cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural sequences and styles of subsidence in the Michigan basin

Subsidence in the Michigan basin produced ∼5 km of sedimentation over a period of more than 200 m.y. during Paleozoic time. Utilizing well-log correlations and constrained by compaction corrections and estimates of paleobathymetry, we recognize four different styles of subsidence in the basin: trough-shaped, regional tilting, narrow basin-centered, and broad basin-centered. Subsidence began as a trough-shaped, northerly extension of the Illinois basin during Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician time. This was followed by narrow, basin-centered subsidence in Early to Middle Ordovician time. Basin-centered subsidence ceased for ∼30 m.y. during long-wavelength (>1000 km) eastward tilting in Middle to Late Ordovician time, a pattern incompatible with thermal-contraction subsidence models. Basin-centered subsidence resumed in Silurian time, but with a broader distribution. A second episode of narrow, basin-centered subsidence occurred in latest Silurian through Middle Devonian time and was replaced by broad, basin-centered subsidence at the end of Middle Devonian time. The geometry of Upper Devonian and younger Paleozoic deposits suggests another eastward-tilting event, but results remain inconclusive due to erosion of strata and uncertainties in their paleobathymetry. In addition to these subsidence patterns, two distinct unconformity styles are present: basin-wide and marginal erosion. There is no evidence for significant basin-centered unconformities as predicted by purely thermal mechanisms. A history of episodic subsidence reactivations is interpreted as the result of a stress-induced, crustal-weakening mechanism for the narrow, basin-centered subsidence, whereas broad basin-centered subsidence is interpreted as thermal contraction related to lower crustal attenuation during the narrow-subsidence episodes. Recently proposed dynamic topography related to initiation of Ordovician subduction provides a driving mechanism for long-wavelength eastward tilting. Together with a temporal correlation to Appalachian tectonism, these mechanisms provide a plate tectonic framework for the history of the Michigan basin.
Causative pathogen dictates optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients.

Background Recent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) guidelines recommend considering abbreviated therapy in patients with non− Pseudomonas aeruginosa VAP if clinical signs resolve. However, using an arbitrary day cutoff or clinical signs can be suboptimal for some, especially multiply injured patients, resulting in relapse and/or antibiotic resistance. Previously, we showed that repeat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) could guide antimicrobial duration for community-acquired VAP in trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate duration of antimicrobial therapy for VAP in trauma patients secondary to hospital-acquired pathogens. Study Design Patients with VAP secondary to MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) , Acinetobacter baumannii (AB), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM), or Enterobacteriaceae (ENB) during 6 years were evaluated. All received empiric antimicrobial therapy based on duration of ICU stay. Therapy was tailored based on culture data. Repeat BAL was performed on day 4 of appropriate therapy. Microbiological resolution was defined as ≤10 3 colony-forming units/mL. Recurrence was defined as ≥10 5 colony-forming units/mL on subsequent BAL performed within 2 weeks after completion of appropriate therapy. Results Six hundred and fifty-nine patients were identified. Seventy-seven percent of patients underwent repeat BAL: 96 with MRSA, 100 with AB, 139 with PA, 50 with SM, and 120 with ENB. The majority of patients with MRSA or PA achieved microbiological resolution after 14 days. Nearly 60% of patients with AB, SM, or ENB achieved microbiological resolution after 10 days. Overall recurrence was 2%. Conclusions Repeat BAL provides objective evidence for VAP resolution in the face of potentially confounding clinical factors. Hospital-acquired VAP can be managed effectively by a defined course of therapy with a low recurrence. Duration of antimicrobial therapy for VAP in trauma patients should be dictated by the causative pathogen.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Advent of Second-Generation Technologies∗

“Vision is the art of seeing what is invisible to others.”—Jonathan Swift [(1)][1] Although the exact mechanisms by which pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) results in freedom from paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) are still the subject of inquiry and debate, this procedure is an effective
Mercantilism, American Style

This paper was prepared for a volume of essays exploring the application of Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto's ideas in a market economy. DeSoto's conviction about the importance of clear titles and stable property rights has had enormous influence on international development policy. The dominance of the property-law aspects of de Soto's work, however, poses a significant difficulty for those interested in thinking about how his ideas apply on the American scene, where titles are clear and property rights stable. But de Soto's central insight -- that third-world poverty results from the inability of the hard working entrepreneurs to harness the wealth generated in the informal economy by transforming it into mainstream capital -- is not simply a property law insight. He also argues that many millions of hard-working entrepreneurs are forced to operate in the informal economy because of regulatory rules that resemble, and are the remnants of, "mercantilism." In many American cities, the regulations governing the economic activities most closely described in The Other Path -- urban transportation and street vending -- are characterized by mercantilist qualities akin to those that concern de Soto: "Popular access to private enterprise is difficult or impossible for the popular classes, the legal system is excessive and obstructive, there are massive public and private bureaucracies...and the state intervenes in all areas of activity." This essay explores these regulations and argues that they ought to concern those interested urban development and the urban poor.
Non-standard tests for process control in chemically bonded sands

