cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Numerical Simulation of a Turbulent Reactive Plume on a Parallel Computer

A computational algorithm is described for direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a reactive plume in spatially evolving grid turbulence. The algorithm uses sixth-order compact differencing in conjunction with a fifth-order compact boundary scheme which has been developed and found to be stable. A compact filtering method is discussed as a means of stabilizing calculations where the viscous/diffusive terms are differenced in their conservative form. This approach serves as an alternative to nonconservative differencing, previously advocated as a means of damping the 2? waves. In numerically solving the low Mach number equations the time derivative of the density field in the pressure Poisson equation was found to be the most destabilizing part of the calculation. Even-ordered finite difference approximations to this derivative were found to be more stable (allow for larger density gradients) than odd-ordered approximations. Turbulence at the inlet boundary is generated by scanning through an existing three-dimensional field of fully developed turbulence. In scanning through the inlet field, it was found that a high order interpolation, e.g., cubic-spline interpolation, is necessary in order to provide continuous velocity derivatives. Regarding pressure, a Neumann inlet condition combined with a Dirichlet outlet condition was found to work well. The chemistry follows the single-step, irreversible, global reaction: Fuel + (r) Oxidizer ? (1 +r)Product + Heat, with parameters chosen to match experimental data as far as allowed by resolution constraints. Simulation results are presented for four different cases in order to examine the effects of heat release, Damkohler number, and Arrhenius kinetics on the flow physics. Statistical data from the DNS are compared to theory and wind tunnel data and found in reasonable agreement with regard to growth of turbulent length scales, decay of turbulent kinetic energy, decay of centerline scalar concentration, decrease in scalar rms, and spread of plume profile. Reactive scalar statistics are consistent with expected behavior.
Empathic fear responses in mice are triggered by recognition of a shared experience.

Empathy is an important psychological capacity that involves the ability to recognize and share emotions with others. In humans, empathy for others is facilitated by having had a similar prior experience. It increases with the intensity of distress that observers believe is occurring to others, and is associated with acute emotional responses to witnessing others’ distress. We sought to develop a relatively simple and fast mouse model of human empathy that resembled these characteristics. We modeled empathy by measuring the freezing of observer mice to observing the footshock of a subject mouse. Observer mice froze to subject footshocks only when they had a similar shock experience 24 hours earlier. Moreover, this freezing increased with the number of footshocks given to the subject and it was accentuated within seconds after footshock delivery. Freezing was not seen in naive observers or in experienced observers that observed a subject who was spared footshock. Observers did not freeze to a subject’s footshock when they had experienced a swim stress 24 hours prior, demonstrating a specific effect for shared experience, as opposed to a generalized stressor in eliciting observer mouse freezing. We propose that this two-day experimental protocol resembles many aspects of human empathy in a mouse model that is amenable to transgenic analysis of neural substrates for empathy and its impairment in certain clinical disorders.
Transient shear rheology and rheo‐optical microstructural characterization of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer

The shear rheology and the corresponding microstructure evolution during transient flow of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP; Vectran V400P) are reported; the polymer does not display a crystalline melting phenomenon. The steady shear viscosity displays three regions that are typical of LCPs. However, the transient shear stress displays a local stress maximum at a strain of ≈ 2, a local minimum at a strain of ≈ 20, and then a stress overshoot at a strain of ≈ 100 before attaining a steady state value. The transient first normal stress difference exhibits a distinct overshoot at ≈ 100 strain units. The steady-state first normal stress difference is always positive in the tested shear rate range 0.1–10 s–1. In situ rheo-optical characterization revealed that the melt shows a threaded texture at rest. Upon start up of shear flow, this threaded texture becomes deformed, and the domains initially appear to stretch and align in the shearing direction. Next, the domains break up, and a significant drop in the optical intensity is observed. These microstructural features are used to explain the presence of the first maximum and the minimum observed in the transient shear stress. Polym. Eng. Sci. 45:187–197, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers.
An Application of Log-Linear Models: The Stress-Buffering Function of Alcohol Use

The buffering model hypothesizes that moderate alcohol use lessens the adverse psychological consequences of stress. This model is tested among a community sample of adult men (N = 356) interviewed twice over a four-month period. Log-linear models are presented to assess the predicted interaction of alcohol use on the relationship between persistent strain and depression. Both alcohol use and strain are found to be related to the odds of subsequent depression, but alcohol use does not appear to modify the effects of strain on depression.
Supercyclides and blending

Abstract Plane/cone and plane/cylinder supercyclide blends are studied. It is proven that supercyclide blends along specified ellipses exist in these cases if and only if the plane and the quadric intersect in an ellipse. An algorithm is given that constructs a supercyclide blend that is the affine transformation of a cyclide blend. Examples from our implementation are provided.
Fumarate reductase is a soluble enzyme in anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1

