cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on social theory

In a recent essay on interpretative social science (Kockelmans, 1975) I made a distinction between empirical, descriptive, and interpretative social science and then tried to relate these different but connected methodological possibilities in each social science to one another. Empirical social science is concerned with the explanation of social phenomena as they actually occur. Descriptive social science is concerned with discovering the invariable structures found in all social phe? nomena. Finally, interpretative social science focuses on the attempt to under? stand the social meaning of these phenomena insofar as they actually occur in a given society. In concluding this essay I made the suggestion that Weber's work might be helpful to an understanding of how these different but connected kinds of scientific investigations are to be related. In all of this I was concerned primarily with methodological questions and so focused only on those issues which appeared to be immediately pertinent to the problems to be dealt with in that connection. I made the assumption that all basic presuppositions on which an empirical social science ultimately rests can be justified, at least in principle. At any rate, in that article no explicit attempt was made either to make these basic assumptions explicit, or to critically justify them. My intention, rather, was to show that the work done by social scientists in the empirical realm inherently implies the employment of descriptive and interpretative methods in order to make certain that what the empirical scientists claim on empirical grounds is, indeed, in harmony with and relevant to the social phenomena we encounter in our "real" social world. In this essay, on the other hand, I intend to examine the question of whether or not it is possible in the social sciences to develop a social theory that is neither immediately taken from our prescientific, everyday conception of social action in relation to social institutions, nor is just an ideology, nor the immediate re? flection of the social philosophy of one of the many trends in contemporary philosophy. In order to be able to formulate the problem more carefully I shall limit my reflections to sociology, although in my opinion much of what will be argued for will apply to the other social sciences, also.
Bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)phenylphosphine as a chelating and bridging ligand. The preparations and molecular structures of palladium complexes

Abstract The following three complexes of bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)phenylphosphine (dpmp) have been isolated from the reaction of the ligand with palladium chloride complexes: (dpmp)PdCl2, (CH3CN)PdCl2(μ-dpmp)PdCl2 and (dpmp)2Pd3Cl6. The structures of the first two have been established by X-ray crystallography. (Dpmp)PdCl2·CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the space group P21/m (No.11) with cell dimensions (determined at 140 K) of a = 9.864(10), b = 17.513(8), c = 10.706(10) A, β = 112.85(6)°, Z = 2, V = 1704(3) A3. The structure was refined by blocked-cascade least-squares to a conventional R value of 0.073 using 2021 significant data. The structure consists of square planar palladium bound in a six-membered chelate ring. The central phosphorus atom is not coordinated. (Ch3CN)PdCl2(μ-pdmp)PdCl2·CH3CN crystallizes in the space group P212121 (No.19) with cell dimensions (at 140 °K) of a = 12.302(4), b = 12.483(3), c =24.316 A, Z = 4, V = 3734 A3. It was refined as described above to an R value of 0.069 using 3193 significant reflections. The structure consists of two square planar palladium atoms. One is bound to two chlorine atoms and the chelating phosphine. The other palladium is bound to a linear acetonitrile molecule, two trans chlorine atoms, and to the central atom of the triphosphine ligand. The two palladium atoms are separated by 5.854 A. The chelate ring conformations differ in the two structures ((dpmp)PdCl2, boat; (CH3CN)PdCl2(μ-dpmp)PdCl2, symmetric skew boat). The flexibility of chelate ring conformation in chelated dpmp coupled with the ability of the central phosphorus to bind a second metal ion suggests that this ligand will be a versatile unit in the preparation of binuclear transition metal complexes.
Schema‐Guided Information Search in Stereotyping of the Elderly

Current theory holds that stereotypes of outgroups are organized schematically in memory, as reflected by the fact that evoking one aspect of the stereotype tends to evoke other aspects as well. Previous research shows that when a stereotype is activated, one result is biased encoding of subsequently available information, such that stereotype-consistent information is encoded preferentially over stereotype-irrelevant information. The present research investigated whether evoking a specific stereotype-that of the elderly-would cause subjects to actively seek out stereotype-relevant information. Subjects read a brief description of an auto accident, which involved either an elderly driver or a young driver as its protagonist. As predicted, the “elderly” label led to the differential seeking of information concerning the physical and mental adequacy of the driver and possible impairment of his vision, whereas the “young” label led subjects to seek information as to whether the driver had been drinking. Discussion centers on the relationship between these findings and the results of prior research.
Data for an Election Year

Albert Einstein was not the only public figure whose brain has been subjected to scientific (or pseudoscientific) analysis ( Science ‘s Compass, Essay on Science and Society by Steve C. Wang, “In search of Einstein's genius,” 1 Sept., p. [1477][1]). At the December 1933 meeting of the American
Educational reform: Implications for educational psychologists—A comment on Benton and Hoyt's study

