cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Europeans made in America? Identity, alterity and the United States as Europe's ‘Other’

Theorists of political identity have long argued that such sentiments are often forged through the mechanics of alterity. The intersection of these theoretical ideas with the historical contingency of the George W. Bush administration and the availability of mass behaviour data measuring identity and related concepts creates a unique opportunity to put this notion to an empirical test in the important context of European polity-building. Did the transatlantic breach caused by the Iraq war and other US policies of the past decade create an ‘Other’ for Europe in the form of the USA, driving European Union citizens towards a European identity? This study examines both qualitative and quantitative data to test the hypothesis that US policy during the Bush administration served to foster a more robust European identity, ultimately uncovering mixed empirical evidence both supporting and negating the proposed relationship.
Time-dependent invariants and stable unitarily transformed coherent states.

For the Hamiltonian of a single mode of an electromagnetic field that preserves coherent states, the general form of the time-dependent Hermitian invariant, of which a given stable coherent state is an eigenstate, is obtained with an appropriate initial condition. The result may be generalized to give a similar invariant for a Hamiltonian that preserves any particular class of unitarily transformed coherent states such as squeezed states.
A Note on the Effects of a Product of Aspergillus niger on Nuclei of Allium cepa

A heat stabile substance was produced by A. niger, accumulated in the culture medium, and induced nuclear area and nuclear dry mass decreases in inner epidermal cells of onion bulb scales comparable to decreases observed 0-5mm ahead of mycelium in infected bulbs. When tissue squares 5mm on a side were incubated in culture filtrate, half of the cells were dead after 15 seconds incubation and all were dead in 15 minutes. Because the effects of infective mycelium and culture filtrate were comparable in kind of nuclear changes produced and similar in magnitude of these changes, we suggest that the same substance was produced by the fungus in vitro as during infection.
Comparative Kinetics of Oxo Transfer to Substrate Mediated by Bis(dithiolene)dioxomolybdenum and -tungsten Complexes

The recent discovery of enzymes containing tungsten has created a new imperative for examination of key features of the structure and reactivity of biologically related compounds of this element and their relation to the corresponding properties of analogous molybdenum complexes. We have examined the relative rates of oxygen atom (oxo) transfer to substrate in the second-order reactions [MO2(mnt)2]2- + (RO)3-nR‘nP → [MO(mnt)2]2- + (RO)3-nR‘nPO in DMF solution (M = Mo, W; n = 0, R = Me; n = 1, R = Me, R‘ = Ph; n = 1, R = Et, R‘ = Me). At all temperatures examined, kMo > kW; at 298 K, kMo/kW ≈ 102−103. For (MeO)2PhP as substrate, the activation parameters for M = Mo/W are ΔH⧧ = 8.2/11 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −33/−38 eu. For (MeO)3P, the values are ΔH⧧ = 10/14 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −32/−33 eu. The rate differences arise primarily because of the activation enthalpy differences ΔH⧧W − ΔH⧧Mo ≈3−4 kcal/mol. Using a recent theoretical treatment of molybdenum-mediated oxo transfer to substrate (Pietsch, M. A.; Hall, M. B....
The Relevance of Financial Leverage for Equity Returns of Restaurant Firms - An Empirical Examination

ABSTRACT Cross-sectional time series regressions were used to examine the relationship between the debt/equity ratios of 37 firms in the restaurant sector and their risk/size-adjusted common equity returns. Findings reveal a statistically significant relationship between a restaurant firm's debt/equity ratio and its risk/size-adjusted common equity returns. The relationship holds true regardless of the January effect, and regardless of the use of real or nominal returns. As such, the findings support the issue of capital structure relevance in the restaurant industry, and are suggestive of a strategic relationship between a restaurant firm's debt use and the growth in its market-to-book value.
Estimation, Control and Optimization of Curing in Thick-Sectioned Composite Parts

A nonlinear model-based control method is proposed and validated for controlling, estimating and optimizing the cure in composite parts. During the cure, the exothermic reaction causes temperature gradients through the thickness that can lead to a nonuniform cure and high residual stress. A predictive control and optimization approach is proposed to ensure that temperature gradients are kept within acceptable limits and the cure state is fairly uniform, regardless of the part thickness. A reduced order process model is derived and used to formulate a dynamic inversion controller. A nonlinear observer is constructed to estimate the unknown temperature and cure states within the composite. An on-line optimizer determines the maximum allowable heating rate. The optimizer is run at discrete intervals throughout the process to account for process and part variability. The control, estimation and optimization algorithms were validated through a series of simulations and experiments of composite parts cured in a press. Parts that were cured with the proposed control method were compared with parts cured following a manufacturer's recommended cure cycle. The results demonstrate the success of the proposed control method in achieving uniform temperature and cure, and in decreasing the residual stress, without increasing cycle time.
A surgical subspecialist enhances general surgical operative experience.