The expression and distribution of fumarate reductase activity was examined in Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Fumarate reductase was expressed at very low levels in aerobically grown cell and was markedly induced by growth under anaerobic conditions. Cells were fractionated into soluble and purified membrane components by four different methods. For all four methods used, and in marked contrast to the membrane-bound fumarate reductases of other bacteria, ≧ 98% of the fumarate reductase activity was localized in the soluble fraction. In cells subjected to osmotic shock or treated with lysozyme and EDTA to form spheroplasts, the specific activity of fumarate reductase was highest in the periplasmic fraction, while the majority of total fumarate reductase activity was in the cytoplasmic fraction.
Micellization of bovine β-casein studied by isothermal titration microcalorimetry and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy

The association behavior, critical micellization concentration (CMC), and enthalpy of demicellization (ΔHdemic) of bovine β-casein were studied, for the first time by isothermal titration calorimetry, in a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer with 0.1 ionic strength and in pure water. In the buffer solutions, the CMC decreased asymptotically from 0.15 to 0.006 mM as the temperature was raised from 16 to 45 °C. ΔHdemic decreased with increasing temperature between 16 and 28 °C but increased from 28 to 45 °C. Thermodynamic analysis below 30 °C is consistent with the Kegeles shell model, which suggests a stepwise association process. At higher temperatures, this model exhibits limitations, and the micellization becomes much more cooperative. The CMC values in water, measured between 17 and 28 °C, decreased with increasing temperature and, expectedly, were higher than those found in the buffer solutions. β-Casein micelles were visualized and characterized, for the first time in their hydrated state, using advanced digital...
Active learning: hands-on activities add pizzazz to lecture-based anatomy courses (721.10)

Educating students in the field of anatomy has been a challenge for decades. Bringing a “dead” science to “life” has been problematic for even the greatest of educators. We have examined several different group activities and approaches to teaching anatomy that incorporated a variety of teaching activities designed to keep the learning process engaging, stimulating, and self-motivating. Developing novel approaches for the group activities in a lecture based class is essential for student engagement. Group activities that we have successfully implemented include the incorporation of clinically relevant video clips, which students assess and discuss as a group, construction of organs out of modeling clay and/or other craft supplies, using fabric muscles made of felt to attach to a skeleton which helped reinforce their understanding of muscle attachments, using yarn to depict the passageway of nerves in the brachial plexus and spinal cord tracts, and other approaches. The level of student satisfaction increa...
A Combined Statistical and Biomechanical Model for Estimation of Intra-operative Prostate Deformation

An approach for estimating the deformation of the prostate caused by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe insertion is presented. This work is particularly useful during brachytherapy procedures, in which planning for radioactive seed insertion is performed on preoperative scans, and significant deformation of the prostate can occur during the procedure. The approach makes use of a patient specific biomechanical model to run simulations for TRUS probe insertion, extract the main modes of the deformation of the prostate, and use this information to establish a deformable registration between 2 orthogonal cross-sectional ultrasound images and the preoperative prostate. In the work presented here, the approach is tested on an anatomy-realistic biomechanical phantom for the prostate and results are reported for 5 test simulations. More than 73% of maximum deformation of the prostate was recovered, with the estimation error mostly attributed to the relatively small number of biomechanical simulations used for training.
Differences in presence between healthy users and users with multiple sclerosis

We are investigating how persons with mobility impairments due to multiple sclerosis (MS) experience the sense of presence in a Virtual Environment (VE). Since the mid 90's, virtual reality (VR) research has produced a rich knowledge of how design and interaction features of VEs affect presence. However, to our knowledge almost all of the previous research studies have been conducted only with healthy persons. Thus, it is not known how these factors affect the presence of mobility impaired persons, which could have implications for VR-based rehabilitation. To begin investigating this, we replicated a classic VR experiment that has been replicated many times before, but we ran the study with a different population: 10 persons with mobility impairments caused by MS and another 5 healthy persons of similar demographics (e.g., age) as our MS population. This paper compares how these two groups experience presence and discusses the differences we found in our study.
Designing IIR filters with a given 3-dB point

Often in infinite impulse response (IIR) filter design, our critical design parameter is the cutoff frequency at which the filter's power decays to half (-3 dB) the nominal passband value. This article presents techniques that aid in the design of discrete-time Chebyshev and elliptic filters given a 3-dB attenuation frequency point. These techniques place Chebyshev and elliptic filters on the same footing as Butterworth filters, which traditionally have been designed for a given 3-dB point. The result is that it is easy to replace a Butterworth design with either a Chebyshev or an elliptic filter of the same order and obtain a steeper rolloff at the expense of some ripple in the passband and/or stopband of the filter.
Time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy and optical imaging of Cybesin in cancerous and normal prostate tissues

