cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Premature expression of cyclin B sensitizes human HT1080 cells to caffeine-induced premature mitosis.

Eukaryotic cells do not normally initiate mitosis when DNA replication is blocked. This cell cycle checkpoint can be bypassed in some cells, however, by treatment with caffeine and certain other chemicals. Although S-phase arrested hamster cells undergo mitosis-specific events such as premature chromosome condensation (PCC) and nuclear envelope disassembly when exposed to caffeine, human cells show little response under the same conditions. To further investigate the molecular basis of this cell type specificity, a panel of hamster/human whole cell hybrids was created. The frequency of caffeine-induced PCC and the level of cyclin B-associated H1 kinase activity in the various hybrids were directly correlated with the extent of cyclin B synthesis during S-phase arrest. To determine whether expression of cyclin B alone could sensitize human cells to caffeine, cyclin B1 was transiently overexpressed in S-phase arrested HT1080 cells. The transfected cell population displayed a 5-fold increase in the frequency of caffeine-induced PCC when compared with normal HT1080 cells, roughly equivalent to the frequency of cells expressing exogenous epitope-tagged cyclin B1. In addition, immunofluorescent microscopy showed that individual cells overexpressing cyclin B1 during S phase arrest underwent PCC when exposed to caffeine. These results provide direct evidence that premature expression of cyclin B1 can make cells more vulnerable to chemically-induced uncoupling of mitosis from the completion of DNA replication. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bilayer fibril formation by genetically engineered polypeptides: preparation and characterization.

A de novo, genetically engineered 687 residue polypeptide expressed in E. coli has been found to form highly rectilinear, β-sheet containing fibrillar structures. Tapping-mode atomic force microscopy, deep-UV Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy definitively established the tendency of the fibrils to predominantly display an apparently planar bilayer or ribbon assemblage. The ordered self-assembly of designed, extremely repetitive, high molecular weight peptides is a harbinger of the utility of similar materials in nanoscience and engineering applications.
Bilateral conjunctival follicular lymphoma in a child

Follicular lymphoma is exceedingly rare in children. We present the case of a 10-year-old patient with a conjunctival lesion on the left eye who later developed a similar lesion on the right eye. Excisional biopsy of the left eye lesion revealed follicular lymphoma. The patient was treated with systemic rituximab. To our knowledge, only 4 other cases of pediatric conjunctival follicular lymphoma have been reported, all of which were isolated lesions that were treated with excisional biopsy alone.
Human–Agent Teaming for Multirobot Control: A Review of Human Factors Issues

The human factors literature on intelligent systems was reviewed in relation to the following: efficient human supervision of multiple robots, appropriate human trust in the automated systems, maintenance of human operator's situation awareness, individual differences in human-agent (H-A) interaction, and retention of human decision authority. A number of approaches-from flexible automation to autonomous agents-were reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. In addition, two key human performance issues (trust and situation awareness) related to H-A teaming for multirobot control and some promising user interface design solutions to address these issues were discussed. Some major individual differences factors (operator spatial ability, attentional control ability, and gaming experience) were identified that may impact H-A teaming in the context of robotics control.
Gender response to neurofibromatosis 1

This paper explores differing patterns of gender response to neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), a neurological genetic disorder. Perceptions of gender response expressed by persons with the condition and research findings about lifestyle and attitudinal differences related to the lived experience of coping with the condition and its consequences are discussed. Possible explanations for the causes of major social lifestyle differences between the genders are suggested. The data presented here have resulted from interviews with 30 affected individuals and parents of affected children recruited through NF support groups and from the caseloads of the Genetics Departments of two metropolitan hospitals.
A Preisach-Type Magnetostriction Model for Materials Exhibiting Villari Reversal

A model for the magnetostriction of high-strength steels under uniaxial compressive stresses is presented to simulate experimental measurements. A previous Preisach-type magnetostriction model is modified to simulate the Villari reversal phenomenon. The model can also account for the crystallographic anisotropy which arises from the compressive stress magnitude as well as the machining process of the sample. The net axial magnetostriction of the sample is modeled by a Preisach-type, two-component model. The first component corresponds to the magnetostriction steep rise in the initial stage followed by rotation of magnetic domains to the direction of the external magnetic field while the second component corresponds to the counteracting restoring torques.
Childbearing in women with and without a history of affective disorder. I. Psychiatric symptomatology.

