cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“We Want a Living Solution”: Views of Harm Reduction Programs in Black U.S. Communities

Illicit drug use in the US remains concerning, with injection drug use linked to transmission of blood-borne diseases as HIV/AIDS; persons of color, including Black Americans, experience disproportionately higher transmission rates. Harm reduction programs such as methadone and needle- and syringe-exchange (NEP/SEP) are empirically demonstrated to reduce HIV transmission, yet are believed largely opposed by Black communities. Using interview data from 21 service providers of substance abuse and related service organizations located in and/or serving predominantly populations of color, this study explored perceptions of harm reduction programming for illicit drugs and race in the US. Criticizing each program for unique reasons, respondents deemed them largely inadequate and inappropriate responses to community drug problems. While some believed these programs worsen Black communities, others believed they are becoming more accepted there. Views were informed by racial dynamics surrounding drugs in society, burdens borne by program host communities, and racialized stereotypes of drug use.
Grains, or Molecules? Thermal, or Non-Thermal?

The effects of size and energy on infrared fluorescence (IRF) and on chemical reaction rates are investigated, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as examples. The range of validity of the Thermal Approximation (TA) is examined. It is found that for properties that have a near-linear dependence on the internal energy, the TA provides an adequate description of the non-thermal, time-dependent processes associated with ultraviolet photon absorption. Since IRF at high energy is nearly linear, the TA is adequate for IRF at high excitation energiexs, but care must be taken, because the TA fails at low energies. The TA is never adequate for chemical reactions under these conditions.
Effect of processing on deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes.

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) and other trichothecene toxins may contaminate crops as weather conditions during the growing season sometimes favor the growth and toxin production by theFusariumfungus. Several processing procedures for the reduction of DON in contaminated wheat and corn have been studied. Although total elimination of toxin is not usually possible, processing methods such as cleaning and milling can reduce toxin to acceptable levels. In addition, more countries have guidelines or advisory levels to follow for the utilization of DON-contaminated grains such as wheat. In recent years, a few studies on grain processing have been conducted, however, there is a continuing effort to find a more effective method or a combination of methods for the reduction of DON in grains and grain products.
Parametric studies of high-heat-flux-induced erosion of surfaces in an electrothermal accelerator

Summary form only. The plasma device called SIRENS was designed and constructed to study the phenomena occurring during the interaction of a high-heat flux with a material surface. The device works on the same principle as an electrothermal mass accelerator. A plasma is produced by the ablation of an insulating cylindrical sleeve of Lexan between two tungsten alloy electrodes. The plasma is joule-heated by currents of up to 100 kA and pressure-driven through a stainless steel barrel. A cylindrical material sample (aluminum or Lexan) is placed inside the barrel. A series of experiments were performed to study the erosion/ablation process of the Lexan insulator sleeve and the barrel samples (aluminum and Lexan) for different discharge energies. Erosion measurements were made by individually weighing the sample sections. Selected sections were analyzed using SEM and EDXA, and optical emission spectroscopy of visible light was performed. Other diagnostics used included Rogowski coils, B-dot probes, high-voltage probes, and pressure transducers. The ablation of the Lexan insulator sleeve compared well with predicted results for 10% transmission of heat flux to the surface. >
Paget’s Disease of Bone

Paget’s disease of bone (PDB; osteitis deformans) is a chronic disorder of localized increased bone remodeling, affecting 1.2–3.0% of people over 60 yr of age in the United States. The etiology of PDB is unknown, but current studies suggest that it may be caused by a latent paramyxovirus infection. Families have also been described with a high prevalence of PDB in multiple generations. Eighty percent of these families’ gene for PDB has been localized to the long arm of chromosome 18. PDB can have widely varying clinic manifestations. Symptoms of PDB depend on which part of the skeleton is involved. Bone pain, arthritic symptoms, deformity, neurological compression syndromes, fracture, and, rarely, malignant degeneration can occur in affected patients. When the diagnosis of PDB is considered, the patient should have a radioisotopic total body bone scan to localize areas of increased disease activity, then areas of increased tracer uptake should be radiographed to confirm the diagnosis. Serum markers of bone formation, such as alkaline phosphotase and bone-specific alkaline phosphotase, can be used to diagnose the disease, as well as monitor response to therapy. Urinary excretion of skeletal breakdown products (hydroxyproline, pyridinoline, N-telopeptides) are markers of bone resorption.
Lattice Construction of Quantum Integrable Systems

