cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-field study for the influence of solute interactions on solidification process in multicomponent alloys

Abstract The industrial alloys, such as steel and aluminum alloy, always contain more than two main solutes. The phase equilibrium and solute diffusion behaviors in multicomponent alloys will be no longer the same as that in binary alloys because of the solute interactions. In order to study the influence of solute interactions on the solidification process, we develop a phase-field model for multicomponent alloy coupled with thermodynamic and diffusion mobility database, which can accurately predict the phase equilibria and solute diffusion transportations. The model is applied to Al–Cu–Mg and Al–Cu–Si systems respectively. There are totally different solute interactions in these two systems, that is, attractive interactions in Al–Cu–Mg alloy and repulsive interactions in Al–Cu–Si alloy. Their influences on the solidification process are quantitatively analyzed from the phase-field simulation results.
Experimental Estimate of the Continuous One-Dimensional Kernel Function in a Rectangular Duct With Forced Convection

The continuous, one-dimensional kernel function in a rectangular duct subject to forced convection with air was experimentally estimated using liquid crystal thermography techniques. Analytical relationships between the kernel function for internal flow and the temperature distribution resulting from a known heat flux distribution were manipulated to accomplish this objective. The kernel function in the hydrodynamically fully developed region was found to be proportional to the streamwise temperature gradient resulting from a constant heat flux surface. In the hydrodynamic entry region of the rectangular duct, a model for the kernel function was proposed and used in its experimental determination. The kernel functions obtained by the present work were shown to be capable of predicting the highly nonuniform surface temperature rise above the inlet temperature resulting from an arbitrary heat flux distribution to within the experimental uncertainty. This is better than the prediction obtained using the analytically derived kernel function for turbulent flow between parallel plates, and the prediction obtained using the conventional heat transfer coefficient for constant heat flux boundary conditions. The latter prediction fails to capture both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the problem. The results of this work are relevant to applications involving the thermal management of nonuniform temperature surfaces subject to internal convection with air, such as board-level electronics cooling. Reynolds numbers in the turbulent and transition range were examined.
The evolution of the Anglo-American rural cemetery: landscape architecture as social and cultural history.

A typical Englishman or American making the Grand Tour in the closing decades of the eighteenth century paid the obligatory visit to Rousseau's tomb at Ermenonville, and in the early years of the following century such ‘tourists’ made pilgrimages to the new Parisian cemetery, Pere Lachaise. In Cemetery Improvement (1840), for example, George Collison pointed out that ‘Every continental traveller pays an early visit to the cemetery of Pere Lachaise’, while Americans almost invariably described that burial ground as ‘the most attractive spot in France’. At first these published travel accounts took on a formulaic quality, with each book repeating almost verbatim what other visitors recorded of the beauty of the scenery, but predictability detracts only slightly from the historical value of such descriptions: at Ermenonville and Pere Lachaise English and American travellers confronted scenes foreign to their experience at home. Rousseau, the great champion of nature, was buried on an island in a garden, an a...
The maternal pheromone of the rat as an innate stimulus for pre-weanling young

Abstract We undertook to determine whether previous exposure in the nest is necessary to establish the attractiveness of the maternal pheromone or whether that attractiveness is innately based. In Experiment 1 we showed that the pheromone is a prepotent stimulus insofar as it is approached in preference to a different but equally familiar odor. Experiment 2 demonstrated that when pups are denied previous exposure to the pheromone they nonetheless approach the pheromone preferentially in a choice test involving a pheromone-emitting and a non-pheromone-emitting female. And finally, in Experiment 3, we again used pups that had been isolated from the pheromone. Here, however, the choice was between a pheromone-emitting female and a female which, while non-pheromone-emitting, carried a thoroughly familiar nest odor. The pups decisively chose the pheromone-emitting female. We conclude that pheromonal attractiveness is innately based and suggest that the pheromone itself may have been selected as a signal during the course of evolution.
Murine T helper cell clones secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GmCSF) by both interleukin-2-dependent and interleukin-2-independent pathways

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GmCSF) is a lymphokine secreted by class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells after lectin or antigen stimulation. To investigate the relationship between interleukin-2 (IL-2) and GmCSF production, we utilized long-term cultures of porcine myelin basic protein (PMBP)-specific T helper cell clones that were maintained with IL-2 in the absence of antigen or irradiated antigen-presenting cells (APC). We have found that supernatants of these T cell clones contained GmCSF activity after IL-2 stimulation. Inhibition of cell proliferation by irradiation failed to stop GmCSF production. When these clones were stimulated with PMBP and irradiated APC in the presence of anti-IL-2 receptor antibody, the T cell supernatants still contained GmCSF activity. These results indicate that (1) GmCSF production by T helper clones after IL-2 stimulation is independent of cell proliferation and (2) antigen/MHC-stimulated GmCSF production by T cell clones can occur by an IL-2-independent pathway.
Mothers' use of superordinate category terms

