cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of mechanical properties with metallurgical structure for 18Ni 200 grade maraging steel at room and cryogenic temperatures

An extensive metallurgical study is presented which is intended to explain variations in the mechanical properties of Ni18 200 grade maraging steel in various product forms and orientations. Fracture toughness and Charpy impact values are found to decrease with decreasing temperature and be dependent on product form, specimen orientation, and metallurgical condition. Fatigue crack growth rates are dependent on temperature only. Fractographic analysis reveals that the decrease in toughness at -170 C is not associated with cleavage-type fracture morphology. Those specimens exhibiting low fracture toughness at room temperature or -170 C are found to have a significantly larger number of titanium-rich particles associated with dimple formation on the fracture surface.
FNMA Mortgage Purchase Commitments As Put Options: An Empirical Examination

The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) auctions commitments to purchase mortgages. An examination of the terms of the commitment contract shows that these commitments are actually put options on mortgages. The contract is unusual, however, in that the price of the commitment is a fixed percentage of the value of the mortgages. In the auction, the dealers effectively bid the exercise price at which they would be willing to pay the fixed commitment price. In this paper, we study the economics of the FNMA auction. We use a two-state approximation to the American put pricing model for interest-dependent securities to examine the behavior of the auction results. We find that the model performs reasonably well for several years — giving results which are, on the average, correct — and then, quite abruptly, the performance of the model deteriorates. Some possible reasons for this result are then examined.
Exocyst-mediated membrane trafficking is required for branch outgrowth in Drosophila tracheal terminal cells

Branching morphogenesis, the process by which cells or tissues generate tree-like networks that function to increase surface area or in contacting multiple targets, is a common developmental motif in multicellular organisms. We use Drosophila tracheal terminal cells, a component of the insect respiratory system, to investigate branching morphogenesis that occurs at the single cell level. Here, we show that the exocyst, a conserved protein complex that facilitates docking and tethering of vesicles at the plasma membrane, is required for terminal cell branch outgrowth. We find that exocyst-deficient terminal cells have highly truncated branches and show an accumulation of vesicles within their cytoplasm and are also defective in subcellular lumen formation. We also show that vesicle trafficking pathways mediated by the Rab GTPases Rab10 and Rab11 are redundantly required for branch outgrowth. In terminal cells, the PAR-polarity complex is required for branching, and we find that the PAR complex is required for proper membrane localization of the exocyst, thus identifying a molecular link between the branching and outgrowth programs. Together, our results suggest a model where exocyst mediated vesicle trafficking facilitates branch outgrowth, while de novo branching requires cooperation between the PAR and exocyst complexes.
The competitive barium meal

The diagnostic value of a large number of films taken during the routine double-contrast barium meal has been assessed. It is suggested that a minimum number of undercouch views are necessary for a routine examination of the stomach and duodenum. In our series, all of the diagnoses reported would have been made using these views alone and with considerable savings in time, cost and irradiation. The routine barium meal should be an efficient, quick and cost-effective technique, which should be preferable to endoscopy as the primary method of investigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Bronchiolar epithelial damage and impairment of pulmonary microsomal monooxygenase activity in mice by naphthalene

Abstract Injection of a single dose of naphthalene into C57BL/6J mice (225 mg/kg, ip) produced a significant (30–70%) and prolonged (8–15 days) impairment in pulmonary microsomal monooxygenase activities without altering these activities in liver microsomes. The time course of naphthalene-induced morphologic damage to bronchiolar epithelium paralleled compromises in pulmonary monooxygenase activity. No concomitant alterations in hepatic morphology were observed. Five microsomal enzymes were studied: benzphetamine N -demethylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (a cytochrome P -448-dependent enzyme), and styrene epoxide hydrolase (a cytochrome P -450-independent enzyme). In general, the time course of the inhibition of these pulmonary enzymes was similar but the magnitude of the inhibition varied somewhat. Maximum inhibition of enzyme activity occurred about 3 days after naphthalene administration; 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase activity was reduced to about 30% of control values whereas benzphetamine N -demethylase declined to about 70% of control. The remaining enzymes clustered midway between these extremes at about 50% of control values. Inhibited activities remained at relatively constant levels between Days 3 and 8 and by Day 15, there was a clear trend returning toward controls. Despite this trend, three of the six pulmonary enzyme activities examined remained significantly below control levels 15 days after a single dose of the hydrocarbon. Histologically, the pulmonary nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cell was the primary target of naphthalene toxicity. At early time points and at low magnifications, it appeared as if the entire bronchiolar epithelium was undergoing necrosis and sloughing into the lumen. However, higher magnifications revealed residual ciliated epithelium. The distribution of Clara cell damage appeared to vary considerably. One could find bronchioles that appeared completely denuded of epithelium and others in the same section whose Clara cells had been spared or, alternatively, were in the process of regeneration. The results are discussed in relation to recent work which has shown selective covalent binding of naphthalene to pulmonary Clara cells.
The evaluation of corporate contributions

This paper reviews the rationales expressed by businessmen for corporate philanthropy as an alternative to both individual charity and government provision of some types of charitable services. Three hypotheses explaining the aggregate level of corporate giving are then tested. The paper concludes with a list of potential hypotheses to be tested about corporate philanthropy when the data become available.
Absence of adult age differences in forgetting in the Brown-Peterson Task.

