cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical perspectives for research on college teaching: A cognitive viewpoint

This survey article emphasizes the logical requirements of intellectual tasks, with consequent emphasis upon the similarities between computers and people in their solution of the same problems. Work by Newell and Simon on problem-solving strategies and by Collins, Carbonell, and their associates on computer storage and retrieval of information, as well as upon deduction of some of the implications of that information, receive special attention. A tentative means for incorporating motivational considerations into a model for cognitive learning is presented. List optimization procedures developed by Atkinson and his associates for teaching foreign language vocabulary are discussed. A variety of reasoning tasks receive theoretical attention.
Effect of Mo–Fe substitution on glass forming ability and thermal stability of Fe–C–B–Mo–Cr–W bulk amorphous alloys

Abstract Amorphous Fe67−xC10B9Mo7+xCr4W3 (x = 1–7 at.%) plates with 0.64 mm thickness were prepared by copper mold casting. The thermal properties and microstructural development during heat treatments were investigated by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The glass forming ability (GFA) and activation energy for crystallization have a distinct dependence on Mo content. Fe62C10B9Mo12Cr4W3 was the best glass former in this study, demonstrating a supercooled liquid region, ΔTx = 51 K, and an activation energy for crystallization, Q = 453 kJ/mol. The GFA of alloys in this system was governed by elastic strain optimization resulting directly from the variation in Mo content. Heat treatments were performed to demonstrate resistance to crystallization under typical processing conditions. Alloys in this system exhibited a three phased evolution during crystallization. A second set of heat treatments was performed to identify each phase. An analysis of phase evolution revealed a distinct dependence of phase evolution with stepwise substitution of Mo for Fe in this system.
Conceptual Rigor Mortis Or, Why People are Supporting Pornography when they Don't Send Money to Televangelists

In his paper entitled `Conceptual rigor versus practical impact', Chow (1991) argued against Rosnow and Rosenthal's (1989) recent call for caution and sophistication in the evaluation of the results of empirical studies. Chow also holds forth upon the purported failings of meta-analysis as a form of integrating research findings that is antithetical to the purpose of reviewing research. This commentary considers the paucity of evidence in support of Chow's assertions and illuminates the syllogistic fallacies used to disguise the deficiencies rife in Chow's paper. This commentary also provides correct information regarding fundamental issues in meta-analysis, the relationships between effect size, sample size and significance level, and the putative distinction between the concern for practical impact and Chow's notion of `conceptual rigor'.
Getting to Know You: The Influence of Personality on Impressions and Performance of Demographically Different People in Organizations

This paper extends social categorization theory to understand how personality traits related to information sharing may correspond with positive perceptions of demographically different people, the...
Case Report: An Unusual Presentation of an Incomplete Sentence.

He wanted to finish seeing the patient. He wanted to keep typing as he listened, but the middle of the sentence either disappeared or never appeared in the first place. He closed one eye, then the other. He knew enough to do that. But the sentence would start okay, and end okay, then nothing in the middle. He made sure his glasses were on straight. He took them off and wiped them with his tie. He tried tilting his head as if looking around the corner of the sentence to catch the middle off guard. That worked about as well as looking behind the mirror. He kept talking to the patient, open-ended questions mostly, and then listening. This particular patient always had a lot to say and usually at this point in the visit would ask for something a little stronger, something to get through the night with. While trying to listen he couldn’t help asking himself how long is the window of intervention for a new stroke? Not long enough, looking at his schedule that afternoon. Or trying to look. Whatever was going on, it was not conducive to good listening. Since the problem was not in either eye it had to be somewhere in the brain, which was not a pleasant thought, not that he was thinking too clearly. Thinking about his thinking, he noticed he could still be mindful, or at least half mindful. He thought about asking the nurse for an aspirin. That might buy some time.
Effect of PVP in dispersion and seeded dispersion polymerizations

The outcome of seeded dispersion polymerizations of n-butyl acrylate (BA) and styrene (St) in terms of the success of growing the seed particles without nucleating new particles or generating coagulum was found to be dependent on the seed type (poly[n-butyl acrylate] [ PBA] or polystyrene [PSt]), the second-stage monomer (BA or St), and the type of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilizer (PVP K30 or PVP K90). All seeds were first cleaned of excess stabilizer by medium replacement before the seeded polymerizations. In general, successful particle growth was achieved when the second-stage polymerization employed PVP K30 (1 wt%) as the stabilizer. In contrast, nearly all reactions employing PVP K90 (1 wt%) as the second-stage stabilizer resulted in the nucleation of a second crop of particles. These phenomena were further investigated by carrying out dispersion polymerizations using the supernatant obtained by separating the seeds from the second-stage media (containing monomer). The results paralleled those in the seeding studies and were explained by the presence of small amounts of grafted PVP created in situ during the preparation of the seeds. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2721–2732, 2002
Structure of the Rho Family GTP-Binding Protein Cdc42 in Complex with the Multifunctional Regulator RhoGDI

