cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Battle for the Soul of Antitrust

There is, today, a battle for the soul of antitrust. On one side is the Chicago School, which asserts that the law should be derived from and explained by economics. Chicagoans believe that business has a strong tendency to produce efficiency when unconstrained by positive law. On the other side is what I call the New Coalition, which believes that law is essentially different from economics; economics is one of the tools used to carry out the spirit of the law. Members of the New Coalition believe that law can be derived from the statutory text, informed both by its legislative roots and by its evolving judicial construction. Judges Bork, Easterbrook, and Posner are widely identified with the Chicago School, and I refer to their scholarship and jurisprudence as examples of Chicago School thinking. Professor Sullivan is a member of the more diverse New Coalition, and I treat Professor Sullivan's Article' as representative of the challenge to the Chicago School. I address two questions: (1) Which of the two alliances better describes the history of antitrust and the current state of the law? (2) Which better predicts the future of antitrust? It is a human tendency to interweave our vision of the way the world should be with our description of things past and our prediction of things future. We tend to see what confirms our vision, which is in turn a product of our values. Accordingly, before evaluating the descriptive or predictive work of either school, I summarize the normative orientations of each.
A comparison of normal red cell ATP levels as measured by the firefly system and the hexokinase system.

Widely divergent normal red cell ATP levels have been reported by investigators using different methods. In order to clarify the cause of these discrepancies and to establish correct normal values for red cell ATP, the firefly technic for measuring ATP levels was compared with other methods. The ATP content of TCA filtrates of red cells was the same when determined by the firefly method as by the hexokinase-linked technic. Relatively low concentrations of protein were found to stimulate light output when lyophilyzed firefly extract, but not freshly prepared firefly extract, was used. Thus, falsely, high values were obtained when red cell extracts were examined, unless protein was also added to the standard. Storage of heparinized blood for as little as 1 hour resulted in a substantial decrease in red cell ATP levels. The loss with ACD blood was less, and could be obviated entirely by using an ACD solution with a pH adjusted to between 3.5 and 4.0. Removing the buffy coat or washing cells in saline resulted in no further loss of red cell ATP. Extraction of washed red cells with TCA resulted in an average loss of 4.6 per cent of ATP, while extraction of whole blood with TCA resulted in a 14 per cent loss of ATP. In contrast, perchloric acid extraction resulted in no ATP loss. If ATP determinations are carried out using the firefly method, protein should be added to the standard. If red cells must be stored for any period of time prior to extraction of ATP, an ACD solution with a pH of 3.5 to 4.0 should be used. If extracts of red cells are made, perchloric acid appears significantly superior to trichloroacetic acid.
Modified conformal cosmology with a positive effective gravitational constant

The conformal cosmological model presented by Mannheim predicts a negative value for the effective gravitational constant, Geff. We propose a modification of the model, in which the action is no longer invariant under general conformal transformations, but only under uniform dilations. Mannheim’s scalar field, S, can be quantized around the minimum of the effective potential. We obtain a natural set of modes and states by requiring conformal invariance of the equation of motion; this fixes the coefficient of the Rμ μ term in the action, and results in a Geff that is positive. The resulting theory closely resembles the conventional cosmology based on Einstein relativity.
Regional Industrial Structure Concentration in the United States: Trends and Implications

AbstractIn a seminal article, Chinitz (1961) considered the effects of industry size, structure, and economic diversification on the performance of firms and regional economies. His inquiry suggested a related but conceptually distinct issue: how does the extent to which a regional industry or industrial sector is concentrated in a small number of firms affect the local performance of that industry? The question has not been addressed systematically in empirical research other than case studies, principally because accurately measuring regional concentration requires firm-level information. This exploratory study uses confidential plant-level data to gauge concentration in manufacturing industries at the regional scale across the continental United States, to explore changes over time in geographic patterns of concentration, and to investigate associations between regional industrial structure concentration and changes in employment. The implications for understanding the impacts of regional industrial st...
Fungi and Other Lower Plant Biosynthetic Products

The ubiquitous lower plants commonly known as mildews, molds, mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and smuts are members of the fungi group and represent exceedingly large numbers of different species. By definition, the fungi lack chlorophyll and have a threadlike plant body or mycelium. Consequently the fungi are dependent upon other living organisms for food, and some, such as the mushrooms and puffballs, form a compact mycelium of substantial size. Three great classes of fungi are recognized, namely, the Ascomycetes, the Basidiomycetes, and the Phycomycetes. The Fungi imperfecti do not represent a homogeneous class but rather a large number of species that have lost their ability of sexual reproduction.
IgH Chain Class Switch Recombination: Mechanism and Regulation

