cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dating groundwater with trifluoromethyl sulfurpentafluoride (SF5CF3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), CF3Cl (CFC‐13), and CF2Cl2 (CFC‐12)

[1] A new groundwater dating procedure using the transient atmospheric signal of the environmental tracers SF5CF3, CFC-13, SF6, and CFC-12 was developed. The analytical procedure determines concentrations of the four tracers in air and water samples. SF5CF3 and CFC-13 can be used to date groundwaters in some environments where the CFCs and SF6 have previously failed because these new tracers have increasing atmospheric input functions, no known terrigenic source, and are believed to be stable under reducing conditions. SF5CF3 has a dating range from 1970 to modern; the mixing ratio (mole fraction) in North American air has increased from the detection limit of 0.005 parts per trillion (ppt) to the 2006 mole fraction of about 0.16 ppt. No evidence was found for degradation of SF5CF3 in laboratory anaerobic systems. The solubility of SF5CF3 was measured in water from 1 to 35°C. Groundwater samples that contained large amounts of terrigenic SF6 did not contain terrigenic SF5CF3. CFC-13 is a trace atmospheric gas with a dating range in groundwater of about 1965 to modern. CFC-13 has been used primarily in very low-temperature refrigeration; thus groundwater environments are less likely to be contaminated with nonatmospheric sources as compared to other widely used CFCs. Because of the low solubility of SF5CF3 and CFC-13 in water, an excess air correction must be applied to the apparent ages. The new dating procedure was tested in water samples from wells and springs from Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Mortality among women first employed before 1930 in the U.S. radium dial-painting industry. A group ascertained from employment lists.

Mortality is described among a cohort of 634 women who worked in the US radium dial-painting industry between 1915 and 1929, and whose names were obtained from employment lists or similar documents. Based on death rates for US white females, greater than expected numbers of deaths (from death certificates) were observed for all causes (240 observed vs 188.5 expected), bone cancer (22 vs 0.3), cancer of other and unspecified sites (18 vs 2.6), cancer of the colon (10 vs 5.0), diseases of blood and blood-forming organs (4 vs 1.0), and external causes (31 vs 10.1). Six of 22 certificates coded to radiation accident (underlying cause) also mentioned bone cancer. Compared with women first employed in 1915-1924, those first employed in 1925-1929 had low cause-specific mortality ratios, and an overall mortality ratio of 0.83. The number of deaths from leukemia and diseases of blood was significantly greater than expected in the time period before 1945. Among 521 women alive in 1954, 360 had a radium body-burden measurement while living (in 1954 or later). Mortality ratios (all causes) of greater than 1.00 were observed only in the higher intake dose groups (i.e., greater than or equal to 50 ..mu..Ci). Cause-specific mortality wasmore » analyzed in two dose groups (< 50 and greater than or equal to 50 ..mu..Ci). In the lower dose group, the only cause category with a significantly greater number of observed than expected deaths was cancer of the colon (5 vs 1.72,p < 0.05); the mortality ratio for all causes was 0.86. In the higher dose group, the mortality ratio for all causes was 1.91.« less
Higher Protein Intake Is Associated with Higher Lean Mass and Quadriceps Muscle Strength in Adult Men and Women

Background: The impact of dietary protein intake on lower extremity lean mass and strength in community-dwelling adult Americans is not fully understood. Objectives: The objective was to determine the associations between total protein (TP), animal protein (AP), and plant protein (PP) intakes and lean mass of the legs and quadriceps muscle strength. We further examined whether the associations with quadriceps strength may be explained by lean mass of the legs. Methods: This cross-sectional study included men (n = 1166) and women (n = 1509) from the Framingham Offspring Cohort in Massachusetts. Protein intake in grams per day was measured in either 1995–1998 or 1998–2001. Leg lean mass and isometric quadriceps strength, both in kilograms, were measured in 1996–2001. Multilinear regression models estimated adjusted least squares means of each of the muscle measures by quartile categories of protein intake, adjusting for relevant confounders and covariates. Results: Mean age was 59 ± 9 y (range: 29–86 y) and TP intake was 80 ± 27 g/d in men and 76 ± 26 g/d in women. In men and women, leg lean mass was higher in participants in the highest quartiles of TP and AP intake compared with those in the lowest quartiles of intake [least squares means (kg): TP—17.6 vs. 17.1 in men, P-trend: 0.005, and 11.7 vs. 11.4 in women, P-trend: 0.006; AP—17.6 vs. 17.1 in men, P-trend: 0.002, and 11.7 vs. 11.4 in women, P-trend: 0.003]. PP intake was not associated with lean mass in either sex. In men and women, quadriceps strength was higher in participants in the highest quartile of PP intake compared with those in the lowest quartile [least squares means (kg): 22.9 vs. 21.7 in men, P-trend: 0.01, and 19.0 vs. 18.2 in women, P-trend: 0.01]; this association was no longer significant after adjustment for fruit and vegetable intake (P-trend: 0.06 in men and 0.10 in women). Although no significant association was observed for AP intake in either sex, nonsignificant protective trends were observed for TP intake (P-trend: 0.08 in men and 0.10 in women). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that maintaining adequate protein intake with age may help preserve muscle mass and strength in adult men and women. Dietary protein types may differentially affect muscle mass and strength. Whether PP is a marker of dietary quality or has a direct effect on muscle strength (independent of lean mass) needs to be further clarified.
The CBFB-MYH11 butterfly effect in hematopoiesis

