cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedded Picture Mnemonics to Learn Letters

Can embedded mnemonics ease the task of learning a foreign alphabet? English-speaking preschoolers (N = 36, M = 5;2 years) were taught 10 Hebrew letter-sound relations. Experimental letters were learned with mnemonics that embedded letter shapes in drawings of objects whose shapes resembled the letters and whose English names began with the letters' sounds (e.g., , desk, /d/). Control letters were learned with the same objects but depicted unlike letter shapes. Children learned to segment initial sounds in words. Then they learned each letter set to criterion in a counterbalanced, repeated measures design. Embedded letters were mastered in fewer trials, were less frequently confused with other letters, were remembered better 1 week later, and facilitated performance in word reading and spelling transfer tasks compared to control letters. We suggest that embedded mnemonics better secured letters to their sounds in memory which in turn improved word learning for children in Ehri's (2005) partial alphabetic ...
Enhanced performance of triarylamine redox electrodes through directed electrochemical polymerization

Molecular variations are incorporated in a triphenylamine-thiophene monomer to direct the polymerization and structure of electro-active polymer electrodes. When methyl groups are inserted at the 4-position of tris(4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)amine, electropolymerization occurs solely at the 5-position resulting in a polymer electrode with enhanced Faradaic charge storage over an expanded potential range.
Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (Saxitoxin) in Mollusks by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

Abstract Contamination of seafood by paralytic shellfish toxins is considered a public health hazard by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Human consumption of bivalves including clams, oysters, and mussels which have accumulated significant levels of Saxitoxins (STXs) is known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The STXs are a group of structurally related purines which inhibit neurological transmission to nerves and muscles by reversibly binding to sodium channels. The major sources of saxitoxins are the dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp., Pyrodium bahamense var. compressa, and Gymnodinium catenaturn. The official method for the detection of the saxitoxins is a non-specific mouse bioassay. Recently, HPLC procedures have been reported to separate and quantify the saxitoxins. These methods, however involve extensive sample clean-up and derivatizations. A simple and selective analysis of a saxitoxin (STX) in mollusks by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) utilizing UV detection, was developed. Detec...
Tidal Flat Sedimentation on Colorado River Delta: ABSTRACT

Barren inter-tidal mud and salt flats comprise a low-lying coastal plain of 2,000 sq. km. extending southward from the Colorado River estuary to near the town of San Felipe, Baja California. The region is arid and characterized by maximum tides of 10 m. Examination of surface sediments in terms of sedimentary structures, texture, composition, and color reveals a repetitious sediment zonation across the plain related to varying exposure to subaerial drying, tidal inundation, and the activity of burrowing organisms. In a seaward direction or with decreasing elevation, the sedimentary sequence includes: (1) chaotic muds and evaporites; (2) medium brown, laminated clayey silts; (3) brown to gray, mottled silty clays; and (4) gray, laminated silty clays. Borings reveal a simil r sequence stratigraphically disposed beneath the mud-flats, indicating their development through depositional regression. Seaward growth was initiated during the late stages of post-Wisconsin sea level rise when accretion of tidally supplied muds from the Colorado River out-stripped the ability of small gulf waves to rework. Subsequent up-growth has resulted in onlap of tidal muds across the Pleistocene piedmont plain toward the west. Mud supply diminishes toward the south and wave effects are thus accentuated in the upper inter-tidal zones. Waves have truncated the piedmont plain. Coarse sands derived thereby are carried northward to form elongate beach ridges which finger out into the intertidal muds. Limited depositional regression by strand plain development has occurred in the southern area in response to mud-flat encroachment from the north. Supply of river suspended load has been negligible for the past 50 to 60 years. As a consequence, waves have winnowed the former poorly segregated mud-flat deposits, piling coarse mollusk remains into beach ridges and spreading very fine sands as a sheet over the intertidal flats. Older beach ridges, now encased by intertidal muds, may represent earlier periods of low supply when the Colorado River was diverted into the Salton basin toward the north. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1090------------
Chlorpromazine in the Control of Side Effects of Para-Aminosalicylic Acid Administration

