cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies: a prospective evaluation and review of the literature.

The results of the first 55 consecutive percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEGs) that were performed over an 18-month period in a tertiary care center are presented. We followed these cases prospectively to assess the morbidity, mortality, staff acceptance, short- and long-term complications, and cost effectiveness of the technique. Fifty-one (93%) were successful with no mortality. Long-term morbidity included 6/ 55 (11%) tube extrusions; 5/55 (9%) cellulitis around the catheter site; 5/55 (9%) aspiration pneumonias; and 2/55 (3.6%) clogged tubes requiring replacement. Morbidity was considered minor and easily dealt with in all but five instances (9%) where more prolonged treatment was required. A review of the literature including other techniques used for percutaneous gastrostomy is also presented. It is concluded that percutaneous gastrostomies are relatively safe, cost-effective, and should be given first consideration for long-term enteral therapy in appropriate patients. (Journal of Parenteral ...
Thalamic Contributions to Anterograde, Retrograde, and Implicit Memory: A Case Study

Learning and memory deficits are typically associated with damage or dysfunction of medial temporal lobe structures; however, diencephalic lesions are another common cause of severe and persistent memory deficits. We focus specifically on the thalamus and review the pathological and neuropsychological characteristics of two common causes of such damage: Korsakoff's syndrome and stroke. We then present a patient who had sustained bilateral medial thalamic infarctions that affected the medial dorsal nucleus and internal medullary lamina. This patient demonstrated the characteristic temporally graded retrograde amnesia and a profound anterograde memory (i.e., explicit memory) deficit within the context of relatively preserved implicit memory. Implications of this explicit-implicit discrepancy are discussed within the context of cognitive rehabilitation techniques that hold promise for more severely impaired patients.
Clonal morphogenesis of Lampropedia hyalina.

The characteristic arrangement of the cells of Lampropedia hyalina in rectangular sheets makes this bacterium an attractive model for studying clonal morphogenesis. In micro-slide cultures, clones develop from a single cell by growing and dividing along two parallel sets of growth axes, synchronized alternately by 90 degrees. The formation of the intracytoplasmic granules, chemically identified as poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, also follows this pattern. One predominant granule occurs in each cell under “standard” cultural conditions (1.0% Difco yeast extract, 30°C), and formation of new polymer granules precedes division of the cell. The variation of environmental factors-such as pH in the presence of phosphate, nutrient concentration, and temperature-disturbs greatly the regular pattern of morphogenesis and cytogenesis in Lampropedia. This disarray includes an increase in the number of granules per cell; excessive amounts of polymer; distention and lysis of cells; disorderly arrangement of cells.
Redox equilibria and coordination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in silicate glasses from 57Fe mossbauer spectroscopy

Summary 1. Mossbauer spectroscopy can be used to determine the Fe 3+ /ΣFe of silicate melts as accurately as colorimetric methods. 2. In silicate melts and glasses, the Fe 3+ /ΣFe governs the number of oxygens ligands around Fe 3+ . In oxidized melts, ferric iron is in tetrahedral coordination, whereas in reduced melts, ferric iron is octahedrally coordinated. Ferrous iron is always in octahedral coordination. 3. Simple linear relations exist, in binary metal oxide — silica and ternary metal oxide — alumina — silica melts, between Fe 3+ /ΣFe and oxygen fugacity, temperature, types of network-modifying cations and Al/(Al + Si). 4. Experimental data from binary, ternary and quaternary systems can be combined to derive a numerical expression for melts with at least eight components that relate redox equilibria of iron oxide to temperature, oxygen fugacity and bulk chemical composition of the melt.
Role of delta-Aminolevulinic Acid in the Symptoms of Acute Porphyria

Abstract Background Attacks of neuropathic pain, usually abdominal, are characteristic of the acute porphyrias and accompanied by overproduction of heme-precursor molecules, specifically delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The basis for the acute symptoms in these diseases has been speculative. Methods We review genetic acute porphyria, hereditary tyrosinemia, and an acquired condition, lead poisoning. All perturb heme synthesis and present with a similar pain syndrome. Results Although each of these conditions has characteristic urine biochemistry, all exhibit excess delta-aminolevulinic acid. Moreover, in all, treatment with hemin reduces delta-aminolevulinic acid and relieves symptoms. In contrast, use of recombinant porphobilinogen deaminase to knock down porphobilinogen in acute porphyria was ineffective. Conclusions There is now convincing evidence that delta-aminolevulinic acid is the cause of pain in the acute porphyrias. The efficacy of hemin infusion is due mainly, if not entirely, to its inhibition of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase-1, the enzyme that catalyzes delta-aminolevulinic acid formation. Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 is a rational target for additional therapies to control symptoms in acute porphyria.
Shortest distance and reliability of probabilistic networks

