cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Century of the Child: Growing by Design, 1900–2000

Century of the Child: Growing by Design, 1900–2000 Museum of Modern Art, New York 29 July–5 November 2012 A large photograph of a boy, hanging precariously from a tall wall with one hand and smiling mischievously, greets visitors. Nearby, an early twentieth-century film clip shows a father frantically running to catch his child, who is rolling away inside some fantastic circular contraption, demonstrating how the pursuit of fun, parental angst, and the concern for radical design can, at times, be intricately tied. In the center of the space, a giant table and two oversize chairs reveal that when sitting on the Tripp-Trapp—a Danish wooden high chair designed in 1971—a toddler can feel (and seem) much more adequate in scale next to a large table. On the day I visited Century of the Child: Growing by Design, 1900–2000 , people lined up to get their picture taken sitting on that chair, confirming that play belongs in the category of “tacit knowledge”; it is immediate, intuitive, and universally understood. Imparting this idea in the entrance lobby established a sense of direct connection to the artifacts on display and the promise of fun. In the rooms that followed, the experience was one of constant curiosity and engagement. Through an accumulation of artifacts that included furniture, toys, books, school supplies, clothing, advertisements, and art, a tapestry of impressions addressed seven chronological themes reflecting the shifting place of child-oriented design throughout the twentieth century. In the first three rooms, spanning the first forty years of the century, discovery and innovation appeared synonymous with childhood. “New Century, New Child, New Art (1900s–1910s)” explored pedagogical tools, such …
Performing MRI on patients with MRI-conditional and non-conditional cardiac implantable electronic devices: an update for radiologists

Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and entails special consideration when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required. It is estimated that 50–75% of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) will have an indication for MRI during their lifetime. Radiologists may want to recommend MRI or may be consulted about the need to perform MRI in a patient with a CIED, at which point they may need to approve or at least provide guidance as to whether MRI may be performed safely. Even in situations where final clearance will not be provided by the radiologist, he or she can provide valuable information by reviewing radiographs and determining (a) whether a device is MRI-conditional and MRI may ultimately be permitted, (b) is not MRI-conditional and MRI using the standard workflow will therefore not be approved, or (c) when additional information will clearly be required. CIED identification and verification of leads can be accomplished through review of the medical record and/or evaluation of a chest radiograph. In patients with MRI-conditional CIEDs (as well as with legacy CIEDs in those institutions that perform MRI of these patients), specific imaging protocols must be adhered to in order to prevent death or injury to the patient or damage to the device. In this update, we provide details regarding the above topics and provide an algorithm for integrating this information into a clinical workflow to efficiently triage patients with CIEDs who are being considered for MRI.
Nutrients and Salinity Influence Prymnesium parvum (UTEX LB 2797) Elicited Sublethal Toxicity in Pimephales promelas and Danio rerio

The magnitude, frequency, and duration of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing worldwide, primarily due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Prymnesium parvum is a euryhaline and eurythermal HAB forming species that has expanded throughout North America, resulting in massive fish kills. Previous aquatic ecology and toxicology efforts supported an understanding of conditions resulting in P. parvum HABs and fish kills; however, the primary endpoint selected for these studies was acute mortality. Whether adverse sublethal responses to P. parvum occur in fish are largely unknown. To begin to address this question, molecular and biochemical oxidative stress (OS) biomarker responses and photomotor behavioral alterations were investigated in two common fish models, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Varying nutrient and salinity conditions influenced P. parvum related OS biomarkers and fish behavioral responses in zebrafish and fathead minnows, which were heightened by nonoptimal conditions for P. parvum growth. Such sublethal observations present important considerations for future aquatic assessments and management of P. parvum HABs.
Mentoring the working nurse: a scoping review.

Mentoring programs for nurses already in the health workforce are growing in importance. Yet, the settings, goals, scale, and key features of these programs are not widely known. To identify and synthesize research on in-service nurse mentoring programs. We reviewed nurse mentoring research from six databases. Studies either referred explicitly to in-service nurse mentoring programs, were reviews of such programs, or concerned nurse training/education in which mentoring was an essential component. We included 69 articles from 11 countries, published from 1995 to 2019. Most articles were from high-income countries (n = 46) and in rural areas (n = 22). Programs were developed to strengthen clinical care (particularly maternal and neonatal care), promote evidence-based practice, promote retention, support new graduate nurses, and develop nurse leaders. Of the articles with sufficient data, they typically described small programs implemented in one facility (n = 23), with up to ten mentors (n = 13), with less than 50 mentees (n = 25), meeting at least once a month (n = 27), and lasting at least a year (n = 24). While over half of the studies (n = 36) described programs focused almost exclusively on clinical skills acquisition, many (n = 33) specified non-clinical professional development activities. Reflective practice featured to a varying extent in many articles (n = 29). Very few (n = 6) explicitly identified the theoretical basis of their programs. Although the literature about in-service nurse mentoring comes mostly from small programs in high-income countries, the largest nurse mentoring programs in the world are in low- and middle-income countries. Much can be learned from studying these programs in greater detail. Future research should analyze key features of programs to make models of mentoring more transparent and translatable. If carefully designed and flexibly implemented, in-service nurse mentoring represents an exciting avenue for enhancing the role of nurses and midwives in people-centered health system strengthening. The contents in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. Government.
Mental Health Outcomes Associated with Risk and Resilience among Military-Connected Youth

