cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An operant analysis of problem solving

Behavior that solves a problem is distinguished by the fact that it changes another part of the solver's behavior and is strengthened when it does so. Problem solving typically involves the construction of discriminative stimuli. Verbal responses produce especially useful stimuli, because they affect other people. As a culture formulates maxims, laws, grammar, and science, its members behave more effectively without direct or prolonged contact with the contingencies thus formulated. The culture solves problems for its members, and does so by transmitting the verbal discriminative stimuli called rules. Induction, deduction, and the construction of models are ways of producing rules. Behavior that solves a problem may result from direct shaping by contingencies or from rules constructed either by the problem solver or by others. Because different controlling variables are involved, contingency-shaped behavior is never exactly like rule-governed behavior. The distinction must take account of (1) a system which establishes certain contingencies of reinforcement, such as some part of the natural environment, a piece of equipment, or a verbal community; (2) the behavior shaped and maintained by these contingencies; (3) rules, derived from the contingencies, which specify discriminative stimuli, responses, and consequences, and (4) the behavior occasioned by the rules.
Argot and the Creation of Social Types in a Young Gay Community

This study investigates the existence of various social types in a young gay community (I 7-24 age group) located in the southeastern United States. The social types are identified “emically” through the use of a specific domain of knowledge, gay argot. Gay terms and expressions are grouped using a method similar to factor analysis to locate specific dimensions of behavior in this community. A central concern of this paper is to determine how the concept of “binary opposition” operates among the resulting social types. Binary opposition, which has been identified in studies constructing other folk taxonomies (classification schemes created from the participants' perspective), means that for every entity created in the taxonomy there must be an opposite to that entity (an example would be the “butch-femme” distinction among lesbians). Next, through interviews we investigate the specific attributes that define each of the resulting social types. Finally, we employ componential analysis to determine if there...
Catenins as mediators of the cytoplasmic functions of cadherins

The catenins are polypeptides that bind to the conserved cytoplasmic tail of cadherins and are required for cadherin function. alpha-Catenin is related to vinculin and seems to be required for the interaction of cadherins with the actin cytoskeleton. beta-Catenin is homologous to armadillo, a segment polarity gene in Drosophila that participates in developmental signaling. Recent findings indicate that beta-catenin also participates in developmental signaling and embryonic patterning in Xenopus laevis. At least a portion of the electrophoretic band migrating at the position of gamma-catenin consists of plakoglobin, a desmosomal and zonula adherens protein that has high sequence similarity to beta-catenin and armadillo. The catenins may be involved in the regulation of cadherin function during tissue morphogenesis and tumorigenesis.
VLM/sup 2/: a very lightweight mobile multicast system for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks require lightweight routing tailored for sensor devices with severe memory, power, and cost constraints. Such lightweight protocols must also support mobility and fault tolerance. The very Lightweight Mobile Multicast (VLM/sup 2/) system addresses these concerns, introducing multicast support into wireless sensor networks. In simulation and in a true implementation on hardware Motes, VLM/sup 2/ achieves multicast with a lightweight footprint of no more than 17 kb per node and also responds with agility to a wide range of mobility.
Analysis and visualization method for understanding the voltage effect of distributed energy resources on the electric power system

Abstract While adding distributed energy resources (DER) to a distribution circuit will affect numerous aspects of operation, bus voltage is a critical aspect that must be maintained within acceptable limits. It is therefore critical to: (1) quantify how DER installation will affect the voltage, (2) visualize the voltage change, and (3) predict the voltage change of the alternatives within the DER operational space. These three goals are achieved through the development of a simple voltage change potential (VCP) visualization method that can be determined using the basic characteristics of an inverter-based DER installation. The VCP results compare favorably with equivalent complete non-linear Matlab/Simulink™ models of DER implementation in distribution circuits at a fraction of the computational time. Calculation of VCP also enables a new control method that uses circuit information and simple equations to provide situation-dependent and optimal voltage regulation.
Projected expansion of the subtropical biome and contraction of the temperate and equatorial upwelling biomes in the North Pacific under global warming

