cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl glycerol are distinct from those of phorbol ester in rat pancreatic acini.

Abstract 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl glycerol (OAG), a potent activator of protein kinase C, inhibited the binding of 125I-labelled epidermal growth factor (EGF) in isolated rat pancreatic acini. Unlike cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK8) and the C-kinase activator 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), two inhibitors of 125I-EGF endocytosis in the pancreas, OAG had no effect on the distribution of bound ligand between the cell surface and intracellular compartments. Unlike TPA, OAG failed to potentiate the inhibitory effects of the calcium ionophore A23187 on 125I-EGF cell-associated radioactivity and had no effect on either basal or carbachol-stimulated amylase release in acini. These data suggest that the actions of the synthetic diacylglycerol OAG are not fully equivalent with the action of other known activators of protein kinase C in the pancreatic acinar cell.
Models for recurring events with marginal proportional hazards

Semiparametric methods were proposed by Wei et al. (1989) to analyse recurring event-time data. They modelled the marginal distribution of each event time with a Cox proportional hazards model without imposing any constraint on the joint distribution of different event times. Therefore, it is unclear whether or not event times can simultaneously satisfy their respective marginal proportional hazards assumptions, while having continuous joint distribution. Often this leads to a difficulty of conducting simulation studies. In this note we construct parametric marginal proportional hazards models for recurring event times with proper joint density functions.
Anestesia para el tratamiento quirúrgico de aneurismas cerebrales

Resumen A pesar de que la mayoria de los aneurismas cerebrales son asintomaticos y se describen incidentalmente, su ruptura suele resultar en una morbimortalidad significativa Por lo tanto, el anestesiologo pudiera intervenir realizando un clipaje quirurgico del aneurisma, bien sea de manera electiva o posterior a una hemorragia subaracnoidea. Luego de una hemorragia subaracnoidea es indispensable hacer una evaluacion preoperatoria sistemica porque el manejo anestesico puede verse afectado tanto por las complicaciones neurologicas (presion intracraneal elevada, repeticion de la hemorragia, hidrocefalia, vasoespasmo) y complicaciones no neurologicas (insuficiencia respiratoria, disfuncion cardiaca, anomalias electroliticas, alteraciones endocrinas). Ademas de estar preparado para una hemorragia profusa subita, el anestesiologo a cargo de una craneotomia para clipaje de un aneurisma debe adherirse a 4 principios fundamentales. Primero, debe evitarse el incremento agudo en el gradiente transmural del aneurisma (presion arterial media menos la presion intracraneal) para impedir una ruptura o recurrencia de hemorragia. Segundo, la presion de perfusion cerebral debe mantenerse con euvolemia y vasopresores para evitar isquemia cerebral, bien sea con separadores cerebrales o clipaje temporal del vaso nutriente. Tercero, debe optimizarse la exposicion quirurgica con relajacion cerebral mediante oxigenacion y ventilacion cerebral normal, seleccion apropiada del anestesico, manitol y tal vez lasix, drenaje de liquido cefalorraquideo o hiperventilacion transitoria. Cuarto, se recomienda el despertar temprano de la anestesia para reconocer precozmente las complicaciones potencialmente reversibles. Siendo vigilante y logrando estas metas, el anestesiologo contribuira al logro de desenlaces optimos para el paciente. El siguiente articulo ofrece informacion para orientar al anestesiologo para el optimo manejo del clipaje quirurgico de aneurismas.
Hypobetalipoproteinemia and abetalipoproteinemia.

Purpose of review Several mutations in the apoB, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and MTP genes result in low or absent levels of apoB and LDL-cholesterol in plasma, which cause familial hypobetalipoproteinemia and abetalipoproteinemia. Mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene cause familial combined hypolipidemia. Clinical manifestations range from none to severe, debilitating, and life-threatening disorders. This review summarizes recent genetic, metabolic, and clinical findings and presents an update on management strategies. Recent findings Cases of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma have now been identified in heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia probably because of decreased triglyceride transport capacity from the liver. ANGPTL3 mutations cause low levels of LDL-cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol in compound heterozygotes and homozygous individuals, decrease reverse cholesterol transport, and lower glucose levels. The effect on atherosclerosis is unknown; however, severe fatty liver has been identified. Loss-of-function mutations in PCSK9 cause familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, which appears to lower risk for coronary artery disease and has no adverse sequelae. Phase III clinical trials are now underway examining the effect of PCSK9 inhibitors on cardiovascular events in combination with statin drugs. Summary Mutations causing low LDL-cholesterol and apoB have provided insight into lipid metabolism, disease associations, and the basis for drug development to lower LDL-cholesterol in disorders causing high levels of cholesterol. Early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent adverse sequelae from familial hypobetalipoproteinemia and abetalipoproteinemia.
Effect of local anesthetics on motility of upper gastrointestinal tract.

