cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The accumulation and intracellular distribution of biological sulfoninum compounds in yeast.

Abstract The biological sulfonium compounds, S-adenosyl- l -methionine, S-methyl- l -methionine, and dimethyl-3-propiothetin, can be concentrated in yeast (Candida utilis) to levels of about 30, 70, and 100 μmoles per gram of moist compacted cells. For enrichment with S-adenosyl- l -methionine, intracellular biosynthesis, stimulated by a supplement of l -methionine and related sulfur amino acids in the medium, is the only effective procedure; a supply of S-adenosyl- l -methionine in the medium has little effect on the intracellular level. The opposite was found for S-methyl- l -methionine and dimethyl-3-propiothetin; they had to be supplied in the medium, and glucose and aerobic conditions were required for their transfer into the cells. Enrichment with S-methyl- d -methionine and dimethylacetothetin remained very limited. A special procedure of stepwise extraction of the cells permitted an estimate of the distribution of the compounds between the cytoplasm and vacuole. S-Adenosyl- l -methionine was located mainly in the vacuole, dimethyl-3-propiothetin predominantly in the cytoplasm, and about equal distribution was observed for S-methyl- l -methionine.
Problems and solutions in students' reinvention of a definition for sequence convergence

Abstract Little research exists on the ways in which students may develop an understanding of formal limit definitions. We conducted a study to (i) generate insights into how students might leverage their intuitive understandings of sequence convergence to construct a formal definition and (ii) assess the extent to which a previously established approximation scheme may support students in constructing their definition. Our research is rooted in the theory of Realistic Mathematics Education and employed the methodology of guided reinvention in a teaching experiment. In three 90-min sessions, two students, neither of whom had previously seen a formal definition of sequence convergence, constructed a rigorous definition using formal mathematical notation and quantification equivalent to the conventional definition. The students’ use of an approximation scheme and concrete examples were both central to their progress, and each portion of their definition emerged in response to overcoming specific cognitive challenges.
TLC Identification and GLC Determination of Meperidine and its Metabolites in Biological Fluids

Procedures were developed for TLC identification and GLC determination of meperidine and its metabolites, i.e., p-hydroxymeperidine, normeperidine, and meperidinic and normeperidinic acids. Meperidine, p-hydroxymeperidine, and normeperidine were extracted with ether from biological fluids at pH 10, whereas meperidinic and normeperidinic acids and conjugated metabolites remained in the aqueous phase. The residue, upon evaporation of the extract to dryness, was derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride and gas chromatographed. Total (free and conjugated) meperidinic and normeperidinic acids in the aqueous phase were converted and determined as meperidine and normeperidine, respectively. A preliminary result of urinary disposition of meperidine and its metabolites in the rat is presented. The identity of these metabolites was confirmed with GLC-mass spectrometry.
Effects of forced exercise on the food intake of rats maintained on a 23-hr deprivation schedule.

Abstract Adult male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were given daily forced exercise of progressively higher levels on motor-driven treadmills while maintained on a 23-hr food deprivation schedule. Food intake measures were taken for 68 days, spanning a range of 2–8 hr exercise-sessions per day (1–4 hr actual running time) at 1.46 km/hr. The food intake of both exercising and sedentary food-restricted animals was lower as compared to that of ad lib feeding animals. Exercise did not further suppress food intake. Shifts to higher exercise levels did not result in any transitory or permanent depression in food intake. It is concluded that high levels of exercise in trained male rats maintained on a 1-hr/day feeding schedule has no suppressive effects on food intake.
Comparison of Sorafenib-Loaded Poly (Lactic/Glycolic) Acid and DPPC Liposome Nanoparticles in the in Vitro Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

The objective of this study is to develop and compare several Sorafenib-loaded biocompatible nanoparticle models in order to optimize drug delivery and tumor cellular kill thereby improving the quality of Sorafenib-regimented chemotherapy. Sorafenib-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) liposomes, and hydrophobically modified chitosan (HMC)-coated DPPC liposomes were evaluated for several characteristics including zeta potential, drug loading, and release profile. Cytotoxicity and uptake trials were also studied using cell line RCC 786-0, a human metastatic clear cell histology renal cell carcinoma cell line. Sorafenib-loaded PLGA particles and HMC-coated DPPC liposomes exhibited significantly improved cell kill compared to Sorafenib alone at lower concentrations, namely 10-15 and 5-15 μM from 24 to 96 h, respectively. At maximum dosage and time (15 μM and 96 h), Sorafenib-loaded PLGA and HMC-coated liposomes killed 88.3 ± 1.8% and 98 ± 1.1% of all tumor cells, significant values compared with Sorafenib 81.8 ± 1.7% (p < 0.01). Likewise, HMC coating substantially improved cell kill for liposome model for all concentrations (5-15 μM) and at time points (24-96 h) (p < 0.01). PLGA and HMC-coated liposomes are promising platforms for drug delivery of Sorafenib. Because of different particle characteristics of PLGA and liposomes, each model can be further developed for unique clinical modalities.
On the Choice of Adequate Randomization Ranges for Limiting the Use of Unwanted Cues in Same-Different, Dual-Pair, and Oddity Tasks

