cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genesis of Genesis

What might be the oldest story that we can think of collectively as a civilization? Obviously, that must be the story of the beginning, whether it was ever told or written. If you are thinking of Earth or life, that’s far from the reality. Earth and life are the latest incidents that just happened to happen on a small rocky planet, but the story of the beginning goes back about 14 billion years. For thousands of years, this unequivocal need of humankind, the desire for an accurate account of the beginning, was somehow satisfied by the mythological diets sprinkled with religious faiths – the reason we have many versions of beginning, and none is better than the others. The rational and logical sequences of events that followed the random act of creation are now revealed through the baby steps of scientific quest that began hundreds of years ago. Today, we can narrate that story, even though this is a story that is being written continuously by the forces of nature on the fabric of the cosmos.
Designed for the Good of All: The Flushing Remonstrance and Religious Freedom in America

Designed for the Good of All: The Flushing Remonstrance and Religious Freedom in America by Tabetha Garman On December 27, 1657, the men of Flushing, Long Island, signed a letter of protest addressed to the Governor-Director of New Netherlands. Though the law of the colony demanded otherwise, the men of Vlissengen pledged to accept all persons into their township, regardless of their religious persuasion. Their letter, called the Flushing Remonstrance, not only defied the laws of one of the most powerful, religious governors of the colonial age, it articulated a concept of religious freedom that extended beyond the principles of any other contemporary document. Given its unique place in early American colonial history, why have historians not devoted more research to the Flushing Remonstrance? The answer to that question had roots in suppositions widely accepted in the academic community. This thesis addresses and refutes these assumptions in full historical context.
Heinz Body Anemia—An Ultrastructural Study. I. Heinz Body Formation

The ultrastructural changes in red blood cells exposed to phenylhydrazine, either in vivo or in vitro, are described. There is an age-dependent gradient of red cell sensitivity to this drug which includes the more mature reticulocytes as well as the population of circulating erythrocytes. Oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin and the formation of Heinz bodies, which constitute the major drug-induced lesion, are accompanied by a regular sequence of structural changes commencing in the central cytoplasm of erythrocytes and the drug-sensitive reticulocytes. These early changes often appear in close associaion with clusters of mitochondria. The initial morphologic lesion has an apparently crystalline structure and the significance of this stage is discussed. Heinz bodies grow by coalescence and condensation and finally come to lie just beneath the cell surface. Here they result in considerable distortion of cell shape and deformation of the plasma membrane. Thus, phenylhydrazine administration produces in red blood cells extensive ultrastructural alterations both in hemoglobin and in the cell membrane which may have considerable bearing on the fate of these cells in the circulation.
Drug Therapy of Dyslipidemia in the Elderly

Abnormal lipoprotein metabolism is an important and modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which has been shown in numerous studies to lead to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. As cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, management of dyslipidemia is a key component of primary and secondary risk-reduction strategies. Because ASCVD risk increases with age, as the population ages, many more people—particularly the elderly—will meet guideline criteria for drug treatment. Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) have an unequivocal benefit in reducing ASCVD risk across age groups for secondary prevention. However, the benefit of these drugs for primary prevention in those > 75 years of age remains controversial. We strongly believe that statins should be offered for primary prevention to all older individuals after a shared decision-making process that takes polypharmacy, frailty, and potential adverse effects into consideration. When considering statin therapy in the very old, competing risks of death, and therefore the likelihood that patients will live long enough to benefit from drug therapy, should inform this process. Combination therapies with ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors should be considered to facilitate the use of tolerable doses of statins. Future investigations of dyslipidemia therapies must appropriately include this at-risk population to identify optimal drugs and drug combinations that have a high benefit:risk ratio for the prevention of ASCVD in the elderly.
Decreased Spikelets 4 Encoding a Novel Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain-Containing Protein Is Involved in DNA Repair and Spikelet Number Determination in Rice

Spikelet number per panicle is a determinative factor of rice yield. DNA repair epigenetically alters the DNA accessibility, which can eventually regulate the transcription of the target genes. However, what and how DNA repair genes are related to rice spikelet development remains unknown. Here, we report the map-based cloning of a novel spikelet number gene DES4 encoding a tetratricopeptide domain-containing protein. DES4 is a close ortholog of Arabidopsis BRU1, which is functionally related to axillary meristem development. A single base pair deletion in the last exon of DES4 caused a premature stop of the resulting protein. The des4 mutant exhibited dwarf, reduced tiller, and spikelet numbers phenotypes, as well as hypersensitivity to genotoxic stresses, suggesting its essential role in DNA repair. DES4 is predominantly expressed in young panicles and axillary meristems, and DES4 protein is localized in nucleus. A set of DNA repair genes such as cyclins, KUs (KD subunits) and recombinases were differentially regulated in des4. Meanwhile, rice spikelet number genes LAX1, LAX2, and MOC1 were significantly down-regulated in des4. In morphology, des4 showed more severe reduction of spikelet numbers than lax1, lax2, and moc1, suggesting that DES4 may work upstream of the three genes.
Antitrust and Sports: Must Competition on the Field Displace Competition in the Market?

