cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Intervention Characteristics on Willingness to Initiate a Weight Gain Prevention Program.

Purpose:To determine characteristics of weight gain prevention programs that facilitate engagement.Design:Randomized factorial experiment (5 × 2).Setting:Recruited nationally online.Participants:Ad...
The United Nations I: Law and Administration

The UN Charter, signed in 1945, created two distinct things: a set of basic rules of conduct for governments and a formal organization with its own powers. Both the organization and the rules are legally binding and are therefore a kind of constraint on the sovereignty of member states, and they also make possible new kinds of international politics that can be very useful to states. They are therefore empowering as well as constraining. The formal organization of the United Nations is composed of separate organs including the Security Council, the General Assembly, and the Secretariat. Each has a specific area of competence and they vary in how much authority they exercise over member states. The basic rules include commitments to refrain from the use of force to solve international disputes, to respect the decisions of the International Court of Justice, and to pay the required dues to the United Nations itself. The two aspects of the UN Charter amount to something like a constitution for the international system. The United Nations Charter defines the UN as a formal institution of limited powers as well as a generalized system of constitutional principles to govern all of inter-state politics. The institutional parts of the UN, such as the General Assembly and the Security Council, are required to operate within these principles, but the principles themselves are refined and brought to life through the daily practices and actions of the states and others who make use of them. The principles and the practices need to be understood together, as neither is really dominant. When, for instance, the Charter says that the Security Council has “primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security” (Art. 24(1)), the only way to know what is meant by the key terms “primary” and “international peace and security” is to look at how the Council and others have used these terms through the years in debates, justifications, and argument. This chapter therefore looks at the UN with one eye on the legal language of the Charter and the other eye on the artful applications of that language in the practical diplomacy and manipulations of states.
An Assessment of the Spatial Variation of Isotopic Ratios in a CANDU Reactor for Nuclear Treaty Monitoring

A 3-D Quarter-Core CANDU-6 is modeled using Serpent 2 for nuclear treaty monitoring. The spatial variation of flux spectra and isotopic concentrations is analyzed to determine the potential isotopic distribution of key radionuclides from standard reactor operations relevant to non-proliferation. The initial results of the model show a 46% difference in overall flux magnitude throughout the core as well as a 2-30% difference in discrete energy flux. The coupled production rate (magnitude) and spectral differences can contribute to significant spatial variations in isotope ratios throughout the core. Initial results indicate 239 Pu/240 Pu ratios vary by as much as 51% across a single CANDU-6 fuel bundle at final burnup. The model is currently being used to develop an accurate representation of spent fuel to perform spatial isotopic analysis across the entire CANDU-6 core.
A Uniquely Punitive Turn? Sex Offenders and the Persistence of Punitive Sanctioning

Objectives:This article tests two theoretical ideas: (1) that social concerns about particular “dangerous classes” of offenders shift over time to influence court sanctioning practices and (2) that...
A Database of Porous Rigid Amorphous Materials

Atomically detailed simulations have become an important complement to experimental studies of nanoporous materials. Large databases of crystalline porous material structures have been available fo...
PAIN AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS

SUMMARY In summary, it is believed that the geriatric patient suffering from acute or chronic pain is a challenge. Pain management should address each pain problem with an understanding of the patient's underlying pathologic condition or conditions and possible relationships between other medical conditions, including psychological and psychiatric entities, which facilitates accurate and thorough assessment of the patient's pain and results in a more comprehensive and effective care plan for the management of pain in this age group.
Prodrugs for Improved Oral β-Estradiol Bioavailability

Prodrugs of β-estradiol (1) were prepared with the objective of improving its oral bioavailability. β-Estradiol-3-acetylsalicylate (2), β-estradiol-3-salicylate (3), and β-estradiol-3-anthranilate (4) were synthesized. With these prodrugs the 3-phenolic hydroxy group of estradiol was protected, so that first-pass conjugative metabolism could be reduced. Prodrug hydrolysis rates in dog and human plasma in vitro were determined. Deacetylation of estradiol-3-acetylsalicylate was much more rapid than its hydrolysis to estradiol. In dogs, oral estradiol bioavailability after administration of 2 and 4 was 17-fold and 5-fold higher, respectively, than after oral 1.
Allele frequency distribution of two VNTR polymorphisms (YNH24/ D2S44; Alpha globin 3′HVR/D16) in Italy

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) are a class of polymorphisms whose degree of variability is still unrivaled among human genetic markers. Forensic applications of VNTRs require detailed studies on the population genetics of these systems. Since most hypervariable profiles exhibit arrays of continuous Kb measures, a standardized protocol and a computerized repository of laboratory data are higly desirable in order to achieve reliable gene frequencies.
Restructuring: Imperatives and Opportunities for Academic Leaders

