cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the connection between child abuse and cancer: Definitional, methodological, and theoretical issues

Research has begun to explore the relationship between cancer and child abuse. Thus far, work has shown that child abuse is associated with higher odds of cancer in adulthood. Unfortunately, the current research is plagued by three interrelated issues: (1) there is no agreement as to what actions constitute abuse and how abuse types (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional abuse) are distinct or interrelated; (2) analytic strategies limit the types of conclusions that can be drawn because of how they treat or measure abuse and related concepts; and (3) few theories exist to explain the connection between abuse and cancer. Each of these issues and their implications is described. Then an integrated theoretical framework that attempts to address current shortcomings is proposed. Going forward, abuse research should carefully consider the measures and mechanisms linking abuse to disease in order to test meaningful hypotheses and advance our theoretical understanding of these connections.
Weaning from mechanical ventilation.

Invasive mechanical ventilation can be lifesaving for patients with acute respiratory failure, but numerous complications have been identified. Therefore, once clinical improvement has occurred, emphasis is placed on quickly weaning'(ie, liberating) the patient from mechanical ventilation. Weaning can be subdivided into 2 components: readiness testing and progressive withdrawal. Traditionally, both clinical factors and weaning predictors have been used to assess readiness for spontaneous breathing trials, which can be carried out using a T-piece or a low level of ventilatory support. The role of weaning predictors is under investigation, and their role in clinical decision making remains poorly defined. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of weaning failure have provided a framework for identifying potentially correctable limiting factors. Randomized controlled trials suggest that several approaches to progressive withdrawal may be acceptable, though only a minority of patients require progressive withdrawal. Emerging evidence indicates that protocol-directed weaning, driven by respiratory therapists and intensive care nurses, can improve outcome.
Generalized Primary Torsion Dystonia

Dystonia can be classified by etiology – primary or secondary, distribution, age of onset, and site of onset. This chapter discusses primary dystonia where at least one individual in a family, or a sporadic case, has generalized dystonia that affects the legs and trunk. To date, two genes have been identified which are associated with generalized PTD, DYT1 and DYT6, and a third locus, DYT13, has been determined. DYT1 mutations are responsible for much of generalized PTD, but DYT13 is likely causative for only a small portion. As the DYT6 gene was only recently cloned, the relative contribution of this gene to the generalized PTD is not known. However, it is certain that a portion of generalized PTD is due to genetic factors that have yet to be elucidated.
Tuning the photophysical properties of BODIPY dyes through extended aromatic pyrroles

Three new BODIPY dyes have been synthesized by a two-step synthetic route. This expands the series to nine different BODIPY dyes by this method. Naphtha[1,2-c]pyrrole was combined with 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde to give a symmetric dipyrrin followed by reaction with boron trifluoride to give a symmetric highly conjugated BODIPY dye. Expanding this synthetic route to a more conjugated pyrrole fluorantho[2,3-c]pyrrole was combined with 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde followed by reaction with boron trifluoride to give the asymmetric BODIPY dye (9). Dyes with the more highly conjugated fluoranthopyrrole resulted in a bathochromic shift of ca. 50 nm in the electronic absorption and showed greater stability of the LUMO energy, as determined by electrochemical measurements, compared to their naphthapyrrole analogs. All of the dyes synthesized by this method display molar absorptivities greater than 100 000 M−1 cm−1 with photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of 0.8–1.0. Excited state lifetimes of the dyes in dichloromethane are modest, ranging from 3.2 ns to 4.3 ns.
Toxicity evaluation of magnetic hyperthermia induced by remote actuation of magnetic nanoparticles in 3D micrometastasic tumor tissue analogs for triple negative breast cancer.

Magnetic hyperthermia as a treatment modality is acquiring increased recognition for loco-regional therapy of primary and metastatic lung malignancies by pulmonary delivery of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). The unique characteristic of magnetic nanoparticles to induce localized hyperthermia in the presence of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) allows for preferential killing of cells at the tumor site. In this study we demonstrate the effect of hyperthermia induced by low and high dose of MNP under the influence of an AMF using 3D tumor tissue analogs (TTA) representing the micrometastatic, perfusion independent stage of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) that infiltrates the lungs. While application of inhalable magnetic nanocomposite microparticles or magnetic nanocomposites (MnMs) to the micrometastatic TNBC model comprised of TTA generated from cancer and stromal cells, showed no measureable adverse effects in the absence of AMF-exposure, magnetic hyperthermia generated under the influence of an AMF in TTA incubated in a high concentration of MNP (1 mg/mL) caused significant increase in cellular death/damage with mechanical disintegration and release of cell debris indicating the potential of these inhalable composites as a promising approach for thermal treatment of diseased lungs. The novelty and significance of this study lies in the development of methods to evaluate in vitro the application of inhalable composites containing MNPs in thermal therapy using a physiologically relevant metastatic TNBC model representative of the microenvironmental characteristics in secondary lung malignancies.
Addressing Oral Health Disparities Via Educational Foci on Cultural Competence