Summary and ConclusionsLocal topical anesthetics, nupercaine, elixir probutylin, and pontocaine, were administered into the stomach or duodenum of 9 human subjects. Gastric and/or duodenal motility was recorded oscillographically and found to be unchanged in 6 patients; minor and seemingly inconstant changes occurred in 3 of the 9 subjects.
STEREOTYPES AND DISPOSITIONS FOR CRIMINAL HOMICIDE

There exists disagreement in the existing literature with respect to the origins of differential police practices. Based upon observation of police work with traffic law violators, the present paper advances an organizationally sensitive analysis of police decision making. The essential interpretation is that police decision making in the context of traffic law violations is a function of relations between organizational norms and employee concerns with autonomy.
Optical Payload Isolation using the Miniature Vibration Isolation System (MVIS-II)

Precision satellite payloads commonly require isolation from bus disturbance sources, such as reaction wheels, thrusters, stepper motors, cryo-coolers, solar array drives, thermal popping, and other moving devices. Since nearly every satellite essentially has a unique construction, custom isolation systems are usually designed to attenuate a wide bandwidth of disturbance frequencies. The disadvantage of these custom solutions is that they are not easily reusable or transferable and are generally not robust to changes in payload geometry and mass properties during the development. The MVIS-II isolation system is designed to provide vibration disturbance attenuation over a wide bandwidth, as well as being able to adapt to changes in payload mass properties and geometry, through active control of a smart material. MVIS-II is a collaborative effort between the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Space Vehicle Directorate and Honeywell Defense and Space to validate miniature hybrid (passive/active) vibration isolation of sensitive optical payloads. The original flight experiment was intended to isolate a non-critical representative payload mass for demonstration purposes; however, the MVIS-II has been adapted to support the primary optical payload onboard the Tactical Satellite 2 (TacSat-2). Throughout the program MVIS-II has been able to adapt to changes in the payload geometry and mass properties with modification limited to support structures only. The MVIS-II system consists of a hexapod of hybrid struts, where each strut includes a patented passive 3-parameter DStrut n series with a novel hydraulically amplified piezoelectric actuator with integral load cell. Additionally, Honeywell's Flexible I/O controller electronics and software are used for command and control of the hardware. The passive D-Strut element provides a 40 dB/decade passive roll-off to attenuate mid-to-high frequency disturbances, while the active piezoelectric actuator is used for enhanced low frequency isolation. MVIS-II struts are 90% smaller in size and have 91% less mass than previous struts including Honeywell's Vibration Isolation, Suppression, and Steering (VISS). The MVIS-II system is currently integrated in the TacSat-2, which has successfully launched from Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island, Virginia in December 2006. MVIS-II was launched under direction of the DoD Space Test Program. This paper will discuss the adaptive design of the MVIS-II isolation system including simulation, testing, and integration. Active and passive strut test results will be presented that demonstrate the wide bandwidth attenuation of vibration disturbances. Simulation results of expected on-orbit performance will also be discussed.
Heat shock-induced repression of proteolysis: poly(A)-binding protein degradation patterns can illusorily suggest its specific loss during heat shock

Abstract Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) is highly susceptible to proteolysis during cell lysis of Drosophila tissue culture cells unless substantial amounts of proteolysis inhibitors are included in the extraction buffer. This intrinsic proteolytic activity is substantially reduced during heat shock. An artifactual appearance that poly(A)-binding protein is specifically degraded by heat shock can result. Several contradictory descriptions of PABP may also be related to its proteolysis. Repression of proteolysis is likely to reflect a physiologically significant regulatory event, based on recent examinations of HSP70 stability during and after heat shock.
Community Psychology and Social Impact Assessment: An Action Model

Community psychology's intervention-oriented approach guided by a personenvironment fit perspective is a productive way to address the study and mitigation of social impacts. The most obvious intervention to prevent human problems that accompany large scale projects is to stop the project itself. However, if the decision is made to implement the project, interventions can be designed to develop human competencies and resources in the community in an effort to prepare residents for the coming change. Important tasks for a community psychologist could include the collection and dissemination of valid information concerning potential social and psychological problems resulting from the project, the development and evaluation of interventions designed to prevent or ameliorate these problems, and to be an advocate for community residents. Social impact assessment (SIA), a multidisciplinary area of social science concerned with estimating, appraising, and mitigating the social and psychological effects of large-scale planned change, offers social scientists a vehicle to engage in prevention and intervention across a broad range of human concerns. Wolf (1974, 1976) states that the primary goal of a social impact study is to assess whether to implement a proposed project based on social and psychological effects. McCoy (1975) suggests further that if the project is approved, social scientists can help develop a mitigation plan designed to minimize the undesirable effects and enhance the development of human
Essai: Real-Time Reflexivity: Prods to Reflection

Growing attention to self-as-theorist threatens to shift reflexivity from a means to improve theory to an end in itself. Such a shift both muddles observations and conceals the possibility that reflexive liabilities are present-at-hand reconstructions of dissimilar ready-to-hand moments of data collection. Reflexivity lived forward differs from reflexive threats to validity understood backward. This difference is illustrated through an analysis of Wicklund's theory of multiple perspectives. It is concluded that current renderings of reflexivity may have focused on the wrong categories.
Search with Synchrotron Radiation for Superheavy Elements in Giant-Halo Inclusions.

