cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of acquisition and 24-h retention of a directional one-way active avoidance response in infant Swiss mice

In order to determine the age at which Swiss-Webster mice first became capable of learning and exhibiting 24-h retention of a directional, one-way active avoidance response, six separate groups of 20 mice received 25 active avoidance training trials at selected ages between 11 and 21 days of age. Equal numbers of yoked-shock control mice received identical amounts of shock and handling as their trained littermates on each trial. Following a 24-h retention interval, all groups received 25 active avoidance training trials. The acquisition results indicated that, while all age groups were capable of emitting some successful avoidances, within-session improvement was not apparent until 17 days of age. Comparisons of retest scores by trained mice with their formerly yoked-shocked littermates revealed that reliably more avoidances were made by mice with prior training beginning at 17 days of age. In general, the results suggest that the ability to acquire and remember for 24 h an active avoidance response emerges around 15-17 days of age for Swiss mice on this directional task. Recent reviews of the rapidly growing literature concerned with age-related differences in learning and memory have suggested that, whereas long-term memory abilities for a variety of learning tasks markedly improve from infancy to adulthood in altricial animals, age­ related differences in learning abilities appear task specific (Campbell & Coulter, 1976 ; Nagy, 1979). For tasks requiring the withholding of a response , such as passive avoidance, young rats have consistently been reported to acquire the response at a slower rate than adults (e.g., Feigley & Spear, 1970 ; Riccio, Rohrbaugh, & Hodges, 1968; Riccio & Schulenburg, 1969). In contrast , tasks that require a response to be made appear to be learned equally well by both the young and adults (e.g., Campbell, Misanin, White , & Lytle, 1974; Crockett & Nobel, 1963; Smith , 1968) . These kinds of findings led Campbell and Coulter (1976) to tentatively conclude that a certain level of maturity is not a necessary condition for animals to acquire the basic response-reinforcement contingencies that charac ­ terize simple approach and escape tasks. When per­ formance deficiencies have been reported , they were more likely due to ontogenetic differences in perceptual motor abilities rather than in learning abilities. Indeed, recent reports of successful learning by 7-day-old rats in a discriminated Y maze for nonnutritive suckling (Kenny & Blass, 1977), by 3-day-old mice in a shock-escape task (Nagy , Misanin, Newman , Olsen, & Hinderliter , 1972) , and by l-day-old rats of discriminated barpressing for a milk reward (Johanson & Hall, 1979) lend support to this conclusion.
Publishing HIV/AIDS behavioural science reports: An author's guide.

The purpose of this paper is to report on characteristics of journals that publish manuscripts in the HIV/AIDS behavioural science realm, with the goal of providing assistance to authors seeking to disseminate their work in the most appropriate outlet. Fifty journals who publish behavioural research on HIV/AIDS in English were identified through library and electronic searches. Although ten of the journals focused specifically on HIV/AIDS, the majority of journals are in related fields, including health psychology/behavioural medicine, sexual behaviour, substance abuse, public health/prevention or general medicine. Acceptance rates ranged from 8– 89% with a mean acceptance rate of 39%. Reported review times ranged from 1–12 months with three months the mode, while publication lag following acceptance averages six months. Acceptance rates were related to impact factors, with more selective journals evidencing higher impact factors. The variety of publication outlets available to authors of HIV/AIDS behavioural science studies creates ample opportunity for dissemination, as well as challenge for readers in discerning the quality of published work.
Kaon production in Au+Au collisions at the AGS

Abstract In this talk I report on the measured spectra and yields of K + and K − emitted as a function of centrality in Au + Au collisions at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10.7 AGeV. We use these data to explore three topics: the importance of secondary collisions in kaon production, the search for a small volume of baryon-rich QGP, and the constraints that K + and K − spectra make on predicted in-medium properties of kaons.
The perceived direction of the binocular image

Abstract Despite small disparities between the two retinal images of an object, they may be perceived as a single binocular image. The aim of this study is to determine the direction in which this single binocular image is seen relative to where the monocular images would be seen if seen separately. The psychophysical data show that the single binocular image is seen between where the two monocular images would be seen. The perceived direction of the binocular image is closer to that of one monocular image than that of the other for some subjects. This is a form of ocular dominance. Differently colored monocular stimuli also result in an intermediately perceived binocular image; however, the disparity range over which fusion may be obtained is reduced. The data are consistent with a fusion theory of binocular vision.
Frequency of coronary artery fistulae is increased after orthotopic heart transplantation

