cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing pathogen removal efficiency of microfiltration by monitoring membrane integrity

This study was conducted to investigate the ability of various methods of monitoring membrane integrity to respond to changes in actual membrane integrity imposed by the compromised fibers within the microfiltration unit. In addition, the pilot-scale MF unit was challenged with high concentrations of coliform, Cryptosporidium, and spore, in order to assess the pathogen removal capability of microfiltration. A correlation between the integrity tests and microbial challenge data was also made. The integrity tests investigated in this study were pressure decay and diffusive air flow tests (direct integrity tests), and turbidity and particle counting (indirect integrity tests). Both pressure decay (PDT) and diffusive air flow (DAF) tests were sensitive enough to detect one damaged fiber out of 66,000. The extent of fouling did not affect the sensitivity of the PDT and DAF, showing that PDT and DAF tests are a simple, reliable means to monitor membrane integrity under field conditions. Indirect integrity monitoring using turbidity and particle counting, however, responded poorly to changes in membrane integrity. Microbial challenge study demonstrated that microfiltration was capable of removing various pathogens including Cryptosporidium, at the level required by drinking water regulations, under even adverse operating conditions. Finally, PDT and DAF tests showed a better correlation with actual microbial removal efficiency of microfiltration than turbidity and particle counting. The turbidity and particle counting grossly underestimated the removal of pathogen larger than MF membrane pore size due to poor sensitivity.
Operating Cash Flow Ratios Measure A Retail Firms Ability To Pay

Analysts derive a broad array of financial ratios from published financial reports to assess business enterprise performance. Only a few, however, may be necessary for meaningful insight. This study explores whether operating cash flow ratios provide unique or redundant insight in financial ratio analysis of retail firms. Adoption of Financial Accounting Standard #95, The Statement of Cash Flows, by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in 1987 provides the impetus for the ongoing interest in cash flow ratios. We find that operating cash flow ratios provide unique insight, relative to traditional accrual-based financial ratios, regarding a retail firms ability to pay. Therefore, financial ratio analysis of a retail firm should include cash flow ratios for predictive, explanatory or descriptive purposes.
Abstract 314: Loss of Sarcospan has a Deleterious Effect on Cardiac Function in Aged Mice

Sarcospan (SSPN) has been shown to have an important role in stabilizing sarcolemmal dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein adhesion complexes. Loss of sarcolemmal integrity leads to immune cell infiltration and inappropriate exchange of cellular contents with the extracellular milieu. Our laboratory has shown SSPN loss destabilizes skeletal muscle adhesion and reduces sarcolemmal dystrophin localization, whereas its complete loss due to mutation underlies development of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Loss of dystrophin leads to cardiac dysfunction and early mortality in DMD patients. The role of SSPN in the heart is unknown. We present immunofluorescence data revealing reduction of dystrophin and the sarcoglycans with a coordinate increase of β1D integrin levels at the SSPN-null cardiac sarcolemma relative to WT. Also, SSPN loss decreases cardiac P-Akt levels, disrupting signaling promoting compensatory physiological hypertrophy. These studies suggest a fundamental role for SSPN in cardiac maintenance and function, since left ventricular mass increases with age and upon isoproterenol administration (0.8 mg/day for two wks). Aged SSPN-null mice developed hypertrophy, evidenced as increased heart/body weight ratio and left ventricular wall dimension. The SSPN-null mice lacked the characteristic initial rise in cardiac output, left ventricular ejection fraction (LvEF %), induced by chronic β-adrenergic stimulation. Functionally, aged SSPN-null hearts had an increased E/A ratio indicating restrictive ventricular filling and decreased fractional shortening F/S (%) upon isoproterenol administration. Aged untreated SSPN-null hearts had increased fibrosis compared to aged WT controls, however isoproterenol treated SSPN-null hearts displayed exacerbated fibrotic response compared to WT. To assess whether SSPN-null hearts have altered gene expression profiles during progression of pathogenesis, qRT-PCR will be utilized to measure differences in expression of fetal gene and calcium-handling proteins. In summary, we have found that SSPN has an important role in maintaining cardiac function, its loss exacerbates the hypertrophic response and localization of stabilizing adhesion complexes at the cardiac muscle sarcolemma.
Activation volume analysis of plastic deformation in fcc materials using nanoindentation

Activation volumes for plastic deformation of fcc metals are measured using nanoindentation. Materials include bulk, polycrystalline aluminum and α-brass, and sputtered copper and nickel thin films on silicon substrates. From a hardness measurement, V* is defined as 9k B T/∂H/∂ln , where H is the hardness and is a representative strain rate beneath the indenter. Data obtained using nanoindentation are consistent with those obtained using more conventional experiments based on uniaxial loading.
Design of Augmented Reality Tools for Air Traffic Control Towers

