cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A qualitative study of the aspirations and challenges of low-income mothers in feeding their preschool-aged children.

The prevalence of obesity among preschool-aged children has increased, especially among those in low-income households. Two promising behavioral targets for preventing obesity include limiting children’s portion sizes and their intake of foods high in solid fats and/or added sugars, but these approaches have not been studied in low-income preschoolers in the home setting. The purpose of this study was to understand the contextual factors that might influence how low-income mothers felt about addressing these behavioral targets and mothers’ aspirations in feeding their children. We recruited 32 English-speaking women in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who were eligible for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and who were the biologic mothers of children 36 to 66 months of age. Each mother participated in 1 of 7 focus groups and completed a brief socio-demographic questionnaire. Focus group questions centered on eating occasions, foods and drinks consumed in the home, and portion sizes. Each focus group lasted 90 minutes and was digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Three authors independently identified key themes and supporting quotations. Themes were condensed and modified through discussion among all authors. Thirty-one mothers identified themselves as black, 15 had a high school education or less, and 22 lived with another adult. Six themes emerged, with three about aspirations mothers held in feeding their children and three about challenges to achieving these aspirations. Mothers’ aspirations were to: 1) prevent hyperactivity and tooth decay by limiting children’s sugar intake, 2) use feeding to teach their children life lessons about limit setting and structure, and 3) be responsive to children during mealtimes to guide decisions about portions. Especially around setting limits with sweets and snacks, mothers faced the challenges of: 1) being nagged by children’s food requests, 2) being undermined by other adults in the family, and 3) having bad memories from childhood that made it hard to deny children’s food requests. Although the primary aspirations of low-income mothers in feeding their preschool-aged children were not focused on children’s weight, these aspirations were compatible with obesity prevention strategies to limit children’s portion sizes and their intake of solid fats and/or added sugars.
Investigating Stimulated Recall as a Cognitive Measure: Reactivity and Verbal Reports in SLA Research Methodology

With an increasing body of research on the roles of cognitive factors in SLA, the status of verbal reports as a cognitive measure is beginning to be established. However, little SLA research has assessed their validity in terms of reactivity (the effect of verbalisation on learners' performance). The current study investigates whether stimulated recall is reactive when it precedes post-tests and if so, what causes reactivity: recall stimuli, verbalisation or both. Forty-four learners of Japanese were randomly assigned to a stimulated recall, stimulus, experimental control or test control group. All groups participated in pre/post-testing. The first three groups also participated in communicative activities. Following the activities, the stimulated recall group participated in stimulated recall where they recalled their thoughts while viewing videotaped activities. The stimulus group also viewed a video of their activities, but did not recall their thoughts afterward. The experimental control group neither...
Functional single ventricle with extracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the surgical repair of functional single ventricle and extracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). Methods: Between January 1998 and December 2007, 26 consecutive patients underwent surgical repair of extracardiac TAPVC. Their characteristics were as follows: median age, 34 (range 0—744) days; median weight 3.2 (range 2.0—9.6) kg; supracardiac TAPVC, 11 patients; infracardiac, 5; mixed, 10; right atrial isomerism, 24; pulmonary atresia, 16; and obstructed TAPVC, 17. Concomitant procedures includedsystemic-to-pulmonary shunt in 9 patients,pulmonaryartery bandingin 5, ventricle-to-pulmonaryarteryshunt in 1, Norwood procedure in 1, bidirectional Glenn in 9, and Fontan procedure in 1. Results: The overall survival after the repair of TAPVC was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39—77%) and 54% (95% CI, 34—73%) at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Of the 14 survivors (supracardiac, 9; infracardiac, 4; and mixed, 1), 12 underwent Fontan completion; 1, bidirectional Glenn; and 1 is awaiting bidirectional Glenn. Anastomotic stenosis did not occur, but recurrent pulmonary venous ostial stenosis (PVS) was observed in nine patients. Freedom from recurrent PVS was 56% (95% CI, 34—78%) at both 1 and 5 years. Reoperation for recurrent PVS was performed in six patients; of these patients, two underwent Fontan completion, but three with bilateral and multiple PVS declined. By Cox multivariate regression analysis, mixed TAPVC (p = 0.001, hazard ratio, 13.4; 95% CI, 2.8— 64.4) was a risk factor for mortality, and atrioventricular valve regurgitation, which required surgical intervention at the palliative stage (p = 0.024, hazard ratio, 23.4; 95% CI, 1.5—363.4) was a risk factor for recurrent PVS. Conclusions: The mid-term results of the surgical repair of functionalsingleventriclewith supracardiac orinfracardiacTAPVC areacceptable. The surgicaltreatmentof patientswith mixedTAPVC andwith severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation is not promising, but can be improved. # 2009 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ureaplasma urealyticum and its association with chronic lung disease in Asian neonates.

