cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of rod-and-frame test performance to two dimensions of the Personality Assessment System.

Gittinger's Personality Assessment System (Winne, 1966) posits chree levels of personality development. The most fundamental level is assumed to be innace and is defined as the primitive personality type. When expression of primicive tendencies elicits negative reinforcement from the social environment, it is further assumed that the developing child learns contrasting modes of functioning. The primitive profile overlaid by these unconscious compensations constitutes the basic level of personality. The basic personality is usually well defined by early adolescence, but it is not until early adulthood that che sarfuce level stabilizes. This level of functioning corresponds to the traditional persolta and represents the individual's conscious efforts to modify basic tendencies in accordance with some "ideal" self. Personality at all three levels is defined by the configuration of chree dimensions, two of which are considered in the present study. The first of these describes che individual's functioning in the mechanical-procedural domain and is called the Regulated-Flexible dimension. According to Winne ( 1966, p. 5), the Regulated individual is "logical and literal, seeing the world in ordered 'blacks and whites.'" Although the elements of his conceptual world are therefore highly differentiated and organized, they are relatively insulated from one anocher. This imparts a certain rigidity to his behavior, manifested in such qualities as stimulus-boundness, intolerance for ambiguity, and a facility for rote memorization without understanding. In concrast, the Flexible individual is intuitive and imaginative and responds fluently to a wide range of stimuli. This ideational and perceptual fluency, however, is unrestrained by intellectual
Seasonal polar carbon dioxide frost on Mars: CO2 mass and columnar thickness distribution

[1] Conclusions are drawn about the column density (g/cm2), spatial extent, and mass of the seasonal carbon dioxide frost on the poles of Mars as a function of time utilizing data from the 2001 Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS). Quantification of these CO2 values is achieved by observing attenuation effects of the surface-emitted hydrogen gamma ray flux as the frost condenses and sublimates in a seasonal exchange of CO2 between the ground and the atmosphere. Columnar thickness and mass results are discussed and plotted for latitudes including ±60° and poleward. GRS observations are compared to predictions from the NASA Ames Research Center General Circulation Model and to similar experimental results from the Mars Odyssey High Energy Neutron Detector and Neutron Spectrometer. Models for north and south polar atmosphere and regolith distributions are incorporated, and our results indicate that the assumption of a 100% H2O-ice residual cap underlying the seasonal frost in the north is accurate. The GRS CO2 frost observations are in good agreement with the other studies mentioned, in particular for the timing of the beginning of frost deposition to the complete sublimation of surface CO2 back into the atmosphere. The total amount of condensed carbon dioxide mass seen by the GRS is on the order of 6.0 × 1015 kg and verifies previous reports that nearly 25% of the Martian CO2 reservoir participates in the ground-atmosphere exchange cycle.
Proletarianization with polarization: Industrialization, globalization, and social class in Turkey, 1980–2005

Abstract This paper analyzes the social class structure of Turkey during the latest wave of economic globalization in four dimensions: by sector of employment, with the Erikson–Goldthorpe–Portocarero (EGP) class schema, by occupational group, and in terms of informal employment. Since 1980, when Turkey opened to the global economy, the Turkish social class structure changed significantly. During this period, Turkey became a significant exporter of mostly low-technology, but also increasingly medium- and high-technology, manufactured goods. I contend that this economic globalization and industrialization contributed to a dual process of proletarianization and polarization. Proletarianization occurred through a transition from Turkey's agrarian tradition, a relative decline of the public sector, and an expansion of classes who sell their labor without workplace authority. Polarization entailed the growth of private-sector entrepreneurial, professional and managerial classes, and a simultaneous expansion of the informal sector. There were also differences between sexes. The share of manufacturing employment and the low-skilled labor classes expanded at rates much higher among women than among men, contributing to more rapid proletarianization.
Full Lipschitzian and Hölderian Stability in Optimization with Applications to Mathematical Programming and Optimal Control

The paper concerns a systematic study of full stability in general optimization models including its conventional Lipschitzian version as well as the new Holderian one. We derive various characteri...
Photosensitization of the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma at a low temperature for screening carotenoid hyperproducing mutants

Phaffia rhodozyma strain Ant-1 produces more carotenoids, known as antioxidants, but it was more sensitive to light plus toluidine blue O (TBO), a superoxide producer, than wild strain 67-385 at 20°C. Carotenoid hyper-producing mutants (CHMs), Ant-1 and 2A2N, exhibited decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared to 67-385, and this is in part responsible for hypersensitivity of the mutants to photosensitization. Light plus TBO at 2°C allowed carotenoid hyperproducing mutants to produce higher colony-forming units than the wild-type. Photosensitization with limited cell metabolism by a low temperature, provides an idea of selective conditions for carotenoid hyperproducers ofP. rhodozyma.
Amplified responses in materials using linear polymers that depolymerize from end‐to‐end when exposed to specific stimuli

