cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure-transport relationships of poly(aryl piperidinium) anion-exchange membranes: Eeffect of anions and hydration

Abstract Hydroxide-exchange membrane (HEM) fuel cells are emerging energy conversion technologies. A significant effort has been expended to develop new HEMs with enhanced transport functionality, which has driven the need for understanding how transport of hydroxide and other anions in these membranes is related to hydration and nano-morphology. In this work, we report the results of a systematic study on poly(aryl piperidinium)-based on terphenyl (PAP-TP-85), a HEM that previously showed promising fuel cell performance and durability. Membrane water uptake and anion conductivity in liquid and vapor water, as well as the impact of counter-anion forms on these properties, are investigated and compared with a commercial anion exchange membrane (AEM), Fumasep FAA3, and proton-exchange membranes (PEMs), Nafion and sPEEK. Different water uptake in liquid vs. saturated vapor is observed for both AEMs (i.e., PAP and FAA3), indicating Schroeder's paradox, regardless of anion form. Morphology of AEMs examined via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) shows weak phase-separation, regardless of hydration level and anion type, which is attributed to the reduced chemical dissimilarity between the backbone and ionic moieties. Despite both AEMs' amorphous nanostructure, PAP-AEM has a higher ion conductivity than FAA3. Water content plays a more significant role than does temperature in controlling the anion conductivity in water vapor. In liquid water, normalized conductivity shows a universal dependence on hydration, regardless of the anion form. Moreover, in water vapor, conductivity is influenced more by ion mobility than ion concentration, and depends mainly on hydration. Thus, ion transport in disordered AEMs is governed primarily by hydration, in contrast to phase-separated ionomers, where ion transport is governed by nanostructure-hydration interplay. This study demonstrates the importance of hydration level and ion mobility for anion transport in amorphous AEMs and provides an understanding of parameters governing their transport properties.
FOXD3 Regulates VISTA Expression in Melanoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved patient survival in melanoma, but the innate resistance of many patients necessitates the investigation of alternative immune targets. Many immune checkpoint proteins lack proper characterization, including V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA). VISTA expression on immune cells can suppress T cell activity; however, few studies have investigated its expression and regulation in cancer cells. In this study, we observe that VISTA is expressed in melanoma patient samples and cell lines. Tumor cell-specific expression of VISTA promotes tumor onset in vivo, associated with increased intratumoral T regulatory cells, and enhanced PDL-1 expression on tumor-infiltrating macrophages. VISTA transcript levels are regulated by the stemness factor Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3). BRAF inhibition upregulates FOXD3 and reduces VISTA expression. Overall, this study demonstrates melanoma cell expression of VISTA and its regulation by FOXD3, contributing to the rationale for therapeutic strategies that combine targeted inhibitors with immune checkpoint blockade.
A hadronic synchrotron mirror model for the "orphan" TeV flare in 1ES 1959+650

Very-high-energy gamma-ray flares of TeV blazars are generally accompanied by simultaneous flaring activity in X-rays. The recent observations by the Whipple collaboration of an ``orphan'' TeV flare of 1ES 1959+650 (without simultaneous X-ray flare) is very hard to reconcile with the standard leptonic SSC model which is routinely very successfully employed to explain the SED and spectral variability of TeV blazars. In this paper, an alternative scenario is suggested in which the ``orphan'' TeV flare may originate from relativistic protons, interacting with an external photon field supplied by electron-synchrotron radiation reflected off a dilute reflector. While the external photons will be virtually ``invisible'' to the co-moving ultrarelativistic electrons in the jet due to Klein-Nishina effects, their Doppler boosted energy is high enough to excite the $\Delta$ resonance from relativistic protons with Lorentz factors of ~ 10^3 - 10^4. This model is capable of explaining the ``orphan'' TeV flare of 1ES 1959+650 with plausible parameters, thus constraining the number and characteristic energy of relativistic protons in the jet of this blazar.
Factors Affecting Adoption of a Technology-Based Tool for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Among Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in South Texas:

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to describe a novel computerized diabetes education tool and explore factors influencing self-selection and use among primarily Hispanic patients diagnosed with ...
Velocity and concentration field measurements and large eddy simulation of a shaped film cooling hole

Abstract The 3D velocity and scalar concentration fields from a laidback fan-shaped film cooling hole are measured using Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV) and Magnetic Resonance Concentration (MRC). The velocity and scalar concentration fields of the same geometry are also obtained using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The geometry under consideration features a single film cooling hole with a 30° inclination angle and 7° forward and lateral expansion angles. The results are compared to an existing adiabatic effectiveness experiment using infrared imaging of an identical geometry (Schroeder and Thole, 2014). Flow separation is observed inside the hole in the LES and MRV. The separated region in the LES is symmetrically located, but it is offset to a lateral side in the MRV which slightly skews the scalar concentration field to one side. Comparisons of the LES with the MRV and MRC experiments show good agreement in the velocity and scalar concentration field elsewhere throughout the 3D domain. Despite some disagreement in the adiabatic effectiveness values with the IR experiment immediately after injection, there is good agreement downstream of injection between the IR experiment and the LES and MRC. Differences in the concentration field can be attributed to differences in the in–hole velocity field. The results suggest that the mean position of the region of separation inside the hole is geometrically sensitive.
Bacterial Metabolism of para-and meta-Xylene: Oxidation of the Aromatic Ring

