cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor and regulation of metabolism in infection: role of systemic versus tissue levels.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pleiotropic cytokine, is produced by macrophages and other cells in a variety of infectious and noninfectious diseases. Ultimately, the net biological effects of TNF may be either beneficial or injurious to the host. For instance, during overwhelming bacterial infection, the acute overproduction of TNF causes septic shock syndrome characterized by hypotension, organ failure, and death. Antibodies against TNF prevent and reverse these sequelae in animal models of septic shock, and their use in humans is currently under investigation in clinical trials. In another instance, TNF has been implicated as an injurious mediator in the state of malnutrition that complicates the course of chronic infection and cancer. Termed cachexia, this chronic syndrome inevitably causes the afflicted host to succumb from weight loss, anorexia, and catabolism of protein and lipid. Experimental studies of animals exposed to TNF for protracted periods indicate that this cytokine is capable of causing cachexia, and the biochemical basis for these catabolic changes has been identified. More recent data indicate that the detrimental metabolic effects of TNF are not dependent upon its circulating levels in the bloodstream, but rather are dependent upon its actions locally in vital organs (e.g., brain). Thus, the metabolic basis for cachexia in infection may be largely dependent upon the amount of cytokine produced in metabolically important tissues. As a result, circulating TNF levels in cachectic patients may not accurately reflect the metabolic state of the host, and do not correlate to weight loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Remediation System Design with Multiple Uncertain Parameters Using Fuzzy Sets and Genetic Algorithm

In this study, fuzzy sets are utilized to interpret uncertainty in aquifer parameters in the solution of groundwater optimization problems. For this purpose, an optimization model is developed for the design of groundwater remediation systems with multiple uncertain parameters and multiple candidate pumping wells. The uncertain parameters selected include hydraulic conductivity and longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients. A genetic algorithm embedded with fuzzy vertex algebra is used to solve the optimization model. This approach is an extension of an earlier method proposed by the writers that is more suitable for large scale applications with multiple uncertain parameters. The numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedures discussed in this study. The approach presented in this study provides guidance for the interpretation of uncertain parameters in groundwater optimization problems using fuzzy sets. The computational results show that the combined us...
Chemical Loadings to Southwestern Lake Superior from Red Clay Erosion and Resuspension

Inputs of chemical parameters were calculated from estimated erosion and resuspension data and by using experimental measurements of chemical releases from both bluff samples and Lake Superior sediments in suspensions with Lake Superior water. The ability of suspended clay particles to remove manganese and copper ions from Lake Superior water was investigated. The loadings of easily leachable dissolved solids, phosphorus, nitrogen, chloride, silica, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and heavy metals from shoreline erosion and resuspended sediment were small compared to Lake Superior tributary inputs. Suspended sediment particles have a large capacity to remove copper and manganese ions from Lake Superior water. Each kilogram of suspended sediment particles of clay size can remove 175 mg of copper and 11 mg of manganese in Lake Superior water spiked to contain 10 μg/L of each metal.
Large-Scale Downy Brome Treatments Alter Plant-Soil Relationships and Promote Perennial Grasses in Salt Desert Shrublands

Because invasive annual grasses can strongly influence soil resource availability and disturbance regimes to favor their own persistence, there is a great need to understand the interrelationships among invasive plant abundance, resource availability, and desirable species prominence. These interrelationships were studied in two salt desert sites where the local abundance of downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) varied spatially and increased more than 12-fold over a 3-yr period. We measured downy brome percentage cover, resource availability, and soil chemical and physical properties within 112 plots per site and found significant negative associations between downy brome abundance and both soil water content (P ,0.05; r¼� 0.27 to � 0.49) and nitrate accumulation (P ,0.05; r¼� 0.34 to � 0.45), which corroborated with the direction and strength of multivariate factor loadings assessed with principal component analysis. We then applied factorial combinations of prescribed burning and preemergence herbicide at management-relevant scales (i.e., 6 to 46 ha) as well as biomass removal to smaller plots (12.25 m 2 ) at both sites to determine their impact on downy brome, soil resources, and resident plant species. Burning and herbicide applications, especially when combined, significantly reduced downy brome cover (P¼0.069 to 0.015), which in turn increased soil nitrate accumulation and water content in the spring. Furthermore, for one shrubland site that was seeded 6 yr previously, the combination of burning and herbicide treatments significantly increased perennial grass percentage cover in the 2 yr posttreatment (P ,0.05). Results not only demonstrate the strong relationships between downy brome abundance, soil resources, and residence species for impoverished salt desert shrub ecosystems, but also suggest that restoration and management efforts must include tactics that facilitate resource use by the residual plant community or establish a greater abundance of species capable of high resource acquisition in the spring.
Accelerated aging in cast Al alloy-SiC particulate composites

