cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermalization and its mechanism for generic isolated quantum systems

It is demonstrated that an isolated generic quantum many-body system does relax to a state well described by the standard statistical mechanical prescription. The thermalization happens at the level of individual eigenstates, allowing the computation of thermal averages from knowledge of any eigenstate in the microcanonical energy window. An understanding of the temporal evolution of isolated many-body quantum systems has long been elusive. Recently, meaningful experimental studies1,2 of the problem have become possible, stimulating theoretical interest3,4,5,6,7. In generic isolated systems, non-equilibrium dynamics is expected8,9 to result in thermalization: a relaxation to states in which the values of macroscopic quantities are stationary, universal with respect to widely differing initial conditions, and predictable using statistical mechanics. However, it is not obvious what feature of many-body quantum mechanics makes quantum thermalization possible in a sense analogous to that in which dynamical chaos makes classical thermalization possible10. For example, dynamical chaos itself cannot occur in an isolated quantum system, in which the time evolution is linear and the spectrum is discrete11. Some recent studies4,5 even suggest that statistical mechanics may give incorrect predictions for the outcomes of relaxation in such systems. Here we demonstrate that a generic isolated quantum many-body system does relax to a state well described by the standard statistical-mechanical prescription. Moreover, we show that time evolution itself plays a merely auxiliary role in relaxation, and that thermalization instead happens at the level of individual eigenstates, as first proposed by Deutsch12 and Srednicki13. A striking consequence of this eigenstate-thermalization scenario, confirmed for our system, is that knowledge of a single many-body eigenstate is sufficient to compute thermal averages—any eigenstate in the microcanonical energy window will do, because they all give the same result.
Development of polyembryonic insects: a major departure from typical insect embryogenesis

The parasitic wasp Copidosoma floridanum represents the most extreme form of polyembryonic development known, forming up to 2000 embryos from a single egg. To understand the mechanisms of embryonic patterning in polyembryonic wasps and the evolutionary changes that led to this form of development we have analyzed embryonic development at the cellular level using confocal and scanning electron microscopy. C. floridanum embryogenesis can be divided into three phases: (1) early cleavage that leads to formation of a primary morula, (2) a proliferative phase that involves partitioning of embryonic cells into thousands of morulae, and (3) morphogenesis whereby individual embryos develop into larvae. This developmental program represents a major departure from typical insect embryogenesis, and we describe several features of morphogenesis unusual for insects. The early development of polyembryonic wasps, which likely evolved in association with a shift in life history to endoparasitism, shows several analogies with mammalian embryogenesis, including early separation of extraembryonic and embryonic cell lineages, formation of a morula and embryonic compaction. However, the late morphogenesis of polyembryonic wasps proceeds in a fashion conserved in all insects. Collectively, this suggests a lack of developmental constraints in early development, but a strong conservation of the phylotypic stage.
Is endoscopic screening before major surgical procedures warranted

Background Gastroenterologists are frequently requested to perform endoscopic procedures to rule out cancer or other serious GI disease before major surgical operations. Objective To assess whether such requests are warranted. Design Cost benefit analysis by using decision tree and threshold analysis. Patients Subjects scheduled for liver and kidney transplant or other major surgeries. Main Outcome Measurements Costs of medical and surgical procedures. The threshold value is defined as the a priori probability for a GI diagnosis, where the benefit of endoscopy changes from unfavorable to favorable as the diagnostic probability increases. Results For all types of organ transplants, the threshold probability for diagnosing a GI disease by endoscopy is lower than 1%. Such a low threshold suggests that if a disease cannot be ruled out with certainty before transplant operations or any other major surgical operation, endoscopic screening would be warranted. For lesser interventions, such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary bypass grafting, the threshold value varies between 3.2% and 6.5%, which suggests that endoscopic screening may be justified if there are sufficient grounds to suspect a comorbid medical condition that could compromise the success of the planned surgical intervention. Limitations The model only considers procedure costs and assumes no endoscopic complications. Conclusions Endoscopic screening before costly and invasive surgical or other medical interventions is justified.
Exploring ecological changes in Cook Inlet beluga whale habitat though traditional and local ecological knowledge of contributing factors for population decline

Abstract The Cook Inlet beluga whale, one of five Alaskan stocks, is genetically distinct and geographically isolated from other populations. Historically, Cook Inlet whales were hunted commercially, for sport, and for subsistence uses. The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 ended commercial and sport hunting; in 1999, subsistence hunting voluntarily ended. In 2008, Cook Inlet beluga whales were listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act after annual aerial surveys indicated the population was not recovering as expected. A combination of natural and anthropogenic factors may be affecting this population’s recovery. This study documented traditional and local ecological knowledge of Alaska Native subsistence hunters and fishers and commercial fishers through participatory research to explore ecological changes in Cook Inlet over time and to identify potential factors impacting this beluga whale population. Study results identified potential environmental and climate change factors including prey competition, health of beluga and their prey, and the presence of killer whales, the majority of which may indicate an ecosystem regime shift in the Cook Inlet region. Human-related factors included fisheries management and related prey reduction, water contamination, and anthropogenic-related noise. These results corroborate identified threats to beluga whales and also identify potential new areas of scientific investigation and management. As such this study demonstrates the value of incorporating traditional and local ecological knowledge into ongoing science and management.
Association of increased body mass index and impaired endothelial function among Hispanic women.

