cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of subfilter-scale fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer with application to large-eddy simulation modelling

In the atmospheric surface layer, the wavelength of the peak in the vertical velocity spectrum $\Lambda_w$ decreases with increasing stable stratification and proximity to the surface and this dependence constrains our ability to perform high-Reynolds-number large-eddy simulation (LES). Near the ground, the LES filter cutoff $\Delta_f$ is comparable to or larger than $\Lambda_w$ and as a result the subfilter-scale (SFS) fluxes in LES are always significant and their contribution to the total flux grows with increasing stability. We use the three-dimensional turbulence data collected during the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program to construct SFS fluxes and variances that are modelled in LES codes. Detailed analysis of the measured SFS motions shows that the ratio $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ contains the essential information about stratification, vertical distance above the surface, and filter size, and this ratio allows us to connect measurements of SFS variables with LES applications. We find that the SFS fluxes and variances collapse reasonably well for atmospheric conditions and filter widths in the range $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f = [0.2,15]$ . The SFS variances are anisotropic and the SFS energy is non-inertial, exhibiting a strong dependence on the stratification, large-scale shear, and proximity to the surface. SFS flux decomposition into modified-Leonard, cross-, and Reynolds terms illustrates that these terms are of comparable magnitude and scale content at large $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ . As $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f \rightarrow 0$ , the SFS flux approaches the-ensemble-average flux and is dominated by the Reynolds term. Backscatter of energy from the SFS motions to the resolved fields is small in the bulk of the surface layer, less than 20% for $\Lambda_w/\Delta_{f} . A priori testing of typical SFS models using the HATS dataset shows that the turbulent kinetic energy and Smagorinsky model coefficients $C_k$ and $C_s$ depend on $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ and are smaller than theoretical estimates based on the assumption of a sharp spectral cutoff filter in the inertial range. $C_k$ and $C_s$ approach zero for small $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ . Much higher correlations between measured and modelled SFS fluxes are obtained with a mixed SFS model that explicitly includes the modified-Leonard term. The eddy-viscosity model coefficients still retain a significant dependence on $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ with the mixed model. A dissipation model of the form $\epsilon = C_\epsilon E_s^{3/2}/\Delta_f$ is not universal across the range of $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ typical of atmospheric LES applications. The inclusion of a shear-stability-dependent length scale (Canuto & Cheng 1997) captures a large fraction of the variation in the eddy-viscosity and dissipation model coefficients.
Diet Therapy for Minority Patients With Diabetes

The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Indian Health Service Diet therapy for minority diabetic patients must be directed to NIDDM, the most prominent form of diabetes in minority populations. Diet programs must be tailored to the cultural framework, and traditional foods with desirable characteristics can be encouraged. To teach patients about diet, educators must use educational techniques appropriate to culture and literacy of the patient and family. Single-concept messages such as “eat less fat” or “eat less food” promote learning and minimize failure. Nutrition information can be divided into sequenced manageable steps that can then be individualized to the patient9s setting. No single set of exchange lists will suffice for all minority groups, nor are exchange lists themselves appropriate for all situations. To meet the needs of minority patients, nutrition educators must use a variety of tools and techniques relating to the foods of a particular ethnic group. Sound education strategies and simplified materials for NIDDM patients should also be employed.
Recent Developments in Paraneoplastic Disorders of the Nervous System

Paraneoplastic disorders of the nervous system (PNDs) are rare and unique disorders, where a specific pattern of neural damage occurs as a side effect of the interaction between the neoplasm and the host immune response. Clinical recognition of PNDs may be challenging but can lead to early detection of an occult neoplasm. Their study may lead to a better understanding of nervous system autoimmunity and even to devising novel immunotherapies against certain tumor types. Familiarity with the clinical syndromes, neuroradiological findings, autoantibodies, and tissue responses associated with PND may help arrive at a correct diagnosis in most cases.
Mechanical Ottoman: Up Close and Personal

This demonstration presents a robotic footstool--the mechanical ottoman--which approaches seated people and offers to support their feet, or alternatively can serve as seat or side table, then bids to take leave once engaged in the interaction.
Beauty in Bastardy: Breytenbach on Afrikaans and the Afrikaners

The writings of Breyten Breytenbach nuance, extend, and complicate the ongoing debate over Afrikaner cultural identity. Breytenbach's choice of the supra-ethnic, supra-'national' term 'Afriqua'--in place of 'Afrikaner,' for example--better reflects the truly 'mongrel' nature of Afrikaans and the Afrikaners, their process of 'becoming,' their self-positioning towards history and the future in the Rainbow Nation that is the new South Africa.
Chemically directed assembly of monolayer protected gold nanoparticles on lithographically generated patterns

