cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ketogenic diet for seizure management in children

The ketogenic diet is a very time and labor-intensive method of treatment for intractable epilepsy. It has seen a big comeback in pediatric epilepsy and although this is not a new treatment as such, in this article we describe the actual "behind the scenes" work that goes into making the "diet" a prescription medicine for patients. We describe the working of our own pro- gram, which is the only program for the state of Iowa.
Product Liability and Legal Leverage: The Perverse Effect of Stiff Penalties

The law-and-economics literature recognizes that the deterrent effect of stiffer tort penalties exists only as long as the tortfeasor would be solvent if a judgment were rendered against it. The literature further states that increasing the penalty past the point of insolvency would have no additional deterrent effect. This paper describes an important class of cases where, once the point of insolvency is reached, the deterrent effect of stiffer tort penalties does not merely disappear, but has the counterintuitive effect of encouraging the penalized activity. When the liability is for a defective product that has already been sold, stiffer penalties can encourage a manufacturer to continue to produce the product. Because stiffer penalties reduce the manufacturer's equity if the product is dangerous and production ceases, but has no additional effect on its equity if the product is dangerous and production continues, the manufacturer risks less by continuing production when penalties are stiffer. Therefore, the manufacturer might continue production when with less stiff penalties it would discontinue production.
Regulating Cigarettes for Fire Safety

Cigarettes are the leading cause of residential fire fatalities in the United States, resulting in 700 to 900 deaths per year. Annual property damage is approximately $400 million, and the total annual economic loss is estimated to be nearly $4 billion including health care, lost productivity and pain and suffering. Despite these costs, cigarette manufacturers have not significantly reduced the ignition propensity of their products even after conducting extensive research into the matter. In response, several states have mandated reduced ignition performance standards for cigarettes. Section I of this article reviews the immense public harm resulting from cigarette-caused fires. Section II examines the regulatory structure, feasibility, compliance and implementation of fire safe cigarette legislation in the United States. Section III discusses litigation involving cigarette-caused fires. Section IV examines industry rhetoric and its stance against voluntarily and comprehensively reducing the ignition propensity of cigarettes. Section IV highlights current policy concerns and the movement towards a national standard through either state or national legislation.
A multichannel, neural interface for the peripheral nervous system

A practical interface to the peripheral nervous system (or to the spinal cord) that could be used in a neuroprosthetic application must have two features: it should be able to selectively stimulate a large number of individual muscle groups in a highly specific fashion; and it should also be able to stimulate these muscles in a broadly graded fashion in a manner similar to the way they are stimulated naturally. We have developed a new type of silicon based microelectrode array which consists of 100 penetrating needles that project out from a thin silicon substrate. We have developed such an electrode array and have evaluated it in a series of acute implantations in cat sciatic nerve. Using a high velocity insertion technique, the array can be inserted through the epineurium and perineurium with little damage to the propagation of neural activity through the implantation site. The array records single- and multi-unit sensory information. It is capable of generating muscle twitches with single, biphasic 200 usec current pulses in the 1-10 microampere range.
The KNOWS system on the Internet and Web

This paper presents an overview of the KNOWS client server system. The system is capable of cataloging individual World Wide Web servers, and building master subject catalogs of server content across the Web. Users are provided with a set of graphical tools that allow descriptions of files and directories to be built. Cataloging occurs through user interactions with this interface. The system's communication algorithm creates a semi-reliable circular connection path through groups of servers. The client server program is described. The salient features of the system that allow cataloging to occur are described. The communication algorithms being implemented for the Internet are described.
Animals in (new) space: chimponauts, cosmodogs, and biosphere II

Like many baby-boomers, I grew up with visuals of chimpanzees being shot up into space as part of NASA’s program for space exploration; I read about Laika, the Russian dog who perished on her first space mission, involuntarily recruited from the streets of Moscow where she had lived as a stray. Biosphere II—the failed attempt to re-create earth’s ecosystems in an enclosure outside of Tucson, Arizona—similarly instrumentalized animals, this time for food, as part of a larger project investigating the possibilities of human life beyond earth. Now, NewSpace entrepreneurs pursue techno-solutions and space escapes for elites seeking adventurous enclosures beyond earth’s climate-changing surface. An ecofeminist perspective enriches our understanding of space exploration ideology by examining how cultural narratives of gender, species, and culture play out both here on earth and beyond our biosphere. Interrogating these techno-scientific pursuits in outer space augments our understanding of contemporary environmental problems such as climate change, environmental justice, and human-animal relations.
Prospects for detecting an η′c in two-photon processes☆

