cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D Urban Reconstruction from Wide Area Aerial Surveillance Video

We propose an approach to solve camera pose estimation and dense reconstruction from Wide Area Aerial Surveillance (WAAS) videos captured by an airborne platform hovering around the urban scenes. Our approach solves them in an online fashion: it incrementally updates a sparse 3D model as well as a dense 2.5D Digital Surface Model (DSM) as each new frame arrives; the camera pose of each new frame is estimated using Perspective-n-Point (PnP) method with 2D-3D image-model feature matches. Dense optical flow between successive frames computed after a step of 2-D stabilization is used to guide the feature matching between each new frame and the maintained sparse 3D model. Our approach provides an online solution for camera pose estimation and dense reconstruction, and is significantly faster than the latest batch methods. The camera poses are estimated as accurately as with global Bundle Adjustment without drift along the path. We also produce a highly-detailed full 3D model via volumetric integration. Experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets validate its performance.
Carbohydrate and Organic Acid Metabolism with C14 Distribution Affected by Copper in Thatcher Wheat.

The participation of copper in plant and animal metabolism is well known (11), but its physiological role has not been defined in terms of distinct reactions. The role of copper in plant metabolism is complicated by the different copper requirements of plant species (5, 7). Data reported here are confined to observations made on Thatcher spring wheat, a plant with a comparatively high copper requirement. In earlier work, Brown and Harmer (3) observed an almost immediate build-up of reducing sugars during stem elongation of copper-sufficient Thatcher wheat. This rapid increase of reducing sugars, not found in copper-deficient plants, seemed to indicate a marked change in metabolism as affected by copper. In view of this observation, attention in this study was given to the Chromatographie determination of organic acids, sugars, and amino acids. The purpose was to determine relationships between sugar levels and the status of other metabolites in copper-sufficient and copper-deficient wheat. It was reasoned that the change in sugars could be related to head development in that copper-sufficient wheat produces heads whereas copper-deficient wheat does not. To eliminate heading as a variable, copper-sufficient wheat grown on long nights was included in the study. Such plants do not produce heads.
Speech, Gesture, and Discourse.

In this article we argue that on‐line linguistic choices are made in a matrix of continuous discourse connections. We investigate the hypothesis that communicative dynamism (CD) is this representation of the whole in the parts. We view CD as a graded variable that can be measured only with respect to large stretches of discourse. Based on our analysis of extended narrative and conversational data, we find that CD directly correlates with the quantity of linguistic material devoted to a reference. We identify two strategies with which this is accomplished: one “constructive,” the other “anticipatory.” We find that gestures of the kind co‐occurring with speech also reflect the communicative status of the utterance. Initial positions of explicitly delineated narrative units are accompanied by more gestures (both pointing and “beats”). A similar phenomenon appears in a highly unstructured conversation, with pointing gestures accompanying initial references to topics. We interpret these correlations of the qua...
Understanding current racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening in the United States: the contribution of socioeconomic status and access to care.

Background Prior studies have shown racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening but have not provided a full national picture of disparities across all major racial/ethnic groups. Purpose To provide a more complete, up-to-date picture of racial/ethnic disparities in CRC screening and contributing socioeconomic and access barriers. Methods Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2010 were analyzed in 2013. Hispanic/Latino participants were stratified by preferred language (Hispanic-English versus Hispanic-Spanish). Non-Hispanics were categorized as White, Black, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaska Native. Sequential regression models estimated adjusted relative risks (RRs) and the degree to which SES and access to care explained disparities. Results Overall, 59.6% reported being up-to-date on CRC screening. Self-reported CRC screening was highest in the White (62.0%) racial/ethnic group; followed by Black (59.0%); Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (54.6%); Hispanic-English (52.5%); American Indian/Alaska Native (49.5%); Asian (47.2%); and Hispanic-Spanish (30.6%) groups. Adjustment for SES and access partially explained disparities between Whites and Hispanic-Spanish (final relative risk [RR]=0.76, 95% CI=0.69, 0.83); Hispanic-English (RR=0.94, 95% CI=0.91, 0.98); and American Indian/Alaska Native (RR=0.91, 95% CI=0.85, 0.97) groups. The RR of screening among Asians was unchanged after adjustment for SES and access (0.78, p Conclusions Large racial/ethnic disparities in CRC screening persist, including substantial differences between English-speaking versus Spanish-speaking Hispanics. Disparities are only partially explained by SES and access to care. Future studies should explore the low rate of screening among Asians and how it varies by racial/ethnic subgroup and language.
Timing of staged percutaneous coronary intervention in multivessel coronary artery disease.

