cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-isothermal transformation kinetics: Application to metastable phases

Abstract Constant heating rate differential scanning calorimetry is frequently employed to study the kinetics of transitions from metastable phases and, in particular, crystallization of metallic glasses. Such data are analyzed by the Kissinger method, which was originally devised for the study of homogeneous reactions. The consensus in the literature, until recently, was that such applications (i.e. to heterogeneous solid state transformations) of the Kissinger method are not valid. We address the principal objections to these applications and provide alternative derivations of recent theoretical results which demonstrate that the Kissinger method is valid for heterogeneous reactions of the type described by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation in the isothermal case. Isothermal and constant heating rate data on transformation of metastable NiP powders are presented. These experimental results and the discussions presented here help to clarify the effects of incubation times in non-isothermal transformation kinetics and provide a further demonstration of validity of the generalized Johnson-Mehl-Avrami theory for the description of heterogeneous solid state transformations.
Octahedral metal carbonyls 70. Competitive mechanisms for displacement by 1-hexene of n-heptane from the photogenerated [(n-heptane)Cr(CO)5] transient☆

We report data which indicate that replacement by 1-hexene of n-heptane from [(hep)Cr(CO) 5 ] produced after pulsed laser flash photolysis takes place by competitive associative and dissociative pathways
Estrogen receptor alpha 46 is reduced in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells and re-expression inhibits cell proliferation and estrogen receptor alpha 66-regulated target gene transcription

Resistance to endocrine therapy is a major clinical problem in breast cancer. The role of ERalpha splice variants in endocrine resistance is largely unknown. We observed reduced protein expression of an N-terminally truncated ERalpha46 in endocrine-resistant LCC2, LCC9, and LY2 compared to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Transfection of LCC9 and LY2 cells with hERalpha46 partially restored growth inhibition by TAM. Overexpression of hERalpha46 in MCF-7 cells reduced estradiol (E(2))-stimulated endogenous pS2, cyclin D1, nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), and progesterone receptor transcription. Expression of oncomiR miR-21 was lower in TAM-resistant LCC9 and LY2 cells compared to MCF-7 cells. Transfection with ERalpha46 altered the pharmacology of E(2) regulation of miR-21 expression from inhibition to stimulation, consistent with the hypothesis that hERalpha46 inhibits ERalpha activity. Established miR-21 targets PTEN and PDCD4 were reduced in ERalpha46-transfected, E(2)-treated MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, ERalpha46 appears to enhance endocrine responses by inhibiting selected ERalpha66 responses.
Making Room for People: Choice, Voice and Livability in Residential Places Edited by Lei Qu and Evert Hasselaar

Lei Qu and Evert Hasselaar (Eds.), Making Room for People: Choice, Voice and Livability in Residential Places (Amsterdam: Techne Press, 2011).This slim volume covers a great deal of territory, from...
Cross-reactive murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the core/lipid A region of endotoxin inhibit production of tumor necrosis factor.

Abstract Two murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the core/lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) were derived from mice immunized with either Escherichia coli J5 or Salmonella minnesota Ra, Rb, Rc, or Re heat-killed organisms or LPS. These mAbs were selected on the basis of their ability to cross-react against a panel of gram-negative bacterial LPS using Western immunotransblot analysis. We hypothesized that these anti-LPS mAbs directed against the conserved core region of LPS would inhibit LPS-induced macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by neutralizing LPS derived from different gram-negative bacteria. To test this hypothesis, unelicited peritoneal macrophages were treated with either mAb 5G11 (deep core/lipid A specificity, broad LPS cross-reactivity) or mAb 5B11 (intermediate core specificity, limited LPS cross-reactivity). Macrophages were then challenged with a panel of LPS, and TNF activity was measured by the use of the L929 cytotoxicity assay. MAb 5G11 significantly inhibited TNF production against a panel of different types of LPS, but mAb 5B11 did not. In addition, mAb 5G11 did not inhibit TNF production due to isolated lipid A stimulation, suggesting that mAb 5G11 neutralized LPS by binding primarily to the deep core region of LPS. MAb 5G11 was also able to inhibit TNF production if added within 10 min of LPS stimulation but had no effect at 30 min, suggesting that macrophage stimulation may be irreversible during even the early stages of the response to LPS. These findings provide further evidence that cross-reactive epitopes within the deep core/lipid A region of LPS are highly associated with the biologically mediated effects of LPS and provide a rationale for the clinical use of anti-LPS mAbs which may inhibit the deleterious host mediator-induced effects of endotoxemia.
A mechanism of crack branching in polymethyl methacrylate and the origin of the bands on the surfaces of fracture

