cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An economical procedure for the preparation of l-[35S]methionine of high specific activity

Abstract A simple low-cost method for the preparation and purification of l -[35S]methionine from yeast is described. A minimum quantity of baker's yeast is allowed to double its mass in the presence of carrier-free Na235SO4 in a medium in which sulfur is growth limiting. After harvesting, the cells are heated and the denatured proteins are enzymically digested. The resultant free [35S]methionine is then purified by paper chromatography. The recovered [35S]methionine possesses greater than 90% isotopic purity and a specific activity of between 10,000 and 40,000 Ci/mole. The radioactivity incorporated into methionine is approximately 40% of the input 35S. When methionine of such high specific activity is stored in aqueous solution at concentrations of several mCi/ml, there is a rapid radiation-induced oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol reduces such oxidation to negligible levels.
Heat shock protein 60 is a high-affinity high-density lipoprotein binding protein.

Abstract A new 55-kDa HDL/apolipoprotein binding protein was demonstrated in plasma membrane preparations of the human cell lines and primary cultured hepatocytes. Analysis of specific binding by ligand immunoblots of HDL, apoA-I, and apoA-II to a partially purified 55-kDa PA-I plasma membrane preparation demonstrated a K d,HDL = 50 nM (10 μg/ml), K d,apoA-II = 20 nM (0.4 μg/ml), and K d,apoA-I = 330 nM (10 μg/ml). Following preparative SDS–PAGE electrophoresis of a plasma membrane preparation isolated from human PA-I cells, fractions with apoA-II binding activity were collected, concentrated, and subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis. Internal microprotein sequencing of the 55-kDa protein band revealed the binding protein as being heat shock protein 60 (hsp60). The hsp60 monoclonal antibody LK-1 blocked apoA-II binding to the 55-kDa HBP preparation. In summary, these results provide a potential mechanism to explain the known association between immunity developed against hsp60 and the development of atherosclerosis.
Some effects of sex-linked clothing and gender schema on the stereotyping of infants.

Two predictions were evaluated: first, that given minimal information about an infant, individuals would use sex-related cues (i.e., clothing) to categorize, evaluate, and make attributions about the infant, and second, that gender schematic individuals would be more likely than gender aschematic individuals to use such sex-related cues. On the basis of the Bem Sex Role Inventory, American college students were classified as either gender schematic (masculine or feminine) or gender aschematic (undifferentiated or androgynous). The students categorized, evaluated, and made trait attributions about an infant dressed in male, female, or ambiguous clothing. Both gender schematic and gender aschematic individuals relied on sex-related cues in their perceptions of the infant.
The Power of Smartphones

If you are new to power monitoring in the mobile design process, either when building mobile hardware or when writing software based applications, this article will cover the basics, pointing you in the right direction to consider the test equipment you will need.
Behavioral correlates and welfare implications of informal interactions between caretakers and zoo-housed chimpanzees and gorillas

Abstract In captive animal facilities, human staff members are a relevant part of the animals' social environment in addition to providing care and managing the social group. Structured, predictable interactions and relaxed, spontaneous contacts may all affect the animals' behavior and well-being, both immediately and in the long term. This study examined the association between unstructured, affiliative caretaker–animal interactions and the behavior of zoo-housed chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) and Western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ). The interactions in question included play, spontaneous feeding, and other positive vocal and visual interactions performed through a protective mesh barrier. Behavioral data collected over 48 months were used to identify correlates of caretaker interactions among key behaviors relevant to welfare assessment, including agonism, sexual behavior, abnormal behavior, prosocial behavior, and self-directed behavior, as well as the presence of wounds. In observational sessions containing one or more caretaker interactions, chimpanzees and gorillas both showed higher agonism ( P =0.044 and P =0.042, respectively) and lower self-directed behavior ( P =0.035 for chimpanzees and P =0.001 for gorillas) than in control samples. Agonism rose in chimpanzees from an average of 0.01–0.12% of overall behaviors, and in gorillas from 0% to 0.1%, while self-directed behavior decreased in chimpanzees from an average of 9.54–7.81% and in gorillas from 11.02% to 7.38%. Chimpanzees also showed lower intraspecific prosocial behavior in samples with caretaker interactions ( P =0.044), decreasing from an average of 11.5% to 5.52% of overall behaviors. Finally, gorillas exhibited less abnormal behavior in caretaker interaction samples than in control samples ( P =0.029), decreasing from a mean of 2.42–1.77% of overall behaviors. In chimpanzees, higher agonism and lower prosocial behavior are indicative of greater arousal, although we would expect self-directed behavior to rise rather than decrease in that situation. The results in gorillas are mixed with respect to welfare outcomes: higher agonism is indicative of arousal, but lower abnormal and self-directed behaviors suggest a decrease in stress and anxiety. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the influence of all forms of interaction with heterospecifics and demonstrate a need for welfare assessments that include even positively intended interactions.
Views from academia and industry on skills needed for the modern research environment

