cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chest pain and ST segment elevation attributable to cholecystitis: a case report and review of the literature

Chest pain with electrocardiographic changes is usually a life-threatening presentation of cardiac ischemia. There are, however, a variety of noncardiac conditions that have been reported to mimic these clinical and electrocardiographic changes. An Asian woman presented with chest pain and ST segment elevations in the distribution of the left anterior descending artery. She had persisting chest pain and ST segment elevations that were refractory to medical therapy, leading to thrombolytic therapy and rescue angiography, which revealed no evidence of coronary artery disease by coronary catherization. Cholecystitis was subsequently diagnosed with hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The patient's fever and ST segment elevations promptly resolved with antibiotic treatment. Four previous cases of ST segment elevation attributed to cholecystitis have been reported. Although the electrocardiographic changes attributed to cholecystitis have been shown to be correctable, the pathophysiological mechanism underlying these changes remains unclear. Prompt recognition of cholecystitis can ensure appropriate treatment and may prevent the performance of unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Assortative mating and self-fertilization differ in their contributions to reinforcement, cascade speciation, and diversification

Cascade speciation and reinforcement can evolve rapidly when traits are pleiotropic and act as both signal/cue in nonrandom mating. Here, we examine the contribution of two key traits—assortative mating and self-fertilization—to reinforcement and (by extension) cascade speciation. First, using a population genetic model of reinforcement we find that both assortative mating and self-fertilization can make independent contributions to increased reproductive isolation, consistent with reinforcement. Self-fertilization primarily evolves due to its 2-fold transmission advantage when inbreeding depression ( d ) is lower ( d < 0.45) but evolves as a function of the cost of hybridization under higher inbreeding depression (0.45 < d < 0.48). When both traits can evolve simultaneously, increased self-fertilization often prohibits the evolution of assortative mating. We infer that, under specific conditions, mating system transitions are more likely to lead to increased reproductive isolation and initiate cascade speciation, than assortative mating. Based on the results of our simulations, we hypothesized that transitions to self-fertilization could contribute to clade-wide diversification if reinforcement or cascade speciation is common. We tested this hypothesis with comparative data from two different groups. Consistent with our hypothesis, there was a trend towards uniparental reproduction being associated with increased diversification rate in the Nematode phylum. For the plant genus Mimulus , however, self-fertilization was associated with reduced diversification. Reinforcement driving speciation via transitions to self-fertilization might be short lived or unsustainable across macroevolutionary scales in some systems (some plants), but not others (such as nematodes), potentially due to differences in susceptibility to inbreeding depression and/or the ability to transition between reproductive modes.
GENE INTERACTION AFFECTS THE ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE IN SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS WITH MIGRATION AND EXTINCTION.

We investigated the effect of nonadditive genetic variance on the amount of additive genetic variance within local populations in an infinite-allele, infinite-island model with migration, extinction, and recolonization, using two-locus descent measures. For an island model with extinction, one- and two-locus descent measures are expressed in a matrix form that allows equilibrium solutions to be calculated similar to previous work on Wright's F-statistics. In a subdivided population, the additive genetic variation within a local deme depends on the dominance and epistatic genetic variation in the species. Moreover, to a good approximation, the amount of additive variance within a deme is a simple function of Fst , which is twice the demic fraction of genic variance. At equilibrium, it is equal to (1 - Fst ) VA plus 4 Fst (1 - Fst ) VA×A , where VA and VA×A are the additive and additive × additive epistatic variances at the level of the species, respectively, plus a contribution from the dominance variance and other terms including dominance. Paradoxically, with nonadditive genetic effects, drift on average increases the amount of additive genetic variance within populations, whereas migration decreases the equilibrium amount. In the presence of nonadditive genetic effects, measurements of additive genetic variance in natural populations must be taken at the proper spatial scale with respect to natural selection, or they will provide an inaccurate description of evolutionary potential both within local populations and within the species as a whole.
In her image: New studies of female divinity in South Asian art

Cet article passe en revue quatre ouvrages consacres a la figure de Devī, la Grande Deesse dans l'art de l'Inde, qui peut parfois aussi prendre le nom de Kāli ou Durgā ou Shakti. Ces ouvrages permettent, en etudiant des poemes, le theâtre rituel Mutiyettu du Kerala, le texte sanskrit du Devi Mahatmya, la tradition tantrique... de preciser comment la figure de la Deesse permet d'articuler les themes du feminin et du masculin, de la fertilite, de la virginite, et de la sexualite.
Micro-fibrillated cellulose reinforced eco-friendly polymeric resin from non-edible ‘Jatropha curcas’ seed waste after biodiesel production