Abstract Despite some recent evidence to the contrary, no reliable age differences in proactive interference (PI) or retroactive interference (RI) were found in a cross-sectional study of adults aged 18–29 and 63–75. Individual memory span was used as the list length in the Brown-Peterson Task in order to achieve stimulus equivalence of memory loads across individuals and age groups. Data from rehearsers were excluded from the analyses in order to isolate age differences in passive forgetting processes from those in rehearsal. PI was manipulated by presenting categorized or uncategorized memory lists. RI was manipulated, holding distractor task difficulty constant, by using words or tones in a signal detection distractor task. It is concluded that age differences are minimal to nonexistent in passive RI-related processes such as decay and perturbation and in passive PI-related processes such as set effects in semantic encoding.
Trends in pediatric organ donation after cardiac death.

Objective Organ donation after cardiac death is viewed as one way of partially closing the current gap between organ supply and demand. There are no published guidelines for organ donation after cardiac death specific to the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to examine the cumulative pediatric donation-after-cardiac-death experience to set the context for the development and sharing of best-practice guidelines. Patients and methods This was a retrospective, descriptive study that used data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database from 1993 to 2005. Organ data from all donors after cardiac death who were Results There were 683 organs from donation-after-cardiac-death donors or = 1 pediatric donation-after-cardiac-death donor were members of the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions. Fifty-six percent of all of the pediatric donation-after-cardiac-death organs were donated from the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institution member centers. Conclusions Data regarding the use of pediatric donation-after-cardiac-death organs for pediatric recipients remain sparse. Few medical centers have had enough donation-after-cardiac-death donor experience to report a tried-and-true approach. We advocate for comprehensive collection and reporting of outcome data for all-aged recipients of pediatric donation-after-cardiac-death organs to help facilitate the generation of evidence-based best-practice guidelines for pediatric donation after cardiac death.
VAWOM: temperature and process variation aware wearout management in 3D multicore architecture

Three dimensional (3D) integration attempts to address challenges and limitations of new technologies such as interconnect delay and power consumption. However, high power density and increased temperature in 3D architectures accelerate wearout failure mechanisms such as Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI). In this paper we present VAWOM (Variation Aware WearOut Management), an approach that reduces the NBTI effect by exploiting temperature and process variation in 3D architectures. We demonstrate the efficacy of VAWOM on a two-layer 3D architecture with 4x4 cores on the first layer and 4x4 last level caches on the second layer, and show that VAWOM reduces NBTI induced threshold voltage degradation by 30% with only a small degradation in performance.
Water Conflicts and River Basins: The Contradictions of Comanagement and Scale in Northeast Thailand

Questions of geographic scale, social conflicts, and shifting socioecological contexts are central to the prospects for and obstacles to comanagement of river basins. While thinking of a river basin as an environmental resource amenable to comanagement may have certain conceptual and practical advantages, the political and socioeconomic obstacles to creating effective comanagement regimes are substantial. The thorniest dilemmas involve devising effective institutions for managing water resources in basins characterized by intractable ecological conflict and within a national (and international) political-economic context that demands ever more rapid resource exploitation. These hurdles are compounded by the manner in which different actors are embedded within and contribute to socioecological processes linked--both materially and discursively--to multiple geographical scales. The comanagement and scale quandaries presented in the case of the Nam Phong basin in Northeast Thailand are characteristic of many...
Selectivity and stereospecificity of the reactions of dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) with three purified plasma proteins.

Abstract The reactions of cis - and trans -dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) ( cis - and trans -DDP) with albumin and two plasma proteinase inhibitors were compared. Reaction with α 2 -macroglobulin (α 2 M) resulted in subunit crosslinking and loss of proteinase binding activity. The reaction also modified a receptor recognition site present on each α 2 M subunit. While more trans -DDP was incorporated into α 2 M than cis -DDP, cis -DDP was more effective at blocking receptor recognition. α 1 -proteinase inhibitor was also inactivated by reaction with either cis - or trans -DDP. These reactions resulted in binding of platinum to methionine-358 at the reactive center of this inhibitor. Trans -DDP, however, was less selective and also bound to the single cysteine residue (Cys-232) of α 1 PI. Reaction of albumin with cis -DDP resulted in incorporation of about 1 mol platinum per mol protein, and this platinum modified the single cysteine (Cys-34) in the molecule. Albumin incorporated twice as much trans -DDP, but the binding did not involve cysteine-34. In general, reactions of cis -DDP with proteins appear to be more selective than those observed for modification with the trans isomer.
Spatially Distributed Forcing and Jet Vectoring with a Plasma Actuator

