cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
El intérprete: A Pair Activity to Promote Communicative Competence in Spanish

: This article describes the underlying constructs in the research, purpose, and implementation of an original classroom/language laboratory activity to promote creative inter-student communication. The materials were developed with an eye toward lowering the affective filter and concentrating on the message to be communicated. An added benefit is entertainment, even occasional laughter, on the part of students. The activity has been used during the second year of university instruction but could also be included in the high school curriculum.
Quantifying the degradation of TNT and RDX in a saline environment with and without UV-exposure

Terrorist attacks in a maritime setting, such as the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000, or the detection of underwater mines, require the development of proper protocols to collect and analyse explosive material from a marine environment. In addition to proper analysis of the explosive material, protocols must also consider the exposure of the material to potentially deleterious elements, such as UV light and salinity, time spent in the environment, and time between storage and analysis. To understand how traditional explosives would be affected by such conditions, saline solutions of explosives were exposed to natural and artificial sunlight. Degradation of the explosives over time was then quantified using negative chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/NCI-MS). Two explosives, trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), were exposed to different aqueous environments and light exposures with salinities ranging from freshwater to twice the salinity of ocean water. Solutions were then aged for up to 6 months to simulate different conditions the explosives may be recovered from. Salinity was found to have a negligible impact on the degradation of both RDX and TNT. RDX was stable in solutions of all salinities while TNT solutions degraded regardless of salinity. Solutions of varying salinities were also exposed to UV light, where accelerated degradation was seen for both explosives. Potential degradation products of TNT were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and correspond to proposed degradation products discussed in previously published works [1].
Cholesterol-Lipid Affinity Determined by EPR

Cholesterol-lipid interactions are thought to play an intrinsic role in determining lateral organization within cellular membranes. Rafts enriched in cholesterol are “glued” together by the high affinity that the sterol has for sphingolipids, whereas poor affinity for cholesterol is hypothesized to drive the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing phospholipid domains depleted in the sterol. Here we describe a novel method using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to measure the affinity of cholesterol for model membranes. Our method determines the relative amount of cholesterol that partitions between large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and cyclodextrin by analyzing EPR spectra recorded with the spin label, cholestane, in terms of a superposition of spectral components from the two environments. We compare our results on 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) to other methods and measure the affinity of cholesterol for phospholipids with increasing levels of unsaturation.
Adaptive distributed sparsity-aware matrix decomposition

Data covariance matrices that consist of sparse factors arise in settings where the field sensed by a network of sensors is formed by localized sources. It is established that the task of identifying source-informative sensors boils down to estimating the support of the underlying sparse covariance factors. Relying on norm-one regularization a distributed sparsity-aware framework is developed. The associated minimization problems are solved using computationally efficient coordinate descent iterations that are combined with matrix deflation mechanisms. A simple scheme is also developed to set appropriately the sparsity-adjusting coefficients which can provably recover the support of a covariance matrix factor. Adaptive implementations that account for time-varying settings are also considered. The novel utilization of covariance sparsity does not require knowledge of the data model parameters, while numerical tests demonstrate that the novel schemes outperform existing alternatives.
Acute seizure management in children

Children with intractable epilepsy have frequent hospital admissions secondary to acute exacerbation of seizures or status epilepticus. Delay in medical management can lead to permanent neurological damage. Randomized clinical trials demonstrate that benzodiazepines are still the cornerstones of the acute management of seizures, but treatment is still evolving owing to the approval of newer medications. A decade ago, approval of fosphenytoin, parental valproate and rectal diazepam made an impact in the acute management of seizures. The use of rectal diazepam and intranasal and buccal midazolam for acute repetitive seizures resulted in reduced hospital admissions. In recent years, intravenous levetiracetum has also had an impact in treating status epilepticus and acute exacerbation of seizures. However, larger, prospective, multicenter trials are required to prove the efficacy of newer agents in acute seizure management.
Further observations of projectile‐z dependence in target parameters of modified Bethe–Bloch theory