This review describes new types of smart materials that have the dual capabilities of responding to selective signals and providing an amplified response. Amplification arises from a signal-induced depolymerization reaction, where a single signaling event causes an entire polymer to convert to small molecules. When incorporated into a material, depolymerization of these polymers causes a change in shape, internal structure, or surfaces properties of the material. Moreover, the small molecules arising from depolymerization can play a role in the amplified response, particularly when they provide a secondary function (e.g., production of color or fluorescence). A brief overview of the current examples of linear depolymerizable polymers is provided, as are representative proof-of-concept applications of these polymers in the context of diagnostics and materials that remodel themselves and/or their surroundings. Together, these examples highlight the potential of this new class of polymers to provide unique and dramatic function to stimuli-responsive materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40992.
Theoretical studies of relaxation of a monomeric subunit of HIV-1 protease in water using molecular dynamics.

The dynamic behavior of one 99-residue subunit of the dimeric aspartyl protease of HIV-1 was studied in a 160 psec molecular dynamics simulation at 300 K in water. The crystal structure of one of the identical subunits of the dimer was the starting point, with the aqueous phase modeled by 4,331 explicit waters in a restrained spherical droplet Analysis of the simulations showed that the monomer displayed considerable flexibility in the interfacial portions of the flap (the region which folds over the substrate), the N- and C-0termini, and, to a lesser extent, the active site. The flap undergoes significant motion as an independent rigid finger, but without the cantilever previously reported hi a simulation of the dimer. The N-terminus displayed the greatest fluctuational disorder whereas the C-terminus exhibited the greatest root mean square movement from the crystal structure. The central core of the monomer had a heavy-atom root mean square deviation from the initial structure of about 3.0 A during the latter half of the simulation. Although this is larger than the 1.6 A found for comparable simulations of typical globular proteins, the general features of the tertiary structure were preserved over the course of the simulation. Overall, these results indicate that the relaxed structure obtained in these simulations may provide a better model for the tertiary structure of the solvated HIV-1 protease monomer than the subunit conformation seen in the X-ray crystallographic structure of the dimer. Except in the flap region, the design of compounds intended to interfere with dimerization should take this relaxation and the flexibility of the solvated monomer, especially at the termini, into account. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of full-dose versus half-dose pharmacotherapy in the maintenance treatment of recurrent depression

Recent evidence points to the prophylactic efficacy of maintaining recurrent unipolar patients on the same dose of antidepressant medication that was used to treat the acute episode (Frank et al., 1990; Kupfer et al., 1992). Therefore, the question of whether such patients should be tapered to a lower maintenance dose after successful resolution of an acute episode is clearly important. In this report we describe a small randomized clinical trial in which patients were assigned to either full-dose or half-dose maintenance treatment for a period of 3 years. Survival analysis suggests that superior prophylaxis can be achieved with a full-dose as compared to a half-dose maintenance treatment strategy (p < 0.07). Mean survival time for the full-dose subjects was 135.17 (SE 19.75) weeks as compared to 74.94 (SE 19.78) weeks (median of 43.1 weeks) for the half-dose subjects. We conclude that for patients who have suffered several recurrences, full-dose maintenance treatment is the more effective prophylactic strategy.
A Coupled Thermal, Fluid Flow, and Solidification Model for the Processing of Single-Crystal Alloy CMSX-4 Through Scanning Laser Epitaxy for Turbine Engine Hot-Section Component Repair (Part I)

Scanning laser epitaxy (SLE) is a new laser-based additive manufacturing technology under development at the Georgia Institute of Technology. SLE is aimed at the creation of equiaxed, directionally solidified, and single-crystal deposits of nickel-based superalloys through the melting of alloy powders onto superalloy substrates using a fast scanning Nd:YAG laser beam. The fast galvanometer control movement of the laser (0.2 to 2 m/s) and high-resolution raster scanning (20 to 200 µm line spacing) enables superior thermal control over the solidification process and allows the production of porosity-free, crack-free deposits of more than 1000 µm thickness. Here, we present a combined thermal and fluid flow model of the SLE process applied to alloy CMSX-4 with temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties. With the scanning beam described as a moving line source, the instantaneous melt pool assumes a convex hull shape with distinct leading edge and trailing edge characteristics. Temperature gradients at the leading and trailing edges are of order 2 × 105 and 104 K/m, respectively. Detailed flow analysis provides insights on the flow characteristics of the powder incorporating into the melt pool, showing velocities of order 1 × 10–4 m/s. The Marangoni effect drives this velocity from 10 to 15 times higher depending on the operating parameters. Prediction of the solidification microstructure is based on conditions at the trailing edge of the melt pool. Time tracking of solidification history is incorporated into the model to couple the microstructure prediction model to the thermal-fluid flow model, and to predict the probability of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Qualitative agreement is obtained between simulation and experimental result.
Inhibitory Effects of Nitric Oxide and Gamma Interferon on In Vitro and In Vivo Replication of Marek's Disease Virus

