cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity and stability of NiCe@SiO2 multi–yolk–shell nanotube catalyst for tri-reforming of methane

Abstract Tri-reforming of methane (TRM) produces syngas by directly utilizing flue gas from a fossil fuel-fired power plant without requiring post-combustion CO2 separation. In this work, different yolk sizes of a NiCe@SiO2 multi–yolk–shell nanotube catalyst were prepared and their catalytic properties were evaluated at different oxidizer (CO2 + H2O + O2) to methane (O/M) feed ratios for TRM. The NiCe@SiO2 multi–yolk–shell nanotube catalyst can exhibit longer stability than the conventional NiCe/SiO2Imp catalyst synthesized by impregnation method due to its controlled morphology and synergetic interactions of Ni–Ce and Ni–Si species. At a low O/M feed ratio of 1.0, NiCe@SiO2 with smaller yolks ( 30 nm) presents stable TRM activity at a high O/M feed ratio of 1.1, whereas NiCe@SiO2 consisting of smaller yolks deactivates. Deactivation of NiCe@SiO2 with smaller yolks can be explained by the re-oxidation of active Ni species, in which carbon formation and oxidation rates, and Ce3+/Ce4+ redox properties play a crucial role. Our results indicate that the NiCe@SiO2 multi–yolk–shell nanotube structures can provide high TRM activity, yet their structure should be tuned for stable performance by considering the yolk sizes and interaction of Ni–Ce species.
Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma: Cytomorphology and immunoprofile.

Background Sclerosing pneumocytoma (SP) is a rare, benign pulmonary neoplasm. To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to evaluate the cytomorphology and immunoprofile of SP in a series. Methods A total of 9 fine-needle aspiration cases of SP (7 of which were computed tomography guided and 2 of which were endobronchial ultrasound guided) including histopathology and immunohistochemistry were collected from 5 institutions. Results The female-to-male ratio was 3.5:1, and the mean age of the patients was 54 years (range, 27-73 years). All cases presented as lung nodules, with a mean size of 2.2 cm (range, 1.1-5 cm), and were interpreted as atypical on rapid on-site evaluation. The final diagnoses were favor adenocarcinoma (1 case), well-differentiated lung adenocarcinoma (2 cases), low-grade epithelial neoplasm (2 cases), and sclerosing pneumocytoma (4 cases). Samples were moderately cellular, and consisted of round epithelioid cells with clear cell features, columnar cells, and spindle cells. A papillary arrangement with prominent hyalinized fibrovascular cores was the most common architectural pattern, followed by flat sheets and acinar formations. Tumor cells demonstrated mild, focally moderate nuclear pleomorphism with prominent nucleoli, hyperchromasia, nuclear elongation, nuclear overlap, and occasional nuclear inclusions and grooves. The background consisted of foamy macrophages (9 cases), hemosiderin pigment (6 cases), and lymphoid aggregates (3 cases) with no mitoses and/or necrosis. The surface cells and underlying round cells were positive for both thyroid transcription factor 1 and epithelial membrane antigen in all cases, which was the most notable immunohistochemical finding. Conclusions Cytomorphological findings of SP overlap with those of well-differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. Awareness of these cytomorphologic findings and the distinct immunoprofile of the 2 cell types found in SP should prevent a misdiagnosis and aggressive treatment.
SHARP-Net: Platform for Self-Healing and Attack Resilient PMU Networks

Synchrophasor technology plays a pivotal role in developing the next generation of wide-area monitoring, protection, and control in the smart grid environment. As technology and communications infrastructures evolve, however, so do the attack surfaces in the synchrophasor network that can be exploited by advanced persistent threat (APT) actors to affect power system stability and reliability. In this paper, we propose a novel platform for developing a self-healing and attack-resilient PMU network (SHARP-Net) by instituting a state-of-the-art intrusion detection system (IDS) with an intrusion mitigation system (IMS) and an alert management system (AMS). In particular, the proposed platform detects anomalies during cyberattacks on phasor data concentrators (PDCs) based on the rules defined in the IDS, then the generated alerts are published to the IMS through the AMS. The proposed IMS proceeds to take automated corrective responses to mitigate cyberattacks by reconfiguring the synchrophasor network to isolate the compromised PDCs, and it orchestrates new PDCs to prevent the future propagation of attacks. Further, the IMS restores the system's observability by reconnecting the new PDCs to make the grid attack-resilient. In this work, the SHARP-Net platform is developed by using Python-based libraries, minimega's software-defined network, and virtual machine orchestration. We implement and validate the proposed SHARP-Net architecture by testing a PMU network in the smart grid environment. SHARP-Net showed promising performance in detecting cyberattacks and mitigating them through the network reconfiguration.
Analysis of Breast Cancer Patients with T1-2 Tumors and 1-3 Positive Lymph Nodes Treated with or without Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy

The use of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) has been recommended for patients with 4 or more positive lymph nodes, however, its role in patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate oncological outcomes for breast cancer patients with T1-2 tumors and 1-3 positive lymph nodes after undergoing PMRT. We performed a single-institution retrospective investigation that evaluated the association between PMRT and outcomes in breast cancer patients with T1-2 tumors and 1-3 positive lymph nodes, who underwent mastectomy from 2004 to 2015. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the association of PMRT with disease-free survival and overall survival. A total of 379 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 204 (54%) received PMRT while 175 (46%) did not receive PMRT following mastectomy and were followed over a median of 5.2 years (25th–75th percentile: 2.8–8.4 years). Recurrence was similar in patients receiving PMRT compared to those that did not: locoregional (0 vs 3, P = 0.061), distant (9 vs 3, P = 0.135) and any recurrence (11 vs 7, P = 0.525). After adjustment for potential confounding variables, PMRT was not associated with a statistically significant difference in disease-free survival (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.79) or overall survival (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.85). PMRT was not associated with improved oncological outcomes in patients with T1-2 breast cancer and 1-3 positive lymph nodes at our institution.
Functional Outcomes and Postoperative Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis after Translabyrinthine Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma Resection: A Radiographic Demonstration of Anatomic Predictors

Introduction While regarded as an effective surgical approach to vestibular schwannoma (VS) resection, the translabyrinthine (TL) approach is not without complications. It has been postulated that postoperative cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (pCVST) may occur as a result of injury and manipulation during surgery. Our objective was to identify radiologic, surgical, and patient-specific risk factors that may be associated with pCVST. Methods The Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained and the medical records of adult patients with VS who underwent TL craniectomy at University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center between 2009 and 2019 were reviewed. Demographic data, radiographic measurements, and tumor characteristics were collected. Outcomes assessed included pCVST and the modified Rankin score (mRS). Results Sixty-one patients ultimately met inclusion criteria for the study. Ten patients demonstrated radiographic evidence of thrombus. Patients who developed pCVST demonstrated shorter internal auditory canal (IAC) to sinus distance (mean: 22.5 vs. 25.0 mm, p = 0.044) and significantly smaller petrous angles (mean: 26.3 vs. 32.7 degrees, p = 0.0045). Patients with good mRS scores ( Conclusion More acute petrous angle and shorter IAC to sinus distance are objective anatomic variables associated with pCVST in TL surgical approaches.
Mechanisms in Classical Conditioning: A Computational Approach

Part I. Introduction: 1. Classical conditioning: data and theories Part II. Attentional and Associative Mechanisms: 2. An attentional-associative model of conditioning 3. Simple and compound conditioning 4. The neurobiology of classical conditioning 5. Latent inhibition 6. The neurobiology of latent inhibition 7. Creativity 8. Blocking and overshadowing 9. Extinction 10. The neurobiology of extinction Part III. Configural Mechanisms: 11. A configural model of conditioning 12. Occasion setting 13. The neurobiology of occasion setting Part IV. Attentional, Associative, Configural, and Timing Mechanisms: 14. Configuration and timing: timing and occasion setting 15. Attention and configuration: extinction cues 16. Attention, association and configuration: causal learning and inferential reasoning Part V. Conclusion: Mechanisms of classical conditioning.
Strategies for the Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency

Each year thousands of young children go blind or develop impaired vision because of vitamin A deficiency. Frequently the permanently blinding form of hypovitaminosis A is superimposed on acute protein, and sometimes calorie deficiency, and often on an infectious disease such as measles. Countless thousands more young children and adults may have their health compromised in ways difficult to prove by subclinical hypovitaminosis A that results from an inadequate dietary intake of vitamin A-active foods. Hence, vitamin A deficiency continues to be a public health problem in many parts of the world, the serious, irreversible forms primarily affecting young children, and the more subtly debilitating form affecting older children and adults as well.
Download Alert: Understanding Gastroenterology Patients’ Perspectives on Health-Related Smartphone Apps

Download Alert: Understanding Gastroenterology Patients’ Perspectives on Health-Related Smartphone Apps
The effect of finite scattering geometry on measured electron diffraction cross sections: Part II. Structural parameters

Abstract Model calculations of averaged electron diffraction cross sections were employed to determine if and when the finite scattering geometry affects molecular structure parameters derived from 40 ke V electrons scattered on CO2, CF4 and C6H6. No appreciable change in the index of resolution and the internuclear distance was found. Although the mean amplitudes of vibration change noticeably, the results indicate that the scattering geometry cannot account for the discrepancies between those determined from electron diffraction data and those derived from spectral results.
Correlation of quantitative amniotic fluid cultures with endometritis after cesarean section

Abstract At the time of cesarean section, amniotic fluid was collected transabdominally from 60 patients, and quantitative cultures were performed on the amniotic fluid. A culture was defined as positive if ≥10 2 colony-forming units per milliliter of a high-virulence organism were isolated. Any other result was defined as negative. In 24 patients with no labor or rupture of the membranes, no positive cultures were found, but there was a 25% incidence of endometritis. Among 36 patients with labor or rupture of the membranes, or both, 13 (36%) had a positive culture. Twelve of the 13 (92%) developed endometritis, whereas nine of the 23 (39%) patients with a negative culture had endometritis (p
Clinical Effectiveness of Single Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections

Objectives. To assess the clinical effectiveness of single lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) in subjects with radicular pain with or without radiculopathy. Design. Retrospective observational series. Setting. Single academic radiology pain management practice. Subjects. Two thousand twenty-four subjects undergoing single lumbar TFESIs at the L4-5, L5-S1, or S1 neural foramina. Methods / Outcome Measures. Subjects were assessed with a pain numerical rating scale (NRS, 0–10) and Roland–Morris disability questionnaire (R–M, 23-point Deyo modification) prior to TFESI and at 2 weeks and 2 months follow-up. Successful pain relief (responders) was defined as either ≥50% reduction in NRS or pain 0/10; functional success was defined as ≥40% reduction in R–M score. Results. There were statistically significant (P < 0.0001) reductions in mean NRS and R–M scores at 2 weeks and 2 months postinjection. For NRS, 40.9% were responders at 2 weeks and 45.6% at 2 months. For R–M, 31.9% were responders at 2 weeks and 41.3% at 2 months. The proportion of responders for NRS and R–M was higher when there was <3 months of pain (odds ratio 2-month NRS = 2.42 [95% confidence interval: 1.82, 3.24], odds ratio 2-month R–M = 2.61 [1.96, 3.48]). For subjects with <3 months of pain, the proportion of responders was 62.4% (56.5, 68.3%) for NRS and 59.3% (53.3, 65.3%) for R–M scores. Conclusions. This retrospective observational study suggests TFESIs are clinically effective in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. Subjects with a shorter duration of pain are more likely to achieve a successful outcome.
Gender differences in autonomic functions associated with blood pressure regulation

Functions of carotid and aortic baroreflex control of heart rate (HR), cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of vascular resistance, adrenoreceptor responsiveness, indexes of baseline vagal and sympat...
Distribution of likelihood ratio statistic for testing equality of covariance matrices of multivariate Gaussian models

SUMMARY In this paper the exact distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing equality of covariance matrices of multivariate Gaussian models has been derived. Percentage points of the test statistic have also been tabulated.
Characterization of a Novel, Membrane-bound, 80-kDa Matrix-degrading Protease from Human Breast Cancer Cells MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION, ISOLATION, AND LOCALIZATION

A major, apparently novel extracellular matrix-degrading protease was previously identified and partially isolated from hormone-dependent but not from hormone-independent human breast cancer cells (Shi, Y. E., Torri, J., Yieh, L., Wellstein, A., Lippman, M. E., and Dickson, R. B. (1993) Cancer Res. 53, 1409-1415). Although initially the 80-kDa protease was identified from breast cancer cell-conditioned medium, immunofluorescence staining of breast cancer cells with anti-80-kDa protease monoclonal antibody 21-9 showed that in addition to its detection in intracellular compartments, the protease was uniformly localized around periphery of the cells with more intensive staining on the pseudopodia and membrane ruffles. A surface biotinylation technique confirmed the plasma membrane localization of the protease. In addition, the 80-kDa protease could not be washed from the membrane fraction of homogenized breast cancer cells with high concentrations of salts or with EDTA. The 80-kDa protease may noncovalently associate with other protein(s) to form complexes, the 95- and 110-kDa proteases. Both complexes showed gelatinolytic activity and bore the epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibody 21-9. Furthermore, both complexes could be converted to 80-kDa forms by boiling in SDS in the absence of reducing agents. Expression of this novel, integral membrane gelatinase could allow breast cancer cells an alternative to other previously described matrix-degrading enzymes for degradation of the extracellular matrix in close proximity to their surfaces.
Molecular model of a soluble guanylyl cyclase fragment determined by small-angle X-ray scattering and chemical cross-linking.

Soluble guanylyl/guanylate cyclase (sGC) converts GTP to cGMP after binding nitric oxide, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. Impaired sGC activity is common in cardiovascular disease, and sGC stimulatory compounds are vigorously sought. sGC is a 150 kDa heterodimeric protein with two H-NOX domains (one with heme, one without), two PAS domains, a coiled-coil domain, and two cyclase domains. Binding of NO to the sGC heme leads to proximal histidine release and stimulation of catalytic activity. To begin to understand how binding leads to activation, we examined truncated sGC proteins from Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) that bind NO, CO, and stimulatory compound YC-1 but lack the cyclase domains. We determined the overall shape of truncated M. sexta sGC using analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), revealing an elongated molecule with dimensions of 115 A × 90 A × 75 A. Binding of NO, CO, or YC-1 had little effect on shape. Using chemical cross-linking and tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 20 intermolecular contacts, allowing us to fit homology models of the individual domains into the SAXS-derived molecular envelope. The resulting model displays a central parallel coiled-coil platform upon which the H-NOX and PAS domains are assembled. The β1 H-NOX and α1 PAS domains are in contact and form the core signaling complex, while the α1 H-NOX domain can be removed without a significant effect on ligand binding or overall shape. Removal of 21 residues from the C-terminus yields a protein with dramatically increased proximal histidine release rates upon NO binding.
Voltammetric studies using a hyamine 2389—polystyrene-filmed electrode

