cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Is the Major Metabolite of Quercetin in Humans

A previous study in ileostomy patients indicated that dietary glucosides of the flavonoid quercetin are hydrolyzed efficiently in the intestinal lumen, followed by absorption of a large fraction of the quercetin aglycone. To determine the fate of quercetin, we administered 1.85 MBq (50 microCi) of (14)C-quercetin both orally (100 mg, 330 micromol) and intravenously (iv; 0.3 mg, 1 micromol) to healthy volunteers. Serial plasma samples, urines and stools were collected for 72 h. Total radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry directly in plasma and urine and after repeated methanol extraction of stool homogenate samples. The oral absorption, based on total radioactivity, was surprisingly high, ranging from 36.4 to 53.0%. The biological half-life was very long, ranging from 20 to 72 h. The urinary recovery of total radioactivity ranged from 18.4 to 26.8% after the iv dose and from 3.3 to 5.7% after the oral dose. The corresponding fecal recoveries were only 1.5-5.0% and 1.6-4.6%, respectively. Thus, the total recovery of the (14)C-quercetin doses, in particular after oral administration, was very low. In search for the unaccounted for fraction of the (14)C-quercetin dose, we performed (14)CO(2) recovery studies in three volunteers (3 iv and 3 oral doses). At timed intervals, (14)CO(2) in expired air was trapped in hyamine hydroxide/thymolphthalein and analyzed for radioactivity. As much as 23.0-81.1% of the quercetin dose was recovered as (14)CO(2) in the expired air from these volunteers, after both oral and iv doses. The disposition of quercetin in humans is thus highly complex, requiring further studies.
Growth and Maturation of Testes in Young Coturnix and Modification by Exogenous FSH, LH, and Testosterone—a Stereologic Evaluation

Abstract Groups of coturnix males kept on continuous light from hatch were used in a study of testicular development. Testes were sampled from birds 4, 11, 18, 25, 32 days, and 4 months of age. Exogenous FSH at 1 and 2 mg., and LH and testosterone at 0.5 and 1.0 mg., were given daily for 3 days before the birds were killed for study at 4, 18, and 32 days of age. The following parameters were recorded: testes weights and volume, seminiferous tubular length and the ratio of length per mm. 3 volume, supporting or Sertoli cell nuclear volume, volume of gonocytes, pre-leptotene spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and total intratubular volume. The stimulatory effect of exogenous LH and FSH on testes weight and volume, length/unit volume ratio of seminiferous tubules, and total intratubular component of the testes was most apparent at 4 days of age. The inhibitory effect of testosterone was significant at 18 and 32 days in all of these parameters. At 4 days, the 0.5-mg. level reduced the volume of the Sertoli cells and the gonial cell group. Full spermatozoa production was observed when the total length of the seminiferous tubules reached 30 m. It may be concluded from this study that young coturnix are similar to the chick in response to exogenous LH and FSH at 4 days of age. This response was observed even though the coturnix were on continuous light.
Climate change and human health: Spatial modeling of water availability, malnutrition, and livelihoods in Mali, Africa

This study develops a novel approach for projecting climate trends in the Sahel in relation to shifting livelihood zones and health outcomes. Focusing on Mali, we explore baseline relationships between temperature, precipitation, livelihood, and malnutrition in 407 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) clusters with a total of 14,238 children, resulting in a thorough spatial analysis of coupled climate-health dynamics. Results suggest links between livelihoods and each measure of malnutrition, as well as a link between climate and stunting. A ‘front-line’ of vulnerability, related to the transition between agricultural and pastoral livelihoods, is identified as an area where mitigation efforts might be usefully targeted. Additionally, climate is projected to 2025 for the Sahel, and demographic trends are introduced to explore how the intersection of climate and demographics may shift the vulnerability ‘front-line’, potentially exposing an additional 6 million people in Mali, up to a million of them children, to heightened risk of malnutrition from climate and livelihood changes. Results indicate that, holding constant morbidity levels, approximately one quarter of a million children will suffer stunting, nearly two hundred thousand will be malnourished, and over one hundred thousand will become anemic in this expanding arid zone by 2025. Climate and health research conducted at finer spatial scales and within shorter projected time lines can identify vulnerability hot spots that are of the highest priority for adaptation interventions; such an analysis can also identify areas with similar characteristics that may be at heightened risk. Such meso-scale coupled human-environment research may facilitate appropriate policy interventions strategically located beyond today’s vulnerability front-line.
Transmucosal fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of intraoral and intrapharyngeal lesions.

