cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Overlearning and Similarity on Transfer in Word Recognition

Kindergarten children required more trials to learn a training list of similar than dissimilar words but made fewer errors on subsequent transfer tasks which tested their knowledge of all of the letters in the training words. This replication of previous work was extended by including a third group of children who were trained on the dissimilar list but who were given a few overlearning trials to make up for the additional training trials given the group who learned the similar list. In general, scores of the children in the overlearning group fell between scores of the children in the similar and dissimilar groups. Implications for reading instruction are discussed.
Adaptive projection technique for CT images refinement

The resolution of computerized tomographic (CT) images is limited due to the bandlimited reconstruction process and the use of smoothing windows that eliminate high spatial frequencies from the image. A new method is presented that restores these missing spectral components and thus increases the resulting spatial resolution of the image. The new method based on the row action projection (RAP) algorithm is computationally efficient and facilitates local adaptation of the projection operators. The local mean value as well as minimum and maximum bounds are used as constraints. The method is proposed to provide a zoom-in capability which yields a high resolution estimate of a specified region of the image. The zoom-in feature could be of great utility in medical and commercial applications of tomographic image reconstruction. Computer simulations demonstrate the new method to be very effective in recovering high order spectral components of designated regions of the reconstructed image.
Influence of Western Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm.) on Surface Fuels and Snag Abundance in Mature Ponderosa Pine and Mixed Conifer Stands in Central Oregon

ABSTRACT: We examined the influence of western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum) infestation on fuel loads in mature mixed-conifer forest in Crater Lake National Park and unmanaged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands in Lave Cast Forest, Oregon. We measured biomass of woody surface fuels (1-, 10-, 100-, and 1000-hr), litter and duff, and snag basal area in 29 stands infested with mistletoe and 21 non-infested stands. Univariate tests revealed no significant differences in total surface fuel loads or snag basal area between infested and non-infested plots in either stand type, but there were more fine fuels and litter in infested stands at Lava Cast Forest. Ordination analyses showed that stand level variables other than mistletoe abundance explained more variance in fuel loads. Ponderosa pine basal area and stand age were stronger predictors of fuel loads in pure ponderosa pine stands at Lava Cast Forest, while basal area of non-host fir was a key explanatory variable in the mixed-conifer st...
Science and Restoration Under a Big, Demon Haunted Tent: Reply to Giardina et al. (2007)

In a recent editorial, I discussed how the culture of science, heterogeneity of nature, and real-world human complexities can limit the practical relevance of formal scientific research and argued that less formal approaches might often be more efficient and effective. Giardina et al. criticized this editorial and argued that formal science has and increasingly will play a central role in ecological restoration in particular and human progress in general. Here, I respond to these arguments and expand upon the ideas presented in my previous editorial. I further illustrate how despite superficial appearances the utilitarian value of formal science may often be largely indirect. I also argue that the complexities of ecological and human systems combined with the subjective values and political beliefs underlying restoration make transforming this discipline into a unified ‘‘hard science’’ virtually impossible. Because values and politics also underlie most environmental conflicts, and scientific inquiry is inherently unsuitable for resolving these kinds of disputes, the future success of restoration may depend more on political support than scientific progress. Dogmatic, nonfalsifiable faith in the universal superiority of ‘‘rigorous’’ scientific knowledge and methodologies can foster arrogance and intolerance and blind us to the ephemeral nature of scientific ‘‘truths’’ and the double-edged sword of scientific ‘‘progress.’’ My hope is that Society for Ecological Restoration International (SERI) will remain a big inclusive tent that embraces a healthy diversity of foci and approaches that emulate the extraordinary diversity we find within the natural ecosystems and human cultures we strive to preserve, restore, and reconnect.
Mortality of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Pupae in Ear-Stage Field Com

The factors having an impact on the survival of the F2 seasonal generation of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) pupae in southwestern Arkansas field corn were identified and quantified. Last instar (fifth or sixth instar) field-collected com earworm larvae (480 per yr) were allowed to pupate in fields under four treatments designed to provide three levels of natural enemy exclusion. Mortality of these pupae and samples of feral pupae were determined and mortality factors were identified. Recovery of exuviae and remains from placed pupae were excellent (94 and 96% in 1990 and 1991, respectively). Moths emerged from the vast majority of test pupae (82.3 and 93.9% in 1990 and 1991, respectively). The exclusion treatments had no effect on the incidence of mortality in either year. Mortality was higher in 1990 (11.7%) than in 1991 (1.9%) because of the collapse of emergence tunnels prior to or during moth emergence. The increased incidence of collapse may have been caused by a significantly lower clay content (7.03%) in 1990 than in 1991 (16.4%). Observed biotic mortality was extremely low (2.1% and <1% in 1990 and 1991, respectively) in spite of a rich predator fauna as identified from pitfall traps. The large number of earworm larvae surviving to pupation following larval development in the ear of field corn, combined with the observed low mortality rates, suggests that a large number of moths would emerge from each hectare of corn at a time when other crops, particularly cotton, are attractive for oviposition. Enhancement of pupal mortality in ear-stage corn by cultural or chemical means is impractical or impossible, thus providing support for implementation of a biological control program that targets H. zea pupae.
On the linkability of complementary information from free versions of people databases

