cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of Allogeneic Marrow Transplantation in Patients Transplanted for Acute Leukemia: A Long-Term Follow-Up

Between 1970 and May 1983, 807 patients received marrow transplants from genotypically or phenotypically HLA-identical family members for acute leukemia. Two hundred thirty-two of these patients were in remission 2–14.2 years after transplantation. Seventeen patients developed recurrent leukemia between 2 and 6.3 years after grafting. No relapses occurred beyond 6.3 years. Fourteen patients died of non-leukemic causes between 2 and 14.2 years after grafting. Seven of these were due to chronic pulmonary insufficiency and pneumonia. One patient developed a nonhematopoietic second malignancy in host cells. Seventy-eight patients are surviving beyond 5 years leading normal lives. We conclude that marrow transplantation was effective in eradicating the leukemic clone in most patients who survived 2 years or more after grafting. There is a low, but significant, incidence of non-leukemic and leukemic death more than 2 years after grafting.
Fire Light: The Life of Angel De Cora, Winnebago Artist

Review of: "Fire Light: The Life of Angel De Cora, Winnebago Artist," by Linda M. Waggoner.
Evidence for the linked biogeochemical cycling of zinc, cobalt, and phosphorus in the western North Atlantic Ocean

[1] Many trace metals such as iron, copper, and manganese have lower concentrations in the surface waters of the North Pacific Ocean than in North Atlantic surface waters. However, cobalt and zinc concentrations in North Atlantic surface waters are often as low as those reported in the North Pacific. We studied the relationship between the distribution of cobalt, zinc, and phosphorus in surface waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean. Both metals show strong depletion in the southern Sargasso Sea, a region characterized by exceedingly low dissolved inorganic phosphorus (generally <4 nmol L−1) and measurable alkaline phosphatase activity. Alkaline phosphatase is a metalloenzyme (typically containing zinc) that cleaves phosphate monoesters and is a diagnostic indicator of phosphorus stress in phytoplankton. In contrast to the North Pacific Ocean, cobalt and zinc appear to be drawn down to their lowest values only when inorganic phosphorus is below 10 nmol L−1 in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lower levels of phosphorus in the Atlantic may contribute to these differences, possibly through an increased biological demand for zinc and cobalt associated with dissolved organic phosphorus acquisition. This hypothesis is consistent with results of a culture study where alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in the model coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi upon zinc and cobalt limitation.
Design and analysis of InGaN-GaN modulation doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs) for over 60 GHz operation

A Modulation-Doped Field-Effect Transistor (MODFET) structure realized in InGaN-GaN material system is presented for the first time. An analytical model predicting the transport characteristics of the proposed MODFET structure is given in detail. Electron energy levels inside and outside the quantum well channel of the MODFET are evaluated. The two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density in the channel is calculated by self-consistently solving Schrodinger and Poisson's equations simultaneously. Analytical results of the current-voltage and transconductance characteristics are presented. The unity-current gain cutoff frequency (fT) of the proposed device is computed as a function of the gate voltage VG. The results are compared well with experimental fT value of a GaN/AlGaN HFET device. By scaling the gate length down to 0.25 μm the proposed InGaN-GaN MODFET can be operated up to about 80GHz. It is shown in this paper that InGaN-GaN system has small degradation in fT as the operating temperature is increased from 300°K to 400°K.
Relationships Between Pacific and Atlantic Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures and U.S. Streamflow Variability

[1] An evaluation of Pacific and Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and continental U.S. streamflow was performed to identify coupled regions of SST and continental U.S. streamflow variability. Both SSTs and streamflow displayed temporal variability when applying the singular value decomposition (SVD) statistical method. Initially, an extended temporal evaluation was performed using the entire period of record (i.e., all years from 1951 to 2002). This was followed by an interdecadal-temporal evaluation for the Pacific (Atlantic) Ocean based on the phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)). Finally, an extended temporal evaluation was performed using detrended SST and streamflow data. A lead time approach was assessed in which the previous year's spring-summer season Pacific Ocean (Atlantic Ocean) SSTs were evaluated with the current water year continental U.S. streamflow. During the cold phase of the PDO, Pacific Ocean SSTs influenced streamflow regions (southeast, northwest, southwest, and northeast United States) most often associated with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), while during the warm phase of the PDO, Pacific Ocean SSTs influenced non-ENSO streamflow regions (Upper Colorado River basin and middle Atlantic United States). ENSO and the PDO were identified by the Pacific Ocean SST SVD first temporal expansion series as climatic influences for the PDO cold phase, PDO warm phase, and the all years analysis. Additionally, the phase of the AMO resulted in continental U.S. streamflow variability when evaluating Atlantic Ocean SSTs. During the cold phase of the AMO, Atlantic Ocean SSTs influenced middle Atlantic and central U.S. streamflow, while during the warm phase of the AMO, Atlantic Ocean SSTs influenced upper Mississippi River basin, peninsular Florida, and northwest U.S. streamflow. The AMO signal was identified in the Atlantic Ocean SST SVD first temporal expansion series. Applying SVD, first temporal expansions series were developed for Pacific and Atlantic Ocean SSTs and continental U.S. streamflow. The first temporal expansion series of SSTs and streamflow were strongly correlated, which could result in improved streamflow predictability.
Ensuring usability: Aetna's experience

