cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Challenges to Critical Information Literacy: Primary Source Analysis as Consciousness-Raising

Critical information literacy can be described as the application of critical pedagogy, or a theory of learning that endeavors to impact social change, to information literacy. The use of critical pedagogy in information literacy instruction is simultaneously on-trend in theory and also criticized for the obstacles to its practical implementation. Due to historic collecting practices in archives and special collections libraries, teaching with archival collections presents an advantageous way to integrate critical information literacy. This case study describes the use of primary source analysis as a critical information literacy tool in a one-shot instruction session for a cross-listed communications and women’s studies course, focusing on gender roles and communication.
Socio-Cultural Distance and the Choice of Joint Ventures: A Contingency Perspective:

It is widely believed that firms choose joint venture forms overseas when confronted with high socio-cultural distance. However, the probability of choosing the joint venture form is expected to be...
Using Artificial Neural Network techniques to improve the description and prediction of household financial ratios

Abstract The purpose of the study described in this paper was to shed light on the need for alternative methods to improve descriptions and predictions of household financial ratios. Using data from the 2013, 2015, and 2017 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), this study examined the descriptive and predictive power of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model when evaluating household savings-to-income ratios and debt-to-asset ratios cross-sectionally and across time. Results suggest that ANN models provide a better overall model fit when describing and forecasting financial ratios. Findings confirm that machine learning procedures can provide a robust, efficient, and effective analytic method when an educator, researcher, financial service professional, lender, or policy maker needs to describe and/or predict a household’s future financial situation. Suggestions for the implementation of ANN modeling procedures by household finance researchers, practitioners, and policy makers are provided.
Novel Combined Tissue Transcriptome Analysis After Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge in Inbred Chicken Lines of Differential Resistance

Disease has large negative impacts on poultry production. A more comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interaction can lead to new and improved strategies to maintain health. In particular, host genetic factors can lead to a more effective response to pathogens, hereafter termed resistance. Fayoumi and Leghorn chicken lines have demonstrated relative resistance and susceptibility, respectively, to the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain and many other pathogens. This biological model was used to better understand the host response to a vaccine strain of NDV across three tissues and time points, using RNA-seq. Analyzing the Harderian gland, trachea, and lung tissues together using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified important genes that were co-expressed and associated with parameters including: genetic line, days post-infection (dpi), challenge status, sex, and tissue. Pathways and driver genes, such as EIF2AK2, MPEG1, and TNFSF13B, associated with challenge status, dpi, and genetic line were of particular interest as candidates for disease resistance. Overall, by jointly analyzing the three tissues, this study identified genes and gene networks that led to a more comprehensive understanding of the whole animal response to lentogenic NDV than that obtained by analyzing the tissues individually.
Winter and spring conditions determine the production of the salvinia weevil mass rearing programme

Invasion from giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell, Salviniaceae) blocks sunlight entering waterbodies, reducing submerged aquatic macrophytes, thus lowering dissolved oxygen and stressing aqu...
The influence of cultural worldviews on people’s responses to hurricane risks and threat information

This article explores whether and how cultural worldviews influence people’s responses to approaching natural hazard threats, using data from a survey that asked residents of coastal Florida, USA, ...
Progress of single nucleotide polymorphisms in related genes of Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome(-TS) is a genetic predisposition,chronic complex neuropsychiatric disease in children.Recent studies focus on the relationship between TS and the genetic variations of susceptibility genes,particularly single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).Highly automated,high accuracy and low cost of SNP detection and analysis technologies have promoted the study of hereditary diseases.The recent research development of SNP in TS related genes was reviewed in the paper. Key words: Tourette syndrome; Gene; Single nucleotide polymorphism
A click-ready pH-triggered phosphoramidate-based linker for controlled release of monomethyl auristatin E.

Abstract In this work, we developed a novel “click”-ready pH-cleavable phosphoramidate linker for controlled-release of monomethyl auristantin E (MMAE) in antibody- and small molecule-drug conjugates application. This water-soluble linker was found to have tremendous stability at physiological pHs while rapidly releasing its payload at acidic pH. The linker can also be tailored to release payloads of diverse functional groups, broadening its applications.
On the Economic Order Quantity Model with Compounding

The classical Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model assumes simple interest to represent the opportunity cost of capital tied up in the inventory. Recently, the classical model has been extended to i...
Constitutional Right or Privilege to Participate in Extracurricular Activities: Editor: Thomas H. Sawyer

This article looks at an age- and gender-discrimination case that was filed based on a high school soccer player who was cut from varsity and was deemed too old to play for the junior varsity team.
Nanoporous Material Recognition via 3D Convolutional Neural Networks: Prediction of Adsorption Properties.