Eco-friendly polymeric resin with desirable mechanical and physical properties was developed from non-edible protein extracted from ‘Jatropha curcas’ (Jatropha) seed cake, so far considered as an agro-waste after oil extraction for bio-diesel conversion. A green, facile and cost-effective water-based casting and evaporation method was applied to fabricate Jatropha Protein (JP) based resin sheets. High molecular weight and the presence of reactive amino acids (a high content of arginine) in JP provide the basis to form a sustainable polymeric material. Also, JP resins were found to display diverse mechanical properties ranging from brittle and rigid to ductile and soft depending on the external modifiers such as plasticizer, cross-linker and reinforcing element used. Experimental studies using 10% sorbitol as a plasticizer, 10% glyoxal as a cross-linker and 20% microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) as a reinforcing element rendered JP resin with promising mechanical, thermal and physico-chemical properties. A favorable comparison between the modified JP and various polymers opens up possibilities for a sustainable alternative from non-edible protein-based agro-wastes that can reduce the dependency on biobased polymers from edible sources and petroleum based non-degradable polymers for applications such as fiber reinforced composites.
HOBBES'S PUBLISHER AND THE POLITICAL BUSINESS OF ENLIGHTENMENT*

This article argues for an ideologically neutral understanding of the early Enlightenment, the Enlightenment public, and later Stuart religious politics. It approaches these topics from the perspective of the book trade. Thomas Hobbes's publisher and man of business in the 1670s, William Crooke, set up his London bookshop as a public forum on ‘Hobbism’ that showcased the confrontation between the Anglican clergy and their most formidable foe. In his shop, Crooke set scribal copies of illicit Hobbes tracts alongside the works of his second prized author, an Enlightened Anglican apologist named Lancelot Addison. The stationer's projects included two separate schemes to publish a controversial Hobbes tract and a bishop's response to it in a single volume. The shop was frequented not only by some of the period's foremost republicans, tolerationists, and freethinkers, but also by powerful members of the political and religious establishment, many of whom condoned and actively supported Crooke's schemes. This case-study shows from the ground up why the early Enlightenment is most profitably understood as a site of struggle between competing schemes for making internecine bloodshed a thing of the past.
Assessment of chromium tripicolinate supplementation and dietary energy level and source on growth, carcass, and blood criteria in growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate potential interactive effects of supplemental Cr and dietary energy supply in growing pigs. Experiment 1 used 36 individually penned barrows, 25 to 65 kg, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 or 200 ppb) and energy level (70, 80, or 90% of ME requirement). A corn-soybean meal basal diet was designed to supply all protein, mineral, and vitamin needs and 70% of the estimated ME need at 70% of ad libitum feed intake. Additional energy to 80% or 90% of the ME requirement was provided by a cornstarch/ corn oil blend. In Exp. 2, 30 individually penned barrows, 23 to 68 kg, were used in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 or 200 ppb) and added energy source (none, cornstarch, corn oil, or choice white grease) with basal diets identical to Exp. 1. The various energy sources were added to 90% of the ME requirement. In both experiments, growth data were collected over a 50-d period and pigs were killed at 70.1 kg. Increasing energy levels increased (linear, P 0.10) in these experiments. Similarly, no Cr effect or Cr x ME interaction (P > 0.10) was observed in plasma glucose or insulin levels. Dietary energy levels markedly affected growth criteria in growing pigs (23 to 68 kg) in these experiments, as anticipated, but supplemental Cr was without effect on performance or carcass responses.
Exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy.

SUMMARY Classic bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy are grotesque anomalies in the eyes of young parents. An immediate evaluation by an experienced team is required to assess the variations in the condition and to devise a plan of treatment that can reassure the parents as to eventual prognosis and rehabilitation. This plan of treatment must include provisions for renal preservation, urinary control, cosmetic appearance, and sexual function. The newborn is usually normal in respect to nutrition and its cardiopulmonary state, and will tolerate surgery well. Passive parental immunity provides better resistance to intercurrent illness at this time than will be present in the later months ofinfancy. When applicable, the initial stages of surgery should be undertaken at birth when the pelvic ring can be approximated without osteotomy and the bladder mucosa has not deteriorated from inflammatory changes. Parental attitudes toward the child as well as successful reconstruction may both be best served by immedate surgery to begin reconstruction and reduce the visible defect.
Individual differences impact support for vigilante justice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between moral disengagement, individual differences (i.e. need for cognition (NFC), faith in intuition, legal authoritarianism) and responses to vigilantism. Design/methodology/approach – US university students were surveyed. Findings – NFC reduced support for vigilante justice while legal authoritarianism increased support for vigilante justice. Both relationships are mediated by moral disengagement, which also increases support for vigilante justice. Research limitations/implications – The present study provides a starting point for further research on individual differences and responses to vigilantism. Practical implications – Results expand on the understanding of the function of individual differences in a morally charged decision-making task. Content has implications for academics and legal practitioners. Originality/value – Vigilante justice is embedded within American culture. However, vigilantism is currently illegal, and recent instances of what might be considered vigilante justice (e.g. George Zimmerman, David Barajas) have highlighted the controversy surrounding such extralegal violence. Little research has focussed on the moral quandary posed by vigilantism.
Search for Horizontal Gene Transfer from Transgenic Crops to Microbes