The history of Aetna's Usability Laboratory, built in 1986 in response to the realization that usability of computers is an important business issue, is recounted. The laboratory's physical structure and its value to the company are described. A number of conclusions Aetna has reached about how usability engineering is best accomplished in a corporate environment are discussed. >
Gowning training: the use of video recording together with microbial assessment.

Following classroom training on proper aseptic gowning technique, clean room operators were filmed while gowning according to standard procedure. Subsequently, the exterior surface of each operator’s gown was monitored for microbial contamination. Operators reviewed their personal videotaping with the trainer. Through careful and critical self-observation, the operator’s ability to follow the gowning procedure in addition to using good gowning technique was ascertained. Furthermore, the operator’s gowning technique was compared with the results of the microbiological monitoring data. A correlation between microbial contamination of the gown surface and improper technique was demonstrated. This correlation enhanced the operator’s awareness of the consequences of improper gowning technique. Use of video replay enabled the operator and trainer to identify improper or subtle flaws in technique detected through microbial monitoring but undetected during actual gowning. This training program served to further emphasize the importance of using proper aseptic gowning technique. Clean room operators are more involved in maintaining clean room integrity and their awareness of the potential for contaminating the area by inadequate technique has been enhanced.
Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar and lumbosacral spine as shown by three-dimensional load-displacement curves

The lumbar region is a frequent site of spinal disorders, including low-back pain, and of spinal trauma. Clinical studies have established that abnormal intervertebral motions occur in some patients who have low-back pain. A knowledge of normal spinal movements, with all of the inherent complexities, is needed as a baseline. The present study documents the complete three-dimensional elastic physical properties of each lumbar intervertebral level from the level between the first and second lumbar vertebrae through the level between the fifth lumbar and first sacral vertebrae. Nine whole fresh-frozen human cadaveric lumbar-spine specimens were used. Pure moments of flexion-extension, bilateral axial torque, and bilateral lateral bending were applied, and three-dimensional intervertebral motions were determined with use of stereophotogrammetry. The motions were presented in the form of a set of six load-displacement curves, quantitating intervertebral rotations and translations. The curves were found to be non-linear, and the motions were coupled. The ranges of motion were found to compare favorably with reported values from in vivo studies.
Adhesion improvement of tire cord induced by gas plasma

The adhesion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to rubber in tire composites was significantly improved by exposure of the PET to "low-temperature" gas plasmas. Rubber composites built using a single-dip resorcinol-formaldehyde- latex (RFL) adhesive and plasma-treated PET reinforcement were studied. The effects of treatment conditions on this adhesion improvement were examined. The improvement was insensitive to nature of the gas, exposure time, power level, and pressure within the operating limits of the plasma generator. Fiber finish on filaments being treated was detrimental to the adhesion improvement; however, an overcoating of treated filaments with finish was not detrimental. The effects of tire building operations on this adhesion improvement of treated PET were examined. The improvement was found over a wide range of adhesives, adhesive-curing conditions, rubber compositions, and bonding testing conditions. /AUTHOR/
Genetic response ofAntirrhinum majus to acute and chronic plant irradiation

Clonal lines ofAntirrhinum majus heterozygous for flower color have been used to study somatic mutations induced by irradiating plants with chronic gamma rays from cobalt-60 and acute X rays. Pink or white flecks and sectors of various sizes on the purple flowers are interpreted as resulting from mutational events at different times in flower development. Acute X-ray treatment of pre-flowering stages caused no visible change in flowers opening prior to the 15th day thereafter. On the 16th to 19th days there was dense mottling, and by the 20th or 21st day numerous eight-cell mutant spots could be counted. The number of spots induced by 1,000 r of X rays was used to obtain a preliminary estimate of an average mutation rate for the three genes studied of 6.33×10−6 per cell per roentgen. Chronic irradiation in a gamma radiation field and greenhouse showed a linear response of mutation rate to daily dose rate, the actual rate being subject to seasonal variation. There were occasional indications of non-linearity but further tests have failed to show any significantly higher mutagenic efficiency of dose rates below 6 r/day. In plants removed from chronic gamma irradiation the frequency of mutation spots returns to the spontaneous level after about six weeks. The appearance, however, of mutant sectors on plants several months after exposure to both acute and chronic radiation indicates the induction of persistent genetic changes. Progeny tests of seeds and cuttings are planned to test the nature of these genetic events.
Breast carcinoma metastatic to the mandible mimicking ameloblastoma

