cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Density-dependent reduction and induction of milkweed cardenolides by a sucking insect herbivore.

The effect of aphid population size on host-plant chemicalDefense expression and the effect of plantDefense on aphid population dynamics were investigated in a milkweed-specialist herbivore system. Density effects of the aposematic oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, on cardenolide expression were measured in two milkweed species, Asclepias curassavica and A. incarnata. These plants vary in constitutive chemical investment with high mean cardenolide concentration in A. curassavica and low to zero in A. incarnata. The second objective was toDetermine whether cardenolide expression in these two host plants impacts mean A. nerii colony biomass (mg) andDensity. Cardenolide concentration (μg/g) of A. curassavica in both aphid-treated leaves and opposite, herbivore-free leavesDecreased initially in comparison with aphid-free controls, and then increased significantly with A. neriiDensity. Thus, A. curassavica responds to aphid herbivory initially withDensity-dependent phytochemical reduction, followed by induction of cardenolides to concentrations above aphid-free controls. In addition, mean cardenolide concentration of aphid-treated leaves was significantly higher than that of opposite, herbivore-free leaves. Therefore, A. curassavica induction is strongest in herbivore-damaged tissue. Conversely, A. incarnata exhibited no such chemical response to aphid herbivory. Furthermore, neither host plant responded chemically to herbivore feeding duration time (days) or to the interaction between herbivore initialDensity and feeding duration time. There were also no significant differences in mean colony biomass or populationDensity of A. nerii reared on high cardenolide (A. curassavica) and low cardenolide (A. incarnata) hosts.
RNA-DNA hybridization studies with the crown gall bacteria and the tobacco tumor tissue.

Abstract The DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains 4–32, B 6 (tumorogenic) and 11BNV 6 (nontumorogenic) showed respectively 0.44, 0.38 and 0.24 percent hybridization with RNA fraction “C” (14-18S RNA) from the tobacco tumor tissue but no significant hybridization with and RNA fraction from the normal tissue. It is suggested that crown gall tumors may contain “infective agent” from the bacteria. The “infective agent” in different tumorogenic strains of crown gall bacteria may be related and the non-tumorogenic strain may carry an “infective agent” with some defect.
Learning in Equity-Oriented Scale-Making Projects

This article examines how new forms of learning and expertise are made to become consequential in changing communities of practice. We build on notions of scale making to understand how particular relations between practices, technologies, and people become meaningful across spatial and temporal trajectories of social action. A key assumption of our perspective is that the scale relations that give meaning to our actions are not natural but are contested in social, cultural, and political projects. Studying these contentious activities can help us understand the nature of changing participation in dynamic and historically developed practices. Using case materials from 3 groups engaged in the local food justice movement in the western United States, we illustrate their engagement in equity-oriented scale making. Defining features of this work included identifying leverage points within inequitable systems; developing strategies for remediating scale relations to include the perspectives of historically mar...
[3H]Bicuculline Methochloride Binding to Low‐Affinity γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Sites

The binding of [3H]bicuculline methochloride (BMC) to mammalian brain membranes was characterized and compared with that of [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA). The radiolabeled GABA receptor antagonist showed significant displaceable binding in Tris-citrate buffer that was improved by high concentrations of chloride, iodide, or thiocyanate, reaching greater than 50% displacement in the presence of 0.1 M SCN-. An apparent single class of binding sites for [3H]BMC (KD = 30 nM) was observed in 0.1 M SCN- for fresh or frozen rat cortex or several regions of frozen and thawed bovine brain. The Bmax was about 2 pmol bound/mg of crude mitochondrial plus microsomal membranes from unfrozen washed and osmotically shocked rat cortex, similar to that for [3H]GABA. Frozen membranes, however, showed decreased levels of [3H]BMC binding with no decrease or an actual increase in [3H]GABA binding sites. [3H]BMC binding was inhibited by GABA receptor specific ligands, but showed a higher affinity for antagonists and lower affinity for agonists than did [3H]GABA binding. Kinetics experiments with [3H]GABA binding revealed that low- and high-affinity sites showed a similar pharmacological specificity for a series of GABA receptor ligands, but that whereas all agonists had a higher affinity for slowly dissociating high-affinity [3H]GABA sites, bicuculline had a higher affinity for rapidly dissociating low-affinity [3H]GABA sites. This reverse potency between agonists and antagonists during assay of radioactive antagonists or agonists supports the existence of agonist- and antagonist-preferring conformational states or subpopulations of GABA receptors. The differential affinities, as well as opposite effects on agonist and antagonist binding by anions, membrane freezing, and other treatments, suggest that [3H]BMC may relatively selectively label low-affinity GABA receptor agonist sites. This study, using a new commercially available preparation of [3H]bicuculline methochloride, confirms the report of bicuculline methiodide binding by Mohler and Okada (1978), and suggests that this radioactive GABA antagonist will be a valuable probe in analyzing various aspects of GABA receptors.
EZPAL: environment for composing constraint axioms by instantiating templates

