cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
User-Generated Warfare: A Case of Converging Wartime Information Networks and Coproductive Regulation on YouTube

User-generated content-sharing (UGC) platforms, such as YouTube, emerged as venues for competing wartime information and images among military, insurgent, and civilian user groups during the Iraq War. This article introduces user-generated warfare (UGW) as a theoretical concept to articulate this phenomenon and consider its implications for reshaping wartime information networks and flows outside of formal institutions. It is a variant of “netwar” that further locates this generative user activity within the sociotechnical infrastructure of the UGC platform. The present analysis examines an instance of UGW that highlights how user agency is configured through the coproduction of affordance and constraint via the YouTube platform and within a communicative context in which wartime user networks are converging outside formal channels.
Oscillatory states of mitochondria. II. Factors controlling period and amplitude.

Abstract Factors that affect the amplitude and phase of oscillation parameters in mitochondria have been investigated. The extensive conformational changes induced by ion transport in mitochondria appear to cause the oscillation of electron transfer reactions. The following results support this interpretation. (1) Analysis of the phase relationships for four oscillation parameters, respiration, pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction, proton production, and conformational changes, indicates that confor mational changes are out of phase with electron transfer and proton production. (2) The Q10 (20–30 °) = approximately 4 for conformational changes and electron transfer. Lithium and potassium salts of the same weak acid anion act in a competitive manner on conformational changes. (3) By introduction of sucrose during various phases of the oscillatory state it could be shown that the amplitude of conformational changes largely reflect changes in intramitochondrial osmotic pressure. (4) The action of ADP (pendulum effect) is an enhancement of the amplitude of the oscillation when ADP is added at a midway point during the shrinkage phase; the opposite result, namely one of intense damping, occurs when ADP is added at the midway point of the swelling phase. Competitive inhibition by ADP of ion transport seems to explain the pendulum effect of ADP. Evidence is also presented that ion transport can competitively inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. Hence, accumulation of ion in osmotically active form within mitochondria is suggested as the major factor in causing conformational changes observed by light-scattering.
Polarization phenomena of electrons and photons. I: General method and application to Compton scattering

Synopsis A general method is developed, which introduces 3-dimensional polarization vectors ξ and ζ for the characterization of the polarization of photons and electrons in processes involving both. The transition rates (giving the cross sections) are expressed as the trace of the product of a number of matrices. These matrices include density matrices representing the initial and final states. All the matrices in the product have the form of sums of Pauli spin matrices (though they are related to photons as well as to electrons) so that the calculation of the trace is straightforward. The results for cross-sections contain all polarization vectors ξ and ζ linearly. The method is applied to Compton scattering, with all polarizations taken into account.
Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in T Cell Absorption and Internalization of Ligands from APC

A feature of T-APC interaction is that, via either TCR or CD28, T cells can absorb molecules from APC on to the cell surface and then internalize these molecules. Here, using both normal and TCR-transgenic T cells, we investigated the mechanism of T cell absorption of molecules from APC and the role of the cytoskeleton. The results show that although activated T cells could absorb APC molecules in the form of cell fragments, uptake of molecules by resting T cells required direct T-APC interaction. Based on studies with latrunculin B, surface absorption of molecules by resting T cells was crucially dependent upon the actin cytoskeleton for both CD28- and TCR-mediated absorption. Significantly, however, TCR-mediated absorption became strongly resistant to latrunculin B when the concentration of MHC-bound peptide on APC was raised to a high level, implying that the actin cytoskeleton is only important for absorption when the density of receptor/ligand interaction is low. By contrast, in all situations tested, the actin cytoskeleton played a decisive role in controlling T cell internalization of ligands from the cell surface.
Transformation of Morphine by Resting Cells and Cell-Free Systems of Arthrobacter Sp

Morphine can be transformed into 14-hydroxymorphine and a related unidentified material by resting cells of an Arthrobacter species. Cell-free extracts containing the transforming enzyme(s) have been obtained. O2, Fe2+, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide stimulate the transformation.
An Effective Address Mutation Approach for Disrupting Reconnaissance Attacks

