cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic measures of cardiovascular disease risk in antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals with HIV infection.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality among individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [1,2]. Although there is evidence that HIV-infected individuals are at increased CVD risk, most of the studies evaluating the associations between HIV-infection and CVD have been conducted in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Several commonly used ART agents have been associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction and metabolic abnormalities that increase CVD risk, such as dyslipoproteinemia and insulin resistance [3–5]. Given the relatively low CVD risk in most HIV-infected individuals in the United States and the confounding effects of ART on CVD risk, it is unclear if HIV infection or its treatment notably increases CVD risk. Prior to the era of active ART, HIV infection also was associated with premature coronary heart disease and atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia, characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and small low-density lipoproteins, as well as increased serological markers of inflammation [6]. However, studies characterizing CVD risk factors in ART-naive patients tended to be small, included highly selected patients who mostly were of white ethnicity, and no longer reflect the general health and diversity of modern patients considering initiation of ART. Furthermore, subclinical arterial disease has not been well-characterized in HIV-infected patients not on ART. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the associations between traditional CVD risk factors, inflammatory markers, and markers of HIV disease activity with ultrasonographic measures of CVD risk (carotid artery intima-media thickness [CIMT] and brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation [FMD]), in patients with HIV who are not receiving ART. CIMT and FMD respectively are measures of arterial structure and function that independently predict future CVD events in individuals without known CVD [7–13].
The relationship between reproductive performance and blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Blood pressure was measured serially throughout pregnancy in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in normotensive control rats of the Wistar-Kyoto strain. Changes in blood pressure were also correlated with the outcome of pregnancy. In control rats there was a small but significant decrease in blood pressure between days 20 and 22 of pregnancy (day of birth = day 22.5). In the spontaneously hypertensive rat this decrease occurred earlier, between days 18 and 19 of pregnancy, and was of greater magnitude. There was a positive correlation in the spontaneously hypertensive rat between the number of live-born pups and the magnitude of the decrease in blood pressure. Perinatal mortality, but not litter size, was greater in the spontaneously hypertensive rat than in control rats. Thus the physiologic mechanisms responsible for the decrease in blood pressure in the normal rat are preserved in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, and the successful completion and outcome of pregnancy depend on the capacity of the hypertensive rat to amplify these processes. Consequently, the spontaneously hypertensive rat is not an appropriate experimental model for hypertension of human pregnancy, in particular for preeclampsia, in which the presence of the conceptus characteristically causes blood pressure to rise, especially during the last trimester. However, an investigation of the factors responsible for the profound antihypertensive effect of pregnancy in rats could provide new insights into the mechanisms by which blood pressure is regulated during pregnancy and suggest new therapeutic approaches.
Fast Imaging Applications in the Nuclear Test Program

Applications of fast imaging employ both streak cameras and fast framing techniques. Image intensifier tubes are gated to provide fast two-dimensional shutters of 2-3 ns duration with shatter ratios of greater than 106 and resolution greater than 104 pixels. Shutters of less than 1 ns have been achieved with experimental tubes. Characterization data demonstrate the importance of tube and pulser design. Streak cameras are used to simultaneously record temporal and intensity information from up to 200 spatial points. Streak cameras are combined with remote readout for downhole uses and are coupled to fiber optic cables for uphole uses. Optical wavelength multiplexing is being studied as a means of compressing additional image data onto optical fibers. Performance data demonstrate trade-offs between image resolution and system sensitivity.
Distinguishing primary and secondary reactions of cellulose pyrolysis

The objective of this study was to elucidate primary and secondary reactions of cellulose pyrolysis, which was accomplished by comparing results from a micro-pyrolyzer coupled to a GC-MS/FID system and a 100 g/hr bench scale fluidized bed reactor system. The residence time of vapors in the micro-pyrolyzer was only 15-20 ms, which precluded significant secondary reactions. The fluidized bed reactor had a vapor residence time of 1-2 s, which is similar to full-scale pyrolysis systems and is long enough for secondary reactions to occur. Products from the fluidized bed pyrolyzer reactor were analyzed using a combination of micro-GC, GC-MS/FID, LC-MS and IC techniques. Comparison between the products from the two reactor systems revealed that the oligomerization of leglucosan and decomposition of primary products such as 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, anhydro xylopyranose and 2-furaldehyde were the major secondary reactions occurring in the fluidized bed reactor. This study can be used to build more descriptive pyrolysis models that can predict yield of specific compounds.
The status of nurses' knowledge and beliefs about autism.