volume momentum balance was used. By shaping the buried electrode along the span of the actuator, the local volume of plasma generated can be controlled, which is related to the local body force. Pressure measurements were takenintheboundarylayerbehindtheactuatortocalculatethemomentumimpartedtothe flowatvariousspanwise locations corresponding to different electrode widths. Particle image velocimetry data were then used to show that spatially varying, steady jets could be created with the use of only one actuator by varying the width of the buried electrode in a quiescent flow. The angle of the jet created, relative to the dielectric, by a plasma synthetic jet is also investigated. By pointing two plasma actuators at each other, an inverted impinging jet can be created as a result of the two independent jets colliding. By altering the strength of one of the jets relative to the other, the angle of separation can be changed. Particle image velocimetry data were taken to show the effects of altering the voltage (strength)appliedtooneoftheactuatorsrelativetotheother.Itwasfoundthat,withthismethod,jetvectoringcould beachieved.Theangleofthejetcouldbecontrolledafull180degthroughsmallchangesinthevoltageappliedtothe electrodes, also in a quiescent flow. Nomenclature D = diameter FB = body force FS = shear force P = power qd;off = dynamic pressure downstream of the actuator (0.035 m) with the plasma off qd;on = dynamic pressure downstream of the actuator (0.035 m) with the plasma on Re = Reynolds number St = Strouhal number U = freestream velocity ud;off = velocity downstream of the actuator (0.035 m) with the plasma off ud;on = velocity downstream of the actuator (0.035 m) with the plasma on W = waviness amplitude � = angle of jet measured counterclockwise � V = voltage differential between exposed electrodes relative to ground � = wavelength
Stimulus frequency and intensity: critical determinants of opioid enhancement or inhibition of evoked methionine-enkephalin release.

Abstract Responses to opioids can be bimodal depending on the concentration of opioid used. For example, low concentrations (nM) enhance whereas higher concentrations (10–100 nM) inhibit the electrically evoked release of enkaphalin from the myeteric plexus. The nature of the responsiveness of the enkephalin release process to opioids is also dependent on the intracellular and/or extracellular milieu of enkephalin-containing neurons or other neurons of this plexus. Intracellular levels of cAMP, availability of pertussis toxin- and cholera toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding proteins and intracellular calcium concentration have all been shown to be important determinants of opioid excitatory versus inhibitory actions. The present data indicate that the inhibition of enkephalin release by U50,488H or sufentanil is no longer observed when the applied voltage is increased 3- or 2-fold, respectively. Under this condition, a previously inhibitory concentration of opioid produces an enhancement of stimulated enkephalin release. Increasing the frequency of the applied stimulation from 5 to 60 Hz (at a constant voltage) also reverses the sufentanil-induced inhibition to a facilitation of enkephalin release. These data indicate that the intensity (voltage) or frequency of the stimulation that is used to release enkephalin is a critical determinant of the nature of its modulation by opioids. The possible relevance of these findings to known differences in opioid sensitivity between different types of pain is discussed.
Bringing Patients' Social Context into the Examination Room: An Investigation of the Discussion of Social Influence During Contraceptive Counseling

Abstract Background Although social networks are an increasingly recognized influence on contraceptive use, little is known about if and how social influences are discussed during women's contraceptive counseling visits. Methods We performed a mixed-methods analysis of audio recordings of contraceptive counseling visits. We examined predictors of discussion of social influence arising in a contraceptive counseling visit and analyzed the content and process of social influence discussions. Results Social influences were mentioned in 42% of the 342 visits included in the sample, with these discussions most commonly initiated by patients. Younger patients were more likely to have social influence mentioned than older patients. The content of social influence focused on side effects and adverse events, with the sources of influence being predominantly patients' friends and the media, with little input from partners. Providers were more likely to engage around the content of the social influence than the social influence itself. Conclusion The frequency with which social influence was mentioned in these visits supports the importance of women's social context on their contraceptive decision making. However, the fact that patients initiated the discussion in the majority of cases suggests that providers may not recognize the relevance of these influences or may not be comfortable engaging with them. Increasing providers' ability to elicit and engage patients about their social context with regard to contraception could enhance providers' ability to understand women's contraceptive preferences and provide appropriate counseling to address their specific concerns or questions.
Analysis of a coronal loop on the limb

Abstract The ability to accurately measure the temperature and density of the solar atmosphere is essential to understanding the physical nature of Coronal loops. After data has been corrected to account for cosmic ray incidents on the CCD and instrumental effects, there are additional sources of error that must also be addressed. We applied a correction to the intensities for spectral lines to account for line of sight effects. Having performed these procedures, the corrected intensities from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer are then used to produce differential emission measure curves with much improved error estimates
Population biology of Avena : IX. Gene flow and neighborhood size in relation to microgeographic variation in Avena barbata.

