cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel inhibitors of InhA efficiently kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become a serious global health threat, which is now complicated by the emergence of extensively drug-resistant strains. New drugs that are active against drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) are needed. We chose to search for new inhibitors of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase InhA, the target of the first-line TB drug isoniazid (also known as isonicotinoic acid hydrazide [INH]). A subset of a chemical library, composed of 300 compounds inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum enoyl reductase, was tested against M. tuberculosis. Four compounds were found to inhibit M. tuberculosis growth with MICs ranging from 1 μM to 10 μM. Testing of these compounds against M. tuberculosis in vitro revealed that only two compounds (CD39 and CD117) were bactericidal against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. These two compounds were also bactericidal against M. tuberculosis incubated under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, CD39 and CD117 exhibited increased bactericidal activity when used in combination with INH or rifampin, but CD39 was shown to be toxic to eukaryotic cells. The compounds inhibit InhA as well the fatty acid synthase type I, and CD117 was found to also inhibit tuberculostearic acid synthesis. This study provides the TB drug development community with two chemical scaffolds that are suitable for structure-activity relationship study to improve on their cytotoxicities and bactericidal activities in vitro and in vivo.
A similarity solution for the solidification of a multicomponent alloy

A similarity solution for a multicomponent solidification model is introduced. The model includes a complete coupling of solute and temperature fields in the mushy region, a eutectic reaction, macrosegregation, microsegregation and fluid flow. The similarity solution is demonstrated on comparing its results with predictions obtained from a full numerical solution.
Alban Berg’s Piano Sonata, Op. 1: a Landmark in Early Twentieth‐Century Music

Eventually published in 1926, the Piano Sonata, Op. 1, was completed in 1908, the year after Berg terminated his formal studies with Arnold Schoenberg, and first performed in Vienna in 1911. Berg's decision to assign the first opus number in his compositional canon to this piece was highly significant, since it clearly indicated the status that he accorded to such extraordinary music. The Sonata is one of the most expressive instrumental compositions of the early twentieth century – comparable, for example, to works by Debussy such as L’isle joyeuse (1904) and Bartok's Sonata for piano (1926). The present article situates the work in its contemporary context, illuminating points of theoretical significance as they relate to the composer's ongoing creative development and distinctive musical language.
Using a database-driven website to track sensitive data use

To ensure that the University of Delaware is doing its best to reduce the chance of identity theft and to help the University meet the obligations imposed by laws regarding personal information, the University developed a campaign to educate faculty and staff about the proper use of Social Security Numbers (SSNs). A team from the Information Technology Department was assigned to work on this project.The first step in this campaign was to ask each department to provide us with information about their use of SSNs. The team designed a web survey to help determine: How and why different University units acquire SSNs.How SSNs are being stored.How SSNs are being guarded.The SSN is currently the student ID, but will be replaced with another identifier in the summer of 2006 when the new Student Information System is implemented.Data from the survey was loaded into an online database for the IT staff members. . The committee used the database as a tool to follow up with departments who responded to the survey. The paper will discuss the project timeline and campaign process. It will also detail the development and use of the online database as a tool to record information and track progress.
A Comparison of the Coefficients in the Richardson and Zaki's and Steinour's Equations Relating to the Behavior of Concentrated Suspensions

Abstract Steinour and Richardson and Zaki proposed relationships to explain the hindered settling phenomena from their independent experiments about 10 years apart. An attempt has been made to compare the coefficients and derive a relationship between Steinour's parameter A and Richardson and Zaki's parameter n. It is possible to express this relationship in the form of an equation involving parameters for which values can be assigned. Theoretically, this derived relationship should be applicable to any sedimenting suspension which obeys both Steinour's and Richardson and Zaki's equations. This derived expression has been evaluated for various experimentally determined values of A and n. The experimental systems which have been tested include calcium carbonate suspensions in water, sucrose-water, and glycerin-water solutions, and ethyl alcohol and magnesium hydroxide suspensions in glycerin-water, sucrose-water and sorbitol-water solutions. The calculated values have been shown to agree well with experime...
The quaking I-5 protein (QKI-5) has a novel nuclear localization signal and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Abstract The mouse quaking (qk) gene is essential in both myelination and early embryogenesis. Its product, QKI, is an RNA-binding protein belonging to a growing protein family called STAR (signal transduction andactivator of RNA). All members have an ∼200-amino acid STAR domain, which contains a single extended heteronuclear ribonucleoprotein K homologue domain flanked by two domains called QUA1 and QUA2. We found that QKI isoforms could associate with each other, while one of the lethal mutationsqkI kt4 with a single amino acid change in QUA1 domain, leads to a loss of QKI self-interaction. This suggests that the QUA1 domain is responsible for QKI dimerization. Three QKI isoforms have different carboxyl termini and different subcellular localization. Here, using GFP fusion protein, we identified a 7-amino acid novel nuclear localization sequence in the carboxyl terminus of QKI-5, which is conserved in a subclass of STAR proteins containing SAM68 and ETLE/T-STAR. Thus, we name this motif STAR-NLS. In addition, the effects of active transcription, RNA-binding and self-interaction on QKI-5 localization were analyzed. Furthermore, using an interspecies heterokaryon assay, we found that QKI-5, but not another STAR protein ETLE, shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which suggests that QKI-5 functions in both cell compartments.
Science, socioenvironmental inequality, and childhood lead poisoning