IgH class switching occurs rapidly after activation of mature naive B cells, resulting in a switch from expression of IgM and IgD to expression of IgG, IgE, or IgA; this switch improves the ability of Abs to remove the pathogen that induces the humoral immune response. Class switching occurs by a deletional recombination between two switch regions, each of which is associated with a H chain constant region gene. Class switch recombination (CSR) is instigated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase, which converts cytosines in switch regions to uracils. The uracils are subsequently removed by two DNA-repair pathways, resulting in mutations, single-strand DNA breaks, and the double-strand breaks required for CSR. We discuss several aspects of CSR, including how CSR is induced, CSR in B cell progenitors, the roles of transcription and chromosomal looping in CSR, and the roles of certain DNA-repair enzymes in CSR.
Profitability Analysis; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

The evaluation method most frequently used in the chemical industry for the primary measure of a project’s economic attractiveness is called either discounted cash flow (DCF) or internal rate of return (IRR) (even sometimes interest rate of return-IRR). These terms are used interchangeably, even though the words say that one is a cash flow and the others are rates of return. Sometimes to avoid semantic confusion the former is called discounted cash flow return on investment, DCF-ROI. They are a measure of the profitability of a project that takes into account the time value of money. This concept implies that receiving a dollar in income today is worth more than receiving a dollar next year, because today’s dollar could be invested and next year be worth one dollar plus the interest that it earned. With any project the investment may be made over a period of time (i.e., plant construction usually takes from one to three years), and the income generated will be over a longer period of time (i.e., 10 to 30 years) and often be quite variable. This method relates all aspects of the cash flow (after tax profit plus depreciation; capital spending; etc.) to a common time basis. Competitive projects, with their quite different spending and income flow can then be compared equally.
Synthesis and structure of [μ-PhP(C5Me4)2][Nb(μ-NBut)Cl]2, a novel dinuclear niobium complex supported by an ansa ligand

Abstract The niobium complex [μ-PhP(C5Me4)2][Nb(μ-NBut)Cl]2 is obtained by reaction of Nb(NBut)Cl3(py)2 with [PhP(C5Me4)2]Li2. In contrast to other ansa-niobocene complexes, the [PhP(C5Me4)2] ligand in [μ-PhP(C5Me4)2][Nb(μ-NBut)Cl]2 bridges a dinuclear Nb2 fragment.
Using the Merchant of Venice in Teaching Monetary Economics

(1998). Using The Merchant of Venice in Teaching Monetary Economics. The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 330-339.
Gender differences in depression and PTSD symptoms following combat exposure.

Background: This research examined gender as a moderator of the association between combat exposure (CE) and depression as well as CE and PTSD symptoms among a nonclinical sample of Soldiers following deployment in support of operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Methods: Cases included 6,943 (516 women, 6,427 men) active duty Soldiers that were retrospectively analyzed from a pre- and post-deployment screening database at a large Army installation. Results: Gender moderated the association between CE and depressive and PTSD symptoms such that higher levels of CE were more strongly associated with depression and PTSD symptoms in women compared to men. Female Soldiers also reported higher severity of depressive symptoms compared to male Soldiers, whereas men reported higher levels of CE and a greater number of previous deployments compared to women. Conclusions: CE was a stronger predictor of post-deployment depression and PTSD symptoms for women compared to men. These results provide evidence for gender-based differences in depression and PTSD risk. Screening for degree of CE in addition to symptoms associated with depression and PTSD can help with the care for service members who are returning from deployments to combat zones. Depression and Anxiety 27:1027–1033, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. y
Gender and “Peace Work”: An Unofficial History of Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations

Unlike earlier attempts to theorize Israeli women's peace activism in civil society, this article examines the involvement of women in backstage roles of formal negotiations during the Oslo Process. On the basis of a qualitative analysis of the organizational structure and gender division of labor in Israeli negotiating bodies, I find that women were placed as midlevel negotiators and professional and legal advisors, and also served as spokeswomen and secretaries. This pattern of participation reveals 1) that the “security logic,” developed by Israeli negotiators led to, and reinforced, a structured gendered division of labor, providing a rational justification for gender inequality; 2) that the ability to control administrative capacities and women workers generated symbolic masculine power and assisted in maintaining asymmetries between Israeli and Palestinian delegations; 3) and that midlevel Israeli negotiators' narratives reveal the extent to which conceptual confusion and self-contradictory approaches toward the Oslo Accords reinforced women's overall invisibility. I conclude that patterns of rigid gender roles in official negotiating structures not only minimize women's meaningful inclusion in peace negotiations but also affect the production of public historical narratives about gender, peace, and war.
The effect of a symmetric discontinuity on adjacent material in a longitudinally vibrating uniform beam

A three-element analytical model for a free-free longitudinally vibrating uniform beam containing a symmetric discontinuity is presented. Based on this model, an analytical expression is developed which relates the length of the section containing the damage to the depth of the discontinuity. It thereby fixes the length of the element used to model this section of the beam. This expression was verified experimentally and shown to be material independent.
Individual differences in judgmental tendencies derived from first impressions