At low crack velocities the fracture of high molecular weight polymethyl methacrylate occurs by the separation of a thin craze layer ahead of, and coplanar with, the propagating crack tip. Above some critical velocity, about 400 m sec−1 at room temperature, craze branching or bifurcation is initiated. The craze branching does not cause any detectable surface roughening of the fracture surface until the crack tip stress is sufficient to initiate cracks in the craze branches. At this stage the formation of the branching craze-cracks causes surface roughening (bands or striations), a deceleration of the main fracture and a drop in the stress amplitude around the crack tip which is below that necessary to initiate branching crazes. The fracture then reverts back to the simpler mechanism, with no surface roughening. The repetition of this process gives rise to the banded appearance of the fracture surface.
On Galerkin models for transport in groundwater

The Galerkin finite element model (GFEM) may provide oscillatory results when employed to predict contaminant transport in groundwater unless a very fine mesh is used. Adaptation of a very fine mesh may make the application of the GFEM impractical to field problems. The Petrov-Galerkin finite element models (PGFEMs) can provide oscillation free results for relatively coarser mesh. However, the PGFEM violates the Galerkin principle and introduces large ''numerical'' dispersion. The objective of this paper has been to develop accurate criteria to improve the applicability of the GFEM to obtain oscillation free accurate results for coarser mesh and compare its performance with that of the PGFEM. It has been shown that the GFEM provides oscillation free accurate results for coarser mesh with Peclet number Pe =< 20. Further, the GFEM prediction has always been more accurate than the PGFEM for a variety of source configurations and flow fields.
Confirmation of gentamicin and neomycin in milk by weak cation-exchange extraction and electrospray ionization/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.

A new procedure for the confirmation of two aminoglycoside antibiotics in milk was developed and validated. This work is among the early applications of ion trap mass spectrometry for regulatory methodology, and it incorporates a novel weak cation-exchange extraction. The procedure was validated for the confirmation of both gentamicin and neomycin at 30 ng ml−1 and above. Milk is first treated with acid and centrifuged. The supernate, excluding the fat layer, is buffered with sodium citrate to neutral pH. The extract is applied to a weak cation-exchange solid-phase extraction column. Aminoglycosides are eluted with acidified methanol. Following separation by ion-pair liquid chromatography, analytes are ionized with an electrospray interface. Protonated molecular ions are selectively stored in an ion trap mass spectrometer, then collisionally dissociated to yield unique product ion spectra. Confirmation is based on matching spectral responses between samples and comparison standards consisting of a bona fide standard spiked into control extracts. Method performance was demonstrated with replicate samples of control milk, fortified milk, and milk containing incurred residues of each compound. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary bladder neck obstruction

Primary bladder neck obstruction is not uncommon in young and middle age men. The symptoms are confounding and routine urologic investigation including cystometry, uroflow, voiding cystourethrography and cystourethroscopy often leads to an erroneous diagnosis of “psychogenic voiding dysfunction”, “neurogenic bladder” or “prostatitis”. An accurate diagnosis can be obtained by the simultaneous measurement of detrusor pressure and uroflow, preferably accompanied by radiographic visualization of the lower urinary tract during micturition. Treatment with bladder neck incision is usually curative, but often results in retrograde ejaculation.
β-adrenergic receptor activity of cerebral microvessels in experimental diabetes mellitus

The effect of diabetes mellitus on β -adrenergic receptor number ( B max ), receptor-cyclase coupling and adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was determined in cerebral microvessels isolated from control and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats after 5 weeks of induction of diabetes. Scatchard analysis of [ 125 I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding indicated that the B max (fmol/mg) in diabetic rat cerebral microvessels (63.8 ± 4.8) (mean ± S.E.M.) was not significantly different from the B max in control rats (56.5 ± 6.9). Isoproterenol competition of [ 125 I]ICYP binding sites indicated that the percentage of β -receptors expressing high affinity binding was 53.9 ± 0.45% in control rats and 47.5 ± 2.3% in diabetic rats. The total isoproterenol-stimulated AC activity (pmol cAMP/mg) in diabetic rats (76.7 ± 6.1) was significantly lower than that in control rats (118.4 ± 11.2) ( P P β -adrenergic receptor density, affinity and receptor-cyclase coupling are not significantly altered.
Weight, weight, don't tell me

Remember the "Internet's firstborn," Ron Lussier's dancing baby from 1996? Other than a vague sense of repeated gyrations, no one can recall any of the movements in particular. Why is that? While that animation was ground-breaking in many respects, to paraphrase a great writer, there was no there there. The dancing baby lacked personality because the movements themselves lacked "weight." Each human being has a unique perceivable movement style composed of repeated recognizable elements that in combination and phrasing capture the liveliness of movement. The use of weight, or "effort quality," is a key element in movement style, defining a dynamic expressive range. In computer representation of human movement, however, weight is often an aspect of life-ness that gets diminished or lost in the process, contributing to a lack of groundedness, personality, and verisimilitude. In this talk, I unpack the idea of effort quality and describe current work with motion capture and telematics that puts the weight back on interface design.
Fast Time Sequence Indexing for Arbitrary Lp Norms