Abstract Psychiatric symptoms and morbidity were examined prospectively in 34 obstetrically healthy volunteers recruited early in pregnancy. All women were free of current psychiatric disorder. Fourteen women had a history of affective disorder, and 20 had no lifetime history of any psychiatric disorder. Symptoms were assessed using both clinician- and self-administered ratings at specified points from 12 weeks of gestation through 8 months' postpartum. All women reported mild symptom elevation during pregnancy and the early puerperium, regardless of psychiatric history. The most frequently endorsed symptoms in both groups were somatic. However, women with a history of affective disorder reported more psychic and somatic distress than women with no psychiatric history. Onset of a psychiatric disorder did not occur during pregnancy in this sample, and only one woman, with both a personal and family history of affective disorder, met criteria for a new episode postpartum. Brief periods of symptom elevation occurred postpartum for 14.7% of the sample (five women, two with and three without a personal history of affective disorder) in the context of additional life stressors combining with the stress of new metherhood. These findings suggest that the impact of childbearing alone on psychiatric symptoms and morbidity is modest among women who are psychiatrically healthy at pregnancy onset and have sound social support networks.
Integrating Western and Eastern European Markets Changing Trade Preferences in Traditional Manufacturing Sectors in the European Union

Although general trade theories are useful for specifying which groups support or oppose trade, these frameworks see preferences as static and do not explain how they change over time. Instead, this article proposes a dynamic perspective that considers how economic adjustment and liberal trade policies alter trade preferences. The article examines why the traditionally protectionist German textile and apparel sectors accept the recent trade agreements with Eastern Europe. Producers can exploit technological and product changes by gaining access to export markets. Furthermore, to take advantage of low labor costs abroad, producers shift production to these countries for later reimportation. Lower trade barriers are therefore attractive to producers. This strategy is also supported by increasingly liberal trade policy orientations in Germany, the European Union (EU), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). German producers have therefore modified their protectionist focus to a qualified suppo...
Characteristics of a membrane-associated antilactogen binding site for tamoxifen

Abstract The antilactogen binding site (ALBS) is a membrane associated protein to which tamoxifen (TAM) and related non-steroidal antiestrogens, but not estrogen, bind. It is through this site that TAM inhibits lactogen binding to the prolactin (Prl) receptor and subsequent Prl induced growth and differentiation in target tissues. Binding of lactogens to the Prl receptor is inhibited by TAM or 4-hydroxy-TAM at 4°C as well as room temperature, thus suggesting that the ALBS is not an enzyme. TAM acts by inhibiting the binding of lactogens to the receptor rather than promoting dissociation of the hormone-receptor complex. Lactogens bind to mammary gland membranes with an Kd of 4.3–8.2 × 10−10 M. In the presence of 10−7 M TAM the affinity decreased to a Kd of 0.8–1.6 × 10−9 M. Binding of 3H-TAM to mammary gland membranes was effectively inhibited by an anti-Prl receptor antibody, thus suggesting a close relationship between the Prl receptor and the ALBS. Separate affinity purification of the ALBS and the Prl receptor resulted in peak fractions demonstrating specific binding activity for both TAM and lactogenic hormones. Re-isolation of the affinity purified Prl receptor on a TAM-Sepharose affinity resin again resulted in co-elution of both binding activities. The isolates from both affinity resins contained primarily a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa. This band was precipitated with the anti-Prl receptor antibody and specifically bound the affinity label ring-3H-TAM aziridine. Lineweaver-Burk analysis of lactogen binding data in the presence and absence of 10 −7 M TAM suggests that this drug is a competitive inhibitor of the hormone binding. Taken together these data suggest that the ALBS may be one form of the Prl receptor and that TAM and the lactogenic hormones may share a common binding site.
Sex Differences and Effects of Irrelevant Auditory Stimulation on Performance of a Visual Vigilance Task

80 Ss participated in a visual vigilance task under one of 4 background-noise conditions. Results indicated that (a) female Ss showed a greater time-related performance decrement in correct detecti...
Hyperfine fields at nonmagnetic atoms in metallic ferromagnets

The various models used to describe the hyperfine field at nonmagnetic impurities in metallic ferromagnets are discussed. These models fall into two main categories. In one the impurity is considered to introduce a strongly perturbing charge disturbance and solute-host effects are nonseparable. These models use scattering-theory concepts and formalism and the host and impurities are represented by parameters which are difficult to relate to, and often in conflict with other known information about these systems. In the other approach the perturbation of the $s$-conduction-electron polarization caused by the solute is considered to be small enough so that the hyperfine field at the impurity can be separated into a host $s$-conduction-electron polarization contribution and a contribution associated with the impurity atom. This model is formulated in terms of atomic and band properties and thus can give information about the impurity and host wave functions. This separable volume misfit model is modified from earlier presentations to take into account the changes in the $d$-conduction-electron polarization in the vicinity of impurity atoms with $d$ valence electrons. The impurity contribution, also known as the transferred hyperfine field or volume overlap contribution, has been calculated for the $4sp$ and $5sp$ solute atoms in Fe. The main differences from previous calculations of this type are that in order to better represent the solid state of the host we have used a more diffuse $3d$ orbital for the Fe atoms which closely resembles the Fe band orbital. We have also included contributions from the 2nn (2nd nearest neighbor) and 3nn shells. With these improvements we get excellent agreement between the experimental solute-atom contribution obtained from the volume misfit model and the calculated overlap hyperfine fields.
Configuring Field-Programmable Robot Arrays

