cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelo de flujo bifásico para predecir la eficiencia de separación natural en fondo de pozo

Based on the need to determine how much free gas can be expected at the pump intake, a theoretical approaches for predicting natural separation efficiency is proposed in this paper. This approach is represented for a two-phase flow model, where a new variable given by the gas void fraction is considered in the solution of the system of equations. The proposed approach considers simultaneously the effect of important variables such as slip velocity at the radial and vertical direction, geometric characteristic of the bottomhole, gas and liquid flow rates, pressure, among others, being even sensible to the flow pattern regime. The two-phase flow model require knowing the gas bubble size, so available experimental data allowed to develop some correlations for this unknown variable. The proposed model represents a new, useful and important attempt in the prediction of downhole natural separation efficiency.
Molecular Motors in Plant Cells

Molecular motors regulate diverse cellular functions, including the organization and dynamics of the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic streaming, cell polarity, cell growth, morphogenesis, chromosome segregation, and transport of vesicles, organelles, and macromolecular complexes. In eukaryotes, there are three families of molecular motors: the kinesins, the dyneins, and the myosins. All three types of motors use ATP to move along filamentous structures. Kinesins and dyneins move on MTs, whereas the myosins translocate on actin filaments. Using biochemical, cell biological, molecular, and genetic approaches, several molecular motors have been identified in plants, and functions of some of these are beginning to be understood. Recent completion of genome sequence of several eukaryotes ranging from yeast, a simple unicellular eukaryote, to highly evolved multicellular organisms, including humans and flowering plants, has permitted comparative analysis of three families of motors in various species. Such analysis across phylogenetically divergent species has yielded some interesting insights into evolutionary and functional relationships among motor proteins from various organisms. Systematic analyses of the recently completed Arabidopsis genome sequence with the conserved motor domain of kinesins, myosins, and dyneins revealed the presence of 78 molecular motors (61 kinesins and 17 myosins) in this organism. Of the two families of MT-based motors, dyneins are absent in Arabidopsis. Surprisingly, Arabidopsis has the largest number of kinesins as compared to other multicellular organisms including humans, suggesting that the kinesin superfamily is expanded considerably in plants. Also, all plant myosins belong to two novel classes. Although the identification of molecular motors in plants is progressing rapidly due to genome and EST-sequencing projects, only a few plant motors have been characterized in any detail and the functions of many these motors are not known. Nevertheless, it is becoming obvious that plants contain novel families of kinesins and myosins with unique functions and regulatory mechanisms. In this article, the focus is primarily on plant molecular motors, their function, and regulation with emphasis on model plant Arabidopsis. Keywords: Cytoskeleton; Microtubules; Microfilaments; Kinesins; Myosins; Preprophase Band; Phragmoplast; Trichome
Origin of strong lunar magnetic anomalies: Further mapping and examinations of LROC imagery in regions antipodal to young large impact basins

Work at the University of Arizona was supported under grant NNX12AJ03G from the NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research (LASER) program
Medium propagation effects in high-order harmonic generation of Ar and N 2

We report theoretical calculations of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) by intense infrared lasers in atomic and molecular targets taking into account the macroscopic propagation of both fundamental and harmonic fields. On the examples of Ar and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, we demonstrate that these ab initio calculations are capable of accurately reproducing available experimental results with isotropic and aligned target media. We further present detailed analysis of HHG intensity and phase under various experimental conditions, in particular, as the wavelength of the driving laser changes. Most importantly, our results strongly support the factorization of HHG at the macroscopic level into a product of a returning electron wave packet and the photorecombination transition dipole under typical experimental conditions. This implies that the single-atom or single-molecule structure information can be retrieved from experimentally measured HHG spectra.
Mechanism of the inhibitory action of electric current on H+ secretion by frog gastric mucosa.

The mechanism of the inhibitory action of electric current on gastric H+ secretion was studied using isolated frog gastric mucosa. Electric current, 500 μA/cm2, passed from mucosa to serosa (mucoso positive with respect to serosa), reversibly inhibited net H+ secretion, leading to complete cessation of luminal H+ appearance usually within 1 hr. The decrease in luminal H+ appearance was associated with an almost equal decrease in serosal HCO3− appearance. This is consistent with the suggestion that the inhibition of net H+ secretion was due to decrease in active H+ transport rather than to passive electrochemical back flux of the secreted H+ from the luminal bathing solution. Ultrastructural analysis of the tissues supported this view by demonstrating conversion of oxyntic cells into the resting (nonsecreting) morphologic configuration during the passage of current. Blocking of the conductive pathways for K+ in the nutrient (serosal) cell membrane by adding Ba++ to the serosal bathing solution significantly opposed the inhibitory action of electric current on H+ secretion. When electric current was passed through a mucosal solution containing a high concentration of K+, slight stimulation rather than inhibition of active H+ transport occurred (as judged from serosal HCO3− appearance). In this circumstance, the oxyntic cells retained their active secretory configuration despite the opposing current. The data indicate that electric current, passed from mucosa to serosa, inhibits active H+ transport by oxyntic cells. The data also suggest that the inhibitory action of an opposing current may be accomplished by electrolytic removal of K+ from an intracellular compartment essential for the function of the H+ secretory pump.
Transforming Region of Group A, B, and C Adenoviruses: DNA Homology Studies with Twenty-Nine Human Adenovirus Serotypes

