cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extrapolating conversions to zero external gradients in vapour-phase catalytic recirculation reactors—II

On a etendu l'etude precedente sur l'extrapolation de la conversion a des gradients externes nuls, afin d'inclure les donnees contenant des erreurs et une variete d'expressions cinetiques. Les donnees contenant des erreurs ont ete simulees par introduction d'une erreur aleatoire dans les conversions calculees avec un ecart type correspondant a 5% d'erreur. On suppose que pour les donnees contenant une erreur, le modele d'extrapolation a deux parametres est preferable au modele d'extrapolation a cinq parametres
Management of children with hypertension from reflux or obstructive nephropathy.

Abstract During a ten-year period, 35 children presenting with vesicoureteral reflux, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, or a “small kidney” were found to be hypertensive. Of these, 15 subsequently underwent surgical procedures for relief of hypertension. Seven were “cured,” six were “improved,” and two were “unchanged.” The severity of hypertension could not be correlated with the degree of reflux nor with the degree of obstructive uropathy. However, all children with reflux in our study who were hypertensive had some degree of calicectasis noted preoperatively on intravenous pyelogram. Also it was noted that hypertension may occur several years after successful antireflux surgery. Children with vesicoureteral reflux, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, or a small kidney need to have blood pressure determinations at regular intervals, even if all previous readings had been in the normotensive range and whether or not they were followed up medically or post surgically. We suggest that blood pressure determinations be made every three months for the first year after diagnosis of reflux or ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and at least once a year thereafter.
Comparison of 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite, MTAD, and 2% Chlorhexidine in the Rapid Disinfection of Polycaprolactone-Based Root Canal Filling Material

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effectiveness of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, MTAD, and 2% chlorhexidine in the rapid disinfection of Resilon pellets. Resilon pellets were randomly selected, contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis, and disinfected with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, MTAD, or 2% chlorhexidine. Positive and negative controls were used. All samples were air dried, washed in sterile water, placed in centrifuge tubes containing BHI broth, and incubated at 37 degrees C for up to 7 days. Broths were visually checked for turbidity and scored for growth. Samples from each experimental and control group were randomly chosen, plated, incubated at 37 degrees C, and checked visually for growth. If growth occurred, a gram stain was performed to identify bacterial species. Results indicate that 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, MTAD, and 2% chlorhexidine were all effective in the rapid disinfection of Resilon and gutta-percha pellets, and a 1-minute immersion was sufficient to disinfect.
Gastric Heterotopic Pancreas Presenting as a Submucosal Tumor in a 27-Year-Old Male.

A 27-year-old male presented with intermittent dark, loose stools and fatigue, dizziness, and palpitations for 2 weeks. On exam, he was tachycardic with pale mucous membranes. Lab tests indicated normocytic anemia with hemoglobin of 5.4 g/dL. A positive fecal occult blood test suggested gastrointestinal bleeding as the cause of anemia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a 4 x 5-cm firm subepithelial mass along the greater curvature of the distal gastric body with a large ulceration suspicious for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST; Figure 1). There was no active bleeding and the remaining stomach and duodenum was normal. Laparoscopic partial gastrectomy was performed. Pathologic examination of the mass revealed pancreatic heterotopia displaying acinar cells in the midst of gastric mucosa with overlying ductal cells, negative for malignancy, with clear margins of resection (Figure 2). He recovered uneventfully and was discharged with no further intervention.
Putting the patient first--using the expertise of laboratory professionals to produce rapid and accurate diagnoses

The test menu in the clinical laboratory continues to increase dramatically in size, complexity, and cost. There is a growing recognition that errors in test selection and results interpretation can have significant adverse clinical consequences to patients and painful financial consequences to healthcare institutions. Michael Laposata, MD, PhD Since 2008, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has sponsored the work of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement in Healthcare Collaborative (CLIHC) to address the patient safety issues associated with incorrect test selection and misinterpretation of test results. A survey by the committee is now in progress of all U.S. medical schools to understand how our newly graduating physicians are learning the appropriate use of the clinical laboratory. Preliminary results from nearly three-quarters of American medical schools indicate some startling facts (personal communication, Brian Smith, MD, PhD). Keep in mind that in practice, physicians are required to order the correct laboratory tests, with thousands of tests from which to choose, largely from what they have learned. On the other hand, however, there are experts in anatomic pathology who systematically interpret every case, and test selection is not an issue because all tests involve the same thing—gross and/or microscopic examination of tissue collected from the patient. Despite this, virtually every medical school teaches more than 100 hours of anatomic pathology, while only 9% have a separate and distinct course in laboratory medicine. Even more startling is that the mean number of hours spent teaching medical students about the appropriate selection of laboratory tests and the correct interpretation of the test results, over the …
Semiparametric latent variable regression models for spatiotemporal modelling of mobile source particles in the greater Boston area

