cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonemic retrieval in anomic aphasia: A case study

Abstract Phonemic retrieval deficits may underly some of the phonological production errors of aphasic adults in immediate repetition. This study examined the influence of real and nonsense distractor words on the retrieval of real and nonsense target words in an anomic aphasic woman (RL) with a phonological retrieval deficit but relatively preserved immediate memory, using a deferred repetition paradigm. The experimental task involved presentation of pairs of Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (CVC) stimuli, each pair consisting of a target word and a distractor word. Target and distractor words were either real or nonsense words, with distractors varying in their phonetic similarity to target words. RL was required to retrieve target words following presentation of real and nonsense distractors. The number of errors produced on deferred target repetition based on distractor type and error type were determined. RL's performance was influenced by the lexical nature of the target, the phonetic similarity/dissimilarity between the target and distractor, as well as the lexical relationship between the target and distractor. RL produced significantly more errors on nonsense than real target words, regardless of distractor type. Errors for retrieving real target words were significantly prevalent in two conditions: when target and distractor were real words that were very phonetically similar and when real targets were paired with nonsense distractors that were completely phonetically dissimilar. These two conditions resulted in different types of errors: phonetic similarity errors reflect segmental interference of the distractor whereas phonetic dissimilarity reflect resource allocation problems in retrieving novel information. These performance patterns provide additional insight into the phonological retrieval deficit underlying anomic aphasia.
χ2 test for feature detection

Abstract In this paper, χ 2 tests are applied to detect local visual features. Each feature and its noise is modeled by a random vector Y with a multivariate normal distribution, denoted by Y ∼ N ( μ y ,∑ y ). The mean vector μ y and the variance-covariance matrix ∑ y characterize the structure of the feature. Blurring in real images is modeled by Gaussian distribution. The variance vector in the blur is obtained by simulated annealing, and estimated by a linear matrix B. Then B is used to blur each feature Y. Let Z = BY + N 1 , where N 1 is a random vector for noise, then Z ∼ N ( μ z , ∑ z ) = N ( Bμ y , B 1 ∑ y B + ∑ N ). After the transformation f ( Z ):( Z - μ z ) t ∑ z −1 ( Z - μ z ), the random vector Z becomes a random variable with χ 2 distribution. Therefore, the χ 2 test can measure the similarity between data and the expectation vector of each model.
Cryogenic UHF FET oscillator for magnetic resonance detection

Abstract We describe a simple marginal oscillator operating at liquid helium temperatures in the UHF range and used for low noise magnetic resonance detection. The design is a Colpitts oscillator using a single MOSFET with a split cylinder resonant tank circuit suitable for operation in the 0.2–1.0 GHz frequency range. The typical noise temperature of the detector at 4.2 K was measured to be 1.6 K at 380 MHz.
Community implementation of intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in the 3- to 4.5-hour window.

Abstract Background Intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration for ischemic stroke between 3 and 4.5 hours after onset was found to be safe and beneficial in the ECASS III trial. However, its use has remained controversial, and its benefit as applied in routine practice at community stroke centers is less well defined. Methods This retrospective database study compared safety and clinical outcomes in 500 patients given IV tPA either from 0 to 3 or 3 to 4.5 hours after onset at a high-volume community center from January 2008 to October 2012. Additional independent variables included for univariate and multivariate analysis were age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, National Institutes of Health stroke scale on arrival. Results There were no significant differences seen in rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (3.8% vs 5.8%, P > .05), in-hospital mortality, or Barthel index at 3 months between groups. In addition, tPA administration despite ECASS III contraindications did not appear to be an independent predictor of hemorrhage in the first 24 hours. Discussion Our results show that the conclusions of the ECASS III trial can be applied to routine stroke treatment at a community center and that IV thrombolysis in the 3- to 4.5-hour window results in similar safety and efficacy functional outcome at 3 months compared with administration before 3 hours after onset.
Restriction of the upper distribution of New England cobble beach plants by wave-related disturbance.

Summary 1 The New England cobble beach plant community is an intertidal assemblage of halophytic forbs found exclusively behind fringing beds of the grass Spartina alterniflora. The purpose of this study was to determine the life stage and factors that limit the upper (landward) distribution of cobble beach plants in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. 2 Seed traps and soil samples above the community border contained large numbers of seeds and buried seedlings of three cobble beach species, indicating that seed supply and germination do not limit vertical plant distribution. Experimentally added seeds of four species germinated above the community border, but seedlings did not emerge suggesting that seedling emergence is the proximate life stage limiting population and community distribution. 3 Measures of wave disturbance (cobble movement and change in cobble depth) indicated that substrate instability is substantially greater above than within the community, probably due to the lack of buffering by the S. alterniflora bed at higher tidal heights. 4 A second seed addition experiment demonstrated that seedlings of Suaeda linearis, a common cobble beach forb, are only able to emerge and grow into reproductive adults above the community border when the substrate there is artificially stabilized. Seedling transplants and glasshouse manipulations demonstrated that neither herbivores nor soil quality limited seedling emergence. 5 Overall, the vertical restriction of habitat modification by S. alterniflora appears to result in substrate instability at higher tidal elevations sufficient to prevent seedling emergence and limit the vertical distribution of cobble beach plants.
Training of vascular surgeons: The two-class system

