cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light element geochemistry of the Apollo 12 site

Analytical techniques of improved sensitivity have revealed details of the concentrations and isotopic compositions of light elements for a comprehensive suite of samples from the Apollo 12 regolith. These samples show a wide spread in maturity, although maximum contents observed for solar wind elements are less than observed at other sites, possibly reflecting relative recency of craters at the Apollo 12 site. Isotopic composition of nitrogen is consistent with the idea that N-15/N-14 in the solar wind has increased with time, at least a major part of this increase having occurred in the past 3.1 Gyr. Sulfur isotope systematics support a model in which sulfur is both added to the regolith, by meteoritic influx, and lost, by an isotopically selective process. Most soils from this site are heavily contaminated with terrestrial carbon.
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Approaches and Promising Developments

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a gradual decline in 3 domains: cognition, behavior, and function. Ideally, an effective treatment would target all 3 types of impairment. However, available treatments for AD diminish only certain symptoms and cannot halt the dementing process. Most pharmacologic agents currently available or in development target a specific symptom cluster (e.g., cognitive loss), and are based on the known neurobiology of the disease (e.g., neurotransmitter deficit) or hypothesized antidementia approaches (e.g., anti-inflammation, antioxidation). Two currently available cholinesterase inhibitors improve memory and other aspects of cognition during short-term treatment. Additional cholinergic agents will soon become available. Other promising agents under study for cognitive enhancement or protection include vitamin E, selegiline, estrogen, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. As scientists uncover the basic pathogenetic mechanisms of AD, additional treatments will likely emerge. Therapies for behaviors associated with dementia (e.g., depression, agitation, anxiety) are sometimes effective. Choices of specific medications, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics, depend on specific side-effect profiles. Psychotherapies aimed at enhancing cognition are ineffective for dementia but nonpharmacologic interventions may minimize depression and agitation and may improve quality of life.
Cognitive processes in children’s dietary recalls: Insight from methodological studies

This article summarizes 12 dietary-reporting methodological studies with children (six validation studies, one non-validation study, five secondary analyses studies of data from one or more of the six validation studies), identifies research gaps and provides recommendations for (a) improving children's recall accuracy and (b) details to specify in publications of studies that utilize children's dietary recalls. Randomly selected children (aged 9–10 years) were observed eating school breakfast and school lunch, and interviewed to obtain dietary recalls. Children's recall accuracy improved slightly between the first and third recalls, but an individual child's accuracy was inconsistent from one interview to the next. Although accuracy was poor overall, it was better for boys with reverse-order (evening-to-morning) prompts and for girls with forward-order (morning-to-evening) prompts. Children recalled breakfast intake less accurately than lunch intake. Children's accuracy did not depend on whether recalls were obtained in person or by telephone, but was better for recalls obtained with an open format than a meal format. Retention interval was crucial as children's accuracy was better for prior-24-h recalls (about the 24 h immediately preceding the interview) than for previous-day recalls (about midnight to midnight of the day before the interview). Observations of school meals did not affect children's recalls. Children's recall accuracy was related to their age/sex body mass index percentile. Conventional report rates (which disregard accuracy for items and amounts) overestimated accuracy for energy and macronutrients, and masked complexities of recall error. Research concerning errors in children's dietary recalls provides insight for improving children's recall accuracy.
Analysis of Strain Energy Behavior Throughout a Fatigue Process

The dissipation of strain energy density per cycle was analyzed to understand its trend through a fatigue process. The motivation behind this analysis is to improve a fatigue life prediction method, which is based on a strain energy and failure correlation. The correlation states that the same amount of strain energy is dissipated during both monotonic fracture and cyclic fatigue. This means the summation of strain energy density per cycle is equal to the total strain energy density dissipated monotonically. In order to validate this understanding, the strain energy density per cycle was analyzed at several alternating stress levels for fatigue life of Aluminum 6061-T6 (Al 6061-T6) between 103 and 105 cycles. The analysis includes the following: Alternating between high and low operating frequencies (50x magnitude difference), interruption of cyclic load during testing, and idle/zero-loading intervals of 20–40 minutes in-between cyclic loading sequences. All experimental results show a consistent trend of cyclic softening as the loading cycles approach failure; however, due to an inefficient curve fit procedure of the stress-dependent strain equation at low alternating stresses onto the experimental stress-strain data, a new approach for calculating the strain energy density per cycle is explored and shows promising results.
Dynamics of the Degradation of Ubiquitinated Proteins by Proteasomes and Autophagy ASSOCIATION WITH SEQUESTOSOME 1/p62