Chemically bonded sand cores and molds are more commonly referred to as precision sand systems in the high production automotive powertrain sector. Their behavior in contact with molten metal can lead to casting defects. Consequently, the interaction is of great interest and an important part of metal casting technology. The American Foundry Society (AFS) sand testing is based on physical, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of the sand system. Foundry engineers have long known that certain AFS sand tests provide limited information regarding control of molding and casting quality. The inadequacy is due to the fact that sand casting processes are inherently thermo-mechanical, thermo-chemical and thermo-physical. Non-standard foundry sand testing has proven useful for laboratory measurement of these characteristics in foundry sand using a disc-shaped specimen. Similarly, the equivalent disc-shaped specimens are used for casting trials. In order to accomplish near-net-shape casting with minimal defects, it is necessary to understand both the properties of the sand system, as well as the interface of molten metal when different binders, additives and/or refractory coatings are used. The methodology for the following non-standard chemically bonded sand tests is described: (1) disc transverse; (2) impact; (3) modified permeability; (4) abrasion; (5) thermal distortion; (6) quick loss on ignition. The data related to the non-standard sand tests were analyzed and interpreted. The test results indicate that there is relatively lower test-to-test variability with the disc-shaped specimens. The non-standard tests were able to discriminate between the chemically bonded polyurethane cold box sand specimens. Further studies should be conducted on various other sand and binder systems as well as on different specimen thicknesse
Doorway curtains help exclude flies from dairy barns.

Walk-through curtains hung in doorways so they presented solid barriers to flying insects greatly reduced the number of house flies entering screened dairy barns while permitting free passage of cattle and people. The curtains brushed flies from the backs and flanks of cattle.
Abstract A13: Closing the gap with podcast communication: Reducing health disparities through video podcasts utilization of breast and prostate cancer messages in the Tampa Bay community.

Two learning objectives: 1) To disseminate research and cancer education using novel delivery methods in consideration of culture, language and literacy. 2) To gather demographical data and perceptions of cancer prevention and screening from viewers in the Tampa Bay Community. Podcasting may provide an effective approach to disseminating educational and empowering cancer survivorship messages to underserved populations. The Community Engagement and Outreach Core (CEOC) of the Center for Equal Health (CEH) is currently utilizing podcasts to address health disparities in the Tampa Bay Community, Florida and beyond. As a tool of community-based participatory research (CBPR), the CEH podcasts aim to distribute key cancer prevention and research messages while utilizing innovative delivery methods, taking into account culture, language and literacy. The podcasts include seven, 5-minute individual interviews with local breast and prostate cancer survivors from diverse backgrounds, and they are available to any user through iPad and computer access. YouTube, Facebook, along with the CEH web site are current online media outlets as of 2012, where visitors can choose which interview(s) they wish to view. A short questionnaire designed via SurveyMonkey follows each interview, gathering demographical data and perceptions from viewers, including thoughts on cancer and screening options. Podcasts are also designed to be added to the USF Health iTunesU repertoire. Target populations include selected medically underserved areas (MUAs), including white, African American, Hispanic and Caribbean populations in the 3-county metropolitan area. Additionally, bilingual messages are incorporated, taking into account language and literacy. The innovative design and portability of the CEH podcasts allow them to be utilized via IPad by CEOC Community Health Advisors when conducting community talking circles and health fairs within the diverse settings. Quantitative and qualitative research data will be highlighted during the presentation. These data are collected for viewer feedback and to analyze the strategic placement of this newly implemented community cancer resource. Citation Format: Mezelle Moore, Maisha Standifer, Julie Baldwin, Deanna Wathington, Kevin Sneed, Kaylynn Brown. Closing the gap with podcast communication: Reducing health disparities through video podcasts utilization of breast and prostate cancer messages in the Tampa Bay community. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A13.
A Longitudinal, Multilevel Study of Leadership Efficacy Development in MBA Teams

Simulations in which MBA students can practice decision-making and leadership skills in team contexts are commonplace in modern business schools. This longitudinal study explored the development of...
Sound velocities of wadsleyite β-(Mg0.88Fe0.12)2SiO4 to 10 GPa

We measured the sound velocity of wadsleyite β-(Mg 0.88 Fe 0.12 ) 2 SiO 4 to 9.6 GPa at room temperature using ultrasonic techniques in a uniaxial split-cylinder apparatus using a polycrystalline specimen hot-pressed at 14 GPa and 1200 °C. Bench-top velocity measurements yielded V P = 9.33(3) km/s and V S = 5.43(2) km/s; the calculated bulk modulus ( K ) and shear modulus ( G ) are 172(2) GPa and 106(1) GPa, respectively. These K and G values are indistinguishable from those for single crystal and polycrystalline specimens of Mg 2 SiO 4 -wadsleyite. Pressure derivatives of the bulk and shear moduli have been obtained by fitting the current experimental data to 9.6 GPa using third-order, finite strains equations, yielding K S0 ′ = 4.6(1) and G 0 ′ = 1.5(1). From comparison with previous data for similar specimens and techniques, we observe no effect of iron content on the pressure derivatives of either the bulk or shear moduli, within the limited compositional range investigated.
Relationship between nitric oxide and opioids in hypoxia-induced pial artery vasodilation

