cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S-glutathionyl-(chloro)hydroquinone reductases: a new class of glutathione transferases functioning as oxidoreductases

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are best known for transferring glutathione (GSH) to hydrophobic organic compounds, making the conjugates more soluble. However, the omega-class GSTs of animals and the lambda-class GSTs and dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs) of plants have little or no activity for GSH transfer. Instead, they catalyze GSH-dependent oxidoreductions. The lambda-class GSTs reduce disulfide bonds, the DHARs reduce the disulfide bonds and dehydroascorbate, and the omega-class GSTs can reduce more substrates, including disulfide bonds, dehydroascorbate, and dimethylarsinate. Glutathionyl-(chloro)hydroquinone reductases (GS-HQRs) are the newest class of GSTs that mainly catalyze oxidoreductions. Besides the activities of the other three classes, GS-HQRs also reduce GS-hydroquinones, including GS-trichloro-p-hydroquinone, GS-dichloro-p-hydroquinone, GS-2-hydroxy-p-hydroquinone, and GS-p-hydroquinone. They are conserved and widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and plants, but not in an...
Shape optimisation by design of experiments and finite element methods—an application of steel wheels

The requirements made on industry, and particularly on development departments, are increasing constantly due to demands to reduce costs and development times and the introduction of new quality guidelines (Toutenburg and Gossl, Versuchsplanung in der industrie; moderne methoden und softwarelosungen. Proceedings des workshops versuchsplanung in der industrie der boehringer mannheim GmbH und SAS-Institute, Tutzing 30./31.10.1995. Prentice Hall Verlag, Munchen, 1996). In particular, several loops are usually required within the development process during the development of new parts to obtain an optimal part shape. This process is extensively influenced by the experience and know-how of the developer or design engineer. A method that enables a specific and structured approach to part shape optimisation is presented in this paper. Design of experiments and the finite element method are interlinked in this method.
Fibrillar Structure in Lintnerized Potato Starch by Scanning Electron Microscopy

A study of Lintnerized potato starch has been made with the scanning electron microscope. All fracture faces, etched with the dilute acid solution, show a radial fibrillar system as the structural foundation of the starch grain. No evidence of isodiametric granules was found. Ringlike areas, corresponding to tangentially fractured concentric lamellae of the grain, are not uncommon and are made evident by a change in slope of the fracture face at these rings. The fibrillar system, centered at the middle of a ring, radiates outward from that point and traverses the ring without obvious interruption. The longest fibrillar ridge had a length of 14 μm.
The many roles of cytochrome b-5 in hepatic microsomes.

Abstract The purpose of this report is to review the current literature on cytochrome b 5 in hepatic microsomes and to draw conclusions as to its role in microsomal electron transfer pathways. For details concerning the history of cytochrome b 5 the reader is reffered to reviews by C. F. Strittmatter (1) and P. Strittmatter (2). For information on the chemistry of cytochrome b 5 the reader is reffered to the papers by Ozols and Strittmatter (3), Kajihara and Hagihara (4), and Ehrenberg and Bois-Poltoratsky (5). For more recent studies on the isolation and properties of detergent solubilized cytochrome b 5, which contains a hydrophobic peptide enabling reincorporation into membranes, the reader is referred to references 6-12. For simplicity, this minireview is divided into four parts, reflecting areas of study on the role of cytochrome b 5 in the microsomes. One major area is in fatty acid 9 desaturation. Two other areas concern cytochrome b 5 involvement in cytochrome P-450 mediated mixed function oxidations. The fourth section deals with other non-cytochrome P-450 pathways in which cytochrome b 5 is suggested as being a component.
Characterizing submicron vesicles with wavelength-resolved fluorescence in flow cytometry.

