cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Characterization of Intel Itanium Instruction Bundles for Improving VLIW Processor Performance

In order to achieve high instruction level parallelism (ILP), designers are turning to very long instruction word (VLIW) based designs, in which different types of instructions are grouped together as bundles of 128 bits or longer. In VLIW, the added nops increase the code size, limit processor performance by the under-utilization of functional units. In examining these performance issues of VLIW systems, we consider Intel first 64-bit architecture, the IA-64, and its first implementation, the Itanium, which employs Intel version of VLIW. We present a comprehensive analysis of the problem of under-utilization due to nops and stops across a wide range of application domains through the use of three different benchmark suites: SPEC CPU 2000, MediaBench, and PacketBench. Our results show that, on average, nops create an under-utilization factor of 28.46% in the case of SPEC CPU, 32.27% in MediaBench, and 29.76% in PacketBench. We also analyze the characteristics of different instruction bundle formats, which we obtain by collecting statistics concerning the frequency of the bundle formats.
Noninvasive determination of fetal RhD status using fetal DNA in maternal serum and PCR

Because prenatal testing of fetal RhD status by amniocentesis carries small yet finite risks to the fetus and mother, this study sought to determine whether fetal DNA in maternal serum could be used to detect fetal RhD status by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A retrospective analysis was made of frozen serum specimens from 20 sensitized RhD-negative pregnant women (ranging from 15.0 to 36.0 weeks’ gestation) who were confirmed by serology at birth to have been carrying RhD-positive fetuses. Eleven serum specimens from RhD-negative individuals served as controls. DNA was isolated from serum and used in two PCR-based methods to detect a 99 base pair (bp) DNA fragment specific for the RhD gene and a 113 bp fragment specific for the RhCE gene as control. Overall, in 14 (70%) of 20 RhD-positive fetuses the 99 base pair RhD-specific PCR product was detected. There was no false positive detection among the 11 control serum specimens. The results illustrate the ability to detect fetal RhD sequences in maternal serum of sensitized women. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that fetal single-gene disorders can be detected prenatally by using DNA isolated only from maternal serum.
Shared Understandings Structuring the Writing Experience Through Dialogue

When teachers view writing as a social process in which authors write for real audiences and authentic purposes, they change their instruction accordingly to meet the needs of writers with learning disabilities. As more experienced members of a larger community of writers, teachers play a primary role in apprenticing students into the inherently social functions of writing. Through teacher-student dialogues about the complexities of the writing process, students gradually develop and control their own writing “voice” as they use and transform the shared understandings of the group process. Text structure, writing strategies, and metacognitive knowledge of the writing process provide opportunities for teachers and students with learning disabilities to interact and create shared understandings about the composition process. This article reviews some recent attempts to use text structures and the writing process as frameworks to guide the composition dialogue.
Time-domain radiation boundary for analysis of plane love-wave propagation problem

A new method of modelling the radiation effect in a time-domain finite element analysis of semi-infinite solids is proposed. The domain to be analysed is divided into a finite, interior region and a semi-infinite, exterior region. The standard finite elements are used to model the interior region. An infinite element is used to model the semi-infinite region. The main feature of the proposed method is the selection of semi-infinite shape functions to develop the infinite element. A procedure is proposed whereby the necessary shape functions are derived directly from frequency-domain analytical mode shapes. The interior and exterior regions are coupled by enforcing displacement continuity at the interface. The validity of the method is demonstrated in this paper by analysing a two-dimensional, linear (damped), anti-plane, shear-wave (plane Love-wave) propagation problem. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by direct finite element analysis with a fixed boundary placed sufficiently far from the location of loading to avoid wave reflections.
Surviving hypoxia: the importance of rafts, anchors, and fluidity.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the major energy-generating mechanism in aerobic cells. Although most cells can temporarily subsist on glycolysis, continued supply of oxygen is critical for maintaining high levels of mechanical, electrical, and metabolic activity. As a result, a wide range of biological responses of varying complexity have evolved to adapt to hypoxia and to optimize oxygen utilization. Currently, these responses are poorly understood. However, extant data provide a tantalizing glimpse into the rich diversity of these responses that range from the stimulation of signaling cascades and gene transcription events to the changes in excitability and blood flow. Optimal function during hypoxia could be preserved either by reducing oxygen consumption or by optimizing oxygen delivery. Both these responses are triggered in hypoxic tissues and are mediated in part by adenosine. When oxygen is plentiful, adenosine is in the cells in the form of either ATP or ADP. However, during hypoxia, most cells release nucleotides into the extracellular space where the nucleotides are cleaved to adenosine by ecto-5′-nucleotidase (E5′N, CD731). Interstitial adenosine is either internalized (for nucleotide salvage) or it binds to one of its receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3) on the cell surface to induce a variety of tissue- and receptor-specific responses. Adenosine-initiated signaling pathways are generally protective and mitigate against the harmful effects of hypoxia.2 During systemic hypoxia, for instance, adenosine plays an essential role in causing dilation of arterioles, which helps in maintaining oxygen delivery3; and in the heart, adenosine-mediated signaling triggers early ischemic preconditioning4 and establishes a delayed cardioprotective phenotype.5 The generation of adenosine during hypoxia is facilitated by an increase in the activity of E5′N.1 The most straightforward way of stimulating E5′N under hypoxia is to increase its synthesis. Indeed, the promoter site …
Dexamethasone alters responses of pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors, gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acids, and gonadotropins to pulsatile GnRH in male rats

