cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water color: radical color aesthetics in Julie Dash's Daughters of the Dust

Color cinematography has ignited debates about how color should be used, and what color aesthetics can add to cinema. While Technicolor's aesthetics required painstakingly designed artificial lighting to achieve naturalist effects, Daughters of the Dust (Julie Dash, 1991) uses primarily natural lighting to produce a surreal colorscape I call water color. This radical aesthetics of color disrupts classical notions about color and cinema in several ways: it supports Dash's radical feminist narrative style, challenges the purity of whiteness and the notion that dark skin tones are difficult to film, and historicizes the power relations of color pigment production.
The decline in residual renal function in hemodialysis is slow and age dependent.

Background: Persons on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis with preserved residual renal function experience lower mortality rates than those without. Previous studies have shown slower rates of decline of residual renal function for peritoneal dialysis (PD)(2 to 3% decrease/month), compared with hemodialysis (HD)(6 to 7% decrease/month). However, our clinical observations suggested a lower rate of decline in hemodialysis patients. Methods: We evaluated data in 174 hemodialysis patients cared for from January 2000 through October 2001. Eighty-seven (50%) patients had at least two timed quarterly urine collections to estimate the rate of change of residual renal function over time (urea clearance, or KrU). All patients underwent thrice-weekly hemodialysis using polysulfone dialyzers with formaldehyde reprocessing. The rate of decline of residual renal function and the effect of KrU on laboratory variables were estimated using a random effects (MIXED) model, adjusting for the effects of age, sex, race, diabetes, and dialysis vintage. Results: The mean KrU at baseline was 3.5 mL/min. Men (P < 0.001) and persons of shorter vintage (P < 0.0001) had more residual renal function at baseline. The estimated rate of decline of residual renal function was − 0.07 mL/min/month (− 1.9% decrease/month). The rate of decline in residual renal function was unaffected by sex, race, diabetes, or vintage, although the rate of decline was significantly attenuated among older individuals (age x time interaction, P = 0.01). Serum phosphorus (P = 0.03) and the calcium x phosphorus product (P = 0.009) increased over time and were influenced by the level of residual renal function (P = 0.06 and P = 0.006, respectively). Residual renal function did not influence the rate of change of other laboratory variables. Conclusions: In an ethnically diverse cohort of hemodialysis patients, the rate of decline of residual renal function was relatively slow and age dependent, as well as consistent with values others have reported for patients on peritoneal dialysis. Universal use of biocompatible dialyzers and bicarbonate dialysate may have contributed to differences discussed in prior reports. Residual renal function attenuated the increase in calcium–phosphorus product over time. A better understanding of the determinants of the rate of decline in residual renal function, and the specific benefits afforded to patients via maintenance of residual renal function, would help to inform the debates on timing of initiation and various dosing strategies in hemodialysis.
Advanced biological treatment and separation of hazardous constituents from petrochemical sludges

Abstract A highly carcinogenic nature, low allowable release concentrations and ongoing accumulation in land/water ecosystems all contribute to the fact that many sites on the National Priorities List (NPL) established by EPA name polynuclear aromatics (PNAS) as contaminants. High costs and deficient available capacity associated with incineration technology motivates investigation of bioremediation as a treatment alternative. Biodegradation of benzo [a] pyrene found in oil refinery and petrochemical plant sludges has been studied using a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. Evaluation of microbial growth showed that the Monod growth model was most appropriate with kinetic coefficients indicating microbial populations are capable of performing similar to that found in conventional suspended growth waste treatment systems.
Simultaneous free-surface deformation and near-surface velocity measurements

A newly developed non-intrusive approach has been devised for studying near-surface flows where it is important to be able to construct correlations between small-sloped free-surface deformations and near-surface velocities. This method combines digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) and the reflective mode of the free-surface gradient detector (FSGD) technique into a single measurement system, providing us with an approach to be able to characterize correlations between elevation and kinematic properties, such as velocity and vorticity, which is essential in understanding near surface turbulence. Furthermore, as the free-surface elevation is directly proportional to the pressure for low Froude number flows, this method will allow for the measurement of pressure near the free surface. This will also be useful in calculating the pressure-velocity term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation for near-surface flows. The approach is explained and demonstrated by measuring these correlations for a vertical shear layer intersecting a free surface.
A test case for predicting the rheological properties of polymeric liquids: the multiple coupled Maxwell modes model