Field-Programmable Robot Arrays (FPRAs) are MEMS micro-robots with programmable logic that can dock with other robots to make a larger digital structure. Each robot begins with a configuration for a motion algorithm, which is discarded after it reaches the desired target site. The programmable logic is reconfigured to create part of the target logic. Other papers have suggested onboard motion and docking are feasible, but no one has described in detail the logical and algorithmic design for FPRA reconfiguration. Assuming docked robots share two-bit input and output ports, one bit may reconfigure a robot using an asynchronous protocol provided by another robot. Reusing configurations allows a master to download desired goal configurations, analogous to configuring an FPGA. Two reconfiguration approaches are considered: multi-configuration using O(2n)-time and single configuration using either O(n2)-or O(n)-time.
Survival of Archean cratonal lithosphere

[1] I use thermal convection models to search for combinations of physical parameters that are compatible with the results of xenolith studies on the history and present thermal structure of cratonal lithosphere. The cratonal lithosphere above ∼180 km depth formed in the Archean and remained stable until recently sampled. The mantle adiabat cooled ∼150 K over this time. The temperature change across the rheologically active boundary layer at the lithospheric base is <300 K over a depth range of several tens of kilometers. Modern cratonal lithospheric thicknesses are relatively uniform, ∼225 km, much thicker than old oceanic lithosphere. Cratonal lithosphere is now in quasi-steady state with conductive heat flow to the surface in balance with heat supplied to the base of the lithosphere by convection driven by local temperature contrasts within the rheologically active boundary layer. This heat flow and the lithosphere thickness changed little after the cratonal lithosphere stabilized. One possibility is that chemically buoyant lithosphere forms a conductive lid above the convecting normal mantle. To survive, the chemical lithosphere also needs to be more viscous than normal mantle. A reasonable situation has chemical lithosphere a factor of 20 more viscous than normal mantle with weakly temperature-dependent viscosity (a factor of e over 100 K) from 0.2 × 1020 Pa s along the modern mantle adiabat. However, a chemical lid is unnecessary for lithospheric thickness to change slowly over time. For example, the base of the lithosphere may be stable if the viscosity at its base (along an adiabat) decreases rapidly with depth.
Inclined nanoimprinting lithography for 3D nanopatterning

We report a non-conventional shear-force-driven nanofabrication approach, inclined nanoimprint lithography (INIL), for producing 3D nanostructures of varying heights on planar substrates in a single imprinting step. Such 3D nanostructures are fabricated by exploiting polymer anisotropic dewetting where the degree of anisotropy can be controlled by the magnitude of the inclination angle. The feature size is reduced from micron scale of the template to a resultant nanoscale pattern. The underlying INIL mechanism is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The results indicate that the shear force generated at a non-zero inclination angle induced by the INIL apparatus essentially leads to asymmetry in the polymer flow direction ultimately resulting in 3D nanopatterns with different heights. INIL removes the requirements in conventional nanolithography of either utilizing 3D templates or using multiple lithographic steps. This technique enables various 3D nanoscale devices including angle-resolved photonic and plasmonic crystals to be fabricated.
Inferring Personality Characteristics of Ethiopian Societies From Intergroup Perceptions

Abstract On the basis of the concepts of projection and assumed similarity in trait attribution, two specific hypotheses were made concerning the Amhara, the Tigre, and the Oromo ethnic groups of Ethiopia: (a) each group describes the other two groups in much the same way as it describes itself, and (b) each group is described by the other two groups in much the same way as it describes itself. University students (N = 131) belonging to the three ethnic groups were asked to describe each group by using a modified 3-point Likert-type scale employing proverbs as questionnaire items. Both hypotheses were confirmed for each group. Actual group personality might be inferred from the resulting convergence in intergroup trait attribution. Significant differences were also observed in the extent to which traits were attributed to the three groups. The Amhara and the Tigre were more favorable to themselves in trait attribution than the Oromo were. In their self-enhancement, however, the Tigre derogated others, and...
Antiangiogenic Therapies for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of death worldwide. HCC is a highly vascular tumor, and proangiogenic cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor may play crucial roles in this disease. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that blocks VEGF and PDGF signaling, was the first systemic therapy to demonstrate improved survival in patients with advanced HCC. Several other drugs targeting VEGF are in development. Because of the anticipation of eventual resistance to anti-VEGF therapies, drugs that also target alternative proangiogenic pathways are being investigated. Recent clinical and preclinical data along with ongoing studies are reviewed.
Time average holography project

