cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imposed Burdens: A Mexican American Mother's Experience of Family Resources in a Newborn Intensive‐Care Unit

Objective A case study analysis examines how the availability of resources to ensure family‐centered care (FCC) in a newborn intensive‐care unit (NICU) affected one Latina mother's NICU experience. Design Case study analysis. Setting An NICU in the western United States. Sample A mother of Mexican American heritage, bilingual in Spanish and English. Main Outcome Measure Audiotaped interviews and field notes of the mother's descriptions, actions, and evaluation surrounding family resources in the NICU were analyzed using narrative and content analysis. Results Inadequate resources to facilitate the provision of FCC in the NICU resulted in a complex set of interrelationships and situations in which providers and other Latina mothers, with varying personal resources, called upon the mother to fill in the resource gaps. Important areas of work of the NICU were shifted to the Latina mothers differentially based on their personal resources. These areas of work included facilitation of families' access to their babies, interpretation, information and emotional support, and elements of discharge planning and teaching. Conclusions Adequate resources to ensure FCC in the NICU is highly relevant to the care of all families. Nurses must ground their advocacy in actions that help secure needed resources without shifting responsibility to other NICU families.
Stability of vertical natural convection boundary layers: some numerical solutions

Linear stability theory is applied to the natural convection boundary layer arising from a vertical plate dissipating a uniform heat flux. By using a numerical procedure which is much simpler than those previously employed on this problem, computer solutions are obtained for a much larger range of the Grashof number (G). For a Prandtl number (σ) of 0·733, it is found that, as G → ∞: the effect of temperature coupling vanishes more rapidly than that of viscosity; the upper branch of the neutral curve is oscillatory but does approach a finite non-zero inviscid asymptote. For moderate and large values of σ, a loop appears in the neutral stability curve as a result of the merging of two unstable modes. As σ → ∞, the mode associated with the uncoupled (i.e. Orr–Sommerfeld) problem rapidly becomes less unstable than that arising from the temperature coupling, with the stability characteristics being independent of the thermal capacity of the plate. For small values of σ, only one unstable mode is found to exist with the coupling effect being negligible in the case of large thermal capacity plates but markedly destabilizing when the thermal capacity is small.By obtaining numerical results out to G ≈ 1010 for the cases σ = 0·733 and 6·7, it becomes possible to attempt to directly relate the theory to the actual observance of turbulent transition. Based upon comparison with available experimental data, empirical correlations are obtained between the linear stability theory and the regimes in which: (i) the boundary layer is first noticeably oscillatory; (ii) the mean (temporal) flow quantities first deviate significantly from those of laminar flow.
Personality, Well-Being, and Health*

A lifespan perspective on personality and health uncovers new causal pathways and provides a deeper, more nuanced approach to interventions. It is unproven that happiness is a direct cause of good health or that negative emotion, worry, and depression are significant direct causes of disease. Instead, depression-related characteristics are likely often reflective of an already-deteriorating trajectory. It is also unproven that challenging work in a demanding environment usually brings long-term health risks; on the contrary, individual strivings for accomplishment and persistent dedication to one's career or community often are associated with sizeable health benefits. Overall, a substantial body of recent research reveals that conscientiousness plays a very significant role in health, with implications across the lifespan. Much more caution is warranted before policy makers offer narrow health recommendations based on short-term or correlational findings. Attention should be shifted to individual trajectories and pathways to health and well-being.
Evaluation of Resident Laparoscopic Performance Using Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills

Background The Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS), developed by Vassiliou and colleagues, has construct validity in the assessment of surgical residents' laparoscopic skills in dissection of the gallbladder from the liver bed. We hypothesized that GOALS would have construct validity for the entire laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure and also for laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods Using GOALS, attending surgeons evaluated PGY1 through PGY5 surgical resident performance during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC, n=51) and laparoscopic appendectomy (LA, n=43). Scores for five domains (depth perception, bimanual dexterity, efficiency, tissue handling, and autonomy) were recorded on a Web-based operative report generator at the conclusion of all cases. Domain scores were recorded using a 5-point Likert scale. Difficulty of the case was similarly rated on a 5-point scale. For analysis, residents were divided into two groups: novice (PGY1 to 3) and experienced (PGY4 to 5). Biostatistical analysis was performed using a two-sample t-test. Paired t-test was used to compare mean scores of residents who performed both LA and LC. Results For both LC and LA, the experienced group scored higher than novices did in all five domains. The differences were significant in all domains. Using the mean of the scores from all 5 domains for both LC and LA, the experienced residents scored significantly better than novices did (LC 3.93 versus 2.76, p Conclusions This study provides additional evidence in support of GOALS as an assessment tool for objectively measuring technical skills in laparoscopic surgery.
Can community design build trust? A comparative study of design factors in Boise, Idaho neighborhoods

