cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Cloud: Thunderheads on the Horizon?

Abstract Davis' discussion highlights the problem of using general terms to reflect complex cognitive hnctions. This problem is illustrated by the on-going debate of how the language of dementia differs from, or is similar to, aphasia. Davis concludes that language is a ‘cognitive subsystem dependent on general aspects of memory’. Therefore, the distinction between language and cognition is unnecessary. Davis also points out that much of what we call ‘language’ relies on many components of memory. Hence, he finds the phrase ‘language and memory’ equally awkward. Unquestionably, language and memory are interdependent. However, it may be hasty to dispense with the separation of language from memory, or language from other cognitive hnctions.
The relationship of soils containing liquefaction features and redoximorphic features to perched seasonal water tables in the Lower Mississippi River Valley

Abstract Liquefaction features occur when saturated granular particles are transformed into a fluid state due to the passage of earthquake shear waves. Since the liquefaction features are so numerous and sand conducts water rapidly, our hypothesis for the Lower Mississippi study area was that liquefaction features have improved soil drainage and that redoximorphic features (RMFs) in the soils are relict. Shallow and deep piezometer data indicate that perched seasonal water tables are present and that free-water levels generally agree with RMFs at sites 1 and 2. At site 3 free-water was observed on one date at >128 cm depth whereas RMFs occur here at >110 cm. The disagreement between the occurrence of free-water and RMF at site 3 suggests some of the RMFs are relict. According to a groundwater model, net groundwater movement from pre-development until 1982 was from aquifers to the rivers, but the net flow of groundwater is now from the rivers to the aquifer. At site 3 lowering of the regional aquifer rather than the liquefaction features may be responsible for the difference between the depth of RMFs and the occurrence of free-water.
A note on the derived semifield planes of order 16

An affine plane ~" is tangentially transitive with respect to a subplane ~re if ~r admits a collineation group which fixes ~'e pointwise and acts transitive on each of the tangent pencils to ~r o. Jha [6] has studied finite translation planes ~" which are tangentially transitive with respect to ~re and has shown that if the order of ~is not 16 then ]rr[ = Irrel 2 and 7r is a generalized Hall plane. If ]~r I = 16, 1r is a generalized Hall plane but the case that I~'~1 = 2 is possible. In [9], Johnson and Ostrom have shown that there is a unique tangentially transitive plane of order 16 and with respect to a subplane of order 2, Walker [14] has also independently obtained this same result. General ized Hall planes are precisely those planes of order q2 that may be derived from semifield planes whose coordinate semifields have middle nuclei which contain GF(q). Kleinfeld [10] has shown that there is exactly one semifield plane of order 16 with middle nucleus GF(4); the semifield plane with kern GF(4). In this article we determine the nonisomorphic planes which may be derived from the semifield plane of order 16 and kern GF(4). We show that there are exactly three such planes ~-,,, -n" E, 7rH: • "n is a generalized Hall plane which admits affine homologies and whose full collineation group has point orbits on the line at infinity of lengths 12, 3, 1, 1 or 12, 3, 2. ~r E is not a generalized Hall plane and admits affine elations with three centers whose full collineation group is isomorphic to $3 × P G L ( 3 , 2) and has infinite point orbits of lengths 3, 14. rr,, is a generalized Hall plane which admits an isomorphic collineation group as that of 7r E and whose action on £~ coincides with that of rrz.
Color display of the localized spectrum

This paper develops a new display technique for seismic cross‐sections, called spectral color. The need to visualize frequency information in seismic data is recognized uniformly and often is accomplished through the color display of instantaneous frequency. The spectral content of a reflected event can carry information about the reflecting horizon’s characteristics which will not be resolved in the instantaneous state of the record. Spectral color is devised to overcome the problem of displaying an entire localized spectrum at each time sample and offset of a seismic section. The localized spectrum is calculated with a relatively new time‐frequency representation called the S-transform, which combines a Fourier technique with adaptive windowing in the frequency domain. A color (RGB triplet) based on the localized spectral content is calculated and the pixel is displayed at the appropriate position in the seismic section. As a result, the seismic cross‐section is displayed in an intuitive manner that is ...
Effect of Several Management Tactics on Adult Mortality and Progeny Production of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Stored Corn in the Laboratory

A factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of temperature, corn hybrid, moisture content of corn, malathion treatment, and presence or absence of surface-contaminating fungi on adult survival, progeny production, progeny weight, and time to 50% emergence of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Temperature, moisture content, surface contamination, and malathion significantly influenced maize weevil mortality. Progeny production was affected by these factors as well as by the corn hybrids. Progeny weight and time to 50% emergence were affected only by temperature and moisture content. There were several highly significant interactions, most notably between temperature and moisture content. Temperature, corn hybrid, and moisture content appear to offer the greatest potential for nonchemical control of maize weevil in bulk grain stores.
Origins of u.s. Hispanics: Implications for Diabetes