Analyse de l'evolution de la microstructure de la matrice d'un alliage moule Al-35% Cu renforce par differentes quantites de particules de carbure de silicium SiC. Determination des variations de la microdurete en fonction des traitements de vieillissement et observation par microscopie electronique en transmission des densites de dislocations dans les matrices
Response of a confined gas to volumetric heating in the absence of gravity. I, Slow transients

A one‐dimensional model for bulk motion induced by a transient volumetric heat source in a confined gas at zero gravity is considered. Rational approximation methods are used to derive a quantitative theory for the gas response to a spatially distributed, time‐dependent internal power deposition. The resulting low Mach number compressible flow equations are solved by using perturbation methods. Solutions are given for a conduction‐free core and thin conductive boundary layers adjacent to the end walls. It is found that any spatially nonuniform power deposition will cause fluid motion. Net mass transport in the closed container will occur for certain spatially distributed heating. The model mimics the thermal effects of an exothermic gas phase reaction in vapor transport experiments conducted in space. The solutions demonstrate that thermally induced mass transport can be as large as diffusive mass transport in a typical experiment.
Oral Candidal Infection and Denture Stomatitis: A Comprehensive Review

Denture stomatitis rarely occurs without at least one predisposing factor that lowers patient resistance. A new disinfection technique for dentures and oral tissue may eliminate topical or anti-fungal drug use.
In Vitro Binding of Ribosomes to the β Subunit of the Sec61p Protein Translocation Complex

The Sec61p complex forms the core element of the protein translocation complex (translocon) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) membrane. Translating or nontranslating ribosomes bind with high affinity to ER membranes that have been stripped of ribosomes or to liposomes containing purified Sec61p. Here we present evidence that the β subunit of the complex (Sec61β) makes contact with nontranslating ribosomes. A fusion protein containing the Sec61β cytoplasmic domain (Sec61βc) prevents the binding of ribosomes to stripped ER-derived membranes and also binds to ribosomes directly with an affinity close to the affinity of ribosomes for stripped ER-derived membranes. The ribosome binding activity of Sec61βc, like that of native ER membranes, is sensitive to high salt concentrations and is not based on an unspecific charge-dependent interaction of the relatively basic Sec61βc domain with ribosomal RNA. Like stripped ER membranes, the Sec61βc sequence binds to large ribosomal subunits in preference over small subunits. Previous studies have shown that Sec61β is inessential for ribosome binding and protein translocation, but translocation is impaired by the absence of Sec61β, and it has been proposed that Sec61β assists in the insertion of nascent proteins into the translocation pore. Our results suggest a physical interaction of the ribosome itself with Sec61β; this may normally occur alongside interactions between the ribosome and other elements of Sec61p, or it may represent one stage in a temporal sequence of binding.
Tumour targeting: Nanoantennas heat up.

Advances in the functionality of multifunctional nanoparticles push their potential for the remote detection and treatment of cancer nearer to real-life patient care.
Citizen Participation in Local Budgeting: Mechanisms, Political Support, and City Manager’s Moderating Role

Previous studies have identified several predictors of citizen participation in local budgeting, including environmental factors, engagement mechanisms, and the role of public administrators. However, none has studied the interaction effect among these factors. This study seeks to fill this research gap. It argues that the utilization of interactive engagement mechanisms and political environment will have direct impact on the level of citizen participation in budgeting. These relationships are then moderated by municipal managers’ intention to incorporate citizens. Data from a survey of New Jersey municipal administrators were used to test the hypotheses, with controlling for demographic variables in seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models.
Detection of Aberrant Responding on a Personality Scale in a Military Sample: An Application of Evaluating Person Fit With Two-Level Logistic Regression

Person-fit assessment is used to identify persons who respond aberrantly to a test or questionnaire. In this study, S. P. Reise's (2000) method for evaluating person fit using 2-level logistic regression was applied to 13 personality scales of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; L. Clark, 1996) that had been administered to military recruits (N = 2,026). Results revealed significant person-fit heterogeneity and indicated that for 5 SNAP scales (Disinhibition, Entitlement, Exhibitionism, Negative Temperament, and Workaholism), the scale was more discriminating for some people than for others. Possible causes of aberrant responding were explored with several covariates. On all 5 scales, severe pathology emerged as a key influence on responses, and there was evidence of differential test functioning with respect to gender, ethnicity, or both. Other potential sources of aberrancy were carelessness, haphazard responding, or uncooperativeness. Social desirability was not as influential as expected.
Planning Development Projects: A Practical Guide to the Choice and Appraisal of Public Sector Investments

