cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby

Lillian Hellman's memoirs are as notable for what they omit as for what they reveal. In "An Unfinished Woman" (1969), she notes that, although she kept an extensive diary of her Moscow trip in the winter of 1944-45, "No where is there a record of . . . how close I felt then and now to a State Department career man whose future, seven or eight years later, went down the drain for no reason except the brutal cowardice of his colleagues under the hammering of Joe McCarthy."The State Department career man is John Fremont Melby, principal author of the government's China White Paper of 1949. Hellman and Melby met in Russia, fell in love, talked often of marriage, and, during their separations over the next thirty years, wrote each other voluminously. When Hellman appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in the famous confrontation of May 21, 1952, she was anxious to protect not the Hollywood leftists she had known but Melby and Averell Harriman, the former American ambassador to Russia under whose roof she began her affair with Melby."The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby" is the story of their affair, certainly one of the most intense of Hellman's life. It is also the story of Hellman's role in Melby's seven Loyalty-Security hearings, extending over eighteen months. The transcripts of these hearings, divulged here for the first time, reveal far more about her politics than does her brief appearance before the HUAC. Melby was fired from the State Department in 1953 by John Foster Dulles because of his affair with Hellman and because he would not repudiate her. It was a pure case of "guilt by association."This is a tale of politics, personalities, and passion. Based on Hellman's and Melby's letters, FBI and Passport Office files, transcripts of Melby's hearings, and the files of Hellman's lawyer, Joseph Rauh, this book establishes that Hellman's association with the Communist party was fleeting. But more importantly, it is a compelling account of a love affair that was aborted and then revived by the Cold War.Originally published in 1989.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Microfluidic ultralow interfacial tensiometry with magnetic particles

We describe a technique that measures ultralow interfacial tensions using paramagnetic spheres in a co-flow microfluidic device designed with a magnetic section. Our method involves tuning the distance between the co-flowing interface and the magnet's center, and observing the behavior of the spheres as they approach the liquid–liquid interface–the particles either pass through or are trapped by the interface. Using threshold values of the magnet-to-interface distance, we make estimates of the two-fluid interfacial tension. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique for measuring very low interfacial tensions, O(10−6–10−5) N m−1, by testing solutions of different surfactant concentrations, and we show that our results are comparable with measurements made using a spinning drop tensiometer.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Presenting With Esophageal Obstruction and an Inflammatory Syndrome

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare neoplasm of intermediate malignant potential. Although inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor occurs at multiple anatomic locations, an esophageal lesion is extremely rare. We describe a 43-year-old man who presented with severe dysphagia and an inflammatory syndrome, secondary to esophageal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. The patient was treated successfully with esophagectomy and remains disease free at 1 year. This case illustrates the complexities involved in managing a large esophageal myofibroblastic tumor and highlights that esophagectomy, rather than enucleation, should be the treatment of choice.
Differential control of Zap1-regulated genes in response to zinc deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Zap1 transcription factor is a central player in the response of yeast to changes in zinc status. We previously used transcriptome profiling with DNA microarrays to identify 46 potential Zap1 target genes in the yeast genome. In this new study, we used complementary methods to identify additional Zap1 target genes. With alternative growth conditions for the microarray experiments and a more sensitive motif identification algorithm, we identified 31 new potential targets of Zap1 activation. Moreover, an analysis of the response of Zap1 target genes to a range of zinc concentrations and to zinc withdrawal over time demonstrated that these genes respond differently to zinc deficiency. Some genes are induced under mild zinc deficiency and act as a first line of defense against this stress. First-line defense genes serve to maintain zinc homeostasis by increasing zinc uptake, and by mobilizing and conserving intracellular zinc pools. Other genes respond only to severe zinc limitation and act as a second line of defense. These second-line defense genes allow cells to adapt to conditions of zinc deficiency and include genes involved in maintaining secretory pathway and cell wall function, and stress responses. We have identified several new targets of Zap1-mediated regulation. Furthermore, our results indicate that through the differential regulation of its target genes, Zap1 prioritizes mechanisms of zinc homeostasis and adaptive responses to zinc deficiency.
Expression and Molecular Characterization of ZmMYB-IF35 and Related R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors

R2R3-MYB transcription factors play many important roles in higher plants including the regulation of secondary metabolism, the control of cell shape, and in the response to various stress conditions. In spite of their large number and significance, very few of these genes have been functionally characterized in monocots. Here, we describe the characterization of ZmMYB-IF35 from maize. Using GAL4 fusion constructs, we show that ZmMYB-IF35 possesses the ability to bind DNA in a sequence specific manner and activate transcription in yeast. We also show that ZmMYB-IF35 is capable of binding to the a1 promoter in planta, but it is not sufficient for activation of a1 transcription. Interestingly, a chimeric protein consisting of the MYB domain from ZmMYB-IF35 and the non-MYB C-terminal region of P1, a closely related R2R3-MYB protein, activated transcription from the a1 promoter in planta, suggesting that regions outside the conserved R2R3-MYB domain contribute to regulatory specificity. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that ZmMYB-IF35 expresses primarily in epidermal and vascular cells, while its rice ortholog, OsMYB-IF, displays a broad expression pattern in aerial parts of the plant. Together, our results provide novel insights on the participation of ZmMYB-IF35 and related genes in the regulation of secondary metabolic pathways in the grasses.
Transformation of enstatite — diopside — jadeite pyroxenes to garnet