We tested the hypothesis that an increased body mass index was similarly associated with impaired endothelial function as measured by flow-mediated dilation in a high-risk, Hispanic population of men and women living in northern Manhattan. The association of flow-mediated dilation and body mass index was significant in women (β −0.16 ± 0.04, p
Ozone decay rates in residences.

ABSTRACT In urban and suburban settings, indoor ozone exposures can represent a significant fraction of an individual's total exposure. The decay rate, one of the factors determining indoor ozone concentrations, is inadequately understood in residences. Decay rates were calculated by introducing outdoor air containing 80-160 parts per billion ozone into 43 residences and monitoring the reduction in indoor concentration as a function of time. The mean decay rate measured in the living rooms of 43 Southern California homes was 2.80 + 1.30 hr-1, with an average ozone deposition velocity of 0.049 + 0.017 cm/sec. The experimental protocol was evaluated for precision by repeating measurements in one residence on five different days, collecting 44 same-day replicate measurements, and by simultaneous measurements at two locations in six homes. Measured decay rates were significantly correlated with house type and the number of bedrooms. The observed decay rates were higher in multiple-family homes and homes with ...
The hepatic microsomal metabolism of β-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)

Abstract Rat liver microsomes were shown to catalyze the conversion of MDA to a metabolite identified as α-MeDA. Characterization of this enzyme system strongly suggests that this conversion is catalyzed by the microsomal NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 hydroxylase known to catalyze the demethylenation of other methylenedioxyphenyl compounds. The relative constancy of the sum of MDA and α-MeDA, observed throughout all incubations, suggests that MDA is metabolized to only α-MeDA and that α-MeDA is not further metabolized under these conditions. A kinetic analysis of the microsomal metabolism of MDA to α-MeDA suggests the involvement of only one homogeneous enzyme system.
Using base-year data with empirical scenario models

Abstract In quantitative scenarios, empirical models are frequently used to provide estimated values for variables. However, in the base year the values are known, and will almost certainly be different from the values estimated by the model. It is shown that the gaps between observed and modeled values (the residuals, or shift factors) in the base year can be used to provide estimates of the residuals in the scenario that improve the performance of the empirical model. A self-consistent estimator is proposed, and is shown to be effective by applying it to specific examples.
An electronic circuit for detection of EEG seizures recorded with implanted electrodes

Abstract An analog-digital circuit is described which will accept one or more inputs of EEG and signal the presence of an electrographic seizure. The utility of this seizure detector for routine and reliable ward monitoring of telemetered EEG is demonstrated.
Alternatives to lithium and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.

Objectives: The role of lithium carbonate in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder is well established. Unfortunately, many patients fail to respond adequately to this agent or are unable to tolerate its adverse effects. Divalproex has become a commonly used alternative to lithium, but it also is ineffective or poorly tolerated in many patients. This article attempts to review the available data on maintenance therapy in bipolar disorder with a variety of anticonvulsants and antipsychotics (both conventional and novel), with reference to relevant studies in acute mania and bipolar depression as well. Methods: Evidence on maintenance therapy and relevant acute-phase data were collected using MEDLINE database searches. Results: Data on maintenance therapy with agents other than lithium and divalproex are sparse, and often derived from open, uncontrolled studies. Implications and flaws of available data are discussed. Conclusions: Other than lithium, there are few robust double-blind data to support the use of a variety of agents in the maintenance phase. However, uncontrolled data suggest that a number of agents merit further study.
An economic order quantity problem

The standard single variable economic order quantity (EOQ) model for reordering multiple units of one product is reviewed. Then the EOQ model is applied to nine products simultaneously that are competing for scarce space in a warehouse. The resulting nine‐variable nonlinear cost minimization problem is solved using multi‐stage Monte Carlo optimization.
Radiative absorption in an infinitely long hollow cylinder with Fresnel surfaces

