cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Adsorptive Media Use for the Direct Treatment of Phosphorous-Impaired Surface Water

AbstractRemoving phosphorus (P) from the environment is a growing priority for water resource stakeholders. Unlike prior research that focused on using adsorbents to treat wastewater discharges, urban stormwater, or agricultural runoff, several adsorbents were evaluated in this work for their ability to remove P directly from surface water. Isotherm models predicted that the capacity of Sorbtive Media, dried alum sludge, fly ash, and Bold and Gold solid adsorbents were 42.1, 21.3, 10.5, and 0.019 mg PO4/g adsorbent, respectively. Alum sludge and Sorbtive Media were further evaluated by packing 10% of the adsorbent with 90% sand (by volume) into 15-mm-diameter mini-columns that were fed surface water collected from the Econlockhatchee River near Orlando, FL. The average percent removal of P was 51% for the alum sludge column and 61% for the Sorbtive Media column. The adsorptive capacity of the columns was not exhausted after more than 1,300 h of continuous operation. This study shed light on the use of ads...
Neurotrophic Factor Control of Adult SVZ Neurogenesis

Neurogenesis is the process by which cells divide, migrate, and subsequently differentiate into a neuronal phenotype. Significant rates of neurogenesis persist into adulthood in two brain regions, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. Cells of the SVZ divide and migrate via the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb (OB) where they differentiate into granule and periglomerular cells. With the discovery of large-scale neurogenesis in the adult brain, there have been significant efforts to identify the mechanisms that control this process as well as the role of these cells in neuronal functioning. Neurotrophic factors are a family of molecules that serve critical roles in the survival and differentiation of neurons during development, as well as contribute to continued plasticity throughout life. Several members of the neurotrophin family have been implicated in the control of adult postnatal SVZ neurogenesis. In this review we will address what is currently known regarding neurotrophic factor-dependent control of SVZ neurogenesis and place these findings in the context of what is known regarding other growth factors.
Feasibility of valve repair for regurgitant bicuspid aortic valves--an echocardiographic study.

Background There is increasing interest in the role of valve repair for patients with isolated severe aortic regurgitation. Those with bicuspid aortic valves are suggested as most suitable for repair. Morphologic features of these valves that suggest feasibility of repair are not well defined. Methods Perioperative echocardiograms on 132 consecutive patients (mean age 42 ± 12 years; 94% male), with bicuspid valves and isolated aortic regurgitation undergoing surgery at our institution were reviewed. Seventy-five patients (57%) underwent successful valve repair. Repair was attempted but unsuccessful for another 8 patients (6 intraoperatively and 2 before discharge). Results Cusp prolapse was the most common primary mechanism of regurgitation (88 patients [67%]), with 81 patients having primarily eccentrically directed regurgitation. Echocardiographic examination of 72 (55%) had evidence of cusp thickening with 40 (30%) having cusp calcification. By multivariate analysis, an eccentric regurgitant jet direction (odds ratio=14.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.4 to 59.6), lack of cusp thickening (odds ratio=5.9 [1.7 to 20]), lack of cusp calcification (odds ratio=4.2; [1.1 to 16.7]) and the absence of commissural thickening (odds ratio=4.8 [1.3 to 16.7]) were independently associated with a greater likelihood of successful valve repair. Greater cusp thickening was the only factor associated with attempted but failed repair. Conclusions Successful repair of regurgitant bicuspid aortic valves was more feasible for those patients with eccentric regurgitant jets, those without cusp or commissural thickening or cusp calcification. Recognition of these features may enhance patient selection and improve procedural outcomes with aortic valve repair.
Permian-Triassic unconformity in the Terrace Mountains, northwestern Utah

A paucity of information about the Permian-Triassic boundary in the northern Great Basin has resulted in considerable speculation about the nature of this surface. Two exposures of the unconformity in the Terrace Mountains, Box Elder County, Utah, provide significant information on the contact in this area. At one location, a thin, unnamed, Upper Permian phosphatic unit is disconformable with the underlying Upper Permian Gerster Formation, and the Lower Triassic Dinwoody Formation disconformably overlies the phosphatic unit. At another locality 0.6 km to the northwest, the Lower Triassic Dinwoody Formation rests disconformably on the Upper Permian Gerster Formation, and the younger Permian phosphatic unit is absent. This documents the reports of previous workers about the existence of a locally preserved, erosional remnant of Upper Permian phosphatic rock in this area. This relation and the presence of a basal Lower Triassic conglomerate containing reworked Permian fossils establish that the Permian in this area was eroded to a gently irregular surface with slopes that were probably less than 1 m/km prior to transgression of Early Triassic (Griesbachian) seas.
Enhancing instruction scheduling with a block-structured ISA