Polovina, J. J., Dunne, J. P., Woodworth, P. A., and Howell, E. A. 2011. Projected expansion of the subtropical biome and contraction of the temperate and equatorial upwelling biomes in the North Pacific under global warming. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 986–995.A climate model that includes a coupled ocean biogeochemistry model is used to define large oceanic biomes in the North Pacific Ocean and describe their changes over the 21st century in response to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario A2 future atmospheric CO 2 emissions scenario. Driven by enhanced stratification and a northward shift in the mid-latitude westerlies under climate change, model projections demonstrated that between 2000 and 2100, the area of the subtropical biome expands by ∼30% by 2100, whereas the area of temperate and equatorial upwelling (EU) biomes decreases by ∼34 and 28%, respectively, by 2100. Over the century, the total biome primary production and fish catch is projected to increase by 26% in the subtropical biome and decrease by 38 and 15% in the temperate and the equatorial biomes, respectively. Although the primary production per unit area declines slightly in the subtropical and the temperate biomes, it increases 17% in the EU biome. Two areas where the subtropical biome boundary exhibits the greatest movement is in the northeast Pacific, where it moves northwards by as much as 1000 km per 100 years and at the equator in the central Pacific, where it moves eastwards by 2000 km per 100 years. Lastly, by the end of the century, there are projected to be more than 25 million km 2 of water with a mean sea surface temperature of 31°C in the subtropical and EU biomes, representing a new thermal habitat. The projected trends in biome carrying capacity and fish catch suggest resource managers might have to address long-term trends in fishing capacity and quota levels.
Isoform of APOE with retained intron 3; quantitation and identification of an associated single nucleotide polymorphism.

Background: Alleles of apolipoprotein E (APOE) are the major genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (LOAD). Recently, an APOE splice variant that retains intron 3 (APOE-I3) was identified. To gain insight into the possible role of this isoform in LOAD, we quantified its expression in a cohort of 56 human brain specimens by using quantitative RT-PCR. Results: We found that APOE-I3 generally represents a low percentage (< 0.5%) of overall APOE expression. However, in one specimen, the proportion of APOE-I3 was increased about ~13 fold. This specimen was unique in the cohort for possessing the minor allele of an intron 3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs12982192. Additionally, an allelic expression imbalance study indicated that the rs12982192 minor allele was associated with increased APOE-I3 expression. Conclusions: Overall, we interpret our results as suggesting that APOE-I3 represents a minor portion of APOE expression and that rs12982192 is associated with APOE intron 3 retention. Since the minor allele of this SNP is on the same haplotype as the minor allele of rs429358, which defines the APOE4 allele, we speculate that rs12982192 may reflect a modest loss of mRNA encoding functional APOE4.
Process/thread migration and checkpointing in heterogeneous distributed systems

Process/thread migration and checkpointing are indispensable for resource sharing, cycle stealing, and other modes of interaction. To provide a flexible, transparent, and portable solution in heterogeneous environments, we have developed a multi-grained migration/checkpointing package, MigThread, which can migrate/checkpoint multiple threads to different machines or file systems simultaneously, and also perform single coarse-grained process migration/checkpointing. For scalability and portability, computation states are extracted out of their original places and abstracted to the language level. With the user-level stack/heap management, MigThread does not rely on any thread libraries and operating systems. For heterogeneity, a novel data conversion scheme is proposed to analyze data types automatically and convert data only on the receiver side. For safety, MigThread detects and overcomes "unsafe" factors to qualify virtually all C programs for migration/checkpointing. Some performance measurements are given to illustrate its effectiveness.
Ecotypic responses of switchgrass to altered precipitation

Anthropogenic climate change is projected to alter precipitation patterns, resulting in novel environments for plants. The responses of dominant plant species (e.g. Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass)) to climate changes can drive broaderecosystemprocessessuchasprimaryproductivity.Usingarainfallmesocosmfacility,threeecotypesofP.virgatum (collectedfromKansas,OklahomaandTexas,USA)weresubjectedtothreeprecipitationregimes(average,-25%,+25%)to determinethephysiologicalandgrowthresponsestoalteredprecipitationinacommongardensetting.Resultsshowedmean maximum photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, midday water potential and dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescencewerelowestintheKansasecotypes.Increasedprecipitationtreatmentsraisedthemeanmiddaywaterpotentials and lowered water-use efficiency. Aboveground biomass responded positively to changes in precipitation, but flowering initiationwaslaterandrateswerelowerforTexasecotypes.Ingeneral,ecotypeoriginwasabetterpredictorofdifferencesin physiological responses and flowering, whereas the precipitation treatments had greater control over biomass production. Depending on the growth variable measured, these results show responses for P. virgatum are under varying ecotypic or environmental control with few interactions, suggesting that future predictions to climate change need not inherently consider localised adaptations in this economically important and widely distributed species.
Heat Transfer in Sodium—Potassium Alloy

To provide heat transfer data of high precision for NaK heat exchange systems, a NaK heat transfer loop was designed to minimize experimental errors and yield results with a high degree of reproduc...
Comparison of the effects of sucrose and fructose on insulin action and glucose tolerance

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether fructose is the nutrient mediator of sucrose-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Toward this end, male rats were fed a puri...
Region-Specific Disruption of Adenylate Cyclase Type 1 Gene Differentially Affects Somatosensorimotor Behaviors in Mice

