cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCING ASK, A SIMPLE KNOWLEDGEABLE SYSTEM

ASK, A S imple K nowledgeable System, is a total system for the structuring, manipulation and communication of information. It is a simple system in the sense that its development concentrated on clean engineering solutions to what could be done now with good response times. The user interface is a limited dialect of English. In contrast to expert systems, in which experts build the knowledge base and users make use of this expert knowledge, ASK is aimed at the user who wishes to create, test, modify, extend and make use of his own knowledge base. It is a system for a research team, a management or military staff, or a business office.This paper is designed to give you a feel for the general performance of the ASK System and overview of its operational capabilities. To this end, the movie you see will continue throughout the talk. Indeed, the talk itself is a commentary on this background movie. The movie is bona fide and in real time, it is of the ASK System in action. (Many of the illustrations from the movie are reproduced in the written paper.)
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding--management.

Although acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is much less common than upper GI bleeding, it has been studied less, and guidelines for its management are less clear. The most common cause of significant bleeding is diverticular bleeding. The most common cause of intermittent minor hematochezia is hemorrhoidal bleeding. The best diagnostic approach for patients with active bleeding is controversial, but the authors advocate urgent prepared colonoscopy, except in those patients with massive and aggressive bleeding, in whom angiography should be considered emergently. Recent data suggest that endoscopic therapy is effective and might improve outcomes. Angiography and surgery play important roles in managing certain patients who have lower GI bleeding, emphasizing that successful care of patients who have lower GI hemorrhage often requires an integrated multi-specialty approach.
Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes.

Abstract During the previous two decades smoking among pregnant women in the developed world declined by about 60–75%. Nevertheless, prenatal smoking remains a common habit and accounts for a significant proportion of fetal morbidity and mortality through both a direct (fetal) and an indirect (placental) effect. The most important smoking-induced placental pathology is placental abruption with reported risk estimates ranging from 1.4 to 4.0. It is almost a consensus that prenatal smoking is a causative factor for placental abruption. Although the evidence is less compelling, smoking mothers are at an increased risk for placenta previa and placenta-previa–accreta combination. There is no association between maternal smoking and the syndrome of idiopathic uterine bleeding. The relationship between maternal smoking and fetal growth is causal, and includes significant reduction in growth of head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length, with the largest reduction in size observed for femur length. Prenatal smoking is associated with a 20–30% higher likelihood for stillbirth, a 40% elevation in the risk for infant mortality and a 2-fold increase in the incidence of SIDS. Conclusion: Despite a temporal decline in maternal smoking, it still accounts for significant feto-infant morbidity and mortality, and efforts to discourage prenatal smoking need to be intensified.
Avoiding failure by using a formal problem diagnosis process

Purpose – Seeks to provide an overview of a formal method for diagnosing and resolving problems that arise during the system development process.Design/methodology/approach – Using a communicative problem‐solving model proposed by Lumsden and Lumsden, the author applies the model to the problem diagnosis process in systems development by way of a case study.Findings – Applying a formal model to problem diagnosis and resolution provides a way for the development team to truly understand the problem it is trying to solve and the implications of the solution. When the model is used, the problem can be analyzed within its larger organizational context, thereby creating more effective solutions that will be welcomed and embraced.Originality/value – This paper will be of interest to systems developers and managers, especially those who need to diagnose and resolve issues within their larger organizational context. By situating the general model proposed by Lumsden and Lumsden within the systems development cont...
Physical activity patterns using accelerometry in the National Weight Control Registry.

The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) was established in 1993 to examine characteristics of successful weight-loss maintainers. This group consistently self-reports high levels of physical activity. The aims of this study were to obtain objective assessments of physical activity in NWCR subjects and compare this to physical activity in both normal-weight and overweight controls. Individuals from the NWCR (n = 26) were compared to a never obese normal-weight control group matched to the NWCR group's current BMI (n = 30), and an overweight control group matched to the NWCR group's self-reported pre-weight-loss BMI (n = 34). Objective assessment of physical activity was obtained for a 1-week period using a triaxial accelerometer. Bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ≥10 min in duration, as well as nonbout MVPA (bouts of MVPA 1–9 min in duration) were summed and characterized. NWCR subjects spent significantly (P = 0.004) more time per day in sustained bouts of MVPA than overweight controls (41.5 ± 35.1 min/day vs. 19.2 ± 18.6 min/day) and marginally (P = 0.080) more than normal controls (25.8 ± 23.4). There were no significant differences between the three groups in the amount of nonbout MVPA. These results provide further evidence that physical activity is important for long-term maintenance of weight loss and suggest that sustained volitional activity (i.e., ≥10 min in duration) may play an important role. Interventions targeting increases in structured exercise may be needed to improve long-term weight-loss maintenance.
Linear programming and optimizing lumber quality composition in secondary hardwood dimension mills

