cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculating Phase Boundaries in Metallic Alloys

We describe a new method for calculating phase boundaries in alloys that uses the coherent potential approximation, the embedded cluster method, and the Monte Carlo method to predict phase boundaries in binary alloy systems. The only input is the atomic number of the constituents, and the method is quite different in concept and execution from any other approach to this problem. Our phase boundary for the palladiumrhodium system is compared with others from the recent literature.
Mechanisms for the Control of Body Temperature in the Moth, Hyalophora Cecropia

1. Thoracic temperature in the moth, Hyalophora cecropia, is correlated with gross patterns of behaviour. 2. The animal warms up to a minimum of 34.8°C body temperature before initiating flight. The rate of warm-up is linear and the duration of the warm-up period increases with decreasing air temperature. 3. Thoracic temperature at the initiation of flight and during maintained flight remain constant at any given air temperature, however, decreases 0.25°C per °C gradient as air temperature is decreased. 4. Distribution of the maximum and minimum thoracic temperatures during active periods indicate that the animal maintains its body temperature within a favourable range. The animal uses behavioural mechanisms to maintain the thoracic temperature within this range when the body temperature reaches the limits, 33.4 and 37.8 °C. 5. The minimum thoracic temperature for flight (34.8°C) and the shade-seeking temperature (38.5°C) correspond closely to the limits predicted from the maximum-minimum distribution of thoracic temperatures. 6. The theoretical minimum and maximum rates of oxygen consumption were calculated from cooling curves and warm-up curves. Both rates increase when the gradient between body temperature and air temperature increases (air temperature is lowered, body temperature remains relatively constant). 7. Directly measured rates of oxygen consumption in flying animals increase as air temperature decreases. These values fall within the calculated maximum and minimum in all cases. 8. Oxygen consumption measured in torpid animals indicates a normal poikilothermic response, increasing with increased air temperature. The Q10 for this response is 2.25 over the range 20-30 °C. 9. A model for the regulation of body temperature in active moths is discussed.
Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Gallium(III) Compounds Containing Monosubstituted Cyclopentadienyl Ligands: Ga(C5H4Me)3, Ga(C5H4SiMe3)3, and R2Ga(C5H4Me) (R = Me, Et)

The new gallium(III) cyclopentadienyl derivatives Ga(C5H4Me)3 and Ga(C5H4SiMe3)3 have been synthesized by metathetical reactions. Subsequent stoichiometric ligand redistribution reactions with GaR3 (R = Me, Et) were used to prepare R2Ga(C5H4Me) as pure single compounds. However, when the syntheses of RGa(C5H4Me)2 (R = Me, Et) and MenGa(C5H4SiMe3)3-n (n =1, 2) by analogous stoichiometric ligand redistribution reactions were investigated, mixtures of compounds were the isolated products. The heteroleptic organogallium compound Me2Ga(C5H4Me) has also been prepared in high yields by using metathetical reactions between Me2GaCl and Li(C5H4Me) in pentane and between Cl2Ga(C5H4Me), formed in-situ from Ga(C5H4Me)3 and GaCl3 in diethyl ether, and LiMe. All pure compounds have been characterized by their physical properties, elemental analyses, NMR spectra, and cryoscopic molecular weight studies.
Reconstruction of the traumatized thumb.

BACKGROUND The goals of thumb reconstruction include the restoration of thumb length, strength, position, stability, mobility, sensibility, and aesthetics. It is a rare event when all of these objectives can be achieved, and prioritization should be based on the goals and functional demands of the patient. METHODS In this article, the authors review the most common reconstructive strategies for all types of traumatic thumb defects. RESULTS Replantation is approached first as the primary option for most amputations. Nonreplantable injuries are organized using a simple classification adapted from Lister, dividing thumb amputations into four functional categories: soft-tissue deficit with acceptable length, subtotal amputation with borderline length, total amputation with preservation of the carpometacarpal joint, and total amputation with destruction of the carpometacarpal joint. Within each category, relevant microsurgical and nonmicrosurgical reconstructive techniques are discussed, with a focus on appropriate technique selection for a given patient. Evidence and outcomes data are reviewed where available, and case examples from our own experience are provided. CONCLUSIONS Given that available options now range from simple gauze dressings to complex microsurgical reconstruction, preservation of reconstructive flexibility is essential and should be facilitated by judicious preservation of intact structures. The divergence of available reconstructive pathways underscores the importance of knowing one's patients, understanding their motivation, and assessing their goals. Only in properly matching the right reconstruction with the right patient will a mutually satisfactory result be achieved.
Populations and distribution of Steatonyssus occidentalis (Ewing) (Acarina: Macronyssidae) infesting the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae).

