cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A User's Guide to Measure Theoretic Probability

Rigorous probabilistic arguments, built on the foundation of measure theory introduced eighty years ago by Kolmogorov, have invaded many fields. Students of statistics, biostatistics, econometrics, finance, and other changing disciplines now find themselves needing to absorb theory beyond what they might have learned in the typical undergraduate, calculus-based probability course. This 2002 book grew from a one-semester course offered for many years to a mixed audience of graduate and undergraduate students who have not had the luxury of taking a course in measure theory. The core of the book covers the basic topics of independence, conditioning, martingales, convergence in distribution, and Fourier transforms. In addition there are numerous sections treating topics traditionally thought of as more advanced, such as coupling and the KMT strong approximation, option pricing via the equivalent martingale measure, and the isoperimetric inequality for Gaussian processes. The book is not just a presentation of mathematical theory, but is also a discussion of why that theory takes its current form. It will be a secure starting point for anyone who needs to invoke rigorous probabilistic arguments and understand what they mean.
A comparison of long-term ventilatory support alternatives from the perspective of the patient and care giver.

Tracheostomy, noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) methods, and body ventilators can be used for ventilatory support. These methods vary with respect to safety, convenience, effect on speech, sleep, swallowing, appearance, comfort, and general patient acceptability. The purpose of this study was to determine patient and care giver ventilatory support preferences concerning these quality of life issues. One hundred sixty-eight predominantly neuromuscular patients with greater than 1 month of experience in the use of both tracheostomy and noninvasive methods were surveyed. At the time of the study they had a mean age of 54.7 ±11.4 years, were using ventilatory aids a mean of 17.1 ±6.5 h/d, and had been doing so for 22.7 ±13.1 consecutive years. The 59 respondents who switched from tracheostomy to noninvasive aids significantly preferred the latter for every item and unanimously preferred them over all. The 76 respondents switched from body ventilator use to tracheostomy IPPV significantly preferred use of the former for appearance and speech and the latter for sleep and security and had no other significant preferences. However, the 35 respondents switched from a regimen of noninvasive aids including noninvasive IPPV to tracheostomy IPPV significantly preferred the noninvasive aids for each item except for sleep, swallowing, and security for which there were no significant preferences. We conclude that whether patients switched to or from noninvasive ventilatory support regimens which include noninvasive IPPV, noninvasive methods are considered by patients to be more convenient, to have less untoward effects on speech, appearance and comfort, and are preferred overall to tracheostomy IPPV.
Introduction: computer-based methods: State of the art

This introduction attempts to convey a sense of the possible, or near possible, with respect to the cutting edge of computer-based methods supporting social science research and inquiry. In addition, it is also intended to reflect computationally inspired perspectives, metaphors, models, and theories that may affect society. To that end, this article, through the introduction of the authors who contributed to this volume, explores the role played by agency-level computational methods, as opposed to aggregate level, in reshaping the practice and use of social science/inquiry. Agency-focused methods as used in this introduction not only emphasize the action of agents within an artificial environ but also attempt to encompass approaches beyond the cellular automata methods typically associated with agent-based modeling environments.
Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan

Abstract Using ovaries sampled seasonally from Lake Michigan bloaters in 1968-1969, we determined that one complement or modal group of eggs is produced each year and spawned mainly during January, February, and March. Fecundities estimated for 65 fish taken in October ranged from 3,230 eggs in one medium-size bloater (241 mm long) to 18,768 in the longest (305 mm). We regressed these estimates on lengths and weights of the parental fish to provide a quantitative basis for later evaluating long-term changes in reproductive potential. The resulting rectilinear regression on weight accounted for 75% of the total variation in fecundity.
Chronic ethanol exposure potentiates muscarinic receptor and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation in PC 12 cells

The effects of ethanol on receptor-mediated inhibition of cAMP production were investigated in PC 12 cells. The in vitro addition of ethanol enhanced N-ethylcarboxyadenosine (NECA)-stimulated cAMP production without altering the inhibitory action of carbachol or epinephrine. A 4 day exposure of PC 12 cells to ethanol decreased the stimulation of cAMP production by NECA, but increased the inhibition of NECA-stimulated cAMP production by carbachol and epinephrine.
A Simple Model of Protein Folding Kinetics Based on Native Topology

The folding rates of two-state proteins range over six orders of magnitude: from microseconds to seconds. These folding rates correlate with contact order, a simple measure of the topology of the native structure. The question we would like to answer is the following: What physical principles underlie the correlation between folding rates and contact order? To answer this question, we’re developing a simple master equation model based on native contacts and loop-closure entropies. Our hypothesis is that folding proceeds mostly through the closure of small loops, and that large loop closures are slower and less important.
Altered impulse control in alcohol dependence: neural measures of stop signal performance.

