cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The developmental biochemistry of cotton seed embryogenesis and germination. VI. Levels of cytosol and chloroplast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during cotyledon development.

Abstract The separation of isotransferring aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (amino acid : tRNA ligases, EC 6.1.1.x) for several amino acids extracted from tissues of embryonic and germinating cotton seeds was carried out by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Evidence was obtained that the separated activities represent discrete enzymes, and could be defined as cytosol or chloroplast enzymes by several criteria. The levels of the cytosol enzymes per cell were found to be constant in germinated and ungerminated cotyledons. Chloroplast enzymes were found to be present in immature embryonic cotyledons and in roots at constant levels relative to the cytosol enzymes, but found to increase markedly in germinating cotyledons. This increase takes place to the same extent in etiolated cotyledons as in greened cotyledons indicating that the chloroplast synthetase increase is analogous to the simultaneous increase in chloroplast tRNA and rRNA which also is not light dependent. The separated cytosol and chloroplast enzymes show varying degrees of specificity for isoaccepting tRNA species from homologous and heterologous sources.
Transit timing velocimetry (TTV) for two-phase reacting flows

A simple single-beam transit timing velocimetry (TTV) method has been developed for determining particle size and mean speed measurements. The method uses a single-beam light scattering system with the addition of two commercial nuclear instrumentation modules to obtain timing information from the trailing edge of the scattering pulses. Results of test studies show that the modal value of transit time remained constant over a wide range of particle sizes, even for particles approaching 50% of the total beam width. Applications of the TTV method to combustion systems include studies of liquid-fuel laminar flames, where integrated reaction times, and thus local droplet velocities, are needed in addition to particle size information.
Does Written Emotional Disclosure about Stress Improve College Students' Academic Performance? Results from Three Randomized, Controlled Studies:

Several early studies and subsequent reviews suggested that written emotional disclosure (WED)-writing repeatedly about personal stressful experiences-leads to improved academic performance of college students. Yet a critical review of available studies casts some doubt on this, so we conducted three randomized, controlled experiments of the effects of WED versus control writing on grade point average (GPA) of college students. In all three studies, WED writing was implemented effectively-it contained more negative emotion language and generated more negative mood than did control writing. In Study 1, WED did not influence GPA during either the writing semester or subsequent semester among 96 students with headaches. In Study 2, WED had no effect on GPA compared with either control writing or no writing conditions among 124 students with unresolved stress. In Study 3, WED did not influence GPA or retention among 68 academically at-risk ethnic minority students, although secondary analyses suggested some benefits of WED among students who wrote more than once, particularly men. These three studies challenge the belief that WED improves academic performance of college students, and research should examine subgroups of students who might benefit from WED.
The role of mining and agricultural activity in creating coexisting but divergent soils, San Luis Valley, Colorado, USA

Abstract Application of irrigation water, especially through flood or furrow methods can have profound impacts on soil morphological, chemical, and physical properties. Using a variety of field and laboratory techniques, we examined the impact of both acidic and alkaline irrigation water on a host of soil properties in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. Impacts on calcium carbonate, clay content, and gypsum to a depth of 1 m are presented for 4 sites; a control, two sites exposed to acidic irrigation water, and one site exposed to alkaline irrigation water. Along with the increased water in this arid ecosystem, water quality and sediment content have likely contributed to the pedologic changes observed in this system. One of the most prominent changes is the removal of carbonate within the upper meter of soil at the site with the greatest exposure to acidic irrigation water. Changes in soil structure and color, differences in clay mineralogy and rock fragment weathering, and the presence of jarosite provide further evidence of accelerated weathering along this management gradient. The sum of these changes has resulted in a shift in the soil classification and has potential implications on buffering capacity and soil productivity.
Implications of missing efflux sites on convective ventilation and amino acid metabolism in Phragmites australis.

Three stands of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel were investigated regarding the relationship between the number of efflux culms and convective ventilation efficiency affecting the hypoxic status of roots and rhizomes. The lack of old (efflux) culms after mowing the preceding winter caused a significantly higher counterpressure within the rhizome, thereby diminishing air flushing rate, i.e. oxygen supply, of rhizomes. The levels of alanine and c-aminobutyric acid in basal culm internodes increased significantly. Both amino acids indicate the hypoxic status of the root and rhizome metabolism of P. australis. Amino acid patterns of the basal culm internodes are discussed with respect to the maintenance of aerobic root metabolism and nutrient availability.
Evolving role of mitomycin-C laryngology