Infestations, populations and distribution of Steatonyssus occidentalis (Ewing) infesting the big brown Eptesicus ftucus , were studied. Adult and immature bats were collected from an attic colony at State College, Pennsylvania, in April and July 1972. All of the adult bats were infested with mites. Mean mite density per adult bat was 5 mites in April and 60 mites in July. In July, 95% of the immature bats were infested with S. occidentalis at a mean density of 30 mites per individual. Mite population structure seemed to be influenced by the maturity of host. The ratio of adult mites to nymphs was nearly 1:1 for adult hosts and approximately 1:5 for immature hosts. S. occidentalis adults and nymphs were randomly distributed on the fur-bearing portions of the adult bats, but were aggregated in the axillary and inguinal regions of the immature bats. The differences in infestation rates, mite densities, population structures, and topographic distributions which were observed between adult and immature hosts were related largely to fur development. The visual examination method of ectoparasite collection detected only 73% of the mites on adult bats but 91% of the mites on the immature hosts.
Structural transitions and metallization in dense GeS

We have studied the pressure-induced structural and electronic transitions of GeS to 49 GPa, using diamond anvil cells, microconfocal Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron angle-resolved x-ray diffraction, and electrical resistance measurements. The results indicate that layered GeS phase I (Pnma) undergoes two structural phase transitions: first to phase II $(P{2}_{1}/m)$ at \ensuremath{\sim}9 GPa and then to phase III (Cmcm) at \ensuremath{\sim}32 GPa. These transitions occur sluggishly over large pressure ranges and accompany an increase of the nearest coordination number of Ge and S atoms from three in phase I and II to five in phase III, resulting in an extended network of densely packed layer structures in phase III. We suggest anisotropic compression enhanced shears to be responsible for the transitions. Phase II also undergoes an electronic insulator-metal transition and becomes metallic above 20 GPa, The temperature-dependent resistance change of phase II further indicates a gradual band-gap closing of phase II $(P{2}_{1}/m)$.
Predicting Retention Duration From Organizational Commitment Profile Transitions

A unique survey archive of U.S. Army officers’ affective commitment and continuance commitment over a 4-year time period presents an opportunity to test multiple research questions about the extent to which organizational commitment profiles change and their relationship with the occurrence and timing of turnover. These results begin to reconcile competing theories about the stability of commitment and complement theories of organizational attachment, withdrawal, and turnover. First, multigroup latent profile analyses revealed the structure of commitment profiles was relatively consistent across five samples from the same organization. Second, latent transition analysis revealed more within-sample and within-person temporal stability of commitment profiles over a 4-year time period than less stability. Third, value-based profiles assessed at one time period were associated with lower turnover rates and higher organizational tenure compared to weak commitment profiles. Likewise, when predicting the timing ...
The Measures and the Clinic Meanings of CoagulationInhibitors in Neonate

Objective To investigate the test results of blood anticoagulant in healthy newborns to pro- vide reference data for clinic and research.Methods Activities of antithrombin(AT),protein C(PC),tis- sue factor pathway inhibitor(TFPI)and changes of AT,PC,TFPI andα_2-macroglobulin(α_2-MG),were measured in healthy neonates and in healthy adults.Results Compared with healthy adults,activities of AT,PC,TFPI and changes of AT,PC and TFPI were significant lower(P＜0.05).Change ofα_2-MG was lower slightly(P＞0.05).Conclusion Anticoagulant functions were at a lower level and the level ofα_2-MG maybe one saving mechanism which provides a information for diagnoses of neonatal hemorrhagic diseases and use of anticoagulant in clinic.
Development of a One-Pot Tandem Reaction Combining Ruthenium-Catalyzed Alkene Metathesis and Enantioselective Enzymatic Oxidation To Produce Aryl Epoxides

We report the development of a tandem chemoenzymatic transformation that combines alkene metathesis with enzymatic epoxidation to provide aryl epoxides. The development of this one-pot reaction required substantial protein and reaction engineering to improve both selectivity and catalytic activity. Ultimately, this reaction converts a mixture of alkenes into a single epoxide product in high enantioselectivity and moderate yields and illustrates both the challenges and benefits of tandem catalysis combining organometallic and enzymatic systems.
THz SPECTROSCOPY OF AlH (X 1Σ+): DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE J = 2 ← 1 TRANSITION

The J = 2 ← 1 rotational transition of AlH (X {sup 1}Σ{sup +}) near 755 GHz and the J = 4 ← 3 line of AlD (X {sup 1}Σ{sup +}) near 787 GHz have been measured using terahertz direct absorption spectroscopy. Both species were created in an AC discharge of Al(CH{sub 3}){sub 3} and H{sub 2} or D{sub 2} in the presence of argon. This work is the first direct measurement of both transitions. These data were combined with previous submillimeter transition frequencies for both molecules recorded by Halfen and Ziurys in global analyses to refine their spectroscopic parameters. The constants B and D for AlH were determined for the first time based on pure rotational data only, improving their accuracy, while those for AlD were slightly refined. Predictions for higher-lying transitions of AlH must consequently be revised by at least 50 MHz, a significant difference. AlH has been observed via its A {sup 1}Π-X {sup 1}Σ{sup +} electronic transition in stellar photospheres, suggesting that this species may be present in circumstellar gas surrounding late-type stars, where five aluminum-bearing molecules have already been detected.
Idiopathic Outflow Tract Ventricular Arrhythmia Ablation: Are We Ablating Too Much or Too Little?

Outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OT-VAs) in the setting of an apparently normal heart are a common and perplexing clinical entity. The traditional belief that these arrhythmias have an entirely benign prognosis and excellent response to therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation has been challenged by recent evidences reporting the presence of localized concealed cardiomyopathic substrates in many of these patients1,2 and large epidemiological studies showing an independent longitudinal association between VAs and the risk of heart failure and death,3 together with the disappointing results of randomized trials testing VA suppression with antiarrhythmic drug therapy and long-term catheter ablation outcome data from experienced centers reporting a recurrence rate of ≤30%.4,5 Although there are patients with no arrhythmia-related symptoms and normal left ventricular function who do not derive benefit from VA suppression regardless of the VA burden, achievement of durable VA suppression represents a relevant therapeutic end point to improve quality of life when arrhythmia-related symptoms are present4 or to reverse left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with VA-induced cardiomyopathy.6 See Article by Yamada et al Catheter ablation remains the most important therapeutic option to eliminate OT-VAs.5 However, the complex 3-dimensional anatomic relationships between different adjacent structures in the right and left ventricular OTs pose substantial difficulties to mapping and ablation of VAs arising from this region.7–9 The reasons underlying ablation failure are multifactorial and include lack of accurate localization because of minimal ectopy available to map,10 safety concerns with ablation at the target site(s),7,11 recurrence of different VAs,4 and inability to access critical sites for mapping or ablation.7,12–14 In this regard, currently available mapping tools allow direct mapping and ablation of endocardial structures (ie, endocardial right or …
Intermuscular Adipose Tissue Content and Intramyocellular Lipid Fatty Acid Saturation Are Associated with Glucose Homeostasis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Background Insulin resistance is associated with the higher content of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and the saturation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), but a paucity of data exist in humans. This study examined associations among IMAT content, IMCL saturation, and fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity. Methods Seventy-five subjects (26 males, 49 females) were recruited and thigh muscle and IMAT were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Vastus lateralis tissue was acquired from a subset of nine subjects and IMCL content and saturation were assessed using nonlinear dual complex microscopy. Results The characteristics of the 75 subjects were as follows: age 59±11 years, body mass index 30±5 kg/m², fasting glucose concentration 5.2±0.5 mmol/L, fasting insulin concentration 12.2±7.3 μU/mL, fasting homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) 2.9±2.0 (mean±SD). IMAT to muscle tissue (MT) volume ratio was positively associated with the saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid ratio in IMCL. IMAT:MT was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration and HOMA-IR. IMCL saturation was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration while muscle cell area, IMCL area, and % IMCL in muscle cell were not associated with fasting glucose concentration. Conclusion These results indicate that higher intermuscular fat content and IMCL saturation may impact fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity. The centralization of adipose tissue in the appendicular region of the body may promote insulin resistance.
The Influence of Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Hydration and Flexural Strength of Portland Cement Pastes

Recent research has shown that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can be used at low dosage levels (approximately 0.2% by volume of cement) to increase the extent of hydration and to improve the flexural strength of cement pastes. However, the previous work was based on using a CNC made from a single source material and processing technique and was performed using only Type V cement. This work examines the influence of various raw material sources and processing techniques used to make the CNCs. In total, nine different CNCs were investigated with pastes made using Type I/II and Type V cements. Isothermal calorimetry (IC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ball-on-three-ball (B3B) flexural strength testing were used to quantify the performance of CNC-cement composites. IC and TGA results showed that CNCs increased the degree of hydration in all systems. IC results showed that the increase in total heat release was greater in the Type V than in the Type I/II cement paste systems. B3B flexural testing indicated an increase in flexural strength of up to 20% with both Type I/II and Type V systems. These results also showed that the performance of CNC-cement composites can be affected by the source and manufacturing process used to make the CNC.
Revisiting the Kellogg diagrams: roaster diagrams and their usefulness in pyrometallurgy

ABSTRACTWhile predominance area diagrams (PADs) are useful for the determination of the stable phases in the metal–sulfur–oxygen system, they are constructed at constant temperature. Varying the temperature results in shifting of the equilibrium lines and the stability areas thereof. Since the available tools in hands of an extractive metallurgist are temperature and oxygen potential, a more useful diagram would be one that shows the stability areas of different phases as a function of temperature and percent of oxygen in the roast gas. Such diagrams, called ‘roaster’ diagrams, derive directly from PADs. Although such diagrams are used by extractive practitioners, this type of diagram is unavailable in the open literature. In this paper, the relationship between the PADs and roaster diagrams is discussed and PADs and roaster diagrams for the Zn–S–O and Pb–S–O ternary systems are constructed. This information will serve as the foundation for more complex four-component systems to follow in subsequent publi...
Perioperative Outcomes after Regional Versus General Anesthesia for Above the Knee Amputations.

