cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of coagulation in isotropic turbulence

Turbulent-shear-induced coagulation of monodisperse particles was examined experimentally in the nearly isotropic, spatially decaying turbulence generated by an oscillating grid. The 3.9 μm polystyrene microspheres used in the experiments were made neutrally buoyant and unstable by suspending them in a density-matched saline solution. In this way, particle settling, double-layer repulsion and particle inertia were negligible and the effect of turbulent shear was isolated. The coagulation rate was measured by monitoring the loss of singlet particles as a function of time and reactor turbulence intensity. By restricting consideration to experimental conditions where the singlet concentration was in excess, the effect of higher-order aggregate (i.e. triplet) formation was negligible and nonlinear regression using an integral rate expression that included terms for doublet formation and breakup was used to obtain the turbulent coagulation rate constant. The strength of the van der Waals attractions was characterized with the Hamaker constant obtained from Brownian coagulation experiments
Molecular and cellular responses of date palm roots to salinity stress

The ability of date palm (Phoenix dactylifers L.) to grow in hot and dry regions of the world makes it an important subsistence crop in most arid areas. Nevertheless, salinity and drought are the main abiotic stresses causing loss of date palm yield. Here we employed the next generation sequencing technology for high-throughput sequencing of date palm transcripts in response to salinity. cDNA libraries, from roots treated with 100 mM Sodium Chloride and mock treated roots, were sequenced via Illumina HiSeq2000 system. Data analysis identified 1940 genes that are differentially expressed between treated and mock treated roots. MYB transcription factors, protein kinase, E3 ubiquitin ligase, calmodulin, polyamine oxidase and acetyltransferase transcripts are regulated in response to salinity stress suggesting potential roles of these genes in tolerance to salinity stress. Additionally, we examined the cellular responses of date palm tissue to salinity stress using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results from TEM show that stressed roots exhibited plasmolysis in cortical cells while epidermal cells did not appear to plasmolyze. Columnar cells in the distal root region might form a barrier to salt intrusion, which would make the older regions of the root less susceptible to salt plasmolysis. Output from this project will help in enhancing our understanding of date palm signaling mechanisms and developing new strategies to control salinity stress.
Long-Range Order in Laser-Cooled, Atomic-Ion Wigner Crystals Observed by Bragg Scattering.

We report the first observation of Bragg scattering from atomic ions confined in an electromagnetic trap. The results reveal long-range order and give evidence for bulk behavior in a strongly coupled collection of laser-cooled $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ ions in a Penning trap. Long-range order emerges in approximately spherical clouds with as few as 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{4}$ ions (cloud radius ${r}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}37a$ where $a\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{z}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{s}$). Bulk behavior is evident with 2.7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{5}$ trapped ions (${r}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}65a$), with Bragg scattering patterns characteristic of a body-centered cubic lattice.
How to Blame People Responsibly

In recent accounts of moral responsibility that are inspired by P.F. Strawson’s wellknown essay ‘‘Freedom and Resentment,’’ moral blaming is construed as a social relationship in which the blamer expresses ‘‘reactive attitudes’’ of blaming toward someone. Reactive attitudes of blaming include resentment, indignation, and guilt. According to Strawson, the reactive attitudes in general presume a social relationship with another person as members of the same moral community. The reactive attitudes also assume that the recipient is a morally competent agent and they call on her to show an adequate level of moral understanding. Reactive attitudes include more than simply blame, but the present discussion focuses only on reactive attitudes of moral blame. (When used by itself, the term ‘‘blaming’’ is here intended as an abbreviation for ‘‘moral blaming.’’) Someone can be morally blamed either for her behavior or for her general character. This discussion is limited to blame directed to someone’s behavior, in particular, behavior of moral wrongdoing by morally competent people. Blaming does not have to be expressed; it can be kept silent. When blame is expressed to the blame recipient, it may lead to painful consequences for her, perhaps criticism, censure, ostracism, or punishment. Also, expressed blame is an action in its own right that might not be deserved by the recipient. Because expressed blame may be painful to the recipient or bring painful consequences in its wake and be undeserved by the recipient, expressed blaming is something that can be done irresponsibly. One important question, then, is how to express blame responsibly.
Orthonormal-basis partitioning and time-frequency representation of cardiac rhythm dynamics

Although a number of time-frequency representations have been proposed for the estimation of time-dependent spectra, the time-frequency analysis of multicomponent physiological signals, such as beat-to-beat variations of cardiac rhythm or heart rate variability (HRV), is difficult. We thus propose a simple method for 1) detecting both abrupt and slow changes in the structure of the HRV signal, 2) segmenting the nonstationary signal into the less nonstationary portions, and 3) exposing characteristic patterns of the changes in the time-frequency plane. The method, referred to as orthonormal-basis partitioning and time-frequency representation (OPTR), is validated using simulated signals and actual HRV data. Here we show that OPTR can be applied to long multicomponent ambulatory signals to obtain the signal representation along with its time-varying spectrum.
Treatment of early onset schizophrenia: recent trends, challenges and future considerations.