Proteotoxicity resulting from accumulation of damaged/unwanted proteins contributes prominently to cellular aging and neurodegeneration. Proteasomal removal of these proteins upon covalent polyubiquitination is highly regulated. Recent reports proposed a role for autophagy in clearance of diffuse ubiquitinated proteins delivered by p62/SQSTM1. Here, we compared the turnover dynamics of endogenous ubiquitinated proteins by proteasomes and autophagy by assessing the effect of their inhibitors. Autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1, ammonium chloride, and 3-methyladenine failed to increase ubiquitinated protein levels. The proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin raised ubiquitinated protein levels at least 3-fold higher than the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine. These trends were observed in SK-N-SH cells under serum or serum-free conditions and in WT or Atg5−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Notably, chloroquine considerably inhibited proteasomes in SK-N-SH cells and MEFs. In these cells, elevation of p62/SQSTM1 was greater upon proteasome inhibition than with all autophagy inhibitors tested and was reduced in Atg5−/− MEFs. With epoxomicin, soluble p62/SQSTM1 associated with proteasomes and p62/SQSTM1 aggregates contained inactive proteasomes, ubiquitinated proteins, and autophagosomes. Prolonged autophagy inhibition (96 h) failed to elevate ubiquitinated proteins in rat cortical neurons, although epoxomicin did. Moreover, prolonged autophagy inhibition in cortical neurons markedly increased p62/SQSTM1, supporting its degradation mainly by autophagy and not by proteasomes. In conclusion, we clearly demonstrate that pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of autophagy fails to elevate ubiquitinated proteins unless the proteasome is affected. We also provide strong evidence that p62/SQSTM1 associates with proteasomes and that autophagy degrades p62/SQSTM1. Overall, the function of p62/SQSTM1 in the proteasomal pathway and autophagy requires further elucidation.
A molecular evolutionary framework for eukaryotic model organisms

Abstract Background: Implicit in the characterization of a model organism is the hope that insights into its biology can be extended to other species. For this hope to be fulfilled, the phylogenetic position of the model organism within a larger evolutionary framework must be known. We focus here on major model organisms of developmental genetics and cell biology. We first consider the positions of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the arthropod Drosophila melanogaster within a phylogeny of the major advanced metazoan groups. Then we consider the evolutionary relationships between fungi (represented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe ), plants, and animals. Results We show, by a direct comparison with small subunit ribosomal RNA (185 rRNA), that RNA polymerase II is an appropriate molecule for addressing the phylogenetic branchings in the early evolution of eukaryotes. The results from the analyses of newly determined and previously published sequences of the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II suggest the following. Firstly, that plants and animals share a last common ancestor that excludes fungi, the lineage of which originated earlier. Secondly, that the lineage leading to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans diverged earlier from the Metazoa than the lineages of arthropods, deuterostomes, annelids and molluscs. Finally, that deuterostomes arose from within protostomes. Conclusions RNA polymerase II is well-suited for the elucidation of the evolutionary relationships among eukaryotes. We emphasize the implications of our results for other biological disciplines in addition to molecular evolution, as a phylogenetic framework allows predictions and inferences to be made about the existence of fundamental biological mechanisms elucidated in model organisms.
pH-Stat Titration of Aluminum Hydroxide Gel

The pH-stat titration of aluminum hydroxide gel was evaluated and was affected by pH, temperature, concentration, and ionic strength. Control of these parameters resulted in a highly sensitive and reproducible in vitro antacid test. The utility of the pH-stat test was illustrated by monitoring the aging of several carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gels and by comparing the antacid properties as measured by the pH-stat titration, the acid-consuming capacity, the Rossett-Rice test, and the test proposed by the Food and Drug Administration Drug Evaluation Panel. The pH-stat titration also was useful for relatively nonreactive aluminum hydroxide gels. The use of sodium fluoride as the reaction medium extended the capability of the pH-stat titration to monitor the aging of chloride-containing gels. The pH-stat titrigram was interpreted in terms of a previously published polymer model of the structure of a chloride-containing aluminum hydroxide gel. The acid reactivity of relatively nonreactive gels is believed to be due totally to the chemical neutralization of acid, because the milliequivalents of aluminum ion appearing in solution is the same as the milliequivalents of acid neutralized throughout the pH-stat titration.
The Sayings of Jesus in Family Guy : A Pastoral Reading of “I Dream of Jesus”

This essay offers a pastoral reading of an episode of the cartoon Family Guy. The episode is titled “I Dream of Jesus.” In doing so, I explore six sayings of Jesus in this episode, and I identify nine theological themes that are raised by these sayings. On the basis of this pastoral reading of “I Dream of Jesus,” I argue that Family Guy can be used as a source for theological reflection, and I suggest, in closing, that the show might be a practical way for combating biblical and theological illiteracy among youth and young adults. This article also contains a table that can be useful for creating Sunday School or youth group lessons based on this episode. It is worth pointing out that this essay was written for the “Group for New Directions in Pastoral Theology.” The “group” was formed to celebrate the career of Donald Capps on the occasion of his retirement from Princeton Theological Seminary. The theme for the conference this year was the sayings of Jesus. While the choice of focusing on a contemporary cartoon for such an occasion may seem odd or quirky, the author does so to demonstrate the unique freedom that pastoral theologians enjoy with regard to what Robert Dykstra calls “the acceptable latitude of inquiry” in pastoral theology. Another way of putting this is to say that both the Apostle Peter and the animated Peter can serve as resources for theological reflection.
Effect of data type on thermodynamic model parameter estimation : A Monte Carlo approach

