cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Measurement in Flash Diffusivity Experiments

A well-established method for determining the thermal diffusivity of materials is the laser flash method. The work presented here compares two analysis methods for flash heating tests on anisotropic carbon bonded carbon fiber (CBCF). This material exhibits a higher conductivity in the direction in which the fibers are oriented than in the direction perpendicular to the fiber orientation.The two analysis methods being compared in this experiment use different portions of the data in obtaining results. One method utilizes the temperature data from the entire surface of the sample by examining 201 temperature histories simultaneously, with each temperature history originating from an individual pixel within a line across the middle of the sample. The other analysis method utilizes only the temperature history from a single pixel in the center of the sample, similar to the data which is traditionally generated using the classical flash diffusivity method. Both analysis methods include accommodations for modeling the penetration of the laser flash into the porous surface of the CBCF material. Additionally, both models include a parameter which accounts for the non-uniform heating of the sample surface from the flash. Although the sample surface is ostensibly heated uniformly in flash diffusivity experiments, the heating has been found to be somewhat non-uniform, with more energy deposited more heavily in the center of the sample. This affects the analysis results, particularly in tests on anisotropic materials. The results in this work show very little difference between the thermal parameters arising from the two methods. The robustness of the method using the single-pixel temperature history shows that anisotropic thermal diffusivity can be measured using standard flash diffusivity instruments, avoiding the additional complexity associated with a thermal imaging camera.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Towards data reliable crossbar-based memristive memories

A series of breakthroughs in memristive devices have demonstrated the potential of using crossbar-based memristor arrays as ultra-high-density and low-power memory. However, their unique device characteristics could cause data disturbance for both read and write operations resulting in serious data reliability problems. This paper discusses such reliability issues in detail and proposes a comprehensive yet low area-/performance-/energy-overhead solution addressing these problems. The proposed solution applies asymmetric voltages for disturbance confinement, inserts redundancy for disturbance detection, and employs a refreshing mechanism to restore weakened data. The results of a case study show that the average overheads of area, performance and energy consumption for achieving data reliability, over a baseline unreliable memory system, are 3%, 4%, and 19% respectively.
Frequency dependent element matrices for rotor dynamics analysis

Abstract In this paper frequency dependent element matrices are developed for rotor dynamics analysis. This is achieved by utilizing higher order dynamic correction terms in the associated stiffness, gyroscopic and mass matrices. The procedure for the computation of these structural matrices and the unbalance force vector is described in detail. Numerical results indicate that the present method leads to a more efficient and economical solution for rotor dynamic analyses, when compared with analyses based on the usual structural matrices.
Reversibility of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis--is it all hype?

Advances in our understanding of hepatic fibrosis have provoked great excitement over the prospect of effective antifibrotic therapy. This Viewpoint looks at how far the field has advanced, what the remaining obstacles are, and whether antifibrotic therapy might soon become a clinical reality for patients with chronic liver disease.
Mid Infrared Photoconductivity Spectra of Donor Impurities in Hexagonal Silicon Carbide

Mid-infrared photoconductivity (PC) is a useful technique for identifying and investigating donor and acceptor centers in many semiconductors. This is especially true when the PC results are combined with other measurements such as Hall Effect and DLTS. We report on the first Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) photoconductivity spectra for n-type 6H and 4H-SiC. The samples studied had temperature dependent Hall activation energies around 45 meV and 85 meV in the 4H samples, and a single activation energy of 106 meV in the 6H. For the 4H samples, the PC spectra showed an increase in photoresponse between 40 and 47 meV, with another sharp increase at 120 meV. In the 6H-SiC, the photoresponse also had a rapid increase at 120 meV, and at 77 meV in one sample. The photoresponse spectra of the n-type 4H and 6H-SiC samples were distinctly different in the mid-infrared.
Abnormal protein patterns in multiple sclerosis.

Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and those obtained from normal subjects are indistinguishable by regular 5% or 7% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, 11 out of 15 MS sera examined by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three distinct protein bands. None of the sera obtained from 10 normal subjects showed the characteristic protein patterns when they were examined by gradient gel electrophoresis. Similar results were obtained with de-albumin serum samples or with serum proteins precipitable at 50% ammonium sulfate saturation. These three proteins have now been purified to homogeneity by preparative gradient gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights of these proteins were estimated from gradient gel electrophoresis as 398,000, 363,000, and 302,000 daltons, respectively.
Thomas Midgley and the Politics of Industrial Research

The conventional distinctions between “practical” and “scientific” research and development can be misleading. The experience of Thomas Midgley, Jr., at the General Motors Corporation in the three decades before World War II, and especially his critical role in the development of “antiknock” gasoline additives, freon refrigerant, and synthetic rubber, illustrate this fact. Dr. Leslie demonstrates that the management of corporate research and development, especially as that management affects uniquely talented individuals whose interests do not necessarily reflect the immediate needs of the company as seen by management, is basic to success. To solve such problems as they arose, Charles F. Kettering, himself a sympathetic scientist as well as distinguished inventor, worked closely with chief executive Alfred P. Sloan, whose genius for solving managerial problems matched the scientific genius of the most brilliant men in the General Motors laboratories.
Drug concentrations in mouse brain at pharmacologically active doses of fluoxetine enantiomers

