cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory System Design for Ultra Low Power, Computationally Error Resilient Processor Microarchitectures

Dennard scaling ended a decade ago. Energy reduction by lowering supply voltage has been limited because of guard bands and a subthreshold slope of over 60mV/decade in MOSFETs. On the other hand, newly-proposed logic devices maintain a high on/off ratio for drain currents even at significantly lower operating voltages. However, such ultra low power technology would eventually suffer from intermittent errors in logic as a result of operating close to the thermal noise floor. Computational error correction mitigates this issue by efficiently correcting stochastic bit errors that may occur in computational logic operating at low signal energies, thereby allowing for energy reduction by lowering supply voltage to tens of millivolts. Cores based on a Redundant Residual Number System (RRNS), which represents a number using a tuple of smaller numbers, are a promising candidate for implementing energyefficient computational error correction. However, prior RRNS core microarchitectures abstract away the memory hierarchy and do not consider the power-performance impact of RNS-based memory addressing. When compared with a non-error-correcting core addressing memory in binary, naive RNS-based memory addressing schemes cause a slowdown of over 3x/2x for inorder/out-of-order cores respectively. In this paper, we analyze RNS-based memory access pattern behavior and provide solutions in the form of novel schemes and the resulting design space exploration, thereby, extending and enabling a tangible, ultra low power RRNS based architecture.
The limits of definition: Gadamer’s critique of Aristotle’s ethics

There is a recent scholarly trend drawing similarities between Aristotle’s conceptions of ethics and demonstrative science. One such similarity has become widely and rightly recognized: for Aristot...
The Role of Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis

Publisher Summary Many factors contribute to the bone loss that characterizes the syndrome of osteoporosis. This chapter focuses primarily upon the two major calcium-regulating hormones: parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. Impaired calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract due to abnormalities at any point in the synthesis and metabolism of, or responsiveness to, vitamin D underlie the putative role of vitamin D in the development of osteoporosis. Possible abnormalities include vitamin D deficiency, abnormal production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the active form of the vitamin, altered intestinal vitamin D receptor number or sensitivity, or acquired resistance to vitamin D. Individuals deficient in calcium as a result of these possible abnormalities will be at greater risk for an imbalance in the dynamic interplay between bone formation and bone resorption. The clinical consequences of these abnormalities in the context of osteoporosis differ from the classical disorder associated with overt vitamin D deficiency, namely osteomalacia. Further, the data reviewed in this chapter argue that parathyroid hormone can be viewed as either a negative or a positive factor in preservation of the postmenopausal skeleton. The age-related increase in parathyroid hormone may be adaptive or maladaptive. More information will be needed to sort out these diametrically opposite views. However, there is already abundant information about the skeleton in the classic condition of parathyroid hormone excess, known as primary hyperparathyroidism.
The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and its importance in acute stroke management.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale is a standardized neurologic examination developed to quantitate the patient’s deficits in clinical trials for new stroke therapies. It is used on admission to determine patient eligibility for thrombolytic therapy, throughout the acute hospital stay, and at 3 months to assess neurologic recovery. The NIH stroke scale scores correlates with initial infarct volume, cerebral perfusion, and functional outcome.
Silver Soled State Energy Storage Devices

Solid state electrochemical devices based on the Ag+ ion conductor RbAg4I5 were developed 20 years ago. Batteries, double layer capacitors and pseudo capacitors are described. Active primary batteries Ag/Me4NIn were tested after 20 years of storage and still delivered 90% of their initial capacity.
Ecological Processes Linking Forest Structure and Avian Diversity in Western Oregon

Ecologists have long debated the factors that may influence patterns of faunal diversity. Recent studies have found that landscape, regional, and continental-scale features explain some of the variation in bird diversity (Terborgh 1989, Huff and Raley 1991, Currie 1991). Yet, studies considering multiple spatial scales have found that many bird species are most strongly correlated with habitat features within forest stands (e.g., Lehmkuhl et al. 1991, McGarrigal, personal communication), especially forest structural complexity (see Cody 1985). Structurally complex forests are thought to provide relatively more habitat niches and, thus, support high animal species diversity (James 1971, Urban and Smith 1989).
Abstract 3194: Development of an in vitro drug profiling platform with primary Rhabdomyosarcoma cells for tailoring patient-specific treatments

