cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sox10 nuclear immunostaining lacks diagnostic utility for CNS granular cell tumors.

Sox10 immunohistochemistry has recently been shown to have diagnostic utility in differentiating typical granular cell tumors (GCTs) in skin and soft tissue from histological mimics (1–3). The overwhelming majority of cases studied have been of cutaneous origin (1–3), although Karamchandani et al included an unspecified number of soft tissue, laryngeal, and esophageal examples (2), and Heerema et al added 2 esophageal GCTs and 2 GCTs of neurohypophysis (3). All tumors from cutaneous and deep sites demonstrated strong diffuse nuclear immunoreactivity for Sox10, while the 2 neurohypophyseal examples were negative (3). To our knowledge, CNS GCTs, which are usually of high-grade astrocytic origin (4), have not yet been explored Given the important role of this transcription factor in neural crest, peripheral nervous system, and CNS development (albeit particularly for oligodendrocyte, not astrocytic, maturation in the CNS) (5), we hypothesized that CNS granular cell tumors might show Sox10 nuclear expression. Therefore, we immunostained CNS GCTs utilizing a polyclonal commercial antibody (Cell Marque Corp., Rocklin, CA). We first paralleled and extended the previous work with a study of 9 cutaneous (Fig. 1A) and 7 deep tissue GCTs from esophageal, colon, breast (n = 2), tongue, lung carina, and tracheal sites. These had been previously characterized at the time of initial diagnosis with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain alone, S100 immunostaining (Fig. 1B), or additional antibodies, but not Sox10. All granular …
The Relationship between Mitral Annulus and Left Ventricular Function on Real-time Three Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography

Purpose To investigate the relationship between the size and function of mitral annulus (MA) and the volume and systolic function of left ventricle (LV) using real time three dimensional transesophageal echocardiography(RT3DTEE). Materials and Methods Twenty-eight patients with full volume dataset were analyzed. Three dimensional circumference (3DC), three dimensional area (3DA) and intercommissure axis rotation in end diastole and end systole of MA were determined using Mitral Valve Quantification (MVQ) software. The end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF) of LV were measured using 3DQ software. The relationship between MA and LV was analyzed using SPSS11.5. Results Mitral annular 3DC, 3DA in end diastole and end systole were all positively correlated with EDV and ESV(r=0.501～0.631, P0.01).The area change of MA in cardiac cycle showed positive correlation with SV(r=0.478,P0.01). The rotation angle of mitral annular intercommissure axis was positively correlated with EF(r=0.562, P0.05). Conclusion Left ventr-icular volume is the determinant factor of the MA size. The rotation capability of MA is determined by the LV systolic function. The area change of MA during cardiac cycle is correlated with left ventricular stroke volume.
Microbiology Spurred Massively Parallel Genomic Sequencing and Biotechnology: A personalized account of how microbiology proved instrumental to the development of high-throughput genomic sequencing analysis and bioproducts

During the mid-1970s, Walter Gilbert at Harvard in Cambridge, Mass., Frederick Sanger at the Medical Research Council at Cambridge in the United Kingdom (UK), and their respective collaborators developed methods to sequence short segments of DNA, initially only a few hundred bases long. The Maxam-Gilbert method involved base-specific chemical degradation of DNA. The Sanger method involved enzymatic copying of DNA in the presence of base-specific terminating nucleotides.
Novel pharmacologic approaches to brain resuscitation after cardiorespiratory arrest in the pediatric patient.

In light of the distinct pathophysiology of the pediatric arrest, proposed mechanisms of cerebral injury during and after cardiorespiratory arrest and the status of current experimental pharmacologic approaches to cerebral resuscitation are discussed.
Ultra-High Field Spinal Cord Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human spinal cord in vivo suffers from multiple practical limitations: low signal-to-noise ratio, the need for high resolution, and the detrimental influence of various motions, both voluntary and involuntary. While the latter are problematic at any field strength, the former can be to some degree addressed using higher field strengths. The increased signal-to-noise ratio at higher field strengths can be harnessed for higher spatial resolution or faster exam times. However, MRI at ultra-high fields currently suffers from significantly more inhomogenous transmit fields and larger susceptibility effects. In this chapter, we demonstrate some advantages of ultra-high field MRI for the anatomical and quantitative characterization of the human spinal cord in vivo, discuss the relevant impediments faced at higher field strength, and propose strategies for overcoming these shortcomings.
Health and air Pollution

The 1960 mortality rates for 117 U.S. cities are analyzed to isolate the effect of air pollution. Socioeconomic factors such as race, income, population density, and age mix are accounted for. In previous studies we reported the effect of different functional forms and of adding additional explanatory variables for type of home heating equipment, home heating fuel, water heating fuel, air conditioning, and meterological factors. Occupation mix is now added and results in little change in the estimated air pollution coefficients. These health effects are translated into dollar terms.
Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Post-Stereotactic Radiosurgery Adverse Radiation Effect