A major concern when designing a psychophysical experiment is that participants may use a stimulus feature (cue) other than that intended by the experimenter. One way to avoid this problem is to apply random variations to the corresponding feature across stimulus presentations to make the unwanted cue unreliable. An important question facing experimenters who use this randomization (roving) technique is how large the randomization range should be to ensure that the participants cannot achieve a certain proportion correct by using the unwanted cue, while at the same time avoiding unnecessary interference of the randomization with task performance. Previous researchers have provided formulas for the selection of adequate randomization ranges in yes-no and multiple-alternative forced choice tasks. In this article, we provide figures and tables that can be used to select randomization ranges that are better suited to experiments involving a same-different, dual-pair, or oddity task.
Adequacy of depression treatment among college students in the United States.

Abstract Objective There is no published evidence on the adequacy of depression care among college students and how this varies by subpopulations and provider types. We estimated the prevalence of minimally adequate treatment among students with significant past-year depressive symptoms. Method Data were collected via a confidential online survey of a random sample of 8488 students from 15 colleges and universities in the 2009 Healthy Minds Study. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, adapted to a past-year time frame. Students with probable depression were coded as having received minimally adequate depression care based on the criteria from Wang and colleagues (2005). Results Minimally adequate treatment was received by only 22% of depressed students. The likelihood of minimally adequate treatment was similarly low for both psychiatric medication and psychotherapy. Minimally adequate care was lower for students prescribed medication by a primary care provider as compared to a psychiatrist ( P P Conclusions Adequacy of depression care is a significant problem in the college population. Solutions will likely require greater availability of psychiatry care, better coordination between specialty and primary care using collaborative care models, and increased efforts to retain students in psychotherapy.
Double-well dynamics of two ions in the Paul and Penning traps

A double well is identified in the motion of two ions in a Paul or Penning trap. The associated normal-mode frequencies are found to pass through a series of resonances and an avoided crossing as a control parameter is varied. Chaos induced by the driving field in the vicinity of the separatrix in the Paul trap is also studied.
Item recognition following a multiple-item study trial for young and middle-aged adults.

Abstract The present study contrasted young and middle-aged subjects on two components of a recognition memory task (a modified verbal discrimination task) that differed in level of difficulty. No age decrement was found for the easier component requiring discriminability between the oldness and newness of items. In addition, age was not a factor in determining the effects of prior relevance or irrelevance of item information on old-new discriminability. An age decrement was found for the more difficult component requiring discriminability in terms of an old item's prior function in the study list. The decrement occurred for the identification of prior function of both right and wrong items.
Kinematic data for the Coast Range fault and implications for exhumation of the Franciscan subduction complex

Kinematic data from two segments of the Coast Range fault are used to test the hypothesis that the Franciscan subduction complex was exhumed by extensional faulting. The data reveal a consistent geometry for the principal directions of brittle strain. The maximum extension direction has an east-west orientation and lies subperpendicular to the present attitude of the Coast Range fault, which dips steeply to the east. The maximum shortening direction is subvertical and lies at a low angle to the present down-dip direction of the fault. Given that the Coast Range fault probably formed with a gentle dip, our results indicate subhorizontal crustal shortening in a northeast direction, which is at variance with interpretations that invoke regional-scale extension between the Franciscan subduction complex and the overlying Coast Range ophiolite and Great Valley Group. We favor a model involving out-of-sequence thrust faults. Such a model is consistent with fault-parallel contraction and the pronounced discontinuity in metamorphic grade across the Coast Range fault, as well as substantial thinning of the Coast Range ophiolite. This interpretation implies that erosion, not extensional faulting, was the major process that exhumed the Franciscan subduction wedge during the Late Cretaceous.
The 24-Hour Secretory Pattern of LH and the Response to LHRH in Transsexual Men

Ten separate aspects of hypothalamic and pituitary function were studied in 13 male-to-female transsexuals and compared to the results of 7 heterosexual adult men. In 4 of 5 transsexuals, the 24-hour mean serum concentration of LH, the LH pulse frequency or amplitude, or the apparent half-life of disappearance of serum LH were greater than the 95% confidence limit of normal men. The maximum concentration of LH or FSH following the administration of 100 micrograms LHRH, the area under the response curve of LH or FSH following LHRH, or both were significantly greater than normal in 5 of 13 male-to-female transsexuals. The response of LH following the administration of LHRH was repeated in 3 subjects during estrogen therapy, and in one there was a paradoxical increase in the response of LH. Transsexualism may be associated with a neuroendocrine defect in the hypothalamus or pituitary that is characterized by high-frequency, high-amplitude pulsatile secretion of pituitary LH.
A bibliography for John Bachman

