cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bio-inspired multi-agent system framework for real-time load management in all-electric ship power systems

All-electric ship power systems have limited generation capacity and finite rotating inertia compared with large power systems. Moreover, all-electric ship power systems include large portions of nonlinear loads and dynamic loads relative to the total power capacity, which may significantly reduce the stability margin. Pulse loads and other high-energy weapon loads in the system draw a large amount of power intermittently, which may cause significant frequency and voltage oscillations in the system. Thus, an effective real-time load management technique is needed to dynamically balance the load and generation to operate the system normally. Multi-agent systems, inspired by biological phenomena, aim to cooperatively achieve system objectives that are difficult to reach by a single agent or centralized controller. Since power systems include various electrical components with different dynamical systems, conventional homogeneous multi-agent system cooperative controllers have difficulties solving the real-time load management problem with heterogeneous agents. In this dissertation, a novel heterogeneous multi-agent system cooperative control methodology is presented based on artificial potential functions and reduced-order agent models to cooperatively achieve real-time load management for all-electric ship power systems. The technique integrates high-order system dynamics and various kinds of operational constraints into the multi-agent system, which improves the accuracy of the cooperative controller. The multi-agent system includes a MVAC multi-agent system and a DC zone multi-agent, which are coordinated by an AC-DC communication agent. The developed multi-agent system framework and the notional all-electric ship power system model were simulated in PSCAD software. Case studies and performance analysis of the MVAC multi-agent system and the DC zone multi-agent system were performed. The simulation results indicated that propulsion loads and pulse loads can be successfully coordinated to reduce the impact of pulse loads on the power quality of all-electric ship power systems. Further, the switch status or power set-point of loads in DC zones can be optimally determined to dynamically balance the generation and load while satisfying the operational constraints of the system and considering load priorities. The method has great potential to be extended to other isolated power systems, such as microgrids.
Reposition der Fraktur

Nehmen wir an, das es sich um eine Querfraktur im mittleren Schaftbereich der Tibia handelt. Gewohnlich kann die Pinnung des Knochens im geschlossenen Verfahren durchgefuhrt werden, aber manchmal wandert aus merkwurdigen Grunden der Pin aus der Frakturlinie heraus und hat die Tendenz, in die Weichteile anstatt in die Markhohle des distalen Fragmentes einzudringen.
Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Jojoba and Mariola

(1979). Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Jojoba and Mariola. Mycologia: Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 831-834.
Comparison of Barium Carbonate and Nitrate Used in the Preparation of YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductors

Samples of YBa2Cu3O7-x were prepared by the solid state reaction method using Y2O3, CuO, and either BaCO3 or Ba(NO3)2. The samples were studied using DTA-TGA, Knudsen cell mass spectrometry, and SEM-EDAX. The results indicated that C was more abundant in samples prepared from the carbonate than from the nitrate. In both samples, C was more abundant than N which was at low levels in both samples. Knudsen cell mass spectrometry has proven to be an experimental technique which is sensitive to volatile impurities at low levels.
Multiple Enzymatic Digestions and Ion Mobility Separation Improve Quantification of Bacterial Ribosomal Proteins by Data Independent Acquisition Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry-based quantification of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) associated with mature ribosomes and ribosome assembly complexes is typically accomplished by relative quantification strategies. These strategies provide information on the relative stoichiometry of proteins within the complex compared to a wild-type strain. Here we have evaluated the applicability of a label-free approach, enhanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS(E)), for absolute "ribosome-centric" quantification of r-proteins in Escherichia coli mature ribosomes. Because the information obtained in this experiment is related to the number of peptides identified per protein, experimental conditions that allow accurate and reproducible quantification of r-proteins were found. Using an additional dimension of gas-phase separation through ion mobility and the use of multiple endoproteinase digestion significantly improved quantification of proteins associated with mature ribosomes. The actively translating ribosomes (polysomes) contain amounts of proteins consistent with their known stoichiometry within the complex. These measurements exhibited technical and biological reproducibilities at %CV less than 15% and 35%, respectively. The improved LC-MS(E) approach described here can be used to characterize in vivo ribosome assembly complexes captured during ribosome biogenesis and assembly under different perturbations (e.g., antibiotics, deletion mutants of assembly factors, oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation). Quantitative analysis of these captured complexes will provide information relating to the interplay and dynamics of how these perturbations interfere with the assembly process.
Faces of Brazilian Slavery: The Cartes de Visite of Christiano Júnior

Photographs probably expanded more horizons and redefined more ways of knowing the world than any other product of nineteenth-century technology. The first daguerreotypes appeared in the Western Hemisphere merely months after the triumphal announcement of Daguerre's process by the French Academy in 1839. In the next three decades, millions of photographic images were produced. Three distinct categories predominated: studio portraits, scenic views for collectors and, after the early 1850s, photographic images transferred to woodcuts and, later, lithographs for publication as line sketches in illustrated newspapers and magazines. Photographic “science” complemented neatly the elite's striving for ways to affirm the region's material progress. Photographers played a vital role in presenting to the world a vision rooted in the aspirations of the dominant members of society.
Magnetic phase diagram of Eu 1-x Gd x S