Abstract The RhoGDI proteins serve as key multifunctional regulators of Rho family GTP-binding proteins. The 2.6 A X-ray crystallographic structure of the Cdc42/RhoGDI complex reveals two important sites of interaction between GDI and Cdc42. First, the amino-terminal regulatory arm of the GDI binds to the switch I and II domains of Cdc42 leading to the inhibition of both GDP dissociation and GTP hydrolysis. Second, the geranylgeranyl moiety of Cdc42 inserts into a hydrophobic pocket within the immunoglobulin-like domain of the GDI molecule leading to membrane release. The structural data demonstrate how GDIs serve as negative regulators of small GTP-binding proteins and how the isoprenoid moeity is utilized in this critical regulatory interaction.
Ant colony optimization algorithm to solve split delivery vehicle routing problem

As a combinatorial optimization problem, vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a typical NP-hard problem; an assumption that the demand of customers can not be split is given to the traditional VRP formulation. However, the transportation cost can be reduced by means of splitting the demand of customers in practical logistics operation. This paper solved the split delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP) by means of the ant colony algorithm. The integer programming model of the problem is given in this paper, and a corresponding improved ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) based on characteristic of the problem is designed to solve the problem. Some simulation experiments on this algorithm and in comparison with the traditional VRP are conducted, which show that the proposed ACO algorithm is effective and the SDVRP can reduce more total costs than traditional VRP.
Comparison of SEM-EDS and EPMA-WDS Analysis of Rare Earth Element Containing Minerals from Bokan Mountain, Alaska

The Bokan Mountain Complex consists of peralkaline granitic intrusions and an associated "vein-dike" system that is enriched in LREEs, HREEs, Y, Zr, Nb, Th, and U and is mineralogically and paragenetically extremely complex (Fig. 1) [1,2]. Throughout the course of the work, SEM-EDS and EMP-WDS were employed to identify REE-containing minerals to create a REE budget for the prospect and determine the relative timing of the mineralizing events. To date, over 25 minerals have been identified which contain significant amounts of rare earth elements (REEs) including fergusonite, various Ti-Nb-Y-oxides (mainly polycrase), pyrochlore, gadolinite, hingganite, Y-Mg-fluosilicate (magnesiorowlandite?), xenotime, iimoriite, bastnaesite, parisite, synchysite, allanite, monazite, and multiple types of unidentifed Ti-Y-HREE-silicates, LREE±F±Ca±Na±Al-silicates, and an unidentified HREE-Nb-Y-oxide [2].
Hyperkalemic Fascicular Block

Edgar Lichstein, M.D.;OO Prem K . Gupta, M.D.;? and Armand A. Grunwald, M. D. S Te report describes two patients with electrocardographic patterns of fascicular block secondary to hyperkalemia. The effects of potassium on the nary edema. The serum potassium level was 8.7 mEq/L, and the level of BUN was 36 mg/100 ml. The ECG is shown in Figure 2B. On the following day, after treatment for hyperkalemia, the serum potassium level was 3.9 mEq/L, and the ECG (Fig .2C) was similar to that seen shortly prior to admission ( Fig 2A). The findings from serum enzyme determinations were normal during this time and provided no evidence of acute myocardial infarction. conducting system are described.
An Evaluation of Mammography Beliefs Using a Decision Model

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that contribute to a group of working women's decision related to mammography. The study was guided by a decision model called the Multiattribute Utility Model. Exploratory interviews were conducted among 36 women to identify positive and negative factors associated with the mammography decision. Eighteen factors emerged and were categorized into three broad areas: Knowledge and Attitudes (Confidence in Efficacy, Personal Risk, Other Means of Knowing, Fear of Cancer/ Treatment, Belief in Fate, Embarrassment), Issues Related to Participation (Accessibility and Convenience, Difficulty Arranging, Time, Cost, Pain, Radiation), and Social Concerns (Role Model, Responsibility to Self, Responsibility to Others, Family/Friends' Influence, Societal Influences, Health Care Providers' Influence). This information served as the basis of a survey among 87 women to determine the importance of these factors. Seven factors emerged as significantly different between compli...
Donald J. Urquhart and the integration of science with librarianship: Part 2

