cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shear-induced platelet activation and adhesion on human pulmonary artery endothelial cells seeded onto hydrophilic polymers.

We evaluated platelet activation and adhesion on two plasma polymerized surfaces, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and gamma-butyro lactone (GBL), which have been shown previously to promote endothelial cell growth and adhesion as well as fibronectin-coated glass (1 microg/cm(2)) coverslips. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells were seeded onto coverslips at a low density ( approximately 20,000 cells/cm(2)) and grown to confluence (3-5 days). The materials, both with and without ECs, were then exposed to a shear rate of 400 s(-1) in a closed loop recirculating flow system containing human platelet-rich plasma. Plasma samples were taken at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min and analyzed for platelet and coagulation activation. The coverslips were examined for EC coverage and platelet adherence. EC retention over a 1-h period was approximately 75% for all three materials. All three materials without ECs were highly platelet activating having similar P-selectin expression, platelet factor 4 (PF4) release, mepacrine uptake, and microparticle production. Both microparticle production and platelet adhesion were significantly lower in EC-seeded materials. Dense granule and PF4 release were both slightly diminished in all three materials seeded with ECs. P-selectin expression was reduced slightly for GBL, but remained the same for the other two materials. The EC-seeded materials displayed favorable characteristics with respect to platelet activation and adhesion; however, they still demonstrated some thrombogenic tendencies due to EC loss and exposure of the underlying substrate. Therefore, both EC coverage and EC hemostatic function are important factors in determining the thromboresistance of an EC-seeded surface.
Auditory evoked potentials, motor potentials and reaction time ☆

Abstract Evoked potentials from simple and choice reaction time (RT) tasks were determined separately for trials in the fast, middle and slow thirds of the RT distributions. We found that those trials with faster RT also produced a more negative N1 peak, less negative peak at N2 and N3 and more positive peaks at P3 and P4; the choice task also produced significantly larger deflections at N1 and P3 than did the simple task. In the choice RT condition, the stimuli that did not require a motor response (S−) yielded a P3 deflection slightly greater than that produced by the response stimuli (S+) in the fast third of the RT distribution, whereas the S− stimuli produced an N1 deflection approximately equal to the corresponding deflection produced by S+ in the middle third of the RT distribution. This difference between N1 and P3 was interpreted to mean that they were partially independent in that the amplitudes of both deflections were influenced by changes in background arousal, whereas only P3 was influenced by a reactive factor. Various types of analyses suggested that response-related potentials could not have been responsible for any of the results obtained.
The Impact of the Worker: How Social Capital and Human Capital Influence the Job Tenure of Formerly Undocumented Mexican Immigrants

Using the 1992 Legalized Population Survey, I focus on employment matching processes of formerly undocumented Mexican immigrant workers in the United States. As in earlier studies, I show that employment characteristics are related to the job tenures of immigrant workers. However, my contribution is that I specifically analyze how formerly undocumented Mexican immigrant workers’ attributes and social networks influence their job tenures. In general, increases in human capital are associated with shorter job tenure, apparently in an effort to improve employment conditions, while the use of social capital is positively related with job tenure. It appears that acquiring employment is a social process, and those using personal networks find longer lasting jobs. Although prior studies have minimized the role of supply-side characteristics such as employees’ skill level and social networks in influencing job tenure, my research confirms the significance of workers and the resources they bring to the labor market.
Marked difference in the susceptibility of several species to guanethidine-induced chemical sympathectomy

Abstract Administration of high doses of guanethidine to newborn or adult rats destroys the sympathetic nervous system. In an attempt to produce models of permanent sympathectomy in other species, high doses of guanethidine were administered neonatally to cats, rabbits, and hamsters. In contrast to rats, the sympathetic nervous systems of these species were not destroyed by guanethidine.
Sterically stabilized phospholipids attenuate human neutrophils chemotaxis in vitro

The purpose of this study was to determine whether sterically stabilized liposomes (SSL) and poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) attenuate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) chemotaxis in vitro and, if so, whether incorporation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a pleiotropic neuropeptide, on the surface of SSL amplifies SSL-induced responses. Using a modified blind-well chamber chemotaxis assay, we found that N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP; 0.1 μM) and zymosan opsonized with purified human complement (2 × 109 yeast wall particles/ml) elicit significant human PMNs chemotaxis (95 ± 9 and 103 ± 3 cells/high power field; p < 0.05). These effects are significantly attenuated by SSL and PEG-DSPE (p < 0.05). By contrast, aqueous VIP and VIP on SSL have no significant effects on FMLP- and zymosan-induced responses. We conclude that certain sterically stabilized liposomes and phospholipids attenuate human PMNs chemotaxis in vitro and that VIP does not modulate this response.
The Nonrelativistic Nature of the Present Quantum Mechanical Measurement Theory