Abstract This report introduces the First Impression Interaction Procedure (FIIP) as a new method of assessing participant initial reactions to unfamiliar partners encountered during 25-min uncontrolled interaction sessions. The 14-item FIIP rating form quantifies first impression central tendency (Judgment Index), variability (Judgment Variability Index), and the degree to which participants judged others more harshly than self (Judgment Ratio). Selected participants can also be distinguished by their tendency to form and express unusually harsh first impressions of others. College students ( n =252) completed two FIIP interaction sessions with six partners. Internal consistency and temporal stability coefficients for the three FIIP measures ranged from 0.85 to 0.94. Judgment Index scores in excess of 1 S.D. from the mean were shown to reflect a generalized tendency for participants to form and express first impressions that were typically 1.5–2 S.D.s harsher than 80% of their interaction partners.
Effects of Low-Energy End Groups on the Dewetting Dynamics of Poly(styrene) Films on Poly(methyl methacrylate) Substrates

The influence of surface-active fluorocarbon-terminated poly(styrene) (PS−F) additives on the dewetting dynamics of thin melt films of poly(styrene) (PS) deposited onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates is investigated by reflection optical microscopy. The dewetting velocity is found to be time invariant and decreases with increase in PS−F content. Dewetting is completely eliminated for the neat PS−F films. The surface tension reduction due to PS−F addition is characterized by analysis of water contact angles on the PS blends and by measurement of equilibrium contact angles for droplets of the dewetted blends on PMMA by atomic force microscopy. Increasing the PS−F content decreases the PS blend surface tension and reduces its equilibrium contact angle on PMMA. Lower molecular weight PS−F is more effective in reducing the dewetting velocity owing to its higher fluorocarbon content and subsequently larger reduction in surface tension. The dependence of dewetting velocity (V) on the PS blend viscos...
Consistent use of effective potentials

It is well known that effective potentials can be gauge dependent while their values at extrema should be gauge invariant. Unfortunately, establishing this invariance in perturbation theory is not straightforward, since contributions from arbitrarily high-order loops can be of the same size. We show in massless scalar QED that an infinite class of loops can be summed (and must be summed) to give a gauge-invariant value for the potential at its minimum. In addition, we show that the exact potential depends on both the scale at which it is calculated and the normalization of the fields, but the vacuum energy does not. Using these insights, we propose a method to extract some physical quantities from effective potentials which is self-consistent order by order in perturbation theory, including improvement with the renormalization group.
envyLight: an interface for editing natural illumination

Scenes lit with high dynamic range environment maps of real-world environments exhibit all the complex nuances of natural illumination. For applications that need lighting adjustments to the rendered images, editing environment maps directly is still cumbersome. First, designers have to determine which region in the environment map is responsible for the specific lighting feature (e.g. diffuse gradients, highlights and shadows) they desire to edit. Second, determining the parameters of image-editing operations needed to achieve specific changes to the selected lighting feature requires extensive trial-and-error.This paper presents envyLight, an interactive interface for editing natural illumination that combines an algorithm to select environment map regions, by sketching strokes on lighting features in the rendered image, with a small set of editing operations to quickly adjust the selected feature. The envyLight selection algorithm works well for indoor and outdoor lighting corresponding to rendered images where lighting features vary widely in number, size, contrast and edge blur. Furthermore, envyLight selection is general with respect to material type, from matte to sharp glossy, and the complexity of scenes' shapes. envyLight editing operations allow designers to quickly alter the position, contrast and edge blur of the selected lighting feature and can be keyframed to support animation.
Emerging data on the use of anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐alpha medications in pregnancy

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α medications are used for the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases. Evaluation of pregnancy safety for these medications is complicated by the contribution of the underlying maternal disease to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery and reduced birth weight. Placental transport of these medications is thought to be minimal in the first trimester, thereby providing some reassurance regarding theoretical risks for congenital malformations. Available human exposure data are sparse; however, to date there has been no convincing evidence to support an increased risk for a specific pattern of major congenital malformations with any of the drugs in this group for which some data is currently available. As a result of the improvement of symptoms during pregnancy in some women with autoimmune diseases, it may be possible to discontinue treatment before or shortly after conception. However, in some cases the benefits of treatment and concerns for disease flares in pregnancy have warranted continued treatment during pregnancy. Because of the relatively long half-life of these medications, and theoretical concerns for immune compromise of the infant following exposure in the latter two trimesters, some clinicians recommend discontinuation of treatment in the third trimester to avoid potentially prolonged infant exposure in the postpartum period. Currently ongoing controlled cohort studies for some of the TNF blocker medications will help to provide more definitive answers for clinicians and patients.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE OF SACCHAROMYCES CARLSBERGENSIS

The ATPase activity of whole cells of anaerobically grown Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was low, but EDTA or glucose revealed ATPase activity. The ATPase was activated by Mg++ and Ca++; excess Ca++ was inhibitory. The optimum pH was 8·0 and optimum temperature about 40° C. The enzyme liberated less than two moles of phosphate from one mole of ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates and released phosphate slowly from ADP; nucleoside monophosphates were not hydrolysed. The enzyme was inhibited by atebrin, sodium azide and ADP, but was unaffected by ouabain, sodium fluoride or 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Systems of materno-foetal transport of gamma G immunoglobulin in the mouse.