Abstract Finding ways to increase trust may be one mechanism to overcome the alleged negative consequences of urban sprawl for neighborhoods. This study explores two relationships with community design and trust. First, is one benefit of some of the underlying concepts of New Urbanism design that they build trust? Second, can these design concepts overcome one undesirable feature of cities: the deleterious effect of income inequality on trust? This study uses survey data collected from 34 city of Boise neighborhoods and 2000 US census data aggregated to the neighborhood level to examine the effects of street design, sidewalks and open space on building trust and moderating the effect of income inequality on trust. The study finds that cul-de-sac designed streets, sidewalks and parks or open space increase trust. There is no evidence that design features actually moderate the effects of income inequality on trust. The findings suggest that local governments can influence the quality of life for residents in their communities through neighborhood design even if municipalities cannot use design to moderate the effects of income equality on trust.
Novel approaches for the study of vascular assembly and morphogenesis in avian embryos.

Abstract Dynamic imaging of primary capillary bed formation in a warm-blooded embryo now is readily accomplished with the use of modern digital cameras, software, and instrumentation. The precise dynamic behavior of endothelial cells and their emergent vascular patterns are easily recorded and quantified in exquisite detail. As an example, we present data regarding vasculogenesis and vascular remodeling under normal and vascular endothelial growth factor–stimulated conditions, including corresponding computational analyses of endothelial cell behavior. The results show that the quail embryo provides an excellent experimental system to test reagents hypothesized to play a role in vascularization of tumors, engineered tissues, or wound sites.
The voice across Japan database-the Japanese language contribution to Polyphone

Texas Instruments' Voice Across Japan (VAJ) database, modeled after the highly successful Voice Across America project, consists of a wide range of diverse speech material including digit strings, yes/no questions, and phonetically-rich read sentences. The data is being collected using long distance telephone lines and an analog telephone interface. The target size is 14 items per speaker by 10,000 speakers. Greater emphasis is being placed on the collection of phonetically-rich read sentence data. Four randomly selected sentences are included in each session: one from the 512 sentence ATR PB set, and three from a 10,000 sentence set developed specifically for this project. This latter sentence set, designed to maximize the triphone coverage of the database, is described. The VAJ database is planned to be included in the Linguistic Data Consortium's (LDC) Polyphone (multi-language) database. >
‘I had the luxury . . .’: Organizational breastfeeding support as privatized privilege

To make the combination of breastfeeding and work feasible, women who return to work full time in the USA need some measure of organizational breastfeeding support. Yet, many organizations do not have lactation policies in place, co-worker and supervisor communication can be discouraging, and predominant cultural Discourses in the US position breastfeeding at odds with organizational values, often requiring women to define and negotiate support themselves. Drawing upon Structuration Theory, we analyzed interviews conducted with US women who breastfed and worked to illuminate the meanings they held for breastfeeding and organizational breastfeeding support and how those meanings challenge and reproduce social systems that make breastfeeding and working a potentially difficult combination. We argue that their construction of breastfeeding support as a privatized privilege re/produces cultural Discourses that marginalize women’s bodies in organizations. In order to engender support for all bodies that challe...
Application level I/O caching on Blue Gene/P systems

In this paper, we present an application level aggressive I/O caching and prefetching system to hide I/O access latency experienced by out-of-core applications. Without the application level prefetching and caching capability, users of I/O intensive applications need to rewrite them with asynchronous I/O calls or restructure their code with MPI-IO calls to efficiently use the large scale system resources. Our proposed solution of user controllable aggressive caching and prefetching system maintains a file-IO cache in the user space of the application, analyzes the I/O access patterns, prefetches requests, and performs write-back of dirty data to storage asynchronously. So each time the application needs the data it does not have to pay the full I/O latency penalty in going to the storage and getting the required data. We have implemented this aggressive caching and asynchronous prefetching on the Blue Gene/P (BGP) system. The preliminary experiment evaluates the caching performance using the WRF benchmark. The results on BGP system demonstrate that our method improves application I/O throughput.
Proton-sensitive custom SRAM detector

Because of the recently discovered importance of protons to the upset of spaceborne electronics, a custom 4-kB SRAM (static random-access memory) chip was tested with protons. The SRAM was developed to determine the single-event-upset hardness of CMOS latches using alpha particle measurements, by adjusting an offset voltage that reduces the charge required to upset a cell. The authors describe a calibration procedure for the SRAM detector. Source spectra were acquired with this chip by measuring the number of upset cells versus offset voltage. The SPICE assisted calibration utilizing 56 fC/V and the proton data identified a 4.32-pm silicon equivalent overlayer and a 6.64+or-0.31 mu m effective charge collection depth for protons and a 6.33- mu m collection depth for alpha particles. These collection depths can be used to predict the SRAM detector response to proton-produced ionization in space. The SRAM collects all of the charge from silicon recoils produced by Rutherford scattering; this charge is collected from very deep in the SRAM substrate. >
HIV virology: Implications for the pathogenesis of HIV infection

Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may result in a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic seropositivity to the development of profound immunodeficiency. Features of the HIV life cycle may explain aspects of the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease. The tropism of HIV for CD4+ cells of both lymphocytic and monocytic origin is of considerable importance in bringing about immune deficiency. The variability of the HIV envelope limits the ability of host-immune response to control the infection effectively. Finally, the ability of HIV to persist is latently integrated DNA in infected cells that can be reactivated by cellular signals responsible for the control of normal immune cell activation links HIV replication to normal host cell functions. This can help explain the chronic but progressive nature of the infection.
Inner-scale dependence of scintillation variances measured in weak scintillation

We report results of an experiment in which scintillation variances of log intensity are measured simultaneously with micrometeorological measurements. The latter give four methods for estimating the turbulence inner scale. The propagation path was short, 150 m, such that weak scintillation occurred. The variances were from an effective spherical-wave transmitter and point receiver as well as a large, phase-incoherent transmitter with a similar receiver. We show that the former variance arises from the dissipation range of the refractive-index spectrum and the latter from the spectral bump that lies at the high-wave-number end of the inertial range. When an inner scale deduced from micrometeorological measurements is used, the ratio of these scintillation variances agrees well with theoretical predictions that use an accurate model of the refractive-index spectrum. The measurements extend deeper into the dissipation range than previous similar measurements, further verifying this spectrum model. The measurements from a wide variety of micrometeorological conditions all lie on a single theoretical curve, verifying the universality of small-scale turbulence.
Group Hypnotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Long-Term Follow-Up

This study tested whether group gut-focused hypnotherapy would improve irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Several possible outcome predictors were also studied. Before treatment, 75 patients completed a Symptom Severity Scale, a Mind-Body attribution questionnaire, and a Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI). The symptom scale was completed posttreatment, 3, 6, and 12 months later. There was significant symptom reduction at each data point (p < .001). Sixty percent had a reduction of more than 50 points, indicative of clinical improvement. Initial severity score (p = .0004) and QRI conflict (p = .057) were directly correlated with a response to hypnotherapy, while attribution of symptoms to mind (emotional) causation was inversely correlated (p = .0056). The authors conclude that group hypnotherapy is effective in patients with IBS.
Elucidating the role of the phenylacetic acid metabolic complex in the pathogenic activity of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3

The soil fungus Rhizoctonia solani produces phytotoxic phenylacetic acid (PAA) and hydroxy (OH-) and methoxy (MeO-) derivatives of PAA. However, limited information is available on the specific role that these compounds play in the development of Rhizoctonia disease symptoms and concentration(s) required to induce a host response. Reports that PAA inhibits the growth of R. solani conflict with the established ability of the fungus to produce and metabolize PAA. Experiments were conducted to clarify the role of the PAA metabolic complex in Rhizoctonia disease. In this study the concentration of PAA and derivatives required to induce tomato root necrosis and stem canker, in the absence of the fungus, and the concentration that inhibits mycelial growth of R. solani were determined. The effect of exogenous PAA and derivatives of PAA on tomato seedling growth also was investigated. Growth of tomato seedlings in medium containing 0.1-7.5 mM PAA and derivatives induced necrosis of up to 85% of root system. Canker development resulted from injection of tomato seedling stems with 7.5 mM PAA, 3-OH-PAA, or 3-MeO-PAA. PAA in the growth medium reduced R. solani biomass, with 50% reduction observed at 7.5 mM. PAA, and derivatives were quantified from the culture medium of 14 isolates of R. solani belonging to three distinct anastomosis groups by GC-MS. The quantities ranged from below the limit of detection to 678 nM, below the concentrations experimentally determined to be phytotoxic. Correlation analyses revealed that isolates of R. solani that produced high PAA and derivatives in vitro also caused high mortality on tomato seedlings. The results of this investigation add to the body of evidence that the PAA metabolic complex is involved in Rhizoctonia disease development but do not indicate that production of these compounds is the primary or the only determinant of pathogenicity.
Obedience and income levels

We revisit the relationship between informal institutions and income levels. The empirical literature on institutions finds that indices of ‘informal institutions’ such as trust, respect, respect, self-determination and obedience are more important than ‘formal institutions’ such as constitutional constraints in explaining income levels across countries. We add to this literature in two ways. First, we separate out the index of informal institutions into its component parts to see which informal institutions are primary. Second, we construct two new measures of obedience to test the robustness of obedience. Our reduced-form results indicate the primacy of obedience over other informal institutions.
On the Functioning of the Southern Oscillation in the South American Sector. Part I: Surface Climate

