cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transformation of continuing medical education (CME) in the United States

This article describes five major themes that inform and highlight the transformation of continuing medical education in the USA. Over the past decade, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and other national entities have voiced concern over the cost of health care, prevalence of medical errors, fragmentation of care, commercial influence, and competence of health professionals. The recommendations from these entities, as well as the work of other regulatory, professional, academic, and government organizations, have fostered discussion and development of strategies to address these challenges. The five themes in this paper reflect the changing expectations of multiple stakeholders engaged in health care. Each theme is grounded in educational, politico-economic priorities for health care in the USA. The themes include (1) a shift in expectation from simple attendance or a time-based metric (credit) to a measurement that infers competence in performance for successful continuing professional development (CPD); (2) an increased focus on interprofessional education to augment profession-specific continuing education; (3) the integration of CPD with quality improvement; (4) the expansion of CPD to address population and public health issues; and (5) identification and standardization of continuing education (CE) professional competencies. The CE profession plays an essential role in the transformation of the US CPD system for health professionals. Coordination of the five themes described in this paper will foster an improved, effective, and efficient health system that truly meets the needs of patients.
Characterizing viral microRNAs and its application on identifying new microRNAs in viruses.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a newly identified class of non-protein-coding small RNAs, which play important roles in multiple biological and metabolic processes at the post-transcriptional level by directly cleaving targeted mRNAs or inhibiting translation. The lengths of viral miRNA precursors vary from 60 to 119 with an average of 79 nucleotides, which was smaller than observed for plant or animal miRNAs. Viral miRNAs are less conserved than plant and animal miRNAs, suggesting that viral miRNAs may evolve rapidly. Uracil nucleotide was highly dominant in the first position of 5′ mature miRNAs. Viral miRNAs had high minimal folding free energy index (MFEI, 0.9 ± 0.1). Based on these features and the well-known characteristics of miRNAs, 20 new potential miRNAs were identified in viruses by using expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis and genomic sequence survey (GSS) analysis. A better understanding of viral miRNA functions will be useful to design new approaches for treating viruses, especially those viruses that can induce human, animal, and plant diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 10–18, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender differences in survival in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction despite similar extent of myocardial scar measured on cardiac magnetic resonance

Aims We sought to determine the association between myocardial scarring, gender, and survival in patients with significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and severe systolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction using delayed hyper-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (DHE-CMR). Methods and results We studied 339 patients (24% women, mean age 65 ± 11 years) referred for assessment of myocardial viability by DHE-CMR. Scar was defined as myocardium with an intensity >2 SD above viable myocardium. Left ventricular scar (defined as a percentage of total LV myocardium), LV volumes, risk factors, cardiac transplantation (CTx), and all-cause mortality were recorded. There were 84 deaths and five CTx over 3.7 ± 1.6 years (median 4 years, interquartile range 2.6–4.9 years). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in men was only slightly different from women (23% ± 9 vs. 25% ± 10, P = 0.05), whereas mean scar % was similar in both groups (32 ± 21 vs. 29 ± 20, P = 0.3). On univariable survival analysis, age [hazard ratio, HR, 1.03 (1.01–1.05), P = 0.002], female gender [HR 2.02 (1.31–3.12), P = 0.001], and scar % [HR 1.01 (1.003–1.02), P = 0.009] predicted outcomes; and also on multivariable analysis (χ2 32, P < 0.0001). Women with scar % greater than the median had more events, compared with men with or without a high scar burden (log-rank P < 0.001). Conclusion In patients with CAD and severely reduced LVEF, women have worse outcomes than men, irrespective of myocardial scar burden.
The Developing Technology of Apparatus in Psychology's Early Laboratoriesab

This paper explores aspects of the role that laboratory instruments have played in establishing psychology as a science. Comparisons of earlier instruments with their more modern counterparts indicate that many problems and methods still of interest today were explored in the laboratories of psychology's pioneers. Such continuities are noted for apparatus employed in the study of reaction time, studies of auditory and visual processes, motor skills, and learning. Several examples are noted of instruments no longer in use, and a discussion is provided of ways in which instruments themselves may influence the outcome of experimental research.
The Trapping Of Laser-Generated Biradicals With Molecular Oxygen: The Synthesis Of Peroxides Related To Vitamin K, Insect Pheromones And Prostaglandins.