Studies of socioenvironmental inequality in the United States have focused primarily on adults as opposed to children, and they tend to neglect institutional conflicts over the production, dissemination, and encoding of scientific knowledge into policy‐relevant frameworks. Drawing from public‐health historical accounts, the medical literature on lead poisoning, the sociology of environmental conflicts, and studies of the production of scientific knowledge, this article addresses two questions: What is the sociopolitical basis of these conflicts? How did they affect the timing and capacity of national legislation to prevent lead poisoning from leaded gasoline? The article concludes by finding that environmental‐exposure studies shaped the definition of childhood lead poisoning as a national public‐health problem. By analyzing scientific‐knowledge production conflicts over the safety and health effects of leaded gasoline we can better understand the persistence of children's lead exposure as a basic socioen...
Quantitative analysis of the dendritic branching pattern of small pyramidal cells from adult rat somesthetic and visual cortex.

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of Golgi-impregnated neurons was studied using modern data collecting techniques. Branch length and branch angle distributions of the bifurcating dendritic structure were examined and found to have a wide continuous range of observed values. These types of distributions imply a stochastic design for the bifurcating structure. No apparent pattern was found in the branching configuration. However more work is needed to examine all possible correlations between the observed classes of measured values. Basal dendrites seem to follow the same stochastic branching pattern where branch segment distributions even have the same parameters. However, some basal dendrites have more nodes and hence greater total length. In fact, the total length of each dendrite was the only parameter useful in distinguishing between neurons of the visual and somesthetic areas.
Association of lipid oxidation with seed ageing and death

SEEDS usually exhibit their maximum germination potential soon after harvest, and as storage time increases, they lose vigour and eventually die. The rate of physiological ageing generally increases with increased moisture content and temperature1. In addition, certain xerophytic storage fungi (primarily Aspergillus spp.) can attack seeds in storage when seed moisture content is in equilibrium with relative humidities greater than 65% (ref. 1), and cause changes that mimic physiological ageing. Physiological changes accompanying physiological ageing1–5 and attack by storage fungi5 have been catalogued, but the basic biochemical events leading to these changes are not known. Harrington1 and Pammenter et al.6, however, have suggested that oxidation of unsaturated lipids may lead to free-radical formation. Free radicals may then damage cellular membranes and react destructively with macromolecules. Similar suggestions have been presented to explain ageing in several other systems7, and the results of experiments reported here indicate that free-radical formation may be important in seed deterioration. Theories of mechanisms of lipid oxidation indicate that fatty acids with two or more unsaturated bonds should be more labile and prone to form free radicals than more highly saturated acids8,9. Thus, if fatty acid oxidation and free-radical formation are occurring, the highly unsaturated acids should decrease as seeds deteriorate, whereas the quantity of saturated fats should remain constant in the absence of beta oxidation.
Introduction: Globalization and Social Change in Latin America

The reemergence of formal democracy in Latin America during the 1980s and 1990s was but one step in the most recent attempts at constructing democracy. Beyond the creation of formal democratic institutions lies the more difficult task of democratic consolidation, which involves the extension of substantive social, political, and civil rights to the entire population. This outcome does not easily follow from the institutionalization of electoral competition. A critical dimension of democracy-the presence of autonomous and empowered citizens-is often undermined by clientelist social relations. Indeed, clientelism has historically coexisted with a variety of social and political forms, from a formal system in feudalism to more subtle forms in contemporary democracies. In the Third World, clientelism began most forcefully with incorporation into the expanding international economy. As capitalism expanded and new regions were incorporated as primary-product producers, the process inhibited industrialization and the growth of an organized working class. As a result, subordinate-class enfranchisement and political participation were often initiated and constrained by segments of the dominant classes competing for control of the state. In Latin America, the principal forms of political participation have continued to follow this logic. Embedded in contemporary Latin American societies are "rituals of marginality" whereby the relations between the dominant capitalist class and the popular classes are expressed in the favor-producing exchanges of patron-client relations. These relations, through which goods and services are exchanged between classes of unequal power, serve to maintain unequal power relations. Organizing and mobilizing the subordinate classes in order to undermine clientelism and prioritize the needs and interests of the majority have proved
Search for flavor changing neutral currents KL0 → μ±e∓, e+e−, and π0e+e−☆

