cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD158k/KIR3DL2 is a useful marker for identifying neoplastic T-cells in Sézary syndrome by flow cytometry.

Enumeration of neoplastic T-cells in peripheral blood specimens is necessary for the diagnosis of Sezary syndrome (SS) and monitoring treatment responses. Because neoplastic T-cells in SS can be difficult to identify by morphology alone, flow cytometry immunophenotyping is often utilized. However, the reported immunophenotypic criteria for identifying neoplastic T-cells in SS are variable, not present in all cases, or sometimes found in reactive T-cell populations. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 33 cases of SS were evaluated for the expression of pan-T cell antigens and killer cell immunoglobulin-like MHC receptors (KIR) CD158a, CD158b, CD158e, CD158i, and CD158k by multiparameter flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies EB6, GL183, FES172, Z27, and Q66. A variety of abnormalities related to expression of pan-T-cell antigens typical of neoplastic T-cells were observed. Expression of CD158k was observed in 32/33 cases and restricted to the phenotypically abnormal T-cell populations, while expression of other KIR was mostly negative. Our findings confirm and extend recent reports by one group that CD158k is expressed by most SS cases. Moreover, our observation that CD4 positive, CD7 negative T-cells are mostly CD158k negative further suggests that CD158k may be able to help identify and enumerate neoplastic T-cells in SS even when present at low levels.
Isolated uvulitis secondary to marijuana use

Isolated uvulitis is a rarely reported disease. Known etiologies include bacterial infection and trauma following the use of instrumentation in the airway. Three cases of isolated uvulitis secondary to heavy marijuana smoke inhalation are reported. Specific recommendations regarding diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are made.
LeakChecker: Practical Static Memory Leak Detection for Managed Languages

Static detection of memory leaks in a managed language such as Java is attractive because it does not rely on any leak-triggering inputs, allowing compile-time tools to find leaks before software is released. A long-standing issue that prevents practical static memory leak detection for Java is that it can be very expensive to statically determine object liveness in large applications. We present a novel (and the first practical) static leak detection technique that bypasses this problem by considering a common leak pattern. In many cases severe leaks occur in loops where, in each iteration, some objects created by the iteration are unnecessarily referenced by objects external to the loop. These unnecessary references are never used in later loop iterations. Based on this insight, we shift our focus from computing liveness, which is very difficult to achieve precisely and efficiently for large programs, to the easier goal of identifying objects that flow out of a loop but never flow back in. We formalize this analysis using a type and effect system and present its key properties. The analysis was implemented in a tool called LeakChecker and used to detect leaks in eight real-world programs, such as Eclipse, Derby, and log4j. LeakChecker not only identified known leaks, but also discovered new ones whose causes were unknown beforehand, while exhibiting a false positive rate suitable for practical use.
Analysis of stresses in GCFR cladding under normal operating conditions

Abstract A modified version of the LIFE-III code, LIFE-GCFR, and classical stress analysis techniques have been employed to calculate the stresses in GCFR cladding under normal reactor operating conditions. Several types of loadings on the cladding which occur during normal operation have been considered. These include fuel-cladding mechanical interaction, thermal stresses induced by radial and axial temperature gradients, and stresses induced by swelling gradients. The combined and individual effects of these loadings as well as the effect of creep on cladding stresses have been assessed. Results obtained from this study have provided input to the experimental GCFR cladding development work at Argonne National Laboratory.
Age-related bone loss in mice is associated with an increased osteoclast progenitor pool

Age-associated osteopenia has been documented to occur in mice and, therefore, provides a model system whereby mechanisms of bone loss can be assessed in vivo and in vitro. One such mechanism, that could explain the increased resorptive activity seen in some forms of osteopenia, is an age-associated increase in the osteoclast precursor pool and osteoclastogenic formation. To test this hypothesis, we studied the bone marrow composition of aged (24 months) mice to determine if increased numbers of monocyte/macrophage/osteoclast precursor cells (MMOPC) were present when compared to young (4-6 months) animals. Our data show a moderate increase of 20-30% more hematopoietic cells obtained from the long bones of the aged animals. However, both liquid and semi-solid culture techniques demonstrate an approximately 2-3.5-fold increase in the numbers of plastic adherent macrophages or mononuclear colonies in bone marrow derived from the aged mice when stimulated by interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), indicating a preferential increase in MMOPCs. In addition, cells derived from the aged mice show higher levels of cytokine stimulated incorporation of [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-leucine, with increased protein synthesis seen up to 7 days after cytokine stimulation, suggesting that these cells also have an enhanced sensitivity to cytokines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Why Not the Whole World? Ethical Dilemmas of Immigration Policy

My provocative title “Why Not the Whole World?” is borrowed from Herman Melville who, having recently served on an immigrant ship during the “Great Hunger,” proclaims in the novel Redburn, published when the Know-Nothing movement had made its appearance on the American political scene. His words are “Let us waive that agitated national topic, as to whether such multitudes of foreign poor should be landed on our American shores; let us waive it, with the one only thought that if they can get here, they have God’s right to come; though they bring all Ireland and her miseries with them. For the whole world is the patrimony of the whole world; there is no telling who does not own a stone in the Great Wall of China” (Melville [1849] 1976, 382).
Characterization of di-phasic nanoscale composites derived from xerogels

