cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rich memory and distributed phonology

Abstract It is claimed here that experimental evidence about human speech processing and the richness of memory for linguistic material supports a distributed view of language where every speaker creates an idiosyncratic perspective on the linguistic conventions of the community. In such a system, words are not spelled in memory of speakers from uniform letter-like units (whether phones or phonemes), but rather from the rich auditory patterns of speech plus any coupled visual, somatosensory and motor patterns. The evidence is strong that people actually employ high-dimensional, spectro-temporal, auditory patterns to support speech production, speech perception and linguistic memory in real time. Abstract phonology (with its phonemes, distinctive features, syllable types, etc.) is actually a kind of social institution – a loose inventory of patterns that evolves over historical time in each human community as a structure with many symmetries and regularities in the community corpus. Linguistics studies the phonological (and grammatical) patterns of various communities of speakers. But linguists should not expect to find the descriptions they make to be explicitly represented in any individual speaker’s mind, much less in every mind in the community. The alphabet is actually a technology that has imposed itself on our understanding of language.
Online M.S. Degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering-user perspectives and key implementation issues

The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, has developed an online M.S. degree program that utilizes synchronized streaming video and audio as well as asynchronous learning networks to facilitate interactivity. In this paper, we describe some of the technical and administrative issues involved in this venture, as well as the experiences accumulated thus far in offering these courses online.
Similarity of lateralized rhythmic delta activity to periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in critically ill patients.

Importance The increasing use of continuous electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring in the intensive care unit has led to recognition of new EEG patterns that are of unclear or unknown significance. Objective To describe an EEG pattern, lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA), encountered in critically ill subjects and determine its clinical significance in this setting. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective review at an academic medical center of EEG recordings, medical records, and imaging studies of critically ill patients with LRDA and comparison with subjects with lateralized periodic discharges (also known as periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges), subjects with focal nonrhythmic slowing, and controls. Intervention Electroencephalography or continuous electroencephalography. Main Outcomes and Measures Cross-sectional prevalence of lateralized rhythmic delta activity; EEG characteristics; etiology, clinical, and radiological correlates; and risk of early seizures. Results We identified LRDA in 4.7% of acutely ill subjects undergoing EEG or continuous EEG monitoring. It was often associated with other focal EEG abnormalities, including lateralized periodic discharges in 44% of cases. The most common conditions associated with LRDA were intracranial hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lateralized rhythmic delta activity was an independent predictor of acute seizures, with 63% of subjects having seizures during their acute illness, a proportion similar to subjects with lateralized periodic discharges (57%) and significantly higher than associated with focal nonrhythmic slowing (20%) or in control subjects (16%). Most patients (80%-90%) in the LRDA and lateralized periodic discharges groups who had seizures while undergoing continuous EEG monitoring had only nonconvulsive seizures, whereas this was the case for only 17% of patients in the other groups. Lateralized rhythmic delta activity and lateralized periodic discharges were both associated with lesions involving the cortex or juxtacortical white matter. Conclusions and Relevance Lateralized rhythmic delta activity in critically ill patients has a similar clinical significance as lateralized periodic discharges. It reflects the presence of a focal lesion and is associated with a high risk of acute seizures, especially nonconvulsive.
Trends in youth internet victimization: findings from three youth internet safety surveys 2000-2010

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this research was to explore the trends in youth reports of unwanted online sexual solicitation, harassment, and exposure to pornography over time. Methods The study was based on three separate cross-sectional national telephone surveys of approximately 1,500 youth Internet users, aged 10 through 17 years. Data were collected in 2000, 2005, and 2010. Results and Conclusion Nine percent of youth reported an unwanted sexual solicitation in 2010. This continued the decline in unwanted sexual solicitations that occurred between 2000 (19%) and 2005 (13%), resulting in a total 50% decrease between 2000 and 2010. Twenty-three percent of youth reported an unwanted exposure to pornography, a decline from 34% in 2005, following an increase between 2000 and 2005 (25% to 34%). However, marking the only trend to show an increase over the past 5 years, 11% of youth reported an online harassment experience, which was an increase from 9% in 2005, and 6% in 2000. Some differences in these trends were noted for subgroups of youth across age, gender, and race. The trends in unwanted experiences online over the past decade identified by three Youth Internet Safety Surveys may contradict impressions that the general population, professionals, and the media have about what is happening. Trends provide evidence for some optimism that protective adaptations to the online environment have been successful; however, online harassment appears to be increasing for youth, particularly girls, and may require additional mobilization.
Improving patient understanding of preeclampsia: A randomized controlled trial

The authors developed a standardized educational tool to inform women about preeclampsia. The objective of this study was to assess whether exposure to this tool led to superior understanding of the syndrome.
Lack of equivalence in the elemental and stable isotope chemistry within the sagittal otolith pair of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus

In fish that are not bilaterally symmetrical, the left and right sagittae are often not symmetrical, exhibiting divergent growth patterns and mass, andmay have differences in chemical composition.We investigated this in the asymmetrical summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, collected from different nursery habitats along the US east coast. Significant differences were detected in otolith mass, dC, dO, Li:Ca, Mg:Ca, and Sr:Ca, and overall chemical signatures. These results refute the hypothesis of left–right equivalence that is prevalent for bilaterally symmetrical fishes. We tested whether a specific side was better suited for classification. The best models differed between sagittae and resulted in different classification accuracies. The left otolith produced better classification accuracies. Simulated samples of randomized sets of left or right otoliths producedmean accuracies intermediate to classification andwere often highly variable.We recommend that future otolith chemistry studies involving bilaterally asymmetrical species test the hypothesis of equivalencewithin the sagittae before randomly choosing an otolith for chemical analyses.
Path-Integral Monte Carlo Simulation of the Warm Dense Homogeneous Electron Gas

0 ¼ 1:0‐40:0 and � � T=TF ¼ 0:0625‐8:0) using restricted path-integral Monte Carlo simulations. Precise energies, pair correlation functions, and structure factors are obtained. For all densities, we find a significant discrepancy between the ground state parametrized local density approximation and our results around TF. These results can be used as a benchmark for developing finitetemperature density functionals, as well as input for orbital-free density function theory formulations.
New Roles of a Neuropeptide Cortistatin in the Immune System and Cancer

Cortistatin (CST) is a neuropeptide that strongly resembles somatostatin (SS) structurally and functionally. CST binds to all five SS receptors (SSTR1-SSTR5) with high affinity and exerts its function mainly through SSTRs. Despite many similar functions between these two neuropeptides, they are products of different genes. Recently, some distinct functions and receptor usage of CST have been reported. Some of the interesting functions of CST were not found with SS. Therefore CST could have potential new roles in an ex-neuronal system that regulates immune responses as well as other cellular functions in the body. In this review, we discuss the new functions of CST in the immune system, cancer pathogenesis, and possible CST-specific receptors.
Thermodynamic aspects of mixed micelles—application to an empirically established equilibrium

Abstract Relationships between the overall composition—in terms of mole fractions of two micelle-forming components—in a solution of these two components and the critical micelle concentration on the one band and the composition of the mixed micelles on the other, are reviewed and activity coefficients introduced to account for the behavior of real systems. It is shown that the behavior of the critical micelle concentration is not a sufficient criterion for the ideality of the system, that the contribution to nonideality of the two components can be resolved, and that the ideality of the monomeric solution may be tested if the composition of mixed micelles is known. These considerations are applied to the results obtained in the preceding paper for the sodium decyl and dodecyl sulfates and indicate definite deviations from ideality for the whole system as well as for the monomeric solution. These deviations are, however, not very large and affect the mixed critical micelle concentration insignificantly.
NEAR-INTEGRABILITY AND CHAOS IN A RESONANT-CAVITY LASER MODEL

Abstract The dynamics of an ensemble of two-level atoms in a single-mode resonant laser cavity with external pumping and a weak coherent probe are investigated. Homoclinic orbits connected to the completely inverted atomic state are found analytically using linear perturbation theory (the Melnikov method) in the near-integrable limit, and are continued in the parameter space to O(1) parameter values using the bifurcation code AUTO. The breakup of these homoclinic orbits is believed to be a source of chaos in the system.
Foreign Language Teaching and Bilingual Education—A Natural Alliance

This paper is a call to second language teachers in the United States to help promote a multilingual, multicultural American society by actively supporting and participating in effective bilingual education. The author describes a successful reciprocal bilingual exchange program between Anglophone fourth-year students of Spanish in a high school in New York and younger, native speakers of Spanish in a nearby bilingual elementary school. The weekly interactions serve as a sociocultural and linguistic bridge between two groups of Spanish speakers who would otherwise never know each other.
Modifications of Yalom's interactional group therapy model as a mode of treatment for alcoholism

As a result of a review of the literature and especially Brown and Yalom's (1977) clinical report, it is suggested that the preferred mode of treatment for alcoholism is group psychotherapy. The group's ability to provide support, structure and reinforcement for abstinence make it a powerful catalyst in the recovery process. In measures of time, efficacy and recovery, group psychotherapy generally succeeds where other treatment modalities frequently fail.
A structural approach to estimate seismic stacking velocity and zero‐Offset time

In this paper, we present a new approach to simultaneously estimate the stacking velocity and zero-offset time of seismic wave propagation. The new approach includes the following steps: preprocessing, structure extraction, and estimation of stacking velocity and zero-offset time. The advantages of the proposed approach are higher resolution and less computation in comparison with the traditional semblance approach. Simulations show good performance of the new approach.
Game-Based Assessments: A Promising Way to Create Idiographic Perspectives