Abstract Radiation absorption in an infinitely long hollow cylinder with Fresnel surfaces is studied using the ray tracing method. It is found that the inner boundary can be modeled as a total reflective surface for the infinitely long hollow cylinder. Radiative absorption of hollow cylinders with Fresnel surfaces is compared to diffusive surfaces predicted by the finite volume method. Effects of refractive index, optical thickness and hole size on radiative absorption are studied. Abrupt changes in radiative absorption near τ r / τ R o = 1 / n are observed for hollow cylinders with Fresnel surfaces. It is because the Fresnel relation predicts a critical angle at sin - 1 θ cr = 1 / n . This trend is not observed in diffusive surfaces. Refractive index and optical thickness are two competing factors that govern the radiative absorption. Higher refractive index drives higher absorption close to the inner surface, while higher optical thickness yields higher absorption near the outer surface. The results of this study can also serve as benchmark solutions for modeling radiative heat transfer in hollow cylinders with Fresnel surfaces. It is also found that the directional or hemispherical emittance can be calculated without solving the radiative transfer equation in the media when the temperature variation in the media is small.
An international comparison of polymers and their alternatives

Abstract Energy analysis is now developed to the point at which we can make useful comparisons among the patterns of energy use in different nations. The first aim of this article is to start making these comparisons. The authors' attention has been focussed on polymers, especially the packaging materials, both to help fill out the overall perspective being developed in this series on Energy Budgets and because the polymer industry, with all its technological diversity, displays a rich spectrum of patterns of energy use, from which one can draw some useful object lessons.
Evaluating Household-Level Relationships between Environmental Views and Outdoor Recreation: The Teton Valley Case

Outdoor recreation may foster positive environmental views among participants and their nonparticipating household members, but little research has addressed this hypothesis at the household level. We address this gap with a case study evaluating both the individual-and household-level relationship between outdoor recreation and environmental views using the new ecological paradigm scale (NEP). Results suggest NEP relates positively to appreciative outdoor recreation participation and negatively to nonappreciative outdoor recreation participation for participants and their household members. Future research should focus on how household dynamics mediate the relationship between environmental views and outdoor recreation.
The use of a spectroradiometer to study aerial photographs of ozone-treated soybeans

Abstract Abstract. A scanning spectroradiometer was used to measure the optical densities of an aerial photograph of an experimental field in which soybeans were growing in response to different concentrations of ozone, an air pollutant. The plants were growing in 3 m diameter, 2.4 m high open-top exposure chambers. Correlation coefficients among the film densities, plant yield and visual estimates of non-green leaf area for the 16 test plots were highly significant (p<001); those with ozone treatment concentrations were significant (p<0-05). The early senescence induced by this form of environmental stress can thus be detected by film density differences, and these differences are well correlated with ground indicators of crop condition.
Collective model for negative parity states in deformed even nuclei

Abstract A collective model based on the expansion of the nuclear surface in spherical harmonics of order three is developed which attempts to explain properties of low lying negative parity levels in even nuclei. This model is analogous to the asymmetric rotator model developed earlier for positive parity states and extended later to include negative parity states. Both rotation and vibration of the nucleus are considered in a formalism which utilizes adjustable hydrodynamic moments of inertia. This model differs from the above mentioned negative parity work in that all of the possible seven degrees of freedom are retained in the parameterization where the previous model restricted the number of five. It is found that because of the added degrees of freedom, the rotational eigenfunctions no longer display the symmetry of the group D 2 , which results in a considerably more complex level structure. Reduced transition probability ratios based on this model are also calculated.
Fungal decay of buried cotton stems

Abstract Cotton stems buried in late autumn in agricultural soils in the West Side region of the Central Valley of California were rapidly colonized by saprophytic fungi. The major genera isolated during 6 months were Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium Penicillium and Ulocladium . Until moisture became limiting, rates of loss of dry weight of stems were ca. 5.5% of the original dry weight per month at each site. The rates of cellulose losses from cotton stems were similar to dry weight losses after the first month of burial in both the field and glasshouse. The numbers of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in buried stems did not diminish during decomposition.
Safety factor measurements on the magnetic axis of the Texas experimental tokamak plasma in Ohmic and electron-cyclotron-resonance heated discharges.