The purpose of this article was to characterize the origins of the United States Hispanic population and discuss the implications of these origins in the context of diabetes risk. Particular attention was focused on the genetic origins of the three major U.S. Hispanic groups, i.e., Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans. The U.S. Census figures provided basic demographic information. Genetic marker data for ancestral populations were taken from a review of the literature and compendia. Genetic marker data for the Puerto Rican and Cuban populations were extracted from the literature. Genetic markers determined on ∼ 1000 randomly selected Mexican Americans from Starr County, Texas, were taken as representative of the Mexican-American population. The Hispanic population is the second largest and fastest growing minority in the U.S. Estimates of the Hispanic population in 1988 indicated some 19.4 million residents, of whom 62% were classified as Mexican, 13% as Puerto Rican, and the remaining 25% as Cubans and others. Various lines of evidence can be used to characterize the Hispanic population and its origins. These include ethnohistory, self-assessment of ancestry, surname distributions, speech and cultural characteristics, quantitative traits, and genetic structure. Genetic data were used to estimate the contribution of putative ancestral populations to the contemporary gene pool. For Mexican Americans, 31% of the contemporary gene pool is estimated to be Native American derived, whereas 61 and 8% are Spanish and African derived, respectively. In Puerto Rico, the percentage of contributions of Spanish, Native American, and African admixture to the population are 45, 18, and 37%, respectively. For Cuba, the parallel estimates are 62, 18, and 20%. The high frequency of Native American-derived genes in the contemporary Hispanic population predict a higher frequency of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) under the assumption that genes are important in NIDDM etiology. Our results are consistent with the finding of the significant role of genes in determining risk.
The fibronectin receptor α5 integrin subunit is upregulated by cell-cell adhesion via a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism: Implications for human trophoblast migration

Cell adhesion molecules are implicated in the mechanisms regulating trophoblast migration during human embryo implantation and placentation. We investigated the expression and subcellular organization of the fibronectin receptor α5 integrin subunit during the differentiation of human trophoblasts in vitro, and the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the process. Human trophoblasts isolated from chorionic villi expressed no α5 integrin, but the molecule was upregulated as cells aggregated in vitro. Low levels of expression of α5 integrin subunit and a diffuse cellular distribution pattern were seen in migrating mononuclear trophoblasts. Formation of cell aggregates was accompanied by increased expression of the α5 integrin, which translocated to the cytoskeleton-bound pool of proteins and clustered within focal adhesion plaques on the cell surface. This coincided with increased binding to fibronectin. In the absence of cell-cell adhesion, trophoblasts did not display an increase in α5 integrin messenger RNA or protein and there was no α5 integrin in focal adhesion plaques, suggesting that cell-cell contacts specifically trigger the upregulation of α5 integrin subunit and its subcellular translocation. Cyclic AMP is the second messenger mediating the aggregation-induced increase in α5 integrin: cAMP increased the de novo synthesis of α5 integrin protein, particularly in mononuclear cells, whereas the aggregation-induced increase in α5 integrin was strongly inhibited by the antagonist Rp-cAMP in aggregating cells. Our data provide evidence that the α5 integrin mediates binding of human trophoblasts to fibronectin and is implicated in the regulation of trophoblast migration. This integrin's expression is specifically triggered by cell-cell adhesion and regulated via cAMP-mediated pathway(s). It is hypothesized that these mechanisms may play an important role in the molecular events controlling human placentation.
A program for education of minority group students in electrical engineering

A program operating at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., in which minority group students who have succeeded in demonstrating high professional skills in their field of interest are admitted to the university with the direct objective of obtaining a master's degree is described. The basic design of the program is described under the following subheadings: initial evaluation of candiates; industrial participation; admission procedures; tutors and their responsibilities; operation and monitoring of the program.
Note: Minimal rankings and the arank number of a path

Given a graph G, a function f:V(G)->{1,2,...,k} is a k-ranking of G if f(u)=f(v) implies every u-v path contains a vertex w such that f(w)>f(u). A k-ranking is minimal if the reduction of any label greater than 1 violates the described ranking property. The arank number of a graph, denoted @j"r(G), is the largest k such that G has a minimal k-ranking. We present new results involving minimal k-rankings of paths. In particular, we determine @j"r(P"n), a problem posed by Laskar and Pillone in 2000.
Aspergillus Infection of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

The use of pacemakers and implantable cardioverterdefibrillators continues to increase for the management of cardiac dysrhythmias and, more recently, heart failure. Long-term complications associated with their use include infection, lead failure, and spurious shocks. Although the risk of infection with intracardiac devices is well known, the clinical presentation of this complication can be insidious, delayed in onset, and difficult to diagnose. We report a case of Aspergillus fumigatus infection of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator with right-sided endocarditis in a 55-year-old man. The infection presented as persistent pulmonary infiltrates (due to recurrent septic pulmonary embolism) and anemia more than 2 years after implantation of the device. Clinicians should be aware of the variable manifestations resulting from infection of intracardiac devices.
Mode I Fracture Toughness of a Small-Grained Silicon Nitride: Orientation, Temperature, and Crack Length Effects

