cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of increased radio-frequency losses in cavities from the fundamental power coupler cold window

High radio-frequency (rf) losses measured for cavities in original Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) cryomodules, compared to the losses measured in single-cavity tests, have been a long-standing issue related to their performance. We summarize experimental evidence of increased rf losses in CEBAF cavities arising from the fundamental power coupler cold window and waveguide, respectively. Cryogenic rf tests were done on cavities tested in vertical cryostats as well as inside cryomodules in the accelerator tunnel. The cold window metallization losses were assessed by combining numerical results with measured data obtained with an existing cryogenic waveguide resonator setup. The results showed that the cold window metallization losses can increase the cavity rf heat load at 2.07 K by up to 86%, depending on the standing-wave pattern in the fundamental power coupler waveguide, and that such losses are reduced if the distance between the waveguide and the cavity cells is increased.
Robust evidence for moderation of ovulatory shifts by partner attractiveness in Arslan et al.’s (2020) data.

Arslan et al. (2020) conducted a large-scale, preregistered daily diary study on over 400 normally ovulating women. Of core interest were hypotheses that women's ratings of their partner's sexual attractiveness moderate associations of fertility status with women's own extrapair sexual desires, their own interest in in-pair sex, and their partners' mate retention tactics. The authors claim that "no evidence for moderator effects" (p. 426) was found. In fact, their own analyses reported in their supplementary material show robust evidence for moderation effects. Moreover, a new reanalysis using a more comprehensive composite measure of male partner sexual attractiveness yielded even stronger results. Effect size estimates are consistent with the existence of large, meaningful moderation effects, revealing that this study actually does show evidence of moderation effects. Additional analyses show similarly strong moderator effects on male proprietariness. We discuss the findings in the context of reliance on binary (significant vs. nonsignificant) labels and the pitfalls of underreporting effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Coupling of Energy Metabolism and Ictal Transformation

Abrupt but lasting changes in effectiveness of electrical transmission can occur as a result of changes in calcium or sodium metabolism (3,13,23). Shifts in intracellular and extracellular ionic environment or redox state can change the bias of metabolic pathways involving neurotransmitters and thus effect electrical activity (10,31). The role of such metabolic change in ictal transformation is not known. The purpose of this chapter is to indicate some of the data that potentially links metabolic to electrical activity at ictal transformation. It is not meant to be comprehensive.
An economic analysis and ROI model for nanometer test

This work describes an economic and return-on-investment (RoI) model for a test methodology that ensures product quality for logic devices that are in the 130 nm technology node and below. We describe the key components of the nanometer test methodology (NTM) and how it drives the model. In addition to ensuring product quality we address the cost of test and time to volume and how both factors can be improved. Examples from realistic scenarios are provided to illustrate the net savings from the proposed NTM using this model.
Ribosomal chromatin organization.

Mammalian cells contain approximately 400 copies of the ribosomal RNA genes organized as tandem, head-to-tail repeats spread among 6–8 chromosomes. Only a subset of the genes is transcribed at any given time. Experimental evidence suggests that, in a specific cell type, only a fraction of the genes exists in a conformation that can be transcribed. An increasing body of study indicates that eukaryotic ribosomal RNA genes exist in either a heterochromatic nucleosomal state or in open euchromatic states in which they can be, or are, transcribed. This review will attempt to summarize our current understanding of the structure and organization of ribosomal chromatin.
Evolution of influenza A virus nucleoprotein genes: implications for the origins of H1N1 human and classical swine viruses.

A phylogenetic analysis of 52 published and 37 new nucleoprotein (NP) gene sequences addressed the evolution and origin of human and swine influenza A viruses. H1N1 human and classical swine viruses (i.e., those related to Swine/Iowa/15/30) share a single common ancestor, which was estimated to have occurred in 1912 to 1913. From this common ancestor, human and classical swine virus NP genes have evolved at similar rates that are higher than in avian virus NP genes (3.31 to 3.41 versus 1.90 nucleotide changes per year). At the protein level, human virus NPs have evolved twice as fast as classical swine virus NPs (0.66 versus 0.34 amino acid change per year). Despite evidence of frequent interspecies transmission of human and classical swine viruses, our analysis indicates that these viruses have evolved independently since well before the first isolates in the early 1930s. Although our analysis cannot reveal the original host, the ancestor virus was avianlike, showing only five amino acid differences from the root of the avian virus NP lineage. The common pattern of relationship and origin for the NP and other genes of H1N1 human and classical swine viruses suggests that the common ancestor was an avian virus and not a reassortant derived from previous human or swine influenza A viruses. The new avianlike H1N1 swine viruses in Europe may provide a model for the evolution of newly introduced avian viruses into the swine host reservoir. The NPs of these viruses are evolving more rapidly than those of human or classical swine viruses (4.50 nucleotide changes and 0.74 amino acid change per year), and when these rates are applied to pre-1930s human and classical swine virus NPs, the predicted date of a common ancestor is 1918 rather than 1912 to 1913. Thus, our NP phylogeny is consistent with historical records and the proposal that a short time before 1918, a new H1N1 avianlike virus entered human or swine hosts (O. T. Gorman, R. O. Donis, Y. Kawaoka, and R. G. Webster, J. Virol. 64:4893-4902, 1990). This virus provided the ancestors of all known human influenza A virus genes, except for HA, NA, and PB1, which have since been reassorted from avian viruses. We propose that during 1918 a virulent strain of this new avianlike virus caused a severe human influenza pandemic and that the pandemic virus was introduced into North American swine populations, constituting the origin of classical swine virus.
Complementation of an Arabidopsis thaliana biotin auxotroph with an Escherichia coli biotin biosynthetic gene.