Reports from employers of higher education graduates indicate the existence of a considerable gap between the skills required by employers and those possessed by recent graduates. As a first step toward closing this gap, this study aims to determine its origin. Interviews with nine research-active biochemistry professionals were used to identify the most important skills for biochemistry students to succeed in research positions postgraduation. The results of these interviews were used to develop a survey, which was then administered to a larger group of biochemistry faculty and industry professionals. The output of the survey was a list of 52 skills valued by biochemistry professionals and rated by perceived importance. Importantly, the survey results also afford a comparative look at the prioritization of skills by two key populations: the academic faculty training students and the industry professionals hiring them. While there are many areas of agreement between these two populations, the survey also reveals areas were priorities diverge. The discrepancies found here suggest that the skills gap manifest at the point of employment may stem directly from differences in prioritization between the academic and industrial environments. This article aims to provide insight into the needs and requirements of the modern biochemical research environment, and invites debate concerning the preparation students receive in academia. Moreover, the results presented herein point to a need for further exploration of the possible misalignment of these two critical environments for young scientists.
Inference Protocols for Coreference Resolution

This paper presents Illinois-Coref, a system for coreference resolution that participated in the CoNLL-2011 shared task. We investigate two inference methods, Best-Link and All-Link, along with their corresponding, pairwise and structured, learning protocols. Within these, we provide a flexible architec-ture for incorporating linguistically-motivated constraints, several of which we developed and integrated. We compare and evaluate the inference approaches and the contribution of constraints, analyze the mistakes of the system, and discuss the challenges of resolving coreference for the OntoNotes-4.0 data set.
A Comparison of Approximate Versus Exact Geometrical Representations of Roughness for CFD Calculations of cf and St

Skin friction (c f ) and heat transfer (St) predictions were made for a turbulent boundary layer over randomly rough surfaces at Reynolds number of 1×10 6 . The rough surfaces are scaled models of actual gas turbine blade surfaces that have experienced degradation after service. Two different approximations are used to characterize the roughness in the computational model: the discrete element model and full 3D discretization of the surface. The discrete element method considers the total aerodynamic drag on a rough surface to be the sum of shear drag on the flat part of the surface and the form drag on the individual roughness elements. The total heat transfer from a rough surface is the sum of convection on the flat part of the surface and the convection from each of the roughness elements. Correlations are used to model the roughness element drag and heat transfer, thus avoiding the complexity of gridding the irregular rough surface. The discrete element roughness representation was incorporated into a two-dimensional, finite difference boundary layer code with a mixing length turbulence model. The second prediction method employs a viscous adaptive Cartesian grid approach to fully resolve the three-dimensional roughness geometry. This significantly reduces the grid requirement compared to a structured grid. The flow prediction is made using a finite-volume Navier-Stokes solver capable of handling arbitrary grids with the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model. Comparisons are made to experimentally measured values of c f and St for two unique roughness characterizations. The two methods predict c f to within ±8% and St within ±17%, the RANS code yielding slightly better agreement. In both cases, agreement with the experimental data is less favorable for the surface with larger roughness features. The RANS simulation requires a two to three order of magnitude increase in computational time compared to the DEM method and is not as readily adapted to a wide variety of roughness characterizations. The RANS simulation is capable of analyzing surfaces composed primarily of roughness valleys (rather than peaks), a feature that DEM does not have in its present formulation. Several basic assumptions employed by the discrete element model are evaluated using the 3D RANS flow predictions, namely: establishment of the midheight for application of the smooth wall boundary condition; c D and Nu relations employed for roughness elements; and flow three dimensionality over and around roughness elements.
Evaluating motion graphs for character navigation

Realistic and directable humanlike characters are an ongoing goal in animation. Motion graph data structures hold much promise for achieving this goal. However, the quality of the results obtained from a motion graph may not be easy to predict from the input motion segments. This paper introduces the idea of assessing a data structure such as a motion graph for its utility in a particular application. We focus on navigation tasks and define metrics for evaluating expected path quality and coverage for a given environment. One key to evaluating a motion graph for navigation tasks is to first embed it into the environment in a way that captures all possible paths that might result from "playing back" the motion graph within that environment. This paper describes an algorithm for accomplishing this embedding that preserves the flexibility of the original motion graph. We use the metrics defined in this paper to compare motion datasets and to highlight areas where these datasets could be improved.
Perioperative cardiac complications.