The privacy of hundreds of millions of people today could be compromised due to people databases which claim to store many personal details about individuals, often without their knowledge. While the paid versions of these databases may be prohibitively expensive for data mining on a mass scale, in this paper, we show that even the limited information provided by the unpaid versions of these databases can be effectively exploited for its complementarity and poses a significant privacy threat since an adversary can mine this information on a mass scale free of cost and then use it to his/her advantage, hurting the privacy of individuals.
Engaging the Self in the Field: Testing the Triangle Model of Responsibility

This study tested the Triangle Model of Responsibility in predicting the experience and effects of self-engagement among U.S. Army soldiers. The different components of the Triangle Model independently predicted engagement in different samples. Furthermore, differences in engagement among units during a military operation were a function of the components of the model. Another study showed that soldiers’ perceptions of their leaders’ views of the components of the model predicted soldiers’ views of how much their leaders thought they were engaged in their job and that discrepancies between soldiers’ own views and their views of their leaders were related to lower trust and confidence in unit leaders. Finally, work-related experiences were more likely to be related to the psychological health of soldiers when they were engaged in their jobs than when they were disengaged. The results shed light on the role of self-engagement in the process of self-regulation.
Verification of four-dimensional photon dose calculations

Recent work in the area of thoracic treatment planning has been focused on trying to explicitly incorporate patient-specific organ motion in the calculation of dose. Four-dimensional (4D) dose calculation algorithms have been developed and incorporated in a research version of a commercial treatment planning system (Pinnacle3, Philips Medical Systems, Milpitas, CA). Before these 4D dose calculations can be used clinically, it is necessary to verify their accuracy with measurements. The primary purpose of this study therefore was to evaluate and validate the accuracy of a 4D dose calculation algorithm with phantom measurements. A secondary objective was to determine whether the performance of the 4D dose calculation algorithm varied between different motion patterns and treatment plans. Measurements were made using two phantoms: A rigid moving phantom and a deformable phantom. The rigid moving phantom consisted of an anthropomorphic thoracic phantom that rested on a programmable motion platform. The deformable phantom used the same anthropomorphic thoracic phantom with a deformable insert for one of the lungs. Two motion patterns were investigated for each phantom: A sinusoidal motion pattern and an irregular motion pattern extracted from a patient breathing profile. A single-beam plan, a multiple-beam plan, and an intensity-modulated radiation therapy plan were created. Doses were calculated in the treatment planning system using the 4D dose calculation algorithm. Then each plan was delivered to the phantoms and delivered doses were measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) and film. The measured doses were compared to the 4D-calculated doses using a measured-to-calculated TLD ratio and a γ analysis. A relevant passing criteria (3% for the TLD and 5 % ∕ 3 mm for the γ metric) was applied to determine if the 4D dose calculations were accurate to within clinical standards. All the TLD measurements in both phantoms satisfied the passing criteria. Furthermore, 42 of the 48 evaluated films fulfilled the passing criteria. All films that did not pass the criteria were from the rigid phantom moving with irregular motion. The author concluded that if patient breathing is reproducible, the 4D dose calculations are accurate to within clinically acceptable standards. Furthermore, they found no statistically significant differences in the performance of the 4D dose calculation algorithm between treatment plans.
The carrier frequency of the BRCA2 6174delT mutation among Ashkenazi Jewish individuals is approximately 1

Certain germline mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 confer a lifetime risk of developing breast cancer that may approach 90%. The BRCA1 185delAG mutation was found in 20% and the BRCA2 6174delT mutation in 8% of Ashkenazi Jewish women with early-onset breast cancer. The 185delAG mutation was observed in 0.9% of 858 Ashkenazi Jews unselected for a personal or family history of cancer. Assuming comparable age-specific penetrances, a carrier frequency of 0.3% was estimated for the 6174delT BRCA2 mutation. To test this hypothesis, we performed a population survey of 1,255 Jewish individuals. In two independent groups, a prevalence of approximately 1% (C.I. 0.6-1.5) was observed for the 6174delT mutation. The relative risk of developing breast cancer by age 42 was estimated to be 9.3 (C.I. 2.5-22.5) for 6174delT, compared to 31 (C.I. 11-77) for 185delAG. Analysis of 107 Ashkenazi Jewish women with breast cancer and a family history of breast or ovarian cancer confirmed a four-fold greater prevalence for the BRCA1 185delAG mutation compared to the BRCA2 6174delT mutation. Our findings suggest a difference in cumulative life-time penetrance for the two mutations. Genetic counseling for the one in 50 Ashkenazi Jewish individuals harbouring specific germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 must be tailored to reflect the different risks associated with the two mutations.
Hydrophobic esters of cellulose: properties and applications in biochemical technology.