TheArabidopsis thaliana biotin auxotrophbio1 was rendered prototrophic by transformation with a chimeric transgene containing theEscherichia coli bioA gene driven by a constitutive promoter. ThebioA gene encodes the biotin biosynthetic enzyme 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase. Unlike the untransformed control plants, transgenic plants expressing the bacterial transgene synthesized biotin and grew to maturity without biotin-deficiency symptoms. These findings demonstrate thatbio1/bio1 mutant plants are defective in the gene encoding 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase.
Optimal Routing with Multiple Objectives: Efficient Algorithm and Application to the Hazardous Materials Transportation Problem

Abstract:i¾?This article presents an efficient parametric optimization method for the biobjective optimal routing problem. The core process is a bounded greedy single-objective shortest path approximation algorithm. This method avoids the computationally intensive dominance check with labeling methods and overcomes the deficiency with existing parametric methods that can only find extreme nondominated paths. Moreover, we propose a decomposition scheme to convert a multiobjective routing problem into a number of biobjective problems. We then compare its computational performance against the classic label-correcting method over a set of synthetically generated random networks and illustrate its algorithmic advances and solution behaviors by an example application of routing hazardous materials in a U.S. northeastern highway network.
Patterns of aggression among captive american flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber)

Many species of flamingo are endangered in the wild but common in zoos, where successful captive breeding programs are a management priority. Unlike their counterparts in the wild, captive flamingo individuals are easy to mark and follow, facilitating longitudinal data collection on social dynamics that may affect reproduction. We studied a captive group of American Flamingos at the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans, LA to document patterns of aggression between individuals during the onset of breeding. We used a social network approach to test whether overall aggression would be higher during courtship or following establishment of pair bonds. Aggression was higher following pair bond establishment than during courtship, suggesting that individuals in our study population may compete more intensely for resources such as nesting sites than for mates. We also found that males were more aggressive than females during all stages of the study period and that there was a positive relationship between age and aggression in males during the pair-bond stage. We discuss these findings in light of management practices for captive populations of flamingos and general patterns of aggression in social animals. Zoo Biol. 32:445–453, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Repeated low–dose streptokinase infusions into occluded permanent, central–venous hemodialysis catheters

Several studies have reported the use of fibrinolytic therapy to re-establish the patency of arterio-venous shunts and fistulas in patients undergoing chronic maintenance hemodialysis [1–7]. In recent years the indwelling Hickman central–venous catheter has been employed as a temporary or permanent access device in patients when more conventional access becomes impossible or when immediate needs for dialysis preclude other alternatives [8]. As with other forms of vascular access, thrombosis and infection remain common problems with these newer devices [9–13].
Observation of a Band of Silicon Surface States Containing One Electron Per Surface Atom

We have studied the energy distribution of electrons photoemitted from surface states on the cleaved (111) face of a 0.001-\ensuremath{\Omega}-cm $n$-type Si crystal. We find a 1.8-eV-wide surface band with a peak at 1.1 eV and a shoulder at 0.5 eV below the Fermi energy containing about 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ electrons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, i.e., approximately one electron per surface atom. The strong peak lies below the valence-band maximum at the surface. The surface nature of this structure is confirmed by its disappearance when exposed to vacuum contamination at ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ Torr or to oxygen.
Equine utilization of secondary reinforcement during response extinction and acquisition