It has previously been observed that nitric oxide (NO) and the opioids Met- and Leu-enkephalin contribute to hypoxia-induced pial artery dilation in the newborn pig. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between NO and opioids in hypoxic pial dilation. Piglets equipped with closed cranial windows were used to measure pial artery diameter and collect cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for assay of opioids. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10(-8) and 10(-6) M) elicited pial dilation that was blunted by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY-83583 (10(-5) M; 10 +/- 1 and 23 +/- 1 vs. 3 +/- 1 and 7 +/- 1% for 10(-8) and 10(-6) M SNP before and after LY-83583, respectively). SNP-induced dilation was accompanied by increased CSF Met-enkephalin, and coadministration of LY-83583 with SNP blocked these increases in CSF opioid concentration (1,144 +/- 59, 2,215 +/- 165, and 3,413 +/- 168 vs. 1,023 +/- 16, 1,040 +/- 18, and 1,059 +/- 29 pg/ml for control and 10(-8) and 10(-6) M SNP before and after LY-83583, respectively). SNP-induced release of CSF Leuenkephalin was also blocked by LY-83583. Similar blunted vascular and biochemical effects of SNP were observed with coadministration of the purported guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) antagonist, the phosphorothioate analogue of 8-bromo-cGMP (BrcGMP) [(R)-p-BrcGMP[S]; 10(-5) M]. The cGMP analogue, BrcGMP, elicited dilation that was also accompanied by increased CSF Met- and Leu-enkephalin. Vascular and biochemical effects of BrcGMP were blunted by (R)-p-cGMP[S] and unchanged by LY-83583. Hypoxia-induced pial artery dilation was attenuated by N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 10(-6) M), an NO synthase inhibitor (25 +/- 2 vs. 14 +/- 1%). Hypoxic pial dilation was accompanied by increased CSF Met-enkephalin, and these increases were attenuated by L-NNA (1,137 +/- 60 and 3,491 +/- 133 vs. 927 +/- 25 and 2,052 +/- 160 pg/ml for control and hypoxia before and after L-NNA, respectively). Hypoxia also increased CSF Leuenkephalin, and these CSF changes were similarly attenuated by L-NNA. These data show that cGMP increases CSF Met- and Leu-enkephalin. Furthermore, these data suggest that NO contributes to hypoxic dilation, at least in part, via formation of cGMP and the subsequent release of opioids.
Inter- and intraprofessional respect: A dying concept?

Much has been written in the literature involving disruptive behavior among clinicians[3,5,6] and its effects on patient safety. There are also many papers that appear in the literature discussing workplace incivility and stress among healthcare professionals.[2,7] Unfortunately, the amount and timeliness of this literature suggests a sad fact. The problem of incivility and lack of respect in the workplace is getting worse, not better. Nurses are notorious for not respecting each other. The worn out cliche’ of “nurses eat their young” is, sadly, still relevant. Regrettably, it is not just new nurses who are treated poorly. More aggressive, more powerful nurses treat underlings, the timid, and less well-connected nurses with the same disdain as more seasoned nurses treat the less experienced. Physicians are no innocents. The hierarchy of attending, fellow, resident, intern, is fraught with the more powerful and experienced taking advantage of those who are less so. There is also animosity between primary care and specialty providers. And we cannot forget the acrimony between specialties who display the attitude of “Those (fill-in-the-blank) docs are clueless.” Inter-professional lack of respect, perhaps, is the worst. Physicians, largely, do not respect nurses. Nurses do not respect nursing assistants and nurses’ behavior toward nursing students is abysmal. Even nursing instructors and faculty have come under the microscope as bullying of students appear to be on the rise.[1,4] Why is the notion of basic respect then; not only among professionals, but also among the human race, in general, so poorly adhered too? Is disrespect prevalent due to time constraints, competing priorities, or an overarching trend of narcissism in society? While the aforementioned are indicators, they are not excuses for disrespect among healthcare workers. We, as individuals, do not have much influence with respect to work flow (especially others’ work flow), nor can we immediately change the rules and regulations within a healthcare organization that causes stress to emerge. We can, however, change our behavior as members, not only as members of a profession or institution, but also as members of society. We can treat colleagues and others with respect. We can improve our listening and communication skills. We can consider new ideas, embrace new strategies and make a concentrated effort to respect individuals for the contributions they make not only in the workplace (although the workplace would be an ideal place to start) but to humankind as a whole.
Use of Nano-Formulated Hydroxyurea Enhances Drug Delivery to Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells

The vasculopathy of sickle cell disease (SCD), characterized by a chronic hemolytic anemia, endothelial dysfunction and recurrent vasoocclusive events, underlies most of the clinical complications. Recent work has suggested that hydroxyurea (HU) enhances endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production and reduces adhesion molecule expression which may contribute to its associated observed reduction in vasoocclusive events and improved survival in SCD. However, clinically HU is under-utilized, at least in part related to medication related toxicity, stressing a need for enhanced drug delivery. The use of nano-emulsions, a class of stable emulsions formed by a monolayer of phospholipids and/or biodegradable material such as chitosan, is a mechanism by which to enhance targeted cellular delivery of therapeutics. We hypothesized that a nano-formulation of HU would enhance drug delivery to the endothelium and may be a direct way of targeting endothelial dysfunction in SCD. Nano-formulated HU (nano-HU) was developed using a phospholipid approach and this compound was found to be biologically stable for > 6 months. Human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) were co-incubated with 25µM, 125µM and 250µM HU, nano-HU, or the empty nano-emulsification preparation for 48 hours. HPAEC were isolated, and stained with propidium iodide (PI) for cell cycle analysis by FACS. HPAEC treated with 25µM nano-HU demonstrated the highest level of cell viability (55%) and similar levels of S phase inhibition as HPAEC treated with 125µM HU (where 10-20% cell viability was observed). RNA isolation of treated HPAECs was performed and qPCR for VCAM1 and SLX4, a regulator of DNA damage which promotes S phase inhibition was performed. 25µM nano-HU significantly decreased VCAM1 and increased SLX4 expression compared with 25µM HU suggesting increased efficacy at lower levels of toxicity. The impact of nano-HU on endothelial gene expression is currently being evaluated by RNA-seq. Nano-formulation of HU produces a molecule which is highly stable, and able to achieve higher intracellular concentrations with lower rates of toxicity in HPAECs .which provides the opportunity to gain greater understanding of the impact of this medication on the vascular endothelium and the potential for a more targeted and better tolerated delivery of this therapeutic to patients with sickle cell disease. Disclosures Klings:Pfizer: Consultancy.
Approximately optimal policies for a class of Markov decision problems with applications to energy harvesting

We consider a general class of stochastic optimization problems, in which the state represents a certain level or amount which can be partly used and depleted, and subsequently filled by a random amount. This is motivated by energy harvesting applications, in which one manages the amount of energy in a battery, but is also related to inventory models and queuing models. We propose a simple policy that requires minimal knowledge of the distribution of the stochastic process involved, and show that it is a close approximation to the optimal solution with bounded guarantees. Specifically, under natural assumptions on the reward function, we provide constant multiplicative and additive gaps to optimality, which do not depend on the problem parameters. This allows us to obtain a simple formula for approximating the long-term expected average reward, which gives some insight on its qualitative behavior as a function of the maximal state and the distribution of the disturbance.
Localization of stereo-electroencephalography signals using a finite difference complete electrode model

Surgical intervention in epilepsy aims to eliminate seizures in refractory patients by resecting the tissue responsible for seizure onset. Stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG) provides highly accurate but invasive electrophysiological measurements using narrow multi-contact electrodes implanted stereotactically through small holes in the skull. However, the three dimensional nature of sEEG measurements make observed seizure onsets difficult to associate with physical cortical regions. Three dimensional source localization from sEEG measurements can improve the interpretation of this data, but requires more accurate modeling as compared to localization from scalp EEG. Here, we present a finite difference approach that models the contact impedance and physical extent of each electrode (the so-called complete electrode model), to localize brain electrical activity from sEEG measurements. We applied this model to MRI and CT in a patient with intractable epilepsy, and reconstructed activity associated with multiple types of recurrent ictal spikes observed in sEEG. Independently, the neurosurgeon resected the clinically determined seizure focus, creating a resection cavity, and rendering the patient free of seizures. Our localization placed the seizure focus at a focal region in the occipital lobe, entirely contained within the resection region.
Creativity and Perception

Informal thought about the nature of mental operations important to creative human behavior suggests that perceptual processes are of considerable importance. The ability to “see relationships among elements” is an attribution commonly made toward authors of major scientific discoveries or of noteworthy artistic achievements. For example, Shepard (1978, 1981) documented self-reports from several creative scientists and authors that strongly emphasize the role of visual imagery and the manipulation of visual codes in the creative process.
Synergistic Bacterial Stress Results from Exposure to Nano-Ag and Nano-TiO2 Mixtures under Light in Environmental Media.

