cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The computation of massively separated flows using compressible vorticity confinement methods

Vorticity confinement methods have been shown to be very effective in the computation of flows involving the convection of thin vortical layers. These are the only Eulerian methods whereby simulations of these layers remain very thin and persist long distances without significant dissipation. Initially developed by Steinhoff and co-workers for incompressible flow, these methods have been used successfully to predict complex flows, particularly involving helicopter rotors. Recently, the method has been extended to a compressible finite-volume form, which will enable the methods to be used for a much broader class of problems. In this paper, we examine the ability of the compressible vortex confinement methodology to handle an important class of vortex-dominated flows involving massive separation from bluff bodies. We evaluate the effectiveness of the method by comparisons with experimental data and available state-of-the-art computations. An important conclusion of the present work is that vortex confinement applied to massively separated flows, without modeling the viscous terms and on an essentially inviscid grid, can result in a reasonable approximation to turbulent separated flows. The computed flow structures and velocity profiles were in good agreement with time-averaged values of the data and with LES simulations even though the confinement approach utilized more than a factor of 50 fewer cells in the computation (20,000 compare to more the 1 million). The success of the method for these classes of flows may be attributed to the accurate calculation of the rotational inviscid flow which dominates the convection of the large-scale flow structures.
Conformal Radii for Conformal Loop Ensembles

The conformal loop ensembles CLE κ , defined for 8/3 ≤ κ ≤ 8, are random collections of loops in a planar domain which are conjectured scaling limits of the O(n) loop models. We calculate the distribution of the conformal radii of the nested loops surrounding a deterministic point. Our results agree with predictions made by Cardy and Ziff and by Kenyon and Wilson for the O(n) model. We also compute the expectation dimension of the CLE κ gasket, which consists of points not surrounded by any loop, to be $$2 - \frac{{(8 - \kappa)(3\kappa - 8)}}{{32\kappa}},$$ which agrees with the fractal dimension given by Duplantier for the O(n) model gasket.
The quiet period is making noise again

We examine the initial public offering quiet period following the implementation of NYSE and NASD rules extending the quiet period from 25 to 40 days for lead underwriters. While early studies found positive excess returns at the expiration of the quiet period, more recent studies suggest that these returns have disappeared. Controlling for simultaneity bias and changes in analyst behaviour, we investigate whether positive significant returns indeed no longer occur around the expiration of the quiet period. Overall, we find that the quiet period is making noise again.
Temporal trends in spontaneous abortion associated with Type 1 diabetes

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate temporal changes in the reported rates of spontaneous abortion associated with Type 1 diabetes. Individuals from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Type 1 Diabetes Registry for 1950–1964 ( n =495) completed a self-report reproductive history questionnaire in 1981 that was updated in 1990. Data from both surveys, which proved to be valid and reliable, were utilized for this report. More spontaneous abortions (26.8 vs. 7.7%, P P P P P >0.05). Temporal changes in medical care for women with diabetes (i.e. self-monitoring of glycemic control) may have contributed to a recent reduction in spontaneous abortions associated with maternal Type 1 diabetes.
Microcanonical transfer matrix study of the Q-state Potts model

The microcanonical transfer matrix is used to study the zeros of the partition function of the Q-state Potts model. Results are presented for the Yang-Lee zeros of the 3-state model, the Fisher zeros of the 3-state model in an external field H q < 0, and the spontaneous magnetization of the 2-state model. In addition, we are able to calculate the ground-state entropy of the 3-state model and find s 0 = 0.43153(3) in excellent agreement with the exact value, 0.43152... .
Flame Structure and Stabilization Mechanisms in a Stagnation-Point Reverse-Flow Combustor

A novel combustor design, referred to as a Stagnation Point Reverse Flow (SPRF) combustor, was recently developed to overcome the stability issues encountered with most lean premixed combustion systems. The SPRF combustor is able to operate stably at very lean fuel-air mixtures with low NOx emissions. The reverse flow configuration causes the flow to stagnate and hot products to reverse and leave the combustor. The highly turbulent stagnation zone and internal recirculation of hot product gases facilitates robust flame stabilization in the SPRF combustor at very lean conditions over a range of loadings. Various optical diagnostic techniques are employed to investigate the flame characteristics of a SPRF combustor operating with premixed natural gas and air at atmospheric pressure. These include simultaneous Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of OH radicals, chemiluminescence imaging, Spontaneous Raman Scattering. The results indicate that the combustor has two stabilization regions, with the primary region downstream of the injector where there are low average velocities and high turbulence levels where most of the heat release occurs. High turbulence level in the shear layers lead to increased product recirculation levels, elevating the reaction rates and thereby, the combustor stability. The effect of product entrainment on the chemical timescales and the flame structure is quantified using simple reactor models. Turbulent flame structure analysis indicates that the flame is primarily in the thin reaction zones regime throughout the combustor. The flame tends to become more flamelet like, however, for increasing distance from the injector.
On the existence and position of the farthest peaks of a family of stochastic heat and wave equations

