cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution

As one of the earliest-known mammaliaforms, Haramiyavia clemmenseni from the Rhaetic (Late Triassic) of East Greenland has held an important place in understanding the timing of the earliest radiation of the group. Reanalysis of the type specimen using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) has revealed new details, such as the presence of the dentary condyle of the mammalian jaw hinge and the postdentary trough for mandibular attachment of the middle ear—a transitional condition of the predecessors to crown Mammalia. Our tests of competing phylogenetic hypotheses with these new data show that Late Triassic haramiyids are a separate clade from multituberculate mammals and are excluded from the Mammalia. Consequently, hypotheses of a Late Triassic diversification of the Mammalia that depend on multituberculate affinities of haramiyidans are rejected. Scanning electron microscopy study of tooth-wear facets and kinematic functional simulation of occlusion with virtual 3D models from CT scans confirm that Haramiyavia had a major orthal occlusion with the tallest lingual cusp of the lower molars occluding into the lingual embrasure of the upper molars, followed by a short palinal movement along the cusp rows alternating between upper and lower molars. This movement differs from the minimal orthal but extensive palinal occlusal movement of multituberculate mammals, which previously were regarded as relatives of haramiyidans. The disparity of tooth morphology and the diversity of dental functions of haramiyids and their contemporary mammaliaforms suggest that dietary diversification is a major factor in the earliest mammaliaform evolution.
Potent and selective P2-P3 ketoamide inhibitors of cathepsin K with good pharmacokinetic properties via favorable P1', P1, and/or P3 substitutions.

Abstract A series of ketoamides were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against cathepsin K. Exploration of the interactions between achiral P2 substituents and the cysteine protease based on molecular modelling suggestions resulted in potent cathepsin K inhibitors that demonstrated high selectivity versus cathepsins B, H, and L. Subsequent modifications of the P3, P1, and P1′ moieties afforded orally bioavailable inhibitors.
Experimental and numerical investigation of laser-based short wavelength plasma sources

Laser-based plasma lamps are of particular interest in the semiconductor industry. This study examines the optimum regions of laser-plasma operational space for a number of intense laser-irradiated mass-limited droplet source scenarios.
Truth or Consequences: The Perils and Protection of Off-Label Drug and Medical Device Promotion

Off-label prescribing is an essential component of good medical care, and it offers greater choice in treatment options for millions of patients. Food and Drug Administration rules prohibit manufacturers from disseminating most information about off-label uses, though, making it difficult for doctors and their patients to learn about important therapeutic options. The prohibition on truthful and non-misleading speech raises constitutionality questions, which have not yet been fully explored by courts. This paper examines the role of off-label prescribing in medical practice and the regulation of off-label promotion. It also discusses the scope of permissible commercial speech regulation and analyzes the constitutionality of off-label speech restrictions in light of applicable case law. It concludes that the FDA’s ban on off-label promotion is unconstitutional, but suggests less burdensome alternative restrictions that likely would pass constitutional muster while still advancing the government’s asserted interests.
Potassium Channel KIR4.1-Specific Antibodies and Acquired Demyelinating Disease

Researchers at Technische Universitat, Munich, and other centers in Germany, studied the prevalence of KIR4.1-IgG by ELISA in 47 children with acquired demyelinating disease (ADD), in 22 with other neurologic diseases, 22 with autoimmune disease, and in 18 healthy controls.
EFEITO DA POROSIDADE DO SUBSTRATO CASCA DE PINUS NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE PITANGA E UVAIA

Objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da porosidade em substratos de casca de pinus no desenvolvimento de mudas de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) e uvaieira (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetacao da Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - USP, Piracicaba, SP. Os tratamentos foram assim definidos: 100% casca de pinus moido sem separacao de particulas; 100% casca de pinus ≤ 0,1 mm; 75% casca de pinus ≤ 0,1 mm + 25% entre 0,1 - 4,0 mm; 50% casca de pinus ≤ 0,1 mm + 50% entre 0,1 - 4,0 mm; 25% casca de pinus ≤ 0,1 mm + 75% entre 0,1 - 4,0 mm e 100% casca de pinus 0,1-0,4 mm. As avaliacoes (diâmetro do caule, comprimento total e media de massa seca das plântulas) ocorreram aos 90, 120 e 150 dias apos a semeadura. Os resultados indicaram que substratos com Espaco Poroso Total (EPT) superior a 90,0%, com mais de 75% de particulas menores de 0,1mm nao sao indicados para a producao de mudas de pitangueira; no caso da uvaieira, devem ser utilizados substratos com EPT inferior a 85%, desde que as particulas pequenas (≤ 0,1 mm) nao ultrapassem 25% do total.
Gayle: A Microcomputer-Based Surgical Pathology Log-In System

A customized electronic database system for surgical pathology was developed using inexpensive widely available microcomputer technology. This system automatically accessions specimens; prints slide labels, log books, and management reports; and aids in both billing and tracking the progress of a case from time of receipt of tissue through the issuing of a final report. Total hardware cost was approximately $8,250, which was recaptured within the first month of use because of increased billing efficiency.
Clinician perspective on achieving and maintaining remission in depression.