Publisher Summary A new era in farming technology began after the U.S. regulatory agencies approved Calgene's Flavr Savr tomato. Crops could be rationally designed by genetic engineering and by new advances in cell and molecular biology. The technology for making transgenic plants in 1986 required using genes that conferred resistance to antibiotics; these genes were actually normal bacterial genes adapted for expression in plant cells. The fear was raised that these antibiotic-resistance genes being released into the environment in large amounts could be taken up by native bacteria and pose public health risks. When transgenic plants were first approved, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) responded to the fears of the spread of antibiotic-resistance genes with the assertion that the genes from the plants would not be incorporated into bacteria. Stimulated by the challenging assertion from the FDA and some industry spokesmen that horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to microorganisms does not occur, a number of investigators have embarked on studies to show that this statement is false. Two types of experiments have been done. In the first, transgenic plant materials were fed to mice and the coliform bacteria isolated from their feces was screened for the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes originating from the plants. In the second approach, researchers in two labs looked at bacteria that cause spoilage of vegetables and examined whether, after growth on transgenic vegetables, the bacteria had taken up transgenic DNA.
1968, Revolution in the world-system

The revolution of 1968 was a revolution; it was a single revolution. It was marked by demonstrations, disorder, and violence in many parts of the world over a period of at least three years. Its origins, consequences, and lessons cannot be analyzed correctly by appealing to the particular circumstances of the local manifestations of this global phenomenon, however much the local factors conditioned the details of the political and social struggles in each locality.
Activity Recognition for Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Subjects Using Hidden Markov Models

Successful activity recognition in patients with motor disabilities can improve patient care by informing researchers and clinicians about changes in patient mobility both in the clinic and at home. Standard machine learning approaches can improve activity recognition in patient populations by tailoring recognition models to specific populations. However, many approaches use only static machine learning classifiers, which classify each data sample individually, ignoring the temporal relationship of successive samples over time. Static classification can be augmented by integrating the output of static classifiers with a dynamic state estimation model. Here, we use a hidden Markov model (HMM) and apply the static supervised machine learning classifier results as observations. We experimentally validate the effectiveness of our model by recognizing six activities from 13 ambulatory incomplete spinal cord injury subjects who were instructed to perform a standardized set of activities while wearing a waist-worn accelerometer in a clinical setting. Activities included lying, sitting, standing, walking, wheeling, and stair climbing. Using within-subject cross validation, the highest classification accuracy from static classifiers alone was 86.3% (85.5%–87.0% and 95% confidence). By augmenting the classification model with an HMM, we were able to improve the accuracy to 88.9% (88.2%–89.6%). The additional 2.6% demonstrated a significant improvement of the classification accuracy using a hybrid static/dynamic classifier compared to the use of static classifiers alone. Such improved activity recognition can provide better outcome measures, aiding clinicians to select or refine the right physical or drug therapies to improve patient mobility.
Factors Affecting Glance Behavior when Interacting with In-Vehicle Devices: Implications from a Simulator Study

This study examined the effects of text entry and reading on drivers’ eye glance behavior, as influenced by text length and presence of ambient text (i.e., text around targeted text). A simulator study was conducted with 28 drivers. The findings showed that text entry tasks required longer eyes-off-road (EOR) time than text reading tasks. The presence of ambient text also increased the total EOR time for text reading. Tasks with shorter text required shorter individual glances, but even the shortest text entry tasks resulted in long glances for those who entered text in large chunks. Thus, shortening the text length alone may not ensure safe glance behavior and other countermeasures may need to be considered.
Perspectives on Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Human interaction with the environment remains one of the most pervasive facets of modern society. Whereas the anthropocene is characterized by rapid population growth, unprecedented global trade and digital communications, energy security, natural resource scarcities, climatic changes and environmental quality, emerging diseases and public health, biodiversity and habitat modifications are routinely touted by the popular press as they canvas global political agendas and scholarly endeavors. With a concentration of human populations in urban areas unlike any other time in history, the coming decades will be defined by “A New Normal,” as proposed by Sandra Postel, where the interplay among sustainable human activities and natural resource management will inherently determine the regional fates of human societies. In recent years, few topics have captured the public’s attention like the presence of human pharmaceuticals in environment. But why have citizens been so engaged by fish on Prozac and drug residues in drinking water? Because pharmacotherapy is now entrenched in everyday life, a realization that common drugs are found in the water we drink or the fish we eat likely produces a boomerang effect, where our daily reliance on well-accepted therapies is concretely linked in a new way with their potential consequences to the natural world. On an increasingly urban planet, pharmaceutical residues and traces of other contaminants of emerging concern represent signals of the rapidly urbanizing water cycle and harbingers of the “New Normal.” This volume examines current issues and provides timely future perspectives on human pharmaceuticals in the environment. We further provide a novel prediction that 10% of pharmaceuticals may result in internal fish plasma concentrations equaling the human Cmax value at or below an environmentally relevant concentration of 29 ng/L.
On the Depth-Robustness and Cumulative Pebbling Cost of Argon2i

