cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of chemically mediated behavior on host tree colonization by four cohabiting species of bark beetles

Chemically mediated behavioral interactions among four species of Scolytidae cohabiting Pinus taeda in east Texas appear to be significant in delineating breeding areas within trees and in influencing the sequence of colonization. Dendroctonus frontalis usually arrived first and was not attracted to logs occupied by any of the three Ips species (I. avulsus, I. calligraphus, and I. grandicollis). The response of/. avulsus to conspecific males was enhanced by the simultaneous presence of actively boring male L grandicollis. The response ofIps ealligraphus was inhibited in areas where/. avulsus was also present, but, in turn, I. calligraphus inhibited the response of I. grandieollis and attracted L avulsus. Ips grandieollis was strongly inhibited by the simultaneous presence of female D. frontalis or male I. calligraphus, and in turn, male L grandicollis inhibited D. frontalis. The result of this highly interactive olfactory system is that host trees are colonized very rapidly and that, in the process, disadvantageous repro- ductive interactions are minimized.
An instrument for measuring pharmacist and physician attitudes towards collaboration: preliminary psychometric data.

This study was designed to develop an instrument for measuring attitudes toward pharmacist-physician collaborative relationships for administration to practicing pharmacists and physicians, as well...
Intermediates in flavoprotein catalyzed hydroxylations

Abstract The reaction of molecular oxygen with the complex of reduced p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate has been followed by rapid reaction techniques. During the reaction, which produces stoichiometric amounts of oxidized enzyme and the hydroxylated product, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoate, three spectroscopically distinguishable intermediates have been detected and characterized.
Estimating the throughput of a cyclic assembly system

We consider a production system consisting of several fabrication lines feeding an assembly station. The machines in the fabrication lines and at assembly are assumed to have general processing time distributions. Releases to the system are governed by the CONWIP protocol. We model this system as an assembly-like queue and develop approximations for the throughput of the system. Comparisons with simulations show that this approximation is robust over a wide range of conditions. Finally, we observe that throughput tends to be higher when machines with higher mean processing times and/or higher variances are in fabrication rather than assembly.
Enhanced growth of cage cultured channel catfish through polyculture with blue tilapia

Abstract Channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) and blue tilapia ( Oreochromis aurea ) were cultured in 1-m 3 cages for 136 days in four central Oklahoma ponds at three ratios: 400 channel catfish and 0 blue tilapia; 390 channel catfish and 10 blue tilapia; and 350 channel catfish and 50 blue tilapia. Mean weight and percent harvestable channel catfish per cage were higher for cages with 50 blue tilapia than for cages with 10 or 0 blue tilapia, but lacked statistical significance. Among fish held at the different ratios no significant differences were found in net production, food conversion efficiencies, condition factors, or weight coefficient of variation of channel catfish. Another experiment was conducted in Langston Lake where six cages were stocked with 400 channel catfish and 0 blue tilapia and six cages were stocked with 400 channel catfish and 50 blue tilapia. The mean weight of the channel catfish in the cages containing blue tilapia (260.7 g) was significantly higher ( P
Electrochemical reduction of acids in dimethyl sulfoxide. CE mechanisms and beyond

Abstract The reduction of acids has been categorized according to reaction mechanism and a variety of acids from p K a 1.6 to 13.3 has been studied in dimethyl sulfoxide at platinum electrodes. Acids with p K a up to ∼5 are reduced by a CE mechanism involving prior dissociation to form the solvated proton which in turn is reduced to dihydrogen. Measurements of equilibrium potentials and simulations of cyclic voltammograms are consistent with a formal potential for the H + /H 2 couple of −0.79 V versus the formal potential of ferrocene. Discrepancies between the simulations and experimental voltammograms have been interpreted as contributions from underpotential deposition of adsorbed hydrogen atoms, a process not included in the simulation model. Near p K a =6, the dissociation of the acids becomes too slow to support the diffusion-controlled currents that are observed. Here a transition occurs and the mechanism changes to direct discharge of the acid with transfer of the hydrogen atom to the platinum surface. The results for six acids between p K a 6 and 13 are consistent with transition to this mechanism. The acid types included OH, NH and CH acids. Evidence has been found that one of the CH acids, ethyl nitroacetate, may undergo tautomerization to an OH form prior to direct discharge.
Scintillation of Liquid Helium for Low-Energy Nuclear Recoils

The scintillation properties of liquid helium upon the recoil of a low-energy helium atom are discussed in the context of the possible use of this medium as a detector of dark matter. It is found that the prompt scintillation yield in the range of recoil energies from a few keV to 100 keV is somewhat higher than that obtained by a linear extrapolation from the measured yield for a 5-MeV α particle. A comparison is made of both the scintillation yield and the charge separation by an electric field for nuclear recoils and for electrons stopped in helium.
On Intermediate Models for Barotropic Continental Shelf and Slope Flow Fields. Part I: Formulation and Comparison of Exact Solutions