Frequency of coronary artery fistulae is increased after orthotopic heart transplantation Janet Wei, MD, Babak Azarbal, MD, Sarabjeet Singh, MD, Matthew Rafiei, BS, Richard Cheng, MD, Jignesh Patel, MD, Fardad Esmailian, MD, Jesse Currier, MD, and Jon Kobashigawa, MD From the Division of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and the Division of Cardiology, West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
Factors influencing the cathodic charging efficiency of hydrogen by modified titanium electrodes

Abstract Titanium and modified titanium which was made by deposition of nickel or platinum on titanium and also by heat treatments at 700°C in vacuum were cathodically polarized in sulphuric acid solutions. The current efficiency for hydrogen absorption was obtained from the amount of hydrogen absorbed against the cathodic charge applied at various conditions of polarization current, polarization time, temperature and pH of the solution. It was observed that the absorption of hydrogen by Ni modified titanium obeyed a parabolic rate law, which indicates that diffusion of hydrogen in titanium was rate-determining, in contrast to the unmodified titanium for which absorption rate was controlled by the surface reaction step. The current efficiency for hydrogen absorption by Ni modified titanium was the largest among the specimens for every condition tested, showing specific improvement in the rate of the surface reaction step. The pH of the solution had a marked influence on the current efficiency for hydrogen absorption. The Pt modified specimen revealed extraordinary behaviour, which contradicts previous findings about the inhibition of hydrogen absorption by Pt alloying of titanium. The results were discussed with consideration of the kinetics of hydrogen electroce reactions of modified titanium electrodes.
A robust machine vision system design to facilitate the automation of surface appearance inspections

Automotive manufacturers spend considerable sums on the painting process during manufacturing. Existing quality control methods using expert inspectors are generally effective in assessing perceived appearance; however, they are often labor intensive, time-consuming and can be subjective. An intelligent automated process that incorporates the effects of perception can facilitate an effective analysis of surface quality and appearance, in addition to maintaining optimal processing conditions for producing a desirable appearance. A long-term research goal is the development of a robust, automated in-line monitoring system which controls critical painting process parameters based in part upon the captured image data which correlates strongly with human visual assessment. This paper presents captured images and derived image attributes that correlate strongly with both objective measurements and a visual ranking of specular painted samples.
A general approach towards hierarchical porous carbon particles

A general, aerosol-based, one-step approach was explored to synthesize microporous and mesoporous spherical carbon particles with highly porous foam-like structures from aqueous sucrose solutions containing colloidal silica particles and/or silicate cluster templates.
Early Education for Spatial Intelligence: Why, What, and How

Spatial representation and thinking have evolutionaryimportanceforanymobileorganism.Inaddition, they help reasoning in domains that are not obviously spatial, for example, through the use of graphs and diagrams. This article reviews the literature suggesting that mental spatial transformation abilities, while present in some precursory formininfants,toddlers,andpreschoolchildren,alsoundergo considerable development and show important individual differences, which are malleable. These findings provide the basis for thinking about how to promote spatial thinking in preschools, at home, and in children's play. Integrating spatial content into formal and informal instruction could not only improve spatial functioning in general but also reduce differences related to gender andsocioeconomicstatus that may impede full participation in a technological society.
Learning visual models of social engagement

