cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends and Outcomes of Pediatric Vascular Injuries in the United States: An Analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank.

Background According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, trauma is the leading cause of death in children aged >1 year in the United States (US). Although vascular injuries occur in only 0.6–1% of pediatric patients with trauma, they are a major mortality contributor. This study aims to examine epidemiology and outcomes after pediatric vascular injuries (PedVIs) in the US. Methods The National Trauma Data Bank (2002–2012) was queried to identify children (0–16) with PedVIs. Patients were categorized based on their demographics, location, and mechanism and presenting trauma severity (injury severity score [ISS] and shock). Study was divided into two 5-year periods (P1: 2002–2006; P2: 2007–2012) to study the trends in pediatric vascular trauma presentation and outcomes (hospital death and extended length of stay [LOS > 8 days]) using adjusted analyses. Results Analyses were performed on 3,408 cases; who were male (73.7%) and Caucasian (52.8%) with a mean age of 10.5 ± 4.5 years. The Southern region of the US saw the highest increase in PedVIs (P2 versus P1: 38.3% vs. 25.0%, P Conclusions We observed a significant decrease in the overall severity of injury and in-hospital mortality concurrent with the observation of a significant decrease in the rates of pediatric MVC vascular injuries. Public health policies directed toward firearm safety may further decrease PedVIs and mortality among this vulnerable population.
A multidisciplinary coastal vulnerability assessment for local government focused on ecosystems, Santa Barbara area, California

Abstract Incorporating coastal ecosystems in climate adaptation planning is needed to maintain the well-being of both natural and human systems. Our vulnerability study uses a multidisciplinary approach to evaluate climate change vulnerability of an urbanized coastal community that could serve as a model approach for communities worldwide, particularly in similar Mediterranean climates. We synthesize projected changes in climate, coastal erosion and flooding, watershed runoff and impacts to two important coastal ecosystems, sandy beaches and coastal salt marshes. Using downscaled climate models along with other regional models, we find that temperature, extreme heat events, and sea level are expected to increase in the future, along with more intense rainfall events, despite a negligible change in annual rainfall. Consequently, more droughts are expected but the magnitude of larger flood events will increase. Associated with the continuing rise of mean sea level, extreme coastal water levels will occur with increasingly greater magnitudes and frequency. Severe flooding will occur for both natural (wetlands, beaches) and built environments (airport, harbor, freeway, and residential areas). Adaptation actions can reduce the impact of rising sea level, which will cause losses of sandy beach zones and salt marsh habitats that support the highest biodiversity in these ecosystems, including regionally rare and endangered species, with substantial impacts occurring by 2050. Providing for inland transgression of coastal habitats, effective sediment management, reduced beach grooming and removal of shoreline armoring are adaptations that would help maintain coastal ecosystems and the beneficial services they provide.
A Neural Network Based Algorithm for Dynamically Adjusting Activity Targets to Sustain Exercise Engagement Among People Using Activity Trackers

Abstract It is well established that lack of physical activity is detrimental to overall health of an individual. Modern day activity trackers enable individuals to monitor their daily activity to meet and maintain targets and to promote activity encouraging behavior. However, the benefits of activity trackers are attenuated over time due to waning adherence. One of the key methods to improve adherence to goals is to motivate individuals to improve on their historic performance metrics. In this work we developed a machine learning model to dynamically adjust the activity target for the forthcoming week that can be realistically achieved by the activity-tracker users. This model prescribes activity target for the forthcoming week. We considered individual user-specific personal, social, and environmental factors, daily step count through the current week (7 days). In addition, we computed an entropy measure that characterizes the pattern of daily step count for the current week. Data for training the machine learning model was collected from 30 participants over a duration of 9 weeks. The model predicted target daily count with mean absolute error of 1545 steps. The proposed work can be used to set personalized goals in accordance with the individual’s level of activity and thereby improving adherence to fitness tracker.
Autonomy and relatedness in early adolescent friendships as predictors of short‐ and long‐term academic success

This study examined early adolescent autonomy and relatedness during disagreements with friends as key social competencies likely to predict academic achievement during the transition to high school and academic attainment into early adulthood. A sample of 184 adolescents was followed through age 29 to assess predictions to academic success from observed autonomy and relatedness during a disagreement task with a close friend. Observed autonomy and relatedness at age 13 predicted relative increases in grade point average (GPA) from 13 to 15, and greater academic attainment by age 29, after accounting for baseline GPA. Findings remained after accounting for peer acceptance, social competence, scholastic competence, externalizing and depressive symptoms, suggesting a key role for autonomy and relatedness during disagreements in helping adolescents navigate challenges in the transition to high school and beyond.
Preparing Preservice Teachers for Life in Schools: The Role of Doctoral Education

Physical education teachers face considerable sociopolitical challenges that can impede quality instruction and complicate recruitment into the profession. Physical education teacher education facu...
Effect of zinc on immune function in young swine and on models of susceptibility to Serpulina hyodysenteriae infection

22 INTRODUCTION 24 MATERIALS AND METHODS 25 RESULTS 27 DISCUSSION 28 IMPLICATIONS 29 LITERATURE CITED 30 PAPER 2: COMPARISON OF THE SOURCE OF DIETARY ZINC ON SELECTED IMMUNE FUNCTIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNS OF SWINE DYSENTERY IN YOUNG SWINE 37 ABSTRACT 38 INTRODUCTION 39 MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 RESULTS 46 DISCUSSION 49 IMPLICATIONS 52 LITERATURE CITED 5338 INTRODUCTION 39 MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 RESULTS 46 DISCUSSION 49 IMPLICATIONS 52 LITERATURE CITED 53
A face cover perspective to e1 embeddings of planar graphs

It was conjectured by Gupta et al. [Combinatorica04] that every planar graph can be embedded into e1 with constant distortion. However, given an n-vertex weighted planar graph, the best upper bound on the distortion is only [MATH HERE], by Rao [SoCG99]. In this paper we study the case where there is a set K of terminals, and the goal is to embed only the terminals into e1 with low distortion. In a seminal paper, Okamura and Seymour [J.Comb.Theory81] showed that if all the terminals lie on a single face, they can be embedded isometrically into e1. The more general case, where the set of terminals can be covered by γ faces, was studied by Lee and Sidiropoulos [STOC09] and Chekuri et al. [J.Comb.Theory13]. The state of the art is an upper bound of O(log γ) by Krauthgamer, Lee and Rika [SODA19]. Our contribution is a further improvement on the upper bound to [MATH HERE]. Since every planar graph has at most O(n) faces, any further improvement on this result, will be a major breakthrough, directly improving upon Rao's long standing upper bound. Moreover, it is well known that the flow-cut gap equals to the distortion of the best embedding into e1. Therefore, our result provides a polynomial time [MATH HERE]-approximation to the sparsest cut problem on planar graphs, for the case where all the demand pairs can be covered by γ faces.
Thrombus in Transit: Extract or Dissolve?

Thrombus in transit (TIT) remains an uncommon diagnosis. However, it is often found in patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). While thrombolytics are mainly used in life-threatening presentations, their role in stable patients with a known history of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is unclear.
Prevalence and factors associated with high levels of distress in young adult cancer survivors compared to matched peers

Young adulthood can be a difficult period of development and disruption of age-related milestones can impact psychological well-being. This study examined whether psychological distress differs in young adult (YA) cancer survivors compared to their non-cancer peers and identified factors related to high distress in YA cancer survivors. Canadian YAs (n = 448) diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 39 were compared with age-, sex-, and education-matched controls (n = 448) randomly sampled from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey—Mental Health. The primary measure was the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Groups were compared using independent-samples t tests and chi-square tests of independence. Logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with high (moderate/severe) distress for YA cancer survivors. YA cancer survivors reported significantly higher distress than their matched peers (24.89 vs. 15.75; p < .0005). In the multivariate model, greater years of education were associated with a decreased likelihood of high distress (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.84, p = .001). Compared with those working, those in school (AOR = 6.81, p = .003) or not in school/working (AOR = 4.13, p < .0005) reported higher distress. Psychological factors associated with high distress in YA cancer survivors included body image dissatisfaction (AOR = 1.09, p < .0005), poor social support (AOR = 5.19, p = .011), and elevated fears of cancer recurrence (maladaptive: AOR = 6.39, p = .001; clinical: AOR = 12.31, p < .0005). YA cancer survivors experience significantly greater distress than their non-cancer peers. This distress is associated with modifiable factors such as body image dissatisfaction, social support, and fear of cancer recurrence, illustrating key areas for intervention.
Temporal Bone Resection

Anatomic relationship between the parotid gland and the temporal bone Clinical signs suggestive of a temporal bone malignancy The usefulness of diagnostic testing The staging of temporal bone malignancies Indications and techniques for temporal bone resection The utility of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy
"Are You Able-Bodied?" Embodying Accountability in the Modern Criminal Justice System.

Monetary sanctions are a common tool for enforcing accountability within the criminal justice system. However, it is unclear how individuals with disabilities who have a limited capacity to work in...
Automated identification of immune related adverse events in oncology patients using machine learning.

1551Background: Immune related adverse events (irAEs) are a major cause of morbidity among cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). irAEs are difficult to identify systemat...
de Finetti Style Theorems With Applications to Network Analysis.

A classic and fundamental result about the decomposition of random sequences into a mixture of simpler ones is de Finetti's Theorem. In its original form it applies to infinite 0-1 valued exchangeable sequences. Later it was extended and generalized in numerous directions. After reviewing this line of development, we present our new decomposition theorem, covering cases that have not been previously considered. We also introduce a novel way of applying these types of results in the analysis of random networks. For self-containment, we provide the introductory exposition in more details than usual, with the intent of making it also accessible to readers who may not be closely familiar with the subject.
Bloom formation potential in the harmful dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea: Clues from movement behaviors and growth characteristics

Abstract We measured the growth rates and swimming behaviors of recently isolated strains of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea to investigate to what degree growth and motility could contribute to the formation of in situ blooms. To quantify the effect of variation in in situ conditions on population growth rate, we applied two temperature treatments (10 °C and 20 °C) and measured growth in still conditions and on a shaker table, to emulate mild turbulence. To quantify the importance of intra-strain variability and trait variation in the species growth potential and vertical distribution, we included six strains isolated from a spatially and temporally extensive bloom on the US West Coast. Overall, as reported previously, A. sanguinea was observed to tolerate conditions amounting to a broad ecological niche with intra-specific variability further broadening tolerable conditions. In agreement with prior observations of slow growth rates of the species, average growth rates across all strains increased significantly from 0.12 d −1 (±0.03) at 10 °C to 0.28 d −1 (±0.13) at 20 °C in still conditions. Contrary to prior reports, mild turbulence had neutral or positive effects on most strains’ growth rates, with one strain only able to grow on the shaker table. Growth rates in mild turbulence were higher than in still conditions and increased from 0.15 d −1 (±0.01) at 10 °C to 0.43 d −1 (± 0.04) at 20 °C. There was significant intra-strain variation in growth rates (>50% coefficient of variation) and movement behaviors. All strains had both up and down swimming fractions, leading to predictions of vertically patchy distributions, rather than surface aggregations. Slow growth rates and dispersive swimming behaviors suggest in situ mortality must be low and tolerance of seasonally varying water temperatures lead to accumulation and persistence of cells over months and kilometers. Estimates of in situ loss rates are a critical but missing component of identifying the bloom formation mechanisms of this species.
SU‐E‐T‐316: Dosimetric Effects Resulting From Increased MLC Error and Expanded Dose Dynamic Leaf Tolerances in Sliding Window IMRT

Purpose: To examine the dosimetric effects on the target dose coverage of MLC error (actual vs. planned position) for sliding window IMRT treatment plans. Methods: Dynalog files from a treated 7 field H&N sliding window IMRT plan were imported into a Dynalog to .mlc converter. The errors of the MLC’s were multiplied by factors of f= 5, 10, 50, and 500 while capping the dose dynamic leaf tolerance at 0.2cm (Eclipse TPS default). Resulting .mlc files were imported into the TPS to study the changes in dose after increasing the magnitude of MLC error. Additionally, the dose dynamic leaf tolerance was expanded to 0.3cm, 0.4cm, and 0.5cm for each case. Results: For the linac investigated, A and B MLC error was found in the direction opposite to MLC motion, toward the X1 jaw. This systematic shift in the MLC position results in a shift of the dose distribution per field when the inherent error is multiplied by a factor. The complete treatment plan had maximum and minimum dose differences (modified vs. planned) exhibiting a similar trend as individual fields with dose differences reaching 3% of the prescribed dose with f=10 and an expanded tolerance of 0.3cm. Conclusion: A clinically significant difference of 5% of the prescribed dose is seen when the MLC error is multiplied by a factor f∼15 while within the default dose dynamic leaf tolerance of 0.2cm. This suggests that if a large deviation of the MLC’s from the planned positions were to occur for just 1/5 of the active leaf positions that differences in the delivered vs. planned dose per fraction could exceed 5%. Using the default MLC tolerance, no clinically significant difference in the mean target dose was found, indicating that the default MLC tolerance of 0.2cm is adequate for accurate IMRT treatment plan delivery.
OPTIMAL DISCOUNTING OF BENEFITS FROM CLEANUP AT WASTE SITES

This paper uses a general equilibrium optimal growth model to discuss the role of optimal discounting of future benefits from cleanup at high-level toxic waste sites. Cleanup simultaneously generates two streams of benefits. One of these is directly from utility and the other is indirectly from the added productivity of workers. We note that the optimal discount rate is different for these two types of benefits. Along the optimal path, the former are discounted at the rate of time preference and the latter at the market rate of interest. We achieve this by identifying four components of the shadow value of the stock of toxic waste. These are the utility, productivity, cost, and abundance effects. The distinction between discount rates appears to have been overlooked in the literature but has significant implications for environmental cost-benefit analysis due to the growing interest in applying zero time preference to environmental problems, (like waste cleanup) whose consequences extend many generations into the future. A numerical example is included to illustrate these concepts.
The conversion of catechol and protocatechuate to beta-ketoadipate by Pseudomonas putida. II. Enzymes of the protocatechuate pathway.

Extracts of benzoate-grown Pseudomonas putida have high levels of β-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate-lactonizing enzyme and γ-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase, even though these enzymes are uniquely associated with the protocate-chuate pathway. Since these activities might result from nonspecific catalysis by the enzymes which catalyze the analogous reactions in the catechol pathway, cis,cis-muconate-lactonizing enzyme and muconolactone isomerase were purified extensively and their specificities were examined. Crystalline preparations had no detectable activity on the carboxylated substrate analogues of the parallel convergent pathway. The enzymes of the catechol pathway do, however, share some physical characteristics with the enzymes that catalyze the analogous reactions in the protocatechuate pathway.
Regulation of Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase in the Photosynthetic Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide

Abstract The formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate, CO2, and H2O by homogeneous preparations of spinach chloroplast ribulose-1,5-P2 carboxylase was investigated at 1 mm bicarbonate—the lowest concentration that sustained a maximal rate of complete photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. Under these conditions, the carboxylase was activated by fructose-6-P and deactivated by fructose-1,6-P2, two intermediates of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. Activation by fructose-6-P was most pronounced at a limiting level of Mg2+ or at neutral or acidic pH. Fructose-6-P induced a shift from sigmoidal to Michaelian kinetics and decreased (up to a factor of 6) the Km for bi-bicarbonate. Fructose-6-P also decreased the Km for Mg2+ and increased the Km for ribulose-1,5-P2. On deactivation by fructose-1,6-P2, the carboxylase showed, in general, its original kinetic characteristics. Certain other intermediates of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle (ribulose-5-P, xylulose-5-P, erythrose-4-P, ribose-5-P) also activated the carboxylase, but less effectively than did fructose-6-P. 6-Phosphogluconate, a compound not formed by chloroplasts, was a strong activator of the enzyme; its mode of action resembled that of fructose-6-P. Fructose-1,6-P2 was the only intermediate of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle that deactivated the carboxylase. Two intermediates in starch synthesis, glucose-1,6-P2 and glucose-6-P, deactivated the carboxylase as well as did fructose-1,6-P2. A regulatory mechanism based on these and other findings is proposed for the conversion of CO2 to starch in photosynthesis.
Charles the Simple, Robert of Neustria, and the vexilla of Saint-Denis

A recent consensus holds that the deposition of Charles the Simple by Robert of Neustria in 922 was the result of a sudden deterioration in their relationship that had nothing to do with any earlier hostilities. A close examination of contemporary diplomas suggests a very different story. In 898, Charles did not faithfully implement the agreement he had made with Robert's brother Odo that gave him the succession and he resisted recognizing Robert's lay abbacies, in particuar that of Saint-Denis. These grievances shaped the entirety of the reign, and their memory remained quite alive at the time of the deposition.
Hybrid super/subthreshold design of a low power scalable-throughput FFT architecture

In this article, we present a parallel implementation of a 1024 point Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operating with a subthreshold supply voltage, which is below the voltage that turns the transistors on and off. Even though the transistors are not actually switching as usual in this region, they are able to complete the computation by modulating the leakage current that passes through them, resulting in a 20-100x decrease in power consumption. Our hybrid FFT design partitions a sequential butterfly FFT architecture into two regions, namely memory banks and processing elements, such that the former runs in the superthreshold region and the latter in the subthreshold region. For a given throughput, the number of parallel processing units and their supply voltage is determined such that the overall power consumption of the design is minimized. For a 1024 point FFT operation, our parallel design is able to deliver the same throughput as a serial design, while consuming 70% less power. We study the effectiveness of this method for a variable throughput application such as a sensor node switching between a low throughput and high throughput mode, e.g. when sensing an interesting event. We compare our method with other methods used for throughput scaling such as voltage scaling and clock scaling and find that our scaling method will last up to three times longer on battery power. We also analyze the trade-offs involved in our method, including yield and device size issues.
Synthesis and structure of the new pentanary uranium(VI) silicate, K4CaUSi4O14, a member of a structural family related to fresnoite

Single crystals of K4CaUSi4O14 have been grown from a eutectic CaF2–KF flux. K4CaUSi4O14 crystallizes in a new structure which exhibits a 49-fold superstructure believed to be due to a modulation of the uranium and silicon polyhedra. We report the sub-cell of the structure which adopts the tetragonal space group Pn2 with lattice parameters a = 9.2862(2) A, c = 8.3796(4) A, and V = 722.60(5) A3. K4CaUSi4O14 is a member of a structural family related to the mineral fresnoite which we describe here. Finally, we report UV-vis absorbance and SHG measurements on the compound, which is non-centrosymmetric.
Dietary fat and glucose control in Pregnancy Exercise & Nutrition Feasibility Study participants (LB321)

Background: Dietary fat intake influences glucose control during pregnancy. Methods: Fasting glucose (FG) and insulin (FI) were measured, insulin resistance and sensitivity (HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and QUICKI) were calculated and dietary total fat (TF), saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) were estimated each trimester (T1, T2, T3) in 26 women during pregnancy. Relationships between fat intake and glucose control were assessed using canonical correlations (CC). Results: Compared to sample means, during T1, higher MUFA, PUFA and lower SFA intakes are correlated with higher QUICKI and FI (r=0.72); higher TF, SFA, and MUFA intakes are correlated with higher FG (r=0.67). During T2, higher TF and SF intakes are correlated with higher FG, FI, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and lower QUICKI (r=0.66). During T3, higher TF, MUFA, and PUFA intakes are correlated with lower FI, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and high QUICKI (r=0.65). Fat Variables T1 CC1 T1 CC2 T2 CC1 T3 CC1 Correlation between Variables and ...
An Urban Mathematics Education Book Review?: Considerations for JUME Book Review Authors

CHRISTOPHER C. JETT is an assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics in the College of Science and Mathematics at the University of West Georgia, 1601 Maple St., Carrollton, GA 30118; email: cjett@westga.edu. His research interests are centered on employing a critical race theoretical perspective to mathematics education research, particularly, at the undergraduate mathematics level. He is the current Book Review editor of the Journal of Urban Mathematics Education. EDITORIAL
Detection of stationary targets using Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences

We present a new greedy algorithm for detecting stationary targets from radar returns. Modulated Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences (DPSS's) form an efficient basis for sampled bandpass signals. In each step of an iterative algorithm, we use a modulated DPSS basis to cancel nearly all of the target return corresponding to previously selected targets. With this basis, we improve upon the target detection sensitivity of a Fourier-based technique.
Linguistic Relativity in SLA: Thinking for Speaking

Over the past few decades, Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research has shown a growing interest in linguistic relativity, specifically in Slobin’s (1987, 1996) thinking-for-speaking hypothesis. The thinking-for-speaking hypothesis posits that language-specific structures direct the speaker’s attention to specific aspects of objects and events; such perceived information is then organized according to what can be grammatically coded in the speaker’s first language (L1s). This volume probes a possible interference of L1-based cognition with second language (L2) development. As pointed out by ZhaoHong Han, the first editor, this volume regards Slobin’s thinking-for-speaking hypothesis as one of the several promising accounts for such SLA phenomena as inter- and intra- learner variability, as well as fossilization.
Phosphorylation of the head domain of neurofilament protein (NF-M): a factor regulating topographic phosphorylation of NF-M tail domain KSP sites in neurons.

In neurons the phosphorylation of neurofilament (NF) proteins NF-M and NF-H is topographically regulated. Although kinases and NF subunits are synthesized in cell bodies, extensive phosphorylation of the KSP repeats in tail domains of NF-M and NF-H occurs primarily in axons. The nature of this regulation, however, is not understood. As obligate heteropolymers, NF assembly requires interactions between the core NF-L with NF-M or NF-H subunits, a process inhibited by NF head domain phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of head domains at protein kinase A (PKA)-specific sites seems to occur transiently in cell bodies after NF subunit synthesis. We have proposed that transient phosphorylation of head domains prevents NF assembly in the soma and inhibits tail domain phosphorylation; i.e. assembly and KSP phosphorylation in axons depends on prior dephosphorylation of head domain sites. Deregulation of this process leads to pathological accumulations of phosphorylated NFs in the soma as seen in some neurodegenerative disorders. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of PKA phosphorylation of the NF-M head domain on phosphorylation of tail domain KSP sites. In rat cortical neurons we showed that head domain phosphorylation of endogenous NF-M by forskolin-activated PKA inhibits NF-M tail domain phosphorylation. To demonstrate the site specificity of PKA phosphorylation and its effect on tail domain phosphorylation, we transfected NIH3T3 cells with NF-M mutated at PKA-specific head domain serine residues. Epidermal growth factor stimulation of cells with mutant NF-M in the presence of forskolin exhibited no inhibition of NF-tail domain phosphorylation compared with the wild type NF-M-transfected cells. This is consistent with our hypothesis that transient phosphorylation of NF-M head domains inhibits tail domain phosphorylation and suggests this as one of several mechanisms underlying topographic regulation.
Design of Lightweight Lead Screw Actuators for Wearable Robotic Applications

A wearable robot is a controlled and actuated device that is in direct contact with its user. As such, the implied requirements of this device are that it must be portable, lightweight, and most importantly safe. To achieve these goals, an actuator with a good “power to weight” ratio, good mechanical efficiency, good “strength to weight” ratio, and that is safe is desired. The design of the standard lead screw does not normally perform well in any of these categories. The typical lead screw has low pitch angles and large radii, thereby yielding low mechanical efficiencies and heavy weight. However, using the design procedure outlined in this text, both efficiency and weight are improved; thus yielding a lead screw system with performances that rival human muscle. The result of an example problem reveals a feasible lead screw design that has a power to weight ratio of 277W∕kg, approaching that of the dc motor driving it, at 312W∕kg, as well as a mechanical efficiency of 0.74, and a maximum strength to weight ratio of 11.3kN∕kg(1154kgf∕kg).
Salivary Lipid Profiles of the Leech (Hirudo medicinalis)

Saliva was collected from sixteen leeches (Hirudo medicinalis). The saliva was analyzed for its total lipid content (3.26±0.31 mg of total lipids per 100 mL saliva). The lipids were separated into polar and nonpolar by chromatographic techniques. The neutral fraction was approximately 2/3 of the total, and the polar fraction was approximately 1/3 of the total lipids. Thin-layer chromatography was used to obtain the individual profiles of the polar and nonpolar lipids. Of the identified lipids, phosphatidic acids and free fatty acids represented the largest percentage. These results suggest that the leech contains a unique lipid distribution, and that some of these components may be potent phospholipases and lipases that probably are present in its saliva for the purpose of preventing plugging or healing of the wound in the attacked organism.
Respiration during song in the canary (Serinus canaria).

Abstract 1. 1. Simultaneous recordings show a 1 : 1 coresspondence between song notes and respiratory movements. Even trilled notes as rapid as 25/sec occur in individual, shallow “mini-breaths”. 2. 2. In terms of the respiration involved, canary song is quite unlike human song which is produced by sustained expiration. The canary's dorso-ventral dimension may be maintained essentially constant or may even increase by net inspiratory gain during trilled portions of the song. 3. 3. Therefore the duration of singing need not be limited by the volume of pre-song inspiration, rather by the composition of the air after shallow exchanges that must be predominantly of dead-space air.
K -vacancy production by 4.88-GeV protons

Cross sections for $K$-vacancy production by 4.88-GeV protons on elements between Ni and U have been measured. These cross sections lie approximately a factor of 1.4 to 2.5 above the plane-wave Born-approximation predictions. To partially explain these deviations, we argue that an additional contribution due to the interaction between the currents of the projectile and target electrom must be added to these theories.
Laser shock-induced spalling and fragmentation in vanadium

Abstract Polycrystalline and monocrystalline (〈1 0 0〉 and 〈1 1 0〉) vanadium was subjected to shock compression followed by tensile wave release to study spall and fragmentation behavior. The shock pulse was generated by a direct laser drive at energy levels ranging from 11 to 440 J mm –2 (laser beam irradiated area 1.12 mm 2 ) and initial pulse durations of 3 and 8 ns (approximate initial pressures between 10 and 250 GPa). Glass and polycarbonate shields placed at a specific distance behind the vanadium targets were used to collect and analyze the ejected fragments in order to evaluate and quantify the extent of damage. The effects of target thickness, laser energy, polycrystallinity and pulse duration were studied. Calculations show melting at a pressure threshold of ∼150 GPa, which corresponds to a laser energy level of ∼180 J mm –2 . Consistent with the analytical predictions, the recovered specimens and fragments show evidence of melting at the higher energy levels. Spalling in the polycrystals occurred by a ductile tearing mechanism that favored grain boundaries. In the monocrystals it occurred by a mixture of cleavage fracture along the {0 1 0} planes and ductile dimple fracture. This lower spall strength in polycrystals contradicts predictions from the Hall–Petch equation. Experimentally obtained fragment sizes were compared with predictions from the Grady–Kipp model. The spall strength of vanadium under laser loading conditions was calculated from both VISAR pull-back signals and using the spall thickness. It was found to be considerably higher than predictions from gas gun experiments, the monocrystals showing a higher value than polycrystals. This higher spall strength is suggestive of a strong time dependence of the phenomenon, consistent with the nucleation and growth kinetics of voids and the strain rate sensitivity embedded in the Grady theory.
Transfer of cholera toxin genes from O1 to non‐O1/O139 strains by vibriophages from California coastal waters

Aims: Vibrio cholerae is an important bacterial pathogen that causes global cholera epidemic. Although they are commonly found in coastal waters around the world, most environmental isolates do not contain cholera toxin genes. This study investigates vibriophages in southern California coastal waters and their ability to transfer cholera toxin genes. Methods and Results: Lytic phages infecting V. cholerae were isolated from Newport Bay, California, between May and November, while none was found in winter. Some of the phage isolates can infect multiple environmental V. cholerae strains and El Tor strains. All phages contained double-stranded DNA. Transduction experiments using kanamycin-resistant gene marked CTXΦ demonstrated that some environmental vibriophages can transfer CTXΦ genes from O1 El Tor strain to environmental non-O1/O139 V. cholerae via generalized transduction. Conclusions: Vibriophages are important components of the natural aquatic ecosystem. They play an important role in influencing the dynamics and evolution of V. cholerae in the environment. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrates the significance of vibriophages in the coastal environment and transduction as one of the mechanisms of pathogenicity evolution among environmental V. cholerae.
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY OF MOLYBDENUM COMPLEXES OF CYCLIC POLYTHIAETHERS: THE CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF ETHOXIDO-OXO-BIS(1,5,9,13-TETRATHIACYCLOHEXADECANE)-μ-OXODIMOLYB-DENUM(IV) TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONATE HYDRATE

Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of ethoxido-oxo-bis(1,5,9,13-tetrathiacyclohexadecane)-μ-oxodimolybdenum- (IV)trifluoromethanesulfonate hydrate are reported. The complex crystallizes in the orthohombic space group Pn21 a with four molecules per unit cell of dimensions a=16.149(2)A, b=20.477(4)A, c=15.217(2)A and V=5381(2)A3. Full matrix least squares refinement gave final discrepancy factors of R1=.076 and R2=.094 for 3147 data having F2 > 2.5σ(F2). The molecular structure is highlighted by a linear O-Mo=O[sbnd]Mo=O unit. The two macrocycles coordinate each Mo atom in a “planar” tetradentate mode, and are staggered ∼ 43° relative to one another.
The impact of ratee performance characteristics on rater cognitive processes and alternative measures of rater accuracy

Abstract In a repeated measures design, the effects of two ratee performance characteristics (performance level and performance consistency) on rater cognitive processes and rating accuracy were examined. Thirty-seven raters evaluated the performance of four subordinates who differed from each other on their performance level and consistency. It was hypothesized that these performance characteristics would influence the amount of performance information collected by raters as well as the way in which they processed this information. In addition, it was suggested that performance characteristics would differentially affect several types of rating accuracy measures. Cronbach's elevation accuracy and two indices of accuracy based on signal detection theory, labeled behavioral and classification accuracy by R. G. Lord (1985, Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 66–71), were compared. Results showed that characteristics of ratee performance influenced both rater cognitive processes and rating accuracy.
Elastic constants, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness of fluorrichterite-based glass–ceramics

Abstract Objectives . To determine the elastic constants, Vickers hardness, and indentation fracture toughness of fluorrichterite glass–ceramics in the system SiO 2 –MgO–CaO–Na 2 O–K 2 O–F. Methods . Five glass compositions were prepared with increasing sodium content. The compositions were melted at 1400 °C for 2 h and cast into 60×12 mm rods. Discs (1.5×12 mm) were cut from the glass rods, nucleated in the temperature range 600–650 °C for 1 h and crystallized at 900 °C for 0.5 h. The density of the glass–ceramics was measured by Archimedes' method. The elastic constants were determined by standard ultrasonic velocity technique. The fracture toughness was evaluated by the indentation technique. The indentation crack patterns and microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The crystalline phases were identified by X-ray diffraction. A commercially available lithium disilicate glass–ceramic served as control. Results . The fluorrichterite glass–ceramics containing 3.8 and 5.6 wt% sodium had the lowest mean fracture toughness. The glass–ceramic containing 1.9 wt% sodium and the control material had the highest mean fracture toughness. The values obtained for these two materials (2.26±0.15 MPa m 0.5 and 2.29±0.31 MPa m 0.5 , respectively), were not significantly different ( p =0.997). There was no linear relationship between the amount of sodium present in the glass–ceramic composition and the mean fracture toughness. The fluorrichterite glass–ceramics exhibited a dual microstructure consisting of both fluorrichterite and mica crystals. Significance . Higher fracture toughness appeared to be associated with a higher density of fluorrichterite crystals.
Superficial Siderosis From Radiation-Induced Cavernoma of Brain

We report a unique case of superficial siderosis (SS) from radiation-induced cavernous angioma of brain. Cavernous malformations of brain and SS were identified 9 years after the patient underwent resection of fourth ventricle medulloblastoma along with craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy. His most recent clinical assessment at the age of 23 years, revealed bilateral high-frequency sensory neural hearing loss at audiology along with gaze-evoked nystagmus and slight impairment of tandem walking. J Neurol Res. 2014;4(2-3):91-93 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jnr273w
Scleroderma in the child.

Twelve children with scleroderma are presented. All had characteristic cutaneous abnormalities and manifestations of visceral involvement. Raynaud's phenomenon and joint symptoms frequently prompted medical consultation. The presence of visceral disease may be overlooked unless specific diagnostic procedures such as pulmonary function testing, gastrointestinal radiographs, esophageal motility studies, and plethysmography are routinely employed since the patients may be asymptomatic.
Explaining the 'hungry farmer paradox': Smallholders and fair trade cooperatives navigate seasonality and change in Nicaragua's corn and coffee markets

A B S T R A C T Latin American smallholder coffee farmers linked with fair trade and organic markets are frequently cited as models for sustainable food systems. Yet many experience seasonal hunger, which is a very common, but understudied, form of food insecurity. Northern Nicaragua’s highlands include wellorganized cooperatives, high rural poverty rates, and rain dependent farms, offering a compelling study area to understand what factors are associated with seasonal hunger. This participatory mixed methods study combines data from observations, interviews and focus groups with results from a survey of 244 cooperative members. It finds that seasonal hunger is influenced by multiple factors, including: (1) annual cycles of precipitation and rising maize prices during the lean months; (2) inter annual droughts and periodic storms; and (3) the long-term inability of coffee harvests and prices to provide sufficient income. Sampled households experienced an average of about 3 months of seasonal hunger in 2009. A series of five least squares regression models find the expected significant impacts of corn harvest quantity, farm area, improved grain storage, and household incomes, all inversely correlated with lean months. Unanticipated results include the finding that households with more fruit trees reported fewer lean months, while the predominant environmentally friendly farming practices had no discernable impacts. The presence of hunger among producers challenges sustainable coffee marketing claims. We describe one example of a partnership-based response that integrates agroecological farm management with the use of fair trade cooperative institutions to re-localize the corn distribution system. Increased investments and integrated strategies will be needed to reduce threats to food security, livelihoods, and biodiversity associated with the rapid spread of coffee leaf rust and falling commodity prices.
Resonance effect in compartmental analysis and its detection

Abstract Resonance occurs whenever two or more compartments, connected in series, have the same rate constants. The solution is no longer a sum of simple exponentials, and the decay includes terms like t n e - αt . An analytical method for the detection and the determination of resonance is presented.
6.1 Milk production in India

Two contrasting viewpoints may be taken regarding recent agricultural trends in India. The first is positive; it highlights the large stock of foodgrains now established, the expansion of the irrigable areas and the relative price stability of basic foods. The second is more pessimistic; it notes the lack of any improvement in foodgrain consumption per capita, the large investment costs required per unit of incremental output in the new irrigation schemes, the increase in the number of rural poor, the extent of the unemployment problem and the decline in availability and consumption of high protein foods. A less controversial aspect of the agricultural scene is provided by the progress of the national dairy development programme, which is now attracting considerable international support. This note highlights some features of the dairy programme.
A Re-Examination of the Role of the Nucleus in Generating the Circadian Rhythm in Acetabularia

The role of the nucleus in the generation of the circadian rhythm in Acetabularia has been unclear. Early experiments showed that the plant could exhibit a circadian rhythm in the absence of a nucleus. However, other experiments appeared to show that the nucleus could impart phase information to the rhythm, and so therefore must be a part of the system that generates the rhythm. We have conducted experiments similar to these—in particular, one in which the nuclear end of the plant was entrained on a light-dark cycle that was opposite that of the rest of the plant. The phase of the free running rhythm of this type of plant is not consistent with the conclusion that the nucleus is part of the circadian oscillator. We have also tried entraining opposite ends of plants with no nuclei on opposite light-dark cycles. The ultimate phases of these plants appear to be nearly random. A possible interpretation of these experiments is discussed.
The RAIDS experiment on the ISS: on-orbit performance

The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS) is new NASA experiment studying the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere from a vantage point on the International Space Station (ISS). RAIDS along with a companion hyperspectral imaging experiment were launched in September 2009 to operate as the first US payload on the Japanese Experiment Module-Exposed Facility. The scientific objectives of the RAIDS experiment are to study the temperature of the lower thermosphere (100-200 km), to measure composition and chemistry of the lower thermosphere and ionosphere, and to measure the initial source of O+ 83.4 nm emission. The RAIDS sensor complement includes three photometers, three spectrometers, and two spectrographs which span the wavelength range 50-874 nm and scan or image the atmospheric limb 90-300 km. After installation aboard the ISS, RAIDS underwent a 30-day checkout period before entering science operations. RAIDS is serving as a pathfinder for atmospheric remote sensing from the ISS, and the experiment team gained valuable operational insights using this space platform throughout the first year of the mission. This paper describes key aspects of experiment performance relevant to interpreting RAIDS science data and designing future atmospheric remote sensing experiments for the ISS.
Engineering a New Curriculum: Experiences at Ohio University in Incorporating the IEEE-TCPP Curriculum Initiative During a Transition to Semesters

This paper describes the efforts at Ohio University to incorporate selected topics from the IEEE-TCPP Curriculum Initiative into the Computer Science/Computer Engineering curriculum prior to a transition to semesters at Ohio University that will occur in the Fall of 2012. In particular, this paper describes our efforts to incorporate (and evaluate) selected elements of the IEEE-TCPP Curriculum Initiative into three courses in order to best determine the appropriate placement of topics related to parallel and distributed computing in the new CS/CpE curriculum under the semester calendar. In particular, we plan to add or revise existing modules and assignments for CS2 (CS 240B, CS 240C at Ohio University, CS 2401 under semesters), DS/A (CS 361 Data Structures at Ohio University, CS 3610 under semesters), and Systems (CS 442 Operating Systems and Computer Architecture I, CS 4420 under semesters) to help us determine which curricular recommendations belong in those three courses in the new semesters curriculum and which topics are more appropriately placed in new required courses entitled EE 3613 Computer Organization and CS 4000 Introduction to Parallel, Distributed, and Web-Centric Computing or in other existing advanced courses such as CS 4040 Design and Analysis of Algorithms or CS 4100 Formal Languages and Compilers.
Treatment of an unusual trans-scaphoid perilunate avulsion fracture dislocation: a case report

We describe an unusual case of trans-scaphoid perilunate injury where the proximal half of the scaphoid avulsed from all attaching ligaments and extruded into the forearm. Treatment involved anatomic reduction and internal fixation of the fracture, scapholunate (SL) ligament repair, temporary K-wire fixation, and prolonged immobilization. At 19-month follow-up, the fracture healed, SL ligament remained intact, and the patient recovered much of his hand function.
Relationship between dietary phosphatidylcholine and serum cholesterol in the lobster Homarus sp.

The absence of soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) in purified diets fed to juvenile lobstrs causes a significant decrease in the concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids in the serum. When egg PC, bovine PC, phosphatidylinositol, and ovine cephalin are used as substitutes for the soy PC, cholesterol and phospholipid levels in the serum are also significantly reduced. Cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in the serum are highly correlated. Analysis of levels of hepatopancreatic cholesterol indicate that intestinal absorption of cholesterol is not impaired by the absence of dietary PC or by the presence of a phospholipid substitute. We suggest that the PC molecule is an important component of a lipoprotein complex that effectively transfers cholesterol, an essential nutrient for lobsters, from the hepatopancreas to the hemolymph.