cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzyme Electrochemistry for Industrial Energy Applications—A Perspective on Future Areas of Focus

While enzymes catalyze reactions with high selectivity and specificity at ambient temperature and pressure, electroactive enzymes retain such remarkable catalytic properties for catalyzing redox re...
Protein Kinases and Membrane Phosphorylation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses protein phosphorylation to various membrane functions. Protein phosphorylation plays a role in the regulation of membrane function, which is suggested by the observation of endogenous membrane phosphorylation. Phosphate acceptor proteins, protein kinase, and phosphoprotein phosphates are inherent components of many cell membranes. These components of the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction have been partially characterized in some membrane systems, whereas in others, the study of membrane phosphorylation is still emerging from the descriptive phase. The mechanism for dephosphorylation exists within certain cell membranes. Although it is attractive to hypothesize that membrane-bound phosphatases are an integral part of the regulatory system, the significance of these enzymes in the regeneration of membrane proteins into their nonphosphorylated state remains to be established. The nature of the effect of cyclic AMP on the toad bladder and synaptic membrane phosphatases requires further characterization. A considerable amount of information, basic to the understanding of the significance of membrane phosphorylation has emerged from the analysis of different membrane autophosphorylating systems. These include the nature and the regulation of the protein kinases and the membrane protein substrates of these enzymes. The evidence suggesting that Ca 2 + uptake in cardiac and skeletal muscle is regulated by protein phosphorylation seems convincing. It is certain that protein phosphorylation plays a role in the light and dark adaptation of the retina. A physiologically active system must be reconstituted from the individual components.
Fuzzy Dynamical Modeling Techniques for Nonlinear Control Systems and Their Applications to Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (Mimo) Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter proposes a new approach to fuzzy adaptive controller design using only system input–output data. The design procedure consists of three steps: First, a fuzzy ARMAX model is identified using the available data; then, a fuzzy controller is derived based on a combination of sliding mode control (SMC) theory and fuzzy control methodology; finally, the controller is equipped with an adaptive mechanism to update all control parameters online. The resulting control systems generally possess strong model-adaptation capability, good tracking control performance, and robustness against perturbations and uncertainties. This approach is applicable to general multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) nonlinear and uncertain systems. In this chapter, the basic problem of modeling and control of an unknown multivariable dynamic system is studied with analysis, design, and simulations. The new controller only used input-output data, but has a strong prediction ability and satisfactory tracking performance. Several simulation examples have been shown to demonstrate the merits of the proposed FARMAX (fuzzy ARMAX).
Bayesian Paradigm for Recognition of Objects - Innovative Applications

This paper describes three innovative uses of the Bayesian paradigm for recognition of objects. A brief overview of the recognition problem and the use of the statistical approach are provided, along with the various stages for solving a problem. In addition, the paper presents formulations and results obtained by using Bayesian approaches in recent applications: human motion tracking, texture segmentation, and target recognition.
A Review of “Global Culture Industry”: Scott Lash and Celia Lury. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2007. vii and 240 pp., photos, notes, references, index. $79.95 cloth (ISBN 0745624830)

In Global Culture Industry, Scott Lash and Celia Lury trace seven cultural objects as they travel and get transformed and transform themselves through space-time. The products the authors chose to ...
MS-DPR: an algorithm for computing statistical significance of spectral identifications of non-linear peptides

While non-linear peptide natural products such as Vanco- mycin and Daptomycin are among the most effective antibiotics, the computational techniques for sequencing such peptides are still in infancy. Previous methods for sequencing peptide natural products are based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, and require large amounts (milligrams) of purified materials. Recently, development of mass spectrometry based methods has enabled accurate sequencing of non-linear peptidic natural products using picograms of materials, but the question of evaluating statistical significance of Peptide Spectrum Matches (PSM) for these peptides remains open. Moreover, it is unclear how to decide whether a given spectrum is produced by linear, cyclic, or branch-cyclic peptide. Surprisingly, all previous mass spectrometery studies overlooked the fact that a very similar problem has been succesfully addressed in particle physics in 1951. In this paper we develop a method for estimating statistical significance of PSMs defined by non-linear peptides, which makes it possible to identify whether a peptide is linear, cyclic or branch-cyclic, an important step toward identification of peptidic natural products.
Assessing Medicare beneficiaries' strength-of-preference scores for health care options: how engaging does the elicitation technique need to be?

