cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar energy collection in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract The solar energy collection apparatus at the University of Washington has been improved and changed since the original paper on this apparatus was presented by the author in November, 1955. Two different types of collectors are now collecting solar energy, side by side and simultaneously, namely a flat-plate and a parabolic-type collector. Both collectors are attached to a common shaft and fixed so that they will rotate together and track the sun in its travel across the sky. These two collectors can also be changed in inclination to various positions such that the collector surfaces always receive the sun's rays at right angles, for most efficient solar collection. The controls effecting this operation are thoroughly explained in this paper. The efficiency of a collector is the ratio of the energy collected by it to the energy recorded by a pyrheliometer. This efficiency indicates how much of the sun's energy that actually impinges on the earth the collector is capable of absorbing and thus transferring to some medium for future use. A comparison of the flat-plate and the parabolic collector is made in this paper, along with thorough explanations of all the aspects of the apparatus, illustrated by actual photographs and line drawings. A comparison is also made between fixed collectors and collectors which track the sun. In addition, a comparison is made between the energy that can actually be collected and the energy represented by the total heat loss from an average Seattle home, thus indicating how well the collected solar energy could replace this heat loss, provided the energy could be satisfactorily transferred by an appropriate medium into the house. Finally, mention is made of future research contemplated on solar energy collection and utilization in the Pacific Northwest.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting

Abstract Piezoelectric materials can be used to convert oscillatory mechanical energy into electrical energy. This technology, together with innovative mechanical coupling designs, can form the basis for harvesting energy from mechanical motion. Piezoelectric energy can be harvested to convert walking motion from the human body into electrical power. Recently four proof-of-concept Heel Strike Units were developed where each unit is essentially a small electric generator that utilizes piezoelectric elements to convert mechanical motion into electrical power in the form factor of the heel of a boot. The results of the testing and evaluation and the performance of this small electric generator are presented. The generator’s conversion of mechanical motion into electrical power, the processes it goes through to produce useable power and commercial applications of the Heel Strike electric generator are discussed.
The sensibility of aesthetic landscape concepts in the case of British West Indies travel narratives, 1815–1914

In the tradition of landscape traced back to the emergence of landscape painting, the techniques of art provided the basis for selecting a vantage point or prospect, from which to view the landscape, and for framing the scene. Meanwhile, the development of aesthetic concepts such as the sublime, beautiful, picturesque, and romantic provided the means of evaluating landscape scenery. These concepts provided a highly structured way of seeing intended to standardize the experience of landscape and remove the personal response. The purpose of this paper is to explore the trends of landscape appreciation based on the use of these four aesthetic concepts in the case study of the British West Indies during the formative years of tourism between 1815 and 1914. In travel narrative descriptions of landscape experiences, writers continued to use each of the terms: sublime, beautiful, picturesque, and romantic. However, with increasing emphasis on personal experience and emotional response, these terms were used less...
Influence of an Extract of Heart on Stability of Color and Development of Rancidity During Storage of Sliced Bologna

To investigate whether the presence of substances extracted from the heart could improve the stability of the color and retard rancidity during storage, three batches of beef bologna containing 0, 5.43 and 10.86% of a heart extract were prepared. The product containing a greater amount of extract had a more intense, pink color than product with less or no extract. The rate of change of the color and lipid oxidation pattern were found to be the same for the three batches during a 60-day storage period. The positive influence of the extract on color was attributed to the extra amount of pigment provided in the extract rather than to a protective reducing mechanism.
Multiple forms of serum cholinesterase: Molecular weights of the isoenzymes

Abstract The isoenzymes of human serum cholinesterase have different molecular weights as determined by acrylamide-containing density-gradient ultracentrifugation. This method gives the following molecular weights for each isoenzyme: Che-1 82,000, Che-2 110,000, Che-3 170,000, Che-4 200,000, and Che-5 260,000. These results, together with the interconvertibility of the isoenzymes previously demonstrated, are compatible with the concept that the multiple forms of serum cholinesterase are molecular aggregates.
Effects of Different Coccidiostats on Performance of Large White Turkeys

Abstract Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various anticoccidial products to turkeys to 8 wk and then growing to market age (16 wk for hens and 20 wk for toms). Anticoccidials evaluated in the first trial included amprolium at 187.5 mg/kg for 0 to 4 wk and 125 mg/kg for 4 to 8 wk; butynorate at 375 mg/kg for 0 to 8 wk; monensin at both 60 (MON-60) and 100 mg/kg for 0 to 8 wk; zoalene at 187.5 mg/kg for 0 to 4 wk and 125 mg/kg for 4 to 8 wk; and halofuginone at 3 mg/kg for 0 to 8 wk. In the second trial, MON-60 was replaced by a combination of sulfadimethoxine (62.5 mg/kg) plus ormetoprim (37.5 mg/kg) for 0 to 8 wk. In each trial each treatment was fed to four pens of 16 hens and four pens of 12 toms. Several of the anticoccidials significantly influenced the weight of both hens and toms by producing lower weights at the end of the 8-wk feeding period than birds in other treatments. However, after removal of the anticoccidials, compensatory gains were observed in almost every instance. Significant effects of previous anticoccidial feeding were noted on body weight of hens at 16 wk but not on weights of toms at 20 wk.
Springs and the origin of bourbon.