Assessments embedded within simulations and games represent the cutting edge of next-generation assessments. Almond, Kim, Velasquez, and Shute (Focus article) suggest that a careful consideration o...
DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW WITH EXPLICIT REINVESTMENT RATES: TUTORIAL AND EXTENSION

This article discusses and critiques yield-based capital budgeting techniques that have arisen over the past 30 years. Some have theoretical inconsistencies, while some work well only for certain kinds of problems. A new method, the marginal return on invested capital, is presented. The method's application is general; it gives accept/reject signals and rankings consistent with the net present value method.
Coastal erosion and sea level rise: Implications for ocean beach and San Francisco's westside transport project

Abstract One of the consequences of sea level rise resulting from the greenhouse effect is increased coastal erosion. This article discusses a model of erosion that can be used to estimate the response of beaches to sea level rise. The model is applied to Ocean Beach, California, with particular attention to the consequences of accelerated erosion for the San Francisco Westside Sewer Transport. Results obtained show that erosion produced by accelerated sea level rise could cause substantial damage to the structure. Large expenditures on beach nourishment will be required to protect the transport and the recreational value of the beach.
Physiological responses of women during lifting exercise

Physiological responses were measured in 7 women subjects who lifted boxes weighing 6.8, 15.9 or 22.7 kg from the floor to a height of 60 cm. After training and establishing the\(\dot V\)O2 max, the boxes were lifted for 1 h at 30, 50, and 60%\(\dot V\)O2 max. The changes in heart rate,\(\dot V\)O2, the integrated EMG during lifting and the loss of isometric hand-grip endurance after lifting were used to assess the development of fatigue. There was no evidence of fatigue at 30%\(\dot V\)O2 max but fatigue did exist in some conditions at 50% and in all conditions at 60%\(\dot V\)O2 max. It is suggested that fatigue is unlikely to occur while lifting boxes up to 15.9 kg weight at 35–40%\(\dot V\)O2 max, i.e., at rates of lifting varying from 5 to 7 times per min.
(MDT-TTF)2 AuI2: An ambient pressure organic superconductor (Tc = 4.5 K) based on an unsymmetrical electron donor

Abstract Rf penetration depth measurements show (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 to be an ambient pressure superconductor with a Tc ∼4.5 K. The effectof hydrostatic pressure on Tc was found to be −0.92 K/kbar, which suggests that anions longer than AuI2- may puff up the lattice and may yield cation-radical salts of MDT-TTF with even higher superconducting transition temperatures. (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 has a room temperature ESR linewidth of ∼ 100 G, which gradually increases as the temperature is lowered. The structure and properties of (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 bear a close resemblance to those of the 10 K organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF)2 Cu(NCS)2. The band electronic structure of (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 is two-dimensional, with a closed Fermi surface. The MDT-TTF donor molecule prossesses only four CH bonds to form short contacts with anions, as compared to eight for BEDT-TTF. Thus, the translational and/or librational modes of vibration are expected to be substantially different in (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 and κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2.
Effect of destrin mutations on the gene expression profile in vivo

Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton through actin dynamics (assembly and disassembly of filamentous actin) is known to be essential for numerous basic biological processes. In addition, recent stu...
AMTAS(®): automated method for testing auditory sensitivity: II. air conduction audiograms in children and adults.

AbstractObjective: This study was designed to evaluate an automated pure-tone audiometric procedure (AMTAS®) for 4–8 year-old children, and a quality assessment method (QUALIND®) that predicts the accuracy of the test. Design: Children were tested with AMTAS and conventional manual air-conduction audiometry. A group of adults was tested for comparison. Study sample: Eighty-one 4–8 year-old children and 15 adults. Most had normal hearing. Results: For most subjects (93% of adults and 91% of children) differences between AMTAS and manual thresholds were similar to differences that occur when two experienced audiologists test the same subjects. QUALIND detected the inaccurate audiograms with a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 91%. When inaccurate audiograms identified by QUALIND are excluded, the accuracy of AMTAS is similar to the accuracy of manual audiometry. Conclusions: AMTAS produces accurate air-conduction audiograms in a high proportion of 4–8 year-old children and adults. QUALIND successfully...
New Initiator Systems for Dental Resins Based on Ascorbic Acid

Several promising initiator systems for the ambient polymerization of dental monomers were developed utilizing the oxidation-reduction reactions of certain organic peroxides and certain transition metal compounds with L(+) ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
Periodontal disease and mouthwash use are risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine associations between oral hygiene, including history of periodontal disease and mouthwash use, and risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
Depth of halothane anesthesia potentiates citrate-induced ionized hypocalcemia and adverse cardiovascular events in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to determine if depth of halothane anesthesia contributed to the adverse cardiovascular effects of citrate-induced ionized hypocalcemia. Six mongrel dogs were monitored with arterial, central venous, and pulmonary artery flow-directed catheters. Measured end-tidal halot
Image reconstruction from coded data: II. Code design.

