cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract P1-07-01: Safety of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Premenopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer

Background: Vitamin D has diverse biological effects on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in multiple tissues, including the breast. Observational studies have demonstrated that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), an objective measure of vitamin D status, is inversely related to breast cancer risk, such that levels >40 ng/ml are associated with a 40% reduction in breast cancer risk compared to women who are vitamin D deficient (25-OHD Methods: Twenty high-risk premenopausal women (5-year Gail risk score ≥1.67%, history of LCIS or DCIS, BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carrier) were assigned to a 1-year intervention of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) 30,000 IU weekly (cohort 1, N=10) or 20,000 IU weekly (cohort 2, N=8/10). Eligibility criteria included baseline serum 25-OHD ≥32 ng/ml and no history of kidney stones. Participants were monitored for toxicity, particularly hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, every 3 months during the 1-year intervention. They underwent a digital mammogram and random core breast biopsy at baseline and 12 months, as well as serial blood collections at 0, 6, and 12 months. Serum 25-OHD was measured by Diasorin radioimmunoassay. Results: From November 2007 to March 2010, 18 of 20 participants were enrolled and 12 have completed the 1-year intervention (10 in cohort 1; 2 in cohort 2). Median age: 47 (37-52); White/Hispanic/Black: 8/9/1; Median body mass index: 27.7 kg/m2 (21.5-35.4); Elevated Gail risk/LCIS/DCIS: 11/6/1; Mean baseline serum 25-OHD: 19 ng/ml (11-27). Women assigned to a dose of 30,000 IU weekly (cohort 1) rose to a mean serum 25-OHD of 55 ng/ml (26-75) at 6 months and 59 ng/ml (49-71) at 12 months. The dose of 20,000IU weekly (cohort 2) resulted in a mean serum 25-OHD of 48 ng/ml (35-59) at 3 months and 50 ng/ml (42-63) at 6 months. No significant hypercalcemia (serum calcium >10.5 mg/dl) or hypercalciuria (spot urine calcium/creatinine >0.37) occurred at either dose level. One woman dropped out due to worsening gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Biomarker analyses for samples collected from cohort 1 are ongoing. Discussion: We have demonstrated that a 1-year intervention of high-dose vitamin D3 20,000 IU or 30,000 IU weekly is well-tolerated and able to increase serum 25-OHD above 40 ng/ml in all participants, without any episodes of hypervitaminosis D. The effects of high-dose vitamin D on mammographic density, tissue and serum-based biomarkers of breast cancer risk are currently being evaluated. Large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to determine the safety, efficacy, optimal dose and duration of vitamin D supplementation for breast cancer chemoprevention. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-01.
Case Study on Visualizing Hurricanes Using Illustration-Inspired Techniques

The devastating power of hurricanes was evident during the 2005 hurricane season, the most active season on record. This has prompted increased efforts by researchers to understand the physical processes that underlie the genesis, intensification, and tracks of hurricanes. This research aims at facilitating an improved understanding into the structure of hurricanes with the aid of visualization techniques. Our approach was developed by a mixed team of visualization and domain experts. To better understand these systems, and to explore their representation in NWP models, we use a variety of illustration-inspired techniques to visualize their structure and time evolution. Illustration-inspired techniques aid in the identification of the amount of vertical wind shear in a hurricane, which can help meteorologists predict dissipation. Illustration-style visualization, in combination with standard visualization techniques, helped explore the vortex rollup phenomena and the mesovortices contained within. We evaluated the effectiveness of our visualization with the help of six hurricane experts. The expert evaluation showed that the illustration-inspired techniques were preferred over existing tools. Visualization of the evolution of structural features is a prelude to a deeper visual analysis of the underlying dynamics.
Free-running modes for gain-guided diode laser arrays

We present a numerical model for directly calculating the eigenmodes of multiple-stripe gain-guided diode laser arrays, which includes the effects of both carrier diffusion and heating in the active region. Comprehensive calculations of the eigenmodes of a CW gain-guided array using this model are directly compared to experimental observations on commercial ten-stripe arrays. These numerical and experimental results show that, contrary to popular wisdom, gain-guided arrays are characterized by a large number of eigenmodes, not limited to the number of elements in the array. In addition, our results show the importance of including the refractive index perturbation arising from junction heating, which dramatically alters both the character and the gain of the array modes.
STudio for Engineering Practice, "STEP", lessons learned about engineering practice

