cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feshbach resonances in ultracold atom-diatom scattering

Quantum-mechanical scattering calculations of Feshbach resonances arising from van der Waals molecule formation are used to determine vibrational and rotational predissociation lifetimes. A multichannel effective range theory is used to establish the relationship between predissociation and the zero-temperature limit of collisional quenching for resonances lying close to the thresholds for dissociation. The elastic scattering Feshbach resonances may be measurable in ultracold atom-molecule experiments. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
SU-E-T-616: Comparison of Plan Dose Accuracy for Anterior Vs. Lateral Fields in Proton Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: With the anticipated introduction of in vivo range verification methods, the use of anterior fields for proton therapy of prostate cancer may become an attractive treatment option, and improve upon the dose distributions achievable with conventional lateral-opposed fields. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the planned dose accuracy for lateral versus anterior oblique field arrangements. Methods: Four patients with low/intermediate risk prostate cancer, participating in a clinical trial at our institution, were selected for this study. All patients were treated using lateral-opposed fields (LAT). The clinical target volume (CTV) received a total dose of 79.2 Gy in 44 fractions. Anterior oblique research plans (ANT) were created using the clinical planning system, and featured beams with ±35-degree gantry angle, 1.2 cm aperture margins, 3-mm range compensator smearing and no range uncertainty margins. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed for both beam arrangements using TOPAS. Dose volume histograms were analyzed and compared for planned and MC dose distributions. Differences between MC and planned DVH parameters were computed as a percentage of the total prescribed dose. Results: For all patients, CTV dose was systematically lower (∼2–2.5%) for MC than the plan. This discrepancy was slightly larger (∼0.5%) for LAT compared to ANT plans for all cases. Although the dose differences for bladder and anterior rectal wall remained within 0.7% for all LAT cases, they were slightly larger for ANT plans, especially for case 3 due to larger patient size and MC-plan range difference. The EUD difference for femoral heads was within 0.6% for both LAT and ANT cases. Conclusion: The dose calculated by the treatment planning system using pencil beam algorithm agrees with MC to within 2.5% and is comparable for lateral and anterior scenarios. The dose agreement in the anterior rectal wall is range- and hence, patient-dependent for ANT treatments.
Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen in der Totalsynthese

Wenn man die Entwicklung der organischen Chemie betrachtet, kommt man schnell zu dem Schluss, dass kein Reaktionstyp dieses Gebiet in vergleichbarer Weise gepragt hat wie die Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Kupplungen. Grignard-, Diels-Alder- und Wittig-Reaktionen sind nur drei herausragende Beispiele fur solche Prozesse, die im vergangenen Jahrhundert zweifellos entscheidend am Aufstieg der chemischen Synthese beteiligt waren. Im letzten Viertel des 20. Jahrhunderts bereicherte eine neue Familie von leistungsfahigen Reaktionen zur Knupfung von Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen das Repertoire der Synthesechemie: die ubergangsmetallkatalysierten Reaktionen, allen voran die palladiumkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen. In diesem Aufsatz werden Auszuge aus einer Reihe von ausgewahlten Synthesen diskutiert. Die Beispiele sollen die enorme Leistungsfahigkeit dieser Prozesse in der Kunst der Totalsynthese aufzeigen und ihr Potenzial fur zukunftige chemische Synthesen unterstreichen.
Land Title, Tenure Security, Investment and Farm Output: Evidence from Guatemala

Having a title to land can be associated with increased farm output for two distinct reasons. On the one hand, access to credit may require the use of land, to which there is secure title, as collateral. The classical channel through which title affects output, however, is by increasing the landholders' tenure security and, thus, the incentive to make investments tied to the land, whether credit financed or not. The article uses household level data from Guatemala that control for the credit access channel and isolate the effect that titles are found to have higher output and yield. This can be explained as the result of greater willingness to invest family labor in the present so as to generate higher future output due to greater tenure security. Using ordered probit analysis, I find that having title substantially increases the probability that households perform quality labor tasks which are associated with higher output levels.
Effects of rapid palatal expansion on the sagittal and vertical dimensions of the maxilla: A study on cephalograms derived from cone-beam computed tomography

Introduction The purpose of this study was to use cone-beam computed tomography imaging to examine the skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal and vertical dimensions after rapid palatal expansion. Methods Twenty-eight healthy children (mean age, 9.9 years; range, 7.8-12.8 years; 17 boys, 11 girls) who required rapid palatal expansion treatment were included. For each patient, a bonded Haas-type expander with full occlusal and palatal acrylic coverage was cemented in place. Cone-beam computed tomography images were obtained as part of the pretreatment orthodontic records and at the completion of rapid palatal expansion for all patients. The mean interval between pretreatment and completion of rapid palatal expansion was 52 days (range, 19-96 days). The average skeletal age of the patients, determined from hand-wrist films also obtained before treatment, was 10.1 years. The mean expansion of the expander was 8.0 mm (range, 5.9-9.6 mm). Each cone-beam computed tomography image was compressed from the outer portion of the right side of the patient's head to the center of the left central incisor into a 2-dimensional synthesized cephalogram, which was then traced and measured. Results The results showed that from pretreatment to completion of rapid palatal expansion, SNA, FH-NA, and A-Nperp increased by means of 1.04°, 0.92°, and 0.87 mm, respectively ( P P Conclusions There was forward movement of the maxilla as a result of rapid palatal expansion treatment. Bonded rapid palatal expansion treatment resulted in downward displacement of the maxilla with a greater displacement of ANS than PNS and posterior movement of the maxillary central incisors.
An Rsvp Surrogate for Guaranteed Bandwidth for Tactical Communications