In an era when market imperatives have reached an unprecedented level of legitimacy within academic management, the spotlight is on campus leaders to respond strategically. For research universities, particularly public research universities, there are critical institutional legacies to consider in the process of weighing alternative academic futures. Campus leaders need support to reaffirm their broader institutional mandates so that vital educational and social justice values are not jeopardized in the service of short-term economic functions.
Some issues in multi-phase software reliability modeling

During early software testing phases, testing profiles are often very different from operational profiles. Consequently, assessment of operational software quality during these non-operational testing stages is difficult, and is open to interpretation. The paper discusses some issues related to this. Software is assumed to be a large system composed of components that evolve in parallel. The focus is on early identification of software components that in operation may be excessively error-prone. The approach involves definition of states based on static and dynamic propositions about the verification and testing history of the software, and the use of that information in models that span multiple testing phases. An example based on a risk model is presented.
Adhesion, deformation and friction for self‐assembled monolayers on Au and Si surfaces

Using Interracial Force Microscopy (IFM), we investigated the tribological behavior of hexadecanethiol monolayer on Au and films of octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS), perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFTS) and dodecane on Si. We observe a strong correlation between hysteresis in a compression cycle (measured via nanoindentation) and friction. Additionally, we suggest that the amount of hysteresis and friction in each film is related to its detailed molecular structure, especially the degree of molecular packing.
Changes in nitrogen oxides emissions in California during 2005–2010 indicated from top-down and bottom-up emission estimates

In California, emission control strategies have been implemented to reduce air pollutants. Here we estimate the changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions in 2005–2010 using a state-of-the-art four-dimensional variational approach. We separately and jointly assimilate surface NO2 concentrations and tropospheric NO2 columns observed by Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) into the regional-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) chemical transport model on a 12 × 12 km2 horizontal resolution grid in May 2010. The assimilation generates grid-scale top-down emission estimates, and the updated chemistry fields are evaluated with independent aircraft measurements during the NOAA California Nexus (CalNex) field experiment. The emission estimates constrained only by NO2 columns, only by surface NO2, and by both indicate statewide reductions of 26%, 29%, and 30% from ~0.3 Tg N/yr in the base year of 2005, respectively. The spatial distributions of the emission changes differ in these cases, which can be attributed to many factors including the differences in the observation sampling strategies and their uncertainties, as well as those in the sensitivities of column and surface NO2 with respect to NOx emissions. The updates in California's NOx emissions reduced the mean error in modeled surface ozone in the Western U.S., even though the uncertainties in some urban areas increased due to their NOx-saturated chemical regime. The statewide reductions in NOx emissions indicated from our observationally constrained emission estimates are also reflected in several independently developed inventories: ~30% in the California Air Resources Board bottom-up inventory, ~4% in the 2008 National Emission Inventory, and ~20% in the annual mean top-down estimates by Lamsal et al. using the global Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-Chem model and OMI NO2 columns. Despite the grid-scale differences among all top-down and bottom-up inventories, they all indicate stronger emission reductions in the urban regions. This study shows the potential of using space-/ground-based monitoring data and advanced data assimilation approach to timely and independently update NOx emission estimates on a monthly scale and at a fine grid resolution. The well-evaluated results here suggest that these approaches can be applied more broadly.
Unintended Consequences: The Supreme Court's Interpretation of the Second Amendment in District of Columbia V. Heller Could Water-Down Fourth Amendment Rights

This article analyzes Heller, the Supreme Court’s recent case considering whether to view the Second Amendment’s right to keep and bear arms as a collective right premised on maintaining militias, or as an individual right. Heller held that the Second Amendment codified an individual right unconnected with service in the militia. This article does not analyze the Second Amendment or the precedent interpreting it. Instead, this work examines the potential that Heller, in expanding the right to keep and bear arms, might inadvertently corner the Court into limiting Fourth Amendment rights due to concerns for police safety. Specifically, this article considers Heller’s potential erosion of Fourth Amendment freedoms in the contexts of street encounters, searches incident to arrest, and officer intrusions into the home.
Adaptive ankle–foot orthoses based on superelasticity of shape memory alloys

This article presents two innovative adaptive solutions for the ankle–foot orthosis based on mechanical and structural stiffness control of shape memory alloys. These concepts address gait abnormality in drop foot patients for various walking conditions such as different walking speeds. In the first design, a superelastic rod provides variable torsional stiffness that is adjusted by a controlled axial load. In the second design, the active length of superelastic hinge is adjusted in order to control the bending stiffness of the element. By adjusting the stiffness, variable level of compliance is achieved at the ankle. In both concepts, during powered plantarflexion in the stance phase of the gait, energy is stored in the shape memory alloy element. Release of this energy through superelasticity enables the ankle–foot orthosis to provide the desired controlled dorsiflexion motion in the sagittal plane and to raise the foot during the swing phase of the gait. The ultimate goal is to assist the patients in a...
E-cadherin negatively regulates neoplastic growth in non-small cell lung cancer: role of Rho GTPases

Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) that express the cell surface adhesion protein E-cadherin may carry a better prognosis than E-cadherin-negative tumors. Here, we found substantial inhibition of anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and cell migration in each of four NSCLC lines stably transfected with E-cadherin. The inhibitory effects were independent of the EGFR and β-catenin/Wnt-signaling pathways. However, E-cadherin expression was associated with an adhesion-dependent reduction in the activity of Rho family proteins, RhoA in two lines and Cdc42 in the other two. The reduction of RhoA activity was dependent on DLC-1 Rho-GAP and p190 Rho-GAP and associated with an increase in a membrane-associated p190 Rho-GAP/p120 Ras-GAP complex. In parental cells with high levels of RhoA-GTP, siRNA-mediated knock-down of RhoA reduced cell migration and agar growth in a manner analogous to E-cadherin. In parental cells with high levels of Cdc42-GTP, transfection of a Cdc42 dominant-negative mutant reduced cell growth and migration similarly to cells expressing E-cadherin. Thus, E-cadherin can negatively regulate cell proliferation and migration in NSCLC by reducing the level of the predominant active form of Rho family protein, RhoA or Cdc42. These proteins can be considered downstream effectors of E-cadherin and might represent therapeutic targets in some NSCLC.
Immunological cross-reactivity and sequence homology between salivary proline-rich proteins in human and macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis) parotid saliva

Abstract A proline-rich protein (PRP) isolated from parotid saliva of a macaque was compared with the major human salivary anionic PRP. The amino acid composition of the macaque PRP also had a high proline value of 234 residues/1000 and lacked cysteine, methionine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Antiserum to a major human PRP showed immunological cross-reactivity with the macaque PRP. The origin of the salivary PRPs from a common ancestral gene was suggested by automatic sequence analysis. Alignment of the N-terminal serine with residue 3 of human PRPs showed that at least 23 of the first 40 residues were identical.
Occult spinal cord injury in traumatized children

The existence of spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality (SCIWORA) has been recognized for some years. Two cases of SCIWORA in children are presented which highlight the possibility of severe spinal cord injury without any physical or radiological signs. The injury may occur at any level. It is recommended that normal procedures used for spinal immobilization in adults are inappropriate in the case of children and all unconscious children should be treated with full spinal immobilization until clinical assessment of neurological function is possible.
Urban migrants and the revolution

The Iranian revolution of 1978-1979, which toppled the Pahlavi dynasty, came to fruition as a result of massive participation by diverse elements and groups in the social order. Similar to previous riots and uprisings in Iran, the locus of revolutionary activities centered in the country's towns and cities. The urban areas once again emerged as the focal points for demonstrations, riots, strikes, and other antiregime activities. Included among the participants in the revolution were large groups of urban dwellers who had migrated from Iran's villages and towns to its principal cities. The term urban migrants, then, encompasses a wide array of people with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and political orientations. For the purposes of this paper, however, the term is used to refer to the urban poor who had migrated from the rural areas to Iran's dominant and largest urban center, the capital city of Tehran. The poor migrants' departure from the countryside was, for the most part, a result of the dislocation in Iranian agriculture in the wake of the
Synthesis of transfer RNA in rat liver relative resistance to actinomycin

Abstract Labeling of the RNA in rat liver cytoplasmic ribosomes is more profoundly inhibited by actinomycin than is labeling of transfer RNA. Isotope in the latter fraction is found in pseudouridylic and uridylic, as well as cytidylic acids. This observation indicates that turnover of terminal ribonucleotides cannot account for all of the label incorporated into the transfer fraction.
Enhancement of lower critical field by reducing the thickness of epitaxial and polycrystalline MgB2 thin films

For potential applications in superconducting RF cavities, we have investigated the properties of polycrystalline MgB2films, including the thickness dependence of the lower critical fieldHc1. MgB2thin films were fabricated by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition on (0001) SiC substrate either directly (for epitaxialfilms) or with a MgO buffer layer (for polycrystalline films). When the film thickness decreased from 300 nm to 100 nm, Hc1 at 5 K increased from around 600 Oe to 1880 Oe in epitaxialfilms and to 1520 Oe in polycrystalline films. The result is promising for using MgB2/MgO multilayers to enhance the vortex penetration field.
Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Political Alliances in Western Maharashtra