Individual synthetic vesicles 0.1–1.0 μm in diameter are sized by using single-particle fluorescence emission spectra obtained in a custom sheath flow cell with an imaging spectrograph and a charge-coupled device. Data are acquired at 1 Hz, with limits of detection (3σ) less than 6.0 × 103 and 1.0 × 104 molecules of free sulforhodamine 101 and fluorescein, respectively, and with a spectal range for fluorescence emission collection from 350 to 800 nm (0.45 nm/pixel resolution). The system is used for small-particle population analysis by analyzing a suspension of submicron, unilamellar, synthetic vesicles prepared by standard procedures with phospatidylserine and Texas red- or fluorescein head-group-conjugated dihydropalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine. The submicron particles are individually identified, sized, and discriminated based on single-particle fluorescence emission spectra. Excellent agreement is found between fluorescence sizing data and transmission electron microscopic measurements. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gastroduodenal ulcers: causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Notwithstanding the enormous amount of information available on the role ofH. pylori in ulcer disease, in many respects we are still in the early stages of understanding the precise roles of specificH. pylori organisms in mucosal ulceration. Also, we are still determining the most efficacious treatment of ulcers and prevention of relapses. Although it is probably still correct to state “no acid, no ulcer,” one cannot yet say “noH. pylori, no ulcer.”
901-92 The Relationship Between Changes in Myocyte Electrical and Contractile Events with the Development of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Changes in myocyte (MYO) membrane potential (MYO-MP) are major determinants in contractile processes. We hypothesized that the development of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) will cause specific changes in MYO-MPs and be directly associated with well defined abnormalities in MYO contractile events. Simultaneous indices of isolated MYO-MP (resting, RMP; max upstroke velocity, Vmax; time to 90% repolarization, APD 90 ) and contraction (velocities of shortening, VELSHT; and relengthening, VELLEN) were obtained in 7 pigs with DCM (pace 240 bpm; 3wks) and 7 control (CON) pigs at baseline (BAS) and with β-AR stimulation (25 nM isoproterenol) using microelectrodes and high speed videomicroscopy. RMP (mV) Vmax (V/s) APD90 (ms) VELSHT (J.Lm/s) VELLEN (J.Lm/s) BAS-CON -784 ± 0.6 130 ± 3 169 ± 7 57 ± 3 57 ± 4 BAS-DCM -715 ± 1.1 * 93 ± 5 * 202 ± 6 * 35 ± 2 * 36 ± 3 * β-AR-CON -784 ± 1.3 166 ± 6 # 236 ± 9 # 135 ± 6 # 136 ± 7 # β-AR-DCM -74.6 ± 1.3 *# 113 ± 3 *# 265 ± 10 *# 83 ± 6 *# 68 ± 6 *# * p l 0.05 vs CON # P l 0.05 vs Baseline Baseline MYO-MPs recorded from a control and a DCM MYO are shown in Figure 1. MYO-MPs at peak MYO contraction and at end of MYO contraction were higher with DCM compared to CON (-48 ± 4 * vs -65 ± 3 mV; and -71 ± 1 * vs -78 ± 1 mV). Thus, more positive MYO-MPs were observed; particularly during active MYO relaxation. The abnormalities in the MYO-MP and MYO contractile relationships were not normalized with β-AR stimulation. Download high-res image (73KB) Download full-size image Summary In this model of dilated cardiomyopathy, significant alterations in myocyte contractile function and action potential characteristics were observed. These alterations in the temporal relationship between myocyte electrical and mechanical events may be a fundamental contributory mechanism responsible for the contractile dysfunction observed in this model of cardiomyopathic disease.
Intensivists: don't quit your day job…yet!

Management of critically ill patients by physicians with advanced training in critical care medicine has been associated with improved outcomes in a variety of disease states, such as acute lung injury [2] and intracranial hemorrhage [3], as well as following traumatic injury [4] and aortic [5] or esophageal [6] surgery. Additionally, a systematic review revealed that outcomes were better in a cohort of critically-ill patients managed by intensivists in high-intensity ICUs (defi ned as closed ICUs or ICUs with mandated intensivist consultation) as compared to low-intensity ICUs, with an overall reduction in the relative risk (RR) of both hospital and ICU mortality [7]. Furthermore, experts predict that there will be a shortage of critical care physicians in the very near future that is projected to increase dramatically as the population ages Expanded Abstract Citation Levy MM, Rapoport J, Lemeshow S, Chalfi n DB, Phillips G, and Danis M: Association between Critical Care Physician Management and Patient Mortality in the Intensive Care Unit. Ann Intern Med 2008 Jun 3, 148(11): 801-9 [1]. Background Critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) are thought to gain an added survival benefi t from management by critical care physicians, but evidence of this benefi t is scant. Methods Objective: To examine the association between hospital mortality in critically ill patients and management by critical care physicians. Design: Retrospective analysis of a large, prospectively collected database of critically ill patients. Setting: 123 ICUs in 100 U.S. hospitals. Subjects: 101,832 critically ill adults. Intervention: None. Outcomes: Through use of a random-eff ects logistic regression, investigators compared hospital mortality between patients cared for entirely by critical care physicians and patients cared for entirely by non-critical care physicians. An expanded Simplifi ed Acute Physiology Score was used to adjust for severity of illness, and a propensity score was used to adjust for diff erences in the probability of selective referral of patients to critical care physicians. Results Patients who received critical care management (CCM) were generally sicker, received more procedures, and had higher hospital mortality rates than those who did not receive CCM. After adjustment for severity of illness and propensity score, hospital mortality rates were higher for patients who received CCM than for those who did not. The diff erence in adjusted hospital mortality rates was less for patients who were sicker and who were predicted by propensity score to receive CCM. Residual confounders for illness severity and selection biases for CCM might exist that were inadequately assessed or recognized. Conclusion In a large sample of ICU patients in the United States, the odds of hospital mortality were higher for patients managed by critical care physicians than those who were not. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate these results and clarify the mechanisms by which they might occur.
The ~0.9 mJy Sample: A Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Catalog of 150 Infrared-Luminous, 24 μm Selected Galaxies at 0.3 <= z <= 3.5