The STudio for Engineering Practice, "STEP", is a first step in introducing freshman engineering students to "hands-on engineering practice", including design, construction and testing. The initial cohorts of students have performed design team experiments supplied by the electrical, mechanical and civil engineering departments as well as computer utilization for analysis and simulation, in order to introduce students to those disciplines. The studio culminated with a multi-disciplinary design project. This project is in many ways similar to others being introduced across the engineering academic environment and one particular emphasis is to make the project cost effective in both finances and faculty time. We imported appropriate materials from other successful curriculum experiments to reduce development cost and modified the material to fit the local situation. Of particular interest is the challenge to scale up the project from the experimental cohorts to full scale implementation. This project was sponsored by the SUCCEED Engineering Education Coalition and materials were shared and imported from other Coalition members. The external evaluation is to be provided by the Coalition Evaluation and Assessment Team to reduce cost and utilize professional evaluation talent. The paper presents an outline of the freshman studio experience, a summary of the evaluation results, a discussion of problems encountered in the two year trial and a few recommendations to improve the project.
Searching very large routing tables in fast SRAM

The balanced routing table search (BaRTs) scheme is a novel method for searching large routing tables at OC-192 and OC-768 speeds. The scheme employs a compression technique that leaves all prefix information intact and creates a stand-alone data structure that can be incrementally updated. Performance-critical parts of the update operation are suitable for hardware implementation, enabling update rates beyond several hundred thousand per second. Simulations with actual routing tables have shown that BaRTs supports a routing table with 36,292 entries in only 292 KB of storage, a table with 72,825 entries in 555 KB, and a future table with 500,000 entries is estimated to fit in 3.7 MB.
IN VIVO DELIVERY OF ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES INTO RAT KUPFFER CELLS

AbstractKupffer cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Liver injury is believed to result from an excessive release of cytokines and prostanoids from these cells. A targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides into Kupffer cells might reduce or prevent liver injury. In this report, we describe a method in which anionic liposome-encapsulated antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (S-Oligos) are delivered to Kupffer cells in vivo. Delivery was assessed using an antisense S-Oligo (TJU-2749) targeted against the 3’ untranslated region of rat tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA. At 90 min post-intravenous injection, 90% of the S-Oligo was absorbed from circulation. Of this, 40% was found in the liver and 10% in spleen. Other organs, including lungs, kidneys, muscle, stomach, brain, testes and small intestine, showed only minor incorporation (<5%). Greater than 65% of the liver-associated S-Oligo was found in Kupffer cells. Relative accumulation of S-Oligo in Kupffer cells was 200-fo...
Laser micromachining in the microelectronics industry: emerging applications

Emerging applications in the microelectronics industry impose special manufacturing requirements that are not well addressed by conventional manufacturing techniques. On the other hand, advances in laser technology, optics and beam steering combined with a better understanding of laser-material interaction make laser micromachining a viable, attractive, cost-effective and in some cases enabling technology to support these applications. This paper reviews some of the emerging applications in the microelectronics industry that are well served by laser micromachining and discusses the advancements in lasers, optics and beam steering that enable cost effective laser micromachining. It also discusses some open issues that are the subject of current and future research.
Growth Factor, Oncogene, and Steroidal Interactions in the Regulation of Uterine Growth and Function

Historically, most studies of uterine growth and function in the non-pregnant uterus focused on the hormones estradiol and progesterone. In some cases, other hormones such as growth hormone (Grattarola and Li, 1959), triclothymine (T3, Gardner et al., 1978: Kirkland et al., 1981 a) insulin (Kirkland et al., 1981 b; Fowler et al., 1963) and glucocorticoids (Szego and Roberts, 1953; Campbell, 1978) were also studied, but the principal emphasis remained on the two ovarian hormones noted above. These studies emphasized the structure, function, and regulation of steroid receptors; nuclear interactions of receptors; and biological responses resulting from hormonal stimulation of the tissue (Jensen and DeSombre, 1972; Gorski and Gannon, 1976). During this time, scant attention was given to possible interactions between steroids and polypeptide growth factors in the regulation of uterine growth and function.
Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review

Abstract Objective: To quantify the effects of smoke-free workplaces on smoking in employees and compare these effects to those achieved through tax increases. Design: Systematic review with a random effects meta-analysis. Study selection: 26 studies on the effects of smoke-free workplaces Setting: Workplaces in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Germany Participants: Employees in unrestricted and totally smoke-free workplaces Main outcome measures: Daily cigarette consumption (per smoker and per employee) and smoking prevalence Results: Totally smoke-free workplaces are associated with reductions in prevalence of smoking of 3.8% (95% confidence interval 2.8% to 4.7%) and 3.1 (2.4 to 3.8) fewer cigarettes smoked per day per continuing smoker. Combination of the effects of reduced prevalence and lower consumption per continuing smoker yields a mean reduction of 1.3 cigarettes per day per employee, which corresponds to a relative reduction of 29%. To achieve similar reductions the tax on a pack of cigarettes would have to increase from $0.76 to $3.05 (€0.78 to €3.14) in the United States and from £3.44 to £6.59 (€5.32 to €10.20) in the United Kingdom. If all workplacesbecame smoke-free, consumption per capita in the entire population would drop by 4.5% in the United States and 7.6% in the United Kingdom, costing the tobacco industry $1.7 billion and £310 million annually in lost sales. To achieve similar reductions tax per pack would have to increase to $1.11 and £4.26 Conclusions: Smoke-free workplaces not only protect non-smokers from the dangers of passive smoking, they also encourage smokers to quit or to reduce consumption
Initial validation of a brief provisional diagnostic scale for delirium.