Parameters for the UNIQUAC (universal quasi-chemical) model were regressed from VLE and LLE data for the systems: diisopropyl ether + acetic acid + water; 1,1,2-trichloroethane + acetone + water; and chloroform + acetone + water. The results show a very significant effect of the data type used in the regressions (binary versus ternary) on the uncertainty of the predicted performance of sample liquid−liquid extraction units.
Atrial pacing and atrioventricular conduction in anomalous atrioventricular excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)

Abstract A comparative study of atrioventricular conduction was made by single atrial pacing in normal subjects and in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White phenomenon. In those with the WPW phenomenon the atrial impulse, by a functional bypass of the A–V node, is not subjected to a physiologic delay at the A–V nodal region. Data are presented which lead us to conclude that the WPW beat is not a fusion beat as postulated by others. We suggest that the delta wave represents conduction through the accessory pathway and depolarization of a portion of ventricular myocardium, and that the terminal (normal) portion of the QRS represents conduction through the normal pathways below the A–V node, probably by entry of the impulse in this region, and depolarization of the remainder of the ventricles. We further suggest that an atrial impulse traverses either the normal A–V nodal route or takes the accessory pathway, but it does not traverse both pathways simultaneously.
Effect of comparative data feedback on intensive care unit infection rates in a Veterans Administration Hospital Network System.

Abstract Background Infection control surveillance is not performed with standardized methodology within the Veterans Affairs (VA) health system. The purposes of this study were (1) to provide network hospitals with a standardized intensive care unit (ICU) surveillance system developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); (2) to compare ICU infection rates in hospitals that receive comparative data with those that do not; and (3) to compare network device-associated infection trends to national trends. Methods One VA Medical Center served as the central coordination site where surveillance data were analyzed with CDC's criteria and reported back to the sites. During 1999, the experimental group received risk-adjusted infection rates with national comparative data, and the control group received only risk-adjusted infection rates without comparative data. In 2000, hospitals in both groups received risk-adjusted infection rates accompanied by national data. Results In 1999, the device-associated infection rates were significantly higher in the control group compared with the experimental group. In the control group, the device-associated infection rates were significantly higher than the national comparative CDC rates; in the experimental group, the device-associated infection rates were not significantly different from the national comparative CDC rates. In 2000, the control group device-associated infection rates were not significantly different from the experimental group. The observed rates in both groups were not significantly different from the CDC rates. Conclusions Study results suggest that infection rate outcomes may be reduced when national comparative data are provided. The study may serve as an infection control surveillance model for VA hospital networks.
PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF PARTICIPANTS IN AN EMPLOYEES' AEROBIC FITNESS PROGRAM'

Summary.-29 employees who participated in an employees' aerobic fitness program were asked to rate effects of participation along several psychological and physical dimensions. Analysis indicated employees felt aerobic dance helped them in various ways, the largest effect being stress reduction, followed by increased staminalendurance, improvement in mood, improvement in self-concept, and improved flexibility. These results are discussed in terms of measuring effectiveness of worksite aerobic fitness classes and the importance of a comprehensive evaluation which includes an objective external criterion. With the advent 06 many health promotional activities in the workplace, aerobic dance has moved into the business industry as a popular form of exercise (Shephard, Cox, & Corey, 1981; Pate & Blair, 1983). Evaluation of exercise programs at the workplace have usually focused on physiological aspects of the participants (Pauly, Palmer, Wright, & Pfeiffer, 1982), benefits to the company such as less absenteeism and turnover (Cox, Shephard, & Corey, 1981), and reduced disability and health care costs (Bowne, Russell, Morgan, Optenberg, & Clarke, 1984). Because of the cost of initiating and maintaining an aerobic fitness program of quality, companies may be hesitant about offering them at the worksite. Evaluation of programs is essential to assess the health benefits to the participants and also the cost-benefit ratio to the company. Physiological measures are good means of assessing the efficacy of regular participation in exercise; however, self-reported psychological benefits may also be important. Employees' subjective benefits may be directly related to adherence and compliance. Relatively few studies have examined the subjective psychological changes that result from participation in worksite fitness programs. Heinzelmann and Bagley (1970) found that sedentary men reported significant positive changes in their health behavior over those for a group of nonexercisers. The largest effect the exercising group reported was increased stamina, followed by feelings of better health, weight reduction, and reduced stress. Continued evaluation of subjective benefits would help companies to assess participants' reactions to the exercise program and to implement appropriate changes. METHOD Subjects Data were gathered from 29 employees who volunteered to participate in an aerobic fitness program at a local textile industry in a large southeastern city. These participants represented all levels of employment within the company; most (62%) had been employed by the company more than 5 yr. Twenty-four (82Vo) were women; the average age of the respondents was 44 yr. Ninety-six percent of the parllclpanrs were white; attendance rates ranged from 56% to 89% of the classes.
Equations of motion of mechanical systems under servo constraints: The Maggi approach