Background: Adverse radiation effect (ARE) is one of the complications of stereotactic radiosurgery. Its treatment with conventional medications, such as corticosteroids, vitamin E, and pentoxifylline carries a high risk of failure, with up to 20% of lesions refractory to such medications. In addition, deep lesions and those occurring in patients with significant medical comorbidities may not be suitable for surgical resection. Bevacizumab is an antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, a known mediator of cerebral edema. It can be used to successfully treat ARE.
Design concept for a high altitude rotating modulator gamma-ray imager

A rotating modulator (RM) is capable of imaging hard x-rays and gamma rays by the temporal modulation of incident photons. It combines a single mask of equally-wide slats and slits, rotating above an array of detectors with diameter equal to the slats. Since the RM works in the temporal domain, appropriate analysis of the measured data enables super-resolution (resolution better than the geometric resolution), which consequently allows for larger detector elements, better efficiency at higher energies, and a simplified detector design. We describe the RM concept and discuss briefly a novel image reconstruction technique to achieve super-resolution and suppress fluctuations arising from noise. We present experimental results from a laboratory prototype and the concept and expected results for a high-altitude balloon flight of an RM. The High-Altitude Rotating Modulator for Energetic Radiation Imaging (HARMEnI) is a prototype balloon-borne instrument that offers a 20° field-of-view and 1.9° intrinsic resolution with a sensitivity in the range of 30–700 keV. At its intrinsic resolution, HARMEnI will obtain a 20σ observation of the Crab Nebula and Cygnus X-1 in approximately one hour. For a 1-day flight from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico, exposure times for these sources will exceed 3 hours, enabling enhancement of image resolution.
Chapter 13 – Information Technology

Though related to clinical electronic medical records, health research information technology poses unique data management challenges. The repurposing of clinical care data for research must be performed with full awareness of its limitations. The clinical care data are often vast, and, unexpectedly, data transformations allowing application of high-performance indexing systems must often be implemented to enable cross-patient queries. The clinical care data are highly diverse, and a health-care atomic “fact” is often defined in the data to unify it for cross-patient queries. The codes used in the clinical data to describe patient-related concepts are often at different levels of granularity, and hierarchical schemes must be implemented to allow consistent queries to be performed. Once these problems are solved, the research data warehouse allows an elegant solution to the vexing problem of study participant recruitment. The creation of specialized data registries from the data can allow many complex types of epidemiological and bioinformatics problems to be addressed. Rounding out the application of large databases to clinical research are trial management systems, publicly available biomedical literature databases, and emerging approaches to data integration using new cloud and big data technologies.
Cutaneous malignancies identified in an inpatient dermatology consultation service.

The role of inpatient Dermatology consultation and biopsy in evaluating suspicious cutaneous lesions is unknown.1-3 Previous studies analyzed the diagnostic accuracy and utility of consultations for common rashes and infectious diseases, without considering suspicious lesions.4-6 We sought to describe the frequency, clinicopathologic characteristics, and outcomes of suspicious lesions biopsied on an inpatient Dermatology consult service This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Carbon Implantation Performance Improvement by Mixing Carbon Monoxide (CO) with Carbonyl Fluoride (COF2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Co-implantation of impurities such as carbon (C) has been proven to effectively reduce Transient Enhanced Diffusion (TED) of boron during annealing, enabling the formation of high-quality ultra-shallow junctions - a requirement for advanced-node semiconductor devices. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is traditionally used as the feed gas in implant tools for carbon implantation. Recently, carbon monoxide (CO) has been widely adopted as a replacement to CO2 due to its lower oxygen content. To further improve the carbon implant performance, a mixture of CO, carbonyl fluoride (COF2), and CO2 is studied and reported in this paper. The effects of the additional fluorine and extra oxygen content from COF2 or CO2 are investigated. Our experiments show that with the right balance and mixture level of COF2 and CO2, the carbon mixture can achieve improvements in key implant tool performance parameters, such as beam current and source life. Additionally, the CO/COF2/CO2 mixture stability is studied, and a safe delivery package is described.
Epigenetic and Neural Circuitry Landscape of Psychotherapeutic Interventions.

The science behind psychotherapy has garnered considerable interest, as objective measures are being developed to map the patient’s subjective change over the course of treatment. Prenatal and early life influences have a lasting impact on how genes are expressed and the manner in which neural circuits are consolidated. Transgenerationally transmitted epigenetic markers as well as templates of enhanced thought flexibility versus evasion can be passed down from parent to child. This influences gene expression/repression (impacting neuroplasticity) and kindling of neurocircuitry which can perpetuate maladaptive cognitive processing seen in a number of psychiatric conditions. Importantly, genetic factors and the compounding effects of early life adversity do not inexorably lead to certain fated outcomes. The concepts of vulnerability and resilience are becoming more integrated into the framework of “differential susceptibility,” speaking to how corrective environmental factors may promote epigenetic change and reconfigure neural templates, allowing for symptomatic improvement. Psychotherapy is one such factor, and this review will focus on our current knowledge of its epigenetic and neurocircuitry impact.
Effects of Yoga in Patients with Asthma.