Objective: The aim of the present prospective cohort study was to evaluate the relationship between lower respiratory tract colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum and development of chronic lung disease (CLD) in a high-risk neonatal population. Methods: Prospective cohort study of preterm infants with a birthweight < 1500 g needing mechanical ventilation within 24 h of birth in a tertiary care neonatal unit. Endotracheal aspirates from these infants were cultured within 24 h for U. urealyticum and the rate of colonization was determined. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of CLD at 28 days of life. Results: Of the 41 infants studied, 10 (24%) infants were colonized with U. urealyticum. The colonization rate was higher in babies < 1000 g compared with babies weighing 1000–1500 g (P = 0.04). There was no significant difference between the colonized and non-colonized groups with regard to the antenatal use of steroids, maternal prolonged rupture of membranes, gestational age, birthweight, sex, respiratory distress syndrome, use of surfactant, patent ductus arteriosus and gastrooesophageal reflux. Of the 37 survivors, 20 (54%) developed CLD; eight infants (88.5%) in the colonized group developed CLD compared with 12 infants (42.8%) in the non-colonized group (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Neonates colonized with U. urealyticum were twice as likely to have CLD than non-colonized babies (relative risk 2.01; 95% confidence interval 1.27–3.37). These data suggest a significant association between colonization with U. urealyticum and CLD in infants weighing < 1500 g.
A fully three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm with the nonstationary filter for improved single-orbit cone beam SPECT

Conventional single-orbit cone beam tomography suffers from incomplete sampling and an inadequate three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction algorithm. The commonly used Feldkamp reconstruction algorithm simply extends the two-dimensional (2D) fan beam algorithm to 3D cone beam geometry. A truly 3D reconstruction formulation based on the 3D Fourier slice theorem is derived for a single-orbit cone beam SPECT. In the formulation, a nonstationary filter which depends on the distance from the central plane of the cone beam is derived and applied to the 2D projection data in directions along and normal to the axis of rotation. This algorithm was evaluated using both computer simulation and experimental measurements. Significant improvement in image quality was demonstrated in terms of decreased artifacts and distortions in cone beam reconstructed images. However, compared with the Feldkamp algorithm, a fivefold increase in processing time is required. >
Inhibition of Fundulus heteroclitus oocyte maturation in vitro by serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

The effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) on oocyte maturation in vitro were tested on Fundulus heteroclitus full-grown prematurational ovarian follicles. F.heteroclitus pituitary extract (FPE)- and steroid (17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one [DHP])-induced oocyte maturation were both inhibited by 5-HT in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Maximum inhibition was observed at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 μM 5-HT, respectively. The inhibitory action was also less effective when 5-HT was combined with human chorionic gonadotropin than with FPE, which may indicate the presence of 5-HT and/or other inhibitory substances in the pituitary extract. Inhibition by 5-HT was independent of FPE-induced steroid production by the follicle, since the levels of 17β-estradiol and DHP released into the culture medium were not modified by the presence of 5-HT. When follicles were preincubated with DHP for increasing times, subsequently washed, and transferred to steroid-free, 5-HT-containing medium, inhibition by 5-HT was also observed in follicles preincubated for up to 4 h; however, inhibition by 5-HT was reduced or eliminated after 8 h or 16 h preincubation with DHP, respectively. These results suggest the presence of a putative 5-HT receptor(s) that does not affect steroidogenic pathways in the ovarian follicle yet inhibits steroid-induced oocyte maturation at some point downstream in the steroid transduction pathway of the oocyte. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimal training over the Gauss-Markov fading channel: a cutoff rate analysis

We consider the problem of optimal allocation of resources between training and data for transmission over a Gauss-Markov fading channel. Inaccurate channel state information (CSI) is available at the receiver through periodic training. There is no feedback, so that CSI is not available at the transmitter. We study MMSE estimators that predict the current channel state based on: all past pilot observations; only the most recent pilot observation; and the most recent and next in the future pilot observations. We analyze the optimal training energy and periodicity for each of these estimators. We show that optimizing the energy and periodicity of training results in significant energy savings over a sensible, but unoptimized, approach, particularly for rapidly varying channels.
A New Face Recognition Algorithm using Bijective Mappings

A new face recognition algorithm is proposed which is robust to variations in pose, expression and illumination. The framework is similar to the ubiquitous block matching algorithm used for motion estimation in video compression but has been adapted to compensate for illumination differences. One of the key differentiators of this approach is that unlike traditional face recognition algorithms, the image data representing the face or features extracted from the facial data is not used for classification. Instead, the mapping between the probe and gallery images given by the block matching algorithm is used to classify the faces for recognition. Once the mappings are found for each gallery image, the degree of bijectivity that each mapping produces is used to derive the similarity scores for recognition.
Recursive optimal pruning of tree-structured vector quantizers

