cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of an ectodomain motif in the influenza A virus neuraminidase alters tetherin sensitivity and results in virus attenuation in vivo.

We previously demonstrated that ectodomain residue Asp286 in N2 neuraminidase (NA; Asp268 in N1 NA) present in budding-capable NA proteins contributes to productive NA plasma membrane transport partly by mediating escape from tetherin restriction [Yondola MA, Fernandes F, Belicha-Villanueva A, Uccelini M, Gao Q, Carter C, et al. (2011). Budding capability of the influenza virus neuraminidase can be modulated by tetherin. J Virol, 85, 2480–2491]. Budding-incapable NA proteins contain a G at this position and either co-expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu or siRNA-mediated depletion of tetherin rescued budding capabilities in these proteins [Yondola MA, Fernandes F, Belicha-Villanueva A, Uccelini M, Gao Q, Carter C, et al. (2011). Budding capability of the influenza virus neuraminidase can be modulated by tetherin. J Virol, 85, 2480–2491]. Furthermore, replacement of D286 with G in budding-capable NA proteins caused loss of function, preventing release of NA virus-like particles (VLPs). Here, we show that mutation of this residue specifically modulates the ability of NA to escape tetherin restriction at the plasma membrane and results in virus attenuation in vivo. Based on immunogold electron microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays, both NAD286-containing and NAD286G-containing proteins associated with tetherin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the NAD286G loss-of-function mutant also associated with the host factor outside the ER and in plasma-membrane-localized VLPs as visualized using immunogold electron microscopy. We conclude that the presence of aspartate at residue 286 liberates NA from tetherin-dependent restriction upon exit from the ER compartment thus preventing restriction at the plasma membrane. Underscoring the importance of these observations, knockdown of tetherin resulted in a 1–1.5 log increase in influenza virus growth. Additionally, the loss-of-function mutation conferred attenuation in a mouse model of influenza infection as evidenced by a 5-fold increase in LD50 and increases in either percent survival or time to death dependent on the administered dose in vivo.
Vertical Fiscal Balance and Horizontal Fiscal Diversity in the U.S. Federal System: What Might Common Shared Taxes do?

}The American federal system shows substantial vertical fiscal balance: the level of government that spends closely corresponds to the level that raises revenue to finance that expenditure. This responsibility allows state-local governments great freedom in regard to the size of their public sectors relative to their state economic base, in how they arrange revenue structures to distribute the cost of their public programs through their economies, and in how they allocate their public budgets across service categories. This freedom results in great horizontal diversity in both expenditure and revenue choices. Revenue decisions are somewhat more diverse than expenditure allocations. If a considerably expanded federal tax sharing program were adopted, as some have proposed, vertical balance would decline somewhat and, most likely, so would the regional diversity that characterizes the American system.
Transnational Cultural Policymaking in the European Union

Institutional design, structure, and processes in the European Union (EU) provide a fertile ground for studying a new model of intergovernmental and supranational cultural policymaking. In this article, the author provides a map and an analytical compass to assist researchers and practitioners in navigating the EU cultural policy labyrinth. She offers insight into how transnational cultural policymaking occurs in the EU by tracing the Culture Programme through the agenda-setting, policy formulation, policy decision, and policy implementation stages of the policy process. The author concludes by introducing an emerging process of institutionalized cultural policy transfer that appears to be developing through systematic and incremental policy transfer, policy learning, and policy convergence.
A two‐dimensional Monte Carlo model of radiative transfer in sea ice

[1] A two-dimensional, Monte Carlo radiative transfer model was developed for the analysis of optical data from cylindrical samples of sea ice. The backward Monte Carlo method was used to solve the radiative transfer equation in a cylindrical, azimuthally symmetric domain. Horizontal layers between two depths and vertical shells between two radii can be used to simulate spatial gradients in scattering, absorption, and refractive index in the model. The top of the cylinder can be illuminated by either normally incident, collimated radiation or by diffuse radiation. Irradiance and radiance detectors can be located anywhere within or on the cylindrical domain. The model was tested by comparing predicted apparent optical properties with solutions from existing one-dimensional and two-dimensional radiative transfer models. Domains with the largest optical depths and smallest radii were found to be impacted most by the horizontally finite geometry. The model was used to interpret backscattered and transmitted spectral radiance data taken in the laboratory from cylindrical core samples of first-year sea ice at −15°C. Use of a similarity parameter facilitated comparison between observations and model predictions by reducing the number of independent variables by one. Concurrent observations of ice microstructure indicated that light scattering due to inclusions of brine, gas, and precipitated salts should result in a scattering coefficient of ∼4.6 cm−1 in our samples. Combining this value with the inferred similarity parameter yielded an asymmetry parameter of 0.98 for first-year sea ice at −15°C. Agreement between observed and predicted spectral radiances demonstrates the viability of this model as a tool for analyzing the optical properties of samples with finite geometry.
Developmental differences in the role of interleukins in hyperoxic lung injury in animal models.

