cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring School Victimization and Weapon Carrying Among Military-Connected Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth in California Schools.

Military-connected youth often experience daily stressors that affect their academic success and social and emotional development. Stressors such as multiple deployments and frequent school transit...
Deregulation, Devolution, and State Preemption Laws' Impact on US Mortality Trends.

The author presents her thoughts on why scientists and policymakers to focus on how the U.S. mortality rate is influenced by deregulation, devolution, and state laws. She suggests that researchers hypothesize upwards rather than focus on individual lifestyle choices and instead on industrialization and health infrastructure factors.
The Persistence of an Explanatory Dilemma in Contact Period Studies

Theodore Dreiser (1871–1945), in his novel An American Tragedy (1925), relates the personal history of a young man who is confronted with a series of crises. After much thoughtful reflection, Dreiser’s protagonist makes a number of perfectly rational and acceptable decisions regarding how to most appropriately deal with each conflict as it arises. The decisions he makes seem to the reader to be nearly unavoidable, and with great subtlety, the reader is led to concur with each decision. Regrettably, the choices made lead the youth to moral and financial ruin quite rapidly and inextricably. We, as the readers who agreed with the correctness of each of the youth’s decisions, are swept, sympathetically at least, to the same destination.
MRI of the Small Bowel

For decades, barium fluoroscopy studies have been the standard of reference to investigate small-bowel diseases. As the small bowel was not accessible to endoscopic techniques, these studies represented the only noninvasive diagnostic approach to the intestine. Both small-bowel follow- through and small-bowel enteroclysis yielded fairly good results, with sensitivities and specificities, respectively, of 98.3% and 99.3% for Crohn’s disease [1] and between 61% and 95% for neoplastic disease [2], notably in assessing the intestinal mucosa due to high spatial resolution. Limitations of this technique are the almost exclusively intraluminal information, and the considerably high radiation exposure of up to 10–18 mSv. Technical advances in cross-sectional imaging by both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the past 10 years brought about tremendous improvement of image quality in the abdomen, encouraging small-bowel imaging.
Carter H. Manny Jr. (1918–2017)

Carter Hugh Manny was not an architectural historian, critic, or curator, but in his long career as a prominent Chicago architect, director of the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, and active participant in Chicago's architectural world, he had an impact on the direction of architectural history that reached far beyond Chicago. His outsize influence on our field was due in great part to the fact that he was also a gentleman of the old school, a man of considerable tact and charm, with a sense of duty and a personal modesty that allowed him to take a careful, measured, and wide embrace of architectural history. Carter H. Manny Jr. (photo courtesy of the Graham Foundation). Carter was born in 1918 to a middle-class family in Michigan City, Indiana, a town at the southern tip of Lake Michigan about fifty miles east of Chicago. His family had deep ties in Michigan City, and Carter, like his businessman father, continued to call that city home throughout his career in Chicago. He attended public schools in Michigan City, graduating from high school in 1937. When he entered Harvard that fall, he started with courses useful for a business career, but a survey course in fine arts taught by Wilhelm Kohler changed his mind, and he turned to architecture. At the time, the Harvard School of Design was headed by Walter Gropius, whom Carter got to know well because of the small student body, but there were still many faculty members who had come up through the Beaux-Arts system. By the end of his undergraduate days, Carter had become a convinced modernist whose heroes were European avant-gardists like Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, yet he was also interested in the work of many other architects, especially Frank …
Aortopulmonary window in tetralogy of Fallot with absent conal septum

BACKGROUND Aortopulmonary window is a rare conotruncal defect that is often associated with other congenital heart defects. We present a patient with a previously unreported combination of aortopulmonary window with tetralogy of Fallot with an absent conal septum. CASE PRESENTATION A term, 2.4 kg newborn male infant presented at a community hospital with cyanosis unresponsive to supplemental oxygen. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a conotruncal defect with a large conoventricular ventricular septal defect and an over-riding, dysplastic aortic valve. The main pulmonary artery (MPA) appeared to arise from left facing sinus of the aortic valve, with confluent yet hypoplastic right and left branch pulmonary arteries. There was no evidence of prograde flow into the MPA in systole, though there did appear to be retrograde flow in diastole from the patent ductus. The patient underwent multiple advanced imaging studies, and the diagnosis was not fully elucidated. Postmortem examination demonstrated morphology consistent with Tetralogy of Fallot with the absence of the conal septum. There were two distinct semilunar valves in fibrous continuity with an aortopulmonary window immediately cephalad to the valve. DISCUSSION The rare combination of defects and the patient's size made the anatomic diagnosis by conventional imaging challenging. However, retrospective review of imaging studies did demonstrate anatomic features seen by direct examination of the specimen.
Correction: Storm-Clouds on the Horizon: John Ruskin and the Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change