Abstract The functioning of the Southern Oscillation (SO) over South America and the surrounding tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans is studied through analyses of bimonthly patterns of correlation between an SO index and the fields of pressure, wind, temperature and rainfall; hydrometeorological anomalies being further ascertained from river discharge and lake level records and measurements of outgoing longwave radiation. Most pronounced is the anomalously low pressure over the eastern Pacific during the negative SO phase (defined by anomalously low/high pressure at Tahiti/Darwin). Consistently positive SO-pressure correlations over the eastern tropical Pacific extend eastward into the North Atlantic region and southern South America during the respective winter semester. During the austral winter the tendency for anomalously abundant rainfall in central Chile during the negative SO phase appears related to an anomalously weak and northward displaced South Pacific subtropical high, while relativ...
Solving problems by drawing solution paths

When the classical theory of problem solving is put into practice, a sequence of operator applications must be found that transforms an initial problem state into a goal state. This is equivalent to finding a path through the graph of possible problem states from an initial node to a goal node. The search is usually conducted by an algorithm or by a human through an iterative process of selecting and applying operators to states found so far. Here, I demonstrate examples of searching in problem spaces via interactive drawing. The demonstrations help to elucidate issues in the design of new problem-solving affordances that may enhance the abilities of human solvers to understand and solve problems. This opens up new ways to conceptualize the process of solving problems, and it suggests new ways to teach a form of computational thinking.
Sedimentation and basin evolution along the Mesozoic margin of western North America

During the Mesozoic, the western, or Cordilleran, margin of North America was dominated by convergent plate tectonics. Sedimentary basins within and peripheral to this margin developed in a variety of tectonic settings (Dickinson, 1976a) and contain basin-fill sequences that reflect the complex interplay of basin margin (and interior) tectonism, erosion, basin subsidence, sedimentation, eustasy, and climate. Along this margin, large and small lithospheric plates interacted in a zone of subduction, oblique convergence, and terrane accretion that affected the interior of the North American plate far to the east. Accretion and lateral strikeslip segmentation and dispersal of primarily composite intra-oceanic island-arc terranes during the Mesozoic along different segments of the continental margin — i.e., Sonomia in the Early Triassic (Sonoma orogeny); Stikinia in the Late Jurassic; Klamath-western Sierra Nevada terrane in the Late Jurassic (Nevadan orogeny); and the Alexander-Wrangellia-Peninsular composite terrane in the mid- to Late Cretaceous — produced regionally diverse evolutionary histories (Howell and others, 1985, 1987).
Biological Markers in Diagnosis of ADHD: Biologically Based Nosology for ADHD

Investigators at Oregon Health and Science University and other centers attempt to refine subtyping of childhood ADHD by using biologically based behavioral temperament types.
Differential effects of Bluegill Sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ) on two fish-tolerant species of tadpoles ( Anaxyrus americanus and Lithobates catesbeianus )

Amphibians can be partitioned among ponds based on their ability to tolerate fish predation. However, even among fish-tolerant species susceptibility to fish predators varies, with consequences for both prey and predator. We examined the effects of Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and tadpole density on two fish-tolerant species of tadpoles (American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus; American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus). For A. americanus, Bluegill presence decreased survivorship, whereas in L. catesbeianus, survivorship was higher with Bluegill. Growth of neither species was affected by Bluegill. In A. americanus, development increased with initial tadpole density with Bluegill, but decreased with initial tadpole density in the absence of Bluegill. Anaxyrus americanus were less active with Bluegill. Bluegill grew faster with initial A. americanus tadpole density, but showed no change in growth with initial L. catesbeianus tadpole density. There was more periphyton present at the end of both experiments in mesocosms with Bluegill, and periphyton decreased with increasing tadpole density at a faster rate in the presence of A. americanus tadpoles compared to L. catesbeianus tadpoles. Our results show that not all fish-tolerant species of anurans are affected in the same way by fish predators, with potential consequences for the anurans, fish predator, and the broader aquatic community.
The Response of Oncopeltus fasciatus to Limited Areas of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Adult O. fasciatus (Dall.) were exposed in boxes offering a two-choice situation between various wave lengths in the visible spectrum. Opaque and clear exposures were similarly tested. In any given color combination, more insects chose the shorter wave length. These results are interesting because in general the longer wave lengths are more deleterious in nature than the shorter wave lengths. The location of photoreceptors other than ocelli and compound eyes is speculated upon.
Tumor promoters differ in their ability to stimulate superoxide anion radical production by murine peritoneal exudate cells following in vivo administration.

