cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Lead Poisoning in Children—An Issue for Both Developing and Industrialized Countries

In Reply.— Should we be correct in reading Dr Guthrie9s summary question as a statement that might begin, "It is time that our economic dependence ...," we have but a one word reply: Amen.
Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge

Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge. Laura Nader. ed. New York: Routledge, 1996.318 pp.
Short-term administration of parenteral glucose-lipid mixtures improves protein kinetics in portacaval shunted rats.

Abstract The efficacy of various total parenteral nutrition regimens administered for 72 h in supporting the rat after portacaval anastomosis was evaluated. All animals that received amino acid-containing formulas had significantly improved nitrogen balance (p
Inequality, demography, and variability among early complex societies in Central Pacific Panama

Abstract The early complex societies of Central Pacific Panama have long been recognized by anthropologists for their strong levels of social hierarchy. Such hierarchy is apparent in the ethnohistoric texts of the 16th century, and in elaborate burial assemblages of the Late Ceramic II period (AD 700–1522). Not surprisingly, those regions in which hierarchy is most apparent have been the main focus of archaeological research, while those in which inequalities were apparently weaker have received less attention. These latter regions, however, are also a vital part of understanding hierarchical development—they can bring into sharper relief the factors that gave way to hierarchical organization in some regions, as well as those factors that may have discouraged it from developing in others. Regional settlement data from the Rio Parita and Rio Tonosi valleys provide an opportunity to explore this issue. These data suggest that the hierarchical variability observed between these regions may have arisen as a result of differential levels of regional population growth and environmental risk, which gave way to different patterns of land use and structures of local interaction. These different interaction structures facilitated different sorts of activities and inter-household relationships, leading to markedly different forms of social organization.
Palynological evidence for late miocene, pliocene and early pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain

Abstract Palynomorph assemblages from eight geologic formations in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, ranging in age from latest Miocene to Early Pleistocene, have been interpreted in terms of terrestrial paleoclimates. The data suggest that a warm-temperate to subtropical climate, warmer than at present, prevailed at the close of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene. At that time, there was little or no temperature gradient within the study area (36°30′ to 39°N). This warm period was followed by a warm-temperate interval in Virginia and North Carolina, with temperatures probably not very different from those of today, although a slight warming trend probably occurred during the deposition of the Colerain Beach Member of the Chowan River Formation. A definite cool interval is indicated by the presence of spruce pollen in the Bacons Castle Formation of Virginia. This interval is interpreted to have begun about 2.3–2.4 Ma, or possibly slightly later, simultaneous with the cooling that has been recorded in deep-sea cores of the North Atlantic Ocean, and in the pre-Tiglian of western Europe. This was followed by a warmer-than-present period that may be correlated with the Tiglian of the latest Pliocene. Finally, palynological data from the Cape May Formation of New Jersey suggest that a warm-temperate (warmer than at present) climate prevailed during the Early Pleistocene.
Effective synchronization removal for Java

We present a new technique for removing unnecessary synchronization operations from statically compiled Java programs. Our approach improves upon current efforts based on escape analysis, as it can eliminate synchronization operations even on objects that escape their allocating threads. It makes use of a compact, equivalence-class-based representation that eliminates the need for fixed point operations during the analysis. We describe and evaluate the performance of an implementation in the Marmot native Java compiler. For the benchmark programs examined, the optimization removes 100% of the dynamic synchronization operations in single-threaded programs, and 0-99% in multi-threaded programs, at a low cost in additional compilation time and code growth.
Predictors of caregiver feeding practices differentiating persistently obese from persistently non-overweight adolescents.

Understanding the contribution of caregiver feeding practices to adolescent diet and weight is important to refining caregiver roles within the context of adolescent obesity prevention and treatment. This secondary data analysis examined whether feeding practices of female caregivers differentiated persistently non-overweight (n = 29) from persistently obese (n = 47) adolescents. Families who previously participated in a cross-sectional study on correlates of obesity were recruited for this follow-up study. At the time of the follow-up study, anthropometric measures were taken for all female caregivers and adolescents, and caregivers completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire-Adolescent version. Socioeconomic, demographic, female caregiver anthropometric, and psychological (caregiver perceived self-weight and concern for adolescent overweight) variables were examined as predictors of feeding practices found to differentiate the two groups. Female caregivers of persistently obese adolescents reported significantly greater use of restriction and monitoring compared to female caregivers of persistently non-overweight adolescents. Restriction was predicted by female caregiver age and concern for adolescent overweight whereas monitoring was predicted by concern for adolescent overweight only. Caregiver feeding strategies may be an important target for adolescent obesity prevention and intervention efforts particularly among those with heightened concern about their teen's weight status.
Opposite effects on the ingestion of ethanol and sucrose solutions after injections of muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell

Abstract Injection of the GABA A receptor agonist muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) elicits robust feeding in satiated rats, but has no effect on water intake. The current study was designed to examine whether intra-AcbSh muscimol injections influence the intake of ethanol solutions in rats trained to drink using a limited access paradigm. We confirmed that bilateral injections of muscimol (100 ng) into the AcbSh produce large increases in the intake of sucrose solutions and of the chow maintenance diet but found in two independent experiments that these injections potently reduce the intake of a 10% ethanol solution. Furthermore, intra-AcbSh muscimol significantly increased intake of an ethanol–sucrose mixture. These results demonstrate that activating GABA A receptors in the vicinity of the AcbSh can have opposite effects on the intake of different caloric substances and are consistent with the possibility that GABAergic circuits in the AcbSh may play a role in mediating voluntary ethanol intake.
John Rastell’s London Stage: Reconstructing Repertory and Collaborative Practice

The study of repertory has greatly illuminated practices among playwrights and playing companies in the later sixteenth century. The repertory approach has yet to be applied to early and mid-Tudor drama, although this method holds out the promise of recovering the collaborative practices connected with John Rastell's stage, the first public stage in London. This article urges scholars active in repertory studies to take a fresh look at Henrician drama and theatrical practices, and employs Heywood and Rastell's play Gentylnes and Nobylyte as a case study in the forces that shape repertory in this earlier period.
Probabilistic feature relevance learining for content-based image retrieval

Most of the current image retrieval systems use “one-shot” queries to a database to retrieve similar images. Typically a K-nearest neighbor kind of algorithm is used, where weights measuring feature importance along each input dimension remain fixed (or manually tweaked by the user), in the computation of a given similarity metric. However, the similarity does not vary with equal strength or in the same proportion in all directions in the feature space emanating from the query image. The manual adjustment of these weights is time consuming and exhausting. Moreover, it requires a very sophisticated user. In this paper, we present a novel probabilistic method that enables image retrieval procedures to automatically capture feature relevance based on user's feedback and that is highly adaptive to query locations. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the efficacy of our technique using both simulated and real-world data.
Azathioprine: State of the Art in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Introduction: The use of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) and its prodrug azathioprine (AZA) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years. The pharmacology, patient response in controlled trials, new formulations and routes of administration and safety for these agents are reviewed. Pharmacology : AZA is rapidly converted to 6MP, which is then further metabolized to the active metabolites, the 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6TGN). The half-life of 6TGN in erythrocytes is prolonged and weeks to months may be required to reach steady state. This prolonged time to 6TGN steady state may help explain the clinical observation that prolonged treatment (3-4 months) with 6MP/AZA for IBD is required before a therapeutic response occurs. Clinical response: Controlled trials of 6MP (1.5 mg/kg/d) or AZA (1.0-3.0 mg/kg/d) support the following treatment indications for 6MP/AZA: inflammatory Crohn's disease; fistulizing Crohn's disease; steroid-sparing; and remission maintenance. Controlled trials of AZA (1.5-2....
Beyond unimodular transformations

This paper presents an approach to modeling loop transformations using linear algebra. Compound transformations are modeled as integer matrices. The nonsingular linear transformations presented here subsume the class of unimodular transformations. The loop transformations included are the unimodular transformations-reversal, skewing, and permutation- and a new transformation, namelystretching. Nonunimodular transformations (with determinant ≥ 1) create “holes” in the transformed iteration space, rendering code generation difficult. We solve this problem by suitably changing the step size of loops in order to “skip” these holes when traversing the transformed iteration space. For the class of nonunimodular loop transformations, we present algorithms for deriving the loop bounds, the array access expressions, and the step sizes of loops in the nest. To derive the step sizes, we compute the Hermite normal form of the transformation matrix; the step sizes are the entries on the diagonal of this matrix. We then use the theory of Hessenberg matrices in the derivation of exact loop bounds for nonunimodular transformations. We illustrate the use of this approach in several problems such as the generation of tile sets and distributed-memory code generation. This approach provides a framework for optimizing programs for a variety of architectures.
A System for All-Optical Spectrum Recognition using a Spatial Light Modulator

We propose a programmable system for optical spectrum recognition using a diffraction grating, a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM), and two detector elements.
Improving target tracking performance by incorporating classification information