The construction of quantum integrable systems is performed using the Quantum Inverse Scattering Method. The R-matrix is preserved which produces a class of integrable models on the lattice whose continuum limit is the original continuum model. The Sine-Gordon model is used as an example.
NUCLEAR ULTRASTRUCTURE : TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND IMAGE ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview to both standard and advanced methods for the sample preparation, staining, and structural analysis of nuclear architecture using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It describes standard TEM techniques or specific three-dimensional reconstruction methodologies. The applications of light microscopy are severalfold. A very powerful application, especially in situations in which in vivo observations are feasible, is the use of light microscopy as a check on sample preparation conditions. In principle, requiring that the fixation and sample preparation conditions used for a TEM project at least preserve the appearance of the sample as observed at lower resolution by light microscopy is a natural and obvious quality check. In practice, this type of control is rarely performed, and many studies of nuclear and chromosome structure have used buffer conditions that produce striking alterations in ultrastructure, obvious even at light microscopy resolutions. The availability of a variety of fluorescent stains specific for various cell organelles and macromolecules, and the recent introduction of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a fluorescent epitope tag for the in vivo imaging of specific proteins, facilitates this approach.
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated after a spinal nerve ligation in spinal cord microglia and dorsal root ganglion neurons and contributes to the generation of neuropathic pain

The possible involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in the development of peripheral neuropathic pain has been explored. Ligation of the L5 spinal nerve (SNL) on one side in adult rats produces an early onset and long-lasting mechanical allodynia. This lesion results in activation of p38 in the L5 segment of the spinal cord, most prominently in the ipsilateral dorsal horn, starting soon after the lesion ( 3 weeks. The activated p38 in the spinal cord is restricted entirely to microglia; phospho-p38 colocalizes only with the microglial marker OX-42 and not with either the neuronal marker neuronal-specific nuclear protein or the astrocyte marker GFAP. In contrast, SNL induces a delayed (>3 d) activation of p38 in the L5 DRG that occurs predominantly in neurons. Continuous injection of the p38 inhibitor 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580) via the intrathecal route, starting before the SNL surgery, reduces SNL-induced mechanical allodynia from day 1 to day 10, with maximal effects at early time points. Post-treatment with SB203580 starting on day 1 or on day 10 after surgery also reduces established mechanical allodynia. Because the reduction in neuropathic pain by p38 inhibition occurs before the appearance of p38 activation in DRG neurons, p38 activation in spinal cord microglia is likely to have a substantial role in the earliest phase of neuropathic pain. Coactivation of p38 in DRG neurons and spinal microglia may contribute to later phases of neuropathic pain.
Subtilisin Carlsberg. IV. Amino acid sequences of the chymotryptic peptides.

Amino acid sequence studies were performed on most of the 44 peptides available from the chymotryptic hydrolysate of subtilisin Carlsberg. Sufficient work was carried out to define precisely either the complete sequence or the position of each peptide within the tryptic peptides.
Preparation of budesonide and budesonide-PLA microparticles using supercritical fluid precipitation technology.

The objective of this study was to prepare and characterize microparticles of budesonide alone and budesonide and polylactic acid (PLA) using supercritical fluid (SCF) technology. A precipitation with a compressed antisolvent (PCA) technique employing supercritical CO2 and a nozzle with 100-μm internal diameter was used to prepare microparticles of budesonide and budesonide-PLA. The effect of various operating variables (temperature and pressure of CO2 and flow rates of drug-polymer solution and/or CO2) and formulation variables (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% budesonide in methylene chloride) on the morphology and size distribution of the microparticles was determined using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, budesonide-PLA particles were characterized for their surface charge and drug-polymer interactions using a zeta meter and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Furthermore, in vitro budesonide release from budesonide-PLA microparticles was determined at 37°C. Using the PCA process, budesonide and budesonide-PLA microparticles with mean diameters of 1 to 2 μm were prepared. An increase in budesonide concentration (0.25%–1% wt/vol) resulted in budesonide microparticles that were fairly spherical and less aggiomerated. In addition, the size of the microparticles increased with an increase in the drug-polymer solution flow rate (1.4–4.7 mL/min) or with a decrease in the CO2 flow rate (50–10 mL/min). Budesonide-PLA microparticles had a drug loading of 7.94%, equivalent to ∼80% encapsulation efficiency. Budesonide-PLA microparticles had a zeta potential of— 37±4 mV, and DSC studies indicated that SCF processing of budesonide-PLA microparticles resulted in the loss of budesonide crystallinity. Finally, in vitro drug release studies at 37°C indicated 50% budesonide release from the budesonide-PLA microparticles at the end of 28 days. Thus, the PCA process was successful in producing budesonide and budesonide-PLA microparticles. In addition, budesonide-PLA microparticles sustained budesonide release for 4 weeks.
Conformational control of photoinduced decarboxylation of simple aryl esters.