John Bachman (1790–1874) was co-author with John James Audubon of The viviparous quadrupeds of North America (1842–1848). His other major books were The doctrine of the unity of the human race examined on the principles of science (1850) and A defense of Luther and the Reformation (1853). He wrote approximately 70 articles on topics ranging from religion to natural history including scientific methodology, wild plants, variation in domesticated plants and animals, hybrids, agriculture, bird migration and animal markings.
Comparative in vitro activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, oxacillin, and other antimicrobial agents against bacteremic isolates of gram-positive cocci

The in vitro activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin were compared with those of six other antimicrobial agents against 460 bacteremic isolates of gram-positive cocci. Teicoplanin was as active as vancomycin but less active than ciprofloxacin against staphylococci. Teicoplanin was the most potent of all agents tested against enterococci and had excellent activity against pneumococci.
Sociocritical Matters: Migrant Students’ College Access

Migrant students face many educational, economic, social, and cultural challenges to college access. Anti-bilingual, anti-affirmative action, and antiimmigrant policies also constrain their postsecondary pathways. With these issues in mind, this article draws on quantitative and qualitative research to examine the influence of a residential outreach program at a public university on migrant student participants’ college access. We find evidence that cultivating sociocritical skills to challenge exclusionary political and economic systems while also cultivating academic skills and knowledge about college can broaden migrant students’ sense of postsecondary possibilities. To expand college access for migrant students, we suggest that outreach programs address the development of these and other skills.
Seven bond fluorine-fluorine coupling constants in dicyclobutenes☆

Abstract The spectra of five fluorinated dicyclobutenes have been interpreted. The seven bond FCCCCCCF coupling varies from 2.8 to 4.3 Hz as a function of the vinylic substituents. No six bond FF couplings to the methylene fluorines are observed.
Detection of common copy number variation with application to population clustering from next generation sequencing data

Copy number variation (CNV) is a structural variation in human genome that has been associated with many complex diseases. In this paper we present a method to detect common copy number variation from next generation sequencing data. First, copy number variations are detected from each individual sample, which is formulated as a total variation penalized least square problem. Second, the common copy number discovery from multiple samples is obtained using source separation techniques such as the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). Finally, the method is applied to population clustering. The results on real data analysis show that two family trio with different ancestries can be clustered into two ethnic groups based on their common CNVs, demonstrating the potential of the proposed method for application to population genetics.
Genetic variability of the tumourous-head maternal effect in Drosophila melanogaster.

The tumorous-head maternal effect in Drosophila melanogaster is produced by a recessive gene (tuh-1) in chromosome 1. Polymorphism exists at this locus. This maternal effect, which is part of the normal variation found in this species, is detected with the aid of a mutant gene. In the presence of the maternal effect, a semi-dominant mutant gene (tuh-3) causes homoeotic changes in the eye-antennal imaginal discs. The phenotype in the adult is known as the tumorous-head abnormality. The mutant gene, which is located in the right arm of chromosome 3, is characterized by reduced penetrance. Using the penetrance of the mutant gene as the criterion, the results of these experiments show that the level of the maternal effect activity is influenced remarkably by modifiers present in wild type strains. The assay is to mate females homozygous for tuh-1 with males homozygous for tuh-3 and to determine the percent of the offspring showing the tumorous head abnormality. Using this procedure, it was observed that parental females with various combinations of chromosomes 1 and 3 from Lausanne and Stephenville wild type strains show great variability in the level of maternal effect activity. Modifiers in chromosome 1 and 3 from the Stephenville strain increase the level of the maternal effect activity. The level is reduced if these chromosomes are replaced by those from the Lausanne strain. A major locus in chromosome 3 is in the same region occupied by clusters of functionally related genes with regulating action. These results demonstrate that the penetrance of a mutant gene, which acts during embryogenesis, is influenced by modifiers which act during oogenesis.
E-Cadherin Homophilic Ligation Inhibits Cell Growth and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Independently of Other Cell Interactions

E-cadherin function leads to the density-dependent contact inhibition of cell growth. Because cadherins control the overall state of cell contact, cytoskeletal organization, and the establishment of many other kinds of cell interactions, it remains unknown whether E-cadherin directly transduces growth inhibitory signals. To address this question, we have selectively formed E-cadherin homophilic bonds at the cell surface of isolated epithelial cells by using functionally active recombinant E-cadherin protein attached to microspheres. We find that E-cadherin ligation alone reduces the frequency of cells entering the S phase, demonstrating that E-cadherin ligation directly transduces growth inhibitory signals. E-cadherin binding to β-catenin is required for cell growth inhibition, but β-catenin/T-cell factor transcriptional activity is not involved in growth inhibition resulting from homophilic binding. Neither E-cadherin binding to p120-catenin nor β-catenin binding to α-catenin, and thereby the actin cytoskeleton, is required for growth inhibition. E-cadherin ligation also inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-mediated growth signaling by a β-catenin–dependent mechanism. It does not affect EGF receptor autophosphorylation or activation of ERK, but it inhibits transphosphorylation of Tyr845 and activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 5. Thus, E-cadherin homophilic binding independent of other cell contacts directly transduces growth inhibition by a β-catenin–dependent mechanism that inhibits selective signaling functions of growth factor receptors.
Déjà Vu All Over Again: Contemporary Traces of the "Budget Exhibit"