Pseudomonas putida 39/D oxidized p-xylene to cis-3,6-dimethyl-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol (cis-p-xylene dihydrodiol). The latter compound was isolated in crystalline form and its physical properties were determined. The cis configuration of the hydroxyl groups in the oxidation product was inferred from its ability to form an isopropylidene derivative with 2,2-dimethoxypropane. Acid treatment of cis-p-xylene dihydrodiol resulted in the formation of 2,5-dimethylphenol. A partially purified preparation of cis-toluene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase oxidized cis-p-xylene dihydrodiol to 1,2-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzene (3,6-dimethylpyrocatechol). P. putida 39/D oxidized m-xylene to a compound whose spectral and chromatographic characteristics were consistent with the structure 3,5-dimethyl-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol. This product was very unstable, and all attempts to isolate it led to the formation of 2,4-dimethylphenol.
PLC fills a GAP in G-protein-coupled signalling

An emerging theme in G-protein-coupled signalling is that effectors for G proteins, such as phospholipase C-β, also function as GTPase-activating proteins. Such dual roles may contribute to high temporal resolution in G-protein-coupled signalling cascades.
Detecting Drawdowns Masked by Environmental Stresses with Water‐Level Models

Detecting and quantifying small drawdown at observation wells distant from the pumping well greatly expands the characterized aquifer volume. However, this detection is often obscured by water level fluctuations such as barometric and tidal effects. A reliable analytical approach for distinguishing drawdown from nonpumping water-level fluctuations is presented and tested here. Drawdown is distinguished by analytically simulating all pumping and nonpumping water-level stresses simultaneously during the period of record. Pumping signals are generated with Theis models, where the pumping schedule is translated into water-level change with the Theis solution. This approach closely matched drawdowns simulated with a complex three-dimensional, hypothetical model and reasonably estimated drawdowns from an aquifer test conducted in a complex hydrogeologic system. Pumping-induced changes generated with a numerical model and analytical Theis model agreed (RMS as low as 0.007 m) in cases where pumping signals traveled more than 1 km across confining units and fault structures. Maximum drawdowns of about 0.05 m were analytically estimated from field investigations where environmental fluctuations approached 0.2 m during the analysis period.
Constitutive inorganic pyrophosphatase of Escherichia coli. 3. Molecular weight and physical properties of the enzyme and its subunits.

Abstract The hydrodynamic properties of native Escherichia coli pyrophosphatase in 0.1 m NaCl, 0.01 m sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7, were as follows: s20,w0 = 7.01 S, D20,w0 = 5.70 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1 (molecular weight by sedimentation-diffusion = 118,000), and [η] = 4.00 cc per g. The molecular weights obtained with high and low speed sedimentation equilibrium techniques were 122,000 and 119,000, respectively. Optical rotatory dispersion measurements gave evidence of little or no α helix structure; there was a small trough at 230.5 mµ. In studies cited in the "Appendix," electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations of the enzyme revealed a round object 65 A in diameter. If this object represents a spherical particle, its estimated weight is 117,000 daltons. In mother liquor from which the enzyme had been recrystallized there were, in addition to the 65 A forms, larger, round objects 130 to 140 A in diameter. As the solution pH was lowered from 7 to 5, increasing numbers of these aggregates appeared and at the expense of 65 A particles. When the protein was denatured in 5 m guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) and either alkylated with N-ethylmaleimide or kept reduced with dithiothreitol, the following properties were observed: s20,guhcl0 = 0.595 S, D20,guhcl0 = 3.9 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1 (molecular weight by sedimentation-diffusion = 21,300), and [η] = 21.8 cc per g. The molecular weights determined with high and low speed sedimentation equilibria were 20,600 and 18,300, respectively. The optical rotatory dispersion was similar to that of native enzyme except that the 230.5 mµ trough was abolished. It is concluded that the enzyme is a compact, globular protein consisting of 6 subunits of molecular weight 20,000 each. In 5 m guanidine hydrochloride the subunits behave as randomly coiled, single polypeptide chains.
Clinical and quality-of-life outcomes following gland-preserving surgery for chronic sialadenitis.