We introduce a face detector for wearable computers that exploits constraints in face scale and orientation imposed by the proximity of participants in near social interactions. Using this method we describe a wearable system that perceives "social engagement," i.e., when the wearer begins to interact with other individuals. Our experimental system proved >90% accurate when tested on wearable video data captured at a professional conference. Over 300 individuals were captured during social engagement, and the data was separated into independent training and test sets. A metric for balancing the performance of face detection, localization, and recognition in the context of a wearable interface is discussed. Recognizing social engagement with a user's wearable computer provides context data that can be useful in determining when the user is interruptible. In addition, social engagement detection may be incorporated into a user interface to improve the quality of mobile face recognition software. For example, the user may cue the face recognition system in a socially graceful way by turning slightly away and then toward a speaker when conditions for recognition are favorable.
Predictive value of [18F]FDG PET for pathological response of breast cancer to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the predictive value of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) for the pathological response of breast cancer after completion of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS Fifty patients with newly diagnosed, non-inflammatory, large or locally advanced breast cancer undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were eligible for this study. Clinical assessment was accomplished by comparing initial tumor size with preoperative tumor size. Pathological responses were classified into three groups: pathological non-response (pNR), pathological partial response (pPR) and pathological complete response (pCR). To determine the effect of reduction rate (RR) of peak standardized uptake values for tumor responses, logistic regression analyses were performed. To identify an optimal threshold value of RR for the prediction of pathological response, receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed. RESULTS Eight per cent (four of 50) of the patients had pCR and 46% had pPR. Ten per cent of patients had clinical CR and 52% had clinical PR. In clinical response, the RRs (+/- SD) of CR (-83.4 +/- 12), PR (-81.8 +/- 22.7) and NR (-79.7 +/- 31.9) showed no statistical differences (P > 0.05). However, for pathological responses, the RR of CR (-96.5 +/- 3.4) had a lower value than those of PR (-87.9 +/- 15.1) and NR (-56.2 +/- 29.6) (P = 0.0006; CR versus PR, P < 0.05; CR versus NR, P < 0.05; PR versus NR, P < 0.01). When -88% of RR was used as threshold value for differentiation between pCR and pPR, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.788 [standard error (SE) 0.106; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.589-0.920]. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 56.5%, respectively. When -79% of RR was used as threshold value for differentiation between pathological responders and non-responders, the AUC was 0.838 (SE 0.059; 95% CI 0.707-0.927). The sensitivity and specificity were 85.2% and 82.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite some limitations, this study suggests a possible predictive value of FDG PET for the assessment of the pathological response of primary breast cancer after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. However, these findings deserve further investigation on a larger number of patients, and more frequent and earlier PET scans in each patient need to be performed to allow a better validation of the differentiation between the responder and non-responder groups.
Behavioral Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis in Children with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Examined whether a well-established treatment program for functional enuresis, the urine alarm procedure, would be useful for children with both enuresis and diabetes. 5 children between the ages of 7 and 14 whose pretreatment physical examination suggested no neurological impairment were treated. A multiple baseline design across children indicated that the urine alarm procedure was successful in stopping enuretic episodes for all 5 children with treatment gains maintained for the 4 children available for assessment at 2-month follow-up. These results suggest that if no diabetes-related organic impairment is evident, behavioral treatment for enuresis can be beneficial for children with diabetes.
Versican regulates metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells and spheroids

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is a deadly disease characterized by overt peritoneal metastasis. Individual cells and multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, seed these metastases, both commonly found in ascites. Mechanisms that foster spheroid attachment to the peritoneal tissues preceding formation of secondary lesions are largely unknown. Cell culture models of SKOV-3, OVCAR3, OVCAR4, Caov-3, IGROV-1, and A2780 were used. In this report the role of versican was examined in adhesion of EOC spheroids and cells to peritoneal mesothelial cell monolayers in vitro as well as in formation of peritoneal tumors using an in vivo xenograft mouse model. The data demonstrate that versican is instrumental in facilitating cell and spheroid adhesion to the mesothelial cell monolayers, as its reduction with specific shRNAs led to decreased adhesion. Furthermore, spheroids with reduced expression of versican failed to disaggregate to complete monolayers when seeded atop monolayers of peritoneal mesothelial cells. Failure of spheroids lacking versican to disaggregate as efficiently as controls could be attributed to a reduced cell migration that was observed in the absence of versican expression. Importantly, both spheroids and cells with reduced expression of versican demonstrated significantly impaired ability to generate peritoneal tumors when injected intraperitoneally into athymic nude mice. Taken together these data suggest that versican regulates the development of peritoneal metastasis originating from cells and spheroids.
The Moving Embolus Seen During Serial Cerebral Angiography

Movement of an occlusive process in an angiographical study is diagnostic of embolization. Two cases are reported in which the demonstration of a moving embolism on serial angiography is shown.
Photochemistry of ozone formation in Atlanta, GA-Models and measurements☆

Chemical measurements made during an air pollution event in Atlanta, GA have been compared with results from several photochemical simulations. Measurements included Os, primary reactive organic gases (ROG), aldehydes, PAN, total reactive nitrogen (NO,,) and HzOz, with vertical profiles for primary ROG. Photochemical models using two different chemical representations and a range of assumptions about winds, vertical mixing and emissions were used to simulate the event. Results show that assumptions about vertical mixing can cause a variation in simulated surface concentrations of primary hydrocarbons of a factor of two or more. A tendency to underestimate isoprene was found in comparison with measured vertical profiles. The models tend to overestimate concentrations of HCHO, H,02 and PAN in comparison with measurements. Peak 0s and concurrent NO, from helicopter measurements was used as a basis for evaluating individual model scenarios. Scenarios were developed with different Op-NO,-ROG sensitivity, but only the NO,-sensitive scenarios are consistent with measured 09, NO, and isoprene. Key word index: Ozone, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, photochemical smog, hydrogen, peroxide.
Diatom mineralization of silicic acid. VIII: Metabolic requirements and the timing of protein synthesis