Background Nontraumatic lower extremity amputation (LEA) remains a common procedure among patients who frequently have significant comorbidities. Patients undergoing above knee amputation (AKA) have the highest rates of mortality in this cohort, yet there is little evidence to support selection between peripheral nerve block or neuraxial regional anesthesia (RA) versus general anesthesia (GA) techniques. The objective of this study was to determine whether RA (neuraxial or peripheral nerve block) techniques were associated with more favorable outcomes versus general anesthesia among patients undergoing AKA. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study using propensity-matched groups. Patients undergoing AKA were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) data set and grouped according to anesthetic type as either RA or GA. Patients undergoing AKA with RA were propensity matched to similar patients who had GA. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were numerous and included cardiac, pulmonary, infectious, and bleeding complications, as well as length of stay. Among a subset of patients for whom readmission data were available, rate of readmission was compared as a secondary outcome. Results Nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine patients were identified in the ACS-NSQIP database. One thousand three hundred twelve received a regional anesthetic, and the remainder had a general anesthetic. Factors significantly associated with GA included younger age (70 vs. 75 years; P Conclusions The present investigation did not detect any difference between regional and general anesthetic with respect to morbidity or mortality among patients undergoing AKA. This data set did not allow us to address other relevant markers including pain control or phantom limb syndrome.
Three-Dimensional Frictionless Elastic Problems

To complete the formulation of the problem of Eqs. ( 1.2)–( 1.4), we need to relate the contact pressure p(x, y) to the normal surface displacements \(u_z^{(1)}(x, y)\), \(u_z^{(2)}(x, y)\) by analyzing the deformation of the contacting bodies.
A deep (learning) dive into a cell

An interpretable, deep neural network produces mechanistic hypotheses on how genetic interactions contribute to whole-cell phenotypes.
NSAIDs for Postpartum Perineal Pain.

Women with third- or fourth-degree perineal lacerations or who received an episiotomy can be given oral NSAIDs to reduce perineal pain in the first six hours postpartum.
Nonsteady aerodynamics of lifting and non-lifting surfaces

The classical theory for unsteady potential flow models in the supersonic, subsonic and transonic mach number ranges is presented including representative computational methods and results. The discussion with the simplest case of supersonic flow in two dimensions and then proceeds to consider the generalization to three dimensional flow, then subsonic flow and finally transonic flow. The discussion proceeds from the simplest to the most complex case and does not follow the historical order in which these subjects were treated. Also fourier and laplace transforms are used to obtain the key results even though other methods were used historically to first derive the governing integral equations.
Student-Friendly Guide to Molecular Integrals

Preceding even the Hartree–Fock method, molecular integrals are the very foundation upon which quantum chemical molecular modeling depends. Discussions of molecular integrals are normally found only in advanced and technical texts or articles. The objective of the present article is to provide less experienced readers, or students in a physical/computational chemistry course, a thorough understanding of molecular integrals. Through a series of detailed Handouts, the student/reader can participate in the derivation of molecular integrals, and in turn implement them in computer code. Hartree–Fock theory is discussed in enough detail to motivate the molecular integrals and address such topics as the atomic orbital basis. An introduction to the programming language of choice, Python3, is provided, tailored toward developing the essential skills necessary for implementing molecular integrals. The article is intended to be useful not only to instructors of physical/computational chemistry, but also to any reade...
The Hindu World of R. K. Narayan’s MR. Sampath

R. K. Narayan’s novel illustrates how a man matures to abandon adolescent colonial dreams by recovering a Hindu outlook and values. The 1949 novel focuses most on views associated with asrama-dharm...
Bio-Inspired Micro-Optical Imaging for Biomedical Applications

Optical detection and imaging have wide applications. With continuing miniaturization effort to realize integrated microsystems, the importance of micro-scale optical components becomes more and more prominent. On the other hand, natural visualization systems provide many intriguing optical designs and unique properties, which serve as a great source of inspiration for micro-optical devices and systems. This paper presents some work on bio-inspired micro-scale components and resultant imaging systems. Various types of microlenses and microlens arrays are introduced, such as tunable liquid microlenses actuated by temperature-, pH-and infrared light-responsive hydrogels, and those through electrowetting and dielectric force. Then, artificial compound eyes mimicking reflecting superposition compound eyes found in some decapods, as well as an all-optical photosensitivity enhancer inspired by the retina of elephant nose fish are described. A few examples of microcameras integrating these optical devices and biomedical applications of these technologies are also included.
A dual-process contingency model of leadership, transactive memory systems and team performance

