cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Measurement of Acute Pain

Pain is a personal and individual experience. Pain assessment is a multidimensional process. A process is outlined that begins at admission and is systematically performed throughout the period of care. This process involves the patient in goal setting and selection of the instruments that will be used to assess the level of pain. Objective and subjective indicators of pain are described, but emphasis is on the patient's self-report as the major indicator of pain. Several instruments are described that help the patient and nurse to communicate more effectively. Using a variety of instruments allows the patient to select one that is most meaningful. Visual analog and verbal descriptor scales are described, as are how to use them in assessment of pain and evaluation of interventions. The emphasis is on assessment of the adult patient.
Rethinking Process-Based Writing Approaches in the ESOL Middle School Classroom: Developing Linguistic Fluency via Hybrid Pedagogies

This article calls for a rethinking of pure process-based approaches in the teaching of second language writers in the middle school classroom. The author provides evidence from a detailed case study of the writing of a Korean middle school student in a U.S. school setting to make a case for rethinking the efficacy of classic process-based approaches to English to speakers of other languages (ESOL) writing pedagogy at this level. Proposing hybrid and recursive rather than linear and static methodologies based on second language acquisition research, the author calls for the use of modeling strategies to provide students with the necessary practice, conscious awareness, and eventual automaticity of key formal and functional details of writing. The article presents a visual model of writing instruction, blending graphic and acronym-based strategies to enhance rhetorical fluency and grammatical accuracy in multifarious expository genres within and across grade levels in middle school. The article provides evidence from middle school ESOL writing to propose an action-based model of bottom-up teaching. The author argues that a detailed inductive focus on morphology, grammar, paragraph-based discourse structure, and thesis statement construction, taught via individualized workshop configurations in the ESOL writing classroom, will in fact trigger advanced writing fluency in newcomer populations.
Lasing at 60.8 nm in Ne-like sulfur ions in ablated material excited by a capillary discharge

We report the observation of discharge-pumped extreme ultraviolet lasing in collisionally excited ions of a material ablated from a solid target. Excitation of sulfur plasmas by a capillary discharge resulted in amplification of the J=0--1 line of Ne-like sulfur at 60.8 nm, with a gain coefficient of 0.45 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and a gain-length product of 7.5. Overheating of the electron temperature and transient population effects are computed to make a significant contribution to the measured gain.
Letter constraints within words in printed English.

Due to the manner in which the English language is used, words exhibit strong internal constraints on letters, but some additional constraint may be imposed by the context in which words appear. In order to estimate the internal constraints of words and the overall effect of context, an experiment was carried out using 225 human subjects who predicted letters in each of the first four positions within words, both with and without context prior to the words. It was found that as more letters at the beginning of words are given, prediction of the following letters increases monotonically, but the increase is not smooth. Prediction of the third letter of words given the first two letters is only a little better than prediction of the second letter given only the first. This effect may be explained by the probable combinations of vowels and consonants at the beginning of words. Letters in the first two positions show no improvement due to long context but prediction of later letters is increased by such context so that prediction rises smoothly from the initial letter to the fourth letter. Also, the type of word in which the letters are to be predicted affects the prediction, function words showing more constraint on letters than content words. The difference between function and content words does not take effect, however, until the first two letters of the word are given. Using the prediction data from words preceded by long context, extrapolations of constraint out to the tenth letter were obtained. From the values of constraint at the first ten letter positions it was possible to estimate the maximum unilateral sequential constraint in English. A value of about 48% was obtained which compares with previous estimates of 50%. A further evaluation of the overall effect of context indicates that about 81% of the constraint in English is contained within the words themselves, and the other 19% is due to any additional context.
The effect of using laparoscopic instruments on muscle activation patterns during minimally invasive surgical training procedures.

Background: Many surgeons report pain as a result of muscle fatigue during laparoscopy. Therefore, determining how surgical task or instrument selection influences the duration of muscle activation may provide insight into the relationship between laparoscopic instrumentation and muscle fatigue. Methods: Surface electromyography (EMG) electrodes were placed over the right deltoid, trapezius, bicep, pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor digitorum superficialis muscles of four surgeons. These surgeons were then asked to perform a targeted grasp and release (T1), a simulated bowel inspection (T2), and a cable-tying exercise (T3) while using three different inline finger-looped graspers. The graspers included a nonratcheted handle with a single-action blunt-end effector (G1) and two models that had ratcheted handles with dual-action end effectors (G2, G3). Resting and maximal voluntary contraction EMG values for each muscle were used to normalize the data and to determine percentage of activation during each task. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare EMG relative time of activation (RAT) patterns with grasper, task, and grasper and task interaction. Results: In general, when grasper and task were considered individually, G1 and T3 demonstrated the highest RAT. Findings showed that RAT was most affected by the use of either G1 or G2 during T2 or T3. Conclusion: Task, grasper, and the interaction between grasper and task all appear to influence the RAT and therefore, to varying degrees, all three may play a role in influencing muscle fatigue.
TRPV1-dependent regulation of synaptic activity in the mouse dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.

