cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a Jail Diversion Program in Linking Participants to Federal Entitlements and Stable Housing

Jail diversion programs are designed to prevent the incarceration of mentally ill offenders and to facilitate their entrance into appropriate community-based treatment, while also guarding the safety of the general public. This study sought to determine the effectiveness of one such program. Initial outcomes are described for mentally ill offenders who participated in the program. A total of 50 participants completed the following self-report measures: the Government Performance and Result Act (GPRA) instrument, and the Colorado Symptom Index. Participants were interviewed again at 6 and 12 months. Results indicate the program significantly assisted participants in obtaining income supports such as Medicaid, Social Security, and Food Stamp benefits, but had little impact on housing outcomes.
Attributions Toward Injury in a Military Physical Training Environment

The effects of military culture on causal attributions in a physical training environment were examined. The participants were male Australian Defense Force (ADF) members: 49 physical training inst...
ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF SENECIO SECTION PALMATINERVII ASTERACEAE FROM NORTHEASTERN MEXICO

Two new species ofSenecio,S. sundbergii andS. neogibsonii, belonging to the sectionPalmatinervii are described, illustrated, and compared to their nearest relatives,S. aschenbornianus andS. lanicaulis.
The Dialectical Core of Self Psychology: A Reflection on Coburn’s and Maduro’s Essays

In this article, I explore what I find to be the essence of Coburn’s and Maduro’s articles: the tension between thinking of humans as independent selves and as contextually determined. I try to show that this “dialectical core of self psychology,” as problematic as it might seem, is necessary if we are to have an adequate basis for a system of ethics and justice, and that the West’s overemphasis on autonomy has been deeply injurious. I, then, integrate the two papers by proposing, along with Coburn, that the ability to concomitantly “own” one’s contextuality and individual freedom is the basis for a new concept of psychological maturity, and that Maduro’s concepts of courageous knowing, emotional experiencing, and rigorous relationality are the keys to developing this innovative vision of psychological maturity.
Alcohol Stimulation and Sedation: a Critical Review of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale

The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is widely used to assess stimulant and sedative alcohol effects. This paper reviews (a) recent measurement developments, (b) behavioral and physiological correlates, and (c) the role of the BAES in refining theories of SR and pharmacological interventions. An abbreviated scale (B-BAES) and a comprehensive measures of alcohol effects (SEAS) demonstrate strong psychometric properties and use of the BAES has helped refine the Differentiator Model of SR. Importantly, both BAES stimulation and sedation robustly predict risk for later alcohol problems, and the BAES has demonstrated utility in examining mechanisms of pharmacotherapy effects. The BAES is the most widely used measure of SR and has informed both theory and practice. Recent findings point to important future directions including the need to (a) examine developmental influences, (b) refine our understanding of FH effects, and (c) consider expansion to capture novel aspects of SR.
Secure Hierarchy-Aware Cache Replacement Policy (SHARP): Defending Against Cache-Based Side Channel Atacks

In cache-based side channel attacks, a spy that shares a cache with a victim probes cache locations to extract information on the victim's access patterns. For example, in evict+reload, the spy repeatedly evicts and then reloads a probe address, checking if the victim has accessed the address in between the two operations. While there are many proposals to combat these cache attacks, they all have limitations: they either hurt performance, require programmer intervention, or can only defend against some types of attacks.This paper makes the following observation for an environment with an inclusive cache hierarchy: when the spy evicts the probe address from the shared cache, the address will also be evicted from the private cache of the victim process, creating an inclusion victim. Consequently, to disable cache attacks, this paper proposes to alter the line replacement algorithm of the shared cache, to prevent a process from creating inclusion victims in the caches of cores running other processes. By enforcing this rule, the spy cannot evict the probe address from the shared cache and, hence, cannot glimpse any information on the victim's access patterns. We call our proposal SHARP (Secure Hierarchy-Aware cache Replacement Policy). SHARP efficiently defends against all existing cross-core shared-cache attacks, needs only minimal hardware modifications, and requires no code modifications. We implement SHARP in a cycle-level full-system simulator. We show that it protects against real-world attacks, and that it introduces negligible average performance degradation.
Are educators ready to shift to the kinesthetic classroom

Despite a growing body of evidence highlighting the ever-increasing obesity epidemic and the health consequences related to poor diet and sedentary behavior, mandated physical education minutes are...
Waning immunity of one-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to mumps in children from kindergarten to early school age: a prospective study.