Autism* is a little understood disorder that presents a varying and uncertain clinical picture. Although the syndrome was first described over 35 years ago, marked disagreement and confusion over definition, etiology and treatment exists today. The literature related to autism has increased dramatically in the last few years as theorists, researchers, clinicians and practitioners have described their work with autistic children and adults. Confusion, dissension and disagreement persist. At present, there is no conclusive work that singles out the etiology of the disorder, nor is there any one treatment known to remedy the condition. As Balow and Reid (1978, p. 2) state, “. . . in total the scientific evidence relative to autism is thin indeed. Whether the question is ‘What is autism?‘, ‘What causes autism?‘, ‘Can it be cured?‘, ‘What becomes of the autistic child when he grows up?‘, or ‘What are the most effective treatments?‘, most of the answers are products of belief, or, at best, limited research evidence. There is much to be done to get us beyond the stage of belief systems based primarily on limited clinical experience.” Since the disorder was first described by Kanner (1943), there have been many theories and hypotheses to explain the behavioral manifestations and etiology. Initial beliefs were of a psychogenic nature, describing the condition as a problem of nurturance, particularly between mother and child. Other theories and beliefs were developed as attempts to understand the perplexing difficulty encountered with differential diagnosis. Controversy over the nature of the disorder resulted in some clinicians and researchers describing autism as a form of other mental disorders (Bender, 1947; Mahler, 1952). A few professionals view autism as a form of mental retardation, while others see it as an emotional disorder. Still others are of the opinion that early infantile autism is a distinct pathological syndrome but maintain differing views concerning etiology (Rutter, 1970; Rimland, 1964). While there are many speculations, research hypotheses and individual beliefs concerning autism, there exists little documented evidence to prove or disprove commonly held beliefs.
The effect of age on the attentional demands of postural control

A dual-task paradigm was used to determine the attentional demands of several postural control tasks in 16 older women (age, 71.593.4 years) and 14 young women (age, 25.592.4 years). Older women had slower verbal reaction times (VRT) compared with the younger women and increased reaction time more from a sitting to standing posture. Compared with the younger women, older women required more cognitive resources to maintain a simple eyes open standing posture versus an eyes open seated posture. Further, older women had significantly greater VRT during the dual-task conditions compared with younger women. However, VRT did not significantly change as the difficulty of the primary task increased in either group. These data have implications for older adults who may be at risk for falls in situations where they may be engaged in concurrent tasks, even when those tasks are considered automated and:or lower order operations. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The development of an instrument to measure neighborhood cohesion

The development of an instrument measuring a variable that represents a synthesis of the concepts of psychological sense of community, attractionto-neighborhood, and social interaction within a neighborhood is reported. When this individual-level variable (termed "sense of community/cohesion") is assessed in a random sample of residents in a geographically bounded neighborhood, the mean value forms a measure of the neighborhood's cohesiveness. The stages of instrument conceptualization, development, and testing are outlined. In administration to 206 residents in three separate neighborhoods the instrument demonstrated good internal consistency and testretest stability at the individual-level of analysis. When evaluated at the neighborhood-level of analysis the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument exhibited good discriminatory power and evidenced criterion-related validity in the assessment of neighborhood cohesion.
Extension of the WKB method to wave functions and transition probability amplitudès (S-matrix) for inelastic or reactive collisions

A WKB-type method is used to calculate the wave function and S-matrix for these collisions directly, instead of applying WKB to the customary infinite set of coupled differential equations. Action-angle variables and exact or approximate classical trajectories are used.
Flow Analysis on Hydrostatic Guideway of Precision CNC Lathe Based on FLUENT

In order to improve the machining accuracy of precision CNC lathe, and explore the fluid motion law in the closed hydrostatic guideway, three-dimensional model of hydrostatic oil chamber was established using preprocessor GAMBIT of FLUENT. The Finite Volume Method of Fluent has been used to the simulation of fluid three-dimensional velocity field and pressure field. The fluid velocity vector and pressure distribution graphs are obtained. They reveal the flow field law in the gap fluid. The simulation result of the pressure distribution shows that the flow pressure was not changing in linear gradient all around the gap under moving condition.
On Tree Circuits

This article is primarily concerned with means for finding economical tree circuit realizations?iterative applications of decompositions f(x n , x n-1 ,..., x 1 ) = F i (G i (x n , x n-1 ,..., x? i ,..., x 1 ), H i ,(x n , x n-1 ,..., x? i ,..., x 1 ), x i ) and their associated circuitry?for Boolean functions f(x n , x n-1 ,..., x 1 ). A uniform estimate or inequality shows that when synthesis is effected with two-input-per-gate circuitry, tree circuits are preferable to those which result from conventional sum of products techniques. The practical significance of the estimate is illustrated by its application to the tree circuit synthesis problem. The relationship of tree circuit theory to decomposition theory is established and the extension of the present theory to the corresponding multiple-output and incompletely-specified problems is indicated.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Due to Intravenous Administration of Hetastarch