We propose a model to investigate the magnetic properties of Eu${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Gd${}_{x}$S consisting of an s-f term with chemical disorder due to the separation of the atomic energy levels of the $s$ electrons $\ensuremath{\Delta}V$ and a disordered Heisenberg term. The model is solved by using a self-consistent modified Rudermann-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida technique. Disorder is accounted for by the coherent potential approximation, and the electronic self-energy is obtained by using a suitable alloy analogy. By comparing with experimental data for the red-shift of the absorption edge at $x=0.01$, and considering the fact that an insulator-metal transition takes place at the same concentration, we are able to ascertain $\ensuremath{\Delta}V$ at about $0.58$ eV. We compute the critical temperatures in dependence on $x$ and obtain a transition from ferromagnetism to AFM-II type antiferromagnetism at $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.4$. The spin-glass phase is briefly discussed within the mean-field approximation. We also compute the critical temperatures for the pure s-f model including antiferromagnetism on the simple cubic and the face-centered-cubic lattices in dependence on the band occupation $n$, and obtain the following sequences of phases: ferromagnetism (FM) $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ AFM-A $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ AFM-C $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ AFM-G for the former, and FM $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ AFM-II $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ AFM-III $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ AFM-I for the latter.
Controller inhibition of automated conflict resolutions in a maximum NextGen condition

With the continued projection of increases in air traffic density, operations in the National Airspace System are expected to exceed human capabilities in the near future. In order to address the bottleneck of human workload capacity, highly automated safety-critical systems are under development to support air traffic controllers. A human-in-the-loop experiment examined controllers transition through four NextGen automation stages: Current-Day, Minimum, Moderate, and Maximum. Maximum NextGen simulated a fully automated environment where the automation was responsible for detecting and resolving conflicts within simulation parameters in high-density airspace. By allocating these tasks to the automation, the controllers task changed. The human moved to primarily a supervisory position- typically only regaining control over separation assurance tasks during conflict situations deferred by the automation. While tasks were allocated a-priori between the controller and automated agent, controllers maintained authority to inhibit the automation from interacting with particular aircraft. Preliminary work is complete, where significant differences were found in inhibition frequency between simulation participants. However, the contexts in which the controllers inhibited the automation, and their reasons for doing so, remain unclear. This analysis attempts to identity factors contributing to human controllers inhibition of the automation in the Maximum NextGen condition.
Discussion on Specimen Origin and Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella coli

Objective To study the specimen origin and the drug resistant change of Klebsiella coli. Methods The specimen origin and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella coli isolated from the patients from Chenzhou No.1 People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results Totally 379 strains of Klebsiella coli were collected,which were mainly isolated from sputum(75.73%),secretion(6.60%),blood(5.54%),and wound excretion(1.58%).The multi-drug resistance rate of ESBLs was significantly higher than that of non-ESBLs.The drug resistance rates of Klebsiella coli to imipenem,nitrofurantoin,amikacin and ceftazidime were 0.00%,11.87%,23.75% and 25.07% respectively,while those to the other antimicrobials were all higher than 30%. Conclusions Antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Klebsiella coli threatens the success of infectious disease treatment.It is very important to promote the rational use of antimicrobial agents for control of resistance and to take effective measures for the prevention of nosocomial infection.
Coordination Logic for Repulsive Resolution Maneuvers

This paper presents an algorithm for determining the direction an aircraft should maneuver in the event of a potential conflict with another aircraft. The algorithm is implicitly coordinated, meaning that with perfectly reliable computations and information, it will in- dependently provide directional information that is guaranteed to be coordinated without any additional information exchange or direct communication. The logic is inspired by the logic of TCAS II, the airborne system designed to reduce the risk of mid-air collisions between aircraft. TCAS II provides pilots with only vertical resolution advice, while the proposed algorithm, using a similar logic, provides implicitly coordinated vertical and horizontal directional advice.
Epidermis contains platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase that is overexpressed in germinal layer keratinocytes in psoriasis