The production of superoxide anion radicals by murine peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of mouse skin tumor promoters was assessed in vitro by the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or mezerein when administered i.p. to CD-1 female mice at a dose of 0.1 microgram caused an inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity. PMA (0.1 microgram) also caused an increase in the number of PEC reducing NBT, i.e. formazan-positive PECs (20% positive cells) as compared to vehicle control from 15 min through 2 h following i.p. administration to unmanipulated mice. In the same system, dose-response studies demonstrated that 4-O-methyl-phorbol myristate acetate (4-O-Me-PMA) and mezerein were approximately 50 times less active than PMA, while phorbol dibutyrate (PDB), phorbol diacetate (PDA), phorbol and the calcium ionophore A23187 did not cause an increase in the number of formazan-positive PECs at the doses used. When the same compounds (0.1 microgram) were administered to mice which had been pretreated i.p. with thioglycollate 6 days prior to the experiment, PMA, PDB, 4-O-Me-PMA, mezerein and A23187 all caused an increase in the number of formazan-positive PECs 2 h after treatment. The PEC which reduced NBT in response to tumor promoters were predominantly adherent and esterase positive cells, suggesting they were macrophages. These results indicate that in vivo administration of tumor promoters results in the production of superoxide anion radicals by murine peritoneal macrophages and that the physiological state of the macrophages is important in the response to tumor promoters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Registries to measure and improve outcomes after cardiac arrest.

Purpose of reviewCardiac arrest registries are used to measure and improve the process and outcome of resuscitation care, and can give insight into risk factors, prognosis, and the effectiveness of interventions to mitigate its impact. This review provides an overview of current out-of-hospital (OHC
The use of bromelin in establishing a standard cross-match.

Few laboratory procedures lead to as much responsibility on the part of the pathologist and technologist as does the routine crossmatch. With approximately 4.5 million units of blood transfused annually in the United States of America, it is essential that adequate and accurate procedures be used. The staff of a laboratory faces a formidable problem in meeting these conditions because of 2 major difficulties. A standard, universally acceptable cross-match is not available. Various tests are used because antibodies acting best in either saline solution, serum, or anisometric molecular mediums (albumin, PVP, dextran, and so on) must be detected. In addition, antibodies reacting best at 37, 20, and 4 C. must also be demonstrated. The difficulty is further magnified by the fact that certain antibodies are demonstrated only by a single procedure. A second problem results in obtaining sufficient time for an adequate cross-match. Blood is frequently ordered as an emergency. Accordingly, the laboratory is often forced to release blood as compatible, after abortive and perfunctory testing. This problem is particularly obvious with the best available single procedure, the antihuman globulin (Coombs') cross-match. With this procedure, 1-hr. incubation is required for an optimal test, although shorter times are frequently used.
Subjective and Objective Assessments of Flow–Volume Curve Configuration in Children and Young Adults

Rationale: Analysis of maximal expiratory flow–volume curves (MEFVCs) allows for determination of airway obstruction, but quantitative methods to describe these curves are not commonly used.Objectives: We sought to determine the variability in MEFVC concavity assessment by pulmonary physicians, whether objective indices of concavity can be substituted for subjective expert impression, and whether MEFVC concavity correlates with clinical outcomes.Methods: A survey of 37 MEFVCs (plus 3 duplicates) was sent to pulmonologists for quantitative assessment of MEFVC concavity. Objective indices (β-angle, ratio forced expiratory flow at 50% of total lung volume to peak expiratory flow rate [FEF50/PEFR], ratio of maximum mid-expiratory flow to FVC [MMEF/FVC], kmax, and averaged flow–volume second derivatives) were calculated for each MEFVC and were correlated with the mean expert score. Both the mean expert scores and the best-performing index were then correlated with hospitalizations.Measurements and Main Results...
Correlation Study on Dietary Iron Intake and Type 2 Diabetes

[Objective]To explore the correlation between dietary iron intake and type 2 diabetes.[Methods]Case-control study was carried out between type 2 diabetes patients group and normal control group.Through questionnaire survey,dietary survey and detection of iron overload level,the dietary iron intake and iron overload index were compared between the 2 groups.The OR values between type 2 diabetes and its risk factors were analyzed by using multi-factor regression analysis.[Results]The dietary iron intake in type 2 diabetes group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P0.01).The mean serum ferritin in type 2 diabetes group was(280.3±107.2)μg/L,which was higher than the normal level.Comparing with the value of control group〔(180.42±90.45)μg/L〕,the difference was significant(P0.01).The OR value of high dietary iron intake and risk of type 2 diabetes was 3.72(confidence interval was 3.23~ 4.12).[Conclusion]The high level of dietary iron intake is positively correlated with type 2 diabetes.
Management of Extensive Urethral Hemangiomas with Endoscopic Sclerotherapy: Case Report

We report on a 22-year-old patient with extensive urethral hemangiomas that were managed successfully by staged endoscopic sclerotherapy. To our knowledge this is the first documented use of sclerotherapy in the management of urethral hemangiomas. The rationale for using sclerotherapy in this case is discussed.
The impact of strengthening cigarette pack warnings: Systematic review of longitudinal observational studies.