The replication of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures was inhibited by the addition of S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, a nitric oxide (NO)-generating compound, in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of CEF culture, prepared from 11-day-old embryos, with recombinant chicken gamma interferon (rChIFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in production of NO which was suppressed by the addition of N(G)-monomethyl L-arginine (NMMA), an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Incubation of CEF cultures for 72 h prior to treatment with rChIFN-gamma plus LPS was required for optimal NO production. Significant differences in NO production were observed in CEF derived from MDV-resistant N2a (major histocompatibility complex [MHC], B(21)B(21)) and MDV-susceptible S(13) (MHC, B(13)B(13)) and P2a (MHC, B(19)B(19)) chickens. N2a-derived CEF produced NO earlier and at higher levels than CEF from the other two lines. The lowest production of NO was detected in P2a-derived CEF. NO production in chicken splenocyte cultures followed a similar pattern, with the highest levels of NO produced in cultures from N2a chickens and the lowest levels produced in cultures from P2a chickens. Replication of MDV and HVT was significantly inhibited in CEF cultures treated with rChIFN-gamma plus LPS and producing NO. The addition of NMMA to CEF treated with rChIFN-gamma plus LPS reduced the inhibition. MDV infection of chickens treated with S-methylisothiourea, an inhibitor of iNOS, resulted in increased virus load compared to nontreated chickens. These results suggest that NO may play an important role in control of MDV replication in vivo.
Eta-6 bonding of benzene to potassium in [(C6H6)KOSiMe2Ph]4

Abstract Reaction of KH with PhMe2SiOH in toluene, followed by recrystallization from benzene, gives [(C6H6)KOSiMe2Ph]4, characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 29Si NMR and X-ray diffraction. The molecule is a cubane tetramer of rigorous S4 symmetry, in which the KO3 coordination environment is supplemented by h6-binding of one benzene to each potassium. Crystal data (− 169°C): a = 12.972(2), b = 18.006(2) A, with Z = 8 in space group I4.
A Quarter Century Exploring Tetrahymena

SYNOPSIS. In reviewing 25 years of work on Tetrahymena, the author describes early difficulties experienced by himself and others in developing a chemically-defined medium and in defining the taxonomy of T. pyriformis. With identification of its essential requirements, a variety of nutritional studies revealed the close resemblance between the metabolic pathways of this ciliate and those of the chick and rat. This suggested studies on the effects of gamma radiation and the effect of antibiotics. Attention then turned to the puzzle of the absence of conjugation in all strains of T. pyriformis then maintained in laboratories. The observation that these strains were all amicronucleate led to the discovery of mating types (with D. F. Gruchy). This brought up the problem of what constitutes a species and how it might be solved in T. pyriformis where clearly defined groups are set off from other similar groups (varieties) by a breeding barrier. Another problem is whether a life cycle exists in this ciliate and if so, the role amicronucleate strains play in this cycle. The origin and obvious evolutionary success of these “genetically dead” strains are other problems that are considered. The search for nutritional markers for genetic experiments inspired large-scale collections, including some from tropical habitats. Strains were found which differed in serine and pyridoxine requirements. Genetic analysis was hindered by the high lethality following conjugation, unsatisfactory mating behavior in some clones, and the complete absence of autogamy, the latter making it difficult to obtain homozygous clones. The use of x-radiation yielded haploid individuals; when these were mated with diploid clones the resulting haploid progeny proved that the genes controlling mating type and pyridoxine synthesis resided in the micronucleus. Genetic analysis of the serine and pyridoxine mutants supports the idea that T. pyriformis is more of an outbreeder than an inbreeder. Left for the future is an extension of our knowledge of the breeding system of T. pyriformis and ultimately to examine critically the factors responsible for the success of this ubiquitous ciliate.
ARK, the Apaf-1 related killer in Drosophila , requires diverse domains for its apoptotic activity