Objectives/Hypothesis Gland-preserving salivary surgery utilizing salivary endoscopy has been proposed as a treatment alternative in the management of chronic sialadenitis. This study seeks to determine medium-term clinical and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes following a gland-preserving approach for chronic sialadenitis. Study Design Cross-sectional survey with retrospective chart review. Methods All patients undergoing attempted gland-preserving salivary surgery with salivary endoscopy for chronic sialadenitis at a tertiary, academic salivary referral center between October 2008 and April 2013 were identified from a quality assurance database. A research database was constructed to examine clinical factors of interest. A clinical outcomes and QOL survey was mailed to all eligible patients in order to obtain long-term follow-up data. Results A total of 206 of 306 (67%) eligible patients returned the survey. The median length of follow-up was 17 months (3–54 months). The majority of patients (89%) endorsed symptom improvement after gland-preserving therapy. Surgical excision was performed on 8% of affected glands. Patients with chronic sialadenitis due to stones reported a greater incidence of symptom resolution (P = 0.0004) and more favorable QOL outcomes (P = 0.0001) than patients with nonstone etiologies. Conclusions Patients undergoing gland-preserving salivary surgery with salivary endoscopy for chronic sialadenitis have favorable long-term symptom improvement and gland retention rates. Although patients with stones demonstrated the best outcomes, improvement was documented for all etiologies of chronic sialadenitis. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:1340–1344, 2015
MDLL/PLL dual-path clock generator

This paper proposes an MDLL/PLL dual-path clock generator. By splitting a single delay line into two halves, both a voltage controlled delay-line (VCDL) and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) can be implemented. Since both the integral and proportional paths can be configured in this way, stabilizing zero is inherently obtained. Elimination of the zero-insertion resistor in a loop-filter mitigates several drawbacks of a conventional charge-pump (CP) PLL. The comparison between the conventional CP-PLL and the proposed architecture reveals significant power and chip area savings with better jitter performance.
Adam Smith's Theory of Probability and the Roles of Risk and Uncertainty in Economic Decision Making

Adam Smith rejected the use of the mathematical laws of the calculus of probabilities because the basic information-data-knowledge provided in the real world of decision making did not allow a decision maker to specify precise, definite, exact, numerical probabilities or discover the probability distributions. This means that Smith rejected the classical interpretation of probability of La Place and the Bernoulli brothers, the limiting frequency-relative frequency interpretation of probability, and the personalist, subjectivist, psychological Bayesian approach used by all neoclassical schools of thought because all of these approaches to probability claim that ALL probabilities can be represented by a single numeral between 0 and 1 and the decision maker knows the probability distributions. Smith, like Keynes, rejects this immediately. Thus, Smith’s inductive or logical concept of probability, like Keynes’s, only approaches mathematical probability in the limit. Adam Smith recognized that economic decision makers were confronted with knowledge structures that were not sharp and clear, but cloudy and amorphous. However, decision makers were still able to use the concept of probability in the weaker, interval sense of the concept of probability that was first thought to have been advocated by George Boole and later, with much greater force, by John Maynard Keynes in his two Fellowship dissertations, submitted in 1907 and 1908, respectively, and his A Treatise on Probability (1921). Instead of sharp, definite, determinate, calculated, and exact probabilistic estimates or distributions, inexact, indefinite, indeterminate, and imprecise estimates of probabilities could be derived and used so that decision makers were able to make choices among different possible options that concerned the future in a rational fashion. An important conclusion of this paper is that it was Adam Smith who first explicitly recognized that the mathematical concept of probability is not applicable, in general, in real world decision making. Smith also rejects the normative and prescriptive roles of mathematical probability in decision making. Adam Smith applied his approach to probability and uncertainty by analyzing the economic decisions made by human beings in choosing a particular profession and organizing various insurance markets to cover the risk of loss. Smith’s risk is however, not the standard deviation of the Normal probability distribution used by "Modern" economists, since important data/information/knowledge is missing and not available to the decision maker at the point in time that he is required to make a decision.
ONTOGENETIC EVOLUTION, CLADE DIVERSIFICATION, AND HOMOPLASY

This chapter explores the types of ontogenetic transformations that underlie homoplasies, using floral evolution in three groups of angiosperms. It mainly focuses on how the transformations that are a part of ontogenetic evolution and clade diversification create homoplastic patterns. It considers the historical interplay of different avenues of character diversification via ontogenetic evolution to examine the origins of homoplasies. Ontogenetic evolution creates diversity in morphological characters. In a phylogenetic sense, the distinctions of descendants are established when their developmental patterns are transformed relative to those their ancestors. The ontogenetic transformation approach to clade diversity helps address important questions about modes of rapid phenotypic change, correlated changes among characters, novelty and specialization, as well as homoplasy. Two phenomena observed in this study are suggested to be particularly important in the generation of homoplasy: biases in the pattern of ontogenetic evolution and a strong back-and-forth aspect in character diversification in small clades when paedomorphosis and peramorphosis follow closely one another. The relative commonality of terminal deletions may generate homoplasies in the form of paedomorphic parallelisms, but also by setting the stage for peramorphic reversals that follow paedomorphosis. Thus, one of the most reasonable ways of investigating homoplasy is primarily to approach it through studies that examine the range of avenues through which clades diversify, to ask about the differing roles and significance of the avenues of diversification, and to determine how the trajectory of each of these avenues of diversification may be biased.
UrQMD study of the effects of centrality definitions on higher moments of net protons at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

