cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts: 18. Structure of the developing proplastid in the first hours of illumination from serial sections of wild-type cells

The structure of the proplastid in dark-grown nondividing cells of wild-type Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris and the changes which occur during the early hours of illumination have been studied using serial sections and transmission electron microscopy. The proplastid in dark-grown cells is a polyp-like structure with a number of tubular arms, each containing a noncrystalline prolamellar body composed of irregular tubules, at its extremity. The proplastid with membrane whorls attached is in intimate contact with the surrounding cytoplasm and is in close juxtaposition to microbody-like organelles and mitochondria. The plastid assumes a more globular shape after 30 min of illumination. During this period membrane whorls, similar to those described above, are found as transient structures at the interior of the prolamellar bodies and are found to be closely associated with mitochondria. Membrane whorls are also observed to penetrate to the cores of the microbodies. The thylakoids are attached to the remaining irregular tubular regions of the prolamellar body which surround the membrane whorls. There is a very close association of plastids, mitochondria, microbodies, and Golgi. After 1 to 2 hr the membrane whorls associated with the interior of the prolamellar bodies begin to disappear to be replaced by elongated straight tubules which, in turn, also disappear to leave a cavity surrounded by the remains of the original irregular tubules. There is a progressive pairing of thylakoids with the deposition of a dense matrix between the pairs; a different region of high density can be seen on either side of the paired thylakoids where single thylakoids adjoin them near the point of connection to the irregular tubules of the prolamellar bodies. No relations among the membrane whorls, straight tubules, and thylakoids have been detected. By 24 hr of development paired thylakoids are the rule. Reconstructions from serial sections are presented showing the three-dimensional structure of the proplastid before and after illumination.
Characterization of structural defects in the presence of In2O3 in CuInSe2 prepared by spray pyrolysis

Abstract Structural defects in CuInSe2 films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis are characterized by electrical resistivity, Hall mobility and optical absorption. This work revealed that incorporation of oxygen contributes to the formation of intrinsic defects, thus reducing the resistivity and mobility of the material. Optical absorption coefficients between 104 and 105 cm−1 were measured at 1.02 eV. Two distinct acceptor defect levels were measured at 20 and 110 meV above the valence band. A third level, believed to be a deep donor level, is located 220 meV below the conduction band.
Decreased plasma carnitine and trimethyl-l-lysine levels associated with lysosomal accumulation of a trimethyl-l-lysine containing protein in Batten disease

Abstract Batten disease, or juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, is an autosomal-recessive hereditary disorder that leads to blindness, severe neurological degeneration, and premature death. The disease is characterized by massive accumulation of lysosomal storage bodies in most tissues. A significant constituent of the storage material is a protein that appears to be almost identical to a small hydrophobic inner mitochondrial membrane protein, subunit c of ATP synthase. The protein isolated from the storage bodies contains an ϵ-N- trimethyl- l -lysine (TML) residue at amino acid position 43. The presence of TML in the stored protein suggests that one of the lysine residues in subunit c is normally trimethylated, and this trimethylation may act as a signal to initiate degradation of the protein. Free TML produced by the degradation of TML-containing proteins is the first intermediate in the carnitine biosynthetic pathway. It is possible that trimethylated subunit c is a major source of the free TML used in carnitine biosynthesis. If this is the case, one would predict that the genetic defect resulting in the accumulation of TML containing subunit c would also reduce systemic levels of free TML and carnitine. To evaluate this possibility, plasma TML and carnitine levels were measured in affected human subjects, heterozygous carriers, and normal controls. Both TML and carnitine levels were significantly depressed in the affected individuals. This suggests that subunit c is normally a major source of TML for carnitine biosynthesis. In Batten disease, failure to degrade the TML-containing form of subunit c is probably responsible for the reduction in plasma TML and carnitine levels.
Reward magnitude and instrumental responses: Consistent and partial reward

Two studies using partial or consistent large (500 mg) and small (45 mg) reward are presented. In both studies, after extended reward acquisition, differences are negligible or nonexistent. Results from the partial reward groups indicate extinction differences also disappear after extended training. These results do not seem to be in line with usual assumptions regarding the effects of reward magnitude.
Noise reduction from the redesign of a fan stage to minimize stator lift fluctuations

An existing fan stage, redesigned to reduce stator lift fluctuations, was acoustically tested for reduced noise generation. The lift fluctuations on the stator were reduced by increasing the stator chord, adjusting incidence angles, and by adjusting the rotor velocity diagrams. The experiments showed significantly reduced broadband noise levels in the middle to high frequencies. Blade passage tone power was not reduced, but decreases in the harmonics were observed. Aerodynamic improvements in both performance and efficiency were obtained.
On the explicit symmetry breaking in the Taylor-Coutte problem

