cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dependence of energy gap on x and T in Zn 1 − x Mn x Se: The role of exchange interaction

Photoluminescence and reflectivity measurements have been carried out on ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Se solid solutions in the complete range of crystal compositions, 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.55. The features of the photoluminescence and reflectivity data near the band edge enabled us to determine values of the fundamental band gap as a function of Mn molar fraction x and temperature (8 K\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}300 K). The energy gap in crystals with compositions in the vicinity of the zinc-blende--wurtzite structural transition (0.2\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.3) exhibited a scatter of values, probably associated with the presence of various polytypes (as evidenced by transmission-electron-microscopy measurements). The dependence of ${E}_{g}$ on x is anomalous for 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.2, showing a minimum in the ${E}_{g}$ vs x curve. A simple model (in terms of second-order perturbation theory in s-d and p-d interactions) relates this minimum to a maximum observed in the magnetic susceptibility as a function of x. For samples with x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.35, the ${E}_{g}$ dependence on T shows an onset of an additional blue shift as the temperature is lowered below \ensuremath{\sim}150 K. This onset, though not reproduced by our simple calculation, appears to be also related to the presence of s-d and p-d interactions.
Initiator status, family support, and adjustment to marital separation: A test of an interaction hypothesis

Fifty-six newly separated, volunteer participants (40 women, 16 men) were examined to determine if depressive symptomatology (as measured by the CES-D) was related to the respondent's active participation in the decision to separate from the spouse (initiator status) and the proportion of family members in their social support network. The relationship between initiator status and depressive symptomatology was marginally significant, F(l, 50) = 3.93, p = 0.053. There was an interaction between initiator status and the proportion of family members in the social network. For initiators, a low proportion of family members was related to increased depressive symptomatology (r = 0.15), whereas for noninitiators, a low proportion of family members was related to increased depressive symptomatology (r = - 0.37), a difference significant at p<.04. It is suggested that the functional ability of the network to be supportive is mediated both by aspects of the individual in need of support and by structural aspects of the network.
The sick building syndrome: What is it when it is?

Sick building syndrome is a commonly applied diagnosis; often abused and misinterpreted to denote headaches, dizziness, fatigue and eye irritation associated with a building.
Techniques for DNA hybridization in vitro using non-radioactive DNA and DNA made radioactive by neutron activation, alkylation with radioactive alkylating agents, and by exchange with 3H2O.

Abstract 1. 1. The object of this study was to develop methods for detecting DNA-DNA hybrids in vitro when radioactive DNA could not be easily prepared by biosynthesis from radioactive precursors. 2. 2. DNA made radioactive by exchange with 3 H 2 O at 90° for 48 h showed high specificity in hybridization in vitro at 60° and had a high specific activity which did not readily exchange off the DNA during the hybridization procedure. 3. 3. DNA made radioactive by neutron activation in a nuclear reactor reacted with high specificity in hybridization in vitro , but the specific activity was low. 4. 4. DNA made radioactive by alkylation with [ 3 H]dimethyl sulfate or [ 3 H] ethyl iodide rapidly lost the radioactive label from the DNA polymer under the conditions of hybridization in vitro . Alkylated DNA stabilized by treatment at high pH reacted with little specificity in hybridization in vitro . 5. 5. Chemically detecting hybridization in vitro of non-radioactive DNA fragments did not give good quantitative data. The background was very high due to the immobilized DNA leaching off the nitrocellulose filters.
Zero-sum subsequences of length k q over finite abelian p -groups

For a finite abelian group G and a positive integer k , let s k ( G ) denote the smallest integer ? ? N such that any sequence S of elements of G of length | S | ? ? has a zero-sum subsequence with length k . The celebrated Erd?s-Ginzburg-Ziv theorem determines s n ( C n ) = 2 n - 1 for cyclic groups C n , while Reiher showed in 2007 that s n ( C n 2 ) = 4 n - 3 . In this paper we prove for a p -group G with exponent exp ( G ) = q the upper bound s k q ( G ) ? ( k + 2 d - 2 ) q + 3 D ( G ) - 3 whenever k ? d , where d = ? D ( G ) q ? and p is a prime satisfying p ? 2 d + 3 ? D ( G ) 2 q ? - 3 , where D ( G ) is the Davenport constant of the finite abelian group G . This is the correct order of growth in both k and d . Subject to the same assumptions, we show exact equality s k q ( G ) = k q + D ( G ) - 1 if k ? p + d and p ? 4 d - 2 , resolving a case of the conjecture of Gao, Han, Peng, and Sun that s k exp ( G ) ( G ) = k exp ( G ) + D ( G ) - 1 whenever k exp ( G ) ? D ( G ) . We also obtain a general bound s k n ( C n d ) ? 9 k n for n with large prime factors and k sufficiently large. Our methods extend the algebraic method of Kubertin, who proved that s k q ( C q d ) ? ( k + C d 2 ) q - d if k ? d and q is a prime power.
The use of threshold logic to improve performance in scheduling a manufacturing process

