cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modernization and Development: the Role of Regional Elites and Noncorporate Groups in the European Mediterranean

This paper is about social change in underdeveloped areas. It is based on field work in the European Mediterranean between 1965 and 1967. Hansen worked in the wine and champagne district of Villafranca del Panades, roughly 30 miles from Barcelona, in Catalonia. The Schneiders were in the wheat and pastoral latifundium zone of Western Sicily. The two regions exhibit quite different patterns of land use and tenure, social stratification and settlement. We were struck, however, by two characteristics which they shared. First, we found a plethora of noncorporate social structures (for the most part coalitions) which organized fundamental economic and political activities of a quite modern sort. In rural Catalonia, coalitions of businessmen, skilled workers and government functionaries are formed within the context of an emergent bar culture, centered in major towns like Villafranca. In Western Sicily, until quite recently, the locus of similar coalitions was the latifundium. As yet, no clearly defined urban tradition has replaced this predominantly rural one
Effortful Cognitive Resource Allocation and Negative Symptom Severity in Chronic Schizophrenia

Background: The relationship between negative symptoms, early visual information–processing deficits, and effortful processing resource allocation was investigated. Methods: Older patients with chronic schizophrenia (n = 58) and healthy controls (n = 71) participated. Pupillary responses were recorded during performance of the span of apprehension task (blocks of 3- and 10-letter arrays) as an index of resource allocation or mental effort during the task. Results: Patients and controls showed larger pupillary responses in higher relative to lower processing loads both during array processing and just prior to array onset (preparation). Both groups, therefore, invested more cognitive effort preparing for and then processing larger arrays. A subgroup of patients with abnormally small pupillary responses and impaired performance showed greater negative symptom severity relative to a subgroup of patients with normal pupillary responses. Smaller pupillary responses in the patients were also significantly correlated with greater negative symptom severity, independent of positive symptom severity. Patients with reduced effortful resource allocation, therefore, exhibited greater negative symptomatology. A subgroup of patients with normal pupillary responses still showed impaired detection accuracy relative to controls, suggesting that reduced cognitive effort or resource allocation problems cannot account for impairments in early visual information processing in this subgroup. Conclusions: The study illustrates important relationships between cognitive effort and performance that can impact conclusions about the nature of cognitive impairments and associations between negative symptoms and neurocognition in schizophrenia.
A mouse model for polycystic kidney disease through a somatic in-frame deletion in the 5′ end of Pkd1

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a leading cause of end-stage renal disease in adults, is characterized by progressive focal cyst formation in the kidney. Embryonic lethality of Pkd1 -targeted mice limits the use of these mice. Here we developed a floxed allele of Pkd1 exons 2–6. Global deletion mutants developed polyhydramnios, hydrops fetalis, polycystic kidney and pancreatic disease. Somatic Pkd1 inactivation in the kidney was achieved by crossing Pkd1 flox mice with transgenic mice expressing Cre controlled by a γ-glutamyltranspeptidase promoter. These mutants developed cysts in both proximal and distal nephron segments and survived for about 4 weeks. Somatic loss of heterozygosity was shown in a reporter mouse strain to cause cystogenesis. Some cysts in young mice are positive for multiple tubular markers and a mesenchymal marker, suggesting a delay in tubular epithelial differentiation. A higher cell proliferation rate was observed in distal nephron segments probably accounting for the faster growth rate of distal cysts. Although we observed an overall increase in apoptosis in cystic kidneys, there was no difference between proximal or distal nephron segments. We also found increased cyclic AMP, aquaporin 2 and vasopressin type 2 receptor mRNA levels, and apical membrane translocation of aquaporin 2 in cystic kidneys, all of which may contribute to the differential cyst growth rate observed. The accelerated polycystic kidney phenotype of these mice provides an excellent model for studying molecular pathways of cystogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies.
HIV-189.6 Gag expressed from a replication competent HSV-1 vector elicits persistent cellular immune responses in mice

We have constructed a replication competent, gamma(1)34.5-deleted herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) vector (J200) that expresses the gag gene from human immunodeficiency virus type-1, primary isolate 89.6 (HIV-1(89.6)), as a candidate vaccine for HIV-1. J200 replicates in vitro, resulting in abundant Gag protein production and accumulation in the extracellular media. Immunization of Balb/c mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of J200 elicited strong Gag-specific CD8 responses, as measured by intracellular IFN-gamma staining and flow cytometry analysis. Responses were highest between 6 weeks and 4 months, but persisted at 9 months post-immunization, the last time-point evaluated. These data highlight the potential utility of neuroattenuated, replication competent HSV-1 vectors for delivery of HIV-1 immunogens.
Ground motion environment of the Los Angeles region

