cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HEGEL'S CRITIQUE OF LIBERALISM

satisfactory forms of community and political life. In this paper I examine the critique of rights-based liberalism by returning to the philosophy of Hegel. Hegel's position, I suggest, provides us with a much needed middle ground between liberalism and its contemporary critics. Like the modem communitarians he is critical of the individualistic and ahistorical conceptions of rights underlying the liberal polity, but like many liberals he is skeptical of the claims to recreate a democratic, participatory Gemeinschaft that would leave citizens defenseless before their particular communities. I conclude that like Montesquieu before him and Tocqueville after, Hegel looked to the "corporations" or intermediary associations to skirt the extremes of the market place and civic virtue.
Nature of suppression of Rhizoctonia solani in Hawaiian soils

About 14% of all samples collected from Hawaiian soils were suppressive to Rhizoctonia solani . There was a direct relationship between relative hyphal growth and soil pH. About 40% of the suppressive soils were also suppressive to the disease caused by the pathogen. Relative hyphal growth of R. solani in a conducive Hilo soil decreased with increasing amount of Onomea suppressive soil, but the inhibitory effect in these soils did not increase during incubation at 24 °C for 12 days. Autoclaving completely nullified the inhibitory effect of Onomea soil. Infestation with non-sterile suspension of either suppressive or conducive soil restored suppression to autoclaved Onomea soil but did not render autoclaved Hilo soil suppressive, suggesting that suppressiveness of Onomea soil is the result of a combination of nonspecific micro-organisms and abiotic factors. Aqueous extracts of Onomea soil contained higher concentrations of Al ion and supported less growth of R. solani than that of Hilo soil.
A new laser shadowgraphy method for measurements of dynamic contact angle and simultaneous flow visualization in a sessile drop

A new laser shadowgraphy method is presented to measure the dynamic contact angle of a sessile drop on a nontransparent metal substrate and simultaneously visualize flow motions inside the drop. A collimated laser beam is refracted into the drop, then reflected on the substrate surface and finally refracted out of the drop to form a shadowgraphic image on a screen. The instant diameters of the refracted-shadowgraphic image, cooperated with the corresponding instant contact-diameters of the drop measured from the magnified top view, are used to determine the instant contact angles of the sessile drop. At the same time, flow motions, if any, in the drop can be visualized from the refracted-shadowgraphic image. The new method is demonstrated to be a very simple, accurate, and unique optical technique for simultaneous measuring of the dynamic contact angle of a liquid drop spreading on a nontransparent metal substrate with flow visualization in the drop.
Diversity in Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology is not as diverse as society, and the generalizability of clinical psychology to diverse groups has largely been untested. Some progress has been made in increasing the number of ethnic minorities receiving PhD degrees in clinical psychology and in increasing ethnic minority representation in clinical trials. Nevertheless, clinical psychologists and clinical psychology research are not diverse. A stages of change model may be useful in motivating clinical psychologists to diversify. A future scenario involving inertia and a second involving change are offered.
Libraries and the USA PATRIOT Act: Values in Conflict

ABSTRACT The USA PATRIOT Act (USAPA) celebrated its sixth anniversary in 2007 as an omnibus measure for granting expanded authority to federal officials for monitoring and intercepting communications in all formats. The great majority of USAPA is now permanent law, with only two of its original 16 sections operating under sunset clauses. One of those sections is the controversial 215, which grants greater access to “any tangible item” via Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) request procedures. Librarians interpreted that clause to include their records on patron activity and have therefore vigorously protested the federal government's challenge to their professional ethics and their patrons' privacy. It is a measure of their successful resistance that Section 215 remains open to review until 31 December 2009 and that the federal government felt obliged to specifically cite libraries as exempt from being issued National Security Letters (NSL). It is a measure of how far libraries have yet to go th...
Regulation of CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) binding to target transcripts upon T cell activation.

The RNA-binding protein, CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1), regulates gene expression at the levels of alternative splicing, mRNA degradation, and translation. We used RNA immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis to identify the cytoplasmic mRNA targets of CUGBP1 in resting and activated primary human T cells and found that CUGBP1 targets were highly enriched for the presence of GU-rich elements (GREs) in their 3′-untranslated regions. The number of CUGBP1 target transcripts decreased dramatically following T cell activation as a result of activation-dependent phosphorylation of CUGBP1 and decreased ability of CUGBP1 to bind to GRE-containing RNA. A large percentage of CUGBP1 target transcripts exhibited rapid and transient up-regulation, and a smaller percentage exhibited transient down-regulation following T cell activation. Many of the transiently up-regulated CUGBP1 target transcripts encode important regulatory proteins necessary for transition from a quiescent state to a state of cellular activation and proliferation. Overall, our results show that CUGBP1 binding to certain GRE-containing target transcripts decreased following T cell activation through activation-dependent phosphorylation of CUGBP1.
The use of photoactivated hetero-bifunctional reagents to cross-link cytochrome c to proteins that bind it by electrostatic interactions.

