cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR characterization of endogenously O-acetylated oligosaccharides isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) xyloglucan.

Abstract Eight oligosaccharide subunits, generated by endoglucanase treatment of the plant polysaccharide xyloglucan isolated from the culture filtrate of suspension-cultured tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) cells, were structurally characterized by NMR spectroscopy. These oligosaccharides, which contain up to three endogenous O -acetyl substituents, consist of a cellotetraose core with α- d -Xyl p residues at O-6 of the two β- d -Glc p residues at the non-reducing end of the core. Some of the α- d -Xyl p residues themselves bear either an α- l -Ara p or a β- d -Gal p residue at O-2. O -Acetyl substituents are located at O-6 of the unbranched (internal) β- d -Glc p residue, O-6 of the terminal β- d -Gal p residue, and/or at O-5 of the terminal α- l -Ara p residue. Structural assignments were facilitated by long-range scalar coupling interactions observed in the high-resolution gCOSY spectra of the oligosaccharides. The presence of five-bond scalar coupling constants in the gCOSY spectra provides a direct method of assigning O-acetylation sites, which may prove generally useful in the analysis of O-acylated glycans. Spectral assignment of these endogenously O-acetylated oligosaccharides makes it possible to deduce correlations between their structural features and the chemical shifts of diagnostic resonances in their NMR spectra.
Use of intravenous gamma globulin in children and adolescents with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and other immune thrombocytopenias

Approximately 85 to 90 percent of cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children are of the acute, self-limited variety that generally occurs after a viral infection. The remaining 10 to 15 percent of children with this disorder have the chronic (autoimmune) type of ITP. For these patients, splenectomy is often the recommended treatment if severe bleeding occurs and platelet counts remain below 40,000/mm3. However, splenectomy has associated risks and the response to this surgery cannot always be predicted. Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) has proven useful as an alternative to splenectomy, especially in children who are considered too young for splenectomy or in those in whom there is no response to splenectomy. It should be noted that booster shots are frequently required and the patient's ITP may become refractory. IVIG may also be useful in preparing a child with ITP for splenectomy and in treating children or adolescents with ITP who have central nervous system or other serious hemorrhages. Although IVIG is not always effective in raising the platelet count, it does provide a very useful alternative method of treating this disorder.
Fiber-Based Ultrafast Laser Fabrication System with Application to Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

An ultrafast, fiber-based laser fabrication system has been developed. This system has been used for many applications including THz metamaterials, waveguides, microfluidic devices, and here we detail work on Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors.
Laser patterned desorption within an upflow metalorganic chemical vapor deposition reactor

Abstract Laser patterned desorption (LPD) is a versatile new in situ etching technique developed for optoelectronic device fabrication. With this technique, laser heating is used to locally desorb GaAs or AlGaAs quantum well (QW) layers during a pause in the crystal growth. After the LPD step, crystal growth is resumed, burying the patterned quantum layer within the crystal. By applying LPD to QW active layers, multiple wavelength diode lasers have been produced. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence are used to quantify the lateral profile of the QW thickness. The high resolution TEM shows the presence of nm-scale inclusions near the region where desorption took place. The inclusions are tentatively identified as Al remaining from the desorption of AlGaAs.
Development of a photoreactive parathyroid hormone antagonist to probe antagonist–receptor bimolecular interaction

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) exert their calciotropic activities by binding to a specific seven-transmembrane-helix-containing G protein-coupled receptor mainly located in bone and kidney cells. In order to map in detail the nature of hormone-receptor interaction, we are employing 'photoaffinity scanning' of the bimolecular interface. To this end, we have developed photoreactive benzophenone (BP)-containing PTH analogs which can be specifically and efficiently cross-linked to the human (h) PTH/PTHrP receptor. In this report, we describe the photocross-linking of a BP-containing PTH antagonist, [Nle8,18,D-2-Nal12,Lys13(epsilon-BP),2-Nal23,Tyr34]bPT H(7-34)NH2 (ANT) to the recombinant hPTH/PTHrP receptor stably expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293, clone C-21). This photoreactive antagonist has high affinity for the hPTH/PTHrP receptor and inhibits agonist-induced cyclase activity and intracellular calcium release. The photo-induced cross-linking of the radioiodinated antagonist (125I-ANT) to the recombinant hPTH/PTHrP receptor followed by SDS-PAGE analysis reveals a single radiolabeled band of approximately 85kDa, similar to that observed after cross-linking of a radioiodinated BP-containing agonist. The formation of this covalent 125I-ANT - hPTH/PTHrP receptor conjugate is competed dose-dependently by a variety of unlabelled PTH- and PTHrP-derived agonists and antagonists. This is the first report of a specific and efficient photocross-linking of a radioiodinated PTH antagonist to the hPTH/PTHrP receptor. Therefore, it provides the opportunity to study directly the nature of the bimolecular interaction of PTH antagonist with the hPTH/PTHrP receptor.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS : III. A SECOND TYPE OF SALMONELLA NATURALLY APPEARING IN THE ENDEMIC STAGE.

