cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful pesticide reduction policies: Learning from Indonesia

The rapid transition to integrated pest management in Indonesian rice production represents the world's most successful policy effort to reduce pesticide use on a national level. This article seeks to identify the reasons for this success. Conventional policy analysis, which focuses on state regulatory and economic intervention, misses several important factors. State and nonstate actors cooperated in a unique division of policy labor that allowed both traditional and alternative policy mechanisms to be used. These mechanisms included a decentralized and participatory form of information generation and dissemination. In addition to bureaucratic autonomy, institutional arrangements in the Indonesian case included a decentralization of decision‐making authority, creating an integrated policy‐making process capable of learning about, and responding to, local conditions.
Process-oriented guided inquiry learning strategy enhances students' higher level thinking skills in a pharmaceutical sciences course.

Objective. To determine if the process-oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) teaching strategy improves student performance and engages higher-level thinking skills of first-year pharmacy students in an Introduction to Pharmaceutical Sciences course. Design. Overall examination scores and scores on questions categorized as requiring either higher-level or lower-level thinking skills were compared in the same course taught over 3 years using traditional lecture methods vs the POGIL strategy. Student perceptions of the latter teaching strategy were also evaluated. Assessment. Overall mean examination scores increased significantly when POGIL was implemented. Performance on questions requiring higher-level thinking skills was significantly higher, whereas performance on questions requiring lower-level thinking skills was unchanged when the POGIL strategy was used. Student feedback on use of this teaching strategy was positive. Conclusion. The use of the POGIL strategy increased student overall performance on examinations, improved higher-level thinking skills, and provided an interactive class setting.
Influence of follicular components on oocyte meiosis in vitro.

Abstract Oocytes and follicular components obtained from ovaries recovered from mature Hereford cows at slaughter were used to determine follicular influence on oocyte maturation. Some oocytes were fixed immediately to determine the stage of maturation. The remaining oocytes were cultured for 32 to 34 hr in various environments to determine the influences of the granulosum and follicular fluids on meiotic changes. All noncultured oocytes had dictyate nuclei except one in premetaphase. Oocytes cultured in 50 or 100% follicular fluid or in contact with stratum granulosum cells showed some meiotic inhibition both before and after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB). The least resumption of meiosis occurred in oocytes cultured in their intact follicles.
The influence of sucrose, ethanol and calcium nitrate on the freezing-point and long-term low-temperature storage of carnation flowers☆

Abstract Both tight bud and open carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers survived −4°C for 5 days without injury if flowers were pulsed with 20% sucrose at 25°C for 24 hours prior to storage. Between the 8th and 10th day of storage, both stem and floral tissue froze. Flowers pulsed with 10 or 20% ethanol for 24 hours at 25°C survived −2°C for 5 days, while those pulsed in water failed to open normally or were frozen when stored at 0°C for 5 days. Flowers stressed (wilted) for 24 hours at 25°C survived for only 5 days at −4°C. After pulsing, tight buds were more resistant to freezing than open flowers and stem tissue was more resistant than petal tissue. However, during storage stem tissue froze before petal tissue. Using exotherm analysis, petal tissue froze at −2.3 or −4.7°C when first pulsed with water or sucrose and at −3.0 and −3.8°C after 7 days.
The Effect of Type of Scald and Wrap on the Market Quality of Frozen Poultry

Abstract INTRODUCTION IT HAS been shown by Birdseye (1933) that properly packaged, quick frozen poultry can be stored safely for at least a year at 0 to +5°F. Cook (1939a) showed that freezer burn was controlled at +7.5°F. with humidities of 98 to 100%. Cook also studied the usefulness of parchment, heavy waxed paper and aluminum foil for both scalded and unscalded carcasses stored at +7.5°F. and found that only aluminum foil kept them in satisfactory condition. Many more observations by Cook (1939b) and Cook and White (1939 and Cook and White (1940) showed that “storage flavor” of frozen poultry was associated with oxidation and hydrolysis of fats, that peroxide formation varied directly with storage temperature and indirectly with storage humidity, and that the peroxide formation resulted from surface drying or freezer burn which exposed more of the fact to the air. Organoleptic criteria for determining the effect of some processing factors on the quality …
Living Space in an Urban Ghetto

In this paper I will outline the idea of human territoriality and then describe some territorial arrangements and behaviors in the households we have studied. The environment of people is prestructured socially and temporally. For two years our research team has been studying the prestructured living spaces and the territorial behavior of urban people in a central Bronx ghetto. We have conducted interviews in about 1800 households, photographically surveyed space layouts in 35, and videotaped space usage and territorial behavior intensively in six. In the main, our data is about Puerto Ricans and Afro-Americans; we have a little data about Italian-Americans, but the Jewish and old British American families have moved out of the East Tremont area.
Structural study of the reconstructed Ir(110)-(1 x 2) surface by low-energy electron diffraction☆