Several studies of a systematic dependence on projectile atomic number (z) of the values of the two prominent target parameters of modified Bethe–Bloch theory have been published over the past 3 years. The target materials for which parameter values were extracted from stopping power measurements by analyses with modified Bethe–Bloch theory were initially the four organic (co)polymers—formvar, polyimide, polysulfone, and vyns—and the cobalt-base alloy, havar. An additional (in press) study for the frequently utilized target materials, aluminum and copper, and for titanium and zinc targets, revealed considerable corroboration of the initially discovered trends. The scope of the investigation has been enlarged in the current study to include analyses of measurements with light projectiles of the stopping powers of 11 halogenated hydrocarbons, and with both light projectiles and heavy ions of the stopping powers of kapton (a polyimide), polycarbonate, havar, and nickel. The results of this, most recent, study are also generally corroborative of the previously established pattern of behavior of the two prominent parameters of modified Bethe–Bloch theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Teleophthalmology assessment of diabetic retinopathy fundus images: smartphone versus standard office computer workstation.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic capability of a smartphone handset compared with a standard office computer workstation for teleophthalmology fundus photo assessments of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Eligible, consenting participants' fundus images were acquired using a non-mydriatic camera. These images along with other medical data were transmitted 20 miles away through the Internet (gold standard) and also through an iPhone® (Apple, Cupertino, CA) to two ophthalmologists, who independently compared the images. Results: The κ coefficient between the gold standard workstation display and iPhone images to detect retinopathy-related changes for both readers was more than 0.9. The image quality of the iPhone was scored high by the ophthalmologists. Conclusions: Ophthalmic images transmitted through both smartphone and Internet techniques match well with each other. Despite current limitations, smartphones could represent as a tool for fundus photo assessments of diabetic retinopathy. Further s...
Changes in local IFN-γ and TGF-β4 mRNA expression and intraepithelial lymphocytes following Eimeria acervulina infection

Abstract Inbred chickens SC (B2B2) and TK (B15B21) display different levels of susceptibility to Eimeria acervulina infection. Following primary and secondary infections, SC chickens showed significantly lower oocyst production compared to TK chickens. Both strains produce significantly fewer oocysts during secondary infection (si) indicating that a protective host immune response had developed subsequent to primary infection (pi). To elucidate the immunologic differences between SC and TK chickens that may account for their different levels of disease susceptibility, cellular and molecular parameters of intestinal immunity were compared. CD4 T-lymphocytes increased significantly and more rapidly post-pi and si in SC relative to TK chickens during the later stages of infections. However, later during the infections, CD4 cells were higher in TK compared to SC chickens. Although the percentage of CD8 lymphocytes increased in both strains after pi, following si the percentage of these cells continued to increase in SC chickens but showed a marked decrease in TK chickens. Contrary to the effects on CD4 cells, the percentage of TCR1 cells was higher in TK chickens early after pi while the same cell subset was higher in SC chickens later following infection. The percentages of TCR2 cells were significantly higher in both strains following pi. At the molecular level, IFN-γ mRNA expression in caecal tonsils and splenic lymphocytes was generally higher in SC compared to TK chickens following E. acervulina infection, while intraepithelial lymphocytes from the duodenum demonstrated reduced levels of this cytokine in both the strains, particularly following pi. TGF-β4 mRNA levels generally increased in lymphocytes from the caecal tonsils, spleen and duodenum from both the strains. These differences in lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine mRNA expression between SC and TK chickens following E. acervulina infection indicate a complex genetic control of the native immune response to coccidiosis.
Differences in turnover between histones and their acetyl N-terminal groups.

Abstract 1. 1. Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that after individual labeling of histones and deoxyribonucleic acid of various normal and neoplastic tissues the first-order decay rates of their respective specific activities were approximately similar. In the present studies, the turnover of histones was compared with that of their acetyl N-terminal groups. 2. 2. The results showed that the decay rates of the specific activities differed depending on whether they were based on [14C]- or [3H]acetate. The ratios of t 1 2 histones (with respect to [14C]alanine) over t 1 2 histones (with respect to [3H]acetate) for rat liver, spleen, thymus, Walker carcinosarcoma, and Jensen sarcoma were 60; 22.3; 18.8; 12.2 and 20.0, respectively. The N-terminal acetyl groups in Novikoff hepatoma histones appeared to turnover at an extremely slow rate, with a ratio of 1.8. 3. 3. As incorporation of radioactive acetate into the acetyl groups of lysine-rich histones was approximately 10–20% of that into the combined arginine- and slightly lysine-rich fractions, turnover of acetyl groups in the former histone fraction was assumed to be much slower than in the latter. Implications of these findings with respect to the possible function of histone acetylation in information transfer from DNA, are discussed.
Single-crystal to single-crystal structural transformation and photomagnetic properties of a porous iron(II) spin-crossover framework.

