cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Building Construction Project Planning in Accommodating Ergonomic Considerations of the Aging Workforce

The construction industry has long experienced a shortage of skilled labor. This paper is intended to identify ergonomic problems that foreshorten older workers’ involvement in the industry in order to address the shortage of new workers and an exodus of often injured old ones. Challenges exist to attracting workers. These include resistance to technologies, tasks that must be performed by hand, mandatory lifting in excess of recommended limits, need for repetitive motions, existence of irregular and hazardous surfaces, noise levels exceeding safe limits, exposure of workers to vibration, frequent dust, and inadequate lighting, use of building materials that cause skin irritation, need to work in inclement weather, and work schedules that cause disruption to circadian rhythm. This study shows management must plan for older workers’ ergonomic needs, starting by creating site-specific plans more broadly focused on workers’ wellbeing than are safety plans, to extend older workers’ involvement in the field.
Recurrent Infections and Widespread Warts

Both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant forms of hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) present with elevated IgE and recurrent skin infections Unlike the autosomal dominant HIES, patients with autosomal recessive HIES have a greater risk of atopy, viral skin infections, and malignancy While HIES clinical criteria help make a quick diagnosis and start therapy, a definitive diagnosis is pending on through genetic testing HSCT is now considered standard of care for DOCK8 deficiency given an appropriate donor is available
Drug-Specific Models Improve the Performance of an EEG-based Automated Brain-State Prediction System

Maintaining anesthetic states using automated brain-state prediction systems is expected to reduce drug overdosage and associated side-effects. However, commercially available brain-state monitoring systems perform poorly on drug-class combinations. We assume that current automated brain-state prediction systems perform poorly because they do not account for brain-state dynamics that are unique to drug-class combinations. In this work, we develop a k-nearest neighbors model to test whether improvements to automated brain-state prediction of drug-class combinations are feasible. We utilize electroencephalogram data collected from human subjects who received general anesthesia with sevoflurane and general anesthesia with the drug-class combination of sevoflurane-plus-ketamine. We demonstrate improved performance predicting anesthesia-induced brain-states using drug-specific models.
The cellular stress response and temperature: Function, regulation, and evolution

The cellular stress response (CSR) is critical for enabling organisms to cope with thermal damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and membranes. It is a graded response whose properties vary with the degree of cellular damage. Molecular damage has positive, as well as negative, function-perturbing effects. Positive effects include crucial regulatory interactions that orchestrate involvement of the different components of the CSR. Thermally unfolded proteins signal for rapid initiation of transcription of genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs), central elements of the heat shock response (HSR). Thermal disruption of messenger RNA (mRNA) secondary structures in untranslated regions leads to the culling of the mRNA pool: thermally labile mRNAs for housekeeping proteins are degraded by exonucleases; heat-resistant mRNAs for stress proteins like HSPs then can monopolize the translational apparatus. Thus, proteins and RNA function as "cellular thermometers," and evolved differences in their thermal stabilities enable rapid initiation of the CSR whenever cell temperature rises significantly above the normal thermal range of a species. Covalent DNA damage, which may result from increased production of reactive oxygen species, is temperature-dependent; its extent may determine cellular survival. High levels of stress that exceed capacities for molecular repair can lead to proteolysis, inhibition of cell division, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Onset of these processes may occur later in the stress period, after initiation of the HSR, to allow HSPs opportunity to restore protein homeostasis. Delay of these energy costly processes may also result from shortfalls in availability of adenosine triphosphate and reducing power during times of peak stress.
MicroRNAs and Sertoli cells

Spermatogenesis depends on complex regulatory events in SCs. Although transcriptional regulation plays a role in this process, the importance of other regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by noncoding (nc) RNAs, has emerged. This chapter is focused on the expression and role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in SCs and spermatogenesis. These small (approximately 22-nucleotide) ncRNAs bind by complementarity to their target mRNAs and recruit factors that trigger the translational repression and/or decay of these targets. Genetic ablation of miRNA biogenesis in SCs in vivo causes major spermatogenic defects in mice, suggesting the importance of SC-expressed miRNAs for spermatogenesis. The predicted and empirically defined targets of SC-expressed miRNAs encode many factors that are critical for spermatogenesis, including cytoskeletal proteins, cell death regulators, signaling molecules, junctional proteins, cell cycle regulators, and factors that regulate RNA processing. The targets of several SC-expressed miRNAs have begun to be defined, and we summarize these targets. We also discuss the functions of germ-cell-expressed miRNAs. SC-expressed miRNAs are developmentally regulated, which leads to a shift in their predicted targets as SCs undergo maturation. SC-expressed miRNAs are also regulated by extrinsic factors, including androgen, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and activin. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs may serve as diagnostic markers for human male infertility and as therapeutic agents in the male reproductive tract.
Team Configurations, Efficiency, and Family Physician Burnout.