Time-resolved polarization-dependent fluorescence of Cybesin in solution and in cancerous and normal prostate tissues were measured. The polarization preservation property of Cybesin in tissue was observed. The fluorescence intensity emitted from a Cybesinstained cancerous tissue area was found to be much stronger than that from a Cybesin-stained normal tissue area indicating that cancerous prostate tissue takes-up more Cybesin than normal tissue. The polarization anisotropy of Cybesin contained in cancerous prostate tissue was found to be larger than that of Cybesin in normal prostate tissue indicating that a larger degree of polarization was preserved in the Cybesin-stained cancerous tissue due to structures. A static anisotropy component from the emission of cell-bonded Cybesin molecules in tissue and a time-dependent anisotropy component from the emission of un-bonded Cybesin molecules were determined and discussed. The static anisotropy value of Cybesin in stained cancerous tissue was found to be much larger than that in stained normal tissue. The fluorescence polarization difference imaging technique based on the polarization preservation of Cybesin was used to enhance the image contrast between cancerous and normal prostate tissue areas. � 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A lesson learned through gaming

This article describes an educational card game the objective of which is to raise students' awareness of the need for clarity, structure, and organization in all everyday activities of humans. Although the game as such was played in freshman composition, therefore addressing the immediate needs of that particular class, the lesson learned through it can easily be generalized—and hence applied to everyday life.
Melatonin in walnuts: Influence on levels of melatonin and total antioxidant capacity of blood

Abstract Objective We investigated whether melatonin is present in walnuts ( Juglans regia L.) and, if so, tested whether eating walnuts influences melatonin levels and the total antioxidant status of the blood. Methods Melatonin was extracted from walnuts and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. After feeding walnuts to rats, serum melatonin concentrations were measured using a radioimmunoassay and the "total antioxidant power" of the serum was estimated by using the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of serum methods. Results Mean ± standard error melatonin concentrations were 3.5 ± 1.0 ng/g of walnut. After food restriction of rats and then feeding them regular chow or walnuts, blood melatonin concentrations in the animals that ate walnuts were increased over those in the rats fed the control diet. Increases in blood melatonin were also accompanied by increases in trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of serum values. Conclusions Melatonin is present in walnuts and, when eaten, increase blood melatonin concentrations. The increase in blood melatonin levels correlates with an increased antioxidative capacity of this fluid as reflected by augmentation of trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of serum values.
National Governance and the Global Climate Change Regime

National Governance and the Global Climate Change Regime. By Dana R. Fisher. Latham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 206p. $69.00 cloth, $27.95 paper. Debate continues among scholars in a variety of disciplines over the impact (positive, negative, or neutral) of transboundary environmental problems on the sovereignty of nation-states, especially in the developing world (see, for example, Karen Litfin, ed., The Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics, 1998). Expanding this debate to “economically advanced or postindustrial nations,” sociologist Dana Fisher addresses three important questions in her book. First, what is the role of the nation-state relative to other actors (civil society, market, and scientific) in negotiating international agreements when transnational environmental issues are involved? Second, how best can the disparate reactions of governments to the development of these international environmental pressures be explained? Third, how does the interaction of international and national factors affect the substance of international agreements?
Finger ischemia secondary to the synergistic agonist effect of norepinephrine and ergonovine and in a burn patient.

Ergonovine (Ergometrine) is an effective uterotonic agent used in the management of post-partum bleeding. It has been found to induce ischemia of the coronary artery as well [1,2]. Norepinephrine is used to treat hypotensive septic shock in large body surface area burns. Combined use of these drugs in the management of burn septicemic shock and post-partum bleeding can produce a synergistic agonist effect that could result to compromised peripheral circulation and subsequent finger ischemia.
Biomass Burning Influences on the Composition of the Remote South Pacific Troposphere: Analysis Based on Observations from PEM Tropics-A

Airborne, in-situ measurements from PEM-Tropics-A (September/October 1996) are analyzed to show the presence of distinct pollution plumes in the middle-tropical troposphere of the remote South Pacific (10-30degS). These elevated plumes cause a relative maximum at about 5-7km attitude in the vertical distribution of primary and secondary species characteristic of fuel combustion and biomass burning (CO, C2H2, C2H6, CH3Cl, PAN, O3). Similar plumes were also observed at mid-latitudes in the middle troposphere during three flights east of New Zealand (40-45degS). In all, pollution plumes with CO larger than 100 ppb were observed 24 times on 7 separate flight days south of the equator. The observed plumes were generally embedded in very dry air. Ten-day back trajectory analysis supports the view that these originated from the biomass burning regions of South Africa (and South America) and were transported to the South Pacific along long-distance subsiding trajectories. The chemical composition of the southern Pacific troposphere analyzed from the PEM-Tropics-A data is compared with data from the tropical regions of the northern Pacific (PEM-West-A) and southern Atlantic (TRACE-A) during the same Sept/Oct time period. Sizable perturbations in the abundance of ozone and its key precursors, resulting from the transport of pollution originating from biomass burning sources, are observed in much of the Southern Hemispheric troposphere.
Simple electroabsorption model for silicongermanium/germanium quantum well devices