Abstract Objectives Cigarette pack warnings are a tobacco control strategy used globally. To understand their impact, we systematically reviewed longitudinal observational studies examining national implementation of strengthened warnings. Methods We used comprehensive search procedures to identify observational studies examining the impact of strengthening cigarette pack warnings. We report longitudinal changes in knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Results We identified 32 studies conducted in 20 countries with 812,363 participants. Studies commonly examined changes from text to pictorial warnings (64%); the remainder examined strengthened text or strengthened pictorial warnings. Knowledge increased in all 12 studies that assessed it. Studies of beliefs/attitudes and intentions showed mixed results. Quitline calls increased in four of six studies, while foregoing of cigarettes did not increase. Cigarette consumption decreased in three of eight studies; quit attempts increased in four of seven studies; and short-term cessation increased in two of three studies. Smoking prevalence decreased in six of nine studies. Conclusions Strengthening warnings was associated with longitudinal increases in knowledge, quitline calls and reductions in smoking behavior. Strengthening warning policies should be a priority for tobacco control globally.
Developing an algorithm to detect early childhood obesity in two tertiary pediatric medical centers

Objective: The objective of this study is to develop an algorithm to accurately identify children with severe early onset childhood obesity (ages 1–5.99 years) using structured and unstructured data from the electronic health record (EHR). Introduction: Childhood obesity increases risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and vascular disease. Accurate definition of a high precision phenotype through a standardize tool is critical to the success of large-scale genomic studies and validating rare monogenic variants causing severe early onset obesity. Data and Methods: Rule based and machine learning based algorithms were developed using structured and unstructured data from two EHR databases from Boston Children’s Hospital (BCH) and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center (CCHMC). Exclusion criteria including medications or comorbid diagnoses were defined. Machine learning algorithms were developed using cross-site training and testing in addition to experimenting with natural language processing features. Results: Precision was emphasized for a high fidelity cohort. The rule-based algorithm performed the best overall, 0.895 (CCHMC) and 0.770 (BCH). The best feature set for machine learning employed Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) concept unique identifiers (CUIs), ICD-9 codes, and RxNorm codes. Conclusions: Detecting severe early childhood obesity is essential for the intervention potential in children at the highest long-term risk of developing comorbidities related to obesity and excluding patients with underlying pathological and non-syndromic causes of obesity assists in developing a high-precision cohort for genetic study. Further such phenotyping efforts inform future practical application in health care environments utilizing clinical decision support.
Difference in proton radii of mirror nuclei as a possible surrogate for the neutron skin

It has recently been suggested that differences in the charge radii of mirror nuclei are proportional to the neutron-skin thickness of neutron-rich nuclei and to the slope of the symmetry energy $L$ [Brown, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 122502 (2017)]. The determination of the neutron skin has important implications for nuclear physics and astrophysics. Although the use of electroweak probes provides a largely model-independent determination of the neutron skin, the experimental challenges are enormous. Thus, the possibility that differences in the charge radii of mirror nuclei may be used as a surrogate for the neutron skin is a welcome alternative. To test the validity of this assumption we perform calculations based on a set of relativistic energy density functionals that span a wide region of values of $L$. Our results confirm that the difference in charge radii between various neutron-deficient nickel isotopes and their corresponding mirror nuclei is indeed strongly correlated to both the neutron-skin thickness and $L$. Moreover, given that various neutron-star properties are also sensitive to $L$, a data-to-data relation emerges between the difference in charge radii of mirror nuclei and the radius of low-mass neutron stars.
Interstage evaluation of homograft-valved right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits for palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Abstract Objective Palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with a standard nonvalved right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit results in an inefficient circulation in part due to diastolic regurgitation. A composite right ventricle pulmonary artery conduit with a homograft valve has a hypothetical advantage of reducing regurgitation, but may differ in the propensity for stenosis because of valve remodeling. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 130 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who underwent a modified stage 1 procedure with a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit from 2002 to 2015. A composite valved conduit (cryopreserved homograft valve anastomosed to a polytetrafluoroethylene tube) was placed in 100 patients (47 aortic, 32 pulmonary, 13 femoral/saphenous vein, 8 unknown), and a nonvalved conduit was used in 30 patients. Echocardiographic functional parameters were evaluated before and after stage 1 palliation and before the bidirectional Glenn procedure, and interstage interventions were assessed. Results On competing risk analysis, survival over time was better in the valved conduit group ( P = .040), but this difference was no longer significant after adjustment for surgical era. There was no significant difference between groups in the cumulative incidence of bidirectional Glenn completion ( P = .15). Patients with a valved conduit underwent more interventions for conduit obstruction in the interstage period, but this difference did not reach significance ( P = .16). There were no differences between groups in echocardiographic parameters of right ventricle function at baseline or pre-Glenn. Conclusions In this cohort of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, inclusion of a valved right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit was not associated with any difference in survival on adjusted analysis and did not confer an identifiable benefit on right ventricle function.
Survivors’ Advice to Service Providers: How to Best Serve Survivors of Sexual Assault

