cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Software Implementation of a Cycle Precision Simulator of a Multiple Associative Model

The Multiple Associative Computing (MASC) parallel model is a generalization model of an Associative Computing (ASC) parallel model designed to support multiple ASC data parallel threads by using control parallelism. The MASC model is designed to combine the advantages of both Single Instruction Stream Multiple Data Streams (SIMD) and Multiple Instruction Streams Multiple Data Streams (MIMD) models. Here is the first time that a complete description of MASC model has been implemented (in software) true to its original description. A cycle precision simulator is built to demonstrate the performance of MASC on various multithreaded algorithms. The simulator is a software prototype for the model with sufficient software details to allow it to be converted into a hardware prototype of the model. If a reasonable limit for the number of threads simultaneously supported is assumed, the resulting hardware design is not only easily to implement, but can easily support a huge number of processing units and is a excellent candidate architecture for supporting large scale (e.g., terascale and petascale) computing. Experimental results shows that, when processing large-scale instances using multiple workers, the algorithm executed by the MASC model using a static task assignment scheme provides strong scaling with constant time overhead.
A method for calculating formation pressure in low permeable fractured well using earlier well test data

Pressure restore well test data of low permeable oil fields cannot test the straight line segment of radial flow, being called earlier well test data. However, low permeable oil fields have a lot of fractures developed, and oil wells need fracturing. This paper analyzes the bottom hole flow characteristics in the earlier period of pressure restore test in fractured wells. Earlier flow in bottom hole is fracture single direction flow. It constructs a method for calculating formation pressure using earlier well test data according to long shut-in pressure restore data.
Does avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass decrease the incidence of stroke in diabetics undergoing coronary surgery

BACKGROUND The adverse effects of diabetes mellitus on the coronary circulation and the higher incidence of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients are well documented [Johnson 1982]. Improvements in myocardial protection, revascularization techniques, and anesthetic management have had favorable impacts on coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) outcome in diabetic patients. Despite that, diabetic patients are significantly more likely to have a prior history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and hypertension, as well as having a significantly greater baseline serum creatinine. The aim of our study was to record, compare, and analyze the stroke rate among patients with a history of preoperative diabetes undergoing "off-pump" CABG (OPCAB) with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) CABG to determine whether the stroke rate in this higher risk population could be decreased by off-pump techniques. METHODS The records of 1,227 patients with a pre-operative history of diabetes undergoing conventional CABG (973 patients, 79.3%) using cardiopulmonary bypass and off-pump CABG 254 (20.7%) were analyzed from 1995 through 1999. There were no differences in age, sex, or elective/urgent status of patients. Preoperative risk factors (gender distribution, carotid disease, ejection fraction, CHF, hypertension, previous MI) were identical in both groups. The goal of the operations were complete revascularization, which was achieved via median sternotomy in both groups. RESULTS Our reported series reveals a stroke rate of 3.6% in the CPB group and 1.2% in the off-pump group. This evidence alone was not statistically significant, but two other high-risk criteria for stroke, re-do CABG and calcified aortas, revealed that the off-pump series had a higher percentage of each (26.4% redos in off-pump vs. 8.7% CPB redos, p < 0.005; 7.1% calcified aorta cases in the off-pump group vs. 2.9% in the CPB group, p < 0.004). The threefold reduction in stroke may be clinically significant in light of the higher-risk profile of the off-pump group. The limitations of this study are that it was retrospective, there were a small number of events, and different surgeons were involved in the two different approaches to these patients. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in myocardial protection, revascularization techniques, and anesthetic management have made significant, favorable impacts on CABG outcome in diabetic patients. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies must be developed to lessen the medical and economic implications of stroke. A larger series or a more effective way of analyzing preoperative risk may well have shown a statistically significant difference in the stroke incidence given the differences in preoperative risk factors/stroke predictors. Until such advances occur, a threefold reduction of stroke incidence using OPCAB certainly makes this technique a favorable one for high-risk diabetics requiring coronary revascularization.
Estimation of relative bioavailability of nutrients using SAS procedures

The General Linear Models procedure (PROC GLM) in SAS/STAT software can be programmed to perform the standard statistical analyses used for relative bioavailability studies. The first steps are validity checks to test for statistical validity (linearity), fundamental validity (intersection of regression lines at 0 supplemental level), and equality of the basal diet mean to the point of intersection. The CLASS variable capabilities of PROC GLM can be exploited to expedite these tests. After the validity checks, the GLM procedure can be used to obtain parameter estimates for calculation of relative bioavailability. Optional output provides an inverse matrix to calculate standard errors of slopes and slope ratios. Logarithmic and other transformations of the dependent variable to reduce variance heterogeneity or achieve linearity for subsequent calculation of appropriate bioavailability values also can be accomplished within the SAS System. When nonlinear regression models are more appropriate than linear models, the NLIN procedure can be used.
Anti-Bullying/Harassment Legislation and Educator Perceptions of Severity, Effectiveness, and School Climate: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