The Mode I fracture toughness (KIC) of a small-grained Si3N4 was determined as a function of hot-pressing orientation, temperature, testing atmosphere, and crack length using the single-edge precracked beam method. The diameter of the Si3N4 grains was <0.4 µm, with aspect ratios of 2‐8. KIC at 25°C was 6.6 ± 0.2 and 5.9 ± 0.1 MPa ?m 1/2 for the T‐S and T‐L orientations, respectively. This difference was attributed to the amount of elongated grains in the plane of crack growth. For both orientations, a continual decrease in KIC was observed through 1200°C, to ~4.1 MPa?m 1/2 , before increasing rapidly to 7.5‐8 MPa?m 1/2 at 1300°C. The decrease inKIC through 1200°C was a result of grain-boundary glassy phase softening. At 1300°C, reorientation of elongated grains in the direction of the applied load was suggested to explain the large increase in KIC. Crack healing was observed in specimens annealed in air. No R-curve behavior was observed for crack lengths as short as 300 µm at either 25° or 1000°C.
The development of a modified bi-axial composite test specimen

The significance of bi-axial testing is increasing with the use of composites in more complex applications and the advent of new manufacturing techniques (Ash and Welsh. Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 2004, vol. 2, pp.1402–1412). Existing failure theories have not been proven to be accurate for predicting failure for laminated composites and very limited test data are available for woven composites (Ash and Welsh. Collection of Technical Papers – AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 2004, vol 2, pp.1402–1412). It is believed that the fabrication process used to make composite bi-axial specimens induces initial damage into the specimen (Smits. Exp Anal Nano Eng Mater Struct 2007; 35: 933–934). Two different methods were developed to reduce the amount of damage induced into a bi-axial tests specimen. In addition, the effect of stress concentration due to a center hole added to a com...
Surface Renewal Based Formulation for Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow

A preliminary surface renewal based analysis of turbulent boundary-layer flow is presented that accounts for the effects of axial convection. This model provides a foundation for the unified analysis of both turbulent and laminar boundary-layer flow.
The Amino Acid Sequence of Neisseria lactamica PorB Surface- Exposed Loops Influences Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Cell Activation

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a major role in host mucosal and systemic defense mechanisms by recognizing a diverse array of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR2, with TLR1 and TLR6, recognizes structurally diverse bacterial products such as lipidated factors (lipoproteins and peptidoglycans) and nonlipidated proteins, i.e., bacterial porins. PorB is a pan-neisserial porin expressed regardless of organisms’ pathogenicity. However, commensal Neisseria lactamica organisms and purified N. lactamica PorB (published elsewhere as Nlac PorB) induce TLR2-dependent proinflammatory responses of lower magnitude than N. meningitidis organisms and N. meningitidis PorB (published elsewhere as Nme PorB). Both PorB types bind to TLR2 in vitro but with different apparent specificities. The structural and molecular details of PorB-TLR2 interaction are only beginning to be unraveled and may be due to electrostatic attraction. PorB molecules have significant strain-specific sequence variability within surface-exposed regions (loops) putatively involved in TLR2 interaction. By constructing chimeric recombinant PorB loop mutants in which surface-exposed loop residues have been switched between N. lactamica PorB and N. meningitidis PorB, we identified residues in loop 5 and loop 7 that influence TLR2-dependent cell activation using HEK cells and BEAS-2B cells. These loops are not uniquely responsible for PorB interaction with TLR2, but NF-B and MAP kinases signaling downstream of TLR2 recognition are likely influenced by a hypothetical “TLR2-binding signature” within the sequence of PorB surface-exposed loops. Consistent with the effect of purified PorB in vitro, a chimeric N. meningitidis strain expressing N. lactamica PorB induces lower levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion than wild-type N. meningitidis, suggesting a role for PorB in induction of host cell activation by whole bacteria.
Spectral techniques for high-resolution thermal characterization with limited sensor data

Elevated chip temperatures are true limiters to the scalability of computing systems. Excessive runtime thermal variations compromise the performance and reliability of integrated circuits. To address these thermal issues, state-of-the-art chips have integrated thermal sensors that monitor temperatures at a few selected die locations. These temperature measurements are then used by thermal management techniques to appropriately manage chip performance. Thermal sensors and their support circuitry incur design overheads, die area, and manufacturing costs. In this paper, we propose a new direction for full thermal characterization of integrated circuits based on spectral Fourier analysis techniques. Application of these techniques to temperature sensing is based on the observation that die temperature is simply a space-varying signal, and that space-varying signals are treated identically to time-varying signals in signal analysis. We utilize Nyquist-Shannon sampling theory to devise methods that can almost fully reconstruct the thermal status of an integrated circuit during runtime using a minimal number of thermal sensors. We propose methods that can handle uniform and non-uniform thermal sensor placements. We develop an extensive experimental setup and demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods by thermally characterizing a 16-core processor. Our method produces full thermal characterization with an average absolute error of 0.6% using a limited number of sensors.
On the initiation of a snowball Earth

