cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Histopathological–Biochemical Health Assessment of Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis

Aquaculture of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis in the Gulf of Maine is a growing industry at a time when wild mussel populations are threatened by a rapidly changing ocean. Intertidal mussel beds have largely disappeared in the region raising concerns over the long-term viability of mussel farming. Histology and lipid fatty acid analysis were used to assess gametogenesis, energy investment, and pathology of farmed mussels collected twice monthly for three years in Casco Bay, ME. Energy investment in reproduction and storage differed significantly between years, suggesting interannual variability. Wet weight of fatty acids such as DHA and EPA corresponded to pre-spawning periods, when gonad tissue was most abundant. Overall, pathology assessment showed low levels of common pathogens, parasites, and cellular abnormalities. The survey did, however, reveal high levels of oocyte atresia, a probable indicator of physiological or environmental stress from unfavorable spawning conditions. In addition, the presence of the potentially damaging digenetic trematode Proctoeces maculatus was documented using histology, marking the northernmost detection in the Northwest Atlantic and a likely climate-driven range expansion. These trends may signal a challenging future for blue mussels in the Gulf of Maine. Forward-looking farm mitigation practices informed by these results should be developed to ensure future sustainability of this industry.
Management of Non-High-Risk Salivary Gland Carcinomas With Surgery Alone.

Background Risk stratification and appropriate treatment selection are essential for the management of head and neck malignancies, in order to optimize long-term outcomes. Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) pose a particular challenge due to their extensive biologic heterogeneity. Primary surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment; however, outcomes with single modality therapy for 'non-high-risk' lesions are less elucidated in the literature present on the subject. We present our experience with non-high-risk salivary gland malignancies treated by surgery alone. Methods A retrospective analysis of SGCs from 1998-2011 was completed after receiving Institutional Review Board approval. Patient demographic, tumor, treatment, and outcome data were obtained from chart review. The primary outcomes of interest were overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results Of the 62 patients identified, 49 patients underwent resection of the primary tumor alone, while an ipsilateral selective neck dissection was included for 13 patients. The median follow-up was 5.05 years. Of the tumors, 79% were low-intermediate grade, 3% high grade, and 17% poorly classified. The OS and RFS were 91% and 87% at five years and 80% and 79% at 10 years, respectively. The combined failure rate of local, regional, and distance was 13%. Conclusion Surgery alone is an appropriate treatment strategy for patients with non-high-risk salivary gland malignancy, affording a high likelihood of long-term RFS and OS.
High-resolution imaging and identification of biomolecules using Nano-DESI coupled to ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract Simultaneous spatial localization and structural characterization of molecules in complex biological samples currently represents an analytical challenge for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques. In this study, we describe a novel experimental platform, which substantially expands the capabilities and enhances the depth of chemical information obtained in high spatial resolution MSI experiments performed using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI). Specifically, we designed and constructed a portable nano-DESI MSI platform and coupled it with a drift tube ion mobility (IM) spectrometer-mass spectrometer. We demonstrate imaging of drift time-separated ions with a high spatial resolution of better than ∼25 μm using uterine tissues on day 4 of pregnancy in mice. Collision cross-section measurements provide unique molecular descriptors of molecules observed in nano-DESI-IM-MSI necessary for their unambiguous identification by comparison with databases. Meanwhile, isomer-specific imaging reveals variations in the isomeric composition across the tissue. Furthermore, IM separation efficiently eliminates isobaric and isomeric interferences originating from solvent peaks, overlapping isotopic peaks of endogenous molecules extracted from the tissue, and products of in-source fragmentation, which is critical to obtaining accurate concentration gradients in the sample using MSI. The structural information provided by the IM separation substantially expands the molecular specificity of high-resolution MSI necessary for unraveling the complexity of biological systems.
"Defense Preclusion": Exploring a Narrow Gap in Preclusion Law

All litigators know something about claim and issue preclusion. But “defense preclusion” does not ring a bell, even for most civil procedure enthusiasts. Accordingly, the Supreme Court’s 2020 decision in Lucky Brand Dungarees v. Marcel Fashions Group was doubly surprising. Not only did the Court use the term “defense preclusion” for the first time; it also told us that the doctrine is vibrant enough to have generated a split of authority. Defense preclusion fills a little-recognized gap in traditional preclusion doctrine. Claim preclusion requires a claimant to seek, in Case 1, all rights to relief encompassed in the claim asserted. If that claimant brings Case 2 on the same claim, the doctrine precludes her from seeking relief she could have sought in Case 1. But claim preclusion applies only to claimants, not defendants. Defense preclusion is the defendant analogue: it bars a defendant in Case 2 from asserting a defense she could have raised in Case 1. Lucky Brand establishes that defense preclusion is occasionally appropriate but does not define the limits of the doctrine. My goals are to (1) define defense preclusion by situating it within the broader context of preclusion law and (2) outline the scope of the doctrine, based upon suggestions in Lucky Brand and core principles of preclusion. Defense preclusion is narrow, likely to arise only in cases involving a distinct minority approach to claim preclusion and particular types of contract claims.
Role of inflammation in TBI-associated risk for neuropsychiatric disorders: state of the evidence and where do we go from here

