cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disability Evaluation and Treatment for Patients With Psychiatric Disorders

Primary care physicians (PCPs) are often asked to perform disability evaluations for patients with psychiatric disorders, which are now a leading cause of disability worldwide. After acknowledging the limitations of disability assessments for all conditions, this review aims to provide PCPs with practical knowledge to inform their assessments and interventions with a focus on patients with depression. After the disability definitions and programs in the United States are reviewed, a pragmatic approach to assessing function and discussing return to work is offered. Individualized assessment is key, and functional recovery rather than symptom relief should be prioritized. Finally, evidence-based interventions for enhancing the likelihood of return to work are considered. We believe the principles of functional assessment and recovery lend themselves to ready adaptation for use in other psychiatric conditions and chronic somatic syndromes, including chronic pain. The key principles of this approach are as follows: 1) a patient is not categorically disabled, but has specific limitations in specific contexts; 2) graded, work-oriented rehabilitation with tailored problem-solving strategies are essential; 3) involving a multidisciplinary team in coordinated care optimizes functional recovery; 4) return to work is an iterative process aimed at restoring meaningful function in a stepwise fashion; and 5) the relationship between symptoms and function is bidirectional. PCPs can use these principles to plan optimal recovery paths for psychiatrically ill patients presenting with a wide array of biopsychosocial realities.
Keeping weight off: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction alters amygdala functional connectivity during weight loss maintenance in a randomized control trial

Abstract Obesity is associated with significant comorbidities and financial costs. While behavioral interventions produce clinically meaningful weight loss, weight loss maintenance is challenging. The objective was to improve understanding of the neural and psychological mechanisms modified by mindfulness that may predict clinical outcomes. Individuals who intentionally recently lost weight were randomized to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) or a control healthy living course. Anthropometric and psychological factors were measured at baseline, 8 weeks and 6 months. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis was performed at baseline and 8 weeks to examine FC changes between regions of interest selected a priori, and independent components identified by independent component analysis. The association of pre-post FC changes with 6-month weight and psychometric outcomes was then analyzed. Significant group x time interaction was found for FC between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, such that FC increased in the MBSR group and decreased in controls. Non-significant changes in weight were observed at 6 months, where the mindfulness group maintained their weight while the controls showed a weight increase of 3.4% in BMI. Change in FC at 8-weeks between ventromedial prefrontal cortex and several ROIs was associated with change in depression symptoms but not weight at 6 months. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence of neural mechanisms that may be involved in MBSR’s impact on weight loss maintenance that may be useful for designing future clinical trials and mechanistic studies.
Expansion of Knowledge on OCT1 Variant Activity In Vitro and In Vivo Using Oct1/2 -/- Mice.

The role of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) in humans is gaining attention as data emerges regarding its role in physiology, drug exposure, and drug response. OCT1 variants with decreased in vitro function correlate well with altered exposure of multiple OCT1 substrates in variant carriers. In the current research, we investigate mechanisms behind activity of OCT1 variants in vitro by generating cell lines expressing known OCT1 variants and quantifying membrane OCT1 protein expression with corresponding OCT1 activity and kinetics. Oct knockout mice have provided additional insight into the role of Oct1 in the liver and have reproduced effects of altered OCT1 activity observed in the clinic. To assess the complex effect of Oct1 depletion on pharmacokinetics of prodrug proguanil and its active moiety cycloguanil, both of which are OCT1 substrates, Oct1/2-/- mice were used. Decreased membrane expression of OCT1 was demonstrated for all variant cell lines, although activity was substrate-dependent, as reported previously. Lack of change in activity for OCT1*2 resulted in increased intrinsic activity per pmol of OCT1 protein, particularly for sumatriptan but also for proguanil and cycloguanil. Similar to that reported in humans with decreased OCT1 function, systemic exposure of proguanil was minimally affected in Oct1/2-/- mice. However, proguanil liver partitioning and exposure decreased. Cycloguanil exposure decreased following proguanil administration in Oct1/2-/- mice, as did the systemic metabolite:parent ratio. When administered directly, systemic exposure of cycloguanil decreased slightly; however liver partitioning and exposure were decreased in Oct1/2-/- mice. Unexpectedly, following proguanil administration, the metabolite ratio in the liver changed only minimally, and liver partitioning of cycloguanil was affected in Oct1/2-/- mice to a lesser extent following proguanil administration than direct administration of cycloguanil. In conclusion, these in vitro and in vivo data offer additional complexity in understanding mechanisms of OCT1 variant activity as well as the effects of these variants in vivo. From cell lines, it is apparent that intrinsic activity is not directly related to OCT1 membrane expression. Additionally, in situations with a more complicated role of OCT1 in drug pharmacokinetics there is difficulty translating in vivo impact simply from intrinsic activity from cellular data.
Semi-Autonomous Planning and Visualization in Virtual Reality.