Abstract When the “length” of a link is not deterministic and is governed by a stochastic process, the “shortest” path between two points in the network is not necessarily always composed of the same links and depends on the state of the network. For example, in communication and transportation networks, the travel time on a link is not deterministic and the fastest path between two points is not fixed. This paper presents an algorithm to compute the expected shortest travel time between two nodes in the network when the travel time on each link has a given independent discrete probability distribution. The algorithm assumes the knowledge of all the paths between two nodes and methods to determine the paths are referenced. In reliability (i.e. the probability that two given points are connected by a path) computations, associated with each link is a probability of “failure” and a probability of “success”. Since “failure” implies infinite travel time, the algorithm simultaneously computes reliability. The paper also discusses the algorithm's capability to simultaneously compute some other performance measures which are useful in the analysis of emergency services operating on a network.
The Impact of 9/11 on Older Chinese and Hispanic Immigrants in New York City

Abstract Older Chinese and Hispanic immigrants (mostly Dominican) reacted to 9/11 in distinct, culture bound ways, which helped them cope with this traumatic event. This paper compares the two groups in terms of how they reacted and coped with 9/11, how cultural factors influenced their responses, and discusses implications for social work education, policy and practice. For the Chinese, cultural values associated with social connections played an important role in coping with 9/11, while for Hispanics belief in destiny was significant. Data for the paper come from two independent qualitative studies conducted in 2002 with 31 Hispanic and 51 Chinese subjects. The challenge to social workers of finding ways to help older immigrant populations cope with major trauma will remain well into the future.
Electrically-pumped compact hybrid silicon microring lasers for optical interconnects.

We demonstrate an electrically-pumped hybrid silicon microring laser fabricated by a self-aligned process. The compact structure (D = 50 μm) and small electrical and optical losses result in lasing threshold as low as 5.4 mA and up to 65 °C operation temperature in continuous-wave (cw) mode. The spectrum is single mode with large extinction ratio and small linewidth observed. Application as on-chip optical interconnects is discussed from a system perspective.
Comparison of capillary earlobe and venous blood monitoring for occupational lead surveillance

Abstract Biological monitoring for occupational lead exposure involves routine venous blood draws from exposed employees. This uncomfortable procedure normally yields more blood than what is needed for analysis. Capillary blood sampling is less invasive but introduces the possibility of surface contamination. The objective of this study was to compare venous and capillary (earlobe) blood lead samples obtained from occupationally exposed individuals. Phlebotomists trained specifically in the collection of blood samples for lead determination collected 2 venous blood samples and 2 capillary earlobe samples from each participating employee. Before the capillary draw, the employee's earlobe was cleansed with an alcohol wipe in an effort to remove potential lead contamination. A second alcohol wipe was then used to sanitize the lancing area and was retained for lead analysis. Both the venous and capillary samples were subsequently analyzed with the use of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). GFAAS of venous blood specimens was considered the reference method of sampling and analysis. We collected and analyzed 126 paired earlobe and venous samples. Earlobe sampling was preferred to venous sampling by 54% of the employees surveyed. The mean difference between the capillary and venous results was 38.8 ± 48.1 μg/dL. Lead concentrations in earlobe blood were more than twice those found in venous samples in more than half of the samples (64 of 126). Despite simple cleansing with an alcohol wipe and no visible skin contamination, 94% of the wipe samples from earlobes contained more than 1 μg of lead. Even low concentrations of contamination can significantly alter the concentration of lead in the blood; for example, sample contamination of 0.3 μg lead in a 200-μL blood sample would yield an increase of 150 μg/dL in the measured lead concentration. The findings of this study suggest that until satisfactory skin cleansing and decontamination techniques are identified and evaluated, earlobe sampling should be avoided in the surveillance of occupational blood lead levels.
Quantifying in vivo MR spectra with circles

Accurate and robust quantification of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data is essential to its application in research and medicine. The performance of existing analysis methods is problematic for in vivo studies where low signal-to-noise ratio, overlapping peaks and intense artefacts are endemic. Here, a new frequency-domain technique for MRS data analysis is introduced wherein the circular trajectories which result when spectral peaks are projected onto the complex plane, are fitted with active circle models. The use of active contour strategies naturally allows incorporation of prior knowledge as constraint energy terms. The problem of phasing spectra is eliminated, and baseline artefacts are dealt with using active contours-snakes. The stability and accuracy of the new technique, CFIT, is compared with a standard time-domain fitting tool, using simulated 31P data with varying amounts of noise and 98 real human chest and heart 31P MRS data sets. The real data were also analyzed by our standard frequency-domain absorption-mode technique. On the real data, CFIT demonstrated the least fitting failures of all methods and an accuracy similar to the latter method, with both these techniques outperforming the time-domain approach. Contrasting results from simulations argue that performance relative to Cramer-Rao Bounds may not be a suitable indicator of fitting performance with typical in vivo data such as these. We conclude that CFIT is a stable, accurate alternative to the best existing methods of fitting in vivo data.
The distribution of mitochondria in sea urchin embryos