Abstract The structure of the reconstructed Ir(110)-(1 x 2) surface has been analyzed by low-energy electron diffraction. Three models proposed for the reconstructed Ir(110)-(1 x 2) surface — the missing row model, the paired row model and the buckled surface model — were tested. Based on a comparison between experimental data consisting of intensity-voltage profiles for ten half-order beams and eight integral-order beams and the calculated curves, the missing row model with a topmost interlayer spacing of 1.22 ± 0.07 A is the preferred structure.
Hypotensive epidural anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: A review

Hypotensive epidural anesthesia provides arterial hypotension to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 50 mmHg and it can be used to reduce blood loss during total hip replacement. The technique combines an extensive epidural blockade with an intravenous infusion of low-dose epinephrine. This results in arterial hypotension, but with preservation of central venous pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and an augmentation of blood flow to the lower extremity. The technique does not appear to adversely affect cardiac, renal, or cerebral function and is used safely in patients with hyper-tension, ischemic heart disease, and in the elderly. Intraoperative blood losses during primary total hip replacement are between 100 and 300 mL. Perioperative transfusions have declined with the introduction of the technique. Radiological evidence of improved fixation of cemented acetabular components has been observed. Rates of deep-vein thrombosis are low: 2-3% proximal deep-vein thrombosis with an overall r...
The Longitudinal Qualitative Interview

Studies have emerged that use qualitative techniques to collect and analyze data on subjects followed over time. But due to the novelty of this approach, a codified methodology underlying longitudinal qualitative research is underdeveloped. This article focuses on one method of longitudinal qualitative research, the longitudinal qualitative interview (LQI), to: 1) account for its origin and epistemology, and; 2) delimit the parameters within which LQIs are successfully conducted, using an example from the author’s studies of careers. LQIs are conducted with the same people over a time period sufficient to allow for the collection of data on specified conditions of change. They are also an important means by which to study how people experience, interpret, and respond to change. Accordingly, they are a prime means to study development at individual, group, and societal levels. While the foundation of LQIs is traceable to a long history, their robust application belongs to an as yet unrealized future.
Factors influencing the outcome of treatment of small bowel cutaneous fistula

A 20-year review of 174 external fistulas of the jejunum and ileum led to the identification of factors affecting morbidity and mortality. The mortality rate for jejunal fistulas was higher as compared to ileal fistulas, whether treated by nonoperative means (41.7% and 29.4%, respectively), conservative surgical means (70% and 21%, respectively) or by radical, i.e., resectional surgical techniques (21.7% and 12.2%, respectively). Overall mortality rate in the series was 22.4% (39 patients). Respective mortality rates for high-output (greater than 200 ml/day) and low-output fistulas were 30.3% and 4.8%; where the presence or absence of significant intra-abdominal sepsis could be clearly established on chart review, mortality rates were 29.6% and 0%, respectively. The presence of anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and malnutrition adversely affected outcome, with mortality rates of 30.7%, 41.9%, and 31.8%, as compared to the outcome when these features were absent (8.2%, 0%, and 3.0%, respectively). Etiological factors were also examined. High mortality rates were observed for fistulas arising due to radiation effect (45.4%), gangrenous intestine or evisceration (52.4%), and those secondary to surgery for ulcerative colitis (33.3%). Timing of fistula surgery had little impact on rates of fistula cure, but survival was highest when such surgery could be deferred beyond 6 weeks from fistula onset. Improvement in survival has been noted since 1970. While many factors influence mortality rates, inadequately treated sepsis assumes primary importance. In favorable circumstances, intestinal resection and anastomosis is the procedure of choice. However, staging procedures such as resection of the fistula-bearing segment without anastomosis or enterostomy with wide drainage of associated sepsis should be considered when local conditions in the abdomen indicate a likelihood of anastomotic breakdown. These local conditions invariably improve with adequate drainage and prevention of further contamination; total parenteral nutrition has provided a mechanism of sustaining the patient while this improvement occurs, allowing for elective intestinal reconstruction.
The aging of the HIV epidemic

Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, life expectancies for persons with HIV infection are similar to those for unifected people. A growing proportion of HIV-infected individuals are now over the age of 50. We are also seeing an increase in the incidence of HIV infection in older adults. To meet the challenges of the ongoing HIV epidemic, prevention efforts should include a focus on older adults. Also, HIV care providers must address the many comorbidities that are common in the aging population. Additional research will clarify how the processes of aging and HIV infection overlap and interact. This review addresses many of these important considerations.
HUNGARIAN SOCIO-POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND REVOLUTIONARY ACTION

