cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community science: bridging the gap between science and practice with community-centered models.

A major goal of community science is to improve the quality of life in our communities by improving the quality of the practice of treatment, prevention, health promotion, and education. Community science is an interdisciplinary field, which develops and researches community-centered models that enable communities to use evidence-based interventions more effectively and efficiently. In this article, the gap between science and practice and the need to bridge the gap with new models serve as an entry point and guide to the development of a community science. Therefore, the article describes (1) the “prevention science” model of bringing science to practice, (2) why this model is necessary but not sufficient for influencing the quality of interventions in our everyday world, (3) the gap between science and practice and the need to integrate “prevention science” models with community-centered models in order to bridge the gap, and (4) features of community science.
Information theoretic clustering of large structural modelbases

A hierarchically structured approach to organizing large structural model bases using an information theoretic criterion is presented. Objects (patterns) are modeled in the form of random parametric structural descriptions (RPSDs), an extension of the parametric structural description graph-theoretic formalism. Hierarchically clustering the RPSDs reduces the computational work to O(log N). The node pointers allow a mapping between the observation and a stored representation at one level, and the mapping to all potential models at all subsequent levels is reduced to mere tests, eliminating the exponential search for the best interprimitive mapping function for each stored candidate pattern. >
The collaborative invention of meaning: A short history of evolving ideas

In this paper I trace moments of spontaneous insight occurring among a group of young children in an environment where they are encouraged and supported in their efforts to collaboratively interrogate their own and one another’s ideas. I argue that noticing, confronting, and responding to enigmas, surprises, and evolving meanings as they are happening, enhances learning while also revealing musical structures that are often hidden in the assumptions that inform our notations and analytic categories, thus influencing our teaching. The examples focus particularly on young children at work learning to transform the elusiveness of organized actions — clapping a rhythm, walking a line, drumming — into explanations and descriptions that hold still to be looked at and upon which to reflect.
Tracking tongue motion in three dimensions using tagged MR image

Harmonic phase (HARP) analysis has been used in tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure two-dimensional (2D) in-plane motion and strain, and was recently applied in characterizing the motion of tongue during speech. The 3D-HARP method extended the HARP method to track three-dimensional (3D) cardiac motion from short- and long-axis tagged MR images by diffusing 2D in-plane motion on a sparse 3D mesh. In this paper, we propose a new 3D-HARP method to calculate the 3D tongue motion from three orthogonal tag orientations imaged within sagittal, coronal, and axial image planes. Our method iteratively tracks 2D in-plane motions on points on a compact mesh using 2D-HARP followed by thin-plate spline (TPS) interpolation to extend the 2D motion to the whole mesh. Experiments on real tongue data show that our method is capable of accurate motion tracking in simple utterances.
Reconstruction of objects having latent reference points

A simple recursive algorithm is proposed for reconstructing certain classes of two-dimensional objects from their autocorrelation functions (or equivalently from the modulus of their Fourier transforms—the phase-retrieval problem). The solution is shown to be unique in some cases. The objects contain reference points not satisfying the holography condition but satisfying weaker conditions. Included are objects described by Fiddy et al. [ Opt. Lett.8, 96 ( 1983)] satisfying Eisenstein’s thorem.
Sequestration: inadvertently killing biomedical research to score political points.

Th e US Congress just allowed the ‘sequester’ to happen, which means they cut the national budget for biomedical research by 8.2%. What happened to most people? Nothing. As many pundits have already written, the sky didn’t fall, and the economy didn’t collapse. ‘We must cut spending!’ they say, ‘and look: nothing happened.’ So the budget cuts must be okay. We’ll just trim some wasteful spending from all that research. Congress, here’s what ‘nothing’ looks like: in 5, maybe 10 years from now, someone you care about gets sick, maybe from cancer. Th e only treatments are painful and not very eff ective, so the doctors decide the best option is to do nothing. Or maybe, 10 years from now, you have your figrandchild, but she is born with a life-threatening genetic disease. No treatment is known, so the doctors tell you and your children that nothing can be done. Th at’s what ‘nothing’ looks like. If we take only a shortterm perspective, cutting the NIH and NSF research budgets won’t seem to change anything outside of the scientifi c community. So the pundits are right: the sky won’t fall, and the economy won’t collapse. And in the long term, we’ll have nothing. So what will happen? Well, most university research in the US is funded by 3- to 5-year grants from the federal government. Even at 3 years, it is diffi cult for scientists to plan: it takes about a year to get a grant, which means that when you get a new 3-year grant you only have 2 years to generate results before you have to apply for another one. And when you get a grant, it often takes time before you can fi someone qualifi ed to do the work (someone who you may have to train). Due to uncertainty about sequestration, the NIH funded almost nothing new in the period from September until March, waiting to fiout if the sequester would really happen. Literally thousands of biomedical researchers across the country have scrambled to keep funding their labs, waiting for decisions from NIH. As the cuts take eff ect, many of these labs will be forced to freeze hiring, cut back on experiments and reduce their scientifi c output. Th e uncertainty is particularly devastating to young scientists. New PhD graduates continued to apply for jobs, but the jobs just haven’t been there. ‘Wait a while,’ some of us said. ‘We might have funding in the spring.’ Some of the best young scientists won’t wait: some have already gone to industry, and some might leave science entirely, discouraged over the sad state of fiuncertainty that now seems to be permanent. When highly skilled scientists leave the fiwe’ve lost something that we will never get back. Meanwhile the cuts from sequestration paint an increasingly grim picture for new investigators just
Mortality Rate in Relation to Egg Production