Abstract In the last decade there has been an increasing awareness that traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion substantially increases risk for developing psychiatric disorders. Even mild TBI increases risk for depression and anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by 2-3 fold, predisposing patients to further functional impairment. This strong epidemiological link supports examination of potential mechanisms driving neuropsychiatric symptom development after TBI. One potential mechanism for increased neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI is via inflammatory processes, as CNS inflammation can last years after initial injury. There is emerging preliminary evidence that TBI patients with PTSD or depression exhibit increased central and peripheral inflammatory markers compared to TBI without these comorbidities. Growing evidence has demonstrated that immune signaling in animals plays an integral role in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors after severe stress or brain injury. In this review we will ( 1 ) discuss current evidence for chronic inflammation after TBI in the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms, ( 2 ) highlight potential microglial activation and cytokine signaling contributions and ( 3 ) discuss potential promise and pitfalls for immune targeted interventions and biomarker strategies to identify and treat TBI patients with immune-related neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Privacy-Aware Human Motion Tracking with Realtime Haptic Feedback

In this paper, we describe a system that integrates 3D motion sensors, wearable devices, and smart phones to perform privacy-aware human motion tracking with real time hap tic feedback. The system is designed to enhance safe patient handling and thus reduce the injury rates of health caregivers in nursing homes and hospitals. Due to privacy concern and governmental regulations, it is paramount that only consented caregivers are tracked. Our system satisfies this requirement by employing a registration process for consented caregivers before their activities are monitored. The registration process involves the corroboration of human motion captured in different modalities (computer-vision-based and accelerometer-based). Patient handling activities of caregivers are assessed in real time using a rule-based approach. Upon detection of unsafe activities, hap tic feedback is delivered in real time to the caregiver via the wearable device worn by the caregiver.
The CHallenge of Effectively Integrating Graphics into Hypertext

It is important that designers of hypertext do not assume that the way information is presented in traditional media such as paper books will necessarily be effective in hypertext. Several studies have shown that graphics presented with text on a screen are not necessarily used effectively, or even used at all. In our study, we explored three ways of presenting textual and graphical information about geographical locations and objects. In all cases, the user had to point with a mouse to a item name in order to see text, and the text appeared near the mouse cursor. In one presentation style, no graphic was present. In a second style, a graphic was present, but the text appeared as a caption. In the hypertext style, the user pointed to item names on the graphic. The results showed that the hypertext style resulted in about 20% better learning of both spatial information (which was illustrated by the graphic) and of information not illustrated by the graphic.
Trusting the electronic edition

This paper discusses the contested role of images in electronic editions, and summarizes some of the chief arguments for their inclusion. I then argue that, to truly determine the importance of images to the function of electronic editions, we must understand the contribution the image makes to the form of textual knowledge provided by the edition. I suggest a distinction between editions which are primarily pedagogical in their aims, those which aim above all at scholarly authority, and those which attempt to provide textual information as high-quality data which can be analysed and processed. I conclude that the latter represents the most significant future trend in electronic editing.
Marrow transplants in lethally irradiated dogs given methotrexate.

by replacement therapy. After a convalescence of several weeks or months, lcngterm survivors appear essentially ncrmab.’ Gastrointestinal function is good,� blood values are within normal limits, and even fertility may return.� The satisfactory state of these survivors is a stimulus to renewed efforts to increase their number. At present, survival with homologous grafts is below �
Management and translation of filtering security policies

Firewalls are essential elements of security policy enforcement in modern networks. However, managing a filtering security policy, especially for enterprise networks, has become complex and error-prone. Filtering rules have to be carefully written and organized in order to correctly implement the security policy and avoid policy anomalies. In this paper, we present a set of techniques and algorithms that provide (1) automatic anomaly discovery for rule conflicts and potential problems in legacy firewalls, (2) anomaly-free policy editing for rule insertion, modification and removal, and (3) concise translation of filtering rules to high-level textual description for user visualization and verification. These techniques significantly simplify the management of any generic firewall policy written as filtering rules, while minimizing network vulnerability due to filtering policy misconfiguration.
Do Accounting Students Cheat? A Study Examining Undergraduate Accounting Students' Honesty and Perceptions of Dishonest Behavior

