cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of singly ionized ionospheric helium from 304 A backscatter observations

The theoretical distribution of helium ions in the ionosphere is studied as a function of such ionospheric parameters as the remaining ion composition and distribution, temperature, magnetic field topology, and ionospheric dynamics. An attempt is made to verify the theoretical predictions of the H(+) distribution in the ionosphere on the basis of observations of 304 A radiation resonantly scattered from He(+).
TFT-LCD application specific low power SRAM using charge-recycling technique

We propose a novel low power charge-recycling SRAM (CR-SRAM) for portable TFT-LCD applications. In portable TFT-LCD applications, low power considerations are becoming more important for longer battery lifetime. To reduce the power consumption in SRAMs, the source-line, connected to the source terminals of the driver MOSFETs, is controlled, so that it is zero in the active mode and has a positive bias voltage in the stand-by mode. However, the overhead power consumed during the control of source-line voltage is considerable due to the large capacitive load on the source-line. Applying a charge-recycling technique to the source-line allows reduction of the power dissipation of the source-biased SRAM. Moreover, by exploiting the sequential access pattern of the TFT-LCD memory, the proposed CR-SRAM can efficiently reduce the power dissipation of the control circuit for charge recycling. The proposed CR-SRAM is implemented in a 0.18 /spl mu/m technology and shows 68% and 14% power reduction compared to conventional SRAM (CON-SRAM) and source-biased SRAM (SB-SRAM), respectively. We also evaluate the power consumptions under various temperatures and row driver clock frequencies. Experimental results show that the percentage of power savings due to charge recycling increases with the higher frequency and achieved a maximum of 25% at 250 MHz.
Building Globalization: Transnational Architecture Production in Urban China, by Ren Xuefei: Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2011, 240 pp., $97.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-226-70980-2 / $30.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-226-70981-9

In a recent paper on China's ‘gated and packaged suburbia’, Wu Fulong commented that ‘… the symbolic side of gated community development is relatively under-researched’ (Wu, 2010, 385). Much the sa...
Effect of emitter parameter variation on the performance of heteroepitaxial indium phosphide solar cells

Metalorganic chemical-vapor-deposited heteroepitaxial indium phosphide solar cell performance was simulated using a PC-1D computer model. The effect of emitter parameter variation on the performance of an n/sup +//p/p/sup +/ heteroepitaxial InP/GaAs solar cell was studied. It was observed that thin and lightly doped emitters offer higher cell efficiencies. The influence of emitter thickness and minority carrier diffusion length on the cell efficiency versus dislocation density was studied. It is shown that heteroepitaxial cells with efficiencies similar to existing efficiencies (>16% AM0) of homojunction indium phosphide cells are possible if a dislocation density lower than 10/sup 6/ cm/sup -2/ can be achieved. A realistic optimized design study yields indium phosphide solar cells with over 22% AM0 efficiency at 25 degrees C. >
Minimizing absolute and squared deviations of completion times with different earliness and tardiness penalties and a common due date

We consider a single-machine scheduling problem in which all jobs have the same due date and penalties are assessed for both early and late completion of jobs. However, earliness and tardiness are penalized at different rates. The scheduling objective is to minimize either the weighted sum of absolute deviations (WSAD) or the weighted sum of squared deviations (WSSD). For each objective we consider two versions of the problem. In the unconstrained version an increase in the due date does not yield any further decrease in the objective function. We present a constructive algorithm for the unconstrained WSAD problem and show that this problem is equivalent to the two-parallel, nonidentical machine, mean flow-time problem. For the unconstrained WSSD and the constrained WSAD and WSSD problems we propose implicit enumeration procedures based on several dominance conditions. We also report on our computational experience with the enumeration procedures.
Lucy, Lucia, and Locke

Madness may remain silent in fiction, but not in opera. In giving voice to the madness of Lucia in Donizetti’s Lucia di Lammermoor, his adaptation of Scott’s The Bride of Lammermoor, librettist Salvadore Cammarano departs not only from the novel’s coy supernaturalism, which permit’s Lucy’s otherwise inexplicable madness to be attributed to unseen forces beyond her control, but also from the concept of reality implied in that supernaturalism. Whereas Lucy’s madness seems to consist in a demonic possession, Lucia’s consists in the creation of a subjective reality that is consistent with itself but not with the events enacted on stage. Thus the concept of reality implied in the opera—a reality divided between what is inside and what is outside the mind—is essentially Lockean.
Radar measurement of human polarimetric micro-doppler

We use polarimetric micro-Doppler for the detection of arm motion, especially for the classification of whether someone has their arms swinging and is thus unloaded. The arm is often bent at the elbow, providing a surface somewhat similar to a dihedral. This is distinct from the more planar surfaces of the body which allows us to isolate the signals of the arm (and knee). The dihedral produces a double bounce that can be seen in polarimetric radar data bymeasuring the phase difference between HH and VV. This measurement can then be used to determine whether the subject is unloaded.
Sparks and Shocks: Replicas of Historical Instruments in Museum Education

