cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineral homeostasis in young children consuming typical U.S. diets.

Mineral requirements in young children are poorly understood, and current recom- mendations rely heavily on data collected in older children or adults. Our objectives were to assess the relationship between mineral (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) intake in young U.S. chil- dren, and mineral absorption, excretion, and retention; and to use these data to re-examine the most recent recommended intakes. Thirty children, 1-4 y old, were studied on their usual diet. After 7 d of home adaptation they were admitted for either a 2-d or 5-d metabolic study where multiple stable isotope or Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu were administered and mineral ab- sorption (2-d study), or absorption and excretion (5-d study) were assessed. Fractional (%) absorption of some (Ca, Mg) but not all (Fe, Zn) minerals decreased as intake increased. Absolute (total) absorption and net retention of all the minerals increased as their intake in- creased. Mineral homeostasis was related to changes in fractional absorption (Ca and Mg), fecal excretion (Zn), or whole body mineral status (Fe). Our results support the current U.S. recommended intakes for 1-4-y-old children for Mg and Fe, but suggest that those for Ca and Zn are too low.
Cost-effective multirate cascaded integrator comb decimator filter design on field programmable gate arrays

Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) filters are one of the most economical multirate filters widely used as decimators in digital receivers. Size/power improvements in this crucial unit of a digital receiver may essentially improve system performance including battery lifetime of the wireless portable system. Since, the only block in this filter structure that can be improved for better size/power performance is the adder, we have designed several CIC decimators using different means of arithmetic and the designs are synthesized for Altera's Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The arithmetic schemes used are two's complement addition, Carry Save Adder (CSA) using parallel counter logic and the Modified Carry Save Adder (MCSA) that incorporates Wallace tree structure. Each of these CIC decimators is a 16 bit I/O bit-width, 5-stage design with a rate change factor of 1000. Due to the presence of the integrators, the internal required bit-width is 66 bits. In order to maintain the same number of input and output bit-widths, two different Pruning schemes are used, pruning done at each stage of the design and pruning at the final stage alone. Results of synthesis are tabulated for the individual adder designs and the CIC designs with both the pruning schemes for all possible synthesis options. Depending on the requirements of the application, the results of the synthesis can be used to choose a CIC decimator that consumes less silicon or a design that provides better speed or a design which is most cost effective in terms of area/speed product.
Do symbiotic microbes have a role in plant evolution, performance and response to stress?

Vascular plants have been considered as autonomous organisms especially when their performance has been interpreted at the genome and cellular level. In reality, vascular plants provide a unique ecological niche for diverse communities of cryptic symbi‑ otic microbes which often contribute multiple benefits, such as enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient and water use and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. These benefits are similar to improvements sought by plant scientists working to develop ecologically sustainable crops for food, fiber and biofuels. Native desert plants include a community of indigenous endosymbiotic fungi that are structural components with cells, tissues, cell cultures and regenerated plants. These fungi regulate plant growth and development and contribute genes and natural products that enable plants to adapt to changing environments. A method developed for transferring these endophytes from cell cultures to non‑host plants promises to be a revolutionary approach for the development of novel plant germplasm and has application in the field of plant biotechnology.
An investigation of the role of career salience in vocational behavior

The present research investigated the role of career salience (or the perceived importance of work and a career) in occupational choice and occupational satisfaction. It was predicted that career salience would be positively related to the degree of self-occupational congruence attained in an occupational choice, and that the correlation between congruence and occupational satisfaction would be greater for high career-salient subjects than for low career-salient subjects. The first hypothesis was supported for males, and the second hypothesis received no support. The relationships between career salience and other vocationally related variables were reported and related to prior research.
Conservation of the Phosphate-sensitive Elements in the Arrestin Family of Proteins

Arrestins play a key role in the homologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These cytosolic proteins selectively bind to the agonist-activated and GPCR kinase-phosphorylated forms of the GPCR, precluding its further interaction with the G protein. Certain mutations in visual arrestin yield "constitutively active" proteins that bind with high affinity to the light-activated form of rhodopsin without requiring phosphorylation. The crystal structure of visual arrestin shows that these activating mutations perturb two groups of intramolecular interactions that keep arrestin in its basal (inactive) state. Here we introduced homologous mutations into arrestin2 and arrestin3 and found that the resulting mutants bind to the beta(2)-adrenoreceptor in vitro in a phosphorylation-independent fashion. The same mutants effectively desensitize both the beta(2)-adrenergic and delta-opioid receptors in the absence of receptor phosphorylation in Xenopus oocytes. Moreover, the arrestin mutants also desensitize the truncated delta-opioid receptor from which the C terminus, containing critical phosphorylation sites, has been removed. Conservation of the phosphate-sensitive hot spots in non-visual arrestins suggests that the overall fold is similar to that of visual arrestin and that the mechanisms whereby receptor-attached phosphates drive arrestin transition into the active binding competent state are conserved throughout the arrestin family of proteins.
Enhancing Manufacturing Performance with Erp Systems