Network reconnaissance of addresses and ports is prerequisite to a vast majority of cyber attacks. Meanwhile, the static address configuration of networks and hosts simplifies adversarial reconnaissance for target discovery. Although the randomization of host addresses has been suggested as a proactive disruption mechanism against such reconnaissance, the proposed approaches do not exploit the full potentials of address randomization in provision of unpredictability and attack adaptability. Moreover, these approaches do not provide thorough analysis on effectiveness and limitations of address randomization against relevant threat models, including stealthy scanning and worms. In this paper, we present an effective address randomization technique, called random host address mutation (RHM), that turns end-hosts into untraceable moving targets. This technique achieves maximum efficacy by allowing address randomization to be highly unpredictable and fast, and adaptive to adversarial behavior, while incurring low operational and reconfiguration overhead. Our approach achieves the following objectives: 1) it achieves high uncertainty in adversary scanning by modeling address mutation randomization as a multi-level satisfiability problem; 2) it adapts the mutation scheme by fast characterization of adversarial reconnaissance patterns; 3) it achieves high mutation rate by separating mutation from end-hosts and managing it via network appliances; and 4) it preserves network integrity, manageability and performance by bounding the size of routing tables, preserving end-to-end reachability, and efficient handling of reconfiguration updates. Our extensive analyses and simulation show that the RHM distorts adversarial reconnaissance, slows down (deters) the attack, and increases its detectability. Consequently, the RHM is effective in countering a significant number of sophisticated threat models, including reconnaissance, stealthy/evasive scanning methods, and targeted attacks. We also address limitations of our approach in terms of effectiveness and applicability.
A Water‐Soluble Tin Hydride: Tris[3‐(2‐Methoxyethoxy)Propyl]Stannane

A water-soluble tin hydride: tris[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]stannane intermediate: 3-(2-Methoxyethoxy)propene (1) intermediate: 1-Bromo-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propane (2) intermediate: Tetra[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]stannane (3) intermediate: Bromotris[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]stannane (4) intermediate: Tris[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]stannane (5) Keywords: addition, to CC; alkylation, O-alkylation; etherification; halogenation, bromination; hydroboration; metalation reactions, magnesium; metalation reactions, tin; reduction, miscellaneous; replacement reactions, halogen by various groups; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, purification of; tetrahydrofuran; bromine; bromine; carbon tetrachloride, cancer suspect agent; organotin compounds, highly toxic; tin alkyls
Erythema nodosum and erythema induratum (nodular vasculitis): diagnosis and management

Erythema nodosum is the most common type of panniculitis; it may be due to a variety of underlying infectious or otherwise antigenic stimuli. The pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, but both neutrophilic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation are implicated. Beyond treating underlying triggers, therapeutic options consist mainly of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, symptomatic care, potassium iodide, and colchicine. Erythema induratum (nodular vasculitis) is a related but distinctly different clinicopathologic reaction pattern of the subcutaneous fat. It is classically caused by an antigenic stimulus from Mycobacterium tuberculosis but may be associated with several other underlying disorders. After appropriate antimicrobial treatment in tuberculous cases, therapy for erythema induratum is similar to options for erythema nodosum.
Chemical engineering education: Making connections at interfaces

An interface may be a region in which concepts are connected, or it may be a region in which physical processes are connected. In both cases, conditions change abruptly. In this study, the interface between physics and chemical engineering is examined from the point of view of the laws of mechanics, and the details of this particular interface are clarified from the perspective of Euler (1703-1783) and Cauchy (1789-1857). Understanding how different perspectives of the laws of mechanics are connected allows us to proceed with confidence from physics to the traditional studies of fluid mechanics that one encounters in chemical engineering. Furthermore, it allows us to proceed with confidence to the study of multi-component transport phenomena. Here we encounter the concept of the species velocity that plays a crucial role in chemical engineering. To understand the importance of the species velocity, one asks the question: What happens if all species velocities are equal? The answer to this question is: Nothing! There is no purification, no mixing, no interfacial mass transfer, no adsorption/desorption, no homogeneous reaction, and no heterogeneous reaction. To illustrate how the concepts of mechanics provide a connection between various elements of chemical engineering, we examine the species mass jump condition as a focal point for mass transfer, heat transfer, thermodynamics, adsorption/desorption, and heterogeneous chemical reaction.
Intravesical chemotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by a tendency for recurrence and capacity for progression. Intravesical instillation therapy has been employed in various clinical settings, which are summarized within this review. Several chemotherapeutic agents have shown clinical efficacy in reducing recurrence rates in the post-transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) setting, including mitomycin C (MMC), doxorubicin, and epirubicin. Mounting evidence also supports the use of intravesical MMC following nephroureterectomy to reduce later urothelial bladder recurrence. In the adjuvant setting, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is an established first-line agent in the management of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and high-grade non muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC). Among high and intermediate-risk patients (based on tumor grade, size, and focality) improvements in disease-free intervals have been seen with adjunctive administration of MMC prior to scheduled BCG dosing. Following failure of first-line intravesical therapy, gemcitabine and valrubicin have demonstrated modest activity, though valrubicin remains the only agent currently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of BCG-refractory CIS. Techniques to optimize intravesical chemotherapy delivery have also been explored including pharmacokinetic methods such as urinary alkalization and voluntary dehydration. Chemohyperthermia and electromotive instillation have been associated with improved freedom from recurrence intervals but may be associated with increased urinary toxicity. Improvements in therapeutic selection may be heralded by novel opportunities for genomic profiling and refinements in clinical risk stratification.
Genetic variation and co-variation for fitness between intra-population and inter-population backgrounds in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Hybrids from crosses between populations of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, express varying degrees of inviability and morphological abnormalities. The proportion of allopatric population hybrids exhibiting these negative hybrid phenotypes varies widely, from 3% to 100%, depending upon the pair of populations crossed. We crossed three populations and measured two fitness components, fertility and adult offspring numbers from successful crosses, to determine how genes segregating within populations interact in inter-population hybrids to cause the negative phenotypes. With data from crosses of 40 sires from each of three populations to groups of five dams from their own and two divergent populations, we estimated the genetic variance and covariance for breeding value of fitness between the intra- and inter-population backgrounds and the sire × dam population interaction variance. The latter component of the variance in breeding values estimates the change in genic effects between backgrounds owing to epistasis. Interacting genes with a positive effect, prior to fixation, in the sympatric background but a negative effect in the hybrid background cause reproductive incompatibility in the Dobzhansky-Muller speciation model. Thus, the sire × dam population interaction provides a way to measure the progress towards speciation of genetically differentiating populations on a trait by trait basis using inter-population hybrids.
Self‐Report Reconsidered: A Further Look at its Advantages as an Assessment Technique