This paper reviews aspects of fault geometry and geological structure that cause spatial variations in the level of ground motions expected from large-scenario earthquakes. These conditions include style of faulting, differences between surface faulting and buried faulting earthquakes, rupture directivity effects, basin effects and basin edge effects. These effects are illustrated in large-scale ground motion simulations of scenario earthquakes on the Puente Hills Blind Thrust and the Southern San Andreas fault. The impact of these effects on probabilistic seismic hazard is also explored by means of CyberShake calculations in which the ground motions at a given site from a very large number of earthquake scenarios are represented by simulated time histories in place of conventional ground motion attenuation equations used in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. We find that the seismic hazard estimates are quite similar in some locations, such as downtown Los Angeles, but quite different at others, such as Whittier. These differences are attributable to the coupling of rupture directivity and basin effects that are present in the CyberShake and TeraShake calculations but not in the conventional attenuation relations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.
Equity Crowdfunding: Harnessing the Wisdom of the Crowd

Crowdfunding attracts both financially-focused, sophisticated investors and more naive, consumer-like investors. We show that naive investors, possessing weak but on average correct signals, are required for efficient financing. Sophisticated investors, who are better informed and anticipate other investors' actions, cannot by themselves use their information to improve financing efficiency. Increasing naive investors' information or population increases financing efficiency. Our results have important implications for the design of crowdfunding platforms and for regulators concerned with protecting investors and maintaining healthy markets for startup capital.
ISSUES IN CARRYING OUT EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH IN THE ELDERLY

Description des difficultes rencontrees dans les etudes epidemiologiques chez les personnes âgees, des problemes a envisager et des particularites a respecter dans ces etudes concernant la selection des groupes temoins, le questionnaire utilise, le deroulement de l'interview et l'acces a la population placee en institution
Picturing Factual Inference in Legal Settings

There is an old saying that a picture is worth 10,000 - or 100,000 - words. But this is not true of every picture. There have been efforts in the past to use pictures to portray factual inference and proof in legal settings. These efforts, however, have met with limited success - and one of them was a spectacular flop. This paper takes another look at the role of visualization of problems of evidence and inference. It proceeds on the assumption that the use of pictures - the use of graphs, diagrams, and charts - to facilitate factual inference and proof in legal settings must be informed by the way the mind organizes its knowledge and acquisition of knowledge of the world. The paper argues that factual inference has four important general properties: the complexity and intricacy of marshaled collections of evidence, the diversity of evidence marshaling methods, the influence of time and change on inference, and the role of imagination and invention in factual inference. The paper argues that these four properties support the conclusion that computer-embedded procedures for the visualization of problems of evidence and inference are most likely to be useful and efficient if they support the capacity of actors in (actual or possible) legal proceedings to shift quickly between global, or synthetic, and granular, or analytic, perspectives on evidence and between different methods of marshaling evidence, and to see in the background, or in faint outline, marshaled collections of evidence that are not the focus of an actor's attention while an actor focuses on some other collections of evidence. There is reason to believe that without such flexible multi-layered techniques for looking at problems of evidence and inference, many proposed ways of picturing collections of evidence and arguments about evidence will be unappealing to prospective users and also inefficient.
Action- at- a - Distance Theories and Dual Models

We write the most general classical formulation of Poincar\'e-invariant action-at-a-distance theories and review their classical applications. We stress their bootstrap like properties. In particular, we try to view dual amplitudes in terms of the radiation reaction of "dual atoms."
Proarrhythmic and Torsadogenic Effects of Potassium Channel Blockers in Patients

The most common arrhythmia requiring drug treatment is atrial fibrillation (AF), which affects 2 to 5 million Americans and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and increased mortality. Despite recent advances in catheter-based and surgical therapies, antiarrhythmic drugs continue to be the mainstay of therapy for most patients with symptomatic AF. However, many antiarrhythmics block the rapid component of the cardiac delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) as a major mechanism of action, and marked QT prolongation and pause-dependent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsades de pointes) are major class toxicities.
Oberer Gastrointestinaltrakt und Alter

Im Zuge der demografischen Entwicklung gewinnen altersbedingte Funktionsstorungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts zunehmend an Bedeutung in der klinischen Praxis. Die Ursachen liegen entweder in einer altersbedingten Neurodegeneration des Verdauungstrakts an sich oder sind Folgen bzw. Begleiterscheinungen von im Alter verstarkt auftretenden Erkrankungen. Besonders haufig findet sich bei alten Menschen eine auf verschiedene Ursachen zuruckzufuhrende Dysphagie, die zu Mangelernahrung, Lebensqualitatseinbusen und erhohter Sterblichkeit fuhren kann und daher bei entsprechenden Hinweisen unbedingt zu diagnostizieren ist. Motilitatsstorungen des Magens konnen dyspeptische Beschwerden und Reflux verursachen, wahrend Magenentleerung und Magensauresekretion im Alter nicht verandert sind bzw. letztere sogar erhoht sein kann. Auf mukosaler und neuroendokriner Ebene kommt es zu verschiedenen altersbedingten Veranderungen, Dunndarmmotilitat, -permeabilitat und Nahrungsassimilation werden durch das Altern an sich jedoch nicht verandert. Klinisch relevante Funktionsstorungen und Beschwerden sind oftmals Folge von auseren Einflussen wie beispielsweise Medikamenten, die durch die Abnahme protektiver intrinsischer Faktoren nachteilige Effekte verursachen. Durch verschiedene Funktionsuntersuchungen sollte gerade bei alten Menschen konsequent nach Ursachen fur Beschwerden gesucht werden, um Mangelernahrung und somit eine Verschlechterung des Allgemeinzustands zu verhindern.
Dielectric Fracture Leading to Metallic Connections by Laser Heating