We present a catalog of mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of 150 infrared (IR) luminous galaxies in the Spitzer extragalactic first look survey obtained with the IR spectrograph on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. The sample is selected to be brighter than ~0.9 mJy at 24 μm and it has a redshift distribution in the range [0.3, 3.5], with a peak at z = 1. It primarily comprises ultraluminous IR galaxies (ULIRGs) at z ≳ 1 and luminous IR galaxies at z < 1, as estimated from their monochromatic rest-frame 14 μm luminosities. The number of sources with spectra that are dominated by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) continuum is 49, while 39 sources have strong, star formation related features. For this classification, we used the equivalent width (EW) of the 11.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) feature. Several intermediate and high z starbursts have higher PAH EW than local ULIRGs, which could be indicative of an elevated star formation activity. Moreover, an increase in the AGN activity is observed with increasing z and luminosity, based on the decreasing EW of PAHs and the increasing [Ne III]/ [Ne II] ratio. Spectral stacking leads to the detection of weak features such as the 3.3 μm PAH, the H_2 0-0 S(1) and S(3) lines, and the [Ne V] line. We observe differences in the flux ratios of PAHs in the stacked spectra of IR-luminous galaxies with redshift or luminosity, which cannot be attributed to extinction effects since both the depth and the profile of the silicate absorption feature at 9.7 μm remain the same at z < 1 and z ≥ 1. When placing the observed galaxies on IR color-color diagrams, we find that the wedge defining AGNs comprises most sources with continuum-dominated spectra, but also contains many starbursts and sources with strong silicate absorption at 9.7 μm. The comparison of the 11.3 μm PAH EW and the H-band effective radius, measured from Hubble Space Telescope data, indicates that sources with EWs ≥ 2 μm, are typically more extended than ~3 kpc. However, there is no strong correlation between the MIR spectral type and the near-IR extent of the sources.
Electro-Magnetic Measurement of Blood Flow and Sphygmomanometry in the Intact Animal

SummaryA modified electro-magnetic flow meter has been described which may be applied to investigation of a wide variety of cardiovascular problems involving flow and pressure measurements in intact animals.
Extraction of a synthetic androgen from fish muscle and quantitation by high performance liquid chromatography

A rapid, reproducible extraction procedure was developed to recover the synthetic androgen 17 alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) from fish muscle. A single extraction with chloroform-methanol (2:1 V/V), followed by elution from mini-columns with various methanol concentrations, yielded an extraction efficiency of greater than 70%. Resolution of MT from testosterone was complete and reliable quantitation was achieved utilizing reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Endogenous testosterone was not detectable in 1-g muscle samples, but MT was detected in fish muscle 6 h after adult Tilapia aurea were fed a diet containing the steroid.
Understanding the influence of active (zeolite) and passive (polyethylene) reaction cages on photo-Claisen rearrangements of aryl benzyl ethers

Photo-Claisen rearrangements of benzyl phenyl ether and benzyl 1-naphthyl ether have been examined in cation-exchanged Y zeolites and polyethylenes of differing crystallinities. Ratios of the principal rearrangement products, benzyl arylol positional isomers, indicate that the reactions are more selective in the zeolites than in the polyethylenes. The results are explained on the basis of the active and passive walls of the reaction cages of zeolites and polyethylenes, respectively, and the limited free volume of the polyethylene cages.
Condensed table of Huffman coding, a new approach to efficient decoding

This letter introduces a new technique for designing and decoding Huffman codes. The key idea is to define a condensed Huffman table (CHT) that is smaller than the ordinary Huffman table and which leads to fast decoding. For example, the new approach has been shown to reduce the memory consumption by a factor of eight, compared with the single-side grown Huffman table.
Performance analysis of χ models using discrete-time probabilistic reward graphs

We propose the model of discrete-time probabilistic reward graphs (DTPRGs) for performance analysis of systems exhibiting discrete deterministic time delays and probabilistic behavior, via their interpretation as discrete-time Markov reward chains, full-fledged platform for qualitative and quantitative analysis of timed systems based on the modeling language chi. The extension proposed in this paper is based on timed branching bisimulation reduction followed by a tailored inclusion of probabilities and rewards. The approach is applied in an industrial case study of a turntable drill. The resulting performance measures are shown to be comparable to those obtained by existent methods of the chi environment, viz. simulation and continuous-time Markovian analysis.
Relative contribution of CYP3A to amitriptyline clearance in humans: in vitro and in vivo studies.

The relative contribution of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) to the oral clearance of amitriptyline in humans has been assessed using a combination of in vitro approaches together with a clinical pharmacokinetic interaction study using the CYP3A-selective inhibitor ketoconazole. Lymphoblast-expressed CYPs were used to study amitriptyline N-demethylation and E-10 hydroxylation in vitro. The relative activity factor (RAF) approach was used to predict the relative contribution of each CYP isoform to the net hepatic intrinsic clearance (sum of N-demethylation and E-10 hydroxylation). Assuming no extrahepatic metabolism, the model-predicted contribution of CYP3A to net intrinsic clearance should equal the fractional decrement in apparent oral clearance of amitriptyline upon complete inhibition of the enzyme. This hypothesis was tested in a clinical study of amitriptyline (50 mg, p.o.) with ketoconazole (three 200 mg doses spaced 12 hours apart) in 8 healthy volunteers. The RAF approach predicted CYP2C19 to be the dominant contributor (34%), with a mean 21% contribution of CYP3A (range: 8%-42% in a panel of 12 human livers). The mean apparent oral clearance of amitriptyline in 8 human volunteers was decreased from 2791 ml/min in the control condition to 2069 ml/min with ketoconazole. The average 21% decrement (range: 2%-40%) was identical to the mean value predicted in vitro using the RAF approach. The central nervous system (CNS) sedative effects of amitriptyline were slightly greater when ketoconazole was coadministered, but the differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, CYP3A plays a relatively minor role in amitriptyline clearance in vivo, which is consistent with in vitro predictions using the RAF approach.
Accurate Back-of-the-Envelope Transistor Model for Deep Sub-micron MOS

