cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Relative Fundamental Frequency and a Kinematic Estimate of Laryngeal Stiffness in Healthy Adults.

Purpose This study examined the relationship between the acoustic measure relative fundamental frequency (RFF) and a kinematic estimate of laryngeal stiffness. Method Twelve healthy adults (mean ag...
Racial and Nonracial Factors That Influence Spouse Choice in Black/White Marriages

Biracial marriage has historically been an important barometer of race relations in the United States. Mores prohibiting biracial marriage have existed for every ethnic and racial group that has occupied a subordinate position in American society. This type of marital union has been generally viewed by sociologists as a product involving individuals from dissimilar racial backgrounds, thereby constituting an exogamous relationship (Heer, 1974). Norms and attitudes against it by both dominant and subordinate racial group members have served as significant social barriers to biracial marriages. Gordon (1964) stressed that the acceptance of interracial marriage within society is a major step in the subordinate group assimilation process. Stember (1976) asserted that maintaining a race-gender caste is necessary for "keeping" White women and African American men in their social "places." It can be posited that pressures against Black/White marriages are based on general societal "approval" of racially endogamous marriages. Recent studies demonstrate that since 1970 a small but steady increase of biracial marriages has occurred in the United States, including those involving African Americans and Whites (Spigner, 1994). The pressure against racially heterogeneous marriages could be lessening. Survey research conducted during the 1980s and early
UStress: Understanding college student subjective stress using wrist-based passive sensing

Stress plays a major role in physical and emotional well-being, and is associated with several illnesses including depression, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. College student stress as a construct is important to detect in order to equip students in a timely manner with stress coping strategies. However, the lack of a passive sensing measure accepted as a gold standard impedes real time detection and treatment of stress. Many researchers are studying passive sensing of stress using wrist-worn sensors; however, this effort focuses on understanding the essential features of wrist-worn sensors in detecting stress, and how to best induce stress in a lab setting. Applying machine learning methods increasingly is making it feasible to validly infer in real time through passive sensing of physical features psychological states, such as stress. Given strong participant adherence to wrist-worn sensors, this paper focuses on analyzing the effect of replacing other body sensing platforms (e.g. chest-based heart rate) with their wrist-worn equivalent on stress prediction accuracy. Nine participants were equipped with multiple body sensors and were asked to wear a commercially available Android smartwatch, a custom-designed smartwatch equipped with a Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) sensor, a chest-based heart rate sensor, and a finger-based commercial GSR sensor. Based on participant self-reports, singing experiment showed greatest stress levels across participants. This paper further analyzes features for prediction from all sensors compared to wrist-worn only sensors. Using statistical features on one-minute fixed-time sub-divisions and correlation-based feature subset selection and a Random Forest model, the system is capable of detecting stress with 88.8% F-measure.
“For the Future, For the Unborn”: Considerations of History and Historians for Art Educators, Generated From George Orwell’s Novel 1984

Beyond the well-recognized theme “Big Brother” or “Big Brother is Watching You” rests another very important yet frequently overlooked subject of George Orwell’s novel 1984. This less acknowledged cornerstone notion of the book centers on the triad of history, historical memory, and the historian. To investigate these thoughts regarding Orwell’s 1984 and history-related matters, this investigation identifies five essential ideas about history and historians that have emerged through my reading of the novel. These ideas include: (1) The Uncertainty of the Historian, (2) The Impulse of the Historian, (3) The Power of the Historian, (4) The Responsibility of the Historian, and (5) The Connectivity of the Historian. Each of these five ideas is discussed, utilizing quotes from the book and related examples identified about and from the art education historical record.
Nitric Oxide Regulation of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology

Abstract The nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway participates in regulating numerous facets of cardiovascular function, including myocardial contractility, ventricular relaxation, mitochondrial respiration, and endothelial function. As such, this pathway contributes to numerous facets of cardiovascular pathophysiology. NO plays a main role in both regulating and responding to the redox state of the cell (nitroso-redox balance), which targets calcium handling, contractile mechanisms, vasoactive mechanisms, as well as stem cell aspects involved in cardiac regeneration. Thus, the interaction between NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the nitroso-redox signaling pathway, is critically important in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology and a fundamental therapeutic target. This chapter will address the cardiovascular implications of the biological balance between NO and ROS as they relate to cardiac physiology and the pathophysiology of heart disease and offer insights for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
GAS: A Heterogeneous Memory Architecture for Graph Processing