Due to their widespread use and subsequent release, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) will create complex mixtures and emergent systems in the natural environment where their chemical interactions may cause toxic stress to microorganisms. We previously showed that under dark conditions n-TiO2 attenuated bacterial stress caused by low concentrations of n-Ag (<20 μg L–1) due to Ag+ adsorption, yet, since both n-Ag and n-TiO2 are photoactive, their photochemistries may play a key role in their interactions. In this work, we study the chemical interactions of n-Ag and n-TiO2 mixtures in a natural aqueous medium under simulated solar irradiation to investigate photoinduced stress. Using ATP levels and cell membrane integrity as probes, we observe that n-Ag and n-TiO2 together exert synergistic toxic stress in Escherichia coli. We find increased production of hydrogen peroxide by the n-Ag/n-TiO2 mixture, revealing that the enhanced photocatalytic activity and production of ROS likely contribute to the stress resp...
Product Design, Multiproduct Production, and Brand Proliferation

One of the most important decisions a firm must make is the style and qualities that its product will possess. Up to this point, we have taken product or brand characteristics as given. The main reason for this is that it can take a considerable amount of time to come up with something innovative, such as a new style of automobile or a more powerful laundry detergent. Nevertheless, when developing a new car a firm must answer a number of design questions—should the company produce an economy or a sports car, should the body style be traditional or cutting-edge, should it have a front-wheel, rear-wheel, or all-wheel drive train.
Multiphoton Excitation of Biochemical Fluorophores

Pulsed lasers are used in many laboratories as an excitation source for timeresolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Although these laser sources are most often used for one-photon excitation (1PE), the high peak power of picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses can result in two-photon excitation (2PE), wherein the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs two long-wavelength photons to yield the first excited singlet state. Two-photon absorbance or excitation requires high peak powers to increase the probability that two photons are simultaneously available for absorption. Because of the interaction of two photons with the fluorophore, the selection rules for light absorption are, in principle, different from those for one-photon spectroscopy. Hence, two-photon spectroscopy was initially used as a tool to study the excited-state symmetry of organic chromophores or to identify additional energy levels. Two-photon spectroscopy has been applied to a wide range of chromophores, including the study of excited states of aromatic hydrocarbons, porphyrins, and polyenes. Two-photon excitation has also become a tool of the biophysical scientists, as evidenced by two-photon studies of protein-bound chromophores and indole derivatives. While polarized excitation is often used in two-photon spectroscopy, the experimental conditions and interpretation of the data are distinct from its use in time-resolved fluorescence. In classical two-photon spectroscopy one obtains information about the symmetry of the excited state from the differential absorption of linearly and circularly polarized light of molecules in fluid solution.
N-methyl-D-aspartate Partial Agonist Enhanced Intensive Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Panic Disorder in Adolescents.

Panic disorder (PD) can result in significant functional impairment. Studies of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PD have demonstrated response rates ranging between 38 and 65%. d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDA agonist, may enhance the effects of exposure-based therapy for PD in adults; however, no studies have examined its effect in adolescents with PD. This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of the use of DCS to augment intensive CBT for PD in adolescents. Twenty-four adolescents (ages 12–17) participated in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, to compare CBT + DCS to CBT + placebo. The results demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the treatment to participants. No significant differences were found between the two groups, but both groups showed significant improvement. This is the first investigation of DCS in the treatment of PD in adolescents and it provides initial support for a more extensive study of DCS augmentation of CBT among adolescents with PD.
Thermal Analysis of Rare Earth Grain Refined 4130

This paper discusses the thermal analysis of rare earth grain refined 4130. To accomplish this, heats of 4130 Baseline, 0.3 wt% RE silicide, and 0.3 wt% EGR were poured in a thermal analysis cup with a single S-type thermocouple at the bottom. A data acquisition system recorded the cooling curves whose values were compared to reference data. The samples were sectioned and macroetched. A scanning electron microscope analyzed the samples to determine inclusion composition. It was observed that the liquidus was similar for all the samples; however, the peritectic temperature for the 0.3 wt% RE and 0.3 wt% EGR was higher than the Baseline. This increase was thought to be due to RE oxysulfides acting as heterogeneous nuclei for austenite. A number of additional peaks appeared in the grain refined steels that seem to be related to the formation of RE oxysulfides during solidification. Macroetching found a larger equiaxed region in the TA cups from the treated steels and a finer structure. The improvement in microstructure seems related to the RE inclusions and peritectic temperature increase.
Applying External Knowledge from University-Industry Relationships

Expanding on the notion that absorptive capacity is a multi-dimensional construct, we elaborate on a pivotal component of absorptive capacity, applying external knowledge. We examine the importance...
Optical encryption using a liquid phase mask

Liquid surface patterns are used for the first time in random phase mask optical image encryption. Time-dependence from the liquid surface patterns can potentially remove known-plaintext attack vulnerabilities. Simulations were conducted to investigate the security of such a system. The system is shown to maintain the maximum entropy in the encrypted images without leaving a significant correlation with the liquid surface patterns. Significant error between recovered and plaintext images when a mismatched liquid surface pattern is used for decryption demonstrates the ability of the liquid system to vary the encryption and decryption of images with a tunable surface.
Gait Analysis as a Tool to Assess Joint Kinetics