Analysis of the circular polarization of a spectral line emission inside plasmas provides a measurement of the poloidal magnetic field on the Texas experimental tokamak (TEXT). Three sets of different polarimeters, using, respectively, the Ti XVII 3834-A line of the intrinsic titanium impurity and the Li I 6708-A line of a monoenergetic lithium beam, were developed and operated on TEXT. The safety factor {ital q} on the magnetic axis, determined from the measured magnetic field, was found to be near unity in all cases of Ohmically heated sawtoothing and nonsawtoothing discharges, and significantly below unity in the case of electron-cyclotron-resonance heating at the plasma center for high edge {ital q} discharges.
Unprovability and Proving Unprovability

We investigate the "unprovability of unprovability". Given a sentence P and a fixed base theory T, the unprovability of P is the sentence "$${T\nvdash P}$$T?P ". We show that the unprovability of an unprovable true sentence can be "hard to prove".
Shear wave velocity and attenuation in ocean bottom sediments from acoustic log waveforms

In boreholes where formation shear wave velocity is lower than borehole fluid velocity neither refracted shear waves nor pseudo-Rayleigh waves can propagate. When frequency response of the sonde does not extend to low frequencies (e.g. 2 kHz) Stoneley waves are not excited. In such cases refracted P and leaking PL modes become dominant phases on a full waveform acoustic log. The P wave velocity can be determined from the first arrivals. Then, using synthetic seismograms and a waveform matching technique, formation shear wave velocity and attenuation can be estimated. This method is demonstrated using data from DSDP Site 612 in the Baltimore Canyon Trough area of the Atlantic margin.
Can safe ride programs reduce urban crime

Abstract This study evaluates the influence of a safe ride program on neighborhood crime in a major urban area. Using an hours of the week panel, the program's operation is associated with an approximately 14% reduction in crime. The program being open appears to have roughly similar influences on different categories of crime. Moreover, increases in rides (the intensity of the program) are also associated with reductions in crime. Such increases in program intensity are also associated with notably greater reductions in crime occurring on weekends. The cost of the safe ride program suggests that it is a relatively efficient means of reducing crime.
Serum sodium concentration of hypertensive rats: relation to NaCl intake, blood pressure and age.

SummaryEncapsulating both kidneys of young rats (50 to 90 days) in molded latex envelopes produced hypertension and elevated their mean serum Na concentration slightly (2 mEq. L.) but significantly above that of control rats. The same procedure in older rats (126 to 165 days) produced similar hypertension but mean serum Na concentration remained within normal limits.
Dissolution behavior of metals from binary alloys

Abstract The strategy of recovering metals from scrap is, in general, much different from primary sources. One of the main differences between the treatment of scrap and that of primary sources is the fact that metals are frequently associated with other metals to form alloys in scrap, while metals occur in primary sources as oxides or sulfides. In this paper, factors affecting the dissolution behavior of metals from various alloy systems are reviewed and discussed. Specific examples are drawn from Au/Ag, Au/Cu, and Ag/Cu systems. The results of the dissolution of various metals from these alloys are reviewed and compared to the dissolution behavior of single metal systems in various lixiviants such as acids, cyanide and ammonia. It has been observed that the presence of other metals in alloys significantly affects the dissolution rate of the metal in question. The leaching behavior of metals from homogeneous alloys relies on the chemical interaction between atoms in the lattice of the alloys, while that from heterogeneous alloys is affected by galvanic interaction established in the solution. The manner in which the dissolution of a certain metal is influenced by surrounding metals is discussed in terms of the passive and noble nature of the metal in relation to the neighboring metals.
Phosphorus Sorption and Desorption Properties of Surface and Subsurface Horizons at Three Vegetative Treatment Areas in New York

Phosphorus (P) loss from intensive animal production farms to surface waters has drawn much attention in New York and elsewhere in the U.S. due to the role of P in surface water eutrophication. Vegetative treatment areas (VTAs) are alternative systems to treat farm wastewaters. P retention in the VTAs is partially dependent on soil properties. P sorption and desorption properties of surface and subsurface horizons of New York soils (Langford, Volusia, and Mardin) in three VTAs receiving dairy farm wastewaters were studied using batch experiments. Pearson correlation and stepwise linear regression show that soil organic matter (OM) is the most prominent soil property correlating with P sorption parameters. While OM is positively correlated with the P sorption maxima (Smax), it is also positively related to the sorbed legacy P (S0, the labile soil P from historical P additions), the zero-sorption equilibrium concentration (EPC0), and negatively correlated to the bonding energy constant (k). Relative to the surface soils, the subsurface soils generally had lower Smax and EPC0 as well as greater k. P desorption is related to similar soil properties correlating with S0 and EPC0, tapping the same labile soil P. The desorption can be lessened by decreasing soil moisture content or increasing contact time of the sorbed P with soils, following P sorption. Comparison between measured field P concentration and predicted EPC0 from the regression equation suggests that the P sorption study is a viable technique for qualitatively characterizing soil P loss, but not adequate in estimating field P concentrations. Implications on VTA design and management are discussed.
In silico investigation and targeting of amyloid β oligomers of different size.

Aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides into fibrils has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a result, in recent years, substantial efforts have been expended in the study of the mechanism of aggregation of the Aβ peptide as well as of its inhibition by potential drug molecules. In this context, we have built a model of the Aβ(17–42) deca-oligomer using the solid-state NMR (ssNMR) structure of the Aβ(17–42) penta-oligomer as a reference. Both the penta- and deca-oligomer systems have been studied by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and used as target systems for the investigation of the mechanism of action of a trehalose-derived Aβ aggregation inhibitor. In the deca-oligomer all the main structural features of the putative fibrillar state are retained. Moreover, the simulations reveal a remarkable gain in stability as the oligomer grows. MD studies of the inhibitor in complex with the penta- and deca-oligomers indicate a significant destabilization of the structure beyond the hampering of the addition of successive Aβ peptides at the ends of the fibril due to the presence of the inhibitor molecule. Our work provides an easy and effective approach which could be useful for the in silico development of potential drug molecules acting at different stages of the progression of Aβ-related diseases.
Unsteadiness of the Separation Shock Wave Structure in a Supersonic Compression Ramp Flowfield

Wall pressure fluctuations have been measured in a two-dimensional separated compression ramp-induced shock wave turbulent boundary-layer interaction. The tests were made at a nominal freestream Mach number of 3 and at Reynolds numbers based on boundary-layer thickness of 7.8 X 10 and 1.4x 10. The wall temperature condition was approximately adiabatic. Large-amplitude pressure fluctuations exist throughout the interaction, particularly near separation and reattachment. In the upstream region of the flowfield, the unsteadiness of the separation shock wave structure generates an intermittent wall pressure signal. Mean wall pressures in this region result from the superposition of the relatively low-frequency, large-amplitude, shock wave-induced fluctuations on the pressure signal of the undisturbed boundary layer. This behavior is qualitatively similar to that observed in three-dimensional blunt fin-induced flows. In these two flowfields, the length scale of the shock motion is a significant fraction of the distance from the interaction start to separation.
Design considerations for micromachined electric actuators

Abstract This paper provides a perspective on the design and fabrication of surface-micromachined actuators. An analysis of electromagnetic to mechanical energy conversion indicates that electric drive is preferable to magnetic drive for these microactuators. Planar rotary and linear microactuators can be fabricated by selectively etching multi-layer thin-film sandwiches, with the potential for gaps on the order 1 μm and lateral dimensions on the order of 300 μm. Prototype designs are presented for rotary variable-capacitance and induction micromotors. Rotor speeds of 2.4 × 10 5 rad s −1 (2.3 × 10 6 rpm) and accelerations of 2.9 × 10 9 rad s −2 appear feasible for both. In conclusion, some of the research problems in developing a microactuator technology are identified, including warpage of microstructural films due to residual stress, friction between micromachined surfaces and electric breakdown in small gaps.
Low-lying level structure of 73Kr

Abstract We have used the 40 Ca( 36 Ar, 2pn) reaction to study the low-lying level structure of 73 Kr. By utilizing a bombarding energy at the Coulomb barrier, the relative cross section for this channel was enhanced to a few percent of the total reaction cross section. Levels in 73 Kr were assigned based primarily upon observed neutron-gamma-gamma coincidences and upon comparisons of these newly assigned transition cross sections with those from known nuclei.
Background gene expression networks significantly enhance drug response prediction by transcriptional profiling.

A central goal of gene expression studies coupled with drug response screens is to identify predictive profiles that can be exploited to stratify patients. Numerous methods have been proposed towards this end, most of them focusing on novel statistical methods and model selection techniques that attempt to uncover groups of genes, whose expression profiles are directly and robustly correlated with drug response. However, biological systems process information through the crosstalk of multiple signaling networks, whose ultimate phenotypic consequences may only be determined by the combined input of relevant interacting systems. By restricting predictive signatures to direct gene–drug correlations, biologically meaningful interactions that may serve as superior predictors are ignored. Here we demonstrate that predictive signatures, which incorporate the interaction between background gene expression patterns and individual predictive probes, can provide superior models than those that directly relate gene expression levels to pharmacological response, and thus should be more widely utilized in pharmacogenetic studies.
Neutrino spectra from low and high luminosity populations of gamma ray bursts

Abstract The detection of GRB 060218 at z = 0.033 by Swift within 1.5 years of operation, together with the detection of GRB 980425 at z = 0.0085 by BeppoSAX, suggest that these low luminosity (LL) GRBs have a much higher event rate than the canonical high luminosity (HL) GRBs, and they form a distinct new component in the GRB luminosity function. We explore the contribution of this previously neglected GRB population to the diffuse neutrino background within the internal shock model and compare it with that of the canonical HL population. By considering a wide range of distributions of various parameters (e.g. luminosity, spectral break energy, duration, variability time, Lorentz factor, redshift) for both populations, we find that although it is difficult to detect neutrinos from the individual LL GRBs, the contribution of the LL population to the diffuse neutrino background is more than the HL population above about 108 GeV.
Monitoring the monitor: automated statistical tracking of a clinical event monitor

At Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, a clinical event monitor processes a set of rules called Medical Logic Modules (MLMs), which generate messages (interpretations, warnings, suggestions) for health care providers. The automated statistical tracker (AST) monitors the operation of the clinical event monitor for the purpose of detecting malfunctions in MLMs or in the clinical event monitor itself. The AST follows the number of messages generated by each MLM each day and issues an alert to a system administrator if the current count of messages seems unusual compared to the MLM's past activity. The AST is based upon a combination of Poisson and normal distributions. The AST was implemented using Unix shell scripts and put into operation. Of two malfunctions that occurred during a prospective study of 12 MLMs over 85 days, the AST automatically detected one that might otherwise have gone undetected, and the system administrator detected the other during routine review of the AST's daily report. The AST's performance was compared to that of five human subjects, and it was found to rank third among the six total subjects. The AST generated eight false-positive alerts during the study period (false-positive rate = 0.009 alerts/MLM day); seven of these were also picked by the human subjects. Subsequent experience has proven the AST to be useful and efficient for a system with 20 to 60 MLMs.
LIS1: from cortical malformation to essential protein of cellular dynamics

The LIS1 gene was cloned following the study of children with lissencephaly and cytogenetic abnormalities involving chromosome 17p, however, the role of the LIS1 protein in normal cortical development is not precisely defined. LIS1 is a component of evolutionarily conserved intracellular multiprotein complexes and recent literature shows that these complexes are essential, not only for neuronal migration, but they might also be fundamental components of the machinery for cell proliferation and intracellular transport.
Angular spectrum calculations for arbitrary focal length with a scaled convolution

Nyquist sampling theorem in an image calculation with angular spectrum method restricts a propagation distance and a focal length of a lens. In order to avoid these restrictions, we studied suitable expressions for the image computations depending on their conditions. Additionally, a lateral scale in an observation plane can be magnified freely by using a scaled convolution in each expression.
The reproductive performance of two genetically distinct lines of medium white turkey hens when fed breeder diets with and without a yeast culture containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The suitability of a breeder diet containing a yeast culture as a means of improving the hen reproductive performance of two genetically divergent lines of Medium White turkeys for low (L) and high (H) semen ejaculate volumes was investigated in two experiments. A total of 200 hens of lines L and H (n = 100 per line) were housed in a curtain-sided breeder house (ten hens per line per pen). Starting at 31 weeks of age (WOA), the hens were fed either corn-soya bean (CS) or corn-soya bean plus yeast (CS + Y, 0.5% Diamond V. Mills XP yeast culture, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) diets. Between 33 and 45 WOA (Experiment 1), the hens were mated inter se and from 45 to 51 WOA, reciprocal line matings were established (Experiment 2). Hen reprodutive parameters measured between 31 and 51 WOA were: body weight (BW) change, feed intake, feed per dozen eggs, egg production, egg size, fertility, embryonic mortality, and hatchability of fertilized eggs from seven biweekly egg settings. Yeast culture supplementation of the diet did not influence (P > 0.05) changes in BW, egg production, egg weight, embryonic mortality, and hatchability of fertilized eggs (n = 5 biweekly hatches) of either line. Significant time by line (P < 0.01) and time by diet interactions were evident only in feed intake. In Experiment 1 there was an improved (P < 0.05) hen fertility in line H as a result of feeding the dietary yeast culture. In Experiment 2, when the hens of both lines were inseminated with semen of their reciprocal line, the hatch of fertilized eggs (n = 2 biweekly hatches) was substantially improved (P < 0.05) from hens fed the yeast culture containing diet. The results of this study suggest that there is a genetic factor associated with the feeding of a diet containing a yeast culture to turkey breeder hens.
An Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction Study of Monoclinic Eu2O3 under Pressure

Abstract The phase behavior of monoclinic ( B -type) Eu 2 O 3 under pressure in a diamond anvil cell was studied at room temperature by energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. The bulk modulus ( B 0 ) of B -type Eu 2 O 3 , derived from the compression curve obtained, was 140 GPa. A pressure-induced phase transition from the monoclinic to the hexagonal ( A -type) crystal structure was observed at about 4.7 GPa. The fractional volume change, Δ V/V , under this transition pressure was approximately -2%.
Distribution of glucose in the pedicle skin flaps of guinea pigs.