I wish to recall first some problems of earlier theories of physics that are similar to the present ones of quantum mechanics. (These will be discussed later.) There was, after each great discovery in physics, some puzzlement and realization of incompleteness in the definition of some of the basic concepts in terms of which the “laws” were formulated. Let me begin with the first great discovery of Copernicus, Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and others, which took place about 450 years ago. Copernicus (1473–1543), afraid of the church’s disapproval, said that it is “easier to describe” the motion of the planets by assuming that the sun is at rest, while the planets, including the Earth, are moving. However, even then, it was not clear what “at rest” and what “moving” meant—it was only clear that the description of their relative positions was easier to describe in a coordinate system attached to the sun. Of course, the motion of the planets was communicated to us only by the light they reflected, and the basic properties of light were not described by the physics of that time.
Climate Signal Detection Times and Constraints on Climate Benchmark Accuracy Requirements

Long-term trends in the climate system are always partly obscured by naturally occurring interannual variability. All else being equal, the larger the natural variability, the less precisely one can estimate a trend in a time series of data. Measurement uncertainty, though, also obscures long-term trends. The way in which measurement uncertainty and natural interannual variability interact in inhibiting the detection of climate trends using simple linear regression is derived and the manner in which the interaction between the two can be used to formulate accuracy requirements for satellite climate benchmark missions is shown. It is found that measurement uncertainty increases detection times, but only when considered in direct proportion to natural variability. It is also found that detection times depend critically on the correlation time of natural variability and satellite lifetime. As a consequence, requirements on satellite climate benchmark accuracy and mission lifetime must be directly related to the natural variability of the climate system and its associated correlation times.
Bio‐Political Geographies

This article reviews the debate on bio-politics in order to clarify its many uses and applications in geography. In doing so, I review how bio-politics is conceived by Foucault, Hardt and Negri, and Agamben, as well as how geographers have employed, added to, or disagreed with their insights. More specifically, I structure this review around how various analysts have understood the relationship between bio-political power and ‘traditional’ forms of sovereign power, and, relatedly, how a focus by geographers on micro-scales of analysis can help explore this relationship.
Assessing the toxicity and teratogenicity of pond water in north-central minnesota to amphibians

Incidence of amphibian deformities have increased in recent years, especially in the northern region of the United States. While many factors have been proposed as being responsible for generating deformities (e.g., contaminants, ultraviolet radiation [UV], parasites), no single cause has been definitively established. To determine whether waterborne chemicals are responsible for amphibian deformities in ponds in north-central Minnesota, we deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) in an imparted and a reference site to accumulate lipophilic contaminants. We then exposed native tadpoles (northern leopard frogs;Rana pipiens) to the SPMD extracts combined with two agricultural pesticides (atrazine, carbaryl) at two levels of UV radiation. UV radiation alone caused a slight increase in hatching success and tadpole growth rate. Deformity rate among hatchlings was high following exposure to SPMD extracts from the reference site in the absence of UV, suggesting that chemicals present at this site are broken down by UV to less harmful forms, or become less bioavailable. Conversely, impacted site SPMD extracts caused hatchling deformities only in the presence of UV, suggesting that UV potentiates the teratogenicity of the compounds present there. Impacted site SPMD extracts significantly increased the number of bony triangles among metamorphs, a common deformity observed at this site. The incidence of skin webbings increased significantly with SPMD extracts from both sites as well as with our pesticide control containing atrazine and carbaryl alone. Higher deformity rates among tadpoles reared in the presence of UV radiation and SPMD extracts from sites where deformities are common indicates a chemical compound (or compounds) in the water at this site may be causing the deformities. It is important to examine the effects of chemical stressors in the presence of other natural stressors (e.g., UV radiation) to gain a better understanding of how multiple stressors work to impact amphibians and amphibian populations.
The interpersonal antecedents of supportive parenting: A prospective, longitudinal study from infancy to adulthood.

This study drew on prospective, longitudinal data to test the hypothesis that the intergenerational transmission of positive parenting is mediated by competence in subsequent relationships with peers and romantic partners. Interview-based ratings of supportive parenting were completed with a sample of 113 individuals (46% male) followed from birth to age 32. Results indicated that supportive parenting during adulthood was predicted by observed maternal sensitivity during the first 3 years of life, even after controlling for adults' age at first childbirth and adults' socioeconomic status and educational attainment at the time of the second generation parenting assessments. Moreover, the intergenerational association in parenting was mediated by later competence in relationships with peers and romantic partners. In particular, sensitive caregiving in infancy and early childhood predicted teachers' rankings of children's social competence with peers during childhood and adolescence, which in turn forecasted later interview ratings of romantic relationship competence during young adulthood, which in turn predicted supportive parenting in adulthood. Findings are discussed with respect to current theory and research on the intergenerational transmission of parenting.
Cross‐Cultural Comparisons of Appearance Self‐Schema, Body Image, Self‐Esteem, and Dieting Behavior Between Korean and U.S. Women