Abstract This article presents five case studies indicating that enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems do enhance the performance of manufacturing organizations. the ERP systems studied are from SAP, Baan, and Oracle. in all five cases, better cross-functional integration was a critical success factor.
Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease of bone, subcutaneous tissue and paranasal sinus mucosa with a review of its pathogenesis

We report an unusual case of extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting in a 36-year-old man with lesions of bone, subcutaneous tissue of the arm and maxillary sinus mucosa unassociated with lymphadenopathy or systemic symptoms. These lesions appeared metachronously within a 6-month period. The diagnostic light microscopic and immunohistochemical findings and pathogenesis of this interesting disease are discussed.
Effects of film-forming compounds on the growth of giant cloud condensation nuclei: Implications for cloud microphysics and the aerosol indirect effect

[1] The presence of giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) within stratocumulus clouds can help the formation of drizzle by acting as collector drops. We propose that the presence of film-forming compounds (FFCs) on GCCN may decrease their growth enough to cease this drizzle formation mechanism. We systematically explore the accommodation properties and amount of FFCs necessary to have a significant impact on GCCN size under realistic conditions of growth inside typical stratocumulus clouds. It is found that even low mass fractions (as low as 0.2%) of FFCs with a modest effect on water vapor accommodation can significantly reduce GCCN size and their potential to act as collector drops. Our conclusions apply to both pristine and polluted aerosol conditions, which suggest that in the presence of FFCs, GCCN may be influencing the microphysical evolution of clouds to a lesser extent than previously thought.
Finite-Element Modeling of Instrumented Flexible Pavements under Stationary Transient Loading

Results from a finite-element program developed in the commercial code Plaxis were compared to those from an instrumented thin flexible pavement containing multiple test sections. The model has performed reasonably well under the limited environmental conditions encountered to date. Horizontal strain in the longitudinal direction of the asphalt concrete, vertical pressure in the crushed stone, and vertical pressure in the compacted subgrade were measured for 2,100 passes of loaded single axle dump truck traffic to compare to the values calculated in the model. Necessary inputs were determined using a rigorous laboratory testing program, alongside field data from over 500 drops of a falling weight deflectometer. Key features of the finite-element model include stationary transient loading and nonlinear stress dependent characterization of the compacted subgrade and crushed stone. Highlights of the results include the model moderately overpredicted unbound layer stresses, while overpredicting asphalt strain in some cases and underpredicting it in other cases, Discussion of the full scale test section, project scope, finite-element model development, and the results have been included in the body of the paper.
The Art of Personal Science

Quantified Self isn’t really about finding answers or solving problems—it’s about asking new questions. Author/Artist Bio Jeff Fajans is a third year PhD student at Claremont Graduate University studying Positive Organizational Psychology. He is passionate about researching the cognitive and social mechanisms that facilitate learning, creativity, and innovation in individuals and groups. An avid self-tracker and participant in the Quantified Self movement himself, Jeff ’s current work focuses on how and in what ways smartphone technologies can be leveraged to promote self-development, creative insight, and prosocial behaviors in the workplace. You can read more about Jeff ’s thoughts regarding the intersections of personal technology and positive psychology by visiting his website: Jeff.Fajans.com. If you have questions about starting your own self-tracking project, you can reach him directly by emailing him at: Jeffrey.Fajans@cgu.edu.
Association of core-binding factor β with the malignant phenotype of prostate and ovarian cancer cells.

Core binding factor (CBF) is a transcription factor complex that plays roles in development, stem-cell homeostasis, and human disease. CBF is a heterodimer composed of one of three DNA-binding RUNX proteins plus the non-DNA-binding protein, CBFβ. Recent studies have showed that the RUNX factors exhibit complex expression patterns in prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers, and CBF has been implicated in the control of cancer-related genes. However, the biologic roles of CBF in solid tumors have not been fully elucidated. To test whether CBF is required for the malignant phenotype of various epithelial cancers, we used lentiviral delivery of CBFβ-specific shRNA to significantly decrease CBFβ expression in two prostate cancer cell lines (PPC1 and PC-3) and the SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line. We found that knockdown of CBFβ significantly inhibited anchorage independent growth of each cell line. Further, CBFβ knockdown in PPC1 cells suppressed xenograft tumor growth compared to controls. Mice injected with SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells knocked-down for CBFβ exhibited a survival time similar to control mice. However, human cells recovered from the ascites fluid of these mice showed CBFβ expression levels similar to those from mice injected with control SKOV-3 cells, suggesting that CBFβ knockdown is incompatible with tumor cell growth. Gene expression profiling of CBFβ knockdown cells revealed significant changes in expression in genes involved in various developmental and cell signaling pathways. These data collectively suggest that CBFβ is required for malignancy in some human cancers. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 875–887, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Thermal Stability of Water Ice at the Poles of Mercury