Adenylate cyclase type I (AC1) is primarily, and, abundantly, expressed in the brain. Intracellular calcium/ calmodulin increases regulate AC1 in an activity-dependent manner. Upon stimulation, AC1 produces cAMP and it is involved in the patterning and the refinement of neural circuits. In mice, spontaneous mutations or targeted deletion of the Adcy1 gene, which encodes AC1, resulted in neuronal pattern formation defects. Neural modules in the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, the barrels, which represent the topographic distribution of the whiskers on the snout, failed to form (Welker et al., 1996; Abdel-Majid et al., 1998). Cortex- or thalamus-specific Adcy1 deletions led to different cortical pattern phenotypes, with thalamus-specific disruption phenotype being more severe (Iwasato et al., 2008; Suzuki et al., 2013). Despite the absence of barrels in the "barrelless"/Adcy1 null mice, thalamocortical terminal bouton density and activation of cortical zones following whisker stimulation were roughly topographic (Abdel-Majid et al., 1998; Gheorghita et al., 2006). To what extent does patterning of the cortical somatosensory body map play a role in sensorimotor behaviors? In this study, we tested mice with global, cortical, or thalamic loss of AC1 function in a battery of sensorimotor and social behavior tests and compared them to mice with all of the whiskers clipped. Contrary to intuitive expectations that any region-specific or global disruption of the AC1 function would lead to similar behavioral phenotypes, we found significant differences in the degree of impairment between these strains.
Natural Products Chemistry: New Opportunities, Uncertain Future

Natural products chemistry, a field greatly invigorated nowadays by its partnership with chemical ecology, is currently being de-emphasized. We argue that such curtailment will restrain an exploratory process of immense scientific promise. The realization that ours is a chemical world has had a profound influence on human thought. It has led to the postulate that both the inanimate and biotic domains are explicable in atomic and molecular terms, providing the basis for the reductionism that drives so much of scientific inquiry today. Biologists and chemists, emboldened by common purpose, joined forces at the beginning of the 20th century to set in motion the gigantic investigative venture that was to culminate in the establishment of the presentday field of molecular biology. Also emergent during this period, and owing its advent to molecular biology, was a second venture, similarly interdisciplinary in character and focused specifically, not on the chemical makeup of organisms, but on their chemical interactions. That field, which by mid-century was to acquire the name chemical ecology, derived its strength from its extraordinary exploratory capacity. Chemical ecology was the consequence of a realization that had long been part of the biological consciousness, a realization that, simply put, states that chemical interactions are ubiquitous in nature, that all organisms emit chemical signals and are responsive to the chemical emissions of other organisms. Chemical ecologists made it a point to focus on chemical interactions. Documentation of the existence of interactions, at all levels of biological organization, became commonplace, and terms were coined, such as pheromone, allomone, and kairomone, to designate different categories of communicative signals [1] [2]. Chemical ecology, as a discipline, was clearly on its way, except for one thing. Chemical ecologists, coming mostly from the biological community, lacked the capacity to characterize molecules. To decipher chemical messages, they needed chemical collaborators. They solved the problem by joining forces with natural-products chemists, and together the two partners created the contemporary field of chemical ecology.
Check and simulate: a case for incorporating model checking in network simulation

Existing network simulators perform reasonably well in evaluating the performance of network protocols, but lack the capability of verifying and validating the correctness of network protocols. In this paper we have extended J-Sim - an open-source, component-based compositional network simulation environment - with the model checking capability to explore the state space created by a network protocol until either the entire state space is explored (if the state space is finite) or an error (e.g., a violation of a user-defined safety assertion) is discovered. We also exploit protocol-specific properties in the process of exploring the state space, to reduce the size of the state space and to guide the (best-first) search towards paths that can potentially locate errors in less time. As a proof of concept, we have demonstrated use of the J-Sim model checker in locating errors in an automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol. As compared to the Maude LTL model checker, the J-Sim model checker can locate errors in a timely manner and with shorter error traces.
Rights to do Grave Wrong

Rights to do grave wrong arise whenever the law permits conduct that ordinary morality severely reproaches. We examine one good reason, ignored by legal thought, why such rights develop: because their undoubted dangers are mitigated by extra-juridical encumbrances on their irresponsible exercise, establishing a normatively acceptable equilibrium. This complex of rights-cum-restraints amounts to an implicit regulatory strategy, applicable far afield, presenting at once distinct perils to moral order and an efficient solution to certain regulatory predicaments. It should sometimes give pause to extending law’s reach into certain corners, at least, of private ordering. To enforce the relevant restraints, our law tacitly relies on social stigmatization, yet does so without clear appreciation of when such reliance becomes problematic. It is especially so where: (i) the legal right to which responsibilities are linked arises from an essential task or position authorizing one to cause grave harm; (ii) the scope of the right would hence be very limited, but for our confidence in assurances that concomitant moral duties will be honored; and (iii) the nonjuridical supports for fulfillment of these duties are uncertain, apparent only via arduous empirical inquiry, or simply defy description in a satisfactory modern idiom.
Redox metabolites signal polymicrobial biofilm development via the NapA oxidative stress cascade in Aspergillus