We present a simple model for the electroabsorption spectrum of germanium-based quantum wells, which can be used to optimize material design for modulators. The model gives very good agreement with our new experimental data.
Recruiting and motivating black subjects to complete a lengthy survey in a large cohort study: an exploration of different strategies

The effectiveness of multiple innovative recruitment strategies for enrolling Black/African American participants to the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) is described. The study’s focus is diet and breast, prostate and colon cancer. Promotions centered on trust, relationship building and incentives for increasing enrollment and questionnaire return rate. Of the sub-studies described, one had a randomized control group, and the others, informal controls. The subjects are from all states of the U.S. and some provinces of Canada. The offer of a Black art piece, follow-up calls, a competitive tournament as well as other strategies accounted for nearly 3,000 additional returns even though they were often used in small subsets. Flexibility and multiple strategies proved advantageous in gaining the cooperation of Blacks, who are usually reluctant to participate in research studies. Lessons learned during initial enrollment should help us retain our final Black cohort of 26,000, and obtain new information when required.
Co-production of business assistance in business incubators An exploratory study

Abstract A business incubator — in collaboration with the community in which it operates — is a “producer” of business assistance programs. The entrepreneurial ventures located in an incubator, as “consumers” of those outputs, operate in an interdependent co-production relationship with the incubator. This study explores the types of business assistance provided through co-production, the modes of co-production, and factors that affect the variability of impact. The allocation of the time of the incubator manager, the intensity of intervention, the breadth of co-production modalities deployed, and the readiness of the entrepreneur to engage in co-production are revealed as factors affecting the output elasticities related to co-production inputs.
Plurigon: three dimensional visualization and classification of high-dimensionality data

High-dimensionality data is rapidly becoming the norm for biomedical sciences and many other analytical disciplines. Not only is the collection and processing time for such data becoming problematic, but it has become increasingly difficult to form a comprehensive appreciation of high-dimensionality data. Though data analysis methods for coping with multivariate data are well-documented in technical fields such as computer science, little effort is currently being expended to condense data vectors that exist beyond the realm of physical space into an easily interpretable and aesthetic form. To address this important need, we have developed Plurigon, a data visualization and classification tool for the integration of high-dimensionality visualization algorithms with a user-friendly, interactive graphical interface. Unlike existing data visualization methods, which are focused on an ensemble of data points, Plurigon places a strong emphasis upon the visualization of a single data point and its determining characteristics. Multivariate data vectors are represented in the form of a deformed sphere with a distinct topology of hills, valleys, plateaus, peaks, and crevices. The gestalt structure of the resultant Plurigon object generates an easily-appreciable model. User interaction with the Plurigon is extensive; zoom, rotation, axial and vector display, feature extraction, and anaglyph stereoscopy are currently supported. With Plurigon and its ability to analyze high-complexity data, we hope to see a unification of biomedical and computational sciences as well as practical applications in a wide array of scientific disciplines. Increased accessibility to the analysis of high-dimensionality data may increase the number of new discoveries and breakthroughs, ranging from drug screening to disease diagnosis to medical literature mining.
CHARACTERISTIC PERIODS AND Q FOR OSCILLATIONS OF THE EARTH FOLLOWING AN INTERMEDIATE-FOCUS EARTHQUAKE

A set of fundamental and overtone oscillations of the earth are observed from spectral analyses of digital data recorded worldwide by the new high gain, long-period seismographs, following the Celebes Sea earthquake of 11 June 1972. The characteristic theoretical periods and the Q=Q(ω), obtained from the spectral ratio of two different time windows, are used as an aid for modal identification. The fundamental spheroidal and torsional oscillations, l=13-100 and many overtones, n=1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are identified. The overtone oscillations with high Q of about 600 are well marked on the spectrum of Q values. The observed periods are compared to those for existing earth models and the mean of previous observations, the agreement is good. The average absolute deviations between the three theoretical and observed suites of spheroidal mode periods are between 0.710sec to 0.807sec and that of the mean period is 0.714sec. Over 50 new overtone mode of spheroidal oscillations and over 10 new overtone mode of torsional oscillations are reported.
Quantitative analysis of impurities in SIMOX samples using secondary ion mass spectrometry