Recent radar observations of Mercury have revealed the presence of anomalous radar reflectivity and polarization features near its north and south poles. Thermal model calculations show that, despite Mercury's proximity to the sun, the temperatures of flat, low-reflectivity surfaces at Mercury's poles are not expected to exceed 167 kelvin. The locations of the anomalous polar radar features appear to be correlated with the locations of large, high-latitude impact craters. Maximum surface temperatures in the permanently shadowed regions of these craters are expected to be significantly colder, as low as 60 kelvin in the largest craters. These results are consistent with the presence of water ice, because at temperatures lower than 112 kelvin, water ice should be stable to evaporation over time scales of billions of years.
Estrogen enhances alpha v beta 3 integrin expression by avian osteoclast precursors via stabilization of beta 3 integrin mRNA.

Although bone resorption is accelerated with menopause, the means by which diminished circulating 17 beta-estradiol (E2) promotes osteoclastic activity are unknown. We hypothesized that since the integrin alpha v beta 3 is essential to the resorptive process, reduced E2 levels may increase the integrin's expression by osteoclast precursors. Thus, avian osteoclast precursors (known to contain E2 receptors) were exposed +/- E2, surface iodinated, and lysed. The lysate was immunoprecipitated with an antibody recognizing the intact alpha v beta 3 heterodimer. We find E2 alone fails to impact on alpha v beta 3 expression. Most importantly, however, picomolar (i.e. post-menopausal), but not nanomolar (i.e. premenopausal) concentrations of E2, when added in conjunction with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], enhance alpha v beta 3 expression on the plasma membrane of avian osteoclast precursors relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 alone. Induction of alpha v beta 3 by picomolar levels of E2 is dose-dependent, maximizin...
Photo-induced hydrogen production in a helical peptide incorporating a [FeFe] hydrogenase active site mimic.

There is growing interest in the development of hydrogenase mimics for solar fuel production. Here, we present a bioinspired mimic designed by anchoring a diiron hexacarbonyl cluster to a model helical peptide via an artificial dithiol amino acid. The [FeFe]–peptide complex catalyses photo-induced production of hydrogen in water.
Nano- and microplankton in the northern Arabian Sea during the Southwest Monsoon, August–September 1995 A US–JGOFS study

As part of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS) Arabian Sea Program, we determined the abundance and biomass of autotrophic and heterotrophic nano- and microplankton in the upper 100 m at 10 stations in the northern Indian Ocean during the late Southwest Monsoon from 17 August through 15 September 1995. Autotrophic nano- and microplankton biomass ranged from 0.2 to 68.0 μg C l-1, with most of the biomass in the upper 20–60 m. Phytoplankton assemblages varied markedly in composition along a transect from onshore to about 1500 km offshore. Larger forms, such as diatoms and colonies of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis, dominated stations inshore of about 1000 km, whereas picoplankton dominated offshore. Heterotrophic nano- and microplankton biomass varied from ∼1 to 12 μg C l-1, and nanoflagellates, dinoflagellates, and ciliates reached maximum biomass at different locations and depths. Heterotrophs comprised 18–27% of the biomass over most of the transect. Biomass of all groups of organisms was strongly negatively correlated with depth and positively correlated with each other, suggesting a dynamic food web. Size structure of organisms among stations suggested that larger consumers occurred where phytoplankton cells were large. Sediment trap data indicate high organic carbon and biogenic silica flux at the time of our study. Our findings of abundant diatoms over much of the study area and their apparent transition from healthy-looking cells nearshore to senescent ones offshore suggest that populations could have sunk as a bloom terminated, in addition to being available for mesozooplankton grazers.
From South Dakota Farm to Harvard Seminar: Alvin H. Hansen, America’s Prophet of Keynesianism

(2002). From South Dakota Farm to Harvard Seminar: Alvin H. Hansen, America’s Prophet of Keynesianism. The Historian: Vol. 64, No. 3-4, pp. 603-622.
Isolation and characterization of the genes encoding allophycocyanin subunits and two linker proteins from Synechocystis 6714.