Courses of antituberculous chemotherapy are more prolonged than ever, and the problem of the unpleasant side effects of the administration of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) harasses both patient and physician for longer periods of time. Clinicians who manage tuberculosis are quite familiar with the difficulties entailed in keeping an appreciable number of their patients on an uninterrupted, prolonged course of para-aminosalicylic acid. In my experience, at least 25 per cent of patients receiving this antituberculous drug develop anorexia, epigastric distress, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, or diarrhea. Quite an appreciable number discontinue the medication on their own or have it discontinued by the physician because of these symptoms. Many others who continue the drug despite these unpleasant symptoms, have the extra burden of side effects added to the already heavy burden of tuberculosis, with its physical, social, economic and emotional difficulties. The physician is faced with the problem of finding either a form of the drug that will be tolerated or an adjuvant that will help control the unpleasant symptoms. Among the variations of the drug used are buffered tablets, granules, coated tablets, and salts of the acid. Recently, potassium para-aminosalicylate has been recommended for use in place of other para-aminosalicylic acid preparations, as carrying a high degree of patient tolerance and acceptance.’ Many different medicaments have been employed as adjuvants with varied degrees of success in an attempt to control the unpleasant side effects. Among them are the antacids, tincture of belladonna, other antispasmodics, camphorated tincture of opium, and dramamine.#{174}2 The effectiveness of chlorpromazine in the control of drug induced nausea and vomiting is well known.3’ � � It is the purpose of this paper to present the results of the use of this versatile drug in the control of side-effects of oral administration of para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Material A total of 91 patients (87 males and four females) who experienced side effects attributable to para-aminosalicylic acid during courses of chemotherapy, and were treated with chlorpromazine are included in this study. They ranged from 21 to 63 years of age, with an average of 39. Both hospitalized and ambulatory patients are included. Those hospitalized were
Guidelines for the protection and treatment of the abused child

The purpose of this paper is to review ten actions that can be taken by multi- disciplinary child protection teams or individuals in this field to assure that the interests of the abused child are consistently addressed.
Critical limb ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) continues to be a significantly morbid disease process for the aging population. Rigid guidelines for the management of patients with CLI are inappropriate due to the complexities that are involved in optimally treating these patients. A thin line exists in the decision process between medical management vs surgical management by revascularization or amputation, and the perception of "success" in this patient population is evolving. This review explores these issues and examines the challenges the treating physician will face when managing the care of patients with CLI. The epidemiology and natural history of CLI is discussed, along with the pathophysiology of the disease process. A review of the literature in regards to the different treatment modalities is presented to help the physician optimize therapy for patients with CLI. New scoring systems to help predict outcomes in patients with CLI undergoing revascularization or amputation are discussed, and an overview of the current status of patient-oriented outcomes is provided. Finally, we briefly examine emerging therapies for the treatment of CLI and provide an algorithm to help guide the practicing physician on how to approach the critically ischemic limb with regard to the complicated issues surrounding these patients.
Explicit expressions for triangular torus element stiffness matrix.

Explicit expressions for stiffness matrix of triangular torus elements associated with linear displacement fields and generalized Hookian material
Analyst Specialization and Conglomerate Stock Breakups

This paper examines whether firms emerging from conglomerate stock breakups are able to affect the types of financial analysts that cover their firms as well as the quality of information generated about their performance. Our sample comprises 103 focus-increasing spin-offs, equity carve-outs, and targeted stock offerings between 1990 and 1995. We find that, after these transactions, sample firms experience a significant increase in coverage by analysts that specialize in subsidiary firms’ industries, and a 30–50% increase in analyst forecast accuracy for parent and subsidiary firms. The improvement in forecast accuracy is partially attributable to expanded disclosure. However, forecast improvements for specialists exceed those for non-specialists, leading us to conclude that corporate focus can facilitate improved capital market intermediation by financial analysts with industry expertise.
Community recovery, a new value proposition for community investment

The response capability of local and national government bodies and various agencies to both prepare for and manage their responses to natural disasters is having profound economic consequences glo...
Cytokinin activity in southern pines inoculated with Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme

Cytokinin activity in tissue extracts from southern pine seedlings susceptible, moderately resistant, and resistant to the fusiform rust fungus was determined six months after inoculation. Qualitative and quantitative differences in cytokinin activity were detected among all rust-reaction groups and between inoculated and uninoculated trees within each pine species. Cytokinin activity in slash pines was detected at relatively low levels in 2 of 10 Rf zones bioassayed. After inoculation, cytokinin activity increased significantly within these zones, as well as in additional zones where activity had not appeared before inoculation with the rust fungus. Extracts from uninoculated resistant tissues were positive for cytokinin activity in all 10 Rf zones, whereas in extracts from inoculated tissues, activity was not detected in 3 zones and was diminished in the remaining 7 zones. Fresh weights of cocklebur cotyledons incubated in extracts from inoculated susceptible and moderately resistant seedlings were sign...
A novel nitration product formed during the reaction of peroxynitrite with 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanosine: N-nitro-N'-[1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)- 2, 4-dioxoimidazolidin-5-ylidene]guanidine.