Topical mitomycin-C, a chemotherapeutic agent and a fibroblast inhibitor, has been successfully used in larynx, primarily to treat stenosis. Subglottic, tracheal, and anterior glottic stenosis have all shown promising results in a canine model. Less favorable results have been obtained when topical mitomycin-C is used on the vocal folds following surgical excision of mucosa. In the vocal fold studies, laryngeal videostroboscopy revealed diminished mucosal wave vibration in the vocal folds treated with mitomycin-C as well as a more atrophic appearance to the vibratory surface. The tissue treated with mitomycin-C showed fewer fibroblasts and less collagen. However, inflammatory infiltrate was not significantly different between the treated and untreated tissue. These results are consistent with the known suppression of fibroblast proliferation by mitomycin-C. In contrast to the positive effects of mitomycin-C on stenosis, the observed decrease in the healing response in the vocal fold had negative consequences on vocal fold vibratory pattern.
Combined desalination and solar-assisted air-conditioning system

Abstract Analysis of a new desalination process utilizing low grade thermal energy is presented. In this process, fresh water is distilled from saline water under near-vacuum pressures created by passive means, enabling low-temperature distillation with lower energy requirements. The energy for low-temperature distillation is provided by a thermal energy storage (TES) system maintained at 55 °C utilizing any low grade waste heat source. In this study, heat rejected by the condenser of a modified absorption refrigeration system (ARS) is evaluated as a possible source to drive this desalination process. The energy for the generator of the ARS is provided by a combination of solar collector system and grid power. Results of this study show that the thermal energy rejected by an ARS of cooling capacity of 3.25 kW (0.975 tons of refrigeration) along with an additional energy input of 208 kJ/kg of desalinated water is adequate to produce desalinated water at an average rate of 4.5 kg/h. This energy consumption is competitive with that of the multi-stage flash distillation process of similar capacity (338 kJ/kg). An integrated process model and performance curves of the proposed approach are presented in this paper. Effects of process parameters on the performance of the system are also presented.
New Fathoms in Scientific Exploration: The DeepWrecks Project

Modern technology lends itself to holistic exploration and widely accessible outreach. New technology allows scientists studying our planet either from space or deep under the seas, to explore and reveal both natural and cultural resources that have previously escaped our scrutiny. However, the use of these new technologies is expensive and often the exclusive tool of industrial research. Yet, these new technologies can lead the way to greater collaboration, better science and more public access. In 2003 and 2004, a landmark project, combining government agencies, industrial technology and outreach set new standards in collaborative scientific exploration. The project focused on six shipwrecks at depth in the Gulf of Mexico. The questions posed by the project illuminate how science and industry can collaborate to produce remarkable results. The papers presented in this issue form a model for deepwater exploration.
Cell-intrinsic timing in animal development

In certain instances we can witness cells controlling the sequence of their behaviors as they divide and differentiate. Striking examples occur in the nervous systems of animals where the order of differentiated cell types can be traced to internal changes in their progenitors. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying such cell fate succession has been of interest for its role in generating cell type diversity and proper tissue structure. Another well-studied instance of developmental timing occurs in the larva of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where the heterochronic gene pathway controls the succession of a variety of developmental events. In each case, the identification of molecules involved and the elucidation of their regulatory relationships is ongoing, but some important factors and dynamics have been revealed. In particular, certain homologs of worm heterochronic factors have been shown to work in neural development, alerting us to possible connections among these systems and the possibility of universal components of timing mechanisms. These connections also cause us to consider whether cell-intrinsic timing is more widespread, regardless of whether multiple differentiated cell types are produced in any particular order. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Catalytic Steam Reforming of Biogas – Effects of Feed Composition and Operating Conditions

Abstract A study was conducted on the steam reforming of biogas mixtures over a 4 wt.% Rh/La–Al2O3 catalyst, where the effects of temperature (590–685 °C), steam (S/C molar ratio = 1.28–3.86), CO2/CH4 molar ratio (0.55–1.51), and the gas hourly space velocity (9810–27,000 hr−1) on the conversions and product yields were evaluated. Within these ranges, temperature and steam had the most pronounced effect on methane and carbon dioxide conversions. The highest methane conversion observed was 99%. Low temperatures and high S/C resulted in a net CO2 production. The water gas shift reaction appeared to have a stronger effect on the CO2 conversion than the CO2 reforming reaction. Experimental methane conversions were lower than the equilibrium predicted values. Lower temperature operations yielded a lower carbon balance suggesting the tendency to form carbonaceous species other than CO, CO2, and CH4. The presence of CO2 in the biogas contributed to the CO yield (beyond that from CH4 steam reforming) only above certain CO2/CH4 ratios.
Impact of fish feed on four benthic invertebrate phyla abundance and taxa richness: benthic ecology implications

The impact of fish feed on four benthic invertebrate phyla in channel catfish ponds was investigated. Benthic soil samples were collected from five fed and five unfed identical catfish ponds. Samples were collected from each pond December to February and the macro- and meo-invertebrates extracted. A paired-t-test was used to compare population densities, taxa richness, and hydrogen ion concentrations in fed and unfed ponds. Mean values for the entire sampling period were used for the analysis. The data collected and its analysis consistently revealed that fish feed had a reductive effect on the benthic invertebrates investigated. Density of the Mollusca and Gastrotricha were significantly reduced (P > 0.001) by fish feed. Fish feed had an eliminative effect on the Rotifera and Tardigrada as these phyla were not recorded in the fed ponds. The pH data revealed that fish feed significantly (P > 0.01) increased the acidity of the benthic soil as compared to the approximately neutral pH of the unfed ponds. Res...
The glassy state and accelerated aging of soybeans