Di-phasic xerogel-derived composites, such as SiO2AgCl, SiO2-AIPO4, SiO2-CePO4, SiO2 -Nd2O3, SiO2-CdS, SiO2CrPO4, SiO2-BaSO4 and SiO2-PbCrO4 have been characterized in detail by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) techniques. The SiO2-AgCl photochromic composites with small amounts of AgCl did not show any crystallinity either by XRD or by SAED. Thin edges of these SiO2-AgCl composites did not reveal discrete AgCl particles because these are too small to be resolved even by TEM and are expected to be in the range 1.5 to 2.5 nm in size based on the pore size of silica gel. A few large AgCI-Ag particles precipitated on the outside of silica gel were, however, detected by TEM-SAED in silica gels with higher concentrations of AgCl. The SiO2-AIPO4 and SiO2-Nd2O3 composites are noncrystalline and did not show any periodic structure by TEM and SAED. Heat treatments to 400 or 600° C did not crystallize the AIPO4 or Nd2O3 phases. On the other hand, SiO2-CePO4 and SiO2-CdS composites showed lath-like particles of CePO4 and irregular particles of presumably CdS on the surfaces of silica gels. The SiO2-BaSO4 and SiO2-PbCrO4 composites showed crystals of BaSO4 and PbCrO4 which are too large to be incorporated in the silica gel pores. These results show that the size and crystallinity of a second phase within silica gels can be controlled by the appropriate manipulation of the different parameters, and to do so is an important advantage for this new class of diphasic nanoscale composite xerogel materials.
The participation of the embryonic genome during early cleavage in the rabbit.

Abstract Actinomycin D and the mushroom toxin α-amanitin similarly inhibit ribonucleic acid synthesis in the rabbit zygote. Actinomycin D also causes an immediate arrest of cleavage, whereas α-amanitin allows limited further development. The decreasing rate of amino acid incorporation caused by continuous exposure of cleaving rabbit embryos to α-amanitin suggests that a relatively homogeneous embryonic RNA is involved in the support of early protein synthesis and is turning over with a half-life of approximately 24 hr, or three cell generation times.
Copper Status Affects Immune Response by Modulating Macrophage Response to Stimuli

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To compare the effect of copper depletion and repletion on one aspect of immune response: macrophage response to stimuli in vitro. INTRODUCTION: Copper is an essential trace element for animals and humans. Cardiovascular pathology due to copper deficiency is well-documented in animals and humans with genetic disease, but the effect of copper status on immune function needs elucidation. METHODS: Cells from the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 were cultured in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium with Earle's salts and bovine serum. Tetraethylpentamine (TEPA), 0-20 μ M, was added to chelate copper. Copper repletion was achieved by adding CuCl 2 , 0-10 μ M. Cells were stimulated with interferon-γ (5U/mL) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (100ng/mL). Cell viability was determined by dye reduction. Nitric oxide produced was measured as its stable degradatory product, nitrite, by the Griess reaction. Casein-induced macrophages from mice were similarly assayed. RESULTS: Increasing copper levels consistently elevated nitrite production in stimulated RAW264.7 (maximal increase at 16 μ M, 48.6±2.7%) and macrophages (maximal increase at 10 μ M, 90.8±4.6%), whereas chelating copper with TEPA decreased nitrite production in RAW264.7 (maximal reduction at 8 μ M, 26.7±1.8%) and macrophages (maximal reduction at 10 μ M, 27.8%). Differences were significant at P =0.001. CONCLUSION: Since macrophages are pivotal components of the immune system, its modulation by copper status has important implications for host resistance to infections, neoplasm's and patients with AIDS. Further research is needed to elucidate the effect of copper status on immunity in vivo.
Ventral pallidal extracellular fluid levels of dopamine, serotonin, gamma amino butyric acid, and glutamate during cocaine self-administration in rats.

Rationale :Dopamine innervation of the nucleus accumbens is thought to have a major role in the biological processes underlying cocaine self-administration. Recent data suggest that dopamine innervation of the ventral pallidum (VP) may also play an important role. Objectives: This experiment was initiated to assess extracellular fluid levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate (Glu) in the VP of rats self-administering cocaine using in vivo microdialysis. Methods: Rats were implanted with intravenous jugular catheters and a microdialysis probe guide cannula into the VP and trained to self-administer (SA) three different doses of cocaine during each daily session. Other rats (yoked rats) were surgically prepared in identical fashion and received vehicle infusions during microdialysis sessions when the SA rat to whom they were yoked produced cocaine infusions. When stable baselines of self-administration were obtained, microdialysates were collected during two consecutive daily self-administration sessions. Neurotransmitter levels were measured using HPLC with electrochemical (DA and 5-HT) or fluorescence detection (GABA and Glu). Results: In SA rats, extracellular fluid levels of DA [DA]e and 5-HT [5-HT]e were elevated throughout the session and levels of Glu [Glu]e showed small increases at a few isolated time points during the session. The increases in [DA]e and [5-HT]e were dose-dependent. Extracellular fluid levels of GABA [GABA]e were unchanged, as were levels of all four neurotransmitters in the yoked rats. Conclusions: These data support a potential role for DA and 5-HT innervations of the VP in intravenous cocaine self-administration.
Origin of the sudbury complex by meteoritic impact: neodymium isotopic evidence.

