cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of academic achievement among homeless and low-income housed children.

Abstract Based on a study of sheltered homeless and low-income housed families, predictors of academic achievement among 174 English-speaking children age 6 and older were examined, focusing on housing status, mobility, and race/ethnicity. Days absent from school was hypothesized as the mediating link between homelessness and academic achievement. In multivariate analyses, a composite measure of academic achievement was independently predicted by child's gender (girls scoring higher than boys), race/ethnic status (non-Latino Whites scoring higher than children of color), age, and school mobility. Housing status was not associated with academic achievement. Results indicated that homeless and housed children had comparable rates of absenteeism and other school-related problems, which may explain why homeless and housed children were similar in terms of achievement. Although children of color were equivalent to non-Latino White children in terms of nonverbal intellectual ability, their lower academic achievement scores suggest that they are not reaching their academic potential.
Microscale speciation of arsenic and iron in ferric-based sorbents subjected to simulated landfill conditions.

During treatment for potable use, water utilities generate arsenic-bearing ferric wastes that are subsequently dispatched to landfills. The biogeochemical weathering of these residuals in mature la...
NASA's Biomass Production Chamber: a testbed for bioregenerative life support studies

The Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) located at Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA provides a large (20 m2 area, 113 m3 vol.), closed environment for crop growth tests for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. Since the summer of 1988, the chamber has operated on a near-continuous basis (over 1200 days) without any major failures (excluding temporary power losses). During this time, five crops of wheat (64-86 days each), three crops of soybean (90 to 97 days), five crops of lettuce (28-30 days), and four crops of potato (90 to 105 days were grown, producing 481 kg of dry plant biomass, 196 kg edible biomass, 540 kg of oxygen, 94,700 kg of condensed water, and fixing 739 kg of carbon dioxide. Results indicate that total biomass yields were close to expected values for the given light input, but edible biomass yields and harvest indices were slightly lower than expected. Stand photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and nutrient uptake rates were monitored throughout growth and development of the different crops, along with the build-up of ethylene and other volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Data were also gathered on system hardware maintenance and repair, as well as person-hours required for chamber operation. Future tests will include long-term crop production studies, tests in which nutrients from waste treatment systems will be used to grow new crops, and multi-species tests.
Is it Spillover or Compensation? Effects of Community and Organizational Diversity Climates on Race Differentiated Employee Intent to Stay

Business ethics scholars have long viewed organizational diversity climate as a reflection of organizational ethics. Previous research on organizational diversity climate, for the most part, has neglected to consider the influence of community diversity climate on employment relations. In order to address this gap in the literature, we examined the relationship between organizational and community diversity climates in impacting employees’ intent to stay with their organization. In doing so, we tested two competing hypotheses. First, we tested for the positive spillover of community diversity climate on employees’ intent to stay in their organization. Second, we tested for the compensation hypothesis, whereby community diversity climate moderated the organizational diversity climate-employee intent to stay relationship, with the above relationship being stronger for individuals hailing from communities with poor diversity climates. In addition, we also posited a three-way interaction model of community diversity climate, organizational diversity climate, and employee racial affiliations with the interaction between organizational and community diversity climates on intent to stay being stronger for the minority employees. The results of the study, which are based on a survey of 165 employees working in a Midwestern US organization, supported the compensation hypothesis with the interactive influence of organizational and community diversity climates on employee intent to stay being stronger for minorities, as opposed to White employees.
Determination of milk minerals by flame photometry.

Summary A flame photometer technique suitable for single optical system instruments is described which gives excellent results for calcium, potassium and sodium in milk. The method consists essentially of determining the relative spectral intensity of the element in an unknown solution followed quickly by the determination of the intensity of the element in two standard solutions, one of slightly higher concentration, the other of slightly lower concentration than the unknown. The concentration of the unknown then is calculated by interpolation. The effects of extraneous ions upon the spectral intensity of the elements determined are minimized either by incorporating the influencing ions in the standard solutions at concentration levels similar to those found in the unknown solutions or by making appropriate predetermined numerical corrections.
Structure characterization of the 26S proteasome

In all eukaryotic cells, 26S proteasome plays an essential role in the process of ATP-dependent protein degradation. In this review, we focus on structure characterization of the 26S proteasome. Although the progress towards a high-resolution structure of the 26S proteasome has been slow, the recently solved structures of various proteasomal subcomplexes have greatly enhanced our understanding of this large machinery. In addition to having an ATP-dependent proteolytic function, the 26S proteasome is also involved in many non-proteolytic cellular activities, which are often mediated by subunits in its 19S regulatory complex. Thus, we include a detailed discussion of the structures of 19S subunits, including proteasomal ATPases, ubiquitin receptors, deubiquitinating enzymes and subunits that contain PCI domain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The 26S Proteasome: When degradation is just not enough!
Evaluation of Induction and Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines Using Drive-Cycle Energy and Loss Minimization in Traction Applications

