cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships of Age and Body Weight to Reproductive Traits in Turkey Hens

Abstract An experiment was conducted for 23 weeks with 34 large white female turkeys and 86 small white female turkeys to determine productivity trends in aging turkey hens during the first year of production. Over the course of the egg production cycle, age significantly influenced all of the reproductive traits measured in both the large and small hens. For weeks 9 to 23 of the egg production cycle, egg production decreased by approximately 33 and 39%, egg mass by 25 and 30%, body weight by 4 and 1%, feed conversion (feed consumed/egg mass yield) decreased by 93 and 107%, egg weight increased by 12 and 11%, and dietary intake increased by 24 and 9% in large and small hens, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that there was a positive association of body weight with egg production, egg mass, and dietary intake up to approximately 10 kg in large hens and 6.5 kg in small hens.
Characterization of temperature and light effects on the defense response phenotypes associated with the maize Rp1-D21 autoactive resistance gene

Rp1 is a complex locus of maize, which carries a set of genes controlling race-specific resistance to the common rust fungus, Puccinia sorghi. The resistance response includes the “Hypersensitive response” (HR), a rapid response triggered by a pathogen recognition event that includes localized cell death at the point of pathogen penetration and the induction of pathogenesis associated genes. The Rp1-D21gene is an autoactive allelic variant at the Rp1 locus, causing spontaneous activation of the HR response, in the absence of pathogenesis. Previously we have shown that the severity of the phenotype conferred by Rp1-D21 is highly dependent on genetic background. In this study we show that the phenotype conferred by Rp1-D21 is highly dependent on temperature, with lower temperatures favoring the expression of the HR lesion phenotype. This temperature effect was observed in all the 14 genetic backgrounds tested. Significant interactions between the temperature effects and genetic background were observed. When plants were grown at temperatures above 30°C, the spontaneous HR phenotype conferred by Rp1-D21 was entirely suppressed. Furthermore, this phenotype could be restored or suppressed by alternately reducing and increasing the temperature appropriately. Light was also required for the expression of this phenotype. By examining the expression of genes associated with the defense response we showed that, at temperatures above 30°C, the Rp1-D21 phenotype was suppressed at both the phenotypic and molecular level. We have shown that the lesion phenotype conferred by maize autoactive resistance gene Rp1-D21 is temperature sensitive in a reversible manner, that the temperature-sensitivity phenotype interacts with genetic background and that the phenotype is light sensitive. This is the first detailed demonstration of this phenomenon in monocots and also the first demonstration of the interaction of this effect with genetic background. The use of temperature shifts to induce a massive and synchronous HR in plants carrying the Rp1-D21 genes will be valuable in identifying components of the defense response pathway.
Medical Devices and Biomaterials Parhology

Through the postmortem examination, pathologists offer the ultimate clinico-pathologic assessment of the efficacy of medical care. Similarly, pathologists can offer a clinico-pathologic assessment of the efficacy of health care technology. Assessment by pathologists has diagnostic authority because it draws on the resources of the laboratories of surgical and necropsy pathology. In this essay we argue for enhancing the accuracy of medical device and biomaterials technology assessment by systematically collecting pathology-oriented data. We recommend the establishment of a pathology-based medical device registry to assess implantable medical device technology by accumulating reports routinely issued by pathology departments throughout the country. We further suggest that establishment of a university-based, industry-supported Medical Device and Biomaterials Pathology Institute to operate the registry, collect recovered, used health care devices, and generate definitive, pathology-based, primary data for health care technology assessment.
Plasma and erythrocyte amino acid levels of adult humans given 100 mg/kg body weight aspartame.