Simulation and threshold logic are used to demonstrate the feasibility of a learning system that increases production output. Production is simulated with a discrete, next-event model having multiple paths and multiple processes on each path. Switches located throughout the model can direct production units to avoid bottlenecks and improve output. Each switch in the model is controlled by the action of threshold gates. For the process time configurations tested, minima were found to be associated with one or more of three threshold values set in 92% of the configurations. Using the three threshold value sets and a rule base for process time configurations that are not optimized by one of the three sets, a system may be created that avoids the computational costs and time delays of a multiple-trial optimizing system. >
Sexually Dimorphic Testosterone Secretion in Prenatal and Neonatal Mice Is Independent of Kisspeptin-Kiss1r and GnRH Signaling

Kisspeptin, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, stimulates GnRH secretion and is therefore critical for sex steroid secretion at puberty and in adulthood. However, kisspeptin's role in regulating sex steroid secretion earlier in development is unexplored. In rodents, testosterone (T) levels are higher in prenatal and newborn males than females. We determined whether kisspeptin-Kiss1r and GnRH signaling plays a role in sexually dimorphic perinatal T secretion in mice. Our results demonstrate that 1) T levels in newborn males are elevated at 4 h but not 20 h after birth, but hypothalamic Kiss1 and neurokinin B (NKB) levels in males are not different between these time points (and both are lower than in females); 2) serum T levels in newborn Kiss1r knockout (KO) males are higher than in newborn females and similar to wild-type (WT) males; 3) perinatal hypothalamic progesterone receptor (Pgr) expression, which is dependent on circulating levels of gonadally produced T, is significantly higher in prenatal and newborn Kiss1r KO and WT males than similarly aged females; 4) multiple measures of testicular growth and function are not different between developing Kiss1r KO and WT mice until after postnatal d 5; and 5) GnRH neurons of newborn males do not exhibit high c-fos coexpression, and newborn hypogonadal (hpg) male mice (lacking GnRH) secrete elevated T, similar to newborn WT males. We conclude that, unlike in puberty and adulthood, elevated T secretion in prenatal and neonatal mice is independent of both kisspeptin and GnRH signaling, and the necessity of kisspeptin-Kiss1r signaling for testicular function is first apparent after d 5.
Theoretical seismograms of core phases calculated by frequency‐dependent full wave theory, and their interpretation

Summary. A frequency-dependent full wave theory is successfully employed to synthesize long-period seismograms of the core phases SmKS (m= 1, 2, …) in the distance range 100°–125°. Body-wave displacements are calculated by numerically integrating in the complex ray parameter plane. Langer's method is employed to obtain a uniformly asymptotic approximation to the vertical wave functions. Plane-wave reflection and transmission coefficients are adequately corrected for the effect of the curvature at the core -mantle discontinuity by the use of generalized cosines. Results are presented in the time domain, after a numerical Fourier (inverse) transform. The computed seismograms exhibit many non-ray effects that the SmKS incur upon interacting with the core- -mantle boundary. For SKS, the amplitude, group delay and phase delay are very strong functions of frequency at less than 0.5 Hz, both because of the frequency dependence of the reflection/transmission coefficients at the core—mantle boundary, and because of the presence of diffracted energy, called SP(diff)KS, perturbing the waveform. The diffracted energy of the type that perturbs SKS may also interact with shear waves to give rise to a precursor to the body-wave ScS, called SP(diff)S. The major complication in synthesizing the portion of the seismogram containing SmKS for m≥ 2 is that the arrival time of each successively higher order reflection is within the waveform of previous lower order reflections. It is found that a summation of body-wave displacements from S2KS to S15KS gives an adequate seismogram in the distance range 100°–125°. Each individual reflection has an amplitude spectrum, group delay and phase delay which are strongly frequency-dependent at less than 0.2 Hz. It is shown that arrival times for SmKS, m≥ 2, cannot be picked accurately by conventional methods. Furthermore, neglecting the frequency-dependence of reflection/transmission coefficients can significantly distort the interpretation of amplitude and phase data. The seismograms generated by this method agree so remarkably well with observed records that the synthetic waveforms provide a powerful test of the validity of particular earth models. In particular, we find that the waveforms of SmKS are exceedingly sensitive to velocity gradients of the upper 200-km of the outer core, and indications are that the velocities in the outer 200-km of the core are higher, but the velocity gradient is lower, than that predicted by Hales & Roberts or earth model 1066B. The pulse widths of SmKS are also used to determine some fault parameters.
Laboratory to Community: Chemoprevention Is the Answer