Soon after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Free Europe Press started a program of intensive interviews with the refugees who had come to the United States. This article reports some of the results. Dr. Henry Gleitman is Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at Swarthmore College. Dr. Joseph J. Greenbaum is Associate Professor of Psychology at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research in New York.
Rethinking the paradigms that inform behavioral treatment research for substance use disorders

Aims Over the last three decades, the randomized controlled trial or ‘psychotherapy technology’ approach has been the dominant model of inquiry in research on addiction treatment. This period has yielded impressive discoveries, but recent failures to confirm core research hypotheses such as occurred in Project MATCH and the Cocaine Collaborative Treatment Study have raised questions about future research directions. The paper identifies several testable assumptions of the psychotherapy technology model. Methods A review is conducted on four substance use disorder behavioral interventions—motivational interviewing, cognitive–behavioral treatment, behavioral couples treatment and 12-Step-oriented treatment—to determine whether these assumptions are supported by research findings. Results Overall, the review suggests weak support for the technology model of psychotherapy research. Lack of support is interpreted as indicating flaws in several model assumptions about how to conceptualize and measure patient responsivity and the interaction of non-specific and specific therapeutic factors. The paper offers alternative strategies for addressing these issues drawn from the general psychotherapy process literature and provides illustrative examples of how these could be used to spur innovation in addiction treatment research. Conclusions The addiction treatment research field is coming up against the limitations of the psychotherapy technology model as the dominant paradigm guiding treatment research. It is important for addiction treatment researchers to explore alternative conceptualizations and methodologies in order to understand more clearly how treatment works.
Adaptive optimal designs for dose-finding studies based on sigmoid Emax models

The adaptive design strategy is a feasible approach for optimal designs in dose-finding studies, where the information matrices usually depend on the unknown parameters. Focusing on three pharmacodynamics sigmoid Emax models, we derive the corresponding simple formats of the adaptive optimal designs regardless of the optimality criteria or parameters of interest. An algorithm for deriving a specific adaptive optimal design is developed. A simulation study comparing the adaptive optimal designs and the uniform designs is also performed.
Mental health and prospective police professionals

Purpose – To assess the mental health of members of the police force and expose any gaps existing at what should be its ideal level, with reference to aspiring policemen of the future. Aims to explain the health realization model and give a definition of optimal mental health with specific reference to the police force.Design/methodology/approach – Employs the well‐being inventory, a survey investment designed specifically to measure five dimensions of optimal mental health, to assess the mental condition of 179 prospective police professionals.Findings – The results of the survey appear to suggest that future job satisfaction for many prospective police professionals in the study could be less than optimal, with the implication that high notes of mental dysfunction in its various forms could be experienced.Practical implications – It is imperative that sound mental health instruction be incorporated into all future police training programs. However, further research needs to be done in order to advance a...
A cautionary note: Parents' socialization of boys and girls

Thirty-six families with one toddler child were observed for 7 hr in their own homes with both parents and the child present. The parents interacted less in the first two sessions than in the last five and were more negative and less positive when they did interact in the early sessions. There was also a sex of child by time interaction, with boys receiving many more negative interactions early in the observations. It was suggested that observation data should be checked for stability prior to interpretation and that care should be taken to collect enough data to ensure stability.
VIVIDNESS OF VISUAL IMAGERY AND MOVEMENT PERCEPTS ON THE RORSCHACH

To determine whether individuals showing vivid imagery would produce more Movement responses on the Rorschach, subjects high and low in visual imagery (ns = 14) were compared. Contrary to previous reports, no positive relationships were found between visual imagery and Rorschach M.
Asymmetry of masking between noise and tone

A pure tone was used to mask narrow and wide bands of noise centered on the frequency of the tone. In a given experimental session, the sound-pressure level (SPL) of the tone was held constant and loudness balances were obtained between a masked and unmasked noise band of equal width. These results are compared to earlier measures of the partial masking of tone by noise. The comparison shows that noise masks a tone more effectively than the tone masks the noise. Although the effect of the tone on a critical band of noise is greater than its effect on either an octave-band noise or wide-band noise, it is considerably smaller than the effect of the noise on the tone. Decreasing the noise bandwidth still further to a subcritical width reduces the asymmetry of masking somewhat, but a difference at high intensities of about 20 dB between the masking effects of an equally intense noise and tone remains. Whether the masker is a tone or noise, masking ceases when the effective energy of the masked and masking stimuli is the same.
Particulate Release Rates from Shuttle Orbiter Surfaces Due to Meteoroid Impact

An estimate of the magnitude of released particles in the vicinity of a Shuttle Orbiter due to meteoroid impact has been completed. A calculation of the number of particles existing as surface contamination and released by such impacts has been performed. In addition, two estimates of the creation of new particles due to meteoroid cratering (backsplash) have been obtained. In each case, the total number of particles per day as a function of size without regard to velocity, as a function of velocity without regard to size, and as a joint distribution in size and velocity has been calculated.
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. A review.