We used time average holography to study the propagation of transverse standing waves in thin metal rods. Theory predicts that the phase velocity of the standing waves depends on the rod material, cross section geometry, and the driving frequency. Time average holography was used to record the standing wave pattern produced in a rod, and from the standing wave pattern the phase velocity was determined. The phase velocity results were then compared to the phase velocity theory. Standing waves were excited at frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 16 kHz. Circular rods with diameters of 1.30 cm and 1.90 cm were used, and the rod materials were steel, brass, and aluminum. The experiment is described in detail and the interpretation of time average holograms is explained for the benefit of students. The question of what happens in a time average hologram when more than one mode of oscillation is present in the rod is also explored.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Toward a more complete electrodynamic theory

Maxwell’s equations require a gauge condition for specific solutions. This incompleteness motivates use of a dynamical quantity,
A staggered array of pinhole cameras for dedicated breast SPECT

A staggered detector geometry is proposed for pinhole camera SPECT imaging of breast cancer. Several such systems are simulated in two dimensions, with reconstructed images evaluated for spatial resolution, noise, and artifacts. Designs for dedicated breast SPECT scanners generally involve moving a detector around the breast. Multiple detectors have greater detection efficiency. With enough detectors, a static array can be used. Imaging detectors are expensive, but advancing technology continues to reduce costs. However, for a given object size and camera size, a limited number of cameras can be placed around the object. This in turn limits the achievable combination of sensitivity and spatial resolution. A second row of pinhole detectors may be placed so as to image through small gaps between the detectors in the first row. This could double the number of cameras, although the sensitivity would be less than doubled as the second row of cameras would be farther from the object. This arrangement would also have better tomographic ray coverage than a single row. The front row of cameras could also be moved closer to the object, for improved spatial resolution and/or sensitivity. Parts of the object's periphery might not imaged by the front row of cameras, but these would be imaged by the second row, albeit with less sensitivity and resolution. A staggered pinhole array could be built in a planar arrangement, suitable for imaging a compressed breast. Slit-slat collimators could be used in such a configuration. Other applications suggest themselves as well, e.g. small animal imaging. We evaluate several staggered arrays and compare them with corresponding single-row arrays. Initial studies are in two dimensions, representing either a central slice from a pinhole array, or a single plane in a slit-slat array (neglecting axial blurring). In simulation, test objects are imaged using different camera arrays, and the projections are used to reconstruct images for analysis.
Protective effects of the lazaroid U74500A and lidoflazine on liver preservation with UW solution

The effect of adding a 21-aminosteroid, U74500A, and a Ca2+ antagonist, lidoflazine, alone and together to UW solution was assessed in a rat liver preservation model. Following preservation, the livers were reperfused using a closed circuit, and the release of hepatocellular enzymes (ASAT, ALAT, and LDH) into the perfusate was determined with increasing time. Both drugs reduced the amount of enzymes lost from the liver. The combination of the two drugs was better than either drug alone. These data suggest that both agents may be of value in organ preservation for clinical liver transplantation.
Laser emission from semiconductor microcavities: transition from nonperturbative to perturbative regimes

We present experimental studies of laser emission in the nonperturbative regime in a GaAs quantum well (QW) microcavity. By tuning the cavity resonance to the low energy side of the inhomogeneous exciton distribution, we are able to achieve laser emission at exciton densities well below the exciton saturation density at which cavity polaritons vanish.
Negative Regulation of BMP Signaling by the Ski Oncoprotein

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in the regulation of multiple aspects of vertebrate development. BMPs signal through the cell surface receptors and downstream Smad molecules. Upon stimulation with BMP, Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 are phosphorylated by the activated BMP receptors, form a complex with Smad4, and translocate into the nucleus, where they regulate the expression of BMP target genes. The activity of this signal pathway can be modulated both by extracellular factors that regulate the binding of BMPs to the receptor and by intracellular proteins that interact with the Smad proteins. We have shown that Ski is an important negative regulator of the Smad proteins. Ski can bind to the BMP-Smad protein complexes in response to BMP and repress their ability to activate BMP target genes through disruption of a functional Smad complex and through recruitment of transcriptional co-repressors. The antagonism of BMP signaling by Ski results in neural specification in Xenopus embryos and inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in mouse bone-marrow stromal progenitor cells. This ability to modulate BMP signaling by Ski may play an important role in the regulation of craniofacial, neuronal, and skeletal muscle development.
U.S. Border Patrol Critical Issues in Policing: 21st Century Challenges in the National Border Patrol Strategy

As part of the new and vigorous emphasis on national security initiatives in the post-September 11, 2001 era in America, the U.S. Border Patrol is one of the agencies in the Department of Homeland Security striving to meet their strategic objectives proposed in the National Border Patrol Strategy (NBPS), published in September 2004. In an effort to better understand the key policing issues in reaching the main goal of full operational control of the border, the present study offers a critical discussion of the NBPS and the five chief objectives identified, including (1) establishing a substantial probability of apprehending terrorists and weapons as they attempt illegal entry between ports of entry; (2) deterrence through improved enforcement; (3) the ability to detect, apprehend, and deter smugglers of humans, drugs and other contraband; (4) the use of 'Smart Border' technology and (5) the reduction of crime in border communities and improvement in quality of life in these areas. The primary challenges to these goals are assessed as they relate to public policy, national security and the salient role of agency partners. Language: en
The decline of the metropolitan economy.

