cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Left Ventricular Function, Twist, and Recoil After Mitral Valve Replacement

Background Preservation of the mitral subvalvular apparatus during mitral valve replacement (MVR) has become more popular, in part because of the clinically and experimentally demonstrated more optimal left ventricular (LV) performance after surgery; the mechanisms responsible for this beneficial influence, however, have not been clearly elucidated. Methods and Results Fourteen dogs underwent placement of 26 myocardial markers into the LV and septum. One week later, the animals were studied while awake, sedated, and atrially paced (120 beats per minute) both under baseline conditions and after inotropic stimulation (calcium). The animals then underwent MVR and were randomized into either chord-sparing (MVR-Intact) or chord-severing (MVR-Cut) techniques. Two weeks later, the animals were studied under the same conditions. LV systolic function was assessed by the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (Ees); early LV diastolic filling was analyzed by the pressure-time constant of relaxation (τ)....
A model for the vortex-excited resonant response of bluff cylinders

Abstract The periodic shedding of vortices that accompanies the cross flow past a bluff cylindrical body can excite the body into resonant transverse oscillations when the vortex shedding and body natural frequencies are sufficiently near to one another. A mathematical model that enables one to predict the vortex-excited resonant response of bluff cylinders is introduced here. A modified Van der Pol equation is employed as the governing equation for the fluctuating lift on the cylinder and is coupled to the equation for the oscillatory motion of the body. When appropriate choices are made for the empirical parameters in the model, the calculated responses of four spring mounted systems are in good quantitative agreement with the observed responses from wind tunnel experiments. A set of relations is postulated between the empirical parameters and the physical mass and damping parameters that govern the oscillatory response. These relations are then employed with the model to calculate the vortex-excited responses of several other systems. Good quantitative agreement with the measured data is again obtained.
An Alphavirus-Based Adjuvant Enhances Serum and Mucosal Antibodies, T Cells, and Protective Immunity to Influenza Virus in Neonatal Mice

Neonatal immune responses to infection and vaccination are biased toward TH2 at the cost of proinflammatory TH1 responses needed to combat intracellular pathogens. However, upon appropriate stimulation, the neonatal immune system can induce adult-like TH1 responses. Here we report that a new class of vaccine adjuvant is especially well suited to enhance early life immunity. The GVI3000 adjuvant is a safe, nonpropagating, truncated derivative of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus that targets dendritic cells (DCs) in the draining lymph node (DLN) and produces intracellular viral RNA without propagating to other cells. RNA synthesis strongly activates the innate immune response so that in adult animals, codelivery of soluble protein antigens induces robust humoral, cellular, and mucosal responses. The adjuvant properties of GVI3000 were tested in a neonatal BALB/c mouse model using inactivated influenza virus (iFlu). After a single immunization, mice immunized with iFlu with the GVI3000 adjuvant (GVI3000-adjuvanted iFlu) had significantly higher and sustained influenza virus-specific IgG antibodies, mainly IgG2a (TH1), compared to the mice immunized with antigen only. GVI3000 significantly increased antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, primed mucosal immune responses, and enhanced protection from lethal challenge. As seen in adult mice, the GVI3000 adjuvant increased the DC population in the DLNs, caused activation and maturation of DCs, and induced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the DLNs soon after immunization, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). In summary, the GVI3000 adjuvant induced an adult-like adjuvant effect with an influenza vaccine and has the potential to improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of new and existing neonatal vaccines. IMPORTANCE The suboptimal immune responses in early life constitute a significant challenge for vaccine design. Here we report that a new class of adjuvant is safe and effective for early life immunization and demonstrate its ability to significantly improve the protective efficacy of an inactivated influenza virus vaccine in a neonatal mouse model. The GVI3000 adjuvant delivers a truncated, self-replicating viral RNA into dendritic cells in the draining lymph node. Intracellular RNA replication activates a strong innate immune response that significantly enhances adaptive antibody and cellular immune responses to codelivered antigens. A significant increase in protection results from a single immunization. Importantly, this adjuvant also primed a mucosal IgA response, which is likely to be critical for protection during many early life infections.
Unique aspects of the grass cell wall

Grasses are amongst the most important crops worldwide, and the composition of their cell walls is critical for uses as food, feed, and energy crops. Grass cell walls differ dramatically from dicot cell walls in terms of the major structural polysaccharides present, how those polysaccharides are linked together, and the abundance and importance of pectins, proteins and phenolic compounds. Recent advances, spurred by the availability of genomic resources for several plant species, include the characterization of cellulose synthase like (Csl) gene families that are unique to the grasses and the demonstration that members of one of those gene families, CslF, are responsible for making the mixed linkage glucans that are unique to the order Poales.
Doppler as a new dimension for multiple access in LEO satellite systems