Pollen and seed dispersal patterns were analyzed in both natural and experimental populations of Avena barbata. Localized estimates of gene flow rates and plant densities gave estimates of neighborhood size in the range of 40 to 400 plants; the estimates of mean rate and distance of gene flow seemed to vary widely due to variable wind direction, rodent activity, microsite heterogeneity, etc. The relative sizes of neighborhoods in several populations were correlated with the patchy distribution of different genotypes (scored for lemma color and leaf sheath hairiness) within short distances, but patch sizes had a wide range among different sites. Highly localized gene flow patterns seemed to account for the observed pattern of highly patchy variation even when the dispersal curves for both pollen and seed were platykurtic in many cases. Measures of the stability of patches in terms of their size, dispersion in space and genetic structure in time are needed in order to sort out the relative roles of founder effects, random drift (due to small neighborhood size), and highly localized selection. However, our observations suggest that many variables and stochastic processes are involved in such studies so as to allow only weak inference about the underlying role of natural selection, drift and factors of population regulatien.
Gunshots to the hand and upper extremity.

Gunshot injuries to the hand and upper extremity have been studied during military conflicts and in urban settings. Treatment concepts include identification of injured structures, aggressive surgical wound care, and reconstruction of important functional structures. There are various types of missi
Hall effect in semiconducting epitaxial and amorphous Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films

An experimental study of the Hall effect in nonmetallic Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films is reported. Both epitaxial crystalline YBa2Cu3O6+x (x⩽0.5) and multiphase/amorphous Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films were studied. The structure of the samples was measured by x-ray diffraction and Raman microprobe. The amorphous Y-Ba-Cu-O samples were found to have a grain size of about 100 A. The conduction properties were studied and analyzed for the two types of samples over a wide temperature range including room temperature. The Hall effect measurements showed positive charge carriers with a concentration ranging from 1017 to 1020 cm−3 at room temperature. The mobility was found to decrease with higher Hall carrier concentration. The empirical relationship for the mobility dependence on impurity concentration agreed with the relationship between mobility and the experimental Hall carrier concentration, suggesting that the same localized states were responsible for both providing the carriers and reducing the mobility through scatterin...
Autocatalytic activation of acetyl-CoA synthase.

Acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS ≡ ACS/CODH ≡ CODH/ACS) from Moorella thermoacetica catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from CO, CoA, and a methyl group of a corrinoid-iron-sulfur protein (CoFeSP). A time lag prior to the onset of acetyl-CoA production, varying from 4 to 20 min, was observed in assay solutions lacking the low-potential electron-transfer agent methyl viologen (MV). No lag was observed when MV was included in the assay. The length of the lag depended on the concentrations of CO and ACS, with shorter lags found for higher [ACS] and sub-saturating [CO]. Lag length also depended on CoFeSP. Rate profiles of acetyl-CoA synthesis, including the lag phase, were numerically simulated assuming an autocatalytic mechanism. A similar reaction profile was monitored by UV-vis spectrophotometry, allowing the redox status of the CoFeSP to be evaluated during this process. At early stages in the lag phase, Co2+FeSP reduced to Co+FeSP, and this was rapidly methylated to afford CH3-Co3+FeSP. During steady-state synthesis of acetyl-CoA, CoFeSP was predominately in the CH3-Co3+FeSP state. As the synthesis rate declined and eventually ceased, the Co+FeSP state predominated. Three activation reductive reactions may be involved, including reduction of the A- and C-clusters within ACS and the reduction of the cobamide of CoFeSP. The B-, C-, and D-clusters in the β subunit appear to be electronically isolated from the A-cluster in the connected α subunit, consistent with the ~70 A distance separating these clusters, suggesting the need for an in vivo reductant that activates ACS and/or CoFeSP.
Life-lengthening effects of γ-radiation on the adult housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract Effects of γ-irradiation on the life span of the adult housefly (Musca domestica) were examined in order to elucidate the relationship between metabolic rate, irradiation and longevity. Adult houseflies of both sexes, exposed to 0, 20, 40 and 66 kR of γ-radiation, were housed under conditions of relatively high or low physical activity. The mean longevity of high activity males exposed to 20 and 40 kR exhibited a significant increase, whereas the average life span of all female populations, low activity males, and high activity males exposed to 66 kR was significantly decreased following irradiation. Radiation exposure caused a reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption in both sexes as well as a decrease in the incidence of wing loss in the male flies. Analysis of the results suggests that radiation-induced life-lengthening in the housefly is a consequence of reduced metabolic activity.
Tumorigenic Cells Are Common in Mouse MPNSTs but Their Frequency Depends upon Tumor Genotype and Assay Conditions