Fast indexing in time sequence databases for similarity searching has attracted a lot of research recently. Most of the proposals, however, typically centered around the Euclidean distance and its derivatives. We examine the problem of multimodal similarity search in which users can choose the best one from multiple similarity models for their needs. In this paper, we present a novel and fast indexing scheme for time sequences, when the distance function is any of arbitrary Lp norms (p = 1; 2; : : : ;1). One feature of the proposed method is that only one index structure is needed for all Lp norms including the popular Euclidean distance (L2 norm). Our scheme achieves significant speedups over the state of the art: extensive experiments on real and synthetic time sequences show that the proposed method is comparable to the best competitor forL2 andL1 norms, but significantly (up to 10 times) faster for L1 norm.
Increasing burden of institutional review in multicenter clinical trials of infertility: The Reproductive Medicine Network experience with the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PPCOS) I and II studies

Many clinical investigators think that the burden of Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements has been consistently increasing over recent years, although there are few objective data describing these trends. Over a period of 7 years, the Reproductive Medicine Network observed a significant increase in the size and requirements of IRB submissions and significant variability of IRB performance in reviewing multicenter trials. These additional regulatory and administrative demands represent substantial burdens to researchers and to the IRBs themselves. It is timely to consider whether these changes better protect the interests and safety of human research participants. Clinical trial registration : ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00068861 and NCT00719186.
Renal Sympathetic Neural Mechanisms as Intermediate Phenotype in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract The borderline hypertensive rat, the F1 of a cross between a hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and a normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, is a NaCl-sensitive model of genetic hypertension. In addition to hypertension, borderline hypertensive rats fed 8% NaCl develop characteristic alterations in the regulation of efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity and the neural control of renal function that are similar to those observed in the SHR parent. Like the normotensive WKY rat parent, borderline hypertensive rats fed 1% NaCl remain normotensive and do not exhibit these alterations in renal sympathetic neural mechanisms. These renal sympathetic neural mechanisms constitute a complex quantitative trait that may represent an intermediate phenotype. They have a plausible pathogenetic role in hypertension and are different between SHR and WKY rats. This study evaluated two aspects of this complex quantitative trait, enhanced renal sympathoexcitation with air-jet stress and enhanced renal sympathoinhibition with guanabenz, as a candidate intermediate phenotype. As neither of these aspects was observed in two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt-hypertensive rats, this suggests that the trait is not secondary to hypertension from an acquired cause. In a backcross population (F1×WKY) fed 8% NaCl for 12 weeks, both enhanced renal sympathoexcitation with air-jet stress and enhanced renal sympathoinhibition with guanabenz cosegregated with the hypertension. These results support renal sympathetic neural mechanisms as an intermediate phenotype in SHR.
The late effects of toxicity scoring

The introduction of multimodal management to cancer treatment has resulted in differences in the patterns of toxicity and therefore in end results reporting. The radiation oncologist is concerned with late effects whereas the chemotherapist is more limited by acute toxicities. The final dose chosen by a radiation oncologist is a combination of the fractionation schedules and the total dose in a total time period. This is modified only in some anatomic sites by an acute reaction but is more likely to be chosen because of a concept of an accumulated dose reaching a threshold. This threshold dose concept is based upon organ tolerance and has been defined as the radiation tolerance dose (TD) that causes 5% or 50% of severe complications in 5 years, that is, TD 5/5 and TD 50/5.2 In contrast, the dose limiting factors for chemotherapy administration are more often the maximum tolerated dose per cycle and the resulting acute reaction.4 The cyclic dose may produce acute effects such that there is dose modification based upon the toxicity level. The maximum tolerated dose, akin to threshold dose, is less often known for chemotherapeutic agents than for radiation late effects. As a result of the interaction of these two major treatment modalities-radiation and chemotherapy, and their differences in toxicity, two different scoring or grading systems have emerged. The radiation scores have been oriented to the specific pathologic lesions of late effects which are usually permanent whereas the chemotherapy grades usually reflect functional or physiologic effects which tend to be reversible. There has been a tendency, when both modalities are combined, to refer to the late normal tissue reactions as “recall phenomena.” However, the recent literature recognizes that radiation and chemotherapy may be additive in producing late effect injury’ and that chemotherapy alone can lead to an unsuspected late complication without an obvious acute phase much as is true for irradiation. Toxicity reporting of multi-agent chemotherapy combinations and/or their interaction with radiation effects has lead national cooperative groups to form committees to assess late effects and develop Scoring or Grading Systems for the toxicities resulting from combined cancer treatment, As a starting point for developing a uniform scoring system, a review and compilation of these systems has been undertaken. An analysis of endpoints, the diagnostic tests to assess them, their reversibility and treatability as documented by ten major investigative cooperative groups forms the basis of this position paper. A recommendation for a uniform system is the endproduct based upon extraction of the “consensus criteria”-that is, the similar features recurring in each of the cooperative group’s toxicity charts.
A novel dual-field time-domain finite-element domain-decomposition method for computational electromagnetics