This paper presents a comparative study of induction machines (IMs) and interior permanent-magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) in traction applications. Machines are chosen to have similar ratings to operate in the same vector-controlled drive system and to achieve a fair comparison. Due to the dynamic nature of traction applications, static efficiency maps are not used. Instead, energy consumption is evaluated for both IMs and IPMSMs during typical drive cycles. Machine efficiency is also evaluated during the drive cycle to account for steady-state and transient conditions. The results of these comparisons show that the IPMSM can have higher efficiencies for most conditions. After comparing IMs and IPMSMs, loss minimization is integrated into the IM drive. Optimal flux commands are dynamically set, and then, energy and efficiency are compared with those of the IPMSM. Results show that IMs can achieve efficiencies comparable to the IPMSMs when loss minimization is applied. The efficiency gap between the IM and IPMSM is thus reduced, and these results are verified in both a hybrid electric vehicle simulator and a hardware-in-the-loop experimental setup.
Two cases of pseudoaneurysm of the renal artery following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: CT angiographic evaluation

Partial nephrectomy via a laparoscopic approach can be technically challenging, and associated vascular complications such as pseudoaneurysm may occur. CT with CT angiography is ideal for the noninvasive imaging of this process. This article reports two cases of pseudoaneurysm of the renal artery detected on CT as a complication of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and demonstrates the usefulness of 3-D CT angiography in the evaluation of vascular pathology.
Effects of the crystal's non-zero electrical conductivity on the rotationally driven melt motion during Czochralski silicon growth with a uniform, transverse magnetic field

Abstract This paper treats the melt motion during the Czochralski growth of silicon with a uniform, horizontal, steady magnetic field. Here we only consider the motion driven by the rotations of the crystal and crucible about their common vertical axis. Our results show that the rotationally driven melt motion for the correct non-zero electrical conductivity of the crystal is very different from that for an electrically insulating crystal. The rotating, electrically conducting crystal acts as a generator which drives electric currents through the melt near the crystal face and free surface. These currents produce an electromagnetic body force which drives an azimuthal melt motion in the direction opposite to the direction of the crystal's rotation. We found that the azimuthal velocity is virtually independent of the azimuthal coordinate, while the radial and axial velocities are virtually zero.
Examining instructional practices in Core-Plus lessons: implications for professional development

In the research reported in this article, we sought to understand the instructional practices of 26 secondary teachers from one district who use a problems-based mathematics textbook series (Core-Plus). Further, we wanted to examine beliefs that may be associated with their instructional practices. After analyzing data from classroom observations, our findings indicated that the teachers’ instructional practices fell along a wide continuum of lesson implementation. Analysis of interview data suggested that teachers’ beliefs with regard to students’ ability to do mathematics were associated with their level of lesson implementation. Teachers also differed, by level of instructional practices, in their beliefs about appropriateness of the textbook series for all students. Results strongly support the need for professional development for teachers implementing a problems-based, reform mathematics curriculum. Further, findings indicate that the professional development be designed to meet the diverse nature of teacher needs.
Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies

A system for determining the breakthrough characteristics of respirator cartridges has been assembled that continuously produces known concentrations of solvent vapor in humidified air. Concentrations from 1 ppm to several percent can be generated in airflows of 20 to 250 liters/min. The humidity can also be selectively adjusted from 1 to 95%. The contaminant gas concentrations on either side of the respirator cartridge are monitored continuously by two flame ionization detectors. Concentrations of several parts per million are routinely detected. The airflow rate, humidity, and gas concentrations are recorded continuously on strip recorders for easy display and comparison of data.
A stochastic hybrid system model of collective transport in the desert ant aphaenogaster cockerelli

Collective food transport in ant colonies is a striking, albeit poorly understood, example of coordinated group behavior in nature that can serve as a template for robust, decentralized multi-robot cooperative manipulation strategies. We investigate this behavior in Aphaenogaster cockerelli ants in order to derive a model of the ants' roles and behavioral transitions and the resulting dynamics of a transported load. In experimental trials, A. cockerelli are induced to transport a rigid artificial load to their nest. From video recordings of the trials, we obtain time series data on the load position and the population counts of ants in three roles. From our observations, we develop a stochastic hybrid system model that describes the time evolution of these variables and that can be used to derive the dynamics of their statistical moments. In our model, ants switch stochastically between roles at constant, unknown probability rates, and ants in one role pull on the load with a force that acts as a proportional controller on the load velocity with unknown gain and set point. We compute these unknown parameters by using standard numerical optimization techniques to fit the time evolution of the means of the load position and population counts to the averaged experimental time series. The close fit of our model to the averaged data and to data for individual trials demonstrates the accuracy of our proposed model in predicting the ant behavior.
Multiple nuclear factors interact with the promoter of the human neurofilament M gene