This paper examines the use of the Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) in tactical wireless networks. We propose a way of leveraging RSVP for the benefit of providing a guaranteed bandwidth Quality of Service (QoS) to edge network applications through the use of surrogate RSVP agents. Since RSVP has not been widely implemented at the network edge, the surrogate allows user applications that do not have RSVP capabilities to obtain a guaranteed bandwidth reservation. This guaranteed bandwidth capability may be useful for future tactical networks to communicate critical information through the Global Information Grid (GIG). Also, we develop an approach to extend RSVP to Layer-2, so that we can utilize RSVP to provide bandwidth guarantees for contention-oriented tactical (link-layer) networks. The use of contention-based access schemes, such as demand assigned multiple access (DAMA), in conjunction with Layer-2 RSVP would enable improved bandwidth allocation capabilities and greater flexibility for tactical communications rather than simply providing a differentiated services (diffserv) capability.
Correlation and basis set superposition effects on three body ion‐water‐water interactions

Ab initio SCF and second order Moller-Plesset electronic calculations using a point charge (PC) model as well as standard basis sets for the ions (Li+, Mg++) have been performed for several different water-water geometries and distances. The PC model yields acceptable ion-water potential curves. The ab initio curves calculated with and without Basis Set Superposition Error and electron correlation corrections as well as via a classical model are compared for various water dimer orientations. Certain geometries (particularly those appropriate to the interaction of hydrated ions) gave large Basis Set Superposition Errors and large correlation effects (˜20%) even with the large basis set (Clementi – (11,7,1/6,1) [4,3,1/2,1]) used. For attractive potentials this lead to some cancellation but it is compounded for repulsive curves. The classical model used was able to predict qualitative trends in most cases indicating the nonadditivity arises primarily from an inductive effect; however, geometries with strong hydrogen-hydrogen repulsions show an attractive three body potential at short distances which cannot be understood in terms of this classic model.
Medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia in usual care.

Background: Relatively little is known about the relationships between medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia. To extend previous research, we prospectively examined the relationships between adherence with any antipsychotic medication and functional outcomes among schizophrenia patients treated over a 3-year period, assessed the stability of adherence over time, and examined whether adherence in the first year predicts changes in functional outcomes over the following 2 years. Method: Analyses included 1906 participants with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective or schizophreniform disorder in a multi-site, 3-year, prospective, naturalistic study conducted in the United States between July 1997 and September 2003. Outcome measures were assessed at 6-month intervals using systematic medical record abstraction and structured interview of patients. Adherence with antipsychotic regimen was assessed using patient-reported adherence and the medication possession ratio (percent days with prescription for any antipsychotic), dichotomized into adherence and nonadherence. Analyses employed generalized estimating equations and mixed models with repeated measures. Results: Nonadherence was associated with poorer functional outcomes, including greater risks of psychiatric hospitalizations, use of emergency psychiatric services, arrests, violence, victimizations, poorer mental functioning, poorer life satisfaction, greater substance use, and more alcohol-related problems (all p <.001). Adherence was relatively stable, with 77.3% of patients maintaining the same adherence status from the first year to the second year. Nonadherence in the first year predicted significantly poorer outcomes in the following 2 years. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of adherence with antipsychotic medication in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and its potential beneficial impact on the mental health and criminal justice delivery systems.
The specificity of adhesive interactions between rat lymphocytes and salivary gland epithelia.

Abstract Salivary immune responses depend on localization of immunocytes in salivary glands. We tested effects of anti-adhesion molecule antibodies and several ligand analogs on in vitro adherence of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) to parotid and submandibular gland sections. While TDL adherence to both tissues was markedly decreased by anti-L-selectin mAbs, binding ability after removal of L-selectin by chymotrypsin or PMA suggested that other adhesion systems were involved. Integrin involvement in parotid interactions was indicated by inhibitory effects of anti-HEBF PP , LFA-1, ICAM-1, and α 4 integrin antibodies as well as by the PMA-enhanced adherence. Anti-Thy-1 partially inhibited TDL binding to parotid gland, and anti-CD44 partially inhibited submandibular binding. The majority of salivary gland-bound TDL were sIg + B cells. FACS analysis showed differences in parotid and submandibular endogenous lymphocyte adhesion molecule expression with greater percentages of L-selectin, HEBF PP , α 4 integrin, LFA-1, ICAM-1, CD44, and Thy-1-positive cells present in parotid gland. While precise roles of known or novel adhesion molecules in salivary gland lymphocyte retention are not clear, these data suggest that selectins (parotid, submandibular), integrins (parotid), Thy-1 (parotid), and CD44 (submandibular), as well as other unidentified molecules, are involved.
Effectiveness of extreme discordant sib pairs to detect oligogenic disease loci