Research suggests that a significant number of undergraduate students have cheated at some point during their college careers. This is of particular concern to the accounting profession and accounting educators given the ethical crisis within the profession and corporate America. This paper discusses the results of a study that surveyed 569 undergraduate business majors from seven universities. The objectives of this study were threefold: first, to determine if students who were accounting majors were as likely to cheat or act in an academically dishonest manner as were students with other business majors; second, to determine if accounting students agree on whether certain behavior constitutes dishonesty; and third, to determine if those accounting students who did admit to cheating in college also cheated in high school. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between accounting majors and other business majors with regards to the number who admitted to cheating. There was significant disagreement among accounting majors as to what constitutes dishonest behavior. Finally, the results indicated that a significant number of those accounting majors who admitted to cheating in college also admitted to cheating in high school. Implications for the accounting educator and potential solutions are discussed.
LIF diagnostic development for diffusion coefficient measurements in low temperature Ar II plasmas using diode lasers

Summary form only given, as follows. A diagnostic for velocity space diffusion of Ar II ions is being developed using a diode laser based instrument which is more compact, and more simple to operate than the conventional diode laser based system. Ion velocity distribution functions are obtained in a low temperature thermionic Ar discharge plasma (10/sup 7/< n/sub e/<10/sup 10/ cm/sup -3/, 1<T/sub e/<3 eV. A single beam method for measuring coefficients suitable for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) schemes accessible by diode lasers in Ar II (e.g. 3d/sup 4/F/sub 7/2//spl rarr/4p/sup 4/D/sup 0//sub 5/2/ in Ar II at 668.61 nm) is used, and model calculations for unfolding diffusion coefficients from the LIF signal are presented.
String Stable Control and Position Assignment for Unmanned Air Vehicles in Formation

This paper presents a method for string stable formation control and formation position assignment for several unmanned air vehicles. The model addresses two main issues of formation control; (a) stability analysis of the interconnected system, (b) vehicle position assignment and switching. The vehicles move along a given trajectory in a specified formation shape. This allows us to decouple the formation shape problem from the motion of the group along a given path. Each vehicle maintains its position relative to an inertial waypoint, and its position relative to its neighbors. Thus, we are developing a leaderless formation control scheme. A specific leader is not desirable, because it may lead to instability of the interconnected system in the case of an error associated with the leader vehicle, and is not fault tolerant. We include an analysis of the error dynamics of the system for a V-shaped formation. This specific shape was selected as birds use it frequently and NASA has shown that this formation is energy efficient. Our system is mesh stable and spacing errors do not exacerbate downstream of the origin. When planes fly in V-formation, the front plane uses more energy and, therefore, more fuel. The trailing planes benefit from the vortex created by the wings of the plane in front of them and use less energy to maintain a cruising speed. For the purposes of maximizing fuel efficiency in an entire team of UAVs, the model uses a simple proximity algorithm to assign the vehicles’ positions and determine when and which vehicles to switch. The only physical variables that need to be observed are the positions of each plane relative to an arbitrary virtual leader position, and the velocities and fuel reserves of each plane, and a small number of other indicial variables. The fuel burnt by the front plane determines when to signal for a switch in position and the geometry of the formation in combination with the fuel levels of the remaining planes controls the decision making process. The different aspects of the model are all meant to work together and individually. Matlab simulation plots of path motion and error convergence are shown as proof of concept.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Characteristics and outcome of endometrial carcinoma patients age 45 years and younger.

Recent reports have suggested that the pathologic features of young patients with endometrial cancer are less favorable than previously thought. We retrospectively reviewed the characteristics and outcome of young patients with endometrial cancer at our institution. A total of 457 surgically staged patients were divided in 2 groups: Group A (age 45, n = 416). Groups A and B had a similar distribution of tumor stage, grade, histology, lymphovascular invasion, synchronous ovarian primaries, and positive cytology. Although group A tumors had less myometrial invasion (MI) (p = 0.004) and were lower grade (p = 0.06), a trend to more frequent nodal involvement was seen in group A women (p = 0.09). Adverse pathologic features, in particular deep MI, were more common in group A patients older than age 40. Group A patients had a disease-free (p = 0.56) and cause-specific (p = (0.26) survival that was similar to that of group B patients. Young patients with endometrial cancer have a distribution of most pathologic features and equivalent outcome similar to that of older women. However, adverse features are not equally distributed in young women. A discordance may also exist between MI, grade, and nodal involvement.
Protective Enzymes in Human Epidermal Carcinomas and Psoriasis

Oxy radicals (superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide) are generated in aerobic cells, as products of normal metabolism, during reactions occurring both in subcellular organelles (mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum) and in the cell sap. Environmental factors, such as radiation, drugs and xenobiotics, may increase the intracellular level of these radicals (for a review, see [1]). The oxygen-mediated cytotoxicity is mainly due to reactions of the oxy radicals with proteins, DNA and lipids, and is prevented by small molecules which act as antioxidants or free-radical scavengers (tocopherol, fl-carotene, ascorbic acid, glutathione) located in the membrane and in the cytoplasm [2], as well as by protective enzymes, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD [3]), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px [2]; Fig. 1). In biological systems, superoxide anions (O2) and hydrogen peroxide are able to generate the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH') by reacting with transition metals. The iron-catalysed Haber-Weiss reaction [4] is given below:
Testing of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit related hemolysis using long-term stored packed red cells and fresh frozen plasma.