Diamine molecules were used to chemically direct the assembly of carboxylic acid terminated monolayer protected gold nanoparticles onto Au surfaces patterned with mercapto-hexadecanoic-acid by microcontact printing or dip pen nanolithography.
Adaptive time division duplexing network with network coding embedded two-way relay

Using relays to receive and forward packets between a network base station and network users is a promising solution to address the cellular coverage issue. In this study, we consider time division duplexing (TDD) networks and explore the use of network coding for implementing the relays. Several transmission scenarios are investigated, including direction transmissions, one-way relay and two-way relay. In addition, we propose an adaptive TDD network, which enables the network to adaptively configure frame structures based on channel conditions to support direct transmissions, cooperative relay and two-hop relay (one-way and two-way). An opportunistic decoding scheme and a relay operation scheme are introduced to realise the proposed adaptive TDD network in a distributed manner. Both throughput and outage probability are derived. Performance evaluations show that the proposed adaptive TDD network based on network coding achieves the maximum throughput, as compared with one-way relay (without network coding), and extends the cell coverage range (compared with direct transmissions).
Formation of B-1 B Cells from Neonatal B-1 Transitional Cells Exhibits NF-κB Redundancy

The stages of development leading up to the formation of mature B-1 cells have not been identified. As a result, there is no basis for understanding why various genetic defects, and those in the classical or alternative NF-κB pathways in particular, differentially affect the B-1 and B-2 B cell lineages. In this article, we demonstrate that B-1 B cells are generated from transitional cell intermediates that emerge in a distinct neonatal wave of development that is sustained for ~2 wk after birth and then declines as B-2 transitional cells predominate. We further show that, in contrast to the dependence of B-2 transitional cells on the alternative pathway, the survival of neonatal B-1 transitional cells and their maturation into B-1 B cells occurs as long as either alternative or classical NF-κB signaling is intact. On the basis of these results, we have generated a model of B-1 development that allows the defects in B-1 and B-2 cell production observed in various NF-κB-deficient strains of mice to be placed into a coherent cellular context.
High Tc YBa2Cu3O7-x Thin Films on GaAs-Based Substrate Using MgO Buffer Layers with Sb Passivation Technique 1

High quality YBCO films have been grown on GaAs-based substrates via depositing MgO epitaxial buffer layers prior to YBCO growth. The critical temperature of the best YBCO film, Tc(0) was 87K and Jc>6.7x104 A/cm2 at 77K. The MgO buffer layers are usually {xc[100]} oriented along the normal of GaAs (100) substrates with full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) of rocking curve varying from 1-3 degree. We found that the uniformity and quality of MgO buffer layers are very sensitive to the pre-deposition preparation of GaAs-based substrates. Nonuniform MgO buffer layers are often obtained on those substrates prepared by wet chemical processing. Reproducible, controlled formation of the MgO buffer layer was achieved using an antimony passivation scheme, after molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of the desired structure of the substrate.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modulation of learning in 4- and 27-month-old rabbits.

Using drugs acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), we examined temporal-parietal and frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum to identify sites of cognition enhancement in 4- and 27-month rabbits. First, we compared radioligand receptor binding for neuronal ab heteromeric nAChRs ([ 3 H]epibatidine) and a7 homomeric nAChRs ([ 3 H]methyllycaconitine) in rabbits and rats. In cerebellum, nAChR levels of both species are low, about at the detection limit of the radioligand binding assays. Next, we compared nAChRs in 4- and 27-month vehicle-treated rabbits trained in delay eyeblink conditioning. Older rabbits conditioned more poorly and had lower ab heteromeric nAChR binding in hippocampus than young rabbits. For cognition enhancement, galantamine (mild cholinesterase inhibitor and allosteric modulator of nAChRs) or MEM-3389 (a7nAChR agonist formerly identified as AR-R 17779) was injected before conditioning. Drugs improved learning in both age groups. In 27-month rabbits, drugs increased expression of frontal and temporal-parietal ab heteromeric nAChRs and hippocampal ab and a7nAChRs. In 4-month rabbits, drugs increased expression of a7 homomeric nAChRs in frontal and temporal-parietal cortex and hippocampus, but increased expression of ab heteromeric nAChRs only occurred in temporal-parietal cortex. Increased expression of ab nAChRs was more extensive in older drug-treated rabbits, whereas increased expression of a7nAChRs was more prevalent in younger drug-treated rabbits, suggesting different substrates for amelioration (27-month rabbits) vs facilitation (4-month rabbits) of learning. Results provide evidence for cortical as well as hippocampal nAChR modulation of delay eyeblink conditioning and demonstrate that more sensitive binding assays are required to assess nAChR effects in cerebellum.
Lactic Acidosis in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Lactic acidosis occurs when lactate production exceeds its metabolism. There are many possible causes of lactic acidosis, and in any given patient, several causes may coexist. This Attending Rounds presents a case in point. Metformin’s role in the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes mellitus is complex, as the present case illustrates. The treatment of lactic acidosis is controversial, except for the imperative to remedy its underlying cause. The use of sodium bicarbonate to treat the often alarming metabolic derangements may be quite efficacious in that regard but is of questionable benefit to patients. Renal replacement therapies (RRTs) have particular appeal in this setting for a variety of reasons, but their effect on clinical outcomes is untested.
Children investing in their families: the importance of child obligation in successful development.