Although infrequent, perioperative cardiac complications are a source of major morbidity and mortality. As the population ages, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is increasing. For physicians who refer patients for surgery as well as for clinicians directly involved in perioperative medical care, an understanding of perioperative cardiac complications, reduction of such complications, and treatment of complications are essential. This article summarizes the approach to perioperative hypertension, hypotension, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (MI), and congestive heart failure (CHF). The reader is referred to the article by Sloan in this issue for a discussion of the approach to perioperative cardiac arrhythmias.
News from the Chicago Area

A wide range of labor history and related projects has involved a variety of scholars, union members, and the general public during the past several months. The Illinois Labor History Society has taken the lead in most of the significant activities. The Society sponsored a highly successful conference in November, cele brating "100 Years of Organized Labor in Illinois" (reported in the previous issue of ILWCH). The ILHS is also involved in two projects funded by the Illinois Humani ties Council: one, a history of carpenters' unionism in Illinois, now being completed by Richard Schneirov and Thomas Suhrbur in conjunction with the 100th anniver sary of the founding of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters; and the other, the production of a documentary film, "Pullman Town," directed by filmmaker Martin Buechley. The Society also raised the funds necessary to restore the Haymarket Martyrs Monument in Forest Home Cemetery, which was defaced by unknown vandals. A rededication ceremony in May attracted some one hundred persons, including O. W. and James Neebe, grandsons of Oscar Neebe, one of the martyrs. A French television crew filmed the ceremonies. In March three officers of the Society presented a "Back-to-Basics" labor history program for the Peor?a Building Trades Council. ILHS president Leslie Orear talked about "A Century of Struggle"; William Adelman of the University of Illinois presented his popular illustrated talk on "Labor History Rediscovered," and William Bork of Roosevelt University dis cussed "The Building Trades in the Open Shop Drive of the 1920s." Stephen Freedman of the University of Chicago traced the history of the Peor?a labor movement. In May, the Society inducted two new members into its "Union Hall of Honor" at a dinner attended by some 150 union people and friends. Ralph Helstein, president-emeritus of the United Packinghouse Workers was present to be honored, and Milton P. Webster, chairman of the executive board of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was honored posthumously. The ILHS plans two major events during the coming months. On November 7 in cooperation with Roosevelt University, a public program celebrating the 50th anniversary of the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president will be held, featuring a panel of historians, a specially-created slide show, and a discussion of veteran workers of the New Deal era. The Society is also cooperating with the Chicago Federation of Labor in sponsoring a Labor Day Parade in comm?mora
Direct Inhibition of Choline Kinase by a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Carbocyanine

Choline kinase alpha (ChoK) expression is increasingly being recognized as an important indicator of breast cancer prognosis; however, previous efforts to noninvasively measure ChoK status have been complicated by the spectral limitations of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and the complex network of enzymes involved in choline metabolism. The most effective ChoK inhibitors are symmetric and contain quaternary ammonium groups within heterocyclic head groups connected by an aliphatic spacer. Characterization of these bis-pyridinium and bis-quinolinium compounds has led to phase I clinical trials to assess small-molecule inhibitors of ChoK for solid tumor treatment. We report the development of a novel carbocyanine dye, JAS239, whose bis-indolium structure conforms to the parameters established for ChoK specificity and whose spacer length confers fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) window. Fluorimetry and confocal microscopy were used to demonstrate that JAS239 rapidly enters breast cancer cells independent of the choline transporters, with accumulation in the cytosolic space where ChoK is active. Radio-tracing and (1)H MRS techniques were used to determine that JAS239 binds and competitively inhibits ChoK intracellularly, preventing choline phosphorylation while inducing cell death in breast cancer cell lines with similar efficacy to known ChoK inhibitors. Fluorescent molecules that report on ChoK status have potential use as companion diagnostics for noninvasive breast tumor staging, because NIR fluorescence allows for detection of real-time probe accumulation in vivo. Furthermore, their ability as novel ChoK inhibitors may prove effective against aggressive, therapy-resistant tumors.
Associations of Trimethylamine N-Oxide With Nutritional and Inflammatory Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients New to Dialysis.