Objective The objective was to determine if participants’ strength-of-preference scores for elective health care interventions at the end-of-life (EOL) elicited using a non-engaging technique are affected by their prior use of an engaging elicitation technique. Design Medicare beneficiaries were randomly selected from a larger survey sample. During a standardized interview, participants considered four scenarios involving a choice between a relatively less- or more-intense EOL intervention. For each scenario, participants indicated their favoured intervention, then used a 7-point Leaning Scale (LS1) to indicate how strongly they preferred their favoured intervention relative to the alternative. Next, participants engaged in a Threshold Technique (TT), which, depending on the participant’s initially favoured intervention, systematically altered a particular attribute of the scenario until the participant switched preferences. Finally, they repeated the LS (LS2) to indicate how strongly they preferred their initially-favoured intervention. Results Two hundred and two participants were interviewed (189–198 were included in this study). The concordance of individual participants’ LS1 and LS2 scores was assessed using Kendall tau-b correlation coefficients; scores of 0.74, 0.84, 0.85 and 0.89 for scenarios 1–4, respectively, were observed. Conclusion Kendall tau-b statistics indicate a high concordance between LS scores, implying that the interposing engaging TT exercise had no significant effects on the LS2 strength-of-preference scores. Future investigators attempting to characterize the distributions of strength-of-preference scores for EOL care from a large, diverse community could use non-engaging elicitation methods. The potential limitations of this study require that further investigation be conducted into this methodological issue.
TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE INDUCED RECURRENT ASEPTIC MENINGITIS

Antibiotic use is widespread in daily urological practice. Complications of therapy, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, skin rash and hypersensitivity reactions, are common and readily recognized. However, rare side effects may not be so easily identified. We report a case of recurrent episodes of aseptic meningitis secondary to use of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole for urinary tract infection, and underscore the importance of recognizing this condition.
Interaction of Cl2 with the Au(111) surface in the temperature range of 120 to 1000 K

Abstract The interaction of gaseous chlorine (Cl2) with a Au(111) single-crystal surface over the temperature range of 120–1000 K has been examined by using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and work-function change (Δφ) measurements. Chlorine dissociatively adsorbs at all temperatures above 120 K. The Cl2 dissociative sticking coefficient decreases as the exposure temperature increases above 120 K, yielding an apparent activation energy of -0.2 kcal/mol for this process. No stable molecularly adsorbed Cl2 state was found at 120 K, which is just above the temperature required to desorb condensed Cl2 films. The work function increases with Cl2 exposure and reaches a maximum value of Δφ = 1.2 eV at 120 K and Δφ = 0.9 eV for the 500 K dose, indicating occupation of adatom sites on the Au(111) surface. An upper limit for the saturation coverage of Cl atoms, θsatCl, produced by Cl2 exposure under ultra-high vacuum conditions was estimated from AES calibration as θsatCl ≤ 2.9. A (√3 × √3)R30° LEED pattern was observed for the first time at temperatures below 230 K. A structural model is proposed for the LEED pattern in which there are four Cl atoms per unit cell with atomic radii of 1.24 A, giving θCl = 1.33. Loss of Cl from the surface starts to occur upon heating the Au substrate to 600 K, due primarily to desorption of Cl-containing species rather than diffusion into the bulk. Two desorption states, at 790 and 640 K, were observed in TPD which differ in their Cl+/Cl+2 ratio as detected by the mass spectrometer. We assign these peaks as due to desorption of Cl(g) and Cl2(g), respectively, with desorption activation energies estimated to be 48 and 39 kcal/mol, respectively. No desorption of AuClx species was observed. The Cl(2p) core-level peak at 197.3 eV binding energy (BE) in XPS did not shift with Cl2 exposure or temperature. UPS identified chlorine-derived peaks at 1.9, 4.4, 5.5 and 6.9 eV BE, but no peaks were assigned to gold chlorides. Since only small changes in the chemical nature of Au surface atoms were observed in XPS and UPS, the interaction between Cl2 and Au(111) forms chemisorbed chlorine adatoms, Cl(a), and not a surface chloride compound under our conditions. However, the work function and AES uptake curves exhibited local minima before the onset of the desorption, which might be interpreted as some incorporation of chlorine into the surface layer at large θCl. We have summarized the thermochemistry of chlorine adsorption on Au(111) and estimate that the dissociation energy of the Cl-Au bond, D(Au-Cl) is about 54 kcal/mol. This is at least 20 kcal/mol smaller than on Ag.
Calculation of two-dimensional turbulent boundary layers over rigid and moving wavy surfaces

A technique is presented for computing turbulent boundary layers over rigid and moving sinusoidal wavy surfaces. The technique consists of an iterative coupling between solutions of the boundary layer, and solutions of an Orr-Sommerfeld-type system. The predicted pressure distributions and total drag agree well with recent measurements for rigid wavy surfaces. For moving surfaces the calculation is a prediction of steady streaming. Comparisons are made with measurements of airflow over deep water waves.
Spinal subarachnoid adrenal medullary transplants reduce hind paw swelling and peripheral nerve transport following formalin injection in rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that adrenal medullary chromaffin cells transplanted into the spinal subarachnoid space significantly reduced pain-related behavior following hind paw plantar formalin injection in rats. The data suggests a centrally mediated antinociceptive mechanism. The spinal transplants may have effects on sciatic nerve function as well. To address this, the current study examined the effects of spinal adrenal transplants on hind paw edema and the anterograde transport of substance P (SP) that occur following formalin injection. Robust formalin-evoked edema, as well as hind paw flinching, was observed in striated muscle control-transplanted rats, which were not observed in adrenal-transplanted rats. To visualize transport of SP, the sciatic nerve was ligated ipsilateral to formalin injection and the nerve was processed 48 h later for immunocytochemistry. A significant formalin-induced accumulation of SP immunoreactivity (IR) was observed proximal to the ligation in control-transplanted rats. In contrast, there was significantly less SP IR observed from nerve of adrenal-transplanted rats, suggesting a diminution of anterograde axoplasmic transport by adrenal transplants. The change in SP IR may have been due to an alteration of transport due to formalin injection, thus, transport was visualized by the accumulation of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) at the ligation site. Formalin injection did not significantly increase proximal accumulation of GAP43 IR, indicating that formalin does not increase anterograde transport. Surprisingly, however, adrenal transplants significantly diminished GAP43 IR accumulation compared to control-transplanted rats. These data demonstrate that spinal adrenal transplants can attenuate the formalin-evoked response by modulating primary afferent responses.
Salt Marsh Elevation and Habitat Mapping Using Hyperspectral and LIDAR Data