Abstract We argue that an experimental search for an η′c, the first radial excitation of the ηc(2980), may be carried out using the two-photon process e+e− → e+e−γγ → e+e−η′c. We estimate the partial width Γγγ(η′c) and the branching fraction B(η′c → h), where h is an exclusive hadronic channel, and find that for h = Ks0K±π∓ it may be possible to observe this state in two-photon collisions at CLEO-II.
SKF-83566, a D1 dopamine receptor antagonist, inhibits the dopamine transporter

Dopamine (DA) is an important transmitter in both motor and limbic pathways. We sought to investigate the role of D1-receptor activation in axonal DA release regulation in dorsal striatum using a D1-receptor antagonist, SKF-83566. Evoked DA release was monitored in rat striatal slices using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. SKF-83566 caused a concentration-dependent increase in peak single-pulse evoked extracellular DA concentration ([DA]o), with a maximum increase of ~65% in 5 μM SKF-83566. This was accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in [DA]o clearance time. Both effects were occluded by nomifensine (1 μM), a dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor, suggesting that SKF-83566 acted via the DAT. We tested this by examining [3H]DA uptake into LLc-PK cells expressing rat DAT, and confirmed that SKF-83566 is a competitive DAT inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.7 μM. Binding studies with [3H]CFT, a cocaine analog, showed even more potent action at the DAT cocaine binding site (IC50 = 0.51 μM SKF-83566). Thus, data obtained using SKF-83566 as a D1 DA-receptor antagonist may be confounded by concurrent DAT inhibition. More positively, however, SKF-83566 might be a candidate to attenuate cocaine effects in vivo because of the greater potency of SKF-83566 at the cocaine versus DA binding site of the DAT.
No hay negro bueno ni tamarindo dulce

Abstract This article studies the intersections of racial, gender, and national subjectivities in Marta Rojas's novel, Santa Lujuria o Papeles de blanco (1998). I examine the entanglement of fiction and historical memory as well as the (re)appropriation and (re)construction of the slave experience as a vindication of anti-imperialist discourses. By focusing on the depictions of conflicts of race and class set in the colonial period, I also analyze the racialized discourse of blanqueamiento (racial and cultural whitening) and the myth of the eroticized mulatta. Furthermore, I maintain that this novel contributes to the intellectual articulation of new forms of racialization in the Cuban context, while confronting the traditional rhetoric of White supremacy.
Youth and Social Movements: Key Lessons for Allies

As a part of its collaboration with the Born This Way Foundation, the Berkman Center is publishing on this website a series of papers that synthesize existing peer-reviewed research or equivalent scholarship and provide research-grounded insight to the variety of stakeholders working on issues related to youth empowerment and action towards creating a kinder, braver world. This series, called the The Kinder & Braver World Project: Research Series (danah boyd, John Palfrey, and Dena Sacco, editors), is presented by the Born This Way Foundation & the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University, and supported by the John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. This set of papers involves topics related to the Role of Youth Organizations and Youth Movements for Social Change.Young people are often key actors in powerful social movements that transform the course of human history. Indeed, youth have been deeply important to every progressive social movement, including the United States Civil Rights movement, the transnational LGBTQ movement, successive waves of feminism, environmentalism and environmental justice, the labor, antiwar, and immigrant rights movements, and more. In each of these cases, young people took part in many ways, including through the appropriation of the “new media” tools of their time, which they used to create, circulate, and amplify movement voices and stories. Yet today, youth are often framed in the mass media as, at best, apathetic, disengaged, and removed from civic action. At worst, youth (in the U.S., particularly youth of color) are subject to growing repression: increased surveillance, heightened policing, stop-and-frisk policies on the streets, overbroad gang injunctions, and spiraling rates of juvenile incarceration. In this short article, I argue that we have much to learn from young people who are already engaged in mobilizing their peers, families, and communities towards positive social transformation. I discuss key challenges, and provide recommendations for educators and adult allies of youth movements.
PDL-1 Blockade Impedes T Cell Expansion and Protective Immunity Primed by Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes

Infection with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a robust in vivo model for examining how Ag-specific T cells are primed, and subsequent challenge with virulent Lm allows for the protective effects of T cell priming to be quantified. Herein, we investigated the role of programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) in T cell priming and immunity conferred after primary infection with Lm DeltaactA followed by virulent Lm challenge. In striking contrast to the inhibitory role of PDL-1 on T cell immunity in other infection models, marked reductions in the magnitude of T cell expansion and the kinetics of T cell proliferation were observed with PDL-1 blockade after primary Lm DeltaactA infection. More importantly, PDL-1 blockade beginning before primary infection and maintained throughout the experiment resulted in delayed bacterial clearance and T cell expansion after secondary challenge with virulent Lm. These results indicate that for immunity to intracellular bacterial infection, PDL-1 plays an important stimulatory role for priming and expansion of protective T cells.
DENSITY FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO PARTICLE CORRELATIONS AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE IN DENSE PLASMAS