Virtual reality (VR) interfaces for robots provide a three-dimensional (3D) view of the robot in its environment, which allows people to better plan complex robot movements in tight or cluttered spaces. In our prior work, we created a VR interface to allow for the teleoperation of a humanoid robot. As detailed in this paper, we have now focused on a human-in-the-loop planner where the operator can send higher level manipulation and navigation goals in VR through functional waypoints, visualize the results of a robot planner in the 3D virtual space, and then deny, alter or confirm the plan to send to the robot. In addition, we have adapted our interface to also work for a mobile manipulation robot in addition to the humanoid robot. For a video demonstration please see the accompanying video at this https URL
In vitro cell cycle oscillations exhibit a robust and hysteretic response to changes in cytoplasmic density

ABSTRACT Cells control the properties of the cytoplasm to ensure the proper functioning of biochemical processes. Recent studies showed that the density of the cytoplasm varies in both physiological and pathological states of cells undergoing growth, division, differentiation, apoptosis, senescence, and metabolic starvation. Little is known about how cellular processes cope with these cytoplasmic variations. Here we study how a cell cycle oscillator comprising cyclin -dependent kinase (CDK1) responds to cytoplasmic density changes by systematically diluting or concentrating a cycling Xenopus egg cytoplasm in cell-like microfluidic droplets. We found that the cell cycle maintains robust oscillations over a wide range of deviations from the endogenous density by as low as 0.2x to more than 1.22x. A further dilution or concentration from these values will arrest the system in a low or high steady-state of CDK1 activity, respectively. Interestingly, diluting a concentrated arrested cytoplasm recovers its oscillatory behavior but requires a significantly lower concentration than 1.22x. Thus, the cell cycle switches reversibly between oscillatory and stable steady states at distinct thresholds depending on the direction of density tuning, forming a hysteresis loop. We recapitulated these observations by a mathematical model. The model predicted that Wee1 and Cdc25 positive feedback do not contribute to the observed robustness, confirmed by experiments. Nevertheless, modulating these feedback strengths and cytoplasmic density changes the total number of cycles, revealing a new role of Wee1 and Cdc25 in controlling the cycle number of early embryonic extracts. Our system can be applied to study how cytoplasmic density affects other cellular processes.
SPA-GCN: Efficient and Flexible GCN Accelerator with an Application for Graph Similarity Computation

While there have been many studies on hardware acceleration for deep learning on images, there has been a rather limited focus on accelerating deep learning applications involving graphs. The unique characteristics of graphs, such as the irregular memory access and dynamic parallelism, impose several challenges when the algorithm is mapped to a CPU or GPU. To address these challenges while exploiting all the available sparsity, we propose a flexible architecture called SPA-GCN for accelerating Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN), the core computation unit in deep learning algorithms on graphs. The architecture is specialized for dealing with many small graphs since the graph size has a significant impact on design considerations. In this context, we use SimGNN, a neural-network-based graph matching algorithm, as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our architecture. The experimental results demonstrate that SPA-GCN can deliver a high speedup compared to a multi-core CPU implementation and a GPU implementation, showing the efficiency of our design.
Pharmacokinetics of Interferons

Interferons are able to induce resistance to viruses, and are apparently able to induce a number of potentially useful modifications of immune mechanisms. So, we now begin to administer it to patients to achieve the effects desired. But how much do we need to administer to attain and maintain effective levels? In fact, what is the desired level? And how long must it be maintained? We have previously seen (Fig. 8) that even very high levels of circulating interferons induced in animals very rapidly disappeared within just a few hours. Where did this interferon go? And what happened to it? The answers to these questions are not yet known. Present applications of interferons are based on the limited information presented in this Section: interferon is usually administered on the basis of giving as much as possible, based on either availability or restrictions imposed by “side” effects (which have usually been presumed to be due to non-interferon impurities in the preparations). Much more work is required on the pharmacokinetics of interferons before clinical applications will be more rational. In view of some of the differences observed with high or low doses mentioned previously in cell cultures and some that will be mentioned later (Section XIII) it seems likely that more attention should be paid to this problem.
Ventricular Septal Defects

The term “ventricular septal defect” (VSD) denotes a gap or opening in the ventricular septum. There are several anatomically distinct types of VSDs, differing both in morphology as well as location within the ventricular septum. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) plays a very important role in the evaluation of VSDs, primarily in the intraoperative setting, as a method of monitoring surgical VSD closure. In addition, TEE also provides essential information and guidance during device closure of certain types of VSDs, either in the cardiac catheterization laboratory or via the perventricular approach. This chapter discusses the anatomy and morphology of the different types of VSDs, along with their echocardiographic evaluation by TEE.
International Pricing Objectives and Strategies