The present study aimed to describe patterns of risk and protective factors affecting U.S. Army families and their association with mental health diagnoses among military-connected children. Wartime military service is associated with increased adverse outcomes for military-connected youth, but few studies have explored the impact of concurrent risk and access to protective factors. Using big data methods to link existing datasets, protective factors (e.g., marital and family functioning) were drawn from a voluntary survey completed by 1,630 US Army spouses. Risk factors (e.g., parent mental health, family moves, deployment) were drawn from Department of Defense (DoD) archival data. Rates of mental health diagnoses among youth were derived from DoD healthcare records. Using the three-step method of latent profile analysis, five profiles emerged with variability across risk and protective factors. The largest group (40% of the sample) had considerable protective factors and limited risk exposure. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of mental health diagnoses among military-connected youth were observed across profiles (χ2 = 30.067, df = 4, p < .001), with the highest rates (31.1% and 30.5%) observed in the two profiles with the lowest protective factors. Findings suggest most military families are faring well and highlight the importance of a thorough assessment that evaluates both the stressors military families face and the strengths they possess.
Safety and efficacy of vasopressor administration through midline catheters.

Abstract Context Vasopressors are commonly administered through Central Venous Catheters (CVCs) as it is considered unsafe to administer them via peripheral IVs, mainly due to the concern of local tissue injury. Unlike peripheral IVs, midline catheters provide a wider lumen with the catheter tip ending in a large peripheral vein. The use of vasopressors through midline catheters has not yet been evaluated. Objective The primary objective of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of long term administration of vasopressors through a midline catheter. Design This is a retrospective study between 2016 and 2019 looking at the outcomes of midline catheters. Setting 45 bed Tertiary level ICU in a 600-bed teaching hospital. Patients A total of 248 patients received vasopressors via midline catheters. Results The average midline dwell time was 14.7 ± 12.8 days and the average duration of continuous vasopressor infusion was 7.8 ± 9.3 days. Vasopressors used with their average dose (AD) were norepinephrine (n = 165, 16.8 CE ± 10.7 μg/min), epinephrine (n = 56, 9.1 CE ± 6.0 μg/min), vasopressin (n = 123, 0.05 CE ± 0.02 units/min), phenylephrine (n = 158, 91.4 CE ± 64.7 μg/min) and Angiotensin II (50 CE ± 27.6 ng/kg/min). Early Complication rate was 3.6% due to Bloodstream infection (n = 6), drug extravasation (n = 1), thrombophlebitis (n = 1) and arterial puncture (n = 1). Late Complication rate was 0.8% (n = 2) due to midline-associated DVTs. There were no complications related to ineffective drug delivery or limb endangerment. Conclusions Many medical centers are attempting to limit the use of central venous catheters (CVCs) to avoid central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). This study demonstrates that midline catheters are a safe alternative to CVCs, for the safe and efficacious administration of vasopressors for prolonged periods of time.
Dominant Narratives and Historical Perspective in Time Travel Stories: A Case Study of Doctor Who

Historical novels, films, and other media can disrupt or reinforce dominant narratives about the past. Educators must be careful that when they attempt to select material from a range of seemingly ...
Location-Aided Fast Distributed Consensus in Wireless Networks

Existing works on distributed consensus explore linear iterations based on reversible Markov chains, which contribute to the slow convergence of the algorithms. It has been observed that by overcoming the diffusive behavior of reversible chains, certain nonreversible chains lifted from reversible ones mix substantially faster than the original chains. In this paper, the idea of Markov chain lifting is studied to accelerate the convergence of distributed consensus, and two general pseudoalgorithms are presented. These pseudoalgorithms are then instantiated through a class of location-aided distributed averaging (LADA) algorithms for wireless networks, where nodes' coarse location information is used to construct nonreversible chains that facilitate distributed computing and cooperative processing. Our first LADA algorithm is designed for grid networks; for a k × k grid network, it achieves an e-averaging time of O(k log(e-1)). Based on this algorithm, in a wireless network with transmission range r, an e-averaging time of O(r-1 log(e-1)) can be attained through a centralized algorithm. Subsequently, a distributed LADA algorithm is presented, achieving the same scaling law in averaging time as the centralized scheme in wireless networks for all r satisfying the connectivity requirement; the constructed chain also attains the optimal scaling law in terms of an important mixing metric, the fill time, in its class. Finally, a cluster-based LADA algorithm is proposed, which, requiring no central coordination, provides the additional benefit of reduced message complexity compared with the distributed LADA algorithm.
Differences in Gait and Stair Ascent After Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis

Background:Ankle arthrodesis has historically been the standard of care for end-stage ankle arthritis; however, total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is considered a reliable alternative. Our objective wa...
Liberalism and Antisemitism: A Reassessment from the Peripheries

Historians have generally depicted antisemitism as a reactionary movement that emerged as a rejection of liberalism. In their political goals, antisemites certainly sought bring an end to the core features of liberal life: religious toleration, equality before the law, social mobility, and the economic tumult produced by decades of free-market capitalism. This historiographical essay seeks to add nuance to the question by looking at the movement from the point of view of Europe’s periphery, particularly Romania and Algeria, where antisemitism emerged as part of the transition to democracy and was very much aligned to the liberal movement. In so doing, it ultimately suggests that antisemitism could be more “liberal” than we have tended to assume.
Looking at the Gig Picture: Defining Gig Work and Explaining Profile Differences in Gig Workers’ Job Demands and Resources:

Gig workers are a growing portion of the workforce and of increased interest to researchers. Recent reports suggest one in four workers is involved in gig work to some extent. Additionally, gig wor...
Innovation's Hidden Externalities

When commentators discuss innovation’s externalities, they often classify them into one of two categories. On the positive externalities, or “spillovers” side, legal and economics scholars often speak of the benefits innovation confers on other innovators. Future innovators profit from past innovation as they “stand on the shoulders of giants” to develop progressively new and better innovation. Discussion of innovation’s negative externalities, on the other hand, has mainly focused on social harms not directly related to future innovation that particular advances impose on third parties—the classic example being pollution. Thus, the common understanding is that innovation’s spillovers positively impact innovation (among other things), while innovation’s negative externalities are only indirectly related to society’s collective capacity for further innovation, if at all. This Article challenges that view, arguing that innovation does impose negative externalities on contemporary and future innovators, thereby making it more difficult for them to innovate. It discusses three mechanisms by which these negative externalities arise. The first is through path dependencies. Path dependencies in innovation can limit the innovative potential of other innovators by effectively foreclosing particular areas of study or by directing innovation along less productive paths. A second mechanism by which innovation imposes negative externalities on other innovators is through the workings of social norms. Social norms that become entrenched in innovative communities can lead innovators to adopt sub-optimal research agendas and methodologies. Third, particular innovations may work on those who adopt them at a psychological level, changing their cognition and thought processes in ways that negatively impact their future ability to innovate. Uncovering innovation’s hidden externalities has profound implications for discussions of innovation policy. Currently, the conventional wisdom holds that innovation’s spillovers should be addressed through innovation subsidies, while innovation’s negative externalities can be addressed by taxing the externalities directly. Recognizing that innovation has both positive and negative externalities for contemporary and future innovators, however, challenges the view that the conversation about innovation subsidies (like intellectual property, tax breaks, grants, and prizes) should concern itself only with innovation’s spillovers, and not with its negative externalities.
Propionate Formation from Cellulose and Soluble Sugars by Combined Cultures of Bacteroides succinogenes and Selenomonas ruminantium

Succinate is formed as an intermediate but not as a normal end product of the bovine rumen fermentation. However, numerous rumen bacteria are present, e.g., Bacteroides succinogenes, which produce succinate as a major product of carbohydrate fermentation. Selenomonas ruminantium, another rumen species, produces propionate via the succinate or randomizing pathway. These two organisms were co-cultured to determine if S. ruminantium could decarboxylate succinate produced by B. succinogenes. When energy sources used competitively by both species, i.e. glucose or cellobiose, were employed, no succinate was found in combined cultures, although a significant amount was expected from the numbers of Bacteroides present. The propionate production per S. ruminantium was significantly greater in combined than in single S. ruminantium cultures, which indicated that S. ruminantium was decarboxylating the succinate produced by B. succinogenes. S. ruminantium, which does not use cellulose, grew on cellulose when co-cultured with B. succinogenes. Succinate, but not propionate, was produced from cellulose by B. succinogenes alone. Propionate, but no succinate, accumulated when the combined cultures were grown on cellulose. These interspecies interactions are models for the rumen ecosystem interactions involved in the production of succinate by one species and its decarboxylation to propionate by a second species.
The human anionic antimicrobial peptide dermcidin induces proteolytic defence mechanisms in staphylococci