Introduction Bourbon whiskey has been called ‘‘one of America’s unique cultural contributions to the world . . . as uniquely and utterly American as jazz or baseball’’ (Allen 1998, p. 83). By U.S. statute (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Section 5.22, 1964), bourbon is produced at not more than 160 proof (80% ethyl alcohol) from a fermented mash of 51% to 79% corn and stored at not more than 125 proof in charred, new, white oak barrels for at least 2 years (Jones 2004). Aging in charred oak gives the spirit its amber color and characteristic taste. Congress proclaimed bourbon as a ‘‘distinctive national product’’ in 1964 (Crowgey 2008, p. xi), and its origin is recognized in trade agreements with the European Union and several countries in the Western Hemisphere (Jones 2004). In 2007, U.S. exports of distilled spirits were $1.01 billion, of which bourbon constituted $713 million (Distilled Spirits Council of the United States 2008). As of 2003, approximately 90% of bourbon was produced by approximately 12 distilleries in Kentucky, all located within the Bluegrass region in the north-central part of the state (Jones 2004) (Figure 1). Besides the types and proportions of grains used and the aging process, bourbon’s distinctive character is often attributed to ‘‘limestone water’’ (Carson 1984; Murray 1998; Pacult 2003; Regan and Regan 2007) (Figure 2). Bourbon production currently uses water in several ways, including the mashing process, cooling the distilled spirit, and diluting it (Allen 1998; Murray 1998). Because of ‘‘temperance-induced bias’’ during the 19th century (Crowgey 2008, p. 141), much of the early history of bourbon making was not preserved, and ‘‘numerous fanciful and romantic interpretations’’ have persisted (Crowgey 2008, p. 124), as exemplified by the title of Chapter 3 of Kroll (1967, p. 24): ‘‘I’Gad, Suh, It’s the Watah!’’ The purpose of this note is to place the role of water in bourbon production into historical and hydrogeologic context.
Panzea: an update on new content and features

Panzea (http://www.panzea.org), the public web site of the project ‘Molecular and Functional Diversity in the Maize Genome’, has expanded over the past two years in data content, display tools and informational sections. The most significant data content expansions occurred for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), sequencing, isozyme and phenotypic data types. We have enhanced our existing web display tools and have launched a number of new tools for data display and analysis. For example, we have implemented one that allows users to find polymorphisms between two accessions, a geographic map tool to visualize the geographic distribution of SNPs, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and isozyme alleles and a graphical view of the placement of Panzea markers and genes/loci on genetic and physical maps. One goal of the informatics component of our project has been to generate code that can be used by other groups. We have enhanced our existing code base and have made our new tools available. Finally, we have also made available new informational sections as part of our educational and outreach efforts.
Linkage and association studies of prostate cancer susceptibility : evidence for linkage at 8p22-23

Multiple lines of evidence have implicated the short arm of chromosome 8 as harboring genes important in prostate carcinogenesis. Although most of this evidence comes from the identification of frequent somatic alterations of 8p loci in prostate cancer cells (e.g., loss of heterozygosity), studies have also suggested a role for 8p genes in mediation of inherited susceptibility to prostate cancer. To further examine this latter possibility, we performed linkage analyses, in 159 pedigrees affected by hereditary prostate cancer (HPC), using 24 markers on the short arm of chromosome 8. In the complete set of families, evidence for prostate cancer linkage was found at 8p22-23, with a peak HLOD of 1.84 (P=.004), and an estimate of the proportion of families linked (α) of 0.14, at D8S1130. In the 79 families with average age at diagnosis >65 years, an allele-sharing LOD score of 2.64 (P=.0005) was observed, and six markers spanning a distance of 10 cM had LOD scores >2.0. Interestingly, the small number of Ashkenazi Jewish pedigrees (n=11) analyzed in this study contributed disproportionately to this linkage. Mutation screening in HPC probands and association analyses in case subjects (a group that includes HPC probands and unrelated case subjects) and unaffected control subjects were carried out for the putative prostate cancer–susceptibility gene, PG1, previously localized to the 8p22-23 region. No statistical differences in the allele, genotype, or haplotype frequencies of the SNPs or other sequence variants in the PG1 gene were observed between case and control subjects. However, case subjects demonstrated a trend toward higher homozygous rates of less-frequent alleles in all three PG1 SNPs, and overtransmission of a PG1 variant to case subjects was observed. In summary, these results provide evidence for the existence of a prostate cancer–susceptibility gene at 8p22-23. Evaluation of the PG1 gene and other candidate genes in this area appears warranted.
Cathepsin B promotes both motility and invasiveness of oral carcinoma cells.