I am pleased to have been asked to participate in today's Critical Issues Forum that addresses the training of vascular surgeons. The original title for my presentation was "Training of the Practicing Surgeon." The intent was for me to discuss the freestanding programs usually referred to as nonapproved programs, a misnomer because none have ever even been inspected for approval. I mention this to simply point out that we tend to lump practicing community vascular surgeons without certification on one side of the equation and academic vascular surgeons with certification on the other side. In fact, this is exactly what is happening: we are fostering a two-class training system and creating a two-class surgical system. My talk today follows on the heels of Gene Bernstein's 1 presentation to this body in 1988 in which he argued the case for recognizing freeo, tanding programs. He concluded that the freestanding programs provided a means to increase the number of available positions for advanced training in vascular surgery. Furthermore, their graduates should have the opportunity to become certified. Today's second look, as tided in the program, is timely for reviewing the events and results following the establishment of regulations for accrediting vascular surgical training programs. We need to be critical and, where necessary, express dissatisfaction. For some, the level of dissatisfaction is low, and today's review is more for polish than revision. For others, dissatisfaction is intense and reflects a commitment to effect change and establish parity for all of our vascular trainees.
History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis In the Americas, 1492–1992

History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis In the Americas, 1492–1992. JONATHAN D. HILL, ed. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1996. viii + 277 pp., figures, notes, contributors, bibliography, index.
Photoproduction of pentaquark cascades from nucleons

The cross sections for production of the pentaquark baryon ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{+}$ from the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{0}{K}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{+}$ and of ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ from the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ are evaluated in a hadronic model that includes their couplings to both $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\overline{K}$ and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\overline{K}}^{*}$. Values for these coupling constants are determined from the empirical $\ensuremath{\pi}NN(1710)$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}NN(1710)$ coupling constants by assuming that ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$, and $N(1710)$ belong to the same antidecuplet of spin 1∕2 and positive parity as the pentaquark ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+}$. Introducing empirical form factors at strong interaction vertices, we obtain a cross section of about $0.03--0.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{nb}$ for the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{0}{K}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{+}$ and about $0.1--0.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{nb}$ for the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ at photon energy ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=4.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}$, depending on the value of the coupling constant ${g}_{{K}^{*}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{5}}$.
Genomic Medicine: Too Great Expectations?

As advances in genomic medicine have captured the interest and enthusiasm of the public, an unintended consequence has been the creation of unrealistic expectations. Because these expectations may have a negative impact on individuals as well as genomics in general, it is important that they be understood and confronted. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 94 2, 188–190. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.44
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Direct Expansion Solar-Assisted Heat Pump

Air—to—air heat pumps have been widely used for space heating applications in locations with moderate ambient. temperatures. Since their introduction in early fifties, commercially available heat pumps have undergone significant design changes that have made them more reliable, and in some case, even competitive with conventional energy sources such as oil. For heating applications, the instantaneous coefficient of performance, COPH, generally ranges from 1.5 to 3.0 for typical residential unit, depending on the source (outdoor) and sink (indoor) temperatures. In recent years, water-to-water heat pumps have also been analyzed for year round domestic hot water (DHW) and industrial process heat (IPH) applications [1–2]. The COPH of these heat pumps can range from 2.5 to 6.0, depending on the source and sink temperatures. Both water and air source heat pumps operate on the same mechanical vapor compression cycle, and their use is currently limited to a sink temperature of 110°C or lower, primarily due to thermo-chemical instability of the refrigerant above this temperature limit.
Ge/Si Self-Assembled Quantum Dots and Their Optoelectronic Device Applications

In recent years, quantum dots have been successfully grown by self-assembling processes. For optoelectronic device applications, the quantum-dot structures have advantages such as reduced phonon scattering, longer carrier lifetime, and lower detector noise due to low-dimensional confinement effect. Comparing to traditional optoelectronic III-V and other materials, self-assembled Ge quantum dots grown on Si substrates have a potential to be monolithically integrated with advanced Si-based technology. In this paper, we describe the growth of self-assembled, guided Ge quantum dots, and Ge quantum-dot superlattices on Si. For dot growth, issues such as growth conditions and their effects on the dot morphology are reviewed. Then vertical correlation and dot morphology evolution are addressed in relation to the critical thickness of Ge quantum-dot superlattices. In addition, we also discuss the quantum-dot p-i-p photodetectors (QDIPs) and n-i-n photodetectors for mid-infrared applications, and the quantum-dot p-i-n photodetectors for 1.3-1.55 mum for communications applications. The wavelength of SiGe p-i-p QDIP can be tuned by the size as grown by various patterning methods. Photoresponse is demonstrated for an n-i-n structure in both the mid-infrared and far-infrared wavelength ranges. The p-i-n diodes exhibit low dark current and high quantum efficiency. The characteristics of fabricated light-emitting diode (LED) devices are also discussed, and room-temperature electroluminescence is observed for Ge quantum-dot LED. The results indicate that Ge dot materials are potentially applicable for mid-infrared (8-12 mum) detectors as well as fiber-optic (1.3-1.55 mum) communications.
Globally convergent exact and inexact parametric algorithms for solving large-scale mixed-integer fractional programs and applications in process systems engineering