A casual glance at the daily newspapers would suggest that athletes and sports teams spend almost as much time squaring off in the courts as they do on the playing fields. Professional football players complain that the teams for which they play and the National Football League have conspired to impose illegal restraints on their ability to offer their services to other teams. A baseball team went to court to challenge the decision by the now-deposed Commissioner of Baseball to shift it from one division to another. College players, coaches, and universities all contend that various rules imposed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association are unlawful. The list seems endless.Principal among the theories asserted by plaintiffs in many of these cases is that these practices violate the antitrust laws. Yet, challenges in the sports world which assert claims arising under the antitrust laws are nothing new; indeed, they extend back over seven decades. Ever since, courts have sought to adjust the needs of athletes, teams, and sports leagues to the frequently conflicting goals of competition promoted by the antitrust laws. This Article will review many of these past disputes, as well as provide an overview for analysis of the new disputes, which inevitably will arise in the future.
Microvascular Craniomaxillofacial Reconstructive Bone Surgery

The ability to reconstruct defects with free tissue has dramatically improved the outcomes of patients with deficits of the head and neck. These vascularized bone grafts (VBGs) have dramatically improved the potential for reconstruction of complex defects of the mandible and maxilla following tumor ablation or severe trauma. VBGs utilizing microvascular free tissue transfer are at the top of the reconstructive ladder, providing vascularized tissue to defects of substantial size or suboptimal conditions such as areas of radiation, infection, and implantation. These flaps may be used for defects in the maxilla and/or mandible, depending on the defect’s size, location, and local tissues required. Numerous donor sites for free bone flaps have been described for this application, including the fibula, iliac crest, scapula, rib, and radial forearm. In addition to a comprehensive discussion of each, current and future trends in the field, such as CAD-CAM imaging, robotic surgery, and tissue engineering, are described in the present chapter.
Fractional Slot Concentrated Windings Interior Permanent Magnet Traction Motor With Modular Stator

Fractional slot concentrated windings interior permanent magnet synchronous motor was an attractive candidate due to its compact structure, high efficiency, high power density. This paper presents analysis of a fractional slot concentrated windings interior permanent magnet synchronous motor with modular stator for electric vehicles traction. First, the features of conventional integral slot distributed windings and fractional slot concentrated windings was illustrated and compared. Some importantly design consideration of proposed FSCW IPM traction motor were discussed. Finally, a design example was presented. The electromagnetic performance and effect of additional gap due to modular stator core were predicted and evaluated by finite element analysis.
Optimal configuration for stability and magnetic resonance imaging quality in temporary external fixation of tibial plateau fractures.

Abstract Introduction Temporary external fixation has been widely utilized in the stabilization of plateau fractures while waiting for an optimization of the soft tissue conditions before subsequent permanent internal fixation. Simultaneously, MRI is beneficial in the assessment of concomitant damage to ligaments and menisci so that these injuries could be promptly identified, and surgical planning executed at the time of definitive fixation of the bony injury. Increasing numbers of side-bars and pins have been previously suggested to increase frame rigidity, but at the same time, several studies have indicated the presence of MRI artifacts which may obscure key anatomical structures, even when MRI-compatible fixation devices are used. This study aims to identify, among six potential configurations, the construct that maximizes stability while most minimizing the number of MRI artifacts generated among different configurations commonly used. Hypothesis There is one or more configurations among the others that maximize stability while preserving a clinically acceptable level of MRI quality. Material and methods Six constructs were recreated on cadaveric specimens and identified by the disposition of the bars: H, Anterior, Flash, Hashtag, Rhomboid, and Diamond. Stage one evaluated the amount of artifact produced during MRI on instrumented cadaveric legs, as well as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at five specific regions of interest. Stage two assessed the amount of compressional and torsional stiffness of the configurations on bone surrogate models. Results Image artifacts were not detected within the knee joint for all considered constructs. In terms of SNR The H, Anterior, Hashtag, and Diamond configurations were not significantly different from their control (p > 0.366) while the others were significantly different (p 0.07) while the remaining configurations were significantly different (p Discussion An external fixator construct directly bridging the femur and tibia without interconnections is the most stable and produces MRI scans without image artifacts that would interfere with diagnostic quality. Level of evidence V, basic science study, diagnostic imaging and mechanical testing.
Evidence-Based Resilience Intervention for Nursing Students: a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Nursing students report chronic stress, and burnout is common. One factor related to lower burnout is resilience, though little research has studied resilience interventions in nursing students. This study had two objectives: 1) to examine the effects of a pilot resilience intervention, and 2) to investigate student attitudes about the intervention. This was a randomized controlled trial that took place from January 2017 – June 2017 at a Midwest university in the United States. First-year nursing students (N = 27) were randomly assigned to the intervention (N = 14) or control (N = 13) group. The intervention group participated in a five-week resilience intervention. Both groups completed three online surveys (before, immediately after the intervention, and three months later). Using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare pre- and post-intervention scores, neither group reported significant changes in resilience or the burnout facet of cynicism. The burnout facets of exhaustion and professional efficacy significantly decreased in the intervention group, but not the control group. Participants reported satisfaction with the intervention, though most wanted more hands-on activities. This resilience intervention may be valuable for reducing burnout in nursing students, but interventions should first conduct a needs assessment.
“It’s Like Plan B but for HIV!” Design and Evaluation of a Media Campaign to Drive Demand for PEP

Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is an effective yet underutilized HIV prevention tool. PEPTALK developed and evaluated a media campaign to drive demand for PEP among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) living in high HIV prevalence areas in New York City. Formative qualitative research (38 in-depth interviews and five focus groups [N = 48]) with Black or African-American MSM or TW who reported condomless sex with a HIV-positive/unknown status man was conducted to inform campaign design. We assessed the impact of the campaign, 15 bus shelter ads and low or no-cost social media, by assessing change in the proportions of new PEP patient visits, to the clinical site where the campaign directed consumers, using one-sided z-test for proportions, before and after the media campaign. The proportion of new PEP patients increased significantly after the media campaign in the periods examined, suggesting that such campaigns may increase PEP demand.
Effects of Gamification on Behavioral Change in Education: A Meta-Analysis.

Background: Gamified reward systems, such as providing digital badges earned for specific accomplishments, are related to student engagement in educational settings. The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analytic review to quantify the effects of gamified interventions on student behavioral change. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed using the following databases: The Academic Search Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Education Source, ERIC, Library Information Science & Technology Abstracts, and PsycINFO. Inclusion in the review required: (a) peer-reviewed conducted between 2010 and 2019, (b) experimental controlled design, (c) gamification elements, and (d) educational setting. Results: Using a random-effects model, a statistically significant (Cohen’s d (ES) = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.62) gamification effect was evidenced by moderate and positive grand effects sizes (ES). Gamification effects were higher with adults in higher education (ES = 0.95) than K-12 students (ES = 0.92). Brief interventions delivered in days or less than 1 week were significantly more effective (ES = 1.57) than interventions lasting up to 20 weeks (ES = 0.30). Interventions incorporating gamification elements across years (ES = −0.20) was adversely associated with behavioral change. Conclusions: Findings suggest that short-term over longer-term gamified interventions might be a promising way to initiate changes in learner’s behaviors and improve learning outcome.
Advances in the treatment of platinum resistant epithelial ovarian cancer: an update on standard and experimental therapies.

Introduction: Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC) is broadly defined as disease recurrence within 6 months of completing platinum-based chemotherapy, either in the primary or recurrent setting...
Use of Race in Kidney Research and Medicine.

Black Americans and other racially and ethnically minoritized individuals are disproportionately burdened by higher morbidity and mortality from kidney disease when compared to their White peers. Yet kidney researchers and clinicians have struggled to fully explain or rectify causes of these inequalities. Many studies have sought to identify hypothesized genetic and/or ancestral origins of biologic or behavioral deficits as singular explanations for racial and ethnic inequalities in kidney health. However, these approaches reinforce essentialist beliefs that racial groups are inherently biologically and behaviorally different. These approaches also often conflate the complex interactions of individual level biological differences with aggregated population level disparities that are due to structural racism (i.e., sociopolitical policies and practices which created and perpetuate harmful health outcomes through inequities of opportunities and resources). We review foundational misconceptions about race, racism, genetics, and ancestry that shape research and clinical practice with a focus on kidney disease and related health outcomes. We also provide recommendations on how to embed key equity-enhancing concepts, terms, and principles into research, clinical practice, and medical publishing standards.
Adlattice structure and hydrophobicity of Pt (111) in aqueous potassium iodide solutions: Influence of pH and electrode potential