A study using UrQMD is presented concerning the higher moments of net protons from Au + Au collisions at 7.7, 11.5, 14.6, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV, concentrating on ${C}_{4}/{C}_{2}=\ensuremath{\kappa}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$. Higher moments of net protons are predicted to be a sensitive probe of the critical point of QCD. At the QCD critical point, particular ratios of the moments of net protons are predicted to differ from the Poisson baseline. Recently the STAR Collaboration has published the higher moments of net protons for Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=7.7$, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV. UrQMD quantitatively reproduces STAR's measured ${C}_{4}/{C}_{2}=\ensuremath{\kappa}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ for net protons for all Au + Au collisions more central than 30% and at all centralities for $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=7.7$ and 11.5 GeV. The effects are investigated of three different centrality definitions on the values of ${C}_{4}/{C}_{2}=\ensuremath{\kappa}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ from UrQMD calculations including the impact parameter given by UrQMD. It is shown that using a centrality definition based on multiplicity to calculate the higher moments of net protons gives a biased answer for ${C}_{4}/{C}_{2}=\ensuremath{\kappa}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$, except in the most central bin (0--5%).
Calibration of 6q subtelomere deletions to define genotype/phenotype correlations

Testing for subtelomere abnormalities in patients with idiopathic mental retardation has become a useful diagnostic tool. However, limited data exist regarding genotype/phenotype correlations for specific subtelomere imbalances. We have ascertained five patients with 6q subtelomere deletions either as a result of an isolated deletion or as a result of an unbalanced translocation, and developed a molecular ruler assay utilizing BAC or PAC clones and determined the size of the deleted regions to range from <0.5 to 8 Mb. To establish genotype/phenotype correlations for distal 6q, we compared the clinical features of these patients to previously reported cases of 6q subtelomere and cytogenetically visible deletions and found that they shared multiple abnormalities, suggesting that the causative genes may lie in the region of the smallest 6q subtelomeric deletion, approximately 400 kb from the telomere. However, multiple unique features were present only in patients with cytogenetically visible 6q deletions, indicative that genes involved in the development of these features may lie more proximally on 6q. These initial studies demonstrate the ability to develop genotype/ phenotype correlations for subtelomere rearrangements, which will aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of these patients and may help narrow the search for relevant developmental genes.
Preparing Families of Intensive Care Patients for Withdrawal of Life Support: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND Most deaths in intensive care occur after withdrawal of life support. Although preparation of patients' families is recommended, the specific information required has not been theoretically developed or tested. OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of testing 4 tailored messages to prepare families of patients having a planned withdrawal of life support, to assess barriers to conducting such a study, and to obtain preliminary data on measurable effects that could be used to compare such preparation with usual care. Self-regulation theory was used to structure the messages. METHODS Families were randomly assigned to usual care (n=10) or to an intervention group (n=10) that received 1 of 4 tailored messages to prepare them for withdrawal of life support. They were contacted 2 to 4 weeks later to complete the Profile of Mood States and to give their evaluation of the experience, inclusive of the information received. RESULTS Compared with the usual-care group, the intervention group was significantly more satisfied with the information they received and understood better what was to happen. The intervention group had lower negative mood scores and higher positive mood scores than did the usual-care group, although the difference was not significant. Unsolicited comments by the usual-care participants were requests for the specific information that had been received by the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS The information provided was considered helpful. A larger sample might yield more significant differences. Further work is needed on other aspects of preparation such as healthcare support, spiritual issues, and preparation for funeral arrangements.
On the Perceived Usefulness of Scaling Techniques in Market Analysis

This study examines the perceived usefulness of alternative spatial and tree-based similarity scaling techniques in a market analysis task. These techniques are typically evaluated on their ability to fit or explain customer input data. The psychological reaction of individuals who use these techniques to analyze markets has been largely ignored. The study reveals that spatial representations are perceived as more useful than tree-based clustering techniques, even though the latter provide a better fit to customer perceptions. The results have implications for both the use and development of scaling techniques in psychology and marketing.
Railroads, Racism, and Region: Re-Reading the Apocalyptic “Southern Grotesque”:

This brief review essay examines the intersection(s) of numerous tracks—railroads and model railroading; race, class, and gender; southern fiction, literary criticism, and apocalypse studies; and both postmodernist and autobiographical or “story” theology—insofar as these converging lines shape the theory and praxis of men's studies and liberation theology and ethics, especially for white, southern, male scholars still struggling with issues of race and region in our various disciplinary endeavors.
Antioxidant supplementation effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: This study compared susceptibility to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) of non-diabetic and diabetic (Type 2) men and examined the response of diabetic men to antioxidant supplementation (α-tocopherol, β-carotene and ascorbate).Research Design and Methods: Twenty adult non-diabetic and 20 diabetic men were recruited. Oxidation of LDL was assessed by four different assay systems, and the extent of oxidation was assessed by four different measurements. Diabetic men received eight weeks of placebo (“baseline”), twelve weeks of antioxidant supplements (“treated”) and eight weeks of placebo (“post-treatment”). Supplements provided 24 mg of β-carotene, 1000 mg of ascorbate and 800 IU of α-tocopherol daily.Results: With Cu oxidation at 37°C, thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) formation was significantly higher (p=0.032) and loss of free amine groups was significantly greater (p=0.013) in the LDL from diabetic subjects than controls. Antioxidant supplementation of diabetic subjects si...
Immigrant skills and ethnic spillovers.

This paper investigates the hypothesis that ethnicity has spillover effects on the human capital accumulation process. It extends previous research by documenting the extent to which the relative importance of parental inputs and ethnic spillovers in the intergenerational transmission of skills differs both within and across immigrant and U.S.-born ethnic groups. Using data drawn from the General Social Surveys, the study documents that the second and third generations (i.e., the children and grandchildren of immigrants) experience relatively more rapid economic advancement than do other generations, and that ethnic spillovers play a stronger role in households which are at the extremes of the skill distribution.
Diffraction Anomalies for Gratings of Rectangular Profile

Quantitative measurements are reported for the spectral distribution of energy at 4-mm wavelength for three reflection gratings. These 50-cm × 100-cm gratings have the same grating space, 2λ, the same groove width, λ/4, and depths of λ/8, λ/4, and 3λ/8, respectively. Their behavior is roughly similar in general. As expected they show only weak P anomalies but very strong, narrow, dark S anomalies. One of the dark S anomalies for the shallow grating has a notch corresponding to an intensity decrease by a factor of 40 for a change of angle of incidence equal to the theoretical resolving angle (0.5°) of the telescope. As the grooves get deeper this anomaly gets wider and the intensity drop is much less. A preliminary theory predicted the existence of the dark anomalies at the correct angles.
Social Area Analysis in Comparative Perspective: Moscow in 1897 as a Preindustrial City

Shevky-Bell social area analysis was a postwar attempt to isolate the essential dimensions delineating intraurban subareas in modern communities. The premise of the present paper is that the Shevky-Bell model has not been given adequate study through comparative research. The purpose of the study is to test the usefulness of the Shevky-Bell model in an analysis of prerevolutionary Moscow, a major city with a preindustrial urban structure. The basic finding reported in this paper is that the rotated factors that emerge in an analysis of prerevolutionary Moscow resemble the Shevky-Bell model. However, the rotated factor matrix more specifically fits a deviant case found earlier by Van Arsdol et al. of Kansas City and of Schwirian and Matre of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, in which fertility appears more clearly as a dimension of social rank than of familism. The factors also tend to be complex, suggesting a less differentiated community system. These results suggest that an advanced stage of community development is a pre-condition of the Shevky-Bell model as it was originally formulated.
Autocatalytic processing of heme by lactoperoxidase produces the native protein-bound prosthetic group.

The covalently bound prosthetic group of lactoperoxidase (LPO) has been obtained by hydrolysis of the protein and identified as a dihydroxylated heme. A baculovirus expression system has been developed for LPO and used to obtain protein in which the heme is only partially covalently bound. Reaction of the purified heme·apoLPO complex with H2O2 results in both autocatalytic modification of the heme and covalent attachment to the protein. Hydrolytic experiments establish that the autocatalytically incorporated heme is bound normally. Two monohydroxylated heme intermediates have been detected. The peroxidative activity of LPO increases in proportion to the extent of covalently bound heme. The LPO results provide a paradigm for autocatalytic incorporation of heme groups into the mammalian peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase, all of which exhibit strong sequence similarity with LPO and have covalently-bound heme groups.
Uncovering the septal Q wave and other electrocardiographic changes in pediatric patients with pre-excitation before and after ablation.