This paper presents approaches for incorporating classification information into target tracking algorithms, specifically in a multistatic active sonar context. In addition, this paper describes the framework designed for simulation and classification of return time series from simulated targets and clutter in a realistic underwater environment. The simulated target and clutter returns are integrated into an existing contact-based tracking dataset (TNO Blind dataset) for which time series are unavailable. Simulations compare the integrating classification of contacts at different stages of tracking algorithms. Results show improvements in some tracking metrics with no degradation of the others.
Parenteral nutrition use and associated outcomes in a select cohort of low birth weight neonates.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess the influence of parenteral nutrition (PN) on the time to regain birth weight in premature neonates born between 1,500 and 2,499 g. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective analysis stratified premature neonates born between 1,500 and 2,499 g by receipt of PN or intravenous dextrose at ≤ 72 hours of age. The primary outcome was the time to regain birth weight. Secondary measures included preterm-associated morbidities, time to achieve predefined enteral nutrition milestones, and length of stay. Multivariable regression estimated associations between PN and time to achieve nutrition milestones. RESULTS Among 260 eligible neonates, those receiving PN (53%) were less mature, weighed less at birth, had a higher index of illness severity, and higher prevalence of preterm-associated morbidities (p < 0.01). The time to regain birth weight (PN, 9.4 ± 3.5 d; no PN, 9.5 ± 3.4 d) was similar between groups. Regression analysis adjusting for gestational age, illness severity, and sepsis demonstrated that PN exposure was associated with a greater time to achieve nutrition milestones and length of stay (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Although its impact on growth remains uncertain among premature neonates born between 1,500 and 2,499 g, PN was independently associated with a greater time to achieve nutrition milestones.
Fusion product diagnostics on the princeton large torus

Abstract With recent increases in bulk and tail ion temperatures on tokamaks such as the Princeton Large Torus, fusion product measurements have become a popular passive diagnostic for fusion physics [1]. Solid-state charged-particle detectors which utilize 3.02 MeV proton emission from d(d,p)t thermonuclear reactions to determine local ion temperature gradients have been fabricated for use on PLT. Estimation of the radial ion thermal conduction during ohmic and RF wave-heated discharges should be possible using these data. Other applications of fusion product measurements from d(d,p)t [2], d(d,n)3He, d(t,n)α, and d(3He,p)α reactions are discussed.
MR Imaging Techniques for Pancreas

Pancreatic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become a useful tool in evaluating pancreatic disorders. Technical innovations in MR imaging have evolved over the last decade, with most sequences being performed in one or a few breath-holds. Three-dimensional sequences with thin, contiguous slices allow for improved spatial resolution on the postgadolinium images and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). The diagnostic potential of MRCP is equivalent to endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, particularly when intravenous secretin is used to enhance the pancreatic duct assessment. This article highlights the advantages and disadvantages of state-of-the-art and emerging pulse sequences and their application to imaging pancreatic diseases.
Cognitive and behavior profile of preschool children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion

A microscopic deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 has been identified in most patients with the DiGeorge, velocardiofacial syndrome, conotruncal anomaly face syndrome, and in some patients with isolated conotruncal cardiac anomalies. This study presents the neurodevelopmental outcome, including cognitive development, language development, speech, neuromuscular development, and behavioral characteristics of 40 preschool children (ages 13 to 63 months) who have been diagnosed with the 22q11.2 deletion. The impact of cardiac disease, cardiac surgery, and the palatal anomalies on this population was also studied. In the preschool years, children with a 22q11.2 deletion are most commonly found to be developmentally delayed, have mild hypotonia, and language and speech delays. The more significantly delayed children are at high risk to be subsequently diagnosed with mild or moderate mental retardation. The global delays and the variations in intelligence found are directly associated with the 22q11.2 deletion and are not explained by physical anomalies such as palatal defects or cardiac defects, or therapeutic interventions such as cardiac surgery. Our findings demonstrate that there is a pattern of significant speech disorders within this population. All of the children had late onset of verbal speech. Behavioral outcomes included both inhibition and attention disorders. Early intervention services are strongly recommended beginning in infancy to address the delays in gross motor skills, speech and language, and global developmental delays.
A study of the effect of different data models on casual users performance in writing database queries

The motivation for this study was that database query facilities are not effectively meeting casual users' needs. A solution to this problem is especially important due to the increasing number of potential users falling into the classification of “casual user”. There is considerable controversy revolving around the question of which elements and/or which combination of elements within the casual users' environment are necessary to provide an effective man-machine interface. This study is intended to extend the basic knowledge relating to the effect of different data models on casual users' performance and confidence in writing database queries. The data models used to present the external view of the database in this study are the relational, hierarchical and network models. The experiment involves a written test designed to permit the evaluation of the subject's ability to comprehend and retrieve information from a database by writing English-like queries. The subject's performance in writing the queries is based on errors made in (1) writing the specification portion, (2) writing the condition portion, (3) writing the navigation portion, and (4) the use of the language. Overall performance is represented by the sum of the four component scores. The subject's confidence is a self-reported value on a scale of one to five. The group using the relational model performed significantly better than the group using the hierarchical model when writing the specification and navigation portions of the queries. The absences of a significant difference in overall performance among the data model groups supports the technique used to evaluate specific aspects of the queries independently. No statistically significant differences in confidence level were detected among the data model groups. This is an indication that the group using the hierarchical model may have been overly confident, in view of their poorer performance.
Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite loci from Jamaican streamertail hummingbirds (Trochilus)