Objectives: The effectiveness of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the diagnosis of neck, thyroid, and salivary gland masses is well documented. Very few reports explore the potential of an intraoral FNAB approach for the diagnosis of submucosal lesions. We describe our technique and present case examples of pertinent differential diagnostic entities. We recommend an expanded role for FNAB of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: A uniform technique was employed for transmucosal FNAB of 76 patients with intraoral masses. In applicable cases, cytology results were compared with traditional biopsy methods and permanent histopathologic specimens for accuracy. Results : Our experience demonstrates the high sensitivity (93%) and specificity (86%) of intraoral FNAB when compared with biopsy by conventional means. FNAB provides distinct advantages for the cytologic diagnosis of submucosal lesions, which may be difficult to reach and adequately sample through conventional biopsy. FNAB of the tonsil and tonsillar fossa provides a safe and effective means of diagnosing both lymphoma and squamous cell cancer. Transmucosal FNAB via the mouth led to rapid diagnosis of a number of benign and malignant lesions. Applying this uniform FNAB technique, we had no significant complications. Conclusion: We recommend transmucosal FNAB as an effective means for highly accurate diagnosis of submucosal lesions of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Clinical Relevance Traditional biopsy techniques in the oral cavity may require anesthesia and may have diagnostic difficulties, particularly for submucosal lesions. Transmucosal FNAB overcomes these shortcomings by providing a minimally invasive means to rapid diagnosis of intraoral lesions.
Phase II clinical trial of parenteral hydroxyurea and hyperfractionated, accelerated external beam radiation therapy in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Toxicity and efficacy with continuous ribonucleoside reductase inhibition†‡

Background. Almost all concurrent chemoradia- tion regimens for head and neck are platinum based; how- ever, cisplatin is associated with severe renal, oto-, and neurotoxicity. Hydroxyurea (HU) has been associated with fewer irreversible toxicities. We obtained HU in parenteral form to be administered continually during the radiation treatment. Intravenous HU promised better pharmacokinetics
A rapidly reconfigurable robot for assistance in urban search and rescue

A robot is being developed for urban search and rescue missions. USAR Whegs™ implements several new features into Whegs™ robot design. It is the first quadruped Whegs™ robot of this scale. It uses differential steering and the user can rapidly change its running gear to and from tracks and wheel-legs. This is also the first implementation of carbon fiber wheel-legs on a Whegs™ vehicle. The carbon-fiber reduces the mass moment of inertia eight times compared to previous aluminum designs. The running gear can be changed in 30 seconds and the resulting connections are secure. GeoSystems Zippermast allows a camera to be deployed as high as eight feet above the robot. The robot is 47.6 cm long, can travel 1.9 meters per second on its tracks, and can climb 15 cm obstacles using its wheel-legs. A two-speed transmission is being developed to permit it to run more slowly on wheel-legs for better control on irregular terrain.
Brief Report: Behavioral Correlates of Postoperative Pain in Toddlers and Preschoolers

Objective: To investigate the association between preoperatlve parent and child behaviors and postopera-tive pain in toddlers and preschoolers.Method: Participants were 74 pedlatrlc patients (59 boys, IS girls), scheduled for Inguinal hernia or hy-drocele repair, and their parents. Children ranged in age from 12 to 64 months (M = 33.7 months, 5D =14.7 months). Child and parent behaviors were assessed 30 minutes prior to surgery using the BehavioralObservation Scale (BOS), a modified version of the Dyadic Prestressor Interaction Scale (Melamed fit Bush,1985). Postoperative pain was assessed using an observational measure, the Toddler-Preschooler Postopera-tive Pain Scale (TPPPS) (Tarbell, Cohen, & Marsh, 1992).Results: Postoperative pain was negatively related to parents' provision of surgery-relevant information dur-ing the preoperative observation period.Conclusions: Preoperative interventions for young children should include information about the surgery ex-perience.
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Bone Health

Childhood and adolescence are important periods for bone development. Any disease that affects bone health has the potential to affect the bones not only in the short term but also later in life. Bone health abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are being increasingly recognized. Screening the at-risk patient is important so that appropriate treatments can be instituted. Treatment options are limited to vitamin D and calcium supplementation, control of underlying disease activity, and appropriate physical activity. The role of bisphosphonates in these patients needs to be better studied, and treatment with bisphosphonates may be considered for some patients in consultation with a bone health expert.
The fractal pyramid with applications to image coding

Extends the iterated transformation theory (ITT) fractal image coding algorithm proposed by A. Jacquin [1993] to generate a pyramid image representation. An ITT-coded image is modeled as the solution of a second type functional equation. This representation is iterated to form an ITT-chain of functional equations which can serve as the framework for a multiscale signal decomposition. This formalism can be extended to accommodate hybrid ITT representations and, in the limit, ITT-coded signals as a solution of a homogeneous functional equation. Existence of the ITT-chain signal representation is shown to be connected to the eigen-structure of the linear operators of the associated functional equations. At each level of the ITT-chain representation, the signal is decomposed into two parts which are not orthogonal. The authors use this decomposition to build an ITT-pyramid representation for gray-tone images as well as for RGB color images.
A Generic Algorithm for Transaction Processing During Network Partitioning