Primary objective: The Delirium Diagnostic Tool–Provisional (DDT-Pro) is a newly developed provisional diagnostic tool for delirium presented here. This study evaluated its accuracy and validity in a population of participants with acquired brain injury (ABI).Research design: Cross-sectional study.Methods: Thirty-six patients with ABI, including traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 29) and intraparenchymal haemorrhage (ICH; n = 7) were assessed at admission to inpatient rehabilitation using the DDT-Pro, the Delirium Rating Scale–Revised 98 (DRS-R98) and DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for delirium.Results: Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the estimate of accuracy, the area under the curve (AUC), was 0.994, and the DDT-Pro accurately classified 35/36 (97%) observations vs the DSM-IV-TR gold standard. The DDT-Pro correlated well with the DRS-R98 both in terms of raw score (r = −0.913, p < 0.0001) and estimates of the duration of delirium (r = 0.975, p < 0.0001).Conclusions: The DDT-Pro is s...
Lattice structures for design of three-channel linear-phase perfect-reconstruction FIR QMF banks

The authors present a perfect-reconstruction FIR (finite impulse response) linear-phase lattice structure for the three-channel QMF (quadrature mirror filter) bank. Both the analysis and the synthesis filters are linear-phase. To speed up the design time, the pairwise mirror-image condition is imposed on the resulting lattice structure. A design example is presented, and the complexity of the analysis bank is discussed. >
Self-Assembled Nanowire Arrays of Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Diodes Exhibiting S-Type Nonlinearity

We have electrochemically self-assembled regimented arrays of vertically standing nanowire metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes (MISD) embedded in an insulating matrix. Each diode is a 10-nm-diameter semiconductor (CdS) nanowire in contact with an underlying thin insulator ( ~20 nm thick), flanked by two metal electrodes. The density of these MISD devices exceeds 1011/cm2. The dc current-voltage characteristic of several devices in parallel displays an S-type nonlinearity, typical of an MISD. The negative differential resistance associated with the S-type nonlinearity can have a peak to valley ratio as large as 19:1 at room temperature. Individually, such devices can be used as thyristors, logic switches, and high-frequency oscillators. Collectively, they constitute a system of interacting nonlinear elements that could realize a nanoelectronic neuromorphic network model proposed more than a decade ago.
Reproduction expediting: Sexual motivations, fantasies, and the ticking biological clock

Beginning in their late twenties, women face the unique adaptive problem of declining fertility eventually terminating at menopause. We hypothesize women have evolved a reproduction expediting psychological adaptation designed to capitalize on their remaining fertility. The present study tested predictions based on this hypothesis—these women will experience increased sexual motivations and sexual behaviors compared to women not facing a similar fertility decline. Results from college and community samples (N = 827) indicated women with declining fertility think more about sex, have more frequent and intense sexual fantasies, are more willing to engage in sexual intercourse, and report actually engaging in sexual intercourse more frequently than women of other age groups. These findings suggest women’s ‘‘biological clock” may function to shift psychological motivations and actual behaviors to facilitate utilizing remaining fertility. Popular culture is rife with references to women’s biological clocks ticking away their remaining child-bearing years. This would have been a problem for ancestral women as they would have faced a substantial decline in fertility that terminated in zero fertility at menopause. To solve this problem, we hypothesized women evolved a psychological mechanism—a reproduction expediting adaptation – that motivated them to capitalize on their remaining fertility before likelihood of conception became less probable. Because modern women’s sexual psychology is a consequence of such evolved mechanisms, we predicted one key design feature of this adaptation is an increased desire and willingness to engage in sexual activity during the period of declining fertility. Increased sexual desire may be expressed in a variety of ways including an increase in thoughts and fantasies about sex, an increase in sex drive, and a greater likelihood of consenting to engage in sexual intercourse after knowing someone a short period of time. The present study used reports of sexual desires and behaviors to test these predictions.
A multi-objective programming approach to feed ration balancing and nutrient management

Abstract This paper examines the potential to use multiple objective programming to reduce nutrient excretion from dairy cows through incorporation of nutrient excretion functions into a ration formulation framework. In a typical ration formulation model, a ration is formulated to minimize cost while providing sufficient nutrients to meet the needs of the animal type being fed. To reduce the nutrient loading, rations can be formulated to minimize cost, and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion using multiple objective programming. Rations were initially formulated to minimize cost, nitrogen excretion and phosphorus excretion. Compromise programming was then utilized to examine the impacts on ration formulation of combining the three individual objectives. The multiple objective ration formulation reduced phosphorus excretion by 5% and marginally reduced nitrogen excretion with a small increase in ration cost compared to the single objective minimum cost ration. Multiple objective programming does have the potential to reduce nutrient excretion.
Up the Pyramid: New Leadership Opportunities for Principals

