cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 76: chemical pathways that control the burning rates of 5-aminotetrazole and its hydrohalide salts

Abstract The hydrohalide (HCl, HBr, HI) salts of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole (5-ATZ) were flash pyrolyzed under 0.5 MPa of Ar by T-jump/FTIR spectroscopy, and the gaseous products were determined at 350°C, 400°C, and 450°C. Comparison of the products indicated that two global decomposition pathways exist, which give somewhat different products. The first channel is dissociation of the salt to form HX and 5-ATZ followed by decomposition of neutral 5-ATZ. The second channel involves decomposition of the [5-ATZ]+ ion directly. The ratio of these two channels depends on the compound. The first channel is favored over the second channel in the order HCl > HBr > HI, which is the trend of the pKa values of these acids. This information enables both the ordering of the burning rates as a function of pressure as well as the trend in the pressure dependence of the individual burning rates of these compounds to be rationalized.
A simple stimulus generator for evoked response studies

An inexpensive computer-driven bipolar stimulator is described. The device produces variable-duration bipolar click stimuli for use in auditory evoked response studies, but is applicable to other research. The unit is driven directly from the digital input/output interface of the averaging computer, and temporal parameters are completely controlled by the machine.
A Comparison of the Parasitic Phase of Tetrahymena limacis (Warren) with Clones in Culture, with Particular Reference to Variability in the Number of Primary Ciliary Meridians

SUMMARY. The number of complete primary ciliary meridians in Tetrahymena limacis found in natural infections in the slug Deroceras reticulatum has been observed to range from 32 to 40. To study the range in the number of meridians in clones in culture, 10 ciliates were pipetted singly from each of two natural infections into sterile 1% (w/v) yeast extract to which 400 units of potassium penicillin-G and 500 micrograms of dihydrostreptomycin sulfate per ml. had been added aseptically. Ten ciliates were also pipetted from each of these natural infections into infusions of tissue of the digestive gland of D. reticulatum. Altogether, 28 clones (13 axenic clones in yeast extract and 15 bacterized clones in tissue infusions) were established. The shape of ciliates in thriving axenic cultures is generally ovoid or pyriform, and similar to that of ciliates in bacterized cultures. However, ciliates in axenic cultures are sharply apiculate at the anterior end and free from inclusions other than small lipoid granules, and in these respects resemble ciliates of the parasitic phase. The cytostome of ciliates in bacterized and axenic cultures is larger in proportion to the size of the body than it is in the parasitic phase. The ranges in the number of ciliary meridians in ciliates of the two natural infections from which the clones were established were 33 to 40 and 32 to 38, whereas the number of meridians in the clones taken as a whole ranged from 25 to 32. Fifteen of the clones showed extremes of 26 and 30. One of the clones was re-introduced into D. reticulatum by exposing 50 slugs to a culture of the ciliates for 10 days. The slugs were then transferred to clean containers for another 10 days. Forty-one of the slugs exposed to ciliates survived the experimental period, and 32 became infected by T. limacis. Forty-four of 50 slugs in an unexposed control group survived, and none were infected by ciliates. In the ciliates from slugs of the experimental series, the number of complete primary meridians ranged from 28 to 36. However, more than half of the ciliates in the experimental infections possessed incomplete rows, and some individuals had as many as five of these. Ciliates in natural infections and in cultures sometimes have incomplete rows, but rarely show more than one such row. The incomplete rows in ciliates re-introduced into slugs are considered largely to be incipient segments of future complete rows. They occur most commonly in the post-oral region, and particularly between row 1 (the so-called stomatogenous meridian) and the next complete row to the observer's right. It appears, therefore, that the post-oral region is a zone in which most new rows are proliferated.
Synthesis of Piperylene and Toluene via Transfer Dehydrogenation of Pentane and Pentene

The highly thermally stable anthraphos-based iridium pincer complex (iPr4Anthraphos)Ir(C2H4) 3, was shown to catalyze transfer dehydrogenation of pentene and pentane using various olefins as acceptors in the temperature range of 160–250 °C. Using pentene itself as an acceptor, disproportionation of pentene to pentane and pentadiene was observed, but yields of (E)- and (Z)-1,3-pentadienes (piperylenes) were limited to ∼25% as a result of a self-Diels–Alder reaction of the 1,3-dienes to produce isomeric mixtures of the C10 dimers. Using propylene as the acceptor, higher yields of piperylenes were obtained (∼40%), but self-Diels–Alder adducts were again observed along with low fractions of propylene/pentadiene Diels–Alder adducts. Using ethylene as the acceptor, the pentadienes produced via hydrogen transfer undergo an in situ Diels–Alder reaction with ethylene to produce 3-methylcyclohexene (along with toluene from further dehydrogenation) in good yields (65%). 3-Methylcylohexene was quantitatively dehydrog...
NUCLEAR SPIN-SPIN INTERACTION ENERGY IN THE HYDROGEN MOLECULE