For a brief period in the 1910s, the municipal budget exhibit was viewed by good-government reformers at the trailblazing New York Bureau of Municipal Research as a key outlet for cleaning up corrupt local governments and educating the masses to play their proper role in the new administrative state. For a time, the budget exhibit spread to other cities adopting municipal research bureaus. However, the municipal budget exhibit quickly fell out of favor with reformers and disappeared from public administration's reform agenda. Did it vanish completely? The authors suggest that modern-day exhibits by government agencies at state fairs and similar events are the metamorphosis of the municipal budget exhibit. Although the goal of reaching the masses for purposes of democratic accountability has been preserved, the venues and packaging of such exhibitions have significantly changed from the original conception of municipal budget exhibits.
On Primakoff production of Sigma 0 hyperons.

A numerical approximation made in the original formulation of the Primakoff effect for \ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ in the Coulomb field of a nucleus results in a 14% difference from a more exact calculation. This is larger than the uncertainties of a recent experimental measurement. Corrected formulas are presented and a result from an older experimental measurement is updated.
The D′ → A′ transition in BrF

Abstract A vibrational and rotational analysis is presented for the D′ → A′ transition (2800–2950 A) of Br2. The analysis includes 11 rotationally analyzed bands for 79Br2 and 3 for 81Br2, plus bandheads for 70 additional v′-v″ bands of 79Br2, 81Br2, and 79Br81Br. The latter include some violet-degraded and spikelike features at the long-wavelength end of the spectrum, which are interpreted and assigned with the aid of band profile simulations. The assigned features are fitted directly to 14 vibrational and rotational expansion parameters for the two electronic states, from which the following spectroscopic constants are obtained: ΔTe = 35706 cm−1, ω′e = 150.86 cm−1, ω″e = 165.2 cm−1, B′e = 0.042515 cm−1, B″e = 0.05944 cm−1, R′ e = 3.170 A , R″ e = 2.681 A . The spectroscopic parameters are used to calculate RKR potentials and Franck-Condon factors for the transition.
Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in head and neck cancer

Mitoxantrone (1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis((2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl)amino)-9, 10 anthracenedione dihydrochloride, NSC 301,739) is a new aminoanthraquinone derivative with clinical activity in the treatment of advanced breast cancer (1, 2), lymphoma (3), and acute leukemia (4). We have carried out a phase II trial of mitoxantrone using an every three weeks dosing schedule in patients with advanced head and neck cancers.
Hardened portland cement pastes of low porosity VI. Mechanism of the hydration process

Abstract The hydration of low-porosity portland cement pastes may be divided into three stages. The first stage starts with a fast hydration until 10 to 15% of the cement is hydrated (pre-dormant period), which is followed by a very slow hydration, caused by the formation of a coating on the cement grains (dormant period). After 15 to 20% of the cement is hydrated, the coating is ruptured, and a fast reaction starts, which lasts until about 30% of the cement is hydrated. This is the second stage of the reaction. In the third stage, the hydration slows down, due to retardation by the accumulating hydration products. The mechanism of the third stage is treated quantitatively. The diffusion through the very narrow pores between the hydration products is activated diffusion, and the apparent energy of activation of the diffusion is calculated.
Cardiotopic organization of the nucleus ambiguus? An anatomical and physiological analysis of neurons regulating atrioventricular conduction