Abstract Measurements by means of Auger spectroscopy and LEED of the composition and structure of Pt (111) surfaces after immersion into aqueous iodide solutions are reported as a function of pH and electrode potential. Voltammetric current for reductive desorption of halogen was observed near −0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference). Comparison of the coulometric charge for halogen reductive desorption with the original packing density of iodine determined by Auger spectroscopy revealed that a one-electron reduction of the halogen had occurred: I(adsorbed) + e− → I−. The packing density of I atoms was a function of electrode potential, declining at the negative extreme of potential due to the reductive elimination process and also declining at the positive extreme of potential due to oxidation of the adsorbed halogen atoms and of the Pt surface. On the basis of LEED data, the halogen layer was found to be ordered in registry with the Pt (111) surface. The halogen adlattice structure was potential dependent: a (3 × 3) adlattice (ΘI = 4/9) at relatively positive potentials; a adlattice (Θ1 = 3/7) at potentials in mid-range; a adlattice (ΘI = 1/3) at relatively negative potentials; and a virtually halogen-free surface at potentials approaching the negative limit. The pH dependence of iodine adsorption was relatively slight, evidently because strong adsorption of halogen suppressed adsorption of OH and related species. The Pt (111)(3 × 3)-I and Pt (111) surfaces were remarkably hydrophobic, while the Pt surface was distinctly hydrophilic. Ionic species were not retained to a measurable degree at the hydrophobic surface, although normal retention of solution films and ions occurred at the surface in its hydrophilic states.
Structural and biosynthetic studies of the granule membrane protein, GMP-140, from human platelets and endothelial cells.

Abstract GMP-140 is an integral membrane glycoprotein of apparent Mr = 140,000 located in secretory storage granules of platelets and vascular endothelial cells. When these cells are activated, GMP-140 redistributes from the membrane of the granules to the plasma membrane. To gain insight into the potential function of GMP-140, we examined aspects of its structure and biosynthesis. The amino acid composition of platelet GMP-140 revealed elevated numbers of cystinyl (6.1%), prolinyl (7.2%), and tryptophanyl (2.1%) residues. GMP-140 contained 28.8% carbohydrate by weight, distributed among N-acetylneuraminic acid, neutral sugar, and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Enzymatic removal of N-linked oligosaccarides reduced the protein's apparent Mr by more than 50,000. The biosynthesis of GMP-140 in HEL cells, which share biochemical features with megakaryocytes, was studied by pulse-chase labeling with [35S]cysteine followed by immunoprecipitation. HEL cells synthesized a heterogeneous GMP-140 precursor of 98-125 kDa which converted to a mature 140-kDa form within 40-60 min. Removal of high mannose oligosaccarides by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H treatment reduced the apparent Mr of the precursor but not the mature protein. Tunicamycin-treated HEL cells synthesized three to four precursors of 80-92 kDa, suggesting the possibility of heterogeneity of GMP-140 at the protein level. Exposure of activated platelets to proteases followed by Western blotting indicated that most of the mass of GMP-140 was located on the extracytoplasmic side of the membrane. Our studies indicate that GMP-140 is a cysteine-rich, heavily glycosylated protein with a large extracytoplasmic domain. These features are compatible with a receptor function for the molecule when it is exposed on the surface of activated platelets and endothelial cells.
Suppression and potentiation of mouse hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation by ouabain

Clonal assays for CFU-S, CFU-C, BFU-E, and CFU-E were employed to evaluate the effect of ouabain on the proliferation of mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells. Preincubation of bone marrow cells with ouabain at concentrations of 10–6–10–12 M suppressed the proliferation of CFU-S as measured by the spleen colony assay. At 10–9M ouabain, spleen colony formation was inhibited by more than 95%. When included in soft agar cultures of bone marrow cells, ouabain suppressed the proliferation of CFU-C in a complex fashion. At 10–4M ouabain, colony formation was suppressed by 70%, while at 10–6M ouabain, CFU-C proliferation was normal. At 10–9M ouabain, however, the number of colonies formed was only 70% of normal, and complete recovery was not obtained at 10–12M ouabain. The number of colonies formed by BFU-E and CFU-E in plasma clot cultures was also diminished in the presence of 10–4M ouabain. In contrast to its effect on CFU-S and CFU-C, however, 10–9M ouabain enhanced BFU-E colony formation by 200% and CFU-E colony formation by 35%; at 10–12M ouabain, CFU-E proliferation was unaffected by the drug. These data indicate that mouse CFU-S, CFU-C, BFU-E, and CFU-E require a functional membrane-bound Na+K+ATPase for proliferation; that these progenitor cells differ in their response to ouabain and finally, that ouabain at concentrations below that (10–6M) considered necessary to inhibit membrane-bound Na+K+ ATPase can influence the proliferation of mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells.
The major subunit of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor can function alone as a receptor.