In mammals and Drosophila, apoptotic caspases are under positive control of the CED-4-like proteins Apaf-1 and ARK, respectively. In an EMS-mutagenesis screen, we isolated 33 ark mutants as recessive suppressors of hid-induced apoptosis. The ark mutants are loss-of-function alleles characterized by reduced developmental apoptosis. Using the phenotypic series of these alleles, we identified helical domain I in the nucleotide oligomerization domain as critical for ARK's apoptotic activity. Interestingly, the WD40 region may also have an unanticipated positive requirement for the apoptotic activity of ARK. Considering structural information, we discuss the roles of these domains for assembly and activity of the ARK apoptosome, and propose that the WD40 region is anti-apoptotic in the absence of apoptotic signals, and pro-apoptotic in the presence of such signals. Furthermore, a defined null allele reveals that ark is required for most, but not all apoptosis suggesting the existence of an ARK-independent apoptotic pathway.
Use of the Family CAGE in screening for alcohol problems in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the reliability and validity of the Family CAGE (an acronym indicating Cut down on drinking; Annoyed by complaints about drinking; Guilty about drinking; had an Eye-opener first thing in the morning), a four-item instrument intended to assess family alcohol-related problems. DESIGN: Two distinct cross-sectional studies using a survey, and in one study, retrospective chart review. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 172 adult patients presenting for nonurgent care to a network of family practice settings and a convenience sample of 107 patients who smoked presenting to a university family practice residency training setting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Family CAGE was compared with alcohol-related variables and scales measuring psychosocial constructs. In the first study, these scales included the Family Stress and Coping Scale; Profile of Mood States; the Family Problems Checklist; and the Duke/University of North Carolina Mini-Health Profile. Chart review included medical utilization rates and prescription of medications. In the second study, a revised version of the Family CAGE was compared with other scales such as the standard CAGE questionnaire; an "Anomy" Scale; the Catchment Epidemiologic Study-Depression Scale; a global self-assessment of alcohol-related problems; and a self-report of lifetime history of major depression and recent self-limited depression. RESULTS: The Family CAGE showed strong internal consistency reliability, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of .84 in the first study and .89 in the second. Construct validity was supported by Family CAGE correlations with family stress, family problems, depression, anxiety, individual stress, and marital dissatisfaction. The Family CAGE was strongly correlated with global assessment of family alcohol-related problems, and was superior to this variable in predicting help-seeking behavior. The Family CAGE was also significantly correlated with a higher sick visit rate and more medications prescribed (despite no difference in functional health status). The standard CAGE was correlated with a recent history of self-limited depression, while the Family CAGE was correlated with a lifetime history of major depression. Sensitivity and specificity rates vary depending on the criterion addressed, but a cutoff score of 2 or more appears to offer the best clinical information. CONCLUSION: The Family CAGE appears to be a reliable, valid, utilitarian measure of family alcohol problems. It offers more information than either a single-item global assessment regarding family alcohol-related problems or the standard CAGE questionnaire. The Family CAGE is strongly correlated with other important psychosocial problems, prescription of psychotropic medications, and health-care utilization. It is brief, understandable, and equally effective in interview and self-administered formats.
Recruiting diverse, high-skilled IT employees through existing virtual social networks

There is an Information Technology (IT) skills gap in the United States. To address this unmet need, organizations are fervently looking for ways to create a sustainable IT professional assembly line of educated and highly skilled workers with strong social networks and exceptional team-based organizational skills. While the IT workforce field has been heavily researched, the majority of this investigation gives little to no discussion to the role under-represented groups of virtual social networks will play in addressing this concern in our knowledge economy. This paper explores how existing social networks of minority Greek-letter organizations possess high IT soft skills to meet this need. It concludes by highlighting key implications for the IT workforce today and in the years to come.
Antioxidants potentiate American ginseng-induced killing of colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Novel prevention or therapeutic agents are needed to better manage this disease. American ginseng is a commonly used herb and is believed to have lots of health benefits, including anti-cancer activities. However there have been very few in-depth studies of the activities of this herb at the molecular level. In this report we showed that 4h-steamed American ginseng root extract (S4h) induced mitochondrial damage, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. We showed that the NF-kappaB pathway was activated by S4h and that removal of ROS inhibited S4h-induced NF-kappaB activation. We further showed that both antioxidants and a specific inhibitor of the NF-kappaB pathway enhanced S4h-induced cell death. Finally, we showed that protecting the mitochondria decreased both the level of ROS and apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that S4h-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells is mediated by mitochondria damage and that damage to the mitochondria activates both the apoptosis pathway and the ROS/NF-kappaB mediated survival pathway. These results further suggest that the anti-cancer effect of steamed ginseng can be enhanced by antioxidants or inhibitors of the NF-kappaB pathway.
Comparison of the Use of Dietary Aluminum with the Use of Feed Restriction for Force-Molting Laying Hens

Abstract Use of a high level of dietary aluminum was compared with a conventional feed restriction procedure for force-molting of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Six replicate groups of 10 or 12 hens, 72 wk of age, housed 2 per cage, were randomly assigned to Treatments A and B, and 12 replicate groups were assigned to Treatment C. Hens in Treatments A and B were fed ad libitum a corn-soybean meal diet (15% CP, 3.5% Ca and .35% available P) containing .3% Al as aluminum sulfate. Hens in Treatment C were completely feed restricted for 10 days. Oyster shell was provided at 27 g/bird in Treatments B and C on the day before the start of the molting procedure. Water was provided ad libitum for all treatments. The effective photoperiod was reduced to 9 h. A diet containing 13% CP and 1% Ca was provided at 45 g/bird per day, starting 2 or 3 days following cessation of egg production and continuing until Day 28. On Day 29 the photoperiod was increased to 16 h, and hens were fed a layer diet. Egg production completely ceased by Day 7 for hens in Treatment C and almost ceased (3%) by Day 15 for hens in Treatments A and B. Body weight loss for hens in Treatment C was significantly greater than for aluminum-treated hens after 10 days. Feed intake of Al-fed hens averaged 43 g/hen per day. During a 14-wk postmolting period, no significant differences among treatments were observed in feed intake, egg production, and egg shell breaking strength. No differences among treatments were observed in plasma total calcium and inorganic phosphorus measured during the molting or the postmolting period. The results indicate that dietary aluminum can be used as a force-molting agent for laying hens.
Materials science: Composite for energy storage takes the heat.