Human epidermal cells exhibited none of the cytosolic lipoxygenase activity that is prominent in mucosal epithelial cells, but instead contained a microsomal activity that converted arachidonic acid to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). Identification of the extractable 12-HETE-forming activity as a 12-lipoxygenase (distinct from cytochrome P-450) included (S)-12-stereospecificity of product formation, trapping of 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid as an intermediate reaction product, and lack of NADPH dependence for activity. Epidermal cell poly(A)+ RNA contained high levels of a 2.3-kb mRNA that selectively hybridized with human platelet 12-lipoxygenase cDNA, and partial cDNA sequence of this mRNA indicated identity to platelet 12-lipoxygenase. The epidermal 12-lipoxygenase was not recognized by antibodies against the leukocyte-type 12- and 15-lipoxygenases (found in leukocytes, reticulocytes, and mucosal epithelial cells) but was detected by an antiplatelet 12-lipoxygenase antibody. The epidermal 12-lipoxygenase antigen was selectively expressed in germinal layer keratinocytes in healthy and psoriatic skin, and these layers exhibited hyperplasia and increased immunostaining in inflamed psoriatic skin. Together with previous results, these observations indicate that 1) epidermis generates 12-HETE by either cytochrome P-450 or lipoxygenase-based mechanisms depending on reaction conditions, and 2) 12-lipoxygenases (originally described in hematopoietic cell types) may be expressed in at least two distinct isoforms in epithelial barriers in humans, and in the case of the skin, a microsomal (platelet-type) 12-lipoxygenase is selectively overexpressed in germinal layer keratinocytes during psoriatic inflammation.
Common Approximations that Can Invalidate Calculations of the Flow of Superfluid Helium

Calculations of the flow of He II are difficult because of its two-fluid nature and unusual boundary conditions. Investigators made many assumptions and approximations, over the years, to simplify the calculations and make them tractable. We find in scanning the literature that in a large number of situations approximations have been used beyond their range of validity. In some cases, this has resulted in substantially incorrect predictions. We have made a list of commonly used approximations and analyzed the range of validity of each. Examples of approximations are: assuming a critical velocity for the onset of turbulence in the superfluid when no critical velocity exists; attempting to specify the problem with less than four boundary conditions; neglect of the pressure gradient in evaluating the gradient of the chemical potential; neglect of property variations in one-dimensional flow; assuming the normal component flows like a Navier-Stokes fluid; attributing a dependence of the Gorter-Mellink coefficient to the structure of the material; using formulas for heat flow that apply only to counterflow situations when there is not mass flow; and assuming the normal fluid is clamped in porous flows. We made a comparison of calculations with and without the assumptions where possible.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Anticholinergic Medications

Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) usage has been shown to have a protective association with incident AD and dementia in many case-control and cohort studies. Longer durations of use have been found to be associated with stronger protective effects. When participants of different ages were examined, the effect was seen in those under 75, but not in persons older than this age. This finding is consistent with a significant association in carriers of the apolipoprotein E-e4 allele but not in noncarriers. An NSAID meta-analysis showed significant protective associations in both case-control (OR =0.75, 95% CI =0.68–0.74) and cohort (RR =0.69, 95% CI =0.56–0.86) studies. RCTs in participants with AD have shown no effect. In addition, a large RCT in cognitively impaired older persons with a family history of dementia showed no association of naproxen or celecoxib usage and incidence of AD. Overall, studies of NSAIDS and AD demonstrate that long-term usage, particularly when begun earlier in life, may reduce the risk for AD. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been extensively studied with respect to AD risk. Studies show that if such therapy is begun within a critical time window around the time of menopause and continued for a relatively short number of years, reductions in the risk of AD are seen in later life. A large RCT (the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study) demonstrated increased risk for dementia in women taking HRT (either unopposed estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone) initiated after age 65, a finding confirmed by several cohort studies. Continuous use of anticholinergic drugs may disclose an underlying disease process.
Active "hugging" vest for deep touch pressure therapy

Many individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and ADHD often seek out deep touch pressure (DTP). Weighted blankets, vests and other wearable garments have been used to provide DTP, but each suffers from significant limitations. We designed an alternative using shape memory alloy (SMA) springs that contract when heated to create a children's deep pressure vest that can constrict on command, while being simultaneously low profile and adjustable. The garment can be controlled via wireless remote, allowing wearer self-adjustment and enabling the child's parent, guardian, or occupational therapist (OT) to give a comforting "hug" potentially from anywhere in the world.
Compact blue-green laser sources

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses compact blue–green laser sources. This chapter illustrates that there are many possible approaches to an all-solid-state blue–green laser source. Most are based on converting the output of infrared diode lasers, which are well-developed, high power, reliable, and relatively inexpensive sources, to shorter wavelengths using non-linear conversion techniques. These technologies are in various stages of development: some have been commercially available for a few years, some are in the product development stage, and some are active areas of research. A promising approach to smaller and cheaper sources is non-linear conversion of an infrared diode laser in a QPM waveguide. Active development of devices based on this technique makes it likely that a compact device producing several milliwatts in blue should not be far off. Similarly, up-conversion fiber lasers might provide tens of milliwatts of blue-green power in an inexpensive, although somewhat larger device. Moreover, research on wide-bandgap semiconductor materials and device fabrication has accelerated recently with the demonstration of direct injection lasers at room temperature. These advances make it possible that blue diode lasers might be commercialized in the not-too-distant future, which would provide the ultimate in compact and low-cost blue laser sources as required for high volume, consumer-based applications.
Application-Specific Computational Materials Design via Multiscale Modeling and the Inductive Design Exploration Method (IDEM)

