cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Wedderburn Theorems

The study of endomorphism rings is important both in the study of modules and in the study of abstract rings. It is important in the study of modules because many properties of a module are characterizable by properties of its endomorphism ring. Indeed, some modules over certain rings are determined by their endomorphism rings, which is a way of saying that the modules are isomorphic if and only if their endomorphism rings are isomorphic qua rings. This is true for vector spaces. It is important for the study of rings, since some rings, even those abstractly defined, can be embedded in a ring of endomorphisms of a relatively “nice” module, for example, a vector space.
Africa at the century's turn: South Africa, Rwanda, and beyond

April 1994. In that month, the planned extermination of Rwanda's Tutsi population began, and South Africans of all colors and origins voted for the first time to select their government. This book began with these two events, which seemed to reveal Africa's two futures: one of electoral democracy, the other of ethnic violence. Viewed statically, those labels convey hopes and fears in many parts of the continent. Viewed historically, they are inadequate, and this book has explored the past that has shaped this present. Rwanda turns out to be one of the least culturally divided former colonies of Africa. Difference will not explain the genocide, nor will “ancient hatreds.” A particular historical trajectory was described in chapter 1: a history of inequality of power and wealth in the pre-colonial kingdom, of the ethnicization of difference under colonial rule, of growing tension as the possibility of African autonomy became clear, of Belgian indifference to anti-Tutsi violence as a Hutu-led government came to power. It is a history of that government's inability to manage the politics of a gatekeeper state in the face of diminishing resources, of conflict with refugee Tutsi whose only recourse was to try to get access to the state on the battlefield, and of government officials and clients building a propaganda machine and militia organization to stir up hatred and prepare for the slaughter of Tutsi.
Latino Youth Participation in Community Programs

Twelve Latino parents were interviewed regarding what attracted their children to community activities and ways to increase participation of Latino youth in activities. According to the parents interviewed, children participated in activities which they enjoyed, activities that made them productive and kept them out of trouble, helped them gain skills that would benefit their future, and activities that involved the entire family. Implications for programming for Latino youth are provided.
Influenza Casts a Lung Shadow.

This commentary highlights the article by Pociask et al that provides new insights into the lingering effects of influenza infection.
Dynamic piezoresistive response of hybrid nanocomposites

Hybrid nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes and graphitic platelets as fillers are known to exhibit remarkable electrical and mechanical properties with many potential strain and damage sensing applications. In this work, we fabricate hybrid nanocomposites with carbon nanotube sheet and coarse graphite platelets as fillers with epoxy matrix. We then examine the electromechanical behavior of these nanocomposites under dynamic loading. The electrical resistivity responses of the nanocomposites are measured in frequency range of 1 Hz to 50 Hz with different levels of induced strains. Axial cycling loading is applied using a uniaxial electrodynamic shaker, and transverse loading is applied on end-clamped specimen using modified speakers. In addition, a dynamic mechanical analysis of nanocomposite specimen is performed to characterize the thermal and dynamic behavior of the nanocomposite. Our results indicate that these hybrid nanocomposites exhibit a distinct piezoresistive response under a wide range of dynamic loading conditions, which can be beneficial for potential sensing applications.
Abstract WP131: Effects Of EDAS Surgery On The Circulating Angiogenic Factors Of Patients With Moyamoya And Intracranial Atherosclerosis.

Objective: To evaluate the levels of circulating angiogenic factors in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD), intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS), and controls, and the effects of EDAS in their leve...
Hot-Carrier-Damage-Induced Current Gain Enhancement (CGE) Effects in SiGe HBTs

We investigate high current stress mechanisms and demonstrate how Auger hot carriers can damage both oxide interfaces and polysilicon regions of the emitter and base. A new current gain enhancement (CGE) effect is proposed, which involves hot-carrier damage to the polysilicon emitter and extrinsic base leading to the degradation of the associated minority carrier mobilities. We demonstrate the different CGE mechanisms in SiGe HBTs under forward and inverse modes of operation. The hot-carrier damage responsible for CGE at high injection is explored in depth with the help of TCAD simulations. Evidence for this effect has been gathered with good statistical significance from various stress conditions, various technologies, complimentary (NPN + PNP) devices, and from dc and ac measurements. The new polysilicon degradation mechanism proposed in this paper has been generalized and is important for accurately modeling the changes in base resistance and current gain ( $\beta$ ) at high injection, where circuits are typically biased to extract maximum device performance.
Separation of stereoisomers of 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene sulfonate (OBHS), a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM), via chiral stationary phases using SFC/UV and SFC/MS.