Previous data indicate that there are anatomically segregated and physiologically independent parasympathetic postganglionic vagal motoneurons on the surface of the heart which are capable of selective control of sinoatrial rate, atrioventricular conduction and atrial contractility. We have injected a retrograde tracer into the cardiac ganglion which selectively regulates atrioventricular conduction (the AV ganglion). Medullary tissues were processed for the histochemical detection of retrogradely labeled neurons by light and electron microscopic methods. Negative dromotropic retrogradely labeled cells were found in a long column in the ventrolateral nucleus ambiguus (NA-VL), which enlarged somewhat at the level of the area postrema, but reached its largest size rostral to the area postrema in an area termed the rostral ventrolateral nucleus ambiguus (rNA-VL). Three times as many cells were observed in the left rNA-VL as compared to the right (P < 0.025). Retrogradely labeled cells were also consistantly observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). The DMV contained one third as many cells as the NA-VL. The right DMV contained twice as many cells as the left (P < 0.05). These data are consistent with physiological evidence that suggests that the left vagus nerve is dominant in the regulation of AV conduction, but that the right vagus nerve is also influential. While recording the electrocardiogram in paced and non-paced hearts, L-glutamate (GLU) was microinjected into the rNA-VL. Microinjections of GLU caused a 76% decrease in the rate of atrioventricular (AV) conduction (P < 0.05) and occasional second degree heart block, without changing heart rate. The effects of GLU were abolished by ipsilateral cervical vagotomy. These physiological data therefore support the anatomical inference that CNS neurons that are retrogradely labeled from the AV ganglion selectively exhibit negative dromotropic properties. Retrogradely labeled negative dromotropic neurons displayed a round nucleus with ample cytoplasm, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and the presence of distinctive somatic and dendritic spines. These neurons received synapses from afferent terminals containing small pleomorphic vesicles and large dense core vesicles. These terminals made both asymmetric and symmetric contacts with negative dromotropic dendrites and perikarya, respectively. In conclusion, the data presented indicate that there is a cardiotopic organization of ultrastructurally distinctive negative dromotropic neurons in the NA-VL. This central organization of parasympathetic preganglionic vagal motoneurons mirrors the functional organization of cardioinhibitory postganglionic neurons of the peripheral vagus nerve. These data are further discussed in comparison to a recent report on the light microscopic distribution and ultrastructural characteristics of negative chronotropic neurons in the NA-VL42.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
SnapShot: Cellular Bodies

, 278–287.Pombo, A., Cuello, P., Schul, W., Yoon, J.-B., Roeder, R.G., Cook, P.R., and Murphy, S. (1998). Regional and temporal specialization in the nucleus: A transcriptionally-active nuclear domain rich in PTE, Oct1 and PIKA antigens associates with specific chromosomes early in the cell cycle. EMBO J.
On the discretisation error of the weighted Simpson rule

A method of estimating the discretisation error for the weighted Simpson rule is given. The results are used to obtain the convergence rates of a numerical method for solving integral equations with various singular kernel functions.
Prostaglandin production by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3: Inhibition by cytochalasin B

Cytochalasin B inhibits the production of prostaglandins by serum-, thrombin-, and bradykinin-stimulated MC5-5 cells. The serum-stimulated release of arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids also is inhibited. Cytochalasin B does not affect the cells' prostaglandin synthetase activity when exogenous arachidonic acid is present. Deacylation of phospholipids may be the step affected by cytochalasin B possibly as a result of disruption of microfilament organization. Colchicine and vinblastine, two drugs that can disrupt microtubule organization, do not inhibit prostaglandin production by cells.
Quantitative studies on metabolic activation in vitro employing benzo[a]pyrene as the test compound.

An in vitro mammalian assay system has been used to examine the importance of specific enzymes and/or enzyme ratios in the metabolic toxification/detoxification of benzo[a]pyrene (BP). The assay incorporates the postmitochondrial supernatant (S15 fraction) prepared from a rat liver homogenate as an enzyme source and V79 Chinese hamster cells as targets for chemically induced damage. In order to determine the importance of specific enzymes in the metabolic activation of benzo[a]pyrene in vitro, the enzyme pattern in the S15 fraction was modulated by pretreating the experimental animals with enzyme inducers and/or by adding enzyme inhibitors in vitro. The enzyme activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), a measure of 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible mixed function oxidases; ethyl-morphine-N-demethylase (EMND), a measure of phenobarbital-inducible mixed function oxidases; and epoxide hydrase (EH)) in a given S15 fraction was determined, and the ability of the preparation to induce mutagenicity and / or cytotoxicity in the presence of BP was assessed. Correlations were made between the activity of a particular enzyme or enzyme ratio in the S15 fraction and the biological response produced by BP, i.e. cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. When the role of individual enzymes was evaluated, EH, but not EROD or EMND, correlated (p < 0.01) with the degree of BP-induced cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. As EH activity in the S15 fraction increased, the degree of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity observed as a result of metabolism decreased. When enzyme ratios were evaluated, we found two significant (P < 0.01) correlations; EMND/EH and EROD/EH. As these ratios increase, BP becomes more cytotoxic and mutagenic towards V79 cells. Since the adverse biological effects of BP are mediated via epoxides, these results suggest that the experimental approach described in this report will allow one to evaluate the relative importance of various enzymes and/or enzyme patterns in the metabolic toxification/detoxification of other potentially toxic chemicals.
Barycentric coordinates for convex sets

In this paper we provide an extension of barycentric coordinates from simplices to arbitrary convex sets. Barycentric coordinates over convex 2D polygons have found numerous applications in various fields as they allow smooth interpolation of data located on vertices. However, no explicit formulation valid for arbitrary convex polytopes has been proposed to extend this interpolation in higher dimensions. Moreover, there has been no attempt to extend these functions into the continuous domain, where barycentric coordinates are related to Green’s functions and construct functions that satisfy a boundary value problem. First, we review the properties and construction of barycentric coordinates in the discrete domain for convex polytopes. Next, we show how these concepts extend into the continuous domain to yield barycentric coordinates for continuous functions. We then provide a proof that our functions satisfy all the desirable properties of barycentric coordinates in arbitrary dimensions. Finally, we provide an example of constructing such barycentric functions over regions bounded by parametric curves and show how they can be used to perform freeform deformations.
Mitochondrial respiratory control and phosphorylative activities in a magnesium-free medium.