The development of materials is a laborious, iterative, expensive, and intuitive process, often requiring decades to transition from early laboratory studies to commercial applications. This research seeks to address this issue by demonstrating a systematic process for linking process-structure-property-performance (PSPP) relations. We argue that the limitations on time for the material development process arise in large part due to lack of effective approaches for exploring the material design space that anticipates application requirements, objectives, and constraints. The material design process employed here utilizes hierarchical multiscale modeling, analytical models, and associated metamodels to construct a set of bottom-up deductive mappings, along with the inductive design exploration method (IDEM) to account for uncertainty in pursuing top-down inductive decision support problems that address application-specific design objectives. The demonstrated problem considers the simultaneous design of ultra-high-performance concrete material and a structural panel able to withstand a 1.5-MPa-ms reflected blast wave impulse. A set of PSPP mappings were constructed across micro-, meso-, and macro-length-scales using analytical expressions and a hierarchical multiscale finite element model at the single fiber, multiple fiber, and structural length scales. The set of PSPP deductive mappings considered seven design variables—panel thickness, fiber pitch, ratio of water to cementitious materials, curing temperature, and volume fractions of fibers, cement, and silica fume—across four hierarchical levels. After the set of deductive PSPP mappings were constructed and validated, ranged sets of feasible values for each design variable were determined via IDEM. Starting with the highest and next-to-higher hierarchical levels as the output and input spaces, respectively, IDEM was implemented via application of three steps—discretization of input variables, projection of discretized sets of input variables with account of uncertainty to a range in the output space, and determination of which sets of discrete input values satisfy the output space requirement(s). By recursively applying these three steps, the PSPP relations were robustly searched for properties, structures, and processes that satisfy the performance requirement(s). The advantages of this approach are the identification of ranged sets of values of design variables and the ability to account for propagated uncertainty. By defining additional mass and cost objectives, the feasible input space was then searched to find the preferred combination of values of design variables that minimized mass and minimized cost while maintaining a robust material and structural design.
Impact of Uncertainty on the Prediction of Airspace Complexity of Congested Sectors

The ability of traffic controllers to separate aircraft determines the capacity of the region of airspace under their control, referred to as a sector. Complexity metrics, specifically dynamic dens...
Fully Coupled and Feedforward Neural Networks with Complex-Valued Neurons

This paper discusses neural networks with complex-valued neurons with both discrete and continuous outputs. It reviews existing methods of their applications in fully coupled associative memories. Such memories are able to process multiple gray levels when applied for image de-noising. In addition, when complex-valued neurons are generalized to take a continuum of values, they can be used as substitutes for perceptron networks. Learning of such neurons is demonstrated and described in the context of traditional multilayer feedforward network learning. Such learning is derivative-free and it usually requires reduced network architecture. The notion of a universal binary neuron is also introduced. Selected examples and applications of such networks are also referenced.
Different Sickness Responses in Adult and Aged Rats Following Lipopolysaccharide Administration

Objective:Immune challenges result in sickness responses such as decreased activity, fever, and spatial learning deficits. While these responses occur simultaneously, they are not usually evaluated...
The Supercloud: Applying Internet Design Principles to Interconnecting Clouds

Just like we have small dedicated networks in houses, cars, factories, etc., we will have small clouds in all these places. We need a way to glue all these clouds together into a single worldwide infrastructure. The Cloud Abstraction Layer could provide such glue.
Human Apolipoprotein E Genotype Differentially Affects Olfactory Behavior and Sensory Physiology in Mice.

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is an important lipid carrier in both the periphery and the brain. The ApoE e4 allele (ApoE4) is the single most important genetic risk-factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) while the e2 allele (ApoE2) is associated with a lower risk of AD-related neurodegeneration compared to the most common variant, e3 (ApoE3). ApoE genotype affects a variety of neural circuits; however, the olfactory system appears to provide early biomarkers of ApoE genotype effects. Here, we directly compared olfactory behavior and olfactory system physiology across all three ApoE genotypes in 6-month- and 12-month-old mice with targeted replacement for the human ApoE2, ApoE3, or ApoE4 genes. Odor investigation and habituation were assessed, along with, olfactory bulb and piriform cortical local field potential activity. The results demonstrate that while initial odor investigation was unaffected by ApoE genotype, odor habituation was impaired in E4 relative to E2 mice, with E3 mice intermediate in function. There was also significant deterioration of odor habituation from 6 to 12 months of age regardless of the ApoE genotype. Olfactory system excitability and odor responsiveness were similarly determined by ApoE genotype, with an ApoE4 > ApoE3 > ApoE2 excitability ranking. Although motivated behavior is influenced by many processes, hyper-excitability of ApoE4 mice may contribute to impaired odor habituation, while hypo-excitability of ApoE2 mice may contribute to its protective effects. Given that these ApoE mice do not have AD pathology, our results demonstrate how ApoE affects the olfactory system at early stages, prior to the development of AD.
Oxygen potential transition in mixed conducting oxide electrolyte