This paper discusses the variety of ways in which The Bakken Museum has made use of replicas or simulations of historical instruments and experiments and demonstrations in education programs and exhibits for school children, families with children, and other museum audiences. Early efforts were stimulated in the mid-1980s by a collaboration with Prof. Samuel Devons, who pioneered the use of historical experiments at his “History of Science Laboratory” at Barnard College (Columbia University). This collaboration resulted in a series of summer institutes for high school science teachers which incorporated historical simulations. An “Eighteenth-Century Electricity Kit” aimed at middle schools also was produced. Beginning in the early 1990s, versions of these historically-based instruments and experiments and demonstrations were successfully integrated into school field trip programs and to a degree in school-based outreach programs developed in the late 1990s; topics include static electricity, batteries and bioelectricity, and magnetism/electromagnetism. “Science theater” programs such as puppet shows, first-person interpretations (e.g., Benjamin Franklin, Mary Shelley), and short plays (“War of the Currents”) also utilize historical simulations. A new exhibit, “Ben Franklin’s Electricity Party”, uses classic eighteenth-century electrostatic instruments to engage visitors. These various uses will be analyzed in terms of their effectiveness, the question of historical authenticity, how they compare with similar uses at other museums, and how they are integrated with historical stories.
PREDICTION OF SUCCESSFUL COLLEGE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE FROM MEASURES OF BODY-CATHEXIS, SELF-CATHEXIS AND ANXIETY.

Svmmury.-Measures of body-cathexis, self-cathexis, and anxiety were administered to 74 junior and senior students in educational psychology The body and self tended to be cathected to the same degree, and anxiety w3s h~ghly correlated with both cathexes. Coctelations with gcade-point average were nonsignificant. Thus, values placed on body and self tended to be commensurate but lack predictive validity for college academic success.
Screening and Brief Interventions for Alcohol Use in College Health Centers: A Review.

Abstract Objectives: To provide a critical review of the efficacy of brief interventions for alcohol use in college health centers. Methods: Studies were included if (a) they examined brief intervention trials that were conducted in college- or university-based student health centers or emergency departments, and (b) they provided pre–post data to estimate change. Results: Twelve studies suggested that screening and brief interventions in these settings are acceptable, feasible, and promote risk reduction. Conclusions: Findings support continued use of time-limited, single-session interventions with motivational interviewing and feedback components.
Non-specific granuloma of the colon

Abstract The frequent occurrence of non-specific granulomatous inflammatory lesions of the small intestine, particularly in the ileum, is being more widely recognized, and the characteristics of these lesions are becoming better known. However, there are relatively few reported cases of granulomata in the colon, which represent the same disease, and the same pathologic process, in this lower segment of the intestinal canal. A review of the literature is presented with reference to the cases on record, and the report of an additional case is added, in which the process was located at the hepatic flexure, and which was treated by a two-stage resection of the right colon. The pathologic findings are described. Non-specific granuloma of the colon can rarely be distinguished from carcinoma either prior to, or at, operation. The indication, in either case, is for wide resection, and in the inflammatory lesions the end results are very satisfactory.
Effects of temperature on surface adhesion in MEMS structures

Techniques to predict the reliability of microdevices are necessary to facilitate the transfer of MEMS designs from the laboratory to the marketplace. An important reliability concern for microfabricated structures is in-use stiction, the operational failure of devices due to surface adhesion. The current study determines the temperature dependence of in-use stiction for polyscrystalline silicon microcantilevers subjected to three different release conditions: supercritical CO2 drying; laser-irradiation repair; and self- assembled monolayer post processing. The microcantilever beam arrays were electrostatically actuated at temperatures between 22$DEGC and 300$DEGC. The supercritical CO2 dried devices showed an overall decrease in sticking probability as the actuation temperature was raised to 300$DEGC. After a distinct improvement in the failure rate between the first and second actuation temperatures, arrays released using laser-irradiation did not exhibit a consistent trend. Samples coated with an OTS monolayer had large increases in their sticking probability as the temperature was raised. However, at temperatures above 200$DEGC, a decrease in in-use stiction was observed which continued through most of the cooling cycle.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Superoxide dismutases of Azotobacter vinelandii and other aerobic, free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Cell-free extracts obtained from nitrogen-fixing cells of organisms of the family Azotobacteriaceae were analyzed for superoxide dismutases (SOD). For all the representative organisms examined, unusually high specific activities for SOD were recorded. Single Fe-containing SOD were found in Azotobacter vinelandii (5 strains), A. chroococcum (2 strains), A. beijerinckii (1 strain), Azomonas macrocytogenes (2 strains), and Derxia gummosa (2 strains). Highly active, single Mn-containing SOD were found in all of 6 Beijerinckia strains examined (B. indica, B. lacticogenes, B. mobilis, B. fluminensis, B. derxii and B. venezuelae). Multiple SOD were found for Azomonas agilis (Mn-SOD and 2 Fe-SOD), A. insignis (Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD) and Azospirillum lipoferum (2 Fe-SOD) and Azospirillum brasilense (Mn-SOD and 2 Fe-SOD).
The N-end rule: functions, mysteries, uses