Recent developments in the field of electrophysiology and surgical therapy in selected cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (W-P-W) support the concept of anomalous A-V pathways. Impulse transmission usually occurs simultaneously through both the normal and anomalous pathways resulting in a fusion QRS complex. Atrial tachycardia is usually due to reentry through the normal and anomalous A-V pathways. However, reentry may occur independently in the A-V node alone exclusive of the anomalous pathway. Anomalous connections, despite varying anatomic locations, may result in similar electrocardiographic manifestations characteristic of W-P-W. His bundle recordings together with electrophysiologic studies may be clinically useful (1) to differentiate various types of anomalous connections, (2) for possible determination of the reentry circuit, (3) to predict the maximum ventricular rate possible during supraventricular tachycardia by evaluating the refractory period of the A-V pathways, or (4) to compare the efficacy of different drugs in a given patient. Surgical interruption of the anomalous pathway in selected cases with W-P-W (type B) is feasible but is most commonly not necessary. The indications for medical and surgical management of symptomatic cases with W-P-W are reviewed.
Biomarkers of inflammation and placental dysfunction are associated with subsequent preterm birth.

Objective. To assess whether the analysis of high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), a biomarker of inflammation, and placental growth factor (PlGF), a biomarker of placental dysfunction, could help identify patients at risk for preterm birth (PTB).Methods. We performed a prospective cohort study of women with symptoms of preterm labor (22–33 6/7 weeks). Maternal serum was analyzed for hsCRP and PlGF. Median biomarker values were used as analytic cut-points. We performed chi-square tests of association between biomarkers and PTB, nonparametric tests to compare medians, and logistic regression to determine the odds of PTB associated with biomarker values. Test characteristics of each biomarker were calculated.Results. 56.3% of the cohort (N = 96) delivered preterm. Median hsCRP (N = 78) was 4.34 mg/L, and median PlGF (N = 86) was 558.25 mg/l. In the setting of inflammation (high hsCRP), women with low PlGF had a 6.84-fold (95%CI: 1.57–29.80) increased risk of PTB. In the setting of placental dysfuncti...
Sodium, Saturated Fat, and Trans Fat Content Per 1,000 Kilocalories: Temporal Trends in Fast-Food Restaurants, United States, 2000–2013

Introduction Intakes of sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat remain high despite recommendations to limit these nutrients for cardiometabolic risk reduction. A major contributor to intake of these nutrients is foods prepared outside the home, particularly from fast-food restaurants. Methods We analyzed the nutrient content of frequently ordered items from 3 US national fast-food chains: fried potatoes (large French fries), cheeseburgers (2-oz and 4-oz), and a grilled chicken sandwich. We used an archival website to obtain data on sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content for these items from 2000 through 2013. The amount of each nutrient per 1,000 kcal was calculated to determine whether there were trends in product reformulation. Results Sodium content per 1,000 kcal differed widely among the 3 chains by food item, precluding generalizations across chains. During the 14-year period, sodium content per 1,000 kcal for large French fries remained high for all 3 chains, although the range narrowed from 316-2,000 mg per 1,000 kcal in 2000 to 700-1,420 mg per 1,000 kcal in 2013. Among the items assessed, cheeseburgers were the main contributor of saturated fat, and there was little change in content per 1,000 kcal for this item during the 14-year period. In contrast, there was a sharp decline in saturated and trans fat content of large French fries per 1,000 kcal. Post-2009, the major contributor of trans fat per 1,000 kcal was cheeseburgers; trans fat content of this item remained stable during the 14-year period. Conclusion With the exception of French fries, little evidence was found during the 14-year period of product reformulation by restaurants to become more consistent with dietary guidance to reduce intakes of sodium and saturated fat.
Malonichrome, a new iron chelate from Fusarium roseum.

Abstract The predominant iron chelates, or siderochromes, produced by the fungus, Fusarium roseum during culture periods up to seven days are the ester type fusarinine compounds. During longer periods of incubation, the fusarinine compounds completely disappear from the culture medium and are replaced by a new siderochrome. The new compound has been isolated, purified, and its structure determined. It is a cyclic hexapeptide containing one residue of l -alanine, two residues of glycine and three residues of δ - N -hydroxyornithine. The hydroxylamino groups of the ornithine residues are acylated with 3 mol of malonic acid to form a negatively charged ferrichrome type chelate. The circular dichroism spectrum indicates that the stereochemistry about the iron is Λ- cis . This compound, which we name malonichrome, is not an efficient iron donor to F. roseum nor does it show growth factor activity towards Arthrobacter flavescens .
Bimetallic catalyzed continuous growth of carbon nanotube Forests