Genes encoding the phycobilisome core subunits allophycocyanin α and β and a small core linker protein in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6714 were cloned and sequenced. These genes form an operon, apcABC, with a single transcription start site and two possible termination sites, one following apcB and the other following apcC. The promoter region, like those of the apcABC operons of other cyanobacteria, does not resemble the consensus promoter sequences of Escherichia coli. However, the apcABC promoters identified in four strains of cyanobacteria have conserved sequences centered at −50 and −10 with respect to the start of transcription. The apcE gene, encoding the protein that links the phycobilisome core to the thylakoid membrane, was also cloned from Synechocystis 6714 and sequenced. It is unlinked to the apcABC operon. As in other Synechocystis strains, the LCM polypeptide encoded by the apcE gene contains three repeats of the basic phycobiliprotein linker domain. The apcE gene promoter sequence bears little resemblance to either the E. coli consensus or the apcABC promoter region, but it is similar to the corresponding regions of other cyanobacterial apcE genes. In these cases, there are conserved sequences centered at −40 and −10 with respect to the transcription start site. These conserved promoter elements from the apcABC and apcE genes were also identified in the corresponding 5′-flanking regions of eleven transcript starts for cpc genes encoding phycocyanin subunits in cyanobacteria and algal chloroplasts. These results suggest that a factor yet to be described participates in transcription of phycobiliprotein genes.
Extreme-value and margin setting with and without price limits

Abstract Extreme-value statistical techniques have recently been applied to margin setting in futures markets. Price limits, however, may undermine the benefits associated with the extreme-value method. The purpose of this paper is to examine how price limit events impact the extreme-value parameter estimation process. This has yet to be accomplished in the literature. In addition to showing different parameter estimates for data with and without price limits, the results here also document differences in the probabilities of observing large price changes in CBOT corn and T-bond futures contracts. The latter result is especially important to consider in a margin setting context.
Statistical Techniques for the Discovery of Artifact Types

WITHIN RECENT YEARS there appears to have been an increasing awareness on the part of archaeologists that certain statistical techniques offer economical methods of extracting information of cultural significance from archaeological data. The discussions of Kroeber (1940), Robinson (1951), and Brainerd (1951) have appeared in American Antiquity, and the last two even evoked a comment* (Lehmer, 1951). In addition to these papers, which are primarily devoted to exposition of method, a considerable number of special applications can be found in the literature. Archaeological research inevitably brings the researcher face to face with the problems of ordering and comparing quantities of data and of sampling error. There seems little doubt that the best approach to these problems involves a search of statistical literature for appropriate methods.
Isopach map of the earth's crust

Abstract Thickness values of the crust, based on seismic studies, have been compiled and plotted on a map of the world. The available data are insufficient to meaningfully analyze and interpret the crustal thickness. Hopefully, as new values are published, the map can be periodically updated to serve the geologic and geophysical community.
An antidotal study on the skin extract of the puffer fish Spheroides maculatus

Abstract A composite skin extract was prepared from the puffer fish Spheroides maculatus and the LD 50 determined. It was found that the toxin does not affect the acetylcholinesterase of the erythrocyte as others have concluded. Alteration of the sex hormones or use of 100 per cent oxygen increased the lethality of the toxin. Picrotoxin, methylene blue, pentobarbital or sodium succinate did not alter the LD 50 . Pentobarbital with sodium succinate decreases lethality. Strychnine or pralidoxime with atropine were the most effective antidotes (90 per cent).
Aromatics from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids via zeolite catalysis in supercritical water

Abstract We investigated the reactions of saturated (palmitic and stearic acids) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) in supercritical water at 400 °C, 240 bar, over zeolites Y, beta, and ZSM-5. The highest total yield of liquid and gaseous products, 97 ± 2 wt%, was obtained from palmitic acid by applying ZSM-5 with a silica/alumina ratio of 23. The liquid products had a high concentration of single-ring aromatics, and the total molar yield of aromatics was 102% (42 wt% yield). This catalyst could be regenerated and reused. ZSM-5 with silica/alumina ratio of 23 gave a total product yield of 76 ± 3 wt% (which includes 40 ± 5 molar yield of xylenes) at its third use, after undergoing regeneration twice previously. We also report herein the effects of different zeolites, catalyst loadings, degrees of unsaturation in the fatty acids, and silica/alumina ratios of zeolite ZSM-5 on the product yields.
Cocaine actions, brain levels and receptors in selected lines of mice.

