cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing expression variant faces from a single sample image per class

Although important contributions to face recognition have been reported, few focus on how to robustly recognize expression variant faces from as few as one single training sample per class. Since learning cannot generally be applied when only one sample per class is available, matching techniques (distance measures) are usually employed instead (e.g. correlations). However, distance measures generally attempt to match all features with equal importance (weighting), because not only is it difficult to know which features are more useful (for classification), but when or under which circumstances this happens. For example, when recognizing faces in the original image space (e.g. using the Euclidean distance-correlation), it is not known which pixels are more and which are less appropriate for use. We use the optical flow between the testing and sample images as a measure of how good each pixel is. Pixels that have a small flow will have high weights, pixels with a large flow will have small weights. Our experimental results show that the method proposed in this contribution outperforms the classical Euclidean distance (correlation) measure and the PCA (principal component analysis) approach.
Design of pressure-driven microfluidic networks using electric circuit analogy

This article reviews the application of electric circuit methods for the analysis of pressure-driven microfluidic networks with an emphasis on concentration- and flow-dependent systems. The application of circuit methods to microfluidics is based on the analogous behaviour of hydraulic and electric circuits with correlations of pressure to voltage, volumetric flow rate to current, and hydraulic to electric resistance. Circuit analysis enables rapid predictions of pressure-driven laminar flow in microchannels and is very useful for designing complex microfluidic networks in advance of fabrication. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the physics of pressure-driven laminar flow, the formal analogy between electric and hydraulic circuits, applications of circuit theory to microfluidic network-based devices, recent development and applications of concentration- and flow-dependent microfluidic networks, and promising future applications. The lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and microfluidics community will gain insightful ideas and practical design strategies for developing unique microfluidic network-based devices to address a broad range of biological, chemical, pharmaceutical, and other scientific and technical challenges.
Restorative Justice as Social Justice for Victims of Gendered Violence: A Standpoint Feminist Perspective

This article provides an overview of restorative justice as a process and examines its relevance to women who have been victimized by physical and sexual abuse. The starting point is the justice system with its roots in adversarial, offender-oriented practices of obtaining justice. The widespread dissatisfaction by battered women and rape victims and their advocates with the current system of mandatory law enforcement opens the door for consideration of alternative forms of dealing with domestic violence. Restorative justice strategies, as argued here, have several major advantages. Like social work, these strategies are solution-based rather than problem-based processes, give voice to marginalized people, and focus on healing and reconciliation. Moreover, restorative justice offers an avenue through which the profession of social work can re-establish its historic role in criminal justice. The four models most relevant to women's victimization are victim-offender conferencing, family group conferencing, healing circles, and community reparations. Each model is examined separately from a feminist standpoint. The discussion is informed by insights from the teachings of standpoint feminist theory and social work values, especially social justice.
Aging and Switching the Focus of Attention in Working Memory: Age Differences in Item Availability But Not in Item Accessibility

OBJECTIVES To investigate age differences in working memory processing, specifically the accuracy of retrieval of items stored outside the immediate focus of attention. METHODS Younger and older adults were tested on a modified N-Back task with probes presented in an unpredictable order (implying also that some trials necessitated a switch in the focus of attention and others that did not). RESULTS Older adults showed intact item accessibility, that is, after taking general slowing into account, older adults were as fast as younger adults in locating the item in working memory. We found age differences, however, in item availability: Older adults were less likely to correctly retrieve items stored outside the focus of attention. Smaller age differences in availability were also found for items stored inside the focus of attention. DISCUSSION These results strongly suggest that item availability is a cognitive primitive that is not reducible to more basic constructs such as item accessibility or simple speed of processing.
Loyalist as Royalist, Patriot as Puritan: The American Revolution as a Repetition of the English Civil Wars

Patriots at the beginning of the American Revolution were conscious of participating in a tradition of liberty derived from their Puritan forefathers. Not only did they refer back to the crossing of the sea by their ancestors who “bravely threw themselves upon the bosom of the ocean, determined to find a place in which they might enjoy their freedom, or perish in the glorious attempt,” but they also spoke of themselves as “the descendants of Oliver Cromwell's army,” “the descendants of Cromwell's elect.” Benjamin Rush thought of himself as being a son of liberty genetically when he wrote, “I am the great grandson of an officer John Rush who fell fighting against King Charles 1st under Oliver Cromwell.”2
Encuesta sobre la elección de pareja a estudiantes de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona (20 a 27 años)