A series of head-tracking, see-through, head-mounted display prototypes were developed and evaluated by five controllers at Moffett Field air traffic control tower. The controller cadre identified several deficiencies in the initial prototype, such as low optical transmissivity of the display, unacceptable compensation for tower lighting conditions, inadequate symbology and data block information display, and unacceptable discomfort caused by wearing the head-worn displays. Though the cadre found the initial prototype too immature for operational use, they were unanimously supportive of the potential for augmented reality technology to eventually address operational tower issues. These issues include surface control, coordination with facilities and vehicles, information acquisition and runway incursion.
Proton Dynamics at the Water–Silica Interface via Dissociative Molecular Dynamics

A robust and accurate dissociative potential that reproduces the structural and dynamic properties of bulk and nanoconfined water, and proton transport similar to ab initio calculations in bulk water, is used for reactive molecular dynamics simulations of the proton dynamics at the silica/water interface. The simulations are used to evaluate the lifetimes of protonated sites at the interfaces of water with planar amorphous silica surfaces and cylindrical pores in amorphous silica with different densities of water confined in the pores. In addition to lifetimes, the donor/acceptor sites are evaluated and discussed in terms of local atomistic structure. The results of the lifetimes of the protonated sites, including H3O+, SiOH, SiOH2+, and Si–(OH+)–Si sites, are considered. The lifetime of the hydronium ion, H3O+, is considerably shorter near the interface than in bulk water, as are the lifetimes of the other protonated sites. The results indicate the beneficial effect of the amorphous silica surface in enh...
Raman Scattering in Molecular Junctions: A Pseudoparticle Formulation

We present a formulation of Raman spectroscopy in molecular junctions based on a many-body state representation of the molecule. The approach goes beyond the previous effective single orbital formalism and provides a convenient way to incorporate computational methods and tools proven for equilibrium molecular spectroscopy into the realm of current carrying junctions. The presented framework is illustrated by first principle simulations of Raman response in a three-ring oligophenylene vinylene terminating in amine functional groups (OPV3) junction. The calculated shift in Stokes lines and estimate of vibrational heating by electric current agree with available experimental data. In particular, our results suggest that participation of the OPV3 cation in Raman scattering under bias may be responsible for the observed shift, and that the direction of the shift depends on renormalization of normal modes. This work is a step toward atomistic quantum ab initio modeling of the optical response of nonequilibrium electronic dynamics in molecular junctions.
Monitoring Bacterial Twitter: Does Quorum Sensing Determine the Behavior of Water and Wastewater Treatment Biofilms?

Bacteria have their own form of “twitter” communication, described as quorum sensing (QS), where bacteria emit and sense chemical signal molecules as a means to gauge population density and control gene expression. Many QS-controlled genes relate to biofilm formation and function and may be important for some water and wastewater treatment biofilms. There is a need to better understand bacterial QS, the bacteria biofilm aspects influenced by QS in engineered reactors, and to assess how designs and operations might be improved by taking this signaling into account. This paper provides a critical review of QS and how it relates to biofilms in engineered water and wastewater treatment systems and identifies needs for future research.
Platelet-activating factor: A signaling molecule for leukocyte adhesion

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid signaling molecule that mediates intercellular interactions [1-3]. Many of the most precisely-characterized signaling effects of PAF occur in the inflammatory and vascular systems, where it transmits information between endothelial cells, leukocytes, and other cell types in both physiological and pathological conditions [3-6]. In this chapter we focus on signaling of adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs; neutrophils) by PAF when it is synthesized by human endothelial cells or platelets, and on additional functional consequences of this intercellular signaling.
Evaluations and applications of GaN HEMTs for power electronics

This paper presents an overview of the latest Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor (GaN HEMT) technology. The latest development and challenges of 30 V to 650 V GaN HEMTs are summarized. The evaluation methodology of the GaN HEMT is presented, including static characterization and dynamic characterization. The paper also demonstrates the application of GaN HEMTs developed by Center for High Performance Power Electronics (CHPPE). Various high efficiency high power density circuit prototypes based on GaN HEMTs are presented.
Preoperative Hemoglobin Requirements

Summary The current state of preoperative hemoglobin requirements was best summarized by Graves and Allen:17 The time honored limit of 10 grams of hemoglobin seems to be based more on theory than on clinical or experimental evidence. This limit is predicated on the assumption that because there are times during anesthesia when tissue oxygenation is dangerously critical, especially if the anesthetic technique is flawed, one should, therefore, transfuse to increase the patient's margin of safety. Recent clinical experience, along with modern monitoring modalities and contemporary anesthetic agents and techniques, make any rigid requirement unnecessary. Blood is not a tonic nor does it hasten wound healing. Anemia per se is not an indication for transfusion. The necessity to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is the only indication for transfusion of red blood cells. The transfusion trigger is variable and must be decided on the basis of clinical judgement aided by laboratory determinations when these are available. There can be no magic number.
Sex differences in brain and behavior in adolescence: Findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort

Sex differences in brain and behavior were investigated across the lifespan. Parameters include neurobehavioral measures linkable to neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic indicators of brain structure and function. Sexual differentiation of behavior has been related to organizational factors during sensitive periods of development, with adolescence and puberty gaining increased attention. Adolescence is a critical developmental period where transition to adulthood is impacted by multiple factors that can enhance vulnerability to brain dysfunction. Here we highlight sex differences in neurobehavioral measures in adolescence that are linked to brain function. We summarize neuroimaging studies examining brain structure, connectivity and perfusion, underscoring the relationship to sex differences in behavioral measures and commenting on hormonal findings. We focus on relevant data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC), a community-based sample of nearly 10,000 clinically and neurocognitively phenotyped youths age 8–21 of whom 1600 have received multimodal neuroimaging. These data indicate early and pervasive sexual differentiation in neurocognitive measures that is linkable to brain parameters. We conclude by describing possible clinical implications.
Mentors, monsters, and medical education.

I recently found several angry old men lurking in a place I least expected—the drawings of fourth-year medical students at Penn State College of Medicine. Only, these images were not depicting iras...
Portrait of an optimist

I come from a family of lawyers. When I was growing up, the only scientist in the family was my uncle, who was a physicist. But I was interested in science, and as a boy collected rocks and kept my...
Explosion of Electron Bubbles Trapped on Vortices in He-II

Electrons injected into liquid helium become trapped in a spherical cavity from which the liquid is almost completely excluded. When a negative pressure is applied to the liquid the size of the electron bubble increases, and at a critical negative pressure Pcthe bubble explodes. We have observed these explosions and have measured Pcas a function of temperature. At low temperatures an electron bubble can become bound to a quantized vortex. The flow of the helium around the quantized vortex leads to a reduction in the magnitude of Pc. We will report measurements of this reduction in Pcand will make a comparison of the results with theoretical predictions.
Effect of trehalose polymer regioisomers on protein stabilization

There is considerable interest in the use of proteins as therapeutics and as chemical and biochemical reagents. However, many proteins are unstable and aggregate when exposed to stressors, including increased temperature, pH change, agitation, and desiccation. Polymers with side chain trehalose units were shown to be effective protein stabilizers, preventing aggregation and prolonging activity. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of four trehalose regioisomers containing a vinylbenzyl ether moiety at either the 2-O, 3-O, 4-O, or 6-O position. Computational analysis of these regioisomers suggested that they differ in their conformational flexibility, but all retained the native clam shell conformation of trehalose. Polymers were synthesized from the monomers separately via free radical polymerization and one polymer was prepared containing all of the regioisomers. The polymers were tested for their ability to stabilize insulin, and were found to prevent agitation-induced aggregation comparably. The results show that for insulin the effect of trehalose positional modification is minimal and suggest that the clam shell conformation itself may be more important than the polymer backbone attachment site for stabilization of proteins.
Annual Review of Public Health, 2016

This volume of the annual review opens with a methodology article 'Improved designs for cluster randomised trials' by C. M. Crespi. Over time, health research has developed a pyramid of the strength of evidence for medical and therapeutic interventions. Randomized controlled trials occupy a place on the top of the pyramid. In individually randomized trials, the participant is randomly allocated to the treatment options.
Adverse post-operative outcomes in Jehovah's witnesses with gynecologic cancer within 30 days of surgery: A single institution review of 36 cases

Abstract Rates of blood transfusion are reported as high as 32% in women undergoing major gynecologic cancer surgery. Therefore, care of the gynecologic oncology patient who refuses blood products, such as Jehovah's witnesses, can pose a unique challenge. The objective of this study was to determine rate of adverse post-operative outcomes within 30 days of surgery in Jehovah's witnesses with gynecologic cancer. This was a retrospective cohort study of Jehovah's witnesses undergoing laparotomy or minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for gynecologic cancer at a single institution. Data for post-adverse complications within 30 days of surgery were recorded. In total, 36 patients were included with a median age of 58.5 years (32–85 years). The majority had endometrial adenocarcinoma (n = 23; 63.9%) or epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer (EOC) (n = 8; 22.2%). 61.1% (n = 22) of patients underwent laparotomy and 38.9% (n = 14) had MIS procedures. 31.8% of laparotomies (n = 7) were terminated prematurely due to surgeon concern for ongoing blood loss. In patients with advanced stage EOC, the rate of suboptimal cytoreduction (> 1 cm) was 50%. In the laparotomy cohort, there were four (18.2%) ICU admissions and two (9.1%) mortalities. The time to adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation was 45.5 days (31–64) for laparotomy compared to 35.0 days (12–64) for MIS. While the majority of patients (97.2%) were unwilling to accept packed red blood cells, over one third (38.9%) were agreeable to autologous blood transfusion. Additionally, five (13.9%) patients were accepting of fresh frozen plasma, six (16.7%) patients were agreeable to cryoprecipitate and seven (19.4%) patients were willing to accept platelet transfusions. There is a high rate of postoperative adverse outcomes among Jehovah's witnesses undergoing laparotomy for gynecologic malignancy compared. Acceptance of blood products is low among Jehovah's witnesses, even in the setting of major oncologic surgery.
Reversible Self-Assembly of 3D Architectures Actuated by Responsive Polymers.