The problem of flow control for little LEO satellite communications systems is studied. In these systems the satellite functions as a ‘bent pipe’ transponder for messaging between small terminals and a command and data acquisition (CDA) earth station. A novel scheme for averting traffic overflow on the inbound channel (from terminal to CDA), which we call ‘Doppler-based multiple access’ (DBMA), is introduced. In DBMA the CDA specifies a subset of the visibility footprint as a region of eligibility (ROE). Only terminals located in the ROE are permitted to transmit. By varying the size and location of the ROE, effective flow control on the inbound channel is achieved. The ROEs are specified in terms of parameters of the Doppler frequency shift versus time curve observed at terminals on the outbound downlink channel (from satellite to terminal). The effectiveness and elegance of the DBMA protocol are illustrated through computer simulation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change of Editor-in-Chief for Alcohol

It is with mixed emotions that I write what is likely to be my last editorial for Alcohol. I am writing to announce the appointment of Dr. Charles R. Goodlett as the Editorin-Chief for Alcohol effective January 1, 2005. Dr. Goodlett is a well-respected neurobiologist with expertise in the behavioral aspects of alcohol consumption. He has an outstanding history of training and an outstanding academic research and teaching record. I am very pleased to announce Charley as the next Editor-in-Chief for Alcohol. I am sure he will bring the journal to the next level in terms of quality research publications. We (Jan, as Managing Editor, and I) have worked on this journal for 6 years, which at times seems like forever, and at other times only a couple of weeks ago. Because of the fairly long association with the journal and the hard work we (mostly Jan) have put into the journal to bring it to where it is today, it is difficult to turn loose of this labor of love. Because of the number of compliments we have received from the scientific community we have served, and the comments as to how much the journal has improved since we came on board January 1, 1999, we are proud of what we have accomplished. We often joke about how only two people, working from the basement in a home-based office, could have accomplished much of anything, let alone have performed the various functions to produce an international biomedical journal on alcohol and alcoholism—as well as how some authors might have envisioned a large editorial office with concomitant staff with little to do except address their problems. I remember when I began this endeavor in January of 1999 and accepted the appointment from Elsevier to be the Editor-in-Chief of Alcohol. I was armed with what I thought were the expertise and vision to serve authors as well as readers and the scientific community in the area of biomedical research on alcohol and alcoholism. That expertise included my being an author and researcher in this same discipline, a mentor of graduate students and postdoctoral
Costs of memory: ideas and predictions.

Studies on the ecology of animal memory have focused on the benefits of memory while implicitly assuming that there are costs as well. Here I discuss probable costs of memory by relying on knowledge from molecular biology and physiology, which indicates that the maintenance of accurate information in animals is an active and costly process of maintenance and repair. Redundancy probably plays a key role in ensuring a high level of accuracy; its cost is in terms of additional tissue, which increases body mass and energetic expenditure. Examining the magnitude and cost of redundancy at the neurobiological and behavioral levels can help us understand the cost of memory in particular and cognitive abilities in general.
INFECTION OF PROROCENTRUM MINIMUM (DINOPHYCEAE) BY THE PARASITE AMOEBOPHRYA SP. (DINOFLAGELLEA)

In early summer 1998, the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya sp. Koeppen infected a population of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller in a temperate shallow embayment. This is the first record of such an infection in P. minimum. The parasite was observed live, both within its deformed host as a trophont and outside its host, either as a swimming mass of flagellated cells, the vermiform, or as individual sporonts. Except for the shape of the vermiform, stages of development were in accordance with previous descriptions of Amoebophrya parasitizing photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Planktonic grazers fed on the sporonts. Further studies are needed to decipher the influence of parasitism on the regulation of host abundance.
Bond Orientation Decay and Stress Relaxation in a Model Polymer Melt

Simulations of stress relaxation in a model polymer melt of freely-jointed chains with N = 300 bonds are performed with the use of a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics algorithm. After a deformation...
Making Twitter Work: A Guide for the Uninitiated, the Skeptical, and the Pragmatic

This article highlights the advantages of librarians and libraries establishing a professional or institutional presence on Twitter. This basic introduction to the web service also discusses innovative ways to shape your Twitter account into a successful professional development, reference, and outreach resource.
Effects of Immediate Knowledge of Results and Adaptive Testing on Ability Test Performance.