Silicon films produced by the SIMOX process (separation by implanted oxygen) must be annealed at high temperature to remove the crystal damage introduced during implantation of the high oxygen dose. Different annealing gases, temperatures and times have been investigated. In such processes, various impurities present in the hightemperature ceramic furnace tube, as well as annealing gas species, may be incorporated into the samples. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used as a quantitiative tool to analyze the diffusion of tube components and gases into annealed SIMOX samples. Samples. Samples prepared for this investigation were annealed in nitrogen and argon at temperatures ranging from 1250 to 1350 °C. We found that most impurities are present at low levels and are generally trapped in the surface oxide that is grown during the anneal. SIMS analyses of SIMOX samples annealed in nitrogen showed that nitrogen tends to collect in both the surface oxide band buried oxide layers, piling up at the oxide/silicon interfaces.
ESTROGEN PLUS PROGESTIN, BENEFITS AND RISKS: THE "WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE" TRIALS

The increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women continues unabated. Hormone replacement therapy given in an effort to contain this potentially fatal disease has had its successes and failures, but heretofore has not been fully evaluated. Hormone replacement therapy was first advocated in the 1940s for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Subsequently several observational studies suggested cardiovascular benefits for women who were on hormone therapy. However no high risk clinical trials had been done until the early 1990s, when through the National Institutes of Health, 40 centers in the United States were recruited to enroll the largest number of postmenopausal women in a hormone study. The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) was a large randomized placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of estrogen plus progestin on specific potential long-term benefits versus risks. The Heart and Estrogen/progesterone Replacement Study (HERS), an “arm” of the WHI trial, was a randomly compared estrogen plus progestin trial given continuously to 16 000 women who were previously healthy and postmenopausal. A few women that were included in this “arm” had a history of coronary disease but had to have been asymptomatic for 6 months prior to enrollment. At the end of the study, there were no cardiovascular benefits and in fact, there was a significant increased risk in coronary events, primarily nonfatal myocardial infarctions, nearly 25% over 5+ years of follow-up. There was an increase in strokes, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and endometrial cancer. Breast cancer was a major risk after 4 years follow-up. An unusual finding was the increased requirement for gallbladder surgery. Two case presentations highlight key issues involved in hormone replacement therapy in women. Case 1
An Assessment of Patient Comfort and Morbidity After Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy with Suprapubic Tube Versus Urethral Catheter Drainage.

Abstract Objective: Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) with suprapubic tube (SPT), compared to urethral catheter (UC) drainage, has been proposed to improve patient comfort and recovery. We sought to compare short-term outcomes for pain and morbidity after RALP with SPT vs UC drainage. Methods: Between August 2012 and 2014, 159 men underwent a RALP and prospectively completed a questionnaire addressing postoperative pain and satisfaction. Group 1 (n = 94) underwent a RALP by one surgeon who placed a UC and removed it between postoperative day (POD) 7 and 10. Group 2 (n = 65) underwent a RALP by a different surgeon who placed an SPT and UC. On POD 1, the UC was removed. On POD 9, the SPT was capped and removed on POD 11 if the patient was voiding adequately. Preoperative and intraoperative data, complications, questionnaires, and patient-reported morbidity, including unplanned telephone calls and emergency department (ED) visits, were compared between groups. Results: Patient characteristics ...
Cumulative Distribution Functions and UPM/LPM Analysis

We show that the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) is represented by the ratio of the lower partial moment (LPM) ratio to the distribution for the interval in question. The addition of the upper partial moment (UPM) ratio enables us to create probability density functions (PDF) for any function without prior knowledge of its characteristics. We are able to replicate discrete distribution CDFs and PDFs for normal, uniform, poisson, and chi-square distributions, as well as true continuous distributions. This framework provides a new formulation for UPM/LPM portfolio analysis using co-partial moment matrices which are positive symmetrical semi-definite, aggregated to yield a positive symmetrical definite matrix.
Getting to the core of cadherin complex function in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The classic cadherin-catenin complex (CCC) mediates cell-cell adhesion in metazoans. Although substantial insights have been gained by studying the CCC in vertebrate tissue culture, analyzing requirements for and regulation of the CCC in vertebrates remains challenging. Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful system for connecting the molecular details of CCC function with functional requirements in a living organism. Recent data, using an “angstroms to embryos” approach, have elucidated functions for key residues, conserved across all metazoans, that mediate cadherin/β-catenin binding. Other recent work reveals a novel, potentially ancestral, role for the C. elegans p120ctn homologue in regulating polarization of blastomeres in the early embryo via Cdc42 and the partitioning-defective (PAR)/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) complex. Finally, recent work suggests that the CCC is trafficked to the cell surface via the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) in surprising ways. These studies continue to underscore the value of C. elegans as a model system for identifying conserved molecular mechanisms involving the CCC.
Pointless: On the Failure to Adopt an Immigration Points System in the United States

When bipartisan efforts to adopt comprehensive immigration reform (CIR) legislation collapsed in the U.S. Congress in June 2007, proposals for a merit-based “points system” to select prospective immigrants died with it. We explain why comprehensive reform did not pass and show that points system proposals did not enhance prospects for reform.
Cutting Edge: Integrin α4 Is Required for Regulatory B Cell Control of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