Laser programmed connections between adjacent lines on the same level of metallization have been developed as a means to achieve high density linking for customization in programmable gate arrays and for additive redundancy in restructurable integrated circuits. The resistances of the connections were approximately 1Ω and the overlaying passivation remained in tact. Links were formed by focusing a pulsed laser between two adjacent lines of metal, one of which was connected to a lower level of metal through a contact via. The mechanism of link formation appears to be a fissure contained within planarized passivation due to the stress of thermal expansion of the metallization with molten aluminum filling the crack.
The AE monitoring research of tool cutter breakage and abrasion

This paper discusses the principle and realizing way of AE sensor monitoring the tool cutter breakage and abrasion online, describes the source, characteristics of AE signals and the principle chart, and proves its feasibility by experiment results.
Disulfide Bond Formation

Disulfide bond formation is a posttranslational protein modification that introduces a covalent cross-link between the sulfhydryl groups of specific cysteine residues. Biologically, disulfide bonds are most often used to increase the conformational stability of extracellular proteins, but disulfides may also serve catalytic or regulatory roles through their effects on protein structure. Disulfide bonds are formed as the protein folds into its correct biological structure. Elaborate quality control systems in the bacterial periplasm and eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum assure that correct disulfides are formed as the proper conformation is achieved.
A Cost Study of Mutual Fund Complexes

This chapter investigates the cost structure of mutual fund complexes. Views about the underlying cost structure, whether implicit or explicit, have shaped regulatory policies in a broad range of industries. A striking example of this influence is the regulation and subsequent deregulation in the telecommunications industry, where cost considerations played a major role.117 Such considerations are also evident in policies toward mergers and in questions about appropriate lines of business for regulated firms.
Data-driven H∞ loop-shaping controller design

We develop a data-driven real-time test for controllers' ability to meet given McFarlane-Glover loop-shape specifications. The proposed test provides a data-driven diagnosis for robustness of controllers by detecting controllers proven to fail to meet loop-shape specifications. The test has an important property that many controllers (not necessarily active ones) can be simultaneously tested in real-time using evolving real-time plant data collected while others are active. It is shown that controller-shaping in the present work plays a role that is dual to the role of plant-shaping in the model-based H∞ loop-shaping design procedure. A simulation example is provided.
Deterministic Parallel Computational Geometry.

We describe general methods for designing deterministic parallel algorithms in computational geometry. We focus on techniques for shared-memory parallel machines, which we describe and illustrate with examples. We also discuss some open problems in this area.
Proton hole states of Nb 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 9

The ($d, ^{3}\mathrm{He}$) reactions on $^{96,98,100}\mathrm{Mo}$ have been used at 40.7 MeV bombarding energy to populate proton hole states in the Nb isotopes. Ten groups of levels were observed in each nucleus and most of the expected strength in the $1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$, $2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, and $1{f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ orbits was observed. Excitation energies and $l$ values were obtained for nine new excited levels in $^{99}\mathrm{Nb}$. The $Q$ value for the $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}(d,^{3}\mathrm{He})^{99}\mathrm{Nb}$ reaction was measured to be -5.639 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.015 MeV, giving a $^{99}\mathrm{Nb}$ mass excess of -82 342 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 15 keV. A hole-core coupling model is used to predict the levels of the Nb isotopes, and fair agreement with experiment is obtained.
Has the great recession and its aftermath reduced traffic fatalities

An analysis of state-level data from 1984 to 2014 provides evidence on the relationship between economic recessions and US traffic fatalities. While there are large reductions associated with decreases in household median income, other policy variables tend to have additional and in some cases, larger effects. An increase in the inequality of the income distribution, measured by the Gini index, has reduced traffic fatalities. Graduated licensing policies, cell phone laws, and motorcycle helmet requirements are all associated with reductions in fatalities. Other factors include a proxy for medical technology, and access to emergency medical services (based on the percent of vehicle miles traveled in rural areas); reductions in the latter accounted for a substantial reduction in fatalities and is likely another indicator of reduced economic activity. Changes in the road network, mainly increases in the percent of collector roads has increased fatalities. Population growth is associated with increased traffic fatalities and changes in age cohorts has a small negative effect. Overall, results suggest that there has been a beneficial impact on traffic fatalities from reduced economic activity, but various policies adopted by the states have also reduced traffic fatalities.
Modeling Intracochlear Magnetic Stimulation: A Finite-Element Analysis