Abstract In complex markets, use of teams is becoming more prevalent to capitalize on shared knowledge and expertise across members – often called transactive memory systems (TMS). For organizations to execute and benefit from a transactive memory approach, it is critical to improve understanding of how leadership and external environments influence translation of TMS into improved performance. Drawing on leadership, transactive memory and contingency theories we examine internal and external factors to explain team performance via TMS. Using data from 79 sales teams in a Fortune 250 industrial goods and services firm, we find that transformational leadership has a stronger relationship with TMS in smaller teams and transactional leadership has a stronger relationship with TMS in less tenured teams. Finally, our results also indicate that the strength of the relationship between TMS and team performance depends on market dynamism. Implications of these results for theory and practice are discussed.
Conodipine-P1-3, the First Phospholipases A2 Characterized from Injected Cone Snail Venom.

The phospholipase A2 (PLA2s) superfamily are ubiquitous small enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the sn-2 ester bond. PLA2s in the venom of cone snails (conodipines, Cdpi) are composed of two chains termed as alpha and beta subunits. Conodipines are categorized within the group IX of PLA2s. Here we describe the purification and biochemical characterization of three conodipines (Cdpi-P1, -P2 and -P3) isolated from the injected venom of Conus purpurascens. Using proteomics methods, we determined the full sequences of all three conodipines. Conodipine-P1-3 have conserved consensus catalytic domain residues, including the Asp/His dyad. Additionally, these enzymes are expressed as a mixture of proline hydroxylated isoforms. The activities of the native Conodipine-Ps were evaluated by conventional colorimetric and by MS-based methods, which provide the first detailed cone snail venom conodipine activity monitored by mass spectrometry. Conodipines can have medicinal applications such inhibition of cancer proliferation, bacterial and viral infections among others.
Discrete Bathochromic Shifts Exhibited by Fluorescein Ligand Bound to Rabbit Polyclonal Anti-Fluorescein Fab Fragments

Eleven individual hyperimmune rabbit polyclonal anti-fluorescein Fab fragment preparations were resolved into heterogeneous subfractions based on differential dissociation times from a specific adsorbent. Four Fab subfractions (i.e., 0.1-, 1.0-, 10-, and 100-day elutions) that differed in affinity were characterized and classified according to the extent of the bathochromic shift in the absorption properties of antibody-bound fluorescein ligand. Absorption maxima of bound fluorescein were shifted in all cases to two distinct narrow ranges, namely, 505 to 507 nm or 518 to 520 nm relative to 491 nm for free fluorescein. There was no direct correlation between the two spectral shift populations and antibody affinity, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence quenching, or fluorescence lifetimes of bound ligand. Fluorescence emission maxima varied with the bathochromic shift range. Bound fluorescein ligand, with absorption maxima of 505 to 507 nm and 518 to 520 nm showed fluorescence emission maxima of 519 to 520 nm and 535 nm, respectively. The two spectral shift ranges differed by ,14 to 15 nm and/or energies of ,1.5 kcal mol 21 relative to each other and to the absorption maximum for free fluorescein. Spectral effects on the antibody-bound ligand were discussed relative to solvent-water studies and the atomic structure of a high-affinity liganded antifluorescein active site.
Open Solution Approaches: Not Just for Decision Making

Indices have policy and decision making implications as they are created to simplify the delivery of a more complex set of information. The open solution approach used in alternatives ranking and multi-criteria decision analysis also provides a solid foundation for understanding indices and their construction. Examples of commonly found indices are the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Consumer Reports’ ratings for appliances, US News and World Reports College Ranking, the Organisation for Economic and Co-operative Development (OECD) Better Life Index, and Sustainability indices. The Federal Reserve Board and investors look to the DJIA’s value as one of many factors to assess US fiscal policy, determine whether and what stocks to invest, and judge the health of the US economy. A highly ranked appliance may compel consumers to choose that brand over others, resulting in increased profits for the appliance manufacturer. Therefore, stakeholders commonly use indices to help them to decide what to do but typically do so without understanding what factors comprise these indices. The current reality of indices is that they are often a convenient shortcut around a robust policy discussion to a policy conclusion. A more knowledgeable citizenry schooled in open solution approaches could change this reality, by better informing their own decision making and by making index creators more accountable.
Prognostic value of point-of-care ultrasound during cardiac arrest: a systematic review