Purpose – To analyze the historical significance of Donald J. Urquhart, who established the National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL) which later was merged into the British Library Lending Division (BLLD), now called the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC). His significance will be considered from the perspective of the development of science as a whole as well as library and information science in particular.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a short history of the probabilistic revolution, particularly as it developed in Britain in the form of biometric statistics due to Darwin's theory of evolution. It focuses on the overthrow of the normal paradigm, according to which frequency distributions in nature and society conform to the normal law of error. The paper discusses the importance of the Poisson distribution and its utilization in the construction of stochastic models that better describe reality. Here the focus is on the compound Poisson distribution in the...
A PRELIMINARY TYPOLOGY OF MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATIONS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to identify the reasons students were enrolled in individual courses at one metropolitan community college. Unstructured interviews, supplemented by participant observation, were used to collect data on students in eight transfer and occupational day classes observed in Fall 1980. On the basis of their motivational orientations toward individual courses, most students were classified as requirement meeters, knowledge seekers, or specific information users. These three motivational orientations were compared along three dimensions: (1) the student's major criterion of success, (2) the aspect (instrumental or expressive) of education the student emphasized, and (3) the willingness of the student to tolerate a time‐lag prior to the application of acquired knowledge and/or skills. Less common motivational orientations also were identified. The data showed that students could be guided by more than one motivational orientation or change their initial motivational orientation towar...
Dynamics of the coherent state in a quantum amplifier

Evolution of the density matrix in a quantum amplifier is described for initial conditions corresponding to superposition of the coherent states. The approach developed in the paper is also applicable for an arbitrary initial condition allowing the inverse Mellin transform. As such an example, we consider the evolution of the squeezed state.
Nonlinear Input-output Stability and Stabilization

In this paper we focus on the input-output method of stability analysis for nonlinear systems. The fundamental ideas underlying this method were developed in the 1960’s by authors such as Zames and Sandberg (see [8], [17], [9], [18] and the references therein). Some notable additional insight was provided by Safonov [7] in 1980. In the last five years, this area has been greeted with renewed enthusiasm by nonlinear control researchers searching for additional tools that can be used as the basis for nonlinear control law synthesis. Our goal here is to illustrate this heightened interest by describing a selected set of recent results on input-output stability and stabilization, especially in the L ∞ setting.
Monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids of Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi☆

Abstract The sapwood and heartwood of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) and Jeffrey pine ( P. jeffreyi ) have been examined for monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids. The composition of the fatty and resin acids is comparable in each species. The principal qualitative differences between these two species is the presence of the hydrocarbons n -heptane, n -nonane, and n -undecane in the steam volatiles from Jeffrey pine and their apparent absence in ponderosa pine.
A Comparative Application of Data Envelopment Analysis and Translog Methods: An Illustrative Study of Hospital Production

This paper compares inferences about hospital cost and production correspondences from two different estimation models: 1 the econometric modeling of the translog cost function, and 2 the application of Data Envelopment Analysis DEA. While there are numerous examples of the application of each approach to empirical data, this paper provides insights into the relative strengths of the estimation methods by applying both models to the same data. The translog results suggest that constant reruns are operant, whereas the DEA results suggest that both increasing and decreasing returns to scale may be observed in different segments of the production correspondence, in turn suggesting that the translog model may be 'averaging' diametrically opposite behavior. On the other hand, by examining the rate of output transformation, both models agree that patient days devoted to care of children are more resource intensive than those devoted to adults or to the elderly. In addition, we compare estimates of technical efficiencies of individual hospitals obtained from the two methods. The DEA estimates are found to be highly related to the capacity utilization, but no such relationship was found for the translog estimates. This comparative application of different estimation models to the same data to obtain inferences about the nature of underlying cost and production correspondences sheds interesting light on the strengths of each approach, and suggests the need for additional research comparing estimation models using real as well as simulated data.
The process of infection with coliphage T7. 3. Control of phage-specific RNA synthesis in vivo by an early phage gene.

Abstract After infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T7, 12 or 13 new phage-specific RNA species are synthesized. These are resolvable as discrete bands by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis. Initiation of all T7 RNA species occurs to some extent before the onset of phage DNA synthesis. Only four of the normal T7 RNA's are made if phage-specific protein synthesis is blocked with chloramphenicol or kanamycin and one of these RNA's (mol. wt 1.1 × 10 6 ) is probably the messenger RNA from gene 1. RNA made after infection with T7 carrying amber mutations in gene 1 has only three discrete species of T7 messenger RNA's. The RNA from cells infected with T7 + in the presence of 400 μg chloramphenicol/ ml. is very similar to T7 am 23 (gene 1) RNA as judged by electrophoretic analysis and by RNA-DNA hybridization competition experiments. On the other hand, RNA made after infection with T7 carrying amber mutations in other genes is very similar to T7 + RNA. This result parallels that reported on the control of T7 protein synthesis which showed that the gene 1 protein controlled the production of all or nearly all other T7-induced proteins. These results suggest that while gene 1 is transcribed in the absence of phage protein synthesis, the gene 1 protein is required to transcribe the remainder of the T7 genome. The control of T7 protein synthesis is therefore mediated at the level of transcription by means of positive regulation.
Temporal and regional expression of placental lactogen-II messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in the hamster placenta.