This research presents an algorithm that allows transaction processing to proceed during site failures and network partitioning while ensuring the consistency of replicated data. Our algorithm can be used together with various voting schemes which provide varying degrees of data availability. Different voting schemes may be used simultaneously for different groups of data. Our algorithm contains as special cases: the site quorum method in which there is a single distinguished partition, and the virtual partition method in which a (possibly different) distinguished partition is determined for each logical data item. By grouping data items in various ways, our algorithm can be tuned to yield methods which lie between these two extremes.
White Blood Cell and Immunodeficiency Disorders

The human immune system comprises cellular and humoral elements that sense danger, and respond to threat in both nonspecific and antigen-specific ways that eliminate the offending agents and restore homeostasis. The innate immune system refers to those elements that recognize danger and activate the immune response. The cellular components of innate immunity include monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and eosinophils. The humoral components include the complement proteins, C-reactive protein, and mannose lectin binding protein. In addition to activation of the immune system via cytokines and elaboration of effector molecules (such as interferons), some of the cells of the innate system process foreign antigen and present it to the adapative immune system. The adaptive immune system comprises the T and B cell compartments. Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells; helper T cells provide support for the production of antibody by B cells; and regulatory T cells moderate the adaptive responses and prevent the emergence of autoimmunity. Primary immunodeficiencies derive from mutations in the genes involved in this elaborate host response. These mutations may occur at any phase of the immune response (i.e., from danger recognition to synthesis of high affinity antibody). The molecular consequences of these mutations lead to undue susceptibility to infection, autoimmunity, and, in some instances, malignancy.
Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is defined by its clinical features and by the almost invariable presence in the blood of antibodies directed against one or more components of cell nuclei. Certa...
Priorities for Sweetpotato Research in Developing Countries: Results of a Survey

International institutions such as the International Potato Center (CIP) strive to provide “global public goods” in the form of improved technologies applicable to large regions of the developing world. To identify priorities for potato improvement, CIP conducted a survey of knowledgeable potato scientists in developing countries to elicit their perspectives on the most important constraints facing poor and small-scale potato growers in their countries. Respondents scored productivity or other constraints according to their importance in the region or country where they worked. Mean and weighted mean scores were estimated to provide a group judgment of the most important constraints facing potato farmers in developing countries. The five highest-ranking needs described by the survey respondents are: (1) control of late blight fungal disease (through varietal resistance and crop management); (2) improved genetic material for high and stable yield potential, suitable for consumption (new cultivars and prebreeding); (3) improved supply of quality potato seed (seed systems management and seed production); (4) control of viruses and their vectors (through varietal resistance, seed production and crop management); and (5) control of bacterial wilt (through varietal resistance and crop management). These five needs were ranked high in all or most of the potato-growing regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Exceptions were bacterial wilt control, which was a top-ranked need primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and east and southeast Asia, and virus control, which scored relatively low in Latin America. Priority rankings did not change when survey responses were weighted by potato area and poverty incidence of the country for which respondents reported.
Multiple estimation methods suggest similar repertoire sizes for Gulf Coast and eastern marsh wrens with no correlation between repertoire size and migratory distance

There are many ways for signalling systems to be complex, one of which is a large signal repertoire. However, it is frequently challenging to estimate larger repertoires accurately. We present the first description of repertoire size for a subspecies of marsh wren on the Gulf Coast of North America, Cistothorus palustris thryophilus, using four repertoire estimation techniques (simple enumeration, Wildenthal curve-fitting, Davidson & Wilkinson curve-fitting, and the Coupon Collector model). We demonstrate that the repertoire estimation methods in question perform with varying degrees of accuracy under natural conditions, and propose that rather than establishing an absolute repertoire size for a given individual it may instead be necessary to use multiple techniques to establish a repertoire range. We find that C. p. thryophilus has a song repertoire size falling well within the range of repertoires produced by other marsh wren subspecies in eastern North America, although it may be on the larger end of this range. We find no evidence supporting a correlation between migratory distance and increased repertoire size in this species, as might be predicted under a sexual selection hypothesis.
Optimization of SERS tag intensity, binding footprint, and emittance.