Deteriorative changes in seeds may be expected to reflect changes in physical state as well as in chemical composition. In the present study, measurements of changes in glass transition, lipid phase transition and sugar content were made during accelerated aging of two cultivars of soybeans (Glycine max Merrill cv. Chippewa 64 and cv. Hodgson 78). The glass transition in axes, as measured by the thermally stimulated depolarization current method, showed gradual decreases in both magnitude and transition temperature during accelerated aging, and eventually, axes of seeds lost their ability to enter the glassy state. Sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents in seed axes showed little or no change during the aging treatment. Membrane lipids in aged axes retained the liquid crystalline phase during aging. These data suggest that the changes of glass transition during accelerated aging occurred without associated changes in soluble sugar contents or changes in the liquid crystalline state of membrane lipids. The loss of the glass transition during accelerated aging could be a consequence of the annealing effect due to elevated temperature and moisture content. We propose that a loss of the glassy state during accelerated aging leads to an enhanced rate of subsequent deteriorative reactions in seeds and accelerates the loss of viability.
Lunar Tsunamis Revisited

Two papers published before the Apollo landings showed that the ring spacing of a plurality of multi-ringed lunar maria precisely fit the pattern for explosion-generated gravity waves in a “liquid” overlying a rigid substrate, if frozen at times related to their respective explosion energies. Liquidity was attributed to transient melting of an initially hot, plastic layer beneath a rubble crust, owing to pressure relief behind the shock fronts from energetic meteoroid impacts, and freezing to subsequent solidification, upon restoration of isostatic pressure. This interpretation was largely ignored; most geophysicists thought the moon too rigid to sustain gravity waves. Here I show that current acceptance of an initially molten proto-moon with a thin crust credibly supports the “tsunami-like” generation of the lunar maria and provides new insight to the moon’s thermal history.
Human endothelial cell response to lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor is regulated by protein synthesis.

Abstract In this study we assessed the viability of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE) treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant human interleukin-1 (rhIL-1), or recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α (rhTNF-α) during inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis. Cytotoxicity was determined by 51Cr activity retained in labeled HUVE monolayers after exposure to LPS, rhIL-1 or rhTNF-α, and cycloheximide (Cx) or actinomycin D (Act D). Lipopolysaccharide (150 ng/ml), rhIL-1 (100 pg/ml), or rhTNF-α (20 ng/ml) alone was not toxic to HUVE in an 18-hr incubation. Cycloheximide alone (1 μg/ml for 18 hr) or Act D alone (1 μg/ml for 6 hr) was also not toxic to HUVE. However, coincubation of HUVE with Cx and LPS (150 ng/ml), rhIL-1 (10 pg/ml), or rhTNF-α (20 ng/ml) produced significant cytotoxicity at 18 hr (70 ± 4% for LPS, 75 ± 5% for rhIL-1, and 52 ± 5% for rhTNF-α; mean ± SEM of 18, 16, and 19 separate experiments, respectively). Similarly, coincubation of HUVE with Act D and LPS, rhIL-1, or rhTNF-α resulted in 82 ± 5%, 85 ± 3%, and 67 ± 4% cytotoxicity, respectively, at 6 hr (mean ± SEM of 5 separate experiments for LPS, and 7 separate experiments each for rhIL-1 and rhTNF-α). At the highest concentrations of LPS, rhIL-1, or rhTNF-α, cytotoxicity during coincubation with Cx or Act D was detected as early as 2 hr and was near maximal by 6 hr. In contrast to LPS, rhIL-1, or rhTNF-α, recombinant human interferon-γ (up to 100 U/ml), or human α-thrombin (up to 10 U/ml), produced no cytotoxicity in the presence of Cx. Recombinant human lymphotoxin (up to 50 ng/ml) had a detectable cytotoxic effect in the presence of Cx although it was significantly less than that seen with rhTNF-α. Furthermore, coincubation of human fibroblasts and human smooth muscle cells with Cx and LPS, rhIL-1, or rhTNF-α produced no cytotoxicity. We conclude that under these culture conditions, LPS, rhIL-1, or rhTNF-α produces a lethal injury to HUVE when de novo RNA or protein synthesis is inhibited. These results suggest that LPS, rhIL-1, and rhTNF-α may act via a common pathway in endothelial cells and that protein synthesis is important in regulating the response to these Stimuli.
Developing a Database to Support and Prioritize the Removal of Abandoned Vessels Impacting Coral Resources1