Abstract Blood amino acid and methanol levels were measured in 6 fasting adult subjects (3 male, 3 female) administered an abuse dose of aspartame (100 mg/kg body wt) in both solution and slurry form. A randomized cross-over design was used. Greater variation in blood aspartate, phenylalanine and methanol levels was noted when aspartame was administered in slurry form. Blood aspartate, phenylalanine and methanol levels did not exceed those associated with toxic findings in any case. Plasma aspartate levels increased from mean (± S.D.) baseline levels of 0.16 ± 0.05 μ mol/dl to peak values of 0.43 ± 0.23 ( P = 0.02) 30 min after administration in solution. Plasma aspartate levels increased to peak values of 3.6 and 5.8 μmol/dl at 30–45 min in 2 of 6 subjects given aspartame in slurry form, while levels in the other 4 subjects were unchanged from baseline values. Erythrocyte aspartate levels were unchanged in all subjects. Plasma and erythrocyte phenylalanine levels increased significantly ( P = 0.001) after both solution and slurry administration. Plasma phenylalanine levels reached mean (± S.D.) peak values of 20.3 ± 2.05 and 26.0 ± 18.9 μ mol/dl respectively 45 min after loading. The higher variation after slurry administration reflected 2 subjects with peak values of 45.8 and 51.3 μmol/dl. Blood methanol levels increased after both solution and slurry administration, reaching mean (± S.D.) levels of 1.16 ± 0.47 and 1.27 ± 0.48 mg/dl respectively 60–90 min after loading.
Suppression of primary tumor growth in a mouse model of human neuroblastoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Neuroblastoma is the most common tumor of the abdomen in children. Consistently effective treatments are lacking for aggressive disease. The authors previously reported that therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies suppresses both growth and metastasis in an experimental model of Wilms' tumor. The authors hypothesized that, in a parallel model of neuroblastoma, anti-VEGF treatment would inhibit (1) growth and (2) metastasis. Methods: Primary tumors were established in the kidneys of nude mice. In cohort 1 (n = 42), mice were killed at 3 time-points, and tissues were evaluated histologically. Tumors were assayed for VEGF. In cohort 2 (n = 28), anti-VEGF antibody or vehicle was administered. Tumor weights and the incidence of metastases in the 2 groups were compared. VEGF deposition was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Mice displayed large tumors with liver and lung metastases. VEGF levels in tumors increased over time. Antibody-treated animals displayed significantly smaller tumors, but incidence and size of metastases were unaffected. VEGF was localized to tumor stroma immunohistochemically, with no difference in pattern observed in control and antibody-treated tumors. Conclusions: Anti-VEGF antibodies inhibit primary tumor growth in experimental neuroblastoma, but not metastasis. This may contrast with the effect of the same antibody in a parallel model of Wilms' tumor. J Pediatr Surg 35:977-981. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Prevention and treatment of alopecia areata with quercetin in the C3H/HeJ mouse model

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune non-scarring hair loss disorder. AA can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. Current therapeutic options for AA are limited, and there is no effective prevention for recurrent AA. We have previously shown a correlation between the expression of HSP70 (HSPA1A/B), a heat shock protein involved in the inflammatory response, and the onset of AA in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. In this study, we tested the effects of quercetin, a bioflavonoid with anti-inflammatory properties, on AA development and HSP70 expression in the C3H/HeJ model. Mice with spontaneous AA were treated with subcutaneous quercetin or sham injections. Hair regrowth was observed in lesional areas in all the quercetin-treated mice, but in none of the sham-treated mice. In addition, non-alopecic C3H/HeJ mice were heat-treated to induce alopecia, along with quercetin or sham injections. Whereas 24% of the heat-treated mice with sham injections developed alopecia, none of the mice receiving quercetin injections did. As expected, the level of HSP70 expression in quercetin-treated areas was comparable to control. Furthermore, we showed that systemic delivery of quercetin by intraperitoneal injections prevented/reduced spontaneous onset of AA. Our results demonstrated that quercetin provided effective treatment for AA as well as prevention of onset of AA in the C3H/HeJ model, and warrant further clinical studies to determine whether quercetin may provide both treatment for preexisting AA and prevention of recurrent AA. The ready availability of quercetin as a dietary supplement may lead to increased patient compliance and positive outcomes for AA.
Writing Marathons Help Build Middle School Students’ College Aspirations and Strengthen Their Literacy Skills

Abstract Young adolescents’ low scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) force the question of whether these students will be ready for college in four years. Our efforts to build a college-going culture emphasize strengthening students’ writing skills by using preservice teachers to lead writing marathons for at-risk middle school students on university visits. Structured interviews, surveys, and written reflections reveal that what students write about changes with age, their motivation to write varies, and their college aspirations and perceptions become more positive after completing several annual writing marathons on a college campus. The writing marathon structure makes the college visit truly meaningful to students, and it provides a compelling incentive to write by supporting characteristics of middle school students, as defined by the National Middle School Association (National Middle School Association [NMSA] 2003). The marathon model focuses on four key elements: setti...
Evaluating the impact of IMF programs: A comparison of matching and instrumental-variable estimators