The i.p. injection of R-fluoxetine into mice at doses of 1–10 mg/kg led to higher concentrations of the desmethyl metabolite, R-norfluoxetine, in whole brain than was true for S-fluoxetine. R-Norfluoxetine, but not S-norfluoxetine, concentrations predominated over those of the parent drug at 7–24 hr after injection of the corresponding fluoxetine enantiomer. The more rapid N-demethylation of R-fluoxetine, and the relative inactivity of R-norfluoxetine as a serotonin uptake inhibitor compared with S-norfluoxetine, may explain the earlier report that R-fluoxetine is less potent than S-fluoxetine in antagonizing p-chloroamphetamine depletion of brain serotonin in mice. In the present study, a 10 mg/kg, i.p., dose of S-fluoxetine completely prevented p-chloroamphetamine given 24 hr later from depleting brain serotonin, whereas R-fluoxetine offered no protection at this time.
Impact of Isothermal Aging on the Long-Term Reliability of Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array Packages With Different Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints

A direct and deleterious effect on packaging reliability has been observed during elevated temperature isothermal aging for fine-pitch ball grid array (BGA) packages with Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC105), Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305), and Sn-37Pb solder ball interconnects. Package sizes ranging from 19 mm with 0.8-mm-pitch BGAs to 5 mm with 0.4-mm-pitch μ BGAs with three different board finishes (ImSn, ImAg, and SnPb) were evaluated. The aging temperatures were 25°C, 55°C, 85°C, and 125°C, applied for a period of 6 mo. Subsequently, the specimens were thermally cycled from -40°C to 125°C with 15-min dwell times at the high temperature. Weibull analysis of failures versus cycle number show a ~ 50% reduction in package lifetimes when aged at 125°C compared to the same at room temperature, with less dramatic but measurable reductions in lifetime at 85°C and even 55°C. In contrast, the reliability performance of Sn-37Pb is much more stable over time and temperature. The degradation was observed for both SAC alloys on all tested package sizes and board finishes. For the 19-mm SAC105 case, for example, there was a 53% (32%) reduction of characteristic lifetime at 125°C (85°C) compared to room temperature aging. The trends were in the expected directions; namely, the reliability was reduced when using higher aging temperatures, smaller solder balls, and SAC105. The dominant failure mode can be associated with the growth of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds during the aging, particularly on the pad side.
Investigation of potential male mate choice in a monogamous spider

Previous study of the desert, funnel-web spider, Agelenopsis aperta, indicates that this species has a monogamous mating system in that males and females only rarely mate multiply. In such cases, males are expected to exhibit mate choice. This work tests for male mate choice with respect to female body weight and reproductive status in a three-choice arena system and compares these findings to field data on male visits at female sites in a marked population. Unlike females, males do not choose to court heavier (larger) females nor do they mate assortatively with respect to body weight. However, males do differentially court older virgin females over newly matured females and already mated females. Y-maze test results suggest that virgin females emit a pheromone that cues male courtship. The level of pheromone emission appears to increase with post-maturation age of unmated female A. aperta, but drops off or ceases following mating.
Pulmonary Function in Patients with Relapsing Polychondritis

Relapsing polychondritis is a disease characterized by progressive inflammation of cartilagenous structures including those of the glottis, trachea, or central bronchi. We performed detailed physiologic and radiologic studies of the respiratory tract in five patients with respiratory involvement due to relapsing polychondritis. We found that the maximal expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume loop and airway resistance together can provide useful clues as to the presence, site, and fixed or dynamic nature of the upper airway obstruction in these patients. However, in patients with fixed upper airway obstruction or compound lesions, computer tomography of the respiratory tract, cinetracheography, or laryngotracheograms at different lung volumes were required to identify the site of the obstruction and to clarify the dynamic nature of the obstruction.
Electroassisted Fabrication of Free-Standing Silica Structures of Micrometer Size

Free-standing porous silica microstructures have been made via the electroassisted deposition of silica in an appropriately patterned array of recessed electrodes consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. The 100 nm deep recessed indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes were prepared by a photolithographic/chemical etching process on Glass/ITO/Au substrates. Hydrophobic areas were formed by passivation of unetched gold with a self-assembled monolayer of 1-octadecanethiol. Application of sufficiently negative potentials produced thick layers of silica that extended across the whole substrate; however, because of adhesion differences of silica on hydrophilic (ITO) and hydrophobic (thiol-modified gold) surfaces, selective removal of silica from the more hydrophobic areas of the substrate was achieved. The surface morphology, porosity, and thickness of resultant microstructures depended on the concentration of tetramethoxysilane in the sol, the electrolysis time, and the applied potential, all of which have...
Anti-Semitism and Identification of Jewish Group Membership from Photographs