Based on the guidelines for the management of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), revascularization should not be performed in a noninfarct artery at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the timing of a staged intervention of the nonculprit
4D subharmonic imaging in vivo

Subharmonic imaging (SHI) improves the isolation of ultrasound contrast agent signals from the surrounding tissue signals by transmitting at f0 and receiving at f0/2. In this study we investigated the feasibility of generating real-time 3D (i.e., 4D) SHI volumes. Four-dimensional SHI (f0 = 5.8 MHz, transmitting 4 cycle pulses) was implemented on a Logiq 9 ultrasound scanner with a mechanically controlled 4D10L probe (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Experimental software provided access to both individual slice data and rendered images. This software also allowed imaging in B-mode (at 10 MHz) and harmonic imaging (HI; f0 = 5 MHz, freceive= 10 MHz). Two canines received 5 μl/kg bolus injections of Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, N Billerica, MA) for HI and 20 μl/kg bolus for SHI of the lower renal pole. The contrast-to-tissue ratio was then calculated for three injections in each canine and compared between modes. Patients scheduled for biopsy of a mammographically identified breast lesion provided informed consent. Baseline scanning was performed in both B-mode and power Doppler. Patients then received a 0.25 ml bolus of Definity for HI followed by a bolus injection of 20 μl/kg for SHI. Baseline 2D cine loops, 3D slice data and rendered volumes were saved for off-line comparison. While scan volumes varied, a volume of 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm acquired at a 19° volume angle resulted in 45-50 slices per volume at an acquisition rate of 1.8 to 2.2 Hz depending on depth. In the canine model, SHI resulted in significant improvement in contrast visualization and rendered SHI images demonstrated superior tissue suppression and a greater overall view of renal vasculature. In breast lesions, enhancement varied greatly on a case by case basis. However, SHI resulted in improved tissue suppression and detection of contrast in almost all cases. Future work will explore the ability of 4D SHI to classify breast lesions.
Air-side heat transfer enhancement of a refrigerator evaporator using vortex generation

Abstract In most domestic and commercial refrigeration systems, frost forms on the air-side surface of the air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger. Frost-tolerant designs typically employ a large fin spacing in order to delay the need for a defrost cycle. Unfortunately, this approach does not allow for a very high air-side heat transfer coefficient, and the performance of these heat exchangers is often air-side limited. Longitudinal vortex generation is a proven and effective technique for thinning the thermal boundary layer and enhancing heat transfer, but its efficacy in a frosting environment is essentially unknown. In this study, an array of delta-wing vortex generators is applied to a plain-fin-and-tube heat exchanger with a fin spacing of 8.5 mm. Heat transfer and pressure drop performance are measured to determine the effectiveness of the vortex generator under frosting conditions. For air-side Reynolds numbers between 500 and 1300, the air-side thermal resistance is reduced by 35–42% when vortex generation is used. Correspondingly, the heat transfer coefficient is observed to range from 33 to 53 W m−2 K−1 for the enhanced heat exchanger and from 18 to 26 W m−2 K−1 for the baseline heat exchanger.
Variance of storage requirements for B+-trees

Equations are derived for the variance of the number of leaf nodes in a B-tree or B+-tree with records inserted in random order. These show that the variance is asymptotically proportional to the number of records. Calculated values of the ratio are included.
The flavors of open access

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present various aspects of open access that are being discussed and debated in recent years.Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly reviews the flavors such as open access definitions, open access initiatives, platforms for open access, and players in the open access movement.Findings – The paper finds that, while the debates on open access continue, there is no doubt that librarians can play an important role to help achieve faster and wider dissemination of research discoveries and new knowledge of which they have been disseminators and keepers for centuries.Originality/value – The article may help readers further their understanding of the complexity of open access and raise awareness on some of the key points.
Why Tables Are Really Much Better Than Graphs

The statistical community is divided when it comes to graphical methods and models. Graphics researchers tend to disparage models and to focus on direct representations of data, mediated perhaps by research on perceptions but certainly not by probability distributions. From the other side, modelers tend to think of graphics as a cute toy for exploring raw data but not much help when it comes to the serious business of modeling. In order to better understand the benefits and limitations of graphs in statistical analysis, this article presents a series of criticisms of graphical methods in the voice of a hypothetical old-school analytical statistician or social scientist. We hope to elicit elaborations and extensions of these and other arguments on the limitations of graphics, along with responses from graphical researchers who might have different perceptions of these issues.
Aeolian weathering of Venusian surface materials - Preliminary results from laboratory simulations

An attempt is made to duplicate the atmospheric temperature, pressure, and approximate gas composition of all surface elevations on Venus by means of a simulator environment in which particles are impacted against rock targets as a way of studying planetary aeolian processes. While particles are abraded even at the low impact velocities envisioned for Venus, the same particles do not generate basaltic rock abrasion for impact velocities lower than 1 m/sec; comminution debris is instead transferred onto rock surfaces to form an accretion layer. These phenomena are seen as functions of the greater than 660 K temperatures encountered.
Predicting elastic moduli of heterogeneous polymer compositions