Many ontology-development tools allow users to supplement frame-based representations with arbitrary logical sentences. However, few users actually take advantage of this opportunity. For example, in the Ontolingua ontology library, only 20% of the ontologies have any user-defined axioms. We believe the difficulty of composing axioms primarily accounts for the lack of axioms in these knowledge bases: Many domain experts cannot translate their thoughts into abstract and symbolic representations. We attempt to remedy the difficulties by identifying groups of axioms that manifest common patterns, creating "templates" that allow users to compose axioms by "filling in the blanks." We studied axioms in two public ontology libraries, and derived 20 templates that cover 85% of all the user-defined axioms. We describe our methodology for identifying the templates and present examples. We constructed an interface that allows users to create constraints on knowledge bases by "filling in blanks;" our usability testing shows that users could use templates to encode axioms with a success rate similar to that of experts writing directly in an axiom language. Our approach should foster the introduction of axioms and constraints that are currently missing in many ontologies.
Some elementary closure properties of $n$-cylinders.

(i) A set is a cylinder if and only if it is an ^-cylinder for each n > 1. (ii) The class of all (n+l)-cylinders is a proper subset of the class of all π-cylinders for each n > 1. (iii) For each n > 1, the class of all ^-cylinders contains a simple set and hence a nonsplinter. (iv) For each n > 1, the class of all ^-cylinders contains a nonsimple nonsplinter. (v) A set P is an ^-cylinder (n > 1) if and only if there is a recursive function g such that for all x,
Time dependence of the field cooled magnetization in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystal

Abstract We have studied the time dependence of the isothermal magnetization in an applied field of 100 Oe along the c axis of a single crystal of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x . We found that the isothermal magnetization increases with time when the temperature is at 35K and higher but decreases with time when the temperature is at 32.5K and lower.
Case Report: Disseminated Toxoplasmosis Presenting as Symptomatic Orchitis and Nephrotic Syndrome

Toxoplasma gondii is a common pathogen in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The most common modes of presentation are related to the central nervous system (CNS), usually with headache, fever, and focal neurological signs. Extra-neural manifestations are unusual in patients with AIDS. The authors present a patient with AIDS who had disseminated toxoplasmosis whose initial clinical presentation was symptomatic orchitis and the nephrotic syndrome (NS). Testicular involvement with toxoplasmosis has been described only rarely, predominantly as an incidental finding at autopsy. Toxoplasmosis is a rare cause of nephrotic syndrome, with the majority of cases associated with congenital infection. In this case, the nephrotic syndrome remitted only after orchiectomy and chemotherapy for toxoplasmosis, but recurred when the patient had a relapse of his CNS disease. Toxoplasmosis in AIDS may present with extra-neural manifestations and may be an etiologic agent for NS in some patients with AIDS.
Modulation of host immune defenses by Aeromonas and Yersinia species: convergence on toxins secreted by various secretion systems

Like other pathogenic bacteria, Yersinia and Aeromonas species have been continuously co-evolving with their respective hosts. Although the former is a bonafide human pathogen, the latter has gained notararity as an emerging disease-causing agent. In response to immune cell challenges, bacterial pathogens have developed diverse mechanism(s) enabling their survival, and, at times, dominance over various host immune defense systems. The bacterial type three secretion system (T3SS) is evolutionarily derived from flagellar subunits and serves as a vehicle by which microbes can directly inject/translocate anti-host factors/effector proteins into targeted host immune cells. A large number of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens possess a T3SS empowering them to disrupt host cell signaling, actin cytoskeleton re-arrangements, and even to induce host-cell apoptotic and pyroptotic pathways. All pathogenic yersiniae and most Aeromonas species possess a T3SS, but they also possess T2- and T6- secreted toxins/effector proteins. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which the T3SS effectors Yersinia outer membrane protein J (YopJ) and an Aeromonas hydrophila AexU protein, isolated from the diarrheal isolate SSU, mollify host immune system defenses. Additionally, the mechanisms that are associated with host cell apoptosis/pyroptosis by Aeromonas T2SS secreted Act, a cytotoxic enterotoxin, and Hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp), an A. hydrophila T6SS effector, will also be discussed.
Mixed mode 3D pseudo-1chip ESD surge simulation using hydrodynamic model for new LDMOS cell layout realizing super high ESD endurance over 25kV/mm2

For the first time, a new ESD surge simulation method that combines a 3D pseudo-1chip device model, consisting of an internal LDMOS cell and peripheral LDMOS cell, and a hydrodynamic physical model, is proposed in order to analyze the ESD destruction mechanism of LDMOS and optimize the cell layout against ESD. The simulation results show good agreement with experiments on ESD endurance and surge current crowding phenomena at the peripheral cell, causing poor ESD endurance. Utilizing the proposed simulation method, we developed a new LDMOS cell layout, achieving super high ESD endurance over 25 kV/mm/sup 2/.
Dynamic interactions and mutual synchronization of sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. A mathematical model.