In this cross-sectional study, we examined a matched sample of 924 educators’ perceptions of severity of bullying and harassment and school climate prior to (Wave 1 n = 435) and following (Wave 2 n...
SUGARS AND ALTERNATIVE SWEETENERS

This chapter discusses the chemical nature, the physical nature, and the functions of sugars in foods. It provides an account of crystalline sugars, sugar syrups, and alternative sweeteners. Sugars polymerize in nature to form polysaccharides that have functional importance in foods. These include cellulose and starch. Pectic substances are the polymers of sugar derivatives. The physical properties of sugars result from their large number of hydroxyl groups and consequent hydrogen-bonding ability. Sugar molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, with each other, and with other polar compounds. Sugars participate in non-enzymatic browning reactions. They modify the properties of egg, starch, and gelatin gels. Sucrose occurs in many plants, but the commercial sources of sucrose are sugar cane and sugar beets. Alternative sweeteners have been of interest for many years, but consumers' increasing calorie consciousness has stimulated the development and testing of additional products. Some sweeteners are noncaloric compounds that are intensely sweet and can be used in small amounts.
Algeria: a world constructed out of ruins

Do you know something Ali? Starting a revolution is hard, and it's even harder to continue it. Winning is hardest of all. But only afterward, when we have won, will the real hardships begin. Larbi Ben M'hidi, in Gillo Pontecorvo's The Battle of Algiers (1966) Perhaps a new world is being constructed out of ruins, a world where women will be wearing pants, literally and figuratively, a world where what remains of the old traditions that adhere to the inviolability of women, both literally and figuratively, will be viewed as a nuisance and swept away. Mouloud Feraoun, journal entry, April 3, 1958 In Three Guineas , Virginia Woolf identified many reasons for women to opt out of the traditionally male pursuit of warfare. She attributed war to the status-seeking behavior of men, whether in the business world, in higher education, or in the clergy, and she hoped that peace would come when women rejected the hierarchical, competitive, masculine world, and formed a community of Outsiders. Having faced discrimination at home, in the ownership of property, in educational opportunities, and in the workplace, women would appear to have no reason to value their country over any other one and thus to share none of the nationalist sentiment that seemed to drive men to fight. This line of argument produces the slogan by which the book is probably best known: “As a woman I have no country.”
Foamy-like endogenous retroviruses are extensive and abundant in teleosts

Recent discoveries indicate that the foamy virus (FV) (Spumavirus) ancestor may have been among the first retroviruses to appear during the evolution of vertebrates, demonstrated by foamy endogenous retroviruses present within deeply divergent hosts including mammals, coelacanth, and ray-finned fish. If they indeed existed in ancient marine environments hundreds of millions of years ago, significant undiscovered diversity of foamy-like endogenous retroviruses might be present in fish genomes. By screening published genomes and by applying PCR-based assays of preserved tissues, we discovered 23 novel foamy-like elements in teleost hosts. These viruses form a robust, reciprocally monophyletic sister clade with sarcopterygian host FV, with class III mammal endogenous retroviruses being the sister group to both clades. Some of these foamy-like retroviruses have larger genomes than any known retrovirus, exogenous or endogenous, due to unusually long gag-like genes and numerous accessory genes. The presence of genetic features conserved between mammalian FV and these novel retroviruses attests to a foamy-like replication biology conserved for hundreds of millions of years. We estimate that some of these viruses integrated recently into host genomes; exogenous forms of these viruses may still circulate.
Long‐term response of oak‐hickory regeneration to partial harvest and repeated fires: influence of light and moisture

By tracking oak-hickory (Quercus-Carya) regeneration for 13 yr across management-manipulated light and topographically driven moisture gradients after partial harvest and three prescribed fires, we document best-case conditions to promote advanced oak regeneration, and thereby provide a promising management tool to reverse the downward spiral in oak that plagues much of the Central Hardwoods within the eastern United States. This study was established in 2000 to assess regeneration following prescribed fire (spring of 2001, 2005, and 2010) in combination with partial harvest (late 2000) across two sites in southern Ohio. Each of the four 20+ ha treatment units (two partial harvest and burn, two controls) were modeled and mapped for long-term moisture regime using the Integrated Moisture Index (IMI) , and a 50-m grid of sampling points established throughout the units. Vegetation and light were sampled at each gridpoint before and after treatments, in 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2013. The partial harvest and burn treatments generally had more light which resulted in an increased number of oak stems. The fires promoted heterogeneity (pyrodiversity) in tree mortality and light availability, and consequently oak-hickory regeneration, mostly following IMI patterns with the drier portions of the landscape having more fire, more light penetration, and greater regeneration compared to moist locations. Several other species also had marked variations in numbers and size throughout this period, depending on landscape variation in fire intensity and moisture regimes. These included Acer rubrum and Liriodendron tulipifera which expanded initially then collapsed after repeated fire, and Sassafras albidum which continued to flourish on dry sites. Based on this study, we recommend for topographically appropriate dry and intermediate sites, a partial harvest followed by two or three dormant-season fires (depending on fire intensity) allowing roughly 6–18% light to penetrate the forest floor. This will promote oak-hickory into the advanced oak regeneration status. Then, following a hiatus from burning for some years to further advance oak-hickory growth without topkill, some proportion of oaks and hickories can be expected to advance to the canopy following natural disturbance or harvest of current canopy. On mesic sites, though treatments demonstrated here do improve oak-hickory regeneration, the relative cost to benefit would be high.
Constituting a Diffuse Region: Cartographies of Mass-mediated Bhojpuri Belonging:

Contemporary Bhojpuri cinema has been celebrated as demonstrating a renaissance of regional culture, but also derided as commercially opportunistic, producing inauthentic regional cultural products...
Hyaluronic acid synthesis is required for zebrafish tail fin regeneration.

Using genome-wide transcriptional profiling and whole-mount expression analyses of zebrafish larvae, we have identified hyaluronan synthase 3 (has3) as an upregulated gene during caudal fin regeneration. has3 expression is induced in the wound epithelium within hours after tail amputation, and its onset and maintenance requires fibroblast growth factor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and transforming growth factor-s signaling. Inhibition of hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis by the small molecule 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) impairs tail regeneration in zebrafish larvae by preventing injury-induced cell proliferation. In addition, 4-MU reduces the expression of genes associated with wound epithelium and blastema function. Treatment with glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors rescues 4-MU-induced defects in cell proliferation and tail regeneration, while restoring a subset of wound epithelium and blastema markers. Our findings demonstrate a role for HA biosynthesis in zebrafish tail regeneration and delineate its epistatic relationships with other regenerative processes.
Mycobacterium Chelonae Infection of the Buttocks Secondary to Lipofilling: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Mycobacterium chelonae is a nontuberculous mycobacterium, classified as a Runyon type IV mycobacterium. In relation to humans, it is most commonly associated with tissue trauma or pulmonary infections. The majority of medical reports describe finding M. chelonae in the surgical setting, attributing infection to inadequate sterilization of surgical equipment. Symptoms are often nonspecific and include pain, erythema, and draining subcutaneous nodules and skin lesions. Therefore, the diagnosis of M. chelonae is often difficult to establish without prior suspicion of the disease, but can be confirmed with culture. We will describe the case of a 40-year-old female who contracted M. chelonae infection of the buttocks after abdominal liposuction and gluteal fat injection. We will describe her symptomatology, diagnosis, and successful treatment with surgical excision and antibiotics. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
An Outlook on Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Lithium ion batteries as a power source are dominating in portable electronics, penetrating the electric vehicle market, and on the verge of entering the utility market for grid-energy storage. Depending on the application, trade-offs among the various performance parameters—energy, power, cycle life, cost, safety, and environmental impact—are often needed, which are linked to severe materials chemistry challenges. The current lithium ion battery technology is based on insertion-reaction electrodes and organic liquid electrolytes. With an aim to increase the energy density or optimize the other performance parameters, new electrode materials based on both insertion reaction and dominantly conversion reaction along with solid electrolytes and lithium metal anode are being intensively pursued. This article presents an outlook on lithium ion technology by providing first the current status and then the progress and challenges with the ongoing approaches. In light of the formidable challenges with some of the...
The Slip Behavior and Source Parameters for Spontaneous Slip Events on Rough Faults Subjected to Slow Tectonic Loading

We study the response to slow tectonic loading of rough faults governed by velocity weakening rate and state friction, using a 2-D plane strain model. Our numerical approach accounts for all stages in the seismic cycle, and in each simulation we model a sequence of two earthquakes or more. We focus on the global behavior of the faults and find that as the roughness amplitude, br, increases and the minimum wavelength of roughness decreases, there is a transition from seismic slip to aseismic slip, in which the load on the fault is released by more slip events but with lower slip rate, lower seismic moment per unit length, M0,1d, and lower average static stress drop on the fault, Δτt. Even larger decreases with roughness are observed when these source parameters are estimated only for the dynamic stage of the rupture. For br ≤ 0.002, the source parameters M0,1d and Δτt decrease mutually and the relationship between Δτt and the average fault strain is similar to that of a smooth fault. For faults with larger values of br that are completely ruptured during the slip events, the average fault strain generally decreases more rapidly with roughness than Δτt.
Marine Myxobacteria: A Few Good Halophiles