The self-consistent calculation of the internal electronic structure of ions in hot plasmas, and the evaluation of the mean electron- and ion-distributions around a given ion in the plasma, are most effectively carried out using density functional theory. The density functional model in the context of recent developments is discussed. We introduce electron-ion and ion-ion “pseudopotentials” derived from the density functional calculation itself and consider how the internal structure of the ions as well as ion-configuration fluctuations in the plasma could be treated to give a more realistic account of plasma properties. Impurity-ion-ion correlations near an impurity relevant to, eg., ion-microfield calculations and to the plasma mapping of the excitations in the fractional quantum Hall effect, are also discussed.
COM: what makes it work, black-box encapsulation through multiple, immutable interfaces

The Component Object Model (COM) (and by definition, DCOM) is the only component system where there is a significant market for commercially available components. This paper discusses the elements of COM's design that have all contributed to making COM such a viable commercial reality: black box-encapsulation, interfaces, interface immutability, multiple interfaces, and location transparency.
Mock Interviews for ACE Scholars: Preparing for the Professional Job Search

The article discusses the mock interviews conducted among student members of the Academic Cultural Enrichment (ACE) Scholars cohort at the University of North Carolina-Greensboro (UNCG). The interviews are divided into two phases, the first of which consisted of simulated telephone interviews and the second consisted of a simulate search committee interview. Students were requested to submit a completed application package to allow review of cover letters and resumes they will submit to actual employers. According to the authors, the activity has provided a positive learning experience for librarians and students.
Tocainide kinetics in congestive heart failure.

Our subjects were 20 patients with life-threatening or symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias refractory to standard oral antiarrhythmic drugs but responsive to intravenous lidocaine. After evaluation of arrhythmias and treatment with intravenous lidocaine, oral tocainide dosage regimens were based on age, weight, and clinical status. During initial tocainide treatment, six plasma tocainide concentrations were recorded within a single dosing interval in 17 of 20 patients, by which standard kinetic parameters were calculated. Eventual trough steady-state tocainide plasma concentrations were predicted from the derived patient-specific kinetic parameters. Mean daily tocainide dose was 1800 mg (1200 to 2400). Mean daily tocainide doses (milligram per kilogram) did not differ significantly among responders and nonresponders or among patients with or without congestive heart failure. Mean peak and trough plasma concentrations 48 hr after initiation of therapy were 9.8 and 7.5 mcg/ml. Tocainide plasma concentrations did not correlate with responders and nonresponders or identify patients who were developing adverse reactions to tocainide. There were no significant differences in any of the calculated kinetic parameters as a function of response to tocainide or the presence of congestive heart failure, but there was a trend toward smaller volumes of distribution and higher average plasma concentrations at steady state in patients with congestive heart failure. There were no significant kinetic differences among patients with and without congestive heart failure, but a trend toward higher plasma concentrations in patients with congestive heart failure and the small number of patients suggests that further data collection is necessary before dosage recommendations can be made. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 596–603; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.221
Sweet success, bitter defeat: a taste phenotype predicts social status in selectively bred rats.

For social omnivores such as rats and humans, taste is far more than a chemical sense activated by food. By virtue of evolutionary and epigenetic elaboration, taste is associated with negative affect, stress vulnerability, responses to psychoactive substances, pain, and social judgment. A crucial gap in this literature, which spans behavior genetics, affective and social neuroscience, and embodied cognition, concerns links between taste and social behavior in rats. Here we show that rats selectively bred for low saccharin intake are subordinate to high-saccharin-consuming rats when they compete in weight-matched dyads for food, a task used to model depression. Statistical and experimental controls suggest that differential resource utilization within dyads is not an artifact of individual-level processes such as apparatus habituation or ingestive motivation. Tail skin temperature measurements showed that LoS rats display larger hyperthermic responses to social interaction after status is established, evidence linking taste, social stress, autonomic reactivity, and depression-like symptoms. Based on regression using early- and late-competition predictors to predict dyadic disparity in final competition scores, we tentatively suggest that HiS rats emerge as dominant both because of an “early surge” on their part and because LoS acquiesce later. These findings should invigorate the comparative study of individual differences in social status and its relationship to mental and physical health.
Relationship between the intrinsic radial distribution function for an isotropic field of particles and lower-dimensional measurements