Introduction: The delivery of team-based care relies on team structure and teamwork. Little is known about the landscape of team configurations in family medicine practices in the United States. Teamwork between diverse team members likely impacts both performance and physician well-being. We examined team configuration and teamwork and whether they are associated with family physician (FP) well-being. Methods: We used data from practice demographic questionnaires completed by FPs who registered for the American Board of Family Medicine Family Medicine Certification Examination in 2017 and 2018. We grouped 14 types of health care professionals into medical assistant (MA)/nurse, nurse practitioner (NP)/physician assistant (PA), and specialist, and we characterized 3 common team configurations. We used FPs9 subjective ratings to measure perceived teamwork efficiency and a validated single-item measure to identify FPs who were burned out. Results: Among 2575 FPs in our sample, 22% worked collaboratively with MA/nurse only; 40% with MA/nurse and NP/PA or specialist; and 38% with MA/nurse, NP/PA, and specialist. The distribution of perceived teamwork efficiency was not statistically different across team configurations. In teams with greater perceived teamwork efficiency, FPs were less likely to be burned out. For FPs working with expansive teams, optimal perceived teamwork efficiency was associated with significantly reduced odds of burnout after controlling for practice and physician characteristics. Conclusion: Most FPs practice in multidisciplinary teams. Regardless of the team structure, FPs who perceived their teams as having greater efficiency were less likely to be burned out. We found that optimal perceived teamwork efficiency was associated with significantly reduced odds of burnout for FPs in all types of team configurations. Improving teamwork efficiency may be an effective strategy for practice organizations to support not only team functioning but also physician well-being.
Adolescent body image: influencing factors and the clinician's role

Purpose of review Body image is a crucial part of adolescent development for teens all over the world. Studies show that negative body image impacts many aspects of adolescent health and that anticipatory guidance about body image is important at the annual health maintenance exam visit. Weight bias is closely tied to body image and is associated with negative health effects as well; research shows weight bias is a problem throughout healthcare. The purpose of this review is to discuss influencing factors on adolescent body image and to explore interventions to promote positive body image. Recent findings Research shows that adolescent body image is shaped by media influence, athletics and personal relationships. Studies have also begun to show that negative and positive body image are separate entities, and that overall health outcomes seem to be better in adolescents with positive body image. In thinking about intervention, there are ways to promote positive body image in the provider--patient interaction, within the school and community, in healthcare education, and at the societal level. Summary Body image is an incredibly important aspect of adolescent health, and clinicians should be aware of ways to help promote positive body image in adolescents.
Relations of Maternal Depression and Parenting Self-Efficacy to the Self-Regulation of Infants in Low-Income Homes

There is increasing recognition that young children's self-regulation provides a foundation for overall wellness later in life. Yet, infants reared in poverty may exhibit less-developed self-regulation compared to their more advantaged peers. Factors associated with poverty that may influence early self-regulation include maternal depression and parenting self-efficacy. However, few researchers have examined how both parenting self-efficacy and maternal depression may affect young children's self-regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations among maternal depression, parenting self-efficacy, and infant self-regulation for a racially diverse sample of 142 mother-infant dyads living in low-income households in the United States. Maternal depressive symptomatology was determined with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale. Parenting self-efficacy was determined with a self-report measure, reflecting caregivers' mindset or feelings reflecting competency as a parent of an infant. Infant self-regulation was measured by parental report of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Short Form Effortful Control subscale. While maternal depressive symptomatology and self-efficacy were directly and significantly correlated with infant self-regulation, results of a mediation model suggested that parenting self-efficacy mediated the relationship between maternal depressive symptomatology and infant self-regulation. Lower maternal depressive symptomatology predicted better parenting self-efficacy, in turn predicting better infant self-regulation. This study increases our understanding of how early factors shape the self-regulation of infants reared in low-income homes - highlighting the potential role of targeting parenting self-efficacy for parenting interventions for mothers experiencing depressive symptoms.
The contribution of quasar absorption outflows to AGN feedback

Determining the distance of quasar absorption outflows from the central source (R) and their kinetic luminosity are crucial for understanding their contribution to active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. Here we summarize the results for a sample of nine luminous quasars that were observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. We find that the outflows in more than half of the objects are powerful enough to be the main agents for AGN feedback, and that most outflows are found at R>100 pc. The sample is representative of the quasar absorption outflow population as a whole and is unbiased towards specific ranges of R and kinetic luminosity. Therefore, the analysis results can be extended to the majority of such objects, including broad absorption line quasars. We find that these results are consistent with those of another sample (seven quasars) that is also unbiased towards specific ranges of R and kinetic luminosity. Assuming that all quasars have absorption outflows, we conclude that most luminous quasars produce outflows that can contribute significantly to AGN feedback. We also discuss the criterion for whether an outflow is energetic enough to cause AGN feedback effects.
Mitofusin 2 regulates neutrophil adhesive migration and the actin cytoskeleton