The utility for enzyme immobilization of several hydrophobic cellulose esters, as a function of solvent composition, extent of esterification, and enzyme was investigated. Phenoxyacetyl cellulose was also used for immobilization of rat liver microsomes, hydrophobic chromatography of proteins, and removal of Triton X-100 from protein solutions. Phenoxyacetyl groups esterified to cellulose were much less subject to enzymatic hydrolysis than soluble phenoxyacetyl esters.
Pharmaceutical litigation: Judicial tort reform and strict liability

Responsibility for Drug‐Induced Injury, by Dukes, M.N.G., & Swartz, B. (Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Holland, 1988), 431 pages, $184.25. Products Liability: Pharmaceutical Drug Cases, edited by Vinson, D.E., & Slaughter, A.H. (Shepard's/McGraw‐Hill, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1988), 749 pages, $90.00.
A diagnostic approach to pain

Abstract Various factors involved in pain, including the causative stimulus, the affective-cognitive reaction, and the subsequent coping reaction, are explored, and a composite model is provided that may be helpful in narrowing the diagnosis and thus localizing areas where effective intervention may be possible.
Use of the deltoid branch-based clavicular head of pectoralis major muscle flap in isolated sternoclavicular infections.

Summary Background The pectoralis major (PM) flap is the workhorse flap for acute, sub-acute and chronic sternoclavicular infections (SCIs). Attempts at using only the clavicular head of the pectoralis major muscle (CPM), based on internal mammary perforators or the thoracoacromial artery, have been reported. We describe the harvest of a deltoid branch-based flap (CPM-DTA) and examine its use in managing a series of isolated, acute and sub-acute sternoclavicular infections. Methods From 2007 to 2012, 28 subjects with SCI underwent PM flaps at our institution. Six were excluded for extensive chest wall involvement, and four were excluded from chronic osteomyelitis (5 months of infection or greater). Of the remaining 18 patients with isolated SCI, 12 underwent traditional PM flaps (Group-A), while six underwent CPM-DTA (Group-B). Features studied include age, gender, co-morbidities, culture, need for intra-operative extension of the sternoclavicular incision, postoperative complications, wound healing, time from infection onset to debridement, length of hospital stay, postoperative chest wall contour deformity and follow-up. Results Infections resolved and wounds healed in all patients following a single reconstructive procedure. Intra-operative need for extended incisions and postoperative ipsilateral anterior chest wall contour deformity are noted in all Group-A subjects but in no Group-B subjects. Conclusion In patients with isolated, acute and sub-acute SCI, the CPM-DTA flap achieves effective wound closure while avoiding large sternal incisions and the morbidity associated with standard PM muscle harvest. Harvesting the CPM-DTA flap preserves the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle and its thoracoacromial pedicle. This preserves the muscle for future flap use if necessary.
Correlation between gas-exchange dynamics in recovery of exercise tests and cardiovascular parameters in pulmonary hypertension

Introduction: In pulmonary hypertension (PH), cardiac dysfunction and gas exchange abnormalities within the lung may both delay the rate of recovery in O2-uptake (V'O2) and CO2-release (V'CO2) after a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Aim: Determine the correlation between recovery rates of V'O2,V'CO2 after CPET with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). Method: In this retrospective study measurements on 12 PH-patients were used. 1-4 CPETs and heart catheterisations (for PVR measurement) per patient were done. Sometimes also a cardiac MRI was performed, rendering RVEF. View this table: test group characteristics Results: Changes in V'O2,V'CO2 strongly correlated with PVR and RVEF. ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Conclusion: In PH-patients, slow recovery-rates of VO2 and VCO2 are associated with a high PVR and low RVEF. [1]: pending:yes
Mechanistic details of acid-catalyzed reactions and their role in the selective synthesis of triptane and isobutane from dimethyl ether