In this paper, we present relationships between the intrinsic radial distribution function (RDF) for a three-dimensional, isotropic system of particles and the lower-dimensional RDFs obtained experimentally from either two-dimensional or one-dimensional sampling of the data. The lower-dimensional RDFs are shown to be equivalent to integrals of the three-dimensional function, and as such contain less information than their three-dimensional counterpart. An important consequence is that the lower-dimensional RDFs are attenuated at separation distances below the characteristic length scale of the measurement. In addition, the inverse problem (calculating the three-dimensional RDF from the lower-dimensional measurements) is not well posed. However, recent results from direct numerical simulations (Reade & Collins 2000) showed that the three-dimensional RDF for aerosol particles in a turbulent flow field obeys a power-law dependence on r for r [Lt ] η, where η is the Kolmogorov scale of the turbulence. In this case, the inverse problem is well posed and it is possible to obtain the prefactor and exponent of the power law from one- or two-dimensional measurements. A procedure for inverting the data is given. All of the relationships derived in this paper have been validated by data derived from direct numerical simulations.
Interactive Wiring System

The Interactive Wiring System (IWS) is a highly interactive graphic application originally developed for the embedding of overflow wires on cards, boards and other high-level packages. It has since been expanded to support component placement, I/O assignment and service net manipulation. The programs were developed for IBM's internal use and are not marketed by IBM. An overview of how IWS interfaces with the IBM Design Automation System (EDS - Engineering Design System) is followed by a brief description of the IWS model. Representative functions are described as seen by the IWS user. Examples of how IWS has impacted the design process at various IBM locations are included. A separate section briefly addresses the display technology implications of some of the graphical display techniques used by IWS. The paper concludes with a brief description of changes being considered to enhance the flexibility of the IWS model for high-level packages and to allow support of chip-level packages.
Enterocutaneous fistula and small bowel evisceration of twenty-five years' duration: successful surgical and nutritional management.

Enterocutaneous fistulae (ECF) are challenging consequences of surgical misadventure, inflammatory bowel disease, and other intraabdominal catastrophes. Enterocutaneous fistulae can lead to fluid and electrolyte depletion, intraabdominal and/or line sepsis, skin breakdown at the site of external drainage, and malnutrition if not treated. Successful management of patients with complex ECF must include a multidisciplinary plan of sepsis control, nutrition support, and surgical reconstruction. Recovery from massive bowel resection and surgical reconstruction ultimately depends on intestinal adaptation. We report a case of successful surgical and nutritional management of a complex ECF and small bowel evisceration that had been neglected for nearly 25 years.
Purification of immunoprecipitated pemphigus foliaceus antigen fragment and its use in radioimmunoassay

Abstract A major difficulty in biochemical studies of the pemphigus foliaceus (PF) antigen is the lack of a method for its quantitative determination. Immunofluorescence blocking and immunoprecipitation methods are semiquantitative and time consuming. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods are quantitative but they require pure and stable antigen preparations that have not been available for PF. The present investigation shows the further purification of a previously described preparation of PF antigen fragment obtained from trypsinization media of mouse skin (Con A Frn) and demonstrates its usefulness in a RIA method for quantitation of the antigen. The major contaminants of the 45-kD tryptic fragment of the PF antigen (tf-PF) in immunoprecipitates of the Con A Frn with PF sera were identified as H and L chains of murine IgG and mannose-binding lectins. The IgG contaminants could be removed by avoidance of blood contamination during preparation of the Con A Frn and/or pre-absorption of the Con A Frn with protein A Sepharose. The lectins could be removed by affinity chromatography of the Con A Frn on asialofetuin column and washing the immunoprecipitates with 0.2 M α-methyl-mannoside. Using the purified, labeled Con A Frn in RIA, we showed that standard curves could be established and the amounts of PF antigen could be determined in different extracts without the need for electrophoresis, autoradiography, or scanning. This RIA method is rapid and can be easily used to analyze many samples, e.g., chromatographic fractions and extracts made from different tissues.
Collecting duct renal cell carcinoma: clinical study of a rare tumor.

Purpose: Collecting duct carcinoma is a rare type of renal cell carcinoma that affects younger patients, and is associated with aggressive regional and distant spread. The clinical and pathological features of 6 patients with collecting duct carcinoma treated at a single institution are described.Materials and Methods: There were 6 patients with collecting duct carcinoma included in the University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Kidney Cancer Database. Demographic, clinical, pathological and survival data were gathered.Results: Average patient age plus or minus standard deviation was 56 ± 11 years, and 5 of 6 had TNM stage IV disease. The average survival of these patients was 11.5 months (range 7 to 17). There was 1 patient who had TNM stage I disease and survived without evidence of disease at 5 years. Transient response to chemotherapy was seen in 1 patient.Conclusions: Collecting duct carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. For the majority of patients surgical treatment will not r...
Cascading epicanthal skin resection and aesthetic reconstruction.