Interleukins (IL) are part of the group of immunemediators known as cytokines. IL are produced by manydifferent cells and possess a wide spectrum of biologicalactivities. This review will be focused on the role of IL-1to 6, 8, 10-13 as it pertains to the effects of hyperoxia onthe adult and newborn lung in animal models. Hyperoxicexposure to the adult and newborn lung had variable effectson the expression of IL-1α and IL-1β. Increased IL-6levels were seen in adult lungs by day 3 and in the newbornlungs by day 10 of exposure to hyperoxia. IL-8 alsopeaked around day 10 in the newborn lung but there wereno significant changes in IL-10. Pretreatment with IL-1,endotoxin, rhSOD, lidocaine, lisofylline, pentoxifylline andoverexpression of IL-6, 11, and 13 seemed to attenuatehyperoxic lung injury in the adult. This protection wasaccompanied by increased pulmonary MnSOD, VEGFexpression and decreased apoptosis.It is clear that IL have a significant role to play inhyperoxic lung injury. Increased IL expression and releasehas a cascade effect and appears to predate the influx ofinflammatory cells. There are significant differences in thetype and timing of IL expression and release in the adultand newborn lung in response to hyperoxia. Designing atherapeutic approach to counteract oxygen toxicity in theimmature lung first needs understanding of the uniqueresponses in the newborn.
Verbal transfer in repaired paradigms as a function of S1 — R2 and S2 — R1 similarity

Two predictions from Houston’s (1965) repaired transfer surface were tested using 30 Ss in a within subject design. Three two-list paired associate paradigms (AB—BAr, AB—B’Ar, AB—BA’r) were compared with the control condition AB—CD. In accordance with the predictions, it was found that the three experimental paradigms produced significant negative transfer, with the AB—BAr paradigm producing the most and the AB—B’Ar and AB—BA’r paradigms producing intermediate levels of negative transfer.
Fibrosarcomas in infants and children.

Abstract Of ten patients with fibrosarcoma treated during the past 11 years, two died as a result of tumor dissemination within five months, two are alive and tumor-free 10 years after the last recurrence, one is alive and well five years after the last recurrence and five are tumor-free nine months to three years after resection. Four of the tumors were congenital; none have metastasized. Rapid tumor growth and prompt local recurrence following incomplete excision characterized congenital fibrosarcoma in this series. Control of the tumor in the cases reported followed radical surgical resection. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy have, at times, striking temporary effects and may be effectively employed in preparation for wide excision. Prognosis is dependent almost entirely on the anatomic site of the lesion. If radical extirpation is feasible, the prognosis is excellent. When fibrosarcomas are located deep in body cavities, detection of the tumor may be delayed and adequate excision made difficult or impossible.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from normal mouse liver.

Abstract Three forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from adult mouse liver are separable by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography. Two of the forms (IA and IB) are insensitive to inhibition by α-amanitin, while the third form is completely inhibited by 0.3 μg/ml of α-amanitin. The three enzyme forms are compared to the enzymes found in adult rat liver, and to the enzymes found in several other mouse tissues.
Activation of Peptide Ions by Blackbody Radiation: Factors That Lead to Dissociation Kinetics in the Rapid Energy Exchange Limit

Unimolecular rate constants for blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) were calculated for the model protonated peptide (AlaGly)(n) (n = 2-32) using a variety of dissociation parameters. Combinations of dissociation threshold energies ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 eV and transition entropies corresponding to Arrhenius preexponential factors ranging from very "tight" (A(infinity) = 10(9.9) s(-1)) to "loose" (A(infinity) = 10(16.8) s(-1)) were selected to represent dissociation parameters within the experimental temperature range (300-520 K) and kinetic window (k(uni) = 0.001-0.20 s(-1)) typically used in the BIRD experiment. Arrhenius parameters were determined from the temperature dependence of these values and compared to those in the rapid energy exchange (REX) limit. In this limit, the internal energy of a population of ions is given by a Boltzmann distribution, and kinetics are the same as those in the traditional high-pressure limit. For a dissociation process to be in this limit, the rate of photon exchange between an ion and the vacuum chamber walls must be significantly greater than the dissociation rate. Kinetics rapidly approach the REX limit either as the molecular size or threshold dissociation energy increases or as the transition-state entropy or experimental temperature decreases. Under typical experimental conditions, peptide ions larger than 1.6 kDa should be in the REX limit. Smaller ions may also be in the REX limit depending on the value of the threshold dissociation energy and transition-state entropy. Either modeling or information about the dissociation mechanism must be known in order to confirm REX limit kinetics for these smaller ions. Three principal factors that lead to the size dependence of REX limit kinetics are identified. With increasing molecular size, rates of radiative absorption and emission increase, internal energy distributions become relatively narrower, and the microcanonical dissociation rate constants increase more slowly over the energy distribution of ions. Guidelines established here should make BIRD an even more reliable method to obtain information about dissociation energetics and mechanisms for intermediate size molecules.
Metalloenzymes: Cutting out the middleman