Lorsqu'une tumeur sans desmoplasie metastase au maxillaire inferieur, la metastase peut se presenter comme une lesion kystique expansive multiloculaire, simulant parfois un ameloblastome. La biopsie est indispensable pour etablir le diagnostic final
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME OF THE FOOT AFTER CALCANEAL FRACTURE

Abstract Background: Compartment syndrome of the foot as a result of a calcaneal fracture has received only occasional consideration in the recent Emergency Medicine literature, yet it remains a challenging diagnosis to make. The devastating consequences of untreated compartment syndrome of the foot include clawing of the lesser toes, stiffness, chronic pain, motor weakness, neurovascular dysfunction, and fixed deformities of the foot. In addition to decreased quality of life, this also leads to lost time at work and lost wages. Calcaneal fractures can lead to devastating long-term disability that is often permanent and life-altering for patients suffering from this injury. Approximately 10% of patients with these fractures develop compartment syndrome of the foot. The pathogenesis of calcaneal fractures is well recognized, and the surgical treatment techniques continue to evolve. Objectives: The objectives of this case report are to increase understanding of the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome and its short- and long-term consequences, to improve the ability to diagnose compartment syndrome, and to emphasize the need for emergent surgical treatment. Case Report: A 37-year-old man sustained an isolated comminuted, extra-articular calcaneus fracture that resulted in compartment syndrome of the foot. The diagnosis required measurement of several compartments in the foot. He subsequently received emergent operative decompression and experienced a positive outcome. Conclusion: Diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the foot is a clinical one, and diagnostic tools such as radiographic imaging and compartment pressure monitoring can help confirm the diagnosis. It is also important to understand the long-term sequelae of this injury and to involve a specialist early in the decision-making and treatment process.
Abstract 4436: Neddylation of ribosomal protein S27-like and RPS27 regulates survival of breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Neddylation plays a distinct role in stabilization of a subset of ribosomal proteins. How ribosomal proteins are neddylated and whether their neddylation plays any biological roles in cell growth and survival remains elusive. Here we report that ribosomal protein S27-like (RPS27L) and its family member RPS27 is subjected to neddylation by MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deneddylation by NEDP1. Disrupting neddylation with MLN4924, a newly discovered small molecule inhibitor of neddylation pathway, destabilized RPS27L and RPS27. Moreover, silencing of RPS27L and RPS27 sensitized breast cancer cells to MLN4924-induced apoptosis. Our results suggest that neddylation stabilizes RPS27L and RPS27, and confers the survival of breast cancer cells. Citation Format: Yongchao Zhao, Xiufang Xiong, Yi Sun. Neddylation of ribosomal protein S27-like and RPS27 regulates survival of breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4436. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4436
Assessing the impact of cue exposure on craving to gamble in university students.

We recruited a sample of university student gamblers (n = 48) to complete a web-based battery of instruments in a study designed to assess the impact of imagery-based versus photographic cue exposure on acute craving to gamble using the multi-item Gambling Urge Scale (GUS; Raylu and Oei 2004). Although self-reported craving increased following both forms of cue exposure, the imagery script had a more pronounced impact than did examination of photographs of gambling-related stimuli. We also evaluated the association of the post-cue exposure GUS with other relevant measures, and found it correlated highly both with other questionnaires assessing craving to gamble and with other gambling-relevant characteristics (e.g., gambling-related problems, preoccupation with gambling, distorted gambling beliefs, gambling refusal self-efficacy, sensation seeking), but was not associated with social desirability bias. These findings support the use of the GUS—a brief multi-item scale that shows several key elements of construct, convergent, criterion and discriminant validity—to study the experience of craving in university student gamblers.
Modeling and analysis methods of bridges and their effects on seismic responses: I—Theory

Various methods for modeling and analyzing bridges subjected to earthquakes are first discussed in Part I, followed by parametric studies and the evaluation of their effects on seismic responses discussed in Part II. Also included in Part I are the detailed descriptions on the determination of the equivalent soil spring constants as required by the simplified model, and the proposed formulas for calculating such constants for both spread (shallow) footings and pile-supported (deep) foundations.
Postural tachycardia in children and adolescents: What is abnormal?