The effects of cocaine (15 mg/kg IP) versus IP saline on open-field behaviors were evaluated using a crossover design in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice. Under treatment order 1, mice received saline injection on day 1 followed 24 h later by cocaine (saline-cocaine, S-C). Under treatment order 2, animals received cocaine on day 1 and saline on day 2 (cocaine-saline, C-S). Immediately following injection, animals were placed into an automated open-field apparatus with behavioral samples taken at 5-min intervals for 30 min. The behaviors measured were distance traveled, stereotypy and time spent in proximity to the margins of the test apparatus (thigmotaxis). Cocaine increased locomotor activity in both lines of mice, with S-C producing more pronounced initial activation than C-S in LS mice. Compared to S-C, C-S also increased thigmotaxis, an effect more pronounced in SS mice. In a separate experiment, brain cocaine levels were measured in brains of adapted and nonadapted LS and SS mice 5 min following injection of 15 mg/kg cocaine. Regardless of order, SS mice had significantly higher brain cocaine levels than did LS mice. Mazindol and cocaine binding studies in the forebrain indicated higher Bmax values for both ligands in LS compared to SS mice. The results of this study indicate that genetically based differences in cocaine receptors as well astreatment order contribute to behavioral actions of cocaine.
X-Ray Diffraction for Nondestructive Characterization of Polycrystalline Materials

X-ray diffraction has long been the mainstay for materials characterization in the laboratory. This characterization includes the determination of phase composition, residual stress, microstrain, grain size, and crystallographic texture of polycrystalline metals, ceramics, and minerals. The analytical capabilities of XRD techniques have been expanded recently by the application of computer control to data collection and processing. These capabilities include the identification of irregularities in metals and ceramics that are caused by processing and fatigue damage, as well as the apriori prediction of processing anomolies. While the above applications have been largely restricted to the laboratory, the possibility for exploitation of the nondestructive nature of x-ray diffraction for inprocess evaluation of materials is now being realized. The availability of computer-controlled position-sensitive x-ray detectors can now provide rapid, non-contacting, in-process interrogation of materials. The examples of nondestructive characterization illustrated in this paper will be those that can be used for process control and/or damage assessment.
Canadian collections in the United States

Abstract The purpose of this article is to identify the libraries in the United States with collections of Canadian materials, the extent of the collections and some of the problems encountered in collecting Canadian publications. Questionnaires were sent to 49 selective and full depositories of Canadian federal documents and 306 depositories of United States federal documents, drawn from theList of Depository Libraries by random sample. It was found that those libraries not already designated as Canadian federal depositories in the United States for the most part either do not collect Canadian materials at all or have very limited collections. A directory of the Canadian depository libraries is included. In selecting Canadian publications, one person usually handles the federal documents while other publications are primarily selected by subject area. Thus it is understandable that upon receiving Canadian publications libraries primarily class some documents by catalogue number and integrate others into the library's main collection. Bibliographic control has improved greatly since 1927 with many changes in the public printing law and concerted attempts by concerned librarians and the Canadian Library Association.
Corrosion Resistance of Amorphous FeNiCrW Alloys

Abstract The corrosion resistance of amorphous FeNiCrW alloys prepared by cosputtering of Type 304 stainless steel and W was studied in chloride solutions by potentiodynamic polarization methods. In both neutral and acidic solutions, the as-deposited amorphous FeNiCrW alloys had excellent corrosion resistance, similar to that of metal-metalloid amorphous alloys containing Cr and P. This result demonstrates that P is not essential for producing corrosion resistance in amorphous materials. More significantly, the corrosion resistance of amorphous FeNiCrW alloys in neutral solutions was preserved after heat treatment at the crystallization temperature. In acidic solutions, these heat treated alloys exhibited a slight increase in active dissolution but remained highly passivated at high potentials. The retention of corrosion resistance of the heat treated amorphous FeNiCrW alloys was attributed to a two stage crystallization process wherein fine BCC crystallites were formed in the amorphous matrix with no seg...
Optimal evaluation of digital electroencephalograms

Currently available digital EEG equipment provides considerably greater opportunities for clinical data analysis than is generally appreciated especially when appropriate software is used. Data from 7 different laboratories that had been obtained for routine diagnostic evaluations on 7 different EEG instruments and stored on compact disks were investigated. Since the instruments do not filter the data at input, ultra slow activity down to 0.01 Hz is currently being recorded but the attenuation factor is instrument dependent. Nevertheless, relevant clinical information is potentially available in these data and needs to be explored. Several examples in regard to epilepsy are presented. Determination of seizure onset may depend on the frequencies that are examined. The use of appropriate filter settings and viewing windows for the clinical question to be answered is stressed. Differentiation between simple and complex spike wave discharges, as well as spread of spikes, can readily be achieved by expanding the time base to 1 or 2 seconds and placing a cursor on the peak of the negative spike. Latencies in the millisecond range can then become apparent. EEGs co-registered with MEG should be evaluated with the same software in order to allow an adequate assessment of the similarities and differences between electrical and magnetic activity. An example of a comparison of EEG, planar gradiometers and magnetometers for an averaged spike is shown.
THE SELF IN QUESTION: ON JERROLD SEIGEL's THE IDEA OF THE SELF