The paradigm of cancer therapy currently shifts from broadly used cytotoxic drug cocktails to patient specific precision therapies. These novel therapies are normally directed towards tumor specific driver oncogenes, identified by genomic analysis of individual tumors. In case of tumors with a very low mutational burden and/or currently undruggable driver oncogenes this approach is less suitable. There, direct drug profiling of in vitro cultured tumor cells represents a promising alternative for identification of patient specific therapies. Conditions to maintain primary tumor cells in culture for this purpose however are largely unknown for most tumor entities. Here, we aimed to establish an in vitro drug profiling platform for Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a childhood cancer with above described characteristics. Towards this aim, we isolated cells from 6 alveolar and 8 embryonal RMS patient derived xenografts and systematically tested 18 different culture conditions in order to find suitable parameters for in vitro propagation of primary RMS cells. This approach revealed that cells from most tumors survive and proliferate only in serum-free medium, whereas in serum containing medium tumor cells are progressively lost over time. Importantly, cells preserve the clonal composition and phenotypic characteristics of the primary PDX under these conditions, as assessed by genomic and copy number analysis. Drug profiles established with a library of 204 drugs revealed, beside patient-specific vulnerabilities, a yet unrecognized sensitivity of a subgroup of alveolar RMS towards AKT inhibitors. Furthermore, screening with the same drugs for resensitization of resistant relapse samples identified the BCL-2 family inhibitor ABT-263 as most potent resensitizer towards standard-of-care chemotherapy. Detailed molecular analysis revealed that this effect is based on blockade of the BCL-XL-MCL-1 axis. Overall, our proof of concept study highlights the feasibility of in vitro drug profiling of primary RMS cells for patient-specific treatment selection in a co-clinical setting. Citation Format: Marco Wachtel, Gabriele Manzella, Michaela Rommele, Luduo Zhang, Joelle Tchinda, Felix Niggli, Beat Schafer. Development of an in vitro drug profiling platform with primary Rhabdomyosarcoma cells for tailoring patient-specific treatments [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3194.
Allocating Liability Among Multiple Responsible Causes: Principles, Rhetoric and Power

In Part II of this paper, I discuss the principles underlying just allocation of liability among the multiple responsible causes of an indivisible injury. I argue that those principles support either (1) the standard method adopted by almost all courts, according to which the plaintiff's claim for compensation is reduced by her percentage of comparative responsibility if she was contributorily negligent, those who wrongfully contributed to the plaintiff's injury are each held fully (solidarily) liable for the plaintiff's possibly reduced claim, and the wrongdoers who pay the plaintiff are able to maintain contribution actions against the other wrongdoers based on their comparative responsibility, or (2) a modification of the standard method which would allow the wrongdoers who pay the plaintiff to have a contributorily negligent plaintiff share in bearing the portion of damages that are uncollectible from other wrongdoers. The various proportionate liability rules adopted by the legislatures in many states (but not the federal government) in the United States and (for injuries other than to the plaintiff's person) by all the Australian states are neither justifiable nor fair. In Part III, I explain and criticize the rhetorical arguments used by the defense advocates to attempt to convince judges (unsuccessfully) and legislators (successfully) that replacing solidary liability with proportionate liability is necessary to be consistent with the common law and allocation of liability consistent with each person's individual responsibility. In Part IV, I describe (1) the primary role played by recurrent cycles of "soft" and "hard" liability insurance markets, made possible by lack of proper regulation of the insurance industry, in creating recurrent liability insurance crises, (2) the successful effort of the insurance industry and other defense interests to portray tort liability rather than the flaws in the liability insurance market as the cause of the recurrent liability insurance crises in order to promote "tort reform" while avoiding needed regulation of the insurance industry, and (3) the recurrent failure of the enacted "tort reforms" to provide the promised reduction or moderation in liability insurance premiums.
WE‐F‐213‐00: Building, Maintaining and Improving Physics Residency Programs

In this session we will discuss the key steps for building, maintaining and improving a physics residency program. The initial momentum starts with a secure commitment of; a program director, physics faculty, physicians, key technical personnel, and, of course, administration. The ultimate goal is to build a strong clinical physicist who practice independently and/or work in an interdisciplinary team. Part of the initiation is to find out the right balance of training, resident empowerment, and service contributed back to the clinic. Another key step that will be discussed is the recruitment of resident candidates. Namely, where the residents are coming from, what their educational background is, and most importantly during interviews, how to gauge what makes an ideal resident. Experiences on the first year of Medphys Match will be shared as well as strategies for placement following graduation. The key to maintenance of a residency program is to not allow stagnation, but rather to constantly update. Examples will be given of evolution of programs in terms of the didactic and clinical rotational components. In addition, how to allocate the resident developmental work, whether it be clinical or benchmark, without disrupting training. We will also discuss how to evaluate faculty on the ownership they take regarding resident training. We will discuss both therapy and imaging programs. Finally, we will share experiences on steps to continually improve one’s program. Learning Objectives: 1. To obtain from the experience of long standing programs the lessons learned. 2. To find out what historically has worked out to be ideal resident candidates. 3. Guidelines for continually improving a program.
Newly identified gamma delta and beta delta T-cell receptors.