Abstract A study was made of the effect of the surfactant Hyamine 2389 (predominantly methyldodecylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) on the electro-oxidation of organic compounds when the Hyamine was immobilized on the electrode in a polymeric film. From cyclic voltammetric measurements it was found that the Hyamine molecules in the film adjacent to the electrode could be reorganized by sweeping the potential in the cathodic direction past a desorption peak. The oxygen evolution potential on platinum in aqueous NaOH increased from 0.7 V with no additive present and 1.7 V with Hyamine present in solution to 2.0 V in the presence of the immobilized hydrophobic film. The polystyrene-Hyamine-filmed electrode was more convenient to use than Hyamine in solution in that the residual current was very low and the electrode was so stable that it could be moved to other solutions and be used in acid systems. Both soluble and insoluble substances could be oxidized on the electrode. Insoluble substances apparently adhere to the tacky polymer electrode. The oxidation of compounds such as p-bromophenol forms insoluble passive films which can be removed by introducing solubilizing Hyamine micelles into the system. Although the oxidation potentials indicate that a number of compounds in the base are oxidized by a mediated mechanism involving chemical oxidation of the compounds by electrochemically oxidized Hyamine, a number of compounds in basic solutions and the inorganic compounds in acidic solutions were indicated to be oxidized by an electron transfer mechanism.
An evaluation of electrosurgical vessel-sealing devices in biliary tract surgery in a porcine model.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate two electrosurgical vessel-sealing devices in biliary surgery. Methods Porcine common bile ducts (CBDs) were sealed with two electrosurgical devices, an electrothermal bipolar vessel-sealing device (EBVS) and ultrasonic coagulation shears. Acute study animals underwent surgical bile duct sealing followed by immediate burst pressure testing. Chronic study animals were maintained for 1 week postoperatively and then tested. Results The seal failure rate in the acute study was 50% for both the EBVS device and shears, and 0% for the laparoscopic surgical clip device used as a control. The latter had significantly higher burst pressures (646.2 ± 281.8 mmHg; P = 0.006) than the EBVS device (97.6 ± 86.6 mmHg) and shears (71.7 ± 89.3 mmHg). No significant difference in burst pressures was noted between the EBVS device and shears (97.6 ± 86.6 mmHg vs. 71.7 ± 89.3 mmHg). In the chronic study, obvious bile leaks occurred in one of four pigs (25%) in the EBVS device subgroup and two of four pigs (50%) in the shears subgroup. The average proximal CBD pressure in seven pigs was 16.1 ± 4.1 mmHg. The average chronic burst pressure in the control subgroup was 1088.0 ± 922.6 mmHg. Conclusions Given the high rates of failure of the EBVS device and the shears in consistently sealing biliary ducts, we do not recommend their routine use in biliary surgery.
Framing and the Price Elasticity of Private and Public Goods

The purpose of this research is to show that goods framed to emphasize their association to political concerns produce a distribution of willingness to pay (WTP) different from that produced when the same goods are framed to emphasize their instrumental qualities. Specifically, we hypothesize and find that symbolic presentations of both market and nonmarket goods produce a WTP distribution that is characterized by higher variance and weaker price elasticity than that produced by instrumental presentations of these goods. In addition, we find support for the proposition that changes in the price elasticity of a good are produced by respondents’ differential reliance on instrumental and symbolic considerations. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for marketing and mass politics.
Extreme anelastic responses in Zn80Al20 matrix composite materials containing BaTiO3 inclusion

Extreme anelastic responses (stiffness greater than diamond and large amplification of damping) due to the presence of a negative stiffness phase have been observed in Zn80Al20–BaTiO3 composites not only near the tetragonal–orthorhombic transformation temperatures of BaTiO3 anticipated by the classical Landau theory, but far below the Curie point of BaTiO3, which can be manipulated via specific aging processes that operate by an oxygen vacancy mechanism. The idea proposed herein can be utilized to fabricate novel composites for potential engineering applications.
A stability analysis of ventilated boiling channels

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed for the linear stability analysis of a system of ventilated parallel boiling channels. This model accounts for subcooled boiling, an arbitrary heat flux distribution, distributed and local hydraulic losses, heated wall dynamics, slip flow, turbulent mixing and arbitrary flow paths for transverse ventilation. The digital computer program MAZDA-NF was written for numerical evaluation of the mathematical model. Comparison of MAZDA-NF results with those obtained form both a closed form analytical solution and experiment, showed good agreement. A parametric study revealed that such phenomena as subcooled boiling, the transverse coupling between channels (due to cross-flow and mixing) and power skewing can have a significant impact on predicted stability margins. An analysis of an advanced BWR fuel, of the ASEA-ATOM SVEA design, has indicated that transverse ventilation may considerably improve channel stability.
Hartnell College's Academic Learning Center: Recommitting to Underrepresented Student Access and Success.