Background: In China, one dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) was administered to children aged 18–24 months. The mumps incidence was still high. Data on the waning immunity to mumps after MMR...
DD40: Baby Innovation (Mai 2007)

„Was ist das, Innovation, Kurt?“ – „Wieso, Hedwig?“ – „Hier steht, sie haben ein Erkaltungseis erfunden. Es ist blau gefroren, schmeckt aber frostsicher und soll die lockere Zunge losen.“ – „Das ist wirklich eine Innovation, Hedwig, etwas Neues.“ – „Wir sollten auch mal was Neues anfangen.“ – „Denkst du an eine neue Stellung?“ – „Nein, ich wunsche mir ein Baby.“
The biochemical basis of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in normal human and chronic granulomatous disease polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) placed in anaerobic chambers reaching pO2's of less than 5 mm Hg fail to generate O2-, iodinate ingested particles, and stimulate glucose-1-14C oxidation through the hexose monophosphate shunt. The observation that anaerobic cells are incapable of generating O2- or reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan supports the idea that NBT reduction in phagocytizing PMN is due exclusively to oxygen-dependent O2- generating oxidase which is deficient in chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, despite their hyperphagocytic capacity.
Cytokine-mediated changes associated with improvements in cancer-related fatigue induced by exercise: Results from a randomized pilot study of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy

9632 Background: Radiation therapy (RTH) results in dysregulated inflammatory profiles which increase cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Research suggests physical exercise can have a positive influence...
Women and Diversity

The rainbow is a symbol of wholeness and hope, strength and unity. Within this unity there is a range of brilliant colors which are dependent on one another, as each of the colors merges into the next one. The rainbow’s magnificent union of different colors has made it a popular symbol of various socio-political movements seeking to celebrate and unify diverse constituencies.
SURFACTANT REPLACEMENT THERAPY : An Update on Applications

Surfactant replacement therapy has been shown to be an effective and often life-saving treatment for newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Since the pioneering efforts of Fujiwara and colleagues 32 in 1980, numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of exogenous surfactant in improving lung compliance, decreasing requirements for inspired oxygen, improving oxygenation, reducing the incidence of air-leak complications, and increasing survival. Numerous reviews of surfactant therapy are available. 73,109 This article provides the clinician with an update regarding the various other applications of surfactant replacement therapy, as well as issues related to surfactant administration for the preparations approved for use in pediatric patients, or undergoing clinical trial (Table 1).
Abstract 4989: Efficacy of erlotinib and/or naproxen when administered by intermittent dosing schedules in the prevention of chemically induced urinary bladder cancers

Inflammation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling dysregulation plays an important role in urinary bladder cancer development. We have previously shown that single agent regimens with erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) or naproxen (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NSAID) when given continuously were highly effective in the prevention of OH-BBN-induced urinary bladder cancers in rats. Better tolerated chemoprevention regimens can be obtained by reducing doses and frequency of administration. Low dose combinations may also achieve substantial efficacy with minimal toxicity by targeting complementary pathways. Female Fischer-344 rats were obtained at 28 days of age, placed on Teklad (4% fat) diet, and received OH-BBN (150 mg/gavage) 2x/week for 8 weeks beginning at 56 days of age. In the first study, beginning one week after the final OH-BBN treatment the rats (25/group) received either: Group 1, erlotinib (42 mg/kg BW, 1x/week); Group 2, naproxen (30 mg/kg BW/day, 3 weeks on/ 3 weeks off); Group 3, the combination of erlotinib and naproxen (using the same treatment regimens), and Group 4, vehicle. The rats were palpated for urinary bladder tumors, weighed 1x/week and observed daily for signs of toxicity. At the end of the study (10 months after the initial OH-BBN), the average weights of the urinary bladders (bladder plus tumors combined) were determined. The weights in Groups 1-4 were: 194*, 186*, 136* and 354 mg (*P 200 mg). The second study used the same treatment regimens, but administration of the agents was delayed until three months after the final OH-BBN treatment, at which point microscopic transitional cell carcinomas were present. At the end of the study (11 months after the initial OH-BBN), the weights of the individual bladders in Groups 1-4 were: 584, 234*, 138* and 779 mg (*P 200 mg). These studies demonstrate that in protocols meant to reduce the toxicity of agents (weekly erlotinib or intermittent dosing with naproxen), high chemopreventive efficacy was achieved. Of importance, starting erlotinib and/or naproxen intermittent treatments at the time microscopic cancers were present still reduced the size of the urinary bladder cancers without showing observable toxicity. The latter is of particular interest based on the clinical FAP trial showing great efficacy of erlotinib and sulindac. Supported by NCI contract number HHSN261201500036I, Task Order HHSN26100002. Citation Format: Altaf Mohammed, Mark S. Miller, Ronald A. Lubet, Chen Suen, Shizuko Sei, Robert H. Shoemaker, Clinton J. Grubbs. Efficacy of erlotinib and/or naproxen when administered by intermittent dosing schedules in the prevention of chemically induced urinary bladder cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4989.
Combining Acoustic Embeddings and Decoding Features for End-of-Utterance Detection in Real-Time Far-Field Speech Recognition Systems