Article synthese sur l'identification de recepteurs des cellules T dus a l'association de la chaine peptidique γ et δ ou de la chaine peptidique β et δ. Les sequences en aminoacides des regions variables et constantes des segments geniques codant pour les differentes chai←nes peptidiques ont ete comparees
Evolution of Superinfection Immunity in Cluster A Mycobacteriophages

Temperate phages encode an immunity system to control lytic gene expression during lysogeny. This gene regulatory circuit consists of multiple interacting genetic elements, and although it is essential for controlling phage growth, it is subject to conflicting evolutionary pressures. During superinfection of a lysogen, the prophage's circuit interacts with the superinfecting phage's circuit and prevents lytic growth if the two circuits are closely related. The circuitry is advantageous since it provides the prophage with a defense mechanism, but the circuitry is also disadvantageous since it limits the phage's host range during superinfection. Evolutionarily related phages have divergent, orthogonal immunity systems that no longer interact and are heteroimmune, but we do not understand how immunity systems evolve new specificities. Here, we use a group of Cluster A mycobacteriophages that exhibit a spectrum of genetic diversity to examine how immunity system evolution impacts superinfection immunity. We show that phages with mesotypic (i.e., genetically related but distinct) immunity systems exhibit asymmetric and incomplete superinfection phenotypes. They form complex immunity networks instead of well-defined immunity groups, and mutations conferring escape (i.e., virulence) from homotypic or mesotypic immunity have various escape specificities. Thus, virulence and the evolution of new immune specificities are shaped by interactions with homotypic and mesotypic immunity systems.IMPORTANCE Many aspects regarding superinfection, immunity, virulence, and the evolution of immune specificities are poorly understood due to the lack of large collections of isolated and sequenced phages with a spectrum of genetic diversity. Using a genetically diverse collection of Cluster A phages, we show that the classical and relatively straightforward patterns of homoimmunity, heteroimmunity, and virulence result from interactions between homotypic and heterotypic phages at the extreme edges of an evolutionary continuum of immune specificities. Genetic interactions between mesotypic phages result in more complex mesoimmunity phenotypes and virulence profiles. These results highlight that the evolution of immune specificities can be shaped by homotypic and mesotypic interactions and may be more dynamic than previously considered.
Sex, gut microbiome, and cardiovascular disease risk

Key differences exist between men and women in the determinants and manifestations of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. Recently, gut microbiome-host relations have been implicated in cardiovascular disease and associated metabolic conditions; therefore, gut microbiota may be key mediators or modulators driving the observed sexual dimorphism in disease onset and progression. While current evidence regarding pure physiological sex differences in gut microbiome composition is modest, robust research suggests that gut microbiome-dependent metabolites may interact with important biological pathways under sex hormone control, including toll-like receptor and flavin monooxygenase signaling. Here, we review key sex differences in gut microbiome interactions with four primary determinants of cardiovascular disease, impaired glucose regulation, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Through this process, we propose important sex differences in downstream metabolic pathways that may be at the interface of the gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease.
The relationship of preoperative versus postoperative hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes after elective colorectal surgery.

Abstract Background The relationship between preoperative hyperglycemia and complications after surgery is not well defined. We compared the relationship of preoperative versus postoperative hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes and assessed if preoperative hyperglycemia was a predictor for postoperative hyperglycemia in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Methods We performed a retrospective review of an institutional database for patients who underwent elective colorectal resection between July 2015 and June 2017. Data regarding patient characteristics, history of diabetes, preoperative and postoperative hyperglycemic events, and postoperative complications were collected. Bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to assess relationships. Results Of 755 surgical operations reviewed, preoperative hyperglycemia >180 mg/dL was not significantly associated with adverse outcomes in an adjusted model. Only postoperative hyperglycemia >180 mg/dL was significantly associated with complications, including acute kidney injury (odds ratio 2.58, P Conclusion Postoperative hyperglycemia was more significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes after elective colorectal surgery than was preoperative hyperglycemia. However, preoperative hyperglycemia was associated with postoperative hyperglycemia, suggesting that improved glycemic management preoperatively may help reduce hyperglycemic events after surgery.
Prognostic value of somatostatin receptor expressing tumor volume calculated from 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors

To evaluate the prognostic value of volumetric parameters calculated from 68Ga-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-Thr3-octreotate (68Ga-DOTATATE) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WD-NET). Ninety-two patients (44 men and 48 women, mean age of 59.5-year-old) with pathologically confirmed WD-NET (grades 1 or 2) were enrolled in a prospective expanded access protocol. Selected data was analyzed retrospectively for this project. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in the lesion with the highest 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake was measured and recorded for each patient. In addition, two volumetric parameters, namely, somatostatin receptor expressing tumor volume (SRETV) and total lesion somatostatin receptor expression (TLSRE), were calculated in each 68Ga-DOTATATE-avid lesion. SRETV was defined as tumor volume with higher 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake than the 50% of SUVmax within the volume of interest (VOI) for each lesion. TLSRE was calculated by multiplying SRETV and mean SUV within the same VOI. Thereafter, the sum of SRETV (ΣSRETV) and TLSRE (ΣTLSRE) for all detected lesions per patient were calculated. Progression-free survival (PFS) was set as primary endpoint. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log-rank test, and Cox’s proportional hazard model were used for statistical analysis. Univariate analyses revealed significant difference of PFS for WHO tumor grade and ΣSRETV (P 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified WHO tumor grade and ΣSRETV as independent predictors of PFS. ΣSRETV calculated from 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT may have prognostic value of PFS in WD-NET patients.
Defining Optimal Outcomes in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have consistently and successfully improved mortality associated with end-stage heart failure. However, the definition of an "optimal" outcome post LVAD as a benchmark remains debatable. We retrospectively examined patients in the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) between 2012 and 2016 to assess 1 year post-LVAD "optimal outcome" defined as a patient who was alive on device or transplanted, New York Heart Association functional class I/II, had no more than 2 hospitalizations at year 1, and no major adverse event. We identified the features predicting a nonoptimal outcome at 1 year. Finally, we focused on 3 years outcomes in patients implanted as destination therapy. Of the 12,566 patients in INTERMACS who received an LVAD, only 3,495 (27.8%) met our definition of optimal LVAD outcome at 1 year. These patients tended to be younger, male, and were four times more likely to be supported as bridge to transplantation. For those with optimal outcome at year 1, their chances of long-term survival were better than those who were alive at year 1, but did not meet criteria for an optimal outcome. In the destination therapy population, only 14% of patients met the definition of an optimal outcome at 3 years. Despite significantly improved survival in patients with end-stage heart failure treated with LVAD therapy, majority patients had nonoptimal outcomes at 1 and 3 years post implant, by our definition. There is a pressing need to create a benchmark to define optimal outcomes post LVAD, both in our clinical trials and practice.
Post-operative discharge education for parent caregivers of children with congenital heart disease: a needs assessment.

Objective: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have complex unique post-operative care needs. Limited data assess parents’ hospital discharge preparedness and education quality following cardiac surgery. The goals were to identify knowledge gaps in discharge preparedness after congenital heart surgery and to assess the acceptability of an educational mobile application to improve discharge preparedness. Methods: Telephonic interviews with parents of children with two-ventricle physiology who underwent cardiac surgery 5–7 days post-discharge and in-person interviews with clinicians were conducted. We collected parent and clinician demographics, parent health literacy information and patient clinical data. We analysed interview transcripts using summative content analysis. Results: We interviewed 26 parents and 6 clinicians. Twenty-two of the 26 (85%) parents felt ready for discharge; 4 of the 6 (67%) clinicians did not feel most parents were ready for discharge. Fifteen of the 26 parents (58%) reported receiving the majority of discharge teaching on the day of discharge. Eight parents did not feel like all of their questions were answered. Most parents (14/26, 54%) preferred visual educational learning aids and could accurately describe important aspects of care. Most parents (23/26, 88%) and all 6 clinicians felt a mobile application for post-operative care education would be helpful. Conclusions: Most parents received education on the day of discharge and could describe the information they received prior to discharge, although there were some preparedness gaps identified after discharge. Clinicians and parents varied in their perceptions of the readiness for discharge. Most responses suggest that a mobile application for discharge education may be helpful for transition to home.
The HapBack: Evaluation of Absolute and Relative Distance Encoding to Enhance Spatial Awareness in a Wearable Tactile Device

For the significant global population of individuals who are blind or visually impaired, spatial awareness during navigation remains a challenge. Tactile Electronic Travel Aids have been designed to assist with the provision of spatiotemporal information, but an intuitive method for mapping this information to patterns on a vibrotactile display remains to be determined. This paper explores the encoding of distance from a navigator to an object using two strategies: absolute and relative. A wearable prototype, the HapBack, is presented with two straps of vertically aligned vibrotactile motors mapped to five distances, with each distance mapped to a row on the display. Absolute patterns emit a single vibration at the row corresponding to a distance, while relative patterns emit a sequence of vibrations starting from the bottom row and ending at the row mapped to that distance. These two encoding strategies are comparatively evaluated for identification accuracy and perceived intuitiveness of mapping among ten adult participants who are blind or visually impaired. No significant difference was found between the intuitiveness of the two encodings based on these metrics, with each showing promising results for application during navigation tasks.
House Calls Without Walls: Street Medicine Delivers Primary Care to Unsheltered Persons Experiencing Homelessness.

Access to primary care services remains difficult for people experiencing homelessness as a result of innumerable barriers, both structural and economic.1,2 Street homeless men and women have life spans nearly 30 years shorter than their housed counterparts,3 and less than 10% have a primary care
Exercise is medicine: how physical activity boosts health and slows aging: by Judy Foreman, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2020, 355 pp., $29.95 (hardcopy), ISBN 13: 978-0190685461

The purpose of Exercise is Medicine: How Physical Activity Boosts Health and Slows Aging is to provide a useful exercise health guide of information for multiple audiences of readers, from the heal...
Comparing endocervical mucus proteome of humans and rhesus macaques.