ABSTRACT Derelict and abandoned vessels pose significant threats to coral ecosystems by releasing pollutants, physically destroying habitat, and causing algal blooms through iron deposition. Each of these threats has been anecdotally documented in the recent academic literature and popular press, but the scale and scope of the problem is poorly understood because of reporting inconsistencies at the local level and the lack of data collection and analysis at the national level. NOAA's Damage Assessment Center is attempting to address these issues by creating a comprehensive database of abandoned vessels threatening coral reef ecosystems. While the program has assembled data for vessels across the entire United States and its territories, it is also distributing the data to agencies across the country on CD and through its website. Additionally, the website contains a tool for collecting data from those who log on who have information about vessels both recorded and new to the database.
Comments on “Simultaneous estimation of Poisson means of the selected subset”

Abstract We comment on the existence of the improved estimators proposed by Vellaisamy and Al-Mosawi (JSPI 2010, vol. 140, pp. 3355–3364)
Accuracy of the self-reported dietary recall of new immigrant and refugee children

Abstract The ability of recent immigrant and refugee children to accurately recall school cafeteria foods was investigated as part of a nutritional assessment project. Chinese, Hispanic, Filipino, and Cambodian children, aged 8–11 years, were studied in San Francisco. Food obtained from the school (breakfast and lunch) was weighed for 102 children. The following day, bicultural and bilingual dietitians conducted a dietary recall interview of these two school meals with each child in the child's native language. There was no significant difference in energy intake between the recalled and consumed food intake of Chinese and Hispanic children (p
The Outsourcing of Classroom Instruction in Higher Education

Many constituencies external to higher education have begun promoting greater accountability. This view advocates a closer focus on the bottom line and that universities should utilise a more business‐like model. One major outgrowth of this paradigm shift has been the seemingly recent emergence of outsourcing in higher education. Higher education has seemingly been slow to adopt this strategy. Or has it? The truth is that higher education has been outsourcing classroom instruction for many years. Recent statistics in the US suggest that over half of all undergraduate instruction is contracted out to teaching staff outside the university's regular full‐time academic staff. Is this usage of outsourcing working in higher education? This paper applies an outsourcing assessment method developed in the business world to higher education so as to answer questions concerning the outsourcing of classroom instruction.
Parabolized stability equation models of large-scale jet mixing noise

We report on the development of parabolized stability equation models to predict the evolution of low frequencies, large-scale wavepacket structures in turbulent jets and their radiated sound. We consider computations and data corresponding to high subsonic and supersonic jets from circular nozzles. Previous methods are extended to consider nonlinear interactions amongst the waves and use a Kirchhoff-surface type approach to project the near-field wavepacket amplitudes to the far-field. Linear PSE, whose initial conditions are chosen to provide an overall amplitude reference, show excellent agreement for the wavepacket amplitudes and phases with microphone array data just outside the jet shear layers, especially when the microphone data are processed to filter out contributions from uncorrelated fluctuations. Far-field sound predictions based on the linear PSE are also in reasonable agreement with far-field data. In order to investigate nonlinearity, we use an LES database to evaluate initial conditions for the PSE modes, and then compare their later evolution along the jet. Preliminary cases show some sensitivity to the initial amplitudes and their phases, and that nonlinear effects may be important in predicting the far-field sound based on the initial (near-nozzle) spectrum of disturbances.
Modifying Cluster-Based Segments to Enhance Agreement with an Exogenous Response Variable:

K-means clustering programs are frequently used to group buyers into market segments. Segment members exhibit similar background profiles, based on such characteristics as psychographics, benefits ...
Spin waves in striped phases

(1) Dept. of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907(2) Dept. of Physics and Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215(Dated: February 2, 2008)In many antiferromagnetic, quasi-two-dimensional materials, doping with holes leads to “stripe”phases, in which the holes congregate along antiphase domain walls in the otherwise antiferromag-netic texture. Using a suitably parametrized two-dimensional Heisenberg model on a square lattice,we study the spin wave spectra of well-ordered spin stripes, comparing bond-centered antiphasedomain walls to site-centered antiphase domain walls for a range of spacings between the stripesand for stripes both aligned with the lattice (“vertical”) and oriented along the diagonals of thelattice (“diagonal”). Our results establish that there are qualitative diﬀerences between the ex-pected neutron scattering responses for the bond-centered and site-centered cases. In particular,bond-centered stripes of odd spacing generically exhibit more elastic peaks than their site-centeredcounterparts. For inelastic scattering, we ﬁnd that bond-centered stripes produce more spin wavebands than site-centered stripes of the same spacing and that bond-centered stripes produce ratherisotropic low energy spin wave cones for a large range of parameters, despite local microscopicanisotropy. We ﬁnd that extra scattering intensity due to the crossing of spin wave modes (whichmay be linked to the “resonance peak” in the cuprates) is more likely for diagonal stripes, whethersite- or bond-centered, whereas spin wave bands generically repel, rather than cross, when stripesare vertical.I. INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity conservation: climate change and extinction risk.