Laing (1988) has discussed some of the potential virtues of the use of clients' self-reports in the assessment process. In this article I respond to some of the issues raised by Laing and attempt to provide counselors with some additional information on the value and the limitations of the use of self-report in psychological assessment. The empirical literature is used as a basis for making recommendations about when and for whom reliance on self-report is appropriate and how the accuracy of self-report data can be maximized.
In vitro RNA synthesis from exogenous dengue viral RNA templates requires long range interactions between 5'- and 3'-terminal regions that influence RNA structure.

Viral replicases of many positive-strand RNA viruses are membrane-bound complexes of cellular and viral proteins that include viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). The in vitro RdRP assay system that utilizes cytoplasmic extracts from dengue viral-infected cells and exogenous RNA templates was developed to understand the mechanism of viral replication in vivo. Our results indicated that in vitro RNA synthesis at the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) required the presence of the 5′-terminal region (TR) and the two cyclization (CYC) motifs suggesting a functional interaction between the TRs. In this study, using a psoralen-UV cross-linking method and an in vitroRdRP assay, we analyzed structural determinants for physical and functional interactions. Exogenous RNA templates that were used in the assays contained deletion mutations in the 5′-TR and substitution mutations in the 3′-stem-loop structure including those that would disrupt the predicted pseudoknot structure. Our results indicate that there is physical interaction between the 5′-TR and 3′-UTR that requires only the CYC motifs. RNA synthesis at the 3′-UTR, however, requires long range interactions involving the 5′-UTR, CYC motifs, and the 3′-stem-loop region that includes the tertiary pseudoknot structure.
Protective Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Experimental Gonococcal Infection of Female Mice

Protective role of Toll-like receptor 4 in experimental gonococcal infection of female mice
Readiness, functioning, and perceived effectiveness in community prevention coalitions: A study of Communities That Care

This paper examined whether community readiness, prevention knowledge, coalition functioning, and barriers are linked to perceived effectiveness of community prevention coalitions. Interviews were conducted with 203 key leaders in Communities That Care (CTC) prevention boards in 21 Pennsylvania communities. Community-level means for the reliable self-report measures were utilized separately and in combination with research staff ratings, state technical assistant staff ratings, and other data. The results indicated that the strong link between readiness and perceived effectiveness was mediated by internal coalition functioning. The extent of CTC linkage with outside community entities was not linked to perceived effectiveness. The study concludes that community readiness is an important condition for success of a prevention coalition, and exerts effects mainly through the quality of the coalition's internal functioning. Member turnover and infighting appear to be important factors related to internal functioning. Linkage with outside entities may be more important for coalition models where the coalition is more dependent on local institutions for resources.
Fully automated segmentation of cartilage from the MR images of knee using a multi-atlas and local structural analysis method.

Purpose: To develop a fully automated method to segment cartilage from the magnetic resonance (MR) images of knee and to evaluate the performance of the method on a public, open dataset. Methods: The segmentation scheme consisted of three procedures: multiple-atlas building, applying a locally weighted vote (LWV), and region adjustment. In the atlas building procedure, all training cases were registered to a target image by a nonrigid registration scheme and the best matched atlases selected. A LWV algorithm was applied to merge the information from these atlases and generate the initial segmentation result. Subsequently, for the region adjustment procedure, the statistical information of bone, cartilage, and surrounding regions was computed from the initial segmentation result. The statistical information directed the automated determination of the seed points inside and outside bone regions for the graph-cut based method. Finally, the region adjustment was conducted by the revision of outliers and the inclusion of abnormal bone regions. Results: A total of 150 knee MR images from a public, open dataset (available atwww.ski10.org) were used for the development and evaluation of this approach. The 150 cases were divided into the training set (100 cases) and the test set (50 cases). The cartilages were segmented successfully in all test cases in an average of 40 min computation time. The average dice similarity coefficient was 71.7% ± 8.0% for femoral and 72.4% ± 6.9% for tibial cartilage. Conclusions: The authors have developed a fully automated segmentation program for knee cartilage from MR images. The performance of the program based on 50 test cases was highly promising.
The Influence of Parasympatholytics on the Resolution of Acute Attacks of Asthma