A polymer-based material has been discovered that breaks the rules — it has the right combination of properties for use in energy-storage devices called dielectric capacitors, and can function at high temperatures. See Letter p.576 Dielectric materials for capacitative energy storage need to function in harsh conditions if they are to be used, for example, in electric vehicles or aerospace applications. Polymer dielectrics are lightweight and therefore are attractive from a power-to-weight point of view, but these materials have tended to breakdown at operating temperatures common in power inverters. Here Qing Wang and colleagues demonstrate that the addition of boron nitride nanosheets to polymer nanocomposites increases heat dissipation properties, resulting in dielectric materials that operate at much higher working temperatures than previously possible with polymer dielectrics. These new nanocomposites are flexible, lightweight, photopatternable, scalable and robust, making them potentially more attractive that conventional ceramic dielectrics for electronic device applications.
Decoding multiple sclerosis: an update on genomics and future directions

A wealth of data confirms that genetic variation is an important determinant of multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. Population, family and molecular studies provide strong empirical support for a polygenic model of inheritance, driven primarily by allelic variants relatively common in the general population. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in chromosome 6p21.3 represents by far the strongest MS susceptibility locus genome-wide and was unambiguously identified in all studied populations. The primary signal arises from the HLA-DRB1 gene in the Class II segment of the locus, with hierarchical allelic and haplotypic effects. Independent protective signals in the telomeric Class I region of the locus have been described as well. Over the last 6 years, large multicenter DNA collections have thrived and the development of new laboratory and analytical approaches has matured at a remarkable pace, allowing pursuit of comprehensive 'agnostic' genome-wide association studies to identify and characterise the non-MHC genetic component of MS. Taken together, the results have provided unambiguous evidence for the association of over 100 non-MHC loci with disease susceptibility. Follow-up experiments refined some of the association signals (IL2RA and CD58), identified gene-gene interactions (HLA-DRB1/EVI5) and revealed mechanistic insights into the functional consequences of the identified gene variants, most notably an increase in the soluble to membrane-bound ratio for IL-7, IL-2 and TNF receptors and a tyrosine-protein kinase 2-mediated immune deviation. These results significantly broaden our understanding of disease pathogenesis and permit, for the first time, modeling an individual's disease risk within the context of his or her familial history. Progress in identifying additional risk alleles is likely to be rapid in the near future. Although the effect of any given predisposing variant is modest, the possibility exists that multifaceted gene-gene and/or gene-environment interactions could substantially increase the contribution of some variants to the overall genetic risk. In addition, susceptibility genes may be subject to epigenetic modifications, which greatly increase the complexity of MS inheritance. Despite these remarkable advances, the knowledge of MS genetics remains incomplete. For example, a key but unresolved question is whether genetic variants influence disease trajectory. Ongoing efforts to fully characterize the repertoire of genes that predispose to MS and modulate its presentation is discussed. Functional characterization of even a moderate genetic effect on MS pathogenesis by a known gene or group of genes can assist in elucidating fundamental mechanisms of disease expression and yield important therapeutic opportunities.
Effect of supercritical drying temperature on the properties of zirconia, niobia and titania-silica aerogels

Abstract Aerogels of zirconia, niobia and titania-silica were prepared by supercritical drying of the corresponding alcogels with carbon dioxide at 343 and 473 K. The higher drying temperature of 473 K increased the pore volume of all three oxides (by 30–70% relative to samples dried at 343 K) after calcination at 773 K but affected their pore size distributions differently. There was an increase in average pore diameter for zirconia and titania-silica but not for niobia. There was also a significant effect on crystallization behavior. A higher drying temperature facilitated crystallization of tetragonal zirconia and anatase titania, but a lower drying temperature facilitated the anatase-to-rutile transformation of titania and crystallization of a low-temperature modification of niobia, the TT phase. The structural evolution of niobia and titania-silica altered their acidic properties as shown by kinetic results of 1-butene isomerization.
Path Planning of Mobile Landmarks for Localization inWireless Sensor Networks

Many applications of wireless sensor networks require the sensor nodes to obtain their locations. The main idea in most localization methods has been that some nodes with known coordinates (e.g., GPS-equipped nodes) transmit beacons with their coordinates in order to help other nodes to localize themselves. A promising method that significantly reduces the deployment cost is to replace the set of statically deployed GPS-enhanced sensors with one mobile landmark equipped with a GPS unit. In this case, a fundamental research issue is the planning of the path that the mobile landmark should travel along in order to minimize the localization error. In this paper we first study the localization error of three different trajectories for the mobile landmark, namely SCAN, DOUBLE SCAN, and HILBERT. We further study the tradeoffs between the trajectory resolution and the localization accuracy in the presence of 2-hop localization, in which sensors that have already obtained an estimate of their positions help to localize other sensors. Our trajectories are practical and can be easily implemented in mobile robot platforms.
Recursive direction finding in the presence of sensor array uncertainties

