cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Selective Electrochemical Conversion of Preactivated CO2 to Methane

This work reports the selective electrochemical conversion of CO_2 to methane, the reverse reaction of fossil fuel combustion. This reaction is facilitated by preactivation of the CO_2 molecule with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to form a zwitterionic species in the first step. In the presence of Ni(cyclam)^(2+) and CF_3CH_2OH, this species is shown to undergo further electrochemical reduction of the bound-CO_2 fragment at glassy carbon cathodes in dichloromethane electrolyte solution. Labeling studies confirm the origin of the carbon and protons in the methane product are the preactivated CO_2 and trifluoroethanol respectively.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VERBAL INSTRUCTION ON TEACHING BEHAVIOR-MODIFICATION SKILLS TO NONPROFESSIONALS1

The effectiveness of a mastery criterion, lecture-based training program for teaching behavior modification to sheltered workshop personnel was evaluated. Staff performance was assessed in terms of: (1) verbal proficiency, as determined from a pre- and posttraining written exam, and (2) application proficiency, as measured by the frequency and appropriateness of staff responses to client behaviors. A direct count was made of the number of positive, negative, and neutral statements following client appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, and the number and type of client behaviors ignored. Thus, it was possible to determine the extent of generalization from classroom to applied settings, as well as the appropriateness of lectures for training specific performance skills. Lecture units introduced stimulus control procedures, shaping-chaining, and contingency management. Characteristic features of the training program were frequent testing, study objectives, immediate remediation, and contingent reinforcement. Verbal instruction was shown to be effective in improving subjects' verbal skills concerning behavior-modification principles, while only partially effective in improving application skills. There was an increase in the total number of staff-client interactions observed for all subjects, but only two of the response classes emphasized in the training program (reinforcing desirable client behavior and ignoring undesirable behavior) showed considerable improvement over pretraining levels. Despite this partial improvement, verbal instruction alone was shown to be insufficient for teaching the full range of behavior-modification skills required to function effectively in applied settings.
Intersubjectivity as a practical matter and a problematic achievement

My goal in this introductory essay is to present some thoughts on the topic of intersubjectivity as background and framework for the papers brought together in this volume. In the phenomenological spirit of first person accounts, I begin by describing how this special issue of Human Studies came about. As Program Chair for the 1992 meetings of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences (Boston, MA), I categorized papers for inclusion in the program. In so doing I identified a theme that a number of authors addressed in insightful and quite different ways: applications ofphenomenology to practical matters in everyday life. I contacted the authors, some of whom had already found other homes for their conference papers. They were, nonetheless, enthusiastic about contributing other papers on the topic I had formulated. In reviewing the papers I received, however, I found that although they could be forced into the framework of "applications of phenomenology to everyday life," they more "naturally" fell into a different, though related and logically prior, framework, namely, intersubjectivity as a practical matter and a problematic achievement. How in practice do participants manager intersubjectivity or do they manage it? in everyday life situations, particularly where participants define situations in quite different ways? Although the five papers in this volume have important implications for applying phenomenology to everyday life, their especial contribution is in providing the kind of intersubjective understandings that can ground such applications. Given my own long-standing interest in intersubjectivity and in the differing perspectives of participants in interaction, it is perhaps not surprisingly
The Two Facets of Collaboration: Cooperation and Coordination in Strategic Alliances

This paper unpacks two underspecified facets of collaboration: cooperation and coordination. Prior research has emphasized cooperation, specifically partners' commitment and alignment of interests,...
Collaborative image transmission over wireless sensor networks

The imaging sensors are able to provide intuitive visual information for quick recognition and decision. However, imaging sensors usually generate vast amount of data. Thus, processing of image data collected in the sensor network for the purpose of energy efficient transmission poses a significant technical challenge. In particular, when a cluster of imaging sensors is activated to track certain moving target, multiple sensors may be collecting similar visual information simultaneously. With correlated image data, we need to intelligently reduce the redundancy among the neighboring sensors so as to minimize the energy for transmission, the primary source of sensor energy consumption. We propose in this paper a novel collaborative image transmission scheme for wireless sensor networks. First, we apply a shape matching method to coarsely register images to find out maximal overlap in order to exploiting the spatial correlation between images acquired from neighboring sensors. A transformation is generated according to the matching results. We encode the original image and the difference between the transformed image and reference image. Then, we transmit the coded bit stream together with the transformation parameters. This will significantly reduce the transmission energy comparing with transmitting two individual images independently. To exploiting the temporal correlation among images in the same sensor, we assume that the imaging sensors and the background scenes remain stationary over the data acquisition period. For a given image sequence, we transmit background image only once. A simple background subtraction method is employed to detect targets. Whenever targets are detected, only the regions of target and their spatial locations are transmitted to the monitoring center. At the monitoring center, the whole image can be reconstructed by fusing the background and the target image as well as its spatial location to further reduce energy consumption. Experimental results show that the transmission energy can be greatly reduced.
Rolltruded Poly(Aryl Ether Ether Ketone) (PEEK) for Membrane Applications