A study of the system of political stratification and the pattern of political alliances in rural Western Maharashtra. Based on fieldwork in a large village, a nearby market town and taluka headquarters, and political institutions in the surrounding countryside, the first half of the book is a full examination of the phenomenon of regional dominance originally described by Adrian Mayer. The second part is a detailed study of the pattern of political alliances from village to district level. Dr Carter's central concern is with the manner in which the pattern of political alliances is shaped by political stratification. Tracing the relationships between these alliances and such factors as political stratification, political arenas, caste, class, and kinship, Dr Carter demonstrates that much Indian political behaviour which has been regarded as irrational or as a sign of an immature, tradition-bound and unstable system may be understood more usefully as a rational response to the conditions of political action in rural India.
Integration of computation and testing for reliability estimation

Abstract This paper develops a methodology to integrate reliability testing and computational reliability analysis for product development. The presence of information uncertainty such as statistical uncertainty and modeling error is incorporated. The integration of testing and computation leads to a more cost-efficient estimation of failure probability and life distribution than the tests-only approach currently followed by the industry. A Bayesian procedure is proposed to quantify the modeling uncertainty using random parameters, including the uncertainty in mechanical and statistical model selection and the uncertainty in distribution parameters. An adaptive method is developed to determine the number of tests needed to achieve a desired confidence level in the reliability estimates, by combining prior computational prediction and test data. Two kinds of tests — failure probability estimation and life estimation — are considered. The prior distribution and confidence interval of failure probability in both cases are estimated using computational reliability methods, and are updated using the results of tests performed during the product development phase.
Brittle Fracture of Grain Boundaries

The subject of intergranular brittle fracture of metallic materials is reviewed, using iron, steel, and nickel-base alloys as examples. The main focus is on the influence of solute elements that either strengthen or weaken the boundaries. Time-dependent brittle fracture caused by hydrogen or surface-adsorbed impurities at elevated temperatures is included.
Responsiveness to cocaine challenge in adult rats following prenatal exposure to cocaine.

Adult rats that were gestationally exposed to cocaine and control offspring were examined for their sensitivity to challenge doses of cocaine. Offspring were derived from Sprague-Dawley dams that had received subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg per 3 cc cocaine hydrochloride daily on gestational days 8–20, pair-fed dams that were injected with saline, and nontreated control dams. In order to investigate the sensitivity to challenge doses of cocaine, offspring were assessed in adulthood for locomotor activity, cocaine drug discrimination, and the time course of cocaine in brain tissue following acute cocaine challenge. Adult offspring prenatally exposed to cocaine were observed to exhibit a reduced sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine as evidenced by a significant shift to the right in the dose-response curve of cocaine discrimination. No prenatal treatment effects were observed in terms of the temporal patterns of cocaine discrimination or with regard to brain levels of cocaine. In addition, baseline locomotor activity and locomotor responses to challenge doses of cocaine were comparable across the prenatal treatment groups. Thus, prenatal cocaine exposure reduced sensitivity of offspring to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine without altering either the distribution of cocaine to the brain or the sensitivity of the offspring to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine.
U-73122 inhibits carbachol-induced increases in [Ca2+]i, IP3, and insulin release in β-TC3 cells

Abstract We studied the effects of the aminosteroid U-73122, a putative phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, on carbachol-induced increases in insulin release, [Ca 2+ ] i , and IP 3 in β-TC3 cells. Carbachol (0.1–100 μM) increased [Ca 2+ ] i and carbachol (0.1–1000 μM) increased insulin release dose-dependently. Carbachol (100 μM) also increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) production. U-73122 (2–12 νM) inhibited the effects of carbachol on [Ca 2+ ] i and insulin release in a dose-dependent manner, and at the highest dose studied (12 μM) it abolished or greatly attenuated all three effects of carbachol. In contrast, U-73343 (12 μM), the analog of U-73122 that does not inhibit PLC, only inhibited the effect of carbachol on [Ca 2+ ] i by 20% and did not inhibit the effect of carbachol on insulin release. Since carbachol increased IP 3 , [Ca 2+ ] i , and insulin release by activating PLC, these results suggested that U-73122 inhibits phospholipase C-depenent processes in β-TC3 cells.
Integrating user-perceived quality into Web server design

Abstract As the number of Web users and the diversity of Web applications continues to explode, Web Quality of Service (QoS) is an increasingly critical issue in the domain of e-commerce. This paper presents experiments designed to estimate users' tolerance of QoS in the context of e-commerce. In addition to objective measures, we discuss contextual factors that influence these thresholds and show how users' conceptual models of Web tasks affect their expectations. We then show how user thresholds of tolerance can be taken into account when designing Web servers. This integration of user requirements for QoS into systems design is ultimately of benefit to all stakeholders in the design of Internet services.
Commitment and its theorized determinants: A meta–analysis of the Investment Model