Abstract Lysine residues of horse heart cytochrome c have been modified with N -5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide (ANB-NOS) and ethyl N -5-azido-2-nitrobenzoylaminoacetimidate (ANB-AI), reagents that attach nitroaryl azides onto the surface of proteins by amide and amidine linkages, respectively. When acting as an electron acceptor for yeast cytochrome b 2 , modification of cytochrome c with ANB-NOS increases the K m for the reaction by 2-fold, while modification with ANB-AI has little effect on the K m . The V max for the reduction of cytochrome c by cytochrome b 2 is reduced by the attachment of both compounds to cytochrome c . When the modified cytochromes c were illuminated with phosvitin, cytochrome b 5 , and cytochrome c peroxidase, cross-linked species were formed which could be resolved by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In each case the amidine derivatives of cytochrome c modified with ANB-AI showed more cross-linking than the amide derivatives of cytochrome c modified with ANB-NOS. When the modified cytochromes c were present in a 3-fold excess of phosvitin, cross-linked products containing 1, 2, and 3 molecules of cytochrome c covalently attached to phosvitin were observed. Photolysis of the modified cytochromes c in the presence of cytochrome b 5 , resulted in the formation of a cross-linked 1:1 complex between the two cytochromes as well as higher order aggregates containing up to 5 molecules of cytochrome c plus cytochrome b 2 . When cytochrome c peroxidase was illuminated with the modified cytochromes c , the predominant cross-linked product was a 1:1 complex between the two heme proteins. However, a cross-linked species was detected in small amounts with the apparent composition of 2 molecules of cytochrome c and 1 of the peroxidase. Also, a procedure is described for the synthesis of ANB-AI with 14 C in the imidocarbon which is ultimately derived from 14 CN.
Uniport soft-tip, open-ended catheters versus multiport firm-tipped close-ended catheters for epidural labor analgesia: a quality assurance study.

Abstract Study Objective: To compare a multiport, firm-tipped, close-ended, epidural catheter (Portex catheter) with a uniport, open-ended, soft-tipped, wire-reinforced catheter (Arrow catheter) in obstetric patients. Study Design: Prospective data collection for intradepartmental quality assurance Setting: Obstetric unit in a tertiary care maternity hospital Patients: 2612 patients requesting labor analgesia. Interventions: The Arrow catheter was used in 1,352 women and the Portex catheter in 1,260 women. Measurements and Main Results: The incidence of unsatisfactory block were 3.3% and 4.4% with the Arrow and Portex catheters, respectively ( p = 0.2). The catheter perforated the dura matter in 0.4% of cases with both catheters. The incidence of epidural venipuncture was 1.1% with the Arrow catheter and 5.7% with the Portex catheter ( p = 0.0001). Paresthesias occurred in 6% of cases with the Arrow catheter and 11.2 % of cases with the Portex catheter ( p = 0.0001). Epidural catheter reinsertion was required in fewer patients in the Arrow group than in the Portex group (4.8% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.01). Conclusions: In obstetric patients, the softer uniport Arrow catheter produces paresthesias and venipunctures less frequently than the firm multiport Portex catheter.
Charge-transfer guest interactions in luminescent MOFs: implications for solid-state temperature and environmental sensing.

One of the ongoing goals in the field of porous materials is the design and synthesis of materials that possess chemical structures amenable for use in sensing applications. We describe the preparation, luminescence characteristics, and environmental sensing properties of variants of the aluminum-based MOF [Al(OH)(O2C–C10H6–CO2)]∞. Careful activation of the open framework complex, 1, yielded a dynamic structural transformation to a non-porous form, 2, that exhibited strong inter-linker interactions and red-shifted emission characteristics indicative of dimer formation. We also demonstrate the formation of highly luminescent ground-state charge-transfer (CT) complexes between 1 and the electron-donating amines dimethylamine (DMA) (1a), and N,N-diethylaniline (DEA) (1b), both of which exhibit dual-emission characteristics and a ratiometric luminescence response that is sensitive to temperature and solvent polarity. Steady-state and time-resolved measurements on 1a, 1b, and 2 indicate that the MOF structures stabilize ground-state CT interactions that are distinct from the weakly-bound exciplexes formed in comparable mixtures of purely organic components. The spectra for 1a and 1b also indicate different temperature dependencies that correspond to thermally-activated complex formation (ΔHf = +1.1 ± 0.2 kcal mol−1) in 1a and static quenching effects (ΔHf = −2.2 ± 0.3 kcal mol−1) in 1b. The addition of ethanol, isopropanol, toluene, or chloroform to suspensions of 1b indicate destabilization of the CT state with increasing solvent polarity, which suggests the generalized application of this or related materials in sensor applications.
Physical Oceanographic Influences On Sedimentology of Reef Sand Aprons: Holocene of Aranuka Atoll (Kiribati), Equatorial Pacific

