cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma radiation effects on fruits and vegetables

Several million dollars are lost in the United States each year as a result of post harvest diseases of crops. Claim costs to railroads alone in 1958 amounted to $11 million. This work demonstrates that it is possible to extend the shelf-life of fresh fruits and vegetables at room as well as at refrigeration temperatures by gamma radiation, by surface pasteurization, sprout inhibition, and also by retarding the ripening processes. The information presented should be useful to researchers, shippers, packers, and processors.
From Notochord Formation to Hereditary Chordoma: The Many Roles of Brachyury

Chordoma is a rare, but often malignant, bone cancer that preferentially affects the axial skeleton and the skull base. These tumors are both sporadic and hereditary and appear to occur more frequently after the fourth decade of life; however, modern technologies have increased the detection of pediatric chordomas. Chordomas originate from remnants of the notochord, the main embryonic axial structure that precedes the backbone, and share with notochord cells both histological features and the expression of characteristic genes. One such gene is Brachyury, which encodes for a sequence-specific transcription factor. Known for decades as a main regulator of notochord formation, Brachyury has recently gained interest as a biomarker and causative agent of chordoma, and therefore as a promising therapeutic target. Here, we review the main characteristics of chordoma, the molecular markers, and the clinical approaches currently available for the early detection and possible treatment of this cancer. In particular, we report on the current knowledge of the role of Brachyury and of its possible mechanisms of action in both notochord formation and chordoma etiogenesis.
Diffusing capacity of the lung and nifedipine in systemic sclerosis

Lung involvement in systemic sclerosis may be due in part to a functional abnormality of the pulmonary vasculature. To investigate the possible role of a pulmonary vasospastic process in this disorder, 21 non-smoking patients who had no evidence of cardiac disease or pulmonary hypertension were evaluated with pulmonary function tests prior to administration of nifedipine, 30 minutes after a single oral dose of nifedipine (20 mg), and after 4 weeks of treatment with nifedipine (10 mg 3 times daily). Treatment with nifedipine did not significantly change any of the pulmonary function values, except for the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO). The linear trend between the individual DLCO values at baseline and their changes immediately following the initial 20-mg dose of nifedipine (r = -0.603, P = 0.02) and after 4 weeks of treatment (r = -0.636, P = 0.01) showed that the lower the DLCO value at baseline, the greater the improvement caused by nifedipine. These findings support the hypothesis of a potentially reversible pulmonary vasospasm in systemic sclerosis and suggest that nifedipine may be useful in the treatment of lung disease in these patients; however, further studies are needed.
Surface reconstructions of TiO2(110) driven by suboxides.

Scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory are used to develop a new structural model for surface reconstructions driven by Ti interstitials on TiO{sub 2}(110). Ti interstitials form the edge- or face-sharing octahedra that serve as building blocks for (1 x 1) reconstruction. Thus, contrary to conventional wisdom, the 1 x 1 periodicity is insufficient to establish the correct surface stoichiometry. Furthermore, in our structural and compositional model the reversible oxidation or reduction between (1 x 1) and (1 x 2) is entirely achieved by transfer of the added rows.
Effect of nontoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on aflatoxin contamination of wounded peanut seeds inoculated with agricultural soil containing natural fungal populations

Abstract Peanuts and other seed and grain crops are commonly contaminated with carcinogenic aflatoxins, secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts in the field can be reduced by 77–98% with biological control through the application of nontoxigenic strains of these species, which competitively exclude native aflatoxin-producing strains from developing peanuts. In this study, viable peanut seeds were artificially wounded and inoculated with field soil containing natural fungal populations that were supplemented with conidia of nontoxigenic A. flavus NRRL 21882 (niaD nitrate-nonutilizing mutant) and A. parasiticus NRRL 21369 (conidial color mutant). Increasing soil densities of applied nontoxigenic strains generally resulted in an increase in the incidence of seed colonization by applied nontoxigenic strains, a decrease in seed colonization by native A. flavus and A. parasiticus, and a decrease in aflatoxin concentration in seeds. Reduction of...
Fully fiber-remoted 80 GHz wireless communication with multi-subcarrier 16-QAM

The experimental results of a fully fiber-remoted millimeter-wave wireless link are presented. A 3 Gb/s rate with a BER of 10−3 for a received power of −45 dBm/subcarrier is achieved using 3 16-QAM subcarriers.
The Academic Psychologist

Graduate students are often not given sufficient practical information to ensure their academic and professional success. Appropriate references are therefore provided in a variety of practical areas.
Intergeniculate leaflet: An anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex

The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) in the rat is a distinctive subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex that participates in the regulation of circadian function through its projections to the circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The present investigation was undertaken to provide a precise definition of the IGL and a characterization of its neuronal organization including neuronal morphology, chemical phenotype, connections, and synaptic organization. The IGL extends the entire rostrocaudal length of the geniculate complex and contains a distinct population of small to medium neurons. In Golgi preparations, the neurons are multipolar with dendrites largely confined to the IGL. The neurons can be subdivided into three groups on the basis of neurotransmitter content and projections: (1) neurons that contain GABA and neuropeptide Y and project to the SCN; (2) neurons that contain GABA and enkephalin and project to the contralateral IGL; and (3) a small group of neurons that projects to the SCN but not characterized as yet by neurotransmitter content. The IGL receives dense, bilateral input from retinal ganglion cells and dense substance P input of unknown origin. A number of neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area and, particularly, the retrochiasmatic area project to the IGL, and there are sparse projections from brainstem monoamine and cholinergic neurons. The synaptic organization of the IGL is complex with afferents terminating in glomerular complexes that include axoaxonic synaptic interactions. Virtually all IGL afferents synapse upon dendrites and spines, with the densest synaptic input occurring on the distal portions of the dendritic arbor. The organization of the IGL and its connections as revealed in this analysis is in accord with its role in the integration of visual input with other information to provide feedback regulation of the SCN pacemaker.
Phosphatidylinositol turnover in neuroblastoma cells: Regulation by bradykinin, acetylcholine, but not μ- and δ-opioid receptors

Abstract The effect of opioids on phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover to release inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ) as second messenger was examined in mouse neuroblastoma × rat glioma hybrid cells NG108-15 (δ-receptors) and human neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-SH (predominantly μ-receptors). PI turnover can be stimulated in both NG108-15 and SK-N-SH cells by bradykinin and acetylcholine, respectively. In contrast, etorphine, DADL ([ d -Ala 2 , d -Leu 5 ]-enkephalin) and DAGO ([ d -Ala 2 ,MePhe 4 ,Gly-ol 5 ]-enkephalin), up to 1 μM concentrations failed to affect PI turnover in both cell lines. These results suggest that IP 3 is not likely to serve as second messenger for both μ- and δ-opioid receptors.
Gender Differences in Left Ventricular Growth

Because the number of human cardiac myocytes is determined in infancy, subsequent increases in left ventricular (LV) muscle mass reflect cellular enlargement (hypertrophy). To determine whether the greater LV mass in adult men than in women reflects sex differences that are present throughout development or disproportionate LV growth during puberty in men, we compared echocardiographic LV mass in 333 female and 278 male normal-weight, normotensive subjects from 4 months to 70 years of age. Only a small sex difference in LV mass (mean = 6%) existed before age 12 years, whereas in all older-age strata LV mass in men was 25% to 38% greater than that in women (P < .02 to P < .0001). The divergence in LV mass between male and female adolescents closely paralleled differences in height and weight and was due to proportional increases in LV chamber dimension and wall thickness in males (with no sex difference in relative wall thickness). LV mass grew less rapidly from infancy through childhood than did body size, assessed by body weight or height, yielding a reduction of LV mass/body size ratios up to puberty, which was followed by gradual increases during adulthood. Indexation of LV mass by body weight or height but not by body surface area or height markedly reduced the sex differences in LV mass/body size ratios from puberty through the seventh decade of life. Thus, before puberty, LV mass is only modestly higher in boys than in girls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Interlimb differences of directional biases for stroke production.

Directional preferences during center-out horizontal shoulder–elbow movements were previously characterized for the dominant arm. These preferences were attributed to a tendency to actively accelerate one joint, while exploiting largely passive motion at the other joint. Since the non-dominant arm is known for inefficient coordination of inter-segmental dynamics, here we hypothesized that directional preferences would differ between the arms. A center-out free-stroke drawing task was used that allowed freedom in the selection of movement directions. The task was performed both with and without a secondary cognitive task that has been shown to increase directional biases of the dominant arm. Mirror-symmetrical directional preferences were observed in both arms, with similar bias strength and secondary task effects. The preferred directions were characterized by maximal exploitation of interaction torques for movement production, but only in the dominant arm. The non-dominant arm failed to benefit from interaction torques. The results point to a hierarchical architecture of control. At the higher level, a movement capable to perform the task while satisfying preferences in joint control is specified through forward dynamic transformations. This process is mediated for both arms from a common neural network adapted to the dominant arm and, specifically, to its ability to exploit interaction torques. Dynamic transformations that determine actual control commands are specified at the lower level of control. An alternative interpretation that strokes might be planned evenly across directions, and biases emerge during movement execution due to anisotropic resistance of intrinsic factors that do not depend on arm dominance is also discussed.
The chemistry behind the artist's palette

The origin of color in organic and inorganic artists' pigments is discussed and, where possible, is related to their physical properties such as lightfastness and brilliance. Included in the discussion are the nature of color, the types of chemical species that exhibit color, and the structural features of these compounds that make them colored. The compounds are categorized according to the structural properties that enable them to absorb visible radiation.
Colonic ischemia complicating immunotherapy with interleukin‐2 and interferon‐alpha

