cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Five Miniaturized Systems for Identifying Enterobacteriaceae from Stock Cultures and Raw Foods.

Five miniaturized systems (API, Enteric-Tek, Enterotube II, Micro-ID and Minitek) were compared to conventional procedures for identification of Enterobacteriaceae from stock cultures and freshly isolated from food sources, The accuracy of identification to genus was 98% for Micro-ID; 95%, Minitek; 94%, Enteric-Tek; 93%, API; and 86%, Enterotube II, Accuracy of identification to species was 97% for Micro-ID; 94%, Minitek; 93%, Enteric-Tek; 91 %, API; and 79%, Enterotube II, The 124 organisms tested in this study were from 11 genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family. All systems accurately identified to species the most pathogenic members of the family ( Arizona hinshawii , Salmonella typhi , Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri ). Most of the inaccuracies in identification occurred with Enterobacter and Serratia species.
Nausea and Vomiting Related to Esophagus and Stomach Diseases

The aim of this chapter is to review esophageal and gastric diseases and disorders that are the underlying mechanisms for unexplained nausea and vomiting. Nausea and vomiting are usually attributed to stomach disorders. However, nausea can also be due to esophageal diseases. Acid reflux events correlate with reports of nausea in patients with unexplained nausea who had normal gastric emptying and normal gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA). Nausea and vomiting are associated with stomach disorders such as gastroparesis, gastric dysrhythmias, and other gastric neuromuscular abnormalities which will be described below. By determining the pathophysiological pathways that drive the symptoms of nausea, specific and rational treatments can be designed.
Access to Computing Education for Students with Disabilities (Abstract Only)

Approximately 10% of computer science and engineering majors have a disability of some kind. Students with disabilities are more likely to drop out of the major than those without disabilities. At the K-12 level, many tools used to teach computing are inaccessible to students with disabilities. This BOF will bring together individuals who are interested in increasing the representation of students with disabilities in computing and improving their success. Participants will share strategies and promising practices to help each other do a better job of including these students in our classes and research projects. Resources, including those produced by AccessComputing and AccessCSforAll (formally AccessCS10K) will be shared. Handouts and stickers will be given out.
Vending the City: Mapping the Policy, Positioning and Policing of Vending in New York City

Policies on street vending are often made without any in-depth understanding of how vending navigates the space of the city or interacts with the larger urban fabric. This project attempts to overcome this knowledge gap through empirical analysis of administrative data, GIS mapping and data visualization to uncover the unique interactions street vending has with each neighborhood’s socio-spatial environment, resulting in the creation of diverse vending cultures. By recognizing this vibrancy and untangling the determinants of the spatial landscape of vending rule enforcement, this work can be used to advocate for a fairer and more effective regulatory schema of informal commerce.
Pupillary response to emotional stimuli as a risk factor for depressive symptoms following a natural disaster: The 2011 Binghamton flood.

Understanding pathways of risk following a natural disaster may help create next-generation targeted interventions. The current study examined if a biomarker of cognitive-affective response (pupil dilation) could identify which individuals are at greatest risk for depression following disaster-related stress. A total of 51 women completed a computer-based task assessing pupillary response to facial expressions of emotion and reported their depressive symptoms before the 2011 Binghamton flood. Following the flood, women were assessed for objective levels of flood-related stress and again reported their depressive symptoms. Supporting the proposed diathesis-stress model, decreased pupil dilation to emotional expressions predicted a significant increase in postflood depressive symptoms, but only among women who experienced higher levels of flood-related stress. Findings suggest that reduced cognitive-affective response to emotional stimuli (measured via pupillary response) can increase risk for depression in...
Does Context Matter? A Study of Common Job Related Outcomes of Workplace Psychological Aggression

Current research on workplace psychological aggression is fragmented, with some researchers stressing the importance of studying unique constructs and others emphasizing the similarities among constructs and the need to unify the theory of workplace psychological aggression. This cross-sectional survey study addresses the current gap in research by examining the overlap of commonly studied workplace psychological aggression constructs (i.e., bullying, incivility, and abusive supervision with the supervisor referent removed from the measure) in terms of context and outcomes. Results from this study using a sample of 750 employed workers reveal a similar pattern of relationships between each workplace psychological aggression construct and job related outcomes. The commonly cited contextual differences among bullying, incivility, and abusive supervision (i.e., perceived harmful intent, duration, and primary perpetrator status) were similar across constructs and did not consistently moderate the relationship...
Orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry of an ion beam with a broad kinetic energy profile