Nanoporous materials can be effective adsorbents for various energy applications. Because of their abundant number, brute-force-based material discovery can, however, be challenging. Data-driven ap...
Epigenetic Regulation of Interleukin-17-Related Genes and Their Potential Roles in Neutrophil Vascular Infiltration in Preeclampsia

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism controlling gene expression, and reduced methylation is associated with increased gene expression. We hypothesized that IL-17 cytokines are regulated by DNA methylation, are elevated in the circulation of preeclamptic women, and stimulate vascular neutrophil chemokine expression, which could account for vascular infiltration of neutrophils in preeclampsia. We found significantly reduced DNA methylation of IL17A, IL17E, and IL17F genes in omental arteries of preeclamptic women, significantly reduced methylation of IL2, which regulates IL-17-producing T-lymphocytes, and significantly reduced methylation of genes encoding neutrophil chemokines and TNFα receptors related to lymphocyte function. Maternal plasma levels of IL-17A were significantly elevated in the second trimester of preeclamptic pregnancy as compared to normal pregnancy. To test if methylation regulates IL-17 cytokines, a lymphocyte cell line (Jurkat) was cultured with a hypomethylating agent. Hypomethylation increased expression of IL17E (aka IL25), IL17F, and IL2. IL17A was not expressed by Jurkat cells. To test the potential role of IL-17 cytokines in vascular neutrophil infiltration associated with preeclampsia, human vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured with IL-17 cytokines. IL-17A, but not IL-17E or IL-17F, increased gene expression of neutrophil chemokines (IL-8, CXCL5, and CXCL6) that are increased in vascular smooth muscle of preeclamptic women. The monocyte chemokine, CCL-2, was not increased. TNFα also increased neutrophil chemokines. IL-17 cytokines are regulated by DNA methylation; IL-17A is elevated in preeclampsia and stimulates expression of neutrophil chemokines in vascular smooth muscle. IL-17A could be responsible for vascular infiltration of neutrophils in preeclampsia.
'Правый радикализм': проблема адекватного аналитического инструментария (Radical Right: The Problem of Adequate Analytical Framework)

Russian Abstract: Политизация и идеологизация проблемы "крайне правых", "правого радикализма" приводит к негодным попыткам объяснить поведение широкого спектра совершенно разнородных партий единственно отношением к иммиграционной политике и иммигрантам. Привлечение политиками и группами интересов иммигрантов из стран с культурой враждебной свободе и достоинству человека, не говоря о его правах собственности, обеспечивает одни партии управляемым электоратом. Однако среди противников неселективной иммиграции есть как сторонники Большого правительства (но только для соотечественников) так и классические либералы. English Abstract: "Radical Rights" parties descriptor (based on immigration policies only) embraces too many parties from the opposite sides of real political spectrum. Politicians and special interest groups supporting Big Government attract immigrants with cultural background hostile to individual freedom and private property, to create new groups of dependent, guided electorate. The parties of Limited Government turning to be natural losers of the influx of "new voters". The parties and groups supporting Big Government (but for compatriots only), are losing from the shrinking resources and oppose unselective immigration policies. Both types of the political forces have too little in common, to be treated and analyzed as a similar phenomena.
A dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI digital reference object for testing software with leakage correction: Effect of background simulation

PURPOSE Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI is a perfusion imaging technique from which useful quantitative imaging biomarkers can be derived. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) is such a biomarker commonly used for evaluating brain tumors. To account for the extravasation of contrast agents in tumors, post-processing leakage correction is often applied to improve rCBV accuracy. Digital reference objects (DRO) are ideal for testing the post-processing software, because the biophysical model used to generate the DRO can be matched to the one that the software uses. This study aims to develop DROs to validate the leakage correction of software using Weisskoff model and to examine the effect of background signal time curves that are required by the model. METHODS Three DROs were generated using the Weisskoff model, each composed of nine foreground lesion objects with combinations of different levels of rCBV and contrast leakage parameter (K2). Three types of background were implemented for these DROs: (1) a multi-compartment brain-like background, (2) a sphere background with a constant signal time curve, and (3) a sphere background with signal time curve identical to that of the brain-like DRO's white matter (WM). The DROs were then analyzed with an FDA-cleared software with and without leakage correction. Leakage correction was tested with and without brain segmentation. RESULTS Accuracy of leakage correction was able to be verified using the brain-like phantom and the sphere phantom with WM background. The sphere with constant background did not perform well with leakage correction with or without brain segmentation. The DROs were able to verify that for the particular software tested, leakage correction with brain segmentation achieved the lowest error. CONCLUSIONS DSC-MRI DROs with biophysical model matched to that of the post-processing software can be well used for the software's validation, provided that the background signals are also properly simulated for generating the reference time curve required by the model. Care needs to be taken to consider the interaction of the design of the DRO with the software's implementation of brain segmentation to extract the reference time curve.
A Novel Adenoidectomy Training System.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Young residents find mirror-guided adenoidectomy difficult. Inexperienced trainees must learn to focus a headlight beam, work upside-down and backward in a small space and thoroughly ablate adenoid tissue-all new skills. We present an adenoidectomy training system that is low-cost, easy to construct, and is focused on these basic adenoidectomy skills. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. METHODS This training suite includes three stations each targeting a different skill. The first employs a mannequin head with exposed nasopharynx. It trains the student to coordinate a headlight and mirror while touching a series of targets with a curved probe. At the second station participants electrodessicate (or microdebride) an anchored piece of veal thymus. The third station combines both sets of skills as participants ablate thymus in a simulated nasopharynx (30 mm rectangular aluminum tube) constrained within a Crow-Davis retractor, using a headlight, mirror, and suction electrosurgical electrode (or microdebrider). To evaluate the training system's efficacy, we assessed the performance of 10 surgically naive medical student volunteers before and after 15 minutes of practice using a validated rating scale used for adenoidectomy. RESULTS There was significant improvement in adenoidectomy skill scores after practicing. Overall scores were higher, time taken to touch a series of targets with a headlight and mirror was less and amount of tissue ablated at the final station was greater (P < .05). CONCLUSION This novel adenoidectomy training system is inexpensive and easy to build. Practice with the model resulted in statistically significant improvement in adenoidectomy skill scores for inexperienced student surgeons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Mechanical forces in musculoskeletal tissue engineering