Abstract We consider an infinitely long Taylor-Couette problem which is translationally and reflectionally symmetric along the cylinders. We investigate the bifurcation to Taylor vortices when the reflection symmetry in the axial direction is broken in two ways: (i) by applying a constant pressure gradient in the axial direction, (ii) by sliding cylinders relative to each other. We calculate the effect of these symmetry breaking perturbations and find in both cases a slow drifting of the Taylor vortices along the axial direction. We discuss a total symmetry breaking of the translational and reflectional symmetry along the axial direction. This forces the system either to choose a state from a circle of states of the unpertubed system or into an inhomogeneous drifting state.
Taste neophobia and c-Fos expression in the rat brain.

Abstract Taste neophobia refers to a reduction in consumption of a novel taste relative to when it is familiar. To gain more understanding of the neural basis of this phenomenon, the current study examined whether a novel taste (0.5% saccharin) supports a different pattern of c-Fos expression than the same taste when it is familiar. Results revealed that the taste ofthe novel saccharin solution evoked more Fos immunoreactivity than the familiar taste of saccharin in the basolateral region of the amygdala, central nucleus of the amygdala, gustatory portion of the thalamus, and the gustatory insular cortex. No such differential expressionwas found in the other examined areas, including the bed nucleus of stria terminalis,medial amygdala, and medial parabrachial nucleus. The present results are discussed with respect to a forebrain taste neophobia system.
Finding some good in a tragedy.

(1999). Finding some good in a tragedy. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 368-369.
O-GlcNAc modifications regulate cell survival and epiboly during zebrafish development

The post-translational addition of the monosaccharide O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) regulates the activity of a wide variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. The enzymes O-GlcNAc Transferase (Ogt) and O-GlcNAcase (Oga) catalyze, respectively, the attachment and removal of O-GlcNAc to target proteins. In adult mice, Ogt and Oga attenuate the response to insulin by modifying several components of the signal transduction pathway. Complete loss of ogt function, however, is lethal to mouse embryonic stem cells, suggesting that the enzyme has additional, unstudied roles in development. We have utilized zebrafish as a model to determine role of O-GlcNAc modifications in development. Zebrafish has two ogt genes, encoding six different enzymatic isoforms that are expressed maternally and zygotically. We manipulated O-GlcNAc levels in zebrafish embryos by overexpressing zebrafish ogt, human oga or by injecting morpholinos against ogt transcripts. Each of these treatments results in embryos with shortened body axes and reduced brains at 24 hpf. The embryos had 23% fewer cells than controls, and displayed increased rates of cell death as early as the mid-gastrula stages. An extensive marker analysis indicates that derivatives of three germ layers are reduced to variable extents, and the embryos are severely disorganized after gastrulation. Overexpression of Ogt and Oga delayed epiboly and caused a severe disorganization of the microtubule and actin based cytoskeleton in the extra-embryonic yolk syncytial layer (YSL). The cytoskeletal defects resemble those previously reported for embryos lacking function of the Pou5f1/Oct4 transcription factor spiel ohne grenzen. Consistent with this, Pou5f1/Oct4 is modified by O-GlcNAc in human embryonic stem cells. We conclude that O-GlcNAc modifications control the activity of proteins that regulate apoptosis and epiboly movements, but do not seem to regulate germ layer specification. O-GlcNAc modifies the transcription factor Spiel ohne grenzen/Pou5f1 and may regulate its activity.
Determinants of cluster distribution in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis

Recently developed molecular techniques have revolutionized the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Multiple studies have used these tools to examine the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in different communities. The distributions of clusters of M. tuberculosis isolates in these settings may variously reflect social mixing patterns or the differential fitness of specific clones of the organism. We developed an individual-based microsimulation of tuberculosis transmission to explore social and demographic determinants of cluster distribution and to observe the effect of transmission dynamics on the empiric data from molecular epidemiologic studies. Our results demonstrate that multiple host-related factors contribute to wide variation in cluster distributions even when all strains of the organism are assumed to be equally transmissible. These host characteristics include interventions such as chemotherapy, vaccination and chemoprophylaxis, HIV prevalence, the age structure of the population, and the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection. We consider the implications of these results for the interpretation of cluster studies of M. tuberculosis as well as the more general application of microsimulation models to infectious disease epidemiology.
Microglia: a newly discovered role in visceral hypersensitivity?