We isolated and characterized 15 microsatellite loci from the endemic Jamaican streamertail hummingbird Trochilus polytmus. Loci were screened in 12 individuals of both T. polytmus and its sister species T. scitulus, also a Jamaican endemic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 10, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 1, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.038 to 0.663. These new loci provide tools for characterizing the narrow hybrid zone between the two species.
Antagonism by phenoxybenzamine and pentazocine of the antinociceptive effects of morphine in the spinal cord.

Abstract In contrast to morphine, intrathecally administered phenoxybenzamine (PBX: 0.1–400 μg) or pentazocine (1–400 μg) had no effect on the rat hot plate or tail flick response. The failure to observe any effect of either drug on the hot plate or tail flick response, or on the locomotor behavior of the animals rules out a local anesthetic effect of these agents given intrathecally under the present conditions. Pretreatment with intrathecal PBX or pentazocine, however, antagonized the antinociceptive effects of a large (15 μg), but not a small (3 μg) dose of morphine. The antagonism was observed to occur only with small intrathecal doses of PBX (1–10 μg) and pentazocine (10–30 μg) with the PBX being approx. 10 times more potent than pentazocine in its ability to antagonize. At higher dose levels of either agent, neither antagonism nor enhancement of the morphine effect was observed. Phentolamine (1–200 μg) had no effect on the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal morphine. The failure of intrathecal pentazocine and PBX to produce a change in the hot plate response latency suggests that they do not act as full agonists upon the category of receptor acted upon by morphine and that the antinociceptive effects produced by systemically administered pentazocine and PBX must be mediated by an agonist action upon a different receptor population located within supraspinal structures. The biphasic activity described for the interaction of partial opiate agonists with full agonists is similar to that observed in the present experiments and leads to the conclusion that both pentazocine and the α-adrenergic antagonist, PBX, can serve as partial agonists of the spinal opiate receptor.
Amygdala subregional structure and intrinsic functional connectivity predicts individual differences in anxiety during early childhood.

on daily life experiences to investigate the effects of anxiety on the brain in 76 young children. We then used machine learning algorithms with balanced cross-validation to examine brain-based predictors of individual differences in childhood anxiety. Results: Even in children as young as ages 7 to 9, high childhood anxiety is associated with enlarged amygdala volume and this enlargement is localized specifically to the basolateral amygdala. High childhood anxiety is also associated with increased connectivity between the amygdala and distributed brain systems involved in attention, emotion perception, and regulation, and these effects are most prominent in basolateral amygdala. Critically, machine learning algorithms revealed that levels of childhood anxiety could be reliably predicted by amygdala morphometry and intrinsic functional connectivity, with the left basolateral amygdala emerging as the strongest predictor. Conclusions: Individual differences in anxiety can be reliably detected with high predictive value in amygdala-centric emotion circuits at a surprisingly young age. Our study provides important new insights into the neurodevelopmental origins of anxiety and has significant implications for the development of predictive biomarkers to identify children at risk for anxiety disorders.
Toward a Philosophy of the Urban: Henri Lefebvre's Uncomfortable Application of Bergsonism

Although Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991) publicly and consistently eschewed the philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859–1941), his writings in effect made great use of the latter's key ideas and method. Like Bergson's philosophy, Lefebvre's urban criticism denounced the spatialization of time and gave priority to lived experience over the abstractions employed by static intellectual or traditionally analytical models of experience. Throughout The Urban Revolution, The Production of Space, The Critique of Everyday Life, Volumes 1–3, and the writings posthumously collected in Rhythmanalysis, Lefebvre's urban philosophical project appropriated the ideas Bergson advanced in his three major works, Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory, and Creative Evolution, through their application to the problems of social life—a de facto collaboration that Bergson never lived to appreciate and that Lefebvre would never recognize. This connection is important not only as a corrective to the scant attention paid to Lefebvre's work by ...
Small-Scale Temperature Fluctuations in Perfused Tissue During Local Hyperthermia