In vivo, hydrogenases require maturases for active site incorporation. However, in vitro, an active site model with limited catalytic activity could be incorporated into the apo form of [FeFe]-hydrogenase without the aid of maturases, generating enzyme with native activity.
Demographic Differences in the Prevalence, Co-Occurrence, and Correlates of Adolescent Bullying at School

Background: Despite a large literature on bullying, few studies simultaneously examine different dimensions of the phenomenon or consider how they vary by demographic characteristics. As a result, research findings in this area have been inconsistent. This article focuses on 2 dimensions of bullying behaviors-aggression and victimization-and examines demographic variation in their prevalence, co-occurrence, and association with other health outcomes. Methods: School-based surveys were administered to a census of 6th-12th graders in 16 school districts across a large metropolitan area in the United States (n = 79,492). A 2-factor scale assessed repeated experiences with bullying aggression and victimization. Results: Both dimensions of bullying tended to be more common among younger, male, African American and Native American students. There were, however, several exceptions as well as considerable variation in the magnitude of demographic differences. Most youth involved with bullying were either perpetrators or victims, but not both. For example, only 7.4% of all youths were classified as bully/victims. Substance use was more strongly associated with aggression, whereas depressive affect was more strongly associated with victimization. Conclusions: Researchers should distinguish different dimensions of bullying and consider how they vary by demographic characteristics. In particular, repeated aggression and victimization largely involve different students and may require distinct approaches to prevention. Language: en
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Manometry Findings in 1,241 Idiopathic Pancreatitis Patients

Background: 10–30% of patients with pancreatitis are classified as idiopathic after the initial evaluation. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic yield of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincter of Oddi manometry in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis in a tertiary referral center. Methods: A single-center, retrospective study analyzing the ERCP and manometry results of 1,241 patients who were classified as having idiopathic pancreatitis based upon their initial evaluation. Results: A single episode of pancreatitis occurred in 20.4%, acute recurrent pancreatitis in 56.3% and chronic pancreatitis in 23.3% of the patients undergoing ERCP. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction was found in 40.3% and pancreas divisum in 18.8% of the patients. Biliary stone disease was found in 3.0%. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms were identified in 52 patients with increasing frequency in older age groups. The overall diagnostic yield of ERCP and sphincter of Oddi manometry to elucidate a potential cause of pancreatitis was 65.8%. Of these, 91.9% patients had findings amenable to endoscopic therapy. The complication rate was 11.5%. Conclusions: In this large series, ERCP with manometry frequently identified conditions which probably caused or contributed to the idiopathic pancreatitis. Long-term studies are awaited to determine outcomes after correctable factors are addressed.
The Appalachian Mountains' Copper Basin and the concept of environmental susceptibility

The Copper Basin is located within the southern Appalachian Mountains primarily in extreme southeastern Tennessee, USA. It has long been known for its copper mining/smelting and associated chemical industry, as well as its severely injured environment. Virtually all previous commentary on the environmental degradation at this location have focused on human activities and their destructive impact. This article approaches the subject from a different angle, one that emphasizes the interaction between man and nature.
Design of doubly periodic filter and polarizer structures using a hybridized genetic algorithm

A hybrid genetic algorithm/local optimization technique for designing cascaded planar periodic structures such as frequency selective surfaces is developed. The genetic algorithm optimizes the shape and size of the periodic metallization in each of the screens as well as the thickness and dielectric constant of intervening dielectric layers in order to achieve a desired frequency response characteristic. Careful local optimization to fine-tune the dielectric layer thicknesses is shown to accelerate both the spectral analysis of the cascades and the convergence of the stochastic search. Results are presented for the design of a satellite subreflector with a 3:1 ratio of stop band center to passband center, a circular polarizer with an axial ratio of less than 1 dB between 47 and 64 GHz, and a twist polarizer with a better than −1-dB reflection into the cross-polarized field component for 47–65 GHz.
Technology and Policy Aspects of Deep Borehole Nuclear Waste Disposal

The use of deep boreholes for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste is reassessed, emphasizing key enabling technical features and their strong linkage to national and international fuel cyc...
REPOPULATION OF THE POSTMITOTIC NUCLEOLUS BY PREFORMED RNA