Hartnell College is a Hispanic-serving institution serving the Salinas Valley, a vast 1,000-square-mile agricultural region. The district includes large numbers of migrant workers and their familie...
Histochemical correlates for differences in functional activity of kidneys from active and cold-stored summer bats (Myotis lucifugus).

Fourteen female Myotis lucifugus from a summer colony were adapted to laboratory conditions for periods up to 60 days. Animals were then divided and exposed to the following conditions: (I) active bats exposed to normal summer laboratory temperature and humidity; (II) active bats exposed to normal summer laboratory temperature but low humidity; (III) cold-stored bats; (IV) cold-stored bats exposed to low humidity. All cold-stored bats entered a state of apparent deep hibernation, carrying out characteristic reflexes upon being awakened. Their thyroid glands showed significant loss of secretory activity. Staining for ATPase activity (method of Wachstein and Meisel) on formalin-fixed sections of kidney showed that there was increased infolding as well as increased enzymic activity of the plasma membranes of the proximal convolutions from all cold-stored bats. Proximal convolutions from kidneys of active bats showed decreases in the degree of invagination of the plasma membranes with apparently expanding basal lamellae. Acid phosphatase activity (Gomori) was confined to “phagosomes” in the proximal convolutions of active bats; cold-stored bats showed no activity. Staining with the periodic Schiff method showed irregular staining of the brush border of tubules from active bats; cold-stored animals showed a regular brush border with this method. The results suggest that the histochemical methods employed reveal differences in kidney function between the active and cold stored animals.
Efficient photorefractive polymers sensitized by CdSe nanoparticles

We report on an efficient and fast hybrid photorefractive polymer sensitized with CdSe quantum dots. The surface of the quantum dots was treated with 4-methylbenzenethiol. This surfactant allows the quantum dots to have an efficient photoinduced charge generation when mixed with a mixture of chromophores. The enhanced photoconductive properties lead to fast grating build-up times of 100 ms and below. In four-wave mixing experiments, overmodulation of the diffraction efficiency was observed at an applied field of 60 V/μm and gain coefficients on the order of 20 cm -1 at moderate fields.
Examining Contexts-of-Use for Web-Based and Paper-Based Questionnaires

Questionnaire instruments are frequently administered in digital formats, largely web-based, without much systematic investigation of possible effects from these administration methods. Furthermore...
Examining the need for cultural adaptations to an evidence-based parent training program targeting the prevention of child maltreatment ☆

Abstract Evidence-based behavioral parent training programs (BPTs) have been recommended as a primary prevention strategy for child maltreatment, and use of BPTs is increasing. As these programs are implemented in new contexts and among new populations, the cultural relevance of these programs and need for adaptations or modifications must be considered. The purpose of this study was to assess the types of cultural adaptations that are being made to a widely implemented BPT, SafeCare, by providers working with families involved in the child welfare system, and to explore the need for more systematic adaptations. Eleven SafeCare providers, from six states, participated in individual, semi-structured interviews. Overall, the providers did not recommend systematic adaptations of the model for specific ethnic groups. However, they provided general and specific information regarding SafeCare components that require adaptation on a case-by-case basis, which is likely to be applicable to many BPTs. More research is needed to develop clear guidance about when and how to assess the need for cultural adaptations and how to institute adaptations that improve rather than weaken evidence-based programs. By sharing data and experiences, purveyors can contribute to the body of knowledge about adaptation.
COMPARISON OF FAILURE RATES IN CONDUITS FOR UNDERGROUND HEAT DISTRIBUTION

A survey of existing underground heat distribution systems was conducted to compare the failure characteristics of steel conduits with fiberglass reinforced plastic conduits. Pressure testing was carried out in order to set an objective standard for performance. Plastic conduits were found to have a failure rate 4–5 times as high as steel conduits. The implications of this for a comparative life-cycle cost analysis are very serious.
Cryonic Suspension and the Law

Three central problems which adversely affect the intriguing use, development, and perfection of the cryonic suspension of individuals are analyzed: the extent to which a physician may be guilty of malpractice in assisting with a suspension – owing to present weaknesses in defining death and coordinate criminal liability attaching theretofor murder; the need for a recognition of suspension; and the present effect of the law's anachronistic treatment of estate devolution upon a cryon – or one undergoing suspension. To meet these difficulties, a partnership is proposed between law and medicine which would respond to challenges to this type of new biology in measured anticipation of the future consequences, rather than with a passive spirit of resignation to things to come.
Early educational intervention with disadvantaged children—To what effect?*

Abstract The adequate development of children is essential for the survival of a society. Dramatic negative changes in current societies have increased both the number of disadvantaged children and the severity of their disadvantage, thus threatening children's adequate development and the achievement of stability and productivity within their societies. Considerable scientific data support the idea that negative outcomes for children can be prevented. Effective prevention depends largely on early educational intervention, often supplemented by health and social services and parental involvement. This article (a) summarizes the key conclusions from 25 years of scientific inquiry, (b) acknowledges controversial issues in the scientific and policy arenas, (c) recommends practical strategies for enhancing children's everyday environments, and (d) proposes an integrative conceptual framework to guide future research and early educational intervention.
Promoting Participation in the Health Science Professions: Summer Programs for Talented, Underrepresented Students in Science.