Mothers' speech in an identification task was examined for ten mother–child pairs in which the child's age varied from 1; 9 to 4; 9. Stimuli were used from three domains, animals, clothes and furniture. These varied in familiarity, centrality (goodness of exemplar) and number of items. Basic-level category terms were found to be the most frequently used labels. Superordinate category terms were elicited by (a) an unfamiliar animal and (b) groups of items from the same domain. Information on category relations was provided in several ways: alternative labels, multiple labels and explicit statements of inclusion. Competencies required to learn the correct referent for category terms and differences among superordinate categories are discussed.
Blockmodels from the bond energy approach

This paper considers the use of the Bond Energy approach of McCormick, Schweitzer, and White as an alternative to CONCOR and other methods for producing blockmodels, and to Baker's approach to three-way blockmodels. Results of analyses using artificial data and the Roethlisberger-Dickson Bank Wiring Room data are presented, where algorithms alternative to the one of McCormick et al. (including versions of simulated annealing) are considered.
An attack on science? Media use, trust in scientists, and perceptions of global warming.

There is a growing divide in how conservatives and liberals in the USA understand the issue of global warming. Prior research suggests that the American public’s reliance on partisan media contributes to this gap. However, researchers have yet to identify intervening variables to explain the relationship between media use and public opinion about global warming. Several studies have shown that trust in scientists is an important heuristic many people use when reporting their opinions on science-related topics. Using within-subject panel data from a nationally representative sample of Americans, this study finds that trust in scientists mediates the effect of news media use on perceptions of global warming. Results demonstrate that conservative media use decreases trust in scientists which, in turn, decreases certainty that global warming is happening. By contrast, use of non-conservative media increases trust in scientists, which, in turn, increases certainty that global warming is happening.
Spectroscopy Using Lasers

In this paper we will review various laser based optical spectroscopies which have been applied to the study of optical properties of activated insulators and other solids. The review touches briefly upon the methodologies and principles involved in these experimental techniques and is illustrated with a sample of actual experimental results.
Enhanced computer modeling of cardiac action potential dynamics using experimental data-based feedback

Mathematical models of cardiac action potential (AP) dynamics are useful for studying the formation of dynamically significant patterns such as alternans and conduction block. A closed-loop observer is an augmented version of a mathematical model, in which experimental data are supplied to the model through feedback. In this study, tools for observer analysis were applied to a two-variable Karma model of AP dynamics. For a single-cell system, it was confirmed that membrane potential data could be used to reconstruct the system state, and that Luenberger feedback could stabilize the observer. Next an observer with a 1D geometry was tested with microelectrode membrane-potential data from a 2.1cm in vitro canine Purkinje fiber. It was shown that the observer produced more accurate AP duration (APD) estimates than the model by itself. These reconstructed quantities could be used to provide enhanced information to anti-tachyarrhythmic stimulus protocols that depend on real-time measurements.
Impact of the invasion of the imported fire ant

The impact of the imported fire ant (IFA) is complex, in large part, because several very different species of "Fire Ants" have invaded and one of these has two forms, all of which are hard to separate by the public, as well as, some investigators not focused on the ant. Each of these different "IFA" species and forms differ in their impact. Further, these ants impact a number of "things" ranging from the environment and wildlife (plants and animals) as well as people, their environment and infrastructure. In addition, they can not only lead to death of living things (including people), but they can destroy many aspects of our environment and infrastructure at the cost of millions of dollars. But there are some beneficial aspects and some people can make many thousands of dollars due to their presence. This is an attempt to look at these issues.
Theoretical performance evaluation of the universal interface software gateway protocol for SDI

The mathematical research basis for a military strategic defense gateway protocol, the universal interface software (UIS) protocol, is composed of four algorithms. The UIS protocol contains a theoretical basis for determining the congestion controlled network operating point in the load, with a routing availability threshold. The performance evaluation is theoretically based on the extended time Petri net model. This enables the inclusion of: (1) the dynamic behavior of a network illustrated by the execution of network processes and, (2) the real-time asynchronous concurrent network behavior determined by the effectiveness of the synchronization between the processing computer nodes and gateway nodes. The four UIS parametric protocol algorithm processes are theoretically equated to the four Petri net model performance specifications to enable the transparent overlay of the UIS protocol on the SPF algorithm protocol performance evaluation data for ARPANET and MILNET gateway and IMP data. >
Generating Health Estimates by Zip Code: A Semiparametric Small Area Estimation Approach Using the California Health Interview Survey