Altered impulse control has been implicated in the shaping of habitual alcohol use and eventual alcohol dependence. We sought to identify the neural correlates of altered impulse control in 24 abstinent patients with alcohol dependence (PAD), as compared to 24 demographics matched healthy control subjects (HC). In particular, we examined risk taking and deficits in cognitive control as the neural endophenotypes of alcohol dependence. To this end, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted during a stop signal task (SST), in which a procedure was used to elicit errors in the participants. The paradigm allowed trial-by-trial evaluation of response inhibition, error processing, and post-error behavioral adjustment. Furthermore, by imposing on the subjects to be both fast and accurate, the SST also introduced a distinct element of risk, which participants may or may not avert during the task. Brain imaging data were analyzed with Statistical Parametric Mapping in covariance analyses accounting for group disparity in general performance. The results showed that, compared to HC, PAD demonstrated longer go trial reaction time (RT) and higher stop success rate (SS%). HC and PAD were indistinguishable in stop signal reaction time (SSRT) and post-error slowing (PES). In a covariance analysis accounting for go trial RT and SS%, HC showed greater activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than PAD, when subjects with short and long SSRT were contrasted. By comparing PAD and HC directly during stop errors (SE), as contrasted with SS, we observed greater activity in PAD in bilateral visual and frontal cortices. Compared to HC, PAD showed less activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during PES, an index of post-error behavioral adjustment. Furthermore, PAD who showed higher alcohol urge at the time of the fMRI were particularly impaired in dorsolateral prefrontal activation, as compared to those with lower alcohol urge. Finally, compared to HC subjects, PAD showed less activity in cortical and subcortical structures including putamen, insula and amygdala during risk-taking decisions in the SST. These preliminary results provided evidence for altered neural processing during impulse control in PAD. These findings may provide a useful neural signature in the evaluation of treatment outcomes and development of novel pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence.
SRC-3 Transcription-Coupled Activation, Degradation, and the Ubiquitin Clock: Is There Enough Coactivator to Go Around in Cells?

Overexpression of nuclear receptor coactivators is a frequent event in breast cancer cells and is recognized as a key mechanism for these cells to maximize their oncogenic growth state. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 [(SRC-3), also known as amplified in breast cancer-1 or AIB1] is foremost among these overexpressed oncogenic coactivators, being overexpressed in most breast cancers. Because of its oncogenic potential, normal cells must carefully control its cellular concentration. We discuss how SRC-3 quantitatively influences estrogen-regulated gene transcription when it is at limiting concentrations in normal breast cells and at nonlimiting concentrations in breast cancer cells. Precise control of the cellular concentration of SRC-3 may thus serve as a mechanism for defining growth responses to estrogen receptors and other growth-promoting transcription factors.
Severe glottic stenosis in a parturient with ectodermal dysplasia.

Abstract Airway stenosis in pregnancy is challenging and the literature does not offer consensus regarding its evaluation and anesthetic management. A 21-year-old nulliparous woman with ectodermal dysplasia and severe glottic stenosis was referred to the obstetric anesthesia team for evaluation and peripartum management recommendations. She had a history of a congenital complete glottic web that required a tracheostomy at birth. After decannulation at age four, she was lost to follow-up. On examination in early pregnancy, she was found to have a dangerously narrow airway with fixed vocal cords and a glottic aperture of 2–3mm. At nine weeks of gestation an elective tracheostomy was performed under local anesthesia. She later underwent an uneventful cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Ultimately, early interdisciplinary planning for an elective tracheostomy helped assure patient safety during advancing pregnancy and delivery.
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of Reward Information in Humans

Brain processing of reward information is essential for complex functions such as learning and motivation. Recent primate electrophysiological studies using concepts from information, economic and learning theories indicate that the midbrain may code two statistical parameters of reward information: a transient reward error prediction signal that varies linearly with reward probability and a sustained signal that varies highly non-linearly with reward probability and that is highest with maximal reward uncertainty (reward probability 5 0.5). Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we disentangled these two signals in humans using a novel paradigm that systematically varied monetary reward probability, magnitude and expected reward value. The midbrain was activated both transiently with the error prediction signal and in a sustained fashion with reward uncertainty. Moreover, distinct activity dynamics were observed in postsynaptic midbrain projection sites: the prefrontal cortex responded to the transient error prediction signal while the ventral striatum covaried with the sustained reward uncertainty signal. These data suggest that the prefrontal cortex may generate the reward prediction while the ventral striatum may be involved in motivational processes that are useful when an organism needs to obtain more information about its environment. Our results indicate that distinct functional brain networks code different aspects of the statistical properties of reward information in humans.
In vivo differentiation and genomic evolution in adult male germ cell tumors