Dexamethasone (Dex), when administered in high doses, has been shown to suppress spontaneous and GnRHinduced gonadotropin secretion, but the level and the mechanism( s) of this effect are unknown. We administered Dex to castrate testosterone-replaced male rats to determine if gonadotropin gene expression is affected and whether Dex differentially influences GnRH-modulated parameters of gonadotrope function: induction of GnRH receptors (GnRH-R) and gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. GnRH was given iv at 25 ng/ pulse at 8, 30, and 120 min intervals for 48 h. Rapid GnRH injection frequency preferentially increased α and LH-β messenger RNA (mRNA) responses to GnRH as well as LH secretion. Slower GnRH injection frequencies were required to increase levels of GnRH-R, FSH-β mRNA, and FSH secretion. Dex selectively inhibited the serum LH, a, and LH-β mRNA responses to GnRH, but not the serum FSH or FSH-β mRNA responses. Additionally, it augmented the GnRH-induced increase in GnRH-R. We conclude: 1) induction o...
Reduction of Flatulence-Causing Sugars by High Temperature Extrusion of Pinto Bean High Starch Fractions

Pinto bean high starch fractions were extruded using a Wenger TX-52 twin screw extruder. The effect of process temperature and moisture in the barrel on flatulence-causing sugars was investigated. Levels of flatulence causing sugar were lower in extruded compared to non-extruded samples with higher reduction at higher process temperature. Sugar content decreased from 5.29% in nonextruded samples to 3.69% in samples extruded at 163°C. Moisture content in the extruder barrel did not significantly affect sugars in the samples. Raffinose and stachyose contents were reduced 47 to 60% by extrusion.
Getting to the gray box: Some challenges for model reduction

A gray-box model is one that has a known structure (generally constrained to a strict subset of the class of models it is drawn from) but has unknown parameters. Such models typically embody or reflect the underlying physical or mechanistic understanding we have about the system, as well as structural features such as the delineation of subsystems and their interconnections. The unknown parameters in the gray-box model then become the focus of our system identification efforts. In a variety of application domains, ranging from biology and medicine to power systems, the gray-box models that practitioners accept - as plausible representations of the reality they deal with every day - have been built up over decades of study, and are large, detailed and complex. In addition to being difficult to simulate or compute or design with, a significant feature of these models is the uncertainty associated with many or most of the parameters in the model. The data that one collects from the associated system is rarely rich enough to allow reliable identification of all these parameters, yet there are good reasons to not be satisfied with direct black-box identification of a reduced-order model. The challenge then is to develop meaningful reduced-order gray-box models that reflect the detailed, hard-won knowledge one has about the system, while being better suited to identification and simulation and control design than the original large model. Practitioners generally seem to have an intuitive understanding of what aspects of the original model structure, and which variables and parameters, should be retained in a physically or mechanistically meaningful reduced-order model for whatever aspect of the system behavior they are dealing with at a particular time. Can we capture and perhaps improve on what they are doing when they develop their (often informal) reduced models?
The expulsion of magnetic flux from the Earth's core

Summary. A simple 2-D model of the effect of an upwelling motion on the toroidal field in the Earth’s core is investigated. It is found that flux is readily expelled from the core, indicating that the frozen-flux approximation can fail, even when the magnetic Reynolds number in the core is high. This process provides a simple explanation of features in the magnetic field which have recently been identified at the core-mantle boundary beneath southern Africa.
Early Signals in Cardiac Development

The heart is the first organ to form during embryogenesis and its circulatory function is critical from early on for the viability of the mammalian embryo. Developmental abnormalities of the heart have also been widely recognized as the underlying cause of many congenital heart malformations. Hence, the developmental mechanisms that orchestrate the formation and morphogenesis of this organ have received much attention among classical and molecular embryologists. Due to the evolutionary conservation of many of these processes, major insights have been gained from the studies of a number of vertebrate and invertebrate models, including mouse, chick, amphibians, zebrafish, and Drosophila. In all of these systems, the heart precursors are generated within bilateral fields in the lateral mesoderm and then converge toward the midline to form a beating linear heart tube. The specification of heart precursors is a result of multiple tissue and cell-cell interactions that involve temporally and spatially integrated programs of inductive signaling events. In the present review, we focus on the molecular and developmental functions of signaling processes during early cardiogenesis that have been defined in both vertebrate and invertebrate models. We discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms through which signals induce the expression of cardiogenic transcription factors and the relationships between signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators that cooperate to control cardiac induction and the formation of a linear heart tube.
Infinitely Imbalanced Logistic Regression