The combination of research on effective teaching and the findings of the effective schools movement is setting a new agenda for principals, says this writer, who looks at the impli cations.
Letter to the Editor and Reply: Toxicity of Copper in Drinking Water

To the Editor: This journal recently published a collection of five articles (Stern, 2010; Krewski et al., 2010a; Krewski et al., 2010b; Deveau, 2010; Meek et al., 2010) on the safety and toxicity ...
Broad-band UVB fiber-optic comb for the treatment of scalp psoriasis: a pilot study

Abstract Background Scalp psoriasis is a frustrating condition with limited treatment options. Our objective was to test a new fiber-optic broad-band UVB comb device for the treatment of this condition. Methods Scalp psoriasis on adult subjects was treated three times a week for up to 12 weeks with a fiber-optic UVB comb. A minimum 50-cm(2) scalp area served as the control. Starting doses were based on the standard minimal erythema dose (MED) with increments up to 20% for subsequent treatments. Results Fourteen subjects completed the study without sunburn reactions or blisters. Treated sites showed a mean improvement in the modified PASI score of 3.6. The difference in the mean modified PASI scores between the control and treated sites was 3.9 (< 0.0001). Conclusions This fiber-optic broad-band UVB comb can safely and effectively treat scalp psoriasis.
Protease-Activated Receptors in Cardiovascular Diseases

Thrombosis associated with the pathophysiological activation of platelets and vascular cells has brought thrombin and its receptors to the forefront of cardiovascular medicine. Thrombin signaling through the protease-activated receptors (PARs) has been shown to influence a wide range of physiological responses including platelet activation, intimal hyperplasia, inflammation, and maintenance of vascular tone and barrier function. The thrombin receptors PAR1 and PAR4 can be effectively targeted in animals in which acute or prolonged exposure to thrombin leads to thrombosis and/or restenosis. In the present study, we describe the molecular and pharmacological basis of small-molecule inhibitors that target PAR1. In addition, we discuss a new class of cell-penetrating inhibitors, termed pepducins, that provide insight into previously unidentified roles of PAR1 and PAR4 in protease signaling.
The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration

After four decades of steady growth, U.S. states’ prison populations finally appear to be declining, driven by a range of sentencing and policy reforms. One of the most popular reform suggestions is to expand probation supervision in lieu of incarceration. However, the classic socio-legal literature suggests that expansions of probation instead widen the net of penal control and lead to higher incarceration rates. This article reconsiders probation in the era of mass incarceration, providing the first comprehensive evaluation of the role of probation in the build-up of the criminal justice system. The results suggest that probation was not the primary driver of mass incarceration in most states, nor is it likely to be a simple panacea to mass incarceration. Rather, probation serves both capacities, acting as an alternative and as a net-widener, to varying degrees across time and place. Moving beyond the question of diversion versus net widening, this article presents a new theoretical model of the probation-prison link that examines the mechanisms underlying this dynamic. Using regression models and case studies, I analyze how states can modify the relationship between probation and imprisonment by changing sentencing outcomes and the practices of probation supervision. When combined with other key efforts, reforms to probation can be part of the movement to reverse mass incarceration.
Shortening the verification cycle with synthesizable abstract models

Abstract modeling has been widely used, albeit independently, for both formal verification and high-level modeling of SoC designs. In this paper we show that proper selection of modeling language and abstraction level can make the same code useful for both formal and simulation-based techniques. The abstract model enables architecture exploration and the development of verification collateral pre-RTL, and can be used as a behavioral checker in simulation against the RTL and in hardware emulation. In parallel, it enables applying formal verification techniques to verify the specification and implementation of the design. We provide examples of the successful application of abstract models developed in SystemVerilog in the course of the verification of the newest Intel® Core™ microprocessor.
Further Development in the Doppler Method of Water-Velocity Measurement

A Doppler current meter was developed to provide an instrument for the measurement of water-flow velocity. This type of instrument detects the Doppler frequency shift which occurs in the acoustic signal received from reflections from moving microscopic particles in water which are excited by an acoustic beam of high-frequency energy. Mechanical inertias are minimal and there are no moving parts, so high accuracy is possible even under transient conditions. A test facility was designed to determine the instrument accuracy. Certain unusual phenomena were revealed.
Duration and Movement of Mesocyclones Associated with Southern Great Plains Thunderstorms

Abstract Examination of 320 mesocyclones recorded by the National Severe Storms Laboratory's Doppler radars over Oklahoma and adjacent portions of Texas during 20 spring tornado seasons of 1971–90 shows that tornado-producing mesocyclones in this region typically travel farther and live longer than mesocyclones that do not produce tornadoes.
Are behavioral measures of self-control and the Grasmick Self-Control Scale measuring the same construct? A meta-analysis