Summary Background Filamentous fungi and bacteria form mixed-species biofilms in nature and diverse clinical contexts. They secrete a wealth of redox-active small molecule secondary metabolites, which are traditionally viewed as toxins that inhibit growth of competing microbes. Results Here, we report that these "toxins" can act as interspecies signals, affecting filamentous fungal development via oxidative stress regulation. Specifically, in coculture biofilms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine-derived metabolites differentially modulated Aspergillus fumigatus development, shifting from weak vegetative growth to induced asexual sporulation (conidiation) along a decreasing phenazine gradient. The A. fumigatus morphological shift correlated with the production of phenazine radicals and concomitant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production generated by phenazine redox cycling. Phenazine conidiation signaling was conserved in the genetic model A. nidulans and mediated by NapA, a homolog of AP-1-like bZIP transcription factor, which is essential for the response to oxidative stress in humans, yeast, and filamentous fungi. Expression profiling showed phenazine treatment induced a NapA-dependent response of the global oxidative stress metabolome, including the thioredoxin, glutathione, and NADPH-oxidase systems. Conidiation induction in A. nidulans by another microbial redox-active secondary metabolite, gliotoxin, also required NapA. Conclusions This work highlights that microbial redox metabolites are key signals for sporulation in filamentous fungi, which are communicated through an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic stress response pathway. It provides a foundation for interspecies signaling in environmental and clinical biofilms involving bacteria and filamentous fungi.
Aesthetic Image Classification for Autonomous Agents

Computational aesthetics is the study of applying machine learning techniques to identify aesthetically pleasing imagery. Prior work used online datasets scraped from large user communities like Flikr to get labeled data. However, online imagery represents results late in the media generation process, as the photographer has already framed the shot and then picked the best results to upload. Thus, this technique can only identify quality imagery once it has been taken. In contrast, automatically creating pleasing imagery requires understanding the imagery present earlier in the process. This paper applies computational aesthetics techniques to a novel dataset from earlier in that process in order to understand how the problem changes when an autonomous agent, like a robot or a real-time camera aid, creates pleasing imagery instead of simply identifying it.
Serological interactions among sera of human renal graft recipients.

Serological interactions among sera of human renal graft recipients in double diffusion in gel were observed by chance. Antigen was detected in six of 127 recipients and antibody in two of 30 recipients tested. One of the six recipients carrying the antigen had also antibody in one serum sample. On the basis of the pattern of reactions observed, the hypothesis was expressed that the described antigen-antibody system had “pan” rather than “allo” character.
Neuroimaging manifestations and classification of congenital muscular dystrophies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent work has shown that up to 50% of patients with congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) have abnormalities of the brain that can be detected by brain MR imaging. We attempted to determine whether brain MR imaging is useful for the diagnosis and classification of patients with CMDs. METHODS The brain MR studies of 12 patients with biopsy-proved CMDs were reviewed retrospectively. Using information available in the literature regarding associated brain anomalies as a guide, an attempt was made to classify the patients in terms of "pure" CMD, CMD with occipital agyria, Fukuyama CMD, muscle-eye-brain disease, or Walker-Warburg syndrome. RESULTS All the patients were easily classified into one of four groups: pure CMD (four patients), Fukuyama CMD (four patients), muscle-eye-brain disease (two patients), or Walker-Warburg syndrome (two patients). Patients with pure CMD had diffuse central cerebral hypomyelination with mild pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia. Patients with Fukuyama CMD had diffuse central cerebral hypomyelination, cerebellar polymicrogyria (with or without cysts), frontal polymicrogyria, a variable degree of hypoplasia of the pons and cerebellar vermis, and a variable occipital cobblestone cortex. Patients with muscle-eye-brain disease had cerebellar polymicrogyria (with or without cysts), absence of the septum pellucidum, diffuse cerebral cortical dysplasia, pontine and cerebellar vermian hypoplasia, patchy hypomyelination, and variable callosal hypogenesis and hydrocephalus. Patients with Walker-Warburg syndrome had diffuse cerebral cobblestone cortex, absence of cerebral and cerebellar myelin, cerebellar polymicrogyria (with or without cysts), pontine and cerebellar vermal hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, and variable callosal hypogenesis. CONCLUSION MR imaging shows distinctive brain anomalies that allows patients with CMD to be classified into four distinct groups that are consistent with known disorders.
Complementary responses to mean and variance modulations in the perfect integrate-and-fire model