Abstract In order to identify potential regulatory elements of the human mid-sized (M) neurofilament (NF) gene we preformed DNase I footprinting, gel mobility shift assays and methylation interference studies with probes from the NF(M) immediate 5′ flanking region. These studies identified multiple sites for DNA-binding proteins including four Sp1 sites, and single sites each for members of the NF-1 and AP-1 families of DNA binding proteins. In addition a binding site within a pyrimidine tract likely binds a novel DNA-binding protein which also interacts with the human NF(H) gene promoter. Factors that bind to these sites are found in both neural and non-neural cells suggesting that the NF(M) promoter may not contain tissue specific regulatory signals. In transient assays, addition of these binding sites to an NF(M) minimal promoter containing only a TATA box lead to a greater than 40-fold activation of transcription over background. Progressive 5′ deletions reduced expression in a step wise manner suggesting that all the factors likely act synergistically as positive regulators of transcription.
Chemistry in Lasers. VIII. Acousto-Optic Modulation in Electrochemilumnescence Lasers

Abstract The successful generation of electronically excited states of many laser dyes by electrochemical means (ECL or electrogenerated chemiluminescence) led to experimental inquiries aimed at producing population inversion and laser action in these systems. The electrode is examined in this paper in terms of its adverse properties; among those discussed are reflectivity, quenching of ions and excited states, and acoustic disturbance patterns set up during the most commonly used pulsed ECL. This last problem is amenable to investigation by introducing electrodes into conventional optically pumped dye lasers, theoretically treated as a form of acousto-optic modulation.
WHEN ARE MARKET LEADERS MOST LIKELY TO BE ATTACKED

This paper addresses the question of when market leaders are most likely to be attacked. It does so by discussing the circumstances associated with competitors' attacks on 21 market leaders. These circumstances and the 21 competitive encounters are used to present a twelve‐point checklist which market leaders can use in answering the title question.
Matching Children on the Autism Spectrum to Classrooms: A Guide for Parents and Professionals

Meeting the needs of a learner with an autism spectrum disorder requires specialized expertise. Assessing the extent to which a potential program or classroom meets a child’s needs is a source of serious challenge for parents and professionals alike. Indeed, identifying, prioritizing and agreeing upon the child’s needs are complex questions for which there are no clear and straightforward answers. The process of establishing a match between a student and a placement must explore several primary dimensions: child, setting, and instructor variables, treatment philosophy and strategies, assessment and evaluation, and family needs and involvement. Additionally, there is a great deal of complexity considering how to interpret, integrate and apply empirical research findings and prominent professional opinions to develop sound and practical solutions. Discussion and agreement about the importance of each of these factors and how they apply in a specific situation forms the foundation of an interactive dialogue between service providers and families to create a “best fit” between student and program.
A Constructivist Approach to Change in Elementary Science Teaching and Learning.

Constructivism is a set of beliefs that can be used by teachers to think about learning and teaching and to plan and enact a science curriculum. This paper is a fictional account of an elementary science teacher and her use of constructivism as a referent for her various roles as a science teacher. The paper also describes how the teacher came to teach in this manner, describing her involvement in staff development activities and an evolution in her thinking from an ojectivist to a constructivist system of semantics. Implications are presented for the reform of science education.
Differential trafficking of soluble and integral membrane secretory granule-associated proteins

The posttranslational processing enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) occurs naturally in integral membrane and soluble forms. With the goal of understanding the targeting of these proteins to secretory granules, we have compared the maturation, processing, secretion, and storage of PAM proteins in stably transfected AtT-20 cells. Integral membrane and soluble PAM proteins exit the ER and reach the Golgi apparatus with similar kinetics. Biosynthetic labeling experiments demonstrated that soluble PAM proteins were endoproteolytically processed to a greater extent than integral membrane PAM; this processing occurred in the regulated secretory pathway and was blocked by incubation of cells at 20 degrees C. 16 h after a biosynthetic pulse, a larger proportion of soluble PAM proteins remained cell-associated compared with integral membrane PAM, suggesting that soluble PAM proteins were more efficiently targeted to storage granules. The nonstimulated secretion of soluble PAM proteins peaked 1-2 h after a biosynthetic pulse, suggesting that release was from vesicles which bud from immature granules during the maturation process. In contrast, soluble PAM proteins derived through endoproteolytic cleavage of integral membrane PAM were secreted in highest amount during later times of chase. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation of cell surface-associated integral membrane PAM demonstrated that very little integral membrane PAM reached the cell surface during early times of chase. However, when a truncated PAM protein lacking the cytoplasmic tail was expressed in AtT-20 cells, > 50% of the truncated PAM-1 protein reached the cell surface within 3 h. We conclude that the trafficking of integral membrane and soluble secretory granule-associated enzymes differs, and that integral membrane PAM proteins are less efficiently retained in maturing secretory granules.
Two‐stage fermentation with bacteriophage λ as an expression vector in Escherachia coli