Given the growing body of evidence for a role of glia in pain modulation, it is plausible that the exaggerated visceral pain in chronic conditions might be regulated by glial activation. In this study, we have investigated a possible role for microglia in rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity and previously documented altered neuronal function. Experiments were performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats pre-treated with neonatal colon irritation (CI) and on control rats. Effects of fractalkine (FKN, a chemokine involved in neuron-to-microglia signaling) and of minocycline (an inhibitor of microglia) on visceral sensitivity were examined. Visceral sensitivity was assessed by recording the electromyographic (EMG) responses to graded colorectal distension (CRD) in mildly sedated rats. Responses to CRD were recorded before and after injection of FKN, minocycline or vehicle. Somatic thermal hyperalgesia was measured by latency of paw withdrawal to radiant heat. The pattern and intensity of microglial distribution at L6–S2 in the spinal cord was also compared in rats with CI and controls by fluorescence microscopy using OX-42. Results show that: (1) FKN significantly facilitated EMG responses to noxious CRD by >52% in control rats. FKN also induced thermal hyperalgesia in control rats, consistent with previous reports; (2) minocycline significantly inhibited EMG responses to noxious CRD by >70% in rats with CI compared to controls 60 min after injection. The anti-nociceptive effect of minocycline lasted for 180 min in rats with CI, reaching peak values 60 min after injection. Our results show that FKN enhances visceral and somatic nociception, whereas minocycline inhibits visceral hypersensitivity in chronically sensitized rats, which indicates a role for microglia in visceral hypersensitivity.
Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes

Dental diseases are among the most prevalent and costly diseases affecting industrialized societies, and yet are highly preventable. The microflora of dental plaque biofilms from diseased sites is distinct from that found in health, although the putative pathogens can often be detected in low numbers at normal sites. In dental caries, there is a shift towards community dominance by acidogenic and acid-tolerant Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. mutans streptococci and lactobacilli) at the expense of the acid-sensitive species associated with sound enamel. In contrast, the numbers and proportions of obligately anaerobic bacteria, including Gram-negative proteolytic species, increase in periodontal diseases. Modelling studies using defined consortia of oral bacteria grown in planktonic and biofilm systems have been undertaken to identify environmental factors responsible for driving these deleterious shifts in the plaque microflora. Repeated conditions of low pH (rather than sugar availability per se) selected for mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, while the introduction of novel host proteins and glycoproteins (as occurs during the inflammatory response to plaque), and the concomitant rise in local pH, enriched for Gram-negative anaerobic and asaccharolytic species. These studies emphasized (a) significant properties of dental plaque as both a biofilm and a microbial community, and (b) the dynamic relationship existing between the environment and the composition of the oral microflora. This research resulted in a novel hypothesis (the ‘ecological plaque hypothesis’) to better describe the relationship between plaque bacteria and the host in health and disease. Implicit in this hypothesis is the concept that disease can be prevented not only by directly inhibiting the putative pathogens, but also by interfering with the environmental factors driving the selection and enrichment of these bacteria. Thus, a more holistic approach can be taken in disease control and management strategies.
Computer Science and the Liberal Arts: A Philosophical Examination

This article explores the philosophy and position of the discipline of computer science within the liberal arts, based upon a discussion of the nature of computer science and a review of the characteristics of the liberal arts. A liberal arts environment provides important opportunities for undergraduate programs, but also presents important constraints. A well designed program can flourish in this environment, and evidence indicates that a liberal arts program in computer science can indeed succeed well.
Single-capacitor-single-contact active pixel sensor

An 86(H)/spl times/75(V) Active Pixel Sensor (APS) using a single-capacitor-single-contact pixel, in a BiCMOS process, is presented. The cell size is 14/spl lambda//spl times/14/spl lambda/, using MOSIS' SCMOS design rules. A smaller cell size is possible in non-scalable processes. The pixel is composed of an NPN phototransistor with a floating base; the base is capacitively coupled to the column select line. A large fill factor, for a CMOS APS, of 76.5% is obtained. With an integration time of 27.68 /spl mu/s, pixel sensitivity is 6.2 nA/lux and does not saturate above 8 K lux. The reset scheme provides simultaneous lag and blooming protection at 75 frames/s.
How Well Can Simulation Predict Protein Folding Kinetics and Thermodynamics

Simulation of protein folding has come a long way in five years. Notably, new quantitative comparisons with experiments for small, rapidly folding proteins have become possible. As the only way to validate simulation methodology, this achievement marks a significant advance. Here, we detail these recent achievements and ask whether simulations have indeed rendered quantitative predictions in several areas, including protein folding kinetics, thermodynamics, and physics-based methods for structure prediction. We conclude by looking to the future of such comparisons between simulations and experiments.
Improved Strain and Psychosocial Outcomes for Caregivers of Individuals with Dementia: Findings from Project ANSWERS

