cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ASKING DIFFERENTLY ABOUT RACE AND ETHNICITY: NEW NEEDS FOR A CHANGING POPULATION

Now is an opportune time to consider new ways to ask registrants for the GRE® General Test about their race and ethnicity. Growth in the percentage of Americans who identify as multiracial suggests the possibility that a sizeable percentage of registrants would self-report more than one race or ethnicity if given the opportunity to do so; furthermore, racial and ethnic questions currently asked might be inappropriate or insufficient for the increasing number of registrants who are not U.S. citizens or permanent U.S. residents and continuing to consider Hispanic origin a racial classification might be too restrictive. Because fairness at the group level can reflect only the groups that can be identified, how we ask people to identify their race and ethnicity is fundamental. Using stratified sampling and online questionnaires, we explored U.S.-style and international-style questions about race and ethnicity as potential replacements of or supplements to the questions on ETS's current GRE Background Information Questionnaire (BIQ). We investigated the effects of U.S. citizenship, birth country, U.S. permanent residency status, mono- and multiraciality, and Hispanic origin on the preferences that survey respondents had for certain question formats and content. Furthermore, we analyzed the qualitative survey responses to determine respondents' major concerns about various question formats. In response to the survey results, we recommend that ETS's current BIQ be amended to include (a) more pluralistic U.S.-style questions about race and ethnicity that conform to U.S. federal standards and (b) certain international-style questions.
Toward Quantitative Electrochemical Measurements on the Nanoscale by Scanning Probe Microscopy: Environmental and Current Spreading Effects

The application of electric bias across tip–surface junctions in scanning probe microscopy can readily induce surface and bulk electrochemical processes that can be further detected though changes in surface topography, Faradaic or conductive currents, or electromechanical strain responses. However, the basic factors controlling tip-induced electrochemical processes, including the relationship between applied tip bias and the thermodynamics of local processes, remains largely unexplored. Using the model Li-ion reduction reaction on the surface in Li-ion conducting glass ceramic, we explore the factors controlling Li-metal formation and find surprisingly strong effects of atmosphere and back electrode composition on the process. We find that reaction processes are highly dependent on the nature of the counter electrode and environmental conditions. Using a nondepleting Li counter electrode, Li particles could grow significantly larger and faster than a depleting counter electrode. Significant Li ion deplet...
Biosynthesis of radioactive allantoin.

Summary1. A convenient method for the isolation of allantoin from the urine of rats has been developed. 2. The carbon of sodium bicarbonate is not incorporated in the urinary allantoin of rats. This result is in accord with the fact that bicarbonate is incorporated only into position 6 of purines. 3. The carboxyl carbon of acetate is not involved in the biosynthesis of allantoin in the rat. 4. The carboxyl carbon of glycine is incorporated into position 4 of allantoin and the methylene carbon into position 5.
Example of the Couette iceform design model: flat plate iceformation

Abstract This paper presents an application of the Couette iceform design model. Two-dimensional iceformation over a cold flat plate is used to demonstrate the evolution theory approach to controlling the ice formation shaping process. Theoretical ice profiles reasonably matched experimental results. Optimal control parameter relationships for designing minimum energy dissipation shapes were obtained. These results could be used in iceform design of shapes for complex flows such as wing/fuselage and tube/fin junctures.
Trends in operative experience of pediatric surgical residents in the United States and Canada.

Abstract Purpose Expansion of the number of training programs in pediatric surgery occurred from 2003 through 2010. We sought to determine the effect of program expansion on case volume and distribution of operative experience. Methods Public domain data on pediatric surgery resident summary statistics available from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) from July 2003 through June 2010 were analyzed. Total case volume as primary surgeon or teaching assistant, mean case volume per resident, standard deviation, mode, minimum, and maximum number of cases per resident were evaluated. Mean total cases per resident, minimally invasive laparoscopic and thoracoscopic cases, and requisite cases as defined by the ACGME categories of: tumor, important pediatric surgical, and neonatal cases were analyzed by a Cuzick Wilcoxon-type nonparametric trend statistic using a significance level of 0.05. Skew was assessed by Pearson coefficient with levels of −0.5 to 0.5 defining a parametric distribution. Results The number of pediatric surgical training residents increased by 42% during the years reported, from 24 to 34. No statistically significant difference was found in the mean number of total cases or requisite cases per resident. The mean volume of minimally invasive procedures increased significantly. Case volume per resident was non-parametrically distributed with increasing positive skew over time. Conclusions The increase in number of pediatric surgical resident training positions has not adversely affected overall operative experience or exposure to highly specialized requisite cases, on average. The increasing positive skew of total and index cases, however, suggests that variability between programs in case exposure is increasing over time.
Caveat Venditor? Museum Merchandising, Nonprofit Commercialization, and the Case of the Metropolitan Museum in New York