Abstract Forty-eight horses were used to examine equine utilization of a secondary (learned) reinforcement signal. Phases I and II of the study investigated whether the secondary reinforcer could prolong extinction of a learned task. Phase III utilized the secondary reinforcer to train the horse to perform a new task. Horses were paired by age, sex and breed. All horses were taught to push a lever to obtain a feed reward. One horse of each pair served as the control (CON, feed reward only, no secondary reinforcement) and the other was given a feed reward paired with an auditory buzzer as a secondary reinforcer (SR). In phase I, horses were given 30 trials of continuous reinforcement daily for 3 days. For SR horses, the feed reward was delivered approximately 1s after the buzzer sounded. On days 4 and 5, extinction trials occurred in which horses did not receive any feed reward for pushing the lever, but the buzzer was still delivered to SR horses. Extinction of the learned response was defined as 5min with no lever press. Responses and time to extinction were recorded for each horse. After 2 days of rest the horses were retrained to the lever and this procedure was repeated with the feed reward delivered simultaneously with 3–4s of the SR (phase II). In phase III horses were given 40 reinforcements on a variable ratio 5 reinforcement schedule for 3 days. On days 18 and 19, the lever was removed and the horses were shaped for 30min daily to a new task (push a flap) using the SR. Numbers of reinforcements and responses were recorded for each horse. Data from CON and SR horses in all phases of the study were compared utilizing a paired t -test. During phases I and II, no differences were found in responses ( P >0.9, P >0.3, respectively) or in time to extinction ( P >0.3, P >0.7, respectively). In phase III, SR horses had more reinforcements during shaping on day 18 than CON horses (mean=28.0 and 11.8, respectively, S.E.D.=5.4, P P
Matrix solution of the Bethe-Faddeev equations

The Bethe-Faddeev equations are set up in matrix form and solved for the $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ nucleus. The two-body $g$ matrix is derived from a revised version of the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone formalism. Application to the Reid soft core potential indicates that this interaction yields an eigenvalue very close to the experimental binding energy of $^{3}\mathrm{H}$.
Project Seeks to Assess and Aid Patient Safety in Rural Areas

128 March/April 2003 Publication of The Institute of Medicine’s report To Err Is Human heightened the need for concerted efforts to improve patient safety. While a number of different approaches have been suggested, technology seems to have taken center stage. Information technologies such as computerized physician order entry may decrease rates of medication errors. Other available information technologies such as computerized medication administration records, robots, automated pharmacy systems, bar coding, “smart” intravenous devices, and computerized discharge prescriptions and instructions may also be helpful.1 While the development of appropriate technology is a critical intervention, technology alone cannot ensure higher levels of patient safety. A CAT scan, for example, requires competent interpretation. Thus, technology must be part of a system-wide approach that incorporates the context of care—the social, political, economic, and cultural factors specific to a given setting. Technology requires a human interface and a welltrained workforce—one that understands the cognitive and affective component of behaviors, and how those behaviors relate to the interventions we adopt. Without attention to the human/technology interface, even well intentioned interventions may be resisted or used inappropriately. We make these claims based on data stemming from 9 studies conducted in rural communities in a 14-state area, as well as on data from an ongoing patient safety research project, as listed in Table 1. These studies reveal the culture of care and suggest that the ability to recognize and respond to potentially unsafe situations may be compromised by factors that technology alone cannot solve. These factors include staffing patterns, workplace communication, and the overall lack of resources and training. For example, our studies indicate that 67 percent of rural nurses have not attained baccalaureate level training. They define themselves as “staff nurses” who, on average, work in 3 departments on a daily basis2. Opportunities for direct communication with one another can be limited. For example, in many rural hospitals, audio taped reports have replaced the face-to-face meetings that previously occurred at changes of shifts. Rural nurses also have few opportunities for training or continuing education. Some lament the lack of educational opportunities, but they also report a hesitancy to
Novel intravenous 13C-methionine breath test as a measure of liver function in children with short bowel syndrome

Abstract Monitoring hepatic function in children with short bowel syndrome (SBS) and parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is currently limited to conventional blood testing or liver biopsy. Metabolism of the stable isotope L[1- 13 C]methionine occurs exclusively in liver mitochondria and can be noninvasively quantified in expired breath samples. We hypothesized that the 13 C-methionine breath test ( 13 C-MBT) could be a safe, noninvasive, and valid measure of hepatic mitochondrial function in children with SBS and PNALD. Methods Baseline breath samples were collected in 8 children with SBS before intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of L[1- 13 C]methionine. Six paired breath samples were obtained at 20-minute intervals. The 13 CO 2 enrichment was analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Results All 8 patients (5 males; mean age, 8.9 months) tolerated the 13 C-MBT without adverse events. Two patients underwent serial testing. One patient, tested before and after resolution of cholestasis, demonstrated increased cumulative percentage dose (4.7% to 6.6%) and area under the curve (AUC) (270-303). A second patient with progressive PNALD demonstrated decreased cumulative percentage dose (from 7.8% to 5.9%) and AUC (from 335 to 288). Conclusion The 13 C-MBT is a feasible, safe, and potentially clinically relevant measure of hepatic mitochondrial function in children with SBS and PNALD.
Hybrid Silicon Evanescent Photonic Integrated Circuit Technology

The hybrid silicon evanescent device platform utilizes III -V gain materials bonded to passive silicon waveguides. In this paper, we discuss this device platform, and present hybrid silicon evanescent laser and amplifier device results.
Research Misconduct and The Scientific process: Continuing Quality Improvement