Purpose Endocervical mucus changes play a key role in regulating fertility throughout the menstrual cycle and in response to hormonal contraceptives. Non-human primates (NHP) provide the most translational animal model for reproductive tract studies, as they have hormonally-regulated menstrual cycles and mucus changes, similar to women. Experimental design We used TMT labelling and LC-LC/MS to compare the proteins found in the mucus of the rhesus macaque to the mucus of the human endocervix. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021710. Results We found 3,048 total proteins present in both rhesus mucus and human mucus, and of these, 57% showed a similar expression pattern. An even higher similarity occurred in the top 500 most prevalent proteins, with overlap in 341 (68%) proteins. Mucin MUC5B was the most highly expressed mucin protein (top 10 expressed proteins in both) but other key proteins related to mucus structure were present in both samples. Conclusions and clinical relevance We find that the mucus proteome of the endocervical mucus is highly conserved in NHP and women. This supports use of the NHP model system for studies of the endocervix and trials of novel fertility treatments targeting the cervix. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Mechanical and chemical activation of GPR68 probed with a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter.

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) 68 (GPR68, or OGR1) couples extracellular acidifications and mechanical stimuli to G-protein signaling and plays important roles in vascular physiology, neuroplasticity, and cancer progression. Inspired by previous GPCR-based reporters, here, we inserted a cyclic permuted fluorescent protein into the third intracellular loop of GPR68 to create a genetically-encoded fluorescent reporter of GPR68 activation we call "iGlow". iGlow responds to known physiological GPR68 activators such as fluid shear stress and extracellular acidifications. In addition, iGlow responds to Ogerin, a synthetic GPR68-selective agonist, but not to a non-active Ogerin analog, showing the specificity of iGlow-mediated fluorescence signals. Flow-induced iGlow activation is not eliminated by pharmacological modulation of downstream G-protein signaling, disruption of actin filaments, or application of GsMTx4, an inhibitor of certain mechanosensitive ion channels activated by membrane stretch. Deletion of the conserved Helix 8, proposed to mediate mechanosensitivity in certain GPCRs, does not eliminate flow-induced iGlow activation. iGlow could be useful to investigate the contribution of GPR68-dependent signaling in health and disease.
Improved Survival over Time After Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases and Clinical Impact of Multigene Alteration Testing in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

The past 20 years have seen advances in colorectal cancer management. We sought to determine whether survival in patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLM) has improved in association with three landmark advances: introduction of irinotecan- and/or oxaliplatin-containing regimens, molecular targeted therapy, and multigene alteration testing. Patients undergoing CLM resection during 1998–2014 were identified and grouped by resection year. The influence of alterations in RAS, TP53, and SMAD4 was evaluated and validated in an external cohort including patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. Of 1961 patients, 1599 met the inclusion criteria. Irinotecan- and/or oxaliplatin-containing regimens and molecular targeted therapy were used for more than 50% of patients starting in 2001 and starting in 2006, respectively, so patients were grouped as undergoing resection during 1998–2000, 2001–2005, or 2006–2014. Liver resectability indications expanded over time. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was significantly better in 2006–2014, vs. 2001–2005 (56.5% vs. 44.1%, P < 0.001). RAS alteration was associated with worse 5-year OS than RAS wild-type (44.8% vs. 63.3%, P < 0.001). However, OS did not differ significantly between patients with RAS alteration and wild-type TP53 and SMAD4 and patients with RAS wild-type in our cohort (P = 0.899) or the external cohort (P = 0.932). Of 312 patients with genetic sequencing data, 178 (57.1%) had clinically actionable alterations. OS after CLM resection has improved with advances in medical therapy and surgical technique. Multigene alteration testing is useful for prognostication and identification of potential therapeutic targets.
CHAPTER 137 – Calmodulin-Mediated Signaling

This chapter focuses on the central role of CaM as a transducer of Ca 2+ signals to Ca 2+ /CaM-dependent effector proteins. Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous, essential protein that serves as the primary sensor of changes in intracellular Ca 2+ in all eukaryotic cells. In this way CaM is the Ca 2+ receptor that orchestrates Ca 2+ -initiated signal transduction cascades leading to changes in cell function. Some of these cascades are initiated by Ca 2+ and proceed in a linear fashion that culminate in regulation of the vital cellular response. However, Ca 2+ /CaM can also influence physiologically important processes indirectly via cross-talk with pathways initiated by other second messengers. These pathways include those regulated by cyclic nucleotides, nitric oxide, and MAP kinases. Thus, it is with good reason that Ca 2+ is recognized as the most versatile of the second messengers and CaM as its pivotal receptor. The exquisite design of CaM allows it to assume an almost limitless number of conformations, each one dictated by the amino acid sequence of the CaM-binding domain of the individual target proteins.
BREAST FEEDING (BF) INFLUENCES INFANT DEVELOPMENT. † 83