Abstract This paper is concerned with the parametric algorithms for solving large-scale mixed-integer linear and nonlinear fractional programming problems, as well as their application in process systems engineering. By developing an equivalent parametric formulation of the general mixed-integer fractional program (MIFP), we propose four exact parametric algorithms based on the root-finding methods, including bisection method, Newton's method, secant method and false position method, respectively, for the global optimization of MIFPs. We also propose an inexact parametric algorithm that can potentially outperform the exact parametric algorithms for some types of MIFPs. Extensive computational studies are performed to demonstrate the efficiency of these parametric algorithms and to compare them with some general-purpose mixed-integer nonlinear programming methods. The applications of the proposed algorithms are illustrated through two case studies on process scheduling. Computational results show that the proposed exact and inexact parametric algorithms are more computationally efficient than several general-purpose solvers for solving MIFPs.
Thy Neighbor’s Mortgage: Does Living in a Subprime Neighborhood Affect One’s Probability of Default?

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗∗ This article focuses on the potential externalities associated with subprime mortgage origination activity. Specifically, we examine whether negative spillover effects from subprime mortgage originations result in higher default rates in the surroundingarea. Ourempirical analysis controls forloan characteristics, house price changes and alternative loan products. Our results indicate that, after controlling for these characteristics, the concentration of subprime lending in a neighborhood does not lead to greater default risks for surrounding borrowers. However, we do find that more aggressive mortgage products (such as hybrid adjustable rate mortgages and low/no-documentation loans) had significant negative spillovers on other borrowers. Stated differently, the aggressive alternative mortgage designs were more toxic to the housing and mortgage market than previously believed. During the previous decade, the U.S. housing market experienced two interrelated events. First, the United States experienced a housing market bubble that began in the early 2000s, flattened in 2006 and finally burst in the latter half of 2007. 1 Second, during this same period, the use of alternative (or hybrid) mortgage products escalated. 2 These products, such as pay-option adjustablerate mortgages (ARMs) and low-documentation and ALT-A mortgages were designed to help borrowers acquire housing in markets experiencing significant
Chronic care management for dependence on alcohol and other drugs: the AHEAD randomized trial.

Importance People with substance dependence have health consequences, high health care utilization, and frequent comorbidity but often receive poor-quality care. Chronic care management (CCM) has been proposed as an approach to improve care and outcomes. Objective To determine whether CCM for alcohol and other drug dependence improves substance use outcomes compared with usual primary care. Design, Setting, and Participants The AHEAD study, a randomized trial conducted among 563 people with alcohol and other drug dependence at a Boston, Massachusetts, hospital-based primary care practice. Participants were recruited from September 2006 to September 2008 from a freestanding residential detoxification unit and referrals from an urban teaching hospital and advertisements; 95% completed 12-month follow-up. Interventions Participants were randomized to receive CCM (n=282) or no CCM (n=281). Chronic care management included longitudinal care coordinated with a primary care clinician; motivational enhancement therapy; relapse prevention counseling; and on-site medical, addiction, and psychiatric treatment, social work assistance, and referrals (including mutual help). The no CCM (control) group received a primary care appointment and a list of treatment resources including a telephone number to arrange counseling. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was self-reported abstinence from opioids, stimulants, or heavy drinking. Biomarkers were secondary outcomes. Results There was no significant difference in abstinence from opioids, stimulants, or heavy drinking between the CCM (44%) and control (42%) groups (adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.65-1.10; P =.21). No significant differences were found for secondary outcomes of addiction severity, health-related quality of life, or drug problems. No subgroup effects were found except among those with alcohol dependence, in whom CCM was associated with fewer alcohol problems (mean score, 10 vs 13; incidence rate ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72-1.00; P =.048). Conclusions and Relevance Among persons with alcohol and other drug dependence, CCM compared with a primary care appointment but no CCM did not increase self-reported abstinence over 12 months. Whether more intensive or longer-duration CCM is effective requires further investigation. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00278447
Converting Even-Aged Plantations to Uneven-Aged Stand Conditions: A Simulation Analysis of Silvicultural Regimes with Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)

