cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Hydroxylaminato Alkyltitanium Complexes

Alkyltitanium complexes bearing hydroxylaminato ligands were synthesized by two methods: (i) reaction of the stable nitroxide radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) with TiCl 3 to generate (TEMPO)TiCl 3 (1) followed by alkylation with PhCH 2 MgCl to furnish (TEMPO)Ti(CH 2 Ph) 3 (2), and (ii) protonolysis of Ti(CH 2 Ph) 4 (3) with hydroxylamines to yield (R 2 NO) 2 Ti(CH 2 Ph) 2 (R = CH 2 Ph (4), Et (5)). 1 H NMR studies of these compounds demonstrate that the hydroxylaminato ligands exhibit both η 1 - and η 2 -binding modes with varying degrees of hemilability. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 5 shows that titanium adopts a six-coordinate "propeller" conformation in which the hydroxylamine anions are η 2 -bound. The reaction of the complex 2 with B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 at 20 °C forms 1 equiv of toluene and a cationic benzyltitanium complex exhibiting strong η 6 -PhCH 2 B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 anion coordination, in which one of the TEMPO methyl groups has undergone C-H bond activation as evidenced by 1 H, 1 3 C NMR, gHSQC, gHMBC, and gROESY experiments. Complexes 2-5 exhibit very low activities for propylene polymerization.
Effect of “activated” cyclophosphamide on mouse oocyte in vitro fertilization and cleavage

To investigate the involvement of oocytes in the mechanism of chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure, ovulation was induced in mice using pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin. Oocytes (with cumulus) were incubated for 4 hours with "activated" cyclophosphamide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (PCTX) at 0, 1, 10, 100, and 500 micrograms/mL. Oocytes were then washed, fertilized with sperm obtained from nontreated male proven breeders, and incubated for 4 days. "Activated" cyclophosphamide inhibited dissolution of the cumulus and reduced fertilization and early cleavage rates in a dose-related manner. The data demonstrate that exposure of oocytes to cyclophosphamide metabolites in vitro adversely affects oocyte function. Oocytes may be involved in the mechanism of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure.
New facets in the regulation of gene expression by ADP-ribosylation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases

In 1963, Chambon et al. reported the detection of a nicotinamide mononucleotide-activated, DNA-dependent enzymatic activity in rat liver extracts that catalyzed the synthesis of a polyadenylic acid.1 The product of this reaction was later identified as poly(ADP-ribose) or PAR, a polymer of ADP-ribose (ADPR) monomers derived from the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).2 These initial studies have led to half a century of research on the chemistry, enzymology, structure, function, biology, physiology, and pathology of ADPR, PAR, and their derivatives, as well as the enzymes that catalyze their synthesis and degradation, and the effector proteins that interact with or are posttranslationally modified by them. In this Review, we describe the biological chemistry of PAR and its associated enzymes, effector proteins, and targets, with a particular emphasis on their roles in gene regulation, from chromatin to RNA biology. 1.1. The PARP Family The synthesis of PAR from NAD+ is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes belonging to the PARP family (EC 2.4.2.30), which contains at least 17 distinct proteins (Table 1).3 Not all PARP family members are enzymatically active, and some may function as mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases rather than PARPs.4 As a consequence, a new nomenclature describing PARPs more accurately as ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) has been proposed.5 The 17 PARP family members can be subdivided into four subfamilies based on their domain architectures (Table 1).3 These include: (1) DNA-dependent PARPs (PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARP-3), which are activated by discontinuous DNA structures (for PARPs 1 and 2, through their amino-terminal DNA binding domains) (Figure ​(Figure1);1); (2) tankyrases, including PARP5a (tankyrase-1) and PARP-5b (tankyrase-2), which contain large ankyrin domain repeats that mediate protein–protein interactions; (3) CCCH PARPs, including PARP-7 (tiPARP), PARP-12, PARP13.1, and PARP13.2, which contain Cys-Cys-Cys-His zinc fingers that bind to RNA, as well as WWE domains, which can exhibit PAR binding activity; and (4) macroPARPs, including PARP-9 (BAL1), PARP14 (BAL2, CoaSt6), and PARP-15 (BAL3), which contain macrodomain folds that can bind ADPR and derivatives. As these examples illustrate, nature through the course of evolution has modified the PARP catalytic domain and functionalized it with a variety of other protein domains to create a set of proteins with varied activities, subcellular locations, and functions. Figure 1 Structural and functional organization of nuclear DNA-dependent PARPs, as well as PARP-13. PARPs 1, 2, and 3 comprise a subset of nuclear PARPs whose catalytic activity is stimulated by discontinuous DNA structures. In the case of PARPs 1 and 2, this ...
Bandwidth of multimode fibers obtained from system performance

Recently demonstrated bandwidth measurement of multimode fibers through system level performance is studied using system modeling, which provides additional validation and insight. New method of calculating bandwidth from fibers with non-Gaussian response is illustrated.
A miniaturized cryoprobe for functional neuronal blockade in freely moving animals.