In patients with pre-excitation, a short PR interval and a delta wave are not always clearly seen, particularly if the pre-excitation is mild. Absent septal Q waves have been used as additional evidence suggestive of pre-excitation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence of normalization of septal Q waves after successful ablation of a manifest accessory pathway in pediatric patients with normal hearts. We performed a retrospective review of electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained before and after successful catheter ablation of a single manifest accessory pathway in patients 5 to V 7 ) and inferior leads (II, III, aVF) were determined. p Values
Experimental Study of Non-Condensable Effect on Passive Condenser System

One of the engineered safety systems in the advanced boiling water reactor is a passive containment cooling system (PCCS) which is composed of a number of vertical heat exchanger. A set of steam condensation experiments is conducted to evaluate the heat removal capacity of a PCCS condenser. A condensing tube is submerged in a water pool where condensation heat is transferred by secondary boiling heat transfer. The specific design of condensing tube is based on scaling analysis from the PCCS design of ESBWR. The two condensing tubes have same height (0.9m) but different inside diameters, 26.6mm and 52.5mm, respectively. Condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTC) are obtained under various test conditions, such as different primary pressure (150 – 450 kPa), inlet steam flow rate (1 – 5 g/s), air mass fraction (0 – 20%) and tube size (26.6 mm and 52.5 mm ID). The effects of these parameters to condensation performance are evaluated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Rearrangement of domain elements of the Ca-ATPase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes upon phospholamban phosphorylation.

Phospholamban (PLB) is a major target of the β-adrenergic cascade in the heart, and functions to modulate rate-limiting conformational transitions involving the transport activity of the Ca-ATPase. To investigate structural changes within the Ca-ATPase that result from the phosphorylation of PLB by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), we have covalently bound the long-lived phosphorescent probe erythrosin isothiocyanate (Er-ITC) to cytoplasmic sequences within the Ca-ATPase. Under these labeling conditions, the Ca-ATPase remains catalytically active, indicating that observed changes in rotational dynamics reflect normal conformational transitions. Two major Er-ITC labeling sites were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), corresponding to Lys464 and Lys650, which are respectively located within the phosphorylation and nucleotide binding domains of the Ca-ATPase. Frequency-domain phosphorescence measurements of the rotational dynamics of Er-ITC bound to these cytoplasmic seque...
Effects of Concentration-Dependent Elastic Modulus on Diffusion-Induced Stresses for Battery Applications

Most lithium-ion battery electrodes experience large volume changes associated with Li concentration changes within the host particles during charging and discharging. Electrode failure, in the form of fracture or decrepitation, can occur as a result of repeated volume changes. It has been found recently that many electrode materials, such as graphite, Si, and LiFePO 4 , change their elastic properties upon lithiation. However, previous diffusion-induced stress (DIS) models have not considered this relationship. In this paper, we developed a mathematical model, with the assumption of a homogeneous isotropic cylindrical electrode particle, to describe the effect of concentration-dependent Young's modulus on DIS in battery electrodes. The DIS model considers both increasing and decreasing Young's modulus with concentration. The model shows that the concentration dependence of Young's modulus has a significant effect on peak stress and stress evolution in the electrodes. Insertion and deinsertion are not symmetric in stress profiles. We conclude that Li stiffening is beneficial to avoid surface cracking during delithiation, and moderate Li softening is beneficial to avoid particle cracking from the center during lithiation.
CORR Insights: Patient activity after TKA depends on patient-specific parameters

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Patient Activity After TKA Depends on Patient-specific Parameters” by Lutzner and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3813-5. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3813-5.
The grand reversal: On the corso and ricorso of human way of life

Abstract The rapidly emerging pattern of globally interconnected society is characterized by the transition from labor to knowledge as a major new form of capital. The underlying cause of this momentous transformation is the powerful process of reintegration of all previously deintegrated, atomized or specialized ways. After an outswing (corso) of progressive specialization we are encountering (first time in human history) the beginning of a rebound (ricorso) towards the final integration. We study three basic historical divisions which have now exhausted their progressive potential: (1) Division of task is being replaced by the reintegration of task; this is manifested by rapidly declining number of separate parts in our products. (2) Division of labor is being replaced by the reintegration of labor; this is manifested by the narrowing of the gap between producer and consumer, ultimately leading towards widespread self‐production and self‐service of products. (3) Division of knowledge is being replaced b...
Modifying women's risk for cardiovascular disease.

Objective To present current recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk reduction in women. Data Sources Medline databases were searched from 1990 to 2006 using keywords women and cardiovascular risk, hypertension, cholesterol, and hormone replacement therapy, as well as Web sites from scientific associations such as the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Agency for Health Research and Quality, and the Centers for Disease Control for relevant scientific statements and guidelines. Study Selection Randomized controlled trials, particularly those that have influenced current practice recommendations, scientific statements, and clinical practice guidelines were selected. Data Extraction and Synthesis Factors contributing to women's particular risk and current practice recommendations. Conclusions Current research has clarified the importance of regular exercise (at least 30 minutes/day most days of the week); abstinence from smoking; a diet focused on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low‐fat protein sources; and maintenance of normal weight. This lifestyle combined with a partnership with a health care provider to maintain a normal blood pressure (115/75 mm Hg) and optimal lipoproteins through pharmacotherapy when indicated can prevent 82% of cardiovascular disease events in women.
Changing Contexts in the Professoriate