Objectives To evaluate whether the use of adult heart rate (HR) criteria is appropriate for diagnosing orthostatic intolerance (OI) and postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in children and adolescents, and to establish normative data and diagnostic criteria for pediatric OI and POTS. Study design A total of 106 normal controls aged 8-19 years (mean age, 14.5 ± 3.3 years) underwent standardized autonomic testing, including 5 minutes of 70-degree head-up tilt. The orthostatic HR increment and absolute orthostatic HR were assessed and retrospectively compared with values in 654 pediatric patients of similar age (mean age, 15.5 ± 2.3 years) who were referred to our Clinical Autonomic Laboratory with symptoms of OI. Results The HR increment was mildly higher in patients referred for OI/POTS, but there was considerable overlap between the patient and control groups. Some 42% of the normal controls had an HR increment of ≥30 beats per minute. The 95th percentile for the orthostatic HR increment in the normal controls was 42.9 beats per minute. There was a greater and more consistent difference in absolute orthostatic HR between the 2 groups, although there was still considerable overlap. Conclusion The diagnostic criteria for OI and POTS in adults are unsuitable for children and adolescents. Based on our normative data, we propose new criteria for the diagnosis of OI and POTS in children and adolescents.
Disruption of neophobia, conditioned odor aversion, and conditioned taste aversion in rats with hippocampal lesions

Previous studies have implicated the hippocampus in the acquisition of conditioned taste aversions. However, the effect of hippocampal (HPC) lesions on the acquisition of conditioned aversions to the distal olfactory cue has not been investigated. In this study rats with bilateral electrolytic hippocampal lesions were given access to an odor conditioned stimulus (CS) alone or a compound odor—taste CS, followed by an injection of LiCl or saline. The results indicated that HPC lesions attenuated the neophobic response to both CSs, and disrupted conditioned odor and taste aversions, relative to sham-operated controls. Furthermore, the disruption in conditioned odor aversions could not be attributed to attenuation of neophobia in lesioned subjects nor to prolonged neophobia in sham-operated controls. The results are consistent with pharmacological studies in suggesting that the hippocampus is involved in the formation of conditioned odor aversions.
A Young measure approach to a nonlinear membrane model involving the bending moment

An integral representation of a relaxed functional arising in the derivation of a nonlinear membrane model accounting for the density of bending moments is obtained in terms of a special class of parametrized probability measures (bending Young measures). A complete characterization of this class is given.
UTILIZATION OF LUTEIN AND LUTEIN‐FATTY ACID ESTERS BY LAYING HENS

The utilization, by laying hens, of lutein-fatty acid esters from alfalfa, marigold petals, and synthetic lutein dipalmitate was compared with crystalline lutein. The lutein-fatty acid esters were better utilized by Laying hens than crystalline lutein and the higher solubility of luteinfatty acid esters in lipids compared to lutein may be responsible for their increased utilization. The egg yolk xanthophyll from different diets containing lutein-fatty acid esters was free lutein indicating that laying hens deacylated the lutein-fatty acid esters prior to deposition into developing ova. A simple procedure for the color measurement of egg yolks was also developed.
Verification of a Nested Barotropic Hurricane Track Forecast Model (VICBAR)

Abstract A nested analysis and barotropic hurricane track forecast model (VICBAR) was run for tropical cyclone cases in the North Atlantic basin during the 1989–93 hurricane seasons. VICBAR is compared to the other operational hurricane track forecast models and is shown to perform as well as each of these. VICBAR forecasts are stratified by initial date, intensity, and location to assess the variability of model performance. VICBAR produces the best forecasts for hurricane case, for cases initiated earliest in the hurricane season, for cases moving the most slowly northward, and for those moving westward. The forecasts with the largest errors are examined to illustrate the limitations of the model and to determine whether these cases can be identified operationally.
Yb and Nd growth on Si( 0 0 1 )

Abstract The growth behavior of Yb and Nd on Si(0 0 1) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. At low coverage, 2×3 and 2×4 surface reconstructions were obtained for both the elements, as well as a 6×2 phase which prevails at intermediate coverage. Above 1.2 monolayers, the substrate showed 3×1 periodicity, and two different classes of 3D islands were observed for both Nd and Yb.
Modulation of coronary vascular resistance in female rabbits by estrogen and progesterone.

Objective:To study the roles of estradiol and various progestins on the regulation of coronary flow in female rabbits.Methods:Ovariectomized adult female rabbits were treated with estradiol, with progesterone (or one of the following synthetic progestins: megace, norethindrone, or medroxyprogesterone acetate), or with both an estradiol and a progestin. Hearts were isolated and perfused at constant pressure by a modified Langendorff technique. Changes in coronary flow were determined at baseline and in response to direct infusion into the coronary circulation of NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase.Results:Coronary flow rates were 40-50% greater in hearts of animals treated with estradiol than in control hearts of animals not treated with the hormone. Treatment of the animals with progestin alone had little effect on coronary flow. However, when administered with estradiol, it abrogated the estradiol-related increase in coronary flow. The increments in coronary flow evoke...
Forced oscillations of drops in a viscous medium

Abstract Drops formed at a tip which exhibited damped oscillatory behavior when released were observed and frequencies compared well with the theory of Miller and Scriven. The observed damping factors were considerably higher than predicted by the same theory, possibly because of the presence of trace contaminants or approximations made in the theory.
Investigating active site of gold nanoparticle Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 in selective oxidation.