An algorithm which recursively computes the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of the arrival directions of multiple signals in the presence of sensor array uncertainties is presented. It is assumed that a priori estimates of the signal arrival directions and sensor locations and intrinsic phases are available and that they are reliably described by Gaussian random variables with a given means and covariances. The algorithm combines the a priori information together with new data collected by the array and then produces updated estimates and covariances of both the signal arrival directions and the unknown sensor parameters. Therefore, not only does this recursive procedure generate optimal estimates of the signal locations, but it also performs sensor self-localization and calibration. >
Spectral and Electrical Nanoparticle-Based Molecular Detection of Bacillus Anthracis Using Copolymer Mass Amplification

Nanoparticle-based detection of microorganisms has gained attention in recent years because of the need for rapid detection in multiple readout formats for clinical, food safety, and defense applications. The 2001 anthrax attacks are one example, where rapid detection would have aided in cleanup and containment efforts, and significantly reduced economic costs. Current detection methods, such as antibody recognition, polymerase chain reaction, and bio-barcode assays (BCA) are limited by shelf life, cost, complexity, or detection times. BCAs are very sensitive, but once the amplified single-stranded (ssDNA) output is obtained, up to four additional hours of readout time are required. Previously, BCA detection was used to identify the pagA gene from Bacillus anthracis. In this paper, we describe a modification of the BCA reporter ssDNA for rapid readout. Two ssDNA molecules were designed to copolymerize, and then, continually hybridize into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The dsDNA was then detected using Pico Green dye, an intercalating fluorescent dye. Additionally, a semimetallic nanoparticle was conjugated to SYBR 101 dye for electrical reduction/oxidation readout. Copolymerization and dye detection provide rapid readout of ssDNA from BCA with potential for multiplexed detection through electrical readout.
Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on Agricultural Prices

Existing empirical evidence on the impact of macroeconomic variables on agriculture remains mixed and inconclusive. This paper re-examines the dynamic relationship between monetary policy variables and agricultural prices using alternative vector autoregression (VAR) type model specifications. Directed acyclic graph theory is proposed as an alternative modeling approach to supplement existing modeling methods. Similar to results in other studies, this study’s findings show that over the time period analyzed (1975–2000), changes to money supply as a monetary policy tool had little or no impact on agricultural prices. The primary macroeconomic policy instrument that affects agricultural prices is the exchange rate, which is shown to be directly linked to interest rate, a source of monetary policy shock.
The recruitment of the U5 snRNP to nascent transcripts requires internal loop 1 of U5 snRNA

In this study, we take advantage of the high spatial resolution offered by the nucleus and lampbrush chromosomes of the amphibian oocyte to investigate the mechanisms that regulate the intranuclear trafficking of the U5 snRNP and its recruitment to nascent transcripts. We monitor the fate of newly assembled fluorescent U5 snRNP in Xenopus oocytes depleted of U4 and/or U6 snRNAs and demonstrate that the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP is not required for the association of U5 snRNP with Cajal bodies, splicing speckles, and nascent transcripts. In addition, using a mutational analysis, we show that a non-functional U5 snRNP can associate with nascent transcripts, and we further characterize internal loop structure 1 of U5 snRNA as a critical element for licensing U5 snRNP to target both nascent transcripts and splicing speckles. Collectively, our data support the model where the recruitment of snRNPs onto pre-mRNAs is independent of spliceosome assembly and suggest that U5 snRNP may promote the association of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP with nascent transcripts.
A Theoretical Study Of The Energetics And Vibrational Spectra Of Oxygenated (100) Diamond Surfaces

Static quantum ab initio and quantum semiempirical molecular dynamics calculations were employed to study reconstructions of (100) diamond surfaces in presence of hydrogen and oxygen. The results indicate that the energetically most favorable structures of oxygenated surfaces are those with chemisorbed hydroxyl groups. It was found that hydrogen bonds are formed among chemisorbed oxygenated species. The formation of these hydrogen bonds is shown to be an important factor in stabilization of adlayers. A number of important vibrational modes characteristic of oxygenated diamond surfaces were identified. The analysis of surface vibrational spectra demonstrates the influence of the local environment on the position of vibrational modes and can be useful for interpretation of experimental data.
Module-based complexity formation: periodic patterning in feathers and hairs

