cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deuterium NMR Kinetic Measurements of Solvent Effects on the Bimolecular Electron Transfer Self-Exchange Rates of Ruthenium Ammine Complexes. A Dominant Role for Solvent−Solute Hydrogen Bonding

Electron transfer self-exchange rate constants for a series of three ruthenium ammine complexes have been determined in a range of solvents using deuterium NMR line-broadening measurements. It is found for all three complexes that the observed rates slow dramatically in solvents of strong Lewis basicity as measured by the Gutman donor number. The rates do not correlate significantly with either the dielectric continuum-based Pekar factor, (1/n2 − 1/Ds), or the solvent longitudinal relaxation time known to frequently characterize solvent dynamical effects on electron transfer rates. The nature of the self-exchange rate slow down is discussed within the context of Marcus−Hush theory and is attributed to redox-state-dependent rearrangements of hydrogen bonds between solvent and solute in the second coordination sphere. Quantitative comparisons between the observed donor-number effect on rate and relevant optical electron transfer data from chemically similar systems reveal evidence of an additional donor-num...
Textbooks Weighing you Down? Check out our E-Readers

The University of North Texas Libraries received a grant for e-book readers for students purchasing digital textbooks. The grant provided a way to access electronic information in the form of digital textbooks to those who wish to use them but could not afford to purchase e-readers. The university bookstore offers digital textbooks, but not many students have used them. Through administering the grant the authors learned how to implement and market the e-reader service and how students felt about the technology. Evaluation methodology included a pre- and post-test outcomes-based survey for students using the technology. Future considerations are also noted.
A wavelet approach to foveating images

Motivated by applications of foveated images in visualization, we introduce the foveation transform of an image. We study the basic properties of these transforms using the multiresolution framework of Mallat. We also consider practical methods of realizing such transforms. In particular, we introduce a new method for foveating images based on wavelets. Preliminary experimental results are shown.
Rumination and Anxiety Sensitivity in Preadolescent Girls: Independent, Combined, and Specific Associations with Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms

Rumination and anxiety sensitivity are posited cognitive vulnerabilities in the development and/or maintenance of depression and anxiety and they have been examined separately in youth, and primarily in adolescents. Depression and anxiety are also highly comorbid. In 125 preadolescent girls (aged 9 to 12), we examined the independent, combined, and specific relations of rumination and anxiety sensitivity to girls’ depression and anxiety, both before and after controlling for comorbid symptoms. Results found both rumination and anxiety sensitivity were independently related to depressive symptoms; and, both rumination and anxiety sensitivity were independently related to anxiety symptoms. After controlling for anxiety, rumination, and not anxiety sensitivity, showed a unique and specific relation to depression. In contrast, after controlling for depression, anxiety sensitivity, and not rumination, showed a unique and specific relation to anxiety. Rumination and anxiety sensitivity did not interact in relation to girls’ depression or anxiety. These findings suggest: 1) there are distinctions between rumination and anxiety sensitivity; 2) rumination and anxiety sensitivity are overlapping yet independent vulnerabilities or correlates for both depression and anxiety; and 3) when comorbid symptoms are considered, rumination is uniquely and specifically related to depression and not anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity is uniquely and specifically related to anxiety and not depression. Our results add to recent advances in integrative cognitive vulnerability models, which highlight the importance of examining multiple cognitive vulnerabilities and examining the specificity of each to depression and anxiety.
Improved Modeling of Non-Continuum Heat Transfer During Topographical Imaging With a Heated Atomic Force Microscope Cantilever

Thermal Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy (TSAFM) is a promising new technology for topographical imaging and high density data storage that uses the heat transfer between a heated cantilever and the scanned surface as the sensing mechanism. Due to the small operational scan heights (<300 nm), continuum gas phase heat transfer models (as used in previous studies) cannot accurately describe the actual behavior—affecting the accuracy of data interpretation and design of TSAFM systems. In this study two models (Direct Simulation Monte Carlo and a kinetic theory based macro model) are developed to explore the impact of sub-continuum heat conduction on TSAFM operation and to facilitate improved data interpretation and design.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Fox in the Henhouse: A Study of Police Officers Arrested for Crimes Associated With Domestic and/or Family Violence

The problem of violence within police families has been increasingly recognized as an important sociolegal issue, but there is a lack of empirical data on what has commonly been referred to as offi...
Laboratory Equipment: Estimating Losses and Mitigation Costs

Abstract The building code provides seismic design criteria for the structural and nonstructural systems in most building types, but there are no regulations to govern the installation of a building’s contents. In certain building types, such as museums, libraries, high-tech fabrication facilities, and research laboratories, the contents are valuable or critical to operations, or both. This paper focuses on strategies for improving seismic performance for laboratory furnishings and equipment. A survey of science laboratories at the University of California, Berkeley, served as the basis for constructing a simplified taxonomy of laboratory equipment, mitigation designs, and cost estimates. Case studies of five laboratories in different disciplines, and one biological science laboratory building, demonstrate mitigation techniques and potential installation costs. The case studies also highlight the importance of considering the contents separately from the structural and nonstructural systems when developin...
Cloning and sequence analysis of bovine β-casein cDNA