Summary. Traffic particle concentrations show considerable spatial variability within a metropolitan area. We consider latent variable semiparametric regression models for modelling the spatial and temporal variability of black carbon and elemental carbon concentrations in the greater Boston area. Measurements of these pollutants, which are markers of traffic particles, were obtained from several individual exposure studies that were conducted at specific household locations as well as 15 ambient monitoring sites in the area. The models allow for both flexible non-linear effects of covariates and for unexplained spatial and temporal variability in exposure. In addition, the different individual exposure studies recorded different surrogates of traffic particles, with some recording only outdoor concentrations of black or elemental carbon, some recording indoor concentrations of black carbon and others recording both indoor and outdoor concentrations of black carbon. A joint model for outdoor and indoor exposure that specifies a spatially varying latent variable provides greater spatial coverage in the area of interest. We propose a penalized spline formulation of the model that relates to generalized kriging of the latent traffic pollution variable and leads to a natural Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for model fitting. We propose methods that allow us to control the degrees of freedom of the smoother in a Bayesian framework. Finally, we present results from an analysis that applies the model to data from summer and winter separately.
Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection

In 2012, the United Nations estimated that globally, 34 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the end of 2011. About 6.5% of AIDS-related mortality is attributable to cardiovascular disease. HIV related cardiovascular disease is diverse. In this review we explore the different disease states associated with HIV such as cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, electrocardiographic abnormalities, prolonged QT interval and sudden death. The pathophysiology of these numerous diseases is complex and multifactorial. Current management of these patients is challenging due to multiple drug-drug interactions and side effects. However, the approach to prevention is quite familiar, taking on the same rules that apply for any patient to minimize cardiovascular disease risk. The challenges are many, therefore for HIV patients who present after a cardiovascular event, or for prevention of cardiovascular disease, the concept of a heart team is essential, where cardiovascular specialists and the HIV care team work side by side to ensure safety of medications (avoid drug interactions) and to institute a goal directed prevention plan of care.
Costs of sexual interactions to females in Rambur's forktail damselfly, Ischnura ramburi (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae)

Several species of damselflies, dragonflies and butterflies are characterized by a female-limited polymorphism in which one type of female, the andromorph, looks and behaves like males whereas the other type of female, the gynomorph, looks and behaves differently. Sexual conflict has been hypothesized to play a role in the maintenance of this polymorphism in that andromorphs may have an advantage over gynomorphs by avoiding costly sexual interactions through male mimicry. We tested for costs of sexual interactions to female Ischnura ramburi damselflies by comparing the success of singly mated females maintained with no males to the success of females maintained continuously with males at a 3:1 (male to female) operational sex ratio (OSR) and a 1:1 OSR. Our findings suggest that sexual interactions affect the two morphs differently. The time spent feeding, number of eggs laid and egg-laying rate of andromorphs were lower in the 3:1 OSR treatment than in the treatment with no males. Time spent feeding and number and rate of eggs laid by gynomorphs did not differ among treatments. Sexual conflict may be occurring between males and mated andromorphs because sexual interactions are associated with net costs to mated andromorphs whereas sexual interactions with mated andromorphs are beneficial to males because there is high last-male sperm precedence. Based on this experiment, andromorphs cannot be said to have an advantage over gynomorphs by avoiding costly sexual interactions because sexual interactions were not associated with net costs to gynomorphs.
On the consistency of Quine's New foundations for mathematical logic

In the present paper, the various means used by the author in attempting to find a contradiction in Quine's New foundations are sketched, and the reason why each method failed is indicated. It was not Quine's system itself which was tested, but a stronger one obtained by adding a rule of Kleene's type to Quine's system. Reasons are presented why a contradiction in the stronger system should be as damning to Quine's system as a contradiction in Quine's system itself. Two other features of the system are worthy of note. One is the fact that only two symbols are used in building up the formulas of the system. Other systems have been built using only two symbols, but the particular method used in this paper is very flexible and simple, and is peculiarly adapted to the use of the Godel technique. It was suggested by the consideration that the formulas of any system can be written by the use of only two symbols by first assigning Godel numbers to the formulas and then writing those numbers in the binary scale of notation. The second feature is that ι (to be used in ιxp , meaning “the x such that p ”) is an explicit and integral part of the system, and the axioms and rules governing its use are such as to make it very simple to handle. By a process similar to “Die Eliminierbarkeit der ι -Symbole” of Hilbert-Bernays, it is shown that the system involving the ι can be reduced to one not involving it. The points of difference with the Hilbert-Bernays technique make possible an especially unhampered use of ι .
The influence of oral secretions from larvae on levels of proteinases in colony members of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract The role of larvae in the digestion of protein in colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren was examined. Proteinase activity was significantly higher in the midguts of workers tending larvae compared to workers maintained without larvae. Food type (honey, egg yolk or soybean oil) influenced proteolytic activity in isolated workers but not in workers maintained with larvae. Proteinase activity in the labial glands and midguts of larvae maintained with or without workers was not significantly different. The total protein concentration in larval oral secretions was approximately 60–70% of that in the haemolymph. However, the percentage of free amino acids in the oral secretions was 2 to 3 times greater than that in the haemolymph.
Measurement outcomes and probability in Everettian quantum mechanics