Abstract Mammalian hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) are composed of two unique, but closely related polypeptides, which in the rat are designated rat hepatic lectins 1 and 2/3 (RHL 1, RHL 2/3). Despite numerous studies, the composition of a functional ASGP-R has remained unclear. We examined this question in rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells (which lack endogenous ASGP-R) that were co-transfected with cDNAs for both RHL 1 and RHL 2/3. The original population was cloned, but derivatives were unstable. We therefore used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to separate a subpopulation of cells (positive) that specifically endocytosed fluoresceinated asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) from one that did not (negative). We then used indirect immunofluorescence with polypeptide-specific ASGP-R antibodies, immunoanalysis, and binding and uptake studies with two Gal ligands (ASOR and NAc-galactosylated poly-L-lysine (Gal-Lys] to further define the ASGP-R status in these two populations. As reported by others, we found that expression of both RHL 1 and RHL 2/3 in the positive cells resulted in binding, uptake and degradation of ASOR, the most commonly used ASGP-R ligand. The negative cells expressed only RHL 1 and neither bound nor processed ASOR. However, the presence of RHL 1 was sufficient for specific high affinity binding and processing of the synthetic ligand, Gal-Lys, by negative cells. These results show that RHL 1 can function as an ASGP-R, given a highly galactosylated ligand, and that RHL 2/3 must play an important role in the organization of native ASGP-R in the membrane.
Valvular Heart Disease

The diagnosis and management of valvular heart disease is challenging and requires a knowledge of the relevant historical clues, appreciation of salient physical exam findings, and the ability to critically interpret imaging and invasive hemodynamic data. This chapter will focus on diagnosis of the valve disorders most frequently encountered in the care of patients on the cardiac ward.
Evidence for transformational faulting from a deep double seismic zone in Tonga

DOUBLE seismic zones, planes or earthquakes parallel to the dip of a subducting slab and separated by 20–40 km, provide important clues about the earthquake generating mechanisms and strain distribution inside subducting slabs. Double seismic zones have been found at intermediate depths (70–200 km) in many subduction zones1–6 but have not been previously reported in deep slabs. Here, by relocating earthquakes with a hypocentroidal decomposition technique7 and visualizing the earthquake positions and uncertainties in three dimensions, we identify a double seismic zone at depths of 350–460 km in the Tonga subduction zone. Source parameters of the earthquakes determined by waveform analysis suggest different stress orientations for the two zones, with in-plane compression in the lower zone and in-plane tension in the upper zone. The double zone may be due to transformational faulting, as olivine along the edges of a metastable olivine wedge becomes warmer and transforms to spinel8–11.
Nonstationary Response of Structures with Closely Spaced Frequencies

The response statistics are examined for linear structures subjected to nonstationary stochastic input. Modal expansions are used and attention is on the mean square, mean zero‐upcrossing rate, and bandwidth of the response. The analysis begins with an exact derivation of the covariances of the response and its Hilbert transform in terms of stationary statistics. The resulting expressions are found to be lengthy double integrals. Then, approximations for these statistics are developed for lightly damped structures with closely spaced natural frequencies. These approximations, which are in terms of simple convolution integrals, are generalizations of previous results for oscillator response. It is found that the expressions for the modal cross‐covariances have a different form from those of the modal auto‐covariances. It is also shown that the nonstationary responses can have time‐varying mean zero‐upcrossing rates and mean‐square responses that are highly dependent on the modal participation factors. A co...
Supramolecular chemistry: fluorine makes a difference.

Introducing fluorine into the chemical formula of self-assembling supramolecular systems usually makes for more stable and robust lattices. Now a dendron molecule has been found for which fluorination brings about a change in the self-assembly motif and an unexpected supramolecular architecture.
Muonic X-rays from liquid hydrogen

Abstract We have observed Lyman radiation from the muonic atoms formed when a beam of muons stops in a liquid hydrogen target. Energies for these X-rays lie in the range 1.9–2.5 keV. Our results are consistent with a ratio of K α Σ K = 0.7 ± 0.2 . In addition, we searched for X-rays from pionic hydrogen by stopping negative pions in liquid hydrogen. No clear evidence for pionic X-rays was found.
CHRONIC CYSTIC MASTITIS AND STERILITY

DURING the past decade it has been repeatedly demonstrated that the growth and development of the breast is largely dependent upon the ovarian hormones. In general, it has been accepted that estrogen mediates the development of the mammary ducts, and progesterone, the development of the lobular alveoli (23, 28). In animals with a persistent corpus luteum, the mammary gland shows extensive development, while in those with a short or absent luteal phase, the breast development is limited to the ducts. The modus operandi of the sex hormones upon breast development is not as yet entirely clear. It had been thought that the action was a direct one, but the failure of estrogens and androgens to develop mammary tissue in hypophysectomized animals, and the rapid occurrence of mammary involution following hypophysectomy (28), emphasized the importance of the pituitary in the development of the breast. The discovery of a mammogenic factor (36) in the pituitaries of animals receiving ovarian hormones (11), and the s...
Risk of occult irresectable disease at liver resection for hepatic colorectal cancer metastases: a contemporary analysis.