Summary Tumor-initiating cells have been suggested to be rare in many cancers. We tested this in mouse malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and found that 18% of primary and 49% of passaged MPNST cells from Nf1 +/− ; Ink4a/Arf −/− mice formed tumors upon transplantation, whereas only 1.8% to 2.6% of MPNST cells from Nf1 +/− ; p53 +/− mice did. MPNST cells of both genotypes require laminin binding to β1-integrin for clonogenic growth. Most MPNST cells from Nf1 +/− ; Ink4a/Arf −/− mice expressed laminin, whereas most MPNST cells from Nf1 +/− ; p53 +/− mice did not. Exogenous laminin increased the percentage of MPNST cells from Nf1 +/− ; p53 +/− but not Nf1 +/− ; Ink4a/Arf −/− mice that formed tumorigenic colonies. Tumor-forming potential is common among MPNST cells, but the assay conditions required to detect it vary with tumor genotype.
The development of the pediatric NAFLD fibrosis score (PNFS) to predict the presence of advanced fibrosis in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background Noninvasive hepatic fibrosis scores that predict the presence of advanced fibrosis have been developed and validated in adult patients with NAFLD. The aims of our study were to assess the utility of commonly used adult fibrosis scores in pediatric NAFLD and to develop a pediatric specific fibrosis score that can predict advanced fibrosis. Methods Consecutive children with biopsy-proven NAFLD were included. Fibrosis was determined by an experienced pathologist (F0-4). Advanced fibrosis was defined as fibrosis stage ≥ 3. The following adult fibrosis scores were calculated for each child: AST/ALT ratio, AST/platelet ratio index (APRI), NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), and FIB-4 Index. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to build a new pediatric model for predicting advanced fibrosis. Results Our cohort consisted of 242 children with a mean age of 12.4 ± 3.1 years and 63% were female. 36 (15%) subjects had advanced fibrosis. APRI and FIB-4 were higher in patients with advanced fibrosis compared to those with fibrosis stage 0-2; however, AST/ALT ratio and NFS were not different between the two groups. We used our data to develop a new model to predict advanced fibrosis which included: ALT, alkaline phosphatase, platelet counts and GGT. The multivariable logistic regression model (z) was defined as follows: z = 1.1+(0.34*sqrt(ALT))+(0.002*alkaline phosphatase) - (1.1*log(platelets) - (0.02*GGT). This value was then converted into a probability distribution (p) with a value between 0 to 100 by the following formula: p = 100 × exp(z)/[1+exp(z)]. The AUCROC for this model was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.82). This was found to be significantly better than APRI, NAFLD Fibrosis Score and FIB-4 Index. Conclusion Noninvasive hepatic fibrosis scores developed in adults had poor performance in diagnosing advanced fibrosis in children with NAFLD. We developed a new pediatric NAFLD fibrosis score with improved performance characteristics.
The role of experience in religion

After a period of relative neglect, the issue of religious experience is finding its way back into theological discussion. During the era when Karl Barth was the dominating theological figure, "experience" was banned as smacking of "Schleiermachian subjectivism." The scene is changing now, partly out of the interest in theology's relation to the empirical disciplines, and partly out of the recognition that experience is after all the medium through which religious reality is transmitted. Inattention to that fact does not change the situation; it just makes it more difficult to name what actually is taking place. In Europe a new post-Barthian interest in experience was signalled by the 1974 lecture of Gerhard Ebeling, professor of theology at the University of Zurich, who at the founding meeting of the Scientific Association for Theology, complained about what he called the "Erfahrungsdeficit in der Theologies Referring to Luther, Ebeling observed that, although the Reformer could speak at times of faith and experience in sharpest contrast (those times when one trusts in God "in spite of our experience") at other times he linked faith with "feeling in the heart and conscience the God whom we believe."1 Ebeling 's address was only the beginning of what in Europe has become a growing body of literature - from systematic theologians such as Eilert Herms at Mainz and Jiirgen Moltmann at Tubingen; from New Testament scholar Peter Stuhlmacher, who uses the category of experience to develop a new hermeneutic; and from Karl Ernst Nipkow, who applies the method to religious education - not to mention a host of others.2 In the United States, the religious empiricism of the Chicago School and the continuing influence of Dewey and Whitehead in theological
A Study on Amount of Biomass Pellets Used in Durability Testing

Biofuels are an alternative to petroleum-based liquid transportation fuels. Cellulosic biomass can be used as feedstocks for befoul manufacturing. Low density of cellulosic feedstocks causes difficulties in handling them during transportation and storage, thus hindering large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels. Pelleting can increase the density of cellulosic feedstocks by compacting bulky biomass into pellets. Pellet durability, an important quality parameter, measures the ability of pellets to withstand impact and other destructive forces during transportation and handling. ASABE standard S269.4 specifies a procedure to determine pellet durability using 500 grams of pellets. However, it does not provide any justification of choosing this amount of pellets. This paper investigates the feasibility of using a smaller amount of pellets (50 grams) to determine pellet durability. Results show that 50 grams of pellets can generate comparable durability results as 500 grams of pellets.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
An evaluation of three diagnostic wind models (CALMET, MCSCIPUF, and SWIFT) with wind data from the Dipole Pride 26 field experiments