HUMAN γG is transported across the mouse materno-foetal barrier in the direction of mother to foetus by a process which is sensitive to the maternal concentration of human γG1. With increasing maternal concentrations of human γG up to a level of 2 mg/ml., there is an even more rapid increase in the amount transferred to the foetus. When the maternal concentration rises from 2 mg/ml. towards 10 mg/ml., there is a sharp fall in the amount transferred, while at levels above 5 mg/ml. the amount transferred is proportional to the maternal concentration1.
Three-dimensional antiferromagnetism in triamminodiperoxychromate, Cr(NH3)3(O2)2: a precursor to a new class of Cr(IV) magnets

Abstract This study presents the first observation of long-range antiferromagnetic order in a simple Cr(IV)-peroxo, S=1 complex. Magnetic susceptibility, χ, and heat capacity, Cp, results are presented for both powders and single crystals of triamminodiperoxychromate, Cr(NH3)3(O2)2. For the investigated compound, the spin state of S=1 was determined by analysis of χ from 2 to 200 K, and correlated with the entropy expected for such a system as determined by Cp measurements from 2.5 to 20 K. Sharp λ-like transitions were observed in both χ and Cp, with maxima at 8.80 and 8.46 K, respectively; characteristic of three-dimensional long-range antiferromagnetic ordering. The χ and Cp results correlated well using the Fisher heat capacity relationship. Further analysis of Cp determined that the majority of the spin entropy is engaged at temperatures below 8.46 K. This class of compounds might serve as precursors for CrO2 related materials.
Gaming: The Technology / Energy Efficiency Hook

We examine the draw and consequences of gambling, a.k.a. gaming, from a somewhat unorthodox perspective: exploitation of the urge to be energy efficient in a technology transformed world. Our own draw will be on the contention of the late Harvard linguist, George Kingsley Zipfi that human behavior is guided by "The Principle of Least Effort." We argue that the powerful attraction of gaming is self-similar, in a fractal sense, to the seductive power of new technology. The promise of gaining access to what we want, when we want, with minimal, ideally, no, exertion. Winning, like technology, does the work so that we don't have to. The deep-seated, "reptilian brain," urge to take effort relieving /food energy conserving, shortcuts when offered and convenient is addicting. It feeds on itself. Like the frog that boils to death in slowly heated water, like the gambling addict who doesn't think he has a problem, like the more than 30 percent of Americans who have eaten and non-exercised their way into the legions of the obese, the ship-out-of-water instinct to let the other guy do the work is getting us into hotter and hotter water. What's needed is a thermometer alerting the cortex to the possibility that winning, like all things "Made Easy, " is not necessarily knee-jerk good. Drawing on an article by New York Times reporter, Gary Rivlin, our supporting case-in-point is the rapidly advancing technical exploitation with consequences of the urge to gain with least effort in the guise of slots.
A Classroom Perspective on the Principle of Moderate Challenge in Mathematics

The authors reviewed the research on challenge as a motivator, with a view toward application in mathematics classrooms. The authors conclude that traditional motivational research, with its focus on individual differences and decontextualized tasks, is not readily applicable to classrooms. They argue that a combination of challenging instruction and positive affective support is necessary for promoting motivation in mathematics classrooms. The authors describe the kinds of classroom contexts that are likely to support challenge seeking and learning in mathematics and illustrate an example of a teacher who used challenge effectively in her 7th-grade mathematics classes. Finally, the authors suggest that a focus on creating contexts that support challenge seeking offers a powerful application of this motivational tool for all learners.
Effect of film thickness and substrate surface treatment on substrate deformation: DLC on MgO

Diamond-Like Carbon films with thicknesses controlled in the 10 to 100 nm range were sputter-deposited on single crystals of MgO. The substrates were prepared with varying roughness from 5 to 50 nm and varying surface dislocation densities from 100 to 2000 disl./μ2. Mechanical properties of the film and film-substrate interactions were investigated with an atomic force microscope retrofitted with a diamond indenter. The load bearing capacity of the substrate increased with increasing film thickness. As the indenter approached the film-substrate interface, load excursions occurred for the thinner films. No excursion was found for the thick film. Load excursions may be attributed to dislocations nucleating at the interface and/or film delamination.
STUDIES OF THE THYROID APPARATUS. XXX. THE RELATION BETWEEN AGE AT INITIATION OF AND RESPONSE OF BODY GROWTH TO THYROID AND PARATHYROID DEFICIENCY