A strategy is given for the design of coded apertures with respect to a given class of objects that are to be imaged. Previous knowledge of the first- and second-order statistics for the object class is assumed. The object class is characterized by its Karhunen–Loeve eigenvectors and eigenvalues, whereas the imaging system is characterized by its singular-value decomposition. We introduce the concept of alignment in which the aperture parameters are adjusted until the system is tuned to measure the given object class well. A mean-square-error figure of merit that indicates degree of alignment is given, and alignment is performed by standard optimization techniques. We illustrate this technique with a simple proof-of-principle experiment. These concepts are general and may be applied to any linear imaging system.
Hyaluronan deposition and co-localization with inflammatory cells and collagen in a murine model of fungal allergic asthma

Objective Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by excessive inflammation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated cells of the airway wall. Under inflammatory conditions, hyaluronan (HA), a major component of the ECM, undergoes dynamic changes, which may in turn affect the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells leading to acute and chronic immunopathology of allergic asthma.
Using Computational Chemistry to Understand & Discover Chemical Reactions

Chemistry, the “science of matter,” is the investigation of the fabulously complex interchanges of atoms and bonds that happen constantly throughout our universe and within all living things. Computational chemistry is the computer modeling of chemistry using mathematical equations that come from physics. The field was made possible by advances in computer algorithms and computer power and continues to flourish in step with developments in those areas. Computational chemistry can be thought of as both a time-lapse video that slows down processes by a quadrillion-fold and an ultramicroscope that provides a billion-fold magnification. Computational chemists can quantitatively simulate simple chemistry, such as the chemical reactions between molecules in interstellar space. The chemistry inside a living organism is dramatically more complicated and cannot be simulated exactly, but even here computational chemistry enables understanding and leads to discovery of previously unrecognized phenomena. This essay d...
Evidence of Secondary-Phase Separation in an Alkali Borosilicate Glass

Transmission electron micrographs of a borosilicate glass containing CuCl semiconducting microcrystals clearly show that secondary-phase separation is present. There are two minor-phase (droplet) size distributions which indicate that upon heat treatment the initial droplet phase oversaturates, thus causing secondary-phase separation.
On the Origins of Flow-Rate Dependence of Elution Volume in Gel Permeation Chromatography

Abstract The peak elution volume of a narrow polystyrene fraction in a porous silica column is a function of the solvent flow rate through the column. The explanation for this effect offered by Gudzinowicz and Alden and others is that the equilibrium assumption, usually made in size exclusion Chromatography, is no longer valid at high flow rates. An alternative explanation based on a flow-rate-dependent equilibrium distribution coefficient (ratio of intrapore polymer concentration to extrapore polymer concentration) is offered here. This view is supported by experimental results for the equilibrium flow-rate-dependent column retention measured previously in these columns.
Methoxylated flavones: occurrence, importance, biosynthesis

Lipophilic flavones with several methoxyl residues occur in various clades of land plants, from liverworts to core eudicots. Their chemodiversity is mediated by the manifold combinations of oxygenation and methoxylation patterns. In the Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Rutaceae, (poly)methoxylated flavones are thought to be produced by secretory tissues and stored externally or in oil cavities. They exhibit an array of bioactivities in vitro and in vivo, and may constitute part of the plants’ chemical defense mechanisms and represent promising natural lead molecules for the development of potent antiproliferative, antidiabetic, or anti-inflammatory drugs. The biosynthesis of (poly)methoxylated flavones in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) has been largely elucidated in the past few years. The knowledge obtained in those studies can be used for enzymatic semi-synthesis of these flavones as well as for further cell biological and physiological studies of basil trichome metabolism. In addition, these findings create an excellent starting point for investigations into (poly)methoxylated flavone metabolism in more and less distantly related taxa, which would shed light on the evolution of this biosynthetic capacity.
An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, altered in the γ-subunit of ATP synthase, has a different pattern of intensity-dependent changes in non-photochemical quenching and kinetics of the P-to-S fluorescence decay

A major photoprotective mechanism that plants employ against excess light involves interplay between the xanthophyll cycle and the accumulation of protons. Using mutants in the xanthophyll cycle, the roles of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin have already been well established. In this paper, we present data on intact leaves of a mutant [coupling factor quick recovery mutant (cfq); atpC1:E244K] of Arabidopsis thaliana that we expected, based on 515-nm absorbance changes (Gabrys et al. 1994, Plant Physiology 104, 769-776), to have differences in light-induced ΔpH. The significance of this paper is: (i) it is the first study of the photoprotective energy dissipation involving a mutant of the pH gradient; it establishes that protons play an important role in the pattern of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence; and (ii) differences between the cfq and the wild type (wt) are observed only under subsaturating light intensities, and are strongest in the initial few minutes of the induction period. Our results on light-intensity dependent Chl* a fluorescence transients (the Kautsky effect), and on NPQ of Chl a fluorescence, at 50-250 μmol photons m-2 s-1 demonstrate: (i) the 'P-to-S' (or 'T') decay, known to be related to [H+] (Briantais et al. 1979, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 548, 128-138), is slowed in the mutant; and (ii) the pattern of NPQ kinetics is different in the initial 100 s - in the wt leaves, there is a marked rise and decline, and in the cfq mutant, there is a slowed rise. These differences are absent at 750 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Pre-illumination and nigericin (an uncoupler that dissipates the proton gradient) treatment of the cfq mutant, which has lower ΔpH relative to wild type, confirm the conclusion that protons play an important role in the quenching of Chl a fluorescence.
Precision In-Plane Hand Assembly of Bulk-Microfabricated Components for High-Voltage MEMS Arrays Applications