An assembly of three-dimensional (3D) architectures with defined configurations has important applications in broad areas. Among various approaches of constructing 3D structures, a stress-driven assembly provides the capabilities of creating 3D architectures in a broad range of functional materials with unique merits. However, 3D architectures built via previous methods are simple, irreversible, or not free-standing. Furthermore, the substrates employed for the assembly remain flat, thus not involved as parts of the final 3D architectures. Herein, we report a reversible self-assembly of various free-standing 3D architectures actuated by the self-folding of smart polymer substrates with programmed geometries. The strategically designed polymer substrates can respond to external stimuli, such as organic solvents, to initiate the 3D assembly process and subsequently become the parts of the final 3D architectures. The self-assembly process is highly controllable via origami and kirigami designs patterned by d...
Pricing and Advertising Practices in Small Retail Businesses

The literature on small business pricing and advertising practices is nearly nonexistant. Most articles are quite prescriptive in nature. Yet, without an understanding of actual practice, it is difficult to know what specifically to prescribe, particularly in an educational context. The study reported here focused on one form of truly small business — the tourist oriented gift or souvenir shop. A statewide mail survey found that approximately 86 percent of the sample ignored or deemphasized demand factors in setting prices. Additionally, while 88 percent of the respondents used some form of advertising, no single medium was overwhelmingly preferred.
Modulation of the fluorescent properties of rhodamine 6G by Zn 2+ -doped PVDF films

Abstract The photophysical properties of rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) deposited on the surface of Zn2+-doped polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) are reported. The zinc ion induces an increased amount of the ferroelectric β-phase in the PVDF. The doping suppresses aggregation of the Rh6G, even for the thickest films, as indicated by the lack the low energy signature in the absorption spectra. This effect has not been previously observed. The absorption spectra also show an unusual increase in intensity as the amount of Zn2+ is increased in the substrate while the Rh6G thickness is kept constant. The excitation spectra match the absorption spectra. As the Zn2+ ion concentration increases in the PVDF the emission spectra maxima shift to lower energy and the intensity of the emission increases. The excited states are assigned to monomers, excimers, and excitons. The coupling between the dimeric species is modulated by the electric field created by the ionic dopant and the ferroelectric phase.
End Games. Note sull'architettura di John Hejduk

The author questions himself on the “ overall sense ” of the work of one of the most important architects of the second half of the 1900s, attempting a unified reading of the various phases that make up his work: a first phase all centred on a re-visitation and development of Modernist linguistic canons; a second of an “ urbanistic ” stamp; the successive one, from the first half of the 1990s that is more poetic, authentically creative and imaginative right up to the last one imbued with religious spirituality.
N-Terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Associations With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Features in Middle Age: The CARDIA Brain MRI Study.

Objective As a part of research on the heart-brain axis, we investigated the association of N-terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) with brain structure and function in a community-based cohort of middle-aged adults from the Brain MRI sub-study of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Approach and Results In a cohort of 634 community-dwelling adults with a mean (range) age of 50.4 (46-52) years, we examined the cross-sectional association of NT-proBNP to total, gray (GM), and white matter (WM) volumes, abnormal WM load, and WM integrity, and to cognitive function tests (The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), the Stroop test, and the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)). These associations were examined using linear regression models adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac output. Higher NT-proBNP concentration was significantly associated with smaller GM volume (beta= -3.44; 95% CI= -5.32, -0.53; p=0.003), even after additionally adjusting for cardiac output (beta= -2.93; 95% CI= -5.32,-0.53; p<0.02). Higher NT-proBNP levels were also associated with lower DSST scores. NT-proBNP was not related to WM volume, WM integrity, or abnormal WM load. Conclusions In this middle-aged cohort, sub-clinical levels of NT-proBNP were related to brain function and specifically to GM and not WM measures, similar to findings in older cohorts. Further research is warranted into biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction as a target for early markers of a brain at risk.
Isoperimetric Conditions, Poisson Problems, and Diffusions in Riemannian Manifolds