An ever-present challenge for the oral health profession is to reduce the extent of oral disease among racial and ethnic minority populations. Adding to this complex dilemma is the linkage between oral health and systemic health. We describe enhanced cultural competency, in the context of individual cultural beliefs, values, language, practice, and health behaviors, among dental professionals, as one approach to meeting the dental care needs of the underserved. An overview and examples of teaching methods used by University of Florida dental educators to enhance student cultural competency is provided. Evidence-based evaluation results provide evidence of methodology efficacy. We conclude by describing actions that can be implemented by academic dental institutions to facilitate development of culturally competent practitioners.
Growing Concerns With Workplace Incivility

Workplace incivility (WPI) is a growing issue across all public and private sectors. Occupational and environmental health nurses can educate employees and management about WPI, its risk factors and characteristics, and ways to reduce incidents of WPI.
1,4-Dihydropyridines and the 1,4-Dihydropyridine Receptor

The 1,4-dihydropyridine nifedipine is a first-generation drug of major significance in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, peripheral vascular disorders and angina in its several forms. Nifedipine is one of a chemically and pharmacologically heterogeneous group of drugs that includes also verapamil and diltiazem and which owe their cardiovascular properties to a specific interaction with one cellular route of calcium entry — the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (reviewed in Fleckenstein 1983; Janis et al. 1987).
Analytical Methods for a Learning Health System: 3. Analysis of Observational Studies.

The third paper in a series on how learning health systems can use routinely collected electronic health data (EHD) to advance knowledge and support continuous learning, this review describes how analytical methods for individual-level electronic health data EHD, including regression approaches, interrupted time series (ITS) analyses, instrumental variables, and propensity score methods, can also be used to address the question of whether the intervention “works.” The two major potential sources of bias in non-experimental studies of health care interventions are that the treatment groups compared do not have the same probability of treatment or exposure and the potential for confounding by unmeasured covariates. Although very different, the approaches presented in this chapter are all based on assumptions about data, causal relationships, and biases. For instance, regression approaches assume that the relationship between the treatment, outcome, and other variables is properly specified, all of the variables are available for analysis (i.e., no unobserved confounders) and measured without error, and that the error term is independent and identically distributed. The instrumental variables approach requires identifying an instrument that is related to the assignment of treatment but otherwise has no direct on the outcome. Propensity score methods approaches, on the other hand, assume that there are no unobserved confounders. The epidemiological designs discussed also make assumptions, for instance that individuals can serve as their own control. To properly address these assumptions, analysts should conduct sensitivity analyses within the assumptions of each method to assess the potential impact of what cannot be observed. Researchers also should analyze the same data with different analytical approaches that make alternative assumptions, and to apply the same methods to different data sets. Finally, different analytical methods, each subject to different biases, should be used in combination and together with different designs, to limit the potential for bias in the final results.
Infectious Diseases in Developing Countries: An Introduction to the Major Problems in Global Medicine

Advances in contemporary molecular biology and immunology have carried the problems of viral, bacterial, fungal, rickettsial, protozoal, and helminthic diseases into the mainstream of biomedical science. Amazing new tools developed via recombinant-DNA and other technologies offer great opportunities for progress in alleviating the suffering and social stagnation which are the consequences, in part, of the burden of infectious diseases among populations of developing countries.
Experimental Design in Ornithology

Just a few minutes scanning the pages of any major ornithology journal reveals that research with birds takes many different forms, There are several ways to classify this research: by subject area, by type of dependent variable, or by the nature of the independent variable, for example. One important dimension is the extent to which the research is experimental, involving the control and manipulation of variables that could affect the outcome. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss experimental design in ornithological research. I will begin by discussing some general issues relating to scientific data collection. I will then discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different types of experimental design with an emphasis on the decisions a researcher must make during the design process. In the final section, I will present an outline of the steps to take in designing research and suggest some further reading.
Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome for the Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax (Engraulidae: Clupeiformes).

The northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, is a small planktivorous fish from the northeastern Pacific Ocean that is an important forage for fishes, birds, and marine mammals, and is also the target o...
What's Loving Got to Do with it?