Abstract We report here kinetic and isotopic evidence for the elementary steps involved in dimethyl ether (DME) homologation and for their role in the preferential synthesis of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane (triptane) and isobutane. Rates of methylation of alkenes and of hydrogen transfer, isomerization and β-scission reactions of the corresponding alkoxides formed along the homologation path to triptane were measured using mixtures of 13 C-labeled dimethyl ether ( 13 C-DME) and unlabeled alkenes on H-BEA. DME-derived C 1 species react with these alkenes to form linear butyls from propene, isopentyls from n -butenes, 2,3-dimethylbutyls from isopentenes, and triptyls from 2,3-dimethylbutenes; these kinetic preferences reflect the selective formation of the more highly substituted carbenium ions and the retention of a four-carbon backbone along the path to triptane. Hydrogen transfer reactions terminate chains as alkanes; chain termination probabilities are low for species along the preferred methylation path, but reach a maximum at triptyl species, because tertiary carbenium ions involved in hydrogen transfer are much more stable than those with primary character required for triptene methylation. Alkenes and alkanes act as hydrogen donors and form unsaturated species as precursors to hexamethylbenzene, which forms to provide the hydrogen required for the DME-to-alkanes stoichiometry. Weak allylic C–H bonds in isoalkenes are particularly effective hydrogen donors, as shown by the higher termination probabilities and 12 C content in hexamethylbenzene as 12 C-2-methyl-2-butene and 12 C-2,3-dimethyl-2-butene pressures increased in mixtures with 13 C-DME. The resulting dienes and trienes can then undergo Diels–Alder cyclizations to form arenes as stable by-products. Isomerization and β-scission reactions of the alkoxides preferentially formed in methylation of alkenes are much slower than hydrogen transfer or methylation rates, thus preventing molecular disruptions along the path to triptane. Methylation at less preferred positions leads to species with lower termination probabilities, which tend to grow to C 8+ molecules; these larger alkoxides undergo facile β-scission to form tert -butoxides that desorb preferentially as isobutane via hydrogen transfer; such pathways resolve methylation “missteps” by recycling the carbon atoms in such chains to the early stages of the homologation chain and account for the prevalence of isobutane among DME homologation products. These findings were motivated by an inquiry into the products formed via C 1 homologation, but they provide rigorous insights about how the structure and stability of carbenium ions specifically influence the rates of methylation, hydrogen transfer, β-scission, and isomerization reactions catalyzed by solid acids.
Antibodies immunoreactive with formalin-fixed tissue antigens recognize linear protein epitopes

It is not clearly understood why some monoclonal antibodies bind to their antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections but others do not. To address this question, we analyzed the protein epitopes of 9 monoclonal antibodies that are immunoreactive after formalin fixation and antigen retrieval. We identified the antibody contact sites by using phage display and synthesized corresponding peptides derived from the GenBank database sequence that contain the predicted antibody binding sites. Our data indicate that all 9 antibodies bind to linear epitopes, ie, composed of contiguous amino acids. In addition, the amino acids proline, tyrosine, glutamine, and leucine are highly represented in these antibody contact sites. The epitopes tend to be mildly to moderately hydrophilic. These findings are the first detailed studies of antibody epitopes associated with antigen retrieval and suggest that antibodies must recognize linear sequences to bind after formalin fixation and antigen retrieval.
Polarization transfer using hyperpolarized, supercritical xenon

Abstract Polarization transfer from hyperpolarized gas to 1 H, 13 C, etc. holds great promise for sensitivity enhancement of solution-state NMR. The route explored here uses hyperpolarized, supercritical xenon as solvent for the organic solute. A method is described for preparation of supercritical xenon solutions with little polarization loss. Detection of Overhauser enhancement of solute proton magnetization by factors of 3 to 7 confirms the intimate contact between 129 Xe and 1 H. Motivated by more efficient polarization transfer expected in solid solutions, we report survival of non-equilibrium solute polarization upon warming from solid to supercritical fluid.
Rapid diversification associated with ecological specialization in Neotropical Adelpha butterflies

Rapid diversification is often associated with morphological or ecological adaptations that allow organisms to radiate into novel niches. Neotropical Adelpha butterflies, which comprise over 200 species and subspecies, are characterized by extraordinary breadth in host plant use and wing colour patterns compared to their closest relatives. To examine the relationship between phenotypic and species diversification, we reconstructed the phylogenetic history of Adelpha and its temperate sister genus Limenitis using genomewide restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing. Despite a declining fraction of shared markers with increasing evolutionary distance, the RAD-Seq data consistently generated well-supported trees using a variety of phylogenetic methods. These well-resolved phylogenies allow the identification of an ecologically important relationship with a toxic host plant family, as well as the confirmation of widespread, convergent wing pattern mimicry throughout the genus. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that evolutionary innovations in both larvae and adults have permitted the colonization of novel host plants and fuelled adaptive diversification within this large butterfly radiation.
Modification of the Ross aortic valve replacement to prevent late autograft dilatation.

Objective: Aortic root dilatation with and without aortic regurgitation is seen in up to 20% of patients undergoing a Ross aortic root replacement at late follow-up. We present our early experience with reduction annuloplasty combined with prosthetic Dacron graft replacement of the aorta above the autograft to prevent late dilation after a Ross aortic root replacement. Methods: Since 2001, 31 of 97 adult and paediatric patients (mean age 28.8 14.4 years; range 8—53 years) with bicuspid aortic valve and dilatation of the ascending aorta underwent a modified Ross procedure with reduction annuloplasty combined with prosthetic Dacron graft replacement of the ascending aorta. The diameter of the ascendingaortawasmeasuredbeforeand earlyafter surgeryandthenbetween 3 monthsand 8 years’follow-up (mean,2.5 2.2years).Results: There were no early or late deaths. Reduction annuloplasty combined with ascending aortic graft replacement decreased the diameters of the ascending aorta from 42 7.0 mm preoperatively to 25 2.9 mm early after surgery (p < 0.001). During follow-up, there was no significant increase of the aortic diameter compared with that during the postoperative period (27 4.3 mm; p = 0.07). The root diameter increased in only 3 of 31 patients (10%). No patient underwent re-operation. At last follow-up, mild (n = 18) or trivial (n = 13) aortic regurgitation was observed. Conclusion: Ross aortic root replacement combined with reduction annuloplasty and Dacron graft replacement of the ascending aorta demonstrated excellent early- to mid-term results in patients with bicuspid aortic valve and dilatation of the ascending aorta. Continued use and long-term follow-up imaging is necessary to further demonstrate the value of this technical modification. # 2009 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
THE HALF-FILLED HUBBARD MODEL AND THE 2 + 1 DIMENSIONAL DIRAC LAGRANGIAN