Colonic ischemia (CI) is a rare complication of high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunotherapy. This complication occurred in three of 141 patients (2.1%) with metastatic cancer treated with high-dose IL-2 therapy; CI only developed in patients receiving interferon-alpha (IFN) with IL-2 (three of 21, 14%) compared with none of 120 in those patients receiving IL-2 alone (P equals 0.0009). Severe diarrhea (greater than or equal to 7 bowel movements/day) also was significantly more common in patients receiving IFN with IL-2 (six of 21, 29%) than in those receiving IL-2 alone (three of 120, 2.5%, P equals 0.001) and preceded the clinical diagnosis of CI in all three patients. Three of nine patients with severe diarrhea had CI. Hematochezia occurred in four patients, all of whom received IFN with IL-2; three had CI, and the other patient had nonspecific colitis. Differences in vasopressor use did not explain the increased risk of CI in patients receiving IFN; those receiving IFN with IL-2 required phenylephrine less often than patients receiving IL-2 alone (P equals 0.01). The administration of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells had no significant effect on the incidence of CI, severe diarrhea, peritonitis, or vasopressor use; two of three patients with CI, however, had their ischemic episode within 24 hours after the last of three LAK cell infusions. In conclusion, CI is an unusual complication of high-dose IL-2 and IFN immunotherapy. In patients receiving such combination therapy, severe diarrhea is a risk factor for the subsequent occurrence of CI.
On electronic civil disobedience

Civil disobedience has been part of the American political experience since the country began. Today, as we enter the next century, we are faced with the possibility and reality of a new, hybrid form of civil disobedience known as electronic civil disobedience (ECD). A fusion of computer technology with the more traditional forms of American civil disobedience has created new electronic and digital varieties of civil disobedience that take place on the net or in the matrix. It is important to explore these new forms of civil disobedience in the context of more traditional actions. We have only begun to realize the full potential of how computers will change political activism.
A novel purification of ferric citrate receptor (FecA) from Escherichia coli UT5600 and further characterization of its binding activity

In our earlier paper, it was demonstrated that the FecA receptor protein from Escherichia coli UT5600/pBB2 (leu −, proC −, trpE −, entA −, rpsl −, Δ(ompT-fepA)−/Ampr, fepA) binds with ferric enterobactin. In order to explore this further the outer membrane receptor protein, FecA, has been isolated from UT5600 (fepA −) and purified to homogeneity by DE-52-cellulose anion exchange chromatography followed by MonoPFPLC chromatofocusing. Partially purified FecA and homogeneous FecA show binding activity to [55Fe]ferric enterobactin and the binding is specific. Binding activity of FecA can be enhanced by ferric citrate. Lipopolysaccharide-free FecA as ascertained by silver staining and the endotoxin test still retains the same activity. In vivo uptake studies using different strains of E. coli suggest that FecA in E. coli plays an important role in ferrienterobactin transport.
Lower extremity arterial disease and the aging process: A review

Atherosclerotic disease is a major health problem in the elderly population in the U.S. To date, most research has focused on the coronary and cerebral manifestations of the disease. Lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) has received less attention. However, the use of simple objective non-invasive diagnostic techniques in recent population-based studies has allowed identification of asymptomatic LEAD and shown that the prevalence of disease is several fold higher than previously estimated. The prevalence increases sharply with age, from 3% in those under 60 years to over 20% at 75+ years. Detection of LEAD in the elderly provides a rapid, easy assessment of the level of atherosclerosis in the body and identifies those at high risk for mortality and morbidity. LEAD is associated with a relative risk of 4 to 5 for all cause mortality. In about 25% of those with LEAD, the disease progresses over time, leading to loss of mobility, gangrene or amputation. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the etiology and natural history of LEAD from an epidemiologic viewpoint, delineating areas in which additional research is needed.
UPTAKE OF LABELLED NORADRENALINE BY ISOLATED ATRIA

The uptake of labelled noradrenaline by isolated rabbit atria has been studied, and the rate of outflow of radioactivity after a period of loading has been recorded. There is first a rapid outflow presumably from extracellular space, followed by a slow outflow presumably from intracellular space. Cocaine greatly diminished the intracellular uptake. Tyramine caused an increased outflow of radioactivity from intracellular sites which was not due to the increase in atrial rate, since noradrenaline which increased the rate more than tyramine had less effect on the outflow.
Identification for IPR Isomers of Fullerene C82 by Theoretical 13C NMR Spectra Calculated by Density Functional Theory

Optimized geometries and 13C NMR chemical shifts of fullerene C82 have been calculated by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G* level for all isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) isomers with nonvanishing HOMO-LOMO gap (isomers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). The calculated 13C NMR spectrum of isomer 3 agrees well with the experimental spectrum of the C2 isomer, while the predicted spectra of isomers 1 and 5 differ significantly from experiment. Thus, the observed isomer is unambiguously assigned to C82:3 isomer for the first time. Both the energetic and NMR properties show that isomers 2 and 4 might be observable.
High order corrections to the time-dependent Born-Oppenheimer approximation. II. Coulomb systems