Objectives. We propose a method to meet challenges in generating health estimates for granular geographic areas in which the survey sample size is extremely small.Methods. Our generalized linear mixed model predicts health outcomes using both individual-level and neighborhood-level predictors. The model’s feature of nonparametric smoothing function on neighborhood-level variables better captures the association between neighborhood environment and the outcome. Using 2011 to 2012 data from the California Health Interview Survey, we demonstrate an empirical application of this method to estimate the fraction of residents without health insurance for Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs).Results. Our method generated stable estimates of uninsurance for 1519 of 1765 ZCTAs (86%) in California. For some areas with great socioeconomic diversity across adjacent neighborhoods, such as Los Angeles County, the modeled uninsured estimates revealed much heterogeneity among geographically adjacent ZCTAs.Conclusions. The pr...
The role of speech input in wearable computing

Speech recognition seems like an attractive input mechanism for wearable computers, and as we saw in this magazine's first issue, several companies are promoting products that use limited speech interfaces for specific tasks. However, we must overcome several challenges to using speech recognition in more general contexts, and interface designers must be wary of applying the technology to situations where speech is inappropriate.
Intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of acute bronchospastic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients treated for acute exacerbations receive intravenous (IV) aminophylline in addition to inhaled bronchodilators that may raise serum levels of theophylline into the toxic range. A double-blind, randomized study of 52 men with COPD who came to the emergency department for treatment of exacerbations was initiated to establish the efficacy and safety of this common practice. After history and physical examination, patients were treated with 28% oxygen by Venturi mask and 0.3 cc metaproterenol sulfate in 2.5 cc saline by nebulizer; an IV line was started and patients received either aminophylline or D5W. Measurements included baseline and two-hour serum theophylline levels, pulmonary function tests, and symptom questionnaires. Mean values from the entire group showed decreases in respiratory rate, cardiac rate, and pulsus paradoxus, and increases in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and vital capacity (VC) over a two-hour treatment period (P less than .01). Despite the increase in serum theophylline in the treatment group, the demographic, clinical, pulmonary function, and outcome data were found to have no statistically significant differences when compared to control patients. The data were then analyzed according to serum theophylline levels. Theophylline level greater than 20 micrograms/mL occurred in 15 patients with no untoward effects; premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were no more frequent in this group than in those with lower serum theophylline levels. A theophylline level greater than 10 micrograms/mL after two hours of treatment resulted in the following differences, which were not statistically significant: mean FEV1 response less than or equal to 10 micrograms/mL vs greater than 10 micrograms/mL, 20% vs 28%; mean VC change, 17% vs 30%; or mean emergency department returns in one week, 0.1 vs 0.26. In our experience, oxygen and inhaled metaproterenol are effective treatment for exacerbations of COPD.
Targeting Low Career Confidence Using the Career Planning Confidence Scale

The authors describe the development and validation of a test of career planning confidence that makes possible the targeting of specific problem issues in employment counseling. The scale, developed using a rational process and the authors' experience with clients, was tested for criterion-related validity against 2 other measures. The scale produced a 6-factor structure that replicates common career planning models: Readiness to Make a Career Decision, Self-Assessment, Generating Options, Information Seeking, Deciding, and Implementing a Decision. Validity and reliability of the scale are discussed, along with suggestions for employment counseling practice.
Leader Role Inversion as a Corollary to Leader-Member Exchange

Based on the work of Graen and Graen and Scandura on role-making processes in leader-member dyads and the leader-member exchange (LMX) paradigm, this investigation proposes a new direction for research. The findings reported demonstrate that leader role inversion positively affects a number of important work-related attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. These included higher order need fulfillment, accountability, intrinsic motivation, propensity to leave, and job satisfaction: work and supervision. The theoretical discussion presented in this article explains how leader role inversion results in a reconfiguration of role pressures. This reconfiguration of role pressures is hypothesized to affect the work-related attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. The results are tested for generalizability across plants and occupational categories.
Biochemical analysis of human Dna2

Yeast Dna2 helicase/nuclease is essential for DNA replication and assists FEN1 nuclease in processing a subset of Okazaki fragments that have long single-stranded 5' flaps. It is also involved in the maintenance of telomeres. DNA2 is a gene conserved in eukaryotes, and a putative human ortholog of yeast DNA2 (ScDNA2) has been identified. Little is known about the role of human DNA2 (hDNA2), although complementation experiments have shown that it can function in yeast to replace ScDNA2. We have now characterized the biochemical properties of hDna2. Recombinant hDna2 has single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase and DNA helicase activity. It also has 5'–3' nuclease activity with preference for single-stranded 5' flaps adjacent to a duplex DNA region. The nuclease activity is stimulated by RPA and suppressed by steric hindrance at the 5' end. Moreover, hDna2 shows strong 3'–5' nuclease activity. This activity cleaves single-stranded DNA in a fork structure and, like the 5'–3' activity, is suppressed by steric hindrance at the 3'-end, suggesting that the 3'–5' nuclease requires a 3' single-stranded end for activation. These biochemical specificities are very similar to those of the ScDna2 protein, but suggest that the 3'–5' nuclease activity may be more important than previously thought.
Concurrent Stabilization of π‐Donor and π‐Acceptor Ligands in Aromatized and Dearomatized Pincer [(PNN)Re(CO)(O)2] Complexes