This paper reports the design and experimental validation of an in-plane assembly method for centimeter-scale bulk-microfabricated components. The method uses mesoscaled deep-reactive-ion-etching (DRIE)-patterned cantilevers that deflect and lock into small v-shaped notches as a result of the hand-exerted rotation between the two components of the assembly. The assembly method is intended for MEMS arrays that necessitate a 3-D electrode structure because of their requirement for low leakage currents and high voltages. The advantages of the assembly method include the ability to decouple the process flow of the components, higher overall device yield, modularity, reassembly capability, and tolerance to differential thermal expansion. Both tapered and untapered cantilevers were studied. Modeling of the cantilever set shows that the springs provide low stiffness while the assembly process is in progress and high stiffness once the assembly is completed, which results in a robust assembly. In addition, analysis of the linearly tapered cantilever predicts that the optimal linearly tapered beam has a cantilever tip height equal to 37% of the cantilever base height, which results in more than a threefold increase in the clamping force for a given cantilever length and deflection, compared to the untapered case. The linear taper profile achieves 80% of the optimal nonlinear taper profile, which would be impractical to fabricate. Analysis of the experimental data reveals a biaxial assembly precision of 6.2-mum rms and a standard deviation of 0.6 mum for assembly repeatability. Electrical insulation was investigated using both thin-film coatings and insulating substrates. Leakage currents less than 1 nA at 2 kV were demonstrated. Finally, this paper provides selected experimental data of a gated MEMS electrospray array as an example of the application of the assembly method.
Resurfacing Canine Femoral Trochleoplasties with Free Autogenous Periosteal Grafts

Femoral trochleoplasties resurfaced with autogenous free periosteal grafts in six dogs were compared to femoral trochleoplasties performed without grafts in six dogs. The grafts produced cartilage as early as 4 weeks after surgery; however, it was fibrocartilage rather than normal hyaline articular cartilage. The trochleoplasties not resurfaced with periosteum also healed with fibrocartilage but not until 40 weeks postoperatively. The grafted stifles had less patellar cartilage damage when compared to trochleoplasties left to heal without resurfacing.
Differential Space-Frequency Group Codes for MIMO-OFDM

In recent years, coherent space-frequency (SF) coded multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems have attracted great attention. However, obtaining perfect channel estimates for frequency-selective channels with lots of taps is challenging and computationally complex. In this paper, we present a transmission scheme that uses differential space-frequency group codes (DSFC) for MIMO-OFDM systems. Our proposed scheme is based on the theory of space-frequency group codes. We use the group properties of space-frequency codes that has recently been investigated and obtain a differential transmission rule incorporated with subcarrier allocation method that allows data to be sent without channel estimates at the transmitter or receiver. Recently proposed noncoherent space-frequency codes using MIMO-OFDM have exponential computational complexity with code rate in frequency-selective channels. Compared to existing noncoherent space-frequency codes, our proposed code design is computationally more efficient and is easier to implement. We also demonstrate that the presence of additional resolvable channel taps does not monotonically improve the performance of DSFCs, which shows that obtaining full space-frequency diversity order for increasing number of channel taps decreases the performance of the receivers with lack of channel state information (CSI). This result is completely different from the coherent case of space frequency group codes in which additional channel taps increase the BER performance due to the exploitation of frequency diversity present in MIMO-OFDM frequency-selective channels.
A finite precision analysis of the block-gradient adaptive data-driven echo canceller

The block-gradient (block LMS) algorithm's finite precision performance in the data-driven echo canceller application is analyzed. From both the analysis and simulation results, it was found that the block LMS requires significantly less precision than the standard LMS algorithm. The analysis also shows how higher convergence and tracking speeds may be traded for an improvement in precision requirements. The authors derive formulae that can be used to accurately compute echo rejection levels as a function of precision, signal powers, step-size, block length, and echo canceller length. The utility of the formulae is demonstrated by showing performance levels for a typical V.32bis full-duplex voiceband modem operating at a transmission rate of 14.4 kbit/s (7200 Hz sampling rate), and for a high-speed digital subscriber line echo canceller operating at a sampling rate of 400 kHz. >
Gate leakage reduction for scaled devices using transistor stacking