It is now generally recognized that not enough parallelism exists within the small basic blocks of most general purpose programs to satisfy high performance processors. Thus, a wide variety of techniques have been developed to exploit instruction level parallelism across basic block boundaries. In this paper we discuss some previous techniques along with their hardware and software requirements. Then we propose a new paradigm for an instruction set architecture (ISA): block-structuring. This new paradigm is presented, its hardware and software requirements are discussed and the results from a simulation study are presented. We show that a block-structured ISA utilizes both dynamic and compile-time mechanisms for exploiting instruction level parallelism and has significant performance advantages over a conventional ISA.
Effect of unilateral thoracic vagotomy on histamine-stimulated acid secretion in man

In the past, the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion has been considered to be an “all or none” effect [2]. In fact, it has been reported that division of 75% of the vagal fibers at the level of the esophageal hiatus does not affect gastric secretion 151. However, recent studies have demonstrated a segmental vagal innervation of the canine stomach [4]. Although unilateral vagotomy at the cervical level in the dog did not affect acid secretion, when the separation was at the level of the diaphragm, insulin-stimulated acid secretion was reduced by 50% [6]. Furthermore, unilateral vagotomy has significantly reduced basal secretion and the acid response to stimulation by pentagastrin, histamine, and insulin in the ferret PI. No comparable data concerning the effect of unilateral vagotomy in man are available. During the course of simple or extended pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung, it is occasionally necessary to cut a vagal trunk to insure complete lymphadenectomy. This prompted the study of the acid response to histamine stimulation in patients undergoing a thoracotomy for carcinoma of the lung.
Memorizing and copying visual patterns: a Piagetian interpretation

Six-, 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old children (10 boys and 10 girls) reconstructed two visual patterns from immediate memory, while other 5- and 6-year-old children (10 boys and 10 girls) reconstructed the identical patterns by direct copying. Patterns were simple and composed entirely of circles or squares as component items. Four results were emphasized: (a) Numerous errors mady by the copying groups led to the conclusion that memory loss is often overestimated in young children. Since an independent estimate of perceptual encoding errors is rarely carried out, encoding mistakes are often included among forgetting errors. (b) One pattern was both copied and remembered more poorly than the other in accord with a Piagetian interpretation of a conceptual conflict inherent in the pattern design between spatial and numerical correspondence of component pattern items. (c) A memory strategy emphasizing configuration preservation was suggested for the 6-year-olds who made slightly fewer memory than copying errors for two configural scoring categories. (d) Performance in an unrelated planning-for-memory task significantly differentiated between better and worse performers on the visual pattern memory task.
Detection of thyroid remnant/metastasis without stunning: an ongoing dilemma.

The use of 131I in doses of several mCi for scans can stun the thyrocytes and thyroid cancer cells, whereas the usual dose (300 μCi) of 123I does not. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of the 123I (300 μCi) scans and that of 131I (3-10 mCi) scans in 155 patients. The diagnostic accuracy of a 123I scan in detecting functioning thyroid remnant/metastasis was 89.5% (77/86 scans) and that of a 131I scan was 92.9% (39/42) in 6 week—postoperative patients (p = 0.750). For radioablation therapy follow-up patients, the diagnostic accuracy of 123I in determining presence or absence of functioning remnant or metastasis was 69.4% (25/36) and that of 131I was 92.5% (49/53) with a p value of 0.079. The success rates for complete ablation of functioning tissue after radioiodine therapy administered after diagnostic 123I and after 131I were 72% (34/47) and 56% (24/43), respectively, with a p value of 0.125. Our study indicates the following: 1) for the first postoperative evaluation, the diagnostic accuracy of the 123...
Calcium-dependent inactivation of calcium channels in the medial striatum increases at eye opening

Influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) is essential for striatal function and plasticity. VGCCs expressed in striatal neurons have varying kinetics, voltage dependences, and densities resulting in heterogeneous subcellular calcium dynamics. One factor that determines the calcium dynamics in striatal medium spiny neurons is inactivation of VGCCs. Aside from voltage-dependent inactivation, VGCCs undergo calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI): inactivating in response to an influx of calcium. CDI is a negative feedback control mechanism; however, its contribution to striatal neuron function is unknown. Furthermore, although the density of VGCC expression changes with development, it is unclear whether CDI changes with development. Because calcium influx through L-type calcium channels is required for striatal synaptic depression, a change in CDI could contribute to age-dependent changes in striatal synaptic plasticity. Here we use whole cell voltage clamp to characterize CDI over developmental stages and across striatal regions. We find that CDI increases at the age of eye opening in the medial striatum but not the lateral striatum. The developmental increase in CDI mostly involves L-type channels, although calcium influx through non-L-type channels contributes to the CDI in both age groups. Agents that enhance protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of calcium channels reduce the magnitude of CDI after eye opening, suggesting that the developmental increase in CDI may be related to a reduction in the phosphorylation state of the L-type calcium channel. These results are the first to show that modifications in striatal neuron properties correlate with changes to sensory input.
Sampling plans excluding contiguous units

