cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Phosphorus Removal in Trickling Filters

Phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater was investigated using four synthetic media, pilot trickling filters constructed at the Madison Nine-Springs Sewage Treatment Plant. Phosphorus removal was not correlated with the parameters of the experimental design of: hydraulic load, depth, recirculation, or waste strength; however, greater phosphorus removals were measured than could be attributed to biological requirements for phosphorus. Analysis of filter slime composition and phosphorus release studies suggested this bonus-removal of phosphorus was attributed to chemical precipitates of calcium apatite, aluminum phosphate, and iron (III) phosphate trapped in the filter slime. This trickling filter study supports the enhances-removal mechanism for bonus-removal of phosphorus from hard water wastewaters reported for the activated sludge process.
Preservation of living tissue in the frozen state

Summary 1. A sensitive method for assessing the metabolic capacity of small specimens of organized tissue after preservation in the frozen state is described. 2. This method makes use of the powerful metabolic effect on the serum calcium level exerted by a single parathyroid implanted intramuscularly into a parathyroidectomized animal maintained on a low calcium diet. 3. Storage at −79° C. in the presence of 15 per cent glycerol, as described, allows excellent metabolic survival for up to two and one half months. Thereafter the functional capacity of tissue stored by this method declines progressively although its histologic appearance after reimplantation may deteriorate more slowly. 4. Storage at −195° C, also in the presence of 15 per cent glycerol, is superior to −79° C. in that very little loss of function is observed until after 125 days of storage. Beyond this time the latent period between implantation of tissue and evidence of function becomes progressively longer and the maximum amount of function of which the stored tissue is capable becomes progressively less. 5. Attempts to store parathyroid tissue by ultra-rapid freezing to −195° C. without glycerol protection met with limited success, although some cells must have survived this treatment in a functional state.
Accretion disks in supersoft X-ray sources

We examine the role of the accretion disk in the steady-burning white dwarf model for supersoft sources. The accretion luminosity of the disk is quite small compared to the nuclear burning luminosity of the central source. Thus, in contrast to standard accretion disks, the main role of the disk is to reprocess the radiation from the white dwarf. We calculate models of accretion disks around luminous white dwards and compare the resulting disk fluxes to optical and UV observations of the LMC supersoft sources CAL 83, CAL 87, and RX J0513.9-6951. We find that if the white dwarf luminosity is near the upper end of the steady-burning region, and the flaring of the disk is included, then reprocessing by the disk can account for the UV fluxes and a substantial fraction of the optical fluxes of these systems. Reprocessing by the companion star can provide additional optical flux, and here too the disk plays an important role: since the disk is fairly thick, it shadows a significant fraction of the companion's surface.
The Mind’s Eye

Feminist thought in the 1970’s and 80’s echoes a number of themes familiar from radical thought of the 60’s. One such theme appears in the revolt against the traditional Western hierarchy of the senses. In this view, the emphasis accorded the visual in Western thought is not only symptomatic of the alienation of modern man, but is itself a major factor in the disruption of man’s “natural” relation to the world. The logic1 of Western thought is too rooted in the visual; its failure, it is implied, derives from an unwholesome division of the senses.
Model replication techniques for parameter-influence studies and Monte Carlo simulation with random parameters

Modern computers produce large volumes of simulation results so quickly that their management becomes a formidable task. We describe interactive computer software for replicating simulation models with different parameters. A single simulation run then produces results for hundreds of models with different parameter values without the loop overhead imposed by repeated simulations. One can1.arrange corresponding values of model-parameter values and model performance measures in corresponding arrays suitable for use in commercially available spreadsheet and relational-database programs for further processing and archival storage, or 2.produce a Monte Carlo sample of model runs with random parameter values and compute statistics such as various averages or probability estimates as functions of simulation time in a single simulation run.
A Comparison of Asymptotically Scalable Superscalar Processors