In this paper, the effect of gate tunneling current in ultra-thin gate oxide MOS devices of effective length (L/sub eff/) of 25nm (oxide thickness=1.1 nm), 50 nm (oxide thickness=1.5 nm) and 90 nm (oxide thickness=2.5 nm) is studied using device simulation. Overall leakage in a stack of transistors is modeled and the opportunities for leakage reduction in the standby mode of operation are explored for scaled technologies. It is shown that, as the contribution of gate leakage relative to the total leakage increases with technology scaling, traditional techniques become ineffective in reducing overall leakage current in a circuit. A novel technique of input vector selection based on the relative contributions of gate and subthreshold leakage to the overall leakage is proposed for reducing total leakage in a circuit. This technique results in 44% savings in total leakage in 50-nm devices compared to the conventional stacking technique.
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL USING ROBUST NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

We developed a prototype information retrieval system which uses advanced natural language processing techniques to enhance the effectiveness of traditional key-word based document retrieval. The backbone of our system is a statistical retrieval engine which performs automated indexing of documents, then search and ranking in response to user queries. This core architecture is augmented with advanced natural language processing tools which are both robust and efficient. In early experiments, the augmented system has displayed capabilities that appear to make it superior to the purely statistical base.
Data mining and knowledge discovery: making sense out of data

Current computing and storage technology is rapidly outstripping society's ability to make meaningful use of the torrent of available data. Without a concerted effort to develop knowledge discovery techniques, organizations stand to forfeit much of the value from the data they currently collect and store.
Considerations of variations in ionospheric field effects in mapping equatorial lithospheric Magsat magnetic anomalies

The longitudinal, seasonal, and altitude-dependent variability of the magnetic field in equatorial latitudes is investigated to determine the effect of these variabilities on the isolation of lithospheric Magsat magnetic anomalies. It was found that the amplitudes of the dawn dip-latitude averages were small compared to the dusk averages, and that they were of the opposite sign. The longitudinal variation in the equatorial amplitudes of the dawn dip-latitude averages was not entirely consistent with the present knowledge of the electrojet field. Based on the results, a procedure is implemented for reducing the equatorial ionospheric effects from the Magsat data on the lithospheric component.
Analyzing the Analysts: Career Concerns and Biased Earnings Forecasts

This paper examines the career concerns of security analysts. We relate long histories of their earnings forecasts to job separations. We find that relatively accurate past forecasts lead to favorable career outcomes such as remaining at or moving up to a high status (large, prestigious) brokerage house. Controlling for accuracy, optimistic forecasts relative to the consensus increase the chances of favorable job separations. Job separations depend much less on accuracy for analysts who cover stocks that are underwritten by their brokerage houses. Such analysts are also much more likely to be rewarded for optimistic forecasts than other analysts. Furthermore, job separations were much less sensitive to accuracy and somewhat more sensitive to optimism during the stock market mania of the late 1990s. These findings suggest that the well-documented analyst forecast optimism bias is likely due to incentives to promote stocks.
Technique to Detect RF Interface and Contact Issues During Production Testing

Most of today's production programs do not use automatic tests for RF pins to ensure proper coaxial cable interfacing, matching functionality and board to device contact. This paper will describe a test technique that uses S-Parameter measurements and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to quickly locate interface issues.
Correspondence between DSM-II Hyperkinetic Reaction and DSM-III Attention Deficit Disorder

All charts of the Ohio State University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic between July 1968 and June 1972 were screened for a hyperkinetic diagnosis and for documentation of DSM-III attention deficit disorder (ADD) criteria. One-hundred ten out of 1530 were diagnosed hyperkinetic. Sixty-one of these also met DSM-III criteria for ADD. An additional 28 not diagnosed hyperkinetic had chart documentation sufficient for a diagnosis of ADD. The data may support Silver's plea for a category of hyperactivity without attention deficit.
Age‐related rise in parathyroid hormone in man: The use of intact and midmoleeule antisera to distinguish hormone secretion from retention