This paper presents a new transistor model for modern deep sub-micron technologies where most existing textbook models fail. With only seven independent parameters in total the model is shown to be more accurate than the power law models in both linear and saturation regions. Up to 43% matching error reduction is observed with an industrial 90 nm technology. Moreover the model is first-order continuous. All these features make it attractive both for education and design analysis.
Differential responses of Pinus ponderosa and Abies concolor foliar characteristics and diameter growth to thinning and prescribed fire treatments

Thinning and prescribed fire decrease the threat of catastrophic wildfire in western coniferous forests by reducing forest biomass available as fuel. Such treatments have been shown to alter foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, which may precede changes in stem diameter growth. However, the timing or duration of change in foliar nutrient concentrations of mature conifers is not well understood. I evaluated whether large-scale thinning and prescribed fire treatments impact nutrient characteristics and diameter growth of mature Pinus ponderosa (pine) and Abies concolor (fir) in a suite of experimental treatments (Size-preference Thin, Pine-preference Thin, Thin + Fire, and Fire) and a Control in the Klamath National Forest, CA. I analyzed pine needles to age 6 years and fir needles to age 10 years for N and P concentration and content. Vector analysis was used to simultaneously evaluate needle size, nutrient concentration and content to illustrate responses that may not be evident via analysis of nutrient concentration alone. There were no differences in foliar N or P concentration or content for pine or fir for any treatment relative to the Control. Nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency were not affected by treatment for either species. The length of pine needles produced in 2001 was increased by all treatments that involved thinning, and the mass of needles produced in 2004 was increased by the combination of thinning and prescribed fire. There was no effect of treatment on fir needle length or mass for any cohort of needles. Vector diagrams indicated that pine needle N and P were diluted by treatments as needles increased in mass and total nutrient content while nutrient concentration decreased or remained constant. In contrast, fir needle nutrient concentrations increased or remained constant while dry mass and nutrient content decreased. Vector analysis indicated that the response in foliar characteristics of mature conifers differed between the historically dominant pine and the currently dominant, shade-tolerant fir in this northern California mixed-conifer forest, whereas traditional analysis of individual foliar characteristics generally did not detect differences among treatments. All treatments that involved thinning increased mean annual ring width index between pre- and post-treatment time periods for pine, whereas there was no effect for fir. These results suggest that restoration strategies may have negative or no effects on fir whereas the same treatments may favor pine, thereby facilitating re-establishment of a pine-dominated ecosystem that approximates historical conditions in California’s mixed-conifer forests.
Distributed linear parameter estimation in sensor networks: Convergence properties

The paper considers the problem of distributed linear vector parameter estimation in sensor networks, when sensors can exchange quantized state information and the inter-sensor communication links fail randomly. We show that our algorithm LU leads to almost sure (a.s.) consensus of the local sensor estimates to the true parameter value, under the assumptions that, a minimal global observability criterion is satisfied and the network is connected in the mean, i.e., lambda2(Lmacr) Gt 0, where Lmacr is the expected Laplacian matrix. We show that the local sensor estimates are asymptotically normal and characterize the convergence rate of the algorithm in the framework of moderate deviations.
Contemporary approaches for imaging skeletal metastasis

The skeleton is a common site of cancer metastasis. Notably high incidences of bone lesions are found for breast, prostate, and renal carcinoma. Malignant bone tumors result in significant patient morbidity. Identification of these lesions is a critical step to accurately stratify patients, guide treatment course, monitor disease progression, and evaluate response to therapy. Diagnosis of cancer in the skeleton typically relies on indirect bone-targeted radiotracer uptake at sites of active bone remodeling. In this manuscript, we discuss established and emerging tools and techniques for detection of bone lesions, quantification of skeletal tumor burden, and current clinical challenges.
Highly flexible multi-mode system synthesis