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a key component of innate host defence against bacterial pathogens. Bacterial resistance mechanisms usually depend on the characteristic positive charge of AMPs. However, several human cell types also produce anionic AMPs, mechanisms of resistance to which are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the skin commensal and leading nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis senses and efficiently inactivates the anionic AMP dermcidin. Dermcidin induced differential expression of global regulatory systems, leading to increased expression of proteases with the capacity to degrade dermcidin, particularly S. epidermidis SepA. A similar induction of extracellular proteolytic activity was found in Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting a common regulatory mechanism in staphylococci. Notably, human cationic AMPs also led to the activation of global regulators, but inactivation of dermcidin by SepA was much more effective than of the tested cationic peptides. The ability to react to the unusual, anionic dermcidin with effective countermeasures likely contributes to the extraordinary success of staphylococci as colonizers and infective agents on human epithelia. Our study indicates that staphylococci can react to human AMPs by specific mechanisms of resistance and establishes a crucial role for staphylococcal proteases in the interaction with human innate host defence.
Evaluation of response after stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in incidence due to hepatitis C. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a noninvasive, effective therapy in the management of liver malignancies. The authors evaluated radiological response in 26 patients with HCC treated with SBRT at Indiana University. METHODS: Between March 2005 and June 2008, 26 patients with HCC who were not surgical candidates were enrolled in a phase 1 to 2 trial. Eligibility criteria included solitary tumors ≤ 6 cm or up to 3 lesions with sum diameters ≤ 6 cm, and well-compensated cirrhosis. All patients had imaging before, at 1 to 3 months, and every 3 to 6 months after SBRT. RESULTS: Patients received 3 to 5 fractions of SBRT. Median SBRT dose was 42 Gray (Gy) (range: 24-48 Gy). Median follow-up was 13 months. Per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), 4 patients had a complete response (CR), 15 had a partial response (PR), and 7 achieved stable disease (SD) at 12 months. One patient with SD experienced progression marginal to the treated area. The overall best response rate (CR + PR) was 73%. In comparison, by European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria, 18 of 26 patients had ≥ 50% nonenhancement at 12 months. Thirteen of 18 demonstrated 100% nonenhancement, being > 50% in 5 patients. Kaplan-Meier 1- and 2-year survival estimates were 77% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SBRT is effective therapy for patients with HCC with an overall best response rate (CR + PR) of 73%. Nonenhancement on imaging, a surrogate for ablation, may be a more useful indicator than size reduction in evaluating HCC response to SBRT in the first 6 to 12 months, supporting EASL criteria. Cancer 2012;118: 3191–98. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
CONSTRUING LAWS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. DOMESTIC CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF GOODS: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CISG AND UCC RULES OF INTERPRETATION

Twenty-four years after the effective date of the enforceability of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("Convention") for commercial parties with their place of business in the United States, the distinctions and similarity of the Convention to the Uniform Commercial Code ("Code") continue to challenge legal scholars and the judiciary. Domestic clients are often encouraged to opt-out of the Convention and urged to rely on the security of the Code. This recommendation without an assessment of the viability of the Convention given the client’s business goals or risk tolerances violate the Model Rules of Professional Conduct that mandate competency and diligence. This article provides guidance to the legal community on the essential task of construing the Convention, determining its operative legal effect. In this article, the processes of interpretation are addressed through the lens of the Code by delineating the similarities and differences. Finally, this article addresses those contextual settings that trigger the applicability of the Convention and those provisions that limit the applicability of the Convention and, correspondingly, the goals sought to be achieved by its promulgation.
Gamma and alpha radiation levels in a Basalt High-Level Waste Repository: Potential impact on container corrosion and packing properties

Gamma radiation levels during the containment period and alpha radiation levels in the packing material during the controlled release period were calculated based on the conceptual design of the waste package for a high-level nuclear waste repository in basalt. The maximum gamma dose rate was 250 rad/h and the maximum absorbed dose during the containment period was 66 Mrad. The alpha radiation levels calculated were strongly dependent on the assumed solubility and sorption of the radionuclides considered. The total absorbed alpha dose was 1.4 x 10/sup 10/ rad at the packing/container interface, and 1.2 x 10/sup 10/ and 1.1 x 10/sup 10/ rad at 7 and 19 cm from the container wall, respectively. The radiation levels calculated were discussed in relation to two issues: the radiolytic enhancement of container corrosion during the containment period and the effect of alpha radiation on the stability of packing material during the controlled release period.
The (p, t) reaction to 48Ti and 49V in the (f72)n model

Abstract The ( f 7 2 ) n model of Kutschera, Brown and Ogawa provides a very successful and consistent explanation of the excitation energies, strengths and shapes of nearly all the transitions to the low-lying levels in 48 Ti and 49 V which are excited in (p, t) reactions.
Numerical evaluation of a group-oriented multicast protocol using stochastic activity networks