[Comment on Zhao et al, page 3432][1]As the butterfly flaps its wings, so can a small latent change within hematopoietic cells have major effects on a pathological outcome such as leukemia. The paper by Zhao and colleagues in this issue of Blood indicts a leukemia-related chimeric protein for
Editorial: Special issue on resources for the computer security and information assurance curriculum: Issue 1

This editorial introduces a set of articles in the JERIC special issue on resources for the computer security and information assurance curriculum. It begins with a discussion of why such a special edition is needed and continues by outlining the articles in this volume, as follows: an innovative model for security education based on teaching hospitals; teaching context in computer security through metaphors; tools supporting exploration of cryptography; suggestions for a hands-on Linux course geared towards a student population that includes noncomputer scientists; and finally, projects suitable for a course in computer forensics.
Ethical problems in prenatal diagnosis: A cross‐cultural survey of medical geneticists in 18 nations

In order to provide a basis for international discussion of ethics among geneticists, we surveyed the responses of medical geneticists to a questionnaire describing 14 hypothetical cases that posed ethical dilemmas. The cases were selected through discussions with leading geneticists in 12 nations, as representative of the most difficult problems of moral choice experienced in practice. Six cases involved indications for prenatal diagnosis or disclosure of information. All medical geneticists in each of 18 nations were included. Of 1053 asked to participate, 677 (64 per cent) responded. A large majority (83 per cent) would perform prenatal diagnosis for parents who oppose abortion but request the service. A smaller majority (63 per cent) would do so for maternal anxiety, and a minority (25 per cent) would perform for sex selection in the absence of X-linked disease. Most would disclose conflicting controversial, or ambiguous test results, and two-thirds would disclose colleagues' differences of opinion.
Topologically protected states in one-dimensional continuous systems and Dirac points.

We study a class of periodic Schrodinger operators on ℝ that have Dirac points. The introduction of an “edge” via adiabatic modulation of a periodic potential by a domain wall results in the bifurcation of spatially localized “edge states,” associated with the topologically protected zero-energy mode of an asymptotic one-dimensional Dirac operator. The bound states we construct can be realized as highly robust transverse-magnetic electromagnetic modes for a class of photonic waveguides with a phase defect. Our model captures many aspects of the phenomenon of topologically protected edge states for 2D bulk structures such as the honeycomb structure of graphene.
Thermal packaging of piggyback VCSELs for GBd optical communications modules

Agilent Laboratories, in a DARPA supported effort, has been developing a series of low-cost VCSEL based, high- performance, surface mount, parallel channel optical communications modules. Separate transmit and receive modules with 12 channels operating at 1.25 and 2.5 GBd per channel have been demonstrated with a datacom application target. Current designs have Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) located in tandem with a driver IC on a copper base, which performs both a mechanical and thermal function. A flex circuit substrate laminated on the base provides signal interconnects. As channel speeds increase, the need for co-locating the VCSEL array and its associated output drivers to minimize inductance becomes more important. One solution is to piggyback the VCSELs on the transmitter IC. However, the design is constrained by the need to maintain the VCSEL junction temperature at an acceptable level. Finite element thermal modeling of the tandem mounted and piggybacked VCSELs are discussed, with a focus on comparison of the two schemes at current and projected future power levels, the effect of wirebonds on IC to VCSEL heat transfer, and performance issues related to temperature. Thermal imaging data are used to validate models. The overall module packaging scheme is also discussed.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clinical characterization of a familial degenerative myelopathy in Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs.

Background: Adult dogs with degenerative myelopathy (DM) have progressive ataxia and paresis of the pelvic limbs, leading to paraplegia and euthanasia. Although most commonly reported in German Shepherd dogs, high disease prevalence exists in other breeds. Objective: Our aim was the clinical and histopathologic characterization of familial degenerative myelopathy (FDM) in Pembroke Welsh Corgi (PWC) dogs. Animals: Twenty-one PWCs were prospectively studied from initial diagnosis until euthanasia. Methods: Neurologic examination, blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, electrodiagnostic testing, and spinal imaging were performed. Concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoprostane) were measured in CSF. Routine histochemistry was used for neuropathology. Deoxyribonucleic acid and pedigrees were collected from 110 dogs. Results: Median duration of clinical signs before euthanasia was 19 months. Median age at euthanasia was 13 years. All dogs were nonambulatory paraparetic or paraplegic, and 15 dogs had thoracic limb weakness at euthanasia. Electrodiagnostic testing and spinal imaging were consistent with noncompressive myelopathy. No significant difference was detected in 8-isoprostane concentrations between normal and FDM-affected dogs. Axonal and myelin degeneration of the spinal cord was most severe in the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus. Pedigree analysis suggested a familial disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clinical progression of FDM in PWC dogs was similar to that observed in other breeds but characterized by a longer duration. Spinal cord pathology predominates as noninflammatory axonal degeneration. Oxidative stress injury associated with 8-isoprostane production is not involved in the pathogenesis of FDM-affected PWC dogs. A familial disease is suspected.
The role of Dharma in the understanding of professional morality among Hindu physicians in India