Abstract In this work, the behavior of the multiple coupled Maxwell modes (MCMM) model is examined with regard to the rheological properties of polymer melts in diverse flow fields, including (i) transient, (ii) steady-state shear flow, (iii) small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow, and (iv) transient uniaxial elongational flow. This model is specialized to the case of pair-wise coupling, i.e., each mode interacts with only one other mode. Consequently, each pair of modes acts independently of the others. For a typical polymer melt of industrial interest, a simple optimization technique is developed for determining the number of independent mode pairs, as well as precise values for the corresponding parameters. The goal of this ongoing study is to fit the parameters of various rheological models using a limited number of simple, standard experiments, and then to see whether or not the models can predict data taken from more complicated experiments. In this paper, only the first step is taken in this direction: we examine for one particularly promising rheological model, the MCMM model (but herein restricted to pair-wise coupling), whether or not it can achieve this goal. This restricted model is chosen because it mimics the effect of pair-wise coupling between relaxation modes that is prevalent in current rheological models. Using this model as a test case allows the optimization technique and analytical methodology for achieving the overall goal to be developed. The outcome of this study with regard to developing the methodology was successful, but the particular model chosen, written in terms of coupled Maxwell modes with pair-wise coupling, is not general enough to predict well typical polymer melt rheological behavior.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY FREE AND BOUND RAT LIVER RIBOSOMES IN VIVO AND IN VITRO.

Sucrose density gradient centrifugation has been used to separate free ribosomes in the microsomal fraction of rat-liver cytoplasm from those bound to the lipoprotein membrane (endoplasmic reticulum). During in vivo labeling experiments, radioactive arginine becomes rapidly associated with membrane-bound ribosomes but not with free ribosomes. Further, in an in vitro protein synthesizing system membrane-bound ribosomes incorporate labeled phenylalanine while free ribosomes are virtually inert. These observations suggest that membrane-bound ribosomes are the major site of protein synthesis. The inactivity of the free ribosomes is presumably attributable to the absence of messenger RNA, for they readily incorporate phenylalanine in the presence of polyuridylic acid.
A methodology for missile countermeasures optimization under uncertainty

The missile countermeasures optimization problem is a complex strategy optimization problem that combines aircraft maneuvers with additional countermeasures in an attempt to survive attack from a single surface-launched, anti-aircraft missile. Classic solutions require the evading aircraft to execute specific sequences of maneuvers at precise distances from the pursuing missile and do not effectively account for uncertainty about the type and/or current state of the missile. This paper defines a new methodology for solving the missile countermeasures optimization problem under conditions of uncertainty. The resulting genetic programming system evolves programs that combine maneuvers with such countermeasures as chaff, flares, and jamming to optimize aircraft survivability. This methodology may be generalized to solve strategy optimization problems for intelligent, autonomous agents operating under conditions of uncertainty.
Perspectives on the Interaction of Biological, Psychological and Social Factors in TMD

Dr. Dworkin evaluates the psychological and social impact of TMD as a chronic pain condition. Temporomandibular disorders remain a poorly understood but related collection of clinical syndromes involving pain and function limitations. This article discusses TMD from the perspective of a chronic pain illness, which shares some features found in common chronic pain conditions, such as tension headache and benign back pain. From these perspectives, TMD may be viewed as a self-limiting chronic pain illness not associated with progressive physical deterioration.
POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR MOSAIC-LIKE BRAGG REFLECTION IN QUARTZ UNDER STRAIN

A quartz crystal under strain tends to reflect x rays as if the crysttl were of mosiac structure, while it becomes very nearly ideally perfect when the strain is small. This effect may be due to some sort of reversible dislocations in the crystal. The reversibility of any such dislocations would have to be such as to allow for the extremely perfect elasticity of quartz in all types of strain from static flexure to ultrahigh-frequency oscillations. (W.D.M.)
Identification and Analysis of a New Organic Donor–Acceptor Material: Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopy and Transport Properties of the 2:1 Complex o-Me2TTF–pDNB

In this communication, we present the synthesis, structure and infrared spectroscopic and electronic transport properties for the 2:1 donor–acceptor complex o-Me2TTF–pDNB. The salt crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar{1}$$ with a = 6.8447(8) A, b = 9.3297(11) A, c = 11.3312(13) A, α = 90.400(6)°, β = 95.061(7)° and γ = 109.055(8)°. Structural features of the constituent donor and acceptor molecules were compared to those from the free components and suggested that both existed in their neutral forms in the complex. This conclusion was further supported by infrared spectroscopic measurements which revealed a close approximation for selected vibrational frequencies from the o-Me2TTF donor and pDNB acceptor to those from their free (and neutral) components. Electronic transport measurements revealed the complex to be an insulator. Herein we present the structure and infrared spectroscopic and transport properties for the 2:1 donor–acceptor complex o-Me2TTF–pDNB which combines the TTF derivative o-Me2TTF (o-Me2TTF = o-3,4-dimethyltetrathiafulvalene) with the organic acceptor pDNB (pDNB = para-dinitrobenzene).
Progress and prospects toward our understanding of the evolution of dosage compensation