We conducted a meta-analysis of Rusbult’s Investment Model of commitment. Across 52 studies, including 60 independent samples and 11,582 participants, satisfaction with, alternatives to, and investments in a relationship each correlated significantly with commitment to that relationship. Moreover, these three variables collectively accounted for nearly two-thirds of the variance in commitment. Commitment, in turn, was found to be a significant predictor of relationship breakup. Support for the model was obtained in predicting commitment in both relational domains (e.g., commitment to a romantic partnership) and nonrelational domains (e.g., commitment to one’s job), but was significantly stronger in relational domains. Additional moderator analyses suggested that the associations between commitment and its theorized bases vary minimally as a function of demographic (e.g., ethnicity) or relational (e.g., duration) factors. We review theoretical strengths and shortcomings of the Investment Model and identify directions for future research. Research on social psychological dimensions
Essential mechanisms in the triton binding

The recent successful prediction of the triton binding energy, ${E}_{\mathrm{t}}$, with the static Bonn potential is examined. Modified versions of the potential are introduced to isolate separately the effects of the deuteron D-state admixture and the $^{1}\mathrm{S}_{0}$ scattering length on ${E}_{\mathrm{t}}$. Within this model study we find a monotonic relation between ${E}_{\mathrm{t}}$ and the $^{1}\mathrm{S}_{0}$ scattering length and a strict linear dependence of ${E}_{\mathrm{t}}$ on the D-state admixture, in accordance with general well-known trends and earlier separable-potential model studies. The mechanism through which the weaker tensor force (lower D-state admixture) leads to a stronger binding of the triton is investigated by the introduction and study of effective energy-dependent central potentials.
Effect of hydrogen on the electrical resistance of palladium

Abstract A four-point constant-current technique was used to determine the change in resistivity with time at 298 K for Pd-wires which had been annealed for 20 h at 1000 K in both argon and hydrogen atmospheres. A large resistivity decrement was discovered in the H 2 -annealed wires which was not obtained in the case of the Ar-annealed specimens. The resistivity decrement has been related to recrystallization effects concomitant with the production of H-induced vacancies in the Pd-lattice.
Response of sipunculid hemerythrins to inorganic ions and CO2

The O2 equilibrium properties of sipunculid hemerythrins (Hr) are influenced by intracellular effectors. O2 affinity rises and cooperativity decreases when the tentacular O2 carrier is extracted into incorrect ratios of inorganic ions. The effectors include Ca2+ and Cl−, which raise the O2 affinity and lower cooperativity and which are present within the cell in either low levels or an inaccessible form. In the presence of salines approximating the inorganic ion conditions within the cell, tentacular hemerythrin-O2 affinity decreases and cooperativity increases. Another effector of O2 bindng is CO2, which lowers O2 affinity and enhances cooperativity. While the inorganic ion and CO2 effects on coelomic hemerythrin are either absent or very small, the actions of at least the inorganic ions on tentacular Hr clearly have respiratory significance. Physiological variations in intracellular ions are very small, but the low levels of free Ca2+ and Cl− in the cell exaggerate the intrinsically lower O2 affinity of tentacular than coelomic Hr and thus enhance the routing of O2 from the ambient source to the tentacular compartment and from there to the coelomic compartment and then to metabolizing tissue.
Preliminary Study on Analytical Methods for the Determination of Thioglusides after Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Abstract Thioglucoside glucohydrolase [E.C.3.2.3.1] and the substrate, sinigrin, were successfully isolated and purified from rapeseeds. Both soluble and immobilized enzymes were used in this study for the hydrolysis of thioglucosides. The glucose produced was in turn analyzed by colorimetric, fluorometric or electrochemical methods. The accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility were investigated. Advantages and disadvantages in employing these methods for the determination of thioglucosides are compared and discussed.
Regulation of IgA B-cell development in the mucosal immune system

The factors regulating the differentiation of IgA B cells have been of great interest to mucosal immunologists as well as those generally interested in B-cell differentiation. It is now clear that such differentiation involves two major steps: first, isotype switch differentiation of surface IgM-bearing B cells into surface IgA-bearing B cells and, second, terminal differentiation of IgA B cells into IgA-producing plasma cells. Both of these steps are regulated processes that are under the influence of various cytokines and lymphokines. This paper presents data that define the role of cytokines and lymphokines in the regulation of IgA B-cell differentiation. A model of IgA B-cell differentiation is described in which the first step involves activation of the C alpha gene, while the latter is in germline configuration and thus the induction of surface IgM-bearing B cells partially committed to IgA expression. This occurs in Peyer's patches as a result of as yet incompletely defined signals from patch “switch cells.” The second step consists of conversion of the partially committed B cells to fully IgA-committed B cells and thus the completion of isotype switch differentiation. This step may be under the control of interleukin-4 (IL-4). The last step of the model involves the activation of IgA B cells (by antigen or mitogen) followed by the appearance on the cell surface of receptors which allow the cell to interact with cytokines or lymphokines (particularly IL-5). Such interaction results in cells capable of secreting IgA. Evidence is presented that an important adjuvant for mucosal immune responses, cholera toxin, acts to augment IgA production by promoting IgA B-cell differentiation at the isotype switch step.
The ferromagnetic kerr effect in nickel

