cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel 4 -oxo -2 (E ) -nonenal -derived endogenous thiadiazabicyclo glutathione adduct formed during cellular oxidative stress

Cellular oxidative stress causes increased lipid peroxidation with the concomitant formation of DNA and protein reactive bifunctional electrophiles. Glutathione (GSH) detoxifies these bifunctional electrophiles by forming GSH adducts. Several years ago we discovered 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal (ONE) as a major bifunctional electrophile derived from lipid hydroperoxides. We have now made the unexpected discovery that glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-mediated GSH addition to ONE occurs primarily to C-1 of the R,‚unsaturated ketone rather than to C-3 of the R,‚-unsaturated aldehyde. The resulting intermediate rapidly undergoes two intramolecular cyclizations followed by two separate dehydration reactions to provide an unusual thiadiazabicyclo-ONE-GSH adduct (TOG). Quantification of intracellular TOG was performed using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry after the addition of ONE to cells or as an endogenously derived adduct during peroxide-induced oxidative stress. TOG represents the first member of a new class of thiadiazabicyclo GSH adducts that are formed through GST-mediated addition of GSH to reactive intermediates containing the ONE motif during intracellular oxidative stress. ONE formation can potentially result from free radical pathways as well as cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-mediated pathways. Its aldo-keto reductase-mediated reduction product, 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenol (ONO), was also formed and converted to GSH adducts similar to those formed by 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE). ONO is isomeric with HNE; therefore, protein and peptide adducts ascribed to arise solely from reactions with endogenous HNE will need to be re-appraised.
EFFECT OF HORMONES AND VITAMIN B12 ON GAMETOPHORE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MOSS PYLAISIELLA SELWYNII

A B S T R A C T Bud formation in the moss Pylaisiella selwynii is greatly enhanced by cytokinins at concentrations as low as 10-2M, yet these buds usually fail to develop into normal gametophores. Various ratios at different concentrations of the cytokinin N-6-y,y-dimethylallylaminopurine to indoleacetic acid failed to enhance bud initiation over that obtained with cytokinin alone or to permit normal gametophore development. Deletion of the cobaltous ions from the culture medium prevented the appearance of the few gametophores usually formed in the complete medium, but different amounts of cobaltous ion did not significantly enhance initiation of gametophore development. Bud initiation was enhanced 3- to 20-fold by vitamin B12 at 10-5M or by BI2 coenzyme at 10-4M, and the time of appearance of these buds was advanced by 6-12 days compared to control plants. At these concentrations of the B12 compounds the buds formed normal gametophores, but at 10-4M vitamin B12 they grew into callus-like masses similar to those obtained with cytokinins. Although the effects of B12 on bud initiation and development mimicked those of cytokinins, except in permitting normal development, no additive or synergistic effects were observed when they were tested together. It is suggested that B12 may play a regulatory role in the control of gametophore initiation and development in mosses.
Abortion clinic violence as terrorism

Abstract Violence against abortion clinics and other activities directed toward patients and staff of abortion facilities have been termed terrorism by the pro‐choice movement. However, the Federal Bureau of Investigation denies that these actions are terrorism. Instances of abortion clinic violence for 1982–1987 were examined in order to determine whether there is a correspondence between these incidents and definitions or models of terrorism. It appears that these incidents do fit the classification of “limited political” or ‘subrevolutionary” terrorism. Reasons why the FBI has made the decision not to include these acts as forms of terrorism are entertained. One is that current international tensions have resulted in a preoccupation with only certain types of events which for administrative, i.e., juris‐dictional, reasons have come to essentialize terrorism. Another explanation, posited by pro‐choice activists, is that the FBI's decision is a consequence of political influence: the current administrati...
Some Phytomonas and Herpetomonas species form unique iso-branched polyunsaturated fatty acids

Four trypanosomatid flagellates of the genera Phytomonas and Herpetomonas have been found to carry out the de novo biosynthesis of a variety of iso-branched, C18, C20 and C22, polyunsaturated fatty acids, with 2-5 methylene-interrupted double bonds, which have not been described heretofore from natural materials; iso-C18 delta 6,9, iso-C18 delta 9,12, iso-C20 delta 8,11,14, iso-C 20 delta 5,8,11,14, iso-C22 delta 4,7,10,13,16. Identifications were based upon combinations of chromatographic, chemical degradative, mass spectrometric and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric techniques. Under appropriate culture conditions, 85% of the total fatty acids of the organisms were branched. The subject trypanosomatids are recommended as model organisms with which to investigate influences of the physical properties of phospholipid fatty acyl groups on eukaryotic cell membrane functions.
Correlates of attitudes towards mood stabilizers in individuals with bipolar disorder