In 1992 I was a tourist in India, visiting the Taj Mahal. There I met a young girl, perhaps nine years old, who was on vacation from Calcutta with her family She spoke beautifully precise English, and she and I fell into conversation. In the usual manner of adults, I asked her what she planned to be when she grew up. She replied that she planned to be a physician. She explained that she came from a very well-to-do family, but that in India, many people were very poor. Therefore, she would become a physician in order to help the poor. “It is my dharma, “ she explained.
Tetanus during a high extracellular calcium pulse overrides the block of long-term potentiation seen at 20°C in the hamster hippocampal slice

Abstract Extracellular CA1 pyramidal cell activity was measured at different temperatures in hamster hippocampal slices with bath Ca 2+ concentration set at either 2.0 mM or 4.5 mM. Records taken before and after tetanic stimulation of Schaffer collateral/commissural pathways were compared to determine if long-term potentiation (LTP) developed. LTP, which cannot be elicited at 20°C with 2.0 mM calcium in the bath, was elicited at 20°C when a tetanus was administered during a high calcium (4.5 mM) pulse. This LTP was limited to the tetanized pathway and was blocked by APV. Moreover, to elicit LTP at 20°C, high (4.5 mM) extracellular calcium was needed both during and for several minutes following the tetanus. We conclude that mechanisms responsible for a thermal block of LTP are sensitive to calcium and that the thermal block can be overcome by increasing the amount of calcium that enters a cell during a tetanus.
THE EFFECTS of DECORTICATION and METHOD of EXTRACTION ON the PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of STARCH FROM MUNGBEAN (VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEC)

Three starch extraction methods differing in steeping medium (water or 0. 1N NaOH) and in the times of steeping (4 or 18 h), grinding (2 or 3 min), and settling (3 or 4-6 h) were examined using whole and decorticated mungbeans. Yield and recovery, chemical composition (starch, protein, fat, ash, amylose, and phosphorus), and physical properties (color, swelling power, solubility, and Brabender viscosity pattern) were determined. Significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) yield, efficiency of extraction, and color lightness values were obtained when water was used as the steeping medium with either whole or decorticated seeds. Significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) values for these variables and significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) chroma were obtained when decorticated seeds were used. All starch preparations contained only minor amounts of protein, fat, ash, and phosphorus, had high amylose contents (25.8-27.0%), and demonstrated restricted type of swelling. the Brabender viscosity patterns of the starch pastes were all similar, giving no pasting peak during heating to 95C.
Genetic Inactivation of COPI Coatomer Separately Inhibits Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Entry and Gene Expression

Viruses coopt cellular membrane transport to invade cells, establish intracellular sites of replication, and release progeny virions. Recent genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens revealed that genetically divergent viruses require biosynthetic membrane transport by the COPI coatomer complex for efficient replication. Here we found that disrupting COPI function by RNAi inhibited an early stage of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication. To dissect which replication stage(s) was affected by coatomer inactivation, we used visual and biochemical assays to independently measure the efficiency of viral entry and gene expression in hamster (ldlF) cells depleted of the temperature-sensitive e-COP subunit. We show that e-COP depletion for 12 h caused a primary block to virus internalization and a secondary defect in viral gene expression. Using brefeldin A (BFA), a chemical inhibitor of COPI function, we demonstrate that short-term (1-h) BFA treatments inhibit VSV gene expression, while only long-term (12-h) treatments block virus entry. We conclude that prolonged coatomer inactivation perturbs cellular endocytic transport and thereby indirectly impairs VSV entry. Our results offer an explanation of why COPI coatomer is frequently identified in screens for cellular factors that support cell invasion by microbial pathogens.
Organizational Injustice as an Occupational Health Risk

Abstract Content to conceive of inequity distress as a hypothetical construct instead of an intervening variable, a half century of research inspired by equity theory has paid little attention to measuring inequity distress. At the turn of the twenty‐first century, however, European epidemiologists, interested in determinants of ill health, found that injustice is a source of adverse emotional reactions that put people at risk for mental and physical morbidity (e.g., depression and coronary heart disease). This research is reviewed here, along with studies identifying pathways accounting for these connections. Specifically, perceived injustices lead to negative emotional reactions and to unhealthy behaviors (e.g., being sedentary, smoking, and drinking excessively), both of which trigger various negative bodily reactions (e.g., elevated serum lipids). These, in turn, subsequently put people at risk of illness. Research has found that such effects are mitigated by organizational interventions that promote ...
Protochlorophyllide aggregation in solution and associated spectral changes