In tissue engineering, mechanical forces play two different roles: One role is to manipulate the behavior of cells by mechanotransduction via mechanical stimuli, whereas the other is presented in the various mechanical properties of different types of tissue. The mechanical stimulus has been shown to control cellular proliferation, differentiation, cell orientation, and apoptosis through different cell signaling pathways. These interactions can affect the production of extracellular matrix and eventual regeneration of tissue properties. Bioreactors have shown promise in being able to apply biologically related mechanical stresses, such as compression, tension, and shear, thus affecting stem cell differentiation. Through different conditions, several tissues have been developed and maintained, such as cartilage and bone. Associated with these tissues is the ability to exhibit resistance to different mechanical forces, such as compression. Currently, much research effort is being expended on applying mechanical stimulus to the physical environment in which cells and tissues are being incubated and guided into the desired phenotype. When regenerating tissue, if specific mechanical resistance is not met, tissue failure due to physiological stresses is highly possible.
A Few Preliminary Results from the Glaciogeophysical Survey of the Interior Ross Embayment (GSIRE)

We report here on some of the results of our first two seasons work along the Siple Coast. These results are all preliminary in nature and could be modified substantially with further analysis. Furthermore, we have selected from a much larger body of data only a few points that we believe will be of interest to this workshop.
Automobile Accidents: Potential Years of Life Lost

Regular readers of Pediatrics have been kept apprised of advancements in the prevention of childhood deaths and injuries from automobile accidents. The American Academy of Pediatrics initiated the "First Ride—A Safe Ride," which has endorsed programs ranging from prenatal education of parents to state legislation. In March 1982, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta revised its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to include "Potential Years of Life Lost by Cause of Death" (March 12, 1982;31:110). This is derived for persons aged 1 to 65 years at the time of death by taking the number of deaths in each age category as reported by the National Center for Health Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, multiplied by the difference between 65 years and the age at the midpoint of each category.
The Period of the Chandler Wobble

Realistic models of the Earth are known to possess a solid anelastic inner core, mantle and crust, and a fluid core and oceans. How might we go about calculating the theoretical free period of the Chandler wobble of such an Earth model? Let xi be a set of Cartesian axes with an origin at the center of mass, and let ωi be the instantaneous angular velocity of rotation of these axes with respect to inertial space. The net angular momentum is then Cijωj + hi, where Cij is the inertia tensor, and hi is the relative angular momentum. Let us affix the axes xi in the mantle and crust by stipulating that the relative angular momentum is that of the core and oceans alone, i.e., hi (mantle and crust) = 0; hi = hi (core and oceans). For an infinitesimal free oscillation of angular frequency a, we can write ωi = Ω(δi3 + mi eiσt), Cij = A(δi1δj1+δi2δj2) + Cδi3δj3 + cij eiσt, and hi = hi eiσt, where Ω is the mean rate of rotation and A and C are the mean equatorial and polar moments of inertia. Correct to first order, any such oscillation is governed by the well-known Liouville equations $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {i\sigma {m_1} + {A^{ - 1}}\left( {C - A} \right)\Omega {m_2} = - {A^{ - 1}}\left[ {i\sigma \left( {{c_{13}} + {\Omega ^{ - 1}}{h_1}} \right) - \Omega \left( {{c_{23}} + {\Omega ^{ - 1}}{h_2}} \right)} \right],}\\ {i\sigma {m_2} + {A^{ - 1}}\left( {C - A} \right)\Omega {m_1} = - {A^{ - 1}}\left[ {i\sigma \left( {{c_{23}} + {\Omega ^{ - 1}}{h_2}} \right) - \Omega \left( {{c_{13}} + {\Omega ^{ - 1}}{h_1}} \right)} \right],}\\ {i\sigma {m_3} - {C^{ - 1}}\left[ {i\sigma \left( {{c_{33}} + {\Omega ^{ - 1}}{h_3}} \right)} \right].} \end{array}$$ (1) .
High-Speed Ultrasmooth Etching of Fused Silica Substrates in SF 6 , NF 3 , and H 2 O-Based Inductively Coupled Plasma Process