We examine the impact of IMF programs on economic performance in 95 developing countries over the period 1993–2002. Three macroeconomic measures of economic performance are considered: the real per capita economic growth rate, the ratio of the fiscal surplus to GDP, and the ratio of the current account surplus to GDP. Three estimation techniques are used: censored-sample, full-sample instrumental-variable, and matching. Substantively, we find little statistical support that IMF programs contemporaneously improve real economic growth in participating countries, but stronger evidence of an improvement in economic growth in years following a program. We find that both the fiscal ratio and the current-account ratio improve contemporaneously with IMF participation relative to the counterfactual, with effects in succeeding years differing little from the impact effects. We conclude that the program-effect estimates of matching and other estimators will differ largely because of the sample included in estimation. Matching by its nature excludes country episodes associated with extreme values of the propensity score, while the instrumental-variable estimator includes those. If there is heterogeneity of performance response in extreme vs. moderate cases, the estimates differ systematically between the two techniques.
On the Propagation of Lüders Bands in Steel Strips

The initiation and propagation of Luders-type localized deformation in thin, fine grained steel strips in tension is studied through combined experimental and analytical efforts. Purely elastic deformation is terminated (upper yield stress) by localized deformation which tends to initiate along preferred directions. The strain level associated with this material instability is limited to two to five percent. When this strain level is achieved locally, the instability propagates via inclined fronts which separate coexisting regions of essentially elastic and plastically deformed materials. Under displacement controlled stretching, one or two fronts propagate in a steady-state manner (lower yield stress). The propagation of one and two fronts are simulated numerically using finite element models in which the material is modeled as a finitely deforming elastoplastic solid with an up-down-up nominal stress-strain response. The simulations capture the major events observed in the experiments such as the initiation process, the propagation of inclined fronts, kinking of the strip and the build up of moments, and the periodic straightening and moment reduction through transient events. This confirms that structural effects play a major role in the evolution of observed events.
A Packet Filter Placement Problem with Application to Defense Against Spoofed Denial of Service Attacks

We analyze a problem in computer network security, wherein packet filters are deployed to defend a network against spoofed denial of service attacks. Information on the Internet is transmitted by the exchange of IP packets, which must declare their origin and destination addresses. A route-based packet filter verifies whether the purported origin of a packet is correct with respect to the current route map. We examine the optimization problem of finding a minimum cardinality set of nodes to filter in the network such that no spoofed packet can reach its destination. We prove that this problem is NP-hard, and derive properties that explicitly relate the filter placement problem to the vertex cover problem. We identify topologies and routing policies for which a polynomial-time solution to the minimum filter placement problem exists, and prove that under certain routing conditions a greedy heuristic for the filter placement problem yields an optimal solution.
Regional areas and widths of the midsagittal corpus callosum among HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapies

Recent reports suggest that a growing number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons show signs of persistent cognitive impairment even in the context of combination antiretroviral therapies (cART). The basis for this finding remains poorly understood as there are only a limited number of studies examining the relationship between CNS injury, measures of disease severity, and cognitive function in the setting of stable disease. This study examined the effects of HIV infection on cerebral white matter using quantitative morphometry of the midsagittal corpus callosum (CC) in 216 chronically infected participants from the multisite HIV Neuroimaging Consortium study currently receiving cART and 139 controls. All participants underwent MRI assessment, and HIV-infected subjects also underwent measures of cognitive function and disease severity. The midsagittal slice of the CC was quantified using two semi-automated procedures. Group comparisons were accomplished using ANOVA, and the relationship between CC morphometry and clinical covariates (current CD4, nadir CD4, plasma and CSF HIV RNA, duration of HIV infection, age, and ADC stage) was assessed using linear regression models. HIV-infected patients showed significant reductions in both the area and linear widths for several regions of the CC. Significant relationships were found with ADC stage and nadir CD4 cell count, but no other clinical variables. Despite effective treatment, significant and possibly irreversible structural loss of the white matter persists in the setting of chronic HIV disease. A history of advanced immune suppression is a strong predictor of this complication and suggests that antiretroviral intervention at earlier stages of infection may be warranted.
Meaning of Play: Interpreting Patterns in Behavior of Persons with Severe Developmental Disabilities

This article illustrates how one play example from a five-year study of persons with multiple severe and profound developmental disabilities in a state school setting calls into question the prevailing nature of educational and therapeutic practice. In this key event, two boys at play demonstrate the significance of applied ethnographic methods in analyzing the fundamentals of special education practice. Analysis of the boys' behavior for meaning provides a significantly different interpretation of practice in this setting. Grounded in the discussion of their play, the researcher questions the meaning of the individual's behavior and the meaning and significance of the event for professional practice. The article identifies the different levels of interpretation and forms of analysis in this setting and how each influences the other. Following the explanation of the key event between the two residents, the levels of meaning that evolved in the process of making sense of the event are explained to provide insight into the interaction and the nature of professional intervention in special education.
Comics and Cartoons: A Democratic Art-Form