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of parasympatholytics in the resolution of acute attacks of asthma. METHODS: This study employed a prospective sequential design in which the influence of 0.5 and 1.0 mg of ipratropium bromide on peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR), hospital admissions, and length of stay (LOS) in the emergency department (ED) was evaluated. The parasympatholytic was added to a well-investigated standard therapeutic regimen that was anchored by the use of repetitive doses of albuterol, and employed pretested decision algorithms. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-one patients received ipratropium (I) and 123 who did not (NI) served as controls. There were no significant pretreatment between group differences in gender, racial composition, clinical signs and symptoms, or PEFR. The presence of ipratropium in the regimen did not influence discharge/admission patterns, LOS, the rate of improvement of the patients, or the level of PEFR achieved. CONCLUSION: Anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium are not first-line treatments for acute asthma. They do not add any therapeutic benefit to the effects of albuterol given in divided doses over 1 hour, nor do they facilitate recovery in patients whose immediate response to sympathomimetics is impaired.
How to automate analog IC designs

Knowledge-based systems that have made the computer-aided design (CAD) of analog circuits feasible are discussed. The three systems-Idac, Oasys, and Opasyn-were formally announced in 1987. Although they differ widely in philosophy, all use common building blocks and produce sized-schematic diagrams showing how transistors, capacitors, and so forth are connected, complete with the components' values-from which custom circuits can be synthesized. These building blocks, however, unlike the ones used in semicustom analog IC design, are not fixed designs from a library. Rather, they can be varied infinitely, according to rules given to the tools by human experts, so that they approach the ideal performance far more closely than is possible with a limited choice of fixed blocks. All told, Idac, Oasys, and Opasyn can automatically synthesize analog circuits from 13 classes of analog building blocks and can produce over 100 distinct circuit topologies. The characteristics of the three systems are discussed and compared. >
Spin-spin and spin-rotation constants of NBr(X3Σ−)

Abstract Rotationally resolved emission spectra of the 0-0 band of the b1Σ+-X3Σ− transition in NBr were obtained from the F Br + HN 3 chemiluminescence flame. The spectra revealed two strong branches, SR and QP, and two much weaker branches, OP and QR, with the QQ branch unobserved. The resolution of the spectrometer was not sufficient to resolve the two naturally occurring isotopes of Br. Analysis of the rotational lines yields the following set of molecular constants: ν00 = 14 812 ± 2, B′0 = 0.4782 ± 0.0037, B″0 = 0.4529 ± 0.0036, λ = 12.38 ± 0.11, and γ = −0.023 ± 0.018 (units in cm−1).
A maxillary radiolucency phantom lesion.

In radiographic diagnosis one must keep in mind a broad spectrum of possibilities and the occasional superimposition of one lesion upon bone altered by another process. In the maxilla the variable pneumatization of the maxillary sinus and the presence of the nasal cavity can be confusing. Variations of normal anatomy should be carefully considered. A treatment plan that is heavily dependent upon a radiograph without the correlation of other clinical findings has potential for therapeutic misadventure.
Global fires after asteroid impact probably caused mass extinction

About 66 million years ago, a mountain-sized asteroid hit what is now the Yucatan in Mexico at exactly the time of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction. Evidence for the asteroid impact comes from sediments in the K-Pg boundary layer, but the details of the event, including what precisely caused the mass extinction, are still being debated.
The Dogma of Environmental Revelation

Environmental revelationism is the view that there are preferred means of knowing the value and structure of nature, and these means are characterized by experiences of awe or ceremonial feelings of reverence. This paper outlines the dogmatic consequences of this view.
Some Psychosexual Differences Between Kibbutz and Non-Kibbutz Israeli Boys

(1958). Some Psychosexual Differences Between Kibbutz and Non-Kibbutz Israeli Boys. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 328-332.
A summary of the geology, geochemistry, and geophysics of the Roosevelt hot springs thermal area, Utah

The Roosevelt Hot Springs thermal area is a newly discovered geothermal power prospect in Utah. Seven production wells have been drilled with a maximum per well flow capability averaging 4.5×105kg of combined vapor and liquid per hour at a shut‐in bottom hole temperature near 260°C. The thermal area is located on the western margin of the Mineral Mountains, which consist dominantly of a Tertiary granitic pluton 32 km long by 8 km wide. Rhyolitic tuffs, flows, and domes cover about 25km2 of the crest and west side of the Mineral Mountains within 5 km of the thermal area. The rhyolitic volcanism occurred between 0.8 and 0.5 m.y. ago and constitutes a major Pleistocene thermal event believed to be significant to the evaluation of the Roosevelt Hot Springs thermal area. Thermal waters of the (now) dry spring, a seep, and the deep reservoir are dilute (ionic strength 0.1 to 0.2) sodium chloride brines.
Dynamic class selection and class provisioning in proportional differentiated services