Despite significant improvements in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, sudden cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States. Ultrasound is a widely available tool that can be used to evaluate the presence of cardiac wall motion during cardiac arrest. Several clinical studies have evaluated the use of ultrasound to visualize cardiac motion as a predictor of mortality in cardiac arrest patients. However, there are limited data summarizing the prognostic value of point of care ultrasound evaluation during resuscitation. We performed a systematic literature review of the existing evidence examining the clinical utility of point-of-care ultrasound evaluation of cardiac wall motion as a predictor of cardiac resuscitation outcomes. We performed a systematic PubMed search of clinical studies up to July 23, 2019 evaluating point-of-care sonographic cardiac motion as a predictor of mortality following cardiac resuscitation. We included studies written in English that reviewed short-term outcomes and included adult populations. Fifteen clinical studies met inclusion criteria for assessing cardiac wall motion with point-of-care ultrasound and outcomes following cardiac resuscitation. Fourteen of the fifteen studies showed a statistically significant correlation between the presence of cardiac motion on ultrasound and short-term survival. This was most evident in patients with ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia as a presenting rhythm. Absence of cardiac motion non-survival. The data were pooled and the overall pooled odds ratio for return of spontaneous circulation in the presence of cardiac motion during CPR was 12.4 +/1 2.7 (p < 0.001). Evaluation of cardiac motion on transthoracic echocardiogram is a valuable tool in the prediction of short-term cardiac resuscitation outcomes. Given the safety and availability of ultrasound in the emergency department, it is reasonable to apply point-of-care ultrasound to cardiopulmonary resuscitation as long as its use does not interrupt resuscitation.
Comparative circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) genomic profiling in 110 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.

743Background: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) profiling is a non-invasive method to genomically assess solid tumors. Key benchmarks are required to assess applications in RCC management. To evaluate...
Octopamine mobilizes lipids from honey bee (Apis mellifera) hypopharyngeal glands

Recent widespread honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony loss is attributed to a variety of stressors, including parasites, pathogens, pesticides and poor nutrition. In principle, we can reduce stress-induced declines in colony health by either removing the stressor or increasing the bees' tolerance to the stressor. This latter option requires a better understanding than we currently have of how honey bees respond to stress. Here, we investigated how octopamine, a stress-induced hormone that mediates invertebrate physiology and behavior, influences the health of young nurse-aged bees. Specifically, we asked whether octopamine induces abdominal lipid and hypopharyngeal gland (HG) degradation, two physiological traits of stressed nurse bees. Nurse-aged workers were treated topically with octopamine and their abdominal lipid content, HG size and HG autophagic gene expression were measured. Hemolymph lipid titer was measured to determine whether tissue degradation was associated with the release of nutrients from these tissues into the hemolymph. The HGs of octopamine-treated bees were smaller than control bees and had higher levels of HG autophagy gene expression. Octopamine-treated bees also had higher levels of hemolymph lipid compared with control bees. Abdominal lipids did not change in response to octopamine. Our findings support the hypothesis that the HGs are a rich source of stored energy that can be mobilized during periods of stress.
Biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy

Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has advanced significantly in recent years due to its promising clinical outcomes in a variety of cancer malignancies and holds great promise in becoming the “cure” for cancer. Cancer immunotherapy is the treatment that stimulates a person’s own immune system to recognize, target, and eliminate cancer cells. As the field progresses with emerging and novel strategies, the ability to manipulate the immune system while mitigating toxicities becomes the hurdle for clinical translation. To control for both efficacy and safety, biomaterials have been incorporated into immunotherapies to achieve tissue- and/or cell-specific immunomodulation, overcome immunosuppression, and address tumor microenvironment heterogeneity. This chapter reviews different immune-based treatment modalities and how biomaterials (such as polymer scaffolds, nanoparticles, and engineered cells) are used to improve upon these major strategies. This chapter focuses on discussing examples of biomaterials in noncellular, artificial cellular, cellular, and gene-based immunotherapies, as well as their advantages and opportunities to create future options for cancer patients.
Effective Marketing Strategies for a Medical Laboratory Science Program

The medical field is in dire need of more qualified medical laboratory scientists (MLS) and medical laboratory technicians (MLT). Medical laboratory educational programs are diminishing, and medical staff in hospitals are unaware of the unequivocal value trained lab scientists bring to the quality of their patients’ lab results. The national need for more qualified laboratory testing personnel is outpacing the supply. A survey to determine current marketing trends and methods was sent out to 469 program directors of MLS and/or MLT programs, with a 35% response rate. Responses were compared with proven marketing methods to give marketing suggestions relevant to the MLS field. This paper describes the research in how MLS programs currently market themselves. Explanations of marketing techniques are discussed with the intent to help simplify marketing efforts for a more effective marketing strategy. This study showed that medical and clinical laboratory educational programs nationwide should increase marketing and promote the MLS value to local communities.
Diversity and robustness of bone morphogenetic protein pattern formation.