The potential of bacteriophage lambda as an expression vector for a large scale production of cloned-gene proteins was evaluated in batch and continuous bioreactors using a temperature-sensitive mutant in the cl gene, which allows a simple manipulation of temperature as a means to control the phage in the lysogenic or lytic state. A temperature switch from 32 degrees C (or below) to 38 degrees C (or above) forces the phage to go from the lysogenic state to the lytic state. Temperature cycling and a two-reactor system were used for continuous cultures. For the latter the first reactor is maintained in the lysogenic state at a lower temperature to stably maintain the foreign DNA in the host cell, while the second reactor is maintained in the lytic state to force replication of the cloned-gene and overproduction of its products. The results are promising but suggest a greater potential for a mutant which lacks the Q gene which is responsible for host cell lysis and packaging of phage particles.
Percutaneous drug penetration: Choosing candidates for transdermal development

Flynn, G.L., and B. Stewart: Percutaneous drug penetration: Choosing candidates for transdermal drug development. Drug Dev. Res. 13:169-185, 1988. There is currently a high level of interest in using the skin as a route for delivering drugs. One hears the questions: What are the attributes of a drug that make it a serious candidate for transdermal delivery? By what a priori analysis might one zero in on the best transdermal candidate within a family of drugs? Answers to these questions lie in understanding the molecular factors that make a drug a facile permeant of the skin. Among other properties, it must have a high absolute affinity for the skin’s phases, which provide for its diffusive conduction. Other factors in evaluation are the potency of the drug and the relative efficiency of the drug’s systemic presentation once it has gained access to the body. One also considers the potential for the drug to elicit adverse responses in the skin. Fortunately, parallels between the drug’s ability to partition between oil and water and its ease of mass transfer across the skin can be used to ferret out a working mass transfer coefficient. If not already known, solubilities are easily experimentally deduced. The extent of first-pass metabolism by the oral route, presumed to be a known quantity, is compared with the relative amount of metabolism of the drug in the course of its diffusion through the skin, an experimentally determined quantity, in order to set the transdermal dose. These bits of information can then be used to form an early, reasonably faithful picture of the feasibility of delivering a particular drug transdermally and to make a first estimate of the size of patch required for the drug.
« Comment les expériences sociales avec assignation aléatoire permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement et les politiques de bien-être »

Cet article explique de quelle facon des experiences sociales a grande echelle faisant appel a une assignation aleatoire, comme le Projet d’autosuffisance du Canada, permettent d’aborder d’importantes questions sociologiques et developpementales. Nous expliquons d’abord comment la repartition aleatoire resout le probleme de biais qui se retrouve dans la plupart des recherches fondees sur des enquetes. Nous passons ensuite en revue les methodes et resultats de deux series d’experiences recentes faisant appel a une repartition au hasard, l’une qui manipulait la situation economique des familles et l’autre qui manipulait les conditions du quartier. En conclusion, nous analysons les forces et faiblesses de cette approche experimentale.
Differences in EEG properties resulting from analysis using nearest-neighbor Laplacian, referencial and bipolar recording methods

Discusses the differences in EEG spectra and coherencies that are found when using nearest-neighbor Laplacian, referencial and bipolar recording methods. These differences are caused in part by the different spatial resolutions of the three methods. >
Susceptibility calculations for nonferromagnetic thin film chromium alloys

The magnetic behavior of chromium films was studied by determining the susceptibility values in the presence or absence of magnetic fields. The susceptibility depends on the moment of inertia as well as the magnetic torque produced mainly by the inhomogeneous magnetic field acting on volume elements of the sample. Susceptibility calculations were performed for the case of a mica sheet with and without an overlayer of Cr alloy. Cr films at room temperature seem to behave like strong diamagnetic materials. No possible relation to ferromagnetic surface layer behavior was found. >
trans‐1,1‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylsilirane

[116888-87-0] C12H26Si (MW 198.21) InChI = 1S/C12H26Si/c1-9-10(2)13(9,11(3,4)5)12(6,7)8/h9-10H,1-8H3/t9-,10-/m1/s1 InChIKey = PZPSUANGKSNRSG-NXEZZACHSA-N (substituted silirane that participates in thermal and metal-catalyzed insertion reactions) Physical Data: liquid, bp 45 °C (2 mm Hg). Solubility: soluble in common organic solvents (i.e., benzene, toluene, CH2Cl2). Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H-NMR, gas chromatography. Preparative Methods: prepared by silacyclopropanation of (E)-2-butene. Purification: purification was accomplished by distillation at reduced pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: sensitive to atmospheric oxidation and moisture. Operations should be performed in rigorously dried glassware using degassed solvents.
Direct-write of PZT thick films