Abstract The photochemistry of phenyl and 1-naphthyl esters has been investigated in solutions and in polyethylene films. Enhancement of photodecarboxylation at the expense of the ‘normal’ photo-Fries processes when the irradiations are conducted in polyethylene films at subambient temperatures is attributed to a ‘templating’ effect imposed by the large solute molecules on the polymer chains that constitute their reaction cavities. Evidence for the conformation of the esters that promotes photodecarboxylation comes from quantum chemical calculations, single-crystal X-ray analyses, and additional interpretation of data in the literature.
Review of Berliner & Biddle "The Manufactured Crisis"

In a provocative new book, The Manufactured Crisis, David Berliner and Bruce Biddle make four sweeping claims about U.S. achievement: there never was a test score decline, today's students are "out-achieving their parents substantially" (p. 33), U.S. students "stack up very well" in international assessments (p. 63), and the general education crisis is a right-wing fabrication. As a progressive, I'm sympathetic to their concerns, but as a scholar who specializes in this material, I find their analysis deeply flawed and misleading. They mischaracterize the test score decline data, mishandle the international findings, and fail to acknowledge students' continuing low levels of academic achievement.
Skeletal muscle sarcolemma in malignant hyperthermia: evidence for a defect in calcium regulation.

Sarcolemmal properties implicated in the skeletal muscle disorder, malignant hyperthermia (MH), were examined using sarcolemma-membrane vesicles isolated from normal and MH-susceptible (MHS) porcine skeletal muscle. MHS and normal sarcolemma did not differ in the distribution of the major proteins, cholesterol or phospholipid content, vesicle size and sidedness, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity, ouabain binding, or adenylate cyclase activity (total and isoproterenol sensitivity). The regulation of the initial rates of MHS and normal sarcolemmal ATP-dependent calcium transport (calcium uptake after 1 min) by Ca2+ (K12 = 0.64−0.81 μM), calmodulin, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase were similar. However, when sarcolemmal calcium content was measured at either 2 or 20 min after the initiation of active calcium transport, a significant difference between MHS and normal sarcolemmal calcium uptake became apparent, with MHS sarcolemma accumulating approximately 25% less calcium than normal sarcolemma. Calcium transport by MHS and normal sarcolemma, at 2 or 20 min, had a similar calmodulin dependence (C12 = 150 nM), and was stimulated to a similar extent by cAMP-dependent protein kinase or calmodulin. Halothane inhibited MHS and normal sarcolemmal active calcium uptake in a similar fashion (half-maximal inhibition at 10 mM halothane), while dantrolene (30 μM) and nitrendipine (1 μM) had little effect on either MHS or normal sarcolemmal calcium transport. After 20 min of ATP-supported calcium uptake, 2 mM EGTA plus 10 μM sodium orthovanadate were added to initiate sarcolemmal calcium efflux. Following an initial rapid phase of calcium release, an extended slow phase of calcium efflux (k = 0.012 min−1) was similar for both MHS and normal sarcolemma vesicles. We conclude that although a number of sarcolemmal properties, including passive calcium permeability, are normal in MH, a small but significant defect in MHS sarcolemmal ATP-dependent calcium transport may contribute to the abnormal calcium homeostasis and altered contractile properties of MHS skeletal muscle.
Why virtual desktop at CCRI?: finding sustainability for desktop support

There is an ever-increasing demand being placed on desktop resources to get the desktop replacement cycle and imaging of computers complete for the start of classes. Time is constantly being whittled from the larger windows of opportunity that used to exist. So now there is a need to be more efficient with less time consumed and it is becoming unsustainable. There must be a way to reduce the time needed and enable more success at the desktop support level. CCRI is implementing a virtual desktop initiative that will satisfy several requirements of the growing demand being placed on the desktop support staff. Doing away with the annual replacement of "old" technology and finding a means of deploying new software without delay are two main focal points of the virtual desktop. With over 3000 computers and 800 laptops on the four campuses, a staff that is not going to get any larger, will find it simpler to virtualize applications and get it to students, faculty and staff faster without having to worry about downtime or long sessions of testing. Additionally, the virtual desktop allows the software to be delivered to the user anytime, anywhere thus eliminating the need for seat-dependent or classroom-dependent copies of software. Concentration can now be placed on getting the right tools to the right people rather than trying to figure out how to load endless software requested on particular classroom computers. Virtual desktop gets the desktop staff out of the business of replacing hard drives, power supplies and tackling virus or malware from desk to desk.
Teaching Manuscript Speechmaking

(1980). Teaching Manuscript Speechmaking. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 66-68.
Immunoreactive thyrotrophin releasing factor in gastropod circumoesophageal ganglia.

