cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CASH STREAM VALUATION IN THE FACE OF TRANSACTION COSTS AND TAXES

The usual notion of every future cash stream having a net present value determined from a single term structure breaks down when transaction costs are taken into account, especially the sizable costs associated with short-borrowing. the difficulties are compounded by taxes, which can lead to paradoxes of disequilibrium if elementary NPV is assumed to be a rational basis for decision making. This paper systematically develops a theory of valuation which overcomes these shortcomings by accepting the multiplicity of no-arbitrage term structures that may be present for each tax class of investors, and uses the entire set of them to impute both a “long price” and a “short price” for every cash stream, regardless of the sign of the future payments. the valuation operators giving these prices are nonlinear but readily calculated from linear programming formulas.
How Do People Process Health Information? Applications in an Age of Individualized Communication

Advances in computer technology have made it possible to customize communication, including health-education materials, to the specific needs and interests of any individual. Studies show that individually tailored health-education materials are more effective than generic materials in promoting changes in a variety of health-related behaviors. Theory and research in information processing provide an explanation for why such materials are effective. This article discusses current research on how individuals process tailored health information, and discusses directions for future research in this area.
Acoustic emulsification. Part 2. Breakup of the large primary oil droplets in a water medium

A theoretical model is presented for the liquid-liquid emulsification phenomenon based on the deformation and breakup of an oil droplet exposed to a cavitation shock wave generated by an acoustic field. The model predicts a relationship between the Ohnesorge number and the critical Weber number ratio for long acoustic irradiation times. At short irradiation times, the mean particle size and variance decrease with increasing time of acoustic irradiation. The results show remarkable agreement when compared with results obtained from the studies on liquid droplets exposed to shock impact from a gas stream. The mechanism for acoustic emulsification is that large oil droplets originally formed from the instability oil-water interface are disintegrated into smaller ones by the cavitation until a critical size, characteristic of the particular oil-water system, is reached.
Association between obesity and infarct size: insight into the obesity paradox.

Background: In patients with coronary heart disease, being overweight or obese is associated with better outcomes, a phenomenon known as the 'obesity paradox'. Despite the high prevalence of obesity in the United Sates, its effects on infarct size are largely unexplored. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study of 102 consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Standardized forms were used to collect data on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), cardiovascular risk factors, and medications. Peak troponin I and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) were used to estimate infarct size. Epicardial and pericardial fat were measured by echocardiography. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to assess whether obesity was associated with infarct size. Correlations between BMI, WC and cardiac fat with cardiac biomarkers were also performed. Results: Mean age was 62±12 years, and 55% were men. Obesity was diagnosed in 69%. On multivariate analysis, obesity was associated with greater infarct size in non-ST elevation MI (p=0.02). A positive correlation was observed between BMI and peak troponin I (rho=0.24, p=0.03), and both, BMI and WC had a positive correlations with CPK levels (rho=0.28, & rho=0.28, both p=0.02). However, in ST elevation MI, obesity was associated with smaller infarct size (p=0.05). Epicardial fat + pericardial fat had a negative correlation with peak CPK levels (rho=-0.36, p=0.05). Conclusions: We observed an opposite association between obesity and infarct size depending on the type of MI. These results were unexpected and may provide insight into the pathophysiology of the obesity paradox. (Word count: 244)
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma With a "Follicular" Pattern and the Perifollicular Sinus Phenotype

We report a case of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with an exclusively "follicular" pattern at one lymph node site and a diffuse pattern at a second lymph node site. Molecular studies confirmed the clonal identity of the tumor at both sites. In the lymph node showing a follicular pattern, the tumor cells appeared to infiltrate follicles where the perifollicular sinuses remained patent. The infiltrated follicles retained nonneoplastic B cells and a follicular dendritic cell network. By contrast, in the lymph node showing diffuse involvement, intranodal sinuses were no longer identifiable and there was no evidence of tumor cells infiltrating follicles. The tumor immunophenotype was influenced by the pattern: the follicular component was positive and the diffuse component was negative for bcl-6 and CD31. We suggest that the follicular growth pattern in this case of PTCL arose secondarily to tumor spread via the perifollicular sinus.
Comparison of vibratory and rotating-wheel gyroscopic rate indicators

RECENT ADVANCES in atmospheric and space flight have increased the need for reliable and accurate instrumentation for sensing the angular motions of aircraft, missiles, and space ships. Such measurements are especially needed for guidance and control purposes. At the present time, the preferred devices for measuring angular motion are based on the rotating-wheel gyroscope. By the expenditure of much research and development effort these gyroscopic devices have been brought to a state of perfection which makes inertial navigation technically feasible but very expensive. The present reliance on the rotating wheel does not mean that other devices have not been considered. Over the years a number of alternatives to the rotating wheel have been devised and some of these have been developed to the point where practical limitations on performance were found. In general, however, the total research and development effort that has been devoted to these alternatives has been rather small compared with the effort that has been expended in the refinement of the rotating-wheel gyroscope.
Mixing It Up: International Graduate Students' Social Interactions With American Students

The researcher surveyed 497 graduate international students at a research university regarding their social patterns because previous research indicates that they benefit from interactions with Americans. Students who socialized with Americans the most functioned comfortably in the American culture, socialized with students from other countries, and participated in campus cultural events.
Beyond N -Grams: Can Linguistic Sophistication Improve Language Modeling?