We study the stochastic heat equation \({\partial_t u = \mathcal{L}u+\sigma(u)\dot W}\) in (1 + 1) dimensions, where \({\dot W}\) is space-time white noise, σ : R → R is Lipschitz continuous, and \({\mathcal{L}}\) is the generator of a symmetric Levy process that has finite exponential moments, and u0 has exponential decay at ±∞. We prove that under natural conditions on σ : (i) The νth absolute moment of the solution to our stochastic heat equation grows exponentially with time; and (ii) The distances to the origin of the farthest high peaks of those moments grow exactly linearly with time. Very little else seems to be known about the location of the high peaks of the solution to the stochastic heat equation under the present setting (see, however, Gartner et al. in Probab Theory Relat Fields 111:17–55, 1998; Gartner et al. in Ann Probab 35:439–499, 2007 for the analysis of the location of the peaks in a different model). Finally, we show that these results extend to the stochastic wave equation driven by Laplacian.
Interactive displays in tactical command and control

Abstract The tactical command and control systems environment has evolved to the state such that for any non-trivial scenario that can be postulated by mission analysts, the tactical commander will most likely become saturated by the sheer magnitude of the data and the options which can be made available to him. This situation prevails equally for all platforms—air, subsurface, surface and shore. Providing the tactical commander with the information he needs in a form which enhances his comprehension and facilitates his ability to make decisions in a timely and effective manner is the most important problem facing the command and control system architect and designer. It is universally agreed that the man-machine interaction in command and control is the critical parameter to be optimized. The ability of the command and control operator to interact directly with the tactical data base represents the single most important design requirement to achieve this optimization. With such a capability, an operator aided by an interactive display can access all elements of the tactical data base, can query the system to provide and display up-dated information on any aspect of the tactical environment, can evaluate a priori the probabilistic outcomes of choices of actions which are available and can modify easily the form of the information presented to concentrate on those parameters of greatest interest or concern. This is consistent with forecasts of command and control needs over the next decade which unanimously point to increased reliance on interactive processing and display to facilitate on-line, real-time data management and display, decision-making, data entry and reduction, simulation, resource allocation and deployment and overall force coordination and management. Trends in display technology and in the technologies supporting man-machine interactions point to increasing capabilities for interactive tactical display systems. Improved display devices, better engineered keyboards, light pens, track balls, etc., voice entry techniques, “smart” terminals with processing performed at the display and better hard-copy output represent major technological thrusts which support the projected needs of the tactical command and control system user. These developments range from hand-held interactive display terminals which could be used in the field by individual elements of the Army or Marine Corps to group viewing displays for application on shore or on platforms such as aircraft carriers. This paper describes some of these new directions in display technology with a view toward their expected impact upon the design and operational capability of tactical command and control systems.
Exceptional Scholarship and Democratic Agendas: Interviews with John Goodlad, John Hoyle, Joseph Murphy, and Thomas Sergiovanni

This portraiture study of four exceptional scholars in education – John Goodlad, John Hoyle, Joseph Murphy, and Thomas Sergiovanni – provides insight into their scholarly work and life habits, direction and aspirations, assessment and analysis of major trends in the profession, and advice for aspiring leaders and academics. Telephone interviews with the leading scholars (4) and their referral colleagues (8), in addition to document analysis, validated the following criteria for the selection of exceptional scholarship previously generated via survey respondents (educational leadership professors): The scholar (a) publishes widely, (b) has broad impact, (c) has multiple spheres of influence, and (d) has established mentoring systems. Democratic concepts and agendas for education emerged from the interviews focused on exceptional scholarship, an outcome incorporated within the results.
Selective incapacitation and the Philadelphia cohort data

The University of Pennsylvania study of delinquency in a Philadelphia birth cohort has been described byNewsweek as “perhaps the most influential piece of criminal justice research in the last decade” (March 23, 1981). Many have construed the findings as showing that, if imprisonment were focused on the minority of offenders with especially bad “prognoses,” the rate of crime could be reduced substantially. But others have taken the opposite view that the cohort data, far from endorsing such a “selective incapacitation” strategy, might actually provide strong evidence that such an approach is futile. Through some further analyses of the Philadelphia data, we attempt to clarify their policy implications.
A deductive database based on aristotelian logic