In many eukaryotic organisms, gender is determined by a pair of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Degeneration of the non-recombining Y chromosome is a general facet of sex chromosome evolution. Selective pressure to restore expression levels of X-linked genes relative to autosomes accompanies Y-chromosome degeneration, thus driving the evolution of dosage compensation mechanisms. This review focuses on evolutionary aspects of dosage compensation, in light of recent advances in comparative and functional genomics that have substantially increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dosage compensation and how it evolved. We review processes involved in sex chromosome evolution, and discuss the dynamic interaction between Y degeneration and the acquisition of dosage compensation. We compare mechanisms of dosage compensation and the origin of dosage compensation genes between different taxa and comment on sex chromosomes that apparently lack compensation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how dosage compensation systems can also influence the evolution of well-established sex chromosomes.
MLH1 promotor hypermethylation does not rule out a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome: a case report

There are approximately 136,830 new colorectal cancer (CRC) cases diagnosed annually in the United States. In an effort to identify those at highest risk for Lynch Syndrome, an inherited CRC predisposition syndrome, several professional guidelines advocate for routine screening of all colorectal adenocarcinomas for features of DNA mismatch repair, microsatellite instability (MSI) and/or absent immunohistochemistry staining. Approximately 12–17 % of CRCs demonstrate MSI with germline mutations in genes involved in DNA mismatch repair, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 and TACSTD1/EPCAM and somatic MLH1 promotor hypermethylation being alternative pathways for the development of microsatellite unstable CRC. It is important to distinguish between these two events as the underlying cause of cancer development as management and implications for the patient and family members vary significantly. We describe a patient with multiple primary cancers, a deleterious germline MSH6 mutation and somatic MLH1 promotor hypermethylation highlighting the importance of incorporating the clinical history with the genetic evaluation.
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of the measles virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics

The measles virus (MeV), a member of the paramyxovirus family, is an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. In an effort to provide therapeutic treatments for improved measles management, we previously identified a small, non-nucleoside organic inhibitor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by means of high-throughput screening. Subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around the corresponding pyrazole carboxamide scaffold led to the discovery of 2 (AS-136a), a first generation lead with low nanomolar potency against life MeV and attractive physical properties suitable for development. However, its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (F) in rat suggested that the lead could benefit from further SAR studies to improve the biophysical characteristics of the compound. Optimization of in vitro potency and aqueous solubility led to the discovery of 2o (ERDRP-00519), a potent inhibitor of MeV (EC(50) = 60 nM) with an aqueous solubility of approximately 60 μg/mL. The agent shows a 10-fold exposure (AUC/C(max)) increase in the rat model relative to 2, displays near dose proportionality in the range of 10-50 mg/kg, and exhibits good oral bioavailability (F = 39%). The significant solubility increase appears linked to the improved oral bioavailability.
Fluctuation relations for current components in mesoscopic electric circuits

We present a new class of fluctuation relations, which we refer to as fluctuation relations for current components (FRCCs). FRCCs can be used to estimate system parameters when complete information about nonequilibrium many-body electron interactions is unavailable. We show that FRCCs often are robust in the sense that they do not depend on some basic types of electron interactions and some quantum coherence effects.
Coexpression of myosin isoforms in muscle of patients with neurogenic disease.

Three well-characterized antimyosin heavy chain monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were used as immunocytochemical reagents to study myosin iso-form expression in relationship to adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) defined fiber types in human muscle. The biopsy specimens were from patients with neurogenic muscle disease whose muscle exhibited fiber type grouping and group atrophy. The use of McAbs revealed heretofore unrecognized coexpression of multiple myosin isoforms in selected fibers in the pathologic samples which was not apparent with ATPase reactions and not present in normal muscle. The fibers containing multiple myosin isoforms were probably undergoing neurally directed fiber type transformation. Furthermore, a small population of fibers in neurogenic specimens expressed a “prenatal” myosin signifying the presence of regenerating fibers. We also demonstrated immunocytochemical evidence of the persistence of adult slow myosin in denervated mature human skeletal muscle despite the reputed necessity of innervation for maintenance of expression of this myosin isoform proffered by others.
Perceived Barriers to Care and Gender Preferences Among Veteran Women Who Experienced Military Sexual Trauma: A Qualitative Analysis

The primary goal of this pilot study was to investigate potential barriers to accessing military sexual trauma (MST)–related care for female veterans within the Veterans Administration (VA) health care system. Secondary goals were to explore whether female veterans have preferences regarding the gender of clinicians who provide MST-related care and preferences concerning whether psychoeducational materials are gender targeted. Qualitative analyses were used to examine data collected from semistructured interviews conducted with nine female veterans enrolled in Veterans Health Administration care who reported MST. Veterans identified four types of potential barriers: psychological avoidance, stigma related, gender related, and lack of knowledge. Most women reported a gender preference for a female clinical provider, and all reported preferences for a gender-targeted psychoeducational brochure on MST compared to a gender-neutral brochure. These preliminary data suggest that different types of barriers may e...
The physician's influence on informed consent for bone marrow transplantation.