Early onset schizophrenia (onset before adulthood) is a rare, severe and chronic form of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic treatment remains the mainstay of treatment although current medications provide suboptimal response at best. Early detection, identification of relevant biomarkers, coupled with advancing knowledge of the neurochemical and neuroanatomic pathways may help design informed prevention and/or treatment strategies.
Exposing Ferrets to Cigarette Smoke and a Pharmacological Dose of β-Carotene Supplementation Enhance In Vitro Retinoic Acid Catabolism in Lungs via Induction of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

In our previous studies, we found lower levels of retinoic acid (RA) in the lungs of ferrets exposed to cigarette smoke and/or a pharmacological dose of beta-carotene. To determine whether this is involved in excessive catabolism of RA via cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction, we carried out in vitro incubations of RA with the lung microsomal fractions of ferrets with or without CYP inhibitors and antibodies against CYP. The polar metabolites (4-oxo-RA and 18-hydroxy-RA) of RA metabolism after the incubation were analyzed by HPLC. Expressions of CYP (1A1, 1A2, 2E1 and 3A1) were examined using Western blot analysis. Incubation of various concentrations of RA with the lung microsomal fraction from ferrets exposed to cigarette smoke, a pharmacological dose of beta-carotene or their combination dose-dependently increased the levels of 4-oxo-RA and 18-hydroxy-RA compared with that of the control ferrets. At all RA concentrations, this increase was the greatest in lung tissue from the combined treatment group. Furthermore, this enhanced RA catabolism was substantially (approximately 80%) inhibited by nonspecific CYP inhibitors (disulfiram and liarozole), but was partially (approximately 50%) inhibited by resveratrol (CYP1A1 inhibitor), alpha-naphthoflavone (CYP1A2 inhibitor) and antibodies against CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Cigarette smoke exposure and/or pharmacological doses of beta-carotene increased levels of CYP1A1 and 1A2 by three- to sixfold but not levels of 2E1 and 3A1 in ferret lung tissue. These findings suggest that low levels of RA in the lung of ferrets exposed to cigarette smoke and/or pharmacological doses of beta-carotene may be caused by the enhanced RA catabolism via induction of CYP, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in particular, which provides a possible explanation for enhanced lung carcinogenesis seen with pharmacological doses of beta-carotene supplementation in cigarette smokers.
Vitamin C, glutathione, or lipoic acid did not decrease brain or kidney mercury in rats exposed to mercury vapor.

Some medical practitioners prescribe GSH and vitamin C alone or in combination with DMPS or DMSA for patients with mercury exposure that is primarily due to the mercury vapor emitted by dental amalgams. Hypothesis. This study tested the hypothesis that GSH, vitamin C, or lipoic acid alone or in combination with DMPS or DMSA would decrease brain mercury. Methods. Young rats were exposed to elemental mercury by individual nose cone, at the rate of 4.0 mg mercury per m 3 air for 2 h per day for 7 consecutive days. After a 7-day equilibrium period, DMPS, DMSA, GSH, vitamin C, lipoic acid alone, or in combination was administered for 7 days and the brain and kidneys of the animals removed and analyzed for mercury by cold vapor atomic absorption. Results: None of these regimens reduced the mercury content of the brain. Although DMPS or DMSA was effective in reducing kidney mercury concentrations, GSH, vitamin C, lipoic acid alone, or in combination were not. Conclusion. One must conclude that the palliative effect, if any, of GSH, vitamin C, or lipoic acid for treatment of mercury toxicity due to mercury vapor exposure does not involve mercury mobilization from the brain and kidney.
Smaller splenium in children with nonverbal learning disability compared to controls, high-functioning autism and ADHD

The current study investigated morphological differences in the corpus callosum in children ages 8 to 18 years old with nonverbal learning disability (NLD; n = 19), high-functioning autism (HFA; n = 23), predominantly inattentive ADHD (ADHD:PI; n = 23), and combined type ADHD (ADHD:C; n = 25), as well as those demonstrating typical development (n = 57). Midsagittal area of the corpus callosum and five midsagittal anterior-to-posterior corpus callosum segments were examined using magnetic resonance imaging. Controlling for midsagittal brain area and age, no group differences were found for total corpus callosum area. This finding indicates that higher functioning children on the autistic spectrum do not have smaller corpus callosi as has been found in previous research with heterogeneous samples. Following segmentation of the corpus callosum, the NLD group was observed to have significantly smaller splenia compared to all other groups. Smaller splenia in the NLD group was associated with lower WASI PIQ sco...
AP LIN-a tool box for approximate linearization of nonlinear systems