: Background: The resistance of blood used in these studies to hemolysis differs markedly from that used in neonatal extracorporeal circulation under clinical circumstances. In this study, the possibility of using expired packed red cells to determine hemolysis caused by mechanical and/or environmental factors was investigated. Methods: Packed red blood cells stored for 42 days were mixed with fresh frozen plasma and the resultant mixture was divided into three groups, two study groups and a control. For the study groups, two different centrifugal pump heads (Medtronic BP 50 and Jostra RF 32) were used in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit. Free hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, lactic acid, pH, potassium, and glucose were investigated at various time intervals. Results: Hemolysis did not differ between the groups. Free hemoglobin increased in all groups after 12 h. Lactic acid increased linearly in all groups up to 12 h. Glucose and pH decreased steadily in all groups. Hemolysis created during mock ECMO did not differ between the circuits using the two different pump heads noted. Conclusion: Human donor blood stored up to its expiration date is a feasible medium for mock circulation tests of up to 12 h duration under the circumstances described.
Inverse semigroups of homeomorphisms between open subsets

The symbol I G ( X ) denotes the inverse semigroup, under composition of functions, of all homeomorphisms between open subsets of a T 1 topological space X . The first result is that two such semigroups I G ( X ) and I G ( Y ) are isomorphic if and only if the spaces X and Y are homeomorphic. Ideals of I G ( X ) are next examined and it is shown that for many spaces X the semigroup I G ( X ) is 0-simple. We also look at congruences on I G ( X ); one result is that we determine a congruence which in many instances is the largest proper congruence on I G ( X ).
Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. II. Autoradiographic study

The ascending projections of the locus coeruleus were studied using an autoradiographic method. The major projection of locus coeruleus neurons ascends in a dorsal pathway traversing the midbrain tegmentum in a position ventrolateral to the periaqueductal gray. At the caudal diencephalon the locus coeruleus axons descend to enter the medial forebrain bundle at a caudal tuberal hypothalamic level. They are jointed in the medial forebrain bundle by a much smaller locus coeruleus projection which takes a ventral course through the midbrain tegmentum and enters the medial forebrain bundle via the mammillary peduncle and ventral tegmental area. Terminal projections are evident in the midbrain to the periaqueductal gray, tegmentum and raphe nuclei. There are widespread projections to the dorsal thalamus. The heaviest of these are to the intralaminar nuclei, the anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei, the dorsal lateral geniculate and the paraventricular nucleus. In the hypothalamus the largest projections are to the lateral hypothalamic area, periventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. As the locus coeruleus projection ascends in the medial forebrain bundle, fibers leave it to traverse the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta and enter the internal capsule, the ventral amygdaloid bundle and ansa peduncularis. These appear to terminate in the amygdaloid complex and, via the external capsule, in the lateral and dorsal neocortex. At the level of the septum 4 projections are evident. One group of fibers enters the stria medullaris to terminate in the paraventricular nucleus and habenular nuclei. A second group joins the stria terminalis to terminate in the anygdaloid complex. The third group turns into the diagonal band and medial septum; some fibers terminate in the septal nuclei and others continue into the fornix to termimate in hippocampus. A large component continues around the corpus callosum into the cingulum to terminate in the cingulate and adjacent neocortex, the subiculum and hippocampus. The remaining fibers continue rostrally in the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in olfactory forebrain and frontal neocortex. Commissural projections arise at 4 locations. The first decussation occurs in the dorsal tegmentum just below the central gray rostral to the locus coeruleus. The crossing fibers enter the contralateral dorsal bundle. A second group of fibers leaves the ipsilateral dorsal pathway, crosses in the posterior commissure and enters the contralateral dorsal pathway at the level. The third commissural projection arises more rostrally and crosses in the dorsal supraoptic commissure to enter the contralateral medial forebrain bundle. The fourth commissural projection is through the anterior commissure. The termination of the contralateral projection appears similar to that of the ipsilateral projection.
Aging Population And City Spending

: This paper examines the relationship between aging and spending change for cities in Oregon. There is evidence that high growth in the share of the 65 years and older population has a significant depressing effect on overall spending change. The overall negative effect on spending somewhat supports the “Gray Peril” hypothesis. Also, rates of change in police spending are predicted to be high where the proportion of the elderly population is high. Police protection is a service that is of great, but not exclusive, importance to older residents. Police protection also is a basic public service and it may be that the elderly are more willing to support core services that historically have been government provided.
The role of prostaglandins in the control of ovulation in yellow perch,Perca flavescens.