There has been an increasing interest in the use of gait analysis as a clinical and research tool in recent years. The development of computerized systems for acquisition and processing of gait measurements has made large scale use of gait analysis feasible. Analysis and interpretation of the vast quantity of measurements that come from the gait laboratories have become the major problem associated with their use. There is clearly a need for careful planning in the preparation of a gait analysis study. Such a study should be sufficiently focused to achieve an understanding of either the normal or pathological processes that could not be obtained subjectively from general observations (1,2).
Stagecraft for Scientists: Exploring Novel Interaction Formats for Virtual Co-Presenter Agents

Our research explores the development of new interaction formats for oral presentations that leverage a life-sized virtual agent that co-delivers a scientific talk with a human presenter. We developed a taxonomy of 36 novel interaction formats as well as 37 roles the agent can take on in co-presentations. We evaluated the impact of these formats and roles by selecting 10 from the taxonomy and recording brief presentations on the same topic using the different formats. Judges ranked dynamic agent roles higher on engagement and rated non-standard interaction formats no lower on appropriateness, compared to standard turn-taking co-presentations.
Azimuthal Drive Asymmetry in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Data from nuclear diagnostics present correlated signatures of azimuthal implosion asymmetry in recent indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion campaigns performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The mean hot-spot velocity, inferred from the Doppler shift of 14 MeV neutrons produced by deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion, is systematically directed toward one azimuthal half of the NIF target chamber, centered on $\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\approx}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Areal density ($\ensuremath{\rho}R$) asymmetry of the converged DT fuel, inferred from nuclear activation diagnostics, presents a minimum $\ensuremath{\rho}R$ in the same direction as the hot-spot velocity and with $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\rho}R$ amplitude correlated with velocity magnitude. These two correlated observations, which are seen in all recent campaigns with cryogenic layers of DT fuel, are a known signature of asymmetry in the fuel convergence, implying a systematic azimuthal drive asymmetry across a wide range of shot and target configurations. The direction of the implied radiation asymmetry is observed to cluster toward the hohlraum diagnostic windows. This low-mode asymmetry degrades hot-spot conditions at peak convergence and limits implosion performance and yield.
P026 Frequency of STD testing services among commercially-insured patients with high risk sexual behaviors

Background High-risk sexual behavior (HRSB) is associated with an increased burden of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); therefore, CDC recommends those at high risk are screened more frequently than persons without HRSB. Because providers are able to document patients as having 3 types of HRSB: heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual, using the International Classification of Disease Tenth Revision (ICD-10), this study assessed STD/HIV screening frequencies among patients with HRSB diagnoses. Methods A large commercial claims database for outpatient visits for 2016 was analyzed. We included in the analysis patients diagnosed with any HRSB based on ICD-10 codes. The initial diagnosis for HRSB was considered as the index date for each patient. Testing frequencies for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV were assessed by 3 types of HRSB. For those diagnosed with HRSB from January 1-June 30, 2016, an additional 6 month follow-up testing period was also assessed. Results 52,160 patients were diagnosed with HRSB in 2016: 90.3% were heterosexual, 7.7% homosexual, and 2.1% bisexual HRSB. Testing for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV was 65.3%, 65.2%, 38.1%, and 43.6% for heterosexual, 49.9%, 49.8%, 51.5%, and 57.8% for homosexual, and 57.7%, 56.6%, 41.6%, and 48.2% for bisexual HRSB patients at the initial diagnosis date. 35.5%, 20.9%, and 36.5% of heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual HRSB patients were found to have follow-up claims within 6 months after the index date, respectively. Of those who had follow-up claims, follow-up testing for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV was 77.2%, 77.6%, 50.6%, and 56.4% for heterosexual, 71.8%, 72.7%, 74.5%, and 80.4% for homosexual, and 69.7%, 71.1%, 58.2%, and 66.7% for bisexual HRSB patients. STD/HIV follow-up testing rates were higher among patients who were screened at the index date than those who were not. Conclusion STD/HIV screening and follow-up screenings among HRSB patients are sub-optimal. Most HRSB patients do not have timely follow-up visits. Disclosure No significant relationships.
BUTANE OXIDATION TO MALEIC ANHYDRIDE IN A RECIRCULATING SOLIDS RISER REACTOR

A recirculating solids riser reactor offers several advantages over fixed bed and fluidized bed reactors for vapor phase oxidative reactions. In such a reactor, the organic is oxidized in a riser reactor zone using oxidized catalyst, and the reduced catalyst is reoxidized to its optimum state in a separate fluidized bed regenerator zone. The recirculating catalyst remains in a transient cyclic state. The plug flow characteristics and the optimum oxidation state of the catalyst independent of oxygen concentration in the reactor zone give high activity and selectivity. Efficient heat removal is carried out in the fluidized bed regenerator zone. Other advantages include higher feed concentration, highly concentrated product stream, and lower catalyst inventory. The viability of the concept and its performance advantages over alternatives for butane oxidation to maleic anhydride have been demonstrated in a large bench scale pilot plant. Using this reactor, an improved understanding of the butane oxidation reaction pathway has been developed and selectivities to maleic anhydride higher than 90% have been achieved.
Taking the Long View in an Inpatient Medical Unit: A Person-Centered, Integrated Team Approach for Patients With Severe Mental Illnesses

Objective:Patients with severe mental illnesses and related conditions, such as substance misuse and suicide attempts, are among the highest utilizers of acute inpatient medical services. The objec...
Entry of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis-Associated Human Adenovirus Type 37 in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.

