cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Judge as a Fly on the Wall: Interpretive Lessons from the Positive Political Theory of Legislation

In the modern debate over statutory interpretation, scholars frequently talk past one another, arguing for one or another interpretive approach on the basis of competing, and frequently undertheorized, conceptions of legislative supremacy and political theory. For example, so-called new textualists insist that the plain meaning approach is compelled by the U.S. Constitution and rule of law values; by contrast, theorists counseling a more dynamic approach often reject the premise of legislative supremacy that is supposed by the textualist view. A key element missing, therefore, from the modern statutory interpretation debate is a conspicuous articulation of the positive and empirical premises underlying the normative theory of interpretation; and, in particular, an unclear portrait of the theory of lawmaking supporting the theory of interpretation. In this paper, we consider statutory interpretation from the perspective of positive political theory (PPT) looking, first, at the best framework for understanding the relationship between duly authorized lawmakers and the judge/interpreters. We build upon the modern literature of communication theory to support the familiar view that a statute is best understood as an act of communication by the legislature to an audience. PPT helps us to draw various lessons for modern interpretation debates from this assumption. We consider several of these lessons in our paper, and we focus especially on the hoary debate over the use and utility of legislative history in construing ambiguous statutory language.
Increased renal oxygen consumption leads to hypoxia in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (890.9)

We have shown in subtotal nephrectomy (STN), a model of chronic kidney disease, there is increased oxygen consumption (QO2) factored for tubular Na reabsorption (TNa) leading to hypoxia. To demonst...
Phase Transitions in ( C H 3 ) 4 NMn Cl 3 (TMMC) and Related Compounds

The order-disorder phase transitions in the linear chain compounds ${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$NMn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ (TMMC), ${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$NNi${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ (TMNC), ${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$NCd${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ (TMCC) were investigated using the complementary techniques of x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and low-frequency dielectric-constant measurements. The three compounds have isomorphous hexagonal structures (space group $\frac{P{6}_{3}}{m}$ at room temperature and transform to monoclinic structures at low temperature. The transitions occur at 126 (TMMC), 171 (TMNC), and 118 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (TMCC); in their low-temperature phases, TMMC and TMNC are isomorphous with space group $\frac{P{2}_{1}}{a}$ while TMCC belongs to space group $\frac{P{2}_{1}}{m}$ The nature of the dielectric-constant anomaly at the transition coupled with the fact that the unit cell doubles on cooling through the transition suggest that TMMC and TMNC may be antiferroelectric in their low-temperature phase while TMCC is not. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the dielectric constants further suggest that the low-temperature phase of TMMC changes from TMNC-like to TMCC-like at pressures greater than \ensuremath{\sim} 2 kbar. This pressure-induced phase transition is believed to be a consequence of the highly anisotropic compressibility of TMCC and the attendant increase in $\frac{c}{a}$ with pressure. The large $a$-axis compressibilities are also responsible for the observed large increase of the transition temperatures ${T}_{t}$ with pressure. Pressure reduces the separation between the linear chains, thus hindering the motion of the tetramethylammonium ions and causing ${T}_{t}$ to increase.
Motion recovery from image sequences using First-order optical flow information

A closed-form solution for motion estimation from first-order flow in two 'distinct' image regions is described. Uniqueness is guaranteed when these correspond to surface patches with different normal vectors. given an image sequence, the authors show how the image many be segmented into regions with the necessary properties, optical flow is computed for these regions, and motion parameters are computed. The method can be applied to arbitrary scenes and camera motion. The authors explain why it is more robust than other techniques that require the knowledge of the full flow or information up to the second-order terms of it. Experimental results are presented to support the theoretical derivations. >
Abstract A73: Improving colorectal cancer surveys for New Mexico Hispanics

The goal of this research is to produce Spanish- and English-language versions of a colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factor survey that is easily answered by the three main Hispanic sub-populations in New Mexico - US-born and Mexico-born Mexican Americans and native Spanish New Mexicans. We began by conducting an in-depth review of validated surveys covering the domains of demographics, acculturation, personal and family medical history, diet, height and weight, physical activity, smoking and alcohol use. We next evaluated how New Mexico Hispanics interpret and comprehend survey questions and recall information to answer the questions. Our methodology included, in-person field interviewing of self-identified Hispanics age 40 years and older using cognitive-interviewing techniques. All interviews were conducted by a trained, bilingual interviewer. The survey was tested, revised and retested in a new group of participants who met the eligibility requirements. Three results are highlighted here. First, in a novel approach to reconstructing life histories of body mass index (BMI) and physical activity as indicators of energy balance over time, participants reconstructed their body size (height and weight for BMI estimates), work and leisure time physical activity patterns at age 15, 30, 50 years of age and during the previous year. We noted that respondents a) did not easily understand that the activity levels represented a range of physical exertion from none to vigorous, and b) felt they could not select a level if they had not done any of the example activities listed. The instructions were revised to explain the range and the description of the activity levels simplified incorporating the activities our respondents reported performing. Second, the descriptions provided in the gastrointestinal (GI) cancer and CRC screening questions were confusing. Descriptions were simplified for GI cancer risk questions (e.g. familial polypsis, history of polyps) and the CRC screening questions were replaced with modified versions of Behavioral Health Risk Factor Surveillance Survey questions. Last, a memory aide was designed to help the respondents answer the life history questions. The memory aid and revised versions of life history questions, were tested in a second round of field interviews. The memory aid was determined to be an effective method for reconstructing not only body size and activity pattern history, but also lifetime patterns of cigarette smoking and alcohol use. There is a critical need for this CRC survey in our state, where the incidence of CRC among Hispanics is equal to or higher than the incidence in non-Hispanic Whites. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A73.
The role of dynamic recrystallization in [001] single-crystal W and W-Ta alloy ballistic rod penetration into steel targets