We consider fixed size sampling plans for which the second order inclusion probabilities are zero for pairs of contiguous units and constant for pairs of non-contiguous units. A practical motivation for the use of such plans is pointed out and a statistical condition is identified under which these plans are more efficient than the corresponding simple random sampling plans. Results on the existence and construction of these plans are obtained.
Accurate jovian radio flux density measurements show ammonia to be subsaturated in the upper troposphere

Abstract The availability of new accurate radio flux densities of Jupiter in and around the λ ≃ 1.3 cm ammonia absorption band, one from ground-based radio data and five from the WMAP satellite, permits re-examination of the structure of the jovian upper troposphere. These flux densities, with accuracies of 1–3%, indicate that the jovian atmospheric ammonia is globally subsaturated within and above the ammonia cloud tops, 0.4 bar ⩽ P ⩽ 0.6 bar , and subsolar (by a factor of 2) below the cloud base, 0.6 bar ⩽ P ⩽ 2 bar .
Faster computation of the direct product kernel for graph classification

The direct product kernel, introduced by Gartner et al. for graph classification, is based on defining a feature for every possible label sequence in a labelled graph and counting how many label sequences in two given graphs are identical. Although the direct product kernel has achieved promising results in terms of accuracy, the kernel computation is not feasible for large graphs. This is because computing the direct product kernel for two graphs is essentially computing either the inverse of or by diagonalizing the adjacency matrix of the direct product of these two graphs. For two graphs with adjacency matrices of sizes m and n, the adjacency matrix of their direct product graph can be of size mn in the worst case. As both matrix inversion or matrix diagonalizing in the general case is O(n3), computing the direct product kernel is O((mn)3). Our survey of data sets in graph classification indicates that most graphs have adjacency matrices of sizes in the order of hundreds which often leads to adjacency matrices of direct product graphs (of two graphs) having sizes in the order of thousands. In this work we show how the direct product kernel can be computed in O((m + n)3). The key insight behind our result is that the language of label sequences in a labeled graph is a regular language and that regular languages are closed under union and intersection.
The Sniff as a Unit of Olfactory Processing

Sniffing is a rhythmic motor process essential for the acquisition of olfactory information. Recent behavioral experiments show that using a single sniff rats can accurately discriminate between very similar odors and fail to improve their accuracy by taking multiple sniffs. This implies that each sniff has the potential to provide a complete snapshot of the local olfactory environment. The discrete and intermittent nature of sniffing has implications beyond the physical process of odor capture as it strongly shapes the flow of information into the olfactory system. We review electrophysiological studies-primarily from anesthetized rodents-demonstrating that olfactory neural responses are coupled to respiration. Hence, the "sniff cycle" might play a role in odor coding, by allowing the timing of spikes with respect to the phase of the respiration cycle to encode information about odor identity or concentration. We also discuss behavioral and physiological results indicating that sniffing can be dynamically coordinated with other rhythmic behaviors, such as whisking, as well as with rhythmic neural activity, such as hippocampal theta oscillations. Thus, the sniff cycle might also facilitate the coordination of the olfactory system with other brain areas. These converging lines of empirical data support the notion that each sniff is a unit of olfactory processing relevant for both neural coding and inter-areal coordination. Further electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals will be necessary to assess these proposals.
Interference and Outage in Poisson Cognitive Networks

Consider a cognitive radio network with two types of users: primary users (PUs) and cognitive users (CUs), whose locations follow two independent Poisson point processes. The cognitive users follow the policy that a cognitive transmitter is active only when it is outside the primary user exclusion regions. We found that under this setup the active cognitive users form a point process called the Poisson hole process. Due to the interaction between the primary users and the cognitive users through exclusion regions, an exact calculation of the interference and the outage probability seems unfeasible. Instead, two different approaches are taken to tackle this problem. First, bounds for the interference (in the form of Laplace transforms) and the outage probability are derived, and second, it is shown how to use a Poisson cluster process to model the interference in this kind of network. Furthermore, the bipolar network model with different exclusion region settings is analyzed.
Applications of Plotkin-terms: partitions and morphisms for closed terms