The cartoon, comic, or—as influential cartoonist Will Eisner called it—“sequential art” is an art-form that is cognitively friendly to contemporary notions of individualistic-liberal-democracy. Whereas traditional forms of art have rather hierarchical standards of aesthetics, which then enforce customary notions of power and the conventional hermeneutic pecking order, the iconography of comics and cartoons is supportive of a kind of pluralistic democratic individualism. If, as some thinkers suggest, the world is understood by cognitive images in the brain, then—as the work of C. S. Pierce, Scott McCloud, and others support—comics is an art that allows for the individual self-creation that subsequently supports democracy.
Stress-intensity factors and crack-opening displacements for round compact specimens

A two-dimensional, boundary-collocation stress analysis was used to analyze various round compact specimens. The influence of the round external boundary and of pin-loaded holes on stress-intensity factors and crack-opening displacements was determined as a function of crack-length-to-specimen-width ratios. A wide-range equation for the stress-intensity factors, like that developed for the “standard” rectangular compact specimen, was developed. Equations for crack-surface displacements and load-point displacements were also developed.
Uplink system capacity of a cellular network with cooperative mobile relay

This paper studies the performance of a hybrid cellular network with cellular controlled direct radio links between multiple mobile User Equipments (UEs). The main focus is on the uplink of the proposed system with multiple idle UEs acting as relays to assist the communication of any given UE with an active connection. In the presence of multiple UEs as relays, the Base Station (BS) dynamically chooses the best relay to maximize the throughput of each radio link. We present system capacity results using Monte Carlo system simulation techniques. Further, we compare results with and without the use of distributed beam forming techniques. Our results indicate that cell edge capacity could be improved by more than 99% by using idle UEs in the system as mobile relays. The performance improvement at cell edge is achieved while improving the mean cell throughput by more than 50%.
Determining triage guidelines for unintentional overdoses with calcium channel antagonists.

Background. Calcium channel antagonists (CCAs) are known to cause significant toxicity in overdose. Determining triage guidelines for CCAs is an important but difficult task. This study was designed to determine if an unintentional overdose of a patient's CCA could result in clinically significant cardiovascular (CV) symptoms (hypotension, bradycardia, conduction disturbances). Methods. Poison center records over a 3-year period were reviewed for adults ingesting at least double their prescribed dose of CCAs and who were evaluated in an emergency department (ED). Cases were reviewed for: patient age and gender, co-ingestants, CCA involved, dosage form, dose taken, usual dose, symptoms, available vital signs, and medical outcomes. Results. 225 cases were identified; 161 cases met study criteria. There were 51 cases involving co-ingestants and 13 in which the usual dose was unknown. These were excluded. One hundred twenty-two patients (76%) were female and the mean age of all patients was 64 years. One hund...
USP 797: Aseptic work practice evaluation and manipulation skill assessment in a clinical nuclear medicine department

2109 Objectives Recently, the nuclear medicine pharmacy at Northwestern Memorial Hospital has achieved full compliance to USP 797 guidelines. The fingertip sampling and media-fill tests are among the most complex USP 797 requirement. Our department incorporated these tests into the clinical nuclear medicine program. Methods Gloved fingertip sampling was used to access sterile hand hygiene and consisted of pressing fingers and thumb of each hand into a nutrient agar Petri dish. The procedure was performed three times over the course of a workday. Petri dishes were then incubated at 30° to 35°C for 48 to 72 hours, and the number of colony forming units (cfu) counted. More than three cfus per hand indicated test failure. Personal aseptic technique was measured using the media-fill test procedure under the most challenging compounding conditions. The test required employees to transfer a soybean digest media from one vial, to six syringes, and finally to two new vials. The vials were incubated at 30° to 35°C for a minimum of 14 days. Test failure was indicated by a visible turbidity in the media test vial. Results Twenty-three nuclear medicine technologists and students were tested using the gloved fingertip and media-fill challenge testing procedures as outlined. No technologist or student exceeded one cfu per hand when performing the gloved fingertip sampling. Results of the media-fill challenge test for both technologists and students came back negative at fourteen days post incubation. Conclusions Northwestern Memorial Hospital’s nuclear pharmacy has achieved compliance to USP 797 guidelines. Complex testing procedures, including gloved fingertip sampling and the media-fill challenge test, have been incorporated into the routine use
Like- and cross-polarized scattering cross sections for random rough surfaces: theory and experiment