Los estudios sobre la eleccion de pareja determinan si las caracteristicas deseables y seleccionadas son universales, o bien si determinadas diferencias sexuales en la eleccion de pareja estan influidas por la cultura como factor modulador, o anulador, de las preferencias evolutivas que pudieran existir. Por ello comparamos los resultados con otras encuestas realizadas en diferentes epocas y culturas. El objeto principal de este estudio es verificar si se mantienen algunas predicciones evolucionistas mas evidentes sobre las diferencias sexuales en las preferencias de emparejamiento, diferenciando las relaciones estables de las puntuales. En las respuestas dadas por los universitarios, las caracteristicas que se valoran para tener una pareja estable son el compromiso, la amabilidad, la sinceridad y la comprension en general. Al comparar las preferencias en funcion del sexo, se observan diferencias estadisticamente significativas con respecto al atractivo fisico, mas valorado por los varones, y la posicion social por las mujeres. Cuando se trata de emparejamientos ocasionales, el atractivo fisico es la caracteristica mas deseada, despues la simpatia y la amabilidad. Existen diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre lo que valoran ambos sexos en las relaciones puntuales; las mujeres, la simpatia y la posicion social y los hombres, el atractivo fisico y la personalidad enigmatica
Religion and Conflict: Protestants, Catholics, and Anti-Semitism in the State of Baden in the Era of Wilhelm II

Rahel Straus, a Jewish woman from Karlsruhe, begins her memoir of childhood in the 1890s with a story of her experience in a Simultanschule for Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish girls. She does not, as one might expect, complain about “Christian” anti-Semitism. Rather, she notes that when conflicts arose, they were typically between Protestants and Catholics.
Improving music emotion labeling using human computation

In the field of Music Information Retrieval, there are many tasks that are not only difficult for machines to solve, but that also lack well-defined answers. In pursuing the automatic recognition of emotions within music, this lack of objectivity makes it difficult to train systems that rely on quantified labels for supervised machine learning. In recent years, researchers have begun to harness Human Computation for the collection of data spanning an excerpt of music. MoodSwings records dynamic (per-second) labels of players' mood ratings of music, in keeping with the unique time-varying nature of musical mood. Players collaborate to build consensus, ensuring the quality of data collected. We present an analysis of MoodSwings labels collected to date and propose several modifications for improving both the quality of the gameplay and the collected data as development moves forward.
Soil-Applied Imidacloprid Is Translocated to Nectar and Kills Nectar-Feeding Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Behavior was altered and survivorship was reduced when parasitoids, Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), were fed flowers from buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum L. (Polygonaceae), treated with soil applications of imidacloprid (Marathon 1% G). Parasitoids at 1 d had significantly reduced survivorship of 38 ± 6.7% on label rate and 17 ± 4.2% on twice label rate compared with 98 ± 1.2% on untreated flowers. Parasitoids trembled 88% on label rate and 94% on twice label rate compared with 0% on untreated flowers. Residue analysis on a composite sample of 425 flowers showed that imidacloprid concentration was 6.6 ± 1.0 ppm (16 ppb/flower) in label rate, 12.3 ± 2.7 ppm (29 ppb/flower) in twice label rate, and 0 ppb in untreated flowers. The hydroxy metabolite concentration was 1.1 ppm (2.4 ppb/flower) in label rate, 1.9 ppm (4.4 ppb/flower) in twice label rate, and 0 ppm in untreated flowers. The olefin metabolite concentration was 0.2 ppm (0.5 ppb/flower) in label rate, 0.5 ppm (1.1 ppb/flower) in twice label rate, and 0 ppm in untreated flowers. Soil-applied imidacloprid used at flowering may be translocated to nectar in higher concentration compared with the imidacloprid seed treatment Gaucho. Considerable research has studied effects of Gaucho-treated canola, sunflower, and maize on behavior and mortality of Apis mellifera L. In our laboratory, we showed that translocation of imidacloprid to flowers reduced survivorship and altered behavior of pink lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Smith and Krischik 1999) and green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Rogers et al. 2007).
Characterization of methacrylate-based composites containing thio-urethane oligomers.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the ability of thio-urethane oligomers to improve the properties of restorative composite resins. Methods Oligomers were synthesized by combining 1,6-hexanediol-diissocyante (aliphatic) with pentaerythritol tetra-3-mercaptopropionate (PETMP) or 1,3-bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl)benzene (aromatic) with trimethylol-tris-3-mercaptopropionate (TMP), at 1:2 isocyanate:thiol, leaving pendant thiols. Oligomers were added at 0–20 wt% to BisGMA-TEGDMA (70–30 wt%). Silanated inorganic fillers were added (70 wt%). Materials were photoactivated at 800 mW/cm 2 filtered to 320–500 nm. Near-IR was used to follow degree of methacrylate conversion (DC). Mechanical properties were evaluated in three-point bending with 2 mm × 2 mm × 25 mm bars for flexural strength/modulus and toughness (FS/ E , and T ) according to ISO 4049, and 2 mm × 5 mm × 25 mm notched specimens for fracture toughness ( K IC ). Polymerization stress (PS) was measured on the Bioman. Results were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey's test ( α = 5%). Results Significant increase in DC was observed in thio-urethane-containing materials especially for the group with 20 wt% of aliphatic version. Materials composed by oligomers also promoted higher FS, E , and K IC in comparison to controls irrespective of thio-urethane type. A significant increase in toughness was detected by ANOVA, but not distinguished in the groups. The PS was significantly reduced by the presence of thio-urethane for almost all groups. Conclusions The use of thio-urethane oligomer to compose methacrylate-based restorative composite promote increase in DC, FS, E and K IC while significant reduces PS. Significance A simple additive was shown to reduce stress while increasing convrersion and mechanical properties, mainly fracture toughness. This has he potential of increasing the service life of dental composites, without changing current operatory procedures.
Rates of local cerebral protein synthesis in fetal and neonatal sheep