Circulating levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) rise with age in normal men and women. To resolve the basis for this observation we measured iPTH in 137 normal men and women, age 23 to 85 years, using two antisera which responded to different portions of the PTH molecule. A midmoleeule assay (Mid-PTH) employed antiserum NG-5, which recognizes mid- and carboxy-terminal portions of hPTH, whereas antiserum CK-67, which recognizes determinants in the 1–34 hPTH sequence, was used to measure intact PTH (NH2-PTH). Two-hour fasting urine was collected for measurement of creatinine clearance and excretion indices of phosphorus and cyclic AMP. Serum was analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in addition to iPTH. Mid-PTH rose significantly with age in the 72 women (r = 0.38, p < 0.001) and in the 65 men (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). NH2-PTH rose with age in women (r = 0.23, p < 0.05), but a change in men was not significant (r = 0.19, n.s.). Cyclic AMP excretion rose significantly with age in both women (r = 0.42) and men (r = 0.41), whereas phosphorus excretion rose significantly in women only (r = 0.32, p < 0.01). 25-OHD levels were 27.5 ± 1.3 ng/ml for women and 26.1 ± 1.2 ng/ml for men. No change in 25-OHD was observed with age in women, and a significant decrease in men was due entirely to extremely high values in three young subjects. Endogenous creatinine clearance decreased with age in women (r = -0.65, p < 0.001) and men (r = -0.46, p < 0.001). In women, creatinine clearance correlated significantly with Mid-PTH (r = 0.21, p < 0.05), but the relationship of Mid-PTH to age remained significant when the effect of renal function was eliminated in the multiple regression. Creatinine clearance did not correlate significantly with NH2-PTH. Fourteen women with the highest values of NH2-PTH were compared with 12 women with the lowest NH2-PTH levels for multiple indices of PTH action and bone turnover, including urinary excretion indices for calcium, phosphorus, cyclic AMP, and hydroxyproline, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity and 25-OHD. In no case were significant differences observed between the two groups of elderly women. We conclude that increased iPTH with age in women reflects an increase in steady-state levels of intact hormone. Although a similar phenomenon probably occurs in men, results from men in this study did not reach significance. Although it is considered likely that elevated PTH levels may contribute to age-related bone loss, we found no correspondence of iPTH to several measures of PTH action and bone turnover. These results point out the need for a prospective evaluation of the relationship of iPTH to bone loss in elderly men and women.
Enhanced densification of zinc powders through thermal cycling

The densification of zinc powders by uniaxial hot pressing is investigated under both isothermal and thermal cycling conditions. Thermal cycling results in enhanced densification kinetics as compared to isothermal compaction at the upper cycle temperature. Using mechanistic models of initial-stage powder densification, the experimental data are analyzed to reveal the creep stress-exponent and activation energy of the dominant densification mechanism. Consequently, the observed densification enhancement during thermal cycling is confirmed to be due to internal stress plasticity, which is produced by internal mismatch stresses between adjacent zinc grains with anisotropic thermal expansion.
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS‐XIV. THE SPIN TRAPPING OF FREE RADICALS FORMED DURING THE PHOTOLYSIS OF HALOGENATED SALICYLANILIDE ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

— Several antibacterial halogenated salicylanilides, including 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) and 3,4′,5-tribromosalicylanilide (TBSA) are known to cause photoallergy. We have carried out photochemical and spin trapping studies to determine whether free radicals may be involved in the photoallergic response. Irradiation (λ > 300 nm) of TCSA in buffered (pH 7.4) 50% ethanol resulted in the rapid loss of the 3-chloro atom, followed by the much slower release of 5- and then the 4′-chloro atoms to give 3′-chlorosalicylanilide as a stable photoproduct. Under the same conditions TBSA successively lost the 3-, 5- and 4′-bromine atoms to give salicylanilide. When TCSA or TBSA were irradiated (λ= 356 nm) in buffered (pH 7.4) 50% ethanol containing 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP) only solvent-derived free radicals were detected. However, irradiation (λ= 356 nm) of TCSA and MNP in 0.1 N NaOH generated an ESR spectrum consisting of a broad triplet (aN= 15.6 G).This spectrum was attributed to the adduct formed by the reaction of MNP with the aryl radical generated by the loss of a chlorine atom from the sterically hindered 3-(or 4′-)-position. Under the same conditions TBSA initially generated a broad triplet (aN= 15.5 G) similar to that observed for TCSA. However, upon further irradiation a 21-line spectrum (aN= 14.4 G, a2H= 2.0 G and a2H= 0.9 G) appeared. Since the same ESR spectrum was obtained by irradiating 4′-bromosalicylanilide, the spectrum must be generated by an adduct formed by reaction of MNP with an aryl radical derived from loss of the 4′-bromine atom of TBSA. Irradiation (λ= 356 nm) of TBSA, glutathione and the spin trap 5,5-dirrrethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) yielded the glutathione thiyl adduct of DMPO. Irradiation of (λ= 356 nm) TCSA, MNP and glycylglycine resulted in the trapping of a carbon-centered radical derived from hydrogen abstraction from the backbone methylene of the C-terminal glycine residue. These studies demonstrate that photo-irradiation of TCSA or TBSA generates highly reactive aryl radicals, which can react with peptides to form secondary radicals. The in vivo reaction of secondary protein radicals with the primary aryl radicals from TCSA or TBSA would result in the covalent binding of the salicylanilides to skin proteins to give molecules with antigenic potential.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors versus AT1 Receptor Antagonist in Cardiovascular and Renal Protection: The case for AT1 Receptor Antagonist