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films have been prepared on alumina substrates using a direct-write technology. Thick films of 50 to 200 /spl mu/m were deposited, dried and then sintered at 1000/spl deg/ to 1200/spl deg/C for 30 minutes in PbO-rich atmosphere. Comparison of the thick film properties revealed that the dielectric constant and remnant polarization of the films sintered at 1100/spl deg/C were maximum, likely due to a balance between densification and lead loss. The effects of three sintering aids, i.e., lead oxide, lithium bismuth oxide, and a borosilicate glass, have been investigated on the microstructure and electrical properties of the PZT thick films. It was observed that a 2 wt% lithium bismuth oxide additive has a positive effect on the dielectric constant and remnant polarization of the PZT thick films sintered at 1100/spl deg/C. The microstructures of the films revealed that 3 wt% additives would result in excessive shrinkage and formation of large pores and cracks at a sintering temperature of 1100/spl deg/C and above. PZT films with 2 wt.% lithium bismuth oxide showed improved dielectric constant (/spl sim/40-50%) and remanent polarization (/spl sim/65%) compared to additive-free PZT thick films. It was also found that the properties are strongly thickness dependent.
Cross-Layer Attack and Defense in Cognitive Radio Networks

The existing research on security issues in cognitive radio networks mainly focuses on attack and defense in individual network layers. However, the attackers do not necessarily restrict themselves within the boundaries of network layers. In this paper, we design cross-layer attack strategies that can largely increase the attackers' power or reducing their risk of being detected. As a case study, we investigate the coordinated report-false-sensing data attack (PHY layer) and small-back-off-window attack (MAC layer). Furthermore, we propose a trust-based cross-layer defense framework that relies on abnormal detection in individual layers and cross-layer trust fusion. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed defense framework can significantly reduce the maximum damage caused by attackers.
Complications of Anticoagulation for Pulmonary Embolism in Low Risk Trauma Patients

Trauma patients are at significant risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Anticoagulation is standard therapy for DVT/PE, but may cause severe complications. We reviewed the course of 70 trauma ICU patients treated over a 28-month period. Thirty-six patients (51.4 percent) were treated by continuous IV heparin and/or oral warfarin. Of these, 13 patients (36 percent) developed complications requiring termination of anticoagulation. These included recurrent PE (four), subdural hematomas (three), hemothorax (two), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (one), hemorrhagic pericardial effusion (one), retroperitoneal hematoma (one), and sudden unexplained drop in hemoglobin and shock (one). All patients with subdural hematomas had no prior evidence of head injury on brain computed tomography. All patients with recurrent PE received adequate anticoagulation therapy. Age > 55 was associated with increased risk of complications (8 of 13; p = .02:chi 2). Thirty-four other patients (48.6 percent) received inferior vena caval filters with no related complications or deaths. Anticoagulation for DVT/PE should be used selectively in trauma patients and avoided in elderly patients. Such patients should undergo early caval filter placement.
The pragmatics of feeding the pediatric patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represents the ultimate pulmonary response to a wide range of injuries, from septicemia to trauma. Optimal nutrition is vital to enhancing oxygen delivery, supporting adequate cardiac contractility and respiratory musculature, eliminating fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and supporting the proinflammatory response. Research is providing a better understanding of nutrients that specifically address the complex physiologic changes in ARDS. This article highlights the pathophysiology of ARDS as it relates to nutrition, relevant nutritional assessment, and important enteral and parenteral considerations for the pediatric patient who has ARDS.
Evidence For Practice

ed article only. Individuals intending to put these findings into practice are encouraged to review the original article to determine its applicability to their setting. MAY 2009, VOL 89, NO 5 • AORN JOURNAL • 923 Effects of a preoperative anxiolytic on surgical site infection American Journal of Infection Control
Favorable effects of vasodilators on left ventricular remodeling in asymptomatic patients with chronic moderate-severe aortic regurgitation and normal ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Background: The role of vasodilator therapy in asymptomatic patients with chronic moderate to severe aortic regurgitation (AR) and normal left ventricular (LV) function is uncertain. We assessed the effects of vasodilator therapy (hydralazine, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) in this subgroup of patient population. Hypothesis: Vasodilators have favorable effects on LV remodelling in asymptomatic patients with chronic moderate to severe aortic regurgitation and normal LV function. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search for randomized clinical trials using long-term vasodilator therapy in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe AR and normal LV function. The magnitude of difference between the vasodilator and nonvasodilator groups was assessed by computing the mean difference (MD). Heterogeneity of the studies was analyzed by Cochran Q statistics. The MD for LV ejection fraction, LV end systolic volume index, and LV end diastolic volume index were computed by random effects model. The MD for LV end-systolic diameter and LV end-diastolic diameter were computed by fixed effects model. A 2-sided alpha error <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Seven studies with 460 patients were included. Meta-analysis of the studies revealed a significant increase in LVEF (MD: 5.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.37 to 10.26, P = 0.035), a significant decrease in LV end diastolic volume index (MD: −16.282, 95% CI: −23.684 to −8.881, P < 0.001), and a significant decrease in LV end diastolic diameter (MD: −2.343, 95% CI: −3.397 to −1.288, P < 0.001) in the vasodilator group compared with the nonvasodilator group. However, there was no significant decrease in LV end systolic volume index (MD: −6.105, 95% CI: −12.478 to 0.267, P = 0.060) or in LV end systolic diameter (MD: 0.00, 95% CI: −0.986 to 0.986, P = 1.0) in the vasodilator group compared with the nonvasodilator group. Conclusions: In asymptomatic patients with chronic severe AR and normal LV function, vasodilators have favorable effects on LV remodeling. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 doi: 10.1002/clc.22019 The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
An Analytical Technique to Elucidate Field Impurities From Manufacturing Uncertainties of an Double Pancake Type HTS Insert for High Field LTS/HTS NMR Magnets