This book describes the circumstances in which the choice of development projects is made, defining the roles of the promoter, the professional and the financier. It contains chapters on the following transport related subjects: roads, railways, ports, airports and tourism. (TRRL)
Dramatic Teaching for Dramatic Learning

Ressler's Dramatic Changes is a powerful guide for anyone brave enough to create a space for young people to discuss sexual orientation and gender identity. Her accessible style and tangible suggestions describe a creative and educationally sound approach to supporting youth in thoughtfully wrestling with one of the most controversial social issues of our time.
Testosterone Dose-Response Relationships With Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Androgen-Deficient Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Objective: To determine dose-dependent effects of T administration on cardiovascular risk markers in women with low T levels. Methods: Seventy-one hysterectomized women with or without oophorectomy with total T < 31 ng/dL and/or free T < 3.5 pg/mL received a standardized transdermal estradiol regimen during the 12-week run-in period and were then randomized to receive weekly im injections of placebo or 3-, 6.25-, 12.5-, or 25-mg T enanthate for 24 weeks. Total and free T levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and equilibrium dialysis, respectively. Insulin resistance and inflammatory markers were measured at baseline and 24 weeks. In a subset of women, magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen was performed to quantify abdominal fat volume. Results: Fifty-nine women who completed the 24-week intervention were included in the final analysis. The five groups were similar at baseline. Mean on-treatment nadir total T concentrations were 14, 79, 105, 130, and 232 ng/dL in the pl...
Estimating geostatistical parameters and spatially-variable hydraulic conductivity within a catchment system using an ensemble smoother

Groundwater flow models are important tools in assessing baseline conditions and investigating management alternatives in groundwater systems. The usefulness of these models, however, is often hindered by insufficient knowledge regarding the magnitude and spatial distribution of the spatially-distributed parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity ( K ), that govern the response of these models. Proposed parameter estimation methods frequently are demonstrated using simplified aquifer representations, when in reality the groundwater regime in a given watershed is influenced by strongly-coupled surface-subsurface processes. Furthermore, parameter estimation methodologies that rely on a geostatistical structure of K often assume the parameter values of the geostatistical model as known or estimate these values from limited data. In this study, we investigate the use of a data assimilation algorithm, the Ensemble Smoother, to provide enhanced estimates of K within a catchment system using the fully-coupled, surface-subsurface flow model CATHY. Both water table elevation and streamflow data are assimilated to condition the spatial distribution of K . An iterative procedure using the ES update routine, in which geostatistical parameter values defining the true spatial structure of K are identified, is also presented. In this procedure, parameter values are inferred from the updated ensemble of K fields and used in the subsequent iteration to generate the K ensemble, with the process proceeding until parameter values are converged upon. The parameter estimation scheme is demonstrated via a synthetic three-dimensional tilted v-shaped catchment system incorporating stream flow and variably-saturated subsurface flow, with spatio-temporal variability in forcing terms. Results indicate that the method is successful in providing improved estimates of the K field, and that the iterative scheme can be used to identify the geostatistical parameter values of the aquifer system. In general, water table data have a much greater ability than streamflow data to condition K . Future research includes applying the methodology to an actual regional study site.
The meaning and measurement of size hierarchies in plant populations

The term “size hierarchy” has been used frequently by plant population biologists but it has not been defined. Positive skewness of the size distribution, which has been used to evaluate size hierarchies, is inappropriate. We suggest that size hierarchy is equivalent to size inequality. Methods developed by economists to evaluate inequalities in wealth and income, the Lorenz curve and Gini Coefficient, provide a useful quantification of inequality and allow us to compare populations. A measure of inequality such as the Gini Coefficient will usually be more appropriate than a measure of skewness for addressing questions concerning plant population structure.
Sm-Co permanent magnets: effects of fast neutron irradiation

Radiation-induced decay of remanence is investigated for Sm-Co5 and Sm2Co17 magnets irradiated with fast neutrons at temperatures below ambient with and without a bucking field. It is shown that most of the remanence is lost during the first minute of irradiation,i.e., at fluences of ≈2.5 × 1014 n/cm2. Also, different magnet materials, even with the same Co:Sm ratio, show markedly different decay rates. The effect of an applied bucking field and a low length-to-diameter ratio of the magnet is to increase the decay rate for a given neutron fluence. These remanence losses obtained with radiation are compared to results due to either an applied bucking field or annealing above 350 K.
The association of meningococcal disease with influenza in the United States, 1989-2009