Abstract Consistency of necrosis was determined in skin flaps created on the back of guinea pigs. The average amount of skin necrosis ranged from 20 to 45% of the flaps. Glucose distribution within the skin flaps was quantitated in the epidermis, hair follicles, dermis, and panniculus carnosus at various distances from the pedicle. The distal end of the flaps exhibited a drastic decrease in glucose content in all strata of skin, excluding the panniculus carnosus, while the proximal half of the flaps displayed no significant alteration in tissue glucose content during 7 days following flap elevation. The epithelium and dermis exhibited a similar degree of magnitude for the decrease in glucose level in association with skin necrosis.
Equilibration of fucosyl glycoprotein pools in HeLa cells

The pool sizes, label equilibration times, and specific radioactivity relationships of fucosyl glycoproteins and precursors have been examined in exponentially growing HeLa S3 cells (generation time about 23 h) using a quantitative radioisotopic approach. The specific radioactivity of the precursor GDP-fucose (pool size 0.52 +/- 4% nmol/10(7) cells) equilibrates with radioactive fucose in the medium in about 1 h. 10(7) cells contain 5.3 +/- 16% nmol of glycoprotein fucose of which 96-98% resides in or on the cell surfaces and is equilibrated isotopically within 22 h of labeling; 2% or less is in an internal pool, some of which is precursor to plasma membranes and some of which is released as soluble glycoprotein directly to the medium without random mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein. Because we cannot rule out the presence of internal free fucose, 2% of the total glycoprotein fucose could be in the degradative pathway being recycled internally before release of free fucose. In rate terms and in a particular culture where 10(7) cells contained 4.4 nmol of glycoprotein fucose, a total of 11.1 nmol of glycoprotein fucose is synthesized per generation (9-11% of the total cell glycoprotein fucose/h). Of this, 2.5 nmol of glycoprotein fucose per generation is released directly into the growth medium without mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein fucose. The small internal pool feeding glycoprotein fucose to the plasma membrane does so at the rate of 8.6 nmol/10(7) cells per generation, 4.2 nmol per generation of which, after mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein fucose, is ultimately released into the growth medium, 75-80% as free frucose. This release process is independent of cell density and the presence of serum in the growth medium.
The 2010 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science presented to Peter C. Nowell

Abstract Peter Nowell is known for his discovery that a small terminal deletion on chromosome 22 is a consistent feature in leukemic cells from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. This was the first direct evidence that a human cancer could be the result of a somatic (chromosomal) mutation, and paved the way for the development of a therapy that now cures 95% of individuals with CML.
Developing a Framework of Guiding Interface Design for Older Adults

Many design recommendations have been provided for designing user interfaces for older adults. Existing design recommendations over the last twenty years were reviewed. Most of the design recommend...
Zoning and hedonic housing price models

To measure the impact of zoning, most studies include a set of dummy variables representing various land-use classifications in the hedonic housing equation. There are two problems with this specification. First, zoning regulations are multidimensional; they restrict the choice of specific housing characteristics in addition to constraining the use of land. Second, treating zoning solely as a shift parameter ignores the potential capitalization of zoning into the implicit prices of housing characteristics. In this paper we develop a theoretical model that accounts for both characteristics zoning and capitalization effects and derive the appropriate econometric specification. Our empirical results indicate that zoning regulations do affect the implicit prices of housing characteristics and that excluding characteristics zoning from the hedonic equation biases the estimated impact of land-use zoning.
The distribution and behavior of dissolved and particulate iron and zinc in the Ross Sea and Antarctic circumpolar current along 170°W

Abstract Dissolved and particulate iron and zinc were measured in water samples collected from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) region and the Ross Sea during the US JGOFS Antarctic Environment Southern Ocean Process Study (AESOPS). Dissolved and particulate zinc showed strongly seasonal variation, indicating efficient recycling in the upper 150 m of the water column in both regions. Seasonal zinc utilization is 21–118 μmol m −2 in the ACC and 134–192 μmol m −2 in the Ross Sea. Only 10–25% of the particulate zinc is exported below 150 m. Generally low dissolved ( −1 ) and particulate iron concentrations ( −1 ) were observed in the mixed layer year-around in the ACC region whereas seasonal depletion of dissolved iron and relatively high particulate iron (>1 nmol kg −1 ) were found in the Ross Sea. Seasonal iron utilization is 7–45 μmol m −2 in the ACC and 450–938 μmol m −2 in the Ross Sea, which yields an estimated Fe/C ratio of 15 and 100 (μmol Fe:mol C) for the ACC and the Ross Sea, respectively. More than 50% of the total iron production is exported below 150 m in the ACC region. Iron input through vertical mixing was minimal, in contrast to the vertical input of dissolved zinc and macronutrients in the ACC region. Upwelling may supply 50% of the export production of iron near the Southern ACC Front. In the Ross Sea, more iron is available due to the variety of inputs, in contrast to the ACC region. In addition to the input of dissolved and particulate iron from melting sea-ice, there is substantial input of particulate iron from the suspended materials of sediments.
The epidemiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries.