We previously demonstrated that overexpression of cathepsin B (CB) protease in oral squamous cell carcinomas correlated positively with advanced tumor stage and poor histologic malignancy grade. Here we examined whether CB contributes to the invasiveness of oral carcinoma cells. For RNA-mediated inhibition, two ribozymes that target CB mRNA were designed and stably expressed in the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line 1386Tu. Both ribozymes diminished expression of CB mRNA, protein, and activity, without affecting cathepsin D or β-actin, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blots, and protease activity assays. Matrigel invasion assays showed that the invasiveness of the cells was significantly reduced by the expressed ribozymes and, surprisingly, the motilities of the ribozyme-transfected cells were also diminished. Our results document a direct role for CB in promoting oral cancer spread and invasion, and open the possibility of controlling oral carcinoma malignancy and metastasis by targeting CB with RNA inhibitor strategies.
Fast $\ell_1$ -SPIRiT Compressed Sensing Parallel Imaging MRI: Scalable Parallel Implementation and Clinically Feasible Runtime

We present l1 -SPIRiT, a simple algorithm for auto calibrating parallel imaging (acPI) and compressed sensing (CS) that permits an efficient implementation with clinically-feasible runtimes. We propose a CS objective function that minimizes cross-channel joint sparsity in the wavelet domain. Our reconstruction minimizes this objective via iterative soft-thresholding, and integrates naturally with iterative self-consistent parallel imaging (SPIRiT). Like many iterative magnetic resonance imaging reconstructions, l1-SPIRiT's image quality comes at a high computational cost. Excessively long runtimes are a barrier to the clinical use of any reconstruction approach, and thus we discuss our approach to efficiently parallelizing l1 -SPIRiT and to achieving clinically-feasible runtimes. We present parallelizations of l1 -SPIRiT for both multi-GPU systems and multi-core CPUs, and discuss the software optimization and parallelization decisions made in our implementation. The performance of these alternatives depends on the processor architecture, the size of the image matrix, and the number of parallel imaging channels. Fundamentally, achieving fast runtime requires the correct trade-off between cache usage and parallelization overheads. We demonstrate image quality via a case from our clinical experimentation, using a custom 3DFT spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequence with up to 8× acceleration via Poisson-disc undersampling in the two phase-encoded directions.
Dietary Copper Primarily Affects Antioxidant Capacity and Dietary Iron Mainly Affects Iron Status in a Surface Response Study of Female Rats Fed Varying Concentrations of Iron, Zinc and Copper

This study was designed to examine the interactions among dietary iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) and their effects on Fe status and oxidative stress in female rats. In a three-factor central composite response surface design, rats were assigned to 15 groups and fed modified AIN-93G basal diets with varying amounts of Fe and Zn (7.0, 15.5, 45.8, 135.6, or 300 micrograms/g diet) and Cu (0.5, 1.1, 3.2, 9.2, or 20 micrograms/g diet) for 6 wk. Variations in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin were mainly related to dietary Fe. Liver nonheme Fe was directly affected by dietary Fe and was slightly attenuated by interactions between Cu and Zn, and Zn and Fe. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was primarily determined by an interaction between Cu and Zn with substantial moderation by the quadratic effect of dietary Cu. Liver and heart total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Cu/Zn SOD activities were directly affected by dietary Cu. Dietary Fe was the only significant, yet weak, predictor of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and vitamin E content and serum triacylglycerols. Variability in serum Cu was mostly determined by the interaction between Cu and Fe, with modification from the quadratic effect of dietary Cu. Serum Zn varied with dietary Zn with a small negative influence from the interaction between Cu and Fe. In summary, Fe status was minimally influenced by dietary Zn or Cu, and Fe intakes 10-fold greater than required did not induce overt oxidative stress in female rats. In addition, measures of antioxidant capacity were primarily influenced by dietary Cu and were optimal at moderate intakes of this micronutrient.
Using a ring parallel processor for hidden Markov model training

The authors present a novel solution to the computationally intensive problem of training HMMs (hidden Markov models) by showing how a bidirectional ring multiprocessor can achieve potentially optimal speed in the training of left-to-right HMMs. The solution presented avoids interprocessor communications problems in the HMM training algorithm. This is achieved by having the ring multiprocessor calculate the alpha 's (from the forward-backward training algorithm) in a clockwise direction around the ring, and the beta 's in a counterclockwise direction at the same time. The two sets of calculations are designed so that when this stage of the iteration is completed, each processor will have all of the data needed for the next stage of the iteration already stored locally. >
Aluminum chloride [alias its reaction product(s) with ethanol] for the stabilization of poly (vinyl chloride)?