There has been increasing interest in managing forest stands as uneven-aged structures to promote sustainable harvests as well as maintain ecosystem services. This study provides a framework for simulating conversion of mature even-aged stands to uneven-aged slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stands using the USDA Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) model. A total of 73 scenarios, representing combinations of two harvest methods (based on either “BDq” and/or “low thinning”), two harvesting cycles (10 or 20 years), three harvest intensities (4.6 or 8.0 or 11.5 m 2 ha 1 residual basal areas), and six levels of regeneration (0 –2,224 seedlings ha 1 ) were evaluated for structural diversity, timber production, and carbon (C) stocks over a 100-year period. The BDq harvest approach, which applied selection cutting based on diameter regulation from the first cutting cycle onwards, resulted in higher structural diversity. Scenarios based on low thinning in the first cutting cycle and BDq method from the third cutting cycle onwards tended to result in higher total merchantable timber and C stocks over the entire simulation period, particularly at higher residual basal areas and longer cutting cycles. None of the scenarios maximized all of the three variables simultaneously. Based on the desired objectives, land managers can choose among scenarios presented. The study revealed that regeneration and establishment of as low as 247 seedlings ha 1 can lead to successful conversion and multiple benefits from uneven-aged slash pine stands.
Cutting Edge: B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator Signaling on NKT Cells Inhibits Cytokine Release and Tissue Injury in Early Immune Responses

The role of coinhibition in an immune response is thought to be critical for the contraction of an adaptive immune response in its waning phases. We present evidence that B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) coinhibitory signaling is required to temper early inflammation. Using an in vivo Con A challenge model of acute hepatitis, we observed reduced survival and increased early serum cytokine secretion in BTLA−/− mice as compared with wild-type mice. In vitro, liver mononuclear cells from BTLA−/− mice are hyperresponsive to anti-CD3, Con A, and α-galactosylceramide stimulation and secrete higher levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4. We found this was in part due to negative regulation of NKT cells by BTLA, as early cytokine inhibition from whole liver mononuclear cells or purified NKT cells depends upon BTLA signaling. Overall, our data demonstrate that coinhibition is active in early immune responses through BTLA regulation of NKT cells.
The Inhibition of the CO/H20/02 Reaction by Trace Quantities of HCl

Abstract The inhibition of the CO/H20/02 reaction by small quantities or HCl was studied in a high temperature, atmospheric pressure flow reactor at temperatures near 1000K. The initial species concentrations of the CO/H30/02; reaction bath were kept constant at about l%/0·6%/0·5% respectively, while the initial concentration of HCl was varied from 0. to 200ppm. These mixtures provided a stoichiometry close to unity with a Cl/H ratio ranging from 0. to 0·016. Results indicated that these small Cl/H ratios can significantly inhibit both the induction time and the reaction rate of CO oxidation. The concentration of HCl was measured by an FTIR spectrometer and was observed to vary throughout the reaction. The mole fraction of HCl was observed to decrease until approximately 50% of the CO was consumed and to slowly rise afterwards. The inhibitory effect of HCl on the CO oxidation rate was observed to decrease after the minimum measured HCl concentration. The experimental results were compared with a reaction ...
Problematic Integration of Uncertainty and Desire in Pregnancy

Although most women in the United States choose physicians for their prenatal care, a small but growing number are now turning to midwives. The disparity between these two models of care has clear implications for the communication that takes place with each type of provider. In this project, the authors seek to understand the mother-midwife relationship by employing a case study approach with multiple data collection methods to examine one woman's struggles with the uncertainties she faces during her pregnancy. The authors employed problematic integration (PI) theory, which illuminates struggles with uncertainty, profound values, and communication, to examine how one woman and her midwife jointly handle and negotiate the dilemmas posed by her pregnancy. The woman's relationship and interactions with her midwife exemplify the midwifery model of care and illuminate the implications that this model has for the joint confrontation of uncertainty and desire during pregnancy.
Organizational and population level learning as engines for career transitions

Building inductively on twenty-four in depth interviews, the authors argue that boundaryless organizations will alter both career theories and actual career mobility patterns. The paper illustrates how both organizational and population level learning can affect individual job transitions within and cross organizations. The three evolutionary learning steps of variation, selection and retention all remain important, but the impact of variation processes may increase. Boundaryless organizations will thus generate career patterns reflecting an underlying logic of organizational learning rather than producing simple atomistic exchange between unfettered actors.
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: A review

The entity of NBTE is reviewed in this article. Historic aspects, epidemiology, and pathogenesis are discussed. The clinicopathologic findings are emphasized as well as the potential for antemortem diagnosis and therapy. NBTE is diagnosed infrequently before death. Clinical suspicion is aroused in patients with an underlying process such as malignancy, DIC, or a spectrum of other diseases and evidence of pulmonary and/or systemic embolization. Systemic infection must be excluded. Two-dimensional echocardiography can be utilized to confirm the diagnosis. Anticoagulation therapy with heparin may prevent embolization.
Role of Pelvic Ultrasonography in Evaluation of Symptomatic First-trimester Pregnancy