Abstract An investigation of the transport and separation of several permanent gases (CO2, N2, CH4, and H2) and vapors (H2O and ethanol) in unprocessed and rolltruded poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (PEEK) thin films has been conducted to evaluate PEEK for membrane applications requiring thermally and chemically stable materials. Transport coefficients and separation factors have been determined at permeation temperatures ranging from 40 to ca. 180°C. The gas transport coefficients were found to increase by up to 30% depending on the processing conditions. Actual separation factors, determined for a CO2/N2 gas mixture (24.6 vol% CO2), were depressed slightly in comparison to the ideal values obtained from pure component data. In contrast, water and ethanol vapor permeabilities declined between 10 and 15% as a result of processing. For a 39.1 wt% vapor mixture of H2O in EtOH, ideal and actual separation factors, determined at 130°C, were in good agreement. In contrast, order of magnitude improvements in the ...
Technique for investigating binding of labelled thyroxine by human serum.

TECHNIQUES using two-dimensional electrophoresis for the investigation of the proteins of human serum have been reported in the past1,2. However, these techniques are rarely used because they do not offer advantages over other procedures3. The present communication contains a report of a new two-dimensional technique of paper electrophoresis which was used to achieve a better separation of the proteins of human serum. The same technique was afterwards used to investigate the binding of thyroxine labelled with iodine-131 (T4*) by human serum proteins.
Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatto)

Extrahepatic biliary atresia was observed in a 6-week-old female rhesus monkey. Jaundice and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia were detected at the age of 6 days and persisted throughout life. At 6 weeks of age, the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia was established at exploratory laparotomy, and bile duct remnants were biopsied. Histological examination of these specimens showed inflammatory and fibrosing lesions similar to those observed in humans with extrahepatic biliary atresia. Because of serologic evidence of Reovirus 3 infection in human patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia, serum of the affected monkey was tested for antibodies to this virus. Three sequential serum samples obtained during the course of illness showed persistently high Reovirus 3 titers which are consistent with but do not prove concurrent Reovirus 3 infection. This report represents the first documented case of spontaneous extrahepatic biliary atresia in a nonhuman primate and suggests that this species may be suitable for further investigation of the pathogenesis of this disease.
Consideration of future consequences and unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men.

Abstract This study of men who have sex with men (MSM) examined whether tendencies to consider the future consequences of one's actions were associated with sexual behaviors that place oneself at risk for HIV infection. A total of 339 HIV-negative MSM responded to the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC; Strathman et al, 1994) and to questions about their anal intercourse practices in the past year. In bivariate analyses, men with a stronger future orientation were less likely to engage in anal intercourse unprotected by a condom (p < .05). Multivariate analyses revealed that CFC accounted for significant variance in three of four measures of unprotected anal sex after statistically controlling for demographic covariates (education, income, ethnicity, age). CFC was a better predictor of sexual behavior and accounted for more unique variance than any of the demographic factors. Additional research is needed to confirm that CFC is an antecedent of behavior and to examine the feasibility and effi...
Cavity boundary effects within the onsager theory for dielectrics