The context of this article is Jim Chen, Unloving, 80 Iowa L. Rev. 145 (1994) (responding to Robert S. Chang, Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1243 (1993)Imagine you are at a public meeting-a forum of some kind at which members of the community discuss their ideas and concerns. Seated ahead of you are two people you know only slightly. Imagine now that one of them (for the sake of that much-maligned value, narrative vividness, let us call him "Professor Chang") rises at a time when it is his tum to speak. Confessing to some hesitancy, some ambivalence and fear, he nonetheless confides in the group some thoughts he has been toying with-some concerns about the direction the community is taking, some tentative ideas for ways in which he and others might respond. Then imagine that Professor Chang sits down; but before most people in the crowd have even digested what he had to say, the person next to him (call him "Professor Chen") jumps from his chair, screams "You leave my wife out of this!" and begins to pummel Professor Chang, shouting insults as he does so.I do not think it is excessive to characterize Professor Chen's attack on Professor Chang as a kind of academic mugging, intended to wound if not disable or destroy its object. Reading Professor Chen's intemperate language--his talk of Professor Chang's work as a "secessionist manifesto," the product of "racial fundamentalism," "a linguistic whip by which the lords of racial fundamentalism drive individuals into the appropriate racial herds" Nazi propaganda, "a virulent form of racism in its own right" a "racial creationism at its purest," and an apologia for "the most grotesque form of tyranny imaginable" --I was puzzled, angered, and concerned. I was even more puzzled to read that Professor Chen characterized this dialogue as "reasonable intellectual dispute" during which he generously chose to "treat [Chang's] Asian American moment with the dignity he so plainly want[ed]" (and, by implication, does not really deserve from an authority as eminent as Professor Chen). Two questions occur simultaneously. First, what could Professor Chang have done to inspire this unseemly outburst? And second, what makes Professor Chen believe he has the right thus to police scholarly discourse, branding those with whom he disagrees with the most hateful of stigmata?
The apoptosis-inducing activity of natural plant products involved regulation of events downstream of the p53 pathway

5902 Natural plant products such as perillyl alcohol and their metabolites have been reported to possess anti-tumor and drug related activities against a number of human cancers though the mechanism of action of these compounds is not yet fully known. The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a regulator of cell cycle progression. The P53 gene is mutated in most lung cancer cells resulting in the over- or under-expression of the mutant p53 protein. We studied the effects of the perillyl alcohol metabolite, perillic acid (PA), and methyl jasmonate (MJ), a naturally occurring plant compound, on the proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (NCI-H520 and NCI-H2170) cell lines using cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting techniques. The expression levels of p53 protein in NCI-H520 and NCI-H2170 cell lines were studied using ELISA and western blotting techniques. Both PA and MJ elicited dose- and kinetic-dependent cytotoxicity against the cell lines. Decreases in the viability of A549, NCI-H520 and NCI-H2170 were observed with the following 72-hr IC50 values: PA (2.8, >3, 2.8 mM) and MJ (1.8, 2.2, 1.25 mM) respectively. DNA content analyses using flow cytometry showed that both PA and MJ caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 in A549 cell line, S phase arrest in NCI-H520 cell line and G2-M phase arrest in NCI-H2170 cell line, respectively. The cell cycle arrests were accompanied by significant (p
Management and Outcomes of Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Single-Center Experience

Abstract Background: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare aggressive B-cell neoplasm characteristically occurring in patients with HIV infection. Given their rarity, most of the existing literature is from case reports or heterogenous pooled data. Optimal therapy is not clearly defined and outcomes are traditionally poor with median survival in the order of months. We describe the epidemiology, management and outcomes of this rare malignancy at a single center. Methods: We identified patients with PBL diagnosed between 2000-2015 at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Patients were followed till June 2015. Structured forms were used to interview patients and to abstract relevant (demographics, diagnostics, pathology, therapy and outcomes) clinical data. Logistic regression was used to assess variables for association with the odds of treatment failure. Log-rank test was used to assess differences in survival by treatment regimen. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software version 9.0 (SAS Institute). Results: Twenty-nine patients with PBL were diagnosed in the study period. Median age at presentation was 42 years; 24 (83%) were male. Twenty-sex (90%) occurred in patients with HIV infection; median CD4+ count at diagnosis was 93/mm3; median viral load was 97,823 copies/mL. Only 5 patients (17%) were actively taking antiretroviral therapy at the time of diagnosis. Three patients were immunocompetent. The most common primary site of disease was the gastrointestinal tract (13 patients) followed by oral/maxillofacial sites (10 patients). Twenty patients (69%) presented with adanced stage disease (stage III or IV disease). EBV was detected in all 26 cases where it was tested; HHV-8 was negative in all patients. CD20 positivity was seen in only 4 patients (14%). MYC rearrangements were described in 70% patients. EPOCH (etoposide, prednisolone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and hydroxydaunorubicin), was the most common treatment regimen used in 16 patients (56%). Radiation therapy was administered in 28% of patients. Overall survival across the cohort was 9.9 months. Twenty patients (69%) died during the follow-up period; their median survival was 2.6 months. Nine patients were alive after a median follow-up of 47.8 months. Those who were treated with EPOCH demonstrated a better median overall survival compared to those who were not (26.3 months vs 1.2 months, p value 0.01). Conclusions: PBL is a rare AIDS-related lymphoma most commonly affecting the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. It mostly occurs in HIV patients not on HAART. Patients usually present with advanced stage disease. OS continues to be poor but EPOCH regimens can improve survival compared to non-EPOCH regimens, and should be further explored in this setting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Switching Transient Analysis of SiC MOSFET based MMC Motor Drive Systems