Recognizing the relatively low rate at which sexual assault survivors seek services, researchers in the last decade have turned their attention to better understanding survivors’ experiences with v...
Qualitative Solution Sketching for First-Order Differential Equations

Qualitative solution sketching, as explained in this module, can yield very useful information about the solutions y = f(x) to a given differential equation y′ = g(x, y). In particular, it usually allows you to examine the limiting or long-range behavior for y as x → ∞ without actually coming up with an explicit expression for the solution. Frequently, an explicit solution is unnecessary or technically difficult, or it might not exist at all in terms of elementary functions (polynomial, trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential). In these cases the qualitative approach may be a lifesaver—or at least a worksaver.
DNA barcoding methods for invertebrates.

Invertebrates comprise approximately 34 phyla, while vertebrates represent one subphylum and insects a (very large) class. Thus, the clades excepting vertebrates and insects encompass almost all of animal diversity. Consequently, the barcoding challenge in invertebrates is that of barcoding animals in general. While standard extraction, cleaning, PCR methods, and universal primers work for many taxa, taxon-specifi c challenges arise because of the shear genetic and biochemical diversity present across the kingdom, and because problems arising as a result of this diversity, and solutions to them, are still poorly characterized for many metazoan clades. The objective of this chapter is to emphasize general approaches, and give practical advice for overcoming the diverse challenges that may be encountered across animal taxa, but we stop short of providing an exhaustive inventory. Rather, we encourage researchers, especially those working on poorly studied taxa, to carefully consider methodological issues presented below, when standard approaches perform poorly.
Monitoring Engraftment of Bone Marrow Transplant by DNA Fingerprinting

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is used to treat a large number of inherited and acquired diseases. Inherited diseases that have been successfully treated by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) include lysosomal storage diseases, immunodeficiencies, autoimmunity diseases, and hemoglobinopathies. Acquired diseases that have responded to BMT include hematolymphoid neoplasms and solid tumors.
Motivational Interviewing: Emerging Theory, Research, and Practice

Motivational Interviewing is a counseling approach in which therapists use a client-centered stance paired with eliciting techniques to help clients explore and resolve their ambivalences about changing behaviors that are not optimally healthy. It is characterized by a collaborative, autonomy-supporting, and evocative style in which therapists seek to understand clients’ perspectives, while directing clients towards considering changing one or more behaviors. Although it has strong roots in client-centered counseling, Motivational Interviewing can be considered atheoretical or theoretically eclectic. Currently, there is no comprehensive theory of Motivational Interviewing, although there are several threads relating Motivational Interviewing to personal growth and self-determination, to activation of emotions as a bridge to increased openness to change, and as a therapeutic approach that combines a friendly-submissive interpersonal style with more directive tasks. The relational and technical elements combine to evoke increased consideration or and openness to change, and therapists pay particular attention to client communications about change in order to focus efforts toward moving into new patterns rather than processing or dwelling in old patterns. Motivational Interviewing has strong evidence for its positive impact on addictive behavior. It often achieves good outcomes with fewer sessions and less time than other substance abuse treatment methods. There is a growing evidence base in support of adaptations of Motivational Interviewing across a wide array of practice domains, settings, problem behaviors, and conditions. Generally, Motivational Interviewing is superior to no treatment and is equivalent to other active treatments despite its relative brevity, thus there may be cost effectiveness advantages to Motivational Interviewing. Recent focus on measuring treatment fidelity and exploring possible mechanisms of actions should help to shed further light on the workings of Motivational Interviewing. Finally, as Motivational Interviewing expands across settings and cultures, it is being redefined in light of new experiences and developments.
Frames for World Literature

Talking about world literature and nation building, Damrosch noted the interaction of national literatures with the wider world as their outer frame, before focusing on the way world literature interacts with national literatures and thus on the fact that often those who seek to build their national literature look to the wider world for inspiration. This has sometimes been seen as dependent or derivative, but actually in the hands of really creative artists, the inspirations from outside are always transformed fundamentally and become something new. Indeed, no national literature has ever developed independently of world literature, or at least independently of the literature of the wider region beyond the immediate nation. Damrosch provided the examples of Nguyen Du, Hu Shi, and Lu Xun, and of the Caribbean author Derek Walcott.
Naturalization: The case for constitutional reform to extend citizenship to immigrant in Liberia