Early identification of an abnormal pregnancy is important. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy before tubal rupture can prevent life-threatening hemorrhage. This article provides a review of the normal development in early pregnancy and correlates this with ultrasound findings, followed by a structured approach to the ultrasound examination. The specific findings in early pregnancy are reviewed, and the predictive value of these findings in identifying either a normal or abnormal intrauterine pregnancy or an ectopic pregnancy are discussed.
Audiogenic Seizure Susceptibility Is Induced by Termination of Continuous Infusion of γ-Aminobutyric Acid or an N-Methyl-d-aspartic Acid Antagonist into the Inferior Colliculus

Abstract The inferior colliculus (IC) is strongly implicated in seizure initiation in a genetic form of audiogenic seizures (AGS) and in AGS observed during ethanol withdrawal (ETX). Ethanol is known to block the actions of excitatory amino acids (EAA) and enhance the actions of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in several brain areas, including the IC. The present study investigated the effects on susceptibility to AGS following withdrawal from continuous blockade of N -methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors or continuous activation of GABA receptors in the IC. This involved infusion of GABA (1 M) or a competitive NMDA antagonist, dl -2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7, 1 mM), at 0.25 μl/h for 7 days using an Alzet osmotic minipump. Following abrupt termination of the infusion, AGS susceptibility began at 30 min. The incidence of AGS was 38.9 and 56.3% following GABA and AP7 withdrawal, respectively. The AGS behaviors observed during withdrawal, which included wild running and bouncing clonus, were very similar to those evoked by acoustic stimuli during ETX. AGS susceptibility lasted for several hours and in 13% of animals persisted for up to 6 months. The current results support diminished GABAergic and elevated glutamatergic function in the IC as the critical mechanisms and sites for AGS initiation. The present study, coupled with previous evidence that chronic ethanol exposure reduced GABA-mediated inhibition and enhanced EAA-mediated excitation, suggests that these amino acid receptor-mediated alterations in the IC are key elements in initiating AGS during ethanol withdrawal.
Standards, Management and Security of Astronomical Data Sets

Astronomers have historically been among the first to apply or develop, at times, new technologies in the furtherance of their science. This has been especially true in the use of computers from their archaic, antediluvian beginnings to the present highly-developed, time-sharing, multiprocessing, teleprocessing systems. Thus, among the earliest applications in the last half century was the use by L. J. Comrie at the Greenwich Observatory of Hollerith machines for the construction of tables (Comrie, 1928). In 1940 Eckert described punched card methods for numerical integration, computation of a numerical lunar theory, computation of planetary perturbations, as well as applications in photometry and construction of star catalogues (Eckert, 1940). Indeed, one of the earliest collections of files for general use was available at the Watson Astronomical Bureau and included Boss’ General Catalogue of 33, 342 stars, A. G. Catalogues, Yale Zone Catalogues, and Kohlschutter’s Catalogue.
Breast adenocarcinoma recurring as small cell carcinoma in a patient with a germline BRCA2 mutation: clonal evolution unchecked

Background: Because up to 30% of breast cancer cases may relapse, understanding the biology of recurrent breast cancer is imperative in preventing these poor outcomes. Thus, we present this unusual case of a BRCA2 carrier who presented seven years after her initial diagnosis of breast adenocarcinoma with a new lump in the left axillary tail, which proved to be small cell carcinoma. The second cancer bore no morphologic or immunohistochemical resemblance to the first. However, we aimed to understand whether the two cancers could have been related. Methods: We performed targeted Next Generation Sequencing on both cancer specimens in order to determine whether there was a genomic relationship between the two cancers. Results: We found that the initial breast adenocarcinoma was positive for a heterozygous mutation in PIK3CA (c. 1624 G > A, p.E42K) and a heterozygous 13-basepair deletion in TP53 (c.639-651del, p.H214fs). The small cell cancer was positive for the same mutation in PIK3CA, but negative for the mutation in TP53. Conclusion: We concluded that the small cell cancer may have arisen from a clone within the initial cancer, since they carried an identical genetic mutation. Furthermore, we postulate that the unusual morphology of the second cancer may be due, in part, to the patient’s germline BRCA mutation.
Potential Applications of Social Norms Theory to Academic Advising

Since the mid-1990s, social norms theory has become prevalent in student development literature and research. Subsequently, social norms interventions to change student behavior have spread across campuses nationwide through marketing campaigns. Theorists and practitioners have applied the social norms approach to primarily health-related student behaviors such as drinking, smoking, violence prevention, and sexual assault. While documented social norms interventions have changed attitudes and behaviors of varying kinds, significant research into its impact on students' academic behaviors and attitudes has not been completed. This article was written to start a conversation about the potential applications of the social norms approach to academic advising.
Optical transitions in NaCrS/sub 2/