In binary classification problems it is common for the two classes to be imbalanced: one case is very rare compared to the other. In this paper we consider the infinitely imbalanced case where one class has a finite sample size and the other class's sample size grows without bound. For logistic regression, the infinitely imbalanced case often has a useful solution. Under mild conditions, the intercept diverges as expected, but the rest of the coefficient vector approaches a non trivial and useful limit. That limit can be expressed in terms of exponential tilting and is the minimum of a convex objective function. The limiting form of logistic regression suggests a computational shortcut for fraud detection problems.
A National Study of Neighborhood Safety, Outdoor Play, Television Viewing, and Obesity in Preschool Children

Objective. To test the hypothesis that preschool children have a higher prevalence of obesity, spend less time playing outdoors, and spend more time watching television (TV) when they live in neighborhoods that their mothers perceive as unsafe. Methods. In a cross-sectional survey in 20 large US cities, mothers reported the average daily time of outdoor play and TV viewing for their 3-year-old children, and the children9s BMI was measured. Maternal perception of neighborhood safety was assessed with the Neighborhood Environment for Children Rating Scales; the scale score was used to divide children into tertiles of neighborhood safety. Results. Of the 3141 children studied, 35% lived in households with incomes below the US poverty threshold. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors (household income and mothers9 education, race/ethnicity, age, and marital status), obesity prevalence (BMI ≥95th percentile) did not differ in children from the least safe to the safest neighborhood safety tertile (18% vs 17% vs 20%) or in weekday (160 vs 151 vs 156 minutes/day) or weekend (233 vs 222 vs 222 minutes/day) outdoor play time. Children who lived in neighborhoods that were perceived by their mothers as the least safe watched more TV (201 vs 182 vs 185 minutes/day) and were more likely to watch >2 hours/day (66% vs 60% vs 62%). TV viewing and outdoor play minutes were not significantly correlated to each other or to BMI. Conclusions. In a national sample of preschool children, mothers9 perception of neighborhood safety was related to their children9s TV viewing time but not to their outdoor play time or risk for obesity.
Acoustical Response of Particulate-Loaded Viscoelastic Composites

In a recent study we proposed a general thermomechanical theory describing the behavior of multiphase mixtures which includes, for example, the response of a viscoelastic matrix with particulate inclusions.1 Although the theory is a continuum theory, it considers the discrete nature of the phases of the mixture by associating with each material point a more complex structure to represent the interactions between phases. In particular the volume fraction of each phase is considered as an independent kinematic variable. This leads to additional force balance equations which relate to the interfacial force system and serve to describe the microstructural behavior of the mixture.
The Second-Person Effect and Its Role in Formation of Active Issue Publics

This article explores the idea that the media encourage audience members to see issues as affecting both themselves and other members of the community—a perception termed second-person effects. The authors argue that second-person perceptions are an integral step toward the formation of active issue publics and significant predictors of a person's willingness to engage in behaviors necessary to resolve an issue. Results also show that second-person effects predominate when predicting intentions to take actions to address an issue. Thus, this supports the proposition that second-person effects are a key component in understanding the formation of active issue publics.
Live Imaging of Calcium Dynamics during Axon Degeneration Reveals Two Functionally Distinct Phases of Calcium Influx

Calcium is a key regulator of axon degeneration caused by trauma and disease, but its specific spatial and temporal dynamics in injured axons remain unclear. To clarify the function of calcium in axon degeneration, we observed calcium dynamics in single injured neurons in live zebrafish larvae and tested the temporal requirement for calcium in zebrafish neurons and cultured mouse DRG neurons. Using laser axotomy to induce Wallerian degeneration (WD) in zebrafish peripheral sensory axons, we monitored calcium dynamics from injury to fragmentation, revealing two stereotyped phases of axonal calcium influx. First, axotomy triggered a transient local calcium wave originating at the injury site. This initial calcium wave only disrupted mitochondria near the injury site and was not altered by expression of the protective WD slow (WldS) protein. Inducing multiple waves with additional axotomies did not change the kinetics of degeneration. In contrast, a second phase of calcium influx occurring minutes before fragmentation spread as a wave throughout the axon, entered mitochondria, and was abolished by WldS expression. In live zebrafish, chelating calcium after the first wave, but before the second wave, delayed the progress of fragmentation. In cultured DRG neurons, chelating calcium early in the process of WD did not alter degeneration, but chelating calcium late in WD delayed fragmentation. We propose that a terminal calcium wave is a key instructive component of the axon degeneration program. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axon degeneration resulting from trauma or neurodegenerative disease can cause devastating deficits in neural function. Understanding the molecular and cellular events that execute axon degeneration is essential for developing treatments to address these conditions. Calcium is known to contribute to axon degeneration, but its temporal requirements in this process have been unclear. Live calcium imaging in severed zebrafish neurons and temporally controlled pharmacological treatments in both zebrafish and cultured mouse sensory neurons revealed that axonal calcium influx late in the degeneration process regulates axon fragmentation. These findings suggest that temporal considerations will be crucial for developing treatments for diseases associated with axon degeneration.
Controlled microfluidics to examine growth-factor induced migration of neural progenitors in the Drosophila visual system.