The time has now come when it is possible to gather together and interpret in orderly fashion the accumulated data of nearly six years of experimentation designed to make possible an evaluation of the part played by the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the growth of the mammal. A continuous supply of material (Mus norvegicus albinus) of uniform history kept under uniform conditions of diet and environment (1) has made possible a comprehensive study of this problem, in which is included a determination of the relative importance at different stages of development of the functions mediated by these glands in growth; a determination of the sex differences in growth response to their deficiency; and a determination of the differential growth sensitivity of the various organs to thyroid and parathyroid lack. Previous papers of this series, in which the results of thyro-parathyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy at 75 and 100 days of age have been discussed, give the scope of the investigation, the mode of proced...
A Means of Generating Polyethylene Wear Particles With Desired Size and Shape for Biological Studies of Osteolysis

Metallic and ceramic counterfaces with artificial surface textures were rubbed against ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins in water-lubricated wear tests and the characteristics of wear debris were studied. Two types of surface textures were utilized. In the first type, an array of wedge shaped features was created on silicon wafers by microfabrication. It was found that the mean size of UHMWPE wear particles strongly depended on the length of the cutting edge of the wedge. For instance, for wedges with a cutting edge length of 55 μm, 15 μm, and 7 μm, it was found that more than 75% of wear particles had a mean length of 30–60 μm, 6–15 μm, and 4–10 μm, respectively. In the second type of textured surfaces, unidirectional patterns were created on the stainless steel discs. These unidirectional patterns consisted of long, parallel edges and grooves and were created by abrading the discs by different grits of sand papers. The length of the majority of unidirectional edges was found to be approximately equal to the dominant size of elongated wear debris. The narrowly distributed wear debris produced in this investigation can be used in the biological study of the effects of size and shape of UHMWPE wear particles in total joint replacements on osteolysis.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Transtheoretical Model of Change Applied to Developing Suicidal Behavior

The Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMC) is investigated as a tool for explaining and diagnosing suicidal behavior. Investigators found in a sample of 42 hospitalized suicide ideators and attempt...
Third Party Voting in Presidential Elections: A Study of Perot, Anderson, and Wallace

This article investigates the experience of independent presidential candi date H. Ross Perot by drawing on historical explanations for third party success. Studies of third party candidates have isolated a series of contex tual factors that contribute to electoral success. They include low levels of partisanship, dissatisfaction with the major party candidates, issue aliena tion, economic discontent, and distrust toward government. Using NES data, the author tests these models as explanations for Perot's success in 1992 and compares the results to previous third party experiences in 1968 and 1980. The author finds that the existence of a large base of weak parti sans was a major determinant of Perot's electoral breakthrough but that none of the other factors served as a powerful explanation for Perot's suc cess, especially when compared to the experiences of previous third party candidates.
Regulation of a Transcription Factor Network Required for Differentiation and Metabolism

Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) are a heterogeneous class of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are required for cellular differentiation and metabolism. Mutations in HNF-1α and HNF-4α genes impair insulin secretion and cause type 2 diabetes. Regulation of HNF-4/HNF-1 expression by HNF-3α and HNF-3β was studied in embryoid bodies in which one or both HNF-3α or HNF-3β alleles were inactivated. HNF-3β positively regulated the expression of HNF-4α/HNF-1α and their downstream targets, implicating a role in diabetes. HNF-3β was also necessary for expression of HNF-3α . In contrast, HNF-3α acts as a negative regulator of HNF-4α/HNF-1α demonstrating that HNF-3α and HNF-3β have antagonistic transcriptional regulatory functions in vivo. HNF-3α does not appear to act as a classic biochemical repressor but rather exerts its negative effect by competing for HNF-3 binding sites with the more efficient activator HNF-3β . In addition, the HNF-3α/HNF-3β ratio is modulated by the presence of insulin, providing evidence that the HNF network may have important roles in mediating the action of insulin.
Metabolic responses of hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrels Citellus lateralis to lowered environmental temperatures.

Abstract 1. 1. Hibernating C. lateralis were exposed to lowered ambient temperatures in order to investigate the relationship between hibernation stress and the thermoregulatory responses of the animals. 2. 2. The least hibernation-stress squirrels exhibited a passive decline in metabolic rate until their body temperatures stabilized close to microenvironmental temperature. 3. 3. The most stressed individuals aroused from hibernation in response to the declining ambient temperatures. 4. 4. Intermediately stressed animals demonstrated an initial passive decline in body temperature; however, at various temperatures (0.3–6.8°C). this group increased their metabolic rate but did not arouse from hibernation.
Effectiveness of an Existing Estuarine No-Take Fish Sanctuary within the Kennedy Space Center, Florida