Abstract It is generally assumed that oxygen potential in a thin oxide electrolyte follows a linear distribution between electrodes. Jacobsen and Mogensen have shown, however, that this is not the case for thin zirconia membranes in solid oxide electrochemical cells. Here we demonstrate that there is a ubiquitous oxygen potential transition rooted in the p-type/n-type transition of electronic conductivity inside mixed conducting oxides, and that the transition is extremely sensitive to electrode potential and current density. It is also remarkably sensitive to the conductivity ratio of electrons and holes, as well as their association with lattice oxygens and vacancies, which tends to increase the oxygen flow. Direct evidence of a sharp oxygen potential transition has been found in an equally sharp grain size transition in electrically loaded zirconia. More broadly speaking, the oxygen potential transition is akin to a first-order phase transition. Therefore, it will suffer interface instability, especially in high-current-density devices. These findings provide new opportunities to understand several disparate observations in the literature, from microstructural degradation and stress distribution in solid oxide fuel/electrolyzer cells, to field-assisted sintering, to conducting filaments in resistance memory, to dendrite formation in electrochemical cells.
The Reordering of the Cosmos

For approximately a century after the Puritan migration the American self-understanding remained inchoate, absorbed largely in Church History, and not as yet conscious of America as a nation. The critical period for the development of the American civil religion and national consciousness was the, middle of the eighteenth century, after the Eastern shore of the continent had lost its wilderness character and was, if not quite a paradise, at least settled and cultivated. In addition there had accumulated a century or more of experience of existence in the New World with its demands and its rewards, both actual and imaginable. And sufficient time had elapsed for the implanting and development of indigenous American political institutions and an America ushered in a new and probably final, unsurpassable epoch in the shape American thought became explicit during this period, beginning approximately with the Great Awakening and extending until the inauguration of the government under the Constitution.
Shifting the Curriculum: Developing, Implementing, and Assessing a Business Writing Requirement

Writing skills are essential in college and in the workplace. However, numerous studies suggest that students are not meeting faculty expectations or the demands of their employers afterward. Findi...
Thermal inactivation kinetics of tulane virus in cell-culture medium and spinach

Human noroviruses (HNoVs) cause significant gastrointestinal disease outbreaks worldwide. Tulane virus (TV) is a cultivable HNoV surrogate widely used to determine control measures against HNoVs. The objective of this study was to determine the heat inactivation kinetics (D- and z-values) of TV in cell-culture media and on spiked homogenized spinach using the first-order and Weibull models. TV in cell-culture media at approximately 7 log PFU/mL (PFU-plaque forming unit) in 2-mL glass vials was heated at 52, 54, and 56 °C for up to 10 min in a circulating water bath. Survivors were enumerated using confluent host LLC-MK2 cells in six-well plates by plaque assay. Data from three replicate treatments assayed in duplicate were analyzed statistically. D-values by the first-order model for TV in cell-culture media at 52, 54, and 56 °C were 4.59 ± 0.05, 2.91 ± 0.05, and 1.74 ± 0.07 min, respectively, with a z-value of 9.09 ± 0.01 °C (R2 = 0.997). The Weibull model showed td = 1 values of 2.53 ± 0.08, 1.99 ± 0.10, and 0.57 ± 0.64 min, respectively, at the same temperatures. The D-values for TV in spinach were 7.94 ± 0.21, 4.09 ± 0.04, and 1.43 ± 0.02 min and the z-value was 10.74 ± 0.01 °C (R2 = 0.98) by the first-order model and 4.89 ± 0.02, 3.21 ± 0.45, and 0.25 ± 0.38 min for the Weibull model at 50, 54, and 58 °C, respectively. In comparison to previously reported results for the cultivable HNoV surrogate, murine norovirus -1, TV in cell-culture media and spiked on spinach homogenates showed lower D- and z-values. TV may not be an ideal HNoV surrogate for heat inactivation studies in cell-culture media or homogenized spinach in vacuum bags.
Labeling Cancer Stem Cells with 13 C 6 Glucose and 13 C 5 Glutamine for Metabolic Flux Analysis