This paper addresses adverse effects of dimensional uncertainties of an HTS insert assembled with double-pancake coils on spatial field homogeneity. Each DP coil was wound with Bi2223 tapes having dimensional tolerances larger than one order of magnitude of those accepted for LTS wires used in conventional NMR magnets. The paper presents: 1) dimensional variations measured in two LTS/HTS NMR magnets, 350 MHz (LH350) and 700 MHz (LH700), both built and operated at the Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory; and 2) an analytical technique and its application to elucidate the field impurities measured with the two LTS/HTS magnets. Field impurities computed with the analytical model and those measured with the two LTS/HTS magnets agree quite well, demonstrating that this analytical technique is applicable to design a DP-assembled HTS insert with an improved field homogeneity for a high-field LTS/HTS NMR magnet.
Distribution, Abundance, and Genetic Diversity of Clinostomum spp. Metacercariae (Trematoda: Digenea) in a Modified Ozark Stream System

Abstract Land-use alterations can have profound influences on faunal distributions, including host-parasite relationships. Yellow grub trematodes (Clinostomum spp.) have complex life cycles involving 3 hosts: a snail, a fish or amphibian, and a bird. Here, we analyze the distribution, prevalence, intensity, abundance, and genetic diversity of encysting metacercariae of Clinostomum spp. in salamanders and fishes throughout an aquatic system that includes a natural Ozark stream and man-made ponds. We found Clinostomum sp. infecting permanently aquatic Oklahoma salamanders (Eurycea tynerensis; 56% prevalence) and larval grotto salamanders (Eurycea spelaea) immediately downstream from a man-made pond. However, Clinostomum sp. did not infect any salamanders in the spring that supplies this pond, or in sections farther downstream (∼0.5 and 2 km). Metacercariae of Clinostomum sp. were present in ∼90% of introduced largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the man-made pond adjunct to the stream. Morphological e...
An Information-Theoretic View of Network-Aware Malware Attacks

This work provides an information-theoretic view to better understand the relationships between aggregated vulnerability information viewed by attackers and a class of randomized epidemic scanning algorithms. In particular, this work investigates three aspects: 1) a network vulnerability as the nonuniform vulnerable-host distribution, 2) threats, i.e., intelligent malwares that exploit such a vulnerability, and 3) defense, i.e., challenges for fighting the threats. We first study five large data sets and observe consistent clustered vulnerable-host distributions. We then present a new metric, referred to as the nonuniformity factor, that quantifies the unevenness of a vulnerable-host distribution. This metric is essentially the Renyi information entropy that unifies the nonuniformity of a vulnerable-host distribution with different malware-scanning methods. Next, we draw a relationship between Renyi entropies and randomized epidemic scanning algorithms. We find that the infection rates of malware-scanning methods are characterized by the Renyi entropies that relate to the information bits in a nonunform vulnerable-host distribution extracted by a randomized scanning algorithm. Meanwhile, we show that a representative network-aware malware can increase the spreading speed by exactly or nearly a nonuniformity factor when compared to a random-scanning malware at an early stage of malware propagation. This quantifies that how much more rapidly the Internet can be infected at the early stage when a malware exploits an uneven vulnerable-host distribution as a network-wide vulnerability. Furthermore, we analyze the effectiveness of defense strategies on the spread of network-aware malwares. Our results demonstrate that counteracting network-aware malwares is a significant challenge for the strategies that include host-based defenses and IPv6.
Historical and Philosophical Sources of the American Antitrust Laws

While government concern with monopolistic behavior has a respectable history, going back to the Codex Iustiniani,1 we feel justified in viewing the historical development of the American antitrust laws only as it evolved through the English common law courts down to the present-day situation. In so doing we can divide this historical evolution into four periods: (1) The period beginning with the Anglo-Saxon Common Law of the Middle Ages, which is part of the American legal heritage, through the years of American Independence down to the Sherman Act of 1890;2 (2) The period beginning with the Sherman Act of 1890 down to the Report of the Attorney General’s National Committee to Study the Antitrust Laws of 1955; (3) The Report of the Attorney General’s National Committee to Study the Antitrust Laws, March 31, 1955; (4) The period after 1955.
The practical importance of synovial-fluid analysis.