This paper reviews some of the underpinnings of the current commercialization debate in the nonprofit sector, based on an analysis of Metropolitan Museum of Art data from 1960 to 2002. The case suggests at least two avenues for additional research: First, while analysts tend to see the origins of the commercialization phenomenon in the fiscal setbacks of the 1980s, the economic crisis of the 1970s and the resulting erosion of endowment funds may also have been an as of yet unexplored driving force behind the commercialization trend. Second, current conceptual frameworks of the phenomenon adequately explain the motivations behind the observable rise of the museum's commercial activities. However, the changing rationales as well as economic fortunes of commercial activities in this case highlight the need for a better understanding of the long-term effects and consequences of commercial activity by nonprofit organizations, particularly in light of the current push for increased entrepreneurialism.
Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of bio-ethanol from wheat grain and straw produced in the south-eastern USA

Biofuels can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by replacing fossil fuels. However, the energy yield from agronomic crops varies due to local climate, weather and soil variability. A variation in the yield of raw material used (feedstock) could also cause variability in GHG reductions if biofuels are used. The goal of the present study was to determine the net reduction of GHG emissions if ethanol from wheat produced in different regions of the south-eastern USA is used as an alternative to gasoline from fossil fuel sources. Two scenarios were investigated; the first included ethanol produced from grain only, and the second included ethanol produced from both grain and wheat straw. Winter wheat yield was simulated with the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CERES-Wheat model for climate, soil and crop management representing six counties in the following USA states: Alabama, Florida and Georgia. Ethanol production was determined from the simulated grain and straw yields together with fixed grain and straw yield ethanol ratios. Subsequently, net reductions in GHG emissions were determined by accounting for the emissions from the replaced gasoline, and by animal feed and electricity that were replaced by ethanol processing co-products. Greenhouse gases that were emitted in the ethanol production chain were also taken into account. Across all locations, the reduction in GHG emissions was 187 g CO2-equivalents/km in the grain-only scenario and 208 g CO2-equivalents/km in the grain and straw scenario. The reductions in GHG emissions varied significantly between locations and growing seasons within the two scenarios. Similar approaches could be applied to assess the environmental impact of GHG emissions from other biofuels.
Energy cost, the key challenge of today's data centers: a power consumption analysis of TPC-C results

Historically, performance and price-performance of computer systems have been the key purchasing arguments for customers. With rising energy costs and increasing power use due to the ever-growing demand for computing power (servers, storage, networks), electricity bills have become a significant expense for today's data centers. In the very near future, energy efficiency is expected to be one of the key purchasing arguments. Some performance organizations, such as SPEC, have developed power benchmarks for single servers (SPECpower_ssj2008), but so far, no benchmark exists that measures the power consumption of transaction processing systems. In this paper, we develop a power consumption model based on data readily available in the TPC-C full disclosure report of published benchmarks. We verify our model with measurements taken from three fully scaled and optimized TPC-C configurations including client (middle-tier) systems, database server, and storage subsystem. By applying this model to a subset of 7 years of TPC-C results, we identify the most power-intensive components and demonstrate the existing power consumption trends over time. Assuming similar trends in the future, the hardware enhancements alone will not be able to satisfy the demand for energy efficiency. In its outlook, this paper looks at potential hardware and software enhancements to meet the energy efficiency demands of future systems. Realizing the importance of energy efficiency, the Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) has formed a working group to look into adding energy efficiency metrics to all its benchmarks. This paper is expected to complement this initiative.
Ion dissociation dynamics and thermochemistry by photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy

Abstract Photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) is a technique that permits the mass spectrometric investigation of energy-selected ions. Dissociation rates and accurate dissociation onsets can be measured. Such data provide not only rigorous tests of the statistical theories for unimolecular reactions, but also provide benchmark heats of formation for anchoring the gas-phase proton affinity scale. When combined with other mass spectrometric methods and quantum calculations of ionic structures, PEPICO provides a means to place the field of ion structures on a firm quantitative basis. Ions are produced by dispersed vacuum ultraviolet radiation in a small electric field in which electrons and ions are extracted in opposite directions. By measuring only ions in coincidence with energy-selected electrons, the ion internal energy is established by conservation of energy [E(ion) = hν − IE − E(el)]. Recent results as well as new developments in pulsed-field ionization and velocity map imaging are discussed.
An instant-switching Δ---Σ fractional-N frequency synthesizer with adjustable duty cycles

A Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)-based frequency synthesizer (FS) with adjustable duty cycle is presented. By employing digital processing circuitry and the ?---Σ fractional-N technique, the FS is capable of generating arbitrary frequencies in a wide frequency range, and capable of adjusting the clock duty cycles. In addition, the switching between different frequencies is instant except when a very fine frequency resolution is required. The adjustable duty cycle and instant switching are desired features in applications such as time-interleaved Analog-to-Digital-Converters (ADCs), switched-capacitor circuits, and DC---DC converters. The design was fabricated using a 0.13 μm CMOS process. This paper gives the theories, analysis, implementation, and measurement results of this FS.
Comparison of three seabird bycatch avoidance methods in Hawaii-based pelagic longline fisheries

Capture in longline fisheries is a critical threat to most albatross and large petrel species. Blackfooted Phoebastria nigripes and Laysan P. immutabilis albatrosses are the predominant seabird species incidentally caught in Hawaii longline fisheries. This study reports results of a trial in the Hawaii pelagic longline tuna and swordfish fisheries comparing four experimental treatments’ seabird capture rates and commercial viability. Two research fishing trips were conducted between 1 April and 17 May 2003 on a Hawaii-based pelagic longline vessel, at traditional fishing grounds south of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, between 21° 41′N and 25° 08′N, 173° 58′W and 167° 43′W.
Adrenocortical function in hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients.

Abstract The urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids has been studied in 100 subjects (50 hypertensive and 50 nonhypertensive), using a double-blind technique. The data of this study indicate that there is no significant difference in the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids by nonhypertensive and hypertensive patients. As has been noted previously, 2 there was also no significant difference in the influence of diuretics upon the excretion of steroids.
Treatment Strategies for Myocardial Recovery in Heart Failure

Heart failure is a progressive disorder characterized by adverse left ventricular remodeling. Until recently, this has been thought to be an irreversible process. Mechanical unloading with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), particularly if combined with neurohormonal blockade with heart failure medications, can lead to a reversal of the heart failure phenotype, a process called “reverse remodeling.” Reverse remodeling refers to the regression of pathologic myocardial hypertrophy and improvement in LV chamber size that can occur in response to treatment. Myocardial recovery is the sustained normalization of structural, molecular, and hemodynamic changes sufficient to allow explant of the LVAD. Despite the fact that reverse remodeling is commonly seen in LVAD patients in clinical practice, myocardial recovery sufficient to allow device explantation is still rare. Previous experience suggests that young patients with short duration of heart failure and less myocardial fibrosis may be more likely to recover. Alternatively, it may just be that clinicians make a greater effort to recover these subgroups. A combined approach of mechanical unloading with LVADs and pharmacological management, together with regular testing of underlying myocardial function with the pump reduced to a speed at which it is not contributing, can increase the frequency of sustained recovery from heart failure. The goal is to achieve optimal unloading of the myocardium, combined with pharmacologic therapy aimed at promoting reverse remodeling. Myocardial recovery must be considered as a therapeutic target. Clinical variables such as pump speed and blood pressure must be optimized to promote maximal unloading, leading to reverse remodeling and myocardial recovery. Frequent echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation of underlying myocardial function must be performed. The combination of LVAD therapy with optimal neurohormonal blockade appears promising as an approach to myocardial recovery. In addition, there is a growing body of translational research which, when combined with LVADs, may further promote more durable recovery. Strategies to thicken the myocardium to enhance the durability of recovery prior to explantation, such as clenbuterol (which induces “physiological hypertrophy”), or intermittently reducing the pump speed to increase myocardial load may be beneficial. Emergence of cardiac stem cells and alternative biologic agents, when added to current therapies, may have a complementary role in promoting and maintaining myocardial recovery. This review will summarize both current strategies and emerging therapies.
Normal forms for three-dimensional parametric instabilities in ideal hydrodynamics

We derive and analyze several low dimensional Hamiltonian normal forms describing system symmetry breaking in ideal hydrodynamics. The equations depend on two parameters (^є, λ), where ^є is the strength of a system symmetry breaking perturbation and λ is a detuning parameter. In many cases the resulting equations are completely integrable and have an interesting Hamiltonian structure. Our work is motivated by three-dimensional instabilities of rotating columnar fluid flows with circular streamlines (such as the Burger vortex) subjected to precession, elliptical distortion or off-center displacement.
Experience with an approach to comparing software design methodologies