Nanoparticle surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags have attracted interest as labels for use in a variety of applications, including biomolecular assays. An obstacle to progress in this area is a lack of standardized approaches to compare the brightness of different SERS tags within and between laboratories. Here we present an approach based on binding of SERS tags to beads with known binding capacities that allows evaluation of the average intensity, the relative binding footprint of particles in a SERS tag preparation, and the size-normalized intensity or emittance. We tested this on four different SERS tag compositions and show that aggregated gold nanorods produce SERS tags that are 2–4 times brighter than relatively more monodisperse nanorods, but that the aggregated nanorods are also correspondingly larger, which may negate the intensity if steric hindrance limits the number of tags bound to a target. By contrast, SERS tags prepared from smaller gold nanorods coated with a silver shell produ...
Microsorex hoyi and Microsorex thompsoni

CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Insectivora, Family Soricidae, Subfamily Soricinae. The genus Microsorex was originally distinguished by a dental formula later shown to be erroneous, but these shrews have diagnostic characters (see below). Pigmy shrews could he referred to Sorex in order to emphasize close relationship and resemblance. The name Microsorex suggests this strong similarity to Sorex. Long (1972a) recognized two Recent species belonging to Microsorex, but this view needs further study in critical areas. The species are M. hoyi and M. thompsoii; the account of the latter immediately follows that of hoyi treated below.
Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi—XXXVII. Pezicula Purpurascens

The above named species was originally collected at Westchester, Pennsylvania, in July, 1888, and distributed in North American Fungi 2147. In working over the type material in The New York Botanical Garden, the writer was interested in noting a peculiar conidial stage associated with it, and possibly representing its conidial stage. The conidiophores resembled small asci and like the asci ruptured at the end permitting the four-celled conidium to emerge. This might be called an Endoconidium but, because of the close resemblance of the conidiophore to an ascus, the term ascoconidiophore is proposed, the conidium would then be an ascoconidium. Up to recently this species of Pezicula was apparently known only from the type collection in Pennsylvania. In 1933, Dr. Theodore T. Ayers sent the writer a specimen collected by J. R. Hansbrough as Dermatea purpurascens, under which name it was originally described. Examination of this material on Castanea dentata showed the same ascus-like conidia found in the original collection made by Ellis, and since the two are constantly associated have good reason to assume that the two are organically connected. This peculiar type of conidiophore is in itself sufficiently important to deserve special mention. Here we have a conidium which so closely simulates an ascus that the writer was at first led to wonder if there were not two ascomycetes associated. Careful examination, however, convinced us that the interesting structures were really conidiophores with the conidia produced internally. The ascoconidiophores are themselves pale brown, while the ascoconidia when released are nearly hyaline, or faintly smoky, and 3-septate, as are also the ascospores, but slightly different in form.
Reciprocity, Consumerism, and Collective Action: A Response to “Is Federalism Compatible With Prefectorial Administration?”

I am in basic agreement with Daniel J. Elazar's central contention that efforts to increase the coordinating capabilities of the federal government, in general, and the office of the president, in particular, with respect to the provision of public services to local clientele by the constituent governments of American federalism will lead to prefectorialism and the consequent domination of state and local governments by the national regime. Indeed the movement toward prefectorialism is well underway, often led by voices from within the intellectual community. Elazar's effort to explore the intellectual underpinnings of the prefectorial movement is therefore a most timely discussion and one which can contribute to a clarification of the relevant issues. I shall address my comments to the use of logical constructs drawn from the literature of economics and to the impact of this language upon shared images of government and politics as well as upon recommendations for the reform of highly federalized forms of public organization. Elazar's discussion of the failure of "consumerism" may provide a fruitful point of departure. Elazar contends that the conceptualization of citizens as consumers and governments as producers of consumer services is closely identified with prefectorial thinking and partially responsible for the prefectorial movement. This is an interesting, and disturbing, insight. My own work in the public choice field relies greatly on a consumer-oriented approach to questions of public policy and organization. If Elazar is correct, I have a vested interest in attempting a rescue of "consumerism" from its misuse in the prefectorial camp. The identification of consumer interests in the public sector, I fear, is not safe in these hands.
The effect of lead contamination on bioturbation by Lumbriculus variegatus in a freshwater microcosm