We report on a search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decays KL0 → π0e+e−, KL0 → e+e−, and KL0 → μ±e∓. 90% confidence limits obtained for these processes are BR(KL0 → π0e+e−) < 3.2 · 10−7, BR (KL0 → e+e−) < 1.2 · 10−9. and BR(KL0 → μ±e∓) < 1.9 · 10−9.
Gas-phase chemistry of metalorganic and nitrogen-bearing compounds

Abstract The gas-phase chemistry and reactions between trimethyl gallium ((CH 3 ) 3 )Ga, TMGa) and ammonia (NH 3 ) were investigated by the use of quantum chemical calculations employing density functional theory techniques. Reactive intermediates and reaction pathways originating from the initial formation of the gas-phase adduct between TMGa and NH 3 were identified. The lowest activation Gibbs free energy for the formation of methane for these reactions involving the TMGa : NH 3 adduct is 34 kcal/mol. In addition, a further reaction intermediate was identified having the stoichiometry TMGa : (CH 3 ) 2 GaNH 2 : NH 3 , and this intermediate eliminates methane with a low Gibbs free energy activation barrier of 20 kcal/mol. Therefore, it appears that the production of methane from TMGa and NH 3 may be an autocatalytic process. The implications for reactor design and growth are discussed.
X. Speculations on the Energy Band Structure of Zinc-Blende-Type Crystals∗

ABSTRACT We have developed a semi-empirical perturbation scheme for the purpose of relating the energy band structures of diamond-type and zinc-blende-type crystals. Our sole objective is to predict the approximate location of the valence and conduction band edges in the reduced zone for some of the better known zinc-blende-type crystals. In this paper we explain how the perturbation scheme operates. Since a more complete account will appear in The Physical Review (Herman 1955), we will restrict ourselves here only to the essentials. A brief discussion of the effect of the spin-orbit interaction upon the band structure of zinc-blende-type crystals is also included in the present paper. † Communicated by the Author.
Optimal dynamics of environmental quality in economies in transition1

Environmental pressures in the transition economies of the post-Soviet era affect not only the quality of life for local populations, but also other key economic issues such as privatization and employment by posing obstacles to their progress. Most studies addressing the environment in transition economies are empirical or analyze the effect of environmental protection on economic variables without first establishing an underlying framework together with the optimal path of environmental quality during the transition. This paper presents such a framework and a policy rule for attainment of the optimal balance between capital and environmental quality in economies in transition. Furthermore, the model shows that pollution taxes or tradable pollution permits are by themselves insufficient to implement the social optimum in a decentralized economy. The results of the model are consistent with depressed economic activity in those economies during an initial phase, and with the diversity of environmental policies in both Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Newly Independent States (NIS).
Predator deterrence of early developmental stages of temperate lecithotrophic asteroids and holothuroids

Lecithotrophic echinoderm eggs and larvae are likely to possess deterrents to predation because they are large, lack behavioral defenses, and are often conspicuously colored. We performed laboratory feeding assays to test deterrence in multiple developmental stages of common shallow-water lecithotrophic asteroids and holothuroids in the San Juan Islands, Washington (seven asteroids, five holothuroids) to five functionally diverse, potentially sympatric predators (sculpins, shrimp, ascidians, and two species of anemones). At least one developmental stage of most echinoderm species tested deterred at least one predator (causing food rejection). Using sculpins as predators, the hypothesis that deterrence varied among developmental stages of a species was rejected for the four echinoderm species in which older embryos were tested. Different predator species often responded differently to the same developmental stage. Compared to the invertebrate predators, sculpins were usually the most sensitive assay predator. The present results provide additional support for the hypothesis that lecithotrophic eggs and larvae are deterrent, and in this study the deterrents persisted through early life stages. Because these stages lack obvious structural or behavioral defenses, the most likely source of their deterrence is chemical.
A comparison of self-control and assertion skills treatment of depression

Fuchs and Rehm (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 206–215) have previously reported on a group administered, behavioral, self-control therapy program which was found to be clinically effective in modifying depression. This study replicates those procedures and compares them to a behavioral assertion skills training program. Twenty-four depresed women from the community were seen for six weekly group sessions in either the assertion skills or self-control condition. Level of depression was assessed at four points spaced at 6-week intervals: screening, pretherapy, post-therapy, and follow-up. Results suggested that self-control subjects improved more on measures of self-control, assertion skill subjects improved more on assertion skill measures, and self-control subjects improved more on both self-report and behavioral measures of depression. Results were discussed in terms of the effectiveness of the self-control program and implications regarding self-control deficits in depression.
A parallel study of the amnesic effects of cycloheximide and ECS under different strengths of conditioning.