The Grasmick attitudinal scale of self-control (Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, & Arneklev, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5–29, 1993) is one of the more commonly used measures in research on Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) self-control concept. What has yet to be determined is whether the Grasmick scale correlates as well with crime and delinquency as behavioral measures of self-control and whether the Grasmick scale correlates better with these behavioral measures than it does with crime and delinquency. A meta-analysis was performed on 13 samples obtained from published research where the Grasmick scale, a behavioral or consequences measure of self-control, and an estimate of crime or delinquency were all administered to participants. All analyses were computed with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, Version 2 (Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2005) software. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the Grasmick scale and behavioral/consequences measures of self-control achieved comparable correlations with concurrent measures of crime and delinquency but correlated no higher with each other than they did with crime and delinquency. Four possible interpretations of these results are considered: (1) the self-control concept advanced by Gottfredson and Hirschi is a tautology; (2) the attitudinal and behavioral/consequences measures of self-control are measuring different constructs; (3) self-control is a multidimensional construct; (4) self-report measures of behavioral self-control are inadequate for assessing low self-control.
Reflections on common medication reconciliation practices impacting a case of discounted thyroid replacement hormone

Quality problem or issue: Medication errors related to reconciliation processes. Initial assessment: Even though most US medical centers utilize medication reconciliation processes to reduce medical errors, adverse events related to medications continue to occur causing extra burden on the US healthcare system. New strategies toreduce medication errors are being implemented, including pharmacy-based medication reconciliations. Case report: An 86-year-old female was admitted for symptomatic bradycardia in the setting of a fall. During her hospitalization, she was evaluated for pacemaker implantation until her thyroid-stimulating hormone blood test revealed severe hypothyroidism. Medication reconciliation had been performed twice with the patient, and her family adamantly affirmed the patient was complianton her levothyroxine. Upon further investigation, she had changed pharmacies nine months prior to her hospitalization andwas obtaining her thyroid replacement hormone from an online Canadian pharmacy. Once restarting Synthroid, her symptomsimproved allowing her to forego the procedure. Lessons learned: Physicians must understand common pitfalls with rapidly verifying home medications against electronicmedical records as patient knowledge of their home therapies is often inaccurate in combination with non-updated electronicdata. Hospitals are evaluating strategies such as pharmacy-based medication reconciliations to reduce adverse events related tomedication errors, which can decrease hospital costs and improve patient outcomes. Knowing which pharmacy is dispensing themedications can prove useful as discounted medications from online pharmacies may lack efficacy.
The “metabolic sensor” function of rat supraoptic oxytocin and vasopressin neurons is attenuated during lactation but not in diet-induced obesity

The oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) demonstrate characteristics of "metabolic sensors". They express insulin receptors and glucokinase (GK). They respond to an increase in glucose and insulin with an increase in intracellular [Ca(2+)] and increased OT and VP release that is GK dependent. Although this is consistent with the established role of OT as an anorectic agent, how these molecules function relative to the important role of OT during lactation and whether deficits in this metabolic sensor function contribute to obesity remain to be examined. Thus, we evaluated whether insulin and glucose-induced OT and VP secretion from perifused explants of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system are altered during lactation and by diet-induced obesity (DIO). In explants from female day 8 lactating rats, increasing glucose (Glu, 5 mM) did not alter OT or VP release. However, insulin (Ins; 3 ng/ml) increased OT release, and increasing the glucose concentration in the presence of insulin (Ins+Glu) resulted in a sustained elevation in both OT and VP release that was not prevented by alloxan, a GK inhibitor. Explants from male DIO rats also responded to Ins+Glu with an increase in OT and VP regardless of whether obesity had been induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD). The HFD-DIO rats had elevated body weight, plasma Ins, Glu, leptin, and triglycerides. These findings suggest that the role of SON neurons as metabolic sensors is diminished during lactation, but not in this animal model of obesity.
A Review of “Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans”

The population of the world is approximately 6.8 billion—doubling since 1965. While the impact of the human enterprise on land has long been noted, it is only relatively recently that we have devel...
AB-Initio Calculations Of Second Order Optical Response Functions In Wurtzite GAN and ALN, And Their Short Period Superlattices

Second harmonic generation coefficients were calculated from first-principles for wurtzite GaN, AlN and the (0001) superlattices (SL) (GaN) n ,(AlN) n for n = 2, 4. The effects of the LDA gap underestimate are discussed. The SLs are found to have a strongly reduced static SHG response. The frequency dependent SHG coefficients are found to be sensitive to the SL band structure and to differ significantly form a superposition of the bulk components, indicating a strong intermixing of the bands.
NOT ALL SINGLE LEG SQUATS ARE EQUAL: A BIOMECHANICAL COMPARISON OF THREE VARIATIONS.