Development is organized by engaged participation by children in the activ-ities they find in daily life. The psychological experiences of children andyouth are mutually made up by the sociocultural worlds they encounter andlive within, as well as by processes of the human mind. To understand chil-dren’s roles in a system of family obligation and assistance, then, we need toknow what children do in those activities in order to know what they thinkand feel, just as much as we need to know about obligation from the otherway around—the more common way in psychology—which is to studywhat children feel and think in order to understand what they do. Kessen(1993) reminded developmentalists that understanding and explaining whatchildren do should be at the core of what we want to know about childrenand families, yet for reasons of method, theory, and disciplinarity, we havesomehow lost sight of this in understanding human development.Some of the best work in child development can be found in studieslinking the context of a particular historical moment and a specific culturalcommunity to general developmental processes and individual differencesin response to that time and place (Elder and Conger, 2000; LeVine and oth-ers, 1994). The cultural content of what children do and think should be apart of our theoretical models and empirical methods, along with the morefamiliar abstracted and generalized psychological scales and assessments.Children do specific, particular, concrete cultural activities. Those activitieshave a script, norms, and cultural goals organizing them. Children do spe-cific kinds of work and fulfill obligations that are embedded in particular
BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS DETERMINANT OF WALKING BEHAVIOR: ANALYZING NONWORK PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL IN PORTLAND, OREGON

Much has been written about the connection between land use/urban form and transportation from the perspective of affecting automobile trip generation. This addresses only half the issue. The theoretical advances in land use-transportation relationships embodied in paradigms such as the jobs-housing balance, neotraditional design standards, and transitoriented development rely very heavily on the generation of pedestrian traffic to realize their proposed benefits. The present analysis uses models and data sets similar to those used in previous work for the Portland, Oregon, area but applies them toward analysis of nonwork walking travel. The results suggest that regardless of the effects that land use has on individual nonwork walking trip generation, the impacts take place at the neighborhood level.
The Re-emergence of Gestalt Psychology and Implications For Reading Readiness:

Associational models of learning explain how persons establish cognitive relations between arbitrarily paired stimuli and responses. In contrast, Gestalt Theory emphasizes that the most commonly occurring paradigm of learning is one in which cognitive selection predominates. There is recent evidence that selection is influenced primarily by already established organizational schemata. The majority of reading readiness approaches attempt to raise children's sensitivity to decoding procedures that are reconcilable with associational models. A Gestalt alternative to traditional readiness exercises must meet 2 criteria: (1) The instructional unit must introduce learning strategies in the context of existing organizations, and (2) The structure and substance of the unit must be sensitive to individual organizational eccentricities by permitting a wide range of responses. An example of a Gestalt reading readiness set of activities is outlined; and the relative advantage to special education students is discussed.
Unique Aspects of Lysine Nutrition and Metabolism

Lysine nutrition is unique among indispensable amino acids in that it can be conserved and can be fed 12 h out of phase (delayed supplement) with the other dietary amino acids. In piglets, high levels (2-6%) of L-lysine added to a 10% protein diet can be tolerated without obvious detrimental effects. In both rat and piglet liver preparations, the first enzyme in the saccharopine-dependent pathway of lysine catabolism, lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR), is found only in the mitochondrial matrix. For Lys catabolism to occur, Lys must first enter the matrix of the mitochondrion. LKR, saccharopine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial lysine uptake, and lysine oxidation (LOX) all increased>3-fold in rats fed high levels of dietary protein (up to 60%). The activities of mitochondrial Lys uptake and LOX were similar when expressed as mmol/(d.100 g body weight). Thus, LOX can be a proxy for mitochondrial Lys uptake. Piglet liver LKR and LOX increase 5- to 10-fold when piglets are fed high-protein (50 or 75%) diets. In both the rat and piglet, after adapting to the high protein diet, the activity of LKR is 400-500 times that of LOX, suggesting that Lys uptake by a transporter(s) is rate limiting. Quantitative 24-h dietary infusion studies in piglets revealed that>80% of the Lys infused (4% of the diet) could not be recovered in the urine or body or accounted for by calculated Lys oxidation based on liver activity of LOX. Other pathways and tissues may account for the Lys oxidation in piglets.
PEP-II: an asymmetric B factory based on PEP