This study conducted cross-cultural comparisons of appearance self-schema, body image, self-esteem, and dieting behavior between women from Korea and the United States. Participants were 201 undergraduates from a central university in Seoul, South Korea and 205 undergraduates from a mid-Atlantic university in the United States. They completed a questionnaire in their native language that included measures of appearance self-schema, body image, self-esteem, dieting behavior, and demographic information. Women in both cultural groups with high appearance self-schema were less satisfied with their overall bodies and revealed lower self-esteem than those with low appearance self-schema. Korean women placed greater importance on appearance, were more critical of their bodies, and revealed lower self-esteem than U.S. women. However, U.S. women showed higher scores on dieting behavior than Korean women. Implications are discussed in relation to the cultural concept (i.e., individualism versus collectivism) and sociocultural factors such as media and gender roles.
The effect of zinc acetate on red corpuscles.

In hemolysis experiments, unusual behavior was displayed by solutions of zinc acetate. Hemolysis of red blood cells took place at an unusually high concentration range while extremely low concentrations of zinc acetate protected red blood corpuscles against osmotic hemolysis. The results are graphically portrayed.
The human body burden of lead.

(1968). The Human Body Burden of Lead. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 965-978.
The time of dreaming and the Déjà Vu

Summary Some dreams are presented which in content seem closely related to the immediate situation facing the dreamer at the time of recalling the dream. The question is raised if the sense of pastness of such dreams is not like that of the deja vu. An attempt is made to correlate the occurrence of dreaming and the deja vu phenomenon in 58 patients seen in psychotherapy. All 10 who reported as not dreaming also reported as not having experienced the deja vu; dreaming generally correlated with experiencing the deja vu. These findings are discussed from the point of view that dreaming may also be a product of the awakening or awake state.
Bursting of calcium-activated cation-selective channels is associated with neurite regeneration in a mammalian central neuron

The patch-clamp technique was used to record from cell-attached patches located on the somas of postnatal rat retinal ganglion cells in culture. Single-channel currents that were activated by internal calcium and permeable to multiple cations were found to open for prolonged periods of time (on the order of minutes) in cells that were actively regenerating processes but not in cells that lacked processes. These findings confirm the notion that the level of intracellular Ca2+ rises in neurons that are regenerating processes and suggests that the activity of the cation-selective channels may be linked to neurite regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system.
Serial ultrasonographic evaluation of ovarian abnormalities with a morphology index

Abstract Objective Transvaginal ultrasonography with tumor morphology index (MI) has been used to predict the risk of ovarian malignancy. Our objective was to analyze changes in serial MI scores for malignant and non-malignant ovarian tumors in a large and asymptomatic population. Methods Eligible subjects participated in the University of Kentucky Ovarian Cancer Screening Program and had abnormalities that included cysts, cysts with septations, complex cysts with solid areas, and solid masses. Analysis included: MI, change in MI (delta MI), delta MI per scan and per month, number and duration of scans. Results From 1987 to 2012, 38,983 women received 218,445 scans. Of the 7104 eligible subjects, 6758 tumors were observed without surgery and 472 were surgically removed. Eighty-six percent (5811) of observed tumors were resolved. There were 74 malignant and 272 non-malignant tumors. Eighty-five percent of malignancies had MI ≥5 at decision for surgery. The risk of malignancy based on MI was: MI=5 (3%), MI=6 (3.7%), MI=7 (12.6%), MI=8 (26.7%), MI=9 (27.8%), MI=10 (33.3%). The mean delta MI per month decreased for tumors that resolved (delta MI −1.0, p Conclusions The mean MI for malignant ovarian tumors increases over time, while non-malignant tumors have a decreasing or stable MI. Serial MI analysis can improve the prediction of ovarian malignancy by reducing false-positive results, thereby decreasing the number of operations performed for benign abnormalities.
Aging-related regulation of myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signal transduction pathway in the rat striatum

