cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A light-scattering study of highly refractive, irregularly shaped MoS2 particles

Abstract We present measurements of light scattering intensity from aerosolized, micron sized, irregularly shaped, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) particles in order to study the effects of a refractive index, m = n + iκ, with large real and imaginary parts. Light scattering was measured over a range of angles from 0.32° to 157°. Calibration was achieved by scattering with micron sized, spherical silica particles. Light scattering for both particle types was compared to theoretical Mie scattering calculations using size distributions determined by an aerodynamic particle sizer. Effects of the intensity weighted size distribution are discussed. We find that scattering by these irregularly shaped, highly refractive particles is well described by Mie scattering. We also find that when the quantity κkR, where kR = 2πR/λ is the size parameter, is greater than one, there is no enhancement in the backscattering. Finally, we show that Guinier analysis of light scattering by highly refractive particles yields intensity weighted mean sizes of reasonable accuracy for any shape.
LUTEOMAS OF PREGNANCY.

Abstract Three cases of a benign ovarian tumor, designated as “luteoma of pregnancy” are reported. All three tumors were discovered at the time of cesarean section and clinically were nonfunctioning. This tumor appears to be part of a distinct clinical-pathological entity that has only recently been defined.
Evaluation of a Falls and Fire Safety Program for Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Remembering When™ (RW) is a falls and fire prevention program delivered by fire service personnel and homecare organizations to help older adults live safely at home for as long as possible. This study evaluated changes in falls prevention and fire safety behaviors and perceptions and social support associated with falls and residential fires among older adults following delivery of the RW program by fire service personnel. In a convenience sample of adults 65 + years residing in five Iowa communities, 70 received the RW program during a home visit and 75 received the RW program in a group presentation followed by a home visit. Baseline and follow-up telephone interviews were conducted to assess changes in falls and fire safety behaviors, perceptions and social support. Changes were assessed using McNemar’s exact test and paired sample t-tests. To control for dependence of 26 households with two participants, one participant was randomly selected and included in the analysis (n = 119). The RW program improved falls and residential fire prevention behaviors among older adults. Perceived efficacy to prevent falls increased from baseline (p = 0.047). Perceived susceptibility (p = 0.021) and control of fires (p = 0.000) increased while perceived severity (p = 0.025) and fear of residential fires (p = 0.019) decreased when compared to baseline. The proportion of participants reporting discussing falls with friends and family increased (p < 0.001), and more participants reported discussing fire prevention with healthcare professionals (p = 0.039). Fire service personnel can be effective deliverers of falls prevention information to older adults.
Bilateral chest wall mesenchymal hamartoma: Prenatal diagnosis and staged surgical resection

Abstract Mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall is a rare condition seen in infants. This case describes a prenatally diagnosed rapidly growing bilateral chest wall masses, suspected to be a mesenchymal hamartoma. Prenatal MRI performed at 33 weeks gestation showed large bilateral lesions with substantial mass effect in the form of pulmonary compression and displacement of the mediastinal structures necessitating delivery at our tertiary care facility at 35 weeks. At 48 hours post-birth, CTA revealed bilateral chest wall masses consistent with mesenchymal hamartoma and secondary aneurysmal bone cyst formation. The large left-sided lesion compressed the left lung and severely hindered pulmonary function, and the neonate required increasing respiratory support. The left-sided lesion was completely resected on day of life 15, and the neonate was extubated shortly after surgery. At the time of surgery the chest wall was reconstructed with alloderm, vicryl mesh and a latissimus dorsi advancement flap. A CTA at 3 months of age showed resection of the left-sided lesion with no evidence of recurrence, but significant growth in the unresected right hemithorax lesion. The right-sided lesion was resected uneventfully 8 months later. The prenatal and postnatal images showing the symptomatic lesion growth are discussed in this report.
Fibroma-like perivascular epithelioid cell tumor: a rare case in a long bone

Fibroma-like perivascular epithelioid cell (PEComa) tumor is an extremely rare family of mesenchymal tumors composed of cells co-expressing melanocytic and myogenic markers. To date, 13 cases of primary bone PEComa have been reported in the literature and five reported fibroma-like PEComas were found in the soft tissues of patients with tuberous sclerosis (TSC). However, no fibroma-like PEComa has been reported in bone, either sporadic or TSC-associated. Here we report the case of a 22-year-old man with known TSC, who presented for evaluation of an asymptomatic mass in his left fibula diaphysis that had been present for 5 years. He had no activity-related pain, numbness, weakness, or limitations in range of motion. Both 3-T MRI and CT demonstrated a tumor originating from the midshaft middiaphyseal fibula. Axial T1-weighted and fat-saturated T2-weighted fast spin echo images showed a well-defined lesion in the fibula with extension into the surrounding soft tissues. Whole body bone scan was negative for metastasis using technetium-99m. Renal ultrasound was unremarkable with no evidence of angiomyolipoma. Histopathology demonstrated isolated spindle cells in a dense collagenous matrix. By immunohistochemical staining, tumor cells were positive for HMB-45 and MiTF and partially positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin supporting a diagnosis of fibroma-like PEComa of the midshaft fibula. Although fibroma-like PEComa of bone is very rare, a bone tumor in the setting of TSC should raise suspicion for the diagnosis, in particular if histology demonstrates rare epithelioid cells in a densely fibrotic stroma.
Umbilical sparing robotic partial cystectomy for localized urachal adenocarcinoma: A case report.