During gestation there is likely to be a constantly changing rate of protein synthesis in the brain that may exhibit regional specificity. With the use of the quantitative autoradiographic L-[1-(14)C]leucine method for the determination of local rates of leucine incorporation into cerebral protein (lCPS(Leu)), we have sought to characterize this important process. lCPS(Leu) was measured in nine fetal sheep (118-139 days gestational age) and five newborn lambs (1-5 days of age). In other experiments, the fraction of leucine in the precursor pool for protein synthesis in the brain derived from the arterial plasma was determined to be 0.57 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SE) in one fetus and two lambs. This value was used in the calculation of lCPS(Leu) in 35 regions of the central nervous system, pineal body, and whole brain. Regardless of age, lCPS(Leu) was highest in the pineal body, brain stem, and hypothalamic nuclei and lowest in white matter. In sensorimotor cortex, corona radiata, pyramidal tracts, and whole brain, lCPS(Leu) was positively correlated with prenatal age (P < or = 0.05). These increases in lCPS(Leu) probably reflect myelination in the cerebrum, which is known to occur in late gestation.
Hydrogen Production and Enzyme Activities in the Hyperthermophile Thermococcus paralvinellae Grown on Maltose, Tryptone, and Agricultural Waste

Thermococcus may be an important alternative source of H2 in the hot subseafloor in otherwise low H2 environments such as some hydrothermal vents and oil reservoirs. It may also be useful in industry for rapid agricultural waste treatment and concomitant H2 production. Thermococcus paralvinellae grown at 82°C without sulfur produced up to 5 mmol of H2 L-1 at rates of 5-36 fmol H2 cell-1 h-1 on 0.5% (wt vol-1) maltose, 0.5% (wt vol-1) tryptone, and 0.5% maltose + 0.05% tryptone media. Two potentially inhibiting conditions, the presence of 10 mM acetate and low pH (pH 5) in maltose-only medium, did not significantly affect growth or H2 production. Growth rates, H2 production rates, and cell yields based on H2 production were the same as those for Pyrococcus furiosus grown at 95°C on the same media for comparison. Acetate, butyrate, succinate, isovalerate and formate were also detected as end products. After 100 h, T. paralvinellae produced up to 5 mmol of H2 L-1 of medium when grown on up to 70% (vol vol-1) waste milk from cows undergoing treatment for mastitis with the bacterial antibiotic Ceftiofur and from untreated cows. The amount of H2 produced by T. paralvinellae increased with increasing waste concentrations, but decreased in P. furiosus cultures supplemented with waste milk above 1% concentration. All mesophilic bacteria from the waste milk that grew on Luria Bertani, Sheep’s Blood (selective for Staphylococcus, the typical cause of mastitis), and MacConkey (selective for Gram-negative enteric bacteria) agar plates were killed by heat during incubation at 82°C. Ceftiofur, which is heat labile, was below the detection limit following incubation at 82°C. T. paralvinellae also produced up to 6 mmol of H2 L-1 of medium when grown on 0.1-10% (wt vol-1) spent brewery grain while P. furiosus produced < 1 mmol of H2 L-1. Twelve of 13 enzyme activities in T. paralvinellae showed significant (p<0.05) differences across six different growth conditions; however, methyl viologen-dependent membrane hydrogenase activity remained constant across all media types. The results demonstrate the potential of at least some Thermococcus species to produce H2 if protein and α-glucosides are present as substrates.
Growth Characteristics and Optical Properties of Core/Alloy Nanoparticles Fabricated via the Layer-by-Layer Hydrothermal Route

The layer-by-layer formation of core/alloy nanoparticles is described. Using presynthesized gold nanoparticle cores, AuxAg1-x alloy shells were deposited and annealed with subnanometer precision using a microwave irradiation (MWI) mediated hydrothermal processing method. The alloy composition, thickness, and nanoparticle morphology governed the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the particles, as well as growth characteristics. The mechanism for alloy deposition, annealing, and interdiffusion was explored using two gold precursors, [AuBr4]− and [AuCl4]−, and two hydrothermal temperatures (120, 160 °C). Findings indicate that use of [AuCl4]− results in significant galvanic displacement, leading to nonuniform alloy formation and phase segregation at low annealing temperatures, which leads to loss of morphology control at intermediate compositions (x ≈ 0.25–0.75). In contrast, use of [AuBr4]− results in alloy shells with low galvanic interactions, leading to optimum alloy distribution and high fide...
A photoelectron photoion coincidence study of the vinyl bromide and tribromoethane ion dissociation dynamics: heats of formation of C2H3+, C2H3Br, C2H3Br+, C2H3Br2+, and C2H3Br3.

The threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) technique has been used to measure accurate dissociative photoionization onsets of vinyl bromide and 1,1,2-tribromoethane. The reactions investigated and their 0 K onsets are C 2 H 3 Br + hv → C 2 H 3 + + Br (11.902 ± 0.008 eV); C 2 H 3 Br 3 + hv - C 2 H 3 Br 2 + + Br (10.608 ± 0.008 eV); and (C 2 H 3 Br 3 + hv - C 2 H 3 Br + + 2Br (12.301 ± 0.035 eV). The vinyl ion heat of formation (Δ f Hο 298K = 1116.1 ± 3.0 kJ/mol) has been calculated using W1 theory and used as an anchor along with the measured dissociation energies to determine the heats of formation, Δ f Hο 298K , in kJ/mol, of the following bromine-containing species: C 2 H 3 Br (74.1 ± 3.1), C 2 H 3 Br + (1021.9 ± 3.1), C 2 H 3 Br 2 + (967.1 ± 4.0), and C 2 H 3 Br 3 (53.5 ± 4.3). These results represent accurate and consistent experimental determinations of heats of formation for these bromine-containing species, which serve to correct the discrepancies in the literature for C 2 H 3 Br and C 2 H 3 Br + and provide the first experimental determination for the enthalpies of formation of C 2 H 3 Br 2 + and C 2 H 3 Br 3 .
An iSAFT Density Functional Theory for Associating Polyatomic Molecules

The inhomogeneous statistical associating fluid theory (iSAFT) is extended to associating polyatomic molecular systems, using the inhomogeneous form of the association functional. The approach provides an accurate method for modeling a wide range of complex associating polyatomic systems, capable of investigating the full range of association for any bonding scheme. Theoretical results demonstrate the ability of the theory to model problems near surfaces and in the bulk over a wide range of conditions. The examples chosen in this paper elucidate the importance of such a theory, highlighting how reversible bonding governs the structure of a fluid near a surface and in confined environments, the molecular connectivity (formation of supramolecules, star polymers, etc.), and the phase behavior of the system (including reentrant order−disorder phase transitions).
Rearing the soil arthropod Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) on agar plates and estimating biomass by protein staining with Ponceau S

Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola: Isotomidae) is a common soil arthropod used in standardized toxicological testing. We describe a simple method for rearing Collembola on agar plates and evaluating toxicity in the absence of charcoal, which has potential detoxifying effects. We developed a quantitative method for determining biomass by reversible protein staining of hexane-treated Collembola with Ponceau S. Protein staining has advantages over photometric methods for enumerating Collembola, and agar substrate provides a simple medium for testing toxicity of water-soluble substances independent of soil composition. Using these protocols, the 50 % effective concentration (EC50) for the insecticide imidacloprid is ~0.2 µM, or 0.05 mg/kg agar substrate.
Lattice Model Treatments of the Formation of Ordered Phases in Stiff Chain Polymer-Diluent Systems

The Flory-Huggins lattice treatment has been the cornerstone for many years for understanding the solution thermodynamics of flexible polymers. The effect of chain stiffness was investigated by Flory, again using a lattice approach,1,2 where the stability of both ordered and disordered phases was considered. The phase equilibria for a rigid rod-diluent system, plotted as the volume fraction vi, are shown in Figure 1 for a rod of 150 axial ratio, where χ is the van Laar polymer-solvent heat of mixing parameter. Alternatively, χ may be looked upon as proportional to the excess free energy of mixing.
A reverse engineering algorithm for mining a causal system model from system data

Although having structural system models which determine system behaviours is critical to plan, control and manage many complex systems (e.g. manufacturing and production systems), we often do not have pre-defined structural system models. We need to perform reverse engineering which is to collect and mine observable system data in order to discover structural system models. This paper presents a reverse engineering algorithm that can be used to discover a causal system model which is one kind of structural system model and represents causal relations of system factors. In a causal relation, the presence of one system factor causes the presence of another system factor. The paper also shows the computational complexity of the algorithm. The paper presents the application and performance of the reverse engineering algorithms to data in two application fields.
Reducing the data communication delay in wireless sensor networks

We study the problem of delay efficient scheduling of data communicated by sensor nodes for sensor fusion in wireless sensor networks. We model the sensor network as a tree in which sensor nodes collaboratively observe an event and transmit their measurements to intermediate sensor nodes that lie along the path the root of the tree. The root node functions as the sensor data fusion center that is responsible for aggregating distributed measurements, while internal tree nodes perform dual functionality - as local routers and as intermediate data fusion nodes. We are interested in two problems - one for minimizing the sum of the end-to-end delays of sensors, and the other for minimizing the maximum end-to-end delay of a sensor. Since these problems are computationally hard, we approach these problems by minimizing the average delay and the maximum delay one hop at a time. We provide low complexity, distributed optimal solutions for both these problems. Further, we show through simulations that by minimizing the delay hop by hop, we can achieve good delay performance relative to the global problem of minimizing the sum of the end-to-end delays.
DNA Damage Sensing and Signaling