Aromatized cationic [(PNN)Re(π acid)(O)2](+) (1) and dearomatized neutral [(PNN*)Re(π acid)(O)2] (2) complexes (where π acid=CO (a), tBuNC (b), or (2,6-Me2)PhNC (c)), possessing both π-donor and π-acceptor ligands, have been synthesized and fully characterized. Reaction of [(PNN)Re(O)2](+) (4) with lithiumhexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) yield the dearomatized [(PNN*)Re(O)2] (3). Complexes 1 and 2 are prepared from the reaction of 4 and 3, respectively, with CO or isocyanides. Single-crystal X-ray structures of 1 a and 1 b show the expected trans-dioxo structure, in which the oxo ligands occupy the axial positions and the π-acidic ligand occupies the equatorial plane in an overall octahedral geometry about the rhenium(V) center. DFT studies revealed the stability of complexes 1 and 2 arises from a π-backbonding interaction between the d(xy) orbital of rhenium, the π orbital of the oxo ligands, and the π* orbital of CO/isocyanide.
The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East by Kishore Mahbubani

In the expanding literature on the rise of the East, Kishore Mahbubani's The New Asian Hemisphere stands out in distinction for a number of reasons. First, it places the rise of Asia in a diachroni...
Recursive generalized predictive control for systems with disturbance measurements

The recursive generalized predictive control (RGPC), which combines the process of system identification using recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm and the process of generalized predictive feedback control design, has been presented and successfully implemented on testbeds. In this research, the RGPC algorithm is extended when the disturbance measurement signal is available for feedforward control. First, the feedback and feedforward RGPC design algorithm is presented when the disturbance is stochastic or random, and is applied to an optical jitter suppression testbed. Second, the feedback and feedforward algorithm is further extended when the disturbance is deterministic or periodic. The deterministic disturbance measurement is used to estimate the future disturbance values that are then used in the control design to enhance the performance. The RGPC with future disturbance estimation algorithm is applied to a structural system and an acoustic system.
TIRF imaging of Fc gamma receptor microclusters dynamics and signaling on macrophages during frustrated phagocytosis

Background Recent evidence indicates that in addition to the T-cell receptor, microclustering is an important mechanism for the activation of the B-cell receptor and the mast cell Fce-receptor. In macrophages and neutrophils, particles opsonized with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies activate the phagocytic Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) leading to rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. The purpose of this study was to establish a system for high-resolution imaging of FcγR microclustering dynamics and the recruitment of the downstream signaling machinery to these microclusters.
Semiochemicals Extracted from a Dolichoderine Ant Affects the Feeding and Tunneling Behavior of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Bioassays were performed to test the responses of the Formosan subteranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, to dichloromethane extracts of whole Iridomyrmex glaber (Mayr) workers. Termite workers were strongly repelled by filter papers treated with I. glaber extracts. In a choice test, termite workers fed significantly less on filter papers treated with I. glaber extract compared with solvent-treated controls within a 24-h period. Bioassays also were performed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of ant extract on termite tunneling behavior. The rate at which termites penetrated the treated sand was concentration dependent. In 10 d, termites failed to penetrate any of the sand barriers treated with either 250 or 500 ant equivalents per gram of sand. Our results suggest that ant semiochemicals are a potential source of natural products that could prove useful for termite control.
Comparison of dietary self-efficacy and behavior among American-born and foreign-born Chinese adolescents residing in New York City and Chinese adolescents in Guangzhou, China.

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of dietary self-efficacy and behavior among US-born, foreign-born Chinese-American, and native Chinese students.The total number of subjects participated in the study was 239 from New York and Guangzhou, China. The research instrument was composed of demographic information, dietary behavior, and self-efficacy of dietary behavior.Results indicated that native Chinese students had the lowest scores in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake followed by foreign-born and US-born Chinese-American students in that order. Native Chinese students also had the highest scores in complex carbohydrate and fiber intake as well as dietary self-efficacy followed by foreign-born and US-born Chinese-American students. In addition, self-efficacy was positively correlated with dietary behavior, and the age of immigration of foreign-born Chinese-American students was positively correlated with the scores of dietary behavior and self-efficacy of dietary behavi...
Observations of the rhythm of detachment of engorged female Boophilus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae) from cattle.