In the current issue, Johnson and colleagues present exciting results, using biomarkers involved in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)–induced hepatocarcinogenesis, as an example of a conceptual framework to target mechanisms of action in developing chemopreventive agents. Their innovative approach offers considerable promise for a field that has long been neglected. Proof-of-principle was demonstrated using a synthetic triterpenoid (CDDO-Im), which activates Nrf2 signal transduction pathway, inhibits formation of AFB1-induced DNA adducts and neoplastic hepatic foci, and alters the expression of genes associated with aflatoxin-mediated toxicity. Cancer Prev Res; 7(7); 648–52. ©2014 AACR.
Culture and Self in Career Development: Working With American Indians

The career development concerns of American Indians continue to receive limited attention in the vocational or career literature. To address this deficit, the current article will apply the cultura...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Breast Interventions: Role in Biopsy Targeting and Lumpectomies

Contrast-enhanced breast MR imaging is increasingly being used to diagnose breast cancer and to perform biopsy procedures. The American Cancer Society has advised women at high risk for breast cancer to have breast MR imaging screening as an adjunct to screening mammography. This article places special emphasis on biopsy and operative planning involving MR imaging and reviews use of breast MR imaging in monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Described are peer-reviewed data on currently accepted MR imaging-guided procedures for addressing benign and malignant breast diseases, including intraoperative imaging.
Uncertainty and Incentives in Crisis Bargaining: Game-Free Analysis of International Conflict

We study two different varieties of uncertainty that countries can face in international crises and establish general results about the relationship between these sources of uncertainty and the possibility of peaceful resolution of conflict. Among our results, we show that under some weak conditions, there is no equilibrium of any crisis bargaining game that has voluntary agreements and zero probability of costly war. We also show that while uncertainty about the other side’s cost of war may be relatively benign in peace negotiations, uncertainty about the other side’s strength in war makes it much more difficult to guarantee peaceful outcomes. Along the way, we are able to assess the degree to which particular modeling assumptions found in the existing literature drive the well-known relationship between uncertainty, the incentive to misrepresent, and costly war. We find that while the theoretical connection between war and uncertainty is quite robust to relaxing many modeling assumptions, whether uncertainty is about costs or the probability of victory remains important.
Proton Polarimetry at RHIC

The techniques used to measure precisely the polarization of the proton beams at RHIC are presented and discussed. Fast polarization measurements are performed using polarimeters based on pC elastic scattering. The absolute normalization is provided by a polarized hydrogen gas jet target. During the 2004 polarized proton run a relative precision on the beam polarization ΔPbeam/Pbeam of 6.6% has been achieved.
A quantitative fluorescence technique for evaluating thermal maturity: Instrumentation and examples

Abstract Fluorescence microscopy is useful not only for identifying most of the oil-prone organic matter (macerals) in sedimentary rocks and coals but also for assessing their thermal maturities (ranks). This report introduces a violet-light excitation system which induces more than one order of magnitude stronger fluorescence intensity that the commonly used UV-light excitation system. The red/green quotient from violet-light excited fluorescence, Q v , of sporinite can be easily measured using this system. Several examples using coal and cuttings samples are presented to demonstrate the use of this technique for evaluating the thermal maturities of coals and sedimentary rocks. From the results of our studies we conclude that: 1. (1) Violet-light excited fluorescence from sporinites can be routinely measured to assess thermal maturity. 2. (2) Spectral (Quantitative) fluorescence technique is useful for evaluating thermal maturity when samples are poorly polished or deficient in vitrinite. 3. (3) Visual (Strew-mounted) kerogen slides can not be used for fluorescence measurements unless a non-fluorescent mounting medium is used.
In-situ attitude calibration for high resolution bathymetric surveys with underwater robotic vehicles

In this paper we present a methodology for high resolution acoustic bathymetric mapping from a robotic underwater vehicle. Based on data obtained from navigation, attitude, and bathymetric sensors we show that precise calibration of attitude sensors is critical to obtaining high precision bathymetric surveys. We present an in-situ method for precision attitude sensor calibration based upon specific vehicle maneuvers. This method is demonstrated using data from an acoustic bathymetric survey of an archaeological site in the Mediterranean conducted by the authors with the Jason remotely operated vehicle.
NMR Study of Structure and Bonding in Glasses

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have been employed to study the bonding between atoms, and arrangements of atoms, in glasses. Oxygen bonding in SiO2 and B2O3 has been investigated using the oxygen-17 isotope. The O17 NMR spectrum for vitreous SiO2 (v-SiO2) exhibits well-defined structure and indicates significant local order in the material. Matching of experimental and computer-simulated spectra permits extraction of the Ol7 quadrupole coupling parameters which are analyzed to obtain charge densities in the electronic orbitals and the Si-O-Si bond angles and distributions. Comparisons can be made with values obtained from the O17 NMR spectrum of a-cristobalite. Both boron and oxygen have been studied in v-B2O3. The B10, B11, and O17 NMR spectra yield quadrupole parameters, bond angles, and charge densities. Two distinct types of oxygen site are clearly revealed which are consistent with the boroxol ring oxygens and the ring-connecting oxygens. B10 studies of Na2O-B2O3 and Li2O-B2O3 glasses yield spectra which are beautifully simulated by adding the spectra from the crystalline compounds in the respective systems. The relative amount of the structural grouping (i.e., boroxol, diborate, metaborate) from each compound can then be determined in each glass and followed as a function of composition. B11 studies in the technologically important sodium borosilicate system have permitted construction of structural models for the glasses in this system. The models yield the amount of each type of borate grouping present in each glass.
Einstein, Inventors, and Invention