We present an ab initio investigation of structural, electronic, catalytic, and selective properties of the ligand-covered gold nanoparticle Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 and associated model clusters. The catalytic activity of the Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 nanoparticle in the presence of O2 stems from a combined effect of triphenylphosphine ligands and surface structure of the “magic-number” quasi-icosahedral Au55 core, which entails numerous ligand-encompassed triangle Au6 faces as the active sites. Under the Eley-Rideal mechanism, the “triangle-socket” active site not only can accommodate one pre-adsorbed O2 (which is subsequently activated to the superoxo species) with one styrene molecule at a time but also can provide spatial confinement which favors the formation of an oxametallacycle intermediate that leads to unique selectivity in styrene oxidation.
The growth Hormone ResearchSociety consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adult GH deficiency

The Growth Hormone Research Society (GRS) convened a workshop in Port Stephens, Australia in April 1997 to establish consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency (GHD). Scientists with expertise in the field, representatives from industry involved in the manufacture of GH and representatives from health authorities from a number of countries participated in the workshop. The workshop considered the following questions: (1) How should adult GHD be defined? (2) Who should be tested for adult GHD? (3) How should the diagnosis of adult GHD be established? (4) How should GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) assays be standardized? (5) Who should be treated for adult GHD? (6) What dose of GH should be used for treatment of adult GHD? (7) How should treatment of adult GHD be monitored? (8) What are the contraindications to treatment of adult GHD? (9) What safety issues need to be considered? (10) How long should treatment of adult GHD be continued? The consensus guidelines developed at this workshop and the rationale for some of these recommendations will be reviewed in this paper.
Understanding and Supporting Adoptive Families.

The number of adopted children in early childhood classrooms continues to rise each year; teachers need knowledge of adoption issues in order to face the unique challenges and meet the special needs of these children and their adoptive parents. This article provides “adoption awareness” for early childhood educators and offers practical suggestions for working with adoptive parents and their children. A list of adoption resources and consultants is included, along with a collection of suggested adoption books for young children.
Focal Hepatic Candidiasis: A Distinct Clinical Variant of Candidiasis in Immunocompromised Patients

Focal hepatic candidiasis is a distinct clinical variant of candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts. Although affected patients may exhibit previous evidence of extra-hepatic candidal infection, manifestations of disease at the time hepatic involvement is documented are localized to the liver. Five cases of focal hepatic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients were diagnosed antemortem in the past 15 months at our institution. Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings from those five patients, as well as from 20 additional cases reported in the medical literature, are reviewed. Patients with focal hepatic candidiasis had fever unresponsive to antimicrobial therapy, prominent gastrointestinal symptoms and signs, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, and hepatic, with or without accompanying splenic, defects noted on abdominal computed tomography. Liver biopsy usually revealed yeast and/or hyphal forms, but cultures were frequently negative. Response to therapy occurred in only 13 (59%) of 22 assessable patients. The apparent increasing incidence of focal hepatic candidiasis may be due to the recent use of more intensely cytotoxic chemotherapies for cancer.
Error Correction with In-domain Training across Multiple OCR System Outputs

Optical character recognition (OCR) systems differ in the types of errors they make, particularly in recognizing characters from degraded or poor quality documents. The problem is how to correct these OCR errors, which is the first step toward more effective use of the documents in digital libraries. This paper demonstrates the degree to which the word error rate (WER) can be reduced using a decision list on a combination of textual features across the aligned output of multiple OCR engines where in-domain training data is available. This research was performed on a data set for which the mean WER across the three OCR engines employed is 33.5%, and the lattice word error rate is 13.0%. Our correction method leads to a 52.2% relative decrease in the mean WER and a 19.5% relative improvement over the best single OCR engine, as well as an improvement over our previous work. Further, our method yields instances where the document WER approaches and for five documents matches the lattice word error rate, which is a theoretical lower bound given the evidence found in the OCR.
Folded holographic imaging system

A folded holographic optical system is modeled for use as a building block for a compact imager. The design of the compact imaging system allows for a thin optical configuration and reduction in the size of the optical elements. In the folded design a transmission hologram in a slanted configuration folds the field of view of the lens and points it at a specific direction in the object space. The slanted geometry results in a compressed non-uniform field of view that is defined as a vignetting function and generated by a ray-tracing program. In the compact imaging system, multiple folded holographic imagers are used in an array to extend the field of view. Each imager unit is optimized to collect a segment of light from the object scene. The combination of imager units defines the composite field of view of the compact imaging system. The folded holographic imager is capable of capturing an image with full-field angle of 30°.
Highly immunostimulatory RNA derived from a Sendai virus defective viral genome

Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are generated during virus replication. DVGs bearing complementary ends are strong inducers of dendritic cell (DC) maturation and of the expression of antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokines by triggering signaling of the RIG-I family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors. Our data show that DCs stimulated with virus containing DVGs have an enhanced ability to activate human T cells and can induce adaptive immunity in mice. In addition, we describe the generation of a short Sendai virus (SeV)-derived DVG RNA (DVG-324) that maintains strong immunostimulatory activity in vitro and in vivo. DVG-324 induced high levels of Ifnb expression when transfected into cells and triggered fast expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mobilization of dendritic cells when injected into the footpad of mice. Importantly, DVG-324 enhanced the production of antibodies to a prototypic vaccine after a single intramuscular immunization in mice. Notably, the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile induced by DVG-324 was different from that induced by poly I:C, the only viral RNA analog currently used as an immunostimulant in vivo, suggesting a distinct mechanism of action. SeV-derived oligonucleotides represent novel alternatives to be harnessed as potent adjuvants for vaccination.
The Use of Multiple Regression Analysis to Generate Conditional Probabilities about the Occurrence of Events.

The use of Multiple Regression Analysis to compute a wide variety of statistics (ANOVA, Covariance, X2, etc.) is becoming increasingly popular. An MR procedure for computing conditional probabilities of the type, P(A/ B) = P(B/A)P(A)/P(B), is reviewed. While it has not received wide attention in the psychological and educational literature, it has seen considerable application in the economic literature. The present paper emphasizes its potential usefulness in other areas of the behavioral sciences.
Spirituality and end-of-life care in disadvantaged men dying of prostate cancer

Purpose Despite the positive influence of spiritual coping on the acceptance of a cancer diagnosis, higher spirituality is associated with receipt of more high intensity care at the end of life. The purpose of our study was to assess the association between spirituality and type of end-of-life care received by disadvantaged men with prostate cancer. Methods We studied low-income, uninsured men in IMPACT, a state-funded public assistance program, who had died since its inception in 2001. Of the 60 men who died, we included the 35 who completed a spirituality questionnaire at program enrollment. We abstracted sociodemographic and clinical information as well as treatment within IMPACT, including zolendroic acid, chemotherapy, hospice use, and palliative radiation therapy. We measured spirituality with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-Being questionnaire (FACIT-Sp) and compared end-of-life care received between subjects with low and high FACIT-Sp scores using chi-squared analyses. Results A higher proportion of men with high (33%) versus low (13%) spirituality scores enrolled in hospice, although our analysis was not adequately powered to demonstrate statistical significance. Likewise, we saw a trend toward increased receipt of palliative radiation among those with higher spirituality (37% vs. 25%, P = 0.69). The differences in end-of-life care received among those with low and high spirituality varied little by the FACIT-Sp peace and faith subscales. Conclusions End-of-life care was similar between men with lower and higher spirituality. Men with higher spirituality trended toward greater hospice use, suggesting that they redirected the focus of their care from curative to palliative goals.
Dispatchable loads for grid health: water preheaters as energy storage

As the power distribution grid adapts to distributed renewable generation, certain problems arise. Among these problems is that of high voltages during periods of excess production. Researchers at the California Smart Grid Center have analyzed the feasibility of a water preheater as an energy storage device, coupled with a controller which operates to engage the heater during periods of excess generation. A rapid prototype was produced to analyze operational requirements and to demonstrate system practicability. Research followed with a reference prototype which allowed component-level implementational analysis. Significant findings include the risk of radio interference in areas with dense wireless network saturation, and the need for a dynamic dead band during automatic operation.
Patterns of cortico-cortical connections related to tonotopic maps in cat auditory cortex.

Topographic distributions of cortico-cortical projections from the primary (AI), anterior (A), posterior (P), ventroposterior (VP), and second (AII) auditory fields were studied in relation to tonotopic maps in combined anatomical and electrophysiological experiments. Distributions of axon terminals were determined by autoradiographic labeling with tritiated proline and leucine. Each of fields A, AI, P, and VP is connected with the other three in the same hemisphere as well as with a number of other auditory cortical areas. Additionally, neurons in each of the fields studied were found to project to the lateral bank of the collateral fissure. In general, regions near the injection site receive more densely labeled projections than do more distant targets. Neurons in each field were found to project to one or more areas in the opposite hemisphere. Only similar portions of the best-frequency representations in fields A, AI, P, and VP are interconnected. A single isotope injection generally produced multiple patches of labeling within each of several cortical fields. Within AI, projections from contralateral fields A and AI and from ipsilateral fields A and P terminate in patches which are often elongated in a direction parallel to the low-to-high best-frequency gradient. A divergence in the projections from one field upon another is apparent in many experiments. Within fields A, AI, P, and VP, patches of label are distributed along a band of cortex oriented parallel to isofrequency lines.
Extraction of MOSFET carrier mobility characteristics and calibration of a mobility model for numerical device simulation