The decision-theoretic account of probability in the Everett or many-worlds interpretation, advanced by David Deutsch and David Wallace, is shown to be circular. Talk of probability in Everett presumes the existence of a preferred basis to identify measurement outcomes for the probabilities to range over. But the existence of a preferred basis can only be established by the process of decoherence, which is itself probabilistic.
Pulsed laser polishing of micro-milled Ti6Al4V samples

Abstract Pulsed laser micro-polishing (PL μ P) was investigated as a method to reduce the surface roughness of micro-milled Ti6Al4V samples. Thermal modeling was presented to estimate the melt depth and duration caused by a single laser pulse ranging from 50–1000 ns on a flat Ti6Al4V surface. Predictions of the spatial frequency domain that experiences significant amplitude reductions (i.e., polishing) agrees well with experiments. Polishing was performed using a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in Q-switch mode at a repetition rate of 4 kHz, 50–70 μm laser spot size, and pulse duration of 650 ns. Surface cracking was observed when polishing the samples in air, a result of oxides forming on the workpiece surface. To prevent oxidation during the laser polishing process Argon, an inert shielding gas that is heavier than air, was employed. Polishing results with Argon shielding demonstrated a reduction in average surface roughness by a factor of two. Two-dimensional polishing is demonstrated using a computer controlled optical scan head. In addition, the PL μ P process was used to effectively reduce surface scratches on Ti6Al4V samples.
Feeding of field collected tintinnid micro-zooplankton on natural food

The ingestion and filtration rates of seven species of field collected tintinnids, Tintinnidium fluviatile (Stein), Helicostomella subulata (Ehrenberg), Tintinnopsis parva (Merkle), Tintinnopsis beroidea (Stein), Tintinnopsis vasculum (Meunier), Tintinnopsis acuminata (Daday) and Stenosemella oliva (Meunier), feeding on natural particle suspensions were measured. Ingestion rates of 0.05×106 μm3 to 1.3×106 μm3 tintinnid-1 d-1 were observed with corresponding maximum filtration rates of 2 to 65 μl tintinnid-1 h-1. Filtration rates (among species) were independent of temperature and highest rates were associated with larger food particles. The filtration rates observed in this study were equal to rates reported for tintinnids feeding on cultured algae when natural food sizes equivalent to those of the cultured algae were considered, but were sometimes higher when the entire spectrum of natural food was considered. Size specific ingestion rates indicated maximum food removal from biomass peaks with filtration effort generally maximized on the largest sized food a species could handle. A strong negative relationship exists between weight specific ingestion and filtration rates and body weight. When tintinnid ingestion rates are considered, along with rates for other invertebrates, as a function of body weight, a log log linear relationship is found for body weights ranging from 0.8 ng to 1 kg. Tintinnids exhibited saturation feeding responses when presented with several concentrations of natural food up to in situ.
Predation or Starvation: Consequences of Foraging Decisions by Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)

Data on starvation and predation in porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum ) were gathered over a 5-year period to examine hypotheses about foraging. I predicted that predation would be greater in open habitats than in closed habitats, small porcupines would be more vulnerable to predation than large ones, and nutritionally stressed porcupines would trade-off increased risk of predation for decreased risk of starvation. Over 90% of predator-killed porcupines were located in open grasslands or juniper shrublands, suggesting that open areas were higher in risk than wooded, riparian areas. High rates of predation in open areas in late winter supported the hypothesis of a trade-off between nutrition and predation risk. Mountain lions ( Puma concolor ) preyed on porcupines at a higher rate than did coyotes ( Canis latrans ), but predation by mountain lions was independent of body size of porcupines (small samples precluded analysis of predation by coyotes). These data reveal how predation and starvation influence populations of porcupines. Further, data indicate that poor nutritional status can drive animals to forage in risky habitats where predation is high.
ANTI-WHOLE WHITE MATTER SERUM INHIBITS INCORPORATION OF GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE INTO THE LIPIDS OF MYELINATING SPINAL CORD CULTURES