Means by which the Onsager theory of dielectrics may be modified in a general way to include important structurally nonspecific electrical effects exercised at or near the cavity boundary are developed and discussed. In essence they rely upon extraction of limiting numerical solutions of the Laplace equation potentials for multiple shells approximating regions of smoothly varying permittivity surrounding the dipole-containing cavity. The results of several such modifications, which usefully retain the original reaction and cavity field forms, are applied to evaluate the dielectric constants of polar solvents acting as support media for mean-space-charge attenuation of intracavity electrical interactions, and in correlation of isolated molecule and condensed phase properties of formally nonassociated solvents. For the most part such predictions and correlations are found to be improved by a wide variety of physically reasonable continuity functions. Where they are not, more rational patterns of deviations consistent with possible modes of intramolecular charge transfer and weak intermolecular association in formally nonassociated liquids are detected. Some limited comparisons with particle- and structure-dependent theories, e.g., the mean spherical model and discrete lattice formulations, also suggest that the present permittivity modifications can effectively simulate important short-range nonspecific liquid ordering effects. Various factors relating to possible adaptionmore » of the limit procedures developed to other inhomogeneous dielectric medium calculations are also briefly outlined.« less
Review of the Status of Physical Activity Research for Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Objective To review the current status of physical activity research for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using the behavioral epidemiologic framework to categorize the research into 5 unique phases. Data Sources All articles were published from 2000 to 2012 and retrieved through the electronic databases EBSCOHOST, PubMed, and Google Scholar using keywords "exercise," "physical activity," "health promotion," and "traumatic brain injury." Study Selection Studies selected for review were peer reviewed and included physical activity research for individuals with TBI. Of the initial 79 articles retrieved, 63 met the criteria for this study. Data Extraction To determine the appropriate phase for each study, researchers determined the main themes of the study and then categorized them into 1 of the 5 phases. Reliability between coders was established at 94%. Data Synthesis Of 63 articles, 44% were categorized as phase 1 (establishing connections between behavior and health), 23% as phase 2 (developing methods for measuring behaviors), 22% as phase 3 (examining factors that influence behavior), 6% as phase 4 (evaluation of behavior change interventions), and 5% as phase 5 (dissemination of health promotion programs). Conclusions The emphasis on phase 1 shows that the field is still in the early stages of maturation, and future research should focus on expansion of research into the higher phases.
Lens subluxation in iris retraction syndrome without retinal detachment

One patient with uveitis presented iris retraction syndrome then developed to angle-closure glaucoma. Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed iris retraction with posterior synechiae and supraciliary effusion. The typical characteristic of iris retraction syndrome—retinal detachment—did not present in this case. Uveitis and supraciliary effusion could be the possible cause of posterior chamber hypotony. The lens subluxation found during the cataract operation alerted us that lens subluxation could be occult in this situation.
Reducing postpartum weight retention through a correspondence intervention.

OBJECTIVE Since post-pregnancy weight retention may contribute to the development of obesity, we sought to determine whether a behavioral weight loss intervention was effective in returning women to their pre-pregnancy weight. METHOD Ninety women who had given birth in the past 3-12 months and whose weight exceeded their pre-pregnancy weight by at least 6.8 kg were randomly assigned to either: a) a six-month behavioral weight loss intervention, delivered via correspondence or b) a no-treatment control group. Assessments of body weight, physical activity and eating patterns were conducted at pre-treatment and six months (post-treatment). RESULTS During the six month treatment, subjects in the correspondence condition lost significantly more weight than control subjects (7.8 kg vs 4.9 kg, P = 0.03) and lost a greater percentage of their excess postpartum weight (79% vs 44%, P = 0.01). Furthermore, a significantly greater percentage of correspondence subjects than controls returned to their pre-pregnancy weight (33% vs 11.5%, P < 0.05). Weight loss in the correspondence group was correlated with completion of self-monitoring records (r = 0.50, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS A behavioral weight loss intervention, delivered via correspondence, appears to be effective in reducing women's postpartum weight retention. Future studies should examine the acceptability and the long-term impact of a correspondence postpartum weight loss intervention.
Sufficient Conditions for Stability of Rotating Flows

This is a study of sufficient conditions for the stability of rotating flows and swirling flows of perfect conducting fluid with circular magnetic fields. Miles’ theorem [1] and Howard’s semicircle theorem [2] on the stability of stratified shear flows are extended to rotating flows with discontinuous swirl velocity. Some stronger sufficient conditions for stability are established. Some sufficient conditions for the stability and instability of the perfect conductive fluids subjected to a transverse circular magnetic field are also studied.
The Absent User : Physical Use of Academic Library Collections and Services Continues to Decline 1995-2006

Use of the physical collections and services of academic libraries continues to plummet, with some exceptions, while use of electronic networked resources skyrockets. This article frames the extent of this decline with a focus on circulation and reference among ARL University, Medical, and Law Libraries, the Ivy League, other associations, systems, and individual libraries.
Effects of an abasic site on triple helix formation characterized by affinity cleaving

The stability of triple helical complexes of pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing one abasic 1,2- dideoxy-D-ribose (o) residue was examined by affinity cleaving. Within a pyrimidine third strand, the triplets o·AT, o·GC, o·TA and o·CG are significantly less stable than the triplets, T- AT, C + GC and GTA. The decrease in binding produced by an abasic residue is similar to that observed with imperfectly matched natural base triplets, with o · AT and o · GC being less stable than o · TA and o · CG triplets for the sequences studied.
Stress and earthquakes in southern California, 1850–2004