Let (M,g) be a complete Riemannian manifold. We study exit time moments of natural diffusions from smoothly bounded domains in M with compact closure. Our results give relationships between bounds on the exit time moments and their corresponding averages (over the associated domain), and the global geometry of M. In particular, for averaged moments of Brownian motion, we prove an analog of the Faber–Krahn theorem.
Effects of domain knowledge on user performance and perception in a knowledge domain visualization system

This study investigated how the level of a user's domain knowledge affected the user's performance and perception of a knowledge domain visualization system called CiteSpace. Sixteen graduate and sixteen undergraduate students participated in a within-subjects user-centered experiment in a US university. Each of them conducted eight searching tasks in CiteSpace. Results demonstrated that there was an impact of level of domain knowledge on users' behavior, performance and perception with CiteSpace. Statistical significance was shown that users with higher level of domain knowledge (HD group) spent significantly more time completing tasks and felt significantly more satisfied with the results than users with lower level of domain knowledge (LD group). Statistical significance was also shown that the HD group perceived the system more usable than those of the LD group. The HD group claimed that they learned more new knowledge on the topics than those of the LD group.
Optimal explicit strong-stability-preserving general linear methods : complete results.

This paper constructs strong-stability-preserving general linear time-stepping methods that are well suited for hyperbolic PDEs discretized by the method of lines. These methods generalize both Runge-Kutta (RK) and linear multistep schemes. They have high stage orders and hence are less susceptible than RK methods to order reduction from source terms or nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. A global optimization strategy is used to find the most efficient schemes that have low storage requirements. Numerical results illustrate the theoretical findings.
Diagnosis of Addiction, Substance Use, and Headache

A large proportion of patients who visit headache specialists suffer from chronic headache disorders, many of which are refractory to conventional therapy. In addition to the epidemic of common analgesic overuse, many patients medicate themselves with controlled substances, such as opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other sedative hypnotics. Some of these medications have been prescribed by practitioners for either a pain-related or a comorbid condition, while some medications have been obtained illegally, without the knowledge of their doctors.
Direct and simultaneous determination of intra-liposomal and external sulfate in liposomal doxorubicin formulations by capillary electrophoresis/inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (CE/ICP-MS/MS)

A capillary electrophoresis coupled to an inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (CE/ICP-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of external and intra-liposomal sulfate in doxorubicin liposomal formulations. Ammonium sulfate is a critical component of liposomes, in the loading and maintenance of drug in the intra-liposomal space. Complete separation of external and intra-liposomal sulfate was achieved using CE with minimal liposome disruption. The current filtration technique induces intra-liposomal sulfate leakage during the separation as a result of rupture of liposomes. CE was coupled to a triple quadrupole ICP-MS detection method that allows direct quantification of intra-liposomal sulfate without the need of disintegration of liposomes. Three FDA-approved brand name and generic doxorubicin liposomal formulations were compared for total sulfate and external sulfate. In addition, batch-to-batch product quality consistency was analyzed by comparing the total sulfate and external sulfate for the brand name formulation. Slight variations were observed in total sulfate among the different formulations, and the total sulfate was consistent between different batches of brand name formulation. However, the external sulfate concentration was significantly different among all the tested doxorubicin liposomal formulations. Nevertheless, the interior sulfate is higher than the exterior sulfate concentration to keep the doxorubicin encapsulated by maintaining the ion gradient. This fast and direct sulfur analysis method could be potentially used to quantitative analyze liposomal formulation for quality control.
Prevention and Treatment of Procedure-Associated Infection

Procedure-associated and surgical site infections (SSI) in dermatology are rare; however, it is prudent to understand their prevention and treatment. SSI has been variably defined, which may contribute to the broad range of results from studies aimed at quantifying the risk of SSI. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an SSI as a wound that suppurates within 30 days of the procedure, even in the absence of a positive culture (Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG. Am J Infect Control 20(5):271–4, 1992). The application of this definition is particularly challenging for dermatologic procedures since wounds may become colonized with organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and suture granulomas may present with a sterile suppurative exudate within 30 days of the procedure. In this situation, good clinical judgment and the quantity of bacteria (>105) (Robson MC, Heggers JP. J Surg Oncol 2(4):379–83, 1970) in the wound can be helpful in differentiating colonization versus a true SSI.
Foresight in Public Administration: Methods and Perspectives of Implementation in Ukraine