A novel nitration product, formed during the reaction of peroxynitrite with 2‘,3‘,5‘-tri-O-acetyl-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanosine, has been characterized using a combination of UV/vis, CD, and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. This compound has been identified as N-nitro-N‘-[1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-5-ylidene]guanidine (IV). Upon base hydrolysis, IV releases nitroguanidine (IVa) and an intermediate, 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-iminoimidazolidine-2,4-dione (IVb). This intermediate is ultimately hydrolyzed to the stable 3-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)oxaluric acid (IVc). IV can be reduced by sodium borohydride to a pair of stable diastereomers (IVred). The formation of this product is rationalized in terms of initial oxidation of 2‘,3‘,5‘-tri-O-acetyl-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanosine to a quinonoid diimine intermediate, 3. Nucleophilic attack at C5 of 3 by peroxynitrite leads to formation of a C5-oxyl radical species, 5, whi...
$f$-Polynomials, $h$-Polynomials, and $l^2$-Euler Characteristics

We introduce a many-variable version of the $f$-polynomial and $h$-polynomial associated to a finite simplicial complex. In this context the $h$-polynomial is actually a rational function. We establish connections with the $l^2$-Euler characteristic of right-angled buildings. When $L$ is a triangulation of a sphere we obtain a new formula for the $l^2$-Euler characteristic.
Image revivals in multi-mode optical fibers with periodic multiple sub-apertures

Abstract We report experiments on a multi-mode fiber-based device that reimages the input pattern after specific propagation distances. The reimaging has two propagation length scales related to the Talbot self-imaging in a periodic grating and image revival effects. We use a beam propagation method to simulate diffraction and refraction of light in the optical fiber. The details of the fiber preparation and optical experiments are described. We study the optical imaging properties using a close-packed array of sub-apertures placed at regular positions on a triangular lattice. We numerically analyze the propagation, diffraction and coupling characteristics of the beam oscillating inside the fiber. Our simulations identify the optimal reimaging length of the multi-mode (MM) fiber to get high fidelity image revival. Experiments are performed to validate the simulation results.
Decision-making in clinical practice and medical research: A theoretical analysis of predictors, indicators, and health index

Abstract The trends of modern medical care delivery and the roles of health and sick-care are discussed as they relate to decision-making in medical research, education and patient-care. The requirements upon medical data and information, as they apply to decisions in medical research and patient-care, are described and a theoretical description of a new approach to the evaluation of medical data is presented. The approach employs predictors, indicators and health index in performing symptomatology-oriented (as opposed to diagnosis-oriented) evaluations. The application of this technique to patient-care decision-making in a multiphasic screening environment will be described in a later paper.
Specific Emitter Identification using Nonlinear Device Estimation

Specific emitter identification (SEI) identifies radio emitters of interest using only external signal feature measurements. SEI can be used for intelligent gathering, network intrusion detection, battle field management, etc. Although abundant researches have been well developed, most of them are not associated with civil commercial products but radars. In this paper, we propose a method which estimates the power series coefficients of nonlinear devices in the Radio Frequency (RF) front end by observing the spectral regrowth. This external feature is unique due to different system designs and fabrication randomness. The performance of the technique is analyzed and experimented under AWGN channel based on an OFDM system, IEEE 802.11a/g, in both fixed and various transmitted power scenarios.
Prediction of survival after liver retransplantation for late graft failure based on preoperative prognostic scores.

The current policy for determining priority for organ allocation is based on the model for end stage liver disease (MELD). We hypothesize that severity of graft dysfunction assessed by either the MELD score or the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score correlates with mortality after liver retransplantation (re-OLT). To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the outcome of 40 consecutive patients who received re-OLT more than 90 days after primary orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The Kaplan-Meier 1-year and 5-year survival rates after re-OLT were 69% and 62%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) values generated by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were 0.82 (CI 0.70-0.94) and 0.68 (CI 0.49-0.86), respectively (P = .11), for the CTP and MELD models in predicting 1-year mortality after re-OLT. The 1-year and 5-year survival rates for patients with CTP scores less than 10 were 100% versus 50% and 40%, respectively, for CTP scores of at least 10 (P = .0006). Patients with MELD scores less than or equal to 25 had 1-year and 5-year survival rates of 89% and 79%, respectively, versus 53% and 47%, respectively, for MELD scores greater than 25 (P = .038). Other mortality predictors include hepatic encephalopathy, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and creatinine level of 2 mg/dL or higher. Analysis of an independent cohort of 49 patients showed a trend for a correlation between CTP and MELD scores with 1-year mortality, with AUC of 0.59 and 0.57, in respective ROC curves. In conclusion, our results suggest that severity of graft failure based on CTP and MELD scores may be associated with worse outcome after re-OLT and provide a cautionary note for the “sickest first” policy of organ allocation. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;39:230–238.)
Future trends in optical coatings for high-power laser applications

Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) research has historically been a driver in the development of high performance, high damage threshold optical coatings. This is particularly the case now as the ICF community develops plans for a proposed 1.8 mega-joule solid state (Nd+3-phosphate glass) laser system. The new system, the National Ignition Facility, is possible in part due to advances in optical coatings technology including the laser-conditioning of multilayer dielectrics and broadened applications for room-temperature deposited coatings. Sol-gel AR coatings are the standard for large, high-power laser optics and sol-gel HR coatings are being developed. For mirror and polarizer coatings, e-beam-deposited dielectrics continue to provide the highest damage threshold coatings, but their laser damage thresholds and optical performance are limited by micrometers -scale defects and poor control over layer thickness, respectively. More energetic deposition techniques such as IAD and IBS, now popular in the commercial market, offer both advantages and disadvantages in this high-damage- threshold coatings market.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
'But do not use the rotted names': Theological adequacy and homosexuality

The Christian evaluation of homosexuality is based primarily on a model which can view homosexuality only as aberrational. From a Christian theological point of view this model articulates an inadequate vision of the dignity of human being. In its deliberations on the process of church, Vatican Council II implicitly developed a relational-progressive model for understanding the salvific engagement of the complete gift of Godlife and creation. This model, in turn, provides a new basis for understanding human dignity and evaluating homosexuality. Viewed from this perspective homosexuality is able to be considered a sacramental embodiment of Godlife.
Integrated system for rapid PCR-based DNA analysis in microfluidic devices.

An integrated system for rapid PCR-based analysis on a microchip has been demonstrated. The system couples a compact thermal cycling assembly based on dual Peltier thermoelectric elements with a microchip gel electrophoresis platform. This configuration allows fast (∼1 min/cycle) and efficient DNA amplification on-chip followed by electrophoretic sizing and detection on the same chip. An on-chip DNA concentration technique has been incorporated into the system to further reduce analysis time by decreasing the number of thermal cycles required. The concentration injection scheme enables detection of PCR products after performing as few as 10 thermal cycles, with a total analysis time of less than 20 min. The starting template copy number was less than 15 per injection volume.
Conformations of cycloundecane.

Cycloundecane (1) was shown to exist at −183.1 °C as a mixture of the [12323] (∼59%) and [335] (∼41%) conformations. Populations were determined from the 13C NMR spectrum, and assignments were base...
Abstract B38: A summer fellowship designed to engage medical students with demonstrated interest in health disparities: Cancer in the Underprivileged, Indigent or Disadvantaged (CUPID)

Cancer health disparities persist among racial/ethnic minorities and the poor, who historically have been medically underserved. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins has developed a summer fellowship program that employs a unique approach to address this chronic problem. The Cancer in the Under-Privileged, Indigent or Disadvantaged (CUPID) program is a highly selective 7 week summer fellowship for students who have completed their first year of medical school. Drawn from an applicant pool of over 250 students from 71 US medical schools (2010 data), the 10-11 CUPID fellows accepted each year are selected based on their demonstration of a sustained commitment to serving underserved populations and addressing general health disparities at the level of the individual health care practitioner. Successful CUPID applicants are mature, goal-oriented and dedicated to service. Accepted CUPID fellows have taken an interest in health care disparities and, at an early stage of their careers, have dedicated significant time and energy into addressing these disparities. The strategy is to actively engage these highly motivated students from diverse backgrounds, to instill a sense of excitement about oncology, and to encourage them to consider postgraduate training in medical oncology or one of the oncological subspecialties. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other program in the U.S. like CUPID. The CUPID program provides a structured research experience in oncology laboratories of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins. This laboratory work is accompanied by daily didactic presentations by our diverse faculty that are designed to provide an engaging overview of the molecular basis of cancer, the major areas of modern cancer research, challenges in clinical oncology, and academic approaches to alleviating cancer health disparities. In addition, students are introduced to the efforts of the federal government and a historically black medical college to address cancer health disparities via day programs conducted by partners at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda and Howard University. The desired outcome is for CUPID fellows to eventually alleviate cancer health disparities as practicing physicians, serving the underprivileged, indigent and/or disadvantaged. By bringing a diverse group of highly motivated students together for an intensive oncology experience early in their training, we expect to instill an enthusiasm for oncology in a group of future caregivers who are most likely to serve the underserved. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):B38.
Exploring user contributed information in social computing systems: quantity versus quality

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to explore empirically the relationship between quantity and quality of user contributed information in online social computing systems, and how these two performance outcomes are associated with user factors. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing from prior research, the paper presents a conceptual model hypothesizing a tradeoff between quality and quantity of user contributed information. In addition quality and quantity are associated with a set of motivational, cognitive, and social factors. The model was tested using data obtained through a web-based survey of 345 users of the Flickr online photo sharing community. Findings – The empirical results support the hypothesized inverse relationship between quantity and quality of user contributed information, moderated by user's tenure in the community. The findings also suggest that a user's quantity of contribution is positively associated with the intrinsic motivation of commitment to the community, whereas quali...
Endodermal sinus tumour of the omentum in a child