In recent decades, questions surrounding the concept of the “self,” whether by that name or such cognate terms as “subjectivity” or “identity,” have come to occupy a prominent place in historical scholarship, literary and gender studies, social theory and philosophy. Most recently, Jerrold Seigel's The Idea of the Self has provided not only a vast new historical map of this conceptual terrain but a challenging new way of exploring it. My purpose here is to examine both, and the thematic and methodological questions they raise for this major contemporary field of inquiry.
Margin-closed frequent sequential pattern mining

We present a new approach to mining sequential patterns that significantly reduces the number of patterns reported, favoring longer patterns and suppressing shorter patterns with similar frequencies. This is achieved by mining only margin-closed patterns whose support differs by more than some margin from any extension. Our approach extends the efficient BIDE algorithm to enforce the margin constraint. The set of margin-closed patterns can be significantly smaller than a set of just closed patterns while retaining the most important information about the dataset. This is shown by an extensive empirical evaluation on six real life databases.
Asymmetries of the skull and handedness

Some of the asymmetries noted in cerebral computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) studies are reflected in the shape of the skull resulting most often in backward protrusion of the occipital bone on the left and a less striking forward protrusion of the right frontal bone. Asymmetries are less marked in left-handed individuals but the opposite features, i.e. forward protrusion of the left frontal bone and posterior protrusion of the right occipital bone, are more frequent in left handers than in right handers.
A multi-paradigm modeling framework for modeling and simulating problem situations

This paper proposes a multi-paradigm modeling framework (MPMF) for modeling and simulating problem situations (problems whose specification is not agreed upon). The MPMF allows for a different set of questions to be addressed from a problem situation than is possible through the use of a single modeling paradigm. The framework identifies different levels of granularity (macro, meso, and micro) from what is known and assumed about the problem situation. These levels of granularity are independently mapped to different modeling paradigms. These modeling paradigms are then combined to provide a comprehensive model and corresponding simulation of the problem situation. Finally, the MPMF is implemented to model and simulate the problem situation of representing the spread of obesity.
The road from poly(α‐amino acids) to the prediction of protein conformation

The physicochemical properties and the conformational transitions of various poly(α-amino acids) are described. Rotatory dispersion and CD techniques to determine the secondary structure were developed. The similarity between the helix–coil Zimm–Bragg parameters of the poly(α-amino acids) and the frequencies of the amino acids found in the various secondary structures in proteins is utilized to develop an algorithm to predict the secondary structure of proteins from the primary sequence. Application of the predictive scheme to various biological/biochemical problems is described.
Learning with Noisy Labels

In this paper, we theoretically study the problem of binary classification in the presence of random classification noise—the learner, instead of seeing the true labels, sees labels that have independently been flipped with some small probability. Moreover, random label noise is class-conditional— the flip probability depends on the class. We provide two approaches to suitably modify any given surrogate loss function. First, we provide a simple unbiased estimator of any loss, and obtain performance bounds for empirical risk minimization in the presence of iid data with noisy labels. If the loss function satisfies a simple symmetry condition, we show that the method leads to an efficient algorithm for empirical minimization. Second, by leveraging a reduction of risk minimization under noisy labels to classification with weighted 0-1 loss, we suggest the use of a simple weighted surrogate loss, for which we are able to obtain strong empirical risk bounds. This approach has a very remarkable consequence — methods used in practice such as biased SVM and weighted logistic regression are provably noise-tolerant. On a synthetic non-separable dataset, our methods achieve over 88% accuracy even when 40% of the labels are corrupted, and are competitive with respect to recently proposed methods for dealing with label noise in several benchmark datasets.
Capillary Electrophoresis in Clinical Chemistry

Clinical chemistry also known as chemical pathology is a discipline that is generally concerned with analysis of biological fluids for diagnosis of human diseases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is electrophoretic separation run in narrow-bore capillary format, which has become a highly efficient and versatile separation technique available for analysis of a wide variety of biologically active molecules. Implementation of CE in clinical laboratories will enhance the capability of the current clinical diagnostic system and improve the efficiency and quality of routine clinical testing. Owing to the nature of clinical diagnostics, the adoption of CE in clinical laboratories has been slow. However, CE has begun to replace some older and antiquated conventional techniques with unique applications in some pioneering clinical laboratories. This review covers a brief introduction to the CE technique (i.e. principle of separation, modes of operation, instrumentation, and practical considerations), and a summary of its applications in clinical chemistry (i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, drugs, and organic and inorganic ions), as well as the future prospects of this field.
Virion Instability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Mutated in the Protease Cleavage Site between RT p51 and the RT RNase H Domain