We study the dynamics of molecular systems with Coulomb forces. We prove that if the nuclear masses are proportional to e−4, then certain solutions to the time dependent Schrodinger equation have asymptotic expansions to arbitrarily high order in powers of e, as e ↘ 0.
New Warping and Differential Drying Shrinkage Models for Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements Derived with Nonlinear Shrinkage Distribution

Warping can be quantified by the equivalent temperature difference required to deform a theoretically flat slab to the same shape as the actual slab. In the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), the current warping model for jointed concrete pavements uses a triangular shrinkage distribution within the shrinkage zone near the surface of the slab as well as modification factors to account for ambient relative humidity (RH) and the amount of total shrinkage that is expected to be reversible. The current warping model was evaluated and found to predict improbable values. A new warping model based on an assumed nonlinear shrinkage distribution that followed the curve described by one-quarter of an ellipse was proposed. The elliptical shrinkage distribution was found to agree well with predicted moisture distributions through the depth of the slab at various locations around the United States. A new factor accounted for the fact that only drying shrinkage contributed to warping, and changes were...
THE ROLE OF COVALENT CROSS‐LINKING IN THE TEXTURIZING OF MUSCLE PROTEIN SOLS1

Covalent bonds are the strongest bonding forces that link denatured muscle proteins to form and stabilize a hydrogel. Covalent cross-links dominate the rheological response of muscle protein gels with respect to temperature, enhancing the rubber elastic response as they increase in number and are more evenly dispersed throughout the gel. Formation of disulfide bonds through oxidation of sulfhydryl groups or disulfide interchange is important in protein hydrogels formed by heat from the muscle. The ability of fish protein sols to form glutamyl-lysine cross-links without the addition of an exogenous enzyme, chemical reagent or severe heat treatment seems unique. This property is attributed to inherently active transglutaminase, which is calcium dependent, and is likely also a function of the lower heat stability of fish myosin as compared to that of homeotherms. Commercial forms of transglutaminase produced from microorganisms are viable agents for altering and improving the gelation properties of muscle proteins.
Traumatic aortic transection: repair using left atrial to femoral bypass.

Traumatic aortic transaction is a life-threatening surgical emergency. Therapy must be directed at rapid repair and prevention of postoperative complications, the most serious being paraplegia. Controversy over the optimal method of repair exists-specifically whether the use of a shunt modifies the outcome. Our series of 17 patients using left atrial to femoral bypass with the Biomedicus pump will be discussed. Preoperative preparation and operative technique will be outlined. Mortality in this series was 18%, the incidence of paraplegia was 0.
Complete tissue expander coverage by musculo-fascial flaps in immediate breast mound reconstruction after mastectomy

Immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expander has become an increasingly popular procedure. Complete coverage of the expander by a musculofascial layer provides an additional well-vascularised layer, reducing the rate of possible complications of skin necrosis, prosthesis displacement, and the late capsular contracture. Complete expander coverage can be achieved by a combination of pectoralis major muscle and adjacent thoracic fascia in selected patients. Seventy-five breast mounds in 59 patients were reconstructed, in the first stage a temporary tissue expander inserted immediately after mastectomy and a musculofascial layer composed of the pectoralis major muscle, the serratus anterior fascia, and the superficial pectoral fascia were created to cover the expander. The first stage was followed months later by implant insertion. Minor and major complications were reported in a period of follow-up ranging from 24-42 months (mean 31 months). Complete musculofascial coverage of the tissue expander was a simple and easy to learn technique providing that the patient has a well-formed and intact superficial pectoral and serratus anterior fascia. From a total of 75 breast mounds reconstructed, major complications rate was 4% (overall rate of 19.8%), including major seroma (n = 4), haematoma (n = 1), partial skin loss (n = 3), wound dehiscence (n = 1), major infection (n = 2), severe capsule contracture (n = 1), and expander displacement (n = 3). The serratus anterior fascia and the superficial pectoral fascia flaps can be effectively used as an autologous tissue layer to cover the lower and the lateral aspect of tissue expanders in immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy.
Allan Pinkerton (August 25, 1819–July 1, 1884): Founder of the Security Services Industry

Without security commerce is imperiled, the arts cannot flourish, progress is blocked, hope is extinguished. Therefore, efforts to achieve reasonable protection are traced back to time immemorial. ...
Fast and accurate scatterometry metrology method for STI CMP step height process evaluation