The porous coordination framework material, Fe(NCS)2(bped)2·3EtOH, SCOF-3(Et) (where bped is dl-1,2-bis(4‘-pyridyl)-1,2-ethanediol), displays a spin-crossover (SCO) transition that has been stimulated both thermally and by light irradiation. The one-step thermal SCO (70−180 K) is sensitive to the presence of molecular guests, with a more gradual transition (70−225 K) apparent following the desorption of ethanol molecules that hydrogen bond to the spin centers. Additional intraframework hydrogen-bonding interactions stabilize the vacant one-dimensional pore structure of the apohost, SCOF-3, despite a dramatic single-crystal to single-crystal (SC−SC) structural change upon removal of the guests. Comprehensive structural analyses throughout this transformation, from primitive orthorhombic (Pccn) to body-centered tetragonal (I4/mcm), reveal a flexing of the framework and a dilation of the channels, with an accompanying subtle distortion of the iron(II) coordination geometry. Photomagnetic measurements of the ...
Modeling electromagnetic effects in capacitive discharges

We present a self-consistent two-dimensional axisymmetric model and simulation strategy to predict radial plasma uniformity in large-area high-frequency (up to 200 MHz) capacitive discharges of argon gas in the pressure range 2–150 mTorr. The model couples Maxwell equations, fluid plasma equations and a sheath model with stochastic heating effects taken into account, solving the equations using the finite element method. Electromagnetic effects (e.g. standing wave and skin effects) as well as the electrostatic edge effect are captured in the simulation, in good agreement with recent experiments. The model highlights differences between the edge effect and the skin effect, both of which can cause strong plasma production near the radial reactor edge. At higher frequencies and high pressures, we observe the 'stop band' where waves are highly damped as they propagate from the discharge edge into the center. We determine the transition from global-to-local power deposition as the pressure varies. An electrode asymmetry with a grounded reactor radial edge is found to suppress undesirable edge effects. For radial plasma uniformity, it is essential to consider the balancing of the standing wave effect (maximal at the reactor center) with the skin effect (maximal near the radial reactor edge), together with their coupling to the edge effect, which can be obtained by a choice of robust reactor design geometry and driving frequency, over the range of process parameter operating windows to be used.
Kinetics and activation energy of the oxidation of para-tolyl radical by cobalt(III) in acetic acid: Competition kinetics

The title reaction gives rise to a benzylic cation that is rapidly transformed to its bromide in competition with the reaction of the radical with carbon tetrachloride. Experiments were carried out over 17–69°C in acetic acid containing cobalt(II) acetate, para-xylene, hydrobromic acid, carbon tetrachloride, and meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The product ratio, ArCH2Cl/ArCH2Br, in combination with other pertinent rate constants, was used to determine the rate constant for the step of interest: log k (L mol−1 s−1 = 19.9 – (75 ± 11 kJ mol−1/2.303 RT). The large pre-exponential factor, which gives ΔS‡ = 128 J K−1 mol−1, signals an unusual transition state, because a negative value of ΔS‡ would be expected for a simple bimolecular reaction. The production of the ion pair ArCH‖OAc− in HOAc, which has the same dielectric constant as benzene, may be responsible, at least in part. Furthermore, inner sphere reorganization of cobalt may also contribute. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 599–604, 2005
Gyricon electric paper

The requirements for practical electronic paper are discussed. It is is shown that the Gyricon is a strong candidate for such electronic paper applications. The means for addressing Gyricon sheets using a stylus array and patterned conductive islands are discussed.
Shutdown and closure of the experimental breeder reactor - II.

The Department of Energy mandated the termination of the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) Program, effective October 1, 1994. To comply with this decision, Argonne National Laboratory-West (ANL-W) prepared a plan providing detailed requirements to maintain the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) in a radiologically and industrially safe condition, including removal of all irradiated fuel assemblies from the reactor plant, and removal and stabilization of the primary and secondary sodium, a liquid metal used to transfer heat within the reactor plant. The EBR-II is a pool-type reactor. The primary system contained approximately 325 m3 (86,000 gallons) of sodium and the secondary system contained 50 m3 (13,000 gallons). In order to properly dispose of the sodium in compliance with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a facility was built to react the sodium to a solid sodium hydroxide monolith for burial as a low level waste in a land disposal facility. Deactivation of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) presents unique concerns. Residual amounts of sodium remaining in circuits and components must be passivated, inerted, or removed to preclude future concerns with sodium-air reactions that could generate potentially explosive mixtures of hydrogen and leave corrosive compounds. The passivation process being implemented utilizes a moist carbon dioxide gas that generates a passive layer of sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate over any quantities of residual sodium. Tests being conducted will determine the maximum depths of sodium that can be reacted using this method, defining the amount that must be dealt with later to achieve RCRA clean closure. Deactivation of the EBR-II complex is on schedule for a March, 2002, completion. Each system associated with EBR-II has an associated layup plan defining the system end state, as well as instructions for achieving the layup condition. A goal of system-by-system layup is to minimize surveillance and maintenance requirements during the interim period between deactivation and decommissioning. The plans also establish document archival of not only all the closure documents, but also the key plant documents (P&IDs, design bases, characterization data, etc.) in a convenient location to assure the appropriate knowledge base is available for decommissioning, which could occur decades in the future.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Subunit specific antisera to the Escherichia coli ATP synthase: effects on ATPase activity, energy transduction, and enzyme assembly.