Abstract Depositional facies are the net product of a complex set of processes that impact sediment supply and transport in geomorphic systems. Although the general facies motifs of many isolated platforms throughout the geologic record are well documented, the details of geomorphological and sedimentological patterns, and the physical oceanographical processes that can impact sedimentological differentiation, are less well constrained. On these platforms, accumulations of reef-associated debris in platform-top reef sand aprons can form expansive geomorphic elements, hosting prolific hydrocarbon reserves in geologic analogs. To better understand the nature and scale of reef-sand-apron accumulations, this project integrates remote-sensing, field, petrographical, and granulometrical characterization of surficial Holocene sediments with physical oceanographical observations and modeling of Aranuka Atoll, Republic of Kiribati, in the western equatorial Pacific. Results illustrate trends in hydrodynamics, geomorphology, and sedimentology from the platform margin to the platform interior. Current-meter data and modeling illustrate how the tides (2.5 m spring-tide amplitude) modulate wave energy (open-ocean annual average swell height of ∼ 2 m; distal swell can be larger) to produce dominant on-platform flow (speeds up to 90 cm/s) on the northern reef sand apron. The strongest currents there appear to be impacted by southward-propagating waves related to fronts that pass thousands of kilometers north of the atoll, not local, wind-generated waves. These hydrodynamical influences are interpreted to have led to the development of the expansive northern reef sand apron (> 2000 m wide); the southeastern apron, with currents that reverse with the tides, includes a distinct, narrower sand apron (∼ 1500 m wide). Concomitantly, the hydrodynamical patterns and platformward decrease in energy across the reef sand apron, coupled with changes in biota, are interpreted to control variability in sedimentary structures, bottom types, and sediment attributes. Sediment near the margin on the reef sand apron contains coral and red algal–rich coarse sand and gravel, passing to foraminifera-rich, medium to coarse sand toward the lagoon. The lagoon includes even finer sediment, chiefly fine and very fine sand, and patch reefs. Collectively, the results of this study illustrate that selective winnowing, differentiation of sediment size, type, and sorting, and nature and size of geomorphic elements ultimately are linked to the hydrodynamical patterns across the platform. The sedimentological (depositional porosity and permeability) and geomorphic (facies bodies) variability and the processes active on this reef sand apron provide a general conceptual model that may be applicable to predict trends in ancient reservoir analogs.
Human Corneal Cells and Other Fibroblasts Can Stimulate the Appearance of Herpes Simplex Virus from Quiescently Infected PC12 Cells

A two-cell system for the stimulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) from an in vitro model of long-term (quiescent) infection is described. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells differentiated with nerve growth factor were infected with HSV-1 strain 17. Little, if any, cytotoxicity was observed, and a quiescent infection was established. The long-term infection was characterized by the absence of all detectable virus in the culture medium and little, if any, detectable early or late viral-gene expression as determined by reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. The presence of HSV-1 DNA was determined by PCR analysis. This showed that approximately 180 viral genomes were present in limiting dilutions where as few as 16 cells were examined. The viral DNA was infectious, since cocultivation with human corneal fibroblasts (HCF) or human corneal epithelial cells (HCE) resulted in recovery of virus from most, if not all, clusters of PC12 cells. Following cocultivation, viral antigens appeared first on PC12 cells and then on neighboring inducing cells, as determined by immunofluorescent staining, demonstrating that de novo viral protein synthesis first occurred in the long-term-infected PC12 cells. Interestingly, the ability to induce HSV varied among the cell lines tested. For example, monkey kidney CV-1 cells and human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells, but not mouse neuroblastoma cells or undifferentiated PC12 cells, mediated stimulation. This work thus shows that (i) quiescent HSV infections can be maintained in PC12 cells in vitro, (ii) HSV can be induced from cells which do not accumulate significant levels of latency-associated transcripts, and (iii) the activation of HSV gene expression can be induced via neighboring cells. The ability of adjacent cells to stimulate HSV gene expression in neuron-like cells represents a novel area of study. The mechanism(s) whereby HCF, HCE, and HepG2 and CV-1 cells communicate with PC12 cells and stimulate viral replication, as well as how this system compares with other in vitro models of long-term infection, is discussed.
Behavioral regulation: factor analysis and application of the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale in dementia and mild cognitive impairment