An asymmetric B factory to be installed in the PEP (Positron Electron Project) tunnel has been under study for several years. A mature design for a 9 GeV*3.1 GeV electron-positron collider with a design luminosity of 3*10/sup 33/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ is presented. Solutions exist for all the technical problems, including issues related to high currents (e.g. beam instabilities, feedback systems, vacuum chamber design, lifetime degradation, and radiation power dissipation in the interaction region) and those related to the different energies of the beams (e.g. beam separation, beam-beam interaction, and detector requirements). The status of this project is discussed. >
New records of three species of genus Gabrius Stephens (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in Korea

Three Gabrius species, Gabrius mandschuricus Bernhauer, G. praesignis Schillhammer and G. zerchei Schillhammer, are identified for the first time in Korea. A taxonomic key of Korean Gabrius species is provided.
Business Decisions In A Cooperative Environment

The trend for cooperative consolidation in the grain industry continues to be common throughout the United States. In the state of Washington, for example, the total number of agribusiness cooperatives has decreased by nearly 40% over the past 3 decades. Grain cooperatives in eastern Washington have diminished by 30% over this same period, and by 60% over the past 55 years (Monson, 2003). The bulk of this reduction in numbers may be attributed to mergers and consolidations, but a few liquidations are also evident. While many factors have contributed towards this long-standing trend, most would argue that a persistence of “economies of size” appears as a dominant force encouraging industry restructuring at almost every level. The incentive and motivation to lower long-run average total costs by increasing size, capacity and volume is present for both types of grain agribusinesses (cooperatives and private (or publicly) owned businesses) while the implicit objective function for these different business forms is slightly different. The primary objective for privately owned businesses is to maximize profit, subject to a constraint on technology which may be influenced by the private firm’s access to capital and management expertise.
Labordia lorenciana (Loganiaceae): A New Critically Endangered Species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands with Comments on its Conservation

Labordia lorenciana is described and illustrated from Kaua'i, Hawai'i, U.S.A. This new species most closely resembles the O'ahu endemic species Labordia kaalae C. N. Forbes, from which it differs in having leaf bases deeply cordate to auriculate, adaxial leaf surfaces puberulent, and fruit valves 25-37 mm long, and longitudinally striate. Known from only four individuals, Labordia lorenciana is amongst ca. 120 other rare Hawaiian taxa that are limited to less than 50 individuals and is currently being cultivated for conservation.
Fused heterocycle-based energetic salts: alliance of pyrazole and 1,2,3-triazole

Energetic salts based on the 6-nitropyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazol-3(4H)-olate anion were synthesized via a cyclization reaction of N-methyl or N,N′-ethylene substituted 4-chloro-3,5-dinitro pyrazole and hydrazine hydrate. All energetic salts were well characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analyses, and IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Energetic properties, including density, detonation velocity and detonation pressure, were evaluated for these nitrogen-rich fused heterocycles as a family of new energetic materials.
Does education signal ability in Ghana? An analysis comparing wage earners with the self-employed

When education signals underlying abilities, income returns to education may not reflect true increases in productivity. This may be a particular concern in developing countries, where education is often prescribed as a major path to escaping poverty. Unfortunately, because education signalling occurs when underlying worker characteristics are difficult to observe, it is extremely difficult to obtain estimates of education signalling. This study uses Spence's (2002) model of signalling to develop a testable hypothesis: in the presence of education signalling, wage earners will see a higher return to education than the self-employed doing similar work. Using the 2005-2006 round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, the study finds that returns to education are consistently higher for those in the wage-earning sector, which supports an education signalling hypothesis. Signalling appears to be more prevalent at higher levels of education and in large, unionised, and professional firms.
Abstract 315: Use of Echocardiography and Nuclear Scintigraphy for Patients with Heart Failure in the Veterans Administration and Medicare Systems

Background: The high use of cardiac imaging in the United States is increasingly scrutinized. We sought to determine differences in cardiac imaging between the Veterans Healthcare Administration (VA) and Medicare for veterans with heart failure (HF). Methods: We analyzed VA and Medicare data from 2002 to 2009 to identify 2,536,556 unique veterans age 65 and older with a known diagnosis of HF for at least one year (those with care in both systems are excluded). The fraction of patients with an echocardiogram (ECHO) or nuclear scintigraphy (NUC) test was determined. Logistic regression was used to adjust for patient characteristics. Results: More veterans received care in Medicare (82%) than in the VA (18%) The mean age was 79 years, 93% were male and comorbidities were common: diabetes mellitus (44%), ischemic heart disease (67%), and chronic kidney disease (25%). Imaging per year was higher in Medicare compared to the VA for ECHO (51% vs. 21%) and NUC (18% vs. 8%, both p<0.0001). Use plateaued or decrease...
Ultra-compact 3-port WDM filter arrays based on novel planar lightwave circuit assembly technique

We propose a novel configuration of ultra-compact 1310/1490/1550-nm WDM filter arrays compounded of a thin-film filter and two planar lightwave circuits. By using simple assembly techniques to optimize the arrangement, the insertion loss less than 0.7 dB is successfully achieved.
The rate-limiting step of O2 activation in the α-ketoglutarate oxygenase factor inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor.

Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) is a cellular O2-sensing enzyme, which hydroxylates the hypoxia inducible factor-1α. Previously reported inverse solvent kinetic isotope effects indicated that FIH limits its overall turnover through an O2 activation step (Hangasky, J. A., Saban, E., and Knapp, M. J. (2013) Biochemistry 52, 1594−1602). Here we characterize the rate-limiting step for O2 activation by FIH using a suite of mechanistic probes on the second order rate constant kcat/KM(O2). Steady-state kinetics showed that the rate constant for O2 activation was slow (kcat/KM(O2)app = 3500 M–1 s–1) compared with other non-heme iron oxygenases, and solvent viscosity assays further excluded diffusional encounter with O2 from being rate limiting on kcat/KM(O2). Competitive oxygen-18 kinetic isotope effect measurements (18kcat/KM(O2) = 1.0114(5)) indicated that the transition state for O2 activation resembled a cyclic peroxohemiketal, which precedes the formation of the ferryl intermediate observed in related enzymes. W...
Revascularization in Patients With Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction: Is the Assessment of Viability Still Viable?

Myocardial viability assessment is typically reserved for patients with coronary artery disease and significant left ventricular dysfunction. In this setting, there is myocardial adaptation to an altered physiological state that is potentially reversible. Imaging can characterize different parameters of cardiac function; however, despite previously published appraisals of different imaging modalities, there is still uncertainty regarding the role of these tests in clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to reflect on the physiological basis of myocardial viability, discuss the imaging tests available that characterize myocardial viability, and summarize the current published reports on the use of these tests in clinical practice.
‘Having Our Cake and Eating It’: The Dirty Dozen (1967), the World War II Combat Film and the Vietnam War

Films about America’s catastrophic interventionist war in Vietnam were deemed too divisive and controversial by the American film industry between the late 1960s and late 1970s. But as the defining event of the period, the conflict inevitably had a profound effect on genre film’s allegorical impulses, none more so than the Hollywood war film and its key mode, the Second World War combat movie. The Dirty Dozen (Aldrich, 1967) was the most famous and influential of the era, and is about a ‘suicidal’ mission behind German lines carried out by a group of US soldiers convicted of serious crimes. The film was a major hit delivering the spectacular violence and rugged heroics fans of action-adventure movies had come to expect. But it also flouts many of the ‘rules’ of the genre: it uses this basic generic framework to ‘smuggle’ in an exploration of the darker side of military life, which challenged the received view of the Second World War as the ‘good war’, just as the myth of American military and moral superiority was being exposed in the jungles of South East Asia.
The Radioprotection of the Child in Emergency Radiology

Diagnostic radiation is an effective tool that can save lives, especially in emergency settings. Anyway, over the past two decades, special issues have arisen regarding the protection of children undergoing radiological examinations. The risks associated with the use of ionizing radiation in diagnostic imaging include almost exclusively stochastic effects (e.g., cancer or genetic modifications). These effects are also called probabilistic because there is no threshold, and it is assumed that the probability of having effects is proportional to the absorbed dose, not their severity.
A CONSTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR LINEAR AND NONLINEAR STOCHASTIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a constructive method for linear and nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations. It describes a linear (stochastic) operator plus a nonlinear (stochastic) operator. There is a systematic way of obtaining expansions for larger m . For smaller m , one can use the same method or simply multiply out the power series in λ and collect terms of equal powers in λ . Both methods of course yield the same results. These can be put into symmetrized form as obtained before where indices of each term add to the index of A n and all possible sums are taken.
Abstract 4932: Development of a highly sensitive library prep method for identifying pathogenic variants from FFPE tumor samples