Abstract The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. Similar but distinct versions of the N-end rule operate in all organisms examined, from mammals to fungi and bacteria. In eukaryotes, the N-end rule pathway is a part of the ubiquitin system. I discuss the mechanisms and functions of this pathway, and consider its applications.
FILAMENTARY STRUCTURE IN SUPERCONDUCTORS

Zero-field transitions in superconductors are studied by means of a complex a-c susceptibility, and evidence is observed for the development and growth of a physical filamentary or Mendelssohn sponge network as the temperature is decreased. The real and imaginary parts of the magnetic susceptibility are measured in a cylindrical sample of pure tin in a weak alternating magnetic field as the temperature is lowered through the transition. The temperature variation of the imaginary component follows one of two characteristic patterns. One pattern appears to be intrinsically associated with ordinary bulk superconductors and the other with superconductors having a filamentary superstructure. (C.E.S.)
DEHN SURGERY ON SINGULAR KNOTS

In this paper we extend the idea of Dehn surgery to a singular knot with one singularity, and give conditions under which the surgery manifold of an untangled singular knot is a Haken manifold containing an incompressible torus. We then show that untangled singular knots have Property P.
Molecular approaches to probe differential NADH activation of phosphoribulokinase isozymes from Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract The cbbP I and cbbP II genes from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, encoding highly similar phosphoribulokinase (PRK) isozymes, PRK I and PRK II, respectively, exhibited differential allosteric activation by NADH. The two cbbP genes were cloned into expression vectors and homogeneous recombinant protein prepared. PRK II was found to be inherently less stable than PRK I; however, the addition of substrate ATP resulted in the complete protection of both isozymes to a 15-min incubation at 50°C. The relative molecular masses for both octameric isozymes were determined to be approximately 230,000; however, the protective effect of ATP was in accordance with aggregation of monomers to a molecular mass of approximately 750,000. While PRK I exhibited a nearly absolute dependence upon NADH for activity, PRK II retained substantial activity in the absence of NADH. PRK chimeras were thus constructed to facilitate elucidation of the basis for the differential effect of NADH, with advantage taken of the relative sequence identity of about 90% between the two isozymes. Chimeras were constructed either by in vivo homologous recombination, using the sacB gene from Bacillus subtilis as a conditionally lethal marker, or by using convenient restriction sites to combine different parts of the two cbbP genes. The PRK chimeras generated contained either the amino-terminal domain of PRK II and the carboxy-terminal domain of PRK I or the opposite configuration. Subsequent analyses of the chimeras pointed to particular regions and residue(s) as likely being important for NADH activation.
Literacy for Playwriting or Playwriting for Literacy

The article reports an empirical research study documenting how an integrated playwriting program within an urban, low—socioeconomic status middle school with a majority Latino/a population facilitates increased students' confidence regarding writing in addition to helping students learn transferable writing skills as measured by a districtwide writing sample. Students in the playwriting program with variable levels of writing skills are quantitatively compared with similar students in traditional language arts classrooms of the same urban school. In addition, qualitative methods are used to explore quantitative findings. To delve into possible reasons for these findings that are based on quantitative and qualitative research methods, the discussion of the results is informed by sociocultural learning theory with an emphasis on communities of practice and the motivational theory of self-determination.
Endogeneity in Residential Location Choice Models

Empirical residential location choice models have occasionally reported estimated coefficients of dwelling-unit price that are small, statistically insignificant, or even positive. This would imply that households are insensitive to changes in dwelling-unit prices and taxes; this not only is counterintuitive but makes the models useless for policy analysis. One explanation for this result is price endogeneity, which means that the included dwelling unit's price variable is correlated with the model's error term. In discrete choice models this problem is caused principally by the omission of attributes correlated with price. An application of the control-function method is presented as the most suitable to correct for endogeneity in choice models of residential location. The method is tested for robustness to different error structures by using two Monte Carlo experiments, and it is also applied to real data from Santiago, Chile. The results show that price endogeneity is significant in choice models of re...
Reactivity and Core-Ionization Energies in Conjugated Dienes. Carbon 1s Photoelectron Spectroscopy of 1,3-Pentadiene

The high-resolution carbon 1s photoelectron spectrum of trans-1,3-pentadiene has been resolved into contributions from the five inequivalent carbon atoms, and carbon 1s ionization energies have been assigned to each of these atoms. Spectra have also been measured for propene and 1,3-butadiene at better resolution than has previously been available. The ionization energies for the sp2 carbons are found to correlate well with activation energies for electrophilic addition and with proton affinities. Comparing the results for 1,3-pentadiene with those for ethene, propene, and 1,3-butadiene as well as with results of theoretical calculations makes it is possible to assess the effect of the terminal methyl group in 1,3-pentadiene. As in propene, the methyl group contributes electrons to the β carbon through the π system. In addition, there is a significant (though smaller) contribution from the methyl group to the terminal (δ) CH2 carbon, also through the π system. Most of the effect of the methyl group is pre...
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone.