Background Executive dysfunction is a hallmark of both Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD). A complete neuropsychological battery contains measures of executive function, but the focus tends to be on cognitive processes with verbal or written output. The Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale (BDS) is purported to be a measure of executive function that addresses control over voluntary motor behavior. Previous factor analyses revealed three-factor solutions using a variety of patient populations. Our goals were to examine the factor structure in a sample of geriatric outpatients and to apply that factor structure to detect possible differences between AD, VaD, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), non-amnestic MCI, and normal controls. Methods An exploratory factor analysis was performed on 260 outpatient evaluations from 2002–2006. Only the seven items requiring motor responses were included. Results A two-factor solution emerged. We named the factors Motor Problem-Solving and Simple Motor Repetitive Behaviors. For the first factor, the AD and VaD groups differed from the MCI groups and normal controls, but did not differ from each other. There were no differences between the control, amnestic MCI, and non-amnestic MCI groups. There were no differences between the groups for the second factor. Conclusion It was concluded that voluntary control of behavior that requires problem-solving for complex tasks may help differentiate dementia from mild cognitive impairment and normal aging. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of patency after percutaneous angioplasty and atherectomy of occluded superficial femoral arteries

background: Patients undergoing percutaneous recanalization of chronically occluded superficial femoral arteries were studied to determine which factors correlated with 1-year patency. Immediate change in ankle:brachial index (ABI), length of occlusion, tibial run-off, and the performance of supplemental catheter atherectomy were evaluated. methods: Eligible patients had at least one patent tibial run-off vessel and the absence of limb-threatening ischemia. Recanalization was performed via passage of a guidewire followed by balloon angioplasty. Tibial run-off was scored based on a modification of the angiogram scoring system of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. Supplemental transcutaneous extraction catheter atherectomy was randomly assigned to a sub-group of patients after initial experience with the recanalization technique. Clinical follow-up was employed to determine patency. results: Forty-two of 57 attempts (74%) at recanalization were immediately successful. Overall 1-year patency was 40% in 40 limbs that could be followed. In limbs with balloon angioplasty alone (n = 23), patency was 43% compared with 35% in those having supplemental atherectomy. Tibial run-off did not vary significantly between patent and occluded groups. When ABI increased by 0.3 or more, patency was 56% compared with 26% when the ABI increase was less than or equal to 0.1 ( P = 0.13). Occlusion length averaged 18.1 ± 10.6 cm for all limbs and did not vary significantly between early successes and failures. Limbs with short occlusions (less than or equal to 5 cm, n=8) had 63% patency compared with 38% patency for limbs with long occlusions (greater than 25 cm, n=16), but the difference was not significant by analysis of variance. conclusions: An initial change in ABI was most predictive for patency, whereas no correlation with tibial run-off was demonstrated. Atherectomy did not increase patency. Short occlusions were more likely to remain patent than long ones, but overall patency was lower than described in other series.
Allen and Meyer's 1990 Longitudinal Study: A Reanalysis and Reinterpretation Using Structural Equation Modeling

Allen and Meyer (1990) proposed a possible latent factor, role certainty, impacting the effects of socialization tactics on organizational commitment and role orientation. Their data was reanalyzed with structural equation modeling to test this proposal and to examine the overlooked factor of interaction with job incumbents. The results indicated the presence of two latent factors, role certainty, and incumbent interaction. More importantly, the most pronounced impact was from incumbent interaction. Interaction with incumbents had a strong early impact on organizational commitment of newcomers, but this effect diminished significantly over time. The implications of this are discussed.
CAM: naturopathic dietary interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Objective To test feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a naturopathic dietary intervention in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods Prospective observational pilot study evaluating the change in clinical and patient-centered outcome measures following a 12-week individualized and group dietary education program delivered in naturopathic primary care. Results HbA1c improved in all participants ( n = 12); mean - 0.4% +/− 0.49% SD, ( p = 0.02). Adherence to healthful eating increased from 3.5 d/wk to 5.3 d/wk ( p = 0.05). Specific nutritional behavior modification included: days/week consuming ≥5 servings of fruit/vegetables ( p = 0.01), attention to fat intake ( p = 0.05), and −11.3% carbohydrate reduction. Measures of physical activity, self-efficacy and self-management also improved significantly. Conclusion A naturopathic dietary approach to diabetes appears to be feasible to implement among Type 2 diabetes patients. The intervention may also improve self-management, glycemic control, and have influences in other domains of self-care behaviors. Clinical trials evaluating naturopathic approaches to Type 2 diabetes are warranted.
Some Approximation Properties of Projection Pursuit Learning Networks

This paper will address an important question in machine learning: What kind of network architectures work better on what kind of problems? A projection pursuit learning network has a very similar structure to a one hidden layer sigmoidal neural network. A general method based on a continuous version of projection pursuit regression is developed to show that projection pursuit regression works better on angular smooth functions than on Laplacian smooth functions. There exists a ridge function approximation scheme to avoid the curse of dimensionality for approximating functions in L2(θd).
Phenotypic Switching in Candida lusitaniae on Copper Sulfate Indicator Agar: Association with Amphotericin B Resistance and Filamentation