Objective: To examine the impact of a surgical subspecialist on residents' operative experience in a mature general surgery training program. Methods: American Board of Surgery operative experience records were used to examine the impact of a surgical subspecialist on surgical training in a stable residency program. Operations performed as surgeon by residents in their chief and junior years were analyzed 4 years before and 4 years after the addition of this subspecialist to the faculty. Hospital admissions for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis during these periods were analyzed as well. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the number of ileal pouch anal anastomoses, ileostomies, small-bowel resections, partial colectomies, and coloanal anastomoses performed by surgical residents after the addition of a colorectal surgical subspecialist. Conclusions: Subspecialty faculty may favorably influence general surgical training by increasing resident operative experience and patient management skills with procedures characteristic of the subspecialty. (Arch Surg. 1995;130:1136-1138)
Letter by Labovitz and Bhupali Regarding Article, “Transient Ischemic Attack in Joinville, Brazil, 2010: A Population-Based Study”

To the Editor: Fonseca et al1 reported that the transient ischemic attack (TIA) incidence in Joinville, Brazil, is lower than other similarly designed studies and suggest that despite having robust ascertainment methodology, some outpatient cases may have been missed and low public awareness of stroke symptoms might have decreased diagnosis. We also suggest that institutional and regional variations in physicians' perspective may affect TIA incidence. The short duration of symptoms, numerous clinical mimics, and absence of findings …
Signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor during the development of malignancy

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed and/or constitutively activated in a variety of human malignancies. Detection of increased expression levels of EGFR in cancer and the association between overexpression and decreased patient survival has led to the development of several therapeutic strategies to target this receptor. The results of early-phase clinical trials to date suggest that targeting EGFR alone may not be sufficient to eradicate established tumors. This limited antitumor efficacy as monotherapy has led to combining EGFR inhibitors with chemotherapy or radiation therapy for advanced disease, or incorporating EGFR inhibition to cancer prevention approaches. This review will discuss the role of EGFR signaling in carcinogenesis and the rationale for EGFR inhibition as a clinical prevention and treatment strategy.
Allium discoloration: precursors involved in onion pinking and garlic greening.

Precursors involved in the formation of pink and green-blue pigments generated during onion and garlic processing, respectively, have been studied. It has been confirmed that the formations of both pigments are of very similar natures, with (E)-S-(1-propenyl)cysteine sulfoxide (isoalliin) serving as the primary precursor. Upon disruption of the tissue, isoalliin and other S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are enzymatically cleaved, yielding 1-propenyl-containing thiosulfinates [CH3CHCHS(O)SR; R = methyl, allyl, propyl, 1-propenyl] among others. The latter compounds have been shown to subsequently react with amino acids to produce the pigments. Whereas the propyl, 1-propenyl, and methyl derivatives form pink, pink-red, and magenta compounds, those containing the allyl group give rise to blue products after reacting with glycine at pH 5.0. The role of other thiosulfinates [RS(O)SR‘] (R, R‘ = methyl, allyl, propyl) and (Z)-thiopropanal S-oxide (the onion lachrymatory principle) in the formation of the pigments ...
Subjective perceptions and ergonomics evaluation of a liquid cooled garment worn under protective ensemble during an intermittent treadmill exercise.

While a personal protective equipment (PPE) ensemble effectively provides workers with protection from occupational hazards, working in a vapour-resistant ensemble increases the risk of heat illness/injuries and physiological burdens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body cooling via a liquid-cooled garment (LCG) underneath a PPE ensemble on perceived thermal strain, physiological responses and ergonomics during an intermittent treadmill exercise in warm environmental conditions. The results of the present study indicated that the concomitant wearing of LCG underneath the PPE ensemble significantly reduced subjective perception of heat and alleviated overall increase in body temperature and heart rate while no impact of wearing LCG on ergonomic features was found. The extension of the present findings to practical applications in occupational settings requires further research on a LCG system design and performance evaluations while the LCG is incorporated within the PPE ensemble...
Increased cutaneous nerve fibers in female specimens.

Background:The control of pain is critical to performing surgery. All surgical procedures cause some degree of pain, and the ability to minimize pain often affects a patient's perception of surgical outcome. Although the development of surgery was boosted by the advent of anesthesia, inadequate pain
Polysulfone-novolac resist for electron beam lithography: part I. fundamental studies of resist properties