We develop analytical expressions (scaling laws) for the local temperature fluctuations near isolated and countercurrent blood vessels during hyperthermia. These scaling laws relate the magnitude of such fluctuations to the size of the heated region and to the thermal equilibration length of the vessels. A new equilibration length is identified for countercurrent vessels. Significant temperature differences are predicted between the vessels and the immediately adjacent tissue when the equilibration length is comparable to or longer than the size of the heated tissue region. Countercurrent vessels are shown to have shorter equilibration lengths and produce smaller temperature fluctuations than isolated vessels of the same size.
Effects of Case History versus Abstract Information on Health Attitudes and Behaviors1

Social psychological theory suggests that information presented in the form of a vivid case history is often more persuasive than information presented in abstract form, yet this idea has rarely been tested in the health promotion area. Three studies compared the effectiveness of health information presented in case history form with equivalent information presented in abstract form. The case history version had a greater impact on subjects' health attitudes and behavioral intentions in Studies 1 and 2. Study 3 investigated subjects at high risk for a serious health threat and found that the case history version was more persuasive than the abstract version among those who minimized the health threat. A six-weeks follow-up in Study 3 indicated that the case history version modestly enhanced long-term recall of the information but did not differentially affect subjects' actual health behaviors. The three studies provided partial support for the prediction that the case history version would arouse greater affect than the abstract version. Implications for health promotion programs are discussed.
Development of cyclophosphamide activation and its implications in perinatal toxicity to mice.

Abstract Cyclophosphamide adversely affects both prenatal and postnatal development of mice. Metabolites of this drug are alkylating agents. An in vitro system was developed and optimized with regards to pH, G6P, and NADP for the activation of cyclophosphamide by the 9000 g supernatant of livers from mature virgin female mice. The kinetics of cyclophosphamide activation were determined to assure zero-order kinetics. The same conditions were used to determine the ability of various perinatal tissues to metabolize cyclophosphamide. Neither the fetus nor the placenta was a major site for the generation of alkylating metabolites. A comparison of the activity in livers from late pregnant, nursing, male, and female mice indicated that the nursing mothers at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after giving birth had greater ability to activate cyclophosphamide than mature virgin females. There were no significant differences between the remaining groups and female controls. Cyclophosphamide activation by neonatal livers at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after birth ranged between 10 and 30% of the activity found in female controls. There were no significant differences in activity between livers of 21-day-old neonates and mature females. Neonatal cyclophosphamide toxicity was demonstrated by following lethality and the growth of litters that received either the drug or vehicle at 24–48 hr after birth. The average body weights of treated litters were significantly less than controls from 5 days of age until the experiment was terminated 6–7 wk after treatment; 22 ± 17% of the cyclophosphamide-treated neonates succumbed compared to no deaths in controls. It was concluded that perinatal cyclophosphamide toxicity occurs at a time when the affected organism has not developed its ability to form alkylating metabolites.
Incorporation of histamine ribonucleoside into soluble proteins.

ISOTOPICALLY labelled histamine ribonucleoside can be detected in the urine of experimental animals after intraperitoneal administration of either 2(ring)−14C-labelled histamine1, or similarly labelled histamine-adenine-dinucleotides2. However, in such experiments the quantities of histamine ribonucleoside recovered from the urine represent only a small percentage of the expected amount. This apparent disappearance of histamine ribonucleoside in vivo suggested the possibility of its combination with proteins. The incorporation of amines into proteins, probably through transamidation, was studied by Waelsch et al.3,4. A similar system, that is, a 100,000g supernatant of a guinea-pig liver homogenate3, was used in our investigations. Histamine ribonucleoside was prepared from histamine adenine dinucleotide phosphate5, as already described2. The degree of purity of this material was checked ionophoretically1,2, and only a single spot was observed in either tris-hydrochloric acid (pH 8.0) or sodium borate (pH 9.1). As shown in Table 1, there was appreciable incorporation of radioactivity into the acid insoluble fraction of the incubation mixtures when either histamine, or histamine ribonucleoside, or histamine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate was used. This incorporation was Ca2+-dependent. Thus, in controls from which Ca2+ was omitted, very few scintillations were counted, and radioactivity approached background values (Table 1). When tested under conditions similar to those in Table 1, the guinea-pig liver supernatant used in our investigations was found free of activities capable of liberating inorganic phosphate from the dinucleotide. This may be partly due to the lack of the proper enzymes (that is, pyrophosphatases and phosphatases) and partly because of the lack of magnesium ions. In any event, this finding led us to the conclusion that the dinucleotide was probably attached as such on the protein molecule.
SHIPPING AND ITS ROLE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This article examines the issues and options that surround shipping and its contribution to advancement in developing countries. The topics covered include marketing, technological change, the sources and availability of financing for new ships, structural changes in the world shipping industry, efficiency and profitability in ship operations, the role of shipping in the development of LDCs, and opportunities for LDC shipping development.
Properties of Bovine Thyroid Ribosomes and Polyribosomes