An accurate theoretical estimate of the interaction energy of the two proton magnetic moments in the v = 0, J = 1 vibrational-rotational level of the electronic ground state of H/sub 2/ is obtained. Agreement with the experimental value for the nuclear spin-spin interaction energy is found to be within 1 part in 10/sup 3/. This is of the order of magnitude of the experimental error. (auth)
Particle Systems for Efficient and Accurate High-Order Finite Element Visualization

Visualization has become an important component of the simulation pipeline, providing scientists and engineers a visual intuition of their models. Simulations that make use of the high-order finite element method for spatial subdivision, however, present a challenge to conventional isosurface visualization techniques. High-order finite element isosurfaces are often defined by basis functions in reference space, which give rise to a world-space solution through a coordinate transformation, which does not necessarily have a closed-form inverse. Therefore, world-space isosurface rendering methods such as marching cubes and ray tracing must perform a nested root finding, which is computationally expensive. We thus propose visualizing these isosurfaces with a particle system. We present a framework that allows particles to sample an isosurface in reference space, avoiding the costly inverse mapping of positions from world space when evaluating the basis functions. The distribution of particles across the reference space isosurface is controlled by geometric information from the world-space isosurface such as the surface gradient and curvature. The resulting particle distributions can be distributed evenly or adapted to accommodate world-space surface features. This provides compact, efficient, and accurate isosurface representations of these challenging data sets.
Simulation of Spacecraft Fuel Tank Self-pressurization Using Eulerian-Lagrangian Method

A 3-D adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian method is further implemented with a phase change model to study the thermal effect in a spacecraft fuel tank, especially the self-pressurization of a cryogenic propellant tank. The stationary (Eulerian) frame is used to resolve the flow field, and the marker-based triangulated moving (Lagrangian) surface meshes are utilized to treat fluid interfaces and solid boundaries. The main focus of the present study is to improve the accuracy of the sharp solid boundary treatment and to implement a phase change model. The energy and mass transfer across the interface due to phase change is computed from Stefan condition using probe-based temperature gradient computations. Uniform flow past a cylinder, 1-D Stefan problems, and 2-D melting cases by natural convection flow are presented for validation purpose of the present approaches. The self-pressurization in a liquid hydrogen fuel tank is simulated and it is shown that the conduction-only solution underestimates the pressure rise, and the full Navier-Stokes and energy equation solution is required to study liquid fuel tank pressurization due to the influence of transport phenomena.
Neutrino physics at Fermilab in the 1990's

Three sets of proposed neutrino experiments at Fermilab are discussed. The first experiment (E-815) is a continuation of the deep-inelastic scattering program at the Tevatron, performing precise measurements of the weak mixing angle and structure functions. The second (P-860) is a proposal to use the Fermilab Debuncher to search for neutrino oscillations. The third is a suggestion for a tagged neutrino beam which could be of use in measuring neutrino oscillation parameters.
Putting the Brakes on Renin Release Role of the A1 Receptor

Modulation of renin release from juxtaglomerular cells is critical for appropriate adjustments of the cardiovascular and renal systems to internal and external stresses, and dysregulation of renin release participates in the pathophysiology of hypertension, vascular disease, heart failure, and chronic renal disease. This justifies investments in research to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms regulating renin release. These investments have yielded, and continue to yield, high returns, as exemplified by Schweda et al1 in this issue of Hypertension , showing that A1 receptors mediate high perfusion pressure–induced inhibition of renin release, whereas prostaglandins (PGs) participate in low perfusion pressure–mediated stimulation of renin release. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss how Schweda et al’s findings confirm and challenge present-day models of renin release. As comprehensively reviewed by Davis and Freeman2 and Keeton and Campbell,3 investigators recognized early on that three systems, namely the sympathetic nervous system, the macula densa apparatus, and the intrarenal baroreceptor, are the primary physiological mechanisms regulating renin release from juxtaglomerular cells. A key development was the recognition that the two most important biochemical accelerators of renin release are catecholamines (mediating sympathetically induced renin release) and PGI2 (mediating macula densa–induced and intrarenal baroreceptor–stimulated renin release).4 Subsequently, a third autocoid, adenosine (acting via A1 receptors), was proposed to serve as a molecular brake on renin release and thereby to moderate the effects of catecholamines and PGI2 on renin secretion.5 Because cAMP is a critical second messenger mediating the exocytosis of renin from juxtaglomerular cells, adenylyl cyclase unifies these concepts because β-adrenoceptors and PGI2 receptors accelerate, whereas A1 receptors brake the rate of cAMP production. The results reported by Schweda et al corroborate the accelerator/brake model of renin release because they report that PGs mediate stimulation of renin release …
Deletion of P15 (MTS2) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.