Graph processing has become important for various applications in today's big data era. However, most graph processing applications suffer from large memory overhead due to random memory accesses. Such random memory access pattern provides little temporal and spatial locality which cannot be accelerated by the conventional hierarchical memory system. In this work, we propose GAS, a heterogeneous memory architecture, to accelerate graph applications implemented in message-based vertex program model, which is widely used in various graph processing systems. GAS utilizes the specialized content-addressable memory (CAM) to store random data, and determine exact access patterns by a series of associative search. Thus, GAS not only removes the inefficiency of random accesses but also reduces the memory access latency by accurate prefetching. We test the efficiency of GAS with three important graph processing kernels on five well-known graphs. Our experimental results show that GAS can significantly reduce cache miss rate and improve the bandwidth utilization as compared to a conventional system with a state-of-the-art graph-specific prefetching mechanism. These enhancements result in 34% and 27% reduction in energy consumption and execution time, respectively.
Beyond a Bag of Words: Using PULSAR to Extract Judgments on Specific Human Rights at Scale

Sentiment, judgments and expressed positions are crucial concepts across international relations and the social sciences more generally. Yet, contemporary quantitative research has conventionally avoided the most direct and nuanced source of this information: political and social texts. In contrast, qualitative research has long relied on the patterns in texts to understand detailed trends in public opinion, social issues, the terms of international alliances, and the positions of politicians. Yet, qualitative human reading does not scale to the accelerating mass of digital information available currently. Researchers are in need of automated tools that can extract meaningful opinions and judgments from texts. Thus, there is an emerging opportunity to marry the model-based, inferential focus of quantitative methodology, as exemplified by ideal point models, with high resolution, qualitative interpretations of language and positions. We suggest that using alternatives to simple bag of words (BOW) representations and re-focusing on aspect-sentiment representations of text will aid researchers in systematically extracting people’s judgments and what is being judged at scale. The experimental results below show that our approach which automates the extraction of aspect and sentiment MWE pairs, outperforms BOW in classification tasks, while providing more interpretable parameters. By connecting expressed sentiment and the aspects being judged, PULSAR (Parsing Unstructured Language into Sentiment-Aspect Representations) also has deep implications for understanding the underlying dimensionality of issue positions and ideal points estimated with text. Our approach to parsing text into aspects-sentiment expressions recovers both expressive phrases (akin to categorical votes), as well as the aspects that are being judged (akin to bills). Thus, PULSAR or future systems like it, open up new avenues for the systematic analysis of high-dimensional opinions and judgments at scale within existing ideal point models.
VCO-Based ADC With Digital Background Calibration in 65nm CMOS

This paper presents a mostly digital Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator(VCO)-based Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) with digital background calibration. “Split ADC” architecture containing two channels is utilized for the calibration technique. In each split ADC channel, two equivalent pseudo-differential VCOs are used to construct a differential system to alleviate the even order distortions, and a lookup-table based digital correction with 1st order interpolation is implemented in the ADC’s backend for distortions and noise improvement. The proposed ADC combining VCOs and digital calibration engine simplifies the analog design procedure and takes advantage of scaling of CMOS to nanometer dimension. Simulation results in a 65 nm CMOS process targeting 13-b resolution achieves 12.5-b ENOB. DNL and INL are both within 1 LSB.
A multiwavelength digital holographic microscope architecture for enhancing life detection

Spectral properties of living organism can provide a discriminating method for characterization. However, digital holographic microscopy (DHM), a high-resolution, volumetric imaging technique that is well-suited for examining microbial species is typically monochromatic. Thus, the spectral properties of bacteria are not probed with DHM save only for the wavelength of operation. Here we describe a new DHM instrument which enhances the method via the simultaneous recording of wavelength multiplexed holograms of the sample. This coarse spectral encoding is akin to labeling with RGB values, thereby producing colorized images of the species which enables a new dimension of characterization. This new instrument is derived from a previous architecture which has already demonstrated superior opto/mechanical stability. Herein, this novel instrument is described, and the results of experimental measurements taken with this new instrument are shown.
Prescribing decisions at buprenorphine treatment initiation: Do they matter for treatment discontinuation and adverse opioid-related events?