Abstract The enantiomeric separation of a racemate of 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene sulfonate (OBHS) derivatives, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM), was obtained using supercritical fluid chromatography in tandem with UV and mass spectrometry (SFC/UV and SFC/MS, respectively). Supercritical CO2 modified with methanol or isopropyl alcohol was used with isopropylamine (IPAm), trimethylamine (TEA), or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as an additive to obtain the enantiomers separations. Both Chiralpak IC and IA were evaluated for the separation of enantiomers. Results showed enantiomers separation can be achieved in less than 5 min with a resolution greater than 1 and 0.9, respectively, for the different OBHS derivatives (compounds A and B) using supercritical CO2 modified with 40% isopropyl alcohol containing 0.25% IPAm and IC column applying isocratic conditions. Similar conditions were used with the semi-preparative Chiralpak IC column to isolate more than 50 mg of each enantiomer. SFC/MS and SFC/UV results showed pure enantiomers were isolated. Method development via SFC was much simpler than those reported in the literature using HPLC.
The Calderón Brothers, a Happy Mathematical Relation

It is not often that one has the opportunity to observe at close range two remarkable brothers, mathematicians. I had the privilege of being Alberto Calderon’s wife—second wife—which made me Calixto Calderon’s sister-in-law and gave me an unusual vantage point. Allow me then to say a few words about the remarkable Calderon brothers.
Data and Data Construction

To estimate the parameters of the model developed in Chapters 3-4, it is necessary to have observations on a wide variety of variables. The major data source for the study is developed by the Federal Reserve Bank Functional Cost Analysis (FCA) program. This program is a co-operative effort of the Federal Reserve Banks and the member banks, designed to develop and maintain a uniform income and cost accounting system as a tool for bank management. The FCA develops individual bank income and cost along functional lines and provides comparisons of these data within each bank by year and with groups of other banks. It is designed “to help a participating bank achieve the objective of increasing overall bank earnings as well as increasing the profitability and efficiency of each bank function”.1
A Taste of Topology

It may seem paradoxical at first, but a specific math problem can be harder to solve than some abstract generalization of it. For instance, if you want to know how many roots the equation \(t^5 - 4t^4 + t^3 - t + 1 = 0\) can have, then you could use calculus and figure it out. It would take a while. But thinking more abstractly, and with less work, you could show that any n th degree polynomial has at most n roots. In the same way many general results about functions of a real variable are more easily grasped at an abstract level — the level of metric spaces.
Analysis of field and custom block sizes used in radiation therapy--implications for multileaf collimator design.

The sizes of radiotherapy treatment fields using customized low melting point alloy blocks have been analyzed for a broad range of treatment fields in a busy radiotherapy department (i.e., 2,000 new cases per year), from small head and neck fields to large mantle fields. The results of this study show that 90% of the blocked fields have an equivalent field size defined by the collimator less than 26 cm and 80%, less than 21 cm. Measurements of the average size of the customized blocks indicate that along one axis 90% have lengths less than 15.5 cm and 80% have lengths less than 13 cm, while for the other axis, 90% have lengths less than 7 cm and 80%, less than 6 cm.
Localized and Resonance Modes in Ionic Crystals

Impurity-activated lattice absorption was first observed in alkali halide crystals by Schafer(1) in 1958. The infrared absorption occurred at a frequency far above the maximum phonon frequency of the host lattice and was correctly identified as due to a localized lattice mode. Because not only localized modes but other types of lattice impurity modes already had been predicted in a variety of theoretical studies, (2) Schafer’s success signaled that perhaps some of these other impurity modes could also be observed. Here we shall consider the observation of some impurity modes by spectroscopic methods.
Participants' perceptions of an aphasia-friendly occupational therapy home program.

Background: Upper extremity impairments post-stroke impact participation in valued occupations. Home programs are used to extend the frequency and amount of upper extremity practice for people post...
Abstract 037: Global ACE2 Over-Expression is Protective Against a Dysfunctional Brain-Gut-Lung Axis in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

Background and Objectives: Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), key enzyme of the vasoprotective axis of the renin angiotensin system, has been implicated in many pulmonary diseases including pu...
Soda, salad, and socioeconomic status: Findings from the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS)