Abstract We have developed a miniature cryoprobe for blockade of neuronal structures. The cryoprobe uses Freon as a cooling medium and consists of concentric double stainless steel cannulae, a shaft heater coil and a tip thermocouple. The cryoprobe tip temperature is controlled by adjusting Freon flow supplying the cryoprobe by an automobile fuel injector and electronic control circuit, and is displayed on a temperature monitor. Tissue temperatures, determined by thermocouples, ranged from 8.5°C near the cryoprobe tip to 20°C 2.5 mm distal to the tip. The cryoprobe shaft is maintained at body temperature by means of a shaft heater coil and a heater control circuit. The cryoprobe offers advantages of case of construction, and allows cooling of neuronal structures in freely moving animal preparations.
Dimensional Stability of Grout-Type Materials Used as Connections between Prefabricated Concrete Elements

Prefabricated bridge elements and systems (PBES) construction relies on field-cast, grout-type materials to complete the connections between precast concrete elements. This PBES construction facilitates and accelerates bridge construction (ABC), increases safety, and minimizes the inconveniences to the traveling public while delivering a superior product. Although prefabricated concrete components are produced in a controlled environment, field-cast grouts have at times shown serviceability issues mainly associated with dimensional stability. This paper assesses the dimensional stability (primarily shrinkage) of a total of seven prebagged grouts currently used in the construction industry. Their shrinkage performance is compared to that of an ultrahigh-performance concrete. The feasibility of the test methods used for evaluating the dimensional stability of nonshrink grouts is also discussed. Although many grouts are referred to as nonshrink materials, the results show shrinkage, especially in drying conditions. The use of the internal curing technology as an emerging solution for mitigating shrinkage in grout-type materials is also discussed. The results obtained in two of the cement-based grouts, including internal curing, show a reduction of both autogenous and drying shrinkage. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are given to end-users to provide guidance in selecting an appropriate grout-type material.
Modelling of impurity dopant density measurement in semiconductors by scanning force microscopy

Abstract Lateral dopant profiling has recently been demonstrated using a scanning force microscope (SFM) in electrostatic mode. We have modeled the electrostatic force between a tip and semiconducting sample as a function of bias voltage. We find that the dopant density can be extracted from the force-versus-voltage relationship. This method is analogous to the standard semiconductor characterization technique where the capacitance-versus-voltage relationship is used to determine the dopant density. It is shown that the measurement of AC rather than DC electrostatic forces improves the SFM's ability to provide quantitative dopant profiling in semiconductors. Reducing the gap between tip and sample improves both the SFM dopant sensitivity and the contrast seen between regions of differing dopant density.
A partial homomorphic encryption scheme for secure design automation on public clouds

The massive compute power offered by public clouds such as Amazon Web Services EC2 provides for a new paradigm in cost-effective and highly scalable parallel deployment of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools. Even though the advantages are myriad, customers perceive an inherent security risk in exposing their IP to the cloud. In this work, we start by outlining the shortcomings of established encryption techniques for use in public machines. Using the example of electromagnetic simulation, we show how the IP (layout and technology) may be reverse-engineered from the Green's function matrix by utilizing the Multi Dimensional Scaling approach. We then propose encryption schemes to defeat such sophisticated hacking attempts using principles of homomorphic encryption, while enabling scalability and computational benefits of public clouds
Disorders of oculomotor scanning and graphic orientation in developmental Gerstmann syndrome.

Abstract A patient with developmental Gerstmann syndrome who experiences great difficulty in performing tasks requiring visuoconstructive and reading abilities is described. Neuropsychological assessment revealed normal range verbal abilities but severe deficits in directional orientation, finger differentiation, calculational ability, copying, and reading ability. Achievement in reading was measured at the sixth-grade level despite the fact that this patient is a third-year college student. Using infrared photoelectric sensors, we monitored the horizontal saccades of this patient while reading from a standardized reading test. Fixation durations were not abnormal. However, instances of reverse-staircase movement were exhibited. While reading from an inverted test, she showed a normal eye-movement pattern (although in the reverse direction since the task now called for right-to-left saccades). The processing of spatial information in this patient is severely disturbed and this may account for the apparently abnormal oculomotor scanning, an “irrepressible tendency” to move her eyes in a right-to-left direction.
Studies on monooxygenases and dioxygenases in soil macroinvertebrates and bacterial isolates from the gut of the terrestrial isopod, Oniscus asellus L.