A mechanical system is driven by a set of servo controls. The motion of the system is subject to a set of constraints at any time. The controls are the only means to realize the constraints. This is the essence of the servo constraint problem, which is rarely studied in Analytical Mechanics. We propose to adopt the Maggi approach to systematically analyze the problem and synthesize the controls.
The incorporation of ribonucleic acid precursors in healthy and virus-infected plant cells☆

Abstract Tritiated uridine is selectively incorporated into the nucleus and nucleolus of cells of actinomycin D-treated tobacco leaf disks infected with tobacco mosaic virus and Vicia faba root tips infected with clover yellow mosaic virus. Healthy tobacco and V. faba cells treated with actinomycin D did not show such an incorporation. With long periods of incorporation, label appeared in virus inclusion bodies in tobacco mosaic virus-infected cells. Nucleolar label in cells that were infected with virus and subjected to actinomycin D was reduced but not removed by treatment of sections with RNase. Nontreated, infected and healthy tobacco and V. faba tissue incorporated large amounts of uridine-H 3 throughout the cell. It is suggested that virus-directed RNA synthesis takes place in the nucleolus and that at least some of this RNA is virus RNA.
Mutation in Arabidopsis HIT1 locus causing heat and osmotic hypersensitivity

Summary A mutant strain of Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia whose seedling development was 2 to 3°C more sensitive to high temperature inhibition than wild type was isolated. This mutant ( hit1 , for heat-intolerant ) did not show any phenotypic change when grown at 22 °C. However, incubation at 37 °C for 4 days was determined to be lethal for the mutant but not for wild-type plants. Leaves of wild type respond to high temperature by becoming erect, but by comparison leaves of the hit1 mutant remain horizontal and show a slightly wilty appearance. Furthermore, seedling development in hit1 mutants was more sensitive to osmotic stress imposed by exogenous mannitol (> 300 mmol/L). These data imply that HIT1 may be responsible for water status regulation by which plants survive heat stress. Genetic analysis shows that the hit1 phenotype is conditioned by a single recessive, nuclear mutation, and the HIT1 1ocus was closely linked to the nga280 microsatellite marker on chromosome 1.
Genistein ameliorates hyperglycemia in a mouse model of nongenetic type 2 diabetes

While peripheral insulin resistance is common during obesity and aging in mice and people, the progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is largely due to loss of β-cell mass and function through apoptosis. We recently reported that genistein, a soy derived isoflavone, can improve glycemic control and β-cell function in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. However, whether it can prevent β-cell loss and diabetes in T2D mice is unknown. Our current study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplemented genistein in a nongenetic T2D mouse model. Nongenetic, middle-aged obese diabetic mice were generated by high fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin injection. The effect of dietary supplementation of genistein on glycemic control and β-cell mass and function was determined. Dietary intake of genistein (250 mg·kg(-1) diet) improved hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and blood insulin level in obese diabetic mice, whereas it did not affect body weight gain, food intake, fat deposit, plasma lipid profile, and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Genistein increased the number of insulin-positive β-cell in islets, promoted islet β-cell survival, and preserved islet mass. In conclusion, dietary intake of genistein could prevent T2D via a direct protective action on β-cells without alteration of periphery insulin sensitivity.
Towards a Design Theory for Trustworthy Information Systems

The lack of a competent design theory to shape information system security policy and implementation has exacerbated an already troubling lack of security. Information systems remain insecure and therefore untrustworthy even after more than half a century of technological evolution. The issues grow ever more severe as the volume of data grows exponentially and the cloud emerges as a preferred repository. We aspire to advance security design by expanding the mindsets of stakeholder and designer to include a more complete portfolio of factors. The goal of security design is to craft choices that resonate with stake-holders' sense of a trustworthy system. To engender trust, security must be intrinsic to any definition of IS design quality. Thriving Systems Theory (TST) is an information systems design theory focused on reconciling and harmonizing stakeholder intentions. Formulating security design through TST is a starting point for a quality-based security design theory for trustworthy information systems.
Utility of an Interactive Voice Response System to Assess Antiretroviral Pharmacotherapy Adherence Among Substance Users Living with HIV/AIDS in the Rural South

Abstract Promoting HIV medication adherence is basic to HIV/AIDS clinical care and reducing transmission risk and requires sound assessment of adherence and risk behaviors such as substance use that may interfere with adherence. The present study evaluated the utility of a telephone-based Interactive Voice Response self-monitoring (IVR SM) system to assess prospectively daily HIV medication adherence and its correlates among rural substance users living with HIV/AIDS. Community-dwelling patients (27 men, 17 women) recruited from a non-profit HIV medical clinic in rural Alabama reported daily medication adherence, substance use, and sexual practices for up to 10 weeks. Daily IVR reports of adherence were compared with short-term IVR-based recall reports over 4- and 7-day intervals. Daily IVR reports were positively correlated with both recall measures over matched intervals. However, 7-day recall yielded higher adherence claims compared to the more contemporaneous daily IVR and 4-day recall measures sugges...
Acyclovir suppression of frequently recurring genital herpes. Efficacy and diminishing need during successive years of treatment.