Abstract We obtained antisera to each of the five subunits (α, β, γ, δ, and ϵ) of the F 1 portion of the proton-translocating ATPase from Escherichia coli (ECF 1 ). No cross-reaction between the antiserum to a given subunit and any of the other four subunits was observed by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion. The α antiserum reacted only with the denatured α chain. Antibodies to either subunit β or subunit γ inhibited the ATPase activity of the enzyme. The ATPase activity of the holoenzyme in the everted membrane vesicles was just as sensitive as purified ECF 1 to inhibition by the anti-β or anti-γ serum. A prolonged digestion of ECF 1 with trypsin removed intact γ from ECF 1 , but did not alter the sensitivity of the ATPase to inhibition by the anti-γ serum. Proteolytic fragments were isolated from the trypsinized enzyme. They gave an immunoprecipitation band with the anti-γ serum, but none of the other subunit antisera. The antiδ serum detached ECF 1 from everted membrane vesicles and completely blocked both the ATP- and respiration-dependent pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, an energylinked membrane function. The δ antiserum had no effect on the ATPase activity of the ECF 1 . The e antiserum stimulated the ATPase activity of purified ECF 1 as shown previously (P. P. Laget and J. B. Smith, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 197 , 83, 1979), but strongly inhibited the holoenzyme in membrane vesicles. The α antiserum completely blocked the ATP-driven transhydrogenase. The same antiserum maximally inhibited the respiratory chain-driven reaction by only 35%. These observations indicate that the antiserum selectively affected energy transduction mediated by the ATPase. The protonmotive force generated by substrate oxidation was probably not dissipated by the ϵ antiserum. Adsorbing the δ or ϵ antiserum with everted membrane vesicles selectively removed those antibodies that reacted with membrane-bound ATPase. The adsorbed sera still reacted strongly with purified ECF 1 , and prevented it from restoring ATP-dependent proton translocation in ECF 1 -depleted vesicles. Therefore, it appears that more of the δ and the ϵ subunit is exposed in the purified ECF 1 molecule than in the membrane-bound enzyme.
Conditions required for citrate utilization during growth of Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 in chemically defined medium and Cheddar Cheese extract

Conditions required for citrate utilization by Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 were identified. Citrate was utilized by this microorganism in modified Chemically Defined Media (mCDM) as an energy source, solely in the presence of limiting concentrations of galactose. The presence of glucose inhibited citrate utilization by this microorganism even when added in limiting concentrations. Utilization of citrate occurred at pH 6.0 ± 0.2 and 5.1 ± 0.2. Together these observations suggest that citrate is an energy source for L. casei in ripening cheese only when the residual levels of carbohydrate post-fermentation are limiting (<2.5 mM), and lactose or glucose are absent. However, citrate utilization by this organism was observed in Cheddar cheese extract (CCE), which naturally contains both lactose and galactose, at the beginning of late-logarithmic phase and regardless of the galactose concentration present in the media.
Modulation of h-channels in hippocampal pyramidal neurons by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (h-channels; Ih; HCN) modulate intrinsic excitability in hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons, among others. Whereas Ih mediated by the HCN2 isoform is regulated by cAMP, there is little known about kinase modulation of Ih, especially for the HCN1 isoform predominant in pyramidal neurons. We used a computational method to identify a novel kinase modulator of h-channels, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Inhibition of p38 MAPK in hippocampal pyramidal neurons caused a ∼25 mV hyperpolarization of Ih voltage-dependent activation. This downregulation of Ih produced hyperpolarization of resting potential, along with increased input resistance and temporal summation of excitatory inputs. Activation of p38 MAPK caused a ∼11 mV depolarizing shift in Ih activation, along with depolarized resting potential, and decreased input resistance and temporal summation. Inhibition of related MAPKs, ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), produced no effect on Ih. These results show that p38 MAPK is a strong modulator of h-channel biophysical properties and may deserve additional exploration as a link between altered Ih and pathological conditions such as epilepsy.
Global I/O optimizations for out-of-core computations

The use of parallel machines to solve large-scale computational problems in science and engineering has increased considerably in recent times. Many of these problems have computational requirements which stretch the capabilities of even the fastest machine available today. In addition to requiring a great deal of computational power, these problems usually deal with large quantities of data up to a few terabytes. The main memory sizes of current parallel machines do not even come close to matching these requirements; hence data needs to be stored on disks and fetched during the execution of the program. Unfortunately, current optimizing compilers for parallel machines provide support only for in-core computations in which the data sets can fit into memory. This limitation severely affects the performance of programs which depend on disk-resident data. Our previous research demonstrated that file layout optimizations are extremely important for optimizing such programs. In this paper, we investigate solutions to the global I/O optimization problem for out-of-core computations. Since the general problem is NP-complete, we present fast heuristics that can result in near-optimal solutions for the programs encountered in practice. Preliminary results provide encouraging evidence that our algorithms can be successful in optimizing out-of-core programs.
Nicotine dependence phenotype and lung cancer risk

