cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-axigluon decay of the Z0

Abstract In the realm of the chiral color model, we compute the decay widths of the Z 0 into two axigluons as a function of the axigluon mass. The results indicate that an axigluon with a mass under 41 GeV should be clearly detectable at LEP or SLC.
Optimization of high-power microwave (HPM) device parameters for maximum air transmission

In this paper a new frequency scaling law that greatly reduces computational requirements and at the same time incorporates the nonlinear effects inherent to HPM propagation is discussed. Results of a comparison between predictions of air breakdown thresholds made using the frequency scaling law and experimental data taken at various frequencies are presented. The scaling law is implemented in an existing HPM propagation code and has been used recently to develop a new predictive capability that calculates the optimum energy, power, and antenna requirements necessary to transmit a desired fluence. These capabilities provide both the accuracy and rapid computational turnaround necessary for system studies that assess the effects of HPM propagation for particular HPM devices and that attempt to optimize device parameters for maximum air transmission. Samples of both forward propagation, predictive calculations and inverse, optimization calculations are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A multilayer model for thermal infrared emission of Saturn’s rings. III: Thermal inertia inferred from Cassini CIRS

Abstract The thermal inertia values of Saturn’s main rings (the A, B, and C rings and the Cassini division) are derived by applying our thermal model to azimuthally scanned spectra taken by the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). Model fits show the thermal inertia of ring particles to be 16, 13, 20, and 11 J m −2 K −1 s −1/2 for the A, B, and C rings, and the Cassini division, respectively. However, there are systematic deviations between modeled and observed temperatures in Saturn’s shadow depending on solar phase angle, and these deviations indicate that the apparent thermal inertia increases with solar phase angle. This dependence is likely to be explained if large slowly spinning particles have lower thermal inertia values than those for small fast spinning particles because the thermal emission of slow rotators is relatively stronger than that of fast rotators at low phase and vise versa. Additional parameter fits, which assume that slow and fast rotators have different thermal inertia values, show the derived thermal inertia values of slow (fast) rotators to be 8 (77), 8 (27), 9 (34), 5 (55) J m −2 K −1 s −1/2 for the A, B, and C rings, and the Cassini division, respectively. The values for fast rotators are still much smaller than those for solid ice with no porosity. Thus, fast rotators are likely to have surface regolith layers, but these may not be as fluffy as those for slow rotators, probably because the capability of holding regolith particles is limited for fast rotators due to the strong centrifugal force on surfaces of fast rotators. Other additional parameter fits, in which radii of fast rotators are varied, indicate that particles less than ∼1 cm should not occupy more than roughly a half of the cross section for the A, B, and C rings.
Uncovering multiple orbitals influence in high harmonic generation from aligned N2

Recent measurements on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from N2 aligned perpendicular to the driving laser polarization (B K McFarland et al 2008 Science 322 1232) have shown a maximum at the rotational half-revival. This has been interpreted as the signature of the HHG contribution from the molecular orbital just below the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). By using the recently developed quantitative rescattering theory combined with accurate photoionization transition dipoles, we show that the maximum at the rotational half-revival is indeed associated with the HOMO-1 contribution. Our results also show that the HOMO-1 contribution becomes increasingly more important near the HHG cutoff and therefore depends on the laser intensity.
Contextual localization through network traffic analysis

The rise of location-based services has enabled many opportunities for content service providers to optimize the content delivery based on user's location. Since sharing precise location remains a major privacy concern among the users, many location-based services rely on contextual location (e.g. residence, cafe etc.) as opposed to acquiring user's exact physical location. In this paper, we present PACL (Privacy-Aware Contextual Localizer), which can learn user's contextual location just by passively monitoring user's network traffic. PACL can discern a set of vital attributes (statistical and application-based) from user's network traffic, and predict user's contextual location with a very high accuracy. We design and evaluate PACL using real-world network traces of over 1700 users with over 100 gigabytes of total data. Our results show that PACL (built using decision tree) can predict user's contextual location with the accuracy of around 87%. © 2014 IEEE.
Seen music: ambient music data visualization for children with hearing impairments

In this paper, we propose a prototype of music visualization system that captures and records the music component into digital data form, and then displays the data in visual form for children with hearing impairments. The analog sound data of music played physically is scaled into a binary matrix and scalar values that is then used as data structures for transcribing the output. We designed a system that detects tune and speed from a physical violin, and demonstrated three tangible music visualizations that children see in their daily lives, employing a flowerpot, plants and a picture of frame. We describe how the data captured from physical musical instruments can be seen through these objects, and suggest future possibilities for interactive sound visualization in music education for children with hearing impairments.
3D EMHD reconnection in a laboratory plasma

In a large laboratory plasma, reconnection of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic fields is studied in the parameter regime of electron magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD). The field topologies are spheromak-like with two-dimensional null lines and three-dimensional spiral null points. The relaxation of an initial vortex field by spontaneous reconnection is studied in the absence of boundary effects. Reconnection rates and energy conversion from fields to particles are measured. The frozen-in condition appears to be destroyed by viscous effects rather than inertia or collision. Finally, the non-driven merging of two EMHD spheromaks into a long-lived FRC is observed. These basic physics experiments demonstrate that reconnection is an important process in the parameter regime of unmagnetized ions, which is always encountered near absolute magnetic null points.
Stress granules: sites of mRNA triage that regulate mRNA stability and translatability.