Across the nation, there remains a critical shortage of health professionals and of students choosing to pursue health-related careers. This problem is particularly pervasive in the state of Oklahoma. In response to this need, faculty, administrators, and health professionals on two campuses of the University of Oklahoma have, collaborated over the past 9 years to develop and deliver summer academy programs in the health sciences professions for talented students and primarily for students who are underrepresented in science. These summer academy programs feature classroom and hands-on clinical practicum experiences to introduce students to the rigors of academic preparation required for the health profession careers and the opportunity to be involved in direct patient care and laboratory research experiences. The academies have the goal of ensuring that bright, talented young students are aware of career options in health care delivery, health care education, and health care research arenas. A secondary objective is to spark student interest in pursuing higher education in the health sciences and in pursuing health-related careers. The academy goals complement the state and national ongoing efforts to attract top scholars and meet health work force needs.
Crossbonding of Casein Bristle Fiber

A method is described for reducing the rate of water uptake of casein fibers and plastics. The method involves treating formaldehyde-hardened casein products with resorcinol and formaldehyde, drying, and heating. Optimum conditions for this treatment are described. The results indicate that resorcinol forms crossbonds with casein and formaldehyde.
A Systems Approach to Qualitative Data Management and Analysis

The basic components of qualitative data analysis are systematically organized and described. The authors propose a system centered on a database architecture with four elements that correspond to ...
Liftoff of turbulent jet flames - Assessment of edge flame and other concepts using cinema-PIV

Abstract Three theories of the liftoff of a turbulent jet flame were assessed using cinema-particle imaging velocimetry movies recorded at 8000 images/s. The images visualize the time histories of the eddies, the flame motion, the turbulence intensity, and streamline divergence. The first theory assumes that the flame base has a propagation speed that is controlled by the turbulence intensity. Results conflict with this idea; measured propagation speeds remains close to the laminar burning velocity and are not correlated with the turbulence levels. Even when the turbulence intensity increases by a factor of 3, there is no increase in the propagation speed. The second theory assumes that large eddies stabilize the flame; results also conflict with this idea since there is no significant correlation between propagation speed and the passage of large eddies. The data do support the “edge flame” concept. Even though the turbulence level and the mean velocity in the undisturbed jet are large (at jet Reynolds numbers of 4300 and 8500), the edge flame creates its own local low-velocity, low-turbulence-level region due to streamline divergence caused by heat release. The edge flame has two propagation velocities. The actual velocity of the flame base with respect to the disturbed local flow is found to be nearly equal to the laminar burning velocity; however, the effective propagation velocity of the entire edge flame with respect to the upstream (undisturbed) flow exceeds the laminar burning velocity. A simple model is proposed which simulates the divergence of the streamlines by considering the potential flow over a source. It predicts the well-established empirical formula for liftoff height, and it agrees with experiment in that the controlling factor is streamline divergence, and not turbulence intensity or large eddy passage. The results apply only to jet flames for Re
Three-dimensional dose distribution of total body irradiation by a dual source total body irradiator

This study describes the three-dimensional dosimetric characteristics of total body irradiation by our dedicated irradiation unit, which consists of two modified 4-MV linear accelerators mounted opposite each other, providing a field size of 220 cm x 80 cm at the midplane. Our dose calculation algorithm considers the three-dimensional contour of the patient to evaluate the primary and scatter doses. The data base for the calculation includes tissue-to-maximum ratios measured for the large fields. The lung dose correction was calculated using the methods of Batho or ratio of TMR. The accuracy of the calculated dose distributions was verified by measurements with ionization chambers in a humanoid phantom. We also describe and verified a technique to achieve desirable midline lung doses using lead shields. The flexibility and the accuracy of the planning system offers the potential in optimizing the therapeutic ratio for total body treatments.
Preparation of renal papillary collecting duct cells for studyin vitro

The mammalian kidney is comprised of a heterogeneous array of tubules and blood vessels. Over the years the function of the individual nephron segments in the production of urine has been reasonably well defined by micropuncture and in vitro microperfusion techniques. Beyond this descriptive step, however, to clarify the mechanisms of solute and water transport, it is necessary to study cellular compartments, specifically. Several techniques are used currently for cell studies, but in each the usefulness is limited. For example, thin slices of kidney tissue contain a variety of cell types as do suspensions of kidney cortex [1]. By dissection in vitro it is possible to isolate specific segments of nephron, but the mass of tissue is insufficient for the limits of resolution of many analytical techniques [2]. The purpose of this report is to describe a method for collecting milligram quantities of viable cells from the papillary collecting duct of the rabbit kidney.
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange in structural biology