Stephen L. Benton and Kenneth B. Hoyt have studied the reactions of TECSCU members contrasted to those of Holmes Group Members to the recommendations made in the Holmes Group and the Carnegie reform reports. This paper agrees with several observations made by these authors, including the elitist nature of the Holmes Group and the ignoring of educational psychology and other teacher-education faculty, but it disagrees with some of the causes behind these accusations, some attributed to naivety of the Holmes Group leaders and others attributed to their purposeful, self-serving goals. This paper has focused on those report recommendations that are educationally unsound and it has offered explanations with supportive information.
Afterword: The Linkage Problem - Comments on Five Texts

The problem of linkage between “nontrade” subjects and the World Trade Organization is certainly one of the most pressing and challenging policy puzzles for international economic relations and institutions today. It is extensively and harshly debated by political leaders and diplomats, at both the national and the international levels of discourse, and is one of several issues that derailed the WTO Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle in late 1999. It also posed problems for the Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November of 2001, and it threatens to derail the successful functions of the WTO itself.
Asymptotic rates of the information transfer ratio

Information processing is performed when a system preserves aspects of the input related to what the input represents while it removes other aspects. To describe a system's information processing capability, input and output need to be compared in a way invariant to the way signals represent information, Kullback-Leibler distance, information-theoretic measure that reflects the data processing theorem, is calculated on the input and output separately and compared to obtain information transfer ratio. We consider the special case where input serves several parallel systems and show that this configuration has the capability to represent the input information without loss. We also derive bounds for asymptotic rates at which the loss decreases as more parallel systems are added and show that the rate depends on the input distribution.
Personality and gender-related differences in depression

Abstract Seventy recovered female nonbipolar depressed patients and 32 recovered males were individually matched for age, sex and marital status with never mentally ill control subjects. Difference scores on personality scales indicative of interpersonal dependency, learned helplessness, and other features were compared for female patients and their matched controls, vs male patients and their controls. The difference between patients and controls was not less for females than males. Thus the hypothesis that the higher prevalence of depression in women is due to the fact that their general personality features resemble those associated with a predisposition to depression was not supported.
The immunologic function of 1B2+ double negative (CD4-CD8-) T cells in the 2C transgenic mouse.

Background. 2C mice bearing the cytotoxic TCR for class I L d on a C57BL/6 (B6) background have a preponderance of 1B2+CD8+ T cells directed against L d . These naive CD8+ T cells are not directly cytotoxic without prior in vivo or in vitro activation. However, after in vitro sensitization, they become highly cytotoxic and will acutely and specifically reject a tolerant L d+ BALB/c heart graft. Anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) treatment eliminates CD4+ and CD8+ cells and a large double negative (CD4-CD8-) 1B2+ non-cytotoxic transgenic cell population remains. The immunological function of this unique peripheral population of T cells is investigated in the 2C transgenic mouse. Materials and methods. To determine the activation characteristics of the 2C CD4-CD8- T cells, 2C peripheral T cells were analyzed for 1B2+, CD8+, and CD4+ marker by FACS before and 48-h after 0.5 cc ALS i.p. Similarly, in vitro, the response of these 2C CD4-CD8- T cells remaining after deletion of mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with ALS plus complement were evaluated by mixed lymphocyte culture and cytotoxic T lymphocyte after 7 days culture with BALB/c, IL-2, or BALB/c + IL-2. Parallel experiments were performed with control non-transgenic B6 mice. Following in vitro culture with BALB/c + IL-2, 2C CD4-CD8- T cells were injected into B6 mice with a tolerant BALB/c heart (tolerization via anti-CD4 mAb and intrathymic BALB/c) to determine their immunogenicity. Results. While peripheral T cells in control B6 mice have <5% CD4-CD8- cells, transgenic 2C mice have a significantly increased percentage at 29 to 35% (P < 0.01). After the deletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with either in vivo or in vitro ALS, 2C CD4-CD8- T cells increased to 96 to 99%. After 7-day culture, the 2C CD4-CD8- T cells decreased again to 33 to 38%. Simultaneously, 2C CD8+ T cells decreased from 56 to 62% to 0.1 to 3% after ALS treatment, but again increased to 61 to 70% after in vitro culture. Untreated 2C cells responded to IL-2 or BALB/c antigen equally well. However, after ALS treatment, CD4-CD8- T cells responded to IL-2 and IL-2 plus antigen, but not BALB/c antigen alone. Finally, CD4-CD8- T cells cultured for 7 days with BALB/c + IL-2 rejected the tolerant BALB/c heart in 5.3 ± 0.3 days. Conclusion. In the periphery of transgenic 2C mice is a unique CD4-CD8- population of T cells bearing the transgenic specific marker 1B2. These non-cytotoxic cells can be optimally stimulated to develop marked specific L d cytotoxicity in parallel with the expression of the CD8+ epitope.
Analyzing security architectures