We have examined the influence of temperature, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism on the process of silicon biomineralization in synchronized cultures of the diatom Navicula saprophilia Lange-Bertalot & Bonik (1976). Temperature effects on silicon polymerization were compared in vitro and in vivo. In vivo incorporation was very temperature dependent with a Q10 of 7.53. In contrast, the Q10 for in vitro polymerization was 1.42, indicating much lower temperature dependence. This difference in Q10 values suggests that in vivo polymerization involves more than autopolycondensation. Cycloheximide addition to synchronized cultures up to, but not later than one hour after the addition of silicic acid depressed total uptake, incorporation, but not pool size. Developing valves demonstrated morphological abnormalities with cycloheximide additions from 0 to 2 h following silicic acid addition. These data suggest that de nova proteins are required in biomineralization and that they are synthesized during or just after cytokinesis. Biomineralization is not coupled to energy derived directly from photosystem II or photosynthesis, since neither darkness nor DCMU had an effect on any aspect of silicification.
Cadmium: A nutrient for the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii

Although cadmium is known to be very toxic, it exhibits nutrientlike vertical concentration profiles in the open ocean. Recent work has shown that under conditions of zinc limitation, cadmium enhances the growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Here, we conclusively demonstrate that Cd is a nutrient for T. weissflogii at inorganic Zn and Cd concentrations typical of surface seawater, although Cd cannot completely replace Zn. Over a wide range of external Cd and Zn concentrations, Cd uptake kinetics are regulated and the intracellular Cd quotas are maintained at relatively constant levels. The same low level of inorganic Cd that enhances the growth rate of Zn-limited cells restores the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA), thought to be the key enzyme limiting growth of T. weissflogii at low Zn. Cd also coelutes with some of the isoforms of CA, indicating that Cd substitution in CA is likely partly responsible for the nutritional role of Cd. The substitution of Cd for Zn in CA links the geochemical cycle of Cd to those of Zn and C.
Applying the Mobile Agent Paradigm to Distributed Intrusion Detection in Wireless Sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) typically consists of a large number of resource constrained sensor nodes. Wireless sensor networks are developed for deployment at locations without infrastructure support which may provide a solution to many applications. WSNs are mostly unguarded and the wireless medium is broadcast. This makes them more vulnerable to attacks. Without proper security measures, an enemy can launch various kinds of attacks in hostile environments. These attacks can disrupt the normal working of WSNs and can defeat the purpose of their deployment. Therefore security is an important aspect of these networks. Preventive mechanisms can be applied to protect WSNs against some types of attacks. However, there are some attacks for which there are no known prevention methods. For these cases, it is necessary to use some mechanism of intrusion detection. In this paper we present a distributed intrusion detection system (IDS) based on mobile agent technology that fits the demands and restrictions of WSNs.
Isolation and characterization of halotolerant soil fungi from the Great Salt Plains of Oklahoma (USA)

Abstract The Great Salt Plains (GSP) of Oklahoma is an inland terrestrial hypersaline environment where saturated brines leave evaporite crusts of NaCl. The current report examines the fungal community, complementing earlier reports on the bacterial and archaeal communities. Twenty-five fungal isolates from GSP soils were obtained on medium containing 10% NaCl and characterized. Based on 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis, all of the isolates fall within the ascomycetes, with a predominance of Trichocomaceae, represented by Aspergillus, Eurotium, and Penicillium species. Representatives of Anthrinium, Cladosporium, Debaryomyces, Fusarium, and Ulocladium also were isolated. Overall the isolates were widely halotolerant, with best growth observed at lower salinities and no halophilism. The fungal genera observed were all cosmopolitan, without strong specialization. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that hypersaline environments do not have a characteristic community, in contrast to what was ...
Fracture Resistance of Teeth Restored with Class II Bonded Composite Resin

The purpose of this study was to determine whether composite resin bonded to enamel or to both enamel and dentin can increase the fracture resistance of teeth with Class II cavity preparations. Extracted maxillary pre-molars with MOD slot preparations were restored with composite resin bonded to enamel (P-30 and Enamel Bond) or composite resin bonded to enamel and dentin (P-30 and Scotch-bond). Teeth in a control group were prepared but left unrestored. All teeth were loaded occlusally in a universal testing machine until they fractured. Means of forces required to fracture teeth in each of the three groups were statistically compared (one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni t test). Teeth restored with combined enamel- and dentin-bonded composite resins were significantly more resistant to fracture than were similarly prepared but unrestored teeth and also than teeth restored with enamel-bonded composite resin (p less than 0.05). A significant difference was not demonstrated between the enamel-bonded group and the unrestored group. Further testing is needed to determine the durability of the bonds between tooth and restoration in the clinical setting.
Circular orbit approximation for binary compact objects in general relativity