Dynamic interactions and mutual entrainment of coupled sinoatrial pacemaker cells with different intrinsic frequencies were investigated using a computerized mathematical model. Transmembrane potentials were simulated using equations of individual membrane currents based on voltage clamp data for the sinoatrial node. The intrinsic frequency of a given cell was altered by applying bias hyperpolarizing current, or by changing the amount of slow inward current. Cells were coupled through simple ohmic resistances to form linear arrays of two or more cells. Simulations closely reproduced previous experimental work showing that the mutual interactions between pacemakers are mediated electrotonically and show phase dependence. Results from the present simulations provide an explanation for the ionic basis of these phase-dependent interactions. In addition, it is demonstrated that the mutual entrainment of coupled pacemakers can lead to their coordinated behavior (synchronization). Two pacemaker cells can synchronize at simple harmonic (i.e., 1:1, 2:1, etc.) or more complex ratios (3:2, 5:3, etc.), depending on the differences in intrinsic frequencies and the degree of electrical coupling between cells. Simulations using larger numbers of linearly connected cells yielded various patterns of pacemaker activity including 2:1 sinoatrial block and complex dysrhythmic activity. The overall results may be used to predict higher order interactions of thousands of cells comprising the sinus node. Under such a scheme, synchronization occurs not by the conducted influence of a dominant pacemaker cell, but by the mutual "democratic" interaction of individual pacemaker cells.
Protein engineering of hydrogenase 3 to enhance hydrogen production

The large subunit (HycE, 569 amino acids) of Escherichia coli hydrogenase 3 produces hydrogen from formate via its Ni-Fe-binding site. In this paper, we engineered HycE for enhanced hydrogen production by an error-prone polymerase chain reaction (epPCR) using a host that lacked hydrogenase activity via the hyaB hybC hycE mutations. Seven enhanced HycE variants were obtained with a novel chemochromic membrane screen that directly detected hydrogen from individual colonies. The best epPCR variant contained eight mutations (S2T, Y50F, I171T, A291V, T366S, V433L, M444I, and L523Q) and had 17-fold higher hydrogen-producing activity than wild-type HycE. In addition, this variant had eightfold higher hydrogen yield from formate compared to wild-type HycE. Deoxyribonucleic acid shuffling using the three most-active HycE variants created a variant that has 23-fold higher hydrogen production and ninefold higher yield on formate due to a 74-amino acid carboxy-terminal truncation. Saturation mutagenesis at T366 of HycE also led to increased hydrogen production via a truncation at this position; hence, 204 amino acids at the carboxy terminus may be deleted to increase hydrogen production by 30-fold. This is the first random protein engineering of a hydrogenase.
Effect of browse on post-ingestive energy loss in an Arctic ruminant: implications for muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in relation to vegetation change

Shrubs are predicted to dominate tundra with warmer temperatures at northern latitudes. We tested the null hypothesis that addition of browse to a graminoid diet would not alter post-ingestive energy loss in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780)). Energy losses over 8 h following feeding were used to test our hypothesis. Willows (Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville, Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus) and birch (Betula nana L.) (twigs in winter, leaves in summer) were separately mixed at graded levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) with chopped hay (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and fed as single meals to muskoxen. Meals containing ≥60% browse were often partially or completely rejected. Meals containing 20%–60% woody or leafy S. alaxensis or S. p. pulchra resulted in higher energy expenditure than meals of 100% hay. Meals containing 20%–60% woody B. nana tended to decrease energy expenditure relative to 100% hay, while 20%–60% leafy B. nana was similar to 100% hay. We conclude there is an energy c...
Differences in responses of normal and rheumatoid arthritis peripheral blood t cells to synovial fluid and peripheral blood dendritic cells in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reactions

We examined the response of normal T cells to dendritic cells isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with either rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or seronegative spondylarthropathies (rheumatoid variants) and to dendritic cells from normal and RA peripheral blood (PB) in the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. Despite the differences in the response kinetics, the stimulatory capacity of SF dendritic cells was similar to that of PB dendritic cells in a 7-day mixed leukocyte reaction. We also tested the responsiveness of normal and RA PB T cells to various allogeneic dendritic cells and found that RA PB T cells responded poorly to both rheumatoid variant SF dendritic cells and normal PB dendritic cells. However, when dendritic cells from RA SF were used as stimulators, the response of RA PB T cells was significantly greater than that of normal PB T cells (P less than 0.02). This difference in response was explained in part by a proliferation of the CD8 T cell subset. There was also a shift of low-intensity CD4+, CDw29+ cells to high-intensity CD4+, CDw29+ cells seen in RA PB T cells but not in normal PB T cells, by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis.
Speech transmission using rate-compatible trellis codes and embedded source coding