Abstract Urachal adenocarcinoma, the third most common histopathological type of non-urothelial bladder cancer, is often aggressive, presenting in advanced stages. Increased understanding of the embryologic origin of the tumor with concurrent advances in surgical technique have allowed partial cystectomy to become the gold standard of surgical treatment. However, the benefit of en bloc umbilectomy remains questionable. Here we present the diagnosis and management of 67- year old patient diagnosed with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the urachus treated with umbilical-sparing robotic partial cystectomy. We also provide a review of the existing literature on this rare tumor and its management.
Condition-Based Monitoring of a Centrifugal Pump Using Mahalanobis-Taguchi System

In this paper, a condition-based monitoring (CBM) model that uses the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System (MTS) for fault detection, isolation, and prognostics is presented. The proposed scheme fuses data from multiple sensors into a single system level performance metric using Mahalanobis Distance (MD) and generates fault clusters based on MD values. MD thresholds derived from the clustering analysis are used for fault detection and isolation. When a fault is detected, the prognostics scheme, which monitors the progression of the MD values over time, is initiated. Then, using a linear approximation, time to failure is estimated. The performance of the scheme has been validated via experiments performed on a mono-block centrifugal water pump testbed. The pump has been instrumented with vibration, pressure, temperature and flow sensors and experiments involving healthy and various types of faulty operating conditions have been performed. The experiments show that the proposed approach renders satisfactory results for centrifugal water pump fault detection, isolation and prognostics.
Federal Oversight of Gene Therapy Research

Federal oversight of biomedical research is an evolving regulatory activity of the federal government. Federally supported research is regulated by the federal government in the context of animal care and their humane use, as well as for the safe and ethical use of humans in clinical trials. For experimental protocols that utilize animals, approval is required by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The IACUC is a committee formed at the local institutional level comprised of scientists, clinical researchers, institutional officials, and lay and community representatives/leaders. It is the mission of the IACUC to review and approve all experimental protocols involving animal use. In a similar fashion, research protocols involving human use are required to receive review and approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB composition and approval procedure is directed by federal law (Protection of Human Subjects, Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46) and enforced by the Office for the Protection from Research Risks (OPRR). In order to highlight emphatically the role and authority of OPRR, as well ensure the protection of individuals in clinical trials, the OPRR has recently been elevated from an office at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to a standing office of the Department of Health and Human Services. Research protocols involving recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules provide additional risks and thus have additional review and approval requirements. A brief historical account of federal regulation is presented along with current regulatory requirements as well as potential future changes in review and approval procedures.
Design of HWSI multichip modules for quick prototyping and manufacturing

The constraints imposed by the semicustom approach on multichip module designs are studied using a design case that interconnects a 144-input/output (I/O) microprocessor and four memory chips. The results show that semicustom hybrid wafer-scale-integration (HWSI) has enough real estate for complex designs even with the constraints on interconnection: a low inductance level ( >
A supercomputing performance evaluation plan

Evaluating the performance of parallel processors and supercomputers is difficult because so many factors contribute to speed. The architecture, compiler, and algorithms used are all important, as are their interactions. In the past, it has been common practice to attempt to characterize each machine's performance by just one number. The complexity of the situation indicates that more work is needed to discover how best to characterize machines. An approach for the future is sketched in this paper.
Bacterial microcompartment assembly: The key role of encapsulation peptides

Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are proteinaceous organelles used by a broad range of bacteria to segregate and optimize metabolic reactions. Their functions are diverse, and can be divided into anabolic (carboxysome) and catabolic (metabolosomes) processes, depending on their cargo enzymes. The assembly pathway for the β-carboxysome has been characterized, revealing that biogenesis proceeds from the inside out. The enzymes coalesce into a procarboxysome, followed by encapsulation in a protein shell that is recruited to the procarboxysome by a short (∼17 amino acids) extension on the C-terminus of one of the encapsulated proteins. A similar extension is also found on the N- or C-termini of a subset of metabolosome core enzymes. These encapsulation peptides (EPs) are characterized by a primary structure predicted to form an amphipathic α-helix that interacts with shell proteins. Here, we review the features, function and widespread occurrence of EPs among metabolosomes, and propose an expanded role for EPs in the assembly of diverse BMCs.
High pressure promotes alpha-synuclein aggregation in cultured neuronal cells