The microstructures of long rod [001] single-crystal penetrators of W grown by CVD and zone melt processing, and W-5% Ta grown by zone melt (ZM) processing, were examined before and after penetration into RHA steel targets, by optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy. The initial Vickers microhardness values for the CVD-W rods was 417 VHN in contrast to 485 VHN for the ZM-W and W-5% Ta rods as a consequence of an order of magnitude larger dislocation density. Both the CVD-W and ZM-W exhibited less dense head flow associated with adiabatic shear bands and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) than the ZM-W-5% Ta, but all penetrators exhibited erosion tube formation in the penetration channel. These tube and erosion debris particles exhibited dense, overlapping shear bands composed of DRX grains or areas with larger, equiaxed grains resulting from residual grain growth. These observations suggest that controlling the penetrator head flow by solute-induced DRX may control penetration.
The Sexually Liberated College Student—Fact or Fancy

Abstract Questionnaires were administered to a random sample of college students at a large state university in order to assess their sexual experience and behavior. In spite of the obvious effects of the sexual revolution that has resulted in a higher number of students having had premarital coitus, many students were found to be sexually inactive and unreliable in their use of contraceptives. There is a pressing need for creative educational programs to enhance students' rational control and emotional comfort with their individual sexual preferences and activities.
Intravascular temperature control system to maintain normothermia in organ donors.

Temperature regulation in humans is controlled by the hypothalamus. After death by neurological criteria, the hypothalamus ceases to function and poikilothermia ensues. Preservation of normothermia in those patients destined to become organ donors is an important part of maintaining the normal physiology of the organs and organ systems. Typical means of achieving normothermia include increasing the temperature of the ambient air, infrared warming lights, instillation of warmed intravenous fluids, and warm air or water blankets. In this prospective case series of five organ donors, we used an intravascular temperature modulation catheter (Alsius, Irvine, CA) to maintain normothermia in organ donors declared dead by neurological criteria. Data on accuracy of temperature maintenance at 37°C and nursing ease of use were collected. This intravascular temperature modulation catheter provided an accurate method of temperature regulation in brain death donor and easier to use from a nursing workload perspective. Intravascular warming is a viable method for the maintenance of normothermia in organ donors. The experience here provides some insight into the ability of these devices to warm patients in other clinical situations.
A randomized trial of carotid artery stenting with and without cerebral protection

Background The use of a distal filter cerebral protection device with carotid artery stenting is commonplace. There is little evidence, however, that filters are effective in preventing embolic lesions. This study examined the incidence of embolic phenomenon during carotid artery stenting with and without filter use. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, single-center study of carotid artery stenting with or without a distal cerebral protection filter. A 1:1 scheme was used to randomize 36 carotid artery stenting procedures in 35 patients. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW MRI) 24 hours after stenting was used to assess the occurrence of new embolic lesions. Blinded observers calculated lesion number and volume. Results The mean age was 78.6 ± 7.0 in the cerebral protection group compared with 74.1 ± 8.7 in the no cerebral protection group ( P = .92). Despite similar average age, the percentage of octogenarians was higher in the cerebral protection group (61.1% vs 22.2%; P = .04). Two procedures in the cerebral protection group were not successful. One was completed without protection because of inability to track the filter, and the second was aborted because of severe tortuosity with a later carotid endarterectomy. New MRI lesions were noted in 72% of the cerebral protection group compared with 44% in the no cerebral protection group ( P = .09). The average number of lesions in these patients was 6.1 and 6.2, respectively, with mean DW MRI lesion size of 16.63 mm 3 vs 15.61 mm 3 ( P = .79 and .49, respectively). Four strokes occurred (11%), two in each group, in patients aged 75, 80, 82, and 84 years. The only major stroke occurred in the no cerebral protection group. Conclusions The use of filters during carotid artery stenting provided no demonstrable reduction of microemboli, as expected. Routine use of cerebral protection filters should undergo a more critical assessment before mandatory universal adoption.
Self-aligned, gated field emitter arrays with integrated high-aspect-ratio current limiters