We present a semi-automated approach, SECORIA, for analyzing a security runtime architecture for security and for conformance to an object-oriented implementation. Type-checkable annotations describe architectural intent within the code, enabling a static analysis to extract a hierarchical object graph that soundly reflects all runtime objects and runtime relations between them. In addition, the annotations can describe modular, code-level policies. A separate analysis establishes traceability between the extracted object graph and a target architecture documented in an architecture description language. Finally, architectural types, properties, and logic predicates describe global constraints on the target architecture, which will also hold in the implementation. We validate the SECORIA approach by analyzing a 3,000-line pedagogical Java implementation and a runtime architecture designed by a security expert.
Does it Matter What They Said? A Text Mining Analysis of the State of the Union Addresses of USA Presidents

Text data are a major type of data in the modern society. Literatures have pointed out that more than 80% of data are in text form. It is important to study the insights from text data in addition to quantitative data. The development of text mining techniques started in the early 80's. The methodology has become much more mature in the recent years. In this article, we conduct a case study using text mining technique to analyze the patterns of the president's State of the Union address in USA. The speeches analyzed include the recent four USA presidents, Bush (1989 -- 1992), Clinton (1993 - 2000), G.W. Bush (2001 -- 2008), and Obama (2009 -- 2011). Using two different text mining techniques, we identify six clusters from the 23 speeches using one technique and obtain seven topics based on the other technique.
Effects of dietary trilinoelaidate on liver mitochondrial phospholipids and endogenous phospholipase activity

Abstract Calcium activated phospholipase activity in intact liver mitochondria from chow fed rats released 30 nmoles fatty acids/mg protein/hr at pH 9.6. While more fatty acids were released from phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) versus phosphatidylcholine (PC), the pattern of release indicated that both phospholipase A 2 and A 1 were active in these mitochondrial preparations. The effects of dietary trilinoelaidate on liver mitochondrial phospholipase activity was studied. Dietary trilinoelaidate when fed to rats in amounts ranging from 0 to 6.3 energy percent in the presence of 1.0 energy percent trilinoleate was readily incorporated into all phospholipid (PL) classes of liver mitochondria. There was a decrease in the amounts of mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine (PC) and an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine IPE) with increasing levels of trilinoelaidate. The linoleic acid content (cc 18:2n6) of all PL classes markedly increased whereas the amounts of 20:3n9, 20:4n6 and 16:0 decreased with increased consumption of trilinoelaidate. Arachidonic acid (20:4n6) content of PC was depressed but it was unaltered in PE. Linoelaidate accumulated in both PE and PC cut not in cardiolipins. Dietary trilinoelaidate did not alter mitochondrial phospholipase activity. However, the pattern of fatty acids released by phospholipase from the mitochondrial phospholipids of the trilinoelaidate fed animals were different. These differences were attributed to the changes in membrane fatty acid composition rather than to altered phospholipase activity or specificity.
Copper toxicity to the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians)

Coastal marine environments are commonly used for disposal of industrial waste, dredge spoils and sewage sludge, which contain high concentrations of copper and other heavy metals. For example, in the New York Bight, a daily input of copper at 14 tons is estimated. This input has resulted in concentrations up to 390 mg kg/sup -1/ (dry) Cu in the sediment and concentrations as high as 20 ..mu..g L/sup -1/ in the seawater. Adverse effects of copper on some species of marine life have been well documented. However, most toxicity data available for bivalves are from static acute toxicity tests, even though long-term flowing water bioassays provide more realistic exposure conditions. To date, no studies have been conducted on copper toxicity to the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, a commercially important species. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of copper on survival, growth, and byssal attachment, and copper accumulation of juvenile bay scallops in a flowing water exposure system.
Specifying abstract data types by restriction

Restrictions are one instance of mathematically-based relationships between types that can be used to simplify program specifications. Restriction of an abstract data type provides a theoretical justification for the concept of a hidden function that appears in some current specification methodologies. The use of type restrictions to simplify formal specifications is illustrated by the example of traversible stacks.
Efficacy of liver scanning in malignant diseases.

The use of radiocolloid liver scanning as a routine diagnostic procedure to detect liver metastases has been declining as the most effective uses of this test have become better appreciated. Liver scanning to detect hepatic metastases appears to have the greatest efficacy in two circumstances. The first is as a staging procedure in malignancies that metastasize to the liver early, before being suspected clinically or liver function parameters after. Such malignancies include gastric carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, small cell carcinoma of the lung, and rhabdomyosarcoma. The second effective use of liver scanning is as a confirmatory test in patients with known malignancy who develop abnormal levels of serum liver enzymes, carcinoembryonic antigen titer, hepatomegaly, ascites, or jaundice.
Abstract P5-03-07: CD24 epigenetic regulation in breast cancer tissues and tumor initiating cells: Promoter specific analysis using next generation sequencing