Abstract “Maximum” P/O vaues have been obtained in a magnesium-free medium for the mitochondrial oxidation of succinate, β-hydroxybutyrate, glutamate and α-ketoglutarate. Lack of magnesium in the medium employed causes a loss of mitochondrial integrity and respiratory control. These phenomena are influenced by ATP, pH, inorganic phosphate and osmotic pressure. Favourable conditions for avoiding a rapid loss are: high concentration of ATP. a pH of about 8.0, low concentration of inorganic phosphate and isotonicity. In the medium used, isolated liver mitochondria from guinea pig are more stable than those from rat. It is assumed that magnesium is specifically involved in the respiratory control mechanism.
Single-crystal, mesoscopic films of lead zinc niobate-lead titanate: Formation and micro-Raman analysis

A process to form thin films of lead zinc niobate–lead titanate (PZN–PT) from a bulk crystal for microelectronic and microelectromechanical device applications is presented. The structural phase transitions and ferroelectric ordering in unpoled crystalline bulk and thin-film relaxor PZN–PT are studied from −190 °C to 600 °C using polarized micro-Raman scattering. The structural phase transitions in this material are observed by distinct changes in the polarization selectivity. The results for the thin film and bulk crystal are in good agreement for a wide range of the temperatures studied, indicating that the thin-film PZN–PT retains much, if not all, of the structural and ferroelectric properties of the original bulk substrate.
Neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser dosimetry for the prolase II side-firing delivery system in the human prostate.

Abstract Objectives. The objective of this study was to define optimal treatment parameters and quantitative dosimetry for neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser coagulation prostatectomy utilizing the ProLase II side-firing laser delivery system. Methods. Transurethral Nd:YAG laser application was performed with the ProLase II side-firing laser fiber in adult human prostates prior to planned radical prostatectomy. Depth and volume of prostatic tissue coagulation for single, continuous laser applications were measured at variable power settings from 40 to 80 W, while holding total energy delivery constant. Holding the power setting constant, the extent of tissue coagulation was similarly measured for variable treatment times from 45 to 90 seconds. Results. Peak tissue coagulation for the ProLase II was observed at 60 W—up to a maximum of 13 mm tissue penetration and 3.92 cc volume coagulation following a single spot laser application. The mean depth of tissue coagulation at 60 W power setting was 12.7 mm, with a mean volume of tissue coagulation of 3.07 cc. Holding the power setting constant at 60 W, and increasing treatment time from 45 to 60 seconds, the extent of tissue coagulation increased significantly. However, beyond 60 seconds continuous laser application at 60 W, a plateau in tissue effects was observed, with minimal increase in tissue coagulation between 60 and 90 seconds. Conclusions. Using the ProLase II side-firing laser fiber, 60-second Nd:YAG spot laser applications at 60 W power setting represent optimal treatment parameters. The quantitative dosimetry curves produced for the ProLase II fiber are compared with prior dosimetry studies with the Urolase delivery system.
Near- and Far-Field Pressure Skewness and Kurtosis in Heated Supersonic Jets From Round and Chevron Nozzles

When the turbulent structures in the shear layer of high-speed jets travel at supersonic convective speeds relative to the ambient speed of sound, they radiate Mach waves that become the dominant component of the overall perceived noise. This is consistent with the OASPL in the far field reaching a maximum in same direction as the Mach wave angle. When the speed of the supersonic jet exceeds a certain level, the steepening of the wave-front in the near field produces a noise feature called “crackle.” Both pressure wave steepening and crackle cannot be recognized in the spectrum of the pressure signal, but in the temporal waveform of the pressure. The statistics of the pressure signal and its time derivative, particularly skewness, have become standard measures of crackle in heated supersonic jets. Previous studies showed that it is possible to reduce far-field pressure skewness with the implementation of notched and chevron nozzles, and to mitigate Mach Wave radiation with secondary flow techniques. In this paper, we investigate the effect of chevrons on the pressure and dP/dt high-order statistics of a Md = 1.5 converging-diverging round conical nozzle, both in the near and far fields. Cold and heated jets, To = 300 K and 600 K, are tested at over, design, and under-expanded conditions. Far-field results of the heated jet showed that chevrons effectively reduce elevated levels of skewness and kurtosis of the pressure and dP/dt. These reductions are remarkable especially around the Mach Wave angle, the region in which high-order statistics tend to propagate. Near-field results corroborated the effectiveness of chevrons in the skewness reduction.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Mobile Agent Based Network Defense System in Enterprise Network