A new method for predicting elastic moduli M of heterogeneous polymer compositions is proposed. It is based on a phenomenological adjustment between parallel and series models for upper and lower bound moduli MU and ML. Thus, where ϕH is the volume fraction of hard phase, ϕS is the volume fraction of soft phase, and n is the only adjustable parameter since the upper and lower bound moduli are given by and where MH and MS are the moduli of the pure hard and soft phases, respectively. Predicted values of M are in agreement with measured values in a number of systems which include polyblends and composite materials of fixed morphology. The significance of n is discussed relative to concentrations in the area of a phase transition for the polyblends or relative to phase morphology in the case of fixed morphology compositions. Interestingly, the relationship, by analogy, is in agreement with measured values of polyblend melt viscosities.
Strategies for sustainable agriculture in the tropics

Abstract Sustainable agriculture has moved to the forefront of priorities within the global agricultural research system. Political leaders, donors, non-governmental organizations, farmers, and consumers are also increasingly aware of the need to raise and uphold crop and animal production while striving to conserve the natural resource base. both traditional knowledge and science need to be harnessed to improve the productivity and long-term sustainability of agricultural systems. Strategies for sustaining yield gains include the conservation and evaluation of plant and animal genetic resources, integrated pest management, conservation and enlightened management of soil and water resources, and crop and livestock diversification.
Epiploic appendagitis : the emergency department presentation

We performed a structured retrospective chart review to describe clinical characteristics of Emergency Department (ED) patients diagnosed by history, physical examination, and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan with epiploic appendagitis (EA). EA is a disease caused by inflammation of the appendix epiploica, subserosal adipose tissue along the colon. It may mimic surgical causes of acute abdominal pain, but is treated conservatively with pain management. There were 19 patients diagnosed with EA, with follow-up performed on 85%. All had focal, nonmigratory symptoms. Common findings included left lower quadrant pain and guarding, and a normal temperature and white cell count. No patient required operation. This preliminary work characterizes some common clinical features of ED patients diagnosed with EA. As use of emergency CT scan for abdominal pain increases, clinicians will encounter this more often. These features should also prompt the clinician to consider CT scan in patients with similar signs and symptoms. Accurate diagnosis may avoid unnecessary surgery.
Less is more: probabilistic models for retrieving fewer relevant documents

Traditionally, information retrieval systems aim to maximize the number of relevant documents returned to a user within some window of the top. For that goal, the probability ranking principle, which ranks documents in decreasing order of probability of relevance, is provably optimal. However, there are many scenarios in which that ranking does not optimize for the users information need. One example is when the user would be satisfied with some limited number of relevant documents, rather than needing all relevant documents. We show that in such a scenario, an attempt to return many relevant documents can actually reduce the chances of finding any relevant documents. We consider a number of information retrieval metrics from the literature, including the rank of the first relevant result, the %no metric that penalizes a system only for retrieving no relevant results near the top, and the diversity of retrieved results when queries have multiple interpretations. We observe that given a probabilistic model of relevance, it is appropriate to rank so as to directly optimize these metrics in expectation. While doing so may be computationally intractable, we show that a simple greedy optimization algorithm that approximately optimizes the given objectives produces rankings for TREC queries that outperform the standard approach based on the probability ranking principle.
The acute and chronic effects of exercise on the latent period of the gastrocnemius muscle in man

Systematic, repeated exercise extended over a period of t ime brings about many pronounced changes in both the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Investigators have shown tha t training tends to make the sarcolemma thicker and tougher. There is an increase in the amount of connective tissue present. Although the number of fibres is not changed by exercise, they become larger. In addition to these histological changes, there is an increase in phospho-creatine content, glycogen, non-nitrogenous substance and haemoglobin. The end result of all these changes seems to be an increase in physiological function, even out of proportion to the histological variations. In addition to the chronic effects of exercise there are alterations in response which seem to be acute. Although the response of intact human muscle has not been widely studied in this regard, enough work has been done to suggest tha t exercise has a tendency to affect intact muscle in a manner similar to the way in which it affects excised muscle. The effect of act ivi ty on the response of excised muscle scarcely need be mentioned since it is well known tha t the first effect is an increase in activity, and this is followed by the onset of fatigue. Although there has been but little work done on the effect of exercise on the response of an intact muscle, the work of Brown and Turtle ~, in their experiment with the patellar tendon reflex, suggests tha t it follows the behavior of excised muscle rather closely. This only reinforces the generally accepted opinion, namely, that exercise first increases functional act ivi ty and then decreases it. Due to the pauci ty of information concerning the effect of exercise on the intact human nmscle, the present investigation was undertaken. Although it is recognized tha t there are numerous approaches to the problem of the behavior of intact human muscle, only one phase of it was considered in this experiment. The purpose of the present s tudy is to determine the acute and chronic effects of exercise on the speed of response of the intact gastrocnemius muscle in man, as exhibited by the t ime elapsing between a stimulus and the begimfing of a response. * From the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, .State University of Iowa.
Optimization of a Cyclic Steam Injection Process Using Penalty Functions