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of lead (Pb) on bioturbation by the oligochaete worm Lumbriculus variegatus , using freshwater microcosms. The experiment used lead at “0”, 140, 700, and 3500 μg/g in sediment, and used two different laboratory populations of L . variegatus . A molecular genetic analysis and bioassays were conducted to determine if the two populations differed genetically and whether they differed in Pb-sensitivity. The bioturbation of L . variegatus was estimated using luminophores placed at the sediment-water interface at the beginning of the experiment. After the 14 d experiment the luminophore profiles in sediment were used to estimate the biodiffusion and bioadvection coefficients, using the diffusion-advection model. The results showed that the biodiffusion and bioadvection coefficients were generally negatively related to the Pb concentrations in the sediment. Lead at 700 and 3500 μg/g reduced both coefficients, while Pb at 140 μg/g did not. Luminophore profiles in the “0” and 140 μg/g treatments were indicative of a non-local transport, while a diffusive transport was observed at the higher Pb levels. The two laboratory populations of L . variegatus used in the experiment differed in their sensitivity to Pb when mortality was used as the endpoint, but they did not differ in sediment bioturbation or the Pb-sensitivity of this process. Moreover, the genetic analysis did not detect any genetic differences between the populations. This study demonstrated that elevated levels of Pb can impact ecosystem functioning by decreasing the bioturbation activity of benthic organisms such as L . variegatus .
Representation stigma: Perceptions of tools and processes for design graphics

Abstract Practicing designers and design students across multiple fields were surveyed to measure preference and perception of traditional hand and digital tools to determine if common biases for an individual toolset are realized in practice. Significant results were found, primarily with age being a determinant in preference of graphic tools and processes; this finding demonstrates a hard line between generations of designers. Results show that while there are strong opinions in tools and processes, the realities of modern business practice and production gravitate towards digital methods despite a traditional tool preference in more experienced designers. While negative stigmas regarding computers remain, younger generations are more accepting of digital tools and images, which should eventually lead to a paradigm shift in design professions.
Phosphinidene Reactivity of a Transient Vanadium P≡N Complex

Toward the preparation of a coordination complex of the heterodiatomic molecule PN, P≡N-V(N[tBu]Ar)3 (1, Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3), we report the use of ClPA (A = C14H10, anthracene) as a formal source of phosphorus(I) in its reaction with Na[NV(N[tBu]Ar)3] (Na[4]) to yield trimeric cyclo-triphosphane [PNV(N[tBu]Ar)3]3 (3) with a core composed exclusively of phosphorus and nitrogen. In the presence of NapS2 (peri-1,8-naphthalene disulfide), NapS2P-NV(N[tBu]Ar)3 (6) is instead generated in 80% yield, suggesting trapping of transient 1. Upon mild heating, 3 readily fragments into dimeric [PNV(N[tBu]Ar)3]2 (2), while in the presence of bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene or cis-4-octene, the respective phosphirene (Ar[tBu]N)3VN-PC2(SiMe3)2 (7) or phosphirane (Ar[tBu]N)3VN-P(C8H16) (8) compounds are generated. Kinetic data were found to be consistent with unimolecular decay of 3, and [2+1]-cycloaddition with radical clocks ruled out a triplet intermediate, consistent with intermediate 1 reacting as a singlet phosphinidene. ...
Isolated Acetabuloplasty and Labral Repair for Combined-Type Femoroacetabular Impingement: Are We Doing Too Much?

Purpose To evaluate patient outcomes after isolated arthroscopic volumetric acetabular osteoplasty and labral repair for the treatment of patients with combined femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) lesions. Methods A review of a prospectively collected registry identified 86 patients (106 hips) with an average age of 38.1 years (range, 17-59 years) with combined-type FAI that underwent isolated acetabular osteoplasty and labral repair. Preoperative α-angle, degree of radiographic degenerative changes, and presence of a crossover sign were recorded. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), International Hip Outcome Tool–12 (iHOT-12), Hip Outcome Score Sport-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and patient satisfaction score (out of 10) at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Results Clinical follow-up was obtained at a mean follow-up of 37.2 months (range, 27.9-79.2 months). Patients with Tonnis grade 0 and I findings had significantly higher mHHS (83.5 vs 71.5, P = .01), HOS-SSS (81.3 vs 59.9, P = .02), and iHOT-12 scores (71.1 vs 58.8, P = .04) compared to patients with Tonnis grade II changes. However, patient satisfaction scores (8.0 vs 7.2, P = .45) were no different. No significant difference was noted between unilateral and bilateral hip patient outcome scores. Patient age and preoperative α-angles did not correlate with any outcome scores (all R 2 Conclusions Isolated acetabular decompression may adequately address the underlying impingement in combined-type FAI while avoiding the risks associated with femoral-sided decompression. Good to excellent patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction scores were noted with significantly higher scores in patients with minimal arthritic change. Patient age and preoperative α-angle had less effect on postoperative outcomes. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Exploring the inclusion of home sewing pattern development into fashion design curriculums