ABSTRACT Disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred in a patient after intravenous administration of hetastarch. The onset was acute within 3 hours after exposure to the agent and the course was fulminating. The patient died in 48 hours. Clinical, hematologic, and pathologic features are presented and possible pathophysiologic mechanism is discussed. In view of this experience and documented effects of hetastarch on coagulation, the use of hetastarch should be avoided if the patient has a history of coagulation disorder, and the patient receiving the agent should be closely monitored with apropriate coagulation tests.
Queer history in Cymbeline

This essay considers Cymbeline’s inquiry into the dynamics of history and desire alongside work in queer studies that attends to the indeterminacy of desire both in and for history. It argues that Cymbeline draws on Ovidian approaches to history, eroticism and narrative to model a multi-vocal historiography that foregrounds non-heteronormative experiences of desire.
MECHANICAL ENERGY DENSITY OF SECOND SOUND IN LIQUID HELIUM II.

The mechanical energy density in a second-sound beam was determined experimentally between 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the lambda point by measuring the force that the beam exerts on the vane of a torsion balance. At low power input, the experimental energy density conforms to the expression $E={(\ensuremath{\rho}\mathrm{CT}{{u}_{2}}^{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{〈{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{Q}}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{av}}$ derived from low-velocity nondissipative two-fluid theory. At higher power input the experimental values are too low. The discrepancy does not seem to arise from large amplitude effects in the second-sound wave. The temperature and power dependence of the observed attenuation is approximately the same as in Vinen's experiment on the attenuation of second sound propagated across a steady heat current in a tube. Vinen shows that the attenuation is caused by turbulence in the heat current, although the exact nature of the turbulence and the role played by tube diameter and surface imperfections of the tube walls is still controversial. It appears that in the present experiment the attenuation also results from scattering of second sound by turbulence in a heat current. This heat current arises from the dc component of the heat input to the second-sound source, and it flows freely through the bulk liquid, in the same direction as the second-sound beam. Since the observed attenuation is essentially the same as in Vinen's experiment, it is reasonable to conclude that the turbulence is approximately isotropic and that tube diameter and wall effects are not decisive factors for nucleation and growth of turbulence in a heat current in helium II.
Predictors of the Career Commitment Process in Mexican American College Students

This study explored the extent to which perceived parental support, perceived career barriers, and adherence to career myths would predict two specific dimensions of the commitment to career choices process (i.e., vocational exploration and commitment and tendency to foreclose) in a sample of Mexican American college students. Perceived parental support was significantly positively predictive of vocational exploration and commitment and significantly negatively predictive of a tendency to foreclose prematurely on career options in Mexican American college students. Furthermore, both perceived career barriers and adherence to career myths were significantly positively predictive of Mexican American college students’ tendency to foreclose on career choices. Future research directions are presented.
Compositional assessment of transgenic crops: an idea whose time has passed

Compositional studies comparing transgenic crops with non-transgenic crops are almost universally required by governmental regulatory bodies to support the safety assessment of new transgenic crops. Here we discuss the assumptions that led to this requirement and lay out the theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that such studies are no more necessary for evaluating the safety of transgenic crops than they are for traditionally bred crops.
Ionic conditions affecting the release and absorption of an alkaline protease associated with the occlusion bodies of insect baculoviruses

Abstract Nearly all of the alkaline protease found in the occlusion bodies of baculoviruses (polyhedra for nuclear polyhedrosis and capsules for granulosis viruses) ( Baculovirus , subgroup A and B, family Baculoviridae) can be specifically extracted under high ionic concentration. The extraction is directly proportional to the concentrations of NaCl up to 0.25 m . It is not dependent on p H, species of ions, temperature, and incubation time. The protease is reabsorbed under low ionic concentration by protease-extracted and by heat-treated capsules and polyhedra. The protease from Streptomyces griseus is not absorbed. This indicates that the occlusion body proteins have distinct affinity for certain alkaline proteases.
A trimeric DNA polymerase complex increases the native replication processivity

DNA polymerases are essential enzymes in all domains of life for both DNA replication and repair. The primary DNA replication polymerase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsoDpo1) has been shown previously to provide the necessary polymerization speed and exonuclease activity to replicate the genome accurately. We find that this polymerase is able to physically associate with itself to form a trimer and that this complex is stabilized in the presence of DNA. Analytical gel filtration and electrophoretic mobility shift assays establish that initially a single DNA polymerase binds to DNA followed by the cooperative binding of two additional molecules of the polymerase at higher concentrations of the enzyme. Protein chemical crosslinking experiments show that these are specific polymerase–polymerase interactions and not just separate binding events along DNA. Isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence anisotropy experiments corroborate these findings and show a stoichiometry where three polymerases are bound to a single DNA substrate. The trimeric polymerase complex significantly increases both the DNA synthesis rate and the processivity of SsoDpo1. Taken together, these results suggest the presence of a trimeric DNA polymerase complex that is able to synthesize long DNA strands more efficiently than the monomeric form.
Elevation of Cyclic AMP Levels in Astrocytes Antagonizes Cytokine‐Induced Adhesion Molecule Expression