The theoretical and experimental considerations involved in laser-generated biradical trapping with molecular oxygen are discussed. This method has been applied in the elucidation of the mechanism of the photodegradation of Vitamin K via oxygen trapping of a preoxe-tane biradical. The trapping of biradicals derived from azoalkanes has been applied to the syntheses of pine beetle pheromone mimics and prostaglandin endoperoxide analogues.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Assess Factors Affecting the Oral Bioavailability of the Lactone and Carboxylate Forms of the Lipophilic Camptothecin Analogue AR-67 in Rats

Camptothecin analogues are anticancer drugs effective when dosed in protracted schedules. Such treatment is best suited for oral formulations. AR-67 is a novel lipophilic analogue with potent efficacy in preclinical models. Here we assessed factors that may influence its oral bioavailability in rats. Plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were conducted following administration of AR-67 lactone or carboxylate doses alone or after pre-dosing with inhibitors of the efflux transporters P-gp and Bcrp. A population PK model that simultaneously fitted to oral and intravenous data was used to estimate the bioavailability (F) and clearance of AR-67. An inverse Gaussian function was used as the oral input into the model and provided the best fits. Covariate analysis showed that the bioavailability of the lactone, but not its clearance, was dose dependent. Consistent with this observation, the bioavailability of AR-67 increased when animals were pretreated orally with GF120918 or Zosuquidar. Absorption of AR-67 is likely affected by solubility of its lactone form and interaction with efflux pumps in the gut. AR-67 appears to be absorbed as the lactone form, most likely due to gastric pH favoring its formation and predominance. F increased at higher doses suggesting saturation of efflux mechanisms.
Ferromagnetic-spin-glass transition in a four-dimensional random-bond Ising model

The four-dimensional +-J random-bond Ising model is studied using ground-state calculations. System sizes up to N=6^4 spins are considered. Here it is found that the ferromagnetic-spin glass transition occurs at a critical concentration p_c=0.28(1) of the antiferromagnetic bonds, which is comparable to values found previously by high-temperature series expansions. The transition is characterized by a correlation-length exponent \nu=1.0(1) and an order-parameter exponent \beta=0.4(1). Thus, this transition is in a different universality class from four-dimensional bond percolation, where \nu=0.678(50) and \beta=0.639(20).
Synthesis and characterization of the monomeric three-coordinate indium thiolate and selenolate complexes In[E(2,4,6-t-Bu3C6H2)]3 (E=S,Se)

The synthesis and characterization of the monomeric neutral three-coordinate indium thiolate and selenolate derivatives In[S(2,4,6-t-Bu 3 C 6 H 2 )] 3 (1) and In[Se(2,4,6-t-Bu 3 C 6 H 2 )] 3 .2PhMe (2) are described. Compound 1 was synthesized by the reaction of In[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 with 3 equiv of HS(2,4,6-t-Bu 3 C 6 H 2 ) in toluene whereas 2 was obtained by the reaction of InEt 3 with 3 equiv of HSe(2,4,6-t-Bu 3 C 6 H 2 ) in the same solvent
Intelligence tests and gifted assessment: What are the positives?

The use of individual intelligence tests for gifted assessment is widespread and when used appropriately, intelligence tests can provide valuable information for making decisions about placement and educational programs for the gifted. The purpose of this article is to discuss the many positive aspects of using intelligence tests in gifted assessment. These include the ability of intelligence tests to accurately predict academic and everyday success, the outstanding psychometric properties of intelligence tests, and the utility of intelligence tests in identifying giftedness in handicapped children, underachievers, and others who don't fit the typical pattern of giftedness. The article concludes with recommendations for the intelligent use of intelligence tests with gifted individuals.
Constructing Language Normativity through the Animation of Stance in Spanish Language Medical Consultations

The purpose of this study is to examine the construction of language normativity as medical providers interact with patients and animate stance within Spanish-language medical consultations. The context of the study is a clinic in which providers use Spanish to communicate with monolingual Spanish-speaking patients. This clinic is in the United States, an English-speaking macro-societal context. Findings indicate that providers who are second-language users of Spanish animate stance and interact with patients in ways such that English is constructed as normative and Spanish as marked. Implications include the need to consider how the construction of language normativity within medical consultations affects health outcomes.
Ultrafast Photodriven Intramolecular Electron Transfer from a Zinc Porphyrin to a Readily Reduced Diiron Hydrogenase Model Complex