A toolbox for nonlinear control system design is presented. This package contains modules to approximate systems as polynomial systems of arbitrary order and then render them input-output linear or input-state linear with arbitrary-order error terms. Possibilities for real-time control are discussed. >
Outcomes of medication therapy review in a family medicine clinic

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of pharmacist-conducted medication therapy review (MTR) and intervention on the quality of care of patients in a family medicine clinic. Design Prospective, observational, cohort study. Setting Family medicine clinic in Minnesota during 2000–2001. Patients Patients were enrolled in a statewide nonprofit managed care organization; selected patients were seen by a clinical pharmacist. Intervention Following MTR, medication-related problems (MRPs) were identified and resolved. Main outcome measures MRPs identified and resolved, improvement in clinical status, achievement of therapeutic goals, important medication use, and reduction in number of medications. Results 92 patients were included in the study, with a total of 203 patient encounters. MRPs were identified in 90% of patients, with a total of 250 identified. Overall status of medical conditions improved in 45% of patients, 46% stayed the same, and 9% declined ( P P = 0.007), dyslipidemia ( P = 0.002), and asthma ( P = 0.011). Significant improvement was seen for aspirin use for myocardial infarction prevention (50% vs. 93%, P = 0.031) and inhaled steroids for asthma (36% vs. 64%, P = 0.031). The number of medications was reduced from an average of 3.92 to 3.04 ( P Conclusion MTR and intervention by a pharmacist positively affected quality of care in this family medicine clinic.
Does encephalization correlate with life history or metabolic rate in Carnivora

A recent analysis of brain size evolution reconstructed the plesiomorphic brain–body size allometry for the mammalian order Carnivora, providing an important reference frame for comparative analyses of encephalization (brain volume scaled to body mass). I performed phylogenetically corrected regressions to remove the effects of body mass, calculating correlations between residual values of encephalization with basal metabolic rate (BMR) and six life-history variables (gestation time, neonatal mass, weaning time, weaning mass, litter size, litters per year). No significant correlations were recovered between encephalization and any life-history variable or BMR, arguing against hypotheses relating encephalization to maternal energetic investment. However, after correcting for clade-specific adaptations, I recovered significant correlations for several variables, and further analysis revealed a conserved carnivoran reproductive strategy, linking degree of encephalization to the well-documented mammalian life-history trade-off between neonatal mass and litter size. This strategy of fewer, larger offspring correlating with increased encephalization remains intact even after independent changes in encephalization allometries in the evolutionary history of this clade.
Robust Speech Translation by Domain Adaptation

Speech translation tasks usually are different from text-based machine translation tasks, and the training data for speech translation tasks are usually very limited. Therefore, domain adaptation is crucial to achieve robust performance across different conditions in speech translation. In this paper, we study the problem of adapting a general-domain, writing-textstyle machine translation system to a travel-domain, speech translation task. We study a variety of domain adaptation techniques, including data selection and incorporation of multiple translation models, in a unified decoding process. The experimental results demonstrate significant BLEU score improvement on the targeting scenario after domain adaptation. The results also demonstrate robust translation performance achieved across multiple conditions via joint data selection and model combination. We finally analyze and compare the robust techniques developed for speech recognition and speech translation, and point out further directions for robust translation via variability-adaptive and discriminatively-adaptive learning.
Nefazodone: An update

Nefazodone is an antidepressant with some novel characteristics in regard to its putative mechanism of action. Although the clinical significance of these properties is not clear, nefazodone is unique in that it is associated with minimal effects on sleep architecture and sexual functioning. Use of nefazodone to treat anxiety disorders appears to have promise, although placebo-controlled studies are still needed. Nefazodone is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, and thus numerous potential drug interactions must be carefully considered in order to avoid potential therapeutic misadventures. Recent reports indicate that nefazodone can cause severe hepatic toxicity. Evaluation of hepatic function before, and periodically after, therapy with nefazodone is initiated would be prudent. Nefazodone may be an appropriate antidepressant when potential anxiolytic activity would be beneficial and there is a need to avoid adverse effects on sexual functioning or sleep architecture.
A 67-year-old woman with abnormal lung perfusion scan finding.