The response to research misconduct involves the attempt to regulate behavior through (a) creating and enforcing a rule and (b) ethics education. The roles of each must be shaped by considerations of the nature of scientific practice. Given the nature of science, the role of (a) must be limited in scope: both in the types of behavior it covers and in the level of intent that must be present for an allegation of misconduct to be proven. Since one important role of ethics education is to fill the gaps that regulatory rules leave open, it is this limitation in scope and its source in theoretical concerns that better reveals the type and kind of education needed. It is argued that much of the current ethics education falls short. Since the gaps left by the rule are largely due to theoretical concerns about the very nature of the scientific process and the nature of that process is constantly evolving, ethics education must focus more heavily on theory and must reach a wider audience. It is argued that ethics education can be more effective if it aims, in part, in creating a discipline-specific, constantly evolving standard of care.
Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation

Edges are presumed to have deleterious consequences for the organisms that remain in forest fragments. However, there is substantial discrepancy among recent studies about the existence and intensity of edge effects. Most studies have focused on seeking simplistic and static patterns. Very few have tested mechanistic hypotheses or explored the factors that modulate edge effects. Consequently,studies are very site-specifci and their results cannot be generalized to produce a universal theory of edges. Although estimates of the intensity and impact of edge effects in fragmented forests are urgently required, little can be done to ameliorate edge effects unless their mechanics are better understood.
Developmental abnormalities in the chick embryo following infection with Newcastle disease virus.

Summary(1) The lens and auditory sac showed defective development or were completely missing in 42% of 150 chick embryos infected with Newcastle disease virus at 45 hours of incubation. In 150 control embryos, inoculated with normal allantoic fluid, no similar defects were found. (2) In subsequent experiments the specific defects were obtained in 90% of the N.D.V. infected embryos. Virus samples of such known teratogenicity if stored in hermetically sealed ampules at—50° C retained their teratogenic properties for at least 4 weeks.
Implicit learning of arithmetic principles

Past research has investigated childrenpsilas knowledge of arithmetic principles over development. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in acquiring principle knowledge. We hypothesize that experience with equations that violate a to-be-learned principle will lead to changes in equation encoding, which in turn will promote acquisition of principle knowledge. Adultspsila knowledge of an arithmetic principle was evaluated before and after a training session in which some participants were exposed to equations that violated the principle. Participants who were exposed to temporally proximal principle violations increased their knowledge more than participants who were exposed to widely spaced violations. Learners with low principle knowledge post-training were also poor at encoding key features of the equations. Thus, variations in experience lead to variations in principle learning, and encoding is an important component of principle knowledge.
On the uniqueness of Planck's constant

It is shown that, for the case of two different particles associated with two different Planck constants, an appropriate generalized center-of-mass transformation allows one to retain the relevant constants of the motion. Therefore, some of the problems arising from the (postulated or experimentally determined) existence of several quantization constants appear to be avoidable.
In or out? Methodological considerations for including and excluding findings from a meta-analysis of predictors of antiretroviral adherence in HIV-positive women

Aim This paper is a discussion detailing the decisions concerning whether to include or exclude findings from a meta-analysis of report of quantitative studies of antiretroviral adherence in HIV-positive women.
Über chlorsubstituierte Derivate des Cupferrons

Die relative Chelatstabilitat von Cupferron und einiger seiner chlorierten Derivate wurde durch Aciditats-und polarographische Messungen bestimmt. Innerhalb der Untergruppe der Monochlor-oder Dichlor-Derivate besteht ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen Chelatstabilitat und fungitoxischer Wirkung, jedoch ist eine allgemeine Korrelation nicht moglich. Wahrscheinlich spielt dabei noch ein anderer Faktor, vermutlich der Verteilungskoeffizient der Substanzen im System Ol/Wasser eine Rolle. Auffallende Anomalien wurden bei der Ausdehnung der Aciditatsmessungen von reinem Wasser auf Wasser/Dioxan-Gemische beobachtet.
Fatigue-Crack Growth-Rate Studies of Low-Alloy Pressure-Vessel Steels

Fatigue-crack growth rates were determined at room temperature for ASTM A302-Class B and A 508-Class 2 steels in two characteristic plate and forging directions. Tests were performed under zero-to-tension cyclic loading using both through-crack and part-through-crack plate specimens. Crack growth rates in the through-crack specimens, though affected by plate or forging directions, were found to correlate well upon the hypothesis that the crack extension per cycle is proportional to a positive power of the range of alternating stress intensity factor. In addition, the rate of crack extension through the plate thickness of the surface-crack specimens was successfully correlated with data from through-crack specimens.
Decay of ion beam driven acoustic waves into ion holes