Importance and Objective: Prior influenza infection is a risk factor for invasive meningococcal disease. Quantifying the fraction of meningococcal disease attributable to influenza could improve understanding of viral-bacterial interaction and indicate additional health benefits to influenza immunization. Design, Setting and Participants: A time series analysis of the association of influenza and meningococcal disease using hospitalizations in 9 states from 1989–2009 included in the State Inpatient Databases from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the proportion of positive influenza tests by subtype reported to the Centers for Disease Control. The model accounts for the autocorrelation of meningococcal disease and influenza between weeks, temporal trends, cocirculating respiratory syncytial virus, and seasonality. The influenza-subtype-attributable fraction was estimated using the model coefficients. We analyzed the synchrony of seasonal peaks in hospitalizations for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and meningococcal disease. Results and Conclusions: In 19 of 20 seasons, influenza peaked#2 weeks before meningococcal disease, and peaks were highly correlated in time (r=0.95; P ,.001). H3N2 and H1N1 peaks were highly synchronized with meningococcal disease while pandemic H1N1, B, and respiratory syncytial virus were not. Over 20 years, 12.8% (95% CI, 9.1–15.0) of meningococcal disease can be attributable to influenza in the preceding weeks with H3N2 accounting for 5.2% (95% CI, 3.0–6.5), H1N1 4.3% (95% CI, 2.6–5.6), B 3.0% (95% CI, 0.8–4.9) and pH1N1 0.2% (95% CI, 0–0.4). During the height of influenza season, weekly attributable fractions reach 59%. While vaccination against meningococcal disease is the most important prevention strategy, influenza vaccination could provide further protection, particularly in young children where the meningococcal disease vaccine is not recommended or protective against the most common serogroup.
Pulmonary embolism and cardiac enzymes

Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) is often associated with chest pain, electrocardiographic changes, and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction on echocardiogram. There have been reports of elevated troponin levels with PE. RV dysfunction and elevated troponin levels have prognostic implications in acute PE. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to determine whether PE was associated with elevated cardiac enzymes and whether there was any difference among patients who presented with or without chest pain. Methods Records of 93 consecutive patients with high-probability ventilation/perfusion lung scan results for PE were analyzed for the presence or absence of chest pain on presentation, abnormalities in cardiac enzymes, and evidence of RV dysfunction on echocardiogram. Results A total of 56 of 93 patients had cardiac enzymes evaluated; 24 of these 56 patients had chest pains, and 32 did not. Only 1 patient of the 56 had abnormal cardiac enzymes. This patient had a known history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and had experienced an acute anterior myocardial infarction. Echocardiograms were performed in 36 of 93 patients. Evidence of RV dysfunction on echocardiograms was found in 22 of these patients. No significant relationship was found between RV dysfunction and chest pains (P > .10). Conclusion We found no significant relationship between high-probability ventilation/perfusion scan results and abnormalities in cardiac enzymes irrespective of the presence or absence of chest pain. Patients with a history of CAD or RV dysfunction did not have a higher incidence of chest pain when compared with those with no known history of CAD or RV dysfunction.
Multi-Tier Mental Health Program for Refugee Youth.

Objective: We sought to establish that refugee youths who receive a multi-tiered approach to services, Project SHIFA, would show high levels of engagement in treatment appropriate to their level of mental health distress, improvements in mental health symptoms, and a decrease in resource hardships. Method: Study participants were 30 Somali and Somali Bantu refugee youths in the English language learner classroom in a middle school in New England. Project SHIFA is a multi-tiered program including prevention and community resilience building for the community at large, school-based early intervention groups for at-risk students, and direct intervention using an established trauma model (trauma systems therapy) for those with significant psychological distress. Data were collected from students at time of enrollment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up. Measures used were the War Trauma Screening Scale, Adolescent Post-War Adversities Scale–Somali version, UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM–IV (Revision 1), and the Depression Self-Rating Scale. Results: Students across all tiers of the program demonstrated improvements in mental health and resources. Resource hardships were significantly associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder over time, and the stabilization of resource hardships coincided with significant improvements in symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder for the top tier of participants. Conclusions: Project SHIFA is a promising model of treatment for young refugees.
Spectral Characteristics of the Lg wave Generated by Central United States Earthquakes

Summary Spectra of more than three hundred short-period, vertical component Lg waves of 78 earthquakes in the central United States were determined. From these an empirical relationship between the long-period level of the Lg spectrum and the seismic moment was developed. The shape of the reduced spectrum shares some characteristics of Aki's revised model A. There is a uniform relationship between the corner period and the seismic moment, which implies a uniformity of earthquake processes in the central United States over a wide range of event sizes, as opposed to California where wide variations in the corner frequency are observed for source spectra having the same seismic moment. Using the reduced spectra, a method for relating magnitude observations at periods other than 1 s to mb is outlined.
Developmental Progression in Children's Knowledge of AIDS: Implications for Education and Attitudinal Change