A novel dual-field time-domain finite-element domain-decomposition method is presented for numerical simulation of electromagnetic phenomena. The method divides the computation domain into several non-overlapping subdomains and computes both the electric and magnetic fields in each subdomain by solving second-order vector wave equations. A leapfrog-like scheme is employed in the time marching to update the alternating electric and magnetic fields. Adjacent subdomains are related to each other by the equivalent surface currents on the subdomain interfaces, which are also updated in a similar fashion. The method requires minimum communications between the subdomains, thus, is highly suitable for parallel computations. The proposed domain decomposition method is particularly attractive for the numerical simulation of finite arrays and large-scale electromagnetic problems. Numerical stability and dispersion error analyses are conducted and several radiation examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
Evolutionary trends in the simple thalloid liverworts (Marchantiophyta, Jungermanniopsida subclass Metzgeriidae)

The phylogenetic history of and evolutionary trends within the simple thalloid liverworts (Jungermanniopsida, subclass Metzgeriidae) are reconstructed in a combined analysis of molecular and morphological data. The molecular dataset comprises loci from all three genomes, including trnL-F, rps4, rbcL, atpβ and pshA from the chloroplast, SSU rRNA and LSU rRNA from the nucleus, and nad5 from the mitochondrion, and 65 characters are scored in the morphological dataset. An initial analysis of a molecular dataset that included 16 out-group and 50 ingroup taxa resolved a Haplomitrium/Treubiaceae clade as the earliest diverging lineage of the ingroup. Subsequent analyses of ingroup only datasets, rooted on this clade, resolve Metzgeriidae as paraphyletic, with Blasiaceae sister to Marchantiopsida in all analyses. A combined analysis of morphological and molecular datasets resolves basically the same clades as analyses of the molecular dataset alone, except for the resolution of a weak sister group relationship between Metzgeriineae and the leafy liverworts. Reconstructions of morphological character evolution on the combined analysis topology confirm that there is substantial homoplasy in the morphology dataset, even in characters that have been traditionally considered diagnostic of hierarchial relationships, such as apical cell geometry, calyptral type and capsule wall thickness. Ancestral state reconstructions contradict many prevailing hypotheses of character evolution in hepatics, including the model of the ancestral liverwort prototype as an erect, radially symmetric plant. Instead, a more likely model is a prostrate, bilaterally symmetric plant with the diagnostic features of a simple thalloid liverwort.
Simultaneous multiple organ cardiac transplantation is a successful treatment for chronic multiorgan failure

are not fully understood, but immunological processes may play an important role. Platelets can act as inflammatory cells and activated platelets are suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of native atherosclerosis. We sought to investigate whether: i) platelet activation is common in heart transplant recipients; ii) markers of increased platelet activity are related to the presence of CAV. At the annual coronary angiography, platelet analyses was performed in 41 consecutive heart transplant recipients (age 49.4 13.1; 5.5 3.5 years postoperatively). 41 ageand gender-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Platelet activation was assessed by the use of immunological surface markers of activation (CD63 and P-selectin) by flow cytometry, platelet content of CD40L, and soluble P-selectin. CD63 was significantly increased in patients compared to controls [4,0% (2.6 5.4) vs. 2.0% (1.3 3.4), p 0.003], with a similar trend for P-selectin [3.4% (1.5 5.8) vs. 2.5% (1.1 4.5), p 0.07]. Furthermore, patients had a significantly increased platelet pellet content of CD40L compared to controls [2.95 ng/mL (1.80 3.72) vs. 1.6 ng/mL (0.76 2.31), p 0.001] and also increased release of CD40L in stimulated platelets [1.19 ng/mL (0.64 1.76) vs. 0.49 (0.22 1.30), p 0.026]. Levels of soluble P-selectin in plateletpoor plasma were significantly increased in patients compared to controls [61.8 ng/mL (43.8 75.6) vs. 51.3 (33.6 62.3), p 0.009]. While only 9 patients had angiographic signs of CAV, no association was found between CAV and markers of platelet activation. Enhanced platelet activation is evident in heart transplant recipients, judged by recognized immunological markers of activation and flow cytometry. The relative contribution of platelet activation to development and progression of CAV warrants further investigation.
Differential expression of synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa [SNAP-25] in hippocampi of neonatal mice following exposure to human influenza virus in utero.