In 2,4-di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde 2,4-di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N-di­methyl­form­amide solvate {or 4-[(2,4-di­nitro­phenyl)­hydrazono­methyl]­benzene-1,3-diol N,N-di­methyl­form­amide solvate}, C13H10N4O6·C3H7NO, (X), 2,4-di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone 2,4-di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N-di­methyl­form­am­ide solvate (or 4-{1-[(2,4-di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]ethyl}benzene-1,3-diol N,N-di­methyl­form­amide solvate), C14H12N4O6·C3H7NO, (XI), and 2,4-di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone 2,4-di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N-di­methyl­acet­amide solvate (or 4-­{[(2,4-di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]phenyl­methyl}benzene-1,3-diol N,N-di­methyl­acet­amide solvate), C19H14N4O6·C4H9NO, (XII), the molecules all lack a center of symmetry, crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups and have been observed to exhibit non-linear optical activity. In each case, the hydrazone skeleton is fairly planar, facilitated by the presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and some partial N—N double-bond character. Each molecule is hydrogen bonded to one solvent mol­ecule.
Automatic Detection of Unsafe Dynamic Component Loadings

Dynamic loading of software components (e.g., libraries or modules) is a widely used mechanism for an improved system modularity and flexibility. Correct component resolution is critical for reliable and secure software execution. However, programming mistakes may lead to unintended or even malicious components being resolved and loaded. In particular, dynamic loading can be hijacked by placing an arbitrary file with the specified name in a directory searched before resolving the target component. Although this issue has been known for quite some time, it was not considered serious because exploiting it requires access to the local file system on the vulnerable host. Recently, such vulnerabilities have started to receive considerable attention as their remote exploitation became realistic. It is now important to detect and fix these vulnerabilities. In this paper, we present the first automated technique to detect vulnerable and unsafe dynamic component loadings. Our analysis has two phases: 1) apply dynamic binary instrumentation to collect runtime information on component loading (online phase), and 2) analyze the collected information to detect vulnerable component loadings (offline phase). For evaluation, we implemented our technique to detect vulnerable and unsafe component loadings in popular software on Microsoft Windows and Linux. Our evaluation results show that unsafe component loading is prevalent in software on both OS platforms, and it is more severe on Microsoft Windows. In particular, our tool detected more than 4,000 unsafe component loadings in our evaluation, and some can lead to remote code execution on Microsoft Windows.
Tooth Formation is Asymmetric When Hypodontia Exists

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Bilateral asymmetry of tooth formation is elevated in children with simple hypodontia. Harris EF, Evans JB, Smith AS. Arch Oral Biol 201;56:687-94. Reviewer Joel H. Berg, DDS, MS Purpose/Question When hypodontia exists via retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs in children, is there an increased likelihood of asymmetry in tooth formation? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Case-control study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade N/A: Not applicable
Smad3 Differentially Regulates the Induction of Regulatory and Inflammatory T Cell Differentiation

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a crucial cytokine with pleiotropic functions on immune cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β is required for induction of both regulatory T and Th17 cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this differential T cell fate decision remains unclear. In this study, we have evaluated the role of Smad3 in the development of Th17 and regulatory T cells. Smad3 was found to be dispensable for natural regulatory T cell function. However, induction of Foxp3 expression by TGF-β in naive T cells was significantly reduced in the absence of this molecule. On the contrary, Smad3 deficiency led to enhanced Th17 differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Smad3 was found to interact with retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and decrease its transcriptional activity. These results demonstrate that Smad3 is differentially involved in the reciprocal regulatory and inflammatory T cell generation.
Hadron - Nucleus Collisions at High-Energies

We discuss high-energy hadron--nucleus scattering in terms of models in which the basic hadron--hadron interaction is due to the exchange of Regge poles and cuts. Much of the paper uses a configuration-space description in which the time scales of interactions are of critical importance, although equivalent results may be obtained in momentum space. We study in detail the general behavior of elastic, total, and inclusive cross sections, the relevance of the Glauber expansion, and the influence of Regge cuts and interactions. Most of the discussion is based on the softened-field-theory model of Reggeons, although we also consider the contrasting planar dual string model and show how one may experimentally distinguish between models of these two types. (AIP)
Morphology and volume alterations of human erythrocytes caused by the anion transporter inhibitors, DIDS and p-azidobenzylphlorizin

