cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wetbud – A Free Water Budget Modeling Tool for Created Wetland Design

A common result of Environmental Impact Assessments associated with mining projects is the construction of new wetlands in areas disturbed by mining operations. Where appropriate, this mitigation may be considered an integral part of the mine reclamation process under the principles of sustainable development in the minerals industry. Wetbud is a new tool for estimating wetland water budgets using available weather data and site-specific topographic, soil and geohydrologic data, coupled with mass balance mathematics. Wetbud is primarily intended as a planning tool for use in the design of created wetlands, but it can also be applied to native wetlands or wetland restoration sites where the required input parameters can be specified. Wetbud can be run in its basic form where wetland topography, soil parameters and groundwater flux are simplified, or in the advanced form, where these parameters are included in a more complex approach via integration of the MODFLOW package, a free 3D program that was developed by the United States Geological Survey. Both versions can also include overbank flow hydrology sources and the advanced form can also model sloping and irregular topography. The program downloads weather data from the nearest applicable station and selects appropriate wet-normal-dry (W-N-D) years following a modest user data clean-up step. Wetbud also has the ability to utilize existing short-term (e.g. 6 to 9 months) groundwater data from an up-gradient well to simulate longer-term groundwater level inputs for the selected W-N-D years. In addition, Wetbud features a “Wizard” version that comes pre-loaded with 14 pre-selected weather data sets for all areas of Virginia that can develop a simple monthly water budget in less than 15 minutes – a feature that could be expanded anywhere geographically with historic weather data.
Recent Advances in Cryobiology Using Calorimetry

The response of living systems when exposed to subfreezing environments has been an area of interest to the scientific, medical and lay communities for centuries[9]. Hypothermic conditions are encountered either naturally as a part of the ambient climate or artificially in conjunction with cryosurgical or cryopreservation procedures. In both cases the basic physico-chemical phenomena which govern the reaction of the living systems are complex and interactively coupled so that the prediction and regulation of the associated events is very difficult. However, during the past several decades significant progress has been made in devising useful techniques either to preserve biological systems at ultra low temperatures in a state of suspended animation (i.e. cryopreservation) or to cause selective, localized destruction of tissue (i.e. cryosurgery) in lieu of mechanical, chemical or electrical methods of surgery.
Investigating the impact of high-speed rail equipment visualization on mode choice models: Case study in central Texas

Abstract High-speed passenger rail (HSR) is seen as an ideal solution for fast, safe, and resource-efficient mobility for intercity travel. For proposed HSR service, stated preference (SP) surveys are necessary to obtain the data needed for ridership forecasting. In SP surveys, it may be helpful to include images of the options being examined to support respondent decision-making. However, it is unclear from the current literature how images of a passenger train included in an SP survey affect mode choice models developed from the resulting survey data. This paper presents a case study examining the impacts of including images of proposed high-speed passenger trains in SP surveys for HSR service planning activities based on a survey of residents in two communities in Central Texas. Three groups were examined − a control group with a “text-only” description of proposed rail service, an image of an average-quality train, and an image of a premium-quality train. Analysis of the survey responses found that the value of time (VOT) for respondents viewing the premium image was nearly twice the VOT for the text-only condition. However, the premium-quality train image had a lower error variance, resulting in a data set that was less “noisy” than the other image or the base condition. This analysis provides a starting point for a broader discussion on how HSR is portrayed in surveys and the potential for eliciting bias based on the images displayed.
Visualizing robot behaviors as automated video annotations: A case study in robot soccer

Autonomous mobile robots continuously perceive the world, plan or replan to achieve objectives, and execute the selected actions. Videos of autonomous robots are often naturally used to aid in replaying and demonstrating robot performance. However, plain videos contain no information about the ongoing internals of the robots. In this work, we contribute an approach to automate the overlay of visual annotations on videos of robots' execution to capture information underlying their reasoning. We concretely focus our presentation on the complex robot soccer domain, where the high speed of the robots' execution results from action planning for collaboration and response to the adversary.
Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) in patients (pts) with impaired renal function.

446Background: Cisplatin-based NAC followed by radical cystectomy is the standard of care in MIBC but many pts are cisplatin-unfit. Data in pts with low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) who receive...
MAXelerator: FPGA accelerator for privacy preserving multiply-accumulate (MAC) on cloud servers

This paper presents MAXelerator, the first hardware accelerator for privacy-preserving machine learning (ML) on cloud servers. Cloud-based ML is being increasingly employed in various data sensitive scenarios. While it enhances both efficiency and quality of the service, it also raises concern about privacy of the users' data. We create a practical privacy-preserving solution for matrix-based ML on cloud servers. We show that for the majority of the ML applications, the privacy-sensitive computation boils down to either matrix multiplication, which is a repetition of Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) or the MAC itself. We design an FPGA architecture for privacy-preserving MAC to accelerate the ML computation based on the well known Secure Function Evaluation protocol named Yao's Garbled Circuit. MAXelerator demonstrates up to 57 × improvement in throughput per core compared to the fastest existing GC framework. We corroborate the effectiveness of the accelerator with real-world case studies in privacy-sensitive scenarios.
The Case for Analogies in Teaching Science for Understanding