Diiron complexes modeled on the active site of the [FeFe] hydrogenases having the general formula [Fe(2)(mu-R)(CO)(6-n)(L)(n)], where commonly R = alkyl or aryl dithiolate and L = CO, CN(-), or PR(3), are a promising class of catalysts for use in photodriven H(2) production. However, many of these catalysts are difficult to photoreduce using chromophores that absorb visible light. Here we report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a naphthalene-4,5-dicarboximide-1,8-dithiolate diiron complex [NMI-Fe(2)S(2)(CO)(6), 1] and a covalently linked, fixed-distance zinc 5,10,15-tri-n-pentyl-20-phenylporphyrin-NMI-Fe(2)S(2)(CO)(6) donor-acceptor dyad (2). The electron-withdrawing nature of the NMI group makes the diiron complex among the most easily reduced hydrogenase mimics reported to date (-0.74 V vs SCE). In the presence of triflic acid, the cyclic voltammogram of 1 showed an increase in current at the first reduction wave at -0.78 V and a new reduction wave at -1.4 V. As the acid concentration was increased, the current at -0.78 V remained constant while the current at -1.4 V increased significantly, which is consistent with a catalytic proton reduction process. Selective photoexcitation of the Zn porphyrin in 2 with 553 nm, 110 fs laser pulses in both toluene and CH(2)Cl(2) yielded transient absorption spectra showing a distinct peak at 616 nm, which has been assigned to [NMI-Fe(2)S(2)(CO)(6)](-*) on the basis of spectroelectrochemical measurements on 1. The 616 nm peak was used to monitor the charge separation (CS) and charge recombination (CR) dynamics of 2, which yielded tau(CS) = 12 +/- 1 ps and tau(CR) = 3.0 +/- 0.2 ns in toluene and tau(CS) = 24 +/- 1 ps and tau(CR) = 57 +/- 1 ps in CH(2)Cl(2). Photoexcitation of the disulfide precursor to 2 in both toluene and CH(2)Cl(2) produced only the singlet and triplet excited states of the Zn porphyrin, showing that electron transfer is favorable only when the diiron complex is present. Photoexcitation of 2 in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid was shown to generate H(2).
Factors that influence workfare program participants: Focusing on South Korea's Self-Sufficiency Program

EnglishWe empirically analyzed a representative workfare program in South Korea, the Self-Sufficiency Program (SSP), using multinomial logistic regression. Our findings demonstrated that family income sources, program participation length and health status are important factors affecting the self-sufficiency of program participants. Based on these results, we recommend improvements in the current SSP.FrenchNous avons fait l’analyse empirique d’un programme de securite du revenu de Coree du Sud, le Self-Sufficiency Program (programme d’autosuffisance), en utilisant le mode le de regression logistique multinomial. Les resultats indiquent que la provenance des revenus de la famille, la duree de participation au programme et l’etat de sante sont d’importants facteurs qui ont un impact sur l’autosuffisance des participants au programme. A la lumiere de ces resultats, nous suggerons des correctifs a apporter a l’actuel programme d’autosuffisance.SpanishAnalizamos empiricamente un programa representativo de bien...
Hydrolytic Stability of Hydrazones and Oximes

Hydrazones and oximes are common conjugates, but are labile to hydrolysis. The hydrolytic stability of isostructural hydrazones and an oxime have been determined at pD 5.0–9.0. The hydrolysis of each adduct was catalyzed by acid. Rate constants for oxime hydrolysis were nearly 103-fold lower than those for simple hydrazones; a trialkylhydrazonium ion (formed after condensation) was even more stable than the oxime. The data suggest a general mechanism for conjugate hydrolysis.
Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Atlantic Silverside, Menidia menidia

Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from the Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia) in order to test hypotheses regarding the role of adaptive phenotypic variation in structuring estuarine populations along coastal North America. Loci were amplified in three multiplex panels requiring a total of four individual PCRs. All loci were highly polymorphic in individuals screened from an estuary in Nova Scotia, and none exhibited significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The results suggest that these loci will be sensitive to low levels of neutral divergence among populations across M. menidia populations.
Optimal sampled-data regulators of distributed parameter systems

The existence and uniqueness of optimal sampled-data controls are proved for parabolic distributed parameter systems with quadratic cost criteria. The feedback control laws are derived utilizing the necessary condition for a minimum in function space. The feedback operator is shown to be bounded, positive and self-adjoint, and the optimal cost is expressed in terms of the feedback operator.
Assessing adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multiple perspective pilot study using visual illness narratives and interviews.