REPORTS have indicated that thyrotrophin releasing factor (TRF) is stored in extrahypothalamic as well as hypothalamic brain regions of many vertebrates from the primitive larval lamprey to the more advanced mammals1–4. Although TRF is found in the brain of many poikilotherms, administration of synthetic TRF (pGlu-His-ProNH2) to these animals does not activate thyroid gland function5–7. Thus, it has been proposed that, in these animals, TRF modulates synaptic transmission rather than releasing thyrotrophin (thyroid stimulating hormone)1. Furthermore, the administration of TRF to hypophysectomised rodents potentiates the effect of the L-dopa on behaviour8, thus supporting the hypothesis that TRF modulates monoaminergic transmission in higher vertebrates as well. Further support for a role of TRF in synaptic transmission is the finding that administration of the synthetic tripeptide leads to an increase in noradrenaline turnover in rat brain9–11. Because these reports imply first, that TRF may influence monoaminergic transmission and second, that, in lower vertebrates, this role of TRF may be more important than that of regulating TSH release, we have investigated whether TRF is present in invertebrates which do not produce thyroid hormones but exhibit monoaminergic neurotransmission. We found immunoreactive TRF in the circumoesophageal ganglia of various gastropods. Species studied were the landsnail Mesodon roemeri (Connecticut Valley Biological Supply Co., Massachusetts), Planorbis corneus (Mogul Ed Corp., Wisconsin), Helesoma trivolbis and Viviparus malleatus (Ann Arbor Biological Center, Michigan).
Physiological Studies of Turkey Tibial Dyschondroplasia

Comparative differences between tibial dyschondroplastic (TD) and age-matched control turkey epiphyseal cartilages were studied using cellular, metabolic, and extracellular matrix characteristics. Alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activities were measured as variables of calcification and cartilage degradation, respectively. There was a decrease in the activities of both enzymes in TD tissues. An increase in tissue phosphate concentrations was noted in the TD tissue whereas neither tissue calcium nor serum calcium and phosphorous concentrations were affected. Profiles of noncollagenous and collagenous proteins from normal and TD-affected tissues were compared following in vitro biotinylation of epiphyseal cartilage followed by a sequential extraction using 4 M guanidine HCl and pepsin digestion, respectively. Electrophoretically separated proteins from both extracts were analyzed on Western blots and compared for any prominent differences between normal and TD cartilages. Biotinylation enhanced the detectability of extracted proteins. There were, however, no major differences in the patterns of noncollagenous or collagenous proteins between the two groups of tissues. Tibial dyschondroplastic lesions further exhibited a large number of dead chondrocytes, which increased with severity of lesion. There appears to be no significant difference in the pattern of extracellular-matrix-associated proteins. However, enzyme and metabolic activities of TD-affected cartilages were significantly reduced, and this may be due to premature death of chondrocytes in the process of development.
Rate equations for viscoplastic materials subjected to finite strains

Abstract The constitutive equations for plasticity proposed by Voyiadjis [1984] and Voyiadjis & Kiousis [1987] are modified here in order to introduce rate sensitivity in the plastic region. Some of the basic concepts of the theory of viscoplasticity outlined by Naghdi & Murch [1963], Perzyna & Wojno [1966], and Eisenberg & Yen [1981] are used in this work in order to obtain the proposed viscoplastic constitutive model for finite strain deformation analysis. Uniaxial loading-reverse loading tests are conducted so as to check the validity of the proposed constitutive model as well as to determine its material parameters. The model is effectively used in simulating numerically the obtained experimental results at finite strains.
Secretion of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR1/sFlt1) requires Arf1, Arf6, and Rab11 GTPases.

The soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1/sFlt1) is generated by alternative splicing of the FLT1 gene. Secretion of sFlt1 from endothelial cells plays an important role in blood vessel sprouting and morphogenesis. However, excess sFlt1 secretion is associated with diseases such as preeclampsia and chronic kidney disease. To date, the secretory transport process involved in the secretion of sFlt1 is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the itinerary of sFlt1 trafficking along the secretory pathway. To understand the timecourse of sFlt1 secretion, endothelial cells stably expressing sFlt1 were metabolically radiolabeled with [35S]-methionine and cysteine. Our results indicate that after initial synthesis the levels of secreted [35S]-sFlt1 in the extracellular medium peaks at 8 hours. Treatment with brefeldin A (BFA), a drug which blocks trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, inhibited extracellular release of sFlt1 suggesting that ER to Golgi and intra-Golgi trafficking of sFlt1 are essential for its secretion. Furthermore, we show that ectopic expression of dominant-negative mutant forms of Arf1, Arf6, and Rab11 as well as siRNA-mediated knockdown of these GTPases block secretion of sFlt1 during normoxic and hypoxic conditions suggesting role for these small GTPases. This work is the first to report role of regulatory proteins involved in sFlt1 trafficking along the secretory pathway and may provide insights and new molecular targets for the modulation of sFlt-1 release during physiological and pathological conditions.
Effect of Cooling Rate on Egg White Quality