Abstract The Ferromagnetic Kerr Effect (FKE) is an important source of experimental information about low frequency optical interband transitions for ferromagnetic metals. The results of absolute calculations involving two recent models of the band structure of ferromagnetic nickel are discussed as an illustration. These models are compared with recent experiments and their relative merits are indicated.
Techniques for an energy aware parallel file system

The decreasing cost of disk drives has made it possible to maintain large-scale storage systems and to achieve high performance for I/O demanding applications. One possible optimization that can be applied to these types of systems is to move the I/O load to a subset of the disks; so that the commonly accessed data resides in a set of ‘popular’ disks, whereas the ‘unpopular’ disks can stay in low energy modes. There have been several approaches to this kind of optimization both at the hardware and the software level. In this paper, we propose techniques for an Energy-Aware Parallel File System and compare different server assignment configurations to understand what kind of improvements can be achieved at the file system level to save energy while maintaining acceptable performance.
Fragmenting regimes: how water quality regulation is changing political–economic landscapes

Abstract Conflicts over water quality regulation are entering local economic development policy and re-shaping political–economic landscapes. Across the United States, decentralizing scales of regulation, scientific uncertainty, and increasing citizen participation are creating new regulatory contexts. Using regime and regulation theory, I address how regulation of the environment is altering economic regimes and creating new alliances among stakeholders. The research shows the dominant regime in the state of Ohio, a pro-growth stakeholder coalition between point source businesses (including electric utilities and municipal sewage treatment plants) and real estate development interests, is fragmenting. At the same time, there is a policy coalition emerging between environmentalists and government staff that is advocating for nonpoint source water pollution regulation. These emergent coalitions exemplify the changing nature of environmental regulation and economic regimes.
Left Hemispheric Advantage for a Visuospatial-Dichaptic Matching Task

Twenty right handed, female subjects performed a visuospatial-dichaptic matching task which required them to view a single shape for a brief period of time while palpating two shapes, one in each hand. There was an identification and reaction time advantage for right hand responses, which allowed the inference of a left hemispheric advantage for this particular matching task. These results are discussed in reference to factors that may modify the typical right hemispheric superiority for the processing of spatial information, i.e., motor feedback, concurrent memory load, and the differential use of spatial cues.
Unconventional secretion of tubby and tubby-like protein 1

Tubby-like proteins (Tulps) with no signal peptide have been characterized as cytoplasmic proteins with various intracellular functions, including binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. PI(4,5)P2 has been implicated in unconventional secretion of fibroblast growth factor-2 without a signal peptide. Here, we show that all Tulps are expressed intracellularly and extracellularly. Tubby secretion is partially dependent on its PI(4,5)P2-binding activity with an essential secretory signal in the N-terminus. Pathogenic mutation in Tubby mice has no impact on tubby extracellular trafficking. Moreover, unconventional secretion of tubby and Tulp1 is independent of endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi pathway. These data implicate that Tulps may function extracellularly as well.
Mechanism of activation of transcription initiation from the λPRM promoter

Abstract The mechanism of activation of the bacteriophage λP RM promoter by the product of the λcI gene, the λ repressor, was studied in vitro . We found that repressor increased the rate of RNA polymerase open complex formation at P RM ; the final extent of promoter occupancy and the catalytic properties of the open complexes were unaffected by the presence of repressor. Separate quantitation of the two steps of open complex formation showed that repressor specifically enhanced the rate of the second step, the isomerization of the closed complex to the transcriptionally active open complex. The first step, the initial binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter to form the closed complex, was not significantly affected by repressor. We also studied the activation of a −35 region mutant of P RM , prmup -1, and found that the mechanism of activation was analogous to that of the wild-type promoter, even though the prmup -1 promoter initiates more frequently than P RM in the absence of repressor. Finally, we present evidence for a stabilizing interaction between RNA polymerase at P RM and repressor at O R 2 and demonstrate that repressor is required only for the formation, but not for the maintenance, of the open complex. The comparison of the in vitro initiation properties of the wild-type and prmup -1 promoters revealed an effect of the mutation on both steps of open complex formation. This result is analogous to the observation that a −35 mutation in P R , x 3, decreased the favorability of both steps (Hawley & McClure, 1980). We propose a model in which the mutation directly affects only one step, the initial binding, while the observed effect on the isomerization rate is indirect. We present a detailed discussion of this model in the Appendix.
Aspects of preferential flow paths in an apulian fissured aquifer using in-situ measurements