We have examined the effect of elevating cyclic AMP levels on cytokine-mediated enhancement of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene expression by astrocytes. Treatment of astrocytes with the cyclic AMP mimetic dibutyryl-cyclic AMP, or the agonists norepinephrine, forskolin, prostaglandin E2, and cholera toxin alone had no effect on ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 mRNA gene expression. However, elevating cyclic AMP levels within the cells by these agents suppressed interleukin-1beta- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor, rolipram, was able to potentiate the inhibitory effect of forskolin on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced VCAM-1 mRNA levels by forskolin was partially due to enhanced degradation of VCAM-1 message, whereas the decay rates of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced ICAM-1 message and interleukin-1beta-induced ICAM-1/VCAM-1 message were not affected by forskolin treatment. These results demonstrate that the pathways used by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha to induce adhesion molecule expression are antagonized by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated signaling pathways.
A taxonomic review of Stachyotis (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Plutellidae) with description of a new species from China

The genus Stachyotis (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutoidea, Plutellidae) is reviewed by re-description of the type species, Stachyotis epichrysa Meyrick from Sri Lanka and description of a new species, S. chunshengwui sp. nov. from China. These 2 congeners are distinguished from each other in their forewing patterns and male genitalia. The diagnostic features of Stachyotis are proposed from the forewing venation, structures of the second sternite and the tergites, and the male genitalia. A possible association of Stachyotis and Orthenchesgroup is discussed.
Evidence for a Past High-Eccentricity Lunar Orbit

The large differences between the Moon's three principal moments of inertia have been a mystery since Laplace considered them in 1799. Here we present calculations that show how past high-eccentricity orbits can account for the moment differences, represented by the low-order lunar gravity field and libration parameters. One of our solutions is that the Moon may have once been in a 3:2 resonance of orbit period to spin period, similar to Mercury's present state. The possibility of past high-eccentricity orbits suggests a rich dynamical history and may influence our understanding of the early thermal evolution of the Moon.
Spices and herbs may improve cardiovascular risk factors

Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) include high blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes. Family history and inflammatory factors also affect CVD risk. Diet therapy for treating and managing patients with CVD and for reducing risk among healthy individuals focuses on consuming a diet containing vegetables and fruits; eating whole-grain breads and cereals; choosing poultry, fish, nuts, legumes, and low-fat dairy foods; and limiting the intake of saturated fat, trans-fat, sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and red meats. 1 Because spices and herbs are rich in potentially bioactive compounds, clinical studies have examined their effects on blood insulin, blood lipids, and inflammation. EFFECTS OF A SPICE BLEND ON POSTPRANDIAL INSULIN, TRIGLYCERIDES, AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY We designed a pilot study to determine whether a single, large dose (14 g) of a high-antioxidant spice blend incorporated into a test meal caused postprandial blood changes. 2 Six overweight men aged 30 to 65 years were recruited, baseline blood samples were taken, and the men were randomized to 2 test conditions: a control meal consisting of a dessert biscuit, coconut chicken, and cheese bread, or the same control meal with an added spice blend that included black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, garlic powder, ginger, oregano (Mediterranean), paprika, rosemary, and turmeric. Participants could not be blinded to the test condition because of the relatively large amount of spice blend used. Postprandial blood samples were taken immediately after the meal and every 30 minutes thereafter until 8 samples were collected. Blood lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured. The plasma was analyzed for hydrophilic, lipophilic, and total oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) to provide information about its antioxidant potential. A higher total antioxidant capacity may reflect reduced oxidative stress, which is an underlying cause of many chronic diseases. 3 Addition of spices and herbs to the test meal significantly decreased postprandial insulin area under the curve by 21% (P = .004) and triglycerides area under the curve by 31% (P = .048), as shown in the Figure. Hydrophilic ORAC levels were 13% higher (P = .02) following the spice test meal than following the control meal, whereas lipophilic and total ORAC levels did not differ between the meals. Total blood cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose levels were not affected by meal condition. These findings suggest that a blend of spices and herbs may help improve levels of postprandial insulin and triglyceride concentrations after a high-fat meal while alsoenhancingthe antioxidative capacity of blood.
THE MECHANISM OF METASTASIS