— Myelin formation was inhibited in fetal mouse spinal cord cultures in the presence of serum from rabbits with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis produced by inoculation of whole bovine spinal cord white matter in complete Freund's adjuvant. Controls were exposed to decomplemented serum. Replacement of serum in inhibited cultures on the 18th day in vitro (DIV) with control serum (disinhibited) resulted in the appearance of visible myelin within 2–3 days. From 20 to 23 DIV, d-[U-14C]glucose or d-[U-14C]galactose was present in all media. Total protein, DNA, gangliosides and galactolipids were reduced by 21% in inhibited cultures, and activity of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase was reduced by 50%. There was little reduction in the incorporation of glucose carbon (21–23 DIV) into several lipid classes examined. Labelling of cerebrosides by galactose carbon in inhibited cultures was only 12% of that of controls while there was no reduction in the labelling of neutral lipid–cholesterol and the glycerophosphatides. Galactolipid labelling by [14C]galactose in the disinhibited cultures was intermediate between inhibited and control cultures. Differences in the effects of inhibiting medium on the incorporation of glucose and galactose carbon indicate that ceramide synthesis is less affected than is galactose incorporation to form cerebroside.
A Large Detector Laboratory for the Development and Testing of Radiation Detection Systems

Thousands of radiation detection systems have been deployed over the last decade to domestic and international locations, primarily at points of entry or departure. An essential ingredient in supporting sensor deployment is the capability to develop and test emerging systems and replicate the behavior of deployed systems. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory recently designed and constructed a laboratory for developing and testing these large-scale radiation detection systems. The Large Detector Laboratory is capable of housing up to 30 fully integrated radiation portal monitoring systems and allows for complex testing scenarios that include background suppression, equipment shielding, and source cross-talk between systems. The laboratory's design also allows implementation of applications ranging from pedestrian screening to baggage or package inspection to vehicle and cargo inspection to standoff detection. This manuscript describes the unique attributes of this laboratory, including the ability to reproduce operational conditions faced by integrated systems, realistic source configurations, and measurements across multiple systems.
Early sport specialization: roots, effectiveness, risks

Year-round training in a single sport beginning at a relatively young age is increasingly common among youth. Contributing factors include perceptions of Eastern European sport programs, a parent's desire to give his or her child an edge, labeling youth as talented at an early age, pursuit of scholarships and professional contracts, the sporting goods and services industry, and expertise research. The factors interact with the demands of sport systems. Limiting experiences to a single sport is not the best path to elite status. Risks of early specialization include social isolation, overdependence, burnout, and perhaps risk of overuse injury. Commitment to a single sport at an early age immerses a youngster in a complex world regulated by adults, which is a setting that facilitates manipulation - social, dietary, chemical, and commercial. Youth sport must be kept in perspective. Participants, including talented young athletes, are children and adolescents with the needs of children and adolescents.
A new monoclonal antibody to study mouse macrophage antigen during BHT-induced lung injury and repair.

Abstract A rat monoclonal antibody 133-13A to a mouse lung carcinoma cell line was found to react with macrophages in mouse lung [1]. This monoclonal antibody is different from previously described antibodies to macrophages. Immunogold electron-microscopy and immunoperoxidase light microscopy have been used to show that MoAb 133-13A binds specifically to macrophages in normal and in BHT treated mouse lungs. This MoAb recognizes a protein of approximately 100 kDa (P100) on cultured lung carcinoma cells and a 87 kDa protein on macrophages from lung or the peritoneal cavity which is different from other marcophage using immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified protein was radioiodinated and MoAb 133-13A was used to develop a competition radioimmunoassay to quantitate P100. Spleen, intestine, lung, skin and uterus all have high levels of P100. P100 on peritoneal macrophages has been determined to be about 94 000 molecules/cell. Analyses of lung lavage and whole lung homogenates from mice treated with BHT, BHT plus 70% O 2 , and 70% O 2 alone show that treated animals have elevated P100 content compared to corn oil treated mice.
Comparison of two dietary folate intake instruments and their validation by RBC folate.

An optimal folate nutritional status is important in minimizing developmental and degenerative disease. Therefore, constant monitoring of folate intake and of biomarkers of folate nutritional status is essential. The objective of this research was to compare two folate intake instruments and validate each one against RBC folate measured by a high-throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HT LC-MS/MS) method described in the companion paper (Owens, J. E.; Holstege, D. M.; Clifford, A. J. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 3292−3297). A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a folate-targeted semiquantitative Block dietary folate equivalents (DFE) screener were compared and individually validated against an HT LC-MS/MS method. RBC folate was 1178 ± 259 nmol/L (mean ± SD) in a population of 337 normal adult subjects. Folate intakes were 556 ± 265 μg/day by the FFQ and 524 ± 276 μg/day by the DFE screener. Folate intakes by the DFE screener were approximately 34 μg less than by the FFQ (paired t ...
Climate, soils, and connectivity predict plague epizootics in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Outbreaks of plague in wildlife are sporadic and spatially dispersed, and they depend on coincidence of susceptible hosts, flea vectors, the plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis), and environmental factors that support pathogen transmission. We fit spatial models of plague outbreaks to a long-term data set (1981–2005) of towns of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) on the shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado. We investigated the effects of spatial distribution (town area and connectivity to other prairie dog towns), climate (spring and summer precipitation and temperature), and soil moisture-holding capacity. In logistic regression models, plague epizootics were predicted by connectivity to other towns experiencing plague during periods with relatively low temperatures, in soils with high moisture-holding capacity. After accounting for connectivity between prairie dog towns and current-year climatic conditions, little additional spatial or temporal autocorrelation was detected. Spatial log...
Design and development of a zero-emission scooter for Taiwan