Previous studies have shown that 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-P) can induce both germinal vesicle breakdown and ovulationin vitro of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) oocytes. The stimulation of ovulation can be blocked by indomethacin and restored by the subsequent addition of several primary prostaglandins (Goetz and Theofan 1979).
Agricultural productivity, partible inheritance, and the demographic response to rural poverty: An examination of the Spanish southwest

Abstract The small-farm, or low-income, problem in New Mexico is acute. Of the 31,404 farms and ranches in the state in 1929, approximately 4,000, or about 13% of the total number, contained less than 10 acres per farm and 8,300, or 27%, contained less than 20 acres …. Especially is the small-farm, low-income problem acute in the north central part of the State where the Spanish-speaking people are concentrated, chiefly on the irrigated lands and where it has been the custom for some 300 years to divide family landholdings equally among the children upon the death of the parents.
Sensitivity ofn-p scattering observables to charge-independence breaking of the3P N-N phase shifts

The sensitivity of neutron-proton scattering observables to the recently reported charge-independence breaking of the isospinT=13P nucleon-nucleon interaction has been calculated. It is shown that only the analyzing powerA y (θ) at extreme forward angles and at θ=90° c.m. and the spin-correlation coefficientA zx (θ) at 90° c.m. exhibit a measurable sensitivity. It is concluded that the determination ofA y at 90° c.m. is currently the most accurate approach to verify independently charge-independence breaking in the3P nucleon-nucleon phase shifts, considering the status of present experimental techniques.
Radar Track Acquisition Range

The track acquisiton range of a track-while-scan radar is defined as the range at which the cumulative probability of M detections in N scans is 90 percent. Track acquisition ranges for 2 out of 3, 2 out of 4, and 3 out of 4 detection criteria are presented for Swerling 0, 1, and 3 target models.
Crystallization of Carbon Oxygen Mixtures in White Dwarf Stars

We determine the phase diagram for dense carbon-oxygen mixtures in white dwarf (WD) star interiors using molecular dynamics simulations involving liquid and solid phases. Our phase diagram agrees well with predictions from Ogata et al. and from Medin and Cumming and gives lower melting temperatures than Segretain et al. Observations of WD crystallization in the globular cluster NGC 6397 by Winget et al. suggest that the melting temperature of WD cores is close to that for pure carbon. If this is true, our phase diagram implies that the central oxygen abundance in these stars is less than about 60%. This constraint, along with assumptions about convection in stellar evolution models, limits the effective $S$ factor for the $^{12}\mathrm{C}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{16}\mathrm{O}$ reaction to ${S}_{300}\ensuremath{\le}170\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}\text{ }\mathrm{b}$.
Further Validity Tests of the Grandchildren's Received Affection Scale

The purpose of this study was to further validate the newly developed Grandchildren's Received Affection Scale (GRAS). To that end, young adult grandchildren (N = 317) completed the GRAS, along with two previously established measures of affectionate communication and a social desirability scale. The results of a series of Pearson correlational analyses and an exploratory factor analysis provide support for the concurrent, construct, and divergent validity of the GRAS. Thus, the GRAS is an appropriate instrument to assess grandchildren's received affectionate communication from their grandparents.
365: Gestational weight gain: What is optimal to improve perinatal outcome?

OUTCOME? YVONNE CHENG, JUDITH CHUNG, INGRID KURBSCH-BLOCK, MARIBETH INTURRISI, SHERRI SHAFER, AARON B CAUGHEY, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between gestational weight gain and perinatal outcome in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of women with non-anomalous singletons diagnosed with GDM who were enrolled in the California between 2001 and 2004. Gestational weight gain, calculated from prepregnancy weight and weight at last prenatal visit were subgrouped into 0, 1-14, 15-35, and 35lbs. Perinatal outcomes were using chi-squire test and potential confounders were controlled for using multivariable regression analysis with 15-35lb weight gain as the reference group. RESULTS: Of the 31,699 women with GDM, 4.5% had weight loss, 21.8% gained 1-14lbs, 57.4% gained 15-35lbs, and 16.3% gained 35lbs during pregnancy. Gestational weight loss is associated with lower odds of LGA, cesarean, and neonatal NICU admission but higher odds of SGA while women with weight gain 35lbs have higher odds of LGA, preterm delivery and cesarean delivery but not SGA (see Table).
Disease and Degeneration of Aging Neural Systems that Integrate Sleep Drive and Circadian Oscillations

Sleep/wake and circadian rest-activity rhythms become irregular with age. Typical outcomes include fragmented sleep during the night, advanced sleep phase syndrome and increased daytime sleepiness. These changes lead to a reduction in the quality of life due to cognitive impairments and emotional stress. More importantly, severely disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms have been associated with an increase in disease susceptibility. Additionally, many of the same brain areas affected by neurodegenerative diseases include the sleep and wake promoting systems. Any advances in our knowledge of these sleep/wake and circadian networks are necessary to target neural areas or connections for therapy. This review will discuss research that uses molecular, behavioral, genetic and anatomical methods to further our understanding of the interaction of these systems.
Iterative Partial Least Squares with Right‐Censored Data Analysis: A Comparison to Other Dimension Reduction Techniques

