cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of the mosquito yolk protein: A study using monoclonal antibodies

Abstract The yolk protein (YP) of the mosquito Aedes aegypti was analyzed with radiolabeling experiments and monoclonal antibodies (mABs). Immunoprecipitation analyses with mAB demonstrated that the mature vitellogenin (VG) secreted by the fat body consisted of two subunits, 200 and 65 kDa. In the oocyte, vitellin (VT) was also composed of only these two subunits, and no additional processing of VT was detected after its internalization and crystallization. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the YP subunits were not associated covalently, since they behaved similarly during SDS-PAGE under reduced or non-reduced conditions. Labeling with radioactive carbohydrate precursors revealed that both VG subunits were glycosylated and retained their carbohydrate moieties after their internalization and processing into VT by the oocyte. They were composed of mannose and N- acetylglucosamine . The carbohydrate moieties of VG from the fat body were sensitive to endo -β-N- acetylglucosaminidase H (Endo H), and they continued to be Endo H-sensitive in crystalline VT in the oocyte. Therefore, the carbohydrate moieties of both YP subunits were high-mannose oligosaccharides. Treatment of [ 35 S]methionine labeled VG and VT by Endo H demonstrated that carbohydrate moieties accounted for 10 kDa in a large subunit and for 15 kDa in a small subunit. Labeling with [ 32 P]orthophosphate showed that both subunits of VG and VT were phosphorylated, and phosphorylated moieties were resistant to delipidation.
Controllability considerations for multivariable processes

Abstract Although it is a simple matter to derive equations for the optimal multimodal control of a multivariable process, it is shown that no solutions to these equations exist unless the number of control variables is equal to the number of state variables or unless the number of control variables is equal to the number of state equations in which the control variables appear.
Demonstrating Psychodynamic Conflict with a Neuropsychoanalytic Experimental Paradigm

We present a neuropsychoanalytic experimental paradigm for demonstrating psychodynamic conflict. The strategy is threefold: to manipulate awareness of emotional stimuli that activate the psychodynamics of participants diagnosed with a pertinent psychological disorder; to compare their neurobiological vs. experiential responses to those of healthy participants; and to correlate the former patterns of neural activation of the diagnostic sample with attending patterns of behavior that are indicative of conflict. Behavioral experiments based on the paradigm have generated findings that are consistent with a theory of psychodynamic conflict. An ongoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study is comparing the scans of phobic, counterphobic, and healthy participants during exposure to masked and unmasked phobic stimuli. If the predicted patterns of neural activation of the phobic groups correlate with corresponding patterns of behavior, it will link brain and behavior in the demonstration of psychodyn...
Antenatal corticosteroids: are incomplete courses beneficial?

Abstract Objective To assess the effectiveness of an incomplete course of antenatal corticosteroids on perinatal morbidity and mortality. Methods We studied consecutive neonates born at 23–34 weeks’ gestation between January 1, 1998, and July 31, 2002. The study population was divided into a group exposed to one 12-mg dose of betamethasone before delivery and a non–corticosteroid-exposed group, which were compared for various perinatal outcome variables. The Student t test, χ2, Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression were used for analysis. Results One hundred twenty-five neonates (55.6%) were exposed to one 12-mg dose of betamethasone before delivery, whereas 104 neonates (45.4%) did not receive antenatal corticosteroids. Mean gestational age at delivery (28.4 ± 3.1 weeks versus 29.7 ± 3.5 weeks, P = .002) and birth weight (1189 ± 409 g versus 1289 ± 441 g, P = .07) were lower among the steroid-exposed group. Adjusting for gestational age, one dose of betamethasone was associated with significant reduction in the need for vasopressors (odds ratio [OR] 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14, 0.85; P = .02), the rate of intraventricular hemorrhage (OR 0.42; 95%CI 0.19, 0.92; P = .03), and neonatal death (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.11, 0.86; P = .02). There were no differences between groups in the rate of clinical and histological chorioamnionitis, low Apgar scores, postnatal surfactant exposure, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity, and neonatal sepsis. Conclusion An incomplete course of antenatal corticosteroids is associated with reduction in the need for vasopressors, the rate of intraventricular hemorrhage, and neonatal death in preterm neonates.
Formation of CH3CH2OCH3+˙ and ˙CH2+OHCH2CH3 from ionized 2-ethoxyethanol and theoretical and experimental studies of the reactions of ˙CH2+OHCH2CH3