In this paper, a system-level analysis method is provided to evaluate the factors that affect the switching transients of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) based motor drives. In particular, the voltage transients at the device terminal are compared to the arm voltages as well as the MMC output voltage. The differences are identified and in detail evaluated via frequency domain approach and simulation. Experimental results based on a seven-level silicon carbide (SiC) MMC are provided to validate the mathematical analysis and the model-based simulation results. The study suggests that a dv/dt reduction is observed from the switching devices to the MMC output terminal, and both the system parameters and the operation principles affect the system transient performance.
Teacher as Change Agent for Consequential Learning: One Korean Teacher’s Autoethnography on the Dance-with-Science Project

Consequential learning is an equity-oriented framework in which students create learning pathways to pursue what matters to themselves and to the communities they care about. In this paper, I seek to identify the moments of consequential learning from a story in which my students and I danced together to express a set of scientific knowledge: how atoms change their configuration during photosynthesis while sustaining the total mass as consistent. Taking an autoethnographic approach, I examine how consequential learning was presented during the project and how I worked as a change agent to support it. Based on findings that show how students and I sought to transform science into a powerful tool to actualize what mattered to them while creating varied patterns of participation, I argue that, as change agents for consequential learning, teachers should take a stance on students as a rightful presence.
Elementary Logic in Linear Space.

First-order logic is typically presented as the study of deduction in a setting with elementary quantification. In this paper, we take another vantage point and conceptualize first-order logic as a linear space that encodes "plausibility". Whereas a deductive perspective emphasizes how (i.e., process), a space perspective emphasizes where (i.e., location). We explore several consequences that a shift in perspective to "signals in space" has for first-order logic, including (1) a notion of proof based on orthogonal decomposition, (2) a method for assigning probabilities to sentences that reflects logical uncertainty, and (3) a "models as boundary" principle that relates the models of a theory to its "size".
A non-APOE Polygenic score for Alzheimer’s disease and APOE-ε4 have independent associations with dementia in the Health and Retirement Study

Abstract INTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common and costly neurodegenerative disorder. A large proportion of risk is heritable and many genetic risk factors for AD have been identified. The cumulative genetic risk of known markers has not been benchmarked for dementia in a population-based sample. METHODS In the United States population-based Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (waves 1995-2014), we evaluated the role of cumulative genetic risk for AD, with and without the APOE-e4 alleles, on dementia status (dementia, cognitive impairment without dementia, borderline cognitive impairment without dementia, cognitively normal). We used logistic regression, accounting for demographic covariates and genetic principal components, and analyses were stratified by European and African genetic ancestry. RESULTS In the European ancestry sample (n=8399), both AD polygenic score excluding the APOE genetic region (odds ratio (OR)=1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.20) and the presence of any APOE-e4 alleles (OR=2.42; 95% CI: 1.99, 2.95) were associated with the odds of dementia relative to normal cognition in a mutually-adjusted model. In the African ancestry sample (n=1605), the presence of any APOE-e4 alleles was associated with 1.77 (95% CI: 1.20, 2.61) times higher odds of dementia, while the AD polygenic score excluding the APOE genetic region was not significantly associated with the odds of dementia relative to normal cognition 1.06 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.30). DISCUSSION Cumulative genetic risk for AD and APOE-e4 are both independent predictors of dementia. This study provides important insight into the polygenic nature of dementia and demonstrates the utility of polygenic scores in dementia research.
Characterizing Speech Adversarial Examples Using Self-Attention U-Net Enhancement

Recent studies have highlighted adversarial examples as ubiquitous threats to the deep neural network (DNN) based speech recognition systems. In this work, we present a U-Net based attention model, UNet At , to enhance adversarial speech signals. Specifically, we evaluate the model performance by interpretable speech recognition metrics and discuss the model performance by the augmented adversarial training. Our experiments show that our proposed U-Net At improves the perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) from 1.13 to 2.78, speech transmission index (STI) from 0.65 to 0.75, shortterm objective intelligibility (STOI) from 0.83 to 0.96 on the task of speech enhancement with adversarial speech examples. We conduct experiments on the automatic speech recognition (ASR) task with adversarial audio attacks. We find that (i) temporal features learned by the attention network are capable of enhancing the robustness of DNN based ASR models; (ii) the generalization power of DNN based ASR model could be enhanced by applying adversarial training with an additive adversarial data augmentation. The ASR metric on word-error-rates (WERs) shows that there is an absolute 2.22 % decrease under gradient-based perturbation, and an absolute 2.03 % decrease, under evolutionary-optimized perturbation, which suggests that our enhancement models with adversarial training can further secure a resilient ASR system.
Patterns of Adaptation Response by Coastal Communities to Climate Risks

Coastal communities are among the most vulnerable to climate risks. Despite the negligence of climate policy at the federal level in the United States, subnational governments have taken action to ...
Reinventing Molecular Imaging with Total-Body PET, Part I: Technical Revolution in Evolution.