Abstract Accurate mapping of both elevation and plant distributions in salt marshes is important for management and conservation goals. Although light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is effective at measuring surface elevations, laser penetration is limited in dense salt marsh vegetation. In a previous study, we found that LIDAR-derived digital elevation model (DEM) error varied with vegetation cover. We derived cover-class-specific correction factors to reduce these errors, including separate corrections for three different height classes of Spartina alterniflora, the dominant macrophyte in southeastern U.S. salt marshes. In order to apply these cover class-specific corrections, it is necessary to have information on the distribution of cover classes in a LIDAR-derived DEM. Hyperspectral imagery has been shown to be suitable for the separation of salt marsh vegetation species by spectral signatures, and can be used to determine cover classes; however, there is persistent confusion both among the different height classes of S. alterniflora and between plants and mud (the Spartina problem). This paper presents a method to overcome the respective limitations of LIDAR and hyperspectral imagery through the use of multisensor data. An initial classification of hyperspectral imagery based on the maximum likelihood classification algorithm was used in a decision tree in combination with elevation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the hyperspectral imagery to map nine salt marsh cover classes. The decision tree appreciably reduced the Spartina problem by reassigning classes using these ancillary data and resulted in a final overall classification accuracy of 90%, with a quantity disagreement of 1% and an allocation disagreement of 9%. The resulting hyperspectral image classification was then used as the basis for applying cover class-specific elevation correction factors to the LIDAR-derived DEM. Applying these correction factors greatly improved the accuracy of the DEM: overall mean error decreased from 0.10 ± 0.12 (SD) to − 0.003 ± 0.10 m, and root mean squared error from 0.15 to 0.10 m. Our results suggest that the use of decision trees to combine elevation and spectral information can aid both hyperspectral image classification and DEM elevation mapping.
New Directions in NMR Imaging

Spectroscopic NMR imaging, microscopic NMR imaging, and the NMR imaging of gases are under development and may have significant applications in biomedical research and clinical investigations.
Association of life threat and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) emphasizes life threat as the defining feature of psychological trauma. Recent theoretical and empirical work, however, indicates the need to identify and evaluate other key aspects of trauma. Betrayal has been proposed as a pertinent, distinct, and complementary factor that can explain effects of trauma not accounted for by life threat alone. This study examined the relationship between injury, perceived life threat (PLT), and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Trauma-exposed college students (N = 185) completed self-report measures of trauma exposure and PTSD, as well as items regarding life threat, betrayal, and level of medical care received. In hierarchical regressions incorporating injury, PLT, and betrayal, betrayal was associated with all PTSD symptom clusters and PTSD total severity (f(2) = .08), whereas PLT was associated with hyperarousal (f(2) = .05) and PTSD total (f(2) = .03), and injury had no association with PTSD symptoms. In a revised model with trauma type as an additional variable, betrayal was associated with avoidance (f(2) = .03), numbing (f(2) = .04), and PTSD total (f(2) = .03), whereas PLT was associated with reexperiencing (f(2) = .04), hyperarousal (f(2) = .04), and PTSD total (f(2) = .03), and injury was associated with avoidance (f(2) = .03). These findings support the idea that betrayal is a core dimension of psychological trauma that may play an important role in the etiology of PTSD. Language: en
Metropolitan Form and Demographic Change

Variations in urban form and development depend on the distribution of population characteristics, such as age and marital status, as well as commuting costs and family income. This paper shows that the structure type choices of households vary substantially with stage in the family life cycle. For example, the large number of young and single households entering the housing market in the 1960s were a primary force behind the apartment boom. A stock adjustment model incorporating demographic information, income, and workplace location suggests that the addition of demographic data will lead to major improvements in housing market studies.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantification of the four biliverdin dimethyl ester isomers of the IX series.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) has been used to separate and quantificate the dimethyl ester (DME) derivatives of the four biliverdin isomers of the IX series: biliverdin-IXα, -IXβ, -IXγ, and -IXδ. Samples of 0.5 to 10.0 nmol of biliverdin DME were detected quantitatively upon elution by monitoring the absorbance at 375 nm. A technique was developed in which p-bromoacetanilide (Dupont's recommended test compound for their Zorbax column) is used as a marker for biliverdin-IXα DME. To facilitate quantification of biliverdin-IXβ DME, its extinction coefficient was determined. This method has been used to study biliverdin isomers in various biological species. High-resolution NMR (360 MHz) was used to further characterize the isomers.
Pleiotropic and Age-dependent Effects of Decreased Protein Modification by O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine on Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Vascularization