Abstract Introduction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the multiple tumor suppressor 2 (MTS2) gene, encoding an inhibitor (p15) of cyclin D-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (cdk4, cdk6), is deleted in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). There is a high frequency of LOH for the 9p21–p22 region in HNSCCs, as well as in gliomas, leukemias, and cell lines from multiple tumor types; thus, this region is suspected to contain a tumor suppressor gene or genes. P16 (MTS1), an inhibitor of cdk4 and cdk6, resides within the deleted 9p21 region in these tumors. A neighboring gene, p15 (MTS2), has biochemical properties similar to those of p16, but has not been characterized in HNSCC. Methods. Twenty-one head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and their proximal margins were snap frozen at the time of surgical resection. DNA isolation was performed using standard phenol and chloroform extraction. Standard PCR methods were used with primers P15-1F and P15-1R, specific for exon 1 of the p15 gene, as described previously. All samples were amplified for β-Globin as a positive control. PCR products were stained with ethidium bromide and run on 6% polyacrylamide gels. Expected sizes for the PCR products were p15, 532 bp, and β-globin, 238 bp. Results. Of 21 proximal margins, all demonstrated normal amplification of p15 DNA, all having a visible 532bp PCR product. Of 21 HNSCC tumors, 9 showed no amplification of the p15 gene; none of these 9 neoplasms had visible PCR products. All proximal margins and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas demonstrated amplification of the β-globin gene, indicating that the DNA used was of good quality. Conclusions. Although PCR is not a quantitative technique, densitometric analysis of PCR products showed it was unlikely that the p15 gene was present in more than a small fraction of the tumor cells. The amount of the p15 PCR product in these cells was less than 3% of that observed in reactions containing an equal amount of DNA from normal cells. We are the first to show an absence of normal p15 exon 1 gene amplification in nearly 50% of HNSCCs studied. Loss of the MTS2 gene product, p15, may contribute to the loss of cell cycle and growth regulation seen in HNSCC.
Controller for a Continuous Near Infrared Glucose Sensor

The design and development of a controller for a near infrared glucose sensor is described. The sensing technology involves the sampling of interstitial fluid in a micro fabricated chamber and measurement of the absorbance of the fluid in a non-destructive and reagent free manner. The glucose levels are estimated based on the absorbance data. This new technology relies on the unique optical characteristics of glucose in a near infrared spectrum and will be used as the sensing technology in a feedback controlled insulin delivery system for the in situ treatment of diabetes. The sensor element will be implanted in the subcutaneous tissues of the human body and the controller will enable the operation of the sensor for months with minimal user intervention. First generation prototype of the controller has been developed and implemented. Currently, thorough testing of the first generation prototype system is in progress and work on a second generation prototype based on ZigBee wireless technology is underway
Progerin expression disrupts critical adult stem cell functions involved in tissue repair

Vascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Vascular repair, essential for tissue maintenance, is critically reduced during vascular disease and aging. Efficient vascular repair requires functional adult stem cells unimpaired by aging or mutation. One protein candidate for reducing stem cell–mediated vascular repair is progerin, an alternative splice variant of lamin A. Progerin results from erroneous activation of cryptic splice sites within the LMNA gene, and significantly increases during aging. Mutations triggering progerin overexpression cause the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), in which patients die at approximately 13-years of age due to atherosclerosis-induced disease. Progerin expression affects tissues rich in cells that can be derived from marrow stromal cells (MSCs). Studies using various MSC subpopulations and models have led to discrepant results. Using a well-defined, immature subpopulation of MSCs, Marrow Isolated Adult Multilineage Inducible (MIAMI) cells, we find progerin significantly disrupts expression and localization of self-renewal markers, proliferation, migration, and membrane elasticity. One potential treatment, farnesyltransferase inhibitor, ameliorates some of these effects. Our results confirm proposed progerin-induced mechanisms and suggest novel ways in which progerin disturbs critical stem cell functions collectively required for proper tissue repair, offering promising treatment targets for future therapies.
Structure-activity relationships of chlorobenzenes using DNA measurement as a toxicity parameter in algae

This study investigated the effects of chlorobenzenes on the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana using DNA measurement as a toxicity parameter and related toxicity to different physicochemical properties of chlorobenzenes. The organisms were exposed to chlorobenzene solutions for 48 h to obtain effective concentration (EC50) values (in terms of percent DNA reduction). The toxicity (EC50) increased with increasing degree of chlorination, as follows: monochlorobenzene (235.74 mg/L), dichlorobenzenes (23.33-51.88 mg/L), trichlorobenzenes (0.59-6.42 mg/L), tetra-chlorobenzenes (0.27-1.39 mg/L), pentachlorobenzene (0.008 mg/L) and hexachlorobenzene (0.002 mg/L). Quantitative structure-activity relationships were developed showing high correlations, as follows: water solubility (r2 = 0.96); molecular volume (r2 = 0.92); zero-order connectivity index (r2 = 0.92); second-order connectivity index (r2 = 0.92); molecular surface area (r2 = 0.92); octanol/water partition coefficient (r2 = 0.86); bioconcentration factor (r2 = 0.86); and inorganic/organic character (r2 = 0.83). A poor correlation, however, was obtained with the molecular negentropy index (r2 = 0.25). The toxic effect (EC50) was explained in terms of a partitioning process as a function of the aqueous solubility of the chlorobenzenes and was found to occur at similar degrees of exposure saturation.
Motion of the Ultraviolet R Aquarii Jet