Purpose This study examined the efficacy of a newly developed intervention, Acquiring New Skills While Enhancing Remaining Strengths (ANSWERS), for family caregivers of individuals with dementia. ANSWERS was designed for dyads comprised of an individual with dementia and his/her family caregiver. Using a strength-based approach, ANSWERS combined educational skills (traditionally used with caregivers) and cognitive rehabilitation skills training (traditionally used with individuals with dementia) into a single protocol for addressing the dyad's care issues and needs. Key domains addressed by the intervention included: education about dementia and memory loss; effective communication; managing memory; staying active; and recognizing emotions and behaviors. This analysis focused on outcomes for caregivers. Design & methods The Stress Process Model guided the study's hypotheses and design. Caregiving dyads were randomly assigned to the control or intervention conditions. Intervention dyads received 6-curriculum guided sessions with an intervention specialist. Data came from in-person baseline interviews with caregivers conducted prior to randomization and follow-up interviews conducted approximately 14.56 weekspost-baseline. Results Intervention caregivers, compared to controls, had decreased care-related strain as indicated by lower emotional health strain, dyadic relationship strain, role captivity, and higher caregiving mastery. Additionally, intervention caregivers had improved well-being as indicated by fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety. Implications ANSWERS was efficacious in improving key strain and psychosocial outcomes for caregivers. Features essential to the success of ANSWERS included a strength-based approach for selecting, developing, and implementing care goals, as well as teaching caregivers educational and cognitive rehabilitation skills for addressing care needs.
WHAT IS STILL CRITICAL IN THE WORK OF JÜRGEN HABERMAS

This paper will present a strategic reading of Habermas's project since the publishing of his "Legitimation Crisis." We examine his consensus theory of truth, the assumption of mutually acceptable outcomes in political discourse, and the role of law in bringing about social solidarity. We argue that Habermas has made several questionable assumptions while constructing this project that leave him open to criticism. We suggest that in his desire to preserve the Enlightenment, Habermas has ignored the power dimension of political life, leading him in a very "uncritical" direction.
As Review Of Conventional And Non-Conventional Pore Characterization Techniques

A series of techniqu1es were employed to characterize the pore microstructure of a group of colloidal silica-alkali silicate gels. Methods used included mercury penetration porosimetry, nitrogen desorption measurements, transmission electron microscopy, single and multiple small angle neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements, x-ray tomography and dielectric constant measurements. Comparison of results of pore volume, pore size and size distribution as well as homogeneity of the pore structure are presented.
Effects of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy on tongue strength and swallowing in patients with oral cancer

Background. Oral tongue strength and swallowing ability are reduced in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Methods. Patients with oral or oropharyngeal cancer treated with high-dose chemoradiotherapy underwent tongue strength, swallowing, and dietary assessments at pretreatment and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment. Tongue strength was assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument
Political Cynicism and Political Futility

ONE OF THE MAJOR THEMES in political science research has been the relationship between politician and citizen including the politician's perception of his clientele,' the citizen's imagery of public leaders,2 and the degree to which the citizen feels that his public efforts are fruitful and will be responded to by elected officials.3 The larger concerns of these empirical investigations have focused upon the dangers of political deterioration through the unleashing of mass, intense political reactions by apolitical men, or the withdrawal of interest and involvement by citizens who view the political process as a vast conspiracy run by and for politicians, a process in which the non-politician has no vote.4 And most of this
An Examination of Undergraduate Student Citation Behavior

Using data collected from 583 bibliographies from student research papers, this study analyzes the effect that the class year of the student, the academic discipline of the course, and the level of the course have on the type and the mean number of sources cited by undergraduates. All three variables had some significant effects on student citation behavior. Additional analysis was done to pinpoint which variable was likely to be the primary cause of the observed effects.
Patient predictors of caregiver burden, optimism, and pessimism in rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract The authors of the present study investigated the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients' demographic, medical, and functional status and caregivers' burden, optimism, and pessimism. Subjects were 65 RA patients and their caregivers who were recruited from an outpatient rheumatology clinic. Each caregiver completed the Burden Interview to measure caregiver burden and the Life Orientation Test to measure optimism and pessimism. Each RA patient completed the Arthritis. Impact Measurement Scale to measure pain and physical disability as well as a number of cognitive measures to assess two summary psychological cognitive factors labeled self-efficacy expectations and distorted cognitions. These cognitive factors were based on the following commonly used measures in RA research: the Cognitive Errors Questionnaire, the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, and the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory. Correlational analyses indicated that patients' funct...
Light Dependence of [3H]Leucine Incorporation in the Oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean

The influence of irradiance on bacterial incorporation of [(3)H]leucine was evaluated at Station ALOHA in the oligotrophic North Pacific subtropical gyre. Six experiments were conducted on three cruises to Station ALOHA to examine how [(3)H]leucine incorporation varied as a function of irradiance. Two experiments were also conducted to assess the photoautotrophic response to irradiance (based on photosynthetic uptake of [(14)C]bicarbonate) in both the upper and lower photic zones. Rates of [(3)H]leucine incorporation responded to irradiance in a photosynthesis-like manner, increasing sharply at low light and then saturating and sometimes declining with increasing light intensity. The influence of irradiance on bacterial growth was evaluated in both the well-lit (5 to 25 m) and dimly lit regions of the upper ocean (75 to 100 m) to determine whether the bacterial response to irradiance differed along the depth-dependent light gradient of the photic zone. [(3)H]leucine incorporation rates were analyzed with a photosynthesis-irradiance model for a quantitative description of the relationships between [(3)H]leucine incorporation and irradiance. Maximum rates of [(3)H]leucine incorporation in the upper photic zone increased 48 to 92% relative to those of dark-incubated samples, with [(3)H]leucine incorporation saturating at light intensities between 58 and 363 micromol of quanta m(-2) s(-1). Rates of [(3)H]leucine incorporation in the deep photic zone were photostimulated 53 to 114% and were susceptible to photoinhibition, with rates declining at light intensities of >100 micromol of quanta m(-2) s(-1). The results of these experiments revealed that sunlight directly influences bacterial growth in this open-ocean ecosystem.
Invited talk: Nanophotonic interconnection networks for performance-energy optimized computing

As the computational performance of microprocessors continues to grow, through the integration of an increasing number of processing cores, the interconnection network has become the central subsystem for providing the communications infrastructure among the on-chip cores, as well as to off-chip memory. This accelerated growth of multicore computational power is straining the capabilities of the interconnection network to deliver sufficient bandwidth to appropriately feed the processors, while severely widening the gap of the available off-chip memory access bandwidth. For many high-performance computing applications, the bandwidth available for both on- and off-chip communications can play a vital role in efficient execution, due to the use of data-parallel or data-centric algorithms. Electronic interconnected systems are increasingly bound by their communications infrastructure and the associated power dissipation of high-bandwidth data movement. Recent advances in chip-scale silicon photonic technologies have created the potential for developing optical interconnection networks that can offer highly energy efficient communications and significantly improve computing performance-per-Watt. This talk will examine the design and performance of photonic networks-on-chip architectures that support both on-chip communication and off-chip memory access in an energy efficient manner. Current challenges of inserting nanophotonic interconnect technologies into future computing systems will be discussed.
Single-walled carbon nanotube facilitated photoacoustic stimulation of marrow stromal cells towards osteoblasts

The ability to control marrow stromal cell (MSC) differentiation towards osteoblasts could potentially play a key role in bone regeneration. Here we examine the efficacy of the photoacoustic (PA) effect enhanced by the presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the differentiation of MSCs. We report that MSCS in the presence or absence of SWNTs exposed to brief PA stimulation (10 mins daily) using a nanosecond pulse-laser over a period 16 consecutive days have increased osteodifferentiation.
Optimal intervention intensity for emergent literacy: what we know and need to learn.

AbstractIn response to unpacking critical components of optimal intervention intensity, this article explores what is currently known regarding intervention intensity for emergent literacy for children at risk for delays in this area of development. Studies specifically addressing intervention intensity related to phonological awareness and print knowledge suggest that more intensity does not always yield better results, and other factors suggested by Baker may influence the impact of intensity on children's outcomes. However, none of the research to date includes speech-language pathologists or children with diagnosed language disorders in the intervention models. Future research involving large-scale, systematic focus on intervention intensity in emergent literacy for children at risk for future reading disorders is needed to fully understand this construct within speech-language pathology services.
Noninvasive evaluation of hand circulation before radial artery harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Objective: Radial artery harvesting for coronary artery bypass may lead to digit ischemia if collateral hand circulation is inadequate. The modified Allen's test is the most common preoperative screening test used. Unfortunately, this test has high false-positive and false-negative rates. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of a modified Allen's test with digit pressure change during radial artery compression for assessing collateral circulation before radial artery harvest. Methods: One hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients were studied before coronary artery bypass operations. A modified Allen's test was performed with Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow in the superficial palmar arch before and during radial artery compression. A decreased audible Doppler signal after radial artery compression was considered a positive modified Allen's test. First and second digit pressures were measured before and during radial artery compression. A decrease in digit pressure of 40 mm Hg or more (digit ΔP) with radial artery compression was considered positive. Results: Seven of 14 dominant extremities (50%) and 8 of the 16 nondominant extremities (50%) with a positive modified Allen's test had a digit ΔP of less than 40 mm Hg (false positive). Sixteen of 115 dominant extremities (14%) and 5 of 112 nondominant extremities (4%) with a negative Allen's test had a digit ΔP of 40 mm Hg or more with radial artery compression (false negative). Conclusion: Use of the modified Allen's test for screening before radial artery harvest may unnecessarily exclude some patients from use of this conduit and may also place a number of patients at risk for digit ischemia from such harvest. Direct digit pressure measurement is a simple, objective method that may more precisely select patients for radial artery harvest. Additional studies are needed to define objective digital pressure criteria that will accurately predict patients at risk for hand ischemia after radial harvest. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:261-6)
Nonlinear filtering and multiscale texture discrimination for mammograms