Samarium-neodymium isotopic data on whole rocks and minerals of the Sudbury Complex in Canada gave an igneous crystallization age of 1840 ± 21 x 10 6 years. The initial epsilon neodymium values for 15 whole rocks are similar to those for average upper continental crust, falling on the crustal trend of neodymium isotopic evolution as defined by shales. The rare earth element concentration patterns of Sudbury rocks are also similar to upper crustal averages. These data suggest that the Sudbury Complex formed from melts generated in the upper crust and are consistent with a meteoritic impact.
Exploring the Choice to Refuse or Delay Vaccines: A National Survey of Parents of 6- Through 23-Month-Olds

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess respondents' self-reported choices for vaccinating their young children; knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KABs) about vaccination; and communication with their child's vaccination provider. Methods A national telephone survey of 1500 parents of children aged 6 to 23 months was conducted in 2010. We calculated proportions of parents who had chosen—or planned—to refuse or delay 1 or more recommended vaccines, and proportions for responses to KABs and communication questions, stratified by vaccination choice (ie, refuse or delay). Results The response rate was 46%. Among the 96.6% of respondents (95% confidence interval [CI], 95.5%–97.4%; weighted n=1453) who had chosen for their child to receive at least 1 vaccine, 80.6% (95% CI, 78.8%–83.0%) reported that their child had received all vaccines when recommended and 86.5% (95% CI, 84.7%–88.2%) reported that their child would receive remaining vaccines when recommended. Respondents who considered not following recommendations, but ultimately did, cited the physician's recommendation as the reason for vaccinating. Most vaccinators who reported past or planned deviations from recommendations cited only 1 vaccine that they would refuse and/or delay; all vaccines were mentioned. These parents reported approaching vaccination with serious concerns, while believing other parents did not. All parents cited "vaccine side effects" as their top question or concern. Almost all parents talked to a doctor or nurse about vaccines and, overall, satisfaction with communication was high. Conclusions Communication about vaccines is important to most parents, but may be challenging for providers, because parental choices vary; thus, efforts to improve and support vaccine communication by providers should continue.
SPA1: A gene important for chromosome segregation and other mitotic functions in S. cerevisiae

Summary Human autoantibodies that recognize the spindle poles of mammals, plants, and insects were found to recognize two antigens in yeast. One of these proteins, called SPA1 (for Spindle Pole Antigen), is antigenically related to the spindle poles of a diverse set of organisms. The gene encoding SPA1 was cloned by immunoscreening a λgt11 yeast genomic DNA expression library with autoantibody probes. Mutational analysis of the SPA1 gene demonstrates that it is important for cell growth, chromosome segregation, and other cellular processes; spa1 mutants are viable but grow poorly at 30°C, missegregate chromosomes at an increased frequency, and often contain deformed spindles. A significant fraction of spa1 mutant cells contain two or more nuclei, and others contain none; these abnormal cells may arise through a nuclear migration defect. Thus SPA1 represents a new fidelity gene that is important for chromosome segregation and other mitotic functions.
The night float system: ensuring educational benefit.

Abstract Background The ACGME mandated a change in resident work hours effective July 2003. We postulated that taking a block of night call would provide an opportunity for residents to improve clinical decision-making without detracting from operative experience. Methods The educational benefit of the Night Float model was evaluated weekly by anonymous questionnaires that assessed resident conference attendance, operative experience, attending teaching interactions, and consultations for the previous seven days. Results Preliminary results demonstrated that a higher percentage of Night Float residents reported less exposure to each educational opportunity than their colleagues. These data prompted several remedial interventions that resulted in significant improvement. Compliance with the 80-hour workweek was equal for both groups. Conclusions The Night Float model has the advantage of fulfilling ACGME requirements, but it also has the potential to limit educational experience. Continued monitoring and faculty intervention are critical if we are to succeed in our goal to provide our residents with the best possible training.
AUTOTRANSPLANTATION AND REGENERATION OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