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are a population of cells present within tumor that have increased self-renewal, chemoresistance, and aggressiveness, thereby contributing to tumor relapse. Literature shows that CSCs or TICs typically originate within the hypoxic niches of the tumor, making hypoxia one of the driving factors for generation of this population. Hypoxic stress promotes adaptation to low oxygen tension in the tissues by altering metabolic properties of the CSCs. This leads to a number of altered enzymatic activities in the CSC population that further contribute to the survival of the CSCs leading to resistance to standard therapy. Hence, understanding this altered metabolic pathways as well as targeting key nodes in these may pave the way for cancer management.Glucose and glutamine are the major substrates utilized by cancer cells and feed into multiple biosynthetic pathways. Hence, labeling and tracking these compounds may reveal some novel metabolic pathways exploited by cancer stem cells to acquire survival advantage. In these current book chapters, we elaborately summarized the basic steps required for isolation, characterization, and metabolic labeling (13C6 glucose and 13C5 glutamine) of CSC for flux analysis.
Catalyzing Student Learning: Using Analogies To Teach Enzyme Kinetics

Analogies are useful tools instructors can use to help make challenging concepts less abstract by drawing connections to familiar contexts. In this paper we provide an overview of the various analogies published in the education literature that are situated in the context of enzyme kinetics, including narrative-based analogies (analogies intended to be presented by an instructor in a lecture setting) and activity-based analogies (analogies that serve as the basis for interactive tasks intended to be completed by students in a laboratory/small group setting). After discussing the published analogies, we present an analogy we developed that incorporates previous research regarding the effective use and presentation of analogies in biochemistry. Our analogy focuses on supporting students in distinguishing between the different types of enzyme inhibitors, which has been previously determined to be challenging for students.
Structure and function of the Orc1 BAH-nucleosome complex.

The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) is essential for replication, heterochromatin formation, telomere maintenance and genome stability in eukaryotes. Here we present the structure of the yeast Orc1 BAH domain bound to the nucleosome core particle. Our data reveal that Orc1, unlike its close homolog Sir3 involved in gene silencing, does not appear to discriminate between acetylated and non-acetylated lysine 16, modification states of the histone H4 tail that specify open and closed chromatin respectively. We elucidate the mechanism for this unique feature of Orc1 and hypothesize that its ability to interact with nucleosomes regardless of K16 modification state enables it to perform critical functions in both hetero- and euchromatin. We also show that direct interactions with nucleosomes are essential for Orc1 to maintain the integrity of rDNA borders during meiosis, a process distinct and independent from its known roles in silencing and replication. The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) plays conserved and diverse roles in eukaryotes. Here the authors present the structure of a chromatin interacting domain of yeast Orc1 in complex with the nucleosome core particle, revealing that Orc1 interacts with the histone H4 tail irrespective of K16 acetylation; a modification that regulates accessibility to chromatin.
Late Roman Villas and Cognitive Science

Without the benefit of cognitive or evolutionary theory, late Roman villa patrons and designers intuited their way toward houses that engaged and strongly affected the emotions of inhabitants and visitor participants. Through the lens of their unique cultural moment, they discovered and deployed strategies that respond to certain innate and universal human needs. These were the aspects of a formal language of design that arose from a competitive ‘architectural arms race’ among a newly minted elite in the era of the late empire, which left a heritage that echoes through the history of architecture. Through the application of methods in cognitive science we can recover some of those strategies and understand their effects with a new specificity. Cognitive science confirms, continues, and elucidates earlier discoveries in phenomenology and psychology, placing the embodied and active human agent into the center of the experience of ancient architecture.
In defense of course reserves: A review of California programs

In his 2015 opinion piece “No reservations: Why the time has come to kill print textbook reserves,” Librarian Donald A. Barclay makes an argument for getting rid of what has become a standard service in many academic libraries: course reserves. Barclay claims that textbook costs are out of control, and that while reserves programs are resource-intensive, they do little to ease the financial burden of most students. While it is true that maintaining a healthy reserves collection can carry significant costs, the claim that students aren’t helped by reserves collections doesn’t hold up to scrutiny. Furthermore, reserves services do more for campus communities than simply save students a few dollars each term. Thoughtfully managed course reserves programs not only help mitigate the ever-increasing cost of textbooks, they also bolster student and faculty engagement, create opportunities for library outreach, and are one of many ways libraries are staying relevant and student-centered in the 21st-century academic ecosystem.
Understanding forest dynamics by integrating age and environmental change

How much carbon a forest ecosystem can sequester is determined by both postdisturbance regrowth and environmentally modified growth. Disturbance causes sharp declines in the short term and is followed by regrowth in the long term. Environmental change may alter carbon accumulation through increasing CO2 , nitrogen deposition and climate change. Regrowth and modified growth occur simultaneously, yet they are usually studied separately and assessed using an additive approach. Alternatively, an interactive approach using hierarchical models can address their concurrent nature and evaluate their joint effects. Hierarchical models are informed by forest age data, which have recently become available at global scales. The age-based hierarchical framework provides a coherent and feasible way to integrate regrowth and modified growth in understanding forest dynamics.
Sustained delivery of acriflavine from the suprachoroidal space provides long term suppression of choroidal neovascularization