BACKGROUND: A behavioral phenotype that characterizes nicotine dependence, the time to first cigarette after waking, is hypothesized to increase the risk of lung cancer. METHODS: A case-control study of histologically confirmed lung cancer was conducted. The current analysis included 4775 lung cancer cases and 2835 controls who were regular cigarette smokers. RESULTS: Compared with subjects who smoked their first cigarette > 60 minutes after waking, the pack-years–adjusted odds ratio was 1.31 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.11-1.54) for subjects who smoked 31 minutes to 60 minutes after waking and 1.79 (95% CI, 1.56-2.07) for subjects who smoked within 30 minutes of waking. The risk estimates were similar when smoking was modeled as total years, smoking status (current vs former), number of cigarettes smoked per day, years since quitting, and excess odds ratio. The findings were consistent for all histologic types of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study indicate that a specific nicotine dependence phenotype that is associated with the amount of smoke uptake per cigarette is independently associated with lung cancer risk. These findings may help to identify high-risk individuals who would benefit from targeted interventions. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A 28 kDa sarcolemmal antigen in kidney principal cell basolateral membranes: relationship to orthogonal arrays and MIP26

Two recently cloned water channels, CHIP28 and WCH-CD, are homologous to MIP26, an integral membrane channel-forming protein found in lens fiber plasma membranes. CHIP28 is found in basolateral and apical plasma membranes of kidney proximal tubules and thin descending limbs of Henle, whereas WCH-CD is apically located in collecting duct principal cells. So far, the putative water channel that may be responsible for the high constitutive permeability of principal cell basolateral membranes has not been identified. Interestingly, freeze-fracture electron microscopy has shown that characteristic orthogonal arrays of intramembrane particles (OAPs) are found on the basolateral plasma membranes of collecting duct principal cells, and that morphologically identical OAPs present in lens fiber cell plasma membranes contain the protein MIP26. Similar OAPs have also been detected on plasma membranes of other cell types including gastric parietal cells, astroglial cells and skeletal muscle fibers. By indirect immunofluorescence, western blotting and northern blotting, MIP26 was found only in lens fibers. In addition, functional studies on reconstituted and oocyte-expressed MIP26 excluded the possibility that MIP26 might be a basolateral water channel in the kidney. However, a polyclonal antibody raised against skeletal muscle sarcolemmal vesicles, which are enriched in OAPs, produced an intense staining of principal cell basolateral plasma membranes in kidney collecting duct and immunoprecipitated a 28 kDa protein from kidney papilla. The immunoprecipitated protein from papilla was not recognized by anti-CHIP28 or anti-MIP26 antibodies, indicating that principal cell basolateral membranes contain a novel member of the CHIP/MIP family. Because this antibody also stained brain astrocyte end feet, which are enriched in OAPs, it is possible that the 28 kDa protein is related to these structures. We conclude that OAPs probably contain related but distinct proteins that may have different membrane channel functions in different cell types.
Deuteriated Analogs as Internal Standards for the Quantitation of Environmental Alkanes by Gas Chromatography

Abstract Quantitation by gas chromatography requires the use of suitable internal standards. Deuteriated analogs are superior, but usually require a mass spectrometer as the gas chromatographic detector to distinguish them from the compounds being measured. Completely deuteriated alkanes are, however, completely separated from the corresponding unlabelled alkanes and serve as suitable internal standards for the quantitation of environmental alkanes by gas chromatography alone.
Human Scribble (Vartul) Is Targeted for Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation by the High-Risk Papillomavirus E6 Proteins and the E6AP Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase

The high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 proteins stimulate the ubiquitination and degradation of p53, dependent on the E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase. Other proteins have also been shown to be targeted for degradation by E6, including hDlg, the human homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster Discs large (Dlg) tumor suppressor. We show here that the human homolog of the Drosophila Scribble (Vartul) (hScrib) tumor suppressor protein is also targeted for ubiquitination by the E6-E6AP complex in vitro and that expression of E6 induces degradation of hScrib in vivo. Characterization of the E6AP-E6-hScrib complex indicated that hScrib binds directly to E6 and that the binding is mediated by the PDZ domains of hScrib and a carboxyl-terminal epitope conserved among the high-risk HPV E6 proteins. Green fluorescent protein-hScrib was localized to the periphery of MDCK cells, where it colocalized with ZO-1, a component of tight junctions. E6 expression resulted in loss of integrity of tight junctions, as measured by ZO-1 localization, and this effect was dependent on the PDZ binding epitope of E6. Thus, the high-risk HPV E6 proteins induce the degradation of the human homologs of two Drosophila PDZ domain-containing tumor suppressor proteins, hDlg and hScrib, both of which are associated with cell junction complexes. The fact that Scrib/Vart and Dlg appear to cooperate in a pathway that controls Drosophila epithelial cell growth suggests that the combined targeting of hScrib and hDlg is an important component of the biologic activity of high-risk HPV E6 proteins.
Social Change and Public Policy in Rural America: Data and Research Needs for the 1970's*