This theoretical pearl is about the closed term model of pure untyped lambda-terms modulo β-convertibility. A consequence of one of the results is that for arbitrary distinct combinators (closed lambda terms) M, M′, N, N′ there is a combinator H such thatdisplay formula hereThe general result, which comes from Statman (1998), is that uniformly r.e. partitions of the combinators, such that each ‘block’ is closed under β-conversion, are of the form {H−1{M}}M∈ΛΦ. This is proved by making use of the idea behind the so-called Plotkin-terms, originally devised to exhibit some global but non-uniform applicative behaviour. For expository reasons we present the proof below. The following consequences are derived: a characterization of morphisms and a counter-example to the perpendicular lines lemma for β-conversion.
Embolic therapy for myomata

SummaryTwo patients of an initial pilot study are reported. Both suffered from menorrhagia associated with uterine myomata. In each case bilateral uterine artery embolization under digital subtraction angiography was performed using polyvinyl alcohol particles. Patients' anaemia improved; follow-up ultrasound showed a reduction of both uterine volumes and size of myomata. No side-effects from the procedure were noted.
Design of focused single element (50-100 MHz) transducers using lithium niobate

This paper discusses two fabrication procedures used to build LiNbO/sub 3/ single element ultrasonic transducers with center frequencies in the 50-100 MHz range. Transducers of varying dimensions were built according to an f-number range of 2.5-3.0. A quarter wavelength silver epoxy matching layer (Z/sub a/=7.3 MRayls), and a silver epoxy backing (Z/sub a/=5.9 MRayls), were used in all designs. The desired focal depths were achieved by either casting an acoustic lens on the transducer face or press-focusing the piezoelectric into a spherical curvature. The lens material EPO-TEK 301 (Z/sub a/=3.1 MRayls) was modeled as a second matching layer. Parylene (Z/sub a/=2.6 MRayls) was used as the second matching layer in the press-focused transducer design. For designs that required electrical impedance matching, a low impedance transmission line coaxial cable was used. All transducers were tested in a pulse-echo insertion loss arrangement, whereby the center frequency, bandwidth, insertion loss, and focal depth were measured. Numerous transducers were fabricated with center frequencies in the 50 to 100 MHz range. The measured -6 dB bandwidths and two-way insertion loss values ranged from 50% to 70% and 12.5 dB to 23.0 dB, respectively. Both fabrication procedures proved successful in producing very sensitive, high frequency single element ultrasonic imaging transducers. The press-focused devices displayed significantly lower insertion loss levels than lensed devices. The Parylene matching layer provided a better acoustic match to the load medium water (Z/sub a/=1.5 MRayls) and a reduced attenuation compared to the lens, which may account for the discrepancy insertion in loss levels. Finally, transmission line tuning demonstrated a 3 dB reduction in insertion loss and a 6% increase in device bandwidth.
Kch1 family proteins mediate essential responses to endoplasmic reticulum stresses in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.

The activation of a high affinity Ca2+ influx system (HACS) in the plasma membrane is required for survival of yeast cells exposed to natural or synthetic inhibitors of essential processes (secretory protein folding or sterol biosynthesis) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The mechanisms linking ER stress to HACS activation are not known. Here we show that Kch1, a recently identified low affinity K+ transporter in the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is up-regulated in response to several ER stressors and necessary for HACS activation. The activation of HACS required extracellular K+ and was also dependent on the high affinity K+ transporters Trk1 and Trk2. However, a paralog of Kch1 termed Kch2 was not expressed and not necessary for HACS activation in these conditions. The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans carries only one homolog of Kch1/Kch2, and homozygous knock-out mutants were similarly deficient in the activation of HACS during the responses to tunicamycin. However, the Kch1 homolog was not necessary for HACS activation or cell survival in response to several clinical antifungals (azoles, allylamines, echinocandins) that target the ER or cell wall. Thus, Kch1 family proteins represent a conserved linkage between HACS and only certain classes of ER stress in these yeasts.
Correlation of mRNA and protein abundance in the developing maize leaf

To help understand regulation of maize leaf blade development, including sink-source transitions and induction of C4 photosynthesis, we compared large-scale quantitative proteome and transcriptomes collected at specific stages along the developmental maize leaf blade gradient. Proteome data were based on label-free shotgun proteomics (spectral counting) and transcript data were based on RNA-seq using the same source materials, and had been published previously (Nat Genet, 42, 2010, 1060-1067; The Plant Cell, 22, 2010, 3509-3542). Transcript and protein abundance followed near normal distributions, in contrast with several studies with other organisms. Protein observability correlated with transcript abundance following a 'lazy step function' similar to that in bacteria and yeast. mRNA and protein abundance showed significant positive correlations (up to 0.8) for log-transformed length-weighted normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) and reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM) and non-weighted abundances (NadjSPC and COV) in dependence of function and development. Correlations were much weaker in the leaf 'sink-source' transition zone, i.e. the zone with massive investments in leaf chloroplast biogenesis and build-up of photosynthetic capacity. Clustering analyses of gene-specific protein-mRNA ratios revealed co-ordinated shifts in control points in gene expression along the leaf blade developmental gradient. The highest protein-mRNA ratio for each gene generally corresponded to leaf developmental stages in which the protein function was most important, with the exception of the 80S ribosome. Specific examples are discussed in the context of C4 photosynthesis, leaf development and sink-source transitions. This large-scale mRNA-protein correlation analysis in plants (maize) using label-free spectral counting for protein quantification and RNA-seq for mRNA abundance will provide a template for future mRNA-protein correlation studies.
Cyclospora cayetanensis : a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s.

Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite that causes protracted, relapsing gastroenteritis, has a short recorded history. In retrospect, the first 3 documented human cases of Cyclospora infection were diagnosed in 1977 and 1978. However, not much was published about the organism until the 1990s. One of the surprises has been the fact that a parasite that likely requires days to weeks outside the host to become infectious has repeatedly caused foodborne outbreaks, including large multistate outbreaks in the United States and Canada. In this review, I discuss what has been learned about this enigmatic parasite since its discovery and what some of the remaining questions are. My focus is the foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis that were documented from 1990 through 1999. The occurrence of the outbreaks highlights the need for health care personnel to consider that seemingly isolated cases of infection could be part of widespread outbreaks and should be reported to public health officials. Health care personnel should also be aware that stool specimens examined for ova and parasites usually are not examined for Cyclospora unless such testing is specifically requested and that Cyclospora infection is treatable with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Stability of Anthocyanins from Tradescania pallida

The acylated, B-ring substituted anthocyanins of Tradescantia pallida (TPA) were extracted from the leaves with acidic water, purified on a Duolite-861 resin and incorporated into a model beverage. The beverage was composed of a citrate-phosphate buffer at pH values 3.5, 4.5 or 5.5, and 15% sucrose. Comparison samples contained cyanidin-3-glucoside from blackberries and a commercial sample of enocyanin from grapes. The TPA samples were much more stable than the other two, particularly at the higher pH values as judged by pigment retention and tristimulus color readings. The extra absorption band of the TPA samples at pH 5.5 indicated the samples were well colored. Addition of tannin and/or ascorbic acid resulted in marked pigment and color loss.
A 183-Year History of Fire and Recent Fire Suppression Impacts in Select Pine and Oak Forest Stands of the Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin

Abstract Due to the paucity of long-term fire chronologies in the upper Midwest, we studied basal cross-sections dating back to 1822 and the impacts of recent fire suppression in pine and oak stands on the Menominee Indian Reservation in northeast Wisconsin. A total of 93 fire events with a fire-return interval (FRI) of 5.9–17.7 y were recorded across all stands before fire suppression activities in 1935. After 1935, we recorded 29 fires. Most stands have only burned 0–3 times since 1935, and only four of 16 stands yielded enough fire years to calculate FRIs. Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) determined significantly lower Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values 1 y before individual fire years. Fire wounding occurred primarily in the dormant season and average tree diameter at time of wounding ranged from 7–30 cm. Current forest composition was dominated by white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) overstories, whereas seedlings and saplings were predominantly eastern hemlock (Tsuga ...
Transition From School to Community Living

The transition process by which a student with moderate to severe disabilities is prepared to leave the school setting and enter into employment and community living is legally mandated and includes provisions for occupational therapy and other related services. This transition requires a team approach in which members collaborate to determine objectives with the student and his or her family in the domains of domestic, community, recreational, and vocational living. Assessment and intervention focus on functional activities that are chronologically age-appropriate and environmentally based. This focus on real life activities is a departure from the prereadiness skills and simulations used by some occupational therapists in school systems. This literature review describes the transition from school to community living, discusses methods to increase parental participation, and provides examples of functional assessments and intervention strategies pertinent to occupational therapy practice for persons with moderate to severe disabilities.
Fine-Tuning the Human-Computer Interface: Verbal versus Keyboard Input in an Idea Generation Context

Voice recognition technologies are rapidly evolving to help humans interact with computers more efficiently and effectively. Despite their potential advantages, their impact on system usability has not received sufficient empirical attention. To this end, this study applies voice recognition technologies in a setting where the speed and volume of human input is critical - small group idea generation. Rather than forcing group members to input ideas via keyboard, a novel idea generation technique is introduced whereby ideas are captured directly through verbalization. The results indicate that inputting ideas verbally enhances system usability, providing a more efficient and effective mechanism for generating ideas in a computer-mediated environment. Verbalizing ideas appears to help group members focus on analytical thinking and leverage others' ideas, ultimately facilitating the creation of idea pools that are vastly superior in terms of quantity and quality. As expected, these effects are robust across nominal and small interacting groups
Determinants of sedentary 24-h energy expenditure: equations for energy prescription and adjustment in a respiratory chamber