Objectives Trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) is a product of metabolism of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and carnitine by the intestinal microbiome. Elevated serum concentrations of TMAO have been linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the general population. We examined correlates of serum TMAO and the relations among serum TMAO concentrations, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations in a nationally derived cohort of patients new to hemodialysis (HD). Methods We quantified serum TMAO by liquid chromatography and online tandem mass spectrometry and assessed nutritional and cardiovascular risk factors in 235 patients receiving HD and measured TMAO in pooled serum from healthy controls. We analyzed time to death and time to cardiovascular death or hospitalization using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Serum TMAO concentrations of patients undergoing HD (median, 43 μM/L; 25th-75th percentile, 28-67 μM/L) were elevated compared with those with normal or near-normal kidney function (1.41 ± 0.49 μM/L). TMAO was directly correlated with serum albumin (Spearman rank correlation, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12-0.35; P P = .003), and creatinine (Spearman rank correlation, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.08-0.33; P = .002) and inversely correlated with log C-reactive protein (Spearman rank correlation, −0.18; 95% CI, −0.30 to −0.06; P = .005). Higher serum concentrations of TMAO were not significantly associated with time to death (Spearman rank correlation, 0.84; CI, 0.65-1.09; P = .19) or time to cardiovascular hospitalization or cardiovascular death (Spearman rank correlation, 0.88; CI, 0.57-1.35; P = .55). Conclusions Serum TMAO concentrations were markedly elevated and correlated directly with biochemical markers of nutritional status and inversely with markers of inflammation in patients receiving HD. There was no significant association between serum TMAO concentrations and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, or hospitalizations. In patients receiving dialysis—in contrast with the general population—adverse vascular effects of TMAO may be counterbalanced by associations with nutritional or inflammatory status.
Recommendation on Academic Networks using Direction Aware Citation Analysis

The literature search has always been an important part of an academic research. It greatly helps to improve the quality of the research process and output, and increase the efficiency of the researchers in terms of their novel contribution to science. As the number of published papers increases every year, a manual search becomes more exhaustive even with the help of today's search engines since they are not specialized for this task. In academics, two relevant papers do not always have to share keywords, cite one another, or even be in the same field. Although a well-known paper is usually an easy pray in such a hunt, relevant papers using a different terminology, especially recent ones, are not obvious to the eye. In this work, we propose paper recommendation algorithms by using the citation information among papers. The proposed algorithms are direction aware in the sense that they can be tuned to find either recent or traditional papers. The algorithms require a set of papers as input and recommend a set of related ones. If the user wants to give negative or positive feedback on the suggested paper set, the recommendation is refined. The search process can be easily guided in that sense by relevance feedback. We show that this slight guidance helps the user to reach a desired paper in a more efficient way. We adapt our models and algorithms also for the venue and reviewer recommendation tasks. Accuracy of the models and algorithms is thoroughly evaluated by comparison with multiple baselines and algorithms from the literature in terms of several objectives specific to citation, venue, and reviewer recommendation tasks. All of these algorithms are implemented within a publicly available web-service framework (this http URL) which currently uses the data from DBLP and CiteSeer to construct the proposed citation graph.
Association between Air Pollution and Lung Function Growth in Southern California Children

Average growth of lung function over a 4-yr period, in three cohorts of southern California children who were in the fourth, seventh, or tenth grade in 1993, was modeled as a function of average exposure to ambient air pollutants. In the fourth-grade cohort, significant deficits in growth of lung function (FEV 1 , FVC, maximal midexpiratory flow [MMEF], and FEF 75 ) were associated with exposure to particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 m m (PM 10 ), PM 2.5 , PM 10 ‐PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and inorganic acid vapor (p , 0.05). No significant associations were observed with ozone. The estimated growth rate for children in the most polluted of the communities as compared with the least polluted was predicted to result in a cumulative reduction of 3.4% in FEV 1 and 5.0% in MMEF over the 4-yr study period. The estimated deficits were generally larger for children spending more time outdoors. In the seventh- and tenth-grade cohorts, the estimated pollutant effects were also negative for most lung function measures, but sample sizes were lower in these groups and none achieved statistical significance. The results suggest that significant negative effects on lung function growth in children occur at current ambient concentrations of particles, NO 2 , and inorganic acid vapor. The acute health consequences of breathing polluted air are well documented, ranging from increased cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality to increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and decrements in lung function (1‐4). Chronic health effects from exposure to air pollution have been suggested by previous studies, although whether chronic effects occur at current ambient concentrations remains uncertain (1, 2, 5‐7). Children may be a particularly vulnerable population because they spend more time outdoors, are generally more active, and have higher ventilation rates than adults (8). One approach to assessing the potential chronic effects of air pollution is to determine how pollution affects lung function growth. The broad range of air quality in southern California offers the opportunity to investigate the health effects of exposure to several pollutants, including ozone, nitrogen oxides, particles, and acids. In 1993, we initiated a 10-yr prospective study of respiratory health in children from 12 southern California communities. In this report, we examine the longitudinal lung function data from the first 4 yr of follow-up and analyze the relationship between air pollution concentrations and lung function growth.
Synergistic Role of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in Pancreatic Pain and Inflammation