SUMMARY. In the linear model with right-censored responses and many potential explanatory variables, regression parameter estimates may be unstable or, when the covariates outnumber the uncensored observations, not estimable. We propose an iterative algorithm for partial least squares, based on the Buckley-James estimating equation, to estimate the covariate effect and predict the response for a future subject with a given set of covariates. We use a leave-two-out cross-validation method for empirically selecting the number of components in the partial least-squares fit that approximately minimizes the error in estimating the covariate effect of a future observation. Simulation studies compare the methods discussed here with other dimension reduction techniques. Data from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 333 are used to motivate the methodology.
In situ monitoring of GaSb, GaInAsSb, and AlGaAsSb

The suitability of the wavelength range provided by silicon photodiode detector arrays for monitoring the spectral reflectance during epitaxial growth of GaSb, AlGaAsSb, and GaInAsSb, which have cutoff wavelengths at 25 degree C of 1.7, 1.2, and 2.3 um, respectively, is demonstrated. These alloys were grown lattice matched to GaSb in a vertical rotating-disk reactor, which was modified to accommodate near normal reflectance without affecting epilayer uniformity, By using a virtual interface model, the growth rate and complex refractive index at the growth temperature are extracted for these alloys over the 600 to 1000 nm spectral range. Excellent agreement is obtained between the extracted growth rate and that determined by ex-situ measurement.
Implicature, Pragmatics, and Documentation: a Comparative Study

This study investigates the link between the linguistic principles of implicature and pragmatics and software documentation. When implicatures are created in conversation or text, the listener or reader is required to fill in missing information not overtly stated. This information is usually filled in on the basis of previous knowledge or context. Pragmatics, the study of language use in context, is concerned with the situational aspects of language use that, among other things, directly affect implicatures required of the reader. I investigate how two manuals for the same software product can be analyzed on the basis of implicature and pragmatics. One is an original copy of the documentation that came with the product, the other an after-market manual. Results show that the aftermarket manual requires far fewer implicatures of the reader and does a better job of providing pragmatically helpful information for the user.
Psychological Meaning of Profile Elevation in the Vocational Preference Inventory

Correlates of profile elevation and two differentiation indices in the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI), Self-Directed Search, and related inventories are examined to clarify the meaning of elevated and low profiles. The traditional differentiation index is not independent of profile elevation. Other results imply that profile elevation is also related to indicators of a tendency to endorse items in the positive direction and to independent measures of positive, energetic, or impulsive response style. The correlations with independent criteria are usually weak. The possibility that counselors may over-interpret profile elevation in the VPI and related inventories is discussed.
Hold-Time Effect on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Life and its Implications in Durability Analysis of Components and Systems

Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) resistance of engineering materials is extremely important for the durability and reliability of components and systems subjected to combined thermal and mechanical loadings. However, TMF testing, modeling, simulation, validation, and the subsequent implementation of the findings into product design are challenging tasks because of the difficulties not only in testing but also in results interpretation and in the identification of the deformation and failure mechanisms. Under combined high-temperature and severe mechanical loading conditions, creep and oxidation mechanisms are activated and time-dependent failure mechanisms are superimposed to cycle-dependent fatigue, making the life assessment very complex. In this paper, the testing procedures and results for high-temperature fatigue testing using flat specimens and thermal-fatigue testing using V-shape specimens are reported; emphasis is given to hold-time effects and the possible underlying mechanisms. The uncertainty nature and the probabilistic characteristics of the V-shape specimen test data are also presented. Finally, the impact of hold-time effect on current product design and validation procedure is discussed in terms of virtual life assessment.
The design of branch and bound algorithms for a class of nonlinear integer programs

This paper is concerned with computational experimentation leading to the design of effective branch and bound algorithms for an important class of nonlinear integer programming problems, namely linearly constrained problems, which are used to model several real-world situations. The main contribution here is a study of the effect of node and branching variable selection and storage reduction strategies on overall computational effort for this class of problems, as well as the generation of a set of adequate test problems. Several node and branching variable strategies are compared in the context of a pure breadth-first enumeration, as well as in a special breadth and depth enumeration combination approach presented herein. Also, the effect of using updated pseudocosts is briefly addressed. Computational experience is presented on a set of eighteen suitably-sized nonlinear test problems, as well as on some random linear integer programs. Some of the new rules proposed are demonstrated to be significantly superior to previously suggested strategies; interestingly, even for linear integer programming problems.
Liquid interfaces: A study by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy

Liquid interfaces play a fundamental role in science and technology. The development of surface-sensitive probes capable of yielding molecular information about these interfaces is of great importance. This paper gives an overview of our and some others' recent work on vibrational spectroscopy of liquid interfaces by the sum-frequency generation (SFG) technique. This technique, being highly surface specific and applicable to all interfaces accessible by light, has been proven to be a most powerful analytical tool for liquid interfaces. A wide range of systems have been studied including neat liquid surfaces, solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces, surfactants at liquid interfaces, and electrochemical interfaces. In many cases, SFG is shown to be the only technique available that can provide detailed information about a liquid interface at the molecular level.
Brain structure predicts risk for obesity

The neurobiology of obesity is poorly understood. Here we report findings of a study designed to examine the differences in brain regional gray matter volume in adults recruited as either Obese Prone or Obese Resistant based on self-identification, body mass index, and personal/family weight history. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 28 Obese Prone (14 male, 14 female) and 25 Obese Resistant (13 male, 12 female) healthy adults. Voxel-based morphometry was used to identify gray matter volume differences between groups. Gray matter volume was found to be lower in the insula, medial orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellum in Obese Prone, as compared to Obese Resistant individuals. Adjusting for body fat mass did not impact these results. Insula gray matter volume was negatively correlated with leptin concentration and measures of hunger. These findings suggest that individuals at risk for weight gain have structural differences in brain regions known to be important in energy intake regulation, and that these differences, particularly in the insula, may be related to leptin.
Dissociation constants of the ampholyte glycine in 50 mass % methanol-water from 5 to 55°C, with related thermodynamic quantities

The two thermodynamic dissociation constants of glycine at 11 temperatures from 5 to 55°C in 50 mass % methanol-water mixed solvent have been determined from precise emf measurements with hydrogen-silver bromide electrodes in cells without liquid junction. The first acidic dissociation constant (K 1)for the process HG+⇌H++G± is expressed as a function ofT(oK) by the equation pK 1 = 2043.5/T − 9.6504 + 0.019308T. At 25°C, pK 1is 2.961 in the mixed solvent, as compared with 2.350 in water, with ΔH°=1497 cal-mole−1, ΔG°=4038 cal-mole−1, ΔS°=−8.52 cal-°K−1-mole−1, and ΔC p o =−53 cal-°K−1-mole−1. The second acidic dissociation constant (K 2)for the process G±⇌H++G− over the temperature range studied is given by the equation pK 2 = 3627.1/T − 7.2371 + 0.015587T. At 25°C, pK 2is 9.578 in MeOH−H2O as compared with 9.780 in water, whereas ΔH° is 10,257 cal-mole−1, ΔG° is 13,063 cal-mole−1, ΔS° is −9.41 cal-°K−1-mole−1, and ΔC p o is −43 cal-°K−1-mole−1. The protonated glycine becomes weaker in 50 mass % methanol-water, whereas the second dissociation process becomes stronger despite the lower dielectric constant of the mixed solvent (ω=56.3 at 25°C).
Integrated optics ring-resonator sensors for protein detection

Using an integrated optics ring-resonator biosensor, we have demonstrated the detection of protein in low concentrations. We detected 0.3 nM of avidin in a buffered saline solution; the calculated detection limit is 0.1 nM (6.8 ng/ml) for avidin, which compares favorably with those of other optical protein detection techniques. Further improvement is possible. Our ring resonator utilizes Si(x)N(y)/SiO2 waveguides, which, owing to evanescent field interaction, change the effective refractive index when target molecules are immobilized on their surfaces. The selectivity of the sensor depends on the biotin surface coating, which causes the specific binding and immobilization of avidin.
Non-Contact Temperature Measurement with Infrared Interferometry

We have successfully utilized the temperature dependence of the refractive indices of various substrates (GaAs and InP) in detecting their temperature variations. The detectionwas accomplished by injecting a beam of HeNe laser (1.15 μm) toward a double-sidepolished substrate. An interference pattern developed among the reflected laser beams, and the actual temperature increment/decrement could be deduced from the interference maxima and minima. The method was first calibrated inside a diffusion furnace from room temperature up to 200oC, and the detection resolution was found to reach as high as ±0.7oC. The same measurement setup was later used on the temperature calibration of a substrate heater in a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth chamber, and was finally used to detect surface temperature change during Ar+ laser assisted metalorganic MBE (MOMBE) growth. Because a direct contact is unnecessary and only the relative signal intensity is needed, this low-cost method can be applied to any otherexperiments in a fairly straightforward manner.
Respiratory failure due to blastomycosis infection in a patient with hypertension, cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis

Blastomycosis is an endemic fungal infection in North America. It usually causes acute and occasionally chronic pneumonias with disseminated infection, particularly skin lesion, as an extrapulmonary manifestation. Many cases are asymptomatic; however, a few patients progress to develop severe pulmonary infection leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, which carries a high mortality rate. Disseminated blastomycosis involving the heart is exceptionally rare and can be potentially life threatening. To our knowledge, there are only four reported cases of cardiac blastomycosis in the literature. Here, we report a case of cardiac blastomycosis who initially presented with respiratory failure. In our patient, it was practically impossible to establish a diagnosis of cardiac blastomycosis antemortem because of his previous cardiac history related to alcoholic cardiomyopathy, which confounded the cardiac findings. This case raises an important issue of clinically considering involvement of the heart in cases of disseminated blastomycosis. Perhaps if the patient did not have a prior cardiac history, a new onset heart failure may have suggested cardiac involvement.
In vitro lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen in Hodgkin's disease

Lymphocytes from eight patients with Hodgkin's disease were incubated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) over 7 days. Thymidine incorporation into DNA and ultrastructural features of transformed cells were studied. Response to these mitogens was either normal or diminished and/or delayed. In seven patients lymphocyte response to PHA was paralleled by a corresponding response to PWM. PHA-transformed lymphocytes showed fine structural features similar to transformed normal cells. After PWM stimulation, blast cells and plasmacytoid cells in various stages of differentiation were observed. The number of transformed cells corresponded to the magnitude of thymidine incorporation and in cultures with normal PWM response, plasmacytoid cells occurred with almost normal frequency. If the specificity of the mitogens is as postulated, then patients with Hodgkin's disease do not have a selective loss of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the findings suggest that in some patients there may be a functional impairment of both T and B lymphocytes.
Ranking of gas-phase acidities and chloride affinities of monosaccharides and linkage specificity in collision-induced decompositions of negative ion electrospray-generated chloride adducts of oligosaccharides

Negative ion electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry has been employed to study chloride adducts of saccharide molecules. Decompositions of [M + Cl]− obtained under identical low-energy collision conditions allow the approximate ranking of chloride affinities and gas-phase acidities of a series of isomeric monosaccharides. The ketohexoses are found to be more acidic than the aldohexoses. Chloride adduct decompositions are examined for a glucopyranosyl fructose and a glucopyranosyl glucose series. For each disaccharide series, the linkage position is shown to markedly influence the favored pathways of [M + Cl]− decompositions, initiated either by loss of neutral HCl to form [M − H]− and possibly leading to further (consecutive) decompositions, or by loss of M to form Cl−. Upon formation of [M − H]−, both cross-ring cleavages and glycosidic bond decompositions were observed in varying degrees for the two series of disaccharides. Remarkably, for three non-reducing polysaccharides that each contain a terminal sucrose group at the “downstream” end, chlorine-containing product ions arising from cleavage of the Glcα−2Fru linkage have been observed. Apart from Cl−, chlorine-containing product ions are not observed for any of the other disaccharides investigated, and they appear to be specifically diagnostic of a terminal Glcα-2Fru linkage. Their appearance is rationalized based upon a substantially reduced tendency for HCl loss from these non-reducing polysaccharides.
The superoxide dismutase mimic TEMPOL protects cultured rabbit lens epithelial cells from hydrogen peroxide insult

The superoxide dismutase mimic, 4-hydroxy TEMPO (TEMPOL), was used to investigate the mechanism by which H2O2 damages cultured rabbit lens epithelial cells and to identify some of the targets of H2O2 insult. Most studies aimed at determining the mechanism by which H2O2 exerts its cytotoxic effect have used iron chelators to prevent the generation of the damaging hydroxyl radical. Since TEMPOL does not chelate transition metals, we were afforded an additional means of investigating the mechanism by which H2O2 exerts its cytotoxicity. Cells at low or high density were cultured in MEM containing 5 mM TEMPOL and exposed to a single sub-lethal dose of 0·05 or 0·5 mM H2O2, respectively. Analysis of EPR spectra indicated that TEMPOL was stable in MEM, did not destroy H2O2 and penetrated the intracellular fluid. TEMPOL prevented or curtailed the H2O2-induced inhibition of cell growth, blebbing of the cell membrane, the decrease in NAD+, the activation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase, an enzyme involved in DNA repair, and limited the induction of single strand breaks in DNA normally brought about by H2O2. TEMPOL did not prevent the H2O2-induced decrease in reduced glutathione, lactate production, and the activity of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or the H2O2-induced increases in oxidized glutathione and hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Addition of TEMPOL 1-15 min after exposure of cells to H2O2 offered partial protection from the inhibition of cell division. TEMPOL at 5 mM did not inhibit cell growth. These results, coupled with our other findings suggest that some of the H2O2-induced damage in cultured rabbit LECs is mediated by intracellular redox-active metals involved in the Haber-Weiss cycle. Cellular changes not protected by TEMPOL, including attack of H2O2 on the thiol groups of GSH (mediated through glutathione peroxidase) and G3PDH, are likely brought about by H2O2 itself and not by reactions of oxygen free-radicals generated from H2O2.