The price paid for a good or a service represents its customer value. Because of this characteristic, pricing plays a unique role in the marketing mix both as a strategic tool and a dimension of day-to-day marketing decisions. Nevertheless, pricing is largely neglected in international marketing literature, specifically in the field of B2B transactions, the topic of this article. The authors present an overview of current international pricing literature and discuss the many different pricing decisions that international marketers face. Using the “value management” concept, the authors make suggestions for future research and provide practical guidelines for the development of a consistent international pricing strategy. Keywords: pricing; international pricing; global strategy; segmentation; customer value; B2B marketing
The stock market premium, production, and relative risk aversion

Abstract This article shows that disentangling risk aversion and intertemporal substitution does not affect the result of Benninga and Protopapadakis (1991) that the risk premium in a complete market may well be negatively related with risk aversion.
Age effect on the Gaze Stabilization test

Impairments of the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) lead to a decline in visual acuity during head movements. Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) testing is a sensitive assessment tool for detecting VOR impairments. DVA evaluates accuracy of visual acuity during fixed velocity head movements. In contrast, the Gaze Stabilization test (GST) is a new functional evaluation of the VOR that identifies a person's maximum head velocity (in degrees per second) a person can maintain with stable vision of a target (i.e. optotype). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of age on the GST in participants without vestibular disease. The study was conducted in a vestibular and balance laboratory at a tertiary medical center. A total of 87 healthy adult volunteers were included in this study. The main outcome measure was the association between age and both GST maximum head velocity in the yaw (right/left) plane and velocity symmetry. A significant negative correlation was found between age and maximum head velocity (r =-0.469, p< 0.001). Our results suggest that age should be considered when interpreting GST results in the yaw plane, however standardization of testing methods should be established as variation in results has been reported in the literature.
Acute kidney injury in severe sepsis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations.

Objective To review the unique pathophysiology of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and highlight the relevant aspects of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury that may apply to veterinary patients. Data Sources Electronic search of MEDLINE database. Human Data Synthesis Sepsis-induced AKI is diagnosed in up to 47% of human ICU patients and is seen as a major public health concern associated with increased mortality and increased progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Consensus criteria for the definition and classification of AKI has allowed for accurate description of the epidemiology of patients with AKI. AKI develops from a complex relationship between the initial insult and activation of inflammation and coagulation. In contrast to the traditional view, clinical and experimental data dispute the role of renal ischemia-reperfusion in the development of sepsis-induced AKI. Renal tubular dysfunction with activation of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism appears to be a crucial contributor to sepsis-induced AKI. Furosemide and n-acetylcysteine (NAC) do not appear to be helpful in the treatment of AKI. Hydroxyethyl starches (HES), dopamine, and supraphysiological concentrations of chloride are harmful in patients with AKI. Veterinary Data Synthesis Community and hospital-acquired AKI is a significant factor affecting survival in critical ill patients. Sepsis-induced AKI occurs in 12% of dogs with abdominal sepsis and is an important contributor to mortality. Early detection of AKI in hospitalized patients currently offers the best opportunity to improve patient outcome. The use of urinary biomarkers to diagnose early AKI should be evaluated in critical care patients. Conclusion Veterinary clinical trials comparing treatment choices with the development of AKI are needed to make evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and treatment of AKI.
The Gamma Function and Gauss Sums

The history of Gauss sums as eigenvalues of Frobenius on Fermat or Artin-Schreier curves goes back to Davenport-Hasse [Da-H] and Hasse [Ha 3]. However, Ron Evans has pointed out to me that Howard Mitchell [Mi] in 1916 considered Jacobi sums in connection with the number of points of the Fermat curve in arbitrary finite fields, and proved the first Davenport Hasse relation between Jacobi sums in a finite field and in a finite extension.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases pulmonary blood flow in fetal sheep

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) may play a role in regulation of pulmonary vascular tone in adults. We set out to establish whether or not CGRP has any effect on the fetal pulmonary circulat...
Assessment of therapists' preferences for discontinuous measurement systems

Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach, Auburn, AL 36849-5214, USARecent studies have evaluated the sensitivity of discontinuous recording methods for detecting behaviorchanges; however, relatively few have evaluated observers’ preferences for such methods. To addressthis limitation, this study used a concurrent chains design to evaluate eight therapists’ preferences forcollecting data using momentary time sampling (MTS) and partial interval recording with interval sizesof 10s and 1min. Results of the preference assessment showed that six of the eight therapists preferredto collect data using 1-min MTS; however, results of a follow-up questionnaire suggest that mosttherapists preferred 1-min MTS primarily because it was easy to use rather than that it was accurate.These results are discussed with respect to recent ﬁndings on the sensitivity of MTS and partial intervalrecording. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of OPEN systems for control, analysis and data acquisition of the DIII-D tokamak