Beneficial effects of BF on child morbi-mortality are well known, but the effects on infant development are still controversial. A prospective cohort study was carried out with 709 healthy low socioeconomic Chilean 4-mo-old infants, with follow-up until 12 mo. All infants were born at term weighing> 3.0 kg and were without acute or chronic illness. 100% were initially breastfed -- the norm in the community. Age at first bottle feeding and last breast feeding were determined by means of weekly home visits and monthly clinic visits. Longer BF before the introduction of any other milk feeding was associated with higher Bayley mental scores (MDI) at 12 mo (p <.05). This association remained statistically significant (p <.05) after control for environmental/family factors, such as sex, HOME score, mother's IQ, and socioeconomic status. This study shows that longer BF before the introduction of milk or formula is associated with higher mental development test scores in a developing country, an effect that has been previously reported in industrialized societies. The characteristics of this sample (100% initiation of BF and uniformly lower socioeconomic status) support the hypothesis that breast milk and/or the interactional process of nursing hypothesis contribute to better developmental outcome. Funded by NICHD and FONDECYT - Chile; milk and formula donated by Ross Laboratories. Table
Incremental scheduling to maximize quality in a dynamic environment

We present techniques for incrementally managing schedules in domains where activities accrue quality as a function of the time and resources allocated to them and the goal is to maximize the overall quality of actions executed over time. The scheduling problem of interest is both over-subscribed and dynamic; there is generally more to do than is possible within imposed deadlines, and opportunities to execute new, potentially higher payoff activities continually arrive. Like other dynamic domains, schedule stability and computational cost concerns argue for the use of incremental techniques in this context. The novel emphasis on maintaining schedules that produce "high value" results when faced with a changing environment differentiates this problem focus from that of previous research. We develop and evaluate methods for incrementally maintaining schedules that maximize the quality (or utility) of executed activities. We contrast the performance of our incremental techniques to that of comparable schedule (re)generation techniques with respect to quality, stability and cost considerations. The results clearly favor incremental scheduling in this context, and suggest opportunities for broader schedule improvement search.
Discovering high-level parameters for visualization design

In most graphics and visualization applications, the effects of the mapping parameters on the output domain are multidimensional, non-linear and discontinuous. The complexity of such mapping often makes it difficult for a user to manually explore and manipulate the design parameter space to produce the desired output. Computer assistance is therefore useful in setting the mapping parameter values to generate desired outputs. Existing systems rely on exploring the entire input parameter space, which can be time and resource-intensive, particularly if the number of input parameters is large. We introduce a new approach to handling a large number of mapping parameters more efficiently. The basis for our approach is the identification of a small and effective set of highlevel parameters that can be associated directly with the characteristics of the outputs. Users will have a better understanding of this small set of high-level parameters and can easily modify their values interactively to produce the desired outputs. We demonstrate this technique in manipulating mapping parameters for a non-photorealistic volume rendering application.
Some results on extremal vectors and invariant subspaces

In 1996 P. Enflo introduced the concept of extremal vectors and their connection to the Invariant Subspace Problem. The study of backward minimal vectors gives a new method of finding invariant subspaces which is more constructive than the previously known methods. In this article we study the properties and behaviour of extremal vectors, give some new formulas related to backward minimal vectors and improve results from papers by Ansari and Enflo (1998) and Enflo (1998).
Assessing Immigrant Niches Across Large American Metropolitan Areas

Previous research into immigrant niche formation has largely focused on immigrant niches in individual urban areas, whereas little attention has been paid to the variation in immigrant group niche formation across urban areas. We investigate niche formation across 26 US metropolitan areas. We introduce the Niche Index as a measure of the propensity of an immigrant group to niche, test whether this is consistent across metro areas, and statistically identify the drivers of niching propensity. We find immigrant niches to be largely located in a limited number of industries and that these niche industries are very consistent within-group across space. Immigrant groups have significantly higher propensity to niche than New York and Los Angeles in 10 of our 26 cities. We also find that both metropolitan population and immigrant group populations have a significant influence on propensity to niche, as well as a metropolitan area's change in unemployment and the English proficiency of the immigrant group. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luteinizing hormone--releasing hormone levels in human plasma: a radioimmunoassay method.