The goal of this work was to develop a resist material for high-keV (>=10 keV) electron beam patterning with: (1) high sensitivity (~10 (mu) C/cm2 50 keV), (2) high contrast, and (3) etch resistance comparable to current optical resists. In this work, an approach was desired that (1) used multi-component resist design to decouple sensitivity and etch performance and improve contrast but (2) avoided environmental stability problems. Therefore, a resist design first proposed by researchers at IBM in the late 1980s that uses an electron beam sensitive polymeric dissolution inhibitor (poly (2-methyl-1-pentene co 2-ethoxyethyl-methallyl ether sulfone)) in conjunction with novolac resins was explored in this work. In this paper, the fundamental behavior of the polysulfone dissolution inhibitor upon exposure to e-beam and heat was studied. This behavior establishes the processing window for the polysulfone dissolution inhibitor. The thermal stability of polysulfone was studied using TGA, FTIR, and mass spectrometry. The results show that accelerated decomposition of polysulfone occurs above 150 degree(s)C. Polysulfone decomposition upon exposure to e-beam was studied using (1) ellipsometry, (2) quartz crystal microbalance methods, and (3) FTIR. The results of this study show that polysulfone is highly sensitive to electron beam exposure and most of it decomposes at a very low nominal e-beam dose.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
(18-Crown-6)potassium [(1,2,5,6-η)-cyclo­octa-1,5-diene][(1,2,3,4-η)-naph­tha­lene]­ferrate(−I)

The title salt, [K(C12H24O6)][Fe(C8H12)(C10H8)], is the only known naphthalene complex containing iron in a formally negative oxidation state. Each (naphthalene)(1,5-cod)ferrate(−I) anion is in contact with one (18-crown-6)potassium cation via K⋯C contacts to the outer four carbon atoms of the naphthalene ligand (cod = 1,5-cyclo­octa­diene, 18-crown-6 = 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexa­oxacyclo­octa­deca­ne). When using the midpoints of the coordinating olefin bonds, the overall geometry of the coordination sphere around iron can be best described as distorted tetra­hedral. The naphthalene fold angle between the plane of the iron-coordinating butadiene unit and the plane containing the exo-benzene moiety is 19.2 (1)°.
A fully implicit, nonlinear adaptive grid strategy

We propose an efficient, fully implicit, nonlinear solver for the Beltrami grid generation equation. The Beltrami equation is obtained using Harmonic map theory, and therefore the existence and uniqueness of a solution is guaranteed. The nonlinear solver strategy is based on Newton-Krylov methods, preconditioned here with a multigrid-based method for scalability. Numerical experiments performed for both grid adaptation and grid alignment are presented and demonstrate optimal scaling under grid refinement. We therefore conclude that such a fully nonlinear approach is indeed feasible and efficient.
LORENTZ POLE ANALYSIS OF VENEZIANO AMPLITUDES.

Abstract A very general argument is presented showing that any amplitude, built up from a finite number of beta functions corresponds to an infinite number of Lorentz poles. A single Lorentz pole can be generated by superposition of an infinite number of such functions. This superposition, however, is not unique.
The impact of U.S. immigration upon internal migration

The potential adverse effect of immigrants on job opportunities for natives continues to influence debate about immigration policy in the United States. Many studies have examined wage and employment outcomes; by contrast, we examine internal migration. We ask whether or not natives are more likely to depart from or less likely to move to metropolitan areas with high concentrations of immigrants. After controlling for other influences on migration, we find that metropolitan areas with higher concentrations of immigrants have only slightly lower rates of inmigration of natives. Such metropolitan areas also exhibit slightly lower rates of out-migration, contrary to expectation. These results suggest that the effect of immigrants on labor market redistribution of natives is modest.
Magnetic resonance imaging of hyaline cartilage defects at 1.5T and 3.0T: comparison of medium T2-weighted fast spin echo, T1-weighted two-dimensional and three-dimensional gradient echo pulse sequences.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of appropriate magnetic resonance (MR) sequences in the detection of cartilage lesions at 1.5T and 3.0T.Material and Methods: Twelve chondral defects of varying depths, widths, and locations were created in the retropatellar hyaline cartilage in six sheep cadaver limbs. Axial images employing three fat‐suppressed imaging sequences – (1) a T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo (FSE) sequence, (2) a two‐dimensional (2D) and (3) three‐dimensional (3D) gradient‐echo (GE) sequence at 1.5T and 3.0T using an extremity quadrature coil – were evaluated by three experienced radiologists. Statistical analysis of the results consisted of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and significant testing using the bivariate chi‐square test. In addition, signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNR) were evaluated with significance testing using the Wilcoxon test.Results: The 3D GE sequence compared favorably with other sequences at 3.0T and 1.5T (Az = 0.88 ...
Pentecostalism in translation: Religion and the production of community in the Haitian diaspora

I examine the growth of Pentecostalism in the Haitian diaspora through both a neo-Weberian framework and the argument, derived from Walter Benjamin, that the cultural translation of religious doctrine should resonate with the original and not merely substitute scholarly categories for sacred meanings. Haitian migrants to Guadeloupe, French West Indies, appropriate Pentecostalism to produce a transnational enclave in the face of marginality and displacement. Using Christian idioms, they defend themselves against denigrating stereotypes and articulate sentiments of loss and remembrance of the Haitian homeland. Their theology of sin, salvation, and the spirit therefore overlaps with anthropological frameworks about the production of community. These two languages complement each other, and each provides a partial theory to explain the need for moral separationism as well as its likely effects. Examining this complementary relationship suggests both the specificity of Haitian Pentecostalism and the limits of Benjamin's literary model for ethnographic interpretation. [Pentecostalism, Haiti, transnationalism, religion, morality, translation, Benjamin]
Lenin Via Cavid: Towards a Communism of Other-Determination