This paper describes the evaluation of three diagnostic wind models by direct comparison with wind field data. The models are the California Meteorological Model (CALMET), the Mass Consistent model (MCSCIPUF) associated with the Second Order Closure Integrated Puff (SCIPUFF) transport/dispersion model, and the Stationary Wind Field and Turbulence (SWIFT) model. The evaluation follows previous works by Chang, Franzese & Hanna, who compared the same three models, and by Bradley & Mazzola who evaluated SWIFT coupled with SCIPUFF. As with SWIFT, MCSCIPUF is incorporated in the Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC), while CALMET is linked with the California Puff model (CALPUFF), another transport and dispersion model. The Dipole Pride 26 (DP26) experiments, performed at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Nevada Test Site, are used as the source of the wind data. They provide a comprehensive set of meteorological data with wide-ranging atmospheric stability conditions over a complex terrain. Model calculations were compared with measured data in two phases. The first phase uses complete sets of data from eight locations (the 8M phase) as model inputs, and thus tests the ability of the models to reproduce input conditions. In the second phase, five of the measured wind sites are withheld from input, and instead used for validation of model calculations (the 3M phase). In the first phase, the errors were found (with some exceptions) to be quite small. In the second phase, mean absolute errors were found to be of the order of 1ms−1 and 30°, with only small differences among models in terms of performance. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Oral colorectal cleansing preparations in adults.

Bowel preparation has been a much-debated issue for both colonoscopy and for colorectal surgery. While bowel preparation for colonoscopy is clearly mandatory for optimal intraluminal visualization, bowel preparation for surgery has recently been challenged. This review evaluates oral bowel preparation, based on evidence in the literature, in order to provide a practical guide for physicians and practitioners about oral bowel cleansing preparations in current use for both colonoscopy and for colorectal surgery.
Neuromuscular and Endocrine Control of an Avian Courtship Behavior

Abstract In many species of birds, males perform complex visual and acoustic courtship displays to attract and stimulate females. Some of these displays involve considerable use of the wings and legs, suggesting that they may be controlled by sexually dimorphic spinal motoneurons and their target muscles. Sex steroid hormones are known to organize and activate many sexually dimorphic phenotypes, so these neuromuscular systems may also be steroid sensitive. To test these ideas, we have begun studies of wild golden-collared manakins ( Manacus vitellinus ) in Central America. Males of this species establish a courtship arena in the forest, where they perform an elaborate dance that includes use of their wings to generate loud snapping sounds. Here we describe male golden-collared manakin courtship behavior, including the various “wingsnaps.” We also review our studies, and those of others, showing sexually dimorphic properties of manakin wings, the wing musculature, and sex steroid accumulation in the spinal cord. These data suggest that manakins are useful models for evaluating steroid control of complex peripheral neuromuscular systems.
Sport as metaphor for social dynamics in the history of popular culture

O esporte tem sido um dos temas marginais da historiografia, contudo sua penetracao social e imensa. A presenca do esporte na vida cotidiana tem sido, recentemente, revelada como meio de analise da estrutura social. Com o presente texto pretende-se um questionamento sobre alternativas de estudo do esporte como metafora da dinâmica social.
Hydrophobic Interaction of Analytes with Permselective Poly(N-vinyl amide) Films on Electrodes

The synthesis and properties of poly(N-vinyl amide) copolymer films made of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and N-vinylphthalimide (NVPH) are described. The films are cast as permselective layers with a thickness between 0.18 and 1.5 μm onto spectroscopic graphite electrodes. The permselective properties of films of different thicknesses are investigated with various charged and uncharged hydrophilic and hydrophobic analytes as probes using electrochemical methods. Although the poly(N-vinyl amide) films are uncharged, they show sufficient conductivity for electrochemical measurements such as cyclic voltammetry. The main forces dominating the permselectivity of the copolymer films are hydrophobic interactions, which lead to a preferred preconcentration of neutral, hydrophobic analytes such as catechol in the film. Charged, hydrophilic analytes such as ascorbate or ruthenium hexaammine are rejected by the polymer film, so that their electrochemical signal is substantially attenuated at sufficiently large film thic...
An Empirical and Theoretical Exploration of Disconnections Between Leadership and Ethics

A comparison of two groups of college students, at a public state university and a private religious school, yields the same results: undergraduates’ interpretations of recent business scandals make distinctions between public and private behavior. Students admire “family men” even when they are caught at fraud. The students’ interpretations illustrate a significant gap in ethical theories: the benefits of a group perspective for corporate citizenship versus individual family values. Most leadership theories, including stakeholder theories, do not address this disjunction. This article describes the phenomenon and maps the ethics literature to locate the dynamic forces underlying the empirical and theoretical disconnections between leadership and ethics.
51.2: Touch Mura Mechanisms and Its Suppression by Use of Cover Glass