Abstract Introduction Buprenorphine is a highly effective medication treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) that can be prescribed in multiple treatment settings. Treatment retention, however, remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the association of days of supply as well as daily dosage of the initial buprenorphine prescription with treatment discontinuation and adverse opioid-related events following buprenorphine initiation. Methods 2011 to 2015 Health Care Cost Institute commercial claims data were analyzed for individuals aged 18–64 years initiating buprenorphine treatment (N = 17,158). Treatment discontinuation was defined as a gap of 30 days or more in buprenorphine use within 180 days of initiation. Adverse opioid-related events were defined as having at least one emergency department visit or inpatient admission involving opioid poisoning, dependence or abuse within 360 days of initiation. We conducted multivariate logistic regressions to estimate adjusted odds ratios of outcomes associated with daily dose (≤4 mg vs. >4 mg) and days of supply (≤7, 8–15, 16–27, or ≥ 28 days) of the initial buprenorphine prescription. Results Over one-half (55%) of individuals discontinued buprenorphine within 180 days and 13% experienced at least one adverse opioid-related event within 360 days of initiation. Both a lower initial dose [≤4 mg, OR = 1.79, p Conclusion In this population of commercially insured, non-elderly adults, we found that fewer initial days of supply as well as a lower initial dose were associated with increased likelihood of treatment discontinuation, highlighting the importance of prescribing decisions when initiating buprenorphine for OUD.
Epitaxial rare-earth quantum material and devices (Conference Presentation)

Coherent quantum devices play a central role in quantum science and engineering. Rare-earth ions such as erbium in solids feature numerous 4f- intra-shell transitions that are effectively shielded from their crystalline surroundings by closed outer shells, allowing for long spin coherence times and narrow optical transitions. Recent ensemble experiments have established the rare-earth doped crystals as the leading materials for optical quantum memories. However, the development of large-scale quantum devices based on rare-earth doped materials has remained a challenge. Here we describe a scalable quantum photonic platform based on epitaxially grown oxide thin films doped with trivalent ions on silicon substrates. The platform builds upon the recent developments of high quality epitaxial rare-earth doped oxides on silicon, and highlights the integration of quantum coherent materials with existing silicon technologies for ultimate device scalability. The proposed device platform builds upon our capability to epitaxially grow high quality, near-lattice-matched Y2O3 thin films on silicon. The epitaxial thin film is of high structural quality and offers several distinct advantages: (1) significantly less optical loss and better quantum emitter coherence; (2) atomic precision placement of rare-earth emitters (via delta doping) with respect to the photonic mode for controllable ion-photon coupling; (3) scalable top-down device fabrication using standard lithography and etching techniques; (4) heterogeneous integration with silicon takes full advantage of existing silicon photonics technologies for routing, tuning, and modulation of the quantum emission from rare-earth ions.
Impact of GW170817 for the nuclear physics of the EOS and the r-process

Abstract The recent LIGO/Virgo detection of gravitational radiation from GW170817 bears the clear signature of a binary neutron star merger and has validated a number of theoretical predictions. High-energy radiation in the form of a short gamma-ray burst was observed 1.7 s following the merger, and an extended optical/infrared afterglow lasting weeks was observed by dozens of observatories. Short gamma-ray bursts had been thought to be produced by mergers, and the afterglow is the predicted signal of radioactive decays from decompressing neutron-rich matter catastrophically ejected from the merging stars. The afterglow provided solid evidence that neutron star mergers are a major, if not primary, source of r -process nuclei, that half of all nuclei heavier than iron formed from the rapid capture of neutrons. Although this idea was proposed nearly 45 years ago, it was largely ignored in favor of a supernova mechanism. Over the last decade, however, evidence has been accumulating that supernovae are not the primary r -process source. GW170817 may have finally settled this question, which has been one of the thorniest problems in nuclear physics and astrophysics. This article presents my personal perspective of this paradigm shift.
Playing doctor on TV: physician portrayals and interactions on medical drama, comedy, and reality shows

Based on genre theory, this quantitative content analysis compares physician portrayals, behaviors, and patient-centered communication practices in 2,658 scenes from medical drama (Grey’s Anatomy),...
High-brightness source of energetic He atoms