The 31 human adenovirus (Ad) serotypes form five groups based upon DNA genome homologies: group A (Ad12, 18, 31), group B (Ad3, 7, 11, 14, 16, 21), group C (Ad1, 2, 5, 6), group D (Ad8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22-30), and group E (Ad4) (M. Green, J. Mackey, W. Wold, and P. Rigden, Virology, in press). Group A Ads are highly oncogenic in newborn hamsters, group B Ads are weakly oncogenic, and other Ads are nononcogenic. However, most or all Ads transform cultured cells. We have studied the homology of Ad5, Ad7, and Ad12 transforming restriction endonuclease DNA fragments with DNAs of 29 Ad types. Ad5 HindIII-G (map position 0-7.3), Ad7 XhoI-C (map position 0-10.8), and Ad12 (strain Huie) EcoRI-C (map position 0-16) and SalI-C (map position 0-10.6) fragments were purified, labeled in vitro (nick translation), and annealed with DNAs of Ad1 to Ad16, Ad18 to Ad24, and Ad26 to Ad31. Hybrids were assayed by using hydroxylapatite. Ad5 HindIII-G hybridized 98 to 100% with DNAs of group C Ads, but only 1 to 15% with DNAs of other types. Ad7 XhoI-C fragment hybridized 85 to 99% with DNAs of group B Ads, but only 6 to 21% with DNAs of other types. Ad12 (Huie) EcoRI-C hybridized 53 to 68% with DNAs of five other Ad12 strains, 53% with Ad18 DNA, 56% with Ad31 DNA, but only 3 to 13% with DNAs of other types. In vitro-labeled Ad12 (Huie) SalI-C hybridized 35 to 71% with DNAs of 6 other Ad12 strains, 44% with Ad18 DNA, 52% with Ad31 DNA, but only 2 to 7% with DNAs Ad7, Ad2, Ad26, or Ad4. When assayed using S-1 nuclease, SalI-C annealed 17 to 44% with DNAs of group A Ads. The melting temperatures of the hybrids of Ad5 HindIII-G with all group C Ad DNAs were 84 degrees C in 0.12 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8). The melting temperature of the Ad12 (Huie) EcoRI-C hybrid with Ad12 (Huie) DNA was 83 degrees C, but was only 71 to 77 degrees C with DNAs of other group A Ads. Thus, group C and group B Ads both have very homologous transforming regions that are not represented in DNAs of non-group C Ads or non-group B Ads, respectively. Similarily, group A Ads have unique but less homologous transforming regions. These different transforming nucleotide sequences may be reflected in the different oncogenic properties of group A, B, and C Ads.
3D RRAM design and benchmark with 3d NAND FLASH

The monolithic 3D integration of resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) is one attractive approach to build high-density non-volatile memory. In this paper, the design considerations of 3D vertical RRAM architecture are presented from the device, circuit to system level. Due to the voltage drop and sneak path problem, the sub-array size of the 3D NAND is still limited as compared with that of the 3D NAND. To be cost-competitive with the 3D NAND, high on-state resistance, high I–V nonlinearity and low interconnect resistivity is required to enable Mb 3D RRAM sub-array. Although the 3D RRAM has disadvantage in array efficiency (consequently in cost per bit) than the 3D NAND, the 3D RRAM outperforms the 3D NAND in throughput performance at system-level.
Salt Fingers Observed in the Mediterranean Outflow Region (34°N, 11°W) Using a Towed Sensor

Abstract A towed microstructure instrument has been used to measure small-scale conductivity fluctuations in a quasi-horizontal plane, as well as local vertical gradients of temperature and conductivity. This instrument was towed in the Mediterranean Outflow region (34°N, 11°W) in July 1973, in an area where “step-like” vertical profiles of temperature and salinity had previously been observed. It was found that intense small-scale horizontal structure (1 cycle cm−1) occurred in the thermocline on the thin high-gradient sheets which separated the mixed layers of the step-like structure. Good general agreement between the observed dominant wavelength and amplitude of this structure, and expected theoretical salt finger wavelength and amplitude, strongly suggest that this activity was salt finger convection.
The Tree Property up to א ω +1 .