1. 1. The activities of mono-oxygenases (phenol, melilotate, orcinol, and p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylases) and dioxygenases (pyrocatechase, metapyrocatechase, homogentisate oxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase) were examined in 12 species of soil macroinvertebrates. Only homogentisate oxygenase activity was detected, and it was present in only 4 species of worms. 2. 2. Five micro-organisms were isolated from the gut of the terrestrial isopod, Oniscus asellus, and examined for the same enzyme activities. Extracts from each isolate exhibited at least 2 of the oxidase activities, though only 1 mono-oxygenase activity was found, and it was present in only 1 of the micro-organisms. 3. 3. Previous observations on the ability of soil macroinvertebrates to cleave aromatic rings in vivo can be attributed to gut micro-organisms.
Molecular dynamics simulations of osmosis and reverse osmosis in solutions

Computer simulation studies using the method of molecular dynamics have been carried out to investigate osmosis and reverse osmosis in solutions separated by semi-permeable membranes. The method has been used to study the dynamic approach to equilibrium in such systems from their initial nonequilibrium state. In addition density profiles of both the solute and solvent molecules have been investigated, especially near the walls for adsorption effects. Finally the diffusion coefficients and osmotic pressure have also been measured.
Pressure from Leadenhall: The East India Company Lobby, 1660–1678*

Dramatic evidence of the vital role played by the British East India Company in Britain's rise to preeminence in world trade is revealed in the intimate relations between the Company, Parliament, and Charles II. Britain needed an agency for pressing the struggle against the resourceful Dutch, and the King needed revenue. The Company needed assurance in the form of a charter that its existence would be continuous; Navigation Acts to give meaning to its trading monopoly; laws against “interlopers” in its trading areas; and relief from mercantilist prejudices so that it could buy for cash where British goods were not in demand. Government and Company provided each other with all these, in a pragmatic arrangement that overrode prejudices and political sensitivities.
Conformity to experimenter-determined, payoff enforced criterion levels in the method of random staircases

Results obtained from Ss paid to meet arbitrary criteria are compared with ordinary determinations of limens for increments of white noise in a constant background of white noise. Multiple random, yes-no staircases are used. It is demonstrated that a S can reliably exhibit a variety of arbitrarily determined “thresholds” when appropriate pay-off contingencies are introduced.
Cathodoluminescence and polarization studies from individual dislocations in diamond

Abstract A cathodoluminescence detector attached to a transmission electron microscope has been used to record visible optical-emission spectra from individual dislocations of known type in type IIb diamond over a range of temperatures. The polarization of the emission has also been determined from individual dislocations and this information correlated with the type and degree of dissociation of the dislocations. It was found that the dislocation emission at 435 nm was polarized along the dislocation line (independent of the Burgers vector) and had maximum intensity at 170 K. The emission spectrum was independent of dislocation type, and showed a broad (0·416 eV f.w.h.m.) band. All luminescent dislocations were dissociated, and one non-luminescent dislocation was found which was undissociated within the resolution of the weak-beam technique (∼ 15 A). Non-luminescent dissociated dislocations were also found. Curved dislocations were less luminescent than straight ones. A one-dimensional donor-acceptor mod...
A day unit for families

The Family Day Unit at the Maryborough Hospital, London, carries out an intensive treatment programme for highly dysfunctional families. Up to ten families attend the Unit five days per week from nine a.m. to three p.m. They stay for a period of at least three months and not longer than fifteen months. Normally some twenty to thirty patients, adults and children, attend every day. This paper gives the reasons for setting up this Family Day Unit. The aims and structure of the Unit are described, the treatment method outlined and some preliminary results are discussed.
Antagonism of detomidine sedation in the horse using intravenous tolazoline or atipamezole

Summary Reasons for performing study: The ability to shorten the duration of sedation would potentially improve safety and utility of detomidine. Objectives: To determine the effects of tolazoline and atipamezole after detomidine sedation. Hypothesis: Administration of tolazoline or atipamezole would not affect detomidine sedation. Methods: In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, descriptive study, detomidine (0.02 mg/kg bwt i.v.) was administered to 6 mature horses on 4 separate occasions. Twenty-five mins later, each horse received one of 4 treatments: Group 1 saline (0.9% i.v.) as a placebo control; Group 2 atipamezole (0.05 mg/kg bwt i.v.); Group 3 atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg bwt i.v.); and Group 4 tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg bwt i.v.). Sedation, muscle relaxation and ataxia were scored by 3 independent observers at 9 time points. Horses were led through an obstacle course at 7 time points. Course completion time was recorded and the ability of the horse to traverse the course was scored by 3 independent observers. Horses were videotaped before, during and after each trip through the obstacle course. Results: Atipamezole and tolazoline administration incompletely antagonised the effects of detomidine, but the time course to recovery was shortened. Conclusions and potential relevance: Single bolus administration of atipamezole or tolazoline produced partial reversal of detomidine sedation and may be useful for minimising detomidine sedation.
WikiBABEL: A Wiki-style Platform for Creation of Parallel Data