Abstract Neutrophils rely on glycolysis for energy production. How mitochondria regulate neutrophil function is not fully understood. Here, we report that mitochondrial outer membrane protein Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) regulates neutrophil homeostasis in vivo. Mfn2-deficient neutrophils are released from the hematopoietic tissue and trapped in the vasculature in zebrafish embryos. Human neutrophil-like cells deficient with MFN2 fail to arrest on activated endothelium under sheer stress or perform chemotaxis. Deletion of Mfn2 results in a significant reduction of neutrophil infiltration to the inflamed peritoneal cavity in mice. Mfn2, but not Mfn1, -null mouse embryonic fibroblast cells have altered actin structure and are impaired in wound closure. MFN2-deficient neutrophil-like cells display heightened intracellular calcium levels and Rac activation after chemokine stimulation. Mechanistically, MFN2 maintains mitochondria-ER interaction. Restoring mitochondria-ER tether rescues the chemotaxis defect and Rac activation resulted from MFN2 depletion. Finally, inhibition of Rac restores chemotaxis in MFN2-deficient neutrophils. Altogether, we identified that MFN2 regulates neutrophil migration via suppressing Rac activation and uncovered a previously unrecognized role of MFN2 in regulating the actin cytoskeleton.
A Longitudinal Measure of Medical Student Empathy at a Regional Campus: Are we different? Could this be a valuable evaluation method for curriculum change?

Introduction Empathy is an important characteristic of the ideal physician. Various quantitative measures of empathy have shown a steep decline during the third year of medical school. Methods We had 4 classes of medical students at our regional rural campus complete the Jefferson Scale of Empathy after each of the first 3 years. We report longitudinal results of 30 students, individually matched, including an analysis by gender. Separately, we report the cross-sectional results for 39 of our students as they began medical school. We compare our student scores to other allopathic and osteopathic student scores from large urban campuses. The Baptist Health Madisonville IRB approved the protocol as exempt. Results As they begin medical school, our students have similar scores to those at large urban campuses (difference of 1.1 points, p=.421). After the M-2 year, our students had significantly higher scores than those at urban campuses (5.7 points, p=.002) and after the M-3 year, they show an even larger positive difference (9.0 points, p<.001). As in previous publications, females had higher overall mean scores at each measure, but with our students this was only significant in post-M-2 measures (8.9 points, p=.01). Discussion We conclude that something about our students’ experience during their M-3 year is associated with a smaller decline in empathy measures than reported previously. We propose that some of this difference could be due to a formal professional identity curriculum we implemented recently during the M-3 year. However, without a concurrent or historical control group, we cannot be certain. We offer the concept of measuring empathy before and after curricular change as another useful evaluation tool for medical educators.
Hypoxia-inducible CAR expression: An answer to the on-target/off-tumor dilemma?

On-target/off-tumor toxicity is one of the major concerns regarding CAR T-cell therapy. Kosti et al.1 demonstrate that this form of toxicity can be prevented by designing a CAR whose expression is controlled by oxygen levels in the tumor environment.
Institutional and programmatic determinants for graduate public affairs’ online education: Assessing the influence of faculty workload

The research explores why some public affairs graduate programs choose to develop fully online degree offerings while others do not. The study attempts to address questions surrounding how different institutions and programs are pursuing degree offerings and the potential influence of faculty workload. The research utilizes a quantitative, cross-sectional design analyzing results from a survey on institutional and programmatic practices in workload, hiring, and degree offerings administered to primary points of contact within public affairs academic units from all institutions found in the US News World Report Graduate Programs in Public Affairs Rankings from 2019. Survey data is paired with program information from the accrediting body institutional member database. Findings indicate differences from both institutional and programmatic groupings do demonstrate workload measures have unique characteristics depending upon the type of institution and rank of the program. Further analysis discusses the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on future public affairs programming.
Impact of Recent Job Loss on Sleep, Energy Consumption and Diet

To examine how sleep quality and sleep duration affect caloric intake among those experiencing involuntary job loss. MethodsAdequate sleep and self reported dietary recall data from the Assessing Daily Activity Patterns through Occupational Transitions (ADAPT) study was analysed. Primary sleep indices used were total sleep time, time spent in bed after final awakening, and sleep quality as measured by the Daily Sleep Diary (DSD). Mean Energy consumption (MEC) was the primary nutritional index. Secondary indices included diet quality using the Health Eating Index 2015 (HEI), and self-reported intake of protein, carbohydrates and fats. ResultsThe study participants were comprised mainly of women (61%) and non-Hispanic white. The participants had at least 2 years of college education and mean body mass index of 30.2{+/-}8.08 (kg/m 2). The average time in bed was 541.8{+/-}77.55 minutes and total sleep time was 461.1{+/-}56.49 minutes. Mean sleep efficiency was 91{+/-}6%, self-reported sleep quality was 2.40{+/-}0.57 (0-4 scale, 4 = very good), and minutes earlier than planned morning awakening were 14.36{+/-}24.15. Mean HEI score was 47.41{+/-}10.92. Although the MEC was below national average for both men and women, male sex was associated with higher MEC. In a fully adjusted model sleep quality was positively associated with MEC. ConclusionDaily overall assessments of sleep quality among recently unemployed persons were positively associated with mean energy consumption. Additionally, the diet quality of unemployed persons was found to unhealthier than the average American and consistent with the relationship between poor socioeconomic status and lower diet quality.
The Pledge of Allegiance Revisited: Requiring Parental Consent

