cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fifty years of the ionosphere. The early years—Electromagnetic theory

IN THIS article we shall attempt to recognize those features of the development of electromagnetic theory that have been associated with the discovery of the ionosphere. We shall concentrate mainly on the first half of the twentieth century, although it will sometimes prove desirable to tie early activity to later developments. Strictly speaking electromagnetic theory should include work done for geomagnetic purposes insofar as this involves regions exterior to the Earth’s surface. The dynamo theory of the variation in the Earth’s magnetic field was a pioneer effort that started a stream of thought running from STEWART (1882) to CHAPMAN and FERRARO (1931, 1932, 1933) and ultimately to the concept of a solar wind enveloping the Earth’s magnetic field and forming what today is known as the magnetosphere and the magneto-tail. Important though those electromagnetic concepts are in tracing the development of the original concept of an ionosphere into the modern concept of an elaborate plasma envelope for the Earth, we shall not discuss them under the title “Fifty Years of the Ionosphere”. We shall restrict ourselves t’o the influence of the ionosphere on development of the theory of wavepropagation.
Basal SIgA and cortisol levels predict stress-related health outcomes

The present study investigates the relationship between stress and health in young adults. We predicted that academic stressor exposure would lead to an increase in self-reported stress and health symptoms, as well as alterations in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and salivary cortisol concentration. Thirty-four healthy participants were administered stress and health inventories and tested to assess SIgA and cortisol levels during a baseline (low-stress) session and during an examination (high-stress) session. Self-report stress and health scores increased between low- and high-stress sessions in all participants. Cortisol level also increased between study sessions, but only in those participants who experienced an increase in perceived stress. No changes in SIgA were observed. Multiple linear regression revealed that baseline SIgA and cortisol level moderated the relationship between stressor exposure and health outcome. Participants with low basal SIgA levels and high basal cortisol levels had poorer health outcomes during the examination session than did participants with high basal SIgA levels and low basal cortisol levels. Neither cortisol reactivity, nor SIgA reactivity moderated the relationship between stressor exposure and health outcome. These findings suggest that individual differences in basal immune and endocrine activity predict stress-related susceptibility to ill health. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of intermittent, regional microclimate cooling

The vasomotor response to cold may compromise the capacity for microclimate cooling (MCC) to reduce thermoregulatory strain. This study examined the hypothesis that intermittent, regional MCC (IRC)...
Differential Wiring of Layer 2/3 Neurons Drives Sparse and Reliable Firing During Neocortical Development

Sensory information is transmitted with high fidelity across multiple synapses until it reaches the neocortex. There, individual neurons exhibit enormous variability in responses. The source of this diversity in output has been debated. Using transgenic mice expressing the green fluorescent protein coupled to the activity-dependent gene c-fos, we identified neurons with a history of elevated activity in vivo. Focusing on layer 4 to layer 2/3 connections, a site of strong excitatory drive at an initial stage of cortical processing, we find that fluorescently tagged neurons receive significantly greater excitatory and reduced inhibitory input compared with neighboring, unlabeled cells. Differential wiring of layer 2/3 neurons arises early in development and requires sensory input to be established. Stronger connection strength is not associated with evidence for recent synaptic plasticity, suggesting that these more active ensembles may not be generated over short time scales. Paired recordings show fosGFP+ neurons spike at lower stimulus thresholds than neighboring, fosGFP− neurons. These data indicate that differences in circuit construction can underlie response heterogeneity amongst neocortical neurons.
Efficient Peak-Labeling Algorithms for Whole-Sample Mass Spectrometry Proteomics

Whole-sample mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics allows for a parallel measurement of hundreds of proteins present in a variety of biospecimens. Unfortunately, the association between MS signals and these proteins is not straightforward. The need to interpret mass spectra demands the development of methods for accurate labeling of ion species in such profiles. To aid this process, we have developed a new peak-labeling procedure for associating protein and peptide labels with peaks. This computational method builds upon characteristics of proteins expected to be in the sample, such as the amino sequence, mass weight, and expected concentration within the sample. A new probabilistic score that incorporates this information is proposed. We evaluate and demonstrate our method's ability to label peaks first on simulated MS spectra and then on MS spectra from human serum with a spiked-in calibration mixture.
Acute atrazine exposure disrupts matrix metalloproteinases and retinoid signaling during organ morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis

Exposure to the herbicide atrazine disrupts many developmental processes in non-target animals. Atrazine exposure during organ morphogenesis in amphibians results in dramatic malformations; the mechanism by which this happens has not been described. We have taken a candidate gene approach to explore two possible mechanisms by which acute atrazine exposure causes extensive malformations in several tissues in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Using a static renewal system, we exposed tadpoles to atrazine for 6–48 h during organ morphogenesis (Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 42). We observed degradation of cranial cartilage and differentiated muscle in the head, gut and somites of exposed tadpoles. Additionally, transcript levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically both MMP9TH and MMP18, increased in atrazine-exposed tadpoles in a dose–response test, and MMP18 increased as early as 6 h after exposure began. Gelatinase MMP activity was also altered by atrazine exposure, indicating that atrazine disrupts gene function at the level of transcription and protein activity. Furthermore, transcript levels of the enzyme Xcyp26, an enzyme in the retinoic acid signaling pathway, significantly decreased in the intestines of tadpoles exposed to 10 or 35 mg l−1 atrazine for 48 h. Our results suggest two mechanisms by which atrazine can disrupt tissue morphogenesis: through misregulation of MMPs that are critical in extracellular matrix remodeling throughout development and the disruption of retinoic acid signaling. This study begins to describe conserved vertebrate developmental processes that are disrupted by atrazine exposure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic solar cells: A new look at traditional models

Traditional inorganic solar cell models, originating with the work of Shockley, are widely used in understanding bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell response (organic solar cells are also referred to as organic photovoltaics, or OPVs). While these models can be useful, there are several key points of departure from traditional solar cell behavior. In this Perspective, we discuss three important areas: (1) geminate pair and bimolecular recombination, (2) effects of interfacial layers inserted between the electrodes and active layer, and (3) resistance effects. Since organic solar cell materials typically have large Coulombic exciton binding energies (e.g., ∼0.3–0.5 eV), limited dissociation of photogenerated charge carriers can be a significant limitation in these cells that is not observed in traditional silicon solar cells. Additionally, the active layer morphology of BHJ organic solar cells allows free charge carriers to recombine before extraction from the cell, creating another photocurrent loss mechanism. Interfacial layers serve a unique role in BHJ organic solar cells; in addition to conventional functions such as photon transmission and charge injection, interfacial layers often act as “blocking” layers, ensuring that charge carriers are collected at their respective electrodes (i.e., electrons at the cathode and holes at the anode). Additionally, resistance effects in organic solar cells differ from traditional models in both field and cell area dependencies. Organic semiconductor mobilities and charge densities exhibit significant sensitivity to field strength, with mobility varying by ∼10x over typical cell voltage test ranges (1 V). This creates the need for alternative models to describe cell internal resistance. Finally, resistance losses are also sensitive to cell area, due to the limited conductivities of the transparent electrode materials used. Therefore, accommodation of the above deviations from traditional models is imperative for the design and synthesis of new generation high efficiency organic solar cell materials.
La structure conceptuelle de la référence : vers une représentation indépendante de la modalité d’expression

Certains aspects du sens affectent la forme linguistique d’un enonce mais non sa structure syntaxique. Dans cet article, je montre que l’alternance des formes simples et a deplacement referentiel en LSQ en est un exemple, et que cette alternance indique un changement de point de vue de la part du locuteur par rapport a l’entite dont il parle. De plus, l’exploitation de la difference dans la facon de referer a une entite semble varier selon la modalite d’expression utilisee par la langue (visuo-spatiale vs audio-orale). Il s’ensuit qu’une representation plus abstraite par rapport aux proprietes purement liees a la modalite serait plus compatible avec les strategies differentes des langues signees et des langues orales.
Issues on Renewable Energy Development in China

This paper provides an analysis on renewable energy development in China, and discusses the impact of the recently enacted national renewable energy law and related government policy and provisions. The paper centers on analyzing wind power development since wind power has almost reached the stage of commercialization. It shows that China has a huge wind resource which can be more evenly harvested to relive the country from devastating pollution problems. However, in order to better use its wind resources in the country, a few management and technical issues will have to be streamlined.
Laser-produced shocks and their relation to material damage

This paper presents data on the shock pressure transmitted to metallic targets and to single crystal potassium chloride targets by CO 2 TEA laser pulses with microsecond and submicrosecond durations. Scaling relations are established for the effect of variable laser power density and ambient air pressure. The relation of the shock pressure to catastrophic mechanical damage in the potassium chloride is described.
Perifoveal display: combining foveal with peripheral vision in one visualization

The Perifoveal Display (cf. Figure 1) is a visualization display for complex, real-time, dynamic data such as stock market data or control room data. The system takes advantage of the unique properties of the human perceptive system which is capable of perceiving a high degree of detail in the foveal area, but is only perceptive to movement and black and white in the peripheral area. The Perifoveal Display varies how data is visualized based on the user's viewing direction. Data in the center of the user's focus are displayed in a lot of detail using color. Important changes in the data which fall into the periphery are highlighted by movement and change in brightness. As such the system is able to attract the user's focus towards data in the periphery that are in need of attention.
Light on limb-girdle myasthenia

In the current issue of Brain , Slater et al . (2006) describe their findings in eight patients in seven kinships suffering from limb-girdle myasthenia (LGM). All eight had progressive weakness in a proximal limb-girdle distribution that began in the first or second decade of life, a decremental EMG response on 3 Hz stimulation and a favourable response to anticholinesterase medications. The oculobulbar muscles were spared except for slight facial weakness and ptosis in some patients. None had short-term fatigability induced by exercise, and none had detectable anti-AChR antibodies. Thus, they differed from most myasthenic patients in whom oculobulbar involvement heralds the onset of the disease and who typically experience increased weakness after exercise. In addition to thoroughly describing the clinical features of their patients, Slater et al. also investigated each patient by intracellular microelectrode studies of neuromuscular transmission and by quantitative light and electron microscopy analysis of the structure of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Although the clinical, electrophysiological and morphological findings in the LGM patients observed by Slater et al. were similar, the authors indicate that LGM may encompass a heterogeneous group of conditions. To date, no fewer than 61 patients in 36 kinships have been reported under the rubric of LGM (McQuillen, 1966; Johns et al ., 1971, 1973; Wolters and Leeuwin, 1976; Dobkin and Verity, 1978; Oh and Kuruoglu, 1992; Azulay et al ., 1994; Vasant et al ., 1994; Furui et al ., 1997; Zephir et al ., 2001; Rodolico et al ., 2002; Shankar et al ., 2002; Slater et al ., 2006). Sparing of the oculobulbar muscles, proximal …
Benchmark Data for Interactions in Zeolite Model Complexes and Their Use for Assessment and Validation of Electronic Structure Methods

We present benchmark binding energies for five zeolite model complexes, with four of the adsorbates bound noncovalently and one covalently. The binding energies were determined as the sum of the infinite-basis-set limit of Moller−Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2) energies and a CCSD(T) correction term evaluated with the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The basis set limit of MP2 energies was determined by two-point extrapolation using the aug-cc-pVXZ basis sets for X = D and T and separate extrapolation of the Hartree−Fock and correlation energies. We found that correlation contributions beyond MP2 to the final binding energies are small; their magnitude is in the range of 0.02−1.0 kcal/mol. For the MP2 method to describe the interactions in these zeolite model systems accurately, one needs to use a basis set at least the size of aug-cc-pVTZ in conjunction with counterpoise corrections. Final binding energies (kcal/mol) of the model complexes are in the range of 3.5−19.5 kcal/mol, and they were used as...
The Adaptation and Implementation of a Community-Based Participatory Research Curriculum to Build Tribal Research Capacity.

We studied community-based participatory research in American Indian/Alaska Native communities. We have presented a case study describing a community–clinic–academic partnership with the goal of building tribal capacity and infrastructure to conduct health disparities research. The 2-year intensive training was guided by the framework of an evidence- and community-based participatory research curriculum, adapted and implemented with practice-based data collection activities and seminars to address issues specific to community-based participatory research with sovereign tribal nations. The initiative highlighted important challenges and opportunities in transdisciplinary partnerships; identified gaps in conducting health disparities research at the tribal, clinical, and university levels; and led to important policy change initiatives in all the partner settings.
Prompting in Web-Based Environments: Supporting Self-Monitoring and Problem Solving Skills in College Students.

This study explored Metacognition and how automated instructional support in the form of problem-solving and self-reflection prompts influenced students' capacity to solve complex problems in a Web-based learning environment. Specifically, we examined the independent and interactive effects of problem-solving prompts and reflection prompts on college students' problem solving and writing within a Web-based instructional module. We found that students who received problem-solving prompts solved problems and wrote with more clarity than did students who did not receive problem solving prompts. Reflection prompts also positively influenced problem solving and writing, but only when students also received the problem solving prompts. This suggests that asking student to reflect on their work has a positive influence on students' problem solving, but only when they have clear understanding of what they are being asked to reflect on. Results are discussed relative to feedback and self-regulation theories.
Very low intensity alternating current decreases cell proliferation

Electric fields impact cellular functions by activation of ion channels or by interfering with cell membrane integrity. Ion channels can regulate cell cycle and play a role in tumorigenesis. While the cell cycle may be directly altered by ion fluxes, exposure to direct electric current of sufficient intensity may decrease tumor burden by generating chemical products, including cytotoxic molecules or heat. We report that in the absence of thermal influences, low-frequency, low-intensity, alternating current (AC) directly affects cell proliferation without a significant deleterious contribution to cell survival. These effects were observed in normal human cells and in brain and prostate neoplasms, but not in lung cancer. The effects of AC stimulation required a permissive role for GIRK2 (or KIR3.2) potassium channels and were mimicked by raising extracellular potassium concentrations. Cell death could be achieved at higher AC frequencies (>75 Hz) or intensities (>8.5 mA); at lower frequencies/intensities, AC stimulation did not cause apoptotic cellular changes. Our findings implicate a role for transmembrane potassium fluxes via inward rectifier channels in the regulation of cell cycle. Brain stimulators currently used for the treatment of neurological disorders may thus also be used for the treatment of brain (or other) tumors. � C 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simulation and optimal design of multiple‐bed pressure swing adsorption systems

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a very versatile technology for gas separation and purification. The widespread industrial application of PSA has called for an efficient set of simulation, design, and optimization methodologies. In previous work by Jiang and co-workers, we used a Newton-based approach to quickly converge the cyclic steady state and design constraints, and a simultaneous tailored approach with the state-of-art nonlinear optimization strategy to design optimal PSA processes. In this work we extend the simulation and optimization strategies to multiple bed systems. Both unibed and multibed frameworks are adopted to describe bed behaviors. The unibed framework models only one bed over a cycle and uses storage buffers to mimic the bed interactions. The multibed framework simultaneously solves all beds but only for a portion of the cycle. Challenges and implementation details of both frameworks are discussed. A five-bed, 11-step hydrocarbon separation process, which separates H2 from a mixture of H2, N2, CO2, CO, and CH4, is used for illustration. By manipulating valve constants, step times, flow rates, and bed geometry, the optimizer successfully maximizes H2 recovery, while meeting product purity and pressure specifications. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2904–2917, 2004
Bypassing of stems versus linear base-by-base inspection of mammalian mRNAs during ribosomal scanning

Initiation codon selection in eukaryotes involves base-by-base inspection of the 5′-untranslated region of mRNA by scanning ribosomal 43S preinitiation complexes. We employed in vitro reconstitution to investigate factor requirements for this process and report that in the absence of eIF1 and DHX29, eIFs 4A, 4B and 4G promote efficient bypassing of stable stems by scanning 43S complexes and formation of 48S initiation complexes on AUG codons immediately upstream and downstream of such stems, without their unwinding. However, intact stems are not threaded through the entire mRNA Exit channel of the 40S subunit, resulting in incorrect positioning of mRNA upstream of the ribosomal P site in 48S complexes formed on AUG codons following intact stems, which renders them susceptible to dissociation by eIF1. In 48S complexes formed on AUG codons preceding intact stems, the stems are accommodated in the A site. Such aberrant complexes are destabilized by DHX29, which also ensures that mRNA enters the mRNA-binding cleft in a single-stranded form and therefore undergoes base-by-base inspection during scanning.
Primary lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma of the third eyelid in a horse

A 5-year-old Draft Horse gelding presented for evaluation of a large, fleshy, ulcerated third eyelid mass OD of 3 weeks duration. Complete ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound and skull radiographs revealed a large soft-tissue mass involving the entire third eyelid OD and extending into the ventral right orbit to the level of the globe equator. No other abnormalities were noted on physical or ophthalmic examination. Surgical removal via exenteration was performed 3 months after initial presentation. A lacrimal adenocarcinoma of the third eyelid was diagnosed based on histopathology. Concurrent asymptomatic intra-ductal and intra-acinar Demodex caballi parasites were found in the eyelid sebaceous glands, likely as an incidental finding. No tumor recurrence or metastasis has occurred 12 months after excision. To the author's knowledge, this case is the first reported primary lacrimal adenocarcinoma in a horse. Complete surgical excision was curative.
Mouse embryonic germ (EG) cell lines : transmission through the germline and differences in the methylation imprint of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (Igf2r) gene compared with embryonic stem (ES) cell lines

Primordial germ cells of the mouse cultured on feeder layers with leukemia inhibitory factor, Steel factor and basic fibroblast growth factor give rise to cells that resemble undifferentiated blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells. These primordial germ cell-derived embryonic germ cells can be induced to differentiate extensively in culture, form teratocarcinomas when injected into nude mice and contribute to chimeras when injected into host blastocysts. Here, we report the derivation of multiple embryonic germ cell lines from 8.5 days post coitum embryos of C57BL/6 inbred mice. Four independent embryonic germ cell lines with normal male karyotypes have formed chimeras when injected into BALB/c host blastocysts and two of these lines have transmitted coat color markers through the germline. We also show that pluripotent cell lines capable of forming teratocarcinomas and coat color chimeras can be established from primordial germ cells of 8.0 days p.c. embryos and 12.5 days p.c. genital ridges. We have examined the methylation status of the putative imprinting box of the insulin-like growth factor type 2 receptor gene (Igf2r) in these embryonic germ cell lines. No correlation was found between methylation pattern and germline competence. A significant difference was observed between embryonic stem cell and embryonic germ cell lines in their ability to maintain the methylation imprint of the Igf2r gene in culture. This may illustrate a fundamental difference between these two cell types.
An early validation of the Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system.

Objective The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) recently established the Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System, a staging system using Wound characteristic, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) to stratify the risk for limb amputation at 1 year. Although intuitive in nature, this new system has not been validated. The purpose of the following study was to determine whether the WIfI system is predictive of limb amputation and wound healing. Methods Between 2007 and 2010, we prospectively obtained data related to wound characteristics, extent of infection, and degree of postrevascularization ischemia in 139 patients with foot wounds who presented for lower extremity revascularization (158 revascularization procedures). After adapting those data to the WIfI classifications, we analyzed the influence of wound characteristics, extent of infection, and degree of ischemia on time to wound healing; empirical Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared with theoretical outcomes predicted by WIfI expert consensus opinion. Results Of the 158 foot wounds, 125 (79%) healed. The median time to wound healing was 2.7 months (range, 1-18 months). Factors associated with wound healing included presence of diabetes mellitus ( P = .013), wound location ( P = .049), wound size ( P = .007), wound depth ( P = .004), and degree of ischemia ( P Conclusions The theoretical framework for risk stratification among patients with critical limb ischemia provided by the SVS expert panel appears valid. Further validation of the WIfI classification system with multicenter data is justified.
Canine intersegmental hip joint forces and moments before and after cemented total hip replacement.

Intersegmental forces and moments (i.e. resultant free body forces and moments computed at the joint centers) were studied in canine hindlimbs before and after cemented total hip replacement (THR). Five large, adult, mixed-breed dogs were selected. Their gait was recorded (while leash-walked) before surgery using high-speed cinematography and a force plate. Cemented total hip replacement was unilaterally performed on each dog. Gait was again recorded at one and four months after surgery. Segmental properties (mass, center of mass, and mass moment of inertia) of the hindlimbs were experimentally determined, and an inverse dynamics approach was used to compute intersegmental forces and moments in the sagittal plane. Significant reductions in intersegmental joint forces and moments were observed in the operated hindlimb one month after surgery, although kinematic gait parameters were unaltered. Decreases of 77.0% for vertical forces, 61.9% for craniocaudal forces, and 66.2% for extension moments were determined. Four months after surgery, the joint forces and moments had returned to their preoperative values. This experiment demonstrates that the dynamics of normal walking can be restored in a canine model by four months after THR. It also shows that kinetic (rather than kinematic) parameters are more descriptive of antalgic gait in the canine.
Identification and characterization of Raspberry mottle virus, a novel member of the Closteroviridae

Raspberry mosaic is one of the most important viral diseases of raspberry. Four virus and virus-like agents, two of which are poorly characterized, have been implicated in the disease complex based on symptom development in Rubus indicators. Three novel viruses were identified in a red raspberry plant that caused typical raspberry mosaic symptoms when grafted onto indicators. This communication focuses on one of these viruses, Raspberry mottle virus (RMoV), a new member of the family Closteroviridae. The complete nucleotide sequence of RMoV has been determined and exceeds 17 kilobases encoding 10 genes. The genome organization of RMoV is similar to that of Beet yellows virus, the type member of the Closterovirus genus, and phylogenetic analysis using the polymerase conserved motifs and the heat shock protein 70 homolog revealed a close relationship of RMoV with Strawberry chlorotic fleck associated virus and Citrus tristeza virus, which suggests the possibility of an aphid vector. The virus was detected in symptomatic raspberry plants in production areas in mixed infections with several other viruses, indicating that RMoV may impact raspberry production.
Quantitation of nanoparticle accumulation in flow using optimized microfluidic chambers

AbstractBackground: The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) targeting peptide sequence, VHPKQHR, is a promising moiety for targeting atherosclerosis through incorporation into nanoparticles such as dendrimers and liposomes.Purpose: We aim to develop VCAM-1-targeted nanoparticles that effectively accumulate on the endothelium under shear conditions and to develop robust microfluidic chambers able to house sufficient cells for flow cytometric measurements.Methods: Carboxyfluorescein-labeled monomeric VHP-peptide, tetrameric VHP-dendrimers (bisbidentate or radial architecture, with or without N-terminal acetylation) and VHP-peptide liposomes were prepared. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with nanoparticles under 0 or 2.9 dyne/cm2 shear, and particle binding was quantified. Flow chambers cured at various temperatures, with or without glass backings were fabricated, characterized for deformation and applied in experiments.Results: Although liposomes accumulated with highest efficienc...
Access‐controlled resource discovery in pervasive networks

Networks of the future will be characterized by a variety of computational devices that display a level of dynamism not seen in traditional wired networks. Because of the dynamic nature of these networks, resource discovery is one of the fundamental problems that must be solved. While resource discovery systems are not a novel concept, securing these systems in an efficient and scalable way is challenging. This paper describes the design and implementation of an architecture for access-controlled resource discovery. This system achieves this goal by integrating access control with the Intentional Naming System (INS), a resource discovery and service location system. The integration is scalable, efficient, and fits well within a proxy-based security framework designed for dynamic networks. We provide performance experiments that show how our solution outperforms existing schemes. The result is a system that provides secure, access-controlled resource discovery that can scale to large numbers of resources and users. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and Fluidizing Action of Soluble and Aggregated Amyloid β-Peptide in Rat Synaptic Plasma Membranes

The effects of soluble and aggregated amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) on cortical synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) structure were examined using small angle x-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy approaches. Electron density profiles generated from the x-ray diffraction data demonstrated that soluble and aggregated Abeta1-40 peptides associated with distinct regions of the SPM. The width of the SPM samples, including surface hydration, was 84 A at 10 degrees C. Following addition of soluble Abeta1-40, there was a broad increase in electron density in the SPM hydrocarbon core +/-0-15 A from the membrane center, and a reduction in hydrocarbon core width by 6 A. By contrast, aggregated Abeta1-40 contributed electron density to the phospholipid headgroup/hydrated surface of the SPM +/-24-37 A from the membrane center, concomitant with an increase in molecular volume in the hydrocarbon core. The SPM interactions observed for Abeta1-40 were reproduced in a brain lipid membrane system. In contrast to Abeta1-40, aggregated Abeta1-42 intercalated into the lipid bilayer hydrocarbon core +/-0-12 A from the membrane center. Fluorescence experiments showed that both soluble and aggregated Abeta1-40 significantly increased SPM bulk and protein annular fluidity. Physico-chemical interactions of Abeta with the neuronal membrane may contribute to mechanisms of neurotoxicity, independent of specific receptor binding.
The Second Generation of Jobs-Plus Programs: Implementation Lessons from San Antonio and the Bronx

The Jobs-Plus Public Housing Revitalization Initiative (1998-2003) was designed to raise and sustain the employment and earnings of residents of public housing developments. It had three parts: (1) employment services offered at on-site job centers, (2) changes in rent rules that provided financial incentives to work, and (3) community support for work through neighbor-to-neighbor conversations. The initiative was subject to a rigorous evaluation, which found that where implemented fully, Jobs-Plus boosted residents’ annual earnings by 16 percent, or $1,300 per year, an effect that endured seven years without abating. This report investigates how Jobs-Plus was replicated in more contemporary settings, analyzing the early implementation experiences of a community-based provider in the Bronx and the San Antonio Housing Authority in Texas, both funded by the Social Innovation Fund (SIF) of the Corporation for National and Community Service. Main Findings: Providers in the Bronx and in San Antonio were able to enroll substantial proportions of residents of very large housing developments. This represents a strong early indication of program “saturation,” or offers of services. At the same time, providers found that the three components of Jobs-Plus — and especially their integration and coordination with each other — were difficult to manage in practice. Both providers generally placed residents in low-wage work, and struggled to find ways of helping residents who were already employed. Rent-based financial incentives were very seldom used by Jobs-Plus members, for reasons largely out of the control of program implementers. In the original demonstration, housing authorities could develop a variety of rent incentives, because they had legal authority to do so. However, in the SIF version of Jobs-Plus, the only rent incentive available to the providers in both the Bronx and San Antonio was the Earned Income Disregard (EID). During early implementation, EID receipt was very low (at about 1 percent of residents in the Bronx and 3 percent in San Antonio), despite providers’ extensive efforts to promote its use. Jobs-Plus cost $672 per household per year in the Bronx and $503 in San Antonio. These costs would likely have increased had residents made greater use of the EID. In the SIF version of Jobs-Plus, neither the community-based organization nor the housing authority appeared to have a clear advantage in providing services. Instead, organizations’ ability to implement the program appeared to depend on their administrative flexibility, their front-line staff members’ ability to work as a team, their ability to tailor their strong workforce development experience to a variety of participants, their ability to conduct vigorous outreach and marketing, and the strength of their connection to property managers. The Jobs-Plus “Collaborative,” a support and accountability body made up of local city agencies involved in workforce services, income support, and other social services, emerged as an important entity promoting strong implementation in the Bronx.
Systems of virus classification and nomenclature

De voor-en nadelen van de verschillende systemen van classificatie en nomenclatuur van viren worden besproken. Op het eerstvolgende Internationale Botanische Congres (1950) zal een nadere beslissing moeten worden genomen over de te volgen weg. Aanbevolen wordt het virus te noemen naar de waardplant (in de eigen taal, in het latijn of in beide), gevolgd door het woord virus en een nummer (en letter, voor het geval strains voorkomen). Deze naamsaanduiding is zuiver technisch, een “genetisch” classificatie wordt er niet mee aangegeven.
AN ASSESSMENT OF SEVERAL TURBULENCE MODELS FOR SUPERSONIC COMPRESSION RAMP FLOW

Shock induced turbulent boundary layer separation occurs in many engineering applications such as deflected control surfaces, engine inlets, and wing-fuselage junctures at supersonic and hypersonic speeds. This interaction can greatly effect aerodynamic performance, and therefore, it is critical to develop schemes to predict such a complex flowfield. A two-dimensional compression corner is a simplified model for these interactions. In the current investigation the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the modified fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme amended with a symmetric TVD dissipation model. Six different turbulence models are investigated for their accuracy and efficiency. The results are compared to experimental data of a 24° compression corner at Mach 2.85. The same flow solver and grids are used for all models, to make comparison between the models possible. Finally, modifications to turbulence models are introduced in an attempt to improve prediction capabilities of the models.
A quality assurance program for clinical pathology residents.

Abstract A quality assurance study was undertaken to examine the clinical pathology residency program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. During a three-month period, clinical pathology residents kept a log of all the problems encountered while "on-call." A staff pathologist rated the performance of the resident in terms of how well he or she solved each problem. Of the 109 calls evaluated, one was judged to have been handled incorrectly, and 7 others were considered to have been answered in a conditional manner. The Blood Bank generated the largest number of calls (66), and requests for blood products were the single most common call (29). The review of all on-call problems with staff pathologists proved to be a valuable educational tool, both for the residents and staff. In addition, the study served as an impetus for development of a useful program for evaluating and, if necessary, correcting decisions made by pathology residents.
The Treatment Analysis of the Smear-positive Tuberculosis Tuberculosis with Diabetes

Objectives Analyze the situation of the smear-positive tuberculosis with diabetes. Methods Select 50 patients as research objects through random, control their tuberculosis by make some plans, and dis-crease blood glucose through diet control as well as taking blood pressure medication. Results After anti-tuberculosis and control blood sugar to treat smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, lesions obvious absorption(30%), absorption(54%), no change(10%), deterioration(6%), the clinical symptoms improved after treatment, the high rate of sputum bacterium turns shade, statistically significant(P0.05). Conclusion The individual chemotherapy regimens anti-tuberculosis treatment and control blood sugar range closely have certain curative effect for treatment of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis diabetes, lesions absorption rate is high, symptoms improved, sputum bacteria overcast and help patients back to health as well as play a role in tuberculosis control.
Lidocaine anesthesia: comparison of iontophoresis, injection, and swabbing

The duration and depth of anesthesia produced by lidocaine with three methods of administration were studied. To test duration of anesthesia, either lidocaine or placebo was administered by iontophoresis, subcutaneous infiltration, or swabbing to each of three sites 3 cm apart on the flexor surface of each forearm of 27 subjects. To test for feeling, the tip of a 21-gauge hypodermic needle was pressed on each application site every five minutes until feeling returned. The depth of anesthesia achieved with iontophoresis or infiltration of lidocaine was tested on the flexor surface of each forearm of 12 subjects, with a random assignment of application methods to each arm. Lidocaine iontophoresis produced local anesthesia of significantly longer duration (p less than 0.001) than topical application of lidocaine or placebo by any route of administration, but of significatnly shorter duration (p less tahn 0.001) than lidocaine infiltration. The results showed that lidocaine iontophoresis is an effective method of producing local anesthesia for about five minutes without requiring the use of a hypodermic needle and syringe.
Triglyceride Levels and Fracture Risk in Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

Context: Unfavorable lipid levels contribute to cardiovascular disease and may also harm bone health. Objective: Our objective was to investigate relationships between fasting plasma lipid levels and incident fracture in midlife women undergoing the menopausal transition. Design and Setting: This was a 13-year prospective, longitudinal study of multiethnic women in five US communities, with near-annual assessments. Participants: At baseline, 2062 premenopausal or early perimenopausal women who had no history of fracture were included. Exposures: Fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline and follow-up visits 1 and 3–7. Main Outcome Measure(s): Incident nontraumatic fractures 1) 2 or more years after baseline, in relation to a single baseline level of lipids; and 2) 2–5 years later, in relation to time-varying lipid levels. Cox proportional hazards modelings estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence interv...
Exploring the Link between Aids-Related Grief and Unsafe Sex

This review article focuses attention on the impact of AIDS deaths on gay survivors, in particular whether the complex nature of AIDS-related grief contributes to increased sexual risk behavior among these survivors. There has been surprisingly little research investigating the association between AIDS-related grief and sexual risk behaviors. This article describes aspects of the bereavement experience of AIDS survivors in an effort to understand how such factors might potentially influence survivors to engage in high risk behaviors. Suggestions are offered to both grief counselors and HIV prevention educators on how to address this issue with bereaved gay individuals.
Neither beg, borrow, nor steal: Purchasing interlibrary loan requests at an academic library

The University of California Irvine Libraries conducted a series of pilot projects involving staff from access services, acquisitions, and collection development to purchase interlibrary loan requests of print books, ebooks, and articles. Staff measured the cost of interlibrary loan services and the time to delivery and improved the workflow through existing technology. In many cases, the library was able to purchase titles and get them to the patron more quickly than through traditional interlibrary loan. This purchasing service is now part of The University of California Irvine normal library procedures.
Life after Stroke in an Urban Minority Population: A Photovoice Project

Stroke is a leading cause of disability in the United States and disproportionately affects minority populations. We sought to explore the quality of life in urban, minority stroke survivors through their own photos and narratives. Using the Photovoice method, seventeen stroke survivors were instructed to take pictures reflecting their experience living with and recovering from stroke. Key photographs were discussed in detail; participants brainstormed ways to improve their lives and presented their work in clinical and community sites. Group discussions were recorded, transcribed, and coded transcripts were reviewed with written narratives to identify themes. Participants conveyed recovery from stroke in three stages: learning to navigate the initial physical and emotional impact of the stroke; coping with newfound physical and emotional barriers; and long-term adaptation to physical impairment and/or chronic disease. Participants navigated this stage-based model to varying degrees of success and identified barriers and facilitators to this process. Barriers included limited access for disabled and limited healthy food choices unique to the urban setting; facilitators included presence of social support and community engagement. Using Photovoice, diverse stroke survivors were able to identify common challenges in adapting to life after stroke and important factors for recovery of quality of life.
Differences in Breeding Bird Assemblages Related to Reed Canary Grass Cover and Forest Structure on the Upper Mississippi River

Abstract Floodplain forest of the Upper Mississippi River provides habitat for an abundant and diverse breeding bird community. However, reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea invasion is a serious threat to the future condition of this forest. Reed canary grass is a well-known aggressive invader of wetland systems in the northern tier states of the conterminous United States. Aided by altered flow regimes and nutrient inputs from agriculture, reed canary grass has formed dense stands in canopy gaps and forest edges, retarding tree regeneration. We sampled vegetation and breeding birds in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forest edge and interior areas to 1) measure reed canary grass cover and 2) evaluate whether the breeding bird assemblage responded to differences in reed canary grass cover. Reed canary grass was found far into forest interiors, and its cover was similar between interior and edge sites. Bird assemblages differed between areas with more or less reed canary grass cover (>53% cover breakp...
Varieties of Musical Irony: From Mozart to Mahler

Irony, one of the most basic, pervasive, and variegated of rhetorical tropes, is as fundamental to musical thought as it is to poetry, prose, and spoken language. In this wide-ranging study of musical irony, Michael Cherlin draws upon the rich history of irony as developed by rhetoricians, philosophers, literary scholars, poets, and novelists. With occasional reflections on film music and other contemporary works, the principal focus of the book is classical music, both instrumental and vocal, ranging from Mozart to Mahler. The result is a surprising array of approaches toward the making and interpretation of irony in music. Including nearly ninety musical examples, the book is clearly structured and engagingly written. This interdisciplinary volume will appeal to those interested in the relationship between music and literature as well as to scholars of musical composition, technique, and style.
Photon-number-resolving megapixel image sensor at room temperature without avalanche gain

In several emerging fields of study such as encryption in optical communications, determination of the number of photons in an optical pulse is of great importance. Typically, such photon-number-resolving sensors require operation at very low temperature (e.g., 4 K for superconducting-based detectors) and are limited to low pixel count (e.g., hundreds). In this paper, a CMOS-based photon-counting image sensor is presented with photon-number-resolving capability that operates at room temperature with resolution of 1 megapixel. Termed a quanta image sensor, the device is implemented in a commercial stacked (3D) backside-illuminated CMOS image sensor process. Without the use of avalanche multiplication, the 1.1 μm pixel-pitch device achieves 0.21e− rms average read noise with average dark count rate per pixel less than 0.2e−/s, and 1040 fps readout rate. This novel platform technology fits the needs of high-speed, high-resolution, and accurate photon-counting imaging for scientific, space, security, and low-light imaging as well as a broader range of other applications.
Towards comparison of Kalman filter methods for localisation in underwater environments

Kalman Filters are utilised for filtering and estimation in a large set of application. Here, this methodology is utilised for trajectory estimation of an underwater robot. In this work, three Kalman Filter methods are proposed for trajectory estimation. There are: Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Central Difference Kalman Filter (CDKF). Simulation results are presented and discussed, where UKF and CDKF presented better performance than EKF with data that were collected from our dataset. However, UKF had a slightly smaller execution time than CDKF with almost the same error.