In this demo, we present a wiki-style platform -- WikiBABEL -- that enables easy collaborative creation of multilingual content in many non-English Wikipedias, by leveraging the relatively larger and more stable content in the English Wikipedia. The platform provides an intuitive user interface that maintains the user focus on the multilingual Wikipedia content creation, by engaging search tools for easy discoverability of related English source material, and a set of linguistic and collaborative tools to make the content translation simple. We present two different usage scenarios and discuss our experience in testing them with real users. Such integrated content creation platform in Wikipedia may yield as a by-product, parallel corpora that are critical for research in statistical machine translation systems in many languages of the world.
On methods for ordering sparse matrices in circuit simulation

Recently proposed methods for ordering sparse symmetric matrices are discussed and their performance is compared with that of the Minimum Degree and the Minimum Local Fill algorithms. It is shown that these methods applied to symmetrized modified nodal analysis matrices yield orderings significantly better than those obtained from the Minimum Degree and Minimum Local Fill algorithms, in some cases at virtually no extra computational cost.
Salmon subsidies alleviate nutrient limitation of benthic biofilms in southeast Alaska streams

Using nutrient-diffusing substrata (NDS) in seven streams in southeast Alaska, USA, we tested whether (i) nutrient limitation of autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilms was alleviated by salmon resource subsidies, and (ii) whether the degree of alleviation could be predicted by environmental variables. Before salmon spawners arrived, autotrophic biofilms were nitrogen (N)-limited, or co-limited by N and phosphorus (P), whereas heterotrophic biofilms were either P-limited, or co-limited by N and P. Combined N and P amendments resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in biofilm chlorophyll a, and a 3.2-fold increase in community respiration. After salmon arrived, autotroph nutrient limitation was alleviated in six of the seven streams. Heterotrophs still exhibited nutrient limitation in six streams, but most streams shifted from co-limitation to P-limitation. Nutrient-diffusing substrata amended with salmon tissue indicated that salmon could also be an important source of organic carbon for biofilms. Autotrophs respo...
Is 3 the new 1: perspectives on virology, natural history and treatment for hepatitis C genotype 3.

Summary Affecting 2–3% of the world's population, hepatitis C is a common viral infection which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis C genotype 1 is the dominant viral genotype among Western patients. For the last 20 years, in the era of interferon-based therapy, it was far more difficult to treat relative to genotypes 2 and 3. Accordingly, a significant focus of research was on new antiviral agents for the dominant genotype 1 patient. Now, as promising specific treatments are being introduced for genotype 1, the attention of clinicians and researchers has turned back to the 50–70 million patients infected with a nongenotype 1 hepatitis C. Furthermore, after recent, larger randomized trials, we have realized that genotype 2 is truly interferon sensitive while genotype 3 patients are far less successful with therapy. In this fundamentally altered landscape, genotype 3 is now potentially the most difficult to treat genotype and an area of intense research for new drug development. Herein we review the virology, natural history and the treatment of genotype 3 hepatitis C.
Hybrid Euler/Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Calculation of Unsteady Slit Flow

Anadaptivecomputationaltechniquethatcouplesanadaptivediscretevelocitymethodwiththedirectsimulation Monte Carlo method has been used to analyze the unsteady evolution of a jet issuing from a slit subject to a pressure differential. This work is motivated by the need to study thruster plume impingement on spacecraft. The method adaptively decomposes the domain according to the degree of local translational nonequilibrium that is quantie ed by appropriate breakdown parameters. Disconnected patches that employ the direct simulation Monte Carlo solution deform adaptively to track nonequilibrium regions of the e ow. The approach allows one to resolve complicated transient e ow structures through the concentration of a large number of simulated particles in non-equilibrium regions. Simulations of the jet show that a weak shock wave initially propagates into the e ow followed by the high-density jet core. The e ow accelerates through an expansion region bounded by two shear layers that form a characteristic barrel structure. The behavior of the e ow is investigated as the jet strikes a target plate.
Nonuniform phase-shift-key modulation for multimedia multicast transmission in mobile wireless networks

It is a common requirement in a mobile wireless communication network that a radio must be capable of simultaneously transmitting a message to two or more neighbors in the network. Some of the intended recipients may be more capable than others in the sense that their communication links from the transmitter have less interference, fading, or attenuation. Because it is desirable that a multicast or broadcast transmission be received successfully by all radios for which it is intended, the usual approach is to limit the transmission rate to that which can be demodulated by the least capable among these radios. Nonuniform nonbinary phase-shift-key (PSK) signal constellations can be designed to increase the throughput of multicast transmissions by delivering additional information to more-capable receivers along with the multicast message. This additional throughput can be employed to transmit multimedia messages (e.g., voice and data) to the more-capable receivers. In this paper, we determine the error probabilities for coherent demodulation of nonuniform PSK signals and noncoherent demodulation of nonuniform differential PSK signals. Because the PSK constellations have a constant envelope, they are better for use in mobile wireless communication networks than the constellations based on quadrature-amplitude modulation that have been proposed in previous publications.
On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox

THE paradox of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen [1] was advanced as an argument that quantum mechanics could not be a complete theory but should be supplemented by additional variables. These additional variables were to restore to the theory causality and locality [2]. In this note that idea will be formulated mathematically and shown to be incompatible with the statistical predictions of quantum mechanics. It is the requirement of locality, or more precisely that the result of a measurement on one system be unaffected by operations on a distant system with which it has interacted in the past, that creates the essential difficulty. There have been attempts [3] to show that even without such a separability or locality requirement no "hidden variable" interpretation of quantum mechanics is possible. These attempts have been examined elsewhere [4] and found wanting. Moreover, a hidden variable interpretation of elementary quantum theory [5] has been explicitly constructed. That particular interpretation has indeed a grossly nonlocal structure. This is characteristic, according to the result to be proved here, of any such theory which reproduces exactly the quantum mechanical predictions.
Comparing IV and Non-IV Cocaine Users: Characteristics of a Sample of Cocaine Users Seeking to Participate in Research

The authors examined differences between current intravenous (i.v.), past i.v., and no i.v. cocaine use among a sample of cocaine users on measures of drug use, medical history, psychiatric history, and criminal history. Past i.v. cocaine users were older than non-i.v. cocaine users. The current i.v. cocaine-using group included more white participants, and the non-i.v. group included more African Americans. Those with past or current i.v. use had more extensive drug use histories than non-i.v. users. Also, more current and past i.v. cocaine-using groups reported having been tested for HIV and reported testing positive for hepatitis. Former i.v. cocaine users reported more emergency room visits for complications stemming from cocaine use. They also reported more treatment for substance abuse and were convicted of more crimes. These results suggest that the route of administration is important in studying the characteristics of drug users.
Isolated program execution: an application transparent approach for executing untrusted programs

We present a new approach for safe execution of untrusted programs by isolating their effects from the rest of the system. Isolation is achieved by intercepting file operations made by untrusted processes, and redirecting any change operations to a "modification cache" that is invisible to other processes in the system. File read operations performed by the untrusted process are also correspondingly modified, so that the process has a consistent view of system state that incorporates the contents of the file system as well as the modification cache. On termination of the untrusted process, its user is presented with a concise summary of the files modified by the process. Additionally, the user can inspect these files using various software utilities (e.g., helper applications to view multimedia files) to determine if the modifications are acceptable. The user then has the option to commit these modifications, or simply discard them. Essentially, our approach provides "play" and "rewind" buttons for running untrusted software. Key benefits of our approach are that it requires no changes to the untrusted programs (to be isolated) or the underlying operating system; it cannot be subverted by malicious programs; and it achieves these benefits with acceptable runtime overheads. We describe a prototype implementation of this system for Linux called Alcatraz and discuss its performance and effectiveness.
Ethanol, Stroke, Brain Damage, and Excitotoxicity

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-glutamate receptor could contribute to stroke, trauma, and alcohol-induced brain damage through activation of nitric oxide formation and excitotoxicity. In rat primary cortical cultures NMDA was more potent at activating nitric oxide formation than triggering excitotoxicity. Ethanol dose dependently inhibited both responses. In contrast, treatment of neuronal cultures with ethanol (100 mM) for 4 days significantly increased NMDA stimulated nitric oxide formation and excitotoxicity. These findings suggest that ethanol acutely inhibits but chronically causes supersensitivity to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in neuronal cultures. To investigate ethanol's interaction with stroke induced damage models of global cerebral ischemia were studied. Transient global ischemia resulted in a loss of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons over a 3- to 5-day period. Determinations of the NMDA receptor ligand binding stoichiometry or postischemic receptor binding changes did not show differences between neurons that undergo delayed neuronal death following ischemia and those that show no toxicity, for example, CA1 and dentate gyrus, respectively. Acute ethanol (3 g/kg) was found to protect against ischemia-induced CA1 hippocampal damage by lowering body temperature, but not under temperature controled conditions. These studies indicate that the factors contributing to stroke-induced brain damage are complex, although they are consistent with chronic ethanol increasing stroke-induced brain damage by increasing NMDA excitotoxicity.
Dntf-2r, a young Drosophila retroposed gene with specific male expression under positive Darwinian selection.

A direct approach to investigating new gene origination is to examine recently evolved genes. We report a new gene in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup, Drosophila nuclear transport factor-2-related (Dntf-2r). Its sequence features and phylogenetic distribution indicate that Dntf-2r is a retroposed functional gene and originated in the common ancestor of D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. mauritiana, within the past 3–12 million years (MY). Dntf-2r evolved more rapidly than the parental gene, under positive Darwinian selection as revealed by the McDonald-Kreitman test and other evolutionary analyses. Comparative expression analysis shows that Dntf-2r is male specific whereas the parental gene, Dntf-2, is widely expressed in D. melanogaster. In agreement with its new expression pattern, the Dntf-2r putative promoter sequence is similar to the late testis promoter of 2-tubulin. We discuss the possibility that the action of positive selection in Dntf-2r is related to its putative male-specific functions.
A NOVEL TAXOL-INDUCED VIMENTIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND STABILIZATION REVEALED BY STUDIES ON STABLE MICROTUBULES AND VIMENTIN INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