One often-used approximation in the study of binary compact objects (i.e., black holes and neutron stars) in general relativity is the instantaneously circular orbit assumption. This approximation has been used extensively, from the calculation of innermost circular orbits to the construction of initial data for numerical relativity calculations. While this assumption is inconsistent with generic general relativistic astrophysical inspiral phenomena where the dissipative effects of gravitational radiation cause the separation of the compact objects to decrease in time, it is usually argued that the time scale of this dissipation is much longer than the orbital time scale so that the approximation of circular orbits is valid. Here, we quantitatively analyze this approximation using a post-Newtonian approach that includes terms up to order $[{Gm/(rc}^{2}){]}^{9/2}$ for nonspinning particles. By calculating the evolution of equal mass black-hole\char21{}black-hole binary systems starting with circular orbit configurations and comparing them to the more astrophysically relevant quasicircular solutions, we show that a minimum initial separation corresponding to at least 6 (3.5) orbits before merger is required in order to bound the detection event loss rate in gravitational wave detectors to below 5% (20%). In addition, we show that the detection event loss rate is greater than 95% for a range of initial separations that includes all modern calculations of the innermost stable circular orbit.
High-sensitivity troponin: elevated without infarction, is the horse out of the barn?

Ischaemic heart disease persists as the world's leading cause of mortality with serious consequences for unrecognised disease.1 Chest pain, the cardinal symptom of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), accounts for over six million adult emergency department (ED) visits in the USA and greater than 360 000 in England and Wales each year.2 ,3 If ACS is diagnosed early, there are effective interventions that improve outcomes. Therefore, increasing our diagnostic accuracy in ACS, specifically for acute myocardial infarctions (AMI), including both ST segment and non-ST segment elevation, is critical. A major part of these efforts is the use of biomarkers, primarily the serum troponin assay. To address the expanding clinical use of different troponin assays, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) recently issued guidelines on interpreting troponin assays in the clinical setting.4 It notes several recent studies supporting high-sensitivity troponin (HS-Tn) assays as a mechanism to rapidly rule out AMI. These assays are quickly replacing troponin-I as the standard of care in routine clinical practice.4–8 However, these studies do not address one consequence of increasing sensitivity: the tradeoff of increased positive results in the absence of ACS and their associated patient health and financial costs. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of HS-Tn assays to rapidly ‘rule out’ AMI in their respective populations when coupled with standard clinical assessment and ECG.4–8 Achieving a ‘rapid rule-out,’ that is, quickly obtaining accurate negative results, is helpful for the process of safely excluding persons without AMI. A perfect test would achieve …
Renal osteodystrophy presenting as periurethral abscess

Abstract Soft tissue calcification related to renal osteodystrophy has been well reported to involve many tissues. However, we believe this is the first reported case of calcification involving periurethral tissue.
Removal of the basal lamina in vivo reveals growth cone-basal lamina adhesive interactions and axonal tension in grasshopper embryos

The Ti1 afferent neurons are the first cells to undergo axonogenesis in embryonic grasshopper limbs. The Ti1 growth cones migrate between the limb epithelium and its basal lamina. We have investigated the nature of growth conebasal lamina interactions in vivo by removing the basal lamina with mild enzymatic digestion. Treatment with elastase, ficin, or papain removes the basal lamina when viewed in scanning electron microscopy. Trypsin and chymotrypsin leave the basal lamina intact. If the basal lamina is removed after the Ti1 growth cones have extended over intrasegmental epithelium but are not yet in contact with either differentiated segment boundaries or neurons, the growth cones retract to the cell somata. If the basal lamina is removed by elastase, and the Ti1 neurons are allowed to extend axons after treatment, a second elastase digestion does not cause the axons to retract. It is therefore unlikely that axon retraction is due to general proteolysis. These results suggest that if Ti1 growth cones have initially extended in the presence of an intact basal lamina, they are dependent on the lamina to remain extended over this region of the limb. The retraction of the Ti1 axons after removal of the basal lamina is inhibited by cytochalasin D, suggesting that microfilament-based cytoskeletal components underlie this event. This result indicates that the axons are under tension in vivo. The ability of the Ti1 growth cones to resist axonal tension suggests that adhesive interactions between the growth cones and the basal lamina underlie normal axon outgrowth in vivo.
Combining Algebra and Higher-Order Types

We study the higher-order rewrite/equational proof systems obtained by adding the simply typed lambda calculus to algebraic rewrite/equational proof systems. We show that if a many-sorted algebraic rewrite system has the Church-Rosser property, then the corresponding higher-order rewrite system which adds simply typed s-reduction has the Church-Rosser property too. This result is relevant to parallel implementations of functional programming languages. We also show that provability in the higher-order equational proof system obtained by adding the simply typed s and η axioms to some many-sorted algebraic proof system is effectively reducible to provability in that algebraic proof system. This effective reduction also establishes transformations between higher-order and algebraic equational proofs, transformations which can be useful in automated deduction. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-88-21. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/617 COMBINING ALGEBRA AND HIGHER-ORDER TYPES Val Breazu-Tannen MS-CIS-88-21 LlNC LAB 107 Department of Computer and Information Science School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 191 04
IPR: in-place reconfiguration for FPGA fault tolerance?