The key problem here is the need to monitor and understand important trends in our changing rural society.' Implicit here is the belief that research can provide data-social indicators-and scientific theories that will enable society to alter the magnitudes, speed, or even the direction of change in relation to explicit normative criteria [4, p. 15]. This paper is addressed both to the producers and users of social indicators. The researcher's job is to develop data and theories, while the practitioner is responsible for interpreting the data and translating the theory into practice, providing relevant and timely advice to policy makers and change agents. Frequently, the researcher and the practitioner are the same person, though for purposes of this paper it is convenient to separate the two roles. Likewise, the policy maker or change agent sometimes has suf-
Strategy-based design of reusable business components

Grounded on principles of manufacturing design, component-based software development (CBSD) has been viewed as the future trend in software development. In this paper, we propose a methodology for component fabrication and argue that, as in classical product development, business strategy of component development companies must guide the design of reusable business components. Accordingly, we link business strategy with component design through managerial goals (identified as cost effectiveness, ease of assembly, customization, reusability, and maintainability). These managerial goals are then mapped to technical features (identified as coupling, cohesion, number of components, component size, and complexity). We develop a formal model, called Business Strategy-based Component Design that uses the object-oriented model of a business to derive the component structure by grouping appropriate object classes to achieve the desired business strategy. We examine the validity of the model by a two-phase application process.
Thermodynamics of natural selection I: Energy flow and the limits on organization

This is the first of three papers analyzing the representation of information in the biosphere, and the energetic constraints limiting the imposition or maintenance of that information. Biological information is inherently a chemical property, but is equally an aspect of control flow and a result of processes equivalent to computation. The current paper develops the constraints on a theory of biological information capable of incorporating these three characterizations and their quantitative consequences. The paper illustrates the need for a theory linking energy and information by considering the problem of existence and reslience of the biosphere, and presents empirical evidence from growth and development at the organismal level suggesting that the theory developed will capture relevant constraints on real systems. The main result of the paper is that the limits on the minimal energetic cost of information flow will be tractable and universal whereas the assembly of more literal process models into a system-level description often is not. The second paper in the series then goes on to construct reversible models of energy and information flow in chemistry which achieve the idealized limits, and the third paper relates these to fundamental operations of computation.
Distinct cerebral perfusion patterns in FTLD and AD

Objective: We examined the utility of distinguishing between patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) using quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging with arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion MRI. Methods: Forty-two patients with FTLD and 18 patients with AD, defined by autopsy or CSF-derived biomarkers for AD, and 23 matched controls were imaged with a continuous ASL method to quantify CBF maps covering the entire brain. Results: Patients with FTLD and AD showed distinct patterns of hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion. Compared with controls, patients with FTLD showed significant hypoperfusion in regions of the frontal lobe bilaterally, and hyperperfusion in posterior cingulate and medial parietal/precuneus regions. Compared with controls, patients with AD showed significant hypoperfusion in the medial parietal/precuneus and lateral parietal cortex, and hyperperfusion in regions of the frontal lobe. Direct comparison of patient groups showed significant inferior, medial, and dorsolateral frontal hypoperfusion in FTLD, and significant hypoperfusion in bilateral lateral temporal-parietal and medial parietal/precuneus regions in AD. Conclusions: Doubly dissociated areas of hypoperfusion in FTLD and AD are consistent with areas of significant histopathologic burden in these groups. ASL is a potentially useful biomarker for distinguishing patients with these neurodegenerative diseases.
The Psychological Processes of Cultural Retooling

An essential challenge of cultural adaptation is to smoothly and swiftly incorporate new behaviors into one's cultural repertoire. I introduce the term "cultural retooling" to capture this process and provide a theory of its psychological dynamics. Using longitudinal data from 50 foreign-born master's degree students in the United States, I find that individuals use two core methods for addressing the internal conflict that they experience during cultural retooling (integrative and instrumental) and that the retooling process itself unfolds over three distinct phases (conflict, ambivalence, and authenticity). Moreover, I find that individuals vary in their trajectories across these phases (regressing, stagnating, or transforming) and that these trajectories are shaped by how internal conflict is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Negative and positive affect: intentional and unintentional influences on digital preservation practice