Argon2i is a data-independent memory hard function that won the password hashing competition. The password hashing algorithm has already been incorporated into several open source crypto libraries such as libsodium. In this paper we analyze the cumulative memory cost of computing Argon2i. On the positive side we provide a lower bound for Argon2i. On the negative side we exhibit an improved attack against Argon2i which demonstrates that our lower bound is nearly tight. In particular, we show that
Mid-term to long-term outcome of the open Bankart repair for recurrent traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder.

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of the open Bankart repair for traumatic, recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder by evaluation of recurrence, range of motion, return to sports, arthritis, patient satisfaction, and outcome measures. Methods Of 162 patients, 127 patients (mean age, 31 years) were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 17.1 years (5-24) after undergoing an open Bankart repair using suture anchors. An independent orthopedic surgeon obtained a history and examined each for range of motion. Radiographs for arthritis and osteolysis were obtained unless the patient refused. Questionnaires including return to sports and function as well as satisfaction and outcome measures were completed by all patients. Results There was 1 recurrent dislocation (0.8%) and 1 recurrent subluxation (0.8%) but no pain or apprehension. All remaining shoulders were stable. Compared with the normal shoulder, there was statistical difference in external rotation in abduction and at the side as well as in internal rotation but not in forward elevation or abduction. However, no patient considered any measurable loss functionally significant. Of 107 patients who participated in sports, 98 returned to the sport; 7 of the remaining 9 discontinued for reasons other than the shoulder. There were 91 patients who agreed to radiography; 48 had normal findings, 34 had mild arthrosis, 9 had moderate arthrosis, and none had severe arthrosis. Mean postoperative outcome scores were as follows: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 93.53; Rowe, 91.41; and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, 327.7. There were 125 patients who were satisfied and would undergo the procedure again. Conclusion The open Bankart procedure remains the standard by which other techniques can be measured for treatment of recurrent, traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder.
Comment on “Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol”

Sushkevich et al . (Reports, 5 May 2017, p. 523) report on the use of water to oxidize methane to methanol. This seems problematic because the reaction of CH 4 and water to generate methanol and H 2 is highly unfavorable at any temperature (Δ G of reaction ≈ +28 kcal/mol at 200°C, equilibrium constant K ≈ 10 −13 ). Consequently, even if the reaction is separated into two steps, it seems inconceivable to carry out such a net reaction in a practical manner.
Data from the Television Game Show “Friend or Foe?”

The data discussed in this paper are from the television game show Friend or Foe, and can be used to examine whether age, gender, race, and the amount of prize money affect contestants' strategies....
Glucocorticoid Modulation of Ahesion Molecule Expression on Human Endothelial Cells

Glucocorticoids are amongst the most potent and widely used antiinflammatory agents and it is well known that administration of these drugs to humans results in inhibition of leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation (Zweiman et al., 1976). However, there is conflicting evidence as to whether this effect may in part be attributable to down-regulation of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (Bochner et al., 1987; Cronstein et al, 1992). In this study, we compared the effects of a combination of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) with those of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the induction of ICAM-1 on the human EC line EAhy926 (Edgell et al., 1983). In addition, we sought to investigate whether dexamethasone altered expression of this adhesion molecule induced either by TNFα/IFNγ or by LPS alone or in combination with IFN-γ. Finally, we questioned whether the effects of dexamethasone on cytokine- or LPS-induced ICAM-1 are paralleled by similar effects on adhesion of human neutrophils (PMN) to EAhy926.
Teacher Candidates Perceptions of a Course Assignment Designed to Support a Teacher Performance Assessment