It is concluded that C3H8O+˙ formed by dissociation of ionized 2-ethoxyethanol (8) is a mixture of CH3CH2OCH3+˙ (7) and ˙CH2+OHCH2CH3 (2). Formation of 7 and CH3CH2+OHCH3 (12) is attributed to dissociations of species formed by the hydrogen transfers [CH3CH2OCH2+˙CH2OH] → [CH3CH2OCH2OCH3+˙ CH2O] → [CH3CH2+OHCH3HCO˙]. Production of 7 competes weakly with dissociation to CH3CH2+OCH2 (13) and to 12. The low abundance of 7 is attributed to the simple dissociation 8 → 13 being both energetically and entropically favored, and a second H-transfer to give 12 being energetically favored. The threshold for forming 7 is 45 kJ mol−1 above that for dissociation directly to 13, so formation of 7 is the first ion-neutral complex-mediated elimination found to have a threshold above that for the competing simple dissociation. The low abundance of 7 also demonstrates that ion–neutral complexes can be intermediates without obviously revealing their presence by direct dissociation. Experimental results suggest that 2 isomerizes to CH3CH2CH2OH+˙ (5) and then dissociates by eliminating water. Ab initio results support the feasibility of 2 → CH3+OHCH2CH2˙ (1) and 2 → 5. However, experimental observations suggest that 2 → 1 does not occur. This is attributed to strong competition from dissociation and isomerization to 5. The transition state for 2 → 5 resembles [CH3CH2CH2OH]+˙, and a cyclic transition state for 2 → 5 is ruled out. When the ethyl-oxygen bond in 2 is simply lengthened, the charge is initially concentrated on ethyl, but it switches to CH2OH in a curve crossing at an apparent transition state for CO bond breaking.
Exploring the correlates of intermediate CAG repeats in Huntington disease.

AbstractObjective: To explore the clinical phenotype in individuals with huntingtin gene CAG repeat lengths between 27 and 35, a range that is termed “intermediate” and below one traditionally considered diagnostic of Huntington disease (HD). Background: The Prospective Huntington Disease At-Risk Observational Study (PHAROS) found that patients with intermediate CAG lengths overlapped with those diagnosed as HD (≤ 37 CAG repeats) on the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) behavioral measures. Furthermore, several patients with intermediate CAG repeats demonstrating clinical (and pathological) evidence of HD have been reported. Methods: We reviewed all cases with intermediate CAG repeats who have presented to our clinic, as well as those reported in the literature. Results: We describe 4 patients with intermediate repeats evaluated at our center whose clinical features were highly suggestive of HD. Investigations for HD phenocopies were negative. Anticipation was demonstrated in 1 case with s...
Ideomotor limb apraxia in Huntington's disease: implications for corticostriate involvement.

Abstract Ideomotor limb apraxia, a disorder of goal-directed movement, has been attributed to lesions in the frontal and parietal lobes, but the role of subcortical structures is less certain. In order to determine its prevalence in a disorder affecting the basal ganglia and corticostriatal connections, we examined imitation of hand gestures in Huntington’s disease (HD) patients. We also assessed the relationship between apraxia and cognitive and motor dysfunction in an effort to better understand the neural underpinnings of apraxia in HD. If damage restricted to the basal ganglia produces ideomotor limb apraxia, then we would expect to find evidence of apraxia in patients who were early in the disease course when selective striatal damage is most common. Such a pattern, however, was not found in our sample. Instead, patients with greater neurological impairment and with a longer duration of disease were more likely than less affected patients to demonstrate apraxia. Apraxia was not related to severity of chorea, but was associated with greater impairment in eye movements, voluntary movements, and verbal fluency. These findings suggest that apraxia in HD results from damage to the corticostriate pathways and the basal ganglia rather than from damage restricted to the basal ganglia.
Modulation of Nav1.5 by β1- and β3-subunit co-expression in mammalian cells

Cardiac sodium channels (Nav1.5) comprise a pore-forming α-subunit and auxiliary β-subunits that modulate channel function. In the heart, β1 is expressed throughout the atria and ventricles, whilst β3 is present only in the ventricles and Purkinje fibers. In view of this expression pattern, we determined the effects of β3 and β1 co-expression alone, and in combination, on Nav1.5 stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The current/voltage relationship was shifted −5 mV with either β1 or β3 co-expression alone and −10 mV with co-expression of both β1 and β3. In addition, β3 and β1/β3 co-expression accelerated macroscopic current decay. There were significant hyperpolarizing shifts in equilibrium gating relationships with co-expression of β1 and β3 alone and in combination. Co-expression of β1/β3 together resulted in a greater hyperpolarizing shift in channel availability, and an increase in the slopes of equilibrium gating relationships. Co-expression of β3 and β1/β3, but not β1, slowed recovery from inactivation at −90 mV. Development of inactivation at −70 and −50 mV was accelerated by β-subunit co-expression alone and in combination. β-Subunit co-expression also reduced the late Na current measured at 200 ms. In conclusion, β-subunits modulate Nav1.5 gating with important differences between co-expression of β1 and β3 alone and β1/β3 together.
Modification of the ATM/ATR directed DNA damage response state with aging and long after hepatocyte senescence induction in vivo.