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on instructional analogies that involve comparisons of attributes or relationships between the target domain to be explained and the analog or source domain that is familiar. Constructivist learning strategies endorse analogies as tools for rendering counterintuitive ideas that are more intelligible and plausible. Science educators have developed several approaches to instructional analogies to aid students' learning. Although some approaches or teaching models bear resemblance to others, each carries a different emphasis. The process of continuous refinement provides a self-correcting mechanism that minimizes the possibility of creating unintended misconceptions. Both the multiple analogy and the bridging analogy approaches utilize a series of analogs with each successive analogy improving on the one that precedes it. The main difference between the two approaches is one of the reference points in selecting the intermediate analogs. The advantage of student-developed analogies is that students are actively involved in identifying and developing their knowledge and taking ownership of their ideas.
Structure, Genetics and Function of Human β2 Interferon

It was reported in 1980 that polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA extracted from human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4 strain) induced with poly(I).poly(C) and cycloheximide could be resolved by electrophoresis through an agarose-methylmercury hydroxide gel into two translationally active (in the Xenopus laevis oocyte assay) mRNA species that coded for human interferon (IFN) of the β serotype (1). The translation product of the 0.9 kb mRNA species, which hybridized a cDNA probe corresponding to the IFN-β gene on chromosome 9, was designated as IFN-β1 while that of the 1.3 kb mRNA species, which did not cross-hybridize the IFN-β1- cDNA probe, was designated IFN-B2 (1). The two species of translationally active human IFN-β mRNA were also resolved by sucrose-gradient sedimentation of polyadenylated RNA extracted from poly(I).poly(C) and cycloheximide-induced SV40-transformed human fibroblasts (SV80 cell line) and partial cDNA clones corresponding to the 1.3 kb IFN-β2 mRNA were described (2). IFN-β2 cDNA probes did not cross-hybridize the 0.9 kb IFN-β1 mRNA (2). Translationally active 1.3 kb long human IFN-β mRNA was detected in appropriately induced human-rodent somatic cell hybrids that lacked human chromosome 9 strongly suggesting that the IFN-β2 gene was not syntenic with the IFN-β1 gene (3).
La Situación de Desnutrución en Colombia

Determina la incidencia de la desnutricion y el tamano de la brecha calorica en Colombia en 1972 y hacer proyecciones sobre la situacion nutricional en 1978, presenta unos calculos poco refinados sobre la magnitud probable de los recursos necesarios para cerrar la brecha de colorias.
Barriers for interfacial back-electron transfer: A comparison between TiO2 and SnO2/TiO2 core/shell structures.

Temperature dependent kinetics for back-electron transfer (BET) from electrons in TiO2 or SnO2/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticles to oxidized donor-bridge-acceptor (D-B-A) sensitizers is reported over a 110° range. Two D-B-A sensitizers (CF3-p and CF3-x) were utilized that differed only by the nature of the bridging ligand: a xylyl spacer that largely insulated the two redox active centers and a phenyl bridge that promoted strong electronic coupling and an adiabatic electron transfer mechanism. An Arrhenius analysis revealed that the activation energies were significantly larger for the core/shell oxides, Ea = 32 ± 4 kJ/mol, compared to TiO2 alone, Ea = 22 ± 6 kJ/mol. The barriers for BET on sensitized TiO2 were within the same range as previous literature reports, while this study represents the first quantification for SnO2/TiO2 core/shell materials. Two different models were proposed to rationalize the larger barrier for the core/shell materials: (1) a band edge offset model and (2) a low energy trap state model with recombination from the TiO2 rutile polymorph shell. The latter model was preferred and is in better agreement with the experimental data. The kinetic analysis also afforded the forward and reverse rate constants for the intramolecular equilibrium. In accordance with theoretical predictions and previous research, the absolute value of the free energy change was smaller for the adiabatic equilibrium provided by the phenyl bridge, i.e., |ΔGoad| <|ΔGo|.
Radiomic correlates of molecular and clinicopathological characteristics in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

625Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a highly vascularized tumor and has a heterogeneous molecular profile, but the correlation between its tumor biology and radiomic features ...
Power, Prejudice, Predators, and Pets: Representation in Animated Animal Films