The spontaneous appearance of a second paratyphoid infection in a guinea pig population during the endemic stage of an earlier epidemic is reported. A comparative study of the gross pathology of the two infections indicated a difference in the loci of development of the respective organisms in the animal host. The two types were readily differentiated by direct agglutination with specific immune serums. From its agglutinative affinities the second organism was judged to be an aertrycke type of B. paratyphi.
Isolation and characterization of two novel peptide amides originating from myelin basic protein in bovine brain.

During a systematic search for peptides that possess the C-terminal amide structure, two novel peptide amides, one with a tyrosine amide and the other with an alanine amide were isolated from bovine brain by acid extraction and sequential steps of reversed phase HPLC. Microsequence, amino acid and mass spectral analyses revealed the structures: Ac-Ala-Ala-Gln-Lys-Arg-Pro-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Lys-Tyr-amide and Ac-Ala-Ala-Gln-Lys-Arg-Pro-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Ser-Ala-amide. These 12 and 16 residues peptides had the primary structure identical to the N-terminal fragment of myelin basic protein (MBP). The peptides were therefore designated myelin peptide amide-12 (MPA-12) and-16 (MPA-16). Unlike other amidated peptides, MPA might be generated from MBP by hydroxyl radicals produced via a Fenton reaction in situ. However, this unique amidation seems to occur exclusively to MBP in a site specific manner in the brain.
Abdominal wall reconstruction following removal of a chronically infected mid-urethral tape

We report a rare postoperative complication of a mid-urethral tape. The patient presented with a chronic infection resistant to treatment with several weeks of antibiotics, with eventual surgical removal, and the resulting complications of an infected incisional hernia and vesico-cutaneous fistula required reconstruction of the abdominal wall with Permacol™ and excision of the vesico-cutaneous fistula. We also look briefly at the impact of health tourism on the National Health Service.
Polarization and angular dependent transmissions on transferred nanomembrane Fano filters

We report angular and polarization dependent transmission properties of Fano resonance optical filters with transferred silicon nanomembrane on glass substrate. The transmission spectra of the filters can have either weak or strong polarization and angular dependence, depending on properties of individual Fano resonance modal dispersion. Measurement results agree very well with simulations based on a rigorous coupled-wave analysis for the transmission spectra, on planewave expansion wave-vector technique for the dispersion property analysis, and on a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique for the propagating modal study. These results will provide importance guidance for the design of a new class of ultra-compact surface-normal frequency selective components with preferred polarization and angular properties. These components are highly desirable for silicon photonic integration.
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis: a report of 2 cases with extensive glomerular and tubular deposits.

Deposition of nonamyloid fibrillary material in glomeruli is well known. It is, however, unusual to find these fibrils in the tubular basement membranes and unprecedented to have fibrils of different sizes in the same patient. We present 2 cases with nephrotic range proteinuria with evidence of renal insufficiency. In both cases, strong, polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)G with C3 deposits were shown in the glomeruli and along tubular basement membranes. Ultrastructurally, the first case had 28-nm fibrils deposited extensively in the glomeruli and along tubular basement membranes. The second case had 30-nm fibrils in the glomeruli and 15-nm fibrils in the tubules. In both cases, the fibrils did not react with the regular amyloid stains. These findings are used to support the view that fibrillary glomerulopathy is not a disease, but rather the morphologic expression of an etiologically diverse group of diseases as yet incompletely defined.
Deviation of 1/ f voltage fluctuations from scale-similar Gaussian behavior

Recent measurements on thin metal films suggest a pulse model of resistance fluctuations in which scale similarity and power law spectra are only approximate. We show that such a pulse model is consistent with stationary Gaussian resistance fluctuations. This is to be contrasted with the phenomenological behavior, of fluctuations near phase transitions and in turbulent fluids where the fluctuations are non-Gaussian, but exhibit scale similarity of deep physical origin. We then critically examine other tests of the Gaussian behavior of the fluctuating voltageV(t) across a resistor. These include the relaxation of the conditional mean 〈V(t)¦V(0)=V 0〉, and the spectrum ofV 2(t). We consider also the question of time reversal invariance. We further ask under what conditions 1/f noise can be measured through fluctuations of the Johnson noise power with no applied voltage. We emphasize that this possibility, suggested and observed by Voss and Clarke, requires thatV(t) contain a non-Gaussian component.
Design method evaluation—an experiment with corridor selection