Since the Supreme Court decided West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette in 1943, free speech law has been clear: public schools may not force students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Nevertheless, in two states – Texas and Florida – students may decline to participate only with parental permission. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the law on the grounds that the parental requirement furthered parents’ substantive due process right to control the upbringing of their children. The Eleventh Circuit decision is flawed both in its understanding of the First Amendment right to be free of compelled speech and the substantive due process rights of parents. These mandatory pledge laws are viewpoint-based and therefore presumptively unconstitutional. While the free speech rights of students are more circumscribed than adults, none of the established justifications for curtailing student speech rights at school apply in this case. On the contrary, forcing students to pledge against their will exemplifies all the harms of compelled speech. Finally, parents’ constitutional right to control the upbringing of their children is meant to protect parents from the state, not to empower parents to trample on the rights of their children. In the end, the parental permission rule is simply a pretext for the state’s own viewpoint-based compulsion.
Fundamental Principles of Cancer Biology: Does It Have Relevance to the Perioperative Period?

Malignant tumors are characterized by their ability to metastasize, which is the main cause of cancer-related mortality. Besides intrinsic alternations in cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor growth and metastasis. Ample evidence suggests that the perioperative period and the excision of the primary tumor can promote the development of metastases and can influence long-term cancer patient outcomes. The role of cancer biology and its impact on the perioperative period are of increasing interest. This review will present evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discuss new therapeutic opportunities in the perioperative timeframe. We will also discuss the regulatory signaling that could be relevant to various aspects of surgery and surgical responses, which could facilitate the metastatic process by directly or indirectly affecting malignant tissues and the tumor microenvironment. We address the influences of surgery-related stress, anesthetic and analgesic agents, blood transfusion, hypothermia, and β-adrenergic blockade administration on tumor growth and metastasis. Through an improved understanding of these processes, we will provide suggestions for potential new perioperative approaches aimed at improving treatment outcomes of cancer patients.
Escherichia coli: Enteric and Extraintestinal Infections

Among the microbial flora that naturally inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract, Escherichia coli is the most abundant facultative anaerobe. While members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are natural inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract and are abundant in the environment, there are particular predisposing factors and circumstances that allow both intestinal and extraintestinal infections to occur in community and nosocomial settings. In developing countries of Asia, Latin America, and Africa, where diarrhea is one of the most lethal threats to children under the age of five, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a major cause of infantile diarrhea. A study describing early predictors of adverse outcomes following neonatal bacterial meningitis found that elevated total protein in the initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, as well as a CSF-to-blood glucose ratio of < 0.5, corresponded with an adverse outcome. The current definition of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to the Rome II criteria, which most studies follow, is the new onset of symptoms developing acutely after an illness characterized by two or more of the following: fever, vomiting, acute diarrhea, or positive stool culture. There are two main types of Shiga toxins, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) (O157 and non-O157 alike) that produce both Stx2 and Stx1, or Stx2 alone, are more likely to be associated with HUS than those that produce Stx1 only. Prebiotic oligosaccharides may also have similar applications for EPEC. Clearly, new and innovative approaches will be required to reduce the burden of E. coli infections and their sequelae.
REDUCCIÓN DEL RUIDO EN IMÁGENES DE TOMOGRAFÍA COMPUTARIZADA USANDO UN FILTRO BILATERAL ANISOTRÓPICO - Noise reduction in computed tomography images using an anisotropic bilateral filter