Delay of punishment 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 sec after the step-through response in a one trial passive avoidance task was used to obtain in mice conditioned responses of different strengths. Both cycloheximide and ECS given immediately after training had a greater amnesic effect upon the weaker conditioned responses obtained with the longer delays of punishment. A proactive effect of ECS, but not of cycloheximide, was demonstrated with the weaker conditioned responses.
The New Stepfamily Requires a New Public Policy

About one-fourth of all children born in the 1980s will live with a stepparent before they reach legal adulthood. Despite the prevalence of stepfamilies and their importance in nurturing children and protecting them from poverty, they have been largely ignored in state and federal policy. In this article we first analyze demographic data, focusing on the supportive yet fragile stepparent-stepchild relationship. Second, we review existing state and federal stepparent policies, with a critical eye to their shortcomings. Finally, we propose a new conceptualization of the stepparent-stepchild relationship in which stepchildren receive the same protections under law as do natural children, and in which stepparents who are functioning as de facto parents have the same rights and obligations as do natural parents, and a limited set of rights and obligations should the marriage terminate.
The structure and development of a somatotopic map in crickets: The cercal afferent projection

Abstract A group of club-shaped sensilla called clavate hairs, located on the cercus of crickets (Acheta domesticus), are part of a specialized sensory system which monitors the orientation of a cricket with respect to the earth's gravitational field. The clavate hairs occur in rows which run proximodistally on the medial aspect of the cercus and each hair can be identified by specifying which row a hair is in and what position it is in within the row. The array of hairs is constant from individual to individual, and thus each hair can be identified in each specimen. The soma of a single bipolar sensory neuron is located in the integument below each hair; its dendrite projects into the hair and its axon projects to a well-defined area of the abdominal ganglion called the cercal glomerulus. All of the neurons within a row project to a particular area of the cercal glomerulus and different rows project to different areas within the glomerulus. Within a row neurons project to slightly different parts of the target area for that row. Thus a highly ordered projection pattern is produced which is tentatively called somatotopic. The development of the first clavate neuron to appear was examined from the first instar to the adult instar. The terminal arborization of this first hair was in no way unusual and its growth paralleled ganglion growth, maintaining a relatively constant position with respect to ganglion coordinates. A second clavate neuron behaved similarly, its arborization was fully formed when the receptor first appeared in the third instar and merely enlarged as the ganglion grew.
Investigations into Ripple Wavelength in Evaporated Thin Films by Lorentz Microscopy

A systematic experimental study of ripple wavelength by Lorentz microscopy in NiFe alloy films was carried out. The following should be noted: 1. The only possible way to determine experimentally a meaningful wavelength is to evaluate visually well-defined ripple high-contrast lines on a photomicrograph. 2. The average wavelength determined in this way is of the order of 1 μm. This value is in reasonable agreement with the main wavelength predicted by the theories developed by others. However, the predicted slight dependence of this observed wavelength on substrate deposition temperature and alloy composition was not observed. On the other hand, the strong dependence of the measured wavelength on the external magnetic fields is in good agreement with that predicted theoretically. Systematische experimentelle Untersuchungen der Wellenlange von Riefelungsstrukturen („ripple”) wurden mit Hilfe der Lorentzmikroskopie in NiFe-Filmen ausgefuhrt. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden gefunden: 1. Die einzig mogliche Methode, auf experimentellen Wege eine sinnvolle Wellenlange zu bestimmen, ist es, eine durch Linien hohen Kontrastes wohldefinierte Riefelungsperiodizitat auf mikrophotographischen Aufnahmen visuell auszuwerten. 2. Die mittlere Wellenlange, die auf diese Art bestimmt werden konnte, ist von der Grosenordnung 1 μm. Dieser Wert befindet sich in vernunftiger Ubereinstimmung mit der Hauptwellenlange, wie sie von den Theorien verschiedener Autoren vorausgesagt wird. Jedoch wurde die vorhergesagte geringe Abhangigkeit dieser beobachteten Wellenlange von der Temperatur der Unterlage wahrend der Bedampfung und der Legierungszusammensetzung nicht beobachtet. Andererseits ist die starke Abhangigkeit der gemessenen Wellenlange vom angelegten magnetischen Feld in guter Ubereinstimmung mit der Theorie.
Cellular therapy for liver disease.