Abstract Motivated by the general objective of pursuing oceanographic process and data assimilation studies of the complex, nonlinear eddy and jet current fields observed over the continental shelf and slope off the west coast of the United States, we investigate the use of intermediate models for that purpose. Intermediate models contain physics between that in the primitive equations and that in the quasigeostrophic equations and are capable of representing subinertial frequency motion over the O(1) topographic variations typical of the continental slope, while filtering out high-frequency gravity-inertial waves. As an initial step, we compare and evaluate several intermediate models applied to the f-plane shallow-water equations for flows over topography. The accuracy and utility of the intermediate models are assessed by a comparison of exact analytical and numerical solutions with those of the primitive shallow-water equations (SWE) and with those of the quasi-geostrophic equations (QG). The intermed...
Serum Cystatin C in the United States: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Background Serum cystatin C increasingly is used as a marker of glomerular filtration rate and cardiovascular risk. However, information for serum cystatin C levels in the general population, specifically across a wide age range and different ethnicities, is lacking. Objectives To determine nationally representative serum cystatin C levels, estimate the prevalence of increased cystatin C levels in the general population, and identify factors associated with increased cystatin C levels. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting and Participants A nationally representative subsample of 7,596 participants aged 12 years or older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 1988-1994. Predictors Age, sex, race/ethnicity, risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Outcomes Continuous serum cystatin C levels and serum cystatin C level greater than 1.12 mg/L. Measurements Cystatin C was measured in 2006 from stored sera by using an automated particle-enhanced nephelometric assay. Results Overall median serum cystatin C level was 0.85 mg/L. Median cystatin C levels increased steeply with age and were greater in males and non-Hispanic white persons, even in a healthy subgroup of 20- to 39-year-olds. Prevalences of increased serum cystatin C levels (>1.12 mg/L) were 1%, 41%, and greater than 50% in all persons aged younger than 20 years, 60 years or older, and 80 years or older. In persons aged 60 years and older, older age, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, hypertension, current smoking, lower levels of education and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased body mass index, C-reactive protein, and triglyceride values were associated significantly with increased serum cystatin C levels. Limitations No measured glomerular filtration rate, single measurement of cystatin C, cross-sectional study design. Conclusions Serum cystatin C level is related to sex and ethnicity, even in young healthy individuals. The prevalence of increased cystatin C levels increases dramatically with age, reaching greater than 50% after the age of 80 years in both sexes and all ethnic groups.
Factors in the design of digital controllers for sampled-data feedback systems

This report is an extension of the design procedure proposed by Bergen and Ragazzini1 for error-sampled control systems. Restrictions on the specification of the over-all transmission K?(z) caused by steady-state error considerations and the inability to cancel poles perfectly and zeros of the plant on or outside the unit circle are discussed. A design procedure which includes these restrictions is presented.
Interfacial reaction kinetics in the decarburization of liquid iron by carbon dioxide

The kinetics of decarburization of liquid iron have been studied between 1160 and 1600°C under conditions where mass transport of reactants is not rate determining. Studies with continuously carbon-saturated iron and of iron with varying carbon concentration have been used to show that the slow step at high concentrations of carbon is independent of carbon concentration and is first order with respect to the pressure of CO2. For high purity iron, the forward rate constant, in mole cm2 s-1 atm-1, is given by the equation ln kf = -11,700/T-0.48. It is concluded that the data are consistent with the chemisorption process as the rate limiting step. A marked sensitivity of the rate to trace amounts of sulfur has been found and it is shown that this is consistent with ideal adsorption of sulfur and is in fair accord with the existing measurements of the depression of the surface tension of iron-carbon alloys by sulfur.
34.1: Novel Super‐Fast‐Response, Ultra‐Wide Temperature Range VA‐LCD

We have developed a novel super-fast response (SFR) TFT-LCD with an ultra-wide temperature range. Both the turn-on and turn-off switching are forcibly controlled by applying an electric field. Response times of the SFR TFT-LCD are over several times faster than those of conventional LCDs like MVA or IPS LCDs.
Nonneoplastic signet-ring cell change in gastrointestinal and biliary tracts: a pitfall for overdiagnosis

Nonneoplastic signet-ring cell change (SRCC) is a rare but known phenomenon in gastrointestinal and biliary tracts and is always associated with underlying mucosal ulceration/erosion secondary to infection, ischemia, or other etiology. Because nonneoplastic SRCC closely mimics signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma (SRCA), differentiation of these 2 entities is critical because misdiagnosis of nonneoplastic SRCC as SRCA can lead to intense therapeutic interventions such as surgery and/or chemoradiation therapy. In this review, a brief overview on nonneoplastic SRCC in gastrointestinal and biliary tracts, including the spectrum of clinical presentation, important histologic features, and immunohistochemical markers that are useful in differentiating nonneoplastic SRCC from SRCA, is provided. The pathogenesis of nonneoplastic SRCC in gastrointestinal and biliary tracts is discussed.
CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND URIC ACID CLEARANCES AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF CHLOROTHIAZIDE.