This new feature will emphasize innovative and better ways to perform dermatologic surgery procedures. This article should be based on some evidence-based literature, but may describe the author's experience with a particular procedure without being a typical clinical research article. The editor will consider ideas for topics. Any author who is considering writing an article should submit the title to Ronald L. Moy, MD, Editor-in-Chief, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 590, Los Angeles, CA 90024. Background. Drooping, cascading epicanthal skin is a common phenomenon in the elderly, but its surgical removal and reconstruction has not been documented. Objective. A surgical technique is described to quickly and efficiently remove excessively drooping epicanthal tissue and to reconstruct an aesthetically pleasing lateral nose to epicanthal area. Method. Photographs of a woman with severe involvement are utilized to portray the surgical methodology. Results. Reconstruction of an acceptable lateral nose to epicanthal concavity was easily and safely accomplished. Conclusion. Excessive lateral nose and epicanthal skin can be removed and the area reconstructed by the described technique using local anesthesia in a simple operation.
Geological noise in near-surface electromagnetic induction data

[1] Controlled-source electromagnetic induction is a geophysical technique used to identify anthropogenic and natural features, such as unexploded ordnance or fluid pathways, in the shallow subsurface. However, electromagnetic responses are difficult to interpret owing to the complexity of the underlying electrical conductivity structure. We show here that electromagnetic responses are fractal signals, reflecting a very rough distribution of electrical conductivity. Apparent conductivity profiles across a floodplain and a fractured sandstone aquifer both show that the fractal properties of the surface response depend on the complexity of the causative geological structure. Small-scale fluctuations in the response due to geological noise are inherently reproducible, and are not caused by random instrumental or atmospheric effects as often assumed. New approaches to modeling are required to take full advantage of the rich information content of near-surface electromagnetic data.
A swarm-assisted integrated communication and sensing network

We present a design concept for an integrated communication and sensor network that employs swarms of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). UAVs are deployed in two types of swarms: sensor swarms or communication swarms. Sensor swarms are motivated by the belief that adversaries will force future confrontations into urban settings, where advantages in surveillance and weapons are diminished. A sensor system is needed which can provide high-resolution imagery and an unobstructed view of a hazardous environment fraught with obstructions. These requirements can be satisfied by a swarm of inexpensive UAVs which “work together” by arranging themselves into a flight configuration that optimizes their integrated sensing capability. If a UAV is shot down, the swarm reconfigures its topology to continue the mission with the surviving assets. We present a methodology that integrates the agents into a formation that enhances the sensing operations while minimizing the transmission of control information for topology adaptation. We demonstrate the performance tradeoff between search time and number of UAVs employed, and present an algorithm that determines the minimum swarm size necessary to meet a targeted search completion time within probabilistic guarantees. A communication swarm provides an infrastructure to distribute information provided by the sensor swarms, and enables communication between dispersed ground locations. UAVs are “guided” to locations that provide the best support for an underlying ground-based communication network and for dissemination of data collected by sensor swarms.
Prolactin and nesting behavior in phalaropes

Abstract Adenohypophyses of male Wilson's phalaropes ( Steganopus tricolor ), collected during the incubation period, contained about 3.5 times as much prolactin as the gland of females of the species. It is suggested that a deficiency in prolactin may be responsible for the absence of incubation and brooding behavior in the females.
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity to herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, on T lymphocyte functional competence against herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV1) infection. Spleen cells from C3H/HeJ (H-2k) mice primed with HSV1 and exposed to delta 9-THC were examined for anti-HSV1 cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. Flow cytometry was used to determine whether delta 9-THC altered T cytotoxic (Lyt-2+) and T helper (L3T4+) lymphocyte numbers or cell ratios. Nomarski optics microscopy was used to determine whether effector lymphocytes from drug-treated mice were able to bind to virally infected L929 (H-2k) target cells. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that CTL from mice exposed to delta 9-THC were deficient in anti-HSV1 cytolytic activity. delta 9-THC in vivo treatment had little effect on the number of T lymphocytes expressing the Lyt-2 or L3T4 antigens. Nomarski optics microscopy revealed that the CTL from the drug-treated mice were able to bind specifically to the HSV1-infected targets. However, delta 9-THC in vivo exposure affected CTL cytoplasmic polarization toward the virus-infected target cell. CTL granule reorientation toward the effector cell-target cell interface following cell conjugation occurred at a lower frequency in co-cultures containing CTL from drug-treated mice. These results suggest that delta 9-THC elicits dysfunction in CTL by altering effector cell-target cell postconjugation events.
One-lung ventilation in a patient with stenting for tracheobronchial stenosis caused by esophageal cancer