Since Paget 45 described the seed and soil hypothesis of tumor metastasis more than a century ago, understanding of cancer pathophysiology and treatment has grown significantly. Understanding of the mechanisms involved in tumor metastasis is limited, however. The mechanisms of tumor metastasis to the skeletal system are multifactorial. 50 This complex interaction of factors impedes the complete discovery and understanding of the process of skeletal metastasis. Current understanding points to three mechanisms involved in metastasis. The first mechanism is the intrinsic properties of the tumor cells 3,5,10,26,40 ; these properties potentiate the tumor cell's ability to leave the site of primary neoplasia and take residence in a distant skeletal environment. The second mechanism, as Batson 7 described, is the anatomic predisposition of the host that allows seeding of neoplastic cells in the specific regions of the skeletal system. 18 The third mechanism is the properties of the skeletal host and its response to the migration of malignant cells from the site of primary tumor. The process of metastasis from primary neoplasia to vascular invasion and subsequent hematogenous spread is depicted in Figure 1. The biologic activity occurring at the skeletal host on the arrival of neoplastic cells is depicted in Figure 2. An overview of the many biologically active substances that have been identified as integral to the metastatic process is presented in Table 1.
Avoiding hot-spots on two-level direct networks

A low-diameter, fast interconnection network is going to be a prerequisite for building exascale machines. A two-level direct network has been proposed by several groups as a scalable design for future machines. IBM's PERCS topology and the dragonfly network discussed in the DARPA exascale hardware study are examples of this design. The presence of multiple levels in this design leads to hot-spots on a few links when processes are grouped together at the lowest level to minimize total communication volume. This is especially true for communication graphs with a small number of neighbors per task. Routing and mapping choices can impact the communication performance of parallel applications running on a machine with a two-level direct topology. This paper explores intelligent topology aware mappings of different communication patterns to the physical topology to identify cases that minimize link utilization. We also analyze the trade-offs between using direct and indirect routing with different mappings. We use simulations to study communication and overall performance of applications since there are no installations of two-level direct networks yet. This study raises interesting issues regarding the choice of job scheduling, routing and mapping for future machines.
In search of venous thromboembolism: the first 2913 years.

OBJECTIVE. Venous thromboembolism was first described in India around 600–900 BC. It was not until the 17th through 19th centuries that Western researchers began to understand the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895 led to the first objective imaging. CONCLUSION. Currently, scintigraphy, helical CT, MRI, and sonography provide accurate in vivo images. These high-quality images have forced clinicians to reevaluate many preimaging assumptions about and treatments for venous thromboembolism.
SCREAM I: A single mask, single-crystal silicon, reactive ion etching process for microelectromechanical structures

A single-crystal slhcon, high aspect ratlo, low-temperature process sequence for the fabrlcatlon of suspended rmcroelectromechamcal structures (MEMS) usmg a smgle hthography step and reactwe Ion etching (RIE) IS presented The process IS called SCRJZAM I (single-crystal reactwe etchmg and metalhzatmn) SCREAM I IS a bulk mlcromachmmg process that uses RIE of a s~hcon substrate to fabricate suspended movable smgle-crystal s&on (SCS) beam structures Beam elements wth aspect ratios of 10 to 1 and widths rangmg from 0 5 to 4 0 Frn have been fabricated All process steps are low temperature (<3OO “C), and only conventronal sd~con fabrlcation tools are used photohthography, RIE, MIE, plasma-enhanced chemxal-vapor deposrtlon (PECVD) and sputter deposlhon SCREAM I IS a self-ahgned process and uses a smgle lithography step to define beams and structures srmultaneously as well as all necessary contact pads, electrIcal mterconnects and lateral capaators SCREAM I has been specifically deslgned for integration with standard Integrated cmxnt (IC) processes, so MEM deuces can be fabricated adjacent to prefabricated analog and dIgItal carcuitry In this paper we present process parameters for the fabncatlon of discrete SCREAM I devices We also discuss mask design rules and show micrographs of fabncated deuces
Guided assembly of nanostructures via elastic interactions

Abstract A solid solution can spontaneously separate into phases that self-assemble into patterns. This process can be guided via external fields to form ordered micro- and nanostructures. In this paper, we demonstrate that notions of interaction energies provide powerful insights into the coupling of these fields with the properties of the alloy. A phase-field model is developed that incorporates chemical, interfacial, and elastic energies, including heterogeneous elastic properties, and couples naturally to externally imposed mechanical fields. Aggregation in bulk and in thin films under patterned external load is investigated. The kinetics and morphology of phase separation are shown to depend significantly on elastic properties of the system, which include elastic heterogeneity and the misfit or transformation strain. Eshelby-type asymptotic estimates for interaction energies are shown to be very useful in understanding and predicting the trends observed from the simulations.
Mixing fingerprints for template security and privacy