Currently considered an excellent candidate source of novel chemical diversity, the existence of marine myxobacteria was in question less than 20 years ago. This review aims to serve as a roll call for marine myxobacteria and to summarize their unique features when compared to better-known terrestrial myxobacteria. Characteristics for discrimination between obligate halophilic, marine myxobacteria and halotolerant, terrestrial myxobacteria are discussed. The review concludes by highlighting the need for continued discovery and exploration of marine myxobacteria as producers of novel natural products.
Expandable Habitat Technology Demonstration for Lunar and Antarctic Applications

NASA’s vision for Space Exploration includes a long term human presence on the surface of the moon and missions to Mars. In support of these missions, habitation structures will be developed to support operations in these challenging gravitational environments and maximize safety and comfort to the crew. One class of structures that is under study is expandable structures because of their mass and stowed volume efficiency. These structures follow the natural paradigm of exploration that has been observed for centuries. An expandable technology demonstration unit has been constructed and is being tested in the lunar analog environment of Antarctica, over several years. The habitat has yielded test data regarding transport and deployment, sensor integration, reconfigurability, habitability, performance in harsh environments, radiation shielding and dust mitigation. Data from these tests is being used by NASA to support lunar architecture studies. Performance data from this work is also being studied by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs (OPP) to determine if this class of structures can improve mission efficiency in polar exploration.
Effects of Altered Nucleotide Concentrations on the Fidelity of DNA Replication

Until recently, studies on the molecular basis of mutageneis have focused primarily on changes caused by mutagenesis that modify DNA. In addition, limited efforts have been directed at asking whether modification of the DNA-replicating proteins affects the accuracy of DNA replication. Recently there has been a growing realization that deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools themselves also might influence the accuracy of DNA replication. One of the most direct approaches to the problem is to study the effects of variations in the concentrations of deoxynucleoside triphosphates on the frequency of in vitro misincorporation by purified DNA polymerases. The concept is that errors made at the point of DNA replication by these enzymes are rate-limiting with respect to mutagenesis, and that misincorporated nucleotides are not excised with complete efficiency. In this manuscript we will review studies on the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro as a function of the relative concentration of nucleotides. We will also consider recent studies suggesting that DNA-damaging agents alter nucleotide metabolism in cells.
The Use of Multitumor/Tissue (Sausage) Blocks for Immunohistologic Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies

We have developed a method of embedding 100 or more different tissue samples in a multi-compartmentalized paraffin block averaging 1 cm. in diameter, the multitumor/tissue (sausage) block. These blocks allow the simultaneous immunohistologic testing of numerous tissue samples on a single slide with one drop of antibody. Because all of the tissue samples are treated equally during immunostaining, most sources of variation are removed and comparative and semiquantitative studies are facilitated.
General Audio Recording

Even the visionary Mr. Fankhauser (Chapter 1) in his wildest predictions did not imagine in 1907 a recorder for anything except sound. To this day most magnetic recorders are still audio (sound) recorders. Low-cost recorders use cassettes or cartridges, while semiprofessional machines use reels. Recorded cassettes and cartridges now compete successfully with phonograph records.
3D mapping of nanoscale crosslink heterogeneities in microgels

The majority of swollen polymer networks exhibit spatial variations in crosslink density. These spatial heterogeneities are particularly important in colloidal gel particles, or microgels, where they manifest themselves on the nanoscale and impact mechanical and transport properties. Despite their importance, the real space nanostructure of these heterogeneities at the individual particle level has remained elusive. Using state of the art super-resolution microscopy known as Whole cell 4Pi Single Molecule Switching Nanoscopy (W-4PiSMSN) we demonstrate 3D nanoscale mapping of spatial crosslink heterogeneities in a model system of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) colloidal gel particles containing a novel fluorophore tagged crosslinker. We reveal the presence of higher crosslink density clusters embedded in a lower crosslink density matrix within the core of individual microgel particles, a phenomenon that has been predicted, but never been observed before in real space. The morphology of the clusters provides insight into the kinetics of microgel formation. This study also provides proof-of-concept 3D super-resolution imaging of spatial heterogeneities in bulk hydrogels.
Proteomic profiling of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) altered metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) after protein kinase B (Akt) inhibition: Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) mediates adaptive resistance.