Linear programming has been widely applied in the secondary hardwood dimension manufacturing industries to solve the least-cost lumber grade mix problem, which refers to the search for minimal raw material costs. Most existing models are based on the assumption of a simple linear relationship between lumber grade mix and yield. However, this crucial assumption has never been verified. In this study, the results from a five-factor mixture design statistically proved that none of the cutting bills tested has a simple linear relationship between yield and different lumber grade mixes. It was observed that cutting bill characteristics and lumber quality affect the relationship between yield and lumber grades. Cutting bills that require wider and/or longer parts tend to behave non-linearly. In addition, the more dissimilar lumber grade qualities that are processed, the more likely is the occurrence of a non-linear response. The inability to predict the relationship between yield and lumber grades, coupled with the high percentage of non-simple linear relationships observed in this study, brings into question the validity of the linearity assumption applied in previous linear programming models. Further efforts are needed to construct a new least-cost lumber grade mix model that does not rely on the assumption of a simple linear relationship between lumber grade mix and yield.
Parallel Simulation of Parallel File Systems and I/O Programs

Efficient I/O implementations can have a significant impact on the performance of parallel applications. This paper describes the design and implementation of PIOSIM, a parallel simulation library for MPI-IO programs. The simulator can be used to predict the performance of existing MPI-IO programs as a function of architectural characteristics, caching algorithms, and alternative implementations of collective I/O operations. This paper describes the simulator and presents the results of a number of performance studies to evaluate the impact of the preceding factors on a set of MPI-IO benchmarks, including programs from the NAS benchmark suite.
Validation of the QUick atmospheric correction (QUAC) algorithm for VNIR-SWIR multi- and hyperspectral imagery

We describe a new visible-near infrared short-wavelength infrared (VNIR-SWIR) atmospheric correction method for multi- and hyperspectral imagery, dubbed QUAC (QUick Atmospheric Correction) that also enables retrieval of the wavelength-dependent optical depth of the aerosol or haze and molecular absorbers. It determines the atmospheric compensation parameters directly from the information contained within the scene using the observed pixel spectra. The approach is based on the empirical finding that the spectral standard deviation of a collection of diverse material spectra, such as the endmember spectra in a scene, is essentially spectrally flat. It allows the retrieval of reasonably accurate reflectance spectra even when the sensor does not have a proper radiometric or wavelength calibration, or when the solar illumination intensity is unknown. The computational speed of the atmospheric correction method is significantly faster than for the first-principles methods, making it potentially suitable for real-time applications. The aerosol optical depth retrieval method, unlike most prior methods, does not require the presence of dark pixels. QUAC is applied to atmospherically correction several AVIRIS data sets and a Landsat-7 data set, as well as to simulated HyMap data for a wide variety of atmospheric conditions. Comparisons to the physics-based Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) code are also presented.
Research on the antigenic structure of leptospira by infrared spectrophotometry.

Summary In the WHO publication “Classification of leptospires and recent advances in leptospirosis” (8) we read: “Further studies should be made of the antigenic composition of leptospires using refined techniques”… The following experiments on Leptospira are being carried out systematically over several years: metabolism, virulence and chemistry, immunochemical fractions (sugars, proteins, lipids) and their activity. Infrared spectrophotometry of various Leptospira gave interesting results: all Leptospira serotypes, in spite of serological differences, showed similar spectral curves, with the same wave numbers and similar absorption maxima. Infrared spectrophotometry can thus indicate Leptospira strains. This finding has some value for the theory of antigenic structure and for the practice of the taxonomy of the Genus Leptospira. Zusammenfassung Versuche uber die Antigenstruktur von Leptospiren durch Infrarot-Spektrophotometrie Leptospiren-Serotypen wurden mittels Infrarot-Spektrophotometrie untersucht. Hierbei ergab sich, das sie nur eine fur alle Leptospiren gleiche Spektralkurve haben, die in den Wellenzahlen, Absorptionsmaxima, in der Struktur und Topographie der Extreme sehr ahnlich oder identisch sind. Man kann daher mittels der Infrarot-Spektrophotometrie zwar das Genus Leptospira feststellen, aber nicht die Serotypen. Resume Recherches sur la structure antigenique des leptospires par la spectrophotometrie a rayons infra-rouges Les serotypes de leptospires furent examines au moyen de la spectrophotometrie a rayons infra-rouges. On trouva une courbe spectrale semblable pour toutes les leptospires. Les longueurs d'onde, les maximums d'absorption, la structure et la topographie des extremes sont tres semblables ou identiques. La spectrophotometrie infra-rouge permet de reconnaitre le genre Leptospire, mais non les serotypes. Resumen Ensayos sobre la estructura antigenica de las leptospiras mediante la espectrofotometria infrarroja Los serotipos de las leptospiras se examinaron mediante espectrofotometria infrarroja. Aqui se vio que tienen solo una curva espectral, igual en todas las leptospiras, resultando muy parecidas o identicas las longitudes de onda, los maximos de absorcion, la estructura y la topografia de los extremos. Asi es que por medio de la espectrofotometria infrarroja si que se puede identificar el genero Leptospira, pero no sus serotipos.
Determination of left ventricular ejection fraction using ultrafast computed tomography