The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) is a key integrative point of the parasympathetic neuronal network localized in the dorsal vagal complex. Activity of neurons in the DMV is closely regulated by synaptic inputs, and regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapsis by transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) has been demonstrated. Activation of TRPV1 by heat, protons, endovanilloids, endocannabinoids, and inflammatory mediators is well established. In our study we hypothesized that TRPV1 contributes to the synaptic transmission of DMV neurons at physiological range of temperature without additional stimuli. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings we evaluated the effect of a rapid increase of temperature on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and the contribution of TRPV1 to this response. Rapid increase of temperature from 25°C to 37°C increased the frequency of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSC) by 351.7%. The frequency of miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSC) also increased by 184.7%. 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (5’-iRFT), a selective TRPV1 antagonist, prevented the increase of mEPSC and mIPSC frequency. In summary, our data demonstrate that at physiological range of temperature TRPV1 contributes to presynaptic neurotransmission of DMV neurons.
Hyperfine spectroscopy using transverse modulated optical pumping

Population inversion is observed between the field-independent ground hyperfine states of Rb-87 when using an optical pumping technique which is applicable to a large number of species of atoms and ions. Inversion occurs upon a coherent transfer of angular momentum to the Rb-87 spin system from circularly polarized light propagating in a transverse direction to a magnetic field. Coherence is established by modulating, at certain frequencies, the light intensity or magnetic-field strength.
Relationship of Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones to Dynamical/Thermodynamical Parameters

Many avenues of research are currently being tried for understanding and predicting hurricane intensity forecasts. We have listed several such research avenues being pursued by the research community. This article addresses the use of high-resolution aircraft reconnaissance datasets used for daily data assimilation over three years of hurricane histories that cover rapid intensification cases. We show a number of dynamical and thermodynamical parameters, derived from these datasets, which seem to hold promise for future use in short range statistical forecasts on rapid intensification. These include the vertical differential of heating in the complete potential vorticity equation, the conversion of divergent kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energy, the transformation of shear vorticity to curvature vorticity, and the advection of the earth's and the relative angular momentum into the inner core of hurricanes. We find a rapid growth in the time history of each of these parameters as the rapid intensifi...
Health evaluation of the dentist and his wife III. Fasting serum cholesterol

Of the 153 dentists and wives examined, 2.1% had hypercholesterolemia. On the basis of recently proposed new serum cholesterol standards, 4.7% of the dentists and wives show definitely elevated levels and 37.2% show marginal hypercholesterolemia.
Exploration of AGC Control Mode for North China-Central China-East China UHV Synchronous Power Grid

With the continuous construction of ultra high voltage (UHV) power grid, East China-Central China North China will be interconnected via UHV lines to be a UHV synchronous grid in the future. Further expansion of the grid scale, the existing active power and frequency control mode has been unable to adapt to the new features. Based on the future structure of North China-Central China-East China synchronized power grid, the article built the whole network of the AGC control model using PSD-FDS full dynamic simulation program. By the simulation of examples, the problems of AGC control mode for UHV synchronous power grid has been pointed out visually. Finally, the paper presented an ideal AGC control mode called centralized control mode to deal with the new challenge.
The Development of Crustacean Limbs and the Evolution of Arthropods

Arthropods exhibit great diversity in the position, number, morphology, and function of their limbs. The evolutionary relations among limb types and among the arthropod groups that bear them (insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates) are controversial. Here, the use of molecular probes, including an antibody to proteins encoded by arthropod and vertebrate Distal-less (Dll and Dlx) genes, provided evidence that common genetic mechanisms underlie the development of all arthropod limbs and their branches and that all arthropods derive from a common ancestor. However, differences between crustacean and insect body plans were found to correlate with differences in the deployment of particular homeotic genes and in the ways that these genes regulate limb development.
Security transaction taxes: issues and evidence

In reaction to the financial crisis, increased attention has recently been given to security transaction taxes (STTs) as a means of (1) raising revenue for a variety of possible purposes and/or (2) helping to curb financial market excesses. This paper reviews existing theory and evidence on the efficacy of an STT in fulfilling those tasks, on its potential impact, and on key issues to be faced in designing taxes of this kind.
Decompression Sickness After Air Break in Prebreathe Described with a Survival Model