Early literature found that holding more anti-Semitic attitudes positively predicted ability to discern whether a photograph was of a Jewish or non-Jewish person. This contradicts the well established finding that interpersonal sensitivity is generally associated with healthy psychological characteristics. In five new, previously unpublished studies we found that this relation was negative, such that more prejudiced individuals were now less accurate than less prejudiced individuals at a similar task, consistent with the general finding. A meta-analysis of all the studies showed that time was a significant moderator of the relation. Possible reasons for the temporal change are discussed.
Gender and community-oriented wildlife conservation: views from project supervisors in India

Many international agreements, such as the 1992 UN Convention on Biological Diversity, posit that successful community-oriented (community-based) wildlife conservation depends on partnerships with stakeholders of different class, ethnicity, and gender. Gender is of particular interest because it often relates to environmental use, attitudes, and knowledge and operates across other key categories. This study uses fieldwork, interviews, and a survey of 52 project heads in India to address two research questions: (1) How are gender issues viewed by supervisors of community-based wildlife conservation projects, in relation to their work? (2) What types of resources would be most useful to project heads seeking to promote gender equity through their conservation work? The results suggest that while there is widespread support for integrating gender equity issues into community-oriented wildlife conservation, many believe that gender may be a potentially distracting and secondary issue. Several reasons for the variation in views were identified including the following: the dearth of relevant empirical research about gender issues in wildlife conservation; ambiguities about the concept of gender itself; and a lack of opportunities to critically discuss the role of gender equity issues for conservation. These factors may contribute to a disconnection between international rhetoric and on-the-ground practice as it relates to gender and community-oriented wildlife conservation. Increased opportunities for professional capacity building among project supervisors and staff members, coupled with increased collaboration between social and natural scientists, will be important for strengthening the links between international conservation policy and on-the-ground practice.
Power-efficient low-noise 86 GHz broadband amplifier in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS

A power-efficient, low-noise, broadband amplifier is demonstrated in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The circuit exhibits a 20 dB gain, 86 GHz bandwidth and consumes only 89 mW DC power, achieving a gain-bandwidth against DC power efficiency of 9.66 GHz/mW – a significant improvement over the prior art. Ultra-high data rates (>80 Gbit/s) are supported owing to a low group delay variation of ±5.9 ps up to 100 GHz. Intended as a low-noise transimpedance front-end for optical receivers, the circuit exhibits a low average input-referred-noise of 20.4 pA/√Hz, which is comparable to or better than the state-of-the-art at much lower data rates.
p53 levels in human mammary epithelial cells expressing wild-type and mutant human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 proteins

Human fibroblast cells must overcome both the M1 and the M2 stages of cellular senescence to immortalize, at which point cells almost always express telomerase activity. The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins, HPV-16 E6 and E7, can block the progression to senescence in fibroblasts by associations with p53 and pRb, respectively. Human mammary epithelial (HME) cells require only HPV-16 E6 to bypass M1, suggesting that pRb may not have a direct role in HME cells senescence. In the present report, we show that only wild-type HPV-16 E6 allows complete degradation of p53, immortalization and reactivation of telomerase activity in HME cells. These results suggest that the ability of HPV-16 wild-type and mutant E6 proteins to degrade p53 in intact HME cells and keratinocytes does not completely correlate with their ability to degrade p53 in a cell-free system. This discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo p53 degradation may be biologically significant and may provide insight into the susceptibility of certain human cells and tissues for reactivation of telomerase and immortalization.
MMPI Characteristics of Clergymen in Counseling Training and Their Relationship to Supervisor's and Peers' Ratings of Counseling Effectiveness

Normative MMPI data for 85 clergymen entering counseling training at a state hospital were computed. Basically, the mean MMPI scores of Ss were similar to those reported previously for male marriag...
Introduction of pyrimidine dimers into different intracellular forms of simian virus 40.

We examined the production of pyrimidine dimers by UV radiation in different intracellular forms of simian virus 40 DNA. Virus and chromatin or previrions were selectively labeled with [l4C]-thymidine and [3H]-thymidine, respectively, in the same monolayer of infected cells. Viral DNA was extracted immediately after irradiation, and pyrimidine dimers were detected as sites sensitive to the UV-endonuclease encoded by bacteriophage T4. No difference in the number of dimers introduced into chromatin, previrions. or virions was detected.
A special purpose linear programming algorithm for obtaining least absolute value estimators in a linear model with dummy variables

Dummy (0, 1) variables are frequently used in statistical modeling to represent the effect of certain extraneous factors. This paper presents a special purpose linear programming algorithm for obtaining least-absolute-value estimators in a linear model with dummy variables. The algorithm employs a compact basis inverse procedure and incorporates the advanced basis exchange techniques available in specialized algorithms for the general linear least-absolute-value problem. Computational results with a computer code version of the algorithm are given.
Fully relativistic form factor for Thomson scattering