Albert Einstein had more than a passing and trivial involvement with patents and inventions. The historian seeking to fathom Einstein's thought processes would be ill-advised to pass lightly over his years at the Swiss Federal Patent office (1902–1909) and to consider his professional advice-giving about patents and his patenting of his inventions as merely peripheral to his core concerns and cognitive style. Years of reading patents and visualizing the machines, devices, and electromagnetic phenomena described in them is a formative experience. A number of inventors besides Einstein enhanced their power of visualization from reading and writing patent claims. It is reasonable to conclude that the Patent Office years honed his remarkable gift for visually conceptualizing systematic artifactual relationships that he used in articulating theory.
Temperature characteristics of excitation in space-clamped squid axons.

Temperature characteristics of excitability in the squid giant axon were measured for the space-clamped axon with the double sucrose gap technique. Threshold strength-duration curves were obtained for square wave current pulses from 10 µsec to 10 msec and at temperatures from 5°C to 35°C. The threshold change of potential, at which an action potential separated from a subthreshold response, averaged 17 mv at 20°C with a Q10 of 1.15. The average threshold current density at rheobase was 12 µa/cm2 at 20°C with a Q10 of 2.35 compared to 2.3 obtained previously. At short times the threshold charge was 1.5·10-8 coul/cm2. This was relatively independent of temperature and occasionally showed a minimum in the temperature range. At intermediate times and all temperatures the threshold currents were less than for both the single time constant model and the two factor excitation process as developed by Hill. FitzHugh has made computer investigations of the effect of temperature on the excitation of the squid axon membrane as represented by the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. These are in general in good agreement with our experimental results.
Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. I. Modulation transfer function

The effect of various digital parameters, such as the sampling aperture, sampling distance, and display aperture, on the modulation transfer function(MTF) of digital radiographicimagingsystems was investigated by means of theoretical simulation studies. The MTFs were also determined experimentally to confirm the relationship used in the simulation studies. The results indicate that the overall MTF of a digital system cannot specify the resolution properties in the same way as can the MTFs of analog systems. The MTF of a digital system may include a ‘‘false’’ response due to aliasing, which could lead to an incorrect interpretation of the resolution properties. The magnitude of aliasing that will occur in a digitized signal depends on the sampling parameters chosen and on the frequency content of the radiologic object being imaged. Thus, the type of object to be detected as well as various digital parameters must be considered in the design and evaluation of digital imagingsystems.
Unipolar and Bipolar Electrogram Characteristics Predict Exit Block during Pulmonary Vein Antral Isolation

Introduction: The usefulness of unipolar electrograms (EGMs) has been reported in assessing lesion transmurality and conduction block along ablation lines. It is unknown whether unipolar and bipolar EGM characteristics predict exit block during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures. Methods and Results: Twenty patients (63 ± 7 years; 14 males [70%]) undergoing PVI with a circular mapping catheter (CMC) placed outside each PV ostium were retrospectively studied. After entrance block was achieved, pacing at each bipole around the CMC was performed to assess for absence of atrial capture (exit block). Bipolar EGMs recorded before pacing were examined for voltage, duration, fractionation, and monophasic morphology. Unipolar EGMs were examined for positive and negative amplitude, PQ segment elevation, fractionation, and monophasic morphology. The association of these parameters with atrial capture (absence of exit block) at each site was analyzed. After achievement of entrance block, only 23 of 64 PV antra (36%) exhibited exit block. Unipolar EGMs at sites with persistent capture were more likely to be fractionated and had larger negative deflections. Bipolar EGMs at sites with persistent capture showed higher amplitude, longer duration, were more likely to be fractionated, and were less likely to be monophasic. In a multivariate logistic regression model, bipolar and unipolar fractionation, bipolar duration, and lack of bipolar monophasic morphology were independently associated with persistent atrial capture. Conclusion: Specific unipolar and bipolar EGM characteristics are associated with left atrium capture after PV antral isolation. These parameters might be useful in predicting the need for further ablation to achieve exit block. (PACE 2012; 35:1294–1301)
Broadscale resolving power performance of a high precision uniform field ion mobility-mass spectrometer