Patterns describe order which emerges from homogeneity. Complex patterns on the integument are striking because of their visibility throughout an organism’s lifespan. Periodic patterning is an effective design because the ensemble of hair or feather follicles (modules) allows the generation of complexity, including regional variations and cyclic regeneration, giving the skin appendages a new lease on life. Spatial patterns include the arrangements of feathers and hairs in specific number, size, and spacing.We explorehowa field of equivalent progenitor cells can generate periodically arranged modules based on genetic information, physical–chemical rules and developmental timing. Reconstitution experiments suggest a competitive equilibrium regulated by activators/inhibitors involving Turing reaction-diffusion. Temporal patterns result from oscillating stem cell activities within each module (microenvironment regulation), reflected as growth (anagen) and resting (telogen) phases during the cycling of feather and hair follicles. Stimulating modules with activators initiates the spread of regenerative hair waves, while global inhibitors outside each module (macroenvironment) prevent this. Different wave patterns can be simulated by cellular automata principles. Hormonal status and seasonal changes can modulate appendage phenotypes, leading to ‘organ metamorphosis’, with multiple ectodermal organ phenotypes generated from the same precursors. We discuss potential novel evolutionary steps using this module-based complexity in several amniote integument organs, exemplified by the spectacular peacock feather pattern. We thus explore the application of the acquired knowledge of patterning in tissue engineering. New hair follicles can be generated after wounding. Hairs and feathers can be reconstituted through self-organization of dissociated progenitor cells.
Experimental Investigation of the Upper Thermal Stability of Mg-rich Actinolite; Implications for Kiruna-Type Iron Deposits

The occurrence of actinolite in magnetite deposits of possible mag-matic origin has prompted an experimental investigation of theupper thermal stability of Mg-rich actinolite to determine how thestability of actinolite changes with increasing Fe content.Experiments were carried out primarily on the compositionalre-equilibration of natural tremolite [molar Fe/(FeþMg)¼Fe-number ¼0 014] in the presence of synthetic clinopyroxene(Ca
Interventions That Retain African Americans in HIV/AIDS Treatment: Implications for Social Work Practice and Research

Social workers play an important role in recognizing and addressing barriers to retention in HIV care. Although there is a large body of literature and research supporting interventions that promote medication adherence, there is limited intervention research that addresses retention in care, the precursor to adherence. Despite many advances in HIV treatment, many African Americans are not engaged in regular care. In a systematic review, the literature was critically appraised to examine intervention research designed to retain HIV-infected African Americans in treatment. Only peer-reviewed studies published from January 2002 through October 2012 were examined. The initial search generated a total of 798 studies. However, of these, only 13 met the inclusion criteria. Results highlight interventions that can be replicated by social workers--such as the use of ancillary support services, the use of adherence manuals, and theory-based interventions--to engage this population in care. Policy implications are also discussed.
Hepatitis Delta Virus Replication Generates Complexes of Large Hepatitis Delta Antigen and Antigenomic RNA That Affiliate with and Alter Nuclear Domain 10

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a single-stranded RNA virus, bears a single coding region whose product, the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), is expressed in two isoforms, small (S-HDAg) and large (L-HDAg). S-HDAg is required for replication of HDV, while L-HDAg inhibits viral replication and is required for the envelopment of the HDV genomic RNA by hepatitis B virus proteins. Here we have examined the spatial distribution of HDV RNA and proteins in infected nuclei, with particular reference to specific nuclear domains. We found that L-HDAg was aggregated in specific nuclear domains and that over half of these domains were localized beside nuclear domain 10 (ND10). At later times, ND10-associated proteins like PML were found in larger HDAg complexes that had developed into apparently hollow spheres. In these larger complexes, PML was found chiefly in the rims of the spheres, while the known ND10 components Sp100, Daxx, and NDP55 were found in the centers of the spheres. Thus, ND10 proteins that normally are closely linked separate within HDAg-associated complexes. Viral RNA of antigenomic polarity, whether expressed from genomic RNA or directly from introduced plasmids, colocalizes with L-HDAg and the transcriptional repressor PML. In contrast, HDV genomic RNA was distributed more uniformly throughout the nucleus. These results suggest that different host protein complexes may assemble on viral RNA strands of different polarities, and they also suggest that this RNA virus, like DNA viruses, can alter the distribution of ND10-associated proteins. The fact that viral components specifically linked to repression of replication can associate with one of the ND10-associated proteins (PML) raises the possibility that this host protein may play a role in the regulation of HDV RNA synthesis.
Host-related antennal variation in the polyphagous egg parasite Telenomus alsophilae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

The solitary egg parasite Telenomus alsophilae was reared from the eggs of six lepidopteran hosts of two families. One-way analyses of variance showed statistically significant differences among host classes for means of (a) lengths and widths of all female antennomeres; and (b) in twelve of twenty-three means of log-transformed ratios constructed from pairs of antennomere dimensions. Principal component analyses of disper- sion matrices of both untransformed and log-transformed antennomere dimensions were conducted to examine patterns of variation among varia- bles. In both analyses PC1 was a general component and interpreted as a measure of overall size. One-way analyses of variance of projection scores of OTUs on each of the first five principal components showed significant differences among host classes for means of scores on (a) PC1 (both analyses) and (b) PC4 lor untransformed data and PC3 for log-trans- formed data. Differences among hosts classes for scores on the latter two components are interpreted to indicate that antenna1 variation results from factors in addition to simple size differences among host eggs and the allometric growth of body parts of parasites reared from them.
A correspondence principle for fractal and classical cracks

