cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrokinetic Properties of Suspensions of Colloidal Particles with Thin, Polarized Double Layers

Abstract Electrokinetic properties of concentrated colloidal dispersions of charged spherical particles are studied in the limit of thin, polarized double layers. In this limit the problem of multiparticle interactions is decoupled from the details of double layer dynamics, and the macroscopic properties depend on relatively few variables. The linearized equations for the fluid motion and ionic potentials are solved to determine conductivity, resistivity, and mobility of charged particles in random as well as ordered suspensions as a function of volume fraction c of particles and the surface conductivity K s . The particle-interaction effects are shown to be relatively weak and insensitive to the details of the spatial arrangement of the particles. The analytic formulas for accurately predicting these properties for a wide range of values of c and K s are given. Expressions for relating macroscopic electrokinetic properties, such as the electrophoretic mobility, electro-osmotic velocity, and conductivity, to the mobility and resistivity functions are also given. In addition, the results are also given for the effect of polydispersity, high-frequency dielectric dispersion, and the two-dimensional case of long aligned cylinders.
Smart meter deployment: US initiatives

The purpose of this study is to summarize the status of current smart meter deployment initiatives in the United States. This paper presents the findings from a survey that was sent to US utility companies listed on the Department of Energy's smart grid website under the Recovery Act Smart Grid program. The survey provides information such as: the duration of the project, regions covered, budget, number of meters deployed (for residential, commercial, and industrial use), benefits (financial- and performance-based for customer and power companies), and obstacles. Emphasis is given to the successes and setbacks the companies faced during implementation. This study is aimed at bringing awareness to the electricity community of the overall progress across the U.S. towards development and deployment of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems and their impacts.
Structural maps and parameters important to alloy phase stability

Alloy properties are often summarized on two-dimensional maps. For instance, Darken and Gurry related the terminal solubilities of alloy systems to two coordinates (the differences in electronegativities and in atomic radii of the alloy consitituents). Maps are considered here which correlate the structures in which the compounds form as well as providing some indication of whether a compound forms at some given composition in the first place. This class of map involves one coordinate which is the difference in an atomic parameter (here it will be taken to be the electronegativity) while the other is an average (in this case the d band hole count), This contrasts with Darken Gurry maps and Giessen's maps related to glass-forming ability (elsewhere in this volume) where both coordinates are differences. The situation for 50/50 transition metal alloys is reviewed and results are presented for systems off 50/50 composition. 4 figures.
Continuous Monitoring of Dissolved Oxygen and Total Dissolved Gas Pressure Based on Head‐Space Partial Pressures

We describe an instrument prototype that measures total dissolved gas pressure (TGP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) without need for standard wetted probe membranes or gas permeable tubing. Measurements were based instead on gas-phase partial pressures that develop within the head-space of a pressure vessel, and on Henry's Law. Performance trials established that differences between standard instrumentation and test instrument OP readings average -1.6-mm Hg (SD = 2.19, range -4.8 to -5.3) within the ΔP range of -72 to 123-mm Hg. Additional trials demonstrated the ability of the instrument to closely follow positive and negative changes in TGP at rates approaching 30-mm Hg/h. Here, the difference between test and standard instrumentation derived TGP averaged 3.4-mm Hg (range 0–41). Differences in ΔP measured by test instrument and gasometer increased with water throughput; mean differences were -3.9, -4.3, and -6.0 for water throughput of 4.6, 6.7, and 7.8 L/min, respectively. However, time to reach 90% of the steady-state instrument reading was highest for low water throughput; equilibrium times averaged 90.9, 44.4, and 44.7 min for water throughput of 4.6, 6.7, 7.8 L/min, respectively. Differences between titration and test-instrumentation based DO measurements were acceptable, averaging -0.11 mg/L (SD = 0.41, range -0.85 to 0.85) over DO from 3.3 to 19.2 mg/L and for 11.1 and 24.2 C. Whereas test instrument DO readings were indistinguishable from Winkler titration at 24.2 C; at 11.1 C there was a tendency for test instrument readings to be lower than Winkler titration at DO 14 mg/L. Trials conducted under biological fouling conditions demonstrated the test instrument's ability to operate with 30% of the maintenance required by standard instrumentation.
Investigating Emission Reduction Benefit From Intersection Signal Optimization