BACKGROUND The single leg squat (SLS) is a functional task used by practitioners to evaluate and treat multiple pathologies of the lower extremity. Variations of the SLS may have different neuromuscular and biomechanical demands. The effect of altering the non-stance leg position during the SLS on trunk, pelvic, and lower extremity mechanics has not been reported. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare trunk, pelvic, hip, knee, and ankle kinematics and hip, knee, and ankle kinetics of three variations of the SLS using different non-stance leg positions: SLS-Front, SLS-Middle, and SLS-Back. METHODS Sixteen healthy women performed the three SLS tasks while data were collected using a motion capture system and force plates. Joint mechanics in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes were compared for the SLS tasks using a separate repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each variable at two analysis points: peak knee flexion (PKF) and 60 ° of knee flexion (60KF). RESULTS Different non-stance leg positions during the SLS resulted in distinct movement patterns and moments at the trunk, pelvis, and lower extremity. At PKF, SLS-Back exhibited the greatest kinematic differences (p < 0.05) from SLS-Front and SLS-Middle with greater ipsilateral trunk flexion, pelvic anterior tilt and drop, hip flexion and adduction, and external rotation as well as less knee flexion and abduction. SLS-Back also showed the greatest kinetic differences (p < 0.05) from SLS-Front and SLS-Middle with greater hip external rotator moment and knee extensor moment as well as less hip extensor moment and knee adductor moment at PKF. At 60KF, the findings were similar except at the knee. CONCLUSION The mechanics of the trunk, pelvis, and lower extremity during the SLS were affected by the position of the non-stance leg in healthy females. Practitioners can use these findings to distinguish between SLS variations and to select the appropriate SLS for assessment and rehabilitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Analysis of efficacy reasons affect insulin pump under continuous glucose monitoring nursing countermeasures

Objective: To correct in glucose monitoring continuous subcutaneous infusion pump caused insulin Act( CSII) factors in children with glucose,give full play to the role of insulin pumps more effectively control blood sugar. Methods: In our department,from July 2008-June 2014 30 cases of portable insulin pumps in children with type 1 diabetes continuous glucose monitoring system( CGMS),children used CGMS continuous blood glucose 3-10 d,day by computer to download and observation glucose graph,analyzed the impact the efficacy of insulin pump causes and take appropriate nursing. Results: All30 cases of children with high blood sugar CGMS record( ≥11. 1 mmol / L) 254 cases,of which the infusion pipe blockage caused by high blood sugar 26 times,partial malabsorption caused by high blood sugar 25 cases times,types of food and high-dose fasting infusion 15 cases of high blood sugar caused by improper times,emotional induced hyperglycemia 1,the base rate or fasting insulin deficiency caused by large doses of 187 cases of hyperglycemia times; hypoglycemia( ≤3. 9 mmol / L) 93 cases,the reasons base rate was the appropriate time period is too large. Measures taken the appropriate care after treatment,blood glucose control well discharged. Conclusion: In the next glucose monitoring,blood sugar fluctuations can accurately understand the situation,to discover factors affecting glucose and to take timely corrective action,while nurses targeted to children and parents insulin pump knowledge missionary affect blood sugar depending on the cause,so that children and parents can correctly applied flexibly insulin pump,in order to more effectively control blood sugar.
Elouise Cobell: Bringing the United States to Account

Elouise Cobell grew up in a home without running water or electricity, was educated in a one room school house, dropped out of college to care for her mother as she was dying from cancer, and was repeatedly dismissed as incompetent when she sought answers for federal mismanagement of Indian trust accounts. Before her death in 2011, however, she had founded the first Native American bank, won a MacArthur “genius” grant, been honored as a warrior by her tribe, and made the United States agree to pay 3.4 billion dollars — the largest federal class action settlement ever — for its mismanagement of Indian property. She died of cancer less than a year after President Obama signed the settlement in the massive class action that bears her name. This short chapter for a book profiling American Indian legal heroes tells Cobell's story and the story of the wrong she spent her life trying to correct.
Importance of Collateral Circulation of Bowel in Urologic Surgery

AbstractAs urologic surgery becomes more extensive planned or inadvertent compromise of the vascular supply of the bowel becomes more likely. Familiarity with the normal anatomy of the vascular supply of the large and small intestines must, therefore, be part of every urologist’s fund of knowledge. With an appreciation of the critical areas of collateral circulation conclusions can be drawn as to which arteries can and cannot be ligated safely. Intraoperative Doppler flow studies may help the surgeon to evaluate whether collateral supply is adequate to maintain bowel viability. In certain marginal situations hydration and postoperative treatment with antibiotics may be helpful.
Acoustic Properties of Underground Storage Tank Simulant Wastes