Candida lusitaniae is an opportunistic yeast pathogen that has the ability to develop resistance to amphotericin B (AmB). The mechanism(s) for this resistance is not well understood, although there are data supporting mutations in sterol pathways and other data supporting phenotypic switching (PS). The goal of this study was to determine whether C. lusitaniae has a PS system and to characterize any phenotypes, including any changes in AmB MICs. When 104 CFU of an AmB-resistant (MIC of 16 to 32 μg/ml) clinical strain was plated on yeast-peptone-dextrose (YPD) agar with 1 mM CuSO4, three colony colors were observed: light brown (LB) ≫ dark brown (DB) > white (W), similar to the result for Candida glabrata. Switching did occur with high AmB resistance (MIC of 256 μg/ml) being associated with W, whereas LB and DB colonies had MICs of 2 to 8 μg/ml and 2 to 16 μg/ml, respectively. Filamentation (pseudohyphae) was associated with DB colonies. All phenotypes occurred spontaneously with greater frequency (∼10−2 to 10−4) than spontaneous mutations, and all phenotypes were reversible, fulfilling the two PS criteria. High AmB MICs were always associated with W colonies but not with all W colonies. Detection of PS on YPD-CuSO4 is also similar to that in Candida glabrata, and we hypothesize that this is due to similarities in metallothionein gene expression. Phenotypic switching represents a key strategy in C. lusitaniae that confers a selective advantage during environmental challenges, including the ability to switch to AmB resistance.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in two North American oak forests respond to nitrogen addition

Summary • How nitrogen (N) deposition impacts ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities has been little studied in deciduous forests or across spatial scales. Here, it was tested whether N addition decreases species richness and shifts species composition across spatial scales in temperate deciduous oak forests.  Combined molecular (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), sequencing) and morphological approaches were used to measure EM fungal operational taxon unit (OTU) richness, community structure and composition at the spatial scale of the root, soil core and forest during a 3-yr N fertilization experiment in Quercus-dominated forests near Chicago, IL, USA.  In N treatments, significantly lower OTU richness at the largest but not smaller spatial scales and a different community structure were detected. The effects of N appeared to be immediate, not cumulative. Ordination indicated the composition of EM fungal communities was determined by forest site and N fertilization.  The EM fungi responded to a N increase that was low compared with other fertilization studies, suggesting that moderate increases in N deposition can affect EM fungal communities at larger spatial scales in temperate deciduous ecosystems. While responses at large spatial scales indicate that environmental factors can drive changes in these communities, untangling the impacts of abiotic from biotic factors remain limited by detection issues.
Efficient identification of tetR-expressing cell lines for tetracycline-regulated gene expression

The technology of tetracycline-inducible gene expression has been successfully used in experimental biology to identify the function and downstream signaling pathways of an interested gene. It has been significantly improved to meet the criteria with specificity to exogenous non-toxic inducers, independent regulation from cellular pathways, and dose-dependent inducibility and reversibility. However, to establish tetracycline-inducible gene expression in mammalian cells is still a time-and effort-consuming process. With a tetracycline-inducible gene expression system T-REx, we have developed a practical protocol to use the oncogenic H- ras gene as a dominant reporter gene to increase efficiency in attaining desired cell lines in which ectopic expression of a particular gene in cells can be introduced and reversibly induced by the presence or absence of tetracycline in cultures.
Interference of Fiber-Coupled Gaussian Beam Multiply Reflected Between Two Planar Interfaces

The interference of a single-mode fiber-coupled Gaussian beam multiply reflected between two tilted planar interfaces is presented. The general equation of such interference is given. Following the guidance of the equation, the design criteria of a diaphragm fiber-optic sensor is discussed.
Letter to the Editors: Minor and severe head injury emotional sequelae

(1992). Letter to the Editors: Minor and severe head injury emotional sequelae. Brain Injury: Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 477-478.
Irradiance inversion algorithm for absorption and backscattering profiles in natural waters: improvement for clear waters.

Our iterative inversion algorithm for retrieving absorption a(z) and backscattering bb(z) from profiles of upwelling and downwelling irradiance, on the basis of assuming a depth-independent phase function for the medium, was found to have unsatisfactory accuracy for bb(z) in clear waters. We modified the algorithm here by assuming a depth-independent phase function for the particles and then performing an additional iteration over the fraction of total scattering that is due to the water itself. The modified algorithm’s accuracy is considerably improved over the original in clear waters and reduces to the original in waters for which the particle contribution to bb(z) is dominant.
Long-term patterns of shrub expansion in a C4-dominated grassland: fire frequency and the dynamics of shrub cover and abundance