The current reform movement in higher education involves efforts to alter the missions of universities and the forms of scholarship necessq to accomplish these missions. The authors explore the changing contexts in the professoriate based on this redefinition of scholarship and cite the impact of changes on faculty roles and responsibilities, faculty socialization, and faculty evaluation. They indicate that the current reform movement will lead to significant changes in the way faculty work Department faculty will be given the autonomy to determine the mission of the department, the kinds of scholarship needed to fulfill that mission, and how to evaluate scholarship in their discipline. Formalized, structured socialization processes will be needed to provide consistent formal and informal messages to faculty regarding their changing roles and responsibilities, especially since individual faculty may have very different roles and responsibilities. Faculty will work in interdisciplinary, collaborative group...
Transcriptional Control of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand by the Protein Kinase A Activator Forskolin and the Transmembrane Glycoprotein 130-Activating Cytokine, Oncostatin M, Is Exerted through Multiple Distal Enhancers

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RankL) is a potent osteoclastogenic cytokine the expression of which is regulated at the transcriptional level by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], protein kinase A (PKA) activators such as PTH and transmembrane glycoprotein 130 (gp130)-activating cytokines such as oncostatin M. We recently identified five highly conserved chromatin domains located significant distances upstream of the RankL transcriptional start site that contribute to the ability of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and its receptor to enhance RankL gene output. We therefore screened these five common regulatory regions for their potential ability to mediate the actions of PKA- and gp130-activators using a directed chromatin immunoprecipitation approach employing antibodies to the PKA target cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the gp130 target signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. CREB was identified at each of the upstream regulatory regions; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, in contrast, was associated with only a subset. Interestingly, only the most distal of these regions demonstrated CREB- and oncostatin M-regulated transcriptional activity in a heterologous transfection system. Mapping studies pointed to two highly conserved cAMP response elements as well as an adjacent regulatory site that bound Runt transcription factor 2 and was able to influence both basal as well as hormone-inducible RankL activity. Surprisingly, PKA and gp130 activation prompted recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the five distal enhancers as well as to the RankL transcriptional start site. Activation was also accompanied by a significant and location-selective rise in histone 4 acetylation. This study demonstrates that the activation of RankL gene expression by PKA- and gp130-inducers is mediated via common regulatory domains that also served to facilitate the activity of 1,25-(OH)2D3.
Expectations for the comprehensive mental health center: the community.

The process of developing community support for a comprehensive mental health center in a rural and an urban setting is described. The more limited the community in existing services, manpower and economic potential, the more radical the realignment of such resources must be before a center can emerge. In his efforts to obtain community commitment, the mental health professional must be aware that idiosyncratic expectancies of what the center will accomplish are held by the sponsoring agencies. Shaping such diverse aspirations into a realistic program of services is a hazard and a strength of the community mental health movement.
The Conclave from the “Outside In”: Rumor, Speculation, and Disorder in Rome during Early Modern Papal Elections*

Abstract The secret politicking of the papal conclaves has fascinated scholars since Ranke first gained access to the Vatican’s Secret Archives. But few scholars have seriously studied what occurred outside the conclave. Early modern papal elections attracted a great deal of attention from both commoners and elites, which beget speculation about its proceedings, rumors, and even disorder. Everyone in Rome had their own agenda for wanting to know more about the conclave: brokers needed to be informed when accepting wagers on the election; French and Spanish ambassadors wanted information on the direction of the election; and crowds eagerly anticipated pillaging the pope-elect’s cell and palace. Writers of newssheets kept this attentive audience fed with information, but their activities also contributed to the circulation of rumors during the conclave. The conclave thus created a unique but ephemeral public sphere, one that was very different from Habermas’s classic bourgeois model. The public only dimly learned the secrets of the conclave. Misunderstanding and disorder reigned supreme. Nevertheless, the papal election opened a privileged time in Rome in which the public expressed its opinion about high politics, an activity normally forbidden to it by living popes.
Neutron yields from the Li7 (p, n′)Be7∗ reaction near threshold

Abstract The yield of the Li7(p, n′)Be7∗ reaction leading to the 430 keV state of Be7 has been investigated in detail near threshold with a time-of-flight system using a Li6 glass scintillator. Total cross sections and angular distributions were determined for proton energies between 2.4 and 3.0 MeV. The shape of the total cross section near threshold does not justify the assumption of a broad level near threshold. Instead, the data are consistent with the assignment of a spin and parity Jπ = 1− to the level in Be8 at 20.35 MeV (corresponding to a proton energy of 3.55 MeV), which was previously considered to have Jπ = 1+.
Formulation of the Biocontrol FungusCladorrhinum foecundissimumto Reduce Damping-Off Diseases Caused byRhizoctonia solaniandPythium ultimum1