The majority of large-scale clinical trials of depression focus on response, typically defined as a 50% reduction in symptoms, as the endpoint. Response in the absence of remission places patients at greater risk for relapse, decreases their level of functioning, and erodes quality of life. Most importantly, both research and our clinical experience suggest that remission, or getting well, is an attainable goal for patients with major depressive disorders. Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and combination regimens are all treatment options. Recent studies across a range of patient populations have demonstrated the benefit of affecting multiple transmitter systems over a single antidepressant mechanism. Pooled data from more than 2000 patients comparing venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors suggest that the dual mechanism of action of venlafaxine provides significantly greater efficacy in achieving remission. Ultimately, achieving a good clinical outcome is desirable, but sustaining the mood state is, perhaps, more important. Studies of venlafaxine show it is possible to prevent more relapses and recurrences of depression with dual-mechanism treatment than with placebo. These data highlight the need for setting appropriately aggressive goals and working closely with our patients to achieve them. By doing so, we create the best opportunity for restoring patients to wellness and, ultimately, a normal and fulfilling life.
Rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from 145 intestinal diarrhea samples by LAMP

Objective:To apply the loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) to test intestinal diarrhea samples and evaluate its feasibility and reliability as a rapid detection method.Methods:145 intestinal diarrhea samples were detected and compared with LAMP and GB/T 4789.7-2008 method.Results:11 positive samples were found by LAMP,same as through GB/T 4789.7-2008 method.Conclusion:LAMP method had the advantages of high specificity,convenience and low cost,which can be used in Vibrio parahaemolyticus detection.
Assemblages and the Conduct of Inquiry

In this conversation with the editors, Stephen Collier reflects on his engagement with assemblage thinking in his collaboration with Aihwa Ong on ‘global assemblages’ and in his work on vital systems security. Looking forward to the various contributions from the central part of the book, Collier discusses the use and misuse of assemblage thinking and comments on its potential IR applications. Providing a bridge between the theoretical reflexivity of the two previous conversations and the thematic chapters ahead, Collier raises questions of adjacency and entanglement with the ‘field’ by assemblage theorists.
Proceedings of the Colored Convention: Cleveland, September 6, 1848

The first women’s rights speaker in the Negro Convention Movement, Mrs. Sanford, probably a friend of Frederick Douglass from Rochester, said that women ask for rights “granted by a higher disposer of human events than man.” These rights included married women’s property rights, and (an indirect reference to woman suffrage) “to co-operate in making the laws we obey.” After her speech, Frederick Douglass outmaneuvered the opponents of women’s rights and the convention passed a resolution in favor of women’s participation in future meetings.
Comparison of Permanganate-Oxidizable Carbon and Mineralizable Carbon for Assessment of Organic Matter Stabilization and Mineralization

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 80:1352–1364 doi:10.2136/sssaj2016.04.0106 Received 11 Apr. 2016. Accepted 3 Aug. 2016. *Corresponding authors (hurisso.1@osu.edu; culman.2@osu.edu). © Soil Science Society of America. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Comparison of Permanganate-Oxidizable Carbon and Mineralizable Carbon for Assessment of Organic Matter Stabilization and Mineralization Soil & Water Management & Conservation
The Welded-Wire Matrix—An Important Step Beyond Printed Wiring

Since the Industrial Revolution, man has dreamed of a society in which machines would do most of his work. Until the computer, however, this dream included only his physical labor. Today the ideal in industry is to automate all phases of production from design to the finished product.
Intrinsic Resistance of Solid Tumors to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy.

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT), which blocks negative immune-activating signals and maintains the antitumor response, has elicited a remarkable clinical response in certain cancer patients. However, intrinsic resistance (i.e., insensitivity of the tumors to therapy) remains a daunting challenge. The efficacy of ICBT is tightly modulated by the function of each step in the antitumor immunity cycle. Mechanistically, the number of mutations determines tumor immunogenicity. The properties of the tumor microenvironment control T-cell infiltration, distribution, and function in tumor tissues. Low tumor immunogenicity and a strong immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment cause significant intrinsic resistance to ICBT. With our evolving understanding of intrinsic resistance, people have successfully tested, in preclinical models, treatments targeting specific resistance mechanisms to sensitize ICBT-resistant tumors. Translation of those preclinical findings to the clinical arena will help generate personalized ICBT strategies that target tumor-specific resistance mechanisms. Progress in the new personalized ICBT strategies will expand the reach of immunotherapy to more cancer types, thus enabling more patients to benefit. Cancer Res; 77(4); 817–22. ©2017 AACR .
Common Core/Diversity Dilemma, Agatheism and the Epistemology of Religious Belief