Forty-seven patients with frequently recurring genital herpes participated in one or more of five sequential trials of oral suppressive therapy with 200 mg of acyclovir three times daily from four to 12 months' duration. The prolonged use of acyclovir was extremely well tolerated, and treatment efficacy was sustained through successive studies. Recurrences in eight patients with repeated treatment "failures" were more effectively suppressed with higher doses of acyclovir. All patients experienced recurrent infections after the treatments were completed; however, the mean time to recurrence following each treatment period became progressively longer, and resumption of suppressive therapy was no longer warranted for ten patients. These data indicate the efficacy and safety of chronic suppressive therapy with acyclovir and the value of interrupting prolonged treatment to assess its further need. ( JAMA 1988;260:2227-2230)
Synovial biology and T cells in rheumatoid arthritis.

Events that occur in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues are responsible for the signs and symptoms of joint inflammation and for the eventual destruction of articular and periarticular structures that lead to joint dysfunction and disability. The three most abundant cell populations in RA synovium are synovial macrophages (type A synoviocytes), synovial fibroblasts (type B synoviocytes) and infiltrating T lymphocytes. Other important cell populations include B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, plasma cells, mast cells and osteoclasts. Our current understanding of rheumatoid arthritis is moving beyond previous concepts that view this disease as the consequence of a specific and focused humoral or cellular autoimmune response to a single autoantigen. Rather, a new view of rheumatoid arthritis is emerging, which seeks to understand this disease as the product of pathologic cell–cell interactions occurring within a unique and defined environment, the synovium. T lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis synovium interact closely with dendritic cells, the most potent antigen-presenting cell population in the immune system. T cells also interact with monocytes and macrophages and cytokine-activated T cells may be, especially, suited to trigger production of the important cytokine TNFα by synovial macrophages. Recent evidence also suggests a potent bidirectional interaction between synovial T cells and synovial fibroblasts, which can lead to activation of both cell types. An important role for synovial B lymphocytes has been emphasized recently, both by experimental data and by results of clinical interventions. B cells in synovium can interact with fibroblasts as well as with other cells of the immune system and their potential role as antigen-presenting cells in the joint is as yet underexplored. Rheumatoid arthritis synovium may be one of the most striking examples of pathologic, organ-specific interactions between immune system cells and resident tissue cell populations. This view of rheumatoid arthritis also leads to the prediction that novel approaches to treatment will more logically target the intercellular communication systems that maintain such interactions, rather than attempt to ablate a single cell population.
Timing of Pesticide Treatments on Safflower to Prevent Lygus from Dispersing to Cotton

Lygus hesperus Knight and L. elisus Van Duzee disperse from maturing safflower fields and immigrate to young cotton fields each year on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Lygus population growth and adult dispersal was studied from 1967 to 1969. Buildup of large Lygus numbers is directly influenced by spring temperatures. When climatic conditions are favorable, the time of mass movements out of the safflower is usually the result of large numbers of nymphs becoming adults. When climatic conditions do not favor nymphal development, dispersal from safflower occurs later and is more closely associated with crop maturity. Areawide safflower treatments based on nymphal populations were employed in 1970–72 with excellent results. Safflower fields were treated when the majority of nymphs was in the 3rd–5th stages. The need for early-season treatment of lygus bugs in cotton was reduced. This permitted survival of natural enemies of other cotton pests.
Folding proteins with a simple energy function and extensive conformational searching

We describe a computer algorithm for predicting the three-dimensional structures of proteins using only their amino acid sequences. The method differs from others in two ways: (1) it uses very few energy parameters, representing hydrophobic and polar interactions, and (2) it uses a new “constraint-based exhaustive” searching method, which appears to be among the fastest and most complete search methods yet available for realistic protein models. It finds a relatively small number of low-energy conformations, among which are native-like conformations, for cram-bin (1CRN), avian pancreatic polypeptide (1PPT), melittin (2MLT), and apamin. Thus, the lowest-energy states of very simple energy functions may predict the native structures of globular proteins.
Quality of life among Latina breast cancer patients: a systematic review of the literature