In atom beam lithography, a beam of kilo-electron-volt helium atoms illuminates a stencil mask and transmitted beamlets transfer the mask pattern to resist on a substrate. It shares the advantages of masked ion beam lithography but is immune to charging artifacts that limit resolution and pattern fidelity. This paper describes a high-brightness source of energetic He atoms, where He+ ions are extracted from a multicusp ion source, focused by two-stage accelerating optics, and neutralized by charge-transfer scattering in a differentially pumped, He-filled cell. Since scattering angles are extremely small, the straight line trajectories of scattered atoms are essentially tangent to the (possibly curved) trajectories of the parent ions. Space-charge repulsion prevents the ion beam crossing over; instead, it converges to a waist of minimum cross section before diverging further downstream. Atom trajectories produced by a cell placed in the region of intense space charge near the waist are strongly affected by the curvature of ion trajectories within the cell. The flaring of the ion beam due to space charge can be used to increase the width of the atom beam, although to the detriment of resolution. In this paper, the authors study a configuration where the cell is placed in the converging ion beam as far as practicable from the ion-beam waist. The atom beam then converges to a crossover, which becomes the virtual source seen by the mask. The source diameter and angular flux density initially increase with increasing cell pressure but saturate at higher pressures; the respective saturation values at 50 keV are 125 μm (2σ) and 8.7 × 1017 particles/s sr. Under these conditions, the beam diameter is ∼2.5 cm, 7 m from the source. A practical system for subnanometer printing is discussed with 0.2 nm (2σ) penumbral blur and 1.25 × 1013 particles/s cm2 flux density over a 1 cm circular field.In atom beam lithography, a beam of kilo-electron-volt helium atoms illuminates a stencil mask and transmitted beamlets transfer the mask pattern to resist on a substrate. It shares the advantages of masked ion beam lithography but is immune to charging artifacts that limit resolution and pattern fidelity. This paper describes a high-brightness source of energetic He atoms, where He+ ions are extracted from a multicusp ion source, focused by two-stage accelerating optics, and neutralized by charge-transfer scattering in a differentially pumped, He-filled cell. Since scattering angles are extremely small, the straight line trajectories of scattered atoms are essentially tangent to the (possibly curved) trajectories of the parent ions. Space-charge repulsion prevents the ion beam crossing over; instead, it converges to a waist of minimum cross section before diverging further downstream. Atom trajectories produced by a cell placed in the region of intense space charge near the waist are strongly affected by...
The effects of temperature and pCO2 on the size, thermal tolerance and metabolic rate of the red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) during early development

The red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus supports a highly valuable wild fishery along the West Coast of North America, but despite its importance in the ecology of kelp forests and as a harvested species, little is known about how M. franciscanus responds to abiotic stressors associated with ocean warming and acidification during its early development. Here, embryos of M. franciscanus were raised under combinations of two temperatures (13 °C and 17 °C) and two pCO2 levels (475 μatm and 1050 μatm) that represent current and future coastal environments. Elevated pCO2 levels led to a decrease in body size of gastrula stage embryos while temperature had no effect. At the prism stage, both temperature and pCO2 affected body size. The warmer temperature increased the body size of prism stage embryos, offsetting the stunting effect of elevated pCO2 on growth. Thermal tolerance, which was estimated by exposing prism stage embryos to a range of temperatures and estimating the survivorship, was found to be slightly higher in those raised under warmer temperatures. The developmental temperature and pCO2 conditions under which embryos were raised did not have an effect on the metabolic rate as measured by oxygen consumption rate at the prism stage. This study provides important insights into a species of high ecological and economic value. Overall, early development under elevated pCO2 conditions may adversely impact M. franciscanus while moderate warming may improve growth and thermal tolerance. Understanding how fishery species respond to abiotic stressors will facilitate our predictive capacity of how climate change will impact future populations, which links to issues such as sustainability and food security.
Surgical and oncologic outcomes of minimally invasive surgery for stage I high-grade endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of minimally invasive surgery for stage I high grade endometrial cancer. We hypothesized that route of surgery is not associated with survival. Materials Patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2014, with stage I grade 3 endometrioid, serous, clear cell and carcinosarcoma endometrial carcinoma, who underwent hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy were drawn from the National Cancer Database. Patients converted to open surgery were excluded. Overall survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier curves and compared with the log-rank test. A Cox model was constructed to control for confounders. Results A total of 12852 patients were identified. The rate of minimally invasive surgery was 62.2%. An increase in the use between 2010 and 2014 was noted (p Conclusions Minimally invasive surgery for patients with stage I high grade endometrial cancer, was associated with superior short-term outcomes with no difference in overall survival noted.
Toward the Use of Ion Irradiation to Predict Reactor Irradiation Effects