Total-body PET (TB-PET) is a technical advancement providing improved signal detection (effective sensitivity). This is achieved through a novel extended detector geometry among many other fine attunements. This technical evolution will ripple through molecular imaging revolutionizing clinical practice beyond the expectations of its designers. This article explores how this leap forward in effective sensitivity through TB-PET could enable dose reduction, faster imaging, temporal resolution improvement, dynamic imaging, and the in vivo noninvasive study of clinical systems biology. TB-PET has the potential to be an enabler of disruptive innovations in molecular imaging. This will change the landscape of medical imaging.
Sources of Corrosive Bottom Water to Bellingham Bay, Washington State

The Salish Sea, spanning Washington State and British Columbia, receives relatively low pH water from upwelling in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the acidity of bottom water increases within the sea, particularly in winter. In order to better understand the processes that lead to bottom water acidification in this region, I quantified the sources of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity to bottom water in Bellingham Bay, a small embayment that is nevertheless representative of the broader Salish Sea. Corrosive bottom water with a pH of 7.5 and an aragonite saturation state of 0.51 was observed in deep water the northern portion of the bay. Water column respiration contributed 6.8 mmol DIC m−3 d−1 to bottom water while sediments added both DIC (13.6 mmol m−2 d−1) and alkalinity (9 mmol m−2 d−1). A two-layer box model assessed the relative importance of sources of corrosive water to the bay and calculated how bottom water pH and aragonite saturation state vary during spring. The 30-day model run calculated increases in bottom water DIC and alkalinity but decreases in bottom water pH and aragonite saturation state along with oscillations of these parameters with a period of approximately 6 days. A sensitivity analysis of the model demonstrated that water column respiration was the primary driver of corrosive bottom-water production. Sediment respiration contributed less to the production of corrosive water but was a source of alkalinity. The accumulation of corrosive bottom water in Bellingham Bay was also a function of mean circulation; the slowing of bottom water flow led to longer bottom-water residence time and an increase in bottom water corrosivity.
America’s Think Tanks: Meeting the Challenges of Increasing Competition and New Technologies, and Maintaining Relevance in an Ever-Changing World

Kay Coles James, President of The Heritage Foundation in Washington, DC, explores the history, evolution and future of think tanks Future of Think Tanks and Policy Advice in the United States.
A systematic study of lanthanide titanates (A2Ti2O7) chemical durability: corrosion mechanisms and control parameters

Abstract Dense lanthanide titanates ranging from La2Ti2O7 to Yb2Ti2O7 were synthesized by spark plasma sintering with similar micro-sized microstructure, and their chemical durability and degradation mechanisms were investigated by semi-dynamic leaching tests. Different corrosion mechanisms from incongruent to congruent dissolution were observed with preferential elemental releases of lanthanides in A2Ti2O7 (A = La to Gd) and Ti in Er2Ti2O7 and Yb2Ti2O7. Initial leaching was controlled by surface dissolution and long-term dissolution shifted to a diffusion-controlled mechanism for titanate pyrochlores from Sm2Ti2O7 to Yb2Ti2O7. Both short-term and long-term leaching rates decreased from La2Ti2O7 to Yb2Ti2O7, and materials became more corrosion resistant with decreasing ionic radius ratios of the rare-earth elements and titanium. Amorphous passivation films of several nm-thick enriched with Ti formed on the surfaces of the corroded materials, and the formation mechanisms were governed either by surface reorganization with preferential release of lanthanides or dissolution-precipitation from saturated bulk solutions with preferential release of titanium. These results demonstrate that the ionic size plays a dominant role in determining chemical durability of lanthanide titanates and a strong correlation is established among chemical composition/structural variation, passivation film formation and corrosion mechanisms, and materials chemical durability.
Increased utilization of bioprosthetic aortic valve technology:Trends, drivers, controversies and future directions.

The use of bioprosthetic valves (BPV) implanted surgically or by transcatheter valve implantation (TAVI) has increased dramatically in recent years. Currently, BPVs comprise an overwhelming majorit...
Pharmacy availability of emergency contraception in southwestern Pennsylvania: A simulated patient study.