An extensive study of two current ion mobility resolving power theories ("conditional" and "semi-empirical") was undertaken using a recently developed drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometer. The current study investigates the quantitative agreement between experiment and theory at reduced pressure (4 Torr) for a wide range of initial ion gate widths (100 to 500 μs), and ion mobility values (K0 from 0.50 to 3.0 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) representing measurements obtained in helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide drift gas. Results suggest that the conditional resolving power theory deviates from experimental results for low mobility ions (e.g., high mass analytes) and for initial ion gate widths beyond 200 μs. A semi-empirical resolving power theory provided close-correlation of predicted resolving powers to experimental results across the full range of mobilities and gate widths investigated. Interpreting the results from the semi-empirical theory, the performance of the current instrumentation was found to be highly linear for a wide range of analytes, with optimal resolving powers being accessible for a narrow range of drift fields between 14 and 17 V cm(-1). While developed using singly-charged ion mobility data, preliminary results suggest that the semi-empirical theory has broader applicability to higher-charge state systems.
Gene therapy for bone healing

Clinical problems in bone healing include large segmental defects, spinal fusions, and the nonunion and delayed union of fractures. Gene-transfer technologies have the potential to aid healing by permitting the local delivery and sustained expression of osteogenic gene products within osseous lesions. Key questions for such an approach include the choice of transgene, vector and gene-transfer strategy. Most experimental data have been obtained using cDNAs encoding osteogenic growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), BMP-4 and BMP-7, in conjunction with both nonviral and viral vectors using in vivo and ex vivo delivery strategies. Proof of principle has been convincingly demonstrated in small-animal models. Relatively few studies have used large animals, but the results so far are encouraging. Once a reliable method has been developed, it will be necessary to perform detailed pharmacological and toxicological studies, as well as satisfy other demands of the regulatory bodies, before human clinical trials can be initiated. Such studies are very expensive and often protracted. Thus, progress in developing a clinically useful gene therapy for bone healing is determined not only by scientific considerations, but also by financial constraints and the ambient regulatory environment.
A parametric copula based framework for multimodal signal processing

We present a framework for the joint processing of multimodal data such as audio-video data streams. We first consider the problem of estimating the joint distribution of statistically dependent multimodal random variables. We discuss the issues involved and provide a copula based solution. Application of this approach to solve a multisensor fusion problem for the detection of a random event is also discussed.
Attenuation and Power-Handling Capability of T-Septum Waveguides

In this paper, the attenuation characteristics and power-handling capabilities of single T-septum waveguides are presented.The analysis is based upon numerical solutions employing the Ritz- Galerkin technique [1]. The analysis was verified by applying it to the known results obtained for the ridged waveguide, which is treated as a special case of the T-septum guide. A good agreement has been achieved compared with the results from Hopfer [2]. It is found that the single T-septum guide can handle less power, but has lower attenuation than the single-ridged guide with identical gap parameters. Equations and charts are presented to facilitate the design of T-septum waveguides.
The Lateral Triangle of the Middle Fossa: Surgical Anatomy and a Novel Technique for Transcranial Exposure of the Internal Maxillary Artery.

Abstract The challenge of locating and isolating the internal maxillary artery (IMA) hinders its potential use as an arterial donor for extracranial-to-intracranial bypass surgery. To introduce a new approach through the middle cranial fossa for easy access and safe exposure of the IMA. Ten specimens were prepared for surgical simulation. After the pterional craniotomy, a 2-step drilling technique was performed (lateral triangle). First, a triangular craniectomy was completed anterolateral to the foramen spinosum. By following the middle meningeal artery and dividing the lateral pterygoid muscle, the proximal part of IMA was located. Second, a bone slot was drilled in a posterior-to-anterior direction from the anterior aspect of the first craniectomy. By tracing of the proximal part, the main trunk of the IMA was obtained. The size of the 2 craniectomies, the depth of IMA from the surface of the middle fossa, and the length of exposed IMA were measured. Drilling within the lateral triangle allowed safe exposure of both the trunk and the branches of the mandibular nerve of the IMA. The total craniectomy measured 27.8 ± 4.2 mm in the anterior-posterior direction, and the posterior portion measured 13.3 ± 1.5 mm in the lateral-medial direction. The depth from the middle fossa to the IMA (16.8 ± 3.2 mm, mean ± SD) was equal to the length of IMA exposed (17.6 ± 3.3 mm, mean ± SD; P > .05). This new approach provides an efficient and safe method to consistently find and isolate a segment of the IMA suitable for extracranial-to-intracranial bypass. IMA, internal maxillary arteryLP, lateral pterygoidMMA, middle meningeal artery.
'CULTURE' AS A SKILL IN UNDERGRADUATE EFL CLASSROOMS: THE BANGLADESHI REALITIES