Abstract When protochlorophyllide was dissolved in solvents of low dielectric constants ( e.g. , benzene, chloroform, diethyl ether, etc. ), its absorption spectrum showed a red shift with time. For instance, in 5 h, the original absorption bands in benzene at 634, 581 and 539 nm were shifted to 651, 587 and 546 nm. In addition, the blue band at 443 nm was split into two bands at 442 and 472 nm. The red shift was reversed upon addition of a trace amount of a more polar solvent such as methanol and upon standing. Also, in more polar solvents, no red shift in the absorption spectrum occurred. The time-dependent spectrum shift was accompanied by a loss of fluorescence intensity at 640 nm and by an increase in scattering of the 440 nm excitation light. Again, these changes could be reversed by a trace amount of a more polar solvent. The red shift in the absorption spectrum, the decrease in fluorescence intensity and the increase in light scattering were interpreted as due to an aggregation of the pigment molecules.
Does Visual Impairment Affect Mobility Over Time? The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study

Purpose To determine if the odds of mobility disability increases at a different rate among visually impaired (VI) as compared with nonvisually impaired (NVI) over an 8-year period. Methods A total of 2520 Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study participants were followed 2, 6, and 8 years after baseline. VI was defined as best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40, or visual field of approximately less than 20°. Self-reported difficulty with three tasks was assessed at each visit: walking up 10 steps, walking down 10 steps, and walking 150 feet. Generalized estimating equation models included a 6-year spline, and explored differences in mobility difficulty trajectories by including an interaction between VI status and the spline terms. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared mobility difficulty for each task by VI status. Results At baseline, the VI were significantly more likely to report difficulty mobility tasks than the NVI (OR(difficultywalkingup10steps) = 1.37, CI: 1.02-1.80; OR(difficultywalkingdown10steps) = 1.55, CI: 1.16-2.08; OR(difficultywalking150feet) = 1.50, CI: 1.10-2.04). The trajectory of mobility disability did not differ by VI status from baseline to the 6-year visit. However, the difference between the VI and NVI declined at the 8-year visit, which may be due to loss of VI participants at risk of developing mobility difficulty. Conclusions The VI were more likely to report mobility disability than the NVI, but the trajectory of mobility disability was not steeper among the VI as compared to the NVI over the study period.
Characterization of the Binding of Amphotericin B to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Relationship to the Antifungal Effects

Based on the enhanced fluorescence of amphotericin B in acid solutions, a quantitative assay for this polyene antibiotic has been developed that is sensitive and linear in the range of 0.1 to 10.0 muM. The binding of amphotericin B to Saccharomyces cerevisiae was assayed under various conditions as the amount bound to cells in a dialysis chamber or after centrifugation. Two types of binding were defined: weak, reversible binding occurred at 0 C or higher temperatures and even in the presence of inhibitors of energy metabolism, whereas strong, irreversible binding did not occur at 0 C and was inhibited when energy metabolism was blocked. Only strong binding was correlated with cell killing. Weak binding probably involves the outer layer of the membrane; strong binding probably requires disruption of hydrophobic regions of the cell membrane.
Vascular cognitive impairment: today and tomorrow.

Abstract Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the phenotypic outcome of a cascade of events: vascular risk factors lead to vascular disease, which causes vascular brain injury (VBI) in networks important for cognition. Both VCI and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increase exponentially with age, and their interactions are common and controversial. The ability of current consensus criteria to distinguish VCI from AD is limited. Currently, the primary and secondary prevention of VCI is essentially the same for stroke, whereas symptomatic treatment of VCI is similar to AD. An emerging database suggests that VBI contributes significantly to mild VCI and can accelerate the appearance of dementia when AD pathology is mild. Early evidence suggests that the adverse effects of VBI are submerged once AD pathology spreads into isocortex. Recently, epidemiologic studies reported associations between vascular risk factors and clinically diagnosed AD as well as stroke. If hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia truly accelerate β-amyloidosis and tauopathy, as well as VBI, the importance of their early identification and treatment will be greatly magnified.
Security a la Mexicana: on the particularities of security governance in México’s War on Crime

Social scientists from different fields have identified security as a future-oriented mode of governance designed to preserve the social order from diverse types of global risk through international cooperation, militarization and privatization of the state security apparatus, surveillance technologies, community policing, and stigmatization of identities and behaviors deemed dangerous. This literature has largely been limited to English-speaking countries in the Global North, however, that are relatively “secure.”. To understand how security operates in a different context, this article focuses on the current War on Crime in Mexico using newspaper and magazine articles, government documents, and extant academic research. In Mexico, it is argued, the basic elements of security governance (international cooperation, militarized police, surveillance technologies, law, etc.) are present, but in modified form. Rather than focusing on external risks that could develop into future threats, security in Mexico is turned inward against traditional forms of national economic, political, and cultural life thought to produce harm in the present. This, in turn, underscores security’s unique purpose in the country, which is not to preserve the prevailing social order, but to transform an emergent social order that through globalization has come to threaten the state’s legitimacy. These observations suggest an international divide in the operation of security that leaves those most vulnerable in the Global South to bear the greatest costs.
External auditory canal eccrine spiradenocarcinoma: a case report and review of literature.

Background. Eccrine spiradenocarcinoma is a rare dermal appendage carcinoma believed to arise from transformation of a long-standing benign spiradenoma. This tumor demonstrates highly malignant biologic behavior with a high recurrence rate, frequent lymph node metastases, and overall poor survival. Methods. We report the first case of eccrine spiradenocarcinoma arising in the external auditory canal. The management of this tumor, its histopathologic characteristics, and a review of literature are presented. Results. A literature review identified 17 cases of eccrine spiradenocarcinoma in the head and neck region. Local recurrence occurred in 58.8% of patients, with an average of 23 months from diagnosis. Lymph node metastasis occurred in 35.3%, with an average of 31 months from diagnosis. Other metastatic sites included skin, bone, and lung. Disease-specific mortality was 22.2%. Conclusions. Eccrine spiradenocarcinoma is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Primary treatment should include wide local excision with or without regional lymphadenectomy. Isolated successful treatments have been documented with adjuvant hormonal manipulation, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 505–510, 2003
Short-Term Oxidation Studies on Nicrofer-6025HT in Air at Elevated Temperatures for Advanced Coal Based Power Plants

Several advanced air separation unit (ASU) designs being considered for use in coal gasification rely on the use of solid state mixed ionic and electronic conductors. Nicrofer-6025HT, a nickel-based alloy, has been identified as a potential manifold material to transport the hot gases into the ASUs. In the current study, isothermal oxidation tests were conducted on Nicrofer-6025HT in the temperature range of 700–900 °C for up to 24 h. The evolution of oxide scale was evaluated using SEM, XRD, and XPS. The composite surface oxide layer that formed consisted of an outer chromia-rich scale and an inner alumina scale. For the longer times at the higher temperatures evaluated, a NiCr2O4 spinel phase was located at the interface between the alumina and chromia. Based on the experimental results a four-step oxidation model was proposed.
International diversification of social and private risk: the U.S. and Japan

Abstract This paper concerns the gains from international trade in risky assets, with an application to the United States and Japan. I examine the role of international financial markets in diversifying the risks associated with the aggregate consumption opportunities of a nation (social risk) and the risks related to individual agents' consumption opportunities (private risk). The main empirical result is that international portfolio diversification between the United States and Japan leads to small reductions in social risk but large reductions in some private risks, especially for corporate profits.
Effect of self-consistency and exchange on the electronic structure of the transition metals, V, Nb, and Ta

We have calculated densities of states, Fermi-surface areas, and effective masses from self-consistent augmented-plane wave band-structure calculations for the transition metals vanadium, niobium, and tantalum using the $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ exchange approximation. Our results are compared in detail both with the experimental results and the earlier self-consistent and non-self-consistent calculations using other commonly used exchange approximations. We find that the calculated Fermi surfaces are quite sensitive to the exchange approximation used, especially for vanadium. For the self-consistent calculations, there is better overall agreement with the experimental results for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{2}{3}$ than for the $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ calculations. Certain detailed aspects of the experimental Fermi-surface results are discussed and interpreted using the present calculations. We find considerable anisotropy in the electron-phonon mass-enhancement factor obtained from the Fermi-surface results. This anisotropy is found to be very sensitive to the different exchange approximations and to self-consistency.
Pediatric Oncology: A Review of the Changing Psychological Aspects

This paper outlines the psychological concerns in pediatric oncology. Taking an historical perspective, early concerns pertained to issues of death and dying and what to tell the child about his diagnosis. With the marked improvement in the early diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer, the psychological issues have changed considerably. There is ample evidence to indicate that psychological problems in the child and his family result from the turmoil from these diseases. However, current concerns may focus on problems of living rather than problems of dying. The child and his family being encouraged to live as normal a life as possible, may need assistance from the professional community in the attempt to achieve this status. This presents an ever increasing need for the health care professional to interface with not only the child and his family, but also with the school and community at large so that the child and his family alone do not shoulder the burden of the normalization process and so that ...
Sufficient observables for large-scale structure in galaxy surveys

Beyond the linear regime, the power spectrum and higher order moments of the matter field no longer capture all cosmological information encoded in density fluctuations. While non-linear transforms have been proposed to extract this information lost to traditional methods, up to now, the way to generalize these techniques to discrete processes was unclear; ad hoc extensions had some success. We pointed out in Carron and Szapudi (2013) that the logarithmic transform approximates extremely well the optimal "sufficient statistics", observables that extract all information from the (continuous) matter field. Building on these results, we generalize optimal transforms to discrete galaxy fields. We focus our calculations on the Poisson sampling of an underlying lognormal density field. We solve and test the one-point case in detail, and sketch out the sufficient observables for the multi-point case. Moreover, we present an accurate approximation to the sufficient observables in terms of the mean and spectrum of a non-linearly transformed field. We find that the corresponding optimal non-linear transformation is directly related to the maximum a posteriori Bayesian reconstruction of the underlying continuous field with a lognormal prior as put forward in Kitaura et al (2010). Thus simple recipes for realizing the sufficient observables can be built on previously proposed algorithms that have been successfully implemented and tested in simulations.
Oxygen isotope fractionation between analcime and water: An experimental study

The oxygen isotope fractionation between analcime and water is studied to test the feasibility of using zeolites as low-temperature thermometers. The fractionation of oxygen isotopes between natural analcime and water is determined at 300, 350, and 400 C, and at fluid pressures ranging from 1.5 to 5.0 kbar. Also, isotope ratios for the analcime framework, the channel water, and bulk water are obtained. The results suggest that the channel water is depleted in O-18 relative to bulk water by a constant value of about 5 percent, nearly independent of temperature. The analcime-water fractionation curve is presented, showing that the exchange has little effect on grain morphology and does not involve recrystallization. The exchange is faster than any other observed for a silicate. The exchange rates suggest that zeolites in active high-temperature geothermal areas are in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with ambient fluids. It is concluded that calibrated zeolites may be excellent low-temperature oxygen isotope geothermometers.
Use of cyclosporine in pediatric renal transplant recipients

Cyclosporine and prednisone were used in combination to produce immunosuppression in 18 pediatric recipients of renal allografts. Ten children received cadaveric kidneys and eight received kidneys from living related donors. With a mean follow-up of 16.5 months (range 7 to 33 months), the patient survival rate is 100% (18 of 18) and the graft survival rate is 83% (15 of 18). Two grafts were lost for nonimmunologic reasons. Currently the group mean (±SE) serum creatinine concentration is 1.22±0.11 mg/dl and creatinine clearance is 69.3±4.79 ml/min/1.73m 2 . Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity has not caused irreversible allograft injury nor led to graft loss in this population. The incidence of treated rejection episodes has been 39% (seven of 18). Only 39% (seven of 18) of children have required hospital readmissions since the initial transplant discharge. There have been no opportunistic infections. In the 15 children with functioning grafts, some linear growth has occurred in 10 of 11 prepubertal and two of four postpubertal patients. Cyclosporine and prednisone have constituted a safe, efficacious immunosuppressive regimen for pediatric renal allograft recipients. Longer follow-up will be necessary to confirm whether these advantages persist beyond 2 years.
The role of dorsal vs ventral striatal pathways in cocaine-seeking behavior after prolonged abstinence in rats

Recent studies have implicated an important role for the dorsal striatum during craving for cocaine and in cocaine-seeking after abstinence in rats. We compared the effects of pharmacological inactivation of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) cell body regions and dorsal vs ventral striatal terminal fields in an animal model of relapse after chronic cocaine self-administration. Rats self-administered cocaine for 2 h/day for ten sessions, followed by 2 weeks of abstinence (i.e., no extinction training). Immediately before being returned to the self-administration chamber, we assessed the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist inhibition of midbrain DA regions (substantia nigra [SN] and ventral tegmental area [VTA]) and striatum (dorsolateral caudate–putamen, nucleus accumbens core, and nucleus accumbens shell) on relapse to cocaine-seeking in the absence of reinforcement. Further testing examined daily extinction responding subsequent to the initial relapse test. Inactivation of the dorsal caudate–putamen and midbrain regions attenuated cocaine seeking, while inactivation of the ventral striatum had no such effects. However, subsequent sessions under extinction conditions revealed a rebound in cocaine seeking in animals that had undergone inactivation in all regions except the dorsolateral caudate–putamen. The dorsal but not ventral striatum plays a critical role in cocaine seeking immediately after abstinence. These data support the theory that chronic cocaine may shift activity from the ventral to dorsal striatum during drug seeking under certain conditions. While not necessary at the time of relapse, the ventral striatum appears to be involved in processing critical information of the relapse event.
Conformational kinetics of methyl nitrite. I. NMR spectral evidence for statistical intramolecular vibrational redistribution

Pressure dependent rate constants for syn⇄anti conformational exchange in gaseous methyl nitrite and in gaseous methyl nitrite–CO2 mixtures have been obtained from line shape analyses of 1H NMR spectra. The pressure dependence of the exchange rates is consistent with a specific reaction rate constant of ∼1×109/s which agrees with RRKM calculations demonstrating that intramolecular vibrational redistribution is occurring at the statistical limit in methyl nitrite molecules with ∼12 kcal/mol of internal vibrational energy. At 12 kcal/mol methyl nitrite has a state density of ∼160/cm−1. These results indicate strong anharmonic and/or Coriolis coupling between vibrational levels. Bimolecular rate data for methyl nitrite and methyl nitrite–CO2 mixtures are consistent with a collisional efficiency βp for CO2 of 0.95(8) for activation of syn–anti conformational exchange at 258.8 K.
On the Theory of the Radiation Patterns of Electromagnetic Horns of Moderate Flare Angles

A method attributed to Schelkunoff for the computation of radiation patterns is considered. For the case of transverse electric waves in a waveguide or horn of moderate flare angle, the problem of calculating the radiation pattern is reduced to that of evaluating two definite integrals. These integrals are evaluated for rectangular, circular, and semicircular horns for some common modes of vibration. A small amount of experimental data are presented to illustrate the agreement between theory and experiment.
Why Believe? The Effects of Religious Beliefs on Emotional Well Being

SUMMARY This study tested the roles of age, religious beliefs and organizational religiosity in the prediction of depressive symptoms and positive affect. Data provided by 129 younger and older adults were used to test a path model in which both direct and indirect effects of age and beliefs on well being were hypothesized. Both age and religious beliefs were positively and significantly associated with organizational religiosity. Individuals who reported more frequent participation in organizational religiosity reported fewer depressive symptoms and higher positive affect. Neither age nor religious beliefs, however, exerted direct effects on the outcomes. Results of the current investigation suggest that a better understanding of the content and function of religious beliefs may add to our understanding of well being and aging. Moreover, we advocate the further investigation of religiosity and positive emotional experiences.
Electrical conductivity of fruits and meats during ohmic heating

Abstract The design of effective ohmic heaters depends on the electrical conductivity of foods. Electrical conductivities of six different fresh fruits (red apple, golden apple, peach, pear, pineapple and strawberry) and several different cuts of three types of meat (chicken, pork and beef) were determined from room temperature through to the sterilization temperature range (25–140 °C). In all cases, conductivities increased linearly with temperature. In general, fruits were less conductive than meat samples. Within fruits, peach and strawberry were more conductive than apples, pear, and pineapple. Conductivity measurements of meat cuts showed that lean is much more conductive than fat. The fat content of all lean muscle cuts was measured, and no strong relationship was observed between the electrical conductivity and the fat content of lean muscle.
Why does Johnny Reb die when shot? The impact of medical resources upon lethality.

One current theoretical explanation for southern dominance in homicide rates is that the South constitutes a “regional culture of violence.” Although this perspective has generated, several critical responses, the debate has not stimulated much theoretical development. The present study distinguishes lethal from nonlethal violence and contends that medical intervention is a critical intervening factor in the production of homicide rates. Consequently, it is suggested that states with relatively less adequate medical resources experience higher homicide rates, not because of their “southernness,” but because of limited access to proper medical care. The analyses provide some support for the idea that the differential distribution of medical resources is partially responsible for some of the variation in regional homicide rates.
The High Water Mark of Social History in Civil War Studies

Just hours before the Army of Northern Virginia raised the white flag at Appomattox Court House, Confederate Colonel Edward Porter Alexander approached his commanding officer, Robert E. Lee, with what he hoped was a game-saving plan. Rather than suffer the mortification of surrendering, Alexander begged Lee to scatter his men across the countryside like “rabbits & partridges” where they could continue waging war, not as regular Confederate soldiers, but as elusive guerrilla fighters. Lee listened patiently to his subordinate’s reasoning for irregular warfare. Before Alexander finished, he reminded Lee that the men were utterly devoted to their commanding general, and that such loyalty would continue to inspire the sacrifice of more blood, even if it meant taking to the woods and fighting like common outlaws. When Alexander concluded his impassioned plea, Lee asked his subordinate to imagine what would happen if he turned Alexander’s suggestion into official policy. But before Alexander had a chance to respond, Lee reminded him that virtually every Southern community had been overrun by Union armies, that farms were in disarray, and that crops were ruined. Lee feared that his veterans, upon returning home, would have no choice but to plunder and rob for survival. It would take no time for his disciplined army to descend into a demoralized mob that would take the rest of the South into a downward spiral of unending and unrestrained violence. “As for myself,” Lee concluded, “while you young men might afford to go to bushwhacking, the only proper & dignified course for me would be to surrender myself & take the consequences of my actions.” [excerpt]
No Fire Next Time: Black-Korean Conflicts and the Future of America's Cities

No Fire Next Time: Black-Korean Conflicts and the Future of America's Cities. By Patrick D. Joyce. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003. 240 pages. 19.95 paper.Patrick D. Joyce's book not only has a provocative title but also says something important about the future of America's cities. Joyce argues that the United States, and by extension, especially its cities, faces a contentious future, and that this is suggested by three trends: First, racial and ethnic diversity is increasing; second, economic inequality has widened; and third, our governing institutions have weakened. He suggests that these trends originate in separate causes, but their coming together at the same point in history means that the potential for racial and ethnic tension may be heightened just as our capacity to cope with them have diminished (p. 3). Central to his concerns is the black-Korean conflict in American cities.
Mycosis fungoides with tinea pseudoimbricata owing to Trichophyton rubrum infection

Background:Dermatophytes can mimic or possibly trigger mycosis fungoides (MF).Objectives:To present the case of a 55-year-old male referred for MF refractory to therapy who instead had extensive ti...
Segregation to ∑5 [001] twist grain boundaries in ni-cu alloys

Atomistic simulations of segregation to the ∑5 [001] twist boundary in Ni-Cu alloys have been performed for a wide range of temperature and composition all within the solid solution region of the p...
Wavelet autocorrelation identification of the turbulent flow multi-scales for drag reduction process in microbubbly flows

Measurement of turbulent flow was performed in a fully developed channel flow for both single-phase and microbubble injection conditions. A drag reduction was achieved by microbubble injection in the boundary layer. Further understanding of this phenomenon has a significant impact on energy saving. In this experiment, the Reynolds number was 5128 based on the half height of the channel. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to obtain two-dimensional full-field velocity components in the streamwise direction near-wall normal plane. Wavelet autocorrelations were applied to the streamwise fluctuating velocity fields. By applying wavelet analysis, many of the shortcomings of Fourier analysis were overcome. The comparison of the wavelet analysis results between single-phase flow and microbubble flow indicated that the microbubbles drag reduction is a multi-scale mode, in which the small-scale fluctuations are suppressed.
A new proof of A. F. Timan's approximation theorem, II

This paper gives a new proof of A. F. Timan’s approximation theorem. It seems to be of considerable advantage that for a fixedn our polynomialG n(f) is of degree ≦n−1 and depends onn values off(x) only.
Contribution of anal scent gland and urinary odorants to mate recognition in the ferret

Previous research [J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 5832-5840] showed that ferrets of both sexes require olfactory signals to identify opposite-sex mating partners at a distance. The present experiments assessed the contributions of anal scent gland and urinary odorants to these preferences. Sexually experienced, ovohysterectomized female and castrated male ferrets were injected daily with estradiol benzoate and testosterone propionate, respectively. When tested in an airtight Y-maze, subjects of both sexes preferred to approach volatile odors emitted from opposite- versus same-sex stimulus ferrets that were anesthetized and placed in the goal boxes, regardless of whether the anal scent glands of stimulus ferrets had been surgically removed or left intact. Subjects of each sex showed an equal preference to approach volatile odors emitted from anesthetized opposite-sex ferrets that were scent-gland intact as opposed to descented. Female subjects preferred to approach volatile anal scent gland odorants, as well as urinary odorants from male, as opposed to female conspecifics. Male subjects preferred to approach volatile anal scents from females versus males; however, males showed no preference for female over male urinary odorants. Our results suggest that anal scent gland odorants are sufficient, but not required, for mate recognition in the ferret. Instead, a combination of body odorants including, but not restricted to, those derived from anal scent gland secretions apparently underlie olfactory sex discrimination and partner preference in this carnivore.
Functions of nuclear bodies as revealed by ultrastructural autoradiography and cytochemistry.

The simple nuclear body containing a few RNA particles appears through the nuclear pores in the cytoplasm, originating from the nucleolus. The complex nuclear body consisting mainly of RNA components is highly active in the incorporation of RNA precursors. Accordingly, the appearance of nuclear bodies may be related either to transport to the cytoplasm of nucleolar components or to the enhancement of rRNA synthesis.
A semiclassical theory for ionization by grand unification magnetic monopoles

Abstract The ionization loss by grand unification magnetic monopoles is studied. It is shown that for the velocities of interest this ionization is not large, so that monopoles of mass 1016 GeV could well have gone undetected until now.
P‐Δ Effects on Single‐Degree‐of‐Freedom Structures in Earthquakes

Abstract A vertical force, P, moving through a lateral displacement, Δ, causes extra “P‐Δ” forces on a structure that are not accounted for in analyses based on the undeformed structural geometry. If the effect of these P‐Δ forces are large, then displacements during an earthquake may be greater than those when the P‐Δ effect is not considered and the likelihood of overturning increases. This paper discusses previous studies to understand the problem of P‐Δ. The likely change in response of bilinear oscillators is found from knowledge of the behaviour of simple single degree of freedom bilinear oscillators and the effect of P‐Δ on a hysteresis loop. Using the “hysteresis centre curve” (HCC) concept, recommendations are made for the design of single degree of freedom structures with general shape hysteresis curves considering the P‐Δ effect.