3549Background: We have reported earlier that Akt inhibition is clinically ineffective as monotherapy in PI3K altered (PIK3CA mutant or PTEN loss) mCRC patients (pts). The reasons for this are unkn...
Changes in English Past Tense Use by Bilingual School-Age Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine changes in English past tense accuracy and errors among Spanish–English bilingual children with typical development (TD) and developmental language d...
Rethinking bibliotherapy: a neurorhetoric narratology model for addiction treatment

This study sought to revise the collection development policy for a bibliotherapy library used by the residents at a women's AOD treatment centre in Tampa, Florida (USA). The research was conducted by Peter Cannon as part of his PhD on rhetoric and reading therapies. The article summarises the key findings from a reading preference survey of the residents and a semi-structured group interview of the mental health professionals at the centre. The results are used to support the development of a new bibliotherapy model that Peter has termed neurorhetoric narratology. Preliminary findings suggest this new model can offer the residents a new bibliotherapy track that employs less emotionally triggering texts that will be useful for treatment.
Neotoma stephensi (Stephen’s woodrat)

The karyotypes (top, C banding; bottom, G banding) presented here are gifts of Dr. James T. Mascarello.
Guru Nanak’s sensuous metaphysics

Religion and aesthetics are demarcated as two different avenues with ‘God’ and ‘Beauty’ as their respective goals. Opposite of anesthetic, aesthetics is clearly the heightening of the senses. But r...
Ideal maximum strengths and defect-induced softening in nanocrystalline-nanotwinned metals.

Strengthening of metals through nanoscale grain boundaries and coherent twin boundaries is manifested by a maximum strength—a phenomenon known as Hall–Petch breakdown. Different softening mechanisms are considered to occur for nanocrystalline and nanotwinned materials. Here, we report nanocrystalline-nanotwinned Ag materials that exhibit two strength transitions dissimilar from the above mechanisms. Atomistic simulations show three distinct strength regions as twin spacing decreases, delineated by positive Hall–Petch strengthening to grain-boundary-dictated (near-zero Hall–Petch slope) mechanisms and to softening (negative Hall–Petch slope) induced by twin-boundary defects. An ideal maximum strength is reached for a range of twin spacings below 7 nm. We synthesized nanocrystalline-nanotwinned Ag with hardness 3.05 GPa—42% higher than the current record, by segregating trace concentrations of Cu impurity (<1.0 weight (wt)%). The microalloy retains excellent electrical conductivity and remains stable up to 653 K; 215 K better than for pure nanotwinned Ag. This breaks the existing trade-off between strength and electrical conductivity, and demonstrates the potential for creating interface-dominated materials with unprecedented mechanical and physical properties. It is believed that the strengthening of metals by formation of nanoscale grains or coherent twin boundaries is limited to a maximum strength. Here, using experiment and theory, it is shown that the fabrication of nanocrystalline-nanotwinned Ag with trace Cu results in a hardness beyond this limit.
On the Emergence of Collective Psychological Ownership in New Creative Teams

We develop and test a theoretical model that explains how collective psychological ownership—shared feelings of joint possession over something—emerges within new creative teams that were launched ...
Near‐infrared imaging and optical coherence tomography for intraoperative visualization of tumors

Surgical excision is the foundation of treatment for early-stage solid tumors in man and companion animals. Complete excision with appropriate margins of surrounding tumor-free tissue is crucial to survival. Intraoperative imaging allows real-time visualization of tumors, assessment of surgical margins, and, potentially, lymph nodes and satellite metastatic lesions, allowing surgeons to perform complete tumor resections while sparing surrounding vital anatomic structures. This Review will focus on the use of near-infrared imaging and optical coherence tomography for intraoperative tumor visualization.
ON Convergence of Projected Gradient Descent for Minimizing a Large-Scale Quadratic Over the Unit Sphere

Unit sphere-constrained quadratic optimization has been studied extensively over the past decades. While state-of-art algorithms for solving this problem often rely on relaxation or approximation techniques, there has been little research into scalable first-order methods that tackle the problem in its original form. These first-order methods are often more well-suited for the big data setting. In this paper, we provide a novel analysis of the simple projected gradient descent method for minimizing a quadratic over a sphere. When the gradient step size is sufficiently small, we show that convergence is locally linear and provide a closed-form expression for the rate. Moreover, a careful selection of the step size can stimulate convergence to the global solution while preventing convergence to local minima.
Assessing Speech Sound Disorders in School-Age Children From Diverse Language Backgrounds: A Tutorial With Three Case Studies

Purpose Assessing speech sound disorders (SSDs) in children from multilingual backgrounds requires synthesis of language- and dialect-specific information to arrive at a more accurate diagnosis. We...
An unsupervised machine-learning checkpoint-restart algorithm using Gaussian mixtures for particle-in-cell simulations

Abstract We propose an unsupervised machine-learning checkpoint-restart (CR) algorithm for particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithms using Gaussian mixtures (GM). The algorithm compresses the particle population per spatial cell by constructing a velocity distribution function using GM. Particles are reconstructed at restart time by local resampling of the Gaussians. To guarantee fidelity of the CR process, we ensure the exact preservation of invariants such as charge, momentum, and energy for both compression and reconstruction stages, everywhere on the mesh. We also ensure the preservation of Gauss' law after particle reconstruction by exactly matching the density profile at restart time. As a result, the GM CR algorithm is shown to provide a clean, conservative restart capability while potentially affording orders of magnitude savings in input/output requirements. We demonstrate the algorithm using a recently developed exactly energy- and charge-conserving PIC algorithm using both electrostatic and electromagnetic tests. The tests demonstrate not only a high-fidelity CR capability, but also its potential for enhancing the fidelity of the PIC solution for a given particle resolution.
ReMap: Lowering the Barrier to Help-Seeking with Multimodal Search