This study is concerned with the fate of the nucleolar contents, particularly nucleolar RNA, during mitosis Mitotic cells harvested from monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster embryonal cells, KB6 (human) cells, or L929 (mouse) cells were allowed to proceed into interphase in the presence or absence (control) of 0.04–0 08 µg/ml of actinomycin D, a concentration which preferentially inhibits nucleolar (ribosomal) RNA synthesis 3 hr after mitosis, control cells had large, irregularly shaped nucleoli which stained intensely for RNA with azure B and for protein with fast green. In cells which had returned to interphase in the presence of actinomycin D, nucleoli were segregated into two components easily resolvable in the light microscope, and one of these components stained intensely for RNA with azure B. Both nucleolar components stained for protein with fast green In parallel experiments, cultures were incubated with 0.04–0 08 µg/ml actinomycin D for 3 hr before harvesting of mitotic cells, then mitotic cells were washed and allowed to return to interphase in the absence of actinomycin D. 3 hr after mitosis, nuclei of such cells were devoid of large RNA-containing structures, though small, refractile nucleolus-like bodies were observed by phase-contrast microscopy or in material stained for total protein. These experiments indicate that nucleolar RNA made several hours before mitosis persists in the mitotic cell and repopulates nucleoli when they reform after mitosis
Stability of some continuously imbedded Runge-Kutta methods of Sarafyan

Abstract Sarafyan and others have recently developed novel explicit Runge-Kutta methods. Associated with each method is an imbedded polynomial which interpolates the Runge-Kutta method and which is itself a Runge-Kutta approximation at non-meshpoints. In this paper, we show that the interpolation polynomials possess the desirable stability properties of the Runge-Kutta methods.
Intelligent computer aided optimization of power and energy systems

AbstractCyclePad, an intelligent computer aided instruction (ICAI) software package is described. It can be used for design, analysis and improvement of power and energy systems. Performance and sensitivity analysis of a Brayson cycle are discussed in order to illustrate its capabilities.
Reduction in Inflammation and the Expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Other Proteins Related to Alzheimer's Disease following Gastric Bypass Surgery

Objective: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increase in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and an impaired cognitive function. Because peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) express amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of β-amyloid, which forms the pathognomonic plaques in the brain, we hypothesized that APP expression diminishes after the marked caloric restriction and weight loss associated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Research Design and Methods: Fifteen type 2 diabetic patients with morbid obesity (body mass index, 52.1 ± 13 kg/m2) underwent RYGB, and the expression of inflammatory and AD-related genes was examined before and after 6 months in plasma and in MNC. Results: Body mass index fell to 40.4 ± 11.1 kg/m2 at 6 months after RYGB. There was a significant fall in plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin and in homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance. The expression of APP mRNA fell by 31 ± 9%, and that of prote...
Management of Chronic Coronary Disease: Is the Pendulum Returning to Equipoise?

Over the last 3 decades, our ability to mechanically dilate obstructive coronary arterial stenoses has fundamentally altered our approach to managing patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The result has been a swing from an initial pharmacologic approach to anatomically driven revascularization. An accumulation of clinical evidence provides strong support for such intervention in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). In stable CAD, dilative therapy was believed to be superior based on the assumption that high-risk coronary anatomy or myocardial ischemia increases the risk of future death and myocardial infarction. However, there have been major advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ACS and the recognition of the significance of predisposing non-flow-limiting coronary stenoses prone to rupture, as well as increasing insight into plaque and patient vulnerability. This improved understanding of the disease has led to the more aggressive use of appropriately targeted pharmacologic agents and an evolution in what constitutes optimal medical therapy (OMT). Data from recent studies, such as the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial, support the concept that in patients with stable CAD, OMT alone in this day and age compares favorably with a therapeutic strategy combining OMT with mechanical intervention. Thus, the treatment pendulum may be swinging back to the understanding that "best practice" today requires the judicious use of interventional and medical therapies in the appropriate patient population.
Theory of Phonon-Assisted Optical Absorption in Semiconductors. II

Green's-function techniques are applied to the investigation of phonon-assisted optical absorption in semiconductors. Different processes involved in phonon-assisted absorption are found, corresponding to different second-order diagrams in the expansion of the polarization function. Agreement is reached between the present theory and conventional perturbation theory. Some possible refinements are discussed.
Intrinsic nonaxisymmetric instabilities in galaxy rings