There is a proposal that a 2 + 1 dimensional Lagrangian for an appropriate number of SU(2) doublets of Dirac fields with couplings to an SU(2) gauge field describes the continuum limit of the strongly coupled half-filled Hubbard model. In this paper, we compare the symmetries of these two models and show that the Dirac Lagrangian does have all the symmetries of the latter. In particular, the SU(2) spin rotation symmetry of the latter is shown to be realized as a Pauli-Gursey symmetry of the Dirac system. The occurrence of the Pauli-Gursey symmetry in a class of 2 + 1 dimensional Dirac Lagrangians more general than those with SU(2) gauge couplings is pointed out. The Dirac Lagrangian with SU(2) gauge invariance has more symmetries than the half-filled Hubbard system, being in particular Lorentz invariant. Starting with a general ansatz for the continuum Lagrangian and systematically requiring that it fufills the wanted symmetries of the half-filled Hubbard model, a one-parameter family of possible continuu...
Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons

This chapter is devoted to polygons. It covers important properties of polygons, areas of polygons and some overlooked theorems such as Varignon’s Theorem. You will learn which quadrilateral with the same diagonals has maximal area and why not every regular polygon can be constructed with compass and straightedge. Additionally you will be able to relate certain segments in a trapezoid to arithmetic or harmonic means of the trapezoid bases and to prove these relationships. In this chapter you will be first introduced to cyclic quadrilaterals and Brahmagupta’s Formula for their areas.
Fuzzy neural control of voice cells in ATM networks

This paper presents the design of a fuzzy controller for managing cells generated by voice sources in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. Typical voice cells, characterized by a high degree of burstiness, complicate any attempt to use classical control theory in the design of an ATM cell rate controller. The fuzzy control approach presented in this paper overcomes this limitation by appealing to the linguistic ability of fuzzy set theory and logic to handle the complexity. Specifically, the cell rate control problem is linguistically stated but treated mathematically via fuzzy set manipulation. In particular, the ATM voice cell controller being proposed is an improved and intelligent implementation of the leaky bucket cell rate control mechanism extensively studied in the literature. This intelligent implementation of the leaky bucket mechanism uses a channel utilization feedback via the QoS parameters to improve its performance. This ATM fuzzy controller takes the form of an organized set of linguistic rules quantitatively expressed and manipulated by means of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic. The fuzzy control rules are stored in fuzzy associative memory to permit parallel executions. >
Identification of a novel paternally expressed gene in the Prader - Willi syndrome region

We have isolated a novel gene from the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) smallest region of deletion overlap in proximal human chromosome 15q. IPW (Imprinted gene in the Prader-Willi syndrome region) was isolated using the direct selection method and yeast artificial chromosomes localized to the deletion region. IPW is spliced and polyadenylated but its longest open reading frame codes for only 45 amino acids, suggesting that it functions as an RNA, similar to H19 and XIST. The RNA is widely expressed in adult and fetal tissues and is found in the cytoplasmic fraction of human cells, which is also the case for the H19 non-translated RNA, but differs from the XIST RNA which is found predominantly in the nucleus. Using a sequence polymorphism, exclusive expression from the paternal allele in lymphoblasts and fibroblasts was demonstrated; monoallelic expression was found in fetal tissues. IPW is located about 150 kb distal to SNRPN, the only other known gene in the deletion interval, and about 50 kb proximal to the breakpoint of a translocation which defines the distal end of the PWS region and the proximal end of the Angelman syndrome (AS) region. As is the case with SNRPN, PWS patients with 15q11-q13 deletions do not express IPW, whereas expression is normal in Angelman syndrome patients. Lack of expression of IPW may contribute to the PWS phenotype directly. Alternatively, the mRNA product of IPW may play a role in the imprinting process, acting either on genes located proximally in the PWS region or distally in the AS region.
An Unsuccessful Search for Dopa in Protein Hydrolysates

SummaryDopa is destroyed rapidly in boiling alkaline solutions, and much more slowly in boiling acid solutions. When dopa was added to proteins (egg albumin, casein, edestin, fibrin, velvet bean protein) prior to acid hydrolysis, most of it could be detected in the hydrolysates. However, no dopa was found in any of the hydrolysates prepared without previous addition of this compound.
Development of an explosion bonded toroidal field coil inner leg for CIT