Securing a stored fingerprint image is of paramount importance because a compromised fingerprint cannot be easily revoked. In this work, an input fingerprint image is mixed with another fingerprint (e.g., from a different finger), in order to produce a new mixed image that obscures the identity of the original fingerprint. Mixing fingerprints creates a new entity that looks like a plausible fingerprint and, thus, (a) it can be processed by conventional fingerprint algorithms and (b) an intruder may not be able to determine if a given print is mixed or not. To mix two fingerprints, each fingerprint is decomposed into two components, viz., the continuous and spiral components. After pre-aligning the two components of each fingerprint, the continuous component of one fingerprint is combined with the spiral component of the other fingerprint image in order to generate a mixed fingerprint. Experiments on the WVU and FVC2000 datasets show that the mixed fingerprint can potentially be used for authentication and that the identity of the original fingerprint cannot be easily deduced from the mixed fingerprint. Further, the mixed fingerprint can facilitate in the generation of cancelable templates.
Dunn’s cluster validity index as a contrast measure of VAT images

This paper addresses the relationship between the visual assessment of cluster tendency (VAT) algorithm and Dunnpsilas cluster validity index. We present an analytical comparison in conjunction with numerical examples to demonstrate that the effectiveness of VAT in showing cluster tendency is directly related to Dunnpsilas index. This analysis is important to understanding the underlying theory of VAT and VAT-based algorithms and, more generally, other algorithms that are based on, or similar to, Primpsilas Algorithm.
Crony Capitalism: COMPARING KOREA AND THE PHILIPPINES

[Martial law] was a liberation – particularly for the business community. … it meant an equalization of opportunity, a breaking down of the old bastions of privilege that had kept political power a captive of economic monopolies. … Having finally freed ourselves from the stranglehold of the old oligarchy, we must see to it that we neither resurrect it nor replace it with a new oligarchy through a cartelization of economic privilege. – Ferdinand Marcos Imagine an Asian country that has enjoyed significant American patronage over the decades. Its people are hardworking and value education and the family. Family ties are so important that scholars and journalists call clans the basic building block of the country, and who one knows matters far more than what one can do. This country has a long history, consisting mostly of being colonized by outside powers. Since World War II, the country has been ruled by a set of elites – quasi dictators and their rich businessmen friends. Within the country its politicians switch parties at the drop of a hat. Party identification means nothing; ideology and programmatic differences are almost absent in elections; political success hinges on personalities, political manipulation, and pork-barrel politics. With episodic regularity, the country's leaders and economic elites have been either arrested or forced into exile because of recurrent corruption scandals. The local press calls corruption “our disease,” and one of the most popular topics of conversation in local drinking halls is the utter lack of qualified leadership in both the economic and the political spheres. Privilege is measured by the extent to which one is an exception to the rules.
DVR-4 (bone morphogenetic protein-4) as a posterior-ventralizing factor in Xenopus mesoderm induction

Establishment of mesodermal tissues in the amphibian body involves a series of inductive interactions probably elicited by a variety of peptide growth factors. Results reported here suggest that mesodermal patterning involves an array of signalling molecules including DVR-4, a TGF-beta-like molecule. We show that ectopic expression of DVR-4 causes embryos to develop with an overall posterior and/or ventral character, and that DVR-4 induces ventral types of mesoderm in animal cap explants. Moreover, DVR-4 overrides the dorsalizing effects of activin. DVR-4 is therefore the first molecule reported both to induce posteroventral mesoderm and to counteract dorsalizing signals such as activin. Possible interactions between these molecules resulting in establishment of the embryonic body plan are discussed.
Effects of Interaction Conditions on Internal Network Structure of Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalts

Investigation of the effect of interaction conditions on the development of the internal network structure of crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CRMA) was carried out. Enhancements in the CRMA physical properties, such as stiffness, expressed in the complex modulus (G*), and elasticity, expressed in the phase angle (δ), as a result of the development of three-dimensional (3-D) entangled network structure were achieved. These results came from controlling the interaction conditions of CRMA synthesis to regulate the crumb rubber-modified (CRM) components that were responsible for the formation of the 3-D entangled network structure. Dissolution tests and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed on the extracted CRM particles after interaction with asphalt. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy investigation was performed on the liquid phase asphalt after separation of CRM. FTIR was used to investigate the state of the released CRM components, previously calculated by TGA, which were responsibl...
The Effects of Supply Contracts on the Output and Price of an Exhaustible Resource

