients undergoing studies of esophageal motility at the Mayo Clinic from May, 1957, through April, 1959. From these varied clinical cases, 45 patients with a diagnostic problem of pain in the thorax were found in whom a definitive diagnosis had not been established by means other than the motility test. These 45 patients were found to form four main groups: (1) eight patients without objective evidence of either myocardial ischemia or esophageal motility abnormalities; (2) two patients with objective evidence of myocardial ischemia, but no abnormalities of esophageal motility records; (3) 17 with abnormalities of the esophageal motility records, but no objective evidence of ischemic myocardial disease, and (4) 18 patients with evidence of both abnormal esophageal motility and myocardial ischemia. The abnormal esophageal motility findings in these patients included, in order of frequency, the patterns for diffuse spasm, hiatal hernia, the hypertensive and the hyperreacting gastroesophageal sphincter. Various combinations of these motility disorders were often found in the same patient. The incidence of hypertensive gastroesophageal sphincter was exceedingly high. Clinical differentiation could not be made consistently between the pain of ischemic heart disease and that of esophageal motility disorders. It is recommended that when patients present a diagnostic problem related to pain in the thorax, ischemic heart disease should be excluded even though the presence of esophageal disorders is proved. The electrocardiogram after exercise may be helpful in the evaluation of such patients.
Asymptotic lower bounds for Ramsey functions

Abstract A probability theorem, due to Lovasz, is used to derive lower bounds for various Ramsey functions. A short proof of the known result R(3, t) ⩾ ct 2 ( ln t) 2 is given.
Some magnetic null lines of astrophysical interest.

A list of magnetic null lines from selected spectroscopic analyses is presented for possible use in detailed studies of magnetic Ap stars. The presented data represent an extension of the magnetic null lines whose usefulness Shore and Adelman (1974) have recently demonstrated for the study of the overall physical conditions prevailing in the atmospheres of peculiar A stars and for testing the consequences of the mechanism of selective elemental diffusion.
Allocating Spending Between Advertising and Information Technology in Electronic Retailing

This study examines coordination issues that occur in allocating spending between advertising and information technology (IT) in electronic retailing. Electronic retailers run the risk of overspending on advertising to attract customers but underspending on IT, thus resulting in inadequate processing capacity at the firm's website. In this paper, we present a centralized, joint marketing-IT model to optimally allocate spending between advertising and IT, and we discuss an uncoordinated case where marketing and IT make suboptimal advertising and capacity decisions. We show how these decisions can be coordinated either by reducing the value of a customer session or by designing an optimal processing contract between marketing and IT. Both the coordination methods can be implemented with only local knowledge of the IT function, yet they generate a solution that almost matches the quality of the centralized solution. We extend our basic model to consider demand uncertainty, lagged advertising effects, and uncertainties in the lead time to acquire IT capacity. With demand uncertainty, electronic retailers should reduce spending on advertising and increase IT capacity if there is potential for a demand upswing and the cost of IT capacity is relatively low. The value of a customer session should be further reduced when uncertainties exist. This is required to share the risk of excess or inadequate IT capacity.
Mass spectrometry for the analysis of protein lactosylation in milk products

Milk and dairy products are usually submitted to thermal procedures in order to preserve microbiological safety and to prolong their shelf-life; these actions may eventually induce structural modifications of several components. In particular, milk proteins undergo a non-enzymatic glycation, known as the Maillard reaction, in which reducing sugars (such as lactose) mainly react with the e-amino group of Lys residues, leading to the formation of the Amadori product lactulosyl-lysine. Protein lactosylation leads to a decrease of milk nutritional value as it reduces the bioavailability of the essential amino acid lysine and to a potential increase of the specific allergen activity, due to the formation of new hapten-like antigens. These aspects are of particular importance in products intended for infant diet, such as milk powders and infant milk formulas; accordingly, a detailed structural characterization of the extent and site-specificity of milk protein lactosylation is mandatory. Analytical methodologies based on mass spectrometry and more recently proteomics have been thoroughly applied to the structural analysis of milk proteins and their modified forms, including glycation products. This review highlights the contribution of mass spectrometry to the extensive investigation of lactosylation events in milk proteins, with a particular focus on the most up-to date technological improvements.
A just-so story