Introduction Traditionally, rates of irresectable disease at laparotomy for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) have ranged from 15 to 70%. Diagnostic laparoscopy has been shown to be effective at preventing nontherapeutic laparotomy in selected patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the resectability rate and role of diagnostic laparoscopy in a contemporary cohort.
Modern dynamics and classical analysis

Nonlinear effects in ordinary and partial differential equations can result in a wide variety of phenomena ranging from strange attractors to solitons. Despite their great diversity, many nonlinear equations have certain fundamental properties in common which are revealed by studying the types of singularities their solutions can exhibit. Many of the mathematical tools required for this study can be found in the classical literature.
Some human problems in industrial sales forecasting

Abstract Forecasters and users of forecasts often assume that their problems are technical in nature. This article points out some nontechnical problems that often plague forecast users and preparers and suggests means of overcoming the nontechnical dilemmas.
Shock-induced color changes in nontronite: Implications for the Martian fines

Riverside nontronite, a candidate for the major mineral in the Martian fines, becomes both redder and darker upon shock loading between 180 and 300 kbar. The change from olive-yellow (2.5 Y 6/6) to strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6) in the 300-kbar sample brackets the range of color observed at the Viking lander sites. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical, infrared, and ^(57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy were applied to understand the physical basis of the color change. The Riverside nontronite experienced partial dehydroxylation, probably due to shock-induced heating, that changed the coordination of the Fe3+ in the octahedral layer of the clay to a mixture of 4- and 6-fold or a distorted 5-fold coordination. These changes in the clay cause the O^(2−)-Fe^(3+) charge transfer absorption edge to shift from the near ultraviolet into the visible, producing a redder and darker phase. The absorption spectra of both impacted and nonimpacted Riverside nontronite contains the basic features of the reflectance spectra of the bright regions of Mars: a steep drop in absorption from the near UV into the visible and a featureless near IR region. Calculations indicate that significant impact induced color changes (and dehydration) can occur on Mars, though it seems likely that the mechanism would be more effective, volumetrically, at producing variations in color rather than affecting the absolute color.
The Role of Religiosity in Business and Consumer Ethics: A Review of the Literature

In 1949 Culliton noted that “… religion has something to offer business” (Culliton, 1949, p. 265). While religion definitely does have something to offer business, especially business ethics, it is only recently that empirical research linking religiosity and business ethics has been conducted. Indeed, religiosity affords a background, against which the ethical nature of business, including marketing and consumer behavior, can be interpreted. This article offers a descriptive, rather than normative, perspective in reviewing articles linking religion to business and consumer ethics. The main objective of the article being both to present some of the most significant empirical findings to date and also to encourage researchers to pursue further research in this relatively under researched area.
Structural and performance predictions for an active composite panel

Successful use of smart materials or derives requires an understanding of the performance characteristics of the combination of smart and passive components. Synergistic material and geometric interactions often produce complex performance characteristics. Computational simulations which explicitly include material components are often required for accurate performance predictions. A performance evaluation is completed for a multilayered composite panel designed for acoustic suppression. The panel contains multiple pistons. Each piston consists of an array of actuators which support an alumina head mass plate. The alumina plate is designed to deliver uniform displacement with movement of the actuators. The panel design features a graphite composite box which functions as both a base plate for the active panel and as housing for the power electronics required for plate activation. ABAQUS, a commercial finite element code, is used for deformation and structural integrity analyses. Performance issues addressed are: (1)Final surface displacement and flatness of the top surface. (2) Loss of actuator authority resulting from intermediate layers of passive materials. (3) Changes in performance due to changes in interfacial layer characteristics. (4) Changes in performance due to changes in operating temperatures. (5) Internal stress and strain levels in each of the component materials.
A simplified ring-vortex downburst model

Three dimensional incompressible vortex rings are used to model downburst flow field, and modifications are made to express the induced velocities analytically. As a result, this three dimensional downburst model can be used in trajectory optimization, as well as in flight simulations. Two such vortex rings are superposed to match the JAWS AB Corridor wind profiles and the DFW Downburst wind profiles. Model parameters are determined through nonlinear least square fit.
Infrared spectroscopic studies on metal carbonyl compounds. XI. Study of the spectrum of 13CO-enriched molybdenum hexacarbonyl

Abstract By the enrichment of the 13CO content of Mo(CO)6 to 68 percent the CO stretching frequencies of Mo(12CO)5(13CO) have been measured. Using these data the infrared inactive CO stretching frequencies and the nonrigorous (factored off) CO stretching force constants of Mo(12CO)6 have been determined (Table 1). The ratio of the dipole moment gradients of 12CO and 13CO ligands has been obtained and the CO stretching frequencies and relative band intensities all Mo(12CO)6−n(13CO)n (n=1 … 6) molecules calculated.
Response to James