Abstract Laboratory tests showed that eggs packed in corrugated cardboard boxes and stacked in pallet loads in a cooler at 50°F, as is generally done in commercial egg grading stations, required 10–14 days to cool to 55°F from 70°F, the temperature after washing and grading. Measurement of Haugh unit values during holding at temperatures between 50 and 75°F showed that this slow cooling caused marked decrease in Haugh unit value, and hence could be a partial explanation for recent increased incidence of eggs with watery whites. Substitution of wire baskets for corrugated cardboard cartons reduced cooling time to 2 days.
Defensive reactions in the albino rat

Abstract An approaching cat elicited active avoidance in albino rats. Rats also crossed an electrified grid to avoid an immobile cat. However, when confined with a cat, the rats' predominant response was freezing. These rats had never before encountered a cat, and no cat-rat tactile contact was necessary to produce either freezing or avoidance. The similarity of these reactions to responses elicited by stimuli previously associated with shock suggests that responses to conditioned fear stimuli are based on defensive reactions of adaptive value in the evolutionary history of the rat.
An Investigation into Leadership Behaviors and Descriptive Characteristics of High School Band Directors in the United States

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are any differences between a successful group and a randomly selected group of band directors in their leadership behaviors and/or descriptive/environmental characteristics. The theory of leadership behavior was developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. The results indicated that the two groups of investigated band directors had strikingly similar leadership behaviors. There were significant differences obtained between the two groups in the descriptive/environmental variables: The successful band directors were older, had a higher incidence of master's degrees, worked in school districts described as more affluent, raised more money through fundraising activities, had stronger band booster organizations, worked in schools with larger student bodies, had more students involved in the band program, had larger marching bands, had larger “top” concert bands, had more incoming freshmen enrolled in their programs, had more students involved in sol...
Primary CNS lymphoma: a landmark trial and the next steps.

Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is an infiltrative, primarily large B-cell lymphoma confined to the CNS or eyes at the time of diagnosis, with an incidence of 5 per million. Because of its rarity, phase III trials to determine the best treatment regimen have been difficult to perform and no single standard of care exists. Current guidelines suggest initial high-dose methotrexate-based (HDMTX) chemotherapy is the most active regimen. In general, 3 first-line chemotherapy treatment approaches are currently used by most PCNSL investigators: (1) HDMTX-based chemotherapy with or without subsequent whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT); (2) induction HDMTX-based chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy consolidation with or without autologous stem cell transplantation1; and (3) standard dose HDMTX-based chemotherapy with mechanisms to increase delivery to the CNS such as blood–brain barrier disruption (BBBD).2
On extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies of hemoglobin

Abstract Results of extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies of the iron atom in deoxygenated hemoglobin are reviewed. It is shown that the iron-porphinato nitrogen distance has been determined to be 2.06 +/- 0.01 A by two independent investigations [Eisenberger, P.M., Shulman, R.G., Kincaid, B. M., Brown, G. S. & Ogawa, S. (1978) Nature (London) 274, 30-34 and Perutz, M.F., Hasnain, S.S., Duke, P.J., Sessler, J.L. & Hahn, J.E. (1982) Nature (London) 295, 535-538]. Difficulties experienced by Perutz et al. in using this distance to calculate the iron's distance above the plane by triangulation are shown to be due to ignoring differences between ferrous and ferric hemes. It is concluded that the iron is 0.2 +/- 0.1 0.2 A above the plane of the nitrogens as originally shown by Eisenberger et al.
USES OF DIALOGUES AND MORAL UNDERSTANDING

In reflecting upon the Confucian, Socratic, and Zen dialogues, one is inevitably impressed with contrasting ways of moral thinking. For both theory and practice, apart from the more conceptual interest in rational reconstruction, it appears to be worthwhile to explore the function and significance of these ethical uses of dialogues with a view to drawing certain models or focal lenses for understanding the different dimensions of moral experience. With this limited aim in mind, I shall first present a general characterization of certain aspects of these uses, and then present considerations for their philosophical and practical significance.
A primal-dual projection method for solving systems of linear inequalities

Abstract An algorithm is described for finding a feasible point for a system of linear inequalities. If the solution set has nonempty interior, termination occurs after a finite number of iterations. The algorithm is a projection-type method, similar to the relaxation methods of Agmon, Motzkin, and Schoenberg. It differs from the previous methods in that it solves for a certain “dual” solution in addition to a primal solution.
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis of opioid peptides.