Meeusen’s chapter explores contemporary trends and discourses surrounding portrayals of animals in children’s animated film. Building from a brief examination of the preponderance of problematic depictions in Disney animal movies, Meeusen uses Zootopia (2016) to suggest that this trend may not only reflect a discomfort with the concept of representing non-White individuals in children’s film, but also leads to problematically ambiguous messages about institutions of power that act as the basis for prejudice. She then draws on two additional films produced the same year—The Secret Life of Pets and Kubo and the Two Strings—to consider animated animal portrayals alongside cultural, political, and ideological discourses related to power, privilege, and representation, interrogating the challenges and complexities of intertwining animated anthropomorphism and cultural representation.
It matters how you manage diversity: cultural difference in Northern Ireland’s secondary schools

The purpose of this study was to examine contrasting managerial approaches to cultural diversity in secondary schools in Northern Ireland and understand the influence of different approaches on sch...
Extracorporeal life support bridge for pulmonary hypertension: A high-volume single-center experience.

Background Application of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for advanced pulmonary hypertension (PH) is evolving and may be deployed as a bridge to transplantation (BTT) or in one of several non-BTT uses, such as bridge to recovery (BTR) to the chronic PH clinical state in the setting of an acute PH trigger, bridge through non-transplant surgery (BTNTS), or bridge post-transplantation (BPT). Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of all adult patients with World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension Group 1, 3, 4, or 5 PH who received ECLS at Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital between January 1, 2010 and August 18, 2018. We describe patient characteristics, outcomes, and our approach to medical and surgical management of these patients. Results There were 98 patients with significant PH in the cohort (54 female; median age, 48 years [interquartile range, 32–58]). Of these, 44 (45%) patients with PH received ECLS as non-BTT with intent to recover back to their baseline functional state, optimize therapy, or support through a definitive surgery, including 19 BTR, 17 BTNTS, and 8 BPT, and 54 (55%) patients received ECLS as BTT. In the overall cohort, 67 (68.4%) patients received venoarterial ECLS and 31 (31.6%) received venovenous (VV) ECLS. Out of 83 patients, 52 (63%) were liberated from invasive mechanical ventilation, and 85.2% of BTT patients with PH ambulated while on ECLS. Management of PH medications was individualized, often requiring titration with use of inhaled pulmonary vasodilators increased after cannulation in non-BTT. Overall 30-day survival was 73.5%, survival to ECLS decannulation was 66.3%, and survival to hospital discharge was 54.1%. All 8 BPT patients (100%) survived to hospital discharge, 64.7% of BTNTS patients survived to hospital discharge, and 32 (59.3%) BTT patients survived to lung transplantation. Early-era use of VV-ECLS for BTT had worse survival to discharge than those initially configured with venoarterial ECLS, impacting the overall survival and leading to limited use of VV-ECLS in the current era for BPT, BTNTS, and select BTR cases. Conclusions ECLS instituted by a specialized, multidisciplinary team has a role in the management of advanced PH as BTT or as non-BTT (including BTR, BTNTS, and BPT). Careful selection of ECLS cannulation configurations, patient-specific optimization of PH medical therapies, and avoidance of endotracheal intubation may be effective strategies in managing these complex patients.
Adrenal cortical adenoma: current update, imaging features, atypical findings, and mimics

Adrenal adenoma is the most common adrenal lesion. Due to its wide prevalence, adrenal adenomas may demonstrate various imaging features. Thus, it is important to identify typical and atypical imaging features of adrenal adenomas and to be able to differentiate atypical adrenal adenomas from potentially malignant lesions. In this article, we will discuss the diagnostic approach, typical and atypical imaging features of adrenal adenomas, as well as other lesions that mimic adrenal adenomas.
Venous thromboembolism in advanced ovarian cancer patients undergoing front-line adjuvant chemotherapy.

5570 Background: To define the incidence and prognostic significance of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with advanced, epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing front-line adjuvant chemotherapy...
Subversion of host stress granules by coronaviruses: Potential roles of π-rich disordered domains of viral nucleocapsids.

Coronavirus nucleocapsids (CoV N's) play both structural and non-structural roles in viral life-cycle. Here, we propose a mechanism for host stress granule (SG) subversion by CoV N proteins. We posit that disordered domains of CoV N's can engage in &#960;-&#960; intermolecular fuzzy interactions with host SG proteins and are crucial to the viral hijacking of host machineries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
US Hydroxychloroquine, Chloroquine, and Azithromycin Outpatient Prescription Trends, October 2019 Through March 2020.