Most existing intersection signals are timed based on delay minimization. However, minimizing delay does not necessarily lead to the minimization of emissions at an intersection. No study has focused on the difference or the trade-off between delay based and emissions based signal optimization. Delay-based optimization typically uses macroscopic flow conditions such as traffic demands, saturation flow rates, and average delay. However, the latest emission model, MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulation), requires second-by-second individual vehicle speed profiles, which makes the model difficult to formulate directly in an emission-based signal optimization problem. This study first develops a methodology to derive vehicle profiles given macroscopic inputs so that MOVES can be applied to estimating emissions. Then an optimization methodology of signal timing is developed and solved with a genetic algorithm. The objective function of the optimization problem considers both delay and emissions, with the sig...
Hemoglobin Detroit: β95 (FG2) lysine → asparagine

Abstract Hb Detroit is a mutant which migrates between Hb A and Hb J Baltimore on cellulose acetate (pH 8.5),and with Hb A on citrate agar (pH 6.0). Globin chain analyses in alkaline and acid buffers reveal an abnormal β chain with a mobility between the βA and βJ Baltimore chains. Structural characterization of this abnormal chain shows that lysine at position 95 is replaced by asparagine. No hematological abnormalities could be attributed to the presence of the mutant, and the oxygen affinity properties of the stripped hemoglobin are similar to those of Hb A. The β95 residue which is substituted in Hb Detroit and also in Hb N Baltimore (β95 Lys → Glu) does not appear to be in a critical functional area of the molecule.
Observing the Birth of attosecond pulses

Attosecond pulse trains are produced during the production of high harmonics when a gas sample is irradiated with an intense femtosecond laser pulse. Usually the attosecond pulses are characterized in a second gas source. We show that attosecond pulses can be measured directly as they are produced by using a weak second harmonic of the driving laser, and that such a field can also be used to control the production process. We demonstrate manipulation of the harmonic spectrum as well as the creation of transient diffractive elements in the nonlinear medium itself.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CASTING TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBRANE MATERIAL USED IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE PEM FUEL CELLS

This paper describes research work associated with development of a casting test bed for a polyphosphoric acid (PPA) based membrane material used in high-temperature PEM fuel cells with operating temperatures up to 160°C. Casting of this material is difficult due to its high viscosity, temperature-dependent rheological properties, curing tendencies, and corrosiveness at high temperatures. To design appropriate casting equipment, important physical and mechanical properties of this new membrane material have been characterized. Specifically, the rheological behavior of the solution at different concentrations of PPA was determined for use in casting system design. Based on these properties, various casting techniques other than the standard doctor blade film application used for laboratory work were investigated, including stencil printing on a substrate, stencil printing directly on a gas diffusion electrode, nip roller extrusion, and slot die extrusion. As a result, a manufacturing test bed that allows for temperature and humidity control during casting was designed and fabricated to conduct various experiments. Subsequent experiments show that slot die extrusion is the most promising casting method to cost effectively, continuously, and uniformly cast the membrane material.
Studies on leaf surface lipid of tobacco. I. Changes in leaf surface lipid and duvatrienediol during growth, senescence and curing of tobacco leaves

Duvatrienediol is a diterpene specifically occurred in tobacco plants and thought to be a precursor of tobacco aroma. Green tobacco leaves contained 0.2~1% of duvatrienediol per dry weight and it was corresponded to 30~60% of leaf surface lipid. Leaves on upper stalk position contained more of leaf surface lipid and duvatrienediol. In leaves on each stalk position, leaf surface lipid and duvatrienediol contents increased with leaf growth and decreased by over-maturation. Production of leaf surface lipid and duvatrienediol was affected by soil conditions or applied amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Both leaf surface lipid and duvatrienediol were decreased during curing of tobacco leaves, but the change in the latter was more drastic. Comparing to leaf surface lipid, changes in cytoplasmic lipid were less during growth and senescence of tobacco leaves.
DNA sequence of the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The DNA sequence of the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster is presented. This 14,100 base-pair sequence includes the region of the locus required for wild-type levels of expression and control of expression. We also report the sequence of a complementary DNA clone which established the position of the 3′ end of the white RNA on this genomic sequence. The probable exon-intron structure of the gene has been predicted from the DNA sequence of the regions known to be represented in the RNA. The amino acid sequence of the protein which would be produced by translation of this RNA suggests that the white locus gene product may be a membrane protein. The DNA sequence rearrangements associated with seven insertion mutants (white-dominant-zeste-like (wdzl), white-spotted (wsp), white-honey (wh), white-zeste-mottled (wzm), white-apricot (wa), white-buff (wbf) and white-hd81b11 (whd81b11)), one deletion mutant (white-spotted 4 (wsp4)) and one internal duplication mutant (white-ivory (w2)) have been determined and positioned on the wild-type sequence. The positions of these insertions and those of previously characterized insertions associated with six other mutations suggest that some insertions within an intron may still allow the production of correctly spliced RNA, but affect the amount, and correspondingly the expression of the w locus.
Argentation thin layer chromatography of arachidonic acid metabolites isolated from human platelets