Endodermal sinus tumour usually arises in a gonad; extragonadal endodermal sinus tumours are rare. We report a 3-year-old boy with an endodermal sinus tumour arising in the greater omentum, which may be the second reported case in the English literature. He presented with a solid mass in the upper abdomen and a markedly raised serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level. Following percutaneous needle biopsy and omentectomy, histological examination revealed classic morphological features of an endodermal sinus tumour. This rare diagnosis is possible from the imaging features in association with a raised serum level of AFP.
Heat inactivation and interactions of four aster yellows virus strains in their vector, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål)

Abstract Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal) leafhopper colonies were infected with four strains of aster yellows virus (AYV); eastern AYV, western AYV, AYV 2, and AYV 6. Infective leafhopper colonies were given heat treatments. Exposure for 10 days at 36°C, or 5 days at 40°, resulted in inconsistent transmission, but no permanent loss of virus. Exposure for 7 days at 40° rendered leafhoppers infected with eastern (noncelery-infecting) AYV noninfective for at least 19 days, but western (celery-infecting) strains of AYV regained their ability to transmit the virus in 3–5 days. Thus, the eastern strain of AYV is more sensitive to heat than three western-type strains. Cross protection tests in individual insects showed that eastern AYV failed to protect against infection by the celery-infecting strains AYV 2 and western AYV. However, three celery-infecting strains protected insects from infection by eastern AYV.
Antihistaminics: The N-Beta-Dimethylaminoethyl Derivatives of Carbazole and Diphenylamine

Although β-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride is a very important intermediate which has been especially useful in the synthesis of various antihistaminic agents, publications mentioning its use often neglect to refer to a convenient method of preparation. A simplified laboratory procedure for the preparation of this intermediate is reported and a description is given of its use in the synthesis of two antihistamine-type compounds derived from carbazole and diphenylamine.
Response of paraboloidal surfaces to linear thermal gradients

This paper presents a theoretical (closed-form) solution for the z-axis surface deformations of a linear, homogeneous, unconstrained and isotropic paraboloidal surface subjected to a 3-dimensional linear thermal temperature gradient and soak temperature change. Previously, an equation for the component of the nodal surface displacement in the z direction has been published. Attaching the z-axis component of the nodal surface displacement to the original surface does not accurately describe the final surface. This work extends the previous analysis and presents a polynomial equation for the corrected surface deformation along the z-axis, as well as, the coefficients for the standard Zernike polynomial describing the corrected surface deformation. Also included is a discussion about z-axis temperature gradients across the paraboloidal surface and how to calculate an equivalent soak temperature change.
Pathology of thyroglossal duct: an institutional experience.

Thyroglossal duct (TGD) is a developmental anomaly in which a remnant of the thyroid anlage is left in the neck during its descent from the foramen cecum of tongue to final pretracheal position. A persistent duct can lead to thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC). Histologically, TGDC contains an epithelial lining of squamous or pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and ectopic thyroid gland tissue in the duct wall. TGD-associated malignancy is rare, and the majority is papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A total of 242 patients with a diagnosis of TGD-associated lesions were identified in our institute. Two hundred and seventeen cases were diagnosed as TGDC. Sixty-eight of 217 (31.3 %) cases of TGDC had ectopic thyroid tissue in the cystic wall. Thirty-nine cases had preoperative fine needle aspiration (FNA). Of these cases, 37 of 39 (94.9 %) demonstrated macrophages and 19 (48.7 %) also showed cells of squamous and/or columnar epithelial lining. Only two cases showed rare thyroid follicular cells. Thyroid carcinoma was identified in 18 of 242 (7.4 %) cases. All cases were diagnosed as PTC including 12 cases of classic PTC (66.7 %), 3 cases of follicular variant (16.7 %), 2 cases of tall cell variant (11.1 %), and 1 case of classic PTC with focal tall cell features (5.6 %). Nine cases had TGD component (either epithelial lining cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue). Ten patients also underwent total thyroidectomy (67 %). Of these patients, four had no tumor and one had an incidental medullary carcinoma. Five of 10 (50 %) cases had incidental PTC with a size range of 0.1–0.3 cm. Five patients had follow-up by imaging studies; no suspicious or nodular lesions were found in the thyroid. In conclusion, we report an institutional case cohort of 242 patients with TGD-associated lesions, including 217 TGDC and 18 cases of PTC. Only seven cases fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of TGD-associated PTC, i.e., the presence of components of TGD and a normal thyroid. In the remaining 11 cases, we could not differentiate with certainty between pyramidal primary thyroid PTC/Delphian node metastasis or TGD-associated PTC.
Some more polluted than others: unequal cumulative industrial hazard burdens in the Philadelphia MSA, USA