It seems obvious that a successful model of natural language would incorporate a great deal of both linguistic and world knowledge. Interestingly, state of the art language models for speech recognition are based on a very crude linguistic model, namely conditioning the probability of a word on a small fixed number of preceding words. Despite many attempts to incorporate more sophisticated information into the models, the n-gram model remains the state of the art, used in virtually all speech recognition systems. In this paper we address the question of whether there is hope in improving language modeling by incorporating more sophisticated linguistic and world knowledge, or whether the n-grams are already capturing the majority of the information that can be employed.
Daily context matters: predictors of missed oral contraceptive pills among college and graduate students.

Objective The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between daily contextual factors and oral contraceptive (OC) adherence among students who attend college or graduate school. Study Design Data on OC adherence, demographics, contextual factors, and side-effects were collected as part of the acceptability of the NuvaRing (Merck & Co, Whitehouse Station, NJ) vs OC study, in which students were assigned randomly to the contraceptive vaginal ring or to a low-dose OC. We performed bivariate and multivariable analyses to create an explanatory model for nonperfect OC adherence (missed at least 1 pill during 3 months of use). Results In a multivariable predictive model, missing a pill was associated positively with high perceived stress (odds ratio [OR], 3.16; P = .007), having ≥10 hours per week of paid employment (OR, 2.13; P = .075), and living with a partner (OR, 9.92; P = .040). Conclusion Stressful and hectic lives contribute to poor OC adherence. When counseling women about contraception, clinicians should consider the influence of daily life on contraceptive adherence.
Joint distributions for arbitrary variables

We compare the methods of Cohen (1971) and of Baraniuk and Jones (see Proc. IEEE ICASSP-93, p.320-323, 1993) for obtaining joint distributions for arbitrary variables. We show that the two methods produce identical results for variables whose associated operators are obtained via a unitary transformation of the time and frequency operators. In addition, we generalize this result and show that all pairs of variables connected by a unitary transformation have joint distributions that are identical in functional form. This result shows how pairs of variables can be grouped into classes whose joint distributions are functionally equivalent and, therefore, share equivalent properties. >
Hyperspectral imaging via labeled excitation light and background-free absorption spectroscopy

We introduce a new method of hyperspectral imaging which encodes a varying temporal intensity modulation onto the excitation (or illumination) power spectrum. Functionally, we have moved the spectrometer from the back end of an experiment to the front, where intensity modulations uniquely label wavelengths within the excitation power spectrum at different frequencies, thereby creating a temporal light label which we can identify after subsequent light–matter interactions. To demonstrate this method, we acquire two-dimensional micrographs of background-free absorption spectra by capturing the intensity modulations transferred from the excitation spectrum into the emitted fluorescent intensity. Both the temporal light labeling method and the demonstrated excitation-labeled fluorescence application are readily adaptable to hyperspectral acquisition rates far beyond the frame rates of high-speed cameras.
Plasmonic hot carrier dynamics in solid-state and chemical systems for energy conversion

Surface plasmons provide a pathway to efficiently absorb and confine light in metallic nanostructures, thereby bridging photonics to the nano scale. The decay of surface plasmons generates energetic ‘hot’ carriers, which can drive chemical reactions or be injected into semiconductors for nano-scale photochemical or photovoltaic energy conversion. Novel plasmonic hot carrier devices and architectures continue to be demonstrated, but the complexity of the underlying processes make a complete microscopic understanding of all the mechanisms and design considerations for such devices extremely challenging.Here,we review the theoretical and computational efforts to understand and model plasmonic hot carrier devices.We split the problem into three steps: hot carrier generation, transport and collection, and review theoretical approaches with the appropriate level of detail for each step along with their predictions. We identify the key advances necessary to complete the microscopic mechanistic picture and facilitate the design of the next generation of devices and materials for plasmonic energy conversion.
Not What the Textbooks Describe: Challenging Clinical Conventions About Psychosis

Edited byMona Shattell, RN, PhD, FAANRush University, College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois, USAEdited byMichelle Cleary, PhD, RNUniversity of Tasmania, Faculty of Health, Sydney, AustraliaThe co-a...
Structural and Biochemical Characterization of 6-Hydroxynicotinic Acid 3-Monooxygenase, A Novel Decarboxylative Hydroxylase Involved in Aerobic Nicotinate Degradation