Assuming ω supercompact cardinals we force to obtain a model where the tree property holds both at אω+1, and at אn for all 2 ≤ n < ω. A model with the former was obtained by Magidor–Shelah from a large cardinal assumption above a huge cardinal, and recently by Sinapova from ω supercompact cardinals. A model with the latter was obtained by Cummings–Foreman from ω supercompact cardinals. Our model, where the two hold simultaneously, is another step toward the goal of obtaining the tree property on increasingly large intervals of successor cardinals.
Measurement of solid rocket motor thermally induced radial bond stresses

rate, fluorine injection. Long prepressurization times (23 sec) were required to reach 100 psig, and this long, continuous, high-velocity fluorine injection probably created a hole in the Z/H2 that reached from the injector to the ullage along the tank centerline. The vapor in this ullage extension was heated by injection in the same way that US mode injection heats the ullage, which gave a high initial pressurization efficiency that is comparable to that of the US mode. Further, at this high tank pressure, the LH2 outflow rate was quite high, so that the drain from an ullage fraction of 44-78% (shown as the straight solid line) took place in only 6.6 sec. This short time gives little opportunity for heat transfer and could explain the fact that efficiency remained uniform and high. Again, with large ullage volume (and empty tank), all of the injection modes tend to an efficiency value of about 50% of the ullage heating prediction.
Simulation of Systolic Arrays on the Connection Machine

The use of a programming model which extends naturally from the underlying hardware, greatly eases the design and implementation of simulators, especially for those systems that resemble the hardware in the paradigm of computation. Given the characteristics of systolic arrays, SIMD computers which employ the data parallel programming model provide an ideal environment. In this paper, we present a systolic array simulator, a simulation tool written for the Connection Machine *(model CM2), a SIMD machine with pomerful interprocessor communication capabilities. Especially as recent advances have automated the design, there is a need for a verification environment to prototype systolic arrays. Primarily a simulation tool, the systolic array simulator also helps identify inefficiencies and motivates optimal design prior to implementation in either custom VLSI or DSP systems. Currently, we are updating the tool to allow the simulation ofdynamic array reconfiguration algorithms under transient and permanent faul...
Hemoptysis in HIV−Infected Patients

Study objective To define the causes and clinical features of hemoptysis in HIV−infected patients. Design Retrospective analysis of inpatient medical records for patients with HIV infection and hemoptysis. Setting A large New York City teaching hospital and tertiary referral center. Patients Fifty HIV−infected adult patients with 51 episodes of hemoptysis. Results The incidence of hemoptysis was 1.9%. A definite or presumptive etiology was identified for most (78%) episodes, with infection being the leading cause (80% of episodes with identified etiology). Hemoptysis was most often (40% of episodes with a definite or presumptive etiology) attributed to bacterial pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was infrequently the cause of hemoptysis (6%). Mortality attributed to hemoptysis was 8%. In most patients, hemoptysis was mild (77%) and resolved (78%) without specific treatment. Conclusions Our retrospective series of HIV−infected patients hospitalized for short−term care in New York City suggests that hemoptysis in this group has diverse causes but usually is infectious in etiology and most often due to bacterial pneumonia. Bleeding is typically mild and resolves without specific treatment, but can occasionally be fatal. Differential diagnosis should be approached with specific reference to this patient population and its unique features.
Damped Lyman-alpha absorption in Q0957+561A, B

A series of archival IUE low-dispersion spectral observations of the double quasar Q0957+561A, B are analyzed. The components of this gravitationally lensed quasar are separated by about 6 arcsec. Damped Ly-alpha absorption at redshift z(abs) = 1.3911 with neutral hydrogen column density N(H I) about 7 x 10 exp 19/sq cm is present in the spectra of both the A and B components. Using an accepted model by Young et al. for the gravitational lens, the damped Ly-alpha absorber is inferred to have a minimum size of about 0.5/h50 kpc. The standard interpretation is that a damped Ly-alpha absorber represents a galactic or protogalactic H I disk. In the context of this standard model, the absorption-line properties and evidence for Faraday rotation are discussed.
Development and characterization of a standardized ELISA including a reference serum on each plate to detect antibodies induced by experimental malaria vaccines

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been widely used to measure antibody titers for evaluating the immunogenicity of a vaccine. However, there is as yet no generally accepted way of expressing the ELISA results in the case of experimental vaccines, since there is usually no uniform standard. Both end point and single dilution methods have significant disadvantages. In this paper, we obtained reproducible data with fewer dilutions of samples by addition of serially diluted standard serum to each ELISA plate. Since this ELISA method gives reliable antibody titer with less labor than other methods, it can strongly support vaccine development.
Forms of Bail in Common Law Systems

Although the system of commercial bail bonding which prevails in most jurisdictions in the United States has been condemned by scholars for over fifty years, little awareness exists in this country about the alternative forms of pre-trial release practiced in the other common law countries. Nevertheless, these countries share a common origin of their bail systems in that found in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. This common root renders their respective practices mutual alternatives to each other. Only one of these countries has followed the American example of a commercialized system. The systems employed by the other countries can be classified into one of four types depending on the principal means used to secure the appearance of the accused in court. Each type is examined through a study of a jurisdiction providing a typical example of the type. The recognizance based systems are represented by India. The criminalization systems are typified by the English example. The state of Ne...
Interpretation of the Mössbauer Spectra of Marine Iron–Manganese Nodules