Abstract The large difference in neutron scattering length of hydrogen and deuterium atoms provides a unique tool to study biological macromolecules. These molecules exist in an aqueous environment and have an atomic composition of about 50% hydrogen atoms with the rest being mainly carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. By simply changing the ratio of hydrogen to deuterium the contrast of a sample constituent can be changed without altering the chemical composition. The scattering difference between the hydrogen isotopes has now been used to study structural details of proteins, viruses, nucleic acid protein complexes and membranes. The use of small-angle scattering analysis from proteins in solution is a particularly good example of the power of this new technique. From the first experiments with myoglobin, hemoglobin and TMV solutions in 1968 at the HFBR in Brookhaven it became, however, soon evident that the flux was low and the detection system of a conventional spectrometer was inadequate to measure precisely small differences in the scattering pattern. Since these solution scattering patterns are circularly symmetrical, a development of multidetector systems was the first step to alleviate the need for better data. From an early five detector system [1] the development of linear and two-dimensional position sensitive detectors continues to this day [2–6]. Today, position sensitive area-detectors with an efficiency of 80% and 1.3 mm resolution with an active area of 50 cm × 50 cms are available. These detectors have a counting rate capability of 2 × 10 5 neutrons/s. Other instrumentation developments to facilitate the study of biomolecules include (1) cold moderators, (2) thin film multilayer monochromators [7–9], (3) neutron guides made either of multilayer supermirrors or coated with 58 Ni [10,11], (4) various crystal and mirror focusing devices [12,13]. Some of these features have been incorporated in a small-angle neutron spectrometer at the High Flux Beam Reactor at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This spectrometer has a unique combination of features such as a high resolution area-detector, adjustable wavelength bandwidth and automated sample changer.
Bovine Fetal Hemoglobin. I. Postnatal Persistence and Relation to Adult Hemoglobins

Summary The postnatal persistence of bovine fetal Hemoglobin (F) and its relation to the adult Hemoglobins A and B were investigated by electrophoretic methods. At birth, F made up 41 to 100% of the total hemoglobin of 23 calves. The amount of F diminished rapidly and was replaced entirely by Hemoglobin A in 14 bull calves and four heifer calves at the average ages of 65 and 97 days, respectively. The disappearance of Hemoglobin F from the blood of five calves (Guernseys, Jerseys, Brown Swiss) was obscured by the simultaneous appearance of Hemoglobin B, which has the same electrophoretic mobility as F under the conditions used. Comparisons of electrophoretic mobilities in the pH range 6.5–9.0 showed that Hemoglobin A has a greater net positive charge than B and F throughout, but that the net positive charge of Hemoglobin B is appreciably greater than that of F only below pH 7.4. Above this pH, B and F migrate on paper electrophoretic strips at essentially the same rate.
Use of Volatiles as Indicators of Lipid Oxidation in Muscle Foods

Lipid oxidation has long been recognized as a leading cause of quality deterioration in muscle foods and is often the decisive factor in determining food product storage life. Lipid oxidation generates a number of products, including volatile compounds, which are the major contributors to the development of rancid off-flavors and odors. Over the years, methodologies have been developed to quantify lipid oxidation products in muscle foods. This article reviews the analytical methods that have been used to quantify volatile compounds as indicators of lipid oxidation in muscle foods. The sampling methodologies of distillation/solvent extraction and headspace analysis, and isolation methods associated with gas chromatographic (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses are discussed. Within gas chromatographic methodologies, headspace (HS) sampling (static HS, dynamic purge-and-trap HS techniques, and solid-phase microextraction [SPME]) are addressed.
Solving large scale disassembly line balancing problem with uncertainty using reinforcement learning

Due to increasing environmental concerns, manufacturers are forced to take back their products at the end of products' useful functional life. Manufacturers explore various options including disassembly operations to recover components and subassemblies for reuse, remanufacture, and recycle to extend the life of materials in use and cut down the disposal volume. However, disassembly operations are problematic due to high degree of uncertainty associated with the quality and configuration of product returns. In this research we address the disassembly line balancing problem (DLBP) using a Monte-Carlo based reinforcement learning technique. This reinforcement learning approach is tailored fit to the underlying dynamics of a DLBP. The research results indicate that the reinforcement learning based method is able to perform effectively, even on a complex large scale problem, within a reasonable amount of computational time. The proposed method performed on par or better than the benchmark methods for solving DLBP reported in the literature. Unlike other methods which are usually limited deterministic environments, the reinforcement learning based method is able to operate in deterministic as well as stochastic environments.
Ethanol-Clonidine Hemodynamic Interaction in Normotensive Rats Is Modified by Anesthesia