The effectiveness of curricula designed to enhance a child's understanding of AIDS may hinge partially upon incorporating information adjusted to the child's developmental status. Accordingly, we examined the developmental progression of children's understanding of illness transmission in general and AIDS in particular, as well as explored the relation between a child's knowledge of AIDS and his/her attitudes toward persons with AIDS. Knowledge of AIDS was manipulated through use of a brief educational intervention. Results support a developmental progression in knowledge about AIDS that is consistent with progressions related to illnesses in general. Knowledge enhancement was associated with positive changes in attitude.
Emergency department oral rehydration of children: The best solution?

Abstract Oral rehydration therapy is widely recommended as the standard therapy for children with mild to moderate dehydration due to otherwise uncomplicated gastroenteritis. The use of oral rehydration in place of intravenous rehydration has. however, been limited, including in the emergency department (ED) setting. Much of the resistance to use of oral rehydration in the ED is due to logistic difficulties with its administration. The authors review, the history and scientific background of oral rehydration, provide guidelines for its use. discuss the barriers to its adoption in the ED setting and strategies by which they may be overcome, acknowledge the limitations to its use, and suggest areas for future research.
Quantifying information flow with beliefs

To reason about information flow, a new model is developed that describes how attacker beliefs change due to the attacker’s observation of the execution of a probabilistic (or deterministic) program. The model enables compositional reasoning about information flow from attacks involving sequences of interactions. The model also supports a new metric for quantitative information flow that measures accuracy of an attacker’s beliefs. Applying this new metric reveals inadequacies of traditional information flow metrics, which are based on reduction of uncertainty. However, the new metric is sufficiently general that it can be instantiated to measure either accuracy or uncertainty. The new metric can also be used to reason about misinformation; deterministic programs are shown to be incapable of producing misinformation. Additionally, programs in which nondeterministic choices are made by insiders, who collude with attackers, can be analyzed.
Carbonic acid production and the role of carbonic anhydrase in decarboxylation in brain

Sudden oxygenation of a thin film of rat brain homogenate, suspended between the surface of a glass pH-sensitive electrode and a gas-permeable membrane, is accompanied by a fall in pH, which is greater when carbonic anhydrase is inhibited. The result suggests that oxidative decarboxylation yields carbonic acid (HCO(3)- and H(+)), which dissociates to form molecular carbon dioxide. Brain carbonic anhydrase facilitates the formation of carbon dioxide from the decarboxylation products.
Characterization of Coffea Canephora α-D-Galactosidase Blood Group B Activity

Enzymatic conversion of type B to O erythrocytes with Coffea (coffee bean) α-D-galactosidase was first described by Harpaz and Flowers and subsequently adopted by others (1,2). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and soluble oligosaccharide substrates were used to study deantigenation of B erythrocytes with the Coffea enzyme. For the ELISA, microtiter wells were coated with B membranes and treated with enzyme under a variety of conditions, probed with primary IgM monoclonal anti-B followed by secondary anti-murine μ-cnain specific alkaline phosphatase conjugate, then developed with substrate. This technique has allowed the rapid determination of enzymatic activity over a broad range of conditions; the purpose being to determine parameters for efficiently enhancing enzyme activity. Solid phase activity was then compared to activity against soluble oligosaccharide substrates. We have determined that, under the conditions tested, only moderate increases in enzyme activity against the B epitope can b...
CDOL: a comprehensive declarative object language

In this paper we present a rule-based database language known as CDOL (Comprehensive, Declarative Object Language) that is an integration of deductive, object-oriented and active database technology. CDOL provides sublanguages for the expression of derived data, constraints, updates and active rules. The rule-based query language of CDOL provides an expressive approach to extend the stored database with derived attributes and classes. The constraint sublanguage allows explicit declarative specification of integrity constraints as a basis for database consistency. The update sublanguage of CDOL enables ad-hoc declarative update requests, where updates are encapsulated in the methods associated with class definitions, thus conforming to traditional objectoriented design concepts. The active rule sublanguage provides active, user-transparent agents that support reactive behavior within CDOL applications. In particular, active rules can be used to supplement declarative updates to maintain database consistency with respect to the set of integrity constraints. Active rules in general are used to monitor the occurrence of specific events and to serve as alerters and triggers within a CDOL application. This paper presents the rule-based query language of CDOL and illustrates the manner in which the constraint, update and active rule sublanguages build on this declarative framework. The use of methods and transactions are also addressed, together with a discussion of the operational semantics of active rule processing.
Choice, Control, and Adaptation Among Elderly Residents of Sheltered Care Settings1