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization (NV) and is an appealing target because it increases multiple pro-angiogenic proteins and their receptors. Acriflavine (ACF) binds HIF-1α and HIF-2α preventing binding to HIF-1β and inhibiting transcriptional activity of HIF-1 and HIF-2. Delivery of ACF to the eye by multiple routes strongly, but transiently, suppresses choroidal NV. We overcame design challenges and loaded highly water soluble ACF into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (PLGA-ACF MPs) that release ACF in vitro for up to 60 days. Intravitreous injection of PLGA-ACF MPs in mice suppressed choroidal NV for at least 9 weeks and suprachoroidal injection of PLGA-ACF in rats suppressed choroidal NV for at least 18 weeks. Intravitreous, but not suprachoroidal injection, of PLGA-ACF MPs containing 38 μg of ACF in rabbits resulted in modest reduction of full-field electroretinogram (ERG) function. Over the span of 28 days after suprachoroidal injection of PLGA-ACF MP, rabbits had normal appearing retinas on fundus photographs, normal electroretinogram scotopic a- and b-wave amplitudes, no increase in intraocular pressure, and normal retinal histology. The active component of ACF, trypaflavine, had steady-state levels in the low nM range in RPE/choroid > retina for at least 16 weeks with a gradient from the side of the eye where the injection was done to the opposite side. These data suggest that suprachoroidal injection of PLGA-ACF MPs has the potential to provide a durable new treatment for retinal and choroidal vascular diseases.
Forecasting Sparse Traffic Congestion Patterns Using Message-Passing RNNS

The ability to forecast traffic congestion ahead of time given road conditions has remained a prominent problem in road traffic analysis. In this work, we leverage mobility traces of public transport vehicles tracked by the New York City MTA and formulate Message-Passing Recurrent Neural Nets (MPRNN) to produce long-term traffic forecasting on data that is sparse but wide in coverage. We model the interactions among road segments spread over the entirety of Manhattan, New York over a period of 3 months, such that traffic conditions can be propagated to > 90% of examined segments from just a few observations. In comparison to other competing algorithms, MPRNN achieves the lowest mean error of < 0.3 mph when predicting ahead in 10 minute intervals, for up to 3 road segments ahead (message passing across 3 hops). The MPRNN model further offers compelling results when forecasting traffic speeds several hours ahead given distant observations up to approximately 1 kilometer away (three consecutive bus stops) with a mean error of about 2 mph.
Age differences in non-medical prescription opioid use and psychological distress

Background/Purpose: Prescription opioid use has been recognized as an epidemic in the United States and globally. More research is needed to understand the association of opioids and mental health ...
A baseline assessment of enhanced recovery protocol implementation at pediatric surgery practices performing inflammatory bowel disease operations.

Abstract Background Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) have been used to improve patient outcomes and resource utilization after surgery. These evidence-based interventions include patient education, standardized anesthesia protocols, and limited fasting, but their use among pediatric populations is lagging. We aimed to determine baseline recovery practices within pediatric surgery departments participating in an ERP implementation trial for elective inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) operations. Methods To measure baseline ERP adherence, we administered a survey to a staff surgeon in each of the 18 participating sites. The survey assessed demographics of each department and utilization of 21 recovery elements during patient encounter phases. Mixed-methods analysis was used to evaluate predictors and barriers to ERP element implementation. Results The assessment revealed an average of 6.3 ERP elements being practiced at each site. The most commonly practiced elements were using minimally invasive techniques (100%), avoiding intraabdominal drains (89%), and ileus prophylaxis (72%). The preoperative phase had the most elements with no adherence including patient education, optimizing medical comorbidities, and avoiding prolonged fasting. There was no association with number of elements utilized and total number of surgeons in the department, annual IBD surgery volume, and hospital size. Lack of buy-in from colleagues, electronic medical record adaptation, and resources for data collection and analysis were identified barriers. Conclusions Higher intervention utilization for IBD surgery was associated with elements surgeons directly control such as use of laparoscopy and avoiding drains. Elements requiring system-level changes had lower use. The study characterizes the scope of ERP utilization and the need for effective tools to improve adoption. Level of evidence Level III. Type of study Mixed-methods survey.
“Losing the Humanity of the Street”: Retired Police Officer Narratives of the Evolution of Low-level Enforcement in New York City

Low-level enforcement activities such as pedestrian and traffic stops, the issuance of criminal court summonses (tickets or citations), and misdemeanor arrests comprise the vast majority of police-citizen encounters relative to the policing of more serious, felony-level offenses. The complexities of these activities—particularly from the perspectives of the police officers who carry them out—have received relatively little scholarly attention. In an effort to more fully understand the nuances of low-level enforcement, in particular how such activities have changed over time and how police officers have experienced such changes, in-depth interviews were conducted with a small sample of retired New York Police Department (NYPD) officers. Findings shed light on how officers understand and experience proactive policing tactics and the pressures associated with data-driven accountability. The implications of this research for improving police-community relations are explored.
Nuclear IL-33/SMAD signaling axis promotes cancer development in chronic inflammation