We present an end-of-utterance detector for real-time automatic speech recognition in far-field scenarios. The proposed system consists of three components: a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network trained on acoustic features, an LSTM trained on l-best recognition hypotheses of the automatic speech recognition (ASR) decoder, and a feedforward deep neural network (DNN) combining embeddings derived from both LSTMs with pause duration features from the ASR decoder. At inference time, lower and upper latency (pause duration) bounds act as safeguards. Within the latency bounds, the utterance end-point is triggered as soon as the DNN posterior reaches a tuned threshold. Our experimental evaluation is carried out on real recordings of natural human interactions with voice-controlled far-field devices. We show that the acoustic embeddings are the single most powerful feature and particularly suitable for cross-lingual applications. We furthermore show the benefit of ASR decoder features, especially as a low cost alternative to ASR hypothesis em-beddings.
Is SBRT Boost Feasible for PET Positive Lymph Nodes for Cervical Cancer? Evaluation using Tumor Control Probability and QUANTEC Criteria.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to examine the feasibility of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) as an external beam radiation therapy boost to positron emission tomography (PET) positive lymph nodes (LN) in patients with cervical cancer and to evaluate overall tumor control probability (TCP) increase. Methods and Materials Ten patients with cervical cancer and PET positive LN metastasis who received external beam radiation therapy (45 Gy), followed by a 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy boost (5.4-9 Gy) and tandem-and-ovoid high-dose-rate brachytherapy (16-30 Gy) were retrospectively enrolled in this study. SBRT plans were generated using 21 Gy, 24 Gy, or 30 Gy as a replacement for 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy boost. The 2 Gy-per-fraction equivalent dose maps were made using an α/β value of 10 for PET positive LNs and 3 for organs at risk (OARs). TCP values were calculated using a logistic TCP model, where 2 input parameters (D50 and Gamma50 = 2) were modeled by 2 clinical outcomes: our institution and the literature. OAR sparing was evaluated using Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC) dose limits. Results Thirty percent of 10 patients receiving conventional boost experienced recurrence. The TCP of the SBRT schemes was 88% ± 7% (97% ± 2%; 21 Gy), 96% ± 1% (99% ± 0%; 24 Gy), and 99% ± 1% (100% ± 0%; 30 Gy), and the conventional LN-boost TCP value was 25% ± 11% (58% ± 15%) when TCP input parameters were based on published clinical outcome data for LN SBRT treatments (institutional outcome data). The tumor coverage doses (D90) of the SBRT boost plans were on average 32.34 G y α β = 10 (21 Gy), 37.78 G y α β = 10 (24 Gy), and 55.54 G y α β = 10 (30 Gy) higher than the conventional LN boost plan. The QUANTEC OAR dose constraints were met for the bladder, rectum, and bowel in all cases for the SBRT LN 21 Gy group, and in 90% and 70% of cases in the SBRT LN 24 Gy and SBRT LN 30 Gy groups, respectively. Conclusions An SBRT boost dose of 30 Gy can be delivered without compromising QUANTEC OAR limits. The use of SBRT increases TCP values, regardless of the input parameters.
Functional Hydrogels for Next-Generation Batteries and Supercapacitors

Functional hydrogels are an attractive material platform for energy-storage technologies. Thus, the development of hydrogels with enhanced physicochemical properties (e.g., improved mechanical strength, flexibility, and charge transport) offers new opportunities for next-generation batteries and supercapacitors. Armed with a deeper understanding of gelation chemistry, researchers have made significant strides toward fabricating hydrogels that are stimulus responsive, self-healing, and highly stretchable. In this short review, we highlight how hydrogels have been integrated into batteries and supercapacitors and provide exciting examples that demonstrate the versatility of hydrogels; namely, tailorable architectures, conductive nanostructures, 3D frameworks, and multifunctionalities. It is anticipated that creative and combinatorial approaches used in the design of functional hydrogels will continue to yield materials with great potential in the field of energy storage.
Effects of Processing Temperature on the Oxygen Quenching Behavior of Tris(4,7′-diphenyl-1,10′-phenanthroline) Ruthenium (II) Sequestered Within Sol-Gel-Derived Xerogel Films

Sol-gel processing methods offer novel pathways for tailoring glasses. Amongst the issues that have received the least attention are the effects of the curing temperature on the behavior and photophysics of a dopant molecule sequestered within a sol-gel-derived xerogel. Of particular interest to our group are the effects of processing variables on the ability of a dopant molecule, that is sequestered within a xerogel glass, to be accessed by an analyte and the distribution of the dopant sites within the xerogel. The thermal stability of the luminophore tris(4,7′-diphenyl-1,10′-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) provides a convenient way to address these issues and develop an understanding of how one might best exploit curing temperature to construct improved chemical sensors. This paper focuses on quantifying how the film curing temperature affects the spectroscopy and O2 quenching of ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) sequestered within sol-gel-derived xerogel thin films. Our quenching data on films once they have been cured demonstrate that there is a dramatic increase in the sensitivity of the ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) molecules to O2 quenching when the films have been cured at elevated temperatures. This arises primarily because there are two main types of ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) microenvironments within the glass and higher temperature curing leads to an increase in the bimolecular quenching rate between O2 and ([Ru(dpp)3]2+). This is accomplished as follows. Below a curing temperature of 100–150°C, ∼15% of the xerogel-doped ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) molecules are not accessed to any detectable degree by the O2 molecules during the ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) excited-state luminescence lifetime. However, as the xerogel is cured at or above 150°C, residual silanol-bound waters (or other impurities) dissociate from the xerogel and those ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) molecules that were initially inaccessible become accessible to O2. The dissociation of these water molecules, plus other events, also causes the originally inaccessible ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) population to ultimately exhibit a quenching rate that is greater than the fraction of initially accessible ([Ru(dpp)3]2+) molecules that were formed under ambient curing conditions.
Effects of Substrate and Crop Load On Yield and Mineral Nutrition of ’Early Sweet’ Grape Cultivar Grown in Soilless Culture