The unified full-wave solutions for the vertically and horizontally polarized scattered radiation fields and the like- and cross-polarized scattering cross sections for random rough surfaces are presented in this paper. They are compared with the corresponding physical-optics, geometric-optics, and perturbation solutions that are obtained on adopting a two-scale model of the composite rough surface. Computations based on the unified full-wave solution (which accounts for both specular point scattering and diffuse scattering in a self-consistent manner) as well as those based on the two-scale representation of the rough surface are provided for several illustrative examples. It is shown that the two solutions for the cross-polarized backscatter cross sections differ significantly for near-normal incidence. The solution based on the unified approach is consistent with experimental data.
Thoracic damage-control operation: principles, techniques, and definitive repair.

m t w p p o p t t a t A t e h t s n appreciation for the consequences of the shock state as led to a revision of trauma surgery principles over the ast 2 decades. Operations with good technical results ut bad patient outcomes secondary to irreversible metbolic distress prompted surgeons to begin truncating nitial procedures on severely injured patients after chieving hemostasis and controlling spill from the alientary tract. These temporized patients would unergo aggressive correction of their acidosis, coagulopahy, and hypothermia in the intensive care unit, with lans for a return trip to the operating room for definiive management of their injuries if they survived their esuscitation. This technique of quickly and solely conrolling hemorrhage and contamination to expedite restablishing a survivable physiology has come to be nown as “damage-control” operation, and its use has esulted in improved mortality rates. Although its aplication in abdominal trauma is now routine, the conept has also begun to be used in thoracic trauma, albeit ith some modifications. The principle of expediting he operative management of unstable patients still olds in thoracic damage control. In addition to abdomnal damage-control’s emphasis on temporizing injuries, horacic damage control also entails performing definiive techniques that are rapid and relatively simple. Use f damage-control thoracotomy has led to better-thanxpected survival rates for these badly injured patients. ts successful application requires not only specific taiored maneuvers, but a change in the mindset of the perating surgeon as well. This collective review will iscuss both as they apply to various injuries in the chest, ith an emphasis on surgical technique.
POAS VOLCANO, COSTA RICA: GEOLOGY OF THE SUMMIT REGION AND SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS AMONG THE MOST RECENT LAVAS

Prosser, J.T. and Carr, M.J., 1987. Po~s volcano, Costa Rica: Geology of the summit region and spatial and temporal variations among the most recent lavas. In: S.N. Williams and M.J. Carr (Editors), Richard E. Stoiber 75th Birthday Volume. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 33: 131-146. The recent eruptive history of Po~s volcano is described here on the basis of field mapping of the summit area. This period, which may represent 10 to 20,000 years and less than 10% of the history of the volcano, began with caldera formation. Subsequent events included: composite cone construction, faulting and flank subsidence, flank fissure eruption, and multiple crater collapses. Local and regional structures have controlled the locations of summit vents and flank cinder cones. Chemical compositions of lavas of known stratigraphic position demonstrate temporal magmatic variation at Po~s. Three similar felsic to mafic magmatic sequences occurred at the summit. The first and second sequences were separated by flank and summit eruptions of a distinct magma batch, enriched in TiO., and P205. The three felsic to mafic sequences appear to be cyclical, and the repeated, similar variations are interpreted as progressive tapping of zoned magma bodies developed repeatedly from a common parent by similar crystal fractionation processes. The breaks between the three sequences correlate with shifts or major modifications of the eruptive center. The chemical composition of the most recent lava, erupted in 1954, indicates that the volcano is near the end of the present sequence. The lavas are calc-alkaline basalts and andesites that are similar to the mafic lavas that comprise the bulk of the Central American volcanic front. The samples can be divided into 3 spatial-temporal-geochemical groups. A summit group that represents the most recent activity; a TiO2-rich group that erupted primarily on the south flank about 7500 yr. B.P.; and an Al203-rich group that erupted primarily from vents north of the presently active Main Crater. Geochemical variations and projections into pseudoternary CMAS diagrams suggest a moderate pressure for the summit group, that is, a magma chamber at intracrustal to subcrustal depths. The Al203-rich group define smaller primary phase volumes for olivine and plagioclase, which suggests a deeper and or more water-rich magma chamber, The TiO2rich group appears to be a batch of mixed magma with the summit group magma as one endmember and a less siliceous magma as the other.
Processing the Primary Transcripts

Aside from promoters, ancillary sites, terminators, and other features involved in transcription, the mature gene structure includes signals needed for processing of the RNA copy. Indeed, there are many devices encoded into its sequence that act secondarily even after translation is completed. Among these are the clues that afford direction to cleaving enzymes, including the proteases that split transit peptides from diplomorphic gene products or release the ultimate proteins when a cryptomorphic form is to be activated. Although the amino acids involved in such recognition functions are obviously encoded in the mature coding sector and hence are a fundamental part of the gene structure, here attention is restricted to clues that are active directly in the primary transcript. These prove quite adequate to reveal that the problems associated with promoters and their associates in transcriptional functions continue into the present topic, as they doubtlessly also do with regard to the products resulting from translation—a point that becomes particularly clear in a discussion related to intron removal (Section 12.6.3).
The Essential Norm of Operators on \ell ^{2}-Valued Bergman-Type Function Spaces