This paper reports on work done at Iowa State University to acoustically characterize the high level nuclear wastes stored in underground storage tanks at several sites around the country. The work serves as a preliminary step toward developing a device to ultrasonically map the interiors of these tanks. One motivation to perform volumetric ultrasonic mapping of tanks is that it could locate objects that over the years have been left in the tanks, and thereby allow the eventual pump out of the tanks to proceed more smoothly. The approach has been to develop simulant wastes, which are chemically similar to the tank wastes, but contain no radioactive components, and to then determine speed of sound and acoustic attenuation experimentally. In addition to the characterization studies, work has begun to develop a simple data acquisition system, which will be used to monitor the hydrogen build up mitigation procedures in a tank at the Hanford Nuclear Facility in eastern Washington.
The Environmental Satellite: What It Means for Man

The 1975 Nobel Symposium has posed for its theme a very large topic: the impact on mankind of space science and the applications satellite. The satellite is one of the most glamorous triumphs of modern technology, and I venture to say that none of the participants in this Symposium will ever lose his sense of wonder that man can loft a large piece of hardware thousands, or tens of thousands, of kilometers into the atmosphere and place it in orbit around his own planet. But however awesome the achievement, the satellite by itself is just that: a piece of hardware. What is important is how it is used, and the final justification of the satellite is its ability to serve man in beneficial ways.
HDAC1 Can Deacetylate GATA-1 and Regulates Its Activity through a FOG-1 Independent Manner

Abstract The transcription factor GATA-1 is essential for erythroid and megakaryocytic cell differentiation and maturation. It has been well documented that GATA-1 can indirectly interact with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) containing NuRD corepressor complexes through an association with FOG-1. Our previous work also shows that HDAC1 acetylation modulates the activity of FOG-1 associated NuRD complexes. Earlier studies show GATA-1 can be acetylated by p300/CBP, and the acetylation modulates GATA-1 binding activity to chromatin. However, it is not clear whether the acetylation can be reversed by a deacetylase. In this study, we found that GATA-1 can directly interact with HDAC1 in a FOG-1 independent manner. The interaction results in the deacetylation of GATA-1. We have identified two arginine sites within GATA-1 that are important for its interaction with HDAC1. The arginine to alanine mutation on these sites (2RA) can largely decrease the interaction of these two proteins, but doesn’t affect its interaction with FOG-1, indicating that the direct interactions with HDAC1 and FOG-1 dependent association of NuRD complexes are separate events. The mutations also do not affect GATA-1 DNA binding activity in vitro. To further investigate the function of this interaction in erythropoiesis, we introduced wild type or the 2RA mutant of GATA-1 fused with estrogen receptor ligand binding domains into G1E cells, a GATA-1-null erythroid progenitor cell line. Upon estradiol induction, GATA-1 2RA inhibits the differentiation in G1E cells. We performed RNA sequencing to study the effect of GATA-1 2RA in gene expression in comparison with wild type GATA-1 and GATA-1-V205M (a mutation abolished binding with FOG-1) on a genome wild scale. GATA-1 2RA affects GATA-1 function in both GATA-1 activated and repressed genes. Although there is some overlap between 2RA and V205M mutations in both activated and repressed genes, more genes affected by these two mutations are different. Thus, this study unveils a novel regulation for GATA-1 by its direct interaction with HDAC1 during hematopoiesis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Reclaiming Our Queendom: Black Feminist Pedagogy and the Identity Formation of African American Girls.

ABSTRACTApproaches to rectifying the inequities Black female students encounter in U.S. educational institutions are rarely discussed in the body of research in which these individuals are the foci. In this critical race feminist auto-ethnography, the author used qualitative data from a two-year study of a girls' empowerment program that she established at an urban public high school. Through an analysis of Black feminist curricula, in-class video footage, student artifacts, and interviews with former participants, the author argues that Black feminist pedagogy may promote the development of positive social and academic identities among African American female youth. Concrete, research-based guidelines for developing culturally responsive pedagogical interventions are discussed.
Tubular titanium oxide/reduced graphene oxide-sulfur composite for improved performance of lithium sulfur batteries

Abstract Lithium sulfur (Li S) batteries are promising alternatives to conventional Li-ion batteries in terms of specific capacity and energy. However, the technical challenges raised from the soluble polysulfide (PS) in organic electrolyte deter their implementation in practical applications. Nanoengineered structure and chemical adsorptive materials hold great promise in mitigating the PS migration problem. Here, we develop a tubular titanium oxide (TiO2)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite structure (TG) as a sulfur hosting material for constructing better performed Li S batteries. The TG/sulfur cathode (TG/S) is able to deliver ∼1200 mAh g−1 specific capacity with stable operation for over 550 cycles. Moreover, the TG/S composite cathode shows stable Coulombic efficiencies of over ∼95% at various C rates, which are ∼10% higher than those of the rGO/sulfur (G/S) counterparts. The superior electrochemical performances of TG/S could be ascribed to the synergistic effects between the conductive rGO support and the physically/chemically absorptive TiO2, that is, the spatial tubular structure of TiO2 provides intimate contact and physical confinement for sulfur, while the polar TiO2 in TG/S shows strong chemical interaction towards the sulfur species.
Evaluation as a Tool for Therapeutic Planning