The generalized BFOS (G-BFOS), a sequential pruning algorithm for designing optimal tree structures, was presented by Chou, Lookabaugh, and Gray (see IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol.35, no.2, p.299, 1989), and it was applied to tree-structured vector quantizers (TSVQ). G-BFOS yields VQ codebooks that often outperform conventional generalized Lloyd full search codebooks having the same rate and block size. The authors have developed a modified version of G-BFOS, called the recursive optimal pruning algorithm (ROPA), which recursively searches for the nodes to be pruned next. The sequence of these pruned codebooks includes the original optimal G-BFOS codebooks and many additional ones. The optimality of these codebooks is described, and simulations evaluate their performance. >
Multimodal alarm behavior in urban and rural gray squirrels studied by means of observation and a mechanical robot

Urbanization of animal habitats has the potential to affect the natural communication systems of any species able to survive in the changed environment. Urban animals such as squirrels use multiple signal channels to communicate, but it is un- known how urbanization has affected these behaviors. Multimodal communication, involving more than one sensory modality, can be studied by use of biomimetic mechanical animal models that are designed to simulate the multimodal signals and be pre- sented to animal subjects in the field. In this way the responses to the various signal components can be compared and contrasted to determine whether the multimodal signal is made up of redundant or nonredundant components. In this study, we presented wild gray squirrels in relatively urban and relatively rural habitats in Western Massachusetts with a biomimetic squirrel model that produced tail flags and alarm barks in a variety of combinations. We found that the squirrels responded to each unimodal component on its own, the bark and tail flag, but they responded most to the complete multimodal signal, containing both the acoustic and the moving visual components, providing evidence that in this context the signal components are redundant and that their combination elicits multimodal enhancement. We expanded on the results of Partan et al. (2009) by providing data on sig- naling behavior in the presence and absence of conspecifics, suggesting that alarm signaling is more likely if conspecifics are present. We found that the squirrels were more active in the urban habitats and that they responded more to tail flagging in the urban habitats as compared to the rural ones, suggesting the interesting possibility of a multimodal shift from reliance on audio to visual signals in noisier more crowded urban habitats (Current Zoology 56 (3): 313-326, 2010).
Towards a Computational History of the ACL: 1980-2008

We develop a people-centered computational history of science that tracks authors over topics and apply it to the history of computational linguistics. We present four findings in this paper. First, we identify the topical subfields authors work on by assigning automatically generated topics to each paper in the ACL Anthology from 1980 to 2008. Next, we identify four distinct research epochs where the pattern of topical overlaps are stable and different from other eras: an early NLP period from 1980 to 1988, the period of US government-sponsored MUC and ATIS evaluations from 1989 to 1994, a transitory period until 2001, and a modern integration period from 2002 onwards. Third, we analyze the flow of authors across topics to discern how some subfields flow into the next, forming different stages of ACL research. We find that the government-sponsored bakeoffs brought new researchers to the field, and bridged early topics to modern probabilistic approaches. Last, we identify steep increases in author retention during the bakeoff era and the modern era, suggesting two points at which the field became more integrated.
Modifying methods and content to teach about alcohol and drug abuse cross‐culturally

This article is designed to increase the cultural awareness of educators who develop courses on alcohol and other drug abuse (AODA) for health care and human service professionals. It describes AODA courses for ethnically diverse audiences of bilingual, bicultural, health and human service providers working with recently arrived refugee populations. Examples are given of AODA content that may require adaptation for diverse audiences and teaching methods that can be modified to facilitate cross‐cultural work. Recommendations include (1) having students produce culturally specific AODA educational materials in their native languages, (2) dividing classes into ethnic‐specific and gender‐specific groups for class discussions, (3) assessing students’ differing worldviews of AODA at the start of the educational process, and (4) ensuring that instructors identify their own cultural orientation and biases.
Departmental Context and Formal Structure as Constraints on Leader Behavior

An empirical investigation was made of the effects of size, personnel education, task routineness, workflow interdependence, environmental uncertainty, and formal structure on the behavior of leade...
Paragenetic Trends of Oxide Minerals in Carbonate-rich Kimberlites, with New Analyses from the Benfontein Sill, South Africa