Abstract The improvement of the process of design requires the evaluation of alternative design methods. A framework for evaluating graphically based, intuitive design methods is (1) solve a set of problems with a proven algorithm, (2) have a sample of designers solve the same set of problems, and (3) compare the results to identify the success of each designer or design method. A proto-typical experiment using the problem of corridor selection is used to illustrate the approach, with solutions obtained by twelve students being compared to solutions obtained by discrete dynamic programming for a set of three problems. An important distinction is drawn between measuring the success of the solution vs the success of the problem solving procedure. An extension to evaluate the handling of separately defined objectives is suggested, and questions concerning the stability of a solution with respect to minor changes in the algorithms identified.
Sounding rocket data base of E- and D-region ion composition

Abstract Detailed in situ ion composition measurements in the E- and D- region ionosphere are available only from eccentric orbiting satellites with very low perigees and from sounding rockets. The lower limit for existing satellite data is about 130 km. Below this altitude mostly sounding rockets have sampled the ion composition. These sounding rocket data sets have been analyzed in the literature individually in the past on a case-by-case basis. In order to provide the best empirical picture possible of the lower ionosphere molecular ion distributions all available published sounding rocket observations of O 2 + and NO + ion concentrations were scanned and digitized to provide an empirical data base of the lower ionosphere. There were 43 such flights selected, which were scattered in latitude and local time. There were few low latitude observations, most of the measurements were made from middle and high latitude launch sites. The distributions are characterized at all latitudes by large drops in the concentrations from day to night with the molecular ion O 2 + having the greatest range of variation above ∼ 100 km and NO + below 90 km. Features of the sounding rocket data distributions at low latitudes, middle latitudes and at high latitudes and its limitations are discussed and the measurements compared with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) to investigate the accuracy of the IRI ion composition model in the lower ionosphere. The IRI ion composition model is based predominantly on dayside midlatitude observations for equinoctial and summer conditions. Our results show that winter nighttime measurements need to be expanded in order to improve the model.
Advances in Georgia’s Broiler Industry

Abstract THE frozen poultry industry is making more progress and meeting more problems than any other phase of the frozen foods industry in the south at the present time. Each successive step in improving methods of handling or packaging presents new problems. Marketing poultry frozen rather than as New York dressed improved the quality and the time of storage but increased the cost; eviscerating frozen poultry increased the amount of desiccation; cutting-up poultry allowed more surface exposure and increased the packaging problems; marketing different cuts in separate packages greatly stimulated the movement of choice cuts but allowed others to accumulate. Two new methods of preparing chickens for freezing are being tried on a small scale. They are battering or breading individual pieces as for frying, but freezing instead, and frozen chicken salad. The successive steps in processing broilers are specific and streamlined. After the birds are placed in the shackles they . . .
Bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus.

Background Influenza virus was used to characterize the efficacy of a cyclone-based, two-stage personal bioaerosol sampler for the collection and size fractionation of aerosolized viral particles. Methods A Collison single-jet nebulizer was used to aerosolize the attenuated FluMist® vaccine into a calm-air settling chamber. Viral particles were captured with bioaerosol samplers that utilize 2 microcentrifuge tubes to collect airborne particulates. The first tube (T1) collects particles greater than 1.8 μm in diameter, while the second tube (T2) collects particles between 1.0 and 1.8 μm, and the back-up filter (F) collects submicron particles. Following aerosolization, quantitative PCR was used to detect and quantify H1N1 and H3N2 influenza strains. Results Based on qPCR results, we demonstrate that aerosolized viral particles were efficiently collected and separated according to aerodynamic size using the two-stage bioaerosol sampler. Most viral particles were collected in T2 (1-1.8 μm) and on the back-up filter (< 1 μm) of the bioaerosol sampler. Furthermore, we found that the detection of viral particles with the two-stage sampler was directly proportional to the collection time. Consequently, viral particle counts were significantly greater at 40 minutes in comparison to 5, 10 and 20 minute aerosol collection points. Conclusions Due to a lack of empirical data, aerosol transmission of influenza is often questioned. Using FluMist®, we demonstrated that a newly developed bioaerosol sampler is able to recover and size fractionate aerosolized viral particles. This sampler should be an important tool for studying viral transmission in clinical settings and may significantly contribute towards understanding the modes of influenza virus transmission.
PI3 kinase, mTOR, and AKT pathways.