Abstract No thin layer chromatographic system in the literature offers adequate resolution of arachidonic acid and its major metabolites from platelets. We have found that argentation thin layer chromatography gives baseline separation of these compounds. Use of argentation chromatography results in decreased counting efficiency with time when quantitation is done by liquid scintillation methods. Addition of sodium chloride eliminates this complication and gives recoveries comparable to or better than those obtained using nonargented silica gel alone.
Concept to develop a software-based counter-terrorism campaign decision support tool: research note

In the public policy community, a need exists for a software program that applies leading concepts of counterterrorism (CT) analysis to systematically display, track, operationalize and update on one's computer all the decisions and processes involved in addressing all the measures required to respond to, and, if possible, resolve on-going terrorist-type insurgencies. Such a tool kit would be employed for analytical and training purposes, not necessarily in a government's CT campaign. Since no such customized software exists at present (based on the author's knowledge), analysts studying these issues end up relying on creating briefing books and powerpoint presentations on what they consider to be effective components of CT responses, without, however, using templates that can be updated and revised for new analyses. This research note, which is of a preliminary nature, is primarily descriptive and does not include a discussion of how the tool would be operationalized in a software program. Hopefully, this note will generate interest in a collaborative effort to create such a tool kit.
Estradiol potentiation of NR2B-dependent EPSCs is not due to changes in NR2B protein expression or phosphorylation.

The hormone, 17b-estradiol (E2), influences the structure and function of synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. E2 increases the density of dendritic spines and excitatory synapses on CA1 pyramidal cells, increases CA1 cells' sensitivity to excitatory synap- tic input mediated by the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), enhances NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation, and improves hippocampus- dependent working memory. Smith and McMahon (2006; J Neurosci 26:8517-8522) reported that the larger NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) recorded after E2 treatment are due pri- marily to an increased contribution of NR2B-containing NMDARs. We used a combination of electrophysiology, Western blot, and immunoflu- orescence to investigate two potential mechanisms by which E2 could enhance NR2B-dependent EPSCs: An increase in NMDAR subunit pro- tein levels and/or a change(s) in NR2B phosphorylation. Our studies confirmed the E2-induced increase in NR2B-dependent EPSC amplitude, but we found no evidence that E2 affects protein levels for the NR1, NR2A, or NR2B subunit of the NMDAR, nor that E2 affects phosphoryl- ation of NR2B. Our findings suggest that the effects of E2 on NMDAR- dependent synaptic physiology in the hippocampus likely result from recruitment of NR2B-containing NMDARs to synapses rather than from increased expression of NMDARs or changes in their phosphorylation state. V V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of trimethyloxazolidine dione (tridione) on the blood

Summary The blood of 127 patients taking tridione was examined periodically. The only significant changes were a tendency to neutropenia or eosinophilia, and a slight increase of lymphocytes. Definite neutropenia was present in 6.3 per cent of patients and borderline values in 7 per cent. In the remaining 87 per cent of patients, the number of neutrophiles remained within normal limits. Repeated examinations indicate that the neutropenia is a gradual reaction. Monthly testing would seem sufficient to prevent the development of serious neutropenia. Presumably, as with many drugs in common use, precipitate allergic reactions may occur, but we have not observed evidence of this among the patients whom we have studied. Tridione is a potent therapeutic agent and possible effect on the blood or the bone marrow should not prevent its proper use. The following rules should be observed. 1. Tridione should be used only when specifically indicated, and under medical supervision. 2. It should not be prescribed for patients with a history of blood dyscrasia and only cautiously for those with a history of idiosyncrasy to drugs. 3. The blood should be examined monthly. 4. Patients with total neutrophile counts below 2,500, should be checked more frequently, and if the neutrophile count goes below 1,600, therapy should be withheld.
Towards high-performance and cost-effective distributed storage systems with information dispersal algorithms

Reliability is one of the most fundamental challenges for high performance computing (HPC) and cloud computing. Data replication is the de facto mechanism to achieve high reliability, even though it has been criticized for its high cost and low efficiency. Recent research showed promising results by switching the traditional data replication to a software-based RAID. In order to systematically study the effectiveness of this new method, we built two storage systems from the ground up: a POSIX-compliant distributed file system (FusionFS) and a distributed key-value store (IStore), both supporting information dispersal algorithms (IDA) for data redundancy. FusionFS is crafted to have excellent throughput and scalability for HPC, whereas IStore is architected mainly as a light-weight key-value storage in cloud computing. We evaluated both systems with a large number of parameter combinations. Results show that, for both HPC and cloud computing communities, IDA-based methods with current commodity hardware could outperform data replication in some cases, and would completely surpass data replication with the growing computational capacity through multi/many-core processors (e.g. Intel Xeon Phi, NVIDIA GPU).
Aerodynamic and flight characteristics of several variable geometry entry spacecraft during subsonic wing deployment and landing.