We evaluated ultrafast CT as a method to measure left ventricular ejection fraction in 16 adults with congenital or acquired heart disease who underwent cardiac catheterization. CT scanning of the left ventricle was performed at 4 to 12 adjacent 1 cm levels (depending on heart size) at 50 msec/scan for one cardiac cycle, with the table positioned with an axial tilt of 10 to 20 degrees and a lateral slew of 5 to 10 degrees to best approximate the long axis of the left ventricle. Image enhancement was achieved by an injection of 25 ml of Renografin-76 via a peripheral vein, with scanning timed to coincide with maximal enhancement of the left ventricular cavity. Ejection fraction was computed by measuring the percent change in area of the left ventricle from diastole (largest area) to systole (smallest area) in a single slice at the mid-left ventricular level. Mean ejection fraction for the group was 58.1 +/- 15.1% (range 24% to 84%). The ejection fraction from left ventriculography, computed from biplane images using the Dodge (area-length) formula, was 59.6 +/- 12.3% (range 28% to 77%). There was an excellent correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction by CT and ventriculography (r = 0.91, y = 1.1x - 8.5, p less than 0.001). This study demonstrates that ultrafast CT can provide an accurate measure of left ventricular ejection fraction by simple methodology.
Fractionation of bovine sarcoplasmic proteins by DEAE-cellulose chromatography

SUMMARY A Tris buffer system (starting buffer, 0.04M Tris phosphate, pH 9.0; limiting buffer, 0.5M Tris H2PO4, pH 3.6) and a concave gradient elution procedure were developed for the fractionation of beef sarcoplasmic proteins by diethylaminoethyl cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Sarcoplasmic proteins extracted 2 hr post-mortem were separated chromatographically into 16–18 distinct fractions. Duplication of the results was excellent. Some alterations occurring in these proteins during 10 days' post-mortem aging were detected by this technique. Such changes observed were the disappearance of one fraction and appearance of new components, while other fractions diminished.
The carbohydrate of ovalbumin

Abstract A study of the carbohydrate component of ovalbumin points to the presence of three moles of d -glucosamine and six moles of d -mannose per 45,000 g. of the protein. Ovalbumin is extensively oxidized by sodium periodate, the primary reaction with the carbohydrate moiety cleaving three residues of d -mannose and one residue of d -glucosamine. The action of sodium borohydride on ovalbumin demonstrates the absence of a reducing sugar end group.
Poly-paraphyly of Hirudinidae: many lineages of medicinal leeches

Medicinal leeches became infamous for their utility in bloodletting popularized in the 19th century, and have seen a recent resurgence in post-operative treatments for flap and replantation surgeries, and in terms of characterization of salivary anticoagulants. Notorious throughout the world, the quintessential leech family Hirudinidae has been taken for granted to be monophyletic, as has the non-bloodfeeding family Haemopidae. This study is the first to evaluate molecular evidence from hirudinid and haemopid leeches in a manner that encompasses the global scope of their taxonomic distributions. We evaluated the presumed monophyly of the Hirudinidae and assessed previous well-accepted classification schemes. The Hirudinidae were found not to be monophyletic, falling instead into two distinct and unrelated clades. Members of the non-bloodfeeding family Haemopidae were scattered throughout the tree and among traditional hirudinid genera. A combination of nuclear 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA with mitochondrial 12S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase I were analyzed with Parsimony and with Bayesian methods. The family Hirudinidae must be refined to include only the clade containing Hirudo medicinalis (European medicinal leech) and related leeches irrespective of bloodfeeding behavior. A second clade containing Macrobdella decora (North American medicinal leech) and its relatives may yet be recognized in Semiscolecidae in order to avoid paraphyly. The African distribution of species from each of the divergent hirudinid clades suggests that a deep divergence took place in the history of the medicinal leeches hundreds of millions of years ago.
BEYOND TEXT: USING ARRAYS TO REPRESENT AND ANALYZE ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA

Recent methodological debates in sociology have focused on how data and analyses might be made more open and accessible, how the process of theorizing and knowledge production might be made more explicit, and how developing means of visualization can help address these issues. In ethnography, where scholars from various traditions do not necessarily share basic epistemological assumptions about the research enterprise with either their quantitative colleagues or one another, these issues are particularly complex. Nevertheless, ethnographers working within the field of sociology face a set of common pragmatic challenges related to managing, analyzing, and presenting the rich context-dependent data generated during fieldwork. Inspired by both ongoing discussions about how sociological research might be made more transparent, as well as innovations in other data-centered fields, the authors developed an interactive visual approach that provides tools for addressing these shared pragmatic challenges. They label the approach "ethnoarray" analysis. This article introduces this approach and explains how it can help scholars address widely shared logistical and technical complexities, while remaining sensitive to both ethnography's epistemic diversity and its practitioners shared commitment to depth, context, and interpretation. The authors use data from an ethnographic study of serious illness to construct a model of an ethnoarray and explain how such an array might be linked to data repositories to facilitate new forms of analysis, interpretation, and sharing within scholarly and lay communities. They conclude by discussing some potential implications of the ethnoarray and related approaches for the scope, practice, and forms of ethnography.
The Discovery and Development of the N‐Substituted trans‐3,4‐Dimethyl‐4‐(3′‐hydroxyphenyl)piperidine Class of Pure Opioid Receptor Antagonists

N-Substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines are a class of pure opioid receptor antagonists with a novel pharmacophore. This opioid receptor antagonist pharmacophore was used as a lead structure to design and develop several interesting and useful opioid receptor antagonists. In this review we describe: 1) early SAR studies that led to the discovery of LY255582 and analogues that are nonselective opioid receptor antagonists developed for the treatment of obesity; 2) the discovery and commercialization of LY246736 (alvimopan; ENTEREG®), a peripherally selective opioid receptor antagonist that accelerates the time to upper and lower GI recovery following surgeries that include partial bowel resection with primary anastomosis; and 3) the discovery and development of the potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonist JDTic and analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for treating depression, anxiety, and substance abuse (nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine). In addition, the use of JDTic for obtaining the X-ray structure of the human κ opioid receptor is discussed.
Hypertonic glucose solution in angina pectoris

Abstract In two series of cases we studied the effect on the heart of the intravenous injection of hypertonic glucose solution. In Group I it was observed that in patients with effort angina and coronary arteriosclerosis the injection of hypertonic glucose solution produced marked electrocardiographic changes and frequently caused pain. In Group II it was observed that patients with effort angina and pathologic alterations of the electrocardiogram after exercise developed the same, and even more marked, alterations of the electrocardiogram when hypertonic glucose solution was given shortly before the performance of the exercise test. The various theories concerning the effect of hypertonic glucose solution on the blood and coronary arteries were discussed, and the possible causes for the production of cardiac pain after the injection of hypertonic glucose solution were reviewed.
Dietary selenium and aniline-induced methemoglobinemia in rats

Depletion of selenium from rats for 8 weeks decreased blood glutathione peroxidase activity to 5.7% of that in selenium-supplemented (0.5 ppm selenium as Na2SeO3) rats. Aniline (60 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in no significant difference in methemoglobin and blood reduced glutathione (GSH) levels between Se-deficient and Se-supplemented rats. A lowered aniline dose (36 mg/kg, i.p.) also resulted in no difference in methemoglobin levels. The selenium-deficient rat was able to reduce methemoglobin induced by aniline as efficiently as the selenium-sufficient rat.
A dual color Southern blot to visualize two genomes or genic regions simultaneously

This report describes the development of a novel dual color Southern protocol to visualize two distinct genomes or genic regions simultaneously on a single Southern blot. The blot is developed with IRDye-conjugated antibody (Ab) and streptavidin that recognize digoxigenin (Dig)- or biotin-labeled probes, respectively and visualized on an infrared imager. This protocol was validated by visualizing viral and host genomes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected human fibroblasts. This technique utilizes extremely sensitive fluorescent imaging, allowing the detection of nanogram quantities of DNA, as opposed to microgram quantities needed in Southerns using radioactively labeled probes, and eliminates the inherent loss in signal after stripping and reprobing a Southern blot. The probes are labeled with non-radioactive Dig and biotin and can be stored for extended periods of time. This protocol will aid in studies of any system with two genomes, such as cells infected with numerous types of microorganisms (virus/parasites/bacteria), or studies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA within the same cells.
Nesting an incompressible-flow code within a compressible-flow code: a two-dimensional study