p-Azidobenzylphlorizin (p-AzBPhz) is a potential photoaffinity labeling agent for the anion and glucose transporters in human RBCs. In the absence of light and at the same low concentrations which block these transport processes (only 1–2 million molecules bound/cell), this impermeable membrane probe produces rapid morphological and volume alterations. This high-affinity activity, called phase 1, can be rapidly and completely reversed by simply diluting the azide-treated cell suspension. Phase 2 effects, including formation of cells with multiple, long spicules (stage 34 echinocytes), followed by an influx of salt and water with eventual lysis, occur at two log units higher concentration by a different mechanism, probably by intercalating into and selectively expanding the outer lipid monolayer. Light scattering, electronic cell sizing, microhematocrit measurements and scanning electron microscopy have been employed to compare the effects of the azide and the anion transport inhibitor, DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene disulfonate), on red cells. DIDS produced only those changes analogous to the azide's low dose phase 1 action; cells swell, lose the ability to scatter 800 nm light and undergo a limited shape change (comparable to stage 1 echinocytosis). The mechanism by which the two ligands perturb the membrane is additive, suggesting that a Band 3-mediated transmembrane signaling is involved which leads to altered cytoskeleton dynamics.
Management of tracheobronchial and esophageal foreign bodies in children: A survey study

Abstract Study Objective: To assess the current anesthetic management for aspiration of a foreign body into the airway and esophagus of a young child. Design: Questionnaire study. Measurements and Main Results: A questionnaire regarding choice of induction technique in a variety of foreign body clinical scenarios was sent to 1,342 anesthesiologists, all members of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia. The foreign body, either a coin (penny) or a safety pin (open), was positioned on radiography in a variety of anatomic locations. Depending on the foreign body location, the patient was either asymptomatic or exhibited symptoms. Participants indicated their choice of induction for each situation. Of the 1,342 questionnaires mailed, there were 838 respondents (62.4%). Coins and pins in the gastroesophageal tract were managed mostly by a rapid-sequence induction ( p p Conclusions: These data indicate that inhalation induction is favored most often for removal of foreign bodies in the airway, while intravenous induction is preferred for removal of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. In addition, practice type, greater percentage of time spent in pediatric anesthesia, and greater experience are related to a higher likelihood of inhalation induction.
Temporal Disintegration and its Psychological and Physiological Correlates Changes in the Experience of Time After Marijuana Smoking

AbstractPsychological and physiological indices were monitored before and 120 minutes after smoking high- and low-potency marijuana cigarettes and a placebo cigarette in 35 physically and psychiatrically healthy normal volunteers during three separate visits to the laboratory. The psychological indices monitored consisted of temporal disintegration, depersonalization, and mood states. The psychological indices were cerebral blood flow, pulse, respiration, and end tidal carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Marijuana smoking, but not placebo smoking, was associated with significant temporal disintegration and depersonalization. The changes were most marked 30 minutes after smoking the high-potency cigarettes. Eighty-six percent of the subjects reported at least some temporal disintegration after high-potency marijuana. After marijuana smoking, there was also a significant increase in cerebral blood flow, respiration, pulse rate, and systolic blood pressure. Temporal disintegration was found to be most closel...
Black Seminoles: the maroons of Florida

Maroon communities and slave revolutions in the Black Atlantic world are well known and well documented. Surinam, Jamaica, Cuba, Guyana, Venezuela, Columbia, Haiti, and Brazil had large numbers of enslaved fugitives who fled the plantations, armed themselves, and defended their human right to be free against national and local military forces. Much less is known about the maroon tradition in the United States where there has been a concerted effort to suppress information on slave revolts and maroon activity. The publicized rebellion of Nat Turner and the planned rebellions of Gabriel Prosser and Denmark Vesey that never got off the ground are highlighted, it seems, in order to obfuscate the more successful maroon activities. Tagged as the largest slave rebellion in the United States, the Nat Turner rebellion did not even come close to achieving what some of the revolts waged during the colonial period achieved. There were three epicenters of maroon communities in the United States: the Dismal Swamp of so...
CP Properties of Majorana Neutrinos and Double beta Decay

Abstract It is pointed out that in theories with CP invariance and two (or more) massive Majorana neutrinos the relative sign of their CP eigenvalues is significant. For opposite values of the CP eigenvalue the contributions of the two neutrinos to neutrinoless double beta decay tend to cancel, so that published bounds on the mass of a Majorana electron neutrino do not apply. In the case of the Zee model of the Majorana neutrino mass matrix, the cancellation is complete and the double beta decay rate vanishes identically.
Ventilatory Inefficiency Reflects Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Systolic Heart Failure

