cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ordinary Morality and Its Detractors

Ordinary moral thought is committed to non-relative moral truth, moral facts, and objective first-order properties like rightness and wrongness—in short, is committed to moral realism. Many metaethical theories deny all or some of these commitments. Moral non-cognitivists deny that first-order moral discourse is either true or false. Moral nihilists hold that first-order moral discourse is false because there are no moral properties. Moral relativisms—sociocultural, radical subjectivist, pragmatist, et al.—deny that there are any transcendently objective moral truths or facts. All of these views deny that there is anything specifically “moral” to metaphysically ground. Evolutionary morality locates moral truth and facts in nature, not in the sui generis “moral,” contrary to the view I develop in later chapters.
A Hill-Climbing Optimization Approach for Closed-Loop Auto-Tuning of the Grid-Connected Ripple-Port Inverters

Single phase grid-tied inverters have a characteristic double frequency power ripple. Such double frequency ripple could negatively impact the maximum power point tracking capability of the converter and dropping the overall energy harvest from the photovoltaic (PV) energy resource. Classically, a bulk capacitor is used at the dc bus to filter out this double frequency power ripple, but this ends up being large due to the low frequency and large energy stored. An active filtering technique such as the ripple port inverter has shown very effective reduction in the capacitor size required at the dc link to filter out the double frequency ripple. This paper provides a mathematical formulation of the different factors that affect the ripple port inverter, so it can be tuned for maximum double frequency rejection. It also provides a closed-loop framework based on the hill-climbing optimization technique to automatically tune the ripple port inverter to minimize de link double frequency ripple.
Function-as-a-Service Application Service Composition: Implications for a Natural Language Processing Application

Serverless computing platforms provide Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) to end users for hosting individual functions known as microservices. In this paper, we describe the deployment of a Natural Language Processing (NLP) application using AWS Lambda. We investigate and study the performance and memory implications of two alternate service compositions. First, we evaluate a switchboard architecture, where a single Lambda deployment package aggregates all of the NLP application functions together into a single package. Second, we consider a service isolation architecture where each NLP function is deployed as a separate FaaS function decomposing the application to run across separate runtime containers. We compared the average runtime and processing throughput of these compositions using different pre-trained network weights to initialize our neural networks to perform inference. Additionally, we varied the workload dataset sizes to evaluate implications of inferencing throughput for our NLP application deployed to a FaaS platform. We found our switchboard composition, that shares FaaS runtime containers for all application tasks, produced a 14.75% runtime performance improvement, and also a 17.3% improvement in NLP processing throughput (samples/second). These results demonstrate the potential for careful application service compositions to provide notable performance improvements and ultimately cost savings for application deployments to serverless FaaS platforms.
Normative uncertainty and probabilistic moral knowledge

The aim of this paper is to examine whether it would be advantageous to introduce knowledge norms instead of the currently assumed rational credence norms into the debate about decision making under normative uncertainty. There is reason to think that this could help us better accommodate cases in which agents are rationally highly confident in false moral views. I show how Moss’ (Probabilistic knowledge. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018) view of probabilistic knowledge can be fruitfully employed to develop a decision theory that delivers plausible verdicts in these cases. I also argue that, for this new view to be better than existing alternatives, it must adopt a particular solution to the new evil demon problem, which asks whether agents and their BIV-counterparts are equally justified. In order to get an attractive decision theory for cases of moral uncertainty, we must reject the claim that agents and their BIV-counterparts are equally justified. Moreover, the resulting view must be supplemented with a moral epistemology that explains how it is possible to be rationally morally uncertain. This is especially challenging if we assume that moral truths are knowable a priori.
Embodied Methods in Critical Health Communication

At the center of questions posed about power are issues of embodiment—which bodies are judged to be healthy and which are not, which identities are affirmed or privileged and which are stigmatizes or marginalized, which material practices are pathologized and which are lauded. Critical health communication research may be enacted by critical-interpretive researchers who employ critical theorizing frameworks that guide their questions posed, co-construction of data, and forms of analysis and representation.
Impact of COVID-19 on Pain Medicine Fellowship Training.

To the Editor Typically, the fourth quarter of the academic year brings with it the excitement of impending graduation for pain fellows, along with their preparation for independent practice. The last few months are spent fine-tuning skills, creating one’s own style of practice, and gaining
Physics-Informed Neural Networks With Monotonicity Constraints for Richardson-Richards Equation: Estimation of Constitutive Relationships and Soil Water Flux Density From Volumetric Water Content Measurements

Water retention curves (WRCs) and hydraulic conductivity functions (HCFs) are critical soil-specific characteristics necessary for modeling the movement of water in soils using the Richardson-Richa...
In-hospital outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions in cardiac allograft recipients.