Temsirolimus Temsirolimus, a rapamycin analog, has already been approved for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell cancer. This agent has not been extensively studied in lung cancer. Dr. Karen Reckamp discussed the results of the City of Hope-UCLA phase I study of Temsirolimus in which one patient with lung cancer had a partial response that lasted more than 1 year. In the first line setting, a phase II clinical trial of 55 patients noted a response rate of 8% and SD of 30%. In small cell lung cancer, CCI 779 was tested in the maintenance setting and was not associated with improvement in outcome. Ongoing/proposed studies include evaluation in combination with radiation, carboplatin/paclitaxel, and in the neoadjuvant settings.
NMR study of the interaction of trinitrobenzene with high-spin tetraarylporphinato-iron(III) halides: Structure determination of the 1:1 adduct based on dipolar relaxation

Abstract The interaction of several high-spin p-substituted tetraphenylporphinato-iron(III) halide complexes (p-R-TPPFeX) with the aromatic π acceptor, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) has been studied by proton and 13C NMR. The averaged TNB shifts and line-widths are indicative of 1:1 complexes whose stability is decreased by more electron-withdrawing axial halides or phenyl substituents, consistent with the porphyrin acting as a π donor in the adduct. Quantitative evaluation of both proton and 13C relaxation rate ratios in the 1:1 adduct show that a unique structure can be determined solely from relaxation data. The resulting structure is physically reasonable in that it places the TNB ∼ 3 A from the porphyrin plane on the opposite side of the chloride ligand and approximately over the pyrrole nitrogen, with the NO2 group pointing away from the iron. The absence of any axial interaction in the adduct indicates its structure represents a π complex. The structure, however, does not allow one to differentiate between electronic and steric effects in decreasing the affinity of the iron for a sixth axial ligand.
Incidence of Invasive Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Its Introduced Parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Florida Citrus

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), vectors the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, one of the causal organisms of the devastating citrus disease "huanglongbing" or citrus greening. In the United States, D. citri was first discovered in Florida, in 1998. Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was imported from Asia and released in Florida in 1999-2001 to improve biological control of D. citri before citrus greening was detected in Florida in 2005. Florida citrus groves were surveyed during 2006-2007 for D. citri and T. radiata. Results showed that D. citri was established in all 28 citrus groves surveyed across 16 counties. Adult populations averaged 3.52, 1.27, and 1.66 individuals per "tap" sample at locations in the central, southwest, and eastern coastal regions, respectively. A tap sample consisted of 22- by 28-cm white paper sheet (on a clipboard) held under branches selected at random that were tapped three times. Averages of 67, 44, and 45% citrus shoots infested with psyllid eggs or nymphs were obtained in the central, southwest, and eastern coastal regions, respectively. T. radiata was recovered from fourth- and fifth-instar psyllid nymphs at 26 of the 28 locations. However, apparent parasitism rates were variable and averaged < 20% during spring and summer over all locations. Incidence of parasitism increased during fall at some locations, averaging 39% in September and 56% in November in the central and southwest regions, respectively. Further efforts are warranted to enhance the biological control of D. citri and thereby reduce psyllid populations and spread of citrus greening disease.
Thalidomide for acute treatment of neurosarcoidosis.

Case report. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Sarcoidosis is a multi-system granulomatous disease of unknown etiology with worldwide distribution. The involvement of the nervous system is common—neurosarcoidosis. Immune responses play an important role in the inflammatory process and granuloma formation. We report a case of neurosarcoidosis that was refractory to two courses of intravenous steroids. Upon initiation of oral thalidomide, the patient showed dramatic improvement clinically and on magnetic resonance imaging. Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent that acts to inhibit production of tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an important mediator in CNS inflammation, by enhancing TNF-α mRNA degradation. Corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment of neurosarcoidosis with success at halting progression of the immune process in 50% cases. Thalidomide offers unique opportunities at managing CNS inflammation due to neurosarcoidosis. None.
Robust feature extraction in fingerprint images using ridge model tracking

This paper addresses the problem of feature extraction from low-quality regions in fingerprint images. Features such as minutiae are difficult to detect automatically when high levels of noise are present, as in wet, dry, or latent prints. The approach presented here is a novel application of Bayesian filtering to the problem of ridge tracing. A friction ridge is followed by recursively estimating posterior distributions representing the direction of each new step along the ridge. This approach benefits from previous state information when in an area that exhibits low ridge clarity, causing ridge-flow estimation to be unreliable. The new technique has been tested experimentally using a database of 880 grayscale fingerprint images with varying quality. The ability of the proposed method to detect features more reliably is confirmed by a reduction in Equal Error Rate of 2.1% and 2.5% over two traditional methods. In addition, the False Reject Rate was reduced by 11.1%, at a False Accept Rate of 1%, for a group of low-quality images. These results demonstrate a significant improvement, as compared with previous techniques, in the ability to process low-quality fingerprint images.
Accessibility in introductory computer science

This paper describes our efforts to integrate software accessibility into the CS1 curriculum. Accessibility is an important aspect of modern software systems for both legal and ethical reasons. The acceptance of Java as language for CS1 gives us the opportunity to teach accessibility from the beginning, since Java Accessibility is simple and integrated into Swing components. We present simple guidelines on how to incorporate Accessibility into a Java based CS1, and describe programming projects that incorporate accessibility.
The uptake and conversion of α-ecdysone by the pupal tissues of Hyalophora cecropia☆