Abstract This study explored the illness experiences of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) using Video Intervention/Prevention Assessment (VIA). Five adolescents with IDDM were asked to videotape 8 hours of their lives over a 1-month period. At the conclusion of the study, the primary investigator interviewed each adolescent and their diabetes clinician. VIA visual illness narratives and follow-up interviews provided clinically important, previously unknown information about how adolescents live with diabetes, including the negative and positive influences of diabetes on the family unit and the individual, that parental involvement was associated with adolescents’ diabetes control, and that gender may be a significant mediating factor in control.
Realisations of classical and quantum W 3 symmetry

Abstract We consider realisations of Zamolodchikov's nonlinear W 3 algebra at the classical and quantum level. Recent work has produced gaugings of the classical W 3 algebra starting from a theory of n scalar fields φ i, given the existence of a set of coefficients dijk satisfying a certain algebraic identity. We note that a solution exists for each Jordan algebra determined by a cubic norm form, leading to an infinite family of “generic” models for all n, plus four special cases with n = 5, 8, 14 and 26. Taking free-field ansatze for the spin-two and spin-three currents, we then formulate the conditions for the quantum W 3 algebra to be satisfied. We show how the generic classical models may be extended to the quantum case for every n, reducing to the construction of Fateev and Zamolodchikov for n = 2. These models are seen to be examples of a completely general construction, which produces a realisation of W 3 from an arbitrary realisation of the Virasoro algebra and an additional scalar field.
Sites of P22 and P221 prophage integration in Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The sites of P22 and P221 prophage integration in the linkage map of Salmonella typhimurium have been determined by means of colicine factor-mediated conjugation experiments. The P22 prophage is integrated near a cluster of proline genes, and P221 prophage is integrated between a cluster of tryptophan and a cluster of galactose genes. A common c region is shared by P22 and P221 phage particles. We conclude that the c region plays no determinative role in prophage location.
ENZYMES IMMOBILIZED ON FORMED-IN-PLACE MEMBRANES FOR FOOD PROCESSING: PROCEDURES and PROPERTIES

The formation and properties of Formed-In-Place (FIP) membranes upon which enzymes had been immobilized were investigated to examine the potential of these reactive membranes in food processing applications. Enzymes were immobilized on two types of FIP membranes and their activities in appropriate fluids investigated. Flux was increased in the microfiltration of pectin solutions by immobilizing pectinase on titanium dioxide microfiltration membranes. A flux increase of 15% was obtained without permeate recycle and 112% with permeate recycle using a 0.1% solution of citrus pectin. Glucose production from dextrin was performed using glucoamylase (GA) immobilized on a zirconium hydrous oxide-polyacrylate nanofiltration membrane
Gastrointestinal motility and its regulation

Cineradiography and intraluminal pressure recordings, together with data from strain gauges and Ag/AgCl electrodes, have been used to evaluate gastrointestinal motility in fowl. Substantial differences exist with mammals. Gizzard and duodenal activities are closely in phase with one another, and intrinsic slow wave control is lacking although duodenal slow waves may be recorded. These slow waves may be more important in ileum, colon, and ceca. Extensive reverse peristalsis is apparent in both areas and considered normal for overall intestinal operation.
Vibrational and electronic absorption study of bistable and stable F H (OH - ) centers in alkali halides

The closest possible F center-${\mathrm{OH}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ defect pairs, located on 〈200〉 next-nearest-neighbor anion sites separated by a host cation, have been studied in terms of their electronic (EA) and stretching-mode vibrational absorption (VA) in various hosts. These pairs can exist in KBr, RbBr, and RbI at T\ensuremath{\lesssim}10 K in two different bistable configurations B and R, characterized by partially overlapping electronic absorptions (blue and red shifted from the F band), and by spectrally well separated sharp VA lines. Irradiation into the B and R electronic bands achieves at 4 K reversible B\ensuremath{\rightleftarrows}R conversions, which we determined to occur in both directions with high (0.2--0.6) quantum efficiency. Fourier-transform infrared measurements parallel to these EA conversions established the proper assignment of the two VA lines to the B and R configurations (and yielded their oscillator strength ratio). Guided by recent electron nuclear double resonance results in KBr: ${\mathrm{OH}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, we attribute bistability and the observed EA and VA behavior to large linear off-center displacements of the cation between F and ${\mathrm{OH}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ along the pair axis, which is strongly coupled to translational/rotational motion of the ${\mathrm{OH}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ or ${\mathrm{OD}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. The resulting anharmonic total-energy potential of these coupled motions decides by shape and relative depth of its single or double wells about the possibility of bistability, its thermal behavior, and the preference for B and R configurations in various hosts. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Effect of acute L-Dopa pretreatment on apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Currently, reduction of apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat is the most utilized drug-induced paradigm for assessing functional efficacy in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Any clinically predictive animal model of PD should include a positive response to l -dopa, the standard pharmacotherapy for PD. However, the acute interaction between l -dopa and apomorphine has never been studied to determine if l -dopa pretreatment could reduce apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in a 6-OHDA lesioned rat. The present study was designed to explore whether, indeed, pretreatment with subrotational doses of l -dopa could inhibit apomorphine-induced rotations. The data indicate that l -dopa significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotational behavior only at one dose (5.0 mg/kg) for 12 min. Based on these and other data, it is concluded that although the apomorphine-induced rotational paradigm may continue to be utilized as one additional indicator of efficacy in the 6-OHDA rat model of PD, it is not in itself a completely valid functional assay.
Incomplete Contracts and the Theory of the Firm : What Have We Learned over the Past 25 Years?