This study investigated the effects of immediate knowledge of results and adaptive testing on per formance on a computer-administered test of verbal ability. Examinees were administered either a 50- item conventional test or an adaptive test of verbal ability; half the subjects in each group received im mediate knowledge of results (KR) concerning the correctness/incorrectness of each item response, while the other half did not. Subjects within high- and low-ability subgroups were assigned randomly to one of the four resulting experimental condi tions. The dependent variable was maximum likeli hood ability estimates derived from item response patterns. Results indicated that for the high-ability group, mean test scores under KR conditions were significantly higher than were those under no-KR conditions on both the conventional and adaptive tests. Within the low-ability group, mean test scores were higher under KR conditions than under no- KR conditions, but the difference was statistically significant onl...
Vorticity Boundary Condition and Related Issues for Finite Difference Schemes

This paper discusses three basic issues related to the design of finite difference schemes forunsteadyviscous incompressible flows using vorticity formulations: the boundary condition for vorticity, an efficient time-stepping procedure, and the relation between these schemes and the ones based on velocity?pressure formulation. We show that many of the newly developed global vorticity boundary conditions can actually be written as some local formulas derived earlier. We also show that if we couple a standard centered difference scheme with third- or fourth-order explicit Runge?Kutta methods, the resulting schemes havenocell Reynolds number constraints. For high Reynolds number flows, these schemes are stable under the CFL condition given by the convective terms. Finally, we show that the classical MAC scheme is the same as Thom's formula coupled with second-order centered differences in the interior, in the sense that one can define discrete vorticity in a natural way for the MAC scheme and get the same values as the ones computed from Thom's formula. We use this to derive an efficient fourth-order Runge?Kutta time discretization for the MAC scheme from the one for Thom's formula. We present numerical results for driven cavity flow at high Reynolds number (105).
Corporate social responsibility in the 1920s: an institutional perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to better understand the origins of modern corporate social responsibility. The paper seeks to examine some factors that enabled the new industrial corporation to expand its role in society.Design/methodology/approach – Using institutional theory, this paper describes how some of the institutional characteristics of the modern corporation itself provided some opportunities or challenges in terms of gaining social legitimacy.Findings – The institutional features of the corporation, its technology and management created new demands on the corporation by society. These in turn led to the development of such concepts of corporate social responsibility as: public relations, service, trusteeship, and public welfare.Research limitations/implications – Future research on social legitimacy should focus on demands placed by the institutional characteristics of new organizations. Other research might include comparative studies of corporate legitimacy in Europe or Asia or an ex...
Cognitive Behavior Therapies for Psychotic Disorders: Current Empirical Status and Future Directions

Although cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has strongempirical support for treating a diverse array of psycho-logical conditions, only recently has research begun toexamine its efﬁcacy in treating the symptoms associatedwith schizophrenia and other psychoticdisorders. Severalrandomized controlledtrialshavebeenconductedonCBTfor psychosis with some positive results, but trialscomparing CBT to other nonspeciﬁc interventions haveyielded less impressive ﬁndings. No well-controlled trialto date has attempted to dismantle the components ofCBT for psychosis, to compare it to another empiricallysupported psychosocial intervention for this population,or to identify the speciﬁc mechanisms responsible fortreatment effectiveness. In this paper, a review of theempirical status of CBT for psychosis is presented. Inaddition, promising but preliminary new research in thisarea is reviewed, including prevention and early interven-tion approaches and acceptance/mindfulness-basedstrategies. Within this context, limitations in the currentliterature are reviewed, and recommendations for futureresearch are discussed.Key words:cognitive behavior therapy, schizophrenia,psychotic disorders, empirically supported treatments.[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 12: 33–50, 2005]
Differential Response to Structure of Advance Organizers in Science Instruction.

In an experiment designed to investigate individual differences in learning from written materials preceded by advance organizers, 89 fourth-grade subjects were randomly assigned to treatment conditions in which programmed material on insects was preceded by one of three introductory passages containing: (1) higher level generalizations and specific examples; (2) higher level generalizations without examples; or (3) a control passage. Membership in treatment groups was determined by random assignment. Criterion performances were immediate and delayed posttest performance and errors during instruction. Analysis of variance results of treatment effects showed that the three treatments were about equally effective in terms of promoting retention and program errors. Simple regression analysis of Aptitude × Treatment interactions disclosed that Otis-Lennon IQ scores interacted significantly with instructional treatments for program errors showing a negative relationship between IQ scores and the degree of structure provided by the advance organizers.
High Temperature Hot Electron Transport in 6H- and 3C-SiC

The electron drift velocity and electron temperature in 6H- and 3C-SiC at 300, 673 and 1073 K ambient temperature have been calculated by using a hydrodynamic balance equation method. Our results show that the drift velocity versus electric field relation in 3C-SiC at 300 K is in good agreement with a previous Monte Carlo simulation. A gentle peak of drift velocity appears at high electric field. The velocity-field relation in 6H-SiC at 300 K agrees with the experimental data up to 500 kV/cm. At higher electric field, however, the drift velocity decreases.
Effects of Wheel Surface Conditions on the Casting of Amorphous Metal Ribbons