En este trabajo se propone el uso de un filtro bilateral anisotropico (FBA) para reducir el ruido en imagenes de tomografia computarizada. El FBA fue implementado en una version tridimensional que permite ajustar los parametros del filtro dependiendo de la resolucion de las imagenes en cada uno de los ejes. La utilidad del FBA se demostro con un fantoma estandar, que se escaneo, inicialmente, utilizando una dosis de radiacion referencia de 240 mAs, y, seguidamente, con dosis del 50 % y 25% de la de referencia. Asimismo, se procesaron y analizaron dos casos clinicos correspondientes a una tomografia abdominal y otra de torax, ambas utilizando una inyeccion intravenosa de medio de contraste. Se encontro que el FBA permite mantener una mejor relacion entre el ruido, la resolucion espacial y la detectabilidad de bajos contrastes, cuando se le compara con el metodo tradicional de retroproyeccion filtrada que utilizan los escaneres de tomografia clinicos. Los resultados del fantoma, sugieren que es posible reducir las dosis de radiacion hasta en un 50% sin afectar la resolucion espacial o la detectabilidad de bajos contrastes, cuando se le compara con la dosis de referencia. Los estudios clinicos, revelaron que el FBA puede disminuir el ruido de las imagenes y aun garantizar una calidad adecuada para el diagnostico. Estudios clinicos prospectivos, son necesarios para demostrar que la disminucion del ruido puede permitir una reduccion significativa de las dosis de radiacion. Abstract—This work proposes the use of an anisotropic bilateral filter (ABF) to reduce the noise in computed tomography images. The FBA is implemented in the tridimensional space, allowing the adjustment of filter parameters depending on the image resolution in each axis. The utility of the FBA was demonstrated using a standard image quality phantom which was scanned using a 240 mAs reference dose, and subsequently with 50 % and 25 % of the reference dose. Additionally, two clinical cases were processed, corresponding to routine clinical, intravenous contrast-enhanced abdomen and thorax scans. The phantom study found that the FBA keeps a better tradeoff between noise, spatial resolution, and low contrast detectability, when it is compared to traditional filtered backprojection reconstructions, routinely employed by current computed tomography scanners. Hence, results in the phantom suggest it is possible to reduce radiation dose by at least 50% without affecting spatial resolution or low contrast detectability. The clinical studies revealed that the FBA can decrease image noise and still provide enough information for adequate diagnosis. Prospective clinical studies are necessary to demonstrate whether or not the observed noise reduction would allow asignificant decrease in radiation dose.
Characterizing diagrams produced by individuals and dyads

Diagrams are an effective means of conveying concrete, abstract or symbolic information about systems. Here, individuals or pairs of participants produced assembly instructions after assembling an object. When working individually, nearly all participants used a combination of text and diagrams. Those high in spatial ability produced the step-by-step action diagrams that in later studies were rated higher by all and improved performance of low ability participants. In a second experiment, pairs of participants assembled the object and produced instructions jointly. Pairs assembled the object faster and more accurately than individuals. Surprisingly, in the instructions produced, fewer than half the dyads used diagrams, and dyads produced fewer of the more effective diagrams. We speculate that the social verbal nature of the interactions of pairs encouraged verbal instructions.
Learned by-forms: In middle-french medical terminology

Abstract In early French medical texts learned latinisms prevail, in word groups, as by-meanings or by-forms; popular, “native” words, as basic or central forms. They are often, though not necessarily, cognate (cf. Engl. tail vs. caudal, judge vs. judicial ). New central forms were sometimes reconstructed on the Latin (cf. coper-incision-inciser ; and soufre-sulfureux-sulphur ). Principal factors were the prestige of Latin; a tendency to imitate freely; and, especially, a hesitation to distort the familiar, where it was more acceptable to create a derivational form from a Latin stem than from a popular word.
Business data communications

From the Publisher: This much anticipated revision of a leading business data communications book will offer the most current information available. New chapters will include coverage of the Internet, digital cash, and Internet technology.
Mitochondrial bioenergetics during the initiation of mercuric chloride-induced renal injury. II. Functional alterations of renal cortical mitochondria isolated after mercuric chloride treatment

The mitochondrial functional defects occurring in the early stages of nephrotoxic renal injury secondary to mercuric chloride have been characterized. No loss of cellular integrity or major mitochondrial structural alterations occurred within the first 3 h after a subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg of HgCl2. At 3 h, levels of Hg2+ in renal cortex and isolated renal cortical mitochondria were 1.87 and 0.72 nmol/mg of protein, respectively. Much evidence suggested that this Hg2+ had reached the mitochondria in situ and not during the isolation process. Mitochondria isolated beginning 1 h after treatment with HgCl2 showed depressed ADP uptake. At 2 h, inhibitions of State 3 and 2,4-dinitrophenol uncoupled respiration were detected. Inhibition of 2,4-dinitrophenol-activated mitochondrial ATPase activity was present when measured on mitochondria isolated at 3 h. These effects were not reversed by 2 mM dithioerythritol, 50 mg/ml of albumin or 5 mM MgCl2. Analysis of the data in the context of information available on the in vitro effects of HgCl2 (Weinberg, J. M., Harding, P. G., and Humes, H. D. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 60-67) indicated that the mitochondrial functional effects could not be attributed to interaction of the mitochondria with Hg2+ during their isolation. These studies implicate compromised mitochondrial bioenergetic function as one of the earliest intracellular effects of Hg2+ in the production of nephrotoxicity but suggest that the intracellular process involves events in addition to those seen with direct exposure of mitochondria to Hg2+ in vitro.
The Iceberg and the Titanic: Human Economic Behavior in Ecological Models