Zytologische Untersuchungen an Embryonen von zwei Seeigelarten haben in bezug auf die Lokalisation der Mitochondrien keinen Unterschied zwischen animaler und vegetativer Hemisphare ergeben. Vorlaufige Versuche, mit Hilfe einer quantitativen Methode die Mitochondrien in Homogenaten zu zahlen, ergaben eine starke Zunahme auf dem Stadium der Blastula und eine anschliessende Abnahme der Mitochondrienzahl pro Embryo.
Loss of the Histone Variant H2A.Z Restores Capping to Checkpoint-Defective Telomeres in Drosophila

The conserved histone variant H2A.Z fulfills many functions by being an integral part of the nucleosomes placed at specific regions of the genome. Telomeres cap natural ends of chromosomes to prevent their recognition as double-strand breaks. At yeast telomeres, H2A.Z prevents the spreading of silent chromatin into proximal euchromatin. A role for H2A.Z in capping, however, has not been reported in any organism. Here, I uncover such a role for Drosophila H2A.Z. Loss of H2A.Z, through mutations in either its gene or the domino gene for the Swr1 chromatin-remodeling protein, suppressed the fusion of telomeres that lacked the protection of checkpoint proteins: ATM, ATR, and the Mre11–Rad50–NBS complex. Loss of H2A.Z partially restores the loading of the HOAP capping protein, possibly accounting for the partial restoration in capping. I propose that, in the absence of H2A.Z, checkpoint-defective telomeres adopt alternative structures, which are permissive for the loading of the capping machinery at Drosophila telomeres.
Soleus H-reflex modulation during body weight support treadmill walking in spinal cord intact and injured subjects

The soleus H-reflex modulation pattern was investigated in ten spinal cord intact subjects during treadmill walking at varying levels of body weight support (BWS), and nine spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects at a BWS level that promoted the best stepping pattern. The soleus H-reflex was elicited by tibial nerve stimulation with a single 1-ms pulse at an intensity that the M-waves ranged from 4 to 8% of the maximal M-wave (Mmax). During treadmill walking, the H-reflex was elicited every four steps, and stimuli were randomly dispersed across the gait cycle which was divided into 16 equal bins. EMGs were recorded with surface electrodes from major left and right hip, knee, and ankle muscles. M-waves and H-reflexes at each bin were normalized to the Mmax elicited at 60–100 ms after the test reflex stimulus. For every subject, the integrated EMG area of each muscle was established and plotted as a function of the step cycle phase. The H-reflex gain was determined as the slope of the relationship between H-reflex and soleus EMG amplitudes at 60 ms before H-reflex elicitation for each bin. In spinal cord intact subjects, the phase-dependent H-reflex modulation, reflex gain, and EMG modulation pattern were constant across all BWS (0, 25, and 50) levels, while tibialis anterior muscle activity increased with less body loading. In three out of nine SCI subjects, a phase-dependent H-reflex modulation pattern was evident during treadmill walking at BWS that ranged from 35 to 60%. In the remaining SCI subjects, the most striking difference was an absent H-reflex depression during the swing phase. The reflex gain was similar for both subject groups, but the y-intercept was increased in SCI subjects. We conclude that the mechanisms underlying cyclic H-reflex modulation during walking are preserved in some individuals after SCI.
Robustness to nonnormality of the Durbin-Watson test for autocorrelation

Abstract This study investigates the robustness to nonnormality of the null distribution of the Durbin-Watson test for autocorrelation in regression errors. The first four moments of the null distribution are derived to the order O ( 1 n 3 ) when the regression errors are nonnormal, with n the sample size. It is found that nonnormality has an insignificant effect on the mean and the fourth central moment of the distribution. The variance tends to be deflated (inflated) if the error distribution is long-tailed (short-tailed). The third central moment is reduced if the error distribution is skewed (left or right). Both skewness and kurtosis of the distribution are affected by nonnormality, but these effects are negligible in large samples. It seems the test is relatively robust for moderate nonnormality and moderately large sample size. These effects are also found to have insignificant influence from the regressors.
A stationary principle for non conservative systems

Abstract A stationary principle is described to yield governing integral formulations for dissipative systems. Variation is applied on selective terms of energy or momentum functionals resulting with force or mass balance equations respectively. Applying the principle for a motion of a viscous fluid yields the Navier-Stokes equations as an approximation of the functional (i.e. equating to zero part of the integrand). When a Darcy's flow regime in a porous media is considered, implementing a space averaging method on the resultant integral derived by the principle, Forchheimer's law for energy accumulation and solute transport equation for momentum assembling are yielded in differential form approximation of a more extended functional formulation.
Microbial models of mammalian metabolism: uses and misuses (clarification of some misconceptions)

Abstract Oxidative metabolism is the most commonly encountered metabolic clearance pathway of xenobiotics by mammalian systems. Similar pathways are often encountered in microorganisms and have been used to metabolise xenobiotics. This paper reviews the background to these observations and the potential uses they imply. It proposes that although microbial metabolism can have a useful role in preparative biocatalysis, any predictive value to man is negated by the lack of correlation with mammalian systems and may potentially be misleading.
Note on CP nonconservation in K--> pi pi.