The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) regulates the post-translational modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Numerous studies have demonstrated increased flux through this pathway contributes to the development of β-cell dysfunction. The effect of decreased O-GlcNAc on the maintenance of normal β-cell function, however, is not well understood. We studied transgenic mice that over express β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of O-GlcNAc from proteins, in the pancreatic β-cell under control of the rat insulin promoter. 3–4-Month-old O-GlcNAcase transgenic mice have higher glucose excursions with a concomitant decrease in circulating insulin levels, insulin mRNA levels, and total islet insulin content. In older (8–9-month-old) O-GlcNAcase transgenic mice glucose tolerance is no longer impaired. This is associated with increased serum insulin, islet insulin content, and insulin mRNA in the O-GlcNAcase transgenic mice. These improvements in β-cell function with aging are associated with increased angiogenesis and increased VEGF expression, with parallel increases in activation of Akt and expression of PGC1α. The biphasic effects as a function of age are consistent with published observations of mice with increased O-GlcNAc in islets and demonstrate that O-GlcNAc signaling exerts multiple effects on both insulin secretion and islet survival.
A site-scale model for fluid and heat flow in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract A three-dimensional unsaturated-zone numerical model has been developed to simulate flow and distribution of moisture, gas and heat at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential repository site for high-level radioactive waste. The model takes into account the simultaneous flow dynamics of liquid water, vapor, air and heat in the highly heterogeneous, fractured porous rock in the unsaturated zone (UZ). This model is intended for use in the prediction of the current and future conditions in the UZ so as to aid in the assessment of the system performance of the proposed repository. The modeling approach is based on a mathematical formulation of coupled multiphase, multicomponent fluid and heat flow through porous and fractured rock. Fracture and matrix flow is treated using both dual-permeability and effective-continuum modeling approaches. The model domain covers a total area of approximately 43 km 2 , and uses the land surface and the water table as its top and bottom boundaries. In addition, site-specific data, representative surface infiltration, and geothermal conditions are incorporated into the model. The reliability and accuracy of the model have been the subject of a comprehensive model calibration study, in which the model was calibrated against measured data, including liquid saturation, water potential and temperature. It has been found that the model is generally able to reproduce the overall system behavior at Yucca Mountain with respect to moisture profiles, pneumatic pressure variations in different geological units, and ambient geothermal conditions.
Attibution of attitudes to speakers and listeners under assigned-behavior conditions: Does behavior engulf the field?

Abstract A conceptual replication of the assigned-behavior conditions of previous research in attitude attribution was conducted. Participants made attitude attributions about themselves and also about others who had either given, listened to, or not been exposed to either a proattitudinal or counterattitudinal essay. The position adopted in the essay significantly affected the attitudes attributed to those assigned to deliver the essay. Essay position had an equally strong effect upon attitudes attributed to those who merely listened to the essay, however. Thus, the fact that the actor had delivered a particular assigned essay apparently did not in itself convey information to the observers about the actor's attitudes. Experimental results suggested that essay direction affects attitudes attitudes attributed to others in an assigned-behavior setting because observers use their own attitudes to infer the attitudes of others. Since observers' own attitudes change after exposure to different essays, they attribute different attitudes to others.
Strain variability, injury distribution, and seizure onset in a mouse model of stroke in the immature brain.

Neonatal stroke is an important cause of neurologic morbidity and cerebral palsy. Recently, we have determined that in postnatal day 12 CD1 mice unilateral carotid ligation alone results in seizures a
Analysis of collision detection algorithms in haptic environments

The goal of this paper is to determine the applicability of collision detection packages for performing efficient collision calculations in haptic simulations. In this work we focus on boolean collision detection algorithms, which returns true if there is a collision or false if there are no collisions. We consider several scenarios which differ in the number of objects per scene and the number of vertices per object. We use graphical and statistical techniques to analyze the performance of each package and determine their usefulness in haptic simulations.
A program in engineering science for all engineering students

SINCE 1956, an IBM 704 electronic data-processing machine has been used by the authors' company in the design of large steam turbine-generators. The computer has been an effective aid in both advance engineering and design engineering work for these machines.
Vibrational Raman spectrum of SF6