This essay reflects on postcolonial and recent Marxist scholarship by way of the work of the Azerbaijani playwright Huseyn Cavid (1882–1941), who wrote some of the most untimely plays of the revolutionary period in the Caucasus. Thematizing revolutionary figures from the Islamic past, these works included among others the verse play Seyx Sәnʿan (Sheik Senan), serialized between 1915 and 1916 and dramatizing the life of a legendary twelfth-century Sufi; a 1918 adaptation of Faust entitled Iblis (The Devil); and a 1922 play entitled Peygәmbәr (The Prophet) dramatizing the Prophet Muhammad's revelation and the spread of Islam. In a reading of Cavid in relation to V. I. Lenin's writings on the ‘East’, I argue that Cavid supplements Lenin, offering a kind of ‘revolutionary subject of the heart’ and an alternative to the Leninist revolutionary subject of self-determination generalized through the Caucasus in the early twentieth century. Where the Leninist imagination encountered its limit in grounding itself in...
Time-varying effects of a text-based smoking cessation intervention for urban adolescents.

Abstract Introduction Craving to smoke is understood as an important mechanism for continued smoking behavior. Identifying how smoking interventions operate on craving with particular populations is critical for advancing intervention science. This study's objective was to investigate the time-varying effect of a text-delivered smoking cessation intervention. Methods Toward this end, we used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data collected from a five-day, automated text-messaging smoking cessation randomized clinical trial with 200 urban adolescents. We employed a time-varying effect model (TVEM) to estimate the effects of stress (time-varying covariate) and baseline nicotine dependence level (time-invariant covariate) on craving over six months by treatment condition. The TVEM approach models behavioral change and associations of coefficients expressed dynamically and graphically represented as smooth functions of time. Results Controlling for gender, age, and current smoking, differences in trajectories of craving between intervention and control conditions were apparent over the course of the study. During months 2 to 3, the association between stress and craving was significantly stronger among the control group, suggesting treatment dampens this association during this time period. The intervention also reduced the salience of baseline dependence among treatment adolescents, with craving being reduced steadily over time, while the control group increased craving over time. Conclusions These results provide insight into the time-varying nature of treatment effects for adolescents receiving a text-based smoking cessation intervention. The ability to specify when in the course of an intervention the effect is strongest is important in developing targeted and adaptive interventions that can adjust strategically with time.
The susceptibility of small fruits and cherries to the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

BACKGROUND: The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is native to Asia and was first detected in the North American mainland and Europe in 2008–2010. Drosophila suzukii is a serious economic pest to stone and small fruits because the female lays eggs within ripening fruit on a plant before harvest, which can lead to crop loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries and strawberries to D. suzukii among various ripeness stages and cultivars. RESULTS: In 26 no-choice and choice replicated laboratory cage tests on ripeness stages, fruits were generally susceptible to D. suzukii once fruits started to color. Few D. suzukii developed on green fruit, wine grapes or overripe blueberries. In seven cultivar tests, D. suzukii preferences ranged from no differences to fourfold differences for specific cultivars of blackberries, blueberries, raspberries and wine grapes. As brix levels increased, more eggs were laid or more D. suzukii developed on blackberries, blueberries, cherries, raspberries and strawberries. In a choice test of various fruit types, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries and blueberries were more susceptible to D. suzukii than green table grapes ('Thompson'). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that fruits may become susceptible to D. suzukii as they start to turn color, and that specific varieties of grapes and overripe blueberries have low susceptibility to D. suzukii. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Optic Disc Cupping in Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Resembles Glaucomatous Cupping

Five cases of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy secondary to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis are presented. In each case, cupping of the optic disc, which closely resembled glaucomatous cupping, was observed in the affected eye. The presence of glaucoma was ruled out on the basis of normal intraocular pressures and normal tonographic measurements of facility of outflow. These cases indicate that arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy can result in optic disc cupping, which closely resembles glaucomatous cupping. The similarities in the appearance of cupping of these discs with that seen in eyes with glaucoma suggest that the pathogenesis of cupping in glaucoma and in arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy may share some common mechanisms.
What constitutes fairness in work settings? A four-component model of procedural justice.