Synovial-fluid analysis is of practical importance in the differential diagnosis of joint disease. The separation of cases of severe inflammatory response from those of basic traumatic and degenerative etiology can be readily accomplished. With the aid of these tests, early diagnosis of the nature of the arthritis is often possible.
Application of Aqua MODIS sensor data for estimating chlorophyll a in the turbid Case 2 waters of Lake Erie using bio-optical models

There is considerable interest in accurately estimating water quality parameters in turbid (Case 2) and eutrophic waters such as the Western Basin of Lake Erie (WBLE). Lake Erie is a large, open freshwater body that supports diverse ecosystem, and over 12 million people in the mid-western part of the United States depend on it for drinking water, fisheries, navigational, and recreational purposes. The increasing utilization of the freshwater has deteriorated the water severely and currently the lake is experiencing recurring harmful algal blooms (HABs). Improving the water quality of Lake Erie requires the use of robust monitoring tools that help water quality managers understand sources and pathways of influxes that trigger HABs. Satellite-based remote sensing sensor such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) may provide frequent and synoptic view of the water quality indices. In this study, data set from field measurements was used to evaluate the performance of 14 existing ocean ...
Juridical “Joy”: Law, Affect and the Anecdote

Legal anecdotes serve to bind populations to law through creating an affective, even affectionate, relationship between law and its communities. An analysis of a legal anecdote involving Justice John Holt (1642–1710) and witchcraft demonstrates how anecdotes can soothe public anxieties over rapid modernization. This particular anecdote asserts the primacy of the literate over the oral, high culture over popular culture, science over superstition, the urban over the rural, and yet creates in the end an affective community united around affection for Holt and the English common law system he represented.
Opening STEM Careers to Hispanics

This chapter discusses Hispanics, the largest ethnic minority group underrepresented in the science and technology disciplines today. The first section describes the history of higher education for Hispanics in the United States. The middle section describes the history of science and technology education for Hispanics. The concluding section presents a history of Hispanic-Serving Institutions, one of the most important places for the higher education of Hispanic students.
Cistercians, Heresy and Crusade in Occitania, 1145-1229: Preaching in the Lord's Vineyard

Appendix to introduction: deconstructing - close reading, rhetorical criticism, and historiography of persecution and heresy. The Lord's vineyard in the 12th century monastic spirituality and literature - the domestic vineyard Bernard of Clairvaux, the 1143/44 sermons and the 1145 preaching mission - from the domestic to the Lord's vineyard Henry of Clairvaux, the 1178 and 1181 missions, and the campaign against the Waldensians - driving the foxes from the vineyard Innocent III's papacy and the Crusade years, 1198-1229 - weeding the vineyard Helinand of Froidmont and the events of 1229 - planting virtues in the vineyard.
Predictive coding of correlated sources

A lossy coding scheme is proposed for separate encoding and joint decoding of two correlated sequences. The algorithm simultaneously exploits the correlation between the sequences (using a binning-based quantization scheme) and that between the samples of each sequence (using linear prediction). Under the proposed coding regime, optimal prediction filter design fundamentally deviates from the traditional approach. More specifically, it is, in general, not optimal to employ first-order prediction for noisy observations of a first-order Markov source, even when the noise is negligibly small. Moreover, even if the prediction filter is constrained to be of degree 1, the optimal filter coefficient is different from the correlation coefficient of the Markov source. In the particular example treated in this paper, it is shown that optimal first- and second-order prediction respectively enjoy up to 0.9 dB and 1.15 dB improvement over the traditional approach.
WHY ZERO TOLERANCE OF MISCONDUCT IS UNDESIRABLE IN CONTESTS

Competition can foster misconduct in any circumstance where the organizer of a contest cannot perfectly monitor contestants' actions or when doing so is prohibitively costly. Although misconduct comprises all actions that are contrary to the interest of the organizer, it is not necessarily the case that it is optimal to prohibit all such behavior. In this paper, we determine the equilibrium level of misconduct chosen by players in a symmetric rank-order tournament between two competitors in which the organizer tolerates some level of misconduct. In addition to showing that zero tolerance may not minimize the level of misconduct in equilibrium, we show that there exists a range of tolerated misconduct where a symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium exists with players cheating (i.e., misconduct above the tolerated level) with some probability. When the gain from misconduct is uncertain and unknown the contest organizer faces a tradeoff: tolerating more misconduct will reduce such behavior when the state of temptation is high, but increase it when temptation is low. (JEL J33, K42)
High Efficiency Raman Lasers Based on Zr-Doped Silica Hybrid Microcavities