Abstract The Raman active fundamentals and the first overtone of the inactive fundamental of SF6 gas were measured with sufficient resolution to observe the shapes of the Q branches and to resolve some of the hot-band Q branches. The values in wavenumber units (cm−1 of the estimated band origins are: ν1 = 774.4, ν2 = 643.5, ν5 = 524.0, and 2ν6 = 693.8. By combining our value of ν2 + ν6 − ν6 with the value for the ν2 + ν6 infrared band, we found ν6 = 347.8 cm−1. Several anharmonicity constants are also calculated.
Overcoming the Learning Curve in Supine Pediatric Proton Craniospinal Irradiation

THE PROBLEM Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is a critically important technique in the treatment of several malignancies, in that coverage of the craniospinal axis contributes to cure in both the definitive [1,2] and salvage [3] settings. Although SI is traditionally described using hotons, theadventofnewprotonceners has opened opportunities for more atients to be treated with proton CSI. Most sources describe CSI perormed in the prone position [4,5]. upine CSI (SCSI) is preferable if ossible because it allows a uniform ource-to-skin distance for the spial field and is technically challengng [6]. Our proton center did not erform craniospinal therapy rouinely before July 2010, and we ished to offer CSI to our patients sing a supine technique. In August 2010, we instituted a peiatric SCSI program. This was in conunction with the development of a roton-specifictabletopattachmentfor atient immobilization [7]. Since that ime, 23 patients have been treated ithSCSI.For thefirst severalpatients, elected staff members received specialzed training and initially performed all CSI procedures, and our implemenation protocol required nursing and adiation oncologist presence in the reatment room for all setup maneuers. Over time, these policies were odified to allow all therapy staff embers to become certified to use the echnique, and physician involvement snowrequiredonlyfor imageapproval efore treatment of each field. Using the data from the Indiana niversity cyclotron control system, nd records of the IU Health Proton herapy Center, it is possible to assess
Production of Key Molecules by Ocular Neutrophils Early After Herpetic Infection of the Cornea

Herpes simplex virus infection of the eye can result in a blinding inflammatory lesion that is a T cell mediated immunopathological reaction. A prominent early event following HSV infection is neutrophil invasion of the corneal stroma. These cells may be involved in viral clearance and may influence the nature of the anti HSV T cell response which subsequently occurs. This article measures the expression of some key molecules which could participate in viral clearance and immune modulation. Using RT-PCR and in-situ hybridization, both corneal and peritoneal neutrophils were shown to be sources of iNOS and TNF alpha molecules which likely contribute to antiviral activity. Neutrophils also produce the cytokine IL-12, a key molecule which modulates the CD4+ T cell response to a type which mediates immunopathology. The present results indicate that neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of herpetic ocular lesions.
A first-order closure scheme to describe counter-gradient momentum transport in plant canopies

The gradient diffusion parameterization of the Reynolds stress is modified by adding a bulk momentum transport term. Comparisons to available data indicate that this term accounts for the gusts or ‘downsweeps’ of higher momentum fluid into the canopy and ejections of lower momentum fluid out of the canopy. This term results in realistic mean wind speed profiles.
Jarid2 is among a set of genes differentially regulated by Nkx2.5 during outflow tract morphogenesis

Nkx2.5, a transcription factor implicated in human congenital heart disease, is required for regulation of second heart field (SHF) progenitors contributing to outflow tract (OFT). Here, we define a set of genes (Lrrn1, Elovl2, Safb, Slc39a6, Khdrbs1, Hoxb4, Fez1, Ccdc117, Jarid2, Nrcam, and Enpp3) expressed in SHF containing pharyngeal arch tissue whose regulation is dependent on Nkx2.5. Further investigation shows that Jarid2, which has been implicated in OFT morphogenesis, is a direct target of Nkx2.5 regulation. Jarid2 expression was up-regulated in SHF mesoderm of Nkx2.5-deficient embryos. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed Nkx2.5 interaction with consensus binding sites in the Jarid2 promoter in pharyngeal arch cells. Finally, Jarid2 promoter activity and mRNA expression levels were down-regulated by Nkx2.5 overexpression. Given the role of Jarid2 as a regulator of early cardiac proliferation, these findings highlight Jarid2 as one of several potential mediators of the critical role played by Nkx2.5 during OFT morphogenesis.
Electron microscopy studies of metal/MgO interfaces

Abstract Electron microscopy has been used to study the structure of Cu/MgO and Pd/MgO interfaces formed by internal oxidation of Cu-1wt%Mg and Pd-1wt%Mg alloys. For the Cu/MgO system, the MgO particles exhibit a cube-on-cube orientation relationship with the Cu matrix and are octahedrally shaped with principal facets parallel to {111} lattice planes of MgO and Cu. For the Pd/MgO system, however, both tetradecahedron and plate-like MgO precipitates are observed. The tetradecahedrally shaped particles also exhibit a cube-on-cube orientation relationship with the Pd with principal facets parallel to {111} and {100} lattice planes. The plate-like MgO precipitates have two of their {111} surfaces parallel to the {111} surface of Pd and exhibit a twin orientation relationship with respect to the Pd matrix. All interfaces are partially coherent. The localized misfit dislocations at Pd/MgO{111} and {100} interfaces are visible by weak-beam imaging. For both Cu/MgO and Pd/MgO interfaces, the periodic strain contrast caused by misfit dislocations are seen in HREM micrographs. Image simulations have been performed to confirm the presence of misfit dislocations.
Gaining Insight in Linear Programming from Patterns in Optimal Solutions