The high-pressure stability of enstatite(En)-diopside(Di)-jadeite(Jd) pyroxenes has been investigated experimentally with a split-sphere anvil apparatus (USSA-2000). On the enstatite-pyrope join, the compositions of garnet coexisting with enstatite were determined at 100–165 kbar and 1450–1850° C. The results indicate complete solubility between enstatite and pyrope. In the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS), the compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnet were determined at 100–165 kbar and 1250–1750° C. At 157 kbar, 1650° C, garnet with the composition En79Di21 (mol%) forms on the En-Di join. In the system Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (NMAS), the compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnet were determined at 60–160 kbar and 1200–1850° C. On the En-Jd join, the first garnet has the composition En48Jd52 at 135 kbar, 1650° C, and En53Jd47 at 140 kbar, 1500° C. On the Di-Jd join, the first garnet with the composition Di63Jd37 forms around 170 kbar, 1650° C. In the En-Di-Jd system, the first appearance of garnet with the composition En42Di9Jd49 is estimated at 133 kbar, 1650° C. The new pyroxene with the composition NaMg0.5Si2.5O6 (NaPx) transforms to garnet at 154 kbar, 1650° C. The experimental results indicate that the transformation of a twopyroxene assemblage to garnet and residual pyroxene in the En-Di-Jd system could occur at pressures consistent with the 400 km seismic discontinuity and in a pressure interval of 0–3 kbar.
Crystal structure of the type-I interleukin-1 receptor complexed with interleukin-1beta.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an important mediator of inflammatory disease. The IL-1 family currently consists of two agonists, IL-1α and IL-lβ, and one antagonist, IL-1ra. Each of these molecules binds to the type I IL-1 receptor (IL1R)1. The binding of IL-1α or IL-1β to IL1R is an early step in IL-1 signal transduction and blocking this interaction may therefore be a useful target for the development of new drugs. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of IL-1β bound to the extracellular domain of IL1R (s-IL1R) at 2.5A resolution. IL-1β binds to s-IL1R with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The crystal structure shows that s-IL1R consists of three immunoglobulin-like domains which wrap around IL-1β in a manner distinct from the structures of previously described cytokine–receptor complexes. The two receptor-binding regions on IL-1β identified by site-directed mutagenesis2,3 both contact the receptor: one binds to the first two domains of the receptor, while the other binds exclusively to the third domain.
The geomorphic setting of upper paleolithic sites in Wadi el Sheikh, Southern Sinai

A protracted phase of aggradation without evidence for episodes of cutting and filling occurred in the drainage of Wadi el Sheikh between about 65,000 and 12,000 B.P. Marl sediments in the deposits at the oasis of Tarfat el Quidrein denote freshwater ponds or marshes that attracted Upper Paleolithic, Ahmarian hunter-gatherers. Wetter conditions favoring the formation of the marls are explained by local, geomorphic factors including the orographic influence of nearby mountains. A major phase of down-cutting initiated at the end of the Pleistocene and beginning of the Holocene is the only climatically forced gradational change seen in the geomorphic record.
A monolithically integrated organic photodetector and thin film transistor

Abstract We demonstrate a vacuum deposited molecular organic photodetector (OPD) integrated with a top gate, bottom-contact, pentacene-based organic thin film transistor (OTFT) for use as a switchable organic passive pixel sensor in focal plane imaging arrays. The heterojunction OPD consists of a 110 A thick film of the donor, boron subphthalocyanine chloride, and a 325 A thick film of the acceptor, C60. The OTFT switch allows the photodetector to be switched between an active (ON) state with a light intensity dependent photocurrent peaking at 20 nA, and an inactive (OFF) state with current 400 kHz. The integrated structure is fabricated at room temperature, making this circuit compatible with low cost, flexible plastic substrates.
Evaluation of a positive yeast-in-blood service.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel "yeast-in-blood" surveillance service on the timeliness of antifungal chemotherapy for candidemia. Methods Two hundred seven blood cultures positive for Candida species between July 1, 1994, and February 15, 2009, as identified by the microbiology positive culture log, were included in this retrospective chart review. Patients with a positive culture before July 1, 2008, were evaluated by the yeast-in-blood surveillance service and included as intervention cases (iC). After this time, those occurring after discontinuation of the service were included as nonintervention cases (NIC). The primary outcome measure was the time to antifungal therapy from the time of blood culture draw. secondary outcome measures included antifungal selection and time to antifungal prescription order from culture positivity. Results Median time to therapy was 58.9 ± 28.4hours and 41.3 ± 30.5hours for NIC and IC, respectively ( P = 0.001). Median time to prescription order was 3.0 ± 6.9hours for NIC versus 1.9 ± 3.9hours for IC. Candida albicans was the predominant organism identified (45.3% of NIC and 54.6% of IC). Treatment agents included an azole in 57.4% of NIC and 47.4% of IC, an echinocandin in 33.3% and 27.3% and a polyene in 5.7% and 27.8%, respectively. Conclusions Time to therapy and time to prescription were shorter in those evaluated by the surveillance service. These data suggest that a yeast surveillance service improves antifungal medication therapy initiation.
Glucokinase activities and glycogen contents of livers of normal and hypophysectomized, X-irradiated rats subjected to different nutritional treatments