MOSSBAUER spectrometry has been applied to the analysis of iron–manganese nodules by several research groups, and reports on these studies are beginning to appear in the literature1,2. The general character of spectra of material from these marine concretions now appears to have been established. We wish to comment briefly on the interpretation of these spectra. Johnson and Glasby2 have provided strong evidence that Fe3+ is present in fine grained particles of dimensions smaller than a few hundred Angstroms; we reached the same view independently on the basis of our Mossbauer studies. Johnson and Glasby2, however, interpret their spectra in further detail in terms of the presence of a mixture of α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH. To our knowledge, there is no independent evidence for the presence of γ-FeOOH in manganese nodules. Fe3+ in manganese nodules, however, has been reported to be present in a number of mineral phases, including ferric manganite, the δ-MnO2 layers, nontronite, goethite, and, in particular, colloidal hydrated iron oxide3–5.
On the lifetime of large scale sensor networks

Network lifetime is an important metric for battery operated sensor networks. In this paper, we study the lifetime of a large scale sensor network with n randomly deployed sensors communicating with a base station (BS), where each sensor node has the same probability to sense and report its data to the BS. We show how the lifetime of such kind of sensor networks is influenced by transmission schemes, network density and transceiver parameters with different constraints on network mobility, position awareness and maximum transmission range. Our results offer insight into the network deployment and protocol design that optimize the network lifetime.
Pharmacokinetics of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIC in patients with severe von Willebrand disease (type 3 VWD): estimation of the rate of factor VIIIC synthesis

Nine patients (10 infusions) with a confirmed diagnosis of type 3 VWD were infused with von Willebrand factor (human), a preparation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) with a very low factor VIII content. Each patient was infused with one dose of approximately 50 or 100 iu ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RiCoF) per kg body weight. Bleeding times were performed during the 24 h period after infusion. Plasma samples were obtained over the 96 h period after infusion and were analysed for factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIIIC), VWF:RiCoF, von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag), and multimers. The FVIIIC data were analysed by non-linear least-squares analysis assuming constant FVIIIC 'synthesis' and exponential decay. The VWF data were fitted for exponential decay. The average decay rates for FVIIIC, VWF:RiCoF and VWF:Ag were 0.041, 0.061 and 0.056 respectively. The average calculated 'synthesis' rate for FVIIIC was 6.4 u/dl/h. The synthesis of FVIIIC was slightly faster and the decay slightly slower following the infusion of 100 iu VWF:RiCoF/kg than of 50 iu VWF:RiCoF/kg. Correction of the bleeding time was strongly dose dependent. At 4 h post infusion the median bleeding time was 9 min following a dose of 50 iu VWF:RiCoF/kg versus 3 min with a dose of 100 iu VWF:RiCoF/kg. There was no decrease in the bleeding time until the level of VWF:Ag or VWF:RiCoF reached > 100 u/dl.
Interim occupational activities of recalled police officers

The authors examine the interim occupational activities of a sample of police officers who were laid off from their department in 1980 due to budget considerations. Findings from the study indicate that: (1) laid off officers were anxious to return to their former positions; (2) a significant number of those employed during the layoff were in the field of private security; and (3) interest in law enforcement employment during the layoff was partly a function of the officers’ sex. Implications of these findings are examined and discussed.
Effect of turgor pressure on water permeability of Allium cepa epidermis cell membranes.

Using onion epidermis layer a very accurate method for measuring the permeability of epidermis cells to water was standardized. In this method a 1.4 cm diameter epidermis disc was soaked in tritiated water (500 μ Ci/ml) for about 1 hr. Next the disc was mounted in a specially designed elution chamber where it was held flat and washed on the noncuticular side with ordinary water. A constant flow rate, high enough to minimize unstirred layer effect, was used. Permeability was calculated in the usual way after separating different exponentials from the efflux curve of tritiated water. Turgor pressure of the cell was regulated by soaking the disc in mannitol solutions containing tritiated water and washing it in the chamber with same concentration mannitol solution containing no radioactivity. Water permeability values were found to decrease less than 8% when the turgor pressure was decreased from 8 atm (full turgor) to zero. Turgor pressure had no significant effect on the water permeability of onion epidermal cells. Our results are contradictory to the findings of Zimmerman and Steudle (1974,J. Membrane Biol. 16:331) but are similar to the findings of Tazawa and Kamiya (1966,Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 19:339) and Kiyosawa and Tazawa (1972,Protoplasma 74:257).
Remote Sensing: An Overview

This paper presents a summary of current selected remote sensing technology. It begins with a historical review of the basics of the discipline, and then presents and discusses current methodologies. The paper concludes with an examination of some future considerations. The material summarized in this paper, as well as more detail on all of these topics, can be found in the classic remote sensing texts by Campbell (2007), Jensen (2005, 2007) and Lillesand et al. (2008).
Adiabatic invariants for dynamical systems with one degree of freedom