For the past several years, it has been evident that the very old MODCOMP 18-bit computers being used at DIII-D for control and data acquisition were no longer adequate to perform the services needed. In early 1992, the computer systems group began to look seriously into alternate systems to replace these aged MODCOMP systems. The decision was made to investigate 'OPEN' system computers and also to maintain the compatibility with our large usage of CAMAC equipment as the real-time hardware interface. Information about the needs for real-time capabilities and 'OPEN' systems ability to meet these needs will be discussed. The needs include hardware requirements, operating system software which has known response rates, interconnectability and access of data from other workstations and computers. Some of the parameters and pitfalls of open systems will be discussed as well as the advantages of OPEN systems for use in a real-time environment. Our success at arriving at an OPEN systems solution will be examined.
Crafts, Chiefs, and Commoners: Production and Control in Precontact Hawai'i

Information on the manufacture of such items as feather garments, cordage, and canoes shows that the commonly made distinction between independent and attached specialists was not clear cut among Hawaiian craftspersons. How and to what extent craft specialization was controlled varied according to the nature of the good being produced and its importance to the chiefly elite. However, all Hawaiian craftspersons were motivated to be craft specialists by the belief that their occupations were divinely ascribed. Hawaiian chiefs were considered semi-divine and played a major role in the practice and sponsorship of Hawaiian religion, and they used the goods produced for elite use to further consolidate their power.
Quantum optics: Controlling the light.

Means to access and manipulate X-rays have been developing at a slow pace. But quantum-optical effects in ensembles of nuclei offer a way to tackle the control of this energetic radiation. See Letter p.199 Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a technique in which quantum interference of multi-level atoms renders an otherwise opaque medium transparent for light of a particular wavelength. With the advent of accelerator-driven light sources, there is growing interest in extending the techniques of such optical quantum control to the X-ray regime. Rohlsberger et al. have now identified an alternative EIT mechanism that enables them to demonstrate the phenomenon in the regime of hard X-rays, using an ensemble of iron-57 nuclei. The authors conclude that this type of EIT and its applications could be transferred to the nuclear regime, opening up the field of nuclear quantum optics.
Radical change through radical means: learning power

The history of US schooling is a remarkable tale of expanding educational opportunities in the midst of educational inequality. Despite cultural commitments to equality and justice, the US educational system continues to provide clear and consistent advantages for white and wealthier Americans and disadvantages for low-income, students of color.
Forbidden friends: cultural veils of female friendship in Andalusia

Friendship in southern European societies has been recognized theoretically and empirically as a male-oriented institution. Women are supposedly prohibited from forming friendships, primarily because of moral restrictions on “place” and the constrictions of ties to the domestic group after marriage. Data collected in an Andalusian (southern Spain) town challenge these assumptions, showing that the female dilemma of balancing acceptable domestic decorum with the apparent need for friendship is resolved by the cognitive and behavioral “veiling” of friendship in an appropriate domestic context.
Evaluating management options for aquatic invasive species: concepts and methods

In analyses that attempt to estimate the costs of species invasions, it has been typical to report the costs of management and/or to multiply per-unit costs by the number affected to arrive at a total. These estimates are of limited value for most policy questions. We start our discussion by recognizing that biological pollutants such as aquatic invasive species are like conventional pollutants in important ways and appeal to the well-developed literature on conventional pollution to guide our thinking into how best to conceptualize the problem. We use a standard pollution control framework to identify the margins over which costs and benefits should be estimated to guide wise decision-making. We then use examples from the literature to illustrate how transactions in related markets can be used to estimate the benefits of management. The roles of adaptation, mitigation, and species population growth have particular relevance and are highlighted. In the final section of the paper, we think through the conditions under which investing in genetic biocontrol methods would be economically justified.
Recognition performance level and the magnitude of the misinformation effect in eyewitness memory

The issue of whether misleading postevent information affects performance on the modified recognition test introduced by McCloskey and Zaragoza (1985) was examined in a meta-analysis. Results indicated that a misinformation effect can be obtained with the modified test. The meta-analysis also revealed that recognition hit rates are higher in studies that yield a misinformation effect than in studies in which the misinformation effect is not significant. The data from the meta-analysis were also used to assess whether the misinformation effect is related to the length of the retention interval. Results showed that a misinformation effect is more likely to be obtained with long retention intervals, although in the available data there is a confound between the length of the retention interval and the recognition level obtained.
Finite Element Simulation of Indentation Behavior of thin Films

Nanoindentation experiments are now widely used to study the elastic and plastic properties of thin films. Simulation of these experiments has been performed using finite element analysis. Results show the large influence that pile-up or sink-in behavior have on hardness calculations. Results also show that a compliant substrate significantly affects the measured hardness of a stiffer coating. The measured hardness of a compliant coating is less effected by a stiffer substrate.
The Effectiveness of a Program of Oral Sensory-Motor Therapy with the Severely and Profoundly Developmentally Disabled