Abstract A prototype zero-emission scooter (ZES) has been developed to solve air-pollution problems in the large cities of Taiwan. The design features of the ZES are described; these include battery, motor/driver, transmission systems, and body-chassis structure. The driving range of the prototype ZES in urban areas is about 40 km per single charge. Its maximum speed is over 50 km h−1, and it can accelerate to 30 m in less than 5 s. A future programme of field trials is also discussed.
A Rapid and Economic In-House DNA Purification Method Using Glass Syringe Filters

Background: Purity, yield, speed and cost are important considerations in plasmid purification, but it is difficult to achieve all of these at the same time. Currently, there are many protocols and kits for DNA purification, however none maximize all four considerations. Methodology/Principal Findings: We now describe a fast, efficient and economic in-house protocol for plasmid preparation using glass syringe filters. Plasmid yield and quality as determined by enzyme digestion and transfection efficiency were equivalent to the expensive commercial kits. Importantly, the time required for purification was much less than that required using a commercial kit. Conclusions/Significance: This method provides DNA yield and quality similar to that obtained with commercial kits, but is more rapid and less costly.
Fine-Tuning of Awake Prefrontal Cortex Neurons by Clozapine: Comparison With Haloperidol and N-Desmethylclozapine

Background Mechanisms underlying clozapine's better clinical efficacy in schizophrenia remain poorly understood. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated as a primary site for the therapeutic effects of clozapine; however, evidence for how clozapine influences the activity of PFC neurons in behaviorally relevant contexts is lacking. Methods Ensemble single unit recording in awake rats was used to measure the activity of PFC neurons in response to clozapine, its main metabolite N-desmethylclozapine (DMClz), and the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol during baseline conditions and after treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK801. Behavioral stereotypy was scored during recording. Results Clozapine and DMClz but not haloperidol had an activity-dependent influence on spontaneous firing rate of PFC cells: they increased the activity of neurons with low baseline firing rates and decreased the activity of neurons with higher firing rates. Clozapine and DMClz but not haloperidol also reversed the effect of MK801 on PFC neuronal firing. This reversal was strongly correlated with blockade of MK801-induced behavioral stereotypy. Conclusions These findings indicate that clozapine has the capacity to fine-tune spontaneous and disrupted activity of PFC neurons. This effect might contribute, in part, to the therapeutic efficacy of clozapine in schizophrenia.
Leadership Strategies for Networked Enterprises: A Personal Perspective

A rapidly expanding number of organizations have begun to use high‐performance, completely digital networks, like the Internet, to coordinate activities and to develop products and services that serve very wide geographic areas. Now, primarily as a result of the Clinton Administration′s National Information Infrastructure initiative, the entire nation has begun to buzz with talk of the whys, wherefores, and how‐tos of making this way to doing business the rule rather than the exception of twenty‐first‐century life and enterprise. This paper surveys the politics and economics of the contemporary networking scene, and presents four general stratgies for making progress in the current climate of great change and uncertainty.
Explorations in Automatic Image Annotation using Textual Features

In this paper, we report our work on automatic image annotation by combining several textual features drawn from the text surrounding the image. Evaluation of our system is performed on a dataset of images and texts collected from the web. We report our findings through comparative evaluation with two gold standard collections of manual annotations on the same dataset.
Event-related potentials in the dual task paradigm: P300 discriminates engaging and non-engaging films when film-viewing is the primary task

Abstract Five groups of subjects (11–16/group) were run in three experiments. In each study P300 amplitude and latency were studied as a function of three sensory task conditions: (1) baseline (oddball task: target and non-target tones only); (2) boring film viewing plus oddball task; and (3) exciting film viewing plus oddball task. In Experiment I, target probability was P = 0.22. In Experiments II and III, each of two groups of subjects was run at P = 0.22 or P = 0.33. Two different exciting films and two different boring films were used. Oddball-target amplitude was found to consistently decrease from baseline to boring to exciting film-viewing conditions at P = 0.22. At P = 0.33, the 2-film discrimination was successful in one of two experiments. P300 amplitude consistently differed from baseline to film-viewing conditions. For the non-target (frequent) tones, the smaller P300 amplitudes consistently discriminated boring and exciting films, as well as single from dual tasks. For target P300 latency, single (baseline) and dual (film-watching) conditions were always discriminable, but boring and exciting films were not discriminable. There were no effects on non-target P300 latency. N100 amplitude discriminated baseline and film viewing conditions, but not boring and engaging films.
Molecular Evolution of Drosophila Odorant Receptor Genes