As regards the status of English in today's globalization era, 'culture'Â has turned out to be an essential component in the teaching and learningÂ of English. Some Applied Linguists have even described it as the fifthÂ skillâ€”after listening, speaking, reading and writingâ€”which must be handledÂ adequately in EFL classrooms. By appreciating and acquiring the culturalÂ knowledge, values and skills associated with the different varieties ofÂ English, EFL students could develop their cultural sensitivities using EnglishÂ as the medium of instruction despite their resentment motivation. Eventually,Â students would be able to identify and respond to both culturally significantÂ and inappropriate information and think positively about being a part ofÂ international environment. Given the growing importance of EFL teachingÂ in Bangladesh, this study investigated the roles of 'culture' in the undergraduateÂ EFL classrooms. That is, the study carefully evaluated the effortÂ and capabilities of the teachers in dealing with culturally sensitive issues inÂ their materials, and the influences of cultural items of English on students'Â learning. The study made constructive recommendations for English teachersÂ to have successful implementation of cultural skills in their ELT activitiesÂ regarding Bangladeshi socio-cultural realities which would make studentsÂ become effective workforce in this challenging era.
Theoretical Issues and “Pattern Cladistics”

Beatty (1982) makes two important points about a party of cladists he terms “pattern cladists.” These are: (1) that by searching for characters that define a hierarchical pattern of groups those researchers reduce their groups to Aristotelian classes, and (2) that this position is not “theory-neutral” with regard to current evolutionary theory, but actively antagonistic, even though it does not advance counterexplanations of evolution. When submitted to close reading, however, Beatty’s discussion of the implications does not produce the clarification he intended. An unfortunate result, since the issues raised are part of an ongoing discussion and need review. As it is, Beatty’s treatment of this matter is not fully informed.
10 – Nanotechnology for DNA and RNA delivery

: This chapter discusses novel deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) delivery systems based on emerging nanotechnology such as nanoparticles and nano-sized biological molecules. It first studies the mechanism for DNA/RNA delivery and reviews recent breakthroughs of such nano-delivery systems for gene therapy, tissue/organ function improvement, disease treatment as well as molecular imaging utilities. This chapter then illustrates applications and future prospects which make direct nano-based DNA/RNA delivery vehicles smaller, safer and more versatile.
The Survival Benefit of “Fistula First, Catheter Last” in Hemodialysis Is Primarily Due to Patient Factors

Patients needing hemodialysis are advised to have arteriovenous fistulas rather than catheters because of significantly lower mortality rates. However, disparities in fistula placement raise the possibility that patient factors have a role in this apparent mortality benefit. We derived a cohort of 115,425 patients on incident hemodialysis ≥67 years old from the US Renal Data System with linked Medicare claims to identify the first predialysis vascular access placed. We compared mortality outcomes in patients initiating hemodialysis with a fistula placed first, a catheter after a fistula placed first failed, or a catheter placed first (n=90,517; reference group). Of 21,436 patients with a fistula placed first, 9794 initiated hemodialysis with that fistula, and 8230 initiated dialysis with a catheter after failed fistula placement. The fistula group had the lowest mortality over 58 months (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.52; P<0.001), with mortality rates at 6, 12, and 24 months after initiation of 9%, 17%, and 31%, respectively, compared with 32%, 46%, and 62%, respectively, in the catheter group. However, the group initiating hemodialysis with a catheter after failed fistula placement also had significantly lower mortality rates than the catheter group had over 58 months (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.68; P<0.001), with mortality rates of 15%, 25%, and 42% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Thus, patient factors affecting fistula placement, even when patients are hemodialyzed with a catheter instead, may explain at least two thirds of the mortality benefit observed in patients with a fistula.
The Polygraph: Uses and Misuses

The polygraph is an unreliable way to determine if a particular individual is lying or truthful. The presumed scientific basis for it lacks a verifiable theory and the test lacks validity. It cannot tell us if tracings on paper are proof of a lie or the truth. The vast majority of the literature from the field is useless. Literature that employs an appropriate academic basis is limited and often suffers from sampling issues, lack of knowing ground truth, and examiner bias, to name only a few problems. The widespread selecting out of inconclusive test results falsely buoys exaggerated accuracy claims. What few field tests that exist are flawed. The machine is dangerous and no person, agency, or government should rely on it to make important decisions. As a screening tool it is very problematic, and for specific incident testing it is still problematic. There is no Pinocchio effect. The same physiologic responses can occur during both lying and truth telling. It is that simple. Diehard proponents of the polygraph are almost always financially dependent on it, and this will help perpetuate its use.
Traditions and Behavioral Factors As the Main Sources of Political Turmoil and Socio-Economic Underdevelopment in the Countries of the Greater Middle East