ABSTRACTThe ever-changing field of fashion design provides impetus to incorporate education about non-traditional and low cost entrepreneurial career options into fashion design curriculums. The purpose of this exploratory research was to develop, deliver, and evaluate the effectiveness of a curriculum to teach undergraduate fashion design students to design, produce, and market digital patterns to home sewers. Finding indicated that fashion design students are interested in such curriculums additions and find the inclusion of home sewing pattern development beneficial. Further research is needed to explore the interest of a wider scope of fashion design students, as well as, investigate additional options for students to use their fashion design skills.
Behavioral Changes in Children After Emergency Department Procedural Sedation.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of children undergoing procedural sedation for fracture reduction in the emergency department (ED) observed to experience negative post-discharge behaviors. Predictors of negative behaviors were evaluated, including anxiety. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of children receiving intravenous ketamine sedation for ED fracture reduction. The child's anxiety prior to sedation was measured with the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Negative behavioral changes were measured with the Post-Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire 1-2 weeks after discharge. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios were calculated. Chi square test was used for comparisons between groups. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated predictors of negative behavioral change after discharge. Results 97 patients were enrolled, 82 (85%) completed follow-up. Overall, 33 (40%) children were observed to be highly anxious pre-sedation and 18 (22%) had significant negative behavior changes after ED discharge. Independent predictors for negative behaviors were high anxiety (OR=9.0, 95% CI 2.3-35.7) and non-white race (OR= 6.5, 95% CI 1.7-25.0). Conclusion For children undergoing procedural sedation in the ED, two in five children have high pre-procedure anxiety and almost one in four have significant negative behaviors 1-2 weeks after discharge. Highly anxious and non-white children have increased risk of negative behavioral changes which have not been previously recognized in the ED setting. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A New Regulatory Function for E-Prescriptions: Linking the FDA to Physicians and Patient Records

Despite recent improvements in FDA regulation of medical product usage, the Agency still lacks the capacity for directly and immediately sending physicians updated warnings and other advisories and for continuously overseeing their treatment decisions and outcomes. We propose deploying electronic prescription technology to fill this major regulatory gap. Although this technology has received extensive expert and funding support for its ability to better perform the time-honored functions of paper prescriptions, we are the first to consider its use to further FDA regulatory objectives. We make the case that by interfacing the FDA with physicians and computerized patient records, e-prescriptions can greatly improve the Agency’s capacity to inform, guide, and monitor medical product usage. Designed to operate in a check-off format, e-prescriptions would not only provide physicians with salient risk and efficacy alerts, best-practice protocols, and links to studies, but also query and specifically document their reasons for choosing off-label or contraindicated uses. In addition, by automatically requesting reports from physicians and retrieving information from computerized patient records, e-prescription technology can supply the FDA with comprehensive, systematic, and real time data on medical product outcomes, favorable as well as unfavorable. We assess these benefits against the costs of our proposal, including the extent to which a well-designed system would burden physician decisionmaking and expose patients to unnecessary and abusive surveillance of their medical records and treatments.
THE INFLUENCE OF EXTRINSIC FACTORS ON KNEE BIOMECHANICS DURING CYCLING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.

Background The knee is susceptible to injury during cycling due to the repetitive nature of the activity while generating torque on the pedal. Knee pain is the most common overuse related injury reported by cyclists, and intrinsic and extrinsic factors can contribute to the development of knee pain. Purpose Due to the potential for various knee injuries, this purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to determine the association between biomechanical factors and knee injury risk in cyclists. Study design Systematic review of the literature. Methods Literature searches were performed using CINAHL, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Quality of studies was assessed using the Downs and Black Scale for non-randomized trials. Results Fourteen papers were identified that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only four studies included cyclists with knee pain. Studies were small with sample sizes ranging from 9-24 participants, and were of low to moderate quality. Biomechanical factors that may impact knee pain include cadence, power output, crank length, saddle fore/aft position, saddle height, and foot position. Changing these factors may lead to differing effects for cyclists who experience knee pain based on specific anatomical location. Conclusion Changes in cycling parameters or positioning on the bicycle can impact movement, forces, and muscle activity around the knee. While studies show differences across some of the extrinsic factors included in this review, there is a lack of direct association between parameters/positioning on the cycle and knee injury risk due to the limited studies examining cyclists with and without pain or injury. The results of this review can provide guidance to professionals treating cyclists with knee pain, but more research is needed. Level of evidence 3a.
Statistical advances in clinical trials and clinical research.