This paper identifies certain forces underlying the recent declines of population and income in US metropolitan areas relative to the remainder of the nation. Determinants specifically examined are income, unemployment rate, occupational mix, age of the population, and climate. A disaggregation of the sample shows that the determinants of change differ markedly between areas experiencing relative growth and decline of per-capita income and population. The finding argues for selective regional or metropolitan development policy.
CURRENT STATUS OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY-A REVIEW

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal brain disease of cattle which is presumed to have originated from feeding meat and bone meal (MBM) manufactured from rendered scrapie-infected sheep. More than 170,000 cases of BSE have been identified in UK cattle since it was specifically diagnosed in 1986. Most are in dairy herds. This paper reviews the background of the disease, changes in rendering in the United Kingdom which appear to have led to the development of BSE in cattle, characteristics of the disease, the disease-causing agent (prions), related prion diseases in other species, the impact of genetics on prion disease, prion strains, species barriers to transmission, risk of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease to humans, inactivating prion infectivity, and tallow and gelatin production and safety. Efforts at controlling the disease in the United Kingdom and preventing the disease in the United States are also discussed.
Can the localization of primary colonic tumors be improved by staging CT without specific bowel preparation compared to optical colonoscopy

Abstract Objectives To investigate the ability of staging computed tomography (CT) without bowel preparation to accurately localize colonic tumors compared to optical colonoscopy. Methods The local institutional review board approved this retrospective and HIPAA-compliant study. Forty-six patients with colonic adenocarcinoma, preoperative colonoscopy, and staging CT within 60 days of resection were included. Patients underwent contrast enhanced CT imaging without bowel preparation or oral contrast. The colon was divided into four segments with the operative reports used as the standard. Rectal and cecal cancers were excluded. CT scans were reviewed by 5 readers in a segmental binary fashion using a 5-point confidence scale in two sessions blinded and unblinded to the colonoscopy report. Results At surgery 49 tumors were found in 46 patients. Readers detected 86.1%, 74.3%, and 66.9% of lesions with 92.0%, 94.1%, and 95.4% accuracy for confidence scores of ≥3, ≥4, and 5. CT interobserver agreement was good ( κ = 0.82) for the unblinded and moderate ( κ = 0.60) for the blinded read. Colonoscopic localization was only 78.7% accurate with 2 tumors undiscovered. Colonoscopic accuracy was low in the descending colon (57.1%) and the transverse colon (55.6%). Conclusions Preoperative staging CT is more accurate than colonoscopy in the localization of colonic tumors.
Structural Basis for Converting a General Transcription Factor into an Operon-Specific Virulence Regulator

SUMMARY RfaH, a paralog of the general transcription factor NusG, is recruited to elongating RNA polymerase at specific regulatory sites. The X-ray structure of Escherichia coli RfaH reported here reveals two domains. The N-terminal domain displays high similarity to that of NusG. In contrast, the a-helical coiled-coil C domain, while retaining sequence similarity, is strikingly different from the b barrel of NusG. To our knowledge, such an all-b to all-a transition of the entire domain is the most extreme example of protein fold evolution known to date. Both N domains possess a vast hydrophobic cavity that is buried by the C domain in RfaH but is exposed in NusG. We propose that this cavity constitutes the RNA polymerase-binding site, which becomes unmasked in RfaH only upon sequence-specific binding to the nontemplate DNA strand that triggers domain dissociation. Finally, we argue that RfaH binds to the b 0 subunit coiled coil, the major target site for
Enhancing catalyst effectiveness by increasing catalyst film thickness in coated-wall microreactors: Exploiting heat effects in catalytic methane steam micro-reformers

Abstract The potential for increasing endothermic reforming process capacity of a heat-exchanger microreactor without compromising thermal or catalyst efficiency via employing unconventionally-thick catalyst washcoatings is investigated. This is achievable through exploiting the “internal” heating of the catalyst film, i.e. existence of a non-zero heat flux at the wall-catalyst interface at the inner boundary of the film, which is a characteristic of the heat-exchanger microreactor design. Classical one-dimensional analysis of non-isothermal reaction and diffusion in an internally-heated catalyst film identifies minimum values for Prater Temperature and dimensionless activation energy required for internal accumulation of applied heat to be effectively utilized. Under such conditions, analysis confirms the existence of a range of Thiele Moduli, or catalyst film thicknesses, corresponding to complete utilization of internally-supplied heat at catalyst effectiveness greater than unity. Subsequent application of these design rules to a previously validated computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of an industrial annular micro-channel reformer (AMR) for methane steam reforming confirm that increasing catalyst film thicknesses to values corresponding to Thiele Modulus greater than unity enables intensification of the microreactor performance via increasing reforming capacity while maintaining equivalent thermal efficiency and retaining competitive catalyst effectivenesses.
Straightening Up: Black Women Law Professors, Interracial Relationships and Academic Fit(ting) In