CD24 negativity together with a positive expression of CD44 is considered as a marker for breast tumor initiating cells (breast cancer stem cells). We have previously reported that estrogen dynamically down regulate CD24 expression through an estrogen response element (ERE) present in the CD24 distal promoter. Further analysis of clinical breast cancer tissues suggested a frequent loss of CD24 expression in invasive breast cancers compared to the adjacent carcinoma in situ. Also, treatment with 5-AzaC could reverse the CD24 expression in many CD24 negative breast cancer cell lines. In order to understand the epigenetic regulation of CD24 expression and its correlation to hormonal status, the proximal promoter hypermethylation of CD24 gene was analyzed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in DNA from clinical samples and established cell lines from breast cancer patients. DNA from blood, non-cancerous, and cancerous tissues from 73 breast cancer patients were used. There were approximately equal number of estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) positive and negative patients. DNA was also obtained from CD44+/CD24- and CD44+/CD24+ subpopulation FACS sorted from MCF7, SUM159 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines. CD24 proximal promoter region was PCR amplified from bisulfite converted DNA and prevalence of individual CpG methylation was quantified by NGS. The methylation pattern of individual CpGs suggested that CpGs close to the CD24 transcription start site was more methylated compared to the distant CpGs. Promoter methylation was significantly higher in breast cancer tissues compared to blood DNA. Analysis of clinical parameters showed a significantly higher methylation in ERα positive tumors compared to the negative tumors suggesting a hormonal regulation in CD24 epigenetic silencing. Analysis of ONCOMINE data confirmed this lower CD24 expression in ERα positive tumors. Importantly, analysis of sorted subpopulation from established breast cancer cell lines suggested that the CD24 epigenetic silencing is the major regulatory mechanism in maintaining low CD44+/CD24- subpopulation in cancer cell lines. Interestingly, though MCF7 cell lines have high CD24 expression with mostly unmethylated CD24 promoter, it contain less than 1% CD44+/CD24- subpopulation with stem cell like phenotype. NGS analysis discovered hypermethylation (>90%) of CD24 proximal promoter in that stem cell like subpopulation. Functional studies like mammosphere formation assay suggested that stem cell properties are higher in subpopulation with CD24 proximal promoter hypermethylation. Altogether, our results suggest that CD24 proximal promoter methylation maybe a hormonally regulated mechanism and epigenetic regulation of CD24 is important in maintaining the phenotype of the low prevalent breast tumor initiating population. Current studies are in progress to further understand the clinical and therapeutic significance of this regulation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-03-07.
Rational Synthesis and Structural Characterizations of Complex TiSi2 Nanostructures

We present in this article our successes in synthesizing TiSi2 nanostructures with various complexities using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Attention has been paid to understanding the growth mechanism. The governing factor was found to be the surface energy differences between various crystal planes of orthorhombic TiSi2 (C54 and C49), because of their specific atomic arrangements of Si and Ti on the surfaces. This understanding has allowed us to control the growth morphologies and obtained one-dimensional (1D) nanowires, two-dimensional (2D) nanonets and three-dimensional (3D) complexes with rational designs by tuning the precursor chemical reactions. Careful studies of the atomically-resolved microstructures revealed the existence of distorted C54 phases in 3D complexes, which was attributed to playing the key role in the unique structure formation. These results are expected to shed light on metal silicide nanostructure growths broadly and to present opportunities for novel nanostructure s...
Photoinduced Interactions of Supramolecular Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Plasmid DNA: Synthesis and Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and DNA Photocleavage Studies

Two new bridging ligands have been synthesized by combining substituted benzaldehydes with phenanthrolinopyrrole (php), resulting in new polyazine bridging ligands. The ligands have been characterized by 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. These new ligands display π–π* transitions above 500 nm with modest molar absorptivities. Upon excitation at the ligand-centered charge-transfer transition, weak emission with a maximum wavelength of 612 nm is observed. When coordinated to two ruthenium(II) bis(bipyridyl) groups, the new bimetallic complexes generated give an overall 4+ charge. The electronic transitions of the bimetallic ruthenium(II) complexes display traditional π–π* transitions at 287 nm and metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions at 452 nm with molar absorptivities greater than 30000 M–1 cm–1. Oxidation of the ruthenium(II) metal centers to ruthenium(III) occurs at potentials above 1.4 V versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements indica...
Mutually orthogonal equitable Latin rectangles

Let ab=n^2. We define an equitable Latin rectangle as an axb matrix on a set of n symbols where each symbol appears either @[email protected]? or @[email protected]? times in each row of the matrix and either @[email protected]? or @[email protected]? times in each column of the matrix. Two equitable Latin rectangles are orthogonal in the usual way. Denote a set of kaxb mutually orthogonal equitable Latin rectangles as a k- MOELR (a,b;n). When a 9,18,36, or 100, then we show that the maximum number of k- MOELR (a,b;n)>=3 for all possible values of (a,b).
Lower bounds on the number of triangles in a graph