[1] We compute the stress tensor in the upper crust of southern California as a function of time and compare observed seismicity with the estimated stress at the time of each earthquake. Several recent developments make it possible to do this much more realistically than before: (1) a wealth of new geodetic and geologic data for southern California and (2) a catalog of moment tensors for all earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 6 since 1850 and larger than 5 since 1910. We model crustal deformation using both updated geodetic data and geologically determined fault slip rates. We subdivide the crust into elastic blocks, delineated by faults which move freely at a constant rate below a locking depth with a rate determined by the relative block motion. We compute normal and shear stresses on nodal planes for each earthquake in the catalog. We consider stress increments from previous earthquakes (“seismic stress”) and aseismic tectonic stress, both separately and in combination. The locations and mechanisms of earthquakes are best correlated with the aseismic shear stress. Including the cumulative coseismic effects from past earthquakes does not significantly improve the correlation. Correlations between normal stress and earthquakes are always very sensitive to the start date of the catalog, whether we exclude earthquakes very close to others and whether we evaluate stress at the hypocenter or throughout the rupture surface of an earthquake. Although the correlation of tectonic stress with earthquake triggering is robust, other results are unstable apparently because the catalog has so few earthquakes.
Otoacoustic Emissions and Tympanometry Screening Among 0–5 Year Olds

Objectives To determine the rate of otitis media (OM)-associated transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) screening failure in a sample of preschool children, to evaluate concordance between TEOAE and tympanometry, to investigate risk factors for TEOAE failure, and to determine agreement between TEOAE failure and physician findings at referral. Study Design Cross-sectional. Methods Children from birth to 5 years underwent screening by TEOAE and tympanometry, and those with one or more abnormal test result(s) were referred to their physician for further evaluation. Univariate associations between risk factors and TEOAE failure were determined using chi-square analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to examine the relationship between specific risk factors and TEOAE failure. Results A total of 664 children aged 2 weeks to 71 months were screened between September 1997 and May 1999. TEOAE and tympanometry failure was found in 25% and 35% of all subjects, respectively. The overall prevalence of OM-associated hearing loss was 20%. Agreement between tympanometry and TEOAE was better for the youngest (<6 mo) and oldest ⩾36 mo) age groups. Of those who failed TEOAE, a physician saw 81% within 3 months, and 80% of these had a diagnosis consistent with hearing loss but only 18% had audiometric testing. Sibling history of OM was the only significant predictor for TEOAE failure. Conclusions TEOAE screening failure was highly consistent with physician diagnosis at follow-up. Failure of TEOAE in a screening program should be followed with diagnostic audiology testing to determine whether conductive or sensorineural hearing loss is present.
Time and Country Variation in Contentious Politics Multilevel Modeling of Dissent and Repression

Previous analyses of the relationship between dissent and repression have turned up mixed, and often conflicting, results. Although research on the effect of repression on dissent has been inconsistent, it becomes obvious that time and country variation does matter: the effects of dissent and repression do not occur in a social vacuum. Our analyses seek to determine what country-level contextual variables influence levels of nonviolent and violent dissent, as well as nonviolent and violent repression. We include a battery of variables describing domestic economic and political conditions, sociodemographics, and global linkages. We test specific hypotheses about these potential determinants of various forms of dissent and repression by using data on 530 event-weeks of the period 1994-2004 across 97 countries. We find that proximity to the center of the world polity network and capacity for state terror have an effect on both dissent and repression, and international, political, and economic factors have an...
Investigation of OPET performance using GATE, a Geant4-based Simulation software

A combined optical positron emission tomography (OPET) system is capable of both optical and PET imaging in the same setting, and it can provide information/interpretation not possible in single-mode imaging. The scintillator array here serves the dual function of coupling the optical signal from bioluminescence/fluorescence to the photodetector and also of channeling optical scintillations from the gamma rays. We report simulation results of the PET part of OPET using GATE, a Geant4 simulation package. The purpose of this investigation is the definition of the geometric parameters of the OPET tomograph. OPET is composed of six detector blocks arranged in a hexagonal ring-shaped pattern with an inner radius of 15.6 mm. Each detector consists of a two-dimensional array of 8 /spl times/ 8 scintillator crystals each measuring 2 /spl times/ 2 /spl times/ 10 mm/sup 3/. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the GATE software to measure absolute sensitivity, depth of interaction, and spatial resolution for two ring configurations, with and without gantry rotations, two crystal materials, and several crystal lengths. Images were reconstructed with filtered backprojection after angular interleaving and transverse one-dimensional interpolation of the sinogram. We report absolute sensitivities nearly seven times that of the prototype microPET at the center of field of view and 2.0 mm tangential and 2.3 mm radial resolutions with gantry rotations up to an 8.0 mm radial offset. These performance parameters indicate that the imaging spatial resolution and sensitivity of the OPET system will be suitable for high-resolution and high-sensitivity small-animal PET imaging.
Managing Biological Data using bdbms