A method for the genomic screening of quantitative traits using extreme discordant sib pairs (EDSPs) has recently been described by Risch and Zhang [1995; 1996]. For many models relevant to common, genetically complex diseases, EDSPs are the most powerful siblings for detecting linkage. Thus, if such siblings can be identified and collected, powerful studies with reasonable genotyping budgets can be conducted. Using a subset of the GAW10 data, we have simulated a genomic screen using EDSPs. From the 4,780 total families in the first 20 replicates of 239 families, there were 100, 104, 155, 107, and 180 EDSP families for Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5, respectively. EDSP data were analyzed for each trait using a modified version of MAPMAKER/SIBS capable of handling extreme discordant sib pairs. Four regions, one for Q1, one for Q2, and two for Q4, were able to exceed a threshold for linkage corresponding to a 0.001 pointwise significance level. In three cases, maximum lod score (MLS) peaks occurred within 3.8 cM of a major gene. In the fourth case, the MLS peak occurred 28.4 cM from a major gene. Omission of parents and an alternative definition of EDSP were also investigated.
Metaphors as a way to explore qualitative data

Qualitative data can allow us to see multiple meanings and realities of human experiences. Sometimes the variations of realities makes interpretation challenging. This article provides examples of how metaphors, related to the life history context, "extend horizons of insight and create new possibilities" (Morgan, 1997, p. 351) to view the participants, the researcher, and the story of research as well as to add to the knowledge about Finnish scientists' creative processes. Metaphors connect different layers of text (academic story (normal font), personal story (bold font), and the meta-story) and tease out a story of research with multiple faces, changing stages, views, and alternative interpretations. I do not look for conclusions or a single definition of creativity. Rather, I ask questions and trouble the "category of creativity", addressing methodological issues of educational research.
Reconstructing ocean properties from seismic data

Ocean temperature, density, and salinity change with depth on fine scales. Some scientists are beginning to use acoustic images to reconstruct these water column properties. In this technique, acoustic waves are generated in the ocean by an active seismic source such as an air gun array, and the reflected waves are recorded at surface. The recorded field is then carefully processed to obtain an acoustic image of the layer's reflectivity. The speed of sound and the amount of energy reflected and transmitted vary depending on the water's temperature and salinity, so these reflected acoustic waves indirectly contain information on the water properties. However, analyzing acoustic data to extract water column properties can be tricky. Kormann et al. show that a mathematical method known as full waveform inversion can be used to reconstruct high-resolution temperature and salinity profiles from simulated one-dimensional seismic ocean data. The work is a step toward making the method of using seismic data to retrieve water column properties more widely applicable. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi:10.1029/2011JC007216, 2011)
The leptomeningeal vein. A site of re‐entry of leukemic cells into the systemic circulation

The possible routes of transvascular migration of leukemic cells were studied in guinea pigs with an L2C lymphoblastic cell-line inoculation leukemia. The leukemic infiltrates were found mostly in and around the superficial leptomeningeal veins, paralleling findings in human leukemia. Reconstructions, based on thin serial sections (Epon blocks), allowed us to conclude: (1) leukemic cells do proliferate under the vascular endothelium; (2) the endothelium when pushed away from its basement membrane degenerates and ultimately disintegrates; (3) junctions between adjacent endothelial cells tend to be preserved, even when the rest of the endothelial cytoplasm has disintegrated; (4) leukemic cells will eventually re-enter the circulation; (5) leukemic cells, either singly or in groups, cross through endothelial pores in otherwise intact endothelial cells, rather than through opened-up junctions. It is concluded that leukemic cells cross the endothelium either through endothelial pores, which they in some way engender, or through large gaps left by disintegrating endothelium, the latter possibly intravasation.
Some Effects of Breakfast Cereals on Caries in Rats

More caries was produced in rats by a diet of breakfast cereal that contained 8% sugar than by one with 43% sugar. A mineral-enriched cereal product that contained 19% sugar produced the least caries.
Using Ambient Seismic Noise to Determine Short-Period Phase Velocities and Shallow Shear Velocities in Young Oceanic Lithosphere