Abstract Adiabatic invariants for dynamical systems with one degree of freedom, whose equation of motion is (1), and where the existence of the corresponding Hamilton action integral is not imposed, are established. The adiabatic invariants may vary according to their structure. Using the theory a few particular problems, including non-autonomous Duffing and Van der Pol oscillators, are analysed. Finally, it is indicated how the adiabatic invariants can be used for finding approximate solutions, stability analyses and for plotting phase curves.
Reversibility and time dependence of the magnetization in Ag:Mn and Cu:Mn spin glasses

We report dc‐magnetization measurements on Ag:Mn and Cu:Mn spin glass samples (1–8% Mn concentrations), at temperatures of 4–30 K, and in fields of 4–400 Oe. The temperature at which the magnetization of a particular sample becomes reversible (TR) is found to depend on the homogeneity of the sample, and on the magnitude of the measurement field. Inhomogeneous samples showed irreversible behavior far above the glass temperature (TR≃1.5 TG). After annealing, these samples showed a sharper peak in the magnetization at TG∼TR. We feel this is strong evidence toward a unique glass temperature for homogeneous samples in low fields. In higher fields (400 Oe) we found reversibility to begin at a temperature less than the magnetization peak (TR≃0.9 TG for 4% Ag:Mn).
The Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: from Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope

Foreword Preface Introduction Historical Perspective on Italian Colonialism Italy and the Administration of Somalia: a Difficult Mandate AFIS: Two Difficult Tasks - Democratisation and Somalisation Co-operation and Diplomacy Mogadishu versus the World Conclusions Bibliography Index
Thermocapillary motion in a spinning vaporizing droplet

The thermocapillary motion generated within a spinning vaporizing droplet is described. Rotation induces a swirling flow in the surrounding gas. This in turn establishes a nonuniform vapor concentration and temperature at the droplet surface. An internal circulation is thus created from the interfacial temperature gradients. This internal motion, described in the limits of small Reynolds and Marangoni numbers, appears as a pair of toroidal vortices. Depending on whether the gaseous Lewis number, Le, is less than or greater than one, the temperature along the surface peaks at either the poles or the equator of the droplet. Consequently, the direction of the internal circulation is from the poles to the equator or vice versa.
Recent atomic clock comparisons at NIST

The record of atomic clock frequency comparisons at NIST over the past half-decade provides one of the tightest constraints of any present-day temporal variations of the fundamental constants. Notably, the 6-year record of increasingly precise measurements of the absolute frequency of the Hg+ single-ion optical clock (using the cesium primary frequency standard NIST-F1) constrains the temporal variation of the fine structure constant α to less than 2 · 10−6yr−1 and offers a Local Position Invariance test in the framework of General Relativity. The most recent measurement of the frequency ratio of the Al+ and Hg+ optical clocks is reported with a fractional frequency uncertainty of ±5.2 · 10−17. The record of such measurements over the last year sensitively tests for a temporal variation of α and constrains $\dot{\alpha}/\alpha = (-1.6 \pm 2.3)\ .\ 10^{-17} {\rm yr}^{-1}$ , consistent with zero.
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles as Tools for Deep-Submergence Archaeology

Marine archaeology beyond the capabilities of scuba divers is a technologically enabled field. The tool suite includes ship-based systems such as towed side-scan sonars and remotely operated vehicles, and more recently free-swimming autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Each of these platforms has various imaging and mapping capabilities appropriate for specific scales and tasks. Broadly speaking, AUVs are becoming effective tools for locating, identifying, and surveying archaeological sites. This paper discusses the role of AUVs in this suite of tools, outlines some specific design criteria necessary to maximize their utility in the field, and presents directions for future developments. Results are presented for a recent joint AUV-towed system survey and a demonstration of current mine-hunting technologies applied to archaeology.
Carryover effects and climatic conditions influence the postfledging survival of greater sage‐grouse

Prebreeding survival is an important life history component that affects both parental fitness and population persistence. In birds, prebreeding can be separated into pre- and postfledging periods; carryover effects from the prefledging period may influence postfledging survival. We investigated effects of body condition at fledging, and climatic variation, on postfledging survival of radio-marked greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Great Basin Desert of the western United States. We hypothesized that body condition would influence postfledging survival as a carryover effect from the prefledging period, and we predicted that climatic variation may mediate this carryover effect or, alternatively, would act directly on survival during the postfledging period. Individual body condition had a strong positive effect on postfledging survival of juvenile females, suggesting carryover effects from the prefledging period. Females in the upper 25th percentile of body condition scores had a postfledging survival probability more than twice that (Φ = 0.51 ± 0.06 SE) of females in the bottom 25th percentile (Φ = 0.21 ± 0.05 SE). A similar effect could not be detected for males. We also found evidence for temperature and precipitation effects on monthly survival rates of both sexes. After controlling for site-level variation, postfledging survival was nearly twice as great following the coolest and wettest growing season (Φ = 0.77 ± 0.05 SE) compared with the hottest and driest growing season (Φ = 0.39 ± 0.05 SE). We found no relationships between individual body condition and temperature or precipitation, suggesting that carryover effects operated independently of background climatic variation. The temperature and precipitation effects we observed likely produced a direct effect on mortality risk during the postfledging period. Conservation actions that focus on improving prefledging habitat for sage-grouse may have indirect benefits to survival during postfledging, due to carryover effects between the two life phases.
Computational methods for analyzing the structure of cancellous bone in planar sections