We demonstrate bdbms, an extensible database engine for biological databases, bdbms started on the observation that database technology has not kept pace with the specific requirements of biological databases and that several needed key functionalities are not supported at the engine level. While bdbms aims at supporting several of these functionalities, this demo focuses on: (1) Annotation and provenance management including storage, indexing, querying, and propagation, (2) Local dependency tracking of dependencies and derivations among data items, and (3) Update authorization to support data curation. We demonstrate how bdbms enables biologists to manipulate their databases, annotations, and derivation information in a unified database system using the Purdue ionomics information management system (PiiMS) as a case study.
Management of Infections Due to Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are becoming more prevalent throughout the world; this has resulted in modifications of treatment approaches. Management of bacterial meningitis has the greatest consensus. Strategies for treating other systemic infections such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and musculoskeletal infections are evolving, in part related to the availability of new antibiotics which are active in vitro against isolates resistant to penicillin and the extended-spectrum cephalosporins. However, there are currently very limited data related to the clinical efficacy of these new agents. The studies upon which current recommendations are based are reviewed. Otitis media represents the single most common infection due to S. pneumoniae. Recommendations for treatment of acute otitis media due to drug-resistant strains and the rationale for these recommendations are discussed.
Pulsing to improve bubble column performance: II. Jetting gas rates

The bubble column reactor (BCR) used in Part I was subjected to forced oscillations at high gas rates under jetting conditions. Two piston types were used: a flexible rubber membrane as used in Part I and a modification thereof to cause a more rigid, stiff piston behavior. The mass transfer performance differences between the piston types were quite remarkable, the former yielding peaking with respect to increased frequency and the latter produced monotonic increases up to an asymptote as the frequency was increased. The Benjamin–Ursell stability theory was found useful in tracking regimes of maximum enhancement. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Variability of Cenococcum colonization and its ecophysiological significance for young conifers at alpine–treeline

* Plants establishing in environments that are marginal for growth could be particularly sensitive to mycorrhizal associations. We investigated ectomycorrhizal colonization and its significance for young conifers growing at, or above, their normal limits for growth, in the alpine-treeline ecotone. * Colonization of seedlings (<1 yr old) and juveniles (2- to 10-yr-old) of Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa by Cenococcum geophilum was determined in a field study, and effects of Cenococcum on Picea seedling ecophysiology were investigated in a glasshouse. * Colonization by Cenococcum was c. 20-fold greater for juveniles than seedlings, and approximately 4-fold greater adjacent compared with approximately 7 m away from trees. Juveniles of Picea were more colonized at timberline than Abies, and the opposite relationship was observed in forest. Colonization enhanced seedling water potential, but not phosphorus concentrations or photosynthesis. * These landscape and age-dependent variations in colonization correspond well with known variations in conifer physiology and establishment near timberline. Facilitation of seedling establishment by older trees at alpine-treeline may include a below-ground, mycorrhizal component that complements previously reported effects of trees on the microclimate and ecophysiology of seedlings.
Reducing average access time of a parallel memory in a database environment by data permutation

Optimum use of existing memory bandwidth is needed to reduce the access gap and hence to improve the performance of computer systems in handling I/O-bound applications. For this goal the authors introduce ideas based on data permutation of the tuples in a relational database, which allows parallel access to the database tuples by efficient utilization of the existing memory bandwidth. As a result, several keys can be accessed simultaneously and the validity of several tuples in parallel can be investigated. >
Linguistic characteristics of AAC discourse in the workplace

This study examines linguistic co-occurrence patterns in the discourse of individuals with communication impairments who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices in the workplac...
Comparing Incomparable Survey Responses: Evaluating and Selecting Anchoring Vignettes

When respondents use the ordinal response categories of standard survey questions in different ways, the validity of analyses based on the resulting data can be biased. Anchoring vignettes is a survey design technique, introduced by King, Murray, Salomon, and Tandon (2004), intended to correct for some of these problems. We develop new methods both for evaluating and choosing anchoring vignettes, and for analyzing the resulting data. With surveys on a diverse range of topics in a range of countries, we illustrate how our proposed methods can improve the ability of anchoring vignettes to extract information from survey data, as well as saving in survey administration costs.
Evaluation of the Positive Re-Entry in Corrections Program: A Positive Psychology Intervention With Prison Inmates