Abstract Our previous findings have shown that ethanol attenuates the decreases in plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels, and blood pressure elicited by centrally acting antihypertensive drugs in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The present study investigated whether this interaction can be influenced by baseline blood pressure (BP) and sought direct evidence to support the involvement of the SNS by recording the sympathetic neural activity (SNA) of the splanchnic nerve. The conscious aortic barodenervated (ABD) rat model was utilized because it exhibits greater hypotensive responses to clonidine compared with sham-operated (SO) rats. Although ABD and SO rats exhibited similar basal MAP (104 + 4 vs. 99 + 2 mm Hg), plasma NE levels were higher in conscious ABD rats (332 + 33 vs. 227 + 18 pg/ml). Clonidine (30 μg/kg, IV) elicited significantly greater decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP; −20.0 + 2.1 vs. −10.4 + 0.8 mm Hg) and plasma NE (−194 + 26 vs. −50 + 11 pg/ml) in conscious ABD vs. SO rats. Ethanol (1 g/kg, IV) reversed clonidine-evoked decreases in BP and plasma NE levels, but the interaction was more prominent in ABD rats. To support the hypothesis that the interaction occurs within the CNS, the effect of ethanol was studied on clonidine-evoked decreases in preganglionic SNA and BP in anesthetized rats. In contrast to its effects in conscious rats, ethanol augmented both the hypotensive and sympathoinhibitory responses to clonidine in anesthetized rats. It is concluded that: a) an adverse ethanol-clonidine hemodynamic interaction occurs in conscious normotensive rats, b) anesthesia reverses ethanol-clonidine hemodynamic interaction, whereby ethanol enhances the hypotensive action of clonidine, and c) the SNS is directly involved in the interaction because whether the hypotensive action of clonidine was attenuated (conscious state) or enhanced (anesthetized state) by subsequent ethanol administration, a parallel change occurred in the SNS. Given the popularity of utilizing clonidine as a preanesthetic medication, the present findings may have clinical relevance.
The Convenience Revolution for Treatment of Low-Acuity Conditions

Approximately fifty million times annually, patients visit physicians for low-acuity conditions such as bronchitis and urinary tract infections.1 Many more would likely visit their primary care physician if there were shorter appointment delays at primary care offices – such delays will likely worsen with the Affordable Care Act as millions gain insurance and seek primary care.
Beak-Trimming Effects on the Behavior and Weight Gain of Floor-Reared, Egg-Strain Pullets from Three Genetic Stocks During the Rearing Period,

Abstract At 4 wk of age, White Leghorn pullets from three genetic stocks were divided equally into two groups for beak treatment. One group had half of the upper mandible and less of the lower mandible removed. For pullets in the other group, the beaks were kept intact. Chicks of the six combinations of stock and beak treatments were kept separately in two pens each. A sample of pullets from each of the 12 pens was marked, observed, and then weighed on Days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after beak-trimming and at 16 or 18 wk of age. The amount of feed consumed per pen was determined weekly from 4 to 7 wk. The stocks differed in terms of the percentage of time spent standing and crouching. The beak-trimmed pullets pecked less at the feed, delivered fewer pecks of all kinds, stood and crouched more, and showed more comfort activity than the birds with beaks intact. The pullets with the trimmed beaks gained 90% as much weight as intact-beak pullets during the first 3 wk after treatment and used 88% as much feed. During the 1st wk after the beak treatment, the relative weight gains and amount of feed consumed were even less for the beak-trimmed birds. However, by 18 wk of age, there was no difference in BW between the two groups of pullets. Interactions for beak treatment by age were found generally in both behavioral and performance traits. The initial differences between the beak-trimmed and intact-beak pullets tended to diminish with age. No differences were present at 16 or 18 wk of age, except for a continued lower frequency of litter-pecking by the beak-trimmed pullets.
Histamine H1-receptors labeled in vivo: Antidepressant and antihistamine interactions

3H-Mepyramine labels specific histamine H1-receptors in brains of mice after intravenous injection. The potencies of H1-antihistamines in reducing 3H-mepyramine binding in vivo correspond to their pharmacological activities and show parallels with their affinities for 3H-mepyramine binding sites in isolated brain membranes. Several antidepressants are potent in competing for 3H-mepyramine binding in vivo as well as in vitro.
ENZYME RELEASE FROM TISSUE CULTURES AS AN INDICATOR OF CELLULAR INJURY BY VIRUSES.

Abstract Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase were assayed in tissue culture fluids during the course of cellular injury by viruses. The fluids from tissue cultures damaged by ECHO 12 virus, adenovirus type 7, and Sendai virus exhibited patterns of enzyme activities that were distinctive for each virus when correlated with the cytopathic effects. The possibility is discussed that the assay of enzymes in tissue culture fluids may be useful in the study of the virus-cell interaction and for viral identification and classification.
Access to Technology in Transnational Social Fields: Simultaneity and Digital Literacy Socialization of Adult Immigrants

Some studies of technology use by immigrants have explored the role of digital media in their maintenance of affiliations with their nations of origin. However, the potential for transnational social networks to serve as resources that facilitate digital literacy socialization for adult immigrant learners remains unexplored. In this study, I draw on the concepts of simultaneity and transnational social fields (Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004) to analyze the relation between local and remote networks and the use of technology by immigrant learners. The findings reveal the configuration and exchange of resources across nation states, facilitated by family networks and by a local community center with the support of a Mexican institution. The findings also demonstrate the ways in which digital literacy practices were adopted by participants to maintain these transnational connections and to build new networks with local institutions. Implications for community-based technology programs for learners with transn...