Although most of the world's children live in developing countries and may be at high risk for disability, very little is known about the prevalence and causes of developmental disabilities in these countries. This paper discusses methodological difficulties contributing to this lack of knowledge, and provides an overview of what is known about the epidemiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries. At least some forms of developmental disability appear to be more common in low-income countries than in wealthier countries, despite the probability of higher mortality among children with disabilities in low-income countries. For example, most studies of severe mental retardation in low-income countries report prevalences greater than 5 per 1,000 children, while prevalence estimates from industrialized countries are consistently below this. Major risk factors for developmental disabilities in some low-income countries include specific genetic diseases, a higher frequency of births to older mothers, consanguinity, and specific micronutrient deficiencies and infections. Trauma and toxic exposures are also important risk factors, but their contributions to the etiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries are not well documented. Though many of the causes of developmental disabilities are understood and preventable, proven methods of prevention are not being fully implemented in developing countries. Epidemiologic studies are needed to raise awareness of the public health impacts of developmental disabilities in low-income countries and to provide a basis for setting priorities and designing efficient interventions.
SOCS3 Deletion Promotes Optic Nerve Regeneration In Vivo

Axon regeneration failure accounts for permanent functional deficits following CNS injury in adult mammals. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In analyzing axon regeneration in different mutant mouse lines, we discovered that deletion of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes robust regeneration of injured optic nerve axons. This regeneration-promoting effect is efficiently blocked in SOCS3-gp130 double-knockout mice, suggesting that SOCS3 deletion promotes axon regeneration via a gp130-dependent pathway. Consistently, a transient upregulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was observed within the retina following optic nerve injury. Intravitreal application of CNTF further enhances axon regeneration from SOCS3-deleted RGCs. Together, our results suggest that compromised responsiveness to injury-induced growth factors in mature neurons contributes significantly to regeneration failure. Thus, developing strategies to modulate negative signaling regulators may be an efficient strategy of promoting axon regeneration after CNS injury.
Collaborative feed reading in a community

Feed readers have emerged as one of the salient applications that characterize Web 2.0. Lately, some of the available readers introduced social features, analogously to other Web 2.0 applications, such as recommendations and tagging. Yet, most of the readers lack collaborative features, such as the ability to share feeds in a community or divide the reading task among community members. In this paper we describe CoffeeReader, a web-based feed reader, which combines social and collaborative features, and is deployed in a small community within our company. CoffeeReader provides awareness of other users' feed lists and read status; it enables information sharing such as tags and recommendations; and aims to support coordination of filtering through feeds to locate important items. We compare these group collaboration features of CoffeeReader with emerging features in publicly available feed readers; present the outcomes of using CoffeeReader within our community; and discuss our findings and their implications on making feed readers more collaborative.
Ten-year follow-up of ovarian cancer patients after second-look laparotomy with negative findings.

Objective To determine long-term survival and predictors of recurrence in patients with platinum-treated ovarian cancer who were followed for 10 years after second-look laparotomy with negative findings. Methods Records were reviewed of 91 consecutive patients with negative findings on second-look laparotomy after platinum-based chemotherapy between January 1978 and January 1987. Statistical analysis used Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox proportional hazards, and multiple logistic regression. Results Mean age of patients was 57 (range 30-79) years. Distribution by stage and grade was as follows: stage I, ten; II, 18; III, 57; IV, six; grade 1, 18; 2, 28; 3, 45. Forty-seven of 91 women had optimal initial cytoreduction. Recurrence-free survival rates for all subjects were 75% at 2 years, 55% at 5 years, and 52% at 10 years. For women with stage I disease, the recurrence-free survival rate was 90% at 2, 5, and 10 years. For women with stage II disease, recurrence-free survival rates were 78, 72, and 66% at 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Patients with stage III or IV disease had recurrence-free survival rates of 72, 44, and 40% at 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Risk of recurrent disease was related to tumor stage (relative risk [RR] 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 3.3; P = .005), grade (RR 2.00; 95% CI 1.3, 3.2; P = .004), and presence of a residual tumor of more than 2 cm at the end of initial surgery (RR 3.19; 95% CI 1.2, 8.5; P = .02). Conclusion Ovarian cancer patients face an appreciable risk of recurrence in the first 5 years after second-look laparotomy with negative findings after platinum-based chemotherapy, but those who remain disease free at 5 years have excellent long-term survival rates. Tumor stage, grade, and presence of a residual tumor of more than 2 cm after initial surgery are significant predictors of recurrence.