Aerodynamic and flight characteristics of variable geometry entry spacecraft during subsonic wing deployment and landing
Combinatorial Expression Patterns of Heparan Sulfate Sulfotransferases in Zebrafish: III. 2-O- Sulfotransferase and C5-Epimerases

Heparan sulfate (HS) is an unbranched chain of repetitive disaccharides, which specifically binds ligands when attached to the cell surface or secreted extracellularly. HS chains contain sulfated domains, termed the HS fine structure, which give HS specific binding affinities for extracellular ligands. HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (2-OST) catalyzes the transfer of sulfate groups to the 2-O position of uronic acid residues of HS. We report here the characterization and developmental expression patterns of 2-OST in several tissues/organs throughout early zebrafish development, including early cleavage stages, eyes, somites, brain, internal organ primordial, and pectoral fin. The 2-OST gene has spatially and temporally distinct expression, which is a surprise given the essential role of 2-OST in HS fine structure formation. Furthermore, although 2-OST and C5-epimerase are predicted to be interdependent for protein translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, their expression is not coordinately regulated during zebrafish development.
Nonlinear-approximation technique for determining vertical ozone-concentration profiles with a differential-absorption lidar

A new technique is presented for the retrieval of ozone-concentration profiles (O(3)) from backscattered signals obtained by a multiwavelength differential-absorption lidar (DIAL). The technique makes it possible to reduce erroneous local fluctuations induced in the ozone-concentration profiles by signal noise and other phenomena such as aerosol inhomogeneity. Before the O(3) profiles are derived, the dominant measurement errors are estimated and uncertainty boundaries for the measured profiles are established. The off- to on-line signal ratio is transformed into an intermediate function, and analytical approximations of the function are then determined. The separation of low- and high-frequency constituents of the measured ozone profile is made by the application of different approximation fits to appropriate intermediate functions. The low-frequency constituents are approximated with a low-order polynomial fit, whereas the high-frequency constituents are approximated with a trigonometric fit. The latter fit makes it possible to correct the measured O(3) profiles in zones of large ozone-concentration gradients where the low-order polynomial fit is found to be insufficient. Application of this technique to experimental data obtained in the lower troposphere shows that erroneous fluctuations induced in the ozone-concentration profile by signal noise and aerosol inhomogeneity undergo a significant reduction in comparison with the results from the conventional technique based on straightforward numerical differentiation.
Weak acyclic coloring and asymmetric coloring games

We introduce the notion of weak acyclic coloring of a graph. This is a relaxation of the usual notion of acyclic coloring which is often sufficient for applications. We then use this concept to analyze the (a,b)-coloring game. This game is played on a finite graph G, using a set of colors X, by two players Alice and Bob with Alice playing first. On each turn Alice (Bob) chooses a (b) uncolored vertices and properly colors them with colors from X. Alice wins if the players eventually create a proper coloring of G; otherwise Bob wins when one of the players has no legal move. The (a,b)-game chromatic number of G, denoted (a,b)-@g"g(G), is the least integer t such that Alice has a winning strategy when the game is played on G using t colors. We show that if the weak acyclic chromatic number of G is at most k then (2,1)-@g"g(G)=<12(k^2+3k).
Models of the saccadic eye movement control system.

1. A sequence of four models is proposed for the saccadic eye movement control system. The models become increasingly complex as they are made to respond to increasingly more complicated target movements in accordance with experimental results. Compatibility with neurological structure and function is stressed in the formation of the models. In each case, the elements of the models are constructed to conform as closely as possible to neuroanatomical structures and behave in a way that has been established or suggested by neurophysiology. 2. The dynamic behavior of the mechanics of the extraocular muscles and eyeball suspensory tissues has been established by recording from oculomotoneurons in alert monkeys. The transfer function of this mechanical system is used in these models. 3. Recent experiments on the neural circuits in the brain stem that are responsible for saccadic eye movements suggest an arrangement of the premotor circuitry that contains two principal neural networks; an integrator and a pulse generator. This circuitry is used in the models. 4. When the above modifications are made to existing models of the saccadic system, they remove the necessity of supposing that the visual information is sampled by the nervous system. The models do not include a sampler although the saccadic pulse generator still makes the overall system behavior similar to that of a sampled-data system. 5. The basic model is modified to make its behavior agree with experimental eye movement responses to target ramps and step-ramps. This is done by using error and its rate of change to estimate the error that will exist one reaction time in the future. 6. Parallel processing of data is a well recognized property of the nervous system. By utilizing it in combination with a random decision threshold, the model is extended to produce results in agreement with experiments for double-step target movements in which the second step occurs less than 0.2 sec after the first. 7. Finally, a model is presented which incorporates a continuum of parallel processing to represent the retinotopic spatial organization of the visual system and the tecto-bulbar motor commands. The model is conceptual; it was not constructed or tested but is used to discuss more complex eye movement phenomena such as those that appear to occur when the decision process must shift between hemispheres and how the system might produce quick correcting saccades with latencies as short as 85 msec.
Poverty, Race, and CKD in a Racially and Socioeconomically Diverse Urban Population