The relative differentiation architecture does not require per-flow state at the network core or edges, nor admission control, but it can only provide higher classes with better service than lower classes. A central premise in the relative differentiation architecture is that users with an absolute QoS requirement can dynamically search for a class, which provides the desired QoS level. In the first part of this paper, we investigate this Dynamic Class Selection (DCS) framework in the context of Proportional Delay Differentiation (PDD). We illustrate that, under certain conditions, DCS-capable users can meet absolute QoS requirements, even though the network only offers relative differentiation. For a simple link model, we give an algorithm that checks whether it is feasible to satisfy all users, and if this is the case, computes the minimum acceptable class selection for each user. Users converge in a distributed manner to this minimum acceptable class, if the DCS equilibrium is unique. However, suboptimal and even unacceptable DCS equilibria may also exist. Simulations of an end-to-end DCS algorithm provide further insight in the dynamic behavior of DCS, show the relation between DCS and the network Delay Differentiation Parameters (DDPs), and demonstrate how to control the trade-off between a flow's performance and cost using DCS. In the second part of the paper, we consider the related problem of class provisioning. At the provisioning phase, the network manager configures the link to support the QoS requirements of all traffic types. Each traffic type is specified by an expected arrival rate and a delay requirement. The objective of the provisioning phase is to jointly determine: the minimum link capacity needed to support the given traffic types, the nominal class of service for each traffic type, and the appropriate resource allocation between classes. Our class provisioning methodology is also based on PDD. The major advantage of PDD is that it avoids the computation of an explicit bandwidth share for each class. The class provisioning methodology is illustrated with examples.
If Not You, Who? Responding to Emergencies in Physical Education and Physical Activity Settings

Injuries can occur anywhere and anytime in physical education. Physical educators should do all they can to prevent injuries from occurring and must be prepared for such an occurrence. Many physical educators have limited knowledge about how to respond to injury and emergency situations. The purpose of this article is to provide information for dealing with minor injuries and emergencies that commonly occur in physical education or activity-based settings. The situations addressed in this article include managing open and closed wounds, eye and mouth injuries, nosebleeds, concussions, strains and sprains, heat-related illness, and existing conditions (diabetes and seizures).
Endoplasmic reticulum stress associated retinal photoreceptor cell death in the transgenic mutant rhodopsin S334ter-3 rats

Abstract Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is associated with the expression of a mutant photoreceptor-specific protein. We hypothesized that missorted mutant rhodopsin induces an evolutionarily conserved compensatory mechanism known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Although, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a protective cellular response against stresses, chronic ER stress activates a UPR-dependent death pathway that results in retinal degeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ER stress is one of the causes for photoreceptor cell death. Here, we used retinal 661W cells and transgenic mutant rhodopsin S334ter-3 and S334ter-4 rats. The ER stressors such as homocysteine and calcimycin activated the UPR-specific proteins, ATF4, Bip, CHOP, and procaspase-12; caused overproduction of ROS; and induced cell death in cultured retinal 661W cells. Similarly, retinas of transgenic S334ter-3 but not S334ter-4 rats revealed the activation of UPR-specific proteins Bip, ATF4, CHOP, calnexin, and procaspase-12. Retinal slices of S334ter-3 rats at postnatal day 5 exhibited overproduction of ROS and dead cells in the photoreceptor cell layer. Thus, the activated apoptotic UPR in retinal photoreceptor cells of transgenic mutant rhodopsin S334ter-3 rats suggested that UPR might play a role in retinal photoreceptor cell death in S334ter-3 rats.
The superior slip-resistance of footwear soling compound T66/103

Research over a period of fifteen years consistently revealed that a microcellular polyurethane soling known as T66/103 (T66) is the most slip-resistant soling for use on oily floor surfaces. Many experiments have indicated that T66 is also the most slip-resistant soling available for water contaminated (wet) floors. The walking traction test and a new mobile version of the rig were used in eight new experiments designed to obtain further evidence for the superior slip-resistance of T66 especially on wet floors. The surface roughness of T66 after abrasion is believed to be an important contributor to slip-resistance and this hypothesis led to the examination of some microcellular rubbers (MR) which also become rough when abraded. The T66 soling was compared with five MR samples, a dense Polyurethane (PU) and two dense rubbers and in all the experiments the mean coefficient of friction (cof) of the T66 soling was ranked higher than all other solings on surfaces lubricated with water, or by water and a wetting agent (p less than 0.001) and the authors believe that the trend in footwear design towards an outer layer of dense PU is retrograde. It is concluded that T66 is the safest commercial soling found for both oily and wet floors and that the more general use of this soling would reduce the enormous number of injuries caused by slipping accidents. Compound T66 should be used as a standard for the assessment of other solings.
Evaluation of a vessel-sealing device for laparoscopic granulosa cell tumor removal in standing mares.