Using 10 broadband ocean bottom seismometers from the 11-month-long deployment of the Gravity Lineations Intraplate Melting Petrologic and Seismologic Expedition (GLIMPSE) passive seismic experiment located in the south central Pacific, we have estimated the seismic impulse responses from ambient seismic noise for 45 station-to-station paths. The raw impulse responses show moveout with station-to-station distance, and there is a trend of decreasing signal-to-noise ratios as the station-to-station distance increases. The decrease in signal-to-noise ratio is expected as a smaller range of azimuths of propagating surface waves will contribute constructively to the cross-correlated signal with increasing distance, although scattering may also play a role in the coherence of seismic noise at periods less than 16 sec. From these station-to-station paths, we determined group velocities for the fundamental mode Rayleigh waves of a 2–16-sec period and the second mode Rayleigh wave of a 3.5–7-sec period. We calculate phase velocities for the fundamental mode and second mode Rayleigh wave over the same period range as the group velocities by applying a time variable filter to the noise correlation function and carefully unwrapping the phase spectrum of the resulting filtered impulse responses. Within this period range, there is a transition from waves at short periods, whose energy is mostly in the water column, to waves sensitive to crustal and upper mantle structure. The phase velocities for the second mode, which have peak sensitivity in the lower crust and shallow mantle, show evidence for azimuthal anisotropy. The average phase velocities of the station-to-station paths in the east–west direction are 2% faster than the north–south paths at the 4–7-sec period, consistent with the fast directions determined from SKS wave splitting measurements of N100°E. By incorporating the short-period fundamental and higher mode phase velocities from ambient seismic noise with longer period (16–100 sec) fundamental mode Rayleigh-wave phase velocities determined from teleseismic events, we inverted for the average crustal and upper mantle shear velocity structure and water column depth and velocity. The predicted phase velocities are extremely sensitive to the water column compressional velocity. We determined the average water column velocity to be 1466±3 m/sec, in contrast to the average of 1500 m/sec estimated from shipboard measurements weighted according to the Rayleigh-wave sensitivity kernel. The difference may be due to the dispersive effects of scattering by bathymetry or by the thin variable thickness sediment layer. The inversion also produces a Vp/Vs ratio of 1.88 for the crust. This method can provide useful information about the shallow seismic structure of the oceanic crust and uppermost mantle and is an important complement to longer period studies.
Homogeneous Solid State Ionization Detector

A gold-doped silicon crystal was used to measure the most probable energy loss and energyloss distribution of ?- mesons at 1.50 Bevc and 2.55 Bev/c. The crystal used was 2 cm in diameter and .25 cm thick. The preparation of the detector is discussed. The results confirm the existence of a density effect in the relations describing the dependence of the most probable energy loss on particle momentum. The energy-loss distribution appears to be broader than the predicted width.
Algorithms for Optimal Design with Application to Multiple Polynomial Regression.

The approximate theory of optimal linear regression design leads to specific convex extremum problems for numerical solution. A conceptual algorithm is stated, whose concrete versions lead us from steepest descent type algorithms to improved gradient methods, and finally to second order methods with excellent convergence behaviour. Applications are given to symmetric multiple polynomial models of degree three or less, where invariance structures are utilized. A final section is devoted to the construction of efficientexact designs of sizeN from the optimal approximate designs. For the multifactor cubic model and some of the most popular optimality criteria (D-, A-, andI-criteria) fairly efficient exact designs are obtained, even for small sample sizeN.
Fast-Accurate Non-Polynomial Metamodeling for Nano-CMOS PLL Design Optimization

At the nanoscale domain, the simulation, design, and optimization time of the circuits have increased significantly due to high-integration density, increasing technology constraints, and complex device models. This necessitates fast design space exploration techniques to meet the shorter time to market driven by consumer electronics. This paper presents non-polynomial metamodels (surrogate models) using neural networks to reduce the design optimization time of complex nano-CMOS circuit with no sacrifice on accuracy. The physical design aware neural networks are trained and used as metamodels to predict frequency, locking time, and power of a PLL circuit. Different architectures for neural networks are compared with traditional polynomial functions that have been generated for the same circuit characteristics. Thorough experimental results show that only 100 sample points are sufficient for neural networks to predict the output of circuits with 21 design parameters within 3% accuracy, which improves the accuracy by 56% over polynomial metamodels. The generated metamodels are used to perform optimization of the PLL using a bee colony algorithm. It is observed that the non-polynomial (using neural networks) metamodels achieve more accurate results than polynomial metamodels in shorter optimization time.
Detection of vitronectin mRNA in tissues and cells of the mouse.