A combined experimental and modeling effort is undertaken to assess a detection system composed of an orthogonal extraction time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer coupled to a continuous ion source emitting an ion beam with kinetic energy of several hundred eV. The continuous ion source comprises an electrospray capillary system employing an undiluted ionic liquid emitting directly into vacuum. The resulting ion beam consists of ions with kinetic energy distributions of width greater than a hundred of eV and mass-to-charge (m/q) ratios ranging from 111 to 500 000 amu/q. In particular, the investigation aims to demonstrate the kinetic energy resolution along the ion beam axis (axial) of orthogonally extracted ions in measurements of the axial kinetic energy-specific mass spectrum, mass flow rate, and total ion current. The described instrument is capable of simultaneous measurement of a broad m/q range in a single acquisition cycle with approximately 25 eV/q axial kinetic energy resolution. Mass resolutions of ∼340 (M/ΔM, FWHM) were obtained for ions at m/q = 1974. Comparison of the orthogonally extracted TOF mass spectrum to mass flow and ion current measurements obtained with a quartz-crystal microbalance and Faraday cup, respectively, shows reasonable numeric agreement and qualitative agreement in the trend as a function of energy defect.
Multiple quantum well optical modulators and spatial light modulators

This paper describes multiple quantum well (MQW) modulators and spatial light modulators (SLMs) which utilize field dependent changes in absorption, index of refraction, and polarization (birefringence). These optical parameters are changed either by band filling in quantum wells or by modifying the excitonic interaction between electrons and holes. Modulation can be achieved by impressing RF/microwave fields across MQWs in a variety of ways including direct biasing, induction by transporting charges in an adjacent channel (by charge-coupled devices, CCDs, or heterostructure acoustic charge transport, HACT), and by launching a surface acoustic wave (SAW) in a region adjoining MQWs. High contrast Fabry-Perot, birefringent, and HACT spatial light modulators are discussed in detail. One-dimensional Bragg SLMs (which use electrooptic or acoustooptic gratings) and Mach-Zehnder interferometers are also summarized.
Assessment of off-stoichiometric Zr33-xFe52+xSi15 C14 Laves phase compounds as permanent magnet materials

Recently, Fe-based rare-earth-free compounds with non-cubic crystal structures were proposed as a base for permanent magnets which would not rely on critical elements. In this work, two series of alloys, Zr27Fe73-wSiw (0 ≤ w ≤ 15) and Zr33-xFe52+xSi15 (0 ≤ x ≤ 11), were prepared and characterized after annealing at 1538 K in order to determine the fundamental magnetic properties of the C36 and C14 hexagonal Laves phase compounds. A mixture of the cubic C15 and Zr6Fe23 structures was observed instead of the expected C36 structure. The hexagonal C14 was found in all Zr33-xFe52+xSi15 alloys with its lattice parameters linearly decreasing as the Fe(Si) atoms occupy the Zr sites in the Laves phase crystal structure. The solubility limit of Fe in the C14 structure at 1538 K corresponds to x = 9.5. The Curie temperature of the C14 compounds increases with deviation from the Laves phase stoichiometry from 290 K to 530 K. The room-temperature spontaneous magnetization also increases reaching, after correcting for the non-magnetic impurities, a value of 6.7 kG. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the off-stoichiometric C14 Laves phase was found to be uniaxial with the easy magnetization direction parallel to the hexagonal axis. Unfortunately, the anisotropy field, which does not exceed 10 kOe, is not sufficiently high to make the compounds interesting as permanent magnet materials.
Identification of foundational non-clinical attributes necessary for successful transition to residency: a modified Delphi study with experienced medical educators.

We aimed to identify foundational non-clinical attributes expected of medical school graduates to be successful in residency. We conducted a three-round modified Delphi study with snowball sampling of experienced medical educators. In Round 1, respondents rated 28 attributes identified from a literature search. Additional attributes were proposed through invited comments. In Round 2, respondents expressed their agreement with advanced attribute definitions and examples. Consensus on final definitions and examples was obtained in Round 3. Sixty-four percent (105/163) of invited educators participated in Round 1. There was broad representation of educational focus (undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education) and field of practice (primary care, sub-specialty, medical, and surgical). Thirteen attributes were advanced to Round 2. Ninety-seven of 105 (92%) respondents participated in Round 2, with greater than 92% agreement for all attributes. Three pairs were consolidated. In Round 3, 88% (85/97) of educators expressed greater than 92% agreement about definitions and representative examples. The final 10 foundational attributes are: communication skills, critical thinking, emotional intelligence, ethical behavior, intellectual curiosity, organizational skills, resilience, self-improvement, teamwork, and vocational commitment. Through a consensus-building process of medical educators, we identified and defined 10 foundational non-clinical attributes for a medical student’s successful transition to residency.
Communication theory and the search for effective feedback.

If messages transmitted to the public, patients and health professionals could be assured of being received, understood and acted on as intended by the senders of messages, there would be little need to focus on communications and feedback. That the physician's office, the healthcare system and the community are littered with messages that «never got through» attests to the problem of ineffective communications and the absence of effective feedback. Communication theorists, health psychologists and thoughtful health professionals, particularly those working in community hypertension programmes, have developed approaches that improve the probabilities of «getting the message through». Theory-based communications with built-in feedback and «feed-forward» enhance the probabilities of success considerably. This presentation explores these problems using the SMCR model of communication. Differences between linear models and transactional models are discussed. On the assumption that the health message environments of the future will be increasingly complex with highly differentiated target audiences in a rapid paced computer and electronically driven world, «getting the message through» will become an even greater challenge than in the recent past. Specific steps to change communication approaches in this setting are proposed
Interaction of CO and O2 with hemoglobin in perfused tissue adjacent to gas pockets.

Abstract When oxygen and carbon monoxide diffuse simultaneously out of artificially-formed gas pockets in living rats, the two gases interact: exit rate of O 2 is lower in the presence of CO than in its absence, and exit rate of CO is unexpectedly low at high P O 2 . The interaction is assumed to be due to competition for hemoglobin in the capillary blood which perfuses the tissue surrounding the gas pocket. The data are approximately consistent with a mathematic model based on the idea that the pocket gases diffuse out into the tissues and create a partial pressure gradient which extends for a considerable distance beyond the gas-tissue interface. Discrepancy between theory and observation can be explained by the idea that the displacement of O 2 from Hb by CO raises the O 2 tension inside the capillary high enough to inhibit further CO uptake by Hb, even though P CO and P O 2 are about equal in the gas pocket. Thus there are tissue-to-capillary gradients as well as a pocket-to-tissue gradient.
Safe Passage for Passwords and Other Sensitive Data.

The prevalence of malware such as keyloggers and screen scrapers has made the prospect of providing sensitive information via web pages disconcerting for security-conscious users. We present Bumpy, a system to exclude the legacy operating system and applications from the trusted computing base for sensitive input, without requiring a hypervisor or VMM. Bumpy allows the user to specify strings of input as sensitive when she enters them, and ensures that these inputs reach the desired endpoint in a protected state. The inputs are processed in an isolated code module on the user’s system, where they can be encrypted or otherwise processed for a remote webserver. We present a prototype implementation of Bumpy.
Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Wage Differences by Employment Setting.

ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies reported that primary care nurse practitioners working in primary care settings may earn less than those working in specialty care settings. However, few studies have examined why such wage difference exists.Purpose: This study used human capital theory to determine the degree to which the wage differences between PCNPs working in primary care versus specialty care settings is driven by the differences in PCNPs’ characteristics. Feasible generalized least squares regression was used to examine the wage differences for PCNPs working in primary care and specialty care settings.Methods: A cross-sectional, secondary data analysis was conducted using the restricted file of 2012 National Sample Survey of Nurse Practitioners.Findings: Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique was used to explore the factors contributing to wage differences.The results suggested that hourly wages of PCNPs working in primary care settings were, on average, 7.1% lower than PCNPs working in specialty care settings, holding PCNPs’ socio-demographic, human capital, and employment characteristics constant. Approximately 4% of this wage difference was explained by PCNPs’ characteristics; but 96% of these differences were due to unexplained factors.Discussion: A large, unexplained wage difference exists between PCNPs working in primary care and specialty care settings.
Prevalence and Correlates of Loss of Control Eating among Adults Presenting for Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Research suggests that substance use disorders and disordered eating are often comorbid. In light of the ongoing opioid epidemic, the purpose of the current study was to understand the prevalence and health-related correlates of loss of control (LOC) eating in adults seeking methadone maintenance treatment primarily for addiction to heroin and/or painkillers. Participants were 447 adults surveyed at presentation for methadone maintenance treatment who responded to survey items on LOC eating. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate the prevalence of engaging in LOC eating in the past 2 weeks. Chi-square tests, t tests, and analyses of covariance were used to compare individuals with (LOC+; n = 164) and without (LOC-; n = 283) recent LOC eating on psychosocial, pain-related, and weight-related characteristics. Approximately one third of respondents endorsed LOC eating in the past 2 weeks. These participants reported greater affective symptoms, interpersonal dysfunction, pain intensity, and pain interference than the LOC- group (Cohen’s d effect size range = .24–.94). LOC+ was also more likely to have engaged in recent illicit drug use and to report having concurrent overweight/obesity (φ effect size range = .09–.10). The prevalence of LOC eating in adults seeking methadone maintenance treatment was more than triple what has been reported in previous studies using community samples. Given its associations with other health-related variables, the presence of LOC eating may be a marker for more severe psychopathology in individuals seeking methadone maintenance treatment. Future research is needed to understand mechanisms explaining this comorbidity and to develop novel ways to prevent and treat their co-occurrence.
The importance of small fire refugia in the central Sierra Nevada, California, USA

Abstract Fire refugia – the unburned areas within fire perimeters – are important to the survival of many taxa through fire events and the revegetation of post-fire landscapes. Previous work has shown that species use and benefit from small-scale fire refugia (1–1000 m2), but our understanding of where and how fire refugia form is largely limited to the scale of remotely sensed data (i.e., 900 m2 Landsat pixels). To examine the causes and consequences of small fire refugia, we field-mapped all unburned patches ≥1 m2 within a contiguous 25.6 ha forest plot that burned at generally low-to-moderate severity in the 2013 Yosemite Rim Fire, California, USA. Within the Yosemite Forest Dynamics Plot (YFDP), there were 685 unburned patches ≥1 m2, covering a total unburned area of 12,597 m2 (4.9%). Small refugia occurred in all fire severity classifications. Random forest models showed that the proportion of unburned area of 100 m2 grid cells corresponded to pre-fire density and basal area of trees, distance to the nearest stream, and immediate fire mortality, but the relationships were complex and model accuracy was variable. From a pre-fire population of 34,061 total trees ≥1 cm diameter at breast height (1.37 m; DBH) within the plot (1330 trees ha−1), trees of all five of the most common species and those DBH
Toxic Erythema of Chemotherapy

Toxic erythema of chemotherapy (TEC) is an umbrella category of overlapping cutaneous reactions to cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, including: hand-foot syndrome (HFS), eccrine squamous syringometaplasia (ESS); some include neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH) under this overarching term (the authors feel that NEH has some distinguishing features and is discussed separately).
Just War, Pacifism, Just Peace, and Peacebuilding:

While Roman Catholic ethics of war and peace develops more restrictive criteria of just war and reprioritizes nonviolence, an important strand of Protestant theology defends war as a God-given inst...
Leukocyte cell derived chemotaxin-2 (Lect2) as a predictor of survival in adult acute liver failure

Background: One of the major issues in the field of acute liver failure (ALF) is the lack of reliable biomarkers that predict outcome. Many cases present with very limited treatment options and prognostic indicators are invaluable. We tested whether leukocyte cell derived chemotaxin 2 can be used as a prognostic biomarker to predict patient survival either alone or in combination with other routine clinical parameters. Methods: Serum samples and associated clinical data from came from two independent sources, the Acute Liver Failure Study Group (ALFSG) registry and the University of Kansas Medical Center. We analyzed a total of 61 cases, each with individual time points collected over a period of 0 to 7 days after hospital admission. Analysis was developed to compare responses in survivors vs. non-survivors. Results: The data indicate that survivors had significantly lower serum levels of leukocyte cell derived chemotaxin 2 compared to non-survivors (P=0.03). Further, it was able to predict patient survival when taken together with either international normalized ratio (INR) alone (71% concordance) or INR and bilirubin (76% concordance) or INR and serum albumin (77% concordance). Furthermore, when we analyzed data for each day, serum Lect2 and INR taken together were able to predict survival at day three after hospital admission with 86.3% concordance. Conclusions: These studies have revealed test batteries consisting of easily available serum tests that are concordant with survival status of ALF patients early during the clinical course.
Security-Aware Incentives Design for Mobile Device-to-Device Offloading

Device-to-Device (D2D) computation offloading, or D2D offloading, exploits spare computing resources of nearby user devices to enhance mobile computing performance. Its success relies on user participation in costly collaborative service provisioning, thus mandating an incentive mechanism that can compensate for these costs. Although incentive mechanism design has been studied extensively in the literature, this paper considers a more challenging yet less investigated problem in which selfish users are also facing interdependent security risks that depend on the collective behavior of all users. To this end, we build a novel mathematical framework by combining the power of game theory and epidemic theory to investigate the interplay between user incentives and interdependent security risks in D2D offloading, thereby enabling the design of security-aware incentive mechanisms. Our analysis discovers an interesting “less is more” phenomenon: although giving users more incentives promotes more participation, it may harm the network operator’s utility. This is because too much participation may foster persistent security risks and as a result, the effective participation level does not improve.
Resident Students' Perception of Safety in On-Campus Residential Facilities: Does Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Make a Difference?.

One practical, yet less touted, approach to school safety is the use of security provisions that conform with the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Beyond prevent...
Accuracy of Water Delivery in Enteral Nutrition Pumps.

BACKGROUND Adequate delivery of both enteral formula and water in patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN) is critical. Pump accuracy has been identified as a factor impeding enteral formula delivery; however, rarely is enteral water delivery investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore accuracy of delivering 1 L of water by EN pumps using different flush volumes and hang heights. METHODS Three EN pumps were used in vitro to flush 1 L of water at 50 mL every hour for 20 hours (50 mL, 20 times per day) and 500 mL every 4 hours for 8 hours (500 mL, 2 times per day) at 0 in. and 18 in. (or 45.72 cm) hang heights. Fifteen runs were conducted at each volume and hang height per pump. Actual delivered enteral water, remaining volume in enteral feeding bags, and volume reported per pump were recorded. RESULTS Hang height of 18 in. delivered a mean 3.91% (95% CI, 3.25-4.57) more water than bags hung at 0 in. (P < .0005). When delivering water in 500 mL increments, 1.57% (95% CI, 0.92-2.23) more water was delivered than when delivered in 50 mL increments (P < .005). CONCLUSION Appropriate hang height recommendations improve enteral water delivery in patients receiving EN. The most accurate setting was 500 mL at 18 in., resulting in accurate water delivery in 97.8% of runs, whereas 50 mL at 0 in. delivered accurately 17.8% of the time. Appropriate bag hang height and water delivery volume is critical to maintain hydration status of patients receiving EN.
STRUCTURING MULTIDISCIPLINARY BIOLOGY COURSES - A case study: Cellular Microbiology

Biology curricula have been traditionally based on disciplinary approach to instructional topics like biochemistry, cell biology, immunology, microbiology, etc. However, biological sciences knowled...
Review of numerical approaches using the gradient-enhanced continuum plasticity

Abstract The main advantage of using the finite element method (FEM) for the strain gradient plasticity theory over other methodologies such as molecular dynamics and discrete dislocation dynamics is its straightforwardness in simulations on realistic structure/scale/time and flexibility in the continuum-based framework. Over the last three decades, numerous numerical investigations have been made to reproduce the microstructural material characteristics of the plastic deformation using the FEM qualitatively. This chapter explores various numerical applications of the strain gradient plasticity including size effects, shear bands, damage, fracture, surface contact, grain boundary, impact; necking, etc.
Integrating Blended Learning in Middle School ELA Classrooms to Support Diverse Learners: Lessons Learned

The current focus of education is on preparing diverse student populations for college and career readiness. One critical aspect of this preparation is the development of 21st-century learning skills that integrate technology to support students in becoming active members of a globalized society. According to theNational Assessment of Educational Progress, however, English learners (ELs) and students with disabilities(SWDs) are underprepared to use technology to enhance their learning. Therefore, it is important for schools to find ways to integrate critical technology skills with academic instruction in the education of cognitively and linguistically diverse learners. School leaders are essential to the establishment of this instruction. This paper provides lessons learned from a professional development project focused on training middle school English language arts teachers in the integration of blended learning activities to support these diverse learners. These lessons, with supporting data, are discussed along with implications and recommendations for school leaders focused on providing access to critical 21st-century learning skills.
Spike behavior in the approach to spacetime singularities

We perform numerical simulations of the approach to spacetime singularities. The simulations are done with sufficient resolution to resolve the small scale features (known as spikes) that form in this process. We find an analytical formula for the shape of the spikes and show that the spikes in the simulations are well described by this formula.
Effects of Lithium on Neutrophil Metabolism in vitro and on Neutrophil Function During Therapy

Lithium carbonate (LC), an effective therapeutic agent for manic depressive psychosis, induces neutrophilia associated with an increased blood neutrophil pool and survival in vivo (Rothstein et al., 1978) and with enhanced growth of granulocyte committed stem cells in vitro (Rossof and Fehir, 1979). Despite these well documented effects on the granulocyte population, few studies have investigated the interactions of lithium and granulocyte function. Reports of lithium effects on the metabolic function of a variety of relatively homogeneous cell populations have shown that lithium increases the adhesion of nervous system cells and interferes with the effects of colcemid in vitro (Reiser et al., 1975), increases the intensity of platelet aggregation and prolongs the duration of disaggregation in vitro (Imandt et al., 1977), inhibits mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and suppressor T-cell activity in vitro (Gelfand et al., 1979) and enhances neutrophil skin window migration in vivo (Rothstein et al., 1978).
Evaluation of Extracellular Matrix Composition to Improve Breast Cancer Modeling

The development of resistance to therapy is a significant obstacle to effective therapeutic regimens. Evaluating the effects of oncology drugs in the laboratory setting is limited by the lack of tr...
Multivariate Genomewide Association Analysis with IHT

1 Abstract In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyzing multiple correlated traits is potentially superior to conducting multiple univariate analyses. Standard methods for multivariate GWAS operate marker-by-marker and are computationally intensive. We present a penalized regression algorithm for multivariate GWAS based on iterative hard thresholding (IHT) and implement it in a convenient Julia package MendelIHT.jl (https://github.com/OpenMendel/MendelIHT.jl). In simulation studies with up to 100 traits, IHT exhibits similar true positive rates, smaller false positive rates, and faster execution times than GEMMA’s linear mixed models and mv-PLINK’s canonical correlation analysis. As evidence of its scalability, our IHT code completed a trivariate trait analysis on the UK Biobank with 200,000 samples and 500,000 SNPs in 20 hours on a single machine.
Bilateral occipital lobe infarct neglect deficit (BLIND) syndrome

Cortical blindness is characterized by loss of vision due to dysfunction of the visual cortices, most commonly secondary to bilateral ischemic infarcts of the occipital lobe. Other causes include surgery such as aortic valve replacement, laryngeal surgery, craniotomy, cerebral angiography, head trauma, and partial seizures. Visual anosognosia is a distinct feature of cortical blindness, wherein patients claim they can see and confabulate visual perceptions, despite loss of sight. We herewith present a rare phenomenon known as Anton Syndrome, an eponym named after the Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, Gabriel Anton (1858-1933). There are a limited number of cases of Anton's Syndrome in the literature, with only 28 case reports published from 1965-2016. Although he was bestowed a neurologic eponym, Anton was an advocate of eugenics and racial hygiene. He publicly advocated for 'superior breeding' and 'selection' in order to 'build a brave and noble race.' We therefore propose replacing the eponym with Bilateral Occipital Lobe Infarct Neglect Deficit (BLIND) Syndrome, with intention of raising awareness of this unique presentation as well as of the widespread interest in eugenics in the early 1900s amongst physicians, notably Gabriel Anton.
Discovery of Potent Triple Inhibitors of Both SARS-CoV-2 Proteases and Human Cathepsin L

There are currently no FDA approved inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteases with specific treatment for post-exposure of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we discovered inhibitors containing thiuram disulfide or dithiobis-(thioformate) tested against three key proteases in SARS CoV-2 replication including SARS CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro), SARS CoV-2 Papain Like Protease (PLpro), and human cathepsin L. The use of thiuram disulfide and dithiobis-(thioformate) covalent inhibitor warheads was inspired by disulfiram, a currently prescribed drug commonly used to treat chronic alcoholism that at the present time is in Phase 2 clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2. At the maximal allowed dose, disulfiram is associated with adverse effects. Our goal was to find more potent inhibitors that target both viral proteases and one essential human protease to reduce the dosage and minimize the adverse effects associated with these agents. We found that compounds coded as RI175, JX 06, and RI172 are the most potent inhibitors from an enzymatic assay against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, and human cathepsin L with IC50s of 330, 250 nM, and 190 nM about 4.5, 17, and 11.5-fold more potent than disulfiram, respectively. The identified protease inhibitors in this series were also tested against SARS CoV-2 in a cell-based and toxicity assay and were shown to have similar or greater antiviral effect than disulfiram. The identified triple protease inhibitors and their derivatives are promising candidates for treatment of the Covid-19 virus and related variants.
Autonomous Eco-Driving with Traffic Light and Lead Vehicle Constraints: An Application of Best Constrained Interpolation

Abstract Eco-Driving is a critical technology for improving automotive transportation efficiency. It is achieved by modifying the driving trajectory over a particular route to minimize required propulsion energy. Eco-Driving can be approached as an optimal control problem subject to driving constraints such as traffic lights and positions of other vehicles. In this paper we demonstrate the connection between Eco-Driving and best interpolation in the strip which is a problem in approximation theory and optimal control. By exploiting this connection, we are able to generate optimal Eco-Driving trajectories that can be driven with an autonomous system and evaluate them using conventional, hybrid electric, and fully electric vehicle models from FASTSim software. Our results quantify the energy efficiency improvements that can be achieved with the proposed approach.
Social Relationships, Social Cognition, and the Evolution of Mind in Primates

During the past 20 years, research on cognition in primates and other animals has shifted from the laboratory to the field—from studies of animals' knowledge of objects to research on what they know about each other. Primates and many other animals live in rich, complex societies where animals form highly differentiated relationships and selection has favored the formation of enduring, long-term bonds. As a result, the social environment is characterized by predictable patterns of interaction: statistical regularities that an individual must recognize if she is to predict other animals' behavior. In nonhuman primates, social cognition has several striking properties. It involves the formation of concepts, and is computational: Individuals recognize others based on discrete-value traits (rank, kinship) and classify individuals along multiple dimensions simultaneously. Social knowledge is rule-governed and open-ended: Vocalizations follow specific rules of delivery, and the classification of others by kinship and rank persists despite changes in the individuals involved. Finally, social knowledge involves the attribution of motives and implicit theories of causality. Individuals know when a vocalization is directed at them, and when calls from two individuals are heard together listeners assume that one has caused the other. At present, we do not know whether primate social knowledge is qualitatively different from that in other species: The comparative study of social cognition in animals remains a work in progress. For all its richness, nonhuman primate social cognition remains strikingly different from that found in humans. Keywords: animals; primates; cognition; social behavior; social knowledge
Identification of the homophilic binding site of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP mu.

The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP mu comprises an extracellular segment containing a MAM domain, an immunoglobulin domain and four fibronectin type III repeats, a transmembrane segment, and two intracellular PTP domains. We have previously shown that PTP mu binds homophilically, i.e. PTP mu on the surface of one cell binds to PTP mu on an apposing cell, and that the extracellular segment alone is sufficient for homophilic binding. In this study we report that in MvLu cells PTP mu is proteolytically processed into two noncovalently associated fragments, one comprising most of the extracellular segment (approximately 100 kDa) and the other containing predominantly the transmembrane and intracellular portions (approximately 100 kDa). We have also identified the homophilic binding site within the extracellular segment. We have generated, expressed, and purified various fragments of the extracellular segment of PTP mu and have used fluorescent beads (Covaspheres) coated with these fragments in three binding assays: (i) measurement of bead aggregation, (ii) binding of beads to surfaces of dishes coated with purified PTP mu, or (iii) binding to MvLu cells. Only beads coated with recombinant fragments that contained the immunoglobulin domain underwent aggregation or bound to surfaces displaying PTP mu, suggesting that neither the MAM domain nor the fibronectin type III repeats bound homophilically in these assays. The fragment containing the Ig domain alone bound as well as any other Ig domain-containing fragment, suggesting that the Ig domain is both necessary and sufficient for homophilic binding under these conditions.
Health care utilization patterns in panic disorder and agoraphobia:: A naturalistic study in secondary prevention

Abstract The response of 90 subjects who called a University Hospital clinic after a biologically oriented television segment on panic disorder and agoraphobia is described, including a six-month follow-up detailing health care utilization patterns and treatment outcomes. The results illustrate both the utility of media presentations and practical difficulties associated with secondary prevention and treatment acceptability in psychiatry.
Brooks' versus Linus' law: an empirical test of open source projects

In this paper, we investigate collective action in open source software development, where both volunteers and paid professionals essentially produce a public good. By using a large dataset, our logistic regression shows that adding more programming staff to the software projects increases their probability of success. This finding contradicts some dominant theories on software development as well as on the provision of public goods. As governments worldwide increasingly rely on open source software, our analysis has concrete implications for the public sector in contributing to the success of these projects.
First computer languages

The first computer language that a student learns will set the tone for every computer class that follows. The real issue is not what language to teach first, but how to approach the teaching of the language. The ideal class has the following five elements: 1) A special introduction lab to expose the student to the language interface without regard for solving the problem. 2) Structured labs take place throughout the semester. These labs compliment the lecture and clarify current homework assignments. 3) Comprehensive grade sheets that reinforce the required programming skills and concepts of programming. 4) In-class grading exercises that strengthen the student's understanding of all programming requirements. And 5) a constant and timely feedback loop from the instructor to the student. This first computer language course must be designed to develop an appreciation for learning that the students will carry with them throughout their careers. (Denning et. al., 1988)
Deregulation and Board Composition: Evidence on the Value of the Revolving Door

According to the conventional wisdom, a revolving door operates between government and industry. High ranking government officials leave office and head for Washington law firms or major corporations where they use their connections and influence to further their new employers' political interests. Despite the pervasiveness of this story, remarkably little evidence exists on the motivations underlying the revolving door phenomenon. Indeed, a few competing theories attempt to explain the revolving door phenomenon, but almost no work has been done to empirically distinguish which of these theories is most relevant. In this study we examine the participation of political directors on the boards of natural gas companies over a period of deregulation. We focus on the 1986 deregulation of the natural gas extraction companies. This event provides a natural experiment to distinguish between competing theories, namely the traditional rent-seeking revolving door theory and the managerial human asset theory. Using data covering the period from 1978 to 1998, we test whether deregulation altered composition of the board as the firm's environment changed. In particular, did deregulation cause firms to reduce the number of political directors on their boards? We find evidence that board members serve a rent-seeking role. In general, the 1986 deregulation of natural gas extraction is associated with a decrease in the number of political directors on boards. In addition, using a fixed-effects model we find that deregulated firms reduce the number of political directors. Keywords: Corporate governance, deregulation, political directors
Systems Pluralism and Institutional Pluralism in Constitutional Law: National, Supranational, and Global Governance

This essay responds to the challenge of global governance by rethinking our traditional understanding of constitutional law as the consolidation and settlement of authority. The essay teases out the various ways in which the practice of constitutionalism is open to claims from outside the system and lacks ordering through hierarchy within. Understanding these elements of openness yields a more accurate picture of the practice of constitutional law. It also suggests a pluralist practice that may be more true to the ideals of constitutionalism than the traditional model of consolidation and hierarchy itself.
The development of youth-onset severe obesity in urban US girls.

Abstract Objective To understand the incidence and persistence of severe obesity (≥1.2 × 95th BMI percentile-for-age) in girls across the transition to adolescence, and map developmental trajectories of adolescent severe obesity in a high-risk sample. Methods We examined ten years of prospectively collected data from a population sample of urban girls (n = 2226; 53% African American, aged 7–10 in 2003–2004). We determined severe obesity prevalence and incidence by age. Logistic regression evaluated for secular trend in the association between age and severe obesity prevalence. Unconditional latent growth curve models (LGCMs) compared BMI development through the adolescence transition between girls with severe obesity versus healthy BMI. Results Severe obesity prevalence was 8.3% at age 7–10 and 10.1% at age 16–19 (white: 5.9%; African American: 13.2%; p 2 in the healthy-BMI group and 8.50 kg/m 2 in the severe obesity group, a 2.6-fold difference. Conclusions Youth-onset severe obesity warrants particular concern in urban girls due to high prevalence and an increasing secular prevalence trend. Late childhood and early adolescence may represent a key developmental window for prevention and treatment, but is too late to prevent youth-onset severe obesity entirely.
Stability, metastability, and elastic properties of a dense silica polymorph, seifertite

[1] Dense silica polymorphs with sixfold coordinated Si have been found in SNC and lunar meteorites and may be important minerals for silica-rich components in the lower mantle. However, the stable crystal structure in the lower mantle and properties of dense silica remain controversial. Under stable heating and quasi-hydrostatic stress conditions, we found that the CaCl2 type undergoes a phase transition to the α-PbO2type (seifertite) at 130–140 GPa and 2500 K. Our data suggest that this phase transition occurs at a greater depth than the perovskite → postperovskite transition in the lowermost mantle. The molar volume measured at 1 bar is the smallest among the reported silica polymorphs, therefore having the highest calculated density and in excellent agreement with recent first-principles calculations. The greater molar volume of seifertite found in the shergottite meteorite and previous experiments supports a metastable synthesis of the phase outside its stability field. Our data combined with the Hugoniots of silica polymorphs also rule out the possibility of the formation of seifertite in the meteorite within its stability field. We found very little change in bulk sound speed across the CaCl2-type → seifertite transition. If shear wave velocity decreases at the transition to seifertite as suggested by some computational studies, this silica transition may provide an alternative explanation for the discontinuities with a shear wave velocity decrease found at depths greater than the D″discontinuity.
Scheduling on parallel processing systems using parallel primitives

An approach for integrating task and parallel architecture characteristics is presented, with the objectives of easing the burden of parallel programming on the user and of increasing the system efficiency through more informed embedding, partitioning, and scheduling. The proposed approach uses the concepts of parallel primitives and a primitives table that serves as the knowledge base for the system. Parallel primitives are parallel SIMD computations and can be used to write parallel programs. The primitives table stores the specifications of each primitive. In addition, for each primitive several alternative implementations corresponding to alternative network structures are provided and stored in the table. A layered implementation of a parallel processing system with parallel primitives is presented. The authors also examine the positive implications of the primitives table on scheduling, as well as on determining the optimal machine configurations for tasks using precedence graphs. The latter problem is shown to be NP-complete. However, a linear algorithm is found for the case in which the precedence graph is a tree. >
INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF ASYMPTOMATIC TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN

FROM 1915 until 1930, medical literature was filled with discussions concerning the necessity of the treatment of patients whose roentgenograms showed open cavities but who in other respects were relatively asymptomatic. In many instances such patients were offered little or no treatment. From 1925 to 1945 authors questioned the necessity of the treatment of minimal, but otherwise asymptomatic tuberculosis. Now all agree that such cases should be treated. In the early days after the discovery of streptomycin, antimicrobials were reserved for those patients who showed progressive pulmonary tuberculosis while under other forms of treatment. It was common to save chemotherapy until it was needed. Today, in any tuberculosis hospital, approximately 100% of the patients admitted, and proven to have tuberculosis, will be treated with chemotherapy. It is a well-established fact that a primary infection confers a certain degree of resistance to reinfection. The good effects of the primary infection have been so fully studied both in experimental animals and in humans, particularly in regard to the program of vaccination, that the deleterious effects have been frequently overlooked. A person who is a recent tuberculin converter undoubtedly has living tubercle bacilli in his body. No one has yet proven what happens to these bacilli either in the experimental animal or in the human. For years it was assumed, but without positive proof, that they slowly or rapidly died. It is now realized that while they may not multiply, they may remain dormant but living in the lymph node component of the primary complex.