Abstract Despite a recent surge in research on procedural justice in organizational contexts, little work has systematically investigated how employees define procedural justice. In other words, relatively little has been done to establish a clear awareness of what employees consider when making their procedural justice evaluations. This lack of attention to construct definition is problematic, since it prevents an understanding of what underlies employees' fairness evaluations and leaves several issues regarding the definition and conceptualization of procedural justice unresolved. To address these issues, this article describes the four-component model of procedural justice [Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (in press). A four component model of procedural justice: Defining the meaning of a “fair” process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin; Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2000). Cooperation in groups: procedural justice, social identity and behavioral engagement. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.], which posits four components that are believed to underlie overall procedural justice evaluations. The model differentiates between both justice type (decision making, quality of treatment) and justice source (formal, informal) in developing these components. Research supporting the four-component conceptualization is discussed and the utility of this approach for procedural justice research is reviewed.
MEDIUM EFFECT ON JET CORRELATIONS IN Cu+Cu COLLISIONS AT $\sqrt{^SNN} = 200\ {\rm GeV}$ at RHIC-PHENIX

Strong di-jet correlations have been observed in p+p and d+Au collisions at . It is important to study how this jet-correlation is affected by the hot, dense medium produced in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. In this contribution we will study the two particle correlation and probe how the di-jet shape evolves as a function of centrality in Cu+Cu collisions comparing to p+p, specifically using the near-side width and pTout. We will use high pT reconstructed π0 as our identified trigger in tagging jets.
Recognition and killing of autologous, primary glioblastoma tumor cells by human cytomegalovirus pp65-specific cytotoxic T cells

Purpose: Despite aggressive conventional therapy, glioblastoma (GBM) remains uniformly lethal. Immunotherapy, in which the immune system is harnessed to specifically attack malignant cells, offers a treatment option with less toxicity. The expression of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens in GBM presents a unique opportunity to target these viral proteins for tumor immunotherapy. Although the presence of CMV within malignant gliomas has been confirmed by several laboratories, its relevance as an immunologic target in GBM has yet to be established. The objective of this study was to explore whether T cells stimulated by CMV pp65 RNA-transfected dendritic cells (DC) target and eliminate autologous GBM tumor cells in an antigen-specific manner. Experimental Design: T cells from patients with GBM were stimulated with autologous DCs pulsed with CMV pp65 RNA, and the function of the effector CMV pp65-specific T cells was measured. Results: In this study, we demonstrate the ability to elicit CMV pp65-specific immune responses in vitro using RNA-pulsed autologous DCs generated from patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Importantly, CMV pp65-specific T cells lyse autologous, primary GBM tumor cells in an antigen-specific manner. Moreover, T cells expanded in vitro using DCs pulsed with total tumor RNA demonstrated a 10- to 20-fold expansion of CMV pp65-specific T cells as assessed by tetramer analysis and recognition and killing of CMV pp65-expressing target cells. Conclusion: These data collectively demonstrate that CMV-specific T cells can effectively target glioblastoma tumor cells for immunologic killing and support the rationale for the development of CMV-directed immunotherapy in patients with GBM. Clin Cancer Res; 20(10); 2684–94. ©2014 AACR .
Beneath the surface of accountability: Answerability, responsibility and capacity-building in recent education reforms in Norway

Recent educational reforms in Norway include national tests and monitoring mechanisms to see if key outcomes are being achieved. At the same time, Norway has not established the follow-up mechanisms like high-stakes incentives and rewards that are characteristic of accountability policies in some other countries. As a consequence, one could argue that Norway has only moved “half-way” toward accountability. In contrast, this paper suggests that these developments in Norwegian policies demonstrate the difficulties of navigating the tensions between promoting two key aspects of accountability—answerability for the achievement of short-term goals and responsibility for the fulfillment of broader purposes—and the challenges of building capacity for both. Exploring developments in the Norwegian context highlights what it may take to develop policies that address both answerability and responsibility and reveals some of the cultural, geographic, political, and economic realities that make it difficult to do so.
Crystal growth in X-ray-transparent plastic tubing: an alternative for high-throughput applications

A modified capillary-growth method is described that has substantial advantages for standard and high-throughput protein crystal growth. Protein-containing drops are injected into vapor-permeable flexible X-ray-transparent polyester tubing. The protein concentration in the drop increases over time by water transport through the tubing wall at a rate controlled by the wall thickness and ambient relative humidity. Unlike in conventional vapor-diffusion growth, the evaporation rate from the drop is constant over a longer time period, providing more suitable conditions for nucleation, and can be controlled by varying the tubing thickness and surrounding humidity. In situ X-ray diffraction can be performed at room temperature or, by flash-cooling, at low temperatures. Compared with glass capillaries or thick-wall plastic tubing, sealing and handling the tubing and extracting crystals are much easier.
Class G/H Line Drivers for xDSL

The limitations of Class AB topologies for xDSL applications are presented. A general discussion of Class G/H/H-like amplifier topologies for xDSL applications follows during which a theoretical power consumption derivation of these systems driving discrete multi-tone (DMT) waveforms is presented. From this discussion, circuit examples of each of the three topologies are presented processing identical signals and delivering identical powers for total power consumption comparisons. Finally, several measurements of the AD8393 (Class H-like) ALP amplifier TM system are given.
État sanitaire des eaux de baignade en mer et en eau douce : bilan de la saison balnéaire 2008