Abstract Mouse vitronectin (Vn) was isolated from serum by heparin affinity chromatography. The purified protein (Mr 71,000) supported adhesion of mouse and human cells in an Arg-Gly-Asp-dependent manner and bound to type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor with kinetics similar to those observed using human and bovine Vn. To further characterize murine Vn and its biosynthesis in vivo, a mouse Vn cDNA was isolated from a liver cDNA library. The amino acid sequence of mouse Vn was deduced from the cDNA and was aligned with that of human Vn. Based on this alignment, mouse Vn was inferred to be 457 amino acids long and to have extensive (82%) homology with human Vn. Northern blot hybridization analysis of RNA from mouse tissues, using the mouse Vn cDNA as a hybridization probe, revealed the presence of a single transcript of 1.7 kilobases in mouse liver. Vn mRNA was not detectable in heart, lung, kidney, spleen, muscle, brain, thymus, testes, uterus, skin, adipose tissue, and aorta. The cellular localization of liver Vn mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization. Strong staining was observed only in hepatocytes, suggesting that these cells are the primary source of Vn in vivo.
Longitude-dependent effects of fragmentation events in the geosynchronous orbit regime

Abstract The effects of on-orbit fragmentation events on localized debris congestion in each of the longitude slots of the geosynchronous orbit (GEO) regime are evaluated by simulating explosions and collisions of uncontrolled rocket bodies in multiple orbit configurations, including libration about one or both of the gravitational wells located at 75°E and 105°W. Fragmentation distributions are generated with the NASA Standard Breakup Model, which samples fragment area-to-mass ratio and delta-velocity as a function of effective diameter. Simulation results indicate that the long-term severity and consequence of a GEO fragmentation event is strongly dependent upon parent body longitude at the epoch of fragmentation, which can spawn bi-annual “fragment storms” in high-risk longitude slots, driven by lower-energy fragments that have been captured and have started librating around the nearby gravitational well.
Regression Models in Research Synthesis

Abstract The extensive research literature in many areas of behavioral, medical, and social sciences has led some reviewers to the use of quantitative methods for research synthesis. Typically, these analyses have involved estimating the effect magnitude from each of a series of studies and averaging the estimates to obtain a single index of effect magnitude. This article provides some statistical methods for estimating and testing linear models for effect magnitude and can be used for determining the effect of variations in experimental conditions. These methods can be used for synthesizing the results of studies where the index of effect magnitude is a correlation coefficient or standardized mean difference. A natural test for model specification is also given.
Response Bias in Reports of Father's Education and Socioeconomic Status

Abstract This article compares independent interview responses of fathers and their sons to questions about the educational attainmentand occupational status of the father. There is a high degree of congruence between the son's and father's estimates of both variables. When, however, reporting differences are regressed on various demographic characteristics reported by the son, the responses of youths with certain characteristics are found to deviate significantly from their fathers'. Practical implications of these systematic deviations are discussed.
Natural Abundance of the Lithium Isotopes

The natural abundance ratio of the lithium isotope of mass 7 to the isotope of mass 6 has been determined from the density and x-ray data for certain crystals. Consideration of the maximum limits of variation of this ratio in nature and the error assignments of the data used in this calculation have resulted in the value 11.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.29. This value disagrees with the mass spectrometric and optical determinations. Some of the possible errors in the mass spectrometric work are considered.
Comparative evaluation of methylene blue and demeclocycline for enhancing optical contrast of gliomas in optical images

Contrast agents have shown to be useful in the detection of cancers. The goal of this study was to compare enhancement of brain cancer contrast using reflectance and fluorescence confocal imaging of two fluorophores, methylene blue (MB) and demeclocycline (DMN). MB absorbs light in the red spectral range and fluoresces in the near-infrared. It is safe for in vivo staining of human skin and breast tissue. However, its safety for staining human brain is questionable. Thus, DMN, which absorbs light in the violet spectral range and fluoresces between 470 and 570 nm, could provide a safer alternative to MB. Fresh human gliomas, obtained from surgeries, were cut in half and stained with aqueous solutions of MB and DMN, respectively. Stained tissues were imaged using multimodal confocal microscopy. Resulting reflectance and fluorescence optical images were compared with hematoxylin and eosin histopathology, processed from each imaged tissue. Results indicate that images of tissues stained with either stain exhibit comparable contrast and resolution of morphological detail. Further studies are required to establish the safety and efficacy of these contrast agents for use in human brain.
Lung cancer screening in 2008: A review and update

Summary This article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of using sputum cytology, plain chest radiograph and computerized tomography (CT) as screening modalities for lung cancer and provides recommendations for screening.
Synthesis, Structure, and Molecular Dynamics of Gallium Complexes of Schizokinen and the Amphiphilic Siderophore Acinetoferrin