The relationship among kimberlites, carbonate-rich bodies associated with them, and the carbonatites associated with alkalis rock complexes are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the parageneses of oxide minerals in six carbonate-kimberlites: Peuyuk, Tunraq, Wesselton, Liqhobong, De Beers, and Benfontein. New analyses of spinel, limonite, and perovskite from the lower Benfontein Sill, are consistent with previous reports and can be divided into (1) early macrocrysts and cores of grains, and (2) late rims and groundmass grains. The evolution of a carbonate-rich residuum with progressive crystallization appears to be typical of carbonate-rich kimberlite magmas, and is texturally related to the two stages of oxide precipitation in these carbonate-kimberlites. Thus, early Mg-ilmenite and Cr-rich spinel are separated by reaction textures and carbonate from later Mg-Al-titanomagnetite, perovskite, and accessory utile and apatite. The spinels span a large range in composition from Mg-Al-chromite to Mg-Al-titanomagnetite, with an intermediate gap. This simplified paragenetic scheme, and in particular the spinel trend, is repeated in the five other carbonate-kimberlites reviewed. It may be representative of the hypabyssal kimberlites in general, and others where fluidization processes did not completely disrupt the crystallization sequence.
The academic nursing practice dean: an emerging role.

Abstract This article describes the contributions of academic nursing practice to nursing education; delineates the role characteristics and competencies needed by academic practice deans; and provides examples of the challenges and issues academic practice deans face related to nursing education, research, and practice. While schools' missions vary from a strong focus on education to multiple emphases on education, research, and practice, academic nursing practice has the potential to facilitate achievement in each of these areas. Academic nursing practice deans play important roles in advancing the missions of their schools through the clinical practice activities within the schools. Strong academic nursing practice programs can serve as catalysts for the development and refinement of new models of care delivery and for the development of future nursing leaders who are comfortable with innovation.
Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine tumors. Diagnostic use of cytogenetic and MIC2 analysis.

Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a primary cutaneous neoplasm most commonly involving older adults. The cell of origin is thought to be the Merkel cell, a cutaneous neurosecretory cell. However, other neuroectodermal tumors may present in the skin and may be difficult to distinguish from MCC, including peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) and metastatic small cell carcinoma. We examined a primary cutaneous tumor of an 18-year-old which was strongly positive for cytokeratin (CK), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and 12E7, an antibody to the protein determined by the MIC2 gene. Electron microscopy showed paranuclear aggregates of filaments and no cytoplasmic processes. These findings were considered to be consistent with MCC. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated 46,XX,der(1)t(1;3;22)(lqter→pa34::3q28→q11::22q12→qter),der(3)t(1; 3) (pter→q11::1p35-pter),der(22)t(3; 22) (22pter→q11::?3q29→qter). This was confirmed by chromosome painting using probes for chromosomes 1, 3, and 22. Peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) show a characteristic translocation involving the same breakpoint on chromosome 22 that was present in this tumor. PNETs can also be CK and NSE positive. The MIC2 gene codes for a surface glycoprotein that has been shown to be very strongly and reliably expressed in PNETs, but not in other small round blue cell tumors and not in small cell carcinoma of the lung. However, MIC2 expression has not been studied in MCC. We investigated the use of MIC2 analysis in the distinction of MCC from PNET. Five additional MCCs were stained with the monoclonal 12E7 antibody, ant one additional tumor showed the strong membranous positivity reported in PNETs. Our data suggest that MIC2 analysis may be useful in differentiating between MCC and PNET However, cases will remain for which the distinction is elusive and cytogenetic analysis may be helpful.
A Route 66 Companion

“Route 66 is the most famous highway in America, and arguably in the world,” begins Michael Wallis boldly in the foreword to A Route 66 Companion (ix). The next 179 pages proceed to tell us why. Fr...
Stable, Robust Hybrid Zero Dynamics Control of Powered Lower-Limb Prostheses

To improve the quality of life for lower-limb amputees, powered prostheses are being developed. Advanced control schemes from the field of bipedal robots, such as hybrid zero dynamics (HZD), may provide great performance. HZD-based control specifies the motion of the actuated joints using output functions to be zeroed, and the required torques are calculated using input-output linearization. For one-step periodic gaits, there is an analytic metric of stability. To apply HZD-based control on a powered prosthesis, several modifications must be made. Because the prosthesis and amputee are only connected via the socket, the prosthesis controller does not have access to the full state of the biped, which decentralizes the form of the input-output linearization. The differences between the amputated and contralateral sides result in a two-step periodic gait, which requires the orbital stability metric to be extended. In addition, because human gait is variable, the prosthesis controller must be robust to continuous moderate perturbations. This robustness is proved using local input-to-state stability and demonstrated with simulations of an above-knee amputee model.
Visible-light photolysis of corrole-manganese(IV) nitrites to generate corrole-manganese(V)-oxo complexes

Abstract Photolysis of highly photo-labile corrole-manganese(IV) nitrites by visible light was studied in three corrole systems with different electronic environments. As observed in all three systems, homolytic cleavage of O N bond of nitrite ligand resulted in one-electron photo-oxidation to generate manganese(V)-oxo corroles, as determined by their distinct UV–vis spectra and kinetic behaviors. The spectral and kinetic results are rationalized by a multiple oxidation model, where the electron-demand Mn V -oxo species may serve as direct two-electron oxidant for oxygen atom transfer reactions and less electron-demand systems undergo a disproportionation reaction to form a putative manganese(VI)-oxo corrole as the true oxidant.
Pediatric intestinal transplantation