Regular yoga improves quality of life as measured on the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (mean difference = 0.57 units on a seven-point scale; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.77); improves asthma symptoms (standardized mean difference = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.65); and reduces medication use (relative risk [RR] = 5.35; 95% CI, 1.29 to 22.11).
Psychosocial Risk Factors in Women: Special Reference to Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Women have a higher susceptibility than men to a set of psychosocial factors that have been linked to increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), such as depression, early life adversities, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this chapter we discuss the notion that these psychosocial risk factors, particularly if they are present at young age, may set a trajectory of increased IHD risk in women, even though clinical events may occur years later. Emerging data suggest that young women are uniquely susceptible to the adverse cardiovascular effects psychosocial stress, which can result in earlier onset of IHD or more adverse prognosis if the disease is already manifest. Women’s vulnerability to psychosocial stress could also play a role in sex differences in the pathophysiology of IHD; for example it could help explain their higher propensity to abnormal coronary vasomotion and micro-vascular disease, which has been described in women compared with men. Young women are severely under-represented in studies of cardiovascular disease. In future research, it will be crucial to study women earlier in their life to better understand the risk pathways linking psychosocial stress to IHD risk, in order to devise successful preventive and treatment strategies to ameliorate such risk.
Optical Emission Spectroscopy of Plasma Evolution In Overvoltaged Spark Gaps

The University of New Mexico is interested in the plasma evolution in spark gaps, as they are used as the primary method of energy transfer in Marx generators. As such, a spark gap test bed was constructed to allow for the characterization of spark gap plasmas. This characterization includes the determinations of temperature and density of different atomic species of plasmas produced at varying pressures and voltages. Results utilizing the LTE formalism, line ratios, as well as Stark Broadening will be presented. This paper presents experimental results for various pressures, voltages, dielectric gases, with radial multi-chord measurements. Particle in cell numerical models will be compared with experimental results.
Systems Biology Analyses Show Hyperactivation of Transforming Growth Factor-β and JNK Signaling Pathways in Esophageal Cancer.

Background & Aims Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is resistant to standard chemoradiation treatments, and few targeted therapies are available. We used large-scale tissue profiling and pharmacogenetic analyses to identify deregulated signaling pathways in EAC tissues that might be targeted to slow tumor growth or progression. Methods We collected 397 biopsy specimens from patients with EAC and nonmalignant Barrett’s esophagus (BE), with or without dysplasia. We performed RNA-sequencing analyses and used systems biology approaches to identify pathways that are differentially activated in EAC vs nonmalignant dysplastic tissues; pathway activities were confirmed with immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of signaling components in patient tissue samples. Human EAC (FLO-1 and EsoAd1), dysplastic BE (CP-B, CP-C, CP-D), and nondysplastic BE (CP-A) cells were incubated with pharmacologic inhibitors or transfected with small interfering RNAs. We measured effects on proliferation, colony formation, migration, and/or growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice. Results Comparisons of EAC vs nondysplastic BE tissues showed hyperactivation of transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) and/or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways in more than 80% of EAC samples. Immunohistochemical analyses showed increased nuclear localization of phosphorylated JUN and SMAD proteins in EAC tumor tissues compared with nonmalignant tissues. Genes regulated by the TGFB and JNK pathway were overexpressed specifically in EAC and dysplastic BE. Pharmacologic inhibition or knockdown of TGFB or JNK signaling components in EAC cells (FLO-1 or EsoAd1) significantly reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, and/or growth of xenograft tumors in mice in a SMAD4-independent manner. Inhibition of the TGFB pathway in BE cell lines reduced the proliferation of dysplastic, but not nondysplastic, cells. Conclusions In a transcriptome analysis of EAC and nondysplastic BE tissues, we found the TGFB and JNK signaling pathways to be hyperactivated in EACs and the genes regulated by these pathways to be overexpressed in EAC and dysplastic BE. Inhibiting these pathways in EAC cells reduces their proliferation, migration, and formation of xenograft tumors. Strategies to block the TGFB and JNK signaling pathways might be developed for treatment of EAC.
The Importance of Language in Behavior Change

Communication between health care providers and patients is important for behavioral treatment in lifestyle medicine. Ineffective communication can lead to patient dissatisfaction, demotivation, and discontinuation of treatment. It is important for health care providers to understand their biases, praise patients' behaviors rather than health outcomes, and use language to prevent dichotomous thinking. These strategies may lead to sustained lifestyle behavior changes and better treatment outcomes among patients.
Jagged1 protein processing in the developing mammalian lens