A new general synthesis of the citrate-based siderophores acinetoferrin (Af) and schizokinen (Sz) and their analogues is described. The molecular structure of gallium schizokinen, GaSz, was determined by combined (1)H NMR, Hartree-Fock ab initio calculations, DFT, and empirical modeling of vicinal proton NMR spin-spin couplings. The metal-coordination geometry of GaSz was determined from NOE contacts to be cis-cis with respect to the two chelating hydroxamates. One diaminopropane adopts a single chairlike conformation while another is a mixture of two ring pucker arrangements. Both amide hydrogens are internally hydrogen bonded to metal-ligating oxygen atoms. The acyl methyl groups are directed away from each other with an average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. The kinetics of GaSz racemization were followed by selective, double spin-echo inversion-recovery (1)H NMR spectroscopy over the temperature range of 10-45 degrees C. The racemization proceeds by a multistep mechanism that is proton independent between pD 5 and 12 (k(0) = 1.47 (0.15 s(-1))) and acid catalyzed below pD 4 (k(1) = 2.25 (0.15) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)). The activation parameters found for the two sequential steps of the proton independent pathway were DeltaH(++) = 25 +/- 3 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 25 +/- 7 cal M(-1) K(-1) and DeltaH(++) = 17.1 +/- 0.2 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 0.3 +/- 2.7 cal M(-1) K(-1). The first step of the proton-independent mechanism was assigned to the dissociation of the carboxyl group. The second step was assigned to complex racemization. The proton-assisted step was assigned to a complete dissociation of the alpha-hydroxy carboxyl group at pD < 4. The ab initio modeling of gallium acinetoferrin, GaAf, and analogues derived from the structure of GaSz has shown that the pendant trans-octenoyl fragments are oriented in opposite directions with the average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. This arrangement prevents GaAf from adopting a phospholipid-like structural motif. Significantly, iron siderophore complex FeAf was found to be disruptive to phospholipid vesicles and is considerably more hydrophilic than Af, with an eight-fold smaller partition coefficient.
Early US Struggles with Fiscal Federalism: Lessons for Europe?

Europe’s struggles with fiscal federalism, sovereign state debts, and the euro common currency have been compared and contrasted with the success of the United States in launching durable institutions in these areas two centuries ago. Then, the American finance minister Hamilton instituted a series of reforms that put US fiscal federalism on a lasting footing. Not noted in today’s discussions is that Hamilton’s efforts in the early 1790s were a second attempt. A decade earlier, another finance minister, Morris, tried and failed to accomplish what Hamilton did. Morris’s failure as well as Hamilton’s success may have pertinent lessons for Europe.
Generalized eigenvalues of a definite hermitian matrix pair

Abstract In this note, we study some basic properties of generalized eigenvalues of a definite Hermitian matrix pair. In particular, we prove an interlacing theorem and a minimax theorem. We also obtain upper bounds for the variation of the generalized eigenvalues under perturbation. These results extend and improve those of R.-C. Li, J.-g. Sun, and G. W. Stewart on the topic.
Effect of Minor Additions on Sintering of MgO

Fourteen selected metal ions were added to magnesium basic carbonate, and the MgO obtained after calcining was fired at various temperatures to determine the effect of the additives on the sintering behavior. The magnesia without additives showed rapid increase in density with firing temperature near 1200° C. The majority of the additives caused increased density, at a given firing treatment, but some were without effect and one (Cr) dramatically inhibited sintering in certain percentages. It is believed that most of the additives which aided sintering did so by entering into the magnesia lattice and creating defects, although at least one (V) clearly promoted sintering by liquid formation.
Motivational Factors Affecting Performance The Impact of Perceived Locus of Causality

The research reported here was designed to examine the impact of perceived locus of causality on subsequent performance. Two studies were conducted in which subjects were led to attribute success on a two-person maze task either to their own actions (internal-locus) or to the actions of their partner (external-locus). Subsequently, they worked either on another maze or on a completely different task. Performance on these tasks served as the primary dependent measure. Level of self-awareness was manipulated by having half of the subjects work on the test task while facing a mirror. Results revealed a significant interaction involving locus of causality and test task. Relative to external-success subjects, internal-success subjects performed better when tested on the maze task, but worse when tested on a novel task. The self-awareness manipulation did not reliably affect performance. Several findings from subjects' self-reports were also of interest. Theoretical implications regarding the role of motivation...
A survey of power estimation techniques in VLSI circuits

With the advent of portable and high-density microelectronic devices, the power dissipation of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits is becoming a critical concern. Accurate and efficient power estimation during the design phase is required in order to meet the power specifications without a costly redesign process. In this paper, we present a review of the power estimation techniques that have recently been proposed. >
Relationship of Sex, Age, and Body Weight to Broiler Carcass Yield and Offal Production

Abstract Male and female broilers (feather-sexable strain) at 28, 35, 42, and 49 days of age were utilized to determine the effect of sex, age, and BW on yield of various offal and edible carcass components. Individual bird BW ranged from 756 to 2,970 g. During processing, weight of blood, feathers, head, neck, feet, preen gland, heart, liver, gizzard, gastrointestinal tract, fat pad, hind half (legs, thighs, and saddle), wings, Pectoralis major, breast skin, Pectoralis minor, back with lungs, rib cage, water uptake, and whole dressed carcass were determined. Regression analyses were used to generate equations describing the relationship between carcass components and BW for each sex and with the sexes combined. The data were also subjected to analysis of variance to determine age and sex effects on an absolute weight and percentage of live BW basis. Yields of body components changed with increasing age and BW. In general, the percentage of edible components increased, and the percentage of offal decreased with increasing age and BW. When expressed on a percentage of live BW basis, significant sex effects existed for feathers, head, neck, feet, heart, liver, fat pad, hind half, breast skin, and Pectoralis minor. Thus, the yield of offal components vary more by sex than does yield of edible carcass components.
The transcription control region of the rat α-fetoprotein gene. DNA sequence and homology studies