Worldwide, grassland ecosystems have experienced a major shift in growth-form dominance as woody plant species have expanded and replaced native grasses. In the C(4)-dominated grasslands of central North America, a reduction in fire frequency is the most cited cause of this shift in growth forms as fire both enhances grass productivity and constrains the establishment and expansion of native woody vegetation. Using an 18-yr plant species composition data set, we quantified patterns of change in shrub cover, frequency, and species richness associated with three distinct fire regimes. During the study period (1983-2000), shrub cover increased most dramatically in sites in which the frequency of fire was once every 4 yr (intermediate frequency; 28.6%) followed by sites in which fire occurred only once during the 18-yr period (low frequency; 23.7%). Annual fire effectively prevented the recruitment of new woody species, but even with this high fire frequency, shrub cover increased slightly (3.7%). Comparatively, shrub species richness increased by three and six, respectively, in the intermediate- and low-frequency fire sites. These data indicate that within this grassland, periods without fire are necessary for recruitment of both new individuals and additional shrub species; however, once established, shrub cover will increase regardless of fire frequency and even annual fire will not reduce shrub abundance.
Making Hispanics: how activists, bureaucrats and media constructed a new American

Since the 1980s, when Hispanics were officially counted in the US Census, our scholarly interest in the meaning and content of Latino/Hispanic identity on the one hand, and the role of Hispanics as...
Metabolic Rhythm of Hepatic Lipogenesis: Regulation and Roles in Metabolism

Hepatic lipid metabolism is modulated by multiple pathways, including hormones (e.g., insulin and glucagon), energy/nutrient-sensing signaling, and circadian rhythm. The latter constitutes a pre-programmed transcriptional mechanism in anticipation of upcoming feeding/fasting metabolic cycles. Although the central clock is controlled by light, the peripheral clock, such as that in the liver, is very sensitive to the nutrient status. As such, studies in mice and humans have demonstrated that disrupted circadian rhythm is linked to metabolic diseases. This chapter will describe roles of the molecular clock and downstream nuclear receptors in the control of liver lipid metabolism. Potential mechanisms through which hepatic lipogenesis may affect peripheral metabolic homeostasis via lipid metabolites will also be discussed.
GENE FREQUENCIES IN A MARINE ECTOPROCT: A CLINE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS RELATED TO SEA TEMPERATURE.

The concept that gene flow is continuous and widespread within a species has recently been questioned (Ehrlich and Raven, 1969), but no data could be cited for marine organisms. Indeed, the spatial and temporal distribution of gene frequencies is unknown for all but a minute fraction of the three million existing animal species. Hitherto, field information on genic differentiation in animals that lack phenotypic polymorphism has been very difficult to obtain. The development of high-resolution zone electrophoresis coupled with staining techniques for specific proteins has now made it routinely possible to identify marker genes and to determine gene and genotype distributions (Hubby and Lewontin, 1966; Lewontin and Hubby, 1966). Factual information on this question of gene flow among populations and the degree of genic differentiation is especially critical for marine ectoprocts because the adults of several species with short-lived larvae (hours) are unable to be distinguished phenotypically over distances of hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Results presented below support the notion that selection adjusts genotype frequencies over very short distances for these sessile marine animals with short-lived larvae. The change in frequency of alleles in populations can be observed over 10-20 kms distance even though populations are nearly continuous over the intervening area. We analyzed the distribution of allele frequencies along a coastal and island transect of 35 kms along southern Cape Cod. From 29 to 47 colonies of the widespread encrusting ectoproct Schizoporella unicornis (see Appendix) were collected from 1/? to 3 m depth from pilings or floating docks at each of five localities, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Fig. 1). Local populations were estimated to contain several hundred colonies. Irregular aggregations of colonies of S. unicornis have been recorded nearly every kilometer of the way from one end o,f our transect to the other (Sumner et al., 1913) and our impression from examining dredged material is that they are even more closely spaced. Elsewhere along the Atlantic coast of the United States, S. unicornis is also an abundant local species.
Discrete-time implementation of positive position feedback - Analysis and design approaches with an experiment

'This research was performed under Army Research Office's University Research Initiative Center Program, Grant No.OS 92-6-0181; Dr. Gary Anderson, Program Manager. tGraduate Research Assistant, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VPI&SU. 4Associat.e Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VPI&SU. Copyright 1994 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Abstract
Samuel W. Stewart

Samuel W. Stewart, the father of real-time microearthquake locations, died December 27, 1996, after a battle with Parkinson's disease. Sam was known to his friends and colleagues as a very gentle and sincere person with steely determination and persistence. Sam graduated from Princeton University in 1955 with a degree in geology and mathematics and completed a Master's degree in 1956 at the University of Utah in Geophysics and Geology. He joined the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, studying earthquakes at the Nevada test site for a year before moving to Denver, Colorado to work on crustal studies. In 1962, he began studying at St. Louis University and earned a Ph.D. in 1966 on the application of seismic ray theory to refraction seismology. His study of the crustal structure of the midcontinent (Stewart, 1968) was one of the first to provide a detailed model of the central US and...
Fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography on large phantoms using dual point illumination geometry

Three-dimensional fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography is demonstrated for the first time on large phantom volumes using simultaneous dual in-phase point illuminating sources. A rapid data acquiring gain-modulated intensified CCD imaging system was employed for these studies.
Glycogenolytic effect of adenosine involves ATP from hepatocytes and eicosanoids from Kupffer cells.