The essay “The Common-Core/Diversity Dilemma: Revisions of Humean Thought, New Empirical Research, and the Limits of Rational Religious Belief” is a bold argument for the irrationality of “first-order” religious belief (that is, the belief that adherents to particular religions have). However, unlike those associated with “New Atheism,” the paper’s authors Branden Thornhill-Miller and Peter Millican claim both that there are prospects for rational “second-order” religious belief (a religion-neutral belief in a designer of some sort) and that religious belief and practice can play a positive role in human life. In response to Thornhill-Miller and Millican, Janusz Salamon has argued that first- order religious belief can be rational, although not via the methods that philosophers who have typically defended the reasonability of faith have appealed to. Both papers are fascinating discussions of the epistemology of religious belief in general, and of the rationality of such commitment in light of modern science and religious disagreement in particular. In this paper, I’ll object to a few points made in each essay and argue that neither paper provides good reason to be dubious about the religious belief being rational along traditional lines.
On the presentation of Diego de Ocaña, O. S. H. (ca. 1570–1608)

It is tempting to say that Diego de Ocana and the manuscript he composed between 1599 and 1608 ‘have arrived.’ For under review here are two recent editions of the account of a journey he made on b...
The revolutionary public sphere: The case of the Arab uprisings:

The popular rebellions that swept Arab countries starting with Tunisia in December 2010 spawned an active sphere of dissenting cultural production. Although media harnessed by revolutionaries inclu...
The Concrete–Representational–Abstract Approach for Students With Learning Disabilities: An Evidence-Based Practice Synthesis:

As researchers and practitioners have increasingly become interested in what practices are evidence based and for whom in education, different sets of quality indicators and evidence-based practice...
Behavioral Toxicology of Heavy Metals

Toxicology is inherently a multivariate discipline, and metal toxicology may be the best example of this characteristic. Metals are so abundant in the environment that some were bound to be deployed in the evolution of biological systems while others took on the roles of competitors or antagonists. Behavior shares this multivariate character with toxicology. Behavior, in fact, is a unique functional measure precisely because it integrates and reflects the total functional status of all of the organism’s biological systems, even its compensatory mechanisms. Its advantage as a measure stems not only from this feature, but also from its ability to offer a nondestructive index of functional capacity that permits us to trace the time course of a toxic process.
Third-trimester uterine rupture following hysteroscopic uterine perforation.

Background As operative hysteroscopy becomes more common, long-term complications become apparent. Case A 29-year-old woman had a hysteroscopic uterine septum resection. This was complicated by a small fundal puncture. In the ensuing pregnancy, uterine rupture occurred at 33 weeks and resulted in neonatal mortality and maternal morbidity. Conclusion Uterine rupture may follow uterine perforation at operative hysteroscopy; patients contemplating pregnancy after such perforation warrant appropriate counseling.
Update on Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials in the Past Decade for Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Child and Adolescent Patients: A Systematic Review

Objectives: Antidepressant treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) has been a topic of continued interest with a number of placebo randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) being published in the past decade. We review the updated literature since the 2007 Bridge meta-analysis, and reassess safety data looking at signals of treatment-emergent suicidality with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSR-S). Methods: PubMed literature review was performed searching for RCTs published since the 2007 article and supplemented with manual search. Results: Findings from seven trials (five industry sponsored, one NIMH funded, and one other) were included in this systematic review, which showed high medication and placebo response rates, with only fluoxetine and escitalopram treatment reaching statistical significance. Fluoxetine was also shown to prevent relapse of MDD with continued treatment with an odds ratio of 3.2 for prevention of relapse compared with placebo. There were no increases in treatment-emergent suicidality associated with antidepressant medication in any trial measuring suicidality systematically using the CSSR-S. Conclusions: Depressed pediatric patients respond similarly in these trials to antidepressant intervention and placebo, with recent studies showing that newer agents did not clearly demonstrate benefit above placebo. The evidence continues to support fluoxetine and escitalopram as first-line treatment and demonstrated effect to prevent relapse. Use of newer rating scales reveals similar rates of treatment-emergent suicidality in patients on antidepressants as placebo, in contrast to increased suicide signal suggested by past research using adverse events data. Antidepressant treatment is generally safe and well tolerated in this age group.
Location of the oxygen dopant in the high temperature superconductor HgBa2CuO4+δ from 199Hg NMR

Abstract In the high temperature cuprate superconductor, HgBa 2 CuO 4 + δ , it has been determined that the dopant oxygen, O δ , resides in the Hg-plane. Here we present a systematic investigation of the 199 Hg NMR spectrum as a function of dopant oxygen concentration, δ . At high doping levels we observe four distinct 199 Hg resonance peaks which follow a binomial distribution in δ corresponding to zero, one, two, and three nearest neighbor O δ atoms. Additionally, we have measured a linear dependence of the peak frequencies on doping and suggest that these measurements might be theoretically amenable.
Rebuilding the Standing Prescription Renewal Orders.