Abstract We have investigated numerically the stability and temporal evolution of two-dimensional self-gravitating galaxy rings with flat rotation curves. The initial equilibrium models are composed of a polytropic fluid characterized by various polytropic indices (n = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, and 5) and embedded in a rigid scale-free logarithmic potential, but the fluid is evolved as an ideal gas with specific heat ratio γ = 5 3 . Massless and very low-mass rings are unconditionally stable against both self-gravity driven modes and convective modes. As the self-gravity is increased, one of three nonaxisymmetric modes of instability soon appears, depending on the polytropic index and the radial extent: Jeans modes (J-modes) for n = 5 rings; Intermediate modes (I-modes) for 1 ≤ n ≤ 3 and for slender n = 0.5 rings; and gravity modes (g-modes), along with nonlinear I-modes, for extended n = 0.5 rings. The radial thickness of the orbiting fluid also influences the growth of these modes: more (less) extended rings require more (less) mass in order to develop an instability. If νp is the characteristic speed dictated by the potential and νo is the true orbital speed in the rings, then these instabilities operate for values of ν p ν o ≤ 0.95−0.99 (ring-to-galaxy mass ratios approximately ≳0.11-0.02). At slightly higher mass ratios, strong unstable modes commonly cause a temporary breakup of the rings and the formation of new, lumpy but long-lived, ring structures. The entire process is completed within typically 3 orbits (J-modes) to 6–10 orbits (I-modes). Thus, neither nuclear rings in barred galaxies or in active galactic nuclei, nor (co)counter-rotating “cores” or polar rings in elliptical/S0 galaxies can safely accumulate matter through accretion and survive in a smooth form. In particular, some lumpy or distorted circumnuclear rings seen in barred galaxies may be due to the acting I-modes or J-modes that set in as soon as the accreted masses outgrow the relatively small critical value given above. Furthermore, the surprising absence of unstable g-modes from many models with n ≤ 1.5 which do not satisfy the Richardson stability criterion suggests that galaxy rings exhibit dynamical properties that cannot be identified by studying infinite cylindrical/annular models. Counter to intuition, the g-modes are absent because the shear and rotation rates are high in mildly compressible planar rings with flat rotation curves.
Short message service in a multicampus communication environment

Recently, it becomes more and more popular that an enterprise builds up a private mobile network. With this wireless network, the enterprise can increase its communication efficiency and productivity. In this paper, we present a private mobile communication system using DECT as the wireless radio technology. The system consists of radio system, Enterprise Service Control Node (ESCN), and PBX. ESCN is the service center of the whole system. It provides functions such as mobility management, call control, and supplementary services. Besides, ESCN is a wireless adjunct to PBX. It integrates the wireless and wired telephone system into one system. In addition, ESCN can connect multiple RE (Radio Exchange) to provide a large number of handsets. The interfaces between ESCN and PBX are T/R and R2/E1. Thus, both line interface and trunk interface are supported. Instead of voice service, it is also important to provide low rate data service in wireless system. In this paper, we describe how to provide short message service in the ESCN. Three different types of short message are supported. They are (1) point-to-point (2) group notification and (3) broadcast. Besides, we also consider how to deliver short message when the short message targets located in multiple campuses. The whole mobile system has been developed, and currently it is under field trial.
ACCOUNTING FOR NONRANDOM ARRIVALS IN ESTIMATE OF DELAY AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS

The primary objective of this research was to determine the effect of nonrandom or platoon arrivals on the estimate of delay at signalized intersections. The delay model used in the 1994 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) accounts for nonrandom arrivals through the variable m, which can be shown to be equal to 8kI, where k describes the arrival and service distributions at the intersection and I describes the variation in arrivals due to the upstream intersection. The 1994 HCM delay model m-values are a function of the arrival type, where the arrival type describes the quality of progression at the intersection. Although an improvement to the fixed kI-value used in the 1985 delay model, the 1994 m values are based on empirical studies from limited field data and do not account for the decrease in random arrivals as the volume approaches capacity at the downstream intersection. This research provides an estimate of the variable kI for arterial conditions. An analytical equation was developed as a function of th...
The mediating relationship of self-awareness on supervisor burnout and workgroup Civility & Psychological Safety: A multilevel path analysis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether managerial self-awareness (defined as degree of agreement between self and subordinate ratings of leaders’ behaviors) mediates the relationship between supervisor burnout and supervised workgroup climate. Using an HLM approach, supervisor emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment exhibited significant indirect relationships with workplace Civility and Psychological Safety, via managerial self-awareness. No direct relationships between supervisor burnout and workgroup climate were found, suggesting that self-awareness may be an important mediator for individual characteristics of leaders previously thought to be non-significant. Additional post hoc comparisons indicated that workgroups with supervisors who over-rated their own performance behaviors reported the lowest levels of Civility and Psychological Safety compared to workgroups with supervisors who accurately rated or under-rated their own performance behaviors. However, supervisors that under-rated their own performance reported the highest levels of burnout, highlighting the importance of self-awareness (accurately rating oneself) in relation to individual and group outcomes. The relationships between supervisor burnout, managerial self-awareness, and workgroup perceptions of Civility and Psychological Safety differed when considering the directionality of self-other rating agreement, with the negative impact of burnout at the supervisor level having a more direct impact on the workgroup level perceptions of Civility and Psychological Safety when the workgroup is managed by an under-rater, as opposed to an accurate- or over-rater. Practically, organizations should consider the role of managerial self-awareness in influencing subordinate performance and creating desirable work climates. Also, this study suggests the effects of burnout extend beyond the individual and have significant implications for the performance of those in the supervision of the burned out manager.
Using an Outliner With a Word Processor