Abstract Background Documenting geographic disparities in dietary behaviors can help inform public health interventions at the local level. Objective To study and visualize socioeconomic gradient in soda and salad consumption using a geo-localized measure of socioeconomic status in contrast to more traditional measures. Methods Geo-localized dietary intake data came from the Seattle Obesity Study I, a population-based sample of King County adults (n=1099). Socio-demographic data and soda and salad consumption frequencies (times/week) were obtained by 20-min telephone survey. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data were used to construct Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores. Individual residential property values obtained from the King County tax assessor. Multivariable linear regressions examined socioeconomic gradient in the frequency of soda and salad consumption by residential property values, the primary independent variable, in comparison to annual household incomes and educational attainment, with adjustment for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Geographic disparities in soda and salad consumption by property value metric were illustrated at the census block level using modeled predicted marginal means. Results Among all three socioeconomic indicators (income, education and residential property values), residential property values captured strongest gradient in soda and salad consumption. Higher quintiles of residential property values were associated with lower soda and higher salad consumption. Respondents living in the highest quintile of property values −1.04 fewer sodas per week (95% CI= −1.87, −0.21) and 0.89 more salads per week (95% CI= 0.36, 1.42), adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Residential property values illustrated geographic disparities in soda and salad consumption at the census-block level. Conclusion Geo-localized disparities in food consumption patterns by neighborhood can inform current discourse on the socioeconomic determinants of health, while providing a useful tool for targeted interventions at the local level.
STEADY-STATE POLICIES, DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING, AND OPTIMAL ECONOMIC GROWTH

Publisher Summary This chapter describes dynamic programming as an extremely flexible optimization technique. The variety of problems that have been formulated as dynamic programs seems endless, accounting for the frequent use of dynamic programming as a conceptual and analytical tool. Its application to solving problems has been limited by the computational difficulties, which arise when the number of possible states is large. According to Bellman, the explosive increase in the computing time and computer storage requirements for state spaces of high dimension is called the curse of dimensionality. This presents an obstacle to the widespread application of dynamic programming because representative models of real systems require multidimensional state spaces. An approach to this problem is to search for efficient heuristics. In multi-sector growth models, the status of an economy is represented by a state vector whose components indicate the current stock levels of the various goods; the goal is to control the economy over time so as to maximize some objective function subject to constraints imposed by factors such as technology and resource availability.
The effects of apparel names and visual complexity of apparel design on consumers' apparel product attitudes: A mental imagery perspective

Abstract Although atypical apparel names, such as “Boyfriend Jeans” and “Cozy Workday Sweater,” have the potential to make consumers purchase more apparel products, there is little research on apparel names in the literature. Applying the mental imagery framework, we examined the moderating effect of the visual complexity of apparel design on the relationship between apparel name and mental imagery, followed by apparel product attitudes. A two apparel names (atypical vs. typical name) × two levels of visual complexity (complex vs. simple apparel design) between-subject experimental design was used. The results showed that for simple apparel designs, mental imagery elaboration and quality were greater for atypical than typical apparel names, while for complex apparel designs, there was no difference in mental imagery across apparel names. We also found that for simple apparel designs, mental imagery evoked by atypical apparel name increased positive apparel product attitudes.
Prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Recurrent Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection (rCDI) is common, and patients who have had one recurrence are more likely to have multiple recurrences. Frequent recurrences have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, high healthcare costs, and lower quality of life. In this review, we compare the efficacy of interventions designed to prevent rCDI. We performed a systematic review of the English literature, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated rCDI as an outcome. Studies were included irrespective of patient demographics, disease severity, type of intervention, comparator used, or time-point of outcome evaluation. We performed a comprehensive literature search with the assistance of a research librarian. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Our search yielded 38 RCTs (8,102 participants). Nineteen RCTs (3,743 subjects) evaluated antibiotics, eight fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) (582 subjects), three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (2,805 subjects), and eight probiotics, prebiotics, or non-antibiotic polymers (972 subjects). The antibiotic and FMT therapies that demonstrated efficacy in rCDI prevention included: fidaxomicin (when compared to a ten-day vancomycin course) and FMT administered by nasogastric tube (when compared to a fourteen-day vancomycin course and a fourteen-day vancomycin course plus bowel lavage). Actoxumab (MAb against C. difficile toxin A; CDA1) plus bezlotoxumab (MAb against C. difficile toxin B; CDB1) in combination or bezlotoxumab alone appeared to be more effective in preventing rCDI compared to actoxumab alone. Of the prebiotics, probiotics, and nonantibiotic polymers, oligofructose, Saccharomyces boulardii, and the nontoxigenic C. difficile strain M3 were the most efficacious for rCDI prevention. Thirty-eight RCTs (>8,000 participants) evaluating treatment modalities for CDI were examined for efficacy in prevention of rCDI. Several CDI-specific antibiotics, FMT modalities, monoclonal antibodies, and various prebiotics and probiotics demonstrated a reduction in risk of rCDI with the greatest risk reduction observed with FMT and monoclonal antibody therapy. It is notable that the comparators in these studies were very different from one another and the relative risk reduction of rCDI may not be directly comparable from one study to the next.
Celiac Disease Risk Determined By HLA-DQ Genotype Protects Against Gvhd in a Dose-Responsive Manner