Mammalian stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic domains into which mRNAs are sorted dynamically in response to phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2α, a key regulatory step in translational initiation. The activation of one or more of the eIF2α kinases leads to SG assembly by decreasing the levels of eIF2-GTP-tRNA Met , the ternary complex that is normally required for loading the initiator methionine onto the 48 S preinitiation complex to begin translation. This stress-induced scarcity of eIF2-GTP-tRNA Met allows the RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 (T-cell internal antigen-1) and TIAR (TIA-1-related protein) to bind the 48 S complex in lieu of the ternary complex, thereby promoting polysome disassembly and the concurrent routing of the mRNA into a SG. The actual formation of SGs occurs upon auto-aggregation of the prion-like C-termini of TIA-1 proteins; this aggregation is reversed in vivo by overexpression of the heat-shock protein (HSP) chaperone HSP70. Remarkably, HSP70 mRNA is excluded from SGs and is preferentially translated during stress, indicating that the RNA composition of the SG is selective. Moreover, the effects of HSP70 on TIA aggregation suggest a feedback loop whereby HSP70 synthesis is auto-regulated. Proteins that promote mRNA stability [e.g. HuR (Hu protein R)] and destabilize mRNA [i.e. tristetraprolin (TTP)] are also recruited to SGs, suggesting that SGs effect a process of mRNA triage, by promoting polysome disassembly and routing mRNAs to cytoplasmic domains enriched for HuR and TTP. This model reveals connections between the eIF2α kinase system, mRNA stability and cellular chaperone levels.
CHANGES IN NURSING STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES AND WORK PREFERENCES AFTER A GERONTOLOGY CURRICULUM

Changes in nursing students’ perceptions of and preferences for working with the elderly population after completion of a bachelor's program in nursing science were examined. Students (N = 45) officially entered the nursing program in the first semester of their junior year. The curriculum involved a wide range of clinical experiences and geriatric information. In a pre‐/ post‐test design, the Perceptions of Aging and Elderly Inventory (PAEI) and the Elderly Patient Care Inventory (EPCI) were used to measure program impact. A paired t test of pre‐ and post‐test scores on the PAEI, revealed significant positive attitudinal changes, t (44) = 4.71, p < .01. Students also reported more favorable impressions toward patient care for the elderly, as measured by the EPCI, t (44) = 4.20, p < .01. Qualitative statements by the students provide a better understanding why some prospective nursing students choose to work with geriatric patients whereas others resist.
Nanometric resolution in the hydrodynamic size analysis of ligand-stabilized gold nanorods.

The stability and hydrodynamic size of ligand-coated gold nanorods (GNRs; aspect ratio 3.6) have been characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)—a single-particle counting method that can measure size distributions with low nanometer resolution. Stable aqueous suspensions of citrate-stabilized GNRs (cit-GNRs) are amenable to surface functionalization without loss of dispersion control. Cit-GNRs can be treated with chemisorptive ligands (thiols and dithiocarbamates), nonionic surfactants (Tween 20), and proteins (human serum albumin), all of which produce stable suspensions at low surfactant concentrations. The precision of NTA (relative standard deviation 10–12%, standard error <2%) is sufficient to allow differences in the hydrodynamic size of coated GNRs to be interpreted in terms of surfactant structure and conformation.
American Scholars: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Joseph Smith, John Brown, and the Springs of Intellectual Schism

The essay examines Ralph Waldo Emerson, Joseph Smith, and John Brown as shapers and representatives of America's common, though riven, culture of intellectual life–charismatic thinkers and actors who spoke to their society's need for general explanatory ideas in idioms that continue to bespeak our nation's deepest commonalities and deepest fractures.
Inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division by a cell surface sialoglycopeptide