A penalty-function technique is described which can be used to solve constrained nonlinear optimization problems. The method is based upon the strategy of transforming the original constrained optimization problem into an equivalent unconstrained problem and then solving a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems. This strategy is particularly attractive, as unconstrained optimization problems are generally much easier to solve than constrained problems. The method is applied to a cyclic steam injection process, which has previously been studied using other techniques. Detailed solutions are presented, and the characteristics of the method are discussed. The method is seen to work well, and it exhibits several favorable characteristics, such as applicability to a wide variety of nonlinear problems and freedom from convergence difficulties or computer storage limitations. Moreover, the method can be readily understood and easily implemented on a digital computer. (14 refs.)
NEES integrated seismic risk assessment framework (NISRAF)

Abstract The paper presents an integrated and extensible framework for assessment of the impact of earthquakes on civil infrastructure systems, particularly buildings and bridges. The framework, referred to as NEES Integrated Seismic Risk Assessment Framework (NISRAF), is developed with a focus on improving the reliability of earthquake assessment results. The components are structural fragility assessment using measured data and hybrid simulation, hazard characterization by free-field site response analysis, and integrated impact assessment. The hazard and fragility components are refined by employing nonlinear site response tools and model updating techniques, respectively. Several of these NISRAF components are tailored to achieve seamless integration and to arrive at an operational system. The novelty of the developed framework is primarily the integration of the various components of earthquake impact assessment, which have not been deployed in such an application before. The framework has been built and demonstrated via applications to a test bed in California. Earthquake impact assessment results using the generated hazard map and fragility curves correlate well with field reports, indicating the efficacy of the approach.
Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine and lacustrine sediments in the northeastern United States

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in dated sediment cores from several sites in the northeastern United States (Lake Superior, Isle Royale, Somes Sound, Hadlock Lower Pond. Coburn Mountain Pond, and outer Boston Harbor). Fluxes of ten PAH were measured for each site for the periods roughly corresponding to the present, 1950, and 1900. Remote sites consistently demonstrated present-day deliveries of individual PAH near 1 ng cm−2 yr−1, probably reflecting the atmospheric fallout of these combustion-derived pollutants. Sites located nearer to urban centers showed much greater current inputs (average of 35 ng cm−2 yr−1 for most individual PAH), presumably caused by greater fallout of PAH-laden particles nearer their urban origins, augmented by runoff delivery of PAH-contaminated sediments. Differences in the relative abundances of individual PAH at remote-versus-urban locations support suggestions of different delivery mechanisms. The sedimentary historical records of PAH inputs confirm the previous finding that anthropogenic activities began introducing large quantities of PAH into the environment about 80–100 years ago.
Phishing website detection using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and AdaBoost

One of the ways criminals steal identity in the cyberspace is using phishing. Attackers host phishing websites that resemble a legitimate website and entice users to click on hyperlinks which directs them to these fake websites. Attackers use these fake sites to capture personal information such as login, passwords and social security numbers from innocent victims, which they later use to commit crimes. We propose here a robust methodology to detect phishing websites that employs for semantic analysis a topic modeling technique, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and for classification, AdaBoost. The methodology developed is a content driven approach that is device independent and language neutral. The website content of mobile and desktop clients are collected by employing an intelligent web crawler. The website contents that are not in English are translated to English using Google's language translator. Topic model is built using the translated contents of desktop and mobile clients. The phishing website classifier is built using (i) distribution probabilities for the topics found as features using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and (ii) AdaBoost voting technique. Experiments were conducted using one of the large public corpus of website data containing 47500 phishing websites and 52500 good websites. Results show that our method achieves a F-measure of 99%.
Elder criminal victimization: Its relative rate compared to non-elders, 1992-2005

Abstract The literature is replete with the finding that persons who are relatively younger have a comparably higher incidence of crime victimization than those who are older. Comparable systematic studies of the crime rates among those who are 65 and older with those who are younger across time are virtually nonexistent. The present study provides these analyses. Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) by month and year were used to study the relative victimization rate among elders in the United States. The results provide descriptive evidence over time, using a national sample, that crime against older adults is notably lower than that committed against younger cohorts and that there are significant differences in the relative rate of property and personal crimes for both subpopulations. These findings are consistent for each of the 168 months of the study's period of analysis and confirm similar findings based on other databases.
Variation in response to growth factor stimuli in satellite cell populations.