Objective— To describe a laparoscopic technique for granulosa cell tumor removal using a vessel sealing device (LigaSure™) in standing mares. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Eight mares (8–24 years old; weighing, 406–525 kg). Methods— Before surgery, ovarian size and adjacent body wall thickness was determined by ultrasonography. Mares were sedated and after local anesthesia (inverted L and local infiltration), laparoscopic cannulation was performed without insufflation. The mesovarium was anesthetized and the LigaSure instrument applied to the mesovarium for hemostasis and resection to remove the affected ovary. Mares were hospitalized for 24 hours before discharge. Results— Median ovarian diameter was 10.5 cm (range, 6–14 cm). Median surgery time was 75 minutes (range, 40–180 minutes). Hemostasis was achieved using the LigaSure device in all mares. Median length of the abdominal wall incision made to remove the ovary was 13 cm (range, 5–17 cm); no incisional complications occurred. Conclusions— The LigaSure vessel sealing device provided adequate hemostasis for removal of larger neoplastic ovaries in standing mares. Clinical Relevance— Concerns of ligature placement can be alleviated by use of the LigaSure device and standing laparoscopic technique provides excellent observation of the surgical field ensuring hemostasis.
Form factors in theories with gravity duals

The prescription for calculating form factors at strong coupling in the theories with gravity duals was found in [L. F. Alday, J. Maldacena, JHEP 0711 , 068 (2007). arXiv:0710.1060 [hep-th] ]. The use of integrability for similar objects culminated in the paper [L. F. Alday, J. Maldacena, A. Sever, P. Vieira, J. Phys. A A43, 485401 (2010). arXiv:1002.2459 [hep-th] ] where the Y-system for scattering amplitudes was found. In the paper [J. Maldacena, A. Zhiboedov, JHEP 1011 , 104 (2010). arXiv:1009.1139 [hep-th] ] authors extended this scenario to the case of form factors in AdS3 kinematics. Some exact solutions were present. Here we briefly review the results of [J. Maldacena, A. Zhiboedov, JHEP 1011 , 104 (2010). arXiv:1009.1139 [hep-th] ] and later developments of the problem.
Nanoparticle plasmonics: going practical with transition metal nitrides

Promising designs and experimental realizations of devices with unusual properties in the field of plasmonics have attracted a great deal of attention over the past few decades. However, the high expectations for realized technology products have not been met so far. The main complication is the absence of robust, high performance, low cost plasmonic materials that can be easily integrated into already established technologies such as microelectronics. This review provides a brief discussion on alternative plasmonic materials for localized surface plasmon applications and focuses on transition metal nitrides, in particular, titanium nitride, which has recently been shown to be a high performance refractory plasmonic material that could replace and even outperform gold in various plasmonic devices. As a material compatible with biological environments and the semiconductor industry, titanium nitride possesses superior properties compared to noble metals such as high temperature durability, chemical stability, corrosion resistance, low cost and mechanical hardness.
How Accurate are the Josephson and Quantum Hall Effects and QED

Abstract The accuracy of the theory of the Josephson effect and of the quantum Hall effect is assessed by testing quantitatively the exactness of the theoretically predicted relations KJ=2e/h and RK=h/e2, where KJ and RK are the phenomenological Josephson and von Klitzing constants, respectively. By assuming the relations are exact, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is tested by comparing QED-dependent and independent values of the fine-structure constant.
A consistent treatment of nuclear currents for scalar and vector fields

Abstract We discuss the role of scalar and vector fields in modifying nuclear electromagnetic currents. It is shown that one cannot construct a consistent (i.e. gauge invariant) electromagnetic current by minimal substitution into the momentum-dependent terms in the NN interaction. Such a consistent current is obtained to order O( p 2 M 2 ) by evaluating explicit Feynman pair diagrams. For the case of σ- and ω-meson fields we give magnetic moment predictions for finite nuclei and nuclear matter. It is shown that the Dirac magnetic moment is enhanced by σ-meson exchange, while the isoscalar moment is reduced due to ω-meson exchange. Our results are compared with those of the relativistic mean field model.
How much warfarin is enough in APS related thrombosis

Warfarin is the best available, most effective treatment for the secondary prevention of recurrent thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients. However, warfarin is cumbersome for both patients and physicians because of risk for bleeding and the need for frequent monitoring. Much detail regarding optimal management of APS patients still lacks an evidence-based approach. Asymptomatic patients should not receive warfarin. An optimal treatment for patients with livedo, cardiac valve disease, leg ulcers or microangiopathic nephropathy is unknown; it is likely that warfarin is ineffective for these manifestations of the APS. In low risk patients who have not previously failed warfarin, moderate intensity anticoagulation (target international normalized ratio [INR] 2.5) is as effective as, and safer than, high intensity anticoagulation (INR 3.5), at least for patients with venous thrombosis. Current recommendations, based on the opinion rather than on documentation, state that warfarin should be prescribed for the APS patient's life; studies that challenge this conclusion for carefully defined low risk patients whose thromboses occurred with trigger events will be welcome, as will be studies examining alternatives to warfarin, including antiplatelet drugs.
Bacteriophage T4 RNase H removes both RNA primers and adjacent DNA from the 5' end of lagging strand fragments.