Abstract The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) entails the activation of ATM, ATR and/or DNA PK protein kinases that causes modifications of proteins including Chk1, Chk2 and 53BP1, aggregation of DDR proteins into foci, and activation of p53. The DDR is thought to be required for initiation and maintenance of cellular senescence. Potentially senescent cells with DNA damage foci occur in large numbers in vivo with many diseases, but, with the exception of mammalian dermis, there is little evidence for that with normal aging. After experimental induction of cellular senescence in the livers of juvenile mice, there was robust expression of DDR markers in hepatocytes at 1 week; however, by 7 weeks, activation of ATM/ATR kinase targets was limited, although cells with DNA damage foci were present. An analysis of hepatocytes of aged, 22-month-old mice, not experimentally exposed to genotoxins, showed limited activation of ATM/ATR targets, though high numbers of cells with DNA damage foci were found, similar to that seen many weeks after artificial senescence induction in young mice. Based on senescence heterochromatin and SA s Gal assays of the 22-month-old mouse liver, more than 20% of hepatocytes were potentially senescent, though only some components of the DDR were enriched.
Importance of a N-terminal aspartate in the internalization of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor

With human neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor expressed in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the Asp35Ala mutation, and especially the change of Pro34Asp35 to Ala34Ala35, decrease the compartmentalization and strongly accelerate internalization of the receptor. These changes are not associated with alterations in agonist affinity, G-protein interaction, dimerization, or level of expression of the mutated receptors relative to the wildtype receptor. The proline-flanked aspartate in the N-terminal extracellular segment of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor thus apparently has a large role in anchoring and compartmentalization of the receptor. However, the Pro34Ala mutation does not significantly affect the embedding and cycling of the receptor.
Quantitative determination of siliceous species in sodium silicate solutions by 29Si n.m.r. spectroscopy

Abstract Quantitative 29Si FT n.m.r. spectra of sodium silicate solutions are used to characterize the distribution of soluble silicate species as the solution composition is changed. The silicate ratios and concentrations used are those of interest in the study of compositional influence on zeolite synthesis [1–3 mol% SiO2; SiO 2 Na 2 O = 1–3 ]. The concentration of each species depends strongly on the silicate ratio and can be maximized by selection of that ratio. Over the range studied, dependence of the species distribution on silicate concentration is considerably less dramatic. Comparisons are made with the limited previous data.
Calibration of Oxygen-Dependent Quenching of the Phosphorescence of Pd-meso-tetra (4-Carboxyphenyl) Porphine: A Phosphor with General Application for Measuring Oxygen Concentration in Biological Systems

Oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence is a function of the frequency of collision between the phosphor and molecular oxygen and of the efficiency of energy transfer during these collisions. Thus, quenching is dependent on the rate of diffusion of the phosphor and its molecular environment. For measurements in biological samples, the Pd-porphyrin is bound to serum albumin, and this provides a uniform microenvironment for the phosphor which is relatively unaffected by changes in the pH and ionic composition of the medium. Calibration of the phosphor is of particular value because it is absolute, i.e., the calibration is valid independent of the laboratory and the time of measurement. This paper reports the calibration constants determined for Pd-meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine, as measured by two independent methods: by stoichiometric titration of the oxygen with ascorbate in the presence of ascorbate oxidase and by comparison with a high-accuracy oxygen electrode. The measurements were carried out in a specially designed thermostatted vessel in which the oxygen electrode and phosphorescence lifetime measurements of oxygen were made simultaneously. The calibration constants for the oxygen-dependent quenching of the phosphorescence of Pd-meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine were determined as a function of albumin concentration, ionic strength in medium, pH, and temperature.
Induction of phase 2 enzymes by serum oxidized polyamines through activation of Nrf2: effect of the polyamine metabolite acrolein.

Abstract The naturally occurring polycationic polyamines including putrescine, spermidine, and spermine play an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and gene expression. However, circulating polyamines are potential substrates for several oxidizing enzymes including copper-containing serum amine oxidase. These enzymes are capable of oxidizing serum polyamines to several toxic metabolites including aldehydes and H2O2. In this study, we investigated the effects of polyamines as inducers of phase 2 enzymes and other genes that promote cell survival in a cell culture system in the presence of bovine serum. Spermidine and spermine (50 μM) increased NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activity up to 3-fold in murine keratinocyte PE cells. Transcript levels for glutathione S-transferase (GST) A1, GST M1, NQO1, γ-glutamylcysteine ligase regulatory subunit, and UDP-glucuronyltransferase 1A6 were significantly increased by spermidine and this effect was mediated through the antioxidant response element (ARE). The ARE from the mouse GST A1 promoter was activated about 9-fold by spermine and 5-fold by spermidine treatment, but could be inhibited by the amine oxidase inhibitor, aminoguanidine, suggesting that acrolein or hydrogen peroxide generated from polyamines by serum amine oxidase may be mediators for phase 2 enzyme induction. Elevations of ARE-luciferase expression and NQO1 enzyme activity by spermidine were not affected by catalase, while both were completely repressed by aldehyde dehydrogenase treatment. Direct addition of acrolein to PE cells induced multiple phase 2 genes and elevated nuclear levels of Nrf2, a transcription factor that binds to the ARE. Expression of mutant Nrf2 repressed the activation of the ARE-luciferase reporter by polyamines and acrolein. These results indicate that spermidine and spermine increase the expression of phase 2 genes in cells grown in culture through activation of the Nrf2–ARE pathway by generating the sulfhydryl reactive aldehyde, acrolein.
A Potential Role for Human Cohesin in Mitotic Spindle Aster Assembly

The cohesin multiprotein complex containing SMC1, SMC3, Scc3 (SA), and Scc1 (Rad21) is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. Although metazoan cohesin associates with chromosomes and was shown to function in the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion during interphase, the majority of cohesin was found to be off chromosomes and reside in the cytoplasm in metaphase. Despite its dissociation from chromosomes, however, microinjection of an antibody against human SMC1 led to disorganization of the metaphase plate and cell cycle arrest, indicating that human cohesin still plays an important role in metaphase. To address the mitotic function of human cohesin, the subcellular localization of cohesin components was reexamined in human cells. Interestingly, we found that cohesin localizes to the spindle poles during mitosis and interacts with NuMA, a spindle pole-associated factor required for mitotic spindle organization. The interaction with NuMA persists during interphase. Similar to NuMA, a significant amount of cohesin was found to associate with the nuclear matrix. Furthermore, in the absence of cohesin, mitotic spindle asters failed to form in vitro. Our results raise the intriguing possibility that in addition to its well demonstrated function in sister chromatid cohesion, cohesin may be involved in spindle assembly during mitosis.
Coherent Photon Counting Ladar

Although photon-counting detectors are traditionally used only to detect intensity modulation, we demonstrate that photon-counting detector arrays can be successfully used and in fact offer significant benefits in heterodyne detection, especially in ladar systems.
Size Structure of Particulate Biogenic Silica in Lake Michigan

Abstract Recent data suggest that chemical estimates of biogenic silica in the Laurentian Great Lakes include large fractions of non-living fragmented diatoms. Therefore, measurements of particu-late biogenic silica (BSi) in different size classes (0.2–0.4 μm, 0.4–10 μm, 10–20 μm, and >20 μm) were made from April through July 1987 in southeastern Lake Michigan to assess the importance of diatom fragments to chemical estimates of BSi. During the spring diatom bloom, the period of maximum BSi concentrations, the greatest percentage of BSi (86%) was found in the microplankton size fraction (> 10 μm) associated with living diatoms. By contrast, following thermal stratification, when dissolved silica was depleted from epilimnetic waters, particles −1 in late April to an average of 1.96 μmol L −1 during the stratified period, were due primarily to loss of the largest size fraction (>20 pm) which decreased from 76% of total BSi in April to 36% in July. BSi −1 . Particles 0.2-0.4 μm averaged 0.277 ± 0.178 μmol L −1 . These particles are probably produced through frustule dissolution, settle slo wly, and may lead to enhanced BSi recycling rates.
Georegistration of imagery from unmanned aircraft systems using Ada

As Unmanned Aircraft Systems are used for an increasing number of applications, the challenge of precisely locating the geospatial position of imagery coming from the UAS is becoming more crucial. Through work that has been done in conjunction with the US Air Force Academy, Ada has been used to calculate the position and size of UAS imagery based on field-of-view calculations and elevation data. This paper describes the work that has been done this past year to georegister UAS imagery and how Ada has been used previously for this challenging task.
Erratum to “General Approach to First-Order Error Prediction in Rigid Point Registration” [Mar 11 679-693]

Presents the revised text for two paragraphs from the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 679-693, Mar. 2011).
Crystalline cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.

A new crystal form of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus has been characterized. The crystals exhibit needle-like morphology and diffract to 8-A resolution. The crystal has orthorhombic symmetry of space group P212121; the spatial distribution of the virus particles is distorted cubic close packing.
The concept of epistemic justification

The thesis of this paper is that there are two distinct notions of epistemic justification, namely, deontological and non-deontological justification that work together in a full account of epistemic justification that is necessary for knowledge. These two notions apply to different beliefs. The non-deontological justification applies to first-order beliefs, while the deontological justification applies to second-order beliefs (metabeliefs). From the external perspective, although a subject, S, needs not to have any metabeliefs that are the subject of the deontological justification in order to be said to know something, yet whenever S claims that she knows something she thereby expresses a meta-belief that is subject to deontological justification. Thus, knowledge claims that one ascribes to oneself or to others are always associated with such metabeliefs and hence with the deontological justification. If successful, this proposal would have explanatory power with respect to the clash between externalist and internalist intuitions in epistemology. It seems that these intuitions have its place and can be reconciled in one complex notion of epistemic justification.
Underreaction to Self-Selected News Events: The Case of Stock Splits

An emerging literature looking at self-selected, corporate news events concludes thatmarketsappeartounderreacttonews.Recenttheoreticalarticleshaveexploredwhyorhow underreaction might occur. However, the notion of underreaction is contentious.We revisit this issue by focusing on one of the most simple of corporate transactions,the stock split. Prior studies that report abnormal return drifts subsequent to splits donotappeartobespurious,noraconsequenceofmisspeciﬁedbenchmarks.Usingrecentcases, we report a drift of 9% in the year following a split announcement. We con-siderfundamentaloperatingperformanceasasourceoftheunderreactionandﬁndthatsplitting ﬁrms have an unusually low propensity to experience a contraction in futureearnings. Further, analysts’ earnings forecasts are comparatively low at the time of thesplitannouncementandrevisesluggishlyovertime.Togethertheseresultsareconsistentwiththenotionofmarketunderreactiontotheinformationincorporatenewsevents.
Gas chromatographic determination of monosaccharide transport rates across human erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract The conditions for the determination of rates of monosaccharide transport across human erythrocyte membranes by gas chromatography are presented and compared with measurements undertaken by other techniques. The use of gas chromatography in the measurement of transport rates represents an advantage in some types of transport experiments over light-scattering measurements but is comparable to radioisotope procedures for determining transport. When radioisotopic sugars are not readily available, gas chromatographic measurements may constitute the method of choice.
Serotonin uptake in blood platelets and the dexamethasone suppression test in depressed patients

Abstract Two putative biological markers of some forms of depressive illness, the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and the V max of serotonin (5- hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) uptake in blood platelets, were studied in 40 unipolar, bipolar, and schizoaffective depressed patients. The V max levels in those whose cortisol levels suppressed normally after dexamethasone ( n =25) were not significantly different from those of the nonsuppressors( n =15). When a criterion V max >-8.5 pmoles/10 7 platelets/minute of 14 C-5-HT uptake was used as the lower limit of normal, 18 patients had V max values lower than normal, only four of whom were nonsuppressors. There was a tendency for the incidence of lower than normal V max levels in nonsuppressors (4/15, 26.7%) to be less than that of the suppressors (14/25, 56.0%). These results suggest that the two abnormalities are independent of each other but tend to support the hypothesis that decreased V max may be an adaptive response which restores serotonergic function to normal. Twenty-nine of the 40 patients (72.5%) had one or both abnormalities, a finding which suggests that determination of both parameters would significantly increase the proportion of depressed patients who could be diagnosed by these biological tests.
Is adjunctive behavior a third class of behavior

Abstract Research during the past 20 years has revealed that intermittent food presentation to a variety of organisms results in an inordinately excessive consumption of water as well as other behaviors including attack, pica, escape, and alcohol consumption. Such behavior has not been thought to be either respondent or operant behavior, but instead has been regarded as a new behavioral category termed “adjunctive behavior.” This paper reexamines the rejection of adjunctive behavior as either operant or respondent behavior and concludes that the rejection was premature. This paper also reexamines the argument that there is a unique class of adjunctive behavior and concludes that there is not. It is recommended that given the growing difficulties in maintaining an operant-respondent dichotomy, rather than admitting adjunctive behavior into either of these categories, research efforts should de-emphasize preconceived and outdated notions about categories of behavior and how such behaviors should behave and instead focus on mapping functional relationships between behavior and various procedures for presenting non-contingent stimuli.
Growth and Mortality of Larval Sunfish in Backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River

Abstract We estimated the growth and mortality of larval sunfish Lepomis spp. in backwater habitats of the upper Mississippi River with an otolith-based method and a length-based method. Fish were sampled with plankton nets at one station in Navigation Pools 8 and 14 in 1989 and at two stations in Pool 8 in 1990. For both methods, growth was modeled with an exponential equation, and instantaneous mortality was estimated by regressing the natural logarithm of fish catch for each 1-mm size-group against the estimated age of the group, which was derived from the growth equations. At two of the stations, the otolith-based method provided more precise estimates of sunfish growth than the length-based method. We were able to compare length-based and otolith-based estimates of sunfish mortality only at the two stations where we caught the largest numbers of sunfish. Estimates of mortality were similar for both methods in Pool 14, where catches were higher, but the length-based method gave significantly higher es...
BEAMS3D Neutral Beam Injection Model

With the advent of applied 3D fields in Tokamaks and modern high performance stellarators, a need has arisen to address non-axisymmetric effects on neutral beam heating and fueling. We report on the development of a fully 3D neutral beam injection (NBI) model, BEAMS3D, which addresses this need by coupling 3D equilibria to a guiding center code capable of modeling neutral and charged particle trajectories across the separatrix and into the plasma core. Ionization, neutralization, charge-exchange, viscous slowing down, and pitch angle scattering are modeled with the ADAS atomic physics database. Elementary benchmark calculations are presented to verify the collisionless particle orbits, NBI model, frictional drag, and pitch angle scattering effects. A calculation of neutral beam heating in the NCSX device is performed, highlighting the capability of the code to handle 3D magnetic fields.
Serum ionized magnesium and calcium and sex hormones in healthy young men: importance of serum progesterone level.

Abstract Objective: To determine the serum concentrations of the sex hormones with respect to the concentrations of the biologically active fractions of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) in healthy young men and to compare them with those in young and older women. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: An academic research environment. Patient(s): Twenty-five healthy young male volunteers. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Concentrations of the sex steroid hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, and levels of ionized Ca (Ca 2+ ) and Mg (Mg 2+ ) were measured in the serum of healthy young men. These levels were compared with those in young women at different phases of the menstrual cycle and with those in older women. Result(s): The Mg 2+ and total Mg concentrations in young men were not different from those during the follicular phase in young women or from the mean concentrations in menopausal women. The Ca 2+ levels in young men were similar to the levels in young women during the follicular phase but significantly lower than the levels in older women. The Mg 2+ concentration in the young men was directly and significantly related to the progesterone level, and the Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ ratio was inversely related to the progesterone level. Conclusion(s): Progesterone may be a more important steroid hormone in men than previously believed.
Predetermination of Control Characteristics of Half-Wave Self-Saturated Magnetic Amplifiers

The control characteristic of a self-saturated magnetic amplifier is dependent upon the magnetic properties of the core material. A method is outlined for the experimental determination of the control magnetization curve, a plot of the locus of the minor dynamic hysteresis loops, which may be used with a firing angle analysis to predict the performance of simple magnetic amplifiers with high-control circuit impedance.
Crick's Hypothesis Revisited: The Existence of a Universal Coding Frame

In 1957 Crick hypothesized that the genetic code was a comma free code. This property would imply the existence of a universal coding frame and make the set of coding sequences a locally testable language. As the link between nucleotides and amino acids became better understood, it appeared clearly that the genetic code was not comma free. Crick then adopted a radically different hypothesis: the "frozen accident". However, the notions of comma free codes and locally testable languages are now playing a role in DNA Computing, while circular codes have been found as subsets of the genetic code. We revisit Crick's 1957 hypothesis in that context. We show that coding sequences from a wide variety of genes from the three domains, eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea, have a property of testable by fragments, which is an adaptation of the notion of local testability to DNA sequences. These results support the existence of a universal coding frame, as the frame of a coding sequence can be determined from one of its fragments, independently from the gene or the organism the coding sequence comes from.
K-Lines: A theory of memory

Most theories of memory suggest that when we learn or memorize something, some drepresentation of that something is constructed, stored and later retrieved. This raises questions like: How is information represented? How is it stored? How is it retrieved? Then, how is it used? This paper tries to deal with all these at once. When you get an idea and want to remember it, you create a K-line for it. When later activated, the K-line induces a partial mental state resembling the one that created it. A partial mental state is a subset of those mental agencies operating at one moment. This view leads to many ideas about the development, structure and physiology of memory, and about how to implement framelike representations in a distributed processor.
The short-term treatment unit: A case report of public/private collaboration

A public/private collaboration in the development and operation of a short-term inpatient psychiatric unit is described. The unit is for the involuntarily committed, chronically mentally ill patients of the inner city. Collaboration was among a local general hospital, a medical college and its affiliated hospital. The program's operations and statistics are presented as are administrative issues and problems.
Primate frugivory in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its implications for human use of forest resources

In an attempt to understand the practical and/or economic implications of primate seed dispersal, it was established which seed species are dispersed by frugivorous primates in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and which of this sort of species were used by Ugandan people. A list of fruit species consumed by Kibale primates was compiled using primary data and by reviewing all known published accounts of their fruit diet. Primates consume the fruit of 87 Kibale forest tree species; the seeds of 11% of these species are destroyed by the primates. The remaining 77 species are dispersed by either one, two, three or all four of the frugivorous Kibale primates. Of these 77 species, 42% have some utility to local Ugandan inhabitants, suggesting that maintaining populations of primates is important not only for natural forest regeneration, but also for human habitat use. This report illustrates the complexity of the seed dispersal process and suggests links not only between plants and their dispersers, but also between sets of plants/dispersers and the human populations that rely on forest resources. Afin de comprendre les implications pratiques et/ou economiques de la dispersion des semences par les primates, on a montre quelles especes de semences sont dispersees par les primates frugivores du Parc National de Kibale, en Ouganda, et quelles especes parmi celles-laetaient utilisees par les Ougandais. On a etabli une liste des especes a fruits consommees par les primates, en se servant de donnees de base et en revisant tous les rapports connus publies sur leur regime de frugivores. Les primates mangent les fruits de 87 especes d’arbres de la foret de Kibale; les semences de 11% de ces especes sont detruites par les primates. Les 77 especes restantes sont dispersees par un, deux, trois ou les quatre especes de primates frugivores de Kibale. De ces 77 especes, 42% sont de quelque utilite pour les habitants de la region, ce qui signifie que le maintien des populations de primates est important non seulement pour la regeneration naturelle de la fore?t, mais aussi pour l’utilisation humaine de l’habitat. Ce rapport revele d’une part la complexite du processus de dispersion des semences et, d’autre part, les liens non seulement entre les plantes et ceux qui les dispersent mais aussi entre cet ensemble et les populations humaines qui dependent des ressources de la foret.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPISTS WORKING WITH FAMILY VIOLENCE: STRAINED BEDFELLOWS OR COMPATIBLE PARTNERS?: A COMMENTARY ON AVIS, KAUFMAN, AND BOGRAD

Thelma is frustrated. She wants to go away for the weekend but approaching her husband with the idea seems impossible. Feeling annoyed, irritated, and trapped by her inability to discuss her plans, she yells at him instead. Responding in a tone that is both controlling and parental, he admonishes, “Didn't I tell you not to yell at me.” As if she had forgotten about her feelings and her needs, she meekly replies, “I'm sorry, I didn't want you to be late.” For those not familiar with the movie Thelma and Louise, Thelma does eventually summon up enough courage (with the support of her friend Louise) to leave, escaping from her chauvinistic and abusive husband on an exciting albeit brief adventure.
Microcontaminants in Pentachlorophenol Synthesis. 2. Effects of Catalyst Identity, Concentration, and Addition Strategy

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are undesired byproducts that form as microcontaminants during the synthesis of pentachlorophenol. Using catalyst concentrations below 0.25 wt % leads to a marked increase in the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration of PCDDs and PCDFs in the pentachlorophenol product. With a catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt %, the TEQ concentration in the product was largely insensitive to the catalyst identity (AlCl3 vs FeCl3) and to the catalyst addition strategy (adding all at once or adding it incrementally). These results suggest that the microcontaminant-forming reactions are not catalyzed by the Lewis acid, which catalyzes the desired chlorination reaction. Thus, one must examine other process or reaction variables to identify the means to influence the microcontaminant level in pentachlorophenol.
Cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel interleukin-1 receptor related protein (IL1R-rp2)

We have identified and isolated both the rat and human cDNAs for a novel putative receptor related to the interleukin-1 type 1 receptor. We have named this protein interleukin 1 receptor related protein two (IL 1R-rp2). The rat cDNA for IL1R-rp2 was first identified using oligonucleotides of degenerate sequence in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) paradigm with rat brain mRNA as the template. The protein encoded by both of these cDNAs are 561 amino acids long and exhibit 42% and 26% overall identity with the interleukin-1 type 1 and type 2 receptors, respectively. RNase protection assays from rat tissues revealed a predominant expression for IL 1R-rp2 in the lung and epididymis with lower levels detected in the testis and cerebral cortex. By in situ hybridization we were able to determine that the expression in rat brain appeared to be non-neuronal and associated with the cerebral vasculature. When expressed transiently in COS-7 cells the receptor was incapable of high affinity binding to either [125I]-recombinant human IL 1 alpha or [125I]-recombinant human IL 1 beta. Together, these data demonstrate the existence of a novel protein that is related to the interleukin-1 receptor but does not bind IL-1 by itself.
Two sinusoidal heart rate patterns in fetal lambs undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Abstract Objectives: The study analyzed the phase relationship between fetal heart rate and arterial blood pressure fluctuation during sinusoidal heart rate patterns in fetal lambs. Study Design: Thirty-two fetal lambs were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cesarean delivery at ages ranging between 113 and 133 days' gestation. Sinusoidal heart rate patterns persisting for >10 minutes were analyzed. The relationships between the sinusoidal heart rate cycles and the arterial blood pressure cycles were quantitatively expressed in degrees by timing the zenith and the nadir of each and assigning a phase-angle index (with 0 [360] and 180 degrees being synchronized and reciprocal, respectively). Simultaneous blood samples were taken from the 4 different sites of the fetal circulation for blood gas and acid-base analysis when the sinusoidal heart rate pattern appeared. Regional cerebral blood flow was determined by means of the colored microsphere technique in 8 fetuses with sinusoidal patterns and 7 control fetuses. Results: Sinusoidal heart rate patterns were observed in 13 (40.6%) of the 32 fetal lambs. Two types of fetal heart rate and arterial blood pressure relationship could be recognized during sinusoidal pattern, the reciprocal type (n = 7) and the synchronized type (n = 9). A reciprocal type of sinusoidal pattern preceded a synchronized type pattern in 3 lambs that showed sinusoidal patterns at different stages of the experiment. The reciprocal type was associated with a higher baseline heart rate and amplitude of the sinusoidal heart rate pattern than was the synchronized type. The synchronized type was associated with a lower pH and base excess than was the reciprocal type. The cerebral blood flow in the medulla oblongata was significantly lower during the synchronized type pattern than during the reciprocal type pattern. Conclusion: There are 2 types of sinusoidal heart rate pattern. A synchronized type sinusoidal heart rate pattern may indicate more advanced fetal compromise than is associated with a reciprocal type pattern. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:462-8.)
Iron sulfate and feed pelleting to detoxify free gossypol in cottonseed diets for dairy cattle.

Abstract Thirty-two lactating cows were fed ad libitum diets with 1) 18.7% soybean meal, 2) diet 1 plus 500ppm supplemental Fe from FeSO 4 .H 2 O, 3) 15% whole cottonseed, or 4) diet 3 plus 500ppm Fe from FeSO 4 .H 2 O. Dry matter intakes were similar except for cows fed diet 2, which was lower. Cows fed whole cottonseed diets ingested 23 g/d of free gossypol per cow. Free gossypol apparently excreted was lower than its intake. Iron excretion was similar to Fe intake. Blood metabolites and productive performance did not differ among the diet groups. No signs of gossypol toxicity were observed. Twelve neonatal Holstein male calves were fed a commercial milk replacer for 4 wk, then were allowed ad libitum access to diets with 1) 27% soybean meal, 2) 50% whole cottonseed, or 3) diet 2 plus 500ppm Fe from FeSO 4 .H 2 O. Dry matter intakes were similar but slightly lower for calves fed diet 3. Daily individual intakes of free gossypol from diets 2 and 3 were 2g, which was lower than the expected 4g due to an apparent effect of pelleting. Blood metabolites did not differ among the groups, and calves averaged about .6kg of daily gain on these diets. A follow-up study showed that pelleting reduced free gossypol by as much as 70% in whole cottonseed and by 48% in cottonseed meal. Pelleting represents a mechanism to decrease the toxicity of gossypol in cottonseed products.
Oxygen-enhanced water gas shift on ceria-supported Pd–Cu and Pt–Cu bimetallic catalysts

Abstract Aiming at enhancing H 2 production in water gas shift (WGS) for fuel cell application, a small amount of oxygen was added to WGS reaction toward oxygen-enhanced water gas shift (OWGS) on ceria-supported bimetallic Pd–Cu and Pt–Cu catalysts. Both CO conversion and H 2 yield were found to increase by the oxygen addition. The remarkable enhancement of H 2 production by O 2 addition in short contact time was attributed to the enhanced shift reaction, rather than the oxidation of CO on catalyst surface. The strong dependence of H 2 production rate on CO concentration in OWGS kinetic study suggested O 2 lowers the CO surface coverage. It was proposed that O 2 breaks down the domain structure of chemisorbed CO into smaller domains to increase the chance for coreactant (H 2 O) to participate in the reaction and the heat of exothermic surface reaction helping to enhance WGS kinetics. Pt–Cu and Pd–Cu bimetallic catalysts were found to be superior to monometallic catalysts for both CO conversion and H 2 production for OWGS at 300 °C or lower, while the superiority of bimetallic catalysts was not as pronounced in WGS. These catalytic properties were correlated with the structure of the bimetallic catalysts. EXAFS spectra indicated that Cu forms alloys with Pt and with Pd. TPR demonstrated the strong interaction between the two metals causing the reduction temperature of Cu to decrease upon Pd or Pt addition. The transient pulse desorption rate of CO 2 from Pd–Cu supported on CeO 2 is faster than that of Pd, suggesting the presence of Cu in Pd–Cu facilitate CO 2 desorption from Pd catalyst. The oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of CeO 2 in the bimetallic catalysts indicates that Cu is much less pyrophoric in the bimetallic catalysts due to lower O 2 uptake compared to monometallic Cu. These significant changes in structure and electronic properties of the bimetallic catalysts are the result of highly dispersed Pt or Pd in the Cu nanoparticles.
Function of dopamine transporter is compromised in DYT1 transgenic animal model in vivo

Early onset torsion dystonia (DYT1), the most common form of hereditary primary dystonia, is caused by a mutation in the TOR1A gene, which codes for the protein, torsinA. We previously examined the effect of the human mutant torsinA on striatal dopaminergic function in a conventional transgenic mouse model of DYT1 dystonia (hMT1), in which human mutant torsinA is expressed under the cytomegalovirus promotor. Systemic administration of amphetamine did not increase dopamine (DA) release as efficiently in these mice as compared with wild-type transgenic and non-transgenic mice. We, now, studied the contribution of the DA transporter (DAT) to amphetamine-induced DA release in hMT1 transgenic mice using in vivo no-net flux microdialysis. This method applies different concentrations of DA through the microdialysis probe and measures DA concentration at the output of the probe following an equilibrium period. The slope (extraction fraction) is the measure of the DAT activity in vivo. The slope for hMT1 transgenic mice was 0.58 ± 0.07 and for non-transgenic animals, 0.87 ± 0.06 (p < 0.05). We further investigated the efficacy of nomifensine (a specific DAT inhibitor) in inhibiting amphetamine-induced DA release. Local application of nomifensine 80 min before the systemic application of amphetamine inhibited DA release in both transgenic mice and their non-transgenic littermates. The efficiency of the inhibition appeared to be different, with mean values of 48% for hMT1 transgenic mice versus 84% for non-transgenic littermates. Moreover, we have evaluated basal and amphetamine-induced locomotion in hMT1 transgenic mice compared with their non-transgenic littermates, using an O-maze behavioral chamber. Basal levels of locomotion in the hMT1 transgenic mice showed that they moved much less than their non-transgenic littermates (0.9 ± 0.3 m for transgenic mice vs. 2.4 ± 0.7 m for non-transgenic littermates, p < 0.05). This relative reduction in locomotion was also observed following amphetamine administration (48.5 ± 6.7 m for transgenics vs. 73.7 ± 9.8 m for non-transgenics, p < 0.05). These results support the finding that there are altered dynamics of DA release and reuptake in hMT1 transgenic mice in vivo, with DAT activity is reduced in the presence of mutant torsinA, which is consistent with behavioral consequences such as reduced locomotion and (previously described) abnormal motor phenotypes such as increased hind-base width and impaired performance on the raised-beam task. These data implies that altered DAT function may contribute to impaired DA neurotransmission and clinical symptoms in human DYT1 dystonia.
The influence of axial rotation upon interception of solar radiation by plant leaves

Abstract Axial rotation of a plant leaf about the midrib is an important factor which permits effective maximization or minimization of the interception of direct solar radiation. Through use of matrix rotations of coordinate systems, the cosine of the angle of incidence, a measure of the fraction of solar radiation intercepted by the leaf, is described as a function of angles which specify the relative orientation of the leaf to the sun. All of these angles can be measured directly except for the axial rotation angle, which may be calculated from more easily measured quantities. Computer modeling and theoretical calculations demonstrate that relatively large amounts of average axial rotation permit a plant to reduce the cosine of angle of incidence of each flat leaf to zero, resulting in no interception of direct solar radiation, while smaller amounts of average axial rotation allow a plant to intercept as much as 80% of direct radiation, even if leaves are distributed uniformly over 360° of azimuth.