α-Synuclein is found in plaques associated with Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in α-synuclein oligomerization are thought to give rise to nucleation of neurodegenerative plaques. Here, we investigated the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the aggregation of α-synuclein in cultured neuronal cells. We found that hydrostatic pressure is associated with a transition from monomeric to higher order α-synuclein aggregates. We then tested whether this aggregation is associated with the loss of binding partners, such as phospholipase Cβ. We found that increased pressure reduces the level of PLCβ1 and the amount of α-synuclein/PLCβ1 complexes. These studies suggest that pressure promotes release of α-synuclein from protein partners promoting its oligomerization.
‘Obviously all this Agrees with my Will and my Intellect’: Schopenhauer on Active and PassiveNousin Aristotle'sDe Animaiii.5

In one of the unpublished parts of his manuscript titled the Spicilegia, Arthur Schopenhauer presents an uncharacteristically sympathetic reading of an Aristotelian text. The text in question, De anima III. 5, happens to include the only occurrence of arguably the most controversial idea in Aristotle, namely the distinction between active and passive nous. Schopenhauer interprets these two notions as corresponding to his own notions of the ‘will’ and the ‘intellect’ or ‘subject of knowledge’, respectively. The result is a unique interpretation, according to which Aristotle's active nous is in fact non-intellectual: it is devoid of any interaction with intelligible objects, and hence lacks any intellectual activity. I show that this interpretation, though counterintuitive, is tenable, and that it may contribute to our understanding of Aristotle even if we do not adopt Schopenhauer's metaphysics.
HOW GREAT IS G.R.E.A.T.? RESULTS FROM A LONGITUDINAL QUASI‐EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Research Summary: This manuscript presents results from the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program, a school-based prevention program targeting middle-school students. A longitudinal quasi-experimental research design was conducted from 1995 through 1999. Beneficial program effects emerged gradually over time so that there was, on average, more pro-social change in the attitudes of G.R.E.A.T. students than the non-G.R.E.A.T. students four years following program exposure. Policy Implications: Two specific policy recommendations stem from this research. First, law enforcement officers can be effective providers of school-based prevention programs. Second, to better assess program effectiveness, evaluations should include design features that allow for assessment of long-term or delayed program effects.
Correlations in differentiation of protophloem sieve elements of Allium cepa root.

In protophloem sieve elements of roots of onion ( Allium cepa L.), the nuclei degenerate but remain as entities in mature sieve elements. The nuclear chromatin aggregates and becomes amorphous, the nucleolus disappears, and the envelope assumes a dense aspect and develops some localized discontinuities. Vacuoles and ribosomes break down concomitantly with nuclear degeneration. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aggregates into stacks independently of any organelles. The aggregated ER is most conspicuous just before the cells mature. Sieve element plastids contain protein crystalloids, a feature that is the first to identify the cell as a future sieve element. Mitochondria decrease in density as the cell matures and many deposit crystalline inclusions, one to a mitochondrion. Sieve plate pores develop from plasmodesmata through the deposition of callose, transformation of plasmodesmatal canals into pores, and removal of ER cisternae from the pore sites. Callose appears in cells considerably in advance of their maturation, but pore formation and the removal of ER occur in the two last immature cells in correlation with the breakdown of components of the protoplast.
Steady-state-optimal adaptive control charts based on variable sampling intervals

Variable sampling interval (VSI) control charts vary the sampling rate adaptively as a function of the data coming from the process in order to reduce the detection delay of process changes. Zero-time performance refers to the detection delay of a process change that is present during the onset of the chart at time zero. Steady-state performance refers to the detection delay of a process change that occurs after the chart has been operating for some time. The zero-time performance of a VSI control chart can differ considerably from the chart's steady-state performance, which is generally more important than the zero-time performance. We develop an efficient quadratic-programming algorithm for the construction and investigation of steady-state-optimal sampling policies for various VSI charts. We show that a steady-state-optimal VSI scheme is fundamentally different from the respective zero-time-optimal VSI scheme, and recommend VSI policies based on two sampling intervals for the various types of control c...
Millennial medical anthropology: from there to here and beyond, or the problem of global health.