Graft versus host disease (GVHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). Little is known about genetic determinants of GVHD risk, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes outside of HLA-mismatch. HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genotypes are associated with celiac disease (CD) and are present in ≥90% of patients with CD. Both GVHD and CD are systemic inflammatory conditions that may have T cell-mediated enteropathy. We hypothesized HLA-DQ alleles associated with CD risk would confer increased risks of acute (a) and chronic (c) GVHD in pediatric SCT recipients. We performed a retrospective cohort study of children aged 0-21 years undergoing first allogeneic SCT at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from 10/1/12 — 7/1/16. Patients with primary graft failure or missing HLA-DQ genotypes were excluded. We grouped patients by low, moderate or high CD risk (Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 7:966). Primary outcomes were 1) 100-day aGVHD incidence; 2) day 100 — 1-year cGVHD incidence; and 3) time to GVHD with relapse, death, secondary graft failure, second SCT, or donor lymphocyte infusion as competing risks. Logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sub-distribution hazard models were used to estimate crude and adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratios (sHR) in time-to-event analyses. Multivariate models were adjusted for race-ethnicity, malignant/nonmalignant SCT indication, donor/mismatch, and graft source. We identified 167 patients (mean age 9.2 ±6.2 years). Proportions by CD risk were: low-risk n=108 (64.7%), moderate n=33 (19.8%), and high n=26 (15.6%). Day 100 incidence of ≥grade 2 aGVHD was 14.4% (8.4% had ≥grade 3). cGVHD 1-year incidence was 42.7% (14% had extensive). CD risk was protective against GVHD but did not reach statistical significance (Table 1). Risk of clinically significant GVHD (≥grade 2 or any chronic) was reduced in children with CD risk in the adjusted time-to-event model (moderate: sHR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18 — 0.95, p=0.037; high: sHR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12 – 0.8, p=0.016; Figure 1A). The protective effect of high CD risk was more pronounced for severe GVHD (≥grade 3 or chronic extensive) but did not reach statistical significance (adjusted sHR 0.14, 95%CI 0.02-1.09, P = 0.061; Figure 1B). In contrast to our hypothesis, CD risk by HLA-DQ is protective against GVHD in a dose-responsive manner. Reports of HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 protecting against other non-CD autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease) support our observations. These results require confirmation and evaluation in a larger patient sample to define this novel GVHD risk modifier more robustly.
Messaging for environmental action: The role of moral framing and message source

Abstract Divisions between political Liberals and Conservatives on environmental issues seem to be widening, with Liberals generally more pro-environmental than Conservatives. We propose that common framing of environmental messages tends to perpetuate these gaps. We designed two experiments to examine this assumption and explore the prospects of narrowing these divisions using communication based on moral foundations theory. Moral foundations theory posits that there are at least five universal moral concerns that people intuitively use to form judgments. Research has found that political Liberals in the United States tend to base their judgments and communication on only two of these foundations, while Conservatives stress all five. We crafted two pro-environmental messages, one framed using liberal moral language (based on the two liberal moral foundations), the other using conservative moral language (based on all five moral foundations). Through survey research using two separate samples, we compared how political partisans responded to the messages when they were communicated from a liberal, conservative or nonpartisan message source. We found that the conservatively framed message resonated more with Conservatives than the liberally framed message, especially when combined with a conservative message source. Further, the conservatively framed message did not alienate liberal participants, even when combined with a conservative source. Thus, combining conservative framing (based on all five moral foundations) and conservative message sources in environmental messaging is likely to be more persuasive than relying on traditional liberal messaging or liberal sources.
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Patients with Previous Abdominal Surgery.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a minimally invasive procedure that provides significant benefits to the patient, such as reduced analgesic requirements and shorter recovery time. While the popularity of laparoscopy has grown substantially, there are associated risks of injury to the blood vessels and/or viscera during the insertion of the laparoscopic ports. Such injuries can lead to a significant increase in mortality rates. Patients who have had previous abdominal surgery have a higher risk of adhesions; this has been shown to increase the risk of complications from port placement. Consequently, previous abdominal surgery was viewed as a relative contraindication to laparoscopic surgery. However, studies have demonstrated the advantages of laparoscopic surgery over an open radical approach; hence, previous abdominal surgery is no longer viewed as a contraindication. Here, we describe the case of a 62-year-old man who presented with an incidental finding of right renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We performed a radical nephrectomy on this patient who had undergone multiple previous abdominal surgeries. During this procedure, a small bowel injury occurred. Herein, we review the available evidence and describe the risk factors and techniques to avoid injury from laparoscopic port-site placement in patients undergoing nephrectomy with a history of previous abdominal surgery.
“They are mar-vel-ous, and they all want me!”: Gay Brazilian tourists and global geographies of desire:

This article explores the geographies of desire that inform contact between gay Brazilian tourists and the men they encounter abroad. It argues that Brazilian men largely embrace the sexualized ima...
A Logic Programming Solution to the Water Jug Puzzle