Group-oriented multicast protocols that provide message ordering and delivery guarantees are becoming increasingly important in distributed system design. However, despite the large number of such protocols, little analytical work has been done concerning their performance, especially in the presence of message loss. This paper illustrates a method for determining the performability of group-oriented multicast protocols using stochastic activity networks, a stochastic extension to Petri nets, and reduced base model construction. In particular, we study the performability of one such protocol, called Psync, under a wide variety of workload and message loss probabilities. The specific focus is on measuring two quantities, the stabilization time-that is, the time required for messages to arrive at all hosts-and channel utilization. The analysis shows that Psync works well when message transmissions are frequent, but exhibits extremely long message stabilization times when transmissions are infrequent and message losses occur. The results provide useful insight on the behavior of Psync, as well as serve as a guide for evaluating the performability of other group-oriented multicast protocols.
Blood pressure response to strength training may be influenced by angiotensinogen A-20C and angiotensin II type I receptor A1166C genotypes in older men and women.

Objectives: To determine the influence of angiotensinogen (AGT) A–20C, M235 T, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) A1166C genotypes on resting blood pressure (BP) response to strength training (ST) in older men and women. Design: Prospective intervention study with retrospective genotyping. Setting: University of Maryland Exercise Physiology Laboratory. Participants: Seventy sedentary, healthy older men (n=34) and women (n=36). Intervention: Approximately 23 weeks of ST performed 3 days per week. Measurements: Resting BP was measured on six separate occasions before and after ST for each subject. AGT and AGTR1 genotyping was performed retrospectively from each subject's genomic deoxyribonucleic acid. Results: Systolic BP decreased in C-allele carriers at the AGT A–20C locus with ST (122±1 to 116±2 mmHg, P<.05), which was significantly greater than the decrease in the A homozygotes (126±1 to 123±1 mmHg, P<.05). At the AGTR1 A1166C locus, diastolic BP decreased to a greater extent in the C-allele carriers (76±1 to 70±2 mmHg, P<.05) than in the A homozygotes (75±1 to 72±1 mmHg, P<.05). Conclusion: The AGT A–20C and AGTR1 A1166C genotypes may influence resting BP response to ST, such that C-allele carriers at each of these loci reduce their resting BP in response to ST to a greater extent than A homozygotes.
p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 Act in Synergy to Alter the Sensitivity of Naive T Cells to TGF-β-Mediated G1 Arrest through Modulation of IL-2 Responsiveness

Induction of G(1) arrest by TGF-beta correlates with the regulation of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1), members of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (cki). However, no definitive evidence exists that these proteins play a causal role in TGF-beta(1)-induced growth arrest in lymphocytes. In this report we show the suppression of cell cycle progression by TGF-beta is diminished in T cells from mice deficient for both p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) (double-knockout (DKO)) only when activated under conditions of optimal costimulation. Although there is an IL-2-dependent enhanced proliferation of CD8(+) T cells from DKO mice, TGF-beta is able to maximally suppress the proliferation of DKO T cells when activated under conditions of low costimulatory strength. We also show that the induction of p15(Ink4b) in T cells stimulated in the presence of TGF-beta is not essential, as TGF-beta also efficiently suppressed proliferation of T cells from p15(Ink4b-/-) mice. Finally, although these cki are dispensable for the suppression of T cell proliferation by TGF-beta, we now describe a Smad3-dependent down-regulation of cdk4, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying to resistance of Smad3(-/-) T cells to the induction of growth arrest by TGF-beta. In summary, the growth suppressive effects of TGF-beta in naive T cells are a function of the strength of costimulation, and alterations in the expression of cki modify the sensitivity to TGF-beta by lowering thresholds for a maximal mitogenic response.
Medical Pluralism in the United States: A Review

Healing Powers: Alternative Medicine, Spiritual Communities, and the State. Fred M. Frohock. American Health Quackery: Collected Essays by James Harvey Young. James Harvey Young. Chiropractic: History and Evolution of a New Profession. Walter I. Wardwell. Chiropractic in America: The History of a Medical Alternative. J. Stuart Moore. The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Thomas J. Csordus. Walkin’ Over Medicine. Loudell F. Snow. Folk Wisdom and Mother Wit: John Lee-An Akican American Herbal Healer. Arvilla Payne-Jackson and John Lee. Herbal and Magical Medicine: Traditional Healing Today. James Kirkland, Holly F. Mathews, C. W. Sullivan 111, and Karen Baldwin, eds.
Optimal Asynchronous Service Scheduling in BISON

In this paper, we present some of our experiences from the architectural design phase of Business Information Analysis service provisioning system, BISON. More specifically we discuss the issues, challenges, and our solution approaches to asynchronously scheduling the service requests in an optimal manner to enhance the user experience in the system.
High-sensitivity determination of Zn(II) and Cu(II) in vitro by fluorescence polarization