Conventional stereologic methods for expressing the orientation of anisotropic materials are limited to materials assumed to possess orthogonal directions of orientation. In many substances, including cancellous bone, this assumption is unsubstantiated. Presented here are two simple methods for characterizing the orientation of any anisotropic material within a plane. By modeling the substance as a series of lines oriented in particular directions, it is possible to arrive at either a "phase distribution" that expresses the degree of orientation distributed over a range of angles or a series of "primary orientations" that express the degree of orientation at a select number of angles, with an additional measure of the degree of isotropy. This characterization of anisotropy is highly dependent on such parameters as feature size, sample size, test line spacing, and test line width. Given the careful selection of these parameters, the new methods provide simple measures of orientation, which may prove useful in testing Wolff's trajectorial theory of the relationship between mechanical stresses and the orientation of cancellous bone.
The presence of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum signals the induction of glucose-regulated proteins

Two glucose-regulated proteins, GRP78 and GRP94, are major constituents of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells. These proteins are synthesized constitutively in detectable amounts under normal growth conditions; they can also be induced under a variety of conditions of stress including glucose starvation and treatment with drugs that inhibit cellular glycosylation, with calcium ionophores or with amino-acid analogues. Unlike the closely-related heat shock protein (HSP) family, the GRPs are not induced significantly by high temperature. Recently, GRP78 has been identified as the immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) (ref. 5 and Y.K. et al., in preparation) which binds transiently to a variety of nascent, wild-type secretory and transmembrane proteins and permanently to malfolded proteins that accumulate within the ER. We have tested the hypothesis that the presence of malfolded proteins may be the primary signal for induction of GRPs by expressing wild-type and mutant forms of influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) in simian cells. Only malfolded HAs, whose transport from the ER is blocked, induced the synthesis of GRPs 78 and 94. Additional evidence is presented that malfolding per se, rather than abnormal glycosylation, is the proximal inducer of this family of stress proteins.
Restaurant Managers' Beliefs About Food Safety Training: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Little research has been conducted in applying a theoretical framework to explore restaurant managers' beliefs about food safety training. Understanding managers' perceptions of employee food safety training is integral in assuring food safety education is provided for food handlers. The goal of this study was to investigate the antecedents that affect restaurant managers' willingness to support food safety training for employees utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior. Results revealed that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control play a key role in determining if a manager or supervisor will offer training to employees. Implications for research and model development are discussed.
DP-Ethernet: the Profibus DP protocol implemented on Ethernet

The use of Ethernet networks at the low level of factory automation systems, which is even more frequent, requires the adoption of real time protocols to implement the typical functions of this level. This paper investigates the possibility of using of a very popular fieldbus protocol, Profibus DP, as a real time protocol for Ethernet. The proposal, named DP-Ethernet, makes use of the IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control to implement the Profibus DP functions on Ethernet. The paper shows how DP-Ethernet could be implemented maintaining the compatibility with already existing Profibus DP applications. Moreover, some DP-Ethernet performance figures, obtained with a software simulation package, are given.
Interactions of tumor necrosis factor with local and systemic factors in fetal rat limb bones.

In many tissues the actions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) are indirectly mediated through the production of autacoids or other cytokines. To determine the role that these factors might have in the action of TNF on bone resorption, we examined the effects of several selective inhibitors on TNF-stimulated resorption. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin did not prevent TNF-stimulated resorption in fetal rat limb bones. Stimulation of resorption by TNF was also unaffected by the platelet activating factor antagonist WEB 2086. A 17.5 kD interleukin receptor antagonist protein, at concentrations that completely blocked the bone-resorbing actions of maximally effective concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, failed to affect the stimulatory actions of TNF. TNF-stimulated resorption was inhibited by both interferon-γ and dexamethasone. Dexamethasone inhibited TNF-stimulated resorption more effectively than it inhibited parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated resorption. When bones were treated simultaneously with low concentrations of TNF and PTH, potentiation of the bone-resorbing effects was elicited. These results suggest that TNF stimulates resorption through a pathway different from that by which PTH produces its effects. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) enhanced responses to TNF; TGF-β failed to inhibit the effects of TNF, even in long-term culture or when bones were pretreated with TGF-β. Synergistic interactions between TNF and several other bone-resorbing factors have now been demonstrated. In contrast to the actions of TNF on certain other functions, the bone-resorbing effects of TNF, as determined in the fetal rat limb bone system, do not seem to be mediated by PAF, IL-1, or prostaglandins.
Quality of Life Is Impaired in Men with Chronic Prostatitis the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network

OBJECTIVE: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) impairment may be a central component of chronic prostatitis for men afflicted with this condition. Our objective was to examine HRQOL, and factors associated with HRQOL, using both general and condition-specific instruments.
The Economic Crisis, Employees, and Executives: Who Wins? Who Loses?

