cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of acute administration of malathion by oral and dermal routes on serum histamine levels.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that acute, oral administration of malathion increased the generation of a humoral immune response, stimulated macrophage function and caused mast cell degranulation and histamine release. In this study, the effect of acute administration of various doses of malathion via oral and dermal routes to mice and rats on serum levels of histamine was evaluated. oral administration of malathion to mice led to an increase in the level of serum histamine 4 and 8 h after administration. At 4 h after administration, the peak in serum histamine levels was observed at a dose of 10 mg/kg malathion. At 8 h, a maximal effect was observed at a dose of 700 mg/kg and the response was more prolonged than at lower doses. At 12 and 24 h after administration, the level of histamine in the serum of treated mice was comparable to controls. A similar pattern was observed in rats. However, the time point at which histamine levels returned to control was 8 rather than 12 h. After application of malathion to the skin of mice or rats in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), the level of histamine in the blood was also increased. As before, the peak increase was observed at 4 h after administration and the level had returned to control levels within 8 h (slight increase at 8 h in rats) after application. However, after dermal application the maximal levels of histamine in the serum were noted at the highest doses of malathion. The no effect levels for histamine in the blood after malathion administration to these two species by these two routes are as follows: (1) Mice, oral in corn oil, 0.1 mg/kg; (2) Rats, oral in corn oil, 0.1 mg/kg; (3) Mice, dermal in DMSO, 2 mg/kg; (4) Rats, dermal in DMSO-not determined (2 mg/kg low effect level).
Role of the cytoplasmic domain of the L1 cell adhesion molecule in brain development

Mutations in the human L1CAM gene cause X-linked hydrocephalus and MASA (Mental retardation, Aphasia, Shuffling gait, Adducted thumbs) syndrome. In vitro studies have shown that the L1 cytoplasmic domain (L1CD) is involved in L1 trafficking, neurite branching, signaling, and interactions with the cytoskeleton. L1cam knockout (L1(KO)) mice have hydrocephalus, a small cerebellum, hyperfasciculation of corticothalamic tracts, and abnormal peripheral nerves. To explore the function of the L1CD, we made three new mice lines in which different parts of the L1CD have been altered. In all mutant lines L1 protein is expressed and transported into the axon. Interestingly, these new L1CD mutant lines display normal brain morphology. However, the expression of L1 protein in the adult is dramatically reduced in the two L1CD mutant lines that lack the ankyrin-binding region and they show defects in motor function. Therefore, the L1CD is not responsible for the major defects observed in L1(KO) mice, yet it is required for continued L1 protein expression and motor function in the adult.
ADOLESCENTS' EXPOSURE TO COMMUNITY VIOLENCE: ARE NEIGHBORHOOD YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS PROTECTIVE?

Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), we identified a significant inverse association between the variety of youth organizations available at the neighborhood level and adolescents' exposure to community violence. We examined two non-competing explanations for this finding. First, at the individual level, we tested the hypothesis that access to a greater variety of neighborhood youth organizations predicts adolescents' participation in organized community-based activities, which, in turn, protects against community violence exposure. Second, at the neighborhood level, we tested the hypothesis that lower violent crime rates explain the inverse relation between neighborhood youth organization variety and community violence exposure. Our findings supported the latter of these two mechanisms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lifestyles, demographics, dietary behavior, and obesity: a switching regression analysis.

OBJECTIVES; To investigate the effects of lifestyles, demographics, and dietary behavior on overweight and obesity. DATA SOURCE: Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-1996, U.S. Department of Agriculture. STUDY DESIGN: We developed a three-regime switching regression model to examine the effects of lifestyle, dietary behavior, and sociodemographic factors on body mass index (BMI) by weight category and accommodating endogeneity of exercise and food intake to avoid simultaneous equation bias. Marginal effects are calculated to assess the impacts of explanatory variables on the probabilities of weight categories and BMI levels. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Weight categories and exercise are found to be endogenous. Lifestyle, dietary behavior, social status, and other sociodemographic factors affect BMI differently across weight categories. Education, employment, and income have strong impacts on the likelihood of overweight and obesity. Exercise reduces the probabilities of being overweight and obese and the level of BMI among overweight individuals. CONCLUSION: Health education programs can be targeted at individuals susceptible to overweight and obesity. Social status variables, along with genetic and geographic factors, such as region, urbanization, age, and race, can be used to pinpoint these individuals.
Two-13 ns-64K CMOS SRAM's with very low active power and improved asynchronous circuit techniques

64K/spl times/1 and 16K/spl times/4 CMOS SRAMs which achieve an access time of 13 ns and less than 12-mA active current at 10 MHz are described. A double-metal 1.5-/spl mu/m p-well process is used. A chip architecture with local amplification improves signal speed and data integrity. Address stability detection techniques are introduced as a method of assuring full asynchronicity over a wide range of conditions. A chip-select speed-up circuit allows high-speed access from a power-down mode. A memory cell design is presented which has improved layout efficiency (area of 189 /spl mu/m/SUP 2/), yet provides a very high cell ratio of 3:1 for signal stability and margin. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate full performance under address skews and other asynchronous input conditions. High-speed enable access and address access are observed over a wide range of operating conditions.
Caterpillar’s Interactions with Piracicaba, Brazil: A Community-based Analysis of CSR

This study examines how Caterpillar Brasil Limitada, located in the city of Piracicaba, Brazil, expanded its concept of social responsibility over a 30-year period. It first provides a contextual overview of Piracicaba within the agro-industrialized interior region of Sao Paulo State. It then traces the history of the firm from its initial installation in the city. While Caterpillar maintained a distant relationship with the Piracicaba community for many years, it later realized the importance of becoming involved in city development. The community-based effort led by Caterpillar to elaborate and carry out a sustainable development plan for the city is a notable example of how a firm can encourage civil participation and offer strategic planning know-how to civil-society organizations. Finally, the study analyses some of the problems Caterpillar encountered and stresses the importance of developing open democratic channels and continued civil participation in joint partnerships between business and civil society.
Common Epicardial Origin of Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle, Perivascular Fibroblasts, and Intermyocardial Fibroblasts in the Avian Heart

Abstract Previous studies have shown that during avian heart development, epicardial and coronary vascular smooth muscle precursors are derived from the proepicardium, a derivative of the developing liver. This finding led to a model of coronary vascular development in which epicardial cells migrate over the postlooped heart, followed by migration of committed endothelial and smooth muscle precursors from the proepicardium through the subepicardial matrix where the coronary arteries develop. Here we show that epicardial cells undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transformation to become coronary vascular smooth muscle, perivascular fibroblasts, and intermyocardial fibroblasts. We began by establishing primary cultures of quail epicardial cells that retain morphologic and antigenic identity to epicardial cellsin vivo.Quail epicardial monolayers stimulated with serum or vascular growth factors produced invasive mesenchyme in collagen gels. Chick epicardial cells labeledin ovowith DiI invaded the subepicardial extracellular matrix, demonstrating that mesenchymal transformation of epicardium occursin vivo.To determine the fates of epicardially derived mesenchymal cells, quail epicardial cells labeledin vitrowithLacZwere grafted into the pericardial space of E2 chicks. These cells attached to the heart, formed a chimeric epicardium, invaded the subepicardial matrix and myocardial wall, and became coronary vascular smooth muscle, perivascular fibroblasts, and intermyocardial fibroblasts, demonstrating the common epicardial origin of these cell types. A general model of coronary vascular development should now include epicardial–mesenchymal transformation and direct participation of mesenchyme derived from the epicardium in coronary morphogenesis.
Current Literature: A Survey of Bedside Methods Used to Detect Pulmonary Aspiration of Enteral Formula in Intubated Tube-Fed Patients

Background: The most frequently recommended methods to assess for pulmonary aspiration of enteral formula in intubated, tube-fed patients are (1) adding dye to enteral formulas and observing for dye-stained tracheal secretions and (2) testing tracheal secretions with glucose oxidase reagent strips to detect the presence of glucose-rich formula. Reportedly, the glucose method is more sensitive than the dye method, and the dye method may have greater potential for harm. It is not known if this information has resulted in wider use of the glucose method in practice settings. Objectives: To describe the frequency with which nurses in intensive care units use the dye and glucose methods to detect pulmonary aspiration of enteral formula in tube-fed, intubated patients. Methods: One registered nurse in the medical intensive care unit at 285 acute-care facilities was contacted by telephone and asked about the methods used to detect pulmonary aspiration of enteral formula in tube-fed, intubated adult patients. Res...
(−) [125I] Iodopindolol Binding to β-Adrenergic Receptors in Tissues of the Rat with Particular Reference to the Characterization in Liver

AbstractThe high affinity β-adrenergic antagonist (-) [125I] iodopindolol was used to characterize and quantitate β-adrenergic binding in liver and other tissues of the rat. Saturable, stereospecific binding with typical characteristics of β-adrenergic receptors was demonstrated in all tissues examined (liver, lung, heart, kidney, fat and brain).Unlike the case with other radioactive ligands that have been used to measure β-adrenergic receptors, assays were possible in crude homogenates as well as in purified membranes. Specific binding was defined as [125I]iodopindolol displaced by 0.1 mM isoproterenol. The percentage of [125I]iodopindolol specifically bound was greater than with other labelled antagonist ligands and it ranged from 95–60% of total binding over [125I]iodopindolol concentrations of 15–1000 pM. β-Adrenergic binding could be quantitated in liver of animals of all ages whereas previously quantitation in liver was possible only using rats less than 2 months of age. Binding capacities ranged fr...
Sensitivity Analysis of Computer-Based Diameter Measurement from Digital Images

Root diameters less than 0.5 mm are infrequently documented in the literature, yet they are a critical functional component of the root system. Software capable of measuring root diameters from digital images has been used extensively to measure root length, but little is known of its efficacy in diameter measurements. An Epson 1680 scanner with a transparency unit and a Kodak DCS330 digital camera with a 105-mm Macro lens were each used to image sets of random length wires of four diameters from 0.057 to 1.19 mm and human hair of diameter 0.057 mm over a series of pixel sizes from 0.019 to 0.254 mm (50.5-3.9 p mm -1 ). Images were analyzed with the MacRHIZO software package either before or after image sharpening with Adobe Photoshop. Additionally, roots from two experiments were photographed to compare with the wire and hair analyses. Minimum routine mixed object diameter resolution with both this scanner and camera is about 50 μm, though the theoretical minimum is only dependent on lens and scanner technology. With unadjusted images, MacRHIZO pro 3.10b requires a very narrow range of image resolution (7.9-15.7 p mm -1 with 0.5 to >1-mm diameter objects) for accurate measurement. Higher resolutions cause the software to assume a 1- or 2-pixel thick wire or root is crossing the larger object at points of roughness on the edge of the images. The sharpen filter from Photoshop eliminated this problem at all resolutions tested with scanner and photographic images. Images treated with the maximum sharpening from Photoshop had practical image resolution ranges of 4 to 50 p mm -1 . With sharpening, images of mixtures of roots or other objects with diameters between 50 μm and >1 mm can be accurately analyzed with MacRHIZO. Digital camera and high-resolution scanner appear equally effective in producing digital images for routine length and diameter analysis.
RTE with Li vapor target

Abstract High resolution projectile Auger electron spectroscopy is being used to measure cross sections for resonant transfer and excitation (RTE) as a function of projectile energy, in collisions of highly charged ions with a lithium vapor target. Previously H2 and He have been used [4] as targets for RTE studies via high resolution projectile Auger electron spectroscopy. With Li as a target we expect to see the effect of the loosely bound valence electron manifested as a narrow resonance peak sitting on the broader peak of the 1s electrons. By using Li-like F and O projectiles, direct comparison of resonance line shapes can be made with previously obtained RTE cross section [5], using a He target. Extension of the technique is being made to laser-excited Li-vapor target. Progress on this aspect of the experiment will be presented.
Behind Every Successful Contact Lens

Behindevery successful contact lens resides, by definition, a healthy cornea. But not every cornea seems destined for such an outcome. Aberrant tear quality, lid heat and marginal oxygen availability can be just three reasons why not.
Spatial and elevational variations of summer rainfall in the southwestern United States

Abstract This study examines the spatial variability of mean monthly summer rainfall in the southwestern United States, with special attention given to the effect elevation. Rain gauge data from a consistent 60-yr period show that mean rainfall increases linearly with elevation within a local area. A simple model (rain = normalized rainfall as a function of latitude and longitude + elevation coefficient × elevation) explains a large part of the spatial variability of mean rainfall. The rainfall model (the MSWR model) and digital elevation data were used to produce a 1° × 1° gridded rainfall climatology for July, August, and September. Regional rainfall estimated with this model is 9.3% higher than an estimate based on arithmetic averaging of gauge data over 2° × 2° areas. For individual 2° × 2° cells, the difference between model rainfall and the arithmetic mean of gauge rainfall ranged from −250% to +41%. The MSWR model was used to remove orographic effects from regional rainfall fields. When rainfall is...
Highly Parallelizable Low-Order Dynamics Simulation Algorithm for Multi-Rigid-Body Systems

A new efe cient procedure is presented for the determination of the dynamic equations of motion for complex multibody systems and their subsequent temporal integration using parallel computing. The method is applicable to general systems ofrigid bodies, which may contain arbitrary jointtypes, multiple branches, and/or closed loops. The method is based on the explicit determination of constraint forces at key joint locations and the subsequent highly efe cient determination of system state time derivatives. The algorithm uses a novel hybrid direct and iterative solution scheme that allows a substantially higher degree of parallelization than is generally obtainable using the more conventional recursive O(N) procedures. It is shown that at the coarsest level the parallelization obtainableeasily exceedsthatindicatedby thetopologyofthesystem.Theprocedurecan produceatheoreticaltime optimalO(log2N) performance for chain systems on computational throughput with O(N) processors. Numerical results indicate that this procedure performs particularly well relative to other parallel multibody formulations in situations where the number of degrees of freedom are large and the number of bodies that make up the system is greaterthan thenumberofcomputing processorsavailable,themultibodysystemsinvolvebranches,ortheapplied forces within the system are rapidly changing or are discontinuous. An estimate for the parallel efe ciency of the algorithm is obtained by combining a theoretical bound for parallel complexity with an approximated overhead cost for parallel implementation.
Coupling of dietary phosphorus and growth across diverse fish taxa: a meta-analysis of experimental aquaculture studies

Imbalances in phosphorus (P) intake relative to demand negatively affect animal growth, but their consequences are less understood for vertebrates, in which bone represents a significant and potentially flexible pool of P. Flexibility in body-P content could buffer vertebrates from the effects of imbalances between P intake and demand, reducing the likelihood of a sharp stoichiometric “knife-edge” in the relationship between growth rate and diet-P level. We conducted a meta-analysis of published aquaculture experiments that tested effects of diet %P on fish growth rate (49 studies, 28 species) and body-P content (27 of the studies in the main data set, 20 species). Our meta-analysis revealed significant P limitation of growth, as well as significant negative effects of excess P on growth rate. Diet-P thresholds for these effects occurred at ecologically relevant levels (optimal diet-P of 1.2% ± 0.45%, mean ± SD, under experimental conditions of high ration). Finally, the analysis also suggested a pattern ...
Comparison of solar flare emission measures from broadband soft X-ray and ultraviolet spectrograph observations

Joint observations of a solar flare were obtained by the AS&E Imaging X-ray Telescope and the NRL High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS). We compare emission measures from soft X-ray and HRTS data. A small isolated X-ray loop close to the HRTS slit position has an emission measure ne2ΔL of 3.5×1029 cm−5, compared to an emission measure of 2.7×1029 cm−5 obtained from the intensity of flaring Fe XXI 1354 A plasma along the HRTS slit.
Hemoglobin A1c measurement for the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes in children

Laboratory measurements of hemoglobin A1c above 6.5% were approved as an additional diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus by the American Diabetes Association in 2010. Several recent pediatric studies have cast HbA1c measurement in children in an unfavorable light in the pediatric population, by comparing HbA1c measurements to results on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG). However, many of these studies do not recognize that diabetes diagnostic criteria are based upon long-term health outcomes. In this sense, OGTT and FPG have themselves never been validated in the pediatric population. Studies to validate diagnostic tests for diabetes in pediatric populations may take a substantial period of time, and may prove unfeasible. However, studies that tie diagnostic results as a child to diagnostic results as an adult may be more feasible and may provide the data needed to determine which pediatric diagnostic criteria to use. Thus, for the time being, except for cases of hemoglobinopathy, cystic fibrosis, and a few other exceptions, describing HbA1c as ‘lacking in sensitivity or specificity’ in the pediatric population because of lack of correlation with OGTT is not scientifically sound.
Untoward effects of phenylbutazone (butazolidin)-a re-evaluation.

This report of cumulative experiences with the administration of phenylbutazone to 590 patients for a variety of rheumatic diseases provides information of practical importance to those concerned with the use of this drug in clinical practice. Untoward effects were reduced significantly by lower dosages. Specific precautions are suggested. Iste reporto de experientias cumulative in le administration de phenylbutazona a 590 patientes con un varietate de morbos rheumatic provide informationes de importantia practic pro medicos concernite con le uso de iste droga in le practica clinic. Le effectos adverse esseva reducite significativemente per plus basse doses. Precautiones specific es proponite.
Electron-phonon scattering rates in semiconductor quantum wells with thin AlAs layers

We have studied the effects on the phonon spectrum and on the electron--longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering rates in GaAs/AlAs quantum wells of additional thin AlAs layers in the wells. The confined and interface phonon modes and the electron-phonon scattering rates in these structures have been calculated using a dielectric continuum approach for the phonons. Model electron wave functions are used for the quantum well that are taken to be unaffected by the additional AlAs layer. The system with an additional AlAs layer is found to have intrasubband electron scattering rates that are increased modestly compared to those for the corresponding quantum wells due to the influence of the interface phonon modes associated with the additional layer. These results confirm that scattering rates in general depend only weakly on the effects of the structure of the quantum-well system on the phonon spectra.
T-bet orchestrates CD8αα IEL differentiation.

Very little is known about the transcription factor network that regulates the development of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). In this issue of Immunity, Klose et al. (2014b) and Reis et al. (2014) demonstrate an essential role for T-bet in regulating the CD8αα IEL differentiation program.
Therapeutic efficacy of DNA encoding IFN-a1 against corneal HSV-1 infection

Purpose. Type I interferons (IFN-a and -s) are an innate immune component that plays a critical role in controlling herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. We have previously shown that topical administration of a plasmid DNA encoding IFN-a1 onto mouse corneas prior to ocular HSV-1 infection provided prophylactic efficacy against HSV-1-induced encephalitis. As a result, the present study was undertaken to investigate the kinetics of the efficacy mediated by the IFN-a1 transgene following ocular challenge with HSV-1. Methods. Mice were ocularly infected with a lethal dose of HSV-1 (450 plaque forming units/eye, McKrae strain) following corneal scarification and topically administered the pCMV-IFN-a1 transgene or pCMV-s (plasmid vector) starting at 12, 24, or 48 hr post infection. Cumulative survival of infected mice was recorded. In addition, the effect of the transgene on viral replication and viral gene expression was determined from tissues 3 and 6 days post infection by plaque assay and RT-PCR r...
Identification and characterization of the gene encoding the Acidobacterium capsulatum major sigma factor

Acidobacterium capsulatum is an acid-tolerant, encapsulated, Gram-negative member of the ubiquitous, but poorly understood Acidobacteria phylum. Little is known about the genetics and regulatory mechanisms of A. capsulatum. To begin to address this gap, we identified the gene encoding the A. capsulatum major sigma factor, rpoD, which encodes a 597-amino acid protein with a predicted sequence highly similar to the major sigma factors of Solibacter usitatus Ellin6076 and Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA. Purified hexahistidine-tagged RpoD migrates at approximately 70 kDa under SDS-PAGE conditions, which is consistent with the predicted MW of 69.2 kDa, and the gene product is immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies specific for either bacterial RpoD proteins or the N-terminal histidine tag. A. capsulatum RpoD restored normal growth to E. coli strain CAG20153 under conditions that prevent expression of the endogenous rpoD. These results indicate we have cloned the gene encoding the A. capsulatum major sigma factor and the gene product is active in E. coli.
The radon transforms of a combinatorial geometry, I

Abstract Over a field of characteristic zero, the rank of the point-copoint incidence matrix of a combinatorial geometry of rank ⩾ 2 equals the number of points. The proof uses a finite analogue of the Radon transform.
On the mechanism of the lewis acid catalyzed cyclocondensation of aldehydes with siloxydienes

Abstract Competing cycloaddition versus aldolization-cyclization processes are demonstrated in the formation of 6-styryl-5,6-dihydro- y -pyrone via the BF 3 catalyzed reaction of cinnamaldehyde with trans -1-methoxy 3-trimethylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene.
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Data Reduction Methodology for Linear Materials with Memory

Abstract The classic split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) data reduction methodology is revisited. A complete one-dimensional analysis of the SHPB system is presented for linear-elastic and viscoelastic specimens, for which the specimen and bar diameters are equal. In general, the assumptions inherent in the classic SHPB data reduction method are found to be inconsistent. However, the classic SHPB data reduction scheme is applicable in the case of acoustically soft materials. These analyses are extended to explain major issues in the general linear elastic case, including materials with regular and singular memory. Exact expressions for the average stress and strain in the specimen and Fourier transform of the memory kernel function in terms of experimental parameters in the quasi-static limit are formulated. Dynamic adjustments associated with elastic and viscous relaxation processes are also derived.
Atypical PKCζ transduces electrophilic fatty acid signaling in pulmonary epithelial cells

Nitric oxide and secondary oxides of nitrogen react with unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid to yield oxidized and nitrated products. Fatty acid nitroalkene derivatives, (e.g. nitrolinoleate [LNO(2)]) are produced by oxidative inflammatory reactions, detected clinically, display potent electrophilic reactivity and induce post-translational protein modifications that mediate adaptive inflammatory signaling responses. LNO(2) signaling was examined in lung epithelial cells because the alveolar compartment is a rich site for the transduction of redox and inflammatory reactions. LNO(2) did not directly induce Ca(2+) influx in cultured lung epithelial cells, but inhibited bradykinin-induced Ca(2+) influx in a cGMP-independent manner. In contrast, LNO(2) activated MAP kinase (Erk1/2) by a mechanism independent of bradykinin. It was hypothesized that these unique responses were transduced by activation of different protein kinase C isotypes, supported by the observation that LNO(2)-mediated inhibition of Ca(2+) influx was blocked by the non-selective PKC inhibitors chelerythine chloride and calphostin C, but not by the calcium dependent "classic" PKC inhibitor Go6976. Western blot analysis showed that atypical PKCζ was activated by LNO(2) stimulation, with PKCζ and Erk activation also demonstrated in primary culture of human lung type II cells. Addition of pseudotypical PKCζ substrate peptide reversed LNO(2)-mediated induction of Ca(2+) influx and MAP kinase activation. Finally, the electrophilic nature of LNO(2) resulted in a novel mode of PKCζ activation, covalent adduction of the enzyme. In summary, LNO(2) mediated signaling in lung type II epithelial cells occurs via a unique pathway involving PKCζ.
REDUCED ENTANGLEMENT FOR QUANTUM GAMES

Quantum generalizations of conventional games exploit entangled states to improve performance. With many players, quantum games can require entangling many states. Such entanglement is difficult to implement, especially if the states must be communicated over some distance. To simplify possible implementations, we examine some quantum versions of social dilemma games and show their use of entanglement can be substantially reduced by randomly replacing some of the entangled states by unentangled ones. For the example of public goods games, we identify a unique Nash equilibrium invariant with respect to the amount of this replacement. We also show players obtain no advantage from adding more entanglement to states which they control. With many players, a fairly small number of entangled states can give nearly as good performance as using the full number of such states.
Palladium(II) 3-iminophosphine (3IP) complexes: Active precatalysts for the intermolecular hydroamination of 1,2-dienes (allenes) and 1,3-dienes with aliphatic amines under mild conditions

Abstract The synthesis of alicyclic 3-iminophosphine ligands is extended to include a new framework incorporating a cyclohexenyl backbone with an N-aryl imino functionality (3IPAr). Accordingly, a series of palladium(II) complexes employing this new ligand have been synthesized and utilized in the intermolecular hydroamination of 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene (1,1-dimethylallene) and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene with secondary amines. The complex [(3IPAr)Pd(allyl)]OTf displays excellent catalytic activity in these reactions, selectively producing allylic amine products in high conversion under mild conditions, with an improved rate relative to that observed for our previously reported catalysts. Further, the reactivity trends for the (3IP)Pd triflate systems prove to be complimentary to other known late transition metal based catalytic systems.
Cell size in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats reared with esotropia and sagittal transection of the optic chiasm

Abstract We have attempted to investigate the role of extraretinal influences in controlling visual system development by rearing cats with esotropia in combination with sagittal transection of the optic chiasm. This combination leave two intact A1 laminae, one innervated by the deviated eye and one innervated by the unoperated eye and thus minimizes the contributions of retinally mediated influences. Cell size measurements in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus revealed that the neurons in the A1 lamina innervated by the deviated eye were, on average, 10–15% smaller than their counterparts in the contralateral A1 lamina.
Switchgrass production for the upper southeastern USA: Influence of cultivar and cutting frequency on biomass yields

Abstract Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) is considered a good biofuels feedstock candidate. However, limited information is available on its productivity and harvest management in the upper southeastern USA. Our objective was to examine production potential of upland and lowland switchgrass cultivars in response to one- or two-cut management across the region. Upland (‘Cave-in-Rock’ and ‘Shelter’) and lowland (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) cultivars were harvested for 3 yr under one- or two-cut management at eight sites in five states (North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia). Across all sites, years, and cutting managements, upland cultivars yielded 12.6 vs. 15.8 Mg ha −1 for lowland cultivars. Both cultivars yielded more on average with two harvests rather than one, but the effect was greater for upland cultivars (36% more biomass), while lowland cultivars yielded only 8% more biomass with two harvests. Tiller densities were higher for Alamo (lowland) than for Cave-in-Rock (upland) and higher with two-cut than with one-cut management. Early season production of Alamo (a cultivar of southern origin) appeared sensitive to low temperatures. Weak linear responses to precipitation were observed for first-cut biomass, but none was observed for summer precipitation. Lowland switchgrass cultivars appear better suited to biomass production in the upper southeastern USA, due to their greater productivity. Two vs. one cutting per year may be of less advantage for biomass yield with lowland cultivars in this region. However, if upland cultivars are used, two harvests may be of benefit dependent upon production costs and feedstock quality.
Manganese modulates protein phosphorylation in the rat pancreas: In vitro evidence for cation selective regulation

The effects of manganese (Mn2+) on phosphorylation activity in the rat pancreas were examined in an in vitro phosphorylation assay and by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of endogenous proteins. Several histones were phosphorylated in the presence of pancreatic supernatant obtained following a 10-min centrifugation at 15,000 g. The histone preference for this reaction was VII-S greater than V-S or II-S greater than III-S greater than other histones. The Mn2+ (10 mM) enhanced the phosphorylation of some histones (II-A, III-S, VI-S, and VIII-S) but inhibited the phosphorylation of other histones (II-S, V-S, and VII-S). The same concentration of Mn2+ also enhanced the incorporation of 32P into cytosolic proteins in the absence of exogenous histones. This effect was not mimicked by Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, or Zn2+. Analysis of endogenous proteins by SDS-PAGE revealed Mn2(+)-dependent and time-dependent phosphorylation of high (98-200-kDa), intermediate (59-,52-,35-, and 30-kDa), and low-molecular weight proteins. The Mn2+ exerted similar effects in the presence of pancreatic cytosol obtained following a 60-min centrifugation at 100,000 g. However, the 35- and 30-kDa phosphoproteins and the low-molecular weight proteins were not readily visible. In both the 15,000- and the 100,000-g preparations, there was a dose-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of the Mr 98-kDa protein (p98) at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 1.0 mM Mn2+ but a lesser stimulatory effect at 10.0 mM Mn2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Police Officer Decision-making in Dispute Encounters: Digging Deeper into the ‘Black Box’

In an effort to expand existing knowledge on police decision-making behavior, this research utilized data from a systematic social observation of police (The Project on Policing Neighborhoods) to conduct a qualitative content analysis of the narrative debriefings in dispute encounters. The content analysis revealed six distinct themes related to officer arrest decision-making, including the finding that officers utilize working rules when deciding on a course of action. Further, the influence of the working rules on decision-making behavior is mediated by specific cognitive frameworks. For example, officers typically utilize the working rule “arrest if there is an injury” but this working rule can be nullified if the officer determines that the victim is undeserving. The analysis also revealed that the application of working rules by officers was not uniform across the study, but varied by department in some key ways. For example, in cases where evidence was not strong enough to warrant an arrest, officers in Indianapolis would use the working rule “threaten arrest to ensure future compliance.” Officers in St. Petersburg, however, utilized no working rules related to the threat of arrest.
Avoidance based on shock intensity reduction with no change in shock probability

Rats were trained on a free-operant avoidance procedure in which shock intensity was controlled by interresponse time. Shocks were random at a density of about 10 shocks per minute. Shock probability was response independent. As long as interresponse times remained less than the limit in effect, any shocks received were at the lower of two intensities (0.75 mA). Whenever interresponse times exceeded the limit, any shocks received were at the higher intensity (1.6 mA). The initial limit of 15 seconds was decreased in 3-second steps to either 6 or 3 seconds. All animals lever pressed to avoid higher intensity shock. As the interresponse time limit was reduced, the response rate during the lower intensity shock and the proportion of brief interresponse times increased. Substantial warmup effects were evident, particularly at the shorter interresponse-time limits. Shock intensity reduction without change in shock probability was effective in the acquisition and maintenance of avoidance responding, as well as in differentiation of interresponse times. This research suggests limitations on the generality of a safety signal interpretation of avoidance conditioning.
Broadband and off-axis optical parametric generation in periodically poled LiNbO 3

A model is presented that includes broadband, off-axis light generation for parametric downconversion processes. We apply this to parametric generation with material parameters adapted for periodically poled lithium niobate; our simulations are compared with experimental results. Our simulations explore the competition between on-axis and off-axis signal generation. With a broad-area pump, we find that a shorter crystal is more effective at suppressing off-axis signal generation.
Bronchopleural cutaneous fistula due to Eikenella corrodens.

OBJETIVO: Fazer uma revisao sobre fistula cutânea broncopleural causada por Eikenella corrodens e relatar e discutir o caso de uma paciente. DESCRICAO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 16 anos de idade, foi encaminhada ao nosso hospital em estado febril com historico de escarro com estrias de sangue ha 2 meses; apresentava sequelas neurologicas de encefalite herpetica e estava confinada ao leito desde os cinco anos de idade. A mae relatou ter detectado, dias antes, uma massa mole paraespinhal longitudinal. A paciente recebia alimentacao via oral apesar da ocorrencia de frequentes engasgamentos nos ultimos anos. A apalpacao, a massa podia ser pressionada ate encontrar menor resistencia do espaco subcutâneo, estendendo-se longitudinalmente ate a regiao toracica inferior. A tomografia toracica revelou pneumonia necrotizante do lobo direito inferior e uma fistula bronco pleural formando areas de cavitacao subcutânea. A paciente foi submetida a tratamento prolongado com antibioticos com decrescentes coletas de ar por 8 semanas. COMENTARIOS: A Eikenella corrodens tem sido indicada como potencial patogeno causador de infeccoes pleuropulmonares. Nao ha relatos de fistula pleurocutânea e formacao de abscessos como complicadores de empiema e pneumonia necrotizante causados por infeccao de E. corrodens. A presenca de lesao toracica proeminente que aumenta e diminui com a respiracao pode ser uma indicacao de fistula pleurocutânea. O tratamento do empiema de Eikenella com antibioticos sem decorticacao cirurgica exige um tratamento prolongado com antibioticoterapia.
Limitations of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are being used with increasing frequency for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. Although the literature suggests that MRI and MRA are accurate, we have observed that both are associated with a high likelihood of false-positive results in the diagnosis of aneurysms. We prospectively evaluated and compared the accuracy of MRI/MRA versus digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: Over the course of 2 years, 133 patients diagnosed with one or more unruptured intracranial aneurysms by MRI/MRA were prospectively evaluated in an outpatient setting. The patients were advised to undergo cerebral four-vessel DSA, and the results from DSA were compared with MRI/MRA findings. RESULTS: In 59% of cases, the DSA and MRI/MRA findings were markedly different. Specifically, in 38% of MRI/MRA-positive cases, DSA findings were completely normal, showing no aneurysms. In an additional 21% of cases, although DSA confirmed the presence of an aneurysm, it differed substantially from MRI/MRA findings in terms of aneurysm location, number of aneurysms, or aneurysm type. In general, the false-positive aneurysms by MRI/MRA were smaller than 5 mm and were most commonly identified in the anterior communicating artery region. CONCLUSION: MRI/MRA studies are often inaccurate in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms and should not be used as the sole diagnostic studies for intracranial aneurysms. Other radiographic modalities should be further investigated as alternatives to MRI/MRA for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.
New functions for an old variant: no substitute for histone H3.3

Histone proteins often come in different variants serving specialized functions in addition to their fundamental role in packaging DNA. The metazoan histone H3.3 has been most closely associated with active transcription. Its role in histone replacement at active genes and promoters is conserved to the single histone H3 in yeast. However, recent genetic studies in flies have challenged its importance as a mark of active chromatin, and revealed unexpected insights into essential functions of H3.3 in the germline. With strikingly little amino acid sequence difference to the canonical H3, H3.3 therefore accomplishes a surprising variety of cellular and developmental processes.
Use of capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence for attomole detection of amino acids

A capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) method was developed to identify and quantitate at amol (10(-18)) concentration. Amino acids were derivatized with 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinoline-carboxaldehyde prior to CE-LIF analysis. The assay was developed by varying the sodium borate concentration, buffer pH, operating voltage, and operating temperature. A run buffer system containing 6.25 mM borate, 150 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 10 mM tetrahydrofuran (pH 9.66) at 25 degrees C, and 24 kV provided analysis conditions for a high-resolution, sensitive, and repeatable assay of amino acids. The rate of derivatization, stability of the labeled amino acids, and amino acid quantitation varied for each amino acid. Amino acids were detected with greater efficiency by this method than automated HPLC amino acid analysis. The repeatability of the assay ranged from 0.3 to 0.9% within a day and 0.7 to 1.5% between analysis days. Bacterial amino acid utilization in a chemically defined medium was successfully monitored using this method. This work defines a sensitive and repeatable method for the detection of amino acids during bacterial metabolism.
Magnetization reversal, coercivity, and the process of thermomagnetic recording in thin films of amorphous rare earth-transition metal alloys

A model is proposed for the mechanism of magnetization reversal in thin films of amorphous alloys with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Examples of these alloys are TbFe, GdCo, DyFe, and GdTbFeCo, which are currently under investigation as storage media for erasable optical recording applications. The model exhibits the observed behavior of the media such as nucleation and growth of reverse‐magnetized domains under external magnetic fields; square hysteresis loops; temperature dependence of coercivity; formation and stability of domains under conditions of thermomagnetic recording; and incomplete erasure with insufficient applied fields.
Knowing-In-Action: The New Scholarship Requires a New Epistemology

(1995). Knowing-In-Action: The New Scholarship Requires a New Epistemology. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 27-34.
Targeting structural dynamics of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for anti-viral strategies

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is responsible for genome replication of RNA viruses. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have indicated that efficient and faithful polymerase function requires highly coordinated internal protein motions. Interference with these motions, either through amino acid substitutions or small molecule binding, can disrupt polymerase and virus function. In particular, these studies have pointed toward highly conserved structural elements, like the motif-D active-site loop, that can be modified to generate polymerases with desired properties. Viruses encoding engineered polymerases might serve as live, attenuated vaccine strains. Further elucidation of polymerase structural dynamics will also provide new avenues for anti-viral drug design.
Contributions of Petroleum Engineering Research to the Problem of the Migration and Accumulation of Oil: ABSTRACT

The anticlinal theory of the origin of oil pools has dominated petroleum geology since first mentioned by T. Sterry Hunt in 1860. In spite of the importance and wide acceptance of this theory, the exact mode of oil migration and its accumulation to produce an oil pool is still a controversial problem and one concerning which quite divergent views are held by geologists at present. Recent investigations by chemical and petroleum engineers on the flow of fluids, fluid mixtures, and gas through sands have contributed some data toward the solution of this important. In this paper some of the results of recent work is reviewed briefly, and their application to the explanation of the migration of hydrocarbons through water-bearing sands is pointed out. End_of_Article - Last_Page 911------------
Assessing capture techniques for ground beetles

Nous avons evalue l'utilisation de planchettes pour l'echantillonnage des carabes (Coleoptera: Carabidae) et compare leur efficacite a celle des pieges a fosse simples et de deux modifications de pieges a fosse doubles (piege avec barriere et pieges regroupes). Les captures de carabes et la richesse en especes sont semblables avec les planchettes et les pieges a fosse simples, mais plus faibles qu'avec les pieges regroupes ou les pieges avec barriere. Bien que les captures soient plus importantes dans les pieges a fosse modifies, aucune methode ne s'avere constamment superieure, ni capable de recueillir toutes les especes de carabes signalees a notre site d'etude. La facilite d'installation et d'entretien des planchettes constituent des avantages certains; on peut aussi laisser les planchettes dans des sites eloignes pendant de longues periodes, ce qui elimine la necessite de visiter a repetition ces sites pour relever les pieges, si l'on cherche a capturer des animaux vivants. Le temps sauve et la reduction des perturbation dans les sites peuvent faire des planchettes une methode de remplacement des pieges a fosse simples.
Detecting biological network organization and functional gene orthologs

SUMMARY: We developed a package TripletSearch to compute relationships within triplets of genes based on Roundup, an orthologous gene database containing >1500 genomes. These relationships, derived from the coevolution of genes, provide valuable information in the detection of biological network organization from the local to the system level, in the inference of protein functions and in the identification of functional orthologs. To run the computation, users need to provide the GI IDs of the genes of interest. Availability: http://wall.hms.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/tripletSearch.tar.gz Contact: dpwall@hms.harvard.edu Supplementary Information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.