How do college students use computer-based outliners? What impact do these tools have on writing processes and products? This study examines the use of an outliner with a word processor by novice and advanced college writers. It also examines the impact of embedded prompts addressing topical and rhetorical issues. It shows how the outliner with embedded topical prompts serves both to increase the planning of novice writers and to connect this planning to their texts. These interventions are less effective for advanced writers. And the outliner without the prompts is also less effective for novice writers. Implications for classroom use of these tools are discussed.
Interferometric measurement of the geometric phase in space-variant polarization manipulations

Abstract We report on an interferometric measurement of the geometric phase in space-variant polarization manipulations. We mathematically show the existence of such a phase and experimentally verify it using a dichroic cylindrical polarizer. A dichroic radial analyzer converts a circularly polarized beam into an azimuthally polarized beam with a spiral geometric phase. A Mach–Zehnder interferometer is used to measure this spiral phase.
Use of spray techniques to synthesize particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites

In an attempt to optimize the structure and properties of particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites, a variety of novel synthesis techniques have evolved over the last few years. Among these, the technique of spray processing offers a unique opportunity to synergize the benefits associated with fine particulate technology, namely microstructural refinement and compositional modifications, coupled within situ processing, and in some cases, near-net shape manufacturing. Spray technology has resurrected much interest during the last decade and there now exists a variety of spray-based methods. These include spray atomization and deposition processing, low-pressure plasma deposition, modified gas welding techniques and high velocity oxyfuel thermal spraying. Spray processing involves the mixing of reinforcements with the matrix material under non-equilibrium conditions. As a result, these processes offer an opportunity of modifying and enhancing the properties of existing alloy Systems, and also developing novel alloy compositions. In principle, such an approach will inherently avoid the extreme thermal excursions, and the concomitant macrosegregation associated with conventional casting processes. Furthermore, the spray processing technique also eliminates the need to handle fine reactive particulates associated with powder metallurgical processes. In this paper, recent developments in the area of spray synthesis or processing of discontinuously reinforced metal-matrix composites are presented and discussed with particular emphasis on the synergism between processing, microstructure and mechanical properties.
Positronium Decay in Condensed Matter

In earlier papers [Phys. Rev. 120, 1289 (1960); 142, 231 (1966)] the pickoff annihilation rate of positronium was calculated in a cell approximation for various cell geometries. The rate can be expressed in terms of two functions $F(S,{v}^{*})$ and $\ensuremath{\xi}(S,{v}^{*})$ that depend on a cell potential parameter $S$ and the reduced cell volume ${v}^{*}$. These functions are rederived and previous errors corrected. Extensive numerical tabulations are made available and analytical approximations presented.
A test for adequacy of chromium nutrition in humans--relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract When Na 2 51 CrO 4 is added to blood the 51 CrO 4 2− ions enter the erythrocytes readily, and nearly exclusively, and are reduced to 51 Cr ( III ) ions. We have observed that a fraction of these ions becomes bound to the cell membrane in a concentration which seemingly depends on that of the dietary derived intracellular Cr(III) ions. Thus, when constant amounts of 51 CrO 4 2− ions enter constant amounts of erythrocytes, the resulting 51 Cr ( III ) ions become bound to the cell membrane in a concentration that varies inversely as the initial, intracellular concentration of Cr(III) ions which, in turn, depends directly on the adequacy of chromium nutrition. Therefore, we have determined an arbitrary set of conditions under which the concentration of 51 Cr ( III ) ions bound to the erythrocyte membrane becomes an indicator of the adequacy of chromium nutrition. The application of this test to 25 Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and 35 normal controls, both randomly selected, indicates that the concentrations of membrane bound 51 Cr ( III ) ions in the two groups were not significantly different. Consequently, it is concluded that the level of chromium nutrition which is normally adequate in humans has only a minor role, if any, in the genesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Changes in mitochondrial electron transport chain activity during insect metamorphosis.

The midgut of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) is a highly aerobic tissue that is destroyed by programmed cell death during larval-pupal metamorphosis. The death of the epithelium begins after ...
946-107 Altered Global and Regional Myocardial Backscatter Characteristics in Cardiac Fatigue Following Prolonged Exercise