In this response to Professors Robert Chang and Adrienne Davis's Making Up Is Hard to Do: Race/Gender Sexual Orientation in the Law School Classroom, the author analyzes the issues facing Black female law professors when confronting popularly accepted standards of social identity in the law school environment. Using images that promote notions of conformity – specifically, the act of taming Black hair into straightness – the author illustrates Black female law professors’ multifaceted dilemma. The Author relates her own experiences with “straightening,” noting that personal interests and core values often become inexplicably linked to criterion valued in the professional legal world. In navigating the legal academic complex, Black female law professors may discover that professional credentials and personal relationships become inexplicably bound, converging within one’s social identity and set against a backdrop of straightness that delineates accepted directions for behavior, education, color, and sexuality.
The Opportunist's Friend (and Foe): State's Rights

A brief look at the way that all sides of the political debate (mis)use federalism arguments in pursuit of their policy goals.
The Respiratory Burst and Mechanisms of Oxygen Radical-Mediated Tissue Injury

Although it has been recognized since the nineteenth century that the influx of phagocytic cells into sites of tissue injury is critical to the development of the inflammatory response, the recognition that neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages are complex cells possessing diverse biological capabilities is relatively recent. Inflammatory cells are controlled by an extensive array of biochemical mediators. The concept that leukocytic proteases contribute to the tissue injury observed in acute inflammation has considerable supporting evidence but has been extensively broadened in recent years.1,2 Although numerous studies have demonstrated that lysosomal proteases can cause or enhance tissue injury, other studies have shown that tissue injury cannot be completely prevented by antiproteases.3,4 In addition, tissue injury still occurs in strains of mice whose leukocytes are deficient of proteases suggesting that other mechanisms are important in phagocyte-mediated tissue injury.5 Recent studies have provided compelling evidence that leukocyte-derived oxygen radicals and their metabolites are important mediators of inflammation and tissue injury.
How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Term Anthropocene

Not a day goes by in the 2010s without some humanities scholars becoming quite exercised about the term Anthropocene. In case we need reminding, Anthropocene names the geological period starting in the later eighteenth century when, after the invention of the steam engine, humans began to deposit layers of carbon in Earth’s crust. Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer’s term has been current since 2000.1 In 1945, there occurred “The Great Acceleration,” a huge data spike in the graph of human involvement in Earth systems. (The title’s Kubrick joke stems from the crustal deposition of radioactive materials since 1945.) Like Marx, Crutzen sees the steam engine as iconic. As this is written, geologists such as Jan Zalasiewicz are convincing the Royal Society of Geologists to make the term official.
Pelage Stages in the Cottontail Rabbit

A number of criteria have been employed to determine the age of cottontail rabbits. These include weight measurements, total length measurements, condition of the hymen in females, size of male genitalia, and ossification of epiphyseal cartilage in the bones of the forefeet. Having undertaken a study of reproduction in the cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi , in Ohio in 1952, I was faced with the problem of accurately aging rabbits in the field. The above methods had the disadvantage of either being impractical for field use or of not being useful in accurately aging young rabbits late in the breeding season. This study was made possible through financial assistance from the Ohio Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit and a grant from the Wildlife Management Institute. For cooperation and assistance during the study I am greatly indebted to many of the faculty and graduate students in zoology at Ohio State University, and to personnel of the Ohio Division of Wildlife, whose names are too numerous to mention here. In particular I should like to acknowledge the invaluable advice and criticism afforded me throughout the study by Dr. Eugene H. Dustman, Leader of the Research Unit. A portion of these data was presented at the 16th Midwest Wildlife Conference. The pelage stages of cottontails have not been adequately described. Nelson (1909) recognized three distinct pelage stages apparently common to all North American hares and rabbits. These were designated as juvenal, postjuvenal and adult pelage. He described Sylvilagus as a genus having only one annual molt. He did recognize that species in the genus Lepus and subgenus Brachylagus experienced two molts annually. Dalke et al. (1942) concluded that adult cottontails experienced a continual molt over a nine-month period, from March to November. Three constituents of the dorsal pelage of cottontail rabbits have been described …
Interurbans in Indiana