Logic programming is usually preferred in deducing solutions for mental challenging problems such as solving puzzles or game playing in which the domain knowledge is encoded as production rules and the initial settings or inputs are represented as facts. By using the built-in inference engine that comes with the programming language itself, the solution to a given puzzle can be deduced and displayed. In this paper, a logic programming approach is demonstrated to solve the water jug puzzle.
Health-system implementation of a collaborative core curriculum for advanced pharmacy experiential education during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose A collaborative advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) education model established within a healthcare institution during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is described. Summary The COVID-19 pandemic caused a nationwide disruption of APPE pharmacy education. Healthcare institutions faced the challenge of educating APPE students while attempting to simultaneously de-densify work areas and reduce transmission risk for employees and patients. A pharmacist coordinator and pharmacist academic partners at a large teaching hospital created a collaborative common core curriculum model for resourceful implementation of APPE education. Healthcare network pharmacists, clinical pharmacist academic partners, and pharmacy residents delivered the curriculum to 35 pharmacy students over a 9-week time period. Main components of the curriculum included patient case discussions, topic discussions, journal club presentations, live continuing education (CE) webinars, and development of pharmacy technician CE programs. A majority of students reported positive experiences working with a variety of preceptors from different specialties (81%) and collaborating with students from other universities (62%). Conclusion A health system can leverage institutional, network-wide, and academic partner resources to implement a collaborative APPE curriculum during challenging times such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Functional Movement Screen Detected Asymmetry & Normative Values Among College-Aged Students

# Background The Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) is a popular test used by sports medicine professionals to identify dysfunctional movement patterns by analyzing mobility and stability during prescribed movements. Although the FMS™ has been a popular topic of research in recent years, normative data and asymmetries in college-aged students have not been established through research. # Purpose The objective was to determine normative FMS™ scores, report frequency counts for FMS™ asymmetries, and determine if the number of sports seasons and number of different sports an individual participated in during high school varied between university students that showed FMS™ identified asymmetries. # Study Design Cross-sectional Study # Methods One hundred university students completed the FMS™ and an associated survey to determine which sport(s) and for how many seasons they participated in each sport(s) during high school. Total FMS™ scores were assessed as well as identifying the presence of an asymmetry during a FMS™ screen. An asymmetry within the FMS™ was defined as achieving an unequal score on any of the screens that assessed right versus left movements of the body. # Data Analysis Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation was utilized to investigate the relationship between number of sports played and number of sport seasons. Shapiro Wilk test for normality, and Mann Whitney U test was employed to investigate group differences in number of sports played. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software. # Results Statistically significant correlations (r = .286, r^2^ = .08, p < 0.01) were found for both number of sport seasons and number of sports with FMS™ total score. In addition, participants without FMS™-detected asymmetries played significantly more seasons and more sports than their peers that presented asymmetries (U = 946.5, z = -1.98, p = 0.047). Finish with the actual p-value in parenthesis. # Conclusion Participating in multiple sports and multiple sport seasons during high school was associated with higher FMS™ total scores. Results suggest that participating in multiple sports and multiple sport seasons was associated with fewer asymmetries, which may decrease subsequent injury risk. # Level of Evidence 3b
Co-Crystallization with Diabodies: A Universal Method for the Introduction of Synthetic Symmetry

This work presents a method for introducing synthetic symmetry into protein crystallization samples using an antibody fragment termed a diabody (Dab). These Dabs contain two target binding sites and engineered disulfide bonds have been included to modulate Dab flexibility. The introduction of a disulfide bond promotes a preferred conformation and an increased likelihood of crystallization as observed in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering and in high-resolution crystal structures. To explore the capacity of engineered Dabs as crystallization chaperones, complexes between the engineered Dabs and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) bound to a high-affinity DNA aptamer were generated. This strategy increased the crystallization hit frequency obtained for RT-aptamer and the structure of a Dab-RT-DNA complex was determined to 3.0 A resolution. Introduction of synthetic symmetry using a Dab is a broadly applicable strategy, especially when monoclonal antibodies for a target have previously been identified.
From Pruritus to Cholestasis: Building a Statistical Model and Online Application to Predict a Diagnosis Prior to Bile Acid Determination.