We have isolated and purified a cell surface sialoglycopeptide (SGP) from bovine cerebral cortex cells that previously was shown to be a potent inhibitor of cellular protein synthesis. The following studies were carried out to characterize the potential ability of the SGP to inhibit DNA synthesis and to arrest cell division. Treatment of exponentially proliferating Swiss 3T3 cells with the SGP inhibitor resulted in a marked inhibition of thymidine incorporation within 24 h. When the SGP was removed from inhibited cultures, a sharp rise in 3H-thymidine incorporation followed within 3-4 h that peaked well above that measured in exponentially growing cultures, suggesting that the inhibitory action of the SGP was reversible and that a significant proportion of the arrested cells was synchronized in the mitotic cycle. In addition to DNA synthesis, the inhibitory action of the SGP was monitored by direct measurement of cell number. Consistent with the thymidine incorporation data, the SGP completely inhibited 3T3 cell division 20 h after its addition to exponentially growing cultures. Upon reversal there was a delay of 15 h before cell division resumed, when the arrested cells quickly doubled. Most, if not all, of the growth-arrested cells appeared to have been synchronized by the SGP. The SGP inhibited DNA synthesis in a surprisingly wide variety of target cells, and the relative degree of their sensitivity to the inhibitor was remarkably similar. Cells sensitive to the SGP ranged from vertebrate to invertebrate cells, fibroblast and epitheliallike cells, primary cells and established cell cultures, as well as a wide range of transformed cell lines.
Properties of recombination-deficient mutants of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract We have studied the complementation behavior, genetic mapping and exonuclease activity of various recombination-deficient (red−) mutants of bacteriophage λ. In collaboration with C. Radding (Radding, 1970) , we have observed that the red− mutants tested often affect one or both of two gene products—exonuclease and β-protein—indicating that these proteins are involved in genetic recombination.
Capital Controls and the Gains from Trade in a Business Cycle Model of a Small Open Economy

A dynamic stochastic model of a small open economy is used to quantify the macroeconomic effects of a policy that utilizes capital controls as an instrument to target the trade balance. The results show that, given the magnitude of actual business cycles, capital controls have negligible effects on agents' ability to smooth consumption and the level of welfare. These surprising results suggest that the benefits obtained from free trade as a mechanism that facilitates consumption smoothing are of secondary importance. A fiscal strategy that enforces capital controls by taxing foreign interest income is also studied.
Do Travelers Pay for Managed-Lane Travel as They Claimed They Would? Before-and-After Study of Travelers on Katy Freeway, Houston, Texas

This study examined whether travelers are using the new Katy Freeway managed lanes (MLs) in Houston, Texas, as people stated that they would in their responses to a survey conducted in 2008, before the MLs opened. To check the veracity of intended behaviors, a new stated preference survey was given to Houston's Katy Freeway travelers in 2010. The 2010 survey yielded 3,325 respondents, of whom approximately 869 respondents had likely been participants in the 2008 survey. Mixed logit models were developed from the 869 responses, and their value of travel time savings were compared with the 2008 survey estimates. The implied mean value of travel time savings based on the 2010 survey was found to be about 48% of the sample mean hourly wage rate, similar to values estimated for the 2008 surveys. The value of travel time reliability was estimated as 56% of the sample mean hourly wage rate. Combining both the value of time and the value of reliability for these travelers results in a combined value of $61/h. Thi...
The Personal Use of Dream Beliefs in the Toraja Highlands

Ever since Lincoln (1935) distinguished "culture pattern" dreams from "individual" dreams, anthropologists have tended to focus on uniformities in the use and interpretation of dream symbols and beliefs in non-Western societies. While this focus rightfully highlights the important influence of culture and social relations on the construction, recall, and interpretation of many types of dreams (Kilborne 1981a), it also obscures the great diversity of dream experience and interpretation that may be found within specific cultural settings. Kracke (1979), for example, in his study of the dreams of three Kagwahiv men, has pointed out that individuals may hold different personal conceptualizations of a given set of dream beliefs and that such beliefs may be differentially manipulated to cope with the conflict-laden or anxiety-provoking content of dreams. These differences in the usage and conceptualization of dream beliefs correspond to differences in the dreamers' personalities, cognitive abilities, and psychological conflicts. Toraja villagers (South Sulawesi, Indonesia) also use widely shared beliefs about dreams in distinct ways and it is this personal, differential usage that I wish to explore in this paper. Like Kracke,
Pitfalls in the study of steady state kinetics of enzymes: spurious inhibition patterns due to stray light errors.

Abstract When reaction velocity measurements of enzyme reactions are carried out with single beam, single monochromator spectrophotometers, stray light in the spectrophotometer can produce systematic errors in the apparent velocities when highly absorbing solutions (optical density >2.0) are used. These errors can give rise to spurious “inhibition” patterns of the steady state kinetics. Because of a suspected error of this kind, this laboratory has recently reinvestigated the kinetics of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli and found that the reported noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme by DPNH is explained more readily by an unnoticed effect of stray light on the apparent reaction velocity than by a true enzyme inhibition. Methods for estimating and correcting such errors in spectrophotometers are presented in detail.
Viewing preferences of rhesus monkeys related to memory for complex pictures, colours and faces