Synchrotron radiation was used to excite x-ray spectra from monazite inclusions taken from the same piece of mica as those recently reported to show evidence of primordial superheavy elements. No evidence was found for the existence of superheavy elements in the range of $Z$ from 105 to 129, and, in particular, no evidence was found for $Z=126$ at concentrations of \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ atoms per inclusion or \ensuremath{\sim}1-2 ppm by weight.
Semiautomatic segmentation of brain subcortical structures from high-field MRI

Volumetric segmentation of subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia and thalamus, is necessary for noninvasive diagnosis and neurosurgery planning. This is a challenging problem due in part to limited boundary information between structures, similar intensity profiles across the different structures, and low contrast data. This paper presents a semiautomatic segmentation system exploiting the superior image quality of ultrahigh field (7 T) MRI. The proposed approach utilizes the complementary edge information in the multiple structural MRI modalities. It combines optimally selected two modalities from susceptibility-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion MRI, and introduces a tailored new edge indicator function. In addition to this, we employ prior shape and configuration knowledge of the subcortical structures in order to guide the evolution of geometric active surfaces. Neighboring structures are segmented iteratively, constraining oversegmentation at their borders with a nonoverlapping penalty. Several experiments with data acquired on a 7 T MRI scanner demonstrate the feasibility and power of the approach for the segmentation of basal ganglia components critical for neurosurgery applications such as deep brain stimulation surgery.
A full mesh ATCA-based general purpose data processing board

High luminosity conditions at the LHC pose many unique challenges for potential silicon based track trigger systems. Among those challenges is data formatting, where hits from thousands of silicon modules must first be shared and organized into overlapping trigger towers. Other challenges exist for Level-1 track triggers, where many parallel data paths may be used for high speed time multiplexed data processing. A full mesh high speed backplane is a natural candidate to address both challenges. A custom full mesh enabled ATCA board called the Pulsar II has been designed with the goal of creating a scalable architecture abundant in flexible, non-blocking, high bandwidth board-to-board communication channels while keeping the design as simple as possible.
Effects of histamine and potassium release agents on ventricular rhythms before and after coronary occlusion.

Abstract For the purpose of evaluating the ectopic-impulse generating effects of endogenously liberated histamine and potassium, release agents were injected into the anterior descending arteries of dog hearts. Compound 48 80 , a potent histamine-release agent, failed to produce ectopic activity in all trials when injected into nonoccluded anterior descending arteries of normal dog hearts, into the occluded arteries distal to the ligature 30 minutes after ligation, and into the distal portions of occluded arteries 23 1 2 hours after occlusion. Octylamine, an agent which releases both histamine and potassium, upon injection by similar methods under the same conditions produced ectopic activity in all animals without coronary occlusion, and after 30 minutes of occlusion; and ventricular fibrillation followed in some animals of both groups. Results were negative in the animals with 23 1 2 - hour occlusions. Tissue analyses showed that a significant loss of potassium and gain of sodium occurred in the affected portions of the heart without prior coronary occlusion after injections of octylamine, but no change was found in the hearts that had received Compound 48 80 . Tissue analyses in the two groups that had been subjected to ischemia were equivocal as regards the effects of the two agents because ischemia also produces large changes in myocardial electrolytes. The experiments provide evidence that endogenous histamine is not involved as an ectopic excitation factor in the nonischemic heart or during myocardial ischemia and infarction. The release of potassium from a localized area of the myocardium is capable of producing rapid ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in the nonischemic heart, and after moderate periods of ischemia which apparently terminate at some time earlier than 24 hours after occlusion.
Anisotropic wetting on tunable micro-wrinkled surfaces

We examine the wettability of rough surfaces through a measurement approach that harnesses a wrinkling instability to produce model substrate topographies. Specifically, we probe the wetting of liquids on anisotropic micro-wrinkled features that exhibit well-defined aspect ratios (amplitude versus wavelength of the wrinkles) that can be actively tuned. Our study provides new insight into the wetting behavior on rough surfaces and into the interpretation of related liquid contact-angle measurements. In particular, we find that droplet wetting anisotropy is governed primarily by the roughness aspect ratio. In addition, comparison of our measurements to theoretical models demonstrates that droplet distortions and observed contact angles on surfaces with a strongly anisotropic texture can be quantitatively attributed to the difference in the energetic barriers to wetting along and perpendicular to substrate features.
Cerulein mRNA and peptide α-amidation activity in the skin of Xenopus laevis: Stimulation by norepinephrine