Iron-platinum (Fe-Pt) alloy nanoparticles are used as the catalyst for growth of carbon nanotubes. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are synthesized in an atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced CVD process. Carbon nanotube forests produced by this process can be removed mechanically, after which growth may be repeated without addition or reconditioning of the catalyst on substrate.
An unusual case of precocious puberty

An almost 3-year-old boy was evaluated for pubic hair and unilateral testicular enlargement 1 week after resection of an astrocytoma of the posterior fossa. Rather than the expected diagnosis of central precocity due to increased intracranial pressure, a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (
Bile duct strictures associated with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

We report 6 cases of bile duct strictures in patients receiving intraarterial floxuridine chemotherapy for metastatic colon carcinoma. The computed tomographic and cholangiographic features of these cases mimic those seen with primary sclerosing cholangitis. The postulated mechanism for development of biliary strictures is direct toxicity and/or occlusion of the peribiliary vascular plexus with resultant biliary fibrosis.
Possible "new" quantum systems. II. Properties of the isotopes of spin-aligned hydrogen

The ground-state and finite-temperature properties of spin-aligned hydrogen and its isotopes (H\ensuremath{\uparrow}, D\ensuremath{\uparrow}, T\ensuremath{\uparrow}) are studied theoretically. Calculations of the ground-state energy are presented for the Kolos-Wolniewicz (KW) potential and compared to those utilizing Lennard-Jones (LJ) and Morse potentials fit to the KW potential. Excellent agreement between the KW and LJ results is found; thus, permitting confirmation of previous predictions that H\ensuremath{\uparrow} can never form a liquid phase. In addition, spin-aligned deuterium with one (${\mathrm{D}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}_{1}$) and two (${\mathrm{D}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}_{2}$) allowed nuclear spin states is also studied. Ground-state energies and relevant zero-temperature critical parameters are presented for these systems. Additionally, the quantum theorem of corresponding states is used along with the ground-state results to estimate the critical parameters of ${\mathrm{D}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{D}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}_{2}$. Finally, the effect of quantum mechanics on the critical behavior of these systems is considered and it is concluded that such effects are not likely to be observable.
Pharmacology of the uterus.

The proper management of labor, at any stage of gestation, requires a thorough knowledge of the pharmacologic response of the uterus to drugs and their side effects manifested on other maternal systems or on fetal well-being. The great number of substances employed in modern obstetrics imposes a systematization that may be based on 1) stage of gestation, 2) aim of the clinician, or 3) the most predictable response of the uterus. For practical considerations the drugs discussed here are grouped according to the last and are generally divided as oxytocics, uterine relaxants, and a miscellaneous group of all others used in clinical obstetrics, the aim of which is not to alter uterine function but to exert systemic effects on the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the peripheral nervous system, and so on. Potential untoward effects on the fetus will be mentioned only briefly here, because the detailed evaluation will be done in the corresponding chapters on the FHR analysis. The same approach will be taken with the anesthetic drugs, which have a direct effect on the myometrium, while all the others will be discussed in Chapter 18, dealing with anesthesia in obstetrics.
Angiogenesis as targeted breast cancer therapy

Neo-angiogenesis appears to be a critical feature of tumor growth, migration, and metastasis. Therefore, inhibition of angiogenesis is an appealing strategy for treatment of cancer. Since angiogenesis is the result of several mechanistic processes, controlled by numerable pro- and anti-angiogenic factors and their receptors, multiple possibilities to prevent or reverse tumor-induced neo-vascularization have been proposed. Of these, currently, the most promising approach has been the use of bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the most potent pro-angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Bevacizumab has been shown to be active in several malignancies, in particular colo-rectal cancer. Although early studies of bevacizumab in far-advanced metastatic breast cancer were disappointing, the results of a recently reported clinical trial by the Eastern Oncology Group comparing first line paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab has demonstrated statistically significant improvements in response rates and time progression. Ongoing studies are now investigating the benefits of bevacizumab with other chemotherapeutic and biologic agents in early metastatic disease as well as in the adjuvant setting. Other anti-angiogenic agents remain in early clinical trials. Small molecular inhibitors of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity, such as sunitinib, appear promising. Nearly 40 years after it was first proposed, inhibition of angiogenesis appears to be gaining a role in medical oncology.
Fibroblast growth factor signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), play a major role in how cells communicate with their environment. FGFR signaling is crucial for normal development, and its misregulation in humans has been linked to developmental abnormalities and cancer. The precise molecular mechanisms by which FGFRs transduce extracellular signals to effect specific biologic responses is an area of intense research. Genetic analyses in model organisms have played a central role in our evolving understanding of these signal transduction cascades. Genetic studies in the nematode C. elegans have contributed to our knowledge of FGFR signaling by identifying genes involved in FGFR signal transduction and linking their gene products together into signaling modules. This review will describe FGFR-mediated signal transduction in C. elegans and focus on how these studies have contributed to our understanding of how FGFRs orchestrate the assembly of intracellular signaling pathways. BioEssays 23:1120–1130, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Career Development Needs Assessment in Cancer Prevention and Control: Focus on Research in Minority and International Settings