Abstract A bovine β-casein cDNA clone was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from mammary gland mRNA. Sequence analysis revealed 25 nucleotides (nt) of the 5′ noncoding region, 672 nt of the complete sequence coding and a 3′ region of approximately 500 nt. When the nucleotide sequence of bovine β-casein cDNA is compared to rat β-casein cDNA (5), a high degree of homology is observed in the first 100 nt corresponding to the signal peptide of the pre-β-caseins.
Inorganic Chemistry and IONiC: An online community bringing cutting-edge research into the classroom

This Viewpoint highlights creative ways that members of the Interactive Online Network of Inorganic Chemists (IONiC) are using journal articles from Inorganic Chemistry to engage undergraduate students in the classroom. We provide information about specific educational materials and networking features available free of charge to the inorganic community on IONiC’s web home, the Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource (VIPEr, www.ionicviper.org) and describe the benefits of joining this community.
Heterogeneity of the L2 gene of field isolates of bluetongue virus serotype 17 from the San Joaquin Valley of California

Genome segment 2 (L2) from six field isolates of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 17 was sequenced by cycling sequencing after the amplification of the viral cDNA by the polymerase chain reaction. The viruses were isolated from sheep, cattle and a goat in the San Joaquin Valley of California during the years 1981 and 1990. These viruses exhibit divergent patterns of neutralization with BTV 17-specific monoclonal antibodies. The six L2 genes of the BTV 17 field isolates all encode a protein of 955 amino acids. Similarity of the nucleotide sequences of the L2 genes with respect to the prototype strain ranges between 93.8% and 95.1%, whereas the similarity between the field isolates ranges from 96.8% to 99.1%. Although very closely related, the L2 gene of each virus is distinct. Furthermore, mutations in the L2 gene of field isolates of BTV do not consistently follow a linear pattern of accumulation over time. Some amino acid changes in the VP2 protein of field strains were conserved over time, whereas others were not correlated with the year of isolation and some substitutions were unique to individual viruses. The predicted VP2s constitute a group of non-identical, but closely related proteins. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the viral variants which co-circulate in the San Joaquin Valley could evolve by different evolutionary pathways.
Bending ductility of rectangular high strength concrete columns

Abstract A study was conducted on eight high strength concrete columns ( f c ′ = 69 MPa ) with dimensions 203×203×2030 mm. The intent of the study was to isolate the effects of the spacing and volumetric content of the transverse reinforcement on the bending ductility of high strength concrete columns. To this end, four of the columns were reinforced with ties of constant spacing (76 mm) but different diameter (3.2, 4.8, 6.4, and 8.0 mm), while the other four columns were reinforced with ties of different spacing but constant volumetric content (1.1%). Clear trends in the effects of the volumetric content and spacing of the transverse reinforcement were observed within a range of values outside of which the effects were minimal.
Haemodialysis patients and end-of-life decisions: a theory of personal preservation.

Background. Lack of knowledge about the end-of-life treatment preferences of patients undergoing haemodialysis is problematic in the acute care setting as, often, patients are unable to communicate their treatment wishes effectively and have not previously documented their desires in the form of advance directives. Existing theoretical models offer an incomplete explanation of end-of-life treatment decisions in haemodialysis patients. Aim. This paper reports a study exploring decisions about end-of-life treatment (e.g. cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation) in people with kidney failure undergoing haemodialysis. Methods. Grounded theory was used. Theoretical sampling led to selection of 20 haemodialysis patients (11 men and nine women with a mean age of 56) who attended three dialysis outpatient centres in central Texas. They were interviewed about end-of-life treatment plans and the use of advance directives (i.e. living wills and durable powers of attorney for health care). Interviews, transcripts and field notes from the first 12 patients were analysed by making constant comparisons. The remaining eight interviews were used for validation purposes. Data collection and analysis spanned the years 1997–2000. Findings. When prompted to think about and discuss end-of-life treatments, haemodialysis patients chose to focus on living rather than dying. A substantive theory of ‘personal preservation’ was developed. This consists of three phases: knowing the odds for survival, defining individuality (beating the odds, discovering meaning, being optimistic and having faith in a higher force) and personal preservation (being responsible and taking chances). Conclusions. The theory of personal preservation furthers understanding of illness behaviour and the process by which patients make decisions about end-of-life treatments. It can be used to sensitize health care professionals to patients’ desires and to enhance patient-professional communication.
Neural control of muscle androgen receptors.