The efficacy of a program of oral-motor therapy designed to facilitate feeding patterns and thus produce increases in body weight in the severely developmentally disabled was explored. Twenty sever...
Performance Evaluation of 26 Combinations of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials and Chemicals After Repeated Exposures and Decontaminations

Effective decontamination of chemical protective clothing (CPC) is essential for reducing occupational skin diseases and disorders during a reuse scenario. To protect the workforce, the efficacy of decontamination methods and the reusability of CPC need to be evaluated. In this study, performance of 14 CPC materials against 12 liquid chemicals was evaluated based on standardized breakthrough time (BT) and steady-state permeation rate (SSPR). Thermal and water-detergent decontamination methods were used. Exposure/decon- tamination was repeated up to 11 cycles, or until the material failed, so that further testing became impossible. Changes in BT and SSPRs were determined for each material and chemical combination. There were 20 and 13 combinations that were able to complete 11 cycles with thermal and detergent methods, respectively. By comparing the beginning and ending cycles, mean BT increased 9% with the thermal method but slightly decreased (3.3%) with the detergent method, while mean SSPR decreased 2%...
Ginzburg—Landau model for a free-electron laser: from single mode to spikes

Abstract Single-mode operation of a free-electron laser is modeled by the Ginzburg–Landau equation. The linear stability of a single-mode solution is analyzed, and connections are established with known instabilities of the Ginzburg–Landau equation. It is found that there is no Benjamin–Feir instability and hence, the principal mode with the largest gain is always stable. However, the Eckhaus (or the phase) instability generally exists for a mode with frequency outside a range centered on the principal mode. This gives rise to two distinct possibilities: either there is spontaneous frequency shifting to the stable mode with the largest growth rate and a consequent tendency to approach single-mode operation, or there is a sudden chaotization and spikiness in the radiation field. Analytical criteria and scaling are given and tested by numerical simulations.
Effects of Age and Metabolic Stress on Heat Tolerance of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Eggs

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), eggs were immersed III hot water (41-43°C) to determine the tolerance of egg stages to heat treatment. Dinitrophenol or rotenone acted synergistically to increase mortality caused by hot water. Mortality and the thermal death kinetic parameters changed when the eggs were immersed in hot water with reduced oxygen. Mortality was dependent on the age of the eggs.
Genetic control of the expression of allelic Ig genes at the VH a locus in a1/a2 heterozygous rabbits

Heterozygous rabbits representing 9 of 15 possible a1 and a2 heavy chain haplotype gene combinations among rabbits in the University of Illinois colony were analyzed for ratios of al to a2 in serum immunoglobulin (Ig). The Ig from rabbits of the a1x−y−n81f73g74de12,15 heavy chain haplotype in combination with any of three a2-associated heavy chain haplotypes have higher ratios of a1 to a2 than Ig from rabbits in which a1 is encoded by 4 other heavy chain haplotypes. For example, the mean a1: a2 ratio for adult a1x−y−n81f73g74de12,15/a2x32y33,− n82,f71g75de12,15 rabbits was 12:1 compared to 5:1 for a1x−y33,30n83,f71g75de12,15/a2x32y33,− n82,f71g75de12,15 heterozygous rabbits. Family studies indicated that the a1:a2 ratio was under the control of the heavy chain chromosomal region or a locus closely linked to it. Whether the regulation is due to varying numbers of VH genes and/or J gene segments, a separate regulator gene, or more efficient joining of certain gene segments, has yet to be determined.
Complexes of η5-cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron derived from cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene

Abstract The metathesis between Na[η5-C5H5(CO)2Fe] (NaFp) and cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene afforded trans-Fp CHCHCHC HCl V and trans-Fp CHCHCHC HFp III. Both V and III underwent quantitative thermal isomerization to the trans,trans-butadienes, FpCHCHCHCHCl VII and FpCHCHCHCHFp VI, respectively. Complex V was hydrolyzed and isomerized on neutral alumina to the trans-butenal complex FpCH2CHCHCHO. Protonation of III gave Fp2C4H+5, which was converted by triethylamine to the cyclobutenyl complex, Fp CHCHCHC H2. Treatment of VI with I2 or HCl in methylene chloride afforded ICHCHCHCHI and Fp2[C4H6]+2·2HCl−2, respectively.
Structural and Mutational Analyses of a CD8αβ Heterodimer and Comparison with the CD8αα Homodimer