We have provided general anesthesia for a 53-year-old man scheduled to undergo lymph node removal for right mediastinal lymph node metastases caused by esophageal cancer. One year prior, acute respiratory failure occurred because of stenosis of the carinal bifurcation resulting from advanced esophageal cancer with tracheal invasion. The patient underwent placement of tracheobronchial stents (Spiral Z Stent) in two locations (left main bronchus and trachea/right main bronchus), followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In the present case, after an 8.5-mm-ID tracheal tube was placed under bronchoscopic guidance, a 7.0 Fr. bronchial blocker (Arndt Endobronchial Blocker; Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA) was carefully inserted into the stent in the right main bronchus. Next, 3 ml air was injected into the blocker cuff, and left-sided one-lung ventilation was performed. After surgery was completed, the bronchial blocker was removed under bronchoscopic guidance. We confirmed there was no tracheobronchial injury nor stent displacement or deformation, then removed the tracheal tube. Even in patients with tracheobronchial stent placement, one-lung ventilation can be safely and reliably performed by selecting an appropriate bronchial blocker, along with careful insertion into the stent and frequent checking of the blocker position.
Synthesis and turnover of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in the lateral cerebroventricle☆

Abstract The lateral cerebroventricle was perfused using two different labelling procedures in three separate experiments on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. The sensitivity of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism to various drugs was subsequently determined. The results demonstrate that two serotonin reuptake blockers, imipramine and fluoxetine, increase the efflux of 3 H-5-hydroxytryptamine into the ventricle without affecting the efflux of 3 H-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. BL-3912 A, a drug with weak serotonin agonist activity, also increased the efflux of 3 H-5-hydroxytryptamine into the ventricle.
Henrico Boscano's Isola beata: new evidence for the Academia Leonardi Vinci in Renaissance Milan

Historians have long debated the possibility of an academy in Quattrocento Milan centred around Leonardo da Vinci. Such an academy has been variously characterized based on textual and material sources. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, however, the existence of this group has been vigorously denied in the scholarship on Leonardo. This article presents new information on the academy derived largely from the previously unpublished Renaissance manuscript, the Isola beata (c.1513). The text provides details of the academy's membership, as well as information that illuminates Leonardo's Milanese intellectual circle and helps to contextualize it in relation to other contemporary Italian Renaissance academies.
Ultrastructure of mouse egg cylinders developed in vitro.

Mouse blastocysts were grown in vitro and the ultrastructure of resulting egg cylinders was compared with the ultrastructure of egg cylinders isolated from uterus. Egg cylinders grown in vitro had two or three germ layers and were attached to the bottom of the dish through the layer of trophoblastic cells. The entoderm was composed of two cell types intermixed haphazardly: (1) One type had numerous microvilli on the free surface and a large number of dense bodies, autophagic vacuoles, big and small vacuoles and myelin figures in the cytoplasm. (2) The other type had rich, rough endoplasmic reticulum with wide cisternae. The cisternae were filled with fine, granular material similar to that found as a thick membrane separating the entodermal layer from the rest of the embryo. The first type of cell was ultrastructurally similar to cells of the visceral entoderm of egg cylinders isolated from uterus and the second type was similar to cells of the parietal entoderm. The thick basement membrane observed in embryos grown in vitro was similar to Reichert's membrane. Parietal entoderm and Reichert's membrane were never found as separate structures in embryos grown in vitro. It is probable that the entodermal cells in blastocysts differentiate in vitro into both parietal and visceral entodermal cells within the same layer. Mesodermal and ectodermal cells of vitral embryos were similar to such cells in the egg cylinders isolated from the uterus. The cytoplasm was filled with free ribosomes in the form of polysomes and also contained a few profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, well developed mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. Intercellular spaces between mesodermal cells were large and the cells were not attached to one another. Ectodermal cells were tightly packed and inter-connected with numerous desmosomes. The ultrastructure of egg cylinders in vitro and in vivo was similar. Observed differences might be caused by culture conditions and some of them probably represented the changing pattern of differentiation in vitro.
SU-DD-A4-04: Micro Angiographic and Fluoroscopic Real-Time Image Data Handling Using Parallel Coding Techniques in LabVIEW