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common solid malignancy in young adult men, but the genes and genomic regions involved in their etiology are not fully defined. We report here an investigation of DNA copy number changes in GCTs using 1 Mb BAC arrays. As expected, 12p gain was the defining genomic alteration, occurring in 72/74 GCTs. Parallel expression profiling of these tumors identified potential oncogenes from gained regions (LYN and RAB25) and potential tumor suppressor genes in regions of loss (SYNPO2, TTC12, IGSF4, and EPB41L3). Notably, we observed specific genomic alterations associated with histology, including gain of 17p11.2-q21.32 and loss of 2p25.3 in embryonal carcinoma, gain of 8p23.3-12 and loss of 5p15.33-35.3, 11q23.1-25, and 13q12.11-34 in seminoma, and gain of 1q31.3-42.3, 3p, 14q11.2-32.33, and 20q and loss of 8q11.1-23.1 in yolk sac tumors (YST). Many significant genes that mapped to these regions had previously been associated with specific histologies, such as EOMES (chr3) and BMP2 (chr20) in YST and SPRY2 (chr13) and SOX17 (chr8) in seminomas. Additionally, our results suggest a model in which histologic differentiation of GCTs may drive genomic evolution.
Medulloblastoma: The identification of prognostic subgroups and implications for multimodality management

For 43 medulloblastoma patients who had five-and ten-year actuarial survival rates of 56%, prognostic factors of statistical significance included: T-stage (82% T1,2 versus 46% T3,4; P less than 0.02), M-stage (63% M0,1 versus 0% M2,3; P less than 0.03), and histopathologic tumor score (TS, based upon necrosis, desmoplasia, cytoplasmic processes, and mitoses) (81% TS less than or equal to 5 versus 41% TS greater than or equal to 6; P less than 0.05). Posterior fossa local control rates were also function of T-stage (90% T1,2 versus 38% T3,4) and TS (83% TS less than or equal to 5 versus 38% TS greater than or equal to 6). Combining TS with T-stage, patients fell into three prognostic and local control groups, which may have different future management implications: Small (T1,2) tumors of favorable (TS less than or equal to 5) histology had a 92% ten-year actuarial survival rate with 100% (8/8) local control; no change from current management is suggested. For the intermediate prognosis group (T1,2-TS greater than or equal to 6 or T3,4-TS less than or equal to 5 with 67% and 70% survival, respectively), increasing the irradiation dose alone may improve survival because these tumors exhibited an irradiation dose-response relationship. However, it is the poor prognosis group (T3,4-TS greater than or equal to 6 with 42% survival) which might be suitable for future adjuvant chemotherapy or radiosensitizer trials since there is no evidence that higher irradiation doses improve local control. This article identifies prognostic subgroups based on histologic type and TM staging in medulloblastoma patients which potentially may be utilized to improve therapeutic results, and confirms the value of staging patients with central nervous system malignancies.
Differential inhibition of the diaphragm and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles induced by transient hypertension across sleep states in intact cats.

Abstract Arterial pressure was transiently elevated by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine in intact, freely moving cats during sleep and waking states to determine pressure effects on diaphragmatic and larygeal abductor EMG activity. Transient hypertension caused respiratory cycle duration to increase and integrated EMG area to decrease for several breaths in both the diaphragm and posterior cricoarytenoid, the integrated inspiratory area of which decreased to a greater extent than did that of the diaphragm. Cycle duration increases resulted from increases in expiratory duration. Expiratory duration of the posterior cricoarytenoid initially increased proportionately more than that of the diaphragm, causing a transient phase disassociation between that upper airway muscle and diaphragmatic timing. This disassociation disappeared after several breaths. Changes in posterior cricoarytenoid expiratory duration and integrated inspiratory area were sleep state-dependent: area decreases were greatest in rapid eye movement sleep; expiratory duration increases were greatest in quiet sleep. Neural mechanisms underlying laryngeal abductor activity are sleep state-dependent and appear to be affected more than diaphragmatic mechanisms by baroreceptor stimulation.
Hemolysis in several animal species after rapid freezing of blood.

The effect of various freezing rates on the extent of hemolysis in human, bovine and ovine erythrocytes, which are known to have different cell volumes, water contents and permeabilities, was investigated. Blood in stainless steel capillary tubes was frozen at various rates by abrupt immersion of the capillaries into cooling baths at temperatures ranging from −20° to −130°C. Minimum lysis values were obtained at freezing temperatures of −40°, −50° and −70°C with, respectively, human, bovine and ovine blood. The smallest, highly permeable sheep erythrocytes were the least damaged at the highest freezing rates; the largest human cells with the highest water content, suffered the greatest damage; intermediate values were obtained with ox blood. At the lower freezing rates, the largest, human cells were the least damaged; the highest hemolysis values were obtained with the smallest, highly permeable sheep erythrocytes; ox blood again gave intermediate values. These results are in agreement with current views that, (1) very rapid freezing results in the formation of damaging intracellular ice; (2) injury associated with slow freezing is related to the extent of dehydration or to the increase in electrolyte concentration which accompanies ice formation; (3) minimum hemolysis is obtained under those freezing conditions in which osmotic dehydration has been sufficient to prevent the formation of intracellular ice, but has left enough water in the cells to prevent the damaging effects of dehydration and high electrolyte concentrations.
Technology transfer, licensing and the speed of endogenous technological change☆