This article details a correction to the article: Taylor, J.O., 2018. Storm-Clouds on the Horizon: John Ruskin and the Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change. 19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century, (26) DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/ntn.802
Practical Considerations in Management of Obesity-Associated Asthma

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of incident asthma and also complicates the disease in those with pre-existing asthma who become obese. Obese patients tend to suffer from poorly controlled asthma, which responds poorly to standard medications. This chapter reviews what is known about the pathogenesis of asthma in obese patients and discusses how asthma management needs to be customized for this patient population. Co-morbidities such as depression and obstructive sleep apnea may significantly complicate the disease. Successful management should include consideration of changed physiology and altered response to medications, management of co-morbidities, and interventions to promote diet and lifestyle change.
Playing to the crowd: Musicians, audiences, and the intimate work of connection

In Playing to the Crowd: Musicians, Audiences, and the Intimate Work of Connection, Nancy Baym explores the ways in which musicians are connecting with audiences in the era of digital media. Social...
Successful Moderation in Online Patient Communities: Inductive Case Study.

Background: Online patient communities are becoming more prevalent as a resource to help patients take control of their health. However, online patient communities experience challenges that require active moderation. Objective: This study aimed to identify the challenges of sustaining a thriving online patient community and the moderation practices employed to address the challenges and manage the online patient community successfully. Methods: An inductive case study of Mayo Clinic Connect was analyzed using the grounded theory methodology. Insights for the analysis were obtained from semistructured interviews with community managers and community members. Secondary data sources, such as community management documents, observational meeting notes, and community postings, were used to validate and triangulate the findings. Results: We identified four challenges unique to online patient communities. These challenges include passion, nonmedical advice, personal information, and community participation. We identified five categories of practices that community members used to address these challenges and moderate the community successfully. These practices include instructive, semantic, connective, administrative, and policing practices. Conclusions: Successful moderation in online patient communities requires a multitude of practices to manage the challenges that arise in these communities. Some practices are implemented as preventive measures while other practices are more interventive. Additionally, practices can come from both authority figures and exemplary members.
Minimally invasive resection of intracranial lesions using tubular retractors: a large, multi-surgeon, multi-institutional series.

Lesions located in subcortical areas are difficult to safely access. Tubular retractors have been increasingly used successfully with low complication profile to access lesions by minimizing brain retraction trauma and distributing pressure radially. Both binocular operative microscope and monocular exoscope are utilized for lesion visualization through tubular retractors. We present the largest multi-surgeon, multi-institutional series to determine the efficacy and safety profile of a transcortical-transtubular approach for intracranial lesion resections with both microscopic and exoscopic visualization. We reviewed a multi-surgeon, multi-institutional case series including transcortical-transtubular resection of intracranial lesions using either BrainPath (NICO, Indianapolis, Indiana) or ViewSite Brain Access System (VBAS, Vycor Medical, Boca Raton, Florida) tubular retractors (n = 113). One hundred thirteen transtubular resections for intracranial lesions were performed. Patients presented with a diverse number of pathologies including 25 cavernous hemangiomas (21.2%), 15 colloid cysts (13.3%), 26 GBM (23.0%), two meningiomas (1.8%), 27 metastases (23.9%), 9 gliomas (7.9%) and 9 other lesions (7.9%). Mean lesion depth below the cortical surface was 4.4 cm, and mean lesion size was 2.7 cm. A gross total resection was achieved in 81 (71.7%) cases. Permanent complication rate was 4.4%. One patient (0.8%) experienced one early postoperative seizure ( 1 week follow-up). Mean post-operative hospitalization length was 4.1 days. Tubular retractors provide a minimally invasive operative corridor for resection of intracranial lesions. They provide an effective tool in the neurosurgical armamentarium to resect subcortical lesions with a low complication profile.
Review of progress in dynamic geotechnical centrifuge research

A great deal of research has been performed in the last ten years in the area of dynamic geotechnical centrifuge testing. The progress made is reviewed, with particular reference to papers presented at this Symposium, problem areas are identified, and suggestions are made to clarify some of the difficulties.
Anomaly Detection in Large Labeled Multi-Graph Databases.