We present evidence for subarcsecond changes in the ultraviolet (~2550 A) morphology of the inner 5 arcseconds of the R Aqr jet over a 2 yr period. These data were taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Faint Object Camera (FOC) when the primary mirror flow was still affecting observations. Images of the R Aqr stellar jet were successfully restored to the original design resolution by completely characterizing the telescope-camera point spread function (PSF) with the aid of phase-retrieval techniques. Thus, a noise-free PSF was employed in the final restorations which utilized the maximum entropy method (MEM). We also present recent imagery obtained with the HST/FOC system after the COSTAR correction mission that provides confirmation of the validity of our restoration methodology. The restored results clearly show that the jet is flowing along the northeast (NE)-southwest (SW) axis with a prominent helical-like structure evident on the stronger NE side of the jet. Transverse velocities increase with increasing distance from the central source, providing a velocity range of 36-235 km s-1. From an analysis of proper motions of the two major ultraviolet jet components, we detect an ~40.2 yr event separation of this apparent enhanced material ejection occurring probably at periastron which is consistent with the suspected ~44 yr binary period; this same analysis shows that the jet is undergoing nonlinear acceleration which suggests that the propulsive force probably results from magnetohydromagnetic effects. The restoration computations and the algorithms employed demonstrate that mining of flawed HST data can be scientifically worthwhile.
Innovative statistical interpretation of Shewanella oneidensis microbial fuel cells data

The last decade of research has made significant strides toward practical applications of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs); however, design improvements and operational optimization cannot be realized without equally considering engineering designs and biological interfacial reactions. In this study, the main factors contributing to MFCs' overall performance and their influence on MFC reproducibility are discussed. Two statistical approaches were used to create a map of MFC components and their expanded uncertainties, principal component analysis (PCA) and uncertainty of measurement results (UMR). PCA was used to identify the major factors influencing MFCs and to determine their ascendency over MFC operational characteristics statistically. UMR was applied to evaluate the factors' uncertainties and estimate their level of contribution to the final irreproducibility. In order to simplify the presentation and concentrate on the MFC components, only results from Shewanella spp. were included; however, a similar analysis could be applied for any DMRB or microbial community. The performed PCA/UMR analyses suggest that better reproducibility of MFC performance can be achieved through improved design parameters. This approach is exactly opposite to the MFC optimization and scale up approach, which should start with improving the bacteria–electrode interactions and applying these findings to well-designed systems.
Harmonic Distortion Feature of AC Transformers Caused by DC Bias

With regard to the first ± 660kV HVDC transmission line from Yinchuan to Qingdao, quantitative harmonic analysis of the main transformer in Yi Ming substation, about 65km away from the Qingdao converter station, is carried out based on an established nonlinear magnetic model by PSCAD/EMTDC. The results indicate that, both the odd and even harmonic components are getting much higher under DC bias than that without DC bias, which thereby makes the power transformers to severe harmonic sources. The relationship between the injected neural DC currents and the even harmonic ratio is established which presents further potential for developing inverse-current-injection based DC bias suppression scheme.
Print News Coverage of School-Based Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Mandates.

BACKGROUND: In 2007, legislation was proposed in 24 states and the District of Columbia for school-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine mandates, and mandates were enacted in Texas, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Media coverage of these events was extensive, and media messages both reflected and contributed to controversy surrounding these legislative activities. Messages communicated through the media are an important influence on adolescent and parent understanding of school-based vaccine mandates. METHODS: We conducted structured text analysis of newspaper coverage, including quantitative analysis of 169 articles published in mandate jurisdictions from 2005 to 2009, and qualitative analysis of 63 articles from 2007. Our structured analysis identified topics, key stakeholders and sources, tone, and the presence of conflict. Qualitative thematic analysis identified key messages and issues. RESULTS: Media coverage was often incomplete, providing little context about cervical cancer or screening. Skepticism and autonomy concerns were common. Messages reflected conflict and distrust of government activities, which could negatively impact this and other youth-focused public health initiatives. CONCLUSIONS: If school health professionals are aware of the potential issues raised in media coverage of school-based health mandates, they will be more able to convey appropriate health education messages and promote informed decision-making by parents and students. Language: en
The patterns of renal electrolyte excretion in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) maintained on freshwater and on hypertonic saline.