In this paper we introduce a correspondence principle between fractal cracks and notches. This correspondence principle defines an equivalent smooth blunt crack for a fractal crack. Once this transformation is accomplished, the laws of linear elastic fracture mechanics apply. Since the root radius of the equivalent crack is finite, the crack may be further reduced to a notch visualized as an elongated elliptical void. Therefore, the laws of the LEFM and those of Neubers notch mechanics coincide, and they can be used interchangeably. In other words, we have shown that the three mathematical representations of discontinuities in the displacement field, a notch, a classic Griffith crack and a fractal crack, are related, and the pertinent relationships are determined by the proposed correspondence principle. We also give an estimation of the size of the plastic region ahead of a self-similar (or self-affine) fractal crack tip. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tectonics and hydrogeology of accretionary prisms: role of the décollement zone

Abstract At convergent margins the decollement zone comprises the plate boundary and is marked by profound structural disharmony, by changes in stress orientation and by a discontinuity in plate velocity. The decollement zone initiates in a weak sediment layer, typically a low-permeability hemipelagic mud lying below a more rapidly deposited, stronger, more permeable trench turbidite sequence. At the deformation front, trench turbidites tend to be offscraped, whereas the finer-grained hemipelagic and pelagic sediments are more likely to be underthrust. Offscraped materials may undergo only limited burial whereas underthrust deposits can be deeply buried, undergo high-pressure metamorphism, and are more likely to be preserved in the stratigraphic record. Burial rates associated with underthrusting are high, exceeding 20 km/my. With high rates of underthrusting, sediment descending below the decollement zone is probably buried faster than it can dewater, resulting in emplacement of relatively high porosity deposits at depth. Fluids flowing from modern decollement zones have migrated substantial distances laterally and tapped deep sources. The episodicity of flow suggests pumping of fluid by cycles of dilation and flow to the decollement zone followed by failure and fluid expansion along the decollement zone. Possible pressure gradients below the decollement zone allow flow upward into it while maintaining minimum effective stress along it. The thickness of sediment underthrust beneath the decollement zone determines whether these deposits are emplaced by diffusive underplating with stratal disruption and efficient dewatering, or by coherent underplating with the formation of macroscopic duplexes and transfer of fluid to the base of the accretionary prism. Deformation mechanisms affecting accreted sediment depend on depth of entrainment into the decollement zone and duration of residence.
Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus

The NY99 genotype of West Nile virus (WNV) introduced into North America has demonstrated high virulence for American crows (AMCRs), whilst a closely related WNV strain (KEN-3829) from Kenya exhibits substantially reduced virulence in AMCRs [Brault, A. C., Langevin, S. A., Bowen, R. A., Panella, N. A., Biggerstaff, B. J., Miller, B. R. & Nicholas, K. (2004). Emerg Infect Dis 10, 2161-2168]. Viruses rescued from infectious cDNA clones of both the NY99 and KEN-3829 strains demonstrated virulence comparable to that of their parental strains in AMCRs. To begin to define parameters that might explain the different virulence phenotypes between these two viruses, temperature-sensitivity assays were performed for both viruses at the high temperatures experienced in viraemic AMCRs. Growth curves of the two WNV strains were performed in African green monkey kidney (Vero; 37-42 degrees C) and duck embryonic fibroblast (DEF; 37-45 degrees C) cells cultured at temperatures that were tolerated by the cell line. Unlike the NY99 virus, marked decreases in KEN-3829 viral titres were detected between 36 and 120 h post-infection (p.i.) at temperatures above 43 degrees C. Replication of KEN-3829 viral RNA was reduced 6500-fold at 72 h p.i. in DEF cells incubated at 44 degrees C relative to levels of intracellular virus-specific RNA measured at 37 degrees C. In contrast, replication of virus derived from the NY99 infectious cDNA at 44 degrees C demonstrated only a 17-fold reduction in RNA level. These results indicated that the ability of WNV NY99 to replicate at the high temperatures measured in infected AMCRs could be an important factor leading to the increased avian virulence and emergence of this strain of WNV.
Renal Pressor System in Hypertension Evidence for Circulating Hypertensin in Chronic Renal Hypertension—Nature and Activity of Purified Hypertensin

Hypertensin has been found in the circulating arterial blood in dogs with experimental renal hypertension and in human beings with essential hypertension. Two different chemical forms of the material have been obtained in purified form and their chemical constitution determined. The decapetide hypertensin I is the initial product of the action of renin on its substrate. This material is transformed to the vasoconstrictor octapeptide hypertensin II by a chloride activated enzyme of the plasma.