Abstract A sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassay, developed to measure luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) levels in fetal brain tissues, has been modified to quantitate LHRH in unextracted plasma samples. Pure, synthetic LHRH was iodinated with 125 I for tracer and was also used as standard. The antibody utilized was specific for LHRH and did not cross react with other hypothalamic or pituitary hormones. The separation of free from antibody-bound tracer was perforrned by dextran-coated charcoal. The sensitivity of the assay was 2.5 pg/tube. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.9 and 6.1% for 50 pg/ml and 11.8 and 14.9% for 25 pg/ml samples. Recovery of known amounts of LHRH added to plasma samples that had no detectable hormone was 96.4 ± 8.8%. Whether these samples were previously prepared and kept frozen at −20° C or freshly prepared, the recovery of LHRH was consistent and quantitatively stable in each assay. Serial determinations of LHRH in plasma obtained from ovulatory volunteers averaged between 20.5 ± 2.1 pg/ml in the follicular phase and 19.4 ± 4.5 pg/ml in the luteal phase. At midcycle, coincident with the luteinizing hormone surge, LHRH levels averaged 17.6 ± 4.4 pg/ml.
Pyramid wavefront sensing: theory and component technology development at LAO

Pyramid wavefront sensors offer an alternative to traditional Hartmann sensing for wavefront measurement in astronomical adaptive optics systems. The Pyramid sensor has been described as a slope sensor with potential sensitivity gains over the Shack Hartmann sensor, but in actuality seems to exhibit traits of both a slope sensor and a direct phase sensor. The original configuration, utilizing glass pyramids and modulation techniques, is difficult to implement. We present results of laboratory experiments using a Pyramid sensor that utilizes a micro-optic lenslet array in place of a glass pyramid, and does not require modulation. A group of four lenslets forms both the pyramid knife-edge and the pupil reimaging functions. The lenslet array is fabricated using a technique that pays careful attention to the quality of the edges and corners of the lenslets. The devices we have tested show less than 1 micron edge and corner imperfections, making them some of the sharpest edges available. We finish by comparing our results to theoretical wave optic predictions which clearly show the dual nature of the sensor.
Relationships between the chemical constitution of carbamoylpiperidines and related compounds, and their inhibition of ADP-induced human blood platelet aggregation.

Abstract The effect of a series of carbamoylpiperidines and related compounds on ADP-induced human blood platelet aggregation was studied. The systematic and gradual changes in the chemical structure of these synthetic entities disclosed highly significant relationships between molecular constitution, physicochemical properties and biodynamic effects, and yielded data suggesting -for the first time- platelet membrane inhibitory target sites spaced at 8 A. Inhibitory potencies culminated with a compound active at 5 μM concentrations; the latter and a number of other derivatives were much more effective than aspirin.
“Love the Way You Lie”: Sexting deception in romantic relationships

Abstract In this study, we examined the prevalence of lying during sexting in a sample of 155 young adult college students. More than one third (37%) of those who had ever had a committed relationship and approximately half (48%) of active sexters (i.e., those who had ever sent a sexual text message) had lied to their committed partners during sexting about what they were wearing, doing, or both. Most people (67%) lied to serve their partner in some way (e.g., make it better for their partner) but some (33%) lied to serve themselves (e.g., they were bored). Additionally, lying during sexting was much more common among women than men: 45% of women and 24% of men had lied during sexting with committed partners. When attachment characteristics were considered, attachment avoidance predicted lying during sexting among active sexters, even after controlling for gender. Therefore, lying during sexting, just like pretending orgasm in a face-to-face context, is more likely to occur among those with insecure attachments to relationship partners. We discuss the similarities and differences between sexual deception in face-to-face and CMC contexts and propose future directions for this research.
945-66 Combination of Left and Right Precordial Leads: A New Technique in Exercise Testing with the Highest Diagnostic Ability for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease

It is known that right precordial leads RV 3 , RV 4 , RV 5 could detect Rightcoronary (RC) artery stenosis. The common exercise test (ET) has a low ability to detect RC disease especially as a single vessel disease (VD). The aim of this study was to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the ET for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) using a combination of Left (L) and Right (R) precordial leads. We studied 133 patients (pts) aged 32–73 (mean 48 ± 7) years (122 males and 11 females) who underwent treadmill ET using the Bruce protocol and coronary arteriography. We used two Exercise systems. The pts were walking on the treadmill of the one system. In the monitor of the first system the usual 12-lead ECG and in the monitor of the second system the additional R precordial leads (RV 3 , RV 4 , RV 5 ) were simultaneously recording. The start and the end of the ET in both systems were done at the same time by two of the investigators. Thirty-four pts had normal coronary arteries, whereas 54 pts had l-VD, 27 2-VD and 18 3-VD. Of the pts with 1VD, 25 had Left Anterior Descending (LAD) disease, 16 had RC artery disease and 13 Left Circumflex (LC) artery disease. The sensitivies of the usual 12- lead ET and of the combination of Land R precordial leads (new technique) for the detection of LAD disease were found respectively 76% (19/25) vs 92% (23/25), for RC disease 25% (4/16) vs 88% (14/16), for LC diseese 47% (6/13) vs 85% (11/13), for the detection of l-VD were 54% (29/54) vs 89% (48/54), for 2-VD 63% (17/27) vs 96% (26/271. for 3-VD 83% (15/18) vs 100% (18/18) and for the detection of CAD 61% (61/99) vs 93% (92/99), P l 0.001, while the specificities were found the same 91% (31/34) Conclusion It is concluded that this new technique based on two Exercise Systems has the highest diagnostic ability for the detection of CAD and it evokes the need for the creation of a new exercise system with 15 leads
Efficient Syntheses of 2-Isopinocampheyl- and Related 2-Terpenyl-1,3,2-dioxaboroles from 1,2-Dicarbonyls and 2-Hydroxyketones