Although mood stabilizers are considered effective treatments for bipolar disorder (BPD), non-adherence is common. Lingam and Scott (1) reported that non-adherence rates range from 20–60%, with a median of 41% for individuals with BPD. Non-adherent individuals with BPD tend to have more manic relapses, lower quality of life, and higher suicide risk compared to adherent individuals (2, 3). Non-adherence can also cause more psychiatric hospitalizations and increase treatment costs (4–6). Medication non-adherence in BPD is associated with a number of demographic, clinical, therapeutic, and belief/attitudinal factors. Being young, non-white, and having less education are associated with non-adherence (7–9), as are more severe psychiatric symptoms and substance use (8, 10). In terms of treatment factors, individuals with medication side effects, greater duration of being prescribed mood stabilizers, and less positive therapeutic alliance are less likely to be adherent (10–12). With respect to belief and attitudinal factors, those with more negative attitudes towards medications and denial of illness severity have a greater risk for non-adherence (10, 13). Attitudes towards mood stabilizers are highly relevant to medication adherence (14, 15). In a study of people with BPD, Scott and Pope (11) found that non-adherence to mood stabilizers was related to negative medication attitudes. Conversely, Dharmendra and Eagles (16) found that positive attitudes towards lithium were associated with higher serum lithium levels and continuity in taking lithium. While many clinicians focus on side effects as a major concern when considering adherence (17), research in BPD notes that medication attitudes appear to be better predictors of adherence than side effects (11). Psychological research suggests that attitudes are formed, maintained or changed within a social context (18, 19) and previous studies of people with severe mental illness note that attitudes towards psychiatric treatment are related to social relationships as well as health locus of control—how much a person believes that their health outcomes are self-determined versus determined by the influence or actions of other such as family, friends ore care providers (20, 21). However, published data on the relationship between psychosocial factors and medication attitudes among individuals with BPD is limited (15, 16). Since attitudes seem to play an important role in medication adherence generally, we conducted a secondary analysis from a dataset of patients with BPD in treatment on how attitudes towards mood stabilizers might correlate with social support and with health locus of control. A better understanding of how psychosocial variables relate to medication treatment attitudes in BPD could potentially inform future adherence enhancement strategies as well as helping to develop the next wave of research on determinants of treatment adherence in people with BPD.
Specimen transport containers are not created equal

Specimen Transport Containers Are Not Created Equal Ideal specimen culture procurement and inoculation of media should occur at the bedside. However, this is neither practical nor efficient in a hospital setting, and, therefore, specimen transport devices were developed. The most effective transport systems rely upon preservation of the actual specimen taken from the patient. However, most specimens other than sterile body fluids or tissues are sent to the microbiology laboratory on cottonor rayontipped swabs. Following receipt in the laboratory, specimen material on these swabs is inoculated onto or into culture media. Based on the quantity and identity of organisms present, decisions are made by the laboratory professional staff (i.e., determining on which organisms to perform identifications and susceptibility tests) and the medical staff (i.e., evaluating the culture report and deciding initiation or modification of therapy). This system is less than ideal for several reasons. First, organisms must be preserved without replication in the transport system. Second, some fastidious microorganisms may not survive in transport systems designed for routine microbiological examination. And third, many investigators have shown that swabs trap organisms or are toxic and prevent them from being recovered from culture (3, 7). In our laboratory, we observed an increased recovery of streptococci from transport swabs by rinsing them in 1 mL of sterile saline and culturing an aliquot of the saline rinse (Table 1). In addition to isolating organisms in greater quantity, separation of organisms on culture plates exhibiting a mixed flora is easier. Specimen Table 1 Isolation of beta hemolytic streptococci a from 135 throat cultures c
Chlorination for control of biological activity during direct recharge of tertiary effluent

Chlorination for the control of biological activity during direct recharge of tertiary effluent was studied in bench-scale simulated aquifers. Both free chlorine and chloramine were studied at Darcy velocities of 360 cm/d to 720 cm/d. A free chlorine residual of 5 mg/l or above inhibited biological activity in the 1.2 m of soil that was studied. A free chlorine residual concentration of 2 mg/l prevented biological activity in the first 0.9 m of exposed soil and significant biological clogging was observed in soil greater than 0.9 m from the injection point. A 2 mg/L residual concentration of free chlorine prevented biological clogging over the 0.9 m of soil adjacent to the injection point. No chlorine addition resulted in clogging adjacent to the injection point indicating that the chloramine inhibited biological activity and allowed biological activity to occur over a greater distance from the injection point. Dissolved oxygen levels decreased to zero in aquifers where significant biological activity was observed and trihalomethane concentrations decreased in these aquifers. Free chlorine appears to effectively control biological clogging adjacent to the injection point while permitting biological activity to develop after the chlorine has decayed to a level of 0.6 mg/l or less.
Residual ethylene oxide in hollow fiber hemodialysis units is neurotoxic in vitro.