Abstract Background The developing visual system in Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model with which to examine the effects of changing microenvironments on neural cell migration via microfluidics, because the combined experimental system enables direct genetic manipulation, in vivo observation, and in vitro imaging of cells, post-embryo. Exogenous signaling from ligands such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is well-known to control glia differentiation, cell migration, and axonal wrapping central to vision. New method The current study employs a microfluidic device to examine how controlled concentration gradient fields of FGF are able to regulate the migration of vision-critical glia cells with and without cellular contact with neuronal progenitors. Results Our findings quantitatively illustrate a concentration-gradient dependent chemotaxis toward FGF, and further demonstrate that glia require collective and coordinated neuronal locomotion to achieve directionality, sustain motility, and propagate long cell distances in the visual system. Comparison with existing method(s) Conventional assays are unable to examine concentration- and gradient-dependent migration. Our data illustrate quantitative correlations between ligand concentration/gradient and glial cell distance traveled, independent or in contact with neurons. Conclusions Microfluidic systems in combination with a genetically-amenable experimental system empowers researchers to dissect the signaling pathways that underlie cellular migration during nervous system development. Our findings illustrate the need for coordinated neuron-glia migration in the Drosophila visual system, as only glia within heterogeneous populations exhibited increasing motility along distances that increased with increasing FGF concentration. Such coordinated migration and chemotactic dependence can be manipulated for potential therapeutic avenues for NS repair and/or disease treatment.
Welfare, Child Care, and the People Who Care: Union Representation of Family Child Care Providers

The Article examines the legal struggle to organize and represent family child care providers who provide publicly-subsidized child care. In 2005, the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) achieved the largest child-care union victory in United States history when it won the right to represent more than 49,000 child care workers in Illinois. The victory, remarkable in its own right, was all the more stunning as the workers were family child care providers, who provide child care for compensation from within their private homes and who are generally regarded as independent contractors who lack collective bargaining rights. SEIU's success was made possible by the increasingly public character of family child care. In the aftermath of welfare reform, local and state governments are compensating family child care providers to care for the children of welfare-to-work recipients. Yet while family child care has become critical to low-income families, rarely do providers receive adequate compensation from the government. Providers claim that they are de facto state employees - paid by the state and regulated by the state - and as such are entitled to negotiate with the state regarding the terms of their labor arrangements. In the course of exploring this claim, the Article considers the independent contractor/employee distinction as applied to family child care providers and examines how unions can use the state action doctrine under antitrust law to grant collective bargaining rights to providers.
An Internally-Consistent Thermodynamics for Elastomers

Abstract Thermodynamic relations for solids in the rubbery state can be obtained from the Jacobian table, Table I. Numerical data that have been obtained under conditions of optimum reversibility have the same significance as has been assigned by Krigbaum and Roe and previous authors. However, with a thermodynamics specifically designed for rubbery solids, it is possible to apply directly the equations of heat and work to obtain the specific heat at constant length. This quantity should be related to molecular vibrations and molecular structure. If so, rubber thermodynamics may help increase our understanding of polymers in the rubbery state.
NTCT-01RADIATION NECROSIS IN GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS: THE IMPACT OF EXTENT OF RESECTION.