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of a lethal dose (1000 R) of whole-body X-irradiation on glucokinase (ATP: d -glucose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.2) in a number of tissues of the rat was studied. In high-glucose-fed rats, X-irradiation depressed the activity of this hepatic enzyme, but not in fasted rats. X-irradiation interfered with normal dietary adaptation of glucokinase. 2. 2. No effect of the irradiation on glucokinase activities was observed in brain, skeletal muscle or kidney. 3. 3. Diet (high-glucose) and fasting caused an adaptive response in hepatic glucokinase activity of the hypophysectomized rat, but the activity level of the enzyme was lower in this animal than in the normal rat. Dietary adaptation of hepatic glucokinase is specific to glucose, but that of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( d -glucose-6-phosphate: TPN oxidorecductase, EC 1.1.1.49) is not. 4. 4. The decreasing effect of X-irradiation on hepatic glucokinase in the high-glucose-fed rat continued after hypophysectomy. Thus the elevation of hepatic glucokinase activity induced by feeding a high-glucose diet is directly affected by X-irradiation. 5. 5. A second action of X-irradiation on hepatic glucokinase—differing from the decreasing effect on the enzyme observed in the high-glucose-fed rat—is a slowing rate of decline of the enyzme'a activity in fasted animals and its dependence upon pituitary gland activity. 6. 6. A spectrophotometric method for liver fructokinase (ATP: d -fructose 1-phosphototransferase, EC 2.7.1.3) is presented. X-irradiation did not affect hepatic fructokinase.
Identification of Cadherin Tyrosine Residues That Are Phosphorylated and Mediate Shc Association

Previously, we reported association of the adaptor protein Shc through its SH2 domain with the cytoplasmic domain of the adhesion molecule cadherin (Xu et al. [1997] J. Biol. Chem. 272:13463-13466). This association was dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation of cadherin and could be modulated by extracellular Ca(2+) and epidermal growth factor in intact cells. There are six tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin. To define the tyrosine residue(s) that mediate Shc recognition, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to alter Tyr851 and/or Tyr883 in cadherin, which both conform to a predicted Shc SH2 domain recognition sequence. Mutation of either Tyr851 or Tyr883, but mostly the latter, decreased Src phosphorylation of cadherin and the binding of Shc to cadherin, as determined by Sepharose bead binding and gel overlay assays. Of the two tyrosine residues, Tyr883 is the major Src phosphorylation and Shc binding site. However, the double mutant (Tyr851, 883 Phe) exhibited less Shc association than the single Tyr883 Phe mutant, suggesting a role for Tyr851 also. In addition, the binding of Shc to the cadherin cytoplasmic domain was competitively inhibited by tyrosine phosphorylated peptides containing either Tyr851 or Tyr883, but not by the corresponding non-phosphorylated peptides. Mutation of Tyr851 and/or Tyr883 did not alter the capacity of the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin to bind beta-catenin in vitro. However, Shc binding to cadherin did negatively influence beta-catenin binding to the same molecule.
MIMO correlation matrices in a microcell scenario for link-layer simulations

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) correlation matrices for high, medium, and low correlation antenna configurations are proposed. Typical microcell scenarios are adopted for simulations using an electromagnetic-based approach for full-wave field solutions. The MIMO correlation coefficients are obtained by the post-processing of these field solutions. The proposed correlation matrices are used for link-layer simulations to evaluate the effect of the channel correlation on the link error rate of a MIMO system.
Effects of indomethacin on pulmonary hemodynamics and extravascular lung water in sheep after pulmonary microembolism

Abstract Since the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the response of the lung to pulmonary microembolism is unclear, this study examined the effects of indomethacin (INDO), an inhibitor of PG synthesis, on pulmonary hemodynamics and lung fluid balance in normal sheep and in sheep subjected to pulmonary microembolism. Anesthetized, ventilated ewes were given either INDO (5 mg/kg in saline) or emboli (Sephadex G-25, 0.1 ml/kg in saline) via a cannulated jugular vein. Pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and left atrial (Pla) pressures were measured. The ratio of extravascular lung water content to dry weight of the blood-free lung (Qw1/dQ1) was measured. Animals were given either INDO 1 hr prior to embolism (Group IV), emboli only (Group III), INDO only (Group II), or were saline controls (Group I). While INDO had little effect in normal animals, Ppa was significantly attenuated in those pretreated with INDO prior to embolism (Group IV) as compared to those embolized only (Group III), and while (Qw1/dQ1) for Group III was significantly elevated compared to Group I, it was not in Group IV. Results suggest that INDO attenuates the pulmonary hypertension caused by microembolism via inhibition of a vasoconstrictor PG, which may in part mediate embolism-induced edemogenesis.
Titan imagery with Keck adaptive optics during and after probe entry