A general method for computer aided diagnosis (CAD) of mammograms using a multiscale decomposition is proposed and implemented using several different techniques. The first is the now classic wavelet decomposition in which the smoothed versions of the image at coarser resolutions are given by appropriate orthogonal projections. Then two distinct nonlinear filters are used to provide a decomposition into simplified resumes and corresponding details at several different `scales.' One filter uses a nonlinear partial differential equation to provide smoothing and the other uses a robust weighted majority-minimum range (WMMR) algorithm. Results indicate that these methods will prove valuable in the design of a software package to assist the radiologist.
Implementing Intensive Intervention How Do We Get There From Here

Despite years of school reform intended to help students reach high academic standards, students with disabilities continue to struggle, suggesting a need for more intensive intervention as a part of special education and multi-tiered systems of support. At the same time, greater inclusion of students with disabilities in large-scale assessment, expanding knowledge of evidence-based practices, and improving assessment technology in recent decades provide important points of progress. This article summarizes this progress, notes potential areas for expansion, and suggests future implementation and policy research questions as they relate to observed challenges with provision of intensive intervention for students with disabilities.
Individual and Occupational Determinants of Life Satisfaction and Alienation

Using National Opinion Research Center data from 1973 and 1974 samples representative of the full-time employed United States population, this study investigates the relative importance and patterns of interaction among individual, job, and community predictors of life satisfaction and alienation attitudes. Automatic Interaction Detector (AID) analyses indicate the importance of job satisfaction and marital status to life satisfaction and the prominence of education and need for accomplishment in explaining alienation. An eclectic view of life satisfaction is suggested, and the desirability of adding need for accomplishment as a moderating variable to the traditional socialization/stratification model of alienation is discussed.
Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasy

Restenosis after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) occurs 4 to 6 months after the procedure in 25 to 30% of the patients. Although PTCA has become far more effective with improved primary angiographic success rates and decreased complication rates, restenosis rates have not changed since the initial experience. Recurrent arterial stenoses appear to be due to fibrocellular proliferation at the site of the initial PTCA. This proliferative response is probably due to platelet adhesion and subsequent activation of the usual tissue injury responses. Fortunately, restenosis seems to be confined to the period soon after the initial PTCA since the long-term, 3- to 8-year studies demonstrate that restenosis occurs infrequently after that. There are certain predisposing characteristics of patients for restenosis: men with a short duration of symptoms with disease of the proximal left anterior descending arteries who are diabetic and continue to smoke cigarettes after PTCA. Inadequate dilatation of the arteries by PTCA and procedures that result in smooth dilatations without any evidence of dissection are associated with increased risk of restenosis. However, most of these patient and procedural characteristics are not controllable. Studies in which procedural and postprocedural variables have been manipulated have been disappointing. Currently, no alterations in techniques or pharmacologic management have proved effective in decreasing the incidence of restenosis.
Stabilization of a Specified Equilibrium in the Inverted Equilibrium Manifold of the 3D Pendulum

This paper treats the asymptotic stabilization of a specified equilibrium in the inverted equilibrium manifold of the 3D pendulum. This attitude stabilization problem is solved by use of Lyapunov methods applied to closed loop dynamics that evolve on the tangent bundle TSO(3). A smooth controller is proposed that achieves almost global asymptotic stabilization of the specified equilibrium; the controller provides freedom to influence the local dynamics of the closed loop near the specified equilibrium as well as some freedom to shape the manifold of solutions that do not converge to the specified equilibrium.
New mass-transfer correlations for packed towers