Within a large database G containing graphs with labeled nodes and directed, multi-edges; how can we detect the anomalous graphs? Most existing work are designed for plain (unlabeled) and/or simple (unweighted) graphs. We introduce CODETECT, the first approach that addresses the anomaly detection task for graph databases with such complex nature. To this end, it identifies a small representative set S of structural patterns (i.e., node-labeled network motifs) that losslessly compress database G as concisely as possible. Graphs that do not compress well are flagged as anomalous. CODETECT exhibits two novel building blocks: (i) a motif-based lossless graph encoding scheme, and (ii) fast memory-efficient search algorithms for S. We show the effectiveness of CODETECT on transaction graph databases from three different corporations, where existing baselines adjusted for the task fall behind significantly, across different types of anomalies and performance metrics.
Downlink coverage analysis in a heterogeneous cellular network

In this paper, we consider the downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) analysis in a heterogeneous cellular network with K tiers. Each tier is characterized by a base-station (BS) arrangement according to a homogeneous Poisson point process with certain BS density, transmission power, random shadow fading factors with arbitrary distribution, arbitrary path-loss exponent and a certain bias towards admitting the mobile-station (MS). The MS associates with the BS that has the maximum instantaneous biased received power under the open access cell association scheme. For such a general setting, we provide an analytical characterization of the coverage probability at the MS.
Deconstructing Grit’s Validity: The Case for Revising Grit Measures and Theory

Current measures of grit misrepresent its original conceptualization. This chapter aims to outline the flaws of extant grit measures, particularly in light of recent updated recommendations for maximizing construct validity during scale development. After reviewing empirical findings regarding grit’s construct validity, structure, and association with success outcomes, recommendations for the future development of grit will be proposed. Grit was developed as a higher-order construct consisting of two facets: perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. However, the higher order construct of “overall grit” is not supported by item response theory, factor analytic, or structural equation modeling approaches. Grit is currently better interpreted as two separate constructs, possibly within a bifactor model in which “overall grit” does not consist of perseverance and consistency. After controlling for conscientiousness, perseverance explains little incremental variance in success outcomes. However, perseverance may be related to, but distinct from, lower-order facets of conscientiousness. Consistency is much less associated with success outcomes, and its predictive utility is unclear.
Sensory and Physicochemical Quality, Residual Fungicide Levels and Microbial Load in 'Florida Radiance' Strawberries from Different Disease Control Treatments Exposed to Simulated Supply Chain Conditions.

Strawberries are greatly appreciated for their flavor and health-promoting properties. However, current agricultural and postharvest handling practices may result in decreased fruit quality. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of conventional or reduced fungicide applications on the quality of ‘Florida Radiance’ strawberries exposed to supply chain conditions. Strawberries held under steady temperature had better sensory and physicochemical quality than fruit exposed to supply chain conditions, regardless of the disease control treatment. Strawberries from the reduced fungicide treatment were firmer, lost less moisture, had higher sugar and higher or similar bioactive contents than fruit from the conventional treatment. Sensory scores were better for reduced fungicide fruit held under steady temperature conditions than other treatments at the consumer level. Microbial load increased during the supply chain but results strongly suggest that washing the fruit significantly reduces the microbial load and residual fungicide levels (fludioxonil, cyprodinil, pyraclostrobin, and captan) on the fruit. Overall, the use of reduced fungicide applications to control strawberry disease constitutes a promising alternative to conventional practices. It will help reduce costs by reducing labor and the amount of fungicides used while maintaining overall strawberry quality. Moreover, avoiding abusive and fluctuating temperature conditions during the supply chain will extend shelf-life and reduce strawberry waste.
Hemopericardium with subsequent cardiac tamponade secondary to rivaroxaban treatment: a case report.

Background The use and utility of novel oral anticoagulants has been increasing in clinical practice due to their relatively lower incidence of side effects such as intracranial haemorrhage, particularly in the elderly, when compared with vitamin K antagonists. Rivaroxaban is a factor Xa and prothrombinase inhibitor indicated for stroke and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation as well as treatment of venous thromboembolism. Case summary A patient with history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on Rivaroxaban presented with generalized malaise, lightheadedness, and dizziness. The patient was found to be in profound cardiogenic shock despite unremarkable cardiac enzymes. Electrocardiogram revealed rate controlled atrial fibrillation and T-wave inversions in the inferolateral leads without associated electrical alternans. Bedside echocardiogram revealed a large pericardial effusion consistent with cardiac tamponade physiology. Following anticoagulation reversal, the patient underwent urgent pericardiocentesis yielding haemorrhagic fluid, with subsequent improvement in haemodynamic status. Despite the presence of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy on previous computed tomography of the abdomen and concern for underlying malignant effusion secondary to lymphoma, cytology of the fluid revealed no evidence of malignant cells and follow-up flow cytometry and bone marrow biopsy were unremarkable. Discussion While hemopericardium is not listed as a known side effect of Rivaroxaban, previous cases of hemopericardium secondary to Rivaroxaban have been described in the literature secondary to pre-disposing risk factors including CYP450 drug interactions or cardiac device implantations. In this case, the patient experienced a spontaneous hemopericardium on Rivaroxaban without any previously elucidated risk factors or evidence of malignancy.
The Systemic Right Ventricle