Background: Achieving energy balance is critical for the interpretation of results obtained in respiratory chambers. However, 24-h energy expenditure (24EE) predictions based on estimated resting metabolic rate and physical activity level are often inaccurate and imprecise. Objective: We aimed to develop and validate equations to better achieve energy balance in a respiratory chamber by adding or subtracting food items. Design: By using a randomized data set with measures of 24EE (n = 241) performed at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, we developed equations to predict 24EE from anthropometric, demographic, and body composition variables before and at 3 and 7 h into the chamber measurement. The equations were tested on an independent data set (n = 240) and compared with published predictive equations. Results: By using anthropometric and demographic variables, the equation was as follows: 24EE (kcal/d) = 11.6 [weight (kg)] + 8.03 [height (cm)] – 3.45 [age (y)] + 217 (male) – 52 (African American) – 235. The mean prediction error was −9 ± 155 kcal/d (2046 ± 305 compared with 2055 ± 343 kcal/d for measured 24EE; P = 0.36). The prediction achieved a precision of ±10% of measured 24EE in 83% of the participants. Energy prescription was then refined by equations with the use of energy expenditure values after 3 h, 7 h, or both into the chamber study. These later equations improved the precision (±10% of measured 24EE) to 92% (P = 0.003) and 96% (P < 0.0001) of the participants at 3 and 7 h, respectively. Body composition did not improve 24EE predictions. Conclusions: We showed the use of a set of equations to prescribe and adjust energy intake to achieve energy balance in respiratory chambers over 24 h. These equations may be used in most respiratory chambers and modified to accommodate exercise or specific feeding protocols. Some of the data used in this study were from trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00493701","term_id":"NCT00493701"}}NCT00493701, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00099151","term_id":"NCT00099151"}}NCT00099151, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00565149","term_id":"NCT00565149"}}NCT00565149, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01672632","term_id":"NCT01672632"}}NCT01672632, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00945633","term_id":"NCT00945633"}}NCT00945633, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00829140","term_id":"NCT00829140"}}NCT00829140, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00936130","term_id":"NCT00936130"}}NCT00936130, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01275235","term_id":"NCT01275235"}}NCT01275235, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01898949","term_id":"NCT01898949"}}NCT01898949, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01775163","term_id":"NCT01775163"}}NCT01775163, and {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00943215","term_id":"NCT00943215"}}NCT00943215.
Ovipositional Responses of Two Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Species to Larvivorous Fish

Species-specific differences in the responses of egg-laying mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to the presence of fish exudates in oviposition sites in laboratory bioassays have been related to the likelihood of encountering mosquito-eating fish in natural oviposition sites. We examined the responses of egg-laying mosquitoes to the presence of larvivorous fish in oviposition sites to test this hypothesis in the field. The number of Culex tarsalis Coquillett egg rafts laid on mesocosms (15.5 m2; 8 m3) containing caged mosquitofish (0.066 Gambusia affinis per liter) was reduced by 84% relative to mesocosms lacking fish. Egg-laying Culex quinquefasciatus Say did not differentiate significantly between comparatively small (0.11 m2) oviposition sites containing water conditioned with mosquitofish (0.3 G. affinis per liter) versus aged reservoir water. Cx. quinquefasciatus egg rafts were not collected from the larger mesocosms, and Cx. tarsalis egg rafts were rarely collected from the smaller oviposition sites. Oviposition preferences for characteristics of aquatic habitats that lack fish (e.g., small size, semipermanence, and high levels of organic enrichment in which hypoxic conditions are prevalent) may limit the coexistence of immature stages of some mosquito species such as Cx. quinquefasciatus and insectivorous fish. Mosquito species such as Cx. tarsalis that also use comparatively large water bodies as developmental sites may have evolved the ability to detect the presence of predatory fish.
Exercise Tolerance and Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise Before and After the Fontan Operation

To determine the effect of the Fontan operation on exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory response to exercise, we compared the preoperative and postoperative responses to graded exercise to maximal effort in 20 patients who underwent a modified Fontan procedure. The mean interval between preoperative and postoperative exercise testing was 1.8 years. Postoperatively, total work performed, duration of exercise, and maximal oxygen uptake were significantly increased. Although cardiac output increased during exercise, the response was subnormal, and stroke volume was unchanged. The heart rate and systolic blood pressure during maximal exercise were not significantly changed from preoperative values, but the diastolic blood pressures during rest and maximal exercise were significantly increased postoperatively. Systemic arterial blood oxygen saturation increased after the modified Fontan operation, but during exercise, a mild but significant desaturation occurred (93% compared with 90%). The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen decreased toward normal during exercise. The respiratory rate and oxygen consumption during resting remained unchanged from preoperative values. For this subset of patients, these data indicate that exercise tolerance improves, cardiac output and stroke volume responses to exercise are subnormal, and ventilatory response to exercise decreases toward normal after the modified Fontan operation.
Induction of ovulation and pregnancy in patients with anorexia nervosa