Abstract Variation in response to growth factor stimuli in myogenic satellite cell populations was investigated using a clonal-derived satellite cell culture system. Satellite cell clones were established from one muscle from one individual animal. One clone (“Early”) which reached confluence on day 19 and one clone (“Late”), which reached confluence on day 29, were chosen for further examination. In previous studies, these two clones were found to differ in their growth rates in serum-containing medium. In the present study, the influence of growth factors on the proliferation of the two clones was compared in serum-free defined medium. Although basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulated proliferation of both clones, the Early clone was more responsive to all growth factors tested than the Late clone (P ≤ 0.05). The Early clone was also more responsive to the proliferative and differentiative depressing effects of administered transforming growth factor-β (P ≤ 0.05). Examination of properties of the PDGF, FGF, and IGF-I receptors on these two clones revealed no differences in either dissociation constants or receptor numbers (P ≥ 0.05). The results suggest that there is heterogeneity in satellite cell response to growth factors.
Sex for life: from virginity to viagra, how sexuality changes throughout our lives

edited by LAURA M. CARPENTER and JOHN DELAMATER, 2012, New York: New York University Press, 384 pp., ISBN 978-0-8147-7253-9, £17.09 (paperback) Sex for life: from virginity to viagra, how sexuality...
Navigating the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR∗D) Study: Practical Outcomes and Implications for Depression Treatment in Primary Care

The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR ∗ D) study addressed many clinically relevant issues on treatment of depressed outpatients. The study used an equipoise-stratified randomization scheme that enhanced the real-world expediency of treatment options studied. Because patients who had significant comorbid medical and psychiatric problems were included, and care was provided in the outpatient primary care setting as well as in outpatient psychiatric centers, findings are relevant to primary care physicians. The use of measurement-based treatment protocols promotes objectivity in a realm of often subjective clinical decision making. Although STAR ∗ D was unable to provide specific treatment comparisons for patients at all study levels, it succeeded in defining the prevalence of treatment-resistant depression and is a model for further practical clinical outcomes studies.
Metagenomic Approaches for Defining the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to immense and complex populations of microorganisms. Using recent technical innovations, the diversity present in this human body habitat is now being analyzed in detail. This review focuses on the microbial ecology of the gut in inflammatory bowel diseases and on how recent studies provide an impetus for using carefully designed, comparative metagenomic approaches to delve into the structure and activities of the gut microbial community and its interrelationship with the immune system.
Evaluation of a polyacrylamide assisted solid/liquid separation system for the treatment of liquid pig manure.

The effectiveness of a static gravity screen-roll press separator operated in tandem with a polyacrylamide assisted gravity belt thickener to separate solid and liquid components of liquid pig manure (raw slurry – RS) under production-scale conditions was evaluated. The system was operated from May to October in 2006 and 2007 each of two years processing 4 039 919 l in year 1 and 4 674 840 l in year 2 of raw slurry (RS1). The amount of biosolids produced was 363 690 l in year 1 and 439 103 l in year 2 resulting in a 91.8% collection rate of separated effluent (SE). Significant reductions were obtained in settleable solids (98.4% and 94.3%), total suspended solids (98.2% and 80.9%), total nitrogen (60.6% and 37.0%) and phosphorus (91.7% and 70.9%) concentrations comparing RS1 with SE for years 1 and 2, respectively. The N:P ratio of RS1 was improved from 3.6:1 to 17.1:1 in SE for year 1 and from 5.1:1 to 11.3:1 in SE for year 2. The cost to separate and apply to land SE via centre pivot irrigation was 0.28 US¢ l−1, comparative in price to the cost for direct injection of RS (0.24–0.44 US¢ l−1). The cost of utilising this system was similar to existing land application technology while the nutrient load in the SE was significantly reduced.
TRANSIENT AXISYMMETRIC THERMOELASTIC PROBLEM FOR THE HOLLOW SPHERE

A perturbation method of solution has been applied to laminated anisotropic shells. By this scheme the effect of general anisotropy was reduced to orthotropy such that the solution to an anisotropic shell problem consists of a series of orthotropic shell solutions. The method was demonstrated for the uniform pressurization of laminated cylindrical shells. Although the method of solution is straightforward, the amount of algebra involved is quite extensive. Therefore, it is suggested that this method be used on shell structures where the general anisotropy is slight. Then a good approximate solution may be obtained by solving a small number of systems of equations. By letting the radius of curvature a tend to infinity throughout the equations for cylindrical shells, a system of laminated anisotropic plate equations is obtained. Techniques employed previously for cylindrical shells are again applicable for laminated anisotropic plates.
Emotional Intimacy among Men