Objective This study aimed to create a statistical model using clinical and laboratory parameters to predict which patients presenting with pruritus in pregnancy will have elevated total bile acids (TBA) and thus, have a high risk of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Study Design Retrospective cohort study of patients presenting with pruritus in pregnancy and had TBA sent from a single public hospital from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017. Primary outcome is TBA ≥ 10 µmol/L. Multivariate logistic regression with stepwise and backward variable selection were used to create predictive models. Four models were compared using Akaike information criterion (AIC), C-statistic, and the DeLong nonparametric approach to test for differences between area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Internal validation was performed via fivefold cross-validation technique on the best-fitting, most parsimonious model. Results Of the 320 patients with pruritus, 153 (47.8%) had elevated bile acid levels ≥10 µmol/L. Sixty-nine variables were assessed for association with the primary outcome. Five variables were significantly associated with elevated TBA: pruritus of palms and soles (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.35 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.22, 4.54]), gestational hypertension (aOR: 0.10 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.60]), log of total bilirubin (aOR: 4.71 [95% CI: 2.28, 9.75]), systolic blood pressure (aOR: 0.97 [95% CI: 0.94, 0.99]), and alanine aminotransferase (aOR: 1.05 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.07]). The final model was chosen for being parsimonious while having the lowest AIC with highest AUC (0.85; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.89). Internal validation using a probability threshold of 50% demonstrated a sensitivity of 65.5%, specificity of 83.5%, and accuracy of 75.1%. Conclusion We provide a predictive model using five simple variables to determine the probability that a patient presenting with pruritus in pregnancy carries the diagnosis of ICP. This tool, available via a web app, is designed to aid providers and enhance clinical judgment in difficult triage situations. Key Points
Effect of Signal Orientation on the Firing of Electrosensory Cells in the Electric Fish Eigenmannia

Animals respond to only a relatively small fraction of stimuli in the environment. A recurring question facing investigators of sensory processing is how the nervous system filters and processes information to recognize behaviorally relevant stimuli. An attractive working hypothesis is that systems are hardwired in such a way that a particular unit or class of units responds when the animal encounters the appropriate stimulus or combination of stimuli for a particular behavior. Recent studies have supported an alternate hypothesis, based upon quite different design criteria. Rather than discrete feature detectors tuned to, for instance, the fundamental frequency of a mating call, investigators have found populations of cells with a wide range of tunings but with a preponderance of cells firing in response to a particular range of the behaviorally relevant variable (R.R. Capranica, this volume).
On the Estimation of Reduced Rank Regressions

It is well-know that estimation by reduced rank regression is given by the solution to a generalized eigenvalue problem. This paper presents a new proof to establish this result and provides additional insight into the structure of the estimation problem. The proof is a direct algebraic proof that some might find more intuitive than existing proofs. JEL Classification: C3, C32
Emotion, Philosophical Issues about

Philosophers have discussed the nature of emotions with particular reference to whether emotions are feelings, whether they are, or involve, cognitive states such as beliefs, whether they are human universals, whether the category of emotion is a unitary one, and the relationship between emotion and rationality. Keywords: emotion; feelings; human universals; rationality; evolutionary psychology
AB INITIO STUDIES OF COKE FORMATION ON NI CATALYSTS DURING METHANE REFORMING

The atomic-scale processes that control the formation of carbon deposits on Ni catalysts in reforming applications are poorly understood. Ab initio Density Functional Theory calculations have been used to examine several key elementary steps in the complex network of chemical reactions that precedes carbon formation on practical catalysts. Attention has been focused on the disproportionation of CO. A comparative study of this reaction on flat and stepped crystal planes of Ni has provided the first direct evidence that surface carbon formation is driven by elementary reactions occurring at defect sites on Ni catalysts. The adsorption and diffusion of atomic H on several flat and stepped Ni surfaces has also been characterized experimentally.
An Exploration of Object-Oriented Methodologies for System Analysis and Design

This paper provides a comparative study of the object-oriented approach by evaluating object-oriented methodologies, and exploring future object-oriented research directions. Six representative object-oriented methodologies are evaluated based on their capabilities in aiding object-oriented analysis and design. The capability criteria used for this evaluation are object modeling, state modeling, process modeling, object-oriented design, and object-oriented model integrity. In addition to the methodology evaluation, we also discuss some interesting future research, and our work.
Congestive heart failure in pregnancy

Abstract Since the publication of Sir James Mackenzie's 1 book, Heart Disease and Pregnancy, a growing interest has developed in this subject. A large number of such patients are observed annually at the Woman's Clinic of the New York Hospital. The nature of their heart disease and the results of its management in a special cardiac clinic were reported in 1937 by Stander and Kuder. 2 While most of them experienced no cardiac difficulty during pregnancy, the maternal mortality of the group was twice as great as the general maternity mortality of the clinic and accounted for 10 per cent of the obstetric deaths. Since the report by Stander and Kuder, many more cardiac patients have been observed at the Woman's Clinic of the New York Hospital, and considerable information has accumulated concerning them. For the present report, information relating to those patients who developed cardiac failure associated with pregnancy has been analyzed.
How Did the Crisis in International Funding Markets Affect Bank Lending? Balance Sheet Evidence from the UK