A semiphenomenological upper bound on the value phi/sub 00/-phi/sub +/- is derived and discussed.
Evaluation of polymeric standard reference materials for monitoring the performance of X-ray photoelectron spectrometers

Abstract The use of standard reference materials is a common practice in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). Recently, several polymeric standard reference materials have become available for monitoring various performance aspects of ESCA spectrometers. These reference materials include polyethylene (PE), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and dimethyl silicon (DMS). The advantages and disadvantages encountered when using these materials as standards were investigated in this study. Results indicated that PEG, PTFE and DMS are useful standards for checking or determining relative elemental sensitivity factors for C, O, F and/or Si. These three materials can also be used for monitoring the linearity and stability of the instrumental binding energy scale. However, in general, metallic standards such as gold, silver and/or copper are superior to the polymeric standards for this purpose, because their photoelectron lines cover a wider binding energy range and their respective peak positions are much better known. Although PE exhibits a fairly narrow C1s line that can be used to monitor variations in the instrumental energy resolution, the FWHM observed for the C1s line is much broader that the FWHM values obtained from the appropriate lines of sputtered-cleaned metals. Results also indicated that the use of PTFE as a standard reference material must be done with caution, because PTFE readily degrades with time under X-ray exposure.
Experiments and analysis for composite blades under large deflections. II - Dynamic behavior

The static behavior of structurally coupled composite blades is investigated analytically and experimentally in this paper. A model, based on the use of Euler angles, is developed that can account for the presence of arbitrarily large deflections without the need for any ordering scheme. A simple iterative finite-difference solution procedure is then presented. Some experiments using thin flat composite cantilevered beams are also performed, and the data obtained compare well with the results from the analysis.
Health reform and physician-led accountable care: the paradox of primary care physician leadership.

Even though most adult primary care physicians may not realize it, they each can be seen as a chief executive officer (CEO) in charge of approximately $10 million of annual revenue. Consider that a typical primary care physician has approximately 2000 patients, each of whom annually accounts for about $5000 for health care spending. Although primary care today accounts for only 5% of that spending, the decisions made in the primary care setting have important implications for downstream medical care, such as subspecialty referrals, imaging and other medical testing, invasive procedures, and hospitalizations. A group of 100 adult primary care physicians could potentially influence almost $1 billion in health care spending.
K+ transport in mitoplasts

K+ transport into mitoplasts, prepared by digitonin disruption and removal of the outer membranes from rat liver mitochondria, has been studied. Unidirectional K+ influx has been measured by means of 42K, in the presence of the respiratory substrate succinate. K+ influx is inhibited by CN−, antimycin A and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, but is insensitive to oligomycin. A linear dependence of the reciprocal of the K+-influx rate on the reciprocal of the external K+ concentration is observed. Under the conditions studied, the apparent Km for K+ of the transport mechanism is approx. 6 mM, while the Vmax of K+ influx is approx. 5 μ mol K+/g protein per min. The rate of K+ influx increases with increasing external pH over the range from 6.8 to 8.0. The observed kinetics, pH dependence and inhibitor sensitivity are essentially similar to previously reported characteristics of K+ transport into intact rat liver mitochondria. It is concluded that the outer mitochondrial membrane does not have a role in controlling K+ flux into rat liver mitochondria.
Pidgin Hawaiian: A Sociohistorical Study

Evidence recently unearthed in documentary sources (such as voyage accounts and Hawaiian-language newspapers) has failed to support the theory that the predominant plantation language and lingua franca of Hawaii's polyglot population in the 19th century was an English-lexifier pidgin. Available evidence actually indicates that a pidginized variety of Hawaiian (which began to develop almost immediately after first contact) formed the original plantation language, and began to be displaced by pidgin English only in the 1880s and 1890s. This Hawaiian-lexifier pidgin also served as a general communicative medium in competition with pidgin English outside the plantation communities. Its prevalence may explain the slow development of pidgin English in Hawaii and late creolization.
Collisional Atomic Physics with Molecular Projectiles

Many collisional atomic physics processes are altered when solid targets are bombarded by molecular, compared to atomic, projectiles. We present energy and angular distribution measurements of exiting particles when 50-300 keV H+2 and HeH+ molecules are incident on thin (1.8-5 ?g/cm2) solid carbon targets. We find that the ratio of molecular to atomic projectile energy loss is velocity and transit time dependent, and ranges from ~ 0.8 to 1.3. The energy distribution of the exiting charged, neutral, and molecular particles are compared and found to be consistent with the assumption that protons of a velocity ? v0 do not have bound states while moving in solids.
Pathology of the Posterior Tibial Tendon in Posterior Tibial Tendon Insufficiency