This study was conducted as a needs assessment to inform the development of an educational program designed to provide mentorship and skills supporting careers in cancer research, with a focus on domestic minority populations and international settings. The objectives were to determine: (1) the level of interest among trainees in careers in cancer research and (2) preferences and constraints constituted by potential components, features, and duration of the proposed extramural training program. The target populations were participants and directors of federal training programs in cancer research, specifically (1) trainees in the NCI—K01, K07, and K08 programs, as well as the Department of Defense (DoD) Breast and Prostate Control Programs and (2) PIs of NCI R25 training programs and federally designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. We developed, piloted, and administered electronically a survey to elicit perspectives of trainees’ career development needs and preferences. Response rates from each training group exceeded 65%, with the exception of the K08 trainees (49%). The proportion of cancer research trainees who are interested in careers that include research on US minority groups was 70% of K01 trainees, 72% of K07 trainees, 45% of K08 trainees, and 75% of DoD trainees. A substantial percent of these trainees indicated their plans also include cancer research in international settings: 60% of K01s; 50% of K07s, 42% of K08s, and 87% of DoD trainees. Trainees identified substantial interest in a program that would provide the following: mentoring, manuscript writing skills, collaborative research in special populations, financial support, and focused modular courses. This study offers encouraging evidence of interest which focused in extramural education to augment skills facilitating cancer-related research in special populations.
Influence of atmospheric pollution on nutrient limitation in the ocean

IN the midst of the debate over the ocean being phosphorus- or nitrogen-limited1,2, the 'acid rain' controversy prompted studies related to the atmospheric transport and delivery of pollutant nitrogen compounds over the ocean3–9. Some of those investigations concluded that atmospheric nitrogen had only minimal effects on euphotic-zone productivity7,8 or on nitrate at the Atlantic thermocline9, thus suggesting a negligible oceanic role for pollutant atmospheric nitrogen. Here I give evidence to the contrary, by clearly showing that, whereas nitrogen limitation is much more prevalent than phosphorus limitation in the surface ocean, those areas with the strongest indications of phosphorus limitation in the North Atlantic and North Pacific are downwind of the most populated and urbanized regions of eastern Asia and North America. This geographic coincidence and the timing and composition of atmospheric nitrogen deposition suggest a plausible, albeit untested, mechanism whereby airborne pollutant nitrogen can lead to phosphorus limitation.
Apples are the Color of Blood

Color is such a defi ning characteristic of America's racial disharmony that minorities often huddle together under the sobriquet “people of color.” This essay examines the signifi cance of color to American Indians — the only ethnic minority subjected to a government certifi cation process — and concludes that neither skin color nor a certifi cate of degree of Indian blood from the Bureau of Indian Affairs is suffi cient to defi ne Indian identity. No alternative is suggested that would make Indians identifi able by visual regard.
Moral Voices of Politically Engaged Urban Youth.

The relationship between reflection and action is an enduring question for those interested in promoting moral development among young people. Educators struggle to find effective methods for helping youth reason carefully about moral problems and also to show moral commitment in their everyday lives. One place where reflection and action come together is in youth activism, where young people engage in social action campaigns to improve their schools and communities. What are the moral concerns that urban youth raise when given the opportunity? How do these concerns get translated into action? Drawing on original and secondary sources, this chapter discusses four social action campaigns organized by youth in the San Francisco Bay Area, in which youth combined critical moral judgments with social action. The chapter is not an empirical study, but instead an effort to bring attention to the moral and ethical perspectives that politically engaged youth raise. These social action projects suggest that for youth living in low-income neighborhoods with limited resources, the capacity for critical moral reflection about one's surroundings is an important dimension of healthy development. Helping youth assess and transform their local environments represents a promising direction for moral education and youth development.
Studies on the action of amylo-1,6-glucosidase

Abstract The synthetic and hydrolytic properties of purified rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase (dextrin-6-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.33) were further investigated to more clearly definie mechanism of action. The enzyme was found to retain anomeric configuration in the degradative direction and, in the reverse direction, to synthesize branched productes from glucose and maltotetraose or α-Schardinger dextrin. These products wee enzymatically analyzed by two-dimensional chromatography. The enzyme was also found to utilize glucose as a glucosyl acceptor with the formation of isomaltose. The results indicate that the enzyme proceeds in both the synthetic and degradative directions with retention of anomeric configuration via the formation of a glucosyl-enzyme intermediate.
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: Psychological factors