Notch signaling regulates a multitude of cellular processes. During ocular lens development this pathway is required for lens progenitor growth, differentiation and maintenance of the transition zone. After ligand-receptor binding, the receptor proteins are processed, first by ADAM proteases, then by γ-secretase cleavage. This results in the release of a Notch intracellular domain (N-ICD), which is recruited into a nuclear transcription factor complex that activates Notch target genes. Previous in vitro studies showed that the Delta-like and Jagged ligand proteins can also be cleaved by the γ-secretase complex, but it remains unknown whether such processing occurs during in vivo vertebrate development. Here we show that mouse and human lens progenitor cells endogenously express multiple Jagged1 protein isoforms, including a Jagged1 intracellular domain. We also found that pharmacologic blockage of γ-secretase activity in vitro resulted in an accumulation of Jagged1 polypeptide intermediates. Finally, overexpression of an epitope-tagged Jagged1 intracellular domain displayed nuclear localization and induced the upregulation of endogenous JAG1 mRNA expression. These findings support the idea that along with its classical role as a Notch pathway ligand, Jagged1 is regulated post-translationally, to produce multiple active protein isoforms.
eSeiz: An Edge-Device for Accurate Seizure Detection for Smart Healthcare

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting a significant portion of the world’s population and approximately 2.5 million people in the United States. Important biomedical research effort is focused on the development of energy efficient devices for the real-time detection of seizures. In this paper, we propose an Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)-based automated seizure detection system which will detect a seizure from electroencephalography (EEG) signals using a voltage level detector (VLD) and a signal rejection algorithm (SRA). The proposed system analyzes neural signals continuously and extracts the hyper-synchronous pulses for the detection of seizure onset. Within a time frame, if the number of pulses exceeds a predefined threshold value, a seizure is declared. The SRA reduces false detections, which in turn enhances the accuracy of the seizure detector. The design was validated using system-level simulations and consumer electronics proof of concept. The proposed seizure detector reports a sensitivity of 96.9% and specificity of 97.5%. The use of minimal circuitry can lead to reduction of power consumption compared to many contemporary approaches. The proposed approach can be generalized to other sensor modalities and the use of wearable or implantable solutions, or a combination of the two.
Stable isotope and compositional analysis of Alaska caribou teeth embedded in polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA)

Abstract Stable isotopic analysis (SIA) of incremental dental tissues from archaeological specimens provides unique insight into the paleoecology of animals utilized by humans in the past. Unfortunately, many archaeological specimens are too fragile to survive the mechanical processes necessary to accurately identify and sample incremental dental tissues. Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) is an organic polymer often used to encapsulate and strengthen archaeological specimens for the sectioning, grinding, and polishing necessary to identify incremental tissues. The effects of PMMA embedding on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in dental enamel and dentin has not been assessed previously and may be relevant whenever stable isotopic analysis of carbon and nitrogen is to be conducted. We embedded five caribou (Rangifer tarandus) tooth halves in PMMA, sampled these halves and the corresponding non-embedded tooth halves. We found that PMMA embedding has no noticeable effects on the nitrogen values of embedded specimens. PMMA embedding decreased the δ13C values of whole teeth powder by an average of −6.5‰ and increased %C by an average of 8.7%. We then tested two methods to mitigate the impact of PMMA embedding on dental carbon 1) acetone baths to dissolve the PMMA before SIA, and 2) acetone baths combine with a modified Longin method for collagen extraction to remove PMMA prior to SIA. We found that three, four and five acetone baths appear to be equally efficient at removing PMMA introduced carbon from embedded specimens. Acetone baths reduce the standard error of δ13C values of whole tooth dental powder, including enamel, dentin, and cementum, in both embedded and non-embedded specimens. Both methods were successful at reducing the effects of PMMA embedding; however, the most efficient mitigation of PMMA effects on whole tooth carbon was found in collagen extracts coupled with acetone baths. This information may be helpful in future stable isotope assessments of PMMA-encapsulated dental tissues.
Near-Infrared Reflectance Imaging of Caries Lesions

Dental enamel becomes increasingly transparent with increasing wavelength, with minimum scattering and absorption near 1300 nm. Due to the higher wavelength of NIR, there is less light scattering in dental enamel and penetration of light 30 times more than light in the visible range. This allows for better contrast between sound enamel and demineralized (carious) enamel. NIR reflectance at wavelengths coincident with higher water absorption produced the greatest range of lesion contrast values and the contrast increased linearly with increasing lesion depth and severity. NIR can distinguish stains from demineralization at higher wavelengths, as signficcant advantage over other methods. NIR is a method more suitable for caries screening.
Experiences With Medical Spas and Associated Complications: A Survey of Aesthetic Practitioners.