The in-situ measurements show that Darcy's velocity is 0.95 m/d, while two different values for both real velocity kinematic porosity can be estimated. The difference is about 24% in both parameters.
Stability of complex spike timing-dependent plasticity in cerebellar learning

Dynamics of spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity are analyzed for excitatory and inhibitory synapses onto cerebellar Purkinje cells. The purpose of this study is to place theoretical constraints on candidate synaptic learning rules that determine the changes in synaptic efficacy due to pairing complex spikes with presynaptic spikes in parallel fibers and inhibitory interneurons. Constraints are derived for the timing between complex spikes and presynaptic spikes, constraints that result from the stability of the learning dynamics of the learning rule. Potential instabilities in the parallel fiber synaptic learning rule are found to be stabilized by synaptic plasticity at inhibitory synapses if the inhibitory learning rules are stable, and conditions for stability of inhibitory plasticity are given. Combining excitatory with inhibitory plasticity provides a mechanism for minimizing the overall synaptic input. Stable learning rules are shown to be able to sculpt simple-spike patterns by regulating the excitability of neurons in the inferior olive that give rise to climbing fibers.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: Regulation by Hormones, Cytokines, and Growth Factors

Levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte-specific intermediate filament protein, are altered during development and aging, GFAP also responds dynamically to neurodegenerative lesions. Changes in GFAP expression can occur at both transcriptional and translational levels. Modulators of GFAP expression include steroids, cytokines, and growth factors. GFAP expression also shows brain region-specific responses to sex steroids and of astrocyte-neuronal interactions. The 5'-upstream sequences of rat, mouse, and human are compared for the presence of response elements that are candidates for transcriptional regulation of GFAP. We propose that the regulation of the GFAP gene has evolved a system of controls that allow integrated responses to neuroendocrine and inflammatory modulators.
The nativist Aztlán: Fantasies and anxieties of whiteness on the border

In the late 1960s, the concept of Aztlan became a powerful, temporarily unifying force within the Chicano movement. Chicano nationalists articulated a lineage to the indigenous Aztecs and contended that the Aztec ancestral homeland was located in the US Southwest. This deployment of Aztlan contested central US narratives of white supremacy. Over the past 30 years, Aztlan has increasingly become a fixture within contemporary nativist discourse. Conservative cultural workers have redeployed Aztlan to depict a cultural, racial and geopolitical invasion. This article contends that the nativist Aztlan emerges out of the political exigencies of an era marked by heightened globalization and multicultural gains. Moreover, this article examines how Aztlan, once used to contest white supremacy, has been reconfigured to forge white solidarity through the guise of white victimhood.
The Spin-Orbit Alignment of the HD 17156 Transiting Eccentric Planetary System

We present high-precision radial velocity observations of HD 17156 during a transit of its eccentric Jovian planet. In these data, we detect the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, which is an apparent perturbation in the velocity of the star due to the progressive occultation of part of the rotating stellar photosphere by the transiting planet. This system had previously been reported by Narita et al. in 2008 to exhibit a λ = 62°± 25° misalignment of the projected planetary orbital axis and the stellar rotation axis. We model our data, along with the Narita et al. data, and obtain λ = 9.4°± 9.3° for the combined data set. We thus conclude that the planetary orbital axis is actually very well aligned with the stellar rotation axis.
Beam characteristics of fiber-based supercontinuum light sources with mirror- and lens-based beam collimators

Commercially available supercontinuum light sources that cover most of the solar spectrum are well suited for instrumentation, where a well-collimated beam with wide spectral coverage is needed. Typically, the optical power is emitted from a single-mode photonic-crystal fiber and the output can either be collimated using a proprietary, permanently integrated, lens-based collimator or with a customer-provided, off-axis parabolic mirror. Here, we evaluate both approaches and conclude that, superior beam quality and collimation over the whole spectral range can be obtained with an off-axis parabolic mirror, however at the price of a more complex and bulky system requiring additional user alignment.
Nutrition, health, and education : the economic significance of complementarities at early age

Studies have shown that preschool age children of the lower socioeconomic groups in developing countries perform substantially worse in tests of cognitive development than children from higher income groups. Studies also show that a great deal of this difference can be attributed to factors able to be influenced by public policy such as: malnutrition, lack of sanitation, low levels of psychological stimulation and other environmental deficits surrounding children in poverty. This paper derives orders of magnitudes for the economic value of increases in preschool children ability scores, i.e., the demand price for early abilities. This information is necessary to 'price' interventions that can increase ability scores of chronically deprived children. The analytical framework used is the semilog earnings function, relating earnings with schooling and early abilities. This function implies a complementarity between early abilities and schooling, namely the marginal product of schooling increases with the level of these abilities. Hence, the benefits from preschool programs boosting early abilities stem from: a) the increase in earnings out of a given level of schooling; and b) the net benefits from additional schooling induced by a higher rate of return to schooling.
Validation of a Proposed Novel Equation for Estimating LDL Cholesterol