Abstract The skin of Xenopus laevis , because of its high concentrations of amidated peptides, is an excellent model for the study of neuropeptide biosynthesis. In this paper we determined levels of the mRNAs which encode cerulin and characterized the enzymatic activity which likely produces the carboxyl terminal α-amide moiety of cerulein. This enzyme is stimulated by the addition of CuSO 4 and ascorbate and requires the presence of molecular oxygen and is thus similar to the peptidyl-glycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) described in mammals. Hybridization analysis showed that three cerulein mRNAs of different molecular sizes are present in varying proportions in the skin of individual frogs. Injection of norepinephrine into the dorsal lymph sac of Xenopus caused immediate secretion and depletion from skin of PAM activity but did not cause a comparable immediate decrease in skin levels of cerulein mRNA or total RNA. By 2 weeks after norepinephrine injection, cerulein mRNA levels increased to fourfold over control levels. By 4 weeks, skin PAM activity was almost restored to control levels.
Optical density dependence on postirradiation temperature and time for MD-55-2 type radiochromic film

Various forms of GAFChromic film (GC) have been used for several years as radiographic media for measuringdose distributions of brachytherapysources and small radiation fields. A new double layer film, referred to as MD-55-2 is now offered and is useful for clinical dose ranges. In this paper we study the effect of postirradiation storage and the reversible effects of temperature during optical density measurements for this new radiochromic film. The reversible change in optical density measured with a He–Ne laser densitometer (632.8 nm) was found to vary by less than 1% over the range 18–30 °C, but with densitometers whose light source falls on the left-hand side (i.e., shorter wavelengths) of the GC film’s major absorbance peak the dependence was found to be as high as 2%/°C. The rate at which the film darkens irreversibly (postirradiation) was found to depend on the storage temperature. In typical clinical conditions (20–25 °C), the initial rate at which the film darkens can vary by as much as a factor of 1.5. Furthermore, the storage temperature was found to affect the asymptotic value for the optical absorbance. For storage temperatures of 20–35 °C, the limiting values of the absorbance were approximately 4% higher than samples stored at lower temperatures, which had been irradiated to the same dose.
Impacts of health and environmental consciousness on young female consumers' attitude towards and purchase of natural beauty products

This study investigated young female consumers' beauty product shopping behavioural patterns, their perceived importance of product attributes, and their attitude towards and purchase of natural beauty products. This study also examines whether consumers' product attitudes and shopping behaviours are influenced by their health and environmental consciousness. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 210 female college students enrolled at a south-eastern university in the US. In order to examine the impacts of both health and environmental consciousness on other selected variables, the respondents were divided into four groups based on their scores on the two variables, and a series of analysis of variance were conducted to compare characteristics of the four groups. The results showed that health and environmental consciousness significantly influenced the importance placed on beauty product attributes. Additionally, those with a high level of both health and environmental consciousness were significantly more positive in their evaluations than those with low scores on both variables in their perceptions of natural beauty products. Those with low scores on both variables were significantly less willing than the other groups to pay more for natural beauty products. Analysis of variance results also indicated that the two groups with a high level of environmental consciousness purchased natural beauty products more frequently than those with a low level of health and environmental consciousness, indicating a relatively stronger impact of environmental consciousness than health consciousness on frequency of natural beauty product purchases. Health and environmental consciousness were both significantly related to a respondent's perceived level of knowledge of beauty products and ability to distinguish natural from conventional beauty products.
A comparative evaluation of separation properties for optically active dipeptide stationary phases

Optically active dipeptide stationary phases, N-trifluoroacetyl (N-TFA)-L-isoleucyl-L-isoleucine cyclohexyl ester, N-TFA-L-norvalyl-L-norvaline cyclohexyl ester, and N-TFA-L-α-amino-n-butyryl-L-α-amino-n-butyric acid cyclohexyl ester have been synthesized. These three dipeptide derivatives have been investigated and found to surpass earlier phases with regard to the complete resolution of naturally occurring amino acids and their enantiomers. It has been further demonstrated that current methods for the evaluation of these types of phase are not adequately descriptive and the need for new criteria for quality determination of optically active stationary phases is prevalent.
The Implications of Fictional Media for Political Beliefs

Most research on media effects in political science deals with the news media or political campaigns. Although some recent work looks at the effects of soft news on beliefs and opinions, little att...
SF6 gas integrated intensities as a function of density