Pendant la periode estivale, la baignade constitue une activite recreative tres pratiquee. A cette occasion, le public francais et etranger souhaite trouver une eau de qualite et un environnement accueillant, preserve de differentes formes de pollution ou de nuisance. La qualite de l’eau de baignade represente un facteur de sante mais est devenue egalement un element important de developpement touristique. Le controle de cette qualite sanitaire demeure une preoccupation constante du ministere charge de la sante et des services sante environnement des Directions departementales des affaires sanitaires et sociales (DDASS). Durant la saison balneaire 2008, ce sont au total 3312 points de controle (1968 en eau de mer et 1344 en eau douce) repartis sur 1760 communes, de 95 departements de la metropole et d’outre-mer, qui ont fait l’objet de 32 857 prelevements representant plus de 98 500 analyses microbiologiques. Le pourcentage de plages conformes aux normes de la Directive europeenne 76/160/CEE du 8 decembre 1975 et aux dispositions du code de la sante publique est de 96,4 % (97,2 % pour les eaux de mer et 95,1 % pour les eaux douces). L’examen des resultats de la saison balneaire 2008 au regard de la saison 2007 revele : – une augmentation du nombre d’eaux de baignades suivies (76 eaux de baignade supplementaires entre 2007 et 2008) ; – une nette amelioration de la qualite microbiologique des eaux de baignade, avec un taux de conformite aux normes europeennes des eaux de baignade qui est passe de 94,3 % en 2007 a 96,4 % en 2008 ; – un respect de la frequence d’echantillonnage de controle des sites de baignade imposee par la directive 76/160/CEE, au cours de la saison balneaire 2008, a l’exception de trois sites de baignade (soit 0,09 %) ; – une diminution du nombre de sites pour lesquels la qualite d’eau est non conforme et la maitrise des causes de pollution doit etre renforcee (118 sites contre 180 sites en 2007). En vue de la saison balneaire 2009 et sur la base des resultats sanitaires recueillis lors du controle sanitaire des baignades en 2008, des travaux destines a ameliorer la situation devraient etre realises dans differentes zones de baignade. Par ailleurs, pour connaitre la qualite sanitaire des eaux de baignade, le ministere charge de la sante a mis en oeuvre depuis 2002 un site Internet, http://baignades.sante.gouv.fr, qui donne acces aux resultats des analyses de controle effectuees sur les zones de baignade tout au long de la saison balneaire. Depuis la saison balneaire 2008, une nouvelle version de ce site Internet, plus conviviale, est accessible au public, et notamment aux touristes, permettant d’acceder aux donnees relatives aux eaux de baignade par un module cartographique et dans trois langues differentes : francais, anglais et allemand.
Ultragiant Urban Aerosol Particles

Measurements taken 300 meters above ground level show surprisingly high concentrations of ultragiant aerosol particles both upwind and downwind of the St. Louis, Missouri, urban area. Assuming an average particle density of 2.0 grams per cubic centimeter, concentrations of particles with diameters between 5 and 55 micrometers sampled on 11 different days averaged 31 micrograms per cubic meter upwind and 55 micrograms per cubic meter downwind of the city.
Quaternion-based definition of protein secondary structure straightness and its relationship to Ramachandran angles.

We describe here definitions of “local helical axis” and “straightness” that are developed using a simple quaternion-based analysis of protein structure without resort to least-squares fitting. As part of this analysis, it is shown how quaternion differences can be visualized to depict accurately the local helical axis relating any two adjacent amino acid residues in standard, nonidealized proteins. Three different options for the definition of amino acid residue orientation in terms of quaternion frames are described. Two of these, the “Cα frame” and the “P frame,” are shown to be correlated strongly with a simple approximate measure derived solely from Ramachandran angles. The relationship between quaternion-based straightness and recognized DSSP-derived secondary structure motifs is discussed. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New Quality‐of‐Life Inventory for Epilepsy Patients: Interim Results

The process for developing and evaluating a comprehensive, self-report measure of quality of life in epilepsy (QOLIE) is described, and interim results for 64 patients are reported. A test battery of 98 quality-of-life items was constructed with use of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey as a generic core and adding other quality-of-life items, the latter derived from a literature review and expert opinion on areas of importance to people with mild to moderate epileps,. Seventeen scales tapping unique quality-of-life dimensions were identified from this QOLIE test battery. The battery was administered to 64 adults with mild to moderate epilepsy and their proxies (relative or close friend) on two separate visits 2-3 weeks apart. Patients also completed a neuropsy- chological test battery on the first visit
Smad3 Is Essential for TGF-β1 to Suppress IL-2 Production and TCR-Induced Proliferation, but Not IL-2-Induced Proliferation