To guide and support teacher candidates in developing the knowledge and skills they need in the classroom, teacher preparation programs must prepare students in acquiring the experience and expertise needed to demonstrate mastery of general knowledge in the specific subject or content area. In addition, teacher preparation programs must support candidates in maintaining knowledge of professional preparation and education competence that will guide student development. Therefore, faculty in teacher preparation programs are critical in supporting pre-service teachers in acquiring and developing the knowledge and skills in order to be effective and efficient in the classroom and to meet licensure requirements. To support the alignment of early childhood coursework in a teacher preparation program with a Teacher Performance Assessment (edTPA), the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a redesigned course assignment that was intended to support the edTPA. The findings indicated that there are opportunities for candidates to develop their practice through course assignments that are aligned with the language and expectations of the edTPA.
Virus-Neuron-Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Interactions

Neurons have evolved unique strategies to evade immune recognition which allow viruses to infect and persist, yet resist attack by antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, the ability of activated CTLs to percolate through the normal central nervous system (CNS) (Hickey et al. 1991), coupled with focal upregulation of immune regulatory proteins on resident CNS cells in response to CNS insults (Canella et al. 1990), has suggested that the immune response can serve either in the resolution of viral infections of the CNS or in the precipitation of CNS disease.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Magnesium Bimetallic Particles

The clusters of two immiscible metals, iron and magnesium, were prepared by atom clustering in cold pentane(Solvated-Metal-Atom-Dispersion). Very small α-Fe crystallites embedded in a matrix of magnesium and organic fragments were obtained. Stable Fe-Mg particles containing small α-Fe crystallites in a range of 3 to 20 nm in size were formed by heat-treatment followed by oxidative passivation. Fe-Mg bimetallic materials were also prepared by a vacuum co-evaporation method. The Fe-Mg SMAD particles have over-all sizes in a range of 40 to 85 nm, and specific surface areas in a range of 17 to 26 m2/g, while the vacuum co-evaporated Fe-Mg materials are considered as bulk materials.
HEPATIC AND EXTRAHEPATIC GLUTATHIONE S–TRANSFERASE ACTIVITIES IN VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

Vitamin A deficiency resulted in significant increases in glutathione (GSH) S-transferase activities in the liver and kidney, but not in the lung. Increases in the liver were due primarily to increases in Vmax.
Studying and Teaching Model-based Reasoning in Science

A model-centered science curriculum is developed and implemented to help middle school students learn to reason with qualitative explanatory models that underlie scientific phenomena. The curriculum focuses on concepts important for understanding floating and sinking, coordinating traditional laboratory experiments with interactive computer tasks which permit students to inspect, manipulate and predict with models of the underlying theoretical entities.
High Resolution Melting Temperature Analysis to Identify CRISPR/Cas9 Mutants from Arabidopsis

CRISPR/Cas9 made targeted mutagenesis and genome editing possible for many plant species. One of the ways that the endonuclease is used for plant genetics is the creation of loss-of-function mutants, which typically result from erroneous DNA repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. The majority of erroneous repair events results in single-bp insertion or deletion. While single-bp insertions or deletions (indels) effectively destroy the function of protein-coding genes through frameshift, detection is difficult due to the small size shift. High-resolution melting temperature analysis allows quick detection, and it does not require any additional pipetting steps after the PCR amplification of the region of interest. In this protocol, we will describe the steps required for the analysis of potential homozygous mutants.
Does spatial skills instruction improve STEM outcomes? The answer is ‘yes’

Abstract Spatial cognition has long been the subject of research in psychology and education. Individual differences in spatial ability have been found between males and females. In this study, a test of spatial cognition was administered to >3000 first-year engineering students over a five-year period. Students were divided into experimental and control groups based on a pass/fail cutoff score on the spatial test. Students who failed the test were all assigned to a 1-credit spatial skills intervention course that met for one session per week over a semester; those who passed the test were assigned to the control group. A regression discontinuity analysis was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. A treatment effect was found for performance in a variety of introductory courses and STEM GPAs, with a particularly positive effect in Engineering Problem Solving and Analysis. These effects were found through a discontinuity at the cutoff score, with the intervention group performing at higher levels than would be expected if they had not participated in the intervention. Retention data was also examined, and it was found that the intervention had a positive impact on the retention of women in engineering. The results of this study suggest that spatial skills instruction can also be used as a key component for improving gender diversity in the STEM fields - beyond improving course performance.
Gentrification in the wake of a hurricane: New Orleans after Katrina:

Hurricane Katrina struck the city of New Orleans in August of 2005, devastating the built environment and displacing nearly one-third of the city’s residents. Despite the considerable literature th...
Smart home energy optimization with incentives compensation from inconvenience for shifting electric appliances