Abstract As licensing contracts usually require the licensee firm to purchase tied inputs from the seller of the technology, the licensee firm has an incentive to embark on an R&D program for development of substitutes for the tied inputs. This paper characterizes the licensee firm's optimal speed of R&D and the optimal expected date of switch-over to the substitute inputs in an infinite-horizon model under uncertainty about the timing of success of the R&D program. The effects of different government subsidies or taxes, changes in input prices and other parameters on the optimal speed of R&D and on the expected date of switchover to the substitute are also investigated. It is also shown that strategic behavior by the seller of the technology may delay the development of the substitute by the licensee firm.
Response to questions raised by Sinclair and Muchow

Abstract Concerns were raised by Sinclair, T.R., Muchow, R.C., 1999. [Occam's Razor, radiation-use efficiency, and vapor pressure deficit. Field Crops Res. Nn, in press] on the validity of the relationship between radiation-use efficiency (RUE) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for maize ( Zea mays L.) and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)) [Kiniry, J.R., Landivar, J.A., Witt, M., Gerik, T.J., Cavero, J., Wade, L.J., 1998. Radiation-use efficiency response to vapor pressure deficit for maize and sorghum. Field Crops Res. 56, 265–270]. This paper addresses these concerns and demonstrates how data by these authors compares with published response lines. Especially important are the different views on techniques of measuring intercepted radiation. I believe that adequate sampling to describe within-plot variability is more important than time of day effects when measuring radiation interception. The published data from three studies are shown to agree closely with previously published response lines.
Two‐Dimensional Simulation of Cake Growth in Slip Casting

A two-dimensional computer simulation of cake growth was studied for the slip casting of alumina with a gypsum mold. Based on the Adcock and McDowall model, the method of finite differences was applied to the simulation, and numerical calculations were performed for the cake growth on the inside wall of a rectangular, box-type mold by using the cake-growth controlling parameters that were obtained experimentally. Good agreement was observed between the experimental and calculated cake growth in the vicinity of the boundary between the gypsum mold and the silicon rubber and at the rectangular corner of the gypsum mold. The present simulation method is expected to be useful for estimating cake growth on molds with complicated shapes in slip casting.
Real-time detection of EEG spikes using neural networks

A digital signal processor based microcomputer system is designed for real-time detection of EEG spikes. The system acquires 16 channel EEGs, displays them in 5 second epochs, detects EEG spikes, identifres them on the screen and stores their times of occurrence au in real-time. Spike detection is achieved by a two-level neural network system analyzing 100 msec of multichannel EEG in a sliding window. 1 n the first level, spikes are Ukntified in individual EEG channels by 16 identical neural network modules computed in the digital signal processor. In the second level, outputs of the first level modules are integrated by a second neural network module for thefinal detection. Results show that neural network based EEG spike detection systems can be implemented for real-time clinical operation using current digital signal processor technology.
The M5-PS-35: a five-factor personality questionnaire for preschool children.

The Five-factor theory of personality (FFT) has pervaded personality research in recent years. Although many reliable and valid measurement instruments exist for use with adults, adolescents, and even elementary-age children, there is a lack of available 5-factor measurement tools for use with preschool children. This article expands on previous work developing the M5–PS, a rating form for preschool children designed to be completed by classroom teachers or caregivers. A total of 621 children were rated by their teachers on the 90-item working form of the M5–PS. Through a combination of empirical and rational scale refinement methods, the number of items has been reduced to 35, yielding a revised instrument, the M5–PS–35, with substantially improved construct validity and scale internal consistency. Potential changes in external validity were evaluated by comparative reanalysis of an existing data set.
Tubing the Future: Participatory Pedagogy and YouTube U in 2020