Dysfunction of the systemic right ventricle (RV) is prevalent in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Dysfunction and heart failure are expected, yet there is wide variation in their progression. Imaging may improve understanding of the systemic RV’s vulnerability and the pathogenesis of RV dysfunction. The goal of this chapter is to explore the current experience of systemic RV imaging and discuss the use of newer and emerging imaging tools with potential applications. General guidelines for TGA imaging have been published [1], and the reader is guided elsewhere for a thorough discussion of clinical imaging applications for these patients.
Early Life Factors Associated with Preschool Wheezing in Preterm Infants.

Advanced neonatal care has increased the survival of neonates born prematurely, and prematurity is a well-known risk factor for asthma/wheezing disorders. Thus, this prospective study aimed to determine the early life factors associated with preschool wheezing in premature neonates. Preterm neonates born between 2012 and 2017 were recruited, excluding those with bacterial infection within 7 days of life, maternal sepsis, and maternal chorioamnionitis. Birth and admission history, comorbidities, and maternal history were documented. Respiratory problems were followed-up at the neonatal outpatient department. Patients were divided into wheezing and non-wheezing groups. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test and Fisher’s exact test, and multivariable logistic regression was used to define the risk factors of preschool wheezing/asthma. A total of 125 preterm infants were enrolled, including 19 in the wheezing group and 106 in the non-wheezing group. Patients in the wheezing group had longer duration of intubation (p = 0.025), higher rates for exclusive breast milk feeding (p = 0.012), and higher re-hospitalization rates for respiratory tract infections (p < 0.001), especially for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis (p = 0.045). The incidence of allergic rhinitis was also higher in the wheezing group (p = 0.005). After multivariable logistic regression, allergic rhinitis and re-hospitalization for respiratory tract infections were two significant risk factors for preschool wheezing/asthma in premature neonates. Close follow-up of premature infants at high risk for asthma susceptibility is recommended.
Projections for Achieving the Lancet Commission Recommended Surgical Rate of 5000 Operations per 100,000 Population by Region-Specific Surgical Rate Estimates

We previously identified a range of 4344–5028 annual operations per 100,000 people to be related to desirable health outcomes. From this and other evidence, the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery recommends a minimum rate of 5000 operations per 100,000 people. We evaluate rates of growth and estimate the time it will take to reach this minimum surgical rate threshold. We aggregated country-level surgical rate estimates from 2004 to 2012 into the twenty-one Global Burden of Disease (GBD) regions. We calculated mean rates of surgery proportional to population size for each year and assessed the rate of growth over time. We then extrapolated the time it will take each region to reach a surgical rate of 5000 operations per 100,000 population based on linear rates of change. All but two regions experienced growth in their surgical rates during the past 8 years. Fourteen regions did not meet the recommended threshold in 2012. If surgical capacity continues to grow at current rates, seven regions will not meet the threshold by 2035. Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa will not reach the recommended threshold until 2124. The rates of growth in surgical service delivery are exceedingly variable. At current rates of surgical and population growth, 6.2 billion people (73 % of the world’s population) will be living in countries below the minimum recommended rate of surgical care in 2035. A strategy for strengthening surgical capacity is essential if these targets are to be met in a timely fashion as part of the integrated health system development.
Cylindrical-Scanning Transaxial Roentgen Tomography of High Temporal Resolution

A prototype multiple X-ray source computerized transaxial tomographic system called the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR) is currently being fabricated. This system is to consist of 28 X-ray sources arranged in a semicircle with 28 corresponding image intensifier/image isocon imaging chains arranged along an opposing semicircle. This entire system will permit mathematical reconstruction imaging of a cylindrical three-dimensional volume 23 cm axially and 30-cm diameter transaxially. This entire volume can be scanned in various ways ranging from the high "temporal resolution" (10 ms repeated 60/s), spatial resolution [full width half maximum (FWHM) 6 mm axially and transaxially], and "density resolution" (10 percent of roentgen opacity of water) to longer scan durations (for example, 100 ms up to a maximum of 2 s) with associated increases in spatial or density resolution or both. It is anticipated that in addition to providing much needed information about optimal scanning configuration needs and requirements for different biomedical questions, the DSR is expected to be particularly useful in quantitation of the dynamic structure, function, and perfusion of the heart, lungs, and other organs.
The Myth of Hypercomputation