Recent work has suggested that free Cu(II) may play a role in syndromes such as Crohn's and Wilson's diseases, as well as being a pollutant toxic at low levels to shellfish and sheep. Similarly, Zn(II) has been implicated in some neural damage in the brain resulting from epilepsy and ischemia. Several high sensitivity methods exist for determining these ions in solution, including GFAAS, ICP-MS, ICP-ES, and electrochemical techniques. However, these techniques are generally slow and costly, require pretreatment of the sample, require complex instruments and skilled personnel, and are incapable of imaging at the cellular and subcellular level. To address these shortcomings we developed fluorescence polarization (anisotropy) biosensing methods for these ions which are very sensitivity, highly selective, require simple instrumentation and little pretreatment, and are inexpensive. Thus free Cu(II) or Zn(II) can be determined at picomolar levels by changes in fluorescence polarization, lifetime, or wavelength ratio using these methods; these techniques may be adapted to microscopy.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Crohn's Disease With Ovarian Granuloma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We present an interesting case of a 35-year-old nulligravida with Crohn's disease with ovarian involvement. This is a rare manifestation of Crohn's disease, felt to arise from fistulization between the ovary and the intestine, most commonly the ileum. Our review of the literature revealed 11 additional case reports published in English with a total of 15 cases. The mean age at time of presentation was 33.7 years, with a predominance of right-sided involvement. This series included 10 patients with affected right ovaries, 3 with affected left ovaries, and 2 with bilateral involvement. We conclude that ovarian involvement in Crohn's disease, although rare, can exist, and that the gynecologic surgeon should be aware of this relevant disease manifestation.
The effect of dysfunctional voiding on the costs of treating vesicoureteral reflux: a computer model.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We created a computer model for evaluating the effect of dysfunctional voiding on the costs of managing vesicoureteral reflux in children.Materials and Methods: The literature on vesicoureteral reflux was reviewed to create a set of assumptions regarding the epidemiology, likelihood of resolution, need for operative intervention, risk of infection and appropriate regimen for nonoperative surveillance. Recent literature describing the effect of dysfunctional voiding on the clinical course of vesicoureteral reflux was included in the model to compare the costs of treating vesicoureteral reflux in children with and without dysfunctional voiding. A 5-year management period was considered.Results: Dysfunctional voiding in children with vesicoureteral reflux increased the cost of treatment per patient by 51.2%. The cost per patient increased with increasing grade in those with and without dysfunctional voiding. The difference in costs in the 2 groups increased from 18.7% for grade 1 reflux to 6...
The stretch-bend forming of sheet metal

Formability tests simulating stretch-bend conditions have been developed for simple angular and hemispherical contours. The tests were designed to determine the influence of material and geometrical variables on sheet metal formability. Data obtained from the tests have produced families of curves relating the punch radius (R) and sheet thickness (t) to the height of the configuration at failure (H). The (RtH) curves define formability envelopes which contain all possible combinations of (R), (t) and (H). Results obtained for AK steel, HSLA-F50, dual phase 80 and 2036-T4 aluminum show that the (RtH) curves can be used as guidelines for designing and stamping sheet metal parts. They can be especially helpful in determinations concerning the ranking, downgaging, selection and substitution of sheet metal.
Traditional Dimensionality Versus Essential Dimensionality

This article addresses testing the hypothesis of one versus more than one dominant (essential) dimension in the possible presence of minor dimensions. The method used is Stout's statistical test of essential unidimensionality, which is based on the theory of essential unidimensionality. Differences between the traditional definition of dimensionality provided by item response theory, which counts all dimensions present, and essential dimensionality, which counts only dominant dimensions, are discussed. As Monte Carlo studies demonstrate, Stout's test of essential unidimensionality tends to indicate essential unidimensionality in the presence of one dominant dimension and one or more minor dimensions that have a relatively small influence on item scores. As the influence of the minor dimensions increases, Stout's test is more likely to reject the hypothesis of essential unidimensionality. To assist in interpreting these studies, a rough index of the deviation from essential unidimensionality is proposed.
Stark Effect in Hydrogen

This paper gives a theoretical treatment of atomic hydrogen in an external electric field. The positions and half-widths of the energy levels which are near the peak of the effective potential barrier are found. The problem is solved by applying Wentzel–Kramers-Brillouin–type approximations to the Schrodinger equation separated in parabolic coordinates; the usual perturbation treatment does not apply to these high levels. Formulas for the levels and half-widths are found in terms of complete elliptic integrals.
Unnecessary Risks: An Exploration of the Immunization Status of Older Women in Long-Term Care Facilities and the Community

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which women 65 years of age and older had received immunization services consistent with the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations. Analysis of data from a group of residents in 3 selected long term care facilities (n = 130) and a community group (n = 1,442, 1991 NHIS-HPDP Supplement) revealed that both groups surpassed the recommendation for influenza vaccinations but failed to meet the mark in receipt of either pneumonia or tetanus immunizations. These findings suggest that older women in long-term care facilities and the community are at an unnecessary risk for preventable diseases.
The p22 phox polymorphism C242T is not associated with CHD risk in Asian Indians and Chinese.