Each of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol-encoded enzymes, protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN), is active only as a dimer (or higher-order oligomer in the case of IN), but only RT comprises subunits of different masses. RT is a heterodimer of 66-kDa and 51-kDa subunits. The latter is formed by HIV PR-catalyzed cleavage of p66 during virion maturation, resulting in the removal of the RNase H (RNH) domain of a p66 subunit. In order to study the apparent need for RT heterodimers in the context of the virion, we introduced a variety of mutations in the RT p51-RNH protease cleavage site of an infectious HIV-1 molecular clone. Surprisingly, rather than leading to virions with increased RT p66 content, most of the mutations resulted in significantly attenuated virus that contained greatly decreased levels of RT that in many cases was primarily p51 RT. IN levels were also reduced in several mutants. However, most mutants showed normal levels of the Pr160 gag-pol precursor polyprotein, suggesting that reduced virion RT arose from proteolytic instability rather than decreased incorporation. Mutant virion p24 Gag levels were equivalent to wild type, indicating that Gag incorporation and processing were not affected. Repeated passage of MT-2 cells exposed to mutant viruses led to the appearance of virus with improved replication capacity; these virions contained normally processed RT at near-wild-type levels. These results imply that additional proteolytic processing of RT to the p66/p51 heterodimer is essential to provide proteolytic stability of RT during HIV-1 maturation.
Proto-conversations with an anthropomorphic robot

We present proto-dialog skills of an anthropomorphic robot, Kismet. The implementation is modeled after the proto-conversational skills of human infants. We have supplemented Kismet's vocal turn-taking skills with other para-linguistic social cues. We have found that naive subjects intuitively read and use these cues to regulate the exchange, making it smoother over time.
Evaluation of In-vessel Composting of University Postconsumer Food Wastes

A prototype in-vessel composting unit, which includes air circulation and misting systems, was designed and built as a senior capstone project at the Bio-Resource Engineering Department at the University of Maine. The university Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery initiated a recycling program for postconsumer food waste generated by the residence hall commons areas in 1991. This food waste is composted using the traditional methods of windrow composting and experiences vermin and odor problems.The prototype in-vessel system was evaluated to determine if it reduced the environmental challenges presented by vermin and odor control. Various mixtures of food waste and bulking agents were tried ranging from 1:4 (food waste:bulking agent) to 1:1. Results show that if the food waste is composted in the in-vessel system for at least 14 days, before being windrowed, the vermin and odor problems are reduced. Computer controlled temperature, humidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide monitoring equipment were ev...
Robust sensor location optimization in distributed parameter systems using functional observers

The focus of this work is to provide an insight into the judicious positioning of either a sensor device or a collocated actuator/sensor pair in SISO transport systems represented by parabolic differential equations. The optimal, with respect to a given measure, placement of a sensor device has a significant effect on the overall performance of a controller with a considerable contribution in energy reduction. This is more evident in the case of a functional observer, i.e. an observer that estimates not the entire state, but a weighted product of the state. When a functional observer is used to estimate the (inner) product of the state with a feedback gain, the computational demand is significantly reduced since now only a scalar quantity is estimated as opposed to a high-dimensional observer required in an observer-based controller. The efficiency and performance of the functional observer is additionally enhanced when the sensor location is embedded into the control design. By incorporating the effects of exogenous inputs that enter the system via a given distribution vector, a sensor location-parameterized measure is considered and static optimization allows one to optimize both the sensor location and the performance of the resulting functional observer-based controller. A case study of a diffusion process is presented where the performance-enhancing capabilities of the proposed location optimization and control scheme is evaluated through detailed simulation studies.
A set coverage problem

This paper shows that with B={1,2,...,n}, the smallest k such that(BxB)-{(j,j)|j@?B}=@?i=1k(C"ixD"i) is s(n), where s(n) is the smallest integer k such that n=<(k@?k2@?). This provides a simple set-based formulation and a new proof of a result for boolean ranks (de Caen et al., 1981 [2]) and biclique covering of bipartite graphs (Berukov et al., 2008 [1]; Froncek et al., 2007 [5]), making these intricate results more accessible.
A new approach to pre-stack seismic processing

SUMMARY Pre-stack processing of seismic reflection data is significantly simplified if the data organization is the same as that in which the data were acquired in the field; that is, in time slices through common-source gathers. For an impulsive source, the entire processing stream reduces to two elements: velocity analysis and reverse-time prc-stack migration. Many of the steps that are applied as independent operations in standard processing (including demultiplexing, sorting into common-midpoint gathers, elevation corrections, near-surface velocity static corrections, first break muting, ground roll removal, and both normal and dip move-out corrections) either are eliminated, or are applied implicitly during migration. This approach is ideally suited to parallel processing, and can be implemented in machines with small processor memories.
Crystallographic structure at 1.6-A resolution of the human adenovirus proteinase in a covalent complex with its 11-amino-acid peptide cofactor: insights on a new fold.