The α-fetoprotein (AFP) gene, an important system for studying developmental and tissue-specific gene expression, is regulated mostly through the control of transcription. The promoter and as-acting DNA elements which regulate the rat gene lie within a 7 kbp region upstream of the cap site. We have determined the sequence of this entire region. It contains several repetitive elements and a species-specific distribution of DNA methylation sites. We aligned our rat AFP sequence with fragmentary mouse and human AFP sequences to define blocks of highly conserved sequence, which we then analyzed for homology to known transcription regulatory sequences. Our analysis demonstrates that the regulatory region of the rat AFP gene is unusually complex.
Output plane analysis of load-sharing in multiple-module converter systems

This paper explores the origin of the DC current-sharing problem of parallel-converter systems and the dual problem of voltage sharing in series-converter systems. Both problems may be studied by examining the output plane (output current versus output voltage) of a particular converter. It is shown that strict current source behavior is unnecessary for good current sharing in parallel-converter systems. Furthermore, a broad class of converters whose output voltage is load-dependent, i.e., those that have a moderate value of output resistance, all exhibit good voltage- and current-sharing characteristics. Such converters are often suitable for a/spl times/b arrays of converters that can meet a large range of power-conversion requirements. The output planes of discontinuous mode PWM converters as well as conventional and clamped series resonant converters are examined in detail. A simple small-signal model of the modular converter system is developed. Experimental confirmation of load sharing and the small-signal model is given for the clamped series resonant converter and the series resonant converter for various configurations of four converters. >
Type II errors in 'Nurses' prediction of volume status after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective cohort study'

Hoff et al.'s use of an inappropriate error term makes moot the conclusions they drew about nurses' ability to predict hypo-, normo-, or hypervolemia among post-aneuritic patients. By failing to consider the extent to which each nurse's predictions were correlated across days, as well as failing to consider the extent to which predictions for each patient were correlated, the investigators undoubtedly used an error term that was large than it should have been, thus reducing, unfortunately by an unknown amount, their ability to identify an effect that could have occurred in the data. To conclude that nurses are unable to predict abnormal volemia is inappropriate. Indeed, to draw any conclusions from their results is inappropriate.
Glue Rules for Robust Chart Realization

This paper shows how glue rules can be used to increase the robustness of statistical chart realization in a manner inspired by dependency realization. Unlike the use of glue rules in MT---but like previous work with XLE on improving robustness with hand-crafted grammars---they are invoked here as a fall-back option when no grammatically complete realization can be found. The method works with Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and has been implemented in OpenCCG. As the techniques are not overly tied to CCG, they are expected to be applicable to other grammar-based chart realizers where robustness is a common problem. Unlike an earlier robustness technique of greedily assembling fragments, glue rules enable n-best outputs and are compatible with disjunctive inputs. Experimental results indicate that glue rules yield improved realizations in comparison to greedy fragment assembly, though a sizeable gap remains between the quality of grammatically complete realizations and fragmentary ones.
Parallel search in matrices with sorted columns

In this paper we consider searching, and also ranking, in an m/spl times/n matrix with sorted columns on the EREW PRAM model. We propose a work-optimal parallel algorithm based on the technique of accelerated cascading, that runs in O(log m log log m)-time for small elements with rank k/spl les/m and in O(log m log log m log(k/m))-time otherwise. Then we present a sequential algorithm for multisearch in a matrix with sorted columns as a prelude to a parallel algorithm for multisearch in a matrix with sorted columns. The sequential algorithm uses ideas from the parallel technique of chaining. The parallel multisearch algorithm follows this sequential algorithm and has a nontrivial dependence not only on the ranks of the search-elements but also on the number of search-elements. Finally we show how to adapt ideas from J.L. Bentley and A.C. Yao's (1976) paper on sequential unbounded searching to parallel searching in matrices, which surprisingly leads to an asymptotic improvement.
Comparing Dexmedetomidine Prescribing Patterns and Safety in the Naturalistic Setting Versus Published Data

BACKGROUND:In clinical practice, new drugs may be used differently than the product labeling recommends. Furthermore, it often takes several years of use before adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are reported.OBJECTIVE:To compare prescribing patterns and safety of the newly released drug dexmedetomidine as observed in clinical practice with published data on the drug.METHODS:Information from a convenience sample of adults receiving dexmedetomidine as part of routine patient care at 10 institutions was retrospectively collected from June 27, 2001, to May 31, 2002. Investigators reviewed medical records daily and entered dosing information, patient demographics, and predefined categories of ADR severity and probability anonymously via the Internet on a secure server.RESULTS:Only 33% of the total sample (n = 136) of patients received a loading infusion of dexmedetomidine; however, maintenance dosing was usually within product labeling guidelines. Of note, 27.2% of patients received dexmedetomidine above the maxim...
THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE GENDERED ORGANIZATION