Background & Aims The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 have each been associated with regulation of efferent properties of primary afferent neurons that initiate neurogenic inflammation and are required for the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. To evaluate the role of these channels in producing pain during pancreatic inflammation, we studied pancreatic nodose ganglion (NG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons (identified by content of retrograde tracer) and behavioral outcomes in a mouse model of acute pancreatitis. Methods Pancreatic inflammation was induced by 8 hourly injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg). The extent of inflammation, pancreatic neuron TRP channel expression and function and excitability, and pain-related behaviors were evaluated over the course of the following week. Results Histology and myeloperoxidase activity confirmed pancreatic inflammation that was associated with increased excitability and messenger RNA expression of the TRP channels in NG and DRG pancreatic neurons. Calcium imaging of pancreatic NG and DRG neurons from mice given cerulein revealed increased responses to TRP agonists. TRPV1 and TRPA1 antagonists attenuated cerulein-induced pain behaviors and pancreatic inflammation; they had a synergistic effect. Conclusions Pancreatic inflammation significantly increased the expression and functional properties of TRPV1 and TRPA1, as well as the excitability of pancreatic sensory neurons in vagal and spinal pathways. TRP channel antagonists acted synergistically to reverse pancreatic inflammation and associated pain behaviors; reagents that target interactions between these channels might be developed to reduce pain in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Heat and mass transfer in turbulent separated flows

Abstract Investigations of heat and mass transfer in turbulent well-separated flows are reviewed, and the dependence of the transfer rate upon Reynolds number and other factors is examined. Due to recent studies, it is now possible to form correlations for over-all transfer on bluff bodies (such as cylinders) which take into account the specific forms of the transfer mechanisms.
Simple algorithms for elliptic filters and generalizations thereof

Described herein are some applications of previously published work [1] on choosing the coefficients in a polynomial, which can be part of a more complicated function, for a Chebyshev approximation to a given function. Here, the applications are to rational functions of frequency describing filters or filterlike circuits. Algorithms are derived for critical frequencies and poles of elliptic filters and a generalization thereof, simple enough for HP65 calculators. Also described briefly are a generalization of Chebyshev polynomials and the addition of a second terminal shunt C to an impedance transforming ladder circuit.
Changes in intern attitudes toward medical error and disclosure.

Medical Education 2012: 46:668–677 Context The 2000 Institute of Medicine report, ‘To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System’, focused the medical community on medical error. This focus led to educational initiatives and legislation designed to minimise errors and increase their disclosure. Objectives This study aimed to investigate whether increased general awareness about medical error has affected interns’ attitudes toward medical error and disclosure by comparing responses to surveys of interns carried out at either end of the last decade. Methods Two cohorts of interns for the academic years 1999, 2000 and 2001 (n = 304) and 2008 and 2009 (n = 206) at a university hospital were presented with two hypothetical scenarios involving errors that resulted in, respectively, no permanent harm and an adverse outcome. The interns were questioned regarding their likely responses to error and disclosure. Results We collected 510 surveys (100% response rate). For both scenarios, the percentage of interns who would be willing to fully disclose their mistakes increased substantially from 1999–2001 to 2008–2009 (‘no permanent harm’: 38% and 71%, respectively [p < 0.001]; ‘adverse outcome’: 29% and 55%, respectively [p < 0.001]). About two thirds of fully disclosing interns in both scenarios believed ‘the patient’s right to full information’ to be the primary reason for their disclosure. Fear of litigation in response to error disclosure decreased (70% and 52%, respectively), the percentage of interns who felt that ‘medical mistakes are preventable if doctors know enough’ decreased (49% and 31%, respectively), belief that competent doctors keep emotions and uncertainties to themselves decreased (51% and 14%, respectively), and agreement with leaving medicine if one (as an intern) caused harm or death decreased (50% and 3%, respectively). Prior training about medical mistakes increased more than four-fold between the cohorts. Conclusions This comparison of intern responses to a survey administered at either end of the last decade reveals that there may have been some important changes in interns’ intended disclosure practices and attitudes toward medical error.
Probing the Dynamics of Template-Directed Calcite Crystallization with in Situ FTIR