Ribosomes and polyribosomes were prepared from bovine thyroid glands. Single ribosomes were similar to those from other mammalian tissues. The distribution of polyribosomes was also similar to that in other tissues. Despite attention to problems of mechanical, enzymatic and chemical breakage, bovine thyroid cells were found to have very few polyribosomes larger than 35 ribosomes, determined by electron microscopy. The heavy fractions consisted in the main of polyribosomes composed of 20 to 30 ribosomes, which are substantially smaller than predicted from the chain molecular weight of the thyroglobulin subunit (165,000) and the MW/ribosome ratio of 3–4000 estimated for other proteins. (Endocrinology 83: 1117, 1968)
The Arctic oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields

The leading empirical orthogonal function of the wintertime sea-level pressure field is more strongly coupled to surface air temperature fluctuations over the Eurasian continent than the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). It resembles the NAO in many respects; but its primary center of action covers more of the Arctic, giving it a more zonally symmetric appearance. Coupled to strong fluctuations at the 50-hPa level on the intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal time scales, this "Arctic Oscillation" (AO)can be interpreted as the surface signature of modulations in the strength of the polar vortex aloft. It is proposed that the zonally asymmetric surface air temperature and mid-tropospheric circulation anomalies observed in association with the AO may be secondary baroclinic features induced by the land-sea contrasts. The same modal structure is mirrored in the pronounced trends in winter and springtime surface air temperature, sea-level pressure, and 50-hPa height over the past 30 years: parts of Eurasia have warmed by as much as several K, sea-level pressure over parts of the Arctic has fallen by 4 hPa, and the core of the lower stratospheric polar vortex has cooled by several K. These trends can be interpreted as the development of a systematic bias in one of the atmosphere's dominant, naturally occurring modes of variability.
Accuracy and reliability of glucose reflectance meters in the high-risk neonate.

The use of glucose reflectance meters in the screening of whole blood glucose concentrations in the adult has been advocated because of their convenience and reliability) Rapid measurement of blood gllicose concentration is also essential fo/" good care in the newborn infant. 2 Although the use of this instrumentation would be beneficial theoretically, the accUracy and reliability of various glucose reflectance meters have not been studied during the newborn period. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy a n d reliability of some of the currently available glucose reflectance meters in the neonatal intensive care setting.
A micromechanical model for plastic behavior of fibrous composites

Abstract A simple micromechanical model is developed to described the elastic-plastic behavior of fibrous composites. In the model, the fiber is assumed to be linearly elastic, and the matrix elastic-plastic following the J 2 -flow rule. The micromechanical model is used to calculate stress-strain curves for off-axis boron/aluminum composites. These curves are used in turn to model a macromechanical orthotropic plasticity model.
Spatial variability of flow over a river-influenced inner shelf in coastal Alabama during spring

Abstract Spring-time water column velocity data in 2011 and density data from a series of spring-time hydrographic surveys from 2008 to 2011 were used to examine the spatial variability of the circulation over the inner shelf of the Mississippi Bight off Mobile Bay. Spring-time depth-averaged currents were eastward at all sites, but the vertical profiles were different. East of Mobile Bay the along-shelf flow was eastward, with an offshore component at the surface and an onshore component at depth, indicative of upwelling circulation. West of Mobile Bay the along-shelf flow was also eastward, with a characteristic region of negative vertical shear in the upper layer of the water column. The deeper site had an across-shelf flow structure similar to the east sites, while the shallower site exhibited onshore flow throughout the water column. These spatial differences are attributed, in part, to the seasonally averaged effects of local wind forcing and discharge. In terms of wind forcing, the depth-averaged along-shelf current responded to along-shelf wind asymmetrically in favor of upwelling (more transport in upwelling than during downwelling). Thus, weak seasonal downwelling favorable wind conditions did not inhibit the velocity profiles from having upwelling circulation. West of Mobile Bay, negative vertical shears in the upper portion of the velocity profiles were consistent with the influence of freshwater discharge. This freshwater influence is supported with available chlorophyll-a data (as a freshwater proxy), which showed an enhanced freshwater influence west of Mobile Bay. In addition, across-shelf density data showed a shallow lens of freshwater west of Mobile Bay. These findings have implications for understanding the transport of river-derived nutrients on the Mississippi–Alabama shelf.
Large-Scale Eddies in the Unstably Stratified Atmospheric Surface Layer. Part I: Velocity and Temperature Structure