Abstract Although time-consuming and a tedious task for the patient, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis offers the prospect of greater independence, and enables the patient to take an active role in his or her own treatment. Little has been published on examination of those psychological factors indicative of a patient's future success in accommodating to and complying with this demanding procedure. Based on our work with 46 patients, we define key factors for consideration, namely, mood, ability to test reality, cognitive function, body image, previous ability to handle crises, tolerance for environmental stress, personality structure, and acceptance of the treatment by relatives.
Mathematical biophysics of automobile driving

In a previous paper (Rashevsky, 1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 299–308) we derived an approximate expression for the maximal speed of driving in terms of the reaction time of the driver. In the present paper the possible effects of unevennesses of the pavement, of such distracting stimuli as road signs etc. on the reaction time are studied theoretically, using previous developments of the mathematical biophysics of the central nervous system. In this manner expressions are derived which determine the maximal safe speed in terms of road conditions and other distracting stimuli. Effects of those conditions on fatigue are also discussed.
Novel Zinc Protein Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Steps Toward Antiangiogenesis for Cancer Treatment

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels induced by tumors as a lifeline for oxygen and nutrients and as exits for spread of cancer cells. Blocking tumors′ blood supply could starve tumors thus saving cancer patients, and is termed antiangiogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of proteins containing Zn2+ in the active site that cleave the constituents of the extracellular matrix and control angiogenesis. Selective inhibitors of MMPs therefore hold promise in antiangiogenesis for treating cancers, but development of such inhibitors is currently hampered by a paucity of effective computational methods for evaluating the intermolecular interactions between zinc and its coordinates and for performing nanosecond length molecular dynamics simulation of zinc proteins. Here I report an approach for simulating the four-coordinate zinc complex in proteins without use of covalent bonds or harmonic restraints applied to the zinc complex. This approach uses four cationic dummy atoms tetrahedrically placed around the zinc nucleus to mimic zinc′s 4s4p3 vacant orbitals that accommodate lone-pair electrons of the zinc coordinates thus imposing the orientational requirement for the zinc coordinates and simulating zinc′s propensity to a tetrahedral coordination geometry. It hence permits evaluating binding free energy of zinc coordinates and simulating the exchanges of zinc′s ambidentate coordinates in proteins, and is expected to expedite the search of effective angiogenesis inhibitors to combat cancers.
Malebranche and Chinese Philosophy: A Reconsideration

Nicholas Malebranche's Dialogue between a Christian Philosopher and a Chinese Philosopher on the Existence and Nature of God (1707) has long been characterized as being at best a thinly veiled attack on Spinozism and at worst a deeply flawed, Eurocentric misunderstanding of a foreign philosophy. However, a consideration of the context of the work's production and an analysis of Malebranche's argumentative strategy open up a way to understand the dialogue as an historically important, genuine engagement with Chinese philosophy.
SU-E-I-61: Phantom Design for Phase Contrast Breast Imaging.

Purpose: Phase contrast breast imaging has the potential to improve visualization of anatomic structures. While the physics is well‐understood, there are several choices for implementation. In order to evaluate these choices, it is essential to design a phantom for phase contrastimaging with appropriate breast‐equivalent materials.Methods: Phantoms for mammography use materials that mimic the x‐ray attenuation properties of breast tissue. Hence, the refractive index decrement (delta) was determined for breast tissues of varying glandular fraction [Hammerstein, Radiology 130(2):485–91, 1979] for the energy range (5–100 KeV) relevant to mammography and breast CT using XOP software (Version 2.3, ESRF, France) and compared to that of commonly used phantom materials. Delta for 50% and 70% glandular breast‐equivalent material (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA), solid water, BR‐12, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), beeswax (C46H92O2, density: 0.97 g/cm3) and paraffin wax (C25H52, density: 0.95 g/cm3) were determined. Microcalcifications in vivo are either of oxalate or phosphate composition. Delta of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium hydroxyapatite (CH) were determined and compared with that of calciumcarbonate,gold and aluminum.Results: In terms of delta, paraffin wax (4% higher) and beeswax (4% higher) best simulated 50% and 100% glandular breast, respectively. Delta of other commonly used phantom materials such as 50% and 70% glandular breast‐equivalent material, solid water, and BR‐12 were two orders of magnitude higher, and that of PMMA was 28% higher, than 50% glandular breast tissue. For microcalcifications, delta of gold was 4.6 to 6.5 times higher than that of COM and CH, respectively. Delta of aluminum and calciumcarbonate were found to straddle that of COM and CH. Conclusions: For phase contrastimaging, a phantom comprising paraffin wax to simulate 50% glandular background tissue, beeswax to simulate a mass equivalent to 100% glandular tissue, and calciumcarbonate or aluminum to simulate microcalcifications is appropriate. Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 CA128906 and R21 CA134129. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the NIH or NCI.
Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism of carbonate rocks in the Dabie Mountains, central China