It is well known that a functional graft of an adrenal gland is a mass of regenerated cortical tissue (1–7). Medullary tissue does not regenerate, although Wyman (8) found chromaffine tissue, identified by appropriate stains, in two cases of cortical transplants. Neither the extent of degeneration of an adrenal graft nor the source of regenerated cortex has ever been carefully studied. Pencharz, Olmsted and Giragossintz (6) transplanted adrenal cortex to the ovaries of rats, and included some illustrative data on degeneration and the cortical regeneration which followed. Wyman and Walker (9) have shown that removal of the capsule from the gland was unfavorable to its successful transplantation. Wyman and turn Suden (10) showed that the size of regenerated cortical fragments depended on the number of fragments which survived after grafting. According to them, if 4 fragments were grafted to pockets in the abdominal musculature and 2 failed to survive, the regenerated fragments would be larger than any one f...
Metabolism of Glycine in the Nonketotic Form of Hyperglycinemia

Extract: Hyperglycinemia is a disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by the presence of increased concentrations of glycine in the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. It is now recognized that there are two forms of hyperglycinemia each representing distinct diseases. These studies were designed to assess the metabolism of glycine in the nonketotic form of hyperglycinemia. Isotope content was assessed in respiratory CO2 and in glycine, serine and the β carbon of serine of plasma after the separate intravenous injections of glycine-I-14C and glycine-2-14C. The specific activities of 14CO2 isolated from expired air after the injection of glycine-1-14C (fig. 2) declined in control subjects from peak values at 10 to 15 minutes in nearly linear fashion over a 2-hour period. In contrast, curves obtained in the patients were rather flat, rising slowly after injection to highest values at about 60 minutes. At 15 minutes, values for the control individuals exceeded those of the patients by a factor of 5− to 10-fold. These data indicate a defect in the formation of 14CO2 from the first carbon of glycine. When the control subjects were infused with nonisotopic glycine to produce pools comparable to those found in the patient, the specific activities of the serine isolated from plasma after the injection of glycine-1-14C (table II) were virtually the same in both groups. The rate of conversion of glycine-2-14C to serine (fig. 3) in the patients was, however, considerably slower than it was in the control subjects for at least the first 30 minutes, and the curves were flat throughout. Degradation of the serine isolated from plasma and precipitation of the β carbon as formaldemethone indicated that the incorporation of the α carbon of glycine into the β carbon of serine was much higher in the controls than in the patients (fig. 4). The curves for the patients approximated the abscissa indicating virtually no conversion. These data indicate that in nonketotic hyperglycinemia there is a defect in the oxidation of carbon 1 of glycine to CO2 and in the conversion of carbon 2 of glycine to carbon 3 of serine. This is consistent with a defect in an enzyme catalyzing the transformation of glycine to CO2, NH3 and hydroxymethyltetrahydrofolate. Speculation: The data obtained indicate that patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia are unable in vivo to convert the first carbon of glycine directly to CO2 and the second carbon of glycine to the third carbon of serine. This is consistent with a genetic defect in an enzyme which catalyzes decarboxylation and formation of hydroxymethyltetrahydrofolate from glycine. It should be possible to document such a defect at a cellular and subcellular level.
Flick: a flexible, optimizing IDL compiler

An interface definition language (IDL) is a nontraditional language for describing interfaces between software components. IDL compilers generate "stubs" that provide separate communicating processes with the abstraction of local object invocation or procedure call. High-quality stub generation is essential for applications to benefit from component-based designs, whether the components reside on a single computer or on multiple networked hosts. Typical IDL compilers, however, do little code optimization, incorrectly assuming that interprocess communication is always the primary bottleneck. More generally, typical IDL compilers are "rigid" and limited to supporting only a single IDL, a fixed mapping onto a target language, and a narrow range of data encodings and transport mechanisms.Flick, our new IDL compiler, is based on the insight that IDLs are true languages amenable to modern compilation techniques. Flick exploits concepts from traditional programming language compilers to bring both flexibility and optimization to the domain of IDL compilation. Through the use of carefully chosen intermediate representations, Flick supports multiple IDLs, diverse data encodings, multiple transport mechanisms, and applies numerous optimizations to all of the code it generates. Our experiments show that Flick-generated stubs marshal data between 2 and 17 times faster than stubs produced by traditional IDL compilers, and on today's generic operating systems, increase end-to-end throughput by factors between 1.2 and 3.7.
Prediction of ice accretion on a swept NACA 0012 airfoil and comparisons to flight test results

In the winter of 1989-90, an icing research flight project was conducted to obtain swept wing ice accretion data. Utilizing the NASA Lewis Research Center's DHC-6 DeHavilland Twin Otter aircraft, research flights were made into known icing conditions in Northeastern Ohio. The icing cloud environment and aircraft flight data were measured and recorded by an onboard data acquisition system. Upon entry into the icing environment, a 24 inch span, 15 inch chord NACA 0012 airfoil was extended from the aircraft and set to the desired sweep angle. After the growth of a well defined ice shape, the airfoil was retracted into the aircraft cabin for ice shape documentation. The ice accretions were recorded by ice tracings and photographs. Ice accretions were mostly of the glaze type and exhibited scalloping. The ice was accreted at sweep angles of 0, 30, and 45 degrees. A 3-D ice accretion prediction code was used to predict ice profiles for five selected flight test runs, which include sweep angle of zero, 30, and 45 degrees. The code's roughness input parameter was adjusted for best agreement. A simple procedure was added to the code to account for 3-D ice scalloping effects. The predicted ice profiles are compared to their respective flight test counterparts. This is the first attempt to predict ice profiles on swept wings with significant scalloped ice formations.
9Be(α,n)12C as a source of polarized 7.8 MeV neutrons