This article explores the effects of the current economic crisis from the perspective of who wins and who loses among employees and executives. While both executives and employees have suffered financially from this recession, employee losses are disproportionately more profound and are likely to have more lasting impact than losses experienced by executives. In a number of instances, executive losses may be more apparent than real.
A Multinuclear Solid-State NMR Analysis of Vitamin B12 in Its Different Polymorphic Forms

Multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance methods (59Co, 13C, 15N, and 31P NMR) were applied at natural abundance to the structural and dynamic analysis of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) polymorphs. These studies involved recrystallizing a series of samples under different conditions and from various solvents, and subsequently recording their powder NMR spectra at different temperature. Two polymorphs could be identified in these studies, in correspondence with the two structures described by Hodgkin and co-workers in their seminal vitamin B12 crystallographic analyses. Most informative about the molecular differences characterizing these two forms were the 13C NMR data, which showed sharp and well-resolved resonances indicative of high sample crystallinity. Diagnostic differences between these two forms could be observed in the chemical shifts of particular resonances, many of which could be assigned to their molecular sites on the basis of solution-state literature and of solid-state spectral ed...
Evidence for episodic sand-blow activity during the 1811-1812 New Madrid (Missouri) earthquake series

Four major earthquakes of the 1811-1812 New Madrid series caused widespread ground disturbance, mostly in the form of sand blows, in the alluvial valley of the Mississippi River. Although a recurrence interval of 600-700 yr has been estimated for major shocks, recent excavations at an archeological site in northeastern Arkansas revealed no evidence of ground disturbance for at least 1.3 ka prior to 1811. Sand blows attributed to the New Madrid series show that such features can have multiple episodes of sand extrusion through a single dike and vent.
Anti-idiotypic T cells in human schistosomiasis.

We have developed an in vitro model of granuloma formation for the purpose of studying the immunological components of granulomatous hypersensitivity in patients infected with S. mansoni. Our previous studies have shown that 1) granulomatous hypersensitivity can be studied by examining the cellular reactivity manifested as multiple cell layers surrounding antigen-conjugated polyacrylamide beads; and 2) this reactivity is a CD4 T cell dependent, macrophage dependent, B cell independent response which is antigenically specific for parasite egg antigens. We report here on idiotype-antiidiotype receptor interactions involved in the regulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity in patients and former patients infected with S. mansoni. Five human monoclonal antibodies specific for parasite egg antigens were used to activate CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets. These activated anti-idiotypic T cells were then assayed for regulatory effector functions in an autologous in vitro granuloma model.
Synthesis, Kinetic Characterization and Metabolism of Diastereomeric 2‐(1‐(4‐Phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)ethyl)thiiranes as Potent Gelatinase and MT1‐MMP Inhibitors

Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) have been implicated in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Hence, small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes are highly sought for use as potential therapeutic agents. 2-(4-Phenoxyphenylsulfonylmethyl)thiirane (SB-3CT) has previously been demonstrated to be a potent and selective inhibitor of gelatinases, however, it is rapidly metabolized because of oxidation at the para position of the phenoxy ring and at the α-position to the sulfonyl group. α-Methyl variants of SB-3CT were conceived to improve metabolic stability and as mechanistic probes. We describe herein the synthesis and evaluation of these structural variants as potent inhibitors of gelatinases. Two (compounds 5b and 5d) among the four synthetic stereoisomers were found to exhibit slow-binding inhibition of gelatinases and MMP-14 (MT1-MMP), which is a hallmark of the mechanism of this class of inhibitors. The ability of these compounds to inhibit MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 could target cancer tissues more effectively. Metabolism of the newly synthesized inhibitors showed that both oxidation at the α-position to the sulfonyl group and oxidation at the para position of the terminal phenyl ring were prevented. Instead oxidation on the thiirane sulfur is the only biotransformation pathway observed for these gelatinase inhibitors.
Effect of nuclear localization of large tumor antigen on growth potential of SV40-transformed cells.