Abstract Pupae of Hyalophora cecropia were injected with high specific activity [3H]α-ecdysone and the distribution of radioactivity in several tissues was analysed after 1–4 hours of incubation. The data reveal a decrease in haemolymph radioactivity with time and an increase in the fat body and other tissues. Analysis of the radioactive fractions shows a rapid conversion of α-ecdysone to β-ecdysone and to less and more polar metabolites. Although preinjection of cold α- and β-ecdysone did not interfere with the subsequent uptake of [3H]α-ecdysone in a clear-cut manner, there were indications of saturation of binding sites. However, studies utilizing gel filtration and sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation were unsuccessful in identifying specific macromolecular hormone receptors, although such procedures have been used successfully with the crayfish and fruit fly. Possible explanations for these results are presented in relation to the question of the nature of the moulting hormone.
Crystal growth and physical characterization of NaBaVS4 obtained from sodium polysulfide flux

Abstract Single crystals of NaBaVS4 were grown by precipitation from a sodium polysulfide flux at temperatures below 350°C. The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/n, with four formula units per unit cell. The unit cell dimensions are a=6.143(12) A , b=9.480(2) A , c=11.667(2) A and β=102.149(14)°. The V5+ cations are surrounded by a tetrahedron of sulfide anions, the Ba2+ cations are coordinated by nine sulfides in a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic array, and the Na+ cations, which are disordered, are surrounded by seven sulfide ions. Conductivity and magnetic susceptibility studies of a single crystal show that it is a non-magnetic insulator, which suggests that it is a normal valence compound.
Optimally and equitably distributing delays with the aggregate flow model

The aggregate flow model is used to determine how to distribute predeparture delays among air traffic control centers and across time to optimally satisfy constraints on airspace capacity and departure rates. To do so, a quadratic cost on cumulative departure delays is introduced, resulting in an optimization problem that can be quickly solved using convex optimization tools. Simulations using the model demonstrate the behavior of the national airspace system (NAS) when implementing optimal departure delays for a particular constraint scenario. These results show that capacity-constrained air traffic control Centers suffer the highest delays. Three approaches for increasing the equity of the distribution of delays across the NAS are investigated. The first involves setting an upper bound on the Gini coefficient, a quasi-convex measure of inequality. Another is to make delays in some centers more costly than in others. The last approach is to put an upper bound on the delay per departure for each center. Simulation results demonstrate that bounding delay per departure effectively reduces the delays for the constrained center. Enforcing an upper bound on the Gini coefficient and increasing the weight on delays in some centers may impose large delays on other centers when reducing the delays in the constrained center.
A computational method for estimating the dosimetric effect of intra-fraction motion on step-and-shoot IMRT and compensator plans

Intra-fraction organ motion during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment can cause differences between the planned and the delivered dose distribution. To investigate the extent of these dosimetric changes, a computational model was developed and validated. The computational method allows for calculation of the rigid motion perturbed three-dimensional dose distribution in the CT volume and therefore a dose volume histogram-based assessment of the dosimetric impact of intra-fraction motion on a rigidly moving body. The method was developed and validated for both step-and-shoot IMRT and solid compensator IMRT treatment plans. For each segment (or beam), fluence maps were exported from the treatment planning system. Fluence maps were shifted according to the target position deduced from a motion track. These shifted, motion-encoded fluence maps were then re-imported into the treatment planning system and were used to calculate the motion-encoded dose distribution. To validate the accuracy of the motion-encoded dose distribution the treatment plan was delivered to a moving cylindrical phantom using a programmed four-dimensional motion phantom. Extended dose response (EDR-2) film was used to measure a planar dose distribution for comparison with the calculated motion-encoded distribution using a gamma index analysis (3% dose difference, 3 mm distance-to-agreement). A series of motion tracks incorporating both inter-beam step-function shifts and continuous sinusoidal motion were tested. The method was shown to accurately predict the film's dose distribution for all of the tested motion tracks, both for the step-and-shoot IMRT and compensator plans. The average gamma analysis pass rate for the measured dose distribution with respect to the calculated motion-encoded distribution was 98.3 ± 0.7%. For static delivery the average film-to-calculation pass rate was 98.7 ± 0.2%. In summary, a computational technique has been developed to calculate the dosimetric effect of intra-fraction motion. This technique has the potential to evaluate a given plan's sensitivity to anticipated organ motion. With knowledge of the organ's motion it can also be used as a tool to assess the impact of measured intra-fraction motion after dose delivery.
Free energies of formation of metal-TCNQ anion radical salts

Abstract Free energies of formation were determined for the TCNQ anion radical salts of Li, Na, K, Ba, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Pb. Aqueous electrochemical cell measurements at room temperature were used. The results are qualitatively similar to data on the corresponding metal iodides.
Tailoring websites to increase contributions to online communities

Many online communities experience insufficient contributions from their members. In order to encourage contributions to the community, we examined a website tailoring approach to fit a community's website interface with the motivations of the community. In particular, we used the characteristics of other websites as a method of gauging user motivation. We built two different websites with financial and altruistic themes, and conducted an online experiment with 122 users to test the impact of both segmenting and tailoring on contributions to a recycling community. Preliminary results show that both tailoring and segmenting techniques were effective with altruistic users.
Predicting results of coronary angiography.