While much of Medical Anthropology was and is what we can call “Normal” (following Kuhn) Medical Anthropology, I coined the term Millennial Medical Anthropology for that branch of the discipline that, in the 1990s, was departing from the Normal research paradigms and was deserving of a distinct sobriquet. This paper considers the Strong Program in Medical Anthropology’s Millennial Medical Anthropology and its key subdivisions, the Cultural Studies of Science and Cultural Bioethics. Specifically it considers Medical Anthropology’s movement from the past into an ethical future wherein Normal Biomedicine, Bioethics and Global Health are problematized. This provides the basis for the construction of a truly anthropological global health (i.e., Global, Global Health or Global Health 2.0).
Role reversal in courtship in the stomatopod Pseudosquilla ciliata (Crustacea)

Abstract The first known case of precopulatory role reversal in a crustacean is reported here in the stomatopod Pseudosquilla ciliata. Females of this species initiate courtship through visual displays and a vigorous sexual chase. Males enter courtship with restraint and appear to exercise choice by copulating selectively with females larger than themselves. This singular reversal in courtship roles occurs in the absence of paternal care, female guarding, or other male investment strategies typically invoked to explain such behaviour. Males, however, face certain risks in breeding, including the threat of aggression from the female, and the loss of a considerable part of their reproductive investment through sperm competition. By mating with larger, more fecund females, males reduce the potential loss from sperm competition, but increase the risk of injury from the female. This combination of factors should promote caution in males along with a preference for larger females.
Relationship Between HIV‐1 Antibody Seropositivity and Alcohol/Nonintravenous Drug Abuse Among Psychiatric Inpatients

Of 132 psychiatric inpatients tested for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody seropositivity, 41.7% (10/24) of intravenous drug abusers, 11.4% (8/70) of alcohol and/or nonintravenous drug abusers, and 2.6% (1/38) of nonabusers showed seropositivity, indicating a fourfold increase in the seropositivity among alcohol/non-intravenous drug abusers compared with nonabusers. This difference, however, did not reach the level of statistical significance.
Serum Metabolomic Response of Myasthenia Gravis Patients to Chronic Prednisone Treatment

Prednisone is often used for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases but they suffer from variable therapeutic responses and significant adverse effects. Serum biological markers that are modulated by chronic corticosteroid use have not been identified. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder caused by antibodies directed against proteins present at the post-synaptic surface of neuromuscular junction resulting in weakness. The patients with myasthenia gravis are primarily treated with prednisone. We analyzed the metabolomic profile of serum collected from patients prior to and after 12 weeks of prednisone treatment during a clinical trial. Our aim was to identify metabolites that may be treatment responsive and be evaluated in future studies as potential biomarkers of efficacy or adverse effects. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electro-spray quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was used to obtain comparative metabolomic and lipidomic profile. Untargeted metabolic profiling of serum showed a clear distinction between pre- and post- treatment groups. Chronic prednisone treatment caused upregulation of membrane associated glycerophospholipids: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, 1, 2-diacyl-sn glycerol 3 phosphate and 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Arachidonic acid (AA) and AA derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as 18-carboxy dinor leukotriene B4 and 15 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids were reduced. Perturbations in amino acid, carbohydrate, vitamin and lipid metabolism were observed. Chronic prednisone treatment caused increase in membrane associated glycerophospholipids, which may be associated with certain adverse effects. Decrease of AA and AA derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids demonstrate that immunosuppression by corticosteroid is via suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways. The study identified metabolomic fingerprints that can now be validated as prednisone responsive biomarkers for the improvement in diagnostic accuracy and prediction of therapeutic outcome.
Impact of estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) co-expression on breast cancer disease characteristics: implications for tumor biology and research

ER and HER2 are critical drivers of breast cancer biology and can interact when co-expressed, but less data describe the impact of ER/HER2 co-expression on clinical disease characteristics. We studied the impact of ER and HER2 (co)-expression in a cohort of 1,187 patients with invasive breast cancer and compared disease characteristics among different groups according to ER and HER2 status. Age, tumor size, grade, nodal status, TNM stage, and metastatic sites were compared and significance determined using the appropriate t tests. All p values were two-tailed. Compared to ER-negative/HER2-negative disease as the control group, ER expression was associated with older age, smaller tumors, lower grade, earlier TNM stage, and increased bone involvement in de novo metastasis, while HER2 had no significant impact on these characteristics. ER and HER2 co-expression was associated with lower grade and higher bone involvement in de novo metastasis, reflecting a retained impact for ER. HER2 impact on ER-positive disease was reflected by younger age, higher grade and TNM stage, and increased frequency of visceral involvement in de novo metastasis. Within the ER-positive/HER2-positive group, triple positive breast cancer (ER+/PgR+/HER2+) was associated with younger age compared to ER+/PgR−/HER2+ disease (mean age of 50.8 vs. 56 years, p = 0.0226). PgR was also associated with younger age in ER+/HER2− disease with a mean age of 57.6 years in ER+/PgR+/HER2− disease vs. 63.4 years in ER+/PgR−/HER2− disease (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, ER has a profound impact on breast cancer characteristics, including a retained impact when co-expressed with HER2. Similarly, HER2 dramatically modulates ER-positive breast cancer making it more aggressive. PgR association with young age may be related to hormonal levels of the premenopausal state, with HER2 providing an earlier growth advantage in triple positive disease, suggesting a specific dependence for this subset on high estrogen levels.
923-6 Intravenous Adenosine and Lidocaine to Limit Reperfusion Injury During Acute Myocardial Infarction: Preliminary Data