This paper presents a new paradigm for high aspect ratio etching of fused silica substrates using a modified inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etch chamber. In particular, we have incorporated a stainless steel gas diffuser ring on the mechanical substrate clamping plate of the etcher to introduce NF3 and H2O gases right above the wafer, whereas SF6 is introduced through the ICP source. This configuration of plasma etching allows for incomplete breakdown of NF3 + H2O gas mixture, thereby creating a high local density of F, NF x , and HF (Hydrogen Fluoride) while achieving large flux of SFx+ ion bombardment. Using this configuration, source power of 2500 W, substrate power of 400 W, and SF6/NF3/H2O flow rates of 60/100/50 sccm, we were able to achieve a surface roughness of $\sim 5$ A at an etch rate of $\sim 1 \mu $ m/min. In situ residual gas analysis of the plasma conditions show high concentrations of F, HF, and SFx, along with a large concentration of NF x species. The highest etch rate was also found to be a function of the ion flux. The anisotropy of the etch was enhanced by the formation of an inert nickel fluoride/oxide skin layer on the sidewalls of the etched features. [2014-0214]
Political Survival, Energy Policies, and Multinational Corporations: A Historical Study for Standard Oil of New Jersey in Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela in the Twentieth Century.

We draw on the selectorate theory and detailed historical research to explain how a government relationship with foreign multinationals will depend on the strategies followed by the host country’s ruler to assure his/her political survival. Focusing in three oil-exporting countries (Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico) and one firm (Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) during the twentieth century, we show that oil rents are a valuable resource for the host country’s ruler to assure the loyalty of his/her winning coalition. We argue that a government depending on a small winning coalition will use oil rents as a private good to be distributed among those close to the ruler, while a government relying on large coalitions will use oil rents as public goods to be distributed among the population. When acting against foreign multinationals, the host government is constrained by the political power of the firms’ home country over the host country and by the relationship between the firm and its home country. Finally, we show that shared political agendas between host and home governments give the host government more space to maneuver against foreign firms.
Excitatory synaptic transmission between interneurons and motoneurons in chick spinal cord cell cultures

We have examined the development of synaptic transmission between interneurons and motoneurons in spinal cord cell cultures. Unitary excitatory synaptic currents and complex bursts of excitatory currents develop rapidly: EPSCs (excitatory postsynaptic currents) were detected in 100% of the motoneurons by the 4th day after plating. Inhibitory synaptic currents develop more slowly: IPSCs (inhibitory postsynaptic currents) were detected in only 10% of the motoneurons on day 5 and 40% on day 8. During the 1st and 2nd days in vitro, 24% of the motoneurons tested were dye (Lucifer Yellow) coupled to nearby interneurons. The incidence of dye coupling declined during the first week in culture. No coupling was observed between motoneurons. Our data imply that both G1 and G2 receptors are activated at each synapse. The amplitude of spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents did not change when the motoneuron was hyperpolarized from -50 to -80 mV. This behavior is similar to that of currents induced by glutamate, an agonist that activates 2 types of receptors (G1 and G2) on motoneurons. In addition, a concentration of 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid sufficient to inhibit all G1 receptors only partially inhibited the excitatory synaptic currents. Given the conductance of G1 and G2 channels and the ratio of channels activated during unitary EPSCs, we estimate that as few as 25 G1 channels and 5 G2 channels may mediate excitatory interaction between interneurons and motoneurons during the first week in culture.
Procoagulant activity of lymphocyte-macrophage populations in rabbits: selective increases in marrow, blood, and spleen cells during Shwartzman reactions

The present experiments examine leukocyte procoagulant activity using mononuclear cell populations purified or enriched from rabbit bone marrow, blood, spleen, lymph node, thymus, and pulmonary alveoli. Cells from these six sites, obtained from control and endotoxemic animals and assayed without an intermediate culture step, were found to have procoagulant activity identified as tissue factor. Under control conditions, tissue factor activity was found to be at low levels in marrow and blood populations compared to median activities 3- and 11-fold higher in populations from spleen and lymph node, and 33- and 45-fold higher in thymus and alveolar populations. By contrast to respective controls, significantly increased amounts of tissue factor (35-, 15-, and 12-fold at median levels) were found in marrow, blood, and spleen populations from endotoxemic animals. The types of leukocytes in these latter three populations were morphologically and histochemically indistinguishable from respective controls, indicating that endotoxin induced increases of activity in cells with relatively low amounts under control conditions. Activity did not change significantly in lymph node, thymus, or alveolar populations after endotoxemia. These studies show that tissue factor is present in a range of leukocyte populations not previously reported to have procoagulant activity. In addition, the finding of widespread gains of tissue factor in the marrow-blood-spleen pool due to endotoxemia provides new evidence supporting the importance of leukocyte procoagulants in Shwartzman-like reactions.
Semiclassical calculation of vibrational energy levels for nonseparable potentials

The energy levels for a nonseparable system of two coupled oscillators are calculated by transforming the classical Hamiltonian to the Birkhoff-Gustavson normal form, and then quantizing. The agreement with exact quantum levels is excellent.
A spontaneous emergence of attachment behavior in at-risk children and a correlation with sensory deficits.