/1/ G. Birnbaum and T.K Bose, J. Chem Phys 71, 17 (1979). /2/ C. Chapados and G. Birnbaum, J. Molec. Spectrosc. 132, 323 (1988). /3/ M.E. Thomas and M.J. Linevsky, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Transfer. 42, 465 (1989).""
The renin and angiotensin system part 1

In an attempt to find the link between excessive sodium intake and high blood pressure, we established the identity of renin and the presence of tissue renin. We isolated renin in a pure and stable form for the first time, and established a novel concept that a specific hormone producing peptidase exists that is not a digestive protease. We determined the complete amino acid sequence, and identified a catalytically essential pair of aspartyl residues by two specific inhibitors. These studies showed that renin is an aspartyl protease with a highly stringent substrate specificity limited to the cleavage of one specific leucyl-leucyl (or leucyl-valyl in humans) peptide bond in angiotensinogen. We showed that renin is not isorenin, pseudo-renin or a renin-like enzyme but is a unique enzyme. By preparing specific antibodies to pure renin, and affinity separation from cathepsin, we found the presence of non-secreted renin in the brain, pituitary, adrenal, testis and other tissues in which it produces angiotensins by an intracellular mechanism that later was extended to the heart, vasculature and kidney. The presence of tissue bound renin was also suggested. These results can explain local effects of angiotensin II, particularly when plasma renin concentration and its pathophysiological effects are not proportional.
Guggulsterone inhibits tumor cell proliferation, induces S-phase arrest, and promotes apoptosis through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, suppression of Akt pathway, and downregulation of antiapoptotic gene products

Guggulsterone is a plant polyphenol traditionally used to treat obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, possibly through an anti-inflammatory mechanism. Whether this steroid has any role in cancer is not known. In this study, we found that guggulsterone inhibits the proliferation of wide variety of human tumor cell types including leukemia, head and neck carcinoma, multiple myeloma, lung carcinoma, melanoma, breast carcinoma, and ovarian carcinoma. Guggulsterone also inhibited the proliferation of drug-resistant cancer cells (e.g., gleevac-resistant leukemia, dexamethasone-resistant multiple myeloma, and doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells). Guggulsterone suppressed the proliferation of cells through inhibition of DNA synthesis, producing cell cycle arrest in S-phase, and this arrest correlated with a decrease in the levels of cyclin D1 and cdc2 and a concomitant increase in the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and p27. Guggulsterone-induced apoptosis as indicated by increase in the number of Annexin V- and TUNEL-positive cells, through the downregulation of anti-apoptototic products. The apoptosis induced by guggulsterone was also indicated by the activation of caspase-8, bid cleavage, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activation, caspase-3 activation, and PARP cleavage. The apoptotic effects of guggulsterone were preceded by activation of JNK and downregulation of Akt activity. JNK was needed for guggulsterone-induced apoptosis, inasmuch as inhibition of JNK by pharmacological inhibitors or by genetic deletion of MKK4 (activator of JNK) abolished the activity. Overall, our results indicate that guggulsterone can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through the activation of JNK, suppression of Akt, and downregulation of antiapoptotic protein expression.
A new mutant at the end: TPP1, telomeres, and BMF.

In this issue of Blood, Guo et al identify a mutation in ACD, which encodes the protein TPP1, as the underlying cause of short telomeres and bone marrow failure (BMF) in a family.1 They show that the mutation results in a defect in the recruitment of telomerase to telomeres.
The problem of reasoning from inequalities

This article is the twenty-first of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find an inference rule that performs as paramodulation does, but with the focus on inequalities rather than on equalities. Since, too often, inequalities that are present in the input play a passive role during a reasoning program's attempt to complete an assignment, such an inference rule would markedly add to program effectiveness by giving inequalities the potential of playing a key role. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we suggest as possible test problems theorems from group theory and theorems from ring theory.
Repeated cocaine modifies the neuroendocrine responses to the 5-HT1C/5-HT2 receptor agonist DOI.

Abstract Endocrine responses to the serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT ic (-/5-HT 2 agonist (±)-l-(2,5-dimcthoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) were utilised to evaluate cocaine-induced alterations in postsynaptic 5-HT receptor function. Rats received cocaine HC1 (0, 5 or 15 mg/kg i.p.) twice daily for 7 days. Effects of DOI (0, 0.5, 2 or 10 mg/kg i.p.) on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, prolactin, oxytocin and renin concentrations were assessed 42 h after the final cocaine injection. DOI dose dcpcndcntly increased the plasma concentrations of each hormone. Cocaine potentiated the DOI-induced elevations of plasma ACTH, corticostcrone and prolactin concentrations. In contrast, the oxytocin response was reduced, and the renin response was unaltered by cocaine exposure. The data suggest that 5-HT 2 receptor-mediated responses for ACTH, corticosterone and prolactin secretion become superscnsitivc following repeated cocaine. In contrast, the 5-HT 2 , receptor-mediated response for oxytocin secretion is subscnsitive. The cocaine-induced changes in posisynaptic 5-HT receptor function are likely a consequence of deficits in the function of 5-HT nerve terminals, that we have documented previously.
Tertiary Floras and Topographic History of the Snake River Basin, Idaho