Ethylene oxide gas is used to sterilize plastic medical equipment including capillary flow dialysis membranes. To test whether ethylene oxide ratained in the dialyzers might be neurotoxic, tissue culture medium was incubated in the blood compartment of dialyzers. Embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion neurons were then incubated in this medium for up to 5 days. During the first 24 hours axonal growth was normal. During the next 24-hour period varicosities appeared on axons, and after 4 days neuron cell bodies died. The pattern of degeneration was identical to that observed when cultures were exposed to an atmosphere containing 1 ppm ethylene oxide gas. Culture medium introduced into dialyzers after routine prerinsing still caused degeneration, which was not completely abolished even by a 10-liter rinse. When medium was exposed to identical dialyzers sterilized by gamma irradiation, no changes were seen in culture. Identical morphological changes were produced by using dialysis patient serum in the culture medium in place of the usual calf bovine serum. Such changes were never seen with control human serum. Since ethylene oxide is toxic to the human peripheral nervous system, it is proposed that ethylene oxide in dialyzers may contribute to the progressive neuropathy observed in patients on long-term hemodialysis.
Route of delivery for the breech presentation: A conundrum☆

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the feasibility of resolving the controversy regarding route of delivery for breech presentation in a randomized, prospective fashion. STUDY DESIGN: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-sponsored Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network, which is composed of 11 perinatal centers, was surveyed to determine the feasibility of a randomized clinical trial of cesarean section versus trial of labor for breech presentation. A review of the literature was performed to determine the experience of other investigators with designing and conducting an adequate prospective, randomized trial. RESULTS: Principal investigators and faculty from seven of 11 centers within the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network agreed to participate and felt that they could adequately recruit patients for a trial in very-low-birth-weight infants. This would provide approximately 200 very-low-birth-weight fetuses in a breech presentation per year. Sample size calculations indicated that 1700 infants would be required. Investigators also had strong reservations about performing a trial of vaginal breech delivery for other gestational ages. A review of the literature indicates that other authors have encountered difficulty in attempting randomized clinical trials of this nature. CONCLUSIONS: The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network with its pool of 60,000 deliveries per year agreed that a randomized, controlled delivery route of labor in the 24- to 28-week breech presentation was not feasible in a reasonable period of time. A randomized clinical trial of larger fetuses in a breech presentation was also considered extremely difficult. These findings are similar to those of other authors who have attempted or proposed randomized clinical trials to determine the safety of planned vaginal delivery of the breech presentation at various gestational ages.
A Universal Code for Lifecycle Management of Products

The UPC code, now nearly universal on retail products, has provided a foundation for efficient product supply chains. The extension of a universal product code to the product lifecycle is could make reuse and recycling more efficient, economical, and could open up new technological possibilities for product lifecycle management. The key questions concern the costs and environmental and economic benefits of extending the UPC throughout the product lifecycle.
Innovative Micro-Cavity Resonator Design using Particle Swarm Optimization

Particle swarm optimization is used to design innovative geometries of micro-cavity optical resonators with very high q-factors at desired resonances. The quality factor and resonant frequency of the cavity are evaluated using eigenmode analysis.
Analysis of Thermal Resistance of Orthotropic Materials Used for Heat Spreaders

The general solution to the thermal resistance through a rectangular orthotropic thermal spreader depends on several dimensionless geometric and thermal parameters. The solution is presented graphically for several values of the length-to-thickness thermal conductivity ratio, the Biot number, and the nondimensional width of the applied heat flux, which can be readily applied to engineering applications for electronic component design. The graphs are applicable to a wide range of spreader materials that include aluminum, K1100/epoxy, and K1100/C‐C graphite composites. A methodology is presented to assist thermal engineers in designing thermal management systems for electronic components. The advantages of the use of high-conductivity composite materials over ordinary engineering materials in terms of weight savings are illustrated by three examples, in which a comparison is made between aluminum and composites for use as heat spreader materials in typical electronic packaging heat transfer applications. Nomenclature a = width of applied heat region Bi = Biot number, hc/ky b = width of plate c = plate thickness e = relative error H = c/b per unit depth h = convective heat transfer coefficient kx = thermal conductivity in the x direction ky = thermal conductivity in the y direction k 2 = ratio of plate conductivities, ky/kx L = plate length normal to cross section qt = total heat transfer q0 = one-dimensional heat flux distribution
Speaking of Sound Language and the Professionalization of Sound-Recording Engineers

This paper examines the role of speech-about-sound in sound-recording practice and the training of prospective sound engineers. The shift from apprenticeship to institutional learning in the mid-1980s is described as an effect of the digitization of the recording process, and provides a background to discussing how recording degree programs teach ‘professional audition’ to students via processes of instruction and internships. Two conversations recorded during a studio session are then analyzed to uncover the range of linguistic resources that novices and professionals use to talk about sound and to illustrate how talk about work is fundamental to the process of work. The paper concludes by suggesting that the institutional instructional model reconfigures the profession’s tacit knowledge by making explicit discussion of sound more ingrained in professional training.
Electron scattering form factors of stretched transitions using Woods-Saxon wave functions.