Introduces a systematic and defined process called "comparison of design methodologies" (CDM) for objectively comparing software design methodologies (SDMs). We believe that using CDM will lead to detailed, traceable, and objective comparisons. CDM uses process modeling techniques to model SDMs, classify their components, and analyze their procedural aspects. Modeling the SDMs entails decomposing their methods into components and analyzing the structure and functioning of the components. The classification of the components illustrates which components address similar design issues and/or have similar structures. Similar components then may be further modeled to aid in more precisely understanding their similarities and differences. The models of the SDMs are also used as the bases for conjectures and analyses about the differences between the SDMs. This paper describes three experiments that we carried out in evaluating CDM. The first uses CDM to compare Jackson System Development (JSD) and Booch's (1986) object-oriented design. The second uses CDM to compare two other pairs of SDMs. The last one compares some of our comparisons with other comparisons done in the past using different approaches. The results of these experiments demonstrate that process modeling is valuable as a powerful tool in analysis of software development approaches. >
Price-matching policies: An empirical case

Promises by retailers to match the prices of their competitors give an impression of fierce price competition. These policies, however, may deter rivals from cutting prices because the threat of price matching makes it more likely that market share will not be gained. This paper empirically tests these two conflicting theories using data collected from grocery stores in a market where several stores had announced that they would match the prices of the low-price supermarket. The evidence supports the theory that price-matching policies help supermarkets avoid price competition and therefore lead to generally higher prices.
New Constraints on Methane Fluxes and Rates of Anaerobic Methane Oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico Brine Pool via In Situ Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Deep-sea biogeochemical cycles are, in general, poorly understood owing to the difficulties of making measurements in situ, recovering samples with minimal perturbation, and, in many cases, coping with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, biogeochemical fluxes of volatiles such as methane remain largely unconstrained because of the difficulties with accurate quantification in situ and the patchiness of point sources such as seeps and brine pools. To better constrain biogeochemical fluxes and cycling, we have developed a deep-sea in situ mass spectrometer (ISMS) to enable high-resolution quantification of volatiles in situ. Here we report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located at a depth of over 2300 m. Concentrations of up to 33 mM methane were observed within the brine pool, whereas concentrations in the water directly above were three orders of magnitude lower. These direct measurements enabled us to make the first accurate estimates of the diffusive flux from a brine pool, calculated to be 1.1±0.2 mol m−2 yr−1. Integrated rate measurements of aerobic methane oxidation in the water column overlying the brine pool were ∼320 μmol m−2 yr−1, accounting at most for just 0.03% of the diffusive methane flux from the brine pool. Calculated rates of anaerobic methane oxidation were 600–1200 μM yr−1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously published values of AOM in anoxic fluids. These findings suggest that brine pools are enormous point sources of methane in the deep sea, and may, in aggregate, have a pronounced impact on the global marine methane cycle.
A Dual Function Activity-Dependent, Muscle-Specific Enhancer from Rat Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor &Subunit Gene

SUMMARY Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) mediate communication between nerve and muscle. The expression of these receptors increases dramatically during muscle development when myoblasts are fusing into multinucleated myotubes. The molecular mechanisms mediating this muscle developmental stage specific expression are not well understood. We report here the identification of nAChR b-subunit promoter DNA sequences that differentially interact with nuclear proteins isolated from myoblasts, myotubes, and nonmuscle cells. The functional role these sequences play in mediating musclespecific expression was explored using mutagenesis and enhancer assays. These studies resulted in the identifi
Tolcapone addition improves Parkinson's disease associated nonmotor symptoms.

Background:Addition of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors to a conventional levodopa/dopadecarboxylase inhibitor regimen improves motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Optimizin...
The `lightning' gold nanorods: fluorescence enhancement of over a million compared to the gold metal

Abstract Gold nanorods capped with micelles and having an aspect ratio of 2.0–5.4 are found to fluoresce with a quantum yield which is over a million times that of the metal. For rods of the same width, the yield is found to increase quadratically while the wavelength maximum increases linearly with the length. We assign this emission to the electron and hole interband recombination. The increase in the emission yield results from the enhancement effect of the incoming and outgoing electric fields via coupling to the surface plasmon resonance in the rods. This is similar to the previously proposed fluorescence and the Raman enhancement on noble metal rough surfaces.
Oxygen Ion Mobility in Cubic Zr0.85Ca0.15O1.85

Oxygen ion mobility in the cubic fluorite-structure phase having the composition Zr0.85Ca0.15O1.85 has been directly determined by exchange measurements employing the stable isotope O18 and mass spectrometer analysis. Measurements of electrical conductivity have been carried out as a function of both temperature and oxygen pressure. Results indicate that the conductivity is wholly ionic with a transfer number near unity for the oxygen ion.
Performance Evaluation of an EDA-Based Large-Scale Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Algorithm