Abstract THE mortality problem is one of great significance in breeding operations aside from its economic aspects. The view is rather widespread, though not in many cases well substantiated, that birds that die in the laying houses are likely to be inferior producers. If this situation holds in a closed flock, higher mortality would be expected to be associated with increased flock production provided no disease epidemic or other cause distorted production. No parallelism has been observed in the Massachusetts Experiment Station flock of Rhode Island Reds between annual egg production and mortality rates even though annual egg production has increased from 132 in 1916 to about 232 eggs at present on the basis of survivors. Several reports have been made on egg laying contest pens which seem to indicate that more birds die in the lower producing pens. Such material is composed of a large group of very small samples . . .
Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract

I would like to thank Karl Aquino, Joel Brockner, Daniel Forbes, Matthew Kraatz, Judi McLean Parks, Alexandra Mithel, Lynn Shore, Jon Turner, Linn Van Dyne, Batia Wiesenfeld, Dale Zand, and four anonymous reviewers for their helpful assistance with this manuscript. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical relationships between employees' trust in their employers and their experiences of psychological contract breach by their employers, using data from a longitudinal field of 125 newly hired managers. Data were collected at three points in time over a two-and-a-half-year period: after the new hires negotiated and accepted an offer of employment; after 18 months on the job; and after 30 months on the job. Results show that the relationship between trust and psychological contract breach is strong and multifaceted. Initial trust in one's employer at time of hire was negatively related to psychological contract breach after 18 months on the job. Further, trust (along with unmet expectations) mediated the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees' subsequent contributions to the firm. Finally, initial trust in one's employer at the time of hire moderated the relationship between psychological contract breach and subsequent trust such that those with high initial trust experienced less decline in trust after a breach than did those with low initial trust.
A uniform price auction with locational price adjustments for competitive electricity markets

Competitive electricity markets which rely on centralized dispatch require a mechanism to solicit offers from competing generators. Ideally, such an auction mechanism provides incentives to submit offers equal to the marginal cost of generation for each generator. Economic theory suggests that the Uniform Price auction is an appropriate institution. However, an efficient implementation of this auction in an electricity context requires that the offers used in the auction reflect the appropriate locational price adjustments for transmission losses and congestion. This paper describes a uniform price auction that incorporates locational price adjustments on a Web-based platform suitable for experimentation. Preliminary results show dramatically different price and revenue results when compared with a simple continuous Discriminative auction.
Nursing and biomedical engineering transdisciplinary clinical trials collaboration.

Clinical trials are the primary means for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new drugs and devices [1]. The dual goals of clinical trial research are to determine the effectiveness of medical de...
African Americans' Perceptions of Pain and Pain Management: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review is to explore the perceptions of acute, persistent, and disease-specific pain and treatment options held by adult African Americans. Underassessment a...
Enhanced actin pedestal formation by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 adapted to the mammalian host

Upon intestinal colonization, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) induces epithelial cells to generate actin “pedestals” beneath bound bacteria, lesions that promote colonization. To induce pedestals, EHEC utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate into the mammalian cell bacterial effectors such as Tir, which localizes in the mammalian cell membrane and functions as a receptor for the bacterial outer membrane protein intimin. Whereas EHEC triggers efficient pedestal formation during mammalian infection, EHEC cultured in vitro induces pedestals on cell monolayers with relatively low efficiency. To determine whether growth within the mammalian host enhances EHEC pedestal formation, we compared in vitro-cultivated bacteria with EHEC directly isolated from infected piglets. Mammalian adaptation by EHEC was associated with a dramatic increase in the efficiency of cell attachment and pedestal formation. The amounts of intimin and Tir were significantly higher in host-adapted than in in vitro-cultivated bacteria, but increasing intimin or Tir expression, or artificially increasing the level of bacterial attachment to mammalian cells, did not enhance pedestal formation by in vitro-cultivated EHEC. Instead, a functional assay suggested that host-adapted EHEC translocate Tir much more efficiently than does in vitro-cultivated bacteria. These data suggest that adaptation of EHEC to the mammalian intestine enhances bacterial cell attachment, expression of intimin and Tir, and translocation of effectors that promote actin signaling.
Detection of calcified arteries in breast tissue by vibro-acoustography: implications on diagnosis of coronary artery diseases