The poor scalability of existing superscalar processors has been of great concern to the computer engineering community. In particular, the critical-path lengths of many components in existing implementations grow as Θ(n 2 ) where n is the fetch width, the issue width, or the window size. This paper describes two scalable processor architectures, Ultrascalar I and Ultrascalar II, and compares their VLSI complexities (gate delays, wire-length delays, and area.) Both processors are implemented by a large collection of ALUs with controllers (together called execution stations ) connected together by a network of parallel-prefix tree circuits. A fat-tree network connects an interleaved cache to the execution stations. These networks provide the full functionality of superscalar processors including renaming, out-of-order execution, and speculative execution. The difference between the processors is in the mechanism used to transmit register values from one execution station to another. Both architectures use a parallel-prefix tree to communicate the register values between the execution stations. Ultrascalar I transmits an entire copy of the register file to each station, and the station chooses which register values it needs based on the instruction. Ultrascalar I uses an H-tree layout. Ultrascalar II uses a mesh-of-trees and carefully sends only the register values that will actually be needed by each subtree to reduce the number of wires required on the chip. The complexity results are as follows: The complexity is described for a processor which has an instruction-set architecture containing L logical registers and can execute n instructions in parallel. The chip provides enough memory bandwidth to execute up to M(n) memory operations per cycle. (M is assumed to have a certain regularity property.) In all the processors, the VLSI area is the square of the wire delay. Ultrascalar I has gate delay O(log n) and wire delay \tauwires = \Theta(\sqrt{n}L) if $M(n)$ is $O(n^{1/2-\varepsilon})$, \tauwires = \Theta(\sqrt{n}(L+\log n)) if $M(n)$ is $\Theta(n^{1/2})$, \tauwires = \Theta(\sqrt{n}L+M(n)) if $M(n)$ is $\Omega(n^{1/2+\varepsilon})$ for ɛ>0 . Ultrascalar II has gate delay Θ(log L+log n) . The wire delay is Θ(n) , which is optimal for n=O(L) . Thus, Ultrascalar II dominates Ultrascalar I for n=O(L 2 ) , otherwise Ultrascalar I dominates Ultrascalar II. We introduce a hybrid ultrascalar that uses a two-level layout scheme: Clusters of execution stations are layed out using the Ultrascalar II mesh-of-trees layout, and then the clusters are connected together using the H-tree layout of Ultrascalar I. For the hybrid (in which n≥ L ), the wire delay is Θ(\sqrt nL+M(n)) , which is optimal. For n≥ L , the hybrid dominates both Ultrascalar I and Ultrascalar II. We also present an empirical comparison of Ultrascalar I and the hybrid, both layed out using the Magic VLSI editor. For a processor that has 32 32-bit registers and a simple integer ALU, the hybrid requires about 11 times less area.
Maturation and senescence of an insect chemosensory response

Electroantennogram responses of male and femalePseudaletia unipuncta to the two major components of the presumed pheromone associated with the male anterior abdominal scent brushes vary with age. There is a postemergence period of maturation of responsiveness, followed by senescence. The age of maximum responsiveness differs according to the sex and to the compound tested.
Gingivitis Susceptibility and its Relation to Periodontitis in Men

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether gingivitis susceptibility is associated with periodontitis. We analyzed data of 462 men in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study aged 47 to 92 years who had never smoked or had quit smoking 5+ years previously. Multiple logistic regression models, with tooth-level bleeding on probing at sites with attachment loss ≤ 2 mm as the dependent variable, were derived with adjustment for plaque, calculus, crown coverage, age, income, education, marital status, body mass index, diabetes, and vitamin C intake, and stratification by age (< 65, 65+ years). Periodontitis and mean attachment loss were positively associated with bleeding on probing, with stronger associations among men < 65 years old (for periodontitis, OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.5, 3.1) than men 65+ years of age (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9, 1.6). Our results suggest that among never and former smokers, gingivitis susceptibility is higher among men with periodontitis compared with that in men without periodontitis.
The transient extensional behavior of polystyrene‐based Boger fluids of varying solvent quality and molecular weight

The behavior under transient uniaxial elongation of a homologous series of variable extensibility polystyrene‐based Boger fluids has been investigated in an apparatus similar to that developed by Sridhar and co‐workers. The test fluids are dilute solutions of either 2.0×107 or 2.0×106 g/mol monodisperse polystyrene dissolved in poor, dioctyl phthalate‐based or good, tricresyl phosphate‐based solvents. This rational manipulation of Boger fluid solvent quality (assessed based on previously reported light scattering and intrinsic viscometry measurements) and chain length yields a unique opportunity to correlate viscoelastic extensional response to finite extensibility and molecular interactions: here we search for such effects in transient filament extension between parallel plates, an approximation of purely extensional flow. The test device, which can impart a maximum Hencky strain, e, of 4.5 at rates, e, between 0.3 and 3.0 s−1, is similar to that reported by Sridhar et al. (1991). In agreement with results communicated there and in Tirtaatmadja and Sridhar (1993), large strain hardening is observed for these polymer solutions, as well as certain deviations of the experimental flow from ideal uniaxial extension. As opposed to Tirtaatmadja and Sridhar (1993), no steady‐state extensional viscosities are obtained for the comparatively small strains of our experiment. The transient experimental results are roughly consistent with simple one‐dimensional FENE–P calculations. However, uncertainties due to the nonideal nature of the flow at short times and the sensitivity of the measured extensional stress growth coefficient to the details of the imposed elongation make it difficult to unambiguously assign L based solely on short time filament stretching results. These results are considered in light of the substantial effects solvent quality and molecular weight have on the measured drag in flow past a sphere [Chmielewski et al. (1990); Solomon and Muller (1996b)].
Circadian Rhythms: A Tale of Two Nuclei

Uncoupling the oscillators in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus reveals which one of them regulates the circadian rhythm of rapid eye movement sleep.
Can homo economicus follow Kant's categorical imperative? A reply

Abstract In their comment, Ballet and Bazin offer insightful and constructive criticism of my 2004 paper that integrated Kant's categorical imperative into the economic model of choice. In this reply, I attempt to clarify several points from the 2004 paper, offer some elaborations on the basic framework introduced therein, and respond to Ballet and Bazin's comments and suggestions.
Nuclear material loopholes.