Abstract Introduction New treatments for neurodegenerative disease are urgently needed, and clinical trial methods are an essential component of new drug development. Although a parallel-group study design for neurological disorder clinical trials is commonly used to test the effectiveness of a new treatment as compared to placebo, it does not efficiently use information from the on-going study to increase the success rate of a trial or to stop a trial earlier when the new treatment is indeed ineffective. Methods We review some recent advances in designs for clinical trials, including futility designs and adaptive designs. Results Futility designs and noninferiority designs are used to test the nonsuperiority and the noninferiority of a new treatment, respectively. We provide some guidance on using these two designs and analyzing data from these studies properly. Adaptive designs are increasingly used in clinical trials to improve the flexibility and efficiency of trials with the potential to reduce resources, time, and costs. We review some typical adaptive designs and new statistical methods to handle the statistical challenges from adaptive designs. Discussion Statistical advances in clinical trial designs may be helpful to shorten study length and benefit more patients being treated with a better treatment during the discovery of new therapies for neurological disorders. Advancing statistical underpinnings of neuroscience research is a critical aspect of the core activities supported by the Center of Biomedical Research Excellence award supporting the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience.
Development of an Efficient and Flexible Pipeline for Lagrangian Coherent Structure Computation

The computation of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) has become a standard tool for the analysis of advective transport in unsteady flow applications. LCS identification is primarily accomplished by evaluating measures based on the finite-time Cauchy Green (CG) strain tensor over the fluid domain. Sampling the CG tensor requires the advection of large numbers of fluid tracers, which can be computationally intensive, but presents a large degree of data parallelism. Processing can be specialized to parallel computing architectures, but on the other hand, there is compelling need for robust and flexible implementations for end users. Specifically, code that can accommodate analysis of wide-ranging fluid mechanics applications, while using a modular structure that is easily extended or modified, and facilitates visualization is desirable. We discuss the use of Visualization Toolkit (VTK) libraries as a foundation for object-oriented LCS computation, and how this framework can facilitate integration of LCS computation into flow visualization software such as ParaView. We also discuss the development of CUDA GPU kernels for efficient parallel spatial sampling of the flow map, including optimizing these kernels for better utilization.
Seventh Circuit Amicus Brief of Law Professors in Support of Rehearing En Banc, Hecker v. Deere, Nos. 07-3605 & 08-1224

Amici curiae law professors filed this brief to urge the Seventh Circuit to grant the plaintiffs' petition for rehearing en banc to clarify the proper scope of the fiduciary duty under ERISA in the context of investment funds. The brief argues that members of the Seventh Circuit have taken conflicting positions on the central issue regarding whether the market for mutual fund fees is competitive, that this case presents an excellent opportunity to reconcile its doctrine in this area, and that the panel's decision to expand the Section 404(c) exemption to the fiduciary duty eviscerates an essential element in the security of retirement savings plans.
Herbicide options for control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in double-crop soybean.

Double-crop soybean after winter wheat is a component of many cropping systems across eastern and central Kansas. Until recently, control of Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp has been both easy and economical with the use of sequential applications of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Many populations of Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp have become resistant to glyphosate. During 2015 and 2016, a total of five field experiments were conducted near Manhattan, Hutchinson, and Ottawa, KS, to assess various non-glyphosate herbicide programs at three different application timings for the control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp in double-crop soybean after winter wheat. Spring-POST treatments of pyroxasulfone (119 g ai ha–1) and pendimethalin (1065 g ai ha–1) were applied to winter wheat to evaluate residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp. Less than 40% control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp was observed in both treatments 2 wk after planting (WAP) double-crop soybean. Preharvest treatments of 2,4-D (561 g ae ha–1) and flumioxazin (107 g ai ha–1) were also applied to the winter wheat to assess control of emerged Palmer amaranth and waterhemp. 2,4-D resulted in highly variable Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control, whereas flumioxazin resulted in control similar to PRE treatments that contained paraquat (841 g ai ha–1) plus residual herbicide(s). Excellent control of both species was observed 2 WAP with a PRE paraquat application; however, reduced control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp was noted 8 WAP due to subsequent emergence. Results indicate that Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control was 85% or greater 8 WAP for PRE treatments that included a combination of paraquat plus residual herbicide(s). PRE treatments that did not include both paraquat and residual herbicide(s) did not provide acceptable control.Nomenclature: 2,4-D; flumioxazin; glyphosate; paraquat; pendimethalin; pyroxasulfone; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis J. D. Sauer. AMATA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson AMAPA; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr; wheat, Triticum aestivum L
Closing the Disclosure Gap: Medical Errors in Pediatrics.