People often seek help online while using complex software. Currently, information search takes users' attention away from the task at hand by creating a separate search task. This paper investigates how multimodal interaction can make in-task help-seeking easier and faster. We introduce ReMap, a multimodal search interface that helps users find video assistance while using desktop and web applications. Users can speak search queries, add application-specific terms deictically (e.g., "how to erase this"), and navigate search results via speech, all without taking their hands (or mouse) off their current task. Thirteen participants who used ReMap in the lab found that it helped them stay focused on their task while simultaneously searching for and using learning videos. Users' experiences with ReMap also raised a number of important challenges with implementing system-wide context-aware multimodal assistance.
Particle Swarm Optimization with Reducing Boundaries (PSO-RB) for Maximum Power Point Tracking of Partially Shaded PV Arrays

Multiple Local Maximums (LM) and one Global Maximum (GM) can be present on the Power-Voltage (P-V) output curve during partial shading conditions of a Photovoltaic system. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) can consistently find the GM 100% of the time when the swarm size is large enough but the time to find the GM also increases as the swarm size increases - thus reducing the speed of tracking. In this work, we present the performance results of a modified PSO algorithm with dynamically reduced boundary (PSO-RB) for the search space of the particles. Our results indicate that the global maxima search time can be significantly improved while maintaining the accuracy by implementing the PSO-RB algorithm. A direct comparison between the original PSO algorithm and the new PSO-RB algorithm showed that PSO-RB can find the GM point 54.3% (over 2 times) faster than the conventional PSO.
Exploring Secondary Teachers’ Actual and Perceived Praise and Reprimand Use:

The present study aimed to identify a way for educators to improve the accuracy of their praise and reprimand reflections to ultimately improve their ability to set, monitor, and evaluate their use...
Feasibility of space solar power for remote mining operations

Abstract The market for space solar power (SSP) is developing. This analysis utilizes a case study of SSP for remote mine operations to determine its economic feasibility. We employ a discounted cash flow (DCF) evaluation and then assess the sensitivity of the DCF model to changes in its underlying assumptions. The results indicate that there are scenarios for SSP where it is considered a viable power alternative. Further, a discussion of the assumed manufacturing and transportation costs decreases to expand the market is given.
Testing the Limits of Congressional Intent: Divorce Obligations in Bankruptcy after the 1994 Reform Act

In this Article, Professor Wiggins analyzes several thorny interpretative and policy issues associated with divorce obligations in bankruptcy after Congressional enactment of the 1994 Bankruptcy Reform Act. More specifically, a ponderous new provision, Section 523(a)(15), leaves unsettled the following: 1)whether Section 523(a)(15) allows for partial dischargeability, 2)the lawful standards for application of Section 523(a)(15)(B), and 3)evidentiary burdens under Sections 523(a)(15)(A) and (B). Professor Wiggins critiques the approaches bankruptcy courts have used to resolve these open questions. She also assesses the statute’s implications in detail. She concludes that the passage of Section 523(a)(15) demonstrates heightened sensitivity to domestic claimants, properly infusing into dischargeability analysis an appropriate concern for particularly vulnerable claimants. At the same time, her analysis demonstrates that strongly entrenched policy undercurrents can subtly undermine the best intentions. Professor Wiggins suggests that the recently appointed Bankruptcy Review Commission review the statute and make recommendations to clarify the partial dischargeability question and the burden of proof issue. She argues that attention to these matters will go a long way toward translating good intentions into a more workable and effective statute.
Intensive Word Problem Solving for Students With Learning Disabilities in Mathematics

State exams frequently use word problems to measure mathematics performance making difficulties with word problem solving a barrier for many students with learning disabilities (LD) in mathematics....
Green Justice and Job Satisfaction: Is Psychological Ownership the Missing Link?

This study aims to examine the impact of green justice on psychological ownership and subsequently on job satisfaction. The mediating role of psychological ownership between green justice and job satisfaction is also assessed. Data were collected from professionals working in the hotel industry of Pakistan. A total of 104 useable questionnaires were submitted for data analysis. To test the hypothesized model, the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, using SmartPLS, was used. The results revealed that green justice creates psychological ownership. Psychological ownership in turn has a positive impact on employees’ job satisfaction. Furthermore, psychological ownership mediates the relationship between green justice and employees’ job satisfaction. Training plans must be designed to promote green justice in the organizations. Ensuring green justice is pivotal in creating psychological ownership among employees. Psychological ownership will cultivate a sense of attachment towards the organization, increasing the job satisfaction of employees in the hotel industry. Until now, limited research has been carried out on green justice. Neither the relationship of green justice and job satisfaction has been studied nor the role of psychological ownership as a mediator between the two has been confirmed. This study addresses this gap and enhances our understanding of the significance of green organizational justice in creating psychological ownership and promoting job satisfaction among employees.
Evolution and current state of our understanding of the role played in the climate system by land surface processes in semi-arid regions