In order to determine the preferences of rhesus monkeys for visual stimuli, their eye movements were measured in response to presentations of complex pictures, fields of uniform colour, and of faces using the scleral search coil technique. The monkeys (n = 4) controlled both the onset and offset of the stimuli by the direction of their gaze. Each stimulus was presented 4 times, with 0 or 2, and 36 or 38 trials between successive presentations. Several trends were apparent in their scanning behaviour: (1) all 4 monkeys spent more time looking at pictures and faces compared to colour fields. As individuals, they differed in their overall propensity in looking at visual stimuli: monkeys that spent the most (or least) time looking at pictures spent the most (or least) time looking at colour fields. (2) Although the monkeys appeared to prefer pictures and faces to colour fields as measured by gaze duration, preferences for individual pictures, faces and colour fields were not evident. (3) Memory for recently presented stimuli substantially affected gaze duration which was significantly longer for the first compared to the second presentation of the pictures and faces, and memory was estimated to influence gaze duration over as many as 38 intervening trials. These effects were not significant in the case of colour fields. (4) There were no significant differences either in the average latencies to initiate eye movements or the number of saccades on the first and second presentations of pictures, colors or faces for the 4 monkeys. However, the average latencies to the first eye movement within a trial were longer for colour fields than for pictures for all 4 monkeys. Individual monkeys differed substantially in their mean latencies for the initiation of the first eye movement within a trial, which ranged from 235 ms to 414 ms in the two extreme cases. (5) At the presentation of faces, the monkeys tended to make saccades to major facial features, and only occasionally to the perimeter of faces. We conclude, firstly, that patterns of eye movements in monkeys reflect their natural predilection for sampling novel stimuli and that monkeys are motivated to view visual arrays. Secondly, that the protracted viewing of novel stimuli and long latencies to initiate saccades contrasts with short latency neuronal responses recorded in inferior temporal cortex. These behavioural and neurophysiological data suggest that neuronal activity specific to novel stimuli and to faces is not a consequence of oculomotor responses to these stimuli.
How Naked Is the Public Square? Religion, Public Service, and Implications for Public Administration

The study of public administration has a decidedly secular character, a result of an intentional effort to seek legitimacy through professionalization that can be traced back to the Progressive Era. But is this secular orientation wholly descriptive of the practice of public administration? To address this question, the authors examine the religiosity of public servants (governmental and nongovernmental) and non–public servants, as well as the secular attitudes held by members of each group. The study finds that individuals in governmental public service occupations generally are more religious and possess less secular attitudes than those in non–public service occupations.
On manipulator control by exact linearization

Comments on the application to rigid link manipulators of geometric control theory, resolved acceleration control, operational space control, and nonlinear decoupling theory are given, and the essential unity of these techniques for externally linearizing and decoupling end effector dynamics is discussed. Exploiting the fact that the mass matrix of a rigid link manipulator is positive definite, and the fact that there is an independent input for each degree of freedom, it is shown that a necessary and sufficient condition for a locally externally linearizing and output decoupling feedback law to exist is that the end effector Jacobian matrix be nonsingular. >
Mitoxantrone-Associated Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in a Patient with High-Risk Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: A Case Report and Brief Review

Background: Mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase II-targeted drug, is used to treat several conditions and is a Food and Drug Administration approved chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Case Report: A 64-year-old male with high-risk prostate cancer was treated with adjuvant mitoxantrone (12 mg/meter2) every 3 weeks for 6 cycles. Approximately 10 months after finishing therapy, he was diagnosed with an inv [] Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML). Despite aggressive treatment and support, the patient had a rapidly fatal clinical course. Conclusion: Despite its regular use in this setting, this is the first reported case of treatment-associated AML after mitoxantrone in prostate cancer.
Synaptic vesicle cytochemistry changes when cultured sympathetic neurones develop cholinergic interactions.

THE principal neurones of the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) can be established as dissociated cells in long term cultures1 without the survival of the small intensely fluorescent “interneurone” normally found in the animal. These isolated sympathetic neurones (SCGN) exhibit certain expected adrenergic characteristics such as the synthesis and accumulation of catecholamines2–4. They also specifically take up exogenous noradrenaline and demonstrate Ca2+-dependent release of this transmitter during induced depolarisation5. When these neurones are cocultured with thoracic spinal cord explants, they receive a typical cholinergic preganglionic input6. When cultured with the appropriate target of brown fat, the SCGN will provide characteristic noradrenergic contacts with the fat cells7. The interpretation of these generally expected results is confounded by the following observations: (1) cultures of dissociated sympathetic neurones form numerous synaptic contacts with each other8–10; (2) cytochemical studies of these synapses show that they contain predominantly dense-cored vesicles and thus appear to be noradrenergic8–11; and (3) physiological studies clearly indicate that synaptic signals between these cultured neurones are nicotinic-cholin-ergic7,11. In addition, dissociated SCGN will provide cholinergic innervation to striated muscle in culture12. Only one type of neurone, however, has been described in these cultures. We have investigated whether synaptic endings with the morphological characteristics of noradrenergic terminals were the only synaptic type to be found in cultures where cholinergic interactions between neurones were readily demonstrable. If, as previously reported, only synapses with noradrenergic cytochemical characteristics were found, it would strongly suggest that one synaptic type was handling both noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh). If two synaptic types were found it would suggest that two types of neurones were present in these cultured networks, thus providing a possible explanation for the paradoxical results discussed above.
Bank market structure and entrepreneurship

This paper investigates the impact of bank market structure differences within U.S. states on entrepreneurial activity. A panel model is used to evaluate differences in new firm starts within the states relative to the bank market structure and competition. The results indicate that states with more small banks, as measured by the number of unit banks, and banks with more branch locations contribute to new firm creation. Overall competition, as measured by the total number of banking institutions, has a negative effect on firm creation. There is limited evidence that bank failures also have a negative impact on firm creation within the state.
The Metacognitive Control Components of Self-Regulated Learning.

Abstract The paper describes the role of metacognitive control activity in self-regulated learning. Metacognitive components are seen as necessary but insufficient for self-regulated learning, and given special status in maintaining system efficiency. Students who can protect their intentions to learn in school from competing goals or interests, as well as distracting stimuli, are likely to accomplish school tasks adequately even if their grades fall short of perfect. Task accomplishment is important to continued motivation for schoolwork, and is also a gauge by which teachers evaluate students. A theory of the psychological processes that define volition provides a useful framework for interpreting data from various classroom investigations. Directions for future experimental research are discussed.
Correlations between the percentage of tumor cells showing an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement, ALK signal copy number, and response to crizotinib therapy in ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using break-apart red (3′) and green (5′) ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) probes, consistently shows rearrangements in <100% of tumor cells in ALK-positive (ALK+) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Increased copy numbers of fused and rearranged signals also occur. Here, correlations are explored between the percentage of ALK+ cells and signal copy number and their association with response to ALK inhibition. METHODS: Ninety ALK+ NSCLC cases were evaluated. The percentage of positive cells, pattern of positivity (split, single red, or both), and copy number of fused, isolated red and green signals were recorded. Thirty patients had received crizotinib. RESULTS: Increased isolated red signal copy number (contributing to both single red and split patterns of positivity) correlated with a higher percentage of ALK+ cells (r = 0.743, P < .0001). Mean fused copy number was negatively associated with isolated red signal copy number (r = −0.409, P < .0001). Neither percentage of positive cells (r = 0.192, P = .3), nor copy number of isolated red signal (r = 0.274, P = .195) correlated with maximal tumor shrinkage with crizotinib. CONCLUSIONS: The strong association between increased copy number of key ALK signals and percentage of positive cells suggests that the <100% rate of cellular positivity in ALK+ tumors is due to technical factors, not biological factors. In ALK+ tumors, neither the percentage of positive cells nor signal copy number appear to be informative variables for predicting benefit from ALK inhibition. The inverse relationship between fused and isolated red copy number suggests ALK+ may be a distinct “near-diploid” subtype of NSCLC that develops before significant chromosomal aneusomy occurs. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Cardiovascular risk stratification with heart rate topics

Recent work on heart rate motifs (HRM) has demonstrated that information in short heart rate patterns may be useful in identifying patients at elevated risk of cardiovascular death (CVD) following acute coronary syndrome. The information in HRM complements a variety of other clinical metrics including electrocardiographic (ECG) measures. While the HRM approach has value, it suffers from a focus on identifying and using information related to only a small number of discriminative patterns in heart rate time series, which loses valuable information among the full set of patterns in the data. We present a method based on topic models, an approach traditionally used in text analysis, to learn structure in the full set of short heart rate patterns in long-term ECG recordings. This model provides an interpretable representation of long-term ECG recordings and finds relationships amongst all short heart rate patterns across the entire patient population. When evaluated on data from 4,557 patients admitted with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, we show that heart rate topic models significantly improve risk stratification. This improvement is consistent even when considering information already available through the TIMI risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction, as well as several heart rate variability metrics.
Upgrade of the ICRF fault and control systems on alcator C-Mod

The Ion Cyclotron RF Transmitter System (ICRF) at Alcator C-Mod comprises four separate transmitters each capable of driving 2 MW of power into plasma loads. Four separate transmission lines guide RF power into three antennas, each mounted in a separate horizontal port, in the C-Mod Tokamak.
Alpha decay self-damage in cubic and monoclinic zirconolite

Samples of primarily-monoclinic 238Pu-doped zirconolite were stored at ambient temperature to allow accumulation of alpha decay self-damage to a dose of 6 × 1024 α/m3 (equivalent to a SYNROC age of ∼103 y). Bulk swelling reached 2.3 vol% with no tendency toward saturation, a damage response similar to that observed for cubic Pu-doped zirconolite. X-ray volumetric swelling at 4 × 1024 α/m3 was 1 vol%, considerably less than that for the cubic material. Changes in cell dimensions differed significantly from those reported by others for a monoclinic natural mineral. Extensive microcracking was observed, and is attributed at least partially to swelling differences between the matrix and minor phases.
Reconstitution of the transport of protein between successive compartments of the golgi measured by the coupled incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine

Transport of the VSV-encoded glycoprotein (G protein) between successive compartments of the Golgi has been reconstituted in a cell-free system and is measured, in a rapid and sensitive new assay, by the coupled incorporation of 3H-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). This glycosylation occurs when G protein is transported during mixed incubations from the "donor" compartment in Golgi from VSV-infected CHO clone 15B cells (missing a key Golgi GlcNAc transferase) to the next, successive "acceptor" compartment (containing the GlcNAc transferase) in Golgi from wild-type CHO cells. Golgi fractions used in this assay have been extensively purified, and account for all of the donor and acceptor activity in the cells. Together with several other lines of evidence, this indicates that the cell-free system is highly specific, measuring only transport between sequential compartments in the Golgi stack. Transport in vitro is almost as efficient as in the cell, and requires ATP and the cytosol fraction in addition to protein components on the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi membranes.
A Leucine-Rich Motif Targets Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoS within Mammalian Cells

Type III cytotoxins contribute to the ability of bacterial pathogens to subvert the host innate immune system. ExoS (453 amino acids) is a bifunctional type III cytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Residues 96 to 232 comprise a Rho GTPase activating protein domain, while residues 233 to 453 comprise a 14-3-3-dependent ADP-ribosyltransferase domain. An N-terminal domain (termed the membrane localization domain [MLD]) targets ExoS to the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum (Golgi-ER) of mammalian cells. This study identifies an amino acid motif that is responsible for the membrane binding properties of the MLD. Deletion mapping showed that the MLD included a symmetrical leucine-rich motif within residues 51 to 77 of ExoS. The terminal dileucines and internal leucines and an isoleucine within the MLD, but not charged or other hydrophobic residues, targeted a reporter protein to the Golgi-ER region of HeLa cells. Mutations of the leucines within the MLD did not affect type III secretion or translocation into HeLa cells but limited the ability of ExoS to ADP-ribosylate Ras GTPases. Mutations of charged residues within the MLD did not affect type III secretion, delivery into HeLa cells, or the ability of ExoS to ADP-ribosylate Ras GTPases. The organization of the leucines within the MLD of ExoS is different from that of previously described leucine-rich motifs but is present in several other bacterial proteins. This implies a role for intracellular targeting in the efficient targeting of mammalian cells by type III cytotoxins.
TLR11 Activation of Dendritic Cells by a Protozoan Profilin-Like Protein

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate recognition of pathogens by dendritic cells (DCs). Although TLRs are clearly involved in the detection of bacteria and viruses, relatively little is known about their function in the innate response to eukaryotic microorganisms. Here we identify a profilin-like molecule from the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii that generates a potent interleukin-12 (IL-12) response in murine DCs that is dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88. T. gondii profilin activates DCs through TLR11 and is the first chemically defined ligand for this TLR. Moreover, TLR11 is required in vivo for parasite-induced IL-12 production and optimal resistance to infection, thereby establishing a role for the receptor in host recognition of protozoan pathogens.
Interaction of liposomes with cells in vitro

The use of liposomes as model membranes has made significant contributions to our understanding and current knowledge of lipid bilayers and their interaction with various proteins (McConnell, 1983; Papahadjopoulos, et al., 1990). However, the potential use of liposomes as carriers of drugs and macromolecules, has taken much longer than expected to reach a successful conclusion in terms of clinical applications. One of the key problems in using liposomes as carriers is the lack of understanding about the parameters that control the interaction of liposomes with cells.
Selective removal of a target stimulus localized by taste in humans.

Recent studies have shown that people can localize a punctate gustatory stimulus on the lingual epithelium in the absence of discriminative tactile cues. The present studies examined the human ability to localize taste sensations on the tongue and to use this information to remove selectively a target stimulus (a flavored, 1 cm 3 gelatin cube) from the mouth when presented with non-target distractors that vary in number and taste. Findings indicate that humans are capable of localizing and removing either an aversive or an appetitive gustatory target from a field of tactile distractors via taste sensations alone, although this ability diminishes as the number of distractors increases (implicating serial searches, rather than parallel). In addition, humans can localize and selectively remove a target taste in the presence of distractors of another distinct taste quality. Under these conditions performance is either unaffected or reduced, which indicates that contrast with the distinct taste of the distractors does not enhance performance. Humans also are capable of removing a nearly tasteless cube from a field of flavored distractors, but this is clearly a more difficult task, suggesting that ‘tactile capture’ of taste occurs for the tasteless target cube and interferes with the localization of taste. Finally, perceived suprathreshold stimulus intensity did not seem to be related to the ability to localize and remove a target stimulus via taste sensations and failed to account for variations in performance across individuals.
The Syntax of Null-Prep

In the preceding chapter, a typological excursion across null-prep languages was undertaken. These languages were clustered into a few categories which are potentially relevant for syntactic analysis:1
Large Region Location Problems.

Abstract The paper describes two algorithms for solving single facility location problems in which the planar assumption is not appropriate. Transformations on the non-Euclidean spherical space are combined with efficient solution techniques in En. An example problem illustrates the possible magnitude of error due to a planar assumption for a non-Euclidean space. Due to the nature of the problem (non convexity) a local optimum is obtained. Some computational experience is reported.
Contribution of tobacco smoke exposure to learning disabilities.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the contribution of exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to parent-reported learning disabilities. Design A nationally representative, cross-sectional survey conducted in the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2002, was used to explore the association between reported learning disability and exposure to PTS and ETS. Participants Data were analyzed from 5,420 children ages 4 to 15 years old. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted using logistic regression controlling for a number of potential confounders and covariates. Results Overall, 10.6% of children had a parent-reported learning disability (LD), exceeding previous estimates. Exposure to PTS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6) and ETS (OR = 1.6) were significantly associated with increased odds for LD in children, with a greater odds noted (OR = 2.6) when exposed to PTS and ETS. Conclusion Exposure to tobacco smoke significantly increases the odds for children to have a learning disability. Overall, results indicate that if tobacco exposure is causally associated to LD, eliminating exposures could prevent an estimated 750,000 of parent-reported learning disabilities in the United States. Results underscore the need for diligence in the promotion of smoking prevention and cessation efforts.
PectaSol-C modified citrus pectin induces apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human and mouse androgen-dependent and- independent prostate cancer cells.

Aim: To demonstrate the efficacy of PectaSol-C modified citrus pectin (MCP) on prostate cancer in vitro. Method: Cytotoxicity analysis of PectaSol-C was performed by MTT assay, as were parallel studies with the former brand version of MCP called PectaSol. Apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth were investigated by Western blotting. Results: Androgen-dependent and -independent human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC3, respectively), androgen-dependent and -independent murine prostate cancer cell lines (CASP2.1 and CASP1.1, respectively), as well as noncancerous human benign prostate hyperplasia BPH-1 cell line, were used in the study. MTT assay revealed that 1.0% PectaSol exerted cytotoxicity on LNCaP, PC3, CASP2.1, CASP1.1, and BPH-1 cells for 4-day treatment by 48.0% ± 2.1%, 54.4% ± 0.3%, 15.4% ± 0.8%, 46.1% ± 1.7%, and 27.4% ± 1.6%, respectively; whereas 1.0% PectaSol-C showed cytotoxity by 52.2% ± 1.8%, 48.2% ± 2.9%, 23.0% ± 2.6%, 49.0% ± 1.3%, and 26.8% ± 2.6%, respectively. Western blotting further confirmed that both MCPs inhibit MAP kinase activation, increase the expression level of its downstream target Bim, a pro-apoptotic protein, and induce the cleavage of Caspase-3 in PC3 and CASP1.1 prostate cancer cells. Conclusion: PectaSol MCP and PectaSol-C MCP can inhibit cell proliferation and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. Our data suggested that 1.0% PectaSol-C can be used for further chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic analysis in vivo.
High temperature superconducting films by RF magnetron sputtering

The authors have produced sputtered films of Y-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O by RF magnetron sputtering from an oxide target consisting of loose reacted powder. The use of a large 8-in stoichiometric target in the magnetron mode permits films located above the central region to be free of negative-ion resputtering effects, and hence yields reproducible, uniform stoichiometric compositions for a wide range of substrate temperatures. Superconducting YBCO films have been obtained either by sputtering at low temperatures followed by an 850 degrees C oxygen anneal, or alternatively by depositing onto substrates heated to approximately=600-650 degrees C and cooling in oxygen. Films prepared by the former method on cubic zirconia substrates consist of randomly oriented crystallites with zero resistance above 83 K. Those deposited on zirconia at medium temperatures without the high-temperature anneal contain smooth partially oriented crystallites, with a slightly depressed T/sub c/ approximately=75 K. Finally, superconducting films have been deposited on MgO using a BiSrCaCu/sub 2/O/sub x/ powder target. >
InfoMiner+: mining partial periodic patterns with gap penalties

In this paper we focus on mining periodic patterns allowing some degree of imperfection in the form of random replacement from a perfect periodic pattern. Information gain was proposed to identify patterns with events of vastly different occurrence frequencies and adjust for deviation from a pattern. However, it does not involve a penalty if there exists some gap between pattern occurrences. In many applications, e.g., bioinformatics, it is important to identify subsequences that a pattern repeats perfectly (or near perfectly). As a solution, we extend the information gain measure to include a penalty for gaps between pattern occurrences. We call this measure generalized information gain. Furthermore, we need to find a subsequence S' such that for a pattern P, the generalized information gain of P in S' is high. This is particularly useful in locating repeats in DNA sequences. In this paper, we developed an effective mining algorithm, InfoMiner+, to simultaneously mine significant patterns and associated subsequences.
Pathologic Findings in Patients with Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction and Crossing Vessels

Objectives To define the role of crossing vessels in the pathophysiology of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, we analyzed the relationship between the presence of crossing vessels and UPJ pathologic findings in patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. The significance of crossing renal vessels in patients with UPJ obstruction is unclear. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 155 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Pathologic specimens from the UPJ were evaluated in 95 patients. The presence or absence of crossing vessels was documented intraoperatively. The histopathologic findings allowed for categorization into 5 groups: group 1, normal ureteral tissue; group 2, chronic inflammation; group 3, smooth muscle hypertrophy, group 4, fibrosis; and group 5, smooth muscle atrophy. The pathologic findings between patients with and without crossing vessels were compared. Results Overall, crossing vessels were identified in 98 patients (63.2%). Of the 95 cases with specimens retrieved for histologic analysis, 65 had crossing vessels and 30 did not. The most common UPJ histologic finding in patients with crossing vessels was no intrinsic abnormality (43%). In contrast, this was seen in only 10% of patients without a crossing vessel. In the group without crossing vessels, chronic inflammation (40%) was the predominant histologic findings. Patients with a crossing vessel were less likely to have intrinsic histologic pathologic findings ( P Conclusions Patients with crossing vessels and UPJ obstruction had no histologic abnormalities identified in 43% of cases. This finding implicates crossing vessels in the pathogenesis of select cases of UPJ obstruction and direct mechanical compression as the etiology of obstruction in these individuals.
The evaluation of domain integrals in complex multiply-connected three-dimensional geometries for boundary element methods

The treatment of domain integrals has been a topic of interest almost since the inception of the boundary element method (BEM). Proponents of meshless methods such as the dual reciprocity method (DRM) and the multiple reciprocity method (MRM) have typically pointed out that these meshless methods obviate the need for an interior discretization. Hence, the DRM and MRM maintain one of the biggest advantages of the BEM, namely, the boundary-only discretization. On the other hand, other researchers maintain that classical domain integration with an interior discretization is more robust. However, the discretization of the domain in complex multiply-connected geometries remains problematic. In this research, three methods for evaluating the domain integrals associated with the boundary element analysis of the three-dimensional Poisson and nonhomogeneous Helmholtz equations in complex multiply-connected geometries are compared. The methods include the DRM, classical cell-based domain integration, and a novel auxiliary domain method. The auxiliary domain method allows the evaluation of the domain integral by constructing an approximately C 1 extension of the domain integrand into the complement of the multiply-connected domain. This approach combines the robustness and accuracy of direct domain integral evaluation while, at the same time, allowing for a relatively simple interior discretization. Comparisons are made between these three methods of domain integral evaluation in terms of speed and accuracy.
Biological and Economic Aspects of the Management of Commercial Marine Fisheries

Abstract Conservation management of the commercial marine fisheries has the general objective of maximizing man's long-term benefits from the exploitation of the fish resources. The question of what is most beneficial to man involves both biological and economic considerations. In this paper some of the effects of fishing on the fish stocks, and on the sustainable yields from them, are considered, together with important economic factors. It is indicated that the maximum sustainable average catch and the maximum net economic yield are mutually exclusive. It is possible, however, to obtain some net economic yield at the level of maximum sustainable harvest, but this requires some modification of the common property nature of fish stocks.
Culturally Relevant Prevention The Scientific and Practical Considerations of Community-Based Programs

For over a decade, there have been increasing efforts in counseling psychology and other areas of applied psychology to understand the role of culture in preventive and mental health services for ethnically, economically, and religiously diverse communities. In this Major Contribution, the authors offer examples of three prevention programs in which cultural relevance and competence were central to each program's development, implementation, and evaluation. The interventions each focus on an ethnic minority population, and they are offered in diverse settings. Participants differ in age and contexts in which they receive the intervention (e.g., individual, family, or classroom). Each article highlights similarities and differences likely in any prevention effort with diverse populations. In this introduction, the authors discuss the theoretical and empirical rationale for such interventions, as informed by literature on cultural competence and social justice, and the disproportionate health, educational, ...