Under the banner of “hypercomputation” various claims are being made for the feasibility of modes of computation that go beyond what is permitted by Turing computability. In this article it will be shown that such claims fly in the face of the inability of all currently accepted physical theories to deal with infinite-precision real numbers. When the claims are viewed critically, it is seen that they amount to little more than the obvious comment that if non-computable inputs are permitted, then non-computable outputs are attainable.
The Micro-Canonical Point Vortex Ensemble: Beyond Equivalence

The fluid limit N→∞ is constructed for a sequence of ensembles of N classical point vortices in a finite domain Λ⊂ℝ2 whose ensemble densities (w.r.t. Liouville measure) are Gaussian approximations to δ(E-H). Letting the variance →0 after N→∞ has been taken, one recovers the special class of nonlinear stationary Euler flows that is expected from the micro-canonical ensemble. The construction improves over previous ones which either had to regularize the logarithmic singularities of the point vortex Hamiltonian or had to assume equivalence of ensembles. In particular, nonequivalence between micro-canonical and canonical ensemble prevails for certain geometries where conditionally stable configurations with negative 'global vortex pair-specific heat' can and do exist in the micro-canonical but not in the canonical ensemble.
Side-coupling of polymer optical fibers and its applications

Reflection based side couplings into or out of glass fibers were reported using either fusion splicing of graded index fiber or using mechanical cutting methods. However, the availability of polymer optical fibers (POFs) makes it possible to further simplify mirror preparation operations so that massive production of such low cost side couplers is feasible. Both the conventional reflection and the total internal reflection can easily be implemented through mirrors formed inside a POF using mechanical or other types of etching techniques. We show two conventional micro-mirrors which an embedded into a POF through a serious of microcutting, masking, metallic coating, and polymer refilling. A mirror can be formed either by satisfying the total internal reflection condition of the etched interface or by metal deposition using a conventional metallic mirror coating process.
Leaf absorptance and leaf angle: mechanisms for stress avoidance

Leaf angle and leaf absorptance are two leaf parameters that link a leaf and its physical environment. These characters affect both the amount of solar radiation incident on a leaf and the fraction of that incident light which is actually absorbed. Differences in both leaf angle and leaf spectral characteristics have been known for some time for plants of divergent habitats, and it has been inferred that they confer some adaptive advantage to plants from arid habitats (Haberlandt 1884; Schimper 1903; Warming 1909). However, it is only relatively recently that the significance of these features to leaf temperature and water loss have been quantitatively evaluated (Raschke 1960; Gates 1963, 1980). Evaluating the interactions between energy balance, leaf temperature, transpiration and photosynthesis at the leaf level have provided a means for evaluating the significance of changes in leaf angle and/or absorptance to plant performance under different environmental conditions (Mooney 1972; Parkhurst and Loucks 1972; Cowan and Farquhar 1977; Ehleringer and Mooney 1978; Mooney and Gulmon 1979).
Politicotainment, edited by Kristina Riegert

The thesis of Politicotainment, put forth in Riegert's introductory essay, is that popular culture creates spaces that are potential sources of political thought and action. Therefore, in chapter 2...
Electrical fast transient (EFT) testing-an overview

Tests have been developed which simulate a common, previously neglected, type of real-world interference, the electrical fast transient (EFT). An overview of the EFT is presented. The need for harmonized standards, test setups, and procedures, all of which are being developed, is discussed. EFT effects on circuits, test standards, generator parameters, coupling/decoupling methods, test severity levels, and equipment setup, including ground reference planes are detailed. Also presented is a brief look at the need for higher pulse repetition rates and higher severity levels. >
Linkage analysis assuming a single-locus mode of inheritance for traits determined by two loci : inferring mode of inheritance and estimating penetrance

What happens to the results of linkage analysis when one assumes that a disease results from a single genetic locus with reduced penetrance when the actual cause is two epistatically interacting loci? We wanted to (1) determine whether assuming the correct mode of inheritance at the linked locus leads to a higher lod score than assuming the incorrect mode of inheritance irrespective of penetrance assumptions and (2) determine whether it is possible to estimate the apparent penetrance due to the second, unlinked locus from the linkage data. Linkage data were simulated under three different two-locus models. Different “penetrances” were simulated by using different disease allele frequencies at the unlinked locus. Data were then analyzed assuming a single locus with reduced penetrance. The maximum lod score was maximized with respect to penetrance (LVP curves). We found that if there were enough data, assuming the correct (i.e., generating) mode of inheritance at the linked locus always led to a higher lod score than assuming the incorrect mode of inheritance no matter what the penetrance assumption. In contrast to the case where reduced penetrance is due to random factors, the estimate of the apparent penetrance (the “penetrance” due to the second locus) was biased, thus making any estimation of the gene frequency at the second locus doubtful. The ability to detect linkage was apparently not affected when the effects of the second locus were treated as random reduced penetrance. The results suggest that analyzing the data under the assumption of a single-locus model with reduced penetrance rather than a two-locus model will not substantially decrease the ability to establish linkage nor will it affect determining the mode of inheritance at the linked locus from the linkage data.
The Tiny Tera: A Packet Switch Core