Rate-based calculations for trayed and packed columns offer process engineers a more rigorous and reliable basis for assessing column performance than the traditional equilibrium-stage approach, especially for multicomponent separations. Although the mathematics, thermodynamics, and transport-related physics upon which nonequilibrium separations theory is founded are generally true, it is also true that rate-based simulations today suffer from a serious weakness—they are ultimately tied to underlying equipment performance correlations with questionable predictive capability. In the case of packed columns operated countercurrently, correlations are required for the mass-transfer coefficients, kx and ky, for the specific area participating in mass transfer, am, for the two-phase pressure drop, (Δp/Z)2ϕ, and for the flood capacity of the column. In particular, it is generally well known that packing mass-transfer correlations available in the public domain are unreliable when they are applied to chemical systems and column operating conditions outside of those used to develop the correlations in the first place. For that reason, we undertake the development of dependable, dimensionally consistent, correlating expressions for the mass-transfer-related quantities kx, ky, and am for metal Pall rings, metal IMTP, sheet metal structured packings of the MELLAPAK type, and metal gauze structured packings in the X configuration, using a new data fitting procedure. We demonstrate the superior performance of these correlations for a wide range of chemical systems and column operating conditions, including distillations as well as acid gas capture with amines. Further, we show that these new correlations lead to predictions for the relative interfacial area participating in mass transfer that can be greatly in excess of the geometrical surface area of the packing itself. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Dog Red Blood Cells Adjustment of density in vivo

Red blood cells from mature dogs contain less Na and more K than would be the case if they were in Donnan equilibrium with plasma. They have no ouabain-sensitive Na pump, and their membranes are deficient in Na, K-ATPase. Experiments are reported in which dog red cells were first loaded with supranormal quantities of Na and water and then reinjected into the dog. Over the course of 26–40 h the Na- and water-loaded cells returned to a normal state of hydration as judged by their density. It is concluded that dog red cells possess some means of correcting their swollen status in vivo, despite their lack of a ouabain-sensitive cation transport apparatus.
Stat1 and SUMO modification

Many proteins are known to undergo small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification by an E1-, E2-, and E3-dependent ligation process. Recognition that protein inhibitor of activated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) (PIAS) proteins are SUMO E3 ligases raised the possibility that STATs may also be regulated by SUMO modification. Consistent with this possibility, a SUMO-ylation consensus site (ΨKxE; Ψ indicates hydrophobic residue, and x indicates any residue) was identified in Stat1 (ie, 702IKTE705), but not in other STATs. Biochemical analysis confirmed that Stat1 K703 could be SUMO modified in vitro. Mutation of this critical lysine (ie, Stat1K703R) yielded a protein that, when expressed in Stat1–/– mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), exhibited enhanced DNA binding and nuclear retention. This was associated with modest changes in transcriptional and antiviral activity. However, mutation of the second critical residue in the SUMO consensus site, E705 (ie, Stat1E705A), yielded a protein with wild-type DNA binding, nuclear retention, and transcriptional and antiviral activity. Similar observations were made when these mutants were expressed in primary Stat1–/– macrophages. These observations suggest that although Stat1 can uniquely be SUMO-ylated in vitro, this modification is unlikely to play an important role in regulating Stat1 activity in vivo.
Thermal stability of emitter ballasted HBT's

A simple analytical model is derived for thermoelectronic stability in heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's). An expression is presented for the value of emitter ballast resistor needed to stabilize the transistor. The result leads to a stability diagram on the current-voltage (I-V) plane which aids in the selection of emitter ballast resistors.
Physical fitness and academic performance: a pilot investigation in USU medical students

ABSTRACT This study examined the correlations between physical fitness parameters and standard measures of academic performance in a cohort of students at the Uniformed Services University. Significant positive correlations were noted between the average aerobic fitness score and preclerkship grade point average (GPA; r = 0.37, p < 0.05) and cumulative GPA (r = 0.38, p < 0.05). Positive correlations were also noted between the average overall fitness score and preclerkship GPA (r = 0.34, p < 0.05), medical school cumulative GPA (r = 0.34, p < 0.05), and the score on Step 1 of the national board examination (r = −0.33, p < 0.05). Physical fitness may serve as one indicator to predict which students will succeed in medical school and to identify those who are at risk for poor performance and might benefit from a wellness intervention.
Merger Efficiencies at the Federal Trade Commission 1997-2007

The Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice significantly expanded the efficiencies section of the Horizontal Merger Guidelines in April 1997. The revisions broadened the scope of the analysis and clarified the framework for determining when claimed efficiencies should be recognized in merger analysis. This study reviews how FTC staff have treated efficiencies claims in the following ten years, considering 186 mergers in which the Commission staff completed a second request investigation, between April 1997 and March 2007. We designed this study to determine what types of efficiencies claims parties raised and how staff treated each type of efficiency claim. We analyzed the Bureau of Competition ("BC") and Bureau of Economics ("BE") evaluations of the parties' efficiencies claims, and compared those evaluations to each other. These analyses allowed us to make several general observations concerning the staff evaluations of the efficiency claims. 1) BC and BE staff analyses, considered together, did a thorough job of acknowledging and considering the parties' efficiency arguments. 2) In general, little appears to have changed with the types of the parties' efficiency claims or the staff's treatment of them during the ten-year period studied. 3) Both BC and BE staff did not make conclusive recommendations concerning a majority of efficiency claims they considered. 4) In general, BE staff were more likely to accept efficiency arguments than BC staff; BC staff were more likely to reject efficiency claims than BE staff. 5) Staff were as likely to accept fixed-cost savings as they were to accept claims of variable-cost savings. Both staffs seem more likely to accept dynamic efficiencies and more likely to reject generic efficiency claims than other types of efficiencies. 6) Staff were more likely to agree on basic verification and merger-specificity issues than concerns associated with validity, fixed costs, and pass-through.
Monkeys in a West African Bushmeat Market: Implications for Cercopithecid Conservation in Eastern Liberia:

According to the IUCN [1], four of the nine anthropoid species found in Liberia are classified as either Vulnerable or Endangered and this number is likely to rise in coming years due to an increas...
Ambiguity in QP Theory

We have seen that QP theory seems promising as a tool for real-time process control but is too weak in its current form. This weakness is manifested as overly qualitative answers to many of the questions that occur in reasoning about control of a physical system. In this chapter we identify the types of ambiguity that arise in basic QP theory and propose an approach to reducing this ambiguity. We do not claim that the ambiguity is a result of a failure of basic QP theory. It is precisely because its qualitative abstractions can encompass many possible more detailed descriptions that they are useful. However, the qualitative outline of a situation is often insufficient and, once obtained, must be supplemented with estimates of reduced ambiguity. Identifying such extensions, which preserve the essential character and advantages of QP theory, is the goal of this work.
Transitioning Into Wellness: Conceptualizing the Experiences of Transgender Individuals Using a Wellness Model

The counseling profession calls for a strength-based conceptualization of the personal, developmental, emotional, relational, and mental health issues facing transgender clients. In this article, the authors suggest utilizing the evidence-based indivisible self wellness (IS-Wel) model to conceptualize the experiences of transgender individuals. The authors describe experiences of transgender persons, for the purpose of educating counselors on the challenges of gender and sexual orientation, societal normative issues, and transgender culture. Lastly, the authors illustrate the use of the IS-Wel model for conceptualization of the transgender experience within the normative heterosexist social and cultural climate.
La economía y sus disciplinas conexas

El presente articulo aborda la expansion de los limites de la economia, la cual se refleja en la cada vez mayor participacion de los economistas en otras ciencias sociales. El autor niega tajantemente que esta migracion de los economistas a otras disciplinas se deba a la resolucion de todos los problemas del sistema economico. El autor asevera ademas que en la medida en que la expansion de la Economia solo se deba solo al uso de tecnicas o metodos propios de esta ciencia, esta tendencia podria ir en retroceso. El autor concluye en que los economistas deben seguir expandiendo su rango de estudio, no con el fin de contribuir con otras ciencias sociales, sino buscando comprender mejor el sistema economico. Esto tendra como consecuencia la continua expansion de la Economia hacia otras ciencias sociales. This article discusses the expansion of the boundaries of Economics, which is reflected in the growing participation of economists in other social sciences. The author emphatically denies that this migration of economists to other disciplines is due to the resolution of all the problems of the economic system. The author also states that to the extent that the expansion of economics is only due to the use of its techniques or methods, this trend could even go in reverse. The author concludes that economists should continue to expand its range of study, not in order to contribute to other social sciences, but seeking a better understanding of the economic system. This will result in the continued expansion of Economics towards other social sciences.
Teacher perceptions of pedagogical change in 1:1 laptop classrooms

This research study sought to answer two research questions: 1) How do K-12 teachers perceive that their pedagogical approaches change or remain the same after being involved in a 1:1 program? and 2) What factors do K-12 teachers identify that impact or prevent pedagogical change? The researcher adapted sections of Becker and Anderson (1999)’s Teaching Learning, and Computing Teacher Survey. The instrument was distributed online by email and included 166 responses from teachers who had worked in a school with a 1:1 program for at least one year. Sixty-five percent (65%) of the participants believed that their pedagogical practices had changed as a result of being involved with a 1:1 program. The teachers provided classroom examples of how their classrooms had become more studentcentered, their role became that of a facilitator, and they began to employ more project-based learning in their classrooms. Teachers reported that the biggest challenges they faced included the distraction of students by technology, a lack of training for teachers and students, and observed weaknesses in the technology infrastructure of schools. The teachers felt that the training of teachers and students, support for all parties, and careful planning of the technology infrastructure are important factors for helping teachers and students succeed in such programs.