The neutralization of integrin α4 (Itga4) is currently used as treatment in multiple sclerosis. Although most studies have focused on its function on lymphocyte migration to the CNS, we have uncovered the importance of Itga4 for the generation of regulatory B cells in peripheral immune organs and their control of pathogenic T cell response and CNS pathology. Our study underscores the importance of looking at the dual role of B cells in CNS autoimmunity and provides important perspectives regarding the efficacy and side effects associated with Itga4 neutralization and other B cell-targeting therapies.
Padé phenomenology for NN scattering: S 0 1 phase shifts

Recently developed Pad\'e approximant techniques are applied to two sets of $^{1}S_{0}\mathrm{NN}$ scattering data. In the first, the unconstrained $^{1}S_{0}\mathrm{np}$ phase shifts of MacGregor et al. are used to generate a scattering function, $F({k}^{2})=kcot({\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0})$, which is fitted with high precision. A six-parameter [3/2] Pad\'e fit gives four terms of the effective range expansion; the resulting Marchenko-type potential is expressible as the sum of a Yukawa one-pion-exchange potential and a shorter range part, the repulsion peaking at the origin at near 4 GeV. In a second application, Pad\'e fits are made to the scattering function of the Reid soft-core potential. The [3/2] approximant which fits $F({k}^{2})$ through the wave numbers consistent with the Lambert, Corbella, and Thom\'e criterion, to $k=2.5$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, leads to a potential with a core height of 4.6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{4}$ GeV. In both [3/2] potentials the volume integrals are large and negative, and cannot be made positive by adjoining more repulsive high energy phase shifts. By application to the Reid soft-core potential the Pad\'e formalism is shown to generate useful [$\frac{L}{L\ensuremath{-}1}$] Pad\'e approximants with increasing $L$. The analytic structure of $F({k}^{2})$ beyond $k=224$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is used in the construction of higher Pad\'e approximants that (a) satisfy the Lambert, Corbella, and Thom\'e criterion and (b) might lead to saturation.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Pad\'e approximants used to solve inverse scattering problem for $\mathrm{NN}^{1}S_{0}$ phase shifts; effective range expansion and short range repulsion computed.
A portable general-purpose application programming interface for CIF 2.0

The CIF API is an application programming interface and accompanying reference implementation for reading and writing CIFs and manipulating CIF data, with support for all versions of CIF through CIF 2.0. It features full support for Unicode in data block and save frame codes, data names, and data values; flexible character encoding; CIF 2.0 List and Table data types; CIF version auto-detection; event-based parsing; and arbitrary-precision numeric values. The interface and implementation are written in portable C, and they have been successfully built and tested on Linux, OS X and Windows. The CIF API is open-source software, available for use under the GNU Lesser General Public License.
Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Stall on Pliant Wings for Micro Air Vehicles

This work presents the experimental characterization of an elastic membrane wing in dynamic stall conditions. In this experiment, a 2:1 aspect ratio pre-tensioned membrane wing was pitched about its quarter chord point from 10 – 20 degrees of angle of attack at reduced frequencies of 0.05 and 0.1 and Reynolds numbers of 50,000 and 66,000. The relationship between time-dependent lift and membrane shape was studied by measuring the elastic displacements of the membrane and the wing’s aerodynamic loads, using digital image correlation software and a six-axis sting balance respectively. A direct correlation between membrane normal force and displacement is observed, as well as an increase in overall lift performance for the membrane wing in dynamic pitching conditions. The increase in lift performance was greatest where reduced frequency was 0.1 and Reynolds number was 66,000. In this test condition the pitching membrane wing experienced a maximum coefficient of lift 15% greater than the same wing in a static angle of attack condition, and 40% greater than the equivalent rigid wing in static pitch condition.
The New Requirements and Features of Rural Labor Force Transfer During the Period of Constructing New Countryside

It is an important aspect of constructing the new socialist countryside to accelerate the transfer of the surplus rural labor force.With the set of objectives of constructing new countryside,it has become the new requirement for the transfer of rural labor force in new period to improve peasants' comprehensive caliber and hence train new peasants.Meanwhile,we also find some new features in the employment of rural laborers,the organization of rural labor force and the maintenance of legal right of transferred rural laborers.
Preliminary results of a phase I study of sunitinib plus paclitaxel for first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer

C196 Background Sunitinib malate is an oral, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFRs, PDGFRs, KIT, RET, and FLT3, with single-agent activity in patients (pts) with previously-treated metastatic breast cancer (BC). This phase I study investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of sunitinib combined with paclitaxel for first-line treatment of advanced BC. Materials and methods Eligible pts had metastatic or locally recurrent BC, ECOG PS ≤1, and adequate organ function. Exclusion criteria included prior cytotoxic therapy for advanced disease and failure of taxane-based adjuvant therapy within 12 months. Pts received sunitinib at a starting dose of 25 mg/day continuous dosing (escalation to 37.5 mg/day or reduction to 12.5 mg/day depending on tolerability) plus paclitaxel 1-hr infusion 90 mg/m 2 /wk in 4-wk cycles (3 wks on treatment, followed by 1 wk off; reduction to 65 mg/m 2 /wk as needed). Results 21 pts were treated with the combination regimen on study, median age 58 yrs (range 37-74). 18 pts had measurable disease, and 6 pts were chemotherapy-naive. Approximately 50% of patients were hormone-receptor positive and 5% were positive for HER2 receptor overexpression. Disease sites included bone (57%), liver (38%), lung (33%), and lymph node (57%). Median number of cycles delivered was 7 (range 2-15) for sunitinib and 5 (range 1[[Unsupported Character - Codename s]]-14) for paclitaxel. Discontinuations were due to disease progression (13 pts), maximum response (2 pts), completed study (4 pts), withdrawn consent (1 pt), and adverse event (AE; chronic leg ulcer, 1 pt). Grade (Gr) 3 AEs included fatigue (27%), diarrhea (14%), hand-foot syndrome (9%), dyspepsia (9%), and dyspnea (9%). Neutropenia was the primary hematologic toxicity (Gr 3 in 33% and Gr 4 in 19%). G-CSF was used when neutrophil count was Conclusions Sunitinib administered with paclitaxel was generally well tolerated and showed promising activity as first-line treatment for advanced BC. A phase III trial comparing this combination to paclitaxel + bevacizumab is underway.
Design of high gain and wide band EBG resonator antenna with dual layers of same dielectric superstrate at X-bands

A wide band EBG resonator antenna with two layer of dielectric superstrates of the same material is design which is operating in X band. The EBG superstrates act as Partially Reflective Surfaces (PRS) having positive reflection phase curve which are suspended above a double sided dipole patch antenna fed by a coaxial cable pass through ground plane. Thus a resonator cavity is constructed which increases the bandwidth and gain of the feed antenna. The measured results validate the simulation results obtain from Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio. These results show that the antenna posses a 3 dB gain bandwidth from 8.5 GHz to 11.2 GHz, with a peak gain of 15.3 dBi. Furthermore, the scattering parameter S11 is well within range from 8.6 GHz to 11 GHz.
Overview of Pathology and Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors

Abstract Primary brain tumors (PBTs) are a pathologically diverse group of neoplasms that remain refractory to treatment. Gliomas are neoplasms of neuroepithelial origin that comprise the largest subgroup and most commonly diagnosed form of PBT. Gliomas usually demonstrate diffuse and infiltrative growth, especially high-grade varieties such as glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, and tumors of oligodendroglial origin. Surgical resection is the initial form of therapy for most patients with a PBT. A complete resection should be attempted for all low-grade tumors. For accessible high-grade lesions, gross-total resection of all enhancing tumor and regionally infiltrated brain should be considered. External beam fractionated irradiation should be administered to all patients with high-grade gliomas and to selected patients with inaccessible or progressive low-grade PBT, especially if symptomatic or older than age 40. The standard regimen consists of 5000–6000 cGy administered in 180- to 200-cGy daily fractions over 5–7 weeks. Chemotherapy should be considered as adjunctive treatment for all malignant PBTs and for selected low-grade gliomas. Temozolomide is an alkylating agent with a broad range of activity, which is often used in combination with irradiation, as well as in the adjuvant setting, for high-grade astrocytomas. Molecular therapeutic approaches are under development and entering early clinical trials.
The Unbound Prometheus: The interwar years

THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PHONEY PEACE It is not easy to write the economic history of the twentieth century. For one thing, it is too close to us; for another, it is messy by comparison with the halcyon nineteenth. For a hundred years Europe had not known a major war, and her economies had been free to develop with little distraction from political and military quarters. To be sure, all of them in some degree had started with the handicap of a pre-industxial social and legal structure, some of it not only not favourable to capitalism but developed in antagonism to it. But the history of economic policy in the nineteenth century is largely one of liberation from this legacy, and to the degree that this liberation was effective and the natural and human resources for growth were available, the economies of Europe transformed themselves and waxed mighty. The story of each, mutatis mutandis , fits closely to a kind of ideal model of modernization; the leitmotif is the process of industrial revolution. The twentieth century by contrast is a confusion of emergencies, disasters, improvisations, and artificial expedients. One passes in a few weeks of 1914 from a quiet stream, as it were, to white water. Yet economic history, more even than other branches of history, abhors chronological boundaries.
Posterior Urethral Suspension During Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Improves Early Urinary Control: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Purpose: Early urinary control is a major goal for patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). We report our technique of posterior urethral suspension (PUS) performed at the time of urethrovesical anastomosis. Patients and Methods: We prospectively followed men with localized prostate cancer undergoing RARP by a single surgeon from August 2012 to October 2015. Patients before April 2014 underwent only bladder neck preservation (controls), while patients after April 2014 also underwent PUS. Patients were given a modified Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire, along with questions depicting objective measures of urinary control (type of pad, number of pads, wetness of pad). Time points queried were preoperatively and postoperatively at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 12. Our primary outcome was pad-free survival. Results: Questionnaire response rate was 52% (56/107) for controls and 43% (36/83) for PUS. There were no differences in baseline demographics, preoperative urina...
Efficacy of a Commercial Iodine-In-Oil Teat Dip