Prolonged exercise causes a transient reduction in LV systolic function, including regional wall motion abnormalities in the absence of ischemic ECG or enzyme abnormalities (cardiac fatigue). To assess the possible contribution of local tissue changes such as ischemia, ultrasonic integrated backscatter images (lBS) were obtained in 16 endurance athletes before and immediately after the Ironman triathlon (2.4 mi swim, 112 mi bike, 26 mi run; average duration 12 hrs 03 min). Echoes were recorded using identical acquisition parameters with transmit gain adjusted individually to preclude saturation. Mean IBS (absolute value, dB) at 2 transmit settings was measured using acoustic densitometry for pericardium (P), and septal (S) and posterior walls (PW) and converted to linear mV scale for normalization to pericardial reflectivity (%PR). Results were: P(dB) PW(dB) S(dB) P(mV) PW(mV) S(mV) PW-%PR S-%PR Pre 35.0 12.3 17.7 437 53 90 12.4 21.6 † Finish 34.0 10.1 * 13.4 *† 402 42 * 57 * 10.9 * 15.5 †* %Δ -2 -13 -21 -3 -13 -27 -5 -27t * p l 0.01 vs pre, † p l 0.05 PW vs S by ANOVA The lack of significant change in pericardial reflectivity at finish indicates that the acoustic properties of the chest were unchanged. Therefore, reductions in Sand PW IBS and reflectivity represent global alterations in myocardial characteristics, possibly due to edema andlor ischemia. These changes are more marked in the septum and correlate with previously described wall motion abnormalities in this area. In conclusion careful acquisition of ultrasonic backscatter images with normalization to pericardium allows serial noninvasive tissue characterization in man. IBS changes following prolonged exercise suggest that both global and regional metabolic or perfusion abnormalities may occur following physiologic stimuli and contribute to cardiac fatigue.
An implanted reservoir for continuous sampling of interstitial fluid

Summary A method for continuous sampling of interstitial fluid during conditions of normal or disturbed physiology using an implanted reservoir has been described. This method has the advantage of permitting sampling over a period of at least 14 hours without altering the physiology of the tissue being sampled. The fluid collected in the reservoir appears to accurately represent interstitial fluid in the tissue adjacent to the reservoir and reflects changes in the test interstitial space with a lag of about six minutes.
Comparison of mothers and fathers temperament ratings of referred and nonreferred preschool children

Examined the ratings of mothers and fathers of two groups of preschool children on the Parent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised. One group of preschoolers had been referred for psychological evaluation by parents because they were difficult to manage at home or at school (N = 48): the other group (N = 48) never had been referred for psychological services. The referred and nonreferred groups were found to differ significantly in ratings of six temperament variables. Mothers' and fathers' ratings for the nonreferred group were significantly correlated, while for the referred group they were generally not significantly correlated.
Porosity in spinel compacts using small-angle neutron scattering

Unfired spinel (MgAl2O4) compacts and sintered materials with small hard agglomerates (<5 μm) were studied using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. The SANS results were compared with those from mercury porosimetry and gas adsorption. The results from green-state samples are consistent with interconnected “ink-bottle”-type porosity. In the latter stages of densification the average void size is significantly larger than that found in the unfired compact. The presence of the hard agglomerates affects the observed SANS scattering much more in the partially densified samples than in the unfired compacts. It was demonstrated that the use of multiple SANS techniques to study large voids (<0.1 μm) and large pore fractions (45%) is a useful, sensitive, nondestructive diagnostic probe for the evaluation of porosity during sintering.
Controllability and observability of linear time-invariant compartmental models

The problems of complete controllability and complete observability of linear time-invariant compartmental models with general input-output structures are considered. The analysis of these problems is based largely on graph-theoretic methods and the properties of polynomial matrices. Specifically, statements on complete controllability and complete observability are proven by using graphical constructions which do not change the basic properties of controllability and observability. The major results of this paper are: 1) A unique decomposition of the digraph of a compartmental model into sources, sinks, and transits. 2) A theorem which states that a compartmental model with closed sinks is completely observable if and only if the matrix [ C^{T}, A^{T} ] is full rank, and a corollary which provides a sufficient condition for complete observability of all other linear time-invariant compartmental models. 3) A theorem which states that a single sink compartmental model is completely controllable if and only if a compartment from each source is controlled. 4) A controllability algorithm which provides sets of excitations which are sufficient for complete controllability of any linear time-invariant compartmental model.
The Value of High-Resolution Manometry in the Assessment of the Resting Characteristics of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter

High-resolution manometry (HRM) is faster and easier to perform than conventional water perfused manometry. There is general acceptance of its usefulness in evaluating upper esophageal sphincter and esophageal body. There has been less emphasis on the use of HRM to evaluate the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) resting pressure and length, both factors important in LES barrier function. The aim of this study was to compare the resting characteristics of the LES determined by HRM and conventional manometry in the same patients. We performed both HRM and conventional manometry including a slow motorized pull-through technique in 55 patients with foregut symptoms. The characteristics of the LES analyzed were: resting pressure, total length, and abdominal length. Four available modes of HRM analysis were used to assess resting characteristics of the LES: spatiotemporal mode using both abrupt color change and isobaric contour, line tracing, and pressure profile. The values obtained from these four HRM modes were then compared to the conventional manometry measurements. High-resolution manometry and conventional manometry did not differ in their measurement of LES resting pressure. LES overall and abdominal length were consistently overestimated by HRM. A variability up to 4 cm in overall length was observed and was greatest in patients with hiatal hernia (1.8 vs. 0.9 cm, p = 0.027). The current construction of the catheter and software analysis used in high-resolution manometry do not allow precise measurement of LES length. Errors in the identification of the upper border of the sphincter may compromise accurate positioning of a pH probe.
IS10 antisense control in vivo is affected by mutations throughout the region of complementarity between the interacting RNAs