Regenerative medicine is energizing and empowering basic science and has the potential to dramatically transform health care in the future. Given the remarkable intrinsic regenerative properties of the liver, as well as widespread adoption of regenerative strategies for liver disease (eg, liver transplant, partial hepatectomy, living donor transplant), hepatology has always been at the forefront of clinical regenerative medicine. However, an expanding pool of patients awaiting liver transplant, a limited pool of donor organs, and finite applicability of the current surgical approaches have created a need for more refined and widely available regenerative medicine strategies. Although cell-based therapies have been used extensively for hematologic malignant diseases and other conditions, the potential application of cellular therapy for acute and chronic liver diseases has only more recently been explored. New understanding of the mechanisms of liver regeneration and repair, including activation of local stem/progenitor cells and contributions from circulating bone marrow–derived stem cells, provide the theoretical underpinnings for the rational use of cell-based therapies in clinical trials. In this review, we dissect the scientific rationale for various modalities of cell therapy for liver diseases being explored in animal models and review those tested in human clinical trials. We also attempt to clarify some of the important ongoing questions that need to be addressed in order to bring these powerful therapies to clinical translation. Discussions will cover transplant of hepatocytes and liver stem/progenitor cells as well as infusion or stimulation of bone marrow–derived stem cells. We also highlight tremendous scientific advances on the horizon, including the potential use of induced pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives as individualized regenerative therapy for liver disease.
Pharmacotherapy of Comorbid Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders

Mood and anxiety disorders commonly co-occur with substance use disorders. Exploration of the neurobiology of substance use disorders and mood and anxiety disorders have found that the neural circuitry in mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders is clearly overlapping. These discoveries have encouraged the exploration of a number of pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of co-occurring mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. In this article, recent data on the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of mood and anxiety disorders in individuals with substance use disorders are reviewed. Some of the barriers to the use of pharmacotherapy in individuals with substance use disorders are discussed.
Internalization of lymphocyte membrane components

The functions of lymphocytes, in particular their participation in immune responses, depends on the expression and properties of several molecules that are present on their membranes at different steps in their development and activation. One way to probe this complex and various set of events is to follow the movement of the membrane molecules in different lymphocytes and in different functional conditions and, more specifically, to study their internalization and subsequent fate. In this article, Benvenuto Pernis summarizes the main facts concerning internalization of lymphocyte membrane components, either spontaneous or induced by cross-linking agents, and discusses what they tell us about the physiology of lymphocytes.
An evaluation of the impact of component-based architectures on software reusability

Abstract Component-based software development offers a promising solution to the production of complex distributed large-scale software systems. Development for reuse—the production of reusable components—and development with reuse—the production of systems with reusable components—provide the characteristics necessary to break the complexity of large-scale distributed systems. Two criteria for reuse in component-based architectures (CBAs) include inter-operability (focus on development for reuse) and integration (focus on development with reuse). Interoperability concerns how well components interact and integration defines how well components plug and play. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of three popular CBAs, namely, Enterprise Java Beans, Distributed interNetwork Architecture, and Object Management Architecture on reusability. A framework is introduced for a systematic and comprehensive analysis and evaluation of CBAs. The proposed framework is used to determine which of the above architectures more effectively addresses integration and interoperability. The results allow businesses to determine which CBA, of the above three, is ideal for reuse for a particular application. Further research opportunities in this area are discussed at the end.
Cultural Preservation and Liberal Values: A Reply to William James Booth

William James Booth elaborates three main challenges to my social lineage account (Patten 2011). Conceptually, he finds the proposal to be question-beginning. Normatively, he thinks that it has objectionable implications. And, substantively, he claims that the proposal is unhelpful, in that it fails to explain a case of theoretical importance for multiculturalism. In this reply, I argue that each of these challenges misses the target. The social lineage account continues to offer a promising, nonessentialist basis for normative multiculturalism.
Visual, Material and Print Culture in Nineteenth-Century Ireland

Visual, Material and Print Culture in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. Ciara Breathnach and Catherine Lawless, eds., Dublin: Four Courts, 2010. pp.273, 46 illustrations, 5 tables. ISBN 978-1-84682-231-5...
Flood‐loss modelling for assessing impacts of flood‐frequency adjustment, Middle Mississippi River, USA