The crystal structure of a recombinant mouse single chain CD8alphabeta ectodomains at 2.4 A resolution reveals paired immunoglobulin variable region-like domains with a striking resemblance to CD8alphaalpha in size, shape, and surface electrostatic potential of complementarity-determining regions (CDR), despite <20% sequence identity between the CD8alpha and CD8beta subunits. Unlike the CD8alpha subunit(s) in the heterodimer or homodimer, the CDR1 loop of CD8beta tilts away from its corresponding CDR2 and CDR3 loops. Consistent with this observation, independent mutational studies reveal that alanine substitutions of residues in the CDR1 loop of CD8beta have no effect on CD8alphabeta coreceptor function, whereas mutations in CD8beta CDR2 and CDR3 loops abolish CD8alphabeta coreceptor activity. The implications of these findings and additional CD8alpha mutational studies for CD8alphabeta- versus CD8alphaalpha-MHCI binding are discussed.
Neutral winds implied by electron content observations during the 7 March 1970 solar eclipse

Measurements of columnar electron content using geostationary satellite signals were made at several of our observatories throughout the U.S., during the 7 March 1970 solar eclipse. The ionospheric response to the solar eclipse was simulated in a computer. Discrepancies between observed and simulated electron content behaviors can be greatly reduced by assuming the existence of plausible neutral winds originated by the eclipse in the F-region heights.
Help-seeking: An understudied problem-solving skill in children☆

Abstract Traditional approaches to the study of young children's behavior in helping relationships are examined and criticized as inadequate because they have failed to represent the child's perspective from the role of “active helpee” (i.e., help-seeker in such relationships). By failing to look at helping from the perspective of the one who seeks help, researchers have neglected to pursue an important lead in understanding why some children are able to learn and progress independently when confronted with the same obstacles that serve to defeat other children. This article focuses on instrumental help-seeking defined as an active, complex social-cognitive activity that is essential to learning and achievement. In the first sections of this article, it is argued that instrumental help-seeking can be formally distinguished from passive dependency as well as from the actual giving and receiving of help. In following sections, a heuristic model of the help-seeking process is offered, prior research relevant to the model is reviewed, and ideas for research on help-seeking in children are suggested within the framework of this model.
A complete YAC contig of the Prader-Willi/Angelman chromosome region (15q11-q13) and refined localization of the SNRPN gene.

Since a previous report of a partial YAC contig of the Prader-Willi/Angelman chromosome region (15q11–q13), a complete contig spanning approximately 3.5 Mb has been developed. YACs were isolated from two human genomic libraries by PCR and hybridization screening methods. Twenty-three sequence-tagged sites (STSs) were mapped within the contig, a density of ∼ 1 per 200 kb. Overlaps between YAC clones were identified by Alu -PCR dot-blot analysis and confirmed by STS mapping or hybridization with ends of YAC inserts. The gene encoding small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated peptide N (SNRPN), recently identified as a candidate gene for Prader-Willi syndrome, was localized within this contig between markers PW71 and TD3-21. Loci mapped within and immediately flanking the Prader-Willi/Angelman chromosome region contig are ordered as follows: cen-IR39-ML34-IR4-3R-TD189-1-PW71-SNRPN-TD3-21-LS6-1-GABRB3,D15S97-GABRA5-IR10-1-CMW1-tel. This YAC contig will be a useful resource for more detailed physical mapping of the region, for generation of new DNA markers, and for mapping or cloning candidate genes for the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes.
Phase formation and structure of magnetron sputtered chromium nitride films: in-situ and ex-situ studies

Abstract The effects of deposition conditions on phase formation, crystallographic characteristics, residual stress, and morphology of chromium nitride films have been studied. The films were prepared via reactive magnetron sputtering with a confocal deposition geometry. The geometry is compatible with an X-ray diffraction system, which allows the growing films to be studied in-situ and in a quasi-real time fashion. The use of the unique film growth/characterization system indicates that in-situ X-ray diffraction can be a useful tool for in-situ monitoring film depositions at various growth stages. In addition to in-situ diffraction studies, the grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) with synchrotron radiation, pole figures, double crystal diffraction topography (DCDT) and scanning electron microscope were also used to characterize the post-deposited films. The effect of nitrogen flow on phase formation can be described based on three ranges of nitrogen flows. With low nitrogen flows, the films consist of primarily BCC Cr phase or hexagonal β-Cr 2 N. Growth at moderate nitrogen flows leads to the films of N-deficient cubic CrN 1− x . With high nitrogen flow, the deposition results in films of nearly stoichiometric CrN with the (111) type texture. In particular, the processing window for Cr 2 N appears to be very small, in comparison with CrN, which can be readily obtained at high nitrogen flows. Thus the films of single Cr 2 N phase with well-defined β structure can only be obtained under strictly controlled conditions.
Damage to posterior parietal cortex impairs two forms of relational learning