Introduction:The average age and survival of heart transplant recipients have improved significantly over the last 10 years. In these long-term survivors, coronary allograft vasculopathy is one of ...
Another Look at the Modal Collapse Argument

On one classical conception of God, God has no parts, not even metaphysical parts. God is not composed of form and matter, act and potency, and he is not composed of existence and essence. God is absolutely simple. This is the doctrine of Absolute Divine Simplicity (ADS). It is claimed that ADS implies a modal collapse, i.e. that God’s creation is absolutely necessary. I argue that a proper way of understanding the modal collapse argument naturally leads the proponent of ADS to reject a particular premise of the argument: namely, “the same identical cause brings about the same effect.” However, I argue that the rejection of that premise leads to a deeper problem for ADS. It leads to an explanatory gap: how can we explain the relevant type of indeterminism in an absolutely simple God?
Comparison of Locally Sourced Pericardium and Other Conventional Patch Graft Materials in a Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery.

Purpose Our study aimed to compare the outcomes and costs of various patch graft materials used in the setting of glaucoma drainage device (GDD) surgeries: conventional Tutoplast® pericardium (TP), locally-obtained Lifenet® pericardium (LP), and tissue-banked corneal (CP) and scleral (SP) patches. Design Retrospective observational study. Subjects One hundred and ninety-five eyes of 185 patients who underwent glaucoma device surgery with patch grafts were included. Materials and methods Patient records were reviewed for demographics and surgical data including age at the time of GDD surgery, race, sex, eye, history of diabetes or immunologic disease, glaucoma diagnosis, length of follow-up, pre- and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), type and location of GDD, patch type, and tube-related complications. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measures were rates of patch graft-related complications including conjunctival dehiscence with and without tube exposure. Secondary outcome measures were IOP control achieved and cost of patch graft materials. Results Mean follow-up for all eyes was 17.1 months. Overall, conjunctival dehiscence without tube exposure occurred in four eyes (2.1%); tube exposure was seen in six eyes (3.1%). The mean time to exposure was 3.3 months (range 1-8 months). The rate of tube exposure was 2.3% of eyes with TP grafts, 10.7% of eyes with CP grafts, 2.8% of eyes with SP grafts, and 0% of eyes with LP grafts. There was no significant difference in rates of tube exposure rates by graft material (p = 0.26). Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for patch type, age, sex, implant type, and location revealed no significant risk factors for tube exposure. Univariate logistic regression was then performed on the same risk factors as well as diabetes, prior and concurrent ocular surgery, and showed no significance. Conclusion Our preliminary, short-term results show that locally sourced patch graft material can be a cost-effective alternative to traditionally used patch grafts without an increase in tube exposure rates. To further determine the efficacy of the different patch graft materials, longer-term comparative prospective trials are needed. Longer prospective studies are needed to compare the long-term safety and rate of tube exposures in these locally obtained patch graft materials. How to cite this article Aggarwal S, Kremer C, Engelhard S, et al. Comparison of Locally Sourced Pericardium and Other Conventional Patch Graft Materials in a Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2021;15(1):14-18.
Dina Gilio-Whitaker, As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock & Nick Estes, Our History is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance

Dina Gilio-Whitaker, As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock (Boston: Beacon Press, 2019), 212 pp., $25.95 (hbk), ISBN: 9780807073780. Nick Estes, Our History is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance (London and New York: Verso, 2019), 310 pp., $26.95 (hbk), ISBN: 9781786636737.
A CMOS Dual-Mode Brain-Computer Interface Chipset With 2-mV Precision Time-Based Charge Balancing and Stimulation-Side Artifact Suppression

This article presents a multipolar neural stimulation and mixed-signal neural data acquisition (DAQ) chipset for fully implantable bi-directional brain-computer interfaces (BD-BCIs). The stimulation system employs four 40 V compliant current-stimulators, each capable of sourcing/sinking a maximum 12.75 mA stimulation current, connected to 16 output channels through a high-voltage (HV) switch fabric. A novel time-based charge balancing (TBCB) technique is introduced to reduce the residual voltage on the electrode-electrolyte interface during the inter-pulse time interval, achieving 2 mV charge balancing precision. Additionally, an analytical study of the charge balancing accuracy for the proposed technique is provided. The recording system incorporates a dual-mode DAQ architecture that consists of a 32-element front-end array and a mixed-signal back-end including analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for both training (i.e., full-band) and decoding (i.e., baseband) operations. Leveraging the flexibility of the multipolar operation, stimulation-side contour shaping (SSCS) artifact cancellation is adopted to significantly suppress stimulation artifacts by up to 45 dB. SSCS method prevents the recording front-ends from saturation and greatly relaxes the dynamic range requirement of the recording system, enabling a truly bi-directional operation. The prototype chipset is fabricated in an HV 180-nm CMOS process and demonstrates a significant performance improvement compared to the prior art.
Validating a model of architectural hazard visibility with low-vision observers