Abstract. This study examines critical elements of extending citizenship to entrepreneurial minority groups (Lebanese, Mandingos, Indians, Nigerians, and Westerners) and Liberian dual citizens in Liberia by analyzing survey, remittance, and naturalization data collected by Afrobarometer (Round 5and 6 Surveys), USD Explorer, 2015 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, and TLC Africa from 2011 to 2015. This is accomplished by correlating associations between variables including Liberians’ gender in survey responses, attitudes of West African countries, Liberian naturalization in advanced countries, and Liberia’s remittances (inflow and outflow) to show the economic advantages of awarding citizenship to foreigners. The long run result reveals that attracting entrepreneurial groups increases investment in new domestic firms, which will likely lead to transformation in national industries, enhancement of citizens’ technical skills, creation of permanent employment, and improvement of citizens’ living standards, as well as increased democratization. Keywords. Immigrants, Entrepreneurial minority groups, Discrimination, Economic, Indigenous. JEL. J15, K37, L26.
Changing Consumer Preferences in Emerging Markets: Food Market Challenges in Central Mexico

As incomes in emerging markets grow, consumers’ ability to break from former food consumption patterns and introduce new foods or conveniences grows as well. While this general principle is widely ...
Mental and physical health in prison: how co-occurring conditions influence inmate misconduct

Research has shown that inmate misconduct is related to a range of demographic factors and experiences with the criminal justice system. Poor mental and physical health has also been associated with inmate misconduct, although no research has examined the relationship between co-occurring conditions and misconduct in prison populations. We rely on data from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (N = 14,499) and use negative binomial regression models to examine the relationship between types of co-occurring mental and physical conditions and misconduct. The results demonstrate that people in prison dealing with concurrent mental and physical health problems are significantly more likely to engage in prison misconduct than healthy incarcerated individuals. After accounting for physical and co-occurring health conditions, mental conditions are not associated with serious misconduct. Enhancements in prison healthcare may not only improve the general health of those in prison, but also contribute to a decrease in misconduct. Research that examines the relationship between mental health and deviant behavior in and out of prison should consider the multifaceted elements of a person’s health, including acute and chronic physical ailments.
P122 : DR7 PEDIATRIC HEART TRANSPLANT PATIENTS CAN HAVE ANTIBODIES REACTIVE TO DR4, 7 AND 9 SINGLE ANTIGEN BEADS THAT ARE NON-REACTIVE TO CELLS

We report three cases of DR7 pediatric heart transplant patients producing antibodies reactive to DR4, 7, and 9 single antigen beads that were non-reactive to cells. The first patient EH is a 4 year old male with congenital complete heart block related to maternal lupus and no history of sensitization. At the time of initial antibody testing DR4, 7 and 9 antibodies were detected by single antigen bead assay. To assess whether antibodies were reactive to cells, a series of pronase treated B cell flow cytometry crossmatches (XM) were set up using PBL from panel members (PM) who are DR4, 7 and/or 9. PM#1 is DRB1 ∗ 04:05, 09:01, PM#2 is DRB1 ∗ 04:01, 13:01, and PM#3 is DRB1 ∗ 07:01, –. Single antigen testing revealed DR0401 antibodies at 6162 MFI, DR0405 at 4678 MFI, DR0701 at 7227 MFI and DR0901 at 5098 MFI. All B cell XM were negative. EH was transplanted with a heart from a DR4 donor in the presence of antibodies reacting to single antigen beads but non-reactive to cells. XM with the donor was negative. The patient is currently 2 years post-transplant with no signs of rejection despite DR4 antibodies detectable by single antigen bead testing. The second patient JW is a 9 year old male with complete heart block with long QT and no history of sensitization. Initial antibody testing identified DR7 antibodies at 2555 MFI, DR4 antibodies at 2139 MFI and DR9 antibodies at 3333 MFI. B cell flow cytometry XM with DR7 and DR4 donors were negative. The third patient AD is a 9 year old male with complex congenital heart defect sensitized by blood products. The patient has DR7 antibodies at 3820 MFI, DR4 antibodies at 2403 MFI and DR9 antibodies at 2339 MFI. XM with DR4, 7 and 9 donors were negative. Taken together our data indicate that single antigen bead results for DR7 pediatric heart transplant patients should be carefully reviewed and antibodies to DR4, 7 and/or 9 specificities should be verified using mock donor XM. This will ensure only clinically relevant antibodies are listed as unacceptable antigens in UNOS and greater access to donors.