BACKGROUND Medical spas have experienced a recent rise in popularity. However, rules and regulations vary nationwide. Given the number of complications attributable to medical spas, questions remain about currently regulatory practices and whether they are sufficient to protect patients from harm. OBJECTIVE Our study investigated the current state of medical spas and their associated patient complications in the aesthetic field as well as the experiences and attitudes of practitioners. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was distributed to current members of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. RESULTS Of all cosmetic complications encountered in the past 2 years, the majority reported that the percentage of complications seen in their practice attributable to medical spas ranged from 61% to 100%. The most commonly cited complications from medical spas were burn, discoloration, and misplacement of product, whereas the most commonly cited treatments resulting in complications were fillers, intense pulsed light, and laser hair removal. For safety and outcomes, medical spas were rated as inferior to physician-based practices. CONCLUSION Patient complications associated with medical spas are not uncommon. Overall, practitioners believe medical spas are endangering to patient safety, think that stricter rules and regulations are necessary, and request more support from the specialty medical societies.
A Mystery Approach to Criticism.

Courses: Rhetorical Criticism, Communication Theory, Communication Research Methods, Introduction to Communication Studies. Objectives: This is an introductory exercise that acquaints students with...
Considerations for Building Sustainable Community Health Worker Programs to Improve Maternal Health.

ObjectivesCommunity health workers (CHWs) are a critical part of the healthcare workforce and valuable members of healthcare teams. However, little is known about successful strategies for sustaini...
Trends in Opioid‐Prescribing Practices in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in the United States from 2006 to 2018

Research Objective The opioid epidemic in the United States remains a growing public health problem. Understanding opioid prescribing for children, adolescents, and young adults is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies at both national and local levels for this population. In this study, we investigate temporal trends in opioid‐prescribing practices in children, adolescents, and young adults in the United States from 2006 to 2018.
Sol-gel synthesized indium tin oxide as a transparent conducting oxide with solution-processed black phosphorus for its integration into solar-cells

In this work, indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were synthesized using solgel processing with a mixture of InCl3, methanol, and SnCl2, where the solutions were spin coated onto glass substrates. The maximum transmittance of the ITO thin film in the visible region was found to be ∼75% for films annealed at 650 °C, where plasma treatment of the substrate was found to aid in the large-area continuity and homogeneity over the glass substrates compared to films annealed at lower temperatures. Two-dimensional (2D), semiconducting black phosphorus (BP) dispersions were then prepared by liquid exfoliation, where the black phosphorus bulk crystals were finely ground inside a glove box and dissolved in N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone. Following further treatment, the BP solution dispersions were drop cast onto the transparent ITO thin films to form heterostructures toward transparent electronics and future solar cell applications. Direct electrical probing of the black phosphorus revealed that it was electrically conducting and the currents measured were large on the order of a few microampere at ∼20 V. Raman and photoluminescence measurements on the black phosphorus revealed that the flakes ranged in thickness from few-layers up to bulk. Few-layer black phosphorus can be distinguished from the bulk through the red-shift of the Ag1, Bg2, and Ag2 peaks for bulk black phosphorus flakes compared to the few-layers’ black phosphorus flakes. Electrical measurements made in the heterostructure interfaces showed a higher magnitude of currents at the black phosphorus interface compared to the bare ITO film. The combined architecture of black phosphorus on ITO thin films shows promise in its use for transparent electronics, which can also serve as a stepping stone for future solar cell platforms.
Cognitive dietary restraint score is associated with lower energy, carbohydrate, fat, and grain intake among female adolescent endurance runners.

Abstract This cross-sectional study investigated associations between cognitive dietary restraint (CDR), energy, macronutrient and food group intake, menstrual function, and bone density in female adolescent endurance runners. Participants were forty female adolescent endurance runners. The independent variable was CDR, as assessed by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Runners with CDR subscale scores ≥11 were classified with elevated CDR. The main outcomes measured were dietary intake measured by 24-hour recall for 7 days, menstrual history, and bone mineral density (BMD). Twelve of 40 participants (30.0%) met criteria for elevated CDR. Compared to runners with normal CDR, runners with elevated CDR scores reported consuming lower energy (kcal/kg/day) (37.5 ± 8.6 vs. 44.0 ± 9.6, p = 0.052), lower carbohydrate (g/kg/day) (5.3 ± 1.3 vs. 6.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.042), more fiber (g/day) (24.9 ± 6.7 vs. 20.0 ± 5.3, p = 0.018), more servings of fruit (3.3 ± 1.4 vs. 1.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.003), more servings of vegetables (2.7 ± 1.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7, p = 0.004), and fewer servings of grain (7.6 ± 2.4 vs. 9.8 ± 2.4, p = 0.009) per day. Runners with elevated CDR exhibited significantly lower lumbar spine BMD Z-scores (adjusting for BMI) (−0.78 ± 0.19 vs. −0.22 ± 0.12, p = 0.016) than runners with normal CDR. Menstrual history did not significantly differ based on CDR status. Elevated CDR may increase risk of dietary patterns associated with consuming inadequate levels of energy, key nutrients, and developing low BMD in endurance runners. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01059968
Campaign Contributions, Campaign Involvement, and Judicial Recusal

A presiding judge may have to recuse himself If a person involved in a court proceeding has made contributions to the presiding judge’s campaign. If the extent the person’s involvement would affect the judge’s impartiality, then the judge must recuse himself. The 2007 version of the Model Code of Judicial Conduct, Rule 2.11 stated that recusal should be determined based on the dollar amount of the contribution. Comment 4A was later added, requiring the judge to consider the degree of involvement and the timing of the campaign and the proceeding. Also, Rule 2.11 permits the judge to state on record their own conclusion on the matter with the consent of participating parties. With the addition of Comment 4A and the examples of caselaw, the Rule now requires that the judge himself decide if recusal is necessary.
A Preliminary Test of the Efficacy of Brief Self-Administered Behavioral Interventions for Rumination.