Security has become the Achilles' heel of many organizations in today's computer-dominated society. In this paper, a configurable intrusion detection and response framework named Mobile Agents based Distributed MAD security system was proposed for enterprise network consisting of a large number of mobile and handheld devices. The key idea of MAD is to use autonomous mobile agents as lightweight entities to provide unified interfaces for intrusion detection, intrusion response, information fusion, and dynamic reconfiguration. These lightweight agents can be easily installed and managed on mobile and handheld devices. The MAD framework includes a family of autonomous agents, servers and software modules. An Object-based intrusion modeling language mLanguage is proposed to allow easy data sharing and system control. A data fusion engine mEngine is used to provide fused results for traffic classification and intrusion identification. To ensure Quality-of-Service QoS requirements for end users, adaptive resource allocation scheme is also presented. It is hoped that this project will advance the understanding of complex, interactive, and collaborative distributed systems.
KF-1 Monoclonal Antibody Defines a Specific Basement Membrane Antigen Defect in Dystrophic Forms of Epidermolysis Bullosa

The monoclonal antibody, KF- 1, identifies a noncollagenous constituent of the lamina densa of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of skin. In order to determine whether this BMZ constituent is affected in epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a mechanobullous skin disease often resulting in marked disfigurement, we have examined skin from patients with various forms of this disease for binding by KF-1 as well as for binding by polyclonal antibodies to laminin, type IV collagen, and bullous pemphigoid antigen, three other known BMZ components of normal skin. In all specimens from patients with simplex and junctional forms of EB, all four antibodies bound normally. In contrast, absent or diminished KF-1 binding was noted in all skin specimens from patients with dystrophic EB; antibodies directed against the other BMZ constituents, however, bound normally. This suggests that KF-1 may play a role in the structural integrity of normal skin and its absence or diminution may be important in the pathogenesis of lesion formation in dystrophic EB.
English-Only and Standard English Ideologies in the U.S.

planning and policy from a historical-structural perspective by analyzing and synthesizing a broad base of literature. It compares and contrasts two popularly accepted ideologies. The first is the ideology of English monolingualism, which frames policy issues in an immigrant paradigm in order to portray language diversity as an alien and divisive force; the second involves a standard language ideology that is used to position speakers of different varieties of the same language within a social hierarchy. The article discusses the connection between assumptions underlying linguistic ideologies and other social ideologies related to individualism and social mobility through education. It discusses limitations in the immigrant paradigm and considers the instrumental role that schools play in positioning students by using language assessment and classification schemes. Dilemmas and opportunities for contesting these ideologies are addressed. Dominant attitudes toward language in the U.S. are replete with contradictions. Bilingualism, for example, has tended to be seen as either a curse or a blessing. This contradiction is evident in the contrast between two drastically different policies toward bilingualism. The first is a policy toward language minority students that is intended to prescribe rapid transition out of LI instruction into English-only instructionoften resulting in the eventual loss of the L1. The second is a policy toward monolingual English-speaking students that is intended to promote learning a foreign language. In terms of resource allocation, bilingual programs are mandated to develop languages other than English-only to a minimum level-whereas foreign language programs spend millions attempting to develop them further (see Crawford, 1992a; Simon, 1988). However, on closer inspection, the root of this contradiction becomes clear: These policies are designed for two different populations. Transitional bilingual education, developed under
Familial Alzheimer’s mutations within APPTM increase Aβ42 production by enhancing accessibility of ε-cleavage site

In Alzheimer’s disease, familial mutations of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) can increase the production of the toxic cleavage product As42. Here, Chen et al. show that mutations within the transmembrane domain of APP favour As42 production by increasing the accessibility of the e-cleavage site.
The use of explicitly correlated, partially antisymmetric wave functions in atomic and molecular calculations

Trial wave functions, written as the sum of a configuration interaction expansion and an explicitly correlated term which is not antisymmetric, are proposed for use in calculating the electronic properties of atoms and molecules. A variational principle, modified to allow the use for such partially antisymmetric wave functions, is developed. It is shown that the consequences of partial antisymmetry on calculated expectation values can be estimated. The method avoids difficult three-electron integrals which arise in other theories.
Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia Originating From the Periaortic Region in the Absence of Overt Structural Heart Disease