Multi-mode systems have emerged as an area- and power-efficient approach to implementing multiple time-wise mutually exclusive algorithms and applications in a single hardware space. These systems have limited flexibility and temporal separation between modes is achieved by changing only the dataflow between components. This paper presents a synthesis methodology for integrating flexible components and controllers into primarily fixed logic multi-mode systems thereby increasing their overall flexibility and efficiency. The components are built using a technique called small-scale reconfigurability that provides the necessary flexibility without the penalties associated with general-purpose reconfigurable logic. The reconfiguration latency is small enabling both inter-mode and intra-mode reconfiguration of components. Datapath and controller area and power consumption are reduced beyond what is provided in current multi-mode systems using this methodology, without sacrificing performance. The results show an average 7% reduction in datapath component area, 26% reduction in register area, 36% reduction in interconnect MUX cost, and a 68% reduction in the number of controller signals for a set of benchmark 32-bit signal processing applications. There is also an average 38% increase in component utilization.
More Unintended Consequences of High‐Stakes Testing

This article explores the basis of negative sentiments toward and current critiques of high-stakes student testing from within the education profession. To promote some balance for current policy debates, evidence for 10 unintended, unrecognized, or unarticulated positive consequences is provided. The article concludes with an examination of the relationship between high-stakes testing and accountability systems.
Characterization of SiC Schottky diodes at different temperatures

The emergence of silicon carbide (SiC) based power semiconductor switches, with their superior features compared with silicon (Si) based switches, has resulted in substantial improvement in the performance of power electronics converter systems. These systems with SiC power devices have the qualities of being more compact, lighter, and more efficient; thus, they are ideal for high-voltage power electronics applications. In this study, commercial Si pn and SiC Schottky diodes are tested and characterized, their behavioral static and loss models are derived at different temperatures, and they are compared with respect to each other.
A new infinite family of minimally nonideal matrices

Minimally nonideal matrices are a key to understanding when the set covering problem can be solved using linear programming. The complete classification of minimally nonideal matrices is an open problem. One of the most important results on these matrices comes from a theorem of Lehman, which gives a property of the core of a minimally nonideal matrix. Cornuejols and Novick gave a conjecture on the possible cores of minimally nonideal matrices. This paper disproves their conjecture by constructing a new infinite family of square minimally nonideal matrices. In particular, we show that there exists a minimally nonideal matrix with r ones in each row and column for any r>=3.
The Effects of Sequence Selection on DS Spread Spectrum with Selective Fading and Rake Reception

Error probabilities are evaluated for direct-sequence spread-spectrum communications and Rake reception over channels with doubly selective fading. The error probability for such a system depends on the spreading sequence, the autocorrelation function of the fading process, the received signal-to-noise ratio, and the number of taps in the Rake receiver. The focus of the paper is on the effect of the spreading sequence on the performance of each of two systems. One system employs noncoherent detection of differentially-encoded binary direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals and a post-detection diversity-combining Rake receiver which uses equal-gain combining. The other system employs coherent detection of binary direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals and a post-detection diversity-combining Rake receiver with perfect gain estimates for the channel. A simple sequence selection criterion is introduced, and the sensitivity of the performance of the system to the choice of the spreading sequence is examined. It is shown that significant performance differences result from different choices of the spreading sequence. It is also shown that, given a moderate range of delay spreads, sequences can be found that yield low bit error probabilities over that range. These are found to be robust with respect to the delay spectrum for the channel, the number of taps in the Rake receiver, the Doppler spread, and the signal-to-noise ratio.
Non-linear Landau damping of electromagnetic cyclotron waves

The non-linear scattering of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves is studied. Expressions for matrix elements of interaction are derived and for interacting right-handed circularly polarized waves (whistler waves) the matrix is explicitly calculated for particular velocity distribution functions of electrons. Non-linear damping rates are computed.It is shown that non-linear scattering is not in general a dominant process for whistlers in the magnetosphere.
Effects of differential recoil-free fraction on ordering and site occupancies in Mössbauer spectroscopy of orthopyroxenes

Room-temperature 57 Fe Mossbauer spectra of synthetic orthopyroxenes equilibrated between 900-1000 °C and spanning the compositional range from ferrosilite to nearly enstatite were acquired. Peak areas corresponding to Fe 2+ in the M1 and M2 sites of the structure were corrected for effects of thickness and differential recoil-free fractions (f) on the two sites using a constant value of C = 1.1, the correction parameter. The distribution coefÞ cient, KD, for Fe and Mg in M1 and M2 was calculated for all samples, and results were compared to KD values from previous studies where C was assumed to be unity. Our results demonstrate that choice of C dramatically ins uences calculated KD values. Thus, the failure of previous studies to consider C corrections may well be responsible for differences between Mossbauer and XRD studies of site occupancies noted by previous workers. Further characterizations of f for pyroxenes of variable compositions are needed.
Poultry Majors in North America

Abstract SINCE the peak enrollment years of the immediate post-World War II period, numerous Poultry Husbandry (Poultry Science) staff members at many colleges and universities have evinced lively interest and considerable concern in the dwindling numbers of students majoring in poultry curricula. The concern has been occasioned by two increasing difficulties: (1) obtaining sufficient undergraduate students to justify many specific poultry subject matter courses and (2) filling graduate fellowships, scholarships and assistantships with students having undergraduate training in the poultry field. Another factor which, to the writer, required most careful evaluation for accurate interpretation, is the large numbers of unfilled employment opportunities which through 1957 at least, have been available for undergraduate poultry majors. College and university administrators and governing boards are already more closely scrutinizing both curricula and subject matter courses with sub-marginal enrollment. This suggests the necessity of at least three possible alternatives or combined actions by organized poultry …
Initial Site of Synthesis of Virus During Rescue of Simian Virus 40 from Heterokaryons of Simian Virus 40-Transformed and Susceptible Cells