Abstract Aluminum chloride is shown to react with ethanol at room temperature to form a product or product mixture that can act as a thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride). The stabilization is revealed by a decrease in the rate of thermal dehydrochlorination at 190 °C and by a reduction in the average length of the resulting polyene sequences. These observations clarify a report by previous workers in which the same effects were said to ensue from an aluminum-chloride-promoted addition reaction of the polyenes with HCl. A possible mechanism of action is suggested for the stabilizer formed from aluminum chloride and ethanol.
Ethanol self-administration in males with and without an alcoholic first-degree relative.

The reinforcing and subjective effects of a low dose of ethanol (ETH; 0.5 g/kg) were investigated in normal males with or without an alcoholic first-degree relative. Reinforcing effects were measured using a double-blind preference procedure comparing ETH to placebo (PLC), and subjective effects were assessed using standardized self-report questionnaires. Subjects with a positive family history of alcoholism (FHP) did not differ from subjects without alcoholic relatives (FHN) either in frequency of choice of ETH over PLC (about 60% of occasions) or in the total dose self-administered (about 0.9 g/kg per session). The two groups also did not differ on most measures of acute ETH effects (e.g., mood-altering effects, liking ratings, behavioral changes, or blood ETH levels). The FHP subjects reported a slightly faster onset of “feeling any drug effects’and “high’after ETH than the FHN group. The FHP group also scored higher than the FHN group on several scales indicative of dysphoric mood, regardless of drug administration. Thus under these conditions male social drinkers with or without a family history of alcoholism did not differ either in preference for ETH or in their subjective responses to the drug.
A stable two-stage recursive-like adaptive noise canceller

An approach to the realization of a recursive-like adaptive noise canceller that employs only nonrecursive adaptive filters is presented. This approach is an alternative to prior art that has the advantage of guaranteed stability, but the disadvantage of residual signal distortion.
File server scaling with network-attached secure disks

By providing direct data transfer between storage and client, network-attached storage devices have the potential to improve scalability for existing distributed file systems (by removing the server as a bottleneck) and bandwidth for new parallel and distributed file systems (through network striping and more efficient data paths). Together, these advantages influence a large enough fraction of the storage market to make commodity network-attached storage feasible. Realizing the technology's full potential requires careful consideration across a wide range of file system, networking and security issues. This paper contrasts two network-attached storage architectures---(1) Networked SCSI disks (NetSCSI) are network-attached storage devices with minimal changes from the familiar SCSI interface, while (2) Network-Attached Secure Disks (NASD) are drives that support independent client access to drive object services. To estimate the potential performance benefits of these architectures, we develop an analytic model and perform trace-driven replay experiments based on AFS and NFS traces. Our results suggest that NetSCSI can reduce file server load during a burst of NFS or AFS activity by about 30%. With the NASD architecture, server load (during burst activity) can be reduced by a factor of up to five for AFS and up to ten for NFS.
Levels of programmer jobs

My purpose this morning will be to report to you on some of the work that we have done to try to categorize or classify different programmer jobs. This work has, I feel, barely scratched the surface of the problem, but it does represent an approach in the area of job definition which I would like to describe to you for your consideration. Then I would like to try to draw some comparisons between what we have done and what Ray Berger at the University of Southern California has done. Then, finally, I would like to make some guesses about where we are and what still needs to be done.
Discriminant Validity of Self-Reported Emotional Intelligence: A Multitrait-Multisource Study

A major stumbling block for emotional intelligence (EI) research has been the lack of adequate evidence for discriminant validity. In a sample of 280 dyads, self- and peer-reports of EI and Big Five personality traits were used to confirm an a priori four-factor model for the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) and a five-factor model for Goldberg’s International Personality Item Pool (IPIP). After demonstrating measurement equivalence between self-report and peer-report for both scales, the authors show discriminant validity between the four EI subfacets and Big Five personality traits. This is accomplished through a series of structural equation models fit to the mutitrait-multimethod matrix. Despite their conclusion of discriminant validity, the authors note strong latent correlations between Others’ Emotion Appraisal and trait Agreeableness (φ = .87), between Use of Emotion and trait Conscientiousness (φ = .73), between Regulation of Emotion and trait Neuroticism (φ = −.66), and between ...
The ecology of seed dispersal in two species of callitrichid primates (Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis)

Data collected during a 12-month field investigation of mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis in the Amazon Basin of north-eastern Peru indicate that callitrichid primates play an important role in tropical forest seed dispersal. Moustached and saddle-back tamarins were observed to ingest seeds from a variety of tree and liana species and pass them unharmed. These seeds tended to be large and heavy, and passed through the tamarin digestive tract in one to three hours. Experimental plantings of defecated seeds yielded a germination success rate of 70%. The specific gravity of these seeds (weight/volume) was inversely correlated with passage time and apparently had an indirect influence on the distance that seeds were dispersed from the parent tree. In the case of three preferred fruiting species, Leonia glycycarpa, Pourouma sp., and Hippocrateaceae #283, the present distribution of adult trees closely resembled the pattern of the seed shadow created by Saguinus. Moustached and saddle-back tamarins appeared to be reliable and high-quality dispersal agents for a number of tree and liana species. In this role, they are likely to exert an important influence on the composition, distribution, and regeneration patterns of Amazonian rain forest.
Framing Kwame Kilpatrick: Third-Party Response to the Text Message Scandal