This study compares the ability of various risk factor combinations to predict the extent of coronary artery disease found on coronary angiography. Risk factors were measured in 99 patients prior to coronary angiography. Clinical, epidemiological, psychosomatic, and combined orientations were compared as to their ability to predict angiography results. The clinical orientation was the most successful in predicting vessel disease (p less than .0001), followed by the epidemiological model, which was also successful (p less than .03). In contrast, psychosomatic factors were not accurate predictors of vessel disease. By combining all of the orientations, the accuracy of prediction is improved.
A progression of high-frequency RCS prediction techniques

Since the widespread use of radar in World War II, engineers have grappled with the problem of calculating the radar echo characteristics of a wide variety of bodies, and over the years methods have steadily improved. This paper surveys a progression of methods, not necessarily in chronological order, each of which offers its own peculiar advantage. We begin with the caveat that large, complex targets are of prime current interest, hence the scattering calculations are for the "high-frequency" regime. As such, the method of moments, although an extremely powerful tool, is not suitable for routine computations for large bodies. Geometric optics, perhaps the oldest method in use, is a simple prescription, but gives the wrong answer for flat and singly curved surfaces, and no answer at all if the specular point is not on the surface. Physical optics does yield results in those cases, but fails by progressively wider margins as the scattering direction swings farther from the specular direction. The theories of Keller and Ufimtsev introduce edge-diffraction terms that improve the prescription, but the diffraction coefficients are poorly behaved in the transition regions of the shadow and reflection boundaries. The uniform theory of Kouyoumjian and Pathak provides the proper behavior of the transition regions, but the scattering direction is constrained to lie on the Keller cone. A method of equivalent currents suggested by Ryan and Peters, extended by Knott and Senior, and refined by Michaeli allows the scattering direction to be arbitrary, but the equivalent currents are nonphysical because they depend on the direction of the observation. Mitzner developed an "incremental length diffraction coefficient" which extends Ufimtsev's theory much as Michaeli's equivalent currents extend Keller's theory. None of these methods can handle the surface traveling wave, a significant echo mechanism for long, smooth bodies, because the methods treat localized scattering phenomena, while the surface traveling wave involves the entire surface. However, as demonstrated by Ross, the repeated application of edge-diffraction theory to account for multiple interactions between pairs of parallel edges comes close to giving the correct result. Unfortunately, there has been no extension of this application to the routine calculation of the surface traveling wave contribution for arbitrary surface geometries. Moreover, practical schemes developed for re-entrant structures and for the interaction between scattering elements consume a great deal of computer time. Thus while our repertory of useful computation methods has greatly expanded in the last 40 years, there remain some scattering mechanisms we still cannot treat in a routine fashion.
Continued exploration of California submarine canyons

Returning to California last summer the writer had the opportunity to continue work on the submarine canyons. Some of the results obtained appear to give new light on the general problem. These results are concerned with rather widely different phases of the work, and each phase will be discussed briefly in the following notes.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board's Survey of Sexual Harassment: The Fit of a Three-Factor Model.

Abstract Research over the past decade and a half exploring the psychological dimensions of the definition of sexual harassment has converged on a three-factor model: gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. The current study used confirmatory factor analysis to determine whether the most widely used sexual harassment survey, the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (USMSPB; 1981) survey, measures this three-factor structure. Data from a sample of the USMSPB's 1988 survey of Federal employees ( n = 1070) and from a midwestern university's survey of undergraduates ( n = 572) and graduate students, faculty, and staff ( n = 575) were analyzed. The three-factor model fit reasonably well in all samples, but two survey items, measuring sexual assault and sexual favors, were weakly related to their respective factors. This model, however, was only marginally stable across female and male subsamples, and gender harassment and unwanted sexual attention had low discriminant validity. Both practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Pineal-specific agouti protein regulates teleost background adaptation.