This study examined how elderly residents' adaptation is affected by naturally occurring levels of choice and control in sheltered care facilities. A representative sample of 244 residential care facilities was assessed with the Multiphasic Environmental Assessment Procedure, which measures the quality of residential settings for older people. Overall, facility policies allowing more choice and control were associated with better rated resident well-being, less use of health, daily living assistance, and social-recreational services, and more integration in the community. Policy clarity and the facility social climate factors of independence, influence, and organization mediated the relationship between choice and control and adaptation, and also independently affected residents' adaptation. In addition, in facilities with functionally able residents, more choice and independence were associated with less use of services; in facilities with residents of poor functional ability, choice and independence were unrelated to use of services. Thus, policies that promote more choice and independence may improve adaptation among functionally able residents of sheltered care facilities, without having a detrimental influence on poorly functioning residents.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Inactivation of Bovine Liver Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Abstract Inactivation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase by the anionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, occurs by two different mechanisms, depending upon detergent concentrations: (a) uncompetitive inhibition and (b) denaturation. Uncompetitive inhibition kinetic data with sodium dodecyl sulfate (0 to 0.1 mm) indicate detergent combination with enzyme-NADP+-glutamate complex. Use of a structural analogue of glutamate indicated that sodium dodecyl sulfate did not interfere with binding of substrate to free enzyme. Dialysis of 0.1 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated solutions of enzyme, enzyme-NADP+ complex, and enzyme-glutamate complex completely reversed inhibition, whereas dialysis of enzyme-NADP+-glutamate-detergent complex did not restore activity. A modified Hill plot of enzyme Vm values versus detergent concentrations showed that cooperativity is involved in uncompetitive inhibition by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Denaturation of glutamate dehydrogenase occurs upon treatment with higher concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate, as evidenced by loss of protein fluorescence, loss of enzyme binding capacity for NADH and NADPH, and protein dissociation. Surface active or micellar properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate may be involved in denaturation, since surface tension measurements may have indicated mixed protein-detergent micelle formation at 0.12 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Compressed Sensing in On-Grid MIMO Radar

The accurate detection of targets is a significant problem in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. Recent advances of Compressive Sensing offer a means of efficiently accomplishing this task. The sparsity constraints needed to apply the techniques of Compressive Sensing to problems in radar systems have led to discretizations of the target scene in various domains, such as azimuth, time delay, and Doppler. Building upon recent work, we investigate the feasibility of on-grid Compressive Sensing-based MIMO radar via a threefold azimuth-delay-Doppler discretization for target detection and parameter estimation. We utilize a colocated random sensor array and transmit distinct linear chirps to a small scene with few, slowly moving targets. Relying upon standard far-field and narrowband assumptions, we analyze the efficacy of various recovery algorithms in determining the parameters of the scene through numerical simulations, with particular focus on the l 1-squared Nonnegative Regularization method.
Failure of psychiatric referrals from the pediatric emergency department

Background Recognition of mental illness in the pediatric emergency department (PED) followed by brief, problem oriented interventions may improve health-care seeking behavior and quality of life. The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of mental health follow up after an enhanced referral compared to a simple referral in children presenting to the PED with unrecognized mental health problems.
Imbalance Estimation for Speed-Varying Rigid Rotors Using Time-Varying Observer

Rigid rotor dynamic model is widely used to model rotating machinery. In this paper, a speed-varying transient rigid rotor model is developed in the state space form. The states of this model are augmented to include imbalance forces and moments. A time-varying observer can then be designed for the augmented system by using canonical transformation. After obtaining an estimation of the imbalance forces and moments as the states of the augmented system, the estimated imbalance can be directly calculated. This estimation method can be used in the active vibration control or active balancing schemes for a rigid rotor.
The hydrogen polarographic probe transient response

The transient response of a polarographic probe which is used to measure metabolically inert hydrogen gas concentration is characterized. The purpose is to permit development of quicker estimation procedures for measuring concentration when H/sub 2/ is used as the tracer in blood perfusion studies. Probes are inserted into the thigh muscle and the lumbar area of anesthetized beagles and the resulting responses analyzed by multiexponential curve fitting and analysis of variance. Time constants and weightings are not significantly different with changes in H/sub 2/ level or ischemia. However, a dependence on the type of tissue is observed. The results suggest that predictive methods are possible for reducing measurement time for a given tissue type. >
Non-surgical management of tibialis posterior insufficiency

Summary The literature contains many studies assessing the surgical management of Tibialis Posterior Insuciency (TPI), but there is a paucity of published work on its conservative treatment. In our institution, 32 feet in 28 patients were treated conservatively for TPI. There were 21 males and 7 females with a median age of 60 years. They were staged according to the modified Johnson and Strom system, and were reviewed clinically by an independent assessor using the AOFAS ankle/hindfoot scale. The median follow-up was 24 months. All but five patients reviewed were satisfied with the outcome of their treatment and only one (stage 1) has requested surgery.
Comments on "Editorial: fuzzy models - what are they and why?