Electron scattering form factors for stretched transitions are computed using radial wave functions from realistic nuclear potentials, including the unbound nature of final states above particle decay thresholds. The calculated form factors are compared to data for 4/sup -/ states in /sup 12/C, /sup 14/C, and /sup 16/O, 6/sup -/ states in /sup 24/Mg, /sup 26/Mg, and /sup 28/Si, 8/sup -/ states in /sup 48/Ca, /sup 54/Fe, /sup 58/Ni, and /sup 60/Ni, the 10/sup -/ state in /sup 90/Zr, and the 14/sup -/ state in /sup 208/Pb. We assess the fraction of the single-particle sum rule strengths using these realistic nuclear potentials in place of the standard results using harmonic oscillator wave functions. Appreciably greater fractions are obtained for low mass nuclei in the present work, totalling 105% of the sum strength for /sup 12/C and 81% for /sup 16/O. Much less damping of the magnetic strength is thus experimentally observed than is the case when oscillator wave functions are used for comparison. The results of including meson exchange currents in the analysis are also discussed.
Retinal Capillary Hemangioma in Marshall-Stickler Syndrome

Purpose Retinal capillary hemangioma, often associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, is not characteristically seen in other conditions. We report a patient with Marshall-Stickler syndrome who had a retinal capillary hemangioma. Method A 31-year-old man with Marshall-Stickler syndrome was evaluated for a retinal vascular tumor. Results Evaluation showed a retinal capillary hemangioma of the von Hippel type. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed no tumors of brain, kidney, or other organs. The retinal tumor was treated with cryotherapy. Conclusion Retinal capillary hemangioma is not pathognomonic of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and it may be associated with the Marshall-Stickler syndrome.
The solution of simultaneous equations

This paper is an attempt to integrate the various methods which have been developed for the numerical solution of simultaneous linear equations. It is demonstrated that many of the common methods, including the Doolittle Method, are variations of the method of “single division.” The most useful variation of this method, in case symmetry is present, appears to be the Abbreviated Doolittle method. The method of multiplication and subtraction likewise can be abbreviated in various ways of which the most satisfactory form appears to be the new Compact method. These methods are then applied to such problems as the solution of related equations, the solution of groups of equations, and the evaluation of the inverse of a matrix.
Effects of Posture on Renal Excretion of Sodium and Chloride in Orthostatic Hypotension

Large decreases in the rates of sodium excretion, chloride excretion, and glomerular filtration were observed in patients with orthostatic hypotension when they assumed the upright posture following a period of recumbency. When they returned to the recumbent position, sodium excretion typically was not restored immediately in spite of immediate restoration of filtered sodium load. The decreased sodium excretion found to occur in patients with orthostatic hypotension when they are in the upright posture is considered to be due in part to the decreased filtered sodium load and in part to changes in tubular reabsorption that are independent of filtered sodium load.
Cradleboard Hoods, Not Corsets

Utmost caution should be exercised in interpreting archeological data out of context. Certain artifacts described in the literature on human paleopathology as therapeutic corsets are in fact hoods for cradleboards. Close cooperation among specialists in various disciplines is desirable in reconstructing aspects of prehistoric culture.
An increment of volcano collapse: Kinematics of the 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii, earthquake

Abstract Earthquakes on Kilauea Volcano can be even more hazardous than volcanic eruptions. The most recent large earthquake was the 1975 Kalapana quake, which generated a locally damaging tsunami, over 8 m of horizontal surface displacement and 3 m of subsidence at the coast. The seismic magnitude estimates for this earthquake range from Ms 7.2 to Mw 7.7. The complexity of the seismic data is matched by the complex surface deformation that was observed with a combination of leveling, tilt and Electronic Distance Measurements (EDM). The geodetic data shows evidence of collapse of the caldera due to magma withdrawal, localized subsidence over the rift zone, normal faulting associated with shallow slumping along the Hilina Pali, and displacement on the basal detachment fault. We model the summit caldera, rift zones and basal detachment fault as dislocations in an elastic half-space to better quantify the sources of deformation related to this devastating event. Using inversion techniques that allow us to let the data constrain the geometry and magnitude of these sources, we find 0.04 km3 of magma withdrawal at the summit, between 3–5 m of opening along the rift zone and 7.1 m of slip along the basal detachment at 8.3 km depth. Models that allow for finer spatial resolution of slip on the detachment show that the largest slip occurred west of the seismically recorded earthquake hypocenter, along the region of the fault below the coast, and that the majority of the fault slip occurred south of the region of microseismicity. Our best-fitting model has a geodetic moment of 4.1 × 1020 Nm (Mw 7.7), which is consistent with tsunami models and recent analysis of long period seismic data. The residual displacements of sites located in the hanging wall of the Hilina Pali slump system, which were not used in the inversion of the other sources, suggest that triggered shallow slumping contributed several meters of horizontal displacement to the coseismic displacement at these sites.
Distribution and abundance of epibenthic megafauna at a long time-series station in the abyssal northeast Pacific