Gross and histologic examinations of 15 normal cadaver and 15 surgical posterior tibial tendons from patients with posterior tibial tendon insufficiency were performed. All surgical specimens were abnormal with enlargement distal to the medial malleolus and a dull white appearance. At histologic examination, 12 of 15 cadaver tendons displayed normal tendon structure characterized by linear orientation of collagen bundles, normal fibroblast cellularity, low vascular density, and insertional chondroid metaplasia. The surgical specimens displayed a degenerative tendinosis characterized by increased mucin content, fibroblast hypercellularity, chondroid metaplasia, and neovascularization. This resulted in marked disruption of the linear orientation of the collagen bundles.
Overview of some aspects of occurrence, formation and analysis of nitrosamines

This review principally addresses a number of aspects of the occurrence and formation of the nitrosamines, highlighting principal areas of potential concern ranging from the spectrum of nitrosatable moieties found in the environment (e.g., secondary and tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, ureas, carbamates and guanidines), specific examples of nitrosamines found in food, alcoholic beverages, feed (and their significance for carcinogenesis bioassays), air and water. The factors influencing in vitro and in vivo nitrosation and the evidence for the latter in man are also discussed. Additionally, germane areas of the analysis of nitrosamines are reviewed with a focus on the major areas of concern and requirements of extreme sensitivity and selectivity in addition to the problems of artifacts in the analytical procedures.
Simulation of temperature distribution in crystals grown by Czochralski method

Abstract A computer simulation model has been developed for prediction of the temperature distribution and the position of the melt-crystal interface for crystals grown by the Czochralski method. The method accounts for the detailed radiative heat transfer between the various “surfaces” present in the crystal pulling apparatus. An iterative finite element scheme is developed for the solution of the model. This is computationally more effective than previous attempts based on finite differences. The effects of various factors and operating parameters on the interface shape are illustrated. The results are compared to those of the simplified models and the implications of the observed differences are discussed. Some existing misconceptions with regard to the effect of cooling capacity, melt temperature, etc., on interface shape are corrected. It is shown that two parameters: a dimensionless heat flux and Biot number, are the key factors in controlling interface shape. The importance of accounting for both direct and indirect rediation heat transfer is demonstrated. An illustrative application is presented to show the utility of the model.
Properties of high-T/sub c/ oxide fibers from laser heated pedestal growth

Bi-containing oxide superconductors have been made into fine fibers using the laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method. These fibers grow with the c-axis of the grain normal to the growth direction. Studies of critical currents obtained by pulsed-current transport measurement and by magnetic shielding studies are compared. The transport and magnetic properties are promising for 60-Hz power applications and devices where the current is maintained by an outside source and a small amount of dissipation can be tolerated. Low pinning barriers and consequently appreciable flux creep seem to be intrinsic characteristics of the high-T/sub c/ oxide superconductors. To utilize them in situations where persistent currents are required, it will be necessary to incorporate more pinning centers. >
Improved Near Earth Orbiting Asteroid Detection via Statistical Image Fusion

Current efforts aimed at detecting and identifying near Earth objects (NEOs) that pose potential risks to earth use moderately sized telescopes combined with image processing algorithms to detect the asteroid motion. These algorithms detect objects via assumptions about the point-like nature of the target. This assumption breaks down in poor seeing conditions when the object no longer resembles a point source. This paper serves to document an alternative approach involving the use of many smaller apertures whose images are fused using Bayesian decision techniques that assume nothing about the shape of the target in order to determine the presence of a NEO The technique is shown to be robust in the presence of atmospheric turbulence. Simulation studies are conducted showing the feasibility of the proposed technique.
Parametric Raman gain suppression in D(2) and H(2).

We report direct experimental evidence of the absence of exponential gain at the Stokes wavelength for Stokes/anti-Stokes phase-matched stimulated Raman scattering. The amplification of a Stokes seed pulse was measured at various propagation angles relative to the pump direction. Nonexponential growth was observed at the Stokes/anti-Stokes phase-matching angle with an amplification that was smaller than at non-phase-matching angles by a factor of more than 107.
Patterns of dementia diagnosis in surveillance, epidemiology, and end results breast cancer survivors who use chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine patterns of dementia diagnosis seen after chemotherapy treatment. DESIGN: Using the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnoses of dementia occurring in the years after breast cancer diagnosis were examined. SETTING: The SEER program collects information from population-based tumor registries in seven metropolitan areas (San Francisco and Oakland, Detroit, Atlanta, Seattle, Los Angeles County, San Jose and Monterey Counties, and the greater California area) and eight states (Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, and Louisiana). PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen thousand three hundred sixty women diagnosed with Stage II, III, or IV breast cancer. MEASUREMENTS: Using validated ICD-9 diagnoses of dementia, the occurrence of dementia and other cognitive impairment in the years after breast cancer diagnosis in women who received chemotherapy was compared with that of women who did not. To account for group differences, propensity score analysis was used to balance the differences in groups before treatment. Risk of dementia was calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: There were significant differences at baseline between individuals who received and did not receive chemotherapy. In the first few years after breast cancer diagnosis, dementia was more common in women who had not had chemotherapy, probably reflecting group differences at baseline. In the longer term, diagnoses of dementia were more common in women who had chemotherapy treatment (hazard ratio=1.20, 95% confidence interval=1.08–1.33). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the possibility of severe cognitive changes associated with chemotherapy, particularly over the long term.
SCAT: Design criteria and software