We investigated the role of maternal exposure to human influenza virus [HI] in C57BL/6 mice on day 9 of pregnancy on the hippocampal expression of SNAP-25 in postnatal day 0 neonates, and compared them to sham-infected pups. The expression of SNAP-25 in infected neonates varied along the septotemporal axis of hippocampus and in various anatomic layers. Quantitative densitometric analysis of specific immunogold silver-enhanced SNAP-25 immunoreactivity [IR] showed increases of 40-347% over control in all septal-dorsal hippocampal layers except for the subplate layer. In mid septo-temporal hippocampus, SNAP-25 IR increased by 10-114% over control in all layers, except for the hippocampal plate, but the extent of this increase was smaller than in the dorsal-septal area. Finally,in temporal-ventral levels, SNAP-25 expression was reduced in all infected layers by 21-33% below control except for mild increases of 8.8 and 10% in subplate and hippocampal plate layers. Additionally, the infected SNAP-25 maximal density bin shifted to lower values dorsally and to higher values medially, with ventral maximal bins remaining unchanged when compared to controls. The differential expression of SNAP-25 in the hippocampi of infected neonates indicates a variable degree of vulnerability across the septo-temporal axis of hippocampus. It is surmised that while viral infection may induce excitotoxicity in the ventral hippocampus, it may cause reactive synapto-genesis in the medial and dorsal sectors of the developing brains of postnatal day 0 neonates.
Double-Stranded Metal-Organic Networks for One-Dimensional Mixed Valence Coordination Polymers

The design of new types of metal−organic networks and the search for unusual crystal architecture represents an important task for modern inorganic and materials chemistry research. A group of new monosubstituted phenylcyanoximes, containing F, Cl, and Br atoms at the 2, 3, or 4 positions, were synthesized using the high yield nitrosation reaction with CH3−ONO and were spectroscopically (1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV−visible, IR, mass spectrometry) and structurally characterized. Results of X-ray analysis revealed nonplanar trans−anti geometry for 2-chlorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(2Cl−PhCO); a nonplanar anti configuration for 4-chlorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(4Cl−PhCO); and planar cis−syn geometry for 3-fluorophenyl(oximino)acetonitrile, H(3F−PhCO). All arylcyanoximes undergo deprotonation in solutions with the formation of colored anions exhibiting pronounced negative solvatochromism in a series of polar protic and aprotic solvents. Nine thallium(I) cyanoximates were obtained using the reaction between h...
In Vivo Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy of Human Skin: Melanin Provides Strong Contrast

Confocal scanning laser microscopy of live human skin was performed to investigate the correlation of in vivo cellular and morphologic features to histology, the effect of wavelength on imaging, and the role of melanin as a contrast agent. We built a video-rate confocal scanning laser microscope for in vivo imaging of human skin. Using a 100 x microscope objective, we imaged high-contrast optical "sections" of normal skin, vitiliginous skin, and a compound nevus. In vivo "confocal histology" correlated well with conventional histology. The maximum imaging depth increased with wavelength: the epidermis was imaged with visible 400-700-nm wavelengths; the superficial papillary dermis and blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) in the deeper capillaries were imaged with the near infrared 800-900-nm wavelengths. For confocal reflectance imaging, melanin provided strong contrast by increased backscattering of light such that the cytoplasm in heavily pigmented cells imaged brightly. In vivo confocal microscopy potentially offers dermatologists a diagnostic tool that is instant and entirely non-invasive compared to conventional histopathology.
LOWER BOUNDS ON THE SHRINKING OF DIFFRACTION PEAKS

Lower bounds on the width of a diffraction peak are found using unitarity and analyticity in $cos\ensuremath{\theta}$ in Lehmann-type ellipses. When the forward elastic-scattering amplitude is predominantly imaginary, the lower bound obtained is proportional to ${(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. In deriving this result no restrictions, except those imposed by unitarity and analyticity, were made concerning the asymptotic behavior of the total cross section.
Logarithmic derivatives in annuli

In this paper, we define Nevanlinna functions in annuli with two independent variables and use them to prove a version of the generalized logarithmic derivative lemma in annuli. As a corollary, we can conclude the logarithmic derivative lemma in a disk and the complex plane.
The effects of cytosolic receptor modulation on the AHH-inducing activity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD

Abstract Pretreatment of immature male Wistar rats or C57BL/6J inbred mice for 7 days with 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (300–500 umol/kg) resulted in a 100 to 300% increase in hepatic levels of the cytosolic receptor protein. This PCB congener exhibits minimal binding affinity for the receptor and does not induce hepatic microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) or ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylase (EROD). The hepatic microsomal AHH and EROD activities of rats treated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (0.1 ug/kg) were 240 and 140 pmol product formed/mg protein/min. In contrast, if the rats are pretreated with 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl 7 days prior to intraperitoneal injection of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (0.1 ug/kg) the hepatic AHH and EROD activities were 1400 and 2340 pmol product formed/mg protein/min. Comparable interactive effects of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-TCDD were also observed in C57BL/6J mice; hepatic microsomal AHH and EROD activities of mice treated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (0.32 ug/kg) were 340 and 437 pmol product formed/mg protein/min however these activities were increased to 587 and 1383 pmol product/mg protein/min in mice treated with both 2,3,7,8-TCDD (0.32 ug/kg) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5t-hexachlorobiphenyl (500 umol/kg). These synergistic effects were observed in rats and mice only at dose levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD which elicited submaximal AHH and EROD induction responses.
Self-alignment techniques for strapdown inertial navigation systems with aircraft application