Background Managing prescription renewal requests is a labor-intensive challenge in ambulatory care. In 2009, Vanderbilt University Medical Center developed clinic-specific standing prescription renewal orders that allowed nurses, under specific conditions, to authorize renewal requests. Formulary and authorization changes made maintaining these documents very challenging. Objective This article aims to review, standardize, and restructure legacy standing prescription renewal orders into a modular, scalable, and easier to manage format for conversion and use in a new electronic health record (EHR). Methods We created an enterprise-wide renewal domain model using modular subgroups within the main institutional standing renewal order policy by extracting metadata, medication group names, medication ingredient names, and renewal criteria from approved legacy standing renewal orders. Instance-based matching compared medication groups in a pairwise manner to calculate a similarity score between medication groups. We grouped and standardized medication groups with high similarity by mapping them to medication classes from a medication terminology vendor and filtering them by intended route (e.g., oral, subcutaneous, inhalation). After standardizing the renewal criteria to a short list of reusable criteria, the Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) committee reviewed and approved candidate medication groups and corresponding renewal criteria. Results Seventy-eight legacy standing prescription renewal orders covered 135 clinics (some applied to multiple clinics). Several standing orders were perfectly congruent, listing identical medications for renewal. We consolidated 870 distinct medication classes to 164 subgroups and assigned renewal criteria. We consolidated 379 distinct legacy renewal criteria to 21 criteria. After approval by the P&T committee, we built subgroups in a structured and consistent format in the new EHR, where they facilitated chart review and standing order adherence by nurses. Additionally, clinicians could search an autogenerated document of the standing order content from the EHR data warehouse. Conclusion We describe a methodology for standardizing and scaling standing prescription renewal orders at an enterprise level while transitioning to a new EHR.
Western Greenland ice sheet retreat history reveals elevated precipitation during the Holocene thermal maximum

Abstract. We investigate changing precipitation patterns in the Kangerlussuaq region of western central Greenland during the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM), using a new chronology of ice sheet terminus position through the Holocene and a novel inverse modeling approach based on the unscented transform (UT). The UT is applied to estimate changes in annual precipitation in order to reduce the misfit between modeled and observed terminus positions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the UT for time-dependent data assimilation, highlighting its low computational cost and trivial parallel implementation. Our results indicate that Holocene warming coincided with elevated precipitation, without which modeled retreat in the Kangerlussuaq region is more rapid than suggested by observations. Less conclusive is whether high temperatures during the HTM were specifically associated with a transient increase in precipitation, as the results depend on the assumed temperature history. Our results highlight the important role that changing precipitation patterns had in controlling ice sheet extent during the Holocene.
Frank Lehman, Hollywood Harmony: Musical Wonder and the Sound of Cinema

Frank Lehman, Hollywood Harmony: Musical Wonder and the Sound of Cinema New York: Oxford University Press, 2018 [xvii, 292 pp. ISBN: 9780190606404 $39.95 (trade paper)]. The Oxford Music/Media Series.
Rickman, Aimee. Adolescence, Girlhood, and Media Migration: US Teens’ Use of Social Media to Negotiate Offline Struggles. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018. 186 pp. $65.00 (hardcover). ISBN-13: 978-1-4985-5392-6.

Aimee Rickman’s Adolescence, Girlhood, and Media Migration: US Teens’ Use of Social Media to Negotiate Offline Struggles explores the ways in which teen girls use social media to surmount their mar...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the future of treatment