We report the fabrication of arrays of silicon field emitters with 1-micron pitch with integrated, self-aligned extractor gates and 10-micron tall high-aspect-ratio silicon vertical current limiters.
Spontaneous Formation of Mesoscale Polymer Patterns in an Evaporating Bound Solution

ten observed. The irregular multirings (‘coffee rings’) are formed via repeated pinning and depinning events (i.e., ‘stickslip’ motion) of the contact line. [4–6,10] The evaporation flux varies spatially, with the highest flux observed at the edge of the drop. Therefore, to form spatially periodic patterns at the microscopic scale, the flow field in an evaporating liquid must be delicately harnessed. In this regard, recently, a few attempts have been made to guide the droplet evaporation in a confined geometry [17–20] with [17] or without [18–22] the use of external fields. Patterns of remarkably high fidelity and regularity have been produced. [18–22] However, interfacial interactions between nonvolatile solutes and substrates govern the stability of thin films and have not been explored in these studies. The synergy of controlled self-assemblies of solutes, and their destabilization mediated by the interaction between solutes and substrates during the solvent evaporation, can
Teaching About and Understanding Intelligence Failures

“Why were we surprised?” is a question that recurs every semester in international relations and foreign policy classes. Case studies of intelligence failures are the most common way of introducing...
Ground-state q q ¯ mass spectrum in quantum chromodynamics

We use a relativistic equation of the Bethe-Salpeter type for quark-antiquark bound states in QCD. Its kernel, determined by the gluon propagator, is split into a constant part and a correction. This allows us to write the bound-state equation as an eigenvalue equation for an operator which can be identified as a nonrelativistic Hamiltonian for the $q\overline{q}$ system in the center-of-mass frame. The constant part of the kernel leads to a quark propagator indicative of confinement. With this propagator we obtain from the bound-state equation a good fit to both the pseudoscalar and vector ground-state masses for all flavor combinations. Our only inputs are the quark masses and one constant of dimensions of mass.
NMR Spectroscopic Assignment and Structure Determination of Membrane Proteins Reconstituted in Magnetically Aligned Bicelles

Magnetically aligned bicelles represent a nearly ideal mimetic for the structural studies of membrane proteins in their native lipid environment. Structures of several proteins reconstituted in bicelles have been obtained by solid-state NMR, including MerF, VPU, and Pf1.However, the assignment of NMR spectra of membrane proteins is usually performed by a laborious preparation of multiple selectively labeled samples, and a helical wheel-like arrangement of peaks is assumed. Here we have used a novel spectroscopic technique [1,2] to obtain spin correlations between the resonances and assigned the spectrum of uniformly 15N labeled Pf1 protein reconstituted in aligned bicelles. The peaks generally follow the (i, i+1) connectivity pattern, and yield the assignment identical to the previously established, albeit without using multiple labeled samples [3]. The method is generally applicable to membrane proteins of arbitrary topology. Long-range correlations (up to 6.7 A) can be observed that have a potential for establishing spectroscopic contacts between the neighboring transmembrane helices.Furthermore, we have developed an algorithm [4] that calculates three-dimensional structures of membrane proteins solely based on the dipolar couplings between the covalently bound spins. Structures of protein G and a helical hairpin of bacteriorhodopsin have been calculated from simulated solid-state NMR spectra as illustrative examples. Effect of experimental uncertainty has been assessed. Application of the algorithm to fully assigned three-dimensional NMR data of doubly (15N, 13C) labeled membrane proteins may allow one to obtain the entire backbone structure from a single spectrum.[1] A.A. Nevzorov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 11282-11283.[2] R.W. Knox, J. Lu, S.J. Opella, A.A. Nevzorov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 8255-8257.[3] S.J. Opella, A.C. Zeri, S.H. Park, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 59 (2008) 635-57.[4] Y.Y. Yin, A.A. Nevzorov, J. Magn. Reson. 212 (2011) 64-73.
Transfer decision making: different decision models depending on the transfer conditions?

This research explored if variables identified by past research as being important in transfer/ relocation decisions represented the underlying dimensions suggested by Brett and Reilly (1988) and Landau, Shamir and Arthur (1992). Results support and add to these results. Once these dimensions were substantiated, further analyses indicated that different categories of variables become important depending on the condition of transfer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dictyostelium huntingtin controls chemotaxis and cytokinesis through the regulation of myosin II phosphorylation

Abnormalities in the huntingtin protein (Htt) are associated with Huntington's disease. Despite its importance, the function of Htt is largely unknown. We show that Htt is required for normal chemotaxis and cytokinesis in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells lacking Htt showed slower migration toward the chemoattractant cAMP and contained lower levels of cortical myosin II, which is likely due to defects in dephosphorylation of myosin II mediated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). htt(-) cells also failed to maintain myosin II in the cortex of the cleavage furrow, generating unseparated daughter cells connected through a thin cytoplasmic bridge. Furthermore, similar to Dictyostelium htt(-) cells, siRNA-mediated knockdown of human HTT also decreased the PP2A activity in HeLa cells. Our data indicate that Htt regulates the phosphorylation status of myosin II during chemotaxis and cytokinesis through PP2A.
Identification of pseudoisoenzymic subforms of muscle carbonic anhydrase.