The field of intestinal transplantation has experienced dramatic growth since the first reported cases 3 decades ago. Improvements in operative technique, donor assessment and immunosuppressive protocols have afforded children who suffer from life-threatening complications of intestinal failure a chance at long-term survival. As experience has grown, newer diseases, with more systemic manifestations have arisen as potential indications for transplant. After discussing the historical developments of intestinal transplant as a backdrop, this review focuses on the specific pre-operative indications for transplant as well as the great success that intestinal rehabilitation has witnessed over the past decade. A detailed discussion of evolution of immunosuppressive strategies is followed a general review of the common infectious complications experienced by children after intestinal transplant as well as the current long- and short-term results, including a section on new research on the quality of life in this challenging population of patients.
Boron filled siloxane polymers for radiation shielding

Abstract The purpose of the present work was to evaluate changes to structure-property relationships of 10 B filled siloxane-based polymers when exposed to nuclear reactor radiation. Highly filled polysiloxanes were synthesized with the intent of fabricating materials that could shield high neutron fluences. The newly formulated materials consisted of cross-linked poly-diphenyl-methylsiloxane filled with natural boron and carbon nanofibers. This polymer was chosen because of its good thermal and chemical stabilities, as well as resistance to ionizing radiation thanks to the presence of aromatic groups in the siloxane backbone. Highly isotopically enriched 10 B filler was used to provide an efficient neutron radiation shield, and carbon nanofibers were added to improve mechanical strength. This novel polymeric material was exposed in the Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR) at Sandia National Labs to five different neutron/gamma fluxes consisting of very high neutron fluences within very short time periods. Thermocouples placed on the specimens recorded in-situ temperature changes during radiation exposure, which agreed well with those obtained from our MCNP simulations. Changes in the microstructural, thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties were evaluated by SEM, DSC, TGA, FT-IR NMR, solvent swelling, and uniaxial compressive load measurements. Our results demonstrate that these newly formulated materials are well-suitable to be used in applications that require exposure to different types of ionizing conditions that take place simultaneously.
A tale of two mice: A trans-Holocene record of Peromyscus nesodytes and Peromyscus maniculatus at Daisy Cave, San Miguel Island, California

Rats and mice are among the most successful mammals on earth, with some of these species thriving in and around human settlements or areas disturbed by human activities. Here, we present morphologi...
Putting Down Roots: Gardening Insights from Wisconsin's Early Settlers

Review of: "Putting Down Roots: Gardening Insights from Wisconsin's Early Settlers," by Marcia C. Carmichael.
Event clustering & event series characterization on expected frequency

We present an efficient clustering algorithm applicable to one-dimensional data such as e.g. a series of times-tamps. Given an expected frequency ΔT−1, we introduce an O(N)-efficient method of characterizing N events represented by an ordered series of timestamps t 1 , t 2 ,…, t N . In practice, the method proves useful to e.g. identify time intervals of missing data or to locate isolated events. Moreover, we define measures to quantify a series of events by varying ΔT to e.g. determine the quality of an Internet of Things service.
A Sub-1 μW multiparameter injectable BioMote for continuous alcohol monitoring

This paper presents a wireless, fully-integrated, miniature “BioMote” sensor node that can be injected through a 16-gauge syringe for continuous, long-term alcohol monitoring. A microelectrode electrochemical sensor array that measures alcohol, background, and pH was implemented to differentially measure ethanol while removing interference and motion artifacts. The low-power multi-technique potentiostat supports both amperometric and potentiometric techniques achieving 2.5 nA sensitivity with 30.1 dB dynamic range and 0.5 mV sensitivity with 43 dB dynamic range, respectively. The measurements are transmitted to a wearable device through backscatter using a self-oscillating current-to-frequency (I-to-F) converter. The system is wirelessly powered via the coupling between an on-chip 4-turn coil and a wearable device at 985 MHz. The self-contained 0.85×1.5 mm2 chip is implemented in 65 nm CMOS and consumes 970 nW.
Calorimetric Studies of the Fusion of Linear Polyethylene