Simian virus 40 (SV40) can be rescued from certain SV40-transformed hamster cells by fusion with susceptible African green monkey kidney (CV-1) cells, in the presence of ultraviolet-irradiated Sendai virus. We have determined the sites in which SV40 is produced during rescue in these heterokaryons. To determine the sequence, nuclei were isolated from fused cells at various times after fusion, separated on sucrose-density gradients, and assayed for infectious center formation and virus content on CV-1 monolayers. Virus was first detected in the transformed nucleus (40 hr postfusion), and later associated with both transformed and susceptible nuclei (68 to 72 hr). Viral rescue apparently does not depend upon the transfer of SV40 deoxyribonucleic acid to a susceptible CV-1 nucleus, since the transformed nucleus is the primary site of virus production. The time course of certain cytological events in the rescue process and in productive infection was found to be similar.
Effect of Nano-Oxide Particle Size on Radiation Resistance of Iron-Chromium Alloys

Abstract Radiation resistance of Fe–14Cr alloys under 200 keV He irradiation at 500 °C was systematically investigated with varying sizes of nano oxide Zr, Hf and Cr particles. It is found that these nano oxide particles acted as effective sites for He bubble formation. By statistically analyzing 700–1500 He bubbles at the depth of about 150–700 nm from a series of HRTEM images for each sample, we established the variation of average He bubble size, He bubble density, and swelling percentage along the depth, and found them to be consistent with the He concentration profile calculated from the SIRM program. Oxide particles with sizes less than 3.5–4 nm are found most effective for enhancing radiation resistance in the studied alloy systems.
Surface defection reduces cytotoxicity of Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 (ZIF-8) without compromising its drug delivery capacity

Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 (ZIF-8), as one of the most important metal-organic framework (MOF) molecules, is a promising candidate for drug delivery due to its low-density structure, high surface area, and tunable frameworks. However, ZIF-8 exhibits a high cytotoxicity associated with its external hydrophobic surface, which significantly restricts its application in drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Commonly used chemical functionalization methods would convert the hydrophobic surface of ZIF-8 to hydrophilic, but the generated functional groups on its internal surface may reduce its pore sizes or even block its pores. Herein, a surface defection strategy was applied on the external surface of ZIF-8 to enhance its hydrophilicity without reducing or blocking the internal pores. In this approach, mechanical ball-milling was used to incur defects on the external surface of ZIF-8, leading to unsaturated Zn-sites and N-sites which subsequently bound H2O molecules in an aqueous environment. Furthermore, hydroxyurea delivery and cell cytotoxicity of ZIF-8 with and without the external surface treatment were evaluated. It was found that 5-min ball milling changed the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of ZIF-8, resulting in significantly higher cell viability without compromising its hydroxyurea loading and release capacity. Such a simple mechanical ball-milling followed by water-treatment provides a general technique for surface-modification of other MOF molecules, which will undoubtedly magnify their biomedical applications.
Epidural spinal compression as an initial presentation of Hodgkin lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) commonly arises in lymph nodes and initial presentation with extranodal disease is rare. We report a patient who presented with progressively worsening back pain, lower extremity weakness and numbness concerning for a myelopathic process of uncertain etiology. MRI revealed an epidural soft tissue mass with cord displacement, for which she underwent resection. Histological analysis of the surgical specimen demonstrated CHL. Further investigation revealed an anterior mediastinal mass, consistent with spread from a more typical location.
On Selecting a Judicial System(s) to Try Sea Pirates - An Interesting/Necessary Exercise But is it Enough to Deter the Attacks/Hijackings?

The topic of sea piracy can be approached based on environmental and human refugee situations. In this article, the author suggests the radical idea of attacking pirates in territorial waters arguing that attacks on the environment and on human refugees rise to the level of jus cogens violations. World interest in piracy has peaked in the wake of the exposed Somali piracy situation. Although interruption of commercial shipping off the coast of Somalia, as well as out into the high seas has been explored in the past, the question remains: are we accomplishing as much as we can to prosecute piracy? This essay is written to shed more light on a somewhat muddled subject: i.e., creating a new legal regime to try pirates.
Does the Tax Law Discriminate Against the Majority of American Children: The Downside of Our Progressive Rate Structure and Unbalanced Education Incentives