Rumination is theorized to be a cognitive avoidance process that is implicated in several manifestations of psychopathology. Few interventions directly target rumination as a core process maintaini...
Masks for This Medical Moment. July 7, 2020

Since April 2020, the U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) has asked for people to wear face masks in public to curb the spread of COVID-19. This shift has given rise to a mass movement of cloth mask making. Artists have leapt into action to produce masks for healthcare and frontline workers or as an alternative economy for lost income, while others customize masks to communicate identity, beliefs, or concerns. Mask making has also raised questions about the future of fashion with regards to health and sustainability. Through a series of conversations, experts from the arts, fashion, sustainability, and medical fields were invited to talk about the variety of issues, and questions this moment of mask making and wearing have produced. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, Dr. Ana Maria Rule has been helping the scientific community and the public understand the spread of particulates and the effectiveness of masks. Through scholarly publications, Rule has proposed ways of safely reusing limited personal protective equipment, and questioned the results of studies gauging the safety of textile facemasks. Rule agreed to speak in the Art of Masks series as a way to educate the textile interested community about the limits of fabric facemasks, and how best to protect themselves and others. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
The effect of hypochlorous acid on the tribocorrosion of CoCrMo/Ti-6Al-4V bearing couples

Mechanically assisted corrosion (MAC) of metallic orthopedic alloys is a consequence of the use of modular devices where opposing metal surfaces are tightly mated and loaded at the taper junction. MAC processes are affected by material surface characteristics and local solution chemistry. During inflammation, active immune cells may generate reactive oxygen species (such as hypochlorous acid [HOCl]) adjacent to surfaces undergoing micromotion, which may affect the tribocorrosion behavior of an implanted device. This study investigated the fretting current response of CoCrMo/Ti-6Al-4 V couples in a pin-on-disk apparatus utilizing HOCl solutions as a proxy for a severe inflammatory environment. Testing in 1 and 5 mM HOCl solutions were shown to generate a threefold and fivefold increase (p < 0.01), respectively, in fretting currents over pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline control conditions. Fretting currents were shown to be dependent on the energy dissipated during fretting and the concentration of HOCl where the currents within a single HOCl concentration were linearly dependent of energy dissipated, but different HOCl levels shifted (increased and then decreased) fretting currents with concentration. Fretting currents, governed by regrowth of an abraded oxide film, were affected by the oxidative power of the solution, which caused positive shifts in open circuit potential and likely resulted in a thicker oxide for 1 mM and 5 mM and fell with 30 mM. Small amounts of HOCl release within a joint may result in increased release of tribocorrosion products such as oxide particles.
Design of an NPK Fertilizer Pelletizer: Pelletizer

Fertilizer application to boost crop yield has become inevitable and can be a source of environmental concern. In this study, the design of simple pelletizing equipment was considered to process fertilizer powder into pellets. This equipment was designed to convey, compact and extrude the NPK compound via a screw conveyor, through a die and into pellets. On the basis of the size of this home-made system and the bulk density of inorganic NPK compounds, a 1492 watts (2hp) motor and a 25mm diameter shaft of screw conveyor was used to convey the NPK compound at a rate of 3.0m3/h, and then compacted and extruded it into pellets. The octahedral shear stress failure criterion helped to determine how well the pelleting pressure chamber designed with mild steel, holds up against the radial (σr), hoop (σh) and axial (σz) stresses generated which amounted to an octahedral shear stress (σoct) of 1.5N/mm2, which is well below the yield stress of mild steel. The use of this equipment to produce inorganic NPK compounds into pellets helps improve fertilizer use efficiency and also militates against the environmental challenges posed by NPK fertilizer usage
Laser Radiation of Tissue Cultures

The laser head, attached to a microscope is a significant advance in instrumentation for cytology and cytogenetics. The laser beam may be focused by the optics so that the beam size can be reduced to a diameter as fine as one micron. This has been done by Bessis. The laser beam may also impact microscopic preparations including tissue cultures through an arrangement outside of the microscope with the laser beam reflected into the microscope, yet the laser attacted to a microscope makes for greater technical control of laser microscopy. However, laser beams of other types of lasers such as Q-switching, second harmonics, gas lasers of various types, etc. may be directed from an external source through the microscope system. This flexible arrangement increases the range of laser microscopy.
Biological Application of Nucleation Theories — I; Nucleation and Growth of Lung Cancer