In the perfect integrate-and-fire model (PIF), the membrane voltage is proportional to the integral of the input current since the time of the previous spike. It has been shown that the firing rate within a noise free ensemble of PIF neurons responds instantaneously to dynamic changes in the input current, whereas in the presence of white noise, model neurons preferentially pass low frequency modulations of the mean current. Here, we prove that when the input variance is perturbed while holding the mean current constant, the PIF responds preferentially to high frequency modulations. Moreover, the linear filters for mean and variance modulations are complementary, adding exactly to one. Since changes in the rate of Poisson distributed inputs lead to proportional changes in the mean and variance, these results imply that an ensemble of PIF neurons transmits a perfect replica of the time-varying input rate for Poisson distributed input. A more general argument shows that this property holds for any signal leading to proportional changes in the mean and variance of the input current.
Modifiable performance domain risk-factors associated with slip-related falls

Falls are a major source of injury in older adults. Many falls occur after slipping. This study determined performance-related factors that both contribute to slip-related falls and that may be effectively and efficiently modified through targeted intervention. Thirty-five young adults and 21 healthy older adults (age: 70.9+/-5.1 years) were slipped in a laboratory using a slippery surface. The biomechanics of the 18 older adults who fell and the 30 younger adults who recovered following slips were analyzed. A set of potentially modifiable variables, initially based on significant between-groups differences, was further analyzed using stepwise discriminant analysis and logistic regression. The discriminant analysis correctly categorized 93.8% of the falls and recoveries based on two variables; the velocity of the slipping foot relative to the velocity of the whole body center of mass (COM), and the lateral placement of the recovery foot relative to the COM. The logistic regression determined the expected change in the odds of a recovery following a slip given a hypothesized intervention-induced improvement of these variables. Decreased velocity of the slipping foot relative to the COM, or decreased lateral placement of the recovery foot relative to the COM to zero, increased the odds of recovery by 17% and 27%, respectively. This suggests that intervention targeted at improving these specific lower extremity control variables following the onset of a slip has the potential to significantly decrease slip-related fall risk.
Intimate Partner Violence Related Stress and the Coping Experiences of Survivors: “There’s Only So Much a Person Can Handle”

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent problem associated with multiple negative outcomes for survivors’ well-being. Coping has emerged as an important construct in understanding the association between IPV and survivors’ well-being. Research is needed to better understand the contextual complexity of IPV as a stressor, determine if IPV is a unique stressor, and document survivors’ coping experiences. This article reports findings of a qualitative study with 25 female survivors and 6 service providers. Analysis of interview data shows 3 key themes: (a) coping strategies used by survivors; (b) challenges and barriers to coping with IPV; and (c) IPV as a unique stressor. Despite multiple challenges and barriers to coping with IPV, survivors use multiple, varied strategies to cope with their experiences of abuse. However, given the context and nature of IPV, violent victimization is a distinct stressor with unique barriers that often require IPV-specific coping strategies.
False-positive spinal MR findings for subarachnoid spread of primary CNS tumor in postoperative pediatric patients.

We describe three children who exhibited increased CSF signal intensity (T1 shortening) on gadopentetate-dimeglu­ mine-enhanced T1-weighted spinal MR scans. Two patients were being evaluated for spinal leptomeningeal metastases 3 days after surgical resection of posterior fossa neoplasms Uuvenile pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma). The CSF hyperintensity on contrast-enhanced images was initially thought to represent diffuse subarachnoid spread of tumor. However, the similarity of findings in these two cases led us to speculate that the apparent CSF enhancement (T1 short­ ening) was a false-positive finding caused by the presence of methemoglobin andjor contrast enhancement of leptomenin­ ges irritated by occult postoperative subarachnoid blood.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Secretion Is Induced by Ionizing Radiation and Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells

The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been increasingly implicated in cancer development and progression by promoting inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor cell survival and immune suppression. MIF is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumor types in part due to its responsiveness to hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) driven transcriptional activation. MIF secretion, however, is a poorly understood process owing to the fact that MIF is a leaderless polypeptide that follows a non-classical secretory pathway. Better understanding of MIF processing and release could have therapeutic implications. Here, we have discovered that ionizing radiation (IR) and other DNA damaging stresses can induce robust MIF secretion in several cancer cell lines. MIF secretion by IR appears independent of ABCA1, a cholesterol efflux pump that has been implicated previously in MIF secretion. However, MIF secretion is robustly induced by oxidative stress. Importantly, MIF secretion can be observed both in cell culture models as well as in tumors in mice in vivo. Rapid depletion of MIF from tumor cells observed immunohistochemically is coincident with elevated circulating MIF detected in the blood sera of irradiated mice. Given the robust tumor promoting activities of MIF, our results suggest that an innate host response to genotoxic stress may mitigate the beneficial effects of cancer therapy, and that MIF inhibition may improve therapeutic responses.
Dancing Protein Clouds: The Strange Biology and Chaotic Physics of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Biologically active but floppy proteins represent a new reality of modern protein science. These intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and hybrid proteins containing ordered and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) constitute a noticeable part of any given proteome. Functionally, they complement ordered proteins, and their conformational flexibility and structural plasticity allow them to perform impossible tricks and be engaged in biological activities that are inaccessible to well folded proteins with their unique structures. The major goals of this minireview are to show that, despite their simplified amino acid sequences, IDPs/IDPRs are complex entities often resembling chaotic systems, are structurally and functionally heterogeneous, and can be considered an important part of the structure-function continuum. Furthermore, IDPs/IDPRs are everywhere, and are ubiquitously engaged in various interactions characterized by a wide spectrum of binding scenarios and an even wider spectrum of structural and functional outputs.
The War on Poverty Forty Years On

The outstanding economist Hyman Minsky was always skeptical of Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty. It assumed, he wrote, that economic growth itself would be adequate to eliminate poverty. But Minsky believed that there were structural problems that always left too many people without jobs or with poor and insecure ones. The answer was a national jobs program. In this article, his students, having uncovered unpublished documents by Minsky, examine the case forty years later.
Motivation, Microdrives and Microgoals in Mockingbird.

This paper is a work-in-progress report about Mockingbird, an intelligent musical agent (IMA) based on Sun's Clarion cognitive architecture (Sun 2003). In the first part we present the Clarion architecture and the manner in which its Motivation Subsystem models drive states and goals. In the second part we propose a potential structure for modeling fine-grained secondary drives in the context of a free improvisational performance.
Adapting the Amazing Library Race: Using Problem-based Learning in Library Orientations

ABSTRACTThis article describes a pilot adaptation of the Amazing Library Race (ALR), an academic library orientation designed to introduce new users to library resources and services. A total of 185 students participated in the pilot project. The ALR addresses two learning outcomes, which are to reduce library anxiety and provide general information about collections and services. A review of the literature used in the design of the race is included, as well as a description of the race development and an assessment rubric. The pilot orientation presents a replicable model for institutions interested in creating similar library orientation sessions.
Discovery of a Promiscuous Non-Heme Iron Halogenase in Ambiguine Alkaloid Biogenesis: Implication for an Evolvable Enzyme Family for Late-Stage Halogenation of Aliphatic Carbons in Small Molecules

The elucidation of enigmatic enzymatic chlorination timing in ambiguine indole alkaloid biogenesis led to the discovery and characterization of AmbO5 protein as a promiscuous non-heme iron aliphatic halogenase. AmbO5 was shown capable of selectively modifying seven structurally distinct ambiguine, fischerindole and hapalindole alkaloids with chlorine via late-stage aliphatic C-H group functionalization. Cross-comparison of AmbO5 with a previously characterized aliphatic halogenase homolog WelO5 that has a restricted substrate scope led to the identification of a C-terminal sequence motif important for substrate tolerance and specificity. Mutagenesis of 18 residues of WelO5 within the identified sequence motif led to a functional mutant with an expanded substrate scope identical to AmbO5, but an altered substrate specificity from the wild-type enzymes. These observations collectively provide evidence on the evolvable nature of AmbO5/WelO5 enzyme duo in the context of hapalindole-type alkaloid biogenesis and implicate their promise for the future development of designer biocatalysis for the selective late-stage modification of unactivated aliphatic carbon centers in small molecules with halogens.
Production of Mushroom Frillting Bodies on the Surface of Submerged Cultures

3 to 4 da of plating. A stage micrometer was used to follow the development of individual primordia. Cultures were maintained at 22 C. Pycnidium primordia in M. phaseoli were initiated as hyphal rings or mycelial knots. Hyphal rings were formed by several hyphae looping around each other (FIG. 1). The ring primordium in its earliest stages sometimes resembled a hyphal coil (FIG. 2). Other primordia developed from mycelial knots in a compound meristogenous or symphogenous manner. Compound meristogenous development was initiated when contact occurred between adjacent hyphae to produce a mycelial knot (FIG. 3). Occasionally two or more pycnidia developed among the interwoven hyphae. Simple meristogenous development where a single cell of a hypha divided to form a pycnidium primordium was seldom found (FIG. 4). Symphogenous development occurred when several branching hyphae radiated to one point. A pycnidium formed from the mycelial knot initiated by the tips of these contacting hyphae (FIG. 5). Once initiated, most primordia developed into mature fruiting bodies within 3 da (FIG. 6). The morphological characteristics of mature pycnidia were not influenced by variations in the primordia. This investigation on the origin of pycnidia in M. phaseoli confirms the presence of ring primordia as reported in Phyllosticta antirrhini.
Nature versus design: the conformational propensities of d-amino acids and the importance of side chain chirality