Abstract The role of the land surface in climate and weather has been a major research focus since the 1970s. Since that time our understanding of the issue has greatly changed and many new themes in several disciplines are being considered. This article summarizes the changes in our understanding that have taken place in research on this topic and reviews principally papers that have appeared in the last two decades. Several other papers provide comprehensive reviews of literature that appeared prior to that time. The major changes that have occurred include 1) more sophisticated and rigorous analysis of desertification, 2) increased emphasis on hydrological processes, including the role of groundwater, 3) use of multi-model ensembles and regional models, 4) the emergence of the domain of ecohydrology, with emphasis on detailed feedbacks between water availability and vegetation, 5) examination of the hypothesis that vegetation feedback can produce abrupt climate change, 6) emphasis on the impacts on convective or synoptic-scale systems, and 7) consideration of the impact of aerosols, including the Saharan Air Layer. With the exception of desertification, each of these topics is reviewed.
Noise coupling to on-chip integrated antennas

Noise from digital circuits can couple to on-chip integrated antennas and degrade the received signal-to-noise ratio. To investigate coupling mechanisms, integrated antennas and noise generating circuits were fabricated in 0.25 /spl mu/m and 0.1 /spl mu/m CMOS processes. Noise coupling through the substrate is found to be common-mode in nature. Signals on long interconnects near antennas, as well as time-varying signals on V/sub DD/ and ground lines from switching action, are found to capacitively couple to antennas. Loss and phase delay in the transmission line cause this coupling to appear differentially. Less noise is found to couple in balanced measurements. This suggests that by using integrated antennas with a balanced feed structure, noise coupling can be reduced.
Heme regulates expression of phycobiliprotein photogenes in the unicellular rhodophyte, Cyanidium caldarium.

Abstract Allophycocyanin and phycocyanin in the red alga (Cyanidium caldarium) are chloroplast-encoded, light-harvesting accessory pigments composed of alpha and beta subunit polypeptides (17-19 kDa) to which 1 or more residues of the heme-derived bile pigment chromophore phycocyanobilin are attached by cysteinyl thioether linkages (Offner, G.D., and Troxler, R.F. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9931-9940). Western blot experiments utilizing phycobiliprotein antisera revealed that immunoreactive allophycocyanin and phycocyanin apoproteins were absent in cells grown in the dark and present in cells exposed to light. Northern blot experiments using genomic DNA hybridization probes indicated that phycobiliprotein mRNAs were absent in the dark, whereas cells exposed to light contained two allophycocyanin mRNA transcripts, 1.4 and 1.6 kilobases in length, and one phycocyanin mRNA transcript, 3.0 kilobases in length, providing evidence that phycobiliproteins are encoded in photogenes which are only transcriptionally active in the light. Northern and Western analyses demonstrated that cells incubated in the dark with the heme precursor delta-aminolevulinate contained allophycocyanin and phycocyanin mRNAs and apoproteins, indistinguishable in size, number, and quantity from those made in the light. Cells incubated in the dark with delta-aminolevulinate, protoporphyrin IX, or heme, but not biliverdin or phycocyanobilin, synthesized allophycocyanin and phycocyanin alpha and beta apoproteins, suggesting a role for heme in the control phycobiliprotein gene expression. Cells incubated with heme in the dark produced allophycocyanin and phycocyanin mRNA transcripts, but did not produce mRNAs for four other photogenes coding for a P-700 reaction center protein, a 32-kDa herbicide-binding protein, and the large and small subunits of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. These results show, for the first time, that heme is a regulatory factor specifically involved in transcriptional regulation of chloroplast genes for phycobiliproteins.
Geodetic measurement of deformation in California

The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements made in the western U.S. since 1979 as part of the NASA Crustal Dynamics Project provide discrete samples of the temporal and spatial deformation field. The interpretation of the VLBI-derived rates of deformation requires an examination of geologic information and more densely sampled ground-based geodetic data. In the first two of three related studies, triangulation and trilateration data measured on two regional networks, one in the central Mojave Desert and one in the Coast Ranges east of the San Andreas fault, have been processed. At the spatial scales spanned by these local geodetic networks, auxiliary geologic and geophysical data have been utilized to examine the relation between measured incremental strain and the accommodation of strain seen in local geological structures, strain release in earthquakes, and principal stress directions inferred from in situ measurements. In a third study, the geocentric position vectors from a set of 77 VLBI experiments beginning in October 1982 have been used to estimate the tangential rate of change of station positions in the western U.S. in a North-America-Fixed reference frame.
Evidence for relativistic motion in the millisecond structure of BL Lac