This paper advocates the practice of interpreting the qualitative pattern in a linear programming solution. This practice should be part of the instruction we offer on LP, because it helps students gain insight that enhances decision making. In linear programs, the optimal solution tells a story about the pattern of economic priorities, and the recognition of these priorities can provide useful insight. The pattern also helps us anticipate some of the answers to “what if” questions. The discussion covers several examples of patterns, shows how to describe a pattern without using numbers, and provides two tests to confirm that the pattern has been articulated.
The loneliness of the long‐distance truck driver

In one sense (among many) of the word 'conscious', a mental state is a conscious state iff its subject is aware of being in that state. Thus, in this sense of 'conscious', a conscious decision is a decision that one is aware of making, a conscious memory is a memory that one is aware of having. 'Inner sense' or 'higher-order perception' (HOP) theories 'of consciousness' are concerned primarily with consciousness in the sense just outlined.
The Growth of Silicon Oxide Films by Remote Plasma Enhanced CVD

We have grown films of silicon oxide by remote Plasma Enhanced CVD (remote PECVD). By changing the fraction of O 3 in a plasma excited O 3 /He mixture that is mixed with a fixed flow of SiH 4 diluted with Ar, we can deposit films which are either Si-rich, stoichiometric or Si-deficient. These changes are accompanined by differences in the incorporation of bonded hydrogen which occurs in SiH groups in Si-rich films and SiOH groups in Si-deficient films.
Nickel uptake and loss in the bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis.

Nickel uptake and loss byCrassostrea virginica andMytilus edulis were studied at naturally occurring seawater temperatures and salinity to determine their potential as indicators of nickel pollution. After 12 wks treatment with 5 and 10 μg Ni/kg seawater, mean tissue concentrations inC. virginica were 9.62 ±3.56 and 12.96 ±5.15 μg/g dry weight. Mean nickel concentrations inM. edulis treated with 5 and 10 μg Ni/kg seawater for 12 wks were 10.40 ±2.66 and 16.43 ±3.19 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Significant linear relationships were found between nickel uptake byC. virginica andM. edulis and seawater nickel concentrations over the concentration range. A significant inverse relationship exists between tissue nickel concentration and dry weight in bothC. virginica andM. edulis. After holding nickel-treatedM. edulis in ambient flowing seawater for 28 weeks, a 73 and 89% loss of nickel concentration occurred inM. edulis treated with 5 and 10 μg Ni/kg, respectively. When treated similarly,C. virginica from both the 5 and 10 μg Ni/kg treatments lost 48 and 68% respectively, of their tissue nickel concentration. The evidence suggests thatM. edulis would be a better indicator of nickel pollution in its environment thanC. virginica.
Experimental evidence for enzyme-enhanced coupled motion/quantum mechanical hydrogen tunneling by ketosteroid isomerase.

Although there are considerable data demonstrating that quantum mechanical hydrogen tunneling (HT) occurs in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems, little data exist that address the question of whether enzymes enhance the amount of HT relative to the corresponding nonenzymatic reactions. To investigate whether 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid isomerase (ketosteroid isomerase, KSI) enhances HT relative to the nonenzymatic (acetate-catalyzed) isomerization of Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione (1) to Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione (3), α-secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIE) at C-6 of the steroid were determined for both the KSI- and acetate-catalyzed isomerizations. The normal intrinsic secondary KIE for both wild type (WT) KSI (1.073 ± 0.023) and acetate (1.031 ± 0.010) suggest the possibility of coupled motion (CM)/HT in both the enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems. To assess the contribution of CM/HT in these reactions, the secondary KIE were also measured under conditions in which deuterium instead of hydrogen is transf...
SIRT4 Protein Suppresses Tumor Formation in Genetic Models of Myc-induced B Cell Lymphoma

Glutamine metabolism plays an essential role for growth and proliferation of many cancer cells by providing metabolites for the maintenance of mitochondrial functions and macromolecular synthesis. Aberrant activation of the transcription factor c-Myc, e.g. caused by t(8;14) chromosomal translocation commonly found in Burkitt lymphoma, is a key driver of cellular glutamine metabolism in many tumors, highlighting the need to identify molecular mechanisms that can suppress glutamine usage in these cancers. Recently, the mitochondrial sirtuin SIRT4 has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor by regulating glutamine metabolism, suggesting that it might have therapeutic potential for treating glutamine-dependent cancers. Here, we report that SIRT4 represses Myc-induced B cell lymphomagenesis via inhibition of mitochondrial glutamine metabolism. We found that SIRT4 overexpression can dampen glutamine utilization even in Myc-driven human Burkitt lymphoma cells and inhibit glutamine-dependent proliferation of these cells. Importantly, SIRT4 overexpression sensitizes Burkitt lymphoma cells to glucose depletion and synergizes with pharmacological glycolysis inhibitors to induce cell death. Moreover, SIRT4 loss in a genetic mouse model of Myc-induced Burkitt lymphoma, Eμ-Myc transgenic mouse, greatly accelerates lymphomagenesis and mortality. Indeed, Eμ-Myc-induced B cell lymphoma cells from SIRT4 null mice exhibit increased glutamine uptake and glutamate dehydrogenase activity. Furthermore, we establish that SIRT4 regulates glutamine metabolism independent of Myc. Together, these results highlight the tumor-suppressive role of SIRT4 in Myc-induced B cell lymphoma and suggest that SIRT4 may be a potential target against Myc-induced and/or glutamine-dependent cancers.
2-micron circle plasmids do not reduce yeast life span

Extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) and recombinant origin-containing plasmids (ARS-plasmids) are thought to reduce replicative life span in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to their accumulation in yeast cells by an asymmetric inheritance process known as mother cell bias. Most commonly used laboratory yeast strains contain the naturally occurring, high copy number 2-micron circle plasmid. 2-micron plasmids are known to exhibit stable mitotic inheritance, unlike ARS-plasmids and ERCs, but the fidelity of inheritance during replicative aging and cell senescence has not been studied. This raises the question: do 2-micron circles reduce replicative life span? To address this question we have used a convenient method to cure laboratory yeast strains of the 2-micron plasmid. We find no difference in the replicative life spans of otherwise isogenic cir+ and cir0 strains, with and without the 2-micron plasmid. Consistent with this, we find that 2-micron circles do not accumulate in old yeast cells. These findings indicate that naturally occurring levels of 2-micron plasmids do not adversely affect life span, and that accumulation due to asymmetric inheritance is required for reduction of replicative life span by DNA episomes.
Studies on the analysis of nonlinear processes via functional expansions—III: controller design

A nonlinear control design strategy is proposed based on functional expansion (FEx) models. The controller is formulated as a linear controller with a series of correction terms to account for nonlinearities in the system. Case studies include discrete control of a copolymerization reactor, ideal and one-way decoupling control of a chemical reactor, and control of a bioreactor with complex dynamics. The nonlinear control laws are shown to provide superior performance compared to their linear counterparts, while maintaining, similar flexible design features.
Modeling of CBN Tool Flank Wear Progression in Finish Hard Turning

Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) cutters are widely used in finish turning of hardened parts. Their wear mechanisms and associated wear rates are important issues to be understood in view of the high cost of CBN cutters and because of the tool change down-time cost which impacts the economic justification of CBN precision hard turning. The objective of this study is to present a methodology to analytically model the CBN tool flank wear rate as a function of tool/workpiece material properties, cutting parameters and process arrangement in three-dimensional finish hard turning. The proposed model is calibrated with experimental data of finish turning of hardened 52100 bearing steel with a CBN insert, and further validated over practical hard turning conditions. It is shown that adhesion is the main wear mechanism over common cutting conditions, which agrees with documented observations, however, chemical diffusion can gain dominance over extended periods of machining time under aggressive cutting conditions.
A High-Fat Diet Is Associated With Endotoxemia That Originates From the Gut

Endotoxemia, characterized by an excess of circulating bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide, is associated with systemic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome. Placing 8 healthy subjects on a Western-style diet for 1 month induced a 71% increase in plasma levels of endotoxin activity (endotoxemia), whereas a prudent-style diet reduced levels by 31%. The Western-style diet might, therefore, contribute to endotoxemia by causing changes in gastrointestinal barrier function or the composition of the microbiota. Endotoxemia might also develop in individuals with gastrointestinal barrier impairment. Therapeutic reagents that reduce endotoxemia might reduce systemic inflammation in patients with gastrointestinal diseases or metabolic syndrome.
Effects of Distal Pocket Mutations on the Geminate Recombination of NO with Leghemoglobin on the Picosecond Time Scale

The picosecond NO geminate rebinding kinetics of wild-type leghemoglobin, a monomeric plant hemoglobin with structural similarity to myoglobin, and six mutant proteins at the distal histidine (H61G, H61A, H61V, H61L, H61R, H61F) are investigated. All of the mutant proteins yield rebinding kinetics that are initially more rapid than that of the wild-type protein. At long times, the rebinding of H61F becomes slower than that of wild-type leghemoglobin. The H61V, H61L, and H61G mutant proteins give extraordinarily rapid and complete geminate rebinding. On a 40 ps time scale, distal effects are overwhelmingly evident for all of the mutants considered. That binding is both rapid and, in several cases, essentially single-exponential is suggestive of the nature of the barrier induced by the distal modification: it must be such that the ligand is prohibited from reorienting with respect to, and diffusing sufficiently far from, the heme iron so that a distribution of return paths is not offered to it. Over the pa...
Geometric and transformational properties of Lipschitz domains, Semmes-Kenig-Toro domains, and other classes of finite perimeter domains