Transforming growth factor-β1 is essential to maintain T cell homeostasis, as illustrated by multiorgan inflammation in mice deficient in TGF-β1 signaling. Despite the physiological importance, the mechanisms that TGF-β1 uses to regulate T cell expansion remain poorly understood. TGF-β1 signals through transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinases to activate multiple intracellular effector molecules, including the cytosolic signaling transducers of the Smad protein family. We used Smad3 −/− mice to investigate a role for Smad3 in IL-2 production and proliferation in T cells. Targeted disruption of Smad3 abrogated TGF-β1-mediated inhibition of anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28-induced steady state IL-2 mRNA and IL-2 protein production. CFSE labeling demonstrated that TGF-β1 inhibited entry of wild-type anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28-stimulated cells into cycle cell, and this inhibition was greatly attenuated in Smad3 −/− T cells. In contrast, disruption of Smad3 did not affect TGF-β1-mediated inhibition of IL-2-induced proliferation. These results demonstrate that TGF-β1 signals through Smad3-dependent and -independent pathways to inhibit T cell proliferation. The inability of TGF-β1 to inhibit TCR-induced proliferation of Smad3 −/− T cells suggests that IL-2 is not the primary stimulus driving expansion of anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28-stimulated T cells. Thus, we establish that TGF-β1 signals through multiple pathways to suppress T cell proliferation.
Multiplier methods for engineering optimization

Multiplier methods used to solve the constrained engineering optimization problem are described. These methods solve the problem by minimizing a sequence of unconstrained problems defined using the cost and constraint functions. The methods, proposed in 1969, have been determined to be quite robust, although not as efficient as other algorithms. They can be more effective for some engineering applications, such as optimum design and control oflarge scale dynamic systems. Since 1969 several modifications and extensions of the methods have been developed. Therefore, it is important to review the theory and computational procedures of these methods so that more efficient and effective ones can be developed for engineering applications. Recent methods that are similar to the multiplier methods are also discussed. These are continuous multiplier update, exact penalty and exponential penalty methods.
Events, Sortals, and the Mind–Body Problem

In recent decades, a view of identity I call Sortalism has gained popularity. According to this view, if a is identical to b, then there is some sortal S such that a is the same S as b. Sortalism has typically been discussed with respect to the identity of objects. I argue that the motivations for Sortalism about objectidentity apply equally well to event-identity. But Sortalism about event-identity poses a serious threat to the view that mental events are token identical to physical events: A particular mental event m is identical with a particular physical event p only if there is a sortal S such that m and p are both Ss. If there is no such sortal, the doctrine of token-identity is not true. I argue here that we have no good reason for thinking that there is any such sortal.
Technology-based vs. traditional instruction. A comparison of two methods for teaching the skill of performing a 12-lead ECG

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an interactive, multimedia CD-ROM with traditional methods of teaching the skill of performing a 12-lead ECG. A randomized pre/posttest experimental design was used. Seventy-seven baccalaureate nursing students in a required, senior-level critical-care course at a large midwestern university were recruited for the study. Two teaching methods were compared. The traditional method included a self-study module, a brief lecture and demonstration by an instructor, and hands-on experience using a plastic manikin and a real 12-lead ECG machine in the learning laboratory. The second method covered the same content using an interactive, multimedia CD-ROM embedded with virtual reality and supplemented with a self-study module. There were no significant (p < .05) baseline differences in pretest scores between the two groups and no significant differences by group in cognitive gains, student satisfaction with their learning method, or perception o...
The End of the Beginning: An Epilogue

This final chapter serves as the epilogue, as both a summary and a synthesis of the chapters in the book. We begin by providing an informal historical overview of the current impact of TPACK as a theoretical framework in terms of the quantifiable reach of the theory as well as the rapidity and breadth of its acceptance. We then provide an overview of each chapter that includes, first, how they are grouped thematically and, then, its core ideas. For Chaps. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, we identify and summarize a few key takeaways and points of interest. Following this overview, we identify three crosscutting themes: the importance of the idea of learning by design for the development of TPACK; an emphasis on the evaluation and measurement of TPACK; and, finally, the important role that communities of practice play in TPACK development. We note how learning by design is relevant because several of the studies here involved educators working through the design process (creating software applications, lessons, and other teaching artifacts) to extend it into the arena of TPACK research. Evaluation/measurement is important as well because the work in this book seek to develop rubrics that would allow teacher educators to evaluate different facets of TPACK. Communities of practice were also relevant because, rather than looking at teachers in isolation, the work in this book represents settings that support partnership/teamwork between preservice and in-service teachers (as well as educational researchers, teacher educators, and others). Finally, after considering these points, we offer a note of both positive points and constructive critique regarding this book’s potential contributions to the internationalization of TPACK research.
A modification and an extension of Lemarechal’s algorithm for nonsmooth minimization

An algorithm is given for finding stationary points for constrained minimization problems having locally Lipschitz problem functions that are not necessarily convex or differentiable but are semismooth.
The Predictive Power of Massive Data about our Fine-Grained Behavior