Abstract Our vision for the future of composition focuses on the “tube” and the culture inspired by online video sharing. Understanding composition in 2020 requires further theorizing about the participatory practices occurring in online video culture. Based on practices found on the platform YouTube, we turn to the term “tubing” to explain phenomena taking place there, and we put forward the concept of “participatory pedagogy” that we see emerging in 21st century classrooms. The ubiquitous and historically loaded “tube” (noun) and its YouTube-specific counterpart “tubing” (verb), explain many of the shifts taking place as acts of writing expand to include participation in online video sharing. Other scholars have forwarded the notion of “postpedagogy” (Vitanza, 1991; Davis, 2000; Arroyo, 2003, 2005; Rickert, 2007), which places a high value on invention, encourages the playful, yet serious linking of disparate historical figures, and opens up new pathways that we see as working in tandem with what George Siemens (2005) called a “pedagogy of participation,” an offshoot of what Henry Jenkins named “participatory culture” (2009). Using tubing as a guiding metaphor, we develop our version of “participatory pedagogy” for 2020 by focusing on the propagation of Internet memes and the inventional possibilities found in the everyday practices of video culture, which create an historical archive, an untapped repository of cultural patterns, and a light yet ruthlessly public demand for participation.
Physiological Response of Alfalfa to Injury by Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Under field conditions, densities of 0, 4, or 8 adult female potato leafhoppers, Empoasca fabae (Harris), were caged on individual alfalfa plants during the second and second-third crop growth cycles. Plants were destructively sampled three times in each crop growth cycle. Injury by E. fabae caused the percentage of total nonstructural carbohydrates to be much higher in leaves of infested plants. Leaf photosynthesis of plants caged with 4 or 8 E. fabae was reduced by 60 and 80%, respectively. The effects of feeding by E. fabae on leaf transpiration were very similar to that shown for photosynthesis. Stomatal resistance increased from 11 s cm−1 on infested plants. Leaf crude protein of plants infested with either 4 or 8 E. fabae was reduced by 22–35% after only 1 wk of leafhopper feeding.
N-Glucuronidation of N-hydroxy aromatic amines: a mechanism for their transport and bladder-specific carcinogenicity.

Abstract Glucuronide conjugates of carcinogenic N -hydroxy metabolites of the primary aromatic amines, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), and 1-naphthylamine (1-NA) were isolated from the urine of dogs administered the respective primary amine and from the in vitro incubation of N -hydroxy metabolites with uridine-5′-disphosphoglucuronic acid-fortified dog liver microsomes. The urinary and microsomal conjugates were purified by several sequential chromatographic procedures, including Sephadex G-15, Amberlite XAD-2, and cellulose CF-11 chromatography for microsomal conjugates and Sephadex G-10, DEAE, and Amberlite XAD-2 chromatography for urinary conjugates. The infrared spectra of purified urinary and microsomal conjugates of these three N -hydroxy aromatic amines were identical to spectra of authentic NC glucuronides prepared by two different synthetic procedures. The urinary and microsomal conjugates comigrated with synthetic NC glucuronides in two solvent systems. These observations in conjunction with previous studies provide evidence that NC glucuronidation represents a general metabolic reaction of carcinogenic N -hydroxy aromatic amines which provides the means of transport of these compounds to their site of action in the bladder.
Beach Nourishment and Coastal Habitats: Research Needs to Improve Compatibility

Beach nourishment creates many opportunities for resource development and use, but it also creates new issues regarding cumulative, long-term losses in borrow areas and appropriate human actions in fill areas. Nourished beaches should be considered as more than consumptive resources built for shore protection and recreation. Assessments of nourishment projects in the United States are used to identify research needed to address impacts on species and habitats in borrow areas and restoration of natural subenvironments in nourished areas. Achieving these goals involves changes in stakeholder attitudes about the meaning of beach nourishment and development of research initiatives to demonstrate the scientific, technologic, and economic feasibility of methods that are more compatible with maintaining or restoring natural landforms and habitats. Suggestions are made for expanding the spatial and temporal scales of investigation, evaluating alternative beach and sediment types, identifying new uses for fill, evaluating alternative technologies and practices, implementing adaptive management strategies, assessing stakeholder attitudes and capabilities, overcoming cost constraints, and conducting interdisciplinary studies.
Phonological processing in adults with deficits in musical pitch recognition.

Abstract We identified individuals with deficits in musical pitch recognition by screening a large random population using the Distorted Tunes Test (DTT), and enrolled individuals who had DTT scores in the lowest 10th percentile, classified as tune deaf. We examined phonological processing abilities in 35 tune deaf and 34 normal control individuals. Eight different tests of phonological processing, including auditory word discrimination, syllable segmentation, and the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP) were administered to both groups. The tune deaf group displayed lower phonological and phonemic awareness abilities on all measures. Our results indicate that poor performance on the DTT is associated with deficits in processing speech sounds. These findings support the hypothesis that processing of speech sounds and musical sounds share common elements, and that tune deafness may be viewed as a syndromic disorder, frequently accompanied by deficits in a number of aspects of sound processing not specific to music. Learning outcomes: The reader will (1) understand the broad range of deficits in phonological perception and processing that accompany deficits in musical pitch recognition, and (2) recognize the possible utility of musical evaluation measures and music-based therapies in the treatment of phonological and other speech disorders.
High-molecular-weight forms of tyrosinase and the tyrosinase-related proteins: Evidence for a melanogenic complex