Readers of Science should be grateful to L. Palmer and G. Milhollin for describing Brazil's intention to operate a new uranium enrichment plant, and the proliferation concerns this action arouses (“Brazil's nuclear puzzle,” Policy Forum, 22 Oct., p. [617][1]). If apprehension about global warming causes an expansion of nuclear power deployment during the next half century ([1][2]), it is vital to limit the spread of dangerous fuel cycle activities—enrichment and reprocessing—that can lead to nuclear weapons. Palmer and Milhollin suggest that if Brazil cooperates with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections and presumably accepts the “additional protocol” for challenge inspections, Brazil will be a “good nuclear citizen,” and the United States and the rest of the world should accept Brazil's enrichment activity. We disagree. As we ([2][3]), and others, have argued, the proper policy is to avoid all new enrichment and reprocessing activity in non-nuclear weapons states and for nuclear supplier states to provide recipient states with internationally assured enrichment and spent fuel disposal services at attractive prices. This would begin with a “stay-put” period of 10 to 15 years, after which nations could reevaluate in light of nuclear power and nonproliferation developments. We should not adopt a policy toward Brazil that we are unwilling to accept for Iran and North Korea. The latter have brought to a head the shortcomings of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) implementation regime—these states employ the regime to move to the brink of a weapons capability within the treaty framework. Closing NPT loopholes needs urgent attention, and Brazil will jeapordize the possibilities for successful resolution if they move forward with their uranium enrichment plant. The argument that Brazil is not seeking a weapons capability has not always been true, and IAEA inspections are not an adequate safeguard against states that are seeking nuclear capability, such as Iran and North Korea. IAEA inspections are not sufficient for controlling the spread of nuclear weapons capability, and the United States will not be successful with a policy based on a chosen few—the United States and other nuclear weapons states—deciding which other nations can safely develop fuel cycle activities and which cannot. The United States should vigorously oppose the Brazilian enrichment plant and offer Brazil concrete incentives to abandon this dangerous course of action. Brazil faces a choice of being a spoiler in modernizing the NPT implementation regime or of being a leader in accomplishing that important end. 1. 1.[↵][4] The Future of Nuclear Power-An Interdisciplinary MIT Study (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003) (available at ). 2. 2.[↵][5] 1. J. Deutch, 2. A. Kanter, 3. E. Moniz, 4. D. Ponoman , SURVIVAL , in press. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1104209 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text"
13-year mortality trends among hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Background: Studies document increasing rates of hospitalization among patients with inflammatory bowel disease, but temporal trends for in-hospital mortality among patients with inflammatory bowel disease are not characterized. We sought to determine whether in-hospital mortality changed over a 13-year period among nationwide hospitalizations associated with inflammatory bowel disease. We additionally sought to identify factors correlated with mortality. Methods: We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a large nationally representative database, for the years 1994 through 2006. Age- and mortality-adjusted rates of in-hospital mortality and standardized mortality ratios were calculated for four time periods. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between advancing time and mortality in adjusted analyses. Results: 150 (0.9%) of 17,393 hospitalizations for patients with inflammatory bowel disease ended in death. Age-adjusted in-hospital mortality decreased from 3.6 deaths per 1,000 hospital days in 1994–96 to 2.4 per 1,000 in 2003–06; standardized mortality ratio decreased from 0.33 to 0.27. Similar trends were seen for patients with ulcerative colitis, but mortality did not change over time among patients with Crohn’s disease. Multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed the significance of these changes in mortality, with 17% decreased odds of in-hospital death per three-year period (P=0.012). Subject age (OR 1.06 per year, P<0.001), Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.29 per 1-point increase, P<0.001), and diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (versus Crohn’s disease, OR 1.41, P=.042) were also associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: The odds of in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease decreased by 17% per 3-year period from 1994 to 2006 in analysis adjusted for age and comorbidity status, in this large, nationally representative database. Multiple factors likely contribute to these trends.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for the determination of pyronaridine in human blood for application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies.