Purpose Ocular infection by human adenovirus species D type 37 (HAdV-D37) causes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, a severe, hyperacute condition. The corneal component of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis begins upon infection of corneal epithelium, and the mechanism of viral entry dictates subsequent proinflammatory gene expression. Therefore, it is important to understand the specific pathways of adenoviral entry in these cells. Methods Transmission electron microscopy of primary and tert-immortalized human corneal epithelial cells infected with HAdV-D37 was performed to identify the means of viral entry. Confocal microscopy was used to determine intracellular trafficking. The results of targeted small interfering RNA and specific chemical inhibitors were analyzed by quantitative PCR, and Western blot. Results By transmission electron microscopy, HAdV-D37 was seen to enter by both clathrin-coated pits and macropinocytosis; however, entry was both pH and dynamin 2 independent. Small interfering RNA against clathrin, AP2A1, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1, but not early endosome antigen 1, decreased early viral gene expression. Ethyl-isopropyl amiloride, which blocks micropinocytosis, did not affect HAdV-D37 entry, but IPA, an inhibitor of p21-activated kinase, and important to actin polymerization, decreased viral entry in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions HAdV-D37 enters human corneal epithelial cells by a noncanonical clathrin-mediated pathway involving lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and PAK1, independent of pH, dynamin, and early endosome antigen 1. We showed earlier that HAdV-D37 enters human keratocytes through caveolae. Therefore, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis-associated viruses enter different corneal cell types via disparate pathways, which could account for a relative paucity of proinflammatory gene expression upon infection of corneal epithelial cells compared with keratocytes, as seen in prior studies.
Surface-Activated Corrosion in Tin-Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Mixed tin–lead halide perovskite solar cells have promising power conversion efficiencies, but long-term stability is still a challenge. Herein we examine the stability of a 60:40 tin–lead perovski...
Layered electrides as fluoride intercalation anodes

The fluoride ion is well suited to be the active species of rechargeable batteries, due to its small size, light weight, and high electronegativity. While existing F-ion batteries based on conversion chemistry suffer from rapid electrode degradation with cycling, those based on fluoride intercalation are currently less attractive then cation intercalation battery chemistries due to their low reversible energy densities. Here, using first-principles density-functional-theory calculations, we predict that layered electrides, such as Ca2N and Y2C – that have an electron occupying a lattice site – are promising hosts for fluoride intercalation, since their anionic electrons create large interstices. Our calculations indicate that anodes made from layered electrides can offer voltage up to −2.86 V vs. La2CoO4 cathode, capacity >250 mA h g−1, and fast diffusion kinetics with migration barriers as low as 0.15 eV. These metrics compare favorably to popular Li-ion intercalation cathodes such as LiCoO2. Electrides open up a new space for designing fluorine intercalation batteries with good performance and cyclability.
Declaring a gestation nonviable: when 99% certainty is not enough.

Objective The modern paradigm for diagnosing early pregnancy loss, including ectopic pregnancy, is to compare 2 hCG values to those expected for a growing intrauterine pregnancy.1 Surveillance of women at risk has led to earlier diagnosis, successful medical management and decreased morbidity and mortality.2 Confirmation of non-viability is imperative because intervention for diagnosis or treatment with uterine evacuation or methotrexate will terminate a viable gestation or can be teratogenic. Here we describe the hCG results and pregnancy outcome from a participant enrolled in the randomized clinical trial, ACT or NOT (NCT02152696), that evaluated the treatment of women with a persistent pregnancy of unknown location. Study Design The definition of a persistent pregnancy of unknown location included no definitive ultrasound evidence of intrauterine or extrauterine gestation and a plateau in hCG, defined as a Results A participant was enrolled, randomized to expectant management, and was later noted to have a viable gestation. A 33-year-old, G2 P1001, who conceived with use of clomiphene citrate and IUI presented with abnormal serial hCG values of 7% in 2 days and 24% over 4 days: 86 at GA 4 0/7, 92 at 4 2/7 and 107 at 4 5/7. All assays were performed in the same laboratory using Roche E170 analyzer. A transvaginal ultrasound performed at 4 5/7 gestation at an accredited academic practice demonstrated no evidence of an intrauterine or extrauterine gestation. Subsequently hCG values rose normally: 348 at 5 0/7, 803 at 5 2/7, and 2477 at 6 0/7. An IUP was diagnosed at 6 5/7 with cardiac activity. She elected to proceed with prenatal care and delivered at term without complication. This event was reported to a DSMB and IRB and judged unanticipated. Serial hCG levels for this participant were plotted against levels from a subset of women with viable gestations (figure).4 Conclusions Estimates of expected rise in hCG were generated from a normative sample of women at risk for pregnancy loss.4 Current clinical standards assessing viability of an early gestation are based on increases above the 1st percentile of hCG slopes for a growing intrauterine pregnancy: > 23% in one day and > 49% over 2 days (for values
Experimental decoy-state Bennett-Brassard 1984 quantum key distribution through a turbulent channel