During Eocene time a volcanic field was built up on a north-south axis that had persisted since mid-Cretaceous in the region from central Idaho into Nevada. Eocene subalpine conifer forest recovered from the higher parts of the axis implies a minimum altitude near 4000 ft, and structural evidence suggests that locally some peaks may have been 2000 ft higher. The successive appearance of conifer-deciduous hardwood forest, mixed deciduous hardwood forest, and evergreen broadleaved forest to the east and west of the central axis indicates lower altitudes and warmer climates there. Cross-collapse of the axis at the site of the Snake River Plain probably commenced during the Oligocene because the basin was present by Miocene time. This is shown by Miocene floras from the trough that represent deciduous hardwood forest, whereas those on its flanks comprise conifer-hardwood forest, indicating higher altitudes and cooler climates there. The Snake River basin appears to be a tensional rift that widened and deepened as the Idaho batholith drifted northward (Hamilton and Myers, 1966). This movement, which presumably initiated collapse of the Cretaceous-Eocene divide during Oligocene time and has continued down to the present, was accompanied by uplift of the bordering highlands of approximately one mile.
Conduction block silences parts of a chemical synapse in the leech central nervous system.

1. The pressure (P) sensory neurones innervating the ventral skin of the medicinal leech have receptive fields comprising a central region of skin innervated by two thicker axons and two neighbouring regions innervated by two thinner axons. Impulses originating in the thinner axons may fail to propagate through the central ganglion, apparently blocked at the branch point of large and small axons. 2. The P neurone excites the longitudinal (L) motoneurone, and blocked impulses originating in the anterior fine axon produce e.p.s.p.s that are less than one-half normal amplitude. Blocked impulses in the posterior fine axon are typically ineffective. 3. The branches of P and L neurones, marked with intracellularly injected horseradish peroxidase or with Lucifer Yellow, make synaptic contact at up to sixty-six sites within the neuropile. Of P neurone branches emerging from two fine axons, those from the posterior axon make fewer contacts, usually one or two at most, while branches from the anterior axon represent no more than half the total contacts. From cell to cell there is some variation in the total number of contacts, the distribution of branches, and the strength of transmission. 4. The locations of contacts measured morphologically correlate well with their distributions as predicted from reductions in e.p.s.p. amplitude during conduction block.
Adaptive angle of arrival estimation for multiuser wireless location systems

Reliable positioning of CDMA cellular users in a mobile environment relies on accurate knowledge of the time-of-arrival (TOA) and angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the first arriving ray. An adaptive procedure is developed for AOA estimation under multipath and multiuser conditions. Simulations illustrate how the adaptive solution improves location accuracy.
Displacement of Histones at Promoters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Heat Shock Genes Is Differentially Associated with Histone H3 Acetylation

Chromatin remodeling at promoters of activated genes spans from mild histone modifications to outright displacement of nucleosomes in trans. Factors affecting these events are not always clear. Our results indicate that histone H3 acetylation associated with histone displacement differs drastically even between promoters of such closely related heat shock genes as HSP12, SSA4, and HSP82. The HSP12 promoter, with the highest level of histone displacement, showed the highest level of H3 acetylation, while the SSA4 promoter, with a lower histone displacement, showed only modest H3 acetylation. Moreover, for the HSP12 promoter, the level of acetylated H3 is temporarily increased prior to nucleosome departure. Individual promoters in strains expressing truncated versions of heat shock factor (HSF) showed that deletion of either one of two activating regions in HSF led to the diminished histone displacement and correspondingly lower H3 acetylation. The deletion of both regions simultaneously severely decreased histone displacement for all promoters tested, showing the dependence of these processes on HSF. The level of histone H3 acetylation at individual promoters in strains expressing truncated HSF also correlated with the extent of histone displacement. The beginning of chromatin remodeling coincides with the polymerase II loading on heat shock gene promoters and is regulated either by HSF binding or activation of preloaded HSF.
Learning words from sights and sounds: a computational model

This paper presents an implemented computational model of word acquisition which learns directly from raw multimodal sensory input. Set in an information theoretic framework, the model acquires a lexicon by finding and statistically modeling consistent cross-modal structure. The model has been implemented in a system using novel speech processing, computer vision, and machine learning algorithms. In evaluations the model successfully performed speech segmentation, word discovery and visual categorization from spontaneous infant-directed speech paired with video images of single objects. These results demonstrate the possibility of using state-of-the-art techniques from sensory pattern recognition and machine learning to implement cognitive models which can process raw sensor data without the need for human transcription or labeling. © 2002 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors and Maternal Health Problems