The high currents and high magnetic fields present in the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) toroidal field (TF) system will necessitate an exceptionally strong conductor for the inner leg of the coils. One solution is to bond UNS 7718 to the copper conductor for reinforcement. Explosion bonding is a method of joining dissimilar metals. The joining of UNS 7718 to copper over large areas is one of the more challenging combinations for explosion bonding. Four vendors were selected to perform a series of 15 shots, starting with small-scale setups to determine bonding parameters, and scaling up to a size comparable to the inner leg of a CIT TF coil. The results of the development program offer encouragements as to the use of an explosion-bonded laminate in the CIT TF coils, pending the resolution of several problems: trailing-end cracking must either be eliminated or shown to fail repeatedly in an area of clad which will be removed during taper grinding; the nose insert caused much trouble with the bonding process; and the additional material needed for bond startup must eventually be machined off, which is not a trivial matter given the physical properties of the 718. Production feasibility is discussed, and the next phase of the development program is described. >
Equivalence of two important inverse problems in statistical and condensed matter physics

A mathematical equivalence is shown between the inverse black body radiation and inverse lattice specific heat problems. These inverse problems are very timely and of interest to a wide variety of investigators in engineering, physics, and computational science.
A generic model of equipment availability under imperfect maintenance

This paper explores the impact of imperfect repair on the availability of repairable equipment. Kijima's first virtual age model is used to describe the imperfect repair process. Due to the complexity of the underlying assumptions of this model, we are unable to derive a closed-form equation for availability. Therefore, simulation modeling & analysis are used to evaluate equipment availability. Based on initial availability plots, a generic availability function is proposed. A 2/sup 3/ factorial experiment is performed to evaluate the accuracy of this model. The maximum absolute error between the simulation output, and the corresponding values of the availability function is 3.82%. This indicates that our proposed function provides a reasonable approximation of equipment availability, which simplifies meaningful analysis for the unit. Therefore, a method is defined for determining optimum equipment replacement intervals based on average cost. Next, meta-models are developed to convert equipment reliability & maintainability parameters into the coefficients of the availability model. We expand on our initial experiment using a circumscribed central composite experimental design. We evaluate the accuracy of the meta-models for the 15 experiments & 50 random experiments within the design space. For the 50 new experiments, we compare the replacement policy obtained from analysis of the meta-model to the policy obtained directly from the simulation output. The average increase in cost resulting from the sub-optimal replacement policy is only 0.10%. Therefore, we conclude that the meta-models are robust, and provide good estimates of the parameters of our proposed availability function. By doing this, we eliminate the need to perform simulation to obtain the parameters of the availability model.
Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer

Summary • Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are critical for pine establishment under primary succession. The species of EMF supporting primary successional pine seedlings on coastal sand dunes and mechanisms for their establishment were investigated. • Fungi were identified from ectomycorrhizal roots using molecular techniques. Field seedlings were collected from forested and nonforested zones. Laboratory seedlings were grown in soils collected from the same zones, and in sterile soils inoculated with fresh and 1-yr-old dry deer fecal pellets. • Suilloid fungi were frequently observed on all seedlings. A diverse group of fungi was available to seedlings in forested zones. A less diverse group of fungi was available to field seedlings in nonforested zones and all laboratory bioassay seedlings. Deer fecal inoculant yielded an average of two EMF per seedling. Both Suillus and Rhizopogon species dominated seedlings inoculated with fresh deer feces, but only Rhizopogon species dominated seedlings inoculated with 1-yr-old feces. • Suilloid fungi are dispersed by deer, produce resistant spore banks and are the principle fungi supporting seedlings on the sand dunes.
On the Mitigation of MultiCore-Induced Behavioral Deviations of an Autonomous Ground Vehicle

Complex systems such as autonomous vehicles frequently utilize a distributed network of computers for sensing, control, and supervisory tasks. A common way to abstract the deployment of the computational nodes that implement the system's behavior is through the utilization of middleware, which treats each atomic processing element as a component. Multiple components may execute on a single node, and nodes are typically heterogeneous in their processing power. For component implementations that use an event-driven model of computation, however, significant behavioral deviations may occur when a single-core computational node is replaced with a multicore node, especially if that computational node is running more than one component. This paper discusses the observed behavioral deviations through a series of simulations with identical initial conditions, performed on various single core and multicore processing platforms. In addition to the empirical demonstration, the paper provides a technique to mitigate the behavioral deviations by inserting a time-triggered buffer between a key set of components, enforcing a loosely time-triggered execution even though the system is still defined through event-triggered components. This preserves existing legacy code, but provides a time-triggered execution.
RF micromachined varactors with wide tuning range