The anticipation of a large penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) into the market brings up many technical problems that need to be addressed. In the near future, a large number of PHEVs in our society will add a large-scale energy load to our power grids, as well as add substantial energy resources that can be utilized. An emerging issue is that a large number of PHEVs simultaneously connected to the grid may pose a huge threat to the overall power system quality and stability. In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm for optimally managing a large number of PHEVs (e.g., 3000) charging at a municipal parking station. The authors used the estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) to intelligently allocate electrical energy to the PHEVs connected to the grid. A mathematical framework for the objective function (i.e., maximizing the average state-of-charge at the next time step) is also given. The authors considered real-world constraints such as energy price, remaining battery capacity, and remaining charging time. The authors also simulated the real-world parking deck scenarios according to the statistical analysis based on the transportation data. The authors characterized the performance of EDA using a Matlab simulation, and compared it with other optimization techniques.
The Environment Value of an Opponent Model

We develop an upper bound for the potential performance improvement of an agent using a best response to a model of an opponent instead of an uninformed game-theoretic equilibrium strategy. We show that the bound is a function of only the domain structure of an adversarial environment and does not depend on the actual actors in the environment. This bounds-finding technique will enable system designers to determine if and what type of opponent models would be profitable in a given adversarial environment. It also gives them a baseline value with which to compare performance of instantiated opponent models. We study this method in two domains: selecting intelligence collection priorities for convoy defense and determining the value of predicting enemy decisions in a simplified war game.
Optimizing Dynamically-Typed Object-Oriented Languages With Polymorphic Inline Caches

Polymorphic inline caches (PICs) provide a new way to reduce the overhead of polymorphic message sends by extending inline caches to include more than one cached lookup result per call site. For a set of typical object-oriented SELF programs, PICs achieve a median speedup of 11%.
Generating cognitive dissonance in student interviews through multiple representations

This study explores what students understand about enzyme–substrate interactions, using multiple representations of the phenomenon. In this paper we describe our use of the 3 Phase-Single Interview Technique with multiple representations to generate cognitive dissonance within students in order to uncover misconceptions of enzyme–substrate interactions. Findings from 25 student interviews are interpreted through the lens of multiple theoretical frameworks, including personal constructivism and coherence formation. The importance of classroom teachers engaging students in dialogue about representations is discussed.
Risk and protective factors for psychopathology among older versus younger adults after the 2004 Florida hurricanes

Objective: Previous research demonstrates increased resiliency to psychopathology after disasters among older adults. However, little is known about differences in age-based risk and protective factors for postdisaster mental illness. Method: The authors used random-digit dialing methodology to survey 1,130 older adults (60 years) and 413 younger adults residing in Florida counties directly affected by the 2004 hurricanes. Assessed risk and protective factors included demographics, social support, displacement, incurred dollar losses, perceived positive outcomes, and selfrated health status. Outcome variables included symptom counts of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-defined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Results: Older adults reported fewer symptoms of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Explanatory risk variables accounted for large proportions of variance, but differed in meaningful ways across age groups. Conclusion: Although older adults are less symptomatic, their psychologic reactions appear more closely connected to economic consequences of disasters. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:1051–1059)
Mechanistic study of hydrogen/deuterium exchange between [M - 1]− ions of chlorinated benzenes and D2O or ND3

Low-energy collisions between [M - 1]− ions derived from the three isomers of dichlorobenzene and deuterated water and ammonia are found to produce distinctive hydrogen/ deuterium (H/D) exchange reaction product patterns. The predominant products observed for p-, m-, and o-dichlorobenzene are 1, 2, and 3 sequential deuterium exchanges, respectively. The reactivity is substantially higher for D2O than ND3 We postulate a mechanism that involves the formation of a five-membered-ring intermediate. The intermediate is thought to be initiated by the attack of ND3 or D2O at the localized negative charge site on the aromatic ring. A successful exchange is followed by the relocation of the charge site to the adjacent carbon. Ion products with higher degrees of deuterium substitution than the expected predominant products of their corresponding isomers are believed to be the results of isomerization of the reactant ions occurring in the ion source. The proposed mechanism fuily explains the observed product spectra derived from al1 the isomers of chlorinated benzenes. The trends for the formation of various H/D exchange products represented by the sweated product-time plots based on the proposed mechanism compare well with the similar trends obtained from the experimental product-pressure plots. The reaction is useful for the mass spectrometric differentiation of chlorobenzene isomers.
VIRTUAL SYSTEM DESIGN ENVIRONMENT