At the 28nm node using 300mm wafers, oxide step height in STI CMP transient gate after-etch inspection (TG AEI) wafers is a critical parameter that affects device performance and should be monitored and controlled. For production process control of this kind of structure, a metrology tool must utilize a non-destructive measurement technique, and have high sensitivity, precision and throughput [1]. This paper discusses a scatterometry-based measurement method for monitoring critical dimension step height in STI CMP instead of traditional measurement methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM). The scatterometry tool we used for our investigations was the KLA-Tencor SpectraShape 8810, which is the most recent model of the spectroscopic critical dimension (SCD) metrology tools that have been implemented in production for process control of TG AEI structures. AFM was used as a reference metrology technique to assess the accuracy performance of the SpectraShape8810. The first objective of this paper is to discuss the best azimuth angle and floating parameters for scatterometry measurement of the step height feature in TG AEI wafers. Second, this paper describes the tool matching performance of SpectraShape 8810 and correlation to AFM determined using a DOE of TG AEI wafers.
Surface fluctuating pressure measurements on a 1/4-scale YC-14 boilerplate model

A research program is conducted for the study of the fluctuating loads imposed on both upper-surface blown-flap and externally blown-flap powered-lift STOL aircraft configurations by the impingement of the jet engine exhaust flow. Attention is given to the measurement of the unsteady pressures at 30 positions in the vicinity of the jet exhaust on the surface of a NASA 1/4-scale YC-14 boilerplate wing and fuselage section.
Squirrel monkey chuck call: vocal response to playback chucks based on acoustic structure and affiliative relationship with the caller

Adult female squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) that are socially familiar often exchange the chuck vocalization, which differs acoustically across individuals. We used behavioral observations, vocalization playback experiments, and analysis of the acoustic properties of vocalizations to investigate the effect of caller identity and acoustic structure on vocal response to playback chucks in two all-female social groups (n=10 females). Females were most likely to respond with a chuck to the playback chucks of their closely affiliated partners compared to those of nonaffiliated group members. This shows for the first time that the chuck stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit a chuck response from a female's affiliated partner. Additionally, females responded with a chuck mostly to familiar playback chucks from their own group and least to playbacks of silent controls. Unfamiliar playback chucks from the same species and a different squirrel monkey species elicited chuck responses intermediate between familiar chucks and silent controls. Post-hoc discriminant function analyses provide preliminary evidence that females are most likely to respond to unfamiliar chucks when those chucks are close in acoustic structure to familiar chucks from their own social group. These results provide a provisional explanation for error in the squirrel monkey signal processing system, in which unfamiliar chucks never heard before nevertheless elicit a chuck response if they are similar in acoustic structure to familiar group chucks.
Satellite magnetic anomalies over subduction zones: The Aleutian Arc anomaly

Positive magnetic anomalies seen in MAGSAT average scalar anomaly data overlying some subduction zones can be explained in terms of the magnetization contrast between the cold subducted oceanic slab and the surrounding hotter, nonmagnetic mantle. Three-dimensional modeling studies show that peak anomaly amplitude and location depend on slab length and dip. A model for the Aleutian Arc anomaly matches the general trend of the observed MAGSAT anomaly if a slab thickness of 7 km and a relatively high (induced plus viscous) magnetization contrast of 4 A/m are used. A second source body along the present day continental margin is required to match the observed anomaly in detail, and may be modeled as a relic slab from subduction prior to 60 m.y. ago.
The Application of High-Speed Grounding Switches for Single-Pole Reclosing on 500 kV Power Systems

Successful single-pole switching depends on rapid secondary arc extinction. Connecting high-speed grounding switches at each end of a transmission line in parallel with the secondary arc will permit rapid circuit breaker reclosure. Recent technology has advanced whereby a high-speed 500 kV grounding switch can be developed at relatively low cost. Such switches are planned for application on certain existing 500 kV lines of the Bonneville Power Administration. Future applications are being evaluated.
Resolution degradation due to brain tissue scattering

We have investigated the imaging of structural details at various depths within rat brain tissue to better understand the loss of resolution and contrast due in large part to light scattering. A target was imaged through various thicknesses of tissue; the normalized slope of transition between light and dark regions of the images was used as an effective resolution index. The ERI improves dramatically as the wavelength is increased: 0.03 at 600nm, 0.3 at 850nm for a 270 micrometers -thick hippocampus slice. A comparable change was noted for a 270 micrometers -thick cortex slice. For a fixed wavelength, ERI decreases for thicker hippocampus slices, form 0.67 at 220 micrometers to 0.31 at 250 micrometers and to 0.24 at 300 micrometers . Image contrast improves with longer wavelength: from 0.9 at 600nm to 9.5 at 850 nm; from 0.9 at 600nm to 4.6 at 850nm. Despite regional differences in the transparent of brain regions, images were degraded less by scattering at longer wavelengths, arguing strongly for the use of near-IR wavelengths for microscopic imaging either with transmitted light or fluorescent emission for exploring deeper biological structures.
A nonparametric multiple choice method within the random utility framework

Abstract Many researchers use categorical data analysis to recover individual consumption preferences, but the standard discrete choice models require restrictive assumptions. To improve the flexibility of discrete choice data analysis, we propose a nonparametric multiple choice model that applies the penalized likelihood method within the random utility framework. We show that the deterministic component of the random utility function in the model is a cubic smoothing spline function. The method subsumes the conventional conditional logit model ( McFadden, 1973, in: Zarembka, P., (Ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics) as a special case. In this paper, we present the model, describe the estimator, provide the computational algorithm of the model, and demonstrate the model by applying it to nonmarket valuation of recreation sites.
Immunity and reproduction during colony foundation in the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis

Abstract . Termite primary reproductives may be exposed to pathogens when dispersing from their parental nest and establishing a new colony. Immunity and reproduction are inves-tigated during colony foundation by implanting a nylon filament into the abdomen of mated and unmated female and male primary reproductives of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Primary reproductives are paired in combinations of female/male, female/fe-male and male/male and, using confocal microscopy, immune defence is assessed by measur-ing the degree of encapsulation of nylon implants during three periods of colony foundation: (I) shortly after pairing; (II) during copulation/oocyte maturation; and (III) during oviposi-tion. There are differences in the encapsulation response of mated and unmated termites that are contingent on the period of colony foundation when termites are challenged. Mated fe-males and males have significantly greater encapsulation responses than their unmated coun-terparts shortly after pairing, perhaps as a prophylactic measure against exposure to disease. The encapsulation response of mated and unmated males does not differ significantly during periods II and III. The onset of oviposition is significantly delayed in mated females that re-ceived implants during periods I and II. Mated females have a significantly reduced encapsu-lation response during the time of copulation and oocyte maturation, but not during oviposition. Overall, males have a significantly greater ability than females to encapsulate a nylon implant. The findings suggest that reproduction can reduce the immune response in fe-male primary reproductives. The results are discussed in light of trade-offs between immunity and reproduction during the critical life-history phase of colony establishment in termites.
Color management: printing processes - opportunities and limitations

Digital tools have impacted traditional methods employed to reproduce color images during the past decade. The shift from a purely photomechanical process in color reproduction to colorimetric reproduction offers tremendous opportunity in the graphic arts industry. But good things do not necessarily come to all in the same package. Printing processes possess different reproduction attributes: tone reproduction, gray balance and color correction requirements are as different as the ingredient sets selected for color reproduction. This paper will provide insight toward understanding advantages and limitations offered by the new digital technologies in printing, publishing and packaging. For the past five years the Clemson University Graphic Communications Department has conducted numerous color projects using the new digital colorimetric tools during the previous decade. Several approaches have been used including experimental research and typical production workflows. The use of colorimetric data in color reproduction has given an opportunity to realize real gains in color use, predictability and consistency. Meeting an image's separation and reproduction requirements for a specified printing process can involve disruption of the anticipated workflow. Understanding the printing process requirements and the fit within the specifications of a colorimetric workflow are critical to the successful adoption of a color managed workflow. The paper will also provide an insight into the issues and challenges experienced with a color managed workflow. The printing processes used include offset litho, narrow and wide-web flexography (paper, liner board, corrugated and film), screen printing (paper board and polycarbonates), and digital imaging with toner, ink and inkjet systems. A proposal for technology integration will be the focus of the presentation drawn from documented experiences in over 300 applications of color management tools. Discussion will include the structure of specifications, standards and the issues faced during the discrete steps of color image reproduction.
Structure, Stability, and Function of hDim1 Investigated by NMR, Circular Dichroism, and Mutational Analysis †

The 142 amino acid Dim1p protein is a component of the U4/U6‚U5 tri-snRNP complex required for pre-mRNA splicing and interacts with multiple splicing-associated proteins. To gain further insight into the structural basis of its function, we determined the solution structure of the reduced form of the dominant negative human hDim1 (hDim11-128) using multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. This dominant negative hDim1 assumes a thioredoxin-like fold, confirming previous NMR and crystallographic results. However, in contrast to a recent crystal structure, the NMR solution structure for the reduced form of hDim11-128 presented here, along with thermodynamic data, indicates that the presence of a disulfide bond between Cys38 and Cys79 is structurally and functionally unimportant. Comparison of the truncated hDim11-128 with the full-length protein, using NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy, indicates that the 14 C-terminal residues can undergo a local unfolding transition and assume alternative conformations, which appear to play a functional role. Other residues essential for hDim1 function are identified by using mutational and genetic approaches. The residues thus identified are not identical with those previously shown to govern Dim1 interaction with defined protein partners.
Empirical Psychology, Naturalized Epistemology, and First Philosophy

In his 1983 article, Paul A. Roth defends the Quinean project of naturalized epistemology from the criticism presented in my 1980 article. In this note I would like to respond to Roth's effort. I will argue that, while helpful in advancing and clarifying the issues, Roth's defense of naturalized epistemology does not succeed. The primary topic to be clarified is Quine's "no first philosophy" doctrine; but I will address myself to other points as well.
Horizontal resolution and data density effects on remotely sensed LIDAR-based DEM