Commercial aircraft strapdown inertial navigation systems, examining initial self alignment techniques
Overseeing Innovative Therapy without Mistaking It for Research: A Function‐Based Model Based on Old Truths, New Capacities, and Lessons from Stem Cells

Should innovative therapy occur only within a research paradigm and under institutional review board oversight? The health risks from current human embryonic stem cell clinical applications have raised again a fundamental question addressed first in papers submitted to inform the writing of the Belmont Report. Revisiting the thinking underlying the Belmont Report, together with examining changed circumstances since then, leads to a new model for overseeing innovative therapy based on its unique risks and context, important changes since the Belmont Report, and new opportunities for addressing risks through safety and quality systems in health care.
Biplane roentgen videometric system for dynamic (60-sec) studies of the shape and size of circulatory structures, particularly the left ventricle.

An operator interactive video system for the measurement of roentgen angiographically outlined structures is described. Left ventricular volume and three-dimensional shapes are calculated from up to 200 pairs of diameters measured from ventriculograms at the rate of 60 pairs of biplane images per second. The accuracy and reproducibility of volumes calculated by the system were established by analysis of roentgenograms of inanimate objects of known volume and by comparison of left ventricular stroke volumes calculated by the system with the stroke volumes calculated by indicator-dilution technique and aortic root electromagnetic flowmeter. Computer-generated display of the large amounts of data obtained by the videometry system is described.
Cases of Predation and Parasitism on Lampreys in Wisconsin

ABSTRACT We report several cases of predation and parasitism on Wisconsin lampreys in the genus Ichthyomyzon. These include predation by a gull and parasitism by Argulus appendiculosus on I. unicuspis, predation by birds on I. castaneus, and predation by a brown trout on I. fossor. All cases involved post-metamorphic animals.
Acupuncture for chronic pain

Acupuncture has been used to treat health conditions including pain for over 3000 years, yet it has only been in the last half a century that biochemistry and neural imaging advances have allowed scientific understanding of its physiological mechanisms. This treatise reviews the multiple lines of evidence that the endogenous opioid system is involved in acupuncture's pain-relieving mechanisms, and that the peripheral and central nervous systems are intimately involved in the transduction of acupuncture point stimulation via needling. Large, scientifically rigorous, controlled clinical trials of acupuncture for treating neck, lumbar, migraine, knee osteoarthritis, and other pain conditions have been performed in the last 2 decades that confirm acupuncture's clinical efficacy in treating chronic pain. Beyond its demonstrated efficacy in treating chronic pain, acupuncture's excellent safety record and cost-effectiveness compared to other interventions for chronic pain offer the potential that increased incorporation of acupuncture in managing patients with chronic pain could reduce the costs associated with their health care.
Lateral eye-movements, field dependence and denial.

Summary.-Conjugate lateral eye-movements can be used to classify some people into two distinct groups (left-movers and right-movers), who differ on various cognitive and personality variables reflecting stylistic reliance on the cognitive mode of a single hemisphere. In this study left-movers relied more heavily on denial as a defense. Field dependence tended to be related to both denial and left eye-movements by males but no! females. The results are discussed in terms of a possible neuropsychological substrate for denial. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the relationship of the lateral eye-movement phenomenon to the cognitive style of field dependence
NATURAL GAS IN TRANSIT FLEETS: A REVIEW OF THE TRANSIT EXPERIENCE

Use of natural gas in transit bus fleets has grown over the last decade. Often motivated by air quality concerns, the use of natural gas also contributes to national and local energy security. Approximately 9% of the U.S. transit fleet in 2001 was composed of buses operating on some form of natural gas and even more were on order. While some agencies have achieved success with their natural gas programs, others report difficulties and some have suspended their natural gas use altogether. What makes an agency successful in implementing natural gas into their operations? This paper reviews the experience of agencies with natural gas to determine the answer and to provide guidance on how fleets can effectively duplicate the successes and address or avoid the challenges.
Outcomes from Conduct of Virtual Teams at Two Sites: Support for Media Synchronicity Theory

As geographic, temporal, and cost constraints move organizations toward virtual teamwork for increasingly complex tasks, research on the impact of groups attempting to solve business problems without face-to-face communication becomes more critical. In two independent studies in two different organizations, virtual groups provided feedback related to choice of communications media. The results of the studies lend support to Media Synchronicity Theory which suggests that communications media with low synchronicity (e.g. e-mail, bulletin board) may be appropriate for "conveyance" of information, whereas media with high synchronicity (e.g. face-to-face, video conference) may be more desirable for "convergence" on shared meaning. For researchers, Media Synchronicity Theory provides an alternative explanation for the variety of studies both supporting and contradicting Media Richness and Social Presence theories. For practitioners, the results suggest an approach to communications media choices that may improve the effectiveness of team problem solving.
Performance of Distributed Consensus Time Synchronization with Gaussian Delay in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents theoretical results on the convergence of the distributed consensus timing synchronization (DCTS) algorithm for wireless sensor networks assuming general Gaussian delay between nodes. The asymptotic expectation and mean square of the global synchronization error are computed. The results lead to the definition of a time delay balanced network in which average timing consensus between nodes can be achieved despite random delays. Several structured network architectures are studied as examples and their associated simulation results are used to validate analytical findings.
The nonlinear stability of dynamic thermocapillary liquid layers