The study was conducted to determine optimum substrate type and crop load in soilless grape culture. ’Early Sweet’ table grapes were used as the plant material. Grapevines were grown under plastic cover with nutrient solutions. Three different substrates (Cocopeat, mixture of Perlite and Peat (2:1, v:v) and Basaltic Pumice) and two different level of crop loads (10 and 15 clusters per grapevine) were experimented. To determine the effects of applications, in the first year, some shoot parameters and in the second year, grape yield, cluster, berry and must characteristics and leaf nutrients were examined. The highest grape yield (38 t ha−1) was obtained from Perlite:Peat medium and 15-cluster crop load treatment. Average cluster weights varied between 263.87 g (Cocopeat) and 346.18 g (Perlite:Peat). For all treatments, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc concentrations of the leaves sampled at veraison were lower but, magnesium concentrations were higher than the optimum limits reported the previous literature. So, sufficient yield and quality levels were achieved, Perlite:Peat medium and 15 clusters vine−1 crop load treatments were recommended for ’Early Sweet’ cultivar to cultivate in soilless culture under plastic house. However, because it was a locally available and cheap material, Basaltic Pumice with close yield levels to the other growth media was also recommended for soilless grape culture.
Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction of Infinite-dimensional von Neumann Algebras using Tensor Networks

Quantum error correcting codes with finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces have yielded new insights on bulk reconstruction in AdS/CFT. In this paper, we give an explicit construction of a quantum error correcting code where the code and physical Hilbert spaces are infinite-dimensional. We define a von Neumann algebra of type II$_1$ acting on the code Hilbert space and show how it is mapped to a von Neumann algebra of type II$_1$ acting on the physical Hilbert space. This toy model demonstrates the equivalence of entanglement wedge reconstruction and the exact equality of bulk and boundary relative entropies in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces.
Addressing the critical challenge for rhamnolipid production: Discontinued synthesis in extended stationary phase

Abstract Rhamnolipids are commonly produced using N-limited Pseudomonas aeruginosa fermentations, with active production in the stationary phase. The production, however, stops after certain period. This causes lower productivity and yield because of downtime between batches and the substrate consumed for cell growth. This discontinued production is the significant problem addressed in this study. Rhamnolipid synthesis involves complex regulatory mechanisms, including quorum-sensing systems and alternative sigma factors. Current knowledge on these mechanisms, however, cannot adequately explain the discontinued rhamnolipid production at extended stationary phase. Four hypotheses to causes of this discontinued production were examined here with carefully planned fermentation designs using different initial N-source concentrations and different ways of adding oil and nutrients. Results rejected three of the hypothetical causes: accumulation of rhamnolipids or other inhibitory metabolites, presence of high amounts of oil phase, and exhaustion of non-N nutrients, and supported the hypothesis that the stopped production was caused solely by the extended N-starvation experienced by the cells. The discontinued production was found to be fully reactivated by partial broth replacements with fresh media containing N-source. The finding is important to production economics and promotes new designs to maximize rhamnolipid productivity and yield using extended stationary-phase production instead of short repeated batches.
The Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS) as a prognostic indicator of overall survival in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients: Post hoc analysis of a phase III study.

7075 Background: To determine the patients likely to benefit from therapy, clinicians seek factors associated with outcomes. This analysis investigates prognostic effect of baseline patient-reporte...
Controller Design for Diagonal Decoupling and Integral Action

In the standard linear, time-invariant feedback system, controllers that achieve diagonal decoupling and closed-loop stability exist if and only if the plant satisfies the diagonal denominator condition or has no coinciding poles and zeros in the region of instability. A simple and systematic decoupling design procedure is presented under each of these conditions. The closed-loop poles can be placed at any desired points, and free parameters are included for satisfying additional design objectives. The designs are also extended to provide integral action in order to track step inputs with zero steady-state error.
Strong G-regularity and totally acyclic complexes over some tensor product rings

We introduce the notion of strongly G-regular rings, and we observe that most rings that were known to be G-regular are in fact strongly G-regular. This property allows us to describe totally acycl...
Hip Fractures Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparative Demographics and Outcomes

Introduction:During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York, hip fractures requiring operative management continued to present to Stony Brook University Hospital. Given the novelty of SARS-...
A Machine Learning Based Scheme for Dynamic Spectrum Access