A bimodal, diurnal rhythm of detachment was observed for engorged female Boophilus annulatus fed on Hereford heifers confined in individual stalls in an open-sided barn and exposed to ambient climate and light. In 3 experiments during which hosts were fed each morning and evening, a morning period of increased detachment activity occurred during a 6-h period centered around the 2-h collecting interval in which sunrise occurred. A 2nd peak of activity occurred during the 2-h interval that began 6–8 h later. Seventy-four to 84% of the total detachment occurred during these two 6-h intervals and most of the detachment (44–62%) occurred during the afternoon period. These experiments were done in July, September, and January when daylengths were 13 h, 27 min; 12 h, 22 min; and 10 h, 37 min, respectively. In a 4th experiment in which groups of hosts were fed at different times of the day, maximal percentages of 41.5 and 38.3 of the total detachment from morning-fed or both morning and evening-fed heifers, respectively, occurred during the 2-h interval in which the sun rose instead of during the evening. During the evening peak period, the number of engorged females that detached from these 2 groups of heifers was ≍⅓–¼ the number that detached during the peak period in the morning. In contrast, 43.6% of the engorged females in the evening-fed group detached during an 8-h morning period of increased detachment activity that began in the interval between 0200 and 0400 hours. About the same percentage of the ticks (38.5) detached during a 6-h period that began at 1400 hours. The less precisely delimited pattern of detachment of engorged females from cattle fed only in the evening, as contrasted with the rhythm observed for ticks that detached from heifers fed in the morning or both morning and evening, indicates that the nutritional or physiological state of the host may influence the rhythm exogenously. Whether the morning or evening peak of detachment activity is dominant is a question that remains unresolved.
Importance of Appropriate, Detailed Description in the Setting of Isomerism

Editor: I read with great interest the article entitled “Tracheobronchial Branching Abnormalities: Lobebased Classification Scheme” by Chassagnon and colleagues (1) in the March-April issue of RadioGraphics. This article is very well written, and the authors must be commended for a quality article. It is in the discussion of isomerism, also known as heterotaxy, however, where there are some inaccuracies. What was once called heterotaxy is best described as isomerism, which is further segregated into the subsets of right or left isomerism (2,3). Isomerism is subcategorized on the basis of the morphology of the atrial appendages and whether there are two morphologically left or right appendages. The importance of such segregation is that it allows for “syndromic clustering” of other anatomic and functional abnormalities (4). Although this syndromic clustering includes splenic anatomy, it should be noted that right isomerism is not synonymous with absence of a spleen and that left isomerism is not synonymous with the presence of multiple spleens, as implied by Chassagnon and colleagues (1). Indeed, either right or left isomerism can be associated with absence of a spleen, multiple spleens, or even a solitary spleen. Interestingly, splenic function may be abnormal with any of these arrangements (5). Chassagnon and colleagues (1) also use the term situs ambiguus, which should be avoided because there is no ambiguity in the location of the organs; the location is known. This term does not hold any value because it does not actually convey any information. It is important for the radiologist to actually describe the precise location of the specific organs, which can readily be done. In the absence of optimal imaging of the atrial appendages, other anatomic features can be used to help segregate isomerism into left or right, particularly the bronchopulmonary anatomic structures (6). The presence of a coronary sinus has been noted to always be associated with left isomerism, and the presence of a eustachian valve or terminal crest has been noted to always be associated with right isomerism. Noncardiac findings can also assist in determining the sidedness of isomerism (7,8). Because these classifications allow prediction of, early detection of, and early intervention for future arrhythmias, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and other visceral function, it is of utmost importance that radiologists describe the findings appropriately in a detailed fashion and are able to provide accurate classification of isomerism by using the proper terminology (9–11).
Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy.

BACKGROUND In this study we analyzed and presented our experience of performing transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TPELD). METHODS A retrospective study of 142 TPELD was conducted on 134 consecutive patients from 2001 through 2005. The inclusion criteria for patients were those who had leg pain with or without low back pain and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that revealed soft contained or noncontained but contiguous lumbar disc herniation (LDH). All patients failed at least 6 weeks of conservative treatment or could not tolerate it. RESULTS The patients had an average age of 38 years. The mean follow-up period was 8 months. The outcomes were evaluated using the modified MacNab criteria. The percentage of successful outcomes (excellent or good) was 89%. Among the remainder of the patients, six (4.5%) had open surgery later. Moreover, eight patients (6%) sustained temporary dysesthesia over the proximal lower limb of the operated side. No major neurovascular injuries or deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS In experienced hands, TPELD is minimally invasive, safe and effective for treating soft contained or noncontained but contiguous LDH.
Net portal absorption of lactate and volatile fatty acids in steers experiencing glucose-induced acidosis or fed a 70% concentrate diet ad libitum.