d-amino acids are useful building blocks for de novo peptide design and they play a role in aging-related diseases associated with gradual protein racemization. For amino acids with achiral side chains, one should be able to presume that the conformational propensities of l- and d-amino acids are a reflection of one another due to the straightforward geometric inversion at the Cα atom. However, this presumption does not account for the directionality of the backbone dipole and the inverted propensities have never been definitively confirmed in this context. Furthermore, there is little known of how alternative side chain chirality affects the backbone conformations of isoleucine and threonine. Using a GGXGG host–guest pentapeptide system, we have completed exhaustive sampling of the conformational propensities of the d-amino acids, including d-allo-isoleucine and d-allo-threonine, using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Comparison of these simulations with the same systems hosting the cognate l-amino acids verifies that the intrinsic backbone conformational propensities of the d-amino acids are the inverse of their cognate l-enantiomers. Where amino acids have a chiral center in their side chain (Thr, Ile) the β-configuration affects the backbone sampling, which in turn can confer different biological properties.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 31-2009. A 26-year-old man with abdominal distention and shock.

A 26-year-old man was admitted to this hospital because of abdominal distention and shock. He had been well until the previous evening, when mild abdominal pain developed; the next day, the pain became severe, and he was unresponsive. In the emergency department, he was hypotensive, with a rigid, distended abdomen. Imaging revealed marked distention of the colon, without focal obstruction. He had a history of schizophrenia and was taking several medications.
An overview on published literatures regarding the acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and its relations with vaccination during 2000～2012

Objectives To understand the epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifestation,and etiology of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis(ADEM)and to provide reference for investigation,diagnosis and disposal of ADEM after vaccination.Methods ADEM cases were collected from the Chinese Hospital Knowledge Database(2000-2012)and descriptive epidemiological analysis were used to analyze the characteristics of the cases including gender,age,etiology,incubation period,and prognosis.Results Of the 1 155 cases,57.92% were males and 61.56% were postinfectious encephalomyelitis(PIE)and 14.29% were postvaccinal encephalomyelitis(PVE)and rabies vaccination was on the top.There was no statistical difference in gender and prognosis between PIE and PVE.There was statistical difference in incubation and age between the two groups.Conclusions ADEM wamainly due to infection and vaccination.More researches be conducted focusing on the relationship between vaccination and ADEM so as to formulate the investigation,diagnosis and identification standards and reduce the probability of misclassification.
Trends in Subspecialization Within Inpatient Urology From 1982 to 2012

Objective To elucidate the evolving trends in subspecialization related to individual practice within inpatient urology over a 31-year period spanning from 1982 to 2012. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study by querying the centralized New York State data on partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy, radical prostatectomy, and radical cystectomy procedures for all inpatient encounters in the state of New York for the years 1982-2012 using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System dataset. All encounters involving 1 of the procedures were identified and the AMA Masterfile was used to identify all physicians who have completed residencies in urology. We performed descriptive analyses to determine the quantity of cases, quantity of patients, and distribution of the cases among operating physicians. High-volume urologists, defined as the top 5% of urologists in terms of caseload, were identified, and the distributions of their procedures was analyzed. Results The proportion of procedures completed by high-volume urologists increased significantly for all procedures. The number of identified urologists involved in radical cystectomy and radical nephrectomy has declined since 1982, with the number of identified urologists involved in partial nephrectomy and radical prostatectomy beginning a continuous decline from 2004 to 1999, respectively. During the 31-year time period, the number of cases increased for all procedures. Conclusion A smaller group of urologists is performing a larger proportion of cases for each studied procedure, reflecting a trend toward subspecialization.
Capturing Energy from the Motion of the Ocean in a Crowded Sea

ABSTRACTConversion to renewable energy sources is a logical response to the increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ocean wave energy is the least developed renewable energy source, despite having the highest energy per unit area. While many hurdles remain in developing wave energy, assessing potential conflicts and evaluating tradeoffs with the existing uses is essential. Marine planning encompasses a broad array of activities that take place in and affect large marine ecosystems, making it an ideal tool for evaluating wave energy resource use conflicts. In this study, we used a spatially explicit, open source decision support tool to evaluate wave energy facility development off the U.S. west coast. We then used this output to identify potential conflicts between wave energy facilities and the existing marine uses in the context of marine planning. We found that regions with the highest wave energy potential were distant from major cities and that infrastructure limitations (cable landin...
Coarse-grained component concurrency in Earth system modeling: parallelizing atmospheric radiative transfer in the GFDL AM3 model using the Flexible Modeling System coupling framework