In the long run the planet has the upper hand, in the short run humans act as if they do and as if this will continue to be the case. This aspect of human behavior is manifested in economic institutions and policies, and in individual responses to economic signals. The implications for how human economic behavior can be incorporated in ecosystem research are founded in the nature of economic models and how they are used to formulate policy.
The Unbearable Lightness of Being White

In this article I explore the relationship between feelings of superiority, White privilege, White guilt, and a denied White racial identity and how these dynamics are enacted in therapy between White therapist and client. I discuss the concepts of White privilege, White guilt, color-blind racial ideology, and the invisibility of Whiteness and their importance in understanding problems in White identity development. Throughout this discussion I draw implications for clinical practice and training. I conclude by suggesting a process for identifying the dynamics of privilege and power in cross-cultural interactions through the use of self-reflection.
Using Situs for the integration of multi-resolution structures

Situs is a modular and widely used software package for the integration of biophysical data across the spatial resolution scales. It has been developed over the last decade with a focus on bridging the resolution gap between atomic structures, coarse-grained models, and volumetric data from low-resolution biophysical origins, such as electron microscopy, tomography, or small-angle scattering. Structural models can be created and refined with various flexible and rigid body docking strategies. The software consists of multiple, stand-alone programs for the format conversion, analysis, visualization, manipulation, and assembly of 3D data sets. The programs have been ported to numerous platforms in both serial and shared memory parallel architectures and can be combined in various ways for specific modeling applications. The modular design facilitates the updating of individual programs and the development of novel application workflows. This review provides an overview of the Situs package as it exists today with an emphasis on functionality and workflows supported by version 2.5.
Beam Switchyard Instrumentation for the Stanford Two-Mile Accelerator

This paper reviews some engineering aspects regarding the construction of instrumentation for the high power beam transport system in the beam switchyard of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. A small control computer system is described that will be used for handling of data and for setting up the magnet systems in a quick and reproducible way.
Translation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI) proceeds from multiple mRNAs containing a novel cap-dependent internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that is active during poliovirus infection.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI) is an essential scaffolding protein required to recruit the 43 S complex to the 5′-end of mRNA during translation initiation. We have previously demonstrated that eIF4GI protein expression is translationally regulated. This regulation is mediated by cis-acting RNA elements, including an upstream open reading frame and an IRES that directs synthesis of five eIF4GI protein isoforms via alternative AUG initiation codon selection. Here, we further characterize eIF4GI IRES function and show that eIF4GI is expressed from several distinct mRNAs that vary via alternate promoter use and alternate splicing. Several mRNA variants contain the IRES element. We found that IRES activity mapped to multiple regions within the eIF4GI RNA sequence, but not within the 5′-UTR per se. However, the 5′-UTR enhanced IRES activity in vivo and played a role in initiation codon selection. The eIF4GI IRES was active when transfected into cells in an RNA form, and thus, does not require nuclear processing events for its function. However, IRES activity was found to be dependent upon the presence, in cis, of a 5′ m7guanosine-cap. Despite this requirement, the eIF4GI IRES was activated by 2A protease cleavage of eIF4GI, in vitro, and retained the ability to promote translation during poliovirus-mediated inhibition of cap-dependent translation. These data indicate that intact eIF4GI protein is not required for the de novo synthesis of eIF4GI, suggesting its expression can continue under stress or infection conditions where eIF4GI is cleaved.
Production and decay of element 120

Abstract We discuss decay properties of nuclei predicted to be a result of a sequence of decays initiated by a so far undiscovered element 120. This element might be obtained in the reaction 208 Pb 126 ( 88 Sr 50 ,1 n ) 295 120 175 . The synthesis of 295 120 175 , if successful, might be observed by measurement of α -decay energy and half-life for nuclei in its decay chain.
Cyanogen Chloride Precursor Analysis in Chlorinated River Water

Amino acids have been cited as potential precursors of the disinfection byproduct cyanogen chloride in chlorinated drinking water. Screening experiments with 17 amino acids were performed in this study to comprehensively identify important CNCl precursors. Among this set, only glycine was found to yield detectable CNCl (i.e., > 0.6% yields). Additional experiments were conducted to estimate the relative significance of glycine as a CNCI precursor in water samples collected from the Huron River, Michigan, by concurrently characterizing the amino acid content and monitoring CNCI yields after chlorination. Chlorine was added at slightly less than the sample breakpoint dose to optimize CNCl formation and stability in the samples. On the basis of previous determinations that glycine-nitrogen is stoichiometrically converted to CNCI-N at pH > 6, it was estimated that glycine may account for 42-45% of the CNCI formed in the river water samples (pH 8.2). The kinetic profile of CNCl formation in the sample, with a half-life of about 20 min, indicated that both rapid and slower formation pathways were important. Glycine formation of CNCl, with a half-life of 4 min, is likely to contribute significantly to the rapidly formed CNCI, while unidentified precursors must accountfor the slower pathway. Non-glycine-derived CNCl precursors in this water source were further examined to determine if they were largely proteinaceous in character using a technique known as immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). These experiments demonstrated that copper-loaded IMAC resins were much more effective in removing glycine than other CNCI precursor compounds in the sample matrix. The unidentified CNCI precursor components, therefore, are not likely to be proteinaceous and are more likely to be associated with the fulvic/humic fraction of organic matter.
A study of the adsorption of selected organic molecules to model the adhesion of epoxy resins: thermal desorption of glycidyl and phenoxy compounds from gold, iron oxide and zinc oxide