The application of genomics in cancer has led to an improved understanding of the disease. To date, 125 known driver genes have been discovered*. These genes and their pathways have become the focus of small-molecule drug development. While the number of available targeted therapies is limited, an estimated 800 oncology drugs are in development*, many of which target specific mutations. Single-analyte companion diagnostics exist for the approved therapies, and more might be developed as new therapeutics become available, but the need to assay each variant individually can be ineffective.. An additional, well-known challenge is the degradation and damage caused to DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. For these reasons, Illumina is developing a novel method for simultaneous detection of multiple somatic variants from FFPE specimens. This method leverages a multiplexed PCR approach with amplicons designed to a 15-gene panel that can detect somatic variants in 14 genes, and copy number changes in 3 genes. In our experiments, this multiplexed PCR assay has been demonstrated to be highly sensitive, yielding results from as little as 20 ng of DNA extracted from FFPE tissue, even if the DNA is highly damaged and degraded. Somatic variants can be detected down to 5% allele fraction, and gene amplifications can be detected for ≥ 2.2-fold change in copy number. This method, incorporating newly designed software, will be deployed as part of the Illumina Universal Oncology Test System on the MiSeqDx™ (under development), analyzing the sequencing results, and generating reports of mutations and copy number changes in cancer samples. Citation Format: Amanda G. Young, Charles Lin. Development of a highly sensitive library prep method for identifying pathogenic variants from FFPE tumor samples. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4932. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4932
Stimulus Registration and Interpretation

The current chapter deals with selected topics in visual perception. Perception is a very broad term, however, and thus it is desirable to begin with a brief statement as to the type of topics that will, and will not, be considered in the present context. Primarily because of space limitations, only research involving “higher” perceptual processes within the visual modality will be discussed. Restricting one’s coverage to visual perception is commonly justified by authors of books in cognition and perception because a disproportionate amount of the research on perceptual processes has focused on vision rather than any of the other sense modalities. This is not quite so true in research on aging as there have been numerous investigations of adult age differences in auditory processes, but it is still the case that the majority of the research of interest to cognitive psychologists has employed visually presented stimuli. Studies primarily concerned with sensory factors will be ignored because the amount of relevant material is so vast that entire books have recently appeared on this topic (e.g., Colavita, 1978; Corso, 1981), and to attempt to do justice to this topic would take us too far from the major focus on cognitive processes.
Enabling Rapid End-to-End Programming of Mobile Manipulators

Programming mobile manipulator robots requires specialized knowledge of robot perception, manipulation, and software frameworks. This puts robot programming out of reach for programmers who have not invested the time to learn these skills. The goal of our research is to make it possible for all programmers to develop applications for mobile manipulators such as clearing a table, fetching items, or playing games with people. This extended abstract describes our current work on Code3, a framework that all programmers can use to program robots. A user study we conducted showed that non-roboticist programmers were able to use our system to program a PR2 robot to clear a table and retrieve snacks. We also discuss our plans to extend this system to make it more useful and usable for real-world use cases.
Photoinduced Anion Exchange in Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) possess the unique capability of post-synthesis anion exchange providing facile tunability of the optical properties, which is usually achieved by mixing NCs with reactive anion precursors. In this work, we show that the controllable anion exchange can be achieved in a dihalomethane solution of CsPbX3 NC in the absence of any spontaneously reacting anion source using photoexcitation of CsPbX3 NCs as the triggering mechanism for the halide ion exchange. The reaction begins with the photoinduced electron transfer from CsPbX3 NCs to dihalomethane solvent molecules producing halide ions via reductive dissociation, which is followed by anion exchange. The reaction proceeds only in the presence of excitation light and the rate and extent of reaction can be controlled by varying the light intensity. Furthermore, the asymptotic extent of reaction under continuous excitation can be controlled by varying the wavelength of light that self-limits the reaction ...
The evolvement of cementless stems: Risks and rewards

Abstract Cementless fixation is the most common form of femoral fixation in North America for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). While many contemporary designs are available, the goal of all cementless femoral stems is to achieve initial mechanical stability by interference press-fit, thereby obtaining long-term stability through osseointegration. In general, cementless femoral component designs vary based upon material composition, type and extent of biologic ingrowth surface, and geometry.
Alterations in Colonic Function in Man Under Stress: III. Experimental Production of Sigmoid Spasm in Patients with Spastic Constipation

Summary In 39 patients with spastic constipation or colonic pain, the motility of the sigmoid colon was studied by proctoscopy or by inlying balloons. When subjected to cold pain, painful compression of the head, or the discussion of life situations productive of emotional conflict, these patients often exhibited markedly increased motility of the colon. This change was associated with obvious changes in speech or in behavior indicating that the patient was under stress. These results are similar to those earlier obtained with persons who had no clinical disorder of the colon.
Citizenship and Gender Equality in the Cradle of the Arab Spring