The article deals with the main methods of foresight and the possibility of their application in Ukraine. The author tries to systematize prediction methods in the context of foresight. Examples of practical application of foresight methodology and individual technologies of social prediction are given.The author draws attention to the fact that in the field of public administration decisions must be made on the basis of knowledge of long-term trends and opportunities of technology and society. However, very often this knowledge is based only on the study of well-known tendencies. This leads to the fact that sooner or later, factors that are not taken into account because of their novelty and non-traditionality, become key. If they are not included in the timetable in time, then all long-term projects may be doomed to failure.Particular attention is needed to new factors and innovations, in conditions when the state is working on changing the ways of development of the country. In this situation, it is extremely important to focus on scientific, technical and social innovations that can point to new approaches to addressing traditional issues. Also, knowledge of the forecasts about the future may be of interest not only for the whole society, but also for an individual, when choosing a profession, work or ideas about ways to improve their material well-being.However, the main problem is that usually all these forecasts and vision of the future are formed under the influence of a particular group of experts, which offers the result of their research and analysis as a given. The implementation of Forsyth gives a wide range of stakeholders the opportunity to participate themselves in developing new approaches to decisions that shape the future of a country, region, city or family.
Higher Order Energy Conservation and Global Well-Posedness of Solutions for Gross-Pitaevskii Hierarchies

We consider the cubic and quintic Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) hierarchies in d dimensions, for focusing and defocusing interactions. We introduce new higher order energy functionals and prove that they are conserved for solutions of energy subcritical defocusing, and L 2 subcritical (de)focusing GP hierarchies, in spaces also used by Erdos, Schlein and Yau. By use of this tool, we prove a priori H 1 bounds for positive semidefinite solutions in those spaces. Moreover, we obtain global well-posedness results for positive semidefinite solutions in the spaces studied in the works of Klainerman and Machedon. As part of our analysis, we prove generalizations of Sobolev and Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities for density matrices.
Spatial Regulation of Mitochondrial Heterogeneity by Stromal Confinement in Micropatterned Tumor Models

Heterogeneity of mitochondrial activities in cancer cells exists across different disease stages and even in the same patient, with increased mitochondrial activities associated with invasive cancer phenotypes and circulating tumor cells. Here, we use a micropatterned tumor-stromal assay (μTSA) comprised of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as a model to investigate the role of stromal constraints in altering the mitochondrial activities of cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using microdissection and RNA sequencing, we revealed a differentially regulated pattern of gene expression related to mitochondrial activities and metastatic potential at the tumor-stromal interface. Gene expression was confirmed by immunostaining of mitochondrial mass, and live microscopic imaging of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and optical redox ratio. We demonstrated that physical constraints by the stromal cells play a major role in ΔΨm heterogeneity, which was positively associated with nuclear translocation of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators. Importantly, inhibiting actin polymerization and Rho-associated protein kinase disrupted the differential ΔΨm pattern. In addition, we showed a positive correlation between ΔΨm level and metastatic burden in vivo in mice injected with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. This study supports a new regulatory role for the TME in mitochondrial heterogeneity and metastatic potential.
Manipulation of Confined Polyelectrolyte Conformations through Dielectric Mismatch.

We demonstrate that a highly charged polyelectrolyte confined in a spherical cavity undergoes reversible transformations between amorphous conformations and a four-fold symmetry morphology as a fun...
Entropy as Disorder: History of a Misconception

Before reading this essay, go to your kitchen and find a bottle of Italian salad dressing. Get one that’s been sitting still for a while at a fixed temperature—that is, one in thermal equilibrium. You’ll find an oil-rich layer at the top of the bottle and a vinegar-rich layer at the bottom (see Fig. 1). But think for a moment before spreading it over a delicious salad and eating up. That bottle’s in thermal equilibrium, so it’s in a state of maximum entropy. Doesn’t entropy mean “disorder”? No one would call a stack of 50 pennies and 50 dimes disordered if all the dimes were on the top and all the pennies at the bottom. So why is this salad dressing at thermal equilibrium segregated like an ordered stack of coins?Before reading this essay, go to your kitchen and find a bottle of Italian salad dressing. Get one that’s been sitting still for a while at a fixed temperature—that is, one in thermal equilibrium. You’ll find an oil-rich layer at the top of the bottle and a vinegar-rich layer at the bottom (see Fig. 1). But think for a moment before spreading it over a delicious salad and eating up. That bottle’s in thermal equilibrium, so it’s in a state of maximum entropy. Doesn’t entropy mean “disorder”? No one would call a stack of 50 pennies and 50 dimes disordered if all the dimes were on the top and all the pennies at the bottom. So why is this salad dressing at thermal equilibrium segregated like an ordered stack of coins?
Are Patients Who Undergo the Latarjet Procedure Ready to Return to Play at 6 Months? A Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Shoulder Group Cohort Study.

Background:The Latarjet procedure is growing in popularity for treating athletes with recurrent anterior shoulder instability, largely because of the high recurrence rate of arthroscopic stabilizat...
Drug Development Pipeline Running Low, What’s Data Got to Do with It?