The purpose of this investigation was to identify the cell types synthesizing hamster placental lactogen-II (haPL-II) in the chorioallantoic placenta. In addition, temporal changes in haPL-II mRNA expression, in placental mass, and in the proportion of haPL-II-containing cells per unit area were examined. Hamster PL-II mRNA expression was assessed by in situ hybridization and Northern and slot-blot analyses. Cells containing haPL-II protein were identified by immunocytochemical techniques. Placentae were recovered in the morning on Days 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 of gestation and in the afternoon on Day 15. A single 1-kb haPL-II transcript was first detected on- Day 10 of gestation. Hamster PL-II message increased to Day 14 and remained elevated on Day 15. Giant trophoblast cells (GTC) located in the trophospongium were the major source of haPL-II mRNA and protein, although GTC along the periphery of the placenta and in the labyrinth expressed haPL-II as well. Placental weight, trophospongium portion of placental weight, and number of haPL-II-immunostained GTC per unit of placental area increased between Days 12 and 14 and remained elevated to Day 15. These observations indicate that an increased number of haPL-II-producing GTC is a major factor contributing to increased maternal haPL-II serum levels during pregnancy.
Global existence of small amplitude solutions to nonlinear klein-gordon equations in four space-time dimensions

Consider the following class of nonlinear wave equations $$\square {\text{u + u}}\,{\text{ = }}{\text{F(u,u',u''),}}$$ (N.K.G.) , where □ = ∂ t 2 - ∂ 1 2 - ∂ 2 2 -∂ 3 2 is the D’Alembertian of the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time and F a smooth function of u = u(t,x) and its first and second partial derivates, vanishing, together with its first derivatives, at (u,u′,u″) = 0. In other words, F is at least quadratic in u,u’,u” in a neighborhood of the trivial solution u ≡ 0. We subject u to the pure initial value problem $$ {\text{u = }}{\mkern 1mu} \varepsilon {\text{f}}(x),{{u}_{t}} = \varepsilon g(x)at t = 0 $$ (I.V.P.) with f,g ∈ C 0 ∞ ; (ℝ3) and e > 0, a small parameter.
Magneto-fluid-mechanic pipe flow in a transverse magnetic field. Part 1. Isothermal flow

An experimental investigation was conducted in a circular pipe to examine the influence of a transverse magnetic field on the structure of turbulent shear flow of a conducting fluid (mercury). In the present paper, part 1, mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensity profiles, velocity fluctuation spectra, axial pressure drop profiles, and skin friction data are presented which quantitatively exhibit the Hartmann effect and damping of the velocity fluctuations over a broad range of Reynolds numbers and magnetic fields. The results of heat transfer experiments will be reported by the authors in the following paper, part 2.
Central East Pacific Flight Scheduling

*† ‡ This paper examines the implications of strategically scheduling flights on user-preferred routes in the Central East Pacific to reduce trajectory crossing points. After first casting the flight scheduling problem in terms of a job shop scheduling problem, a 0-1 integer programming model is used to calculate the optimal departure and en route controls required to generate feasible flight schedules. To enhance the solution, a ration-by-schedule based heuristic is introduced to transform the original model into a subset of problems. By varying attributes of the machines in the job shop scheduling formation, two distinct types of feasible schedules are obtained. The first type of schedules are highly restrictive yet but free of all four-dimensional trajectory crossing points, while the second type are less restrictive but may require limited tactical flight separation maneuvers to alleviate residual crossing points. The average adjusted time savings per flight varied between 1.8 minutes and 4.6 minutes per flight when allowing for both strategic flight scheduling and user-preferred flight routing.
PCFG Based Synthetic Mobility Trace Generation

This paper introduces a novel method of generating mobility traces based on Probabilistic Context Free Grammars (PCFGs). A PCFG is a generalization of a context free grammar in which each production rule is augmented with a probability with which this production is applied during sentence generation. A concise PCFG can be inferred from the given real world trace collected from the actual mobile node behaviors. The resulting grammar can be used to generate sequences of arbitrary length mimicking the mobile node behavior. This is important when new protocol designs for mobile networks are tested by simulation. In the paper, we describe the methods developed to construct such grammars from training data mobility history). We also discuss how to generate the synthetic data with an already constructed grammar. We present the experimental results on two real data sets, measuring similarity of the actual traces with the synthetic ones. We compare our grammar based method to a 2-level Markov Model based trace generation method. The results demonstrate that the grammar based approach works as an excellent compression method for the actual data. On many metrics, the synthetic data generated from the PCFG match the training data much better than the one generated by the Markov Model.
Gender, Status, and Leadership