The genes coding for the enzymes of oxidative degradation of nicotinic acid have recently been identified in several species of aerobic bacteria, namely, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50, and Bacillus niacini. One of the enzymes involved in an early step of this pathway is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (6-hydroxynicotinic acid 3-monooxygenase; NicC) that catalyzes the decarboxylative hydroxylation of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (6-HNA) to 2,5-dihydroxypyridine (2,5-DHP), with concomitant oxidation of NADH to NAD+. The nicC genes from B. bronchiseptica RB50 and P. putida have been cloned, and the purified enzymes have been characterized functionally and structurally. Global fits of the steady-state kinetic data show that both enzymes are efficient catalysts, with an apparent kcat/KM6-HNA of 5.0 × 104 M–1 s–1 for B. bronchiseptica NicC. The pH dependence of Vmax/[E]t fits a double-bell model showing an optimum around pH 8 with apparent pKas of 7.24 ± 0.08 and 8.64 ± 0.08, whereas the...
Effects of Drying Temperature on Fumonisin Recovery From Feeds

A number of corn and feed samples submitted for fumonisin analysis contain high levels of moisture. The high moisture content can interfere with grinding during sample preparation and, if samples are held at room temperature, may promote fungal, bacterial, and/or other microbial growth. To inhibit possible sample deterioration, wet corn and feed samples routinely are stored in a freezer. Prior to grinding, the sample, or a representative portion, is dried. Using a fumonisin-positive, rain-soaked, pelleted mixed feed, we found that prolonged drying at temperatures above 50°C results in decreased fumonisin recoveries. Therefore, we carried out a study to assess the effect of drying times and temperatures on recoveries of fumonisins FB1 and FB2. A fumonisin-positive corn sample and the pelleted mixed feed were dried for various periods up to 24 h at 30°, 50°, or 110°C. Duplicate samples were dried for 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 24 h at each temperature. Samples were extracted with solvent, and an aliquot of each extract was cleaned up with C 18 Sep-Pak cartridges. Extracts were derivatized with fluorescamine and analyzed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. During the 24 h drying period, recoveries of fumonisins FB1 and FB2 from samples dried at 110°C exhibited a nonlinear decrease. Recoveries from samples dried at 30° and 50°C showed no real change.
Laboratory identification of lupus anticoagulants: results of the Second International Workshop for Identification of Lupus Anticoagulants. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulants/Antiphospholipid Antibodies of the ISTH.

Lupus anticoagulants (LAs) are antibodies that interfere with phospholipid dependent coagulation reactions in vitro. This workshop was designed to provide the participants with an experience in identification of LAs, to evaluate different criteria for mixing studies, to assess the performance of recently introduced confirmatory studies and to assess the performance of two potential surrogate LA control plasmas. The results demonstrate that there continues to be significant variation in the sensitivity and responsiveness of APTT reagents to the presence of LAs, confirming the need for more than one screening assay before the presence of a LA can be ruled out. In this workshop, the best distinction between factor deficiency and inhibitors was obtained using a 1:1 mix of normal plasma with patient plasma and the criterion defining correction as shortening of the APTT to within 5 s of the APTT of pooled normal plasma. A 4:1 mix of patient to normal plasma did not work well in distinguishing factor deficiency from inhibitors. The platelet neutralization procedure, DVVconfirm® and StaClot LA® all gave positive results with the LA samples. False positive platelet neutralization procedures were seen with the samples from patients on oral anticoagulants and a factor V inhibitor. False positive StaClot LA results were obtained with high titer factor VIII inhibitors. Both of the potential surrogate plasmas gave variable results with multiple assays; they can not be recommended for routine use at present.
Expression of HPV16 E6 or E7 increases integration of foreign DNA

Abstract In most invasive cervical carcinomas, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is integrated into the host genome, while in pre-invasive cervical lesions the viral genome is typically maintained exclusively as an episome. In contrast, integration of low-risk HPV DNA is rare, as is the association of low-risk HPVs with carcinomas. High-risk HPV integration is associated with a selective growth advantage of affected cells, and hence, integration is likely to be an important genetic alteration contributing to cervical tumor progression. Expression of high-risk, but not low-risk, HPV E6 or E7 proteins disrupts the p53-dependent G1 arrest that cells normally display in response to DNA damage. Absence of this cell cycle checkpoint may predispose cells containing high-risk HPVs to genetic instability and to the accumulation of the genetic alterations that appear to be required for HPV-associated cervical tumor progression. We hypothesized that integration of high-risk HPV DNA into the host cell genome may be facilitated by E6- and/or E7-mediated disruption of the normal DNA damage response pathway. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the integration frequency of a reporter plasmid (pHyGal) in RKO cells expressing individual E6 or E7 genes of either high-risk (HPV16) or low-risk (HPV6, HPV11) type viruses. Cells expressing HPV16 E6 or HPV16 E7 exhibited a significantly increased frequency of pHyGal integration in comparison to RKO control cells or cells expressing low-risk HPV E6 or E7. Thus, expression of high-risk, but not low-risk, E6 and E7 proteins increases the frequency of foreign DNA integration into the host genome. These findings suggest that at least some of the difference in oncogenic potential observed between high-risk and low-risk HPV types may be determined by the increased ability of high-risk HPVs to integrate into host DNA.
The Rise of Participatory Governance