The wetting of the liquid metal on the casting wheel surface is important in the continuous casting of amorphous metal ribbons. The wetting characteristics are substantially revealed by the wetting pattern on the wheel-side surface of the ribbon, which consists of areas of air pockets and areas of direct contact between metal and wheel. Experimental results will be presented regarding the effects of the condition of the casting wheel surface on the wetting pattern and the related interfacial phenomena such as the ribbon surface smoothness, the heat transfer at metal-wheel interface, and the separation of ribbon from the wheel. In particular, the mechanism of formation of the periodic ribbon surface defect known as “fish scale” and the elimination of this defect by changing the condition of the casting wheel surface will be discussed.
Orienting Social Workers to the Disability Movement in Egypt: Implications for Practice

As the literature on the disability movement in Africa is quite limited, this paper sheds some light on its current status in one particular African country: Egypt. Due to its history and location within North Africa, Egypt's culture is a mixture of Middle Eastern/Arab and indigenous African elements and influences. The following literature-based overview is designed to highlight such issues as societal attitudes, disability laws, and governmental control and management in the context of a service delivery system designed for disabled people. In conclusion, implications for social work practice are mentioned, and some recommendations to close the existing service gaps are suggested.
Technological choice under conditions of changing network externality

Abstract This paper integrates work from the catastrophe theory literature (Baack & Cullen, 1992; Herbig, 1991; and Oliva, 1991) and economics literature (Farrell & Saloner, 1985) that collectively looks at various issues relating to the firm's adoption of a technology. The value added is that by marrying the economics approach to catastrophe theory, the resulting model can describe adoption under different degrees of network externalities. This means the model can capture technology adoption throughout the product life-cycle in the end user market. Furthermore, the model relaxes the assumption of most economic models and allows firms to switch back to the old technology or standard. This aspect of the model can capture what is currently happening with firm responses to environmental concerns. For example, McDonald's preference for containers has gone from paper technology to plastics technology and now its back to paper technology. Suppliers have had to switch or be switched.
Digital Equity in Schools: An Overview of Current Trends

Technology is often touted as a means for providing new opportunities for learning, economic development, and participation in digital-age citizenry-especially for those who have limited access to high-quality learning environments and who have historically been marginalized in decision-making processes. Unfortunately, these opportunities for advancement are inextricably linked to the possibility of continued disenfranchisement and oppression. Lack of access to technology-or an absence of informed guidance regarding its use-can actually magnify the inequities in students' education and further limit their opportunities. For these reasons, two of the most fundamental issues of cyber ethics in education are eliminating digital divides and promoting digital equity. In order to review the most recent trends in digital equity for elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education, this article analyzes 42 peer reviewed journal articles published in 2009-10 for trends in research and scholarly thought.
An Algorithm for Sea-Surface Wind Field Retrieval From GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Map

In this letter, a new method is presented to retrieve sea-surface wind fields by least squares (LS) fitting the 2-D simulated global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) to the measured data. Unlike previous methods, all the DDM points with normalized power higher than a threshold are used in the LS fitting. To reduce the computational cost of the fitting process, a variable step-size iteration is employed. Three GNSS-R data sets that were collected at two different sea-surface regions by the UK-Disaster Monitoring Constellation satellite are used to validate the proposed approach. An 18-s incoherent correlation processing is applied to each data set to reduce the noise level, and ad hoc correction is made on the simulated antenna pattern. The retrieved wind results are compared with the in situ measurements provided by the National Data Buoy Center. The results show that an error of 1 m/s in the wind speed and 30 $^{\circ}$ in the wind direction can be obtained with a lower threshold set as 30% to 42% of the peak DDM point.
The Communicative Informativeness and Efficiency of Connected Discourse by Adults With Aphasia Under Structured and Conversational Sampling Conditions

Measuring communicative informativeness under conversational discourse conditions is perhaps the most valid means of determining the interpersonal verbal communication abilities of adults with apha...
Optical Response Of Granular Superconducting Films Of Y-Ba-Cu-O and NbN/BN.

The optical response of granular films of Y-Ba-Cu-O and NbN/BN to pulsed and modulated steady-state optical radiation has been investigated. It is shown that the two materials exhibit qualitatively similar responses to steady-state (blackbody or HeNe laser) radiation, but exhibit important differences in their response to pulsed (lOns) radiation.
The Supreme Court, process patents, and medical innovation.

Dr. Aaron Kesselheim explores the implications of a current Supreme Court case for future patents on medical processes for treating patients and engaging in research.
Friendster and publicly articulated social networking

This paper presents ethnographic fieldwork on Friendster, an online dating site utilizing social networks to encourage friend-of-friend connections. I discuss how Friendster applies social theory, how users react to the site, and the tensions that emerge between creator and users when the latter fails to conform to the expectations of the former. By offering this ethnographic piece as an example, I suggest how the HCI community should consider the co-evolution of the social community and the underlying technology.
Evolution of Ocular Wavefront Sensing

Techniques for measuring ocular aberrations have evolved over the past few decades. These techniques and their capabilities and limitations are explored.
Long-Term Results of Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty Using the Inoue Balloon Catheter Technique