Abstract Ensemble vertical cross sections are derived for the velocity and temperature fields associated with large-scale eddy (LSE) temperature ramp structures in the turbulent, convective atmospheric surface layer. The turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum, as well as the third-order moments that represent the fluxes of vertical and horizontal heat, stress and turbulent kinetic energy are interpreted in terms of the circulations associated with the LSE structures. Heat flux and stress correlation coefficients are related to the phase relationships between vertical velocity, longitudinal velocity, and temperature. In particular, w′ and T′ are found to be in phase essentially everywhere. In contrast, u′ and w′ have a height dependent phase lag which leads to specific regions within the LSE structure where the momentum flux is consistently counter-gradient.
An Uncommon Complication of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tubes

A 84-year-old woman presented with an acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. She underwent bypass surgery or severe coronary artery disease and started daily aspirin. Postrocedure, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube as placed because of persistent oropharyngeal dysphagia. Ten ays after PEG placement, the patient developed melena, with a emoglobin drop from 9.7 to 7.4 g/dL, and the gastroenterology ervice was consulted. After resuscitation with 2 units of blood, an sophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed. Along the anterior all of the gastric body, the internal bumper of the PEG tube was ound to be embedded into an ulcer leading to the gastrocutaneus tract (Figures A–C). It appeared that the bumper had eroded eep into the gastric wall because of excessive pressure associated ith an external bumper that was secured too tightly against the kin with a surgical suture. This suture was cut, and the external umper was loosened. After placing a guidewire through the PEG ube and clamping the tube onto the guidewire, we applied gentle xternal pressure and advanced the internal PEG bumper into the astric lumen, with the aim of preventing further pressure necrosis nd erosion. Postprocedure x-ray showed no evidence of free air to uggest perforation. The patient completed 72 hours of continuus pantoprazole infusion, her melena resolved, her hemoglobin tabilized at 9.4 g/dL, and enteral nutrition via PEG was slowly estarted. She recovered well and was transferred to a skilled ursing facility for physical therapy rehabilitation. With a reported prevalence of 0.3%–2.4%, the buried bumper yndrome is a rare complication of PEG tubes that is characterized y migration of the internal bumper into the gastric or abdominal all.1 First described in 1988, with the term buried bumper subseuently introduced in 1990, this complication can manifest with ain and infection at the stoma, leakage around the PEG, or ifficulty administering feedings.1 3 Although generally considred a late complication from chronic bumper pressure leading to rosion and migration, several case series illustrate that earlier ccurrences of this complication are not uncommon.1,4,5 Timely diagnosis and management are important to prevent development of more serious sequelae such as peritonitis, abscesses, and perforation. Deeply migrated bumpers can be managed with a variety of advanced endoscopic techniques, whereas in less severe cases, the PEG tube may be removed with external traction. We chose not to attempt external PEG tube removal in our patient because of the possibility of creating an open communication to the peritoneum. Our case highlights the importance of proper adjustment of the external PEG tube bumper to avoid pressure necrosis and ulceration of the gastric wall by the internal bumper.
Hec—5q model applied to a lake system in illinois for water quality evaluations

Abstract The United States Army Corps of Engineers HEC-5Q model was applied to Lake Spring-field and two proposed lakes (Hunter Lake and Lick Creek Reservoir) to be built for supplementing Lake Springfield's water. Lake Springfield is the water supply reservoir for the city of Springfield, Illinois. Water from the lake is also used for cooling the city's power plant complex. The model was calibrated and verified on Lake Springfield using monitored data in 1986 and 1988. Eight water quality constituents were simulated. Calibration, verification, and predictions were made only for temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, and phosphate-phosphorus. The calibrated and verified model was used to predict water surface elevations and constituent concentrations in the three lakes, individually and in combination, with meteorological and estimated flow data for a twenty-month period in 1953–1954, the most severe drought of record. The model provided a useful tool in the water quality evaluations of the thre...
Ismāʿīlī Manuscripts from Yemen