In this paper, we present the Tiny Tera: a small packet switch with an aggregate bandwidth of 320Gb/s. The Tiny Tera is a CMOS-based input-queued, fixed-size packet switch suitable for a wide range of applications such as a highperformance ATM switch, the core of an Internet router or as a fast multiprocessor interconnect. Using off-the-shelf technology, we plan to demonstrate that a very highbandwidth switch can be built without the need for esoteric optical switching technology. By employing novel scheduling algorithms for both unicast and multicast traffic, the switch will have a maximum throughput close to 100%. Using novel highspeed chip-to-chip serial link technology, we plan to reduce the physical size and complexity of the switch, as well as the system pin-count.
Peer-to-peer semantic integration of XML and RDF data sources

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) data management systems combine traditional schema-based integration techniques with the P2P infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a P2P data management framework named PEPSINT that semantically integrates heterogeneous XML and RDF data sources, using a hybrid architecture and a global-as-view approach. Our focus is on the query processing techniques over heterogeneous data. Queries in PEPSINT are expressed in XQuery and in RDQL. We consider two types of queries, depending on whether the query is first posed on the super peer or on one of the peers.
Covalent chemistry in graphene electronics

The atomically flat surface of graphene provides an opportunity to apply carbon–carbon bond-forming chemical reactions to engineer the electronic properties of graphene circuitry. In particular, covalent functionalization of the surface or the edge of graphene ribbons provides a novel way to introduce patterning that can modulate the energy band gap, affect electron scattering, and direct current flow by producing dielectric regions in a graphene wafer. We discuss the use of Raman spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy to characterize the surface functionalization periodicities and densities that have been produced by the chemical derivatization of epitaxial graphene together with the concomitant changes in the electronic and magnetic properties of the graphene surface layer.
Design of bi-causal inverse models for non-minimum phase systems and its applications to precision tracking control

In this paper, an approach is proposed for the design of approximate inverse models for the controlled systems that have real and/or complex conjugate unacceptable zeros. The proposed approach utilizes a bi-causal formula to construct the inverse model, therefore, it can be applied to the design of both feedforward and feedback controllers. A design example is used to illustrate the proposed design approach. Using the derived optimal solution, a feedback controller and a feedforward controller are designed for an electrical DC servomotor. The tracking performance of the designed system and its robustness to parameter variations are examined through computer simulation and experimental verification.
Battlefield damage assessment and repair (BDAR) of electronic equipment

The authors describe the different types of combat environments and damage that military electronic equipment may be exposed to. The weapon systems covered include recently developed/improved overpressure weapons, chemical (including biological weapons), and nuclear. It is argued that on the modern battlefield, the proper application of battlefield damage assessment and repair (BDAR) techniques will result in a more effective fighting force and enhance maintenance alternatives. Electronics BDAR will enable the commander to maximize the time that he is able to deploy an effective fighting force. >
Beyond calcium: new signaling pathways for Tec family kinases

The Tec kinases represent the second largest family of mammalian non-receptor tyrosine kinases and are distinguished by the presence of distinct proline-rich regions and pleckstrin homology domains that are required for proper regulation and activation. Best studied in lymphocyte and mast cells, these kinases are critical for the full activation of phospholipase-C γ (PLC-γ) and Ca 2+ mobilization downstream of antigen receptors. However, it has become increasingly clear that these kinases are activated downstream of many cell-surface receptors, including receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, integrins and G-protein-coupled receptors. Evidence suggests that the Tec kinases influence a wide range of signaling pathways controlling activation of MAP kinases, actin reorganization, transcriptional regulation, cell survival and cellular transformation. Their impact on cellular physiology suggests that the Tec kinases help regulate multiple cellular processes beyond Ca 2+ mobilization.
Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the primary factor involved in controlling the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary and also acts as a neurotransmitter in a variety of brain systems. The actions of CRF are mediated by G-protein coupled membrane bound receptors and a high affinity CRF receptor, CRF1, has been previously cloned and functionally characterized. We have recently isolated a cDNA encoding a second member of the CRF receptor family, designated CRF2, which displays approximately 70% homology at the nucleotide level to the CRF1 receptor and exhibits a distinctive pharmacological profile. The present study utilized in situ hybridization histochemistry to localize the distribution of CRF2 receptor mRNA in rat brain and pituitary gland and compared this with the distribution of CRF1, receptor expression. While CRF1 receptor expression was very high in neocortical, cerebellar, and sensory relay structures, CRF2 receptor expression was generally confined to subcortical structures. The highest levels of CRF2 receptor mRNA in brain were evident within the lateral septal nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the choroid plexus. Moderate levels of CRF2 receptor expression were evident in the olfactory bulb, amygdaloid nuclei, the paraventricular and suraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, the inferior colliculus and 5-HT-associated raphe nuclei of the midbrain. CRF2-expressing cells were also evident in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampal formation and anterior and lateral hypothalmic areas. In addition, CRF2 receptor mRNA was also found in cerebral arterioles throughout the brain. Within the pituitary gland, CRF2 receptor mRNA was detectable only at very low levels in scattered cells while CRF1 receptor mRNA was readily detectable in anterior and intermediate lobes. This heterogeneous distribution of CRF1 and CRF2 receptor mRNA suggests distinctive functional roles for each receptor in CRF-related systems. The CRF1 receptor may be regarded as the primary neuroendocrine pituitary CRF receptor and important in cortical, cerebellar and sensory roles of CRF. The anatomical distribution of CRF2 receptor mRNA indicates a role for this novel receptor in hypothalamic neuroendocrine, autonomic and general behavioral actions of central CRF.
A new liquid-filled current transformer