Scott James is gutsy to attempt a refutation of the power of district-level constituency interests on regulatory policy voting in an arena like railroad policy. I believe that his case is weak, but I want to emphasize that party and district political economy interests are intimately interrelated. Party is, as the author argues, a powerful ( the most powerful) coalitional mechanism. Representatives often support positions that represent the preferences of party colleagues and not their own, in order to win or maintain political control and support for critical policies, so long as those “vote trading” issues do not represent central concerns at home. Thus southern agrarians included important labor provisions in the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act in order to get the support of Northern Democrats who had already loyally backed the (agrarian) Democratic position on the tariff bill of 1913. On such a vote, representing an intraparty, biregional coalition bargain, party will naturally “predict” voting positions better than region. But the legislative history leaves little doubt from whence each policy (labor, tariff, and antitrust) originated.
Measuring student's ability to find and use high quality information: Developing standardized assessments

Students consistently struggle to locate, evaluate and apply high quality information to solve open-ended problems they come across in their engineering courses. Internet search engines identify millions of Web pages that match generic searches, but frequently, the resources they return are superficial and targeted toward selling products, rather than providing useful, relevant information to inform a problem. Additionally, students often take information at face value, rather than attempting to determine the authority or validity of the source. As a result, students compose superficial papers, frequently just summarizing the more or less relevant sources that appear first in a cursory web search. In order to assess student abilities and their work products, the authors developed two assessments of students' abilities to recognize appropriate information sources and their application in a written document. The first instrument is a two-tiered multiple choice/short answer test, CELT (Critical Engineering Literacy Test), which provides a scenario-based engineering-contextualized format for probing students' ability to recognize and explain appropriate search strategies, sources of information, acknowledgement of sources, and application of information to support an argument. The second instrument is a qualitative coding protocol, InfoSEAD, which can be applied to student research projects to determine how well they used appropriate information sources in an appropriate manner, and acknowledged those sources in an ethical manner. Using these tools, instructors can assess student skills and provide specific, targeted instruction and feedback to improve student performance.
Comparison of angiographic and postmortem findings in patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract The accuracy of coronary cineangiography in predicting the degree of stenosis in coronary arteries was evaluated by comparing autopsy and premortem cineangiographic findings in 25 patients. Coronary cineangiograms and autopsy specimens were reviewed independently by two cardiologists and two pathologists. Identical diagrams dividing the coronary arteries into 12 segments were used by both groups to record the location and degree of stenosis observed. Cineangiographic findings were in agreement with pathologic findings (less than 25 percent difference in cross-sectional luminal area) in 178 (79 percent) of the 226 segments examined, but overestimated the degree of stenosis in 13 (6 percent) and underestimated it in 34 (15 percent). Thus, cineangiography appears to be a reliable tool in evaluating coronary artery disease. When diagnostic errors are made, they are usually underestimations of the degree of disease; common causes of error are circumferential stenosis, eccentric lesions, obstruction of view by artificial valves and poor opacification due to severe proximal stenosis.
The expanding use of third-generation aromatase inhibitors: what the general internist needs to know.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer patients represent the largest group of adult cancer survivors in the US. Most breast cancers in women 50 years of age and older are hormone receptor positive. Third generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the newest class of drugs used in treating hormone responsive breast cancer. It is often during start of adjuvant hormone therapy that the breast cancer patient establishes (or reestablishes) close follow-up with their general internist.
Steady state flux—flux correlation functions for elementary processes

Abstract We provide a simple derivation of the flux-flux correlation functions for a system of elementary processes governed by a master equation. A particularly simple expression for the spectral density of the flux-flux correlation function is given, which is shown to be useful computationally. The general formulae are illustrated with several examples related to membrane current noise. The relationship between these formulae and those obtained by Frehland are discussed.
The Impact of Arbitration Intervention Services on Psychosocial Functioning: A Follow-Up Study.

Abstract We report the impact of case management services on drug use and self-reported delinquency for youths involved in a clinical trial of the Juvenile Arbitration program. The project evaluated an innovative intervention service providing 16 weeks of intensive case management services to youths and their families. The present study examines interview data for 137 youths who agreed to participate in a follow-up interview, conducted approximately 11 months after the baseline interview. The results indicate that youths receiving case management services did not experience significantly lower rates of drug use and related effects during the follow-up period than youths receiving usual services, nor did they experience significantly lower rates of involvement in self-reported delinquency. Psychopathy measures had a significant main effect on self-reported delinquency during the follow-up period, regardless of group assignment.
The immigrant family: cultural legacies and cultural changes.