The aim of this study was to quantify inequities in environmental hazard burdening in the 357 towns and 12 city planning analysis areas in the nine-county Philadelphia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Points were assigned to 14 types of hazards, including Superfund sites, hazardous waste facilities, landfills, trash transfer stations, waste tyres, incinerators, power plants, polluting factories, and sewage and sludge treatment facilities. When points were summed, 39 communities were in the 90th percentile for total hazard points. Risk ratios were calculated for community characteristics. The risk of extensive hazard burdening was significantly greater for communities bordering the Delaware River and for communities with more than 3% minority residents, more vacant housing units, and adults without a high school diploma. Risks were significantly lower for the most affluent communities. Results point to the need to reform environmental laws at the state level to prevent the concentration of environmental haza...
Stress-induced changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression are attenuated in aged Fischer 344/N rats

Aging and stress can sometimes result in a decline in brain function. We addressed the question whether changes in the expression of neurotrophic factors, which are necessary for the survival and maintenance of neurons, might occur during aging and stress. Therefore, we used in situ hybridization to investigate the effects of aging and stress on neurotrophic factor expression in young (3-4 month) and old (24 month) male Fischer 344/N rats. The ability of acute immobilization stress (2 h) to modulate BDNF mRNA levels in old rats was significantly reduced both in the hippocampus (a smaller decrease in BDNF) and the PVN (a smaller increase in BDNF) compared to young rats. In contrast, the induction of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) by stress was not influenced by age. The diminished BDNF responses to stress in aged rats may be relevant to difficulties in adaptation to stress encountered during old age.
Test of equivalence principle for neutrinos and antineutrinos

Based on data from the supernova SN 1987A it is shown that the Einstein equivalence principle is confirmed for electron neutrinos and their antiparticles to one part per million provided at least one of the events is due to ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$e scattering. Bounds on the strengths of new galactic-range forces coupling to neutrinos (of nonzero mass) and to matter are also deduced.
Resonance free ND model of 1D2 nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude

A coupled-channel ND model of the 1D2 N-N scattering amplitude fit to the phase shift data between 0.1 GeV < EL < 1.2 GeV is free of resonance zeros in the Fredholm determinant.
The Space of Optimism: State Fantasy and the Case of The Odd Women

selves to the prospect of social reform. Whether through such measures as philanthropy or legislation, they espoused the belief that their respective solutions could transform collective experience for the better. Meanwhile, for improvement on the individual level, Victorians of all classes often turned to such touchstones of liberal individualism as culture, marriage, enterprise, and religion, which together comprised a kind of bourgeois canon of hope. Appearing in conduct manuals, biographies, Christian tracts, and novels, these touchstones promised in different ways the possibility of achieving a personhood at once fuller and more buoyant-one that could rise above the anxieties, dissatisfactions, and cruelties of everyday life. This essay proposes to investigate specific Victorian objects of optimism and the fantasies in which they unfold by focusing on a rupture in the late-nineteenth-century British popular imaginary. In particular, I will track how this rupture enters the social world of George Gissing's The Odd Women (1893). During this period, placing optimism in objects such as philanthropy and religion was ordinary, if not uncontested. However, by the 1880s and 1890s, these objects' meanings were adjusting to the circulation of a new object of optimism and the fantasy in which it
Relation of Patient Age and Mortality to Reported Contraindications to Early Beta-Blocker Use for Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

We evaluated the reported contraindications to early β-blocker use and associated mortality within and across patient age groups. Contraindications to early β-blocker use were evaluated in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome in the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines (CRUSADE) initiative from February 2003 to December 2006. The prevalence, reasons, and trends in the contraindications were evaluated by age (≤65, 66 to 74, and ≥75 years). The associations between the reported contraindications and in-hospital mortality were determined within and compared across age groups using the logistic generalized estimating equations method, adjusting for baseline patient characteristics. Of 112,448 patients, 11,711 (10.4%) had a reported contraindication to early β-blocker use. The prevalence varied by age (≤65, 7.9%; 66 to 74, 10.6%; and ≥75, 13.4%; p 40 patients in the registry, the median hospital level rate of reported contraindications was 9.9% (interquartile range 6.7% to 14.3%). The distribution of rates was more widespread among the hospitals' older versus younger patients. In all age groups, a statistically significant greater association was found with in-hospital mortality in those with reported contraindications versus those without contraindications who received a β blocker (adjusted odds ratio 2.81, 95% confidence interval 2.28 to 3.46; adjusted odds ratio 2.50, 95% confidence interval 2.07 to 3.03; adjusted odds ratio 2.11, 95% confidence interval 1.88 to 2.37, for ages ≤65, 66 to 74, and ≥75 years, respectively). The strength of the association was similar across all age groups (interaction p = 0.19). The reported contraindications to early β-blocker use were common and increased with age. The contraindications were independently associated with greater in-hospital mortality, underscoring the importance of accurately identifying contraindications. In conclusion, the results did not indicate any disparity in reporting the contraindications according to patient age.
The effectiveness of collaborative story building and telling in facilitating group cohesion in a college classroom setting.