Two groups of male inmates (n = 31, n = 31) participated in the Positive Re-Entry in Corrections Program (PRCP). This positive psychology intervention focused on teaching offenders skills that facilitate re-entry into the community. Offenders participated in weekly lectures, discussions, and homework assignments focused on positive psychology principles. The two groups differed in duration of treatment (8 weeks and 12 weeks). Participants completed pre- and post-intervention measures of gratitude, hope, and life satisfaction. Using a 2 × 2 mixed design ANOVA, we hypothesized that the intervention (with two between-subjects levels of 8 and 12 weeks) and duration (with two repeated measures levels of pre and post) of treatment would moderate pre- to post-intervention change. Results indicated significant differences on pre- and post-intervention scores for both groups of offenders on all measures. The analysis did not yield statistically significant differences between groups, demonstrating no additive benefits from the inclusion of four additional sessions, thus saving time and money for correctional programming and funding. This research supports the use of positive psychology in prison interventions.
Generation of arbitrary frequency chirps with a fiber-based phase modulator and self-injection-locked diode laser

We present a technique for producing pulses of laser light whose frequency is arbitrarily chirped. The output from a diode laser is sent through a fiber-optical delay line containing a fiber-based electro-optical phase modulator. Upon emerging from the fiber, the phase-modulated pulse is used to injection-lock the laser, and the process is repeated. Large phase modulations are realized by multiple passes through the loop, while the high optical power is maintained by self-injection locking after each pass. Arbitrary chirps are produced by driving the modulator with an arbitrary waveform generator. We obtain improved performance, in both chirp rate and chirp range, relative to a diode laser that is injection-locked to a modulated source.
High-frequency ultrasound sensors using polymer microring resonators

Polymer microring resonators are demonstrated as high-frequency, ultrasound detectors. An optical microring resonator consists of a ring waveguide closely coupled to a straight bus waveguide, serving as light input and output. Acoustic waves irradiating the ring induce strain, deforming the waveguide dimensions and changing the refractive index of the waveguide via the elasto-optic effect. These effects modify the effective refractive index of the guided mode inside the waveguide. The sharp wavelength dependence of the microring resonance can enhance the optical response to acoustic strain. Such polymer microring resonators are experimentally demonstrated in detecting broadband ultrasound pulses from a 50 MHz transducer. Measured frequency response shows that these devices have potential in high-frequency, ultrasound detection. Design guidelines for polymer microring resonators forming an ultrasound detector array are discussed
Asymptotically chi-squared distributed tests of normality for type II censored samples

Abstract A method is proposed for testing normality, in the case of general Type II censored data—that is, data for which only a subset of the order statistics are available. Three test statistics are proposed, which are generalizations of the statistics proposed in LaRiccia (1986), and have many of the same properties. Specifically, they are designed to be asymptotically optimal with respect to specific alternatives and are easily adjusted to be asymptotically optimal with respect to many other types of alternatives. Under the null hypothesis, irrespective of the type or amount of censoring, the proposed test statistics are asymptotically distributed as chi-squared random variables. Further, results of a simulation study are presented, indicating that these statistics converge quite rapidly in distribution to the appropriate chi-squared random variables and that the asymptotic critical values provide a useful approximation to the small sample critical values even for n = 25. The results of a simulation s...
Differentiation of VEP intermodulation and second harmonic components by dichoptic, monocular, and binocular stimulation

Modulation by two temporal frequencies differentiates visual processing at the fundamentals (1Fs), second harmonics (2Fs), and second-order intermodulation components (IMCs), the latter created neurally as the sum or difference of the two modulation frequencies. Steady-state VEPs were recorded while stereo-normal adults viewed luminance or grating stimuli modulated by up to three temporal frequencies under dichoptic, monocular, or ordinary (binocular) viewing conditions arranged using liquid crystal light shutters. In Experiment 1, modulation of luminance by a single temporal frequency produced strong 1F and 2F VEP components, but modulation of gratings produced only 2Fs. Modulation by two temporal frequencies resulted in IMCs, often in the absence of evoked activity in the EEC at the 1Fs. IMCs were generally larger during pattern as compared to luminance modulation. Amplitudes of 1Fs and IMCs were smaller, but 2Fs were larger, during dichoptic as compared to ordinary viewing. Although the 2F to a single modulation presented to one eye was not reduced when a second frequency was added to the opposite eye, monocular IMCs were diminished when a frequency was added to the opposite eye. We conclude that 2Fs and IMCs are associated with different neural substrates. Results are consistent with a two pathway model with one pathway having a nonlinear filter prior to binocular combination, the other pathway having a nonlinearity following binocular linear summation. Implications of these data for binocular function are discussed.
Phylogeographic analyses of the southern leopard frog: the impact of geography and climate on the distribution of genetic lineages vs. subspecies