This article is directed at the lack of consistency in the treatment of parents and grandparents who give some of their income to minor and adult children. There is a distinct favoritism accorded to parents and grandparents (and others) who are able to shift income from their publicly-traded securities to children through custodial accounts and other mechanisms. Those who derive their income from private businesses and services are treated much less favorably and are forced to resort to more costly and more complex methods to shift income to children. After exploring the historical origins of the prohibitions on so-called "income-splitting", and some of the statutory exceptions, the article then demonstrates how the graduated rate structure and other features of the income, gift and estate tax laws are directly responsible for freezing out the majority of children in this country from various education tax incentives provided, in effect, to only a targeted group. Finally, the article analyzes various alternatives to resolve this discrimination, which are aimed at broadening the education opportunities (particularly higher education) for a large number of children. I then argue that some of these alternatives may be far less costly to the government by replacing the present patchquilt of complex and incoherent tax incentives.
The Use of Modified Antigens for the Prevention of Cloudy Reactions in Testing Avian Blood Sera for Pullroum Disease

Abstract In a previous paper1 we reported on the use of antigens modified by the addition of .04% NaOH, .1% Formalin, 5% and 1.8% NACl compared to an unmodified antigen of a density of one on the McFarland scale. In all cases a 1–40 or a 1–50 dilution of fowl serum in antigen was used to determine the presence or absence of clouding. Incubation was conducted at the usual temperature and readings made at 48 hours. At first the type of clouding was not recorded. It was soon found, however, that the types of clouding could be differentiated and that the presence of one interfered to a much greater degree in the reading of the test than the other. The type of clouding in which no large flakes could be observed and in which the precipitate was scattered uniformly throughout the suspension we designated as diffuse clouding in distinction . . .
THE IMPORTANCE OF USING APPROPRIATE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IN OIL SPILL IMPACT STUDIES: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE AMOCO CADIZ OIL SPILL IMPACT ZONE

ABSTRACT On March 16, 1978, the tanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground off the coast of North Brittany. Her cargo of 221,000 tons of light crude oil was released into the sea. More than 126 miles of coastline were oiled, including a number of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) growing establishments. The North Brittany coastline already was stressed by earlier additions of oil and metals. In December 1979, 21 months after the oil spill, measurements of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, aspartate aminotransferase activity, and condition index were made in 14 populations of C. gigas. Five of the populations were outside the oil spill impact zone; nine populations were within it. At the same time the body burden of Cr, Ag, Pd, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Hg, as well as the body burden of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, was determined. Also at the same time, the numbers of total and fecal coliform bacteria in the ambient water were determined. Results of stepwise multiple regression have shown that 21 months after the Amo...
CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS PART 28, FOUR‐COMPONENT EQUILIBRIA IN 1,3‐DIOXANES, RING DEFORMATIONS AND THE CHAIR‐TWIST FREE ENERGY DIFFERENCE

Abstract Four-component equilibria in substituted 1,3-dioxanes were applied to the determination of conformational energies not accessible by conventional equilibration, with the following conclusions: 1. The difference in free energy between the chair and twist forms of 2,2, trans - 4,6 - tetramethyl - 1,3 -dioxane is 7·4 kcal/mol. 2. Equatorial Me substituents at C-4,6 exert a palpable buttressing effect on the corresponding axial substituents. 3. Equatorial substituents at C-2 exert a similar buttressing effect on the geminal axial substituent. 4. The effect of equatorial t-Bu substitution or gem -dimethyl substitution at C-5 on conformational energy seems to be of minor importance. The more complex effects of equatorial 4-t-Bu substitution are discussed.
Matground structures and redox facies

A characteristic succession of sedimentary structures was observed in clastic Silurian tempestites of the Murzuk Basin of southwest Libya. The structures ("Manchuriophycus," syneresis cracks, "Astropolithon," load cracks, palimpsest ripples, "Kinneyia," microfault sets, and millimeter ripples) occur in sandstones and siltstones that show evidence of unusual cohesive behavior (cracks resulting from shrinking or degassing; resistance to erosion). In a sequence ranging from fully aerobic sandstones to anoxic graptolite shales, these structures characterize several zones of increasing redox stress, which correspond to ichnofacies zonation. It is postulated that microbial mats develop on the sediment surface whenever grazing and burrowing are suppressed. Depending on local conditions, biomats were leathery, felt-like, or gel-like. The observed matground structures resulted from the interaction of storm waves with microbial stabilization of progressively finer-grained sediments. Whereas such structures were ubiquitous in Precambrian clastics, they became restricted to hostile environments in the Phanerozoic, where they can be used to indicate environmental (mostly redox) stress, and possibly hydrocarbon potential, in sandstones and siltstones lacking other indicators.
Coupled numerical simulation for solid rocket motor ignition gas flow and propellant deformation

By using MpCCI coupler as the data exchange platform of FLUENT and ANSYS analysis software,the Fluid Structure Interaction(FSI) phenomenon during ignition process of large L/D ratio SRM with radial fin slot is simulated.The results show that ignition gas flow couples with grain deformation strongly at ignition transient of this type SRM,grain deformation occurs mainly at the cusp of radial fin slot step,which is aggravated along with ignition process.Grain deformation at the tip of middle fin slot is larger than the one of head fin slot,which results in ignition failure.The distribution of grain displacement and stress field is calculated under the impact of ignition pressure,and the research results can make certain groundwork for applying FSI technology to SRM.
Starving for Knowledge: Why Campuses Need to Address Student Food Insecurity

Hunger disrupts academic success. Even though food insecurity is a big, tough problem, Clare Cady provides inspiring examples of educators who are taking it on, one granola bar at a time.
Three Catholic Libraries in London

This essay provides an overview, from a North American perspective, of three Catholic scholarly libraries in Greater London. The author sketches out the history, unique qualities, collections, and services of each of these libraries. The objectives of the essay are to introduce these libraries to a new audience, to set out points of comparison of holdings, services, and cultures, and to foster new ventures of collaboration between Catholic theology libraries globally.
Injections through skin colonized with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm introduce contamination despite standard antimicrobial preparation procedures.