NEUROTOXICITY OF CANCER TREATMENT (EFFECTS ON CNS, PNS; PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL/HUMAN STUDIES) NTCT-01. RADIATION NECROSIS IN GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS: THE IMPACT OF EXTENT OF RESECTION JongHee Chang, Hun Ho Park,TaeHoon Roh,EuiHyun Kim, Seok Gu Kang, Se Hoon Kim, Sung Soo Ahn, Jaeho Cho, and Chang-Ok Suh; Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea BACKGROUND: Radiation necrosis (RN) is a radiation-induced toxicity that has substantial neurological consequence in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. MGMT promoter methylation has been shown to be an important prognostic factor of RN, but the significance of extent of resection (EOR) remains unclear. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done on newly diagnosed GBM patients with assessable MGMT promoter status who underwent Stupp protocol. EOR was grouped into grossly total resection (GTR), subtotal resection (STR), partial resection (PR) and stereotactic biopsy. Contrast enhancing lesion enlargement was classified as RN or non-RN. RESULTS: 101 patients received GTR, STR, PR and stereotactic biopsy in 57 (56.4%), 34 (33.7%), 9 (8.9%) and 1 patients (1%), respectively. Follow-up imaging done at the end of Stupp protocol was classified 45 patients (44.6%) as RN and 58 patients (55.4%) as non-RN. RN was observed in 24 (61.5%) of 39 methylated MGMT promoter and 21 (33.9%) of 62 unmethylated MGMT promoter patients (p , 0.01). RN was documented in 17 (29.8%), 19 (55.9%), 8 (88.9%) and 1 (100%) patients when EOR was grouped into GTR, STR, PR and stereotactic biopsy (p , 0.01), respectively. On multivariate analysis MGMT promoter status (OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.39-8.87) andEOR(OR 3.30,95% CI1.28-8.49)became independent predictors of RN. A Cox proportional hazards model showed MGMT status (HR 2.51, p , 0.01) and EOR (HR 2.99, p , 0.01) significantly influenced survival. Conclusions: The predictive value of MGMT status and EOR can help understand RN in equivocal situations. GTR can reduce RN and prolong survival. Neuro-Oncology 17:v172–v175, 2015. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov226.1 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology 2015.
Factors Related to Making Investment Mistakes in a Down Market

Using data from the 2008 FPA-Ameriprise Financial Value of Financial Planning Research Study, this study identifies the factors related to making investment mistakes by moving assets into more of a cash position in a down market while having an adequate level of emergency funds. The results show that investors who are male, Asian, wealthier, overconfident, loss-averse, and reported an understanding of financial risks are more likely to make such investment mistakes during a down market. These findings have important implications for investors, their advisors, and financial planning professionals in general.
Novel approach for non-invasive glucose sensing using vibrational contrast CD absorption measurements(Conference Presentation)

Noninvasive glucose sensing is a Holy Grail of diabetes mellitus management. Unfortunately, despite a number of innovative concepts and a long history of continuous instrumental improvements, the problem remains largely unsolved. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate the first successful implementation of a novel strategy based on vibrational overtone circular dichroism absorption measurements. Such an approach uses a short-wavelength infrared excitation (1000-2000 nm), which takes the advantage of lower light scattering and intrinsic chemical contrast provided by the chemical structure of D-glucose molecule. We model the propagation of circular polarized light in scattering medium using Monte Carlo simulations to show the feasibility of such approach in turbid medium and demonstrate the proof of principle using optical detection. We also investigate the possibility of using ultrasound detection through circular dichroism absorption measurements to achieve simple and sensitive glucose monitoring.
Load Simulation and Forecasting of Electric Bus Battery Swap Station

With the rapid rising of the number of electric bus,the battery swap stations are also at the stage of rapidly building.Battery swap station is a new type of power load,it affects the safe and stable operation of power equipment in the area.The electric bus is different from the common bus,because of their different energy source, they have different bus scheduling,supply mode and operation mode.This article studies the operation in swap station first,a method and simulation software is proposed,which is based on the feature of electric bus.Combining with charging curve and using MATLAB software,it completes the load simulation and forecasting to provide reference for electric bus battery swap station construction.
Changes in microvascular permeability of lung in experimental diabetic rats and its significance

Objective To observe the changes of microvascular permeability of lung in experimental diabetic rats, and to offer clinical morphologic data for diabetic pulmonary disease. Methods 60 male SD rats with(220 ±20) g were selected and injected with Streptozotocin(STZ) intraperitoneally at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight to make experimental DM rat models. Then respectively, 12 of them were randomly selected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks to measure their dry weight and wet weight of lung tissues. Also, the OD values were observed through spectrophotometer and the amount of fluorescence by a fluorescence microscope after the rats were injected Evans blue(EB) into tail vein. Another 12 rats were randomly selected as normal group. Results ①The difference of lung tissue wet-dry weight among normal group and 0 week group, 2 weeks group was not statistically significant(P 0.05). The lung tissue wet-dry weight in 4 weeks group, 8 weeks group, 12 weeks group were all higher than those in normal group, the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05). ②The difference of lung tissue EB content among normal group and 0 week group, 2 weeks group was not statistically significant(P 0.05). The lung tissue EB content in 4 weeks group, 8 weeks group, 12 weeks group were all higher than those in normal group, the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05). ③And expression strong red fluorescence was found in the lung tissue of 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks group through the fluorescence microscopy. Conclusion Diabetes leads to the changes of lung microvascular permeability in rats.
Practice and Reflections on the Work of Coffering Bachelor's Degree upon Adults