Data from Brooks City-Base show the decompression sickness (DCS) and venous gas emboli (VGE) consequences of air breaks in a resting 100% O2 prebreathe (PB) prior to a hypobaric exposure. METHODS: DCS and VGE survival times from 95 controls for a 60 min PB prior to 2-hr or 4-hr exposures to 4.37 psia are statistically compared to 3 break in PB conditions: a 10 min (n=40), 20 min (n=40), or 60 min break (n=32) 30 min into the PB followed by 30 min of PB. Ascent rate was 1,524 meters / min and all exposures included light exercise and 4 min of VGE monitoring of heart chambers at 16 min intervals. DCS survival time for combined control and air breaks were described with an accelerated log logistic model where exponential N2 washin during air break was described with a 10 min half-time and washout during PB with a 60 min half-time. RESULTS: There was no difference in VGE or DCS survival times among 3 different air breaks, or when air breaks were compared to control VGE times. However, 10, 20, and 60 min air breaks had significantly earlier survival times compared to control DCS times, certainly early in the exposures. CONCLUSION: Air breaks of 10, 20, and 60 min after 30 min of a 60 min PB reduced DCS survival time. The survival model combined discrete comparisons into a global description mechanistically linked to asymmetrical N2 washin and washout kinetics based on inspired pN2. Our unvalidated regression is used to compute additional PB time needed to compensate for an air break in PB within the range of tested conditions.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous insulin delivery in humans with type 1 diabetes.

Background: Insulin pharmacokinetics models describe the distribution and elimination of insulin in the body. These models can be useful in designing infusion schemes to produce a desired plasma in...
Neuroimaging and drug taking in primates

Rationale Neuroimaging techniques have led to significant advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of drug taking and the treatment of drug addiction in humans. Neuroimaging approaches provide a powerful translational approach that can link findings from humans and laboratory animals. Objective This review describes the utility of neuroimaging toward understanding the neurobiological basis of drug taking and documents the close concordance that can be achieved among neuroimaging, neurochemical, and behavioral endpoints. Results The study of drug interactions with dopamine and serotonin transporters in vivo has identified pharmacological mechanisms of action associated with the abuse liability of stimulants. Neuroimaging has identified the extended limbic system, including the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, as important neuronal circuitry that underlies drug taking. The ability to conduct withinsubject longitudinal assessments of brain chemistry and neuronal function has enhanced our efforts to document long-term changes in dopamine D2 receptors, monoamine transporters, and prefrontal metabolism due to chronic drug exposure. Dysregulation of dopamine function and brain metabolic changes in areas involved in reward circuitry have been linked to drug taking behavior, cognitive impairment, and treatment response. Conclusions Experimental designs employing neuroimaging should consider well-documented determinants of drug taking, including pharmacokinetic considerations, subject history, and environmental variables. Methodological issues to consider include limited molecular probes, lack of neurochemical specificity in brain activation studies, and the potential influence of anesthetics in animal studies. Nevertheless, these integrative approaches should have important implications for understanding drug taking behavior and the treatment of drug addiction.
Pathological assessment of nonpalpable breast lesions

Effective pathological examination of breast specimens from patients with nonpalpable radiologically detected lesions requires close cooperation among the pathologist, surgeon, and radiologist. Whenever possible, excision of the lesion should be documented by specimen radiography of the intact excisional biopsy. Diagnosis of the lesion and evaluation of margins should be based on permanent paraffin sections. Frozen section examination is not recommended routinely but may be employed in exceptional circumstances. Thermal damage to the tissue caused by electrocautery scalpels can reduce hormone receptor levels and can interfere with histological diagnosis.
Velocity dependence of friction

Abstract Here, we carry out a set of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics calculations for a bath of host particles containing one small test particle. The test particle is under the influence of a fluctuating external force which imparts a constant terminal velocity along one particular direction. We are thus able to investigate the velocity dependence of the microscopic friction. If the velocity of the test particle is comparable to or exceeds the average thermal velocity of the host particles, nonlinear effects arise that cause a breakdown of Stokes' law. The friction obtained can be successfully fit to a function derived from a simple model.
A modified approach to the histologic diagnosis of onychomycosis.