The petrodollars received by oil producing countries of the Greater Middle East since the early part of the past century could have potentially improved the economies of these nations and modernized their societies beyond imagination. Economic development specialists regard reaching some goals such as higher growth rate of real output, less chronic inflation, Improvements in education and healthcare services, greater diversity in the economy and in exports, greater equality in the distribution of income, larger participation of women and minorities in economic activities, greater participation of the citizens in decision making and political process, and lower unemployment rate as indications of economic progress or socio-economic improvements in a developing country. The purpose of this paper is to explain the reasons for mediocre success of the Oil-Producing Countries of the Middle East in achieving the above socio-economic goals despite the huge inflows of petrodollars into their countries over the past several decades. Through analysis of some data from this region and other areas of the world and by adhering to historical events in the region and relying on some tenets of social psychology, the author of this paper will tend to provide convincing arguments in support of the view that the oil-exporting nations of the Middle East have, for the most part, wasted the abundant and extremely valuable foreign currencies that became available to them through exporting of oil to developed nations of the world over the past forty years.
Regulation of Coronavirus RNA Transcription is Likely Mediated by Protein-RNA Interactions

Coronavirus mRNA transcription was thought to be regulated by the interaction between the leader RNA and the intergenic (IG) sequence, probably involving direct RNA-RNA interactions between complementary sequences. In this study, we found that a 9-nucleotide sequence immediately downstream of the leader RNA up-regulated mRNA transcription and that a particular strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) lacking this 9-nucleotide transcribed subgenomic mRNA species containing unusually heterogeneous leader-fusion sites. These results suggest that the sequence complementarity between the leader and IG is not necessarily required for mRNA transcription. UV cross-linking experiments using cytoplasmic extracts of uninfected cells and the IG sequence showed that three different cellular proteins bound to IG of the template RNA. Deletion analyses and site-directed mutagenesis of IG further demonstrated a correlation between protein-binding and transcription efficiency, suggesting that these RNA-binding proteins are involved in the regulation of coronavirus mRNA transcription. We propose that coronavirus transcription is regulated by RNA-protein and protein-protein interactions.
Localized surface plasmon sensor based on gold island films using a hetero-core structured optical fiber

This paper reports the effect of applying an Au island film to the hetero-core structured optical fiber, which is fabricated by annealing thin Au films with thicknesses of 3 and 5 nm and its sensing performance for the refractive index changes. We experimentally observe that novel localized surface plasmon resonance spectra for 1.333 RIU appear in the visible-to-near-infrared region, depending on the shape of Au islands. The absorbance and spectral sensitivity for a given refractive index region of the tested solvents were obtained to be 4.81 AU/RIU and 517 nm/RIU, respectively, in the range of 1.333–1.384 RIU in the case of 5 nm thick Au film annealed at 900°C.
A multicenter study of total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT): POST (Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT)

Abstract Background/objectives Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is considered for managing chronic pancreatitis in selected patients when medical and endoscopic interventions have not provided adequate relief from debilitating pain. Although more centers are performing TPIAT, we lack large, multi-center studies to guide decisions about selecting candidates for and timing of TPIAT. Methods Multiple centers across the United States (9 to date) performing TPIAT are prospectively enrolling patients undergoing TPIAT for chronic pancreatitis into the Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT (POST), a NIDDK funded study with a goal of accruing 450 TPIAT recipients. Baseline data include participant phenotype, pancreatitis history, and medical/psychological comorbidities from medical records, participant interview, and participant self-report (Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-12, EQ-5D, andPROMIS inventories for pain interference, depression, and anxiety). Outcome measures are collected to at least 1 year after TPIAT, including the same participant questionnaires, visual analog pain scale, pain interference scores, opioid requirements, insulin requirements, islet graft function, and hemoglobin A1c. Health resource utilization data are collected for a cost-effectiveness analysis. Biorepository specimens including urine, serum/plasma, genetic material (saliva and blood), and pancreas tissue are collected for future study. Conclusions This ongoing multicenter research study will enroll and follow TPIAT recipients, aiming to evaluate patient selection and timing for TPIAT to optimize pain relief, quality of life, and diabetes outcomes, and to measure the procedure's cost-effectiveness. A biorepository is also established for future ancillary studies.
Post-traumatic stress symptoms following sniper attacks: Effects of television viewing and identification with victims.