Abstract Approximately 22% of the waters of the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, which encompasses the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, have been closed to public access and fishing since 1962. These closed areas offer an opportunity to test the effectiveness of “no-take” sanctuaries by analyzing two replicated estuarine areas. Areas open and closed to fishing were sampled from Nov 1986 to Jan 1990 with 653 random trammel-net sets, each enclosing 3,721 m2. Samples from no-fishing areas had significantly (P < 0.05) greater abundance and larger fishes than fished areas. Relative abundance (standardized catch per unit effort, CPUE) in protected areas (6.4 fish/set) was 2.6 times greater than in the fished areas (2.4 fish/set) for total game fish, 2.4 times greater for spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, 6.3 times greater for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, 12.8 times greater for black drum Pogonias cromis, 5.3 times greater for common snook Centropomus undecimalis, and 2.6 times greater for striped mul...
Contribution of Groundwater Modeling to Planning

Abstract The consideration of groundwater in water-resource planning frequently has been neglected because many planners believed that groundwater could not be adequately evaluated in terms of availability, quality, cost of development, or effect of development on the surface-water supply. The development of predictive groundwater models now provides the water planner with tools to evaluate these problems. Highly sophisticated digital models can be used in planning the development of groundwater and the conjunctive use of ground- and surface water. About 250 digital models have been used to evaluate groundwater problems: The models are powerful tools for predicting the response of groundwater systems to stresses. They can also clarify the cause and progress of past stresses. With these developments it is now possible to integrate the utilization of groundwater into water-resource planning with a high degree of confidence.
Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on hypophysectomized adrenal-demedullated rats.

ConclusionsThe stimulating action of ACTH on the adrenal cortex of hypophysectomized rats, as far as could be judged by adrenal weights and by morphology as seen in lipid stains, was the same in the absence of the medulla as in the intact adrenal.
Effects of Intensity and Age on Perception of Accent in Isochronous Sequences of a Snare Drum Timbre

Musical expression is often dependent upon accentuation, yet there is little research in the perception of dynamic accent in music and its relationship to intensity just noticeable differences (JNDs). This experiment estimated relationships among (a) accent limen (AL), (b) difference limen (DL), and (c) the ages of the nonmusician female subjects (N = 51). The AL was the intensity increment producing 80 % correct criteria in subjects' perceptions of single accented tones embedded xvithin seven-tone isochronous series. The unaccented tones were identical-timbre 87-dB(A) digitally produced snare drum sounds. The DL was the intensity difference in tone pairs that produced a 75% correct criterion. The relationship between AL and DL was not significant [F(1, 48) = 5.505, p = .197]. The relationship between AL and age was significant [F(1, 48) = 5.732, p = .021], suggesting that the amount of intensity change required for perception of intensity accentuation in musical set-I tings (especially by children) shoul...
Expression and localization of inhibin α-subunit in rat retinal photoreceptor cells

Abstract To determine whether rat retinal photoreceptor cells produce inhibin, a molecule closely related to activin, a multifunctional growth factor in the transforming growth factor β superfamily (TGFβ), we have conducted immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies for inhibin which were raised against a synthetic N-terminal fragment of the α-subunit of inhibin. The mature inhibin molecule was identified at both the inner and outer segments of photoreceptor cells. To determine if messenger RNA for the α-subunit of inhibin is expressed in the retinal cells, both in situ hybridization with a specific probe and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique with primers specific for the α-subunit of inhibin were used. Messenger RNA expression of the α-subunit of inhibin was detected by RT-PCR and localized in the photoreceptor cells as determined by in situ hybridization. In addition, the identity of the cDNA product of RT-PCR was verified with Southern analysis and DNA sequencing. The localization of mature inhibin protein and its corresponding message to photoreceptor cells suggest that inhibin may have a paracrine function in the retina, perhaps in the photoreceptor cells themselves.
Targeted political advertising and strategic behavior by uninformed voters

We consider the case where political advertising is targeted to a subset of uninformed voters and show how pressure groups, candidates, and uninformed voters interact to achieve an equilibrium outcome. The paper accomplishes the following: (1) It derives the optimal behavior of those uninformed voters who do not received targeted campaign advertising. (2) It suggests that previous results may have exaggerated the power of pressure groups and political advertising—even when there is directed advertising, any negative effect is mitigated by strategic behavior of the uninformed. (3) In the limit, pressure group donations move the outcome toward the median voter, contrary to what much of the literature on pressure groups claims.
Percutaneous computerized tomography guided cryoablation for localized renal cell carcinoma: factors influencing success.