Abstract The effects of intravenous chlorothiazide on the renal clearance of calcium, phosphorus and uric acid were studied in 10 normal volunteers. The results demonstrate that intravenous chlorothiazide causes a significant increase in both phosphorus and uric acid clearances and an equivocal decrease in the clearance of diffusible calcium. Since phosphaturia can also be induced by the administration of other diuretics such as mercurials and acetazolamide, this effect is neither specific nor necessarily related to the inhibition of uric acid reabsorption. The decrease in clearance of diffusible calcium seen after intravenous chlorothiazide differs from the calciuria observed after the administration of mercurials and acetazolamide. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action and specificity of chlorothiazide on renal handling of calcium and phosphorus.
Regional and fiber orientation dependent shear properties and anisotropy of bovine meniscus.

Abstract Imaging of meniscal tissue reveals an extracellular matrix comprised of collagen fibrils arranged in circumferential bundles and radially aligned tie fibers, implicating structural material anisotropy. Biochemical analyses demonstrate regional disparities of proteoglycan content throughout the meniscal body, a constituent known to affect the shearing response of fibrocartilagenous tissue. Despite this phenomenological evidence and previous mechanical testing implicating otherwise, the meniscus if often modeled as a homogeneous, transversely isotropic material with little regard for regional specificity and material properties. The aim of this investigation was to determine if shear stress response homogeneity and directionality exists in and between bovine menisci with respect to anatomical location (medial and lateral), region (anterior, central, and posterior) and fiber orientation (parallel and perpendicular). Meniscus explants were subjected to lap shear strain at 0.002 s −1 with the circumferential collagen fibers oriented parallel or perpendicular to the loading axis. Comparisons were made using a piecewise linear elastic analysis. The toe region shear modulus was calculated from the first observed linear region, between 3% and 13% strain and the extended shear modulus was established after 80% of the maximum shear strain. The posterior region was significantly different than the central for the extended shear modulus, correlating with known proteoglycan distribution. Observed shearing anisotropy led to the use of an anisotropic hyperelastic model based on a two-fiber family composite, previously used for arterial walls. The chosen model provided an excellent fit to the sample population for each region. These data can be utilized in the advancement of finite element modeling as well as biomimetic tissue engineered constructs.
Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia Induces a Massive Increase in Protein Sumoylation

A new group of proteins, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins, has recently been identified and protein sumoylation has been shown to play a major role in various signal transduction pathways. Here, we report that transient global cerebral ischemia induces a marked increase in protein sumoylation. Mice were subjected to 10 mins severe forebrain ischemia followed by 3 or 6 h of reperfusion. Transient cerebral ischemia induced a massive increase in protein sumoylation by SUMO2/3 both in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. SUMO2/3 conjugation was associated with a decrease in levels of free SUMO2/3. After ischemia, protein levels of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 were transiently decreased in the cortex but not in the hippocampus. We also exposed HT22 cells to arsenite, a respiratory poison that impairs cytoplasmic function and induces oxidative stress. Arsenite exposure induced a marked rise in protein sumoylation, implying that impairment of cytoplasmic function and oxidative stress may be involved in the massive post-ischemic activation of SUMO conjugation described here. Sumoylation of transcription factors has been shown to block their activation, with some exceptions such as the heat-shock factor and the hypoxia-responsive factor, where sumoylation blocks their degradation, and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) essential modulator where sumoylation leads to an activation of NF-kappaB. Because protein sumoylation is known to be involved in the regulation of various biologic processes, the massive post-ischemic increase in protein sumoylation may play a critical role in defining the final outcome of neurons exposed to transient ischemia.
Reactions of benzyldiphenylphosphine with Pd(II) sources on silica gel

Abstract Depending on the conditions used, reactions of benzyldiphenylphosphine (HL1) with Na2PdCl4 on silica gel or with Pd(OAc)2 on the same absorbent followed by treatment with LiCl provide one or more of the four compounds: the cyclopalladated binuclear complex [(μ-Cl)PdL1]2 (1), cis and trans isomers of the coordination complex PdCl2(HL1)2 (3), the binuclear coordination complex [(μ-Cl)PdCl(HL1)]2 (4), and compound PdCl2(HL1)3 (5). The 56% yield of complex 1 achieved using the reaction with Na2PdCl4 and NaOAc on SiO2 is higher than that reported for the direct cyclopalladation of PBnPh2 with Pd(OAc)2 in AcOH. X-ray diffraction studies of the cyclopalladated dimer 1 and the coordination complex cis-3 are reported.
Modernizing the Teaching of Advanced Geometric Optics