In order to maintain genome integrity, cells have evolved a complex network of processes that detect, repair and signal DNA damage. In this chapter, I review the early steps of DNA damage signaling with a particular emphasis on how DNA lesions are sensed and how the detection of DNA damage leads to the activation of DNA damage signaling by the ATM and ATR protein kinases.
Targeting DNA Damage Response in Prostate Cancer by Inhibiting Androgen Receptor-CDC6-ATR-Chk1 Signaling

Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6), an androgen receptor (AR) target gene, is implicated in regulating DNA replication and checkpoint mechanisms. CDC6 expression is increased during prostate cancer (PCa) progression and positively correlates with AR in PCa tissues. AR or CDC6 knockdown, together with AZD7762, a Chk1/2 inhibitor, results in decreased TopBP1-ATR-Chk1 signaling and markedly increased ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) phosphorylation, a biomarker of DNA damage, and synergistically increases treatment efficacy. Combination treatment with the AR signaling inhibitor enzalutamide (ENZ) and the Chk1/2 inhibitor AZD7762 demonstrates synergy with regard to inhibition of AR-CDC6-ATR-Chk1 signaling, ATM phosphorylation induction, and apoptosis in VCaP (mutant p53) and LNCaP-C4-2b (wild-type p53) cells. CDC6 overexpression significantly reduced ENZ- and AZD7762-induced apoptosis. Additive or synergistic therapeutic activities are demonstrated in AR-positive animal xenograft models. These findings have important clinical implications, since they introduce a therapeutic strategy for AR-positive, metastatic, castration-resistant PCa, regardless of p53 status, through targeting AR-CDC6-ATR-Chk1 signaling.
From a Friend: You’ve Got to Watch This!: A Content Analysis of TV News Website Videos and Social Sharing Links

Social sharing of news content through Twitter, Facebook, email, and other platforms is increasingly important to local television (TV) news stations. This article presents the results of a longitudinal content analysis of the prevalence and design of the automated social sharing tools presented next to timely, local news content on TV news websites between 2010 and 2015. While 93% of news websites now contain automated social sharing icons, approximately 36% of the social shares from these tools contain incorrect information or lead back to different content altogether. While social sharing options have increased since 2010, automated messages shared with the links, and link accuracy rates, remain relatively unchanged. As readers’ social sharing of news stories becomes more important to the TV news industry’s penetration into social media platforms, it is increasingly crucial to study these automated social tools and how they can serve as unintentional gatekeepers by sharing the wrong information.
The restroom and locker room wars: Where to pee or not to pee

ABSTRACTAs society's views of sexual orientation and gender identity have significantly evolved in recent years, school districts across the country are addressing how to create policies that align with the law in this area. One recent issue involves laws and policies focused on transgender students and their right to access restrooms that align with their gender identity. Within these policies, school officials often attempt to balance requests to provide equal access for transgender students with other requests related to privacy concerns. This article presents a legal case analysis around the most recent federal circuit court decision that provides some guidance in this area. The opinion is important because it is the highest court to have addressed the matter as it relates to transgender students in K–12 public schools. It was also decided within a few weeks of the U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice's “Dear Colleague” letter in May 2016. Most recently, however, The U.S. Depart...
What Makes Firms Competitive? States, Markets, and Organisational Embeddedness in Competitive Firm Restructuring in Postsocialist Economies

ABSTRACTThe prevailing transitions literature suggests that dynamic firms in postsocialist economies are the result of macroinstitutional reforms leading to the making of markets. This article builds on work in comparative political economy and economic sociology to show that the degree of competitive behaviour of postsocialist firms is determined not by the existence of general market institutions alone but by the kinds of organisational allies firms possess and the kinds of markets they compete in. Using firm survey data across 28 postsocialist economies, the article examines the determinants of competitive restructuring by firms, including product innovation, standards upgrade, financial transparency, and investments in research and development. The article confirms insights from comparative political economy which suggest that dynamic enterprise sectors emerge when governance is effective. However, at the firm level, the article finds that transnational ties and supportive policy environments are most...
The trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry of Juan Fernandez lavas reveal variable contributions from a high- 3 He/ 4 He mantle plume