The southeastern United States is a major phylogeographic break hotspot for amphibians, but the processes underlying this hotspot remain to be explicitly tested. We test the correlation of genetic lineages with subspecies breaks in the southeastern United States and the association of such breaks with climate, using Rana sphenocephala as a case study, and place our results in the broader context of the Alabama-Appalachian suture zone (AL-Appalachian SZ). We use genetic and ecological methods to (i) determine whether genetic lineages are coincident with the AL-Appalachian SZ or the subspecies and (ii) test the correlation of major climatic breaks with genetic structure and morphological variation in R. sphenocephala. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the ND1 mtDNA gene and microsatellite cluster analyses revealed two distinct lineages with over 4% sequence divergence. The geographic distributions of the two lineages are concordant with the AL-Appalachian SZ but do not correspond to the ranges of the subspecies based on morphology. Mantel tests revealed that isolation by distance and historical barriers to gene flow, rather than climate, are the major drivers of genetic divergence at neutral loci. Examination of climate breaks across the Southeast revealed a pattern incongruent with suture zone hotspots, suggesting that phylogenetic structure has been driven primarily by historical factors, such as isolation, the Appalachian Mountains and the Apalachicola/Chattahoochee/Flint River Basin. However, climate breaks are consistent with the geographic distribution of the subspecies of R. sphenocephala, suggesting that environmental pressures may be driving divergence in morphological traits that outpaces molecular evolution.
A design study of radial inflow turbines with splitter blades in three-dimensional flow

An inverse design technique to design turbomachinery blading with splitter blades in three-dimensional flow is developed. It is based on the use of Clebsch transformation which allows the velocity field to be written as a potential part and a rotational part. It is shown that the rotational part can be expressed in terms of the mean swirl schedule (the circumferential average of the product of radius and tangential velocity) and the blade geometry that includes the main blade as well as the splitter blade. This results in an inverse design approach in which both the main and the splitter blade geometry are determined from a specification of the swirl schedule. Previous design study of a heavily-loaded radial inflow turbine, without splitter blades, for a rather wide variety of specified mean swirl schedules result in a blade shape with unacceptable non-radial blade filament; the resulting reduced static pressure distribution yields an “inviscid reverse flow region”1 covering almost the first half of the blade pressure surface. When the inverse design technique is applied to the design study of the turbine wheel with splitter blades, the results indicate that the use of splitter blades is an effective means for making the blade filament at an axial location more radial as well as a potential means for eliminating any “inviscid reverse flow” region that may exist on the pressure side of the blades.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
Quantifying replicative senescence as a tumor suppressor pathway and a target for cancer therapy

To study quantitatively replicative senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism, we investigate the distribution of a growing clonal cell population restricted by Hayflick's limit. We find that in the biologically relevant range of parameters, if the imbalance between cell division and death is moderate or low (high death-to-birth ratio), senescence offers significant protection against cancer by halting abnormal cell proliferation at early pre-diagnostic stages of tumor development. We also find that by the time tumors are typically detected, there is a high probability that telomerase is activated, even if the cell of origin was telomerase negative. Hence, the fact that most cancers are positive for telomerase is not necessarily an indication that cancer originated in a telomerase positive cell. Finally, we discuss how the population dynamics of cells can determine the outcomes of anti-telomerase cancer therapies, and provide guidelines on how the model could potentially be applied to develop clinically useful tools to predict the response to treatment by telomerase inhibitors in individual patients.
Analytical Devices Based on Transverse Transport in Microchannels

The manipulation of transport transverse to the flow direction has permitted development of microfluidic devices that allow continuous processing of samples. One of these is a rapid competition immunoassay that relies on apparent changes in the diffusivity of antigen due to binding of the antigen to relatively slowly diffusing antibody. It has also been possible to utilize isoelectric focusing to concentrate and separate different types of analytes into separate flowing streams.
Torture, Judicial Review, and the Regulation of Custodial Interrogations

Since September 11, the Bush administration has developed an unprecedented global-wide detention system, designed to operate outside any established legal framework or independent oversight. By evading existing constraints on custodial interrogations under domestic and international law, this detention system has undermined the United States' longstanding commitment to the prohibition against torture and other abuse. This article discusses the relationship between the abandonment or dilution of substantive standards and the role of judicial review in regulating custodial interrogations in counterterrorism operations. The article concludes that standards prohibiting abuse, without meaningful judicial oversight are insufficient to effectively regulate custodial interrogations of prisoners held outside established legal frameworks.
Experimental Signature of Light Induced Conical Intersections in Diatomics