Adenosine (ADO) and lidocaine (LDO) given prior to restoration of blood flow reduces reperfusion injury in animals. We conducted a pilot study of intravenous ADO and LDO in pts undergoing direct angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pts with ≤ 12 hours of chest pain and electrocardiographic evidence of AMI were given LDO 1 mg/kg iv bolus and 2 mg/min iv infusion beginning at the time of recruitment, and ADO 70 mcg/kg iv infusion beginning when coronary occlusion (TIMI grade 0 – 1 blood flow) was confirmed angiographically. Pts with bronchospasm, blood pressure l 100 mmHg, or l 1° heart block were excluded. ADO and LDO were given for 1 hour after vessel patency was restored. Myocardial area at risk and final infarction area were measured with serial Tc-99m-sestamibi perfusion studies (prior to angioplasty, before hospital discharge and 6 weeks after discharge). A salvage index (S1) was constructed by correcting the change in sestamibi perfusion defect for the mass of myocardium at risk. Analysis of 25 patients completing the protocol revealed a mean ( ± SD) salvage of 20 ± 17% and S1 = 0.55. Salvage and S1 were 25 ± 18% and 0.54 for anterior infarctions, 13 ± 5% and 0.57 for inferior infarctions, respectively. These data were compared to an historical control group consisting of 50 patients undergoing direct angioplasty for AMI without adjunctive ADO/LDO. After adjustment for time to treatment and perfusion nadir, analysis of covariance revealed a similar degree of early salvage in the study and control groups (p = 0.3). However, at 6 weeks, the median infarct size for study pts was 0. Using logistic regression analysis, significantly more study pts had no final measureable infarction at 6 weeks than control pts at hospital discharge (p = 0.007). After adjusting for infarct size, location and time to treatment, this difference persisted (p = 0.04). Conclusions Adjunctive ADO and LDO during angioplasty for AMI may favorably affect late final infarction size. Randomized studies assessing 6 week final infarction size are needed.
What can we learn from hydrodynamic analysis of elliptic flow

We can establish a new picture, the perfect fluid strongly coupled quark gluon plasma (sQGP) core and the dissipative hadronic corona, of the space-time evolution of produced matter in relativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC. It is also shown that the picture works well also in the forward rapidity region through an analysis based on a new class of the hydro-kinetic model and is a manifestation of deconfinement.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of PET and SPECT for Coronary Artery Disease

Noninvasive assessment with a technique such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is common and appropriate before coronary angiography to define coronary anatomy. The diagnostic accuracy of these techniques has been extensively studied with over well over 100 publications reporting the sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and diagnostic odds ratio for identifying coronary artery disease with both of them throughout their evolution. Meta-analytic techniques have emerged to combine diagnostic accuracy studies while retaining the 2-dimensional value of sensitivity and specificity data. Recent diagnostic accuracy meta-analyses estimated sensitivity and specificity for SPECT for coronary artery disease at 85 %–88 % and 76 %–85 %, respectively, and the corresponding values for PET at 90 %–92 % and 81 %–88 %. These meta-analytic estimates will be reviewed along with areas of ongoing work with myocardial blood flow measurement and hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT imaging systems that will continue improve the diagnostic performance of nuclear techniques.
Raman-scattering characterization of atomic layer semiconductor superlattices

Raman spectroscopy is a widely applied technique for investigating the dynamical and structural properties of atomic-layer semiconductor superlawces. The low-frequency acoustic phonons in such structures are influenced by the average lattice properties, the overall periodicities within the structure, and the boundary conditions, whereas the optic phonons are sensitive to the local structure, the nature of the interfaces, and the intralayer strain. Examples taken from recent studies of phonons in thin layer superlattices composed of GaAS/AlAS, InAs/GaSb and SilGe are used to demonstrate the usefulness of the Raman technique.
Recall and Organization of Aggressive Words under Varied Conditions of Emphasis