Physicists are learning to live with Einstein's 'fudge factor', the cosmological constant. New thinking attempts to tie its value to other fundamental constants in elementary particle physics.
Virulence patterns of Uromyces appendiculatus from different geographical areas and implications for finding durable resistance to rust of common bean

Single-uredinium cultures of Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers) Unger from Honduras, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Tanzania and USA were evaluated for virulence on 19 standard bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) rust differential lines/cuitivars that had been previously selected on the basis of resistance to bean rust. A disease rating scale, based on uredinium diameter, was used to study pathogenic variability of the bean rust fungus. Virulence of the cultures was measured by the vector of disease score (mds) on all 19 differentials and the nearest centroid sorting algorithm was used to cluster the cultures according to virulence similarity. A total of 373 different virulence patterns was identified from more than 2000 cultures and were grouped into four virulence clusters. None of the cultures produced a susceptible reaction on all the differentials. Cultures that produced uredinia > 0.5 mm in diameter in 15 differentials were considered to have high virulence. About 59, 15, 20, 5 and 0%, respectively, of the Honduran, Dominican, Puerto Rican, USA and Tanzanian cultures were highly virulent. The lines/cultivars Ecuador 299, Mexico 235, 51051, NEP-2, Mexico 309, California Small White 643, A × S 37, and Aurora had a high degree of resistance to most cultures and can be used as sources of broad resistance. Virulence patterns of the differentials indicated redundancy in some host parasite interactions and the need to modify the composition of the differential lines/cultivars.
Inhibition of aldose reductase attenuates TNF-α-induced expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells

Increased expression of adhesion molecules by the activated endothelium is a critical feature of vascular inflammation associated with several disease states such as atherosclerosis. However, mecha...
Natural killer cell licensing in mice with inducible expression of MHC class I.

Natural killer (NK) cells undergo a licensing (or education) process through interactions with their MHC class I-specific receptors and self-MHC class I to become functionally competent. Previously it was not possible to study the acute consequences of these interactions. We developed transgenic mice to induce MHC class I acutely in an otherwise MHC class I-deficient environment. In these mice, acute NK cell licensing is dependent on interactions between NK-cell receptors and other hematopoietic cells; the acute process did not appear to induce detectable differences in the licensed NK cells themselves.
6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene can be denitrated during mammalian metabolism.

Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitroarenes), including 6‐nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (6‐NBap), occur in our environment and are mutagenic in bacterial mutagenesis assays. The mutagenicity of 6‐NBaP is enhanced when rat liver S9 is added. To investigate the cause of this increased activity, the metabolism of 6‐NBaP was carried out with a total rat liver homogenate obtained from 3‐methylcholanthrene‐ (MC‐) induced rats, a 9000 × g supernatant enzyme, and with both unwashed and washed microsomes. Ring‐hydroxy‐lated 6‐NBaP was detected. On the basis of retention times for known standards in a high‐performance liquid chromatographic system, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 6‐acetoxy‐BaP (6‐OAcBaP) were isolated as products. BaP was further characterized via ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectra and 6‐OAcBaP by UV, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. 6‐HydroxyBaP (6‐OHBaP) was also detected by UV and mass spectra. It is suggested that BaP is formed via a nitroanion radical of 6‐NBaP and undergoes metabolism...
New magnetic polymers

New polymer (organic) materials have been fabricated in which there is sufficient electronic exchange as well as stability, both thermally and chemically, at room temperature and above. This paper gives an overview of the synthesis of promising new complex polymer building blocks which can yield super-paramagnetic materials for magnetic devices. The use of these methods to produce ferri-, para-, and superparamagnetic materials allows form factor, low- temperature processing, and device variations that facilitate their use in a wide variety of applications. New materials from the polysulfide, urethane, silicone, and epoxide classes of materials are explained. Some devices (and their characteristics) made from these materials are discussed.
INELASTIC SCATTERING OF PROTONS FROM LIGHT NUCLEI

An investigation has been made of inelastic scattering of 7.4-Mev protons at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the following thin foil targets: Be, ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ (47 percent enriched), Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, Ni, Al, and Na, and from the following gas targets: normal B${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, enriched ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ (96 percent), ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, and Ne. The following energy levels in Mev were observed: ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ 2.57; ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ 2.34; ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ 2.06; ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ 4.59; ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ 3.14, 4.03; ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ 2.35, 3.95; ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ none; ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ 1.53, 3.83; Ne 1.44, 4.36; ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ 3.67; Al 1.02, 2.30, 2.89, 3.32, 4.48; Ni 1.44.
Electron self-exchange between Au140(+/0) nanoparticles is faster than that between Au38(+/0) in solid-state, mixed-valent films.