During the first decade of the 20th century the prevailing means of passenger transportation, steam-power trains, faced increasing challenges from electric railways and motor vehicles. Offering greater convenience and flexibility than the steam railroad, the electric railway had remarkable success in urban service for short-distance travel, which quickly led to its rural and intercity operation. The urban electric railway is referred to as the streetcar, while in rural use it is called the interurban. The two systems differ in that the equipment of the interurban is usually larger, heavier, and faster. While the next chapter will discuss of the streetcar, this chapter is directed to the interurban.
NIMG-14IDENTIFICATION OF TRUE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY USING RADIOMIC TEXTURE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL MRI ECHO PLANNAR IMAGING

BACKGROUND: FMRI maps commonly show multiple areas of false positive activity. We aimed to identify areas of true fMRI activation by using complex MRI texture analysis (TA) of raw EPI data, thus enhancing the identification of true activity. METHODS: 12 right handed healthy volunteers were recruited (IRB approved). All scans were performed on a 3.0T GE MR scanner. FMRI consisted of a high resolution 3D T1 weighted structural scan and a gradient echo EPI functional scan. FMRI data analysis was performed using SPM8 software for a sentence completion block design task. T map for each individual was displayed using xjview toolbox and thresholded individually to optimize visualization of language area. Each activity cluster was selected and saved. Board-certified neuroradiologists and neuroscientists classified different clusters into two separate groups Expected (E) and Non Expected (NE) based on their anatomical locations. TA was performed using the mean EPI volume for each individual, and 20 invariant texture features were obtained. Efficacy of TA in fMRI was assessed by decision tree and validated using a 4 fold cross validation. RESULTS: fMRI areas of activity in individual scans were identified based on their texture features with 95.3% accuracy, sensitivity 95.3% and specificity 95.3%. Sum of Variance, Cluster shade, sum of average and information measure of correlation were the most important texture features. These features had higher texture values in the NE ROIs indicating more homogeneous areas. Texture features were able to significantly differentiate areas of true versus false activity. CONCLUSIONS: Extracted features indicated that true activity has more heterogeneous texture compared to non-expected activity Quantitative TA of functional MRI using texture feature can enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of the test to true activity and help eliminate false activation
Conceptualizing and developing behavioral HIV prevention interventions for black gay men

ABSTRACTIn the United States, Black gay men continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV and their HIV incidence rates rival those of developing countries. Yet there are only two federally approved HIV prevention interventions that specifically target Black gay men. As a way of filling the gap, HIV/AIDS social workers can modify existing or develop “homegrown” behavioral HIV prevention interventions to assist their clients. This conceptual article outlines the authors’ eight-step process of developing a theory-based, gender- and culturally-appropriate behavioral intervention for Black gay men. This model can help social workers and agencies fill the need for “homegrown” HIV prevention interventions.
Television consumption and Institutional Anomie Theory

CONTACTMessner and Rosenfeld’s Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT) is based on the assumption that the “American Dream” produces a society that is dominated by the economy and obsessed with the pursuit of success. Thus, crime is prevalent in the United States because individuals are willing to cut corners in order to attain the “dream” for themselves. This article extends the work of Messner and Rosenfeld (1994), contending that the “American Dream” is transmitted directly to citizens through the consumption of television representations. Using over 6,000 cases from the public use portion of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (ADD Health), the author conducted regression analysis to assess the influence of television consumption on both the cultural and institutional dynamics of IAT. This research is also one of only a few to apply IAT at the individual level of analysis.
Counting Coups and Fighting for Survival

Warfare had existed on the Great Plains since prehistoric times,1 but by 1800 the area had become a vast theater of intertribal conflict. Warriors fought for prestige or revenge and waged ritualized battles in which counting coup carried more honor than inflicting casualties. White observers, especially Army officers accustomed to winning victories by inflicting massive losses, often were bewildered and bemused by Plains Indian warfare, dismissing it as petty skirmishing.
Design and verification of large-moment transmitter loops for geophysical applications

Abstract In this paper we discuss the modeling, design and verification of large-moment transmitter (TX) loops for geophysical applications. We first develop two equivalent circuit models for TX loops. We show that the equivalent inductance can be predicted using one of two empirical formulas. The stray capacitance of the loop is then calculated using the measured self-resonant frequency and the loop inductance. We model the losses associated with both the skin effect and the dissipation factor in both of these equivalent circuits. We find that the two equivalent circuit models produce the same results provided that the dissipation factor is small. Next we compare the measured input impedances for three TX loops that were constructed with different wire configurations with the equivalent circuit model. We found excellent agreement between the measured and simulated results after adjusting the dissipation factor. Since the skin effect and dissipation factor yield good agreement with measurements, the proximity effect is negligible in the three TX loops that we tested. We found that the effects of the dissipation factor dominated those of the skin effect when the wires were relatively close together. When the wires were widely separated, then the skin effect was the dominant loss mechanism. We also found that loops with wider wire separations exhibited higher self-resonant frequencies and better high-frequency performance.
Directions in the Theory of Quantum Control