Problem Complex developmental trauma affects large numbers of children who have suffered from abuse, neglect, and/or deprivation. The effects often manifest in problems of attachment. Methods Researchers conducted therapeutic day camps for at-risk children to determine whether multimodal therapies could ameliorate the effects of complex developmental trauma. Two groups of adopted children (ages 3–9 and 10–14 years) with histories of trauma attended separate 3-week camps. Findings Data analysis indicated a positive correlation between negative attachment behaviors and deficits in sensory processing. Increased pro-attachment behaviors were found to have a significant relationship with pre-camp deficits in sensory processing. Conclusions These results are discussed in the context of systems theory.
Judging a Book by Its Cover: Medical Building Facades and Judgments of Care

The study examines the relationship between the appearance of medical building exteriors and judgments of the perceived care that would be delivered in and the expected comfort level that would be felt in those facilities. In all, 188 college students viewed 34 slides of the exteriors of medical facilities. Using visual analogue scales, participants rated the perceived quality of care and expected comfort level for each facility and provided brief written comments to explain their ratings. Factor analyses yielded 3 parallel Care and Expected Comfort factors, labeled Traditional House type, Brick Office type, and Large Medical type, and a fourth Expected Comfort factor, labeled Low Budget Emphasis. Respondents rated facilities of the Large Medical type to be highest in both quality of care and expected comfort. Results are discussed in terms of current trends in the architecture of health care facilities and recommendations for practitioners.
Müller cell changes precede photoreceptor cell degeneration in the age-related retinal degeneration of the Fischer 344 rat

Previously, we have used descriptive pathology and histomorphometry, as well as functional testing to characterize the age-related retinal degeneration in the Fischer 344 rat. These studies suggested an association between Muller cells and photoreceptor cells in this process. The purpose of the present study was to further investigate the respective roles of these cell types in the development and progression of the retinal degeneration. Retinas from male Fischer 344 rats aged 3-24 months were first studied by light and electron microscopy. Since Muller cells abundantly express GFAP during pathological states, GFAP content was studied by immunocytochemistry and by immunoblotting following one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Microscopically, at 12 months, Muller cells showed a gradient of immunoreactivity for GFAP that was minimal in the central retina, positive for their radial processes in the equator, and abundantly expressed in the periphery. At this age, the photoreceptor cells were just beginning to degenerate in the far periphery, while they appeared healthy in the equatorial and central regions. By 24 months, Muller cell hypertrophy was seen in the peripheral regions where photoreceptor cell degeneration was most severe, while the immunoreactivity of the Muller cell processes spread further toward the central regions, ahead of the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells. Thus, Muller cell changes actually preceded photoreceptor degeneration in time and location. This phenomenon was confirmed by measurement of GFAP after one- and two-dimensional PAGE. These findings show that Muller cell changes precede chronic photoreceptor cell degeneration in the aging Fischer 344 rat and are consistent with the hypothesis that Muller cell alteration may be the primary mechanism of this age-related retinal degeneration.
Mangrove-Exported Nutrient Incorporation by Sessile Coral Reef Invertebrates

Coastal mangrove forests were historically considered as a source of organic matter (OM) for adjacent marine systems due to high net primary production; yet recent research suggesting little uptake through the food web because of low nutritional quality, challenges the concept of trophic linkage between mangrove forests and coral reefs. To examine the importance of mangrove forests to coral reef nutrient availability, we examined sessile reef-forming invertebrate consumers including hard corals, sponges, a bivalve mollusc, polychaete annelid and tunicate, and potential sources of OM (decaying mangrove leaves, microalgae, macroalgae, and seagrass) in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Using stable isotope analyses of δ34S and δ13C and a concentration-dependent version of the IsoSource mixing model, we were able to discriminate among and determine the range of potential contributions of our four OM sources to consumers. Contributions of microalgae and macroalgae were often indeterminate due to high variability, yet seagrass and mangrove contributions were often substantial. Mangrove OM ranged across sites and species of filter feeders from 0 to 57%, 7 to 41%, and 18 to 52% for sponges, file clams, and feather duster worms, respectively. Mangrove contribution to corals (Acropora cervicornis, Agaricia fragilis, Agaricia tenuifolia, Montastrea annularis, Diploria sp.) ranged from 0 to 44%. To examine whether OM contribution varied with distance from mangroves, we conducted a sponge transplant experiment that demonstrated declining mangrove contribution across three sponge species with increasing distance from the shore. These results supported the hypothesis of mangrove-coral reef nutrient linkages, providing the first evidence that mangrove inputs of OM to sessile invertebrates are substantial, accounting for 0–57% of the composition.
High‐resolution near‐bottom vector magnetic anomalies over Raven Hydrothermal Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge

High-resolution, near-bottom vector magnetic data were collected by remotely operated vehicle Jason over the Raven hydrothermal vent field (47°57.3′N 129°5.75′W) located north of Main Endeavour vent field on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The survey was part of a comprehensive heat flow study of the Raven site using innovative thermal blanket technology to map the heat flux and crustal fluid pathways around a solitary hydrothermal vent field. Raven hydrothermal activity is presently located along the western axial valley wall, while additional inactive hydrothermal deposits are found to the NW on the upper rift valley wall. Magnetic inversion results show discrete areas of reduced magnetization associated with both active and inactive hydrothermal vent deposits that also show high conductive heat flow. Higher spatial variability in the heat flow patterns compared to the magnetization is consistent with the heat flow reflecting the currently active but ephemeral thermal environment of fluid flow, while crustal magnetization is representative of the static time-averaged effect of hydrothermal alteration. A general NW to SE trend in reduced magnetization across the Raven area correlates closely with the distribution of hydrothermal deposits and heat flux patterns and suggests that the fluid circulation system at depth is likely controlled by local crustal structure and magma chamber geometry. Magnetic gradient tensor components computed from vector magnetic data improve the resolution of the magnetic anomaly source and indicate that the hydrothermally altered zone directly beneath the Raven site is approximately 15 × 106 m3 in volume.
Use of population-based surveillance to determine the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in an urban slum and a rural setting in Kenya.

Interest in precise data on burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis has grown due to the recent availability of safe and efficacious new generation rotavirus vaccines.1,2 In addition to direct protection, data from high and middle income countries that have introduced rotavirus vaccines suggest that immunization of infants may provide indirect protection by reducing transmission of rotavirus to older children and adults.3,4 While data are available on rotavirus disease burden in children <5 years of age from multiple settings,5 most of these data are hospital-based, which does not provide a representative and accurate disease incidence data burden in areas where health care utilization is low. In addition, there is limited information on incidence rates for rotavirus-associated diarrhea in older children and in adults, particularly in developing countries.6,7 The Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborate on population-based surveillance for infectious disease syndromes and their etiologies in a rural setting and in an urban slum in Kenya; adults in both areas have high (15–20%) HIV seroprevalence.8 The surveillance platform has provided opportunities to assess the burden of a variety of syndromes. We assessed incidence and characterized the epidemiology of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis by age group in these 2 locations. These data may serve as a baseline to monitor impact of introduction (anticipated in 2014) of rotavirus vaccines, including in older children and adults.
The crystal structure of a zinc ethylenediamino-N methyl phosphonate dichloride

The title compound, Zn(O{sub 3}PCH{sub 2}NH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}NH{sub 3})Cl{sub 2}, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2{sub 1}/c with Z = 4 and cell parameters a = 8.348(1), b = 8.269(1), c = 15.220(2){angstrom}; {beta} = 103.29(1){degree}, V = 1022.5(2){angstrom}{sup 3}. The zinc ion is 4-coordinate being bonded to two chloride ions and two oxygen atoms. Polymeric chains of Zn atoms bridged by the phosphonato group form in a zig zag manner in the crystallographic b direction. A strong hydrogen bonding scheme involving both Cl{sup {minus}} ions and the third phosphonato oxygen atoms as acceptors and the protonated amino groups as donors together with the interpenetrant packing of the amine chains causes the structure to be strongly bound in three dimensions.
Preservation of renal function in experimental glomerulonephritis

Preservation of renal function in experimental glomerulonephritis. To evaluate the protective effect of dietary phosphorus restriction in an immunologic model of experimental renal disease, we randomized 24 Sprague-Dawley rats with established nephrotoxic serum nephritis into two groups. Group A animals (N = 13) were fed a diet with a normal phosphorus content (0.5% phosphorus), and group B animals (N = 11) received an identical diet low in phosphorus (0.04% phosphorus). Over the ensuing 133 days, group A rats developed progressive renal failure and had a mean serum creatinine concentration of 3.0 ± 0.5 mg/dl at the time of death or completion of the study. In contrast, group B animals maintained near normal renal function and had a final mean serum creatinine concentration of 0.93 + 0.2 mg/dl (P Protection de la fonction renale au cours de la glomerulonephrite experimentale. Pour evaluer a effet protecteur de la restriction alimentaire de phosphore dans un modele immunologique d'atteinte renale experimentale, 24 rats Sprague-Dawley atteints de nephrite serique ont ete repartis au hasard dans deux groupes. Les animaux du groupe A (N = 13) ont recu une alimentation a contenu de phosphore normal (0,5% phosphore) alors que ceux du groupe B (N = 11) ont recu une alimentation semblable mais pauvre en phosphore (0,04% phosphore). Au cours des 133 jours ulterieurs, les animaux du groupe A ont developpe une insuffisance renale progressive avec une creatinine serique moyenne de 3,0 ± 0,5 mg/dl au moment de leur mort ou de la fin de a etude. Les animaux du groupe B, au contraire ont conserve une fonction renale proche de la normale avec une creatinine de 0,93 ± 0,2 mg/dl (P
Developing Global Products and Marketing Strategies: A Rejoinder:

In this issue of JAMS, Dr. Lyn Amine presents a “comment and an extension” to our previously published article. Such efforts are often constructive, and in this spirit, we present a discussion responding to Dr. Amine’s comments. Our response, combined with Dr. Amine’s comments, hopefully will provide constructive research avenues in international product and marketing strategy development.
Formation of the epidermal calcium gradient coincides with key milestones of barrier ontogenesis in the rodent

The epidemal permeability barrier forms late in gestation, coincident with decreased lipid synthesis, increased lipid processing, and development of a mature, multilayered stratum corneum. Prior studies have shown that changes in the epidermal Ca++ gradient in vivo regulate lamellar body secretion and lipid synthesis, and modulations in extracellular Ca++in vitro also regulate keratinocyte differentiation. We asked here whether a Ca++ gradient forms in fetal epidermis in utero, and whether its emergence correlates with key developmental milestones of barrier formation and stratum corneum development. Using either ion precipitation or proton induced X-ray emission analysis of fetal mouse and rat skin, we showed that a Ca++ gradient is not present at gestational days 16–18, prior to barrier formation, and that a gradient forms coincident with the emergence of barrier competence (day 19, mouse; day 20, rat) prior to birth. These results are consistent with a role for Ca++in the regulation of key metabolic events leading to barrier formation. Whether the calcium gradient is formed actively or passively remains to be determined.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigations of Lanthanide-Doped Barium Titanate: Dopant Site Occupancy

Air-fired barium titanate samples doped with cerium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, erbium, or ytterbium were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Reducing atmosphere-fired europium-doped barium titanate was also investigated with EPR. Each dopant was studied in both Ba- and Ti-rich (Ba/Ti = 1.01, 0.99) samples. Point charge calculations were used to predict the EPR spectrum of each lanthanide in A- and B-sites. Different EPR spectra are expected for A- versus B-site substitution when Ce3+, Sm3+, Dy3+, and Yb3+ are the dopants. The experimentally observed Ba/Ti doping behavior of Ce3+ in BaTiO3 suggests that as a 3+ cation it is on the A-site. No EPR active signal was observed for Sm3+ in BaTiO3. Eu2+ and Gd3+, as previously discussed in the literature, were found to be an A-site dopant and amphoteric, respectively. Dy3+ was found to be a B-site dopant with an EPR signal intensity suggesting amphoteric behavior, whereas Yb3+ showed only B-site occupancy. Nd3+ and Er3+ could not...
Deflection of Plastic Beams at Elevated Temperatures

The objective of this investigation was to study the behaviour of plastics exposed to elevated temperatures. Tests were conducted measuring the deflection of Polypropylene and Acrylic rods subjected to three point bending while being exposed to either 150, 200, 250, 300, or 350°F. Rods with three different diameters were tested. For each rod a failure deflection was defined and the time required to reach this failure was measured. In addi tion the temperatures at the centers of 1 inch diameter rods were recorded. The latter data were used to determine the thermal diffusivities of the plastics. Data are presented show ing the failure times as functions of load and exposure temperature. The results are given in terms of dimensionless parameters so that they can be applied to geometries, materials, and temperatures not covered in the present tests.
Hydroxylated decahydroquinolines as ligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter: synthesis and biological evaluation.

Analogues of the potent anticholinergic 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (vesamicol, 1) in which the cyclohexyl fragment was replaced with an N-acyl or N-alkyl trans-decahydroquinolyl moiety were synthesized and evaluated as potential ligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). The binding of compounds, such as 18, 20, and 21, was both stereospecific and of comparable magnitude to that of the closely related vesamicol analogue 2,3-trans-4a,8a-trans-3-hydroxy-2-(4-phenylpiperidino)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-decahydronaphthalene (6) which displays subnanomolar affinity for this transporter. However, these compounds also demonstrated high affinities for σ1 and σ2 receptors and thus failed to show significantly improved selectivity over previously reported vesamicol analogues.
Structural Dynamic and Aeroelastic Finite Element Simulation of an F-18 Tail Rudder: Impact of Adding a Control Surface