The per capita cost of health care in the US, by far the highest in the world, is driven in part by the high cost of pharmaceuticals. The low conversion rate of promising agents into successful clinical therapeutics is an important contributor to the high cost of pharmaceuticals. For example, all of the ~150 drugs developed in the last 15 years in mouse models to treat sepsis have failed in clinical trials. Several NIH institutes and other funding agencies have recently eliminated or significantly curtailed their funding for animal-based studies. A number of in vitro models of living tissues, especially organoids and microphysiological systems, are playing an increasingly significant role in prescreening of promising therapeutics for safety, efficacy and toxicity prior to expensive animal and human trials, thus offering the promise of accelerated drug development. However, a data-based understanding of how and the degree to which these assays reproduce the biological signals of interest, as well as drug-cell interactions, is critical to their successful deployment in the field of drug discovery. It is therefore critical to decipher omic and other changes to map known response pathways/networks so that in silico models can be used to determine which components of the biological signaling in human cells is preserved in mouse cells to guide further optimization of in vitro assays. Development of appropriate analytical tools will be critical to the success of this hybrid approach to drug development.
Potential vectors of West Nile virus in North America.

The recent outbreak of illness due to infection with West Nile (WN) virus in the New York City metropolitan area (CDC 1999a,b; Lanciotti et al. 1999) represents the first documented introduction of WN virus into the New World. This virus is enzootic in Africa, Asia (east to the Indian highlands), and southern/central Europe. In addition, Kunjin virus, a virus closely related to WN virus (Lanciotti et al. 1999), is found in much of northern Australia.
Plan Switching and Stickiness in Medicare Advantage: A Qualitative Interview With Medicare Advantage Beneficiaries:

Approximately 34% of all Medicare beneficiaries were enrolled in a Medicare Advantage (MA) plan in 2019. Quantitative evidence suggests that MA beneficiaries have low rates of switching plans, but that beneficiaries who are hospitalized or use postacute nursing home care are disproportionately more likely to exit their plan. This research sought to explore how MA enrollees choose plans and the factors involved in their decision to keep their current plan or switch plans. We conducted 25 semistructured interviews focusing on expectations and experiences preenrollment and postenrollment among MA beneficiaries. Overall, the beneficiaries interviewed reported being highly satisfied with their plans. After selecting a plan, there was little incentive to revisit their choice since they viewed their plan as "good enough." Confusion, health status, cost and benefits also contributed to many seniors keeping or switching their plans. These seniors were reluctant to switch plans unless they experienced a major health event.
A classification of hull operators in archimedean lattice-ordered groups with unit

The category, or class of algebras, in the title is denoted by $bf W$. A hull operator (ho) in $bf W$ is a reflection in the category consisting of $bf W$ objects with only essential embeddings as morphisms. The proper class of all of these is $bf hoW$. The bounded monocoreflection in $bf W$ is denoted $B$. We classify the ho's by their interaction with $B$ as follows. A ``word'' is a function $w: {bf hoW} longrightarrow {bf W}^{bf W}$ obtained as a finite composition of $B$ and $x$ a variable ranging in $bf hoW$. The set of these,``Word'', is in a natural way a partially ordered semigroup of size $6$, order isomorphic to ${rm F}(2)$, the free $0-1$ distributive lattice on $2$ generators. Then, $bf hoW$ is partitioned into $6$ disjoint pieces, by equations and inequations in words, and each piece is represented by a characteristic order-preserving quotient of Word ($approx {rm F}(2)$). Of the $6$: $1$ is of size $geq 2$, $1$ is at least infinite, $2$ are each proper classes, and of these $4$, all quotients are chains; another $1$ is a proper class with unknown quotients; the remaining $1$ is not known to be nonempty and its quotients would not be chains.
The Correlation between Behavioral Characteristics and Lie Detection

The accuracy of lie detection is a highly debated topic in the science community, and it has been determined that there are many conditions in which the “truth” simply cannot be determined (Saxe 1991). The purpose of this experiment was to decide whether the truthfulness or falsehood of the responses of a set of randomly selected test subjects could be determined by observation of their behavior. Based on prior knowledge, it was hypothesized that the truthfulness of the test subjects could not be determined based off analysis of their behavior. The experiment consisted of interviewing a group of test subjects in a series of two trials of the same questions, one that they would answer truthfully and one that they would answer untruthfully. The subjects chose which trial they told the truth and which they did not. Their behavior was observed for both trials, and the observations were recorded. The presence of certain common behavioral traits was graphed, and revealed that there were in fact patterns in the overall behavior that distinguished between true and false responses. It was concluded that for this group of subjects, certain behavioral characteristics, such as lack of eye contact or lack of emotions present, indicated that the subject was lying when answering questions.
A reduced basis method for radiative transfer equation.