Abstract Ovulation induction with HMG-HCG in three patients with anorexia nervosa is reported. Despite the nutritional and psychiatric problems associated with this disease, these patients tolerated the emotional and physical challenges of fertility failures, pregnancy, delivery, lactation, and early motherhood extremely well. Unexpectedly, two patients reverted to spontaneous ovulatory menstrual cycles following delivery. Usually hypogonadotropic hypogonadal women require retreatment with HMG-HCG. This reversal was accompanied by return of normal weight and eating habits.
Photo of a synthetic atom [submillimeter microwave radiation production]

Electrons are trapped around thicker sections of selectively etched wire which act as isolated positive nuclei. The trapped electrons are made visible by the glowing clouds around the thicker sections of wire. The object of this work is to improve the performance of an orbitron microwave maser in the production of submillimeter microwave radiation.
The role of construction, intuition, and justification in responding to ethical issues at work: The sensemaking-intuition model

Proponents of a popular view of how individuals respond to ethical issues at work claim that individuals use deliberate and extensive moral reasoning under conditions that ignore equivocality and uncertainty. I discuss the limitations of these “rationalist approaches” and reconsider their empirical support using an alternative explanation from social psychological and sensemaking perspectives. I then introduce a new theoretical model composed of issue construction, intuitive judgment, and post hoc explanation and justification. I discuss the implications for management theory, methods, and practice.
Chemiluminescent emission spectra of tin mono- and di-halides☆

Abstract Chemiluminescent emission from flames of tin halides burning at low pressure in potassium vapor is found to include vibronic bands of mono- and di-halides. The emitters are, quite certainly, electrically neutral species. Bands from SnCl 2 are analyzed with the aid of a Deslandres scheme and some vibrational constants are assigned to the upper and lower states.
Impact of search engines on page popularity

Recent studies show that a majority of Web page accesses are referred by search engines. In this paper we study the widespread use of Web search engines and its impact on the ecology of the Web. In particular, we study how much impact search engines have on the popularity evolution of Web pages. For example, given that search engines return currently popular" pages at the top of search results, are we somehow penalizing newly created pages that are not very well known yet? Are popular pages getting even more popular and new pages completely ignored? We first show that this unfortunate trend indeed exists on the Web through an experimental study based on real Web data. We then analytically estimate how much longer it takes for a new page to attract a large number of Web users when search engines return only popular pages at the top of search results. Our result shows that search engines can have an immensely worrisome impact on the discovery of new Web pages.
Ecology of Potamanthus myops (Walsh) (Ephemeroptera: Potamanthidae) in a Michigan stream (USA)

The ecology of Potamanthus myops (Potamanthidae) was examined for a one year period in a central Michigan fourth order stream. Lowest nymphal densities (4.7 m-2) occurred in mid-summer after adult emergence, while highest densities were found during late summer and fall (68.0 m-2 and 66.2 m-2) after the new cohort had hatched. Biomass was the inverse of density with highest values, 67.7 mg m-2, just prior to peak adult emergence in June and lowest in late summer (16 mg m-2). Nymphs maintained a contagious spatial distribution with k values ranging between 0.19 and 1.40. P. myops nymphs fed mostly on detritus (96.8%), placing them in the collector-gatherer functional group. Nymphs were always found in erosional zones associated with rock substrate. Nymphs used their mandibular tusks for positioning themselves beneath rocks, while also appearing to use them for defensive purposes.
Dietary Vitamin D Intake Among High-Risk Adolescents With Insulin Dependent Diabetes:

PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to describe the dietary intake of vitamin D in an urban, low income, predominantly African American sample of adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes.MethodsParticipants were 99 adolescents diagnosed with insulin dependent diabetes. Vitamin D intake was estimated from dietary recall data. Blood glucose levels were also assessed.ResultsThe average daily vitamin D intake estimated from dietary recall data was 102 IUs (SD = 64.4) with 70% of adolescents consuming less than 50 IUs of vitamin D in their day. Level of vitamin D intake was a significant predictor of HbA1c levels in the current sample.ConclusionsResults indicate a need for the assessment of vitamin D levels in this at-risk population, as supplementation may be indicated.
Model evaluation of changes in electrorotation spectra of biological cells after nsPEF electroporation