Advanced geometric optics has been traditionally presented to students as subjects of great mathematical complexity. In addition, there is confusion and misunderstanding about the nature of aberrations. We show here how to improve understanding and make the material more enjoyable through the use of the following pedagogic devices: (1) A matrix approach to paraxial optics. (2) A numerical treatment of non-paraxial optics and aberrations.
Channel hot carrier effects in n-MOSFET devices of advanced submicron CMOS technologies

Abstract A review of the channel hot carrier (CHC) mechanism and its effects on n-MOSFET devices of deep submicron CMOS bulk technologies is presented. Even with power supply reduction ( V supply ≈ 1.0 V) CHC effects still limit aggressive transistor scaling. In this work it is shown that the “Lucky Electron Model” picture is not adequate to describe carrier heating under quasi ballistic transport. A more general physical picture is proposed, in which the driving force of the hot carrier damage is the “carrier dominant energy” determined by the energy convolution of the effective interface states generation (ISG) cross section ( S IT ( E )) and the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) at given bias stress conditions. Both the CHC LEM and the energy driven approximations are derived. The latter is shown to be more adequate to describe the CHC degradation with supply voltage reduction. This approach allows an experimental quantification of S IT ( E ).
Cr(III)/A1(III)/Fe(III) ion binding on mixed bed ion exchangers. Synergistic effects of the resins behaviour

Abstract Ion exchange, as a conservative technology, allows for removal and recycling of metals from liquid effluents. Chelating exchangers may be used to the purpose due to their specificity toward metal species. The specificity, related to the metal-functional group affinity and thus the high stability of the complexes formed, is paid in terms of regeneration levels necessary to reverse the exchange reaction by mass action. Moreover, the liquid-phase speciation of the metals with organic and inorganic ligands, commonly present in industrial effluents, determines the active metal concentrations at the binding sites and thus the removal efficiency of the chelating resins which is, in general, more affected by stereochemical factors during the interaction of the active species at the functional groups. In this context, we investigated the behaviour of a mixed bed weak electrolyte anion (amino) and cation (carboxylate) conventional ion-exchangers as an alternative to chelating resins. The synergistic effects of the two functional groups to selectively remove, separate and recover Cr(III), Al(III), Fe(III) from segregated industrial effluents are discussed. The exhaustion behaviour of the carboxylate resin toward chromic and aluminum species is synergized by the cooperative presence of the anion resin, this latter being able to selectively retain ferric species. Difficult regeneration behaviour of the metal-form carboxylate resin is also favored by the presence of the weak base amino functional groups in the free base form.
Effect of chloride ion on the sedimentation volume and zeta potential of zinc insulin suspensions in neutral pH range.

When zinc insulin suspensions of different pH values were prepared in the presence of sodium chloride, an unusually high sedimentation volume was found at about pH 6.9. An experimental investigation was conducted in an effort to understand this phenomenon. The experiments involved measurements of electrophoretic mobilities to calculate zeta potentials and sedimentation volumes of zinc insulin suspensions prepared at different NaCI concentrations (0, 17, and 120 mM) and at various pH values from 5 to 8. The general trend observed was that the magnitude of the zeta potential increased with pH when it was higher than the isoelectric point of 5.3. When the sodium chloride concentration was 120 mM, a very rapid change in zeta potential was observed in the pH range of 6.6 to 7.2, with a maximum magnitude of zeta potential at about pH 6.9, the same pH that was observed to yield the largest sedimentation volume. Our experimental results indicate that the greatest adsorption of chloride ion on the zinc insulin suspension particles occurred in the same pH range, which appeared to be responsible for the rapid change of zeta potential in that pH range. The experimental data were interpreted by DLVO (Derjaguin, Landau, Vervey, and Overbeek) theory, which involves a comparison of the forces of electrostatic repulsion and of the van der Waals attraction.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrate with a Single Reagent

Abstract A spectrophotometric procedure for determination of nitrate in water, soil extracts, and a variety of other sample types is described using one reagent solution which is easily prepared and stored. Sample and equipment requirements are minimal. Reduced chemical hazard, simplicity, and versatility represent improvements over existing methods. Limit of detection is 0.01 µg N mL−1 (0.72 μM ) or less, depending on the matrix.
What is “Real-World” ID Anyway?