Background An increased minute ventilation ( e )/carbon dioxide production (V co 2 ) relationship, an expression of ventilatory inefficiency (VI), is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). A direct link between VI and a specific cardiac abnormality has not been established. Methods We analyzed cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data from patients (N = 83) with severe LVSD (ischemic and nonischemic; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 19% ± 7%) and at least moderate exercise intolerance. Subjects were stratified into two groups based on the ( e /V co 2 ratio at anaerobic threshold ( e /V co 2 @AT) (group 1 e /V co 2 @AT ≤ 34; group 2 e /V co 2 @AT > 34). Clinical, CPET, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic data were compared between groups. Results Group 2 subjects had lower exercise capacity (peak ( o 2 , 45.7% ± 11.8% vs 50.4 ± 8.9% predicted; P P P e /V co 2 @AT and the ( e /V co 2 slope. The e /V co 2 @AT, e /V co 2 slope, and TAPSE had nearly identical predictive value for death or transplant. Conclusions The present study suggests that VI is a functional, noninvasive marker of more advanced right-sided heart dysfunction in patients with severe LVSD.
Thickness dependent dielectric breakdown of PECVD low-k carbon doped silicon dioxide dielectric thin films: modeling and experiments

Abstract The experimental results obtained on the dielectric strength EB of carbon doped silicon dioxide thin films for various film thicknesses using I–V measurements with metal–insulator–semiconductor structures suggest a new relationship between the film thickness d and the dielectric strength EB, i.e. EB∝(d−dc)−n. This inverse power law relationship indicates the existence of a critical thickness dc which may correspond to an ultimate thickness limit below which the rate of detrapping of electron charges exceeds the rate of trapping and no dielectric breakdown can be observed. The newly obtained inverse power law relationship appears to be general since it is also supported by other published dielectric strength data for both amorphous and polycrystalline polymer thin films.
Oral health status of San Francisco public school kindergarteners 2000-2005.

AbstractObjectives: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and oral healthdisparities in San Francisco kindergarten public school children from 2000-2005.Methods: The San Francisco Department of Public Health in partnership with theSan Francisco Dental Society and assistance from the National Dental Association,has been conducting annual dental screenings of kindergarten children enrolledin the San Francisco Unified School District since 2000. Outcomes assessed fromthis series of cross-sectional screenings included prevalence of caries experience,untreated caries, treatment needs, and caries severity by child’s sex, race/ethnicity,residential zip code, and a proxy for socioeconomic status. Results: Of 76 eligibleschools, 62-72 participated, and 86-92% of enrolled children (n=3,354-3,527)were screened yearly. Although there was a small, significant decrease over thetime period, in 2005, 50.1% of children had caries experience; 28.8% had untreatedcaries and 7.6% had urgent treatment needs. Each year caries prevalence wasgreatest for Asian children, those attending schools with > 50% children eligiblefor the free or reduced-price meal program, and children living in zip codes in andaround Chinatown and San Francisco’s southern border. Conclusions: Despitesigns of improvement, caries remains a public health problem especially in Asianand Hispanic children, and children living in certain sections of San Francisco.Key Words: Oral health, kindergarten, children, San Francisco, dental caries, preva-lence, screening, ethnic groups, zip code
Salicylic acid: a systemic signal in induced plant disease resistance

Some plants respond to infection by pathogens with both localized and systemic resistance responses. These prevent the spread of the disease-causing organism and reduce the severity of a subsequent infection. Recent evidence suggests that systemic increases in the host's salicylic acid levels act as a signal for the activation of at least some of these induced defenses.
Rhesus monkey behaviour under diverse population densities: coping with long-term crowding

Abstract A popular view is that high population density promotes behavioural pathology, particularly increased aggression. In contrast, according to a coping model, some primates have behavioural mechanisms (e.g. formal displays, reconciliation and grooming) that regulate social tensions and control the negative consequences of crowding. Seven captive rhesus monkey groups, Macaca mulatta were observed over a wide range of population densities where high-density groups were over 2000 times more crowded than low-density free-ranging groups. As density increased, male rhesus monkeys increased grooming and huddling but did not increase rates of aggression. Females increased all categories of behaviour examined (heavy aggression, mild aggression, formal bared-teeth displays, grooming and huddling), but the increases were not distributed uniformly to all classes of partners. Females increased only grooming, huddling and appeasement displays to males, increased only aggression and huddling with kin and increased all categories of behaviour to non-kin adult females. There were no differences in the percentage of aggressive conflicts reconciled across density conditions. Increased density had different effects on particular relationships. Relationships between females and males were characterized by a coping pattern in which animals modified their behaviour in ways that may decrease aggression under crowded conditions. Female relationships with kin and non-kin were characterized by increases in both aggression and friendly interactions as density increased. The different patterns of response to higher density may reflect different strategies depending on the strength and stability of relationships and the potential consequences if certain relationships are disrupted.
Aphid Damage and Control on Safflower