Background— In the absence of overt structural heart disease, most left ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardias (VTs) have a focal origin and are benign. We hypothesized that multiple morphologies (MMs) of inducible left ventricular outflow tract VT may indicate a scar-related VT that can mimic idiopathic VT. Methods and Results— Of 54 consecutive patients referred for ablation of sustained outflow tract VT without overt structural heart disease, 24 had left ventricular outflow tract VT, 10 had MM VT, and 14 had a single VT (SM). The MM group were older (70.3±4.3 versus 53.9±15.9 years; P =0.004), had more hypertension (100% versus 29%; P =0.0006), and had longer PR intervals and QRS durations compared with the SM group. In contrast to the SM group, the MM group VTs had features consistent with reentry, including induction by programmed stimulation without isoproterenol, entrainment in some, and abnormal electrograms in the periaortic area. Periaortic region voltages suggested scar in the MM group, but not in the SM group. MRI in 2 MM patients was consistent with scar, but not in 10 SM patients. Longer radiofrequency applications were required in the MM group than in the SM group. At a median follow-up of 9.7 (3.0–32.0) months, recurrences tended to be more frequent in the MM group than in the SM group (70% versus 22%; P =0.07). Conclusions— VTs from small regions of periaortic scar can mimic idiopathic VT but are suggested by multiple VT morphologies and are more difficult to ablate. Whether these patients are at greater risk, as feared for other scar-related VTs, warrants further study.
The Effect of Compressibility on Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability

Abstract The effect of compressibility on two-dimensional barotropic and baroclinic growth rates is examined by means of a linearized nonhydrostatic compressible model. It is shown that the growth rates are diminished when compressibility is included because perturbation internal energy resents a sink of basic-state kinetic energy when work is done to compress the medium. Nonlinear simulations provided by compressible and incompressible versions of the ZETA model show that the solutions are nearly identical, but the compressible solution develops more slowly than the incompressible one, consistent with the linear analysis.
Racial Differences on Association of Depressive Symptoms With Combined Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Results. During follow-up, 44% of blacks and 35% of whites reported onset of disability. After adjusting for confounders, depressive symptoms were associated with increased odds of disability onset in blacks (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.18) and whites (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.36). The odds of disability onset associated with depressive symptoms also increased significantly over time in whites (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.09), but not in blacks. In addition, depressive symptoms were associated with an increasing rate of progression of disability in whites (rate ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.09), but not in blacks.
Spironolactone as a Nonspecific Treatment for Primary Aldosteronism

Studies were carried out in 14 patients with primary aldosteronism (1°A) to examine the mechanism(s) by which spironolactone reduces arterial pressure. Measures that produced salt and water depletion were found to consistently reduce arterial pressure. Plasma volume and arterial pressure correlated directly and significantly, r = +0.509 (P < 0.001), whether pressure was reduced by spironolactone alone or combined with either hydrochlorothiazide or low dietary sodium, or by rapid sodium depletion alone. With small doses of spironolactone, restricting or liberalizing dietary sodium was associated with decreases or increases, respectively, in arterial pressure and plasma volume. These results suggest 1) that the antihypertensive action of spironolactone is nonspecific and largely dependent on salt and water balance and 2) that maintenance of reduced plasma volume or extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) is a basic component of the pressure response of 1°A to spironolactone therapy.
THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR-WASTE FORMS: CLUES FROM MINERALOGY

The disposal of fission products and actinides generated by the nuclear-fuel cycle is one of the major challenges in Environmental Sciences of the 21 st Century. Because some fission products (e.g., 99 Tc, 129 I, 79 Se and 135 Cs) and actinides (e.g., 239 Pu and 237 Np) are long-lived, they have a major impact on the risk assessment of geological repositories. Thus, demonstrable long-term chemical and mechanical durability are essential properties of waste forms for the immobilization and disposal of radionuclides. Mineralogical and geological studies provide excellent candidate phases for immobilization and a unique database that cannot be duplicated by a purely Materials Science approach. The “mineralogical approach” is illustrated by a discussion of zircon as a phase for the immobilization of plutonium from dismantled nuclear weapons. Other minerals, e.g., monazite, apatite, pyrochlore, zirconolite and zeolites, also are important candidates for the immobilization of actinides.
Differential effects of the antiandrogen flutamide on aspects of sexual behavior in castrated, androgen-treated male rats

Abstract (1) This study focused on the question of whether the behavioral effects of the non-steroidal antiandrogen flutamide result from actions on CNS or peripheral mechanisms governing sexual behavior in male rats. (2) Restoration of sexual behavior in long-term male castrates was evaluated in response to administration of testosterone propionate (TP) with or without flutamide. (3) Two types of behavioral tests were employed—one was a standard test of the complete copulatory behavior pattern while the other involved anesthetization of the male's penis which served to reduce the role of peripheral factors in the male's behavior and eliminate intromission and ejaculatory behavior. (4) In the behavioral tests with genital anesthetization, flutamide facilitated mounting behavior. (5) Since mounting behavior in these tests presumably represents CNS function, facilitation of the behavior indicates that flutamide acts as an androgen, and not as an antindrogen, on CNS mechanisms. (6) In the behavioral complete copulatory behavior pattern, flutamide inhibited ejaculation and, to a lesser extent, intromission behavior. (7) Flutamide also completely inhibited the stimulatory effect of TP on peripheral structures. (8) It was concluded that the inhibitory effect of flutamide on ejaculation behavior resulted from deficiencies in peripheral, especially penile, structures although an alternative possibility—that flutamide differentially affects two CNS mechanisms governing mounting and ejaculation—cannot be excluded.