Abstract Objective To assess the availability of oral emergency contraception in southwestern Pennsylvania pharmacies. Study design We conducted a simulated patient study to assess on-the-shelf availability of levonorgestrel emergency contraception and immediate availability of ulipristal acetate emergency contraception. Results Only 44% of pharmacies stocked levonorgestrel on-the-shelf and only 5% of pharmacies had ulipristal acetate immediately available. Conclusions We found significant barriers to obtaining timely oral emergency contraception in southwestern Pennsylvania. Implications statement Timely access to emergency contraception is important for people's ability to determine if, when, how, and under what circumstances to have children. Pharmacies in southwestern Pennsylvania need to expand access to oral emergency contraception.
Primary Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor of the Femur: Case Report and Review of a Rare Intraosseous Malignancy.

Background: Desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCT) are malignant neoplasms of young males arising most commonly in the abdominopelvic cavity, with a subset originating from extra-abdominal so...
Duality and Inscribed Ellipses

We give a constructive proof for the existence of inscribed families of ellipses in triangles and convex quadrilaterals; a unique ellipse exists in a convex pentagon. The techniques employed are based upon duality principles. One by-product of this approach is that the ellipse inscribed in a pentagon and that inscribed in its diagonal pentagon are algebraically related; they are as intrinsically linked as are the pentagon and its diagonal pentagon.
Graph coloring facets from all-different systems

We explore the idea of obtaining valid inequalities for a 0-1 model from a constraint programming formulation of the problem. In particular, we formulate a graph coloring problem as a system of all-different constraints. By analyzing the polyhedral structure of alldiff systems, we obtain facet-defining inequalities that can be mapped to valid cuts in the classical 0-1 model of the problem. We focus on cuts corresponding to cyclic structures and show that they are stronger than known cuts. For example, when an existing separation algorithm identifies odd hole cuts, we can supply stronger cuts with no additional calculation. In addition, we generalize odd hole cuts to odd cycle cuts that are stronger than any collection of odd hole cuts.
THE EFFECT OF MALE FAMILIARITY ON PROXIMITY TIME IN FEMALE EASTERN MOSQUITOFISH (Gambusia Holbrooki)

Among live-bearing fish, females often prefer larger or more colorful males, or males engaging in ritualized courtship. However, in eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, the factors affecting females’ choice of males are unclear. We tested whether female Gambusia prefer to spend time near unfamiliar males over males with whom they have prior experience, expecting that females would prefer unfamiliar males. We examined both visual/olfactory and full exposure experience with males. As a control, we tested females with pairs of unfamiliar males. Control females showed no preferences between males. Females in the visual/olfactory experiment spent more time with males in general following 30-minute exposure, compared to 24-hour exposure. In the full exposure experiment, females spent more time with unfamiliar males only after 24 hours of previous exposure to the familiar male. We discuss the data in the context of mate choice, familiarity, female deprivation, and sexual satiation.
Why do employers do what they do? Compensating differentials.

Employers are the principal source of health insurance for Americans under age 65. Labor economics argues that workers obtain health insurance in this fashion because the insurance is both valuable to them and less costly when purchased through an employer. The reasons for the cost savings are said to be the tax treatment of employer sponsored health insurance, the likely lower claims experience arising from an employed groups's better health status, and the savings arising from lower administrative, marketing and search costs. Economic theory also argues that workers pay for health insurance in the form of lower wages or reductions in other forms of compensation. Workers are generally viewed as being paid what they are worth. An increase in one form of compensation, such as adding health insurance benefits, must result in a reduction in some other form of compensation. Thus, even though the employer writes the check for health insurance, it is the worker who actually pays for the coverage. This compensating differentials view of employer sponsored health insurance colors virtually all aspects of health insurance in the employer setting. Offering a health insurance plan that workers don't value very highly, for example, means that wages will not be reduced much. Benefit packages that have larger worker copays for medical services, other things equal, will result in somewhat higher wages. Higher individual income taxes on wages will lead workers and their employers to shift additional compensation from wages to insurance. While the theory of compensating differentials is clear, the empirical evidence to support this view of employer sponsored health insurance is woefully inadequate. Only a handful of studies have attempted to test this most basic tenant of labor economics. Most of these have failed to find the wage-benefit tradeoff, arguably because the data have not been robust enough to account for differences in worker preferences and productivity.
Unbinding the Deuteron

We consider a description of the deuteron based on meson exchange potentials. A key feature is the inclusion of the I=S=0 two-pion intermediate state ('sigma(600)') as a significant component of the inter-nucleon potential energy. In this approach, deuteron binding is seen to be predominantly a consequence of sigma(600) and omega(783) exchange, with a secondary tole played by rho(770). We explore sensitivity of two-nucleon binding to changes in the potential and thereby obtain an anthropic constraint -- that the deuteron unbinds for a modest decrease (about 6%) in the attractive sigma(600) potential.
Morphogenesis of Type 2 Parainfluenza Virus Examined by Light and Electron Microscopy