Objective: A series of sniper attacks in the Washington, DC, area left 10 people dead and three wounded. The authors examined the relationship of sniper-related television (TV) viewing, identification with victims, and peritraumatic dissociation to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Methods: Participants were 1,238 DC residents (ages 18-90, M = 41.7; 51 percent female; 68 percent White) who completed an online survey including items assessing identification, amount of TV, peritraumatic dissociation, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Identification was measured by assessing to what extent participants identified victims as similar to themselves, a friend, or a family member. Peritraumatic dissociation and post-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed with the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire and Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Relationships of TV viewing, identification, and peritraumatic dissociation to post-traumatic stress symptoms were examined by univariable and multivariable regressions and variable interactions. Results: Female gender and higher levels of TV viewing, identification, and peritraumatic dissociation were each related to greater post-traumatic stress symptoms. After adjusting for gender and the predictor variables, higher TV viewing was associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (B = 0.72, p < 0.01, ΔR2 = 0.05). Participants with greater identification (B = 0.85, p < 0.001, ΔR2 = 0.08) and peritraumatic dissociation (B = 1.58, p < 0.001, ΔR2 = 0.39) reported more post-traumatic stress symptoms. Among those with both high (B = 1.19, p < 0.001) and low TV viewing, identification was associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Among those reporting low TV viewing, this association was greater for those who experienced more peritraumatic dissociation (B = −0.09, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Trauma-related TV viewing, which may stimulate identification and peritraumatic dissociation, is an important consideration in understanding development of post-traumatic stress symptoms.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Management and Outcomes of Children Hospitalized with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome or Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Background Severe cutaneous adverse reactions are rare yet life-threatening conditions. The current management and outcomes of these conditions in US children are unclear. Objective To characterize the current management and outcomes of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) across US children's hospitals. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 18 years hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of SJS or TEN at 47 US freestanding children's hospitals. We compared treatment (intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG], steroids, antibiotics, and others) and outcomes (length of stay [LOS], hospital mortality, readmission, recurrence, related complications, and adjusted hospital costs) across hospitals and by SJS versus TEN diagnoses. Results We identified 898 pediatric patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of SJS or TEN. Of these patients, 167 (18.6%) were prescribed steroids only, 229 (25.5%) IVIG only, and 153 (17.04%) both IVIG and steroids. Median LOS was 8 days (interquartile range, 5-13) with median hospital-adjusted costs of $16,265. Readmissions were common, with 88 (9.9%) patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge and a recurrence rate of 2.7%. Overall hospital mortality in children was low at 0.56%. TEN was associated with higher mortality (3.23%) compared with SJS (0.13%). There was no association between the use of IVIG, systemic steroids, or IVIG and steroids during the first 2 days of hospitalization and decreased LOS or mechanical ventilation. Complex chronic conditions and TEN diagnoses were associated with increased LOS and increased odds of mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Survival in children with SJS and TEN is significantly better than that observed in adults. However, there is variability in the management and outcomes in children diagnosed with these severe cutaneous reactions. Further studies are needed to determine the most effective treatment strategies given the extent of health care utilization and high rate of readmissions observed in this population.
The Parallel Flux Module of the National Combustion Code on Dynamic Load Balancing Environment

Abstract: This paper discusses parallel performance of the FLUX module of the National Combustion Code (NCC) in Dynamic Load Balancing (DLB) environments. The tools used in parallelization and load balancing were developed at IUPUI. The objective of the parallel tool is to allow code developers to parallelize codes easily and effectively, without having to invest significant resources in learning parallel programming techniques. A parallelized version of the FLUX code has been tested for a sample case. Parallel performance of the code is presented in the paper. It was observed that by increasing the number of parallel partitions, the efficiency of parallel FLUX code was improved. In addition, individual users can benefit from improvements made to the DLB environment when submitting parallel jobs. The DLB tool package provides a non-cooperative load balancing environment that also ensures collective benefit in terms of the computational cost.
Color plate gallery

This chapter contains 91 full-page color reproductions of important figures that have appeared earlier in this book. These plates have been computer-enhanced to improve their clarity and to make it easier for the reader to observe the fine details that are mentioned in the text and in the legend to each figure. Care has been taken to match the colors shown in these plates with those in the original prints from which they were photographed. Through these efforts, it is hoped that the reader will not only gain a better understanding of what the images are trying to convey but also of their beauty and artistry.
The Strata Model Predicting Advertising Effectiveness: A Neural-Network Approach Enhances Predictability of Consumer Decision Making

ABSTRACT The use of neuroscience methods in advertising research continues to grow, but it remains controversial. One area of neuroscience that has the potential to advance understanding of consumer decision making is neural-network analysis. The authors draw a parallel between means–end decision theory and neural-network analysis. They then apply these two theoretical perspectives to validate empirically a recognized advertising-strategy assessment (Strata) model. The results of an analysis of 240 television advertisements offer support for the neural-network-based Strata model. The article concludes with recommendations for how to improve advertising effectiveness.
Assessment of disease severity in a Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Classification of Quantitative MRI

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal Xlinked muscle disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene with a consequence of progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is a spontaneous X-linked canine model of DMD with similar effects. Due to high soft-tissue contrast images, MRI is preferred as a non-invasive method to extract information corresponding to biological characteristics. We propose and evaluate non-invasive MRI-based imaging biomarkers to assess the severity of golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) using 3T and 4.7T MRI data of nine animals. These imaging biomarkers use first order statistics and texture (assessed by wavelets) in quantitative MRI (qMRI). In a leave-one-sampleout cross-validation framework, we use SVM to differentiate between young and old GRMD animals. The preliminary results show good differentiation between young and old animals for different qMRI sequences and based on a different selection of features.