Introduction The Latino population is the most rapidly growing ethnic minority in the United States and Latinas have higher rates of advanced breast cancer and more rigorous treatments than White women. However, the literature lacks reviews on quality of life among this population of breast cancer patients.
The commensurate Peierls state with electron-electron interactions

Abstract We examine in great detail the zero temperature commensurability three Peierls state in the presence of weak electron-electron interactions. We show that a rather more general model than has been considered heretofore is necessary to obtain a complete picture of the possible behaviors of this system. We find that it is possible to construct a simple energy functional of the lattice degrees of freedom by integrating out the electrons in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. From the behavior of this functional, we draw conclusions concerning a new first-order structural, commensurate-to-commensurate, phase transition. We find that the effect of electron-electron interactions on the elementary excitations is merely to renormalize the relevant parameters. The results are generalized to higher order commensurate systems.
Binding of copper by certain milk proteins as measured by equilibrium dialysis.

Abstract The binding of copper with micellar casein, fat globule-membrane protein (soluble fraction), α-casein (crude), β-casein and β-lactoglobulin was determined by equilibrium dialysis at pH 6.5. Solutions of these proteins at 200.0, 300.0, 243.6, 120.5 and 142.0 mg/liter were placed in washed bags and dialyzed against each of four copper solutions for 72 hours, an interval sufficient to attain equilibrium. Four copper solutions outside the dialysis bags were 16×10 -6 , 32×10 -6 , 64×10 -6 or 80×10 -6 M. Data were plotted in moles of bound copper per mole of protein against the logarithm of concentration of unbound copper. Micellar casein bound the most copper. The fat-globule membrane protein had the second greatest affinity for copper ions. Much less copper was bound by α-casein, β-lactoglobulin and β-casein.
Periodic solutions of a quartic differential equation and Groebner bases

We consider first-order ordinary differential equations with quartic nonlinearities. The aim is to find the maximum number of periodic solutions into which a given solution can bifurcate under perturbation of the coefficients. It is shown that this number is ten when the coefficients are certain cubic polynomials. Equations with the maximum number of such periodic solutions are also constructed. The paper is heavily dependent on computing Groebner bases.
NMR of 89Y in normal and superconducting YBa2 Cu3 O9-δ

Abstract Pulsed NMR data for 89Y in the high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O9-δ (δ ≈ 2.1) in both the normal and mixed states are presented. Spin-lattice relaxation exhibits a Korringa temperature dependence in the normal state, with T1T = (4.6 ± 0.1) × 103 s-K. Below Tc, T1 increases much more quickly than for a conventional superconductor. From linewidth measurements, the zero-field penetration depth is estimated to be λ ≈ 3800 A. The Knight shift in the normal state is small, K ≈ 0.02%. Spin-spin relaxation times, determined by Y-Cu dipolar interactions, decrease below Tc due to the detuning of Cu-Cu interactions by fluxoid field gradients.
Automated method for the identification and analysis of vascular tree structures in retinal vessel network

Structural analysis of retinal vessel network has so far served in the diagnosis of retinopathies and systemic diseases. The retinopathies are known to affect the morphologic properties of retinal vessels such as course, shape, caliber, and tortuosity. Whether the arteries and the veins respond to these changes together or in tandem has always been a topic of discussion. However the diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity have been diagnosed with the morphologic changes specific either to arteries or to veins. Thus a method describing the separation of retinal vessel trees imaged in a two dimensional color fundus image may assist in artery-vein classification and quantitative assessment of morphologic changes particular to arteries or veins. We propose a method based on mathematical morphology and graph search to identify and label the retinal vessel trees, which provides a structural mapping of vessel network in terms of each individual primary vessel, its branches and spatial positions of branching and cross-over points. The method was evaluated on a dataset of 15 fundus images resulting into an accuracy of 92.87 % correctly assigned vessel pixels when compared with the manual labeling of separated vessel trees. Accordingly, the structural mapping method performs well and we are currently investigating its potential in evaluating the characteristic properties specific to arteries or veins.
Simplified dosing and monitoring of vancomycin for the burn care clinician

Abstract Vancomycin has excellent activity against Gram-positive bacteria and is often selected for use in the infected burn patient. Because of multiple-compartment pharmacokinetics, vancomycin serum concentrations can decrease dramatically in a short time period following the end of an intravenous infusion. This accounts for the widely divergent recommendations for serum vancomycin peak concentrations, e.g. from 15 mg/l up to 80 mg/l, when the time for blood sampling following the end of intravenous infusion is different. It is in general not necessary to monitor vancomycin peak concentrations, not only because its toxic potential is overrated but also because potential toxicity and therapeutic efficacy are correlated with trough concentrations. Post-distribution ‘peak’ concentrations are generally only useful for determining the optimal dosing interval for patients with impaired renal function. A dosing and monitoring paradigm for vancomycin therapy in burned adults has been devised for burn care clinicians. It provides suggested dose and dosing intervals based on body weight and creatinine clearance, with specific recommendations for regimen modification based upon the results of trough serum concentration determinations.
A survey of combustible metals, thermites, and intermetallics for pyrotechnic applications

Thermite mixtures, intermetallic reactants, and metal fuels have long been used in pyrotechnics. Advantages include high energy density, impact insensitivity, high combustion temperature, and a wide range of gas production. They generally exhibit high temperature stability and possess insensitive ignition properties. This paper reviews the applications, benefits, and characteristics of thermite mixtures, intermetallic reactants, and metal fuels. 50 refs, tables.
Staining of mitochondria with aniline-acid fuchsin after Zenker-formol fixation.