A Kramers-Kroenig analysis of the reflectivity data, over a wide photon-energy range, at room temperature, from the basal plane (Eperpendicularc) of single crystals of the layer-type compound, NaCrS/sub 2/, has been performed to obtain those optical functions such as epsilon/sub 1/(E), epsilon/sub 2/(E), n/sub eff/(E), and J(E) which are pertinent to the study of the electronic band structure of a material. The results are presented and discussed. Strong and sharp excitonlike peaks have been observed on the epsilon/sub 2/(E) spectrum and these peaks have been attributed to the presence of ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transitions in NaCrS/sub 2/. The Cr/sup 3 +/ d orbitals are envisaged as discrete and localized (not Bloch states) within the electronic bonding of NaCrS/sub 2/. The results of this Kramers-Kroenig analysis of the NaCrS/sub 2/ reflectivity data support the rigid-ionic model, for this material, proposed previously by Khumalo and Hughes (Phys. Rev. B 22, 4066 (1980)).
The Use of Product Sampling and Advertising: Effects of Sequence of Exposure and Degree of Advertising Claim Exaggeration on Consumers’ Belief Strength, Belief Confidence, and Attitudes:

Using Smith and Swinyard's integrated information response model as a theoretical foundation, the authors investigate the effects of sequence of exposure to exaggerated advertising and product samp...
Meta-analysis of randomized trials on the association of prophylactic acyclovir and HIV-1 viral load in individuals coinfected with herpes simplex virus-2.

Objective To summarize the randomized evidence regarding the association between acyclovir use and HIV-1 replication as measured by plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load among individuals coinfected with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2.
A Dynamical System Model of Microgenetic Changes in Performance, Efficacy, Strategy Use and Value during Vocabulary Learning.

This paper describes the development of a dynamical systems model of self-regulated learning, which explains the practically and theoretically important dynamic relationships among three student-engagement constructs and performance during learning. This work mined data from computerized adaptive flashcard learning to create this dynamical systems model. This flashcard practice included pop-up survey questions on the student’s experience of recent easiness, strategy use, and usefulness, in addition to the correctness performance data for the practice. Using this dynamical systems model, we were then able to simulate various user profiles to predict how they would experience the flashcard system. These simulations show how strategy use in this task is crucial because of the ways it influences performance, particularly over time. In the model, this result is shown by a bifurcation into two different regions for higher and lower strategy use, where the higher strategy-use equilibrium state is accompanied by performance predictions suggesting learning that is more efficient.
Estimating true digestibility of nonstructural carbohydrates in the small intestine of steers.

Four Angus steers (318 +/- 16 kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine carbohydrate disappearance from the small intestine (SI). Steers were fed fescue hay at 1.8% of BW and abomasally infused with starch hydrolysate (SH) at 10, 20, or 40 g/h or glucose (G) at 30 g/h. Starch hydrolysate was raw cornstarch digested by a heat-stable alpha-amylase. Experimental periods were 10 d with 6 d of adaptation, 3 d of digesta and feces collection, and 1 d of rest. Glucose (% of infused) had greater (P < .001) apparent small intestinal and postruminal disappearance (% of infused) compared with 20 and 40 g/h SH. Starch hydrolysate infusion linearly increased (P < .001) apparent SI, large intestinal (LI), and total intestinal starch disappearance (g/d) and quadratically increased (P < .003) apparent SI and total intestinal starch disappearance (% of infused). Ileal starch flow from infusion increased quadratically (P < .03) as SH infusion increased. True SI and total intestinal starch disappearance increased linearly (P < .001; g/d) with SH infusion. However, SH infusion quadratically decreased (P < .02) efficiency of true SI starch disappearance (% of infused). True LI starch disappearance (g/d and % of infused) quadratically increased (P < .03) as SH infusion increased. These data demonstrate that, even in animals fed all-forage diets, there is a significant flow of alpha-glucosides, and these need to be considered when evaluating intestinal carbohydrate digestion.
Holographic Metrology and Nondestructive Testing - Past and Future

The objective of this paper is to review, in rather general terms, the status and future of holographic metrology with some particular emphasis on nondestructive testing and related techniques. This field of technology and its literature are now too vast to present a detailed review in a paper of modest size. Instead, I will attempt to present a very broad assessment by commenting in general terms on the process of applying holographic interferometry to a particular industrial or scientific problem.
Multiplexed cancer biomarker detection using chip-integrated silicon photonic sensor arrays