Abstract A reliable and sensitive method for the determination of pyronaridine in human blood was developed and validated. A 0.3 ml aliquot of whole blood was extracted using liquid–liquid extraction after addition of amodiaquine as an internal standard. Analysis was performed on a Shimadzu LCMS-2010A in single ion monitoring positive mode using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as an interface. The extracted ion for pyronaridine was m/z 518.20 and for amodiaquine was m/z 356.10. Separation was achieved on a Gemini 5 μm C18 3.0 × 150 mm column using a mobile phase composed of 2 mM perfluorooctanoic acid–acetonitrile mixture delivered at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The mobile phase was delivered in gradient mode. The retention times of pyronaridine and amodiaquine were 9.2 and 8.2 min, respectively, with a total run time of 14 min. The estimated calibration range of the method was 5.7–855 ng/mL. The analysis of quality control samples for pyronaridine at 11.4, 285, and 760 ng/mL demonstrated excellent precision with relative standard deviation of 11.1, 4.8 and 2.2%, respectively (n = 5). Recoveries at concentrations of 11.4, 285 and 760 ng/mL were all greater than 75%. No interference peaks or matrix effects were observed. This LC-MS method for the determination of pyronaridine in human blood has excellent specifications for sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy. This LC–MS technique was found to improve the quantitation of pyronaridine in whole blood allowing its use in pharmacokinetic studies with clinically relevant doses.
The Effects of Stress upon Problem-Solving

(1960). The Effects of Stress upon Problem-Solving. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 83-88.
Collimated Outflow Formation via Binary Stars: Three-Dimensional Simulations of Asymptotic Giant Branch Wind and Disk Wind Interactions

We present three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the interaction of a slow wind from an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star and a jet blown by an orbiting companion. The jet or "collimated fast wind" is assumed to originate from an accretion disk that forms via Bondi accretion of the AGB wind or Roche lobe overflow. We present two distinct regimes in the wind-jet interaction determined by the ratio of the AGB wind to jet momentum flux. Our results show that when the wind momentum flux overwhelms the flux in the jet, a more disordered outflow results with the jet assuming a corkscrew pattern and multiple shock structures driven into the AGB wind. In the opposite regime, the jet dominates and will drive a highly collimated, narrow-waisted outflow. We compare our results with scenarios described by Soker & Rappaport and extrapolate to the structures observed in planetary nebulae (PNs) and symbiotic stars.
Optimal Inventory Policies in Perturbed Demand Models

Investigation is continued of inventory models in which customer good will is lost when stockout occurs. Several models are formulated and optimal policies for the firm are derived conceptually i.e., algebraic equations satisfied by the optimal parameter values are determined. Both constant and distributed demand are considered, and it is shown that the same formulation applies to both.
The prostate cancer intervention versus observation trial (PIVOT). A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer

The Prostate cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) is a randomized trial designed to determine whether early intervention with radical prostatectomy or expectant management should be the preferred treatment for men with clinically localized prostate cancer. This trial will enroll 2000 participants younger than 75 years of age from 75 Department of Veterans Affairs and National Cancer Institute medical centers. Men will be excluded if they are judged not to be candidates for radical prostatectomy. Eligible participants will be randomized over a 3-year period and followed for a minimum of 12 years. Follow-up data will include urologic symptoms, disease- and treatment-related morbidity, and disease-specific and overall quality of life. Evidence of disease persistence, recurrence, or progression will be measured by questionnaire, physical examination, prostate specific antigen measure, and bone scan. The primary study end point will be all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes will include prostate cancer and treatment-specific morbidity and mortality, health status, predictors of disease-specific outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1963-8.
Tectonic implications of paleomagnetic and geochronologic data from the Yukon-Koyukuk province, Alaska

The paleomagnetic and geochronologic record of Alaska is complicated by overprints that make it difficult to relate the terranes of northern and southern Alaska to each other and to North America. To better understand these relationships and the overprinting, paleomagnetic and K-Ar dating samples were analyzed from the three major geologic units of the Yukon-Koyukuk province (YKP) of central Alaska. These units consist of a basal Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanic (island-arc) assemblage, Albian-Cenomanian clastic sedimentary rocks, and bimodal Eocene volcanic rocks. K-Ar age determinations of the early Tertiary volcanic rocks form two distinct groups. The older group (65–49 Ma) is mostly felsic and probably represents the maximum inboard penetration of low-angle subduction-related volcanism. These older rocks were deformed during the regional deformation of the YKP. The younger group (44−43 Ma) is post-deformational and composed dominantly of basalt. These results bracket a time (49−44 Ma) when deformation ceased in the province. This time interval is coincident with a major transition from convergence to strike-slip and extensional tectonic style throughout Alaska. The geologic units of the YKP display two characteristic paleomagnetic signatures. Primary directions (based on positive reversal, conglomerate, and/or bedding tilt stability tests) were obtained from the Albian-Cenomanian sedimentary rocks and Eocene volcanic rocks. The mid-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks show about 15° of poleward motion between 90−56 Ma (a time of high rates of convergence between Alaska and the Pacific and Eurasian plates). Age-equivalent rocks from neighboring regions (St. Matthew Island and the Alaskan North Slope) also indicate similar amounts of poleward (northward) motion, which suggests that the whole of western and northern Alaska may have moved northward about 10° relative to North America as a more or less coherent block. Paleomagnetic results from the Eocene volcanic rocks indicate that the YKP was in place by 56 Ma and formed part of the accretionary nucleus that served as a backstop for the accreted terranes of southern Alaska. Secondary (remagnetized) directions are recorded in the basal island-arc assemblage and in Albian-Cenomanian sediments near younger igneous occurrences. The clustering of secondary directions in the geographic reference frame indicates that they were acquired after deformation ceased (⩽49−44 Ma), which is consistent with the coincidence of the mean of these directions and the 54−44 Ma North American reference direction.
Microbial contamination of immersion biometry ultrasound equipment.