As generations of underlining, note-taking students testify, material emphasized in any fashion becomes more memorable. Within experimental confines this seems demonstrable whether the emphasis stems from differential reinforcement (9 ) , configural isolation ( 11 ) , or personal motivational import ( 10, 13 ) . In a series of studies, Bousfield and his associates have explored one variety of differential reinforcement dependent on intrinsic organizational habits (1, 2, 3 ) . These studies have shown that when all che words of a given list may be subsumed under a few superordinate concepts, when for example the list consists of 10 animals plus 10 names plus 10 professions plus 10 vegetables, presented in randomized order with instructions to recall as many as possible just as they come to mind, two main phenomena occur. First, words embodying the same superordinate tend to be listed successively during recall, to a degree significantly above chance; this means they receive organization not initially present in the randomized stimulus list ( 1 ) . Second, word lists so designed are more memorable than lists equated for ThorndikeLorge frequency count but more heterogeneous with respect to number of built-in superordinates ( 2 ) . Deriving his explanation from Hebb's cognicive theory, Bousfield ( 2 ) suggests' that any perceived word, e. g., cat, may activate super~rdinate l~ related cognitive systems, e. g., those corresponding to 'feline,' 'pet,' 'animal,' but that recurrence of related subordinates, e.g., cat-shortly-followed-by-fox, differentially reinforces the shared superordinate, in this case, animal. The aroused superordinate in turn confers added response-readiness on all subordinate members; not only are related words apt to be evoked one after the other during recall, but the emphasizing action of the facilitated superordinate lends memorability. Up to a limiting point, the more often the superordinate is stimulated by recurring subordinates, the stronger its reciprocal facilitating action. Thus it has been found that the larger the number of cues to the meaning of each item on the list, the better the recall, e.g., word-plus-coloredline-drawing > word-pius-line-drawing > word-alone ( 3 ) . Sakoda ( 15) has demonstrated that the correlation between clustering and recall is very high when individual differences in readiness to make use of
Recoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for synthetic biology by rational protein-RNA engineering.

We have taken a rational approach to redesigning the amino acid binding and aminoacyl–tRNA pairing specificities of bacterial glutaminyl–tRNA synthetase. The four-stage engineering incorporates generalizable design principles and improves the pairing efficiency of noncognate glutamate with tRNAGln by over 105-fold compared to the wild-type enzyme. Better optimized designs of the protein–RNA complex include substantial reengineering of the globular core region of the tRNA, demonstrating a role for specific tRNA nucleotides in specifying the identity of the genetically encoded amino acid. Principles emerging from this engineering effort open new prospects for combining rational and genetic selection approaches to design novel aminoacyl–tRNA synthetases that ligate noncanonical amino acids onto tRNAs. This will facilitate reconstruction of the cellular translation apparatus for applications in synthetic biology.
Amino acid analysis of stained bands from polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract The amino acid composition was determined directly from protein bands from Amido Schwarz stained polyacrylamide gels. Tyrosine is completely destroyed and histidine partially destroyed upon hydrolysis. This could be prevented by the inclusion of β-mercaptoethanol during hydrolysis. A 15 cm column was required for analysis of the basic residues in order to prevent overlap between the large amounts of ammonia produced and histidine. Bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, and two isozymes of beef heart lactate dehydrogenase were analyzed after gel electrophoresis, staining, and destaining. It was shown that good accuracy and reproducibility can be attained using this method. The method should help in the analysis of isozymes and in determining the composition of subunits separated under dissociating conditions.
Detailed Physical Exposure Assessments in Ergonomics Field Studies

One of the major ergonomics activities in SHARP is to identify risk factors which may cause work-related musculoskeletal disorders in workplaces and recommend effective solutions to help industries to improve their work conditions. Effective identification of risk factors and provision of specific solutions require a sensitive, valid and reliable measurement system. A continuous effort in SHARP has been to develop such a system to fulfill our goals. This paper discusses some major elements in the system, i.e. measurement of physical exposures of the operators, quantification and documentation of task distribution of jobs, and establishment of relationships between physical exposure measurement and task operations. Three field applications (wood processing, poultry processing and data entry jobs) of this measurement system are presented in this paper.
Replies to the Replies

It is precisely because I know that this is Jay Labinger’s view that I was surprised to find, in this conversation about science studies of which he is an editor, what seemed to be easily corrected misreadings of one participant by another. These misreadings made those who committed them talk past, rather than to, those whom they misread by causing them to respond to statements that had not been made instead of to ones that had. Nevertheless, contrary to what Labinger infers from a remark that he quotes from my review, I do not believe that, in a case of this kind, God wants the editor to suggest, much less request, that his authors correct what he believes to be misreadings. My thought was rather that if a response by one author to another seemed as if it might rest on a misreading, then God might want the editor to call this to the attention of the respondent. In addition, as the following mea culpa should make clear, I too take very seriously the possibility that what I now believe is an author’s misreading of a text may later be seen as a figment of my misreading of the author.1 No matter how careful I may try to be in proving a charge of misreading, I may anyway have to eat my words. Therefore, I should be prepared to do so – if possible, with grace. As proof that I do not see this as merely an abstract possibility, consider my claim in the review that:
C4H2, HC3N and C2N2 in Titan's atmosphere