The term “real-world ID” is commonly heard at professional conferences, but its meaning is assumed rather than defined. Unless we examine the meanings and implications of rhetoric of the field, we risk error in presenting ourselves, and we risk derailing the progress of our profession. This article examines the term “real world” as applied to instructional design, from published articles to anecdotes, and considers its meanings, assumptions, inferences and implications. Both the full term and its truncated variations are used to signal two dichotomies: 1) more and less authentic professional design practice, and 2) a contrast between design instruction and design practice. Both uses range across process, products and contexts. The scholarly literature and curricular evidence demonstrate that instruction in ID is more often authentic than artificial. Evidence from ID practice demonstrates its tremendous diversity and range, and underscores that there is no generic version of design justifying this popular stereotype. As IDT scholars and professionals, we have a responsibility to communicate with precision and to challenge overgeneralization that contributes to misconception and division in the field.
The formation and alteration of the Renazzo‐like carbonaceous chondrites III: Toward understanding the genesis of ferromagnesian chondrules

To better understand the formation conditions of ferromagnesian chondrules from the Renazzo-like carbonaceous (CR) chondrites, a systematic study of 210 chondrules from 15 CR chondrites was conducted. The texture and composition of silicate and opaque minerals from each observed FeO-rich (type II) chondrule, and a representative number of FeO-poor (type I) chondrules, were studied to build a substantial and self-consistent data set. The average abundances and standard deviations of Cr2O3 in FeO-rich olivine phenocrysts are consistent with previous work that the CR chondrites are among the least thermally altered samples from the early solar system. Type II chondrules from the CR chondrites formed under highly variable conditions (e.g., precursor composition, redox conditions, cooling rate), with each chondrule recording a distinct igneous history. The opaque minerals within type II chondrules are consistent with formation during chondrule melting and cooling, starting as S- and Ni-rich liquids at 988–1350 °C, then cooling to form monosulfide solid solution (mss) that crystallized around olivine/pyroxene phenocrysts. During cooling, Fe,Ni-metal crystallized from the S- and Ni-rich liquid, and upon further cooling mss decomposed into pentlandite and pyrrhotite, with pentlandite exsolving from mss at 400–600 °C. The composition, texture, and inferred formation temperature of pentlandite within chondrules studied here is inconsistent with formation via aqueous alteration. However, some opaque minerals (Fe,Ni-metal versus magnetite and panethite) present in type II chondrules are a proxy for the degree of whole-rock aqueous alteration. The texture and composition of sulfide-bearing opaque minerals in Graves Nunataks 06100 and Grosvenor Mountains 03116 suggest that they are the most thermally altered CR chondrites.
A theory of concentrated suspensions

The paper shows that a material point of a mixture of ‘n’ continua may be represented as a single averaged body in a motion which consists of a translation of, its mass center, a rotation about this mass center and a homogeneous deformation. Such a body requires for its specification four vector fields and is defined as a generalized or oriented continuum. It is proposed that a mathematical model for a medium with particles in suspension is a binary mixture of a classical fluid and generalized continuum. A complete theory of motion is given.
From Law to Custom: The Shifting Legal Status of Muslim Originaires in Kayes and Medine, 1903-13

In the early colonial period the frontier towns of Kayes and Medine on the Upper Senegal River were home to a community of Muslim originaires of the four communes of Senegal. The article examines this group's efforts to establish and maintain a Muslim tribunal in Kayes, thus preserving a space for their privilege and identity within the French colonial system. But while their appeals to the colonial administration were successful in 1905, a 1912 revision of the legal system took away their privilege and made Muslim originaires constituents of native courts. The article provides context for understanding the Muslims' protests, as well as the administration's changing attitudes towards them. Whereas much of the literature on the originaires has focused on their status as assimilated Africans with voting rights, this article calls attention to their identity as Muslims.
‘What I Want and What You Want’: Children's Thinking about Competing Personal Preferences

This study examined how children reason about competing personal preferences. Seventy-two participants (mean ages 5 years 5 months, 10 years 4 months, and 17 years 7 months) considered three hypothetical scenarios in which a protagonist's personal preference was in conflict with her or his friend's personal preference. Scenarios varied in the relative weightiness of each character's desires. Whereas 5- and 10-year-olds prioritized the friend's preference across scenarios, 17-year-olds affirmed the character's prerogative to act according to her or his own preference except when the friend's preference was weightier. Nevertheless, regardless of age, participants generally reasoned about these situations in terms of autonomy and friendship rather than as moral obligations. The findings contribute to our understanding of how children of different ages work out the boundaries of the personal.
Recent advances in the management of graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains a significant hurdle in overcoming the morbidity and mortality associated with haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in children. Better understanding of its pathobiology is facilitating the development of biomarkers for the severity of acute GvHD and treatment response, and has led to the introduction of a more prognostically relevant grading system for chronic GvHD. These enable stratification of appropriate prophylactic and treatment strategies according to the risk profiles of individual patients. Steroid-refractory acute GvHD has a poor prognosis, but early reports of the use of new immunosuppressive drugs and especially cellular treatments with extracorporeal photopheresis and mesenchymal stem cells suggest improved short-term outcomes and offer the promise of increased longer-term survival rates.
Lognormal X-ray flux variations in an extreme narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy

We show that the large variations in the X-ray flux of the extreme narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809, measured during a 10 day ASCA observation, have a two-parameter lognormal distribution of multiplicative standard deviation σmult = 2.7 and that the amplitude of variability at any given moment is proportional to the flux level. We find similar behavior in earlier ROSAT soft X-ray monitoring. There is no evidence of a nonvariable component. The flux-dependent behavior of the variability rules out linear shot-noise models. Although at first glance the variations of the ASCA light curve for IRAS 13224-3809 appear to exhibit nonstationary behavior with quiescent low states and more active flaring high states, our results show that the multiplicative variance is constant. Monte Carlo simulations of constant σmult give excellent matches to the observed X-ray light curve without the need to invoke special low and high states. This supports a picture in which the long-term variability is fundamental both in active galactic nuclei and in X-ray binaries. The lognormal flux distribution and the constancy of σmult are incompatible with the power-law distribution of flaring amplitudes expected from self-organized critical behavior. We discuss mechanisms that can generate lognormal flux distributions.
Ad quality on TV: predicting television audience retention

This paper explores the impact of television advertisements on audience retention using data collected from television set-top boxes (STBs). In particular, we discuss how the accuracy of the retention score, a measure of ad quality, is improved by using the recent "click history" of the STBs tuned to the ad. These retention scores are related to -- and are a natural extension of -- other measures of ad quality that have been used in online advertising since at least 2005 [2]. Like their online counterparts, TV retention scores could be used to determine if an ad should be eligible to enter the inventory auction and, if it is, how highly the ad should be ranked [1]. A retention score (RS) could also be used by the auction system for pricing, or by the advertiser to compare different creatives for the same product.
Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responsiveness to dietary fat and cholesterol in premenopausal African American and white women

Background: Premenopausal African American women have a 2-3 times greater incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) than do white women. The plasma lipid responsiveness to dietary fat, which may be associated with CHD, has not been adequately studied in premenopausal African American or white women. Objective: The objective of our study was to compare the effect of diet on fasting plasma lipids and lipoproteins and postprandial lipemia in premenopausal African American and white women. Design: Thirteen African American and 9 white healthy premenopausal women were fed a low-fat, high-fiber diet and a high-fat, low-fiber diet for 4 wk each in a randomized crossover design. Fasting plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and the 24-h plasma triacylglycerol response to a standard fatty test meal were measured at the end of each dietary period. Results: Plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were higher after the high-fat, low-fiber diet in both white and African American women (P < 0.0001). The 24-h area under the plasma triacylglycerol curve after the test meal was lower after the low-fat diet than after the high-fat diet (P < 0.04). Conclusions: African American and white women had lower fasting plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and less postprandial lipemia after the low-fat than the high-fat diet. Diets low in total and saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fiber may reduce the risk of CHD by lowering fasting plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and by reducing the lipemic response to fatty meals.
Multijunction solar cells for conversion of concentrated sunlight to electricity

Solar-cell efficiencies have exceeded 40% in recent years. The keys to achieving these high efficiencies include: 1) use of multiple materials that span the solar spectrum, 2) growth of these materials with near-perfect quality by using epitaxial growth on single-crystal substrates, and 3) use of concentration. Growth of near-perfect semiconductor materials is possible when the lattice constants of the materials are matched or nearly matched to that of a single-crystal substrate. Multiple material combinations have now demonstrated efficiencies exceeding 40%, motivating incorporation of these cells into concentrator systems for electricity generation. The use of concentration confers several key advantages.
"REMEMBER WHEN YOU GOT THE BIG, BIG BULLDOZER?" MOTHER-CHILD REMINISCING OVER TIME AND ACROSS CULTURES

This study investigated the long–term contribution of maternal elaborative reminiscing to children's development of autobiographical memory ability in a cross–cultural context. Preschool–age children and their mothers from Chinese families in China, first–generation immigrant Chinese families in the U.S., and European American families participated. Mothers and children discussed shared past experiences three times at home, when children were 3, 3.5, and 4.5 years of age. Across all time points, Euro–American mothers used a more elaborative style than the mothers of both Chinese groups, and Euro–American children reported more memory information than their Chinese peers. Maternal elaborative reminiscing was positively associated with mothers' value orientation toward independence (relative to interdependence) and an autonomous self–construal. Regardless of culture, mothers' use of elaborations showed both concurrent and long–term effects on children's memory responding. Findings are discussed in light of ...
When tuberculosis treatment fails : a social behavioral account of patient adherence