1. The renal excretion of water and electrolytes was examined in starved ducks maintained on fresh water and on hypertonic saline containing 284 mM/1. NaCl and 6.0 mM/l. KCl. 2. No significant differences were observed in the urine flow, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and the excretory rates of K+, NH4+ and inorganic phosphate between these two groups of birds. 3. The excretory rates of Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ were significantly higher in saline-maintained birds than in the freshwater-maintained birds. 4. NH4+ appeared to be a major cationic component which occupied over half of the available osmotic space in the urine of both the freshwater-maintained and saline-maintained birds. 5. In saline-maintained birds the excretion of K+ and inorganic phosphate appeared to be independent of the available osmotic space in the urine whereas the excretion of Na+ and Cl- appeared to be very dependent upon this factor. 6. These observations suggest that the kidneys of the saline-maintained bird constitute the primary pathway for the excretion of K+, NH4+ and inorganic phosphate, and that with respect to the excretion of Na+ they constitute a relatively minor pathway. This work was supported by research grants to W.N.H. from the National Science Foundation (grant no. GB 3896) and the Committee on Research, University of California. N.D.E.A. (Title IV) pre-doctoral fellow.
Observations and modeling of EMIC wave properties in the presence of multiple ion species as function of magnetic local time

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave generation and propagation in Earth's magnetosphere depend on readily measurable hot (a few to tens of keV) plasma sheet ions, elusive plasmaspheric or ionospheric cold (sub-eV to a few eV) ions, and partially heated warm ions (tens to hundreds of eV). Previous work has assumed all low-energy ions are cold and not considered possible effects of warm ions. Using measurements by multiple Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft, we analyze four typical EMIC wave events in the four magnetic local time sectors and consider the properties of both cold and warm ions supplied from previous statistical studies to interpret the wave observations using linear theory. As expected, we find that dusk EMIC waves grow due to the presence of drifting hot anisotropic protons and cold plasmaspheric ions with a dominant cold proton component. Near midnight, EMIC waves are less common because warm heavy ions that suppress wave growth are more abundant there. The waves can grow when cold, plume-like density enhancements are present, however. Dawn EMIC waves, known for their peculiar properties, are generated away from the equator and change polarization during propagation through the warm plasma cloak. Noon EMIC waves can also be generated nonlocally and their properties modified during propagation by a plasmaspheric plume combined with low-energy ions from solar and terrestrial sources. Accounting for multiple ion species, measured wave dispersion, and propagation characteristics can explain previously elusive EMIC wave properties and are therefore important for future studies of EMIC wave effects on energetic particle depletion.
Distance-dependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter

The usefulness of a distance-dependent reduction of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter is demonstrated. Covariances are reduced by performing an elementwise multiplication of the background error covariance matrix with a correlation function with local support. This reduces noisiness and results in an improved background error covariance estimate, which generates a reduced-error ensemble of model initial conditions. The benefits of applying the correlation function can be understood in part from examining the characteristics of simple 2 3 2 covariance matrices generated from random sample vectors with known variances and covariance. These show that noisiness in covariance estimates tends to overwhelm the signal when the ensemble size is small and/or the true covariance between the sample elements is small. Since the true covariance of forecast errors is generally related to the distance between grid points, covariance estimates generally have a higher ratio of noise to signal with increasing distance between grid points. This property is also demonstrated using a twolayer hemispheric primitive equation model and comparing covariance estimates generated by small and large ensembles. Covariances from the large ensemble are assumed to be accurate and are used a reference for measuring errors from covariances estimated from a small ensemble. The benefits of including distance-dependent reduction of covariance estimates are demonstrated with an ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation scheme. The optimal correlation length scale of the filter function depends on ensemble size; larger correlation lengths are preferable for larger ensembles. The effects of inflating background error covariance estimates are examined as a way of stabilizing the filter. It was found that more inflation was necessary for smaller ensembles than for larger ensembles.
Impact of arrival burstiness on queue length: An infinitesimal perturbation analysis

Traffic burstiness has a significant impact on network performance. Burstiness can cause buffer overflows and packet drops and is particularly problematic in the context of small-buffer networks, which have been considered as a building block of the optical core infrastructure in the future Internet. To permit efficient operation of such networks, network traffic has to be “paced” by transmitting end-hosts or access links to avoid buffer overflows in the core. In this paper, we analyze the impact of traffic pacing on network performance using perturbation analysis. In particular, we study the impact of traffic burstiness on buffer occupancy of a tandem queueing network with infinite buffers. The input traffic is modeled as a marked point process which has the inter-arrival time and workload distributions containing scale parameters. Our results show that arrival traffic burstiness has a linear impact on the buffer occupancies. This linear relationship provides quantitative insight on the benefits of traffic pacing and thus provides understanding of how to improve the efficiency of small-buffer routers in the next-generation Internet.
Self-deception among men who are mandated to attend a batterer intervention program.