The Fāṭimid dynasty was founded in North Africa by the Ismāʿīlī movement in 297/909. Qāʾid Ǧawhar, the commander of the Fāṭimid forces conquered Egypt and built the new capital Cairo in 358/969 from where the Fāṭimid imām-caliphs ruled a vast empire until their fall in 567/1171. The Ayyūbids, who succeeded them, ruthlessly destroyed the Ismāʿīlī heritage to such an extent that not a single book dealing with their doctrines survived in Egypt. In fact, the Ismāʿīlī legacy experienced the same fate across North Africa. This paper, therefore, poses the question: How did the Ismāʿīlī works, composed by their duʿāt in North Africa, Egypt, Iran and other places come to be preserved in Yemen, having completely vanished from their countries of origin? In response to this intriguing question, this essay seeks to scrutinise the Ismāʿīlī history from the very beginning of its religio-political activities until the present times and its close connection with the history of Yemen. According to a modest estimate, about seventy works belonging to the pre-Fāṭimid and Fāṭimid periods are still preserved, in addition to an equal number of books produced in Yemen following the collapse of the Ṣulayḥid dynasty in 532/1138 and the ensuing Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī daʿwa before the entire legacy was transferred to India.
A forward network simplex algorithm for solving multiperiod network flow problems

An optimization model which is frequently used to assist decision makers in the areas of resource scheduling, planning, and distribution is the minimum cost multiperiod network flow problem. This model describes network structure decision-making problems over time. Such problems arise in the areas of production/distribution systems, economic planning, communication systems, material handling systems, traffic systems, railway systems, building evacuation systems, energy systems, as well as in many others. Although existing network solution techniques are efficient, there are still limitations to the size of problems that can be solved. To date, only a few researchers have taken the multiperiod structure into consideration in devising efficient solution methods. Standard network codes are usually used because of their availability and perceived efficiency. In this paper we discuss the development, implementation, and computational testing of a new technique, the forward network simplex method, for solving linear, minimum cost, multiperiod network flow problems. The forward network simplex method is a forward algorithm which exploits the natural decomposition of multiperiod network problems by limiting its pivoting activity. A forward algorithm is an approach to solving dynamic problems by solving successively longer finite subproblems, terminating when a stopping rule can be invoked or a decision horizon found. Such procedures are available for a large number of special structure models. Here we describe the specialization of the forward simplex method of Aronson, Morton, and Thompson to solving multiperiod network network flow problems. Computational results indicate that both the solution time and pivot count are linear in the number of periods. For standard network optimization codes, which do not exploit the multiperiod structure, the pivot count is linear in the number of periods; however, the solution time is quadratic.
NBME subject examination in surgery scores correlate with surgery clerkship clinical experience.

Objective Most medical schools in the United States use the National Board of Medical Examiners Subject Examinations as a method of at least partial assessment of student performance, yet there is still uncertainty of how well these examination scores correlate with clinical proficiency. Thus, we investigated which factors in a surgery clerkship curriculum have a positive effect on academic achievement on the National Board of Medical Examiners Subject Examination in Surgery. Design A retrospective analysis of 83 third-year medical students at our institution with 4 unique clinical experiences on the general surgery clerkship for the 2007-2008 academic year was conducted. Records of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores, National Board of Medical Examiners Subject Examination in Surgery scores, and essay examination scores for the groups were compared using 1-way analysis of variance testing. Setting Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, an academic institution and tertiary care center. Results Our data demonstrated National Board of Medical Examiners Subject Examination in Surgery scores from the group with the heavier clinical loads and least time for self-study were statistically higher than the group with lighter clinical services and higher rated self-study time (p = 0.036). However, there was no statistical difference of National Board of Medical Examiners Subject Examination in Surgery scores between the groups with equal clinical loads (p = 0.751). Conclusions Students experiencing higher clinical volumes on surgical services, but less self-study time demonstrated statistically higher academic performance on objective evaluation, suggesting clinical experience may be of higher value than self-study and reading.
DO STATE ASSET FORFEITURE LAWS EXPLAIN THE UPWARD TREND IN DRUG ARRESTS

ABSTRACT Drug arrests have increased steadily for going on 30 years, yet drug use has fluctuated wildly during the same period. Some have argued (and found) that state forfeiture laws may explain variation in drug arrests. Using data from 572 law enforcement agencies, we sought to replicate such findings and test their robustness by invoking a variety of forfeiture measures. Our findings indicate that drug asset forfeiture laws (and even past forfeiture activities) have no discernible effect on drug arrest rates.
Identifying Academic Potential in Students from Under-represented Populations: Is Using the Ravens Progressive Matrices a Good Idea?:

Increasing concern has been focused on the under-representation of African-American and Hispanic students in programs for the academically talented. The Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) has been suggested as a possible instrument to help remedy this situation, although little research has been conducted about its viability in identifying academic potential in minority populations. A sample of low-income minority students was given the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) along with a more traditional measure of academic aptitude (The School and College Ability Test) to compare the ability of each to identify students who might profit from advanced-level coursework. There were differences among ethnic groups in results of both tests, but a significantly higher proportion of minority children scored at a high level on the RPM than on the traditional mcasure. In addition, the RPM does appear to be a useful instrument for identifying academic potential in students with limited English proficiency How...