To determine the effects of the aging process on the regulation of phosphoinositide signal transduction pathway, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-associated parameters were examined in the striatum of brains removed from young (3 months), adult (12 months) and senescent (25 months) male Fischer 344 rats. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate content was significantly increased (P≤0.01) at 25 months of age compared to 3 and 12 months. No age-related differences in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis were found in striatal slices after stimulation with trans-(1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate, a metabotropic glutamatergic receptor agonist. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis following stimulation with (R,S)-α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, a glutamatergic/quisqualate agonist, showed a significantly increased accumulation of net [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in senescent striatum whereas the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol induced highest response in the young striatum. In each case, agonist-stimulated response was significantly reduced in the presence of the receptor-associated antagonist. The density of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the particulate membranes derived from 12- and 25-month-old rats was decreased (P<0.01) compared to that from young rats. Binding affinity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor for [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate was increased (P=0.05) only at 25 months of age when compared with 3 months of age. Incubation of partially purified inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor with striatal cytosol in the presence of Ca2+ showed an age-dependent susceptibility to proteolytic degradation of this receptor that was completely inhibited by calpain I inhibitor peptide. Paradoxically, the quantity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor mRNA-encoding transcripts was increased (P≤0.01) at 25 months of age, suggesting an age-dependent change in either transcriptional rate, stability or processing of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor mRNAs in the striatum. The activity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate3-kinase decreased (P≤0.01) with age whereas the activity of soluble inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase was highest at 3 months but significantly decreased at 12 months of age. However, the activity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase remained unchanged between 12 and 25 months of age, suggesting possible developmental modulation of the activity of the enzyme. Taken together with the established `cross-talk' between signal transduction systems, the present data suggest that molecular/cellular changes in striatal inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/Ca2+ signal transduction pathway along with neuronal cell loss may contribute to aging-related decrease in striatal functioning.
A comparison of the uptake and utilization of lactate and pyruvate by one- and two-cell mouse embryos

Abstract Specifically labeled lactate and pyruvate were used to study the uptake and utilization of these substrates by 1- and 2-cell mouse embryos. Intracellular substrate concentration, as measured by the accumulation of isotope from substrate labeled at the C-1 position, was dependent on the concentration of substrate in the medium but independent of the time or temperature of incubation. When present in the medium at the levels optimum for development, the intracellular accumulation of the products of metabolism was greater for pyruvate than lactate. In addition, CO 2 production by the embryos indicated that pyruvate turnover was greater than that of lactate. The ability of pyruvate but not lactate to maintain the first cleavage division may be attributable to its greater utilization. There were no significant differences between 1- and late 2-cell embryos in the uptake and utilization of either lactate or pyruvate.
Analytic determination of an optimal human motion

A three-rigid-links model is constructed for a gymnast performing a kip-up maneuver on a horizontal bar. Equations of motion with constrained, voluntary torques at hip and shoulder joints give a well-posed optimal control problem when boundary conditions and a performance criterion for the maneuver are specified. An approximate numerical solution for the minimum-time performance of this nonlinear process is obtained by the method of steepest descent. Results of the computations are compared with experimental results. Difficulties of solving human motion problems by existing numerical methods are pointed out.
Trichodermin resistance—mutation affecting eukaryotic ribosomes

GENETIC studies of ribosomes in prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli have been facilitated by the use of mutants resistant to antibiotics; mutations which affect either subunit of the ribosome are known1. In eukaryotes, genetic information on the translation apparatus has come mainly from studies of temperature-sensitive mutants2,10, and also cycloheximide resistance, which is known to be a property of the 60S subunit3. Recent studies with resistance to the alkaloid cryptopleurine have shown that Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains resistant to this compound have altered ribosomes4.
Predictions of the Al-rich region of the Al–Co–Ni–Y system based upon first-principles and experimental data

Abstract A thermodynamic database has been produced for the Al–Co–Ni–Y quaternary system, with an emphasis on the Al-rich region of the Al–Ni–Y ternary system. The database was created using the CALPHAD method, combining existing binary systems with relevant experimental and first-principles information for selected Al–Ni–Y and Co-containing compounds. The thermodynamic database was used to produce equilibrium and non-equilibrium Scheil simulations to determine the phases present in Al–Co–Ni–Y alloys. The values for the Scheil simulation show good agreement, when compared with experimentally determined phase fractions of intermetallic particles dispersed in an Al matrix for three Al-rich quaternary alloys.
A magnetic field clamp with beneficial saturation effects

Abstract It is shown that a certain amount of saturation is desirable in some magnetic field clamps. A specific field-clamp design is given that allows precise adjustment of the saturation effects in the field clamp.
Minimum-weight design of beams subjected to fixed and moving loads

Abstract The paper is concerned with minimum-weight design of statically indeterminate beams that are subjected to a system of fixed loads and a single moving load. When all loads have the same direction, the minimum-weight design of a beam with a single span for combined action of fixed and moving loads may be obtained by superposition of the minimum-weight designs corresponding to separate action of the individual loads. This superposition principle is not generally valid for continuous beams though it may be useful in special cases.
Functional Properties of a Food Colorant Prepared from Red Cabbage