After several years of relative quiescence, the flux of BL Lac has increased dramatically at centimeter wavelength, starting about epoch 1979.9 (Fig. 1). We have begun a series of VLBI observations to monitor the milliarcsecond structure at λ6 and λ2.8 cm wavelengths, using a five element VLBI array consisting of telescopes at Bonn, West Germany; Westford, MA; Green Bank, WV; Ft. Davis, TX; and Owens Valley, CA. The first two observations, in 1980 May and September, were at 5 GHz and were not of sufficient resolution to distinguish individual components in the source (Mutel, Phillips and Aller 198l). They did show, however, that the source was highly elongated along position angle ~ 10° and was expand-ing that axis with a velocity of ~ 4c.
Bayesian Framework for Automatic Image Annotation Using Visual Keywords

In this paper, we propose a Bayesian probability based framework, which uses visual keywords and already available text keywords to automatically annotate the images. Taking the cue from document classification, an image can be considered as a document and objects present in it as words. Using this concept, we can create visual keywords by dividing an image into tiles based on a certain template size. Visual keywords are simple vector quantization of small-sized image tiles. We estimate the conditional probability of a text keyword in the presence of visual keywords, described by a multivariate Gaussian distribution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by comparing predicted text annotations with manual annotations and analyze the effect of text annotation length on the performance.
Man-made changes of seismicity rates

Seismicity catalogs contain important information about processes which occur in seismically active regions of the earth. Many authors have examined these catalogs for patterns and variations in patterns which might reflect changes in these processes. We have found that these catalogs include a complex mixture of real and man-made changes. One must identify and account for the man-made changes before the real ones can be identified and understood. Many man-made changes in seismicity catalogs are manifested as changes in seismicity rates and can, therefore, be identified through careful examination of these rates. Obvious effects include increases or decreases in the detection and reporting of smaller events which accompany the installation or closure of seismic stations. These types of changes can be recognized by examining the distribution of seismicity rate changes in the magnitude domain. They are characterized by increases or decreases in the number of small events in the catalog at times when the number of larger events remains constant. Systematic changes in the magnitudes assigned to events can also be identified by examining seismicity rates because they cause apparent changes in rates of data sets with magnitude cutoffs. The sign of the apparent rate change depends on the sign of the magnitude change and the type of cutoff used. The effects of detection changes can be easily remedied by using a magnitude cutoff, which eliminates the smaller events from consideration. The techniques we have developed allow one to determine the optimum cutoff. Magnitude corrections are necessary for remedying the effects of systematic changes in magnitude estimates. These corrections can be determined through modeling of observed rate changes caused by these shifts. Man-made changes are present in all seismicity catalogs whether local, regional, or teleseismic. They must be accounted for if these catalogs are to provide meaningful information on real process changes in the earth.
A pico-joule class, 1 GHz, 32 KByte/spl times/64 b DSP SRAM with self reverse bias

New SRAM circuit techniques implemented in a standard 0.13 /spl mu/m bulk Si CMOS process are reported in this work that (i) enable pico-joule energy dissipation per accessed bit at 1 GHz, (ii) lower total leakage power by over 80% from all unaccessed cells, during both active and standby modes, using a rigorous, self reverse biasing scheme that addresses leakage due to quantum tunneling and thermal excitation in all cell transistors, with an area, performance and noise margin penalty of less than 3% each and (iii) enable a programmable leakage reduction option that lowers leakage by over 90% when stored data is no longer desired.
Effects of Track and Threat Information on Judgments of Hurricane Strike Probability

Although evacuation is one of the best strategies for protecting citizens from hurricane threat, the ways that local elected officials use hurricane data in deciding whether to issue hurricane evacuation orders is not well understood. To begin to address this problem, we examined the effects of hurricane track and intensity information in a laboratory setting where participants judged the probability that hypothetical hurricanes with a constant bearing (i.e., straight line forecast track) would make landfall in each of eight 45 degree sectors around the Gulf of Mexico. The results from 162 participants in a student sample showed that the judged strike probability distributions over the eight sectors within each scenario were, unsurprisingly, unimodal and centered on the sector toward which the forecast track pointed. More significantly, although strike probability judgments for the sector in the direction of the forecast track were generally higher than the corresponding judgments for the other sectors, the latter were not zero. Most significantly, there were no appreciable differences in the patterns of strike probability judgments for hurricane tracks represented by a forecast track only, an uncertainty cone only, or forecast track with an uncertainty cone-a result consistent with a recent survey of coastal residents threatened by Hurricane Charley. The study results suggest that people are able to correctly process basic information about hurricane tracks but they do make some errors. More research is needed to understand the sources of these errors and to identify better methods of displaying uncertainty about hurricane parameters. Language: en