This poster presents findings from a qualitative research study involving 26 public library users. Study participants' decisions and actions related to the preservation of their digital information were examined. Significant positive and negatives experiences using digital information were found to influence participants' behaviors. Motivated by frustration and anger over digital devices malfunctioning, participants intentionally store personal digital content in multiple locations as a means of digital preservation. Positive experiences with digital information motivated participants to unintentionally store and preserve personal content on the web as a result of social interactions through email and social networking sites. The findings provide support for the study of positive affective issues in information behavior research and in particular its relationship to information valued for the long term and social networks and web-based storage practices.
Consideration of magnet materials in the design of PMSMs for HEVs application

This paper discusses two vital issues regarding design and performance of high power Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) using different magnet materials; high temperature applications and machine design without using rare earth permanent magnets. In the first part, designs were developed using NdFeB and SmCo magnets for hybrid bus application. They were evaluated at different temperatures taking into account the fact that remanent flux density of NdFeB magnets reduces with increase in temperature at faster rate than that of SmCo magnets. Based upon the torque-speed and efficiency plots of the machines, feasibility of the designs are suggested for specific temperature range. Ferrite magnets can also work at higher temperature than NdFeB but they provide significantly less flux density. Four variants of PMSMs using ferrite magnets are designed and discussed here. Comparison of their torque speed and efficiency characteristics is made with that of the NdFeB machine having the same volume. The results lead to design consequences of PMSMs in the absence of rare earth magnet materials.
The Evaluative Uncertainty and Evaluative Importance Dimensions of Perceived Risk

This article looks at the concept of perceived risk from an information processing viewpoint, emphasizing the alternative evaluation state of the choice process. The initial degree of perceived risk that exists for a brand-choice situation within a product class is redefined to include the components of evaluative uncertainty and importance and then tested through an experimental design. The results indicate that perceived risk, as manifested in the form of evaluative uncertainty and importance, tends to increase as the average level of brand quality within a product class decreases and the variability in brand quality increases. These findings suggest that the acquisition of additional brand attribute information may sometimes increase rather than reduce the consumer’s perceived risk, even though such information may result in a more clear differentiation among alternative brands.
Correlation of Peripheral Innervation Density and Dorsal Horn Map Scale

Wang, Lei, Ronald Millecchia, and Paul B. Brown. Correlation of peripheral innervation density and dorsal horn map scale. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 689–702, 1997. Dorsal horn map scale and peripheral in...
Numerical Solutions of Financial Partial Differential Equations

This paper provides a general survey of important PDE numerical solutions and studies in detail of certain numerical methods specific to finance with programming samples. These important numerical solutions for financial PDEs include finite difference, finite volume, and finite element. Finite difference is simple to discretize and easy to implement; however, explicit method is not guaranteed stable. The finite volume has an advantage over finite difference in that it does not require a structured mesh. If a structured mesh is used, as in most cases of pricing financial derivatives, the finite volume and finite difference method yield the same discretization equations. Finite difference method can be considered a special case of the finite element method. In general, the finite element method has better quality in obtaining an approximated solution when compared to the finite difference method. Since most PDEs in financial derivatives pricing have simple boundary conditions, the implicit method of finite difference is preferred to finite element method in applications of financial engineering.
Emergence of Gricean Maxims from Multi-Agent Decision Theory

Grice characterized communication in terms of the cooperative principle, which enjoins speakers to make only contributions that serve the evolving conversational goals. We show that the cooperative principle and the associated maxims of relevance, quality, and quantity emerge from multi-agent decision theory. We utilize the Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP) model of multi-agent decision making which relies only on basic definitions of rationality and the ability of agents to reason about each other’s beliefs in maximizing joint utility. Our model uses cognitively-inspired heuristics to simplify the otherwise intractable task of reasoning jointly about actions, the environment, and the nested beliefs of other actors. Our experiments on a cooperative language task show that reasoning about others’ belief states, and the resulting emergent Gricean communicative behavior, leads to significantly improved task performance.
Evading cellular data monitoring with human movement networks

Cellular networks are centrally administered, enabling service providers and their governments to conduct system-wide monitoring and censorship of mobile communication. This paper presents HUMANETS, a fully decentralized, smartphone-to-smartphone (and hence human-to-human) message passing scheme that permits unmonitored message communication even when all cellular traffic is inspected. HUMANET message routing protocols exploit human mobility patterns to significantly increase communication efficiency while limiting the exposure of messages to mobile service providers. Initial results from tracedriven simulation show that 85% of messages reach their intended destinations while using orders of magnitude less network capacity than naive epidemic flooding techniques.
Temperature-Sensitive Polymersomes for Controlled Delivery of Anticancer Drugs