Organic template-directed mineralization of calcite crystals has been probed in situ by external reflection−absorption FTIR spectroscopy in an effort to understand the dynamics of the organic−inorganic interface during crystal growth. The main focus is to elucidate structural changes that may occur in the organic template as crystal growth progresses. The nucleation face types of calcite were visually identified according to known crystal morphologies and by the corresponding carbonate stretching and deformation vibrational bands. Structural reorganization occurring in the organic template could be observed by intensity variations and frequency shifts in the methylene stretching bands of octadecanoic acid, octadecyl sulfate, and acidic polydiacetylenic lipid film. These organic templates nucleated calcite at the (010), (001), and (012) planes, respectively. The surfactant thin films uniquely adapt themselves in order to optimize the geometrical and stereochemical fit to the growing calcite crystals.
Earthquake research needed in California

According to an analysis by a group of seismologists and tectonophysicists from the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University and the Seismological Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, there is an imperative need for extensive studies of the San Andreas fault system throughout its extent within the state of California. Although there is considerable controversy surrounding the question of which segment of the San Andreas system may produce the next earthquake, C.B. Raleigh, K. Sieh, L.R. Sykes, and D.L. Anderson report that ‘… it is conceivable that the entire fault in southern California could rupture at once.’ (Science, Sept. 17, 1982). The fears that a major earthquake may occur at anytime in southern California are based on numerous statistical factors underlying the idea that ‘The longer it's been since the last big one, the sooner the next one will be.’ The timing of earthquakes along active seismic zones, particularly those that coincide with plate boundaries, seems to be directly related to the amount of displacement generated since the last such earthquake at the same location. For example, the recurrence rate of about 150 years for great earthquakes along the San Andreas fault in southern California and the displacement rate of about 3 cm per year for the segment of the last earthquake from Cholame Valley to Cajon Pass in 1857 suggest that the next such large event may occur in the near future. On this basis Raleigh et al. (Science, sup.) conclude that ‘Both observations mark the San Andreas fault north and east of Los Angeles as a mature seismic gap and the prime candidate for producing southern California's next great earthquake.’ The expected consequences are described as appalling and as having a ‘… potential for severe losses of life and property from such a great earthquake…’ The worst case, cited in a report issued by the National Security Council through the Federal Emergency Management Administration in 1980 for an earthquake magnitude of M=7.5 in southern California near Long Beach, could cause the loss of 20,000 lives and $69 billion in property damages.
PATTERNS IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PLANT DIVERSITY OF TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICAN WETLANDS

Few wetland studies from temperate North America have related either species richness or plant community composition to any direct measure of nutrient availability, or examined changes in species composition following experimental nutrient additions. Studies of wetlands in western Europe and of other terrestrial ecosystems in North America frequently show that nutrient enrichment leads to changes in species composition, declines in overall plant species diversity, and loss of rare and uncommon species. We therefore used an extensive literature survey and analysis of data on plant species composition, species richness, productivity or standing crop, and C:N:P stoichiometry in plant tissues and surface soils to draw conclusions about the nature of nutrient limitation in temperate North American bogs, fens, marshes, and swamps, and to infer their potential response to nutrient enrichment. We searched all major bibliographic data bases for studies containing such data (through March 1998) and added relevant d...
Optimal power flow emulation of interchange brokerage systems using linear programming

The authors propose an interchange brokerage system based on an optimal power flow (OPF) solution using linear programming (LP). Interchange brokering schedules power imports and exports between interconnected electric utilities to maximize profits for all participating parties and enhances the security of power systems. The data required for interchange brokerage systems are the amount of power available for trading and the system incremental cost. An LP software package called STORM was used to solve the active and reactive OPF subproblems and the interchange brokerage systems. The steps required for the implementation and problems involved in loss minimization are considered. The development of LP theory for OPF and interchange brokerage systems and its limitations are discussed. The experimental results are included. >