Several conclusions about measuring adherence can be drawn. Probably the best approach is to use multiple measures, including some combination of urine assays, pill counts, and detailed patient interviews. Careful monitoring of patient behavior early in the regimen will help predict whether adherence is likely to be a problem. Microelectronic devices in pill boxes or bottle caps have been used for measuring adherence among patients with tuberculosis, but their effectiveness has not been established. The use of these devices may be particularly troublesome for some groups such as the elderly, or precluded for those whose life styles might interfere with their use such as the homeless or migrant farm workers. Carefully designed patient interviews should be tested to determine whether they can be used to predict adherence. Probably the best predictor of adherence is the patient's previous history of adherence. However, adherence is not a personality trait, but a task-specific behavior. For example, someone who misses many doses of antituberculosis medication may successfully use prescribed eye drops or follow dietary recommendations. Providers need to monitor adherence to antituberculosis medications early in treatment in order to anticipate future problems and to ask patients about specific adherence tasks. Ongoing monitoring is essential for patients taking medicine for active tuberculosis. These patients typically feel well after a few weeks and either may believe that the drugs are no longer necessary or may forget to take medication because there are no longer physical cues of illness. Demographic factors, though easy to measure, do not predict adherence well. Tending to be surrogates for other causal factors, they are not amenable to interventions for behavior change. Placing emphasis on demographic characteristics may lead to discriminatory practices. Patients with social support networks have been more adherent in some studies, and patients who believe in the seriousness of their problems with tuberculosis are more likely to be adherent. Additional research on adherence predictors is needed, but it should reflect the complexity of the problem. This research requires a theory-based approach, which has been essentially missing from studies on adherence and tuberculosis. Research also needs to target predictors for specific groups of patients. There is clear evidence of the effect on adherence of culturally influenced beliefs and attitudes about tuberculosis and its treatment. Cultural factors are associated with misinformation about the medical aspects of the disease and the stigmatization of persons with tuberculosis. Culturally sensitive, targeted information is needed, and some has been developed by local tuberculosis programs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
ONTAP‐ERIC: a critical view

ONTAP ERIC was designed by Dialog Information Systems to provide online training and practice for database searchers. Documentation provided by Dialog lists four purposes for the file. This article examines each purpose and finds only one of them to be fulfilled by ONTAP ERIC. Problems discussed include conceptual deficiencies as well as design faults. Recommendations for improvement are made.
The Development of the Semitic Definite Article: A Syntactic Approach

This paper aims at explaining the development of the Semitic definite article through an examination of its attested syntactical features. The paper will try to show that the original function of the definite article was not to mark definiteness, that it was first attached to the attribute, not the noun, and that only later was it transferred to the noun and interpreted as an article.
Providing semantic intelligent answers to recursive queries

We study the issue of providing intelligent answers to recursive queries. We first extend the notion of intelligent answers by allowing them to be incomplete. Complete and incomplete intelligent answers are both useful in that they provide (possibly partial) characterizations of queries for users to understand. Complete intelligent answers also allows us to compute the queries more efficiently. We propose a general approach that enables us to combine several cases studied previously for constructing intelligent answers, Moreover, in our approach, semantic constraints can be systematically utilized to provide complete intelligent answers to a wider range of queries. We consider two commonly used classes of semantic constraints called implication and referential constraints, and show that the completeness of intelligent answers with respect to semantic constraints can be reduced to the semantics-based query containment problem. >
Use of Vacuum-Formed Templates to Guide Tooth Preparation and Insertion of Interim Restorations

Ideal tooth preparation and interim prostheses are critical to a predictable esthetic and functional outcome in the treatment of full-mouth-fixed restorations. During the treatment stages, multiple procedures need to be considered for a successful and predictable outcome. These include the parallel preparation of multiple abutment teeth followed by the relining of the interim prostheses. The purpose of this article is to describe a technique to simplify tooth preparation and facilitate subsequent insertion of a complete-arch-fixed interim prosthesis using vacuum-formed templates.
Intravenous contrast medium accentuates the severity of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the rat.