In the first part of this article we give intrinsic characterizations of the classes of Lipschitz and C1 domains. Under some mild, necessary, background hypotheses (of topological and geometric measure theoretic nature), we show that a domain is Lipschitz if and only if it has a continuous transversal vector field. We also show that if the geometric measure theoretic unit normal of the domain is continuous, then the domain in question is of class C1. In the second part of the article, we study the invariance of various classes of domains of locally finite perimeter under bi-Lipschitz and C1 diffeomorphisms of the Euclidean space. In particular, we prove that the class of bounded regular SKT domains (previously called chord-arc domains with vanishing constant, in the literature) is stable under C1 diffeomorphisms. A number of other applications are also presented.
A network efficiency measure for congested networks

In this paper, we propose a network efficiency measure for congested networks, that captures demands, costs, flows, and behavior. The network efficiency/performance measure can identify which network components, that is, nodes and links, have the greatest impact in terms of their removal, due to, for example, natural disasters, structural failures, terrorist attacks, etc., and, hence, are important from both vulnerability as well as security standpoints. The new measure is applied to the Braess paradox network in which the demands are varied over the horizon and explicit formulae are derived for the importance values of the network nodes and links. This measure is applicable to such congested networks as urban transportation networks and the Internet.
The tree of medicine and histology revisited (historical, demographic and future aspects)

The C.F.A. Culling Memorial Lecture was established in honor of a dedicated scientist and friend of the Society, Professor Charles Culling, and is sponsored by PolyScientific R&D Corporation.In his...
Relevance as a Latent Variable in Dyadic Analysis of Conflict

This study introduces split population binary choice models to address the issue of irrelevant dyads in the dyadic analysis of conflict with binary dependent variables. The advantage of employing a statistical model instead of directly identifying relevant dyads manifests itself in the selection of relevant dyads: rather than researchers making take-it-or-leave-it decisions, covariates are used to estimate relevance as a latent variable. An application of the model to the trade conflict debate shows that the unconditional probability of conflict, the quantity of interest for traditional binary choice models based on all dyads, is nonmonotonic with respect to trade when generated by the split population model. This finding provides one explanation for why trade is found either to increase or decrease the probability of conflict in existing research, as monotonicity by chance is imposed on an underlying nonmonotonic relationship.
Rhodopsin Activation Exposes a Key Hydrophobic Binding Site for the Transducin α-Subunit C Terminus

Abstract Conformational changes enable the photoreceptor rhodopsin to couple with and activate the G-protein transducin. Here we demonstrate a key interaction between these proteins occurs between the C terminus of the transducin α-subunit (GTα) and a hydrophobic cleft in the rhodopsin cytoplasmic face exposed during receptor activation. We mapped this interaction by labeling rhodopsin mutants with the fluorescent probe bimane and then assessed how binding of a peptide analogue of the GTα C terminus (containing a tryptophan quenching group) affected their fluorescence. From these and other assays, we conclude that the GTα C-terminal tail binds to the inner face of helix 6 in a retinal-linked manner. Further, we find that a “hydrophobic patch” comprising key residues in the exposed cleft is required for transducin binding/activation because it enhances the binding affinity for the GTα C-terminal tail, contributing up to 3 kcal/mol for this interaction. We speculate the hydrophobic interactions identified here may be important in other GPCR signaling systems, and our Trp/bimane fluorescence methodology may be generally useful for mapping sites of protein-protein interaction.
Smurf2 suppresses B-cell proliferation and lymphomagenesis by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of YY1

About half of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) do not respond to or relapse soon after the standard chemotherapy, indicating a critical need to better understand the specific pathways perturbed in DLBCL for developing effective therapeutic approaches. Mice deficient in the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 spontaneously develop B-cell lymphomas that resemble human DLBCL with molecular features of germinal centre or post-germinal centre B cells. Here we show that Smurf2 mediates ubiquitination and degradation of YY1, a key germinal centre transcription factor. Smurf2 deficiency enhances YY1-mediated transactivation of c-Myc and B-cell proliferation. Furthermore, Smurf2 expression is significantly decreased in primary human DLBCL samples, and low levels of Smurf2 expression correlate with inferior survival in DLBCL patients. The Smurf2-YY1-c-Myc regulatory axis represents a novel pathway perturbed in DLBCL that suppresses B-cell proliferation and lymphomagenesis, suggesting pharmaceutical targeting of Smurf2 as a new therapeutic paradigm for DLBCL.
Samuel A. Levine and his World War I encounters with the brothers Regii, Allbutt and Osler

The broad, diverse World War I US medical experience produced changes in medical thought far out of proportion to the actual duration and extent of the US wartime military involvement. Volunteer US hospital units serving in Europe were organized early in the war and influenced the design and organization of military field hospitals when the United States entered the war.’ The massive wartime mobilization process involved large numbers of medical officers in the examination and classification of 4 million young men and required new physical standards for separating the “fit” from the “unfit.” * Less documented but quite important in retrospect was the US medical officers’ experience at the British military “Heart Hospital,” which brought a group of