The Virtual System Design Environment (VSDE) is an initiative under development through NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC's) System Engineering Services & Advanced Concepts (SESAC) Branch. The SESAC Information Based System Engineering (IBSE) team identified the needs and challenges of potential GSFC engineering and science users and how VSDE can meet these requirements. Prominent amid these challenges were the tasks and the engineering support necessary to effectively perform system concept (mission, instrument and science measurement) formulation and development. They identified that working and collaborating with other geographically distributed scientists, engineers, and team members could significantly enhance science value. The VSDE has been developed in close collaboration with potential users. The initial deployment focused on supporting collaborative design activities among distributed engineers. VSDE users were able to use the collaboration, notification, and white-boarding services to modify spacecraft structural models following a defined work scenario. Follow-on developments have focused on supporting scientists in the capture and refinement of measurement and mission concepts for mission planning. In this paper we present the VSDE project, system capabilities and technologies, a case study and the tools used, and provide a discussion of metrics collected to feature user feedback, design cycle time savings, and current as well as future capabilities.
Positron Emission Tomography in the Evaluation of the N0 Neck

The presence of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck cancer is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Reports vary as to whether various conventional radiographic studies, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, confer an advantage over physical examination in the patient without clinical findings of cervical metastasis (N0). Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging modality that has recently been used for head and neck neoplasms. The use of PET in the evaluation of the N0-staged neck in 14 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract is reported. Seven patients (50%) undergoing 13 neck dissections had pathologic evidence of disease. PET scans were positive in five patients with pathologically confirmed cervical metastasis. PET scans were negative in seven patients (11 neck dissections) with no pathologic evidence of disease. PET scans were positive for unilateral cervical metastasis in two of three patients with involvement of a single lymph node. PET scans were positive in two of three patients with more than two lymph nodes involved. PET had an accuracy of 100% in the eight patients with SCC of the oral cavity. In patients with oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma PET localized cervical metastasis in two of four patients with neck metastasis. In the patient with an N0-staged neck on clinical examination, PET was found to have an overall sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 88%, and accuracy of 92%. CT demonstrated sensitivity of 57%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 80%, negative predictive value of 75%, and accuracy of 76%. PET showed a trend in increased accuracy (P = 0.11) over CT. PET appears to be a promising diagnostic aid that may be applied when evaluating the N0-staged neck, especially for SCC of the oral cavity.
Visual Madlibs: Fill in the Blank Description Generation and Question Answering

In this paper, we introduce a new dataset consisting of 360,001 focused natural language descriptions for 10,738 images. This dataset, the Visual Madlibs dataset, is collected using automatically produced fill-in-the-blank templates designed to gather targeted descriptions about: people and objects, their appearances, activities, and interactions, as well as inferences about the general scene or its broader context. We provide several analyses of the Visual Madlibs dataset and demonstrate its applicability to two new description generation tasks: focused description generation, and multiple-choice question-answering for images. Experiments using joint-embedding and deep learning methods show promising results on these tasks.
Imaging Protein-Protein Interactions in Whole Cells and Living Animals

These studies demonstrate that noninvasive molecular imaging of protein-protein interactions may enable investigators to determine how intrinsic binding specificities of proteins are regulated in a wide variety of normal and pathophysiologic conditions. These tools provide a platform for detection of regulated and small molecule-induced protein-protein interactions in intact cells and living animals and should enable a wide range of novel applications in biomedi-cine, drug discovery, chemical genetics, and proteomics research.
Yesterday's Enemy Is the Friend of Today: Villain in one Location Is the Victim at Another

Dear Mom and Dad,I'm finally settling down in the dorms. The Alumnae Society has given me a brand new set of linens and my American host family has taken me shopping. Right now, all my basic needs are taken care of.I know that allowing your eldest daughter to attend college in America is a difficult decision for you. You would rather that I go to the University of Malaya where I had also been admitted. You could also have my help with the store and with the younger ones at home. But you urged me to go. I know the May 13 racial riot in Kuala Lumpur has made everyone very nervous. The government said the death toll among the Chinese was only 100 but being a Chinese minority in Malaysia is not easy at this time. Many are fearful of a pogrom similar to the one in Indonesia just a few years ago. You urged me: "Go to America, in case something should happen to us, you will be safe there."So, here I am, exactly 12,000 miles away from home. My day here is your night there and your night there is my day here. The ...
Managing the Future of the Electricity Grid: Distributed Generation and Net Metering