[1] We present adaptive optics data from the Keck telescope, taken while the Huygens probe descended through Titan’s atmosphere and on the days following touchdown. No probe entry signal was detected. Our observations span a solar phase angle range from 0.05� up to 0.8� , with the Sun in the west. Contrary to expectations, the east side of Titan’s stratosphere was usually brightest. Compiling images obtained with Keck and Gemini over the past few years reveals that the east-west asymmetry can be explained by a combination of the solar phase angle effect and an enhancement in the haze density on Titan’s morning hemisphere. While stratospheric haze was prominent over the northern hemisphere, tropospheric haze dominated the south, from the south pole up to latitudes of � 45� S. At 2.1 mm this haze forms a polar cap, while at 1.22 mm it appears in the form of a collar at 60� S. A few small clouds were usually present near the south pole, at altitudes of 30–40 km. Our narrowband J,H,K images of Titan’s surface compare extremely well with that obtained by Cassini ISS, down to the small-scale features. The surface contrast between dark and bright areas may be larger at 2 mm than at 1.6 and 1.3 mm, which would imply that the dark areas may be covered by a coarser-grained frost than the bright regions and/or that there is additional 2 mm absorption there.
An empirical test of modal choice and allocative efficiency: Evidence from US coal transportation

Abstract A generalized shipper transportation cost function is estimated to test whether coal shippers achieve allocative efficiency with respect to market prices when facing limited access to the full range of transportation services. Findings indicate that allocative efficiency with respect to market prices is achieved when shippers have access to all major transportation modes. In contrast, the condition for allocative efficiency is not met with respect to market prices when shippers’ modal choices are limited to trucking and rail services. Findings for the sample of shippers who face limited shipping choices is interpreted as suggesting an over-use of trucks relative to the use of trains due to price distortions of transportation services.
Björk-Shiley Leaflet Impairment in an Ascending Aortic Conduit Due to Extrinsic Compression by a False Aneurysm

Abstract A false aneurysm compressing an ascending aortic composite valved graft, leading to disc interference and aortic insufficiency with congestive heart failure, was successfully repaired. An alternative method of constructing the distal anastomosis that would obviate this problem is described.
Probabilistic multi-compartmenty geometric model: Application to cell segmentation

We describe a cell segmentation approach based on a probabilistic formulation of multi-compartment level set-based deformable model. We aim at the simultaneous cell partitioning into nucleus and membrane. We consider relative topology of the two distinct cell compartments, while we constrain our solution using shape prior information. Our method integrates geometric models with learning-based classification in a simple graphical model, such that it captures not only the cell compartments but also their topological relationship. We apply our framework to (static) fluorescent microscopy images, where the cultured cells are stained with calcein AM.
Warping prestack imaged data to improve stack quality and resolution

Accurate seismic imaging requires that a geologic feature be located at the same lateral and vertical position in images obtained by 3D prestack migration from different data bins, such as common-offset or common-angle subvolumes. Misalignment of those images degrades the quality of the stack. For dipping reflectors and lateral discontinuities, imperfect imaging causes both lateral and vertical misalignment. In current practice, the vertical component of the misalignment is used to estimate updates in velocity and other imaging parameters; the lateral component is largely ignored. We show that recent developments in seismic-attribute analysis allow us to examine the lateral misalignment of prestack volumes with similar resolution to that achieved in examining vertical moveout. To measure lateral moveout, we pick maxima from local 2D crosscorrelations computed between slices from 3D attribute volumes. We then use these measurements to correct for the lateral misalignment by applying a warping procedure to the corresponding slices in the prestack migrated seismic data. We apply our technique to a 3D land survey acquired over the Fort Worth basin in Texas, and obtain subtle, but potentially important, improvements in the quality and resolution of the stack as well as in the attribute images computed from the corrected data.
Quantitative analysis of very-low-voltage testing

Some weak static CMOS chips can be detected by testing them with a very low supply voltage-between 2 and 2.5 times the threshold voltage V/sub t/ of the transistors. A weak chip is one that contains a flaw-an imperfection that does not interfere with correct operation at rated conditions but which may cause intermittent or early-life failures. This paper considers several types of flaws and derives the test conditions for them. It also proposes two approaches for determining the appropriate test speed for very-low-voltage testing.
Reconstructing lost video data in a lapped orthogonal transform based coder