Abstract Demand management programs help utilities to reduce the load demand during high wholesale electricity price or system peak periods to maintain the system reliability and operational security. The challenge here is to properly address the customers’ inconvenience to encourage them to participate and meanwhile satisfy the required demand reduction efficiently. To this end, we propose a new incentive-based demand management scheme for schedulable appliances in a residential community. The proposed scheme is designed to provide scalability to the system. Different from existing literature, a new compensation scheme is adopted for the shifting of task-based appliances based on the level of inconvenience. The potentials of the schedulable appliances to contribute during the demand reduction event are assessed with a modified demand response potential. In this approach, the utility sends command and consumption limit to several controllers to perform the energy optimization. Participating customers are benefited with financial compensation along with minimized privacy concerns in the proposed centralized approach. Considering different demand reduction events within a month, the electricity bill with the proposed scheme is compared with the electricity bill from time-of-use (TOU) tariff-based optimization scheme and also with the base case (i.e., without any energy optimization scheme). Comparison of monthly electricity costs shows that the proposed scheme can save 11.3% on average more than the base case, and also the proposed scheme can save 6.2% on average more than the TOU tariff-based optimization.
Generic and Specialized Services: Impact on Consumers.

The author presents a brief historical account of the transition in Norway from a system with specialized professionals in unique settings to a generically based system dealing with handicapped pop...
Building the Capacity of Community Engagement Professionals to Practice Inclusion of Racially Minoritized Students

This dissertation overview summarizes a study exploring how community engagement professionals (CEPs) can build their capacity to practice inclusion of racially minoritized students. With a foundation in empowerment evaluation, this participatory action research (PAR) project was designed as a professional development experience within a research study. Study participants included eight CEPs who were recruited through their affiliation with one state Campus Compact network. Qualitative data analysis revealed that as a result of the experience, participants demonstrated mostly cognitive and affective outcomes rather than behavioral outcomes. Positive outcomes were largely attributed to being a part of a community of learners, among individuals with a shared purpose and context. Participants improved their capacity to address personally mediated racism rather than institutionalized racism, reflecting a gap between the values CEPs develop through their education and field experience and the skills they actually practice in their professional roles.
Profit Maximization, Monopoly and High Barrier of Entry for SaaS products: An application of the Golden Rule and the Optimal Pricing Strategy

This paper deals with the application of the Golden Rule and the Optimal Pricing Strategy to a software as a service (SaaS) product in the legal technology space to achieve profit maximization and maintain its monopoly. As shown in the paper, for attaining profit maximization and maintaining the monopoly, a firm can apply three strategies- The first one is to reduce the price of the product, the second one is to create a segmentation of products, and the third one is to avoid a single optimal price to maximize profits. In addition to the above benefits, an Optimal pricing strategy and the Golden Rule can help firms create a high barrier to entry for competition.
Defeasibility and Pragmatic Indeterminacy in Law

In one standard sense, defeasibility is a feature of inferences, and one that seems to defy classical first order logic: An inference is defeasible when its putative conclusion is rendered doubtful by the addition of premises (thus violating monotonicity). The main argument of this paper is that certain types of inferences are defeasible in ways that render the putative conclusion genuinely indeterminate. The discussion, and most of the examples, focus on pragmatic inferences, legal inferences and on some overlapping cases, that is, cases in which legal defeasibility is actually a matter of pragmatics. I also argue that legal presumptions and the open-endedness of possible exceptions to legal rules behave differently, and are not susceptible to the kind of defeasibility discussed here. The upshot of the discussion is to show that defeasibility in law sometimes generates a genuine kind of legal indeterminacy. From a legal point of view, the conclusion would be neither here nor there. In such cases, decision-makers must make their judgments on the basis of considerations not dictated by the relevant law.
Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals.

Background: Education level is one of the strongest protective factors against high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggest that the protective effects of education level tend to be weaker for racial and ethnic minority groups relative to non-Hispanic White people. Only two previous studies have shown that MDRs may also apply to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals; however, these studies have focused on outcomes other than tobacco use. Aims: To compare LGB and non-LGB American adults for the effects of education level on cigarette-smoking status. Methods: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013) entered 31,480 American adults who were either non-LGB (n = 29,303, 93.1%) or LGB (n = 2,177; 6.9%). The independent variable was education level. The dependent variable was current established cigarette smoking. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, poverty status, employment, and region were the covariates. LGB status was the moderator. Results: Overall, individuals with higher education level (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69) had lower odds of current established smoking. We found a significant interaction between LGB status and education level suggesting that the protective effect of education level on smoking status is systemically smaller for LGB people than non-LGB individuals (OR for interaction = 1.19). Conclusions: Similar to the patterns that are shown for racial and ethnic minorities, MDRs can be observed for the effects of education level among sexual minorities. In the United States, highly educated LGB adults remain at high risk of smoking cigarettes, a risk which is disproportionate to their education level. In other terms, high education level better helps non-LGB than LGB individuals to avoid cigarette smoking. The result is a relatively high burden of tobacco use in highly educated LGB individuals.
Erratum for Dhingra et al., "RbdB, a Rhomboid Protease Critical for SREBP Activation and Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus".