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); the bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli; and Aphis helichrysi Kaltenbach occasionally cause economic damage to safflower plants in the Sacramento Valley of California. M. persicae and A. helichrysi feed primarily on and cause damage to seedling terminals, developing buds, and young seed heads in the spring. These plant parts develop a spotty or mottled yellow coloration (resembling a yellows virus) and can become shriveled and distorted, and loss of seed results. Seed losses of up to 32% can occur when M. persicae increase to about 20 or more per head for an extended period. Approximately 200 A. helichrysi per seed head may affect seed production severely. A. fabae feeds primarily on the leaves and stems, and causes leaf curling and stem distortion in spring and summer. Moderate infestations of 10 or more aphids per leaf. or about 500 per plant, can cause enough plant stunting to result in a 69% seed loss. Heavier infestations of about 1500 aphids per plant can destroy the plants. Infestations usually are spotty and restricted to small or medium-sized areas of a field, but they can become general and quite heavily distributed. Chemical control is desirable when about 20% of the plants in a given field are infested moderately.
Effect of Apollo 11 lunar samples on terrestrial microorganisms.

Apollo 11 lunar samples effect on terrestrial microorganisms, noting pigment production effects of Fe leaching from bulk fines and core samples
Distributed fiber-optic laser-ultrasound generation based on ghost-mode of tilted fiber Bragg gratings

Active ultrasonic testing is widely used for medical diagnosis, material characterization and structural health monitoring. Ultrasonic transducer is a key component in active ultrasonic testing. Due to their many advantages such as small size, light weight, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, fiber-optic ultrasonic transducers are particularly attractive for permanent, embedded applications in active ultrasonic testing for structural health monitoring. However, current fiber-optic transducers only allow effective ultrasound generation at a single location of the fiber end. Here we demonstrate a fiber-optic device that can effectively generate ultrasound at multiple, selected locations along a fiber in a controllable manner based on a smart light tapping scheme that only taps out the light of a particular wavelength for laser-ultrasound generation and allow light of longer wavelengths pass by without loss. Such a scheme may also find applications in remote fiber-optic device tuning and quasi-distributed biochemical fiber-optic sensing.
The Student as Teacher Promoting Communication Skills Through the Use of Illustrations

An illustration treating the dialogue under study is given to all students. Except for the one chosen to act as student-teacher in the next class, each must prepare at least six questions and six complete-sentence answers on the illustration. The student to act as teacher prepares six questions and six false statements for the class to correct. Before the next session, the illustration is copied on the blackboard, and the instructor checks over the student-teacher's material.
Sec6 mutations and the Drosophila exocyst complex

To allow a detailed analysis of exocyst function in multicellular organisms, we have generated sec6 mutants in Drosophila. We have used these mutations to compare the phenotypes of sec6 and sec5 in the ovary and nervous system, and we find them to be similar. We also find that Sec5 is mislocalized in sec6 mutants. Additionally, we have generated an epitope-tagged Sec8 that localized with Sec5 on oocyte membranes and was mislocalized in sec5 and sec6 germ-line clones. This construct further revealed a genetic interaction of sec8 and sec5. These data, taken together, provide new information about the organization of the exocyst complex and suggest that Sec5, Sec6 and Sec8 act as a complex, each member dependent on the others for proper localization and function.
Application of soil in Forensic Science: Residual odor and HRD dogs

Abstract Decomposing human remains alter the environment through deposition of various compounds comprised of a variety of chemical constituents. Human remains detection (HRD) dogs are trained to indicate the odor of human remains. Residual odor from previously decomposing human remains may remain in the soil and on surfaces long after the remains are gone. This study examined the ability of eight nationally certified HRD dogs (four dual purpose and four single purpose) to detect human remains odor in soil from under decomposing human remains as well as soils which no longer contained human remains, soils which had been cold water extracted and even the extraction fluid itself. The HRD dogs were able to detect the odor of human remains successfully above the level of chance for each soil ranging between 75% and 100% accurate up to 667 days post body removal from soil surface. No significant performance accuracy was found between the dual and single purpose dogs. This finding indicates that even though there may not be anything visually observable to the human eye, residual odor of human remains in soil can be very recalcitrant and therefore detectible by properly trained and credentialed HRD dogs. Further research is warranted to determine the parameters of the HRD dogs capabilities and in determining exactly what they are smelling.
Fetal Hydrothorax and Bilateral Pulmonary Hypoplasia: Ultrasonic Diagnosis

Bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia associated with hydrothorax is an unexplained entity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an ultrasonic diagnostic approach towards this problem. Antenatal screening of pregnancies at risk for fetal hydrothorax, early detection of suspected hypoplasia and active management might afford the fetus adequate pulmonary function to support extra-uterine life.
An explanation of theories that guide evidence‐based interventions to improve quality