In the editorial by J.C. Bezdek (ibid., p.1), an example is presented to demonstrate differences between fuzzy membership and probability. The authors argue that probability can be used in a way much more closely analogous to this use of fuzzy membership, weakening the argument for the latter. >
The physiology of invasive plants in low-resource environments

While invasive plant species primarily occur in disturbed, high-resource environments, many species have invaded ecosystems characterized by low nutrient, water, and light availability. Species adapted to low-resource systems often display traits associated with resource conservation, such as slow growth, high tissue longevity, and resource-use efficiency. This contrasts with our general understanding of invasive species physiology derived primarily from studies in high-resource environments. These studies suggest that invasive species succeed through high resource acquisition. This review examines physiological and morphological traits of native and invasive species in low-resource environments. Existing data support the idea that species invading low-resource environments possess traits associated with resource acquisition, resource conservation or both. Disturbance and climate change are affecting resource availability in many ecosystems, and understanding physiological dif ferences between native and invasive species may suggest ways to restore invaded ecosystems.
A founders’ guide to unicorn creation: how liquidation preferences in M & A transactions affect start-up valuation

This chapter, written for a Research Handbook on Mergers and Acquisitions (Davidoff-Solomon & Hill, eds.), investigates the widespread claim that the billion dollar valuations of “unicorn” start-ups are unreliable because of the manner in which founders bargain for these valuations with their venture capital (VC) investors. In particular, unicorn skeptics posit that VC investors agree to use these valuations in exchange for receiving enhanced preferred stock preferences, particularly enhanced liquidation preferences that are payable on a sale of the company. By examining how liquidation preferences affect expected returns of founders and VC investors, this chapter argues that unicorn valuations are indeed unreliable measures of firm value but not for the reasons suggested by unicorn skeptics. While offering enhanced liquidation preferences to an investor can overcome the reduction in expected returns caused by financing a firm at a higher valuation, doing so will generally be more detrimental to a founder’s expected returns than financing the company at a lower valuation using a conventional liquidation preference. Rather, this chapter argues that unicorn valuations are unreliable measures for firm value for the same reason that all start-up valuations are unreliable measures of firm value — namely, the common practice among VC investors to price VC financings as if they are purchasing common stock when they are acquiring preferred stock with downside economic protections. As a result of this practice, the reported valuations of unicorns and non-unicorns alike can be significantly higher than the enterprise value an investor is implicitly placing on a firm when financing it. For founders and prior stockholders, this insight has important implications for understanding the effective enterprise value being used in a financing and avoiding unintended dilution.
Tracking Accuracy & Error Analysis

An important criterion for validating the seam tracking algorithm is establishing an upper bound on the tracking error during the entire seam tracking process. If the tracking error does not propagate from one cycle to the next then the stability of the seam tracking process is ensured. The pathpoint coordinates input to the robot controller during each cycle is derived from both the continuous model and the discrete model of the seam, given by Equation (7.1) derived earlier in Chapter 5.
The Consequences of Competition Among Prey and Consumption by Predators

There are many studies that demonstrate that the abundance and species composition of species in an environment are determined by a combination of competitive interactions among the species and the effect of predators on those species. As in the case of herbivores, the impact of predation may not be straightforward, as we can see in the following case histories.
Local delivery methods of therapeutic agents in the treatment of diffuse intrinsic brainstem gliomas

Brainstem gliomas comprise 10-20% of all pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) account for the majority of these lesions. DIPG is a rapidly progressive disease with almost universally fatal outcomes and a median survival less than 12 months. Current standard-of-care treatment for DIPG includes radiation therapy, but its long-term survival effects are still under debate. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of systemic administration of various therapeutic agents have been associated with disappointing outcomes. Recent efforts have focused on improvements in chemotherapeutic agents employed and in methods of localized and targeted drug delivery. This review provides an update on current preclinical and clinical studies investigating treatment options for brainstem gliomas.
Efficient disk-to-disk sorting: a case study in the decoupled execution paradigm