This paper presents bandwidth-efficient speech transmission systems using rate-compatible channel coders and variable bitrate embedded source coders. Rate-compatible punctured convolutional codes (RCPC) are often used to provide unequal error protection (UEP) via progressive bit puncturing. RCPC codes are well suited for constellations for which Euclidean and Hamming distances are equivalent (BPSK and 4-PSK). This paper introduces rate-compatible punctured trellis codes (RCPT) where rate compatibility and UEP are provided via progressive puncturing of symbols in a trellis. RCPT codes constitute a special class of codes designed to maximize residual Euclidean distances (RED) after symbol puncturing. They can be designed for any constellation, allowing for higher throughput than when restricted to using 4-PSK. We apply RCPC and RCPT to two embedded source coders: a perceptual subband coder and the ITU embedded ADPCM G.727 standard. Different operating modes with distinct source/channel bit allocation and UEP are defined. Each mode is optimal for a certain range of AWGN channel SNRs. Performance results using an 8-PSK constellation clearly illustrate the wide range of channel conditions at which the adaptive scheme using RCPT can operate. For an 8-PSK constellation, RCPT codes are compared to RCPC with bit interleaved coded modulation codes (RCPC-BICM). We also compare performance to RCPC codes used with a 4-PSK constellation.
Commercial Policy, Allocative Efficiency, and “X-Efficiency”

I. Introduction, 409. — II. The cost of protection, 411. — III. Numerical estimates, 417. — IV. Policy implications, 423. — Appendix 1: derivation of equations, 425. — Appendix 2: estimates for Brazil, 1967, 430.
Management of Superiorly Based Subperiosteal Orbital Abscess

Subperiosteal orbital abscess (SPOA) is an uncommon but serious consequence of sinusitis, especially in the pediatric population. Historically, medical and surgical arms have been utilized in the treatment of SPOA. Below is a case report of a 14 year-old-boy with recalcitrant, superiorly based SPOA followed by a literature search and discussion.
The structure of Third World economic interdependence

Empirical studies of interdependence have mainly focused on whether interdependence has been increasing or declining on a world scale. In this research note I examine the nature of economic interdependence in the less developed countries (LDCs). The main question that I address is whether LDCs are more economically dependent, in the sense of being more deeply involved in economic interdependence relationships, than developed countries (DCs). Richard Cooper and Edward Morse have argued that economic interdependence is associated with increased industrialization and modernization—implying that LDCs are less involved than DCs in interdependence relationships. Empirical evidence presented here suggests that LDCs are, in fact, more dependent than DCs.
Effects of Whey Permeate-Based Medium on the Proximate Composition of Lentinus edodes in the Submerged Culture

: Biomass production, crude water-soluble polysaccharide (WSP), ash content, mineral profile, and crude protein content were determined for Lentinus edodes mycelia grown on whey permeate (WP)-based medium with lactose content of 4.5% or defined synthetic medium, and harvested after 5, 10, 15, or 20 d of fermentation at 25 °C. Harvesting time and the type of media interact to alter the chemical content of mycelia. Mycelia grown in WP had greater (P < 0.05) WSP and ash than mycelia grown in the synthetic media. A maximum production of WSP was obtained on the 10th day (4.1 × 102± 71 mg WSP/g dried mycelia) from mycelia grown on the WP-based media. Mycelia grown on WP harvested on the 20th day had the highest value in ash content (18 ± 3%). Potassium was found to be the main constituent in the ash of mushroom mycelia, which was followed by phosphorus, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. A steady increase of ash content was only noted in mycelia grown on WP. The calcium content of WP-grown mycelia was at least 10 times higher compared to mycelia grown in the control media regardless the harvesting time. Data in this research suggested that WP was more favorable than the synthetic media in the production of WSP, which is traditionally known for their medicinal value in L. edodes.
Relationship between dike and volcanic conduit distribution in a highly eroded monogenetic volcanic field: San Rafael, Utah, USA

We mapped 63 conduits, ∼2000 dike segments, and 12 sills in the San Rafael subvolcanic field, Utah (United States), where this Pliocene magmatic system is eroded to a depth of ∼0.8 km and is exceptionally well exposed. Although the number of mapped conduits, dikes, and sills might represent minimums, depending on the level of erosion and exposure, mapped dikes are more numerous around the areally extensive sills and interact with sills and conduits in complex ways. We analyze conduit distribution using kernel density methods and compare results with dike and sill distribution. We find that the distribution of conduits matches the major features of dike distribution, including development of clusters and distribution of outliers. These statistical models are then applied to the distributions of volcanoes in several recently active volcanic fields, where intrusion distributions must be inferred from very sparse data, and compared with San Rafael conduit distribution. This comparison supports the use of statistical models in probabilistic hazard assessment for distributed volcanism. Specifically, renewed dike intrusion and potential eruptions in active basaltic systems can be assessed probabilistically from the distribution of older volcanoes in distributed volcanic systems.
The Schools, The Courts, And The Integration Of Students With Severe Handicaps:

In spite of advances in public school programs for students with severe handicaps, numerous cases challenging the placement of students in non-integrated programs are reaching the courts. These cases typically seek to establish whether integrated public schools represent the least restrictive environment (LRE) for students with severe handicaps. In this paper, court case decisions supporting both integrated and nonintegrated placements as the LRE are investigated. Specifically, the extent to which recent court decisions have influenced educational concepts of the LRE for severely handicapped students is examined. The rationale for these decisions is presented and implications for special educators are discussed.
Distributed Rate Assignments for Simultaneous Interference and Congestion Control in CDMA-Based Wireless Networks