This study examines how the prescription of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine to outpatients has changed in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Quantification of the mechanical strength of thermally reduced graphene oxide layers on flexible substrates

Abstract This paper proposes a method to characterize the failure modes of rGO 1 -based devices using a controlled peel test. Analysis of the detached rGO particles from the substrate during testing was performed with an image processing technique and results were used to create a mathematical model quantifying the cohesion and adhesion failure energies. Partial failure energies were calculated based on percentage of rGO particles detached from the substrate so that the higher detachment percentage the lower failure energies. The model was applied to an array of tests on samples made with different GO concentrations, preparations, and treatments.
National trends for axillary lymph node dissection and survival outcomes for clinical T3/T4 node-negative breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with positive lymph nodes

Previous studies have suggested axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) can be omitted in early breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with positive lymph nodes (LNs). We assessed the national utilization of ALND and overall survival (OS) for larger, locally advanced tumors in patients undergoing mastectomy with positive LNs. The National Cancer Database from 2006 to 2016 was queried for mastectomy patients with clinical T3/T4, N0 tumors, and 1–2 positive LNs. Trends and outcomes for ALND were compared to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone. Thousand nine hundred and seventeen women were included. The proportion of ALND decreased from 70% pre-Z0011 to 52% post-Z0011. On Kaplan–Meier analysis, ALND had better OS compared to SLNB alone (p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, age (p < 0.01), chemotherapy (p < 0.01), and hormonal therapy (p < 0.01) were associated with better OS. In patients who received adjuvant radiation therapy (ART) ALND improved OS on multivariate analysis (p < 0.01). This is the first large database study to demonstrate a national trend to forego ALND in mastectomy patients with large or locally advanced tumors (T3/T4abc) and 1–2 positive lymph nodes. This study suggests a survival benefit for ALND, particularly in patients receiving ART. Careful consideration and further investigations should be performed prior to omitting ALND this patient population.
Children's flexible attention to numerical and spatial magnitudes in early childhood

Young children are sensitive to both numerical and spatial magnitude cues early in development, but many questions remain about how children’s attention to magnitudes relates to their early math ac...
Enhancing Pharmacy Faculty Well-Being and Productivity while Reducing Burnout

Objective. To explore methods that pharmacy programs can use to redefine their work environment to reduce stress, improve well-being, and increase productivity. Findings. To demonstrate a culture of support, organizations should consider a five-fold approach to enhancing and maintaining faculty well-being including, optimizing faculty and staff support, establishing a faculty development and mentoring program, permitting flexibility in work schedules, improving productivity of meetings, and managing communication tools. Individuals can also take measures to improve their well-being including controlling email, giving attention to faculty citizenship, implementing stress reduction and coping techniques, and maintaining boundaries between work and home. Summary. This article discusses approaches that have been shown to reduce burnout and provides strategies organizations and individuals can implement to improve productivity and faculty well-being. While certain areas such as faculty wellness and productivity are well studied in the pharmacy and health professions literature, significant gaps were identified in other areas, including alternate work arrangements. In some cases, data from the business sector can be extrapolated to pharmacy education; however, inferences from effect ive corporate strategies may not be transferable to the culture and expectations of academia. While there is significant overlap between institutional and individual strategies, a culture of communication, collaboration, support and citizenship is foundational. There is no one strategy that will work for everyone and flexibility is important to develop an individualized approach.
Impact of a Body Mass Index Threshold on Abdominal Wall Hernia Repair at a Safety-Net Hospital.

BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) thresholds are utilized as a preoperative optimization strategy for obese patients prior to elective abdominal wall hernia repair. The objectives of this study were ...
Pain relief with combination acetaminophen/codeine or ibuprofen following third-molar extraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled studies that, following third-molar extraction, utilized either a combination of acetaminophen (600 mg) with codeine (60 mg) or ibuprofen (400 mg) for pain management. DESIGN We searched PubMed, and the trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov databases with the keywords "molar or molars", "tooth or teeth", "extraction" and "pain". Selected studies were: (1) randomized, blinded, placebo controlled, (2) utilized either a single-dose combination acetaminophen (600 mg) with codeine (60 mg) (A/C) or ibuprofen, and (3) recorded standardized pain relief (PR) at 6 hours, or summed total pain relief over 6 hours (TOTPAR6). Of the 2,949 articles that were identified, 79 were retrieved for full-text analysis, and 20 of these studies met our inclusion criteria. RESULTS For A/C, the weighted, standardized mean difference (SMD) for TOTPAR6 was 0.796 (0.597-0.995, 95% confidence interval), P < 0.001, and for PR at 6 h, the SMD was 0.0186 (0.007 to 0.378; P = 0.059), whereas for ibuprofen the SMD for TOTPAR6 was 3.009 (1.283 to 4.735; P = 0.001), and for PR at 6 h, the SMD was 0.854 (95% CI, 0.712 to 0.996; P < 0.001). A SMD of 0.8 or larger is indicative of a large effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that single dose of ibuprofen (400 mg) is an effective pain reducer for post third molar extraction pain.
Clinical significance of first-trimester chorionic bumps: a matched case-control study.