An analysis of the effects of contracts on exhaustible resources reaches three conclusions: (1) When the perceived risks for a single mine increase, production for the spot market falls, the optimal amount under long-term contracts increase, total production falls, contract length generally decreases, equilibrium spot prices increase, and contract prices may rise or fall. (2) When past production changes mining economies, spot prices rise and then fall in a scalloped pattern even - when entry of new mines and storage by purchasers is permitted. (3) The social efficiency of spot prices permits paired gains for some, losses for others, and market prices that give indecisive signals. 30 references, 5 figures.
Timing of cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy for trauma

Background: The optimal timing of cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy for trauma is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if early cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy for trauma reduces complications. Methods: Consecutive cases of patients who underwent autologous cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy for trauma at a single Level I Trauma Center were studied in a retrospective 10 year data review. Associations of categorical variables were compared using Chi‑square test or Fisher’s exact test. Results: A total of 157 patients were divided into early (<12 weeks; 78 patients) and late (≥12 weeks; 79 patients) cranioplasty cohorts. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two cohorts. Cranioplasty operative time was significantly shorter in the early (102 minutes) than the late (125 minutes) cranioplasty cohort (P = 0.0482). Overall complication rate in both cohorts was 35%. Infection rates were lower in the early (7.7%) than the late (14%) cranioplasty cohort as was bone graft resorption (15% early, 19% late), hydrocephalus rate (7.7% early, 1.3% late), and postoperative hematoma incidence (3.9% early, 1.3% late). However, these differences were not statistically significant. Patients <18 years of age were at higher risk of bone graft resorption than patients ≥18 years of age (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.25-8.81; P = 0.0162). Conclusions: After decompressive craniectomy for trauma, early (<12 weeks) cranioplasty does not alter the incidence of complication rates. In patients <18 years of age, early (<12 weeks) cranioplasty increases the risk of bone resorption. Delaying cranioplasty (≥12 weeks) results in longer operative times and may increase costs.
Testing for clustering at many ranges inflates family-wise error rate (FWE).

Background Testing for clustering at multiple ranges within a single dataset is a common practice in spatial epidemiology. It is not documented whether this approach has an impact on the type 1 error rate.
Use of Training Data in Personnel Decision Making

Training evaluations often serve as a basis for making personnel decisions including the selection, retention, promotion or compensation of individual employees. Sales personnel may have to successfully complete a training program before seeing a customer. Trainers may be paid more or less based on training evaluations. Such use of training evaluations is subject to fair employment or equal opportunity law. This legal exposure presents both an opportunity to improve our business practices, and the possible burden of proving the quality of training evaluations in a court of law.
Techniques for SAW device investigation using a high-performance phase-sensitive laser probe

Five experimental techniques with associated data reduction and analysis methods for the use of a high-performance surface acoustic wave (SAW) laser probe are presented. These techniques take advantage of the laser probe's high dynamic range phase-sensitive measurement capability and are useful for SAW substrate characterization, device physics study, and diagnostics at frequencies up to 1.8 GHz. The first technique is an improved-precision SAW slowness curve measurement method. This method uses multiple excitation frequencies and two transverse scans. The second technique involves detailed analysis methods to separately deduce the losses due to substrate attenuation and wave refraction and diffraction. A third technique applies signal processing techniques to the investigation of off-axis wave propagation effects. The fourth technique involves the examination of the time-domain response via laser probe, which serves in this case as an extremely wideband receiving transducer. The fifth technique involves the detection of bulk wave spurious that is reflected from the underside of the SAW substrate. >
Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals

In this paper, I critically evaluate the logic underlying Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals, and examine the evidence that directly tests its major assumptions. On the basis of my review of the studies they cite, and literature from three other sources, I conclude that the evidence severely challenges the validity of their theoretical framework for explaining observed national differences in psychological phenomena. I offer some ideas about alternative methodologies for research in this important area of psychology that may aid in developing and testing theories of culture and self in the future.
Zero-aliasing space compaction of test responses using multiple parity signatures

We present a parity-based space compaction technique that eliminates aliasing for any given fault model. The test responses from a circuit under test with a large number of primary outputs are merged into a narrow signature stream using a multiple-output parity tree. The functions realized by the different outputs of the compactor are determined by a procedure that targets the desired fault model. Experimental results for the ISCAS-85 benchmarks show that zero aliasing of single stuck-line faults can be achieved with a two output parity tree compactor. Our findings corroborate recent results on the fundamental limits of space compaction.
Bilayers merge even when exocytosis is transient