The influence of physician judgment on the disclosure, competency, understanding, voluntariness, and decision aspects of informed consent for bone marrow transplantation are described. Ethical conflicts which arise from the amount and complexity of the information to be disclosed and from the barriers of limited time, patient anxiety and lack of prior relationship between patient and physician are discussed. The role of the referring physician in the decision-making is considered. Special ethical issues which arise with use of healthy related bone marrow donors are discussed, as is the physician's discretion in raising questions of competency. It is concluded that in this setting, regardless of the theoretical goals of the physician, patients appear to utilize informed consent discussions to assess their capacity to trust the physician rather than as a time to weigh the large amount of relevant data. The conscientious physician best serves the patient with recommendation of the best medical alternative rather than with attempts to remain neutral.
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing: Philosophical and Practical Considerations of a Statistical Controversy

This article first outlines the underlying logic of null hypothesis testing and the philosophical and practical problems associated with using it to evaluate special education research. The article then presents 3 alternative metrics-a binomial effect size display, a relative risk ratio, and an odds ratio--that can better aid researchers and practitioners in identifying important treatment effects. Each metric is illustrated using data from recently evaluated special education interventions. The article justifies interpreting a research result as significant when the practical importance of the sample differences is evident and when chance fluctuations due to sampling can be shown to be an unlikely explanation for the differences.
Oxidative coupling of methane on alkali metal-promoted nickel titanate: I. Catalyst characterization and transient studies

Nickel titanate, a mixed oxide with ilmenite structure, develops activity for methane oxidative coupling reaction upon promotion with alkaline metals (Li, Na, K). Typically, higher hydrocarbon yields of ca. 13% with ca. 70% selectivity can be obtained with a 9.7% Li/NiTiO3 catalyst and C2 + yields of ca. 8% with ca. 60% selectivity with a 22% Na/NiTiO3 catalyst. Transient experiments involving steps, pulses, and steady-state isotopic switches indicate that while on a 9.7% Li/NiTiO3 catalyst the activity is mainly related to lattice oxygen, there is little lattice oxygen involvement in oxidative coupling over sodium-loaded nickel titanate. Isotopic switch results revealed that carbon dioxide interacts strongly with both lithium- and sodium-promoted surfaces, but the concentration of long-lived adsorbed methane is too low to be differentiated from the interaction of argon with the surface. X-ray diffraction and BET results indicate that increasing the degree of alkali metal loading lowers the surface area and creates different phases after pretreatment at elevated temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that different types of carbon and oxygen species are present on the surface.
An experimental study of acute pulmonary arterial obstruction, with special reference to the precordial electrocardiogram

Abstract It must be concluded that in the dog the electrocardiogram, including multiple unipolar precordial leads, is of limited value in the diagnosis of minor pulmonary embolism. In major pulmonary embolism in the dog, there are usually definite electrocardiographic changes, both in the limb leads and in the unipolar precordial leads. In the limb leads, the most constant change is deviation of the RS-T segment in Leads II and III; this may be either upward or downward. In man, the upward deviation of RS-T 2 has not been reported. In the precordial leads, there was depression of the RS-T segment in the left precordial leads and elevation of the RS-T segment in the right precordial leads. In man, elevation of the RS-T segment in the right precordial leads has rarely been reported. 34 We did not attempt to evaluate the origin of these electrocardiographic changes; it has been suggested variously that they are due either to right ventricular strain or to myocardial anoxia. Previously in this paper attention has been called to the limitations of the electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in man. But if a series of electrocardiograms are obtained in the first few days after pulmonary embolism occurs and if these are critically analyzed, valuable diagnostic aid can frequently be obtained. This study of the electrocardiograms of dogs in which pulmonary embolism has been induced experimentally would appear to support pessimism regarding the value of the electrocardiogram in the clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. But it is by no means certain that these experiments in dogs duplicate the exact degree or exact mechanisms involved in pulmonary embolism in man. Furthermore, the electrocardiogram of the dog is more variable than is the electrocardiogram of man, so that electrocardiographic changes in the dog have to be of greater magnitude to have diagnostic significance. While the results of these experiments should serve to warn us that the electrocardiogram often fails to aid in the diagnosis of minor pulmonary emboli in man, it should not be concluded from this study that the procedure possesses very limited clinical value.
Reconfigurable architectures for silicon Physical Unclonable Functions

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are novel circuit primitives which store secret keys in silicon circuits by exploiting uncontrollable randomness due to manufacturing process variations. Previous work has mainly focused on static challenge-response behaviors. However, it has already been shown that a reconfigurable architecture of PUF will not only enable PUFs to meet practical application needs, but also can improve the reliability and security of PUF-based authentication or identification systems. In this paper, we propose several novel structures for non-FPGA reconfigurable silicon PUFs, which do not need any special fabrication methods and can overcome the limitations and drawbacks of FPGA-based techniques. Their performances are quantified by the inter-chip variation, intra-chip variation and reconfigurability tests.
Ca–Mg mixing in aluminosilicate glasses: An investigation using 17O MAS and 3QMAS and 27Al MAS NMR