We describe In-Place Reconfiguration (IPR) for LUT-based FPGAs, an algorithm that maximizes identical configuration bits for complementary inputs of a LUT thereby reducing the propagation of faults seen at a pair of complementary inputs. Based on IPR, we develop a fault-tolerant logic resynthesis algorithm which decreases the circuit fault rate while preserving functionality and topology of the LUT-based logic network. Since the topology is preserved, the resynthesis algorithm can be applied post-layout and without changes in physical design. Compared to the state-of-the-art academic technology mapper Berkeley ABC, IPR reduces the relative fault rate by 48% and increases MTTF by 1.94× with the same area and performance, and IPR combined with a previous fault-tolerant logic resynthesis algorithm (ROSE) reduces the relative fault rate by 49% and increases MTTF by 2.40× with 19% less area but same performance. The above improvement assumes a stochastic single fault and more improvement is expected for multi-fault models.
The Characteristic Impedance and Coupling Coefficient of Coupled Rectangular Strips in a Waveguide

The effect of both the ground planes and sidewalls on the characteristic impedance and coupling coefficient of two coupled strip-Iines are investigated. Numerical results are given that should aid in the design of miniature directional couplers where the sidewalls are close enough to the strips to have a large effect. It is shown, for example, that the coupling coefficient can be varied as a function of distance to enhance the bandwidth, while the impedance can he maintained constant to improve the directivity.
Microbiology of the endometrium and in vitro fertilization: Do we yet understand the implications?

The hypothesis that bacteria in the uterus may be detrimental to an embryo is very thought provoking. The data, however, do not yet support that this is a clinically relevant issue.
An improved theory for microstrip antennas and applications

An improvement to a recently reported theory for the analysis of the pattern and impedance loci of microstrip antennas is developed. It yields a theory which is simple and inexpensive to apply. The fields in the interior of the antennas are characterized in terms of a discrete set of modes. The poles corresponding to these modes are complex and depend on the losses in the antenna. The representation of the fields in terms of these modes is rigorous only for a bona fide cavity with no copper loss. The proper shift in the complex poles due to the addition of copper and radiative losses is approximated by lumping the latter two together with the dielectric loss to form an effective loss tangent. By so doing, it is found that the resulting expressions for impedance of the microstrip antenna are in good agreement with measured results for all modes and feed locations. The theory is applied to the evaluation of impedance variation with feed location, to multiport analysis, and to the design of circularly polarized microstrip antennas.
Connections of neurons in the lumbar ventral horn of spinal cord are altered after long-standing limb loss in a macaque monkey

Explanations for the massive reorganization in primary motor cortex, M1, after limb amputation typically focus on processes that occur in cortex. Few have investigated whether changes in more peripheral parts of the pathway might also play a role in the reorganization. In the present study, we examined the integrity and connectivity of the spinal cord motoneurons in a macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta) that lost a hindlimb as a result of accidental injury more than 3.5 years earlier. To label motoneurons, multiple small injections of a neuroanatomical tracer were placed in the muscles of the hip just adjacent to the stump of the amputated leg, and in matched locations in the opposite side for control purposes. Injections of a second tracer were made in the intact foot. In the ventral horn that related to the intact hindlimb, motoneurons labeled by the hip injections were concentrated rostral and ventromedial to those labeled by the foot injections. Hip injections on the side of the amputation labeled neurons that were located well beyond the normal territory for motoneurons related to the hip and into the zone normally occupied by neurons projecting to the foot. Labeled motoneurons innervating the intact limb were significantly larger than neurons on the side of the amputation (x = 2410 and 2061 microm(2), respectively). The findings suggest that many neurons survived the long-standing amputation, and made new connections with remaining intact muscles. These new patterns of connectivity likely contribute to the reorganization of motor cortex in amputees, and perhaps to abnormal behaviors like those reported by human amputees.
Fine-scale environmental specialization of reef-building corals might be limiting reef recovery in the Florida Keys.