The crystal structure of the human adenovirus proteinase (AVP), a cysteine proteinase covalently bound to its 11-amino-acid peptide cofactor pVIc, has been solved to 1.6-Aresolution with a crystallographic R-factor of 0.136, Rfree=0.179. The fold of AVP-pVIc is new and the structural basis for it is described in detail. The polypeptide chain of AVP folds into two domains. One domain contains a five-strand h- sheet with two peripheral a-helices; this region represents the hydrophobic core of the protein. A second domain contains the N terminus, several C-terminal a-helices, and a small peripheral anti-parallel h-sheet. The domains interact through an extended polar interface. pVIc spans the two domains like a strap, its C-terminal portion forming a sixth strand on the h-sheet. The active site is in a long, deep groove located between the two domains. Portions are structurally similar to the active site of the prototypical cysteine proteinase papain, especially some of the Ca backbone atoms (r.m.s. deviation of 0.354 Afor 12 Ca atoms). The active-site nucleophile of AVP, the conserved Cys 122 , was shown to have a pKa of 4.5, close to the pKa of 3.0 for the nucleophile of papain, suggesting that a similar ion pair arrangement with His 54 may be present in AVP-pVIc. The interactions between AVP and pVIc include 24 non-h-strand hydrogen bonds, six h-strand hydrogen bonds and one covalent bond. Of the 204 amino acid residues in AVP, 33 are conserved among the many serotypes of adenovirus, and these aid in forming the active site groove, are involved in substrate specificity or interact between secondary structure elements. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Band-Offsets Between Group-III-Nitrides

The valence-band offset at the zincblende AIN/GaN. AIN/InN and InN/GaN (110) interfaces are calculated self-consistently by means of the linear muffin-tin orbital method using up to 5+5 layer supercells. All interfaces have a type I-offset. Assuming interface orientation and polytype effects on the valence-band maximum to be reasonably small, a type I offset can also be expected for wurtzite interfaces. Our results are in very good agreement with experimental values for AIN/GaN, the only nitride interface for which they are available. Subject index terms: band offsets, interfaces, hetero junctions, superlattices. III-nitrides.
Toward the micro and macro-level consequences of interactional justice in cross-cultural joint ventures

Nested within the logic of social exchange, this study addresses the micro and macro-level consequences of interactional justice between boundary-spanning executives in cross-cultural joint ventures. At the micro-level, this study examines how interactional justice affects these executives' decision-making effectiveness and the interpersonal trust between boundary-spanning officers. At the macro-level, the study analyzes how interactional justice affects the levels of conflict and attachment between partner organizations from different nations. This study further analyzes how interactional justice buffers the effects of national cultural differences between partner organizations on the above consequences. Analysis of 152 international joint ventures suggests that interactional justice is positively associated with decision effectiveness, interpersonal trust, and interorganizational attachment, and that interactional justice suppresses the negative influence of national cultural differences between partner...
Vasculitis in Sjögren’s Syndrome

Sjogren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease that is commonly manifested by immune attack on the exocrine glands with resultant dry eyes and dry mouth. Sjogren’s syndrome patients also have disease in other organs. One of the most common extraglandular manifestations is vasculitis. Skin vasculitis, with palpable purpura clinically and leukocytoclastic vasculitis on pathological examination, is common. Although half of those individuals with subcutaneous vasculitis have only a single episode, skin vasculitic involvement is associated with more severe disease. Necrotizing vasculitis of medium-sized vessels resembling polyarteritis nodosa can occur in Sjogren’s syndrome patients. Experience in therapy for vasculitis is limited, but intravenous IgG may be effective. Recent data support a relationship between neuromyelitis optica (Devic disease) and Sjogren’s syndrome. Sjogren’s syndrome patients with optic neuritis or transverse myelitis have anti–aquaporin-4, which are characteristic of Devic disease. Devic disease patients have salivary lymphocytic infiltration similar to that found among Sjogren’s syndrome patients.
The Effect of Mood Inducement upon Audience Receptiveness

(1979). The Effect of Mood Inducement upon Audience Receptiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 135-136.