Arising from: C. D. Thomas et al. Nature 427, 145–148 (2004)); see also communication from Thuiller et al. and communication from Buckley & Roughgarden; Thomas et al. reply Thomas et al.1 have carried out a useful analysis of the extinction risk from climate warming. Their overall conclusion, that a large fraction of extant species could be driven to extinction by expected climate trends over the next 50 years, is compelling: it adds to the many other reasons why new energy policies are needed to reduce the pace of warming.
Fluvial systems in the Siwalik Miocene and Wyoming Paleogene

Abstract The 3 km thick Miocene Siwalik Group (Himalayan foredeep in northern Pakistan) and the 2 km thick Paleogene Fort Union/Willwood formations (Bighorn Basin in Wyoming) both preserve long records of fluvial deposition adjacent to rising mountain belts. Depositional environments and associated habitats change across large basins along with changing physiography and with the location of different river systems that may have varied greatly in patterns of channel deposition and the drainage of adjacent floodplain areas. Deposits exposed in these two basins provide very different records of shifting paleoenvironments and patterns of basin filling. These differences reflect distinct patterns and scales of depositional environments. The nature of the exposures, and the types of sedimentologic studies that have been carried out in each basin. The Siwalik Group fills a basin that extended at least 1000 km along its axis and 150–250 km away from the mountain front. Comparison of Siwalik deposits and modern drainages in the Himalayan foredeep suggests the ancient Siwalik basin was filled by large rivers that deposited low gradient sediment fans covering areas on the order of 1000 km 2 , and by smaller intrafan rivers with more poorly drained floodplains. Despite the scale of these river systems relative to Siwalik exposures in Pakistan, transitions between different systems have been recognized. Deposits of coeval river systems in the Siwalik Basin show pronounced differences in alluvial architecture, the character of overbank deposits, and the abundance and taphonomy of organic remains. In contrast, the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming is a relatively small intermontane foreland basin extending 200 km along its axis and about 80 km across. Bighorn Basin strata were deposited by a river that flowed south to north along the basin axis and by smaller rivers that flowed transverse to the basin axis. Much of this basin is exposed and thus it is possible to reconstruct changing patterns of deposition and environments through time in more detail than in the Siwalik Basin. These patterns indicate changes in basin-wide drainage conditions and environments through time, but there are also important differences among coeval strata. Upsection shifts in environments and vertebrate faunas within both the Siwalik and Bighorn Basins may reflect tectonic or climatic forcing, but this comparison emphasizes the importance of recognizing deposits from different contemporaneous river systems before inferring such large-scale controls on paleoecological change through time.
The Channel Catfish Fishery at Pony Express Lake, Missouri, 1963‐1984

Abstract Pony Express Lake in Missouri was initially stocked in 1964 with fingerling largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, bluegills Lepomis macrochirus, redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus, and 5-8-in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The lake was opened to fishing in January 1966. Since the opening, annual supplemental stockings of 8-10-in channel catfish have been made at rates of 13-50 fish/acre. No negative effects on other species were documented that could be related to channel catfish stocking. The size distribution of channel catfish in gill-net catches, all years combined, corresponded to the size composition of angler catches except for fish less than 12.0 in. Experimental gill nets (1/2-2-in meshes) were most effective for sampling the smaller fish in the population. Channel catfish averaged 15.4 in at age 4 after completing two growing seasons in the lake. Annual daytime fishing pressure averaged 396 h/acre from 1966 through 1984, 33% of which was directed at channel catfish. Mean total an...
Characterization of altered regulation variants of dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase from Rhodospirillum rubrum

In Rhodospirillum rubrum, nitrogenase activity is subject to posttranslational regulation through the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT) and dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DRAG). To study the posttranslational regulation of DRAG, its gene was mutagenized and colonies screened for altered DRAG regulation. Three different mutants were found and the DRAG variants displayed different biochemical properties including an altered affinity for divalent metal ions. Taken together, the results suggest that the site involved in regulation is physically near the metal binding site of DRAG.
Vision-based control of an air hockey playing robot

We demonstrate an integrated sensing and control design for high-speed ballistic manipulation in two dimensions. We show the effectiveness of a vision-based switched control scheme for precision impulsive manipulation. Vision-based hybrid control is a promising avenue of research for fully autonomous interaction between robots and complicated environments. Much work remains to be done in both computer vision and hybrid systems. In the context of robot air hockey, important future areas to investigate include the problems of modeling and identification of the environment dynamics, in particular, the table friction and puck spin. We show how the puck spin significantly influences its trajectory and subsequently our ability to perform accurate trajectory estimation and prediction.
Visiones de Obama