During exocytosis, the lumen of secretory vesicles connects with the extracellular space. In some vesicles, this connection closes again, causing the vesicle to be recaptured mostly intact. The degree to which the bilayers of such vesicles mix with the plasma membrane is unknown. Work supporting the kiss-and-run model of transient exocytosis implies that synaptic vesicles allow neither lipid nor protein to escape into the plasma membrane, suggesting that the two bilayers never merge. Here, we test whether neuroendocrine granules behave similarly. Using two-color evanescent field microscopy, we imaged the lipid probe FM4-64 and fluorescent proteins in single dense core granules. During exocytosis, granules lost FM4-64 into the plasma membrane in small fractions of a second. Although FM4-64 was lost, granules retained the membrane protein, GFP-phogrin. By using GFP-phogrin as a probe for resealing, it was found that even granules that reseal lose FM4-64. We conclude that the lipid bilayers of the granule and the plasma membrane become continuous even when exocytosis is transient.
Differentiation of Some Enterococci by Gas Chromatography

Abstract Relative fatty acid compositions of 37 enterococci were examined by gas chromatography. Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecium, and S. faecium var. durans yielded similar fatty acid patterns. Strains of S. faecium var. casseliflavus, and a motile yellow-pigmented streptococcus, contained very low levels of C19:0 cyclopropane fatty acid and four unidentified components, compared to the other strains of enterococci examined. There were no significant differences in the fatty acid patterns of enterococci grouped according to plant, animal, or human source.
The Archives of American Art

DESCRIPTION of the Archives of American Art must begin with a precise definition. It is a series of collections of personal papers and of institutional and business records that reflect the history of the visual arts in the United States. In a technical sense, therefore, it is a repository of primary documentation acquired from a variety of sources rather than a true archives. Nor is its subject matter simply American art. The Archives is of a more comprehensive scope, embracing all those activities connected with creating, marketing, and collecting paintings, sculpture, decorative objects, and architecture in this country from their earliest manifestations in the 17th century to the present time. The Archives has its headquarters in, but is not a part of, the Detroit Institute of Arts. Its staff consists of six professionals and seven clerks and secretaries. The Archives receives no Federal, State, or municipal funds but relies instead on members whose financial contributions and fund-raising activities support the work of gathering, processing, and preserving documents. The need for such work had long been recognized by a few scholars and museum curators. The American Art Research Council, a similar entity founded in 1942, failed to generate widespread support. It was not until 1954, when growing public interest in American art became evident, that the Archives of American Art was established, chiefly through the efforts of two men whose personal involvement in the world of art enabled them to lay a firm groundwork for the organization. During the early 1950's when E. P. Richardson, then Director of the Detroit Institute of Arts, was conducting research for his Painting in America; the Story of 450 Years (New York, 1956), he udiscovered that there was an up-todate, useful book on only one out of ten of the artists whom I wished to discuss. M1 Time and money were required for travel to sources scattered about the country. Relevant documents were often unkown or difficult to get at. While Dr. Richardson was struggling with these conditions, Lawrence Fleischman, an energetic art col-
On-The-Fly Print: Incremental Printing While Modelling

Current interactive fabrication tools offer tangible feedback by allowing users to work directly on the physical model, but they are slow because users need to participate in the physical instantiation of their designs. In contrast, CAD software offers powerful tools for 3D modeling but delays access to the physical workpiece until the end of the design process. In this paper we propose On-the-Fly Print: a 3D modeling approach that allows the user to design 3D models digitally while having a low-fidelity physical wireframe model printed in parallel. Our software starts printing features as soon as they are created and updates the physical model as needed. Users can quickly check the design in a real usage context by removing the partial physical print from the printer and replacing it afterwards to continue printing. Digital content modification can be updated with quick physical correction using a retractable cutting blade. We present the detailed description of On-the-Fly Print and showcase several examples designed and printed with our system.
Genetics of Substance Use, Abuse, Cessation, and Addiction. Novel Data Implicate Copy Number Variants.

Abstract Abundant evidence from family, adoption, and twin studies point to large genetic contributions to individual differences in vulnerability to develop dependence on addictive substances. Twin data suggest that much of this genetic vulnerability is shared by individuals who are dependent on a variety of addictive substances, though some are likely to be substance-specific. Twin data for abilities to quit smoking provide some of the best evidence for genetic influences on abilities to achieve and maintain abstinence from use of an addictive substance. Here, we approach genetic contributions to addiction vulnerability and ability to quit from the bottom-up. We describe a series of working hypotheses concerning the genetic architecture of addiction that are supported by evidence of differing strengths. These data, overall, provide a substrate to improve understanding of substance dependence and the ability to quit smoking. With better understanding of genetic influences on these phenotypes, we will be better positioned to improve understanding of the large environmental influences on these phenotypes, to personalize treatments, and to personalize prevention strategies for individuals at especial risk.