This paper considers the optimal distributed assignment of rates to elastic users in a broadband multicell code-division multiple-access (CDMA) network with variable rate assignments, which is connected to a traditional wired Internet Protocol (IP) network. We show that by using an optimization framework, it is possible to construct a distributed rate assignment algorithm similar to current congestion control protocols that addresses both media access control and transport layer issues (i.e., addresses both interference and congestion control). Practical implementation of this algorithm, as well as its impact on convergence and performance, is also addressed.
The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution

Foreword by Richard Lewontin Preface to the Second Edition Preface 1.Introduction 2.The Origin and Transmission of Form: The Gene as the Vehicle of Constancy 3.The Problem of Change 4.Variability and Ontogenetic Differentiation 5.Variations on a Theme: Cognitive Metaphors and the Homunculoid Gene 6.The Ghosts in the Ghost-in-the-Machine 7.The Ontogeny of Information 8.Reprise 9.Prospects Afterword to Second Edition Notes References Index of Names Index of Subjects
The uncertainty visualization problem in remote sensing analysis

Remote sensing analyses usually result in maps of discrete or continuous variables. Ideally, each value in such a map should be accompanied by an uncertainty description, that is, a quantitative statement about the probability of error. A full description of uncertainty at each pixel is usefully represented using a probability distribution. Such a probability distribution may be based on an understanding of potential errors in position, spatial support (the area measured by the sensor's field of view), model parameters, the model structure, and the input variables to the model. Visualizing uncertainty in the products of remote sensing analysis presents the challenge that at least four dimensions are required. These are the spatial dimensions (x and y), the dimension of the variable being mapped and finally the probability dimension. Current visualization tools and techniques do not support these data sets directly. Even animation, a logical choice to represent other four dimensional problems, is not fully satisfactory for probability distribution data sets. We have first addressed the problem of visualizing uncertainty by creating interactive maps of first, second and third order statistics summarizing the distributions. Next, we have experimented with shaded surface rendering of distributions from a user-selectable profile (row or column) in the image. We demonstrate these methods using a data set generated by a geostatistical conditional simulation algorithm and a single band image and we discuss the future promise of visualizing all four dimensions at once.
Role of cholesterol in the development and progression of breast cancer

Diet and obesity are important risk factors for cancer development. Many studies have suggested an important role for several dietary nutrients in the progression and development of breast cancer. However, few studies have specifically addressed the role of components of a Western diet as important factors involved in breast cancer initiation and progression. The present study examined the role of cholesterol in the regulation of tumor progression in a mouse model of mammary tumor formation. The results suggest that cholesterol accelerates and enhances tumor formation. In addition, tumors were more aggressive, and tumor angiogenesis was enhanced. Metabolism of cholesterol was also examined in this mouse model. It was observed that plasma cholesterol levels were reduced during tumor development but not prior to its initiation. These data provide new evidence for an increased utilization of cholesterol by tumors and for its role in tumor formation. Taken together, these results imply that an increase in plasma cholesterol levels accelerates the development of tumors and exacerbates their aggressiveness.
DNA from A to Z. Daniel H. Farkas. Washington, DC: AACC Press, 2004, 144 pp., $25.00 ($20.00 AACC members), softcover. ISBN 1-59425-002-2.

DNA from A to Z , the third edition of DNA Simplified: The Hitchhikers Guide to DNA , fills a unique niche in popular science. Similar to Carl Sagan’s “billions and billions of stars”, Dan Farkas takes us on an alphabetized tour around the universe of “billions and billions of bases”. Entries vary from single-sentence definitions of purines to up to four pages describing the PCR. The casual writing style avoids the pedantic chant of most textbooks and lectures on molecular pathology. Many entries begin with a pun against common usage. For example, whereas most …
Duplex Ultrasound Velocity Criteria in Carotid Artery Stenting Patients

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has recently emerged as a less invasive alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Carotid stenting has been demonstrated to be technically feasible and safe in high-risk patients. It has been approved as an acceptable method for revascularization in circumstances where CEA yields suboptimal results. While the final role of CAS in carotid revascularization is still in evolution, it is clear that stenting will continue to be performed in an increasing number of patients with carotid stenosis. Therefore, it is anticipated that there will be a corresponding increase in the number of in-stent restenosis cases. Considerable controversy exists regarding the clinical significance and appropriate diagnostic criteria for recurrent carotid stenosis after CAS. Placing a stent in the carotid artery alters its biomechanical properties and renders it less complaint. This in turn leads to elevations in velocities that do not necessarily reflect a stenosis. If the thresholds to define normal arteries are revised upward, then duplex ultrasonography has been found to be a very effective method of post-CAS surveillance. This chapter analyzes current information on this important clinical problem and presents evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of recurrent carotid stenosis after CAS.
Navigating by the Stars: Investigating the Actual and Perceived Validity of Online User Ratings