This analysis of the controversial “Text Message Scandal” involving former Detroit Mayor Kwame M. Kilpatrick is an examination and critique of third-party response to crises. Using Hearit's (2006) framework for third-party response, this article examines the nature of public discourse in the aftermath of political scandal. Findings from this research indicate these third-party groups, including those who commentate the events (media), those who claim they were harmed by the events (victims), and others who play an active role either as advocators for the accused or adjudicators, are not just peripheral observers. Third parties are “functional participants” who deserve greater recognition for their role in the deliberation and resolution of crisis events. Ultimately the analysis shows the constant negative publicity brought on by Kilpatrick's own actions ultimately eroded public support and challenged his pursuit of social legitimacy.
On monotonicity of L p and l p norms

The L p and l p norms are continuous functions of the parameter p. The monotonic properties of four norms most commonly used in engineering are discussed.
A furanosyl-carbonate autoinducer in cell-to-cell communication of V. harveyi

An autoinducer arising from reaction of cyclized S-DPD and carbonate is shown to induce light in V. harveyi and thus may play a previously unknown role in quorum sensing.
Runx2 mediates epigenetic silencing of the bone morphogenetic protein-3B (BMP-3B/GDF10) in lung cancer cells

Background: The Runt-related transcription factor Runx2 is essential for bone development but is also implicated in progression of several cancers of breast, prostate and bone, where it activates cancer-related genes and promotes invasive properties. The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family member bone morphogenetic protein-3B (BMP-3B/GDF10) is regarded as a tumor growth inhibitor and a gene silenced in lung cancers; however the regulatory mechanisms leading to its silencing have not been identified. Results: Here we show that Runx2 is highly expressed in lung cancer cells and downregulates BMP-3B. This inverse relationship between Runx2 and BMP-3B expression is further supported by increased expression of BMP-3B in mesenchymal cells from Runx2 deficient mice. The ectopic expression of Runx2, but not DNA binding mutant Runx2, in normal lung fibroblast cells and lung cancer cells resulted in suppression of BMP-3B levels. The chromatin immunoprecipitation studies identified that the mechanism of Runx2-mediated suppression of BMP-3B is due to the recruitment of Runx2 and histone H3K9-specific methyltransferase Suv39h1 to BMP-3B proximal promoter and a concomitant increase in histone methylation (H3K9) status. The knockdown of Runx2 in H1299 cells resulted in decreased histone H3K9 methylation on BMP-3B promoter and increased BMP-3B expression levels. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies showed a direct interaction of Runx2 and Suv39h1 proteins. Phenotypically, Runx2 overexpression in H1299 cells increased wound healing response to TGFβ treatment. Conclusions: Our studies identified BMP-3B as a new Runx2 target gene and revealed a novel function of Runx2 in silencing of BMP-3B in lung cancers. Our results suggest that Runx2 is a potential therapeutic target to block tumor suppressor gene silencing in lung cancer cells.
Improving self-awareness of nutrition and lifestyle practices through on-line journaling.

Wellness is a very personal activity, and nutrition educators are interested in fostering self-engagement, reflection, and change in the health-related choices of their students. The World Wide Web (WWW) can serve as the medium for fostering these goals by engaging students, disseminating information, and reaching a diverse audience. The WWW also has an added benefit of allowing more privacy through anonymity than does face-toface instruction. This article describes a 15-week undergraduate course on health and wellness designed to engage students in journaling, reflection, and changing their lifestyle choices using the WWW. Students created a private journal on the WWW (viewable only by the professor and individual student, who have never met face to face) and reflected on their personal and sensitive choices in relation to concepts covered in the course. They could then use this reflection to make changes in their nutrition and other lifestyle choices.
Lethal inflammasome activation by a multidrug-resistant pathobiont upon antibiotic disruption of the microbiota