Abstract We consider numerical algorithms appropriate for one- and two-way coupling between meso-scale and micro-scale fluid-dynamics codes for wind energy computing. At the meso-scale is a numerical weather-prediction code, which is typically based on the compressible-flow Euler equations. At the micro-scale, surrounding one or more wind turbines, is a computational fluid dynamics code, which is typically based on the incompressible-flow Navier–Stokes equations. When calculating short-duration flow around wind turbines, one-way coupling is sufficient, where the meso-scale computational model drives the micro-scale model. However, in long-duration simulations involving large wind farms, the influence of the wind farm on the meso-scale weather may no longer be insignificant and two-way coupling is warranted. In this study, we focus on a simple two-dimensional system, for which our goal is to devise one- and two-way coupling algorithms that can effectively transport a vortex propagating in laminar flow from one domain to the other. Two coupling schemes and their numerical implementation are described: partial-boundary coupling and projection coupling. In the former, the micro-scale-domain boundary is decomposed, based on the meso-scale solution, into sections corresponding to inflow and outflow. The micro-scale model has Dirichlet- and Neumann-type boundary conditions on these sections, respectively. In projection coupling, the meso-scale solution is projected onto the incompressible-flow solution space in the micro-scale domain, from which Dirichlet-type boundary conditions are derived. In these simulations, the uncoupled meso-scale solution is taken as the reference, and the best coupling method is that which produces solutions that deviate the least from the reference. In one-way coupling, under a simple two-dimensional laminar-flow test case, partial-boundary coupling was more effective than projection coupling. However, in two-way coupling, projection coupling was the best performer.
Sensitivity of 0–12-h Warm-Season Precipitation Forecasts over the Central United States to Model Initialization

AbstractSensitivity of 0–12-h warm-season precipitation forecasts to atmospheric initial conditions, including those from different large-scale model analyses and from rapid cycled (RC) three-dimensional variational data assimilations (3DVAR) with and without radar data, is investigated for a 6-day period during the International H2O Project. Neighborhood-based precipitation verification is used to compare forecasts made with the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF). Three significant convective episodes are examined by comparing the precipitation patterns and locations from different forecast experiments. From two of these three case studies, causes for the success and failure of the RC data assimilation in improving forecast skill are shown. Results indicate that the use of higher-resolution analysis in the initialization, rapid update cycling via WRF 3DVAR data assimilation, and the additional assimilation of radar observations each play a role in shortening th...
Influence of three membrane types on healing of bone defects.

Objectives. To determine and compare oseous regeneration associated with three guided tissue regeneration membrane types (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, dense polytetrafluoroethylene, and an absorbable polylactic acid/citric acid ester base) and removal forces required for expanded and dense polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. Study design. Bilateral osseous defects were created in 30 adult rat calvaria; one defect was covered with a test membrane and the other received no membrane (control). After 2 or 4 weeks, forces required for membrane removal from the tissues were electronically determined, and the calvaria removed and decalcified. Sections through the defects were stained and evaluated electronically and microscopically. Data were analyzed statistically. Results. Microscopic evaluation with Mann-Whitney U test revealed that dense polytetrafluoroethylene was associated with significantly greater bone formation than expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (p=0.02) at 2 weeks and absorbable polylactic acid/citric acid ester base (p=0.004) at 4 weeks. Electronic evaluation of the linear degree of fill with one way ANOVA and Tukey's test found no significant difference (p>0.5) among the experimental or the control groups. In addition, the Mann-Whitney U test indicated that removal forces required for dense polytetrafluoroethylene were significantly less than for expanded polytetrafluorethylene (p=0.003). Conclusions. The use of dense polytetrafluoroethylene as a membrane barrier deserves further investigation as it allows osseous regeneration, it is easier to remove from healing soft tissues, and it is inexpensive. A study with larger sample sizes should be conducted.
Tricho‐Rhino‐Phalangeal syndrome type II (Langer‐Giedion) with persistent cloaca and prune belly sequence in a girl with 8q interstitial deletion

A patient with the diagnosis of Langer-Giedion syndrome (tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type II) and interstitial 8q deletion was also noted to have persistent cloaca and prune belly sequence. This is the first report of this association. If it postulated that these latter embryonic defects may be due to the chromosome abnormality, supporting the definition of contiguous gene syndrome.
STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT AS A FUNCTION OF THE AMOUNT OF RELEVANT OR IRRELEVANT INFORMATION

Summary.-The study examined the relationship between the amount of relevant or irrelevant information and subjects' strategies. Subjects solved 16 conjunctive concept-learning problems which varied in terms of the amount and type of information. The study measured the focusing strategy, the number of choices to solution, and the time to solution. Analysis indicated focusing scores were highest when the amount of information was lowest and relevant information was the source of the information. Other results suggest strategies developed over time. Experiments in concept learning have typically varied stimulus complexity by increasing either the number of relevant dimensions or by increasing the number of irrelevant dimensions. In general, both types of experiments have yielded similar results with respect to general performance measures. Concept identification appears to become more difficult as the number of relevant dimensions increases (Walker & Bourne, 1961; Bulgarella & Archer, 1962) or as the number of irrelevant dimensions increases (Walker & Bourne, 1961; Bulgarella & Archer, 1962; Haygood & Bourne, 1964). In both cases it is fairly well established that general performance measures, such as number of trials to solution, bear a linear relationship to concept complexity (Bourne, Ekstrand, & Dominowski, 1971). Little research, however, has dealt with the relationship between subjects' strategies and concept complexity. Laughlin (1966) appears to be the only exception. Laughlin varied the number of relevant dimensions from two to four while holding total complexity constant. Laughlin found that subjects showed a greater tendency to adopt a focusing strategy on more complex problems. No systematic study has been conducted, however, which examined the relationship between subjects' strategies and the amount of irrelevant information. The purpose of the present experiment was to provide further information concerning how individuals' strategies and performance are affected by increasing the amount of relevant or irrelevant information.
Randomness by Design