We present evidence for the effect of light induced conical intersections in strong field photodissociation of \( {\text{H}}_{2}^{ + } \), manifested in modulations of angular distributions resulting from the topological singularity induced by the intense field.
Unemployment among black youths: a policy dilemma

tory in the United States, but they have seldom equipped workers for lifelong advancement in skills, earnings, and occupational mobility. Instead, most of these policies have focused on short term economic goals. Only in periods of low general economic activity marked by rising levels of unemploy ment has the federal government de veloped manpower measures directed toward helping people find work and improve their skills and earnings. For example, during the years of the Great Depression, which caused mass unem ployment, the administration of Presi dent Franklin D. Roosevelt undertook large-scale intervention in the labor market by creating jobs through the Public Works Administration, the Works Progress Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the National Youth Administration—all of which continued into the early years of World War II. And during the early 1960s, when unemployment reached the highest level since World War II, the administrations of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson developed new manpower policies to meet the special needs of workers who were displaced by automation. These policies called for the training or re training of workers for new occu pational opportunities. One of the mea sures, the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962, shifted its focus from adult workers to youths because unemployment among the young, espe cially among young members of racial minorities in urban areas, had emerged as a major social issue and because the levels of unemployment among adult workers had begun to decline in 1963. Few contemporary social problems appear as intractable as unemployment among blacks, especially among black youths between the ages of 16 and 24. Some groups of young people have been served through a variety of man power programs instituted under the Manpower Development and Training Act and the 1964 Economic Opportu nity Act and finally brought together under the Comprehensive Employ ment and Training Act (CETA) in 1974. (See Table 1.) Some CETA programs, for example, the Job Corps, have strict Unemployment among black youths: a policy dilemma
Abstract 2497: ET-743 interferes with EWS-FLI1 driven WRN expression in Ewing sarcoma cells and sensitizes to topoisomerase I inhibitors

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The hallmark of Ewing sarcoma is the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor believed to be responsible for oncogenesis and tumor progression. ET-743 (Trabectedin, Yondelis™) is a natural product recently identified as a particularly active agent for Ewing sarcoma cells in vitro. We have recently demonstrated that ET-743 interferes with the activity of the oncogenic transcription factor EWS-FLI1. In this report, we examine the link between EWS-FLI1 suppression and the DNA damage response. We hypothesize that blocking the EWS-FLI1 associated DNA damage response may confer additional sensitivity to specific cytotoxic agents. DNA repair pathways and EWS-FLI1 targets were evaluated by microarray expression, western blot analysis and siRNA interference. Microarray expression and western blot analysis revealed that ET-743 suppresses WRN and XRCC4 expression, critical proteins in the Non-Homologous End Joining Pathway (NHEJ) repair pathway. Further siRNA data showed that the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor drives the expression of WRN. These results suggest that WRN suppression by ET-743 is occurring through an EWS-FLI1 dependent mechanism. Since the NHEJ pathway is associated with resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents, several combination therapies were investigated in vitro. ESFT cells show heightened sensitivity to the combination of ET-743 and the topoisomerase I inhibitor, SN-38. This result was unique to topoisomerase I inhibitors and further restricted to ESFT cell lines. Consistent with these results, previous reports have established that WRN deficient cells are hypersensitive to topoisomerase I but not topoisomerase II inhibitors. Additionally, we found that irinotecan augments the ET-743 mediated transcriptional inhibition of EWS-FLI1. Taken together these mechanisms account for the heightened sensitivity of the combination of ET-743 and irinotecan observed both in vitro and in vivo in two different ESFT xenograft models. In summary, by employing a mechanism based approach, we have identified a novel combination therapy of ET-743 and irinotecan. By linking the EWS-FLI1 transcriptional program to the DNA damage response in ESFT cells, we expose an inherent weakness to topoisomerase I inhibitors thus creating a cell type specific sensitivity to the drug. This report provides a novel method of oncogenic transcription factor targeting that involves direct suppression of downstream targets and exploitation of the resulting changes in gene expression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2497. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2497
Study on RLS trade-off resist upgrade for production ready EUV lithography

Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) is the most promising technology as substitute for multiple patterning based on ArF immersion lithography. If enough productivity can be accomplished, EUV will take main role in the chip manufacturing. Since the introduction of NXE3300, many significant results have been achieved in source power and availability, but lots of improvements are still required in various aspects for the implementation of EUV lithography on high volume manufacturing. Among them, it is especially important to attain high sensitivity resist without degrading other resolution performance. In this paper, performances of various resists were evaluated with real device patterns on NXE3300 scanner and technical progress of up-to-date EUV resists will be shown by comparing with the performance of their predecessors. Finally the prospect of overcoming the triangular trade-off between sensitivity, resolution, line edge roughness (LER) and achieving high volume manufacturing will be discussed.