Considerable attention has been paid recently to the gendering of organizations and occupations. Unfortunately, the gendered-organizations approach remains theoretically and empirically underdeveloped, as there have as yet been few clear answers to the question central to the perspective: What does it really mean to say that an organization itself, or a policy, practice, or slot in the hierarchy, is “gendered”? Reviewing literature in the gendered-organizations tradition, the author discusses three of the most common ways the perspective has been applied and argues that all of these definitions pose potential problems for the project of meaningful social and organizational change. The article concludes with some suggestions about how a more useful conception of the gendered organization might be built.
A Simultaneous Radiotelephone and Visual Range Beacon for the Airways

Increased use of the airway radio services by transport operators has resulted in a demand for continuous range beacon service. At the same time the weather broadcast information has increased in importance and the interruptions to the beacon service have become more frequent. To eliminate difficulties arising from this conflict, a transmitting system has been developed which provides simultaneous transmission of visual range beacon and radiotelephone signals. This system is designed to employ existing equipment so far as possible. By combining two transmitting sets into one the cost of buildings and antenna equipment is reduced. Continuous check on the operation of both systems can be obtained with less personnel than required at present. The transmitting set consists of a two-kilowatt radiotelephone transmitter operating into a nondirective antenna system and an additional set of amplifier branches supplying power through a goniometer into two loop antennas. The two antenna systems are symmetrically disposed with respect to each other and coupling effects are balanced out to prevent distortion of the space pattern. The phase of the currents in the different antenna systems is controlled by a phase-shift unit and means for checking the adjustment of this phase relationship continuously is provided. The equipment on the airplane to receive this service is changed only by the addition of a small filter unit which keeps the low-frequency reed voltages from reaching the head telephones and the voice frequencies from the reed indicator.
The neuroscience of the mentor‐learner relationship

In the mentor-learner relationship, mentors serve as guides in the journey of developmental learning by helping learners become creators of knowledge. Cognitive neuroscience and social cognitive neuroscience provide evidence of changes in the brain resulting from certain aspects of the mentor-learner relationship. Using these scientific frameworks, this chapter examines how mentors promote learners’ development by creating trust, being attuned to learners’ emotions, and engaging in social interaction that can lead to greater brain plasticity.
Ranking Privacy Policy

Almost all company Web sites collect some information about the user in some form. The information may be a simple IP address of the host to extensive personal information about the user. It is now a well established procedure for a company to state its privacy policy on their website, due to the prevalent laws of the land or just to establish their credibility. But the stated privacy policy may not be fully understood by Web site visitors. In this paper, we suggest a mathematical model which will assign a privacy score/rank to a privacy policy, after analyzing the different components of that company's privacy statement. This score can be one criterion to decide whether to continue using a certain Web site.
On an electrode producing massive quantities of tritium and helium

A Pd electrode has been examined which produced a concentration of tritium in a 0.1 M LiOD solution around 103 times above background. Tritium production at a given potential ceased after a few days, but could be restarted by a small increase of the deuterium overpotential. Correspondingly, He4 was found in 9–10 pieces of the Pd electrode at 2–100 times background. Addition of fresh amounts of D2O quenched the T production which began again spontaneously after 1–2 days. If the T had come from contamination, 3He would have been found in the electrode: it was absent. Loss of charge by the nucleus takes place when the fugacity of D in voids exceeds 1017 atm (Lifshitz and Pitaevskii, 1963). Sporadicity of function arises from the state of the surface, which is difficult to reproduce. The surface state controls the mechanism of D2 evolution; only some mechanisms give a fugacity high enough to cause fusion. Only one electrode out of four examined produced T and 4He. The surface of this electrode contained a Cu-mosaic structure, not seen on the inactive electrodes.
Learning general completable reactive plans

This paper presents an explanation-based learning strategy for learning general plans for use in an integrated approach to planning. The integrated approach augments a classical planner with the ability to defer achievable goals, thus preserving the construction of provably-correct plans while gaining the ability to utilize runtime information in planning. Proving achievability is shown to be possible without having to determine the actions to achieve the associated goals. A learning strategy called contingent explanation-based learning uses conjectured variables to represent the eventual values of plan parameters with unknown values a priori, and completers to determine these values during execution. An implemented system demonstrates the use of contingent EBL in learning a general completable reactive plan for spaceship acceleration.
Parametric interactions of optical modes

A formalism for treating interactions between optical modes in the presence of time-varying parameters is developed. The problems of parametric oscillation, frequency conversion, and internal laser modulation are treated, as well as a new class of interactions involving parametric modulation in the presence of negative losses.