habits. Design: Observational case series. Participants: Thirty-four university-based and private ophthalmology clinics. Methods: In a prospective multicenter study, clinics representative of every region of the country sampled their fixed immersion biometry equipment (i.e., ultrasound probe, immersion shell, and infusion tubing) for bacteria and fungi. Assessment of the cleaning habits for this equipment was conducted by way of a standard questionnaire that included type of fluid and delivery method, frequency of fluid change, method of cleaning the probe and shell, and frequency of tubing change and/or cleaning. Main Outcome Measures: Frequency (prevalence), descriptive statistics, and type of microorganisms. Results: Eighteen samples (53% [18/34]) grew organisms from either the probe/shell or tubing. Positive cultures were found in 32% (11/34) of the immersion shell/probes and in 31% (10/32) of the infusion tubing samples. The bacteria most commonly cultured from both probe/shell and tubing was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, whereas Penicillium species was the most commonly cultured fungus (exclusively from the probe/shell). Overall, fungi (Penicillium and Alternaria species) were cultured in 12% of the probe/shell samples. Only 14% of the study sites adequately disinfected the probe/shell according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, which recommend a 5-minute soak in antiseptic. Conclusions: The bacteria and fungi that colonize biometry equipment are not being adequately eliminated by the cleaning/disinfecting techniques employed in most ophthalmology clinics. These results also may apply to contact biometry, pachymetry, and tonometry equipment as well. Clinicians should follow the CDC recommendations for disinfecting instruments that come in contact with the eye, and the infusion tubing should be changed after each patient. Ophthalmology 2005;112:e13–e18 © 2005 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Sanctifying Capitalism in Schooling

Peter McLaren. Schooling As. Ritual Performance: Towards. Political Economy of Educational Symbols and Gestures. London, Boston and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986. 326 pp. $33.00 (cloth); $16.95 (paper).
THE STORIES WE TELL: THE LIVES AND FRIENDSHIP OF TWO OLDER BLACK LESBIANS

Research addressing the lives and friendships of older Black lesbians is virtually nonexistent. Using narrative analysis, we chronicle the lives of two older Black lesbians (73 and 85 years of age)...
The deep web: woven to catch the middle ground

The massive and diverse data sources on the Deep Web presents a serious data integration challenge. Existing virtual integration approaches suffer from slow query response, while surfacing approaches demand hefty storage space and incur huge costs in maintaining data freshness. We propose a novel hybrid integration approach that strikes a balance between the virtual and surfacing approaches. The key idea is to capture user needs in query templates and focus the integration efforts on the templates. However, realizing this approach requires innovations in template-driven query planning, query parsing, and template discovery. We elaborate on these challenges and propose our solutions.
Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry

An exponential linear destruction was observed for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cattle manure and manure slurry stored at 4, 20 or 37°C. The resulting decimal reduction times ranged from 6 days to 3 weeks in manure and from 2 days to 5 weeks in manure slurry. The main effects of time as well as temperature were pronounced with the most rapid destruction at 37°C. The ammonia concentration in manure increased slightly during storage but did not exceed 0.1%. pH values in the deeper layers of manure remained constant except at 37°C when the pH increased by 1 unit in 60 days. In the surface layers of manure, pH increased by 1.5–2 units, the oxidation-reduction potential of the manure declined rapidly to values below −200 mV. These changes do not seem to be reflected in changing rates of bacterial destruction. The observed order of destruction makes it possible to predict storage conditions (temperature and time) that will lead to a predetermined level of reduction of the two pathogens.
LAMB WAVE VELOCITY MEASUREMENT FOR EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE PLATES

A simple method of measuring Lamb wave phase velocities is used to characterize laminated composite plates. Transverse cracks in the 90° plies of a [90/90/90/0]s laminate appear to reduce the velocity of the lowest antisymmetric Lamb mode.
Error dynamics: the dynamic emergence of error avoidance and error vicariants

Certain kinds of interactive systems can learn to avoid error and develop vicariants for impending or potential error. This paper presents a model of the nature, emergence and development of such error dynamics.
Single-puncture myelographic evaluation of epidural block in the young infant

A single lumbar puncture myelographic technique is described to evaluate long segment epidural block in the young infant.
Analysis of histones in Xenopus laevis. I. A distinct index of enriched variants and modifications exists in each cell type and is remodeled during developmental transitions.