Abstract The adsorption of oligomeric model compounds of the bis-phenol A epoxy resin was studied on gold, zinc oxide and iron oxide by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) in order to elucidate the relative importance of the four possible adsorption sites. Glycidyl 2-methylphenyl ether and 2-phenoxy ethanol were selected as the model compounds. It was found that the interactions of the model compounds with gold was primarily via the benzene ring, and the heat of desorption was 100–110 kJ/mol. On iron oxide, the model compounds dissociated by C-O bond and O-H bond scission. The surface interactions were via the phenoxy and hydroxyl oxygens, and the heat of desorption was 130–140 kJ/mol. On zinc oxide, the heats of adsorption were somewhat less than on iron oxide. Glycidyl 2-methylphenyl ether interacted mainly via the benzene ring and partly via the epoxy ring while 2-phenoxy ethanol interacted via phenoxy and hydroxyl oxygens. Their heats of desorption were 70–100 and 120 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on these results, an adhesion mechanism of the epoxy resin was suggested.
Asymmetry in Retail, Wholesale, and Shipping Point Pricing for Fresh Vegetables

The linkage among retail, wholesale, and shipping point prices for a select group of fresh vegetables is measured using Wolffram's asymmetry model. Procedures for dealing with discontinuous time series are shown, and Granger's causality test is used to show the direction of the price linkage. Wholesale prices are shown to lead both retail and shipping point prices. Asymmetry in the retail-wholesale response indicates that wholesale price decreases are reflected at the retail more so than are wholesale price increases. Wholesale price decreases are more fully passed through to the shipping point relative to wholesale increases.
Structural and functional consequences of cardiac troponin C L57Q and I61Q Ca2+-desensitizing variants

Two cTnC variants, L57Q and I61Q, both of which are located on helix C within the N domain of cTnC, were originally reported in the skeletal muscle system [Tikunova, Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 35341-35352], as the analogous L58Q and I62Q sTnC, and demonstrated a decreased Ca(2+) binding affinity. Here, we provide detailed characterization of structure-function relationships for these two cTnC variants, to determine if they behave differently in the cardiac system and as a framework for determining similarities and differences with other cTnC mutations that have been associated with DCM. We have used an integrative approach to study the structure and function of these cTnC variants both in solution and in silico, to understand how the L57Q and I61Q mutations influence Ca(2+) binding at site II, the subsequent effects on the interaction with cTnI, and the structural changes which are associated with these changes. Steady-state and stopped flow fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed that a decrease in Ca(2+) affinity for recombinant cTnC and cTn complexes containing the L57Q or I61Q variants. The L57Q variant was intermediate between WT and I61Q cTnC and also did not significantly alter cTnC-cTnI interaction in the absence of Ca(2+), but did decrease the interaction in the presence of Ca(2+). In contrast, I61Q decreased the cTnC-cTnI interaction in both the absence and presence of Ca(2+). This difference in the absence of Ca(2+) suggests a greater structural change in cNTnC may occur with the I61Q mutation than the L57Q mutation. MD simulations revealed that the decreased Ca(2+) binding induced by I61Q may result from destabilization of the Ca(2+) binding site through interruption of intra-molecular interactions when residue 61 forms new hydrogen bonds with G70 on the Ca(2+) binding loop. The experimentally observed interruption of the cTnC-cTnI interaction caused by L57Q or I61Q is due to the disruption of key hydrophobic interactions between helices B and C in cNTnC. This study provides a molecular basis of how single mutations in the C helix of cTnC can reduce Ca(2+) binding affinity and cTnC-cTnI interaction, which may provide useful insights for a better understanding of cardiomyopathies and future gene-based therapies.
Surgeon evaluation of suture and endo-mechanical products.