For a simple graph G, let f(z) ≡ 1 − c1z + c3z2 − c3z3 + … where ck is the number of complete subgraphs on k nodes in G. Let r(G) be the reciprocal of the smallest real root of f(z). Let λ(Ḡ) be the spectral radius of the complement of G. We show r(G) ⩾ λ(Ḡ) + 1. This is used to show that if c21/4 ⩽ c2 ⩽ c21/3, then a lower bound on the number of triangles in G is c3 ⩾ [9c2c1 − 2c21 − 2(c21 − 3c2)3/2]/27. This improves a bound of Bollobas and is asymptotically sharp. Also, this paper shows that (a corollary of a result from Erdos and Hanini) and the average number of triangles in a graph with c1 nodes and c2 edges is E(c3) = 3/4(C22 − 3c2 + 2)c2/(c31 − 5c1 − 4). These are graphically compared to the best known lower bounds.
Epstein–Barr virus presence in pediatric diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma reveals a particular association and latency patterns: Analysis of viral role in tumor microenvironment

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma represents 6-10% of pediatric malignancies, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the three major subtypes. The 2008 WHO classification included a new entity, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive DLBCL of the elderly, affecting patients >50 years. It has been demonstrated that EBV may play a role in tumor microenvironment composition, disturbing antitumor immune response and disease progression. As most studies were performed in adults, our aim was to assess EBV presence and latency pattern, as well as T-cell microenvironment in a pediatric DLBCL series of Argentina. The study was conducted on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies from 25 DLBCL patients. EBV-encoded small nuclear early regions (EBERs) expression was performed by in situ hybridization, whereas EBV gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane proteins (LMP)1, LMP2A, CD3, CD4, CD8 and Foxp3 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Forty percent of cases showed EBV expression, with a significantly higher incidence among patients <10 years (p = 0.018), and with immunosuppressed (p = 0.023). T-cell subsets were not altered by EBV presence. Full EBV latency antigen expression (latency type III) was the most frequently pattern observed, together with BZLF1 lytic gene expression. One patient showed II-like pattern (LMP1 without LMP2A expression). Based exclusively on IHC, some patients showed latency II/III (EBERs and LMP1 expression) or I (EBERs only). These findings suggest that EBV association in our series was higher than the previously demonstrated for elderly DLBCL and that EBV latency pattern could be more complex from those previously observed. Therefore, EBV could be an important cofactor in pediatric DLBCL lymphomagenesis.
Substrate influences mating success and transmission of courtship vibrations for the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris

The influences of artificial and natural rearing substrates on mating success were investigated for the parasitoid wasp Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a candidate for augmentative biological control of various lepidopteran pests. Five rearing substrates were tested: plastic, glass, chiffon fabric, and leaves of two host plants, bean [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Fabaceae)] and maize [ Zea mays L. (Poaceae)]. Mating success was highest on chiffon, lowest on plastic and glass, and intermediate on maize and bean. The transmission characteristics of one component (buzz 1) of the courtship vibrations produced by male wing fanning were investigated using laser vibrometry. The duration of buzz 1 was longer on maize, bean, and chiffon than on plastic and glass. The fundamental frequency of buzz 1 (~300 Hz) was lowest on bean and highest on glass, and intermediate among other substrates. The relative amplitude of buzz 1 was higher on chiffon than on plastic, glass, or bean, and intermediate on maize. The relative importance of airborne sound and substrate vibration as courtship signals was also investigated with experiments that manipulated the production of courtship vibrations and the mating substrates. The amplitude of courtship vibrations on chiffon was significantly higher for winged males than for dealated males. The mating success of males was impacted by both the presence of wings and the mating substrate. These findings suggest that mating success and transmission of courtship vibrations are influenced by the rearing substrate, and that courtship vibrations are critical to mating success in C. marginiventris . Future efforts to mass rear this parasitoid and other insects should consider the potential influences of rearing substrates on mating.
Evaluation of the influence of growth medium composition on cell elasticity

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in using the biomechanical properties of cells as biomarkers to discriminate between normal and cancerous cells. However, few investigators have considered the influence of the growth medium composition when evaluating the biomechanical properties of the normal and diseased cells. In this study, we investigated the variation in Young's modulus of non-malignant MCF10A and malignant MDA-MB-231 breast cells seeded in five different growth media under controlled experimental conditions. The average Young's modulus of MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly lower (p<0.0001) than the mean Young's modulus of MCF10A cells when compared in identical medium compositions. However, we found that growth medium composition affected the elasticity of MCF10A and MDA-MB-231 cells. The average Young's modulus of both cell lines decreased by 10-18% when the serum was reduced from 10% to 5% and upon addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF, 20 ng/ml) to the medium. Though these elasticity changes might have some biological impact, none was statistically significant. However, the elasticity of MCF10A was significantly more responsive than MDA-MB-231 cells to the medium composition supplemented with EGF, cholera toxin (CT), insulin (INS) and hydrocortisone (HC), which are recommended for routine cultivation of MCF10A cells (M5). MCF10A cells were significantly softer (p<0.002) when grown in medium M5 compared to a standard MDA-MB-231 medium (M1). The investigation of the effects of culture medium composition on the elastic properties of cells highlights the need to take these effects into consideration when interpreting elasticity measurements in cells grown in different media.
Evaluation of synthesized lipid tethered ligands for surface functionalization of polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phases

Polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers have been used in this laboratory as stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction of proteins. Greater selectivity has been realized through the functionalization of the PP fibers through the physical adsorption of commercially available head group-modified poly(ethylene glycol) lipids (PEG-lipids), where the head group is chosen to affect affinity separations. We refer to this general surface modification methodology as lipid tethered ligands (LTLs). In this study, LTLs were synthesized by solid phase synthesis. In comparison to the commercial PEG-lipids, the synthesized LTLs contain no chemically labile phosphate groups. Instead of an ester linkage in the commercial lipids, amide functionality was used in the synthesized LTLs to attach the lipids and ligands. By use of fluorescence imaging of FITC-labeled LTLs, the synthesized LTL was shown to be superior to the commercial LTL in terms of the adsorption efficiency to PP C-CP fibers, the resistance to solvent wash from the PP C-CP fibers, and their chemical stability under acidic, neutral and basic conditions. The PP C-CP fibers functionalized with a synthesized LTL that was biotinylated at the head group are shown to be capable of capturing streptavidin from E. coli cell lysate more efficiently than the PP C-CP fibers functionalized with the commercial biotinylated PEG-lipid. The functionalization of PP C-CP fibers with the synthesized LTLs is a simple, but highly efficient, method to generate novel stationary phases with a variety of functionalities for solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography.
Rapid Diagnosis of Trisomy 18 and Dizygosity in Twins Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization on Uncultured Amniocytes

Background: The diagnosis of a chromosomally abnormal third trimester fetus prior to birth permits optimal obstetrical management and psychological support for the parents when the child is born. Although ultrasound findings may lead to suspicion of Edward syndrome, confirmation of the diagnosis depends on the cytogenetic detection of trisomy 18. Certain obstetrical situations may limit the choice of diagnostic procedures to amniocentesis when a rapid cytogenetic result in required. Case: Fluorescence in situ hybridization in uncultured amniocytes permitted rapid detection of trisomy 18 in one twin following preterm labor, allowing a definitive diagnosis before birth. Conclusion: The technique described enables a rapid, targeted cytogenetic result using uncultured amniocytes. This is a valuable new tool when a specific fetal aneuploidy is strongly suggested by sonography and obstetrical factors preclude the use of procedures other than amniocentesis.
Semantic relation extraction from socially-generated tags: a methodology for metadata generation

The growing predominance of social semantics in the form of tagging presents the metadata community with both opportunities and challenges as for leveraging this new form of information content representation and for retrieval. One key challenge is the absence of contextual information associated with these tags. This paper presents an experiment working with Flickr tags as an example of utilizing social semantics sources for enriching subject metadata. The procedure included four steps: 1) Collecting a sample of Flickr tags, 2) Calculating cooccurrences between tags through mutual information, 3) Tracing contextual information of tag pairs via Google search results, 4) Applying natural language processing and machine learning techniques to extract semantic relations between tags. The experiment helped us to build a context sentence collection from the Google search results, which was then processed by natural language processing and machine learning algorithms. This new approach achieved a reasonably good rate of accuracy in assigning semantic relations to tag pairs. This paper also explores the implications of this approach for using social semantics to enrich subject metadata.
Social programs as positive inducements for tax participation

A significant amount of non-compliance with the personal income tax is due to individuals who have not filed a tax return and so who are not “in the system”. We use experimental laboratory methods to examine the effect of positive inducements for filing a tax return. Our design captures the essential features of a voluntary income reporting and tax assessment system: human participants earn income, they must decide whether to file a tax return, and, conditional upon filing, they must choose how much income to report. Taxes are paid on reported income only. Unreported income of filers may be discovered via a random audit, and the participant then pays owed taxes plus a fine. Inducements for filing are introduced as treatments: a social safety net (e.g., unemployment replacement income) that is conditional upon past filing behavior, and a tax credit that is available only to those who file. Our results suggest that an untargeted tax credit can encourage participation, but that targeting the credit to low income earners offers a stronger inducement to file. Also, the provision of a social safety net via unemployment benefits has a positive, albeit an indirect, impact on participation.
The incidence of delayed ovulations following abdominal operations in the domestic hen.