: The number of cytosolic androgen receptors in rat skeletal muscle increases following denervation and disuse. This increase was postulated to represent altered intracellular distribution and consequent diminished sensitivity of skeletal muscle to androgens. To test this hypothesis, we measured total (homogenate) androgen receptor levels after denervation. Total (homogenate) androgen receptor binding did not change in response to denervation of leg muscles from adult male rats. An increase in cytosolic receptor number with no increase in total (homogenate) receptor levels supports the hypothesis of altered intracellular distribution of androgen receptors in denervated muscle. Cytosolic androgen receptor binding in muscle from male rats increased by 40% after denervation, whereas in females the increase was 17% These increases could not be altered by endocrine manipulations of males or females.
A numerical response of the middle atmosphere to the 11-year solar cycle

Abstract A two-dimensional numerical model with coupled photochemistry and dynamics has been used to investigate the response of the middle atmosphere (16–116 km) to changes in solar activity over the 11-year solar cycle. Model inputs that vary with solar cycle include solar radiation, cosmic ray and auroral ionization rates and the flux of NO x at the model's upper boundary. In this study, the results of model runs for solar cycle minimum and maximum conditions are compared. In the stratosphere, using currently accepted estimates of changes in solar radiation at wavelengths longer than 180 nm, only small responses in ozone, temperature and zonal winds are obtained. On the other hand, changes at shorter wavelengths, and the effects of particle precipitation, lead to large variations in the abundances of trace species in the thermosphere and upper mesosphere. In particular, very large abundances of NO x are produced above 90 km by auroral particle precipitation. Considerable amounts of NO x are transported subsequently to the stratosphere by the global mean meridional circulation. It is shown that this excess NO x can lead to significant decreases in ozone concentrations at high latitudes and that it may explain observations of nitrate deposition in Antarctic snow.
Educational use cases for virtual machines

Teaching courses that provide hands-on instruction in information technology can be expensive and challenging. Classrooms often take the form of computer labs shared with other classes, and sometimes setup in ways that make teaching difficult. The use of virtual machines, allows considerable flexibility over the use of dedicated-use computers. Virtualization can allow students to have their own, perfectly configured. This paper presents educational use cases and examples of virtualization solutions.
Cosine series representation of 3D curves and its application to white matter fiber bundles in diffusion tensor imaging.

We present a novel cosine series representation for encoding fiber bundles consisting of multiple 3D curves. The coordinates of curves are parameterized as coefficients of cosine series expansion. We address the issue of registration, averaging and statistical inference on curves in a unified Hilbert space framework. Unlike traditional splines, the proposed method does not have internal knots and explicitly represents curves as a linear combination of cosine basis. This simplicity in the representation enables us to design statistical models, register curves and perform subsequent analysis in a more unified statistical framework than splines. The proposed representation is applied in characterizing abnormal shape of white matter fiber tracts passing through the splenium of the corpus callosum in autistic subjects. For an arbitrary tract, a 19 degree expansion is usually found to be sufficient to reconstruct the tract with 60 parameters. AMS 2000 subject classifications: Primary 62H35, 68U10; secondary 62M40.
Myocardial perfusion imaging with first-pass computed tomographic imaging: Measurement of coronary flow reserve in an animal model of regional hyperemia.

Background The accurate assessment of myocardial blood flow (MBF) is a potential adjunct to the anatomy of CT coronary angiography.
Hyperelliptic curves with zero Hasse-Witt matrix

We consider hyperelliptic curves in characteristic p>2 for which the Hasse-Witt matrix is the zero matrix. For such curves, we establish an upper bound on the genus g, namely g≤(p-1)/2. For g=(p-1)/2, we establish the fact that up to isomorphism, there is precisely one such curve, namely the one given by the equation y2=xp-x. We determine all hyeprelliptic curves of the form y2=xn-x or y2=xn-1 for which the Hasse-Witt matrix is the zero matrix.
Occurrence and significance of endothelial cells in implanted porcine bioprosthetic valves

Abstract Histologic and scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies were made to determine the frequency of occurrence of endothelial cells in 49 porcine valve bioprostheses removed from 43 patients 2 days to 113 months (average 35 months) after implantation. Endothelial cells were found in none of 17 bioprostheses in place for less than 1 year, in 5 (23 percent) of 22 in place for 1 to 5 years and in 7 (70 percent) of 10 in place for longer than 5 years. The 12 bioprostheses in which endothelial cells were present had been implanted in the atrioventricular position (7 of 32 in the mitral position and 5 of 6 in the tricuspid position) for 21 to 113 months (average 71). Endothelial cells were not found in any of 11 bioprostheses implanted in the semilunar position (9 in the aortic position and 2 in pulmonary conduits); however, all but one of these bioprostheses had been in place for less than 5 years. Endothelial cells were concentrated along the basal regions of the cusps. These cells did not grow in direct contact with valve collagen, but were attached to fibrin, thrombi or fibroelastic host tissue (fibrous sheath) on the valve surfaces. The growth of endothelial cells and associated fibrous tissue may serve to increase the structural stability of bioprosthetic valve cusps, which may be of functional importance several years after implantation when the porcine connective tissue may have undergone significant deterioration.
Kinetic modeling and simulation of PCE and TCE removal in aqueous solutions by electron-beam irradiation