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUITY of service in modern power systems demands that current transformers for operation of meters and control devices be properly applied and designed to give high accuracy, trouble-free operation, and long life. Improved materials, new manufacturing techniques, and novel features of design are utilized in a new liquid-filled current transformer to meet these exacting requirements.
On the Investigation of Some Parameter Identification and Experimental Modal Filtering Issues for Nonlinear Reduced Order Models

This paper discusses modal filtering of experimental data and the corresponding identification of linear and nonlinear parameters in reduced order space. Specifically, several experimental configurations will be discussed in order to provide insight into such identification issues as spatial discretization, observability, and the linear independence of the assumed filter or basis. The two experiments considered herein represent different measurement configurations of the same clamped–clamped beam. First, asymmetric inertial loading via asymmetric sensor location was considered, while the second scenario presents a symmetric sensor configuration. Several important conclusions can be drawn from the two experimental scenarios. First, by asymmetrically loading the beam, a corresponding asymmetric beam mode was excited yet not observable. In the second scenario, the symmetric distribution of sensors minimized the impact of the respective asymmetric mode. The resulting spatial information allowed for the proper filtering of the remnants of the asymmetric mode. Nonlinear parameters in modal space as well as the underlying linear parameters were successfully identified simultaneously in both experimental scenarios, although the usefulness of the asymmetrically loaded beam was limited. Finally, successful comparisons were made between the identified reduced order model and experimental response at the beam quarter point using the symmetric case and the beam midpoint using both experimental scenarios.
Frequency multiplication of acoustic signals with an optical fiber

An acousto-optic modulator is made using an optical fiber placed on a ceramic piezoelectric transducer. The photodetected signals show frequency multiplication and phase shifting of the acoustic signals applied to the piezoelectric transducer depending on the lightwave beam incidence angle. The linear polarization of the lightwave is destroyed after passage through the fiber. The normalized lightwave transmission coefficient depends on the acoustic modulating signal frequency, and has values exceeding 1 at or near cross polarization. This is an anomalous phenomenon, letting one assume that pseudoamplification, or intensification, is occurring at the previously stated conditions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
34 Catastrophe theory and chemical reactors: Exact uniqueness criteria for the CSTR, catalyst particle, and packed bed reactor

Abstract The steady state manifolds for simple nth order chemical kinetics in lumped parameter reactor systems, such as the CSTR, the single catalyst particle, and the mixing cell model of the packed bed reactor, are all equivalent to the cusp catastrophe. Exact bounds between regions of unique and multiple solutions in parameter space issue from a topological approach based on this similarity.
The Process of Accelerating Community Change

The Peruvian Indian community of Vicos had existed in a state of relative cultural stability for a very long time prior to the intervention of the Cornell Peru Project. So long had this stability endured that the Vicosinos and other Indians of the neighborhood had developed subculture spatially and socially isolated from modern Western civilization.
An improved method for the determination of green and black tea polyphenols in biomatrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection.