In free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) in turbulent conditions, scattering and beam wandering cause intensity fluctuations which decrease the detected signal-to-noise ratio. This effect can be mitigated by rejecting received bits when the channel's transmittance is below a threshold. Thus, the overall error rate is reduced and the secure key rate increases despite the deletion of bits. In this work, we implement recently proposed selection methods focusing on the prefixed-threshold real-time selection (P-RTS) where a cutoff can be chosen prior to data collection and independently of the transmittance distribution. We perform finite-size decoy-state Bennett-Brassard 1984 QKD in a laboratory setting where we simulate the atmospheric turbulence using an acousto-optical modulator. We show that P-RTS can yield considerably higher secure key rates for a wide range of the atmospheric channel parameters. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the P-RTS method for a realistically finite sample size. We demonstrate that a near-optimal selection threshold can be predetermined even with imperfect knowledge of the channel transmittance distribution parameters.
Rushing to the Polls: The Causes of Premature Post-Conflict Elections

In the post-cold war period, civil wars are increasingly likely to end with peace settlements brokered by international actors who press for early elections. However, elections held soon after wars end, when political institutions remain weak, are associated with an increased likelihood of a return to violence. International actors have a double-edged influence over election timing and the risk of war, often promoting precarious military stalemates and early elections, but sometimes also working to prevent a return to war through peacekeeping, institution-building, and powersharing. In this paper, we develop and test quantitatively a model of the causes of early elections as a building block in evaluating our larger argument about election timing and the return to war.
A Korean American in South Africa: Some Reflections on my Experience as an “Other”

As a Korean immigrant to the United States and as an Asian American who has lived for extended periods in Mexico, Costa Rica, South Africa, and Kenya, I have almost always been cast as an “other”. ...
Biological Risk Management Practices on US Dairy Operations and their Correlation to Production Parameters

Disease introduction is a very real threat to dairy operations. Prevention practices can help minimize the risks. Biological Risk Management (BRM) includes increasing awareness by evaluating livestock operations based on the risk of infectious disease entry and spread. BRM also provides practical management plans to decrease disease risk. Existing scientific data for biological risk management in dairy operations is limited. Correlating disease prevention practices with dairy production parameters is also lacking. Using a dairy assessment tool, the objective was to 1) identify current biological risk management practices on 80 US dairies of different size and location, and 2) identify specific prevention practices that are highly correlated with production parameters.
Raising the Bar: Indigent Defense and the Right to a Partisan Lawyer

In Ake v. Oklahoma, the Supreme Court held that an indigent defendant is entitled to the assistance of an expert in cases where it is established that mental health is at issue. Thirty two years later, in McWilliams v. Dunn, the Court finally addressed the open question of whether that expert must be independent of the prosecution. During oral argument, counsel for McWilliams argued that the expert must be part of the defense team and on the defendant’s side. Justice Gorsuch, in only his second week on the Court, stated dubiously that if that were the case then “surely [it] would also require a partisan lawyer.” Although certainly not his intent, Justice Gorsuch’s question should compel a reexamination of the contours of the right to counsel and the nature of the relationship between client and lawyer. In many jurisdictions, indigent defendants are represented by individual lawyers from Assigned Counsel Programs, rather than by lawyers from Public Defender offices or organizations that provide defense services pursuant to contracts with state or local government. Often, former prosecutors comprise a significant number of lawyers on Assigned Counsel Program panels. This article argues that indigent defendants should indeed be entitled to a partisan lawyer and that former prosecutors cannot and should not fulfill that crucial role.
Notice 2019-30, 2019-2020 Priority Guidance Plan – Sourcing of Cloud Services Income

Proposed Reg §1.861-19 was recently issued to define cloud services income and its most typical classification as a service. Subsequently, it was reported that Treasury was looking for tax community input on the need for income sourcing rules for cloud services income. This submission to Treasury and the IRS establishes the need and importance of clear sourcing rules for cloud services income. Further, it provides suggestions for how such sourcing rules might be structured. In particular, it suggests that such rules be applied on a unitary basis rather than the traditional separate-entity basis on which most tax rules are applied. It also suggests that the location of DEMPE functions (development, enhancement, maintenance, protection, and exploitation) must be an important factor in the determination of income source. The ongoing and quickly developing international effort orchestrated by the OECD and the Inclusive Framework to revamp the application of national taxing rights make new sourcing rules a matter that is critical for Treasury and the IRS to now consider.