The relationship between breast arterial calcification and coronary artery calcification and stenosis is currently an area of active research. It has been suggested in the literature that calcified arteries in the breast may be positively correlated with coronary artery disease. The efficacy of x-ray mammography, the main breast imaging method, is generally reduced in radiologically dense breasts. In a recent study, we have shown that vibro-acoustography (VA), a novel noninvasive imaging technique that is based on the dynamic response of the object to a vibrating force, can detect microcalcifications in breast regardless of breast density. Here, we study application of VA in detecting calcified arteries in breast tissue. Initial mammogram images clearly showed 14 calcified arteries. The corresponding VA images showed all calcified arteries as fragmented linear structures. The VA appearance of the arteries highly correlated with their distinctive x-ray appearances, which allowed us to identify all of the calcified arteries in excised breast tissue. This method may eventually play a role in identifying individuals with an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Now and then, them and us, this and that: Studying relationships across time, partner, context, and person

Personal relationships are frequently studied using methods and analyses that reflect an interest in relationships as between-persons phenomena. Although informative, there is much to be learned from examining relational phenomena from a within-persons perspective. The present article reviews the application of within-persons approaches to both the conceptualization and investigation of relational phenomena. The benefits of studying variation in psychologically meaningful constructs across multiple relationships, across different contexts within a relationship, and across time are outlined. Moreover, combinations of between- and within-persons strategies that can examine how relational, contextual, and temporal variation differs across people are discussed. Methodological and statistical considerations important to such designs are also outlined, and their limitations are discussed.
A combined octree/delaunay method for fully automatic 3‐D mesh generation

Fully automatic three-dimensional mesh generation is a fundamental requirement for automating the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Two techniques in particular—the octree and Delaunay approaches—have been used towards this end. A method that combines both approaches to fully automatic mesh generation is presented here. The resulting algorithm provides the linear growth rate and divide-and-conquer approach of the octree method with the simplicity and optimal properties of the Delaunay triangulation.
A high speed data modem for digital cellular radio

This paper describes an adaptive rate modem ideally suited for fading mobile radio channels. The modem adapts its information rate to the time-varying channel conditions by changing the code rate of a special trellis code. The modem exploits the unused capacity in the cellular radio channel and can quadruple the mean data rate of wireless modems. Because trellis coded modulation is used, the bandwidth and symbol rate are constant. A novel estimator and rate changing hardware ensure the modem can track and adjust to rapid multipath fading. The modem can be made backward compatible with existing TDMA digital cellular standards like IS-136 and GSM.
Economic Geography and Economic Voting: Evidence from the US States

If voters use information about the economy to assess the competence of incumbents, a connection between economic conditions and incumbent success should only be discernible in settings where public policy might plausibly affect the economy, and where the assignment of government responsibility is relatively straightforward. Applying this logic to gubernatorial elections in the United States, we test the following hypothesis: the connection between economic conditions and incumbents' vote shares is mediated by the structure of the state economy. This hypothesis is premised on the idea that voters understand that raw macroeconomic aggregates – when driven by factors like weather, commodity prices and federal policy – are poor signals of incumbent performance. Using data from gubernatorial elections held between 1950 and 1998, we show that the connection between macroeconomic indicators and incumbent success is weak in states dominated by natural resources and farming but quite strong elsewhere. This finding helps explain why earlier studies found no connection between state-level economic conditions and gubernatorial elections.
Discrimination, Attribution, and Racial Group Identification: Implications for Psychological Distress Among Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life (2001–2003)

There is increasing evidence that experiencing discrimination may contribute to poor mental health among Black Americans. However, few studies have distinguished between discrimination attributed to race versus other forms of discrimination or have compared differences in their psychological implications. Using nationally representative data on 5,191 Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL; 2001–2003), this study examined serious psychological distress (SPD) in relation to discrimination attributed to racial versus nonracial causes and also investigated whether racial group identification may be a buffer. We found that discrimination was associated with greater odds of SPD, regardless of attribution. Racial attributions were associated with higher odds of SPD compared with attributions to nonracial causes for each level of discrimination. High racial group identification buffered the negative effect of moderate levels of both racially and nonracially attributed discrimination. Our results provide evidence for the negative influence of discrimination on SPD among Black Americans and indicate that high racial group identification may somewhat mitigate their negative mental health effects. Our study suggests that discrimination and racial group identification should be addressed to protect against psychological distress among Black Americans.
Implementation of a Peer-Led Team Learning Instructional Approach in an Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Course.