Background Histologic examination of nail clippings with periodic acid–Schiff staining is the most sensitive diagnostic test for onychomycosis; however, difficulties in processing nail plates limit its use. In onychomycosis, fungi are most concentrated in the subungual hyperkeratosis rather than in the nail plate. We hypothesized that the diagnosis of onychomycosis could be effectively made from histologic examination of subungual hyperkeratosis alone. Specimens of subungual hyperkeratosis, unlike nail plates, can be processed in the same routine manner as skin specimens, allowing for the diagnosis of onychomycosis to be made more quickly and at lower cost. Objective We investigated whether the diagnosis of onychomycosis could be effectively made from histologic examination of subungual hyperkeratosis alone. Methods We selected all nail specimens submitted during an 8-month period to the New York University Dermatopathology Section for evaluation of onychomycosis that had subungual hyperkeratosis associated with the nail plate. Nail specimens were divided into two components: a subungual hyperkeratosis component and a nail plate component. The subungual hyperkeratosis was processed separately in a routine fashion and embedded in paraffin and examined. We determined the percentage of cases of onychomycosis in which hyphae were present in the subungual component. Results Sixty-six cases of onychomycosis were diagnosed histologically during the study period. Ninety-seven percent of these cases had hyphae in the subungual component. In 3% of cases, hyphae were present in the nail plate component but not in the subungual component. Limitations This modified approach to diagnosing onychomycosis can only be utilized when an adequate amount of subungual hyperkeratosis is submitted. Conclusions The diagnosis of onychomycosis can be effectively made from histologic examination of subungual hyperkeratosis alone in most cases. This method circumvents the need to process nail plates in the vast majority of cases of onychomycosis (97%), resulting in a more efficient, less costly, and technically easier way of diagnosing onychomycosis. Submitting ample amounts of subungual hyperkeratosis is essential to increasing the diagnostic yield of nail clippings.
Asbestos exposure during brake lining maintenance and repair.

Abstract Data obtained on asbestos exposure of garage mechanics during brake lining maintenance and repair work show that fiber concentrations frequently in excess of regulated limits are common. The presence of chrysotile, ranging from 2 to 15%, in brake drum dusts, was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses. Unaltered chrysotile was found, both in fiber and fibril form, in air and brake drum dust samples. The chrysotile asbestos content of personal air samples, taken during automobile brake repair work, was measured both by optical and electron microscopic techniques. While a positive correlation exists between the types of measurements, the present technique of optically counting asbestos fibers may considerably underestimate the levels of total asbestos exposure.
Anderson localization of surface plasmons and nonlinear optics of metal-dielectric composites

A scaling theory of local-field fluctuations and optical nonlinearities is developed for random metal-dielectric composites near a percolation threshold. The theory predicts that in the optical and infrared spectral ranges the local fields are very inhomogeneous and consist of sharp peaks representing localized surface plasmons. The localization maps the Anderson localization problem described by the random Hamiltonian with both on- and off-diagonal disorder. The local fields exceed the applied field by several orders of magnitudes resulting in giant enhancements of various optical phenomena. The developed theory quantitatively describes enhancement in percolation composites for arbitrary nonlinear optical process. It is shown that enhancement strongly depends on whether a nonlinear multiphoton scattering includes the act of photon subtraction (annihilation). The magnitudes and spectral dependencies of enhancements in optical processes with photon subtraction, such as Raman and hyper-Raman scattering, Kerr refraction, and four-wave mixing, are dramatically different from those in processes without photon subtraction, such as in sum-frequency and high-harmonic generation. At percolation, a dip in dependence of optical processes on the metal concentration is predicted.
Family Friendly Human Resource Policies, Salary Levels, and Salient Identity as Predictors of Organizational Attraction

Abstract This study explored the influence of family friendly human resource policies, salary levels, and salient identity on an individual's attraction to a job. According to Stryker (1968), individuals will seek out opportunities to perform in terms of their most salient identities. We hypothesized that individuals with salient family or balance identities would be most attracted to organizations with flexible and dual career paths and policies and that individuals with a salient career identity would be most attracted to organizations with traditional career paths and policies. Participants were 263 MBA alumni and students associated with a major southeastern university. Results indicate that all categories of individuals were attracted to an organization with flexible career paths and policies. However, individuals with different salient identities differed in their attraction to dual and traditional career paths and policies. These results support the value of salient identity as an individual difference that influences career decisions.
Symmetry considerations for anisotropic shells

Abstract The different types of symmetry exhibited by anisotropic shells for various loadings and boudary conditions are identified, and a simple procedure is presented for exploiting these symmetries in the finite element analysis. Examples are given of anisotropic cylindrical and doubly-curved shells where use of symmetry can significantly reduce the number of independent degrees of freedom in their finite element models.
Calling energetics of a neotropical treefrog, Hyla microcephala