The mammalian intestine harbors a complex microbial community that provides numerous benefits to its host. However, the microbiota can also include potentially virulent species, termed pathobiont, which can cause disease when intestinal homeostasis is disrupted. The molecular mechanisms by which pathobionts cause disease remain poorly understood. Here we describe a sepsis-like disease that occurs upon gut injury in antibiotic-treated mice. Sepsis was associated with the systemic spread of a specific multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli pathobiont that expanded markedly in the microbiota of antibiotic-treated mice. Rapid sepsis-like death required a component of the innate immune system, the Naip5-Nlrc4 inflammasome. In accordance with Koch's postulates, we found the E. coli pathobiont was sufficient to activate Naip5-Nlrc4 and cause disease when injected intravenously into unmanipulated mice. These findings reveal how sepsis-like disease can result from recognition of pathobionts by the innate immune system.
The glass ceiling: what have we learned 20 years on?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the current status of women in management and explanations offered for this status in light of a rare empirical field study of the “glass ceiling” phenomenon the authors conducted about 20 years ago. Design/methodology/approach – The authors review the study’s key arguments, unexpected results, and implications for organizational effectiveness (which have been largely ignored). The authors then review what has transpired and what has been learned about the glass ceiling phenomenon since. Findings – The nature of glass ceilings has remained essentially stable over a 20-year period, although further explanations for them have flourished. Research limitations/implications – More scholarly examinations of ways to shatter glass ceilings and thereby enhance organizational effectiveness are recommended. Practical implications – Organizations, human resources directors, and internal decision makers need to adopt practices that foster “debiasing” of decisions about promotions to top management. Social implications – Societies need to encourage organizations to adopt ways to shatter glass ceilings that continue to disadvantage women. Originality/value – A systematic review and analysis of the present-day implications of an early study of the glass ceiling phenomenon has not previously been conducted.
Biobanking for Personalized Medicine

A biobank is an entity that collects, processes, stores, and distributes biospecimens and relevant data for use in basic, translational, and clinical research. Biobanking of high-quality human biospecimens such as tissue, blood and other bodily fluids along with associated patient clinical information provides a fundamental scientific infrastructure for personalized medicine. Identification of biomarkers that are specifically associated with particular medical conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders are useful for early detection, prevention, and treatment of the diseases. The ability to determine individual tumor biomarkers and to use those biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of response to therapy is having a very significant impact on personalized medicine and is rapidly changing the way clinical care is conducted. As a critical requirement for personalized medicine is the availability of a large collection of patient samples with well annotated patient clinical and pathological data, biobanks thus play an important role in personalized medicine advancement. The goal of this chapter is to explore the role of biobanks in personalized medicine and discuss specific needs regarding biobank development for translational and clinical research, especially for personalized medicine advancement.
UGT1A1*28 genotype determines the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of OSI-774 and CPT-11 in patients with advanced solid tumors.

B86 Background: Previously, we demonstrated marked dose limiting hematologic toxicity associated with the UGT1A1*28 genotype when we combined CPT-11 and OSI-774, which precluded the further development of this regimen (Rao et al, Proc ASCO 23:#3053, 2004). Based on our demonstration that UGT1A1*28 genotype determined the MTD of CPT-11 based chemotherapy (Goetz, et al, GI ASCO 2007), we performed a dose-escalation study of CPT-11 (once every 3 weeks) and OSI-774 within UGT1A1 TA promoter genotypes (6/6, 6/7 and 7/7). Secondary aims included pharmacokinetic evaluation for drug interactions. Methods: Eligibility criteria included solid tumors known to overexpress EGFR, ECOG performance scores 0-2, adequate hematologic, renal and hepatic function. OSI-774 was fixed at 100 mg/d with escalating doses of CPT-11 at 60, 90, 120 and 150 mg/m2 for 6/6 cohort; 30 and 60 mg/m2 for the 6/7 & 7/7 cohorts. CPT-11 was started on day 7 of OSI-774 therapy in cycle 1. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were defined as grade 4 neutropenia, grade 3 thrombocytopenia or ≥ grade 3 non-hematologic toxicities despite maximal supportive care. Results: 38 pts underwent UGT1A1*28 genotyping: 6/6 (20), 6/7 (13), and 7/7 (5); 33 pts, (median age 57) were eligible, treated, and evaluable for cycle 1 toxicity (table 1). Tumor primaries were esophagus (6), breast (6), pancreas (5), and other (16). Previous therapies were chemotherapy(100%), radiation therapy(45.5%) and surgery (51.5%). 84 cycles in total were delivered (median 2). DLT (neutropenia) was observed at a CPT-11 dose of 30 mg/m2 (1 of 4 pts in UGT1A1 7/7 cohort) and DLT (neutropenia-1 pt, rash-1 pt) at 60 mg/m2 (2 of 6 pts in UGT1A1 6/7 cohort). In contrast, UGT1A1 6/6 pts did not experience hematologic DLT, and non-hematologic DLT (diarrhea, nausea, anorexia and dehydration) was not observed until 150 mg/m2 dose level (2 of 3 pts). Other Gr 3 toxicities include elevated liver function tests, anorexia, diarrhea, fatigue, and anemia. Pharmacokinetic analyses show mean (range) SN-38/CPT-11, SN-38G/CPT-11 and SN38G/SN-38 AUC ratios were 0.100 (0.034-0.241), 0.192 (0.068-0.473) and 2.419 (0.448-4.88), respectively. Spearman correlations between genotype and AUC ratios were determined. The UGT1A1*28 variant (6/7 or 7/7 genotype) was significantly correlated with increased SN-38/CPT-11 (p=0.0005) and decreased SN-38G/SN-38 (p=0.0001). There were no significant differences in the median SN38 AUC comparing UGT1A1 6/6 patients receiving CPT-11 120 mg/m2 (302 ng/ml*hr) with 6/7 patients receiving 30 mg/m2 (216 ng/ml*hr) and 7/7 patients receiving 30 mg/m2 (317 ng/ml*hr). One partial response was seen (colon), and 3 pts had stable disease for >5 cycles. Conclusions: CPT-11 and OSI-774 can only be safely administered by dosing according to UGT1A1*28 genotype, which determines MTD of this combination. Compared to UGT1A1 7/7 patients, 6/6 patients are tolerating 4-fold greater CPT-11 doses despite comparable SN 38 AUC. Supported by CA69912-10, P30-CA15083, MM01-RR00585 and the Commonwealth Cancer Res. Fdn.
Capítulo 10: El Modelo Educativo De Sigamos Aprendiendo - En El Hospital Para Aulas Hospitalarias (The Educational Model of Let´s Keep Learning- At the Hospital in Hospital Classrooms)