[1] The Snowball Earth hypothesis explains the development of glaciation at low latitudes in the Neoproterozoic, as well as the associated iron formations and cap carbonates, in terms of a runaway ice-albedo feedback leading to a global glaciation followed by an extreme greenhouse climate. The initiation of a snowball glaciation is linked to a variety of unusual perturbations of the carbon cycle operating over different timescales, as evidenced by unusual patterns in the carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonate. Thus a theory for why multiple glaciations happened at this time, and not in the Phanerozoic nor earlier in the Proterozoic, requires a reexamination of the carbon cycle and the controls on climate stability. We propose that the concentration of continental area in the tropics was a critical boundary condition necessary for the onset of glaciation, both because the existence of substantial continental area at high latitudes may prevent atmospheric carbon dioxide from getting too low and because a tropical concentration of continental area may lead to more efficient burial of organic carbon through increased tropical river discharge. Efficient organic carbon burial sustained over tens of millions of years, required by the high carbon isotopic compositions of preglacial carbonate, may lead to the buildup of enormous quantities of methane, presumably in hydrate reservoirs. We examine how the slow release of this methane may explain the drop in δ13C values immediately before the glaciation. Moreover, the accumulation of methane in the atmosphere coupled with the response of silicate weathering to the additional greenhouse forcing can lead to a climate with methane as the major greenhouse gas. This situation is unstable because methane is not buffered by a large ocean reservoir like carbon dioxide, and so the collapse of the methane source may provide a trigger for the onset of a runaway ice-albedo feedback. A simple model of the carbon cycle is used to explore the boundary conditions that would allow this to occur.
A Practical Integration Approach and Whole Building Energy Simulation of Three Energy Efficient Building Technologies

Rising energy costs and the desire to reduce energy consumption dictates a need for significantly improved building energy performance. Three technologies that have potential to save energy and improve sustainability of buildings are dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS), radiant heating and cooling systems and tighter building envelopes. Although individually applying innovative technologies may incrementally improve building energy performance, more significant payoffs are realized when compatible technologies are integrated into an optimized system. Fortunately, DOAS, radiant heating and cooling systems and improved building envelopes are highly compatible. To investigate the energy savings potential of these three technologies, whole building energy simulations were performed for a barracks facility and an administration facility in 15 U.S. climate zones and 16 international locations. The baseline facilities were assumed to be existing buildings with VAV HVAC systems (admin facilities) and packaged HVAC systems (barracks facilities). The energy simulations were adjusted for each location for optimal energy and humidity control performance. The results show that the upgraded facilities realized total building energy savings between 20% and 40% and improved humidity control when compared to baseline building performance.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
X-ray detectors at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Free-electron lasers (FELs) present new challenges for camera development compared with conventional light sources. At SLAC a variety of technologies are being used to match the demands of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and to support a wide range of scientific applications. In this paper an overview of X-ray detector design requirements at FELs is presented and the various cameras in use at SLAC are described for the benefit of users planning experiments or analysts looking at data. Features and operation of the CSPAD camera, which is currently deployed at LCLS, are discussed, and the ePix family, a new generation of cameras under development at SLAC, is introduced.
Multiuser MISO Interference Channels With Single-User Detection: Optimality of Beamforming and the Achievable Rate Region

For a multiuser interference channel with multi-antenna transmitters and single-antenna receivers, by restricting each transmitter to a Gaussian input and each receiver to a single-user detector, computing the largest achievable rate region amounts to solving a family of nonconvex optimization problems. Recognizing the intrinsic connection between the signal power at the intended receiver and the interference power at the unintended receiver, the original family of nonconvex optimization problems is converted into a new family of convex optimization problems. It is shown that, for such interference channels with each receiver implementing single-user detection, transmitter beamforming can achieve all boundary points of the achievable rate region.
A New Self-Calibration Method of an $LCR$ Meter for RF Resistance Calibration Using Capacitance Standards

This paper describes how to calibrate a four-terminal-pair (4TP) LCR meter at the right (90deg) angle. The LCR meter uses the right angle signal to process a synchronous detector as a vector signal receiver. The right-angle calibration method uses, at a minimum, one variable-phase signal generator (SG) and a phase shift circuit. The SG does not require a precision right angle, but it does need good phase stability. The described phase shifter provides the required differential phase of nearly the right angle. As a result, the right-angle phase deviation of the LCR meter is better than 65 murad (0.223') with 37-murad (0.127') uncertainty at 10 MHz. This method is also applicable to the phase calibration of a vector network analyzer.
Error estimators using global–local methods