Techniques for hiding defects caused by lost blocks of lapped orthogonal transform (LOT) coefficients are proposed and compared. By properly enhancing reconstructed blocks, a video system can transmit pleasing images in spite of frequent asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network losses. The mathematics of LOT calculation suggest several reconstruction strategies. Standard signal-processing techniques such as mean-square-error minimization, time-domain filtering, and LOT-domain coefficient averaging are also investigated and simulated. Comments on the performance of these recovery methods for moving video sequences as well as for single frames are offered. >
‘Grammar. In a Breath’: Breathing in Gertrude Stein's Tender Buttons

This essay won the 2007 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, American Section. This essay analyzes the trope of breath in Tender Buttons. It becomes clear, when diagramming Stein's poetry, that breath appears at different levels of interpretation (phonologically, semantically, and structurally). Here, I apply William Gass's theory of word spatialization and use diagrams as interpretive tools. The visualization of Stein's words leads to an exploration of repetition and double structures as expressions of inhalation and exhalation in individual poems. Such doublings construct variations on the themes of opening and closing which mirror the process of respiration. These motifs reappear in different sections of Tender Buttons, creating a structural breathing that connects the poems in the collection. Such embodiment of language requires that we think of Stein's poetry as a body breathing in and out to the reader, and forces us to reconsider reading as a sensual activity.
Tranexamic acid use and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty in the United States: retrospective analysis of effectiveness and safety.

Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of perioperative tranexamic acid use in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty in the United States. Design Retrospective cohort study; multilevel multivariable logistic regression models measured the association between tranexamic acid use in the perioperative period and outcomes. Setting 510 US hospitals from the claims based Premier Perspective database for 2006-12. Participants 872 416 patients who had total hip or knee arthroplasty. Intervention Perioperative intravenous tranexamic acid use by dose categories (none, ≤1000 mg, 2000 mg, and ≥3000 mg). Main outcome measures Allogeneic or autologous transfusion, thromboembolic complications (pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis), acute renal failure, and combined complications (thromboembolic complications, acute renal failure, cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarction, in-hospital mortality). Results While comparable regarding average age and comorbidity index, patients receiving tranexamic acid (versus those who did not) showed lower rates of allogeneic or autologous transfusion (7.7% v 20.1%), thromboembolic complications (0.6% v 0.8%), acute renal failure (1.2% v 1.6%), and combined complications (1.9% v 2.6%); all P<0.01. In the multilevel models, tranexamic acid dose categories (versus no tranexamic acid use) were associated with significantly (P<0.001) decreased odds for allogeneic or autologous blood transfusions (odds ratio 0.31 to 0.38 by dose category) and no significantly increased risk for complications: thromboembolic complications (odds ratio 0.85 to 1.02), acute renal failure (0.70 to 1.11), and combined complications (0.75 to 0.98). Conclusions Tranexamic acid was effective in reducing the need for blood transfusions while not increasing the risk of complications, including thromboembolic events and renal failure. Thus our data provide incremental evidence of the potential effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid in patients requiring orthopedic surgery.
SRAM FPGA Reliability Analysis for Harsh Radiation Environments

This paper investigates the viability of deploying SRAM-based FPGAs into harsh Earth-orbit environments. A reliability model is presented for estimating the MTTF of SRAM FPGA designs in specific orbits and orbit conditions. The model requires orbit- and condition-specific SEU rates and design-specific estimates of the probability of failure during a single scrubbing period. Probability of failure estimates are reported for several FPGA designs from both fault-injection and accelerator experiments. The model also includes a method for estimating composite mean time to failure (MTTF) that incorporates all orbit conditions over a solar cycle. Despite using pessimistic assumptions, the results from this model suggest that SRAM FPGA designs protected by TMR and scrubbing operate very reliably in a LEO orbit and surprisingly well in ?harsh? orbits.
Processing and Microstructure of Melt Spun Niai Alloys

The influence of various melt spinning parameters and the effect of consolidation on the microstructure of melt spun NiAl and NiAl + W alloys have been examined by optical and electron microscopy techniques. It was found that the addition of 0.5 at.% W to NiAl results in a fine dispersion of W particles after melt spinning which effectively controls grain growth during annealing treatments or consolidation at temperatures between 1523 and 1723 K. Increased wheel speeds are effective at reducing both ribbon thickness and grain size, such that proper choice of both composition and casting parameters can produce structures with grain sizes as small as 2 μ m. Finally, fabrication of continuous fiber reinforced composites which used pulverized ribbon as the matrix material was demonstrated.
Development of measurement methods for testing of hydrokinetic devices to evaluate the environmental effect on local substrate