Examined the impact of a range of health related constructs reflecting maternal physical symptomatology, health services utilization, subjective health status, depressed mood, medical-psychological complaints, and marital adjustment on children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in a community sample (N = 145). Physical symptomatology predicted a general second-order latent factor of children's behavior problems. Depressed mood predicted a primary latent factor of internalizing child behavior problems. Seizure symptoms, and more health problems in the last 4 years specifically predicted child psychosomatic complaints/anxiety. Thus, general physical symptoms predicted a broad spectrum of problem behaviors, whereas specific mental or physical health problems predicted similar distinct problem behavior syndromes. Implications of these results for identifying children at risk for psychopathology, and the relevance of social learning theory and a broader based family systems approach are discussed.
Phthalonitrile‐epoxy blends: Cure behavior and copolymer properties

Binary blends composed of 4,4′-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)biphenyl (biphenyl PN) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (epoxy resin) and oligomeric n = 4 phthalonitrile (n = 4 PN) and epoxy resin were prepared. The cure behavior of the blends was studied under dynamic and isothermal curing conditions using differential scanning calorimetry, simultaneous thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and rheological analysis. The studies revealed that phthalonitrile-epoxy blends exhibited good processability and that they copolymerized with or without the addition of curing additive. In the absence of curing additive, the blends required higher temperatures and longer cure times. The thermal and dynamic viscoelastic properties of amine-cured phthalonitrile-epoxy copolymers were examined and compared with those of the neat epoxy resin. The properties of the epoxy resin improved with increasing biphenyl PN content and with n = 4 PN addition. Specifically, the copolymers exhibited higher glass transition temperatures, increased thermal and thermo-oxidative stabililty, and enhanced dynamic mechanical properties relative to the commercially available epoxy resin. The results showed that the phthalonitrile-epoxy blends and copolymers have an attractive combination of processability and high temperature properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
The funnel algorithm and task level robot control

Traditionally the translation of a given task into robot actuator commands involves three translation steps: (i) Task level planning; given the task find the manipulated object's required motion. (ii) Robot motion planning; given the manipulated object's required motion find the desired robot arm trajectory. (iii) Robot controller; given the desired robot arm trajectory find the robot actuator commands. Furthermore, the robot controller is fixed and internal and is typically not modified in accordance with the expected interaction between the robot arm and the objects it is manipulating. Thus the fixed robot controller is a major handicap which limits the possible robot interactions and performance during such interactions. In this paper we suggest that the objectives of the robot controller be "elevated" from attaining robot arm level objectives to attaining task level objectives. Consistent with this view, the following new three step Funnel algorithm is suggested for the translation of a given task into robot actuator commands: (i) Partition the task into a sequence of local sub-tasks and local regions. (ii) Synthesize a feedback control law to achieve each sub-task locally. (iii) Apply the local feedback control law to obtain the required actuator commands. It is expected that using this funnel approach both the robot system performance and functionality can be improved.
Sixty years of microwave innovation, transformation, and call for globalization

In this paper, we will start by reviewing innovation and key milestones in the development of the microwave technology, followed by transformation in the playing field, and the final section discusses reasons for an urgent call for global competence in the preparation of future microwave engineering workforce.
Familial Cystic Teratomas: Four Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Mature cystic teratomas (MCTs) are some of the most common ovarian neoplasms in women of reproductive age. However, familial teratomas are exceedingly rare. We present 4 cases of dermoid cysts seen in a mother and her 3 daughters with left MCTs. None of the patients had symptoms at the time of diagnosis, but all of them were diagnosed in their twenties during an annual gynecologic examination. In this report, we elaborate on MCTs familial incidence, genetic linkage, theories of pathogenesis, diagnosis, complications, and surgical management. To our knowledge, after extensive review of the literature, there have been only 2 cases, in addition to the present case, of unilateral MCTs across generations reported.
Modeling the Effect of Transmit Power and Physical Carrier Sense in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