Error estimators were derived using global-local and refined global-local finite element methods and an extrapolation technique. The proposed error estimators are to be used in estimating the global error energy norm, local error energy norm and nodal displacement error. These error estimators were applied to three numerical examples. The results clearly demonstrated that these error estimators are of high quality.
Seasonal link between food hoarding and burrow use in a nonhibernating rodent

Food-storage behaviors can be plastic for food-hoarding species. Some hibernating, granivorous rodents switch seasonally from scatter hoarding (storing food in small, separate caches) to larder hoarding (concentrating food in a central location). To date, little is known about seasonal food-hoarding behaviors of free-living rodents that forage and store food year-round (i.e., nonhibernators). Using direct observations, radiotelemetry, and tracking with fluorescent powder, we discovered a striking seasonal shift in food-hoarding behaviors for Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii), a nonhibernating rodent in a region with dramatic seasonal climate (i.e., the Great Plains of the United States). In winter, D. ordii almost exclusively larder hoarded seeds in burrows and used a single burrow, which is consistent with the larder-defensibility hypothesis of food storage. The lack of suitable sites to scatter hoard due to snow cover and frozen soils likely contributed to larder hoarding in winter. In summer, most individuals scatter hoarded near seed sources, which is consistent with the rapid-sequestering hypothesis of food storage. In summer, individuals also commonly used multiple burrows, and differences in food-hoarding and burrow-use behavior were observed between sexes and between reproductively active and inactive females. By scatter hoarding and using multiple burrows in summer, kangaroo rats likely reduce costs associated with defending larder hoards while increasing benefits associated with reproduction. The seasonal interplay between food hoarding and burrow use by D. ordii appears to be important for securing and maintaining resources throughout the year in a temperate environment.
Analysis and experimental kinematics of a skid-steering wheeled robot based on a laser scanner sensor.

Skid-steering mobile robots are widely used because of their simple mechanism and robustness. However, due to the complex wheel-ground interactions and the kinematic constraints, it is a challenge to understand the kinematics and dynamics of such a robotic platform. In this paper, we develop an analysis and experimental kinematic scheme for a skid-steering wheeled vehicle based-on a laser scanner sensor. The kinematics model is established based on the boundedness of the instantaneous centers of rotation (ICR) of treads on the 2D motion plane. The kinematic parameters (the ICR coefficient χ, the path curvature variable λ and robot speed v), including the effect of vehicle dynamics, are introduced to describe the kinematics model. Then, an exact but costly dynamic model is used and the simulation of this model’s stationary response for the vehicle shows a qualitative relationship for the specified parameters χ and λ. Moreover, the parameters of the kinematic model are determined based-on a laser scanner localization experimental analysis method with a skid-steering robotic platform, Pioneer P3-AT. The relationship between the ICR coefficient χ and two physical factors is studied, i.e., the radius of the path curvature λ and the robot speed v. An empirical function-based relationship between the ICR coefficient of the robot and the path parameters is derived. To validate the obtained results, it is empirically demonstrated that the proposed kinematics model significantly improves the dead-reckoning performance of this skid–steering robot.
Time-dependent mechanical characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels using nanoindentation and unconfined compression

Hydrogels pose unique challenges to nanoindentation including sample preparation, control of experimental parameters, and limitations imposed by mechanical testing instruments and data analysis originally intended for harder materials. The artifacts that occur during nanoindentation of hydrated samples have been described, but the material properties obtained from hydrated nanoindentation have not yet been related to the material properties obtained from macroscale testing. To evaluate the best method for correlating results from microscale and macroscale tests of soft materials, nanoindentation and unconfined compression stress-relaxation tests were performed on poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) hydrogels with a range of cross-linker concentrations. The nanoindentation data were analyzed with the Oliver–Pharr elastic model and the Maxwell–Wiechert (j = 2) viscoelastic model. The unconfined compression data were analyzed with the Maxwell–Wiechert model. This viscoelastic model provided an excellent fit for the stress-relaxation curves from both tests. The time constants from nanoindentation and unconfined compression were significantly different, and we propose that these differences are due to differences in equilibration time between the microscale and macroscale experiments and in sample geometry. The Maxwell–Wiechert equilibrium modulus provided the best agreement between nanoindentation and unconfined compression. Also, both nanoindentation analyses showed an increase in modulus with each increasing cross-linker concentration, validating that nanoindentation can discriminate between similar, low-modulus, hydrated samples.
Animal models of liver fibrosis

(1996). Animal Models of Liver Fibrosis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 1137-1143.
Molecular Features of the Copper Binding Sites in the Octarepeat Domain of the Prion Protein