Abstract Terrain analysis of digital elevation models (DEM) has become an important technique to assess landscape and watershed scale hydrologic and pedologic processes and the spatial variability of soil and ecologic properties. Light detecting and ranging (LIDAR) elevation data sets provide the flexibility needed to produce multiple horizontal resolutions of DEM from the same data source. A series of 61 LIDAR tiles (100 ha) were collected from the North Carolina Flood Mapping Program covering the spatial extent of the Hofmann Forest in the Lower Coastal Plain of Eastern North Carolina. The LIDAR data set was reduced to 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, and 1% of the original density. We created 5-, 10-, and 30-m DEM with 0.1 m vertical precision for each density level and used paired t -test to determine if the true mean of their differences were equal to zero. Differences indicated that for the 30-m DEM, LIDAR data sets could be reduced to 10% of their original data density without statistically altering the produced DEM. However, the 10-m DEM could only be reduced to 25% of the original data set before statistically altering the DEM. Data reduction was more limited for the 5-m DEM with possible reduction only to 50% of their original density without producing statistically different DEM. Our evaluation provides some indication as to the minimum required LIDAR data density to produce a DEM of a given horizontal resolution. However, evaluation of additional horizontal resolutions and additional density reduction is required to provide a clearer understanding of the effect of LIDAR data density.
Ethanol Preference Is Inversely Correlated With Ethanol‐Induced Dopamine Release in 2 Substrains of C57BL/6 Mice

Background: The C57BL/6 mouse model has been used extensively in alcohol drinking studies, yet significant differences in ethanol preference between substrains exist. Differences in ethanol-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum could contribute to this variability in drinking behavior as dopamine has been implicated in the reinforcing properties of ethanol. Methods: A 2-bottle choice experiment investigated the difference in ethanol preference between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NCrl animals. Microdialysis was used to determine dopamine release and ethanol clearance in these 2 substrains after intraperitoneal injections of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg ethanol or saline. Results: C57BL/6J mice exhibited significantly greater ethanol preference and less ethanol-stimulated dopamine release compared with C57BL/6NCrl mice. The intraperitoneal injections of ethanol caused a significant increase in dopamine in both substrains at all 3 doses with significant differences between substrains at the 2 highest alcohol doses. Saline injections had a significant effect on dopamine release when given in a volume equivalent to the 3 g/kg ethanol dose. Ethanol pharmacokinetics were similar in the 2 substrains at all 3 doses. Conclusions: Ethanol-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum may contribute to the differences in alcohol preference between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NCrl mice.
P01.26. Traditional Chinese herbal formula HLXL controls ongoing arthritis by regulating the immune mediators of leukocyte trafficking and joint damage

Purpose Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints. Because of the high cost and adverse effects of the conventional anti-arthritic agents, there is an increasing trend towards using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) products, including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Huo-luo-xiao-ling dan (HLXL) is a TCM herbal formula consisting of 4 herbs that has been used in China for centuries for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. We have modified the traditional herbal formula by adding 7 herbs. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism of action of modified HLXL (mHLXL) using the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model of RA.
Systems engineering and technology assessment—the NSF-JPS conference

Abstract This short note is a somewhat personalized review of the U.S.-Japan Conference on the Application of Process Systems engineering to Chemical Technology Assessment held in Kyoto, Japan, 23–27 June. All of the papers mentioned are available from the author of this communication for a nominal charge. Most of the papers presented at the conference (or slight variations thereof) have been submitted for publication: the first two to “make it” appear in this issue of Computers & Chemical Engineering (E. Rosen and A. C. Pauls; Computer Aided Chemical Process Design: the FLOWTRAN System, and K. Niida, H. Yagi and T. Umeda; An application of Data Based Management Systems to Process Design).
The irradiation damage response of MgO · 3Al2O3 spinel single crystal under high-fluence ion-irradiation

Abstract Non-stoichiometric single crystal spinel samples with composition MgO · 3Al 2 O 3 were irradiated near (001) orientation with 400 keV Xe ++ ions at 100 K to a dose of 1 × 10 16 Xe/cm 2 , representing a peak damage level of 25 displacements per atom (dpa). Damage accumulation in the irradiated surface was assessed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. A continuous crystalline layer was observed in the implanted region. The layer is oriented with the underlying substrate, but is highly defected and possesses a symmetry different than that of the bulk. This change in symmetry is revealed by the absence of diffracted intensity at first-order spinel reciprocal lattice positions. These results are compared with earlier observations on equimolar (001) MgO · Al 2 O 3 single crystals irradiated with 400 keV Xe ++ ions to the same dose and at the same temperature [N. Yu, K.E. Sickafus and M. Nastasi, Phil. Mag. Lett. 70(4) (1994) 235 (Ref. [1])].
Laboratory experiments on mesoscale vortices colliding with a seamount