This study modelled flood losses (economic damages) along the Middle Mississippi River (MMR) (1) using current US government estimates of flow frequencies and (2) using frequencies based on the original, unaltered discharge measurements. The official flood frequencies were quantified in the Upper Mississippi River System Flow Frequency Study (UMRSFFS), but as a last step in that study, early discharges along the MMR were reduced by up to 54% to reflect a purported bias in early measurements. Subsequently, early discharge measurements were rigorously tested, and no such bias was found. Here, flood damages were quantified using a combination of one-dimensional hydraulic modelling and flood-loss modelling. For all recurrence intervals, damages were much less using the UMRSFFS flow frequencies compared with the frequencies based on the original discharge measurements, with differences ranging up to 79% (100-year event) and $2.9bn (200-year event). Annualized losses in the study area based on the UMRSFFS frequencies were just $41.6m versus $125.6m using the raw frequencies (an underestimation of 67%). These totals do not include flood losses elsewhere along the MMR, including in metropolitan St Louis. In summary, a seemingly small methodological adjustment – in this case, a single hidden adjustment, not documented anywhere within the UMRSFFS – can have dramatic societal impacts in terms of underestimation of flood probabilities and flood risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ankle kinematics of individuals with chronic ankle instability while walking and jogging on a treadmill in shoes.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate frontal and sagittal plane ankle kinematics between subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and healthy controls while walking and jogging shod on a treadmill. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Motion analysis laboratory. Participants Fifteen subjects with self-reported CAI and 13 healthy subjects volunteered. Main outcome measures Sagittal and frontal plane ankle kinematics were calculated throughout the gait cycle. For each speed, the means and associated 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in each plane across the entire gait cycle and increments in which the CI bands for the groups did not cross each other for at least 3 consecutive percentage points of the gait cycle were identified. Results At various increments while both walking and jogging, CAI subjects were found to be more plantar flexed compared to controls. In the frontal plane, CAI subjects were found to be more inverted at three different increments while jogging only. Conclusions While shod, kinematic differences were observed between groups. The alterations may indicate that while shod, CAI subjects may adjust their gait in order to successfully accomplish the given task.
Nonnegative normal matrices

A structural characterization is given for the class of those nonnegative matrices for which the transpose is a polynomial in the matrix with the polynomial having nonnegative coefficients and no constant term.
Product line selection and pricing under a share-of-surplus choice model

Abstract Product line selection and pricing decisions are critical to the profitability of many firms, particularly in today’s competitive business environment in which providers of goods and services are offering a broad array of products to satisfy customer needs. We address the problem of selecting a set of products to offer and their prices when customers select among the offered products according to a share-of-surplus choice model. A customer’s surplus is defined as the difference between his utility (willingness to pay) and the price of the product. Under the share-of-surplus model, the fraction of a customer segment that selects a product is defined as the ratio of the segment’s surplus from this particular product to the segment’s total surplus across all offered products with positive surplus for that segment. We develop a heuristic procedure for this non-concave, mixed-integer optimization problem. The procedure utilizes simulated annealing to handle the binary product selection variables, and a steepest-ascent-style procedure that relies on certain structural properties of the objective function to handle the non-concave, continuous portion of the problem involving the prices. We also develop a variant of our procedure to handle uncertainty in customer utilities. In computational studies, our basic procedures perform extremely well, producing solutions whose objective values are within about 5% of those obtained via enumerative methods. Our procedure to handle uncertain utilities also performs well, producing solutions with expected profit values that are roughly 10% higher than the corresponding expected profits from solutions obtained under the assumption of deterministic utilities.
Neuroscience of alcoholism: molecular and cellular mechanisms

Alcohol use and abuse appear to be related to neuroadaptive changes at functional, neurochemical, and structural levels. Acute and chronic ethanol exposure have been shown to modulate function of the activity-dependent gene transcription factor, cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB) protein in the brain, which may be associated with the development of alcoholism. Study of the downstream effectors of CREB have identified several important CREB-related genes, such as neuropeptide Y, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, and corticotrophin-releasing factor, that may play a crucial role in the behavioral effects of ethanol and molecular changes in the specific neurocircuitry that underlie both alcohol addiction and a genetic predisposition to alcoholism. Brain chromatin remodeling due to histone covalent modifications may also be involved in mediating the behavioral effects and neuroadaptive changes that occur during ethanol exposure. This review outlines progressive neuroscience research into molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism.
Total Ionizing Dose Effects in MOS and Low-Dose-Rate-Sensitive Linear-Bipolar Devices

An overview is presented of total ionizing dose (TID) effects in MOS and bipolar devices from a historical perspective, focusing primarily on work presented at the annual IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC). From the founding of the IEEE NSREC in 1964 until ~1976, foundational work led to the discovery of TID effects in MOS devices, the characterization of basic charge transport and trapping processes in SiO2, and the development of the first generations of metal-gate radiation-hardened MOS technologies. From ~1977 until ~1985, significant progress was made in the understanding of critical defects and impurities that limit the radiation response of MOS devices. These include O vacancies in SiO2, dangling Si bonds at the Si/SiO2 interface, and hydrogen. In addition, radiation-hardened Si-gate CMOS technologies were developed. From ~1986 until ~1997, a significant focus was placed on understanding postirradiation effects in MOS devices and implementing hardness assurance test methods to qualify devices for use in space systems. Enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity (ELDRS) was discovered and investigated in linear bipolar devices and integrated circuits. From ~1998 until the present, an increasing focus has been placed on theoretical studies enabled by rapidly advancing computational capabilities, modeling and simulation, effects in ultra-thin oxides and alternative dielectrics to SiO2, and in developing a comprehensive model of ELDRS.
Fiber optic oscilloscope probe