This study focuses on the implementation of a peer-led team learning (PLTL) instructional approach for all students in an undergraduate organic chemistry course and the evaluation of student outcomes over 8 years. Students who experienced the student-centered instruction and worked in small groups facilitated by a peer leader (treatment) in 1996-1999 were compared with students who experienced the traditional recitation section (control) in 1992-1994. Quantitative and qualitative data show statistically significant improvements in student performance, retention, and attitudes about the course. These findings suggest that using undergraduate leaders to implement a peer-led team learning model that is built on a social constructivist foundation is a workable mechanism for effecting change in undergraduate science courses. 2002 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 606-632, 2002 Various science councils advise that the classroom should incorporate group activity because it influences how students learn and reinforces the collaborative nature of the scientific enterprise (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1989; National Research Council, 1996, 1999; National Science Foundation, 1996). This emphasis on student-centered instruction marks a shift from the traditional instructor-centered paradigm, which provides few opportunities for students to become actively engaged in the learning process. In contrast, students working in small groups have opportunities to negotiate meaning and construct conceptual understanding in a community of learners (Brown & Campione, 1994; Driver, Asoko, Leach, Mortimer, & Scott, 1994). Small-group instructional methods have been implemented in undergraduate science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET) education (e.g., Brown & Blackburn, 1999;
Vertically Driven Waves: Energy Transfer Between Gravity Waves Revisited

We investigate the energy transfer from large waves to small ones through vertical acceleration and demonstrate that this is a much larger effect than that of the potential energy changes of the small waves moving over the larger ones. Rates of exponential growth for this process are given and limits on the stable size of small waves in the horizontal accelerations from the larger ones are derived. We discuss the possibility of this being a manifestation of the Benjamin-Feir instability.
Glass-liquid phase separation in highly supersaturated aqueous solutions of telaprevir.

Amorphous solid dispersions are of great current interest because they can improve the delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. It has been recently noted that the highly supersaturated solution...
A Situational Model of Displacement and Diffusion Following the Introduction of Airport Metal Detectors

Much of the discourse surrounding counterterrorism centers on the inevitability of displacement, or the substitution of another form of terrorist attack in place of the one that has been thwarted. Yet a longstanding tradition of research in situational crime prevention finds that displacement is far from inevitable, and often depends crucially on the specific features of the incidents in question. In fact, crime prevention efforts are often followed by a “diffusion of benefits” (i.e., crime reductions) to incidents, groups, or locations that were not the intended target of the intervention. The current study examines various forms of displacement and diffusion in response to airport metal detectors among terrorist groups that had been involved in the perpetration of aviation attacks prior to their implementation. Using data from the Global Terrorism Database, the findings from interrupted time series models suggest a complex set of displacement and diffusion effects with respect to alternative attack mode...
Influence of temperature on development, survivorship, and reproduction of buckthorn aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The development, survivorship, and reproduction of buckthorn aphid, Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, were evaluated at 7 constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, and 35°C). The developmental periods of immature stages ranged from 33.9 d at 10°C to 5.7 d at 30°C. The lower developmental threshold for the buckthorn aphid was estimated at 6.5°C. The upper temperature threshold of 35.6°C for development of nymph was determined from a nonlinear biophysical model. The percentages of survivorship of immature stages varied from 60.0 to 87.5% within the temperature range of 15-30°C. However, survivorships were reduced to 15.2 and 37.5% at 10 and 35°C, respectively. The average longevity of adult females ranged from 30.2 d at 15°C to 7.0 d at 35°C. The average progeny per female was 55.0 at 15°C and 5.5 at 35°C. At 10°C the majority of adults failed to reproduce. The largest r m (0.332) occurred at 27°C. Populations reared at 10 and 35°C had negative r m values of -0.022 and -0.014, respectively. The mean generation time of the population ranged from 40.3 d at 10°C to 8.3 d at 35°C. It was evident that extreme temperatures prolonged development, increased mortality of immatures, shortened adult longevity, and reduced fecundity. The optimal range of temperature for A. nasturtii population growth was 20-30°C.
Parasitic infection that caused fever-cases in population

Analyze the fever-cases in population caused by parasitic infection,and find out the proof according to symptoms and signs.Correct diagnose is made out promptly through scientific identified analysis.Identification of etiology according to differenciation of symptoms and signs is the key point of dealing with such public health incidents.
Discussion on the Application of Residual Sludge of SWUST Wastewater Treatment Plant to Orchard