Recent advances in instrumentation, as exemplified by the Perkin-Elmer Differential Scanning Calorimeter,(1)(2) have enabled calorimetric studies to be made on molecular weight fractions of crystalline polymers since only small amounts of sample are required. Recently, the extremely important influence of molecular weight in governing all aspects of the crystallization behavior of polymers and in allowing for a critical interpretation of morphology, including the interfacial structure, has been pointed out.(3)(4)(5) As a prelude to discussing the fusion properties of linear polyethylene, as observed calorimetrically, and their dependence on molecular weight, morphology, and mode of crystallization it is appropriate to examine certain of the operational aspects of the instrument. This involves the absolute calibration of the instrument itself and an assessment of the effect of polymer mass, heating rate and scale factor on the measured enthalpy of fusion with particular concern for the base line delineation and the detection of the onset of melting. For the calibration, the enthalpy of fusion of indium is taken as 6. 8 cal. /g. Detailed studies have shown that the area under the fusion curve is in direct proportion to the indium mass and, for the DSC-1B, is inversely proportional to the degree of attenuation. Gray(6) has shown that using the above value of ΔH* for indium, the corresponding values obtained for tin, lead, zinc, and a variety of organic compounds agree almost exactly with the values quoted in the literature as obtained by conventional calorimetry. This is also quantitatively shown by the work of Yoncoskie(7) in the present symposium.
Muscle metabolism and PSE pork

Pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork is primarily caused by an accelerated rate of postmortem glycolysis resulting in low muscle pH while carcass temperature remains high, thus causing protein denaturation. Numerous factors influence the rate of postmortem metabolism and may be responsible for the rapid pH decline characteristic of PSE pork during the 1st h postmortem. Release of high levels of Ca 2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm triggers an accelerated rate of postmortem glycolysis and is responsible for the high incidence of PSE observed in halothane pigs. Because total muscle ATPase activity is closely associated with rate of glycolysis, differences in myosin ATPase activity may explain in part the accelerated glycolysis in PSE development. Although important in determining the overall rate of glycolysis, differences in glycolytic enzyme activities have failed to explain discrepancies in postmortem metabolism between PSE and normal muscle. Elevated muscle glycogen content and an extended duration of postmortem glycolysis can also result in PSE-like characteristics, as seen in RN – pigs. Shifts in muscle fiber type toward higher proportions of glycolytic fibers may help explain the incidence of PSE. Inherent differences in mATPase activity, Ca 2+ regulation, glycolytic enzyme profiles, and glycogen content between muscle fiber types integrate various mechanisms responsible for the abnormal postmortem glycolysis in PSE muscle. In an effort to delineate potential mechanisms responsible for PSE, models to artificially induce PSE, such as retarding temperature decline and electrical stimulation, provide useful tools. The value and limitations of these models stem from their abilities to alter postmortem temperature and pH declines and to effectively simulate the protein denaturation typical of PSE pork.
A development on approximation by monotone sequences of polynomials

Recently people proved that every f∈C[0,1] can be uniformly approximated by polynomial sequences {Pn}, {Qn} such for any x∈[0,1] and n=1,2,… that {fx98-1}. For example, Xie and Zhou[2] showed that one can construct such monotone polynomial sequences which do achieve the best uniform approximation rate for a continuous function. Actually they obtained a result as {fx98-2}, which essentially improved a conclusion in Gal and Szabados[1]. The present paper, by optimal procedure, improves this inequality to {fx98-3}, where ɛ is any positive real number.
Spectral Information Content of Remote Sensing Imagery

The Earth surface materials show phenomenal diversity in composition, density, grain size, porosity, dielectric constant, surface texture, roughness, orientation, geometry, etc. that in turn control the reflectance, emittance and related physical properties that are particularly significant for remote sensing of Earth’s surface.
Clinical Insights into Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a rare but devastating manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients with or without other systemic autoimmune diseases. Data regarding diagnosis and treatment are limited to case series. We review diagnostic and therapeutic strategies employed in APS patients with DAH and discuss our experience in managing these complex patients. Pulmonary capillaritis likely contributes to the pathogenesis, however is only observed in half of the biopsies. Corticosteroids induce remission in the majority of patients, however almost half recur and require a steroid-sparing immunosuppressive to maintain remission. Cyclophosphamide- or rituximab-based regimens achieve the highest remission rates (50%); other strategies include intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, mycophenolate mofetil, and/or azathioprine. Given the rarity of DAH in APS, treatment is guided by interdisciplinary experience. Why certain patients achieve full remission with corticosteroids while others require immunosuppressive agents is unknown; future research should focus on the pathophysiology and optimal management.
A Study on Horizon Length for Preview-enabled Model Predictive Control of Wind Turbines* This work was supported in part by Envision Energy, the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg in Delmenhorst, Germany, and a Palmer Endowed Chair at the University of Colorado Boulder.