A 67-year-old woman with multiple myeloma and recently treated left upper pneumonia was admitted to the hospital for acute-onset shortness of breath. Chest radiography showed a left upper lobe infiltrate. CT angiography revealed right-sided pulmonary embolus. IV heparin was started through a new right subclavian central venous catheter. The patient was then transferred to the Methodist Hospital for further care. Physical examination revealed BP of 106/60 mm Hg, pulse of 110 beats/min, respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min, and pulse oximetry showed 98% saturation on 4 L/min O2 by nasal cannula. The patient had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure on the second day of hospital admission, and MRI of the brain showed a small infarct in the right posterior temporal lobe. Serum electrolytes were within normal range, and workup for hyperviscosity syndrome and meningitis was not pursued as the patient had rapid resolution of symptoms. A lung perfusion scan using IV 99m Tc macroaggregated albumin (MAA) was performed, and images of the brain and kidney were obtained to look for a possible shunt. Perfusion scan showed marked tracer uptake in the right upper extremity, right cerebral hemisphere, and right cerebellum, but absence of perfusion to a majority of the left side of the brain, left face, left side of the neck (Fig 1), and left upper extremity (Fig 2).
NEW RECORDS FOR THE CICADA FAUNA FROM FOUR CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES (HEMIPTERA: CICADOIDEA: CICADIDAE)

Abstract Analysis of museum specimens has added to the cicada fauna of Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Information on the cicada fauna reported in the literature as well as the first records of cicada species to the fauna are reported here to provide a more accurate understanding of cicada diversity in each country and the region. The new records represent an increase of 75, 14, 110, and 320%, respectively, to the cicada faunal diversity of each country.
Controversies Among the Hypertension Guidelines

Hypertension affects 80 million people in the United States. It remains poorly controlled, with only 54% of diagnosed patients treated to blood pressure targets. Hypertension management is complex in part due to the volume of antihypertensive agents, variable patient needs and responses, and inconsistent design and outcomes from clinical trials. Therefore, trustworthy clinical practice guidelines have a key role in hypertension management. The United States experienced a 10-year gap in publication of hypertension guidelines, followed by multiple guideline publications in 2013. These guidelines led to more controversy than clarity, as there was discordance among them. This review summarizes the guidelines and clinical statements influencing the current debate in order to facilitate appropriate application.
Genomic investigations of evolutionary dynamics and epistasis in microbial evolution experiments

Microbial evolution experiments enable us to watch adaptation in real time, and to quantify the repeatability and predictability of evolution by comparing identical replicate populations. Further, we can resurrect ancestral types to examine changes over evolutionary time. Until recently, experimental evolution has been limited to measuring phenotypic changes, or to tracking a few genetic markers over time. However, recent advances in sequencing technology now make it possible to extensively sequence clones or whole-population samples from microbial evolution experiments. Here, we review recent work exploiting these techniques to understand the genomic basis of evolutionary change in experimental systems. We first focus on studies that analyze the dynamics of genome evolution in microbial systems. We then survey work that uses observations of sequence evolution to infer aspects of the underlying fitness landscape, concentrating on the epistatic interactions between mutations and the constraints these interactions impose on adaptation.
History and the Characterization of Law: Just War and Other Legal Things in the Age of Positivism

If what is important in our affairs is that we know the truth, then are there present things about which we must know the past in order to know the truth?I argue there are, and that one category of those things is legal things, the law. By law I mean political theory, justice, right, rights, positive law and ethics; and all of the various ways those things have been understood by jurists. The way we reason about the law radically changed in the Enlightenment. By the end of the 18th century science and positivism as general methods of reason had refracted the unity of law into a scientific part and a prudential part, laws of nature and natural law. The natural law part consisted of various concepts that were then each understood to exist independently of the others: morality, positive law, political theory, justice, ethics, etc. In the aftermath positivism dominated the way law was understood. In positivism law is opposed to morality, a categorical term into which all of the prudential concepts are reduced. The prudential fragments also underwrote the development of the social sciences, and operationalized the development of ideology/critique (e.g., Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Foucault) and the relativization of political values. Any discussion of a fragment of law must include discussion of the other fragments if the Right or truth of the law is to be understood. Positivism, a fragment, is inherently incomplete as an understanding of the law, and its incompleteness mandates that if truth about the law is sought, then it must be sought in the holistic vision of law. I generalize to argue that any argument about living things that touches, traverses or occurs after the Enlightenment must take into account the changed nature of historical space originating in the Enlightenment. Nothing in post-Enlightenment historical space, especially legal/moral things, can be taken at face value, including positivism and the US Constitution. We must strive to reassemble or revision Right for an age in which positivism is the best tool of ideology, and the dominant ideologies serve oligarchic ends.
Theory to Practice in Simulation

Simulation is but one learning strategy among many. Likewise, many theories guide simulation-based instruction as a learning tool and the wise facilitator is familiar with the theories that support best practices. This symposium issue of Simulation & Gaming explores a few of those theories of learning and concepts that can help us enhance the experience of our learners. Several themes emerged from the articles in this symposium, many of which are interconnected, including the awareness that people, tools, and roles serve to influence, guide, and assist us in the learning environment. In addition, the role of the facilitator is reflective in nature - reflective of the needs of their learners and their own actions that they use to facilitate learning.
To Cut or Not to Cut: Discovery of a Novel Regulator of DNA Break Resection.