On the basis of summarizing the disposal methods of municipal wastewater treatment plants,the article mainly studied the feasibility that residual sludge of Southwest University of Science and Technology(SWUST) Wastewater Treatment Plant was applied to the orchard.By analyzing the sludge composition,comparing with the orchard soil and with the relevant indicators of organic fertilizer standard,the results reveal that residual sludge of SWUST Wastewater Treatment Plant is an organic fertilizer that is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus.If only the content of cadmium and mercury in the residual sludge could be reduced effectively,it would be feasible that the residual sludge is applied to orchard chronically as an organic fertilizer.And the measures to reduce the content of heavy metals in the residual sludge were made in this paper.
Optimization of Conductor Configuration for UHV Double-circuits Transmission Lines

The optimization method for designer to select the conductor size and bundle-conductor configuration of UHV double-circuit transmission lines on a tower is presented. The effects of the bundle-conductor size and configurations, such as the subconductor diameter, the number of subconductors, the bundle diameter, the conductor heights, phase arrangements and phase spacings, on the environmental impacts of UHV transmission line are analyzed. Based on the method ,UHV line designer can select the configuration for two types of tower, drum-type and umbrella-type, as follows: the minimum conductor is determined and the horizontal spacing between two circuits and the vertical spacing of each circuit is adjusted in order to get the minimum horizontal spacing and minimum vertical spacing, with which the requirements for controlling EM (electromagnetic) environmental impacts would be satisfied. Corresponding curves are presented to offer the line designers.
Mimicking Photosynthesis with Supercomplexed Lipid Nanoassemblies: Design, Performance, and Enhancement Role of Cholesterol

We report here a new approach to mimicking photosynthesis that relies on supercomplexed lipid nanoassemblies to organize small organic species for coordinated light harvesting, energy/electron transfer, and photo-to-electrochemical energy conversion. Specifically, we demonstrate efficient photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) between rhodamine and fullerene assembled together via electrostatically bound liposome and lipid bilayer hosts. The remarkable impact of the lipid matrix on the photoconversion efficiency is further revealed by cholesterol, whose addition is found to modify the distribution and organization of the coassembled rhodamine dyes and thus their photodynamics. This significantly expedites the energy transfer (ET) among rhodamine dyes, as well as the PeT between rhodamines and fullerenes. A respectable 14% photon-to-electron conversion efficiency was achieved for this supercomplexed system containing 5% rhodamines, 5% fullerenes, and 30% cholesterol. The morphology, photodynamics, and photoe...
Epidemiology of Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa Based on Incidence and Prevalence Estimates From the National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry.

Importance Accurate estimation of the incidence and prevalence of each subtype of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is essential before clinical trials can be designed and sufficient funding allocated by government agencies and third-party insurers for the care of these individuals. Objective To determine the incidence and prevalence of inherited EB stratified by subtype in the United States during a 16-year period. Design, setting, and participants Prospective cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Data were obtained from 3271 patients consecutively enrolled in the National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry from January 1, 1986, through December 31, 2002, using a detailed instrument created with the assistance of the National Institutes of Health. Analyses were performed in January 1999 and April 2015. Participants were patients of all ages with EB. Main outcomes and measures Extensive clinical and laboratory data were collected on patients who were subclassified and serially revalidated based on published diagnostic recommendations by an international panel of experts. Pertinent to this report, estimates were made of the incidence and prevalence during 2 time frames. Results During the first 5 years of funding of the registry, the overall incidence and prevalence of inherited EB were 19.60 and 8.22 per 1 million live births, respectively. When reassessed over the entire 16 years of the study, the prevalence rose to 11.07, whereas the overall incidence remained unchanged at 19.57 cases. Changes were also observed within some disease subsets as increased numbers of patients were identified, recruited, followed up longitudinally, and resubclassified as needed over time. For example, in 2002, the prevalence of EBS overall and localized EBS had increased considerably by 30.4% and 25.5%, respectively, whereas the prevalence of generalized intermediate EBS declined by 76.7% as a result of later subclassification of some of those patients into other subtypes. In contrast, no significant change was noted in the overall prevalence of JEB or generalized severe JEB, although there was a 73.0% decline in the prevalence of generalized intermediate JEB. Conclusions and relevance Precise estimates of the incidence and prevalence of each major subtype of inherited EB in the United States are now available that should assist investigators in choosing which subtypes are amenable to properly designed, large-scale, clinical trials.
The Cultural and Philosophical Foundations of Mestizo Psychology and Psychiatry

The Sun Dancer believes that each person is a unique Living Medicine Wheel, powerful beyond imagination, that has been limited and placed upon the earth to Touch, Experience and Learn…. All the things of the Universe Wheel have spirit and life, including the rivers, rocks, earth, sky, plants and animals. But it is only man of all the Beings in the Wheel, who is a determiner. Our determining spirit can be made whole only through the learning of our harmony with all our brothers and sisters, and with all the other Spirits of the Universe. To do this we must learn to seek and to percieve….
El estudio de nuestro microcosmos: las comunidades microbianas asociadas al cuerpo humano