While a growing body of research into model predictive control (MPC) for wind turbines shows that MPC can outperform baseline controllers, literature comparing various MPC formulations is scarce. In this paper, we compare MPC based on numerical linear time-invariant (LTI) and linear parameter-varying (LPV) models with differing prediction horizons. Our MPC formulation includes constraints on the turbine control inputs and explicitly handles preview disturbance and scheduling parameter information provided by lidar. Unsurprisingly, when simulated on a nonlinear model of a wind turbine, the LPV-based controller generally performs better than its LTI counterpart. Further, longer prediction horizons lead to improved performance in the LTI case. However, we find that for the LPV-based MPC, there is no clear improvement in performance with horizon length, with short horizons performing similarly (and in some metrics better) than long horizons. We discuss potential takeaways from this surprising result and its implications for the use of lidar-enabled MPC for wind turbines.
Pan American Vocology Association’s “Recognized Vocologist” Designation: The Road to Creating Professional Standards in Vocology

As delineated in its mission statement, “PAVA promotes the creation and development of professional standards and credentials in voice habilitation and supports the currently established credential...
The Relation of the Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1) to Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders in Children

The relation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) to symptoms of internalizing disorders, Tourette's disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder was examined using both within- and between-family tests of association. The sample consisted of clinic-referred children and their siblings and controls and their siblings. Between-family association was examined via the association of DAT1 genotypes with disorder symptoms in the population. Symptoms of all eight disorders increased with a greater number of 10-repeat DAT1 alleles. Using a quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT), linkage and within-family association was indicated by increased symptoms in children who received 10 repeat alleles from heterozygous parents relative to children who received 9 repeat alleles. Four disorders were associated with DAT1 using the QTDT: generalized anxiety, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive, and Tourette's. The effects of comorbidity were investigated by repeating the same between- and within-family analyses on residual scores, with any effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms removed. Although the residuals were associated less strongly with DAT1 than were the original scores, three disorders continued to show association both between and within families: generalized anxiety, Tourette's, and social phobia.
Long-term visual outcomes following abusive head trauma with retinal hemorrhage.

Purpose To report the rates of vision loss and select ocular findings after abusive head trauma (AHT) with retinal hemorrhages at a single center. Methods The study cohort was identified by review of billing records for patients presenting simultaneously with retinal hemorrhages and abusive head trauma at the Children's Hospital of Colorado from October 2005 to April 2017. The following data were analyzed: retinal examination at initial admission and visual acuity, other pertinent eye findings, and eye management at follow-up visits. Patients with Results Of 96 children, at last follow-up 46% had abnormal vision for the given age in at least one eye. Ocular findings included strabismus (43%), amblyopia (40%), optic disk pallor (13%), and cortical visual impairment (19%). For the 41 patients with strabismus, 20 (49%) required eye muscle surgery. Cortical visual impairment was almost three times higher in patients with strabismus compared with patients without strabismus (P = 0.023) and almost 6 times higher in patients with optic disk pallor than in those without (P Conclusions In our study cohort, there was a high rate of long-term vision impairment and ophthalmologic comorbidities in children with AHT and retinal hemorrhage.
Invasive pseudomembranous upper airway and tracheal Aspergillosis refractory to systemic antifungal therapy and serial surgical debridement in an Immunocompetent patient

The development of respiratory infections secondary to Aspergillus spp. spores found ubiquitously in the ambient environment is uncommon in immunocompetent patients. Previous reports of invasive upper airway aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients have generally demonstrated the efficacy of treatment regimens utilizing antifungal agents in combination with periodic endoscopic debridement, with symptoms typically resolving within months of initiating therapy. A 43-year-old previously healthy female presented with worsening respiratory symptoms after failing to respond to long-term antibiotic treatment of bacterial sinusitis. Biopsy of her nasopharynx and trachea revealed extensive fungal infiltration and Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated on tissue culture. Several months of oral voriconazole monotherapy failed to resolve her symptoms and she underwent mechanical debridement for symptom control. Following transient improvement, her symptoms subsequently returned and failed to fully resolve in spite of increased voriconazole dosing and multiple additional tissue debridements over the course of many years. Invasive upper airway aspergillosis is exceedingly uncommon in immunocompetent patients. In the rare instances that such infections do occur, combinatorial voriconazole and endoscopic debridement is typically an efficacious treatment approach. However, some patients may continue to experience refractory symptoms. In such cases, continued aggressive treatment may potentially slow disease progression even if complete disease resolution cannot be achieved.
Open Market or Ghost Town? The Curious Case of OpenBazaar