Abstract Rabbit muscle carbonic anhydrase III, a recently discovered third isoenzyme (possibly muscle specific) of carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) (Register, A.M., Koester, M.K. and Noltmann, E.A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4143–4152) has been subjected to isoelectric focusing. When monomer samples, shown to be homogeneous by both ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography, were analyzed by this technique, three subspecies were produced, which were similar in amino acid composition and specific CO 2 hydratase activity. In addition, to having either monomer or dimer status, the subspecies differed in the extent of oxidation of their sulhydryl groups and in their isoelectric pH values (9.3, 8.8, and 8.4, respectively). Also, the presence of dithiothreitol will affect their relative concentrations. These subforms are therefore designated as pseudoisoenzymes and are considered to be neither genetically nor functionally separate enzyme species.
Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition: Evidence of significant differences in tarsal coalition frequency

Abstract The relatively large number of naviculo-cuneiform I cases reported from Japan, and their rarity in American and European clinical literature, suggests that populations may vary in tarsal coalition frequency [Kumai T, Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Tamai S. Isolated first naviculocuneiform joint coalition. Foot Ankle Int 1996;17:635–40]. Our objective is to test for significant differences in naviculo-cuneiform I coalition frequency between geographically distinct populations. Skeletal remains from one African sample and two samples of European ancestry were analyzed. Fisher's Exact tests [Uitenbroek DG. Fisher Exact [online]. 2000 [cited 2004 March 10]. Available from: URL: http://home.clara.net/sisa/fisher.htm] were employed to identify sample differences ( α =0.05). Six cases of naviculo-cuneiform I coalition were identified in the African sample; no cases were found in the Danish or American samples. Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition was significantly more prevalent in South African Bantu than in medieval Danes ( p =0.014; 1− β =0.70) or the combined sample of European ancestry ( p =0.003; 1− β =0.83). Given the sample sizes studied, a statistical difference was not found between the American and South African samples ( p =0.087; 1− β =0.52). Population differences in naviculo-cuneiform I coalition are clinically relevant since tarsal coalition may be symptomatic and associated with other abnormalities. Carpal coalition and transposition of the maxillary canine and first premolar were each found to be significantly associated with naviculo-cuneiform I coalition.
Observations from the NASA multisatellite Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

Satellite measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are providing new insights into the earth radiation balance. The ERBE results indicate that clouds have more of a cooling effect than a greenhouse warming effect on the earth-atmosphere system. The largest net-radiation cooling appears over the midlatitude oceans in the summer hemisphere where maximum sunlight and maximum cloud cover occur. The ERBE data also have shown that many areas of the earth exhibit significant diurnal variations in both longwave and shortwave radiation. In order to assess future global climatic changes, a follow-on experiment to ERBE, called Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), has been selected to fly on the Earth Observing System in the the 1990's.
Terrorist Targeting: Tactics, Trends, and Potentialities

This article analyzes recent trends in international terrorism in the context of tactical and technological innovation. It argues that, while terrorists were undeniably more active and considerably more lethal during the 1980s compared to the 1970s, the targets they chose, the weapons they used, and the tactics they employed remained remarkably consistent. Thus radical in their politics, the vast majority of terrorist organizations appear to be conservative in their operations, adhering largely to the same limited operational repertoire year after year. What innovation does occur is mostly in the methods used to conceal and detonate explosive devices, not in their tactics or in their use of nonconventional weapons (i.e., chemical, biological, or nuclear). If, however, terrorist lethality continues to increase and the constraints, self‐imposed and otherwise, imposed on terrorists in the commission of mass murder erode further, actions involving chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons could become more att...
New program name shows research scope

The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program of Princeton University (Princeton, N.J.) has changed its name to the Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. The new name was chosen to better reflect the scope of research conducted by the students and staff of the program. Research areas range from climate dynamics, middle atmospheric dynamics and chemistry, radiative transfer, atmosphere-ocean interaction, and ocean geochemistry and the carbon cycle to large-scale atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, frontal dynamics, boundary layer turbulence, and fundamental problems in geophysical fluid dynamics.
BLOOD-SUCKING VECTORS OF ENCEPHALITIS: EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS (HUBBARD STRAIN) TO WHITE SWISS MICE BY THE AMERICAN DOG TICK, DERMACENTOR VARIABILIS SAY