Many applications foreseen for exascale era should process huge amount of data. However, the IO infrastructure of current supercomputing architecture cannot be generalized to deal with this amount of data due to the need for excessive data movement from storage layers to compute nodes leading to limited scalability. There has been extensive studies addressing this challenge. Decoupled Execution Paradigm (DEP) is an attractive solution due to its unique features such as available fast storage devices close to computational units and available programmable units close to file system.In this paper we study the effectiveness of DEP for a well-known data-intensive kernel, disk-to-disk (aka out-of-core) sorting. We propose an optimized algorithm that uses almost all features of DEP pushing the performance of sorting in HPC even further compared to other existing solutions. Advantages in our algorithm are gained by exploiting programming units close to parallel file system to achieve higher IO throughput, compressing data before sending it over network or to disk, storing intermediate results of computation close to compute nodes, and fully overlapping IO with computation. We also provide an analytical model for our proposed algorithm. Our algorithm achieves 30% better performance compared to the theoretically optimal sorting algorithm running on the same testbed but not designed to exploit the DEP architecture.
Understanding the influence of climate change on the embodied energy of water supply

The current study aims to advance understandings on how and to what degree climate change will affect the life cycle chemical and energy uses of drinking water supply. A dynamic life cycle assessment was performed to quantify historical monthly operational embodied energy of a selected water supply system located in northeast US. Comprehensive multivariate and regression analyses were then performed to understand the statistical correlation among monthly life cycle energy consumptions, three water quality indicators (UV254, pH, and water temperature), and five climate indicators (monthly mean temperature, monthly mean maximum/minimum temperatures, total precipitation, and total snow fall). Thirdly, a calculation was performed to understand how volumetric and total life cycle energy consumptions will change under two selected IPCC emission scenarios (A2 and B1). It was found that volumetric life cycle energy consumptions are highest in winter months mainly due to the higher uses of natural gas in the case study system, but total monthly life cycle energy consumptions peak in both July and January because of the increasing water demand in summer months. Most of the variations in chemical and energy uses can be interpreted by water quality and climate variations except for the use of soda ash. It was also found that climate change might lead to an average decrease of 3-6% in the volumetric energy use of the case study system by the end of the century. This result combined with conclusions reached by previous climate versus water supply studies indicates that effects of climate change on drinking water supply might be highly dependent on the geographical location and treatment process of individual water supply systems.
Controlling growth and chemical composition of saplings by iteratively matching nutrient supply to demand: a bootstrap fertilization technique.

We developed a fertilization technique that results in the control, and maintenance at defined rates and levels, of growth and tissue composition of plants of different sizes and developmental stages growing at exponential and nonexponential rates in solid media under naturally fluctuating light and temperature regimes. Clonal cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) saplings were grown in sand. Low concentrations of nutrient solution were added daily at different constant exponentially increasing rates for 20-30 days to produce plants with different growth rates and tissue nutrient composition. Matching nutrient supply to measured growth demand by bootstrapping, where bootstrapping is the use of an iterative equation that calculates demand from either actual or desired growth rates, maintained these differences for 20-40 days. Nutrient additions controlled growth of saplings with growth rates between 2.0 and 4.0% day −1 , heights between 13.9 and 37.5 cm, dry weights between 0.70 and 3.90 g, leaf nitrogen contents between 1.2 and 3.9%, and leaf carbon/nitrogen ratios between 42.1 and 12.5. The technique was reproducible in a greenhouse without temperature, humidity, or light control, and is easily modified to suit different plant species, plants of various sizes, and various growing conditions.
The Half-life of Missiological Facts

An obscure field called scientometrics—the study of how rapidly academic research is produced and how quickly it becomes outdated—has recently been popularized by Stephen Arbesman’s (2012) book, The Half-life of Facts. This article employs the methods of scientometrics to measure the rate at which new missiological information is being published, and the rate at which this research is going out of date. Mission leaders can use this data to obtain a clearer picture of how the discipline of missiology is reacting to a changing world. This will allow us to concentrate on trends that matter, and on theories and strategies that will have maximum staying power.
Mobilities and Frictions in Contemporary Arts from the Horn of Africa

The paper concerns an exhibition I am in the process of organizing at Ohio University around contemporary artists from the Horn of Africa. The project considers how artists such as Dawit Petros, Julie Mehretu, Yegizaw Michael, and Mohamed Hamid refigure indigenous artistic content as well as their more recent North American experiences in artworks, thereby demonstrating multidirectional, transnational flows and frictions between and within Africa, North America, and spaces traveled around the world. the project explores the implications and articulations of a new African diaspora. which necessarily highlights networks of diversity within new African diaspora communities.