The irradiation of aqueous solutions of TCEand PCEusing a high-energy electron-beam results in the rapid decomposition of both chemicals. It is known that both TCEand PCEreact with the aqueous electron and the hydroxyl radical with bimolecular rate constants greater than 10 9 M � 1 s � 1 for each reaction. The fact that high-energy electrons produce significant concentrations of both eaq and dOH radicals in water makes it an effective process for the removal of TCEand PCEfrom aqueous solution. We have employed steady state and computer-based chemical kinetic models to simulate and better understand the chemistry and kinetics of e-beam irradiation when applied to natural water systems. Model results were benchmarked to experimental data, allowing for the optimization of the reaction of DOC with the dOH radical. Values for the associated second-order reaction rate constant were found to be 2.5 � 10 8 and 4.0 � 10 8 M � 1 s � 1 , consistent with reported values for kOH;DOC: The models were also used to investigate the possibility of incomplete irradiation during treatment and the presence of proposed chemical reactions of by-products. The reactions involve radicals and radical-adduct species formed by the reaction of TCEand PCEwith the hydroxyl radical. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mechanisms of platelet-derived growth factor-mediated neuroprotection – implications in HIV dementia

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been implicated in promoting survival and proliferation of immature neurons, and even protecting neurons from gp120-induced cytotoxicity. However, the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection are not well understood. In the present study we demonstrate the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling in PDGF-mediated neuroprotection. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K greatly reduced the ability of PDGF-BB to block gp120 IIIB-mediated apoptosis and cell death in human neuroblastoma cells. The role of Akt in PDGF-mediated protection was further corroborated using a dominant-negative mutant of Akt, which was able to block the protective effect of PDGF. We next sequentially examined the signals downstream of Akt in PDGF-mediated protection in human neuroblastoma cells. In cells pretreated with PDGF prior to gp120 there was increased phosphorylation of both GSK-3beta and Bad, an effect that was inhibited by PI3-kinase inhibitor. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, which lies downstream of GSK-3beta, however, remained unaffected in cells treated with PDGF. In addition to inducing phosphorylation of Bad, PDGF-mediated protection also involved down-regulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax. Furthermore, PDGF-mediated protection also involved the inhibition of gp120-induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome C. Our findings thus underscore the roles of both PI3K/Akt and Bcl family pathways in PDGF-mediated neuroprotection.
Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine for analgesia in laboratory mice and rats

Buprenorphine is a long-acting opiate with a high therapeutic index. The authors review the pharmacology, toxicity, analgesic effects and delivery of buprenorphine for use in laboratory mice and rats. Buprenorphine-based analgesic therapy has a substantial record of safety, and there is growing evidence of its effectiveness for treating post-operative pain. Nonetheless, more research is needed to determine optimal delivery systems and analgesic regimens for pain therapy in laboratory animals.
Effects of the flexed‐tailed gene on the development of the house mouse

The flexures in the flexed-tailed mouse consist of unilateral fusions of adjacent vertebrae. Fusions, if complete, produce straight stiff segments. In normal mouse embryogeny, the precartilage cells surrounding the developing nucleus pulposus of the embryonic intervertebral disk in the proximal tail region begin to elongate and become fiber-like at about 14 days after fertilization. In the flexed mouse, such differentiation fails to take place on one side of an affected disk, and these cells develop through cartilage to bone. At such a point there is frequently a bend in the notochordal axis. Other abnormalities of the notochord have been observed. These are not the cause of the flexures. The gene for flexed tail also produces two effects more general in their expression. First, it slows the growth of the vertebral column as indicated by the shorter vertebrae of the proximal tail region. This is observable 13 days after fertilization. Second, it produces an embryonic anemia which is already in existence at 14 days after fertilization. It is postulated that the flexures are due to the retardation of growth at a time which is critical for the intervertebral disks. Whether this retardation is the primary effect of the gene and produces the anemia, or whether the anemia is primary and produces the retardation, the data do not show.
Descriptors of Breathlessness in Children With Persistent Asthma