Volume 1, no. 2, e00035-16, 2016, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00035-16][1]. This article was published on 2 March 2016 with the second author’s surname misspelled. The byline has been updated in the current version, posted on 20 September 2019. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00035-16
Nitrification and Production of N2O in the Potomac: Evidence for Variability

Extensive measurements were carried out during the summers of 1977 and 1978 to define concentrations of inorganic nitrogen, O2 and N2O in the Potomac River. The chemistry of the river varied significantly between 1977 and 1978, with nitrification rates slower near the city of Washington D.C. by more than a factor of 10 in 1978. The nitrification rate was inversely correlated with the rate of fresh water flow into the estuary. It appears that production of N2O in 1978 occurred mainly as a by-product of nitrification. The quantity of N2O released to the atmosphere represented approximately 0.3 percent of sewage nitrogen. Conversion was more efficient in the summer of 1977, about 1–5 percent, reflecting either additional mechanisms for production of N2O or larger yields for gas production in nitrification.
Three-Membered Ring Systems

Abstract This chapter is a survey of the synthesis and chemistry of three-membered ring systems reported during the past year (2018). Primary emphasis is on the synthesis and chemistry of epoxides, aziridines, and 2H-azirines, with a few highlights of oxaziridines, diazirines, and thiiranes.
Thermosensitive Nucleosome Editing Reveals the Role of DNA Sequence in Targeted Histone Variant Deposition

Summary In preparation for transcription, the chromatin remodeler SWR installs homotypic ZZ nucleosomes at promoters by replacing the two nucleosomal H2A with H2A.Z in a stepwise manner. Nucleosome-free regions (NFRs) help recruit SWR to promoters; this is thought to position SWR asymmetrically on one side of the +1 nucleosome. How SWR accesses the opposite side of +1 to generate a ZZ nucleosome remains unclear. Using biochemical assays that monitor the sub-nucleosomal position of nascent H2A.Z, we find that NFR-recruited SWR switches sides to insert H2A.Z into asymmetrically positioned nucleosomes; however, at decreasing temperatures, H2A.Z insertion becomes progressively biased for one side. We find that a 16-bp element containing G/C runs (>3 consecutive G or C nucleotides) is sufficient to promote H2A.Z insertion. Because H2A.Z-rich +1 nucleosomes in yeast have more G/C runs, we propose that nucleosome editing is a thermosensitive process that can be hard coded by the genome.
Rational Design of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoproteins To Increase Immunogenicity By T Cell Epitope Engineering

The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in millions of confirmed cases and thousands of deaths globally. Extensive efforts and progress have been made to develop effective and safe vaccines against COVID-19. A primary target of these vaccines is the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, and many studies utilized structural vaccinology techniques to either stabilize the protein or fix the receptor-binding domain at certain states. In this study, we extended an evolutionary protein design algorithm, EvoDesign, to create thousands of stable S protein variants without perturbing the surface conformation and B cell epitopes of the S protein. We then evaluated the mutated S protein candidates based on predicted MHC-II T cell promiscuous epitopes as well as the epitopes' similarity to human peptides. The presented strategy aims to improve the S protein's immunogenicity and antigenicity by inducing stronger CD4 T cell response while maintaining the protein's native structure and function. The top EvoDesign S protein candidate (Design-10705) recovered 31 out of 32 MHC-II T cell promiscuous epitopes in the native S protein, in which two epitopes were present in all seven human coronaviruses. This newly designed S protein also introduced nine new MHC-II T cell promiscuous epitopes and showed high structural similarity to its native conformation. The proposed structural vaccinology method provides an avenue to rationally design the antigen's structure with increased immunogenicity, which could be applied to the rational design of new COVID-19 vaccine candidates.
Probabilistic method corrects previously uncharacterized Hi-C artifact

Three-dimensional chromosomal structure plays an important role in gene regulation. Chromosome conformation capture techniques, especially the high-throughput, sequencing-based technique Hi-C, provide new insights on spatial architectures of chromosomes. However, Hi-C data contains artifacts and systemic biases that substantially influence subsequent analysis. Computational models have been developed to address these biases explicitly, however, it is difficult to enumerate and eliminate all the biases in models. Other models are designed to correct biases implicitly, but they will also be invalid in some situations such as copy number variations. New methods are required for better bias correction. We characterize a new kind of artifact in Hi-C data. We find that this artifact is caused by incorrect alignment of Hi-C reads against approximate repeat regions and can lead to erroneous chromatin contact signals. The artifact cannot be corrected by current Hi-C correction methods. We design a probabilistic method and develop a new Hi-C processing pipeline by integrating our probabilistic method with the HiC-Pro pipeline. We find that the new pipeline can remove this new artifact effectively, while preserving important features of the original Hi-C matrices.
Abstract IA21: Preventing KRAS processing