Spectral, colorant, and stability properties of colorants based on red cabbage, grape, cranberry, beet, and Red No. 40 were compared in buffer and in a simulated beverage. At pH 3, red cabbage imparted a red color similar to that of beet juice and less orange than that of the other colorants. Increasing the pH of red cabbage extracts to 4 produced a bathochromic shift and decreased color strength. Tristimulus parameters displayed maxima when L was varied. Red cabbage pigments were more stable during heating and storage than were the other colorants tested. pH had little effect on color stability; exposure to light greatly increased color loss during storage.
Cortical And Subcortical Components Of The Pattern VEP

In a number of previous papers our group has shown that wavelength-related VEPs can be recorded from non-cortical sites. In the most recent of these, reported at the 1981 ISCEV meeting, data obtained from an hydranencephalic infant were included, confirming the sub-cortical nature of such responses. We have tentatively assumed that these responses relate to geniculate activity. We have recently carried out an extensive series of VEP studies using patterned stimuli, recording simultaneously from cortical and non-cortical sites (Oz-Mastoid and Mastoid-Nose). Various stimulus presentation techniques were used, including transient flash/pattern and pattern alternation at various rates.
A consumer's guide to meta‐analysis

The same proponent of meta-analysis who feels that it offers the highest level of evidence of treatment efficacy has also warned that "it is easy to do a meta-analysis; it is hard to do one well" (1). This paper has listed a series of issues that should be addressed in the construction of a good meta-analysis. A meta-analysis protocol needs to be prepared. A concerted effort should be made to capture all published and unpublished studies that address the research question. These studies should then be compared to the inclusion and exclusion criteria from the protocol to determine which will be used in the meta-analysis. A random effects analysis should be performed on the studies. A test of the homogeneity of studies should be done. Funnel plots and the tolerance for null results should be computed to assess publication biases. Finally, sensitivity analyses should be performed. All of these issues need to be discussed in the report of the meta-analysis so that readers can judge the validity of the conclusions.
Collapse of loaded fractal trees

Mandelbrot1 has argued that a wide range of natural objects and phenomena are fractals; examples of fractal trees include actual trees, plants such as a cauliflower, river systems and the cardiovascular system. Here we apply the renormalization group approach2 to the collapse of fractal trees, which may be applicable to a variety of problems including cardiac arrest, failure of bronchial systems, failure of electrical distribution systems and the instability resulting in earthquakes.
Oliver Mtukudzi's Musical Approach to HIV/AIDS

The article profiles Zimbabwe musician Oliver Mtukudzi who appeared on a 2008 Population Services International calendar that promoted HIV/AIDS testing among couples and was distributed by the Zimbabwean Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. The popular musician's commitment to preventing the spread of these diseases and his songs "Stay With One Woman" and "Todii" or "What Shall We Do?" which were used in public health campaigns are noted. The prevalence of HIV in Zimbabwe in 2001, which was 26 percent, declined in 2007 to 15.3 percent.
Surface Raman spectroscopy without enhancement: pyridine adsorbed on Ni(111) and Ni(100)

Abstract We report the Raman spectra of pyridine chemisorbed on Ni(111) and Ni(100) surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum. At coverages of 0.5 monolayer, the Raman spectrum is fully developed on the Ni(100) surface while there is no observable spectrum on Ni(111). The spectra at saturation coverages are nearly identical. These observations are interpreted as evidence for a higher coverage required for a compressional phase transition on Ni(111), which significantly enhances the Raman intensity.
Propagation Of The Spectrum Of Light In The Paraxial Domain

ZAGORKA DACIC(a) and EMIL WOLF(b)(a) The Institute of Optics, (b) Dept. of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USAIt was shown not long ago that the normalized spectrum of light generated by a secondary, planarquasi -homogeneous source will, in general, change on propagation1,2. In this paper we study howthe normalized spectrum changes throughout the paraxial domain.We first consider the special situation when the degree of spectral coherence of the sourcesatisfies the so- called scaling lawl. This law was derived as a sufficiency condition for thenormalized spectrum of the field to be the same throughout the far zone and to be identical withthe normalized spectrum across the source plane. We now find that when the scaling law is satisfiedthe normalized spectrum is also the same throughout the paraxial domain.Next we consider the spectrum of the field produced by a source that does not obey the scaling
Stoljar’s Twin-Physics World

In his recent book Physicalism, Daniel Stoljar argues that there is no version of physicalism that is both true and deserving of the name. His argument employs a variation of Hilary Putnam’s famous twin-earth story, which Stoljar calls “the twin-physics world.” In this paper, I challenge Stoljar’s use of the twin-physics world. The upshot of that challenge, I argue, is that Stoljar fails to show, concerning the versions of physicalism for which he grants the possibility of being true, that none of them is deserving of the name.
A method of preparative starch-gel electrophoresis

Abstract A convenient method has been developed for the recovery of protein components in high yield by continuous elution during starch-gel electrophoresis. A standard starch-gel mold was modified for this purpose by drilling two holes in the wall of the mold to allow a flow of buffer at right angles to the direction of electrophoretic migration. After an initial period of electrophoresis the section of starch gel between the holes was excised and the anodal wall of the trough formed covered with dialysis membrane. The trough was filled with polyurethane sponge and covered with a plastic sheet. Electrophoresis was then continued with a transverse flow of buffer which removed the proteins in the order of their electrophoretic mobility. This method has been employed in the isolation of human thyroxine-binding prealbumin and in the preparation of electrophoretically homogenous 131 I-labeled thyroxine-binding pre-albumin and human serum albumin for turnover studies in man.
Pulse-modulated analog neuron circuits

Analog neuron circuits based on both frequency modulation and pulse modulation are investigated. The circuits are compared in terms of size, power, performance, and reliability; frequency modulation shows advantages in each area. Test circuits were designed and fabricated in 2μm CMOS technology. The frequency modulated neuron has an operational frequency of 3.125 MHz and a dynamic range of 17 bits. Our results indicate that this circuit technique may provide substantial advantages in high-performance, low-power neural systems.
The Folly of Protobranching: Turning Repulsive Interactions into Attractive Ones and Rewriting the Strain/Stabilization Energies of Organic Chemistry

Strain/stabilization energies: Recently it has been argued that the accepted strain/stabilization energies of fundamental species are incorrect because they ignore the effects of protobranching. Here it is shown that the basic premise of the protobranching mechanism is unlikely and that conventional strain/stabilization energies are more chemically important than those from the protobranching approach.
Temporal factors control hippocampal contributions to fear renewal after extinction

Fear can be extinguished by repeated exposure to a cue that signals threat. However, extinction does not erase fear, as an extinguished cue presented in a context distinct from that of extinction results in renewed fear of that cue. The hippocampus, which is involved in the formation of contextual representations, is a natural candidate structure for investigations into the neural circuitry underlying fear renewal. Thus far, studies examining the necessity of the hippocampus for fear renewal have produced mixed results. We isolated the conditions under which the hippocampus may be required for renewal. Rats received lesions of the dorsal hippocampus either prior to tone fear conditioning or following extinction. Fear renewal was measured using discrete tone presentations or a long, continuous tone. The topography of fear responding at test was assessed by comparing “early” and “sustained” renewal, where early fear was determined by freezing to the first discrete tone or equivalent initial segment of a continuous tone and sustained fear was determined by freezing averaged across all discrete tones or the entire continuous tone. We found that following pre-training damage of the hippocampus, early renewal remained intact regardless of lesion condition. However, sustained renewal only persisted in discrete, but not continuous, tone-tested animals. A more extensive analysis of the topography of fear responding revealed that the disruption of renewal was generated when the tone duration at test began to violate that used during extinction, suggesting that the hippocampus is sensitive to mismatches in CS-duration. Post-extinction lesions resulted in an overall reduction of fear renewal. This pattern of results is consistent with those observed for contextual fear conditioning, wherein animals may display a resistance to anterograde amnesia despite the presence of a strong retrograde amnesia for the same contextual information. Furthermore, the data support a role for the hippocampus in sustaining renewal when the CS duration at test does not match that used during extinction.
Development of a Multicultural Sensitivity Scale.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to develop a scale that would provide a valid and reliable measure of multicultural sensitivity of teachers toward their students. A 52-item survey developed by Ford (1979) to assess multicultural sensitivity in public school teachers was tested by administering the instrument to 150 nurses. The measure was determined to be unidimensional using factor analysis. Items with factor loadings on that single factor greater than .44 were retained for a shortened instrument (21 items). The shortened instrument, entitled the Multicultural Sensitivity Scale (MSS), was administered to 31 secondary school health educators attending a summer institute in a major medical center. The internal consistency of the shortened form was .89 in the sample of nurses and .90 in the sample of school health educators (Chronbach's alpha). The test-retest reliability of the shortened instrument was .92 in the sample of school health educators over a two week period. The MSS was shown to ...
CodePad: interactive spaces for maintaining concentration in programming environments

When software developers work with a program's source code, the structure of the source code often requires that they split their attention simultaneously across several documents and artifacts. Disruptions to programmers' concentration caused by overwhelmed capacity can then lead to programming errors and increases in the time to perform a task. We suggest the addition of peripheral interactive spaces to programming environments for supporting developers in maintaining their concentration. We introduce the novel concept of a CodePad, a peripheral, multi-touch enabled display that allows developers to engage with and manipulate multiple programming artifacts. We illustrate visualizations built for a CodePad that support multiple development scenarios and we describe how developers can coordinate the interaction and communication between a CodePad and a programming environment in personal and collaborative tasks. Additionally, we propose a design space for other visualization tools and detail our initial prototype
An Anaerogenic Variant of Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) isolated from an Enzootic among Domestic and Wild Rats.