Abstract The polarization P ( θ ) of the neutrons produced in the 9 Be(α,n) 12 C reaction to the ground state and first excited state of 12 C have been measured for α energies from 2.4 to 2.9 MeV over the angular range from 30° (lab) to 60° (lab). A 9 Be target with 100 KeV energy loss was used in the study. Also, a highly accurate determination of P (45°) was made with a 300 MeV thick target at a mean α energy of 2.55 MeV to calibrate the reaction as a source of polarized neutrons. This measurement yielded polarizations of 0.54 ± 0.01 for the ground state group (7.8 MeV) and 0.53 ± 0.03 for the first excited state group (3.38 MeV).
Charge Response Function and a Novel Plasmon Mode in Graphene

Polarizability of noninteracting 2D Dirac electrons has a 1/square root(qv-omega) singularity at the boundary of electron-hole excitations. The screening of this singularity by long-range electron-electron interactions is usually treated within the random phase approximation. The latter is exact only in the limit of N-->infinity, where N is the "color" degeneracy. We find that the ladder-type vertex corrections become crucial close to the threshold as the ratio of the nth order ladder term to the same order random phase approximation contribution is ln(n)|qv-omega|/N(n). We perform an analytical summation of the infinite series of ladder diagrams which describe the excitonic effect. Beyond the threshold, qv>omega, the real part of the polarization operator is found to be positive leading to the appearance of a strong and narrow plasmon resonance.
In-situ high temparature X-ray diffraction studies of nanocrystalline iron carbides

Abstract Three samples of passivated ultrafine iron carbide particles, synthesized by laser induced pyrolysis of gaseous precursors were examined by in-situ high temperature XRD during and after high temperature (600°C) treatment under UHP He atmosphere. The results indicated that the particles sintered around 400°C, with the preservation of the carbide structure dependent on the precursor composition and the amount of retained oxygen from passivation and synthesis. Transformation of the carbide to α-Fe around 400°C was dependent on the precursor purity, temperature and type of gaseous exposure. Preservation of the carbide structure on heating was dependent on the purity of the carbide, and the concentration of oxygen and carbon in the particles. A topotactic transformation from Fe7C3 to Fe0.98O was observed in the case of samples studied under UHP He, which was absent in the other two treatments and is discussed relative to the as-synthesized/passivated particles composition and structure. This topotaxy leads to the selective formation of γ-Fe2O3 from specific ultrafine particle carbides when treated with UHP He.
Simulation of Wettability Alteration by Low-Salinity Water Injection in Waterflooded Carbonate Cores

Low-salinity water injection is an emerging improved oil recovery technique due to its simplicity compared to other water based improved oil recovery methods. In this study, the wettability alteration option in the authors’ in-house simulator is used to history match and provide some insights in different seawater dilution cycles based on recently published corefloods. Two newly proposed methodologies to model dilution cycles are employed. The authors successfully modeled the experiments enhancing the wettability alteration model in the simulator using two different scaling factors. The study also revealed that the process is more sensitive to oil relative permeability compared to that of the water phase. A linear interpolation model for residual oil saturation (Sor) was proposed.
The EEG Findings in Extratemporal Seizures

Extratemporal seizures originate from the frontal, central, parietal, occipital, and midline regions of the brain. The scalp EEG can show various types of interictal and ictal discharges consisting of spikes, spike and wave sharp waves, paroxysmal fast activity, or rhythmic activity in the beta, alpha, theta, or delta frequency ranges. The discharges can occur as focal, regional, lateralized, or secondarily generalized discharges. Discharges arising from the frontal region are varied and at times complex. Centro-temporal spikes associated with benign epilepsy of childhood have a characteristic blunt spike and wave appearance. Centro-parietal spikes can occur in children with benign childhood epilepsy or in association with symptomatic epilepsies at any age. Occipital spike discharges have been seen in young children with visual problems, benign occipital epilepsy of childhood, the Sturge-Weber syndrome, and other symptomatic or structural lesions involving the occipital lobe. There may be problems with detection of the source of origin of seizures secondary to the anatomy of the various regions, deep foci, small restricted foci, rapid spread of epileptiform discharges, and contaminating effects of muscle and movement artifact. Depth or intracranial recordings may help in further localization of foci.
Peeling Single-Stranded DNA from Graphite Surface to Determine Oligonucleotide Binding Energy by Force Spectroscopy