In this paper, we present a machine learning (ML) based dynamic spectrum access (DSA) scheme which can be used in a system in which the primary user (PU) spectrum occupancy can be represented as a sequence of busy (on) and idle (off) periods. We use real world data collected from Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems at two locations for our study. We experiment with different feed forward artificial neural network (ANN) architectures to choose from for our DSA scheme. A simple perceptron based ANN architecture was determined to provide good performance. We compare performance of our ML based DSA scheme with a traditional DSA scheme based on analytical model that uses survival analysis. Our results show that our ML based scheme outperforms the survival analysis based scheme in terms of utilization of idle periods. In terms of probability of interference to the PU, our scheme is better in some configurations and slightly worse in some other configurations.
Assessment of Grain Weight of Maize to Variety, Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer of Asaba Area of Delta State

From March 2008 to June 2010, this study was conducted at Delta State University's Asaba Campus' Teaching and Research Farm to assess the response of maize grain weight to variety, organic manure, and inorganic fertilizer. The experiment was reproduced three times in a factional arrangement using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three maize types were seeded at 75cm x 15cm and assessed for grain weight using four different amounts of poultry manure, cow dung, and NPK 20:10:10 fertiliser. The results showed that the hybrid variety that generated 2.1 tha-1 yield in 2008 and 2.3 tha-1 yield in 2009 was better. In 2008 and 2009, the findings of interaction revealed that variety, manure type, and application rates were substantially different (p0.05). Based on the outcomes of the study, it is suggested that I 9022-13, a hybrid maize variety with excellent grain weight, be produced in the research region. Farmers who prefer open-pollinated varieties might cultivate BR9922-DMRSF2 or the Agbor local variety for maize production. (iiFarmers that prefer mineral fertilisers for improved maize crop weight should apply 450 kg NPK 20:10:10 per hectare. (iii) Farmers in the Asaba agro-ecological zone who practise organic agriculture should use 30tha-1 poultry manure to boost maize yields.
Gene Expression Signatures and the Spectrum of Coronary Artery Disease

Over the past 10-15 years, developments in gene expression profiling have opened new arenas for the discovery of important factors in the pathogenesis of numerous disease processes, including coronary artery disease. Messenger RNA and microRNA are differentially expressed in patients with coronary plaques, acute plaque rupture, and response to well-established treatments for acute coronary syndromes. In this review, we will explore recent developments in messenger RNA and microRNA technology at each stage of a patient's progression through the natural history of cardiovascular disease, including evaluation of risk factors, prediction and detection of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes, and finally, response to treatments for coronary artery disease and its sequelae including congestive heart failure.
Litigasi Keuangan Di Bidang Pasar Modal Dalam Perspektif Hukum & Ekonomi (Financial Litigation in the Capital Market Sector in Law & Economics Perspective)

Malay Abstract: Artikel ini membahas mengenai penggunaan dan penyalahgunaan mekanisme gugatan privat di bidang pasar modal dalam melindungi kepentingan investor dan integritas pasar modal melalui perspektif Hukum & Ekonomi. Perbandingan dilakukan antara Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat melalui analisis terhadap US Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa secara umum, Indonesia sudah memiliki dasar hukum yang cukup untuk menggunakan mekanisme gugatan privat. Yang masih belum diketahui adalah apakah Indonesia butuh untuk menggalakkan penggunaan gugatan pasar modal dengan memberikan insentif kepada para pelaku litigasi. Menjawab pertanyaan tersebut akan membutuhkan studi empiris lebih lanjut.English Abstract: This paper discusses the use and misuse of private securities litigation mechanism in protecting investors and the integrity of the capital market from Law & Economics perspective. A comparison is made between Indonesia and the United States through the analysis of the US Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The paper concludes that in general, Indonesia has established sufficient legal basis for using the private securities litigation mechanism. What is not known is whether Indonesia needs to encourage the use of securities litigation by giving more incentives to the litigants, and to answer such question further empirical study is required.
Developing Interdisciplinary Skills and Professional Confidence in Palliative Care Social Work Students

Research suggests that better educational preparation is necessary to assure that health care social workers have the competencies essential for high quality interdisciplinary palliative care practice. This study is a qualitative evaluation of those elements contributing to competence and confidence in interdisciplinary practice skills of second year MSW students. Analysis of student narratives yielded two prominent themes: (1) social work students’ relationships to members of other disciplines, which included understanding of other professions’ knowledge and scope of practice as well as respect for and from professionals of other disciplines, and (2) the social work students’ self-representation as members of the profession and identities as team members. These study findings support the creation of courses that include students from disciplines represented in palliative care. This project was conducted with support from The ACE Project-Advocating for Clinical Excellence-Transdisciplinary Palliative Care...
Bragg-Diffraction Imaging: A Potential Technique for Medical Diagnosis and Material Inspection