Summary form only given, as follows. In the recent development of high voltage solid state pulsed power systems the ability to analyze low voltage signals in a high voltage environment has been a problem. The amplitude of any ground bounce from the high voltage pulse can make the interpretation of low voltage diagnostic signals difficult with industry standard probes. The paper explains the development of a fiber optic voltage probe for the oscilloscope. Included are explanations of the probes design, function, limitations, and comparisons with standard probes in a high voltage pulsed power environment.
Simplified Moment Redistribution of Hybrid HPS 485W Bridge Girders in Negative Bending

Simplified moment redistribution procedures based on shakedown have recently been approved by AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (AASHTO 2004). These procedures are currently only applicable for homogeneous girders, and thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate whether these procedures can be further applied for hybrid HPS 485W girders. A parametric study is carried out using validated three-dimensional finite-element (FE) analyses to study the inelastic behavior of hybrid HPS 485W girders in negative bending for this purpose. The effective plastic moments obtained from the FE studies are compared with those from the proposed prediction equations, where good correlation is observed. A design example of a three-span slab-on-girder bridge with hybrid HPS 485W girders using both elastic design and the simplified moment redistribution procedures is also presented, where it is shown that the use of moment redistribution procedures results in a negative bending section that is 13% lighter than the ...
Multiple residues contribute independently to differences in ligand recognition between vesicular monoamine transporters 1 and 2.

Abstract The two closely related vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) 1 and 2 differ substantially in ligand recognition. The neuronal VMAT2 exhibits a higher affinity for monoamine substrates and in particular for histamine as well as a greater sensitivity to the inhibitor tetrabenazine than the nonneuronal VMAT1. The analysis of chimeric transport proteins has previously shown that two major domains, one spanning transmembrane domains (TMDs) 5–8 (TMD5–8) and the other, TMDs 9–12 (TMD9–12), are required for the high affinity interactions characteristic of VMAT2. Using site-directed mutagenesis to replace residues in TMD5–8 of VMAT2 with the equivalent residues from VMAT1, we now show that the sensitivity of VMAT2 to tetrabenazine requires Ala-315, and this interaction occurs independently of the interaction with residues in TMD9–12. The ability to recognize histamine as a substrate depends on Pro-237, and the contribution of TMD9–12 to histamine recognition appears to involve a common mechanism. In contrast, the replacement of many residues in TMD5–8 of VMAT2 with equivalent residues from VMAT1 improves the recognition of both serotonin and tryptamine, and these mutations show a dominant effect on the recognition of both tryptamine and serotonin over mutations in TMD9–12. The results indicate that different ligands interact through distinct mechanisms with the VMATs and that the recognition of each ligand involves multiple, independent interactions with the transport protein.
Seafloor Properties From Penetrometer Tests

Quasi-static and freely falling dynamic penetrometers are currently in extensive use for measuring the mechanical properties of sediments composing the littoral seafloor. Sediments in this zone are often inhomogeneous both laterally and with depth so that it is difficult to predict burial of mines and other objects when relying on models that assume uniform, homogeneous sediment. The results of penetrometer tests discussed in this paper show that there can be a wide spread in the penetration resistance that is measured depending on the degree of sediment inhomogeneity and the rate of penetration. Moreover, the dilative response of granular strata appears to further complicate matters because of the sudden, large changes in shear strength that can occur. As a result, mine burial models currently in use, which often rely on simple strain-rate factors and shear strength determined from experiments utilizing uniform, reconstituted sediment, do not appear to be adequate to handle real in situ conditions in many cases. The objective of this paper is to obtain a better understanding of in situ properties and how they may be incorporated into various burial models.
A quantitative trait locus influencing BMI maps to the region of the adrenergic receptor