Despite decades of monitoring global reef decline, we are still largely unable to explain patterns of reef deterioration at local scales, which precludes the development of effective management strategies. Offshore reefs of the Florida Keys, USA, experience milder temperatures and lower nutrient loads in comparison to inshore reefs yet remain considerably more degraded than nearshore patch reefs. A year-long reciprocal transplant experiment of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) involving four source and eight transplant locations reveals that corals adapt and/or acclimatize to their local habitat on a <10-km scale. Surprisingly, transplantation to putatively similar environmental types (e.g., offshore corals moved to a novel offshore site, or along-shore transplantation) resulted in greater reductions in fitness proxies, such as coral growth, than cross-channel transplantation between inshore and offshore reefs. The only abiotic factor showing significantly greater differences between along-shore sites was daily temperature range extremes (rather than the absolute high or low temperatures reached), providing a possible explanation for this pattern. Offshore-origin corals exhibited significant growth reductions at sites with greater daily temperature ranges, which explained up to 39% of the variation in their mass gain. In contrast, daily temperature range explained at most 9% of growth variation in inshore-origin corals, suggesting that inshore corals are more tolerant of high-frequency temperature fluctuations. Finally, corals incur trade-offs when specializing to their native reef. Across reef locations the coefficient of selection against coral transplants was 0.07 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE). This selection against immigrants could hinder the ability of corals to recolonize devastated reefs, whether through assisted migration efforts or natural recruitment events, providing a unifying explanation for observed patterns of coral decline in this reef system.
SUMO Pathway Modulation of Regulatory Protein Binding at the Ribosomal DNA Locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this report, we identify cellular targets of Ulp2, one of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteases, and investigate the function of SUMO modification of these proteins. PolySUMO conjugates from ulp2Δ and ulp2Δ slx5Δ cells were isolated using an engineered affinity reagent containing the four SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) of Slx5, a component of the Slx5/Slx8 SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL). Two proteins identified, Net1 and Tof2, regulate ribosomal DNA (rDNA) silencing and were found to be hypersumoylated in ulp2Δ,slx5Δ, and ulp2Δ slx5Δ cells. The increase in sumoylation of Net1 and Tof2 in ulp2Δ, but not ulp1ts cells, indicates that these nucleolar proteins are specific substrates of Ulp2 Based on quantitative chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays, both Net1 and Tof2 lose binding to their rDNA sites in ulp2Δ cells and both factors largely regain this association in ulp2Δ slx5Δ A parsimonious interpretation of these results is that hypersumoylation of these proteins causes them to be ubiquitylated by Slx5/Slx8, impairing their association with rDNA. Fob1, a protein that anchors both Net1 and Tof2 to the replication-fork barrier (RFB) in the rDNA repeats, is sumoylated in wild-type cells, and its modification levels increase specifically in ulp2Δ cells. Fob1 experiences a 50% reduction in rDNA binding in ulp2Δ cells, which is also rescued by elimination of Slx5 Additionally, overexpression of Sir2, another RFB-associated factor, suppresses the growth defect of ulp2Δ cells. Our data suggest that regulation of rDNA regulatory proteins by Ulp2 and the Slx5/Slx8 STUbL may be the cause of multiple ulp2Δ cellular defects.
Evaluating the Frequency of Vital Sign Monitoring During Blood Transfusion: An Evidence-Based Practice Initiative

Patients with cancer are often dependent on blood transfusions during treatment. Frequent vital sign monitoring during transfusions may interrupt sleep and the patient's ability to ambulate or participate in unit activities. Relying heavily on vital sign findings may also overshadow unmeasurable symptoms of transfusion reaction. The aim of this evidence-based practice initiative was to examine the evidence regarding the optimum frequency of vital sign monitoring for patients undergoing stem cell transplantation receiving blood products and to amend policy and practice to be consistent with the literature. AT A GLANCE : Patients with cancer frequently require transfusion support during treatment.Inconsistencies exist in recommendations for the frequency of vital sign monitoring during transfusion.Examining best practice guidelines suggests that less frequent vital sign monitoring may be appropriate if coupled with thoughtful physiologic assessment.
Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Older People Among Children Transitioning From Middle Childhood Into Adolescence: Time Matters

ABSTRACTAgeism is fueled by stereotypes and negative attitudes about aging and older adults, which can lead to individual-level prejudice and discrimination. Through survey methodology, this study explored stereotypes and ageist beliefs of youth transitioning from middle childhood into adolescence (age 11–13 years) (N = 69) in the southwest of England. The results indicate that positive more than negative stereotypes were acknowledged, and more positive stereotyping was positively correlated with more positive attitudes toward older adults. Contact with older adults and age that one considers “old” were significant in predicting attitudes toward older people. The results suggest that time matters, in terms of contact with an older adult and time to reach “old age” in shaping youths’ attitudes and stereotypes. Intergenerational and educational programs that seek to address aging myths and increase contact between youth and older adults are discussed as ways to improve attitudes amongst youth transitioning ...
Structural database for reducing cost in materials design and complexity of multiscale computations: Research Articles