We measured the force required to peel single-stranded DNA molecules from single-crystal graphite using chemical force microscopy. Force traces during retraction of a tip chemically modified with oligonucleotides displayed characteristic plateaus with abrupt force jumps, which we interpreted as a steady state peeling process punctuated by complete detachment of one or more molecules. We were able to differentiate between bases in pyrimidine homopolymers; peeling forces were 85.3 - 4.7 pN for polythymine and 60.8 +/- 5.5 pN for polycytosine, substantially independent of salt concentration and the rate of detachment. We developed a model for peeling a freely jointed chain from the graphite surface and estimated the average binding energy per monomer to be 11.5 +/- 0.6 k(B)T and 8.3 +/- 0.7 k(B)T in the cases of thymine and cytosine nucleotides, respectively. The equilibrium free-energy profile simulated using molecular dynamics had a potential well of 18.9 k(B)T for thymidine, showing that nonelectrostatic interactions dominate the binding. The discrepancy between the experiment and theory indicates that not all bases are adsorbed on the surface or that there is a population of conformations in which they adsorb. Force spectroscopy using oligonucleotides covalently linked to AFM tips provides a flexible and unambiguous means to quantify the strength of interactions between DNA and a number of substrates, potentially including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes.
Retinoic acid modifies positional memory in the anteroposterior axis of regenerating axolotl limbs

The effects of retinoic acid (RA) on anteroposterior (AP) positional memory of regenerating axolotl limbs were tested after removing the anterior or posterior half from the zeugopodium (lower arm or leg). RA (150 micrograms/g body wt) was injected into groups of animals bearing the following types of limbs: (1) anterior and posterior half zeugopodia grafted to the eyesocket and amputated distally 7 days later; (2) unamputated anterior and posterior half zeugopodia in situ; (3) double anterior and double posterior half zeugopodia amputated distally 7 days after their construction; (4) sham-operated zeugopodia amputated distally 7 days after operation. Controls consisted of these four groups injected with the retinoid solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide, or not injected. Control half zeugopodia grafted to the eyesocket regenerated no more than one or two digits. Control unamputated half zeugopodia in situ underwent partial or complete regeneration of the missing half from the proximal and midline wound surfaces exposed during construction of the half zeugopodia. Control double anterior and posterior zeugopodia both regenerated symmetrical, hypomorphic regenerates with 1-3 digits in the double anteriors and 1-6 digits in the double posteriors. Sham-operated controls regenerated normally. Regenerating anterior and posterior halves responded differently to RA. RA-treated anterior half zeugopodia in the eyesocket, and anterior half stumps adjacent to the unamputated posterior half zeugopodia in situ both produced regenerates that duplicated stump structures in the proximodistal axis and formed a complete and normal AP pattern. RA-treated double anterior zeugopodia regenerated proximodistal-duplicated pairs of mirror-imaged limbs, each with a complete and normal AP pattern. In contrast, half posterior zeugopodia in the eyesocket, the posterior half stumps of unamputated half anterior zeugopodia in situ, and double posterior zeugopodia all failed to regenerate. These results suggest that RA modifies positional memory in only one direction in the AP axis, posterior.
On-Farm Trial Assessing Efficacy of Three Insecticide Classes for Management of Stink Bug and Fruit Damage on Processing Tomatoes

Abstract Five foliar insecticides representing a neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam), a pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin), a neonicotinoid plus pyrethroid (thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin), and two orga...
Self-reported stress and risk of breast cancer

BACKGROUND Many women attribute the development of their breast cancer to psychosocial factors such as stress and depression. Yet investigations of the relationship between breast cancer and stressful life events have had inconsistent outcomes, due in part to studies with small sample sizes and reliance on hospital-based populations. METHODS As part of a population-based, case–control study of breast cancer etiology, we evaluated the association between stressful life events and the risk of breast cancer among 258 breast cancer patients and 614 randomly selected population-based controls. Information on 11 stressful life events was collected in telephone interviews with women aged 50–79 who were participating in the ongoing study. RESULTS Breast cancer patients and controls experienced the same number of stressful life events in the five years prior to diagnosis or an equivalent reference date (controls), averaging 2.4 and 2.6 events, respectively. After adjustment for known breast cancer risk factors, there was no association between weighted stressful life event scores and the risk of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.90 per unit increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78–1.05). Only one life event, death of a close friend, was significantly more often reported by controls (OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52–1.00). Other life events were inconsistently and nonsignificantly associated with breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS The results of this retrospective study do not suggest any important associations between stressful life events and breast cancer risk. Cancer 1996;77:1089-93.
Signal analysis of transients In pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy

A finite difference model was constructed to describe the origin of the complex transients in pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy signals. With inclusion of boundary conditions and material interfaces, the model is shown to give qualitative agreement with experimental transients. The model provides insight into the results of varying the photoacoustic‐cell materials and/or geometric configuration for cell optimization. The transients are found to contain significant information regarding resonant modes in the photoacoustic cell assembly. The transient signal behavior is explained in terms of these resonant cavity modes, and it is determined which cell cavities are relevant to a given time segment of the signal. Analytical detection limits are correlated with each point on the transient signal.
933 EVALUATION BY NON-MEDICAL PERSONNEL OF COMMUNITY HOSPITAL NEONATAL CPR