Abstract The Juan Fernandez Islands in the southeastern Pacific are an atypical linear volcanic chain that exhibits a considerable range in 3He/4He ratios (8 to 18 RA, where RA is the 3He/4He ratio of air), but limited ranges of 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd. Here we report new trace element abundance data and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data for mafic lavas previously analyzed for their 3He/4He and He contents from the two main islands of Robinson Crusoe and Alexander Selkirk. Lavas from these islands have been previously grouped based on geochemical and petrological classification into Group I and III basalts, and Group II basanites. In general, samples have overlapping Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions that suggest a common, albeit slightly heterogeneous mantle source. In detail, the Group I and III tholeiitic and alkalic basalts have nearly identical incompatible trace element patterns, whereas the Group II basanites show elevated incompatible trace element abundances. Major and incompatible trace element modeling indicates that Group III basalts (3He/4He = 7.8–9.5 RA) from younger Alexander Selkirk Island were produced by the highest degree of partial melting (> 10%) of a common mantle source, followed by Group I basalts (13.6–18.0 RA) and Group II basanites (11.2–12.5 RA) from older Robinson Crusoe Island. The 206Pb/204Pb of Group I basalts and Group II basanites are slightly more radiogenic and limited in range (19.163 to 19.292) compared with those of Group III (18.939 to 19.221). The Group I and II lavas from Robinson Crusoe are consistent with an origin from the so-called focus zone (FOZO) mantle component, whereas the Alexander Selkirk basalts additionally contain contributions from a less-enriched or relatively depleted mantle component. Juan Fernandez lavas reveal limited ranges of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes but variable 3He/4He as their parental magmas originated mainly from the FOZO component with high 3He/4He (> 9 RA) and variably polluted with a depleted component with lower 3He/4He (ca. 8 RA). Contributions from high-3He/4He mantle sources to ocean island basalts can therefore vary both spatially and temporally, over meter to kilometer lengths and hundred to million-year time scales, and may not be strongly correlated to radiogenic lithophile isotope systematics.
Economic Flaws in Computerized Socialism

In the first half of the twentieth century, economists associated with the Austrian school argued information necessary to effective economic calculation requires the use of market prices and cannot be centralized in a way that would make central planning a viable alternative. It followed from this conclusion that socialism, in any meaningful sense, is impossible. But new technology leads some to question that claim. Voices from Lange in the 1970s to those more contemporary hold that if only technology could become advanced enough, central planning would work. Given the large technological leaps of the past few decades, the socialist claim has never seemed more plausible. The rise of the Internet of things, ever-faster supercomputers, and gigabit Internet access provides a glimpse into the now radically connected world in which precise information about minute details of goods is transmitted around the world at near the speed of light. Some on the socialist side are now claiming that the very information that the Austrians told them had to be decentralized and conveyed by market prices can now be assimilated by computers. This paper analyzes whether current, or any conceivable, proposals that the radically connected modern age could solve the knowledge problem and make central planning a viable method of economic organization. It finds that claims that technology can solve the problems with central planning simply miss the point of the Austrian critique. Central planning, using the Internet or any other means, still cannot dispense with the competitive market process without which the discovery of the information necessary for economic calculation is impossible.
Blood Conservation in the Perioperative Setting

Children undergoing high blood loss surgical procedures face the same risks associated with transfusion as adults but must live with the sequelae of transfusion-related complications throughout a much longer life span. Avoidance of allogeneic blood transfusion can be accomplished with a team approach that relies on a thorough understanding of patient- and procedure-associated risk factors for bleeding, allowing patients who might benefit from a perioperative blood conservation strategy to be identified. The individual components of a multidisciplinary, multimodal blood conservation plan are discussed in this chapter. These elements include preoperative erythropoietin therapy, perioperative autologous blood collection (preoperative autologous donation, intraoperative hemodilution and cell salvage), antifibrinolytics, deliberate hypotension, and blood sparing surgical techniques. The adoption of lower transfusion triggers, institutional transfusion algorithms, and reduced blood sampling can result in fewer transfusions for all pediatric surgical patients.
Black Holes and Horizons—The Geometry of Kruskal Space and Rindler Space

The purpose of these lectures is to provide a simple review of relativity, and in particular to exhibit certain situations in general relativity (GR) whose geometry (especially curvature and topology) are prominent, so as to counterbalance the approach to general relativity which treats gravity as a mere field theory with spin two. This latter approach plays down some of general relativity’s most characteristic features. [For some of the basic facts assumed here without proof the reader can consult my Essential Relativity, revised second edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980.]
Another Application of Siebeck's Theorem

If z1, z2, and z3 are three points in C and p(z) = (z − z1)(z − z2)(z − z3), then the Gauss-Lucas theorem implies that the zeros of p′ lie in the convex hull of z1, z2, and z3. A beautiful result due to Siebeck, which has enjoyed considerable attention of late ([2, 3, 8], but see also [5, 9]), states more precisely that if z1, z2, z3 are not collinear, then the zeros of p′ are the foci of the Steiner ellipse for z1, z2, z3. The Steiner ellipse, whose existence is not at all obvious, is the unique ellipse inscribed in the triangle determined by z1, z2, z3 and tangent to the three sides at their midpoints. Siebeck’s result is in fact a corollary of a special case of his own theorem, as follows [4, 10].
Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations in Studies of Auditory Imagery

Methodological and conceptual issues in the study of auditory imagery are discussed, and these issues include the use of different measures in experiments on auditory imagery (questionnaires, behav...
Separation, banking, and quality control of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from whole blood of melanoma patients