This study models induced electric fields, and their gradient, produced by pulsatile current stimulation of submillimeter inductors for cochlear implantation. Using finite-element analysis, the lower chamber of the cochlea, scala tympani, is modeled as a cylindrical structure filled with perilymph bounded by tissue, bone, and cochlear neural elements. Single inductors as well as an array of inductors are modeled. The coil strength (~100 nH) and excitation parameters (peak current of 1–5 A, voltages of 16–20 V) are based on a formative feasibility study conducted by our group. In that study, intracochlear micromagnetic stimulation achieved auditory activation as measured through the auditory brainstem response in a feline model. With respect to the finite element simulations, axial symmetry of the inductor geometry is exploited to improve computation time. It is verified that the inductor coil orientation greatly affects the strength of the induced electric field and thereby the ability to affect the transmembrane potential of nearby neural elements. Furthermore, upon comparing an array of micro-inductors with a typical multi-site electrode array, magnetically excited arrays retain greater focus in terms of the gradient of induced electric fields. Once combined with further in vivo analysis, this modeling study may enable further exploration of the mechanism of magnetically induced, and focused neural stimulation.
Social learning within a community of practice: Investigating interactions about evaluation among zoo education professionals

The accessibility and ubiquity of zoos and aquariums-which reach over 700 million people worldwide annually-make them critical sites for science and environmental learning. Through educational offerings, these sites can generate excitement and curiosity about nature and motivate stewardship behavior, but only if their programs are high quality and meet the needs of their audiences. Evaluation is, therefore, critical: knowing what works, for whom, and under what conditions must be central to these organizations. Yet, many zoo and aquarium educators find evaluation to be daunting, and they are challenged to implement evaluations and/or use the findings iteratively in program development and improvement. This article examines how zoo education professionals engage with one another in a learning community related to evaluation. We use a communities of practice lens and social network analysis to understand the structure of this networked learning community, considering changes over time. Our findings suggest that individuals' roles in a networked learning community are influenced by factors such as communicative convenience and one's perceptions of others' evaluation expertise, which also contribute to forming and sustaining professional relationships. This study illuminates how project-based professional networks can become communities of practice.
Engineering the Extracellular Loops of Outermembrane Protein G in Creating a Nanopore Sensing Platform

Outermembrane protein G (OmpG) is a 14-stranded beta barrel proin naturally found in the outermembrane of E. coli. It contains seven flexible extracellular loops that create a dynamic behavior in single channel recording termed gating. OmpG gating and its 8 Angstrom diameter make it unsuitable for sensing protein analytes that cannot enter its lumen, a process called translocation. Thus, we have taken advantage of its extracellular loops to facilitate binding of target analytes. We have seen that upon binding to loop 6, proteins cans be detected via the changes in OmpG gating. The changes in gating can be mediated by electrostatic interactions between the OmpG loops and the binding pocket of the protein analyte. We therefore extended our study to create OmpG nanopores with altered charged properties to understand the mechanism of detection and to enhance the binding signal of a specific target in a mixture. We also found that detection of proteins using OmpG can be achieved not only by using loop 6 but also with four other loops. With this knowledge we can engineer multiple binding sites into one nanopore to lower the limit of detection creating a more sensitive nanopore sensor. By gaining a fundamental understanding of OmpG and how it can interact with analytes will help in the building of a robust OmpG library for a plethora of target analytes.
Review: Muted modernists: the struggle over divine politics in Saudi Arabia, by Madawi Al-Rasheed, London, Hurst & Co., 2015, 199 pp. £35.00 (Hardback), ISBN: 978-1849045865

A few years before he became King of Saudi Arabia, Salman summoned to his office a businessman who was praising the Dubai model. The man told the prince that the city-state was more transparent, mo...
Unpacking the intensity of policy conflict: a study of Colorado’s oil and gas subsystem

This article applies the Policy Conflict Framework (PCF) to describe and explain the characteristics of policy conflict within the oil and gas subsystem in Colorado. We use data from a survey of policy actors to assess three cognitive characteristics of policy conflict: divergence in policy positions, perceived threats from opponents’ positions, and an unwillingness to compromise. Aggregating these indicators across policy actors in the subsystem, we find a moderately high level of policy conflict intensity, but we also find substantial variation in the characteristics of policy conflict across policy actors. To help explain this variation, we examine how interpersonal and intrapersonal attributes of policy actors relate to the characteristics of policy conflict. In particular, we find that insular policy actor networks, interest group affiliations, and rigidity of risk and benefit perceptions associate more consistently with conflict characteristics than political views, education, or experience. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of this first application of the PCF and reiterate the need for theoretically and empirically rigorous measures of policy conflict.
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

Abstract Gold nanoparticles have become a focal point of interests in nanoscience and nanotechnology. This chapter describes the synthesis of gold nanoparticles in aqueous and organic phases with emphasis on understanding the growth mechanism in terms of sizes and properties and their relevance to analytical chemistry.
Wearable Sensors and Their Metrics for Measuring Comprehensive Occupational Fatigue: A Scoping Review:

Extensive research has been conducted to study the effects of physical and sleep related fatigue on occupational health and safety. However, fatigue is a complex multidimensional construct, that is...
Kinetic solvent effects in the reduction of alkyl halides by {Sm[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2}

Abstract The rate of reduction of two representative alkyl halides, 1-bromododecane and 1-chlorododecane by {Sm[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2} was examined in five different solvents. Reductions were several orders of magnitude faster in nonpolar, non-coordinating solvents than in polar coordinating solvents. Good correlations between the rate of reduction and coordination index of each solvent was obtained whereas excellent correlations were obtained between rates and dielectric (as a measure of solvent polarity). The basis of this effect is proposed to be a consequence of solvent coordination to the inner sphere of Sm(II) leading to a deceleration of ET in coordinating solvents and possible transition state stabilization by nonpolar solvents.
Conformers, Adaptors, Imitators, and Rejecters: How No-excuses Teachers’ Cultural Toolkits Shape Their Responses to Control:

In the past, sociologists have provided keen insights into the work of teaching, but classic studies by scholars like Dan Lortie and Willard Waller are now decades old. With the current emphasis on teacher evaluation and accountability, the field is ripe for new sociological studies of teaching. How do we understand the work of teaching in this new context of control? In this article, I use the case of an urban, ‘‘no-excuses’’ charter school to examine how teachers responded to the school’s intensive effort to socialize them into a uniform set of disciplinary practices. Drawing from 15 months of fieldwork at a no-excuses school, I found that teachers varied in their responses to school control based on their cultural toolkits—their preferences and their capacities. Based on teachers’ adaptation strategies, I introduce four ideal types: conformers, imitators, adaptors, and rejecters. This article makes the following contributions. First, I extend classic theories of teacher self-socialization to a new cont...
Effects of Sprint Interval Training With Active Recovery vs. Endurance Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Power, Muscular Strength, and Sprint Ability.

Sokmen, B, Witchey, RL, Adams, GM, and Beam, WC. Effects of sprint interval training with active recovery vs. endurance training on aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular strength, and sprint ability. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 624-631, 2018-This study compared sprint interval training with active recovery (SITAR) to moderate-intensity endurance training (ET) in aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular strength, and sprint time results. Forty-two recreationally active adults were randomly assigned to a SITAR or ET group. Both groups trained 3× per week for 10 weeks at 75% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max for 30 minutes weeks 1-4, with duration increasing to 35 minutes weeks 5-7 and 40 minutes weeks 8-10. While ET ran on a 400-m track without rest for the full training session, SITAR sprinted until the 200-m mark and recovered with fast walking or light jogging the second 200 m to the finish line in 3× original sprint time. Maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), anaerobic treadmill run to exhaustion at 12.5 km·h at 20% incline, isokinetic leg extension and flexion strength at 60 and 300°·s, and 50 m sprint time were determined before and after training. Results showed a significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, anaerobic treadmill run, and sprint time in both groups. Only SITAR showed significant improvements in isokinetic leg extension and flexion at 300°·s and decreases in body mass (p ≤ 0.05). SITAR also showed significantly greater improvement (p ≤ 0.05) over ET in anaerobic treadmill run and 50 m sprint time. These data suggest that SITAR is a time-efficient strategy to induce rapid adaptations in V[Combining Dot Above]O2max comparable to ET with added improvements in anaerobic power, isokinetic strength, and sprint time not observed with ET.
Top-Down Design of Mixed-Signal Circuits

With mixed-signal designs becoming more complex and time-to-market windows shrinking, designers cannot hope to keep up unless they change the way they design. They must adopt a more formal process for design and verification: top-down design. It involves more than simply a cursory design of the circuit block diagram before designing the blocks. Rather, it also involves developing and following a formal verification plan and an incremental and methodical approach for transforming the design from a abstract block diagram to a detailed transistor-level implementation.
Minimizing Uncertainties in Master Planning the Transport Sector of a Developing Country

Transportation provides the basic infrastructure for economic and social development. Clearly, the services of transportation are not ends in themselves. They are means to other objectives. These objectives are economic as well as non-economic. Non-economic objectives include promoting political cohesiveness, strengthening national defenses or bringing about socially desirable demographic patterns. These classes of objectives, whether economic, social or defense related, are often in conflict within and between themselves. The development of an overall transportation plan is an outcome of the resolution and conciliation of these conflicts within the existing and expected budgetary and administrative constraints.
Supporting the Transition from Geoscience Student to Researcher Through Classroom Investigations Using Remotely Operable Analytical Instruments

Bringing research training activities into the classroom through course-related uses of research instrumentation is a widely used strategy for improving student engagement, retention, and learning in undergraduate science courses. However, such strategies present a range of logistical challenges in terms of instrument access for a large number of students, the time commitment involved in learning instrument use, and in ensuring a sufficient level of exposure for students such that the experience can actually help develop key technical and intellectual skills. I have sought to minimize the logistical challenges of classroom instrument use through integrating remotely operable instruments (electron microprobe and scanning electron microscope) into course activities in a junior-level geology majors course and an introductory-level science course for non-majors. Our outcomes to date point to increased student interest in course materials and activities due to their hands-on instrumentation experiences. Geology majors showed an increased willingness to undertake and complete mentored undergraduate research projects. Non-majors showed no greater inclination to undertake further science courses and research experiences, an outcome that may be partly related to the constraints of their selected degree curricula.
Atomistic dynamics of macromolecular crystals