Publisher Summary Cancer is a multistage process; hence, any mathematical model must also have multiple stages in which the behavior of the equations reflects the growth behavior of the stage under investigation. This chapter attempts to bring the nucleation theories out of physical chemistry laboratories and apply them to problems of human need. Currently, the model considered the most realistic over many stages of cancer growth in vivo is the Gompertz model. However, the model is considered realistic when there are a large number of cells (over 1,000,000) and it does not accurately reflect the growth in the initial stages of the cancer, where it is currently believed to be approximately exponential. Thus, it is necessary for any mathematical model to reflect this by changing the equations that would describe the behavior of the cancer at any stage. One such model that gives this kind of behavior is viscous fingering in porous media. The techniques utilized to simulate the irregular growth from equations that would ordinarily give regular patterns include either perturbation of initial boundary conditions or the introduction of noise or some other forcing term in the growth equations themselves. Clearly, any combination of these is also possible, although it is apparently rarely attempted.
Trading Mechanism Design for Swap Markets

This paper proposes an electronic market for swap exchange. We have designed a trading mechanism that allows multiple swaps, futures and forwards to be traded on the same market and guarantee that traders will get either the combination of assets or nothing.
A vida de Eurípides de Sátiro

Ainda que se encontre em estado fragmentario, A Vida de Euripides de Satiro e a biografia peripatetica mais extensa que chegou a modernidade. Escrita no seculo III a.C., a narrativa, em que se imbricam vida e literatura, revela tracos das convencoes biograficas do Periodo Helenistico. Para alem de seu interesse historiografico, ocupa posicao importante no corpus das “vidas” de Euripides uma vez que explicita as fontes de muitos episodios que constam de suas biografias.
Destruction of Toxic Fungi with Low Concentrations of Methyl Bromide

Abstract Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium rubrum spores at the level of 104 to 105 / g were completely killed by prolonged exposure to 30 to 45 mg of methyl bromide per liter.
Causation, Theory, and Policy in the Social Sciences

Despite a penchant for constructing and testing causal theories, social scientists frequently avoid explicit discussion of causal issues. Illustrating with criminological literature, we argue that attention to particular causal issues will improve theory and theory testing and provide a more systematic basis for identifying policy applications. Our argument centers on a discussion of: (i) causal versus spurious effects, (ii) independent versus shared causes, (iii) reversible versus irreversible causes, including symmetric versus asymmetric causes, (iv) basic versus superficial causes, and (v) causal heterogeneity among different populations, units of comparisons, including spatial units, and types of behavior. We further suggest how researchers and policymakers can benefit from consideration of causal issues. Keywords: causation; causal effects; social theory; social policy; criminology; criminal justice
Adaptive soft‐decision algorithms for mobile fading channels

This paper addresses the task of joint symbol-by-symbol decisions and channel estimation in a coded/interleaved/frequency-selective fading channel. Based on two popular soft-decision algorithms, namely OSA and SSA, which have an inherent trellis structure, several adaptive derivatives are proposed. In particular, by extending the concept of Conventional Adaptive MLSE (CA-MLSE) receiver to the soft-decision case, the CA-OSA and CA-SSA algorithms are derived. Moreover, using the Per-Survivor Processing (PSP) concept, two new adaptive extensions are presented, namely PSP-OSA and PSP-SSA. The latter of these algorithms (PSP-SSA) has a simplified form with complexity comparable to PSP-MLSE. Simulation results show a significant improvement of the suggested adaptive soft-decision algorithms over the standard configuration, which consists of a hard-decision channel equalizer followed by a convolutional decoder.
Protein chemistry and food research.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an aspect of the field of food research—namely, the role that fundamental protein chemistry plays in the advances in the field. Although much of the early fundamental research on biological materials was related to their importance in medicine and nutrition, this emphasis apparently changed so that it is primarily on the medical side. Nevertheless, much of the information that cited is more technological than fundamental. The chapter emphasizes work on eggs and milk because these are two foods that have received extensive study. The role of proteins in foods has been discussed. Proteins are, perhaps, the principal component of biological materials that endow them with distinctive characteristics. Other constituents, such as carbohydrates, fats, and minerals, most certainly modify these properties in a very important way. It is obvious that all the properties of proteins are important in food research; however, there are certain general properties that are particularly important to the food researcher and have been discussed. Some of the problems encountered in food processing and storage are illustrated.
Linguistics: Taiwan's gift to the world

Study of the giant Austronesian language family tells us a great deal about the history of Pacific peoples and boatbuilding, as well as about Aboriginal Australia.
Epilogue: the Silicone Society