"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin." I John von Neumann's famous dictum points an accusing finger at all who set their ordered minds to engender disorder. Much as in times past thieves, pimps, and actors carried on their profession with an uneasy conscience, so in this day scientists who devise random number generators suffer pangs of guilt. George Marsaglia, perhaps the preeminent worker in the field, quips when he asks his colleagues, "Who among us has not sinned?" Marsaglia's work at the Supercomputer Computations Research Institute at Florida State University is well-known. Inasmuch as Marsaglia's design and testing of random number generators depends on computation, and inasmuch as computation is fundamentally arithmetical, Marsaglia is by von Neumann's own account a sinner. Working as he does on a supercomputer, Marsaglia is in fact a gross sinner. This he freely admits. Writing of the best random number generators he is aware of, Marsaglia states, "they are the result of arithmetic methods and those using them must, as all sinners must, face Redemption [sic] Day. But perhaps with better understanding we can postpone it. "2 Despite the danger of being branded a heretic, I want to argue that randomness entails no moral deficiency. I will even advocate that random number generators be constructed with reckless abandon-though a reckless abandon that is well thought out. Randomness, properly to be randomness, must leave nothing to chance. It must look like chance, like a child of the primeval chaos. But underneath a keen intelligence must be manipulating and calculating, taking advantage of this and that expedient so as systematically to concoct confusion. I am reminded of the photo-journalists in Viet-
Software visualization and Yosemite National Park

As software systems grow in size and complexity, so does the difficulty of understanding and maintaining them. Research in software understanding attempts to mitigate this problem by making various aspects of software development more visible, accessible, and comprehensible. The authors propose a hypertext-based approach to software visualization in which navigation in software-space is modeled after physical navigation in Yosemite National Park. Physical navigation capabilities are mapped into the domain of software development, where a user of a software-project visualization system navigates among interrelated units of information. They use the metaphor to define a set of requirements for the visualization system. They define linguistic constructs for a navigation language to be used in software-world. They discuss practical implications of implementing the visualization system. >
Hemoglobin and hematocrit values are higher and prevalence of anemia is lower in the post–folic acid fortification period than in the pre–folic acid fortification period in US adults

BACKGROUND: It is not known whether the improved folate status from mandatory folic acid fortification had any impact on indexes and prevalence of anemias in the United States. OBJECTIVE: We investigated trends in indexes and prevalence of anemia and macrocytosis with a focus on comparison of prefortification data with postfortification data. DESIGN: Hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and prevalences and likelihood of anemia and macrocytosis were determined for 26,596 adults examined in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988-2004. RESULTS: From 1988-1994 to 1999-2004, hemoglobin modestly but significantly improved from 15.1 to 15.4 g/dL ([almost equal to]2.0%; P 60 y) men (from 91.6 to 92.4; P = 0.0105) and in women (from 90.7 to 91.4; P = 0.0141). Only in women was the prevalence of anemia significantly lower in 1999-2004 than in 1988-1994 (27.9% reduction; P = 0.0005). The odds of having anemia in the postfortification period relative to the prefortification period was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.75; P < 0.0001) in women and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.99; P < 0.0433) in men. In general, the prevalence of macrocytosis and the odds of having macrocytosis did not change significantly from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004. CONCLUSION: The improvement in hemoglobin and the decreased prevalence of anemia from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004, especially in women, may be attributable to improved folate status, increased vitamin/mineral supplements use, and other unknown causes after the initiation of folic acid fortification. The cause of increased MCV in men, and in older persons of both sexes, warrants further investigation.
Time domain analysis of lossy multi-conductor transmission lines using the Hilbert transform

A novel approach of using the Hilbert transform to enforce the causality requirements on the electromagnetic fields in the analysis of high-speed digital circuits is presented. The technique is particularly useful in the absence of extremely accurate broadband data for the complex permittivity of lossy dielectric materials. In order to validate the accuracy and usefulness of this approach, several numerical examples have been solved and compared to lossless and traditional noncausal models. Specifically, the authors consider the example of a two-conductor microstrip transmission line and compute the response of the line using a lossless, a conventional lossy, and the Hilbert transform lossy model. >
Testate amoebae and δ13C of Sphagnum as surface-moisture proxies in Alaskan peatlands