Abstract Results of an investigation on the methodology for calibrating parameters of the carrier mobility model in a 2-D numerical device simulator are presented. The effective channel mobility and gate field, μ eff and E eff , in the inversion charge layer determined from terminal drain currents using a commonly adopted extraction method are compared with values obtained directly from distributions of carriers and electric field given by numerical device simulation. The results have shown excellent agreement in the inversion and depletion charge densities, μ eff and E eff . It is also found that the gate field given by the commonly used expression E eff = ( Q inv 2+Q b ) ϵ si , where Q inv is the inversion charge density, Q b is the bulk depletion charge density and ϵ si is the dielectric constant of silicon, should be interpreted as the effective gate field, and not the average field in the inversion layer as has been previously suggested. The effect of nonlinear distributions of charge carriers and electric field in the inversion layer on E eff is implicitly included in this simple expression. It is also shown that parameters for a local-field mobility model should not be obtained through a direct fit of the mobility model to the μ eff vs E eff relation extracted from measured I DS . Instead, an optimization of the fit between the simulated and measured I DS should be used. This is due to the non-uniform distribution of both charge carriers and electric field in the inversion charge layer. The feasibility of predictive device simulation is also demonstrated by the universality of the μ eff vs E eff extracted from simulated I DS of transistors with different T ox and N s . The “charge sheet” approach in modeling carrier mobility for numerical device simulation is also briefly discussed.
Caste, Class, and Counsel for the Poor

In modern society, poverty has been defined not only by quantitative measures of well-being but as a morally distinct category. In turn, the moral status of poverty has frequently been associated with primordial characteristics of race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion. In these moral and ascriptive respects, the social structure of poverty has been related systematically to the thrust of civil legal assistance on behalf of the poor. Cyclically over the past century in the industrialized West, the poor have been organized into a social status with castelike features. In alternating historical periods, not only have the poor been culturally differentiated as an inherently different status group, their qualitative distinction has been institutionally constructed by practices of segregation legally sanctioned by the state. By noting the historically fluctuating phases in the construction of a modern caste of the poor, we may better understand the sociological significance of providing counseling to the poor on their civil legal problems. Modern law quite generally and civil legal assistance to the poor in some narrow but notable ways have significantly promoted the structuring of poverty into caste forms. And the caste status of poverty has shaped the role of lawyers for the poor in several important respects.
Selection rules for the spinel-block modes of β- and β -aiumina type structures☆

Abstract Selection rules for the k = O modes due to vibrations of atoms in the spinel blocks of β- and β″ -alumina type structures have been derived. Based on an approximation of an isolated spinel block inβ-alumina, it is found that the irreducible representations for the zone center spinel block modes in both cases are identical.
Powder Deposition in Three Parallel-Oriented Dies of Different Shapes

Uniformity of bulk density distribution during the die filling process is required to minimize quality problems, such as distortion and cracking, for powder compacts. Understanding the die filling process is necessary in ensuring a uniform powder deposition. The second-generation pressure deposition tester (PDT-II) was used to investigate the deposition process and final pressure distribution of powder filling in toroidal, cylindrical, and E-shaped dies. All tests were conducted using a spray-dried free-flowing granular powder. The results indicated that for toroidal dies: (1) the area around 0° orientation (the leeward end) had the highest pressure values (1186.7 to 2498.0 Pa), with the average pressure values of the remaining area 353.7–648.0 Pa; (2) the pressure distribution was symmetrical about the centerline parallel to the feed shoe movement direction; (3) the highest feed shoe speed (500 mm/s) led to the most nonuniform pressure distribution among the three speeds; (4) higher feed shoe speed did n...
Lone star rising : Lyndon Johnson and his times, 1908-1960

Previous studies of the rise of Lyndon B. Johnson have concentrated on his ruthless careerism without giving him due credit for his political brilliance, his genuine concern for minorities and the repressed, and his role in fully integrating the South into modern America. Beginning with his early days in Texas, his progress from Representatives to Senate, and his role as Majority Leader under Eisenhower, this first volume in Robert Dallek's biography ends with his nomination as Vice-President in 1960. This balanced account presents the LBJ esteemed by the likes of Roosevelt and Kennedy.
Boron isotope composition of coals: a potential tracer of organic contaminated fluids