In this paper, conditions—some sufficient and some necessary and sufficient—for an operator to be compact on \(\ell ^{2}\)-valued Bergman-type function spaces. This paper generalizes many well-known results about classical function spaces to their \(\ell ^{2}\)-valued versions. In particular, we characterize the compact operators acting on weighted \(\ell ^{2}\)-valued Bergman spaces on the unit ball, the unit polydisc and, more generally to weighted \(\ell ^{2}\)-valued Fock spaces.
Adam Ferguson on “Action” and the Possibility of Non-Political Participation

Political theorists who are interested in the Western republican tradition often interpret Adam Ferguson as a civic humanist and contrast his work with the liberal institutionalism of Hume and Smith. I argue that the republican interpretation fails to understand Ferguson's view of human action and thereby obscures his potential contribution to liberal theory. This article offers a comprehensive account of Ferguson's concept of action, and emphasizes the instrumental and scientific aspects of his thought. Ferguson views politics as an accumulative project involving both political participation and non-political forms of activity. His thoughts on action and politics, therefore, reveal much about his view of the potential of non-political action and the ways it contributes to civil and political society.
Impact of Alfalfa Harvest on Potato Leafhopper Populations with Emphasis on Nymphal Survival

Egg, nymphal, and adult populations of Empoasca fabae (Harris) were monitored in 2 fields in Montgomery Co., Va., during 1976 and 1977. Centigrade degree day (COD) accumulations for egg and nymphal development were related to alfalfa growth and harvest date. Effect of harvest on nymphal survival and subsequent buildup of potato leafhopper populations also were investigated. In general, development from egg to adult, using 136 CDD (base = 7.6°C) for egg hatch and 153 CDD (base = 9.4°C) for nymphal development, was longer than the period from adult immigration and egg laying in the field to harvest. Samples collected indicated that within 7–10 days after harvest the nymphal population was reduced by ca. 95% when alfalfa was cut to a 2–5 cm stubble height. However, when poor harvest practices or lodged alfalfa allowed alfalfa stubble containing leafy material or uncut stems to remain in the field survival of nymphs was much higher. Also, apparent in poorly harvested fields was an increase in the number of nymphs found on early regrowth alfalfa which is highly susceptible to potato leafhopper damage. Information is still needed that will relate population levels of potato leafhopper nymphs during the post harvest to regrowth period to action thresholds for insecticide application.
The Militia Ordinance of 1642 and the 14th‐Century Great Statute of Praemunire

This article opens with a review of the important scholarship concerning the conflict over prerogative between the crown and parliament from mid 1641 through the winter of 1642. The resulting impasse was over which of these institutions would control the militia. This article argues that the Militia Ordinance committee was committed to ‘the legal process’ in developing its directive of March 1642. The balance of the study reviews the medieval Statute of Praemunire, its subsequent development, and how that law would have provided an essential basis for the parliament to assume control of the militia. The article concludes that the Long Parliament acted legally with the Great Statute of Praemunire as a reference point for the adoption of the Militia Ordinance. This conclusion rests on five evidentiary considerations: (i) surviving texts of Commons’ private diarists; (ii) the probable role of John Selden in the Militia Ordinance committee deliberations; (iii) the September 1642 publication of John Marsh's An Argument Or, Debate In Law of the Great Question Concerning the Militias; (iv) proposition five of the Nineteen Propositions; and (v) language parallels between the 1393 Great Statute and the Militia Ordinance itself.
From DPS to MAS to ...: continuing the trends

The most important and interesting of the computing challenges we are facing are those that involve the problems and opportunities afforded by massive decentralization and disintermediation. The problems and opportunities arise in domains where controlled action is necessary, but centralized control is infeasible. These are the traditional domains of distributed problem solving and multiagent systems, and they include information systems for healthcare, commerce, energy distribution, and traffic control. However, the current incarnations of these domains are scaled well beyond anything envisioned originally. Nevertheless, traditional techniques derived from artificial intelligence are still mostly appropriate. Specifically, representation, reasoning, learning, planning, and situated semantics---when distributed computationally and extended to multiple loci of intelligence---will all be part of potential solutions. They will affect not only the ways systems will be implemented and executed in the future, but also the ways they will be designed, developed, and deployed. This paper focuses on the domains and their challenges. It describes the trends that are observable in our research technologies and shows how they can be used to confront the challenges. It is hoped that new avenues of research will be revealed from following the trends.
Abraham Maslow’s Interest in Psychedelic Research: A Tribute:

In this brief tribute to Abraham Maslow, a founder of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, his interests in psychedelic research are described by the author who served as his research assistant fr...
Locomotor and energetic consequences of behavioral thermoregulation in the sanguivorous leech Hirudo verbana.