Las caracteristicas graficas de las imagenes de Obama en su campana presidencial de 2008 supusieron un instrumento fundamental para llegar a comunicar el mensaje y los valores que representaba su candidatura. Y en gran medida su enorme exito se debio al trabajo del disenador Shepard Fairey, pues esas primeras imagenes —y otras posteriores—, convirtieron a Obama en un icono grafico y un simbolo de esperanza en el futuro y el cambio.
Structural reanalysis of the Rh(111) + (√3 × √3)R30°-CO and Rh(111) + (2 × 2)-3CO phases using automated tensor LEED

Abstract The structures of Rh(111) + (√3 × √3)R30°-CO and Rh(111) + (2 × 2)-3CO have been reanalyzed using automated tensor LEED. In accordance with the result of an earlier LEED analysis, the CO molecules were found to occupy top sites in Rh(111) + (√3 × √3)R30°-CO; for the topmost substrate layer, a buckling is now determined, with the Rh atom underneath CO being pulled out by 0.08 A. In the (2 × 2)-3CO structure, the CO molecules are found to occupy top sites and three-fold hollow sites, in contrast to results of an earlier LEED analysis. These findings are in line with recent core electron spectroscopy experiments, but are at odds with earlier conclusions from vibrational spectroscopy where assignment was made to top and bridge sites. Together with other metal-CO and metal-NO systems described in the literature, the Rh(111) + (2 × 2)-3CO phase demonstrates that great care has to be taken in adsorption site assignment using the CO and NO stretch frequencies.
Microprocessor-Based Airborne Spectrometer System

A system for airborne infrared spectral signature measurements has been developed using a Fourier transform spectrometer interfaced to a microprocessor data acquisition, control and display system. The microprocessor is a DEC LSI-ll with 20KW RAM, 4KW EPROM, DMA spectrometer interface, digital magnetic tape, and dot-matrix video graphic display. A real-time executive tailored to the requirements and resources available allows concurrent data acquisition, recording, reduction and display. Using multiple buffers, acquisition of spectrometer data via DMA is overlapped with magnetic tape output. A background task selects the most recent spectrometer data and processes it using an FFT into a raw spectrum. A reference background spectrum is subtracted to isolate the data component, then a reference instrument response function is applied to obtain a calibrated absolute irradiance spectrum. The irradiance spectrum is displayed on the video graphic display and mixed with boresight camera video to show the target spectrum superimposed on the target image. Extensive selftest facilities are incorporated for testing all system components and compatibility with data reduction systems. System calibration is supported by selection of reference blackbody temperatures, apertures, and distances. The instrument response curve obtained during calibration is displayed for verification of correct spectrometer operation or diagnosis of faults.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Older and (Emotionally) Smarter? Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator in the Relationship between Age and Emotional Labor Strategies in Service Employees

Background/Study Context: The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether age was related to emotional labor strategies (surface and deep acting), and whether emotional intelligence partially explained this relationship. Additionally, employee well-being was examined as an outcome in this model. Methods: A total of 519 participants (age 18–68), working in a variety of service occupations, participated in a cross-sectional survey study. Validated measures for emotional intelligence, emotional labor strategies, positive affectivity, and employee well-being were administered. Results: A structural equation model supported the hypothesis that age was related positively to deep acting and negatively to surface acting, relationships partially mediated by emotional intelligence. Emotional labor strategy, in turn, affected well-being. Conclusion: Implications were discussed in employee selection and employee well-being, particularly in the customer service context. It is recommended that future resear...
Physical Examination of the Rib Cage Wall by the Speech-Language Pathologist

A protocol is offered for use by the speech-language pathologist in conducting a physical examination of the rib cage wall. Structural and performance observations are used to reveal possible rib c...
Getting to the Top: Career Paths of Women in Latin American Cabinets

Are presidential cabinets gendered institutions? This important question has been ignored for Latin America to date. In this article, the authors propose four benchmarks for evaluating whether presidential cabinets should be classified as gendered institutions. If they are we should observe (1) that there are differences in career length, continuity, and mobility between men and women; (2) that women receive feminine domain posts and men masculine ones; (3) that masculine ministries offer greater potential for upward mobility; and (4) that women must be better qualified than men to receive appointments. Using data from eighteen Latin American countries from 1980 to 2003, the authors analyze the degree to which cabinets conform to these criteria. They conclude that even though women are starting to gain appointments to high-profile and to masculine domain cabinet posts, the overall evidence supports the conclusion that there are gendered patterns to cabinet appointments.
Evidence for a Language Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 7q in Multiplex Autism Families