Histone proteins contain epigenetic information that is encoded both in the relative abundance of core histones and variants and particularly in the post-translational modification of these proteins. We determined the presence of such variants and covalent modifications in seven tissue types of the anuran Xenopus laevis, including oocyte, egg, sperm, early embryo equivalent (pronuclei incubated in egg extract), S3 neurula cells, A6 kidney cells, and erythrocytes. We first developed a new robust method for isolating the stored, predeposition histones from oocytes and eggs via chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, whereas we isolated chromatinized histones via conventional acid extraction. We identified two previously unknown H1 isoforms (H1fx and H1B.Sp) present on sperm chromatin. We immunoblotted this global collection of histones with many specific post-translational modification antibodies, including antibodies against methylated histone H3 on Lys4, Lys9, Lys27, Lys79, Arg2, Arg17, and Arg26; methylated histone H4 on Lys20; methylated H2A and H4 on Arg3; acetylated H4 on Lys5, Lys8, Lys12, and Lys16 and H3 on Lys9 and Lys14; and phosphorylated H3 on Ser10 and H2A/H4 on Ser1. Furthermore, we subjected a subset of these histones to two-dimensional gel analysis and subsequent immunoblotting and mass spectrometry to determine the global remodeling of histone modifications that occurs as development proceeds. Overall, our observations suggest that each metazoan cell type may have a unique histone modification signature correlated with its differentiation status.
Types of Fantasy Sports Users and Their Motivations

Over 15 million people participate in online fantasy sports. Applying a uses and gratifications framework, we use Q-methodology, a quantitative means for developing typologies of people, to examine types of online fantasy sports users and their motivations. Five types of players emerged, with casual players, skilled players, and isolationist thrill-seekers being the three most common types. Differences among types of users were primarily associated with two motivations—arousal and surveillance—while entertainment, escape, and social interaction motivations were judged to be less important. The minimal importance of social interaction to fantasy sports users in this study was unexpected, based on previous research, and implies that not all online communities build or maintain relationships.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors and cell death

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a vast family of enzymes involved in chromatin remodeling and have crucial roles in numerous biological processes, largely through their repressive influence on transcription. In addition to modifying histones, HDACs also target many other non-histone protein substrates to regulate gene expression. Recently, HDACs have gained growing attention as HDAC-inhibiting compounds are being developed as promising cancer therapeutics. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to induce differentiation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis in a variety of transformed cell lines. In this review, we mainly discuss how HDACi may elicit a therapeutic response to human cancers through different cell death pathways, in particular, apoptosis and autophagy.
Clinical Evaluation of Adenine Arabinoside and Idoxuridine in the Treatment of Ocular Herpes Simplex

A Double-blind clinical study comparing idoxuridine (IDU) with adenine arabinoside (ara-A) in treating 54 routine herpetic ulcers, and an open ara-A therapy study of 58 herpetic ulcers in patients intolerant of or resistant to IDU, was carried out over a four-year period. There was no significant difference in healing time between IDU-treated eyes (11.5 days) and ara-A-treated eyes (12.4 days) in the double-blind study but there were four moderate to marked adverse reactions to IDU and only two mild reactions to ara-A. In the open-drug study 21 patients who were intolerant of IDU because of allergy or toxicity and 37 patients who had ulcers resistant to or deteriorating on IDU therapy used ara-A up to 192 days without any adverse reaction. Mean healing time was 10.6 days for 49 of 57 patients in the efficacy analysis. Eight patients developed trophic ulcers that responded to soft lens therapy and one was dropped from the study because his initial disease could not be distinguished from severe IDU-induced keratitis.
Metabolic activation of the brachium conjunctivum during induced hypothermia.

Abstract During hypothermia induced in ground squirrels by the halothane-heliox method, 2-deoxyglucose uptake of a white matter structure, the brachium conjunctivum, increased relative to the surrounding gray matter structures. The possibility of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by glial as well as neuronal elements in the brachium conjunctivum and the implication for the use of optical density ratios is discussed.
Nicotinic Receptors in the Development and Modulation of CNS Synapses

Work from the laboratory of L. W. R. has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Council for Tobacco Research, and the McKnight Foundation. Work from the laboratory of D. K. B. has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and the Council for Tobacco Research.
Dimensionless mass-transfer correlations for packed-bed liquid-desiccant contactors