Particle simulation is used to demonstrate the formation of ion holes and parallel potential structures in a background plasma driven by an ion beam. Recent satellite observations suggest that such potential structures which are observed along auroral field lines may form in a cool background ion population. We show that if such a background is present ion holes form in the background ion distribution and travel at the acoustic speed in the direction of the ion beam velocity. Linear stability analysis shows this system to be unstable to a beam-acoustic mode involving the beam ions and the background electrons. These beam unstable modes nonlinearly pump the linearly stable ion acoustic modes in the background plasma seeding the formation of ion holes. The dynamics of these structures are essentially indistinguishable from the evolution of weak double layers seen in previous simulations.
Developing an effective deep support network for individual investors

Providing investment research to meet the needs of the growing number of individual retail investors is an important opportunity. The broad variation in current stock research performance challenges investors to evaluate and select stock research. Evaluating stock research is difficult because developing stock research is a difficult and complex task. The research is largely an expression of the tacit knowledge of the analysts. This paper presents the concept, an effective deep support network to aid investors. An effective deep support network provides appropriate information from various providers that can be customisable and empowering to the individual investors. It allows them to incorporate their own judgment and to learn through experience. By meeting the real needs of retail investors, an effective deep support network could provide a competitive advantage for firms in financial services especially stock research firms.
Fine structure of the normal, transplanted and postmetamorphic pars distalis of the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.

Abstract The pars distalis of the Mexican axolotl contains five cell types with distinctly different ultrastructure: type I—granules 260–330 nm of variables electron density; type II—granules 330–520 nm of variable electron density, vesicles 130 × 330 nm and globules up to 1 μ in diameter; type III—granules 330 nm in diameter and uniformly electron dense; type IV—vesicles 200–220 nm diameter; type V—pyramidal cells with long cytoplasmic processes containing microfibrils. There is a gradual loss of granular contents by all of the granule containing cells except some type III cells after ectopic xenografting to an adult newt host by 4 mo after transplantation. Cells of auto- or allografted glands do not lose their granular contents as rapidly. Reciprocally grafted newt pituitaries are rapidly destroyed within 3 wk by the axolotl host. Changes in the frequency of cell types I, II, and IV in sexually mature and postmetamorphic animals are also discussed. It is concluded that there is no cytologically detectable defect in the axolotl pituitary which may be responsible for the neoteny of this animal.
Spatio-temporal patterns in the genetic structure of recently settled blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) across a hybrid zone

Previous studies of a hybrid zone between the mussels Mytilus edulis Linnaeus and M. galloprovincialis Lamarck have not resolved the relative importance of the genetic composition of settling larval cohorts versus post-settlement selection in determining the distribution of the parental species and their hybrids. In the present study, recently settled mussels (spat) were collected from 20 sites in southwest England throughout the summer and fall (May–October) in 1998 and 1999. This study investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of settlement and genetics of mussel spat by genetically identifying M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and their hybrids using the diagnostic PCR marker Glu-5′. Settlement was observed earlier in populations of M. edulis than in populations of M. galloprovincialis. Settlement occurred in hybrid populations at times intermediate to and overlapping with both of the parental populations. Temporal genetic variation within years was rare at most sites, while there was some variation between the two years. Spatial genetic variation, however, was common among spat settling within the hybrid populations and matched that observed in small, sub-adults at the same sites. No consistent directional changes in allele frequency were observed over the course of several weeks after settlement. These data suggest that the observed spatial variation in the adult populations is the result of spatial variation in settling larval cohorts and not of either temporal genetic variation or of selection soon after settlement.
Aging and its impact on innate immunity and inflammation: Implications for periodontitis

The elderly exhibit increased susceptibility to a number of inflammatory or degenerative pathologies. Aging is similarly thought to be associated with increased prevalence and severity of periodontitis, although the underlying causes are poorly understood. Among the plausible mechanisms whereby aging could contribute to increased susceptibility to periodontitis are age-dependent alterations in the innate immune and inflammatory status of the host. This hypothesis is supported by studies in humans and animal models outlined in this review. Indeed, innate immune cells isolated from elderly subjects exhibit age-related cell-intrinsic defects that could predispose the elderly to deregulated immune and inflammatory responses. Moreover, the investigation of age-related alterations in the tissue environment where recruited inflammatory cells ultimately function has started to provide complementary, if not better, insights into the impact of aging on periodontitis. Integrative approaches combining in vitro and in vivo mechanistic models are underway and can potentially contribute to targeted molecular therapies that can reverse or mitigate the effects of aging on periodontitis and other inflammatory diseases.
Hypothalamic hyperphagic rats overeat bitter sucrose octa acetate diets but not quinine diets.