Anaerogenic strains of commonly occurring aerogenic species of Salmonella have been reported with varying frequency.',2 Bainbridge3 described a single strain of Salmonella choleraesuis (Bacillus suipestifer); Warren and Iredale,4 9 strains of Salmonella schottmiilleri (Bacillus paratyphosus B); Bornstein, Saphra, and Strauss5 and Edwards,6 a number of strains of Salmonella typhimurium; and Nabih,7 a single strain of Salmonella hirschfeldii (B. paratyphosus C). Meyer and Matsumura8 also isolated 2 such strains of Salmonella from wild rats, but they did not designate the bacterial species. Thus, there are at least 4 reports of anaerogenic variants of aerogenic species of Salmonella. Recently, it was noted that normal and experimental albino rats of the Wistar strain were dying unexpectedly. Studies made on 62 of these rats and on 4 wild rats (caught by an electric trap in the same building) revealed an anaerogenic variant of Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) to be the etiological agent. It was recognized early that the anaerogenic variant closely resembled Eberthella typhosa in its biochemical reactions.* In the present paper are recorded the data associated with the recovery and study of 9 strains of this anaerogenic variant of S. enteritidis.**
Perspectives on American Industrial Violence

Professor Gitelman suggests that the causes of industrial violence were similar in the United States and Europe, and that the apparently higher incidence of strike violence in this country was due to the greater willingness and/or ability of American management to utilize strategies of replacing striking workers and deploying armed men.
Adaptive two-pass median filter to remove impulsive noise

In this paper, we present an adaptive two-pass median filter to remove impulsive noise. In two-pass median filtering, an image contaminated by impulsive noise is processed by a median filter twice. Median filtering is a non-reversible process, i.e., useful information discarded by the filter cannot be recovered. This behavior becomes more apparent in two-pass median filtering. To correct this problem, between the two filtering processes we introduce an adaptive process to selectively replace some pixels by their original values based on the spatial distribution of estimated impulsive noise. Compared with standard median filtering and two-pass median filtering, better results are obtained in terms of visual appreciation and mean squared error. We use examples to demonstrate the performance of the method.
COMERCIANDO CON INCERTIDUMBRE: LOS MERCADOS DE AGUA EN LA AGRICULTURA CHILENA

This research examines the effect of uncertainty on farmers’ water trading decisions in the Limari River basin. The results show that farmers who face greater risks from water supply shortfalls, such as perennial crop farmers, will not participate in spot water markets but rather in permanent water rights markets. In addition, transactions will be generated not only by differences in the value of the marginal product of water, but also by differences in irrigation efficiency and for risk sharing motives. The main policy implication is that water rights hoarding may be efficient in a water market when it leads to efficient risk sharing among farmers.
Simulating discrete system pole location data with 3D effects using circular functions and determinants

The identities of two circular functions are used, through a geometric construction onto a unit circle representing the z-domain of discrete systems, to generate a set of planar triangles from which both edge length and area can be used to build and model a 3D data structure of the system.
Caudal dysgenesis in Islet-1 transgenic mice

Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is responsible for the occurrence of diabetic embryopathy, a spectrum of birth defects that includes heart abnormalities, neural tube defects, and caudal dysgenesis syndromes. Here, we report that mice transgenic for the homeodomain transcription factor Isl-1 develop profound caudal growth defects that resemble human sacral/caudal agenesis. Isl-1 is normally expressed in the pancreas and is required for pancreas development and endocrine cell differentiation. Aberrant regulation of this pancreatic transcription factor causes increased mesodermal cell death, and the severity of defects is dependent on transgene dosage. Together with the finding that mutation of the pancreatic transcription factor HLXB9 causes sacral agenesis, our results implicate pancreatic transcription factors in the pathogenesis of birth defects associated with diabetes.
A digital driving technique for an 8b QVGA AMOLED display using ΔΣ modulation

Active-matrix organic LED (AMOLED) is one of the most promising contenders for next-generation displays. However, the V T -shift issue in thin-film transistors (TFT) has to be addressed to enable wide deployment [1]. Voltage programming and current programming are well-known V T -shift-compensation techniques for analog driving. However, they all need more than 4 TFTs per pixel, which increases the panel complexity and decreases yield and aperture ratio. Recently, a V T -shift compensation technique that uses a 2TFT-1C pixel in an analog driving AMOLED has been reported [2]. However, it requires OLED supply voltage programming, and shows a 14% variation in OLED current after V T -shift compensation, which is not enough for high-definition applications. Digital driving has been proposed as an alternative to mitigate the V T -shift issue with a simple pixel structure and to provide flexibility to the driver design. Figure 15.4.1 shows the pixel structures for voltage programming, current programming and digital driving. While the gate of the driving TFT (M2) is in the high state, the voltage across M2 is very small due to the large current-driving capability of a TFT as compared with an OLED. Hence, the current through the OLED is dominated by the supply voltage (PVDD), and minimally affected by the variations in TFT characteristics [3]. Digital driving is also useful for true dark-level expression since the OLED can be completely turned off for black gray levels.
Interleaving dynamics in autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval systems