Voyager 1 took IR measurements of the atmosphere of Titan, and obtained an average of 346 spectra, mostly from the center of the disk. The compounds C4H2, HC3N, and C2N2 were detected in the atmosphere of Titan. The identification of two compounds containing nitrogen, in addition to HCN, provides further evidence for the abundance of free N2 on Titan. The organic compounds observed in the atmosphere of Titan are summarized in a table, which also indicates the approximate mole fraction for each compound identified previously. The observed compounds originate by reactions of methane and nitrogen radicals in a predominantly nitrogen atmosphere.
Detection of an inducible membrane protein associated with R-factor-mediated tetracycline resistance

Summary New synthesis of an R-factor-specific protein occurs in E. coli minicells containing tetracycline-resistant R factors when they are incubated in the presence of tetracycline. This protein is sometimes detected in small amounts in tetracycline-resistant minicells in the absence of the drug, but it is not detectable in minicells containing R factors which lack tetracycline resistance. The protein has a molecular weight of about 50,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate (as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and is found preferentially in the minicell membrane.
Age of Ultrafiltered Fresh Farm Milk and Effect on Quality

Abstract Nonultrafiltered fresh whole raw and heated milks and their retentates concentrated by ultrafiltration to 2.07:1 volume concentration ratio were stored at 4.5 and −20°C and periodically scored for flavor quality. Nonultrafiltered whole raw milks were unclean, fermented, and rancid after 4 to 5 d. Nonultrafiltered heated milks over a 7 to 8-d period developed strong oxidized flavors. Milk retentates produced at 54°C for 120 min showed little or no flavor deterioration after 7 to 8 d at 4.5°C. In the same period at 4.5°C, raw milks from four trials showed 20 defects, heated milks 11 defects and 2.07:1 retentates 2 defects. Milks and retentates held frozen at −20°C for 2 mo showed greater deterioration than split samples held at 4.5°C, but whole milk retentates ultrafiltered to approximately 2:1 volume concentration ratio and stored frozen for 2 mo still displayed good to very good flavor. Thiobarbituric acid values of milks and retentates of ultrafiltration held 4 d at 4.5°C confirmed the presence of strong oxidized flavor in nonultrafiltered heated milks and its virtual absence in whole milk retentates.
RENT APPROPRIATION AND BEHAVIORAL ANTECEDENTS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCE DIVESTMENT.

The resource based view of the firm (RBV) argues that the firm's portfolio of resources provides the basis for competitive advantage. Accordingly, a firm-level decision to divest of resource capacity is a strategically significant organizational change event--and one that entails risk--but empirical research has not considered why firms undertake such risky change to the resource portfolio. We draw on the Behavioral Theory of the Firm (BTF) to examine this question. The analysis presented here employs insights from the BTF and tests theoretical propositions of the RBV in examining the effect of prior firm performance and strategic factor market characteristics on the firm's divestment of productive asset capacity during periods of strategic reconfiguration. In particular, we find that prior firm performance and the ability to appropriate rents are related to the amount and type of resource divestment the firm undertakes. Empirical research on resource divestment has been sparse, largely owing to the diffi...
Power management issues in high performance processor design

Summary form only given. With the growing demand for portable applications, low power processor design is increasingly common. In addition to power requirements, processors also have very stringent performance requirements. These conflicting goals present the designer with a challenging problem. In order to effectively reach an optimal trade-off between performance and power, a number of mature design methods and design tools are needed. The most prominent and mature low power design tool is a power simulator. Power simulation can be performed at the transistor level, gate level, or RTL level. Each additional level of abstraction increases the performance of the tool but reduces the accuracy of the power estimate. The drive for lower power, as well as process shrink, have led to aggressive reductions in the supply voltage. As a result, to maintain performance, the current needed to supply the chip with power is increasing. Due to the resistance of the interconnect, a small voltage drop develops as the power grid supplies current to the circuitry on the chip. Since the current drawn by the devices fluctuates with time, the voltage delivered to the devices fluctuates. The voltage drop and voltage fluctuation results in a number of problems, such as degraded or unreliable performance, noise injection into the signal lines of the circuit, and electro-migration and reliability concerns. In this presentation, we give an overview of traditional power simulation tools and discussed two emerging power management design technologies: power distribution integrity analysis and standby current measurement and optimization. We present methods for accurate peak current simulation, which is needed for power grid integrity analysis, and discuss the generation and compression of the simulation vectors. Standby leakage current is state dependent and we present methods for calculating both the average and maximum leakage current. Finally, optimization methods for minimizing the leakage current are discussed.
An empirical comparison of restricted and general latent distance analysis

Latent distance analysis provides a probability model for the non-perfect Guttman scale; the restricted latent distance structure is simpler to compute than the general structure. Since no sampling theory for latent structure analysis is available, the advantages of the general structure cannot be expressed formally. The two structures are compared in terms of their fit to fifteen sets of empirical data. The computation schemes used are summarized.
Junk science and glass houses.