The well-defined one-electron steps in the voltammetry of solutions of the nanoparticles Au38(SC2Ph)24 and Au140(SC6)53 (SC2Ph = phenylethanethiolate; SC6 = hexanethiolate) enable preparation of solutions containing, for example, Au38(SC2Ph)24 and Au38(SC2Ph)24+(ClO4)- nanoparticles in known relative proportions. From these solutions can be cast dry, mixed-valent films demonstrably containing the same proportions. Electronic conduction in such mixed-valent films is shown to occur by a bimolecular electron self-exchange reaction at a rate proportional to the concentration product, [Au38][Au38+]. The observed Au38+/0 rate constant, ∼2 × 106 M-1 s-1, is much smaller than that previously observed for Au140+/0 films (ca. 4 × 109 M-1 s-1; Wuelfing, W. P.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11465). To our knowledge, this is the first example of a significant size effect in metal nanoparticle electron-transfer dynamics. Thermal activation parameters for the electron-hopping conductivities of the two nanoparticle...
Lateral step initiation behavior in older adults

Older adults have varied postural responses during induced and voluntary lateral stepping. The purpose of the research was to quantify the occurrence of different stepping strategies during lateral step initiation in older adults and to relate the stepping responses to retrospective history of falls. Seventy community-ambulating older adults (mean age 76 y, range 70–94 y) performed voluntary lateral steps as quickly as possible to the right or left in response to a visual cue, in a blocked design. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured using a forceplate, and the number and latency of postural adjustments were quantified. Subjects were assigned to groups based on their stepping strategy. The frequency of trials with one or two postural adjustments was compared with data from 20 younger adults (mean age 38 y, range 21–58 y). Logistic regression was used to relate presence of a fall in the previous year with the number and latency of postural adjustments. In comparison with younger adults, who almost always demonstrated one postural adjustment when stepping laterally, older adults constituted a continuous distribution in the percentage of step trials made with one postural adjustment (from 0% to 100% of trials). Latencies of the initial postural adjustment and foot liftoff varied depending on the number of postural adjustments made. A history of falls was associated a larger percentage of two postural adjustments, and a longer latency of foot liftoff. In conclusion, the number and latency of postural adjustments made during voluntary lateral stepping provides additional evidence that lateral control of posture may be a critical indicator of aging.
Identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding a long-chain cis-isoprenyltranferase involved in dolichyl monophosphate biosynthesis in the ER of brain cells.

A long-chain cis -isoprenyltransferase ( cis -IPTase) located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) catalyzes the chain elongation stage in the pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of dolichyl monophosphate (Dol-P) in eukaryotic cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the ER-associated cis -IPTase is encoded by the RER2 gene. Mutations in the RER2 gene result in defects in growth and protein N-glycosylation. In this study a cDNA isolated from human brain (Accession No. AK023164.1 ), which has substantial homology to cis -IPTases from bacteria, Arabidopsis , and S. cerevisiae , has been shown to: (1) complement the growth defect; (2) restore cis -IPTase activity; dolichol and Dol-P synthesis; and (3) restore normal N-glycosylation of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) in the yeast rer2 Δ mutant. Consistent with a role in Dol-P biosynthesis, overexpression of the human cis -isoprenyltransferase ( hCIT ) cDNA also suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth and CPY hypoglycosylation phenotypes in sec59-1 cells which are defective in Dol-P biosynthesis due to a temperature-sensitive mutation in dolichol kinase. Overexpression of hCIT in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells results in a modest increase in cis -IPTase activity associated with microsomal fractions and the appearance of a new 38 kDa polypeptide that co-localizes with calnexin in the ER, the site of Dol-P biosynthesis, even though no transmembrane domains are predicted by a hydropathy plot.