The analysis of disease-specific biomarker panels holds promise for the early detection of a range of diseases, including cancer. Blood-based biomarkers, in particular, are attractive targets for minimally-invasive disease diagnosis. Specifically, a panel of organ-specific biomarkers could find utility as a general disease surveillance tool enabling earlier detection or prognostic monitoring. Using arrays of chip-integrated silicon photonic sensors, we describe the simultaneous detection of eight cancer biomarkers in serum in a relatively rapid (1 hour) and fully automated antibody-based sandwich assay. Biomarkers were chosen for their applicability to a range of organ-specific cancers, including disease of the pancreas, liver, ovary, breast, lung, colorectum, and prostate. Importantly, we demonstrate that selected patient samples reveal biomarker “fingerprints” that may be useful for a personalized cancer diagnosis. More generally, we show that the silicon photonic technology is capable of measuring multiplexed panels of protein biomarkers that may have broad utility in clinical diagnostics.
‘Designing Gourmet Children or, KIDS FOR DINNER!’

We all know that the Victorians had dumped on them by their forebears a host of problems, none more vexing than ‘the child’. This ‘child’ had been concocted very recently and hastily. It was a Rube Goldberg invention,* much ballyhooed and loaded with all sorts of national and domestic importance, given vital jobs to do before anybody had bothered to test it. The child was expected to carry the weight of a new ideology, a new figuring of the family, and a new focus on innocence and the need to protect it. ‘Here you are!’ the Victorians heard from the past; ‘Take this and welcome to it. We call it “child”. Figure out how it is supposed to work. Perfect it. Sorry we lost the instruction manual. Toodle-oo’.
D.C. conductivity of ethylene propylene rubber

In recent years ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) has emerged as an important competitor of polyethylene as a high voltage cable insulator [1–6]. A survey of 120 utilities by R. L. Engsign [4] shows that 11% of them primarily use EPR for their insulation. In spite of its rising importance as an insulator, information on many aspects of EPR continues to be scanty compared to polyethylene. Like most polyethylenes now used for insulation EPR is crosslinked, but unlike polyethylene solid fillers are added to it during the manufacturing process [7].
Dyslipidaemia: Small triumph for fenofibrate therapy in dyslipidaemia

The ACCORDION trial, an extension of the ACCORD trial, confirms earlier findings showing that addition of fenofibrate to background statin therapy does not reduce cardiovascular events. However, cardiovascular events are reduced in patients with dyslipidaemia. Future trials with fibrates should restrict inclusion to patients with dyslipidaemia that persists despite statin therapy.
Evaluation of pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions (DDI) between trebananib (AMG 386) and paclitaxel (PTX) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors.

2584 Background: Trebananib (AMG 386) is an investigational peptide-Fc fusion protein that inhibits angiogenesis by preventing the interaction between angiopoietin-1/2 and Tie2. In a phase 3 study,...
Desire for and to Avoid Pregnancy During the Transition to Adulthood

Unintended pregnancies disproportionately occur among teenage women, yet little is known about the determinants of pregnancy desire among this group. We use a comprehensive baseline survey and weekly data on pregnancy desires to investigate which unmarried 18-20 year-old women want a pregnancy, want to avoid pregnancy, and report consistent pregnancy desire and disinclination. Variables that positively predict pregnancy desire generally negatively predict desire to avoid pregnancy. While most young women have no desire and strong disinclination in most weeks, childhood receipt of public assistance is a strong predictor of wanting pregnancy and not wanting to avoid it. Comparing nested models suggests that the effects of childhood disadvantage operate through social environments where early pregnancy is less stigmatized. Young women in serious relationships, who are depressed, and who are not pursuing post-secondary education have more desire for pregnancy and less disinclination, but little of childhood disadvantage is mediated by these factors.
Decolonizing the Geographies of Resistance: Imperialist Cartography of the Arab World

As the first phase of the Arab Uprisings unfolded, uncertainties and skepticism emanating from Western interventions and counter revolutionary forces began to surface. This article provides some in...
Syntheses and Behavioral Evaluations of Fluorinated and Silylated Analogs of Raspberry Ketone as Attractants for the Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)

Cuelure, the acetate of raspberry ketone, has for many years been the only practical lure for male melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). Outdoor olfactometer and field tests of several new analogs of raspberry ketone were conducted in Hawaii. Of the newly synthesized compounds, only 4-(4-((trimethylsilanyl)oxy)phenyl)butan-2-one, the trimethylsilyl ether of raspberry ketone, was highly attractive for male melon flies, being statistically equivalent to cuelure in a 2-d field test. None of several fluorinated analogs of raspberry ketone were nearly as attractive as raspberry ketone itself. The recently reported attractant zingerone did not show significant attractiveness to either male or female melon flies.
Modeling the maternal infection risk factor for schizophreniaand autism in mice