Autism is a syndrome characterized by deficits in language and social skills and by repetitive behaviors. We hypothesized that potential quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to component autism endophenotypes might underlie putative or significant regions of autism linkage. We performed nonparametric multipoint linkage analyses, in 152 families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, focusing on three traits derived from the Autism Diagnostic Interview: “age at first word,” “age at first phrase,” and a composite measure of “repetitive and stereotyped behavior.” Families were genotyped for 335 markers, and multipoint sib pair linkage analyses were conducted. Using nonparametric multipoint linkage analysis, we found the strongest QTL evidence for age at first word on chromosome 7q (nonparametric test statistic [Z] 2.98; P=.001), and subsequent linkage analyses of additional markers and association analyses in the same region supported the initial result (Z=2.85, P=.002; χ2=18.84, df 8, P=.016). Moreover, the peak fine-mapping result for repetitive behavior (Z=2.48; P=.007) localized to a region overlapping this language QTL. The putative autism-susceptibility locus on chromosome 7 may be the result of separate QTLs for the language and repetitive or stereotyped behavior deficits that are associated with the disorder.
Bilateral internal thoracic artery harvest and deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients.

Background Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is superior to percutaneous intervention in diabetic patients with multivessel disease. The use of bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITA) may provide better long-term graft patency, but the risk of postoperative deep sternal wound infection has limited its use in diabetic patients. However, studies have reported conflicting results, and require systematic evaluation. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, World of Science, and the Cochrane library were searched for randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients undergoing either left internal thoracic artery (LITA) or BITA harvest. We used random effect models to compare risk ratios within groups. Results One randomized controlled trial and 10 observational studies (126,235 diabetic patients: 122,465 LITA, 3,770 BITA) met inclusion criteria. Deep sternal wound infection occurred in 3.1% and 1.6% for the BITA and LITA cohorts, respectively. The risk ratio for deep sternal wound infection development was 1.71 (1.37 to 2.14) for BITA compared with LITA. Patients who underwent skeletonized BITA harvest had a similar risk of deep sternal wound infection compared with LITA (0.9 [0.42 to 2.09]), although pedicled harvest demonstrated increased risk (1.77 [1.4 to 2.23]). Early mortality was comparable in the LITA cohort (2.5%) and the BITA cohort (2.3%; p = 0.8). Conclusions The risk of deep sternal wound infection can be minimized in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery by performing ITA harvested in a skeletonized manner with meticulous attention to preserving sternal blood flow. Pedicled harvest is to be discouraged when utilizing both ITA owing to a significant increase in the risk of postoperative deep sternal wound infection.
Sudden infant death syndrome: an update.

1. Rachel Y. Moon, MD* 2. Linda Fu, MD, MSc† 1. *Director, Academic Development, Associate Chief, Division of General Pediatrics and Community Health, Goldberg Center for Community Pediatric Health, Children’s National Medical Center; Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. 2. †Children’s National Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. * Abbreviations: ASSB: : accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed LB: : live birth OR: : odds ratio SIDS: : sudden infant death syndrome After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss possible etiologic mechanisms for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). 2. Identify the risk factors for SIDS. 3. Discuss the American Academy of Pediatrics SIDS Task Force recommendations and underlying rationale. 4. Discuss the most common reasons for nonadherence with SIDS risk reduction recommendations. In 2007, Pediatrics in Review published a review article on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). (1) This article uses that article as a reference and provides an update on the topic. ### Definition SIDS is defined as a sudden unexplained death before 1 year of age. The death usually occurs in a previously healthy infant, and the cause of death remains unexplained despite a thorough case investigation, including a complete autopsy, death scene investigation, and review of the clinical history. ### Epidemiology In the United States, ∼2,300 infants die of SIDS each year. Despite the success of the Back to Sleep campaign, which is associated with a steady decline in deaths from SIDS from the beginning of the campaign in 1994 up to 2000, SIDS remains the third leading cause of death in infancy and the most common cause of death between 1 month and 1 year of age. Since 2001, …
Molecular mapping of a recessive gene for resistance to stripe rust in barley.

Barley stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei, is one of the most important barley (Hordeum vulgare) diseases in the United States. The disease is best controlled using resistant cultivars. Barley genotype Grannenlose Zweizeilige (GZ) has a recessive gene (rpsGZ) that is effective against all races of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei identified so far in the USA. To develop a molecular map for mapping the gene, F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from the Steptoe X GZ cross through single-seed descent. Seedlings of the parents and RILs were evaluated for resistance to races PSH-14 and PSH-54 of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei under controlled greenhouse conditions. Genomic DNA was extracted from the parents and 182 F8 RILs and used for linkage analysis. The resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique was used to identify molecular markers for rpsGZ. A linkage group for the gene was constructed with 12 RGAP markers, of which two markers co-segregated with the resistance locus, and two markers were closely linked to the locus with a genetic distance of 0.9 and 2.0 cM, respectively. These four markers were present only in the susceptible parent. The closest marker to the resistance allele was 11.7 cM away. Analyses of two sets of barley chromosome addition lines of wheat with the two RGAP markers that were cosegregating with the susceptibility allele showed that rpsGZ and the markers were located on the long arm of barley chromosome 4H. Further, tests with four simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers confirmed the chromosomal location of the rpsGZ gene and also integrated the RGAP markers into the known SSR-based linkage map of barley. The closest SSR marker EBmac0679 had a genetic distance of 7.5 cM with the gene in the integrated linkage map constructed with the 12 RGAP markers and 4 SSR markers. The information on chromosomal location and molecular markers for rpsGZ should be useful for incorporating this gene into commercial cultivars and combining it with other resistance genes for durable resistance.
Optimal Orbit Transfer with ON-OFF Actuators Using a Closed Form Optimal Switching Scheme