This paper presents the findings of a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based aeroelastic analysis performed on the F-18 tail rudder using MacNeal-Schwendler (MSC) suite of commercial FEA codes. The purpose of the study was to examine the stabilizing effects of adding a control surface to the tail wing, in this case the control surface is the tail rudder. MSC NASTRAN modal analysis and aeroelastic simulations were employed to carry out the investigation. Results are presented herein for the fundamental modes subject to a structural dynamics analysis and a series of supersonic 4G rolling maneuvers. Without a control surface, modal analysis yielded the following; 1st bending mode = 17.098 Hz, 1st torsional mode = 53.879 Hz, 2nd bending mode = 80.531 Hz, and 2nd torsional mode = 117.15 Hz. By adding the of rudder, the following is found; 1st bending mode = 17.797 Hz, 1st torsional mode = 48.266 Hz, 2nd torsional mode = 61.267 Hz, and 2nd bending mode = 81.142 Hz. Hence, adding the control surface, changes the precedence of the 2nd torsional and 2nd bending modes. Aeroelasticity predictions show that for a 100% increase in Mach number, the maximum pressure on the control surface increases by 93%.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Air insufflation of the colon as an adjunct to computed tomography of the pelvis.

AbstractAir insufflation of the colon as an adjunct to pelvic CT examinations was performed in 49 patients for evaluation of a known or suspected pelvic mass or in follow-up of treated pelvic tumors. This safe, simple method of colonic visualization clearly outlines the rectosigmoid colon and permit
Mueller-matrix ellipsometry: a review

Techniques for the partial or complete determination of the Mueller matrix of elastic light scattering by a given samples are reviewed. Important developments include several implementations and applications of the dual-rotating- retarder Mueller-matrix ellipsometer and the addition of imaging, scanning, and spectroscopic capabilities. The use of a multi-channel division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter as a polarization state detector, and the propose modulation of the polarization state generator have substantially increased the efficiency and speed with which the full Mueller matrix can be measured.
Effects of electric field on nanocrack propagation

The present work is concerned with the application of Atomistic Field Theory (AFT) in modeling and simulation of dynamic nanocrack propagation under electrical and mechanical loadings. AFT enables us to express an atomic scale local property of a multi-element crystalline (which has more than one kind of atoms in the unit cell) system in terms of the distortions of lattice cells and the rearrangement of atoms within the lattice cell, thereby making AFT suitable to fully reproduce both atomic-scale and continuum level phenomena. Atomistic Field Theory and its corresponding finite element (FE) implementation are briefly introduced. Taking both efficiency and accuracy into account, we adopt a cluster-based summation rule for atomic force calculations in the FE formulations. Single crystal MgO under electrical/mechanical loading is modeled and simulated. Numerical results show that electric fields can serve as a tool to shield the crack initiation and propagation in the ionic crystal materials, thereby offering new perspectives on fracture mechanics at nano scale.
Coercion and undue influence in decisions to participate in psychiatric research – research findings

Research on coercion in research contexts is almost unknown. Much of the difficulty is conceptual and methodological. We do not have general agreement on what should be counted as coercive in a research context and how it should be measured. This paper will review the limited data on the subject and the methodologies and findings that have been used in clinical contexts. These methodologies, while providing a good starting place for research on coercion in research, do not solve the problem because of both differences in the contexts in which research and clinical care are undertaken and because research takes place in a different normative context. The paper will show both how these contexts limit the applicability of the existing clinical research and what might be taken from prior research that would be applicable. The paper will also present some preliminary data from a study that seeks to develop a mechanism for assessing voluntariness in the context of clinical research.
Distinct cellular origin and genetic requirement of Hedgehog-Gli in postnatal rhabdomyosarcoma genesis

Dysregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh)-Gli signaling pathway is implicated in a variety of human cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), medulloblastoma (MB) and embryonal rhabdhomyosarcoma (eRMS), three principle tumors associated with human Gorlin syndrome. However, the cells of origin of these tumors, including eRMS, remain poorly understood. In this study, we explore the cell populations that give rise to Hh-related tumors by specifically activating Smoothened (Smo) in both Hh-producing and -responsive cell lineages in postnatal mice. Interestingly, we find that unlike BCC and MB, eRMS originates from the stem/progenitor populations that do not normally receive active Hh signaling. Furthermore, we find that the myogenic lineage in postnatal mice is largely Hh quiescent and that Pax7-expressing muscle satellite cells are not able to give rise to eRMS upon Smo or Gli1/2 overactivation in vivo, suggesting that Hh-induced skeletal muscle eRMS arises from Hh/Gli quiescent non-myogenic cells. In addition, using the Gli1 null allele and a Gli3 repressor allele, we reveal a specific genetic requirement for Gli proteins in Hh-induced eRMS formation and provide molecular evidence for the involvement of Sox4/11 in eRMS cell survival and differentiation.
A calculation of the optical absorption in sodium from the near infrared to the near ultraviolet

Abstract A first principles calculation of the optical absorption in Na from the near infrared to the near ultra- violet due to single phonon exchange processes yields agreement with the data of Smith and Hodgson but disagrees with the results of Mayers and Hietel.