Background/Aims: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is used to show areas of decreased pancreatic perfusion in severe acute pancreatitis (AP). To evaluate possible adverse effects of the contrast medium (CM) on the course of AP, the impact of intravenous CM in AP of graded severity in the rat was studied. Methods: Pancreatitis of three levels of severity was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with intravenous cerulein hyperstimulation plus time- and pressure-controlled intraductal infusion of saline or glycodeoxycholic acid. At 7 hours, control and pancreatitis animals received intravenous ionic CM, nonionic CM, or saline. The principal outcome measures were 24-hour survival, trypsinogen activation peptides (TAP) in ascites, and histological acinar necrosis score. Results: There was no measurable effect of CM on the index features in control animals or animals with mild or moderate AP. In severe AP, CM caused a significant increase in mortality, ascites TAP, and necrosis score. Conclusions: Intravenous CM increases pancreatic injury when administered early in the course of severe experimental AP. Because CM may convert borderline ischemia to irreversible necrosis, CECT performed early in pancreatitis to show poor perfusion and predict areas of necrosis may depict a self-fulfilling prophecy. Early CECT should be reconsidered and perhaps avoided.
The Caribbean and the restructuring of the United Nations: Alternatives to Abrams’ Shiprider solution

(1996). The Caribbean and the restructuring of the United Nations: Alternatives to Abrams’ Shiprider solution. The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 235-247.
Lytic agents, cell permeability, and monolayer penetrability.

Cell lysis induced by lytic agents is the terminal phase of a series of events leading to membrane disorganization and breadkdown with the release of cellular macromolecules. Permeability changes following exposure to lytic systems may range from selective effects on ion fluxes to gross membrane damage and cell leakage. Lysis can be conceived as an interfacial phenomenon, and the action of surface-active agents on erythrocytes has provided a model in which to investigate relationships between hemolysis and chemical structure, ionic charge, surface tension lowering, and ability to penetrate monolayers of membrane lipid components. Evidence suggests that lysis follows the attainment of surface pressures exceeding a "critical collapse" level and could involve membrane cholesterol or phospholipid. Similarities of chemical composition of membranes from various cell types could account for lytic responses observed on interaction with surface-active agents. Cell membranes usually contain about 20–30 % lipid and 50–75 % protein. One or two major phospholipids are present in all cell membranes, but sterols are not detectable in bacterial membranes other than those of the Mycoplasma group. The rigid cell wall in bacteria has an important bearing on their response to treatment with lytic agents. Removal of the wall renders the protoplast membrane sensitive to rapid lysis with surfactants. Isolated membranes of erythrocytes and bacteria are rapidly dissociated by surface-active agents. Products of dissociation of bacterial membranes have uniform behavior in the ultracentrifuge (sedimentation coefficients 2–3S). Dissociation of membrane proteins from lipids and the isolation and characterization of these proteins will provide a basis for investigating the specificity of interaction of lytic agents with biomembranes.
Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin Distribution in the Anterior Eye Segment A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study

This study provides a detailed description of immunolocalization of two oxygen-binding proteins, neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb), in the anterior segment of healthy human and canine eyes. Specific antibodies against Ngb and Cygb were used to examine their distribution patterns in anterior segment structures including the cornea, iris, trabecular meshwork, canal of Schlemm, ciliary body, and lens. Patterns of immunoreactivity (IR) were imaged with confocal scanning laser and conventional microscopy. Analysis of sectioned human and canine eyes showed Ngb and Cygb IR in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. In the iris, Ngb and Cygb IR was localized to the anterior border and the stroma, iridal sphincter, and dilator muscle. In the iridocorneal angle, Ngb and Cygb were detected in endothelial cells of the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm in human. In the ciliary body, Ngb and Cygb IR was localized to the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium of the pars plana and pars plicata and in ciliary body musculature. Ngb and Cygb distribution was similar and colocalized within the same structures of healthy human and canine anterior eye segments. Based on their immunolocalization and previously reported biochemical features, we hypothesize that Ngb and Cygb may function as scavengers of reactive oxygen species. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Tate and Tate–Hochschild cohomology for finite dimensional Hopf algebras

Abstract Let A be any finite dimensional Hopf algebra over a field k . We specify the Tate and Tate–Hochschild cohomology for A and introduce cup products that make them become graded rings. We establish the relationship between these rings. In particular, the Tate–Hochschild cohomology of A is isomorphic (as algebras) to its Tate cohomology with coefficients in an adjoint module. Consequently, the Tate cohomology ring of A is a direct summand of its Tate–Hochschild cohomology ring. As an example, we explicitly compute both the Tate and Tate–Hochschild cohomology for the Sweedler algebra H 4 .
Predictive model for yeast protein functions using modular neural approach

In this paper we use a modular neural network to predict the molecular functions of yeast proteins. To solve this class problem, our proposed approach decomposes the original problem into a set of solvable 2-class subproblems using class information. Each 2-class problem has a set of positive and negative data. The yeast data is not equally distributed in function classes and hinders the learning of each neural network. We adopt a sampling strategy that generates a set of new class data to the subordinate class in order to balance the positive and negative data set. In data preparation, the biological concept of "guilt-by-interaction" is used for covering possible interaction partners among proteins of known functions. The proposed framework has been tested as a predictive model of yeast protein functions where the data source is stored in a relational database. In the experiments, the proposed system shows an average accuracy of 91.0% in the test set.