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder most often caused by sarcomeric mutations resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, hypercontractility, and reduced compliance. It is the most common inherited monogenic cardiac condition, affecting 0.2% of the population. Whereas currently available therapies for HCM have been effective in reducing morbidity, there remain important unmet needs in the treatment of both the obstructive and non-obstructive phenotypes. Novel pharmacotherapies directly target the molecular underpinnings of HCM, while innovative procedural techniques may soon offer minimally-invasive alternatives to current septal reduction therapy. With the advent of embryonic gene editing, there now exists the potential to correct underlying genetic mutations that may result in disease. This article details the recent developments in the treatment of HCM including pharmacotherapy, septal reduction procedures, mitral valve manipulation, and gene-based therapies.
The Clinical Significance of Physiological Assessment of Residual Ischemia After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) have emerged as the invasive diagnostic tools of choice for hemodynamic assessment of the severity of CAD (coronary artery disease). We sought to comprehensively review the evidence on the utility of hemodynamic assessment of the coronary stenoses after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using FFR/iFR, mechanisms of positive post-PCI iFR/FFR, and the clinical impact of significant residual ischemia. The evidence on the utility of the post-PCI hemodynamic assessment has accumulated over the last few years. The post hoc analysis from the FAME 1 and FAME 2 data shows that higher post-PCI FFR is associated with better symptomatic improvement and lower event rate with larger increase in delta FFR (∆ FFR: post-PCI FFR – pre-PCI FFR). Unlike pre-PCI FFR, a consensus has not been established on the optimal value of post-PCI FFR, though multiple studies point toward better clinical outcomes with higher post-PCI FFR and larger ∆ FFR. Visual assessment of adequate stent apposition by coronary angiography is insufficient in evaluating for residual ischemia. The hemodynamic evaluation of residual ischemia by post-PCI FFR/iFR yields clinically relevant data and allows for appropriate post PCI optimization.
From Quantum Foundations of Quantum Field Theory, String Theory and Quantum Gravity to Dark Matter and Dark Energy

We review our recent work on quantum foundations of quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity (formulated as metastring theory) and various implications for the problems of dark matter and dark energy. The first point concerns the new understanding of quantum theory via the concept of quantum (modular) spacetime endowed with manifest non-locality that is consistent with causality. This view implies the consistency of the fundamental length and Lorentz symmetry, based on the principle of relative (observer dependent) locality. The geometry of such quantum spacetime is encoded in the new concept of Born geometry. This in turn leads to a novel understanding of quantum field theory in a manifestly bi-local representation endowed with metaparticle quanta. A fully dynamical quantum spacetime, with a dynamical Born geometry, leads to quantum gravity (a quantum theory of dynamical geometry of quantum non-locality) in the guise of metastring theory. This generic formulation of string theory implies a radiatively stable positive cosmological constant (viewed as a curvature of the dual spacetime) as a model of dark energy in the observed classical spacetime, as well as metaparticle quanta (the zero modes of the metastring) as the natural quanta of dark matter in this approach.
Location Matters: Passive and Active Factors Affect the Vertical Distribution of Olympia Oyster ( Ostrea lurida ) Larvae

Dispersal, retention, and population connectivity are impacted by current regime and the behaviors that drive larval distribution, so understanding both is key to informing restoration of native species like the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) across its range in western North America. This study explores the relationships between several factors (temperature, [chl a], larval size, tidal stage, and estimated current speed) and Olympia oyster larval vertical distributions in Fidalgo Bay (48.4828, − 122.5811), a shallow, tidally flushed bay in the Salish Sea. Olympia oyster larvae collected from four depths over the tidal cycle from July 11–14, 2017, were ~ 20% deeper near slack tide and shallower during the faster parts of both ebb and flood, with a threshold for this transition around an estimated 25 cm s−1. This pattern does not suggest tidally timed migrations as has been shown in another population of Olympia oysters, nor can this pattern be totally explained by passive processes. Larvae did not cluster at depths with specific temperatures or [chl a] but there was a difference in larval size between surface and bottom waters, with older, larger larvae more common at the bottom. Fidalgo Bay does not exhibit two-way flow or strong vertical shear, so vertical distribution of larvae likely has little effect on transport in this system but might in other similarly shallow habitat areas with higher stratification that are target restoration sites in the Salish Sea. These results add to the growing number of studies that show location-specific differences in larval vertical distribution and behavior within taxa and underscore the importance of integrating local hydrodynamics into predictions of bivalve larval transport.
Magnetoelectric wireless power transfer for biomedical implants: Effects of non-uniform magnetic field, alignment and orientation

Abstract This article presents experimental validation of a generalized equivalent two-port model for a magnetoelectric-based wireless power transfer system (WPTS) that utilizes a circular multi-turn coil as a transmitter, with a focus on potential application to biomedical implantable devices. The central objective of the work is to investigate the performance of the power delivered to a resistive load under uncertainties in magnetoelectric receiver position and orientation. In addition, the effects of a non-uniform applied magnetic field are considered. For the particular experimental system being studied, a maximum transferred power of 4.91 mW is obtained at a distance of 3 cm between the centers of the coil and the magnetoelectric (ME) transducer, in which the corresponding magnetic flux density is 225.8 μ T. As the distance increases to 6 cm, the generated power drops to 1.97 mW. Furthermore, we find that the output power is proportional to the squared cosine of the misorientation angle, compared to the power achieved at the nominal (zero-angle) position. Meanwhile, as expected, the delivered power is less sensitive to misalignment since the width of the receiver is relatively small in comparison with the diameter of the transmit coil. In general, the power produced at the load is a quadratic function of the effective magnetic field that is projected onto the operating direction of the ME laminated composite (i.e., the longitudinal axis in this case). All findings are expected to provide a universal comprehensive picture of the dynamics and performance of the ME WPTS. The presented device concept could open an alternative pathway for powering implants.
Nelarabine-Induced Myelotoxicity