To the Editor: I read with interest the article on long-term follow-up after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty with the Inoue balloon catheter by Hernandez et al.1 They reported a restenosis rate of 39% at 7 years. My colleagues from China and I recently reported our experience with the same technique in a follow-up study up to 11 years in the first 202 patients2 among the original 4832 patients treated in China.3 The restenosis rate was 8%, which is very respectable and actually better than that after surgical closed commissurotomy (25% …
Effect of DNA conformation on cisplatin adduct formation

The anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) has been shown previously to form adducts preferentially within internucleosomal or linker DNA rather than to DNA within the nucleosome. To determine whether other "open" regions of chromatin have an increased affinity for cisplatin, adduct formation within specific chromatin domains was analyzed. There was a significant increase in cisplatin-DNA adduct formation for DNA associated with the nuclear matrix (NM) compared with other chromatin domains and total unfractionated DNA. In contrast, treatment of the same cells with trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (transplatin) did not result in preferential adduct formation. These findings led to the hypothesis that it might be possible to alter DNA to make it a more favorable target for cisplatin. The effect of arginine butyrate on cisplatin-DNA adduct formation was analyzed in human cancer cells. The combination of arginine butyrate and cisplatin resulted in a concentration-responsive increase in cisplatin-DNA adduct formation in PC-3 cells and an overall increase in cisplatin-DNA adduct formation in three other human cancer cell lines. The same combination also resulted in a significant increase in drug-induced cytotoxicity at a low concentration of cisplatin. These results suggest that chromatin configuration can affect cisplatin adduct formation.
Corticotropin-releasing factor inhibits gastric emptying in dogs: studies on its mechanism of action.

Abstract The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on gastric emptying of a saline solution was further investigated in six dogs prepared with gastric fistulas and chronic cerebroventricular guides and in four other dogs with chronic gastric fistulas and pancreatic (Herrera) cannulas. Intravenous infusion of CRF significantly inhibited gastric emptying whereas intracerebroventricular injection of CRF had no effect. Pharmacologic blockade of β-adrenergic system by propranolol did not modify intravenous CRF induced delay in gastric emptying. Intravenous CRF did not influence basal pancreatic secretion whereas secretin infused stimulated bicarbonate secretion. These results indicate that intravenous but not intracerebroventricular administration of CRF inhibited gastric emptying of a saline solution in dogs. The inhibitory effect of intravenous CRF on gastric emptying is not mediated by the β-adrenergic nervous system, and not secondary to the release of other peptides that affect both pancreatic secretion and gastric emptying such as cholecystokinin and peptide YY.
Atomic and molecular beam scattering from crystal surfaces in the quantum regime

Abstract Atomic beam scattering from surfaces is rapidly evolving as a valuable technique for exploring atom-surface interactions, manifested in both elastic and inelastic processes. We review this field with emphasis on the regime of elastic scattering of low mass particles, where quantum effects are apparent. The discussion focuses on recent developments including both experimental and theoretical methods and results. Information about the potential that can be deduced from selective adsorption observations is described.
Interaction of niobium counter electrodes with aluminum oxide and rare-earth oxide tunnel barriers

With the use of rare-earth oxide and aluminum oxide barriers, low-leakage-current tunnel junctions can be made if the oxidation takes place in the presence of some humidity, and if the counter electrode is not niobium. It is proposed that when these oxides form in the presence of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, the pores of the oxides become sealed by surface O-H groups, by which process the oxide film becomes a good insulator and remains as such if the counter electrode is nonreactive. When niobium, which is a very reactive metal, is deposited as a counter electrode, the first arriving Nb atoms form NbO (metallic) with the O-H groups in the pores, thereby opening up the pores and leading to tunnel barriers with shorts. The proposed mechanism is supported by heats-of-decomposition arguments, previously reported inelastic electron tunneling spectra of Al-Al oxide-Pb, Ho-Ho oxide-Pb, and Er-Er oxide-Pb junctions as well as new in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies made on evaporated yttrium films. When freshly deposited yttrium films were oxidized in 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$-Torr(UHV) pure oxygen, ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ formed and the spectrum showed only a single O $1s$ peak. Upon deposition of 5-\AA{} Nb, no interaction was detected between the yttrium oxide and niobium. If, however, the freshly deposited yttrium films were oxidized in air or water vapor, the O $1s$ signal showed a second, higher-energy peak representative of O-H groups. After the depositing of niobium on this yttrium oxide hydroxide, the first-arriving Nb atoms formed a NbO compound while the second O $1s$ peak representative of O-H groups disappeared from the spectrum.
Further Comparison of Theory and Experiment for Decay of Homogeneous Turbulence

An analysis for the decay of homogeneous turbulence from a given initial state is compared with the water‐channel data of Ling and Huang. Good agreement is indicated.
Asymptotic Properties of Maximum Likelihood Estimators in Some Nonstandard Cases