More than a trait of individuals, gender is an institutionalized system of social practices. The gender system is deeply entwined with social hierarchy and leadership because gender stereotypes contain status beliefs that associate greater status worthiness and competence with men than women. This review uses expectation states theory to describe how gender status beliefs create a network of constraining expectations and interpersonal reactions that is a major cause of the “glass ceiling.” In mixed-sex or gender-relevant contexts, gender status beliefs shape men's and women's assertiveness, the attention and evaluation their performances receive, ability attributed to them on the basis of performance, the influence they achieve, and the likelihood that they emerge as leaders. Gender status beliefs also create legitimacy reactions that penalize assertive women leaders for violating the expected status order and reduce their ability to gain complaince with directives.
Cholesterol, Statins and the Risk of Dementia in the Oldest-Old: The 90+ Study (S58.003)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if hypercholesterolemia or statin use are related to dementia risk in the oldest-old, people aged 90 years and over. BACKGROUND: Midlife hypercholesterolemia has been associated with increased dementia risk. Some studies, however, suggest that the association changes with age and high cholesterol may be associated with decreased dementia risk at very advanced ages. Cholesterol-lowering medications (statins) have also been associated with decreased dementia risk, although some studies report no association. It is unknown how cholesterol and statins affect dementia in the oldest-old. DESIGN/METHODS: We assessed 563 non-demented participants of The 90+ Study, a longitudinal population-based study of people aged 90 and older. Dementia (DSM-IV criteria) was assessed biannually. Participants were classified into three mutually exclusive groups based on statin use and hypercholesterolemia: no hypercholesterolemia+no statins (59%), hypercholesterolemia+no statins (17%), hypercholesterolemia+statins (24%). We estimated the hazard ratio (HR) of incident dementia using Cox regression with age as the time scale adjusting for gender and education. RESULTS: Participants at baseline were on average 93 years (range=90-103), Caucasian (99%), women (69%), and college educated (77%). After an average follow-up of 2.6 years (range=0.06-9.0), 222 individuals (39%) developed dementia. Compared to the no hypercholesterolemia+no statin group, people in the hypercholesterolemia+statin group were less likely to develop dementia (HR=0.58, 95%CI=0.39-0.85, p=0.005), whereas individuals in the hypercholesterolemia+no statin group were not different in their risk of dementia (HR=0.88, 95%CI=0.61-1.28, p=0.51). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to studies reporting that high cholesterol is associated with decreased dementia in the oldest-old, we report that hypercholesterolemia was not associated with dementia while statin users were at decreased dementia risk. There are a variety of mechanisms by which statins may be neuroprotective including effects on amyloid production, neurofibrillary tangles, secondary stroke prevention, and other anti-inflammatory pleiotropic effects. Additional research is needed to explore other potential explanations for our results along with assessment of the effect of serum cholesterol levels and statin lipophilicity. Study Supported by: NIA grants R01AG042444, R01AG21055 Disclosure: Dr. Evans has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kawas has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec. Dr. Kawas has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Continuum. Dr. Corrada has nothing to disclose.
HAZUS earthquake loss estimation methods

Background and historical perspective are provided on the development of the earthquake loss estimation methods of the HAZUS technology (HAZUS Earthquake), the various modules of HAZUS Earthquake are described, and key concepts of these methods are summarized. HAZUS Earthquake modules calculate seismic hazard, evaluate the likelihood of various states of damage to structures, lifelines, and other components of the built environment, and estimate both direct and indirect losses resulting from this damage. The focus is on building-related methods. The paper also describes 2 recent improvements to the HAZUS Earthquake technology: the Advanced Engineering Building Module (AEBM); and use of ShakeMap ground motion data. AEBM allows experts to develop building-specific damage and loss functions. ShakeMap ground motion data HAZUS may be used to rapidly assess potential damage and loss immediately following an earthquake. Lastly, a comparison of damage and loss estimated using ShakeMap data with actual damage and loss from the 1994 Northridge earthquake is given.
Identifying Dynamic Spillovers in Criminal Behavior

In this paper we provide evidence on the eectiveness and eciency of law enforcement policies that target dierent types of crimes. Our approach acknowledges that past crimes may aect future crimes and we use it to calculate these dynamic spillovers both within and across a broad selection of crimes. Our identification strategy leverages a highly detailed data set that contains the exact location and time of all reported crimes together with the police response to these crimes in Dallas from 2000-2008. Our identification strategy isolates the causal behavioral eect of prior crimes on future crimes and is robust to a variety of sources of endogeneity. We find that policies targeting lighter crimes (which are, for instance, suggested by the “Broken Windows” theory of crime) are ineective
Effect of γ-radiation on the dynamic mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubbers†