Nucleolytic resection of DNA double-strand breaks is the crucial first step in their repair via homologous recombination. New findings by Tkac et al. (2016) published in this issue of Molecular Cell identify HELB as a novel, cell-cycle-specific negative regulator of DNA end resection.
Heterogeneity in pathogen transmission: mechanisms and methodology

Summary Heterogeneity in the ability of hosts to transmit pathogens is among the most fundamental concepts in disease dynamics and has major implications for disease control strategies. The number of secondary infections produced by an infected individual is a function of three components: an individual's infectiousness, the rate at which it contacts susceptible individuals and the duration of infection. Individual-level variation can emerge in each of these components through a combination of behavioural and physiological mechanisms. In this review, we describe mechanisms that promote variation in the number of individuals to which an individual transmits a pathogen, emphasizing insights that can be gained by understanding which components of transmission (infectiousness, contact rate, infection duration) are primarily affected. We also discuss how behavioural and physiological processes generate transmission heterogeneities across multiple scales, from individual-level variation to heterogeneity among species. Strategies for quantifying each transmission component are presented, and we discuss why studies focusing on only one component of the infection process may be misleading. To conclude, we describe how future research focusing on variation in transmission across all three components can provide a more holistic view of heterogeneity in pathogen transmission.
The Economics of Single- and Multi-Line Retail Automobile Dealerships:

This paper examines the economic considerations behind an automobile dealer's decision to carry a single or multiple car line. Important factors include economies of specialization, effective product promotion, risk-reduction, and maximum sales potential. Several hypotheses are developed, and some empirical support offered.
Multilevel Power Point Tracking for Partial Power Processing Photovoltaic Converters

This paper presents a multilevel control and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme for variable conversion ratio partial power processing photovoltaic (PV) dc-dc converters. A general system model is derived and linearized in state-space form for a switched-inductor (buck-boost dc-dc) converter with an arbitrary number of series-connected stages. The proposed control law is then used as the basis for a multilevel MPPT scheme that can optimize many series-connected PV cells, substrings, or modules simultaneously. The MPPT algorithm is shown to converge in a timeframe independent of the number of PV units and can work in concert with the central inverter MPPT algorithm without conflict. To validate the control and optimization scheme, we present a hardware prototype designed to fit in the junction box of conventional PV modules, operating at the submodule level. While the control law is developed specifically for the buck-boost topology, the MPPT algorithm is generalized and could be applied to many partial-power processing topologies provided there is capability to regulate the voltage differences or voltage ratios among adjacent PV stages.
A Study of the Biology of the Chrysopidæ

There is much of biological interest to be found in the life history of the Chrysopidae. The group is a very homogeneous one, varying little in morphology and habits. They are of wide distribution, and one or more species in all localities visited can be appropriately classed among the most common insects. Several species are somewhat rare and difficult to collect, hence, the biological data available concerning these is still somewhat fragmentary. This brief paper is a summary of a large detailed paper, the publication of which has been unavoidably delayed. A full report of this work is now awaiting publication as a thesis for the doctorate in the memoir series of the Cornell University Experiment Station. This report will be amply illustrated.
Abstract 3895: Rational design of small molecule inhibitors that bind to an allosteric pocket on human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)

The 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) plays an important role in cancer and its pharmacological modulation with small molecules may represent a useful therapeutic approach. The discovery of such agents has been hampered by the lack of a full length crystal structure of human Hsp70. We constructed a homology model of the human Hsp70, which we investigated for potential druggable sites using SiteMap tool. An allosteric site in the nucleotide binding domain was identified and used to design potent Hsp70 modulators. Analysis of the Glide docking resulted in an understanding of important interactions between designed ligands, such as YK5, and the Hsp70 protein. When tested in breast cancer cells, YK5 led to depletion of onco-proteins, induced apoptosis and inhibited growth. YK5 is to our knowledge the first rationally designed small molecule inhibitor of Hsp70, and thus, represents a novel chemical tool to investigate its potential in cancer and other diseases. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3895. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3895
MR and positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of surgically correctable temporal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE To determine the association of an MR abnormality and a positron emission tomography (PET) abnormality with a good outcome in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy after lobectomy, the association of combined PET and MR findings with good outcomes after lobectomy, and MR and PET pathologic correlation. METHODS MR and PET were performed on 27 patients in a blinded study. Histologic studies were correlated with foci of increased T2 signal. RESULTS Increased signal or decreased volume of the hippocampus was noted in 13 of 15 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. Twelve of 15 had positive PET findings. MR identified 20 (83%) of the 24 patients with good outcomes. PET identified 71%. When MR and PET were combined, they detected 95% of the patients with good outcome. Region of interest measurements of the hippocampus in 11 study patients and 7 control subjects documented a significant increase in signal in the patients with seizures. Histologic correlative studies demonstrated that increased T2 signals related to astrocytosis in the hippocampus and adjacent white matter. CONCLUSIONS MR (increased signal and decreased volume of the hippocampus) significantly improved the capability to identify those persons who would be helped by lobectomy. MR sensitivity exceeded that of PET.
Hypertension Urinary Albumin Detection Analysis