A 29-year-old woman with relapsed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia presented with 4 months of progressive ataxia, weakness, and bowel/bladder incontinence. Symptoms started after completing 2 cycles of nelarabine. Examination revealed paraplegia and complete sensory loss from mid-chest down, loss of vibration and joint position in upper limbs, areflexia, and bilateral Babinski signs. EMG showed fibrillation potentials with no activated motor units in lower limbs. Laboratory workup, including paraneoplastic autoantibody panel, CSF analysis, vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid, and copper levels, was unremarkable. Spine MRI findings were consistent with nelarabine-induced subacute combined degeneration, including previously unreported lateral column involvement and cord enhancement (figure).1,2 The unremarkable CSF, MRI findings (tractopathy), and subacute course made alternative etiologies such as infection, infiltrative leukemia, ischemia, or cord hemorrhage less likely. The patient was treated conservatively and started to spontaneously improve. She then underwent allogenic stem cell transplantation. Three months later, she regained movement against gravity in all lower extremity muscles. However, she remained severely ataxic, requiring the use of a wheelchair. Repeat EMG showed reinnervation in most lower-limb muscles and less frequent fibrillation potentials.
Preparing Social Justice Advocates Through Undergraduate Service Learning in School Psychology

Developing competence in multiculturalism and social justice advocacy is a lifelong pursuit. Nevertheless, scholars have rarely considered the role of undergraduate education in preparing future sc...
50 Years of Mirror Technology Investment at NASA: From Hubble to Jwst and Beyond

This viewgraph presentation revews 50 years of mirror technology concepts at NASA. The emphasis is from the Hubble Space Telescope, to James Webb Space Telescope, and beyond.
The Sucker Norm

In this paper, I review the theoretical and empirical scholarship bearing on the notion of being a sucker. I suggest that there is a social norm against being a sucker, and that a number of experimental results could be reconsidered in light of this "sucker norm." First, I establish, at least for the purposes of this analysis, the basic parameters of what it means to be a sucker. Second, I consider when the fear of being a sucker is helpful or normative, and when it seems to be misapplied to cases in which it might actually lead to sub-optimal outcomes. I suggest that the fear of being a sucker is especially potent because it defies a social norm. Third, I review research on situations in which people might try (and succeed) to avoid invoking the sucker norm so that they can accept a disadvantageously inequitable allocation when there is no chance for a higher payoff. I discuss how certain forms of retaliation and punishment might be explained as ways to alleviate the uncomfortable feeling of being a sucker. Finally, I offer some preliminary data on the effect of the sucker norm on behavior in an experimental game, and consider the possible implications of these results and directions for future research.
Public Employee Market Power and the Level of Government Spending

Recent budgetary rhetoric emanating from Washington and other governmental capitals suggests a growing fear that public spending is getting out of control. For long periods of time the government budget has grown more rapidly than GNP in most mixed economies, and observers of these trends have begun to realize that if this process continues, public expenditures will approach very high shares of GNP and income tax rates could get close to unity.1 These scare stories are counteracted by the simple question that if government gets too large, why can't voters band together to stop its growth? Rational, informed, democratic voting processes should provide a limit to the size of the public sector; indeed they should insure that the public sector is just as large as the voters want it to be. According to what economists have come to know as the "median voter" theory, it is puzzling to know exactly how government spending could ever get too high or out of control. There have been several attempts to explain the apparent anomaly. The major focus of previous efforts has been on some aspect of bureaucratic aggrandizement, either broadly or narrowly construed. William Niskanen (1971), for example, presents a model in which bureaucracies desire to obtain as large a budget as possible for the bureau in which they are employed. (See also his 1975 paper.) Despite competition from other bureaus, the size of the overall governmental budget is larger than socially optimal because the nature of the budget process allows bureaus to act as price-discriminating revenue maximizers. Their ability to use their market power is constrained, both by competition from other bureaus and by the preferences of relevant legislative committees. As is implicit in the title of his work, Bureaucracy and Representative Government, Niskanen's major concern is with the way in which the institutions of representative government (particularly the U.S. federal government) may lead to an overprovision of public services. The model is not directly relevant to the behavior of local governments since it ignores two important constraints on local government spending. One is provided by households' opportunity to vote directly on referenda concerning tax collections, and the other by the ability of households to leave local jurisdictions in response to expendituretaxation packages which they find to be unsatisfactory.2 More general in application than Niskanen's work are a number of papers which focus on the ability of public employees to influence the political process so as to increase both wages and the size of the public sector.3 The implications of this approach have been discussed by a number of authors, but in each case the underlying model has been left unstated or undeveloped. For example, James Buchanan considers the possible ramifications of the right of public employees to vote when he argues:
Novel methods for adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to blood vessels in vivo.