Objective To determine the clinical significance of a chorionic bump diagnosed by ultrasound in women attending an early pregnancy unit in a teaching hospital. Methods This was a retrospective case–control study over an 8-year period (2003–2010). Cases of chorionic bump were identified by searching our early pregnancy database and were matched to controls in a ratio of 1:3. The primary outcome measure was miscarriage vs ongoing pregnancy. Secondary outcomes were gestational age at delivery and the presence or absence of fetal abnormality. Results A total of 37 798 pregnancies were examined over the study period and 57 pregnancies with a chorionic bump were identified, giving an estimated prevalence of 1.5 per 1000 pregnancies (0.15%; 95% CI, 0.01–0.73%). Of the 52 women with follow-up data, 20 (38.5%; 95% CI, 26.4–52.1%) miscarried vs 31/151 (20.5%; 95% CI, 14.8–27.7%) in the control group (P = 0.01). There were four second-trimester miscarriages in the study group and none in the controls (P < 0.01). Out of 52 pregnancies in the study group there were 32 live births (62%; 95% CI, 47.9–73.6%) vs 118/151 (78%; 95% CI, 70.9–84.0%) in the control group (P = 0.02). There were no differences in preterm delivery rates or fetal anomalies. No significant relationship was found between size of the bump or location in relation to the umbilical cord insertion and risk of miscarriage. Conclusions Women presenting to early pregnancy units with a chorionic bump discovered at first-trimester ultrasound examination had approximately double the risk of miscarriage compared with matched controls, the difference being due to a greater number of miscarriages during the second trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Rural Lawscape: Space Tames Law Tames Space

A fundamental tenet of legal geographies scholarship is that the legal and the spatial are mutually constituting. This chapter investigates that dynamic in contemporary rural contexts in the United States. In particular, I posit that law and rural spatiality are at odds with one another because the presence of law as an ordering, governing, regulating force of state is in tension with the socio-spatial character of rurality. Law seeks to tame or control rural spatiality, but the material (low population density, dominance of nature over the built environment) and associated social characteristics of rural and remote places effectively resist those efforts. Rural spatiality’s features tend to impede the efforts of law’s agents and processes, making for a thinner, less robust legal presence. Critical and legal geographers, like legal scholars generally, have largely ignored the rural end of the rural-urban continuum, reflecting a rarely acknowledged urban-normativity (not to mention urban hubris). This chapter begins the work of recovering the rural, bringing it into scholarly view in order to broaden our understanding of the diffuse and localized operation of law in rural places. The chapter is thus a step toward theorizing the significance and force of rural spatiality in relation to law and legal processes. But the investigation into the rural lawscape reveals something not only about rural difference, but also about the otherwise obscure nature of law as variegated and variable. Further, looking to the rural margins reveals something about the center because the process by which law differentiates the rural also depicts, at least implicitly, the default urban norm.
Alterations in Sindbis Viral Envelope Proteins by Treating BHK cells with Glucosamine

Addition of d-glucosamine to BHK cells infected with Sindbis virus inhibited the formation of the E-2 viral envelope from its precursor PE-2. Release of virus was blocked, and two new viral protein bands replaced the normal envelope protein bands detected in SDS-gel electropherograms of infected cell extracts.
Constrained least squares design of FIR filters using iterative reweighted least squares

This paper presents a new application of the iterative reweighted least squared error algorithm to obtain a constrained least squares approximation for designing a linear phase FIR filter. A new method is given which has good initial convergence coupled with quadratic final convergence. We compare two methods of using the IRLS approach to the CLS problem.
The distribution of dissolved copper in the tropical-subtropical north Atlantic across the GEOTRACES GA03 transect

Abstract Dissolved copper (Cu) was determined in the tropical-subtropical North Atlantic Ocean along the GEOTRACES GA03 transect that covers a number of this basin's key regions. In the surface water, dissolved Cu concentration shows a strong shelf input from North American and European continents, and a significant depletion in the productive zone off Mauritania coast. Dissolved Cu concentration in the surface water of the western margin anti-correlates linearly with salinity suggesting an inefficient surface removal of dissolved Cu relative to the rate of lateral mixing in this region. The depletion of dissolved copper near the Mauritanian shore, in contrast, indicates an efficient scavenging of dissolved Cu onto the biogenic particles which precludes the observation of the shelf input. In general, dissolved Cu concentration strongly correlates with silicate. A similar deep water accumulation for dissolved Cu and silicate was observed along the GA03 transect. The Southern Ocean may be the major source of dissolved copper along our transect, because silicate distribution in the North Atlantic is mainly controlled by the Southern Ocean sources through mixing and due to the strong correlation between dissolved Cu and silicate in the Atlantic sector of that basin. However, the ratio of copper to silicate was much larger during our study than that found for the Southern Ocean ( Heller and Croot, 2015 ), suggesting the presence of additional Cu sources in our study region. One of such Cu sources may be from the benthic sediments, as suggested by previous studies. In addition, subsurface enrichment and seaward decrease of dissolved Cu were observed at the western and northeastern part of our transect. Near the Strait of Gibraltar a hotspot of copper was observed within the influence zone of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). Copper does not show an anomaly within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off the slope of Mauritania, indicating an insignificant net effect of Cu remineralization relative to scavenging in this region. In this zone, dissolved copper variability, instead, is found mainly near the slopes of Mauritania and Cape Verde Islands, suggesting an influence by sedimentary Cu source. Hydrothermal field on the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is observed as a sink for the dissolved copper.
Genetic interaction between male mating strategy and sex ratio in a marine isopod