As distributed energy generation is becoming increasingly common, the debate on how a utility’s customers should be compensated for the excess energy they sell back to the grid is intensifying. And net metering, the practice of compensating for such energy at the retail rate for electricity, is becoming the subject of intense political disagreement. Utilities argue that net metering fails to compensate them for grid construction and distribution costs and that it gives rise to regressive cost shifting among its customers. Conversely, solar energy proponents argue that the compensation should be higher than the retail rate to account for other benefits that distributed generation systems provide, such as the resulting climate change and other environmental benefits, as well as the savings resulting from not needing to build new installations to provide additional capacity. This ongoing debate is leading to significant changes to net metering policies in many states. This Article provides a thorough analysis of the benefits and the costs of distributed generation and highlights the analytical flaws and missing elements in the competing positions and in all the existing policies. We propose an alternative approach that properly recognizes the respective contributions to the electric grid of utilities on the one hand and of distributed generators on the other. We show, however, that this policy is second-best as a result of certain constraints on how electricity can currently be priced. For the longer run, when these constraints might no longer be present, we discuss the need to consider net metering as part of a more comprehensive energy reform that would ensure the efficient integration of all distributed energy resources into the electricity grid. These reforms are needed to secure our Nation’s clean energy future.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy using novel tools designed for transluminal therapy: a porcine study.

Background and study aims: Surgical gastroenterostomy is associated with appreciable morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the technical feasibility and outcomes of a new method of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gastroenterostomy using novel tools designed for transluminal therapy. Methods: In one acute and four survival female pigs, a gastroenterostomy was created under EUS guidance. Novel tools used included: (i) an anchor wire; (ii) an access device; (iii) a fully covered metal stent with bilateral lumen-apposing anchors. The anchor guide wire was inserted through a standard 19-G fine needle aspiration (FNA) needle to appose the small-bowel and stomach walls. The access device created a 3.5-mm fistula opening for insertion of the stent delivery catheter. The stent lumen was dilated to 10 mm to pass a gastroscope into the small bowel. Results: The procedure was technically successful in all animals. No bleeding occurred. In one acute animal, necropsy showed good stent position and no tissue injury. In four survival animals, the stents remained fully patent and all animals showed normal eating behavior without signs of infection. Stents were easily removed without tissue trauma at 4.5 weeks (n = 3) or 5.5 weeks (n = 1). After stent removal, the tracts appeared mature and were easily intubated with the gastroscope. Necropsy and histopathology showed complete fusion of the stomach and small-bowel wall layers at the site of gastroenterostomy. Conclusions: EUS-guided gastroenterostomy is feasible using novel tools with no adverse outcomes in a survival porcine model. Further study of this is indicated as an alternative to surgical bypass for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction in appropriately selected patients.
SP0006 Interstitial lung disease in rheumatic diseases: What do we know?

Respiratory manifestations cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Not infrequently, respiratory involvement may be the presenting manifestation of CTDs. These disease features occurring in a patient with known CTD may be due to the underlying CTD, a treatment-related adverse effect such as a drug reaction, opportunistic infection, or an unrelated process. Clinical features of ILD include exertional dyspnea and/or chronic cough and inspiratory crackles There is a relatively high prevalence of subclinical intersitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with CTDs. The frequency of ILD in rheumatoid arthritis is about 20 to 30% of patients, while ILD may occur in 20 to 50% of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis, 40-50% or more of patients with systemic sclerosis, 2 to 5% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 20 to 60% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease, and up to 25% of patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. The spectrum of ILD varies depending on the underlying CTD. The histologic pattern seen in the lung biopsy is usually not diagnostic of the underlying CTD, however, the histologic pattern of disease can determine the radiologic features and influences clinical presentation, response to therapy, and prognosis. Beyond what is known about the genetics of the underlying CTD, no specific genetic associations have been identified for CTD ILD. A few simple diagnostic procedures may address >95% of pulmonary consultation questions related to ILD in the CTDs. These include CBC with differential, pulmonary function tests with DLCO, high resolution computed tomography of the chest, and appropriate serologies. Secondary tests can include echocardiogram and bronchoscopy with bronchioalveolar lavage. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory therapy are commonly used in management of CTD-ILD, with variable response. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Stabilization, isomerization and rearrangement of enyne [4 + 4]-cycloadducts.

Reactive 1,2,5-cyclooctatrienes, formed by photocycloaddition of 2-pyridones with enynes, are stabilized by steric shielding, slowing or preventing an otherwise facile [2 + 2]-dimerization reaction. Diisopropylsilyl ether-tethered reactants paired with an alkene substituent (R) produce allenes that are stable (R = TMS) or that isomerize to 1,3-dienes by hydrogen migration (R = alkyl). Under acidic conditions, hydrolysis of the photoproduct’s silyl ether can lead to a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
Mortality of house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus, exposed to dehydrating conditions or selected pesticides.