(1) The common dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, is capable of being infected with the virus of St. Louis encephalitis, Hubbard strain, by feeding on inoculated animals and, once infected, can transmit the virus to normal susceptible animals by bite. (2) A female can transmit the infection to her offspring, through all stages of metamorphosis of the 2nd generation into the 3rd generation. (3) Ticks infected under laboratory conditions and kept inactive at a temperature of 12.5 degrees C., remained infective for at least a period of 10 months. Eggs laid by an infected female and stored in a refrigerator (12.5 degrees C.) for 10 months retained infective virus, and larvae hatched from such eggs at the end of the 10 months of dormancy were also infective. (4) The present work, a preliminary account of which appeared in December, 1941 (1, 2), is of theoretical significance since in so far as we are aware, it represents the first successful transmission of St. Louis encephalitis to experimental animals by a blood-sucking vector.
Dispersion of argininosuccinate synthetase-like human genes to multiple autosomes and the X chromosome

DNA sequences closely homologous to argininosuccinate synthetase are present at ten or more distinct locations in the human genome, including sites on chromosomes 6, 9 and X. Argininosuccinate synthetase thus represents one of the most widely dispersed multigene families described to date, the first instance of a multigene family associated with an enzyme of intermediary metabolism and, perhaps most striking, the first instance of a multigene family with members on both autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Ecstasy Use Among Hispanic and Black Substance Users in New York City

Surveillance data suggests that use of ecstasy in the U.S. is predominantly among white adolescent and young adults. To investigate ecstasy use among substance users in New York City we added questions to ongoing efforts to recruit heroin and cocaine users. Of 715 participants recruited, 58.3% were injection drug users (IDUs). The median age was 32 (range 17-64), 76.4% were male, 49.0% were currently homeless, 62.4% were Hispanic, 27.3% were black, and 34.5% were born outside the United States. Overall, 23.4% used ecstasy in their lifetime and 11.9% had used in the last-6 months. In multivariate logistic regression, correlates of lifetime ecstasy use included younger age, being born in the U.S., and current homelessness. We observed a significant interaction between injection drug use and race where, compared to black non-IDUs, Hispanic non-IDUs, and white IDUs were significantly more likely to have a history of lifetime ecstasy use while black IDUs were significantly less likely. These findings are limited to persons who use other drugs, but suggest that further investigation of ecstasy use in minority populations is warranted.
Studies of DNA Gyrase at the Single Molecule Level

Gyrase, a bacterial type II topoisomerase, is the only topoisomerase capable of introducing negative supercoils into DNA. Negative supercoiling results from the coordinated movement of double stranded DNA and protein domains linked to ATP hydrolysis. Thus, it is important to combine structural data with dynamic information of protein and/or DNA movements to obtain a comprehensive picture of the mechanism of gyrase. Although the structures of several individual domains of different type II enzymes have been elucidated, there are still no structures of the intact gyrase heterotetramer or an intact gyrase/DNA complex precluding the correlation of conformational changes in the protein with movements of DNA. To alleviate this shortcoming, we are combining structural and single molecule studies to investigate the conformational changes that occur in gyrase as it alters DNA topology. To facilitate our research, we have optimized a procedure for purifying stable gyrase/DNA complexes in the amounts required for biophysical studies. This method results in homogeneous complexes that are captured in well-defined states along the catalytic cycle. We are also developing a novel single molecule technique combining magnetic tweezers and fluorescence microscopy to study the movements of both protein and DNA during the DNA supercoiling process. The combination of dynamic single molecule and structural information promises to provide a more comprehensive picture of the mechanism used by this molecular machine to alter DNA topology.
Minimum spouting velocity of dense particles in shallow spouted beds

Quantitative method is used to experimentally measure the minimum spouting velocity in shallow conical spouted bed. And a new minimum spouting correlation for shallow conical spouted beds is developed. It is based on spherical ZrO2 particles whose density is as high as 5890 kg/m3 while the other Ums correlations published so far are mainly based on relatively deep conical beds composed of lower density particles with density around or lower than 3000 kg/m3. The new Ums correlation can predict Ums of heavy particles well within the range of the experimental matrix. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Two special metrics with R 14 -type holonomy

Two spacetime metrics are constructed that provide examples that were conjectured to exist in a recent paper by Hall and Lonie. The first metric is an Einstein space that has a null recurrent vector field. The second metric is conformally flat and also has a null recurrent vector field.
Transient Pulmonary Infiltrates Possibly Induced by Quinine Sulfate

Quinine sulfate, which has been available for many years, has not been implicated definitively in the development of pulmonary toxicity. A variety of adverse effects, however, have been reported with quinine administration. A 45-year-old woman with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis experienced wheezing, severe anxiety, breathlessness, cough, orthopnea, mild fever, chills, and pleuritic chest discomfort after taking a single dose of quinine for nocturnal leg cramps. Radiographic imaging demonstrated diffuse, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of pulmonary edema. No cause other than acute quinine ingestion could be identified despite thorough cardiac and infectious disease evaluations. Clinicians should be aware of a possible association between quinine sulfate and pulmonary toxicity.
Parallel genehunter: implementation of a linkage analysis package for distributed-memory architectures