We survey a number of directions in the current research on the control of finite dimensional bilinear quantum systems. We describe the model as well as the role of Lie algebra theory in determining controllability properties. We also discuss techniques for constructive controllability of these systems.
New Magnet Technology for a 1.5 T Open-MRI Breast Imager

Structured windings and steel poles can be used to create a homogeneous field in a volume of interest (VOI) outside of a coil configuration. The methodology is explained and a first application to an optimized open-MRI imager for breast imaging is presented. Similar methods have been used to design a gradient coil set to similarly project uniform gradient into the same VOI. Aspects of the design and cryogenics of the magnet are discussed.
Mathematical Modeling and Optimization

This chapter provides a primer on optimization and mathematical modeling. It does not provide a complete description of these topics. Instead, this chapter provides enough background information to support reading the rest of the book. For more discussion of optimization modeling techniques see, for example, Williams [86]. Implementations of simple examples of models are shown to provide the reader with a quick start to using Pyomo.
The Determination of Defective Particle Fraction in High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Fuels

The fuel for the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor consists of uranium and thorium species in the form of microspheres encapsulated in layers of pyrolytic carbon and silicon carbide and bonded into fuel rods. An important characterization of these particles is the fraction in a particular sample or rod that may have defective coatings that would allow the release of gaseous and metallic fission products. In the chlorine leach method for this determination, the fuel exposed by defective coatings is volatilized as the heavy metal chlorides at 1000/sup 0/C. This method is now adapted for the examination of irradiated fuel rods in a hot cell. It is also extended to chlorinations at 1500/sup 0/C by induction heating, permitting the rapid examination (2 to 3 h) of unirradiated fuel rods.
Examining the relationship between medical cannabis laws and cardiovascular deaths in the US.

Abstract Background Several countries and many U.S. states have allowed, for cannabis to be used as therapy to treat chronic conditions or pain., This has increased the use of cannabis, particularly among older people.Because cannabis has been linked to adverse cardiac events in the medical literature, there may be unintended consequences on increased use among older people. Methods We analyze cardiac-related mortality data from the U.S. National Vital Statistics System for 1990–2014. We use difference-in-difference fixed-effects models to assess whether there are increased rates of cardiac-related mortality following passage of medical cannabis programs. We also analyze whether states with more liberal rules on dispensing cannabis show higher mortality rates. Results For men, there is a statistically significant 2.3% increase in the rate of cardiac death following passage. For women, there is a 1.3% increase that is also statistically significant. he effects increase or both men and women with age. The effects are also stronger in states with more a lax approach to cannabis dispensing. Conclusion Policymakers should be aware of a potential unintended consequence of allowing broader use of cannabis, specifically for those more at risk of cardiovascular events.
Constant Full Employment Growth: The Economic Analysis and Policies of Leon Hirsch Keyserling, Council of Economic Advisors – The Truman Era and Beyond:

This article discusses the generalized economic theories and policy prescriptions of Leon Hirsch Keyserling. Keyserling himself was a major author of the Employment Act of 1946, which created the C...
Communities of Scientists

As we noted earlier, scientists organize themselves into scholarly societies, publishing research results in society journals and attending scientific conferences. These activities are peer-reviewed by the community for scientific quality. All that scientific information is for free, and scientists do not get paid for publication of scientific results. Instead, scientists find employment teaching in universities or doing research in industrial or in governmental labs. How do scientists in these different kinds of employment settings interact as research communities?
Differential diagnosis of immature germ cells in semen utilizing monoclonal antibody MHS-10 to the intra-acrosomal antigen SP-10

The monoclonal antibody (mAb) MHS-10 (IgG1) is a mouse antihuman sperm antibody which recognizes a polymorphic sperm protein, (SP-10), which has previously been localized within the acrosomal matrix and the acrosomal membranes. The SP-10 antigen has been shown to be sperm-specific and is not found in somatic tissues. It is stage specific, having been immunohistologically localized to Golgi phase spermatids and all subsequent phases of spermiogenesis. In the present study, acetone-dried smears from washed human semen containing significant numbers of round cells were probed with mAb MHS-10. Monoclonal antibody-labeled cells were visualized by a standard streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method using a light microscope. The MHS-10 mAb immunoreacted with mature sperm and with a subset of round cells diagnosed as developing spermatids, which had been sloughed off from the testis at varying stages of acrosome formation. To rule out possible cross-reactivity of the mAb with leukocytes in semen, a leukocyte surface marker (anti-HLe-1) was used in conjunction with MHS-10. Round cell populations staining with MHS-10 did not stain with anti-HLe-1. The mAb MHS-10 is thus a promising probe for the identification and quantitation of immature germ cells in human semen.