We investigated the calling energetics of Hyla microcephala, a neotropical treefrog with an unusually complex vocal repertoire. Males respond to the calls of other individuals by adding secondary click notes to their calls, thereby increasing the total number of notes given per minute. Rates of oxygen consumption of males calling in metabolic chambers were 0.41–2.80 ml O2/(g·h), corresponding to calling rates of 205–6330 notes/h. Note rate explained 95% of the variance in meta-bolic rate; the effect of variation in body size and temperature was small. Data from playback experiments with males in the field showed that note rate increased as as the number of notes in a stimulus call increased, and this resulted in substantial increases in the cost of calling. Average metabolic rates for males in the field were about 1.7 ml O2/(g·h), for a net cost of calling of about 20 J/h for an average-size male. However, estimated metabolic rates varied by more than 300% and were strongly influenced by the proximity and calling activity of other males in the chorus. Male H. microcephala appear to conserve energy by reducing calling rates when only a few males are active and increasing calling efforts only when vocal competition among males is intense.
Multi-dimensional modelling of multiphase flow physics: high-speed nozzle and jet flows — a case study

Abstract Multi-dimensional modelling of multiphase flows has become more prevalent as computer capabilities have significantly expanded. Such analyses are necessary if the flow physics demonstrates behavior that is fundamentally different from the estimates of one-dimensional analyses. Multiphase multi-dimensional behavior may involve physical mechanisms that interact with the flow field transverse to the main fluid direction and feedback into downstream processes. Consider the physics of high-speed internal nozzle flow, downstream external jet flow and the dynamics of jet breakup. This is a prime example of a coupled problem where multi-dimensional aspects may need to be considered. This paper examines multiphase physics as an illustration of the conditions under which multi-dimensional modelling would be required. Internal nozzle flow can involve cavitation phenomena, and as the geometry becomes more abrupt or asymmetric, multi-dimensional modelling is required. High-speed simulations using our internal flow model, CAVALRY, indicate that cavitation behavior can become oscillatory as the nozzle shape is altered. This exiting internal flow emerges as a multi-dimensional external jet flow, whose downstream breakup can be noticeably influenced by the inlet conditions as well as the jet breakup mechanisms. Jet breakup models first developed for the TEXASV model are utilized in the multi-dimensional KIVA code simulations for gas–liquid flows. The simulation results suggest that similar jet breakup mechanisms are operative for a multi-fluid system. Our comparisons to particular sets of data for high-speed nozzle flow and jet breakup in a gas suggest that the approach can be extended to multiphase systems using similar concepts; i.e. TEXAS-3d.
The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of green river oil shale kerogen by non-isothermal thermogravimetry

Abstract The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of Green River oil shale kerogen have been studied by non-isothermal thermogravimetry. Kerogen decomposes to a bitumen intermediate with an activation energy of 62.10 kJ mole −1 and a frequency factor given by ≈10 6 min −1 . The pyrolytic bitumen decomposes into oil, gas and carbonaceous residue with an activation energy of 152.16 kJ mole −1 and a frequency of ≈10 14 min −1 . The weight loss data were analyzed by the direct Arrhenius, Coats—Redfern and Freeman—Carroll techniques. The kinetic parameters derived from the three methods are discussed in the light of previous work on the thermal decomposition kinetics of oil shale kerogen. Factors influencing kinetic data such as sample holder geometry, heating rate and atmosphere are critically reviewed. The concept of kinetic order is examined in the light of existing theory for solid-state decomposition reactions and it is shown that first-order kinetics are adequate in explaining the overall trends in the thermal behavior of Green River oil shales.
Big data and the fabric of human geography

Digital data tracking what we do, the time and place of our actions, and the chains of interdependence that link those actions together, help us draw a richer picture of human geography as it unfol...
Non-random behavioural interactions among genetic subgroups in a polygynous ant

Abstract Abstract. Genetic variation within colonies of some species of ants is increased by polygyny, in which two or more queens contribute their own genetically distinct offspring to a single worker population. Consequently, a colony contains two or more genetic subgroups, and workers encounter highly related individuals as well as colony members from other familial lines. Colonies of Formica argentea , each containing two or three queens, were used to investigate the hypothesis that workers exhibit nepotism by directing preferential behaviour towards their own kin. Observations of grooming and feeding interactions among workers showed cases of preferential behaviour directed by workers towards not only individuals of their own genetic subgroup but also towards workers of different genetic subgroups. Thus, worker ants behaved non-randomly with respect to genetic subgroups. Preferential behaviour towards particular subgroups may have been a consequence of task specialization among the subgroups; a high frequency of interaction among workers was correlated with particular tasks performed by different subgroups. Furthermore, there was no apparent preference by individuals or genetic subgroups for particular queens; grooming and feeding behaviour were not directed towards mother-queens. Therefore, worker-worker and worker-queen interactions did not support a conclusion of nepotism.
Digital transillumination technique for incipient lesions on teeth

An additional digital system has been developed in extension with the transillumination system by Dr. A. O. Wist, which captures images onto film by raster scanning, to decrease scanning time and to acquire, store, and display the scanned results in a personal computer with 256 shades of gray. Since only one scan is required for each image, this method can reduce the scanning time of the previous film system by factor of 10. This technique utilizes software to position the laser and to acquire data. While a tooth is being scanned, the analog to digital converter acquires the output voltage from the receiver and stores on the data on the computer's disk drive where afterwards a software program displays the results in super VGA with 256 gray shades on the monitor. The images are then stored as bit mapped images in either a GIFF or PCX format for printing and portability. Several teeth have been scanned and displayed on a 256 gray scale monitor.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical evidence for the unification of active galactic nuclei and quasi-stellar objects.