Abstract Medicinal leeches (Hirudo verbana) thermoregulate with respect to their sanguivorous feeding behavior. Immediate postprandial preferences are for warmer than their initial acclimation temperature (Ta, 21 °C, Petersen et al. 2011), while unfed leeches have a lower preferred temperature (Tpref, 12.5 °C). This may reduce energy expenditure and defer starvation if feeding opportunities are limited. Energetic benefits may have an associated cost if low temperatures reduce mobility and the ability to locate further hosts. These costs could be limited if mobility is unimpaired at low temperatures, or if acclimation can restore locomotor performance to the levels at Ta. The transition from Ta to the unfed Tpref significantly reduced speed and propulsive cycle frequency during swimming, and extension and retraction rates during crawling. Aerobic metabolic rate was also reduced from 0.20±0.03 W kg−1 at Ta to 0.10±0.03 W kg−1 at Tpref. The Q10 values of 1.7–2.9 for energetic and swimming parameters indicate a substantial temperature effect, although part of the decline in swimming performance can be attributed to temperature-related changes in water viscosity. 6 weeks at Ta resulted in no detectable acclimation in locomotor performance or aerobic metabolism. The energetic savings associated with a lower Tpref in unfed leeches effectively doubled the estimated time until depletion of energy reserves. Given that some mobility is still retained at Tpref, and that acclimation is in itself costly, the energetic benefits of selecting cooler temperatures between feedings may outweigh the costs associated with reduced locomotor performance.
Perceptions and perceived challenges associated with a hypothetical career in law enforcement: differences among male and female college students

Researchers have studied the experiences of female officers, but little is known about whether women, who are not yet officers, perceive future challenges and sex discrimination within a hypothetic...
Medication discrepancies in the dental record and impact of pharmacist-led intervention.

Background Patients frequently use medications with potential implications for oral health and dental procedures, yet little is known about the accuracy of medication lists available to dentists. The aims of this study were to describe the frequency and clinical implications of medication discrepancies in the dental record (phase 1) and to evaluate the impact of pharmacist intervention on medication reconciliation processes in dental practice (phase 2). Methods A prospective, single-centre study evaluating adults receiving dental care was conducted. Discrepancies between the dental record and patient-reported medications were identified through a pharmacist-led medication review and were further evaluated for potential clinical significance based on drug-induced orofacial adverse-effect profiles. A multifaceted pharmacist-led intervention was implemented. Data were analysed using Poisson regression with a significance level set at 0.05. Results One-hundred and thirty patients (48% women; mean age 57 years) were interviewed by a clinical pharmacist (100 before intervention and 30 at follow-up). Of 860 medications reported, 618 discrepancies were identified, medication omission being the most common (71.7%). Of medications omitted, 64.6% had potential oral adverse effects, 7.9% could interact with local anaesthetics/vasoconstrictors and 19.1% had potential bleeding effects. The intervention resulted in a reduction in the number of medication discrepancies and medication omissions (P < 0.001). Conclusions Medication discrepancies in the dental record occur at an alarming rate and frequently involve medications known to cause oral health problems or complications with dental procedures. A pharmacist-led intervention targeting medication reconciliation processes is an effective strategy for improving the accuracy of the dentist's medication list.
Acquired and congenital forms of heterotopic ossification: new pathogenic insights and therapeutic opportunities

Heterotopic ossification (HO) involves the formation and accumulation of extraskeletal bone tissue at the expense of local tissues including muscles and connective tissues. There are common forms of HO that are triggered by extensive trauma, burns and other bodily insults, and there are also rare congenital severe forms of HO that occur in children with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva or Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia. Given that HO is often preceded by inflammation, current treatments usually involve anti-inflammatory drugs alone or in combination with local irradiation, but are not very effective. Recent studies have provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of acquired and genetic forms of HO and have used the information to conceive and test new and more specific therapies in animal models. In this review, I provide salient examples of these exciting and promising advances that are undoubtedly paving the way toward resolution of this debilitating and at times fatal disease.
The Empirical Investigation of Synonymy and the Implication for Science