While surgical site preparation has been extensively studied, there is little information about resistance of skin microbiota in the biofilm form to antimicrobial decontamination, and there are no quantitative models to study how biofilm might be transferred into sterile tissue/implant materials during injections for joint spine and tendon, aspiration biopsies and dermal fillers (DF). In this work, we develop two in vitro models to simulate the process of skin preparation and DF injection using pig skin and SimSkin (silicone) materials, respectively. Using the pig skin model, we tested three of the most common skin preparation wipes (alcohol, chlorhexidine and povidone iodine) and found that during wiping they reduced the biofilm bacterial burden of S. aureus (CFU cm−2) by three logs with no statistically significant differences between wipes. Using the SimSkin model, we found that transfer of viable bacteria increased with needle diameter for 30G, 25G and 18G needles. Transfer incidence decreased as injection depth was increased from 1 mm to 3 mm. Serial puncture and linear threading injection styles had similar transfer incidence, whereas fanning significantly increased transfer incidence. The results show that contamination of DF during injection is a risk that can be reduced by modifying skin prep and injection practices.
Coping and Prognostic Awareness in Patients With Advanced Cancer

PurposePatients’ understanding of their illness is key for making informed treatment decisions, yet studies suggest an association between prognostic awareness and worse quality of life (QOL) and mood among patients with advanced cancer. We sought to explore the relationships among prognostic awareness, coping, QOL, and mood in patients with newly diagnosed, incurable cancer.MethodsWe assessed patients’ self-reported health status and treatment goal (Prognosis and Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire), coping (Brief COPE), QOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General), and mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) within 8 weeks of incurable lung or GI cancer diagnosis. We used linear regression to examine associations and interaction effects among patients’ health status and treatment goal, coping strategies, QOL, and mood.ResultsPatients who reported a terminally ill health status had worse QOL (unstandardized coefficient [B] = −6.88; P < .001), depression (B = 1.60; P < .001), and anxiety (B ...
Stabilization of Linear Dynamical Systems with Output Feedback

Abstract The problem of finding a physically realizable output feedback controller which will stabilize an inherently unstable plant is one of the oldest and most fundamental problems in control theory. In spite of its long history, this problem still remains unsolved--even in the seemingly simple case of linear plants. In this paper, we examine the general problem of stabilizing a finite-dimensional linear plant by means of a linear output feedback controller. Two types of controllers are considered: (i) direct feedback of the output through linear “gains” and (ii) feedback of a linear functional of the output. For the case of linear functional feedback controllers, we are able to give a rather general solution. In the case of direct feedback controllers (a considerably more complex problem) we are able to completely solve certain special, and practically important, cases.
Housing and Credit Markets: Booms and Busts

Abstract Prompted by the recent US experience, in this chapter, we study the interaction between cycles in credit markets and cycles in housing markets. There is a large growing literature exploring two different approaches: on the one hand, a boom–bust in house prices can generate a boom–bust in credit market and, on the other hand, a boom–bust in credit markets can generate a boom–bust in house prices. We start by presenting a stark mechanical model to formalize the interaction between housing prices and credit markets and explore these two channels in a mechanical way. Next, we present two simple models that highlight the two approaches. First, we propose a catastrophe model, where an increase in credit availability can generate first a boom and then a bust in mortgage markets because of multiple equilibria due to adverse selection: as lending expands, the composition of borrowers worsens and at some point this can generate a crash in credit market. Second, we propose a sentiment model, where house prices increase above fundamentals because investors buy assets under the irrational belief that there is always going to be an ever more foolish buyer, willing to buy at a higher price. In the course of the chapter, we relate our simple models to the large existing literature on these topics. At the end, we also point to some empirical papers that propose related facts.
Die Beurteilung der Persönlichkeit und individueller Unterschiede

Was fur ein Menschentyp sind Sie? Machen Sie ein paar Angaben uber sich selbst. Dieses Kapitel beschaftigt sich damit, wie die Personlichkeit gemessen wird und welche Personlichkeitstypen durch solche Messungen erkennbar werden konnen. Wenn Sie den folgenden einfachen Personlichkeitstest machen, werden Sie ein besseres Verstandnis fur diese Mesverfahren bekom men. Schreiben Sie in jede Zeile der folgenden Liste eine mit „Ich bin“ beginnende Aussage.
Marriage or Mirage

She enters the church, adorned in white. I’m nervous, but excited, my face slightly pale. In front of family and friends, we share this moment. We are to be united as one, one happy couple.