In the past 150 years, there has been an increasing emphasis on the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholism. In reviewing the history of this progress, it becomes self-evident that the treatment of choice for the alcoholic individual is invariably related to the theoretical framework in which the problem is defined. In the 17th century, for example, intemperate drinking was simplistically viewed as some form of moral weakness. With this unicausal attitude, most “treatment” approaches employed physical punishment, incarceration, and/ or social condemnation.
Detection of Measles Virus in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Brain Tissue

Subacute selerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive human neurologic disorder caused by reactivation of latent measles virus in the central nervous system (CNS). Prevalence of the disorder is linked to the age, sex, race and measles vaccination status of affected individuals. Onset is gradual, with subtle clinical symptoms initially and diffuse neurologic signs later. Death ensues within months to years. Pathologically, the brain shows widespread but patchy inflammation, necrosis and gliosis with inclusion bodies in the gray and white matter. Diagnosis of SSPE is made through measurement of elevated titers of anti-measles antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Adaptation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to RNA genomic systems by the application of reverse transcriptase as a preliminary step (RT/PCR) provides a novel method of detecting measles genome in SSPE tissue with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Using primer pairs designed to amplify segments of all 5 major structural protein genes of measles virus, RT/PCR was used to amplify these genes in RNA extracted from frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded SSPE brain tissue but not in RNA from control brain tissue. The sensitivity of this technique is enhanced by using internal (nesting) primers and a second round of amplification. The products generated by RT/ PCR may be sequenced directly after minimal processing to increase the information obtained using this method.
Mission analysis for Earth to Mars-Phobos distant Retrograde Orbits

Abstract This paper focuses on the trajectory design for missions destined to explore Mars and/or Phobos departing from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and arriving into a Mars-Phobos Distant Retrograde Orbit (DRO). Lunar DROs are also briefly explored as an alternative departure location. A Mars-Phobos DRO is a relatively stable environment which would make both the surfaces of Mars and Phobos available for a reasonable propellant expenditure. This paper presents the methodology used to compute LEO to Mars-Phobos DRO trajectories and results regarding required C 3 at launch, v ∞ at arrival, Time-of-Flight ( T O F ), and total Δ V for various Mars-Phobos DROs using full ephemeris planetary data. The results show that propellant-optimal trajectories from LEO to a specified Mars-Phobos DRO could be used as a staging location between Mars and Phobos. Assuming that refueling is available at the targeted DRO, LEO to Low Mars Orbits (LMO) trajectories would have higher total Δ V due to the additional stop at the Mars-Phobos DRO. However, the aformentioned trajectories would have lower Initial Mass in LEO (IMLEO) and thus a lower gear ratio thanks to the added “pit stop” located at the given DRO. This results in a lower overall spacecraft dry mass that needs to be launched into space from Earth's surface.
A copland attestation manager

Copland is a domain specific language designed for describing, analyzing and executing attestation protocols. Its formal semantics defines evaluation, sequencing, and dispatch of measurements resulting in evidence describing a system's state. That evidence is in turn appraised to determine if and how an external system will interact with it. The contribution of this work is a description of the first Copland interpreter and the attestation manager built around it. Following an overview of the syntax and formal semantics is a collection of motivating examples. Next is a description of a Haskell-based Copland interpreter and the attestation manager constructed around it. Examples are provided to show the interpreter's interface format. A description of the Copland landscape and future goals closes the presentation.
A comparative study of the perceptions of novice Iowa public school teachers towards the effects of the Iowa Evaluator Approval Training Program

Teacher evaluators in the state of Iowa were required to take part in the newly created Iowa Evaluator Approval Training Program (IEATP) in the 2002-03 school year. The IEATP was designed to train evaluators in teacher evaluation based on the Iowa Teaching Standards and Criteria. This research surveyed novice teachers from Iowa public schools regarding the five attributes of teacher evaluation using a modified Teacher Evaluation Profile (TEP) originally designed by Stiggins and Duke (1988). The attributes were defined through a number of different traits: (a) self as a teacher, (b) evaluator, (c) evaluation processes, (d) attributes of the feedback, and (e) context in which the evaluations occurred. Data were also collected regarding the concept of potential bias in teacher evaluation based on the gender of the teacher and/or the gender of the evaluator. A comparison was made from year one of the study, before the implementation of IEATP (2001-02), to year two of the study, after the implementation of IEATP (2002-03). Descriptive statistics included t-tests, pairwise comparisons, multivariate tests, within-subjects tests, and multiple analysis of variance [MANOVA]. Following Bonferroni correction, significant differences were observed in the study. Traits and non-traits of each of the five attributes of teacher evaluation emerged through an analysis of the data. In addition, a statistically significant gender interaction favoring female evaluators regarding a number of traits was also observed in the study. A comparison of changes in novice teacher perceptions from 2001-02 to 2002-03 revealed changes in perceptions in the attributes of self as a teacher and in the evaluation processes.