Pattern formation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) demonstrates remarkable plasticity and utility in several contexts, such as early embryonic development, tissue patterning and the maintenance of stem cell niches. BMPs pattern tissues over many temporal and spatial scales: BMP gradients as short as 1-2 cell diameters maintain the stem cell niche of the Drosophila germarium over a 24-h cycle, and BMP gradients of several hundred microns establish dorsal-ventral tissue specification in Drosophila, zebrafish and Xenopus embryos in timescales between 30 min and several hours. The mechanisms that shape BMP signaling gradients are also incredibly diverse. Although ligand diffusion plays a dominant role in forming the gradient, a cast of diffusible and non-diffusible regulators modulate gradient formation and confer robustness, including scale invariance and adaptability to perturbations in gene expression and growth. In this Review, we document the diverse ways that BMP gradients are formed and refined, and we identify the core principles that they share to achieve reliable performance.
Educating outdoor workers using tailored and financial messages to encourage safe-sun behaviors.

Excessive and unsafe sun exposure represents a concerning hazard to the health of individuals. Of particular interest are those who are most susceptible to sun exposure, such as outdoor workers. The current study used a 3 × 2 between-subjects design to investigate the effectiveness of messages that varied the extent of personalization (i.e. generic message; occupation targeted message; individual tailored message) and the inclusion of content regarding financial consequences of skin cancer. Participants (N = 304) were recruited from the USA through Amazon's Mechanical Turk and randomly assigned to view a generic message, occupation targeted message, or individual tailored message. Additionally, participants were randomly assigned to view messages in which financial information was either present or not. Participants responded to questions assessing pre- and post-test sun protection behaviors. Individual tailored messaging was as effective as occupation targeted messaging, with both being more effective than generic messaging. This finding indicates that some degree of personalization is necessary when promoting safe-sun practices to outdoor workers, but that tailoring to individuals may not always be necessary. Inclusion of financial content in messaging resulted in greater intentions to practice sun protection behaviors. Results provide insight into effective methods for promoting sun protection.
What Mothers Want: Workplace Flexibility in the Twenty-First Century

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The genetics of xenobiotic metabolism in Drosophila—IV: Purification and characterization of the major glutathione S-transferase

Abstract Glutathione S- transferase from Drosophila melanogaster was purified to apparent homogeneity by means of affinity chromatography on a glutathione-agarose column. This single step resulted in a ca 300-fold purification. The enzyme is a dimer, with subunits of 35,000 and 28,500 daltons, and comprises ca 0.3% of the total soluble protein in adults. Monoclonal antibodies to this protein were obtained, and Western blot analysis revealed the existence of one antigenic domain shared by the two subunits. The enzyme was found to possess many of the multiple functions reported for mammalian ones, including heme and bilirubin binding capacities and glutathione peroxidase activity. These results suggest that, in this species, a single enzyme has evolved that possesses many of the properties of the multiple isozymes of higher organisms.
Mammalian metabolism of glutaric acid.

Abstract Rat liver mitochondria metabolize glutarate at a very slow rate as compared with glutaryl coenzyme A. The stimulatory effect of citric acid cycle intermediates, NAD, and coenzyme A on glutarate metabolism was interpreted as a manifestation of their involvement in the activation of glutarate by a thiol transferase with succinyl-CoA as the coenzyme A donor. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the stoichiometric conversion of glutaryl-CoA to 1 mole each of carbon dioxide and crotonyl-CoA or its intermediate metabolite, was purified approximately 44- and 100-fold from bovine liver and kidney mitochondria, respectively. The enzyme was shown to require an artificial electron acceptor and to be further stimulated by exogenous FAD. Of the various electron acceptors tested, methylene blue and phenazine methosulfate were most effective. The enzymes from both sources have similar properties. Catalysis was optimum at pH 7.5 in potassium phosphate buffer and at pH 8.0 in Tris-HCl buffer. The enzyme activity was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The Km for glutaryl-CoA was 3.3 µm. Glutaconyl-CoA, the suspected primary intermediate of glutaryl-CoA metabolism, was synthesized, and its effect on the oxidation of glutaryl-CoA and its role as an alternative substrate for the partially purified enzyme were studied. Kinetic results indicated that glutaconyl-CoA competitively inhibited the release of 14CO2 from glutaryl-CoA-1,5-14C possibly because of the metabolism of glutaconyl-CoA by the enzyme. Thus far, attempts to isolate enzymatically formed glutaconyl-CoA and to separate the dehydrogenation and decarboxylation activities of the enzyme have been unsuccessful.
The Myth of the Vanishing Voter

The apparent decline in voter participation in national elections since 1972 is an illusion created by using the Bureau of the Census estimate of the voting-age population as the denominator of the turnout rate. We construct a more accurate estimate of those eligible to vote, from 1948–2000, using government statistical series to adjust for ineligible but included groups, such as noncitizens and felons, and eligible but excluded groups, such as overseas citizens. We show that the ineligible population, not the nonvoting, has been increasing since 1972. During the 1960s the turnout rate trended downward both nationally and outside the South. Although the average turnout rates for presidential and congressional elections are lower since 1972 than during 1948–70, the only pattern since 1972 is an increased turnout rate in southern congressional elections. While the voting age was lowered to 18 in 1971, the lower turnout rate of young voters accounts for less than one-fourth of reduced voter participation.
Twentieth century Antarctic air temperature and snowfall simulations by IPCC climate models