Objective To analye hypertension urinary albumin detection results,and to discuss urinary albumin in the development of hypertension significance.Methods Selected 80 patients were admitted to my community chronic disease management center with hypertension in the observation group,select the same period to my community chronic disease management center health examination were 80 cases of healthy control group,compared groups urine protein test results.Results Class Ⅰ patient's hypertension urine protein test result is(15.34±2.51)mg/L,Ⅱ hypertensive patient's urine protein level test results for the(36.25±4.28)mg/L,Ⅲhypertensive patient's urine protein level test results for the(59.49±5.46)mg/L,were significantly higher than the(5.44±1.38)mg/L,class Ⅱ hypertension patients were significantly higher than hypertension grade Ⅰ patients,Class Ⅲ hypertension patients were significantly higher than Class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ hypertension patients,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Hypertensive patients have varying degrees of early renal damage,urinary albumin as a blood pressure measurement can be a sensitive indicator of early renal damage,convenience sampling,non-invasive method is simple,fast,hypertension,renal disease for early detection,diagnosis and treatment of great value,worthy of clinical application.
Identifying confusable contexts for automatic generation of activities in second language pronunciation training.

This paper presents a new technique in the development of tools for Computer-Aided Language Learning (CALL) in Second Language (L2) pronunciation training. Instead of the usual pinpointing and feedback strategies, which address all production errors in the L2 speaker equally, this technique aims at honing in on where a pronunciation error can lead to a confusion in the transmission of the message and providing these contexts for practice. To provide this new correction strategy, it is necessary to first identify the words and contexts which can lead to a confusion in a message when there is a mispronunciation in them. This paper describes a Basic Identification of Confusable Contexts (BICC) procedure for detecting these cases providing a measure of their relevance. It also includes a methodological validation of BICC with humans assessing the quality and comprehensibility of a dataset of automatically generated sentences which shows that the prediction of these contexts is possible with good precision.
A pilot study of pain, analgesia use, and pulmonary function after colectomy with or without a preoperative bolus of epidural morphine

OBJECTIVE To determine whether patients who received a preoperative bolus of epidural morphine plus postoperative parenteral analgesia had less pain and better pulmonary function over the first 2 days after a colectomy than patients who received postoperative parenteral analgesia alone. DESIGN Repeated measures, quasi-experimental, random assignment. SETTING Northeastern general hospital. SUBJECTS Thirteen patients were randomized to receive parenteral with (n = 6) or without (n = 7) epidural analgesia. OUTCOME MEASURES Indicators of pain (intensity of pain and pain-related distress, intensity of words used to describe pain, intramuscular-equivalent amount of morphine administered, duration from start of surgery to first request for analgesia) and pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in one second FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], inspiratory capacity [IC], peripheral oxygen saturation [SaO2] values). MEASUREMENT Indicators of pain and pulmonary function were obtained the day before surgery, approximately 6 hours after surgery, and the first two mornings after surgery. RESULTS Six hours after surgery, patients in the epidural group had less pain (p = 0.0177) and related distress (p = 0.0303) and greater FVC (p = 0.0303) and FEV1 (p = 0.0025) than patients in the no-epidural group. On the first postoperative morning, patients in the epidural group had less distress related to pain (p = 0.0350) but similar respiratory rates and spirometry values. Inspiratory capacity was not statistically different but was always larger in the epidural group. Of patients who breathed room air, SaO2 was higher in the epidural group over the first two postoperative days (p = 0.0286 each occasion). Patients in the epidural group received their first on-demand analgesic an average of 30 hours after the start of surgery compared with 6 hours for patients in the no-epidural group (p = 0.0022). There were no significant differences in the total number of words used to describe the type of pain, and both groups described the pain with fewer words than expected on the first and second mornings after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Results should be confirmed through study of a larger sample with the hypothesis that pain relief, selected aspects of pulmonary function, and peripheral oxygenation may be superior for patients who receive a preoperative bolus of epidural analgesia for abdominal surgery.
The properties of rhodopsin particulates obtained by sonic treatment of cattle rod outer segments.