Background Surgeons select medical instruments without comparative performance data. This analysis seeks to determine if suture and endo-mechanical products made by different vendors have equivalent performance profiles or are clearly distinguished by physicians on different dimensions. Materials and methods A sample of 45 surgeons evaluated eight vendors of five categories of suture and endo-mechanical products: clip appliers, staplers, trocars, needles and sutures, and endoscopic specimen retrieval devices. Surgeons rated each vendor’s products in each category on multiple performance dimensions at six animal laboratories at academic medical centers around the U.S. between April and September 2005. Performance dimensions included the product’s clinical acceptability, ergonomics, functionality, overall performance, and relative rank-order preference. Results Physician evaluations of vendor performance vary widely. Vendors rated as clinically equivalent on a given product received different performance ratings by physicians. Ethicon’s products (Somerville, NJ) were rated consistently high by physicians across product categories. This suggests the presence of some superior brand performance. Nevertheless, within some categories, there were alternative vendors (U.S. Surgical [Mansfield, MA], Applied Medical [Rancho Margarita, CA]) whose products are rated similar to the brand leader. This suggests there are often multiple vendors from which to choose. There was also evidence of idiosyncratic physician preference, especially due to the physician’s gender, height, and glove size. Conclusions Suture and endo-mechanical products made by different vendors do not have equivalent performance profiles. Specific brand seems to be the most important determinant of physician evaluations of the different vendors’ products. These results suggest the value and importance of conducting head-to-head comparisons of multiple vendors of the same product.
Das Verhalten der alkalischen Serum-Phosphatase bei Frühgeborenen, Rachitikern und Spasmophilen

1. Die Messung der alkalischen Phosphatase-Aktivitat im Serum nach der Methode von Huggins-Talalay in ihrer Mikromodifikation von Hovels u. Laun ist verhaltnismasig einfach durchfuhrbar. Sie kann schon mit 0,3 cm3 Serum ausgefuhrt werden. Im Parallelversuch betragt ihre Genauigkeit ±5%. 2. Bei Fruhgeborenen lagen die Phosphatasewerte auch bei klinisch vollig rachitisfreien Kindern hoher als bei reif geborenen Sauglingen. Das Auftreten von Rachitiszeichen an den Knochen und der Anstieg der Phosphatase im Serum gingen gewohnlich parallel. 3. Bei florider Rachitis fand sich stets eine mehr oder weniger ausgepragte Erhohung der Phosphatase-Aktivitat. Bei der Heilung unter Behandlung mit Vigorsan pflegte der Abfall der Fermentaktivitat der klinischen Besserung nachzuhinken. 4. Bei Spasmophilie wurden extrem hohe Phosphatasewerte, immer uber 100 PE gefunden, so das die Messung der alkalischen Phosphatase geradezu als Diagnosticum gebraucht werden konnte. Die Werte sanken nach Behandlungsbeginn mit Vit. D2 in wenigen Tagen ab. 5. Verschiedene Methoden der Rachitisprophylaxe bei Fruhgeborenen wurden einem klinischen Vergleich unterworfen, wobei allerdings nicht alternierend vorgegangen wurde. Der kleine fruhe 5 mg-Stos mit Vitamin D2 als Vigorsan forte und anschliesender Vigorsan-Dauerbehandlung (25–50 γ/Tag) schneidet am besten vor der Vigorsan-Stos-Prophylaxe (15 mg D2) und vor dem isolierten Trocken-Vigantolstos ab. 10% der Kinder mit Fruhstos und Dauerbehandlung hatten bei ihrer Entlassung eine nachweisbare Craniotabes, wahrend nach isoliertem Vigorsanstos 30% der Kinder mit nachweisbarer Craniotabes entlassen werden musten und nach Trocken-Vigantolstos 50% der behandelten Kinder bei Entlassung eine Craniotabes aufwiesen. 6. Physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen zeigten, das sich das Vitamin D2 in Milcheiweisbindung wie eine wasserlosliche Substanz verhalt. Zusammenhange zwischen diesen veranderten Eigenschaften des sonst fettloslichen Vitamins und seiner klinischen Wirksamkeit werden vermutet.
Effects of Sex of Representative and Quality of Constituency's Position in a Technical Negotiating Task

In the typical negotiating task, two representatives defend their constituency's position against one another. How well each representacive adheres to his constituency's position can be explained by drawing upon two sources of group influence upon the compliance of an individual ( 3 ) . The first source, normative social influence, involves conforming to others' expectations and striving to be liked. Much of the negotiation research on sex differences has drawn on an explanation of social influence, such as women's orientation toward competing with others ( 9 ) and the need to save face with one's constituency ( 13). Less research has investigated the second source, informational social influence, which involves conforming because the group supplies information for doing the task correctly. In a negotiating situation, then, informational influence upon the representative would involve the representative's own perceived competence with. the task interacting with the quality of the information from the constituency (6). Many common negotiating tasks, such as the unionmanagement simulation (14) and the Moon Wreck Problem ( 5 ) draw upon scientific and analytic skills, which have been stereotyped as male~oriented ( 1 2 ) . Male representatives, therefore, should perceive chemselves as more competent than females perceive themselves to be in these situations. Moreover, competence at a task, according to Hollander (8) , increases credit for idiosyncrasy ( freedom to deviate. from group norms). Male representatives, thus, should demonstrate some latitude in negotiating which should result in less adherence to their constituency's positions, regardless of its quality. Females, on the other hand, who find themselves in a negotiating task drawing upon male-oriented skills may be more susceptible to external influ-