Modifications and upgrades to the open channel hydraulic flume in the Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory (EFM&HL) at Bucknell University are described. These changes enable small-scale testing for model marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices. The flume has dimensions 9.75 m long, 1.22 m wide, and 0.38 m deep. To fully assess the environmental impact of deploying MHK devices in rivers and tidal estuaries, full-scale field testing must be performed. Small-scale studies are a more cost-effective means to predict possible environmental effects on a larger scale. This testing platform is instrumental in yielding physical measurements of how MHK devices affect substrate topology. A nozzle sediment insert has been designed to hold sediment of desired size and material to allow for multiple environments to be tested, as well as increase the flow speed for testing. Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) and Color Particle Shadow Velocimetry (CPSV) are used to characterize flow in the test section of the nozzle sediment insert, both span-wise and boundary layer velocity profiles. The span-wise velocity shows that the flow within the test section is both two dimensional and doubles in magnitude when using the nozzle. The boundary layer properties found in the test section are: a thickness of 40 mm, a displacement thickness of 5.16 mm, a momentum thickness of 3.75 m, and a friction velocity of 0.0169 m/s. The facility is also equipped with a 2D sediment bed profiler consisting of both a low-powered laser probe and a touch sensitive probe that accurately measures the topology of the sediment bed. The bed form topology for a 1.27 cm diameter cylinder was validated for the 2D bed profiler with manual point gauge measurements.
Actinomycin D and amphibian cells in vitro: effects on monolayers, postmitotic nucleolar reconstruction and nucleolar emptying at different temperatures.

This study was designed to investigate (1) the effects of actinomycin D on monolayers of cells grown from explants of lung from frogs (R. pipiens) and newts (T. viridescens), (2) the effect of actinomycin D on postmitotic nucleolar reconstruction and (3) the possible protective effect that low temperature may have on the cytotoxic action of actinomycin D. Time-lapse cinematographic studies as well as sequential phase photomicrographic analyses resulted in several conclusions. 10.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D caused a slow emptying of nucleoli followed by cytoplasmic shrinkage and eventual cell death. This cytotoxic effect proceeded from the periphery of the monolayer toward the explant. 100.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D consistently emptied nucleoli in three hours at 25–27°C. Precooled monolayers treated with 100.0 μg/cm3cold actinomycin D for three hours at 4°C showed no nucleolar emptying. Normal cells reconstructed definitive nucleoli 60 minutes after the first early anaphase movements of the chromosomes were noticed. 1.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D delayed, but did not prevent postmitotic nucleolar reconstruction. 10.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D did, however, prevent postmitotic nucleolar reconstruction during the time period studied (190 minutes after early anaphase movement of the chromosomes).
Spatial Variation in Diameter Structures of Forests in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California∗

Variation in seedling/sapling densities and stand diameter forms for six coniferous tree species is related to stand structural development and to elevation and topography in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Understory density patterns reflect differences in species tolerance; densities decrease with stand development for shade intolerant pines, but increase for shade tolerant firs and mountain hemlock. Pine species exhibit reverse-J diamter structures on recently disturbed sites, and decreaser and random forms elsewhere. More tolerant fir species show topographically mediated patterns of diameter structure, with reverse-J form common on northerly exposures and upland sites, but with decreaser and random forms on more xeric slopes. Interaction among species tolerance, environmental setting, and disturbance history yields a complex mosaic of stand diameter structures in the Lassen landscape.
Development of a high throughput equilibrium dialysis method

The identification of large numbers of biologically active chemical entities during high throughput screening (HTS) necessitates the incorporation of new strategies to identify compounds with drug-like properties early during the lead prioritization and development processes. One of the major steps in lead prioritization is an assessment of compound binding to plasma proteins, because it affects both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the compound in vivo. Equilibrium dialysis is the preferred method to determine the free drug fraction, because it is less susceptible to experimental artifacts. However, even low-volume standard equilibrium dialysis is currently not amenable to the HTS format. Those considerations dictate the development of a high throughput equilibrium dialysis device, without compromising the analytical quality of the data. The present paper demonstrates successful development of a 96-well format equilibrium dialysis plate. Plasma protein binding of three drugs, propranolol, paroxetine, and losartan, with low, intermediate, and high binding properties, respectively, were chosen for assay validation. The data indicate that the apparent free fraction obtained by this method correlates with the published values determined by the traditional equilibrium dialysis techniques.
Measuring entanglement entropy in a quantum many-body system

Entanglement is one of the most intriguing features of quantum mechanics. It describes non-local correlations between quantum objects, and is at the heart of quantum information sciences. Entanglement is now being studied in diverse fields ranging from condensed matter to quantum gravity. However, measuring entanglement remains a challenge. This is especially so in systems of interacting delocalized particles, for which a direct experimental measurement of spatial entanglement has been elusive. Here, we measure entanglement in such a system of itinerant particles using quantum interference of many-body twins. Making use of our single-site-resolved control of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices, we prepare two identical copies of a many-body state and interfere them. This enables us to directly measure quantum purity, Renyi entanglement entropy, and mutual information. These experiments pave the way for using entanglement to characterize quantum phases and dynamics of strongly correlated many-body systems.
Sclerotia Formation by Rhizoctonia Species and their Survival