We derive a fully relativistic form factor for Thomson scattering in unmagnetized plasmas valid to all orders in the normalized electron velocity, beta[over ]=v[over ]/c. The form factor is compared to a previously derived expression where the lowest order electron velocity, beta[over], corrections are included [J. Sheffield, (Academic Press, New York, 1975)]. The beta[over ] expansion approach is sufficient for electrostatic waves with small phase velocities such as ion-acoustic waves, but for electron-plasma waves the phase velocities can be near luminal. At high phase velocities, the electron motion acquires relativistic corrections including effective electron mass, relative motion of the electrons and electromagnetic wave, and polarization rotation. These relativistic corrections alter the scattered emission of thermal plasma waves, which manifest as changes in both the peak power and width of the observed Thomson-scattered spectra.
Alienation-reduction as a paradigm for delinquency reduction

It is suggested that agencies adopt the concept of alienation-reduction as the paradigm for designing and coordinating juvenile delinquency programs. Existing theory and data are consistent with the view that delinquency is associated with alienation and most existing rehabilitation approaches can be viewed within the framework of alienation-reduction. Adoption of the paradigm offers three important advantages: (1) it defines the problem in terms of the individual's relation to his environment; (2) it can facilitate communication among diverse youth-serving agencies; (3) it provides a logical basis for action and decisions regarding prevention, diversion, and treatment programs.
Lemierre's syndrome

Postanginal sepsis, or Lemierre's syndrome, is rare but with life-threatening potential involving mainly infants and adolescents. The morbidity or mortality is caused mainly by lack of knowledge of the syndrome. The 18-year-old boy described here developed a jugular thrombosis 7 days after an angina. Fusobacterium necrophorum was isolated from the culture of the excised jugular vein. Secondary embolism involved the lungs, associated with an iliac osteomyelitis and sacroiliitis. Computed tomography was used for diagnosis and follow-up.
Property Variation in Alkali Alkaline‐Earth Metaphosphate Glasses

Coefficients of helium migration, coefficients of thermal expansion, and glass-transition temperatures were measured for several series of alkali alkaline-earth phosphate glasses. The helium permeability decreases with the field strength of alkali or alkaline-earth ions in the order Na+ > Li+ and Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+. The glass-transition temperature increases and coefficient of thermal expansion decreases with increasing field strength of alkali or alkaline-earth ions. The relationship of lower molar volume, corresponding to decreased coefficients of helium diffusivity reported for other glass-forming systems, occurs in the phosphate glasses.
Histopathological Evidence of Regeneration following Hepatotoxic Effects of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin-LR in the Hardhead Catfish and Gulf Killifish.

Abstract The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) causes liver damage in several freshwater fish species. In the present study, two estuarine species, hardhead catfish Arius felis and gulf killifish Fundulus grandis, were injected intraperitoneally with MC-LR at 45−300 μg/kg and their livers examined histopathologically for up to 23 d postinjection (PI) in the catfish and 5 d PI in the killifish. The livers from both species exhibited extensive, diffuse hepatocellular necrosis by 6 h PI. The necrosis persisted, and by day 2 large numbers of basophilic cells had emerged throughout the liver parenchyma. These cells occurred individually or in small clusters. By 72 h, the basophilic cells appeared to be highly proliferative with numerous mitotic figures and were arranged in cords and tubules similar to mature hepatic parenchyma. Regeneration of the liver parenchyma was noted in gulf killifish at 5 d PI, as tracts of basophilic cells were still evident. In hardhead catfish, there were no signs of necro...
Room-temperature oxygen diffusion in a-axis normal YBa2Cu3Ox thin films

Abstract Near-surface oxygen chemical diffusion at room temperature in YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films with a -axis orientation normal to the substrate has been studied using four-probe DC conductivity measurements. The results show that under the same experimental conditions the oxygen out-diffusion coefficient is about two orders of magnitude higher in these films compared to those with the c -axis normal to the substrate. We also present data on oxygen out-diffusion enhancement in these films under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination.
The realization of contrastive focus in Peruvian Spanish intonation

Abstract In this paper, declarative intonation contours from Peruvian Spanish speakers are compared between pragmatic conditions in order to observe potential differences in the prosodic realization of contrastive focus. To do so, an acoustic feature of intonation, the fundamental frequency (F0), is examined. Since focus in Quechua is realized through the use of evidential markers, it is hypothesized that Cuzco Spanish speakers may behave differently than Lima speakers in relatively less contact with Quechua. Two intonation features have been examined with relation to contrastive focus on the subject: peak alignment and peak height. While Lima speakers demonstrate earlier and higher peaks on the subject, similar to previous reports for Madrid and Peninsular Spanish, some Cuzco speakers use fewer prosodic cues, while others rely on post-focal deaccenting alone. Also, Cuzco speakers appear to behave similarly according to whether or not they are bilingual in Spanish and Quechua. This research demonstrates how focus in realized differently in two regional varieties of Peruvian Spanish and adds to our knowledge of how language contact may contribute to the development of alternate intonation patterns in Spanish.
Oligodendrocytes as glucocorticoids target cells: functional analysis of the glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase gene.