Background Low socioeconomic status (SES) and African American race are both independently associated with end-stage renal disease and progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, despite their frequent co-occurrence, the effect of low SES independent of race has not been well studied in CKD. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting & Participants 2,375 community-dwelling adults aged 30-64 years residing within 12 neighborhoods selected for both socioeconomic and racial diversity in Baltimore City, MD. Predictors Low SES (self-reported household income Outcomes & Measurements CKD defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate 2 . Logistic regression used to calculate ORs for relationship between poverty and CKD, stratified by race. Results Of 2,375 participants, 955 were white (347 low SES and 608 higher SES) and 1,420 were African American (713 low SES and 707 higher SES). 146 (6.2%) participants had CKD. Overall, race was not associated with CKD (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.57-1.96); however, African Americans had a much greater odds of advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 2 ). Low SES was independently associated with 59% greater odds of CKD after adjustment for demographics, insurance status, and comorbid disease (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.27-1.99). However, stratified by race, low SES was associated with CKD in African Americans (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.54-2.38), but not whites (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.58-1.55; P for interaction=0.003). Limitations Cross-sectional design; findings may not be generalizable to non-urban populations. Conclusions Low SES has a profound relationship with CKD in African Americans, but not whites, in an urban population of adults, and its role in the racial disparities seen in CKD is worthy of further investigation.
An examination of four models predicting fatigue in multiple sclerosis

Fatigue is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) that is purported to cause significant distress and have detrimental effects on daily functioning, social and occupational obligations, and overall well-being. The prevalence of fatigue in MS is high, with 53-87% of patients reporting significant problems with fatigue across different studies reported in the literature. The cause of fatigue in MS is still poorly understood. Some researchers have suggested that fatigue is a direct consequence of the MS disease process, but several studies have failed to find a relationship between disease severity and MS fatigue. A number of investigations have reported that depression and sleep are significantly related to fatigue in MS, as well as to one another. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relationships among disease severity, depression, and sleep disturbance in MS, and their possible role in predicting fatigue. Four models were proposed to explore these relationships. The best fitting model showed that all three were significant independent contributors to fatigue in MS, accounting for 43% of the variance, with sleep disturbance reigning as the largest contributor. Furthermore, although disease severity predicted fatigue in our sample, both depression and sleep disturbance emerged as stronger predictors. These findings suggest that, beyond core physical/neurological MS symptomatology, there are other factors that contribute to fatigue in MS, namely, depression and sleep disturbance.
Microstructural, Magnetic Anisotropy, and Magnetic Domain Structure Correlations in Epitaxial FePd Thin Films With Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy

L10 order was optimized in FePd epitaxial thin films prepared using dc magnetron sputter deposition on MgO(001) substrates by investigating various growth temperatures. A series of films was grown at the optimal temperature with varying thickness and degree of chemical order to investigate the interplay between the microstructure, magnetic anisotropy, and magnetic domain structure. The experimentally measured magnetic domain size/period and magnetic anisotropy in this high perpendicular anisotropy system were found to be correlated following the analytical energy model proposed by Kooy and Enz that considers a delicate balance between the domain wall energy and the demagnetizing stray field energy.
KAPOSI'S SARCOMA

Revue generale: l'experience Africaine, l'association a des etats d'immunodeficits, le SIDA histologie et histogenese, virologie, immunologie
Independent component analysis based source separation in physiological strain waves

Physiological cyclic strain waves in tissue are caused by the pulsation of blood flow in arterial vasculature due to cardiac activity and modulation of blood volume in venous vasculature due to respiration. We applied independent component analysis ( ICA) to extract the sources of the strain wave modeled as three linear mixtures: 1) cardiac source; 2) respiratory source; 3) other sources. Factor analysis (FA) with minimum description length (MDL) was applied at the preprocessing step to determine the number of sources. To test the efficacy of FA and MDL, we implemented two hundred iterations of simulated source separations on model signals formed from summing simulated cardiac and respiratory sources. We obtained the correct source number for 176 out of 200 iterations. The extracted sources matched the original sources with correlation coefficients higher than 95% in successive field simulations. We also applied the ICA strategy to an in-vivo study and extracted three sources which included cardiac and respiratory sources. The results demonstrate the efficacy of ICA in strain wave source separation.
DNA millichips as a low-cost platform for gene expression analysis