Pedestrians with low vision are at risk of injury when hazards, such as steps and posts, have low visibility. This study aims at validating the software implementation of a computational model that estimates hazard visibility. The model takes as input a photorealistic 3D rendering of an architectural space, and the acuity and contrast sensitivity of a low-vision observer, and outputs estimates of the visibility of hazards in the space. Our experiments explored whether the model could predict the likelihood of observers correctly identifying hazards. In Experiment 1, we tested fourteen normally sighted subjects with blur goggles that simulated moderate or severe acuity reduction. In Experiment 2, we tested ten low-vision subjects with moderate to severe acuity reduction. Subjects viewed computer-generated images of a walkway containing five possible targets ahead-big step-up, big step-down, small step-up, small step-down, or a flat continuation. Each subject saw these stimuli with variations of lighting and viewpoint in 250 trials and indicated which of the five targets was present. The model generated a score on each trial that estimated the visibility of the target. If the model is valid, the scores should be predictive of how accurately the subjects identified the targets. We used logistic regression to examine the correlation between the scores and the participants' responses. For twelve of the fourteen normally sighted subjects with artificial acuity reduction and all ten low-vision subjects, there was a significant relationship between the scores and the participant's probability of correct identification. These experiments provide evidence for the validity of a computational model that predicts the visibility of architectural hazards. It lays the foundation for future validation of this hazard evaluation tool, which may be useful for architects to assess the visibility of hazards in their designs, thereby enhancing the accessibility of spaces for people with low vision.
THERMAL STRESSES IN THE S.S. BOULDER VICTORY

The lack of comprehensive experimental measurements of thermal stresses induced in a ship's hull structure by diurnal temperature changes prompted the present study. Its essential purpose is to provide reliable prototype measurements of thermal stress patterns around a complete transverse section. These results are compared with stresses computed by the theory of simple beams under arbitrary temperature distributions across their section. The research was conducted under direct sponsorship of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers at the Maritime Reserve Shipyard in Richmond, California. The S. S. Boulder Victory was supplied as the test vessel by the Maritime Administration. The ship was instrumented during June and July, 1957, and tests run during August. A variety of temperature conditions were observed and corresponding strain and deflection measurements taken. The results are consistent and give a reliable picture of thermal stress conditions in the ship. They also verify the prediction of thermal stresses afforded by the simple beam theory.
Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History

This original book brings a fascinating and accessible account of the tumultuous history of sexuality in Europe from the waning of Victorianism to the collapse of Communism and the rise of European Islam. Although the twentieth century is often called 'the century of sex' and seen as an era of increasing liberalization, Dagmar Herzog instead emphasizes the complexities and contradictions in sexual desires and behaviours, the ambivalences surrounding sexual freedom, and the difficulties encountered in securing sexual rights. Incorporating the most recent scholarship on a broad range of conceptual problems and national contexts, the book investigates the shifting fortunes of marriage and prostitution, contraception and abortion, queer and straight existence. It analyzes sexual violence in war and peace, the promotion of sexual satisfaction in fascist and democratic societies, the role of eugenics and disability, the politicization and commercialization of sex, and processes of secularization and religious renewal.
Concentration Dependent Dimensionality of Resonance Energy Transfer in a Postsynthetically Doped Morphologically Homologous Analogue of UiO-67 MOF with a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex

A method is described here by which to dope ruthenium(II) bis(2,2′-bipyridine) (2,2′-bipyridyl-5,5′-dicarboxylic acid), RuDCBPY, into a UiO-67 metal–organic framework (MOF) derivative in which 2,2′-bipyridyl-5,5′-dicarboxylic acid, UiO-67-DCBPY, is used in place of 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid. Emission lifetime measurements of the RuDCBPY triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer, 3MLCT, excited state as a function of RuDCBPY doping concentration in UiO-67-DCBPY are discussed in light of previous results for RuDCBPY-UiO-67 doped powders in which quenching of the 3MLCT was said to be due to dipole–dipole homogeneous resonance energy transfer, RET. The bulk distribution of RuDCBPY centers within MOF crystallites are also estimated with the use of confocal fluorescence microscopy. In the present case, it is assumed that the rate of RET between RuDCBPY centers has an r–6 separation distance dependence characteristic of Forster RET. The results suggest (1) the dimensionality in which RET occurs is dependent o...
Spatial homogenization algorithm for bridging disparities in scale between the fire and solid domains