What really is it about "big data" that makes it different from traditional data? In this talk I illustrate one important aspect: massive ultra-fine-grained data on individuals' behaviors holds remarkable predictive power. I examine several applications to marketing-related tasks, showing how machine learning methods can extract the predictive power and how the value of the data "asset" seems different from the value of traditional data used for predictive modeling. I then dig deeper into explaining the predictions made from massive numbers of fine-grained behaviors by applying a counter-factual framework for explaining model behavior based on treating the individual behaviors as evidence that is combined by the model. This analysis shows that the fine-grained behavior data incorporate various sorts of information that we traditionally have sought to capture by other means. For example, for marketing modeling the behavior data effectively incorporate demographics, psychographics, category interest, and purchase intent. Finally, I discuss the flip side of the coin: the remarkable predictive power based on fine-grained information on individuals raises new privacy concerns. In particular, I discuss privacy concerns based on inferences drawn about us (in contrast to privacy concerns stemming from violations to data confidentiality). The evidence counterfactual approach used to explain the predictions also can be used to provide online consumers with transparency into the reasons why inferences are drawn about them. In addition, it offers the possibility to design novel solutions such as a privacy-friendly "cloaking device" to inhibit inferences from being drawn based on particular behaviors.
Neural and Behavioral Sensitivities to Azimuth Degrade with Distance in Reverberant Environments

Reverberation poses a challenge to sound localization in rooms. In an anechoic space, the only energy reaching a listener’s ears arrives directly from the sound source. In reverberant environments, however, acoustic reflections interfere with the direct sound and distort the ongoing directional cues, leading to fluctuations in interaural time and level differences (ITD and ILD) over the course of the stimulus (Shinn-Cunningham et al. 2005). These effects become more severe as the distance from sound source to listener increases, which causes the ratio of direct to reverberant energy (D/R) to decrease (Hartmann et al. 2005; Shinn-Cunningham et al. 2005). Few neurophysiological and psychophysical studies have systematically examined sensitivity to sound source azimuth as a function of D/R (Rakerd and Hartmann 2005). Here we report the results of two closely-integrated studies aimed at characterizing the influence of acoustic reflections like those present in typical classrooms on both the directional sensitivity of auditory neurons and the localization performance of human listeners. We used low-frequency stimuli to emphasize ITDs, which are the most important binaural cue for sounds containing low-frequency energy (MacPherson and Middlebrooks 2002; Wightman and Kistler 1992). We find that reverberation reduces the directional sensitivity of low-frequency, ITD-sensitive neurons in the cat inferior colliculus (IC), and that this degradation becomes more severe with decreasing D/R (increasing distance). We show parallel degradations in human sensitivity to the azimuth of low-frequency noise.
A microfabricated water-immersible scanning mirror with a small form factor for handheld ultrasound and photoacoustic microscopy

Micro scanning mirrors that can operate reliably under water is useful in both ultrasound and photoacoustic microscopic imaging, where fast scanning of focused high-frequency ultrasound beams is desired for pixel-by-pixel data acquisition. This paper reports the development of a new micro-fabricated water-immersible scanning mirror with a small form factor. It consists of an optically and acoustically reflective mirror plate, which is supported onto two flexible polymer hinges and driven by an integrated electromagnetic micro-actuator. It can achieve one-axis scanning of ±12.1° at a resonant frequency of 250Hz in air and 210Hz in water, respectively. By optimizing the design and enhancing the fabrication with high-precision optical 3D printing, the overall size of the scanning mirror module is less than 7 mm × 5 mm × 7 mm. The small form factor, large scanning angle, and high resonant frequency of the new water-immersible scanning mirror make it suitable for building compact handheld imaging probes for in-vivo high-speed and wide-field ultrasound and photoacoustic microscopy.
Alignment of training curriculum and surgical practice: implications for competency, manpower, and practice modeling.

Objective The attractiveness of pediatric surgery (PS) as a specialty includes its primary role in the care of multisystemic disease. We were interested in identifying changes in operative case quality and quantity when comparing PS residents to PS practitioners. Methods The 2006 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education PS resident current procedural terminology (CPT) code database (26,077 resident cases) was merged with the 2006 Kids' Inpatient Database of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 procedure codes (230,504 practitioner cases) and categorized by case type and volumes according to a resident CPT reference file. Cases were categorized into 84 procedure types. A recent estimate of 691 practicing pediatric surgeons was used as denominator to calculate case volume per surgeon. Our analysis focused on the PS index cases and we compared PS residents to subspecialty board certified general pediatric surgeons in practice. We excluded cases that may be performed by general surgeons without PS training. Results Our data indicate that, on average, 501 cases are performed annually by each PS resident. We identified significant differences in case volume per surgeon between training and practice for most PS index cases. Conclusions The PS index case quantity declined significantly from training to practice. If a volume to outcome relationship applies to these complex and infrequent PS cases, then to sustain and improve clinical quality post-training will require a new paradigm of continued learning. Additionally, a relook at the optimal manpower and more focused regionalization is warranted.