Cellular electroporation involves electrically driven dielectric membrane breakdown, and has several bio-medical applications. Electrorotation and changes in its characteristic spectra could be a useful method for monitoring electroporation. Towards this goal, a simulation analyses is presented to probe electrorotation features arising from poration. Breakdown of both outer plasma membrane and inner organelle membranes are included based on a double-shell dielectric model. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of such monitoring, and show that anti-field rotation would be a good indicator of outer plasma membrane rupture, and the degree of poration.
Biomedical diagnosis perspective of epigenetic detections using alpha-hemolysin nanopore

The α-hemolysin nanopore has been studied for applications in DNA sequencing, various single-molecule detections, biomolecular interactions, and biochips. The detection of single molecules in a clinical setting could dramatically improve cancer detection and diagnosis as well as develop personalized medicine practices for patients. This brief review shortly presents the current solid state and protein nanopore platforms and their applications like biosensing and sequencing. We then elaborate on various epigenetic detections (like microRNA, G-quadruplex, DNA damages, DNA modifications) with the most widely used alpha-hemolysin pore from a biomedical diagnosis perspective. In these detections, a nanopore electrical current signature was generated by the interaction of a target with the pore. The signature often was evidenced by the difference in the event duration, current level, or both of them. An ideal signature would provide obvious differences in the nanopore signals between the target and the background molecules. The development of cancer biomarker detection techniques and nanopore devices have the potential to advance clinical research and resolve health problems. However, several challenges arise in applying nanopore devices to clinical studies, including super low physiological concentrations of biomarkers resulting in low sensitivity, complex biological sample contents resulting in false signals, and fast translocating speed through the pore resulting in poor detections. These issues and possible solutions are discussed.
Emergent mechanical thrombectomy for acute stroke using the Mindframe Capture LP system: initial single-center experience

Background Mechanical thrombectomy using stentrievers is the standard of care for emergent large vessel occlusion stroke. Data on the use of stentrievers in smaller caliber vessels are sparse. Objective To present our initial experience with the Mindframe Capture LP device, which was designed for mechanical thrombectomy in small cerebral arteries. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who underwent Mindframe device assisted emergent thrombectomy. Clinical, imaging, procedural and early follow-up data were obtained. Results Nine patients met inclusion criteria (5 men, median age 62 years). Median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 18 (IQR 9–22), and 6 patients received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Six patients had M2 segment occlusions, and 2 patients had distal M1 segment occlusions of the middle cerebral artery. One had distal basilar artery occlusion. Median vessel diameter at the thrombus was 1.7 mm (IQR 1.5–2.5). In all 9 patients the Mindframe device was used together with manual aspiration, with median groin puncture to recanalization time of 35 min (IQR 27–54), and median procedural time of 67 min (IQR 51–91). Final Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score was 3 and 2b in 4 patients each (89% total), and 2a in 1 patient. No patient had any postprocedural complications or symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Median postprocedure and discharge NIHSS were 4 and 1, respectively. Conclusions Our data suggest that the Mindframe device is safe and effective for rapid treatment of acute strokes involving small caliber intracranial vessels. Further study in a larger cohort is warranted.
The Rich Structural Chemistry Displayed by the Carbon Monoxide as a Ligand to Metal Complexes

The diatomic CO molecule is a very important ligand in organometallic chemistry. The bond between the carbonyl and a metal is moderately strong and consists of a sigma bond, formed by donation of electron density to the metal from the carbonyl’s highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO, the 5σ), and π bonds, formed by donation of electron density from the metal to the carbonyl’s lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO, the 2π). The carbonyl may also serve as a bridging ligand connecting two or more metal atoms. Depending on the relative orientation between the carbonyl and metals, one may classify a bridging carbonyl as symmetric bridging, bent semibridging, linear semibridging, face bridging, and bridging isocarbonyls. The rich structural chemistry displayed arises from a complex interplay between the metal’s electronic structure and the carbonyl’s 5σ and 2π. In addition, the carbonyl’s occupied 1π and 4σ orbitals may in certain cases donate electrons when it binds to electron-deficient metals, further complicating the electronic structure. Such complexity in the carbonyl–metal interaction raises challenges to the simple applications of Lewis bonding ideas and electron counting rules. Therefore, theoretical analyses have been applied, largely in a case-by-case pattern, to investigate the rationales behind the CO’s rich structural chemistry.
Clinical trials: New drug for pancreatic cancer highlights the dual effect of regulatory approvals.

The recent FDA approval of MM-398 as a second-line treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer, based on a 1.9-month overall survival benefit observed in the NAPOLI-1 trial, adds a new therapeutic option for this notoriously difficult-to-treat disease; however, by discouraging clinical trial enrolment, this approval might have negative consequences for the development of novel agents, which remain an essential unmet need.