Being an indispensable part of degree conferment,the work of conferring bachelor's degree upon adults still have various problems such as stereotyped teaching model,diversified standard,lack of flexibility,ignorance of the general public. In order to improve the quality and strengthen the construction of the teaching staff to ensure an active exploration on the quality of the work,we must establish a quality-monitoring system.
Pre-liner dielectric nitridation for resistance reduction in copper interconnects

Adhesion tests, parametric measurements, and reliability evaluations of an in-situ pre-liner dielectric nitridation process prior to pure Ta liner deposition were carried out, to evaluate the feasibility of reducing via resistance in BEOL Cu/low-k interconnects. Replacing TaN/Ta with Ta in the conventional liner stack reduces Cu via resistance, while the nitridation treatment maintains Cu interconnect integrity and reliability.
Human-centered authentication guidelines

Purpose Despite the widespread use of authentication schemes and the rapid emergence of novel authentication schemes, a general set of domain-specific guidelines has not yet been developed. This paper aims to present and explain a list of human-centered guidelines for developing usable authentication schemes. Design/methodology/approach The guidelines stem from research findings within the fields of psychology, human–computer interaction and information/computer science. Findings Instead of viewing users as the inevitable weak point in the authentication process, this study proposes that authentication interfaces be designed to take advantage of users’ natural abilities. This approach requires that one understands how interactions with authentication interfaces can be improved and what human capabilities can be exploited. A list of six guidelines that designers ought to consider when developing a new usable authentication scheme has been presented. Research limitations/implications This consolidated list of usable authentication guidelines provides system developers with immediate access to common design issues impacting usability. These guidelines ought to assist designers in producing more secure products in fewer costly development cycles. Originality/value Cybersecurity research and development has mainly focused on technical solutions to increase security. However, the greatest weakness of many systems is the user. It is argued that authentication schemes with poor usability are inherently insecure, as users will inadvertently weaken the security in their efforts to use the system. The study proposes that designers need to consider the human factors that impact end-user behavior. Development from this perspective will address the greatest weakness in most security systems by increasing end-user compliance.
The state of the art in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine: the end of the beginning.

With translational stem cell biology and Regenerative Medicine (the field to which the former gave rise) now over a quarter century old, it is time to take stock of where we have been and where we are going. This editorial overview, which serves as an introduction to this special issue of Pediatric Research dedicated to these fields, reinforces the notion that stem cells are ultimately intrinsic parts of developmental biology, for which Pediatrics represents the clinical face. Although stem cells provide the cellular basis for a great deal of only recently recognized plasticity programmed into the developing and postdevelopmental organism, and although there is enormous promise in harnessing this plasticity for therapeutic advantage, their successful use rests on a deep understanding of their developmental imperatives and the developmental programs in which they engage. The potential uses of stems are ranked and discussed in the order of most readily achievable to those requiring extensively more work. Although that order may not be what was contemplated at the field’s birth, we nevertheless retain an optimism for the ultimate positive impact of exploiting this fundamental biology for the well-being of children.
What is the effect of games modification on game performance?: Editor: Vicki Ebbeck

This study addressed whether specific modification strategies (tactical constraints) based on the teaching games for understanding (TGFU) model had an effect on game performance in 3 vs. 3 small-si...
SPLUNC1 is an allosteric modulator of the epithelial sodium channel

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disease with significantly increased mortality. CF airways exhibit ion transport abnormalities, including hyperactivity of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Short-palate lung and nasal epithelial clone 1 (SPLUNC1) is a multifunctional innate defense protein that is secreted into the airway lumen. We have previously demonstrated that SPLUNC1 binds to and inhibits ENaC to maintain fluid homeostasis in airway epithelia and that this process fails in CF airways. Despite this, how SPLUNC1 actually regulates ENaC is unknown. Here, we found that SPLUNC1 caused αγ-ENaC to internalize, whereas SPLUNC1 and β-ENaC remained at the plasma membrane. Additional studies revealed that SPLUNC1 increased neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4-2-dependent ubiquitination of α- but not β- or γ-ENaC. We also labeled intracellular ENaC termini with green fluorescent protein and mCherry, and found that extracellular SPLUNC1 altered intracellular ENaC Forster resonance energy transfer. Taken together, our data indicate that SPLUNC1 is an allosteric regulator of ENaC that dissociates αβγ-ENaC to generate a new SPLUNC1-β-ENaC complex. These data indicate a novel mode for regulating ENaC at the plasma membrane.-Kim, C. S., Ahmad, S., Wu, T., Walton, W. G., Redinbo, M. R., Tarran, R. SPLUNC1 is an allosteric modulator of the epithelial sodium channel.
Ordered structure of poly(1H,1H-fluoroalkyl α-fluoroacrylate)s