Background In adult patients, the consistent use of language to describe dyspnea enhances patient-provider communication and contributes to diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The objective of this research was to determine whether pediatric patients similarly display consistency in the language used to describe "uncomfortable awareness of breathing." Methods One hundred children between the ages of 8 and 15 years with moderate to severe persistent asthma enrolled in an asthma education research program completed questionnaires regarding descriptors of asthma on each of two occasions. In addition to the breathlessness questionnaires, demographic information, self-reported asthma severity, ED visits, missed school days, anthropometrics, and spirometry were obtained for each participant. Results Children were reliable in their choice of the descriptors that they applied to their breathing discomfort across two occasions, and they selected the same descriptors that were used by adults with asthma in previous studies. Children with greater self-reported asthma severity endorsed more descriptors to characterize breathing discomfort than did children with less severe asthma, but no differences were found among children based on demographic or anthropometric variables. Conclusions Children with moderate to severe persistent asthma are reliable in their choice of descriptors of breathlessness. Knowledge of their experience of symptoms may be helpful clinically in the assessment and management of asthma.
X-Ray Diffraction Powder Data for Some 2,4,6-Substituted-1,3,5-Triazine Compounds:

X-ray powder diffraction data are presented for fifteen polycrystalline 2,4,6-substituted-1,3,5-triazine compounds Methods of minimizing preferred orientation in pure compounds, and analysis of mixtures and impure compounds are discussed The data presented permit rapid identification regardless of the complexity of the substitution.
EXPLOREMAP: An Exploration System for Choropleth Maps

Abstract Software for interactive choropleth mapping typically focuses on design, with the assumption that the resulting map will be used like a traditional paper one. We believe that interactive graphics also should enable users to explore the database underlying a map. In this vein, we have developed software that will permit users to both design a map and explore the underlying database. The exploration component, the raison d'etre for the software, includes the following options: Overview, Areas, Reclass, Regions, Tables, and Graphs & Stats. Within Overview, users can display map elements in sequence, any combination of classes, and highlighted subsets of the data. Within Areas, users can determine values associated with areas, compare values for two areas, and determine minimum and maximum values for classes and the entire map. Reclass allows users to reclassify the map data temporarily, thus determining the effect of different classification schemes. The Regions option permits regions to comprise sp...
Perspective on the glass transition

Some of the reasons for the current interest in the phenomenology of vitrification are reviewed and progress due to, as well as limitations of, mode coupling theories (MCT) for viscosity divergence are examined. Liquids which fit the MCT predictions best are also those with the most imminent Kauzmann entropy crises near the glass transition temperature, Tg. Mode coupling predictions break down far above Tg at the point, Tx, where Goldstein long ago argued that activated processes controlled by the (3N + 1)-dimensional potential energy surface for the N- particle system should become dominant. Examining behavior in the energy topology-controlled regime, we note that ergodicity-breaking is not simply a consequence of viscosity divergence. In the liquids best fitting MCT, which are at the fragile extreme of liquid behavior, shear and structural relaxation processes slowly decouple below Tx, leading to breakdown of the Adam-Gibbs equation for viscosity. The latter in its original and derived Vogel-Fulcher forms remains valid for enthalpy (and presumably volume) relaxation processes. The distinction between strong and fragile behavior in liquids is related to the density of configurational states (minima) characterizing the potential energy surface.
Options for managing early-successional forest and shrubland bird habitats in the northeastern United States

Abstract Historically, forests in the northeastern United States were disturbed by fire, wind, Native American agriculture, flooding, and beavers (Castor canadensis). Of these, wind and beavers are now the only sources of natural disturbance. Most disturbance-dependent species, especially birds, are declining throughout the region whereas species affiliated with mature forests are generally increasing or maintaining populations. Disturbance must be simulated for conservation of early-successional species, many of which are habitat specialists compared to those associated with mature forests. Both the maintenance of old fields and forest regeneration are needed to conserve brushland species. Regenerating forest habitats are more ephemeral than other woody early-successional habitats. The types and amounts of early-successional habitats created depend on the silvicultural system used, patch size selected, time between regeneration cuts, and rotation age. We recommend that group selection and patch cuts should be at least 0.8 ha, and patches should be generated approximately every 10–15 years depending on site quality. Regeneration of intolerant and mid-tolerant tree species should be increased or maintained in managed stands. Also, frost pockets, unstocked, or poorly-stocked stands can provide opportunities to increase the proportion of early-successional habitats in managed forests.
BREAKING CHIRAL AND SCALE SYMMETRY OF A LAGRANGIAN WITH MASSIVE GAUGE FIELDS.

We investigate the effects of adding the ${1}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ gauge fields to an SU(3) $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model of the ${0}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ fields. Particular attention is given to the requirements of broken scale invariance on the simple model where the "(3, 3*)"-chiral- and scale-symmetry-breaking terms coincide. We also calculate the mass spectrum and the scalar-meson trilinear decay widths.
Theoretical limitations on the broadband matching of arbitrary impedances

Abstract This paper deals with the general problem of matching an arbitrary load impedance to a pure resistance by means of a reactive network. It consists primarily of a systematic study of the origin and nature of the theoretical limitations on the tolerance and bandwidth of match and of their dependence on the characteristics of the given load impedance. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the physical realizability of a function of frequency representing the input reflection coefficient of a matching network terminated in a prescribed load impedance. These conditions of physical realizability are then transformed into a set of integral relations involving the logarithm of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. Such relations are particularly suitable for the study of the limitations on the bandwidth and tolerance of match. Definite expressions for these quantities are obtained in special cases. The practical problem of approaching the optimum theoretical tolerance by means of a network with a finite number of elements is also considered. Design curves are provided for a particularly simple but very important type of load impedance. In addition, a very convenient method is presented for computing the values of the elements of the resulting matching network.
Stress fractures and knee injuries in runners.