The development of type 2 parainfluenza virus in HeLa and stable human amnion cells was examined by use of antisera labeled with fluorescein and ferritin. Serum containing antibody predominantly to soluble viral antigen gave specific fluorescence which was first detectable in small cytoplasmic foci 8 to 10 hr after initiation of infection. By 20 to 24 hr, when the production of infective virus and hemagglutinin was maximal, large perinuclear aggregates of fluorescence were observed which corresponded in distribution and time of appearance to the eosinophilic inclusions seen in similar preparations stained with azure eosin. The inclusions, examined by electron microscopy, were composed of fibrils, presumably viral ribonucleoprotein, which specifically bound the antibody labeled with ferritin. With antiserum to concentrated virus, on the other hand, specific fluorescence was most marked at the surface of infected cells. Foci of fluorescence at the surface represented segments of membrane which had become differentiated morphologically and antigenically to resemble the viral envelope. These were the sites where mature virions appeared. The latter exhibited marked pleomorphism; in some instances, particles were formed which lacked recognizable internal fibrils but which possessed an enclosing membrane bearing viral antigen. Filamentous forms showing an organized internal structure were also observed at the cell surface, but were never encountered in negatively stained preparations. No clear relationship between these filaments and the spherical or oval forms could be established. In negatively stained preparations, nucleocapsid released by rupture of viral particles was similar in appearance to that reported for other paramyxoviruses. It seems probable that this component has a helical configuration. Images
Building a Korean Web Corpus for Analyzing Learner Language

Post-positional particles are a significant source of errors for learners of Korean. Following methodology that has proven effective in handling English preposition errors, we are beginning the process of building a machine learner for particle error detection in L2 Korean writing. As a first step, however, we must acquire data, and thus we present a methodology for constructing large-scale corpora of Korean from the Web, exploring the feasibility of building corpora appropriate for a given topic and grammatical construction.
An effective interaction for nuclear hartree-fock calculations

Abstract An effective potential is presented which matches S, P, and D-wave nucleon-nucleon phase parameters up to 320 MeV without generating the usual strong, short-range correlations. A suitably defined set of separable potentials, including a noncentral force and having small off-energy-shell matrix elements, is employed to produce smooth two-body wave functions. As a preliminary theoretical test of this effective interaction and of the applicability of perturbation theory, the average energy per particle, the single particle potential, and the symmetry energy of infinite nuclear matter have been computed. A saturation of nuclear matter is found in first order at a Fermi momentum of kF = 1.6 F−1 with an average energy per particle of −8 MeV; second order contributions move the minimum to kF = 1.8 F−1 with an average energy per particle of −14.1 MeV. This saturation is characterized by significant P-wave contributions. A convergence of perturbation theory is indicated by a ratio of second to first order potential energy of 3 S 1 + 3 D 1 state where the second order potential energy per particle is −4 MeV at kF = 1.8 F−1. It is suggested that this smooth potential, which is related to the realistic interaction by a canonical transformation, can be used in nuclear Hartree-Fock calculations.
Evidence-based management of hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

s p s i i m a b t p c d h b b linically significant hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodeectomy is noted in 2% to 8% of cases but is associated with significant mortality rate ranging from 18% to 47%, ccounting for up to one quarter of postoperative deaths. uccessful management requires prompt diagnosis and apropriate treatment. It is the purpose of this commentary to eflect on the observations made in the report by Blanc et al 1] and to consolidate them with other recent literature to etermine if there is sufficient information to develop videnced-based guidelines for the management of hemorhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Prerequisite to the development of treatment recommenations is the need to agree on a standard definition of ignificant hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. urrently there is no standard definition. Blanc et al [1] efined postoperative hemorrhage as postoperative bleeding ith a drop in hemoglobin concentration 3 g/dL in a 4-hour period, or evidence of bleeding 200 mL through ither the surgical drain or nasogastric tube, or a requirement of lood transfusion of 2 units of packed red blood cells during esuscitation, or evidence of peripheral circulatory impairment. ther definitions have been employed: (1) Tien et al [2] efined massive postoperative bleeding as the need for reaparotomy or transcatheter embolization to stop the bleedng; (2) Choi et al [3] defined delayed hemorrhage as bleedng from the surgical site requiring greater than 2 units of acked red cells, surgical intensive care unit supervision, aparotomy, or transarterial embolization 5 days or more fter pancreaticoduodenectomy; (3) de Castro et al [4] dened this complication as postoperative bleeding occurring 4 hours after the index operation requiring a transfusion eed of at least 4 units; and (4) Koukoutsis et al [5] defined assive hemorrhage as a drop in arterial pressure of 40 mm g or more and the administration of at least 2 units of lood during resuscitation. The definition employed by lanc et al is sensitive and specific and would include both inor and major bleeding complications and could serve as
Integrating corrections into digital ink playback