This paper deals with the best conditions for preparing rhodopsin particulates by means of sonic treatment of rod outer segments separated from the dark adapted cattle retina. Thorough washing and subsequent sonic treatment of water suspension of rod outer segments gave fairly high optical purities, namely, ca. 0.3 of E400mu/E500mu and ca.3.0 of E280mu/E500mu.As long as rhodopsin articulates were kept at 7°C, the absorption spectra remained fairly stable even 7days after preparation in spite of slightly growing turbidity of solution.Electron microscopic observation revealed that rhodopsin particulates consisted of globular particles in diameter of 50 A to 200 A. When illuminated, the diameter of particulate became larger, probably indicating the tendency of aggregation of particles upon illumination. On the basis of this observation, a model involving the rearrangement of rhodopsin lipo-protein micelle was postulated.Titration of rhodopsin particulates and the bleached products signified a decreasing tendency in the number of acid titrable groups of the latter which almost reached 15% of total titrable groups at PH 3.01. This result is not consistent with the titration data of rhodopsin digitonin complex. 87 groupswere titrable per mole of rhodopsin in the range of PH 3.75 to 10.0. Also, it seems true that the isoionic point of rhodopsin particulates (6.3-6.5) is shifted remarkably to the alkaline side than that of rhodopsin digitonin complex (5.2-5.3).This work was mainly performed at Honjo Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University. The author is particularly obliged to Professor Ichijiro HONJO for his courtesy in making available the facilities of his laboratory and in preparing this manuscript.Sincere thanks are also due to Professor Sadayoshi KAMIYA, Dapartment of Ophthalmology, Medical School of Nara, for his generous help in making this accomplishment possible.The author is also indebted to Dr. Yuzo SEKOGUCHI of Honjo Laboratory for his valuable suggestion and kind help throughout this experiment, and to Dr. Akira TANAKA for his technical contribution in preparing the electron microscopic pictures.
MO-FG-CAMPUS-IeP3-03: Optimal Parameters to Determine the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in Diffusion Weighted Imaging Via Simulation

Purpose: To investigate in silico how calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is affected by image SNR, b-values, and the true tissue ADC. Methods: Diffusion-weighted (DW) images were generated assuming a mono-exponential signal model with two different b-values and known true ADC values. Rician noise of different levels was added to the DWI images to adjust the image SNR. Using the two DWI images, ADC was calculated using a mono-exponential model for each set of b-values, SNR, and true ADC. 40,000 simulations were performed for each parameter setting to determine the mean and the standard-deviation of the calculated ADC, as well as the percentage accuracy and precision with respect to the true ADC. In our study, we simulated two true ADCs (ADC 0.00102 for prostate tumor and 0.00180 mm2/s for normal prostate tissue). SNR was varied from 2 to 100 and b-values were varied from 0 to 2000s/mm2. Results: The accuracy (difference between known and calculated ADC) and precision (standard-deviation of calculated ADC) were increased with SNR. To increase SNR, 10 signal-averagings (NEX) were used. The optimal NEX combination for tumor and normal tissue was 2, 8, and the optimal b-value pair were 0, 1200s/mm2 and 0, 700s/mm2. The minimum accuracy and precision errors were obtained when low b-value is 0. For any choice of low b-value until 400s/mm2, the errors were minimized when b-value difference is approximately 1200 and 700s/mm2 for tumor and normal tissues respectively. For true ADC 0.00144 mm2/s, it is around 700s/mm2. Conclusion: Using the optimal choices of parameters for the prostate peripheral region both normal and tumor tissues were calculated with 99% accuracy and 94% precision. Suggestions for parameters choices could be made for any tissue ADC.
Mandibular Jaw Bone Regeneration Using Human Dental Cell-Seeded Tyrosine-Derived Polycarbonate Scaffolds.

Here we present a new model for alveolar jaw bone regeneration, which uses human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) combined with tyrosine-derived polycarbonate polymer scaffolds [E1001(1k)] containing beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) [E1001(1k)/β-TCP]. E1001(1k)/β-TCP scaffolds (5 mm diameter × 1 mm thickness) were fabricated to fit a 5 mm rat mandibular ramus critical bone defect. Five experimental groups were examined in this study: (1) E1001(1k)/β-TCP scaffolds seeded with a high density of hDPCs, 5.0 × 105 hDPCs/scaffold (CH); (2) E1001(1k)/β-TCP scaffolds seeded with a lower density of hDPCs, 2.5 × 105 hDPCs/scaffold (CL); (3) acellular E1001(1k)/β-TCP scaffolds (SA); (4) acellular E1001(1k)/β-TCP scaffolds supplemented with 4 μg recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP); and (5) empty defects (EDs). Replicate hDPC-seeded and acellular E1001(1k)/β-TCP scaffolds were cultured in vitro in osteogenic media for 1 week before implantation for 3 and 6 weeks. Live microcomputed tomography (μCT) imaging ...
An indirect defense of direct realism