In this article we review recent computational results on the dynamics of macromolecular crystals. From these studies it has been demonstrated that conformational defects can be created at temperatures as much as 100 K below the melting point of crystalline polyethylene and the concentration of the defects continues to increase (exponentially) with temperature, ultimately leading to a disordered crystal along the polymer chains (CONDIS crystal). Although the rate of formation of conformational defects is relatively high, approximately 1×1010 s−1 at 350 K, these defects do not by themselves lead to any macroscopic motion that could give rise, for example, to lamellar thickening. The mechanism appears to involve coupling of the large-amplitude torsional motions with the transverse and longitudinal vibrations of the crystal lattice, which can subsequently lead to the formation of short-range twists in the chains (twist defects). Defects like the twist can, under the correct conditions, move coherently toward the end of the crystal, thereby causing a chain diffusion process that leads to lamellar thickening or deformation processes. For smaller systems such as paraffins, disorder occurs by a collective twisting (so-called rotator phase) of the chains, which is not strongly influenced by conformational defects. The hexagonal or pseudo-hexagonal structure of the asymmetric motifs is caused by a dynamic multidomain arrangement of the twisting chains. Overall, a more accurate description of the thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and kinetic behavior is possible and gives a new understanding of the deformation, relaxation, annealing, and motion in macromolecular crystals.
A Nonparametric Resampling Procedure for Multivariate Confidence Regions in Time Series Analysis

The nonparametric bootstrap and jackknife (cf. Efron (1979)) have been proven to be powerful tools for approximating the sampling distribution and variance of complicated statistics defined on a sequence of i.i.d. random variables. In the context of weakly dependent stationary observations, a block-resampling scheme was introduced by Kunsch(1989) and independently by Liu and Singh(1988), in order to obtain consistent bootstrap and jackknife procedures for a parameter of the m-dimensional joint distribution of the observations. In this paper we discuss a ‘blocks of blocks’ resampling scheme that yields consistent procedures even for multivariate parameters of the whole (infinite-dimensional) joint distribution of stationary and α-mixing observations. A notable example of such parameters is given by the spectral density function evaluated on a grid of points.
Parole Hearings and Victims' Rights: Implementation, Ambiguity, and Reform

Despite the increasing recognition of victims' rights, and despite the large role parole hearings play in the criminal justice system, discussion of the intersection between these two issues has been curiously sparse. Across the United States, victim participation in parole hearings is currently expanding, yet little is known about how this participation operates on the ground. This Article uses a California victims' rights initiative called "Marsy's Law" to think critically about the role that crime victims and their loved ones should play in parole hearings. I use in-depth interviews with California releasing authorities to describe the implementation of Marsy's Law and its effects on parole hearings for lifer inmates. While this Article details victims' actual participation in the parole process, it is even more usefully read as an article about how we think about victims' participation in parole. To this end, "victims' rights" are relevant both as individual legal entitlements and as broader political objectives. Toward the end of this Article, I identify several areas of possible policy reform with national implications. The data and analysis reveal an urgent need to identify the true purposes of victim testimony and align these purposes with parole hearing procedures. I argue that hearings could be better tailored to meet the most pressing needs of releasing authorities, offenders, and victims themselves.
Straight from the horse’s mouth: Justifications and prevention strategies provided by free riders on global virtual teams

The study investigates the reasons for and ways to deal with free riding on Global Virtual Teams (GVTs) based on interviews with 77 documented “free-riders” themselves. Our unique sample, in contrast with more commonly-studied accounts from active team members or project managers, provides direct insights into the thinking of free-riders. Taken together, our interview data suggest that free riders (1) emerge in the early stages of team development, (2) due to several distinct reasons, of which lack of time, team coordination, and communication methods/channels are most common, (3) when confronted with unimpeachable evidence of their guilt, tend to attribute their failure to contribute to external forces, (4) often fall victim to subtle cultural differences and forces, and (5) could have been saved by prevention strategies that would target the different reasons for free-riding. From these conclusions, we synthesize and discuss implications for management education and training across national borders.
Fluorescence intensity monitors as intensity and beam-position diagnostics for X-ray free-electron lasers