Abstract The promise associated with new and advanced nuclear reactor concepts that significantly improve on the safety, economics, waste generation and non-proliferation security of commercial nuclear power reactors, and the extension of life of existing light water nuclear reactors rests heavily on understanding how radiation degrades materials that serve as the structural components in reactor cores. Understanding how candidate alloys for these systems respond to irradiation and how they depend on the various irradiation parameters will be vital to their successful implementation. While reactor irradiations have historically formed the backbone of the database on which these evaluations are made, there are limits to what they can address. Ion irradiation has become an important tool in unraveling the complex evolution of microstructure. When conducted in a well-controlled manner and when tailored to act as a surrogate for reactor irradiations, these studies yield much useful information that is not otherwise obtainable. This article reviews the motivation for ion irradiation, the guidelines for conducting well-controlled irradiations, and the application of ion irradiation as a surrogate for reactor irradiations. Several examples of high value ion irradiation experiments are reviewed and the challenges posed to the benchmarking of ion irradiation and its acceptance by the commercial sector and the regulator are discussed.
Science Identity Predicts Science Career Aspiration Across Gender and Race, but Especially for Boys

A recent approach to studying gender and race inequalities in science examines science identity: how strongly one associates themselves and identifies with the field of science. Since adolescence is an important time for identity development and when science disparities begin to emerge, we investigated how gender and race relate to science identity and science career aspirations. A series of multinomial linear regressions applied to a dataset of diverse seventh and ninth graders from urban schools in the United States ( n = 300) found that science identity was differentially associated career aspiration based on gender. In particular, science identity did not fully counteract gender disparities in science career aspiration: girls with a high science identity were not as likely as boys to aspire toward a science career. By contrast, students who are black with a high science identity were equally likely to aspire toward a science career as their white peers. The moderated relationship by gender goes against findings among postsecondary students suggesting that science identity can completely offset gender differences in science outcomes. Therefore, these findings present opportunities for future study examining how gendered and racial factors influence science identity and career aspiration.
Community college students’ response to a financial literacy intervention: An exploratory study

Abstract Community college students report higher financial challenges while in college and experience higher default rates on their student loans when compared to students at 4-year institutions. This study implements a series of short digital learning objects during the Autumn semester at a large, urban community college. The results of pre- and post-intervention surveys show that the intervention increases the financial knowledge of community college students and, if targeted to specific student sub-populations, affects financial attitude as well as budgeting and savings intentions and behaviors. Implications for educators and researchers are discussed.
Research between 1950 and 1980 on urban--rural differences in body size and growth rate of children and youths.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores separate treatments for late childhood, early adolescent, and late adolescent segments of human ontogeny. Drawing upon somatic data collected between 1950 and 1980, knowledge is systematized for urban-rural differences in standing height, body weight, and dimensions of the head, trunk, and limbs. The objectives are to bring together a substantial array of statistics pertaining to urban-rural differences in human body size presently scattered in biological journals, scholarly monographs, anthropometric-survey reports, and unpublished manuscripts. The chapter determines the direction and magnitude of urban-rural differences in body size for a wide assortment of human groups during late childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence. It is explored whether urban-rural differences in body size increase or decrease with age in the period between 7 and 17 years. It is also revealed whether urban-rural differences in body size increase or decrease from decade to decade. The rates of growth in standing height and body weight during selected age intervals are investigated.
Looking Beyond the Numbers: Increasing Diversity and Inclusion Through Holistic Review in General Surgery Recruitment.

Objective The purpose of this study is the examine the effect of a holistic review process on the recruitment of women and students underrepresented in medicine (UIM) in a general surgery residency program. Design A retrospective study comparing the proportion of women and UIM students ranked and matched into categorical positions from 2013 to 2020 before and after the implementation of the holistic application review process. United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) scores and American Board of Surgery In-training Exam (ABSITE) scores were also compared between groups. Setting General Surgery residency program at a tertiary, academic center. Participants Medical students applying for and matriculated to categorical positions. Results After the implementation of holistic review in 2017, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of women (42% vs. 61%, p Conclusions Increasing emphasis is being placed on the diversification of residency training to reflect an expanding, diverse patient population. The incorporation of a holistic review process, providing broader assessment of applicants, can play a pivotal role in increasing the proportion of women and UIM students represented in the general surgery recruitment process.
Macropinocytosis as a cell entry route for peptide-functionalized and bystander nanoparticles.

Abstract Endocytic pathways provide the primary route for therapeutic and diagnostic nanoparticles (NPs) to enter cells and subcellular compartments. A better understanding of these cell entry processes will not only aid in nanomaterial applications but also broaden our knowledge of cell biology. Among the endocytic routes, macropinocytosis has unique characteristics for engulfing NPs and other large cargo, yet its molecular machinery and involvement in NP uptake are far less characterized relative to other pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the macropinocytic machinery, and its involvement in NP internalization. Particularly, we differentiate ligand (specifically peptide)-functionalized and unfunctionalized NPs (bystander NPs). While most of previous research focused on ligand-functionalized NPs, we showcase here a synergistic effect between these two NP types during their cell entry through receptor-mediated macropinocytosis. The regulation of NP uptake efficiency by extracellular amino acids is also highlighted in the context of interconnections between macropinocytosis and metabolic signaling. These discussions may fuel future research interests in improving NP internalization through this pathway, and open a new avenue to study the interplay among endocytosis, metabolism and nanomedicine.
Near-Optimal Reviewer Splitting in Two-Phase Paper Reviewing and Conference Experiment Design.

Many scientific conferences employ a two-phase paper review process, where some papers are assigned additional reviewers after the initial reviews are submitted. Many conferences also design and run experiments on their paper review process, where some papers are assigned reviewers who provide reviews under an experimental condition. In this paper, we consider the question: how should reviewers be divided between phases or conditions in order to maximize total assignment similarity? We make several contributions towards answering this question. First, we prove that when the set of papers requiring additional review is unknown, a simplified variant of this problem is NP-hard. Second, we empirically show that across several datasets pertaining to real conference data, dividing reviewers between phases/conditions uniformly at random allows an assignment that is nearly as good as the oracle optimal assignment. This uniformly random choice is practical for both the two-phase and conference experiment design settings. Third, we provide explanations of this phenomenon by providing theoretical bounds on the suboptimality of this random strategy under certain natural conditions. From these easily-interpretable conditions, we provide actionable insights to conference program chairs about whether a random reviewer split is suitable for their conference.
Numerical modeling on the delamination-induced capacity degradation of silicon anode

Abstract Silicon is a promising candidate for the negative electrode in lithium-ion battery. However, silicon-based electrodes experience large volume changes during the lithiation-delithiation process, which may lead to their failure and hinder their application. Delamination of the silicon layer from the current collector substrate is one of the critical failure modes; its effects on the performance degradation of Si anode need to be better understood. In this study, a multi-physics based finite element model is established to investigate the impact of Si layer delamination, where an artificial insulating interface is introduced to simulate the delamination phenomenon. It is found that delamination could result in a large amount of residual lithium within Si phase at the end of the delithiation process, leading to the capacity degradation of the Si anode. Furthermore, depth of delamination, Si layer thickness and charging/discharging C-rate are three critical influencing factors for the performances of the Si anode. With the increase of depth of delamination and Si layer thickness, the remaining useful capacity of the Si anode will gradually reduce. In addition, under high C-rate operating conditions, the capacity loss of the anode will be largely exaggerated by the presence of the delamination.
Revision Chiari Surgery in Young Children: Predictors and Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION Children aged 0-6 years with Chiari malformation (CM) often present with atypical symptoms and require revision surgery more often than older children. We studied characteristics and outcomes of CM patients in this age-group who underwent one or more revision surgeries to assess how often revision surgery is necessary and successful in this age-group. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients who were diagnosed with CM 1 or CM 1.5 and surgically treated with posterior fossa decompression (PFD) with or without duraplasty before their 7th birthday. Basic demographics, preoperative presentation, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS Forty patients (mean age 3.2 ± 1.7 years, 35% female) were reviewed. The most common presenting symptoms were headache, dysphagia, and respiratory problems. Eight patients required one or more revision surgeries 11.6 ± 7.6 months on average after their initial surgery. Comparing the revision and no revision groups, dysautonomia was significantly more common prior to initial surgery in the children requiring revision (37.5 vs. 3.1%, p = 0.02). The revision group also trended toward more dysphagia (75.0 vs. 46.9%, p = 0.24) and respiratory problems (75.0 vs. 40.6%, p = 0.12). The most frequent reasons for reoperation were symptom recurrence (6/8), residual posterior fossa compression (3/8), significant scar tissue formation (2/8), ventral brainstem compression (1/8), and suspected craniocervical instability (1/8). Of the 8 children undergoing reoperation, surgery achieved symptom resolution or improvement in 5, while 3 had unchanged symptoms. Two patients underwent a third surgery, after which 1 showed improvement and the other did not. This last patient showed short-term improvement after a fourth surgery but had symptom recurrence 12 months later. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Oropharyngeal and respiratory problems are particularly common in children aged 0-6 years with CM. Presentation with dysautonomia or other signs of brainstem compression will often predict an additional surgery will be needed after an initial PFD. Symptom recurrence is the most frequent reason for reoperation, and revision surgeries lead to improved clinical outcomes in the majority but not all of these young patients. Surgery in very young children is successful, but reoperation should be integrated into an up-front discussion algorithm particularly in children with severe symptoms.
The National Asthma Education Program

Asthma is a major health problem in the United States and throughout the world. In the U.S. it affects approximately 10 million people, 3 million of whom are under the age of 18. It accounts for 458,000 hospitalizations and more than 6.5 million physician visits annually. Approximately 2 million people with asthma suffer from limitations in activity due to their disease. Direct and health care expenditures are high, estimated to exceed $3.0 billion per year in the U.S. alone.
Attention in a Social World

Introduction 1. The Attention System of the Human Brain 2: The Alerting Network 3. Orienting of Attention 4. Executive Network and Self-Regulation 5. Development of Attention Networks 6. Attention and Society 7. Concluding Remarks Index
Low Luminosity Stars and White Dwarfs

(1) When discussing properties of stars of low luminosity we should first define what we mean by that term. My own feeling is that a bolometric luminosity of 0.001 of that of the Sun appears to be a reasonable upper limit for ‘low luminosity’. Further, it is obvious that, in order to find any numbers of them, one must go down to the very faintest objects, near the limit of what our present telescopes can show. This, in turn, means that virtually no accurate magnitudes, colors, or parallaxes will be available, and that our observational data must be obtained almost exclusively from proper motion surveys for very faint stars. Thus we end up by saying that only the 48-in. Palomar Schmidt telescope can produce large numbers of them. Such a statement is, of course, an oversimplification, but how much of one can be judged from the fact that when three years ago I published a catalogue of 1055 such stars only 36 had come from other sources, and 1019, or 961/2% from the Palomar Schmidt plates. We have now processed more than 400 pairs of plates with our automated-computerized blink machine, and we have at least another 1000 new, low-luminosity stars, and the Palomar Schmidt contribution reaches at least 98%.
Optimal array signaling for key establishment in static multipath channels

This paper explores optimal array beamforming for secure communication in static multipath propagation environments. The problem is cast as a convex optimization of the average secure key rate achieved in the presence of a passive eavesdropper, and the optimization is performed using semidefinite programming. While representative results are presented for a uniform linear array, the optimization procedure can be generalized to any array topology.
China's (Painful) Transition from Relation‐Based to Rule‐Based Governance: When and How, Not If and Why

Manuscript Type Perspective Research Question/Issue Relation-based governance has helped China to achieve rapid economic growth in its early stage; however, continuing to rely on it may hinder China's further development. The research question is: given China's cultural heritage and other institutional settings, will China be able to transition from relation-based to rule-based governance? Research Findings/Insights I discuss this question based on theoretical and empirical evidence and conclude that, first, from cost/benefit and social justice perspectives, China must complete the transition; second, cultural heritage is not the main obstacle to the transition, for the main obstacle is the powerful political forces that have been deeply entrenched in and benefited from the relation-based system. Theoretical/Academic Implications I distinguish between the governance environment at the national level and the governance choice at the organizational and individual levels. The governance environment - the set of dominant political, economic, social, and cultural institutions - facilitates and constrains the choice of the mode of governance (e.g., rule-based versus relation-based). Practitioner/Policy Implications Chinese government officials must realize the inevitability of the transition and the dire consequences of not completing it and take initiative to pursue the transition peacefully. For businesses, they must realize that the relation-based way may be in decline and must be prepared to embrace the rule-based way.
Eigenmode expansion and mode-matching analysis of Bessel beam launchers

It was recently shown that a leaky radial waveguide can produce a propagating Bessel beam in free space. Two such waveguides can be coupled such that the fields are tightly confined in free space. Analysis of such a coupled system is presented here. Eigenmode expansion is applied to the leaky-waveguides, and mode-matching is performed. Computations show close agreement with simulation results of a commercial Finite Element Method (FEM) solver.
Wave propagation in a sandwich structure

The propagation of elastic waves in a sandwich structure with two thin stiff face-plates and a thick compliant core is considered in this paper. A complete description of the dispersion relation with no restrictions on frequency and wavelength is provided. This is accomplished by transforming the wave equation to a Hamiltonian system and then using a transfer matrix approach for solving the Hamiltonian system. To provide insight, particular regimes of the frequency–wavelength plane are then considered. First, an explicit formula is derived for all natural frequencies at the long wavelength limit. It is shown that all waves with finite limiting frequency have zero group velocity, while those with vanishing limiting frequency correspond to longitudinal, shear and flexural waves. The displacement of the flexural waves are reminiscent of Mindlin plates, and an asymptotic procedure to find the shear correction factor is presented. Second, the lowest branch of the dispersion relation is studied in detail and mode shapes are used to motivate explicit but accurate description of this lowest branch. This approximate model is anticipated to be useful in simulations of large structures with sandwich structures.
Revised Validity Scales for the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS)

Abstract The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) was developed to assess the eight thinking styles presumed to play a leading role in maintaining criminal patterns of interaction. In order to identify response styles and sets capable of altering a person's responses on the thinking style portion of the PICTS, two validity scales-one to measure confusion (Cf) and the other defensiveness (Df)-were constructed and incorporated into the PICTS. However, research has shown that the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and preliminary validity of these two scales are well below the levels attained by the eight thinking style scales. The two validity scales have therefore been revised by omitting several items from each scale and replacing them with items from the thinking style item pool. These revised scales demonstrate improved internal consistency, test-retest stability, and criterion validity on par with results recorded previously with the eight thinking style scales.
The Effect of Level of College Entry on Midcareer Occupational Attainments

The economic benefits of attending community colleges, as opposed to other higher education sectors, have been a subject of intense debate since the 1960s. Using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study compares the midcareer occupational attainments (in terms of income and occupational prestige) of students who began postsecondary study at community colleges and students who began postsecondary study at 4-year colleges. Study participants were between 14 and 22 years of age in 1979; income and occupational prestige data used in the analyses were the latest available for the respondents from the 1996, 1998, and 2000 waves of the NLSY79 study. Controlling for a variety of student background characteristics, regression analysis and matched models using propensity scores revealed that the gap in earnings between the community college and 4-year college entrants remained small for most groups, with the exception of Black and Hispanic males. This overall finding runs co...
Numerical Simulation of New Generation Non-Pneumatic Tire (TWEEL™) and Sand

In order to have a better understanding of the performance of non-pneumatic tires (Tweel™) on soil and provide information for further optimization of this Tweel™, we model and simulate the interaction between Tweel™ and soil using finite element method (FEM). In this paper, the model of the Tweel™ is described in detail. The Tweel™ is treated as a deformable body. The Drucker-Prager/Cap plasticity constitutive law with hardening is employed to model sand. The material properties of Lebanon sand found in New Hampshire that has a complete set of material properties in the literature is used. Numerical results show deformation of sand and Tweel™. The stress distributions in sand, Tweel™, and along the interface between them are also presented. We next illustrate how this interaction model can be used to develop new tractive solutions for lunar exploration and terrestrial travel over dry soil.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Universal jamming phase diagram in the hard-sphere limit

We present a new formulation of the jamming phase diagram for a class of glass-forming fluids consisting of spheres interacting via finite-ranged repulsions at temperature $T$, packing fraction $\ensuremath{\phi}$ or pressure $p$, and applied shear stress $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$. We argue that the natural choice of axes for the phase diagram are the dimensionless quantities $T/p\ensuremath{\sigma}{}^{3}$, $p\ensuremath{\sigma}{}^{3}/\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}/p$, where $T$ is the temperature, $p$ is the pressure, $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ is the stress, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is the sphere diameter, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the interaction energy scale, and $m$ is the sphere mass. We demonstrate that the phase diagram is universal at low $p\ensuremath{\sigma}{}^{3}/\ensuremath{\epsilon}$; at low pressure, observables such as the relaxation time are insensitive to details of the interaction potential and collapse onto the values for hard spheres, provided the observables are nondimensionalized by the pressure. We determine the shape of the jamming surface in the jamming phase diagram, organize previous results in relation to the jamming phase diagram, and discuss the significance of various limits.
Effects of Sexist Humor on Tolerance of Sexist Events

The results of three experiments supported the hypothesis that exposure to sexist humor increases tolerance of sex discrimination among people high in hostile sexism. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that for participants high in hostile sexism, exposure to sexist jokes led to greater tolerance of a sexist event in comparison to exposure to neutral jokes or nonhumorous sexist communications. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that the activation of a noncritical mindset presumed to be a natural byproduct of humorous communication is critical for sexist humor to increase tolerance of sex discrimination. When sexist jokes were interpreted in a serious, critical manner, either as a result of explicit instructions (Experiment 2) or contextual cues such as the group membership of the joke teller (Experiment 3), the effects of sexist humor were nullified among participants high in hostile sexism.