We present a parallel algorithm for performing multipoint linkage analysis of genetic marker data on large family pedigrees. The algorithm effectively distributes both the computation and memory requirements of the analysis. We discuss an implementation of the algorithm in the Genehunter linkage analysis package (version 2.1), enabling Genehunter to run on distributed-memory platforms for the first time. Our preliminary benchmarks indicate reasonable scalability of the algorithm even for fixed-size problems, with parallel efficiencies of 75% or more on up to 128 processors. In addition, we have extended the hard-coded limit of 16 non-founding individuals in Genehunter 2.1 to a new limit of 32 non-founding individuals.
Effect of transjunctional KCl gradients on the spermine inhibition of connexin40 gap junctions.

Abstract Spermine inhibits rat connexin40 (Cx40) gap junctions. Glutamate residues at positions 9 and 13 and a basic amino acid (HKH) motif at positions 15–17 on the amino terminal domain are essential for this inhibitory activity. Questions remain as to whether spermine occludes the channel within the ion permeation pathway. To examine this question, cis or trans [KCl] was systematically lowered and the equilibrium dissociation constants ( K d ) and kinetics of unilateral spermine block on wild-type Cx40 gap junctions were determined. Asymmetric reductions in the trans [KCl] produced noticeable asymmetric shifts in the V 1/2 and G min values that progressively resembled G j - V j relationships observed in heterotypic connexin gap junction combinations. As cis or trans [KCl] was reduced by 25%, 50%, or 75% relative to the spermine-containing side, the transjunctional voltage ( V j )-dependent K d values increased or decreased, respectively. The spermine on-rates and off-rates, calculated from the junctional current decay and recovery time constants, were similarly affected. Hill coefficients for the spermine dose-response curves were ∼0.58, indicative of negative cooperativity and possible multiple spermine inhibitory sites. The equivalent "electrical distance" ( δ ) ranged from 0.61 at 25% cis [KCl] to 1.4 at 25% trans [KCl], with a Hill coefficient of 1.0. Symmetrical reductions in [KCl] resulted in intermediate decreases in the spermine K d s, indicative of a minor electrostatic effect and a more significant effect of the transjunctional KCl electrodiffusion potential on the spermine association and dissociation rates. These data are consistent with a single spermine molecule being sufficient to occlude the Cx40 gap junction channel within the KCl permeation pathway.
X-ray powder diffraction study of synthetic Palmierite, K 2 Pb(SO 4 ) 2

Palmierite (K2Pb(SO4)2) has been prepared via a chemical synthesis method. Intensity differences were observed when X-ray powder data from the newly synthesized compound were compared to the published powder diffraction card (PDF) 29-1015 for Palmierite. Investigation of these differences indicated the possibility of preferred orientation and/or chemical inhomogeneity affecting intensities, particularly those of the basal (00l) reflections. Annealing of the Palmierite was found to reduce the effects of preferred orientation. Electron microprobe analysis confirmed K:Pb:S as 2:1:2 for the for the annealed Palmierite powder. Subsequent least-squares refinement and Rietveld analysis of the annealed powder showed peak intensities very close to that of a calculated Palmierite pattern (based on single crystal data), yet substantially higher than many of the PDF 29-1015 published intensities. Further investigation of peak intensity variation via calculated patterns suggested that the intensity discrepancies between the annealed sample and those found in PDF 29-1015 were potentially due to chemical variation in the K2Pb(SO4)2 composition. X-ray powder diffraction and crystal data for Palmierite are reported for the annealed sample. Palmierite is trigonal/hexagonal with unit cell parameters a=5.497(1) A, c=20.864(2) A, space group R-3m(166), and Z=3.
High prevalence of atypical delayed enhancement in alkaptonuria