The increase of athletics in the lives of women has been muted by their rate of lower limb musculoskeletal injury. Stress fractures and knee overuse injuries, in particular, have become epidemic in female running athletes. The putative ‘‘female athlete triad’’ and subsequent bone demineralization has led to higher rates of stress fractures among women. Knee injuries, including patellofemoral pain and iliotibial band syndrome, are extremely common in sports medicine and occur with a much higher incidence in female runners. These entities are discussed in detail in this following article.
RGD inclusion in VP3 provides adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2)-based vectors with a heparan sulfate-independent cell entry mechanism

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) has become an attractive vector system for a number of gene therapy paradigms. However, the utility of AAV vectors is often limited by the absence of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), the virus's primary attachment receptor, on the desired target cell population. In order to achieve HSPG-independent gene delivery, several groups have shown that the endogenous tropism of AAV can be expand by genetically altering the viral capsid. However, the parameters of this developing technology have yet to be defined and it has not yet been determined if these modified vectors actually infect cells via these engineered interactions. Previously we constructed a series of insertion mutants spanning the AAV capsid protein gene and identified specific sites that can tolerate the insertion of small exogenous peptides. Here we describe a number of sites within the AAV capsid gene that can be used for the insertion of integrin-targeting peptide epitopes. Incorporation of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing peptide at these sites enables AAV to infect integrin-expressing cells independent of HSPG. Mutant AAV vectors displaying these peptide ligands can be produced to wild-type titer and have been shown to specifically interact with the targeted integrin receptors and mediate infection via this interaction. We report significant increases in gene transfer to Raji, K562, and SKOV-3 cell lines that express integrin, but little HSPG, suggesting that rAAV vectors displaying RGD peptides may be of great utility for treatment of neoplasms characterized by the deficiency of HSPG expression. We have also demonstrated that due to their expanded tropism, these novel vectors are capable of efficient transduction of AAV2-resistant tumors in vivo suggesting that they may offer significant therapeutic advantages.
Modeling Climate Limits of Plants Found in Sonoran Desert Packrat Middens

Abstract Geostatistical analyses of 35 plant species from 213 packrat middens with combined records spanning the last 40,000 yr indicate that many presumed winter precipitation-dependent taxa that existed in the Sonoran Desert during the last glaciation were expelled by increasing monsoon precipitation instead of waning cool-season moisture. The statistical influence of excessive monsoon rainfall on the distributions of many species probably reflects the simultaneous increase in the magnitude and occurrence of fire. During the early Holocene, results indicate a dramatic decrease in cool-season precipitation and an increase in monsoon rainfall. Levels of temperature and precipitation continued to change linearly until they reached modern values. These conclusions are drawn from a newly developed computer model that determines which climatic factors impede species movement into an unoccupied region. Climatic “limiters,” derived from digital versions of modern plant distributions, elevation, and meteorological data, formed the basis of the reconstructions. Particularly important distribution limiters for the Sonoran Desert include maximum warm-season precipitation and low winter temperatures. The model allows for quantitative estimates of past climatic changes with relatively detailed temporal and spatial resolutions. These results can be used to refine paleoclimatic interpretations based on coarser resolution General Circulation Models.
Modeling stress-induced void growth in Al-4wt%Cu lines

Stress-induced void growth is modeled for the case of a void bounded by two neighbors by invoking the one-dimensional diffusion equation. The resultant equation is then convoluted with an exponential distribution for void spacing to generate the mean void size as a function of time. Volumetric strain, atomic diffusivity and activation energy are then extracted for a given metallization and passivation system by fitting measured mean void size data to the analytical curve.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reproductive performance of ewe lambs from ewes from different selection practices with or without induced estrus.