The LT50's of Dermatophagoides farinae subjected 40% and 50% rh and 25°, 28°, 31° and 34°C ranged from 1.33 to 3.98 days. LT50's for females were higher than those for males. Males were more susceptible to dessication than females. LT50's for the females of D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus were obtained when exposed for 24 hr to 1%% or less diazinon, Dowco® 214, Kara thane®, Rabon®, Ronnel®, and Pentac®. Concentrations greater than 1% were required to obtain an LT50 using Abate®, allethrin, Butacide®, malathion, rotenone, and Tedion®.
The Infidence of Defect Concentrations on Migration Energies in AgZn Alloys

Migration energies in Ag of vacancies, interstitials, Zn impurity atoms, interstitial-impurity complexes, and vacancy-impurity complexes were calculated using Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potentials in Molecular Statics calculations. A new Zn EAM potential was determined and used in these calculations. The dependence of the migration energies on local defect concentrations was determined in a linear approximation. Binding and formation energies of defects are also presented. A new model for the migration energy appropriate for defect reactions is introduced.
The influence of growth medium on axenic cultivation of virulent and avirulent Acanthamoeba.

SummaryThe growth characteristics are described for two strains of pathogenic Acanthamoeba cultured in an axenic, peptone-based medium under aerated suspension conditions. The highly virulent A-1 amebae grew exponentially with a constant generation time of 8–9 hr to densities of 2.5–3.5 × 106 cells/ml. The HN-3 chronically virulent strain, whose growth medium was enriched with serum, exhibited a generation time of 10–11 hr and attained exponential densities of 1–2 × 106 cells/ml. Encystment readily occurred in stationary phase cultures of HN-3 cells, but not in A-1 cultures. A comparison was made of the growth parameters of the pathogenic Acanthamoeba to the nonpathogenic Neff strain cultured under similar conditions.
Do Affordable Housing Projects Harm Suburban Communities? Crime, Property Values, and Property Taxes in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey

This paper offers a mixed-method investigation of the community-level consequences of suburban affordable housing development. Opponents of affordable housing development often suggest that the creation of affordable housing will harm surrounding communities. Feared consequences typically include increases in crime, decreases in property values, and increases in taxes. Underlying these fears is the hypothesis that the introduction of affordable housing is associated with community decline. To empirically evaluate this hypothesis, the paper uses the case of Mt. Laurel, NJ - the site of landmark affordable housing legal cases and subsequent 100%-affordable housing development. Employing a time series group control experiment, we use simple OLS regression to compare crime, property value, and property tax outcomes in Mt. Laurel to the outcomes in similar nearby municipalities that did not build comparable 100%-affordable housing developments. We find that affordable housing development was not associated with increase crime, decreased property values, and increased taxes. To better understand the community-level consequences of affordable housing development, we also analyze 102 in-depth interviews with residents, police officers, and public officials. Overall, the findings suggest that affordable housing does not harm the communities in which it is developed. We discuss the implications of these findings for sociological understandings of neighborhood effects and for policy dilemmas.
Application and Development of the Disaster Backup Technique in the Power Dispatching Automation System of Ningbo Grid

With contineous development of the power grid, reliability of the dispatching and control automation system can not be more important to the power grid. This paper presents the design of the integrated dispatching and control system in Ningbo grid (hereinafter referred to as "the system") and it proposes that the system serve as the standby facilities for the integrated control system of 220 kV substations and vice versa, and the system can also serve as the standby for the centralized control system of 500 kV substations and the control automation systems in Ninghai county and Xiangshan county. Implementation of the integrated system helps improve development and application of the standby technology for disaster cases.
Mountain building on Io driven by deep faulting

The high relief on Jupiter’s moon Io has been linked to compression due to global subsidence. Simulations show that Io’s mountains may form along thrust faults that initiate at the lithosphere’s base where the compressive stresses are highest. Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io possesses some of the highest relief in the Solar System: massive, isolated mountain blocks that tower up to 17 km above the surrounding plains. These mountains are likely to result from pervasive compressive stresses induced by subsidence of the surface beneath the near-continual emplacement of volcanic material. The stress state that results from subsidence and warming of Io’s lithosphere has been investigated in detail1,2,3,4; however, the mechanism of orogenesis itself and its effect on regional tectonism and volcanism has not been firmly established. Here we present viscoelastic–plastic finite element simulations demonstrating that Io’s mountains form along deep-seated thrust faults that initiate at the base of the lithosphere and propagate upward. We show that faulting fundamentally alters the stress state of Io’s lithosphere by relieving the large volcanism-induced subsidence stresses. Notably, in the upper portion of the lithosphere, stresses become tensile (near-zero differential stress). A number of processes are therefore altered post-faulting, including magma transport through the lithosphere, interactions with tidal stresses and potentially the localization of mountain formation by thermoelastic stresses. We conclude that Io’s mountains form by a unique orogenic mechanism, compared with tectonic processes operating elsewhere in the Solar System.