Abstract Most results on the asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators are for the standard cases where we observe independent and identically distributed random variables, whose distribution satisfies certain regularity conditions. In this article, similar properties are shown to hold for a class of cases where the observed random variables are not necessarily independent and identically distributed.
Islamists, democracy and Turkey A test of the inclusion-moderation hypothesis

The rise of Islamist movements in the Muslim world has been the subject of heated debate among scholars and policymakers. One group of scholars argues that Islamists use elections as a facade and warn against their political ascendency via electoral democracy. Another group of scholars, however, points to the moderating effects democracy has on views held by Islamists. This article does not present a novel theory but rather attempts to improve on existing studies by providing a test for the inclusion-moderation hypothesis using the data on Turkey collected by the World Values Survey. The findings from the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis, as well as in-depth face-to-face interviews with ranking members of the Islamist parties and communities in Turkey, show that Islamists develop positive attitudes toward electoral democracy to the extent that they are allowed to share power. Islamists’ support for democracy, however, seems to be fragmented, provisional and driven by pragmatism more than a...
Computer Theorem Proving and Artificial Intelligence

It gives me a completely unexpected pleasure to be chosen as the first recipient of the milestone prize for ATP, sponsored by the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. (See appendix.) I have worked in a diversity of fields; I am correspondingly limited in my capacity to appreciate, or express my appreciation of, a large range of efforts in each of these fields; and I tend to shun positions of power. Undoubtedly to a considerable extent as a result of these innocent shortcomings, honors have a way of passing me by. I have indeed slowly grown used to this. Hence, the present reward has surprised me.
Variation in recruitment and the establishment of alternative community states

Mussel beds and rockweed stands (fucoid algae) have been shown to be ilternative states on rocky intertidal shores in New England, and here the hypothesis that variation in recruitment provides opportunity for the development of alternative community states was tested. Disturbance by ice scour opens patches for development of alternative states, and in winter 1996-1997, 60 experimental clearings of differing sizes were established on Swan's Island, Maine, USA. Half of the plots were re-cleared during the winter of 2010-2011. Recruitment data for barnacles, mussels, and fucoid algae collected from 1997 to 2012 were used to (1) test for persistence of scale-dependent thresholds, (2) estimate the magnitudes and sources of variation, (3) fit a surface of alternative states as defined by the cusp catastrophe, and (4) test if 1997 recruitment would predict 2010-2011 recruitment in re-scraped plots (i.e., a test of divergence, which is expected in systems with alternative states). For barnacles and mussels, recruitment varied enormously year to year and among sites, but showed consistent patterns over the long-term with respect to clearing size. Average recruitment prior to re-clearing was a good predictor of recruitment afterwards. In contrast, over 50% of the variance in fucoid recruitment was unexplained with weak effects among years and locations. Past fucoid recruitment was a poor predictor of subsequent recruitment. The cusp analysis indicated that fucoid recruitment defines the alternative states. Fucoid recruitment was largely unpredictable and suggests long-term, small-scale priority effects drive the development of alternative states. These observations strongly reinforce the notion that long-term and well- replicated experiments are necessary to develop robust tests of ecological theory.
Methods for Estimating Oxygen Demand of Liquid Peach Waste

SUMMARY— The amount of total solids (TS) in liquid peach waste has high correlations with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and determination of TS required less time, equipment, and technique than the other methods for estimating oxygen demand. In a small number of observations, removing large suspended particles from the waste by filtering or settling decreased COD, but the treatment effects on BOD were inconsistent. BOD changed with time at temperatures above freezing, but COD did not.
Influence of pharmacy informatics on research

The ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist’s Role in Informatics,[1][1] recently approved by the ASHP Board of Directors and House of Delegates, is a great step in the right direction and obviously the focus of much thought and hard work. Before my training as a pharmacist, I was an engineer,
Release of replication termination controls mitochondrial DNA copy number after depletion with 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine

Although cellular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number varies widely among cell lines and tissues, little is known about the mechanism of mtDNA copy number control. Most nascent replication strands from the leading, heavy-strand origin (OH) are prematurely terminated, defining the 3′ boundary of the displacement loop (D-loop). We have depleted mouse LA9 cell mtDNA to ∼20% of normal levels by treating with 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC) and subsequently allowed recovery to normal levels of mtDNA. A quantitative ligation-mediated PCR assay was used to determine the levels of both terminated and extended nascent OH strands during mtDNA depletion and repopulation. Depleting mtDNA leads to a release of replication termination until mtDNA copy number approaches a normal level. Detectable total nascent strands per mtDNA genome remain below normal. Therefore, it is likely that the level of replication termination plays a significant role in copy number regulation in this system. However, termination of D-loop strand synthesis is persistent, indicating formation of the D-loop structure has a purpose that is required under conditions of rapid recovery of depleted mtDNA.
Anger After Childbirth: An Overlooked Reaction To Postpartum Stressors