Polysilicon surface micromachined varactors using two- and three-plate structures with 1.5:1 and 1.87:1 tuning ranges, respectively, are presented. The tuning ranges are near-theoretical limits and can be obtained within 4.4 V control voltage. The two-plate varactor has a nominal capacitance of 2.05 pF and a Q-factor of 20 at 1 GHz.
Quantum chemical and master equation studies of the methyl vinyl carbonyl oxides formed in isoprene ozonolysis

Methyl vinyl carbonyl oxide is an important intermediate in the reaction of isoprene and ozone and may be responsible for most of the •OH formed in isoprene ozonolysis. We use CBS-QB3 calculations and RRKM/master equation simulations to characterize all the pathways leading to the formation of this species, all the interconversions among its four possible conformers, and all of its irreversible isomerizations. Our calculations, like previous studies, predict •OH yields consistent with experiment if thermalized syn-methyl carbonyl oxides form •OH quantitatively. Natural bond order analysis reveals that the vinyl group weakens the CO bond of the carbonyl oxide, making rotation about this bond accessible to this chemically activated intermediate. The vinyl group also allows one conformer of the carbonyl oxide to undergo electrocyclization to form a dioxole, a species not previously considered in the literature. Dioxole formation, which has a CBS-QB3 reaction barrier of 13.9 kcal/mol, is predicted to be favor...
Growth factors protect PC12 cells against ischemia by a mechanism that is independent of PKA, PKC, and protein synthesis

We have established an in vitro model of ischemia incorporating the combination of anoxia with glucose deprivation, which is toxic to PC12 cells. In this model, nerve growth factor (NGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) improve PC12 cell survival. K252a, a specific inhibitor of NGF-induced trk p140 autophosphorylation, did not alter the neuroprotection provided by EGF or bFGF, yet it completely abolished the protection provided by NGF. Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) with dibutyryl-cAMP also protected during ischemia, although it was not additive with the effect provided by growth factors. Furthermore, growth factors protected a PKA- deficient mutant as effectively as the parental cell line; thus, activation of PKA is protective against ischemia but is not necessary for the action of peptide growth factors. Neither the stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) with acute phorbol ester treatment nor the downregulation of PKC with chronic high-dose phorbol ester treatment resulted in an altered response to growth factors in either the PC12 wild type or PKA-deficient mutant. Thus, protection by peptide growth factors depends on neither PKA nor PKC. Furthermore, downregulation of PKC alone was protective, indicating that PKC may contribute to toxicity. Interestingly, treatment with the kinase inhibitor H-7 was neuroprotective and may have enhanced the neuroprotective effect of NGF. In contrast, staurosporine, a broadly acting kinase inhibitor, inhibited the neuroprotective effect of NGF, but not of EGF or FGF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Some Fundamentals in the Theory of Velocity

Introduction: contra-quantity-theory causation with Keynes, 431. — I. Working balances and the "overlapping" of payments: description, importance, illustrative cases, effects on circuit velocity or monetary requirements, 433. — II. Working balances and differentiation: behavior of circuit and transactions velocity, 446. — III. Real balances in the active circulation: relations of circuit and transactions velocity with real balances, 450. — IV. Idle balances or hoards: the Keynes-Robertson debate on losses and hoarding, the basic character of hoards, 457. — V. Division of money stock into working and idle balances, its connection with causation, Harrod's representation of Keynes, actual causation with Keynes, conclusion, 461.
Effect of probenecid on response to bumetanide in man.

: We administered 0.5- and 1.0-mg doses of bumetanide intravenously to eight normal subjects with and without pretreatment with probenecid. Probenecid did not affect either the cumulative response or the time course of response of bumetanide. These results are in contrast to results reported in dogs but consistent with similar studies in cats. The data imply that probenecid and potentially other exogenous or endogenous organic acids do not affect the renal handling of bumetanide in normal man.
Child Marriage, Education, and Agency in Uganda

ABSTRACTThis contribution relies on four different approaches and data sources to assess and discuss the impact of child marriage on secondary school enrollment and completion in Uganda. The four data sources are: (1) qualitative evidence on differences in community and parental preferences for the education of boys and girls and on the higher likelihood of girls to drop out of school in comparison to boys; (2) reasons declared by parents as to why their children have dropped out of school; (3) reasons declared by secondary school principals as to why students drop out; and (4) econometric estimation of the impact of child marriage on secondary school enrollment and completion. Together, the four approaches provide strong evidence that child marriage reduces secondary school enrollment and completion for girls with substantial implications for agency.
The Anti-Universalism of David Hume and Adam Smith

While the Enlightenment has long been synonymous in the scholarly mind with moral universalism, I argue that the two leading thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, David Hume and Adam Smith, both held context to be crucial in the formation of moral standards.The way in which these standards are *formulated* may be the same everywhere and always, for these thinkers, but the *content* of these standards – what actually counts as moral – is in large part socially determined, and so varies with varied circumstances. This is evident in the most sustained discussions of moral diversity in their works, namely the under-studied dialogue that Hume appended to his second Enquiry and part 5 of Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
Multiresolutional Architectures for Autonomous Systems with Incomplete and Inadequate Knowledge Representation