We report on a novel type of triblock copolymer polymersomes with temperature-controlled permeability within the physiologically relevant temperature range of 37–42 °C for sustained delivery of anticancer drugs. These polymersomes combine characteristics of liposomes, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, monodispersity, and stability at room temperature, with tunable size and thermal responsiveness provided by amphiphilic triblock copolymers. The temperature-sensitive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)n-poly(dimethylsiloxane)65-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)n (PVCLn-PDMS65-PVCLn) copolymers with n = 10, 15, 19, 29, and 50 and polydispersity indexes less than 1.17 are synthesized by controlled RAFT polymerization. The copolymers are assembled into stable vesicles at room temperature when the ratio of PVCL to the total polymer mass is 0.36 < f < 0.52 with the polymersome diameter decreasing from 530 to 40 nm as the length of PVCL is increased from 10 to 19 monomer units. Importantly, the permeability of polymersomes...
Examining effects of food insecurity and food choices on health outcomes in households in poverty

Evidence documenting effects of food assistance programs, household food insecurity, and nutrition knowledge on health outcomes is building. Using data from a sub-sample of adults who are 185% of the poverty line from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 2,171), we examine whether household food insecurity, food stamp take-up, and use of informal food supports are associated with health risk among low-income households. Findings indicate that while nutrition knowledge provides protection against health risk in food secure households, the health benefits of nutrition knowledge were not evident in food insecure households. We discuss these findings in light of current policy and practice interventions that recognize the importance of providing healthy, affordable food options for food insecure households.
The Influence of River Freezes on Water Intake of Power Plant

There are three problems such as ice prevention,sediment prevention,as well as aquatic weed prevention by taking surface runoff as water supply source for power plant in north-west area.On the basis of investigation and field observation data of some projects for years,the paper discussed and analyzed the freezing course and ice evolution,as well as estimation methods of ice quantity and ice thickness,and the current ice prevention and control measures adopted in power plant,then provided a solution to ice freezing at water intake.
Design and Implementation of a Centralized Data Acquisition and Supervisory System for Medium-low Voltage Distribution Network

The status and problems of the data acquisition and supervisory system for medium-low voltage distribution network are presented.By referring to the actual needs of promoting medium-low voltage distribution network operation,a structure design scheme for centralized data acquisition and supervisory system for medium-low voltage distribution networks is put forward.According to the predetermined design philosophy,5 functions are to be implemented,that is,intelligent data acquisition,communication and transmission,real-time data processing,power usage information management and monitoring,intelligent distribution area management and monitoring.A safety system design and interfacing with other existing systems are provided.
The Astronomy of Maimonides and its Sources

MATHEMATICAL astronomy owes an enormous debt to the institution of lunar calendars. The apparently simple question whether a month will be full or hollow, i. e., whether the new crescent will be visible on the evening of the 29th or of the 30th day, led Babylonian astronomers of the fourth century b.c. to ingeniously constructed arithmetical devices which enabled them to compute ephemerides of great accuracy for the movement of the sun and the moon. We know practically nothing about the underlying concepts concerning the physical nature of the treated phenomena. In contrast, we are well informed about the geometrical interpretation which formed the basis of the corresponding theory of Greek astronomers, at least so far as reflected in the Almagest. Finally, Ptolemy himself brought the theory of the planetary movement to the same level which the lunar theory had reached centuries before.
Effect of barley variety and dietary barley content on digestive function in beef steers fed grass hay-based diets.

Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 + 1 arrangement of treatments to study the effects of barley variety and dietary barley content on digestive function in steers fed grass hay-based diets. Barley varities evaluated were Russell and Steptoe, which had bulk densities of 67.7 and 64.5 kg/hL, respectively. Supplemental treatments were as follows: corn, low Russell (Ru-lo), low Steptoe (St-lo), high Russell (Ru-hi), and high Steptoe (St-hi). Corn, Ru-lo, and St-lo were provided at 30% (DM basis) of grass hay-based diets, whereas Ru-hi and St-hi were provided at 35.5% of diet DM (equal starch content as the corn treatment). No treatment differences (P > .10) were observed for DMI, ruminal particulate passage rate, and NDF total tract digestibility. Ruminal DM and starch digestibility were greater (P .10). In situ disappearance of grass hay NDF at 8 and 96 h of incubation was greater (P < .05) for barley than for corn diets. Rate of in situ disappearance of grain DM was greater (P < .01) for barley than for corn and for Russell than for Steptoe barley. Responses suggest that ruminal and total tract digestibility and protein flow to the small intestine can be increased with barley compared with corn as an energy supplement to grass hay-based diets.