Testate amoebae and stable isotopes have been used as surface-moisture proxies in peatlands. However, adequate modern calibration is critical to successful application and interpretation. Testate amoebae, δ13C of Sphagnum, and environmental conditions were examined at 126 sites within 12 peatlands of south-central and central Alaska to assess the potential of testate amoebae and δ 13C as surface-moisture proxies. Results indicate that water-table depth and pH were both correlated with testate amoeba community composition. However, the relative importance of these two variables varied, with pH more important in wetter habitats and water-table depth more important in drier habitats. Cross-validation of transfer functions indicated that water-table depth and pH can be inferred from testate amoeba communities with mean errors of ~8 cm and ~0.4 pH units, respectively, an improvement over previous calibration work in the region. However, application of these transfer functions should consider potential temporal...
Very Long Instruction Word architectures and the ELI-512

By compiling ordinary scientific applications programs with a radical technique called trace scheduling, we are generating code for a parallel machine that will run these programs faster than an equivalent sequential machine—we expect 10 to 30 times faster. Trace scheduling generates code for machines called Very Long Instruction Word architectures. In Very Long Instruction Word machines, many statically scheduled, tightly coupled, fine-grained operations execute in parallel within a single instruction stream. VLIWs are more parallel extensions of several current architectures. These current architectures have never cracked a fundamental barrier. The speedup they get from parallelism is never more than a factor of 2 to 3. Not that we couldn't build more parallel machines of this type; but until trace scheduling we didn't know how to generate code for them. Trace scheduling finds sufficient parallelism in ordinary code to justify thinking about a highly parallel VLIW. At Yale we are actually building one. Our machine, the ELI-512, has a horizontal instruction word of over 500 bits and will do 10 to 30 RISC-level operations per cycle [Patterson 82]. ELI stands for Enormously Longword Instructions; 512 is the size of the instruction word we hope to achieve. (The current design has a 1200-bit instruction word.) Once it became clear that we could actually compile code for a VLIW machine, some new questions appeared, and answers are presented in this paper. How do we put enough tests in each cycle without making the machine too big? How do we put enough memory references in each cycle without making the machine too slow?
TRPV1 receptor in expression of opioid-induced hyperalgesia.

Abstract Opiates are currently the mainstay for treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, prolonged administration of opiates has been reported to elicit hyperalgesia in animals, and examples of opiate-induced hyperalgesia have been reported in humans as well. Despite the potential clinical significance of such opiate-induced actions, the mechanisms of opiate-induced hypersensitivity remain unknown. The transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (TRPV1) receptor, a molecular sensor of noxious heat, acts as an integrator of multiple forms of noxious stimuli and plays an important role in the development of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia. Because animals treated with opiates show thermal hyperalgesia, we examined the possible role of TRPV1 receptors in the development of morphine-induced hyperalgesia using TRPV1 wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice and with administration of a TRPV1 antagonist in mice and rats. Administration of morphine by subcutaneous implantation of morphine pellets elicited both thermal and tactile hypersensitivity in TRPV1 WT mice but not in TRPV1 KO mice. Moreover, oral administration of a TRPV1 antagonist reversed both thermal and tactile hypersensitivity induced by sustained morphine administration in mice and rats. Immunohistochemical analyses indicate that sustained morphine administration modestly increases TRPV1 labeling in the dorsal root ganglia. In addition, sustained morphine increased flinching and plasma extravasation after peripheral stimulation with capsaicin, suggesting an increase in TRPV1 receptor function in the periphery in morphine-treated animals. Collectively, our data indicate that the TRPV1 receptor is an essential peripheral mechanism in expression of morphine-induced hyperalgesia. Perspective Opioid-induced hyperalgesia possibly limits the usefulness of opioids, emphasizing the value of alternative methods of pain control. We demonstrate that TRPV1 channels play an important role in peripheral mechanisms of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Such information may lead to the discovery of analgesics lacking such adaptations and improving treatment of chronic pain.
Null Mutation of Connexin43 Causes Slow Propagation of Ventricular Activation in the Late Stages of Mouse Embryonic Development

Abstract—Connexin43 (Cx43) is the principal connexin isoform in the mouse ventricle, where it is thought to provide electrical coupling between cells. Knocking out this gene results in anatomic mal...
Impacts of New Highways and Subsequent Landscape Urbanization on Stream Habitat and Biota

New highways are pervasive, pernicious threats to stream ecosystems because of their short- and long-term physical, chemical, and biological impacts. Unfortunately, standard environmental impact statements (EISs) and environmental assessments (EAs) focus narrowly on the initial direct impacts of construction and ignore other long-term indirect impacts. More thorough consideration of highway impacts, and, ultimately, better land use decisions may be facilitated by conceptualizing highway development in three stages: initial highway construction, highway presence, and eventual landscape urbanization. Highway construction is characterized by localized physical disturbances, which generally subside through time. In contrast, highway presence and landscape urbanization are characterized by physical and chemical impacts that are temporally persistent. Although the impacts of highway presence and landscape urbanization are of similar natures, the impacts are of a greater magnitude and more widespread in the urba...
Reconfigurable Factory-wide Resource-based System Integration for Control