Our goal was to create a DNA chip that is as easy, convenient, and inexpensive as an agarose gel. For a first-generation solution, we describe a low-cost, easy-to-use de novo synthesis oligonucleotide microarray technology that draws on the inherent flexibility of the maskless array synthesizer for in situ synthesis of thousands of photolithographically produced oligonucleotides covalently attached to a microscope slide. The method involves physically subdividing the slide into 1 × 1 mm millichips that are hybridized to fluorescent RNA or DNA of biological origin, in a microfuge tube at an ordinary laboratory benchtop, rather than in dedicated hybridization chambers. Fluorescence intensity is then measured with a standard microscope rather than sophisticated DNA chip scanners. For proof of principle, we measured changes in the transcriptome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants induced by growth in the presence of three major environmental abiotic stresses (temperature, light, and water status), in all possible combinations. Validation by comparison with quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed a high correlation coefficient and analysis of variance indicated a high technical reproducibility. These experiments demonstrate that low-cost DNA millichips can be made and reliably used at the benchtop in a normal laboratory setting, without assistance of core facilities containing costly specialized instrumentation.
Protest, Scale, and Publicity: The FBI and the H Rap Brown Act

This paper deals with issues of political dissent and the geography of state power through the lens of a particular law and its deployment by the US state in the context of the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota by American Indian Movement activists and local residents. I explore how the state responded to the highly mediated nature of the Wounded Knee occupation through tactics that minimized the visibility of its efforts to contain the protest. These efforts, I argue, also constituted a broader politics of scale. I begin with a theoretical discussion of the intersection of protest, scale and publicity. I then use the empirical example of the H Rap Brown Act to show how these dynamics were being reworked in the US during the late 1960s and early 1970s. In particular, I place the emergence of the H Rap Brown Act within a context of changing geographies of race and state power, more specifically as they were articulated around the unrest that was engulfing American cities. I then analyze how the law was deployed by the state during the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee. Finally, I conclude with a discussion of what the case of the H Rap Brown Act has to tell us more broadly about our theoretical understandings of the geographies of public protest.
Facts versus fiction: Socio‐political and economic development of Burma under military management since 1988

Abstract The Burmese military under the command of General Saw Maung staged a coup in the name of saving the country by killing thousands of unarmed demonstrators on 18 September 1988. After forming a nineteen‐man military junta which was named the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), Burmese generals vowed to manage the country to accomplish three tasks: the restoration of law and order, the provision of safe and secure transportation, the fulfilment of the socio‐economic needs of the people. The article examines and evaluates the accomplishment of SLORC in attending to these three tasks based upon the reports given by the military regimes and its lobbyists and by the people and outside observers of Burma. The basic conclusion of the article is that there is a tremendous gap between the fictional official reports and the factual reports given by the people on the improvements in the socio‐political and economic conditions in Burma under the military management since 1988.
Efficient hepatic uptake and concentrative biliary excretion of a mercapturic acid

The role of the liver in the disposition of circulating mercapturic acids was examined in anesthetized rats and in the isolated perfused rat liver usingS-2,4-dinitrophenyl-N-acetylcysteine (DNP-NAC...
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Molecular Crystals

Molecular crystals are studied using the Car-Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics simulation technique. In particular, the motion of protons in a variety of systems is considered. Results are presented on the rotation of the methyl group in solid nitromethane and proton transfer through a hydrogen bond in hydrogen chloride dihydrate crystal.
Osteonecrosis of the jaws unrelated to bisphosphonate exposure: A series of 4 cases

Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is an entity that has received much attention in recent years because of multiple case reports of exposed bone in patients with a history of bisphosphonate (BP) exposure. The term ONJ generally means death of bone without implying specific causation. The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons gives 3 criteria for the diagnosis of BP-related ONJ: 1) The patient must have a history of BP exposure. 2) The patient ust have an area of exposed bone in the maxillofaial region that has persisted for greater than 8 weeks. ) The patient must not have a history of radiation to he head and neck region. In our institutions, over the last year, we have had 4 patients referred for management of areas of exposed bone that have been refractory to conservative
Effects of Interfacial Bonding on Friction and Wear at Silica/Silica Interfaces