Touch functionality has been integrated in LCDs of progressively larger sizes. When bonded directly to an LCD surface, thin (< 2.0 mm) ion-exchanged (IOX'd) glass such as Corning® Gorilla® Glass, offers an ideal solution that both protects a panel and enables better ambient viewing quality. However, because the glass is directly bonded to the LCD, we must pay closer attention to touch mura. In this work, we will classify mura modes associated with touch action and discuss their suppression with Corning Gorilla Glass and the Optical C lear Adhesive (OCA) materials utilized for bonding.
California Condor Recovery Program: Response to Beissinger

Dr. Beissinger's (2001) review of the recent book by Snyder and Snyder (2000) on the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is an imperfect contribution to the continuing debate on how to achieve a recovery of populations of this highly vulnerable species. Moreover, his choice of words, "just follow the trail of money to see how vested interests can influence recovery recommendations and decisions," is inappropriate. I have been a member of the California Condor Recov-
Deprotonation reactions of zirconium and hafnium amide complexes H2N-M[N(SiMe3)2]3 and subsequent silyl migration from amide -N(SiMe3)2 to imide =NH ligands.

Ammonolysis of previously reported Cl−M[N(SiMe3)2]3 (M = Zr, 1a; Hf, 1b) leads to the formation of peramides H2N−M[N(SiMe3)2]3 (M = Zr, 2a; Hf, 2b) which upon deprotonation by LiN(SiMe3)2 or Li(THF)3SiPh2But yields imides Li+(THF)n{HN-−M[N(SiMe3)2]3} (M = Zr, 3a; Hf, 3b). One −SiMe3 group in 3a−b undergoes silyl migration from a −N(SiMe3)2 ligand to the imide NH ligand to give Li+(THF)2{Me3SiN-−M[NH(SiMe3)][N(SiMe3)2]2} (M = Zr, 4a; Hf, 4b) containing an imide N(SiMe3) ligand. The kinetics of the 3a → 4a conversion was investigated between 290 and 315 K and was first-order with respect to 3a. The activation parameters for this silyl migration are ΔH‡ = 13.3(1.3) kcal/mol and ΔS‡ = −34(3) eu in solutions of 3a (in toluene-d8 with 1.07 M THF) prepared in situ. THF in the mixed solvent promoted the 3a → 4a reaction. The effect of THF on the rate constants of the conversion has been studied, and the kinetics of the reaction was 3.4(0.6)th order with respect to THF. Crystal and molecular structures of H2N−Zr[N...
Mesenteric venous thrombosis following laparoscopic antireflux surgery.

Peritoneal insufflation with carbon dioxide during laproscopic Nissen fundoplication is an essential part of the procedure. Elevations in intraperitoneal pressures during laparoscopy can result in decreased mesenteric venous flow and result in thrombosis in predisposed individuals. We describe the case of a patient who developed an insidious onset of postprandial abdominal pain following laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication related to mesenteric venous thrombosis.
Scintillation proximity radioimmunoassay with microporous membranes

Abstract Fluors were incorporated into the matrix of microporous polymeric membranes and antibodies were subsequently bound to their surfaces. These membranes were used in competitive binding assays (secondary RIAs) for cyclic-AMP in which the bound and unbound radioligands did not require separation. Membrane-based scintillation proximity assay have utility for the detection of a variety of radioanalytes and can be configured in a number of sizes and shapes.
Comparison of Broiler Litter and Commercial Fertilizer at Equivalent N Rates on Soil Properties

A 3-year study was conducted to determine the effects of broiler litter relative to inorganic fertilizer on soil nutrient content and quality in an upland Loring silt loam soil. Treatments included annual broiler litter rates of 0, 2.2, 4.5, 5.6, 6.7, 10.1, and 13.4 Mg ha−1 y−1 and commercial fertilizer rates of 34, 68, 90, 112, 134, and 168 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 y−1. Broiler litter application linearly increased soil total carbon (C), microbial biomass C, extractable soil phosphorus (P), potassium (K), soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the stability of soil aggregate. At the highest broiler litter rate, the stability of soil aggregate was 34% greater than inorganic fertilizer. Application of broiler litter or fertilizer N at rate greater than 6.7 Mg ha−1 or 90 kg N ha−1, respectively, exceeded plant N utilization potential as evidenced by higher end-of-season soil residual nitrate (NO3)-N. Broiler litter is more effective in improving soil physical, chemical, and biological components than conventi...
Transmission of the potato blackleg pathogen by European corn borer larvae.

Laboratory and greenhouse studies indicate that larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) are capable of transmitting the bacterium Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptiea (van Hall) Dye (Eca), the causal agent of potato blackleg. Larvae fed Ecainfected snap bean pods and potato stalks had significant levels of Eca contamination on the body surface, as well as in the gut and frass. Larvae contaminated with Eca efficiently transmitted the disease to healthy potato plants by feeding. The evidence shows that European corn borer larvae may be important in the epidemiology of potato blackleg in North Carolina.
A Review of Recoil Ion Physics

A review of recoil ion physics is presented. A brief history on the subject is introduced. The production of low velocity highly-charged recoil ions by fast heavy ion beams is discussed. Experiments which utilize the LEHQ beams to measure charge exchange cross sections and energy gain spectroscopy are discussed.
Preventing DDoS attacks on internet servers exploiting P2P systems