The Vt./N.H. Regional Perinatal Program conducted and evaluated a series of infant CPR courses given for MDs and RNs in eleven hospitals. Each intervention hospital was matched with a control hospital for size, staffing, distance from center, and an objective test of nursing knowledge. A drill and protocol were designed so that performance could be evaluated by non-medical personnel. Pre- and post-drills two weeks apart resulted in complete data from 6 control/intervention pairs. Most common errors included: (1) improper positioning, (2) suctioning with >20 mmHg pressure, (3) no cardiac massage, or when done, (4) lack of support and (5) confusion about rate, (6) failure to intubate or (7) failure to stabilize tube and (8) no ventilation between intubation attempts. Our data indicate that just giving a drill caused an improvement in skills. Both intervention and control hospitals were more likely to do cardiac massage in the post-test. Intervention hospitals increased intubation efforts but with errors. We conclude that: (a) just testing improves skills, (b) CPR courses raise knowledge levels but (c) people need multiple contacts to refine skills and (d) non-medical personnel can effectively evaluate neonatal CPR via a clinical drill.
Assessment of various diffusion models for the prediction of heterogeneous combustion in monolith tubes

Abstract In the case of heterogeneous reactions, diffusion is the only mechanism, locally, of transport of species to and from a surface. Thus, accurate prediction of diffusive transport is a prerequisite for accurate prediction of the operation of devices in which heterogeneous reactions occur. Three different diffusion models are examined from the standpoint of both accuracy and efficiency. Two of these models, namely the dilute approximation (DA) model and the Schmidt number (SN) model, are approximate models, and are compared against a rigorous multi-component diffusion (MCD) model derived from the Stefan–Maxwell equation. Both hydrogen–air and methane–air combustion in a monolith channel are studied. Inlet equivalence ratio, Reynolds number (flow rate), and wall temperature are considered as parameters. The results show that both the DA model and the SN model are accurate within 2% irrespective of the equivalence ratio or fuel—the worst accuracy being for hydrogen combustion. The DA model and the SN model produce almost identical results. In comparison to the MCD model, the DA model is approximately twice as computationally efficient, while the SN model is 2–16 times more efficient. The accuracy and efficiency of the SN model, in conjunction with its simplicity, makes it an attractive choice for the treatment of diffusion in catalytic combustion calculations.
Flexibility of a Glutamate-Binding Domain

The molecular dynamics simulation of the binding domain of a glutamate receptor presented in this issue of Structure (Lau & Roux, 2007) provides insights into large-scale fluctuations of this protein that are supported by experiment and provide constraints on possible models for the function of the intact glutamate receptor.
A Principles-based Model of Ethical Considerations in Military Decision Making

When comparing alternative courses of action, modern military decision makers often must consider both the military effectiveness and the ethical consequences of the available alternatives. The basis, design, calibration, and performance of a principles-based computational model of ethical considerations in military decision making are reported in this article. The relative ethical violation (REV) model comparatively evaluates alternative military actions based upon the degree to which they violate contextually relevant ethical principles. It is based on a set of specific ethical principles deemed by philosophers and ethicists to be relevant to military courses of action. A survey of expert and non-expert human decision makers regarding the relative ethical violation of alternative actions for a set of specially designed calibration scenarios was conducted to collect data that was used to calibrate the REV model. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the survey showed that people, even experts, disagreed greatly amongs...
Fungal Disease of the Nose and Sinuses: An Updated Overview

Fungal diseases of the nose and sinuses encompasses a diverse spectrum of disease. Clinical manifestations are largely dependent upon the immune status of the host, as, given the ubiquitous nature of these organisms, exposure is unavoidable. Asymptomatic colonization of the nasal passages by fungi warrants no treatment and is common, while allergic fungal rhinosinusitis is challenging and often requires a combined approach of surgical intervention, immunotherapy, and corticosteroid administration. A diagnosis requires a combination of IgE immune reactivity, eosinophilic infiltration, and fungi recovery. Similarly, invasive disease may present only after several months of slowly progressive disease, or in rapid and fulminant fashion in the appropriate host. A differentiation of these overlapping syndromes and the pathophysiologic processes at play, and recommended treatment algorithms, are the focus of this review.
Update on the use of distal radial bone density measurements in prediction of hip and Colles' fracture risk