BACKGROUND: Aggressive LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering strategies are recommended for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. A newly derived equation for LDL-C estimation was recently published that addressed limitations in the commonly used Friedewald LDL-C calculation method. The novel method was reported to classify patients with superior concordance to measured LDL-C compared to the Friedewald method, particularly in patients with LDL-C <70 mg/dL. METHODS: We evaluated the performance of the novel method within an independent cohort of 23 055 patients with LDL-C measured by the gold standard β-quantification reference method. RESULTS: Overall Friedewald underestimated and the novel method overestimated measured LDL-C. Both estimations significantly deviated from the reference method when LDL-C was 70 mg/dL compared to the Friedewald equation. CONCLUSIONS: We compared both novel and Friedewald estimated LDL-C against the LDL-C reference method; in contrast, the prior study relied on validation of a subset of samples by β-quantification to allow the use of the vertical autoprofile method for LDL-C measurement. We conclude that the novel method has some benefits but it is unclear whether improvements over the Friedewald calculation are substantive enough to justify making the change in routine clinical practice and to improve patient outcomes.
Multicultural Education: Raj’s Story Using a Curricular Conceptual Lens of the Particular

Abstract In this study, we employ a curricular conceptual lens of the particular to explore the experience of multicultural education from the perspective of an immigrant student, Raj. Using a school-based narrative inquiry approach, we learn about Raj's experiences at the intersections of immigration and settlement, adaptation and assimilation, English-language acquisition, unemployment, poverty, family violence, and family relocation. We employ Dewey's [(1938). Experience and education . New York: Simon & Schuster] theory of experience, Connelly and Clandinin's [(1988). Teachers as curriculum planners: Narratives of experience . New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia] understanding of curriculum as experience, and Schwab's [(1969). The practical: A language for curriculum. School Review , 78 , 1–23] theory of the particular as theoretical frameworks upon which to examine and analyze interactions and events.
Immunogenicity of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Combined with Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide-Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine (DTaPH) in 2, 4, and 6 Month Old Infants ♦ 812

Two hundred seventy-five infants were randomly assigned to receive either DTaPH or a Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (DTaP) and one of two Hib conjugate vaccines as separate injections. DTaPH contained either 25 or 50 μg of pertussis toxoid (PT), 3 μg of filamentous hemagglutinin(FHA), 10 lf of diphtheria (diph), and either 5, 2.5, or 1 lf of tetanus(tet) and 10 μg of Hib-tetanus conjugate vaccine(mHib-T). Connaught DTaP vaccine(23 μg each of PT and FHA, 6.7 lf diph, 5 lf tet) and either 10 μg of mHib-T or Wyeth-Lederle Hib-CRM197 conjugate vaccine (HbOC) were given in the separate injection groups. Each infant received the same vaccines as 0.5 ml IM injections in the anterolateral thighs at 2, 4, and 6 months. Other routinely recommended vaccines were also given. Immune responses to Hib by Farr assay 1 month after the third set are indicated in the table below. Immune responses to mHib-T and HbOC were comparable. GMC to Hib after DTaPH was lower than that obtained after mHib-T(p <.05) and after HbOC, although statistical significance was not achieved with the latter. The percentage of patients with ≥.15 μg/dl was similar after DTaPH and the separate vaccines; the percentage with ≥ 1.0 μg/dl was less after DTaPH than mHib-T (p <.05) and also after HbOC, although statistical significance was not achieved with the latter. Reducing the amount of tetanus did not improve Hib responses. This study suggests combining mHib-T and DTaP as a single formulation (DTaPH) diminished Hib antibody response when used as the primary series in infancy.
Asymmetric tyrosine kinase arrangements in activation or autophosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in the control of many cellular processes including cell proliferation, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Ligand-induced dimerization of RTKs leads to autophosphorylation and activation of RTKs. Structural studies have shown that while isolated ectodomains of several RTKs form symmetric dimers the isolated cytoplasmic kinase domains of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) form asymmetric dimers during their activation. Binding of one kinase molecule of EGFR to a second kinase molecule asymmetrically leads to stimulation of kinase activity and enhanced autophosphorylation. Furthermore, the structures of the kinase domain of FGFR1 and FGFR2 reveal the formation of asymmetric interfaces in the processes of autophosphorylation at their specific phosphotyrosine (pY) sites. Disruption of asymmetric dimer interface of EGFR leads to reduction in enzymatic activity and drastic reduction of autophosphorylation of FGFRs in ligandstimulated live cells. These studies demonstrate that asymmetric dimer formation is as a common phenomenon critical for activation and autophosphorylation of RTKs.