This research documents a substantial disconnect between the objective quality information that online user ratings actually convey and the extent to which consumers trust them as indicators of objective quality. Analyses of a data set covering 1272 products across 120 vertically differentiated product categories reveal that average user ratings (1) lack convergence with Consumer Reports scores, the most commonly used measure of objective quality in the consumer behavior literature, (2) are often based on insufficient sample sizes which limits their informativeness, (3) do not predict resale prices in the used-product marketplace, and (4) are higher for more expensive products and premium brands, controlling for Consumer Reports scores. However, when forming quality inferences and purchase intentions, consumers heavily weight the average rating compared to other cues for quality like price and the number of ratings. They also fail to moderate their reliance on the average user rating as a function of sample size sufficiency. Consumers’ trust in the average user rating as a cue for objective quality appears to be based on an “illusion of validity.”
Transforming Document Recordation at the United States Copyright Office

For over 140 years, federal law has provided for recording of documents pertaining to copyright in one central location, at the Copyright Office and, before the Copyright Office was created as a separate unit, at the Library of Congress. Over that time, the copyright recordation system has supported a market for interests in and use of works of authorship by lowering the cost of obtaining information about ownership and by reducing unavoidable risks that threaten ownership. Yet the recordation system has not kept up with developments in technology and in business practices. This report, prepared while the author was serving as the Abraham L. Kaminstein Scholar in Residence, assesses the current recordation system and recommends that the Copyright Office implement an electronic recordation system with a variety of features that will enable it to better support copyright transactions.The report first presents information about the history and current state of copyright recordation, including the statutory framework; the recordation process; the document repository and catalog; fees, staffing, and processing times; and recordation statistics and case law under the Copyright Act of 1976. The report then recommends implementing an electronic recordation system. Based on comments to a Notice of Inquiry, three stakeholder roundtables, and additional research, the report makes nine specific recommendations about features and functions of such a system. It covers issues such as electronic signatures, certifications, remitter provision of and responsibility for cataloging information, the scope of Copyright Office screening of documents, the form of a digital document repository, redaction of documents, and additional legal incentives to record. The report also makes several additional recommendations about matters such as information gathering and handling in an electronic recordation system, interoperability and third-party enhanced services, Section 508 litigation notifications, and updating contact and “rights and permissions” information.
Abstract 3468: Aldo-keto reductases protect lung epithelial cells from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the expense of increased oxidative stress

Tobacco exposure stimulates genes that are likely to be involved in the metabolism of tobacco and its combustion products. Four induced genes are aldo-keto reductases (AKR), a family of enzymes that reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. AKRs act on a range of substrates including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). AKRs convert PAH to form o-quinones. Alternatively, PAHs are metabolized to (+)-anti-benzo[α]pyrene diol epoxide ((+)-anti-BPDE)) by the combined action of P4501A1/1B1 and epoxide hydrolase. (+)-anti-BPDE forms DNA adducts directly, while PAH o-quinones cause oxidative stress through a futile redox cycle. To address the role of AKRs in PAH toxicity, we compared the toxicities of PAH metabolites and the effects of overexpressing AKR 1A1 in lung cells. We find that anti-BPDE and BP,-7,8-diol, an intermediate product, are toxic to A549 cells at concentrations with an IC50 of ∼2 µM. In addition, both anti-BPDE and BP 7,8-diol induce p53 expression in 6 hrs post-treatment at concentrations as low as 1 µM consistent with extensive DNA damage. In contrast, we found that the PAH o-quinone B[a]P-7,8-dione was about 10-fold less toxic to A549 cells with an IC 50 > 20 µM. B[a]P-7,8-dione treatment also did not induce p53 expression in 24 hrs at 20 µM. However, B[a]P-7,8-dione treatment generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 cells as previously reported. We also observed that overexpression of AKR 1A1 in H358 cells, which otherwise have low levels of AKR expression, protected cells 2-10 fold from the toxic effects of BP, 7,8-diol. These data suggest that overexpression of AKRs may protect lung cancer cells from the acute toxic effects of PAH at the expense of increasing the burden oxidative stress Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3468.
Novel Amphiphilic Multiarm, Starlike Coil–Rod Diblock Copolymers via a Combination of Click Chemistry with Living Polymerization

A series of novel amphiphilic 21-arm, starlike diblock copolymers, poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (PAA-b-P3HT), based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with well-defined molecular architectures and ratio of two chemically distinct blocks were prepared, for the first time, via a combination of quasi-living Grignard metathesis method (GRIM), click reaction, and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The starlike PAA-b-P3HT diblock copolymers consist of hydrophilic coil-like PAA cores and hydrophobic rodlike P3HT shells with narrow molecular weight distribution and well-defined molecular weight of each block. Owing to the compact structure, the amphiphilic starlike PAA-b-P3HT formed a unimolecular micelle. Emulsion based on these novel amphiphilic starlike, coil–rod diblock copolymers were readily produced by cross-linking hydrophilic coil-like PAA cores with a bifunctional cross-linker, ethylenediamine.
Mechanisms of water oxidation catalyzed by the cis,cis-[(bpy)2Ru(OH2)]2O4+ ion.