Structural studies for a homologous series of poly(1H,1H-fluoroalkyl α-fluoroacrylate)s [-{CH 2 CFC(O)OCH 2 (CF 2 ) n Y} p- , Y = H or F, Nc = 1 + n = 2-12] have been performed with X-ray diffraction, DSC, and polarized IR spectral measurements. At room temperature, all the homologues used have an ordered structure (crystallites) which consists of the ordering of main and fluoroalkyl side chains. The structure of crystallites depended on both length (N c ) of fluoroalkyl side chains and chemical structure. In the shorter fluoroalkyl homologues (N c < 7), the side chains are arranged in a double-layer packing at room temperature, while they are mostly in a single-layer packing in the longer fluoroalkyl homologues. As temperature increased, in the short fluoroalkyl homologues, the double-layer packing was more arranged around a temperature above T g and then gradually disturbed, while in the long fluoroalkyl homologues, the single layer packing transformed into a double-layer packing above T g . The layered structure and its change with temperature were discussed from the degree of orderings of the main backbone chains and the fluoroalkyl side chains.
Some Boundary Methods for Analysis of Elastic-Wave Propagation

The Method of Fundamental Solutions (MPS) and the Boundary Element Method (BEM) have been used to solve numerically a variety of problems of elastic-wave propagation. The formulations for various types of problems are briefly presented and discussed. Results obtained by the MPS for some test problems are presented and are compared with exact analytical solutions or with BEM results. Reference is also made to other MPS and BEM results previously published.
Predictors of response to pain management treatment. The role of family environment and changes in cognitive processes.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to examine factors that influence individual differences in treatment response after multidisciplinary pain management. DESIGN Pre-post assessment design. PATIENTS 119 chronic pain inpatients. MAIN MEASURES Outcome measures included pain report from the McGill Pain Questionnaire, emotional distress from the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, and activity discomfort from the Activity Discomfort Scale. Process measures included the Family Environment Scale, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, and the Inventory of Negative Thoughts in Response to Pain. RESULTS Results indicated that pretreatment family environment, cognitive coping strategies, and negative thinking accounted for small yet significant proportions of the variance in outcome. The proportion of variance accounted for by the changes in cognitive coping and negative thinking was somewhat higher. An increase in pain control and rational thinking was related to decreases in depression and anxiety, pain report, and activity discomfort. Decreases in negative social cognitions were related to decreased depression at posttreatment. CONCLUSIONS Changes in coping strategies and negative thinking may be important mechanisms related to improvement, or lack of improvement, in a range of outcome measures. Patients from families who are controlling and disorganized, and patients high on negative thinking at pretreatment may represent high-risk groups in need of further individually tailored interventions.
Heart Transplantation: 35 Years of Progress

Following a decade of laboratory research by Drs. Lauer and Shumway at Stanford, the first human-to-human cardiac transplant was performed in 1967 in Capetown. Although the patient died after 18 days, this bold step drew worldwide attention. In the next twelve months over a hundred cardiac transplants were performed in many centers, but very few patients survived for more than a few months. The transient flurry of interest soon passed, and it was left to the Shumway team to continue its laboratory and clinical transplant research; they made steady progress. The use of endocardial biopsy monitoring for rejection, increasing sophistication in patient selection, and improvements in the diagnosis and management of infection and rejection, all contributed to slow but continuous improvement in outcomes during the 1970’s. One-year survival at Stanford rose from 45% to 65% during that decade.1 Also during the 1970's uniformly accepted criteria for the declaration of donor death (defined as brain death) in the United States increased the availability of donor organs.
Psychophysics versus Specialized Processes in Speech Perception: An Alternative Perspective

The title of this conference describes one of the two major contrasting frameworks for speech perception research during the last three decades. This point of view is that speech perception can be understood by the principles of auditory psychophysics. Speech involves complex auditory signals and the processing and perception of speech can be understood by the rules of processing complex auditory signals. Research representative of the paradigm has been contributed by Cutting and Rosner (1974), Kuhl and Miller (1975, 1978), Pastore, Ahroon, Baffuto, Friedman, Puleo, and Fink (1977), and Pisoni (1977). The other point of view, the antithesis of the first, is that speech perception represents the operation of a set of specialized processes unique to speech. This view began as the motor theory of speech perception (Liberman, Cooper, Shankweiler, & Studdert-Kennedy, 1967) and has evolved into an illustration of the modularity principle (Fodor, 1983; Liberman & Mattingly, 1985). Representative studies within this paradigm can be found in Best, Morrongiello, and Robson (1981), Eimas and Corbit (1973), Eimas and Miller (1980), and Repp (1982).
Regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression by the Ah receptor

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor known to drive expression of target genes. Activation of AHR by xenobiotic agonists such as dioxin or TCDD (2,3,7,8-te...
Treatment Guidelines for Clients with Antisocial Personality Disorder