Previous research has established that the development and function of oligodendrocytes are influenced by glucocorticoids. The enzyme glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.8) has been used as a model to study glucocorticoid regulation of gene expression in oligodendrocytes and the C6 glial cell line. In the rat brain this enzyme is exclusively localized to oligodendrocytes. The sequence of the 5' flanking region for the rat gene encoding Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GPDH; EC 1.1.1.8) was determined. 4 kb of sequence from the 5' flanking region, exon 1, and part of intron 1 of the rat GPDH gene was compared to the corresponding mouse sequence. Dotplot matrix comparison revealed that the rat sequence is more than 80% similar to the mouse sequence, but differs from the mouse sequence in two regions: the rat sequence is devoid of 200 bp of B1 repeat sequence that is present in the mouse, and the rat sequence has an excess 700 bp of B2 repeat sequence inserted between -0.7 kb and -1. 4 kb that is absent in the mouse. To determine the regulatory activity of the rat GPDH 5' flanking region, various portions of the rat GPDH 5' flanking region were placed in luciferase reporter constructs and tested for transcriptional activity. Transient transfection of reporter constructs into the C6 glial cell line revealed that the distal end of the 5' flanking region was glucocorticoid-inducible. A 385 bp Glucocorticoid Response Unit (GRU) was identified whose glucocorticoid induction was enhanced by dibutyryl-cAMP and reduced by phorbol esters. Sequence analysis of the GRU revealed the presence of four consensus GRE sequences and other putative consensus elements. Results here suggest that the 5' flanking region of the GPDH gene mediates the ligand-inducible regulation of GPDH, and that multiple signaling pathways converge at the 5' regulatory sequence to modulate GPDH gene expression in oligodendrocytes.
Prospective evaluation of the rate and impact of hemolysis on intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assay results

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) is commonly used during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Retrospective evidence suggested that hemolysis may artificially lower IOPTH results. Falsely decreased IOPTH measurements could result in either failed parathyroidectomy or unnecessary bilateral neck exploration. A total of 130 IOPTH specimens from 30 patients were assayed before and after induction of mechanical hemolysis using a vortex and inert sterile glass beads. Free hemoglobin (Hg) was measured as a surrogate for extent of hemolysis. Paired sample t test was used for comparison of matched prehemolysis and posthemolysis specimens. Of the samples, 16.9% were hemolyzed at the baseline (11 of 72 pre-excision, 11 of 55 postexcision). We successfully induced moderate hemolysis (ΔHg 0.1–1.0 mg/DL) in 66 samples that had minimal hemolysis at baseline. In these, mechanical hemolysis increased free Hg by an average of 0.37 mg/DL (533%; mean posthemolysis free Hg = 0.43; moderate hemolysis) and lowered PTH values by an average of 39% (median = 36%, SD = 11%; P = .002). The decrease in PTH was related to the extent of hemolysis induced (r = 0.51; P < .001), but was unrelated to the specimen’s baseline (true) PTH (P = .24). In 12 of 30 patients, the experimentally hemolyzed pre-excision PTH value would have reduced the 50% threshold sufficiently to cause a false-negative result. In 6 of the 30 parathyroidectomies, a hemolyzed postexcision PTH value would have decreased PTH value sufficiently to cause a false-positive result. Hemolysis of IOPTH specimens occurs commonly and falsely reduces PTH results. In 18 of 30 patients, this effect was sufficient to have contributed to either a false-positive or false-negative IOPTH result.
Usability: what's it all about?

Software usability is a term which frequently appears in trade journals, industry project plans, and in research articles. This article discusses the qualities that make up usability and how these qualities can be measured. The practice of usability is discussed and problem areas are identified. The article notes the relevance of the papers in this edition to the current problems facing usability practitioners.
Copper-Associated Hepatopathies in Dogs

Copper hepatotoxicity occurs as both inherited liver diseases and secondary cholestatic liver diseases in dogs. Copper metabolism and the diagnosis of copper hepatotoxicity is presented. Specific characteristics of breeds known to have copper hepatotoxicity, as well as the therapy for copper hepatotoxicity including zinc and copper chelators, are included in this article.
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation enhances dopamine D4 receptor binding in rat caudate–putamen

Radioligand binding to dopamine (DA) D(4) receptors was examined in adult rat forebrain 5 weeks after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioning of substantia nigra to remove ascending nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. D(4) receptor binding was increased by up to 47% in denervated caudate-putamen (CPu) in rats that rotated away from the lesioned side with apomorphine challenge, with lesser changes in rats that failed to rotate with apomorphine. Functional significance of D(4) receptor upregulation induced by the lesions was investigated by examining behavioral effects of the highly selective D(4) agonist CP-226,269 and antagonist CP-293,019. Neither agent induced rotation at doses as high as 30 mg/kg ip. Pretreatment with the D(4) antagonist CP-293,019 did not affect rotation induced by either a D(1)-like (SKF-38393) or D(2)-like receptor (quinpirole) agonist. These findings provide the first evidence that D(4) receptors can be upregulated by nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation. They also suggest that, unlike D(1) and D(2) receptors, D(4) receptors do not play a pivotal role in rotational behavior in rats with unilateral dopaminergic lesions.
The effect of age on the in vitro metabolism of androgen by guinea pig testis.