Translation of the IS 10 transposase mRNA (RNA-IN) is inhibited by antisense pairing with a small IS 10 encoded transcript called RNA-OUT. To further characterize IS 10 antisense control, an extensive set of mutations in the region of complementarity between RNA-OUT, and its target RNA-IN have been isolated. These mutations have been characterized for their effects on antisense inhibition of transposase gene translation in vivo . Mutations that confer the strongest defects on translational inhibition are found in the region corresponding to the 5′ end of RNA-IN. However, mutations throughout the complementary region affect antisense control regardless of whether mutations are present in RNA-IN alone or as complementary mutations in both RNAs. An analysis of the data presented here suggests that in vivo pairing rates for the wild-type antisense species are very close to being optimal. Some of the motifs found in antisense molecules that may be associated with efficient pairing rates are discussed.
Differentiation of mitotic melanoma cells from G2 cells and their isolation by use of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine and propidium iodide

This report describes a method by which mitotic cells were isolated from nonsynchronized Cloudman melanoma cells that had been pulse labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and double-stained with a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody to BrdUrd and with propidium iodide (PI). In initial experiments, melanoma cells were first pulse labeled with BrdUrd, treated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1 10 micrograms/m1) or vehicle (0.1% ethanol) for up to 24 hours, then stained with anti-BrdUrd and PI. PGE1-treated cells monitored at 3-hour intervals were observed to migrate from S phase to G2 phase, then, enigmatically, back into the late S phase region of the distribution. In other experiments, cells treated with PGE1 were pulse labeled with BrdUrd at the end of the treatment period and harvested. In these experiments, there was a small, discrete subpopulation of cells within the late S phase region of the DNA distribution that was negative for anti-BrdUrd. This subpopulation of cells was sorted and examined by light microscopy. We observed that 95% of these BrdUrd-negative "S phase" cells were mitotic cells. Since mitotic cells and G2 cells have equivalent amounts of DNA, the reduced red fluorescence exhibited by these cells may be due to a greater sensitivity to denaturation, which has been described for DNA of mitotic cells, and would account for the phenomenon of cells appearing to move "backwards" in the cell cycle. This report indicates that although the BrdUrd/PI method can further define the cell cycle into four compartments, it can also lead to over-estimation of S phase cells in kinetic studies because of contaminating mitotic cells.
Children with Chronic Medical Conditions: Recommendations for School Mental Health Clinicians

Children with chronic medical conditions are typically included in regular education settings. School mental health clinicians can play a key role in enhancing the social and cognitive development of these children. This manuscript presents a review of literature indicating ways to assist children with medical conditions in schools. Information about assessment, family-centered interventions, and school reintegration programs is reviewed. Additionally, suggestions about how clinicians can assist with school absences, compliance with medical regimens, case management, teacher training, counseling parents, and improving social acceptance of these children are presented. Lobbying for comprehensive educational planning for children with medical conditions is a goal for the future.
Los desafíos de la Carta Democrática Interamericana

La Carta Democratica Interamericana (CDIA) es el principal instrumento para la promocion y defensa multilateral de la democracia con que cuentan los Estados miembros de Organizacion de los Estados Americanos (OEA). La Carta incorpora una serie de instrumentos juridico/diplomaticos interamericanos desarrollados como parte de un esfuerzo que comienza en los anos ochenta y noventa cuando la gran mayoria de sus miembros retorna a la gobernanza democratica. Refleja asi un historico consenso y el compromiso colectivo interamericano de promover, defender y ejercer la democracia representativa. Sin embargo, en algunos paises de America Latina se observa ultimamente una preocupante tendencia a alejarse de este consenso y compromiso, desafiando la validez, utilidad y efectividad no solo de la Carta sino tambien de historicos instrumentos interamericanos de defensa de los derechos humanos. En el patron emergente, un gobierno obtiene el poder a traves de elecciones democraticas, pero una vez en control del Estado, lo ejerce para denigrar, descalificar y socavar las instituciones, valores y practicas democraticas contempladas en sus propias constituciones y en la CDIA. En vista de estos desafios, el articulo evalua la validez, utilidad y efectividad de la Carta para prevenir golpes de Estado o autogolpes, contener el debilitamiento del orden democratico o restablecerlo cuando haya sido interrumpido. Propone ademas una serie de medidas para aplicar cabalmente sus disposiciones o bien reformarla, a fin de fortalecerla como instrumento multilateral de promocion y defensa de la democracia, y especificamente como herramienta para prevenir el menoscabo del orden democratico. Concluye advirtiendo que estas medidas dificilmente podran concretarse mientras en el hemisferio persistan las actuales divisiones politico/ideologicas.