Tea polyphenols are strong antioxidants and are believed to have beneficial health effects. However, the blood and tissue levels of these compounds are not well characterized because of a lack of suitable analytical methods for the biological resolution of these compounds. Previously, we developed methods for the analysis of three green tea catechins. Now we report an improved method for the measurement of the levels of the different catechins and theaflavins in biological fluids and tissues. The method includes digestion of the plasma, urine, or tissue samples with beta-d-glucuronidase and sulfatase, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate and subsequent separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The polyphenols are identified on the basis of their retention times, spectral analysis, and electrochemical behavior across an array of electrodes. In a single HPLC run, it is possible to determine the major catechins and theaflavins as well as some of the catechin metabolites. The detection limits for catechins and theaflavins are from 5 to 10 ng/ml of saliva, plasma, or urine.
Crash Estimation Models for Intersections

The focus of this paper is to develop models to estimate the number of crashes at intersections. Data collected at 150 intersections in the City of Charlotte, North Carolina were used in the development of models. Factors such as demographic (population and households), socio-economic (income and employment), network (number of lanes, speed limit, signalized or not, skewed, number of left-turn and right-turn lanes and traffic volume by turning movement) and land use (commercial and residential) characteristics at each intersection were considered as independent variables. The numbers of crashes at each intersection was used as a dependent variable. Generalized linear models were developed to estimate risk at intersections. The role of spatial proximity in capturing data to develop models was also examined. These models provide valuable insights on characteristics that contribute to crashes at intersection. They could be used by practitioners to estimate potential risk at new intersections and at intersections near new developments so as to proactively apply appropriate treatments.
Apoptosis: Letting slip the dogs of war

Recent studies have shown that, during cell death, the protein Omi is released from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, where it augments caspase-dependent apoptosis by blocking inhibitors and may induce caspase-independent cell death via its serine protease activity.
Discovering and Manipulating Protein Conformational Heterogeneity and Function

Proteins must transition between multiple conformations to accomplish their functions in the cell, yet the dominant three-dimensional perspective involves a static crystal structure representing the most populated single conformation. Recent advances have revealed previously "hidden" alternative conformations with the potential to bridge dynamic descriptions from NMR spectroscopy with the static descriptions from X-ray crystallography. However, it remains challenging to determine which of these alternative conformations are collectively responsive to perturbations. As a result, the fundamental interplay between conformational heterogeneity and biological functions such as catalysis and allostery remains poorly understood. To overcome these obstacles, we develop new algorithms to identify hidden alternative conformations and test whether they form cooperative interaction networks across a set of benchmark proteins. We also combine these computational tools with novel X-ray crystallography experiments to characterize the inherent conformational heterogeneity of the diabetes therapeutic target PTP1B and identify new susceptible allosteric sites. Our approach will open new avenues for the design of novel therapeutics and dynamically enabled protein functions.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Phenology of White Fir and Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Egg Hatch and Larval Development in California

The phenology of bud burst and shoot elongation of the host tree and egg hatch and larval development were studied on 3 areas in a 1972 infestation. Bud burst and egg hatch were found to be closely related to accumulated degree-days, and peak egg hatch occurred when 77–97% of the buds had burst. Larval development then closely followed shoot elongation. This synchrony of host and insect phenology provides an easily observed field event for monitoring Douglas-fir tussock moth development.
Modelling from multiple photographs using points and silhouettes

We present a technique for recovering a 3D model from several photographs of an object. The technique makes use of a relatively small number of user-marked image correspondences as well as usermarked silhouettes. The recovered model is well-suited for rendering with view interpolation using the original photographs as textures. A view interpolation render using this technique is featured in the SIGGRAPH 2004 Electronic Theater piece The Parthenon.
The Hemicycle of Notre-Dame of Paris: Gothic Design and Geometrical Knowledge in the Twelfth Century

The Hemicycle of Notre-Dame of Paris: Gothic Design and Geometrical Knowledge in the Twelfth Century analyzes how the layout of four plinths in the hemicycle of Notre-Dame of Paris reflects the state of mathematical knowledge at the time of the first construction phases of the cathedral in the early 1160s. During the first half of the twelfth century, building enterprise was paired with intellectual activity in Paris, where architects experimented with a new building style——Gothic——and scholars explained geometry in treatises. Stefaan Van Liefferinge reconstructs the mathematics used by the Gothic builders at Notre-Dame, notes its resemblance to the geometry of the Parisian scholars, and suggests that this similarity points to either the exchange of knowledge or a common origin.
Bite size and texture assessments to prescribe treatment for severe food selectivity in autism

Separate evaluations of bite size (amount of food on the spoon) and food texture were used to prescribe treatment changes in a feeding protocol for a 3-year-old male with autism and severe food selectivity. Each evaluation revealed distinct behavioral topographies, with an increase in disruptive behaviors associated with increased bite sizes and decreased swallowing and higher rates of gagging associated with higher textures. The results of each evaluation were used to successfully guide increases in volume and texture during therapeutic meals. Results highlight the importance of considering both aversion to food as well as oral motor skills when designing treatment for children with food selectivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.