The paper proposes a new type of deductive database, whose structure is based on Aristotle's rules of the syllogism. This type of database demonstrates the advantages of Aristotelian logic over more modern formalisms for applications in which natural and informative interaction with human users is important. The structure and deductive procedures of the database are described and compared to other work in the area, and the unique capabilities of its user interaction are demonstrated by examples from a session with a prototype system.
Wrinkling Limit in Tube Bending

Thin-walled tube bending has found many of its applications in the automobile and aerospace industries. This paper presents an energy approach to provide the minimum bending radius, which does not yield wrinkling in the bending process, as a function of tube and tooling geometry and material properties. A doubly-curved sheet model is established following the deformation theory. This approach provides a predictive tool in designing/optimizing the tooling parameters in tube bending.
Correlations between CEV and planetary surface systems architecture planning

Abstract This paper will present key issues and concepts that illustrate interrelationships between crew exploration vehicle (CEV) and planetary surface systems design decisions associated with human exploration of the Moon and the Mars. Such decisions will influence surface element sizing, configurations and deployment. Important implications include impacts and constraints upon habitat module efficiencies, safety and surface implementation. A correlation between planning for CEV and surface system requirements demands an integrated approach. Launch and orbital transfer means must be analyzed in parallel with comprehensive payload needs and element design options. Accordingly, studies should address a variety of option drivers and alternatives, including: • Surface landing strategies applicable for the Moon and the Mars that place payloads above, in plane with and below landers. • Surface element geometrics and configurations that orient landing elements (including habitats) in vertical vs. horizontal orientations. • Habitat model options that apply conventional ISS-type fixed pressure vessels and expandable (inflatable and telescoping) approaches. • Influences of sizes and types upon design and operations of surface mobility systems. • Surface transport requirements/options that involve use of pressurized and unpressurized vehicles. • Surface element configurations requirements/options and their influences upon deployment, crew safety, evolutionary growth and other factors.
Methods for rapidly processing angular masks of next-generation galaxy surveys

As galaxy surveys become larger and more complex, keeping track of the completeness, magnitude limit and other survey parameters as a function of direction on the sky becomes an increasingly challenging computational task. For example, typical angular masks of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey contain about N = 300 000 distinct spherical polygons. Managing masks with such large numbers of polygons becomes intractably slow, particularly for tasks that run in time O(N 2 ) with a naive algorithm, such as finding which polygons overlap each other. Here we present a 'divide-and-conquer' solution to this challenge: we first split the angular mask into pre-defined regions called 'pixels', such that each polygon is in only one pixel, and then perform further computations, such as checking for overlap, on the polygons within each pixel separately. This reduces O(N 2 ) tasks to 0(N), and also reduces the important task of determining in which polygon(s) a point on the sky lies from 0(N) to O(1), resulting in significant computational speedup. Additionally, we present a method to efficiently convert any angular mask to and from the popular HEALPIX format. This method can be generically applied to convert to and from any desired spherical pixelization. We have implemented these techniques in a new version of the MANGLE software package, which is freely available at http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/mangle/, along with complete documentation and example applications. These new methods should prove quite useful to the astronomical community, and since MANGLE is a generic tool for managing angular masks on a sphere, it has the potential to benefit terrestrial mapmaking applications as well.
Validating Time-Distance Far-Side Imaging of Solar Active Regions through Numerical Simulations

Far-side imaging using time-distance helioseismology methods is assessed using numerically generated artificial data. The data are generated using direct numerical simulations of acoustic oscillations in a spherical solar model. Localized variations of the sound speed in the surface and subsurface layers are used to model the perturbations associated with sunspots and active regions. The accuracy of acoustic travel-time far-side maps is shown to depend on the size and location of active regions. Potential artifacts in the far-side imaging procedure, such as those caused by the presence of active regions on the solar near side, are also investigated.
A numerical investigation of conjugate heat transfer from a flush heat source on a conductive board in laminar channel flow

Abstract A numerical investigation was conducted on the heat transfer from a uniformly powered strip source of heat located on the surface of a two-dimensional conducting substrate. The upper and lower surfaces of the substrate are cooled by forced laminar flow that is two-dimensional, steady and with constant properties. The problem is a paradigm for the investigation of the competing effects of substrate conduction and fluid convection in the cooling of electronic components, i.e. chips or chip carriers, on boards or substrates that are cooled by air flowing parallel to the surface. The objectives of the study were to investigate the conjugate heat transfer mechanisms in great detail and in a methodical way, such as to use the results as a baseline for successively more complex situations of air-cooling of on-board components. Results are: presented for the substrate conductivity to fluid conductivity ratio, ks/kf from 0.1 to 100, channel Reynolds number from order 100 to order 1000, corresponding to air velocities of order 1 m s−1, and for both developing and fully developed laminar, parallel-plane channel flow.
Efficient syntheses of functionalized piperidines through extremely regioselective Rh-catalyzed cyclohydrocarbonylation of amido-ω,ω′-dienes

Abstract The highly regioselective cyclohydrocarbonylation of 4-amido-1,6-heptadienes catalyzed by Rh-BIPHEPHOS complex gives functionalized piperidines quantitatively, which serve as versatile intermediates for the syntheses of a variety of piperidine and quinolizidine alkaloids. Reaction of 3-Boc-amino-1,5-hexadiene affords the corresponding dehydropiperidine-aldehyde exclusively via site and regioselective hydroformylation. Possible mechanisms for these reactions are proposed.
A pressure swing membrane separation process

Abstract A new pressure swing membrane permeation process that can achieve significant improvement in the selectivity of a membrane possessing opposite diffusivity and solubility characteristics toward a gas pair is proposed. By operating a membrane permeator under an unsteady state, the opposite mobility and solubility selectivities of the membrane can work synergistically to accomplish a degree of separation beyond the steady-state membrane permselectivity in the following manner: along the flow direction in the feed channel, the gas mixture is separated by the selective absorption of gases into the membrane; and simultaneously across the membrane, the gas mixture is separated by the diffusivity selectivity of the membrane. The viability of the new process is supported by the results of a theoretical and experimental study on the transient responses of a membrane permeator with a silicone rubber membrane separating a helium-methane mixture. Two different operating schemes are identified in carrying out the proposed process, depending on the mobilities and solubilities of the gas species to be separated.
Slow steady-shear of plastic bead rafts

Experimental measurements of the response of a two dimensional system of plastic beads subjected to steady shear are reported. The beads float at the surface of a fluid substrate and are subjected to a slow, steady-shear in a Couette geometry. The flow consists of irregular intervals of solid-like, jammed behavior, followed by stress relaxations. We report on statistics that characterize the stress fluctuations as a function of several parameters including shear-rate and packing density. Over a range of densities between the onset of flow to the onset of buckling (overpacking) of the system, the probability distribution for stress fluctuations is essentially independent of the packing density, particle dispersity, and interaction potential (varied by changing the substrate). Finally, we compare the observed stress fluctuations with those observed in other complex fluids.
Associations of health behaviors with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake, completion, and intentions among female undergraduate students

This study explored associations between health behaviors and human papillomavirus vaccine receipt/intentions among female undergraduates. Participants (N = 286) completed a survey assessing human ...
Particle-Mediated Gene Transfer to Ocular Surface Epithelium

When molecular cloning was introduced in the early 1970s, gene therapy became a real possibility in curing congenital diseases caused by gene mutations, e.g., thalassemia. Since then, advances in technology have extended in attempts to cure acquired diseases such as cancer, wound healing, metabolic diseases and immune disorders. Nevertheless, gene therapy is still in its infancy. Although some promising results have been obtained, in general no procedure can yet be used to successfully cure congenital or acquired diseases. Despite technological advances sustaining the field of gene therapy, few individual patients have benefited from it so far. The reasons for its limited success are due to difficulties in efficient gene transfer, and sustained and controlled expression of the transgenes leading to production of therapeutic quantity of proteins, as well as complications of the introduction of foreign genes to humans. For example, the widely used viral vectors can produce considerable side effects of host immune responses to the viral proteins, which prohibit its repetitive uses for effective treatment. The other techniques—non-viral vehicles, i.e., liposomes, and physical means, i.e., particle-mediated gene transfers and electric pulse-also have not yielded satisfactory results.
Accurate Sound Localization in Reverberant Environments Is Mediated by Robust Encoding of Spatial Cues in the Auditory Midbrain

In reverberant environments, acoustic reflections interfere with the direct sound arriving at a listener's ears, distorting the spatial cues for sound localization. Yet, human listeners have little difficulty localizing sounds in most settings. Because reverberant energy builds up over time, the source location is represented relatively faithfully during the early portion of a sound, but this representation becomes increasingly degraded later in the stimulus. We show that the directional sensitivity of single neurons in the auditory midbrain of anesthetized cats follows a similar time course, although onset dominance in temporal response patterns results in more robust directional sensitivity than expected, suggesting a simple mechanism for improving directional sensitivity in reverberation. In parallel behavioral experiments, we demonstrate that human lateralization judgments are consistent with predictions from a population rate model decoding the observed midbrain responses, suggesting a subcortical origin for robust sound localization in reverberant environments.
Effect of Inlet Flow Angle on the Erosion of Radial Turbine Guide Vanes

The results of an investigation of the particle dynamics and the blade erosion at the impact locations in radial turbine guide vanes are presented. Attention is focused in particular on the effect of inlet flow angle on the erosion of the blades, since the flow entering the guide vanes usually has an incidence angle due to the upstream scroll geometry. The total erosion per blade is calculated as a function of inlet flow angle for three different particle diameters, which are 5, 15, and 60 μm, respectively. According to the results of this investigation, for each particle size there is an inlet flow angle for minimum erosion of the guide vanes. This fact has to be accounted for in the design of radial turbines operating in particulate flow environments.
Modeling of room-temperature heat pipe startup from the frozen state

An analytical investigation was conducted to examine the effects of noncondensible gas charging on restart from the frozen state for room-temperature heat pipes. The model utilized regional energy balances and assumed uniform regional temperatures, independent movement of the vapor/gas front and the liquid melt front, and working fluid sublimation in the frozen state. The model compared well with experimental data for a uniformly distributed working fluid along with negligible noncondensible gas loading and for sufficient gas charging to result in a gas-controlled restart condition. The analysis showed that for negligible noncondensible gas charges up to 90% of the evaporator heat addition may be carried out of the evaporator by sublimating fluid, thus leaving insufficient heat addition to thaw the heat pipe. For high levels of noncondensible gases, restart was easily accomplished and was gas controlled.
Debunking the Myths of American Corrections: An Exploratory Analysis

This article briefly reviews the literature on the myths of corrections and then identifies sixteen of the most prominent misrepresentations about jails, prisons, correctional workers, and convicts in the United States. It then systematically examines the reality of each. The article uses scholarly research, governmental and news reports, and personal experience of former inmates to cast doubt on many of the myths that have been developed. It argues that most of the misrepresentations about corrections can be called into question.
Oligomannan synthesis using ionic liquid supported glycosylation.

The synthesis of complex oligosaccharides has been a challenge for researchers. Herein, we describe a strategy for the synthesis of an activated oligomannan 1 that employs ionic liquid (IL) support glycosylation methodology on an IL-tagged mannosyl fluoride donor. This method is capable of rapidly producing linear α(1→6) oligomannan thioglycosides in a convenient and cost-effective manner without the need of column purification after each glycosylation step.
Age calibration of the Fish Canyon sanidine 40Ar/39Ar dating standard using primary K–Ar standards

Abstract The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating technique requires the use of neutron fluence monitors (standards). Precise calibrations of these standards are crucial to decrease the uncertainties associated with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates. Optimal calibration of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar standards should be based on K/Ar standards having independent isotope dilution measurements of 40 K and 40 Ar*, based on independent isotope tracers (spikes) because this offers the possibility to eliminate random interlaboratory errors. In this study, we calibrate the widely used Fish Canyon sanidine (FCs) standard based on four primary K/Ar standards (GA-1550, Hb3gr, NL-25, and GHC-305) on which K and Ar* concentrations have been determined in different labs with independently calibrated tracers. We obtained a mean age of 28.03 ± 0.08 Ma (1 σ ; neglecting uncertainties of the 40 K decay constants) for FCs, based on the decay constant recommended by Steiger and Jager [Steiger R.H., Jager. E. 1977. Subcommission on geochronology: convention of the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 36 , 359–362.]. This age corresponds to a mean 40 Ar*/ 40 K value of (1.6407 ± 0.0047) × 10 −3 . We also discuss several criteria that prevent the use of previous calibrations of FCs based on other primary standards (LP-6, SB-3 and MMhb-1). The age of FCs obtained in this study is based on the 40 K decay constants of Steiger and Jager (1977) but we anticipate the imminent need for revision of the value and precision of the 40 K decay constants (representing the main source of uncertainties in 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating). The 40 Ar*/ 40 K result of FCs obtained in this study allows therefore a rapid calibration of the age of FCs with uncertainties at the 0.29% level but perhaps more importantly this value is independent of any particular value of the 40 K decay constants and may be used in the future in conjunction with revised decay constants.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF MONETARY CHANGES ON THE U.K. ECONOMY

The impact of monetary changes on the U.K. economy is examined within a causality testing framework. The bivariate test results indicate a causal flow from money (as approximated by the monetary base) to nominal output. An important contribution of this study is contained within its trivariate framework. The trivariate analysis, based upon the minimum final prediction error causality testing method, indicates that the main causal impact of money on nominal output operates through an acceleration of inflation, rather than through increases in real output. This impact on prices is positive and substantial. Copyright 1988 by Scottish Economic Society.
Extended Laguerre inequalities and a criterion for real zeros

Let f(z) = e−bz 2 f1(z) where b ≥ 0 and f1(z) is a real entire function of genus 0 or 1. We give a necessary and sufficient condition in terms of a sequence of inequalities for all of the zeros of f(z) to be real. These inequalities are an extension of the classical Laguerre inequalities.
Probing the Reionization History of the Universe using the Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization

The recent discovery of a Gunn-Peterson (GP) trough in the spectrum of the redshift 6.28 SDSS quasar has raised the tantalizing possibility that we have detected the reionization of the universe. However, a neutral fraction (of hydrogen) as small as 0.1% is sufficient to cause the GP trough; hence, its detection alone cannot rule out reionization at a much earlier epoch. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization anisotropy offers an alternative way to explore the dark age of the universe. We show that for most models constrained by the current CMB data and by the discovery of a GP trough (showing that reionization occurred at z > 6.3), Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) can detect the reionization signature in the polarization power spectrum. The expected 1 σ error on the measurement of the electron optical depth is around 0.03 with a weak dependence on the value of that optical depth. Such a constraint on the optical depth will allow MAP to achieve a 1 σ error on the amplitude of the primordial power spectrum of 6%. MAP with 2 yr (Planck with 1 yr) of observation can distinguish a model with 50% (6%) partial ionization between redshifts of 6.3 and 20 from a model in which hydrogen was completely neutral at redshifts greater than 6.3. Planck will be able to distinguish between different reionization histories even when they imply the same optical depth to electron scattering for the CMB photons.
Effects of radiation on microelectronics and techniques for hardening

Abstract Total dose damage, displacement damage, and single particle events can cause microelectronic circuits to cease to function properly. The tolerance of an integrated circuit to radiation damage can be affected by a large number of factors, including the irradiation conditions, postirradiation conditions, transistor characteristics, and circuit design. Improvements in hardness can be achieved by proper fabrication techniques (including minimization of gate oxide thickness, processing temperatures and the use of hydrogen for MOS devices) and appropriate design considerations.
Double-dipole excitations in 40Ca

Abstract The double-dipole strength distribution in 40 Ca is calculated microscopically within a model space of 1p1h- and 2p2h excitations. Anharmonic effects in the centroid energies of the 0 + - and 2 + components are found to be small, in agreement with experimental observation. Firm conclusions about the width cannot be drawn, as yet, due to computational limitations in the number of 2p2h states.
Texture and reflection in computer generated images

In 1974 Catmull developed a new algorithm for rendering images of bivariate surface patches. This paper describes extensions of this algorithm in the areas of texture simulation and lighting models. The parametrization of a patch defines a coordinate system which is used as a key for mapping patterns onto the surface. The intensity of the pattern at each picture element is computed as a weighted average of regions of the pattern definition function. The shape and size of this weighting function are chosen using digital signal processing theory. The patch rendering algorithm allows accurate computation of the surface normal to the patch at each picture element, permitting the simulation of mirror reflections. The amount of light coming from a given direction is modeled in a similar manner to the texture mapping and then added to the intensity obtained from the texture mapping. Several examples of images synthesized using these new techniques are included.
A real-time integrated transport/communication/database architecture to support traffic simulation

This research aims for an establishment of a global center that will advance the knowledge in real-time human and goods transport. The focus of this paper is an approach for addressing the performance and feasibility issues with respect to a reliable and distributed traffic data communication network for optimal and secure routing of traffic. We present communications and database modeling for data acquisition via a high performance system. The proposed architecture is distributed, survivable, and reliable, thus capable of handling stationary and mobile sources of communication systems and integrating databases and dynamic traffic assignment into one comprehensive model. A case study on a visual interactive system for transport algorithms is discussed.
Aryl nitrenium ions from N-alkyl-N-arylamino-diazonium precursors: synthesis and reactivity

A means of generating an N-alkyl-N-arylaminodiazonium ion, which then loses nitrogen to form a reactive aryl nitrenium intermediate, is described. In this sequence, a set of triazenyl acetonitriles was synthesized by nucleophilic addition of a nitrile anion to an aryl azide followed by temperature-dependent alkylation at either of two nucleophilic triazenyl nitrogen atoms. An α,α-disubstituted acetonitrile and N-arylaminodiazonium moiety (or aryl nitrenium ion upon loss of N2) are embedded in the resulting 1,3,3-trisubsituted triazene, which undergoes liberation and recombination of these two components under acidic conditions to yield an α-arylated acetonitrile containing an all-carbon-quaternary center. We propose that the N-alkyl-N-arylaminodiazonium ion loses nitrogen to generate an aryl nitrenium species, which then reacts with an α,α-disubstituted acetonitrile either at the para- or meta-position of the aromatic ring to afford p-alkylaminoaryl acetonitrile derivatives or 3,3-substituted 1-methylindolin-2-imines, depending on the substrates and conditions.
Noncrossing partitions and the shard intersection order

We define a new lattice structure $(W,\preceq)$ on the elements of a finite Coxeter group W. This lattice, called the shard intersection order, is weaker than the weak order and has the noncrossing partition lattice NC�(W) as a sublattice. The new construction of NC�(W) yields a new proof that NC�(W) is a lattice. The shard intersection order is graded and its rank generating function is the W-Eulerian polynomial. Many order-theoretic properties of $(W,\preceq)$ , like Mobius number, number of maximal chains, etc., are exactly analogous to the corresponding properties of NC�(W). There is a natural dimension-preserving bijection between simplices in the order complex of $(W,\preceq)$ (i.e. chains in $(W,\preceq)$ ) and simplices in a certain pulling triangulation of the W-permutohedron. Restricting the bijection to the order complex of NC�(W) yields a bijection to simplices in a pulling triangulation of the W-associahedron. The lattice $(W,\preceq)$ is defined indirectly via the polyhedral geometry of the reflecting hyperplanes of W. Indeed, most of the results of the paper are proven in the more general setting of simplicial hyperplane arrangements.
Polynomial averages converge to the product of integrals

We answer a question posed by Vitaly Bergelson, showing that in a totally ergodic system, the average of a product of functions evaluated along polynomial times, with polynomials of pairwise differing degrees, converges inL2 to the product of the integrals. Such averages are characterized by nilsystems and so we reduce the problem to one of uniform distribution of polynomial sequences on nilmanifolds.
Risks, Risk Factors, and Outcomes Associated with Phone and Internet Sexting Among University Students in the United States.

Sexting, defined as the exchange of sexually suggestive pictures or messages via mobile phone or social networking sites (SNS), has received media attention for its prevalence and associated negative outcomes; however, research has not yet fully established risk factors for and resulting outcomes from sexting behaviors. The current study was the first empirical test of a causal path model in males and females, in which impulsivity-related traits and expectancies influence sexual behaviors through phone and SNS sexting. We also examined prevalence and perceived likelihood of common negative outcomes associated with sexting. Multiple regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) statistics were conducted on two independent undergraduate samples (n = 611 and 255). The best fitting SEM model (RMSEA = 0.04, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.94, and χ2 = 176.06, df = 75, p < .001) demonstrated a significant indirect effect of sensation seeking on phone sexting behaviors through sex-related sexting expectancies and a significant indirect effect of sensation seeking on sexual hookup behaviors through phone sexting behaviors (b = 0.06, p = .03), but only for females. Reverse mediations and mediation with SNS were not significant. Negative outcomes were rare: sexts being spread to others was the most common negative sexting experience (n = 21, 12 %). This study suggests the viability of personality and expectancies affecting sexual hookup behaviors through engagement in sexting behaviors. It also suggests that although direct negative outcomes associated with sexting are thought to be common, they were rare in the current sample.
Nucleosynthesis in Gamma-Ray Burst Accretion Disks

We follow the nuclear reactions that occur in the accretion disks of stellar-mass black holes that are accret- ing at a very high rate, 0.01-1 Ms � 1 , as is realized in many current models for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The degree of neutronization in the disk is a sensitive function of the accretion rate, black hole mass, Kerr parameter, and disk viscosity. For high accretion rates and low viscosity, material arriving at the black hole will consist predominantly of neutrons. This degree of neutronization will have important implications for the dynamics of the GRB-producing jet and perhaps for the synthesis of the r-process. For lower accretion rates and high viscosity, as might be appropriate for the outer disk in the collapsar model, neutron-proton equality persists, allowing the possible synthesis of 56 Ni in the disk wind. 56 Ni must be present to make any optically bright Type I supernova and, in particular, those associated with GRBs. Subject headings: accretion, accretion disks — gamma rays: bursts — nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances
The Kozai Mechanism and the Evolution of Binary Supermassive Black Holes

We consider the dynamical evolution of bound, hierarchical triples of supermassive black holes that might be formed in the nuclei of galaxies undergoing sequential mergers. The tidal force of the outer black hole on the inner binary produces eccentricity oscillations through the Kozai mechanism, and this can substantially reduce the gravitational wave merger time of the inner binary. We numerically calculate the merger time for a wide range of initial conditions and black hole mass ratios, including the effects of octupole interactions in the triple as well as general relativistic periastron precession in the inner binary. The semimajor axes and the mutual inclination of the inner and outer binaries are the most important factors affecting the merger time. We find that for a random distribution of inclination angles and approximately equal mass black holes, it is possible to reduce the merger time of a near circular inner binary by more than a factor of 10 in over 50% of all cases. We estimate that a typical exterior quadrupole moment from surrounding matter in the galaxy may also be sufficient to excite eccentricity oscillations in supermassive black hole binaries and to accelerate black hole mergers.
Model of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the inner magnetosphere