When a temperature gradient is imposed on the free surface of a thin liquid layer, fluid motion can develop due to thermocapillarity. Previous work using linear theory has shown that the layer can become unstable to a pair of obliquely travelling hydrothermal waves. Here, we shall study the nonlinear behaviour of this system to determine possible equilibrium waveforms for the instability when the critical point from the linear theory is slightly exceeded. We find that for all Prandtl numbers and small Biot numbers, possible waveforms are composed of only one of the unstable linear waves. For small Prandtl number and larger Biot numbers, a combination of the two linear waves is a possible waveform. Further analysis of these equilibrium states shows that both exhibit the Eckhaus and Benjamin-Feir sideband instability and a corresponding phase instability. Thus, they become modulated on long length-and timescales as the system develops.
Destructive Leadership A Theoretical Review, Integration, and Future Research Agenda

In this article, we propose a framework for understanding destructive leadership that summarizes the extant destructive leadership research and extends it in new directions. By reviewing the current literature on destructive leadership and drawing on organizational leadership theory and the more general research on deviant behaviors in organizations, we identify the underlying features and mechanisms that define destructive leadership. Recognizing that each form of destructive leadership currently studied (e.g., abusive supervision, petty tyranny, and pseudo-transformational leadership) addresses aspects of destructive leadership but fails to capture the complete picture of the phenomenon, we clarify the boundaries among the constructs studied within the domain of destructive leadership, address some ambiguities about the nature of destructive leadership, make explicit some characteristics of destructive leadership that set it apart from other forms of leading, and integrate this thinking into a theoretic...
α1C (Cav1.2) L-type calcium channel mediates mechanosensitive calcium regulation

Smooth muscle exhibits mechanosensitivity independent of neural input, suggesting that mechanosensitive pathways reside within smooth muscle cells. The native L-type calcium current recorded from h...
The role of composition in the atomic structure, oxygen loss, and capacity of layered Li–Mn–Ni oxide cathodes

Lithium-rich layered Li[Li1/3−2x/3Mn2/3−x/3Nix]O2 (0 < x ≤ 1/2) oxide cathodes show promise as a potential candidate for Li-ion batteries due to their high capacity. However, the intricacies of the role of composition with increasing excess Li on the degree of oxygen loss during the first charge and the discharge capacity in subsequent cycles are not fully understood. With an aim to develop a better fundamental understanding, we present here an in-depth investigation of the Li[Li1/3−2x/3Mn2/3−x/3Nix]O2 (0 < x ≤ 1/2) series with a range of different excess lithium contents prepared by two different synthesis methods. The oxygen loss from the lattice during the first charge and the discharge capacity in subsequent cycles increase with increasing lithium content. In-depth analysis with a combination of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), diffraction-STEM (D-STEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveals that the samples transition from an Rm structure to a C2/m structure with increasing lithium content and decreasing nickel to manganese ratio, for both the synthesis methods, indicating that the maximum oxygen loss and discharge capacity are achieved with a single C2/m phase. We further show that within a single particle, the cation layers of these materials can order on different {111} planes in the basic NaCl structure.
The effect of injection rate on time-resolved contrast-enhanced peripheral MRA.

In contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography (MRA), lower injection rates of a fixed contrast agent dose provide longer contrast agent bolus at the expense of lower intravascular signal. This study evaluated the effect of different injection rates in imaging of the vasculature of the lower extremities with time-resolved, CE MRA. In three volunteers, injection rates of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 mL/second were administered in a randomized order and imaged in two separate sessions. Contrast agent bolus dynamics measured in volunteers were used in computer simulations to confirm variations in contrast agent concentration as a source of vessel ringing and blurring artifacts. To validate the effect of injection rate in pathologic vessels, 37 patients with peripheral vascular disease were imaged with a time-resolved technique using an injection rate of 0.5 mL/second or 1.5 mL/second and retrospectively divided into two groups. In volunteers, higher injection rates caused a stronger modulation of k-space and resulted in increased ringing artifacts in time-resolved CE MRA. These results were reproduced with computer simulations. In the qualitative patient study, significantly less vessel blurring was observed using a lower injection-rate, without a significant loss of vessel contrast. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:401–410. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-brightness slab-coupled semiconductor lasers single-spatial, large-diameter mode

A high-brightness semiconductor diode laser concept, which utilizes a slab-coupled optical waveguide region to achieve several potentially important advances in performance, is described. Results on devices, which utilize this design concept, in InGaAsP/InP and AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs are presented.
3D integration from the viewpoint of high-end server system design