Purpose: We evaluated the factors that influenced the initial success rate and complication rate of percutaneous computerized tomography guided cryoablation of localized renal cell carcinoma of clinical stage T1N0M0.Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients with a mean age of 71.5 years and a pathological diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma were treated with percutaneous computerized tomography guided cryoablation under conscious sedation on an outpatient basis. We retrospectively reviewed clinical data, tumor characteristics, techniques and results. Tumors with complete loss of contrast enhancement were considered successfully treated.Results: A total of 21 patients with 23 tumors underwent 25 cryoablation sessions. The mean intraoperative computerized tomography scan tumor size was 2.1 cm (range 0.5 to 4.3) and the mean ice ball size was 4.1 cm (range 2.2 to 7.2). Of the patients 82.6% (19 of 23) had a single treatment. Patients were followed with postoperative scans of 4.6 to 18.3 months (mean 12.3)....
Tuning Electronic Properties of Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: A DFT and TDDFT Study

The structure and electronic properties of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages functionalized with different organic groups have been studied using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Accordingly, the POSS-T8 cage is quite rigid upon functionalization and thus provides a means for spatially separating conjugated organic fragments, which is useful for the realization of novel organic molecular architectures for light-emitting diodes. Moreover, electronic properties can be tuned through the choice of functional groups and their positioning on or within the POSS cage. Attaching an electron-donating group, such as 4-carbazolephenyl, to the silicon atom at the corner of the cage raises the HOMO level, while attaching an electron-withdrawing group, such as 4-cyanophenyl, or inserting an inert molecule, such as N2, into the POSS cage lowers the LUMO level. Frontier orbital analysis indicates that the POSS cage is partially conjugated and serves a rol...
Perivascular cells in cartilage canals of the developing mouse epiphysis.

Morphological variability among perivascular cells adjacent to cartilage matrix during the elongation of canals through both uncalcified and calcified matrix has not been reported. Cartilage canals were located in distal femoral epiphyses of 5- to 7-day-old mice and identified as vascular channels arising from perichondrial surfaces along the condyles and intercondylar fossae. Three stages of canal development were identified based on the length of canals and on characteristics of chondrocytes and matrix surrounding the canals. Superficial canals terminated in uncalcified matrix of resting cartilage; intermediate canals terminated in matrix containing hypertrophic chondrocytes; deep canals terminated in calcified matrix. The ultrastructural morphology of perivascular cells in contact with the matrix varied in the three stages. Cells resembling fibroblasts and vacuolated macrophages were present adjacent to the uncalcified matrix in superficial canals. At the tips of intermediate canals, cells resembling fibroblasts were larger, contained numerous lysosomes and phagolysosomes, and were in intimate contact with the matrix. At the tips of deep canals, chondroclasts with ruffled borders and clear zones contacted the calcified matrix. The results indicate that (1) mouse epiphyses provide a suitable model for studying cartilage-canal perivascular cells, (2) calcification of cartilage matrix occurs along the course of the canal, and (3) the morphology of perivascular cells in contact with the matrix may be determined, in part, by matrix calcification.
Microstructure-Induced Phonon Focusing Effects and Opportunities for Improved Material Quantification (Postprint)

Abstract : It is well known that single-crystal materials such as silicon have anisotropic elastic properties which depend on crystalline direction, causing the characteristic properties of a propagating elastic wave to have spatial and directional dependencies. As a result, variations in the speed and energy flux of an elastic waves propagating in a single crystal material typically produce spatial patterns, which can be used to infer the internal structure of a crystalline material. For polycrystalline materials, similar effects can be manifested when textured or single phase, equiaxed grains are involved, and coherent wave interference processes exist. Three examples of this are presented in this paper, where the propagation of longitudinal waves within single crystal silicon, textured titanium, and polycrystalline nickel materials are characterized using scanning laser vibrometry in a thru-transmission detection mode. By measuring and studying the resulting patterns, it is anticipated that inversion methods can be developed for the quantitative evaluation of single crystal and polycrystalline materials.
Conditional ablation of the Notch2 receptor in the ocular lens

Notch signaling is essential for proper lens development, however the specific requirements of individual Notch receptors have not been investigated. Here we report the lens phenotypes of Notch2 conditionally mutant mice, which exhibited severe microphthalmia, reduced pupillary openings, disrupted fiber cell morphology, eventual loss of the anterior epithelium, fiber cell dysgenesis, denucleation defects, and cataracts. Notch2 mutants also had persistent lens stalks as early as E11.5, and aberrant DNA synthesis in the fiber cell compartment by E14.5. Gene expression analyses showed that upon loss of Notch2, there were elevated levels of the cell cycle regulators Cdkn1a (p21Cip1), Ccnd2 (CyclinD2), and Trp63 (p63) that negatively regulates Wnt signaling, plus down-regulation of Cdh1 (E-Cadherin). Removal of Notch2 also resulted in an increased proportion of fiber cells, as was found in Rbpj and Jag1 conditional mutant lenses. However, Notch2 is not required for AEL proliferation, suggesting that a different receptor regulates this process. We found that Notch2 normally blocks lens progenitor cell death. Overall, we conclude that Notch2-mediated signaling regulates lens morphogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle withdrawal, and secondary fiber cell differentiation.
Linking a program's processes to strategic objectives