Random and structured packings were studied with varying bed depths in the regenerator and the dehumidifier of a solar-assisted liquid-desiccant system. The slopes of the log−log plots of mass-transfer rate vs solution flow rate were found to be close to 0.8, which indicated that the conditions for the liquid phase were turbulent for the operating conditions in both contactors. The small intercepts obtained for the Wilson plots indicated that the gas-phase mass-transfer resistance was negligible compared to the liquid-phase mass-transfer resistance. Liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficients for the packed bed alone were obtained by separating the contributions of the other mass-transfer regions in the contactors. The random packing mass transfer coefficients varied from 0.48 to 2 mol/(s m2), while the double-layer, structured packing mass-transfer coefficients varied from 0.018 to 0.035 mol/(s m2). These mass-transfer coefficients were converted into a dimensionless form, utilizing experimentally obtained d...
Uridine protection against D-galactosamine-sensitized LPS lethality in mice is complete

These studies show that uridine supplementation can quantitatively prevent D-galactosamine sensitization to lethal endotoxin shock. This observation serves to discount the possibility that mechanisms which do not involve uridine nucleotide depletion may contribute even marginally to the basic biochemical mechanism of D-galactosamine sensitization.
Levorphanol: the forgotten opioid.

Levorphanol (levo-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan) is a strong opioid that is the only available opioid agonist of the morphinan series. Levorphanol was originally synthesized as a pharmacological alternative to morphine more than 40 years ago. It is considered a step-3 opioid by the World Health Organization (WHO) and has a greater potency than morphine. Analgesia produced by levorphanol is mediated via its interactions with μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors. Levorphanol is also an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. There is evidence that levorphanol may inhibit uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Similar to morphine, levorphanol undergoes glucuronidation in the liver, and the glucuronidated products are excreted in the kidney. Levorphanol can be given orally, intravenously, and subcutaneously. This article reviews the pharmacodynamics, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy for this often overlooked step-3 opioid. The long half-life of the drug increases the potential for drug accumulation. Levorphanol has clinical efficacy in neuropathic pain.
New trends in the use of aminoglycosides

Despite their inherent toxicity and the acquired bacterial resistance that continuously threaten their long-term clinical use, aminoglycosides (AGs) still remain valuable components of the antibiotic armamentarium. Recent literature shows that the AGs' role has been further expanded as multi-tasking players in different areas of study. This review aims at presenting some of the new trends observed in the use of AGs in the past decade, along with the current understanding of their mechanisms of action in various bacterial and eukaryotic cellular processes.
The leader‐member exchange patterns of women leaders in industry: A discourse analysis

This study takes as problematic the communicatively constructed nature of Leader‐Member Exchange (LMX) and gender. Actual, routine work conversations for six female leaders and their 16 male and female members were analyzed using a case comparison method. Constant comparison of conversations produced 12 discourse patterns that successfully discriminated between high, medium, and low LMX relationships. The analysis focuses upon the functioning of the patterns and the influence of gender in the construction of high, medium, and low LMXs.
Social skills training for schizophrenia

To the Editor. — Hogarty and colleagues 1 have conducted an extremely important study on the treatment of schizophrenia. Their results shed considerable light on the potential impact of psychosocial interventions, and underscore the need for longitudinal evaluations of outcome. We find little to fault in the research design and data analysis; however, we disagree with what appears to be the overly pessimistic conclusion 1(p346) that the effects of psychosocial treatments in general, and social skills training (SST) in particular, dissolve once treatment ends. Based solely on examination of the final point in their 2-year survival analysis, SST does appear to provide little more than medication alone. However, as eloquently pointed out by Hogarty et al, this analysis provides a limited and misleading view of the overall effects of the intervention. The SST condition was as effective as either of the family treatment conditions until month 21 of the intervention. Had
Mosaic mongolism. I. Clinical correlations.

The finding of mosaicism (46/47,21+) in tissues of infants and children suspected by physical appearance of having mongolism is of minimal value to those who are counselling the parents of such patients. There is little evidence that the prognosis for intellectual development of such individuals with clinical mongolism who are found to be mosaic is significantly better than the range of developmental potential for infants found to have trisomy 21 without mosaicism.
Training Dietetics Professionals

Abstract An economic trend in today's health care arena is to promote multidisciplinary, cross-trained teams of professionals. Effective weight loss programs often use such teams to address the multidimensional nature of obesity (i.e., economic, social, psychological, and biological aspects). In this university-based weight loss program for adolescent females, a multidisciplinary team delivers the intervention. The team is comprised of dietitians, a nurse/health educator, exercise physiologist, psychologist, and dietetics, nursing, and medical students. Five community/clinical dietitians and 17 undergraduate, graduate, or professional students volunteered to be members of the team. The six month weight loss program provides twelve education and counseling sessions in the areas of nutrition, stress management, behavior modification, and exercise. Simultaneous sessions for parents address comparable educational topics, in addition to effective parenting skills. Dietitians and student assistants (n=17) were surveyed regarding their participation on a multidisciplinary team and their acquisition of new skills. The survey included both open-ended questions and Likert-type statements using a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to four (strongly disagree). Results indicate that participation enhanced nutrition counseling/education skills (X=1.6), research skills (X=1.8), and appreciation for the multidisciplinary team approach (X=1.7). Qualitative data reinforce the benefits of the multidisciplinary experience and indicate that all respondents anticipate using exercise, stress management, parenting skills, and other psychological techniques in their professional careers. Findings emphasize the need for dietetics professionals to be versatile, flexible, multiskilled members of the health care team.
Marker-based validation of a biplane fluoroscopy system for quantifying foot kinematics.