Abstract Positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometries have been used to determine the amino acid sequence-determining fragment ion information of opioid peptides containing from 5 to 10 amino acid residues. The opioids investigated include several enkephalins, dynorphin A fragments 1–7 through 1–10, and α- and β-neoendorphins. Data obtained in the two ionization polarities provide complementary information and exhibit the C-terminal- and the N-terminal-containing amino acid sequence-determining fragment ions that are formed by cleavage of (a) the bond between the carbonyl group and the α-carbon (CHRCO), (b) the peptide amide bond (CONH), and (c) the amino-alkyl (NHCHR) bond. The C-terminal sequence ions are dominant in the positive ion mode, whereas the C-terminal and N-terminal ions are equally important in the negative ion mode. Detection limits for full mass scans extend down to the picomole range. The apparent role of hydrophobicity of the amino acid residues on the fragmentation characteristics of the peptide is discussed.
Price and Quality in a New Product Monopoly

In a signal-extraction model of consumer behaviour, higher prices signal higher-quality products for a new product monopoly, even without cost asymmetries across different qualities. Moreover, higher-quality products earn greater expected profits, and the monopolist has an incentive to provide even transient improvements in quality. Finally, the monopolist has a positive incentive to conduct market research about quality, and produces more information than is socially optimal.
Distance coursework and coaching to improve nursing home incontinence care: lessons learned.

Objectives: To determine whether a distance coaching course on improving nursing home incontinence care could be replicated and brought to scale with a larger group of nursing homes without sacrificing outcomes. Design: The study collected descriptive and comparative data. Setting: Fourteen nursing homes in the original course and 34 in the replication course. Participants: Participants in the study were supervisors and staff from enrolled nursing homes who completed the distance coaching courses on incontinence management. Measurements: Data for both courses were collected using a resident assessment form to evaluate implementation of new practices, pre- and posttraining quizzes, a course evaluation survey, and a supervisor's report. Results: There were few significant differences between the course groups with respect to course participation, knowledge transfer, and training program preferences. Although Course 1 nursing homes reported assessing more residents on average than Course 2 homes (22 vs 12), this difference is probably an artifact of differences in the reporting methodologies for the two courses. Conclusion:This study found qualified support for using a distance coaching course to facilitate adoption of evidence-based incontinence care practices in nursing homes. The findings also underscore the challenges associated with designing dissemination and implementation programs that are effective and feasible to implement with nursing homes. Nursing home educators should consider this study's findings when designing new training programs. Outcomes may improve if some dissemination resources are diverted to distance coaching activities that support nursing home improvement efforts over extended periods.
Documenting safe treatment of the medical-risk patient

An easily mastered safe treatment documentation system is presented. The routine consists of two parts, a comprehensive yet manageable medical history and a treatment modification record. Millions of medically compromised patients may now receive comprehensive care in safety. So that medically compromised patients formerly limited to emergency and basic esthetic care can receive safe, comprehensive treatment, basic documentation of a safe treatment system for the medical-risk patient is presented. In two parts, the routine consists of medical history of moderate length and a treatment modification page for multiple visits.
Alpha Tech: a Brazilian software firm goes international

Purpose – This strategy-learning case traces the growth of AlphaTech, a publicly traded company in Brazil that is a management software company. The purpose of this paper is to debate whether or not the firm should give more emphasis to internationalization, given its high market share in Brazil, where further gains may be very expensive and difficult. The case is intended to serve as a vehicle to discuss the internationalization process of a software firm from an emerging economy. Design/methodology/approach – The case was built using several sources of information, including interviews with two executives in charge of the firm's internationalization process, articles in business newspapers and magazines, a book written by the firm co-founders, reports, and information gathered in the internet. Findings – The main issues posed by this case study are: first, the difficulties faced by an emerging market firm to get a sustainable position in international markets; second, the challenges of competing with po...
Optimal control of unimolecular reactions in the collisional regime

The possibility of controlling unimolecular–dissociation processes with multiple laser fields in the collisional regime is examined. Employing the Bloch equations to describe optical excitation and decay processes, optimal control theory is used to design amplitude modulated fields which produce the desired excited‐state products. The selectivity of the product distribution of a simple four‐state photodissociation system is shown to have a square‐root dependence on the relative value of the mean dephasing time T2 to the pulse length τ, i.e, (T2/τ)1/2. The equivalence between T2 decay and phase disruptions occurring in a random‐walk fashion is also examined. In the Appendix it is shown that the essential effect of the system temperature is to introduce a Boltzmann population factor on the product selectivity without affecting the nature of the optimal field.
In the face of pain: the relationship between psychological well-being and disability in women with fibromyalgia.