The future is now for most librarians. The silicone chip of Large Scale Integrated (LSI) circuits is showing a growing potential to meet the needs of libraries and information centers. Automated circulation-systems, on-line serials control systems, and computerized acquisitions and financial systems all exist in part or totally. Public services operate on-line retrieval systems and at least one large library utility in the United States (OCLC) not only provides cataloging and verification, but also is working toward complete automation for libraries via large international networks. No longer are librarians dependent on mainframe computers which control the computerized functions and services of an institution but give low priority to library needs. A new breed of computers has brought about a greater freedom for librarians to explore a wider range of alternatives for automation. The advent of the silicone chip has created many possibilities for the smaller library which were not available before. It is apparent that technology is increasing at a rapid rate and that the cost of this technology is decreasing. Other factors as well seem to demand consideration for automation. As publication-costs increase, librarians must make difficult decisions about the use of library funds, which, in many cases, fail to meet these increased costs. Cooperation in areas of acquisition and interlibrary loan becomes even more desirable and emphasizes the need for networks. Local and regional networks may be individualized to adapt to institutional idiosyncrasies and may also connect with national or international networks. An exciting possibility is now available which will possibly change the pace of research and clinical care. We are all aware that most books are one to two years old by the date of their publication, and that many journal articles are at least several months to a year out of date by the time they reach print. The possibility exists, with the coming of electronic publishing, that a researcher's findings will be available more quickly because of the short amount of time it takes to type and edit material on a CRT or VDU for dissemination by computer. The author's original input can even be voice-actuated. It is presently difficult to determine the extent of the effect of this accelerated input. One can project, however, the possible effect on the library. For instance, several publishers have intimated that electronic publishing will
Outcomes after cervical laminectomy with instrumented fusion versus expansile laminoplasty: A propensity matched study of 3185 patients

The aim of this study was to compare reoperation, complication rates, and healthcare resource utilization of expansile laminectomies with instrumented fusion versus laminoplasty. Using the MarketScan database (Truven Health Analytics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), we selected patients aged >18 years who underwent either cervical laminoplasty or laminectomy with fusion between 2000-2009. Propensity score modeling produced a matched cohort balanced for age, sex, comorbidities, and other relevant factors. A total of 3185 patients meeting our inclusion criteria also had 2 year follow-up available. Of these, 2927 (91.90%) and 258 (8.10%) had laminectomy with fusion and laminoplasty, respectively. Laminoplasty patients had significantly lower complication rates during index hospitalization (5.81 versus 9.62%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.556, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.418-0.740, p<0.0002), during 30 day (6.87 versus 11.12%, aOR: 0.568, 95% CI: 0.436-0.740, p<0.0002) and 90 day (7.61 versus 11.78%, aOR: 0.593, 95% CI: 0.460-0.764, p<0.0002) postoperative periods. They also had lower costs (United States dollars) during index hospitalization ($26,129 versus $35,483, p<0.0004), and overall during the 2 year postoperative period ($77,960 versus $106,453, p<0.0001). Two year reoperation rates were similar between both groups (9.77% versus 7.36%, p=0.20). Our study suggests that cervical laminoplasty has significantly lower complication rates, similar long-term reoperation rates and lower healthcare resource utilization after 2 years than laminectomy with fusion.
Active beam position stabilization of pulsed lasers for long-distance ion profile diagnostics at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)

A high peak-power Q-switched laser has been used to monitor the ion beam profiles in the superconducting linac at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The laser beam suffers from position drift due to movement, vibration, or thermal effects on the optical components in the 250-meter long laser beam transport line. We have designed, bench-tested, and implemented a beam position stabilization system by using an Ethernet CMOS camera, computer image processing and analysis, and a piezo-driven mirror platform. The system can respond at frequencies up to 30 Hz with a high position detection accuracy. With the beam stabilization system, we have achieved a laser beam pointing stability within a range of 2 μrad (horizontal) to 4 μrad (vertical), corresponding to beam drifts of only 0.5 mm × 1 mm at the furthest measurement station located 250 meters away from the light source.
Structural and magnetic phase stability of Si∕MnAs superlattices: Tetragonal-distortion-induced ferromagnetism and half-metallicity

The structural and magnetic phase stabilities of a Si(001)∕MnAs superlattice have been investigated using the highly precise all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method within the generalized gradient approximation. From a total energy and atomic force calculations, we found that the zincblende structure for MnAs is most stable over other atomic configurations, where either Mn or As layers are attached to the Si interface. The antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling between the Mn atoms is calculated to be energetically favored over the ferromagnetic (FM) coupling by a total energy difference of 40meV∕unit cell. More interestingly, we predict that a 2% tetragonal distortion from its AFM crystal structure induces a magnetic phase transition from the AFM to a half-metallic FM phase with a 0.36eV band gap for the minority spin channel, which indicates a promising possible spintronics application.
Equipoise and the problem of research subjects with diminished capacity.

(1999). Equipoise and the problem of research subjects with diminished capacity. Accountability in Research: Vol. 7, No. 2-4, pp. 277-282.