Computational complexity of multiscale methods based on the first-principles energetics is analyzed. Computational cost of such methods is dominated by expensive first-principles determination of structural energies and atomic forces, including structural relaxations. Information integration is an opportunity to eliminate recalculation of known data, and, consequently, to reduce the total cost of multiscale calculations. We propose the Structural Database as a universal tool for structural data integration, and explain its conceptual design and functionality, including data mining options. To exemplify benefits provided by the Structural Database, we consider search for new ground states, construction of a phase diagram for a bulk material, and prediction of surface patterning. We show that the Structural Database is a powerful tool for information integration and data mining, which can greatly reduce the cost of multiscale computations and materials design. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 36–42, 2006
Abstract 1174: Genetic variations in microRNA biogenesis pathway genes as susceptibility loci for lung cancer risk

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Many studies have demonstrated that genetic susceptibility played an important role in lung cancer etiology. It has been estimated that microRNAs (miRNAs) may regulate the expression of one third of all human genes and are related to carcinogenesis through their function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. To test the hypothesis that common sequence variants in microRNA pathways may affect individuals’ lung cancer susceptibility, we assessed the association of 75 haplotype tagging and potential functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 miRNA biogenesis pathway genes with lung cancer risk in a case control study of 1135 lung cancer cases and 803 healthy controls among Caucasians. Overall, SNP rs2302905 from RNASEN exhibited the strongest association and remained significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using q value at 10% level. Individuals carrying the variant allele of rs2302905 showed a 1.40-fold increased risk of lung cancer (95% CI = 1.11- 1.77; P = 0.0042). Interestingly, similar to rs2302905, two additional SNPs (rs10805564 and [rs639174][1]) from RNASEN also showed increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.04- 1.60; and OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.00- 1.53). Two SNPs ([rs197412][2] and rs85276) from DDX20 had significantly reduced lung cancer risk (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65- 1.00; and OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.61- 1.00). Stratified analyses by age, gender, and smoking status identified several additional SNPs that were associated with lung cancer risks in sub-populations. We also counted the number of unfavorable genotypes in each individual to assess the cumulative effect of the top 5 SNPs on lung cancer risk and found a significant gene-dosage effect (P for trend = 0.00028). Compared to the individuals with ≤ 3 unfavorable genotypes in the low risk group, carriers of 4 and 5 unfavorable genotypes had increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.77; and OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.47 to 2.98, respectively). In conclusion, genetic variants in miRNA biogenesis pathway genes may affect the risk of lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1174. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1174 [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=rs639174&atom=%2Fcanres%2F71%2F8_Supplement%2F1174.atom [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=rs197412&atom=%2Fcanres%2F71%2F8_Supplement%2F1174.atom
PROBLEMS IN VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION

It is a well-known custom for peers and younger workers to offer a Master a festschrift volume celebrating an event in his life. In this case, it is the retirement of Professor Stanley Westoll from the J. B. Simpson Chair of Geology at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. P. G. Greenwood's foreword says much about this man who identifies himself as a Geologist and often plays down his interests in the paleontology of fishes. Certainly our knowledge of fossil fishes would be much less were it not for his stimulating, seminal papers. This volume contains 13 contributions by wellknown zoologists, many of whom were Professor Westoll's students. The papers range in size (and real content) from 76 pages, plus five plates, to five pages. The average is about 30 pages. As is usual with symposia, there is no particular theme: three papers largely are addressed to questions relative to the origin and nature of skeletal tissues, three are basically systematic, three anatomical, one functional, and three deal primarily with problems of evolution. This breakdown is artificial in that aspects of several of these categories are found in most of the papers. The general level of these papers is excellent both in writing and content. The opening contribution by H. P. Whiting concerns itself with "cranial nerves in lampreys and cephalaspids." Although Whiting does not say anything surprising it is an interesting summary of information which disagrees, as others have before him, with Stensio's views regarding cephalaspids. The argument hinges on the identification of the trochlear nerve in these fossils. Whiting makes a good case for his opinion and his account should put to rest the conflict of views which has been going on since 1927. The writing is not always clear. For example he says (p. 5) that "Perhaps both pouch and arch of the visceral region were related to a given intersegment of the ancestor's head." His idea of head segmentation appears to stem unmodified from Gegenbaur. He is most cautious in his speculations on the primitive condition yet gives ade-