For LCLS-II, a fluorescence intensity monitor for the non-invasive, pulse-by-pulse normalization of experiments has been developed. A prototype diagnostic was constructed with a microchannel plate assembly and two photodiodes. The diagnostic was then installed in the LCLS SXR instrument Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror chamber with the detectors located above the vertically reflecting mirror. The linearity, noise and position sensitivity of the detectors have been characterized. The photodiode responsivity is suitable for high pulse energies. The microchannel plate detector shows sufficient responsivity over a wide range of pulse energies. The relative signal from the two photodiodes provides a sensitive measure of the X-ray beam position. The fluorescence intensity monitor provides intensity normalization while being compatible with high incident power, a 0.93 MHz repetition rate and ultra-high vacuum.
Clinically Significant and Reliable Change: Comparing an Evidence-based Intervention to Usual Care

Multiple Family Groups (MFG) is an evidence-based behavioral parent training developed with a specific focus on increasing engagement and decreasing treatment barriers for families of children with disruptive behavior problems within high-risk communities. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of MFG in improving oppositional behavior at the group-level compared to services as usual (SAU). However, information is lacking regarding intervention effectiveness on an individual-level (i.e., clinical significance). The reliable change index and clinical cutoff score method was utilized to determine whether MFG produced clinically meaningful changes compared to SAU for both child- and parent-level outcomes in a sample of 320 youth aged 7 to 11-years-old. A significantly greater percentage of children in the MFG group experienced clinically meaningful change in problem behaviors compared to the SAU group, (p = 0.003, 95% [CI]: 1.610–18.481). A significantly greater number of parents in MFG also demonstrated clinically meaningful change in parental experience of stress compared to SAU, (p = 0.01, 95% [CI]: 1.255–14.704). Findings suggested clinically significant and reliable improvements in child problem behaviors and decreases in parental perceived stress for families in MFG compared to SAU. Nevertheless, analyses demonstrated that both MFG and SAU resulted in few families obtaining clinically significant or reliable change in their functioning. Ongoing assessments and deeper understanding of intervention effect are needed to better service families in need. Both group- and individual-level comparisons should be considered when examining the effects of a treatment as they may provide a nuanced understanding of evidence-based interventions.
Copper-rich “Halo” off Lake Superior’s Keweenaw Peninsula and how Mass Mill tailings dispersed onto tribal lands

Abstract Over a century ago, shoreline copper mills sluiced more than 64 million metric tonnes of tailings into Lake Superior, creating a “halo” around the Keweenaw Peninsula with a buried copper peak. Here we examine how tailings from one of the smaller mills (Mass Mill, 1902–1919) spread as a dual pulse across southern Keweenaw Bay and onto tribal L’Anse Indian Reservation lands. The fine (“slime clay”) fraction dispersed early and widely, whereas the coarse fraction (stamp sands) moved more slowly southward as a black sand beach deposit, leaving scattered residual patches. Beach stamp sands followed the path of sand eroding from Jacobsville Sandstone bluffs, mixing with natural sands and eventually adding onto Sand Point, at the mouth of L’Anse Bay. Dated sediment cores and a multi-elemental analysis of the buried Cu-rich peak in L’Anse Bay confirm a tailings origin. Copper concentrations are declining in the bay, yet copper fluxes remain elevated. The spatial and temporal studies underscore that enhanced sediment and copper fluxes around the Keweenaw Peninsula largely reflect historic mining releases. Mercury is correlated with copper, yet mercury concentrations and fluxes remain relatively low in Keweenaw Bay compared to nearby Superfund sites (Torch and Portage Lakes), perhaps reflecting the absence of smelters on Keweenaw Bay. Tribal efforts to remediate contamination are progressing, but are hindered by recent high water levels plus severe storms. The long-term repercussions of Mass Mill discharges caution against mine companies discharging even small amounts of tailings into coastal environments.
"There Isn't an Easy Way for Me to Talk about This": A Historical and Contemporary Examination of Emotional Rules for Teachers.

Background/ContextAs grounding for our work, we consider the creation and development of the teaching profession as a particularly “feminine” role. We then briefly describe the contemporary context...
Topoisomerase 2b induces DNA breaks to regulate human papillomavirus replication

Topoisomerases regulate higher order chromatin structures through the transient breaking and re-ligating of one or both strands of the phosphodiester backbone of duplex DNA. TOP2{beta} is a type II topoisomerase that induces double strand DNA breaks at topological-associated domains (TADS) to relieve torsional stress arising during transcription or replication. TADS are anchored by CTCF and SMC1 cohesin proteins in complexes with TOP2{beta}. Upon DNA cleavage a covalent intermediate DNA-TOP2{beta} (TOP2{beta}cc) is transiently generated to allow for strand passage. The tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase TDP2 can resolve TOP2{beta}cc but failure to do so quickly can lead to long-lasting DNA breaks. Given the role of CTCF/SMC1 proteins in the HPV life cycle we investigated if TOP2{beta} proteins contribute to HPV pathogenesis. Our studies demonstrated that levels of both TOP2{beta} and TDP2 were substantially increased in cells with high risk HPV genomes and this correlated with high amounts of DNA breaks. Knockdown of TOP2{beta} with shRNAs reduced DNA breaks by over 50% as determined through COMET assays. Furthermore this correlated with substantially reduced formation of repair foci such as {gamma}H2AX, pCHK1 and pSMC1 indicative of impaired activation of DNA damage repair pathways. Importantly, knockdown of TOP2{beta} also blocked HPV genome replication. Our previous studies demonstrated that CTCF /SMC1 factors associate with HPV genomes at sites in the late regions of HPV31 and these correspond to regions that also bind TOP2{beta}. This study identifies TOP2{beta} as responsible for enhanced levels of DNA breaks in HPV positive cells and as a regulator of viral replication.
Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in IoT applications: A Review