A state equation model is proposed for predicting the proportion of dual command cycles in autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval systems that use interleaving. This proportion is used to estimate storage and retrieval cycle times, system utilization and throughput capacity for alternative system design profiles defined by the number of storage aisles, storage rack height and depth, the vehicle fleet size and the number of lifts used for vertical movement. The state equation model enables the user to explicitly trade off model accuracy and computational complexity in the pre-engineering or 'concepting' stage of system development. A sample problem is used to demonstrate the model.
Glycaemic index knowledge and use among African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

waller b. & tzeng h.-m. (2010) Glycaemic index knowledge and use among African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Advanced Nursing67(5), 1102–1108. Abstract Aims. This exploratory pilot study investigated the extent to which African Americans with type 2 diabetes receive information on the glycaemic index and their knowledge of the index and use of this information. Background. The growing impact of type 2 diabetes has sparked the need for evidence-based policies that result in increased diabetes self-care among affected individuals. Because of the disproportionate prevalence and severity of type 2 diabetes among African Americans, specific focus on this population is warranted. The glycaemic index is a useful dietary tool for controlling blood glucose levels. However, information on knowledge and use of the glycaemic index among African Americans with type 2 diabetes is lacking. Methods. The data source was a convenience sample of 60 African American adults with type 2 diabetes from three churches located in the Midwest region of the United States. This was an exploratory study using survey design. Data collection was performed during the period from November 2007 to March 2008. Results. Although 73% of participants attended diabetes education classes, only 50% reported receiving education about the glycaemic index. Those attending diabetes education classes had a statistically significant higher knowledge of the glycaemic index and use of it. No statistically significant differences were found in age, gender, education, income or body mass index on the participants’ knowledge of glycaemic index or use of the glycaemic index. Conclusion. Use of certified nurse diabetes educators may be a positive step in providing consistent and up-to-date diabetes care information to African Americans with type 2 diabetes.
Frequency conversion in silicon waveguides over two-thirds of an octave

We demonstrate ultra-broadband low-peak-power frequency conversion of continuous-wave light in a silicon photonic structure via four-wave mixing. Our process produces continuous conversion over two-thirds of an octave from 1241-nm to 2078-nm wavelength light.
The Insula and Evaluative Processes

The insula has been implicated as a component of central networks subserving evaluative and affective processes. This study examined evaluative valence and arousal ratings in response to picture stimuli in patients with lesions of the insula and two contrast groups: a control-lesion group (the primary contrast group) and an amygdala-lesion group. Patients rated the positivity and negativity of picture stimuli (from very unpleasant to very pleasant) and how emotionally arousing they found the pictures to be. Compared with patients in the control-lesion group, patients with insular lesions reported reduced arousal in response to both unpleasant and pleasant stimuli, as well as marked attenuation of valence ratings. In contrast, the arousal ratings of patients with amygdala lesions were selectively attenuated for unpleasant stimuli, and these patients' positive and negative valence ratings did not differ from those of the control-lesion group. Results support the view that the insular cortex may play a broad role in integrating affective and cognitive processes, whereas the amygdala may have a more selective role in affective arousal, especially for negative stimuli.
Reconstructing image differences from tomographic Poisson data

Given two measurements of an image and a modified version of the image, we seek reconstructions of both the original image and the difference of the images. The data are assumed to be Poisson, with known nonnegative forward operator and nonnegative images. A penalized likelihood is minimized with the penalty equal to the sum of the absolute difference between the images. An alternating minimization algorithm is developed by reformulating the penalized maximum likelihood problem as a double minimization of I-divergence plus the penalty. This algorithm guarantees monotonic decrease in the objective function for each iteration. Simulations with random images and tomographic data are presented to demonstrate properties of the algorithm. Convergence properties of the algorithm are studied both theoretically and in simulations.
Effect of certain nonionic surfactants on the absorption of salicylic acid from solutions by the frog, Rana pipiens

Abstract Three concentrations each of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80 were added to dilute buffered solutions of salicylic acid and absorption of the drug by the frog studied by an immersion technique. The more dilute concentrations of polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 40 were almost as effective in increasing absorption as were the higher concentrations of polysorbate 60 and polysorbate 80. The absorption process appears to be first‐order, based on the concentration of drug remaining in solution. Statistical comparisons were made. Surface tensions of solutions were determined and dialysis methods were used to detect complexation. The surfactants used definitely influenced absorption. The effect appears to be due to complexation and possibly surface tension lowering.