“Look at her. She doesn’t look right,” a worried mother explained to me. About a week ago, her daughter, Ada, an infant with complex congenital heart disease, had been admitted for evaluation of new-onset seizures. I joined Ada’s care team several days after she had been admitted. Her mother noted that since Ada had arrived at the hospital, her feeding had become lackluster, she was sleeping less, and she was fussier than usual. Ada squirmed uncomfortably in bed while her mother untangled the numerous plastic wires that helped connect her to the electroencephalogram machine. Although Ada’s preliminary electroencephalogram results revealed seizures, none of them correlated with her episodes of unrest. After pursuing several workups that ultimately led to dead ends, it soon became clear that her deterioration was due to worsening fluid overload. The admitting medical team had reordered an old home dose of diuretic that had not been weight-adjusted since her last admission. The dose was appropriately increased, and Ada’s condition improved. I sat down with Ada’s mother and, to the best of my abilities, explained what had happened. Ada’s mother, although upset, was appreciative of the timely disclosure and relieved that we had identified the cause of Ada’s symptoms. Ada’s medical error is not an uncommon occurrence. Recent data suggests that medical errors may be the third leading cause of death … Address correspondence to Hannah Famiglietti, MD, Department of Pediatrics, New York University, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016. E-mail: hannah.famiglietti{at}nyulangone.org
CNT and SiNW modeling for dual-gate ambipolar logic circuit design

The book chapter surveys available FED models and analyzes the utility of these device models for ambipolar logic circuit design to enable the reader to determine which model is best suited for a particular application. The models have been grouped according to their underlying approaches and their ability to perform the desired model characteristics. Where the group names do not specify otherwise, these groups are static with fixed drain and source nodes.
Latino Judges on the Federal District Court: ¿Cómo Deciden?:

As the Latino population in the United States grows, it is increasingly important to understand how the unique experience of Latino judges translates into legal decisions. This experience has inclu...
Robust 3D Distributed Formation Control With Collision Avoidance And Application To Multirotor Aerial Vehicles

We present a distributed control strategy for a team of agents to autonomously achieve a desired 3D formation. Our approach is based on local relative position measurements and can be applied to multirotor aerial vehicles. We assume that agents have a common sense of direction, which is used to align the z-axes of their local coordinate frames. However, this assumption is not crucial, and our approach is provably robust to misalignments in the local coordinate frames or measurement inaccuracies. In particular, agents can move along any direction that projects positively onto the desired direction of motion. This property is exploited to design a fully-distributed collision avoidance strategy. We validate the proposed approach experimentally and show that a team of quadrotors can achieve a desired 3D formation without collisions.
A qualitative investigation of factors affecting school district administrators’ decision to adopt a national young worker curriculum

Abstract Introduction: Even though the majority of youth in the U.S. work, and workers under the age of 18 are seriously injured on the job at higher rates when compared to adults, most adolescents lack instruction on workplace safety and health. Method: This qualitative study examines the extent to which selected U.S. school districts provide workplace safety and health instruction to students and explores the factors that influence districts’ decision to adopt a free, foundational occupational safety and health (OSH) curriculum. Results: Results from key informant interviews conducted with a purposive sample of 34 school administrators revealed that only a third of the districts have at least 75% of their students receive some instruction on workplace safety and health, while 15% indicated they provide no instruction on this topic. District staff who indicated that they provide OSH instruction stated that it is most often taught through career and technical education (CTE; 65%) and/or health classes (26%). They believed the benefits of providing this instruction include assisting students to get jobs (38%) and helping students learn about safety (32%), while competing demands (44%) and time constraints (41%) were identified as barriers to providing OSH education to students. Conclusions: Given the importance of work to teens and their increased risk of work injury, interested stakeholders—including parents, teachers, employers, and the public health community—should promote the inclusion of workplace safety and health instruction in U.S. secondary schools. Practical Applications: This research fills a gap in current knowledge about the extent to which OSH is currently taught within U.S. secondary schools, enumerates barriers and facilitators to the inclusion of workplace safety and health instruction in schools, presents a free, foundational curriculum in workplace safety and health, and provides directions for future research on the vital role schools can play in preparing the future workforce for safe and healthy employment.
Study on the changes of T lymphocyte subtype and the contents of serum transforming growth factor-β in children with acute leukemia

Objective To study the changes of T lymphocyte subtype levels and the contents of serum transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in children with acute leukemia (AL).Methods The Flow Cytometry (FCM) used to detected the T lymphocyte subtype and NK cells in 45 cases of AL.ELISA used to detected the changes of TGF-β in AL patients and control group.Results The study showed that NK cells were greatly decreased in comprison with normal controls (NC) (P ＜ 0.01),CD3 + cells and CD4+ cells decreased in comparison with NC (P ＜ 0.01) and TGF-β levels increased in AL patients.Conclusions Tlymphocyte subtype and NK cells can evaluate the immune function of children with acute leukemia,TGF-β has intimate relationship with immune function and provide experimental basis for clinic immunotherapy of AL patients. Key words: Leukemia; T lymphocyte subtype; Transforming growth factor-β