Abstract Abundance and dispersion of epibenthic megafauna were examined at an abyssal site (4100 m depth) in the northeast Pacific (Sta. M, 34°50'N, 123°00'W). Photogrammetric techniques and line-transect theory were used to analyze photographs from nine towed camera-sled transects made on six cruises between June 1990 and October 1991. The megafaunal assemblage was dominated numerically by the tube-dwelling polychaete Paradiopatra sp. and echinoderms, representing 26–48% and 24–41 % of the total, respectively. Megafaunal densities were remarkably similar among the nine transects, ranging from 26,594 to 39,913 individuals 10 −4 m −2 . While the overall assemblages in the nine transects were ⩽80% similar, based on pairwise comparisons, the relative contribution of each faunal category varied significantly between transects; densities of individual species from pairs of synoptic transects were significantly different ( p
DNA detection on ultrahigh-density optical fiber-based nanoarrays.

Abstract Nanoarrays for DNA detection were fabricated on etched nanofiber bundles based on recently developed techniques for microscale arrays. Two different-sized nanoarrays were created: one with 700 nm feature sizes and a 1 μm center-to-center pitch (∼1 × 106 array elements/mm2) and one with 300 nm feature sizes and a 500 nm center-to-center pitch (4.6 × 106 array elements/mm2). A random, multiplexed array composed of oligonucleotide-functionalized nanospheres was constructed and used for parallel detection and analysis of fluorescently labeled DNA targets. We have used these arrays to detect a variety of target sequences including Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and vaccina virus sequences, two potential biowarfare agents, as well as interleukin-2 sequences, an immune system modulator that has been used for the diagnosis of HIV.
Resection cystoplasty of a squamous cell carcinoma in a mare.

Summary A 22-year-old Arabian mare was examined for evaluation of haematuria of 2 months' duration. Complete blood cell count and chemistry revealed anaemia of chronic disease (i.e. normocytic, normochromic) and hypoproteinaemia. Cystoscopy revealed a haemorrhagic mass protruding into the lumen of the urinary bladder in the apical region. The mass was surgically removed by partial cystectomy performed through a caudal ventral midline laparotomy. Histological examination of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Tumours of the equine urinary bladder are rare, and when a partial cystectomy is indicated, a caudal ventral midline laparotomy may provide adequate surgical exposure even in adult horses.
Structural homophily or social asymmetry? The formation of alliances by poorly embedded firms

Recent research shows that preexisting network structure constrains the formation of new interorganizational alliances. Firms that are poorly embedded in a network structure are less likely than richly embedded firms to form alliances, because they lack informational and reputational benefits. This study examines the types of ties that poorly embedded firms can form to overcome the constraints that their structural positions impose, in turn helping to explain how firms' actions can transform existing network structures. We argue that poorly embedded firms are more likely to participate in ties characterized by social asymmetry than in ties characterized by structural homophily. We analyze the terms of trade that socially asymmetric partners negotiate for alliance governance and discuss how such alliances influence network dynamics. To test our arguments, we use longitudinal data on the alliance activities of 97 global chemical firms from 1979 to 1991. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging forearm blood flow with pulse-ox gated electrical impedance tomography

Assessing peripheral vasculature health has the potential to impact clinical decision making in terms of treating patients with cardiovascular disease. The electrical conductivity of certain tissue regions within the forearm change as blood vessels undergo pulsatile dilation in synchrony with the beating of the heart. We use dynamic electrical impedance tomography (EIT) gated to the peak of a pulse oxymetry plethysmography waveform to image this temporally varying spatial conductivity. A phantom imaging experiment is presented showing that small conductivity changes of less than 1 mm are detectable using the developed dynamic EIT system. This system is used to image a volunteer's forearm during resting cardiovascular activity. Similar structures are observed in the plethysmography trace and the temporally varying conductivity. Spectral analysis shows that the maximum amplitude is occurring at frequencies of 1.19 Hz and 1.21 Hz for the plethysmography trace and conductivity trace, respectively. This preliminary data suggests that EIT may be sensitive enough to visualize cardiac-based pulsatility in the peripheral vessels of the forearm.
Multivariable controller design for hard drive dual-stage actuator servo systems

A multivariable multi-objective approach has been presented for the design of servo controller for a dual-stage actuator system. The designed control algorithm instructs the two actuators to cooperate towards a faster track seeking and better disturbance rejection than any actuator acting alone. Cooperation is explicitly formulated as control objectives and the optimal control algorithm is designed using the H2 control theory and regulator theory. Each actuator's involvement in the cooperation can be further adjusted by changing the design weighting coefficients, while the design procedure guarantees the stability of the control system.
Ewing's sarcoma oncoprotein EWS–FLI1: the perfect target without a therapeutic agent

Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) affect patients between the ages of 3 and 40 years, with most cases occurring in the second decade of life. ESFTs are characterized by a translocation that occurs in 95% of tumors. This translocation joins the Ewing's sarcoma gene (EWS) located on chromosome 22 to an ets family gene; either friend leukemia insertion (FLI)1 located on chromosome 11, t(11;22), or ets-related gene (ERG) located on chromosome 21, t(21;22). The EWS-FLI1 fusion transcript encodes a 68 kDa protein with two primary domains. The EWS domain is a potent transcriptional activator, while the FLI1 domain contains a highly conserved ets DNA binding domain. ESFT presents a clinical challenge, especially in patients with metastatic disease in which dose-intensifying chemotherapy with bone-marrow transplantation does not improve survival. EWS-FLI1 is only present in ESFT cells and does not exist in any normal cell of the body. Experiments using ESFT cell lines or animal xenograft models have proven that EWS-FLI1 is required for tumor survival. Therefore, ESFT contains a unique protein generated by a tumor-specific translocation that has great potential as a molecular target for therapy. However, therapeutic applications directed towards eliminating or inactivating EWS-FLI1 have not reached the clinic. EWS-FLI1 has been a very difficult molecule to directly analyze in vitro due to poor solubility. Recent advances in generating recombinant EWS-FLI1 and novel data on the cellular functions of EWS-FLI1 should enhance progress towards understanding and application.
Baier Building Products, Inc.: Performance Incentives and Variance Analysis in Sales Distribution

Faced with price volatility and changes in key personnel responsibilities, a small privately held distributor of commodity building products with limited resources needs to re‐evaluate its performance incentives. The company's owners and controller need your help in assessing the extent to which the current compensation scheme has encouraged opportunistic behavior, resulting in large commissions without significant movement toward the company's strategic objectives. By completing this case successfully, you will learn how to develop a balanced scorecard suitable for a small sales distribution business and learn how to compute and interpret marketing variances.
Direct actions of cannabinoids on synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens: a comparison with opioids.

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) represents a critical site for the rewarding and addictive properties of several classes of abused drugs. The medium spiny GABAergic projection neurons (MSNs) in the NAc...
Mariposa: a wide-area distributed database system

The requirements of wide-area distributed database systems differ dramatically from those of local-area network systems. In a wide-area network (WAN) configuration, individual sites usually report to different system administrators, have different access and charging algorithms, install site-specific data type extensions, and have different constraints on servicing remote requests. Typical of the last point are production transaction environments, which are fully engaged during normal business hours, and cannot take on additional load. Finally, there may be many sites participating in a WAN distributed DBMS.In this world, a single program performing global query optimization using a cost-based optimizer will not work well. Cost-based optimization does not respond well to site-specific type extension, access constraints, charging algorithms, and time-of-day constraints. Furthermore, traditional cost-based distributed optimizers do not scale well to a large number of possible processing sites. Since traditional distributed DBMSs have all used cost-based optimizers, they are not appropriate in a WAN environment, and a new architecture is required.We have proposed and implemented an economic paradigm as the solution to these issues in a new distributed DBMS called Mariposa. In this paper, we present the architecture and implementation of Mariposa and discuss early feedback on its operating characteristics.
Environmental and chemical controls on palagonitization

[1] Palagonitized sideromelane from submarine volcaniclastic, seafloor volcanic, marine phreatomagmatic, lacustine phreatomagmatic, and subglacial volcanic settings was investigated using in situ microanalysis to test if palagonite composition and texture are related to depositional environment. Palagonitization extent varies linearly and inversely with original sample porosity, suggesting that porosity is a controlling factor of palagonitization. Water absorbance of reflected infrared light varies linearly with water content derived from electron microprobe totals. Palagonite water content has a linear, inverse relationship to palagonitization extent. REEs are immobile during palagonitization, so they can be used to construct isocon diagrams for estimating major-element concentration changes. Major-element and overall mass changes during palagonitization vary widely (particularly for FeO and TiO2) and indicate that palagonitization cannot be an isovolumetric process. These parameters depend strongly on original sideromelane composition, thus requiring composition to be taken into account when performing global oceanic cation flux calculations. Subalkaline sideromelane dissolves much more rapidly than alkaline sideromelane during palagonitization. Two styles of palagonitization, burial-diagenesis (relatively long-duration, low water/rock; passive fluid circulation) and hydrothermal (relatively short-duration, high water/rock; hydrothermal fluid circulation), are recognized. Observed palagonite REE concentration gradients indicate that sideromelane dissolution must continue in the zone behind the advancing palagonitization front. MgO was found to be highly mobile during palagonitization. Observed palagonite MgO gradients are not developed during sideromelane dissolution, but instead record initiation of syn- and/or post-palagonitization conversion of the gel-palagonite layer to a phyllosillicate layer, consistent with evolution of sideromelane alteration layers toward equilibrium with the solution.
Positive Temperature Versions of Two Theorems on First-Passage Percolation