Abstract Introduction Radiostereometric analysis has demonstrated its capacity to track precise motion of the bones within a subject during motion. Existing devices for imaging the body in two planes are often custom built systems; we present here the design and marker-based validation of a system that has been optimized to image the foot during gait. Methods Mechanical modifications were made to paired BV Pulsera C-arms (Philips Medical Systems) to allow unfettered gait through the imaging area. Image quality improvements were obtained with high speed cameras and the correction of image distorting artifacts. To assess the system's accuracy, we placed beads at known locations throughout the imaging field, and used post processing software to calculate their apparent locations. Results Distortion correction reduced overall RMS error from 6.56 mm to 0.17 mm. When tracking beads in static images a translational accuracy of 0.094 ± 0.081 mm and rotational accuracy of 0.083 ± 0.068° was determined. In dynamic trials simulating speeds seen during walking, accuracy was 0.126 ± 0.122 mm. Discussion The accuracies and precisions found are within the reported ranges from other such systems. With the completion of marker-based validation, we look to model-based validation of the foot during gait.
Looking at the 99% in nature to stop drug-resistant bacteria

Modern medicine has saved many lives because of the advent of antibiotics to treat severe infections. Over 20 classes of antibiotics were discovered before the 1960s, but only a handful have been discovered in the past four decades. This shortage of new drugs has contributed to the rapid development of resistance to existing antibiotics, a problem that is epidemic in proportions. Thus, there is a great need for new antibiotics and for antibiotics that can fight against drug-resistant “superbugs.” Historically, most antibiotics were discovered as a result of screening soil microorganisms. However, only 1% of these organisms grow in the laboratory. Consequently, this limited resource of culturable soil organisms has been overmined, leading to the subsequent drought of new antibiotics. Laboratory-based generation of synthetic antibiotics has been unsuccessful and has not been able to replace natural products. To overcome this problem, Ling and colleagues focused on taking advantage of the 99% of microbial species in the external environment that are unculturable, by developing new methods for growing these bacteria. The authors designed an in situ miniaturized “iChip” diffusion chamber with multiple channels to isolate and grow unculturable bacteria in a diluted soil sample. After the bacteria and soil were added to the chip, the device was covered with semipermeable membranes and placed back in the soil. Additional nutrients and growth factors then diffused through the chamber to allow for growth of uncultured bacteria in their natural environment. Through such an approach, the researchers discovered an entirely new class of antibiotics named teixobactin in a new species of bacteria ( Eleftheria terrae ) found in a field in Maine, making this one of the first antibiotic classes discovered in decades. The authors used cultured mammalian cells and mouse infection models to show that teixobactin is effective against several drug-resistant strains of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis . They also found that teixobactin inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to highly conserved lipids that are the precursors of bacterial cell wall teichoic acid and peptidoglycans. The mechanism of action of this antibiotic made it extremely difficult for microbes to develop a resistance to it, and none has been detected so far. Only time will tell whether the clinical use of teixobactin will result in substantial resistance. This approach opens up new opportunities for drug discovery by tapping into compounds with low susceptibility to resistance that may be present in previously unculturable bacteria found in nature. This discovery is certainly a promising and timely answer to the current epidemic of antimicrobial resistance. L. L. Ling et al ., A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance. Nature 517 , 455–459 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v517/n7535/abs/nature14098.html
Structural analysis and optimization of nonlinear control systems using singular value decomposition

Structural information of a system/controller allows a designer to diagnose performance characteristics in advance and to make better choices of solution methods. Singular value decomposition (SVD) is a powerful structural analysis tool for linear systems, but it has not been applied to nonlinear systems. In this paper, SVD is used to structurally analyze and to optimally design nonlinear control systems using the linear algebraic equivalence of the nonlinear controller. Specifically, SVD is used to identify control input/output mode shapes, and the control input/output distribution patterns are analyzed using the mode shapes. Optimizing control effort and performance is achieved by truncating some mode shapes in the linear mode shape combinations. The proposed method is applied to the temperature control of a thermal system, and design guidelines are provided to overcome input-constraint-violating solutions.
Germ-plasm formation and germ-cell determination in Drosophila

Germ cells in Drosophila form in a specialized cytoplasm that is critical for germ-cell development. Several genes involved in this process have been identified. By studying the temporal and functional sequence of interactions between their products, these genes can be ordered into a pathway for germ-plasm formation.