Abstract Female rats were made hyperphagic with knife cuts or lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and their aversion to food made bitter by adulteration with quinine or sucrose octa acetate (SOA) was examined. In short-term choice tests VMH obese rats, as well as controls, strongly preferred a 0.1% quinine diet to a 1.0% SOA diet. Yet, in 24 hr intake tests VMH obese rats overate, relative to controls, the 1% SOA diet, but underate the 0.1% quinine diet. VMH rats in both dynamic and static stages also overate SOA diets in concentrations up to 16%. However, VMH obese rats underate a 1% SOA diet when previously fed a 0.1% quinine diet. The results indicate that the VMH rat's finickiness to quinine diets may not be due to bitter taste alone, but may result from toxic postingestive effects of quinine and the development of a conditioned taste aversion.
Attraction as a Function of Attitudes and Dress

An experiment was designed for the study of the effect of similarity in attitudes, similarity in dress, and attractiveness of dress on attraction. In an initial session with the experimenter, each of 72 female college students serving as subjects completed a shortened version of Byrne's (1971) Survey of Attitudes and was photographed. Between the initial session and a second session, another survey of attitudes alleged to belong to a stranger was created by the experimenters to be either similar or dissimilar to the survey completed by each subject. Also at this time, judges matched each subject's photograph with a photograph of the stranger. The photograph contained the stranger in dress judged to be either similar or dissimilar to that of the subject, and either as attractive, neutral, or unattractive. In the second session, subjects were presented with the survey alleged to have been completed by the stranger and the photograph of the stranger. The subjects were then asked to complete Byrne's Interper sonal Judgment Scale based on the information presented to them. Results of the experiment indicated that similarity in attitudes had the greatest effect on attraction; similarity in dress had the next greatest effect; and attractiveness of dress had the least effect on attraction.
Specificity of Anamnestic Response in Chickens

Summary1) The effects of secondary injections of various soluble protein antigens, subsequent to disappearance from the circulating system of antibodies to a primary antigen, are described. 2) Secondary antigen injections do not elicit antibody responses to previously injected antigens, if the antigens are unrelated. 3) Quantitative levels of antibody response to secondary antigens are apparently unaffected by previous antigenic stimulations of the animal, if the antigens are unrelated.
The use of high accuracy NAA for the certification of NIST botanical standard reference materials

Neutron activation analysis is one of many analytical techniques used at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the certification of NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). NAA competes favorably with all other techniques because of it's unique capabilities for high accuracy even at very low concentrations for many elements. In this paper, instrumental and radiochemical NAA results are described for 25 elements in two new NIST SRMs, SRM 1515 (Apple Leaves) and SRM 1547 (Peach Leaves), and are compared to the certified values for 19 elements in these two new botanical reference materials.
Reverse type I binding spectra of human cytochrome P450 1B1 induced by flavonoid, stilbene, pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl derivatives that inhibit catalytic activity: a structure-function relationship study.

Fifty-one chemicals including derivatives of 16 flavonoids, three stilbenes, six pyrenes, seven naphthalenes, seven phenanthrenes, 10 biphenyls, 17β-estradiol, and estrone were examined for their abilities to induce reverse type I binding spectra with human cytochrome P450 (P450) 1B1 and to inhibit 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activities catalyzed by P450 1B1. Forty-nine chemicals showed reverse type I spectra with P450 1B1, and we found that 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone, 3′,4′-dimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone, 4′-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone, α- and β-naphthoflavones, 2,4,3′,5′-tetramethoxystilbene, pyrene, and several acetylenic pyrenes and phenanthrenes were strong inducers of the spectra and also potent inhibitors of EROD activities catalyzed by P450 1B1. The spectral dissociation constant (Ks) and the magnitude of the binding (ΔAmax/Ks) of 49 chemicals were correlated with the inhibition potencies of EROD activities by these chemicals [correlation coefficients (r) of 0.72 and 0.74, respectively]....
Kaposi's Sarcoma: Correction

In my Perspective “The enigmas of Kaposi's sarcoma” (Science's Compass, 4 Dec. p. [1837][1]), I described some special conditions needed for the growth of human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8)-infected endothelial cells described in the important paper by E. Cesarman and her colleagues ([1][2]). In the description, I stated that a 40% serum concentration was needed. However, a careful reading of the methods in that paper indicates that the serum was diluted twofold and that only 20% serum volume per volume was used, which is not inordinately high. Indeed, the results from this group clearly demonstrate that HHV-8 (KSHV) can, under some circumstances, promote long-term survival of some infected endothelial cells. 1. [↵][3]1. O. Flore 2. et al. , Nature 394, 588 (1998). [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][PubMed][6] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.282.5395.1837 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.aulast%253DFlore%26rft.auinit1%253DO.%26rft.volume%253D394%26rft.issue%253D6693%26rft.spage%253D588%26rft.epage%253D592%26rft.atitle%253DTransformation%2Bof%2Bprimary%2Bhuman%2Bendothelial%2Bcells%2Bby%2BKaposi%2527s%2Bsarcoma-associated%2Bherpesvirus.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252F29093%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9707121%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/29093&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=9707121&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F283%2F5405%2F1115.7.atom
A laboratory study of colloid and solute transport in surface runoff on saturated soil