Five crossbred steers (347 kg) were surgically fitted with rumen fistulae, hepatic portal, abdominal aorta and mesenteric catheters to measure organic acid absorption from the gut during acute [intraruminal glucose, 12 g/kg body weight (G)] or subacute [ad libitum 70% concentrate diet (C)] acidosis. Samples were taken at time 0, then every 2 h for 48 h after a switch from an alfalfa diet to C, or dosing with G. Steers receiving C received G 1 wk later so that five steers provided four observations/treatment. Blood flow rates were determined by infusion of para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) and averaged 767.8 and 712.5 liters/h for C and G, respectively. Animals consuming C averaged 13.6 kg dry matter from 0 to 24 h and 1.5 kg from 24 to 48 h. Rumen pH declined to 4.2 for G compared with 6.0 for C. Blood pH and HCO3 showed only slight depressions for G from 16 to 26 h, the period of lowest rumen pH. Rumen L-lactate concentration averaged 53.4 mM (peak 77 mM) and 2.1 mM for G and C, respectively. Rumen D-lactate concentration averaged 30.2 mM (peak 47 mM) for G and 1.2 mM for C. Net portal absorption of L-lactate averaged 96.6 and 164.4 mmol/h, whereas that of D-lactate averaged 10.5 and 71.8 mmol/h for C and G, respectively. Mean net portal volatile fatty acid absorptions were 442.8, 192.1, 53.8, 5.3 and 10.4 mmol/h (C) and 100.0, 47.2, 9.4, .98 and .78 mmol/h (G) for acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CHAPTER 3 – Parvovirus Vectors for the Gene Therapy of Cancer

This chapter discusses the parvovirus vectors for gene therapy of cancer. Intensive investigation has demonstrated that a wide variety of clinically important diseases, including viral infections and cancer, arise as a direct result of aberrant gene expression and thus may be considered “genetic” disorders. The rapid development of recombinant DNA technology, in conjunction with expanding knowledge of these underlying pathogenic mechanisms, has led to strategies designed to actually correct disease at the molecular level. Gene transfer approaches have been developed to correct primary inherited diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or adenosine deaminase deficiency, as well as acquired disorders, such as cancer. Although a variety of techniques are available for the introduction of genes into cells, few approach the efficiency necessary for actual gene therapy trials. To address this issue, viral vectors have been developed to exploit the natural ability of viruses to efficiently infect and transfer their genetic material into cells.
Criteria Used by Central Buying Units

This paper describes the initial phases in the attempt to model non-food retail chain central buying unit behaviour toward new products. A number of decision criteria are identified.
TAXONOMY, EVOLUTION, AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ORTHOGRAPTUS QUADRIMUCRONATUS SPECIES GROUP (ORDOVICIAN, GRAPTOLITHINA)

The Orthograptus quadrimucronatus species group currently comprises 22 taxa, which, with the exception of 0. rue- demanni, are distinguished from other orthograptids by the presence of paired apertural spines on their thecae. A detailed mor- phometric analysis of this group indicates that these taxa comprise four basic morphotypes that actually represent only six distinct species: 0. pageanus, 0. quadrimucronatus, 0. spinigerus, 0. ruedemanni, 0. eucharis, and 0. rivai. Specimens of Orthograptus pageanus have a rapidly widening rhabdosome with elongated spines on the first two or four thecae. Orthograptus pageanus is divided into two chronological subspecies, an older, smaller form, 0. pageanus pageanus, and a younger, larger form, 0. pageanus maximus n. subsp. Specimens of 0. spinigerus have elongated spines on one or two thecal pairs between the sixth and thirteenth thecal pairs, a very narrow proximal end, and a rapidly widening rhabdosome. Specimens of 0. quadri- mucronatus have a more parallel-sided shape and no unusually long spines. The subspecies 0. quadrimucronatus richmondensis is differentiated by the absence of both a median septum and a th 12 spine. Orthograptus ruedemanni, 0. rivai, and 0. eucharis are all dwarf forms. Within a chronostratigraphic framework based on K-bentonite bed correlations the pattern and process of evolutionary change in the members of the 0. quadrimucronatus species group is examined. Morphometrically, each species remains a coherent entity through time, occupying its own distinct morphospace. Each speciation event probably occurred rapidly, precluding the preservation of intermediates, and the new species retained their basic morphology throughout their existence. Within these lineages, phyletic changes were either absent or encompassed only changes in size, even when accumulated for much longer intervals than would be expected for speciation events. These patterns appear to be consistent with the evolutionary model of punctuated equilibrium.
Compliance with Immunizations in Splenectomized Individuals: A Study of the Splenectomized Hereditary Spherocytosis Population