Three different styrene–butadiene, gum rubbers were exposed to γ-radiation doses ranging from 0 to 200 Mrad. The crosslink densities, hardness, and the dynamic mechanical properties were evaluated. All specimens increased in hardness and crosslink density during radiation. This was reflected in an increased storage modulus, broadened loss tangent maximum, and increased relaxation spectrum. The dynamic data are presented in master curves which were developed by using the WLF equation.
Effects of monocular deprivation on geniculocortical synapses in the cat

In monocularly deprived (MD) cats, many cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) but few cells in the visual cortex respond to input from the deprived eye, suggesting that the connections to visual cortex from the deprived geniculate laminae may have been disrupted. I have examined these connections in MD cats by using electron microscopic autoradiography of visual cortex after injections of tritiated lysine into single laminae of LGN. After injections into either deprived or experienced laminae, there was label over terminals that contained mitochondria and round synaptic vesicles and that made asymmetric contacts with dendritic profiles. However, the terminals of deprived afferents differed from those of experienced afferents. They were 25% smaller, contained 33% fewer mitochondria, were more likely to make synapses that were presynaptically convex (and thus, perhaps, immature), and synapsed onto smaller spines. These morphological changes were greater for afferents to upper layer IV than for afferents to lower layer IV. The geniculocortical synapses from deprived laminae were also reduced in number. To correct for variations in injection size and for a probable reduction in protein synthesis by cells in the deprived laminae, I computed the ratio of labeled synaptic terminals to labeled myelinated axons. Injections into the deprived laminae labeled 43% fewer synaptic terminals per labeled myelinated axon than did injections into the experienced lamina. The finding that the synaptic terminals of deprived afferents are both abnormal morphologically and fewer in number can help to explain the reduced effectiveness of the deprived eye in driving cortical cells.
MitraClip Therapy for Mitral Regurgitation: Secondary Mitral Regurgitation

Therapy for mitral regurgitation (MR) has been synonymous with mitral valve surgery. Operative approaches for degenerative MR repair have been associated with excellent results, with durable long term outcomes. Surgery for functional MR has been less successful. MitraClip has shown promise for functional MR, especiall in patinets who are high risk for surgery. The aggregate of nonrandomized global experience with MitraClip in functional MR has been consistent in showing improvements in symptoms and left ventricular remodeling. It remains to be seen how MitraClip therapy will compare with best medical therapy. The COAPT trial will clarify this question.
Inequality and Taxation: Evidence from the Americas on how Inequality may Influence Tax Institutions

Tax scholars generally focus on how taxation influences inequality. In this article, we examine how inequality may influence the design and implementation of tax systems. We focus on the societies of the Americas over the 19th and 20th centuries to see how and why institutions of taxation differ across and within countries, and how they evolve over time. We examine North America and Latin America for two major reasons. First, despite the region having the most extreme inequality in the world, the tax structures of Latin America are generally recognized as among the most regressive in the world, even by developing country standards. Second, the colonization and development of the Americas constitute a natural experiment of sorts that students of economic and social development can exploit. The different circumstances meant that largely exogenous differences existed across these societies, not only in national heritage, but also in the extent of inequality. Several salient patterns emerge. The United States and Canada (like Britain, France, Germany and even Spain) were much more inclined to tax wealth and income during their early stages of growth, and into the 20th century, than developing countries are today. Although the United States and Canadian federal governments were similar to those of their counterparts in Latin America in relying primarily on the taxation of foreign trade (overwhelmingly tariffs) and excise taxes, the greater success or inclination of state (provincial) and local governments in North America to tax wealth (primarily in the form of property or estate taxes) and income (primarily in the form of business taxes), as well as the much larger relative sizes of these sub-national governments in North America, accounted for a radical divergence in the overall structure of taxation. Tapping these progressive sources of government revenue, state and local governments in the United States and Canada, even before independence, began directing substantial resources toward public schools, improvements in infrastructure involving transportation and health, and other social programs. In contrast, the societies of Latin America, which had come to be characterized soon after initial settlement by rather extreme inequality in wealth, human capital, and political influence, tended to adopt tax structures that were significantly less progressive in incidence and manifested greater reluctance or inability to impose local taxes to fund local public investments and services. These patterns persisted well into the 20th century, indeed up to the present day.
Effects of Rest Periods of Various Lengths on the Consistency of Maximal Performance on a Muscular Endurance Test

Abstract Thirty-four college men were administered the maximum-dip test during eight consecutive, regularly scheduled physical education class periods. The maximum number of dips possible was measured for continuous, all-out effort and for effort with 5, 7, or 10 sec. of rest between each two dips. Each of these four testing conditions was repeated on the next testing day after original measurement. Coefficients of correlation were computed between maximum-dip performances in the four exercise programs. The degree of relationship became increasingly smaller as the rest period increased in length. More than half of the predictive values of continuous, maximum effort was lost in the program with 10 sec. of rest. Considerable variability was observed in the degree of gain in total dips as rest periods of varying lengths were interjected. The nature of the work load is an important factor in interpreting endurance studies.
A Long and Winding Road