In the perfused liver, infusion of adenosine (50 microM) caused an increase in portal pressure and glucose output as well as a brief increase in oxygen uptake followed by a transient decrease within 1 min. Half-maximal glycogenolytic effect was observed with approximately 20 microM adenosine, and the stimulation was maximal at concentrations > 50 microM. The effect of adenosine was blocked when Kupffer cells were destroyed with gadolinium chloride treatment (10 mg/kg iv), supporting the hypothesis that eicosanoid release from Kupffer cells participates in the effect of adenosine in the liver. Although adenosine has been reported to increase eicosanoid release from perfused liver (S. vom Dahl, M. Wettstein, W. Gerok, and D. Hussinger, Biochem. J. 270: 39-44, 1990), in this study adenosine failed to stimulate prostaglandin release from cultured Kupffer cells at concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 1 mM, casting doubt on the hypothesis that Kupffer cells are totally responsible for the effect of adenosine. In contrast, adenosine increased ATP transiently from 4 to 15 nM in effluent from perfused livers concomitant with a transient increase in carbohydrate output and portal pressure. To assess which type of hepatic cells released ATP after addition of adenosine, parenchymal, Kupffer, and endothelial cells were isolated and incubated with adenosine. Adenosine increased ATP concentrations in culture media of parenchymal cells but not from Kupffer or endothelial cells. Furthermore, ATP stimulated prostaglandin release from cultured Kupffer cells, whereas ATP (10 microM) infusion caused glucose release with kinetics similar to adenosine in perfused livers, an effect that was blocked by destroying Kupffer cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structure-Activity Relationships of Cardiotonic Steroids for the Inhibition of Sodium- and Potassium-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphatase: IV. Dissociation Rate constants for Complexes of the Enzyme with Cardiac Oligodigitoxides

The dissociation rate constants (kd) of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) complexes with digitoxigenin or digoxigenin oligodigitoxides were determined by enzymatic assay after dilution. The kd value of each cardiac glycoside—enzyme complex formed in the Na+-Mg2+-ATP system (type I complex) was greater than that of the complex formed in the Mg2+-P[unknown] system (type II complex). In type I complexes the kd value of the digitoxigenin oligodigitoxide complex was greater than that of the digoxigenin oligodigitoxide complex, but this difference was diminished in the type II complex. For a given aglycone and type of complex, the kd values decreased in the order monodigitoxide > bisdigitoxide > tridigitoxide [unknown] tetradigitoxide. The activation energies of these dissociation constants were approximately 30 kcal/mole for the type I complex and 25 kcal/mole for the type II complex and did not change with the number of sugar moieties or the nature of the aglycone. The kd values of the type II complexes were increased with Na+ plus ATP in the dilution medium in a manner similar to those of the monoglycosides. On the other hand, K+ in the dilution medium reduced the kd values of only the type I complexes containing cardiac oligodigitoxides. These kd values fell below those of the type II complex, in contrast to the situation with the cardiac monoglycosides. These results suggest that the second and third digitoxose moieties of the cardiac digodigitoxides can bind to the enzyme but that binding by the first digitoxose moiety is predominant.
Method in the madness: A social justice manifesto for conflict analysis:

Conflicts are complex, violent events. Justice becomes problematic when conflict research hesitates to identify oppressors. Such hesitation is due to an epistemological relativity that over-emphasi...
Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes: From Filtering to Controlled Sensing

Covering formulation, algorithms, and structural results, and linking theory to real-world applications in controlled sensing (including social learning, adaptive radars and sequential detection), this book focuses on the conceptual foundations of partially observed Markov decision processes (POMDPs). It emphasizes structural results in stochastic dynamic programming, enabling graduate students and researchers in engineering, operations research, and economics to understand the underlying unifying themes without getting weighed down by mathematical technicalities. Bringing together research from across the literature, the book provides an introduction to nonlinear filtering followed by a systematic development of stochastic dynamic programming, lattice programming and reinforcement learning for POMDPs. Questions addressed in the book include: when does a POMDP have a threshold optimal policy? When are myopic policies optimal? How do local and global decision makers interact in adaptive decision making in multi-agent social learning where there is herding and data incest? And how can sophisticated radars and sensors adapt their sensing in real time?
The End of the South Korean Miracle

Over a two-month period from October 1997 to December 1997 South Korea was reduced from being the eleventh largest economy in the world to one that had to go cap in hand to the international financial institutions in order to survive. This sudden shift took even the IMF by surprise. As late as October 1997 the IMF mission visiting Seoul had given South Korea a clean bill of economic and financial health. So what went wrong?
Novel Targets and Approaches to Treating Skeletal Muscle Disease