This chapter discusses the evolution of scholarly thought on PG and different methods for measuring its possible effects. The literature on participation generally posits the following causal chain: participation bolsters civil society which in turn strengthens democracy. The literature is very well developed regarding the second causal link in this chain (civil society → democracy). There is virtual agreement today following de Tocqueville, that strong civil society contributes to transitions to democracy (Collier 1999; Foweraker and Landman 1997; Linz and Stepan 1996a; O’Donnell and Schmitter 1993), to democratic consolidation (Forment 2003; Merkel 2004; Whitehead 1999), and to the quality of democracy (O’Donnell et al. 2004).
Immunity by design: an artificial immune system

We describe an artificial immune system (AIS) that is distributed, robust, dynamic, diverse and adaptive. It captures many features of the vertebrate immune system and places them in the context of the problem of protecting a network of computers from illegal intrusions.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) in tree cores to complement a subsurface investigation on residential property near a former electroplating facility.

Tree cores were collected and analyzed for trichloroethylene (TCE) on a private property between a former electroplating facility in Asheville, North Carolina (USA), and a contaminated wetland/spring complex. TCE was detected in 16 of 31 trees, the locations of which were largely consistent with a “plume core” delineated by a more detailed subsurface investigation nearly 2 years later. Concentrations in tree cores and nearby soil borings were not correlated, perhaps due to heterogeneities in both geologic and tree root structure, spatial and temporal variability in transpiration rates, or interferences caused by other contaminants at the site. Several tree cores without TCE provided evidence for significantly lower TCE concentrations in shallow groundwater along the margins of the contaminated spring complex in an area with limited accessibility. This study demonstrates that tree core analyses can complement a more extensive subsurface investigation, particularly in residential or ecologically sensitive areas.
Abstract 1495: Quantification of blood perfusion in rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft in 3D using contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging

This study aims to estimate individual 3D perfusion maps using nonlinear contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEUS) over the volume of individual rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft tumors in CD1 nude mice. We implanted the tumors subcutaneously close to the right kidney. We administered MicroMarker® microbubbles via tail vein catheter and acquired images using VisualSonics VEVO 2100 imaging system. We used the burst-replenishment technique to image tumor perfusion. To maintain a steady concentration of microbubbles, we used a programmable pump to inject a small bolus followed by constant infusion, achieving a steady state in less than 1 min, significantly shorter than the commonly used constant infusion without an initial bolus. Our preliminary analysis showed that the nonlinear CEUS signal intensities of kidney cortex have less than 20% variation between mice. We used a custom program to acquire the CEUS perfusion images over a 3D volume that included the tumor and the right kidney. We used the kidney as a reference organ to normalize whole tumor perfusion data. We applied temporal clustering methods to identify regions with similar perfusion profiles. We fitted three perfusion models to each region: a) mono-exponential, b) lognormal, c) beam-specific. We compared the performance of the models based on their overall quality of fit (across all the regions) and their error in estimated pre-burst signal level. Our preliminary analysis showed that log-normal and multi-vessel beam-specific models provide better performance than the mono-exponential model. We estimated individual 3D perfusion maps based on the model fits. These perfusion maps over the entire tumor volume represent tumor perfusion more accurately than the commonly used methods based on a single 2D plane over a region of interest and without including a reference organ. Our approach quantifies intratumoral blood perfusion heterogeneity and enables comparison of perfusion across individuals. Our method is extensible to other animal models and cancer types provided they can be imaged using ultrasound and a reference tissue can be imaged reliably in tandem on a subset of planes containing the tumor. Citation Format: Abbas Shirinifard, Suresh Thiagarajan, Andras Sablauer. Quantification of blood perfusion in rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft in 3D using contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1495. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1495
Abstract 2539: Targeting therapy-resistant gastric and esophageal cancers with mTOR ATP site inhibitors