Colloids in surface runoff may pose risks to the ecosystems not only because some of them (e.g., pathogens) are toxic, but also because they may facilitate the transport of other contaminants. Although many studies have been conducted to explore colloid fate and transport in the environment, current understanding of colloids in surface runoff is still limited. In this study, we conducted a range of laboratory experiments to examine the transport behavior of colloids in a surface runoff system, made of a soil box packed with quartz sand with four soil drainage outlets and one surface flow outlet. A natural clay colloid (kaolinite) and a conservative chemical tracer (bromide) were applied to the system under a simulated rainfall event (64 mm/h). Effluent soil drainage and surface flow samples were collected to determine the breakthrough concentrations of bromide and kaolinite. Under the experimental conditions tested, our results showed that surface runoff dominated the transport processes. As a result, kaolinite and bromide were found more in surface flow than in soil drainage. Comparisons between the breakthrough concentrations of bromide and kaolinite showed that kaolinite had lower mobility than bromide in the subsurface flow (i.e., soil drainage), but behaved almost identical to bromide in the surface runoff. Student’s t-test confirmed the difference between kaolinite and bromide in subsurface flow (p = 0.02). Spearman’s test and linear regression analysis, however, showed a strong 1:1 correlation between kaolinite and bromide in surface runoff (p < 0.0001). Our result indicate that colloids and chemical solutes may behave similarly in overland flow on bare soils with limited drainage when surface runoff dominates the transport processes.
Structural epitope matching for HLA-alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients: a new strategy to provide more effective platelet transfusion support?

BACKGROUND: During the past three decades, HLA matching for platelet (PLT) transfusion of refractory thrombocytopenic patients has been based on serologic cross-reactivity between HLA-A and HLA-B antigens. Although many blood banks are using this matching strategy, the general experience is that such matched PLT transfusions are often ineffective. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This report describes a new HLA matching algorithm that considers structurally defined epitopes recognized by antibodies. HLAMatchmaker is a computer program that determines histocompatibility at the amino acid level initially designed as triplets (i.e., linear sequences of three residues in molecular surface–exposed positions) but now updated as eplets representing patches of antibody-accessible polymorphic residues surrounded by residues within a 3-A radius. The eplet version of HLAMatchmaker is also useful in the analysis of HLA antibody reactivity patterns of alloimmunized patients so that acceptable mismatches can be identified. CONCLUSION: An HLA epitope–based matching protocol is proposed that may permit a more effective PLT transfusion management of refractory patients. This protocol includes high-resolution HLA-A, -B, and -C typing of patients and donors, serum screening to identify acceptable mismatches, and the identification of suitable donors in a donor database that incorporates HLAMatchmaker as a search engine. HLAMatchmaker programs can be downloaded from the Web site http://tpis.upmc.edu/tpis/HLAMatchmaker/.
Studies of the problem-solving process in engineering design

Three sets of parallel R&D projects are examined. The data analyzed were gathered by means of Solution Development Records — a form which provides a weekly estimate of the probability of adoption of the approaches under consideration as possible solutions to a technical problem. It is found that the longer an approach is held in a favored position, the more difficult it is to reject. Furthermore, the number of alternative technical approaches considered bears a relation to judged solution quality. Groups producing higher rated solutions generated fewer approaches during the course of the project, and they more closely approach an ideal strategy of trading approaches off on a two-at-a-time basis than do their poorer performing rivals.
THE EVOLUTION OF AVIAN SENESCENCE PATTERNS : IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING PRIMARY AGING PROCESSES

SYNOPSIS. The long life spans of birds relative to those of mammals are intriguing to biogerontologists, particularly in light of birds' high body temperatures, high blood glucose levels, and high metabolic rates—all of which should theoretically increase their biochemical liability for rapid aging. The comparative longevity of birds and other flying homeotherms is consistent with evolutionary senescence theory, which posits that species with low mortality rates from predation or accident will be released from selection for rapid maturity and early reproduction, and will exhibit retarded aging. Comparative analyses of avian life history parameters to date, although not as extensive as those for mammals, broadly support an association between low mortality rates, slow reproduction, and long lifespan. The diversity of bird life histories suggests the importance of developing a diversity of avian models for studies of aging mechanisms, both proximate and ultimate, and for using wild as well as domestic representatives. Birds studied in the laboratory thus far show many of the same manifestations of aging as mammals, including humans, and many ornithologists are beginning to document actuarial evidence consistent with aging in their study populations. We encourage greater communication and collaboration among comparative gerontologists and ornithologists, in the hope that the study of aging in birds will lead to an integrated understanding of physiological aging processes well grounded in an evolutionary paradigm.
Authoritarianism, Independence, and Child-Centered Practices in Education: A Study of Attitudes