Overwhelming infection by encapsulated bacteria is a significant short- and longterm risk of splenectomy. Vaccines are available for organisms to which asplenic patients are susceptible, i.e. S. pneumoniae , N. meningitidis , and H. influenza- B. Therefore, strict adherence to the immunizations against these organisms is recommended. In addition, after splenectomy, antibiotic prophylaxis is advised, although guidelines for chemoprophylaxis are not consistent across hematology and surgical disciplines. METHODS: We performed a cross sectional study to determine immunization status, antibiotic use, and patient knowledge after splenectomy in the hereditary spherocytosis (HS) population. Subjects were ascertained from the recent and archival records of the hematology, surgery, and pathology departments at Children’s Hospital Boston. Addresses of former patients were sought by public record review and through current patient/family members. A strategy of expanding families by phone contact for this genetic disorder (commonly autosomal dominant) allowed ascertainment of older relatives of current patients. Vaccine status was by self- or parental-report. RESULTS: We enrolled 77 splenectomized HS patients (38% male, mean age 34.7 y, mean age at splenectomy 10.9 y). Of the asplenic HS patients interviewed, only 20 (26%) reported receiving all of the recommended post-splenectomy vaccines (Table 1). However, 65% of splenectomized individuals reported that a physician had told them that their immunizations were up-to-date. Among the asplenic HS patients, the likelihood of receiving a particular vaccine was related to the number of years the vaccine had been available: PPV23 vaccine (1977) 96% > MPSV4 (1981) 78% > Hib (1987) 64% > PCV7 (2000) 42% > MCV4 (2005) 27%. As expected, asplenic patients P P P Table 1. Summary of adherence to immunizations
Pathogenic Policy: Immigrant Policing, Fear, and Parallel Medical Systems in the US South.

ABSTRACTMedical anthropology has a vital role in identifying health-related impacts of policy. In the United States, increasingly harsh immigration policies have formed a multilayered immigrant policing regime comprising state and federal laws and local police practices, the effects of which demand ethnographic attention. In this article, I draw from ethnographic fieldwork in Atlanta, Georgia, to examine the biopolitics of immigrant policing. I underscore how immigrant policing directly impacts undocumented immigrants’ health by producing a type of fear based governance that alters immigrants’ health behaviors and sites for seeking health services. Ethnographic data further point to how immigrant policing sustains a need for an unequal, parallel medical system, reflecting broader social inequalities impacting vulnerable populations. Moreover, by focusing on immigrant policing, I demonstrate the analytical utility in examining the biopolitics of fear, which can reveal individual experiences and structural ...
High fishery catches through trophic cascades in China

Indiscriminate and intense fishing has occurred in many marine ecosystems around the world. Although this practice may have negative effects on biodiversity and populations of individual species, it may also increase total fishery productivity by removing predatory fish. We examine the potential for this phenomenon to explain the high reported wild catches in the East China Sea-one of the most productive ecosystems in the world that has also had its catch reporting accuracy and fishery management questioned. We show that reported catches can be approximated using an ecosystem model that allows for trophic cascades (i.e., the depletion of predators and consequent increases in production of their prey). This would be the world's largest known example of marine ecosystem "engineering" and suggests that trade-offs between conservation and food production exist. We project that fishing practices could be modified to increase total catches, revenue, and biomass in the East China Sea, but single-species management would decrease both catches and revenue by reversing the trophic cascades. Our results suggest that implementing single-species management in currently lightly managed and highly exploited multispecies fisheries (which account for a large fraction of global fish catch) may result in decreases in global catch. Efforts to reform management in these fisheries will need to consider system wide impacts of changes in management, rather than focusing only on individual species.
Experimental investigation and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation of gas shale adsorption from the macro to the nano scale

Abstract This paper sheds light on the potential of carbon storage and gas recovery from shale using pure and multicomponent sorption studies. A multi scale approach was adopted where experimental characterization at the core level was linked with a digital laboratory through molecular modeling to simulate and predict pure and multicomponent adsorption conditions that were hard to achieve in the lab. The sensitivity of shale physical properties to the gas mixture saturating the pore space was examined for possible carbon storage and enhanced gas shale recovery applications. A novel high precision volumetric gas adsorption apparatus was constructed in house to investigate multi-component gas sorption at the core level. The thermodynamically closed system allowed for simultaneous measurements of three fundamental rock properties at the core level including porosity, permeability and excess adsorption. Experiments were carried out to measure the preferential adsorption of different components in a gas mixture on intact core samples from the Haynesville and Barnett shale plays. Based on the pore size distribution (PSD) of the sample, the experimental observations were confirmed using a grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation employing a slit pore model composed of parallel planar graphitic surfaces. Experimental results revealed multi-layer adsorption coverage with CO2 in comparison to a mono-layer coverage with N2 and CH4. Mixed gas sorption measurements showed preferential adsorption of CO2 over CH4 as indicated by a selectivity coefficient greater than 1. GCMC simulations on pore sizes ranging from 1 nm to 50 nm were consistent with the core-scale experimental results and revealed an increasing selectivity for CO2 over CH4 in model shale pores. N2 injection, however, proved to be an unsuccessful enhanced gas recovery technique due to a preferential adsorption of CH4 over N2.
The FDA Perspective on Heart Failure Devices

The Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is charged with ensuring that manufacturers of new medical devices demonstrate a reasonable assurance that their devices are safe and effective prior to approval for commercial distribution in the United States. CDRH also monitors the performance of medical devices once approved for distribution and introduced into commerce to evaluate the ongoing risk–benefit profile in the interest of protecting the public health. This chapter reviews regulatory terminology, submission types, clinical trial design, product labeling, recalls, and other issues related to the regulation of heart failure devices.
Maximum Number of Degenerate Curves in 3D Linear Tensor Fields

3D symmetric tensor fields have a wide range of applications in science and engineering. The topology of a symmetric tensor field, which consists of degenerate curves , can provide critical insights into the behaviors of the tensor fields. Existing methods to extract degenerate curves make some assumptions of the maximum number of degenerate curves in a cell without validating this bound. In this paper, we study the maximum number of degenerate curves in a linear tensor field to contribute to accurate and efficient extraction methods.
Cramer–Rao Bound for Noncoherent Direction of Arrival Estimation in the Presence of Sensor Location Errors

In previous work, we have shown that the noncoherent direction of arrival (DOA) estimation by an array of sensors is insensitive to sensor phase errors. Here, we analyze the effects of sensor location errors on noncoherent DOA estimation. In the presence of additive white Gaussian noise, we show that the distribution of magnitude-only measurements collected by a sensor array may be approximated by a Gaussian distribution. Further, if one of the sources is received with high signal-to-noise ratio, the mean of the Gaussian distribution is a function of location errors while the variance of the Gaussian distribution is invariant with location errors. We derive a closed-form analytical expression for the hybrid Cramer–Rao bound of the spatial frequency difference between two sources. Numerical results illustrate that, unlike phase errors that have no effect on noncoherent DOA estimation, both noncoherent and coherent DOA estimation are affected by location errors.
Chronic Disease Care: Creating Practice Change

1. Most of our practices are driven by the “tyranny of the urgent”: the need to provide services for acute problems. 2. Most of us feel that we are working at maximum capacity, that adding anything more will simply result in working longer hours. 3. It is hard to implement change; very few of us have had any training in other models of care. 4. The Chronic Care Model developed by Ed Wagner offers a structure for developing a disease management program. 5. Start by building a team; improvements in chronic disease care are not likely to occur without the help of a team. 6. Start with a champion. Team building for chronic disease care must start with a champion. 7. To start the improvement project, the team must observe the processes and problems that occur in the offi ce environment. 8. Start with a patient story. Patient stories about what went right and what went wrong can be powerful tools for sorting out process improvement. 9. Designate time to talk about process improvement. Consider using a “huddle” at the beginning of the clinic day. 10. Work to develop team cohesiveness; declare “success” whenever you can. 11. Assessing importance is the most critical task for any team trying to accomplish improvements in chronic illness care. You should always check to ensure that the entire team believes in the importance of any change project. If there is not agreement about the importance of an intervention, it is not likely to be successfully implemented. 12. Assessing the confi dence of the team in achieving the goal is equally important. If the members are not confi dent that they can make a particular intervention work, it is not likely to succeed. Remember the motto: “Pick low-hanging fruit.”
Toward computationally efficient combustion DNS with complex fuels via principal component transport

We investigate the potential of accelerating chemistry integration during the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of complex fuels based on the transport equations of representative scalars that span the desired composition space using principal component analysis (PCA). The transport of principal components (PCs) can reduce the number of transported scalars and improve the spatial and temporal resolution requirements. The strategy is demonstrated using DNS of a premixed methane–air flame in a 2D vortical flow and is extended to the 3D geometry to demonstrate the resulting enhancement in the computational efficiency of PC transport. The PCs are derived from a priori PCA of the same composition space using DNS. This analysis is used to construct and tabulate the PCs’ chemical source terms in terms of the PCs using artificial neural networks (ANN). Comparison of DNS based on a full thermo-chemical state and DNS based on PC transport with six PCs shows excellent agreement even for terms that are not included i...