Rhizoctonia has a “loose type” of sclerotium that is not organized into a rind, cortex, and medulla, and only Rhizoctonia spp. have sclerotia of this type (Townsend and Willetts, 1954). Isolates of AG 1-IA that have “sasaldi type” sclerotia are exceptional and have dark outer cells and have been referred to as a “primitive rind type” (Tu and Kimbrough, 1975). Sclerotia are formed primarily from compact masses of monilioid cells, but they may be formed from undifferentiated hyphae. The barrel-shaped cells average 20–22μm wide, and 30–35μm long, and are thicker than the ordinary hyphae. The central area of the sclerotium may have a pseudo-parenchymatous appearance. The sclerotia enlarge by repeated branching and formation of new cells (Townsend and Willetts, 1954). Sclerotial cells have the same number of nuclei as undifferentiated hyphae (Tu and Kimbrough, 1975).
“The true principles of government”: William Henry Harrison and the Whig counter-revolution

Beyond his military exploits on the frontier, William Henry Harrison is best remembered as the president who died a month after taking office. Discussions of his presidency frequently focus on the ephemeral, such as the fatal illness he contracted while delivering his inaugural address – the longest ever – in the bitter cold. The address itself, one of the most unusual state papers in U.S. history, has largely escaped the serious notice of historians, political scientists, and legal scholars. Harrison proposed nothing short of a constitutional revolution that would have reduced the chief executive to a mere figurehead. This paper explores the many peculiarities of Harrison's address, including the Whig theory of the presidency, a radical and overlooked innovation that aimed to fundamentally alter the role of the chief executive in the constitutional order. A close reading of Harrison's inaugural and brief tenure as president also reveals a number of factual errors and interpretative missteps made by leadi...
3H-Norepinephrine Release in Hypothalamus and Brainstem of Dahl-Salt Sensitive and Resistant Rats in Vitro

Electrically evoked 3H-norepinephrine release was measured in slices of hypothalamus and brainstem of Dahl-salt sensitive (Dahl-S) and Dahl-salt resistant (Dahl-R) rats on both high and low sodium chloride diets. Only those Dahl-S rats fed a high sodium chloride diet became hypertensive, systolic blood pressure above 150 mmHg, although the Dahl-S rats on a low sodium diet, and Dahl-R rats fed a high sodium diet, both had blood pressures that were elevated compared to the Dahl-R rats maintained on a low sodium diet, when measured at the time of sacrifice. The Dahl-S rats on a high sodium diet also showed an enhancement in the iield-stimulation induced release of 3H-norepinephrine in the posterior hypothalamus. Evoked 3H-norepinephrine release was not altered in low sodium diet Dahl-S rats or in low or high sodium salt Dahl-R rats. The stimulation induced 3H-norepinephrine release was also not different in the anterior hypothalamus or the A2 region of the nucleus tractus solitarius in either Dahl-S or Dahl-...
Reply to Professor Fenelon and Adding Emotion to My Materialist RSS Theory

In this reply, I accept Professor Fenelon basic critique: that I, as most “race scholars,” fail to take seriously Indigenous accounts in my theorization. However, I challenge several of his specifi...
Characterization, Reactivity, and Potential Catalytic Intermediacy of a Cyclometalated Tri-tert-butylphosphine Palladium Acetate Complex

Palladium acetate and tri-tert-butylphosphine react at room temperature via C–H activation of a tert-butyl group to form the novel palladium(II) complex [(PtBu3)Pd(CH2C(CH3)2PtBu2)(OAc)]. This cyclometalated complex can be reduced to Pd(PtBu3)2 by either heat or hydrogen, but is resistant to reduction by alkoxide bases and amines. As a result of the existence of this cyclometalated complex, the production of catalytically active palladium(0) species generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 and tri-tert-butylphosphine is diminished, as evident by the catalytic inactivity of this complex. Additionally, datively bound tri-tert-butylphosphine is easily displaced by amines and less basic phosphines to form a series of novel cyclometalated palladium(II) complexes.
Andrew Delmar Hopkins Pioneer in Forest Entomology: A Bibliography

Andrew Delmar Hopkins was born August 20, 1857, on a small farm near Ripley, Jackson County, Virginia now West Virginia. As a youngster he became intensively interested in science, especially insects, and spent much of his Spare time studying them. Family responsibilities prevented the extension of his formal education beyond high school, but he continued to study and experiment with insects. His knowledge of the subject earned for him, in 1890, an appointment to the staff of the West Virginia Agriculture Experiment Station at West Virginia University, and an honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1893. He stayed at the University until 1902, when he was employed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as an entomologist.
Freeform Modeling of Faulted Surfaces In Seismic Images

An interactive surface editing framework that is well suited to the needs of geophysical modelers and interpreters is described. This surface editing framework allows a non-expert user to quickly create complicated surfaces by combining two simple concepts: deformation and cutting. Deformations change the geometry of a surface and allow a user to model continuous geologic horizons. Cutting changes the topology of the surface to model geologic faults.
The relationship between tumor intracellular pH and tumor multiple drug resistance