A controversy has developed around the question as to whether bone density values from the distal radius can be used to accurately predict risk of future fractures. To address this question, two separate studies were undertaken: (a) Bone density was measured in 460 healthy ambulatory women living in retirement centers in the state of North Carolina; 83% of these women were followed for up to 60 months for occurrence of minimal trauma hip and wrist fractures. Thirty-one minimal trauma fractures were reported in our study population, representing 8% of those followed. The fracture incidence density rate showed a close inverse relationship with incremental changes in bone density at the distal site. Twenty-eight of the 31 fractures were reported in women with bone density values below the 325-mg/cm2 "at risk" value. (b) Bone density values of the distal radius and the lumbar spine from 360 women (aged 18-85 years) from the Chapel Hill area were used to analyze the error in predicting individual spinal density from the distal radial density. Although the overall correlation was high (r = 0.67) and the confidence intervals were narrow, the prediction intervals were quite wide. Thus, prediction of an individual value of spine density from the distal radius density would result in a value with a range too wide to be clinically useful. We conclude that single-photon absorptiometry appears to be a useful tool for screening normal populations of asymptomatic women for prediction of hip or Colles' fracture risk even though it has limited usefulness in prediction of spinal fracture risk or individual values for spinal density. Language: en
Characterization of the RNA synthesized by Phycomyces blakesleeanus

Abstract As a part of a survey of simple eukaryotic organisms for the occurrence of heterogeneous, high molecular weight nuclear RNA ( Darnell , Bacteriol. Rev., 32 (1968) 262), we have investigated the RNA of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. High molecular weight nRNA has not yet been found in protozoans such as Amoeba proteus ( Prescott et al. Exp. Cell Res., 64 (1971) 145), Tetrahymena ( Prescott et al., Exp. Cell Res., 67 (1971) 124, or Euplotes ( E. Gamow and D. M. Prescott , unpublished), and whether it is present in any single-celled eukaryotes remains uncertain. In this study P. blakesleeanus, a single-celled, multinucleated fungus ( Bergman et al., Bacteriol. Rev. 33 (1969) 99), was investigated, and the absence of high molecular weight nRNA and the presence of rRNA precursors is described. Incidentally, we draw attention to a technical problem in the quantitative collection of the 4–5-S RNA when glass filters are used.
Role of EUS for preoperative evaluation of cholangiocarcinoma: A large single-center experience

Background Accurate preoperative diagnosis and staging of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remain difficult. Objective To evaluate the utility of EUS in the diagnosis and preoperative evaluation of CCA. Design Observational study of prospectively collected data. Setting Single tertiary referral hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. Patients Consecutive patients with CCA from January 2003 through October 2009. Interventions EUS and EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA). Main Outcome Measurements Sensitivity of EUS for the detection of a tumor and prediction of unresectability compared with CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); sensitivity of EUS-FNA to provide tissue diagnosis, by using surgical pathology as a reference standard. Results A total of 228 patients with biliary strictures undergoing EUS were identified. Of these, 81 (mean age 70 years, 45 men) had CCA. Fifty-one patients (63%) had distal and 30 (37%) had proximal CCA. For those with available imaging, tumor detection was superior with EUS compared with triphasic CT (76 of 81 [94%] vs 23 of 75 [30%], respectively; P P = .07 vs EUS). EUS identified CCA in all 51 (100%) distal and 25 (83%) of 30 proximal tumors ( P P = .04). Fifteen tumors were definitely unresectable. EUS correctly identified unresectability in 8 of 15 and correctly identified the 38 of 39 patients with resectable tumors (53% sensitivity and 97% specificity for unresectability). CT and/or MRI failed to detect unresectability in 6 of these 8 patients. Limitation Single-center study. Conclusion EUS and EUS-FNA are sensitive for the diagnosis of CCA and very specific in predicting unresectability. The sensitivity of EUS-FNA is significantly higher in distal than in proximal CCA.
Information-bearing acoustic change outperforms duration in predicting intelligibility of full-spectrum and noise-vocoded sentencesa)

Recent research has demonstrated a strong relationship between information-bearing acoustic changes in the speech signal and speech intelligibility. The availability of information-bearing acoustic changes reliably predicts intelligibility of full-spectrum [Stilp and Kluender (2010). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(27), 12387–12392] and noise-vocoded sentences amid noise interruption [Stilp et al. (2013). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133(2), EL136–EL141]. However, other research reports that proportion of signal duration preserved also predicts intelligibility of noise-interrupted speech. These factors have only ever been investigated independently, obscuring whether one better explains speech perception. The present experiments manipulated both factors to answer this question. A broad range of sentence durations (160–480 ms) containing high or low information-bearing acoustic changes were replaced by speech-shaped noise in noise-vocoded (Experiment 1) and full-spectrum sentences (Experiment 2). Sentence intelli...
Third person effect and Internet pornography in China

We explore third person effects in the context of Internet pornography in China.The prediction of greater effects on others than on self is supported.Perceived effects on others influence the support for censorship.We test the predictors of THE self-other perceptual gap.Social distance, feminism and sexual attitude are significant predictors. The current study contributes to the examination of third-person effects in the context of Internet pornography in China. Drawing from third-person effect theory, this study investigates what factors determine the self-others perceptual discrepancy in estimations of Internet pornography influences. Using data from a 2014 online survey (N=533) conducted in China, study results indicated a significant difference between the perceived effects on self and others. Second, the study confirmed the theoretical linkage between perceived effects on others and respondent support for censorship of pornography. Third, study results revealed that the self-others perceptual gap was influenced by social distance between self and others, perceived feminism and perceived sexual conservatism.