Abstract Widespread ultra-high-P assemblages including coesite, quartz pseudomorphs after coesite, aragonite, and calcite pseudomorphs after aragonite in marble, gneiss and phengite schist are present in the Dabie Mountains eclogite terrane. These assemblages indicate that the ultra-high-P metamorphic event occurred on a regional scale during Triassic collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons. Marble in the Dabie Mountains is interlayered with coesite-bearing eclogite and gneiss and as blocks of various size within gneiss. Discontinuous boudins of eclogite occur within marble layers. Marble contains an ultra-high-P assemblage of calcite/aragonite, dolomite, clinopyroxene, garnet, phengite, epidote, rutile and quartz/coesite. Coesite, quartz pseudomorphs after coesite, aragonite and calcite pseudomorphs after aragonite occur as fine-grained inclusions in garnet and omphacite. Phengites contain about 3.6 Si atoms per formula unit (based on 11 oxygens). Similar to the coesite-bearing eclogite, marble exhibits retrograde recrystallization under amphibolite–greenschist facies conditions generated during uplift of the ultra-high-P metamorphic terrane. Retrograde minerals are fine grained and replace coarse-grained peak metamorphic phases. The most typical replacements are: symplectic pargasitic hornblende + epidote after garnet, diopside + plagioclase (An18) after omphacite, and fibrous phlogopite after phengite. Ferroan pargasite + plagioclase, and actinolite formed along grain boundaries between garnet and calcite, and calcite and quartz, respectively. The estimated peak P–T conditions for marble are comparable to those for eclogite: garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometry yields temperatures of 630–760°C; the garnet–phengite thermometer gives somewhat lower temperatures. The minimum pressure of peak metamorphism is 27 kbar based on the occurrence of coesite. Such estimates of ultra-high-P conditions are consistent with the coexistence of grossular-rich garnet + rutile, and the high jadeite content of omphacite in marble. The fluid for the peak metamorphism was calculated to have a very low XCO2 (<0.03). The P–T conditions for retrograde metamorphism were estimated to be 475–550°C at <7 kbar.
Role of the ground substance in atrophy of normal and malignant prostatic tissue following estrogen administration and orchiectomy.

BEFORE Huggins and his associates (1) made their observations on the effect of estrogen and castration on prostatic cancer, other workers (2, 3) had pointed out the dependence of prostatic size on the presence of a testicular substance. That estrogen, in the intact animal, would inhibit prostatic growth in the immature rat or decrease normal adult prostatic size was reported by Steinach and Kun (4), and Moore and Price (5). Similar observations were made by others (6, 7). The nuclear pyknosis and general loss of cytologic detail in hyperplastic or carcinomatous prostatic epithelium, treated by castration or with estrogens, has been described in detail (8–11); but for the most part, this has been the limit of histologic study. The local mechanism through which this atrophy occurs has not been clearly described. Little consideration has been given to the possibility that structural alterations in the encompassing connective tissue stroma may play an important role in the causation of the changes seen in the...
The influence of incarceration and Re-entry on the availability of health care organizations in Arkansas

Studies show that ex-prisoners often experience more health problems than the general population; unfortunately, these issues follow them upon their release from prison. As such, it is possible re-entry rates signal the need for neighborhood-based health care organizations (HCOs). We ask: are incarceration and re-entry rates associated with the availability of HCOs?. MethodsUsing 2008 Central Business Pattern data, 2008 prison admissions and release data, and 2000 and 2010 census data, we test whether prison admission and release rates impact the availability of HCOs net of neighborhood characteristics in Arkansas using Logit-Poisson hurdle models with county fixed effects. We find that the incarceration and re-entry rates – together known as coercive mobility -- are related to whether a neighborhood has one or more HCOs, but not to the number of HCOs in a neighborhood. Future public policies should aim to locate health care organizations in areas where there is significant churning of individuals in and out of prison.
Persistent Metanephric Ducts in a Geriatric White Tiger

An 18-year-old male intact white Tiger (Panthera tigris) was euthanized after a clinical diagnosis of severe renal failure. Postmortem macroscopic examination of the kidneys revealed unilateral hydronephrosis with renal calculi and bilateral cortical and medullary fibrosis and papillary coagulation necrosis. Interestingly, multiple large persistent metanephric ducts were found at the corticomedullary junctions accompanied by marked interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of persistent metanephric ducts in cats.
Analysis of Ketorolac in Postmortem Blood

This paper describes analytical methods using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the isolation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac. The drug is isolated from postmortem blood using a batched solid-phase extraction method on Amberlite XAD-2 resin. Derivatization of ketorolac using diazopropane was necessary prior to GC-MS analysis. The methods were applied in the investigation of a death occurring shortly after the administration of an intramuscular injection of ketorolac tromethamine. Death was attributed to an adverse reaction to the drug, resulting in anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest.