cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of GaAs Deep Etching by Using Reactive Ion Etching Technique

RIE is an important technique in obtaining anisotropie etch profile. This is a critical requirement for very deep etching which needs long etch duration. Among many factors which affect RIE characteristics in deep etching, the following are most concerned: (1) the etch mask: needs suitable plasma resistance without significant plasma attack for extended etch time; (2) Long time stability in etch rate and surface conditions for the sample; (3) Etch profile: should be anisotropie with tolerable undercut In this work, CCl2F2 and SiCl4 were used with CCl2F2 as the main etchant. Ar was used in the initial stage for sputtering away surface residues prior to actual etching was performed. Three types of etch masks were prepared and their performance such as plasma was investigated. Multilayer metal etch mask has very low etch rate in plasma and its etch rate selectivity is around 300. The etch selectivities of GaAs to Si3N4 and to photoresist are 35 and 23, respectively. Etch mask can be chosen depending on the thickness of etch mask and the required GaAs etch depth. The etch rate of GaAs was found significantly increased when metal mask was applied. While PR mask is easier for inducing surface coating.
Metal Atom Reactions with Polymer Films

The chemical nature of the interface formed when an electropositive metal (chromium) is evaporated on the surface of oxygen-containing polymers has been investigated by synchrotron-radiation excited photoemission spectroscopy and by near-edge X-ray absorption fine stnrcture spectroscopy (NEXAFS). PMDA-ODA polyimide was studied along with two polymers intended to more simply model the complex chemical functionality of polyimide. Core-level spectra were resolved into distinct peaks, which were assigned to specific atoms in the polymer units, and changes in the spectra were monitored as chromium metal atoms were evaporated onto the surface. Similarly, NEXAFS spectra were taken as a function of chromium deposition. Results of these experiments show that chromium initially reacts very rapidly with surface carbonyl groups, but less strongly with ether oxygens or arene rings. In all polymers studied, formation of an electron-rich, carbide-like species was observed.
Multistage remote sensing: toward an annual national inventory

Remote sensing can improve efficiency of statistical information. Landsat data can identify and map a few broad categories of forest cover and land use. However, more-detailed information requires a sample of higher-resolution imagery, which costs less than field data but considerably more than Landsat data. A national remote sensing program would be a major undertaking, requiring unprecedented partnerships between federal programs and stakeholders.
Rapid Preparation of Vaccinia Virus DNA Template for Analysis and Cloning by PCR

This chapter describes the preparation of template DNA from poxvirus-infected cells, plaques, or crude virus stocks for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The advantages of this technique are that it is rapid, inexpensive, and, most importantly, reliable, requiring only centrifugation, detergent, and protease treatment. The template preparation is suitable for PCR amplification for screening viruses, cloning, transfection, and DNA sequencing.
The Effect of CEO Social Influence Pressure and CFO Accounting Experience on CFO Financial Reporting Decisions

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study is to test the effects of inappropriate CEO social influence pressure and CFO accounting experience on CFOs' reporting judgments and decisions. Specifically, we use a sample of 69 highly experienced public company CFOs to evaluate the extent that inappropriate compliance or obedience pressure from the CEO to revise financial reporting to meet an earnings target affects CFO revision decisions. The results indicate that compliance pressure (a request) and obedience pressure (an order) from the CEO significantly (and similarly) increase CFO willingness to revise their initial inventory adjustments. Although both types of pressure from CEOs impact CFOs' financial reporting decisions, compliance pressure did not create increased levels of perceived pressure. The results also reveal an inverse relation between CFO accounting experience and revision of the initial estimate. Finally, CFOs who acquiesce to CEO pressure maintain their personal responsibility for the adjustment, co...
Ultraviolet laser-induced photoemission: enhancement of semiconductor surface reactions

Photogenerated electron transfer can play a large role in surface chemical reactions. These electrons have been shown to play a role in adsorption, desorption, and dissociation of semiconductor surfaces.1 Deep UV photons can photoemit carriers into energy bands and states not accessible by photogenerated carriers created by visible light. As an example, we describe the sharp increase in the photoenhanced oxidation rate on GaAs in the presence of deep UV radiation (4.1 eV < hv < 5.1 eV). In contrast to previous experiments using visible radiation,2 the deep UV reaction enhancement occurs at oxide coverages of more than one monolayer (ML), and the oxide formation under deep UV irradiation can exceed several monolayers.
Stuttering and Cluttering

Fluency disorders have the potential to cause difficulty with social interaction. This may be due to the fact that disorders of fluency, including stuttering, cluttering, and atypical disfluency, may co-occur with other disorders whose features include pragmatic symptoms. Co-occurring disorders include autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, genetic syndromes, and language-based learning disabilities. In these cases, pragmatic difficulty may be related primarily to difficulties with knowledge of social rules or executive function features such as impulse control. The potential negative impact of the fluency disorder itself on social interaction is often underestimated. Affective and cognitive components of fluency disorders may lead to avoidance behaviors, such as decreased eye contact or limiting verbal output. Although these behaviors are rooted in fear, they can be misinterpreted as true pragmatic difficulties. Regardless of the cause, fluency disorders may result in difficulties with social interaction. This chapter provides information and strategies to help the practicing clinician effectively identify, evaluate, and treat disorders of social communication in clients with fluency disorders.
The effects of the method used to present a complex item on the face of a financial statement on nonprofessional investors' judgments

Abstract Our study is motivated by standard setters' (FASB, 2010; IASB, 2010a) interest in better understanding the effects of item complexity and disaggregation of financial information on users' decision processes. We examine whether the method used to present a complex item on a financial statement influences nonprofessional investors' judgments. We also examine whether disaggregation influences how different levels of item complexity are associated with judgments. Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment, we manipulate variables representing presentation method (disaggregation versus aggregation) and level of item complexity (which is defined pension cost with high versus low volatility). With a sample of 114 nonprofessional investors, we find that when the complex item defined pension cost is disaggregated into its component parts and displayed in different sections of the statement of comprehensive income, nonprofessional investors acquire more information about the item and are able to more accurately understand the function of the item. This, in turn, helps the nonprofessional investors decide whether the information is useful in certain judgments. Additionally, we find that when a complex item is disaggregated, nonprofessional investors place even greater weight on their perceptions of level of item complexity in certain judgments. The results of this study are of value to managers, standard setters, and investors. For instance, results suggest that disaggregating a complex item across a financial statement can help nonprofessional investors learn how the component(s) driving a complex item relates to different economic events, improving their ability to understand and process the information in their judgments.
The Cycle of the Butterfly: The Gender Condition within Hwang’s M.Butterfly

M. Butterfly re-tells a true story of a love affair gone wrong. The prominent Frenchman is deceived by the cross dressing Chinese spy for over twenty years. Gallimard is the ‘un-masculine’ man who becomes uber masculine when presented to the Chinese ‘flower’. Hwang presents this story as a means of exposing the truths about the masculine condition, which can never be fulfilled because of its many definitions semantically and culturally. Through the lenses of Masculine and Gender theory, this paper looks to analyze the creation of gender roles within the play, which in turn leads to Gallimard’s demise. Gallimard’s attempt to become the ultimate masculine, powerful man only leads him to become a feminine butterfly.
Analyzing Accessibility Using Parcel Data: Is There Still an Access–Space Trade-Off in Long Beach, California?

This article analyzes the impact of changing housing and neighborhood characteristics on the accessibility of neighborhood businesses using Long Beach, California, as a case study. Although advocates of smart growth and New Urbanism encourage land use mixing, aggregate-level analysis can be too coarse to pick up on fine-grained aspects of urban streetscapes. This study uses assessor parcel records and a point-based business establishment data set to analyze city-wide patterns of accessibility from individual dwelling units to thirty-one types of neighborhood businesses, including grocery stores, service shops, drug stores, doctor's offices, and banks. Regression results compare parcel-level and neighborhood-level drivers of accessibility between 2006 and 2015 to gauge the aggregated effect of recent economic, demographic, and built environment changes on this aspect of urban spatial structure. Larger homes in older, multiunit buildings and higher income neighborhoods show substantial increases in accessib...
Identification of Electromagnetic Object Response From Noisy Transient Measurements

Abstract The response of an object subjected to high energy, transient electromagnetic (EM) fields called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is an important issue in the survivability of electronic systems (e.g., aircraft), especially when the field has been generated by a high altitude nuclear burst. The characterization of transient reponse information is a matter of national concern. In this paper we apply identification techniques to : (i) improve signal processing at a test facility, and (ii) parameterize a particular object response. First, we discuss the application of identification-based signal processing techniques to improve signal levels at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Electromagnetic Test Facility. We identify models of test equipment and then use these models to deconvolve the input/output sequences from the noisy measurements for the object under test. A parametric model of the object is then identified from this data. The model is then used to extrapolate the response to the threat level EMP.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems challenges in design for autonomy

Unmanned Aircraft Systems, UAS, have seen unprecedented levels of growth during the last decade. Projections and expectations for future UAS utilization span a very wide and diverse spectrum of civilian and public domain applications, in addition to the obvious military applications, from emergency response, to environmental monitoring, early fire detection and forest protection, to name but a few such applications. However, before timely and orderly integration into the national airspace system, NAS, it is essential that challenges at least in the areas of design for autonomy, navigation, robust and fault-tolerant control, sense-detect-and-avoid/see-and-avoid systems for mid-air collision avoidance, UAV safety and reliability, reaches maturity before complete UAS integration into the national airspace system occurs. This plenary contribution first discusses the design for autonomy challenge and the transition from the ‘human-in-the-loop’ to the ‘human-on-the-loop’ concept that is coupled with the much needed reduced operator workload, followed by a comprehensive and modular UAS control architecture aiming at facilitating software developments regardless of specific hardware. A generalized, sensor-based, fault-tolerant navigation control architectural framework for (nonlinear, linearized and linear) autonomous UAS, including a methodology to accommodate in real-time rotorcraft main/tail rotor failures (resulting in helicopter safe landing) is also recommended; however, this framework is also suitable for other types of UAS, i.e., fixed-wing aircraft and multi-rotor configurations.
THE OCCURRENCE OF BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE UNDER SHORE FAST-ICE IN THE WESTERN ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA

ABSTRACT Diving surveys were carried out along the coasts of Ross Island and Victorialand, Antarctica (between S. Lat. 75° and 77° 300 during the months of January and February, 1964. These surveys revealed the presence of large algal beds at depths between 6 and 35 m. The dominant species were red algae— Phyllophora antarctica, Iridaea obovata , and Phycodrys quercifolia. The majority of the specimens collected were adult and fruiting, indicating that they had grown there for some time. The same localities were checked for the presence of these algal beds during the months of October, November, and December, 1964. At this time of the year however, most localities are covered by a 3 to 6 m thick layer of sea ice, extending for 8 to 17 miles from the coast. Scuba-diving was done in hand-enlarged seal holes. The new collections again showed a luxuriant growth of the same rhodophycean species. Since adult and fruiting specimens were abundant at this time of the year also, it is most likely that the algae in this part of the Antarctic are present for at least 8 months, and most probably throughout the year. If they are present throughout the year there might be a period of inactivity during some of the months without sunshine, but in the author's opinion growth starts soon after June 21st. Continuous 48 hr measurements carried out with a submarine photometer provided with an underwater and deck cell unit showed an average scale reading of 53 μAmp in the algal beds at a depth of 20 m or approximately 1.39% of the surface value. In contradiction to previous work the present study shows that the Antarctic benthic algae under consideration are capable of photosynthetic production under fast ice with a coverage of 9 to 10 months.
Legislation induced organizational inefficiency: The case of the federal reserve and the dodd-frank

In 2010 the Dodd-Frank Law was passed in response to the 2008 recession. However, questions arose regarding the federal agenciesʼ ability to regulate the economy in general and the utility of financial regulations in particular. This work examines and discusses the challenges associated with the uncertainty of the administrative environment in which agencies have been drafting regulations in response to Dodd-Frank. A lack of administrative clarity as a result of Congressional politics led to regulatory capture and operational paralysis on the part of federal agencies tasked with implementing the Act. In this type of environment it becomes very difficult for regulatory agencies to be effective and competent when regulations have not all been drafted yet and legislation is continuously changing. This article critically examines the recent proposed changes to the Dodd-Frank Law. Specifically, it delineates the manner in which the legislative instability has impacted the Federal Reserve Bankʼs capacity to effectively implement the necessary rules for mitigating economic risks.
The Parasitological Pursuit: Crossing Species and Disciplinary Boundaries with Calvin W. Schwabe and the Echinococcus Tapeworm, 1956–1975

This chapter focuses on the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, as studied by American parasitologist Calvin Schwabe. It shows how following the movements of Echinococcus between animal hosts, ecological environments, continents, and scientific and medical disciplines led Schwabe to new intellectual territory and career opportunities. Rather than casting the parasite in the restricted role of infectious disease threat, he regarded it as an animal like any other, worthy of biological investigation in its own right, and an influential ecological participant in its environment. His conception of species relationships undermined traditional boundaries between human and non-human animals. This transgression he also enacted on a disciplinary level, where he combined the advantages of biological and medical approaches to parasites, and the practices of both human and veterinary medicine. Always on the trail of his tiny tapeworm subject, he blazed a path that led him eventually to advocate a philosophy of ‘One Medicine’, an approach unbounded by species or discipline.
Assembly of 809 whole mitochondrial genomes with clinical, imaging, and fluid biomarker phenotyping.

Abstract Introduction Mitochondrial genetics are an important but largely neglected area of research in Alzheimer's disease. A major impediment is the lack of data sets. Methods We used an innovative, rigorous approach, combining several existing tools with our own, to accurately assemble and call variants in 809 whole mitochondrial genomes. Results To help address this impediment, we prepared a data set that consists of 809 complete and annotated mitochondrial genomes with samples from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. These whole mitochondrial genomes include rich phenotyping, such as clinical, fluid biomarker, and imaging data, all of which is available through the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative website. Genomes are cleaned, annotated, and prepared for analysis. Discussion These data provide an important resource for investigating the impact of mitochondrial genetic variation on risk for Alzheimer's disease and other phenotypes that have been measured in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative samples.
Maternal autoantibody related autism: mechanisms and pathways.

It has been estimated that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) now affects 1 in 59 children in the United States. Although the cause(s) of ASD remain largely unknown, it is becoming increasingly apparent that ASD can no longer be defined simply as a behavioral disorder, but is in effect a rather complex and highly heterogeneous biological disorder. Up until recently the brain was thought to be “immune privileged.” However, it is now known that the immune system plays critical roles in the development and functioning of the brain throughout life. Recent evidence from multiple investigators has illustrated the deleterious role that dysregulation of the maternal immune system during gestation can play in the manifestation of changes in neurodevelopment, resulting in the development of neurobehavioral disorders such as ASD. One potential etiologic pathway through which the maternal immune system can interfere with neurodevelopment is through maternal autoantibodies that recognize proteins in the developing fetal brain. This mechanism of pathogenesis is now thought to lead to a subphenotype of ASD that has been termed maternal autoantibody related (MAR) ASD. This review provides an overview of the current research implicating the presence of brain-reactive maternal autoantibodies as a risk factor for MAR ASD.
Bone cancer: current opinion in palliative care

Common cancers, including breast, lung, and prostate cancers, frequently metastasize to multiple bones where they can cause significant and life-altering pain. Similar to cancer, the factors that drive bone cancer pain evolve and change with disease progression. Once cancer cells have metastasized to bone, both the cancer cells and their associated stromal cells can generate pain by releasing algogenic substances including protons, bradykinin, endothelins, prostaglandins, proteases, and tyrosine kinase activators. The release of these factors by cancer cells and their associated stromal cells can induce sensitization and activation of nerve fibers that innervate the bone. Additionally, these factors can promote a remarkable increase in the number, size, and activity of bone-destroying osteoclasts, which can ultimately result in fracture of the tumor-bearing bone. Tumor growth in bone can also generate a neuropathic pain by directly injuring nerve fibers and inducing a highly pathological sprouting of both sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers that typically innervate the bone. This structural reorganization of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers in the bone, in conjunction with the cellular and neurochemical reorganization that occurs in the spinal cord and brain, appears to contribute to the peripheral and central sensitization that is common in advanced bone cancer pain. These mechanistic insights have begun to lead to advances in how we understand and treat bone cancer pain.
Electric Shock-Induced Coronary Artery Thrombosis and Dissection.

Electric shock–induced myocardial infarction is rare. Shock-induced coronary artery thrombosis and dissection in multiple distributions have not been reported. After shock, coronary thrombosis may cause anginal symptoms, and any coronary artery may be damaged. A 32-year-old man presented with angina and ischemia-related symptoms after 6,000-V electric shock. He reported occasional exertional angina; the stress echocardiography result was positive for ischemia. Cardiac catheterization showed severe multivessel disease, an occluded left anterior descending coronary artery, and an occluded circumflex artery with collateralization to the distal left anterior descending coronary artery. Surgical intervention detected global coronary dissection and thrombosis. Bypass grafting achieved complete revascularization. The patient was successfully discharged home.
Influence of on-network, traffic, signal, demographic, and land use characteristics by area type on red light violation crashes.

Abstract The focus of this research paper is on extraction of predictor variables pertaining to on-network, traffic, signal, demographic, and land use characteristics, by area type, and examining their influence on the number of red light violation crashes. Data for the city of Charlotte, North Carolina was extracted and used for analysis. Three different sets of signalized intersections were selected in the three different area types - Central Business District (CBD), urban, and suburban areas. Each set is comprised of sixty signalized intersections (total 180 signalized intersections). The number of red light violation crashes from January 2010 to December 2014, within the vicinity of each selected signalized intersection, was considered as the dependent variable to develop crash estimation models for each area type. The crash estimation models by area type were compared with the crash estimation model developed considering all the 180 signalized intersections together. Different predictor variables were found to be significant at a 95% confidence level in three different areas. Log-link model with Negative Binomial distribution was observed to best fit the data used in this research. Findings indicate that enforcement, either manually or using red light running cameras (RLCs), at signalized intersections with high traffic volume in the CBD area; at signalized intersections with high traffic volume, high all-red clearance time, near high density of horizontal mixed non-residential and open space/recreational type land uses in urban area; at signalized intersections with high traffic volume, speed limit on the major approach, the number of lanes on the minor approach, and all-red clearance time and areas surrounded with horizontal mixed non-residential and retail type land use in suburban areas, would lead to a reduction in the number of red light violation crashes.
The Future of Mental Health Care: Trends and Forecast

This chapter reviews trends that are driving change in mental health care and offers near-term and long-term forecasts. Advances in the basic sciences are gradually transforming Western medicine into a more complete paradigm that is embracing advanced technologies and insights from the world’s great healing traditions. Innovations in assessment and treatment of mental health problems are being shaped by progress in neuroscience, genetics, artificial intelligence, and advanced technologies. Artificial intelligence (AI) software is already changing how physicians work with patients and how patients obtain care for mental health problems. This trend will continue and accelerate as AI applications become pervasive in industrialized countries. Irrespective of whether change is conservative or radical, advances in Western medicine and CAM will inevitably lead to innovations in mental health care resulting in a broader range of treatment choices and improvement in the current model of care delivery. Psychiatry as currently practiced will transition away from pharmacology as the dominant mode of treatment toward increasing reliance on advanced technologies for promoting optimal wellness and for assessing and treating mental illness. Increasing openness to new ways of thinking about mental health among both practitioners and patients is leading to a more integrative model of mental health care that draws evidence from biomedical psychiatry and CAM. In the coming decades, well before the end of the century, there will no longer be a rigid dichotomy between Western medical therapies and CAM modalities, and the terms “biomedicine” and “CAM” will no longer be used. Instead there will be “new medicine” and “old medicine.” Mental health care will evolve into individualized “whole person” care and will address complex biological, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual, and postulated energetic causes and meanings of mental illness. Changes that take place in this century will radically shift the paradigm of psychiatry from an emphasis on treatment of mental illnesses to an emphasis on optimizing emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning.
'Two Dooms' and the Memory of World War II in Alternate History

This article examines the ubiquity of the theme of a Nazi victory in World War II within alternate history fiction, and explains it in terms of popular understanding of the conflict. In particular the article argues that the war's familiarity, course and associations lend themselves uniquely well to use by writers of popular fiction.
Systems Engineers’ Effectiveness in an Organization: Text and Visual Analytics Approach

The Helix project is a multiyear longitudinal research study focus on understanding what makes systems engineers effective. The Helix team gathered data through interviews, site visits, and surveys with individuals who are doing systems engineering (SE) work on programs, supervising systems engineers, using products from systems engineers, and are knowledgeable about SE. The responses provided by the participants were documented and analyzed using text mining techniques, such as topic modeling and word similarity. To interpret the results, the team developed several visualizations from three scenarios, full corpus, by organization type, and by domain. The visuals show the common language among systems engineers within topics and the relationship between words from the three scenarios mentioned above. Also, the article provides insights into what enables systems engineers to be proficient or effective in their organizations.
Phytoplankton Phenology in the North Atlantic: Insights From Profiling Float Measurements

Phytoplankton division rate (µ), loss rate (l), and specific accumulation rate (r) were calculated using Chlorophyll-a (Chl) and phytoplankton carbon (Cphyto) derived from bio-optical measurements on 12 Argo profiling floats in a north-south section of the western North Atlantic Ocean (40° N to 60° N). The float results were used to quantify the seasonal phytoplankton phenology and bloom dynamics for the region. Latitudinally varying phytoplankton dynamics were observed. In the north, the CPhyto peak was higher, occurred later, and was accompanied by higher total annual CPhyto accumulation. In contrast, in the south, stronger μ-r decoupling occurred despite smaller seasonal variations in mixed layer depth (suggesting the possibility of other ecological forcing), and was accompanied by an increasing portion of winter to total annual production, consistent with relief of nutrient limitation. The float observations of phytoplankton phenology for the mixed layer were compared to ocean color satellite remote sensing observations and found to be similar. A similar comparison to an eddy-resolving ocean simulation found the model only reproduced some of aspects of the observed phytoplankton phenology, indicating possible biases in the simulated physical forcing, turbulent dynamics, and bio-physical interactions. In addition to seasonal patterns in the mixed layer, the float measurements provided information on the vertical distribution of physical and biogeochemical quantities and therefore are complementary to the remote sensing measurements. Seasonal phenology patterns arise from interactions between “bottom-up” (e.g., resources for growth) and “top-down” (e.g., grazing, mortality) factors that involve both biological and physical drivers. The Argo float data are consistent with the disturbance recovery hypothesis over the full, annual seasonal cycle; for the late winter/early spring transition, the float data are also consistent with other bloom hypotheses (e.g. critical photosynthesis, critical division rate, and meso/sub-mesoscale physics) that highlight the importance of brief, episodic boundary layer shoaling for decoupling of division and grazing rates.
Macroscopic Nonuniformities in Metal Grids Formed by Cracked Film Lithography Result in 19.3% Efficient Solar Cells.

Cracked film lithography (CFL) is an emerging method for patterning transparent conductive metal grids. CFL can be vacuum- and Ag-free, and it forms more durable grids than nanowire approaches. In spite of CFL’s promising transmittance/grid sheet resistance/wire spacing tradeoffs, previous solar cell demonstrations have had relatively low performance. This work introduces macroscopic nonuniformities in the grids to improve the short-circuit current density/fill factor tradeoff in small area Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ cells. The performance of optimized baseline grids is matched by CFL grids with microscopic openings and macroscopic patterns, culminating in a 19.3% efficient cell. Simulations show that uniform CFL grids are enhanced by patterning because it leads to better balance among shadowing, grid resistance, and transparent conductive oxide resistance losses. Thin-film module efficiency calculations are performed to highlight the performance gains that metal grids can enable by eliminating the transparent conductive oxide losses and widening monoliths. Adding the patterned CFL grids demonstrated in this work to CIGS modules is predicted to reach 0.7% higher efficiency (absolute) than screen-printed grids.
Help Kids Screening Tool to Identify Child and Family Socioeconomic Needs in Primary Care

Background: Living in poverty frequently negatively affects the development of children. Families who are struggling to meet basic needs are unable to focus on supporting child development. The main barriers identified by clinic staff were lack of time and referral resources. To rapidly and accurately identify socioeconomic risk factors, we created a 10 question screening tool in both English and Spanish that could be quickly completed during a primary care office visit. Methods: This quality improvement project utilized qualitative and quantitative methods to create and evaluate a new screening tool …
HYDROTHERMAL INTERACTION OF WYOMING BENTONITE AND OPALINUS CLAY

Most investigations into clay-mineral stability and new mineral formation within engineered barrier system (EBS) materials for geologic repositories of nuclear waste have focused on temperatures <100°C. In response to the United States Department of Energy’s interest in disposing of waste packages with higher thermal loads, higher temperature (200–300°C) and pressure (~150 bar), long-term (6-week to 6-month), hydrothermal experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction of Opalinus Clay (wall rock) and Wyoming bentonite (clay buffer) with synthetic Opalinus Clay groundwater. Experiments were conducted in autoclaves using a flexible gold reaction cell with water:rock ratios between 6:1 and 9:1. Run products were characterized in terms of mineralogy and geochemistry. Montmorillonite remained stable at 200 and 300°C; traces of illite-smectite interstratified minerals were observed. Clay minerals in Opalinus Clay experienced significant changes at 300°C, including the formation of illite, illite-smectite, and chlorite-smectite. Montmorillonite illitization within the Wyoming bentonite EBS material was likely limited by the bulk chemistry of the system (i.e. low potassium) and newly formed illite was likely limited to the Opalinus Clay fragments, nucleating on pre-existing illite in the clay rock. Zeolite minerals with compositions between analcime and wairakite formed at 300°C along edges of Opalinus Clay fragments and within the bentonite matrix, but not at 200°C. Aqueous fluids remained undersaturated with respect to quartz in Opalinus Clay ± Wyoming bentonite 300°C experiments, and dissolution and re-precipitation of phases such as kaolinite, calcite, and smectite likely contributed to zeolite formation. These results can be applied to understanding zeolite formation, clay-mineral phase stability, and silica saturation within EBS materials of a high-temperature repository.
The Political Economy of Debt Crisis: State, Banks and the Financialization of Public Debt in Italy since the 1970s

The chapter explores the origins and consequences of rising public debts in Italy since the 1970s. The Banca d’Italia was now able to increase its institutional power and to become one of the most powerful central banks in Europe. At the same time, the financial sector profited from the massive expansion of the sovereign debt market in Italy. Through high saving rates, private households financed a huge part of the public debt. The chapter analyzes how internal political and economic coalitions were a decisive aspect of the new system of debt management. The successful mobilization of domestic institutional investors and private households also explain why Italy was able to prevent dramatic bank insolvencies or external debt crises during the 1970s. The chapter argues that Italy’s reorganization of the sovereign debt market was efficient in creating short-term solutions. However, in a long-term perspective, this strategy was not sustainable and created the problems that Italy is facing today.
Labour market incorporation of immigrant women in South Africa: Impacts of human capital and family structure.

This paper examines the labour market incorporation of African-born immigrant women in South Africa using data from the 2011 Census. It investigates women’s labour force participation, employment p...
Caring for the agitated patient: a tiered approach

Abstract Management of agitated patients presents a challenge with regard to balancing appropriate diagnostic plans and treatment aimed at controlling symptoms with an interest in prioritizing patient and staff safety and preserving patient dignity. This article will discuss a tiered approach to caring for the agitated patient, including early recognition of escalating behavior, verbal de-escalation techniques, the use and choice of medication and route for symptom control, and concepts related to physical restraint, special populations, and bias.
The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Objective. Although many studies have found that childhood levels of body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) are associated with adult levels, it has been re- ported that childhood BMI is not associated with adult adiposity. We further examined these longitudinal asso- ciations. Design. Cohort study based on examinations between 1973 and 1996. Setting. Bogalusa, Louisiana. Participants. Children (2610; ages 2-17 years old) who were followed to ages 18 to 37 years; the mean follow-up was 17.6 years. Main Outcome Measures. BMI-for-age and triceps skinfold thickness (SF) were measured in childhood. Subscapular and triceps SFs were measured among adults, and the mean SF was used as an adiposity index. Adult obesity was defined as a BMI > 30 kg/m 2 and adult overfat as a mean SF in the upper (gender-specific) quar- tile. Results. Childhood levels of both BMI and triceps SF were associated with adult levels of BMI and adiposity. The magnitude of these longitudinal associations in- creased with childhood age, but the BMI levels of even the youngest (ages 2-5 years) children were moderately associated (r 0.33-0.41) with adult adiposity. Over- weight (BMI-for-age > 95th centile) 2- to 5-year-olds were >4 times as likely to become overfat adults (15 of 23 (65%)), as were children with a BMI < 50th centile (30 of 201 (15%)). Even after accounting for the triceps SF of children, BMI-for-age provided additional information on adult adiposity. Conclusions. Childhood BMI is associated with adult adiposity, but it is possible that the magnitude of this association depends on the relative fatness of children. Pediatrics 2005;115:22-27; body mass index, obesity, adult adiposity, Bogalusa Heart Study, longitudinal study, skinfolds.
Impact of Pulmonary Function Measurements on Long-Term Survival After Lobectomy for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background Pulmonary function tests predict respiratory complications after lobectomy. We evaluated the impact of pulmonary function measurements on long-term survival after lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Methods The relationship between percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) and percent predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco) and overall survival for patients who underwent lobectomy without induction therapy for stage I (T1–2N0M0) non-small cell lung cancer from 1996 to 2012 was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier approach and a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. Results During the study period, 972 patients (mean Dlco 76 ± 21, mean FEV 1 73 ± 21) met inclusion criteria. Perioperative mortality was 2.6% (n = 25). The 5-year survival of the entire cohort was 60.1%, with a median follow-up of 43 months. The 5-year survival for patients with percent predicted FEV 1 stratified by more than 80%, 61% to 80%, 41% to 60%, and 40% or less was 70.1%, 59.3%, 52.5%, and 53.4%, respectively. The 5-year survival for patients with percent predicted Dlco stratified by more than 80%, 61% to 80%, 41% to 60%, and 40% or less was 70.2%, 63.4%, 44.2%, and 33.1%, respectively. In multivariable survival analysis, both larger tumor size (hazard ratio 1.15, p = 0.01) and lower Dlco (hazard ratio 0.986, p 1 and survival was not statistically significant ( p = 0.18). Conclusions Survival after lobectomy for patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer is impacted by lower Dlco, which can be used in the risk and benefit assessment when choosing therapy.
Major depression and cancer: the 13-year follow-up of the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area sample (United States)

Objective: The relationship between depression and development of cancer is not well understood, with some studies finding a significant but small increase in risk for cancer among persons with depression. No studies have employed standardized interviews keyed to the diagnostic criteria for Major Depression. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between Major Depression at baseline and new onset of cancer at follow-up. Method: The study was based on a population-based 13-year follow-up survey of community-dwelling adults living in East Baltimore in 1981. After excluding 372 persons with a history of cancer or those whom reported their health as poor at the baseline interview, 3109 adults remained. Information on baseline depression status and cancer at follow-up was available for 2017 persons. A diagnosis of cancer was ascertained at follow-up through interview of survivors and from death certificates. Results: There were 203 new cases of cancer among 2017 persons at risk. Neither Major Depression (relative risk (RR) = 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–2.1) nor dysphoric episode (RR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.9–1.9) were significantly associated with increased risk of cancer at follow-up. However, among women with Major Depression, the risk of breast cancer was increased (adjusted RR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.0–14.2). Conclusions: We found no overall association of depression with cancer. However, among women, Major Depression (but not dysphoric episode alone) was associated with the onset of breast cancer.
Mechanism of Chloramphenicol Resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis

The mechanism of chloramphenicol resistance in several multiple-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains has been studied and shown to be due to the presence of the enzyme, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. As with S. aureus, the inactivating enzyme in S. epidermidis appears to be the product of a structural gene on the chloramphenicol plasmid because resistance and enzyme activity are concurcurrently lost after growth in acridine orange or at elevated temperatures. The synthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in S. epidermidis has been compared with the function of a similar enzyme in chloramphenicol-resistant S. aureus with the conclusion that the kinetics of induction, products of the reaction, and general properties of the enzymes are identical. The chloramphenicol acetylating enzyme from S. epidermidis has been purified to a state of homogeneity and compared with the analogous purified S. aureus enzyme. Both purified preparations consist of native enzymes with molecular weights of 80,000, and evidence is presented that is consistent with their being made up of four identical subunits of 20,000 each. The two staphylococcal enzymes are identical with respect to pH optimum, apparent affinity (K(m)) for chloramphenicol, heat denaturation, and immunological reactivity, but they differ in electrophoretic mobility, chromatographic behavior, substrate specificity, and sensitivity to inhibition by mercuric ion.
The anatomy of infidelity.

Recent crystal structures of error prone DNA polymerases that bypass damage in DNA templates provide counterexamples to high fidelity polymerases.
Policing Neighborhood Boundaries: Violence, Racial Exclusion, and the Persistence of Segregation

In this paper, I argue that the problem of violence directed at minorities in white neighborhoods is far broader than just encompassing violence directed at them at the point of their move to a neighborhood. My study of cases prosecuted under federal civil rights law has revealed numerous cases over the past twenty years in which acts of violence, threats and harassment have been specifically aimed at forcing out Black, Asian, Latino and Middle-Eastern residents who are not newcomers to the predominately white neighborhoods in which they live. I lump such violence, along with violence and harassment aimed at minorities who have recently moved to a white neighborhood, under the broad category anti-integrationist violence.
Fertility and per apita income: Acomment on Janowitz's results.

Janowitz previously studied statistical relationships among fertility age composition and per capita income. The result was expressed in a regression equation. 2 implications which go beyond Janowitzs conclusions are described. The first relates to the influence of trend changes in fertility demonstrating explicity what was implicit in Janowitzs equation. The second combines Janowitzs equation with other equations from the article to give an estimate of the economic value of programs to reduce fertility. It is estimated that the prevention of a birth could be valued at $375. It is noted that the immediate pay-off might be considerably lower than this but that it would rise to $730 per birth prevented in about 10 years. Although the economic value of reduced fertility involves more than the simple model used it is of interest that the crude estimates reached are in the range of those arrived at by other means.
Developing a Monitoring and Evaluating Capability for the U.S. Department of Defense Humanitarian Assistance Program

ABSTRACT The Department of Defense spends more than $50 million dollars a year on humanitarian assistance (HA) projects. Although the projects are perceived as beneficial, demonstrating sustainable long-term impact is not possible. Methods: A seven-step monitoring and evaluation (M&E) process was adapted for this study that combined different steps within a logical framework approach. Results: A retrospective analysis found that M&E is not part of the HA program (HAP) process from nomination through completion and beyond. To address this M&E deficiency, a comprehensive logframe matrix composed of 5 goals, 14 objectives, 100 activities, and many indicators was created. Conclusions: Incorporating this proposed Department of Defense HAP logframe matrix into existing project nomination and After-Action Report (AAR) processes would enable HAP managers to prioritize limited resources, demonstrate sustainable program impact, and align individual HA projects with the overarching national defense strategy and over...
Proton Acceleration in an Induction Linac

An account will be given of the operational characteristics of the first module of a proton induction linac. The system, which has a design output of 1.0 MeV. at 1000 A. in a 50 nsec. pulse, has a 350 keV. electrostatic accelerator for proton beam generation, followed by a 700 keV. inductively driven accelerator. The induction gap is magnetically insulated. We describe the design and performance of the accelerator and show measurements of the beam characteristics. Techniques for proton beam transport, and preliminary measurements of the beam propagation, will also be presented.
Second-order effects in the (τ, t) reaction

Abstract The excitation of the 2 + analogues in the Cu isotopes of the lowest collective 2 + states in the Ni isotopes through the reaction Ni(τ, t)Cu is a case where the DWBA has to be corrected by two-step processes due to inelastic scattering in the initial and final states. The study of the interferences between first- and second-order terms shows that, in order to reproduce the experimental results, the effective interaction between the projectile and a bound nucleon has to be taken complex and not real, as is commonly assumed in the microscopic theory of inelastic scattering and charge exchange of helions and tritons. Some information is also obtained on the magnitude of proton and neutron densities for these 2 + states.