In this paper, we describe preliminary work on an ink editing application that allows an instructor to correct mistakes to digital ink written during a presentation that is to be archived. These corrections are then seamlessly reintegrated into the digital archive so that when the presentation is replayed the corrected ink is displayed instead of the original incorrect ink. We base our results on a system we have developed and prototype the work flow from initial presentation, through correction, updating the archive and playback. We show that a simple mechanism for correction is effective and low effort for the instructor. A key technical challenge that is addressed is the substitution of strokes by matching of the original and corrected ink.
Participation and the Provision of Discrete Public Goods: A Strategic Analysis

This paper considers the Nash equilibria to a game where a discrete public good is to be provided. Each individual may participate by making a fixed contribution. If a sufficient number of contributions are made, the good is provided. Otherwise, the good is not provided. One variant of the rules allows for contributions to be refunded when the good is not provided, For pure strategies, we find that the Nash equilibria with a refund are a superset of those without a refund, For both rules, the efficient number of players contributing is an equilibrium, For mixed strategies, to every equilibrium without a refund, there is a corresponding equilibrium with a refund with a higher number of expected contributors. Mixed strategy equilibria "disappear" as the number of players grows large. Some results reported in the experimental literature are discussed in light of these theoretical results.
Heart Failure in Very Old Adults

Heart failure (HF) increases significantly in relation to advancing age, yet management for HF in very old adults remains ambiguous. With aging, not only do age-related, morphological and physiological cardiovascular changes predispose to HF, there is also increased prevalence of comorbid conditions that compound cardiac limitations (e.g., renal insufficiency and chronic obstructive lung disease) and others that tend to overwhelm limited cardiovascular reserves (e.g., infections and ischemia). Standard HF pharmacological and device therapies do little to moderate the wide spectrum of insidious age-related processes that are elemental to HF pathophysiology among older patients. Moreover, the utility of standard HF therapy is usually premised on its efficacy for life prolongation, whereas quality of life, increased physical and cognitive function, and preserved independence may be regarded as higher (or even highest) priority. In this review we study age-related susceptibility to HF, as well as the utility and limitations of standard HF strategies. Both HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction are considered.
Evidence for Discovery of Chemically Bound Neutrons

Evidence has been obtained that neutrons form a weak bond with electrons trapped in LiF at 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The chemistry of the resulting ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ species has been studied and shows that it decomposes at this temperature with a half-time in LiF of \ensuremath{\sim}30 sec. The bond energy is probably about 0.1 eV. Removal of the trapped electrons greatly reduces, if not completely destroys, the neutron retention in LiF.
Tracheal cartilaginous sleeve in Crouzon syndrome

Tracheal cartilaginous sleeve (TCS) is a congenital malformation characterized by fusion of the tracheal arches that may be isolated to a few tracheal arches, include the entire trachea, or extend beyond the carina into the bronchi. TCS has been reported only in children with craniosynostosis. Seven cases of TCS and Crouzon syndrome (CS) are mentioned in the literature. In addition to our case study, a review of the literature on TCS in CS, a classification of TCS and treatment options will be provided. Tracheotomy and frequent airway endoscopy coupled with a keen understanding of the shifting sites of obstruction will permit longterm survival in patients with TCS and CS.
Endogenous attention signals evoked by threshold contrast detection in human superior colliculus

Human superior colliculus (SC) responds in a retinotopically selective manner when attention is deployed on a high-contrast visual stimulus using a discrimination task. To further elucidate the role of SC in endogenous visual attention, high-resolution fMRI was used to demonstrate that SC also exhibits a retinotopically selective response for covert attention in the absence of significant visual stimulation using a threshold–contrast detection task. SC neurons have a laminar organization according to their function, with visually responsive neurons present in the superficial layers and visuomotor neurons in the intermediate layers. The results show that the response evoked by the threshold–contrast detection task is significantly deeper than the response evoked by the high-contrast speed discrimination task, reflecting a functional dissociation of the attentional enhancement of visuomotor and visual neurons, respectively. Such a functional dissociation of attention within SC laminae provides a subcortical basis for the oculomotor theory of attention.
Slave Ownership in Early Georgia: What Eighteenth-Century Wills Reveal

Abstract Compared with other North American colonies, little scholarship exists on slave-holding in early Georgia. In this article, the author augments this historiography by examining a remarkable and little-used collection of sources. Data gleaned from analyzing more than 400 wills written by eighteenth-century white settlers reveal that roughly 39 percent of early Georgians owned slaves and that slave distribution was pyramidal, as most slaveholders owned but a few slaves, although some elites held many. While these findings support existing research, data from the wills suggest that early Georgia slaveholders owned, on average, about half as many slaves as other scholars contend. Besides informing an understanding of slavery in the colony, this article provides an overview of the early Georgia wills themselves, which, as sources, are highly accessible and contain a wealth of information for future scholars.