Three groups of ewe lambs born in May (experiment 1; n=211) or April (experiment 2; n=174) were used to evaluate the effects of selection line and induction of estrus on pregnancy rate. Experiment 1 was a single factor experiment with induction of estrus as the main effect. In early December, May-born Targhee (n=82) and Rambouillet x Targhee (n=129) ewes were randomly assigned within body weight to one of two treatment groups: control or induction of estrus. Experiment 2 was designed in a 2x2 factorial array with the main effects of induction of estrus or selection line. In early November, April-born Targhee lambs (n=174) from two distinct selection lines were either treated as controls or received an estrus induction treatment. The two lines included an unselected control line of randomly bred ewes and a line that had been selected since 1976, based on the weight of lamb weaned. Ewes from each line were randomly assigned within body weight to one of the treatment groups. In experiments 1 and 2, estrus was induced using MAP pessaries. Pessaries were inserted for 12 days. At the time of pessary removal, ewe lambs received 400 IU eCG i.m. All ewe lambs were bred in multi-sire pens. Pregnancy rate and fetal numbers were determined either by lambing data or real-time ultrasound. Body weight, lambing date and fetal numbers were analyzed by GLM, and remaining variables were analyzed by CATMOD. For experiment 1, estrus induction increased (P<0.01) pregnancy rates (61 versus 31%) and number of fetuses estimated by real-time ultrasound (79 versus 35%) compared to control ewe lambs. Pregnancy rate and fetal number were increased (P<0.01) for the 1st year compared to the 2nd year. For experiment 2, estrus induction tended to increase (P<0.07) pregnancy rate, and pregnancy rate differed (P<0.01) between selection lines. Estrus induction increased (P<0.05) fetal numbers (0.96) compared to controls (0.77). Fetal numbers were greater (P<0.01) for the selected line (1.06) compared to random bred controls (0.67). Average date of lambing was earlier in both experiments for the estrus-induced ewe lambs compared to controls. These results indicate that induction of estrus can be recommended if increased reproduction is desired for ewe lambs.
Stereoscopic Views of Three‐dimensional Ion Trajectories in Ion Cyclotron Resonance and Quadrupole Ion Traps

The trajectory of an ion in a Penning (ion cyclotron resonance) or Paul (quadrupole) ion trap is complex, typically consisting of two or three simultaneous linear or circular motions. It is therefore useful to be able to view such trajectories three-dimensionally, to be able to separate the component motions and better understand how to trap and manipulate ions so as to measure ion mass, charge and energy, and determine ion structure and reactivity. Here, we present a simple algorithm (in Basic for a personal computer) to generate stereoscopic images for viewing trapped-ion three-dimensional trajectories. Stereoscopic projection is particularly useful for visualizing multiple motional modes, as for the three simultaneous cyclotron, magnetron and trapping motions in an ion cyclotron resonance ion trap. Examples of trajectories of ions in Penning and Paul ion traps are shown, as well as a magnetic resonance magnetization trajectory during conventional azimuthal dipolar excitation. Images are available in color video display as well as hard copy, c-code is provided.
Effect of Variable Phase Transverse Acoustic Fields on Coaxial Jet Forced Spread Angles (Preprint)

Abstract : An experimental study on the effects of a variable phase transverse acoustic field on the inner jet spreading angle of a N2 shear coaxial jet at near critical pressures is presented. The jet spreading angle is an important parameter which characterizes the mixing between two flows. The transverse acoustic field is generated by two piezo-sirens which have a variable phase between them so the position of the jet with respect to the pressure and velocity field can be adjusted. The main parameter investigated is the spreading angle of the dark inner jet core. The angle measurements are made from approximately 1000 backlit images. The shear coaxial injector used here is similar to those used in cryogenic liquid rockets. The acoustic field is driven at a frequency of 3.0 +/- 0.1 kHz. It was observed that acoustic forcing has the strongest effect on the inner jet spreading angles at moderate values of the outer to inner jet momentum flux ratio, providing further evidence of the existence of a regime where the inner jet is most vulnerable to acoustic excitation effects.
Longitudinal variation in zooplankton δ13C through the Northwest Passage: inference for incorporation of sea-ice POM into pelagic foodwebs

Previous research has demonstrated a west-to-east decrease in zooplankton δ13C along the Alaskan coast. We extended the transect into the Canadian Arctic archipelago through the Northwest Passage in order to investigate whether this longitudinal gradient persists eastward. Contrary to the previous observations, zooplankton δ13C was found to be essentially invariate, despite a sampling survey length double that of the earlier studies. This resulted from zooplankton at the coldest and ice-bound stations being found to be enriched in 13C relative to what would be expected from the ambient water temperatures and calculated [CO2aq]. We suggest that this was due to the assimilation of ice POM which, as has been demonstrated for other forms of benthic algae, is enriched in 13C due to restraints on boundary layer diffusion. The present results therefore support other traditional, non-isotope research in suggesting that ice-bound polar foodwebs may be examples of aquatic systems where there is a functional energy connectivity between the attached and openwater environments.
Functional analysis of an inosine-guanosine transporter from Leishmania donovani: The role of conserved residues, aspartate 389 and arginine 393