The importance of educational programs for children and young people who live with illness.
Abstract 4985: Expression of FasL on the tumor endothelium establishes a selective immune barrier in ovarian cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC There is an intimate relationship between angiogenesis and immune suppression in cancer, and anti-angiogenesis strategies can complement cancer immunotherapy. Previous research has implicated the tumor endothelium as a critical regulator of anti-tumor immunity, and our current work establishes a new role for the tumor endothelium as a critical barrier to T cell infiltration mediated through FasL. FasL is an important regulator of immunity and apoptosis, and we have found that, in contrast to the endothelium of normal tissues, the endothelium of multiple tumor types expressed FasL. FasL expression was restricted to tumor islets, and hypoxic tumor cell-conditioned media induced FasL on endothelial cells in vitro. Combination treatment with proangiogenic growth factors VEGF and PGE2 induced endothelial FasL expression in vitro, and COX1 and VEGF expression were associated with endothelial expression of FasL in ovarian cancer patients. Combinatorial blockade of VEGF and COX enzymes reduced endothelial FasL expression in mice, decreased tumor volume, and increased the CD8/FoxP3 ratio. In patients, low endothelial FasL expression was associated with a high CD8/Foxp3 ratio and increased survival. We found that endothelial FasL contributes to an unfavorable CD8/FoxP3 ratio through preferential killing of tumor-reactive CD8 T cells relative to Tregs. Increased intratumoral CD8/FoxP3 ratio was also observed in tumors grown on gld and lpr mice, but tumor growth was not robustly inhibited in these mice. Tumor control was dependent on the induction of an anti-tumor immune response, and CD8 depletion reversed the effects of VEGF and COX blockade. Additionally, combinatorial VEGF and COX blockade, tumors grown on gld mice, or the use of anti-FasL antibody all enhanced infiltration of adoptively transferred anti-tumor T cells and reduced apoptosis of transferred cells. Together, this work lends mechanistic insights into existing observations regarding T cells and tumor angiogenesis, and provides additional evidence for the paradigm that angiogenesis and immune suppression are intricately linked. Additionally, this work provides new strategies for cancer immunotherapy that may result in superior tumor control in patients. Citation Format: Greg Motz, George Coukos. Expression of FasL on the tumor endothelium establishes a selective immune barrier in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4985. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4985 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Genetics of uncoupling proteins in humans

Genetic studies in humans provide a method to test hypotheses about the biological roles of specific genes. So far, ten published papers have chosen to examine the hypothesis that uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and/or UCP3 influence energy expenditure and/or body fat accumulation. These genes were chosen because they are candidate energy expenditure genes, based on their homology to UCP1. Studies of UCP2 and UCP3 are intrinsically intertwined because the two genes are separated by only 6000 base pairs on human chromosome 11. Linkage studies in families have suggested that UCP2 and/or UCP3, or a closely linked gene, may influence resting metabolic rate (RMR) Some association studies using a 3' untranslated region insertion/deletion variant of UCP2 have produced statistically positive evidence for association with body mass index (BMI) and RMR. In contrast, association studies of UCP2 using an Ala to Val variant at amino acid 55 have produced negative results. Positive results have also been reported for association of a UCP3 splice variant with respiratory quotient in African Americans. In addition, no studies have reported linkage or association of UCP2 or UCP3 with diabetes. Overall, the results suggest that some variants of UCP2 and UCP3 may be associated with obesity traits in some populations. The UCPs, to date, show positive results in associations with obesity traits but not with diabetes traits. Further work will be needed to settle the role of UCP2 and UCP3 alleles in human body weight regulation.
Sublethal effects of pesticides on the parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Sublethal effects of insecticides on the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach were investigated. Longevity, daily rate of progeny production per female, and size and sex ratio of offspring were measured for parasitoids exposed to rates near the LC50’s of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, malathion, and methidathion. Survivors of the exposure to carbaryl exhibited no significant sublethal effects. Exposure to each of the organophosphorous materials reduced longevity by 73-85% and temporarily depressed progeny production. Chlorpyrifos also shifted the sex ratio of offspring toward more males. The strength and variability of sublethal effects found in this and other studies indicate that sublethal effects must be considered to evaluate accurately the selectivity of pesticides in favor of parasitoids.
[Recent advances in the neuropathological evaluation of Alzheimer's disease: the importance of alpha-synuclein].