Bacteriophage T4 RNase H belongs to a family of prokaryotic and eukaryotic nucleases that remove RNA primers from lagging strand fragments during DNA replication. Each enzyme has a flap endonuclease activity, cutting at or near the junction between single- and double-stranded DNA, and a 5′- to 3′-exonuclease, degrading both RNA·DNA and DNA·DNA duplexes. On model substrates for lagging strand synthesis, T4 RNase H functions as an exonuclease removing short oligonucleotides, rather than as an endonuclease removing longer flaps created by the advancing polymerase. The combined length of the DNA oligonucleotides released from each fragment ranges from 3 to 30 nucleotides, which corresponds to one round of processive degradation by T4 RNase H with 32 single-stranded DNA-binding protein present. Approximately 30 nucleotides are removed from each fragment during coupled leading and lagging strand synthesis with the complete T4 replication system. We conclude that the presence of 32 protein on the single-stranded DNA between lagging strand fragments guarantees that the nuclease will degrade processively, removing adjacent DNA as well as the RNA primers, and that the difference in the relative rates of synthesis and hydrolysis ensures that there is usually only a single round of degradation during each lagging strand cycle.
Understanding and Supporting Parent-Child Relationships during Foster Care Visits: Attachment Theory and Research

Parent visitation, the scheduled, face-to-face contacts between parents and their children in foster care, is the primary intervention for maintaining and supporting the development of parent-child relationships necessary for reunification. A review of the child welfare literature, however, reveals that for some parents and children, visits are problematic. Indeed, parents and children's experiences of visits, the quality of interaction observed during visits, and outcomes for children vary widely. The parent-child attachment relationship is one important factor influencing the quality of visits. Attachment theory and research indicate that there are universal, developmental, variable, and problematic aspects of attachment relationships. These aspects of attachment relationships provide a heuristic approach for understanding, assessing, and intervening in parent-child relationships during foster care visits.
Surface band splittings: Theory with application to He/Graphite

Abstract Expressions for surface band splittings are obtained for the model of a hard corrugated surface with a well and an explicit connection is made with perturbation theory. A simple extension of this model to include the periodicity of well bottom provides good agreement with data for the He/Graphite system. The resulting parameterization is shown to provide a physically transparent description of the atom-surface potential in terms of observed atomic beam scattering spectra.
Effects of alprazolam on pituitary-adrenal and catecholaminergic responses to metabolic stress in humans

Abstract Concurrent effects of benzodiazepines on stress-induced activation of the three classical “stress” systems: pituitary-adrenal, adrenomedullary, and sympathoneural systems have not been extensively investigated in humans. In the present study, the effects of alprazolam (1.5 mg) on plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), epinephrine, norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG, the intraneuronal metabolite of norepinephrine), and mood states were examined in 10 healthy volunteers undergoing glucoprivic stress. Glucoprivic stress was induced by intravenous administration of the glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), at a dose (50 mg/kg) that impairs cellular glucose metabolism and produces a state comparable to hypoglycemia. Alprazolam and 2DG were administered in a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner. 2DG produced robust elevations in plasma ACTH and epinephrine levels, modest elevations in plasma norepinephrine levels, and decreases in plasma DHPG levels. Alprazolam significantly attenuated the 2DG-induced increases in plasma ACTH and epinephrine, but did not significantly effect plasma norepinephrine and DHPG. These data suggest that benzodiazepines attenuate metabolic stress-induced activation of the pituitary-adrenal and adrenomedullary systems but do not effect 2DG-related effects on peripheral sympathoneural function. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.
Conformational and topological requirements of cell‐permeable peptide function

Cell-permeable peptide import recently was developed to deliver synthetic peptides into living cells for studying intracellular protein functions. This import process is mediated by an N-terminal carrier sequence which is the hydrophobic region of a signal peptide. In this study, the conformational consequence of the interaction of cell-permeable peptides with different mimetic membrane environments was investigated by circular dichroism analysis. We showed that cell-permeable peptides adopted alpha-helical structures in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles or aqueous trifluoroethanol (TFE). The potency of these peptides in forming helical structures is higher in an amphiphilic environment (SDS) than in a hydrophobic environment (TFE), suggesting that some hydrophilic molecules associated with the cell membrane may be involved in peptide import. We also studied topological requirements of cell-permeable peptide function. We demonstrated that peptides containing the carrier sequence in their C-termini can also be imported into cells efficiently. This important discovery can avoid repetitious synthesis of the membrane-translocating sequence for peptides with different functional cargoes and is potentially useful for developing a cell-permeable peptide library. Finally, we showed that, when a retro version of the carrier sequence was used, the peptide lost its translocating ability despite retaining a high content of alpha-helical structure in mimetic membrane environments. This suggests that the propensity of peptides to adopt a helical conformation is required but not sufficient for cellular import and that other structural factors such as the side-chain topology of the carrier sequence are also important. Our studies together contribute to the more rational design of useful cell-permeable peptides.
Hydrolysis of peptide bonds of the oxidized B-chain of insulin by Endothia parasitica protease.