Background adaptation is used by teleosts as one of a variety of camouflage mechanisms for avoidance of predation. Background adaptation is known to involve light sensing by the retina and subsequent regulation of melanophore dispersion or contraction in melanocytes, mediated by α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone and melanin-concentrating hormone, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that an agouti gene unique to teleosts, agrp2, is specifically expressed in the pineal and is required for up-regulation of hypothalamic pmch and pmchl mRNA and melanosome contraction in dermal melanocytes in response to a white background. floating head, a mutant with defective pineal development, exhibits defective up-regulation of mch mRNAs by white background, whereas nrc, a blind mutant, exhibits a normal response. These studies identify a role for the pineal in background adaptation in teleosts, a unique physiological function for the agouti family of proteins, and define a neuroendocrine axis by which environmental background regulates pigmentation.
Big data and the well-being nexus: Tracking Google search activity by state IQ

Abstract In the era of “big data,” internet search activity can provide interesting insight into human behavior. Here we used the Google Correlate algorithm (a database tracking billions of user searches) to identify search terms that co-varied most strongly with U.S. state-level IQ and well-being (see Pesta, McDaniel, & Bertsch, 2010). First, we identified the 100 strongest positive (e.g., crock pot applesauce, custom woodworking) and negative (e.g., ASVAB for Dummies, Hello Kitty) search term covariates for state IQ. We then rationally clustered search terms into composites (e.g., “food,” “job seeking activity”) based on similarity of concept. Thereafter, we correlated the composite scores with other well-being variables (e.g., crime, health). Search-term composite scores correlated strongly with all well-being variables. We offer post-hoc explanations for the various composite-score correlations, showing how state differences in internet search activity fit within the “well-being nexus” for the U.S. Moreover, we explore how the use of Google Correlate can inform additional research inquires in this domain.
Gastric fundic mucous epithelial cells isolated from omeprazole-treated guinea pigs have increased basal and hormone-stimulated growth rates.

Guinea pigs were given a daily oral dose of 400 μg/kg of omeprazole or the omeprazole vehicle for 6 weeks. At weekly intervals, the animal and stomach weights were recorded, the nonfasted serum gastri
Tracking the Identities of Boosted Particles

We show that the tracking system in a collider detector can be used to efficiently identify boosted massive particles from their QCD backgrounds. We examine variables defined with tracking information which are sensitive to jet radiation patterns, including charged particle multiplicity and $N$-subjettiness. These variables are barely correlated with variables sensitive to the hard splitting scale in the jet, such as the filtered jet mass. Therefore these two kinds of variables should be combined to optimize the discriminating power. We illustrate the method with $W$ jet tagging. It is shown that for jet ${p}_{T}=500\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, one can gain a factor of 1.6 in statistical significance by combining filtered jet mass and charged particle multiplicity, over filtered mass alone. Adding $N$-subjettiness increases the factor to 1.8.
Molecular dynamics in finding nonadiabatic coupling for β-NaYF4: Ce3+ nanocrystals

Optical and electronic properties of cerium ions doped into solid host matrices are explored by density functional theory (DFT). A spin-polarised (unrestricted) DFT + U approach is applied to β-NaYF4: Ce3+ nanocrystals, in which the Hubbard U − J value is determined through experimental fitting to be 8.5 eV for yttrium, and 2.9 eV for cerium. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the energies of the localised f-like orbitals of the Ce3+ dopant exhibit strong thermal fluctuations compared to that of the p- and d-shaped orbitals due to charge-density localisation. Our observation of mixing between the d and f orbitals of Ce3+ ion is consistent with experimental results. Combining time-dependent density matrix methodology, ab initio molecular dynamics, and on-the-fly nonadiabatic couplings simulates nonradiative transitions between electronic states at ambient temperature. Transition rates between individual orbitals decrease with their energy difference, which is similar to the format of the energy g...
Organic geochemistry: Highlights in the deep-sea drilling project

Abstract Organic geochemistry has evolved within the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) from having little more than an ad hoc advisory function to its present state of a fully fledged international research program. On-board organic geochemistry has prima facie involvement with drilling safety decisions through continual monitoring of htdrocarbon accumulation, migration and generative potential. Areas of petroleum and hydrocarbon gas fields, if even suspected, must for the present be avoided, for reasons of safety and pollution until adequate technology enables probing such regions (e.g. continental margins and marginal basins). Investigations of organic diagenesis in marine sediments throughout the growing organic geochemistry regime within DSDP have resulted in a wealth of knowledge, oft times at the peripheries of petroleum genesis, which is not only useful at the present, but provides a solid base from which to launch future studies. Throughout the genesis of organic geochemistry, within DSDP, shore-based studies have resulted in the improvement and expansion of on-board analytical techniques and assessment of organic diagenesis and thermal profiling. Several on-shore laboratories have actively participated in the study of the organic constituents of DSDP core-samples since initiation of the project. These investigations are reviewed from an “area of interest” aspect and general results given as to source and maturation of the organic matter present in deep sea sediments. Applications to palaeoenvironment, thermal history, petrogenesis, and general sedimentology are considered. Taken as a whole, the results of organic geochemical investigations within the DSDP program yield much information on the transformation of organic matter in marine sedimentary environments and the overall flux of carbon through geologic time. Studies begun in the Eastern Pacific active margin and geothermal sites (Legs 63–69) and the impending return to the Atlantic (Legs 70–81), most notably the Cape and Angola Basins, with associated Cretaceous shales, afford an excellent continuation to these studies.
The personality of clinical types: An empirically derived taxonomy