TOPIC. Intimate partner violence continues to be a confounding national health problem, especially for women and children. Certified batterers’ intervention programs are one means currently being used to combat intimate partner violence. METHOD. Existential phenomenology was utilized in this qualitative study to gain an understanding of the perceptions of the perpetrator prior to beginning a batterer intervention program. FINDINGS. The batterer’s experience is divided into two major themes: lack of justification of behaviors toward him and minimization and justification of his behaviors toward the victim and others . CONCLUSIONS. It is hoped that obtaining this understanding will encourage program personnel working in the area of batterers’ intervention programs to include more emotional skills training within such programs, thus improving the quality of life for victims, perpetrators, and their families. Search terms : Batterer intervention program, emotional intelligence, intimate partner violence, qualitative research, self-deception
Motor directional tuning across brain areas: directional resonance and the role of inhibition for directional accuracy

Motor directional tuning (Georgopoulos et al., 1982) has been found in every brain area in which it has been sought for during the past 30-odd years. It is typically broad, with widely distributed preferred directions and a population signal that predicts accurately the direction of an upcoming reaching movement or isometric force pulse (Georgopoulos et al., 1992). What is the basis for such ubiquitous directional tuning? How does the tuning come about? What are the implications of directional tuning for understanding the brain mechanisms of movement in space? This review addresses these questions in the light of accumulated knowledge in various sub-fields of neuroscience and motor behavior. It is argued (a) that direction in space encompasses many aspects, from vision to muscles, (b) that there is a directional congruence among the central representations of these distributed “directions” arising from rough but orderly topographic connectivities among brain areas, (c) that broad directional tuning is the result of broad excitation limited by recurrent and non-recurrent (i.e. direct) inhibition within the preferred direction loci in brain areas, and (d) that the width of the directional tuning curve, modulated by local inhibitory mechanisms, is a parameter that determines the accuracy of the directional command.
Cerenkov radiation in slow-wave guiding structures

Cerenkov radiation of a prebunched beam in a dielectric tube waveguide is here shown to be about an order of magnitude higher than that in a comparable slab of dielectric material. Furthermore, two distinct types of interaction are analyzed: multibunch, and bunch-by-bunch radiation, wherein integral transform methods are used. Multibunch Cerenkov radiation in a helix waveguide is used to show the identity with TWT interaction. It is subsequently shown that for open boundary inhomogeneous waveguides a TWT type analysis will give the same results as multibunch Cerenkov radiation based on integral transform methods. For single bunch or a bunch-by-bunch type of interaction in such structures where energy orthogonality and completeness of the eigenfunctions do not hold, an integral transform method is used. The underlying difference between bunch-by-bunch and multibunch radiation is discussed. The utility of Cerenkov radiation in a dielectric tube waveguide for the generation of coherent electromagnetic power in the millimeter range is pointed out. Numerical results are given to show the variation of power with respect to various parameters. Experimental results from a 0.8-Mev beam are shown to agree satisfactorily with theory.
Theoretical Analysis of Rate of Liquid Absorption by Capillary Absorbing Media

A theoretical analysis of rate of capillary absorption by absorbent media is presented which emphasizes the critical importance of environmental factors to the rate of liquid absorption (as well as factors which are specific to the structure of the absorbent mass). The theoretical relationships of environmental factors and capillary structure are com bined in an over-all rate of flow equation. From this equation many theoretical con clusions of interest may be drawn. The equation also suggests principles for design of capillary structures for optimum rate of absorption in proper relationship to external or competing environmental factors.
Introduction: Disability and Visual Culture

“Is she making objects?” “Is she making art?” “Is she making herself?” A fiber artist with Down’s syndrome, Judith Scott sets into motion a number of questions—questions about herself and her art objects that express wonder about the object status of what appears , about the visibility of any appearance , and about whether the human body must be compared to an artwork. In this introduction I cite Tom Di Maria, but redirect his last question to reflect the equation between object, artwork, and person.
Weight Loss Maintenance: A Hard Nut to Crack

In 1991, a total of 8 people were sealed for 2 years inside a manmade “Biosphere” consisting of a 3-acre ecologically closed habitat. This crew of 4 men and 4 women voluntarily entered the habitat to learn about the interactions between humans and key ecological systems. However, these scientists serendipitously experienced a hardship that has actually taught the world a great deal more about basic human physiology than ever expected. In the first growing season after entering the Biosphere, an unplanned crop failure resulted in a relative famine in their ecological bubble. This crop failure resulted in a severe calorie imbalance, with an esti
Panel summary: incentives, markets and information security

Economics and information security should be naturally related: the former deals with the value and distribution of scarce resources, while the latter focuses on protecting and controlling valued resources. Indeed, the observation that information security should be informed by economic theory is not new. Anderson [1] and others have explicitly highlighted the relationship, which can be seen as a natural progression from the economics of crime literature that dates back to the 1960s [2].
Ex vivo clonotype primer-directed gene amplification to identify malignant T cell repertoires.