Recent evidence suggests that the prion protein (PrP) is a copper binding protein. The N-terminal region of human PrP contains four sequential copies of the highly conserved octarepeat sequence PHGGGWGQ spanning residues 60-91. This region selectively binds Cu2+ in vivo. In a previous study using peptide design, EPR, and CD spectroscopy, we showed that the HGGGW segment within each octarepeat comprises the fundamental Cu2+ binding unit [Aronoff-Spencer et al. (2000) Biochemistry 40, 13760-13771]. Here we present the first atomic resolution view of the copper binding site within an octarepeat. The crystal structure of HGGGW in a complex with Cu2+ reveals equatorial coordination by the histidine imidazole, two deprotonated glycine amides, and a glycine carbonyl, along with an axial water bridging to the Trp indole. Companion S-band EPR, X-band ESEEM, and HYSCORE experiments performed on a library of 15N-labeled peptides indicate that the structure of the copper binding site in HGGGW and PHGGGWGQ in solution is consistent with that of the crystal structure. Moreover, EPR performed on PrP(23-28, 57-91) and an 15N-labeled analogue demonstrates that the identified structure is maintained in the full PrP octarepeat domain. It has been shown that copper stimulates PrP endocytosis. The identified Gly-Cu linkage is unstable below pH approximately 6.5 and thus suggests a pH-dependent molecular mechanism by which PrP detects Cu2+ in the extracellular matrix or releases PrP-bound Cu2+ within the endosome. The structure also reveals an unusual complementary interaction between copper-structured HGGGW units that may facilitate molecular recognition between prion proteins, thereby suggesting a mechanism for transmembrane signaling and perhaps conversion to the pathogenic form.
Large-Scale Flow Patterns and Their Influence on the Intensification Rates of Western North Pacific Tropical Storms*

Abstract NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data are used to identify large-scale environmental flow patterns around western North Pacific tropical storms with the goal of finding a signal for those most favorable for rapid intensification, based on the hypothesis that aspects of the horizontal flow influence tropical cyclone intensification at an early stage of development. Based on the finding that intensification rate is a strong function of initial intensity (Joint Typhoon Warning Center best track), very rapid, rapid, and slow 24-h intensification periods from a weak tropical storm stage (35 kt) are defined. By using composite analysis and scalar EOF analysis of the zonal wind around these subsets, a form of the lower-level (850 mb) combined monsoon confluence–shearline pattern is found to occur dominantly for the very rapid cases. Based on the strength of the signal, it may provide a new rapid intensification predictor for operational use. At 200 mb the importance of the location of the tropical storm under a reg...
Personality, the sociocultural environment, and student political activism: toward a field theory of social behavior.

Summary The suitability of a field-theoretical, social psychological model for understanding student political activism was assessed. Undergraduates provided information on their political involvements and also on certain personality dispositions and social environments implicated, in the theoretical literature, as conducing to them. Both the individual difference and the sociocultural predictor constellations explained an appreciable amount of variation in the political activity criteria. Evidence was then adduced to support the field-theoretical position that personality and social environment variables account for supplementary rather than overlapping segments of the variation in campus unrest. The results call into question the appropriateness of unidimensional or unidisciplinary approaches to understanding the activism phenomenon and suggest the likely futility of intervention programs based on them. They reinforce previous findings consistent with a field-theoretical explanation of complex social be...
Detecting gate-oxide shorts and delay defects in CMOS IC's

Defect analysis was performed to show the relationship among process defects, gate-oxide short defects, and delay effects, SPICE transient analysis was used to find the propagation delay of the voltage response across the defective circuit. At the same time, power supply currents at static states were measured to find the correlation of static IDD currents and delay defects. It is shown that the IDD test is very effective for node-to-node short detection. However, a large class of defects cannot be detected using the IDD test. It is concluded that a testing method which combines IDD and stuck-fault testing is necessary to ensure a high level of product quality. >
Cis-regulatory mechanisms governing stem and progenitor cell transitions

Cis-element encyclopedias provide information on phenotypic diversity and disease mechanisms. Although cis-element polymorphisms and mutations are instructive, deciphering function remains challenging. Mutation of an intronic GATA motif (+9.5) in GATA2, encoding a master regulator of hematopoiesis, underlies an immunodeficiency associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas an inversion relocalizes another GATA2 cis-element (-77) to the proto-oncogene EVI1, inducing EVI1 expression and AML, whether this reflects ectopic or physiological activity is unknown. We describe a mouse strain that decouples -77 function from proto-oncogene deregulation. The -77(-/-) mice exhibited a novel phenotypic constellation including late embryonic lethality and anemia. The -77 established a vital sector of the myeloid progenitor transcriptome, conferring multipotentiality. Unlike the +9.5(-/-) embryos, hematopoietic stem cell genesis was unaffected in -77(-/-) embryos. These results illustrate a paradigm in which cis-elements in a locus differentially control stem and progenitor cell transitions, and therefore the individual cis-element alterations cause unique and overlapping disease phenotypes.
Establishment and Abundance of a Recently Introduced Mosquito Species Ochlerotatus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Southern Appalachians, USA

Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald; =Aedes japonicus; see Reinert 2000) (Diptera: Culicidae), is an introduced Asian mosquito species first detected in the northeastern United States in 1998. Since its initial discovery, this species has spread to many neighboring states and Canada. It was first identified in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia in 2003. Larval surveys were conducted during 2005 and 2006 in the Southern Appalachians, USA, on a variety of natural and artificial containers to determine extent of Oc. japonicus establishment and larval habitat requirements. Detritus amounts were measured in each container habitat, and co-occurring larval mosquito species were examined as indicators of potential interspecific competition. Data reveal that Oc. japonicus was the most abundant container-inhabiting mosquito species in this survey. It exhibits flexibility in its use of container oviposition habitats, it can persist in a wide range of conditions, and it co-occurs with a wide range of larval mosquito species. Its rapid and successful establishment warrants continued monitoring, because its potential role as a nuisance species or arbovirus vector remains unknown.
Delivering Science on Day One

While benchmarking software is useful for testing the performance limits and stability of Argonne National Laboratory's new Theta supercomputer, there's no substitute for running real applications to explore the system's potential. The Argonne Leadership Computing Facility's Theta Early Science Program, modeled after its highly successful code migration program for the Mira supercomputer, has one primary aim: to deliver science on day one. This article offers a closer look at the type of science problems that will get early access to Theta, a next-generation machine being rolled out this year.
Myriophacidium , a new genus of Rhytismatac eae from western Oregon

While studying the fungi of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, in Lane County, Oregon, the author collected an unusual discomycete resembling a small Coccomyces on bleached areas of fallen leaves of the evergreen tree Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) DC. Unlike Coccomyces, this fungus had elliptical ascospores and predominantly 4-spored asci. The same fungus was subsequently collected on senescent leaves of Quercus sadleriana R. Br. A single collection from spots on living leaves of Rhododendron macrophyllum G. Don. appeared identical anatomically. Superficially the fungus resembles a Phacidium, but, as currently delimited (2, 3), members of this genus lack the gelatinous coating on the ascospores observed in our material and have a covering layer composed of vertically arranged hyphae. The covering layer of the fungus on Castanopsis is composed of roughly isodiametric cells with a weak radial arrangement. Cash (1) noted that Phacidium nigrum Cke. has a gelatinous coating on its ascospores and concluded that the species might better be placed in Rhytisma. It is possible that other species of Phacidium might similarly be referred to the Rhytismataceae. The fungus on Castanopsis does not correspond in spore dimensions, host range, or presence of 4-spored asci to any known species of Phacidium. 690
Caging Metal Ions with Visible Light-Responsive Nanopolymersomes

Polymersomes are bilayer vesicles that self-assemble from amphiphilic diblock copolymers, and provide an attractive system for the delivery of biological and nonbiological molecules due to their environmental compatibility, mechanical stability, synthetic tunability, large aqueous core, and hyperthick hydrophobic membrane. Herein, we report a nanoscale photoresponsive polymersome system featuring a meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged bis[(porphinato)zinc] (PZn2) fluorophore hydrophobic membrane solute and dextran in the aqueous core. Upon 488 nm irradiation in solution or in microinjected zebrafish embryos, the polymersomes underwent deformation, as monitored by a characteristic red-shifted PZn2 emission spectrum and confirmed by cryo-TEM. The versatility of this system was demonstrated through the encapsulation and photorelease of a fluorophore (FITC), as well as two different metal ions, Zn2+ and Ca2+.
Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on metabolism. V. Comparison on protective agents at 5 atmospheres 100 per cent oxygen.

SummaryDuring 5 ATA oxygen exposures: The GSH was the best single compound for protecting against oxygen toxicity. This appears to be a combined SH protection and metabolite (glutamate → GABA → succinate) protection. The SH group protection, as evidenced by the cysteine experiments, was not as effective as the metabolites: succinate, glutamate, and GABA. The acid-base buffer Tris was less effective than the SH group protectors, or GABA, glutamate, or succinate. Glucose and malate gave no protection against oxygen toxicity.We thank Marvin and Julia Nunn for valuable technical assistance.
Surgical management of complete atrioventricular canal.