"This article examines the way family and kinship patterns change in the process of immigration--and why. Offering an interpretative synthesis, it emphasizes the way first generation immigrants to the United States fuse together the old and new to create a new kind of family life. The family is seen as a place where there is a dynamic interplay between structure, culture, and agency. New immigrant family patterns are shaped by cultural meanings and social practices immigrants bring with them from their home countries as well as social, economic and cultural forces in the United States."
MicroRNAs Are Involved in Homocysteine-Induced Cardiac Remodeling

Elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy) called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is one of the major risk factors for chronic heart failure. Although the role of Hcy in cardiac remodeling is documented, the regulatory mechanism involved therein is still nebulous. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and dicer have been implicated in regulation of cardiovascular diseases. Dicer is the only known enzyme involved in miRNA maturation. We investigated the involvement of dicer and miRNA in Hcy-induced cardiac remodeling. HL-1 cardiomyocytes were cultured in different doses of Hcy. Total RNA was isolated and RT-PCR and real-time PCR was performed for dicer, MMP-2,-9, TIMP-1,-3, and NOX-4. MiRNA microarray was used for analyzing the differential expression of miRNAs. Individual miRNA assay was also done. Western blotting was used to assess the MMP-9 expression in HHcy cardiomyocytes. The RT-PCR results suggest that dicer expression is enhanced in HHcy cardiomyocytes suggesting its involvement in cardiac remodeling caused due to high dose of Hcy. On the other hand, high dose of Hcy increased NOX-4 expression, a marker for oxidative stress. Additionally, HHcy cardiomyocytes showed elevated levels of MMP-2,-9 and TIMP-1,-3, and reduced expression of TIMP-4, suggesting cardiac remodeling due to oxidative stress. The miRNA microarray assay revealed differential expression of 11 miRNAs and among them miR-188 show dramatic downregulation. These findings suggest that dicer and miRNAs especially miR-188 are involved in Hcy-induced cardiac remodeling.
The association of mentoring with psychosocial development among male athletes at termination of college career

Abstract Male athletes' and a matched group of nonathletes' occupational plans, identity and intimacy scores, and level of mentoring were assessed at the end of the college career. No significant between-group differences existed with regard to identity, intimacy, or occupational plan. In accordance with predictions. mentoring was positively related in multiple regression analyses to athletes' intimacy score, and a coach was the most frequent mentor of athletes. In partial support of predictions, athletes reported a greater frequency of mentoring than nonathletes when mentoring was nonempirically appraised but not when empirically assessed. Results contradict Nelson's (1983) hypothesis of an “athletic identity” while findings support Blann's (1985) contention that athletes are developmentally on par with non-athletes by the end of the collegiate career. Mentoring is concluded to be a potentially useful paradigm from which to examine the coach-athlete relationship.
Teacher-involved conversations with young children during small group activity

This qualitative study examines the conversations of two preschool teachers with two‐ and three‐year‐old children during small‐group activity settings in two high‐quality child development centers. Using interviews, observations and videotaping of small‐group activities, the conversations are characterized in terms of the kind and function of language, the usage of cognitive demands and the reciprocal nature of these conversations. The findings indicate that teachers use declarative statements primarily to manage instruction and encourage language development. While teachers control most conversations, teacher–child reciprocity is evident and more genuine in authentic, teacher‐guided activities. In both classrooms, the language during small‐group activities is characterized as having low cognitive demands. Teachers and teacher educators need to be more cognizant of their language, including its purpose and opportunities to facilitate cognitively challenging conversations with young children. Recommendatio...
The effect of excipients on the stability of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate tablets

Levothyroxine tablets, 50 microg, have been marketed for many decades but have had numerous recalls due to degradation and failure to meet potency. These experiments were devised to study the effects of various excipients on the stability of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate in aqueous slurries and in formulated tablets. The active alone was found to be stable in the solid state for 6 months at 40 degrees C/75% RH whether stored in open or closed containers, and was found to be non-hygroscopic under normal processing conditions (>30% RH). In aqueous slurries with an excipient, the stability of the active improved as the pH of the slurry was increased from pH 3 to 11. Tablets manufactured with lactose anhydrous, starch, or microcrystalline cellulose failed to meet USP assay requirements at 3 months at 40 degrees C/75% RH. Tablets manufactured with dibasic calcium phosphate or mannitol met USP assay requirements at 3, but not 6 months when stored at 40 degrees C/75% RH. Tablets manufactured with dibasic calcium phosphate and a basic pH modifier, such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or magnesium oxide, met the USP assay requirements at both 3 and 6 months. Thus, the use of basic pH modifiers is a potential technique for improving the stability of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate tablets.
Vacuum system for the semi-automatic degassing of solvents.

A semi-automatic system capable of quickly degassing large amounts of solvent is described.