Background: Few studies have examined the potentially beneficial role of positive psychological functioning in individuals with chronic pain. This study examined the relationship of
High performance computing on a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) environment for RTM process modeling of large complex structural geometries

Abstract The present paper discusses finite element computational schemes, data structures and interprocessor communication strategies for the implementation of advanced manufacturing simulations with particular emphasis on isothermal resin transfer molding (RTM) process manufacturing simulations on the symmetric multiprocessor (SGI Power Challenge). Thin shell composite mold configurations are used to illustrate the validity of the present implementation of a recently developed and new pure finite element implicit methodology in conjunction with a diagonal preconditioned conjugate gradient method for parallel computations including the process simulations techniques in a SGI Power Challenge node. The techniques developed are applied to large scale problems using a Power Challenge node to demonstrate the practical applicability.
Altered Nucleotide-Microtubule Coupling and Increased Mechanical Output by a Kinesin Mutant

Kinesin motors hydrolyze ATP to produce force and do work in the cell – how the motors do this is not fully understood, but is thought to depend on the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to microtubule binding by the motor. Transmittal of conformational changes from the microtubule- to the nucleotide-binding site has been proposed to involve the central β-sheet, which could undergo large structural changes important for force production. We show here that mutation of an invariant residue in loop L7 of the central β-sheet of the Drosophila kinesin-14 Ncd motor alters both nucleotide and microtubule binding, although the mutated residue is not present in either site. Mutants show weak-ADP/tight-microtubule binding, instead of tight-ADP/weak-microtubule binding like wild type – they hydrolyze ATP faster than wild type, move faster in motility assays, and assemble long spindles with greatly elongated poles, which are also produced by simulations of assembly with tighter microtubule binding and faster sliding. The mutated residue acts like a mechanochemical coupling element – it transmits changes between the microtubule-binding and active sites, and can switch the state of the motor, increasing mechanical output by the motor. One possibility, based on our findings, is that movements by the residue and the loop that contains it could bend or distort the central β-sheet, mediating free energy changes that lead to force production.
Development and Validation of Analysis Method for Simulating Residual Stresses in Dissimilar Metal Pipe Butt Welds

It is now accepted practice in the commercial nuclear power industry to numerically simulate the residual stresses developed during welding of bimetallic piping components. A common example is the Alloy 82/182 shop weld between a low alloy steel nozzle and a stainless steel safe end. Piping is attached to the nozzle safe end by a separate girth butt weld in the field. The safe end to pipe weld influences stresses in the nozzle to safe end weld only for relatively short safe ends. Alloy 600 base metal material and its associated welds are susceptible to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) at elevated levels of stress. It is therefore necessary to model each step of the fabrication process to capture the path dependent accumulation of stress and strain in the welded components, and to simulate the pre-service test loads and operating temperature and pressure loads. The fabrication process includes the build up of butter material on the nozzle prior to heat treatment and the deposition of weld metal in a single V-groove between the butter and safe end. This is followed by one or more repair welds to remove welding defects. The welded component is then subjected to a shop hydrostatic test pressure equal to 125 percent of the design pressure. Following several heatup and cooldown cycles to simulate “shakedown” of pre-service stresses, stresses in the vicinity of the weld are determined at operating conditions of temperature and pressure in order to access the susceptibility of the weld and butter to PWSCC. This paper discusses the analytical methodology used to numerically simulate welding residual stresses using the ANSYS general purpose computer code. The method is then applied to two-dimensional axisymmetric welding simulations, which are adequate to investigate most girth butt weld piping components, although it may be necessary to make conservative assumptions regarding weld repair configurations. Numerical results are used to characterize the effects of weld repair, pre-service loads, and cyclic loading on the final state of operating stresses for sustained loading conditions. The analysis method is validated using results from large scale tests performed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre as part of its Assessment of Aged Piping Dissimilar Metal Weld (ADIMEW) project. Residual stresses are predicted for a ferritic-to-austenitic dissimilar metal weld mockup and compared against results from neutron diffraction measurements.Copyright © 2008 by AREVA NP Inc.
Nitrate content and potential microbial signature of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range

Here we characterize the nutrient content in the outflow of the Green Lake 5 rock glacier, located in the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was present in all samples with a mean concentration of 0·85 mg L−1 . A one-way analysis of variance test shows no statistical difference in DOC amounts among surface waters (p = 0·42). Average nitrate concentrations were 69 µmoles L−1 in the outflow of the rock glacier, compared to 7 µmoles L−1 in snow and 25 µmoles L−1 in rain. Nitrate concentrations from the rock glacier generally increased with time, with maximum concentrations of 135 µmoles L−1 in October, among the highest nitrate concentrations reported for high-elevation surface waters. These high nitrate concentrations appear to be characteristic of rock glacier outflow in the Rocky Mountains, as a paired-difference t-test shows that nitrate concentrations from the outflow of 7 additional rock glaciers were significantly greater compared to their reference streams (p = 0·003). End-member mixing analysis suggest that snow was the dominant source of nitrate in June, ‘soil’ solution was the dominant nitrate source in July, and base flow was the dominant source in September. Fluoresence index values and PARAFAC analyses of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are also consistent with a switch from terrestrial DOM in the summer time period to an increasing aquatic-like microbial source during the autumn months. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jules Schevitz (1897-1922): boy wonder from Brooklyn.