SCAT is a high-level language for writing programs that control experimental procedures and record data. This paper discusses general design criteria for higher level languages and the basic structure of the SCAT language. A second section of the paper briefly describes the compiler and gives a description of the operating system.
Religious Dialogue in the Nicaraguan Revolution

This article is an historical study of the Nicaraguan revolution that makes a case in favor of interpreting revolutionary stances/action as driven by religious dialogue. To this end, seminary dialogues that assumed revolutionary significance during the 1970s in Solentiname, Nicaragua, are studied. Institutional shifts in religious meaning, both in the region and Nicaragua, are historically detailed. Three dialogues from The Gospel in Solentiname, a four-volume collection of Bible-centered dialogues, are analyzed. These are evaluated in terms of their role for revolutionary outlooks. Innovative and developmental features of dialogue are identified in order to underscore the revolutionary potential of dialogue.
Environmental noise pollution in the United States: developing an effective public health response.

Background: Tens of millions of Americans suffer from a range of adverse health outcomes due to noise exposure, including heart disease and hearing loss. Reducing environmental noise pollution is a...
Effects of head movement on perceptions of humanoid robot behavior

This paper examines human perceptions of humanoid robot behavior, specifically how perception is affected by variations in head tracking behavior under constant gestural behavior. Subjects were invited to the lab to "play with Nico," an upper-torso humanoid robot. The follow-up survey asked subjects to rate and write about the experience. A coding scheme originally created to gauge human intentionality was applied to written responses to measure the level of intentionality that subjects perceived in the robot. Subjects were presented with one of four variations of head movement: a motionless head, a smooth tracking head, a tracking head without smoothed movements, and an avoidance behavior, while a pre-scripted wave and beckon sequence was carried out in all cases. Surprisingly, subjects rated the interaction as most enjoyable and Nico as possessing more intentionality when avoidance and unsmooth tracking were used. These data suggest that naive users of robots may prefer caricatured and exaggerated behaviors to more natural ones. Also, correlations between ratings across modes suggest that simple features of robot behavior reliably evoke notable changes in many perception scales.
Two-Level Cache Performance for Multiprocessors:

For shared bus multiprocessors operated in multiprogramming mode, the addition of second-level caches tends to significantly increase system performance. Trace-driven simulation was employed to obt...
WOMEN, MEN, AND THE “SECOND SHIFT” IN SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA

The authors examine the “second shift” in the former socialist Yugoslavia through the analysis of 1989-90 data from a random sample of 7,790 adults in the paid labor force. Despite working outside the home, women are primarily responsible for housework. Neither education, occupation, urbanization, nor participation in the informal economy has a significant effect in reducing this; only the presence of an older female in the household measurably reduces an employed woman's participation in the second shift. Not only are men's attitudes important for women's performance of the second shift but also men's ability to act in terms of this value displays the significance of a gendered social structure in socialist societies.
Classification enhancement via biometric pattern perturbation

This paper presents a novel technique for improving face recognition performance by predicting system failure, and, if necessary, perturbing eye coordinate inputs and repredicting failure as a means of selecting the optimal perturbation for correct classification. This relies on a method that can accurately identify patterns that can lead to more accurate classification, without modifying the classification algorithm itself. To this end, a neural network is used to learn 'good' and 'bad' wavelet transforms of similarity score distributions from an analysis of the gallery. In production, face images with a high likelihood of having been incorrectly matched are reprocessed using perturbed eye coordinate inputs, and the best results used to “correct” the initial results. The overall approach suggest a more general approach involving the use of input perturbations for increasing classifier performance in general. Results for both commercial and research face-based biometrics are presented using both simulated and real data. The statistically significant results show the strong potential for this to improve system performance, especially with uncooperative subjects.
An Introduction to Multitasking and Texting Prevalence and Impact on Grades and GPA in Marketing Classes