Several types of maternal infection (influenza, rubella, genital and reproductive system viruses, bacteria) are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia or autism in the offspring. Modeling this risk factor in mice using influenza infection or activation of the dam's immune system by injection of the double stranded, synthetic RNA, poly(I:C) yields offspring with characteristic features of these disorders. These include behaviors (enhanced anxiety and stereotyped/compulsive behaviors, and deficits in social interaction, communication, prepulse inhibition, latent inhibition, learning) and neuropathology (parvalbumin and Purkinje cell deficits, enlarged ventricles). The cytokine IL-6 is a key mediator of the effects of poly(I:C)-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) on the fetus, as shown by blocking or genetically inactivating IL-6 in the MIA dam. Moreover, MIA activates downstream IL-6 signaling pathways in the placenta, leading to important changes in placental immune cells and endocrine functions. In addition, IL-6 and several other cytokines are induced in both the placenta and fetal brain. Consistent with reports of alterations in the immune system in schizophrenia and autism, we find that MIA leads to significant changes in lymphocytes from the spleen and mesenteric lymph node of adult offspring. As is the case a subset of autistic children, MIA offspring also exhibit gastrointestinal pathology. Thus, the MIA model has face and construct validity for schizophrenia and autism, and is proving useful for exploring the mechanism of how the maternal infection risk factor alters fetal brain and immune system development.
The biggest lie on the web: Coming to terms with the failure to read through the lens of the First Amendment

AbstractAs lines between public and private spaces online continue to blur, contracts are moving closer to the day when government actors will be involved in all of them. When 90%+ of online users do not read the terms-of-service (ToS) agreements of social media sites, they are unaware of possible repercussions of blindly assenting to these unread contracts, including potentially relinquishing a number of their constitutional rights. Primary among these is their First Amendment right to petition the government for relief in a court of law. In most ToSs, the online user must agree to mandatory arbitration in the site owner’s venue of choice. Secondary is their sole right to their intellectual property afforded by the Constitution. Through an online survey (N = 235), this article reports data concerning respondents’ attitudes toward reading ToSs, their demographic information, and their likelihood of accepting a forum-selection term from Twitter, contrary to their potential constitutional rights. Two major ...
Rates of prevalent and new HIV diagnoses by race and ethnicity among men who have sex with men, U.S. states, 2013-2014.

Abstract Purpose Men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of new and existing HIV infections in the United States, with black and Hispanic MSM facing the highest rates. A lack of data on MSM population sizes has precluded the understanding of state-level variations in these rates. Methods Using a recently developed model for estimating state-level population sizes of MSM by race that synthesizes data from the American Community Survey and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in conjunction with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–based HIV diagnosis data, we estimated rates of living with an HIV diagnosis (2013) and new diagnosis among MSM (2014) by state and race. Results Nationally, state-level median prevalence of living with an HIV diagnosis was 10.6%. White MSM had lower prevalence in all but five states; black MSM were higher in all but three. Hispanic MSM had highest concentrations in Northeast and Mississippi Delta states. Patterns were similar for new diagnoses rates. Conclusions Results suggest that racial disparities in HIV infection among MSM are more prominent than geographic ones. Interventions should be differentially tailored to areas of high proportionate and absolute burden. Continued efforts to understand and address racial differences in HIV infection are needed.
One-Dimensional Fluid Mechanics/Kinetics Modeling of the CVD of SiC in a Vertical Reactor

The CVD of SiC and other epitaxial films is a complex process involving a great deal of chemical, kinetic, thermodynamic and transport phenomena, and there is a need to model the effects of process variables (reactant concentration, temperature, pressure, etc.) on performance variables (growth rate, film composition, thickness, etc.)
Smart Inorganic and Organic Pretreatment Coatings for the Inhibition of Corrosion on Metals/Alloys

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of both inorganic and organic pretreatment coatings for metals and alloys. Aqueous and nonaqueous corrosion are introduced as well the economic costs associated with corrosion for several industrialized countries. Smart coating strategies currently employed to mitigate corrosion damage are shown as well as future materials and film development. Conversion coatings including chromate and phosphate conversion coatings are discussed as early examples of “smart coatings” for the inhibition of corrosion; and the latest use of lanthanide-based conversion coatings is discussed. The chapter also discusses the corrosion-inhibiting abilities of sol-gel and conductive polymer smart coatings. An examination of new methods to inhibit corrosion highlights self-assembling (SA) molecules, polyelectrolyte (PE) multilayers, the incorporation of “nanocontainers” in a coating formulation, and protective biofilms. These new innovative coatings can provide efficient barrier protection and/or controlled release of corrosion inhibitors, reducing the effects of corrosion via a self-healing mechanism.
Hemodynamic Effects of Mechanical Ventilation

Critically ill patients that require mechanical ventilation often have concomitant hemodynamic instability. The direct hemodynamic effects of mechanical ventilation can further complicate their condition. Specifically, increases in intrathoracic pressure due to positive pressure ventilation can significantly impact cardiac function. It is therefore crucial to understand this interaction in order to minimize any untoward effects of mechanical ventilation.