The purpose of this article is to present treatment guidelines for mental health counselors who work with clients diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) or characterized as psychopathic. The guidelines use the criteria of both treatment efficacy and clinical utility as recommended by an APA taskforce on treatment guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2002). A review of the literature revealed that psychosocial interventions lack both treatment efficacy and clinical utility in remediating the core characteristics of antisociality or reducing criminal recidivism. However, a strong case can be made for a guideline in which substance abuse treatment is recommended for ASPD clients with comorbid substance use disorders. Not only have such interventions been shown to possess adequate treatment efficacy, but there is additional evidence that such interventions are cost-effective and feasible for real-world, clinical settings (= clinical utility).
Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma or T-cell/Histiocyte Rich Large B-cell Lymphoma: The Problem in “Grey Zone” Lymphomas

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare indolent B-cell lymphoma. However, its morphology can resemble T-cell/histiocyte rich large B-cell lymphoma (T/HRBCL), a subtype of more aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. More and more studies suggest that these two entities are closely related. In this report, a 59-year-old man with nodal NLPHL and concomitant T/HRBCL in the bone marrow is presented, the current progress in our understanding of these two closely related B-cell lymphomas reviewed and the problems in the diagnosis and differentiation of NLPHL and T/HRBCL discussed.
Work and Value Creation in the Platform Economy

The emergence of the platform economy is reorganizing work, employment, and value creation. The authors argue that the digital platforms are fracturing work itself as the places and types of work are being reorganized into a myriad of platform organized work arrangements with workplaces being potentially anywhere with Internet connectivity. The authors differ from most traditional narratives that focus solely upon either work displacement, a single type of platform-organized value-creating activity, or David Weil’s concentration solely upon the workplace. The authors recognize that even as some work is replaced, other work is being transformed; new work and old work in new arrangements is being created and recreated. The taxonomy begins with the workers employed directly by the platform and its contractors. The authors then introduce the category, platform-mediated work, which we divide into three groups: marketplaces such as Amazon; in-person service provision such as Uber and Airbnb; and remote service provision such as Upwork. The next category, “platform-mediated content creation,” is complex. The authors identify three groups of activities: consignment content creators that include services such as the app stores, YouTube, and Amazon Self-Publishing; non-platform organization content producers, which refers to the enormous number of workers occupied with creating and maintaining websites; and user-generated content which is the non-compensated value creation that ranges from content uploaded to Facebook, Instagram, etc. to reviews on sites such as Yelp. It is only when work and value creation is considered in all of these platform-based manifestations that we can understand the ultimate dimensions of the platform economy and comprehensively understand its implications for work.
NP31 Development of the Family Meal Project: A Family Nutrition Ecosystem Intervention to Prevent Childhood Overweight/Obesity

Objective To develop a family nutrition ecosystem program to improve parent-child food interactions, family modeling and family food access by enhancing parent knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy. Description Though childhood obesity is multi-causal, parents help shape children's eating behaviors making them an important target for nutrition education. In the current study, Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) informed the predicted pathways to parents’ health behavior change and the Theory of Diffusion of Innovation informed the planned dissemination of nutrition education information via interpersonal (in-person workshops), mass media (website) and social media. The resulting three-component intervention The Family Meal Project targets family mealtime interactions by applying an empirically supported parenting intervention to parent-child mealtime interactions, while attending to the unique considerations of Latino families representing this growing demographic in the targeted community. Component 1 involves multi-family groups (six, 2-hour sessions) that incorporate principles and strategies from, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), modified for diet behaviors and implemented by Masters level dietetic students. Groups include a family meal (with modeling and coaching), review of the past week, nutrition psychoeducation and goal setting. While parents participate in programming, children join health-related activities facilitated by research staff. Component 2 is a program support website (familymealproject.fiu.edu) available to parents at the start of the intervention and continuously updated to reflect parent feedback. Component 3 is a social-media based nutrition education extension containing food-related messages through Instagram, Facebook and Pinterest. Evaluation The program will be evaluated during Year 2 using a pre-post intervention design model. Participants will include families (n = 30) with at least one child (4-10 years) recruited from participating elementary schools (90% minority, 95% Hispanic). Repeated Measure ANOVAs and regression analysis will test changes over time. Qualitative data from interviews and focus groups will inform revisions to intervention. Conclusion and Implications We expect parents will exhibit increased knowledge of food and mealtime-related parenting behaviors, increase self-efficacy to provide healthy nutrition opportunities, and enhance their family nutrition ecosystem. Future directions include further testing in a randomized clinical controlled trial. Funding 2018-68001-27552.
Occupant injury severity in passenger car-truck collisions on interstate 80 in Wyoming: a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Markov Chain Bayesian inference approach

This paper investigates the significant contributing factors affecting the injury severity of car drivers, car passengers, and truck occupants from the aspects of car-truck collisions along interst...