A novel strategy that utilizes input genomic DNA and overcomes limitations encountered with tradi- tional RNA reverse transcription-polymerase chain reac- tion (PCR) amplification methodology is described to screen for T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. The metho- dology has been developed to identify individual T cell clonotypes with regard to their unique receptor beta chain variable/diversity/joining (VDJ) region gene rear- rangement. The technique avoids preselection for a given antigen specificity and is therefore independent of artificial bias introduced by in vitro cell population cx- pansion. This technique was used to detect and identify genetically of malignant clones from heterogeneous mononuclear cell populations from an array of hemato- oncological disorders, including mycosis fungoides/S#{233}zary Syndrome, adult T cell leukemia, and large granular lym- phoproliferative disease. An initial primary PCR, directed by a TCR-J13 generic primer and a complement of family-specific TCR-V/3 primers, defines predominant T cell receptor variable gene usage. Use of a TCR-J13 generic primer supplants the use of a constant region primer anchor and thus eliminates the need to target mRNA. The process of variable gene screening also expe- dites gene sequencing. By sequencing through the VDJ juxtaposed region, i.e., the third complementarity deter- minant region, clonotype-specific primers are developed and used in a secondary clonotype primer-directed PCR (CPD-PCR) to detect, with extreme sensitivity and specificity, unique T cell clonal repertoires. Analysis of the products of the CPD-PCR permits the detection of a single malignant cell among one million polyclonal cells and supercedes the constraints of prior studies that pro- vide a limited evaluation of family variable gene reper- toire usage. This strategy may be applied in the detection of minimal residual disease, in surveillance after induc- tion of disease-free states, and in analyzing the effective- ness of purging autologous bone marrow of malignant clones.J. Leukoc. Biol. 54: 343-350; 1993.
Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne

This festschrift is a testament to a long and productive career in vertebrate paleontology by Mike Woodburne, who is well known for his service and professional contributions to paleontology. It in...
The Origin of an Yijing Line Statement

This essay begins by examining divination records from the Zhou dynasty (such as those from Zhouyuan and Baoshan, as well as records in traditional texts) showing that the topic of divination was invariably announced in the form of a “charge” indicating the desire of the person for whom the divination was being performed. Next, other accounts of turtle-shell divination (in the Shiji, Guo yu and Zuo zhuan) are examined to determine how the results of the divinations were interpreted. The author shows that the diviner was responsible for producing a yao 竊 or “omen-text” that was composed of three lines of four characters, the first describing the crack in the shell (i.e., the omen), followed by a couplet linking this omen to the announced topic of the divination, similar to the way in which the nature evocations of the Shijing are linked to events in the human realm. Finally, the author shows that this omentext is formally identical to the most developed form of the line statemerits of the Yijing, and proposes that from this form can be discerned the divinatory context that originally produced these line statements.
Fabry's disease: enzymatic diagnosis of hemizygotes and heterozygotes. Alpha-galactosidase activities in plasma, serum, urine, and leukocytes.

Abstract Fabry's disease is an X-linked, inborn error of glycosphingolipid metabolism resulting from the deficient activity of the enzyme, ceramide trihexosidase, a specific α-galactosidase. A sensitive, simple enzymatic assay was developed to measure α-galactosidase activity in plasma, serum, urine, and leukocytes; the demonstration of deficient α-galactosidase activity in these sources, utilizing synthetic fluorogenic substrate, proved to be diagnostic for hemizygotes and heterozygotes with Fabry's disease. The pH optima was the same for heterozygotes and normal control subjects for each enzyme source. Typical saturation kinetics were observed in all enzyme sources from all individuals studied. The apparent Km values were similar in respective enzyme sources from a hemizygote, heterozygote, and normal control subjects. Enzymatic activity measured in hemizygotes was approximately 10 per cent of normal nonspecific α-galactosidase activity in leukocytes, plasma, serum, and urine. Heat inactivation studies of the enzyme in leukocytes and plasma from hemizygotes, heterozygotes, and normal individuals indicated the presence of heat-stable and heat-labile components of α-galactosidase activity; these studies suggest that the residual α-galactosidase activity in hemizygotes with this disease is a heat-stable component and that the deficient enzyme in Fabry's disease, ceramide trihexosidase, is the heat-labile, myoinositol-inhibited α-galactosidase component.
Enlightenment, Neoliberalism, and Information Literacy

This essay focuses on the ways in which ideas popularly associated with the Enlightenment function as common sense in the Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education, which was formally approved by the Association of College and Research Libraries at the beginning of 2015. This essay begins with a close reading of the Framework for Information Literacy, followed by an analysis of its ideological underpinnings, specifically liberalism. I then use postcolonial and political theory to think through the role of historical difference in pedagogy generally and in the information literacy pedagogy articulated by the Framework more specifically. The hegemonic ideological liberalism of the Framework, its universality, narrative of progress, and disinterest in power, must be supplemented with historical difference in order to provide context for its truth claims and to inculcate responsibility to the other. This work could take the form of kairotic information literacy pedagogy, or local and contextual articulations of the Framework, or something else. The Framework is not worthless or useless, but it is also not the answer.
Destruction of the Second Temple: Lessons for Today's Leaders