Tipifarnib, a drug that targets HRAS through inhibiting farnesyl transferase, is in phase II clinical trials and appears to show activity in tumors harboring oncogenic HRAS mutations (https://kuraoncology.com/pipeline/#tipifarnib). Unfortunately, these drugs are not expected to be effective on KRAS cancers because KRAS, unlike HRAS, can be prenylated by geranylgeranyl transferase following farnesyl transferase inhibition. To address this, we have developed compounds that prevent farnesylation of KRAS 4B by covalent reaction with C185, the site of prenylation. These compounds bind to a pocket in the G-domain that is formed by interaction with the hypervariable region, an interaction that does not seem to occur in other RAS proteins. This existence of this pocket has been demonstrated through biochemical and biophysical analysis, including NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering. The compounds we have developed are active in cells: they prevent proliferation of MEFs driven by oncogenic KRAS proteins but do not affect MEFs supported by myristoylated KRAS G12D C185S at equivalent concentrations. We are currently optimizing these compounds for further preclinical development. Citation Format: Anna Maciag, Yue Yang, David Turner, Marcin Dyba, Vandana Kumari, Brian Smith, Lixin Fan, Stephan Gysin, Andrew Wolfe, Hazem Abdelkarim, Vadim Gaponenko, Felice Lightstone, Dwight Nissley, Frank McCormick. Preventing KRAS processing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
The Ironic Defense of Socrates: Penalty Section (35e1–38b9)

Right after the vote to convict him, Socrates says that he is not indignant at what has happened, in part because it was “not unexpected” by him (35e9–36a3; cf. 41d3–7). The Greek words “not unexpected” can also mean “not unhoped for.” In other words, he indicates that the trial is going as he wants it to. He expresses surprise, however, at the closeness of the vote. To guarantee the outcome he seeks, will he have to increase the level of provocation? Now that he has been found guilty, the question is what the penalty should be. The prosecution has said death. After Socrates makes a counterproposal, the jury will vote again. Socrates deliberates aloud about what he deserves, and his conclusion is free meals at public expense in the Prytaneum, where Olympic victors are fed (36e1–37a1). And why does he deserve this? Because he makes the Athenians happy, presumably by making them virtuous (cf. 30b2–4). This accords with the second account of his activity: he spends the whole of each day exhorting everyone he meets to virtue (36d4–5; 30a2–4, 30a7–b2, 30e7–31a1, 31b4–6). Now on the one hand his proposal is comic: he makes the Athenians so happy that they want to kill him, and they should punish him by making it easier for him to do the very things that led to his conviction (cf. 36d1–e1 with 38b1–2).
Subprime Attention Crisis: Advertising and the Time Bomb at the Heart of the Internet

In 2020, Tim Hwang, a writer, lawyer and technology policy researcher based in New York, published a short book entitled Subprime Attention Crisis: Advertising and the Time Bomb at the Heart of the Internet, which seeks to analyse the issues that are developing around the business model associated with the continued operation of the Internet, at least in its current manifestation, and the weaknesses and potential instability associated with that model. The book is of particular interest because the problems and possible next developments of the “time bomb” are set out in a plausible manner, together with some discussion on possible solutions. In particular, the author makes a credible comparison of the business model of the Internet with the subprime mortgage securities sector, the collapse of which contributed to the Global Financial Crisis in 2008.
Topic Modeling Based on ICD Codes for Clinical Documents

We proposed two ICD-based topic modeling methods, named ICD-1 and ICD-2, which can generate topics based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes assigned to the documents. We applied the two methods to the Pittsburgh EHR dataset. For comparison, we also ran LDA on the same dataset to generate topics. Then we experimented with the three topic models on both document retrieval and sentence retrieval. As a baseline, we performed both retrievals using a keyword-matching method named TF-IDF. We evaluated the results using three methods: precision at ten (P@10), document ranking correlation, and sentence relevance determination (in terms of precision, recall, and F-score), which were based on the review and annotation made on the retrieved documents by two medical experts. In the P@10 evaluation, ICD-2 method achieved the highest average P@10 value of 0.61. In document ranking correlation, ICD-1 method achieved the highest Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.709. In sentence relevance determination, ICD-1 method achieved the highest F-score of 0.655. Overall, the ICD-based methods outperformed LDA and TF-IDF in the experiment.
Free-form Broadband Flat Lens for F-Number and Numerical Aperture Decoupling

The f-number (f#) and numerical aperture (NA) of a conventional lens are inherently coupled. We demonstrate a free-form broadband flat lens that de-couples the f# and NA.