To understand how protein phosphorylation modulates cytoskeletal organization, we used immunofluorescence microscopy to examine the effects of okadaic acid, a serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor, and taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, on stable (acetylated and detyrosinated) microtubules, vimentin intermediate filaments and other cytoskeletal elements in CV-1 cells. Okadaic acid caused major changes in both stable microtubules and vimentin intermediate filaments, but through independent mechanisms. At 300 nM, okadaic acid caused apparent fragmentation and loss of stable microtubules which was not prevented by prior exposure to K252a. In contrast, major reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments elicited at 750 nM okadaic acid was prevented by prior exposure to K252a. Taxol pretreatment blocked the effects of okadaic acid on stable microtubules and vimentin intermediate filaments. Recent reports have revealed that taxol can activate cellular signal transduction pathways in addition to its known ability to promote microtubule stabilization, so the possibility that taxol-induced resistance of vimentin intermediate filaments to okadaic acid was through a microtubule-independent mechanism involving direct phosphorylation of intermediate filament proteins was explored. Vimentin immunoprecipitation from cytoskeletal extracts from 32P-labeled cells revealed that taxol (4 microM, 1 or 2 hours) caused about a 2-fold increase in vimentin phosphorylation. This phosphorylation was recovered exclusively in cytoskeletal vimentin, in contrast to the increased phosphorylation of soluble and cytoskeletal vimentin caused by exposure to 750 nM okadaic acid. Phosphorylation of soluble and cytoskeletal vimentin from cells exposed to taxol (4 microM, 1 hour) then okadaic acid (750 nM, 1 hour) was comparable to taxol-treatment alone. These findings demonstrate a novel new activity of taxol, induction of vimentin phosphorylation, that may impact on vimentin organization and stability.
The Repurchase Agreement Refined: GCF Repo

One of the largest and most important of the money markets is the market for repurchase agreements. In a repurchase agreement, a borrower of money effectively agrees to provide securities as collateral to the lender to mitigate credit risk. GCF Repo is a recent innovation in this market that reduces transaction costs, enhances liquidity, and facilitates the efficient use of collateral.
Teaching Information Literacy Threshold Concepts: Lesson Plans for Librarians

Bravender, Patricia, McClure, Hazel & Schaub, Gayle (editors). Chicago, IL: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2015. 251pp. ISBN: 978-083898771-1. $48.00Instruction librarians are embra...
Subthalamic Nucleus Cell-Specific Expression of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Uncovers Novel Basal Ganglia Microcircuits.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a part of the basal ganglia (BG) and thus has a role in modulating voluntary motor function. Dysfunction of STN neuronal activity is thought to underlie a variety of movement disorders. For example, in Parkinson's disease (PD), abnormalities in STN activity correlate
Installation service: Supporting deployment of scientific software as a service

Many computing intensive applications, such as scientific applications, are deployed in cloud environments, which do not require large upfront investments and can be set up and customized to meet users' needs. The configuration management of computing intensive applications is far from trivial as they might require a diversity of software packages, operating systems, and configuration schemata. Often, different versions of a same package are required, generating installation conflicts. This work proposes a software tool to automate software installation and configuration composed by a user-friendly interface, and a service-oriented architecture that encapsulates infrastructure automation tools. The tool (i) facilitates setup of cloud environments by abstracting specific details of infrastructure automation platforms, and (ii) supports cloud environment customization. Results of an evaluation from the perspective of end-user developers with little or no experience in setting cloud environments provided evidence that our software tool is, indeed, useful.
Alcohol-related Facebook activity predicts alcohol use patterns in college students

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if a brief 10-item alcohol-related Facebook® activity (ARFA) questionnaire would predict alcohol use patterns in college students (n = 146). During a single laboratory session, participants first privately logged on to their Facebook® profiles while they completed the ARFA measure, which queries past 30-day postings related to alcohol use and intoxication. Participants were then asked to complete five additional questionnaires: three measures of alcohol use (the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT], the Timeline Follow-Back [TLFB], and the Personal Drinking Habits Questionnaire [PDHQ]), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS). Regression analyses revealed that total ARFA scores were significant predictors of recent drinking behaviors, as assessed by the AUDIT, TLFB, and PDHQ measures. Moreover, impulsivity (BIS-11) and social desirability (MC-SDS) did not predict recent drinking beha...
Governance and Accountability of Hybrid Organizations

We examine the challenges of governance and accountability facing organizations that pursue a social mission through the use of market mechanisms. We call such organizations socioeconomic hybrids b...
Rat Prl and TSH secretion are regulated differently by K(+)-channel blockers