The cis,cis-[(bpy)2RuIII(OH2)]2O4+ μ-oxo dimeric coordination complex is an efficient catalyst for water oxidation by strong oxidants that proceeds via intermediary formation of cis,cis-[(bpy)2RuV(O)]2O4+ (hereafter, {5,5}). Repetitive mass spectrometric measurement of the isotopic distribution of O2 formed in reactions catalyzed by 18O-labeled catalyst established the existence of two reaction pathways characterized by products containing either one atom each from a ruthenyl O and solvent H2O or both O atoms from solvent molecules. The apparent activation parameters for μ-oxo ion-catalyzed water oxidation by Ce4+ and for {5,5} decay were nearly identical, with ΔH⧧ = 7.6 (±1.2) kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −43 (±4) cal/deg mol (23 °C) and ΔH⧧ = 7.9 (±1.1) kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −44 (±4) cal/deg mol, respectively, in 0.5 M CF3SO3H. An apparent solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 1.7 was measured for O2 evolution at 23 °C; the corresponding KIE for {5,5} decay was 1.6. The 32O2/34O2 isotope distribution was also ...
Pressure ulcer in a man with tetraplegia and a poorly fitting wheelchair: a case report with clinical and policy implications.

Pressure ulcer in a man with tetraplegia and a poorly fitting wheelchair: a case report with clinical and policy implications
Pancreas-Specific Delivery of β-Cell Proliferating Small Molecules.

Our research groups recently described a series of small-molecule inducers of β-cell proliferation that could be used to increase β-cell mass. To mitigate the risk of nonspecific proliferation of other cell types, we devised a delivery strategy built on the tissue specificity observed in the experimental β-cell imaging agent (+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ). The β-cell proliferator agent aminopyrazine (AP) was covalently linked with (+)-DTBZ to afford conjugates that retain both the proliferation activity and binding affinity for vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2). In vivo mouse tissue distribution studies of a prototypical AP-DTBZ conjugate showed 15-fold pancreas exposure over plasma. Tissue-to-plasma ratios in liver and kidneys were two- and five-fold, respectively. This work is the first demonstration of enhanced delivery of β-cell-proliferating molecules to the pancreas by leveraging the intrinsic tissue specificity of a β-cell imaging agent.
Multiple thermo-erosional episodes during the past six millennia: Implications for the response of Arctic permafrost to climate change

Anthropogenic warming may promote rapid permafrost thaw in the Arctic and alter the global carbon cycle. Although several studies suggest increased thermo-erosion as a result of recent warming, a long-term context is necessary to assess the linkages of thermokarst processes with climate variability. We analyzed sediment cores from two lakes on the Alaskan North Slope (USA), one with (Lake NE14) and one without (Perch Lake) watershed thermo-erosion. Distinct geochemical and lithological characteristics provide evidence for sedimentary input from carbonate-rich permafrost soils associated with past retrogressive thaw slumping at Lake NE14 but not at Perch Lake. These characteristics include increases in Ca:Sr, Ca:K, carbonate:[feldspar + clay minerals], percent CaCO3, and δ13C, and decreases in 87Sr:86Sr. At least ten episodes of thermo-erosion occurred over the past 6000 yr at Lake NE14. Most of these episodes coincided with periods of elevated summer temperatures, but moisture variation and geomorphic factors likely played a role in driving their occurrence. Our results suggest that positive feedbacks facilitate reactivation of thermo-erosion in ice-rich terrain, adding to the growing body of evidence that these Arctic landscapes are unstable in a changing climate.
Oxidation Effects on the von Willebrand Factor A2 Domain Investigated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Inflammation due to traumatic injury causes the release of oxidants that alter the function of blood coagulation factors leading to a potential pro-thrombotic state. Studying the effects of oxidative stress onto the blood coagulation process is essential to develop treatments for trauma patients. Recent experimental evidence has shown that in the presence of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the protein von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is more active in tethering platelets and much harder to get cleaved by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13. These observations were linked to the increased oxidation of methionine residues in the A1, A2 and A3 domains of VWF with increasing concentrations of HOCl. The exact mechanism how oxidation of methionine residues causes an increase in VWF activity is currently not understood at the molecular level. In the present work, we used steered molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation methods to study how oxidation of methionine residues alters the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of the A2 domain. Previous studies have shown that the A2 domain, which contains the cleavage site for ADAMTS13, is sensitive to tensile force. The results presented here show that methionine oxidation makes the C-terminal helix of the A2 domain detach from the rest of the protein at a lower force, thus accelerating unfolding. Furthermore, oxidation of methionine residues increases the likelihood of finding the protein in the denatured state. It is plausible that unfolding of the A2 domain favors exposure of its neighboring A1 domain, which contains the binding site to platelets, thus activating VWF. This study highlights how the conversion from methionine to methionine sulfoxide, making the residue hydrophilic, destabilizes the native state leading to a modified biological pathway.
Early Outcomes of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty After Prior Lumbar Spinal Fusion