A nationally marketed product for dipping cows' teats after each milking was tested for efficacy in preventing new intramammary infection. Teats on one side of the udder of 150 Jersey cows were dip...
Buffer overflow attack's power consumption signatures

Embedded Systems (ES) are an integral part of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), the Internet of Things (IoT), and consumer devices like smartphones. ES often have limited resources, and - if used in CPS and IoT - have to satisfy real time requirements. Therefore, ES rarely employ the security measures established for computer systems and networks. Due to the growth of both CPS and IoT it is important to identify ongoing attacks on ES without interfering with realtime constraints. Furthermore, security solutions that can be retrofit to legacy systems are desirable, especially when ES are used in Industrial Control Systems (ICS) that often maintain the same hardware for decades. To tackle this problem, several researchers have proposed using side-channels (i.e., physical emanations accompanying cyber processes) to detect such attacks. While prior work focuses on the anomaly detection approach, this might not always be sufficient, especially in complex ES whose behavior depends on the input data. In this paper, we determine whether one of the most common attacks - a buffer overflow attack - generates distinct side-channel signatures if executed on a vulnerable ES. We only consider the power consumption side-channel. We collect and analyze power traces from normal program operation and four cases of buffer overflow attack categories: (i) crash program execution, (ii) injection of executable code, (iii) return to existing function, and (iv) Return Oriented Programming (ROP) with gadgets. Our analysis shows that for some of these cases a power signature-based detection of a buffer overflow attack is possible.
Problem Solving in Extension: Moving Toward a Twenty-First Century Model

In its effort to improve the quality of life for all individuals, the challenge is for Extension to engage individuals, organizations and communities in solving emerging problems that will more fully improve the quality of life of all individuals. Bringing diverse stakeholders together to find solutions to emerging problems entail solving complex socio-technical problems and collective action problems that require collaboration, negotiation, and careful definition and structuring. Too often in this situation, a Type III error is made solving the wrong problem. This is usually because too much emphasis is placed on generating a solution without first identifying the right problem. The crucial task for Extension, therefore, is to identify and define the right collective action problem. We propose an integrated problem-solving model that could prove useful in assisting Extension to address complex collective action problems that are likely to arise in the new reality of the twenty-first century.
Strategies for the Synthesis of Anisotropic Catalytic Nanoparticles

The design and synthesis of well-defined nanoscale anisotropic particles is opening new avenues toward developing a fundamental understanding of their chemical and physical properties. Obtaining nanoparticles that are homogenous in size and shape can be a challenging process, particularly for particles that consist of reactive metals. Anisotropy further adds to the complexity in controlling the kinetics and thermodynamics of the nucleation and growth processes. Access to well-defined nanoparticles provides the ability to develop succinct pathways toward elucidating reaction mechanisms they mediate as well as understanding their stability in various environments. Thus, significant effort in the field of nanoscale science and technology has focused on developing procedures that are reproducible in yielding well-defined nanoparticles. This chapter reviews various methods for the synthesis of catalytic metal nanoparticles and the impact of their shape on the reactivity. Methodology for the characterization of the nanostructures is also described.
Fundamental Limits of Wireless Distributed Computing Networks

We consider a wireless distributed computing network, where all computing nodes (workers) are connected via wireless medium obeying the seminal protocol channel model. In particular, we focus on the MapReduce-type platform, where each worker is assigned to compute some arbitrary output functions from $F$ input files, which are distributively cached in all workers. The overall computation is decomposed into computing a set of “Map” and “Reduce” functions across all workers. The goal is to characterize the minimum computing latency as a function of the computation load. Unlike other related works, which consider either wireline settings or restrict the communication among workers to single-hop, here we focus on the wireless scenario and do not constrain any communication schemes. We propose a data set cache strategy based on a deterministic assignment of Maximum Distance Separable (MDS)-coded date sets over all input files, and a coded multicast transmission strategy where the workers send linearly coded computing results to each other in order to collectively satisfy their assigned tasks. We show that our approach can achieve a scalable communication latency, outperform the state of the art schemes in the order sense, and achieve the information theoretic outer bound within a multiplicative constant factor in practical parameter regimes.