All four different K(+)-channel blockers [tetraethylammonium (TEA), a nonselective K(+)-channel blocker; tolbutamide, an ATP-sensitive K(+)-channel blocker; quinine and 4-aminopyridine, both primarily voltage-dependent K(+)-channel blockers] stimulated prolactin (Prl) secretion by acutely dispersed anterior pituitary cells but had no effect on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. TEA stimulated Prl secretion in a dose-dependent manner between 1 microM and 20 mM, but even as high as 20 mM, TEA did not induce TSH secretion. Valinomycin (2 microM), a K+ ionophore, inhibited both basal and TEA-induced Prl secretion. TEA-stimulated Prl secretion was abolished by using a Ca(2+)-depleted medium or adding 10 microM dopamine. TEA did not reverse the inhibitory effect of dopamine on thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced Prl secretion. Our data indicate that K+ channels may play a role in the secretion of adenohypophysial hormones that is idiosyncratic for each hormone. Differences in the role of K+ channels may reflect differences between the various pituitary cell types in plasma membrane ion channel composition, membrane potential, or the mechanism of exocytosis.
Concentration-Variable Interactions Between Calanoid Copepods and Particles of Different Food Quality: Observations and Hypotheses

The two major issues of research in feeding behavior of calanoid copepods and, indeed, in all research on zooplankton feeding have been concentration- variable selection and food quality (Vanderploeg in press). The concentration- variable selectivity hypotheses in its earliest form stated that copepods would track peaks in natural particle-size spectra, that is, focus their efforts on the most abundant food (Vanderploeg 1981a; Vanderploeg et al. 1984). The counter hypothesis is that selectivity, when expressed as W’ or other appropriate measures, remains invariant no matter what the relative proportions or total concentration of the various food types (Vanderploeg and Scavia 1979a,b; Vanderploeg 1981a; Vanderploeg et al. 1984).
Neurocognitive Effects of Pesticides in Children

Pesticides have been used for many years to treat pests in agricultural fields; however, the toxicity of some chemicals has caused diverse neurocognitive effects in children even at very low doses. Scientists have noted a possible increased risk for attention disorders in children who were exposed to organophosphate pesticides while in the womb. Recently, there have been a number of studies investigating the impact of low-dose organophosphate exposure on children's neurodevelopment. Exposure to high levels of organophosphate pesticides can potentially increase the odds for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Numerous studies have demonstrated that in children the level of enzymes needed to metabolize pesticides are considerably lower than those in adults. In addition, recent studies suggest that some children may harbor genetic variations that increase their susceptibility to pesticide-related neurocognitive dysfunction. Despite the growing evidence regarding the impact of pesticides on neurocognitive development in children, there is a lack of research and clinical efforts regarding the development of diagnostic outcomes related to pesticide use, especially those that can be used in schools to identify pesticide-related decreases in a child’s academic and cognitive performance. No specific educational programs exist that address pesticide-related cognitive impairments as it relates to a student’s academic progress.
Arizona v. Gant: The Good, the Bad, and The Meaning of Reasonable Belief

Reasonable belief. Use of this phrase by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. Gant transformed what could have been a clear and logical holding into a source of potential uncertainty. This uncertainty has forced lower courts to struggle in determining the reasonableness of police automobile searches subsequent to the arrest of a vehicle occupant, a manifestation of how Gant blurred what was among the brightest lines in Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Furthermore, while on the surface Gant’s constriction of authority to search an automobile incident to lawful arrest may seem to enhance the protection of privacy, this a tenuous conclusion. Instead, by endorsing a wholly new automobile search authority triggered by reasonable belief that crime related to the offense of arrest may be found the car, police search authority will in many cases actually be expanded. This article highlights why ‘reasonable belief’ that evidence related to the arrest may be in the automobile operates as a procedural tether linking the probable cause for the arrest to the search for that evidence. In support of this interpretation, the article explains why treating reasonable belief as a synonym for reasonable suspicion is palpably hostile to the most fundamental principle of search law: pure evidentiary searches may only be reasonable when based on probable cause. Accordingly, reasonable belief within the meaning of Gant is a wholly new source of search authority, distinct both from the traditional authority granted by a search incident to a lawful arrest (SITLA) and the authority granted by probable cause. Finally, the article explains why viewing the Court’s decision in Gant as a procedural tether -- albeit one with necessary substantive overtones -- is neither the hindrance to police procedure nor the detriment to the public good that it might appear to be at first glance.
Applications of GFIS in Semiconductors