Abstract This study tested the notion that the construction and telling of a collaborative group story would facilitate the development of group cohesion within the context of an actual classroom setting over the duration of the course. Participants were 125 students in 8 classes (4 experimental, 4 control) of a group psychotherapy course that focused on the principles and techniques of cognitive behavior therapy in conjunction with psychodrama techniques. Results showed significantly higher cohesion scores in the experimental condition compared to the control condition, suggesting that collaborative story building and telling is a viable strategy for improving group cohesion.
Large-eddy simulation of stable boundary layer turbulence and estimation of associated wind turbine loads

Stochastic simulation of turbulent inflow fields commonly used in wind turbine load computations is unable to account for contrasting states of atmospheric stability. Flow fields in the stable boundary layer, for instance, have characteristics such as enhanced wind speed and directional shear; these effects can influence loads on utility-scale wind turbines. To investigate these influences, we use large-eddy simulation (LES) to generate an extensive database of high-resolution ( ∼ 10 m), four-dimensional turbulent flow fields. Key atmospheric conditions (e.g., geostrophic wind) and surface conditions (e.g., aerodynamic roughness length) are systematically varied to generate a diverse range of physically realizable atmospheric stabilities. We show that turbine-scale variables (e.g., hub height wind speed, standard deviation of the longitudinal wind speed, wind speed shear, wind directional shear and Richardson number) are strongly interrelated. Thus, we strongly advocate that these variables should not be prescribed as independent degrees of freedom in any synthetic turbulent inflow generator but rather that any turbulence generation procedure should be able to bring about realistic sets of such physically realizable sets of turbine-scale flow variables. We demonstrate the utility of our LES-generated database in estimation of loads on a 5-MW wind turbine model. More importantly, we identify specific turbine-scale flow variables that are responsible for large turbine loads—e.g., wind speed shear is found to have a greater influence on out-of-plane blade bending moments for the turbine studied compared with its influence on other loads such as the tower-top yaw moment and the fore-aft tower base moment. Overall, our study suggests that LES may be effectively used to model inflow fields, to study characteristics of flow fields under various atmospheric stability conditions and to assess turbine loads for conditions that are not typically examined in design standards. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advantages of Percent Weight Loss as a Method of Reporting Weight Loss after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Objective Although Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a generally effective treatment for severe obesity, weight loss (WL) after this operation is highly variable. Accurate predictors of outcome would thus be useful in identifying those patients who would most benefit from this invasive therapy. WL has been characterized using several different metrics, including the number of BMI units lost (ΔBMI), percent baseline WL (%WL), and percent excess body WL (%EBWL). To identify clinically relevant predictors most sensitively it is necessary to avoid confounding by other factors, including preoperative BMI (pBMI), the strongest known predictor of RYGB-induced WL.
Coronary Blood Flow Measured by I131 lodo-antipyrine

The use of I131 antipyrine for determining coronary blood flow in intact dogs is described. The correlation with the simultaneous nitrous oxide method was 0.91 ωm 0.22. Partition coefficient and tissue equilibration were directly determined (1.04 ω 0.13). The method as applied requires only two minutes of sampling and is adaptable to direct writing methods.
Social Interactions Between Children With Cancer and Their Peers: Teacher Ratings

Compared children (ages 8-18) with cancer (n = 24) and matched classroom control children (n = 24) using a modified version of the Revised Class Play (RCP). A wide variety of malignancies were represented, except brain tumors. Childrens' classroom teachers completed the RCP, an instrument modified to obtain teachers' impressions of three fundamental dimensions of interpersonal style: sociability-leadership, aggressive-disruptive, sensitive-isolated. Relative to the matched controls, children with cancer were perceived by teachers as (a) less sociable and prone towards leadership and (b) more socially isolated and withdrawn. These findings suggest a need for long-term psychosocial interventions oriented towards peer relationships of children with cancer.
Garage Demos: Using Physical Models to Illustrate Dynamic Aspects of Microscopic Biological Processes