Individual males in many animal species exhibit discrete modes of behaviour1,2,3, but the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly understood. Here we investigate the genetics of the isopod crustacean Paracerceis sculpta, in which three different types of males coexist, each distinguishable from the others by their behavioural and morphological phenotypes4,5. Within families, alleles of the gene encoding the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (Pgm gene) are associated with particular male phenotypes, although no significant association between these characters exists population-wide. This suggests that Pgm is closely linked to a single genetic locus which controls male phenotype. We call this the alternative mating strategy (Ams) locus. We present evidence that two other factors—an autosomal gene, transformer (Tfr), and an extrachromosomal factor—interact with primary sex determination loci and with alleles at Ams, causing certain individuals to change sex, thereby biasing family sex ratios. A model based on our genetic analysis suggests that: first, polymorphism in male behaviour is controlled by the mendelian segregation of three alleles at the Ams locus; second, that family sex ratio is influenced by alternative alleles at the Tfr locus whose expression is influenced by the extrachromosomal factor; and third, that Tfr and Ams interact epistatically to determine the sex of the individual and, if male, its behaviour and external morphology.
The Influence of Ownership on Strategic Cost Management: Evidence from U.S. Hospitals

This paper empirically examines the influence of ownership on strategic cost management (SCM) and related performance consequences in the health care industry. The concept of SCM is proposed as a two-dimensional strategy construct: revenue enhancement and cost reduction. Revenue enhancement refers to the use of SCM instruments to improve the quality of current revenue streams and identify revenue growth opportunities, whereas cost reduction refers to the use of SCM instruments to identify operational inefficiencies and contain costs. Drawing upon property rights theory and prior accounting literature, we develop the hypotheses that predict the ownership type would affect the extent to which the hospital strategically manages revenues and costs of operation, leading to possible improvement in financial performance. We select certain performance measures that are commonly used in accounting and healthcare research to operationalize the extensive use of SCM revenue-enhancing and SCM cost reduction strategies. A two-stage analysis approach is employed to address potential endogenity issues commonly associated with the relationship between ownership and performance in accounting research (Larcker and Rusticus 2010). Using a sample from short-term general, acute care hospitals in the State of California, we find that the ownership type does play a significant role in the choice of SCM strategies along the dimension of revenue-enhancing and cost reduction across different types of hospitals. Moreover, there is strong evidence that the association between the extensive use of SCM strategies and hospital financial performance is a function of the “match” between SCM use and a hospital’s ownership type, operating characteristics, and market environment.
Elizabeth Maddock Dillon, New World Drama: The Performative Commons in the Atlantic World, 1649–1849

ABSTRACT: Dillon traces the evolution of popular sovereignty as represented through theatrical depictions of race and economic power between the late-seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries in the British Atlantic. The work is impressively detailed and ably synthesizes much of the current scholarship in Atlantic performance history with the author’s own ideas.
Identification of potential drug targets using genomics and proteomics: a systems approach.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cellular–viral interactions of viral proteins and describes phenotypic changes as well as variations in cellular gene expression levels induced by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV‐1) infection. The disciplines of genomics and proteomics afford a new way of examining HIV‐1 infection, its interaction with cellular proteins, the changes the virus induces in the host cell, and the outcome of the course of the disease. By using systems approach, in which information from genomic, proteomic, and phenotypic studies are combined, new and more effective drug targets can be elucidated. The chapter examines the multitude of cellular changes related to the expression of Tat, Nef, and Gag and discusses how counteracting specific effects of viral proteins can alter disease pathogenesis.
Evaluating an image-fusion algorithm with synthetic-image-generation tools