Over the most recent couple of years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has ended up being an intriguing and promising worldview that plans to add to incalculable applications by interfacing more physical "things" to the Internet. Although it rose as a significant empowering influence for some cutting edge applications, it additionally acquainted new difficulties with virtually soaked networks. The IoT is becoming animated, particularly in medical care and shrewd climate applications, including countless low fueled sensors and actuators to improve life and acquaint new administrations with the network. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) created RPL as the steering convention for low force and lossy networks (LLNs) and normalized it in RFC6550 in 2012. RPL immediately picked up intrigue, and many exploration papers were acquainted with assessing and improve its presence in various applications. In this paper, we present a conversation of the fundamental parts of RPL and the points of interest and inconveniences of utilizing it in various IoT applications. We likewise survey the accessible examination methodically identified with RPL, given the improvement zone and the administration type.
A revision of the Neotropical genus Coptoborus Hopkins (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Xyleborini).

The Neotropical xyleborine ambrosia beetle genus Coptoborus Hopkins is reviewed. The following 40 Coptoborus species are described: C. amplissimussp. nov. (Peru), C. asperatussp. nov. (Ecuador), C. barbicaudasp. nov. (French Guiana), C. bettysmithaesp. nov. (Ecuador), C. brevicaudasp. nov. (Ecuador), C. brigmansp. nov. (Ecuador), C. busororsp. nov. (Ecuador), C. capillisororsp. nov. (Brazil), C. chicasp. nov. (Suriname), C. crassisororculasp. nov. (Peru), C. doliolumsp. nov. (Ecuador), C. erwinisp. nov. (Ecuador), C. furiosasp. nov. (Ecuador), C. galacatosaesp. nov. (Ecuador), C. hansensp. nov. (Brazil), C. incomptussp. nov. (Peru), C. janewaysp. nov. (Peru), C. katnisssp. nov. (Ecuador), C. leeloosp. nov. (Ecuador), C. leiasp. nov. (Ecuador, Suriname), C. leporinussp. nov. (Peru), C. martinezaesp. nov. (Ecuador), C. murinussp. nov. (Ecuador), C. newtsp. nov. (Peru), C. osbornaesp. nov. (Ecuador), C. panosussp. nov. (French Guiana), C. papillicaudasp. nov. (Suriname), C. pilisororsp. nov. (Ecuador), C. ripleysp. nov. (Ecuador), C. sagitticaudasp. nov. (Guyana), C. sarahconnorsp. nov. (Brazil), C. scullysp. nov. (Ecuador), C. siculasp. nov. (Ecuador), C. sororculasp. nov. (Peru), C. starbucksp. nov. (Ecuador), C. trinitysp. nov. (Brazil), C. uhurasp. nov. (Peru), C. vasquezsp. nov. (Panama), C. vrataskisp. nov. (Brazil), and C. yarsp. nov. (Ecuador). Seventeen new combinations are given: Coptoborus amazonicus (Petrov, 2020) comb. nov., C. atlanticus (Bright & Torres, 2006) comb. nov., C. bellus Bright & Torres, 2006 comb. nov., C. coartatus (Sampson, 1921) comb. nov., C. crinitulus (Wood, 1974) comb. nov., C. exilis (Schedl, 1934) comb. nov., C. incultus (Wood, 1975) comb. nov., C. magnus (Petrov, 2020) comb. nov., C. micarius (Wood, 1974) comb. nov., C. obtusicornis (Schedl, 1976) comb. nov., C. paurus (Wood, 2007) comb. nov., C. pristis (Wood, 1974) comb. nov., C. pseudotenuis (Schedl, 1936) comb. nov., C. puertoricensis (Bright & Torres, 2006) comb. nov., C. ricini (Eggers, 1932) comb. nov., C. semicostatus (Schedl, 1948) comb. nov., C. tristiculus (Wood, 1975) comb. nov., and C. villosulus (Blandford, 1898) comb. nov. Two new synonyms are proposed: Coptoborus Hopkins, 1915 (= Theoborus Hopkins, 1915 syn. nov.) and Coptoborus villosulus (Blandford, 1898) (= Theoborus theobromae Hopkins, 1915 syn. nov.). Xyleborus neosphenos Schedl, 1976 comb. res. is removed from Coptoborus. The revised genus now contains 77 species and a key to their identification is provided.
Fetal Tracheal Occlusion for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

The modern era of fetal surgical interventions began in the 1980s, when improved ultrasonographic imaging enabled prenatal detection of life-limiting birth defects.1 However, the rarity of many sev...