Muscle weakness is the hallmark feature of the myopathies and muscular dystrophies and also occurs with aging. Treating muscle weakness to restore and improve health remains a major challenge because of the large volume of distribution of muscle mass. Systemic therapy must have a favorable therapeutic window because of the need for lifelong therapy and must minimize side effects while promoting muscle strength. Multiple avenues for muscle treatment are being pursued, including those that enhance muscle function by targeting calcium and mitochondrial function, promote muscle growth by stimulating regeneration, enhance muscle repair and reduce muscle fibrosis. Gene correction trials are beginning but multiple approaches will likely be needed to treat muscle disease.
The Black Scholar: Drum of the Black Studies Movement

The most popular publishing venue for Black Studies proponents was The Black Scholar (TBS). Founded in 1969 by sociologist/psychologist Nathan Hare and English professor Robert Chrisman, along with printer Alan Ross, TBS was not supported by a major professional organization or university. Relying on independent funding and subscriptions, it was not a traditional academically referred journal. Not only did it publish the works of political leaders, activists, and prisoners, it also took an active role in promoting issues such as Black feminism and prison reform. It was particularly active in giving a voice to revolutionary leaders in Cuba and Angola. In addition to the journal, the Black World Foundation hosted conferences, operated a speakers’ bureau and published books.
Oxidative stress, metabolomics profiling, and mechanism of local anesthetic induced cell death in yeast.

The World Health Organization designates lidocaine as an essential medicine in healthcare, greatly increasing the probability of human exposure. Its use has been associated with ROS generation and neurotoxicity. Physiological and metabolomic alterations, and genetics leading to the clinically observed adverse effects have not been temporally characterized. To study alterations that may lead to these undesirable effects, Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on aerobic carbon sources to stationary phase was assessed over 6 h. Exposure of an LC50 dose of lidocaine, increased mitochondrial depolarization and ROS/RNS generation assessed using JC-1, ROS/RNS specific probes, and FACS. Intracellular calcium also increased, assessed by ICP-MS. Measurement of the relative ATP and ADP concentrations indicates an initial 3-fold depletion of ATP suggesting an alteration in the ATP:ADP ratio. At the 6 h time point the lidocaine exposed population contained ATP concentrations roughly 85% that of the negative control suggesting the surviving population adapted its metabolic pathways to, at least partially restore cellular bioenergetics. Metabolite analysis indicates an increase of intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway, the preparatory phase of glycolysis, and NADPH. Oxidative stress produced by lidocaine exposure targets aconitase decreasing its activity with an observed decrease in isocitrate and an increase citrate. Similarly, increases in α-ketoglutarate, malate, and oxaloacetate imply activation of anaplerotic reactions. Antioxidant molecule glutathione and its precursor amino acids, cysteine and glutamate were greatly increased at later time points. Phosphatidylserine externalization suggestive of early phase apoptosis was also observed. Genetic studies using metacaspase null strains showed resistance to lidocaine induced cell death. These data suggest lidocaine induces perpetual mitochondrial depolarization, ROS/RNS generation along with increased glutathione to combat the oxidative cellular environment, glycolytic to PPP cycling of carbon generating NADPH, obstruction of carbon flow through the TCA cycle, decreased ATP generation, and metacaspase dependent apoptotic cell death.
Identifying memory impairment and early dementia in primary care.

Introduction This study examined the operating characteristics of two-stage case finding to identify memory impairment and very mild dementia.
In the shadow of the coal breaker: cultural extraction and participatory communication in the Anthracite Mining Region

ABSTRACTWhat stories do ruins tell? What is the legacy of the extractive coal industry? When is extraction complete in a single-industry area? Tied to global capital, fuelling the Industrial Revolution on the labour immigrants, the legacy of extraction in the Anthracite Coal-Mining Region in Northeastern Pennsylvania extends into local notions of heritage, memory, community welfare, and place. Tracking (de)industrial life scenes in the Anthracite Coal-Mining Region, this ethnographic work follows traces of the past as they emerge and the day-to-day practices that sustained them noting intensities and flashpoints as they arise in daily life. As a particular flashpoint, Coal Region residents processed the demolition of the ruins of Saint Nicholas Coal Breaker, the last anthracite coal breaker built before 1960 and once the largest coal breaker in the world. Residents rapidly produced and shared digital media of the Breaker with and through a large public digital humanities collaboratory that I created and m...
The Mobile Network Capability Exposure Friendly to the Mobile Internet Applications

To open up network capabilities such as quality of service (QoS) and location information etc. to Internet service providers (ISPs) is considered as one of the promising ways to monetize telecom operators network assets. The paper investigates the approaches for the network capability exposure to the external applications. We propose the web compliant approach enabling the customized network capability exposure to 3rd party ISPs with the HTTP Header Enrichment (HHE) technique as well as the architectural implementation based on the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). The network information exposure and the recognition of the 3rd party's exposure request are conducted with the modification on the http header associated with the service session. The use cases for the network provider around the proposed architecture are investigated to show the benefits of the proposed approach.