Abstract To better understand non-framework cation mixing in Ca–Mg aluminosilicate glasses, 17O MAS and 3QMAS NMR studies were done on glasses on the Mg3Al2Si3O12–Ca3Al2Si3O12 join as well as several compositions with lower Al/Si ratios. While not all of the oxygen sites are fully resolved, the non-bridging oxygen associated with two Ca and one Mg cations is under-represented relative to that predicted by a model assuming random Ca/Mg mixing. Therefore, local non-bridging oxygen environments are rich in Mg, and extra Ca must be associated with charged bridging oxygens such as Al–O–Si. The deviation from random mixing increases as the Al/Si ratio decreases and as XMg approaches 0.50, suggesting a reduction in configurational entropy that may be compensated for by other sources, including mixing of network forming cations. Al–O–Al is detected, and appears to increase with increasing XMg and increasing Al/Si. High field 27Al MAS NMR also shows that these glasses all have substantial concentrations of [5]Al, but no detectable [6]Al (0.5% detection limit). The amount of [5]Al increases non-linearly as XMg increases and very slightly as Al/Si increases.
Ultrasound Assisted Polymerization of Mma and Styrene in near Critical Co2

Abstract It has been shown that ultrasonic irradiation can induce the formation of free radicals in liquid carbon dioxide. In this work, ultrasonically induced polymerization of MMA or styrene in liquid CO2 was successfully performed. With ultrasound irradiation for 2–6 h and the absence of any form of stabilizer, discrete polymer particles have been generated and the resulting polymer formed as a fine powder. The results also show that the irradiation period and CO2:MMA ratio have a significant effect on both the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution for the resulting polymer.
Putting Sociology into Policy

Anyone discoursing on putting sociology to work in the development and implementation of social policy risks saying what is obvious to its defenders and its detractors. Nonetheless, in these days when sociology quite often is politicized, it may be useful to remind ourselves of some rather obvious matters about the state of sociological knowledge that affects our role as men of policy. I do not propose to do anything more than recite a few things that concern me whenever research on social problems is related to social policy.
A variational approach to surface cation segregation in mixed conducting perovskites

A variational, phase-field methodology describing the segregation of dopant cations to the free surfaces of mixed conducting perovskite oxides is introduced. Based on the Cahn–Hilliard formalism for solute segregation in alloys and the Cahn theory of wetting of a solution at a solid surface, the model qualitatively predicts the experimentally observed behavior of solute segregation in oxides, which shows segregation layers on the order of tens of nanometers. Critical in this description are the interactions among defects and the gradient energy – two related concepts that can be expected to become influential at relatively high dopant concentrations. The analysis predicts that a first-order phase transition – a surface-mediated spinodal – may occur depending on the strength of dopant interactions and the affinity of dopant cations and oxygen vacancies for the free surface.
High-dynamic range compression using a fast multiscale optimization

High-dynamic-range medical images have intensity values which cannot be visualized on current low-dynamic-range displays. In this paper, we introduce a fast range compression method which avoids common artifacts such as loss of contrast, haloes and gradient inversions. The proposed method first compresses the intensity range using a global transfer function. It then extracts and enhances weak structures using a multiscale decomposition and artifact correction. We show that artifact correction can be formulated as a linear-programming problem, for which we propose an efficient approximate solution. Experiments on real data demonstrate the effectiveness and speed of the proposed algorithm.
Stereopsis and the perception of anomalous contours.

Abstract A relationship between depth perception and the perception of anomalous contours has been suggested by some investigators. To test this hypothesis, performance on an anomalous contour test was compared to performance on two stereoscopic tests. A conventional stereoacuity test (local stereopsis) and a test of random-letter stereopsis (global stereopsis) were given to patients with unilateral right hemisphere lesions, since only such patients have been shown to be specifically impaired on the latter type of test. The findings demonstrated significant relationship between both types of stereoscopic performances and anomalous contour perception. Implications for a theory of global stereopsis are discussed.
Oligodendrocyte lineage genes (OLIG) as molecular markers for human glial brain tumors