Abstract Tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2, (TRP-2, dopachrome tautomerase) were shown by immunoblotting and enzyme assays to copurify from extracts of Cloudman S91 melanoma cells. Antibodies to TRP-1 and TRP-2 immunoprecipitated tyrosinase activity, suggesting a stable interaction (complex) among these proteins. The tyrosine hydroxylase activity of tyrosinase was reduced in the complexed form; treatment with Triton X-100 dissociated the complex and activated the tyrosinase present within it. To further study this complex, we employed sucrose gradient density centrifugation of extracts from cultured murine melanocytes. Tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 all existed in high molecular weight "multimers" of ~ 200 to >700 kilodaltons. Extraction of cells with buffers containing the detergent CHAPS preserved the high molecular weight multimers; Triton X-100 caused their dissociation into monomers. Low pH, low ionic strength, and millimolar concentrations of calcium ions favored the maintenance of multimers. The results of this study demonstrate that the participation of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 in a multimeric complex could have important physiologic consequences, and raise the possibility that some of the well-known interactions between coat color genes may be explained by intermolecular interactions between the gene products.
Assessment of photooxidation in multi-layer coating systems by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has been used to assess the formation of 18O-labeled photooxidation products in two multi-layer coating systems held in 20% 18O2/80% nitrogen atmosphere during brief Xenon arc weatherometer exposure. A four-layer model coating system without hindered amine light stabilizer or ultraviolet light absorber additives was examined first. The model was exposed for 8 days in the weatherometer, and then its TOF-SIMS-18O− response was recorded. This response tracks the known photooxidation resistance of the coating layers used to prepare the model system. Next, the technique was extended to a fully formulated six-layer ‘repair’ paint panel that had been weathered for 4 years in Florida prior to 10 additional days of weatherometer exposure in 20% 18O2/80% nitrogen atmosphere. The TOF-SIMS-18O− response observed clearly suggests that the TOF-SIMS-18O− technique can be used to assess the relative photooxidation rates of individual coating layers in fully formulated, multi-layer coating systems.
REDUCTION OF AN INTEGRAL IN THE THEORY OF BREMSSTRAHLUNG

A matrix element integral for bremsstrahlung or pair production without Born approximation is reduced to an ordinary hypergeometric function by contour integration methods. The result is stated in Eqs. (1), (2) for bremsstrahlung and in (1\ensuremath{'}), (2\ensuremath{'}) for pair production.
SU‐E‐T‐136: Measure the Actual Radiation Dose Delivered for Prostate IMRT Treatment Using An Implantable MOSFET Dosimeter

Purpose: To report the initial clinical experience using an in‐vivo, implantable metal oxide semiconductors field effect transistors(MOSFET)dosimeters for the daily dose verification of prostate IMRTtreatment.Methods: The dose verification system (DVS) from Sicel Technologies was used to measure the actual dose delivered for prostate IMRT patients. Fifteen patients (10 prostate IMRT; 5 Sequential IMRT, pelvis then prostate) were implanted with two DVS dosimeters in the prostate gland: one on the right and the other on the left. The location of the DVS dosimeters were identified on the CTimages and the expected doses were calculated. The measured readings of the dosimeters were compared to the expected dose values. Daily orthogonal portal film or CBCT was used for patient setup.Results: The average difference between predicted and measured doses was 1.1% for all 15 patients (30 dosimeters) over the whole course of treatment. The range of the difference between the measured cumulative doses to the planned doses for the whole treatment course was from −5.3% to 5.1%. For three out of fifteen patients, a new plan was created as the measured doses disagreed with the expected value for the original plans. For those three patients, the difference between measured and the predicted doses was as large as 11.3%. The discrepancies were much smaller after replanning. The average dosimeter measurement for the nine prostate IMRTtreatment (exclude one prostate IMRT patient who had been re‐planned) over the course of treatment was decreasing signifying a possible decrease in the sensitivity of the dosimeters Conclusions: This study demonstrated DVS dosimeters could provide valuable information about actual dose delivered and actual dose fluctuations of the daily treatment. The DVS dosimeters could serve as a patient specific quality assurance and guidance for adaptive radiation therapy.
The Spherical Earth in Plato's Phaedo