An algorithm that combines spectral mixing and nonlinear optimization is used to fuse multiresolution images. Image fusion merges images of different spatial and spectral resolutions to create a high spatial resolution multispectral combination. High spectral resolution allows identification of materials in the scene, while high spatial resolution locates those materials. In this algorithm, conventional spectral mixing estimates the percentage of each material (called endmembers) within each low resolution pixel. Three spectral mixing models are compared; unconstrained, partially constrained, and fully constrained. In the partially constrained application, the endmember fractions are required to sum to one. In the fully constrained application, all fractions are additionally required to lie between zero and one. While negative fractions seem inappropriate, they can arise from random spectral realizations of the materials. In the second part of the algorithm, the low resolution fractions are used as inputs to a constrained nonlinear optimization that calculates the endmember fractions for the high resolution pixels. The constraints mirror the low resolution constraints and maintain consistency with the low resolution fraction results. The algorithm can use one or more higher resolution sharpening images to locate the endmembers to high spatial accuracy. The algorithm was evaluated with synthetic image generation (SIG) tools. A SIG developed image can be used to control the various error sources that are likely to impair the algorithm performance. These error sources include atmospheric effects, mismodeled spectral endmembers, and variability in topography and illumination. By controlling the introduction of these errors, the robustness of the algorithm can be studied and improved upon. The motivation for this research is to take advantage of the next generation of multi/hyperspectral sensors. Although the hyperspectral images will be of modest to low resolution, fusing them with high resolution sharpening images will produce a higher spatial resolution land cover or material map.
Origin of the Precerebellar System

The precerebellar system provides the principal input to the cerebellum and is essential for coordinated motor activity. Using a FLP recombinase-based fate mapping approach, we provide direct evidence in the mouse that this ventral brainstem system derives from dorsally located rhombic neuroepithelium. Moreover, by fate mapping at the resolution of a gene expression pattern, we have uncovered an unexpected subdivision within the precerebellar primordium: embryonic expression of Wnt1 appears to identify the class of precerebellar progenitors that will later project mossy fibers from the brainstem to the cerebellum, as opposed to the class of precerebellar neurons that project climbing fibers. Differential gene expression therefore appears to demarcate two populations within the precerebellar primordium, grouping progenitors by their future type of axonal projection and synaptic partner rather than by final topographical position.
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry reveals the interaction of Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein and chlorosome CsmA protein.

In green-sulfur bacterial photosynthesis, excitation energy absorbed by a peripheral antenna structure known as the chlorosome is sequentially transferred through a baseplate protein to the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) antenna protein and into the reaction center, which is embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane. The molecular details of the optimized photosystem architecture required for efficient energy transfer are only partially understood. We address here the question of how the baseplate interacts with the FMO protein by applying hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry analysis to reveal the binding interface of the FMO antenna protein and the CsmA baseplate protein. Several regions on the FMO protein, represented by peptides consisting of 123–129, 140–149, 150–162, 191–208, and 224–232, show significant decreases of deuterium uptake after CsmA binding. The results indicate that the CsmA protein interacts with the Bchl a #1 side of the FMO protein. A global pict...
Girlfriend getaways over the life course: change and continuity

The interplay of psychological needs with life course stage has been used to understand how choice of tourist activities and behaviours may change with age. Adopting a constructivist, woman-sensitive approach and grounded theory, this study explored the influence of needs and life stage in the context of girlfriend getaways – women taking vacations together. Findings from nine focus groups and 15 individual interviews (79 women aged between 21 and 87 years) revealed that girlfriend getaways fulfil various psychological needs at four different life course stages: adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood. Prominent themes common to the life course stages were getting away from stress and routine, bonding and reconnecting with female friends, and dealing with life events that signify important transitions and could be understood as rites of passage. Participants experienced both change and continuity as they travelled on girlfriend getaways at various life course stages.
Does genetic testing result in behavioral health change? Changes in smoking behavior following testing for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Background: As genetic testing for health risk becomes increasingly available, it becomes important to study the prospective impact of testing on modifiable health behavior.Purpose: This study examines the impact of genetic testing for alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, a condition that usually results in emphysema in individuals exposed to cigarette smoke. We evaluated whether AAT testing, performed in the home and with minimal contact (reading materials including advice on cessation), results in quit attempts and abstinence.Methods: Identified smokers (N=199) from a larger study of genetic testing were surveyed 3 months following receipt of their AAT genotype. The primary endpoint was the incidence of quit attempts.Results: Smokers who tested severely AAT deficient were significantly more likely to report a 24-hr quit attempt (59%) than were those who tested normal (26%). Carriers had a 34% quit attempt rate. Severely AAT deficient smokers were more likely than both carriers and normals to seek information on treatment, use pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, and report greater reductions in their smoking. There were no group differences in 3-month abstinence rates.Conclusions: Knowledge of severe AAT deficiency, but not carrier status, may motivate smokers toward cessation. The AAT testing experience may have consequences for outcomes of other genetic conditions with modifiable health behaviors.
Hall effect of vortices parallel to CuO2 layers and the origin of the negative Hall anomaly in YBa2Cu3O7- delta.