This exploratory study looks at the phenomena of texting in a marketing education context. It outlines the difficulties of multitasking within two metacognitive models of learning and sets the stage for further research on the effects of texting within class. Students in marketing classes in two different universities were surveyed. They received an average of 37 texts per day and initiated about 16. More than 90% of the respondents reported receiving texts while in class and 86% reported texting someone from class. Even though students believed they could follow a lecture and text at the same time, respondents who did text within marketing classes received lower grades. Contrary to other research, texting frequency was generally unrelated to GPA. Implications for both pedagogical issues and research in marketing education are discussed.
Semi&#8211;Blind Model (In) Validation with Applications to Texture Classification

This paper addresses the problem of model (in)validation of linear discrete–time (LTI) models subject to unstructured LTI uncertainty, using frequency–domain data corrupted by additive noise. Contrary to the case usually considered in the (deterministic) invalidation literature, here the input to the system has an unknown phase. This problem arises naturally for instance in the context of validating systems subject to unknown time–delays, or in cases where only the spectral power density of the (in this case stochastic) input is known. It can be shown that this leads to a generically NP hard minimization problem. The main result of this paper is an efficient, LMI based convex relaxation of the problem. These results are illustrated with a non–trivial problem: classification of textured images.
Scaling cardiovascular parameters for population simulations

Computational models of cardiovascular function depend on the specification of parameters, whose values can depend quite strongly on particular subject characteristics (e.g., age, height, weight, disease state). In this study, we present a scaling scheme, based on the principle of elastic similarity, that allows for referencing of cardiovascular parameters to different anthropometric profiles. Combined with a sampling procedure, this scaling scheme allows for simulations of subjects of different body size. Simulated steady-state mean values, standard deviations, and ranges of important hemodynamic variables match their experimental analogs of the normal healthy adult population quite well. We conclude that scaling of cardiovascular parameters on the basis of elastic similarity provides a valid basis for incorporating the effects of size in population simulations.
Modeling the Anatomical Distribution of Sunlight

One of the major technical challenges in calculating solar irradiance on the human form has been the complexity of the surface geometry (i.e. the surface-normal vis-a-vis the incident radiation). Over 80% of skin cancers occur on the face, head, neck and back of the hands. The quantification, as well as the mapping of the anatomical distribution of solar radiation on the human form, is essential if we are to study the etiology of skin cancers or cataracts or immune system suppression. Using advances in computer graphics, including high-resolution three-dimensional mathematical representations of the human form, the calculation of irradiance has been attained to subcentimeter precision. Lighting detail included partitioning of direct beam and diffuse skylight, shadowing effects and gradations of model surface illumination depending on model surface geometry and incident light angle. With the incorporation of ray-tracing and irradiance algorithms, the results are not only realistic renderings but also accurate representations of the distribution of light on the subject model. The calculation of light illumination at various receptor points across the anatomy provides information about differential radiant exposure as a function of subject posture, orientation relative to the sun and sun elevation. The integration of a geodesic sun-tracking model into the lighting module enabled simulation of specific sun exposure scenarios, with instantaneous irradiance, as well as the cumulative radiant exposure, calculated for a given latitude, date, time of day and duration. Illustration of instantaneous irradiance or cumulative radiant exposure is achieved using a false-color rendering—mapping light intensity to color— creating irradiance or exposure isopleths. This approach may find application in the determination of the reduction in exposure that one achieves by wearing a hat, shirt or sunglasses. More fundamentally, such an analysis tool could provide improved estimates of scenario-specific dose (i.e. absorbed radiant exposure) needed to develop dose–response functions for sunlight-induced disease.
Improving diet and exercise in pregnancy with Video Doctor counseling: A randomized trial

Abstract Objective To determine if an interactive, computerized Video Doctor counseling tool improves self-reported diet and exercise in pregnant women. Methods A randomized trial comparing a Video Doctor intervention to usual care in ethnically diverse, low-income, English-speaking pregnant women was conducted. Brief messages about diet, exercise, and weight gain were delivered by an actor-portrayed Video Doctor twice during pregnancy. Results In the Video Doctor group ( n = 158), there were statistically significant increases from baseline in exercise (+28 min), intake of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish, avocado and nuts, and significant decreases in intake of sugary foods, refined grains, high fat meats, fried foods, solid fats, and fast food. In contrast, there were no changes from baseline for any of these outcomes in the usual care group ( n = 163). Nutrition knowledge improved significantly over time in both groups but more so in the Video Doctor group. Clinician–patient discussions about these topics occurred significantly more frequently in the Video Doctor group. There was no difference in weight gain between groups. Conclusion A brief Video Doctor intervention can improve exercise and dietary behaviors in pregnant women. Practice implications The Video Doctor can be integrated into prenatal care to assist clinicians with effective diet and exercise counseling.
The NRF2 knockout rat: a new animal model to study endothelial dysfunction, oxidant stress, and microvascular rarefaction