Arizona Anthropologist Centennial Edition: 140-145. © 2015 Arizona Anthropologist My life has been profoundly impacted by the School of Anthropology. When I was first asked to submit a piece for this Centennial edition, I immediately thought to myself: how can I possibly find the words to concisely paint a picture of the ways that anthropology has changed my life? How should I describe my wonderful and long-lasting relationships with professors, staff, and fellow students I have had the sincere pleasure of knowing and working with over the last 14 years, let alone express my appreciation for the training and knowledge I have acquired? The logical approach, perhaps tainted by my archaeological training, would be to give a linear account of my time here, beginning from my first class as a fledgling freshman at the University of Arizona in 2001, and closing this piece with my current status, a Ph.D. candidate who is working on dissertation data collection. I promise I won’t do this, not only because that kind of story is boring, but also because my journey has not been linear. My interests have meandered, guided by my curiosity for ancient peoples and the way that they lived their lives and the many ways we can study and answer questions about them. Perhaps my experience could be envisioned as a piece of ropemany strands coiled together to make a whole. At times one interest was emphasized over another, but all have made me what I am today. Like many archaeologists, I was first drawn to the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean; I took a class on Egyptian archaeology my second semester here and I was in heaven. After entertaining my thirst for knowledge privately and outside of school for most of my life, I couldn’t believe that I had found a way to not only learn history and archaeology, but to also earn a degree in this field. With guidance from the Honors College in my second year, I broadened my archaeological pursuits to include classes in Anthropology, and volunteer at the Arizona State Museum (ASM) with Arthur Vokes, curator of the Repository Collections. While at this point my studies were still in the culture history learning stages of archaeological training, but fast approachA Long and Winding Road
Stimulation of vitamin B12 uptake in tissue slices by intrinsic factor concentrate.

SummaryIt was demonstrated that intrinsic factor concentrate stimulates the uptake of radioactive vit. B12 in slices of rat liver and kidney, in vitro. Evidence presented indicates the specificity of this stimulatory action. The stimulation is a function of concentration of intrinsic factor concentrate added, and may therefore be the basis of an in vitro assay for intrinsic factor. It was not necessary to use vit. B12 deficient tissues to show the stimulation effect and it was observed that hyperthyroidism caused increased uptake of vit. B12 in the absence of added intrinsic factor concentrate. A brief discussion of the possible function of intrinsic factor was presented.
Complexing of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes with Immunoglobulin A of the Kappa Class

The case of a man with Hodgkin's disease who also had a very atypical lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern is reported. Studies indicated that the abnormal pattern was due to complexing between LDH and immunoglobulin A of the kappa class, and that the phenomenon occurred in vitro as well as in vivo . The physiologic significance of the phenomenon and its relationship, if any, to the lymphoma tous process were not established.
Heat Transfer Coefficient for a Long Horizontal Fin Cooled by Natural Convection and Radiation

The objective of this fundamental study is to determine the average or representative heat transfer coefficient for fins cooled by natural convection and radiation using both experimental data and numerical prediction. The physical situation considered is a horizontal fin with a cylindrical cross-section. One end of the fin is maintained at a constant elevated temperature, and the fin is sufficiently long so that heat loss from the tip is negligible. Heat is transferred by conduction along the fin and dissipated from the surface via natural convection and radiation. A general finite difference formulation, that accounts for natural convection with a published correlation and for radiative heat transfer with a simple model, is used to predict the temperature and rate of heat transfer along the fin. This predicted temperature distribution is then used to calculate the average or representative heat transfer coefficient. To verify the numerical predictions, temperature measurements are fit to an exponential model using a least squares approach and an average heat transfer coefficient is obtained. Agreement between the numerical and experimental results is very good.
Insect morphology above the molecular level: biomechanics.

In contrast to what is suggested by Gupta (Gupta, A. P. 1994. Insect anatomy-morphology: quo vadis? Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87: 147â−156), insect morphology does not have to be pursued at the molecular level to be cutting edge. For example, biomechanical analyses of morphology allow new knowledge and predictive relationships from new interpretations of morphology.
Discretion in Financial Reporting: The Use of Self-Constructed Peer Groups in Proxy Statement Performance Graphs

We examine how firms exercise reporting discretion when preparing the performance graph required under the SEC's new compensation disclosure rules. Results from a sample of 449 S&P 500 firms, 31.4% of whom self-constructed a peer group, indicate that three sets of factors -- the firm's visibility in the compensation debate, the level of monitoring, and the suitability of the public index for use in peer group comparisons -- explain both the decision to self-construct a peer group and the performance of the self-constructed peer group relative to the corresponding public industry index. We further find that self-constructed peer groups are "opportunistic" in that self-constructed indexes enhance the reporting companies' relative performance compared to performance measured relative to the company's S&P industry index. Paradoxically, self-constructed peer groups are also "informative" in that they explain cross-sectional variation in firm performance, firm size, and firm risk incremental to that explained by public indexes. Thus, a characterization of self-constructed peer groups as indicative of self-serving behavior on the part of managers is overly simplistic.
New tasks facing in quality certification,attestation and accreditation for an Electric Power Research Institute