Abstract Background The coexistence of degenerative hip disease and spinal pathology is not uncommon with the number of surgical treatments performed for each condition increasing annually. The limited research available suggests spinal pathology portends less pain relief and worse outcomes after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We hypothesize that primary THA patients with preexisting lumbar spinal fusions (LSF) experience worse early postoperative outcomes. Methods This study is a retrospective matched cohort study. Primary THA patients at 1 institution who had undergone prior LSF (spine arthrodesis-hip arthroplasty [SAHA]) were identified and matched to controls of primary THA without LSF. Early outcomes ( Results From 2012 to 2014, 35 SAHA patients were compared to 70 matched controls. Patients were similar in age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologist score, body mass index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. SAHA patients had higher rates of complications (31.4% vs 8.6%, P = .008), reoperation (14.3% vs 2.9%, P = .040), and general anesthesia (54.3% vs 5.7%, P = .0001). Bivariate analysis demonstrated SAHA to predict reoperation (odds ratio, 5.67; P = .045) and complications (odds ratio, 4.89; P = .005). With the numbers available, dislocations (0% vs 2.8%), infections (0% vs 8.6%), readmissions, postoperative walking distance, and disposition only trended to favor controls ( P > .05). Comparing controls to SAHA patients with P = .001). Conclusion Patients with preexisting LSF experience worse early outcomes after primary THA including higher rates of complications and reoperation. Lower rates of neuraxial anesthesia and increased narcotic usage represent potential contributors. The complex interplay between the lumbar spine and hip warrants attention and further investigation.
Frustration and War: 1970–1973

It has become conventional to assume that what later became known as ‘the peace process’ in the Middle East only developed seriously after the 1973 War. Then, President Sadat’s sudden strike across the Suez Canal and the ceasefire in a position of stalemate gave both Israel and Egypt an interest in a better post-war arrangement and the USA an opportunity to intervene productively to help arrange a more stable relationship between the two adversaries. Abba Eban, in his autobiography, even refers to the period from Sadat’s accession to power to 1973 as ‘the twilight years’ (Eban 1977, p.471).
“The Attachment of the People”: The Massachusetts Charter, the French and Indian War, and the Coming of the American Revolution

Abstract During the French and Indian War, Massachusetts colonists invoked their charter rights to control mobilization. Colonists revered their charter because it provided effective government that tangibly affected their lives. They entered the Imperial Crisis believing that British officials such as William Shirley, Francis Bernard, and Thomas Hutchinson acknowledged the charter as the inviolable constitution of the province.
Blind deconvolution for blocker-based scatter correction of CBCT

Among numerous scatter correction (SC) methods of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), the use of lead-strip blockers is low-cost and easy to implement and holds potential to significantly lower patient radiation dose. In blocker-based SC methods, the signal detected in the blocked region is deemed scatter through an ideal projection assumption and used to estimate scatter in the unblocked region. However, since the signal in the blocked region is not pure scatter, meticulous adjustment of working parameters has to be done to avoid over- and under-correction of scatter. In this work, we propose to model blocked-based CBCT projections as ideal projections convolved by a point spread function and to use a blind deconvolution method to recover true scatter in blocked regions. Combined with blockers' motion and statistical iterative reconstruction, the proposed method can yield better image quality and more accurate CT numbers, as demonstrated by physical phantom data.
Nighttime image enhancement applying dark channel prior to raw data from camera

This paper presents an alternative approach to enhance visibility of images captured at night. In order to improve visual quality of nighttime image, we perform image enhancement in linear sensor space, which best represents image formation models. The analyses show that the proposed approach is helpful to reduce error amplification and computational complexity. In addition, experimental results verify that the proposed method enhances visibility for real-world dataset.
A Method for Assessing Shoreline Stability of Alpine Lake, West Virginia

Rapid stability assessments are tools commonly applied to stream reaches to evaluate potential for instability and are often used to prioritize management strategies. In this work, a rapid stability assessment was created to evaluate the stability of the shoreline of Alpine Lake in West Virginia, USA. First, the assessment tool was created considering the metrics of bank height, bank angle, erosion, armoring, wind and wave action, unconsolidated materials, protection measures, vegetation, and accretion. The resulting tool was applied to 83 reaches (20–100 m in length) of the lake shoreline. The reaches were rated in terms of potential instability: very low (14%), low (42%), moderate (33%), high (10%), and very high (1%). Second, erosion rates were monitored at eight locations using erosion pins. Average erosion rates up to 0.22 mm/d were observed. Measured erosion rates generally supported the rapid assessment results, but there were some exceptions. Additional categories that consider human activity along the lakeshore for recreation should be added. If used without continued erosion monitoring, the rapid assessment should be completed multiple times because the stability of the banks with little vegetation buffer varied by season. Lastly, reclamation strategies are discussed.