As a regional pioneer in gender standards, with its 1956 family legislation, and in democratic standards, with its flagship role in the 2011 revolution, Tunisia is an excellent example of the intertwined relationship between gender militancy and political militancy. This chapter illustrates this thesis by highlighting the role that Tunisian women and Tunisian women’s organizations played before and during the country’s political transition, as well as the stakes that they have in its outcome. In particular, it shows how the social progress and the political progress of a country are really two sides of the same coin, and that by advancing the cause of gender equality, Tunisian women have advanced the cause of democracy simultaneously, to the greater benefit of their country and the region as a whole. This has resulted in a modern progressive constitution of which Tunisians are rightfully proud.
Reproduction of Reoviridae

The discovery by Gomatos and Tamm (1963a) that reovirus RNA is double-stranded caused great interest since, although double-stranded RNA was at that time under active investigation as the replicative form of viral genomes consisting of single-stranded RNA, it provided the first source of stable double-stranded RNA. Equally significant was the subsequent demonstration that the reovirus genome consists of a unique set of several distinct molecules; this upset the previously held notion that the genomes of all viruses consist of a single nucleic acid molecule.
Effect of Nutritional Interventions on Micronutrient Status in Pregnant Malawian Women with Moderate Malnutrition: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy are common in Africa and can cause adverse outcomes. The objective was to measure micronutrient status and change in moderately malnourished pregnant Malawian women randomized to one of three nutritional interventions. Serum vitamin B12, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, folate, retinol, ferritin, zinc, albumin and C-reactive protein were measured in pregnant women with MUAC ≥20.6 cm and ≤23.0 cm at enrollment (n = 343) and after 10 weeks (n = 229) of receiving: (1) ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF); (2) fortified corn-soy blend (CSB+) with multiple-micronutrient supplement (CSB+UNIMMAP); or (3) CSB+ with iron and folic acid (CSB+IFA). Each provided 100–300% Recommended Dietary Allowance of most micronutrients and 900 kcal/day. Birth length was measured in 272 infants. Enrollment measurements indicated deficiencies in vitamin B12 (20.9%) and zinc (22.3%), low values of ferritin (25.1%) and albumin (33.7%), and elevated CRP (46.0%). Vitamin B12 is known to decrease in the third trimester; the RUSF group had the smallest decrease from enrollment to week 10 (3%), compared to 20% decrease in the CSB+IFA group and 8% decrease in the CSB+UNIMMAP group (p = 0.001). Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased most in the RUSF group (+6.4 ng/mL), compared to CSB+IFA (+1.7 ng/mL) and CSB+UNIMMAP (+2.7 ng/mL) (p < 0.001). Micronutrient deficiencies and inflammation are common among moderately malnourished pregnant women and had little improvement despite supplementation above the RDA, with the exception of vitamins B12 and D.
Novel and Efficient Translational Clinical Trial Designs in Advanced Prostate Cancer

We propose a new paradigm for the clinical evaluation of new cancer therapies. It entails adjusting the search for the optimal dose on the basis of measurable patient characteristics that may be predictive of adverse responses to treatment, and extending this search beyond phase I and into phases II and III. We provide examples of how the fine-tuning of dose may involve use of patient-specific attributes to obtain a personalized treatment regimen; and how novel methods for phase I design can be used to update the working dose for the conduct of phase II and III cancer clinical trials.
Language Issues in the Design of Accessible Items

Issues concerning assessments of English language learner (ELL) students are among the top national priorities as the number of these students is rapidly increasing in the nation. According to a recent report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, about 5 million ELL students are currently enrolled in schools, representing approximately 10% of all U.S. public school students (GAO, 2006). Nationally, ELL enrollment has grown 57% since 1995, whereas the growth rate for all students has been at less than 4% (Flannery, 2009). This rapid growth demands that we consistently and accurately determine which students require English language services (Abedi & Gandara, 2006).
The roles of carbonic anhydrase in gustation, olfaction and chemical irritation.

The role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in sensory function is well demonstrated for central and arterial chemoreceptors (Neubauer, 1991; Lahiri, 1991) and is beginning to be understood in the other chemical senses of gustation, olfaction and chemical irritation (somatosensation). In these senses, CA appears to play a dual role. It has been suggested that as in non-sensory tissue, CA is present to produce substrate for ion homeostatic processes or for the removal of metabolic products, at tissue level or in individual cells (Wong et al., 1983). As in other neural tissue where there is tonic activity, these sensory systems exhibit a certain amount of background activity, requiring more adequate ion transport capacity to deal with electrolytes and metabolites. In taste and olfaction as in vision, constancy of the receptor environment may be crucial to the correct transduction and encoding of stimulus quality and quantity. It has also been clear for some time, that CA plays a central role in the transduction of somatic CO2 levels. This chapter will review what is known about the tissue and cellular localization of CA in these three sensory systems, describe the specific side-effects that result from CA inhibition, review the role of CA in CO2 detection, and summarize the electrophysiological evidence that CA is important to normal sensory function as well as acting as a primary transduction element. The discussion will focus mainly on the nasal, oral, and pharyngeal sensory systems, with occasional reference to the cutaneous sensory system for studies that have been done with spinal rather than trigeminal ganglion neurons.
Contemporary Challenges to Theism: Humanism, Naturalism, and Atheism

There are many questions that must be raised, problems that must be resolved, and consequences that must be traced as results of the claims that William James makes in his “The Will to Believe.” I have discussed some of those questions and problems in Chapter IV; therefore, I will simply draw out here some of the presuppositions and consequences of James’s introduction of psychology into religion. The dispute between James and William Clifford serves to illustrate the fundamental epistemological difference, as it is usually drawn, that underlies the difference between theism and naturalism. Clifford and naturalists generally think that we are limited in terms of what can justify any belief in terms of adequate evidence based upon our sense experience of natural phenomena. Such evidence, naturalists claim, limits our beliefs to the natural world and the natural phenomena in that world. The restriction that naturalists place upon what is considered to be adequate evidence for beliefs leads to a naturalism that will not allow justification of beliefs that extend beyond the natural world. The evidence must be empirical evidence of natural phenomena, and the scope of our theories is determined by the limits of sense experience. Although he regarded himself as a strict empiricist, James clearly held that beliefs based upon and limited simply to natural phenomena do not exhaust all there is to the world or all that we are justified in claiming to know about the world. According to James, “tough-minded” naturalism only goes so far, and then we must admit that there is more to the world than simply that for which our sense experience provides evidence. Alternatively, one can understand James as broadening the field of naturalistic data by the introduction of psychological data, and one should keep in mind that James’s understanding of psychology was not nearly so empirical or scientific as is the contemporary understanding. In The Varieties of Religious Experience, James replies upon an “armchair” style of doing what is now called “humanistic psychology,” which would hardly pass as rigorous social science today. His “data” concerning religion, which he subjects to philosophical and psychological analysis, are the result of literary accounts, biographical reports, or second-hand information. It was James’s student, Edwin Starbuck, who was to become known for introducing more empirical and more scientific methods into the study of religious experience and religious phenomena that rely upon the now commonplace, controlled field studies. James, however, opened the door for the study of the psychology of religion and provided the clear juxtaposition of naturalism and theism for the social sciences.
Parametric studies on modified configurations of ball-type passive balancers for improved transient and steadystate responses

Abstract A passive balancing device is a bearing with a set of masses that are free to move about a shaft axis of rotation. Beyond the first critical speed of the shaft, the masses assume positions that reduce vibrations due to imbalance. The conventional design of passive balancers is a dual-ball bearing. This type of balancer only performs its function at supercritical speeds and when the ball/track contact is nearly frictionless. In this work, additional experimental verification of a previously formulated mathematical model is conducted using published experimental data. The model was then used to investigate passive balancing performance numerically. Conventional and non-conventional bearing configurations were tested with consideration of rolling resistance and ball collisions. Results suggest that when rolling resistance is considered, a 1-track bearing configuration with any number of balls yields better performance than multi-track bearings. The 1-track configuration improved performance by 57% when compared to a 3-track configuration at supercritical steadystate. It is also shown that a multi-partition balancer improves performance significantly during shaft speed up – 69% improvement compared to a balancer without partitions. With configuration adjustments, the bearing remains entirely passive while vibration suppression performance is improved.
Phytoplankton Growth in the Sea

In other discussions I have expressed the opinion that the introduction of the experimental approach, an approach that uses the techniques derived largely from biochemistry and microbiology, has not greatly changed our thinking on how numbers of phytoplankton are regulated in time and space. If on the other hand I were allowed to make judgement as to the significancc of the experimental approach I would unqualifyingly place it in the number one spot for adding new information on the cellular metabolism of phytoplankton. Is this not contradictory? I think not; how could or why should one approach alone be expected to solve a very complex problem of growth in the sea? The present discussion will explore, in a limited historical sense, the emergence of the modern experimental approach, how it has helped shape our thinking, and finally where it is coalescing with other disciplines to develop a sound theory of phytoplankton growth. But first let us examine the disciplines on which studies of ocean plankton biology depend.
Time Correlation of Ion and Electron Emission from Surfaces Following Fracture

When nonmetallic materials fracture a number of particles are emitted including ions, electrons, metastables, neutrals and photons. These particles may be ejected from the material for times ranging from microseconds to several minutes after the fracture occurred. Attempts to correlate the onset of emission with the time of crack formation have led to some interesting observations regarding the correlations, in time, of the release of electrons and ions in this process. We find that some electrons and ions are released in coincidence with a time resolution of 250 ns. An electron stimulated desorption model is proposed to explain the ion and excited neutral emission accompanying fracture.