Results of a recently-constructed Bragg-diffraction imaging system are shown. This new system employs a 10 × 15 cm transducer mosaic and operates at an acoustic frequency of 3.58 MHz, thus enabling it to be used with biological materials of considerable thickness. The system has a resolution capability of about 8.5 acoustic wavelengths and will produce images of bone structure in a human hand with an acoustic power-density of 100 mW/cm2 or less.
The ``Power of the Purse'' and its Implications for Bureaucratic Policy-Making

A dilemma of the ``Power of the Purse'' is thatcutting an agency's budget may make a desired policyinfeasible. I examine the implications of thisdilemma with a repeated game in which a bureau choosesunobservable policies after a legislature sets itsbudget. The bureau is work-averse and has its ownpolicy preferences and therefore may cheat, but thelegislature may perform an audit to recover ``slack''funds. A main result is that if the legislaturedesires a higher policy level than the agency, then itfaces a trade-off between ``good'' but wasteful policiesand ``bad'' but efficient ones.
Simulations of tremor‐related creep reveal a weak crustal root of the San Andreas Fault

[1] Deep aseismic roots of faults play a critical role in transferring tectonic loads to shallower, brittle crustal faults that rupture in large earthquakes. Yet, until the recent discovery of deep tremor and creep, direct inference of the physical properties of lower-crustal fault roots has remained elusive. Observations of tremor near Parkfield, CA provide the first evidence for present-day localized slip on the deep extension of the San Andreas Fault and triggered transient creep events. We develop numerical simulations of fault slip to show that the spatiotemporal evolution of triggered tremor near Parkfield is consistent with triggered fault creep governed by laboratory-derived friction laws between depths of 20–35 km on the fault. Simulated creep and observed tremor northwest of Parkfield nearly ceased for 20–30 days in response to small coseismic stress changes of order 104 Pa from the 2003 M6.5 San Simeon Earthquake. Simulated afterslip and observed tremor following the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake show a coseismically induced pulse of rapid creep and tremor lasting for 1 day followed by a longer 30 day period of sustained accelerated rates due to propagation of shallow afterslip into the lower crust. These creep responses require very low effective normal stress of ~1 MPa on the deep San Andreas Fault and near-neutral-stability frictional properties expected for gabbroic lower-crustal rock.
Transforming Growth Factor Beta Expression by Human Vascular Cells Inhibits Interferon Gamma Production and Arterial Media Injury by Alloreactive Memory T Cells

Arteriosclerosis is characterized by the local activation of effector T cells leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN (interferon)-γ and IL-17, within the vessel wall. Conversely, the production of antiinflammatory cytokines, for example, TGF-β, by regulatory lymphocytes is known to inhibit both the differentiation of naive T cells into effector T cells and the development of arteriosclerosis in murine models. We investigated the role of TGF-β on the alloreactivity of human effector memory T cells (Tem). Quiescent vascular cells, but not Tem, expressed TGF-β. Blockade of TGF-β activity in cocultures of CD4+ Tem with allogeneic endothelial cells significantly increased IFN-γ, but not IL-17, secretion. Additionally, serologic neutralization of TGF-β in immunodeficient mouse hosts of human coronary artery grafts into which allogeneic human T cells were adoptively transferred resulted in heavier medial infiltration by Tem, greater loss of medial smooth muscle cells and increased IFN-γ production within the grafts without significantly reducing either intimal injury or IL-17 production. Protective effects of TGF-β may be limited by fewer TGF-β-expressing vascular cells within the intimal compartment, by a reduction in the expression of TGF-β by vascular cells in rejecting grafts, or possibly to less effective suppression of Tem than naive T cells.
Cy Pres Distributions in Class Action Settlements

In class action settlements, residual funds often remain after the class members have been compensated. If parties have not contemplated the allocation of the residual funds in their settlements, the judge has a great amount of discretion. The court can (a) order that the funds be returned to the defendant; (b) apply the funds prospectively for the indirect benefit of the class; (c) distribute the funds pro rata to the class members; or (d) declare that the funds escheat to the state or to the United States treasury. This paper is primarily concerned with the most controversial of these options, applying the funds prospectively for the indirect benefit of the class. This is called the cy pres doctrine, an equitable doctrine that has its origins in trust law. While courts have wide latitude to determine how to distribute cy pres funds, the most common method is to give the residual funds to a third party, generally a charity. This paper will argue that, while cy pres is a valuable process, the total discretion afforded judges often makes distributions arbitrary and unpredictable. The paper addresses two broad problems with the current approach. Often, the cy pres approach suffers from distribution problems: The lack of “nexus” between the chosen cy pres beneficiaries and the underlying litigation, and the potential for bias that exists when judges have complete discretion. Additionally, the cy pres approach, as currently implemented by the courts, often causes efficiency problems. This paper proposes some solutions to the current situation. These solutions include using the other distributive mechanisms at the court’s disposal, limiting the role of the judge to that of an arbiter, limiting the role of the lawyers involved in the process, and encouraging parties to contemplate residual funds in their settlement agreements. An additional solution is that Congress could enact a statute to control cy pres procedure, modeling the statute after one of the several state statutes that have recently been enacted.
The Impact of Marital Separation/Divorce on Children