Evidence abounds on the propagation of financial stresses originating in the US mortgage market to banking systems worldwide through international funding markets. But the transmission of this external funding shock to the real economy via bank lending is surprisingly under-examined, given the central importance ascribed to this channel of contagion by policymakers. This paper provides evidence of this transmission for the UK-resident banking system, the largest in the world by asset size. It uses a novel dataset, created from detailed balance sheet data reported by resident banks quarterly to the Bank of England. It finds that the shock to foreign funding during the financial crisis caused a substantial pullback in domestic lending. A range of instrumental variables are used to correct for endogeneity and omitted variable bias, and the results are robust to various sensitivity tests. Resident subsidiaries and branches of foreign-owned banks reduced lending by a larger amount than domestically-owned banks, while the latter calibrated the reduction in domestic lending more closely to the size of the funding shock.
A Review of “Rococo Fiction in France, 1600–1715: Seditious Frivolity”

Much of the imaginative literature published in seventeenth-century France eludes easy categorization into standard generic rubrics. Compilations of novellas, often interspersed with poetry, dialog...
Average-case analysis of moves in quick select

We investigate the average number of moves made by Quick Select (a variant of Quick Sort for finding order statistics) to find an element with a randomly selected rank. This kind of grand average provides smoothing over all individual cases of a specific fixed order statistic. The variance of the number of moves involves intricate dependencies, and we only give reasonably tight bounds.
Literature and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Natural supernaturalism in Thomas Carlyle and Richard Owen

If Frankenstein articulates the frustrations of an apparent mismatch between body and mind, Sartor Resartus promotes a productive dialectic between these two conflicting ways of encountering the world. Carlyle broadens the terms of the specifically human body/soul dichotomy into a dualism of the entire cosmos, and translates those terms into two ways of viewing the world: the natural and supernatural respectively. For Carlyle, the natural perspective alternately conceals and reveals the supernatural, which in turn continually makes and remakes the natural. Although the natural and supernatural points of view are frequently at odds, they neither cancel one another out nor tie one another up in an endless stalemate. Rather, a dialectical conversation between the two modes of explanation produces an organic, continually developing body which gives shape and tangibility to the inner, living experience of the holy. The tailor is retailored; makers are themselves remade. In comparison to Mary Shelley's vision in Frankenstein , Carlyle's practitioner of sympathy not only tolerates the conflict between inner and outer points of view, but also finds in their interaction the source of transformation and renewed meaning. This chapter will argue that Thomas Carlyle, in Sartor Resartus , and Richard Owen, in his anatomical writings, both employ two ways of reading one infinite world. Both of them accept – even revel in – disjunctions between prophetic and natural ways of knowing, using those differences to reinvigorate some of the outdated metaphors of natural theology.
The Past and Future of White Pine Forests in the Great Lakes Region

Eastern white pine plays an important role in the Great Lakes ecosystems of the Upper Midwest. White pine forests were even more extensive two centuries ago before the logging industry, logging-related fires, subsequent fire suppression, and changing forest-management goals of Euro-American settlers profoundly altered the species composition and structure of the pine stands. Pine forests of the Great Lakes region have not recovered from the logging era because multiple factors have impeded the successful establishment of pine seedlings and saplings. Herbivores, diseases, insect pests, fire suppression, and climate change affect the current distribution of white pine and will influence future management decisions. Efforts to rejuvenate the pine forests will be expensive, time consuming, labor intensive, and slow, so desired future conditions should be chosen carefully. White pine persists in the Lake States despite environmental and land-use changes, and it probably will continue to thrive on certain sites. With a better appreciation of the biophysical and human geography that help explain the dynamics of eastern white pine in the Lake States, we can decide how directly we wish to help the species adapt to the rapidly changing environment.
Adding Spice to Our Scholarly Journals: The JIBS Experience