It was observed that mitochondria are well-demonstrated by aniline-acid fuchsin staining after Zenker-formol fixation if the sections are not de-Zenkerized. Tests showed that after mordanting in HgCl2, K2Cr2O7, FeCl3, or FeSO4, mitochondria in sections from tissues fixed in neutral buffered formalin could be stained fairly intensely by the same method. Salts of Ag, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn were ineffective. If the presence of occasional mercury crystals in the sections is not objectionable, demonstration of mitochondria in Zenkerformol fixed tissues offer speed and additional flexibility in the subsequent use of the blocks as advantages over usual methods.
Diagenesis of carbonate sediments: interaction of magnesium in sea water with mineral grains.

Samples of natural fine-grained carbonate sediment from Florida Bay, Florida, undergo mole-for-mole cation exchange with aqueous solutions of MgCl2 and CaCl2 in the laboratory. The exchange reaction, which involves the surface of the grains of sediment, can be essentially described by a simple mass action-law equation. Enrichment of Mg++ beyond the amounts found within particle interiors should take place on the surface of CaCo3 sediments immersed in sea water; it may be on both exchangeable and unexchangeable sites.
Relationship between Hurricane Surface Winds and L-Band Radar Backscatter from the Sea Surface

High-altitude, airborne, L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data were collected in Hurricane Gloria on 28 and 30 September 1976. The backscattered power levels (proportional to the surface scattering coefficient) averaged over a few square kilometers of surface area were found to vary with surface wind speed and the angle of the wind relative to the radar. Comparisons between the backscatter from the eye and eye-wall regions of the hurricane were made with low-level aircraft wind measurements that were nearly coincident in space and time. The SAR has the potential advantage over other radar types because of its higher spatial resolution. It also appears to have the ability to penetrate rainfall, with a reduction in the echo from the surface. One difference when compared with higher frequency microwave radars is a decrease in the sensitivity of the backscatter to changes in wind speed. This dependence of L-band radar backscatter on surface winds suggests that the winds associated with hurricanes can be measured with airborne or spaceborne radars.
The identification of affective-prosodic stimuli by left- and right-hemisphere-damaged subjects: all errors are not created equal.

Impairments in listening tasks that require subjects to match affective-prosodic speech utterances with appropriate facial expressions have been reported after both left- and right-hemisphere damag...
Broadening of molecular-weight distribution in solid-state polymerization resulting from condensate diffusion

A kinetic model for the solid-state polymerization of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) in a single particle has been developed and used to investigate the broadening of molecular-weight distribution as a result of slow condensate diffusion. The model is based on melt-phase transesterification kinetics and Fickian diffusion of phenol, the condensate, in the amorphous regions of the semicrystalline particle. Model predictions compare favorably to experimental data. When diffusion is slow compared to reaction, a condensate concentration gradient is established. This gradient induces a molecular-weight gradient, which results in a broadened overall molecular-weight distribution with an overall polydispersity above the theoretical limit for homogenous step-growth polymerization. As the mass transfer resistance inside the particle is decreased, the average molecular weight increases faster with time, and the overall polydispersity decreases. A stoichiometric imbalance of end groups decreases the obtainable molecular weight but mitigates the deleterious effects of slow condensate diffusion. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 928–943, 2001
Quantitative risk assessment for a glass fiber insulation product.