Other than postpartum depression, little is known about women’s emotional responses to childbirth and subsequent stressors. Anger was explored on the basis of theory and evidence that it is a likely emotional response in this context. During their third trimester of pregnancy and approximately six weeks after delivery, 163 participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the anger subset of the Affect Balance Scale. A number of childbirth-relevant variables were examined as predictors of postpartum emotional response, controlling for prepartum levels and for the association between anger and depressed mood. As expected, a substantial group of women reported high levels of anger irrespective of depressed mood. Although the majority of variables predicted depressed mood, childcare stress, age, and religious self-identification were independently predictive of postpartum anger (all p values < .05). Implications for research and clinical intervention are discussed. The typical woman presented in psychological literature has a restricted range of responses to negative experiences: She is often presented as inwardly focused, depressed, and ineffectual. Particularly striking is the inattention to emotional responses other than depression. In comparison, the emotion of anger has been remarkably understudied (Kassinove & Sukhodolsky, 1995; Thomas, 1995), which may be due in part to lingering stereotypes about women’s emotional responses to negative experience. Anger in women is often seen as both unusual and inappropriate (Kopper & Epperson, 1991; Miller, 1991). Moreover, the majority of studies of anger employ clinically depressed or anxious participants (Thomas, 1995), limiting understanding of the causes and implications of anger itself (Eckhardt & Deffenbacher, 1995). The focus on depression to the exclusion of other emotional responses such as anger is particularly striking in re
Utilization of the 911 system as an identifier of domestic violence.

This cross-sectional study was performed to determine (1) whether female victims of domestic violence (DV) are more likely to use the 911 system than nonvictims (NVs) and (2) whether DV and NVs call 911 for different reasons so that 911 may be used as a screening tool for abuse. The study was performed in an academic adult urban emergency department (ED). Ambulatory female patients presenting to the ED were studied. Eligible patients were administered a brief survey by trained research assistants. Questions included (1) history of DV, (2) relationship of assailant to victim, (3) chief complaint, and (4) use of the 911 system. Records of 911 calls were obtained by patient's address. Four hundred sixty-one women were enrolled in the study. One hundred seven (23%) reported a history of DV. Intimate partners accounted for 67.2% of assailants. DV victims were more likely to be single and younger (P < .05). Of DV victims, 77% reported calling 911 for any reason in the past 2 years compared with 47% of nonvictims (difference = 30%; 95% CI, 19%, 40%). DV victims were more likely to call 911 than nonvictims for definite and possible cases of domestic dispute (1.4 v 0.5 calls, P = .007; 11.7 v 6.1 calls, P = .0003). Victims and nonvictims did not differ in the number of nondomestic dispute calls (8.4 v 6.2 calls; P = .15). DV victims were more likely to access the 911 system and call for domestic disturbances compared with nonvictims. 911 calls may serve as an indicator of ongoing abuse and may identify women at risk, providing a potential opportunity for intervention.
Regularizing covariance estimation by quantized eigenvalues and its application to image classification

Regularizing sample covariance estimation by quantized eigenvalues is proposed to mitigate the bias problem of the sample covariance estimation. Quantized eigenvalues are used to regularize the sample covariance estimation. In this sense, the regularized discriminant analysis can be considered as a special case of one quantization level, which is the average of eigenvalues. The proposed algorithm is applied to image classification and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the classification performance.
MAPK p38α Is Dispensable for Lymphocyte Development and Proliferation

Signals mediated by the p38alpha MAPK have been implicated in many processes required for the development and effector functions of innate and adaptive immune responses. As mice deficient in p38alpha exhibit embryonic lethality, most analyses of p38alpha function in lymphocytes have relied on the use of pharmacologic inhibitors and dominant-negative or constitutively active transgenes. In this study, we have generated a panel of low passage p38alpha(+/+), p38alpha(+/-), and p38alpha(-/-) embryonic stem (ES) cells through the intercrossing of p38alpha(+/-) mice. These ES cells were used to generate chimeric mice by RAG-deficient blastocyst complementation, with the lymphocytes in these mice being derived entirely from the ES cells. Surprisingly, B and T cell development were indistinguishable when comparing chimeric mice generated with p38alpha(+/+), p38alpha(+/-), and p38alpha(-/-) ES cell lines. Moreover, proliferation of p38alpha(-/-) B and T cells in response to Ag receptor and non-Ag receptor stimuli was intact. Thus, p38alpha is not an essential component of signaling pathways required for robust B and T lymphocyte developmental, nor is p38alpha essential for the proliferation of mature B and T cells.
A dynamic temperature control simulation system for FPGAs