A scientific field of inquiry is a socially constructed entity consisting of a community of scholars who share a common identity and language (Kuhn 1962). The boundaries may be more or less fuzzy, but scholars working with that field have a consensual understanding of its essential meaning. Scholarly journals are designed to introduce new research and critique existing research within a field of inquiry. As such, scholarly journals are the ‘‘eyes’’ through which we understand the past and anticipate the future within that field. The editor of a scholarly journal can affect the direction and shape of a given field, and the careers of individuals working within it. Journal editors not only see the newest literature in that field, well before it reaches print form, but also have the opportunity along with reviewers to shape that literature. Editors are ‘‘guardians at the gate’’ (McGinty 1998) because they decide which papers are published (and, mostly, which are not) in their journals. Through their journals, editors disseminate research results and create networks of scholars working within a particular field of inquiry. I am sympathetic with Cohen’s worry that scholarly journals in the field of inquiry of international political economy (IPE) may become boring, and that the truly path-breaking research was done in the past and not today. This concern is not a new one, however, and I suspect it may be shared by many leading scholars. In the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), for example, there have been at least three articles on this topic. The field of international business (IB) studies is seen as ‘‘running out of steam after a period of vibrancy’’ (Buckley 2002:365). Several view the root cause of this malaise as the lack of a ‘‘new big idea’’ to excite research (Buckley 2002; Peng 2004) or the lack of mid-level theory to explain issue-driven phenomena (Buckley and Lessard 2005). This suggests to me that Cohen’s concerns about boring journals may be more widespread than IPE. In this Commentary, I address—and discard—two possible reasons for more boring journal articles: lack of research opportunities and economics envy. I then evaluate Cohen’s three ideas for spicing the IPE journals, using our experience at the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS). Lastly, I argue that the key issue for scholarly journals is encouraging authors to build better theories. Author’s note: I want to thank Benjamin Jerry Cohen for asking hard questions about our scholarly journals at an International Studies Association ‘‘Meet the IPE Journal Editors’’ panel in New Orleans, February 2010, and Bill Thompson, Editor of International Studies Quarterly, for taking Cohen up on his challenge and inviting the journal editors on the panel to join in a point-counterpoint debate. Helpful discussions, while I was writing this paper, with Charles Hermann, Ying Zhu, Bill Thompson, Alain Verbeke and Li Dai are also gratefully acknowledged. I continue to explore these ideas in the JIBS ‘‘Letter from the Editor-in-Chief, 41.7: JIBS Publication Criteria and their Consequences.’’
Effect of Posture on Regional Deposition of Coarse Particles in the Healthy Human Lung.

Abstract Background: Understanding the regional partition of deposition of inhaled particles within the lung is important for improving targeted delivery of inhaled aerosolized drugs. One factor affecting regional deposition is gravity. As the lung deforms under its own weight, changes in lung volume, in airway geometries, and in spatial patterns of ventilation distribution between postures have the potential to alter the regional distribution of deposited particles. Methods: Using gamma-scintigraphy, we measured regional deposition and clearance of 99mTc labeled particles (5 μm) in 6 healthy subjects, with aerosol inhalation occurring both in the supine and seated postures at constant flow (0.5 L/sec) and breathing rate (15 breaths/min). After aerosol deposition, mucociliary clearance data were collected in the seated posture, immediately post-particle administration, 1 h 30 min, 4 h, and 22 h post-inhalation. Relative regional deposition was computed using retention (R) at the different time points, wit...
The interaction of thermal conduction and infrared gaseous radiation

The present investigation is concerned with energy transfer in gases which transmit heat by the combined mechanisms of molecular conduction and infrared radiation. For illustrative purposes an analysis is presented for a gas bounded by two parallel black plates and within which there is a uniform heat source. Radiation-conduction interaction parameters, appropriate to both the optically thin and large path length limits, are presented for a number of gases. Numerical solutions for the gas centerline temperature have been obtained for CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4, and these are compared with limiting solutions.
Social Media Use to Enhance Internal Communication Course Design for Business Students

Organizations are increasingly using social media to improve their internal communication. When successfully implemented, such initiatives can have a dramatic impact on internal efficiency, team co...
Algorithmic Aspects of Symbolic Switch Network Analysis

A network of switches controlled by Boolean variables can be represented as a system of Boolean equations. The solution of this system gives a symbolic description of the conducting paths in the network. Gaussian elimination provides an efficient technique for solving sparse systems of Boolean equations. For the class of networks that arise when analyzing digital metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuits, a simple pivot selection rule guarantees that most s-switch networks encountered in practice can be solved with O(s) operations. When represented by a directed acyclic graph, the set of Boolean formulas generated by the analysis has total size bounded by the number of operations required by the Gaussian elimination. This paper presents the mathematical basis for systems of Boolean equations, their solution by Gaussian elimination, and data structures and algorithms for representing and manipulating Boolean formulas.
Ages of Darwin glass, Macedon glass, and Far Eastern tektites.

Darwin and Macedon impact glasses related to Far Eastern tektites through age determination by fission track technique
Flexibility and control for dynamic workflows in the WORLDS environment

This paper presents a model and prototype implementation, called obligations, for handling flexible, dynamic changes to workflows. The model uses multiple inheritance and an overhead transparency metaphor to construct a network of activities. Each 'sheet' holds portions of the network to be constructed. Some of these sheets contain local modifications that are not shared among other similar activities and others hold general specifications that all instances should follow, assuming that they have not been locally modified. When all the sheets are stacked together, they create a composite view of the network. Individual sheets can be removed and replaced with newer, presumably compatible, sheets that change the network. This type of replacement can be encoded into surrogates which automatically carry out the replacements to keep the obligation up-to-date. The obligation system has a built in error detection scheme that determines if network construction is invalid and, if so, disallows execution of the portions of the network that are in error.