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are essential to the study of autoimmune, infectious, parasitic diseases, and cancer. In the rapidly growing field of cancer immunology, cellular phenotyping provides critical information about patient responses to treatments and treatment efficacies. Notably, the evaluation of T cell based therapies relies on the isolation of highly viable CD3+ T cell, CD4+ Helper T cell, and CD8+ Cytotoxic T cell populations before and during patient treatments. Cryopreservation of PBMC populations allows researchers to thaw and characterize clinical samples by flow cytometry, mass cytometry, sequencing, etc. in a high-throughput manner and in batches. Therefore, it is important to separate and bank an abundance of robust circulating immune cells. Here, we report our internal protocols for the high-quality separation, banking, and thawing of clinically relevant PBMC populations. We present quality control data from 11 melanoma patients and characterize their CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells by 4-color flow cytometry.
T Cell Antigen Discovery using Signaling and Antigen-presenting Bifunctional Receptors (SABRs)

Checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy exploit T cell mediated immune responses to cancers. Discovering the exact antigens targeted by T cell responses is important for their efficacy. Antigen discovery for ‘orphan’ T cells or TCRs has been a challenging prospect due to high number of possible pMHC specificities. Several current approaches to decipher antigen specificities require prior knowledge of antigen sequences, are unable to scale up, or require production of soluble TCRs. To overcome these drawbacks, we have developed chimeric receptors called Signaling and Antigen-presenting Bifunctional Receptors (SABRs) that allow identification of antigen-presenting cells. SABRs present display pMHC on their extracellular domain, which is recognized by an orphan TCR. Upon recognition, SABRs initiate signaling in the presenting cell using a CD3zeta signaling domain. We transduced reporter cells with SABRs presenting HLA-A2-restricted epitopes from MelanA and NY-ESO-1, and co-incubated them with target cells expressing their cognate TCRs, which resulted in signal transduction only upon correct pMHC-TCR pairing, allowing the presenting cells to express GFP. Second, we showed that SABRs displaying independently expressed peptide and MHC could function similarly. These receptors could present pulsed peptides or endogenously expressed proteins, allowing the uncoupling of peptide and MHC, while retaining their signaling capability. We are currently testing the use of SABR-based antigen libraries to identify novel antigenic specificities targeted by T cells in cancers, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases.
Spring bird migration as a dispersal mechanism for the hemlock woolly adelgid

In eastern North America, the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), has expanded northward at a pace that exceeds predictions from mechanistic models, suggesting successful long-distance dispersal despite the only viable dispersive phase being a flightless nymph, or “crawler.” We hypothesize that migrating birds may contribute to long-distance dispersal of crawlers by passively transporting them in their plumage during northward migration. We collected hemlock woolly adelgid crawlers from the plumage of wild birds in Connecticut hemlock forests in spring and summer 2016–2017 and evaluated the factors that influence crawler loads on wild birds. Of 456 birds examined, 40 individuals of 22 species carried adelgid crawlers. Crawler loads varied strongly over time, showing a mid-spring peak that mirrored the phenological pattern in crawler abundance. However, crawler load was not affected by either local crawler abundance at capture sites or the degree of bird species association with hemlock forests. To test whether dispersed crawlers could start new invasions, we experimentally simulated avian-assisted dispersal of adelgids onto uninfested nursery hemlocks. Although rare, crawlers placed on birds did settle successfully on experimental branches during the adelgid’s summer generation. Our study confirms that birds carry hemlock woolly adelgid crawlers most often during the period of peak spring songbird migration, and that crawlers can move off bird plumage to settle on hemlock foliage. Bird-mediated, long-distance dispersal of crawlers likely has played a key role in hemlock woolly adelgid spread, and with warming temperatures, this mechanism may continue to be important for future range expansion.
Lithium-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in a Pediatric Patient.

Lithium-induced nephropathy usually manifests in adulthood as it develops slowly after many years of cumulative exposure. There is very limited information available in pediatric patients. Renal function monitoring and timely intervention is the key in preventing lithium-induced chronic kidney disease in these patients. We report a case of a 14-year-old boy who was on lithium for almost 9 years for his complex psychiatric illness. He presented with increased urinary frequency and nocturia. His serum creatinine increased to 1.15 mg/dL (estimated glomerular filtration rate or eGFR 53 ml/min/1.73 m2) from a baseline of 0.78 mg/dL (eGFR 86 ml/min/1.73 m2) a year prior to this presentation. Results of the imaging study were consistent with lithium-induced nephropathy. He was managed conservatively. His serum creatinine returned to baseline of 0.78 mg/dL after a year of discontinuation of lithium, consistent with mild chronic kidney disease. This case highlights the fact that lithium-induced chronic kidney disease can present in pediatric age group when lithium is initiated at a young age in children and that timely intervention may prevent further progression of renal damage. In addition to drug levels, routine monitoring of renal function during lithium therapy is essential.
Existence, transition, and propagation of intermediate silencing states in ribosomal DNA