Abstract There is a variety of optical evidence for some unification of different types of active galactic nuclei and quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). The case is very strong for the unification of at least some Seyfert galaxies, where polarization data show that the type assigned to the Seyfert galaxy must depend on viewing direction. It has been proposed that Fanaroff-Riley type 2 (FR2) radio galaxies are quasars seen in a direction from which the quasar is obscured, and there is some limited direct evidence for this picture. The broad absorption line QSOs may be normal QSOs seen from a special direction. Some of the sources observed to have high luminosities in the far infrared could be obscured QSOs and active nuclei. Mergers and interactions are likely to play an important role in nuclear activity, and active galaxies and QSOs could change their apparent types through these encounters followed by subsequent evolution.
Ultrastructural localization of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the rat medial nucleus tractus solitarius: relationships with neuropeptide Y or catecholamine neurons.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor (Y1-R) agonists influence cardiovascular regulation. These actions may involve NPY- and catecholamine-containing neurons in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS), at the level of the area postrema. The cellular sites through which Y1-R agonists may interact with NPY and catecholamines in the mNTS, however, are not known. To determine potential sites of action for Y1-R agonists, and their relationship to NPY or catecholamines in the mNTS, we used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for the detection of sequence-specific antipeptide antisera against Y1-R alone or in combination with antisera against NPY or the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Analyses were conducted in the rat mNTS, at the level of the area postrema. Y1-R was found mainly in small unmyelinated axons and axon terminals but also in some somata and dendrites as well as a small number of glia. Within axon terminals, labeling for Y1-R was often present on dense core vesicles and small synaptic vesicles as well as extrasynaptic areas of the plasmalemma. Some Y1-R-labeled terminals also contained NPY or TH, suggesting that agonists of Y1-R may influence the release of NPY or catecholamines in the mNTS. In addition, Y1-R was found in dendrites that received asymmetric excitatory-type synapses from unlabeled axon terminals. Some of these dendrites contained NPY or TH, which indicates that Y1-R may be targeted for functional activation within NPY- or catecholamine-expressing neurons in the mNTS. These results demonstrate that Y1-R is a presynaptic receptor in NPY- or catecholamine-containing axon terminals within the mNTS as well as a postsynaptic receptor on NPY- or catecholamine-containing neurons that are contacted by axon terminals that likely contain excitatory amino acid transmitters. Agonists of Y1-R in the mNTS may thus affect cardiovascular regulation by modulating NPY, catecholamine, and excitatory amino acid transmission. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Search for giant spin-flip transitions in 90Zr and 208Pb

Abstract We have searched for the giant magnetic dipole resonance in 90 Zr and an associated state in 208 Pb. Among the experimental techniques employed in this search was the detection of inelastically scattered protons in coincidence with ground-state de-excitation γ-rays, No state in 90 Zr up to an excitation of 10.5 MeV or in 208 Pb between 5.0 to 6.0 MeV was observed with the desired characteristics. In 90 Zr, heretofore unidentified levels at 5.51, 5.89 and 6.42 MeV were determined to have J π = 1 − . In 208 Pb J π = 1 − states were observed at 5.29, 5.51 and 5.94 MeV. The implications of our observations are discussed.
Morphologic Classification and Correlation of Incidence of Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Hematopoietic Lesions in Mice With Age

Information from the NCTR control pathology data base was examined to morphologically classify and correlate the incidence off hyperplastic and neoplastic hematopoietic lesions with age in over 15,000 male and female mice of a variety of strains. Hyperplasia affected lymphoid and reticular cells, erythropoietic and granulopoietic cells, mast cells, plasma cells and megakaryocytes. Neoplastic lesions included lymphocytic lymphoma, mixed cell lymphoma, histiocytic lymphoma, granulocytic leukemia, plasma cell neoplasms and mast cell neoplasms. Most hyperplastic and neoplastic hematopoietic lesions increased wtih age and most were slightly more common in the female than in the male mice.
Automated Hybridization of X-ray Absorber Elements-A Path to Large Format Microcalorimeter Arrays