Static friction between amorphous silica surfaces with a varying number of interfacial siloxane (Si–O–Si) bridges was studied using molecular dynamic simulations. Static friction was found to increase linearly with the applied normal pressure, which can be explained in the framework of Prandlt–Tomlinson’s model. Friction force was found to increase with concentration of siloxane bridges, but with a decreasing gradient, with the latter being due to interactions between neighboring siloxane bridges. In addition, we identified atomic-level wear mechanisms of silica. These mechanisms include both transfer of individual atoms accompanied by breaking interfacial siloxane bridges and transfer of atomic cluster initialized by rupturing of surface Si–O bonds. Our simulations showed that small clusters are continually formed and dissolved at the sliding interface, which plays an important role in wear at silica/silica interface.
Cultivating Greater Acceptance of Women in Technology: A Pilot Study

Many Western nations face a critical shortage of skilled professionals in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). However, despite abundant opportunities, few women prepare themselves for careers in these fields. Several of those concerned with the problem have proposed that new media programming, such as television dramas with women engineers, computer professionals and/or engineers in leading roles, might help attract more women to STEM fields. This article identifies a theoretical rationale for a media-centered strategy, and describes a pilot study whose data suggest that a media-centered approach might have some success in producing greater interest among women in pursuing STEM careers, particularly information technology (IT) careers.
Screening for Prostate Cancer With the Prostate-Specific Antigen Test A Review of Current Evidence

Importance Prostate cancer screening with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test remains controversial. Objective To review evidence from randomized trials and related modeling studies examining the effect of PSA screening vs no screening on prostate cancer–specific mortality and to suggest an approach balancing potential benefits and harms. Evidence Acquisition MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials were searched from January 1, 2010, to April 3, 2013, for PSA screening trials to update a previous systematic review. Another search was performed in EMBASE and MEDLINE to identify modeling studies extending the results of the 2 large randomized trials identified. The American Heart Association Evidence-Based Scoring System was used to rate level of evidence. Results Two trials—the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) screening trial and the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC)—dominate the evidence regarding PSA screening. The former trial demonstrated an increase in cancer incidence in the screening group (relative risk [RR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.17) but no cancer-specific mortality benefit to PSA screening after 13-year follow-up (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.87-1.36). The ERSPC demonstrated an increase in cancer incidence with screening (RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.57-1.69) and an improvement in the risk of prostate cancer–specific death after 11 years (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.91). The ERSPC documented that 37 additional men needed to receive a diagnosis through screening for every 1 fewer prostate cancer death after 11 years of follow-up among men aged 55 to 69 years (level B evidence for prostate cancer mortality reduction). Harms associated with screening include false-positive results and complications of biopsy and treatment. Modeling studies suggest that this high ratio of additional men receiving diagnoses to prostate cancer deaths prevented will decrease during a longer follow-up (level B evidence). Conclusions and Relevance Available evidence favors clinician discussion of the pros and cons of PSA screening with average-risk men aged 55 to 69 years. Only men who express a definite preference for screening should have PSA testing. Other strategies to mitigate the potential harms of screening include considering biennial screening, a higher PSA threshold for biopsy, and conservative therapy for men receiving a new diagnosis of prostate cancer.
What Works Best?: Values and the Evaluation of Local Economic Development Policy

This article addresses several issues related to values and the evaluation of local economic development policies. First, it focuses on the issue of goals in relation to the evaluation of local pol...
Novel immunomodulators for topical skin disease therapy.

The use of topical corticosteroids has revolutionised the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. However, problems including pharmacological resistance, as well as the side effect profile of potent topical corticosteroids, has prompted studies to investigate into other topical non-corticosteroidal agents in inflammatory skin diseases. This review outlines the major types of inflammatory skin diseases and discusses emerging therapies based on topical immunosuppressive macrolide antibiotics. In particular, tacrolimus and ascomycin derivatives have been shown to be effective for treating atopic dermatitis with a surprising lack of side effects. It is expected that these agents will play an important role in future dermatological therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests the importance of lipid-derived mediators of inflammation (eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor) in cutaneous inflammatory diseases. The role of these mediators in skin inflammation is also addressed in this review. Though there appears...
Stability of balanced time-variable system approximations

A uniformly balanced realization for time-varying systems is defined. Such a framework has many remarkable properties and leads to a natural setting for performing model reduction. It turns out that in many cases a reduced model preserves the properties of the original model. In this paper stability of the reduced systems is fully explored.
Brazilian Päramos. III. Patterns and Rates of Postfire Regeneration in the Campos de Altitude1