The concept of evidence‐based medicine, or medical practice based on up‐to‐date research about the best available diagnoses and treatments, has been well accepted into mainstream medicine. In contrast, evidence‐based quality improvement, culminating in evidence‐based dissemination or implementation of the latest research, is far from a reality. One of the many reasons for this failure is that all responsible for dissemination and implementation do not understand or apply relevant theories from the social and educational sciences. Rather, many popular approaches to quality improvement have been chosen empirically, unguided by theory. Sometimes these choices have resulted in failure and/or unintended consequences. The purpose of this review is to categorize and explain various theories relevant to quality improvement interventions. Each reviewed theory is connected with approaches the theory suggests would be successful. The review discusses how knowledge of improvement theory can drive not only the choice of techniques to employ but also the choice of contexts for employment. The review offers a critique of some theories and their associated approaches.
Treating Water Institutions as Endogenous Variables: Demonstration of a Conceptual Model

: Institutional innovation is central to many water resource problems. (In this context “institutions” refers to the laws and regulations governing water allocation and use.) Yet, typically, economic analyses treat institutions as exogenous and fixed. Unfortunately, this conventional assumption does not allow economists to address many modern problems. This paper develops an economic framework in which institutions are treated as endogenous. The model accounts for (1) factors that stimulate calls for formal institutional change, (2) the role of interest groups in policymaking, and (3) actual institutional change as it impacts choice domains and thus economic performance. The model is compared to a specific case of change in Colorado's water institutions, namely, instream water rights legislation in the 1970's. The empirical evidence is generally consistent with model hypotheses. The model promises to be useful to scholars and policymakers interested in institutional innovation.
Lethal effect of purified spore and crystalline endotoxin preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis on several Lepidopterous insects

Abstract Purified preparations of crystals and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis were tested, mainly by inoculation per os, for toxicity against larvae of Colias eurytheme, Trichoplusia ni , and Pseudaletia unipuncta . When the larvae were raised on a diet containing antibiotics, crystal solution surprisingly showed little lethal effect. A mixture of crystal solution and spores was more effective than the crystal solution alone. Death also resulted from ingestion of crystal-free spores. Examination of cadavers showed systemic infection in all cases; when the larvae had been inoculated with spores, large numbers of rods of the B. thuringiensis type were present although spores were never observed. B. thuringiensis was isolated from over 70% of the cadavers in this group. The results indicate that, in addition to the B. thuringiensis endotoxin, the spore may play an important role in killing the insect larva.
EVALUATION OF A COMMUNITY COLLEGE CAREER EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR THE HOMEBOUND HANDICAPPED

A multiperspective evaluation of a business‐education program for the homebound handicapped at Queensborough Community College in New York indicates that this program has been successful in providing this group with an opportunity to successfully continue their education as measured by academic performance and a convergence of positive student, peer, and faculty attitudes. By soliciting information from homebound students, their in‐class peers, and faculty, the opinions and needs of all program participants could be assessed in relation to one another. Of particular interest, beyond the high achievement level of the homebound student and the highly positive attitudes of all involved, is the agreement among suggestions for improvement gathered from three participating groups.
Twenty-Four-Hour Profiles of Serum Leptin in Siberian and Golden Hamsters: Photoperiodic and Diurnal Variations

Abstract Serum leptin concentrations were obtained from male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) and golden hamsters (a.k.a. Syrian, Mesocricetus auratus) housed on long [light:dark (LD) 16:8] and short (LD 6:18) photoperiods for 10–11 weeks. Blood samples were collected at 45-min intervals for 24 h from individual animals using an in-dwelling atrial catheter. In Siberian hamsters, exposure to short photoperiods as compared to long photoperiods reduced body weight (32.5 ± 1.5 vs 47.7 ± 1.1 g) and leptin (24-h mean: 5.3 ± 0.4 ng/ml vs 18.6 ± 2.1 ng/ml). Although photoperiod influenced the temporal distribution of leptin in golden hamsters, the main effect of photoperiod on leptin levels in golden hamsters did not reach significance (24-h mean: 7.1 ± 1.0 ng/ml vs 5.1 ± 0.8 ng/ml.). Body weights of golden hamsters did not vary significantly following exposure to short photoperiod for 11 weeks (178.3 ± 3.6 g in LD 6:18 vs 177.8 ± 7.3 g in LD 16:8). There was no nocturnal increase in serum leptin in either species. Marked interindividual differences were apparent in individual leptin profiles. Periodogram analysis revealed that only a few animals exhibited 24-h periodicities; the presence of a significant 24-h periodicity was more common in hamsters exposed to short days. Photoperiod-associated differences in the 24-hour profile of leptin secretion may be the result of photoperiod-associated changes in feeding behavior or metabolism. A full understanding of the regulation of leptin secretion in multiple time domains may enhance our understanding of the function of leptin.
Technological discontinuities and media patterns: assessing electric vehicle batteries

Abstract Technology s-curves and models of technology cycles are commonly used in forecasting technological change and making general sense of real-time developments. This paper presents results of a study of electrochemical technologies in the emerging electric vehicle industry, which assumed the general validity of s-curves and technology cycles in a larger, cross-disciplinary examination of innovation theory. With the aid of s-curves and technology cycles frameworks, patterns in the data seemed understandable and interpretations were straightforward, though only at a strategy formulation or policy-making level.