Colorful PowerPoint presentations with detailed drawings, micrographs, and short animations have become the standard format for illustrating the fundamental features of cell biology in large introductory classes. In this essay, we describe a low-tech tool that can be included in a standard lecture to help students visualize, understand, and remember the dynamic aspects of microscopic cell biological processes. This approach involves use of common objects, including pipe insulation and a garden hose, to illustrate basic processes such as protein folding and cloning, hence the appellation “garage demos.” The demonstrations are short, minimizing displacement of course content, easy to make, and provide an avenue for increasing student–faculty interaction in a large lecture hall. Student feedback over the past 4 years has been overwhelmingly positive. In an anonymous postclass survey in 2007, 90% of the respondents rated garage demos as having been very or somewhat helpful for understanding course concepts. Direct measurements of learning gains on specific concepts illustrated by garage demos are the focus of an ongoing study.
Explanation of the epitaxial deposition of nylon 66 on carbon fibres and its extension to isotactic polypropylene

This work demonstrates epitaxial relationships between the crystal structure and growth faces of nylon 66 on high-modulus graphite fibres and explains observations in the literature. It also extends the concepts and applies them to the more complicated system of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) on highly graphitic carbon fibre structures. The proposed arrangements are based upon matching a polymer's crystalline structure, along its growth face, to possible graphitic structure dimensions along carbon fibre surfaces. The matches involving substrates and overgrowths in both cases are nearly perfect, being within 5%, thus accommodating favourable low-energy positioning of the polymer's crystal structure. The relationship involving nylon 66 allows this polymer's chains to orient along fibre surfaces between graphite basal plane edges. This epitaxial relationship is consistent with the literature and is used to predict the orientation of crystalline i-PP chains when deposited on carbon fibres. To preserve a low-energy epitaxial relationship, the i-PP chains are suggested to be oriented some 78° across stepped graphite basal plane end surfaces and are most likely oriented at 78° to the fibre direction. Additional discussion, arising from complexities in the case of i-PP, concerns the relation between the number of possible polymer nucleation orientations and the nucleating ability of a given fibre surface.
Influence of HDL-cholesterol-elevating drugs on the in vitro activity of the HDL receptor SR-BI.

Treatment of atherosclerotic disease often focuses on reducing plasma LDL-cholesterol or increasing plasma HDL-cholesterol. We examined in vitro the effects on HDL receptor [scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)] activity of three classes of clinical and experimental plasma HDL-cholesterol-elevating compounds: niacin, fibrates, and HDL376. Fenofibrate (FF) and HDL376 were potent (IC50 ∼ 1 μM), direct inhibitors of SR-BI-mediated lipid transport in cells and in liposomes reconstituted with purified SR-BI. FF, a prodrug, was a more potent inhibitor of SR-BI than an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, a target of its active fenofibric acid (FFA) derivative. Nevertheless, FFA, four other fibrates (clofibrate, gemfibrozil, ciprofibrate, and bezafibrate), and niacin had little, if any, effect on SR-BI, suggesting that they do not directly target SR-BI in vivo. However, similarities of HDL376 treatment and SR-BI gene knockout on HDL metabolism in vivo (increased HDL-cholesterol and HDL particle sizes) and structure-activity relationship analysis suggest that SR-BI may be a target of HDL376 in vivo. HDL376 and other inhibitors may help elucidate SR-BI function in diverse mammalian models and determine the therapeutic potential of SR-BI-directed pharmaceuticals.
Deficient iNOS in inflammatory bowel disease intestinal microvascular endothelial cells results in increased leukocyte adhesion.

Abstract Microvascular endothelial cells play a key role in inflammation by undergoing activation and recruiting circulating immune cells into tissues and foci of inflammation, an early and rate-limiting step in the inflammatory process. We have previously [Binion et al., Gastroenterology112:1898–1907, 1997] shown that human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) isolated from surgically resected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patient tissue demonstrate significantly increased leukocyte binding in vitro compared to normal HIMEC. Our studies [Binion et al., Am. J. Physiol.275 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 38):G592–G603, 1998] have also demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) normally plays a key role in downregulating HIMEC activation and leukocyte adhesion. Using primary cultures of HIMEC derived from normal and IBD patient tissues, we sought to determine whether alterations in iNOS-derived NO production underlies leukocyte hyperadhesion in IBD. Both nonselective (NG-monomethyl- l -arginine) and specific (N-Iminoethyl- l -lysine) inhibitors of iNOS significantly increased leukocyte binding by normal HIMEC activated with cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but had no effect on leukocyte adhesion by similarly activated IBD HIMEC. When compared to normal HIMEC, IBD endothelial cells had significantly decreased levels of iNOS mRNA, protein, and NO production following activation. Addition of exogenous NO by co-culture with normal HIMEC or by pharmacologic delivery with the long-acting NO donor detaNONOate restored a normal leukocyte binding pattern in the IBD HIMEC. These data suggest that loss of iNOS expression is a feature of chronically inflamed microvascular endothelial cells, which leads to enhanced leukocyte binding, potentially contributing to chronic, destructive inflammation in IBD.