INTRODUCTION WE SHOWED recently (Rothchild and Fraps, 1945) that abdominal operations in the domestic hen were capable of inducing follicular atresia and that the incidence of this effect was inversely related to the frequency of ovulation preceding the operation. It was also noted in this report that the oldest preovulatory follicle showed what seemed to be a delayed ovulation in a large percentage of those birds which failed to undergo atresia following operation. This effect has been further investigated and confirmed, and is reported on in detail in the present communication.
Structure and Biomechanics of Peripheral Nerves: Nerve Responses to Physical Stresses and Implications for Physical Therapist Practice

The structural organization of peripheral nerves enables them to function while tolerating and adapting to stresses placed upon them by postures and movements of the trunk, head, and limbs. They are exposed to combinations of tensile, shear, and compressive stresses that result in nerve excursion, strain, and transverse contraction. The purpose of this appraisal is to review the structural and biomechanical modifications seen in peripheral nerves exposed to various levels of physical stress. We have followed the primary tenet of the Physical Stress Theory presented by Mueller and Maluf (2002), specifically, that the level of physical stress placed upon biological tissue determines the adaptive response of the tissue. A thorough understanding of the biomechanical properties of normal and injured nerves and the stresses placed upon them in daily activities will help guide physical therapists in making diagnoses and decisions regarding interventions. [Topp KS, Boyd BS. Structure and biomechanics of peripheral nerves: nerve responses to physical stresses and implications for physical therapist practice. Phys Ther. 2006;86:92–109.]
Relational aggression, gender, and the developmental process.

TOPIC: Defining and exploring the concept of relational aggression, or the purposeful intent to inflict harm on another through a social relationship. PURPOSE: This study aims to describe the concept of relational aggression as it has been shaped through recent research, to contrast relational aggression with other types of aggression, and to explore the influence of gender and the formation of a self-concept in the development of relational aggression. SOURCES: A review of the literature from 1969 to 2005 from selected nursing, child development, women's studies, and psychology publications. CONCLUSIONS: Some degree of relational aggression seems to be a normal response to conflict for many girls, from preschool through adolescence; however, more research needs to be conducted to determine at what level, or what subtypes, of relational aggression are predictive of future deviant behavior. Language: en
Heavy-traffic limits for nearly deterministic queues: stationary distributions

We establish heavy-traffic limits for stationary waiting times and other performance measures in G n /G n /1 queues, where G n indicates that an original point process is modified by cyclic thinning of order n, i.e., the thinned process contains every nth point from the original point process. The classical example is the Erlang E n /E n /1 queue, where cyclic thinning of order n is applied to both the interarrival times and the service times, starting from a "base" M/M/1 model. The models G n /D/1 and D/G n /1 are special cases of G n /G n /1. Since waiting times before starting service in the G/D/n queue are equivalent to waiting times in an associated G n /D/1 model, where the interarrival times are the sum of n consecutive interarrival times in the original model, the G/D/n model is a special case as well. As n??, the G n /G n /1 models approach the deterministic D/D/1 model. We obtain revealing limits by letting ? n ?1 as n??, where ? n is the traffic intensity in model n.
RISK-TAKING INCENTIVES OF BANKS AND RISK-ADJUSTED DEPOSIT INSURANCE

The manager of a depository institution is shown to exhibit risk-taking behavior under the current insurance arrangement. Perfect monitoring or risk-based deposit insurance would eliminate this incentive if information were symmetric between bank managers and the insuring agency. Absent symmetric information, it is shown that a recently suggested scheme, where insurers collect insurance premiums based on projected and actual risk levels, does not control the risk-taking incentive. The only way to control this incentive through insurance rates is to levy a relatively high premium, which is not actuarially fair.
Methodological issues and practical problems in conducting research on maltreated children

Abstract This paper addresses several methodological and practical problems encountered in studies of child maltreatment. Among the most significant issues are: 1. 1. Developing classification schemes for multiple forms of maltreatment; 2. 2. Distinguishing between chronic maltreatment and isolated incidents of maltreatment; 3. 3. Identifying potential sources of bias in study samples; 4. 4. Choosing criteria for selecting comparison groups of nonmaltreated children; 5. 5. Determining whether comparison groups have experienced maltreatment; 6. 6. Deciding whether study participants should be informed that the research concerns maltreatment; and 7. 7. Tracking respondents in longitudinal studies. Discussions and illustrations of these problems draw from the author's research on the psychological consequences of abuse for children.
Patterning of the branched head appendages in Schistocerca americana and Tribolium castaneum

Much of our understanding of arthropod limb development comes from studies on the leg imaginal disc of Drosophila melanogaster. The fly limb is a relatively simple unbranched (uniramous) structure extending out from the body wall. The molecular basis for this outgrowth involves the overlap of two signaling molecules, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg), to create a single domain of distal outgrowth, clearly depicted by the expression of the Distal-less gene (Dll). The expression of wg and dpp during the development of other arthropod thoracic limbs indicates that these pathways might be conserved across arthropods for uniramous limb development. The appendages of crustaceans and the gnathal appendages of insects, however, exhibit a diverse array of morphologies, ranging from those with no distal elements, such as the mandible, to appendages with multiple distal elements. Examples of the latter group include branched appendages or those that possess multiple lobes; such complex morphologies are seen for many crustacean limbs as well as the maxillary and labial appendages of many insects. It is unclear how, if at all, the known patterning genes for making a uniramous limb might be deployed to generate these diverse appendage forms. Experiments in Drosophila have shown that by forcing ectopic overlaps of Wg and Dpp signaling it is possible to generate artificially branched legs. To test whether naturally branched appendages form in a similar manner, we detailed the expression patterns of wg, dpp, and Dll in the development of the branched gnathal appendages of the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, and the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. We find that the branches of the gnathal appendages are not specified through the redeployment of the Wg-Dpp system for distal outgrowth, but our comparative studies do suggest a role for Dpp in forming furrows between tissues.
Home Language: Refuge, Resistance, Resource?.

This presentation builds on the concept of orientations to languages other than English in the US first suggested by Ruiz (1984). Using examples from recent ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and policy-related investigations undertaken principally in North America, the discussion explores possible connections between individual and group language identities. It demonstrates that orientations to languages are dynamic inside and outside speech communities, varying across time and according to multiple contextual factors, including the history and size of local bilingual groups along with the impact of contemporary economic and political conditions. Often the conceptions of multiple languages reflected in policy and pedagogy oversimplify the complexity documented by research and raise questions for teaching practice.
Adenosine triphosphate depletion by cyanide results in a Na+-dependent Mg2+ extrusion from liver cells

Addition of NaCN to isolated hepatocytes results in a marked and rapid decrease in cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and in the extrusion of a sizable amount of cellular Mg(2+). This extrusion starts after a 10-minute lag phase and reaches a maximum of 35 to 40 nmol Mg(2+) per milligram protein within 60 minutes from the addition of CN(-). A quantitatively similar Mg(2+) extrusion is also observed after the addition of the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone but not that of the glycolysis inhibitor iodoacetate. The Mg(2+) extrusion is completely inhibited by the removal of extracellular Na(+) or the addition of imipramine, quinidine, or glibenclamide, whereas it persists after the removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or K(+), or the addition of amiloride. An acidic extracellular pH or the removal of extracellular HCO₃⁻ inhibits the cyanide-induced Mg(2+) extrusion by at least 80%. Taken together, these data suggest that the decrease in cellular adenosine triphosphate content removes a major Mg(2+) complexing agent from the hepatocyte and results in an extrusion of hepatic Mg(2+) exclusively through a Na(+)-dependent exchange mechanism modulated by acidic changes in extracellular pH.
Embedding Forensic Capabilities into Networks: Addressing Inefficiencies in Digital Forensics Investigations

When incident responders collect network forensic data, they must often decide between expending resources collecting forensically sound data, and restoring the network as quickly as possible. Organizational network forensic readiness has emerged as a discipline to support these choices, with suggested checklists, procedures and tools. This paper proposes a life cycle methodology for "operationalizing" organizational network forensic readiness. The methodology, and the theoretical analysis that led to its development, are offered as a conceptual framework for creating more efficient, proactive approaches to digital forensics on networks
Light perception in guard cells

Abstract. Guard cells perceive light via two photoreceptor systems: a blue-light-dependent photosystem and the guard cell chloroplast. Chloroplasts stimulate stomatal opening by transducing photosynthetic active radiation into proton pumping at the guard cell plasma membrane. In addition, guard cell chloroplasts fix CO2 photosynthetically. Sugar from guard cell photosynthesis can contribute to the osmotic build-up required for opening. The blue-light-dependent photosystem activates proton pumping at the guard cell plasma membrane and stimulates starch hydrolysis. Available information on the photobiological properties of guard cells makes it possible to describe stomatal function in terms of the cellular components regulating stomatal movements. The blue light response is involved in stomatal opening in the early morning and stomatal responses to sunflecks. The guard cell chloroplast is likely to be involved in stomatal adaptations to sun, shade and to temperature. Interactions between these photosystems, a third photoreceptor in guard cells, phytochrome, and other mechanisms transducing stomatal responses such as VPD and carbon dioxide, provide the cellular basis for stomatal regulation.
Prediction of yellow poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera ) veneer stiffness and bulk density using near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate calibration

This study investigated the feasibility of using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and multivariate calibration to predict bulk density and stiffness of 3.2 mm thick yellow poplar veneer strips. Full-range (800–2500 nm) raw NIR spectra and spectra pre-treated using the first derivative method, along with spectra from three other different wavelength windows of 1200–2400 nm, 1800–2400 nm and 1400–2000 nm were regressed against the bulk density (kg m−3) values and the dynamic modulus of elasticity (stiffness; GPa) of the veneers using the projection to latent structures (PLS) method to develop calibration models. All predictive models developed performed well in the prediction of bulk density and stiffness of new test samples that were not included in the calibration models. R2 values ranged from 0.67-0.78 and 0.56-0.72, respectively, for bulk density and stiffness. There was significant improvement in models developed with first derivative spectra over models developed with raw spectra. The models developed...