Linear kinetic transport equations play a critical role in optical tomography, radiative transfer and neutron transport. The fundamental difficulty hampering their efficient and accurate numerical resolution lies in the high dimensionality of the physical and velocity/angular variables and the fact that the problem is multiscale in nature. Leveraging the existence of a hidden low-rank structure hinted by the diffusive limit, in this work, we design and test the angular-space reduced order model for the linear radiative transfer equation, the first such effort based on the celebrated reduced basis method (RBM). Our method is built upon a high-fidelity solver employing the discrete ordinates method in the angular space, an asymptotic preserving upwind discontinuous Galerkin method for the physical space, and an efficient synthetic accelerated source iteration for the resulting linear system. Addressing the challenge of the parameter values (or angular directions) being coupled through an integration operator, the first novel ingredient of our method is an iterative procedure where the macroscopic density is constructed from the RBM snapshots, treated explicitly and allowing a transport sweep, and then updated afterwards. A greedy algorithm can then proceed to adaptively select the representative samples in the angular space and form a surrogate solution space. The second novelty is a least-squares density reconstruction strategy, at each of the relevant physical locations, enabling the robust and accurate integration over an arbitrarily unstructured set of angular samples toward the macroscopic density. Numerical experiments indicate that our method is highly effective for computational cost reduction in a variety of regimes.
The “Dual Sources Account,” Predestination, and the Problem of Hell

W. Matthews Grant's "Dual Sources Account" aims at explaining how God causes all creaturely actions while leaving them free in a robust libertarian sense. It includes an account of predestination that is supposed to allow for the possibility that some created persons ultimately spend eternity in hell. I argue here that the resources Grant provides for understanding why God might permit created persons to end up in hell are, for two different reasons, insufficient. I then provide possible solutions to these two problems, compatible with Grant's account overall, that help show why God might allow hell.
Perturbing the Movement of Hydrogens to Delineate and Assign Events in the Reductive Activation and Turnover of Porcine Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase

The native function of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is to reduce the 5,6-vinylic bond of pyrimidines uracil and thymine with electrons obtained from NADPH. NADPH and pyrimidines bind at separate active sites separated by ∼60 A that are bridged by four Fe4S4 centers. We have shown that DPD undergoes reductive activation, taking up two electrons from NADPH [Beaupre, B. A., et al. (2020) Biochemistry 59, 2419-2431]. pH studies indicate that the rate of turnover is not controlled by the protonation state of the general acid, cysteine 671. The activation of the C671 variants is delineated into two phases particularly at low pH values. Spectral deconvolution of the delineated reductive activation reaction reveals that the initial phase results in the accumulation of charge transfer absorption added to the binding difference spectrum for NADPH. The second phase results in reduction of one of the two flavins. X-ray crystal structure analysis of the C671S variant soaked with NADPH and the slow substrate, thymine, in a low-oxygen atmosphere resolved the presumed activated form of the enzyme that has the FMN cofactor reduced. These data reveal that charge transfer arises from the proximity of the NADPH and FAD bases and that the ensuing flavin is a result of rapid transfer of electrons to the FMN without accumulation of reduced forms of the FAD or Fe4S4 centers. These data suggest that the slow rate of turnover of DPD is governed by the movement of a mobile structural feature that carries the C671 residue.
Species and Trichothecene Genotype of Pathogens Causing Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat in Nebraska, U.S.A.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically important disease caused by several Fusarium species affecting wheat and other small grain cereals. In recent years, reports of shifts in populations o...
Managed Mental Health Care, Suicidal Despair, and Countertransference: A Clinical Tragedy

Abstract Managed health care policy has created dramatic changes in current clinical practice, and all too frequently, impacts the overall treatment plan. Clinicians making referrals for emergency hospitalizations can no longer rely on an in-patient, safe, holding environment. Rather the hospital's relationship and stance with managed care insurance providers determines the length of the hospitalization and the case management plan for patients, instead of the patient's need.
A Bayesian Approach to Change Point Estimation in Multivariate SPC

To identify the mean shift in a process with more than two variables, we propose a branch-and-bound search algorithm so that MCMC can be carried out with a predictable computing time in each search step.
An Experiment in 'Radical' Pedagogy and Study On the Subtle Infiltrations of 'Normal' Education

Through a militant co-research project with a class in an anarchistic free school, we explore how dispositions from so-called ‘normal’ education infiltrate activities of aspirationally ‘radical’ pedagogy. Grappling with these tensions as a kind of ‘playful work,’ we focus on four themes: the geo- and body-political situatedness of knowledge, space-time, a/effective relationships, and pedagogy and study. Across these themes, we take up and trouble assumptions of modernity/coloniality, as sources of obstacles we experienced in our class and, more broadly, in projects of movement-embedded study. Subscribing to these assumptions both happens through and serves to legitimate the institutions of education, or the processes of making people ‘ready’ for adulthood, work, and governance. As a counter-force, we offer tactics for de-linking from these imaginal trajectories and composing pedagogies of decolonial, communal futures.