INTRODUCTION AND METHOD: The uncertainty regarding the nosology and significance of Lewy bodies (LB) in dementia is still very present in current research. It is an acknowledged fact that an important number of cases of Alzheimer s disease (AD) also present LB. These can be detected by a synuclein immunohistochemistry in most of the sporadic cases of AD and is most frequently detected in the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS: Although the role of LB and the filaments of Lewy in the pathogenesis of dementia has still to be determined, it is clear that alphya-synuclein immunohistochemistry represents an important advance in the evaluation of the neuropathological changes in AD and in associated dementias.
Effect of carbohydrate on growth, plasma proteins, and liver enzymes.

The effects of slight alterations in the type of carbohydrate fed to growing rats maintained on pure synthetic, isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets were studied on: (a) the growth, (b) food consumption, (c) plasma proteins and lipoproteins, and (d) liver enzymes. A large concentration of sucrose or fructose in three of the diets induced an increase in liver phosphoglucose isomerase, triosephosphate isomerase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, regardless of the difference in food consumption or growth. However, application of data derived from the rat to other species, especially man, should be cautious.
International Human Rights Treaties and the Rights of Female Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Female refugees and asylum seekers often experience human rights violations during flight, in refugee camps, in the asylum application and adjudication process, and through discrimination by both state and non-state actors in such areas as housing, employment, and education. Although refugee treaties provide vital protection for forced migrants, international human rights treaties provide important complementary protection. Rights in these treaties that are specially pertinent to female refugees and asylum seekers include the right to life and physical integrity; equality and non-discrimination; personal liberty; freedom of movement, religion, and expression; rights in relation to marriage and family life; and rights in relation to food, clothing and shelter, health care, education, employment, and social support. This book chapter provides a gender perspective on the international human rights treaty provisions that are of particular importance to female refugees. The pertinent General Comments of the treaty monitoring bodies are examined, as are the concluding observations and recommendations under the reporting procedure of the treaty regime, and relevant jurisprudence under the individual complaint procedures. The paper examines ways in which states should take account of gendered forms of rights violations in developing and implementing programs to fulfill their obligations under international human rights treaties, and notes that states should also recognize the diversity among female refugees as they develop their programs in order to ensure maximum effectiveness.
Later Scholastic Philosophy of Law

In this chapter we are concerned with the movement known, in its initial phase, as the “School of Salamanca” after the university initially at its center, and subsequently more broadly as the “second scholastic” in recognition of its spread beyond the University of Salamanca to cover the entirety of Counter-Reformation Europe and the new universities of the Spanish dominions in the New World. Chronologically, it extends from the second decade of the sixteenth century to about the third quarter of the seventeenth. The term “second” refers to the perceived re-foundation of scholastic theology in the wake of the Reformation, a “renewal” based on the works of Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1226–1274) after the prevalence, in the later medieval period, of nominalist and Scotist approaches that followed the work of William of Ockham (1280–1347) and Johannes Duns Scotus (1274–1347), respectively. These traditional historiographical characterizations are not entirely apt, though. More recent scholarship shows how much continuity there was between pre- and post-Reformation scholasticism, and questions the trope of the “decadence” of late-medieval nominalism which dominates the literature on these thinkers from the first half of the twentieth century as well as the degree of their allegiance to the teachings of Aquinas. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that, in self-understanding and literary production, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century scholastic theologians differed from their predecessors, and that the adoption of Aquinas’s works—especially, the Summa Theologiae—as the central point of reference was a key aspect of this difference. This of itself pushed the question of law into the foreground, given Aquinas’s extensive treatment of law in the Prima Secundae of the Summa, but there are also contextual factors explaining both the turn to Aquinas and the interest in the subject of law.
On the temprature dependence of the electrical breakdown process

A crucial test of any theory of electrical breakdown is the comparison of observed and predicted temperature dependence of the electric strength. The theories of von Hippel, Seitz, and Callen give the proper temperature dependence at low temperatures (for ionic crystals) but the agreement is lost at high temperature. In order to explain the high temperature region, Frohlich has adduced another breakdown mechanism which is supposed to cover this region.
Quark recombination and elliptic flow

Elliptic flow systematics for different hadron species have been explained by quark coalescence models. We show that in addition to the condition that the quark phase space densities factorize there is a second condition, that the effective volumes are independent of the the azimuthal angle. We present some examples to illustrate the conditions for quark-number scaling to v 2 .