This is a report of the findings from one of several dimensions of a study of the impact of divorce on children. Other dimensions will be reported in subsequent articles. This portion of the study examined the association between the child's psychosocial adjustment and the amount of time and activity lost with each parent after the parental separation. The sample consisted of 30 families (51 children) all of whom had experienced a parental separation within 12 months prior to the research interview. Child adjustment was measured through the use of the Louisville Behavior Checklist. Time and activity lost with each parent were identified by an instrument developed by the author. Findings indicate that there is a wide range of change for children in time and activity with parents after a parental separation. It can range from time lost to time gained with one or both parents. Findings indicate a statistically significant association between time lost in the presence of father and current adjustment. The mor...
Characterization of {001} stacking faults in Al67Ni8Ti25

Abstract Intermetallic alloys with compositions near Al67Ni8Ti25 have the cubic L12 crystal structure, in contrast with Al3 Ti which has the tetragonal D022 structure. Features exhibiting stacking-fault-like contrast were observed on {001} planes in an Al67Ni8Ti25 intermetallic alloy after annealing at 1050°C. Characterization of the features using transmission electron microscopy revealed that they are intrinsic stacking faults on {001} planes, which result from dissociation of a0 {001} dislocations. The displacement vector associated with the faults was determined to be approximately 0.4a0 . Computer-simulated electron micrographs were instrumental in identifying the fault characteristics. The fault characteristics reveal that they are sessile and thus do not directly participate in deformation processes in this intermetallic alloy.
The isolation and characterization of mutants defective in nitrate assimilation in Neurospora crassa.

The isolation and characterization of mutants altered for nitrate assimilation in Neurospora crassa is described. The mutants isolated can be subdivided into five classes on the basis of growth tests that correspond to the growth patterns of existing mutants at six distinct loci. Mutants with growth characteristics like those of nit-2, nit-3 and nit-6 are assigned to those loci on the basis of noncomplementation and lack of recombination. Mutants that, from their growth patterns, appear to lack the molybdenum-containing co-factor for both nitrate reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase subdivide into three loci (nit-7, nit-8 and nit-9), all of which are genetically distinct from nit-1. nit-9 is a complex locus consisting of three complementation groups and thus appears similar to the cnxABC locus of Asperillus nidulans. Extensive complementational and recombinational analyses reveal that nit-4 and nit-5 are alleles of the same locus, and two new alleles of that locus have been isolated. The results indicate that, as in A. nidulans, nitrate assimilation in N. crassa requires at least four loci (nit-1, 7, 8 and 9) to produce the molybdenum co-factor for nitrate reductase (and xanthine dehydrogenase), one locus (nit-3) to code for the nitrate reductase apoprotein, one locus (nit-6) to code for the nitrite reductase approtein and only one locus (nit-4/5) for the regulation of induction of the pathway by nitrate and nitrite.
Histamine activates p38 MAP kinase and alters local lamellipodia dynamics, reducing endothelial barrier integrity and eliciting central movement of actin fibers.

The role of the actin cytoskeleton in endothelial barrier function has been debated for nearly four decades. Our previous investigation revealed spontaneous local lamellipodia in confluent endothel...
Parathyroid Hormone Regulates Transforming Growth Factor β1 and β2 Synthesis in Osteoblasts Via Divergent Signaling Pathways

Parathyroid hormone 1-34 [PTH(1-34)] was shown to increase transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and TGF-beta2 concentrations in supernatants of cultured human osteoblasts and to increase TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 messenger RNA (mRNA) concentrations and gene transcription in these cells. Because PTH(1-34) activates both protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways in osteoblasts, we investigated the role of each kinase pathway in activation of TGF-beta isoforms. PTH(29-32), which activates the PKC pathway in rat osteoblasts, increased TGF-beta1 but not TGF-beta2 concentrations in supernatants of osteoblasts. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a PKC agonist, increased TGF-beta1 but not TGF-beta2 concentrations. Specific PKC antagonists safingol and Go6976 attenuated PTH(1-34)-mediated increases in TGF-beta1 but not TGF-beta2 synthesis. PTH(1-31), which increases PKA activity in several cell culture systems, increased TGF-beta2 but not TGF-beta1 concentrations in human osteoblast supernatants. Forskolin, a PKA agonist, increased TGF-beta2 but not TGF-beta1 concentrations in supernatants of human osteoblasts. The PKA antagonist H-89 blunted PTH(1-34)-mediated increases in TGF-beta2 but not TGF-beta1 synthesis. Our results are consistent with the concept that PTH increases TGF-beta1 expression and secretion by pathways that involve the PKC pathway, whereas it increases TGF-beta2 expression and secretion via the PKA pathway.
Self-assembled intrinsic nanoscale phase separation in polymers