This article is not about sexual behavior between men, nor about typical male friendships; it is concerned with something in between, i.e., emotional intimacy. Emotional intimacy is defined in behavioral terms as mutual self-disclosure and other kinds of verbal sharing, as declarations of liking or loving the other, and as demonstrations of affection such as hugging and nongenital caressing.
Renormalization of dual models

A regularization and renormalization program for dual models in the critical dimension is discussed. The counterterms required for regularization are shown to be multiple insertions of zero-momentum dilatons. A heuristic summation of all such insertions leads to a slope and coupling-constant renormalization, and also to an intercept shift. The faults of the heuristic argument are discussed, and it is proved to lowest order and conjectured in general that the correct treatment leads to no intercept shift but only to renormalizations.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN VIRAL-INDUCED NEOPLASIA: I. STRAINS OF MICE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS

Studies of phosphorus metabolism, using P32-injected intraperitoneally into mice susceptible to mammary tumor induction by the mammary tumor virus, were conducted at time intervals corresponding to...
Forms and Functions of Instruction Patterns: Direct and Nondirect.

The intent of this article is to translate research concerning direct and nondirect instruction into workable teaching patterns by 1) clustering related teacher behaviors included in instructional organization and management, and 2) describing the teacher as that center of attention who responds to pupils and organizes and presents materials. Further, a rationale for patterns of instruction, a description and example of how they may be used and an observation instrument to code behaviors and monitor the operation of the instruction patterns are discussed.
Immunoregulatory influence of thymic epithelium and thymopoietin on human B-lymphocyte differentiation

Abstract Thymic influence upon immunoregulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation in human bone marrow was investigated. Mononuclear cells isolated from marrow of normal adult volunteers were incubated with thymic epithelial monolayers or with the polypeptide thymopoietin. Generation of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated anti-sheep red blood cell antibody-secreting direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) was found to be inhibited following incubation of marrow mononuclear cells with thymic epithelial monolayers. Addition of 50 ng/ml thymopoietin to pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures resulted in enhanced marrow PFC responses, whereas higher doses of thymopoietin were inhibitory for the generation of PFC in this assay system. The data suggest that both helper and suppressor T cells are recruited from their precursors in human bone marrow by thymic influences. Generation of helper or suppressor cells may be dependent upon (a) the stage of differentation of precursor T cells and (b) upon the specific action and intensity of the thymic influence.
Evidence on the Superiority of Analysts Quarterly Earnings Forecasts for Small Capitalization Firms

Financial analysts provide information to support investment analysis and decisions for an ever increasing number of firms. As part of their services they also produce earnings forecasts for covered firms. While there has been much research investigating the determinants of financial analyst earnings forecast superiority for large, widely-followed firms, little research has focused on smaller firms. Until recently, these smaller firms have been largely ignored. This study focuses exclusively on small firms and provides evidence of differing behavior for such firms compared to results previously reported for large firms. Errors in quarterly earnings per share forecasts of small firms obtained from a univariate time-series model are also examined. Regression results indicate that time-series model parameters possess information content with respect to forecast accuracy for analyst-covered firms only. These results are obtained after controlling for firm size, model adequacy, and industry, quarter, and year effects. This suggests that analysts are more likely to cover small firms for which they are able to decipher information correlated with that impounded in the “shocks” in the quarterly earnings time series as captured by the time-series model parameters.
XBC: XOR-based buffer coding for reliable transmissions over wireless networks

In-network caching is a useful technique for reducing latency and retransmission overhead of lost packets for reliable data delivery in wireless networks. However, in-network caching is challenging to implement in memory constrained devices such as RFIDs and sensors, and also in Wireless LAN (WLAN) gateways for large-scale deployments. In this paper we propose a novel technique for management of in-network caches using XOR coding for optimizing the use of limited buffer space in presence of random and burst packet losses. We identify two critical parameters, coding degree and coding distance for the coding scheme. As a case-study we implement our approach over Snoop and evaluate its performance for a WLAN. Using simulations in ns-2, we observe that when the size of the retransmission buffer on the gateway is less than 16 packets per TCP flow, the throughput can be enhanced by up to 30% for random losses and up to 20% for burst losses.
SU‐E‐I‐98: Dose Comparison for Pulmonary Embolism CT Studies: Single Energy Vs. Dual Energy