Background Oxygen free radicals such as superoxide anion have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). The nonglycosylated 22 kDa α-subunit of the NADH/NADPH oxidase (p22 phox) of the vasculature acts as the final electron transporter in the generation of superoxide anion. Recently, a common polymorphism (C242T) at codon 72 in the p22 phox gene has been reported to be associated with CHD risk. Study design We examined the role of the C242T polymorphism with the risk of CHD in a biracial sample of Asian Indians and Chinese from Singapore. The sample comprised angiographically confirmed CHD patients (126 Asian Indians and 151 Chinese) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (154 Asian Indians and 167 Chinese). Results The frequency of the T allele was significantly higher in Asian Indian control subjects than in Chinese control subjects (0.38 vs. 0.09; P < 0.0001). However, there was no difference in the frequency of this allele between case patients and control subjects either in Chinese (0.10 vs. 0.09) or Asian Indians (0.38 vs. 0.40). This polymorphism was also not associated with plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in any group. Conclusions The p22 phox codon 72 polymorphism is not associated with the risk of CHD in the present samples of Asian Indians and Chinese.
The effects of substrates on the characteristics of polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors

Abstract We report on the impact of substrates on n-channel and p-channel polycrystalline-silicon (poly-Si) thin film transistors (TFTs) performance and hot carrier stress (HCS) reliability. Corning Code 1737 glass, fused silica and oxidized Si were used as substrates on which 1000 A of base poly-Si films were deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition at 620°C. Top-gated TFTs of nominal channel lengths ∼15 μm were fabricated on these films and tested before and after the application of HCS. It is found out that both n- and p-TFTs on fused silica substrates perform better than their counterparts on bare 1737 glass and oxidized Si substrates. Also n- and p-TFTs on fused silica, unlike those on 1737 glass and oxidized silicon substrates, are observed to be more resistant to HCS. The implications are that the substrate influences the characteristics and the HCS reliability of TFTs via grain geometries and impurity in poly-Si which are controlled by poly-Si/substrate interface properties as well as the substrate's impurity content. Variations in TFTs leakage current, threshold voltage, and subthreshold swing with substrate type and with HCS are interpreted in terms of a model incorporating generation/population of traps in the poly-Si channel, bulk gate-oxide, or poly-Si/oxide interface coupled with field-assisted emission of carriers from these traps.
Validation of a reference method for correlation of anatomic and functional brain images

We describe a reference device that provides accurate correlations between anatomic and functional brain images. The reference device, which generates fiduciary reference points on sequential scan planes, is positioned adjacent to the orbitomeatal line of the subject, and held in place by a framework anchored to the external auditory meatus. The reference system was tested on 17 subjects undergoing Tc-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (Tc-99m-HM-PAO) brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cranial computed tomography (CT) scans. The centers of the caudate nuclei, thalami, brain stem, and cerebellar vermis were identified independently on CT and SPECT. The average difference +/- 1 sd between structure locations (x, y, and z) on SPECT and CT were calculated as 1.86 +/- 1.5, 2.16 +/- 1.4, and 1.83 +/- 1.9 mm, respectively. The relevance of the method to clinical applications is illustrated by the localization of a recurrent viable glioma and an epileptogenic focus. This reference system provides an accurate, rapid, and noninvasive patient-specific method for the correlation of brain structure with brain function.
Scalable-effort classifiers for energy-efficient machine learning

Supervised machine-learning algorithms are used to solve classification problems across the entire spectrum of computing platforms, from data centers to wearable devices, and place significant demand on their computational capabilities. In this paper, we propose scalable-effort classifiers, a new approach to optimizing the energy efficiency of supervised machine-learning classifiers. We observe that the inherent classification difficulty varies widely across inputs in real-world datasets; only a small fraction of the inputs truly require the full computational effort of the classifier, while the large majority can be classified correctly with very low effort. Yet, state-of-the-art classification algorithms expend equal effort on all inputs, irrespective of their difficulty. To address this inefficiency, we introduce the concept of scalable-effort classifiers, or classifiers that dynamically adjust their computational effort depending on the difficulty of the input data, while maintaining the same level of accuracy. Scalable effort classifiers are constructed by utilizing a chain of classifiers with increasing levels of complexity (and accuracy). Scalable effort execution is achieved by modulating the number of stages used for classifying a given input. Every stage in the chain contains an ensemble of biased classifiers, where each biased classifier is trained to detect a single class more accurately. The degree of consensus between the biased classifiers' outputs is used to decide whether classification can be terminated at the current stage or not. Our methodology thus allows us to transform any given classification algorithm into a scalable-effort chain. We build scalable-effort versions of 8 popular recognition applications using 3 different classification algorithms. Our experiments demonstrate that scalable-effort classifiers yield 2.79x reduction in average operations per input, which translates to 2.3x and 1.5x improvement in energy for hardware and software implementations, respectively.
Visual information processing of numerical inputs