Introduction: Despite a declining incidence, gastroesophagealcancer remains a leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. At time of diagnosis, most patients have advanced disease, for which treatment goals are palliative and options are limited. Available cytotoxic chemotherapy have not been successful in durable response or improving the survival… Developing rationale and novel therapy in gastroesophageal cancers is clearly an area of unmet need. Tumor recurrence is the persistence of a rare sub-population of cells with tumorigenic potential and stem cell markers that is intrinsically resistant to conventional therapy. Tumor-initiating or cancer stem cells have been described in many cancers, both hematologic and solid malignancies. Improving survival in patients with gastroesophageal cancer will require development of therapeutic agents targeting tumor initiating while, at the same time, sparing normal stem cells. Achieving this important goal will require increased knowledge of the signals required for maintenance and expansion of cancer vs. normal stem cells. Recent investigation by our group has demonstrated that ribosome biogenesis pathways have a major role to play in cancer and tumor initiation. mTOR plays a critical role in modulating the role of ribosomes in cancer, specifically its translational arm which can selectively regulate the translational complex in these cells and affecting their ability to proliferate, invade and metastasisze. Methods: Our goal is to study the role of mTOR pathway in treatment resistant gastric/GEJ cancer and target the same using ATP-site inhibitors of mTOR which target both the proliferation as well as the translational arm of mTOR. Results: Our results demonstrates that by targeting mTOR using ATP site inhibitors in therapy resistant gastric (KATOIII and NCI-N87) and esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE30 and KYSE270) significantly (p Citation Format: Bhuvanesh Dave, Alexandria Phan. Targeting therapy-resistant gastric and esophageal cancers with mTOR ATP site inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2539. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2539
A new questionnaire for assessment of a mechanical engineering senior design class

An improved course assessment questionnaire was designed and used as an assessment tool for evaluation of a design-based and team-oriented mechanical engineering senior design course. The student f...
Methods of data augmentation for palimpsest character recognition with Deep Neural Network

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are now widely used in computer vision, due to their recent success in large-scale image classification. Despite the impressive performance of DNN in supervised optical character recognition (OCR) for handwritten documents, they typically have not been used for the application of reading historical manuscripts. The main reason is the lack of availability of large datasets and of understanding about the amount of data required to achieve good results in supervised character classification tasks.In this paper, we show how to train DNN with a limited amount of data for the application of OCR of historical manuscripts. We investigate different strategies for data augmentation for palimpsests and analyze the effect of different methods on DNN performance. The method was tested on the well-known Archimedes palimpsest image dataset using 30 exemplars per character. We found that using the random mask overlay method of augmentation we can achieve up to 82% accuracy for classifying characters of the Archimedes palimpsest.
Quantification of the Extracellular Matrix Molecule Thrombospondin 1 and Its Pericellular Association in the Brain Using a Semiautomated Computerized Approach

The structure and functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM), its spatial distribution and pericellular association of ECM molecules remain poorly understood. Colocalization of ECM molecules with cell phenotypes through immunohistochemistry can provide crucial insights into their juxtacrine signaling role as well as their structural relevance to tissue architecture. As manual quantification of images introduces intra- and inter-user bias and is cumbersome for high-throughput approaches, we implemented an automated high-throughput method to quantify the spatial distribution and cellular association of one ECM molecule, thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) with two major cell phenotypes, neurons, and astrocytes. The distribution of TSP1 was homogeneous throughout the striatum and cortex along the anterior-posterior axis. TSP1 occupied 8.85% of the striatum and 7.40% in the cortex. TSP1 also associated with 94.58% and 88.45% of neurons in the striatum and cortex. The association with astrocytes was significantly lower at 47.55% and 28.09%. These findings highlight the key role that TSP1 plays in neuron physiology in a healthy brain, but also highlights key regional difference in astrocytes secreting ECM molecules. The semiautomated approach implemented here will improve the throughput and reliability of measuring the distribution and cellular colocalization of ECM molecules.
Rethinking the World Bank’s Sanctions System

The World Bank is reviewing its system for suspending and debarring contractors (known formally as the World Bank sanctions system). The system is used to suspend and debar contractors that have engaged in fraud or corruption (and other enumerated bad acts) related to Bank-financed projects. After reviewing the sanctions process, and identifying what appear to be the Bank’s current goals in its sanctions system (stemming reputational and fiduciary risks), the article recommends that the World Bank defer finalizing any reforms until it concludes its assessment of first principles, and has at hand all the data necessary to assess the sanctions system against those first principles. Reform of the World Bank sanctions system is important, both to those working on World Bank projects and to the broader developing world. The World Bank finances tens of billions of dollars in procurement every year, across the globe, and its procurement guidelines — and its sanctions system — offer important models for nations and institutions building new systems to fight corruption in procurement.
Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone

Malignant bone tumors are rare. The lack of familiarity on a day to day basis and the need to utilize clinical and imaging information in their diagnosis and management creates a feeling of difficulty in the team involved with their management including pathologists, radiologists and surgeons. The following discussion lists the most important lesions and their salient radiological and pathological features.
On Professional Prerogatives

lawyers are parasitic, concerned with issues of distribution rather than production, resonates with the current national mood, with its resurgent glorification of the entrepreneur and its abandonment of the social programs of recent decades. The accusation prompts Robert Kagan and Robert Rosen to question whether an imaginary "Czar of Personnel" would be justified in assigning our best and brightest young people to careers in prestigious corporate law firms. They conclude that such assignments would be mistaken, since large law firm practice is of "declining social significance."1 Lawyers engaged in such firm practice no longer "serve as molders of corporate and public policy,"2 but instead have retreated to a narrow and technical legal craftsmanship. Thus, whereas Bok complains that lawyers are not productive, that they do not make "the pie grow larger" but only "decide how to carve it up,"3 Kagan and Rosen issue a different indictment, that lawyers are failing to provide enough ethical and social guidance to corporate entities. If Bok's accusation is imbued with the diminished expectations and deflated realism of the 1980s, Kagan and Rosen's retains the high aspirations and moral promise of the 1960s. They remind us that there is more to life than efficiency. Their article thus raises issues quite different than those implied by Bok's dour accusation. To evaluate whether lawyers are really pulling their social weight, we would have to engage in a rather hard-nosed assessment of the value we place on our pres-
Atkin-Lehner Theory

Atkin-Lehner [A-L] showed how to construct in a natural way a basis for the space of modular forms of given level which are eigenfunctions for the Hecke operators prime to that level, satisfying the same formalism as for level 1. They worked on Γ0(N). Miyake [Mi] extended this to the general case, including the modular forms in the sense of Langlands in the context of representation theory. See also Casselman [Ca]. More recently, Li [Li] reconsidered the matter in the style of Atkin-Lehner, following [A-L] very closely.
Role of sterics in phosphine-ligated gold clusters

This study examined the solution-phase exchange reactions of triphenylphosphine (PPh3) ligands on Au8L72+ (L = PPh3) gold clusters with three different tolyl ligands using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to provide insight into how steric differences in the phosphines influence the extent of ligand exchange and the stability of the resulting mixed-phosphine clusters. The size distributions of tolyl-exchanged gold clusters were found to depend on the position of the methyl group in the tri(tolyl)phosphine ligands (-ortho, -meta, and -para). Due to different sterics, the tri(m-tolyl)phosphine (TMTP) and tri(p-tolyl)phosphine (TPTP) ligands exchanged efficiently onto the Au8L72+ (L = PPh3) clusters while the tri(o-tolyl)phosphine ligands did not exchange. In addition, while TPTP fully exchanged with all seven PPh3 on the Au8L72+ cluster, TMTP exchanged with only six PPh3 ligands. Employing collision-induced dissociation, the tolyl-exchanged mixed-ligand clusters were demonstrated to fragment through loss of neutral ligands and AuL2+. Comparison of the relative fragmentation yields of PPh3vs. TMTP and TPTP from the mixed-ligand clusters indicated that these tolyl ligands are more strongly bonded to the Au82+ gold core than PPh3. To provide molecular-level insight into the experimental results we also performed complementary electronic structure calculations using density functional theory at the B3LYP-D3/SDD level of theory on representative model systems. These computations revealed that steric interactions of the CH3 group on the tri(o-tolyl)phosphine ligand are responsible for the lack of ligand exchange in solution with PPh3. Our joint experimental and theoretical findings demonstrate the subtle interplay of steric and electronic factors that determine the size distribution, stability, and dissociation pathways of phosphine ligated gold clusters.
Consensus Control of Distributed Robots Using Direction of Arrival of Wireless Signals

In multi-robot applications, consensus control and coordination are vital and potentially repetitive tasks. To circumvent practical limitations such as a global localization system, researchers have focused on bearing-based consensus controllers, but most assumed that measurements from sensors (e.g., vision) are noise-free. In this paper, we propose to use wireless signal measurements to estimate the direction of arrival (relative bearings) of neighboring robots and introduce a weighted bearing consensus controller to achieve coordinate-free distributed multi-robot rendezvous. We prove that the proposed controller guarantees connectivity maintenance and convergence even in the presence of measurement noise. We conduct extensive numerical simulation experiments using the Robotarium multi-robot platform to verify and demonstrate the properties of the proposed controller and to compare the performance of the rendezvous task against several state-of-the-art rendezvous controllers.
Long-term facilitation of catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells of neonatal rats by chronic intermittent hypoxia

Apnea of prematurity and the resulting chronic intermittent hypoxia are major clinical problems in neonates born preterm. Catecholamine release from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells maintains hom...
Information Theory and Coding Fundamentals