Abstract Progesterone-4-C14 was incubated with minces of testes from Guinea pigs of different ages. Progesterone-C14 disappearance and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone-C14 appearance did not change consistently with age. However, more androstenedione-C14 and less testosterone-C14 appeared in tissue from younger animals. It is concluded that androstenedione is reduced less readily in younger animals.
Children’s Perceived Cost for Exercise: Application of an Expectancy-Value Paradigm

Expectancy-value models of motivation have been applied to understanding children's choices in areas such as academics and sports. Here, an expectancy-value paradigm is applied to exercising (defined as engaging in physical activity). The notion of perceived cost is highlighted in particular. Two hundred twenty children in third, fourth, and fifth grades were surveyed on their competence beliefs, perceived importance, interest, and perceived cost of being physically active. Results indicated that perceived cost is empirically distinct from competence beliefs and other types of value, that perceived cost is marginally related to children's self-reported level of physical activity, and children's beliefs and other values are related to their self-reported level of physical activity. Children's perceptions of cost vary depending on grade and gender. Interventions based on these findings are proposed.
Five-year-olds' representations of separation from parents: Responses from the perspective of self and other

A semi-projective, picture-based, separation anxiety test, scored for attachment quality and emotional openness, was related to observed attachment status.
Impacts of Financial Stock Prices and Exchange Rates on the Demand for Money in Poland

Applying the extended Box-Cox model and the Newey-West method, this paper finds that the demand for real M2 is positively influenced by real GDP and the real effective exchange rate, negatively affected by the deposit rate and the world interest rate, and not correlated with the real financial stock price. Hence, real depreciation of the zloty or a lower world interest rate would raise real output. The widely used log-linear form or the linear form can be rejected at the 5% or 1% level in favor of the extended Box-Cox model, suggesting that the elasticity or the slope is not a constant but varies with the values of the dependent and independent variables.
Modes of infant feeding and the occurrence of coughing/wheezing in the first year of life.

Background:Controversies regarding infant feeding and childhood wheezing may result from insufficient differentiation among various feeding modes.Objectives:We conducted prospective analyses of associations between the repeated ascertainment of feeding mode and wheezing in infancy.Methods:The Infant Feeding Practices Study II (2833 infants) provided data on coughing/wheezing episodes (CWEs) at 8 time points and feeding modes at 9 time points from months 1 to 12. Feeding modes were defined as direct breastfeeding, indirect breastfeeding (IBF, bottled breast milk), formula feeding (FF), and their combinations. In concurrent and delayed models using repeated measurements, the relative risks (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of different feeding modes for CWEs were estimated. In the delayed models, only infants without symptoms were considered at risk for consequent CWE.Results:In a model with a 1-month delay, compared to direct breastfeeding, any other feeding mode showed a statistically signi...
Deacidifying rice bran oil by solvent extraction and membrane technology

Crude rice bran oil containing 16.5% free fatty acids (FFA) was deacidified by extracting with methanol. At the optimal ratio of 1.8:1 methanol/oil by weight, the concentration of FFA in the crude rice bran oil was reduced to 3.7%. A second extraction at 1:1 ratio reduced FFA in the oil to 0.33%. The FFA in the methanol extract was recovered by nanofiltration using commercial membranes. The DS-5 membrane from Osmonics/Desal and the BW-30 membrane from Dow/Film Tec gave average FFA rejection of 93–96% and an average flux of 41 L/m2·h (LMH) to concentrate the FFA from 4.69% to 20%. The permeate, containing 0.4–0.7% FFA, can be nanofiltered again to recover more FFA with flux of 67–75 LMH. Design estimates indicate a two-stage membrane system can recover 97.8% of the FFA and can result in a final retentate stream with 20% FFA or more and a permeate stream with negligible FFA (0.13%) that can be recycled for FFA extraction. The capital cost of the membrane plant would be about $48/kg oil processed/h and annual operating cost would be about $15/ton FFA recovered. The process has several advantages in that it does not require alkali for neutralization, no soapstock nor wastewater is produced, and effluent discharges are minimized.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATION OF FISHES IN RELATION TO THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM

1. The ability of marine fishes to absorb oxygen at low tension from the sea water is more or less dependent upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the water. 2. The ability of fishes to withstand wide variations in the range of hydrogen ion concentration of the sea water can be correlated with their habitats. The fishes that are most resistant to a wide variation in the hydrogen ion concentration are most cosmopolitan in their habitat. Those that are least resistant to a variation in the hydrogen ion concentration are the most restricted in their range of habitat. 3. There is a close correlation between the optimum condition of the sea water for the absorption of oxygen at low tension by the herring (Clupea pallasii), the condition of the sea water to which they react positive and that in which they are found most abundantly. 4. It is suggested that the variation in the ability to absorb oxygen at low tension at a given pH of individuals of a species is dependent upon the alkaline reserve of the blood of the individual fish.
Calcium mobilization potentiates prolactin release induced by protein kinase C activators

The in vitro effect of synthetic diacylglycerol (DG) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), potent stimulators of protein kinase C, was studied on prolactin release. These substances increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, prolactin release from primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells. Similarly, exposure of pituitary cells to phospholipase C, which liberates endogenous DG from various substrates, also enhanced prolactin release. The effect of Ca2+ mobilization on PMA-, synthetic DG- or phospholipase C-induced prolactin release was examined. A23187 at 400 nM or 2 ng/ml maitotoxin, a Ca2+ channel activator, did not affect prolactin release by themselves, but enhanced the release of prolactin induced by DG, PMA or phospholipase C. The stimulatory effects of DG, PMA and phospholipase C on prolactin release were reduced by co-incubation with dopamine. These results suggest that the presumed activation of protein kinase C by DG and mobilization of Ca2+ may be synergistically involved in the regulation of prolactin release. Dopamine appears to inhibit prolactin release at a point distal to the DG-enhanced stimulation of the process.
Risks and consequences in energy production

Abstract The word risk is often used in association with energy production and in some case it is equated with consequences. The distinction is important and has implications for the study of energy system. Failure in a given energy system, such as nuclear power or hydroelectric dams, can give rise to human consequences, such a deaths, injuries or disease. The extent of these consequences varies from one system to another. Furthermore, the probability of such failures is a characteristic of the given system. For example, a nuclear reactor or hydroelectric dam may have a probability of one catastrophic failure in x years of operation where x is a large number. The probability multiplied by the number of deaths, injuries and illnesses caused by the failures—the consequences—can be taken as a measure of the risk, or risk index.
Potential curves for dissociative recombination of O+2

Extensive MCSCF and Cl calculations are reported for the excited diabatic potential curves of O2 which provide routes for the dissociative recombination of O+2 with an electron. States important for dissociation of the lowest five vibrational levels of O+2 at low electron energies are described. The adequacy of the use of ground-state orbitals in excited-state calculations is assessed.
Psychological Correlates of Quality of Life in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Psychosocial outcomes have come to the front as a main concern for individuals with Cerebral Palsy (CP), promoting the need to understand the quality of life experienced by children and adolescents diagnosed with CP. As a result, the current study examined the relationships among quality of life in children with CP, the psychological symptoms and parenting characteristics of the parents of these children, and the emotional and behavioral functioning of these children. Results of this study suggested that these variables are related in interesting ways. Further, parenting stress, parents’ depressive symptoms, and children’s internalizing behavior problems were significant predictors of the quality of life experienced by the children in this sample. Thus, the direct benefits from optimizing parents’ mental health as well as that of their children may prove to be an important intervention in helping to improve the quality of life of children who have been diagnosed with CP.
In vitro synthesis of DNA complementary to mRNA derived from a light chain-producing myeloma tumour.

CONTRASTING theories have been proposed to account for the diversity of antibody molecules synthesized by the mammalian immune system in response to antigenic inducers1–8. Resolution of the problem is dependent on the availability of techniques to quantitate antibody genes and mRNA during cellular commitment to antibody synthesis.
Experimental test of the optical Bloch equations for solids

This paper provides the first experimental test of the Bloch equations for an optical transition in a low-temperature impurity-ion solid, ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$: La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, where the condition ${T}_{1}\ensuremath{\gg}{T}_{2}$ applies. Intensity-dependent optical free-induction-decay measurements are performed by use of an ultrastable cw dye laser (linewidth, 300 Hz) and reveal an $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{2t}{{T}_{2}})$ decay law at low Rabi frequency ($\ensuremath{\chi}$), as predicted by the Bloch equations, and an $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\chi}t)$ decay at high $\ensuremath{\chi}$, which violates the Bloch prediction but agrees with Redfield's characterization of NMR saturation in solids.
Sporulation genes in members of the low G+C Gram-type-positive phylogenetic branch ( Firmicutes).