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a component of a major cortico-hippocampal circuit that is involved in relational learning, yet the specific contribution of PPC to hippocampal-dependent learning is unresolved. To address this, two experiments were carried out to test the effects of PPC damage on tasks that involve forming associations between multiple sensory stimuli. In Experiment 1, sham or electrolytic lesions of the PPC were made before rats were tested on a three-phase sensory preconditioning task. During the first phase, half of the training trials consisted of pairings of an auditory stimulus followed by a light. During the other trials, a second auditory stimulus was presented alone. In the next phase of training, the same light was paired with food, but no auditory stimuli were presented. During the final phase of the procedure both auditory stimuli were presented in the absence of reinforcement during a single test session. As is typically observed during the test session, control rats exhibited greater conditioned responding to the auditory cue that was previously paired with light compared to the unpaired cue. In contrast, PPC-lesioned rats responded equally to both auditory cues. In Experiment 2, PPC-lesioned and control rats were trained in a compound feature negative discrimination task consisting of reinforced presentations of a tone-alone and non-reinforced simultaneous presentations of a light-tone compound stimulus. Control rats but not rats with damage to the PPC successfully learned the discrimination. Collectively, these results support the idea that the PPC contributes to relational learning involving multimodal sensory stimuli, perhaps by regulating the attentional processing of conditioned stimuli.
Laser Treatment of Vascular Lesions

Lasers and other light sources have been developed that remove or improve many vascular lesions that were previously untreatable. Port-wine stains are the most notable example. Vascular lasers and light sources represent a major advance in dermatology for cosmetic and non-cosmetic applications. This article reviews the common vascular conditions amenable to laser therapy and the approaches and devices used.
Ceramic/polymer solid electrolyte based lithium water primary battery

Abstract A novel Li/H2O primary battery is reported. The battery consists of a thin film lithium metal anode evaporated on hybrid inorganic/organic lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte, H2O as the electroactive cathode material, and a Pt mesh current collector. The hybrid electrolyte consists of a two-phase ceramic, lithium aluminum titanium phosphate/aluminum phosphate (LATP/AlPO4), sealed with polyvinylidene fluoride. These cells display an open cell potential of 0.90 V, a current output range between 0.78 and 0.50 μA under constant 1 MΩ load discharge, and specific energy of 2660 Wh/kg. Battery life is shown to be proportional to the mass of the Li metal anode employed and has been demonstrated for up to 37.5 h.
Target activation and radiological response of ARIES-IFE dry wall chamber

The choice of target coating and hohlraum wall materials is among the most critical decisions to be made for inertial fusion energy (IFE) designs. Gold and gold/gadolinium have long been considered to be the coating and hohlraum wall materials of choice for direct drive (DD) and indirect drive (ID) targets, respectively, offering high target performance and low beam energy losses. More recently, a variety of other materials have been considered, including W, Pb, Pt, Pd, and Ag for the DD target coating and Au, W, Pb, Hg, Ta, Cs, and Hf for the hohlraum wall of the ID target. The choice of the coating/hohlraum material is a tradeoff between the target design elements such as safety, target physics, economics, etc. We identified the key safety issues and have investigated the neutron-induced irradiation effects of the candidate coating/hohlraum materials using the radiation chamber conditions of the ARIES-IFE dry wall concept. The safety requirements have specific impacts in terms of the coating/hohlraum materials choice.
Strategy Choice in Sociocultural Context

Abstract Historically, research on strategy development has focused on charting changes in modal strategy use associated with age and experience. In recent years, however, researchers have begun to document the variety of strategies children have in their repertoires at different ages and with different degrees of experience on tasks. Of growing importance is understanding the processes by which children choose among available approaches. In this paper, I review evidence that sociocultural influences play a powerful role in shaping both the repertoires of strategies individuals have available to solve problems, and the choices they make among those strategies.
Three-Dimensional Motion and Stability of Two Rotating Cable-Connected Bodies

The three-dimensional linearized equations of motion for a cable-connected space station-counter-weight system are developed using a Lagrangian formulation. The system model employed allows for cable and end body damping and restoring effects. To first degree, the out-of-plane equations uncouple from the in-plane equations. From the general in-plane characteristic equation, necessary conditions for stability are obtained. The Routh-Hurwitz necessary and sufficient conditions for stability are derived for the general out-of-plane characteristic equation. Special cases of the in-plane and out-of-plane equations are then examined for stability. Time constants for the least damped mode are obtained for a range of system parameters by numerical examination of the roots of the in-plane and out-of-plane characteristic polynomials. For the in-plane case, a comparison with results previously obtained in a two-dimensional treatment (but with a different damping scheme) is made. A typical transient response is simulated numerically.
Therapeutic Potential of the Nitrite-Generated NO Pathway in Vascular Dysfunction.

