cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermolysis of hexasubstituted‐4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrazoles: Synthesis of 1‐alkoxy‐ and 1‐acetoxy‐1,2,2,3,3‐pentasubstituted‐cyclopropanes

A series of 5-alkoxy- and 5-acetoxy-4,4-dimethyl-3,3,5-trisubstituted-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazoles 2a-f (hexasubstituted pyrazolines) was synthesized by oxidation of the corresponding 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrazoles with lead tetraacetate in the appropriate solvents. The 5-acetoxy compounds were produced when the oxidations were carried out in methylene chloride. Oxidation with lead tetraacetate in dry alcoholic solvents resulted in the formation of the 5-alkoxy derivatives as the major products. Thermolysis of the hexasubstituted-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazoles 2a-f in cyclohexane or as the melt at high temperature yielded the 1-alkoxy- and 1-acetoxy-1,2,2,3,3-pentasubstituted cyclopropanes 3a-f in good yields. Trace amounts of alkene products were formed in several reactions. No products attributable to cycloreversion pathways were detected. The product distributions were consistent with extrusion of nitrogen gas from 2a-f to yield the singlet 1,3-diradical, closure of which resulted in cyclopropane formation with partial retention of stereochemistry.
Photonic radiative cooler optimization using Taguchi's method

Abstract A photonic radiative cooler comprising of multiple layers of dielectric thin-films is optimized. The emission spectrum of the device is engineered to counter the solar spectrum and to take advantage of the atmospheric transmission window. Dispersion characteristics of all the materials are taken into account as the device is required to operate over an ultra-broadband wavelength range. Taguchi's optimization algorithm is used to calculate the appropriate material for each layer and its corresponding thickness. The performance of the Taguchi's method is found to be comparable with that of well-known stochastic optimization algorithms. Results are presented which show that the presented optimized device performs better than similar devices reported in the literature.
Toward a New Design Paradigm

At the outset of our study, we suspected that the neighborhood unit model might have outlived its purpose, despite its persistence as a paradigm. This skepticism was reinforced by strong and forceful arguments made by various scholars and practitioners, which we reviewed in Chapter 2. Indeed, we have found little in our own research to deny this skepticism, much less to refute the critics of the model. True, some of our findings lend credence to certain facility location standards linked to the neighborhood unit concept, but that credence is not sufficient to warrant a wholesale endorsement of the model. Nor for that matter does the fact that the ideal of the neighborhood is still highly valued by the majority of the respondents mean total vindication of the neighborhood unit concept. All it suggests is that some of the contextual values still have a following, even though the manifest functions of residential environments have become diversified, as shown by our findings and those of others in recent years.
Positive alcohol expectancies and injunctive drinking norms in drinking to cope motives and alcohol use among older adults.

Abstract Background Studies indicate older adults have increased risk for alcohol-related harms (e.g., risk for falls) that can manifest at lower levels of consumption than younger adults. Specifically, age-related changes in alcohol metabolism, physiology, increased morbidity, and potential interactions with medications to manage chronic conditions increases risk for related harms among older adults. Purpose The present study used cross-sectional data to examine the associations between drinking to cope motives and positive alcohol expectancies, and injunctive drinking norms in older adults. We also explored the interaction between drinking to cope, positive expectancies and injunctive drinking norms on alcohol use. Methods Adults aged 65 and older (N = 98) completed a series of measures assessing drinking to cope motives, positive alcohol expectancies, injunctive drinking norms, and past-month alcohol use. Results Positive alcohol expectancies were positively associated with drinking to cope motives. Drinking norms were not associated with coping motives. Moderating effects of expectancies varied on the link between coping motives and alcohol use. Greater endorsement of coping motives was associated with more alcohol consumption but only for those with low expectancies. Conclusions Better understanding of the complex interplay between drinking to cope motives, positive expectancies, and injunctive drinking norms of proximal as well as distal referents could foster improvement of clinical assessments to screen for risk factors of alcohol abuse and promote development of more age-salient measures of alcohol expectancies, norms, and motives.
A G1 sizer mechanism coordinates growth and division in the mouse epidermis

Summary Cell size homeostasis is often achieved by coupling cell cycle progression to cell growth. Studies of cell size homeostasis in single-celled bacteria and yeast have observed several distinct phenomena. Growth can be coupled to division through a range of mechanisms, including a ‘sizer’, wherein cells of varying birth size divide at similar final sizes [1–3], and an ‘adder’, wherein cells increase in size a fixed amount per cell cycle [4–6]. Importantly, intermediate control mechanisms are observed, and even the same organism can exhibit distinct control phenomena depending on growth conditions [2,7,8]. While studying unicellular organisms in laboratory conditions may give insight into their growth control in the wild, this is less apparent for studies of mammalian cells growing outside the organism. Sizer, adder, and intermediate mechanisms have been observed in vitro [9–12], but it is unclear how these diverse size homeostasis phenomena relate to mammalian cell proliferation in vivo. To address this gap, we analyzed time-lapse images of the mouse epidermis taken over one week during normal tissue turnover [13]. We quantified the 3D volume growth and cell cycle progression of single cells within the mouse skin. In dividing epidermal stem cells, we found that cell growth is coupled to division through a sizer mechanism operating largely in the G1 phase. Thus, while the majority of tissue culture studies to-date identified adder mechanisms, our analysis demonstrates that sizer mechanisms are important in vivo and highlights the need to determine their underlying molecular origin.
Text messaging and lottery incentive to improve colorectal cancer screening outreach at a community health center: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Efforts to boost colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates in underserved populations have been limited by effectiveness and scalability. We evaluate the impact of adding a lottery-based financial incentive to a text messaging program that asks patients to opt-in to receive mailed fecal immunochemical testing (FIT). This is a two-arm pragmatic randomized controlled trial at a community health center in Southwest Philadelphia from April to July 2017. We included CRC screening-eligible patients between ages 50–74 years who had a mobile phone, active health insurance, and at least one visit to the clinic in the past 12 months. Patients received a text message about CRC screening with the opportunity to opt-in to receive mailed FIT. They were randomized 1:1 to the following: (1) text messaging outreach alone (text), or (2) text messaging with lottery for a 1-in-5 chance of winning $100 after FIT completion (text + lottery). The primary outcome was the percentage of patients completing the mailed FIT within 3 months of initial outreach. 281 patients were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. The FIT completion rate was 12.1% (95% CI, 6.7%–17.5%) in the text message arm and 12.1% (95% CI, 6.7%–17.5%) in the lottery arm, with no statistical difference between arms. The majority of post-intervention interview respondents found text messaging to be acceptable and convenient. Opt-in text messaging is a feasible option to promote the uptake of mailed FIT screening, but the addition of a lottery-based incentive did not improve completion rates. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03072095).
Negative short-range genomic autocorrelation of causal effects on human complex traits

Most models of complex trait genetic architecture assume that signed causal effect sizes of each SNP (defined with respect to the minor allele) are uncorrelated with those of nearby SNPs, but it is currently unknown whether this is the case. We develop a new method, autocorrelation LD regression (ACLR), for estimating the genome-wide autocorrelation of causal minor allele effect sizes as a function of genomic distance. Our method estimates these autocorrelations by regressing the products of summary statistics on distance-dependent LD scores. We determined that ACLR robustly assesses the presence or absence of nonzero autocorrelation, producing unbiased estimates with well-calibrated standard errors in null simulations regardless of genetic architecture; if true autocorrelation is nonzero, ACLR correctly detects its sign, although estimates of the autocorrelation magnitude are susceptible to bias in cases of certain genetic architectures. We applied ACLR to 31 diseases and complex traits from the UK Biobank (average N=331K), meta-analyzing results across traits. We determined that autocorrelations were significantly negative at distances of 1-50bp (P = 8×10-6, point estimate -0.35±0.08) and 50-100bp (P = 2×10-3, point estimate -0.33±0.11). We show that the autocorrelation is primarily driven by pairs of SNPs in positive LD, which is consistent with the expectation that linked SNPs with opposite effects are less impacted by natural selection. Our findings suggest that this mechanism broadly affects complex trait genetic architectures, and we discuss implications for association mapping, heritability estimation, and genetic risk prediction.
The Speed With Which Analysts Incorporate Firm-Specific and Industry Information in Their Forecasts: Evidence and Implications

We separate analyst forecast revisions into components representing industry-wide and firm-specific news. Using the relation between analyst forecast revisions and upcoming news to estimate how completely analysts incorporate their private information in their forecasts, we show that analysts incorporate a smaller proportion of industry-wide news than firm-specific news in their forecasts, particularly when the underlying news is bad. Post-forecast-revision drift is strongly associated with the private industry-wide information that analysts withhold from their forecast revisions. Furthermore, analysts’ information withholding varies predictably with their incentives. Unlike prior research that attributes post-forecast revision drift to delayed market response to news in forecast revisions, our findings suggest that the drift arises because investors are unable to anticipate the news that analysts withhold from their forecast revisions. Our study sheds light on analysts’ role in conveying firm-specific and industry-wide news to investors and on the implications for post-forecast-revision drift.
At the Intersection of Health Care and Human Rights: Violations of Medical Neutrality and The Emergence of Medical Resistance

The principle of medical neutrality stipulates that during periods of armed conflict, medical services must operate unimpaired and medical facilities and personnel should remain unharmed. However, in the face of growing intrastate conflicts and civil unrest across the world, medical neutrality is frequently violated by the state as medical professionals have increasingly come under threat while working in conflict zones. This study aims to determine how the politicization of medicine affects health care and medical professionals in conflict zones. In intrastate conflicts, medicine is politicized as a target of state violence and medical professionals become political actors who favor the side of protestors against the state. In order to analyze the effects of medical neutrality violations, this study explores cases of state violence in Egypt, Palestine, Kashmir, and the United States to demonstrate the extent of direct and indirect violence by the state, its implications for health care in conflict, and the obsolescence of traditional laws of medical neutrality. It also applies Hollander and Einwohner's conceptual model of resistance to different actions by medical professionals to resist oppression in conflict zones. The paper concludes that modern medical neutrality laws are an inoperable way of guaranteeing human rights and access to health care due to the inability to hold states accountable to such laws on a domestic scale. The inefficiency of medical neutrality and subsequent violations of the policy by states has caused medical professionals to take an active political role in resisting state violence.
Machine learning predictions of mean ages of shallow well samples in the Great Lakes Basin, USA

Abstract The travel time or “age” of groundwater affects catchment responses to hydrologic changes, geochemical reactions, and time lags between management actions and responses at down-gradient streams and wells. Use of atmospheric tracers has facilitated the characterization of groundwater ages, but most wells lack such measurements. This study applied machine learning to predict ages in wells across a large region around the Great Lakes Basin using well, chemistry, and landscape characteristics. For a dataset of age tracers in 961 samples, the travel time from the land surface to the sample location was estimated for each sample using parametric functions. The mean travel times were then modeled using a gradient boosting machine (GBM) algorithm with cross validation tuning of model metaparameters. The GBM approach was able to closely match estimated ages for the training data (RMSE = 0.26 natural-log scale years) and provided a reasonable match to testing data (RMSE = 0.84). Of the variables tested, well characteristics (e.g. depth), land use, hydrologic indicators (e.g. topographic wetness index), and water chemistry (e.g. nitrate, fluoride, and pH), substantially affected the predictions of age. GBM prediction was applied to 14,335 groundwater samples with median sample depth of 5.4 m, indicating for the Great Lakes Basin a broad distribution of ages among wells with a median of 32.9 years. Lag times of decades are likely for these wells to respond to changing solute fluxes near land surface. While depth variables most strongly affected predicted mean ages, chemical constituents exhibited smooth trends with age, consistent with prevailing conceptual models of evolving sources and geochemistry flowpaths. The results provide proof of concept for use of readily available variables of well, landscape, and chemical characteristics to improve groundwater age estimates across large regions.
Inhibitors of Folate Biosynthesis and Utilization – Evolutionary Changes as a Basis for Chemotherapy

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the importance of the inhibitors of folate biosynthesis and utilization in chemotherapy. The exploration of enzymes and metabolic pathways by means of antimetabolites has been productive of both new medicinal agents and advances in fundamental knowledge. The rationale for its use in combination with a sulfonamide is stated. The target is the microbial pool of tetrahydrofolate cofactors that are essential to the metabolism and multiplication of the microbial cell. Such cofactors occur ubiquitously and perform the synthesis of serine and the methylation of homocysteine to form methione. Microorganisms employ similar reactions in the biosynthesis of riboflavin, pantothenate, thiamin, and dihydrofolate itself. The application of a spectrum of inhibitors to a selection of partially purified reductases documented their mechanism of action and revealed the magnitude of their differential affinities for the reductases of different species. Trimethoprim represents the culmination of an effort to tailor a molecule for maximum binding to bacterial reductases with minimum binding to mammalian reductase.
Design Team Collaboration with a Complex Design Problem

To what extent does collaboration impact complex ill-structured design? This research project focused on design meetings held during the first year of a 5-year, grant-supported effort to develop an innovative, 6-day course that integrates cutting-edge radiation physics and radiobiology content aimed at physicians and researchers working in the field of radiation oncology. The data set included over 568 pages, 208,842 words of written transcripts of a total of 15 two-hour meetings held over 6 months. Results indicate that designers use collaboration to manage constraints throughout the design process, inclusive leadership and decisive leadership are both used to keep the design process moving forward and designers use collaboration to build and rebuild prototypes in order to envision and refine solutions.
ClassroomWiki: a wiki for the classroom with multiagent tracking, modeling, and group formation

Wikis today are being used as a tool to conduct collaborative writing assignments in classrooms. However, typical Wikis (1) do not provide group formation methods to improve the collaborative learning of the students and (2) suffer from typical problems of collaborative learning like free-riding (earning credit without contribution) and lacking conveniences to facilitate teacher interventions. To improve the state of the art of the typical Wikis used in classrooms, we have designed and implemented ClassroomWiki---a Web-based collaborative Wiki writing tool that combines a set of learner pedagogy theories with multiagent tracking, modeling, and group formation. For the students, ClassroomWiki provides a Web interface for writing and revising their group's Wiki and a topic-based forum for discussing their ideas during collaboration. When the students collaborate, ClassroomWiki's agents track all student activities and build detailed student models that represent their contributions toward their groups and uses MHCF algorithm to form student groups to improve the collaborative learning of students. We have deployed ClassroomWiki in two university-level courses to investigate the impact of ClassroomWiki. The results show that ClassroomWiki can (1) improve the collaborative learning outcome of the students by its group formation framework and (2) alleviate free-riding and facilitate teacher interventions by its multiagent tracking and modeling.
Problems of Oversampling with SEC Vidicon Television Systems

Many TV sensors, such as the SEC Vidicon, involve a charge distribution image which is scanned by a reading electron beam, providing the signal. In a TV system which is digitally controlled, the electron beam is stepped, then pulsed on, to provide some form of sampling of the charge image. An important practical question is the nature of this destructive sampling process when the sample intervals become smaller than the beam width, a condition termed oversampling. The electron beam shape is assumed to be Gaussian with standard deviation σ. We will examine the one-dimensional case first, and give an example of the two-dimensional case.
The epigenetics of early development: Inferences from stem cells

Approximately 200 cell types and multiple tissues are established throughout the development of the zygote to an adult mammal. During this process, the cellular genome remains fixed, yet the transcriptome of each of the cell types become widely divergent. This review discusses the epigenetics of preimplantation embryos and the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) as cell-culture models for the inner cell mass (ICM) and epiblast, respectively. Differential patterns of transcription are set up during development by the action of key transcription factors and epigenetics, which are involved in the establishment and maintenance of stable transcriptional states during development. In early embryos, for example, changes in the epigenome consist of alterations to the methylation of CpG dinucleotides and post-translational modification of histones within chromatin. In addition, histone replacement occurs broadly in zygotes. The ICM of the blastocyst, on the other hand, has the amazing ability to contribute to every tissue and cell type present in the adult body. Therefore, ESCs are arguably the most important cell-culture model available to developmental biologists. The advantages and risks of using ESCs to model ICM pluripotency are therefore discussed.
What determines average and outage performance in fading channels

We quantify the average performance of digital transmissions over fading channels at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The performance criteria considered here are probability of error and outage probability. We show that as functions of the average SNR, they can both be characterized by two parameters: the diversity and coding gains. They have the same diversity order, but their coding gains in dB differ by a constant. The diversity and coding gains are found to be related to the behavior of the probability density function (PDF) only at the origin, or equivalently, to the decaying order of the characteristic function. Diversity and coding gains for diversity combining systems are found in terms of branch average SNR's for arbitrarily distributed independent (in some cases, correlated) branches, which can allow one to analyze, e.g., coded transmissions through independent or correlated fading channels.
Knowledge and efficient computation

We informally discuss "knowledge complexity": a measure for the amount of knowledge that can be feasibly extracted from a communication. Our measure provides an answer to the following two questions: 1) How much knowledge should be communicated for proving a theorem? 2) How to prove correctness of cryptographic protocols?
The Current Theory of Strong Interactions and the Problem of Quark Confinement

Before I begin my paper, let me express the hope and, indeed, the conviction, that this volume will prove a worthy memorial to Professor Yourgrau, whose tragic death occurred so soon after the commencement of his “retirement”—a word that, in this case, would have been most misleading. While I have not seen the contents at the time of writing, I have no doubt that the volume will express the broadness, variety and depth of his interests, and his devotion to academic learning.
Fishing at the Cell Surface

Some of the cellular effects of steroid hormones are too rapid to be mediated by nuclear steroid receptors that directly alter gene transcription. In his Perspective, [Maller][1] discusses new work (published elsewhere) that identifies a distinct class of steroid receptor associated with the plasma membrane. This new class of steroid receptor exerts its effects via cell signaling pathways rather than by direct alteration of gene transcription. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5619/594
A systematic method in designing line filters for switching regulators

A systematic method of designing line filters for switching regulators is presented. A line filter is represented by G-parameters which explicitly express its two functions: blocking the switching current from feeding back to the powerline and isolating the line voltage transients. In addition, it can be used to facilitate the evaluation of overall system performance. Based on the regulator's performance requirements, a proper line filter can be derived without trial and error. It minimizes the degradation of a regulator's performance and its weight and size as well. For illustration purposes, a 6.25 kW current-fed push-pull power converter under peak current programmed control/sup -/ associated with a line filter is investigated. >
Internal radiative transport in the vertical Bridgman growth of semitransparent crystals

Abstract A quasi-steady-state model for the vertical Bridgman growth of semitransparent (partially absorbing and emitting) crystals is developed. For the first time, internal radiative heat transfer through the crystal (considered to be a participatine medium) is calculated rigorously, taking into account the full three-dimensional shape of the crystal, including curvature of the melt/crystal interface. The crystal is assumed to be grey, and the ampoule walls, as well as the crystal/melt interface, are assumed to be grey and diffuse. Heat transfer through the melt is considered to be dominated by conduction. A Galerkin finite element method is employed to determine the position and shape of the interface and the temperature field in the crystal and melt. Results for a model oxide growth system demonstrate the sensitivity of melt/crystal interface shape, position, and interfacial gradients to changes in optical properties. The total heat flow through the melt and crystal also depends strongly on the optical parameters of the system. The phenomenon of radiative supercooling is not observed for the system considered here.
Effects of stress during pregnancy on maternal behavior in mice

The effects of stress experienced during pregnancy and raising stressed offspring on maternal behavior were investigated in Swiss-Webster mice. Dams were either stressed or not stressed during pregnancy, and raised either prenatally stressed or nonstressed cross-fostered pups. Maternal behaviors such as grooming, nursing, pup retrieval and maternal aggression were assessed during the first 4 days after birth. Nonstressed dams raising stressed pups and stressed dams raising nonstressed pups groomed and nursed their pups significantly less than did control dams (stressed dams raising stressed pups and nonstressed dams raising nonstressed pups). Nonstressed dams raising stressed pups were also the slowest to retrieve both the first and last pup in retrieval tests. Nonstressed dams raising nonstressed pups were significantly less aggressive than other dams. In contrast, stressed dams raising stressed pups exhibited high levels of nursing and grooming, retrieved their pups rapidly and were very aggressive towards an intruder. These results indicate that raising stressed pups, or experiencing stress during a pregnancy can have significant effects on maternal behaviors. Stressed dams raising stressed pups exhibit maternal care comparable to that of nonstressed dams raising nonstressed pups at least for nesting/nurturing behaviors, and show increased levels of aggression and pup retrieval.
A condition-based maintenance model for periodically inspected systems subjected to competing failure processes

A condition-based maintenance model for periodically inspected systems subject to degradation and random shocks is addressed in this paper. Upon inspection, one will need to determine whether to perform a preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance, or to do nothing. In this paper, we present an expected maintenance cost rate model for systems subject to a degradation process and cumulative shock damage. An optimal maintenance policy consisting of two decision variables such as the preventive maintenance threshold and periodical inspection time, is determined that minimizes the expected long-run maintenance cost per unit time. To improve the search and better ways to obtain the optimum solution, we also propose a heuristic algorithm procedure based on the mean time to first failure concept in order to find the best optimum solution. A numerical example is given to illustrate the ideas of modeling and algorithms.
Implementing wave particles for real-time water waves with object interaction

We present the implementation details of our real-time simulation system explained in the SIGGRAPH 2007 paper, Wave Particles, and shown in the SIGGRAPH 2007 Computer Animation Festival under the same title. Figure 1 shows sample frames captured from our real-time simulation system. The method is based on the new concept of wave particles, which offers a simple, fast, and unconditionally stable approach to surface wave simulation of globally flowless fluids. We also developed a fast object interaction technique that connects our wave simulator to a rigid body simulation system for two-way interactions with the fluid (both object to fluid and fluid to object coupling). In this sketch, we elaborate on the implementation details of our approach and present how to use wave particles to achieve high-performance simulations of fluid surface waves and their interactions with floating objects on a standard PC.
Massive cellular disruption occurs during early imbibition of Cuphea seeds containing crystallized triacylglycerols

The transition from anhydrobiotic to hydrated state occurs during early imbibition of seeds and is lethal if lipid reserves in seeds are crystalline. Low temperatures crystallize lipids during seed storage. We examine the nature of cellular damage observed in seeds of Cuphea wrightii and C. lanceolata that differ in triacylglycerol composition and phase behavior. Intracellular structure, observed using transmission electron microscopy, is profoundly and irreversibly perturbed if seeds with crystalline triacylglycerols are imbibed briefly. A brief heat treatment that melts triacylglycerols before imbibition prevents the loss of cell integrity; however, residual effects of cold treatments in C. wrightii cells are reflected by the apparent coalescence of protein and oil bodies. The timing and temperature dependence of cellular changes suggest that damage arises via a physical mechanism, perhaps as a result of shifts in hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions when triacylglycerols undergo phase changes. Stabilizers of oil body structure such as oleosins that rely on a balance of physical forces may become ineffective when triacylglycerols crystallize. Recent observations linking poor oil body stability and poor seed storage behavior are potentially explained by the phase behavior of the storage lipids. These findings directly impact the feasibility of preserving genetic resources from some tropical and subtropical species.
The possible role of adhesion in synaptic modification

Abstract Alterations in the adhesive interactions at synapses caused by the neurosecretion of glycoproteins and transient changes in extracellular calcium might be involved in long-term synaptic modification.
Insights into the Proterozoic geology of the Park Range, Colorado

Proterozoic rocks in the Park Range comprise an assemblage of highly deformed metavolcanic and metasedimentary supracrustal rocks intruded by numerous plutons. The oldest rocks in the region are a suite of bimodal metavolcanic and associated metasedimentary rocks on Farwell Mountain. These rocks are similar to the Green Mountain Formation to the north, and are geochemically similar to modern continental volcanic arcs related to subduction. The most widely exposed Proterozoic supracrustal unit in the Park Range consists of a highly metamorphosed and deformed, bimodal volcanic sequence with trace-element patterns similar to those of continental interior bimodal suites instead of subduction-related volcanism. The metavolcanic rocks are overlain by a suite of metasedimentary rocks. Protoliths for the basal metasedimentary rocks are graded sequences of feldspar-rich lithic sandstones and conglomerates interpreted as turbidites. These grade stratigraphically upward into a sequence of interbedded shales and finegrained quartz arenites, similar to those found on passive-margin shelves. The top of the sedimentary sequence consists of a medium- to coarse-grained, cross-bedded quartzite. The supracrustal rocks are intruded by plutonic rocks with compositions from gabbro to granite and ages of 1.78 to 1.735 Ga. The youngest Proterozoic unit in the area is the ∼1.4-Ga Mount Ethel pluton. Upper amphibolite-facies regional metamorphism produced abundant sillimanite in aluminous rocks throughout the Park Range and overprints structural fabrics associated with the older intrusions. Garnet-biotite/GASP thermobarometry indicates temperatures for this event ranging from 550–700°C and pressures of 4 to 6 kbar for most of the region south and east of greenschist-facies rocks at Farwell Mountain. Evidence of an earlier period of higher pressure metamorphism is present near Lester Mountain where kyanite that contains small blebs of staurolite has partly broken down to sillimanite. Evidence for a late, lower-pressure rehydration event is also recorded at Lester Mountain. The dominant fabric in the supracrustal rocks throughout the range consists of a steeply dipping northeast-southwest-striking foliation with a steeply plunging stretching lineation. This fabric is also recorded in the oldest of the felsic plutonic rocks, although the amount of strain in the dated plutonic rocks decreases with age. The intensely deformed Soda Creek-Fish Creek shear zone might be a suture between major terranes in the Park Range. There are also changes in metamorphic grade and ages of plutonic rocks that may be related to the shear zone. The main deformation along this shear zone predated the Mount Ethel pluton and was northside-down. However, some left-lateral displacements along late mylonite zones offset rocks attributed to the Mount Ethel magmatic system. A second candidate for a suture is the area between Farwell Mountain and Lester Mountain, where metamorphic grades and compositions of metavolcanic rocks change abruptly.
The design of a location experiment: A continuous formulation

Abstract In an earlier article the authors combined the entropy maximizing approach to urban location theory with postulates on individual behavior to develop a discrete model of residential land use. This paper extends the earlier model so that it can deal with populations which are continuous in distance and income levels. The new formulation provides the planner with a model to predict the spatial behaviour of income classes and their response to changes in the transportation system.
World oil prices and equity returns of major oil and auto companies

Abstract This paper analyzes equity performance of major U.S. oil and automobile companies during the 1970's. Both compound yields and risk-adjusted yields on common stock are used as measures of equity performance. The attribution of the yields to fundamental economic factors (including world oil prices) is investigated via cross-spectral and regression analysis. Not surprisingly, perhaps, oil company stocks outperformed auto company stocks. More importantly, world oil spot prices were significantly related to oil and auto yields, independent from general proxies such as weighted stock market or treasury bill yields.
Evidence for multinuclear metal-ion complexes at solid/water interfaces from X-ray absorption spectroscopy

METALS dissolved in natural waters often become sorbed onto oxide or clay minerals, so that prediction of their chemical behaviour and transport properties requires knowledge of the structure and bonding of metal species at the solid/water interface1. For many sorption systems, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can be used to determine the identity and number of nearest-neighbour atoms and interatomic distances in aqueous complexes on solid surfaces, and thus to identify the dominant type of surface complex and the partitioning mechanism2. Here we describe an XAS study of divalent cobalt (Co(II)) complexes sorbed on three different solids, γ-Al2O3, rutile (TiO2) and kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4). We find direct evidence for the presence of multinuclear sorption complexes at surface coverages below one monolayer of Co(II) atoms. Our spectroscopic data reveal distinct differences in the number of coordinating atoms and interatomic distances in the surface complexes formed on each of the solids at the same sorption density. These results suggest that different oxide and clay surfaces influence the structure and properties of aqueous surface complexes, and therefore must be accounted for in models of metal-ion sorption.
193 nm excimer-laser-induced photo-oxidation of propene in argon matrices

Abstract The products of the reaction of oxygen atoms with propene were investigated following the excimer-laser-induced photodissociation of N 2 O or O 2 in argon matrices at 14 K. The system was complicated by the photodissociation of propene itself at 193 nm, and the possibility of the reaction of the fragmentation products with the oxygen atoms. In the N 2 O—propene experiments, acetone was observed as the major product, with propanal and methyloxirane barely detectable as minor products. In the O 2 —propene experiments, propanal was the major product, although the overall yields were low. These results are consistent with earlier gas phase studies, and suggest that the electronic state of the photogenerated oxygen atom is important in determining the course of the reaction.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER : XII. THE PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS, INFECTED WITH EUROPEAN VIRUS, WITH SERUM OF A HORSE TREATED WITH KILLED RICKETTSIA OF THE MEXICAN TYPE.

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol-about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5-15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol-60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150-300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.
The impact of an indirect suggestion

Abstract The impact of an indirect suggestion was investigated in 2 different test contexts; real and simulating Ss were tested. The Experiential Analysis Technique was employed with real Ss in order to explore their perceptions and processing of the indirect suggestion. Real Ss were seen to be more heterogeneous in their response to the indirect suggestion than were simulating Ss, and the pattern of response was-similar in the 2 test contexts. Some real Ss perceived the indirect suggestion as an illegitimate basis for a change in their phenomenal awareness. Findings point to the ways in which real Ss differ in the detail of their hypnotic response, and comment is made on the relevance of cognitive style for understanding the response patterns of hypnotic Ss.
Studies on persistent infections of tissue cultures. II. Nature of the resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus.

Efforts were made to elucidate the nature of the resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) observed in MCN cultures persistently infected with Newcastle disease, mumps, or 6-6 viruses (MCNNDV, MCNMps and MCN6-6, respectively). Cells derived from persistently infected cultures adsorbed VSV to the same extent as their uninfected counterparts. Only a fraction of the adsorbed virus could be recovered from the cells indicating that it enters into an eclipse in all of the cell types. While propagation of VSV in MCN cells is largely inhibited at low pH levels, the resistance of persistently infected cultures could not be ascribed to their increased lactic acid formation. Resistance was not absolute in that a few cells in persistently infected cultures apparently supported VSV reproduction. Furthermore resistance of the cultures was found to be transitory in that the VSV infection gradually gained the upper hand after 2 to 4 weeks of incubation. Addition of ultraviolet-inactivated NDV to MCN cultures induced resistance to VSV as long as the equivalent of at least one ID50 (for chick embryos) of inactivated virus was provided per cell. Establishment of resistance required some time and its duration depended upon whether or not the free inactivated NDV was removed or neutralized after given adsorption periods. The transitory nature of resistance in persistently infected cultures, or in MCN cells following adsorption of inactivated NDV, is most likely explained by the fact that the cells continue to divide and that the daughter cells are, at least in part, susceptible to VSV. The results are compatible with the conclusion that the resistance observed represents another example of interference between 2 viruses.
Cell-type specificity of ectonucleotidase expression and upregulation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

We report here that induction of ectoATPase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is cell-type specific and not a generalized response to aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor activation. TCDD increased [14C]-ATP and -ADP metabolism in two mouse hepatoma lines, Hepa1c1c7 and Hepa1-6 cells, but not in human hepatoma HepG2 or HuH-7 cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), chick hepatoma (LMH) cells, or chick primary hepatocytes or cardiac myocytes, even though all of those cell types were Ah receptor-responsive, as evidenced by cytochrome P4501A induction. To determine whether the differences in ectonucleotidase responsiveness to TCDD might be related to differences in cell-type ectonucleotidase expression, ATP and ADP metabolite patterns, the products of several classes of ectonucleotidases including ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (E-NTPDases), ectophosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatases (E-NPP enzymes) and ectoalkaline phosphatase activities were examined. Those patterns, together with results of enzyme assays, Western blotting, or semiquantitative RT-PCR show that NTPDase2 is the main ectonucleotidase for murine and human hepatoma cells, NTPDase3 for chick hepatocytes and LMH cells, and an E-NPP enzyme for chick cardiac myocytes. Evidence for NTPDase2 expression was lacking in all cells except the mouse and human hepatoma cells. TCDD increased expression of the NTPDase2 gene but only in the mouse and not in the human hepatoma cells. TCDD did not increase NTPDase3, NTPDase1, E-NPP, or alkaline phosphatase in any of the cell types examined. The failure of TCDD to increase ATP metabolism in HUVEC, chick LMH cells, hepatocytes, and cardiac myocytes can be attributed to their lack of NTPDase2 expression, while the increase in ATP metabolism by TCDD in the mouse but not the human hepatoma cells can be explained by differences in TCDD effects on mouse and human hepatoma NTPDase2 gene expression. In addition to characterizing effects of TCDD on ectonucleotidases, these studies reveal major differences in the complements of ectonucleotidases present in different cell types. It is likely that such differences are important for cell-specific susceptibility to extracellular nucleotide toxicity and responses to purinergic signaling.
Fabrication and X-ray characterization of biaxially textured thick film EuBa2Cu3O7−δ homo-substrates

Abstract To fabricate biaxially textured rare earth (RE) substituted RE-123 thick films as homo-substrates for growth of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO) superconductor epitaxial films, we have initially aligned polycrystalline EuBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ Superconductor using a magnetic force and a mechanical force simultaneously. The structural properties of EuBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ thick films uniaxially aligned by each single force and biaxially aligned by a combination of the two forces were studied for the first time using X-ray diffractometery. We report systematically the structural sample characterization of such EuBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ thick films by X-ray diffraction (XRD), demonstrating the biaxially textured polycrystalline EuBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ homo-substrates having substantial biaxial grain alignment with their grain [0 0 1] axes perpendicular to the surfaces of the thick films and [0 1 0] axes parallel to the magnetic field direction in the specimen plane. The biaxial textured thick film homo-substrates are thus formed. This can be seen as establishing a new paradigm in ceramics science.
“GUESS WHO'S COMING TO DINNER” The Distribution of White House Social Invitations and Their Effects on Congressional Support

Presidents use the perquisites of their office to build support and goodwill among members of Congress, which they then use to increase support for their legislative agendas. Among those perquisite...
Photon Science at the ALS for Sustainable Energy

Our current fossil-fuel-based economy is causing potentially catastrophic changes to our planet. The quest for renewable, nonpolluting sources of energy requires us to understand, predict, and ultimately control matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels.
Delineating unique cellular responses to PDT (Invited paper)

Photodamage to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or lysosomes can lead to activation of the apoptotic program, as can exposure of cells to the non-peptidic Bcl-2/Bcl-x L antagonist HA14-1. Many signaling pathways are evoked by photodynamic therapy (PDT), presumably from oxidative stress effects. To discover which of the latter effects might be unique to PDT, we compared some photodynamic effects with HA14-1 treatment, using murine leukemia L1210 cells in culture. Two photosensitizers were employed: the porphycene CPO and the chlorin NPe6. The former targets the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and causes Bcl-2 photodamage, while NPe6 targets lysosomes, resulting in protease-induced cleavage and activation of Bid to form the pro-apoptotic product t-Bid. PDT at either target will lead to loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨ m , translocation of cytochrome c to the cytosol and an apoptotic response. Photodynamic effects of CPO or NPe6 led to activation of several 'stress proteins' and intracellular oxidation of the probe dihydrodichlorofluorescein (H 2 DCF). All of these effects were mimicked by HA14-1, indicating that these early responses to PDT result from initiation of apoptosis, however achieved. After CPO-catalyzed PDT or HA14-1 treatment, we observed a prompt release of Ca 2+ into the cytosol, but this was insufficient to significantly alter mitochondrial calcium levels. The apoptotic response to HA14-1 or Bcl-2 photodamage was markedly promoted by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor staurosporin (STS). These effects were not observed after photodamage catalyzed by NPe6, indicating that calcium release and PKC interactions are associated with loss of Bcl-2 function, but not Bid activation.
Close apposition of photoreceptor cell axons in the house fly.

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy of the first optic ganglion of the house fly Musca domestica reveals that retinular (R) axons branch and interdigitate throughout the external plexiform layer. Axonal membranes of neighboring cells are in close apposition to each other, usually without junctional modifications. In some cases R axonal membranes exhibit greater electron density in the areas of contiguity. Adjacent axons may show a near confluency of axoplasm at points where membrane boundaries are interrupted or obscured. Physiological implications of these ultrastructural findings are discussed.
The choice of public or private school

Abstract A family's choice of enrolling its children in a public or private school depends on its income, its religious affiliation, the educational level of the parents and the school's quality and racial composition. A public opinion poll of 2000 Michigan residents provides an empirical test. Important variables were public school quality, income, religion and parents' education. Further analysis examined race and Roman Catholicism.