The evolution of He+-mode electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is studied inside the geostationary orbit using our global model of ring current (RC) ions, electric field, plasmasphere, and EMIC waves. In contrast to the approach previously used by Gamayunov et al. (2009), however, we do not use the bounce-averaged wave kinetic equation but instead use a complete, nonbounce-averaged, equation to model the evolution of EMIC wave power spectral density, including off-equatorial wave dynamics. The major results of our study can be summarized as follows. (1) The thermal background level for EMIC waves is too low to allow waves to grow up to the observable level during one pass between the “bi-ion latitudes” (the latitudes where the given wave frequency is equal to the O+–He+ bi-ion frequency) in conjugate hemispheres. As a consequence, quasi-field-aligned EMIC waves are not typically produced in the model if the thermal background level is used, but routinely observed in the Earth's magnetosphere. To overcome this model-observation discrepancy we suggest a nonlinear energy cascade from the lower frequency range of ultralow frequency waves into the frequency range of EMIC wave generation as a possible mechanism supplying the needed level of seed fluctuations that guarantees growth of EMIC waves during one pass through the near equatorial region. The EMIC wave development from a suprathermal background level shows that EMIC waves are quasi field aligned near the equator, while they are oblique at high latitudes, and the Poynting flux is predominantly directed away from the near equatorial source region in agreement with observations. (2) An abundance of O+ strongly controls the energy of oblique He+-mode EMIC waves that propagate to the equator after their reflection at bi-ion latitudes, and so it controls a fraction of wave energy in the oblique normals. (3) The RC O+ not only causes damping of the He+-mode EMIC waves but also causes wave generation in the region of highly oblique wave normal angles, typically for θ > 82°, where a growth rate γ > 10−2rad/s is frequently observed. The instability is driven by the loss cone feature in the RC O+ distribution function, where ∂F/∂v⟂>0 for the resonating O+. (4) The oblique and intense He+-mode EMIC waves generated by RC O+ in the region L≈2–3 may have an implication to the energetic particle loss in the inner radiation belt.
On the Weathering of Thin Plastic Films

A program is described for the controlled degradation and evaluation of thin plastic film samples in a set of parallel (in time) exposures. The intent of the various exposures is to separate the effects of identifiable degradation mechanisms associated with each material's use as a solar collector cover. The mechanisms considered were those due to: (i) environment less solar irradiation (chemical, abrasion, humidity, etc.); (ii) environment including solar irradiation; (iii) thermal effects and (iv) mechanical effects. The procedures described in the program are illustrated by presenting the details for the evaluation of two commonly used plastic films.
1,25-Vitamin D3 promotes cardiac differentiation through modulation of the WNT signaling pathway

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with high risk of myocardial infarction, even after controlling for factors associated with coronary artery disease. A growing body of evidence indicates that vitamin D plays an important role in CVD-related signaling pathways. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism by which vitamin D modulates heart development. The WNT signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in tissue development by controlling stem cell renewal, lineage selection and, even more importantly, heart development. In this study, we examined the role of 1,25-D3 (the active form of vitamin D) on cardiomyocyte proliferation, apoptosis, cell phenotype, cell cycle progression and differentiation into cardiomyotubes. We determined that the addition of 1,25-D3 to cardiomyocytes cells: i) inhibits cell proliferation without promoting apoptosis; ii) decreases expression of genes related to the regulation of the cell cycle; iii) promotes formation of cardiomyotubes; iv) induces the expression of casein kinase-1-α1, a negative regulator of the canonical WNT signaling pathway; and v) increases the expression of the noncanonical WNT11, which it has been demonstrated to induce cardiac differentiation during embryonic development and in adult cells. In conclusion, we postulate that vitamin D promotes cardiac differentiation through a negative modulation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway and by upregulating the expression of WNT11. These results indicate that vitamin D repletion to prevent and/or improve cardiovascular disorders that are linked with abnormal cardiac differentiation, such as post infarction cardiac remodeling, deserve further study.
Specifying Rights Out of Necessity

It is the purpose of this article to make the positive case for an under-appreciated conception of rights: specified rights. In contrast to rights conceived generally, a specified right can stand against different behaviour in different circumstances, so that what conflicts with a right in one context may not conflict with it in another. The specified conception of rights thus combines into a single inquiry the two questions that must be answered in invoking the general conception of rights, identifying the content of a right in light of what is justifiable to do under the circumstances. I present the case for specificationism in four sections, focusing on property rights. First, I argue that rights are based upon more fundamental reasons, and that this instrumentalism is compatible only with specificationism—a fact necessity cases illuminate. Next, I explain how specificationism embodies a fully moralized understanding of rights, and point to a dilemma that one faces in denying this. Third, I argue that the gap in property rights exposed in necessity cases entails that there is no right-based duty to compensate in such cases. Finally, I offer an error theory to explain the (false) attraction of the general conception of property rights.