ABSTRACT. The development of pharmacologic agents that directly inhibit the angiotensin II receptor (angiotensin receptor blocker [ARB]) has provided clinicians with an alternative to the previously available angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) to downregulate the renin-angiotensin system. This review focuses on the available data that can guide the clinician to the use of these two classes of agents vis a vis their ability to provide cardiovascular (CV) and renal protection. Although the CV protective effect of ACEI in high-risk populations is widely appreciated, whether such an effect is entirely BP independent can be questioned. Most head-to-head comparisons between ACEI and ARB have yielded comparable CV protective effects, with ARB being associated with fewer adverse effects. Likewise, several—but not all—studies have demonstrated a CV protective effect of ACEI when compared with other active agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. One study demonstrated a similar protection with ARB when compared with a β blocker. In terms of renal protection, there are ample data to support a role for both ACEI and ARB to prevent the progression from microalbuminuria to overt albuminuria in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, when progression of renal disease is used as an end point, protection has been demonstrated with ACEI only for type 1 but not type 2 diabetes. In this latter group, only ARB have been shown to slow progression to ESRD.
Modeling the side-channel attacks in data deduplication with game theory

The cross-user data deduplication improves disk space efficiency of cloud storage by keeping only one copy of same files among all service users. As a result, the cloud storage service is able to offer a considerable amount of storage at an attractive price. Therefore, people begin to use cloud storage such as Dropbox and Google Drive not only as data backup but also as their primary storage for everyday usage. However, the cross-user data deduplication also rises data privacy concerns. A side-channel attack called “confirmation-of-a-file” and its variant “learn-the-remaining-information” breach the user data privacy through observing the deduplication operation of the cloud storage server. These attacks allow malicious users to pinpoint specific files if they exist in the cloud. The existing solutions sacrifice either the network bandwidth efficiency or the storage efficiency to defend the side-channel attacks without analyzing the defensive cost from the standpoint of cloud storage providers. Because profit is the key factor that motivates cloud service providers, the question that how to defend the side-channel attacks efficiently in terms of cost is not only important but also practical. However, this question remains unanswered. In this paper, we try to address this problem using game theory. We model the interaction between the attacker and the defender, i.e., the cloud storage server, using a game-theoretic framework. Our framework captures underlying complexity of the side-channel attack problem under several practical assumptions. We prove there exists a unique solution of the problem, i.e., a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. Our simulation results show the efficiency of our scheme.
Innovation and Antitrust Policy

In this chapter from the forthcoming Oxford Handbook on Antitrust Economics (Roger D. Blair & D. Daniel Sokol eds. 2012), I argue that antitrust can play a limited but non-negligible role in fostering innovation in three principal ways. First, and as a general matter, antitrust promotes innovation when it performs its traditional role of penalizing practices such as horizontal price fixing and other anticompetitive practices that offer no plausible procompetitive justification, even when such practices happen to involve intellectual property rights (IPRs). As a general matter, in other words, antitrust should avoid IP exceptionalism. Second, however, in some limited contexts, antitrust should deviate from this general standard by showing greater leniency toward joint conduct, for example on the part of standard setting organization members, that is intended to make new technology more widely available. Third, in yet more limited contexts, antitrust should deviate from the general standard in the opposite direction, by playing a more aggressive role in circumstances in which the conduct at issue poses even an objectively small risk to future innovation, if that risk (should it come to pass) threatens substantial social harm, and decisionmakers can be confident that the potential procompetitive benefits of tolerating the conduct at issue are only modest. For the most part, however, to the extent patent and other IP laws are perceived as conferring excessive protection or otherwise as undermining, rather than advancing, their stated purpose of promoting the progress of science and the useful arts, reform must come from the IP side, not the antitrust side. Antitrust’s role in promoting innovation is important but nevertheless constrained by the limited reach of the statute and by courts’ competence to second-guess legislative judgments about the appropriate scope of IPRs.
Collaborate to build effective teams to achieve organizational excellence and effectiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to collaborate to build effective teams to achieve organizational excellence and effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines a blueprint to build an effective team based on various personality types leveraging their competencies and capabilities. Findings – It implores to identify various personality types of your team members, leverage their strengths, understand their expectations and apply different leadership tools and techniques as per the situation to build an effective team. Practical implications – The tools and techniques adopted by leaders to build teams can be applied in any industry and in any size of organization. Social implications – The social implications of this research suggests that leaders can do much better by collaborating to bring synergy in team members. Originality/value – It outlines to lead three types of employees – actors, spectators and speed breakers in the workplace. It underscores to replace competitive mindset wi...
Oxidative Stress and Thymocyte Apoptosis

Mitochondria play a major role in making decisions in programmed cell death. During thymocyte apoptosis, the function of mitochondrial electron transport chain becomes pro-apoptotic and produces increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative stress can further aggravate apoptotic events, leading thymocytes to death. The site of ROS production during thymocyte apoptosis is most likely at complex III of the electron transport chain, and the pro-apoptotic function of electron transport chain is regulated by the proteasome.