Abstract California Proposition 65 (Prop65) provides a mechanism by which the manufacturer may perform a quantitative risk assessment to be used in determining the need for cancer warning labels. This paper presents a risk assessment under this regulation for professional and do-it-yourself insulation installers. It determines the level of insulation glass fiber exposure (specifically Owens Corning's R-25 PinkPlus with Miraflex) that, assuming a working lifetime exposure, poses no significant cancer risk under Prop65's regulations. “No significant risk” is defined under Prop65 as a lifetime risk of no more than one additional cancer case per 100,000 exposed persons, and nonsignificant exposure is defined as a working lifetime exposure associated with “no significant risk.” This determination can be carried out despite the fact that the relevant underlying studies (i.e., chronic inhalation bioassays) of comparable glass wool fibers do not show tumorigenic activity. Nonsignificant exposures are estimated from (1) the most recent RCC chronic inhalation bioassay of nondurable fiberglass in rats; (2) intraperitoneal fiberglass injection studies in rats; (3) a distributional, decision analysis approach applied to four chronic inhalation rat bioassays of conventional fiberglass; (4) an extrapolation from the RCC chronic rat inhalation bioassay of durable refractory ceramic fibers; and (5) an extrapolation from the IOM chronic rat inhalation bioassay of durable E glass microfibers. When the EPA linear nonthreshold model is used, central estimates of nonsignificant exposure range from 0.36 fibers/cc (for the RCC chronic inhalation bioassay of fiberglass) through 21 fibers/cc (for the ip fiberglass injection studies). Lower 95% confidence bounds on these estimates vary from 0.17 fibers/cc through 13 fibers/cc. Estimates derived from the distributional approach or from applying the EPA linear nonthreshold model to chronic bioassays of durable fibers such as refractory ceramic fiber or E glass microfibers are intermediate to the other approaches. Estimates based on the Weibull 1.5-hit nonthreshold and 2-hit threshold models exceed by at least a factor of 10 the corresponding EPA linear nonthreshold estimates. The lowest nonsignificant exposures derived in this assessment are at least a factor of two higher than field exposures measured for professionals installing the R-25 fiberglass insulation product and are orders of magnitude higher than the estimated lifetime exposures for do-it-yourselfers.
Using trustworthy host-based information in the network

As hardware support for improved endhost security becomes ubiquitous, it is important to consider how network security and performance can benefit from these improvements. If portions of each endhost can be trusted, then network infrastructure no longer needs to arduously and imprecisely reconstruct data already known by the endhosts. Through the design of a general-purpose architecture we call Assayer, we explore issues in providing trusted host-based data, including the balance between useful data and user privacy, and the tradeoffs between security and efficiency. We also evaluate the usefulness of such information in several case studies. We implement and evaluate a basic Assayer prototype. Our prototype requires fewer than 1,000 lines of code on the endhost. Endhosts can annotate their outbound traffic in a few microseconds, and these annotations can be checked efficiently; even packet-level annotations on a gigabit link can be checked with a loss in throughput of only 13.1%.
Analysis of enzyme kinetics using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and multiple reaction monitoring: fucosyltransferase V.

An accurate, rapid, and versatile method for the analysis of enzyme kinetics using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been developed and demonstrated using fucosyltransferase V. Reactions performed in primary or secondary amine-containing buffers were diluted in an ESI solvent and directly analyzed without purification of the reaction products. Decreased mass resolution was used to maximize instrument sensitivity, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), in the tandem mass spectrometric mode, was used to enhance selectivity of detection. The approach allowed simultaneous monitoring of multiple processes, including substrate consumption, product formation, and the intensity of an internal standard. MRM gave an apparent Km for GDP-L-fucose (GDP-Fuc) of 50.4 ( 5.5 IM and a kcat of 1.46 ( 0.044 s -1 . Under the same conditions, the conventional radioactivity-based assay using GDP-(U- 14 C)Fuc as substrate gave virtually identical results: Km ) 54.3 ( 4.6 IM and kcat ) 1.49 ( 0.039 s -1 . The close correlation of the data showed that ESI-MS coupled to MRM is a valid approach for the analysis of enzyme kinetics. Consequently, this method represents a valuable alternative to existing analytic methods because of the option of simultaneously monitoring multiple species, the high degree of specificity, and rapid analysis times and because it does not rely on the availability of radioactive or chromogenic substrates.
Geospatial Workflow in a Sensor Web Environment: Transactions, Events, and Asynchrony

Geospatial processing has been extended to the Web environment. In conjunction with observations fed from live sensors, workflows can be used to connect the sensors observations to the product at the user's end. In the work described in this paper, the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) was used as a script language to describe workflows. OGC Sensor Web Enablement specifications have been used to enable the retrieval of sensor observations, implementation of geospatial processing services, and integration of Web processing services. The framework developed was used to study a case of severe weather detection and tracking. The OGC Web Coverage Service (WCS) and Web Feature Service (WFS), both with transaction support, are used to manage satellite observations and geographic features. The OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) is used to manage geospatial processing services. The resulting workflow demonstrated the reusability of geospatial Web services, the capability for transactions and asynchrony, and the efficiency of parallelism and distributed computing.
Time-reversal imaging and classification for distant targets in a shallow water channel

Time-reversal imaging (TRI) is analogous to matched-field processing, although TRI is typically very wideband and is capable of performing target classification (in addition to localization). We apply the time-reversal technique to locate man-made cylindrical targets moving in a shallow ocean channel at long range, as well as to classify them from natural false targets like a school of fish. We present imaging and classification on simulated scattering data, for both target classes. In addition to the imaging, we explore extraction of features from the time-reversal data, with these applied to subsequent target classification. Time-reversal implementation requires a fast forward model, which we implement by a normal-mode model. We present the underlying theory of TRI, feature extraction and target classification via a relevance vector machine (RVM).