The present paper extends current pattern-recognition research to investigate the processing of numerical inputs. The results indicate major differences in the ease of recognition of the various numbers. The recognition curves developed for each number show vastly different rates of recognition growth for increasing on-time. An analysis of the confusion matrix reveals marked asymmetry of many stimulus-response pairs. The difficulty of the numbers remained highly consistent from S to S, suggesting that different Ss may utilize similar subroutines at varying processing rates.
1.3.3 Valuing System Engineering: The Enterprise QCD Approach

Extending the definition of quality, cost, and delivery (QCD) from the program or project level to the Business Unit and indeed to the Enterprise level establishes a framework to effectively assess the value of system engineering (SE) in commercial enterprises. Most of the value of SE lies at these higher corporate levels where business and technical metrics intermingle. The Enterprise QCD approach supports a clear definition of system engineering. Three major confounding factors must be dealt with in valuation. In commercial environments, much system engineering is conducted by individuals not carrying the title “system engineer.” Second, attempts to correlate benefits to the quantity of systems engineering will be confounded by the fact that high quality systems engineering reduces the needed quantity. And third, the stage of the enterprise in its life cycle must be taken into account when evaluating the role and value of systems engineering. Effective competitive benchmarking and before/after comparisons can get at the value of SE while minimizing confounding effects. Improvements in QCD should aim at large increases in performance.
Trends in research productivity among senior faculty

Abstract Data from the vitae of 411 senior faculty at Syracuse University were analyzed to uncover trends in productivity over time. Results show that productivity is related to status and academic discipline. Overall, productivity earlier in a career is a good indicator of later productivity. Not surprisingly, full professors increase productivity to a greater extent than do assistant and associate professors. Increase in productivity among females is greater than among males, but males are more productive overall. Humanities and science/mathematics faculty increase productivity to a greater extent than do social sciences and professional school faculty. A citation analysis of a sample of the faculty included in the analysis does not appear to be a good tool to measure quality. Journal articles are cited much more than are book chapters, so faculty not tending to publish in journals do not show a high citation count. In addition, citation counts are biased toward older works, since they have had greater exposure than more recent works.
Measuring identity change: analysing fragments from the diary of Sándor Károlyi with social-network analysis

The theoretical portion of the analysis presented in this article builds on identity theory (IT), which argues that identities are embedded in, and affected by social-network contexts. It aims to map and measure the alteration of the social network of Sandor Karolyi, an eighteenth-century Hungarian aristocrat, so as to make the identity change intelligible. Since the absence of wars during the period examined provides a social space where social relations are ‘standing still’, a detailed scrutiny of the social ties of the aristocrat is feasible based on his daily diary entries between 1725 and 1734. First, I will elaborate on how the newly gained rank and prestige contributed to the aristocrat's emerging credit-worthiness and subsequently led to successful property acquisitions. Then, building on the fragmentation hypothesis, I will discuss how the spatially fragmented social networks of Hungarian nobles are in connection with a new type of emergence in social positions at this period that was initiated b...
Formation of a Ba-Te Surface on GaAs

The formation of a Ba-Te surface on GaAs has been investigated. The surface was created using molecular beam epitaxy (MRS). A GaAs (100) surface was first exposed to Te and characterized using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflective high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The Te-reacted surface was then exposed to BaF 2 flux producing a second reaction. In this reaction, the BaF 2 dissociated leaving barium on the surface but no fluorine. This is in contrast to the clean (no tellurium) GaAs (100) surface in which BaF 2 has been shown to grow single crystal. Although high order exists during early stages of the Ba-Te growth, further exposure gives way to a polycrystalline form. This paper discusses the formation and analysis of the Ba-Te surface.
Experimental investigation of fatigue crack growth behavior and damage mechanisms of fiber/metal laminates under uniaxial and biaxial loading

The response of the aramid reinforced aluminum-epoxy-laminate to uniaxial and biaxial fatigue loading has been investigated. The fracture process in the laminates propagates mainly in the form of cracks in aluminum layers, delaminations between the resin-rich and fiber-rich prepreg layers, splitting in prepreg layers and fiber fracture. Ultrasonic microscopy has been used to evaluate the shape and size of the damage zone. The ultrasonic images have been calibrated by means of SEM optical microscopy of the laminates with sequential removal of the layers. Microscopic eliminaton reveals a direct correlation between delimination, fiber fracture, and fatigue crack growth in the aluminum layer. The results of this investigation strongly suggest that the laminate resistance to tension-tension biaxial fatigue is superior to that under uniaxial loading conditions