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the size specific dose estimate (SSDE), dose length product (DLP) and noise relationship for pulmonary embolism studies evaluated by single source dual energy computed tomography (DECT) against conventional CT (CCT) studies in a busy cancer center and to determine the dose savings provided by DECT. Methods: An IRB-approved retrospective study was performed to determine the CTDIvol and DLP from a subset of patients scanned with both DECT and CCT over the past five years. We were able to identify 30 breast cancer patients (6 male, 24 female, age range 24 to 81) who had both DECT and CCT studies performed. DECT scans were performed with a GE HD 750 scanner (140/80 kVp, 480 mAs and 40 mm) and CCT scans were performed with a GE Lightspeed 16 slice scanner (120 kVp, 352 mAs, 20 mm). Image noise was measured by placing an ROI and recording the standard deviation of the mean HU along the descending aorta. Results: The average DECT patient size specific dose estimate was to be 14.2 ± 1.7 mGy as compared to 22.4 ± 2.7 mGy from CCT PE studies, which is a 37% reduction in the SSDE. The average DECT DLP was 721.8 ± 84.6 mGy-cm as compared to 981.8 ± 106.1 mGy-cm for CCT, which is a 26% decrease. Compared to CCT the image noise was found to decrease by 19% when using DECT for PE studies. Conclusion: DECT SSDE and DLP measurements indicate dose savings and image noise reduction when compared to CCT. In an environment that heavily debates CT patient doses, this study confirms the effectiveness of DECT in PE imaging.
Self-phase modulation of incoherent light.

The effects of self-phase modulation on an incoherent field are calculated. I show that the field’s coherence time is shortened, i.e., an incoherent light spectral distribution is broadened, if this field propagates in a nonlinear Kerr medium.
Soret coefficient and thermal diffusion constant of aqueous solutions of sugars

Abstract The Soret coefficient was determined on aqueous solutions of glyceraldehyde, dextrose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. At 37°C the value of this coefficient ranged from 1.1 x 10−3 to 2.8 x 10−3, with units of deg−1. The Soret coefficient was found to be a hyperbolic function of the molecular weight of the sugar. The thermal diffusion constant can be expressed as 1.5±0.1 x 10−8 cm2.deg−1.sec−1. There appears to be no theoretical treatment of solutions that adequately accounts for these observations.
The Inhibition of Superoxide Production by the Soluble Phase of Cystic Fibrosis Sputum

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by an infiltration of activated neutrophils. Oxi- dative radical formation and neutrophil proteases may interact with the components of CF airway secretions. This study examined the soluble factors in CF airway secretions (sol) and determined their effect on the production of superoxide radicals. Methods: Neutrophils were isolated from three normal subjects. Each preparation of neutrophils can be used in several experiments on the same day of preparation. Using a standardized cytochrome c reduction method, the effect of pooled CF sol isolated from nine CF patients, on neutrophil superoxide production was studied. Results: CF sol phase significantly attenuates the production of superoxide by phorbol stimulated control neutrophils in a time and concentration dependent manner. When CF sol is boiled, the inhibitory effect on superoxide was reversed. CF soluble heat labile factors clearly attenuated superoxide production, independent of elastase concentration. We conclude that the presence of heat labile soluble factors in CF sputum, serve to attenuate superoxide production by human neutro- phils.
A frequency-domain parallel eigenvalue search algorithm of power systems based on multi-processing

With the rapid development of large-scale interconnected power systems, inter-area low frequency oscillation phenomena occasionally occur; thus, the small signal stability problem has become a serious issue affecting power system stability. When analyzing the small signal stability of a large-scale power grid (in particular, on-line dynamic security early warning systems), given the high rank of the differential algebra equations (DAEs), the serial eigenvalue algorithm cannot meet the requirements of computation speed. In recent years, the development of multi-core CPU technology has been very rapid. By fully using the hardware resources of multi-core CPU computers, the small signal stability calculation speed problem can be effectively solved in parallel computing technology. In this paper, a frequency-domain parallel eigenvalue search algorithm of power systems based on multi-processing is described, with the algorithm realized in the PSD-SSAP system, which is widely used in China. The calculation is accurate, the realization of the algorithm is simple, and the parallel computing efficiency is very high. Numerical simulation results of actual large-scale power systems show that the proposed algorithm is correct and efficient.
Experimental investigation of micro-scale temperature transients in sub-cooled flow boiling on a horizontal heater