Next generation of manufacturing systems will need to be reconfigurable?capable of producing exactly the volume and type of products desired, exactly when demanded by the market?in order to accommodate the rapid changes in product design necessitated by ever-changing customer demands. The corresponding factory control systems will consist of a conglomeration of hardware and software resources that must work together to achieve factory-wide targets of throughput and quality. This paper addresses the requirement of consolidation of software and hardware control with the design of a factory-wide resource-based reconfigurable control system. This system extends reconfigurable software event-based control by considering a manufacturing system as a set of decentralized resources of both hardware and software instead of a set of dissimilar components. Central to the solution is a mechanism for embedding control rules in a database to determine appropriate actions corresponding to events.
Syntheses of some di‐, tetra‐, and hexadeuterio‐octadecenoates

(E&Z)-10-Octadecenoic-13,14-d2, −14,15-d2, and −14,14,15,15-d4 acids were prepared by Wittig synthesis. (E&Z)-11-Octadecenoic-14,14,15,15,17,18-d6 acids were prepared by Wittig synthesis and by synthesis and reduction of 11-octadecynoic-14,14,15,15,17,18-d6 acid. Overall yield in 11-octadecenoate-d6 synthesis was better by the Wittig procedure (25% vs. 15%). The Wittig-produced 11-octadecenoates had higher hexadeuterio contents than the acetylenic sequence products (85% vs. 70%) but the average isotopic purity was similar (5.9 D/mole). The Wittig method appears better for deuterium-labelled octadecenoate synthesis.
Factor analysis of the near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of plastocyanin using bilinear, trilinear, and quadrilinear models

Abstract Factor analysis was used to resolve the spectral components in the near-uv absorption spectrum of plastocyanin. The data set was absorption as a function of four variables: wavelength, species of plastocyanin, oxidation state of the copper center, and environmental pH. The data were fit with the traditional bilinear model, as well as with trilinear and quadrilinear models. Trilinear and quadrilinear models have the advantage that they uniquely define the components, avoiding the indeterminacy of bilinear models. Bilinear analysis using the absorption spectra of tyrosine and copper metallthionein as targets resulted in a two-component solution which was nearly identical to that obtained using trilinear and quadrilinear models, for which no targets are required. The two-component models separate the absorption into tyrosine and copper center components. The absorption of tyrosine is found to be pH dependent in reduced plastocyanin, and the absorption magnitude of the reduced copper center is the same in the four different plastocyanin species. Further resolution is provided by a three-component quadrilinear model. The results indicate that there are at least two different electronic transitions which cause the absorption of the reduced copper center and that one of them couples to a tyrosine residue. It is the absorption of this coupled tyrosine residue which is pH dependent. Correlation of the results with previous studies indicates that it is Tyr 83 which is the perturbed residue. The separation of the absorption of the copper center and Tyr 83 provides spectroscopic probes for the conformations of the north pole and east face reaction sites on the plastocyanin protein.
MR imaging of Lhermitte-Duclos disease: a case report.

margins. Mass effect on the brainstem was clearly shown, as were the effects of the posterior fossa. Hydrocephalus was again noted. On the basis of the imaging studies a diagnosis of Lhermitte-Ouclos disease was postulated, although an atypical appearing glioma could not be entirely excluded. The patient underwent surgery for decompression and partial resection . The lesion at surgery appeared as a swoll en mass with associated flattened gyri and compressed su lci. The mass was diffi­ cult to distinguish from adjacent and deep normal cerebellum . This relatively hypovascular lesion had a poor cleavage plane, and it was resected in fragments up to a total of 3 x 3 cm. Pathology demonstrated a thickened molecular layer with hyper­ myelination, an abnormal granular layer, and an absence of Purkinje cells consistent with Lhermitte-Ouclos disease. The patient did well postoperatively with resolution of the head­ aches and disequilibrium; however, the left visual findings remain relatively unchanged and are probably secondary to a postcompres­ sive optic neuropathy.
Developmental victimology: estimating group victimization trajectories in the age-victimization curve

Although research on the age-crime curve has made significant advances in the past few decades, the understanding of victimization has not benefited to the same degree. The present study examines the age-victim curve to explore victimization trajectories, which increases understanding of risks over time through different life pathways. Using data from the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey, a national longitudinal survey in England and Wales, trajectory modeling is used to estimate different violent victimization trajectories for people aged 10 to 29 over four years of data. Analyses indicate the presence of four distinct victimization trajectories, including: rarely victimized; young adult victims; childhood victims; and chronically victimized. Further analyses indicated that young adult victims often were connected to intimate partner violence, whereas childhood victims often were victimized by other students. Language: en