Q UITE recently (CQNS 6 Iq9561 I93-I97) Professor T. G. Rosenmeyer of the University of Washington has challenged the traditional view that in the Phaedo Plato imagines the earth as a sphere. Rosenmeyer (henceforth R.) would rather have us believe that Plato is concerned (p. 193) with "an image, however vague, of a flat earth with a fixed horizon." The value of his ingenious essay is that it encourages us to reconsider many points that we were ever too prepared to accept as true without examination. Nevertheless, I still believe the traditional view must be correct and wish to defend it in the light of R.'s arguments.' R. believes (p. 193) the problem can be divided into two parts: (I) Does Plato in the Phaedo (Io8e-Io9a, iiobSff. and Timaeus 4ob-c and 62 dff.) think of the earth as a spherical body? and (2) "Granted he does, need his description of the earth, as a setting for his eschatological myth, conform with the spherical theory?" In sixteen lines R. disposes of (i) which "does not affect the answer to (2)." R., it seems, is quite prepared to believe that in i i o b i ff. Plato may be speaking of a spherical earth, while in i I I c4ff., without a word of warning to his reader that he has discarded the spherical theory, he begins to speak in terms of a flat earth hypothesis. Until R. provides a Platonic parallel, it will be difficult to believe that so profound and sudden a contradiction would be tolerated by the ancient philosopher without some remark, however brief, of explanation. R.'s interpretation appears inconsistent with the careful, logical progression that we associate with the Socratic method. In a word R.'s (2) can only be flat if his (i) is flat also. Let us first attack then R.'s flat (i). R. could have alleviated his task by not discussing the Timaeus passages, which "only prove that after years of associating with astronomers, Plato may have come to think in
The Comparative Value of Quantitative and Qualitative Bacteriological Methods as Applied to Milk, with Especial Consideration of the Methylene Blue Reduction Test

Summary The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of determining the number of bacteria in milk are discussed as to their applicability to raw and pasteurized milk for the purpose of determining the past history of the milk, its future history, or for control purposes either in the milk plant or by the health officials. Original data are presented which show that the methylene blue reduction test measures with a high degree of accuracy the bacterial content of milk when applied to samples of milk, the bacterial content of which has been varied by the addition of different amounts of the same inoculum.
Microcoil embolization for treatment of a right coronary arteriovenous fistula.

A patient initially presented with anginal symptoms and a positive stress thallium test. An arteriovenous malformation in the right coronary artery causing a suspected coronary “steal syndrome” was subsequently discovered. This was treated with a microcoil embolization technique in lieu of the traditional surgical approach and this technique is described in detail. The patient had successful clinical, nuclear, and angiographic outcomes. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:347–350)
Persistent perceptual disturbances after lithium toxicity: a case report and discussion.

Received July 8, 2014; revised August 9, 2014; accepted August 11, 2014. FromSchool ofMedicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (WBF); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (ADB, JJD, JAB); Department of Radiology andBiomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (J-PJY). Send correspondence and reprint requests to William B. Feldman, D.Phil., School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143; e-mail: william.feldman@ucsf.edu & 2015 The Academy of PsychosomaticMedicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction
Quantifying the impact of economic crises on infant mortality in advanced economies

Policy makers rely on a mix of government spending and tax cuts to address the imbalances in the economy during an economic crisis, by promoting price stability and renewed economic growth. However, little discussion appears to focus explicitly on quantifying the cost of economic crises in terms of human lives, especially the lives of the most vulnerable members of society, infants. Using a statistical approach that is robust to the increases of mortality in outlying years, we quantify the effect that economic crises, periods of prolonged economic recession, have on infant mortality. Moreover, we investigate whether different levels of public spending on health across advanced industrialized democracies can mitigate the impact of crises on infant mortality. We find that economic crises are extremely costly and lead to a more than proportional increase in infant mortality in the short-run. Substantial public spending on health is required in order to limit their impact.
Lower extremity calf thrombosis: to treat or not to treat?

Abstract Seventy-five patients with isolated calf vein thrombi were prospectively monitored with sequential duplex scans at 3- to 4-day intervals. Twenty-four patients (32%) propagated and 11 of these 24 (46%) into the popliteal or larger veins of the thigh. Sex, age, obesity, trauma, estrogen use, malignancy, varicose veins, smoking, surgery, and activity level were not predictive for proximal propagation. Proximal soleal vein thrombi had the highest incidence in both propagating and nonpropagating groups. Thrombus extent and bilateral involvement were not predictive of propagation. Five percent (4 of 75 patients) had highly probable ventilation perfusion scans as their initial indication for duplex scanning. Deep vein thrombosis isolated to the calf is not a benign problem. If anticoagulant therapy is contraindicated, the progress of the thrombus can be followed by duplex scanning.
Ascospore linearity in the four-spored ascus of Neurospora tetrasperma.

The four-spored ascus ofNeurospora tetrasperma is linearly ordered, i.e. the order of the ascospores within the linear ascus directly reflects preceding meiotic events. This conclusion is based upon the finding of only two types of arrangements of homokaryotic ascospores in asci showing second division segregation and the failure to find any of the other four theoretically possible types of homokaryotic arrangements. The data are also consistent with the regular occurrence of nuclear passing at both the second and third meiotic divisions during ascus development.
Optimal output transitions for dual-stage systems: disk drive example