Abstract Efficient syntheses of synthetically important chiral 1,3,2-dioxaboroles have been developed. The reduction of 1,2-dicarbonyls with B -chlorodiisopinocampheylborane, or a reaction of α-hydroxyketones with isopinocampheyldichloroborane, provides rapid, convenient syntheses of chiral enediolboronates of the type, 2-isopinocampheyl-1,3,2-dioxaboroles. The latter procedure has been utilized to synthesize a series of 2-terpenyl-1,3,2-dioxaboroles from terpenyldichloroboranes. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Interfacial Control of Creep Deformation in Ultrafine Lamellar TiAl

Solute effect on the creep resistance of two-phase lamellar TiAl with an ultrafine microstructure creep-deformed in a low-stress (LS) creep regime [where a linear creep behavior was observed] has been investigated. The resulted deformation substructure and in-situ TEM experiment revealed that interface sliding by the motion of pre-existing interfacial dislocations is the predominant deformation mechanism in LS creep regime. Solute segregation at lamellar interfaces and interfacial precipitation caused by the solute segregation result in a beneficial effect on the creep resistance of ultrafine lamellar TiAl in LS creep regime.
Restriction map and location of mutations on the genome of bacteriophage Hplcl of Haemophilus influenzae Rd

A physical map of the 32.4-kb chromosome of the Haemophilus influenzae bacteriophage Hp1c1 has been constructed, using the cleavage sites of eight restriction endonucleases. Two temperature-sensitive mutations have also been localized on the phage chromosome. The phage DNA exhibited an affinity for the specific DNA receptor of Haemophilus transformation approx. 1.5-fold higher than that obtained with bulk chromosomal DNA of H. influenzae.
Nonmarital births and single mothers: Cohort trends in the dynamics of nonmarital childbearing

It is no secret that the proportion of births in the U.S. that are nonmarital has been rising steadily for the past several decades. But what about the proportion of women who have nonmarital births? How has it changed over time? There is, in fact, no necessary relationship between the two proportions; rather, the relationship reflects what we refer to as the dynamics of nonmarital childbearing over the life-course. In this article, we use new data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to describe the relationship between the two proportions, and the way this relationship has changed across birth cohorts in the U.S. We find that the proportion of women ever having a nonmarital birth has risen much more slowly over time than the proportion of births that are nonmarital. This finding implies that there are now fewer changes than in the past in a woman's marital status across births. Indeed, what appears most to distinguish recent cohorts of women who have nonmarital births is that they do not have a subse...
Developmental Signalling: Vertebrate ligands for Notch

Abstract Newly discovered potential ligands for the Notch family of cell–cell signaling receptors illuminate the importance of lateral signaling during development and promise to help unravel signal transduction by Notch.
Single strands, triple strands, and kinks in H-DNA

A naturally occurring (dT-dC)18:(dA-dG)18 repeat in the H conformation of DNA was shown to contain single-stranded nucleotides in the center of the TC18 repeat and on one half of the AG18 repeat. These results support the model that H-DNA is a structure containing both triple-stranded and single-stranded regions. The stability of this structure was affected by both pH and the degree of negative supercoiling: at pH 7.6 to 7.7, a high level of supercoiling was needed to keep about half of the molecules in the H conformation; at pH 6 and pH 5, normal levels of supercoiling supported H-DNA; and at pH 4, no supercoiling was required. At mildly alkaline pH, the TC/AG18 repeat assumed a novel conformation called J-DNA that differed from both the B and H forms. A three-dimensional model for the structure of H-DNA is proposed that accounts both for the single-strandedness of the nucleotides and for the influence of supercoiling on H-DNA formation. This model predicts and evidence is presented that H-DNA introduces a sharp kink in the DNA. Moreover, the angle of this kink appears not to be fixed, so that H-DNA is also a hinged-DNA.
Perceptions of social attractiveness and communicator style: A developmental study of preschool children

This investigation examined the relationship between preschool children's communicator style and social attractiveness to peers and teachers. It was found that children aged 3, 4, and 5 who are more attractive to peers communicate in a more contentious, impression leaving, dramatic, open, and animated style. Those children who are more attractive to teachers have a style of communication that is more attentive, friendly, and relaxed. Age differences in the manifestation of communicator style were also found. As children get older they are perceived to communicate in a more open, relaxed, friendly, and attentive style. The results are interpreted from within a developmental perspective, and the pragmatic implications for social skill training programs are discussed.