Successful correction of complete atrioventricular (AV) canal depends on accurate assessment of surgical anatomy and preservation of valve tissue to avoid postoperative valvular insufficiency. From 1975 to 1980 there were 68 patients aged 2 months to 17 years (median age 12 months) who underwent correction for the complete form of AV canal. Forty-six percent had associated anomalies which included patent ductus arteriosus, right aortic arch, pulmonic stenosis, and ostium secundum defect. Two types of repairs were employed: Group I-Teflon patch closure of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) by division of the common leaflets into mitral and tricuspid components; Group II-Teflon patch closure of the VSD without division of common leaflets by fashioning the patch between the chordae tendineae and under the common leaflets. The atrial septal defect component was closed separately with pericardium or Teflon. Overall mortality is related to presence of (1) elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (Wood units >4), (2) prior palliative operations, or (3) associated cardiovascular anomalies. Repair of complete AV canal without splitting the common leaflets preserves valve tissue. The act of splitting the common leaflets and reattaching the mitral and tricuspid components to the VSD patch by necessity sacrifices valve tissue. Although this may not be significant in older children, it becomes important in infants, for the sacrificed valve tissue comprises a greater proportion of the whole. Moreover, patch disruption of the reattached mitral and tricuspid components can be avoided if the common leaflets are not split.
The City Is Alive – Still! Comment on Bisserka Gaydarska, ‘The City Is Dead! Long Live the City!’

© 2016 Norwegian Archaeological Review. This is the authors' manuscript to the article, preprint.
Photon Echoes and Elliptical Billiard Balls

The original Billiard Ball model1 was introduced to explain various echo phenomena in gases resulting from the application of short excitation pulses. The excitation pulses were required to be short to insure that their bandwidth uniformly covered the Doppler-broadened line of the transition being excited. In this treatment the atoms were localized by spherical wavepackets throughout. Recently, the Billiard Ball model has been expanded to include the effects of long excitation pulses that may not cover the entire Doppler-broadened line. Accommodating this introduces non-spherical wavepackets into the model. We call this extension the Elliptical Billiard Ball echo model.3
Critical Opportunities in STEM Education

This chapter is organized along the philosophical domains of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Here, we consider the potential of STEM education in future educational theory and practice. We begin by exploring the possible contributions of critical theory in STEM education by attending to recent advancements in critical philosophies of mathematics, science, and technology; next with epistemology, we examine more deeply the transformative pedagogy of STEM education; and finally with axiology, we describe the values of STEM education that addresses the social and ecological crises.
Palmitoylation of Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (PRCD) Regulates Protein Stability and Localization

Progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD) is a photoreceptor outer segment (OS) disc-specific protein with unknown function that is associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The most common mutation in PRCD linked with severe RP phenotype is substitution of the only cysteine to tyrosine (C2Y). In this study, we find that PRCD is post-translationally modified by a palmitoyl lipid group at the cysteine residue linked with RP. Disrupting PRCD palmitoylation either chemically or by genetically eliminating the modified cysteine dramatically affects the stability of PRCD. Furthermore, in vivo electroporation of PRCD C2Y mutant in the mouse retina demonstrates that the palmitoylation of PRCD is important for its proper localization in the photoreceptor OS. Mutant PRCD C2Y was found in the inner segment in contrast to normal localization of WT PRCD in the OS. Our results also suggest that zDHHC3, a palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT), catalyzes the palmitoylation of PRCD in the Golgi compartment. In conclusion, we find that the palmitoylation of PRCD is crucial for its trafficking to the photoreceptor OS and mislocalization of this protein likely leads to RP-related phenotypes.
Quantifiers in Turkish

This section contains facts about Turkish syntax, morphology and phonology that are relevant to understanding the examples given throughout this chapter.
Applied bearing pressure beneath a reinforced soil foundation used in a geosynthetic reinforced soil integrated bridge system

Abstract Geosynthetic reinforced soil integrated bridge system (GRS-IBS) design guidelines recommend the use of a reinforced soil foundation (RSF) to support the dead loads that are applied by the reinforced soil abutment and bridge superstructure, as well as any live loads that are applied by traffic on the bridge or abutment. The RSF is composed of high-quality granular fill material that is compacted and encapsulated within a geotextile fabric. Current GRS-IBS interim implementation design guidelines recommend the use of design methodologies for bearing capacity that are based around rigid foundation behavior, which yield a trapezoidal applied pressure distribution that is converted to a uniform applied pressure that acts over a reduced footing width for purposes of analysis. Recommended methods for determining the applied pressure distribution beneath the RSF for settlement analyses follow conventional methodologies for assessing the settlement of spread footings, which typically assume uniformly applied pressures beneath the base of the foundation that are distributed to the underlying soil layers in a fashion that can reasonably be modeled with an elastic-theory approach. Field data collected from an instrumented GRS-IBS that was constructed over a fine-grained soil foundation indicates that the RSF actually behaves in a fairly flexible way under load, yielding an applied pressure distribution that is not uniform or trapezoidal, and which is significantly different than what conventional GRS-IBS design methodologies assume. This paper consequently presents an empirical approach to determining the applied pressure distribution beneath the RSF in GRS-IBS construction. This empirical approach is a useful first step for researchers, as it draws important attention to this issue, and provides a framework for collecting meaningful field data on future projects which accurately capture real GRS-IBS foundation behavior.