In the design of microcalorimeters, it is often desirable to produce the X-ray absorber separately from the detector element. In this case, the attachment of the absorber to the detector element with the required thermal and mechanical characteristics is a major challenge. In such arrays, the attachment has been done by hand. This process is not easily extended to the large format arrays required for future X- ray astronomy missions such as the New x-ray Telescope or NeXT. In this paper we present an automated process for attaching absorber tiles to the surface of a large-scale X-ray detector array. The absorbers are attached with stycast epoxy to a thermally isolating polymer structure made of SU-8. SU-8 is a negative epoxy based photo resist produced by Microchem. We describe the fabrication of the X-ray absorbers and their suspension on a handle die in an adhesive matrix. We describe the production process for the polymer isolators on the detector elements. We have developed a new process for the alignment, and simultaneous bonding of the absorber tiles to an entire detector array. This process uses equipment and techniques used in the flip-chip bonding industry and approaches developed in the fabrication of the XRS-2 instrument. XRS-2 was an X-ray spectrometer that was launched on the Suzaku telescope in July 10, 2005. We describe the process and show examples of sample arrays produced by this process. Arrays with up to 300 elements have been bonded. The present tests have used dummy absorbers made of Si. In future work, we will demonstrate bonding of HgTe absorbers.
Reply: The impact of dementia prevalence on the utility of the AD8

ARTICLE Sir, Dr Christensen brings up an important point when considering the utility of dementia screening tests, namely the prevalence of disease. Psychometric properties of screening tests should also be closely examined when deciding how one can best utilize a test and interpret its meaningfulness. The most common properties, namely sensitivity/specificity and predictive values differ greatly in this regard. Sensitivity and specificity refer to the likelihood of a positive or negative test result when the disease is present or absent. Because these properties are inherent to the test, they do not vary with disease prevalence. Predictive values, on the other hand, refer to the likelihood of disease based on the test result, and are therefore directly related to prevalence of the disease within the study population. Dr Christensen correctly points out that the world-wide prevalence of dementia ranges from 2.4% to 19.5% in a meta-analysis of Asia, Europe and the Americas, while the prevalence rates for the studies we have published on the AD8 are significantly higher, being drawn from a longitudinal study and a memory disorders clinic. While the difference in prevalence rates would not impact the sensitivity and specificity of the AD8 with …
Oligonucleotides bearing cationic groups: N2-(3-aminopropyl)deoxyguanosine. Synthesis, enhanced binding properties and conjugation chemistry

A phosphoramidite with an aminopropyl group placed at the N2- position of 2′-deoxyguonosine has been synthesized and incorporated into oligonucleotides. This modification shows enhanced binding properties against both DNA and RNA targets and is useful for conjugating other functionalities.
Modification in the purification of the sex steroid-binding protein of human serum by affinity chromatography.

A purification procedure for the sex steroid-binding protein of human serum is described. The procedure is significantly superior to that recently published (K. E. Mickelson, D. C. Teller, and P. H. Petra, 1978, Biochemistry17, 1409–1415) and should replace it for the routine preparation of homogeneous protein in relatively larger quantities. The steps involved diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography on 5α-dihydrotestosterone-17α-hexanyldiaminoethyl-(1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)-agarose, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most important difference between this new procedure and that previously published is the affinity adsorbent with contains the steroid covalently linked at the 17α-position rather than the 17β-position. This modification allows the purification of at least 12 mg of homogeneous protein per preparation with a 63% total yield. The properties of the homogeneous protein are the same as previously described.
Chromosome Cytology in the Cutthroat Trout Series Salmo clarki (Salmonidae)

The karyotypes of two subspecies of the cutthroat trout series, Salmo clarki, were determined from anterior kidney cells. One subspecies, S. c. clarki, the “coastal” cutthroat, has 2n=68 chromosomes (36 meta- or submetacentrics and 32 acrocentrics). The other subspecies, S. c. henshawi, one of the many forms of “inland” cutthroat, has 2n=64 chromosomes (40 meta- or submetacentrics and 24 acrocentrics). The fundamental arm number in both subspecies was estimated at 104. Evidently, chromosomal fusions or dissociations have played a major role in the chromosomal evolution of S. clarki.
Synergy Between Business Process and Systems Reengineering

Abstract Business process reengineering (BPR) and systems reengineering (SR) often are implemented separately, in an uncoordinated fashion. Yet practitioners realize that BPR can be informed by SR and that SR can benefit from the application of BPR concepts. This article presents an integrated BPR and SR model that exploits the synergy of integrated BDR and SR. the model has been applied successfully in practice and shows how to tailor this model to meet each organization's situation.
Alexander Hamilton, conversion, and debt reduction☆