This chapter is devoted to classical information theory fundamentals and its application to fading channels and channels with memory. The chapter starts with definitions of entropy, joint entropy, conditional entropy, relative entropy, mutual information, and channel capacity, followed by the information capacity theorem. We discuss the channel capacity of discrete memoryless channels, continuous channels, and channels with memory. Regarding the wireless channels, we describe how to calculate the channel capacity of flat fading and frequency-selective channels. We also discuss different optimum and suboptimum strategies to achieve channel capacity including the water-filling method, multiplexed coding and decoding, channel inversion, and truncated channel inversion. We also study different strategies for channel capacity calculation depending on what is known about the channel state information. Further, we explain how to model the channel with memory and describe McMillan–Khinchin model for channel capacity evaluation. After that, the fundamentals of linear blocks codes are introduced, followed by the binary LDPC coding fundamentals.
The COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: The Loss and Trauma Event of Our Time

This paper provides the author’s assessment of the nature of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic crisis as of the period from mid-March to mid-April 2020. This analysis at this early stage of this ...
Erdogan’s ‘new’ Turkey: attempted coup d’état and the acceleration of political crisis: edited by Nikos Christofis, London, Routledge, 2020, 229 pages + index, ISBN 9780367352509, $112 (hbk)

This wide-ranging, edited volume of 11 chapters brings together approaches from political science, sociology, history, and anthropology to analyze the causes and consequences of the failed Gulen Mo...
Treatment for kratom abuse in a contingency-management-based MAT setting: A case series

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant extract that exhibits opioid agonistic activity at the µ-opioid receptor. The use of this substance has increased recently due to widespread local availability across the United States, primarily at gas stations. Repeated kratom use has been shown to have major adverse effects leading to physiological dependence and addiction similar to other opioids. We used a novel contingency management (CM) program utilizing nonmonetary reinforcers along with medication-assisted treatment (MAT) using buprenorphine in an office-based setting to treat kratom use disorder in two cases. MAT with buprenorphine in a CM-based setting was found to be an effective strategy for treating kratom use disorder.
‘d’Anjou’ pear metabolism during ultra-low O2, low CO2 controlled atmosphere storage reflects disorder outcome

Abstract With increasingly restrictive regulation of postharvest crop protectants and expected year-round availability, pear (Pyrus communis L.) production is ever more reliant on precise controlled atmosphere (CA) storage technologies to provide both ripening and disorder control for long term storage. Ultra-low oxygen (ULO;
Selling the Amish: The Tourism of Nostalgia

More than 19 million tourists flock to Amish Country each year, drawn by the opportunity to glimpse "a better time" and the quaint beauty of picturesque farmland and handcrafted quilts. What they may find, however, are elaborately themed town centers, outlet malls, or even a water park. Susan L. Trollinger explores this puzzling incongruity, showing that Amish tourism is anything but plain and simple. "Selling the Amish" takes readers on a virtual tour of three such tourist destinations in Ohio's Amish Country, the world's largest Amish settlement. Trollinger examines the visual rhetoric of these uniquely themed places - their architecture, interior decor, even their merchandise and souvenirs - and explains how these features create a setting and a story that brings tourists back year after year. This compelling story is, Trollinger argues, in part legitimized by the Amish themselves. To Americans faced with anxieties about modern life, being near the Amish way of life is comforting. The Amish seem to have escaped the rush of contemporary life, the confusion of gender relations, and the loss of ethnic heritage. While the Amish way supports the idealized experience of these tourist destinations, it also raises powerful questions. Tourists may want a life uncomplicated by technology, but would they be willing to drive around in horse-drawn buggies in order to achieve it? Trollinger's answers to important questions in her fascinating study of Amish Country tourism are sure to challenge readers' understanding of this surprising cultural phenomenon.
The Electron Microprobe X-Ray Analyzer and its Use in Soil Investigations

Publisher Summary The electron microprobe analyzer is an exciting new analytical tool. Soil scientists are now able to analyze nondestructively and in situ the chemical composition of microscopic and submicroscopic soil volumes. The microprobe analyzer is capable of detecting, for most elements, concentrations as low as 100 ppm. The detection limits depend on operating conditions. The analysis, although simple in concept, is complicated in practice by the fact that the X-ray intensities measured by the detector systems are not the true intensities generated within the sample or standard. Thus, when the single standard method of analysis is employed, corrections are necessary for mass absorption, secondary fluorescence, and atomic number effects arising from the interaction of incident electrons and generated X-rays with atoms in the sample. Multiple standard methods that obviate the need for corrections represent an alternative to the single standard method. These employ calibration curves generated from the X-ray intensities measured from a series of well-defined, homogeneous multielement compounds. The nature and size of the soil material to be analyzed dictates the method of sample preparation. The examples of electron microprobe analysis of soil concretions, mineral inclusions, and micas are given in the chapter.
Chapter 24 – Gallbladder Carcinoma

Publisher Summary Cancer of the gallbladder is closely related to the presence of cholesterol-containing gallstones, which in turn are caused by genetic, inflammatory, and dietary factors. It is the most common cancer in many areas of South America and it occurs among older persons. Women are at higher risk than men, and Latinos are at higher risk than persons of other racial/ethnic groups. Risk in Los Angeles County and the rest of the United States is substantially lower than in Denmark. Risk is higher among persons of lower social class, and is decreasing slightly over time, in Los Angeles County as a whole as well as among the residents of high-risk census tracts. Gallstones are more common in women than men, in the residents of Northern Europe than in other Europeans, and in the Western Hemisphere, especially among those with Amerindian genetic heritage, such as Latinos in Los Angeles. On the basis of the known gallstone prevalence, it could be predicted that a higher-than-usual-risk would occur in Los Angeles, among women, among those of lower social class, and among those residing in Latin-American neighborhoods. The geographical distribution in Los Angeles County is largely determined by the prevalence of persons with some Amerindian ancestry.
Clearing Up Client Confusion Regarding the Meaning of Forgiveness: An Aristotelian/Thomistic Analysis With Counseling Implications

Although the construct of forgiveness is popular in research and counseling, there remains considerable confusion surrounding this topic. This article examines the likely errors clients may bring to counseling regarding the meaning of forgiveness. The author uses an Aristotelian/Thomistic perspective to analyze error in understanding forgiveness and concludes that client misunderstanding and the resultant fear of attempting to forgive are oftentimes rooted not in understanding forgiveness itself, but instead in focusing on 1 of 2 vices surrounding that construct. The author recommends bringing this misunderstanding to clients so that they can better decide for themselves whether or not to forgive others.
The carbon costs of mitigating high-severity wildfire in southwestern ponderosa pine

Forests provide climate change mitigation benefit by sequestering carbon during growth. This benefit can be reversed by both human and natural disturbances. While some disturbances such as hurricanes are beyond the control of humans, extensive research in dry, temperate forests indicates that wildfire severity can be altered as a function of forest fuels and stand structural manipulations. The purpose of this study was to determine if current aboveground forest carbon stocks in fire-excluded southwestern ponderosa pine forest are higher than prefire exclusion carbon stocks reconstructed from 1876, quantify the carbon costs of thinning treatments to reduce high-severity wildfire risk, and compare posttreatment (thinning and burning) carbon stocks with reconstructed 1876 carbon stocks. Our findings indicate that prefire exclusion forest carbon stocks ranged from 27.9 to 36.6 Mg C ha 1 and that the current fire-excluded forest structure contained on average 2.3 times as much live tree carbon. Posttreatment carbon stocks ranged from 37.9 to 50.6 Mg C ha 1 as a function of thinning intensity. Previous work found that these thinning and burning treatments substantially increased the 6.1 m wind speed necessary for fire to move from the forest floor to the canopy (torching index) and the wind speed necessary for sustained crown fire (crowning index), thereby reducing potential fire severity. Given the projected drying and increase in fire prevalence in this region as a function of changing climatic conditions, the higher carbon stock in the fire-excluded forest is unlikely to be sustainable. Treatments to reduce high-severity wildfire risk require trade-offs between carbon stock size and carbon stock stability.
Mapping of Fc gamma receptors in the human and porcine eye

By using an immunohistochemical technique, we detected a strong reaction product for Fc gamma receptors in the keratoconjunctival epithelium, uveal trabecular meshwork, optic nerve, and muscle walls of the retinal and ciliary vessels of infant human eyes; moderate staining was seen on the corneal endothelium, corneoscleral trabecular meshwork, non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, ciliary muscle fibers, endothelial lining of ocular blood vessels, as well as the anterior region of Muller cells, the outer nuclear layer, and pigment epithelium of the retina. In aged human and porcine eyes, the same structures stained somewhat less intensely than did those in infant human tissues. Primary cultures of porcine trabecular cells demonstrated a more intense immunoreaction product than did tertiary cultures. We discuss the possible role of Fc gamma receptors in various ocular inflammatory conditions and the implications of age-dependent expression by human trabecular cells in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma.
Tyrosine D oxidation at cryogenic temperature in photosystem II.

Photosystem II (PSII) contains two redox-active tyrosines (TyrZ and TyrD) possessing very different properties. TyrD is stable in its oxidized form, while TyrZ is kinetically competent in the water oxidizing reaction. The temperature dependence of the formation of light-induced tyrosyl radical was studied as a function of pH in Mn-depleted PS II from cyanobacteria and plants. Tyrosyl radical formation was observed in the majority of the centers at pH 8.5 and 15 K. The use of two Synechocystis mutants where either TyrZ or TyrD was replaced by a phenylalanine residue allowed a clear demonstration that only TyrD and not TyrZ was oxidized under these conditions. By lowering the pH, the fraction of centers undergoing TyrD oxidation greatly diminished. This pH dependence could be fitted by assuming a single protonable group with a pKa of ∼7.6. This pH dependence correlates with the unexpectedly rapid oxidation of TyrD at room temperature [Faller, P., Debus, R. J., Brettel, K., Sugiura, M., Rutherford, A. W., an...