The standards of ISO9000,ISO9001,ISO9004 and ISO/IEC17025 were updated or will be corrected,meanwhile,the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China issued the Rules for Laboratory Qualification Accreditation and Review.From this point,an Electric Power Research Institute has to face a new situation and tasks in quality management system certification,laboratory accreditation and legal metrological verification body's assessment,thus,we should keep studying with time,publicize and carry out new standard,make the system documents corrected or upgraded,which preserves the enterprise' qualification authorized and promote continuously the enterprise's development.
Physician use and evaluation of a hospital-based drug information center

The use of a hospital-based information center by physicians was investigated. A questionnaire was used to gather information from physicians using the services of the center. The study was conducted over a six-month period. Of the 126 questionnaires distributed, 115 (91.1%) were completed and returned. The number of physicians studied was 100. The five categories of drug information most frequently requested involved adverse reactions, dosage, therapeutic use, availability and toxicity. Physicians used information most frequently for purposes of direct patient care. Evaluations of the quality, accuracy and quantity of information provided by the center were high. Physicians using information for purposes of direct patient care felt the information was clinically significant. Although certain inadequacies were identified, it was concluded that the center serves as a reliable source of comprehensive and accurate drug information for physicians.
Test Suites, Fault Models, Test Sets and Defects

In Chapter 4 we saw that defects change the I DDQ level, the static logic behavior and the dynamic logic behavior of circuits. We henceforth refer to logic testing to detect faulty static logic behavior as slow speed testing and logic testing to detect faulty dynamic logic behavior as high speed testing.
Analysis of the time course of degradation for fully biobased nonwoven agricultural mulches in compost-enriched soil:

The time course of degradation for biodegradable and fully biobased plastic agricultural mulches prepared from polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA–polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) blends using meltblown (MB) n...
CONFIGURATION INTERACTION DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRON CORRELATION

The fundamental goal of quantum chemistry is the development of a qualitatively correct set of concepts for describing the chemical and physical properties of molecules. When this goal is achieved, a well-trained chemist should be able to correlate and predict the behavior of most chemical systems without extensive calculation. In order to achieve this goal it is necessary to obtain high-accuracy wave functions for a few typical chemical systems. Further it is necessary to understand these wave functions on two levels. First one must understand what types of terms and effects must be included in the mathematical description of the wave function. This level of understanding has probably now been attained as a result of twenty years of large-scale calculations. On the second level one must understand the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of the constituent parts of the system and the physical and chemical properties exhibited by the system itself. This level of understanding has proven frustratingly difficult to achieve by the direct ab-initio approach.
Continuum analysis of dispersed-phase martensitic transformation toughening of two-phase metallic materials

Finite element analysis was used to study the martensitic transformation toughening in a two-phase metallic system consisting of a transforming metallic phase embedded in the form of small particles in a stable (non-transforming) metallic matrix phase. The material constitutive model for dispersed-phase transformation plasticity recently developed by Grujicic and Sankaran [1] was used for continuum description of the material behavior. Transient crack growth was simulated in the finite element mesh by a nodal release technique. The remote crack-opening tensile load was adjusted to mantain the near-tip energy release rate at the level necessary for crack advance. The transformation zone surrounding the crack tip and the resistance curves were computed for several levels of thermodynamic stability of the transforming phase. An optimum level of thermodynamic stability of the dispersed phase which gives rise to a maximum enhancement in material fracture toughness has been identified. Finally, the analysis was used to rationalize a nearly 100 percent increase in the fracture toughness observed by Grujicic and Dang [2] in a material system consisting of the gamma TiAl matrix and a 10vol.% of a Ti-Al-V-Fe beta phase dispersion.
An Intelligent Thermal Sensing System for Automatic, Quantitative Assessment of Motion Training in Lower-Limb Rehabilitation

This paper aims to develop a home-oriented cyber-physical system to help patients improve their motion coordination capability via physical training. The measures evaluated by the system include the motion style of the legs, the periodicity of the foot trajectory, and the foot balance level, which are recommended by physical therapists. The motions of the legs and feet are recorded by thermal camera, and the plantar pressure is measured by the insole pressure sensors. We have developed innovative algorithms to extract the leg skeletons from the thermal images, and to implement motion signal auto-segmentation, recognition, and analysis for the above-mentioned measures. The experimental results have verified that the proposed system could efficiently acquire and analyze the lower-limb motion information.