The rebellion of the Jews against Rome started in 66 C.E. and ended with the destruction of the Second Temple and Jerusalem in 70 C.E. The author provides several classic stories describing what the situation was like back then. One thing is apparent: the atmosphere that existed in ancient Judea, then a Roman province, was marked by discord, divisiveness, and corruption. Religious extremism destroyed the core values of Judaism. What enabled Judaism to survive was the ascendancy of the Hillel School which stressed peace, justice, and human dignity.
Evaluation of Electrophoretically Deposited CuMn1.8O4 Spinel Coatings On Metallic Interconnects for SOFC Applications

Dense and well-adhered CuMn1.8O4 spinel coatings were deposited on Crofer 22 APU substrates by electrophroetic deposition (EPD). The coatings led to a significant reduction in the oxidation rate of the stainless steel compared to the uncoated steel at 800{degree sign}C in air and showed no diffusion of Cr from the alloy into the coating. A diffusion model was developed to calculate the effective diffusivities through the coating and thermally grown oxide. These values were calculated to be 2X10-15 cm2/s and 2.5X10-16 cm2/s, respectively. The as-processed coated sample exhibited only 4.6 mΩ cm2 ASR at 800{degree sign}C.
The pathos of pathology and a possible cure: H.P. Smith Memorial Lecture.

This H. P. Smith Memorial Lecture attempts to define and prescribe treatments for a malady afflicting clinical pathology today—its difficulty in communicating the vital role of the pathologist in patient care to the public, politicians—and, in many instances, our own colleagues in other medical specialties. In paying tribute to a pioneering clinical pathologist, Dr. H. P. Smith, attention is drawn to his diagnosis of these problems—a diagnosis he perceived decades ago. The ancient meaning of pathos , the Greek stem from which the word pathology comes, is used to pinpoint the problems that have led to clinical pathology’s own pathos—the lack of recognition afforded those physicians who practice it. A review of the conditions that led to this state is presented, and these conditions are compared with others present in our specialty, e.g ., the “behind the scenes” situation of surgical pathology and the decline of the utilization of the autopsy. Factors that tend to frustrate the normal relationship between the clinical pathologist and the patient, as well as his or her role as a consultant to the attending physicians, are summarized. Suggestions are put forward for changing the image of the clinical pathologist from one of near invisibility to one of dynamic interaction with patients and with other physicians of the medical care group, for the good of all concerned.
Edrophonium provocative test in noncardiac chest pain. Evaluation of testing techniques.

Edrophonium chloride is used frequently as a provocative agent in the assessment of noncardiac chest pain (NCCP). However, the optimum dose and most appropriate method of interpreting test results is controversial. We studied 150 consecutive NCCP patients and 50 age-matched controls who alternately received either 80 μg/kg or 10 mg intravenous bolus doses of edrophonium preceded by saline placebo injections. Distal esophageal pressures were measured before and after drug injection in response to ten 5-cc wet swallows. Following 10 mg of edrophonium, 33% of patients and 4% of controls reported chest pain, while 29% of patients and no controls receiving the 80 μg/kg dose complained of chest pain. Amplitude changes after either dose were not significantly different for all comparisons, but the duration of response did distinguish the two doses in patients with chest pain. A significantly greater (P=0.01) increase in distal contraction duration occurred after 10 mg (74±12%; ±se) compared to 80 μg/kg dose (43± 6%). However, individual responses to the two doses overlapped considerably. If a positive test is redefined to include both chest pain and manometric changes that are significantly different from controls, the positivity rate changes drastically; 33% to 9% in the 10- mg group and 30% to 3% in the 80- μg/kg group. Side effects were similar between doses, but there was a significant (P=0.02) linear relationship between intensity of side effects and the edrophonium dose per kilogram of body weight. From this study and a review of the literature, we conclude that either dose of edrophonium is appropriate for provocative testing but that the interpretation of results is dependent upon technique.
Effect of Body Mass Index on Outcomes of Heart Transplant Candidates Supported by Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices (CF-LVADs)

mortality independent of MELD-Xi and Heartmate II (HMRS) risk scores. Discriminatory power of RDW was comparable to MELD-Xi and Heartmate II risk scores (Figure 1B). Conclusion: These findings suggest that RDW, a simple and inexpensive test that is available through routine complete blood count, can be successfully utilized for mortality risk assessment in CF-LVAD candidates. RDW should be incorporated into future CF-LVAD risk models.
Controlled Bootstrapping of Lexico-semantic Classes as a Bridge between Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Knowledge: Methodology and Evaluation.

Semantic classification of words is a highly context sensitive and somewhat moving target, hard to deal with and even harder to evaluate on an objective basis. In this paper we suggest a step–wise methodology for automatic acquisition of lexico–semantic classes and delve into the non trivial issue of how results should be evaluated against a top–down reference standard.
Public Sector Ethics Resource Series (5 CD-ROMs)

(2001). Public Sector Ethics Resource Series (5 CD-ROMs) Public Integrity: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 307-309.