Background Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder with an incidence of 1 case in 250,000 to 1 million live births. This genetic abnormality involves the tyrosine metabolism pathway which results in homogentisic acid accumulation throughout various tissues, including the heart. The purpose of this study is to prospectively determine the prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities characterized by MRI in patients with alkaptonuria. Methods A group of 57 consecutive adult patients with laboratory confirmed alkaptonuria were referred for evaluation including transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac MRI, which included cine and phase contrast imaging at either 1.5T or 3T. Phase-sensitive inversion-recovery delayed enhancement imaging was performed after gadolinium-DTPA contrast administration. Late gadolinium enhancement patterns were determined by consensus read between two experienced cardiologists using a 17-segment model. Results Overall, 56 completed cine MRI, 53 received gadolinium contrast and 1 subject experienced claustrophobia precluding any imaging. Of the 56 who had CMR imaging, 77% (41 of 56) were male and the average age was 49 ± 12 years old. The prevalence of atypical delayed enhancement was 70% (37 of 53) and predominately involved the right ventricular insertion point (84%, 31 of 37 patients). Other delayed enhancement patterns included midwall (30%, 11 of 37), near aortic root (30%, 11 of 37), focal nodular (11%, 4 of 37), mitral papillary muscle involvement (8%, 3 of 37), and patchy/intermediate (5%, 2 of 37). Involvement of the right ventricular point has been associated with pulmonary hypertension; however, this group of alkaptonuria patients had normal estimated right ventricular systolic pressures measured on echocardiography performed within 1 day (median). The number of segments with atypical delayed enhancement was 2.7 ± 1.4 per patient. The prevalence of any atypical delayed enhancement trended higher for females vs. males (86% vs. 62%, p = NS) and was not associated with age. One subject had subendocardial delayed enhancement in a coronary artery distribution consistent with myocardial infarction. Conclusions Myocardial fibrosis based on late gadolinium enhancement abnormalities, especially involving the right ventricle insertion site, are common in patients with alkaptonuria despite not having pulmonary hypertension or cardiac structural abnormalities and suggests myocardial involvement due to this metabolic disorder. Further study is required to determine the etiology and clinical significance.
Putting space resources to work

Abstract Resource development in remote places on Earth has depended on government attitudes toward regional development, transport and local production costs, economic accessibility of external markets, and the availability of local markets. The initial stages of space resource development may well depend on a government-funded lunar science/engineering base for initial markets.
The Evidence is IN: Drills are OUT

Abstract: This article focuses on an aspect of traditional instruction — the form-only activities commonly called “drills,” “mechanical practice,” or “pattern practice.” The authors first distinguish language as an internalized system from language as a productive skill and review the nature of mechanical pratice. They contend that despite claims made about communicative language teaching and its goals, drills and form-only foreign language activities are still widely used in today's classrooms. After reviewing research on the utility of drills, the authors conclude that these activities are not necessary or beneficial for foreign language acquisition or the development of fluency and should be discarded from instructional practice
An extended Hückel molecular orbital approach to the study of the electronic structures and barriers to Syn–Anti interconversion in Syn purine nucleosides

The total energy and the electronic properties of some syn purine nucleosides have been determined as a function of the rotation angle around the C–N glycosidic linkage. Invariably, the crystallographic coordinates provide a state lying at or very near the minimum on the potential energy curve according to the extended Huckel parametrization here employed. The ribose moiety always carries a net positive charge whereas the base is always negatively charged. Changes in dipole moment magnitudes for the overall structure as well as in net atomic charges are noted upon rotation around the glycosidic linkage indicating that potential functions for polynucleotides may be in error if such changes are ignored.
Modification of biological parameters after treatment with recombinant factor VIIa in a patient with thrombocytopathy due to storage pool disease.

Patients with thrombocytopathy due to storage pool disease mostly suffer from mild bleeding diathesis. However surgical interventions can lead to excess bleeding. We describe how treatment with recombinant factor VIIa (Novoseven®) during a surgical procedure in a boy with SPD leads to an immediate rise in PF-4, thereby activating factor Xa on the platelet surface, leading to active thrombin generation.
The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877‐1933. By Edward O. Frantz. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011. 295 pp.

The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877-1933. By Edward O. Frantz. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011. 295 pp. Edward O. Frantz's Door of Hope examines a forgotten element of post-Reconstruction presidential politics, the Southern tours undertaken by Republican sitting presidents from Rutherford B. Hayes to William H. Taft. Frantz argues that the tours were attempts by Republican presidents both to create a truly national party and to "resolve their ... longstanding commitment to African American rights" (p. 3). If, as Frantz points out, these two goals were necessarily contradictory, he maintains that examining Republican presidents' attempts to harmonize them shows that the "Southern strategy" of post-World War II Republican presidents has a long history. Hayes and Harrison made appeals to equal rights, which subsumed the conflict over African American civil rights into vague generalities. Hayes took to the rostrum again and again during his 1877 tour to promote "the cause of Union" (p. 36), claiming that the Union and the Republican Party's only desire was that former Confederates should obey the Constitution, pronouncing himself satisfied by hearty applause following such lines. Harrison made similar appeals, stating in Knoxville in 1891 that "no community can safely divide on the question of implicit obedience to the law" (p. 70). Frantz shows how divergent audiences placed great emphasis on divining the meaning behind these seemingly anodyne statements. He notes that while previous historians have at times treated these comments as "sentimental bosh" (p. 36), these Southern tours attracted a great deal of attention, documented both in newspaper accounts and correspondence. Frantz shows that they attracted attention because contemporaries rightly saw them as attempts to broaden the political reach of the Republican Party, which would shape the direction of the party's policies in the South. But however warmly Southerners received Hayes and Harrison in public appearances, the presidents' emphasis on conciliation won them few Southern white votes. It also greatly alarmed African Americans, who saw the presidents demonstrate in these tours that one could not simultaneously appeal to white Southern voters and protect equal rights for blacks anywhere beyond the podium. If Hayes and Harrison pointed the way to a Republican Southern strategy, Frantz argues that William McKinley implemented it. In 1898, McKinley's words, actions, and omissions demonstrated his commitment to "reconciliation" with white Southerners at the expense of African Americans. …
Effects of kinetin on cell division, with special reference to initiation and duration of mitosis.