An overview of the area of Intelligent Control Architectures for robots can be a guide in existing achievements in the area of intelligent control since most of the efforts recorded can be identified with our desire to reproduce cognitive activities of human brain. This is why this area is sensitive and any statement in this area can have repercussions for a variety of scientific domains adjacent to cognition. One can see it in the polar stands on the issue of “behavioral vs hierarchical” architectures. We will show later that this issue is actually a non-existent one: it is actually an issue of the degree of distribution in a control structure (“centralized vs distributed” control could be a better formulation for the problem).
Obesity and Ovarian Aging (Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Menopause)

Ovarian aging ultimately results in the cessation of reproductive function and is thought to occur as a result of oocyte depletion. The associated hormonal changes are well defined, and the serum measurements of several of these hormones have been utilized to predict ovarian reserve in women presenting with infertility. Obesity is associated with subfertility and may contribute to pathologic ovarian aging, although a mechanism has yet to be defined. The evaluation of obese women presenting with infertility is complicated by the effect of obesity on markers of ovarian reserve. Additional investigation into the relationship between obesity and ovarian aging is needed to further clarify the role of increased adiposity on infertility, improve the success of assisted reproductive technologies in this population, and better counsel these patients.
Gamma-Rays from Mg 26

The energies of the gamma-rays found in coincidence with the protons of the ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, p){\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$ reaction have been measured with a NaI(Tl) scintillation counter. The experiments revealed doubt as to the existence of an excited state at 0.4 Mev. A direct transition to ground was found from the 1.83-Mev excited state. Competition between a cascade transition to the 1.83-Mev excited state and a weaker crossover transition to ground was observed for the 2.97-Mev excited state. With the 3.97-Mev excited state were identified a cascade transition to the 1.83-Mev excited state and a probable crossover transition to the ground state. For the decay of the 4.35-Mev excited state, a 1.38-Mev transition to the 2.97-Mev excited state was established. There is also a discussion of possible spin and parity assignments and a few decay schemes proposed by the use of the Weisskopf lifetime formulas.
Viscosities diverge as 1/ω in smectic-A liquid crystals

The nonlinear coupling between the velocity field and the layer-displacement field leads to a radical breakdown of the conventional hydrodynamical theory for smectic-$A$ liquid crystals. Three of the five viscosities are found to diverge as $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ for small frequencies $\ensuremath{\omega}$ with the result that the sound attenuation scales as $\ensuremath{\omega}$ (not ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ as predicted by conventional hydrodynamics). It is also found that there is a simple relationship between the three diverging viscosities. Reanalysis of existing data appears to confirm the present prediction for the sound attenuation.
Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for the Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods for PCBs (as Aroclor Mixtures)

Six Standard Reference Materials (SRMs®) have been prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of PCBs as different Aroclor mixtures in methanol. Six additional SRMs of the same Aroclors in transformer oil have also been prepared. Specifically, solutions of Aroclors 1016, 1232, 1242, 1254, and 1260 have been gravimetrically prepared (individually) in methanol and transformer oil, mixed, and transferred to amber glass ampoules in approximately 1.2 mL aliquots. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) has been used to verify the gravimetric data for each solution and transformer oil SRM. Liquid chromatography was used for the isolation of the Aroclors from the transformer oil SRMs prior to GC-ECD analysis. Separate calibration solutions and oils were prepared with Aroclor levels similar to those in each methanol solution and transformer oil SRM and were processed alongside the samples. The GC-ECD response of each Aroclor was monitored relative to internal standards that were added to the complex mixtures for quantification. The gravimetric concentrations of Aroclors 1242 and 1254 in methanol were also examined by the same method of analysis (GC-ECD) using several different sources of Aroclors and two different capillary GC columns: a 5 % phenyl methylpolysiloxane phase and a relatively non-polar phase. The preparation of the materials, the gas chromatographic results, and the certified concentration values for each Aroclor SRM are described in this paper.
Adsorption Characteristics and Size/Shape Dependence of Pt Clusters on the CdS Surface

Motivated by recent reports on the enhanced photocatalytic activities of CdS decorated with subnanometer- and nanometer-sized noble metal clusters, we carried out first-principles density functional theory calculations to study the structure and electronic properties of Pt clusters supported on CdS surfaces. A systematic investigation of unsupported 2D bilayer and 3D Pt clusters up to 1.5 nm yielded similar trends on their structural, energetic, and electronic properties as functions of the cluster size. Detailed adsorption studies of a single Pt atom, a 2D Pt19 cluster, and a 3D Pt38 cluster on the nonpolar CdS(1010) surface revealed that both the cluster size/shape and the adsorption configuration have considerable influence on the surface structure, adsorption strength, and other interface characteristics. Strong bonding interactions occur at the cluster/semiconductor interface, leading to severe structural deformation of the substrate and the adsorbed clusters, as well as modification of the electron...