Abstract The relative rates of hydrolysis of the peptide bonds of the oxidized B-chain of insulin by Endothia parasitica protease have been determined at pH 3.60 and at a substrate concentration of 1.07 × 10−3 m and an enzyme concentration of 1.95 × 10−6 m . The Phe24Phe25, bond is hydrolyzed at a maximum rate followed by hydrolysis of the Tyr16Leu17 and Gln4His5 bonds. The Leu11Val12 and Asn3Gln4 bonds are hydrolyzed at slower rates. The LeunVal12 bond appears to be considerably more resistant to hydrolysis in the peptide 5–16 than in the intact oxidized B-chain. The Leu15-Tyr16 bond is very slowly hydrolyzed in peptide 5–16 but there is no evidence for hydrolysis of this bond in the intact oxidized B-chain. Phe25 is slowly hydrolyzed from the peptide 25–30 and the bond involving Gly20Glu21 is slowly hydrolyzed in peptide 12–24 and/or peptide 17–24. Thus the enzyme has specificity for the hydrophobic regions of the oxidized B-chain. The specificity of Endothia parasitica protease on the oxidized B-chain of insulin is similar to that of pepsin in that bonds involving Gln4His5, Leu11Val12, Leu15Tyr16, Tyr16Leu17, Phe24Phe25 and Phe25Tyr26 are hydrolyzed by both enzymes. Endothia parasitica protease hydrolyzes bonds involving Asn3Gln4 and Gly20Glu20, not attacked by pepsin, but fails to hydrolyze bonds involving Phe1Val2, Glu13Ala14, Ala14Leu15 and Gly23Phe24, hydrolyzed by pepsin. Thus, Endothia parasitica protease is more specific in its action on the oxidized B-chain of insulin than is pepsin.
More on the Endogenous-Exogenous Distinction: A Reply to Romer

Romer's critique indicates that the endogenous-exogenous model has largely ignored an important attributional problem; namely, how does one define the boundaries of the behavior that is to be attributed? It was argued, however, that the failure to consider this problem implies that the attributional model in question is incomplete but not inconsistent.
The determination of progesterone receptors in breast cancer and their relationship to estrogen receptors

A simple method for the assay of specific progesterone receptors in breast cancer tissue is described. Progesterone receptors were detected in 63 of 74 breast cancer specimens (85%). Estrogen receptor positive tumors had a wide range of progesterone receptor concentrations, but in 77% of cases the level was above 3 fmol/mg protein. The progesterone receptor level was generally low in tumors lacking estrogen receptors, 75% of the samples having concentrations between 0 and 3 fmol/mg protein. Unlike estrogen receptors, age had no influence on the number of progesterone receptors in breast cancer tissue.
A comparison of behavioral tests for measuring the effects of phenylketonuria in rats.

Abstract Of a variety of procedures evaluated as tests of a behavioral deficit induced by phenylalanine, Classical and Sidman avoidance procedures were found to be preferable. They are short-term, do not require food or water deprivation, and lead to reliable differences between control and treated animals.
Automated discovery of structural features of the optic nerve head on the basis of image and genetic data

Evaluation of optic nerve head (ONH) structure is a commonly used clinical technique for both diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma. Glaucoma is associated with characteristic changes in the structure of the ONH. We present a method for computationally identifying ONH structural features using both imaging and genetic data from a large cohort of participants at risk for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Using 1054 participants from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study, ONH structure was measured by application of a stereo correspondence algorithm to stereo fundus images. In addition, the genotypes of several known POAG genetic risk factors were considered for each participant. ONH structural features were discovered using both a principal component analysis approach to identify the major modes of variance within structural measurements and a linear discriminant analysis approach to capture the relationship between genetic risk factors and ONH structure. The identified ONH structural features were evaluated based on the strength of their associations with genotype and development of POAG by the end of the OHTS study. ONH structural features with strong associations with genotype were identified for each of the genetic loci considered. Several identified ONH structural features were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the development of POAG after Bonferroni correction. Further, incorporation of genetic risk status was found to substantially increase performance of early POAG prediction. These results suggest incorporating both imaging and genetic data into ONH structural modeling significantly improves the ability to explain POAG-related changes to ONH structure.