Abstract Postfire vegetation development was studied at two recent mountaintop burns in the Serra do Caparao, Espirito Santo/Minas Gerais, and the Serra dos Orgaos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Both fires occurred within the paramo-like “campos de altitude”, a system of orographic grass- and scrublands restricted to the highest peaks of southeast Brazil. Data collected included pre- and postfire heights and densities of shrubs and trees, and cover of all taxa. Slopes of different aspect and altitude were sampled at each site to evaluate the effects of varying physical environment on regeneration. Rapid vegetative regeneration was common among shrubs and bamboo, with most taxa surviving fire. Regeneration and postfire colonization rates varied among species, and appeared to depend both on physical variables associated with different slopes, aspects and altitudes, and biotic variables. Most plant species in the campos de altitude show some form of evolutionary adaptation to fire. The distribution of species and ...
Collaborative Learning and New Learning Technologies: Coordination of Pedagogy

Two trends, among many, in pedagogy are rising in relevance in today’s higher education. One advocates the use of collaborative learning; the other advocates the use of new learning technologies. These pedagogies are often found diverging in opposite directions. Collaborative learning focuses on learning with one another and from one another in small groups. New learning technologies often focus on the individual learning at home or in a lab, alone, quietly with a computer. Both methods can fall under the realm of “active learning” where students are actively involved with the subject rather than simply listening to a lecture on the topic. We would like to use this discussion paper to illustrate how both types of active learning can be combined to further enhance the educational experience for students.
A computerized perinatal data system for a region

The development of regionalized systems for perinatal care requires a record system which will provide a flow of patient information to and from referring and center hospitals. It should also provide for the risk evaluation of patients being cared for within the region as well as for the quality and statistical evaluation. When the Arizona Perinatal Program was established in 1975 with funding by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the decision was made to adopt and expand a perinatal data system under development at St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix. This data system is made up of two major components: (1) a paper record system in which the documents completed by physician or nurse serve both as the medical record and a computer-input document and (2) a computer capable of simultaneous communication with 17 different terminals, directly or by telephone lines. Programs to meet the goals of patient care, quality evaluation, and statistical assessment are described.
N,n'-Ethylene-Bis(iodoacetamide) as a Probe for Structural and Functional-Characteristics of Brine Shrimp, Squid, and Bovine Tubulins

We have developed a simple probe for certain functionally significant features of the tubulin molecule. When bovine brain tubulin is treated with N,N′-ethylene-bis(iodoacetamide) (EBI), two intrach...
Education across Borders: The Relationship between Age at Migration and Educational Attainment for Mexico-U.S. Child Migrants.

Background/ContextThe flow of people, including children, across international borders is a growing trend. While research has emphasized the relationship between parental migration and children's e...
Enterprise application development in the cloud with IBM Bluemix

This workshop gave you an overview of IBM Bluemix and presented the enterprise application development process in the cloud environment. You have learned how to prototype an application and work with runtimes in the cloud environment. You also learned about boilerplates and services in IBM Bluemix. Participants used the Liberty profile to create a Java application and used services to extend the Java application's functions. Participants learned how to deploy applications using the blue-green, or zero downtime, deployment. Application monitoring and scaling were discussed as well as the charges for using Bluemix and how to estimate those charges. Participants acted as different personas; thereby using Bluemix as it would be used by a variety of clients. By the end of the workshop you have understood what Platform as a Service (PaaS) is and why to use Bluemix for cloud application development.
Testosterone and prostate cancer: an evidence-based review of pathogenesis and oncologic risk

Testosterone plays a central role in male development and health. Likewise, androgen deficiency, or hypogonadism, is associated with a variety of symptoms including decreased energy, diminished libido and erectile dysfunction, among others. Male androgen levels steadily decline with age, and, in a subset of symptomatic older men, can result in late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). Over the last decade, increased awareness of hypogonadism among patients and providers has led to a significant rise in the use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for hypogonadism, and especially in LOH. Accompanying the rise in TRT are concerns of potential adverse effects, including cardiovascular risks and the promotion of prostate cancer. The 'androgen hypothesis' asserts that prostate cancer development and progression is driven by androgens, and thus TRT has the theoretical potential to drive prostate cancer development and progression. In this review, we examine existing data surrounding testosterone and prostate cancer. There is significant evidence that androgens promote prostate cancer in experimental systems. However, there is no clear evidence that elevations in endogenous testosterone levels promote the development of prostate cancer in humans. As a result of experimental and historical data on the progression of prostate cancer following TRT, there has been widespread belief that TRT will promote disease progression in prostate cancer patients. Despite these fears, there are a growing number of studies demonstrating no increase in prostate cancer incidence among men on TRT. Furthermore, in studies involving a small number of patients, there has been no discernable increase in disease progression in prostate cancer patients on TRT. While data from large, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are absent, TRT in select prostate cancer patients is likely safe. In the end, the use of TRT in prostate cancer patients is still considered experimental and should only be offered after well-informed shared decision making and with close monitoring.