Abstract Five isolates of Cladorrhinum foecundissimum , added to soilless mix as 10-day-old fresh bran preparations (1.0% w/w), significantly reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant and pepper caused by Rhizoctonia solani strain R-23. After 4 weeks of growth, plant stands in the biocontrol-amended, pathogen-infested treatments (>80%) were comparable to those in the noninfested controls. Since plant stands were similar at 2 and 4 weeks, most of the disease was preemergence damping-off. The bran preparations also reduced saprophytic growth of the pathogen, and there was an inverse correlation ( r 2 = −0.94) between saprophytic growth and eggplant stand. Added to soilless mix at a rate of 2.0% (w/w), alginate prill containing 20% fermentor-produced biomass of six biocontrol isolates of C. foecundissimum reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant caused by R. solani , but only the prill with biomass of isolates Cf-1 or Cf-2 yielded plant stands (>80%) comparable to that in the noninfested control. As with the bran preparations, there was also an inverse correlation ( r 2 = −0.80) between saprophytic growth of R-23 and eggplant stand with the alginate prills. Alginate prill with biomass of Cf-1 or Cf-2 also reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant and pepper caused by other isolates (195, NG-2, DPR-1) of R. solani , but only the stands (>80%) of pepper were similar to that in the noninfested control. Alginate prill formulations of C. foecundissimum (Cf-1, Cf-2, and Cf-3) also reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) populations of the pathogen and damping-off of eggplant and pepper caused by Pythium ultimum (PuZ3). However, although the plant stands in the treatments were not as high as those in the noninfested controls, they were higher than those in the pathogen-infested controls. The treatments also reduced populations of P. ultimum in the soilless mix so that there were inverse correlations between the pathogen population and eggplant stand ( r 2 = −0.81) and pepper stand ( r 2 = −0.78). Extruded flour/clay granules containing 5.0% biomass of Cf-1 and Cf-2, added to R. solani -infested soilless mix (2.0%), reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant and pepper. However, only the Cf-2 treatments resulted in stands (>80%) equal to those in the noninfested controls for the crops after 4 weeks of growth. The influence of bran and alginate prill of Cf-1 or Cf-2 on the spatial spread of R. solani and its ability to incite damping-off of eggplant showed that prill with Cf-1 or Cf-2 and bran with Cf-2 were equally effective in reducing the spread of the pathogen from the point source of the inoculum to the center of the flats.
Docosahexaenoic acid differentially affects TNFα and IL-6 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is generally reported to have anti-inflammatory properties, however, prior work has documented differential effects on individual pro-inflammatory cytokines: reduced IL-6, but not TNFα, mRNA expression in macrophages. To elucidate the mechanism, the roles of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and NFκB were examined in RAW 264.7 macrophages. DHA did not influence CREB activity, but significantly reduced PGE2 production by 41% and NFκB activity by 32%. Exogenous PGE2 inhibited TNFα mRNA expression dose dependently. Unexpectedly, inhibiting PGE2 production with NS-398 also decreased TNFα mRNA expression, suggesting a concentration-dependent dual role of PGE2 in regulating TNFα expression. IL-6 expression was unaffected by endogenous or exogenous PGE2. Partial block of NFκB activation (SN50; 46%, or, BAY-11-7082; 41%) lowered IL-6 to a greater extent than TNFα mRNA expression. The differential effect of DHA on TNFα and IL-6 mRNA expression may be mediated via reduction in NFκB activity.
Mechanisms underlying the control of progesterone receptor transcriptional activity by SUMOylation

Posttranslational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a major regulator of transcription. We previously showed that progesterone receptors (PR) have a single consensus ψKXE SUMO-conjugation motif centered at Lys-388 in the N-terminal domain of PR-B and a homologous site of PR-A. SUMOylation of the PR is hormone-dependent and has a suppressive effect on transcription of an exogenous promoter. Here we show that repression of PR activity by SUMOylation at Lys-388 is uncoupled from phosphorylation, involves synergy between tandem progesterone response elements, and is associated with lowered ligand sensitivity and slowed ligand-dependent down-regulation. However, paradoxically, cellular overexpression of SUMO-1 increases PR transcriptional activity even if Lys-388 is mutated, suggesting that the receptors are activated indirectly by other SUMOylated proteins. One of these is the coactivator SRC-1, whose binding to PR and enhancement of agonist-dependent N-/C-terminal interactions is augmented by the presence of SUMO-1. Increased transcription due to SRC-1 is independent of PR SUMOylation based on assays with the Lys-388 mutants and the pure antiprogestin ZK98299, which blocks N-/C-terminal interactions. In summary, SUMOylation tightly regulates the transcriptional activity of PR by repressing the receptors directly while activating them indirectly through augmented SRC-1 coactivation.