The Hall resistivity of vortices that lie parallel to the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ layers in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ is shown to be negative, in contrast with the Hall effect observed with field perpendicular to the layers (H\ensuremath{\parallel}c). The Magnus force component along the current is opposite in sign for vortices that lie parallel and perpendicular to the layers. In an oblique field, the opposing forces strongly influence vortex motion. This finding provides new insights into negative Hall anomaly (observed with H\ensuremath{\parallel}c). We show that the anomaly arises from the negative sign of the interlayer segments produced by strong fluctuations about the direction of H.
Isomerization Dynamics of 1,1'-Diethyl-4,4'-Cyanine (1144C) Studied by Different Third-Order Nonlinear Spectroscopic Measurements

The isomerization of 1,1’-diethyl-4,4’-cyanine (1144C) in two solvents, ethanol and hexanol, was studied by three different third-order four-wave mixing techniques: three-pulse photon echo peak shift (3PEPS), transient grating (TG), and pump−probe (PP) to provide complimentary information on different aspects of the reaction dynamics. A double-sided Feynman diagram analysis was used to assist in the formulation of the kinetic behavior in the TG and PP signals. The ground-state recovery process can be described as a single exponential process which is dominated by the bond-twisting motion on the excited-state surface. The rate is strongly viscosity and temperature dependent. A larger yield of the isomer is obtained in less viscous solvents or with greater excess excitation energy. Apparently, contradictory wavelength-dependent decay behavior was found in the TG and PP signals. This can be understood by considering the different real and imaginary contributions to the signals from hot ground-state absorpti...
Thermodynamic modeling of Mg–Ca–Ce system by combining first-principles and CALPHAD method

Abstract Thermodynamic assessments of the Ca–Ce and Ce–Mg binary systems were carried out by means of the CALPHAD approach complemented by first-principles calculations. The thermodynamic description for the Mg–Ca–Ce system was obtained by combining the derived databases of the Ca–Ce and Ce–Mg systems in the present work with that of the Ca–Mg system from the literature.
Neuroanatomy in Rett syndrome: Cerebral cortex and posterior fossa

Article abstract-Rett syndrome (RS), a neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology occurring almost exclusively in females, is characterized by autistic-like behavior, motor dysfunction, loss of language skills, dementia, and microcephaly. This study is a follow-up and extension of a previously reported neuroimaging study of patients with RS. We replicated previously reported findings with a larger patient population, and the volumetric MRI analysis was extended to include an analysis of neuroanatomy of the posterior fossa. Twenty girls with RS were compared with individually age-and gender-matched normal controls. Patients with RS showed global reduction in gray- and white-matter volumes. The prefrontal, posterior-frontal, and anterior-temporal regions showed the largest bilateral decrease in gray-matter volume, whereas white-matter volume was uniformly reduced throughout the brain. We found confirmation for the preferential reduction in caudate nucleus volume. However, we observed no preferential reduction in midbrain volume despite a preferential reduction in the midsagittal area of this region. We also present an individual case comparison between monozygotic twins discordant for RS. NEUROLOGY 1997;48: 399-407
Repetitive and stereotyped movements in children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine group differences and relationships with later developmental level and autism symptoms using a new clinical tool developed to measure repetitive and stereotyped movements (RSM) in young children. Method: Videotaped behavior samples using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS; Wetherby & Prizant, 2002) were coded for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD; n = 50), developmental delays without ASD (DD; n = 25), and typical development (TD; n = 50) between 18 and 24 months of age. Results: Children with ASD demonstrated significantly higher rate and larger inventory of RSM with objects and body during a systematic behavior sample than both the DD and TD groups. Measures of RSM were related to concurrent measures of social communication and predicted developmental outcomes and autism symptoms in the fourth year for the ASD group. None of the correlations between RSM and autism symptoms remained significant when controlling for CSBS Symbolic level. RSM with objects predicted unique variance in the severity of autism symptoms in the fourth year beyond that predicted by social communication measures alone. Conclusions: This study provides support for the diagnostic significance of RSM in children under 24 months of age and documents the utility of this RSM measurement tool as a companion to the CSBS.
Two-sample post-stratified or subgroup analysis with restricted randomization rules

In a clinical trial to compare two treatments, subjects may be allocated sequentially to treatment groups by a restricted randomization rule. Suppose that at the end of the trial, the investigator is interested in a post-stratified or subgroup analysis with respect to a particular demographic or clinical factor which was not selected prior to the trial for stratified randomization. Under a randomization model, large sample theory of two-sample post-stratified permutational tests is developed with a broad class of restricted randomization treatment allocation rules. The test procedures proposed here are illustrated with a real-life example. The results of this example indicate that it is not always possible to ignore the treatment rule used in the trial in the design-based analysis.