Abstract. Climate models represent a large variety of processes on a variety of timescales and space scales, a canonical example of multi-physics multi-scale modeling. Current hardware trends, such as Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) and Many Integrated Core (MIC) chips, are based on, at best, marginal increases in clock speed, coupled with vast increases in concurrency, particularly at the fine grain. Multi-physics codes face particular challenges in achieving fine-grained concurrency, as different physics and dynamics components have different computational profiles, and universal solutions are hard to come by. We propose here one approach for multi-physics codes. These codes are typically structured as components interacting via software frameworks. The component structure of a typical Earth system model consists of a hierarchical and recursive tree of components, each representing a different climate process or dynamical system. This recursive structure generally encompasses a modest level of concurrency at the highest level (e.g., atmosphere and ocean on different processor sets) with serial organization underneath. We propose to extend concurrency much further by running more and more lower- and higher-level components in parallel with each other. Each component can further be parallelized on the fine grain, potentially offering a major increase in the scalability of Earth system models. We present here first results from this approach, called coarse-grained component concurrency, or CCC. Within the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Flexible Modeling System (FMS), the atmospheric radiative transfer component has been configured to run in parallel with a composite component consisting of every other atmospheric component, including the atmospheric dynamics and all other atmospheric physics components. We will explore the algorithmic challenges involved in such an approach, and present results from such simulations. Plans to achieve even greater levels of coarse-grained concurrency by extending this approach within other components, such as the ocean, will be discussed.
Modulating SOD1 Folding Landscapes with Targeted Molecular Binders

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the deterioration of motor neurons that abates essential biological functions and exhibits survival times of 3 - 5 years after diagnosis. One driver of this disease derives from inherited mutations to the protein superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), which hinder proper folding and result in the accumulation of toxic aggregates. We identified cyclic peptides that target precise epitopes on SOD1 through an emerging screening platform that furnishes high-affinity binders against regions of a protein independent of secondary or tertiary structure. Binding these epitopes both stabilizes the native state and accelerates folding. In this context, these small peptides function as molecular chaperones and mitigate the impact of deleterious mutations to SOD1. They also display the traditional benefits of small molecules, such as straightforward chemical modifications and long-term stability. Overall, this method provides a route to rationally perturb the energy landscape of any protein through noncovalent binding, making it useful in fundamental studies of protein folding as well as designing therapeutics for misfolding diseases.
Abortion and Variabilism

In what follows, I argue for three claims. First, what I will call early abortion is ordinarily, and almost always in the case where it is what the pregnant woman wants, permissible. And that is so, whether she wants the early abortion for a good reason, a poor reason or no reason at all.
Pimavanserin for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Psychosis: Number Needed to Treat, Number Needed to Harm, and Likelihood to Be Helped or Harmed

OBJECTIVE Our aim was to describe the efficacy and tolerability of pimavanserin, a highly selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist/antagonist indicated for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP), using the metrics of number needed to treat (NNT) and number needed to harm (NNH). METHODS Categorical efficacy and tolerability data were extracted from the clinical trial databases of the double-blind placebo-controlled studies of pimavanserin in persons with PDP. NNT and NNH values were calculated with their respective 95% confidence intervals. The likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH) was then calculated contrasting therapeutic response versus discontinuation because of an adverse event. RESULTS NNT values for pimavanserin 34 mg/d versus placebo for several definitions of clinical response are 10, and/or are not statistically significant, and/or show an advantage for pimavanserin over placebo (such as for postural hypotension). In terms of LHH, pimavanserin 34 mg/d is about five times more likely to result in clinical response (as measured by a ≥3 point decrease from baseline on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms adapted for Parkinson's disease) versus discontinuation due to an adverse event. CONCLUSIONS Using the metrics of NNT, NNH, and LHH, pimavanserin 34 mg/d for the treatment of PDP appears to have a compelling benefit/risk profile.
The structure of intermediate phases in alloys of titanium with iron, cobalt, and nickel

The crystal structure of the intermediate phases in the binary systems of titanium with iron, cobalt, and nickel has been studied and the results compared with those previously published. The phases of the Ti2X type are face-centered cubic with 96 atoms per cell, and the TiX phases are body-centered cubic. TiFe2 and TiCo2 are hexagonal but not isomorphous. The nickel-rich phase has the composition TiNi3 and is hexagonal.