JULES SCHEVITZ WAS A brilliant young man who died at the age of 24, at the very beginning of a most promising career. At the age of 20, the young man was appointed general secretary of the Oklahoma Public Health Association where, as described in the extract, he proceeded to build a remarkably effective public health and antituberculosis program. Immediately after his arrival in Oklahoma, he was given the task of selling tuberculosis seals—then a significant way of raising money for the campaign against tuberculosis. Schevitz raised over $40 000—an increase of 2000% over the amount that had been raised in the previous year.1 Schevitz appointed executive committees of the Association first in larger towns, then in rural areas across the state. He selected trained tuberculosis nurses and visiting nurses from across the United States and put them to work. Schevitz established tuberculosis clinics across Oklahoma, initiated infant and child welfare work, and introduced school nursing into the school system. He gave special attention to the African American and American Indian populations and to soldiers being discharged from the armed services. Schevitz conducted the first statewide survey of urban health conditions, and he printed and distributed thousands of public health pamphlets on infant and child care, tuberculosis, and communicable diseases.2 He also succeeded in convincing the Oklahoma legislature to build and maintain three tuberculosis sanatoria. Schevitz encouraged local newspapers to print articles about his public health campaigns, edited and distributed a popular monthly bulletin, and also served as contributing editor to the Nation's Health. In this extract from an article published in an early issue of the American Journal of Public Health, he explains how he effectively used the techniques of advertising to “sell” his public health campaigns. Within 4 years, he was able to transform Oklahoma into one of the leading states in public health progress. Schevitz was born in Brooklyn and educated at public schools and at City College, New York, where he specialized in biological sciences and public health. While still in college, he had developed pulmonary tuberculosis and then spent a year in the Trudeau sanatorium under the care of Edward Livingston Trudeau, the pioneer in the sanatorium treatment of tuberculosis. Much impressed by Trudeau, Schevitz spent the following summer conducting a tuberculosis survey of New Jersey.3 Sadly, the disease to which he would devote so much time and energy would also be the cause of his very premature death.
International Stroke Conference 2006 16-18 February 2006, Kissimmee, Florida, CA USA.

The International Stroke Conference is an annual meeting held by the American Stroke Association, a division of the American Heart association, to create a platform to discuss all aspects of stroke...
Energy Transports by Ocean and Atmosphere Based on an Entropy Extremum Principle. Part II: Two-Dimensional Transports

The maximum entropy production (MEP) principle used in Part J has been extended to separate the two-dimensional required energy transports determined from Nimbus 7 satellite net radiation measurements into atmospheric and oceanic components. In terms of the meridional component of the ocean transport vectors, results show northward ocean transports throughout the entire Atlantic ocean from southern hemisphere high latitudes to northern hemisphere polar regions, southward transports throughout the entire Indian Ocean, and poleward transports separated at approximately 10°S in the Pacific Ocean. The ocean transport patterns are consistent with well-known features concerning heat transport within the three ocean basins. However, uncertainty remains in the magnitudes of the transports. Because of the large remaining discrepancies between published estimates based on direct measurements and indirect estimates derived from energy budget methods, assessing the accuracy of the magnitudes is difficult, although there is evidence that the limited model resolution leads to synergistic biases in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. In terms of the crossmeridional energy transport component, results suggest that most of the net energy transfer in the tropics takes place within the ocean. In the southern hemisphere high latitudes, the Pacific and Indian Oceans export heat cross-meridionally to the Atlantic Ocean through the passages below Cape Horn and the Cape of Good Hope, although the magnitudes of these inter-ocean heat exchanges are small. Another important aspect of the southern hemisphere results is that poleward transports are dominated by the atmospheric component with strong zonal asymmetry. By contrast, in the northern hemisphere, atmospheric transports over the ocean are generally weaker than the corresponding southern hemisphere terms, indicating that the northern hemisphere oceans are relatively more effective in transferring heat poleward. Finally, poleward atmospheric transports over the continental areas exceed those over the ocean at equivalent latitudes as a result of the generally greater energy deficits over the land areas.
Effects on recognition memory of misperceived spoken words following two attempts at initial identification

Wallace and Collins (1991) reported that the number of presentations of spoken words influenced the words’ later recognition even if the words had been incorrectly identified by subjects when presented originally. In the present study, that experiment was repeated, but subjects were allowed to make a “second guess” during the initial word-identification task. The original results were replicated; target words misidentified on both first- and second-guess opportunities still influenced later recognition responses. A mechanism of prerecognition activation of word candidates is discussed.