A novel rat strain with a null mutation of the gene coding for the master antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 (NRF2) has been developed. The paradoxical pro...
Segmental aplasia of a uterine horn (uterus unicornis) in a Senepol beef cow

A six year old Senepol cow was presented to the Department of Rural Practice, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee in March, 1988 because of reproductive failure. According to the history, she had her first calf in July 1984 and a second one in July 1986. Both were born healthy but died later of accidental influences. The cow was flushed as an embryo transfer donor, without success, approximately two months after delivering her second calf. As no estrous was observed after the flushing attempt, the cow was turned out with a bull for pasture breeding. The bull was never seen mounting the cow.
Developments in the Physics of High Current Linear Ion Accelerators

Linear ion accelerators have been proposed for both high peak and high average current applications.1 The design of high-intensity linacs is strongly influenced by the requirement of providing sufficient focusing (confinement) for the beam to balance the effects of the space-charge (self-field) forces, which become important for high beam current. Longitudinal focusing is obtained by operation on the rising rf electric field, where both acceleration and phase stability are obtained. Strong transverse focusing results from electric or magnetic quadrupole lenses arranged in a quasiperiodic structure; in the drift-tube linac (DTL), these individual quadrupole elements are installed within the drift tubes. In a smooth approximation, the quadrupole lenses produce an equivalent linear continuous focusing force upon which is superimposed the local forces of individual lenses that create a flutter in the beam envelope.
Characterizing the Non-Proportional and Out-of-Phase Extent of Stress and Strain Histories

The extent to which the stress history of a component is non-proportional and out-of-phase can strongly influence the accuracy of the fatigue-life prediction. Phenomenological multiaxial fatigue models are more or less accurate depending upon the extent to which the stress or strain history is non-proportional and out-of-phase. Herein, scalar measures are introduced for characterizing the non-proportional and out-of-phase extent of any stress or strain history. These scalar measures are used to characterize the stress history of a an overhead-cam cylinder-head when subjected to severe cyclic operating thermal loads.
(1S*,2R*,3S*,4R*,5R*)-5-Tetra­decyloxy­methyl-7-oxabicyclo­[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarb­oxy­lic anhydride

In the title compound, C23H38O5, the oxabicyclo­[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarb­oxy­lic anhydride unit has a normal geometry and the tetra­decoxymethyl side chain is fully extended. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked head-to-head by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming two-dimensional networks propagating along the a and c-axis directions.
Blood pressure QTL that differentiate Dahl salt-sensitive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Garrett, Michael R., Yasser Saad, Howard Dene, and John P. Rapp. Blood pressure QTL that differentiate Dahl salt-sensitive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Genomics 3: 33–38, 2000.—Our ...
Bodies in Motion: Identity and Migration in Cyprus During the Bronze Age

Analysis of human remains from the Bronze Age in Cyprus offers insight into underlying issues of social change and identity formation. This chapter uses social theory to amplify the analysis of bone fragments from over 100 individuals from Cyprus, spanning over 1000 years of human occupation. These data and interpretation add another line of evidence to the archaeological debate over the nature of culture change and the incorporation of new populations in Cyprus from about 2400 to 1700 BC. Essentially, this chapter presents a model for distinguishing colonization from migration (with integration) of new populations. Through examination of skeletal material and burial patterns, an argument can be made for inclusion of new populations to Cyprus without an overarching colonization during the time frame.
Existence of chaos for nonlinear Schrödinger equation under singular perturbations

The work [1] is generalized to the singularly perturbed nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation of which the regularly perturbed NLS studied in [1] is a mollification. Specifically, the existence of Smale horseshoes and Bernoulli shift dynamics is established in a neighborhood of a symmetric pair of Silnikov homoclinic orbits under certain generic conditions, and the existence of the symmetric pair of Silnikov homoclinic orbits has been proved in [2]. The main difficulty in the current horseshoe construction is introduced by the singular perturbation ǫ∂ x which turns the unperturbed reversible system into an irreversible system. It turns out that the equivariant smooth linearization can still be achieved, and the Conley-Moser conditions can still be realized.
Engagement in Risky Sexual Behavior Adolescents’ Perceptions of Self and the Parent–Child Relationship Matter

The current study examined associations among parenting practices, adolescents’ self-esteem and dating identity exploration, and adolescents’ sexual behaviors. Participants were 680 African American and European American sexually experienced adolescents attending public high schools in the southeast. Results indicated that risky sexual behavior was associated positively with parental psychological control, and negatively with self-esteem and dating identity exploration. Parental support positively predicted self-esteem and dating identity exploration; psychological control also showed a positive association with dating identity exploration. Contrary to expectation, neither self-esteem nor dating identity exploration mediated associations between parenting and risky sexual behavior; moderation tests showed few differences. However, dating identity exploration showed potential to serve as a protective factor for higher risk groups (i.e., males, African Americans), and psychological control appeared particul...