In this paper, we extend both Bianchi's and Kumar's models and characterize the channel activities governed by IEEE 802.11 DCF in multi-hop wireless networks from the perspective of an individual sender. In particular, we incorporate the effect of PHY/MAC attributes (such as transmit power and physical carrier sense) that need not be considered in WLANs but become extraordinarily important in multi-hop wireless networks, and derive the throughput attained by each sender. With the use of the analytical model derived, we investigate the impact of transmit power and carrier sense threshold on network capacity, and identify a simple operating condition under which the network may attain throughput that is close to its optimal value.
CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN OF WASHINGTON AND OREGON: DYNAMICS AND IMPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT: As of 1976 over 225,000 acres were being irrigated by center pivot units in a five-county area of the Columbia Basin in Oregon and Washington. Most of the development took place since 1970. Dynamic application of center pivot technology altered the concept of irrigability in the study area, converting lands that were often rolling, sandy, and plagued by wind erosion from low grade grazing to productive irrigated units. This development was entirely by private enterprise, with large corporate farms accounting for much of the effort. Little prior comprehensive planning or coordination took place. When the circulation of water is altered on such a massive scale, however, unplanned impacts may be far reaching. In this case they include:1) acceleration of the shift to high cost thermoelectric generation, 2) alteration of state institutions designed to allocate water, and 3) possible significant alterations of the socioeconomic fabric of small rural service centers.
Thermal ecology of juvenile steelhead in a warm-water environment

How salmonids adjust to the cost of chronic exposure to warm water in nature, par- ticularly in habitats where areas of cold water are unavailable, is largely unknown. In the hot dry climate of southern California, oversummering juvenile steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, can experience a continual warm-water environment. Studies were performed in three streams (34� N) during the summers of 2002-2004 to assess how steelhead (10-28 cm total length) exploit the thermal environment and to develop an under- standing of how existing preference and heat tolerance information reported for the species relate to the actual temperatures the local popu- lation experiences. Analyses of achievable body temperatures, an index of observed body tem- peratures, and behavioral time budgets, indicate steelhead did not behaviorally thermoregulate. Findings from associated field surveys suggest areas of cold water were not available. Steelhead held focal points at temperatures (17.4-24.8� C) that were at times higher than the temperature preferences and heat tolerances reported for the species. Oversummering juvenile steelhead accept an elevated body temperature and remain active and forage throughout the day, apparently as a means for coping with warm water at the southern extent of their range. The relatively high body temperatures that steelhead accept appear to represent a compromise in exchange for maintaining an expanded geographic (latitudinal) range.
Lattice Location Studies of 2D and 3He in W

Direct determinations of the lattice locations of implanted hydrogen and helium isotopes in tungsten single crystals have been made for the first time by means of ion channeling and ion induced nuclear reactions« Channeling angular distribution measurements along the axial and {100} and {110} planar directions indicate that the implanted 2D occupies the tetrahedral interstitial site in W. Similar measurements indicate that the implanted 3{He atoms are trapped at lattice vacancies in configurations consisting primarily of three helium atoms trapped at a vacancy with a possible smaller component consisting of two helium atoms trapped at a vacancy. The channeling data agree with independent calculations by Bisson and Wilson of the lattice locations of the He atoms in a vacancy.
Predicting protein-protein interactions using numerical associational features

We investigate the problem of predicting protein-protein interaction (PPI) using numerical features constructed from parent-child relation of a partial network constructed from known protein interactions. For each pair of proteins, we use a validation-based approach to normalize these features, which are based on association rule interestingness measures. The primary contribution of this work is the parametric normalization formula we derive and calibrate using data for the PPI task. This formula improves basic interestingness measures through taking sizes of itemset into account. Our derived itemset size-sensitive measures consider those rare but significant relationships among the children and the parents of set of proteins. We evaluate our work using k-nearest neighbor and rule-based classification approach.
Recalling Shared vs. Unshared Information Mentioned During Group Discussion: Toward Understanding Differential Repetition Rates:

University students participated in structured four-person group discussions in which they described to the group, and heard other group members describe, information pertaining to a to-be-made decision. Beforehand, participants had read all of the information that they themselves described, but only half of the information that they heard others describe. It was predicted and found that, following discussion, participants (a) better remembered the information that they heard others describe if they had already read that information prior to discussion, and (b) remembered best of all the information that they themselves described during discussion. These results suggest that the often-found tendency of groups to repeat more of the shared than unshared information that gets mentioned during unconstrained group discussions may be due in part to differences that exist in group members' ability to recall already-mentioned shared vs. unshared information.
Measurement and analysis of evaporation from an inactive outdoor swimming pool

Evaporation rates and total energy loads from an unoccupied, heated, outdoor pool in Fort Collins, Colorado were investigated. Pool and air temperatures, humidity, thermal radiation, wind speed, and water loss due to evaporation were measured over 21 test periods ranging from 1.1 to 16.2 hours during August and September, 1992. Data were analyzed and compared to commonly used evaporation rate equations, most notably that used in the ASHRAE Applications Handbook. Measured evaporation was 72% of the ASHRAE calculated value with near-zero wind velocity, and 82% of the ASHRAE value at 2.2 m/s wind velocity. A modified version of the ASHRAE equation was developed. Two overnight tests showed energy loss of 56% by evaporation, 26% by radiation, and 18% by convection. A correlation between radiation loss and temperatures was also found for the range of test conditions.