Smythies and Ramachandran (1997) claim that the direct realist theory of perception has been refuted by recent psychophysics. This paper takes up the psychophysics, and the definition of direct realism employed by Smythies and Ramachandran, to show that direct realism has not been so refuted. I argue that the direct realist may grant that perceptual images are constructed (or reconstructed) by the central nervous system, without treating those images as "phenomenal objects." Until phenomenal objects are shown to be (a) distinct from extra-mental objects, and (b) the only objects of perception properly so-called, the direct realist will remain generally edified (but uncarfuffled) by the relevant psychophysics.
Social and Economic Influences on Growth and Secular Trends

When the environment supports the genetic template that regulates development, the resulting interaction is positive. Growth patterns respond to environmental pressures and the resulting attributes of the adult display adaptations to the ecosystem attributes of the adult display adaptations to the ecosystem. However, in today's world, most of the population exist under conditions of great social and economic disadvantage, with poverty, malnutrition, disease, an overcrowding indicative of a spectrum of misery composing the environment within which millions of children grow to adulthood. Rather than providing a set of supportive experiences within which individuals may reach their genetic potential, the environment becomes for many not only a threat to life but also a systemic force that interferes with the achievement of their human potential as an adult member of society. This chapter highlights the role of social environment on growth and development of a child, and those components that are traceable directly to the position of the child in its society. The social position is a cultural construct and depends heavily on the system of beliefs and symbols characteristic of a particular group and determined by traits of the child as well as traits associated with groups to which he or she belongs. Social position is therefore determined by a range of factors, such as, but not limited to, age, sex, status, economic position, physical location, and ethnicity.
Orbital Apex Inflammation

A wide variety of pathologic processes can involve the structures located at the apex of the orbit. In particular both noninfectious inflammations and infections can cause an orbital apex syndrome. Noninfectious inflammations include sarcoidosis, various vasculitides such as Wegener’s granulomatosis and giant cell (temporal) arteritis, and idiopathic orbital inflammation including immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease. Infections may be caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, spirochetes, and even parasites. The management of an orbital apex syndrome caused by inflammation depends on whether the inflammation is infectious or noninfectious as well as on the specific agent causing the syndrome.
Association of arterial calcification with chronic limb ischemia in patients with peripheral artery disease

Abstract Objective Arterial calcification is associated with an increased risk of limb events, including amputation. The association between calcification in lower extremity arteries and the severity of ischemia, however, has not been assessed. We thus sought to determine whether the extent of peripheral artery calcification (PAC) was correlated with Rutherford chronic ischemia categories and hypothesized that it could independently contribute to worsening limb status. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients presenting with symptomatic peripheral artery disease who underwent evaluation by contrast and noncontrast computed tomography scan of the lower extremities as part of their assessment. Demographic and cardiovascular risk factors were recorded. Rutherford ischemia categories were determined based on history, physical examination, and noninvasive testing. PAC scores and the extent of occlusive disease were measured on noncontrast and contrast computed tomography scans, respectively. Spearman's correlation testing was used to assess the relationship between occlusive disease and calcification scores. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with increasing Rutherford ischemia categories. Results There were 116 patients identified, including 75 with claudication and 41 with critical limb ischemia. In univariate regression, there was a significant association between increasing Rutherford ischemia category and age, diabetes duration, hypertension, the occlusion score, and PAC. There was a moderate correlation between the extent of occlusive disease and PAC scores (Spearman's R = 0.6). In multivariable analysis, only tobacco use (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-8.3), diabetes duration (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08), and the calcification score (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.2) maintained an association with increasing ischemia categories after adjusting for relevant cardiovascular risk factors and the extent of occlusive disease. Conclusions PAC is independently associated with increased ischemia categories in patients with peripheral artery disease. Further research aimed at understanding the relationship between arterial calcification and worsening limb ischemia is warranted.
Preoperative hematocrit on early prosthetic joint infection and deep venous thrombosis rates in primary total hip arthroplasty: A database study.

Abstract Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a very successful surgery in restoring a patient’s quality of life. Infection is a devastating complication of THA. Many risks factors for infection in THA have been identified but little is known of the effect by preoperative hematocrit. Purpose We aimed to evaluate the effect of preoperative hematocrit on early superficial site infections, deep infections, and deep organ space infections. Methods Our study cohort included patients undergoing a THA in the ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2006 to 2015. We conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate an association between preoperative hematocrit and infection controlling for patients demographics and known risk factors. Results A total of 98,869 patients were identified in this study. Of these, 702 (0.71%) developed a superficial site infection, 314 (0.32%) a deep infection, and 226 (0.23%) an organ space infection. Our results suggested a significant increased risk of deep infection (OR = 2.38, p = 0.0120) and organ space infection (OR = 3.05, p = 0.0234) in patients with lower preoperative hematocrit ( Conclusion Low preoperative hematocrit is associated with increased risk of deep, organ space infections, and postoperative transfusion in THA, but not with superficial site infections, wound dehiscence and DVT.