Studied the development of a theory of multivariate personality styles that are considered to correspond to the character of specific diagnostic types. Theoretical descriptions of the personality styles of the hysteric, compulsive, character disorder, manic, and depressive were operationalized by predicting specific combinations of personality dimensions measured by previously validated personality measures. A test battery composed of scales hypothesized to operationalize these characteristics was administered to samples of male and female college students (N = 95). A short scale, the Multivariate Personality Inventory, was devised to measure these styles and was found to be reliable and to exhibit concurrent validity with the full test battery. A cluster analysis methodology isolated clusters of males and females who corresponded to the predicted profiles of the hypothesized personality styles. Strongest support was found for the female hysteric, the male and female compulsive, the female character disorder, and the male manic personality style.
Effect of clofibrate on serum thyroxine transport and free thyroxine levels.

Abstract Alterations in thyroxine transport have been implicated as a factor in the mechanism of action of Clofibrate (Atromid-S), an agent that has been shown to lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides in many species including man. Acute and prolonged effects of Clofibrate on peripheral thyroid indices (thyroxine binding to serum protein carriers, free thyroxine levels, and resin uptake of thyroxine and triiodothyronine) were investigated in 12 subjects. In the acute studies over an 8 hour period after Clofibrate administration, the endogenous distribution of thyroxine to thyroxine binding prealbumin (TBPA) decreased significantly, but free thyroxine levels remained unchanged; the changes in TBPA binding were, however, not significantly different from binding levels without the drug over this period. In the prolonged studies, no significant changes in peripheral thyroid indices were found following 4 weeks of drug administration. The studies presented do not support the concept that alterations in serum thyroxine transport are related to the action of Clofibrate in man.
Free energy, entropy, and lattice gas representations

Abstract The entropy formulation for profile equations of pair-interacting classical fluids is recalled, and the special case of next-neighbor interacting fluids in one dimension carried out in auxiliary field form. Attention shifts to the general lattice gas with multi-state sites. The exact entropy is obtained for next-neighbor interacting Cayley trees, and generalized to simplicial trees with adjacent surface interactions. We then find the continuum limit of the tree models in their usual lattice gas version and put this in the general context of many-body interacting classical systems.
Relationship between cadmium, glutathione and cadmium-binding peptides (phytochelatins) in leaves of intact tobacco seedlings

Abstract Most studies of Cd2+ effects on plants have focused on formation of thiol-rich peptides, often called phytochelatins, in cultured cells or roots exposed to moderate-to-high levels of this metal. Less attention has been paid to effects on leaf tissue, lower level exposure, and on glutathione, the most prominent cellular thiol. Here, glutathione and phytochelatin levels were monitored during a 7 day time-course in leaves of intact tobacco seedlings exposed to non-growth-inhibiting, 5, 10, 20, or 40 μM Cd2+. Increased Cd2+ levels in the growth medium resulted in increased accumulation of Cd2+ in leaves. Glutathione levels decreased only slightly during the first hours of Cd2+-exposure and, by day 2, were completely recovered to control levels. Data presented support the contention that in leaves of tobacco seedlings exposed to low levels of Cd2+, complexation with cytosolic glutathione and antiport-mediated transport of Cd2+ ion and its subsequent sequestration into the vacuole may be sufficient mechanisms for accomodation of intracellularly accumulated cadmium. Phytochelatins were synthesized in a sequential order with smaller peptides being synthesized prior to larger peptides. Furthermore, above 5 μM Cd2+ exposure there was a positive correlation between the number of γ-glutamylcysteine repeat units and the endogenous Cd2+ concentration. The stoichiometry of SH in phytochelatins to Cd2+ was not constant, but varied with Cd2+ concentration and duration of Cd2+ exposure. This is in contrast to certain observations made with putative γ-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transferase and suggests that the regulation of phytochelatin synthesis in vivo may differ from that in vitro.
An Experimental and Analytical Study of a Unique Wet/Dry Surface for Cooling Towers

An advanced wet/dry heat transfer surface has been developed for power plant cooling towers eliminating the need for conventional dry surface. Hot water to be cooled is channeled down grooves in the surface; the balance of the surface is dry and acts like a fin. The cooling air passes over the surface in cross-flow. Since the grooves occupy only a small fraction of the surface area, a majority of the heat transfer is by sensible heat transfer. In the experimental apparatus the wet surface area was five percent of the total area and the heat transfer by evaporation varied between 20 and 40 percent of the total heat transfer. An analytical model indicated that the yearly water consumption of a cooling tower with the new wet/dry surface would be less than half that of a conventional wet cooling tower and fog plumes would be eliminated.