Abstract The B-content of coals from sedimentary basins is a function of the primary depositional environment and secondary enrichments. Boron has been used to infer paleo-environments of coal deposits, and environmental impact of coal burning power plants. To improve our understanding of B in organic matter, this study used secondary ion mass spectrometry to measure the B-isotopic composition of 25 coals and three kerogens (Type I, II and III). Results show that coal is 10 B-enriched compared to most terrestrial waters. The δ 11 B values measured show large variability within a single `homogenized' coal sample indicating that B is heterogeneously bound in various organic macerals. Of greater importance is the observation that all coal δ 11 B values are negative. The lowest δ 11 B measured was −70‰ representing the lightest B-isotopic ratios ever reported for terrestrial materials. Bulk analyses of coals may not reveal isotope ratios this low because of the averaging of values from different organic macerals having different δ 11 B values. This discovery may be important for tracing organic contaminants in fluids. When organic matter is heated during burial, the isotopically light B partitions into fluid phases. The very low δ 11 B of organic products compared to most groundwaters may be useful in tracing fluids derived from organic sources.
Helping School Leaders Help New Teachers: A Tool for Transforming School-Based Induction

Ample research demonstrates the power of comprehensive induction to develop and retain new teachers. Education scholars generally agree on what powerful systems of induction include, yet few tools exist for guiding schools in creating such systems. Drawing on theory and practice, we have created such a tool. This article introduces the Continuum of Practices for Building Comprehensive School-Based Induction, a detailed description of exemplary comprehensive school-based induction and its stages of development. It is an educative document, a formative assessment tool, a discussion prompt, and an articulation of theory. We describe the ideas that underpin the continuum, its development, and its potential use.
Adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate kinase from Penicillium chrysogenum: ligand binding properties and the mechanism of substrate inhibition.

[35S]Adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) binding to Penicillium chrysogenum APS kinase was measured by centrifugal ultrafiltration. APS did not bind to the free enzyme with a measurable affinity even at low ionic strength where substrate inhibition by APS is quite marked. However, APS bound with an apparent Kd of 0.54 microM in the presence of 5 mM MgADP. In the presence of 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4, Kd,app was increased to 2.1 +/- 0.7 microM. Bound [35S]APS was displaced by low concentrations of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), or iso-(2') PAPS, or (less efficiently) by adenosine-3,5'-diphosphate (PAP) or adenosine-5'-monosulfate (AMS). The results support our conclusion that substrate inhibition of the fungal enzyme by APS results from the formation of a dead end E. MgADP.APS complex. That is, APS binds to the subsite vacated by PAPS in the compulsory (or predominately) ordered product release sequence (PAPS before MgADP). Radioligand displacement was used to verify the Kd for APS dissociation from E.MgADP.APS and to determine the Kd values for the dissociation of iso-PAPS (13 +/- 5 microM), PAP (4.8 mM), or AMS (5.2 mM) from their respective ternary enzyme.MgADP.ligand complexes. Incubation of the fungal enzyme with [gamma-32P]MgATP did not yield a phosphoenzyme that survives gel filtration or gel electrophoresis.
The American nation, national identity, nationalism

Ever since Crevecoeur formulated his famous question, Americans have asked themselves: "What, then, is the American, this new man?," and even more urgently so once it became predictable that the traditionally majoritarian position of Anglo-Americans will dissolve in a sea of multi-ethnicity. What constitutes an American nation and produces collective identity among an extremely heterogeneous population? Is American identity, is American nationality defined differently from that of European nations which, in their own different ways, each share longer historical and cultural experiences? This comparative issue is addressed by sociologist Liah Greenfeld in her introductory essay. Other essays contributed by historians and political scientists from the U.S., England, and Germany discuss historical developments and phenomena which have led to regional or group-specific identities which, in complex ways, contribute to, and interact with American national identity and nationalism. Among them are religion and its relation to politics in 17th century New England; socio-political change around the turn of the last century; immigration and Americanization; African Americans within, and facing the American mainstream. The projection abroad of America's values through its foreign policies is also part of the process of shaping American national identity and nationalism which are analyzed in this volume. Knud Krakau is a professor of North American history at the John F. Kennedy-Institut of the Freie Universit t Berlin.
An adopter‐centered approach to understanding adoption of innovations

Introduces an adopter‐centered, process‐oriented model with which to explore behavioral processes related to technology adoption. This approach enables us to learn about adoption as a process and to explore the subprocesses that affect perceptions and attitudes. This perspective provides the opportunity for a much richer understanding of how adoption occurs and how it can be influenced. Sensemaking focuses on the adopter herself, i.e. her mental frameworks, and the antecedents and products of those frameworks. The sensemaking model describes the evolution of the adopter’s mental framework. Rogers’ innovation‐decision process model charts a progression of activities during the adoption process, whereas the sensemaking model explains the adopter’s mental mechanics at each stage.