Recently, there has been a spurt of work [1-7] showing that a variety of extensively deployed P2P systems may be exploited to launch DDoS attacks on web and other Internet servers, external to the P2P system. In this paper, we dissect these attacks and categorize them based on the underlying cause for attack amplification. We show that the attacks stem from a violation of three key principles: (i) membership information must be validated before use; (ii) innocent participants must only propagate validated information; and (iii) the system must protect against multiple references to the victim. We systematically explore the effectiveness of an active probing approach to validating membership information in thwarting such DDoS attacks. The approach does not rely on centralized authorities for membership verification, and is applicable to both structured (DHT-based) and unstructured P2P systems. We believe these considerations are important to ensure the mechanisms can be integrated with a range of existing P2P deployments. We evaluate the techniques in the context of a widely deployed DHT-based file-sharing system, and a video broadcasting system with stringent performance requirements. Our results show the promise of the approach in limiting DDoS attacks while not sacrificing application performance.
L-Ascorbic acid and L-galactose are sources for oxalic acid and calcium oxalate in Pistia stratiotes

Abstract Axenic Pistia stratiotes L. plants were pulse-chase labeled with [ 14 C ]oxalic acid, L -[1- 14 C ]ascorbic acid, L -[6- 14 C ]ascorbic acid, D -[1- 14 C ]erythorbic acid, L -[1- 14 C ]galactose, or [1- 14 C ]glycolate. Specific radioactivities of L -ascorbic acid (AsA), free oxalic acid (OxA) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) in labeled plants were compared. Samples of leaf tissue were fixed for microautoradiography and examined by confocal microscopy. Results demonstrate a biosynthetic role for AsA as precursor of OxA and its crystalline deposition product, CaOx, in idioblast cells of P. stratiotes and support the recent discovery of Wheeler, Jones and Smirnoff ( Wheeler, G.L., Jones M.A., & Smirnoff, N. (1998) . The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants. Nature , 393, 365–369) that L -galactose is a key intermediate in the conversion of D -glucose to AsA in plants. D -[1- 14 C ]Erythorbic acid (a diastereomeric analog of AsA) is utilized also by P. stratiotes as a precursor of OxA and its calcium salt deposition product in idioblasts. Labeled OxA is rapidly incorporated into CaOx in idioblasts, but microautoradiography shows there is also significant incorporation of carbon from OxA into other components of growing cells, contrary to the dogma that OxA is a relatively stable end product of metabolism. Glycolate is a poor substrate for synthesis of OxA and CaOx formation, further establishing AsA as the immediate precursor in the synthesis of OxA used for calcium precipitation in crystal idioblasts.
Fossil honey bees and evolution in the genus Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A partial revision is provided for some of the more well-known fossil honey bee species. Apis henshawi is diagnosed, the holotype described, and a complete taxonomic history presented. The following names are newly synonymized under A. henshawi: A. henshawi dormiens and A. aquisextana. A new species, A. vetustus sp. n., is recognized from Oligocene strata. Synapis petrefacta is officially transferred into the genus Apis (new combination) and A. fota and A. shandongica are placed into synonymy with A. miocenica (new synonymies). The authorship of A. melisuga is discussed and the name considered to be a nomen dubium. A phylogeny is proposed for Apis which incorporates the known fossil species and evolution in the genus discussed. No honey bees are known from before the Oligocene. © Inra/DIB/AGIB/Elsevier, Paris
Space-time ambiguity functions for electronically scanned ISR applications

Electronically steerable array (ESA) technology has recently been applied to incoherent scatter radar (ISR) systems. These arrays allow for pulse-to-pulse steering of the antenna beam to collect data in a three-dimensional region. This is in direct contrast to dish-based antennas, where ISR acquisition is limited at any one time to observations in a two-dimensional slice. This new paradigm allows for more flexibility in the measurement of ionospheric plasma parameters. Multiple ESA-based ISR systems operate currently in the high-latitude region where the ionosphere is highly variable in both space and time. Because of the highly dynamic nature of the ionosphere in this region, it is important to differentiate between measurement-induced artifacts and the true behavior of the plasma. Often, three-dimensional ISR data produced by ESA systems are fitted in a spherical coordinate space and then the parameters are interpolated to a Cartesian grid, potentially introducing error and impacting the reconstructions of the plasma parameters. To take advantage of the new flexibility inherent in ESA systems, we present a new way of analyzing ISR observations through use of the space-time ambiguity function. The use of this new measurement ambiguity function allows us to pose the ISR observational problem in terms of a linear inverse problem whose goal is the estimate of the time domain lags of the intrinsic plasma autocorrelation function used for parameter fitting. The framework allows us to explore the impact of nonuniformity in plasma parameters in both time and space. We discuss examples of possible artifacts in high-latitude situations and discuss possible ways of reducing them and improving the quality of data products from electronically steerable ISRs.