Raman lasers form a particularly unique and versatile class of optically pumped laser. Because they rely on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), which is governed by the vibrational frequency of the gain material and not electronic transitions, the emission wavelength is determined by the pump wavelength, enabling broad tunability. Ultrahigh quality factor (Q) silica optical resonators are an ideal platform for Raman lasers because the long photon lifetime results in large circulating optical intensities. Previous work has demonstrated extremely low thresholds using these devices. However, only moderate Raman lasing efficiencies have been achieved in silica devices. In the present work, we demonstrate that a zirconium (Zr)-doped silica sol–gel coating can improve the performance of a silica microcavity Raman laser. Several concentrations of Zr-doped sol–gel are synthesized. The intrinsic Raman gain of the Zr-doped silica is measured using Raman spectroscopy, and the values show a clear dependence on Zr dopa...
Thickness and Closure Kinetics of the Suprachoroidal Space Following Microneedle Injection of Liquid Formulations.

Purpose To determine the effect of injection volume and formulation of a microneedle injection into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) on SCS thickness and closure kinetics. Methods Microneedle injections containing 25 to 150 μL Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) were performed in the rabbit SCS ex vivo. Distribution of SCS thickness was measured by ultrasonography and three-dimensional (3D) cryo-reconstruction. Microneedle injections were performed in the rabbit SCS in vivo using HBSS, Discovisc, and 1% to 5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in HBSS. Ultrasonography was used to track SCS thickness over time. Results Increasing HBSS injection volume increased the area of expanded SCS, but did not increase SCS thickness ex vivo. With SCS injections in vivo, the SCS initially expanded to thicknesses of 0.43 ± 0.06 mm with HBSS, 1.5 ± 0.4 mm with Discovisc, and 0.69 to 2.1 mm with 1% to 5% CMC. After injection with HBSS, Discovisc, and 1% CMC solution, the SCS collapsed to baseline with time constants of 19 minutes, 6 hours, and 2.4 days, respectively. In contrast, injections with 3% to 5% CMC solution resulted in SCS expansion to 2.3 to 2.8 mm over the course of 2.8 to 9.1 hours, after which the SCS collapsed to baseline with time constants of 4.5 to 9.2 days. Conclusions With low-viscosity formulations, SCS expands to a thickness that remains roughly constant, independent of the volume of fluid injected. Increasing injection fluid viscosity significantly increased SCS thickness. Expansion of the SCS is hypothesized to be controlled by a balance between the viscous forces of the liquid formulation and the resistive biomechanical forces of the tissue.
Exoticism, Cultural Hybridity, and Subaltern Identity in Three Macanese Novels

Although the novels of Austin Coates, Henrique de Senna Fernandes, and Rodrigo Leal de Carvalho’s depict life in the former Portuguese colony of Macau, their individual perspectives reflect a contrast between literary colonialism and coloniality. A British public servant, Coates perceives Macanese reality through the competing biased eyes of an Englishman resenting Portuguese culture and administration in the colony; Leal de Carvalho, a Portuguese resident of Macau, romantically depicts the social nature of Portuguese colonialism; Senna Fernandes, a native Macanese educated in Portugal, orders his interpretation of the colony’s Eurasian inhabitants vis-a-vis its Chinese population. The aim of this article is to contrast the literary representation of three issues in Coates’s City of Broken Promises , Fernandes’s Th e Bewitching Braid , and Carvalho’s Th e Count and his Theree Wives : exoticism, cultural hybridity, and subaltern identity.
Thinking About Sustainability: Issues and Themes for College Students

This contribution discusses many of the themes that the author has used in various Environmental Studies courses at the University of Oregon. While this collection of themes could be viewed as eclectic, they are well rooted in what is happening in the real world. In cases of data, as this article was written December 2016, we have tried to find and use the most current data to describe some situation. This is quite important because in the arenas of energy generation, resource consumption and climate change, the real world strongly evolves and can change dramatically from what the situation looked like just a few years ago.
Indirect Modification of Patient Behavior with Instructions, Bonus Contingencies, and Training Programs Applied to Nursing Aides

In an effort to indirectly develop appropriate behavior in two psychotic patients, several procedures were used to modify the behavior in two nursing aides. Following an initial baseline period, a series of conditions was imposed on the aides involving: instructions, monetary bonus, and behavior change programs. During baseline, interactions between each aide and the patient subsequently assigned to him virtually were nonexistent. Instructions produced slight temporary changes in aide behavior, but there were no changes in patient behavior. The instructions plus bonus contingency produced an increase in aide-patient interactions and a clear change in the behavior of one patient. When aide training in the implementation of written behavior change programs was added to instructions and bonus contingency for the first patient behavior, abrupt changes in aide and patient behaviors were observed in both dyads. Subsequently, these results were replicated successfully with the second patient behavior, which increased for the first time for both patients.