OpenBazaar, a decentralized electronic commerce marketplace, has received significant attention since its development was first announced in early 2014. Using multiple daily crawls of the OpenBazaar network over approximately 14 months (June 25, 2018–September 3, 2019), we measure its evolution over time. We observed 6,651 unique participants overall, including 980 who used Tor at one point or another. More than half of all users (3,521) were only observed on a single day or less, and, on average, only approximately 80 users are simultaneously active on a given day. As a result, economic activity is, unsurprisingly, much smaller than on centralized anonymous marketplaces. Furthermore, while a majority of the 24,379 distinct items listed seem to be legal offerings, a majority of the measurable economic activity appears to be related to illicit products. We also discover that vendors are not always using prudent security practices, which makes a strong case for imposing secure defaults. We conclude that OpenBazaar, so far, has not gained much traction to usher in the new era of decentralized, private, and legitimate electronic commerce it was promising. This could be due to a lack of user demand for decentralized marketplaces, lack of integration of private features, or other factors, such as a higher learning curve for users compared to centralized alternatives.
Magnetic multilayer edges in Bernal-stacked hexagonal boron nitride

Single-layer $h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$ is known to have edges with unique magnetism; however, in the commonly fabricated multilayer ${\text{AA}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$, edge relaxations occur that create interlayer bonds and eliminate the unpaired electrons at the edge. Recently, a robust method of growing the unconventional Bernal-stacked $h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$ ($\mathrm{AB}\ensuremath{-}h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$) has been reported. Here, we use theoretical approaches to investigate the nitrogen-terminated zigzag edges in $\mathrm{AB}\ensuremath{-}h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$ that can be formed in a controlled fashion using a high-energy electron beam. We find that these ``open'' edges remain intact in bilayer and multilayer $\mathrm{AB}\ensuremath{-}h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$, enabling researchers potentially to investigate these edge states experimentally. We also investigate the thermodynamics of the spin configurations at the edge by constructing a lattice model that is based on parameters extracted from a set of first-principles calculations. We find that the edge spins in neighboring layers interact very weakly, resulting in a sequence of independent spin chains in multilayer samples. By solving this model using Monte Carlo simulations, we can determine nm-scale correlation lengths at liquid-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ temperatures and lower. At low temperatures, these edges may be utilized in magnetoresistance and spintronics applications.
Impairment of chloroplast movement reduces growth and delays reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana in natural and controlled conditions.

Premise The importance of chloroplast movement for plant growth in constant, controlled light and of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) in variable, natural light are known. Here we concurrently investigated growth and reproduction of several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants to assess the relative importance of photoprotection via chloroplast movement and NPQ. Methods Plants were grown outdoors (natural conditions) or in a growth chamber with variable light and chilling temperatures (controlled conditions). Phenotypic growth and reproductive variables were determined at set times before maturity in wild-type (WT) and phot1, phot2, phot1phot2 (e.g., impaired chloroplast movement, stomatal conductance, leaf flattening), chup1 (impaired chloroplast movement), and npq1 (reduced NPQ) plants. Results Mutants were most adversely affected in natural conditions, with phot1phot2 and chup1 most severely impacted. These mutants bolted later and produced fewer leaves and siliques, less leaf biomass, and fewer secondary inflorescences than WT. In controlled conditions, leaf traits of these mutants were unaffected, but phot1phot2 bolted later and produced fewer secondary inflorescences and siliques than WT. For most variables, there were significant interactions between growth conditions and plant genotype. Many variables were correlated, but those relationships changed with growth conditions and genotype. Conclusions Phenotypic variables at the time of the harvest were strongly affected by growth conditions and genotype. In natural conditions, phot1phot2 and chup1 mutants were most adversely affected, demonstrating the importance of chloroplast movement. In controlled conditions, only phot1phot2 was consistently affected, also emphasizing the important, pleiotropic effects of phototropins. In both conditions, NPQ was less important.
An Evaluation of Continuous Infusion Rocuronium for Sustained Neuromuscular Blockade in Critically Ill Adults

Background:Recent medication shortages of the neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) cisatracurium have forced the prescribing of aminosteroidal agents such as rocuronium. There are limited data on th...
Covid-19 Mental Health Disparities.

Communities of color in the United States have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies exploring the mental health implications of these disparities have only just begun to emerge. The purpose of this study is to better understand mental health concerns and test whether social determinants of health and COVID-19-related experiences influence these concerns. In April 2020, we launched a community-based survey for adults across the United States. A total of 341 respondents completed the survey, which included questions about demographics, depression, social isolation, work environment, and preexisting mental health conditions. We generated matched controls by adding county data from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to our survey. Chi square, Pearson product-moment correlation, point biserial correlation, and logistic regression were estimated. Our analysis revealed that respondents who identified as Latinx, Latin@, or Hispanic were 10 times more likely to meet the threshold score for depression. Similarly, individuals with prior mental health conditions and those who expressed feelings of social isolation due to COVID-19 were 3 times more likely to meet the threshold score for depression. These results confirm our hypothesis that communities of color will likely experience disproportionate mental health impacts of COVID-19-specifically, the mental health sequela that emerge from exposure, cumulative burden, and social isolation. We discuss the implications for expanding access and quality of health and mental health services to address current inequities.