Abstract Alexander Hamilton's Report on the Public Credit (1790) proposed funding of the public debt, assumption of state debts, and no discrimination between original and secondary purchasers. These issues have been discussed elsewhere. Little attention, however, has been given to what the Secretary of the Treasury considered a prerequisite of funding: converting the debt to a lower interest rate, from $6 (specie) payable for every $100 principal to only $4. Although Hamilton is often seen as a friend of the rentier class, quantification shows that the conversion options he proposed called for sharp reductions in principal as well as interest. In the end, Congress proved more liberal to government creditors than Hamilton when it chose one of his options but modified it by increasing both principal and interest. While the final result was partial repudiation (in specie values), nonetheless it is possible that many holders eventually got more out of their converted securities than they ever invested in them.
Experimental study of a pressure-driven, three-dimensional, turbulent boundary layer

The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into a strongly-skewed, pressure-driven, three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. Mean velocity and static pressure measurements reveal the general nature of the flowfield studied, while detailed measurements of the Reynolds stress tensor indicate the effect of the strong pressure field on the turbulent velocities. The rate and magnitude of the skewing in the boundary layer emerge as the most important parameters governing the behavior of the Reynolds stresses.
Viscoelastic Effects on Fatigue Behavior of Braided Composites

Textile composites include woven, braided, and knitted fabrics. Textile composites are considered when out-of-plane properties are also important. Textile composites generally have better dimensional stability, out-of-plane properties, and impact and delamination resistance. The natural conformability of biaxial braids makes them more cost competitive than woven fabric. These material systems are gaining popularity, in particular for the small business jets, where FAA requires take off weights of 5670 kgf or less. The vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process has proven to be low in cost compared to resin transfer molding (RTM). Thus, the combination of biaxial braids and the VARTM process is likely to considerably reduce overall costs. Before the braids can be confidently used in the primary structures, it is necessary to understand the performance of biaxial braided composites under various loading conditions and especially under fatigue. This will reduce uncertainty and hence reduce the factor of safety in the design This research addresses viscoelastic effects on fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy braided composites. It is observed that braided composites exhibit creep and stress relaxation. Further it is observed that frequency in axial fatigue loading plays dominant role in fatigue life, but very little role in fatigue failure mechanisms. Rate of stiffness degradation is greatly affected by frequency. These entire phenomena such as creep, stress relaxation, frequency effect, and dependency of stiffness on rate of loading indicate the viscoelastic behavior of braided composites. In this research different tests were performed to confirm viscoelastic behavior of braided composites. Axial tension-tension fatigue tests were conducted at different frequencies and stiffness degradation was studied.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Virtual-Pinhole PET

We proposed and tested a novel geometry for PET system design analogous to pinhole SPECT called the virtual-pinhole PET (VP-PET) geometry to determine whether it could provide high-resolution images. Methods: We analyzed the effects of photon acolinearity and detector sizes on system resolution and extended the empiric formula for reconstructed image resolution of conventional PET proposed earlier to predict the resolutions of VP-PET. To measure the system resolution of VP-PET, we recorded coincidence events as a 22Na point source was stepped across the coincidence line of response between 2 detectors made from identical arrays of 12 × 12 lutetium oxyorthosilicate crystals (each measuring 1.51 × 1.51 × 10 mm3) separated by 565 mm. To measure reconstructed image resolution, we built 4 VP-PET systems using 4 types of detectors (width, 1.51–6.4 mm) and imaged 4 point sources of 64Cu (half-life = 12.7 h to allow a long acquisition time). Tangential and radial resolutions were measured and averaged for each source and each system. We then imaged a polystyrene plastic phantom representing a 2.5-cm-thick cross-section of isolated breast volume. The phantom was filled with an aqueous solution of 64Cu (713 kBq/mL) in which the following were imbedded: 4 spheric tumors ranging from 1.8 to 12.6 mm in inner diameter (ID), 6 micropipettes (0.7- or 1.1-mm ID filled with 64Cu at 5×, 20×, or 50× background), and a 10.0-mm outer-diameter cold lesion. Results: The shape and measured full width at half maximum of the line spread functions agree well with the predicted values. Measured reconstructed image resolution (2.40–3.24 mm) was ±6% of the predicted value for 3 of the 4 systems. In one case, the difference was 12.6%, possibly due to underestimation of the block effect from the low-resolution detector. In phantom experiments, all spheric tumors were detected. Small line sources were detected if the activity concentration is at least 20× background. Conclusion: We have developed and characterized a novel geometry for PET. A PET system following the VP-PET geometry provides high-resolution images for objects near the system9s high-resolution detectors. This geometry may lead to the development of special-purpose PET systems or resolution-enhancing insert devices for conventional PET scanners.