The MET3 promoter (MET3pr) inserted into the silenced chromosome in budding yeast can overcome Sir2-dependent silencing upon induction and activate transcription in every single cell among a population. Despite the fact that MET3pr is turned on in all the cells, its activity still shows very high cell-to-cell variability. To understand the nature of such "gene expression noise," we followed the dynamics of the MET3pr-GFP expression inserted into ribosomal DNA (rDNA) using time-lapse microscopy. We found that the noisy "on" state is comprised of multiple substable states with discrete expression levels. These intermediate states stochastically transition between each other, with "up" transitions among different activated states occurring exclusively near the mitotic exit and "down" transitions occurring throughout the rest of the cell cycle. Such cell cycle dependence likely reflects the dynamic activity of the rDNA-specific RENT complex, as MET3pr-GFP expression in a telomeric locus does not have the same cell cycle dependence. The MET3pr-GFP expression in rDNA is highly correlated in mother and daughter cells after cell division, indicating that the silenced state in the mother cell is inherited in daughter cells. These states are disrupted by a brief repression and reset upon a second activation. Potential mechanisms behind these observations are further discussed.
The neoadjuvant paradigm reinvigorated: a review of pre-surgical immunotherapy in HNSCC.

There remains up to a 50% recurrence rate in advanced p16- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with current standard of care treatment. In an attempt to improve survival, multiple trials administering induction or neoadjuvant chemotherapy have been conducted but none demonstrated improved overall survival. The established efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the recurrent and metastatic setting has produced widespread interest in their neoadjuvant use. To survey the landscape of active neoadjuvant immunotherapy trials in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and summarize and synthesize currently available outcomes from these trials. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy has proven safe and well tolerated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with encouraging efficacy results, including relatively high rates of pathologic response. Ongoing studies offer an opportunity to study immune responses in vivo. PD-L1 positivity, high tumor mutational burden and infiltration of NK cells, CD8, CD26 and Tim3 positive lymphocytes at time of surgery have been correlated with pathologic responses. We await updated reports of disease free survival and overall survival data and results of ongoing phase III studies utilizing neoadjuvant immunotherapy to determine if this treatment paradigm will have a place in the standard of care treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Neutron Spin Rotation: Exotic Spin-Dependent Interactions

Exotic interactions between fermions are predicted by many beyond-the-Standard-Model theories, several of which can be viewed through exotic spin-1 boson exchange. An experiment in search of axial-vector couplings to this field was performed using a slow-neutron polarimeter containing a slotted rotatable target system designed with atom-density gradients that would tip the plane of polarization into the neutron momentum. For the V5 potential, the upper bound on an exotic axial neutron–matter coupling constant gA2 was improved by about three orders of magnitude for mm–μm range interactions, and a new target design gives a projected two orders of magnitude further improvement. A related spin-echo measurement technique allows for measurement of gV gA interactions and has access to spin–gravity couplings in the matter sector of the SME.
Ground-state properties of the Hubbard model in one and two dimensions from the Gutzwiller conjugate gradient minimization theory

We introduce Gutzwiller conjugate gradient minimization (GCGM) theory, an ab initio quantum many-body theory for computing the ground-state properties of infinite systems. GCGM uses the Gutzwiller wave function but does not use the commonly adopted Gutzwiller approximation (GA), which is a major source of inaccuracy. Instead, the theory uses an approximation that is based on the occupation probability of the on-site configurations, rather than approximations that decouple the site-site correlations as used in the GA. We test the theory in the one-dimensional and two-dimensional Hubbard models at various electron densities and find that GCGM reproduces energies and double occupancies in reasonable agreement with benchmark data at a very small computational cost.
Accuracy of case managers in estimating intelligence quotients and functional status of people experiencing homelessness.

Adults who are homeless experience high rates of health conditions and psychological distress, including low IQ and functional status. Resources are available to help these individuals, but provision of support is often contingent upon the identification of a known disability. In this context, we examined case managers' (CMs') subjective estimates of IQ and functional status in 77 adult residents of an urban homeless shelter. Participants completed objective measures of IQ and functional capacity. CMs overestimated IQs of lower IQ (IQ 110) participants. CMs correctly identified 2 out of 8 participants meeting criteria for intellectual disability and 4 out of 16 participants with impaired functional status. These findings suggest that subjective evaluations of IQ and functional status are prone to a central tendency bias, leading CMs to overlook clients who are in need of assistance. Consequently, the objective measurement of IQ and functional status in homeless shelters is highly recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Matrix pore size governs escape of human breast cancer cells from a microtumor to an empty cavity

How the extracellular matrix (ECM) affects the progression of a localized tumor to invasion of the ECM and eventually to vascular dissemination remains unclear. Although many studies have examined the role of the ECM in early stages of tumor progression, few have considered the subsequent stages that culminate in intravasation. In the current study, we have developed a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic culture system that captures the entire process of invasion from an engineered human micro-tumor of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through a type I collagen matrix and escape into a lymphatic-like cavity. By varying the physical properties of the collagen, we have found that MDA-MB-231 tumor cells invade and escape faster in lower-density ECM. These effects are mediated by the ECM pore size, rather than by the elastic modulus or interstitial flow speed. Our results underscore the importance of ECM structure in the vascular escape of human breast cancer cells.