Philosophers, linguists, and psychologists have long been interested in synonymous expressions, often for rather different reasons. The philosopher’s interest in synonymy is related to its interest in logical truth; if two expressions are synonymous, then a sentence in which one expression is exchanged for a synonymous expression will retain the same truth value. Traditional philosophical problems like analyticity, contradiction, etc. are tied up with this problem. Linguists, especially lexicologists and lexicographers, have been interested in synonymy. The task of the lexicologist is to show what the relationship is between expressions in a language, and synonymy is one of these relationships. Psychologists have been interested in similarity of meaning rather than synonymy per se in order to determine how people learn, store, and use information, including information about speakers’ knowledge of their language. Notions like generalization and concept formation often refer to perceived similarity, and similarity of meaning is thought to reflect perceived similarity of stimuli.
A History of the Sieve Process

This chapter presents the history of the sieve process. In a sieve problem, two numbers are given A and B, k integers or moduli, k other integers, and a matrix, and the problem is to find an unknown integer x that satisfies an equation. The sieve problem is to find all those integers satisfying the two kinds of conditions, congruential conditions, and inequalities. The chapter discusses that there is another type of sieve problem called quadratic in which n i is approximately equal to ½ m i . This means that a random X has about a 50% chance of satisfying any one of these congruences and if one has k of these the number X has about one chance in 2 k . The sieve method had a relay, some contacts, and circuitry that was very primitive but quite effective. The sieve has the advantage over the stencil method in that one do not have to plan in advance how one wish to go and apply carefully one stencil after another. It was a genuine parallel machine.
Medical Education for the Next Seventeen Years

Before one addresses the topic Medical Education For The Next Seventeen Years in psychiatric education, two questions must be answered: what are our objectives for education in psychiatry and secondly, whom are we educating in psychiatry?
Female-specific reproductive toxicites following preconception exposure to xenobiotics

There are only a few testing strategies directed specifically at female reproductive toxicity. (Generoso et al, 1971; Generoso and Cosgove, 1973; Bishop et al., 1997). There are some elegant molecular studies of female germ cell and reproductive biology (Eichenlaub-Ritter, et al., 1988; Albertini, et al., 2001; Hunt et al, 1995) but few, if any, of these investigations involve toxicological perspectives. Future research efforts in female, as well as male, reproductive toxicology would benefit greatly by enhanced integration of knowledge and methodology from molecular developmental and cell biology. In this chapter, I will review some basic reproductive biology, emphasizing differences between females and males, describe tests for female reproductive toxicology used by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) at NIEHS, summarize NTP test data and discuss some of the dogmas of germ cell mutagenesis that have recently been dispelled by these data.
Therapy of Ebola and Marburg virus infections

The filoviruses, Marburg and Ebola, cause fulminant hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. The agents replicate to high titer in macrophages and dendritic cells, suppressing type I interferon responses, and disseminate to these and other cell types in tissues throughout the body, causing extensive necrosis and inducing an intense systemic inflammatory response resembling septic shock. Effective therapies are urgently needed to deal with laboratory accidents, natural epidemics and the threat of bioterrorism. An immediate goal should be the development of postexposure prophylaxis for persons who have been exposed to Marburg or Ebola virus, but have not yet become ill. This article first reviews current research aimed at blocking individual steps in the filoviral replication pathway, then describes efforts to characterize and modify damaging host responses. No direct inhibitors of filoviral replication have yet been identified, but some interventions that counteract suppression of type I interferon or modify inflammatory responses have shown benefit in laboratory animal models of lethal infection.
Learning hash functions for cross-view similarity search

Many applications in Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access involve searching large databases of high dimensional data objects with multiple (conditionally independent) views. In this work we consider the problem of learning hash functions for similarity search across the views for such applications. We propose a principled method for learning a hash function for each view given a set of multiview training data objects. The hash functions map similar objects to similar codes across the views thus enabling cross-view similarity search. We present results from an extensive empirical study of the proposed approach which demonstrate its effectiveness on Japanese language People Search and Multilingual People Search problems.
Modeling metal ion removal in alkylsulfate ion flotation systems

Metal removal kinetics and metal ion selectivity in ion flotation were studied from a thermodynamic perspective. Surface tension data could be used with the Gibbs adsorption equation to quantitatively predict the metal-ion removal kinetics in alkylsulfate-Cu systems. However, surface tensions predicted cation selectivity coefficients in the sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-Cu-Ca and SDS-Cu-Pb systems rather poorly, although the predicted order of the selectivity (Cu2+ < Ca2+ < Pb2+) was correct. Another thermodynamic selectivity model, which used the Grahame adsorption equation and a geometrical analysis, predicted cation selectivity coefficients that agreed very well with experimentally measured values.