El cuerpo humano presenta una gran variedad de micro nichos que estan colonizados por diversos grupos de microorganismos, principalmente bacterias, que establecen con nuestro cuerpo una relacion simbionte y colaboran de manera positiva a nuestra biologia. En los ultimos anos, diversos grupos multinacionales han emprendido la tarea de estudiar, mediante avanzados procedimientos de analisis molecular y bioinformaticos, las comunidades microbianas que habitan nuestro cuerpo. Este articulo, pretende entregar una vision global de como, en la actualidad, se esta abordando el estudio de nuestro microcosmos y cuales son los aspectos mas sobresalientes derivados de los mismos.
Inflation of Finite Lattices Along All-or-nothing Sets

We introduce a new generalization of Alan Day’s doubling construction. For ordered sets \(\mathcal {L}\) and \(\mathcal {K}\) and a subset \(E \subseteq \ \leq _{\mathcal {L}}\) we define the ordered set \(\mathcal {L} \star _{E} \mathcal {K}\) arising from inflation of \(\mathcal {L}\) along E by \(\mathcal {K}\). Under the restriction that \(\mathcal {L}\) and \(\mathcal {K}\) are finite lattices, we find those subsets \(E \subseteq \ \leq _{\mathcal {L}}\) such that the ordered set \(\mathcal {L} \star _{E} \mathcal {K}\) is a lattice. Finite lattices that can be constructed in this way are classified in terms of their congruence lattices.
Obfuscated Built-In Self-authentication

Hardware trojan insertion and intellectual property (IP) theft are two major concerns when dealing with untrusted foundries. Most obfuscation techniques have a limited capability of addressing both vulnerabilities. Split manufacturing is designed to stop IP piracy and IC cloning, but it cannot deal with untargeted hardware Trojan insertion. Also, there are significant overheads involved with getting the highest level of protection from split manufacturing. Built-in self-authentication (BISA ) is a low-cost technique for preventing and detecting hardware Trojan insertion, but is vulnerable to IP piracy , IC cloning, or redesign attacks, especially on original circuitry. By combining BISA with split manufacturing, it is not only possible to defeat these attacks, but also strengthen protections and lower the cost of split manufacturing as well. The resulting combined technique is called obfuscated BISA (OBISA ). In this chapter, the reader can expect to learn: (1) backgrounds on BISA as well as its existing problems and weakness; (2) two separate approaches for OBISA, based on the trade-offs between security and computational/fabrication costs involved; (3) implementation flow for both approaches; and (4) their design issues, trade-offs, and potential attacks.
Bounce averaged trapped electron fluid equations for plasma turbulence

A novel set of nonlinear fluid equations for mirror‐trapped electrons is developed which differs from conventional fluid equations in two main respects: (1) the trapped‐fluid moments average over only two of three velocity space dimensions, retaining the full pitch angle dependence of the trapped electron dynamics, and (2) closure approximations include the effects of collisionless wave‐particle resonances with the toroidal precession drift. Collisional pitch angle scattering is also included. By speeding up calculations by at least √mi/me, these bounce averaged fluid equations make possible realistic nonlinear simulations of turbulent particle transport and electron heat transport in tokamaks and other magnetically confined plasmas.
A biologically-inspired electro-chemical reference electrode

The paper report a unique biologically inspired electro-chemical reference electrode based on regulating the breathing of bacteria. Some species of bacteria, named exoelectrogen, have the capability of extracellular electron transfer, which is the transfer of electrons to a solid electron acceptor outside their membrane. We find that it sets the solid electron acceptor at a stable electrochemical potential, which can be used as reference electrode. We pattern thin film platinum as electron acceptor and grow exoelectrogenic biofilm on it. By performing colorimetric analysis of the individual ions in the anolyte solution, we confirmed that the potential of the reference electrode, ∼ −0.5 V versus the Ag/AgCl in 3M NaCl, arises from the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The biologically-inspired reference electrode demonstrates a stability of ±4.2 mV/day for two days. It is integrated in a MEMS microbial fuel cell (MFC) to characterize its electrochemical characteristics.
Relationships among Vegetation Structure, Canopy Composition, and Avian Richness Patterns across an Aspen-Conifer Forest Gradient

ABSTRACTEcologists have a long-term interest in understanding the relative influence of vegetation composition and vegetation structure on avian diversity. LiDAR remote sensing is useful in studying local patterns of avian diversity because it characterizes fine-scale vegetation structure across broad extents. We used LiDAR, aerial and satellite imagery, and avian field data to investigate the relative influence of vegetation structure and canopy composition on avian richness across an aspen-conifer forest gradient. Aspen enhances forest avian biodiversity but has been declining across western North America. We conducted bird surveys between 2013 and 2014 in plots with a range of aspen-conifer canopy composition. We found aspen to support higher avian richness than conifer, especially among cavity nesters. In contrast to other studies, we found weak relationships between vegetation structure and avian richness. Although primary cavity excavator richness was negatively influenced by canopy density, canopy ...
What's Normal? – Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate

This article takes data from a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association that examined whether the true mean body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Because the dataset suggests...
Human resource challenges for public libraries: survey results

This essay presents the major findings from a survey about human resource management in public libraries. The survey was conducted in October 2016 via the Internet. The participants were librarians with human resource management experience employed by public libraries in the United States. The majority of the participants responded that human resource management was challenging to some degree. While a majority were able to solve their human resource problems successfully, a majority of the respondents believed that the human resource curriculum for library science programs was inadequate.
The Role of Creativity and Randomizers in Human Cognition and Problem Solving

Genetic algorithms demonstrate that a higher organism in its environment or society can modify its behavior (humans their societal decisions) by a selective and adaptive learning process which is regimented by ad-hoc game-theoretical and statistical societal default rules. These rules may change even genetically fixed rules; their use can generate new ones which our brain evaluates (Holland’s “credit assignments”; Holland 1995, p 53); the organism must store all of them in its memory system. In short, animals learn (mostly) unconsciously by using default rules (Holland 1995, p 45), humans consciously by using default rules stored in the higher linguistic and the cultural memory3 system. Thus, evolutionary processing by learning, rule generation, and rules of innovations (Holland 1995, p 61) can totally describe the evolutionary and evolutive dynamic. It is characteristic for mental evolutive processing after randomizations to progress gradually by using default rules, step by step, beyond the established knowledge. The use of default rules by humans can lead, as we will show, to mental innovations and the creation of entirely new solutions of conflicts between different mentifacts, sociofacts, artifacts, and technifacts. The advances of scientific research in democratic societies are produced by inventions, teaching, transmitting, and by storing past and new solutions of societal conflicts, as well as by the ultimate successful realizations. They rest upon serial default rules stored by the gigantic, cultural, scientific, evolutive process in our cultural memory3. The process is rule-bound; this is one salient property of TSO (Gotschl) theories.
Baseline Racial Differences in ENABLE-CHF-PC Trial Participants

Background While recent evidence demonstrates providing early palliative care (EPC) with routine heart failure (HF) care can improve quality of life (QOL) and reduce symptom burden and healthcare use, there is limited evidence examining EPC in a racially diverse HF population in the Southeastern US. Aims To describe and explore patient (PT) and caregiver (CG) participants’ baseline sociodemographics and outcome measures focusing on racial differences. Methods We compared sociodemographics and baseline PT/CG-reported outcome measures (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire [KCCQ], Hospital Anxiety/Depression Scale [HADS], religious coping style, & CG burden (Montgomery Borgatta Caregiver Burden [MCBC] Scale). We then calculated racial differences in these measures using T-tests adjusted with a False Discovery Rate. Results Of 487 participants, there were 357 PTs (nWhite(W)= 157; nBlack(B)= 200) and 130 CGs (nW= 55; nB= 75). Relative to race, Black PTs were younger (nW= 65.12; nB= 62.72; d= 0.29; p= 0.037), less likely to be married (nW= 90; nB= 78; d=0. 42, p= 0.0024), less likely to have private insurance coverage (nW= 103; nB= 83; d= 0.42, p= 0.0024), less likely to have a rural residence (nw= 55, nB= 39; d=0.35; p= 0.0086). Clinically, Black PTs had a lower ejection fraction (Mw= 44.99, MB= 38.9; d= 0.38, p= 0.0047) and fewer had a DNR order (nW= 37; nB = 22; d= 0.36, p= 0.0101). Black PTs also reported more negative religious coping (Mw= 3.8; MB=3.65; d=0.32, p= 0.473). Relative to race, more Black CGs were Protestant (nw= 48, nB= 74; d= 0.39). Black CGs reported lower HADS-depression scores (Mw= 5.36, MB= 4.15; d= 0.38) and lower CG burden scores (MBCB (Mw= 45.05; MB= 42.59; d= 0.43)). Conclusion There were relevant differences in RCT participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline. It will be important to consider these differences in analyzing trial outcomes and in intervention impact. Ultimately, if racial differences are identified this presents opportunities for tailoring the cultural aspects of the intervention to improve both access to and acceptability of EPC in all HF populations. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02505425.
Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1-Dependent Labeling and Isolation of Histone H4 through N-Mustard Analogues of S-Adenosyl-l-methionine.