Endospore formation is a specific property found within bacteria belonging to the Gram-type-positive low G+C mol% branch (Firmicutes) of a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA genes. Within the Gram-type-positive bacteria, endospore-formers and species without observed spore formation are widely intermingled. In the present study, a previously reported experimental method (PCR and Southern hybridization assays) and analysis of genome sequences from 52 bacteria and archaea representing sporulating, non-spore-forming, and asporogenic species were used to distinguish non-spore-forming (void of the majority of sporulation-specific genes) from asporogenic (contain the majority of sporulation-specific genes) bacteria. Several sporulating species lacked sequences similar to those of Bacillus subtilis sporulation genes. For some of the genes thought to be sporulation specific, sequences with weak similarity were identified in non-spore-forming bacteria outside of the Gram-type-positive phylogenetic branch and in archaea, rendering these genes unsuitable for the intended classification into sporulating, asporogenic, and non-spore-forming species. The obtained results raise questions regarding the evolution of sporulation among the Firmicutes.
Photo DKDP Light Valve: A Review

The structure, principles of operation, specifications, and numerous examples of the use of the optically addressed potassium dideuterium phosphate (photo DKDP) light valve in optical data processing are reviewed.
Selecting the Swimming Mechanisms of Colloidal Particles: Bubble Propulsion versus Self-Diffusiophoresis

Bubble propulsion and self-diffusiophoresis are two common mechanisms that can drive autonomous motion of microparticles in hydrogen peroxide. Although microtubular particles, when coated with platinum in their interior concave surfaces, can propel due to the formation and release of bubbles from one end, the convex Janus particles usually do not generate any visible bubble. They move primarily due to the self-diffusiophoresis. Coincidentally, the platinum films on those particles were typically coated by physical evaporation. In this paper, we use a simple chemical deposition method to make platinum–polystyrene Janus dimers. Surprisingly, those particles are propelled by periodic growth and collapse of bubbles on the platinum-coated lobes. We find that both high catalytic activity and rough surface are necessary to change the propulsion mode from self-diffusiophoresis to bubble propulsion. Our Janus dimers, with combined geometric and interfacial anisotropy, also exhibit distinctive motions at the respec...
AIREBO-M: A reactive model for hydrocarbons at extreme pressures

The Adaptive Intermolecular Reactive Empirical Bond Order potential (AIREBO) for hydrocarbons has been widely used to study dynamic bonding processes under ambient conditions. However, its intermolecular interactions are modeled by a Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential whose unphysically divergent power-law repulsion causes AIREBO to fail when applied to systems at high pressure. We present a modified potential, AIREBO-M, where we have replaced the singular Lennard-Jones potential with a Morse potential. We optimize the new functional form to improve intermolecular steric repulsions, while preserving the ambient thermodynamics of the original potentials as much as possible. The potential is fit to experimental measurements of the layer spacing of graphite up to 14 GPa and first principles calculations of steric interactions between small alkanes. To validate AIREBO-M’s accuracy and transferability, we apply it to a graphite bilayer and orthorhombic polyethylene. AIREBO-M gives bilayer compression consistent with quantum calculations, and it accurately reproduces the quasistatic and shock compression of orthorhombic polyethlyene up to at least 40 GPa.
Validity of a Statistics Attitude Survey: A Follow-up Study.

The validity of the Statistics Attitude Survey (SAS) was further examined in the present study. Students were assessed on a number of pretest and posttest cognitive and non-cognitive variables, including the SAS. SAS scores were found to be significantly related to such cognitive variables as basic mathematics skills, statistics preknowledge, and course grades. Non-cognitive factors with which SAS was significantly correlated were sex, the degree to which students indicated that they had wanted to take the course and that they were glad they had taken the course, number of previous mathematics courses completed, the status of a course being required or elective, calculator attitudes, and course and instructor evaluations. In addition, SAS scores showed a significant positive change from the beginning to the end of the course.
National purities and ecological disasters: Greek modernity and the war on nature

The ecological peculiarities we have experience lately are unintended consequences of the intellectual, scientific, and political patterns of modernity. This paper aspires to discuss nationalism as a cultural mechanism at the service of man’s scientific quest and domination over nature. As a major force and a by-product of the political project of modernity, nationalism appropriated designated landscapes and allowed their transformation into polluted environments. Through a strong alliance between state and industry, the pure and the pristine have mutated into the polluted and the contaminated. This paper will focus on the narratives of modernity, chemical agriculture, and environmental pollution in Greek Macedonia. It will discuss how our past emphasis on national politics and identity overshadowed early local concerns for environmental pollution, illness, and death. The mantle of nationalism can be held accountable for the miasmatic geographies that modernity created, threatening the nation with pollution, and vulnerable citizens with dreadful diseases and ailments, such as cancer.
The conformation of a-factor is not influenced by the S-prenylation of Cys12.

Abstract Two-Dimensional NMR was used to examine the solution conformation of the lipopeptide a -factor, YIIKGVFWDPAC(S-farnesyl) OCH 3 , from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and five analogues containing various S-alkylated cysteines in DMSO-d 6 . NOESY data, NH temperature coefficients, and 3 J αNH coupling constants indicate that the a -factor is a predominantly unstructured peptide in DMSO. Similar results were obtained for the other peptides indicating that S-prenylation of Cys 12 does not affect the conformation of these peptides.
Urban Planning amidst Ethnic Conflict: Jerusalem and Johannesburg

This article investigates the role and influence of urban planning in ameliorating or intensifying deep ethnic conflict. It is based on more than 75 interviews with urban planners and officials in ...