3D integration is a promising new technology family with several characteristics that could be exploited to add value to high-performance server systems. Potential benefits include higher computational density, lower power, and increased modularity with respect to 2D implementations. However, 3D affects design in fundamental ways. This paper describes how 3D affects design and architecture, and explains why a multi-disciplinary, co-design approach is needed to realize the full benefits of 3D for high-performance applications.
Propagation and stability of wavelike solutions of finite difference equations with variable coefficients

The propagation and dissipation of wavelike solutions to finite difference equations is analyzed on the basis of an asymptotic approach in which a wave solution is expressed as a product of a complex amplitude and an oscillatory phase function whose frequency and wavenumber may also be complex. An asymptotic expansion leads to a local dispersion relation for wavenumber and frequency; the first-order terms produce an equation for the amplitude in which the local group velocity appears as the convection velocity of the amplitude. Equations for the motion of wavepackets and their interaction at boundaries are derived, and a global stability analysis is carried out.
Functional and cognitive criteria produce different rates of mild cognitive impairment and conversion to dementia

Objective: To compare rates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and rates of progression to dementia using different MCI diagnostic systems. Methods: MCI was investigated at baseline in 3063 community dwelling non-demented elderly in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) study who were evaluated every 6 months to identify the presence of dementia. Overall MCI frequency was determined using (1) a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0.5 and (2) neuropsychological (NP) criteria, defined by impairment on standard cognitive tests. Results: 40.2% of participants met CDR MCI criteria and 28.2% met NP MCI criteria (amnestic MCI = 16.6%). 15.7% were classified as MCI by both criteria and 47.4% as normal by both. Discordant diagnoses were observed in 24.5% who met NP normal/CDR MCI and in 12.4% who met NP MCI/CDR normal. Factors associated with CDR MCI among NP normal included lower education, lower NP scores, more instrumental activities of daily living impairment, greater symptoms of depression and subjective health problems. Individuals meeting NP MCI/CDR normal were significantly more likely to develop dementia over the median follow-up of 6.1 years than those meeting NP normal/CDR MCI. Conclusions: Different criteria produce different MCI rates and different conversion rates to dementia. Although a higher percentage of MCI was identified by CDR than NP, a higher percentage of NP MCI progressed to dementia. These findings suggest that the CDR is sensitive to subtle changes in cognition not identified by the NP algorithm but is also sensitive to demographic and clinical factors probably leading to a greater number of false positives. These results suggest that identifying all individuals with CDR scores of 0.5 as Alzheimer’s disease is not advisable.
The effect of "single" vs "double" eyelids on the perceived attractiveness of Chinese women.

Background: A well-defined supratarsal crease has often been considered attractive, representing a significant component in a beautiful upper eyelid. Approximately 50% of East and Southeast Asian women are born with either a minimal or absent supratarsal eyelid crease. Among people of Chinese descent, the creation of a supratarsal crease (“double” eyelid blepharoplasty) is the most common cosmetic surgical procedure, but no comparative study has assessed the height by which an upper eyelid crease is deemed most attractive and depending on cultural background. Objectives: The authors assess how attractiveness is interpreted by different cultural groups to determine whether double-eyelid blepharoplasty enhances attractiveness according to both Chinese and non-Chinese observers. Methods: Facial photographs were taken of 19 women of Chinese descent. The photographs were enhanced with computer imaging software to generate 3 additional pictures, depicting low, medium, and high upper eyelid creases on each model. Via an Internet-based survey tool, Chinese and non-Chinese observers were asked to rate the attractiveness of the faces with each potential eyelid position. (Surveys are available online at [www.aestheticsurgeryjournal.com][1], as Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.) Results: Both Chinese and non-Chinese observers considered the medium-height upper eyelid crease most attractive ( P < .00001). An absent upper eyelid crease was deemed the least attractive ( P < .00001). Conclusions: These preference data for eyelid height can be used to better counsel patients on perceived attractiveness and expectations for surgical results, since these results further elucidate which facial features are universally considered attractive. [1]: http://www.aestheticsurgeryjournal.com
The transformation of sensorimotor morphemes into words: a case study of the development of ‘more’ and ‘mine’*

This paper describes, through discussion and illustrative events, an evolving segment of communication during the course of transition of one child's total communication system from the sensorimotor or gestural level at 12 months into the level of use of the adult words more and mine, and their associated multi-morphemic utterances, at 24 months. The descriptive analysis is based on detailed narrative records of the child's vocal and gestural communication, abstracted from videotape recordings of his behaviour in 10 playsessions conducted at regular intervals and under similar conditions, and which included the presence of the mother, peers, other adults, and play materials. The results as presented provide a case study of the evolutionary processes leading up to the acquisition of words and eventually sentences, illustrating as precisely as possible the texture of one of the earliest developmental sequences.