Histones, the fundamental building blocks of nucleosomes, undergo post-translational modifications and play a major role in the regulation of transcriptional processes. Although the significance of these modifications, including methylation, is widely recognized, little is known about the mechanisms connecting such events. To improve our understanding of how protein methylation is intricately linked, we have developed novel N-mustard analogues of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) functionalized with azides and alkynes to serve as probes of biological methylation. Here, we demonstrate their ability to serve as effective cofactor mimics of SAM and to be enzymatically transferred by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) to histone H4 with high site selectively for its target Arg3 on the histone tail. Further incorporation of biotin through copper-catalyzed click chemistry permitted visualization and isolation of the analogue-modified histone H4 from a complex mixture. This work validates the future utility of N-mustard analogues as probes of protein methylation events beyond PRMT1.
Capturing cell type-specific chromatin structural patterns by applying topic modeling to single-cell Hi-C data

Single-cell Hi-C (scHi-C) interrogates genome-wide chromatin interaction in individual cells, allowing us to gain insights into 3D genome organization. However, the extremely sparse nature of scHi-C data poses a significant barrier to analysis, limiting our ability to tease out hidden biological information. In this work, we approach this problem by applying topic modeling to scHi-C data. Topic modeling is well-suited for discovering latent topics in a collection of discrete data. For our analysis, we generate twelve different single-cell combinatorial indexed Hi-C (sciHi-C) libraries from five human cell lines (GM12878, H1Esc, HFF, IMR90, and HAP1), consisting over 25,000 cells. We demonstrate that topic modeling is able to successfully capture cell type differences from sciHi-C data in the form of "chromatin topics." We further show enrichment of particular compartment structures associated with locus pairs in these topics.
Parental Roles in “The Circle of Life” Representations of Parents and Parenting in Disney Animated Films from 1937 to 2017

With such an expansive global reach, greater research is needed to evaluate messaging within Disney animated films as it relates to societal implications. The present analysis examined the portraya...
Treatment of Acute Dystonic Reactions

Acute dystonic reactions (ADRs) are unique symptoms which appear immediately following treatment with drugs that block dopamine receptors (DRBs). In the vast majority of cases, the responsible drugs are antipsychotics (APDs) of several types including phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and second-generation “atypical” APDs, as well as antiemetic agents such as metoclopramide and prochlorperazine. Acute dystonic reactions consist of intermittent or sustained muscular spasms and abnormal postures of the eyes, face, neck, throat, limbs, or trunk. Neck muscles are very commonly affected producing torticollis or retrocollis. In some cases subtle forms of orofacial dystonia occur without readily visible muscle spasm such as cramping sensations in the jaw, tongue, or throat with subjective difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking. Most individuals with ADRs present to the emergency room or in a psychiatric setting shortly after initiating treatment with an APD. Diagnosis requires familiarity with the disorder and its characteristic clinical features. Treatment requires immediate discontinuation of the offending drug and parenteral administration of an anticholinergic drug such as diphenhydramine or benztropine. The precise mechanism for this disorder is uncertain but relates to the effects of dopamine receptor blockade.
Virtual Knot Theory and Virtual Knot Cobordism

This paper is an introduction to virtual knot theory and virtual knot cobordism [37, 39]. Non-trivial examples of virtual slice knots are given and determinations of the four-ball genus of positive virtual knots are explained in relation to joint work with Dye and Kaestner [12]. We study the affine index polynomial [38], prove that it is a concordance invariant, show that it is invariant also under certain forms of labeled cobordism and study a number of examples in relation to these phenomena. In particular we show how a mod-2 version of the affine index polynomial is a concordance invariant of flat virtual knots and links, and explore a number of examples in this domain.
Beyond atrial septal defect closure, it is time to start seriously considering closing ventricular septal defects with devices.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current state of transcutaneous device closure of ventricular septal defects. Recent findings Newer devices and techniques have expanded the role of transcutaneous device closure of ventricular septal defects. Device closure of ventricular septal defects is a mainstay of therapy in many parts of the world. Device closure in smaller infants has relatively higher risks than larger infants and older children. The potential for the development of complete heart block remains a concern with this procedure. Summary Transcutaneous device closure of ventricular septal defects is a safe alternative to surgical repair in many patients.
Dynamics of Neuronal Activity in the Cortical Column during Behavior: Both Neuron Type and Layers Matter.

In this issue of Neuron, Yu et al. (2019) reveal the activity of excitatory cells and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons throughout the neocortical column during active sensation. The authors utilized a combination of spike waveform analysis and genetic tools to identify cell types, demonstrating their distinct patterns of recruitment during behavior.
Model-theoretic Elekes–Szabó in the strongly minimal case

We prove a generalization of the Elekes–Szabo theorem [G. Elekes and E. Szabo, How to find groups? (and how to use them in Erdos geometry?), Combinatorica 32(5) 537–571 (2012)] for relations defina...
Railroads and the transformation of China

Elisabeth Koll has written the definitive history of the railroad in China from its earliest development in the nineteenth century to the present day. Billed as an “institutionally informed busines...