Nitric oxide (NO) generated through L-arginine metabolism by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an important regulator of the vessel wall. Dysregulation of this system has been implicated in various pathological vascular conditions, including atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, neointimal hyperplasia, and pulmonary hypertension. The pathophysiology involves a decreased bioavailability of NO within the vessel wall by competitive utilization of L-arginine by arginase and ‘eNOS uncoupling.’ Generation of NO through reduction of nitrate and nitrite represents an alternative pathway that may be utilized to increase the bioavailability of NO within the vessel wall. We review the therapeutic potential of the nitrate/nitrite/NO pathway in vascular dysfunction.
Sounds and Charrière: The rest of the story

Parisian cutler Joseph-Frederic-Benoit Charriere (1803-1876) contributed greatly to surgical disciplines with innovative tools, but his legacy is the gauge system he developed in 1842 that is still used for catheters, probes, and dilators. Sounding devices have been documented in the surgical armamentarium since 3000 BC, with practitioners such as Hippocrates, Galen, Celsus, and Al-Zahrawi espousing theories on sounding and the related topics of stones and urinary obstruction. The medical revolution in 19th-century Paris propelled technology and one of the most influential men involved was Charriere, who pioneered diverse technical processes in the manufacturing of surgical instruments, led one of the largest instrument manufacturing companies, and improved on tools introduced by predecessors including his mentor Guillaume Dupuytren. Most importantly he created the catheter scale that, despite not being favored in its country of origin, became an international standard and is known today as the French system. The classification of sounds, catheters, and bougies has undergone many variations throughout the years, but the French scale still holds in current medical practice as an accurate and nearly universal sizing tool.
The effects of a dementia nurse care manager on improving caregiver outcomes outcomes

Iowa's Administration on Aging's Alzheimer's Disease Demonstration Grant to the States was a project to implement and evaluate a nurse care management model of service delivery for persons with dementia or care recipient and their family caregiver that was integrated with the case management system. The goal of the nursing service delivery model was to maintain persons with dementia safely in their homes, by connecting them with appropriate services and providing support to the care recipient and caregivers. Outcomes measures were evaluated over time. This article defines the role of dementia nurse care management and shares the results of the outcomes measurements. The evaluation showed that caregivers assisted by nurse care managements were more likely to show improvement in their stress levels, endurance potential, and well-being. This improvement was consistent over time.
Geochemical modulation of bioavailability and toxicity of nitroaromatic compounds to aquatic plants.

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are prominent soil and sediment contaminants that are strongly adsorbed by smectites at extents that depend on hydration properties of the exchangeable cation. Potassium smectites adsorb nitroaromatics much more strongly than calcium smectites, so that adjustment of K+ versus Ca2+ occupation on cation exchange sites in smectites can be used to modulate the retention and release of nitroaromatics. We suggest that this modulation can be used to advantageously manage the bioavailability and toxicity of NACs during bioremedation. We have measured the toxicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) to duckweed grown in smectite suspensions and utilized Ca2+/K+ exchange to retain or release 2,4-DNT. Retention by potassium smectite reduced bioavailability and hence toxicity to duckweed. Addition of Ca2+ to replace K+ by ion exchange released adsorbed 2,4-DNT, which is toxic to duckweed. So smectites can be used to sequester or release 2,4-DNT predictably and provide means to control bioav...
Coronary Thrombosis, Coronary Spasm and Coronary Atherosclerosis and Speculation on the link Between Unstable Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction

Primary Role of Coronary Atherosclerosis The underlying culprit in coronary artery disease [CAD) is the atherosclerotic plaque. The plaque may or may not cause an important degree of luminal narrowing. If no important luminal narrowing is present, there are usually no symptoms of myocardial ischemia; if there is important luminal narrowing, exertional angina may occur. Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia occurs during periods of stress-induced increased oxygen demand by a limitation in coronary flow reserve due to a severe epicardial coronary artery stenosis. Thus, if there is severe luminal narrowing and a portion of the stenotic arterial wall remains capable of vasomotion, changes in vasoconstrictor stimuli could be important participants and lead to a variable ischemic threshold in certain patients.6-8 Uncommonly, a coronary segment is chronically supersensitive to vasoconstriction stimuli and coronary artery spasm occurs. The why and how of coronary spasm occurring in “normal” or nearly normal coronary arteries is unclear. Almost all narrowed coronary segments retain the capacity to dilate and constrict. The difference between coronary “spasm” and “vasoconstriction” is at least one of degree, but perhaps also
Teenage Exposure to Cigarette Advertising in Popular Consumer Magazines

Abstract The tobacco industry indicates that it does not advertise in magazines that reach a high percentage of young people. To avoid reaching teens, current tobacco industry practice is to use circulation data to assess the number of young people who receive a magazine. Results from the reported study demonstrate that using circulation data is not an accurate method for estimating the size of the teenage audience. The authors analyze readership data from 1998 and construct specific media schedules to examine the extent to which teenagers are reached by popular consumer magazines that contain cigarette advertising. Results reveal that tobacco marketers routinely reach a high percentage of teenagers 12–17 years of age when placing advertisements in popular consumer magazines.