The elevation of tumor intracellular pH(pHi) is the common character of tumor multiple drug resistance(MDR),which makes the tumor insensitive to chemotherapeutics and decreases the therapeutic effect.The reverse of tumor MDR can be achieved by regulating the pHi.The pHi can be regulated by the inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger,which provides a new approach to tumor treatment.
Nut Intake, Prospective Weight Change, and Obesity Risk: The Adventist Health Study-2

BACKGROUNDNuts are currently recommended for lower serum cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart diseases. However, since they are high in energy and fat, long term consumption of nuts may lead t...
Quantification of Arginine and Its Methylated Derivatives in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

Arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide synthases (NOS), thus the production of nitric oxide (NO) is based on arginine availability. Arginine is methylated through the activity of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT1 and PRMT2), to form asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA). These compounds have gained interest in recent years due to their influence on NO production rates and association with cardiovascular and renal diseases. The accurate and precise measurement of arginine and its methylated derivatives is needed for research studies investigating their role(s) in NO bioavailability and development of disease. We describe a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for quantifying arginine, ADMA, and SDMA requiring only 50 μL of plasma. The sample preparation involves addition of internal standards (ADMA-d7 for ADMA and SDMA, and (13)C6 -arginine for arginine) prior to protein precipitation with LCMS grade acetonitrile. Samples are centrifuged and supernatant is dried under nitrogen gas at 50 °C. Samples are reconstituted with mobile phase (ammonium acetate-formic acid-water). Arginine, ADMA, and SDMA are separated using an isocratic HPLC method on a 3 μM silica analytical column. MS/MS detection is performed in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and the transitions monitored are m/z 203 to m/z 70 for ADMA and SDMA, m/z 210 to m/z 77 for ADMA-d7, m/z 175 to m/z 70 for arginine, and m/z 181 to m/z 74 for (13)C6-arginine.
Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction by a Molecular Cobalt(II) Catalyst on Planar and Nanostructured Si Surfaces.

In the presence of a molecular Co(II) catalyst, CO2 reduction occurred at much less negative potentials on Si photoelectrodes than on an Au electrode. The addition of 1% H2O significantly improved the performance of the Co(II) catalyst. Photovoltages of 580 mV and 320 mV were obtained on Si nanowires and a planar Si photoelectrode, respectively. This difference likely originated from the fact that the multi-faceted Si nanowires are better in light harvesting and charge transfer than the planar Si surface.
Polarization of Dressed Atom-Field States in the Transient and Steady-State Regimes

It is hard to imagine a physical system simpler than a two-level atom driven by a near-resonant coherent-state optical field. Nevertheless this system displays a wealth of interesting phenomena. Intuitive insight into many of these effects is facilitated by thinking in terms of the atom-field dressed states, i. e. the eigenstates of the coupled atom-field system.[1] Insight into other effects, especially those in the transient regime, is provided by the two-level-atom vector model.[2]
3D Model of Vesicles Transported by Myosin Va Motor Teams through Actin Intersections Predicts Experimental Directional Outcomes

Molecular motors transport intracellular cargo through crowded cytoskeletal environments. Here, we used experimental and computational methods to examine how a myosin Va motor team navigates a lipid vesicle in vitro through an actin intersection in 3D.In the computational model, 1) a 350 nm diameter vesicle and actin filaments are rigid; 2) motors are stiff springs connected to the vesicle via a compliant pivot; 3) the vesicle is ideally fluid, so motors diffuse rapidly across its surface; 4) motors attach to actin depending on the mechanical energy required to bind; 5) motor stepping rate along or detachment from actin depends on the vectorial force component along the actin filament; 6) motors take 36nm steps with an occasional short step; 7) the vesicle is in mechanical equilibrium.Monte-Carlo simulations show: 1) motor teams move vesicles along actin in a left-handed spiral because of a motor's occasional short step; 2) at most, three motors on the vesicle surface can be attached to an actin filament, due to geometrical constraints and the mechanics of the motors, as confirmed by laser trap data; and 3) when the vesicle encounters another actin filament oriented 90 degrees to and spaced 50-250 nm above the actin filament it's traveling on, it has a 37% probability of switching filaments, a 59% probability of continuing straight by remaining on the original filament and a 4% probability of detaching, similar to that observed experimentally. These directional outcomes are the result of a tug of war between two separate motor teams on the vesicle surface that independently engage with the intersecting actin filaments. This combination of model and experiments form the basis for understanding the complexity of intracellular vesicle transport through cortical actin networks.
Emerging monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was considered refractory to most cancer therapies until the 1980s, after which immune modulating agents and targeted agents were developed. Recently the rapid development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint pathways has provided significant clinical benefit in patients with many distinct cancer types. Nivolumab, an anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody showed improvement in response rate and overall survival in patients with previously treated RCC and received US FDA approval in late 2015. Current efforts with anti-PD1-based therapy include combinations with ipilimumab and with VEGF pathway blockers in the hopes on building on the activity of single agent therapy.Areas covered: We describe our current understanding of tumor immunology including the basis of the tumor-specific immune response and the adaptive mechanisms used by the tumor for immune escape. We describe the mechanisms of action as well as the therapeutic applicati...