Equilibrative nucleoside transporters encompass two conserved, charged residues that occur within predicted transmembrane domain 8. To assess the role of these "signature" residues in transporter function, the Asp389 and Arg393 residues within the LdNT2 nucleoside transporter from Leishmania donovani were mutated and the resultant phenotypes evaluated after transfection into Delta ldnt2 parasites. Whereas an R393K mutant retained transporter activity similar to that of wild type LdNT2, the R393L, D389E, and D389N mutations resulted in dramatic losses of transport capability. Tagging the wild type and mutant ldnt2 proteins with green fluorescent protein demonstrated that the D389N and D389E mutants targeted properly to the parasite cell surface and flagellum, whereas the expression of R393L at the cell surface was profoundly compromised. To test whether Asp389 and Arg393 interact, a series of mutants was generated, D389R/R393R, D389D/R393D, and D389R/R393D, within the green fluorescent protein-tagged LdNT2 construct. Although all of these ldnt2 mutants were transport-deficient, D389R/R393D localized properly to the plasma membrane, while neither D389R/R393R nor D389D/R393D could be detected. Moreover, a transport-incompetent D389N/R393N double ldnt2 mutant also localized to the parasite membrane, whereas a D389L/R393L ldnt2 mutant did not, suggesting that an interaction between residues 389 and 393 may be involved in LdNT2 membrane targeting. These studies establish genetically that Asp389 is critical for optimal transporter function and that a positively charged or polar residue at Arg393 is essential for proper expression of LdNT2 at the plasma membrane.
Who Can We Trust with a Gun? Information Networks and Adverse Selection in Militia Recruitment

How do the leaders of nonstate armed groups recruit new members? Most studies of recruitment of combatants focus on explaining the supply of fighters—who fights and what kinds of people volunteer to fight depending on the incentives offered. We know comparatively little about how the leaders of armed groups manage influxes of volunteers to ensure their quality. This article examines the questions of who recruits fighters, and how the capacities of recruiters affect the quality of the individuals who they recruit. The histories of three understudied civil militias in Sierra Leone are used to develop and refine a theory of screening in nonstate armed groups. Evidence from intensive fieldwork suggests that access to civilian information networks can allow the leaders of armed groups to successfully screen recruits and exclude low-quality types even when the pool of volunteers is flooded with opportunists.
SEU tolerant device, circuit and processor design

Development of highly reliable and available systems requires consideration of the occurrence of single event upsets, the effects they have on system performance, and strategies for their prevention and mitigation. Methods of systems engineering process and the application and validation of techniques for fault tolerance are discussed as elements in the elimination and mitigation of single event upsets.
Effect of finite boundaries on the Stokes resistance of an arbitrary particle Part 2. Asymmetrical orientations

A general treatment is given of the first-order effects of wall proximity on the increased resistance to translational motions of a rigid particle of arbitrary shape settling in the Stokes regime. The analysis generalizes a previous treatment (Brenner 1962) to the case where the principal axes of resistance of the particle may have any orientation relative to the principal axes of the bounding walls. It is shown that, to the first order in the ratio of particle-to-boundary dimensions, the increased resistance of the particle can be represented by a symmetric, second-rank tensor (dyadic) whose value is independent of particle shape and orientation.
Monetary Value of Diet Is Associated with Dietary Quality and Nutrient Adequacy among Urban Adults, Differentially by Sex, Race and Poverty Status.

Objective The association between monetary value of the diet (MVD, $/day) with dietary quality was examined using a large sample of urban US adults, differentially by socio-demographic factors. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 2,111 participants, aged 30–64y, using data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span Study. Dietary quality indices included Healthy Eating Index–2010 (HEI–2010) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), (two 24-hr recalls). A national food price database was used to estimate MVD. Multiple linear/logistic regression analyses were conducted stratifying separately by sex, race and poverty status. Results Women had significantly higher HEI-2010 scores than men (43.35 vs 41.57 out of 100, respectively), whereas MAR scores were higher for men (76.8 vs 69.9, out of 100), reflecting energy intake gender differentials. Importantly, a $3/day higher MVD (IQR: $3.70/d (Q1) to $6.62/d (Q4)) was associated with a 4.98±0.35 higher total HEI-2010 and a 3.88±0.37 higher MAR score, after energy-adjustment and control for key confounders. For HEI-2010 and MAR, stronger associations were observed among participants above poverty and among women, whilethe MVD vs. HEI-2010 association was additionally stronger among Whites. Sex and poverty status differentials were observed for many MAR and some HEI-2010 components. Conclusions Despite positive associations between measures of dietary quality and MVD, particularly above poverty and among women, approaching compliance with the Dietary Guidelines (80 or more for HEI-2010) requires a substantially higher MVD. Thus, nutrition education may further improve people’s decision-making regarding food venues and dietary choices.
Systems with Fast Chaotic Components

A longstanding problem of mathematical modeling which arises in a variety of areas of the physical and engineering sciences is to adequately describe the dynamics of physical processes subject to “random” or “fluctuating” disturbances. The theory of stochastic processes, especially stochastic differential equations, has for many years played an important role in models of random motion. Recently, however, a new paradigm for “random” motion has begun to be applied in the literature; this is the description of fluctuating motion in terms of “deterministic chaos”.