The minimum-energy output-transition problem for dual-stage systems is solved in this article. The objective is to find optimal feedforward inputs that change the system output from an initial value y/sub /spl I.bar// at time t/sub i/ to a final value y~ at time t/sub f/ during a specified output-transition time-interval [t/sub i/,t/sub j/]. The main contribution of this article is the solution of the optimal output-transition problem for systems with actuator redundancy (dual-stage systems). Additionally, we show that the use of preand post-actuation inputs, outside the output-transition time-interval, can lead to substantial reduction of the output-transition cost. In particular, the method is applied to a dual-stage disk drive model and simulation results are presented. The results show that the output-transition cost (input-energy) can be reduced by 97% with the use of pre- and post-actuation inputs when compared to standard methods that do not use such pre- and post-actuation.
Classifying Hand Gestures with a View-Based Distributed Representation

We present a method for learning, tracking, and recognizing human hand gestures recorded by a conventional CCD camera without any special gloves or other sensors. A view-based representation is used to model aspects of the hand relevant to the trained gestures, and is found using an unsupervised clustering technique. We use normalized correlation networks, with dynamic time warping in the temporal domain, as a distance function for unsupervised clustering. Views are computed separably for space and time dimensions; the distributed response of the combination of these units characterizes the input data with a low dimensional representation. A supervised classification stage uses labeled outputs of the spatio-temporal units as training data. Our system can correctly classify gestures in real time with a low-cost image processing accelerator.
Recognition of Middle and Upper Pleistocene Marine Deposits in Downtown San Diego, California: ABSTRACT

Recent excavations in the downtown area of San Diego have exposed fossiliferous marine sands of middle and late Pleistocene age. Molluscan assemblages recovered from these sands can be grouped into two distinct faunas referred to here as the Broadway fauna (middle Pleistocene) and the "E" Street fauna (late Pleistocene). Amino-acid racemization age estimates by K. R. Lajoie on shells of Chione from these faunas are 560,000 ± 75,000 years B.P. and 250,000 years B.P., respectively. Both faunas possess a decidedly warm-water aspect and reflect protected littoral to sublittoral environments. The Broadway fauna contains several local biostratigraphic index genera including Turritella gonostoma Valenciennes, Argopecten abietis abbotti (Hertlein and Grant), and Pecten vogdesi (Arnold), that are not present in the younger "E" Street fauna. Historically, all marine Pleistocene deposits in the San Diego area have been referred to as the Bay Point Formation. New evidence suggests that temporally, faunistically, and geologically distant units can be recognized within the local Pleistocene section. The deposits containing the Broadway fauna and the "E" Street fauna occur in low-lying areas at or near sea level and appear to have been deposited in an earlier formed topographic depression. This is in marked contrast to other, younger Pleistocene marine deposits in the San Diego area which occur as thin veneers on elevated marine abrasion platforms (i.e., the Nestor Terrace and the Bird Rock Terrace). End_of_Article - Last_Page 1687------------
Actual versus estimated length of stay after colorectal surgery: which factors influence a deviation?

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with deviation in length of hospital stay (LOS) from that determined by diagnosis-related groups. Methods A cohort study from a prospectively collected database was conducted, including consecutive patients undergoing surgery in a high-volume colorectal surgery department in 2009. Results For 1,461 included patients, average expected and actual LOS were 8.17 days (interquartile range, 4.7 to 11.9 days) and 8.31 days (interquartile range, 4 to 10 days), respectively. The most prominent factors associated with an increase of LOS from expected were parenteral nutrition (5.11 days), emergency room admittance (3.67 days), and ileus (3.45 days) (P ≤ .001 for all). Other independently associated factors included blood transfusion, anastomotic leak, sepsis, pulmonary embolism, and surgeon. Patients with higher severity illness indexes and longer postoperative intensive care stay had lower than expected LOS. Conclusions After colorectal surgery, several modifiable factors are associated with deviation of LOS from expected. An opportunity hence exists to reduce both LOS and financial burden for hospitals in an era of pay for performance.
Polyhedral specular reflector design for ultra high spectrum splitting solar module efficiencies (>50%)

One pathway to achieving ultra-high solar efficiencies (>50%) is employing a spectrum splitting optical element with at least 6 subcells and significant concentration (100-500 suns). We propose a design to meet these criteria, employing specular reflection to split and divide the light onto appropriate subcells. The polyhedral specular reflector incorporates a high index parallelepiped with seven subcells. The subcells are placed around the parallelepiped such that light entering at normal incidence encounters the subcells in order from highest to lowest bandgap, with the ray path reflecting at a 90° angle until the light is fully absorbed. Previous studies of the design have shown that concentration and filters are necessary to achieve high efficiencies and thus the current iteration of the design employs shortpass filters and two stages of concentration. Ray tracing of the current iteration shows exceeding 50% efficiency is possible for current subcell qualities with perfect shortpass filters while 50% module efficiencies are only possible for very high quality (>6% ERE) subcells with commercially available shortpass filters. However, even with commercially available filters and achievable subcell quality, ray tracing results show very high (>43%) module efficiency.