A total of 752 odorant receptor (Or) genes, including pseudogenes, were identified in 11 Drosophila species and named after their orthologs in Drosophila melanogaster. The 813 Or genes, including 61 from D. melanogaster, were classified into 59 orthologous groups that are well supported by gene phylogeny. By reconciling with the gene family phylogeny, we estimated the number of gene duplication/loss events and intron gain/loss events in the species phylogeny. We found that these events are particularly frequent in Drosophila grimshawi, Drosophila willistoni, and obscura group. More than half of the duplicated genes stay as tandem arrays, whose size range from 2 to 8. These genes vary in sequence and some likely underwent positive selection, indicating that the gene duplication was important for flies to acquire new olfactory functions. We hypothesize that Or genes conferred the basic olfactory repertoire to ancestral flies before the speciation of the Drosophila and Sophophora subgenera about 40 Mya. This repertoire has been largely maintained in the current species, whereas lineage-specific gene duplication seems to have led to additional specialization in some species in response to specific ecological conditions.
Attachment Style, Vagal Tone, and Empathy During Mother–Adolescent Interactions

We tested associations among empathic responsiveness, attachment style, and vagal tone (a physiologic index of emotion regulation) in 103 mother–adolescent dyads. Dyads discussed positive and negative topics and then separately reviewed a videotape of the interaction and rated their own and the other person's affect at one-minute intervals. We used multilevel modeling to analyze the association between one's rating of the other person's affect and the other person's affect (empathic sensitivity), and the association between one's rating of the other person's affect and one's own affect (perceived concordance). Adolescents’ empathic responsiveness was predicted by attachment style, vagal tone, and interactions between them. Adolescents with the greatest empathic responsiveness had low levels of attachment insecurity and high levels of vagal tone.
The Biology of Melanoma Metastasis

The process of cancer metastasis is sequential and selective and contains stochastic elements. The growth of melanoma metastases represents the endpoint of many lethal events that few tumor cells can survive. Primary tumors consist of multiple subpopulations of cells with heterogeneous metastatic properties, and the outcome of metastasis depends on the interplay of metastatic tumor cells with various host factors. This viewpoint is more optimistic than that of metastasis as a random process. A selective biological process is regulated by the interaction of tumor cells with their host, and these complex interactions can now be studied and manipulated.
Microagglutination Test for Detecting and Measuring Serum Agglutinins of Francisella tularensis

A microagglutination method utilizing stained antigen for detecting and measuring serum agglutinins against Francisella tularensis is described. The microagglutination and standard tube agglutination techniques were demonstrated to be comparable in sensitivity and specificity. Advantages of the micro method are rapidity and ease of performance, economy of reagents and, in particular, ease of interpreting specific reactivity.
Trials of immunotherapy to preserve beta-cell function of prediabetic and new-onset patient trials.

In that quantitative assays for a series of islet autoantigens were developed as the trial was proceeding, autoantibodies for GAD65, ICA512 (IA-2), and insulin autoantibodies were also measured. A general conclusion is that future prevention trials will use measurement of these autoantibodies rather than the cytoplasmic ICA assay [2]. As a general rule, expression of multiple “biochemical” autoantibodies is associated with very high future diabetes risk (approaching 90% at 10 years with ≥ two of the autoantibodies vs approximately 20% with one of the autoantibodies) [3]. At present, early diagnosis is the only benefit of type 1 diabetes prediction, but studies in Denver presented in abstract form [4] indicate an almost tenfold decreased hospitalization at onset (approximately 40% vs 4%) for those known to be at risk because of expression of these autoantibodies compared to nonscreened individuals. A companion trial of oral insulin, designed to induce oral tolerance in ICA-positive relatives with a significant but lower diabetes risk, has not yet been presented as a full manuscript. In 2004, the Trialnet organization will likely initiate additional trials for diabetes prevention, as it begins a series of trials in patients with new-onset diabetes. There are Trialnet sites throughout the United States and Canada, as well as affiliated sites outside of the United States.
Metabolic flux distributions in Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth and lysine overproduction.

The two main contributions of this are the solidification of Corynebacterium glutamicum biochemistry guided by bioreaction network analysis, and the determination of bansal metabolic flux distributions during growth and lysine synthesis. Employed methodology makes use of stoichiometrically based mass balances to determine flux distributions in the C. glutamicum metabolic network. Presented are a brief description of the methodology, a through literature review of glutamic acid bacteria biochemistry, and specific results obtained through a combination of fermentation studies and analysis-directed intracellular assays. The latter include the findings of the lack of activity of glyoxylate shunt, and that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC) is the only anaplerotic reaction expressed in C. glutamicum cultivated on glucose minimal media. Network simplifications afforded by the above findings facilitated the determination of metabolic flux distributions under a variety of culture conditions and led to the following conclusions. Both the pentose phosphate pathway and PPC support fluxes during growth and lysine overproduction branch point does not appear to limit lysine synthesis.
What counts? For whom?: Cultural beacons and unexpected areas of programmatic impact.