Rapid increases in transistor density, clock speeds and competition with custom ICs have escalated the demand for aggressive solutions to battle rising operating temperatures in programmable fabrics. In this work, we make several key contributions to temperature management in FPGAs. We develop a novel and robust simulation framework exploring adaptive techniques to reduce on chip temperatures in the reconfigurable core. We implement a thermal driven voltage scaling algorithm based on temperature and performance feedback. Our performance estimation model is an accurate empirical relation between delay, supply voltage and temperature with an average error of 9%. Our final results show significant temperature reductions of up to 13.37degC accompanied by the added benefit of power savings averaging 13.48%. Overheads are limited to an average reduction in worst case operating frequency of 10.78% and a voltage swing of 0.61V.
Itk Phosphorylation Sites Are Required for Functional Activity in Primary T Cells

The Tec family kinase Itk plays a critical role in signal transduction downstream of the T cell antigen receptor and has been implicated in the activation of phospholipase C-gamma1, a key regulator of calcium mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. We have shown previously that Itk is regulated by an activating transphosphorylation event in which Tyr-511 in the kinase domain is phosphorylated by Lck (Heyeck, S. D., Wilcox, H. M., Bunnell, S. C., and Berg, L. J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25401-25408). In this study, we present evidence for another mode of regulation for Itk, the autophosphorylation of Tyr-180 in the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. To investigate the role of Itk trans- and autophosphorylation in T cell signaling, a retroviral transduction system was used to introduce different versions of Itk into Itk-deficient primary T cells. We report that Itk mutated at either the trans- or the autophosphorylation site is unable to fully restore cytokine production and ERK activation in the Itk-deficient cells; Itk-Y511F is severely defective, whereas Itk-Y180F has partial activity. Because phosphorylation at Tyr-180 is predicted to interfere with ligand binding by the SH3 domain, an SH3 point mutant that cannot bind ligand was also examined and found to be unable to restore function to the Itk-/- cells. These data provide new insights into the complex regulation of Itk in primary T cells.
A comparison of shortening and Z line degradation in post-mortem bovine, porcine, and rabbit muscle.

Ultrastructural changes in bovine, porcine, and rabbit muscle have been studied during the first 24 hours post-mortem. Samples were taken for phase and electron microscopy immediately after death, after 4, 8, and 24 hours of post-mortem storage at 2° and 37°C, and after 24 hours post-mortem at 16° and 25°C. The results show that two kinds of structural changes occur in muscle during the first 24 hours post-mortem: (a) a variable amount of shortening, this shortening occurring via a sliding of filaments in all species and at all post-mortem storage temperatures examined, and (b) degradation of the Z line, and at higher storage temperatures, of the M line also. Shortening of unrestrained muscle occurs soonest post-mortem at 37°C in all three species and is completed within four hours post-mortem in porcine and rabbit muscle and within eight hours post-mortem in bovine muscle. Post-mortem short-ening of unrestrained rabbit and porcine muscle is greatest at 37°C (sarcomere lengths of 1.5 μ); shortening of rabbit muscle is minimal at 2°C (sarcomere lenght of 1.7 μ), but shortening of porcine muscle is minimal at 25°C (sarcomere length of 1.8 μ) and is slightly greater at 2°C (sarcomere length of 1.6 μ) than at 16°C. Post-mortem shortening of bovine muscle is greatest at 2°C (sarcomere length of 1.3 μ), is minimal at 16–25°C (sarcomere length of 1.8 μ), and increases between 25–37°C (sarcomere length of 1.5 μ at 37°C). Sarcomere length measurements show that some variation occurs in the extent of post-mortem shortening within the same muscle. Z line degradation occurs sooner post-mortem and to a greater extent at storage temperatures of 25°C or above than at temperatures of 16°C or below. Also, bovine muscle Z lines are clearly more resistant to post-mortem degradation than porcine or rabbit muscle Z lines. Loss of fibrillar structure in porcine or rabbit muscle Z lines occurs during the first four hours post-mortem at 37°C, but eight hours of post-mortem storage at 37°C are required to cause loss of fibrillar structure of bovine muscle Z lines. After 24 hours at 25 or 37°C, Z lines of rabbit and porcine muscle are usually completely absent; M lines are also frequently absent in this muscle.
Working posture and musculoskeletal problems of video display terminal operators--review and reappraisal.

In order to minimize the stresses on the musculoskeletal system, attempts have been made to develop design guidelines for video display terminal workstations. Evaluations of VDT workstations reveal that many of the health problems experienced by operators might be attributed to awkward postures caused by lack of consideration of these guidelines. In other cases, it may be a matter of specific individuals not fitting “average” workstations. This has led to an increasing emphasis on designing adjustable workstations which can be adapted to the individual worker's needs. Even when guidelines are followed and workstations are adjusted to fit individuals, a variety of postural complaints may arise. One of the most important contributing factors is the constraint which is typically placed on the posture of the VDT operator. Many tasks lead to prolonged static positioning of the back, neck, arms and legs; producing rapid fatigue and increasing the risk of chronic problems. Another factor which must be considered...