Interleukin (IL)-33 cytokine plays a critical role in allergic diseases and cancer. IL-33 also has a nuclear localization signal. However, the nuclear function of IL-33 and its impact on cancer is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear IL-33-mediated activation of SMAD signaling pathway in epithelial cells is essential for cancer development in chronic inflammation. Using RNA and ChIP sequencing, we found that nuclear IL-33 repressed the expression of an inhibitory SMAD, Smad6, by interacting with its transcription factor, RUNX2. IL-33 was highly expressed in the skin and pancreatic epithelial cells in chronic inflammation, leading to a markedly repressed Smad6 expression as well as dramatically upregulated p-SMAD2/3 and p-SMAD1/5 in the epithelial cells. Blocking TGF-β/SMAD signaling attenuated the IL-33-induced cell proliferation in vitro and inhibited IL-33-dependent epidermal hyperplasia and skin cancer development in vivo. IL-33 and SMAD signaling were upregulated in human skin cancer, pancreatitis, and pancreatitis-associated pancreatic cancer. Collectively, our findings reveal that nuclear IL-33/SMAD signaling is a cell-autonomous tumor-promoting axis in chronic inflammation, which can be targeted by small-molecule inhibitors for cancer treatment and prevention.
Modular network mechanism of CCN1-associated resistance to HSV-1-derived oncolytic immunovirotherapies for glioblastomas.

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common and lethal primary brain malignancy in adults. Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapies selectively kill GBM cells in a manner that elicits antitumor immunity. Cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1), a protein found in most GBM microenvironments, expression predicts resistance to OVs, particularly herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This study aims to understand how extracellular CCN1 alters the GBM intracellular state to confer OV resistance. Protein–protein interaction network information flow analyses of LN229 human GBM transcriptomes identified 39 novel nodes and 12 binary edges dominating flow in CCN1high cells versus controls. Virus response programs, notably against HSV-1, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways are highly enriched. Our results suggest that CCN1high states exploit IDH1 and TP53, and increase dependency on RPL6, HUWE1, and COPS5. To validate, we reproduce our findings in 65 other GBM cell line (CCLE) and 174 clinical GBM patient sample (TCGA) datasets. We conclude through our generalized network modeling and system level analysis that CCN1 signals via several innate immune pathways in GBM to inhibit HSV-1 OVs before transduction. Interventions disrupting this network may overcome immunovirotherapy resistance.
AML-345: Algorithmic Diagnostic Approach and Spectrum of Hematological Malignancies in Patients with Germline Predisposition Syndromes

Context: Germline predisposition syndromes (GPS) are genetic disorders that increase the risk of all types of malignancies, with a growing list of genes associated specifically with hematological malignancies. Although many of these conditions have syndromic features, some GPS patients present without identifiable traits. We have established a hematology GPS clinic that uses an algorithmic approach to diagnose GPS patients. Objective: To illustrate the heterogeneity of GPS and the benefits of an algorithmic approach to identify non-syndromic GPS patients. Design: Medical records were reviewed retrospectively from patients diagnosed with GPS at our institution from 1994 to 2018. Prospectively, we investigated new pediatric and adult patients with GPS from 2017 to 2020 using an algorithmic approach summarized as follows: 1) Evaluation of relevant family history, 2) phenotype-specific functional assays (telomere measurement, breakage assay, erythrocyte adenosine deaminase testing), 3) germline genetic testing through a custom-designed gene panel, and 4) research whole exome sequencing for negative cases. Both a detailed explanation of the algorithm and the methodology for genetic variant interrogation are included in Mangaonkar et al. MC Proc 2019. Setting: This study was carried out at the Division of Hematology at Mayo Clinic. Patients or Other Participants: GPS was investigated in pediatric and adult patients with one or more first-degree relatives with hematological/visceral malignancies, in those with antecedent thrombocytopenia, or in those with specific features indicative of inherited bone marrow failure (IBMF) (short telomere syndromes, GATA2 haploinsufficiency, Fanconi anemia, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome). Interventions: N/A Main Outcomes Measures: The number of patients diagnosed with GPS both retrospectively and prospectively were tallied and compared. Results: A total of 146 individuals were included in the study divided as follows: 28 (19.4%) presented with hematological malignancy with precedent thrombocytopenia, 27 (18.8%) without precedent thrombocytopenia, 74 (51.3%) showed IBMF, and 15 (10.4%) showed general cancer predisposition syndrome. Eighty-five patients were retrospectively included, while 61 were prospectively evaluated through our algorithmic approach. Among retrospective patients, 7.1% (6 patients) did not present syndromic features, while this value increased to 14.7% (9 patients) when using the algorithmic approach. Conclusions: By using an algorithmic approach, we can identify a higher percentage of GPS patients without syndromic features.