The problem of optimal trajectory planning and control for orbit transfer with on-off actuators is considered in this paper. The emphasis is on finding an approximate closedform solution for a range of initial conditions but with marginal number of online computations. In order to achieve this goal, the problem is initially formulated in a general form, that is, to find the optimal switching schedule between different modes in a switching system. Afterward, a simple scheme for solving the problem without enforcing a specific mode sequence or a number of switching is introduced. Two representative problems are presented wherein optimal path planning is achieved with on-off actuators for control. Numerical results and analysis demonstrate the potential of the developed method.
A methodology for managing multidisciplinary programs with six sigma approach

Success in program management hinges on the level of clarity, visibility and predictability of the processes followed in the program. For multidisciplinary programs success depends on how well the issues, risks, and dependencies between the different functional areas are identified and addressed as early as possible. The reliability, performance, competitive price, quality, and on-time delivery of the product vis-a-vis the customers' implicit and explicit needs would measure the success of the program. Integration of six sigma techniques bring in the rigor, thoroughness, and visibility to program management and thus provide a competitive edge resulting in improved business outcome. Six sigma is a disciplined methodology which goes beyond statistical tools and defect prevention to emphasize on process improvements, resulting in cost/cycle time reduction and increase in customer satisfaction. Six sigma tools continuously align the product feature with the customer needs across all the activities of the program and thus ensure Hi-Fidelity product development in all the life cycle activities. Honeywell has a long tradition of practicing Six Sigma and has institutionalized six sigma across the corporate, through mandatory training/certification and rigorous implementation. This work proposes a six sigma integrated program management approach based on HTSL's (Honeywell Technology Solution Limited) experience in managing multidisciplinary programs and CMMi level 5 processes.
The fossil record and macroevolutionary history of the beetles

Coleoptera (beetles) is the most species-rich metazoan order, with approximately 380 000 species. To understand how they came to be such a diverse group, we compile a database of global fossil beetle occurrences to study their macroevolutionary history. Our database includes 5553 beetle occurrences from 221 fossil localities. Amber and lacustrine deposits preserve most of the beetle diversity and abundance. All four extant suborders are found in the fossil record, with 69% of all beetle families and 63% of extant beetle families preserved. Considerable focus has been placed on beetle diversification overall, however, for much of their evolutionary history it is the clade Polyphaga that is most responsible for their taxonomic richness. Polyphaga had an increase in diversification rate in the Early Cretaceous, but instead of being due to the radiation of the angiosperms, this was probably due to the first occurrences of beetle-bearing amber deposits in the record. Perhaps, most significant is that polyphagan beetles had a family-level extinction rate of zero for most of their evolutionary history, including across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary. Therefore, focusing on the factors that have inhibited beetle extinction, as opposed to solely studying mechanisms that may promote speciation, should be examined as important determinants of their great diversity today.
Comment définir une éthique pour notre civilisation technologique ? L’apport d’une lecture conjointe des pensées de Karl-Otto Apel et Hans Jonas

Y a-t-il une fondation rationnelle ultime a nos obligations morales qui puisse nous permettre de faire face aux exigences de notre situation technologique actuelle et des inquietudes qu’elle fait surgir ? Ce texte a pour objectif de repondre affirmativement a cette question en examinant les travaux de deux auteurs qui partagent une lecture de l’aspect paradoxal de la reflexion ethique contemporaine, a savoir Karl-Otto Apel et Hans Jonas. Chacun de leur cote, ils se proposent de fonder rationnellement une ethique capable d’affronter l’ampleur des problemes auxquels fait face la civilisation technologique, mais ils le font par des chemins passablement differents. Ma these est que ces deux voies sont necessaires pour arriver a l’objectif d’une fondation rationnelle ultime de l’ethique, mais qu’elles ne peuvent y arriver qu’a la condition de travailler en complementarite.
Enhanced Photoluminescence from Erbium-Doped Gap Microdisk Resonator

The fabrication and optical properties of an erbium-doped gallium phosphide microdisk resonator pumped by a Ti-sapphire laser at 980 nm were investigated. Enhanced Er3+ intra-4f-shell photoluminescence was observed in the microdisk resonator compared to a thin film, and is attributed to a microcavity effect. At low pumping power intensity, the photoluminescence from erbium-doped gallium phosphide microdisks is an order of magnitude more intense than that from a thin film sample.