The estimates on the fluctuations of first-passsage percolation due to Talagrand (a tail bound) and Benjamini–Kalai–Schramm (a sublinear variance bound) are transcribed into the positive-temperature setting of random Schroedinger operators.
An Integrated Approach to Sensor Role Selection

Many sensor network applications require consistent coverage of the region in which they are deployed over the course of the network lifetime. However, because sensor networks may be deployed randomly, node distribution and data redundancy in some regions of the network may be lower than in others. The sensors in the sparsest regions should be considered more critical to the sensor network application since their removal would likely result in unmonitored regions in the environment. For this reason, sensors in the more densely deployed regions should be considered more favorable as candidates to route the traffic of other nodes in the network. In this work, we propose several coverage-aware routing costs that allow traffic to be routed around the sparsely deployed regions so that the coverage of the environment can remain high for a long lifetime. We also propose an integrated route discovery and sensor selection protocol called DAPR that further lengthens network lifetime by jointly selecting routers and active sensors, again with the goal of minimizing the use of sensors in sparsely covered areas. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our approach in extending network lifetime nearly to the extent that can be reached using a centralized approach based on global network knowledge.
Interannual and Interdecadal Variability in the Storm Track, Cloudiness, and Sea Surface Temperature over the Summertime North Pacific

Abstract Interannual and interdecadal variability in the summertime mean North Pacific storm track is examined in relation to summertime mean sea surface temperature (SST), nimbostratus, and marine stratiform cloudiness (MSC) (stratus, stratocumulus, fog). The storm track is diagnosed by root-mean-squared daily vertical velocity at 500 mb during the summer season (rms ω) obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis. The cloud and SST data are obtained from surface observations. Year-to-year variations in the storm track exhibit significant coupling to variations in cloudiness and SST across the North Pacific. These correspond to coincident latitudinal shifts in the storm track, SST gradient, and MSC gradient. Moreover, both rms ω and nimbostratus show that the storm track moved equatorward and intensified between 1952 and 1995, consistent with the previously documented upward trend in MSC and downward trend in SST. Lead–lag relationshi...
Detection of Prostate Cancer: Quantitative Multiparametric MR Imaging Models Developed Using Registered Correlative Histopathology.

Coregistered correlative histopathologic data were used as the “ground truth” for development of quantitative multiparametric MR imaging models yielding voxel-wise predictors for detection of prostate cancer that outperform single quantitative MR imaging parameters, particularly when the models were assessed at the individual level.
Part V Commentary: Possible New Directions in the Measurement of Student Engagement

Karen Samuelsen, a respected researcher and methodologist, provided ­commentary on the chapters in Part V of this volume. She described the difficulty of measuring latent constructs like student engagement. She argued for greater complexity in study designs and hypotheses to account for the complex nature of proposed relationships between engagement, contexts, and outcomes. She provided examples of how various statistical methods (Structural Equation Modeling, Differential Item Functioning) may be used to address some of the current measurement issues in engagement and outlined several areas of future research to advance the study of engagement.
Evaluation of Patients' Response Toward Osteoporosis Letter Intervention Versus Phone Call Plus Letter Intervention.

Introduction:The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 interventions in prompting patients to obtain osteoporosis follow-up after a fracture. Our hypothesis was that a phone call ...
Controversies on the placement of Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and the K/P mass extinction of planktonic foraminifera

Examination of recently reported K/P boundary sections indicates that the placement of the K/P boundary is based on equivocal criteria and that the boundary as placed is not synchronous. The conclusion that the K/P boundary in several U.S. Gulf Coast sections is complete and within a condensed section is simply the artifact of delineating the K/P boundary on disparate paleontologic datum planes and preservational bias of the microfossil assemblages. The upper slope and outer shelf sections at El Kef, Gredero, and Agost as well as the DSDP Site 577 section are continuous. The non-separation of Zone P0 at some deep sea sites is due to very low sedimentation rates and the short time interval of Zone P0
DIETARY BILE ACIDS AND LIPID METABOLISM. I. INFLUENCE ON LIPIDS AND LIVER SIZE OF CHICKS.

SummaryDietary lithocholic acid elevated plasma cholesterol and lipid phosphorus levels, and increased liver size of growing chicks. In cholesterol-fed chicks, lithocholic acid depressed liver lipid and cholesterol levels. The effects of lithocholic acid were partially reversed by cholic acid in chicks fed a cholesterol-free diet and almost completely reversed in chicks fed cholesterol. The plasma cholesterol level of cholesterol-fed chicks was increased by cholic acid feeding.
Molecular Epidemiology: Carcinogen-DNA Adducts and Genetic Susceptibility

Molecular epidemiological studies assess individual chemical exposures and genetic susceptibility in order to identify cancer risk. Such studies incorporate the development, application, and validation of biomarkers of cancer risk in order to enhance cancer risk assessments, focus cancer prevention strategies, and elucidate mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Current studies of molecular epidemiology are based upon an understanding of the complex, multistage process of carcinogenesis and interindividual variations in response to carcinogenic exposures. Quantitative methods to measure human exposures to carcinogens continue to improve and have been successfully applied to a number of epidemiological studies. Genetic predispositions to cancer, both inherited and acquired, have been and continue to be identified. The combined approach of associating genetic polymorphisms with carcinogen-DNA adduct measurements, in order to assess cancer risk, is showing considerable promise. It is hoped that, in the future, molecular epidemiologists will be able to develop a risk profile for an individual that includes assessment of multiple biomarkers. The field has the near-term potential to have a significant impact on regulatory quantitative risk assessments, which may aid in the determination of allowable exposures. Molecular epidemiological data may also aid in the identification of individuals who will most benefit by cancer prevention strategies.
The influence of abdominal hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy on the patients' immune function

Objective: To study the influence of total hysterectomy via abdomen or via vagina on immune function of patients. Methods:Forty patients with hysteromyoma or adenomyosis were chosen and divided into two groups randomly. Patients in abdominohysterectomy group received hysterectomy via abdomen, while those in vaginal hysterectomy group received hysterectomy via vagina. Immune parameters including T cell subsets, serum immunoglobulin (IgG,IgA,IgM) , interleukin-6(IL-6), C reacting protein(CRP), and TNF-α levels were assessed preoperatively and on postoperative days 1 and 3. Results: The T cell subsets, the level of serum IgA and IgM did not change after operation in both groups(P0.05). But the level of serum IgG was significantly decreased after operation in two groups, especially in abdominohysterectomy group(P0.05).The level of serum CRP and IL-6 in both groups were significantly increased after operation, especially in abdominohysterectomy group (P0.05) and went on for more than three days (P0.05). Conclusion: The influence on the humoral immune function in patients received vaginal hysterectomy was less than that in patients received abdominohysterectomy.
Luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in human corpora lutea from clomiphene citrate-induced cycles.

Midluteal phase corpora lutea (CL) obtained from women induced with 50 mg (n = 5), 100 mg (n = 5), and 150 mg (n = 5) of clomiphene citrate (CC) were measured for luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) concentrations and cytosol progesterone (P) and 17 α -hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and compared with midluteal phase CL from eight normal women (controls). More CL (26) that were significantly heavier (2.0 ± 0.3 g, [mean ± SEM]) were obtained with CC than in controls (10). Clomiphene citrate treatment increased LH/hCG receptor concentrations and the dissociation constant significantly from 69 ± 12 fmol/mg protein and 1.1 ± 0.2 × 10 − 10 M, respectively, in controls to 112 ± 6 fmol/mg protein and 2.1 ± 0.1 × 10 − 10 M. Cytosol P and 17-OHP levels were not significantly increased. Cumulatively these cellular effects may be responsible for increasing serum P and responsiveness to hCG and for correcting luteal dysfunction.
Intrarenal distribution of blood flow during saline loading in the dog.

1. The effect of infusion of iso-osmotic saline on renal haemodynamics was studied to determine if the natriuresis that follows is associated with parallel and constant changes in renal cortical or outer medullary blood flow. 2. Blood flow was determined by external monitoring of the washout of 133 Xe and the clearance of p -aminohippurate at two rates of saline loading in anaesthetized dogs. 3. After moderate saline loads (40 ml/kg body weight), increase in blood flow was limited to the renal cortex. After large saline loads (80 ml/kg body weight), a significant increase in outer medullary flow occurred in addition to increased cortical flow. 4. Changes in outer medullary blood flow as measured by the washout of 133 Xe agreed with those predicted from the extraction of p -aminohippurate. 5. The extent of natriuresis did not consistently correlate with changes in either cortical or outer medullary blood flow. Whereas increases in renal blood flow were associated with a brisk natriuresis, it appears there is no simple relationship between increased cortical or outer medullary flow and sodium excretion.
Linear Differential Equations

This chapter describes linear differential equations. A system of differential equations is in fundamental form if it is given by the matrix equations ( t ) = A ( t ) × ( t ) + f ( t ) and x ( t o ) = c . When a system of differential equations is reduced to fundamental form, the matrix A ( t ) will depend explicitly on the variable t . For some systems, however, A ( t ) does not vary with t , that is, every element of A ( t ) is a constant. If this is the case, the system is said to have constant coefficients. A transition or fundamental matrix of the homogeneous equation ( t ) = A ( t ) × ( t ) is an n × n matrix Φ( t , t 0 ) having the properties that Φ( t , t 0 ) = A ( t ) Φ( t , t 0 ) and Φ( t , t 0 ) = I , where t 0 is the initial time. If B ( t ) is an n × n matrix having the property that B ( t ) c = 0 for every n -dimensional constant vector c , then B ( t ) is the zero matrix.