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer is a promising method for studies of vascular biology and potentially for gene therapy. Intravascular approaches for gene transfer to blood vessels in vivo generally require interruption of blood flow and have several limitations. We have used two alternative approaches for gene transfer to blood vessels in vivo using perivascular application of vectors. First, replication-deficient adenovirus expressing nuclear-targeted bacterial β-galactosidase was injected into cerebrospinal fluid via the cisterna magna of rats. Leptomeningeal cells over the major arteries were efficiently transfected, and adventitial cells of large vessels and smooth muscle cells of small vessels were occasionally stained. When viral suspension was injected with the rat in a lateral position, the reporter gene was expressed extensively on the ipsilateral surface of the brain. Thus, adenovirus injected into cerebrospinal fluid provides gene transfer in vivo to cerebral blood vessels and, with greater efficiency, to perivascular tissue. Furthermore, positioning of the head may ‘target’ specific regions of the brain. Second, vascular gene delivery was accomplished by perivascular injection of virus in peripheral vessels. Injection of the adenoviral vector within the periarterial sheath of monkeys resulted in gene transfer to the vessel wall that was substantial in magnitude although limited to cells in the adventitia. Approximately 20% of adventitial cells expressed the transgene, with no gene transfer to cells in the intima or media. These approaches may provide alternative approaches for gene transfer to blood vessels, and may be useful for studies of vascular biology and perhaps vascular gene therapy. (Mol Cell Biochem 172: 37–46, 1997)
Public Management: Organizations, Governance, and Performance

How effective are public managers as they seek to influence how public organizations deliver policy results? How, and how much, is management related to the performance of public programs? What aspects of management can be distinguished? Can their separable contributions to performance be estimated? The fate of public policies in today's world lies in the hands of public organizations, which in turn are often intertwined with others in latticed patterns of governance. Collectively, these organizations are expected to generate performance in terms of policy outputs and outcomes. In this book, two award-winning researchers investigate the effectiveness of management in the public sector. Firstly, they develop a systematic theory on how effective public managers are in shaping policy results. The rest of the book then tests this theory against a wide range of evidence, including a data set of 1,000 public organizations.
Pediatric oncology providers' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to early integration of pediatric palliative care.

Background Pediatric patients experience significant symptoms during cancer treatment. Symptom management is frequently inadequate. We studied perceptions of pediatric oncology care providers regarding early integration of palliative care (PC) for pediatric patients to identify barriers and facilitators that might assist in understanding how care could be improved. Procedures Pediatric oncology providers were recruited to participate in four focus groups. A proposal for early integration of a pediatric palliative care team (PPCT) was presented and followed by a facilitated discussion. Data were analytically categorized into themes by three independent coders using constant comparative analysis and crystallization techniques. A consensus approach was used to indentify final themes. Results Barriers to the proposed care model of early integration of a PPCT included provider role, conflicting philosophy, patient readiness, and emotional influence and were more prevalent in the physician participants compared to nurse practitioner, nursing, and social work participants. Facilitators included patient eligibility, improved patient care, education, and evidence-based medicine. Though all participants were invested in providing optimal patient care, physician participants believed the current standard of care model is meeting the needs of patients and family, while the nurse practitioner, nursing, and social work participants working on the same healthcare team believed the proposed care model would improve the overall care of children diagnosed with cancer. Conclusions Differing perceptions among healthcare providers regarding the care of children with cancer suggest that team functioning could be improved. Avenues for pilot testing early integration of PC could provide useful information for a next study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1875–1881. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation and partial characterization of the extracellular polysaccharides of Penicillium charlesii. I. Occurrence of galactofuranose in high molecular weight polymers.

Abstract The extracellular polysaccharides of Penicillium charlesii G. Smith have been quantitatively isolated and fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex preequilibrated with K 2 B 4 O 7 . Chromatography of medium which had been concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° resulted in the isolation of relatively large amounts of free mannose from other sugars and indicated that concentration of the medium prior to chromatography resulted in extensive degradation of the polysaccharides. Chromatography of unconcentrated medium permitted the isolation of a major polysaccharide peak and two minor peaks. Quantitative analysis of galactose and qualitative analysis of other carbohydrate constituents after hydrolysis of the polysaccharide indicates that the major polysaccharide fraction contains galactofuranose residues as well as mannose and glucose, and that galactofuranose residues comprise part of one or more polysaccharides that have molecular weights in excess of 10,000. Optical rotation values of degraded and undegraded polymers support the conclusion that the large molecular weight extracellular polysaccharides contain β(1→5)-linked D -galactofuranose residues.
British Parliamentary Debate and the Twenty-First-Century Student