Kinetin, a substance recently isolated from DNA preparations, produced polyploidy and various forms of pycnosis in meristematic cells of growing onion roots. Non-toxic concentrations of the substance changed the mean durations of mitosis and interphase as well as the relative durations of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase in onion root tip cells. It was inferred that the time of the mitotic period was increased, while the duration of interphase was decreased by addition of kinetin to the medium. The phenomena observed are interpreted to be due to (a) a trigger action of kinetin some time during interphase, resulting in premature prophase initiation, and (b) effects of kinetin on the coiling cycle of the chromosomes. It is suggested that the activity of kinetin may in some way be associated with the RNA metabolism of the nucleus.
Minimum Spacing of Thermally Induced Cracks in Brittle Solids: Addendum

Sharper lower bounds for the minimum spacing of thermally induced tension cracks in brittle half-planes are presented, and four previous numerical estimates are improved.
The problem of human trafficking in the U.S.: Public frames and policy responses

Nine years after the passage of federal anti-trafficking legislation in the United States, fewer incidents of trafficking have been identified than original estimates of the problem predicted. Some scholars and commentators suggest that changes in the public framing of the trafficking problem aimed at advancing particular agendas are to blame. Yet no studies to date had measured such a reframing process and its attendant consequences. Using a natural history of social problems model (Spector & Kitsuse, 1973) as the theoretical framework to examine the framing of trafficking, this study analyzed text from U.S. newspaper articles about human trafficking from 1990 to 2006. Findings suggest the public framing of human trafficking has changed over time corresponding with the adoption of policies focused on national security and the identification, apprehension, and criminal prosecution of trafficking perpetrators. Challenges following such definitional shifts are discussed.
An overview of IBM service management

Information technology has become a key enabler for businesses in a wide variety of sectors (such as banking and health care) and is increasingly used to deliver their services. For these businesses, service excellence is increasingly a competitive differentiator, as customers need to rapidly adapt to changing conditions in the marketplace and create and deploy new services quickly and efficiently. However, service excellence can only be achieved through effective and efficient service management. IBM Service Management is an initiative to help businesses increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their services over the complete life cycle of service creation, deployment, and operations. IBM is bringing together the capabilities of its hardware, software, and consulting services organizations to help customers design, build, deploy, and manage these business services. IBM is also working closely with business partners and industry standards organizations to make this an industry-wide initiative. In this paper, we describe IBM Service Management and its role in improving all aspects of business services.
The Impact of Investor Status on Investors' Evaluation of Negative and Positive, Separate and Combined Information

This paper examines the impact of investor status (current and prospective) on investors' evaluation of information varying in valence (positive and negative) and in presentation mode (simultaneous and sequential). MBA graduates, proxying for investors, rated the relevance of positive and negative company information and the attractiveness of the company as an investment. Results indicate that (1) current (but not prospective) investors' relevance and attractiveness ratings are more favorable when negative information is presented sequentially (compared to simultaneously) with other negative information; (2) investors' investment attractiveness ratings are more favorable when negative and positive information are simultaneously (compared to sequentially) presented; and (3) investors' relevance and investment attractiveness ratings are more favorable when positive information is presented sequentially (compared to simultaneously) with other positive information. These findings are generally consistent with...
Drug enhancement of memory consolidation: historical perspective and neurobiological implications

Introduction Studies of drug enhancement of cognition began with Lashley’s (Psychobiology 1:141–170, 1917) report that strychnine administered before daily training trials enhanced rats’ maze learning. Many subsequent studies confirmed that finding and found that stimulant drugs also enhance the learning of a wide range of tasks.
Invited Commentary: Body Composition in Studies of Aging: New Opportunities to Better Understand Health Risks Associated with Weight

The expected increase in the proportion of older persons over the next century underscores the need to identify modifiable risk factors for disease and disability in this population. One such risk factor is weight, which plays a role in many of the diseases common in old age and contributes to risk of disability and death. However, there is confusion and controversy regarding health risks associated with weight in old age. The emergence of new technologies to assess body composition should allow opportunities to better understand health risks associated with weight in old age, as suggested by the new report in this issue of the Journal. While application of these technologies to population studies will still require careful attention to methodological caveats important in studies of weight, the ability to separately examine lean mass, bone, and fat should shed light on the underlying biologic processes pertinent to risk.