Abstract Surface temperature fluctuations that occur locally underneath departing bubbles in pool boiling are shown to result in local heat transfer coefficients ranging from 1 to 10 kW/cm2. These estimates were reported in the literature involved both numerical and experimental approaches. Significantly higher heat fluxes are associated with flow boiling than pool boiling under similar conditions of wall superheat and liquid subcooling (e.g. at boiling inception and at critical heat flux). These enhancements are primarily caused by the convective transport, acceleration/distortion of the bubble departure process as well as the resultant potential enhancement of the local surface temperature fluctuations. In this study we measure the surface temperature fluctuations using temperature micro/nano-sensors fabricated on a silicon wafer during flow boiling on the silicon wafer which is heated from below. The silicon wafer is clamped on a constant heat flux type calorimeter consisting of a vertical copper cylinder with embedded cartridge heaters and K-type thermocouples. Micro/nano-thermocouples (thin film thermocouples or “TFT”) are fabricated on the surface of the silicon wafer. High speed data acquisition apparatus is used to record temperature data from the TFT at 1 kHz. A fluorinert was used as the test fluid (PF-5060, manufacturer: 3M Co.). The calorimeter and surface temperature measurement apparatus is housed in a test section with glass walls for visual observation. The liquid is pumped from a constant temperature bath to maintain a fixed subcooling during the experiments under steady state conditions. The transient temperature data from the FFT array during flow boiling on the silicon wafer is analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT). The FFT data is analyzed as a function of the wall heat flux and wall superheat. The number of temperature peaks in the FFT data is observed to increase with increase in wall heat flux and the peaks are found to cover a wider spectrum with peaks at higher frequencies with enhancement of heat flux. The surface temperature fluctuations, especially at small length and time scales, are perturbed potentially by the coupled hydrodynamic and thermal transport processes, resulting in enhanced local and global heat flux values. Boiling incipience condition and the flow boiling data are compared with correlations reported in the literature.
Performance evaluation of adaptive ramp-metering algorithms using microscopic traffic simulation model

Adaptive ramp metering has undergone significant theoretical developments in recent years. However, the applicability and potential effectiveness of such algorithms depend on a number of complex factors that are best investigated during a planning phase prior to any decision on their implementation. The use of traffic simulation models can provide a quick and cost-effective way to evaluate the performance of such algorithms prior to implementation on the target freeway network. In this paper, a capability-enhanced PARAMICS simulation model has been used in an evaluation study of three well-known adaptive ramp-metering algorithms: ALINEA, BOTTLE- NECK, and ZONE. ALINEA is a local feedback-control algorithm, and the other two are areawide coordinated algorithms. The evaluation has been conducted in a simulation environment over a stretch of the I-405 freeway in California, under both recurrent congestion and incident scenarios. Simulation results show that adaptive ramp-metering algorithms can reduce freeway congestion effectively compared to the fixed-time control. ALINEA shows good performance under both recurrent and nonrecurrent congestion scenarios. BOTTLENECK and ZONE can be improved by replacing their native local occupancy control algorithms with ALINEA. Compared to ALINEA, the revised BOTTLENECK and ZONE algorithms using ALINEA as the local control algorithm are found to be more efficient in reducing traffic congestion than ALINEA alone. The revised BOTTLENECK algorithm performs robustly under all scenarios. The results also indicate that ramp metering becomes less effective when traffic experiences severe congestion under incident scenarios.
Immunodominance and recognition of intracellular pathogens.

The concept of immunodominance during infection involves the generation of a focused immune response to a few of the many possible pathogen-derived antigenic determinants. The development of technical approaches to identify these antigens and predictive algorithms for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)binding peptides have proven key in starting to dissect these events. When combined with the availability of MHC I and II tetramers to identify pathogen specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, these methods have provided many insights into the basic biology of an immune response. These approaches have revealed that a limited number of immunodominant
Feldspars as a source of nutrients for microorganisms

Phosphorus and nitrogen are essential macronutrients necessary for the survival of virtually all living organisms. In groundwater systems, these nutrients can be quite scarce and can represent limiting elements for growth of subsurface microorganisms. In this study we examined silicate sources of these elements by characterizing the colonization and weathering of feldspars in situ using field microcosms. We found that in carbon-rich anoxic groundwaters where P and N are scarce, feldspars that contain inclusions of P-minerals such as apatite are preferentially colonized over similar feldspars without P. A microcline from S. Dakota, which contains 0.24% P 2 O 5 but <1 mu mol/g NH 4 (super +) , was heavily colonized and deeply weathered. A similar microcline from Ontario, which has no detectable P or NH 4 (super +) , was barren of attached organisms and completely unweathered after one year. Anorthoclase (0.28% P 2 O 5 , approximately 1 mu mol/g NH 4 (super +) ) was very heavily colonized and weathered, whereas plagioclase specimens (<0.01% P, <1 mu mmol/g NH 4 (super +) ) were uncolonized and unweathered. In addition, the observed weathering rates are faster than expected based on laboratory rates. We propose that this system is particularly sensitive to the availability of P, and the native subsurface microorganisms have developed biochemical strategies to aggressively scavenge P (or some other essential nutrient such as Fe (super 3-) ) from resistant feldspars. The result of this interaction is that only minerals containing P will be significantly colonized, and these feldspars will be preferentially destroyed, as the subsurface microbial community scavenges a limiting nutrient.