The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) has been implicated as a regulator of energy expenditure, and a polymorphism in codon 64 of this gene (Trp64Arg) has been associated in some studies with obesity and insulin resistance. However, many studies have failed to detect an effect of this variant, and the importance of the Trp64Arg variant in human obesity remains controversial. We performed a quantitative linkage analysis of the ADRB3 and obesity, using 12 markers (including the intragenic Trp64Arg polymorphism) spanning a 57-cM region of chromosome 8. The study population consisted of 470 individuals from 10 large multigenerational families of Mexican-American ancestry residing in San Antonio, TX. In two-point analysis, logarithm of odds (LOD) scores >1.0 were observed for six markers surrounding ADRB3 in a 33-cM region spanned by markers D8S1477 and D8S1136. The multipoint LOD score was 3.21, occurring between markers D8S1121 and ADRB3, approximately 2-3 cM from ADRB3. Adjusting for the presence of the Arg64 allele or excluding from the analysis the 11 individuals homozygous for the Arg64 allele did not reduce the evidence for linkage. A genome scan was conducted at 10 cM map density to detect other loci influencing variation in BMI. Multipoint LOD scores >1.0 were observed in four other regions, including two on chromosome 17, one on chromosome 6q, and one on chromosome 2p. These data suggest that the ADRB3 should continue to be regarded as a strong candidate gene for obesity even though evidence for an effect of the Trp64Arg polymorphism could not be established. It is also possible that a gene closely linked to ADRB3 may influence susceptibility to obesity.
Taking the Pulse of Health Care Systems: Experiences of Patients with Health Problems in Six Countries

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on a 2005 survey of sicker adults in Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Sizable shares of patients in all six countries...
A parameteric study of the attenuation constant of lossy microstrip lines

In high-density electronic circuits, the conductor and dielectric losses in microstrip-type interconnections are of particular concern. The attenuation constant of a microstrip line with finite strip conductivity and strip thickness comparable to the skin depth is investigated at a frequency of 1 GHz, and its dependence on the width of the strip and the thickness of the dielectric substrate is examined. It is found that the minimum in the attenuation constant predicted by earlier studies, when the conductor thickness is about two skin depths, occurs only for microstrips with impractical strip width to substrate thickness ratios. >
Interbalkan Cooperation in Solving Interstate Water Resources Problems: the Case of the Vardar/Axios River Basin

The Balkan Peninsula faces various water resources problems of interstate character, which require solutions acceptable to the states involved. Many similar regions worldwide face the same problems. Apart from Greece, Turkey (in its European Region), Bulgaria, Albania and Rumania, the final break up of Yugoslavia will likely result in five new independent states, namely: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Slavic Macedonia and Yugoslavia. This latter state will likely be composed of Serbia, Montenegro and maybe the Serbian Republic (a part of the ex-Yugoslav Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina). What all this means is that on the relatively limited surface of the Balkan Peninsula there will be ten independent states in the future instead of six prior to 1991. The more independent states a region has, the more numerous and complex the interstate water resources problems and solutions. They will likely require many international, interbalkan bilateral or multilateral agreements.
Allometric relations and growth in Pinus taeda: the effect of elevated CO2, and changing N availability

summary Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were grown for 138 d at two CO2 partial pressures (35 and 70 Pa CO2) and four N solution concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3.5 and 6.5 mM NH4NO3). Allometric regression analysis was used to determine whether patterns of biomass allocation among functionally distinct plant-parts were directly controlled by CO2 and N availability or whether differences between treatments were the result of size-dependent changes in allocation. Both CO2 and N availability affected growth of loblolly pine. Growth stimulation by CO2 at nonlimiting N solution concentrations (3.5 and 6.5 mM NH4NO3) was c. 90%. At the lowest N solution concentration (0.5 mM NH4NO3), total plant biomass was still enhanced by 35% under elevated CO2. Relative growth rates were highly correlated with net assimilation rates, whereas leaf mass ratio remained unchanged under the wide range of CO2 and N solution concentrations. When differences in plant size were adjusted apparent CO2 effects on biomass allocation among different plant parts disappeared, indicating that CO2 only indirectly affected allocation through accelerated growth. N availability, by contrast, had a direct effect on biomass allocation, but primarily at the lowest N solution concentration (0.5 mM NH4NO3). Loblolly pine compensated for N limitation by increasing specific lateral root length and proportional biomass allocation to the lateral root system. The results emphasize the significance of distinguishing size-dependent effects on biomass allocation from functional adjustments made in direct response to changing resource availability.
Optimum Replacement Interval for Mechanical Components Based on Fatigue Reliability

This paper introduces a maintenance decision-making strategy in the general area of replacement and reliability of mechanical components. The decision-making strategy involves the optimization of replacement interval calculated from fatigue failure of mechanical components. The proposed approach is based on the cumulative damage distribution function for evaluating mean fatigue life. Using this approach, the analytical expressions for mean and variance of the cumulative damage distribution under both stationary narrow-band and stationary wide-band random process are provided. The mean value and variance of fatigue life distribution are then evaluated to determine the optimal replacement intervals under fatigue failure. A practical example is presented to demonstrate the application of the present method.