Abstract This paper describes a technique that can be used to explicitly relate the activities of the nol-for-profit organization to its strategic objectives. The methodology begins with an empirical analysis of the processes of a program to identify critical tasks. The critical tasks are then related to program goals and objectives through a means-end analysis. The methodology makes explicit a manager's view of the program and assumptions concerning its impact. Applications of the methodology are given.
Preventive detention and pretrial custody in the juvenile court

Abstract Pretrial detention may be used to protect the juvenile or to protect the community, as in cases of preventive detention. The present study examined the different purposes of detention and how these distinct objectives affect other decisions in the juvenile justice process. In this study of 649 juvenile delinquents, 109 persons were detained; seventy-nine of these youths were in preventive detention. A comparison of the personal characteristics, criminal behavior, and subsequent judicial processing of these juveniles with those other detainess and nondetainees suggested that, on the whole, youths detained to protect the community are more dangerous than other offenders and receive more restrictive dispositions than other detainees and nondetainees. A minority of youths in preventive detention are nonserious offenders who seem to pose little threat to the community. Juveniles detained for their own benefit include both serious and nonserious offenders, but few of these youths ultimately receive restrictive dispositions.
Topographic sequence of outgrowth of corticospinal axons in the rat: a study using retrograde axonal labeling with Fast blue.

Abstract The retrogradely transported dye, Fast blue, was injected into cervical or lumbar segments of the spinal cord of rats during the first days of life in order to label the cell bodies of origin of the corticospinal tract which is growing down the cord during that period. The first coritcospinal axons arrive at cervical levels immediately after birth and all arise from a circumscribed group of layer V pyramidal cells in a small region of dorsal parietal cortex. This same cell group provides the corticospinal projection to lumbar segments of the spinal cord, the axons reaching those segments at the end of the first postnatal week. The area of lumbar projecting cells undergoes relatively little expansion and no diminution during subsequent weeks and into adulthood. The area occupied by cortical cells projecting to the spinal cord expands during the first postnatal week, but the axons of all these additional cells do not appear to invade the lower sequents of the spinal cord. By the end of the first week, corticospinal cells can be labeled in a continuous sheet throughout most of the extent of the frontal, parietal and eingulate cortex. During the second and third postnatal weeks, the area sending axons to the upper levels of the spinal cord diminishes and large areas bereft of retrogradely labeled corticospinal cells appear: laterally, in lateral frontal and lateral parietal cortex; dorsally, at the border of frontal and parietal cortex; medially, in medial frontal and cingulate cortex. The more restricted adult pattern in established at the end of the third week. Hence, the first cortical axons to advance down the spinal cord are those that will innervate the lumbar segments in the adult. Later addition of corticospinal axons involves only those projecting to upper cord segments. Within this group there are those which will establish persistent connections from appropriate cortical areas and others that will shortly be eliminated from inappropriate areas.
The Improbable Adventures of an American Scholar: Robert K. Merton.

L'A. rend hommage a Robert K. Merton. Il evoque la remise de la « National Medal of Science » au sociologue americain par le president Clinton, ses rencontres et ses contacts avec de nombreux presidents des Etats-Unis. Il retrace sa carriere a l'Universite de Colombia. Il rappelle l'importance pour la theorie sociologique des travaux qu'il entreprit et plus particulierement celle de son ouvrage « Social theory and social structure ». Il retrace son parcours intellectuel, evoque ses liens avec Alexandrovich Sorokin, sa collaboration avec Paul Lazasfeld et la fin de sa carriere en 1979
Complementary DNA cloning, functional expression and characterization of a novel cytochrome P450, CYP2D50, from equine liver.

Abstract Members of the CYP2D family constitute only about 2–4% of total hepatic CYP450s, however, they are responsible for the metabolism of 20–25% of commonly prescribed therapeutic compounds. CYP2D enzymes have been identified in a number of different species. However, vast differences in the metabolic activity of these enzymes have been well documented. In the horse, the presence of a member of the CYP2D family has been suggested from studies with equine liver microsomes, however its presence has not been definitively proven. In this study a cDNA encoding a novel CYP2D enzyme (CYP2D50) was cloned from equine liver and expressed in a baculovirus expression system. The nucleotide sequence of CYP2D50 was highly homologous to that of human CYP2D6 and therefore the activity of the enzyme was characterized using dextromethorphan and debrisoquine, two isoform selective substrates for the human orthologue. CYP2D50 displayed optimal catalytic activity with dextromethorphan using molar ratios of CYP2D50 to NADPH CYP450 reductase of 1:15. Although CYP2D50 and CYP2D6 shared significant sequence homology, there were striking differences in the catalytic activity between the two enzymes. CYP2D50 dextromethorphan-O-demethylase activity was nearly 180-fold slower than the human counterpart, CYP2D6. Similarly, rates of formation of 4-hydroxydebrisoquine activity were 50-fold slower for CYP2D50 compared to CYP2D6. The results of this study demonstrate substantial interspecies variability in metabolism of substrates by CYP2D orthologues in the horse and human and support the need to fully characterize this enzyme system in equids.