[1] Interaction between a vortex and a right vertical cylinder was investigated in the laboratory for both a self-propagating vortex and one advected by a background uniform flow. In the former case, experiments were carried out with a sloping bottom in order to simulate the β plane. In the latter case the bottom was flat and a cylinder was towed, with a uniform speed, through a fluid otherwise at rest and into a stationary vortex. In both cases, after a cyclonic vortex came in contact with the cylinder, fluid peeled off the outer edge of the vortex and went around the cylinder with a counterclockwise velocity vs as predicted by the circulation equation. This fluid formed a new cyclonic vortex in the wake of the cylinder, and bifurcation of the original vortex into two vortices occurred provided 400 ≤ Re ≤ 1100, where the Reynolds number Re = vsLmax/ν and Lmax is the larger of the vortex or the cylinder diameter. This result is in agreement with previous studies of uniform flow past a cylinder in a rotating environment, and therefore we suggest that the new vortex in the wake of the cylinder was formed like those in the well-known Karman vortex street. Experiments have been carried out systematically by varying D/d, the ratio of the cylinder diameter to the vortex diameter and the geometry of the encounter. The results suggest that the presence of a background flow enhances the bifurcation mechanism. A good agreement between the laboratory experiments and the observation of a meddy bifurcating after collision with the Irving Seamount in the Canary Basin, suggests that the oceanic vortex-bifurcation process is similar to that observed in the laboratory experiments.
Multi-scale modeling and experimental investigations of geopolymeric gels at elevated temperatures

Geopolymers are an emerging class of cementitious binders formed by aluminum-silica rich activating materials. Experimental results indicate that geopolymer concrete is relatively stable at elevated temperatures, and could be possibly utilized in applications such as nozzles, aspirators and refractory linings. Geopolymer grouts with a Si:Al ratio of about 2:1 exhibited superior performance at elevated temperatures than lower geopolymer grouts, with lower Si:Al ratio. Sodium-alumino-silicate-hydrate and potassium-alumino-silicate-hydrate are primary products of geopolymer gels, and models of those systems were investigated using density functional theory, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics in order to elucidate their behavior at different temperatures and varying Si:Al ratios.
Sub-arcsecond 10 micron imaging of newly-formed stars

We describe initial results of a program to image massive newly-formed stars with sub-arc second spatial resolution. We discuss high-precision diffraction-limited size measurements at λ = 10 µm made using the 3 m Lick telescope. The point-spread function has FWHM ~ 0.7″; deconvolution yields a spatial resolution of ~ 0.35″. We find that the core component of one such object, LkHα 101, is unresolved at these scales, and we are able to set a 95%-confidence upper limit of 270 AU for the diameter of the circumstellar dust shell. This places the dust at the same radial scale as a strong ionized stellar wind region seen at radio wavelengths. Our observations, when combined with published spectral observations, rule out an optically thick circumstellar disk but allow a radially thin, anisotropic distribution of dust, or alternatively an isotropic distribution of dust with a narrow range of large grain sizes.
Metabolism of diclofop‐methyl in cell cultures of Avena sativa and Avena fatua

The metabolism of the herbicide, diclofop-methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2′, 4′-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoate), in cell suspension cultures of Avena sativa L. (cv. Garry) and in callus of Avena fatua L. (transferred to liquid) was determined as a function of time (8 h to about 3 weeks) and was compared to previous metabolism data from intact plants. A. fatua metabolized 14C-labeled diclofop-methyl more rapidly than A. sativa, but the metabolites formed were similar if not identical. Within 2 days, approximately 50% of the total 14C recovered was in A. fatua cells whereas less than 15% was in A. sativa cells. In older cultures of A. fatua, the amounts of 14C in the cells and in the medium were about 45% each; 10 to 12% was in the non-extractable cell residue. The 14C recovered from A. sativa cells increased to a maximum of about 35% at 7 days and then slowly decreased to about 18% by 21 days, whereas the 14C in the medium of A. sativa decreased to about 60% at 7 days and then increased to over 75% by 21 days. The nonextractable 14C residue was 5% or less even after 21 days. Major metabolites in methanolic extracts of cells of both A. sativa and A. fatua were diclofop (2-[4-(2′, 4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate), diclofop hydroxylated at an undetermined position on the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ring (ring OH-diclofop), and conjugates of diclofop and ring-OH diclofop.
Effects of intracellular Mn on the radiation resistance of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is of particular interest in biology because its exposure results in severe oxidative stress to the cell’s macromolecules. Our recent work with extremophiles supports the idea that IR resistance is most likely achieved by a metabolic route, effected by manganese (Mn) antioxidants. Biochemical analysis of “super-IR resistant” mutants of H. salinarum, evolved over multiple cycles of exposure to high doses of IR, confirmed the key role for Mn antioxidants in the IR resistance of this organism. Analysis of the proteome of H. salinarum “super-IR resistant” mutants revealed increased expression for proteins involved in energy metabolism, replenishing the cell with reducing equivalents depleted by the oxidative stress inflicted by IR. Maintenance of redox homeostasis was also activated by the over-expression of coenzyme biosynthesis pathways involved in redox reactions. We propose that in H. salinarum, increased tolerance to IR is a combination of metabolic regulatory adjustments and the accumulation of Mn-antioxidant complexes.