Abstract The present article was motivated by our observations that (1) current methods for gathering data do not wholly capture program-related transformations, and (2) grassroots ways of knowing yield legitimate data and can enrich programmatic efforts and evaluations. Accordingly, our work seeks to leverage grassroots knowledge in order to both recognize and respect cultural beacons (CBs) – culturally embedded, user-defined aids for understanding program-related change. Simply, these inductively gathered, locally identified CBs illuminate what to measure and/or how to measure it. Our analysis of participatory evaluations from four international, social change interventions offers four sites for detecting CBs: material possessions, community landscape features, social behaviors, and community-inspired art. We examine the methodological and relational contexts that facilitate CB discovery, discuss unexpected areas of programmatic impact, and utilize lessons learned across projects to make suggestions for continued exploration of CBs in monitoring and evaluation design and practice.
Structural and chemical alterations in the cerebral maldevelopment of fetal cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome.

The cerebra of four abortuses (estimated gestational age 14–22 weeks), diagnosed as cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome in utero , were examined morphologically with light microscopic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques and biochemically with gas liquid chromatographic assays for cholesterol ester fatty acids and plasmalogens. Centrosylvian architectonic abnormalities consisting, in part, of thin cortical plates and broad subcortical heterotopic zones were found in all abortuses. Astrocytes, neuroblasts, immature neurons and radial glia contained abnormal pleomorphic cytosomes, presumably of variable lipid composition. The same areas exhibited increases in cholesterol ester very long chain fatty acids and decreased plasmalogens. A pathogenetic hypothesis, proposing that regional tissue constraints act in concert with a peroxisomal-derived biochemical abnormality to impede centrosylvian neuronal migration, is discussed.
Harnessing tacit knowledge for innovation creation in multinational enterprises: an internal social network approach

This paper presents a propositional framework for an updated understanding of the relationship between the internal social networks of a multinational enterprise (MNE), harnessing of tacit knowledge within these networks, the role that culture plays in tacit knowledge exchange, and the ultimate creation of innovation. Thus, we examine theories of tacit knowledge creation and exchange, social networking theory, cultural influences and propose an integrated understanding of MNE innovation creation through internal social networks. The contribution of this paper is in the formulation of propositions that encapsulate the functional relationships between internal social networks, tacit knowledge, cultural considerations and innovation creation in MNEs. Managerial and research implications are then drawn.
Characteristics of Hebbian-type associative memories having faulty interconnections

The performance of Hebbian-type associative memories (HAMs) in the presence of faulty (open- and short-circuit) synaptic interconnections is examined and equations for predicting network reliability are developed. The results show that a network with open-circuit interconnection faults has a higher probability of direct convergence than a network with short-circuit interconnection faults when the fraction of failed interconnections is small and the short-circuit signal is large. The results are extended to the case where network attraction radius is considered. Under certain assumptions, it is found that the expected numbers of neurons with b, b-1, b-2,. . .,1 input error bits in their state update are equal. Because of the capability of error correction, an asynchronous HAM is also found to have a higher probability of direct convergence than a synchronous HAM. Using these results, network reliability and generalization capability can be estimated when both the interconnection faults and the number of error bits in the probe vectors are taken into account. >
Second-Trimester Biparietal Diameter/Nasal Bone Length Ratio Is an Independent Predictor of Trisomy 21

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the second-trimester fetal biparietal diameter/nasal bone length (BPD/NBL) ratio and trisomy 21. Methods. Thirty-one cases of trisomy 21 for which complete ultrasound images included the nasal bone were identified from the University of Washington prenatal diagnosis database and matched to 136 euploid fetuses based on maternal age, indication for referral, and gestational age. Results. The mean NBL was shorter (mean ± SD, 2.3 ± 1.7 mm versus 3.9 ± 1.2 mm; P < .001) and the BPD/NBL ratio was greater (17.7 [range, 6.2‐114] versus 11.7 [range, 5.8‐80]; P < .001) in the fetuses with trisomy 21. The risk of trisomy 21 increased 2.4-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7‐3.4) with every 1-mm decrease in NBL and increased 1.08-fold (95% CI, 1.03‐1.12) with each unit increase in the BPD/NBL ratio (P < .001). A multiple logistic regression model was constructed and included the BPD/NBL ratio, maternal indications (age ≥35 years, positive serum screening results, or both, yielding a risk of <1 per 270 for trisomy 21), and sonographic markers as covariates. The BPD/NBL ratio was found to be an independent predictor of trisomy 21 (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.11). An analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves revealed an improvement after the BPD/NBL ratio was added to a model containing the current second-trimester screening based on maternal age, serum screening, and sonographic markers (receiver operating characteristic curve area, mean ± SE, 0.89 ± 0.03 for the model with the BPD/NBL ratio versus 0.76 ± 0.06 without the BPD/NBL ratio; P = .009). Conclusions. The secondtrimester BPD/NBL ratio was a significant and independent predictor of trisomy 21. An assessment of the BPD/NBL ratio may improve the diagnosis of trisomy 21 when used with current prenatal screen
Translation invariance in data envelopment analysis