Electron beam and ion beam based techniques such as SEM , TEM, and FIB are used extensively by the semiconductor industry to provide analytical, metrology, and debug capabilities for process development, manufacturing yield monitoring, and new product ramp. The unique imaging and nanomachining attributes of the helium and neon Gas Field Ionization Source (GFIS) technology may extend beyond what electron and gallium beams can achieve alone. In this chapter, emerging semiconductor applications for helium and neon GFIS are reviewed and the key imaging and nanomachining limitations and attributes of both are discussed.
Targeting the PI3K/AKT/Survivin Pathway with Ritonavir In Therapy-Resistant Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Abstract 2855 Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B cell lymphoma accounting for about 6% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in the US. While multiple therapy regimens are available to treat MCL, patients ultimately relapse within 3–4 years from therapy-resistant MCL, making MCL carry the worst prognosis of all non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphomas. To improve therapies for patients with MCL, we must understand the biological causes for relapse and therapy-resistance in MCL and develop mechanisms to target the unique properties in relapsing MCL. Recently, we have isolated and produced therapy-resistant MCL cell lines by inoculating NOD-SCID mice with a human MCL cell line, Granta-519 (GP), and subsequently treating with CHOP chemotherapy regimen plus bortezomib. When mice relapsed following therapy, tumor cells were isolated from the kidneys and livers, and cultured to produce stable cell lines, named GRK and GRL, respectively. GRK and GRL cells exhibited increased proliferative and therapy-resistant properties in vitro , and GRL showed increased aggressiveness in vivo also , as compared with GP. Using quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to assess the activation of pathways relating to lymphoma progression, the PI3K/Akt/survivin pathway was found to be differentially activated in GRL and GRK compared to GP, including a 6.5 fold increase in survivin in GRL. Therefore, we inhibited survivin in GRL using the FDA-approved protease inhibitor ritonavir (Abbott Laboratories), as recent studies suggest this compound is able to downregulate survivin in lymphoblastoid B cells (Dewan, et al. Int J Cancer 2009; 124[3]: 622–629). When GRL cells were incubated with ritonavir plus vincristine or doxorubicin, MTT assays showed significant inhibition of cell proliferation/survival (p < 0.05) compared to the effects of ritonavir alone. Also, flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V demonstrated dose-dependent induction of apoptosis upon ritonavir treatment in GRL. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated a decrease in mRNA expression of the pro-survival genes cyclin D2 , Rel A , survivin , and BCL2 in GP and GRL cells after ritonavir treatment. Together, these studies demonstrate the potentials of utilizing ritonavir in a combined treatment regimen designed to target therapy-resistant MCL. As ritonavir is already an FDA-approved drug, these studies hold promise for expediting future in vivo and clinical studies that may eliminate therapy-resistant cells responsible for relapse in MCL patients.(This research was supported by the Lymphoma Research Foundation, New York, NY). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Family-Centered Implementation of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems in Early Intervention

Children who experience delays in spoken language could benefit from the use of an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system. With changing attitudes toward AAC use and increased acce...
Modified Long Toe Extensor Tendon Harvest for Use as Intercalary Graft in Upper Extremity Reconstruction

Autograft tendon harvested from the long toe extensors are of great utility as intercalary grafts in upper extremity reconstruction. However, standard full-length harvest is complicated by the presence of extensor retinacula and multiple juncturae between adjacent extensors, which often necessitate extensive dissection, increasing the potential for morbidity. We describe a modified technique for partial harvest of the long toe extensors, which is performed entirely proximal to the superior extensor retinaculum. This technique requires a single incision and provides adequate length of graft for the majority of forearm to fingertip reconstructions. The technique is described in the context of our preliminary cadaver findings, with a case example provided to further illustrate the utility of this technique.
β-Selective Reductive Coupling of Alkenylpyridines with Aldehydes and Imines via Synergistic Lewis Acid/Photoredox Catalysis

Umpolung (polarity reversal) strategies of aldehydes and imines have dramatically expanded the scope of carbonyl and iminyl chemistry by facilitating reactions with non-nucleophilic reagents. Herein, we report the first visible light photoredox-catalyzed β-selective reductive coupling of alkenylpyridines with carbonyl or iminyl derivatives with the aid of a Lewis acid co-catalyst. Our process tolerates complex molecular scaffolds (e.g., sugar, natural product, and peptide derivatives) and is applicable to the preparation of compounds containing a broad range of heterocyclic moieties. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the key step involves single-electron-transfer reduction of aldehydes or imines followed by the addition of resulting ketyl or α-aminoalkyl radicals to Lewis acid-activated alkenylpyridines.
Essay Composition across Media: A Quantitative Comparison of 8th Grade Student Essays Composed with Paper vs. Chromebooks

Abstract Many current standardized testing and teaching practices approach media for composition with the assumption that media do not influence the writing process in significant ways. This study seeks to determine whether emergent media used for student writing influence essay composition (in terms of quantifiable text indicators) and compares a set of eighth-grade student essays composed via Chromebooks ( n = 139) to those written by hand ( n = 319). Essays were collected from students across three (3) schools, and descriptive results corroborate previous findings that Chromebook essays were generally longer than handwritten essays. ANOVA hypothesis testing on Flesch-Kincaid reading ease and grade level scores yielded new knowledge with regard to writing complexity as they indicated that Chromebook essays exhibited a significantly higher grade-level of writing and greater reading difficulty. This suggests greater complexity in word usage and sentence composition among Chromebook essays when compared to handwritten essays and also suggests that the medium itself may have an effect upon the complexity of student writing.