[1] We compare new observationally-based data sets of Antarctic near-surface air temperature and snowfall accumulation with 20th century simulations from global climate models (GCMs) that support the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. Annual Antarctic snowfall accumulation trends in the GCMs agree with observations during 1960–1999, and the sensitivity of snowfall accumulation to near-surface air temperature fluctuations is approximately the same as observed, about 5% K−1. Thus if Antarctic temperatures rise as projected, snowfall increases may partially offset ice sheet mass loss by mitigating an additional 1 mm y−1 of global sea level rise by 2100. However, 20th century (1880–1999) annual Antarctic near-surface air temperature trends in the GCMs are about 2.5-to-5 times larger-than-observed, possibly due to the radiative impact of unrealistic increases in water vapor. Resolving the relative contributions of dynamic and radiative forcing on Antarctic temperature variability in GCMs will lead to more robust 21st century projections.
Probabilistic Evaluation of Cost Performance Stability in Earned Value Management

AbstractCredibility of cost performance analyses and forecasts for effective control of construction projects depends on the stability of the cost performance index (CPI) as a leading indicator of future performance. This paper presents a simulation-based analytical model that evaluates the probability that the CPI of an individual project becomes stable at a particular time during the project’s duration. The CPI stability model is used to identify four cost stability driving factors, and their compounding effects are examined by a parametric study. A real-project application demonstrates that the CPI stability is an indicator of the overall project performance risk and thus, the specific conditions of each project must be properly accounted for in a CPI stability assessment. This paper contributes to enhancing the credibility of all CPI-based analyses in earned value management by providing insights into the underlying factors of cost performance stability and an analytical tool for assessing the CPI sta...
Generalized Solutions and Convex Duality in Optimal Control

In the 1930’s L. C. Young introduced the concept of generalized curve. His purpose was to obtain a class of objects in which calculus of variations problems have solutions, without convexity assumptions on the corresponding variational integrands. Young’s ideas were subsequently adapted in optimal control theory, in terms of what are called “relaxed controls.” See [10], [12]. About 1950 Young [11] introduced a concept of generalized surface, which was not a simple multidimensional generalization of that of generalized curve. A smooth surface of dimension k in Euclidean space R n was identified with a particular kind of nonnegative measure on R n x G k n , where G k n is the associated Grassmann manifold. The generalized surfaces consisted of all nonnegative measures on R n x G k n with compact support. This formulation allowed for the use of tools of linear functional analysis in calculus of variations, and in particular use of duality between spaces of continuous functions and spaces of measures.
Market Adjustments over Transportation Networks: A Time Series Analysis of Grain Movements on the Mississippi Inland Waterway System

Transport occurs over a network and involves a multitude of different origins, destinations, and modes, which complicates the estimation of structural models. However, an understanding of the type and level of market adjustments among key transport statistics is central to analysing the effects of policy and to forecasting. Time-series techniques are used to characterise the relationship between key transport statistics such as movements on a waterway and shocks to barge rates. Generally, the results suggest that the approach is useful in uncovering complicated relationships over networks and that it is well suited to forecasting.
Simultaneously assessing intended and unintended treatment effects of multiple treatment options: a pragmatic "matrix design".

Purpose A key aspect of comparative effectiveness research is the assessment of competing treatment options and multiple outcomes rather than a single treatment option and a single benefit or harm. In this commentary, we describe a methodological framework that supports the simultaneous examination of a “matrix” of treatments and outcomes in non-randomized data. Methods We outline the methodological challenges to a matrix-type study (matrix design). We consider propensity score matching with multiple treatment groups, statistical analysis, and choice of association measure when evaluating multiple outcomes. We also discuss multiple testing, use of high-dimensional propensity scores for covariate balancing in light of multiple outcomes, and suitability of available software. Conclusion The matrix design study methods facilitate examination of the comparative benefits and harms of competing treatment choices, and also provides the input required for calculating the numbers needed to treat and for a broader benefit/harm assessment that weighs endpoints of varying severity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the relationship between polarimetric parameters and soil moisture

Rough surface scattering depends on both roughness and dielectric constant of a surface. Therefore, a polarimetric measurement is useful for estimating soil moisture since we can remove the surface roughness effect using multiple scattering components from a polarimetric measurement. In this paper, we examine the relationship between polarimetric parameters and soil moisture. For example, the co-polarization ratio is independent of surface roughness to the first order of the small perturbation approximation. As surface roughness increases, it can be shown that both co- and cross-polarization ratios depend on the surface slope under the tilted Bragg approximation. The effects of the surface roughness to these ratios are theoretically investigated. An algorithm is proposed to estimate soil moisture from both co- and cross-polarization ratios. We will also study other polarimetric parameters such as the average alpha angle and eigenvalues to understand their relationship with soil moisture.