Conditions are established under which DEA models are translation invariant. Specifically, an affine displacement does not alter the efficient frontier for models incorporating the convexity constraint. This affords a ready solution to the problems of scaling and the presence of zero values which arise in Data Envelopment Analysis.
Matelea decipiens (Asclepiadaceae): A New County Record from Illinois

ABSTRACT Historical records indicate that Matelea decipiens (Asclepiadaceae), oldfield milkvine or climbing milkweed, is known from Jackson, Saline, and Williamson counties in southern Illinois, where it is listed as endangered. Although a previous unvouchered occurrence has been noted in the Illinois Natural Heritage database, a recent collection from Monroe County, reported herein, officially extends the range north and west in the state.
Problematic megafossils in Cambrian palaeosols of South Australia

Red calcareous Middle Cambrian palaeosols from the upper Moodlatana Formation in the eastern Flinders Ranges of South Australia formed in well-drained subhumid floodplains and include a variety of problematic fossils. The fossils are preserved like trace fossil endichnia but do not appear to be traces of burrows or other animal movement. They are here regarded as remains of sessile organisms, com- parable with fungi or plants living in place, and are formally named as palaeobotanical form genera under provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Most common are slender (0.5-2 mm) branching filaments flanked by green-grey reduction haloes within the red matrix of pal- aeosol surface horizons (Prasinema gracile gen. et sp. nov.). Other axial structures (Prasinema nodosum and P. adunatum gen. et spp. nov.) are larger and show distinctive surface irregularities (short protuberances and irregular striations, respectively). The size and form of these filaments are most like rhizines of soil-crust lichens. Other evidence of life on land includes quilted spheroids (Erytholus globosus gen. et sp. nov.) and thallose impressions (Farghera sp. indet.), which may have been slime moulds and lichens, respectively. These distinctive fossils in Cambrian palaeosols represent commu- nities comparable with modern biological soil crusts.
1J-1 Blood Flow Velocity Vector Imaging with High Frame Rate Imaging Methods

Conventional blood flow imaging is an important medical diagnostic tool. In this paper, the same processing technique is applied to the high frame rate (HFR) imaging method developed previously to obtain two-dimensional (2D) (in principle, the method is also applicable to three-dimensional (3D)) blood flow velocity vector images. This takes advantage of the HFR imaging method where multiple 2D or 3D images, instead of a single line, can be reconstructed from a single transmission with multiple reception beams steered at different angles. To show the feasibility of the method, an in vivo experiment of an artery of the right arm of a volunteer was performed with a home-made HFR imaging system. In the experiment, a broadband linear array transducer of 128 elements, 5-MHz center frequency, 38.4-mm aperture, 5-mm elevation width, and 20-mm elevation focal distance was used. The transducer was excited with a one-cycle sine wave centered at the frequency of the transducer to produce pulsed plane waves at a repetition period of 80 microseconds. Echo signals were digitized at 40-MHz and 12-bit resolution. A set of two 2D radio-frequency (RF) (before the envelope detection) images steered at 0 (perpendicular to the transducer surface) and 15 degrees in reception, respectively, was reconstructed from each transmission. Blood flow velocity component images were reconstructed simultaneously from these images with the conventional color flow processing techniques using 16 transmissions. Combining the velocity component images, velocity vector images at a frame rate of 12,000 frames/s can be obtained
Extralobar pulmonary sequestration.

During prenatal ultrasound screening of a male fetus, a mass lesion within the left lung was detected. This was initially thought to be a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). Following normal delivery at term gestation, the patient remained asymptomatic and was discharged in good condition after 48 hours of close observation in the newborn nursery. Although a plain chest radiograph was normal, a computed tomography study of the chest revealed findings consistent with an extralobar pulmonary sequestration of the left lower lobe. A feeding systemic artery was identified arising from the subdiaphragmatic aorta (Fig 1). Through a left thoracotomy incision, a vascular pedicle was noted to be emerging from the costophrenic sulcus (Fig 2, A), and coursing toward the inferior aspect of the sequestration. The pedicle was dissected out, doubly ligated, and transected (Fig 2, B). The pulmonary sequestration was removed in toto with minimal difficulty. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged to home in on the second post-operative day. Pathologic evaluation of the specimen confirmed a diagnosis of extralobar pulmonary sequestration along with congenital pulmonary airway malformation/CCAM histology. The specimen contained systemic arteries, dense fibrosis, and disorganized cartilage. Segments of bronchiole channels were elongated, tortuous, and crowded. The parenchyma was congested. There was a 0.7-cm superficial bulla on the specimen, which was lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium.