cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grandfather Mountain Formation: Depositional Environment, Provenance, and Tectonic Setting of Late Precambrian Alluvium in the Blue Ridge of North Carolina

ABSTRACT The Grandfather Mountain formation is a succession of arkosic conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone interbedded with basalt and rhyolite. The unit is between 3,000 and 9,000 m thick and is exposed only within the Grandfather Mountain window in the Blue Ridge province of North Carolina. Radiometric age determinations, stratigraphic position, and a lack of fossils suggest a late Precambrian age of about 800 to 900 m.y., making the unit possibly contemporaneous with the Ocoee Series of the Great Smoky Mountains area, the Ashe Formation of North Carolina, and several late Precambrian stratified assemblages exposed along the axis and northwestern and southeastern flanks of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium in Virginia and adjacent states. The Grandfather Mountain formation was deposited in a variety of environments typically found together as the "alluvial-fan (or piedmont) association." This association consists mainly of alluvial-fan and braided-river deposits. The sediments filled a basin rimmed by mountainous areas composed of crystalline rocks (mainly granite and gneiss) which today make up the Cranberry Gneiss and other units of the Blue Ridge basement complex. Interior drainage predominantly from the northwest and southeast define a broadly centripetal current system. Overall the basin resembles both the Triassic basins of eastern North America (such as the Newark Basin) and present day Death Valley. If the Grandfather Mountain basin originated in a fashion similar to these, previous suggestions postulating epis des of late Precambrian continental rifting in the central and southern Appalachians are reinforced.
Conflict between IEEE 386 and ASTM F855-the perspective from the regulatory side

In January 1994, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued a standard on the operation and maintenance of electric power generation, transmission, and distribution systems (29 CFR 1910.269). Paragraph (n)(4)(i) of /spl conint/1910.269 requires protective grounding equipment to be capable of conducting the maximum fault current that could flow at the grounding point for the time necessary to clear the fault. A note following this provision indicates that guidelines for the design of protective grounding equipment are contained in ASTM F855. This OSHA standard appears to make ASTM F855 the controlling standard for the design and application of cables used for temporary grounding purposes. However, the requirements in this standard exceed those in IEEE 386 for separable connector devices that are commonly used by utilities for protective grounding of underground distribution systems. The author discusses this conflict, how OSHA attempts to interpret and apply industry standards in its rule making, and what options may be available to address this conflict.
Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and liver fibrosis

Obesity is a global epidemic with more than 1 billion overweight adults and at least 300 million obese patients worldwide. Diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin secretion or a decrease in sensitivity to insulin, which results in elevated fasting blood glucose. Both obesity and elevated fasting glucose are risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a disease spectrum that includes hepatic steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Increased adiposity and insulin resistance contribute to the progression from NASH to fibrosis through the development of a profibrotic mileau in the liver, including increased hepatocellular death, increased reactive oxygen species generation, and an altered adipokine/cytokine balance. This review will summarize recent advances in our understanding of the pathological interactions among excessive fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and hepatic fibrogenesis and discuss specific molecular pathways that may be of interest in the development of therapeutic interventions to prevent and/or reverse hepatic fibrosis.
Changes in Localization Accuracy With Use of Bilateral Open-Fit Behind-the-Ear Hearing Aids in Two Children

In the study described in the article, two children had their prescribed behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids retro-fit to become open-fit (OF) BTEs. One child, age 12y, had a bilateral, high-frequency, sensorineural hearing loss (BHFL), with normal hearing in the low frequencies. The other child, age 6y, had a bilateral, reverse-slope, sensorineural hearing loss (BRSL), with normal hearing in the high frequencies. Sound localization measurements were made at Day 1 unaided and with the OF-BTEs and 1 year post for both children. Both children spontaneously reported an immediate improvement in the quality of their own voice when first exposed to the OF-BTEs. Only the younger child showed immediate localization advantage over unaided when using the OF-BTEs. However, changes in localization accuracy over time were measured for both children that could be attributed to “relearning” to localize with a new acoustic coupling of the hearing aid to the ear. After using OF-BTE hearing aids for 1 year, both children, wh...
From Genes to Ecosystems: The Genetic Basis of Condensed Tannins and Their Role in Nutrient Regulation in a Populus Model System

Research that connects ecosystem processes to genetic mechanisms has recently gained significant ground, yet actual studies that span the levels of organization from genes to ecosystems are extraordinarily rare. Utilizing foundation species from the genus Populus, in which the role of condensed tannins (CT) has been investigated aboveground, belowground, and in adjacent streams, we examine the diverse mechanisms for the expression of CT and the ecological consequences of CT for forests and streams. The wealth of data from this genus highlights the importance of form and function of CT in large-scale and long-term ecosystem processes and demonstrates the following four patterns: (1) plantspecific concentration of CT varies as much as fourfold among species and individual genotypes; (2) large within-plant variation in CT occurs due to ontogenetic stages (that is, juvenile and mature), tissue types (that is, leaves versus twigs) and phenotypic plasticity in response to the environment; (3) CT have little consistent effect on plant‐herbivore interactions, excepting organisms utilizing woody tissues (that is, fungal endophytes and beaver), however; (4) CT in plants consistently slow rates of leaf litter decomposition (aquatic and terrestrial), alter the composition of heterotrophic soil communities (and some aquatic communities) and reduce nutrient availability in terrestrial ecosystems. Taken together, these data suggest that CT may play an underappreciated adaptive role in regulating nutrient dynamics in ecosystems. These results also demonstrate that a holistic perspective from genesto-ecosystems is a powerful approach for elucidating
Attention-dependent reductions in burstiness and action-potential height in macaque area V4

Attention improves the encoding of visual stimuli. One mechanism that is implicated in facilitating sensory encoding is the firing of action potentials in bursts. We tested the hypothesis that when spatial attention is directed to a stimulus, this causes an increase in burst firing to the attended stimulus. To the contrary, we found an attention-dependent reduction in 'burstiness' among putative pyramidal neurons in macaque area V4. We accounted for this using a conductance-based Hodgkin-Huxley style model in which attentional modulation stems from scaling excitation and inhibition. The model exhibited attention-dependent increases in firing rate and made the surprising and correct prediction that when attention is directed into a neuron's receptive field, this reduces action-potential height. The model thus provided a unified explanation for three distinct forms of attentional modulation, two of them previously undescribed, and implicates scaling of the responses of excitatory and inhibitory input populations in mediating attention.
Nef Stimulates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Primary T Cells by Enhancing Virion-Associated gp120 Levels: Coreceptor-Dependent Requirement for Nef in Viral Replication

The Nef protein enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication through an unknown mechanism. We and others have previously reported that efficient HIV-1 replication in activated primary CD4(+) T cells depends on the ability of Nef to downregulate CD4 from the cell surface. Here we demonstrate that Nef greatly enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 particles produced in primary T cells. Nef-defective HIV-1 particles contained significantly reduced quantities of gp120 on their surface; however, Nef did not affect the levels of virion-associated gp41, indicating that Nef indirectly stabilizes the association of gp120 with gp41. Surprisingly, Nef was not required for efficient replication of viruses that use CCR5 for entry, nor did Nef influence the infectivity or gp120 content of these virions. Nef also inhibited the incorporation of CD4 into HIV-1 particles released from primary T cells. We propose that Nef, by downregulating cell surface CD4, enhances HIV-1 replication by inhibiting CD4-induced dissociation of gp120 from gp41. The preferential requirement for Nef in the replication of X4-tropic HIV-1 suggests that the ability of Nef to downregulate CD4 may be most important at later stages of disease when X4-tropic viruses emerge.
Leisure, Social Capital, and Democratic Citizenship

A heuristic distinction between participatory and representative democracy is applied here to examine the relationship between leisure and democratic citizenship. Different forms of leisure support different forms of democracy. The concept of social capital is proposed as a primary linkage between leisure and democracy. Leisure activity which generates social capital is more conducive to greater democracy than leisure activity which does not. Recent examinations of the content of leisure in the U.S. suggest an increase in leisure activity that does not generate social capital and thus provides only weak support for democracy. Implications of this finding for leisure research and the of leisure services are explored, with the concept of social capital suggested as central to the transdisciplinary analysis of leisure’s political significance.
Crocodyliform biogeography during the Cretaceous: evidence of Gondwanan vicariance from biogeographical analysis

Explanations of the distributions of terrestrial vertebrates during the Mesozoic are currently vigorously contested and debated in palaeobiogeography. Recent studies focusing on dinosaurs yield conflicting hypotheses. Dispersal, coupled with regional extinction or vicariance driven by continental break-up, have been cited as the main causal factors behind dinosaur distributions in the Mesozoic. To expand the scope of the debate and test for vicariance within another terrestrial group, I herein apply a cladistic biogeographical method to a large sample of Cretaceous crocodyliform taxa. A time-slicing methodology is employed and a refinement made to account for the divergence times of the analysed clades. The results provide statistically significant evidence that Gondwana fragmentation affected crocodyliform diversification during the Mid-Late Cretaceous. Detection of a vicariant pattern within crocodyliforms is important as it helps corroborate vicariance hypotheses in other fossil and extant groups as well as furthers the move towards more taxonomically diverse approaches to palaeobiogeographical research.
The Highs and Lows of Theoretical Interpretation in Animal-Metacognition Research

Humans feel uncertain. They know when they do not know. These feelings and the responses to them ground the research literature on metacognition. It is a natural question whether animals share this cognitive capacity, and thus animal metacognition has become an influential research area within comparative psychology. Researchers have explored this question by testing many species using perception and memory paradigms. There is an emerging consensus that animals share functional parallels with humans’ conscious metacognition. Of course, this research area poses difficult issues of scientific inference. How firmly should we hold the line in insisting that animals’ performances are low-level and associative? How high should we set the bar for concluding that animals share metacognitive capacities with humans? This area offers a constructive case study for considering theoretical problems that often confront comparative psychologists. The authors present this case study and address diverse issues of scientific judgement and interpretation within comparative psychology.
How Students Think about Experimental Design: Novel Conceptions Revealed by in-Class Activities

Experimental design is a fundamental skill for scientists, but it is often not explicitly taught in large introductory biology classes. We have designed two pencil-and-paper in-class activities to increase student understanding of experimental design: an analyze activity, in which students are asked to evaluate data, and a design activity, in which students are asked to propose a novel experiment. We found that students who completed the design activity but not the analyze activity performed significantly better on the Expanded Experimental Design Ability Tool (E-EDAT) than did students who attended a didactic lecture about experimental design. By using grounded theory on student responses on the in-class activities, we have identified a novel set of accurate and inaccurate conceptions focused on two aspects of experimental design: sample size and the repetition of experiments. These findings can be used to help guide science majors through mastering the fundamental skill of designing rigorous experiments.
Probabilistic viscosity algorithm for the scalar conservation law

We derive an algorithm for solving the initial value problem for ut = ½σ2uxx + f(u)ux. The approach is based on the representation of the solution to the above equation in the form of the functional of Brownian motion. For small σ we get the approximation for ut = f(u)ux. A comparison with the random choice method is illustrated by the numerical example.
Social Justice and Resource Utilization in a Community-Based Organization : A Case Illustration of the Role of the Occupational Therapist

Social justice and occupational justice have received increased attention in the occupational therapy literature. This evolving discourse has focused on establishing a connection between the effects of social injustice and the resulting negative influences on occupational participation. This literature has also addressed the role of occupational therapists in responding to social injustice at the societal, population, or individual levels. We examine the two most well-known theories of social justice to understand the responsibility of organizations, institutions, or governments in providing for people who have experienced difficulties in maintaining self-sufficiency. We use two case examples to illustrate how community-based organizations act as brokers of human, financial, and other resources and the challenges they face in distributing these resources in a manner consistent with social justice concepts. Finally, we suggest how an occupational therapist might assist such organizations in fairly distributing resources by applying occupational therapy paradigmatic knowledge and skills.
Social idealism in Ælfric's Colloquy

AElfric's Colloquy is, of course, first and foremost, a dialogue between a master and his pupils to give practice in the use of Latin at a conversational level. The pedagogic intention of the work is evident from the interlocutors' habit of lingering over commonly used words in various grammatical forms: for example, in a few opening lines (2–11) the deponent loqui appears as loqui, loquimur, loquamur and loqueris , together with the noun locutio , and within a little more than fifty lines (66–119) we find seven forms of the verb capere , two of them occurring four times each and one twice. Yet, equally certainly, this colloquy has more to it than just schoolboy exercises in declensions and conjugations. It has escaped the oblivion that has been the lot of its more humdrum fellows who – to use Garmonsway's personification – were assigned the role of literary Cinderellas, labouring ‘in obscurity in monastic classrooms to help boys learn their lessons’. It has long been acclaimed for its realism and for its ‘sociological picture of the occupational strata’ of Anglo-Saxon society; and, in our own day, Stanley B. Greenfield has called attention to its literary merits, ‘its fine organization and structure, dramatic in effect, with its pairing and contrasting, for example, of the king's bold hunter and the independent, timid fisherman…and with its lively disputation toward the end about which occupation is most essential’. In the present study I hope to demonstrate that it also draws on a background of ideas and that its longevity is partly due to this ingredient.
The effect of saliva on blood coagulation

Abstract Reports of earlier investigators that saliva hastens blood coagulation have been substantiated by the use of a more accurate apparatus specially devised for recording blood clotting time. Water solution of salivary proteins exhibited activity similar to that of whole saliva. Evidence has been presented which indicates that saliva accelerates blood coagulation by neutralization of the anticoagulant in the blood. Since dilution of blood resulted in diminished clotting time, it is suggested that the dilution of the antithrombin is responsible for at least a portion of the reduction in coagulation time.
Human activity detection and recognition for video surveillance

We present a framework for detecting and recognizing human activities for outdoor video surveillance applications. Our research makes the following contributions: For activity detection and tracking, we improve robustness by providing intelligent control and fail-over mechanisms, built on top of low-level motion detection algorithms such as frame differencing and feature correlation. For activity recognition, we propose an efficient representation of human activities that enables recognition of different interaction patterns among a group of people based on simple statistics computed on the tracked trajectories, without building complicated Markov chain, hidden Markov models (HMM), or coupled hidden Markov models (CHMM). We demonstrate our techniques using real-world video data to automatically distinguish normal behaviors from suspicious ones in a parking lot setting, which can aid security surveillance
Validation of Scores on the Homework Management Scale for High School Students

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the validity of scores on the Homework Management Scale (HMS) using 699 rural and 482 urban eighth graders. The study revealed that the HMS comprised 5 separate yet related factors: arranging the environment, managing time, handling distraction, monitoring motivation, and controlling emotion. Given an adequate level of configural, factor loading, common error covariance, and intercept invariance, I further tested the difference between group means. Results revealed that urban students were more likely to manage their homework than their rural counterparts in 2 of the 5 areas, namely, handling distraction and monitoring motivation. Findings also showed that the HMS differentiated among students who were more or less likely to complete homework assignments.
Bladder-Sparing Treatment of Invasive Bladder Cancer

Background: Radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard treatment for patients with invasive bladder cancer. However, many alternative techniques to spare the bladder have been investigated. Methods: We review the experience reported in the literature on bladder-sparing techniques, including transurethral resection, chemotherapy, and radiation for muscle-invasive disease. Results: Most comparative studies indicate that local recurrence and survival outcomes for bladder-sparing approaches are inferior to those from radical cystectomy to control muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Conclusions: Although molecular biologic techniques may have the capacity to identify a subgroup who may benefit from a bladder-sparing approach, cystectomy is normally required for optimal results.
Detection of Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Autophagy is a dynamic and catabolic process that results in the breakdown and recycling of cellular components through the autophagosomal-lysosomal pathway. Many autophagy genes identified in yeasts and mammals have orthologs in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In recent years, gene inactivation by RNA interference (RNAi) and chromosomal mutations has been useful to probe the functions of autophagy in C. elegans, and a role for autophagy has been shown to contribute to multiple processes, such as the adaptation to stress, longevity, cell death, cell growth control, clearance of aggregation-prone proteins, degradation of P granules during embryogenesis, and apoptotic cell clearance. Here, we discuss some of these roles and describe methods that can be used to study autophagy in C. elegans. Specifically, we summarize how to visualize autophagy in embryos, larva, or adults, how to detect the lipidation of the ubiquitin-like modifier LGG-1 by western blot, and how to inactivate autophagy genes by RNAi.
Studies of women eating diets with different fatty acid composition. I. Plasma lipoproteins and steroid excretion.

Moderate changes in dietary fat composition have been recommended to improve plasma cholesterol status. Such changes have not been studied extensively in women. This research evaluates plasma lipoprotein and steroid excretion changes in young women who consumed a diet similar to US average consumption in 1974 [40 en% fat, polyunsaturated (P) to saturated fatty acid (S) ratio, P/S = 0.3, US74] or a diet modified to contain 30 en% fat, P/S = 1.0 (MOD). Following a preexperimental period of self-selected diets, young women were fed the diets for 28-day periods in a crossover design with 10 women at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and 10 at Iowa State University, Ames. Plasma lipoproteins and steroid excretion were quantitated and the compositions determined. Data were analyzed for race (five Chinese, 14 Caucasians) and for diet carryover effects, as well as for primary diet effects. In the Chinese women, the US74 diet raised total and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol compared to prior sel...
Reproducibility and Robustness of a Real-Time Microfluidic Cell Toxicity Assay

Numerous opportunities exist to apply microfluidic technology to high-throughput and high-content cell-based assays. However, maximizing the value of microfluidic assays for applications such as drug discovery, screening, or toxicity evaluation will require assurance of within-device repeatability, day-to-day reproducibility, and robustness to variations in conditions that might occur from laboratory to laboratory. This report describes a study of the performance and variability of a cell-based toxicity assay in microfluidic devices made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The assay involves expression of destabilized green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter of intracellular protein synthesis and degradation. Reduction in cellular GFP due to inhibition of ribosome activity by cycloheximide (CHX) was quantified with real-time quantitative fluorescence imaging. Assay repeatability was measured within a 64-chamber microfluidic device. Assay performance across a range of cell loading densities within a single device was assessed, as was replication of measurements in microfluidic devices prepared on different days. Assay robustness was tested using different fluorescence illumination sources and reservoir-to-device tubing choices. Both microfluidic and larger scale assay conditions showed comparable GFP decay rates upon CHX exposure, but the microfluidic data provided the higher level of confidence.
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SPOTTED OWL (STRIX OCCIDENTALIS) POPULATIONS BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES: GENE FLOW, GENETIC STRUCTURE, AND A NOVEL BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERN.

Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of spotted owls (Strix occidentalis) allowed us to investigate gene flow, genetic structure, and biogeographic relationships among these forest-dwelling birds of western North America Estimates of gene flow based on genetic partitioning and the phylogeography of haplotypes indicate substantial dispersal within three long-recognized subspecies. However, patterns of individual phyletic relationships indicate a historical absence of gene flow among the subspecies, which are essentially monophyletic. The pattern of haplotype coalescence enabled us to identify the approximate timing and direction of a recent episode of gene flow from the Sierra Nevada to the northern coastal ranges. The three subspecies comprise phylogenetic species, and the northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina) is sister to a clade of California (S. o. occidentalis) plus Mexican spotted owls (S o lucida); this represents a novel biogeographic pattern within birds. The California spotted owl had substantially lower nucleotide diversity than the other two subspecies; this result is inconsistent with present patterns of population density A causal explanation requires postulating a severe bottleneck or a selective sweep, either of which was confined to only one geographic region.
Challenges, Choices, and Decisions of Women in Higher Education: A Discourse on the Future of Hispanic, Black, and Asian Members of the Professoriate

This research examined challenges, choices, and decisions of women professors in higher education. Special attention was given to Latina professors. This article reviewed the literature on establis...
Giving Citizen Scientists a Chance: A Study of Volunteer-led Scientific Discovery

The discovery of a class of galaxies called Green Peas provides an example of scientific work done by volunteers. This unique situation arose out of a science crowdsourcing website called Galaxy Zoo. It gave the ability to investigate the research process used by the volunteers. The volunteers’ process was analyzed in terms of three models of scientific research and an iterative work model to show the path to this discovery. As has been illustrated in these models of science, the path was iterative, not predetermined, and driven by empirical data. This paper gives a narrative of the 11-month, volunteer-led discovery process of the Green Pea galaxies and the transition to the Galaxy Zoo science team’s involvement to analyze and report on a new class of galaxy. This study identified the cycles of the volunteers’ work and situated them in the proposed integrated model of the scientific research process to show that the volunteers engaged in meaningful scientific research.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting B7-H3 (CD276) for Human Cancer Immunotherapy

B7-H3 (CD276) is an important immune checkpoint member of the B7 and CD28 families. Induced on antigen-presenting cells, B7-H3 plays an important role in the inhibition of T-cell function. Importantly, B7-H3 is highly overexpressed on a wide range of human solid cancers and often correlates with both negative prognosis and poor clinical outcome in patients. Challenges remain to identify the receptor(s) of B7-H3 and thus better elucidate the role of the B7-H3 pathway in immune responses and tumor evasion. With a preferential expression on tumor cells, B7-H3 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Based on the clinical success of inhibitory immune checkpoint blockade (CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1), mAbs against B7-H3 appear to be a promising therapeutic strategy worthy of development. An unconventional mAb against B7-H3 with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is currently being evaluated in a phase I clinical trial and has shown encouraging preliminary results. Additional therapeutic approaches in targeting B7-H3, such as blocking mAbs, bispecific mAbs, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, small-molecule inhibitors, and combination therapies, should be evaluated, as these technologies have already shown positive results in various cancer settings. A better understanding of the B7-H3 pathway in humans will surely help to further optimize associated cancer immunotherapies. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3425-31. ©2016 AACR.
UV-activated ZnO films on a flexible substrate for room temperature O 2 and H 2 O sensing.

We demonstrate that UV-light activation of polycrystalline ZnO films on flexible polyimide (Kapton) substrates can be used to detect and differentiate between environmental changes in oxygen and water vapor. The in-plane resistive and impedance properties of ZnO films, fabricated from bacteria-derived ZnS nanoparticles, exhibit unique resistive and capacitive responses to changes in O2 and H2O. We propose that the distinctive responses to O2 and H2O adsorption on ZnO could be utilized to statistically discriminate between the two analytes. Molecular dynamic simulations (MD) of O2 and H2O adsorption energy on ZnO surfaces were performed using the large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) with a reactive force-field (ReaxFF). These simulations suggest that the adsorption mechanisms differ for O2 and H2O adsorption on ZnO, and are governed by the surface termination and the extent of surface hydroxylation. Electrical response measurements, using DC resistance, AC impedance spectroscopy, and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), demonstrate differences in response to O2 and H2O, confirming that different adsorption mechanisms are involved. Statistical and machine learning approaches were applied to demonstrate that by integrating the electrical and kinetic responses the flexible ZnO sensor can be used for detection and discrimination between O2 and H2O at low temperature.
Ni-Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Olefins by Intercepting Heck Intermediates as Imine-Stabilized Transient Metallacycles

We disclose a strategy for Ni-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of olefins in styrenes by intercepting Heck C(sp3)–NiX intermediates with arylzinc reagents. This approach utilizes a readily removable imine as a coordinating group that plays a dual role of intercepting oxidative addition species derived from aryl halides and triflates to promote Heck carbometalation and stabilizing the Heck C(sp3)–NiX intermediates as transient metallacycles to suppress β-hydride elimination and facilitate transmetalation/reductive elimination steps. This method affords diversely substituted 1,1,2-triarylethyl products that occur as structural motifs in various natural products.
Application-Level Optimization of On-Node Communication in OpenSHMEM

The OpenSHMEM community is actively exploring threading support extensions to the OpenSHMEM communication interfaces. Among the motivations for these extensions are the optimization of on-node data sharing and reduction of memory pressure, both of which are problems that hybrid programming has successfully addressed in other programming models. We observe that OpenSHMEM already supports inter-process shared memory for processes within the same node. In this work, we assess the viability of this existing API to address the on-node optimization problem, which is of growing importance. We identify multiple on-node optimizations that are already possible with the existing interface, propose a layered library that extends the functionality of these interfaces, and measure performance improvement when using these techniques.
Effect of time delay asymmetries in power system damping control

Distributed control compensation based on local and remote sensor feedback can improve small-signal stability in large distributed systems, such as electric power systems. Long distance remote measurements, however, are potentially subject to relatively long and uncertain network latencies. In this work, the issue of asymmetrical network latencies is considered for an active damping application in a two-area electric power system. The combined effects of latency and gain are evaluated in time domain simulation and in analysis using root-locus and the maximum singular value of the input sensitivity function. The results aid in quantifying the effects of network latencies and gain on system stability and disturbance rejection.
Embedding weight management into safety-net pediatric primary care: randomized controlled trial

Implementing evidence-based recommendations for treating pediatric overweight and obesity is challenging in low-resource settings. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of implementing the American Academy of Pediatrics overweight/obesity recommendations using a Standard Care approach alone or with the addition of an enhanced program in a safety-net pediatric primary care setting (located in Bronx, New York, United States). In a 12-month trial, families of children (age 7–12 years; body mass index ≥85th American percentile for age and sex; 74% self-identified as Hispanic/Latino; n = 360) were randomly assigned to receive Standard Care Alone or Standard Care + Enhanced Program. An English/Spanish bilingual staff provided the Standard Care Alone consisting of quarterly semi-structured pediatrician visits targeting family-based behavioral changes. The Standard Care + Enhanced Program was enriched with eight Skill-Building Core and monthly Post-Core Support sessions. The mean body mass index Z-score declined in both arms (P < 0.01) with no significant difference between the Standard Care Alone (0.12 kg [SE: 0.03]) and Standard Care + Enhanced Program (0.15 kg [SE: 0.03]) arm (P = 0.15). Compared to the Standard Care Alone, the Standard Care + Enhanced Program resulted in significantly greater improvements in total cholesterol (P = 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.04), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.02), and alanine transaminase (P = 0.03) concentrations. Safety-net primary care settings can provide efficacious pediatric weight management services. Targeted family-based behavioral counseling helps overweight/obese children achieve a modest body mass index Z-score improvement. A more intensive lifestyle intervention program may improve some metabolic parameters. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00851201 . Registered 23 February 2009.
Gordon Allport and “Letters from Jenny”

As editor of the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology in 1946, Gordon W. Allport published “Letters from Jenny” (Anonymous, 1946). These letters were in fact selections and abridgements from a series of 301 letters written during the years 1926–1937 from “Jenny” (at the beginning of the correspondence, a 58-year-old widow) to “Glenn” (the college roommate of her son “Ross”) and his wife “Isabel.” Eighteen years later, Allport republished the letters as a book, adding a retrospective discussion by Isabel and interpretations of Jenny according to existential, depth psychological, and structural-dynamic theory (Allport, 1965). The published letters are about one third of the total correspondence.
Pollutants and Contaminants

Marine pollution events have most often been identified by a catastrophe as opposed to rational scientific deduction. Herein I examine three instances where alterations to the marine environment may result in a loss of resources, either public health or the structure of marine ecosystems: the entry of biostimulants leading to eutrophication; the entry of artificial radionuclides; and the entry of plastics. The introduced materials are increasing in flux, have long residence times, and have known impacts upon living systems.
Framing and Labeling Effects in Preferences for Borrowing for College: An Experimental Analysis

Evidence from behavioral economics suggests that the framing and labeling of choices affect financial decisions. Through a randomized control trial of over six thousand high school seniors, community college students, and adults without a college degree, we identify the existence of both framing and labeling effects in respondents’ preferences for borrowing for postsecondary education. How financially equivalent contracts are framed alters the preferences of high school and community college students. Furthermore, simply labeling a contract a “loan” reduces the likelihood of selecting that option by 8–11 percentage points among those samples. These effects are more pronounced among Black high school respondents and Hispanic high school and community college respondents who are both twice as likely as White respondents to avoid the loan option when it is labeled a “loan.” Finally, we provide suggestive evidence that this labeling effect is driven by more risk averse respondents. Our findings imply that the federal government, states, and institutions should be attentive to the language used when offering and explaining financial aid packages for higher education.
Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphisms and Hypertension

Hypertension is a serious risk factor for myocardial infarction, heart failure, vascular disease, stroke, and renal failure. Hypertension affects 50 million Americans with a prevalence rate of 25–30% in the adult Caucasian population. The incidence of hypertension and complications resulting from hypertension are even greater in the African-American population. The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, and previous studies have suggested that the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene locus is linked with human essential hypertension. Previous studies have suggested that a single nucleotide polymorphism that converts methionine to threonine at amino acid 235 is associated with hypertension in Caucasian population. This polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with A/G polymorphism at −6 position in the promoter of AGT gene. Reporter constructs containing variant A at −6 have increased promoter activity on transient transfection in human liver cells, suggesting that this variant may have increased transcriptional activity. However, this polymorphism is not associated with hypertension in the African-American and Chinese populations. We have found an A/G polymorphism at −217 of the human AGT gene promoter and have shown that frequency of allele A at −217 is significantly increased in the DNA of African-American hypertensive patients. We have also shown that: (a) reporter constructs containing AG gene promoter with nucleoside A at −217 have increased promoter activity on transient transfection; and (b) the C/EBP family of transcription factors and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) bind preferentially to this region of the promoter when nucleoside A is present at −217. In addition, variant −217A is always present with variants −532T, −793A, and −1074T in the human AGT gene promoter. We have also shown that liver enriched transcription factor HNF-3β binds more strongly when nucleoside T is present at −1074. Previous studies have shown that HNF-3β interacts with GR and plays an important role in liver-specific gene expression. These data suggest that AGT haplotype containing −217A, −532T, − 793A, and −1074T may be involved in increased expression of this gene, and may play a role in human hypertension. It will be important to confirm this observation in future human studies and to understand the role of this haplotype in transcriptional regulation using transgenic animals.
(2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-7-Carb­oxy-2-(3-fur­yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxoperhydro­benzo[f]isochromen-9-yl acetate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H26O8, contains two crystallographically independent mol­ecules with closely comparable conformations (r.m.s. overlay = 0.54 A for 30 non-H atoms). All six-membered rings display chair conformations, with a slight distortion for the lactone ring. The mol­ecules are connected by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains along [010], with the independent mol­ecules segregated into separate chains. The two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit face each other in a head-to-tail fashion, with the furan ring of one mol­ecule turned towards the carboxylic acid terminal of the other mol­ecule.
Effect of Pressure on Catalyst Activity and Carbon Deposition During CO2 Reforming of Methane over Noble-Metal Catalysts

The reforming of methane with CO2 was studied over 1wt% Rh/alumina, Pt/ZrO2, and Ce-promoted Pt/ZrO2 catalysts at 800°C and pressures of 1, 8, and 14 bar. It was found that high pressure resulted in greater carbon formation, lower methane and CO2 conversions, as well as a lower H2/CO ratio. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), of the catalysts after reaction, shows several CO2 peaks for the Ce-promoted catalyst, indicating several sources or types of carbon and/or several locations on the catalyst are involved with carbon deposition. The change in the temperature and intensity of the TPO peaks with pressure indicates that more stable carbon is deposited at high pressure. Thermodynamic calculations for the endothermic reaction of CH4 with CO2, CH4 decomposition, and CO disproportionation were also performed. The results of these calculations are consistent with CO disproportionation being a larger contributor to carbon deposition at high pressure.
TCT-454 Myocardial Fibrosis Imaging by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Improves Risk Stratification in Severe Aortic Stenosis After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Long-standing aortic stenosis (AS) results in fibrotic changes that often persist after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Fibrosis in AS preferentially affects the left ventricular (LV) basal segments and can lead to ventricular dyssynchrony. We hypothesize that basal longitudinal
Author Response to “Unraveling Methodology to Ensure the Search for Optimal Nutrition Quantity in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Remains INTACT”

We thank Drs. Patel, Martindale, and Heyland1 for their interest in our most recent study2 exploring the role of early exposure to recommended energy delivery in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Their stated concerns center around 3 major areas: (1) the comparability of the population in our study2 with those of INTACT (Intensive Nutrition in Acute Lung Injury: A Clinical Trial); (2) their confusion on the analysis of the relationship between the likelihood of death with energy exposure (table 1 in our article2 ); and (3) their apparent misunderstanding of type I error, type II error, P-values, and power analysis. Our responses to each of these areas are detailed as follows.
Ragged Schools: Educational Opportunities for Destitute Children in 19th century England

Beginning in the 1750s the industrial revolution changed the way in which many citizens lived in Britain. Before the Revolution, eighty percent of citizens lived in rural areas. However, due to agricultural advancements which allowed more food to be grown by less people this changed. As fewer people were needed on the farms, many migrated from their rural homes to the developing urban areas to look for jobs in factories and mines. The cities where these factories were located were rapidly built and little planning went into their design. This new urban working class lived in overpopulated, unsanitary parts of the cities and were also not guaranteed work once they moved to the city. Industrialization had its ups and downs and, therefore, so did the job market. Workers were constantly dealing with fluctuating employment. For those who could not find any work, they often resorted to begging, lying, and stealing as an alternative. Sadly, this was not a cross bared solely by the adults of the working class; many children also learned this way of life as well.
On focus and weight in Spanish as a heritage language

Previous research on heritage speaker (HS) bilingualism suggests, not without controversy, that certain properties of HSs’ grammars, mainly discursive properties, can result in divergent grammatical outcomes in adulthood be it as a result of incomplete acquisition or attrition. This study contributes to this line of research by examining whether HSs’ word order configurations with Spanish double object constructions reflect compliance with the pragmatic (End-Focus Principle) and syntactic related factors (End-Weight Principle) that regulate word order in Spanish. To this end, two groups of HSs with different proficiency levels in Spanish as well as a bilingual and a monolingual control group, all of Mexican origin, completed an acceptability judgment task. HSs’ performance on this task shows that their knowledge of the discursive nuances associated with constituent order remains as robust as their knowledge of the syntactic factors associated with this phenomenon. Our findings therefore suggest that this linguistic domain may not be subject to so-called incomplete acquisition or L1 attrition.
STRUCTURED EXERCISE PROGRAMS FOR TREATMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly prevalent and associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiac outcomes. Exercise programs have been shown to improve components of MetS, but the optimal design of structured exercise programs for treatment of MetS remains unclear. The aim of this
Anger Inhibition and Pain Modulation.

Background The tendency to inhibit anger (anger-in) is associated with increased pain. This relationship may be explained by the negative affectivity hypothesis (anger-in increases negative affect that increases pain). Alternatively, it may be explained by the cognitive resource hypothesis (inhibiting anger limits attentional resources for pain modulation). Methods A well-validated picture-viewing paradigm was used in 98 healthy, pain-free individuals who were low or high on anger-in to study the effects of anger-in on emotional modulation of pain and attentional modulation of pain. Painful electrocutaneous stimulations were delivered during and in between pictures to evoke pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR; a physiological correlate of spinal nociception). Subjective and physiological measures of valence (ratings, facial/corrugator electromyogram) and arousal (ratings, skin conductance) were used to assess reactivity to pictures and emotional inhibition in the high anger-in group. Results The high anger-in group reported less unpleasantness, showed less facial displays of negative affect in response to unpleasant pictures, and reported greater arousal to the pleasant pictures. Despite this, both groups experienced similar emotional modulation of pain/NFR. By contrast, the high anger-in group did not show attentional modulation of pain. Conclusions These findings support the cognitive resource hypothesis and suggest that overuse of emotional inhibition in high anger-in individuals could contribute to cognitive resource deficits that in turn contribute to pain risk. Moreover, anger-in likely influenced pain processing predominantly via supraspinal (e.g., cortico-cortical) mechanisms because only pain, but not NFR, was associated with anger-in.
Six guidelines for teaching intermediate macroeconomics

Over the span of my career, I have taught intermediate macroeconomics to Harvard undergraduates about 15 times, and I have written a textbook for the course that is now in its 10th edition. In this...