To the Editor. — In lieu of pillorying other peer-review journals for publishing junk science, perhaps the editor of Pediatrics should critically review committee reports prior to publication that represent the official position of the American Academy of Pediatrics.1 An article in BMJ has exposed a lack of objective scientific evidence that perimacular retinal folds accompanying retinal hemorrhages are diagnostic of abusive head trauma in young children.2 The Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect has issued encyclical edicts bearing the imprimatur of the American Academy of Pediatrics that “retinal and vitreous hemorrhages and …
Substitutionally inert complexes as chiral synthons for stereospecific supramolecular syntheses

Abstract An overview of the synthesis of diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure metallodendrimers illustrates the use of chiral, non-racemic ruthenium(II)–trisphenanthroline complexes as synthons for supramolecular synthesis. Derivitization of the substitutionally inert Δ and Λ enantiomers of [Ru(phen) 3 ] 2+ with coupling functions along the ligand periphery permits the construction of multimetallic assemblies without disturbing the stereochemistry at the chiral metal center. Specifically, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diamine are used because they retain the C 2 symmetry of the metal complex along the metal–bidentate ligand axis. The ring-forming condensation reaction between these two ligands leads to a symmetric, rigid, and planar tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c:3′′,2′′-h:2′′,3′′j]phenazine (tpphz) bridge between stereocenters. This strategy has been demonstrated previously with the stereospecific syntheses of three isomeric Ru dimers and four isomeric tetramers. Selective oxidation of these smaller oligonuclear structures (dimers and tetramers) results in the formation of peripheral dione functions at the 5 and 6 positions of the phenanthroline which is required for next generation dendrimer growth. Reactions of these new core molecules with [Ru(phen) 2 (diamine)] 2+ yields the dendritic hexanuclear, [((phen) 2 Ru(tpphz)) 2 Ru(tpphz)Ru((tpphz)(Ru(phen) 2 ) 2 ] 20+ ( Ru 6 ), and decanuclear, [(((phen) 2 Ru(tpphz)) 2 Ru(tpphz)) 3 Ru] 20+ ( Ru 10 ), dendrimers, some of which have been prepared in enantiopure form.
A resonant state and the ground state of positronium hydride

The lowest-lying resonance occurring in S-wave positronium-hydrogen scattering is reinvestigated, using the complex-rotation method. By employing a generalized Hylleraas-type wave function that includes all six interparticle coordinates, a very accurate value of the resonance position is obtained, along with a good value of the width. The present result for the resonance position (-1.205 plus or minus 0.001 Ry) is lower than the previous result of Drachman and Houston, who omitted the interelectronic coordinate in their trial function. In addition, the lowest ground-state energy of positronium hydride is obtained by using 210 terms in the trial wave function. The effect of the interelectronic coordinate and others on both the resonant energy and the binding energy of PsH is discussed.
The Impact of Uncertain Physical Parameters on HVAC Demand Response

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) units are one of the major resources providing demand response (DR) in residential buildings. A DR program requires a large population of units to make a significant impact on power grid services like peak shaving and balancing. This paper investigates the importance of various HVAC physical parameters and their distributions that affect the aggregate response of a population of units to DR signals. This is a key step to the construction of HVAC models with DR functionality, given insufficient data, to predict the DR capacity available for dispatch. The HVAC model parameters include the size of floors, insulation efficiency, the amount of solid mass in the house, and efficiency. These parameters are usually assumed to follow Gaussian or Uniform distributions over the population. The impact of uncertainty in parameter distributions are quantified through the following steps: 1) Simulate the response of an HVAC population during the transient phase and during steady state for a given DR signal; 2) Use a quasi-Monte Carlo sampling method with linear regression and Prony analysis to evaluate the sensitivity of the DR output to the uncertainty in the parameter distributions; and 3) Identify important parameters based on their impact to the aggregate HVAC response. Utilities or DR providers can use this analysis as guidance in the collection of data to derive an effective DR model.
Characterization of salivary components separated by paper electrophoresis

Abstract Using a standardized procedure of paper electrophoresis, seven fractions were consistently separated from parotid saliva. These components were eluted from the paper strips and analysed chemically and immunochemically. Serum proteins (albumin, α, β and γ-globulins) comprised 25 per cent of the total. The specific salivary proteins included amylase, two non-antigenic glycoproteins, and an unidentified antigenic cationic protein. The two glycoproteins (accounting for 35 per cent of the total protein) were cationic, contained hexoses, fucose and hexosamine in a ratio of 1:1 and little if any sialic acid.