Although common sense suggests that child-centered attitudes and practices in education (as contrasted with traditional attitudes and practices) would be more consistent with equalitarian than with authorirarian attitudes, there appears to be little research that directly confirms such a supposition, particularly with respect to nonteaching personnel. Data regarding such a relationship would be of interest and value especially in the United States, where the determination of basic educational policy is the responsibility of governing boards of laymen, who have in turn been elected or appointed by other laymen. What laymen think or feel about education is thus of considerable importance in determining the direction of education in this country. This study was undertaken in order to determine whether the acceptance by nonacademic personnel of child-centered practices in education would be negatively correlated with authoricarian attitudes. The author's access to a nonacademic sample also provided him with the opportunity for studying other variables that showed promise of being related to child-centeredness. Previous research with college srudents (Lindgren, 1961 ) had suggested the possibility of a positive relationship berween child-centeredness and attitudes characterized by independence, but the relationship between the two variables was at a low level of significance for the males in the sample, possibly because of restriction in range for one of the variables being measured. Furthermore, the level of child-cenceredness in the group being tested was so high as to suggest a substantial degree of relationship berween educational level and child-centeredness. METHOD The problem of locaticg a nonacademic population for purposes of research is often difficult for behavioral scientists who function in an academic setting. In the present study, the problem was solved by taking advantage of the availability in San Francisco of two coin-operated Laundromats, one located in an area of middle-class apartment houses and upper-middle-class homes, and the other located in a "fringe" area of working men's hotels, transient rooms, and lower-middle- to lower-class apartments and homes. Laundromat customers seemed particularly desirable for a scudy using quesrionnaires, not only because they represent more of a cross-section of the general population than do college students, but also because they have to spend a half hour to an hour waiting for [heir laundry to be processed by the machines and, having rime on their hands, are likely to be receptive to the idea of cooperating in a psychological study. In the present study, the author attempted to maximize participarion and
Atomic Data for High-Energy Configurations in Fe XVII-XXIII

In the present work we calculate energy levels, oscillator strengths, A-values, and electron-ion excitation collision strengths for high-energy configurations for the iron ions Fe XVII to Fe XXIII. Collision rate coefficients are calculated using the distorted-wave approximation; the contribution of resonant excitation is taken into account by using the isolated-resonance approximation for configurations with principal quantum numbers n = 2 and 3. Results are compared with R-matrix calculations available in the literature for the lowest configurations; our results are the first ever published for highly excited configurations with n ≥ 4 for most ions. Synthetic spectra are calculated from the resulting rate coefficients and compared to available spectral codes. Some applications of the results of the present calculation to solar physics are discussed. These data will be part of the next version of the CHIANTI database.
Gait termination strategies differ between those with and without ankle instability.

Abstract Background Chronic ankle instability is a common occurrence after an ankle sprain. Yet, some people (copers) possess a mechanism that limits recurrent injury and disability. During gait termination, those with chronic ankle instability exhibit altered feed-forward and feedback control but little is known about alterations in copers. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the biomechanical control alterations present in controls, copers, and those with chronic ankle instability during planned and unplanned gait termination. Methods Twenty subjects with chronic ankle instability, 20 copers, and 20 uninjured controls completed planned and unplanned gait termination tasks. Unplanned gait termination required subjects to stop, when cued, during randomly selected trials. Planned gait termination required intended stopping. A total of 10 trials were recorded for each condition. Normalized propulsive and braking force magnitudes and dynamic postural stability indices were calculated and compared among the groups. Findings Normalized maximum braking forces were significantly higher in the chronic ankle instability group (Mean: 2.82 SD: 0.93 N/kg), relative to copers (Mean: 2.59 SD: 0.84 N/kg) and controls (Mean: 2.51 SD: 0.78 N/kg). Similarly, the antero-posterior postural stability index revealed higher scores in the chronic ankle instability group (Mean: 0.15 SD: 0.03) compared to the coper (Mean: 0.14 SD: 0.02) and control group (Mean: 0.14 SD: 0.02). Copers did not differ from controls. Interpretation The findings suggest that the ability of copers to terminate gait in a manner similar to uninjured controls may represent part of the underlying mechanism that limits recurrent injury and disability in copers.
ON THE ESTIMATION OF DISTANCES IN A CURVED UNIVERSE WITH A NON-STATIC LINE ELEMENT.

Introduction. - In two previous articles,(1,2) I have shown that there is a possibility of relating the annihilation of matter in the universe to the observed red shift in the light from the extra-galactic nebulae, by ascribing to the universe a line element of the general form ds^2 = - e^g(t)/[1 + r2/4R^2]^2 * (dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2) + dt^2, where r is an abbreviation for √(x^2+y^2+z^2) and R is a constant.