Transport-defective mutants of PARA, an SV40-adenovirus 7 hybrid virus, induce the synthesis of SV40 large T-antigen (T-ag) that is not transported to the nucleus and accumulates in the cytoplasm (cT-ag) of infected and transformed cells. The ability of cT mutants of PARA to induce phenotypic transformation of hamster embryo fibroblasts was examined. The cytoplasmic localization of T-ag was not stable, as extensive subculturing resulted in cell populations comprised of mixtures of cells which expressed T-ag in either the nucleus and/or the cytoplasm. Clonal analysis resulted in the selection of two cell populations: one cell type expressed T-ag solely in the cytoplasm and the second contained a mixture of cells which expressed T-ag in the nucleus and/or the cytoplasm. Serial subculture of clonal cell lines containing T-ag exclusively in the cytoplasm resulted again in the evolution of mixed populations which expressed T-ag in the nucleus and/or the cytoplasm. Analysis of synchronized cultures of such mixed clonal lines revealed that the intracellular distribution of T-ag was under the influence of the cell cycle; T-ag was present in the nucleus during S-phase, the period of maximal DNA synthesis, and in the cytoplasm during other phases of the cell cycle. These results suggest that a selective advantage exists during in vitro culturing for cells with a partial reversion of the cT phenotype. Examination of the growth properties of clonal lines in vitro indicated that cells in which T-ag could be detected in the cytoplasm, either continuously or during certain phases of the cell cycle, exhibited reduced growth potential under stringent culture conditions relative to wild-type transformants, behaving more like minimal transformants. In addition, the capacity for tumor induction in weanling hamsters by PARA(cT)-transformed hamster cells was reduced substantially in comparison to wild-type transformed cells. These results suggest that the constant presence of SV40 T-ag in the nucleus promotes maximal expression of the transformed cell phenotype.
Webstar: a visualization model for hyperlink structures

The authors introduce an information visualization model, WebStar, for hyperlink-based information systems. Hyperlinks within a hyperlink-based document can be visualized in a two-dimensional visual space. All links are projected within a display sphere in the visual space. The relationship between a specified central document and its hyperlinked documents is visually presented in the visual space. In addition, users are able to define a group of subjects and to observe relevance between each subject and all hyperlinked documents via movement of that subject around the display sphere center. WebStar allows users to dynamically change an interest center during navigation. A retrieval mechanism is developed to control retrieved results in the visual space. Impact of movement of a subject on the visual document distribution is analyzed. An ambiguity problem caused by projection is discussed. Potential applications of this visualization model in information retrieval are included. Future research directions on the topic are addressed.
Destruction of neurons in the VPM thalamus prevents rabbit heart rate conditioning

The present study examined the role of the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM) in classical heart rate (HR) conditioning using an acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) and a corneal air puff unconditioned stimulus (US). Previous research suggests that VPM neurons are activated during the presentation of a corneal air puff US. Rabbits were given ibotenic acid lesions in the VPM and subjected to one Pavlovian HR conditioning session. The results of the present study demonstrate that destruction of cell bodies in the VPM reduces HR conditioning to the level of a pseudoconditioning control without affecting HR baseline, or orienting responses to the CS. Lesions of the VPM also significantly augment the tachycardiac unconditioned response, suggesting that VPM lesions alter the somatosensory processing of the US.
The role of perceived peer prejudice and teacher discrimination on adolescent substance use: A social determinants approach

Although Black adolescents have reported a lower prevalence of substance use relative to non-Hispanic Whites, Black youth are disproportionately affected by adverse social outcomes. Social scientists have highlighted that using a framework that includes perceived peer prejudice and teacher discrimination as social determinants of adolescent risk behaviors is essential to fully understanding substance use behaviors in adolescents. However, this area of research remains underdeveloped. This study examined whether and to what extent perceived peer prejudice and teacher discrimination affect binge drinking and marijuana use by Black (n = 514) and non-Hispanic White (n = 2,818) adolescents using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave 2, Public Use dataset. Findings suggest that peer prejudice increased the risk of substance use in non-Hispanic White youth only, whereas experiences of teacher discrimination increased the risk of substance use in both Black and non-Hispanic White yo...
Design of an improved land/air miniature robot

Small ground robots remain limited in their locomotion capabilities, often prevented from accessing areas restricted by tall obstacles or rough terrain. This paper presents the improved design of a hybrid-locomotion robot made to address this issue. It uses wheels for ground travel and rotary-wing flight for scaling obstacles and flying over rough terrain.
A human DNA segment encompassing leucine and methionine tRNA pseudogenes localized on chromosome 6

A human genomic clone, designated LHtlm8, that strongly hybridized to a mammalian leucine tRNA(IAG) probe, was found to encompass a pair of tRNA pseudogenes that are transcribed in a homologous cell extract. A leucine tRNA(AAG) pseudogene (TRLP1) is 2.1-kb upstream and of opposite polarity to a methionine elongator tRNA(CAU) pseudogene (TRMEP1). TRLP1 has three nucleotide variations (97% identity) from its cognate leucine tRNA(IAG), while TRMEP1 has a 78% identity with its cognate tRNA. Similar to a number of other eukaryotic tRNA pseudogenes, presumptive precursor tRNA transcripts are generated from the two pseudogenes in vitro, but possibly due to their aberrant and unstable secondary and tertiary structures, no detectable mature tRNA products are observed. The two tRNA pseudogenes are encompassed within a 9.6-kb EcoRI fragment that has been assigned to the chromosomal locus, 6pter-q13, by Southern blot hybridization of human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNAs with probes derived from the cloned tRNA pseudogenes and flanking sequences. A 4.4-kb EcoRI fragment also harbored in clone LHtlm8 was mapped to human chromosome 11, suggesting that the two EcoRI fragments were inadvertantly ligated together during construction of the genomic library.