British Parliamentary Debate (BP) has grown in popularity in recent years and may be an appropriate debate for contemporary college students or Millennials. We argue that BP debate offers Millennials two distinct advantages: (a) BP is an accessible format, amenable to the demands of busy students; and (b) BP confers global argumentation skills required to be competitive in a globalized society.
VERTEBRAL EVOLUTION AND THE DIVERSIFICATION OF SQUAMATE REPTILES

Taxonomic, morphological, and functional diversity are often discordant and independent components of diversity. A fundamental and largely unanswered question in evolutionary biology is why some clades diversify primarily in some of these components and not others. Dramatic variation in trunk vertebral numbers (14 to >300) among squamate reptiles coincides with different body shapes, and snake-like body shapes have evolved numerous times. However, whether increased evolutionary rates or numbers of vertebrae underlie body shape and taxonomic diversification is unknown. Using a supertree of squamates including 1375 species, and corresponding vertebral and body shape data, we show that increased rates of evolution in vertebral numbers have coincided with increased rates and disparity in body shape evolution, but not changes in rates of taxonomic diversification. We also show that the evolution of many vertebrae has not spurred or inhibited body shape or taxonomic diversification, suggesting that increased vertebral number is not a key innovation. Our findings demonstrate that lineage attributes such as the relaxation of constraints on vertebral number can facilitate the evolution of novel body shapes, but that different factors are responsible for body shape and taxonomic diversification.
ALS51, a newly discovered gene in the Candida albicans ALS family, created by intergenic recombination: Analysis of the gene and protein, and implications for evolution of microbial gene families

The Candida albicans ALS family has eight genetic loci, each encoding a large glycoprotein. Als protein function is discussed most frequently in terms of adhesion to host and abiotic surfaces. Analyses of C. albicans strain WO-1 indicated variation within the ALS1 locus compared with other isolates such as SC5314. Investigation revealed a recombination between the contiguous ALS5 and ALS1 loci to generate a new coding region, named ALS51, because it encodes the 5' domain of ALS5 fused in-frame to the tandem repeat region and 3' domain of ALS1. ALS51 was detected in 11 isolates (4.6%) from a collection of 239 C. albicans strains of diverse origin and clade assignment. The 12 ALS51-positive strains identified in this study represented three different ALS family genotypes with respect to the presence and copy number of ALS51, ALS5 and ALS1. ALS51 transcription was detected by real-time reverse-transcription-PCR in WO-1. Although the cell-surface abundance of Als51 on WO-1 and Als5 on SC5314 was too low to visualize by indirect immunofluorescence using an anti-Als5 monoclonal antibody, both proteins were observed on Western blots of β-1,6-glucanase-digested C. albicans cell walls. Characterization of ALS51 illustrates one of the recombination mechanisms that generate diversity within C. albicans gene families.
Isolation of Human Melanoma Stem Cells Using ALDH as a Marker

This unit describes a protocol for establishing a patient-derived tumor xenograft model (PDTX model) of human melanoma and isolating human melanoma stem cells from human melanoma specimens using aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) as a marker. One major limitation of analyzing a small fraction of cancer stem cells from patient tumor samples is that substantial quantities of fresh tumor tissues are not available. To overcome this challenge, we have established a PDTX model of human melanoma. In this model, human tumor tissues obtained from melanoma patients are dissected into small pieces and subsequently implanted into immunocompromised mice. The PDTX tumors retain fundamental genotypic and phenotypic features of the original tumors and are suitable for further biological analyses. Using the PDTX model, we have analyzed ALDH-labeled human melanoma stem cells. This unit will describe how to establish a PDTX model using human tumor samples. We will also describe how to isolate and analyze ALDH-labeled human melanoma stem cells using this model.
Catecholamine metabolism in neuroblastoma: kinetics of conversion of 3H-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol to 3H-3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid.

ABSTRACT Previous studies of the metabolic activity of neuroblastoma tumor in tissue culture have revealed that added 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) is partially converted to 3H-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (3H-MHPG), but not to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid. In addition, the in vivo conversion of 3H-MHPG to 3H-VMA has been described. This report presents quantitative information on the in vivo conversion of 3H-MHPG to 3H-VMA (27%) based on the results of assay of urinary 3H-VMA following the iv injection of 3H-VMA itself, and following iv 3H-MHPG. In addition, this patient was normotensive and his tumor converted 3H-NE to 3H-MHPG in tissue culture. These findings provide quantitative information on the in vivo conversion of MHPG to VMA in a patient with neuroblastoma and suggest that assay of urinary MHPG, after hydrolysis of the conjugates, may be of considerable value in the diagnosis of patients with neuroblastoma.