It was thought that stable nanostructures did not exist in the phase separation behaviors of polymers. Now it is demonstrated that strongly correlated chains induced by hydrogen bonding can lead to a new self-assembly: intrinsic nanoscale phase separation. High-density nanorings, nanodiscs and nanospheres exist over large areas in the self-assembly of polymethylmethacrylate and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) blend films. Their typical size changes from 100 nm to 20 nm, depending on substrate effect and film thickness. The phenomenon that controllable nanoscale self-assembly exists in miscible polymer blends is beyond the conventional understanding of the phase separation behavior. This may open a new way in the design of nanostructured polymers and multifunctional polymers.
Algebraic theory of linear time-invariant feedback systems with two-input two-output plant and compensator

This paper present an algebraic theory for linear time-invariant multi-input multi-output systems with two-input two-output plant and compensator, using the factorization approach. This system configuration considered by Doyle and Nett is most general in that any interconnection of two systems can be represented in terms of this scheme. Other system configurations encountered in compensator design problems are special cases of this system configuration. The analysis and synthesis applies to continuous-time as well as discrete-time systems, and to lumped as well as distributed systems, since the algebraic setting is completely general. The compensator parametrization has four degrees of freedom. The paper is self-contained and is tutorial in the sense that it develops the main results of Nett without introducing the concept of containment.
UvrD303, a Hyperhelicase Mutant That Antagonizes RecA-Dependent SOS Expression by a Mechanism That Depends on Its C Terminus

Genomic integrity is critical for an organism's survival and ability to reproduce. In Escherichia coli, the UvrD helicase has roles in nucleotide excision repair and methyl-directed mismatch repair and can limit reactions by RecA under certain circumstances. UvrD303 (D403A D404A) is a hyperhelicase mutant, and when expressed from a multicopy plasmid, it results in UV sensitivity (UV(s)), recombination deficiency, and antimutability. In order to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the UV(s) phenotype of uvrD303 cells, this mutation was transferred to the E. coli chromosome and studied in single copy. It is shown here that uvrD303 mutants are UV sensitive, recombination deficient, and antimutable and additionally have a moderate defect in inducing the SOS response after UV treatment. The UV-sensitive phenotype is epistatic with recA and additive with uvrA and is partially suppressed by removing the LexA repressor. Furthermore, uvrD303 is able to inhibit constitutive SOS expression caused by the recA730 mutation. The ability of UvrD303 to antagonize SOS expression was dependent on its 40 C-terminal amino acids. It is proposed that UvrD303, via its C terminus, can decrease the levels of RecA activity in the cell.
COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT MONTE CARLO ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS FOR MATCHED FIELD PROCESSING IN UNCERTAIN OCEAN ENVIRONMENTS

In this paper, Monte Carlo estimation techniques are presented for computationally efficient implementation of two methods for matched field source localization in uncertain ocean channels. In the Optimal Uncertain Field Processor (OUFP), Monte Carlo integration is used to integrate out the environmental parameters and thus estimate the a posteriori distribution of the source location parameters. In the Minimum Variance Beamformer with Environmental Perturbation Constraints (MV-EPC), Monte Carlo estimation of the signal correlation matrix averaged over the ensemble of environmental realizations is used to estimate the beamformer constraints. Using the OUFP, detection performance bounds are evaluated which indicate that source position uncertainty affects performance much more than environmental uncertainty. An upper bound on source localization performance is also obtained indicating that for short observation times a threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exists, dependent upon environmental uncertainty, below which source localization performance rapidly degrades. Among robust minimum variance beamforming methods, the MV-EPC method demonstrated superior probability of correct localization (PCL), both in single source scenarios and in the presence of interference. The OUFP at high SNR and the MV-EPC at large observation times both achieved near perfect source localization performance, although for large environmental uncertainty the OUFP provides an upper bound on PCL.
Mechanisms of porcine diarrheal disease.

JAVMA, Vol 231, No. 1, July 1, 2007 E disease continues to be a substantial problem in the swine industry, contributing to poor growth performance, increased morbidity and mortality rates, compromised welfare, and economic losses. Advances in the understanding of swine management, vaccine technology, and prophylactic antimicrobial regimens have substantially reduced the impact of certain diarrheal diseases of swine, but several pathogens continue to pose major challenges to the swine industry. Intensive management practices and changes in genetics have likely led to increased susceptibility of pigs to common enteric pathogens and the emergence of new pathogens that were once considered commensal. Several of these pathogens have not been fully characterized, or their pathophysiologic features are not well understood. Since a review of the mechanisms of diarrhea by Moon in 1978, the basic understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrheal disease has increased considerably. Elucidation of the molecular basics of intestinal ion transport and how these molecular events become dysregulated by enteric pathogens have not only helped us better understand the disease process, but have also provided us with important information aiding in the development of diagnostic, management, and therapeutic strategies to combat these disorders. The objective of this report was to review the current understanding of the basic mechanisms of diarrheal diseases in swine, with particular emphasis on the ability of specific enteric pathogens to alter intestinal ion transport and fluid movement across intestinal epithelium. Although this review is focused on enteric diseases in pigs, basic mechanisms discussed apply to all veterinary species.