The analysis of structures exposed to non-uniform heating from localized fires is a challenging task due to the spatially varying boundary conditions and the differences in scale between the fire simulation and solid heat transfer model. This paper presents a spatial homogenization algorithm for capturing non-uniform boundary conditions from a high-resolution fire simulation in a low-resolution finite element heat transfer model of a structure. The homogenization algorithm uses numerical integration by the trapezoid rule to calculate the equivalent thermal flux vector in the finite element heat transfer model for a spatially varying surface flux. The proposed method is compared to other approximating techniques, including averaging, sampling, and least squares methods, for a 2D heat transfer problem. The results demonstrate that the proposed homogenization algorithm converges rapidly due to the energy-equivalent representation of the thermal boundary condition. The homogenization algorithm is then implemented in a 3D heat transfer model that uses macro-level plate elements. For an application involving a horizontal plate exposed to a localized fire, the model is shown to converge to the results obtained by a solid finite element model. The homogenization algorithm combined with the plate heat transfer element proves to be an accurate and highly efficient means for analyzing structures with spatially varying thermal boundary conditions calculated by computational fluid dynamics.
Some Powers of The Euler Product

The coefficients of the r th power of the Euler product for r even, 0 < r ≤ 24, are a natural generalization of the Ramanujan r-function, and satisfy similar recurrence formulas. These coefficients are studied here and an analogue of Lehmer’s question on the non-vanishing of the r-function is stated and proved for r = 2,4,6,8,10,14 . In addition, certain congruences for these coefficients are proved, and the results of extensive numerical investigations are given.
Phylogeny of Multituberculata

Despite the importance of multituberculates as major components of many Mesozoic and early Tertiary faunas, the evolutionary relationships among these mammals have remained poorly understood. To address this issue, a cladistic analysis of relationships among forty-nine multituberculate taxa was conducted using dental and cranial characters. This analysis resulted in a strict consensus tree with a resolution of 66%. The relatively low level of resolution in this tree seems largely to be a result of including incompletely known taxa in the analysis. Sequential addition analyses (in which taxa were added to the analysis in order of decreasing completeness) indicated that even the most incomplete taxa preserve information important for understanding multituberculate relationships. Sequentially deleting such taxa provided a method for testing the stability of observed clades.
A criterion for the fragmentation of bubbly magma based on brittle failure theory

The fragmentation of bubbly magma is a defining point in a volcanic eruption—before fragmentation the magma flows relatively slowly, during fragmentation the bubbles break up to release compressed gas and, afterwards, the eruption becomes a violent gas flow carrying suspended magma particles. Seemingly benign lava flows or domes can suddenly fragment into deadly pyroclastic flows1,2,3. Several criteria have been proposed to define the point of magma fragmentation or foam stability4,5,6,7. The criterion of Papale7 is based on melt relaxation theory and equates magma strain rate with the rate of increase of flow velocity with distance. It ignores, however, the role of bubble pressure in causing fragmentation. Two empirical approaches4,5 consider the role of high bubble pressure in causing fragmentation but do not address the underlying physics of magma fragmentation. Here I develop a fragmentation criterion for bubbly magma based on brittle failure theory and apply it to the fragmentation of lava domes and flows. On the basis of this theory, a bubbly magma will fragment when the tensile stress at the inner walls of bubbles exceeds the tensile strength of the magma. The fragmentation conditions depend strongly on initial water content, with calculated vesicularity and final water levels coinciding reasonably well with those in observed pumices. This suggests that the proposed criterion captures the essence of the fragmentation process in bubbly magma.
Tuned Annealing for Optimization

The utility and capability of simulated annealing algorithm for general-purpose engineering optimization is well established since introduced by Kirkpatrick et. al. Numerous augmentations are proposed to make the algorithm effective in solving specific problems or classes of problems. Some proposed modifications were intended to enhance the performance of the algorithm in certain situations. Some specific research has been devoted to augment the convergence and related behavior of annealing algorithms by modifying its parameters, otherwise known as cooling schedule. Here we introduce an approach to tune the simulated annealing algorithm by combining algorithmic and parametric augmentations. Such tuned algorithm harnesses the benefits inherent in both types of augmentations resulting in a robust optimizer. The concept of 'reheat' in SA, is also used as another tune up strategy for the annealing algorithm. The beneficial effects of 'reheat' for escaping local optima are demonstrated by the solution of a multimodal optimization problem. Specific augmentations include handling of constraints, fast recovery from infeasible design space, immunization against premature convergence, and a simple but effective cooling schedule. Several representative optimization problems are solved to demonstrate effectiveness of tuning annealing algorithms.
When Do Accounting Earnings Matter More than Economic Earnings? Evidence from Hedge Accounting Restatements

Abstract: This study examines behavior following a change in accounting treatment for derivative hedges due to the misapplication of hedge accounting. I examine firms faced with the following choice; one, maintain stability in economic earnings but increase the volatility of accounting earnings or two, maintain stability in accounting earnings but increase the volatility in economic earnings. I find that firms’ historic abilities to meet earnings targets are positively associated with the likelihood that firms will focus on accounting earnings rather than economic earnings. Results provide evidence of a change in management behavior following a change in accounting method.
Leucine as a regulator of whole body and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in humans.

Leucine has been proposed as an in vivo regulator of protein metabolism, although the evidence for this in humans remains inconclusive. To test this hypothesis, we infused either L-leucine (154 +/- 1 mumol.kg-1 x h-1) or saline intravenously in six healthy men in two separate studies. L-Leucine infusion increased plasma concentrations of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate from 112 +/- 6 and 38 +/- 3 mumol/l to 480 +/- 27 (P < 0.001) and 94 +/- 13 mumol/l (P < 0.001), respectively, without any significant change in circulating insulin or C peptide levels. Leucine infusion decreased plasma concentrations of several amino acids and decreased whole body valine flux and valine oxidation (using L-[1-13C]valine as a tracer) and phenylalanine flux (using [2H5]-phenylalanine as a tracer). According to arteriovenous differences across the leg, the net balance of phenylalanine, valine, and lysine shifted toward greater retention during leucine infusion, whereas alanine balance did not change. Valine release and phenylalanine release from the leg (estimated from the dilution of respective tracers) decreased, indicating inhibition of protein degradation by leucine infusion. We conclude that leucine decreases protein degradation in humans and that this decreased protein degradation during leucine infusion contributes to the decrease in plasma essential amino acids. This study suggests a potential role for leucine as a regulator of protein metabolism in humans.
Irrepresentability of short semilattices by euclidean subspaces

A semilatticeS isrepresentable by subspaces ofRk if, to eachx eS we can assign a subspace\(V_x \subseteq R^k\) so thatx Λy=z inS if and only if\(V_x \cap V_y = V_z\). Every height-2 semilattice is representable inR2. We show that for everyk there is a height-3 semilattice which is not representable by subspaces ofRk.
An Improved in vivo Method for Comparing the Constipative Effects of Drugs in Rabbits

A reliable and accurate estimate of narcotic drug effect on intestinal motility was obtained by making scybala counts at periods of one, three, five, seven, and, occasionally, fifteen hours after injection. The lowest dose of 0.05 mg./Kg. of morphine increased the scbala count during the first hour, but since the counts for the subsequent periods did not approach the control values, the over-all effect was that of a moderate degree of constipation. Morphine doses of 0.5 and 1 mg./Kg. decreased the scybala count up to the third hour after injection while the constipative effects of doses of 2 and 6 mg./Kg. were longer lasting. With 2 mg./Kg. little difference was noted in the supression of the scybala count during the first seven hours whether food was allowed or removed. If, instead of graphing these results, the percentage of rabbits failing to defecate during an observation period is calculated, a more sensitive indicator is provided so that comparison of lower doses of constipating drugs on the intestinal tract may be made.
Advantages of macromolecular to nanosized chemical-exchange saturation transfer agents for MRI applications

Chemical-exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents are a new class of MRI contrast agents that offer a number of advantages over conventional Gd3+ agents. Over the past few years, a variety of small-molecule CEST agents responsive to physiological conditions, such as pH and temperature, have been designed and their imaging applications have been reported. One of the major drawbacks of current small-molecule CEST agents is their relatively low sensitivity. The advantages of using macromolecular and nanosized systems with large numbers of exchangeable groups to improve contrast sensitivity are highlighted in this brief review. Although this approach has been shown to amplify contrast sensitivity, other limitations, including relatively small chemical-shift differences between the exchanging species and bulk water and less than optimal proton exchange rates, still exist. By addressing these issues, it is anticipated that CEST agents will find useful applications in the detection of specific biomarkers of di...
Utilization of stress in the development of an equine model for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.

Abstract Neurologic disease in horses caused by Sarcocystis neurona is difficult to diagnose, treat, or prevent, due to the lack of knowledge about the pathogenesis of the disease. This in turn is confounded by the lack of a reliable equine model of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Epidemiologic studies have implicated stress as a risk factor for this disease, thus, the role of transport stress was evaluated for incorporation into an equine model for EPM. Sporocysts from feral opossums were bioassayed in interferon-gamma gene knockout (KO) mice to determine minimum number of viable S. neurona sporocysts in the inoculum. A minimum of 80,000 viable S. neurona sporocysts were fed to each of the nine horses. A total of 12 S. neurona antibody negative horses were divided into four groups (1–4). Three horses (group 1) were fed sporocysts on the day of arrival at the study site, three horses were fed sporocysts 14 days after acclimatization (group 2), three horses were given sporocysts and dexamethasone 14 days after acclimatization (group 3) and three horses were controls (group 4). All horses fed sporocysts in the study developed antibodies to S. neurona in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and developed clinical signs of neurologic disease. The most severe clinical signs were in horses in group 1 subjected to transport stress. The least severe neurologic signs were in horses treated with dexamethasone (group 3). Clinical signs improved in four horses from two treatment groups by the time of euthanasia (group 1, day 44; group 3, day 47). Post-mortem examinations, and tissues that were collected for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, tissue cultures, and bioassay in KO mice, revealed no direct evidence of S. neurona infection. However, there were lesions compatible with S. neurona infection in horses. The results of this investigation suggest that stress can play a role in the pathogenesis of EPM. There is also evidence to suggest that horses in nature may clear the organism routinely, which may explain the relatively high number of normal horses with CSF antibodies to S. neurona compared to the prevalence of EPM.
Directly-modulated high-power slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers

Slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWLs) have now reached 3 W of CW power. Also, a high peak-power directly-modulated laser transmitter has recently been demonstrated with a fully-packaged hybrid-integrated driver.
Minimization of small silicon clusters using the space-fixed modified genetic algorithm method

Abstract A space-fixed modified genetic algorithm (SFMGA) approach was used to obtain global minima for the silicon clusters (Si) n using a semiempirical potential. One modification to the usual GA is the use of gradient-driven minimization of each geometry. A novel feature of the method is the use of space-fixed atomic coordinates. The advantages of these coordinates are discussed. The method found all minima previously reported for n = 3−10, and improved on those for n = 5−8. That the commonly-used method of seeding a cluster can actually detract from minimization efficiency, is also shown.
Wagging movements in the wasp Polistes versicolor vulgaris Bequaert

1. The wasp Polistes versicolor Bequaert waggles with a frequency of 10.6±2.1 Hz (n=190). 2. Two wagging periods of a duration of 0.33±0.09 seconds (n=34) follow within a second. The next pair follows after 10 or 20 seconds. 3. At the turning points of the wagging movements two types of sound burst of an intensity between 70 and 80 dB occur. One type of sound has peak intensities between 5 and 13 kHz, the other type has peak intensities between 1 and 3 kHz. 4. The flight sound at 25° C has a frequency of 115 Hz and contains no harmonics. It is not audible. 5. The wagging seems to be part of a defensive behavior.
Visual receptor pigments in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni.

Abstract The retinal receptors of the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni , are arranged in a mosaic of square arrays which have four double cones around a central cone. Microspectrophotometric measurement of spectral absorbance reveals that the short single cones contain the blue photopigment, P455, while the larger double cones contain “red-green” pigment pairs of P562 and P523. Rods are interspersed throughout the cone array and contain rhodopsin, P500. Spectral shape, pigment absorbance and the λ max of photo-products are characteristic of A 1 based pigments. The retinal receptors of H. burtoni appear to be well matched to important visual recognition tasks.
Heat shock alters centrosome organization leading to mitotic dysfunction and cell death

To identify the cellular target(s) responsible for thermal killing in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, synchronous cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were heat shocked and studied for one cell cycle by time-lapse videomicroscopy and immunocytochemistry. At the first mitosis post-heating, the fraction of cells giving rise to multinucleated progeny approximately equaled the nonclonogenic fraction. In addition, the cells yielding multincleated progeny were delayed in prophase-metaphase relative to the cells yielding two uninucleated progeny (clonogenic cells). To study the basis for the delay in prophase-metaphase and subsequent formation of multinucleated cells, cells in mitosis were examined by immunofluorescence for spindle abnormalities. Multipolar mitotic spindles and chromosome misalignment were induced by heat. All multiple spindle poles induced by heat stained for pericentriolar material (PCM), the microtubule nucleating material of centrosomes. Heated cells in mitosis also contained additional foci of PCM which were not associated with the spindle. Cells made thermotolerant by a nonlethal heat shock were resistant to both thermal killing and the induction of multiple foci of PCM. Quantitative analysis revealed a good correlation between the fraction of cells with multipolar spindles, the fraction with more than two foci of PCM, and the nonclonogenic fraction. These data indicate that heat-induced alterations to the PCM of centrosomes resulted in multipolar mitotic spindles, delay in prophase-metaphase, and formation of multinucleated cells which were nonclonogenic. These results identify the centrosome as a G1 target for cell killing. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender and casual sexual activity from adolescence to emerging adulthood: social and life course correlates.

The prevalence of casual sexual activity among teens and emerging adults has led to much public attention. Yet limited research has investigated whether the number of casual sexual partners per year changes as heterosexual men and women transition from adolescence into emerging adulthood. We considered the influence of social context and life course factors on the number of casual sex partners. We examined four waves of interviews from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) and used negative binomial growth curve models to investigate patterns of change in the number of casual sex partners (N = 1,196) ages 15 to 22. Men and women both reported increases in the number of casual sex partners over time and did not differ from each other in the rate of change over time. In all, 40% of respondents reported a recent casual sex partner at age 22. Number of prior dating relationships, education status, substance use, and perceptions of peer sexual behavior significantly influenced the number of casual s...
Cell Model of a Bose-Condensed Solid

A cell model of a Boson quantum system is described. The model has three phases at $T=0$ K: normal crystal, Bose-condensed liquid, and Bose-condensed crystal. The excitation spectrum for the Bose-condensed crystal has two branches, a gapless vacancy wave mode and a vacancy-interstitial wave mode with a gap. It is proposed that this phase might be detected in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ near the liquid-solid transition line.
The Effect of Adhesion and Tensile Properties on the Formability of Laminated Steels

Laminated steel has been implemented in vehicle structures by several automotive manufacturers to reduce in-cabin noise. This study provides an understanding of how the adhesion between the steel skin and the viscoelastic polymer core affects laminate formability. Material properties, including peel strength, shear strength, and tensile strength were determined. The presence of the viscoelastic core was found to slightly reduce tensile properties of the laminate compared to the skin sheet. Forming limit diagrams were also determined. These indicated that the viscoelastic core properties can significantly affect formability of laminated steel compared to that of solid steel sheet. In general, the formability of laminated steel was found to be similar to or less than that of the much thinner skin sheet material, which indicates that its formability should be less than that of solid steel of the same gauge.
Improved methods for maximizing expression of a cloned gene: a bacterium that synthesizes rabbit β-globin

Abstract In this paper we describe a method for constructing E. coli plasmids that direct efficient expression of genes that encode eucaryotic or procaryotic proteins. No functional assays for the proteins are needed, and they are produced in their native, unfused state. The only requirement is that the genes be isolable without intervening sequences. We describe as an example the construction of a plasmid that directs the synthesis of about 10,000–15,000 monomers per cell of rabbit β-globin. The essential steps in a typical construction are as follows. —A region of the gene encoding the amino-terminal portion of the protein is fused to DNA encoding an enzymatically active carboxy terminal fragment of β-galactosidase. The latter is carried on one of three plasmids designed to facilitate the fusion (the construction of these three plasmids is described in the Appendix). —A "portable promoter" of the lac operon is placed at many positions in front of the fused gene using nucleases in vitro. Those promoter placements that elicit efficient expression of the fused gene are identified by the β-galatosidase activity that they express. (In the special case we describe, plasmids identified as directing efficient expression of β-globin were found to bear "hybrid" ribosome binding sites consisting of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence carried on the promoter fragment and the ATG of the β-globin gene.) —The gene interest is reconstituted intact, with the portable promoter in place, by recombination in vitro or in vivo.
The effect of inclination on grain boundary energies

Abstract The energy of high angle [001] and [110] tilt boundaries was measured as a function of the boundary inclination by observing the equilibrium angle between two high angle boundaries and a small angle tilt boundary. The measurements suggest that the fit of the atoms in the boundary (boundary coincidence) is crucial for the energy of a high angle grain boundary.
Numerical solutions of chemically reacting flows in porous media

Abstract We discuss the computational aspects of a porous flow past a reacting solid undergoing pyrolysis. We present governing equations and develop an accurate numerical method for their solution. The algorithm accurately calculates the rapidly varying component and uses a fixed step size commensurate with the smoothyly varying component of the solution. The resulting nonlinear equation is solved with Newton's method; the linear system is solved using a discrete analog of the invariant-imbedding method for second-order, linear, two-point boundary-value problems. We also develop a criterion for truncating the computational domain to minimize the calculational effort, and we present some typical calculations showing that the scheme is accurate and efficient.
Induction of lung lysyl oxidase activity and lysyl oxidase protein by exposure of rats to cadmium chloride: properties of the induced enzyme

Inspiration of CdCI2 results in a focally fibrotic response in rat lungs and markedly increases the activity of lung lysyl oxidase. Western blot analyses of urea-extractable rat lung proteins revealed that the levels of an immunoreactive, 32,000-Da protein were markedly increased in the cadmium-exposed rat lung tissue, consistent with the induction of lysyl oxidase protein. Anion exchange chromatography revealed low levels of multiple peaks of catalytically functional lysyl oxidase in control rat lung extracts, while the profile of cadmium-exposed rat lung extracts displayed markedly elevated levels of multiple peaks of enzyme activity indicating that the charge heterogeneity is expressed in the activated enzyme. The cadmium-induced enzyme was purified as a species of 32 kDa, without resolving individual ionic variants. The catalytic and physical properties of the isolated enzyme were very similar to those of previously well characterized basal enzyme of bovine aorta, including the presence of a pyrroloqu...
Disability Issues and Planning Education: Findings from a Longitudinal Survey of Planning Programs and Lessons for Urban e-Planning

In the United States, planning education is frequently concerned with problems and solutions associated with the physical environment rather than socioeconomic barriers and solutions, including issues of workforce/workplace, community inclusion and participation, and e-democracy. Legislation such as the 1973 Rehabilitation Act and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act, generally place more emphasis on accessibility in the physical landscape than on social and economic barriers faced by people with disabilities. Through a longitudinal survey of selected university planning programs in the United States (in 2005 and again in 2013), this article discusses how the lack of attention to disability issues in planning literature may be linked to the education of planners and planning curricula. It also suggests possible areas of progress as an emerging group of planners have become concerned with the role of technologies such as telecommuting in facilitating the inclusion of people with disabilities into the social environment.
Informed consent for a prescription drug: Impact of disclosed information on patient understanding and medical outcomes

Abstract Based on the two legal standards of informed consent currently in use, the Medical Practice Standard and the Reasonable Person Standard, two disclosures containing information about the risks and benefits of the anticonvulsant, Carbamazepine, were empirically derived. One of these two disclosures was randomly given to a sample of 39 seizure patients and the parents of pediatric seizure patients prescribed this drug. Subjects were interviewed either immediately after disclosure and at followup, or at followup only. The results provide no evidence for the hypothesized negative effects — anxiety, treatment refusal, reduced compliance and increased side effects — of providing patients with extensive disclosures about prescription drugs.
Nuclei Get TAN Lines

The intracellular localization of the nucleus within a cell is tightly controlled and plays a central role in numerous cellular and developmental processes, including the establishment of cell polarity, fertilization, differentiation, and cell migration. Defects in nuclear movement or anchorage can disrupt development and cause disease. Many nuclear migration events involve the microtubule cytoskeleton. The nucleus is often led by the centrosome (the structure that organizes microtubules), and microtubule motors are recruited to the nuclear envelope ( 1 ). Other migrations use the actin cytoskeleton ( 2 ), but the mechanisms of actin-based nuclear migration have not been clear. On page 956 of this issue, Luxton et al. describe an actin network that moves nuclei ( 3 ).
InterLACE: interactive learning and collaboration environment

InterLACE is an innovative web-based computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) system designed to support high school physical students with co-located collaborative learning in the classroom. InterLACE aims to provide an interactive shared workspace to facilitate student discussion and knowledge building. It allows them to share, visualize, manipulate, and improve upon each other's ideas. It is designed to lower the barriers of implementation of collaborative activities, for both teachers and students. The goal is to create a CSCL that is easy to integrate into the classroom and enables unique forms of participation by all students.
The role of eddies in a laboratory study of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is an eastward flowing current that transports on average 134 Sv around the Southern Ocean, dominating the dynamics of the region. Westerly winds drive the ACC, which roughly follows the path of the maximum westerlies at this latitude, as well as a geostrophic flow component set up by the presence of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). The APF, characterized by strong density gradients, releases potential energy through baroclinic instabilities that cast off eddies poleward. We investigate the behavior of these instabilities, or eddies, in a laboratory setting by reproducing an idealized ACC system through a combination of mechanical and buoyancy forcing applied in a rotating cylindrical tank. We find that the eddies generated by the baroclinic instability of the buoyant current are important in setting the final stratification of the circumpolar front by determining the depth of penetration and strength of the current at equilibrium. We discuss the implications of our laboratory findings for understanding those processes that contribute to setting the stratification and transport in the ACC.
Identification of interplanetary tangential and rotational discontinuities.

Discontinuities in the interplanetary magnetic field detected by the Mariner 5 magnetometer have been analyzed to distinguish tangential and rotational discontinuities. The method used was based on finding the field component normal to the plane of the discontinuities that vanishes for tangential discontinuities and is nonzero for rotational discontinuities. Slightly less than one half of the 118 discontinuities analyzed could not be classified because neither the normal component nor the changes in field magnitude were statistically significant owing to errors in the field measurements and in finding the normal direction. The 44 rotational discontinuities that were finally identified did not exhibit changes in field magnitude in excess of 20%.-
An introduction to ultrasonic guided axillary brachial plexus neuroblockade

The use of ultrasonic guidance to accurately localize nerves, neurovascular sheaths, and vascular structures and to visualize, in “real-time,” needle placement and injectate spread results in safer and more consistently effective regional blockade. Ultrasound guidance is increasingly utilized at our institution for the placement of brachial plexus blocks. This technique, in association with a nerve stimulator, provides the practitioner with the best possible tools to accurately and consistently place solid brachial plexus blocks. We have been utilizing ultrasonographic technology to facilitate the placement of our axillary brachial plexus blocks at the West Virginia University Hospital since 1995 with a very high block success rate. Moreover, we have found that with very little practice novice practitioners can efficiently and effectively place these blocks under ultrasonic guidance with a high rate of success. In this article, we describe our technique for the placement of an ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block.