The most common primary tumors of the human brain are thought to be of glial cell origin. However, glial cell neoplasms cannot be fully classified by cellular morphology or with conventional markers for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or their progenitors. Recent insights into central nervous system tumorigenesis suggest that novel molecular markers might be found among factors that have roles in glial development. Oligodendrocyte lineage genes (Olig1/2) encode basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors. In the rodent central nervous system, they are expressed exclusively in oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors, and Olig1 can promote formation of an chondroitin sulfate proteoglycon-positive glial progenitor. Here we show that human OLIG genes are expressed strongly in oligodendroglioma, contrasting absent or low expression in astrocytoma. Our data provide evidence that neoplastic cells of oligodendroglioma resemble oligodendrocytes or their progenitor cells and may derive from cells of this lineage. They further suggest the diagnostic potential of OLIG markers to augment identification of oligodendroglial tumors.
Neuropsychological deficit profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Although neuropsychological deficits have been reported in several cognitive domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is considerable variability in the literature about which neuropsychological domains are most affected. Similar to studies that demonstrated that specific profiles of neuropsychological deficits exist for those with traumatic brain injury (TBI; Johnstone, Hexum, & Ashkanazi, 1995), this study examined whether a specific pattern of deficits is present in SLE. By comparing reading scores (as estimates of premorbid ability) to tests of concurrent cognitive abilities (i.e., memory, attention, etc.), it was determined that SLE presents a profile distinct from TBI, with the most significant impairments noted in expressive language (Zdiff = -1.39), attention (Zdiff = -0.41), and speed of processing (Zdiff = -0.40). In contrast to TBI, no impairment was noted in intelligence, memory, or cognitive flexibility. Results suggest that memory problems reported by individuals with SLE may be related to inattention. Clinical implications are discussed.
Quality of Instructions on Prescription Drug Labels: Effects on Memory and Comprehension in Young and Old Adults

We examined both comprehension of and memory for information on prescription labels as a function of age, memory load, and study time across three experiments with young and old adults. We found that older adults consistently manifested poorer recall of prescription information than young adults; age effects occurred even when participants received unlimited study time; and both young and old adults had substantial difficulty comprehending drug information as it is presented from a pharmacy.
North Pole ice thickness and association with ice motion history 1977-1992

Ice drafts measured by U.S. Navy submarine sonar near the North Pole from 1977 to 1992 were used together with Arctic Ocean drifting buoy data from 1979 to 1992 to investigate North Pole ice thickness changes during this 15-year period. A primary objective was to determine dynamical forcing mechanisms and associated time scales relevant to ice thickness variation. North Pole ice thickness showed much interannual variability, and no systematic decrease of ice thickness was observed. Changes in ice thickness were closely associated with long-term directional deviation of ice motion from geostrophic wind-forcing, and with ice convergence and divergence at the North Pole during the 1–2 weeks prior to submarine measurement. The geographic origin of ice within the Arctic Ocean was not associated with its eventual thickness at the North Pole.
Characteristics of Submandibular Glands from Young and Aged Rats

Submandibular glands from young adult and aged male and female rats have been examined and various descriptive parameters obtained. Several sex differences were observed with tissue from young and old animals. Sex differences were found in the gland contents of DNA, protein, and sialic acid and in some protein components resolved by gel electrophoresis. Significant age-related decreases in the gland contents of protein, sialic acid, and neutral sugar, but not DNA, were found with male rats. In female rats these values were constant across the animal's adult lifespan.
Preoperative pulmonary embolism does not predict poor postoperative outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous thrombus.

Purpose: Patients with renal cell carcinoma who present with pulmonary embolism and venous thrombus may not be offered surgery because of presumed poor postoperative outcomes. In this multicenter study we evaluated perioperative mortality, recurrence and cancer specific survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous thrombus diagnosed with preoperative pulmonary embolism.Materials and Methods: We reviewed consecutive patient records from our 3 tertiary hospitals to identify patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous thrombus treated with surgery from 2000 to 2011. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to evaluate whether preoperative pulmonary embolism or other clinical variables were associated with postoperative disease recurrence or cancer specific survival.Results: Pulmonary embolism was identified preoperatively in 35 of 782 patients (4.4%) with renal cell carcinoma. Those with pulmonary embolism preoperatively were more likely to have higher level throm...
Changing the Subject: Redei on Causal Dependence and Screening off in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory

In a pair of articles (1996, 1997) and in his recent book (1998), Miklos Redei has taken enormous strides toward characterizing the conditions under which relativistic quantum field theory is a safe setting for the deployment of causal talk. Here, we challenge the adequacy of the accounts of causal dependence and screening off on which rests the relevance of Redei's theorems to the question of causal good behavior in the theory.
Simultaneous Determination of Eight Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Blood Serum and Liver

A liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of indandione and 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant rodenticides in blood serum and liver. The method enabled the measurement of serum and liver concentrations of eight anticoagulant rodenticides: brodifacoum, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, coumafuryl, coumatetralyl, diphacinone, difenacoum, and warfarin. Anticoagulants were extracted from serum and liver with acetonitrile. Extracts were applied to solid-phase extraction columns, which contained mixed packings. Column eluates were evaporated to dryness, reconstituted, and subjected to reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Hydroxycoumarins were detected by fluorescence at an excitation wavelength of 318 nm and an emission wavelength of 390 nm. Indandiones were detected by UV absorption at 285 nm. Extraction efficiencies of greater than 75% for serum and greater than 69% for liver were obtained. The within-run precision (CV) ranged from 2.4 to 8.6% for serum and 2.6 to 8.7% for liver. The between-run precision (CV) ranged from 1.5 to 12.2% for serum and from 2.1 to 11.8% for liver. Hydroxycoumarin rodenticides were detected at 1 ng/mL of serum and 1 ng/g of liver. Indandiones were detected at 10 ng/mL of serum and 10 ng/g of liver.
Quantum size effect on dielectric function of ultrathin metal film: a first-principles study of Al(1 1 1)

Using first-principles calculations, we show manifestations of the quantum size effect in the dielectric function ?2 of free-standing Al(1?1?1) ultrathin films of 1?monolayer to 20?monolayers, taking into account size dependent contributions from both interband and intraband electronic transitions. Overall the in-plane components (interband transition) of ?2 increase with film thickness at all frequencies, converging towards a constant value. However, the out-of-plane components of ?2 show a more complex behavior, and, only at frequencies less than 0.75?eV, increase with film thickness without convergence. This suggests that ultrathin films can possibly be used for low-loss plasmonics devices in the visible and ultraviolet range. Our findings may shed light on searching for low-loss plasmonic materials via quantum size effect.
Vertical eddy diffusivity determined with 222Rn in the benthic boundary layer of ice-covered lakes'

Concentration gradients of 222Rn and 226Ra were analyzed in the benthic boundary of seven icecovered lakes to investigate vertical eddy diffusivity, K,. Sediment-free samples, retrieved with a tubing sampler from as close to the bottom as 14 cm, showed that sharp 222Rn gradients persist over the sediments. A three-dimensional analytical mixing model indicated horizontal mixing would not supply significant amounts of 222Rn to midlake profiles in some flat-bottomed lakes under ice cover. One-dimensional analysis of the profiles permitted observation of change in K, with height above the sediments. Computed K, values usually decreased in a given lake toward the sediments. The range in K, from all lakes studied was 0.30 cm2 s-l at 3.6 1 m above the bottom to 3.2 x 1O-4 cm2 s-l at 0.23 m, both in Lake Mendota. The correlation between K, and the buoyancy density, N2, was computed: K, = 1.2 x 1O-5 (N2)-“.63. This relationship indicates turbulcnce arising from shear flow influences the vertical mixing in the winter boundary layer. Retarded mixing in the profundal boundary layer restricts vertical solute transport in some ice-covered lakes.
Development of a Rubella Virus Vaccine Expression Vector: Use of a Picornavirus Internal Ribosome Entry Site Increases Stability of Expression

Rubella virus (RUB) is a small plus-strand RNA virus classified in the Rubivirus genus of the family Togaviridae. Live, attenuated RUB vaccines have been successfully used in vaccination programs for over 25 years, making RUB an attractive vaccine vector. In this study, such a vector was constructed using a recently developed RUB infectious cDNA clone (Robo). Using a standard strategy employed to produce expression and vaccine vectors with other togaviruses, the subgenomic promoter was duplicated to produce a recombinant construct (termed dsRobo) that expressed reporter genes such as chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the second subgenomic promoter. However, expression of the reporter genes, as exemplified by GFP expression by dsRobo/GFP virus, was unstable during passaging, apparently due to homologous recombination between the subgenomic promoters leading to deletion of the GFP gene. To improve the stability of the vector, the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of a picornavirus, encephalomyocarditis virus, was used instead of the second subgenomic promoter to eliminate homology. Construction was initiated by first replacing the subgenomic promoter in the parent Robo infectious clone with the IRES. Surprisingly, viable virus resulted; this virus did not synthesize a subgenomic RNA. The subgenomic promoter was then reintroduced in an orientation such that a single subgenomic RNA was produced, GFP was the initial gene on this RNA, while the RUB structural protein open reading frame was downstream and under control of the IRES element. GFP expression by this vector was significantly improved in comparison to dsRobo/GFP. This strategy should be applicable to increase the stability of other togavirus vectors.
Mechanism of transfer film formation during repeat pass sliding of ceramic materials

The formation of transfer film and the consequent effects on the friction and wear behavior of ceramic materisIs during repeat sliding contact were studied. This was done using four structuraI ceramics, namely silicon nitride, silicon carbide, ahunina and zirconia, with a cylinder-on-flat test configuration. The transfer film consists of reattached fme wear debris particles, the film, whenever formed, is strongIy attached, enough to resist being wiped off by the slider. Cahxdations suggest that the Sne particles are attached primariIy by van der Wsals forces and to a lesser extent by electrostatic attractive forces. As a consequence, the formation of transfer ti leads to a decrease in the wear rate because of the ‘protecting’ role of the SIm. The presence of the ti at the contact interface also results in high friction. The presence of a liquid environment and/or surface active species reduces the particle adhesive forces and hence can inhibit the formation of a transfer f%n.
Crystal structures of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing antibody 2219 in complex with three different V3 peptides reveal a new binding mode for HIV-1 cross-reactivity

Human monoclonal antibody 2219 is a neutralizing antibody isolated from a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individual. 2219 was originally selected for binding to a V3 fusion protein and can neutralize primary isolates from subtypes B, A, and F. Thus, 2219 represents a cross-reactive, human anti-V3 antibody. Fab 2219 binds to one face of the variable V3 β-hairpin, primarily contacting conserved residues on the N-terminal β-strand of V3, leaving the V3 crown or tip largely accessible. Three V3/2219 complexes reveal the antibody-bound conformations for both the N- and C-terminal regions that flank the V3 crown and illustrate how twisting of the V3 loop alters the relative dispositions and pairing of the amino acids in the adjacent V3 β-strands and how the antibody can accommodate V3 loops with different sequences.
Studies of meteor propagation at 49 and 74 mc

The characteristics of meteor propagation were investigated over two nearly parallel paths from Walpole, Mass., to Congaree, S. C. (1250 km) and from Walpole, Mass., to Smyrna, Ga. (1480 km). Simultaneous measurements were made at 49 Mc and 74 Mc. The duty cycle for meteor propagation was measured at both frequencies with separate determination of the contributions from underdense trails, specular overdense trails, and nonspecular trails. As a function of signal amplitude A , the data could be fitted by assuming the duty cycle to be proportional to A^{-k} , where k lies between 0.9 and 1.8 depending on the time of day and types of trail contributing. Roughly half of the duty cycle came from nonspecular overdense trails and only 10 to 20 per cent from underdense trails. Simultaneous measurements with two separate receiving systems were made at both 49 Mc and 74 Mc in order to determine the effects of antenna height-difference and various lateral antenna-separations. The meteor signals were strongly decorrelated by certain antenna height-differences. Overdense trails produced some decorrelation with lateral antenna-separation, but underdense trails gave well-correlated echoes. No significant differences in meteor echo rate were found between receiving systems in very flat terrain at Congaree, S. C., and hilly terrain at Smyrna, Ga. For the hilly terrain, best signal correlation was found for nearby antennas which were at the same height above sea level.
A finite element foot model for simulating muscle imbalances

To overcome the expense and limitations of cadaveric testing, we developed a finite element (FE) foot model. Previous foot models have included hyperelastic materials, plantar fascia, and extrinsic muscle forces [1]. We also included the plantar fat pad and both distal and proximal cartilage in our model. We validated the model by comparing plantar pressures and joint angles to literature sources and cadaveric testing data.
Pointing Alignment By Orthogonal Phase-Lock Feedback Loops

Orthogonally acting phase-locked loops operating at distinct, well-separated dither frequencies are used to automatically align (maximize output power) an argon ion pump laser, its pointing into a ring dye laser, and optimize a dye laser beam coupling into a single mode fiber of 4 micron core diameter. Such a system of feedback loops or combination of them is an ATOM (Alignment Through Orthogonal Maxima).
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression gives prostate cancer cells a growth advantage in a physiologically relevant folate environment in vitro.

BACKGROUND Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression is correlated with stage and grade of prostate cancer suggesting that it confers a growth advantage. We studied if PSMA folate hydrolase activity provides cells a growth advantage in a low folate (LF) micro-environment by hydrolyzing extracellular poly-γ-glutamated folate to a form that cells can import. METHODS Proliferation of LNCaP and DU-145 cells was assessed in media containing low (LF), physiological (PF), or high (HF) folate with or without penta-γ-glutamated folate and a PSMA specific folate hydrolase inhibitor, 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). RESULTS LNCaP cells, which express PSMA, and DU-145 cells, which do not, displayed decreased proliferation when grown in LF or PF compared to HF media. This reduction in proliferation was eliminated in LNCaP cells when penta-γ-glutamated folate was added to the media. In the presence of penta-γ-glutamated folic acid DU-145 cells displayed increased growth but this was still significantly lower than growth in HF medium. Addition of 2-PMPA attenuated the increased growth seen in LNCaP cells but had no effect on DU-145 cell growth. CONCLUSIONS The folate hydrolase activity of PSMA may provide a growth advantage in LF and PF environments. Prostate © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Consistent integration and propagation of disparate sensor observations

We present a theory and methodology for integrating and propagating geometric sensor observations. The integration policy takes any number of disparate, partial and uncertain observations and optimaly combines them into a minimum-risk best estimate consensus view of the state of the environment. These consensus observations are considered to be integrated into a geometric model of the world. A methodology is developed that propagates new observations through this world model, maintaining consistency amongst objects and making maximum use of sensor information.