Purpose: Multicore programming coding techniques have been designed to meet the high‐speed requirements of a High‐Sensitivity, Micro Angiographic‐Fluoroscope (HSMAF) detector for 30 fps acquisition, image‐processing, display, and rapid frame transfer of high‐resolution, region‐of‐interest (ROI) images.Method and Materials: The HSMAF detector was built by our group using a CsI(Tl) phosphor, a light image intensifier, and a fiber‐optic taper coupled to a charge‐coupleddevice(CCD)camera which provides real‐time 12 bit, 1k × 1k images capable of greater than 10 lp/mm resolution. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to control the system and enable real‐time acquisition, image‐processing, display, and rapid storage of high‐resolution images. To accommodate all these processes working in real‐time, parallel coding methods, such as instruction pipelining and task parallelism, were designed and used to take advantage of the available multicore processors (dual and quad cores). Results: The parallel coding techniques of the GUI can handle radiographic procedures that require on‐the‐fly image processing at 30fps such as Roadmapping, Digital‐Subtraction‐Acquisition (DSA), and rotational DSA. On a 2.4 GHz dual processor a high resolution image is acquired, processed and stored in less than 30ms. Recursive temporal filtering, as well as gain correction can be added to the above procedures and still maintain the required high frame rates when a quad‐core processor is used. Moreover, the overall system design offers virtually unlimited memory for acquisition and huge, expandable storage capacity. Conclusion: The ability of high frame‐rate acquisition, image processing and display for this unique high‐resolution detector along with the user friendly implementation of the interface should provide angiographers and interventionalists with a new capability for visualizing details of small vessels and endovascular devices such as stents. Such capability should enable more accurate diagnoses and image guided interventions. (Support from NIH Grants R01NS43924, R01EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation).
A type system for prototyping languages

RAPIDE is a programming language framework designed for the development of large, concurrent, real-time systems by prototyping. The framework consists of a type language and default executable, specification and architecture languages, along with associated programming tools. We describe the main features of the type language, its intended use in a prototyping environment, and rationale for selected design decisions.
Editor's introduction: Distributional consequences of emerging technologies

Abstract Emerging technologies have a great potential to exacerbate inequalities. The papers in this special section represent case studies of the ways five different technologies interacted with particular national contexts to produce distributional effects. A central hypothesis of the study was that the same technological project would have different distributional consequences under different national conditions; this was confirmed. Public interventions shaped the trajectories of the technological project through intellectual property and anti-trust provisions as well as regulations, much more than through the research agenda itself. These technologies were not associated with large gains or losses in jobs, but rather with modest shifts downward in numbers and upwards in skill requirements. Price was not the only determinant of how far the technologies diffused; skills and infrastructure were also important. In sum, distributional consequences take many forms. “Diffusion” consists of both push and pull, need and absorptive capacity. The relevant decision makers are in both the public and private sectors, and a broad range of policies affects this process, not just science, technology, and innovation policies. There are many options for public intervention, but no one size fits all countries. 1
Laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit performed completely intracorporeally: the initial 2 cases.

Abstract Objectives. To present the initial 2 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy, bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, and ileal conduit urinary diversion, with the entire procedure performed exclusively by intracorporeal laparoscopic techniques. Methods. Two male patients, 78 and 70 years old, with muscle-invasive, organ-confined, transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder underwent the procedure. The entire procedure, including radical cystoprostatectomy, pelvic node dissection, isolation of the ileal loop, restoration of bowel continuity with stapled side-to-side ileoileal anastomosis, retroperitoneal transfer of the left ureter to the right side, and bilateral stented ileoureteral anastomoses were all performed exclusively by intracorporeal laparoscopic techniques. Free-hand laparoscopic suturing and in situ knot-tying techniques were used exclusively. Results. The surgical time was 11.5 hours in the first patient and 10 hours in the second. The respective blood loss was 1200 mL and 1000 mL. In both patients, ambulation resumed on postoperative day 2, bowel sounds on day 3, and oral intake on day 4; the hospital stay was 6 days. Narcotic analgesia comprised 108.3 mg and 16.5 mg of morphine sulfate equivalent, respectively. Pathologic examination revealed pT4N0M0 (prostate) and pT2bN0M0 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with the surgical margins negative for cancer in both patients. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred in either patient. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the initial report of laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy with intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion. We believe that with further experience and refinement in the operative technique, laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion may become an attractive treatment option for selected candidates with localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
The Accuracy of Size Information on Men's Prewashed Jeans

Consumers use size statements on garment labels to locate garments with a satisfactory fit. Accurate size information assists consumers to make efficient decisions in finding specific garments to purchase or to try on. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of information on garment size labels. Two hundred and forty men'sprewashed jeans were measured to identify discrepancies between the stated and measured dimensions of the waist and inseam. The paired t-test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the stated dimensions on men's jeans were significantly different from actual dimensions. Discrepancies between stated and measured dimensions of men's jeans were significantly different among the low, medium, and high price ranges. When manufacturer-promoted brands and retailer private label brands were compared, the discrepancies at the inseam were different, but there was no significant difference at the waist. Implications for apparel manufacture...
Lights can reverse illusory directional hearing.

Abstract Adding brief flashes of light to a train of auditory clicks [R. Hari, Illusory directional hearing in humans, Neurosci. Lett. 189 (1995) 29–30] can alter the sounds perceived location within the head. In an experimental procedure adopted from Hari [R. Hari, Illusory directional hearing in humans, Neurosci. Lett. 189 (1995) 29–30], 16 observers listened over headphones to 8 binaural clicks (i.e., 4 left-ear leading followed by 4 right-ear leading) separated by one of three ISIs (8, 64 and 120 ms), then reported the perceived location of each click-pair within the head. Flashing a light rightward across a CRT screen during temporally coincident click-pairs made observers report the location of the sounds in roughly equally spaced steps from left-to-right through the head. In contrast, light flashes originating on the right of the CRT and moving leftward reversed the perceived location of the clicks, so that the sound appeared to originate on the right side of the head and shift leftward. These effects were diminished when the first four lights were all presented on one side of the CRT and the last four lights were all presented on the other side of the CRT. This multimodal phenomenon occurs although the light was perceived external to the head while the sounds presented over headphones were perceived within the head.
Identification of possible signal transduction components mediating light induction of the Gsa gene for an early chlorophyll biosynthetic step in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Light-induced expression of the Gsa gene encoding the heme and chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was previously shown to involve Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) (C. lm et al. 1996, Plant Cell 8: 2245–2253). To further analyze the signal transduction pathway for light-induced Gsa expression, the effects of several pharmacological agents were examined. Treatment of light-dark synchronized cells with the heterotrimeric G-protein agonist Mas-7 caused partial induction of Gsa in the dark. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 inhibited light induction of Gsa. Exposure of cells to light caused a sustained 3-fold increase in cellular d-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) concentration. KN-93, a specific inhibitor of Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II, inhibited light induction of Gsa. In contrast, cyclosporin A, a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphoprotein phosphatase calcineurin, did not affect light induction of Gsa. These results, together with the earlier results, suggest the involvement of a canonical signal transduction pathway for light-regulated Gsa expression that involves a heterotrimeric G-protein activation, phospholipase C-catalyzed InsP3 formation, InsP3-dependent Ca2+ release, and activation of a downstream signaling pathway through a Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase.
Fixed Point Subgroups that Contain Centralizers of Involutions

Theorem 1. Let G be a finite group and A be a subgroup of the automorphism group of G such that G and A have relatively prime orders. Let C(A) be the fixed point subgroup of G with respect to A. Suppose C(A) contains the centralizer in G of some element zeG of order two. Let N be the subgroup of C(A) generated by the elements t -1 z -1 tz for all te C(A). Then: (i) N is a normal subgroup of G, and if A ~ 1, z ~ N. Let G = G/N, C = C (A)/N, and let ~ be the element z N of G. (ii) A acts in an induced manner on G; this action is faithful, and C is the fixed point subgroup of G with respect to A. (iii) ~ C, and C is the centralizer of ~ in G; if A ~ 1, ~ has order two. (iv) The group (G,A) generated by the elements g-lg~, geG, ~ A , is a normal nilpotent subgroup of G which has odd order.
Transcriptional regulation of Th2 cell differentiation

CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells have critical functions in immune responses against extracellular parasites and are involved in asthma and other allergic diseases. The differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 cells is initiated from T-cell receptor and cytokine-mediated signaling followed by upregulation of GATA3 and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), two indispensable events for this differentiation process. In this review, regulation of GATA3 expression and STAT5 activation and functions of these two transcription factors in inducing the expression of Th2 cytokines, cytokine receptors as well as epigenetic modification at Th2 cytokine locus are summarized. Furthermore, I present positive and negative regulatory networks important for Th2 cell commitment, selective growth of committed Th2 cells and suppression of alternative lineage fates. Finally, the difference between in vitro and in vivo Th2 differentiation is discussed.
Effect of intravenously administered glucose on glucagon and insulin secretion during fat absorption

Abstract The intravenous infusion of glucose was found to alter profoundly the response of insulin and glucagon to an intraduodenally administered fat meal in conscious dogs from that of dogs given only intravenous saline as a control. In the latter, insulin rose only 4 μU/ml and glucagon rose from 142 SEM ± 8 to a peak of 221 pg/ml SEM ± 50. When glucose was infused, raising plasma glucose above 170 mg 100 ml , the administration of fat was associated with a rise in mean insulin to 344 μU/ml, and glucagon remained suppressed by hyperglycemia to below baseline levels, despite the fat meal. The peak insulin response to a fat meal plus glucose infusion was more than three times the peak level observed when glucose was infused alone without a meal or with a nonabsorbable intraduodenal volume load in the form of mineral oil. This suggests that the absorption of fat elicits an entero-insular signal that is greatly potentiated by exogenous glucose. These glucose-induced changes in the hormonal response to a fat meal may mediate certain of the metabolic effects of carbohydrates.