Incomplete Contracts and the Theory of the Firm : What Have We Learned over the Past 25 Years?
Human mouse mast cell protease 7-like tryptase genes are pseudogenes.

Abstract Background: α-Tryptase and β-tryptase are important clinical markers for mast cell–dependent disorders. A third family of tryptase genes on human chromosome 16 has been identified and called human mouse mast cell protease 7 (hmMCP-7)–like tryptase. Objective: This study was designed to determine whether these tryptase genes are expressed by human mast cells. Methods: A 2842-bp hmMCP-7–like tryptase gene was cloned and sequenced from a human placental genomic library. PCR and RT-PCR procedures, respectively, were used to determine whether this tryptase gene family was present in most genomes and whether it was expressed. Results: The tryptase clone was almost identical to the hmMCP-7–like tryptase II and I genes, and therefore it was called hmMCP-7–like tryptase III. All such genes encode a Gln –3 like α-tryptase. They also terminate translation after amino acid 235, whereas α- and β-tryptase genes each encode a 275–amino acid protein. In this study, cell lines HMC-1, KU812, and Mono-Mac-6; mast cells derived in vitro from cord blood and fetal liver progenitors; and mast cell–enriched preparations of dispersed skin and lung cells contained hmMCP-7–like tryptases in their genomes by PCR with gene-specific primers. To identify whether such genes were transcriptionally active, RT-PCR revealed α- or β-tryptase products in all mast cell preparations and cell lines and in activated skin-derived mast cells, but no hmMCP-7–like tryptase products. Conclusion: These results indicate hmMCP-7–like tryptase (I, II, III) genes are pseudogenes and unlikely to affect measurements of α- and β-tryptases. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:315-21.)
Efficiency optimization of PMSM based drive system

The proposed work in this paper is a combination of analytical and numerical methods that are able to calculate the harmonic losses of permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) at any operating point with less execution time and adequate accuracy. Both the fundamental and harmonic losses of the machine in conjunction with the inverter losses are modeled such that the inverter-motor efficiency can be tested for different conditions. Numerical simulation of the field oriented control have been conducted and results include current, modulation index, power factor, switching frequency and all the variables in the drive system. Furthermore, Maximum efficiency control strategy has been chosen such that the drive system can work at the most efficient condition at all operation points. The proposed work is presented in the context of drive system that is based permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). However, the proposed method can be extended to induction motor drive system or any motor use PWM in control of the inverter output voltage.
Pakistan and the Political Awakening of a Muslim ‘New Woman’ 1937–1947

Although many women participated in the Pakistan Movement (1937–1947) with significant effect, their role is only incidentally considered in major monographs, and virtually unpublished in the realm of articles. This essay seeks to begin the redress of this oversight by focusing on the lives and works of three leading women of the Muslim League, and two who found its message appealing enough to leave India when Pakistan was established in 1947. Placing these women firmly within the theoretical discourse of the ‘New Woman,’ the essay reviews primary literature relevant to women’s social reform in South Asia and the Muslim World more broadly, defines the understanding of womanhood represented by the five women in focus, and outlines their roles in and/or understanding of the Pakistan Movement’s ideals particularly concerning gender. It argues that understanding themselves as ‘New Women’ and the Pakistan Movement as their advocate, coupled with the alienation of South Asian Muslims at the hands of Indian and Hindu nationalist initiatives, most thoroughly explains Pakistan’s appeal among the elite, educated Muslim women of the late colonial era.
Detection of the mite alarm pheromone neryl formate in the velvet mite, Balaustium sp. (Parasitengona: Erythraeidae)

Abstract When disturbed, Balaustium sp. mites release an alarm pheromone from their urnulae. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) in this study shows the presence of neryl formate. Subsequent behavioral testing indicates that neryl formate is an ingredient of their alarm pheromone, causing mites to retreat upon contacting surfaces treated with the compound. Mites elicited diminished responses to neryl formate in comparison to a natural mite extract, indicating that neryl formate is not the only component of the alarm pheromone. Furthermore, the efficacy of neryl formate at causing mites to scatter is dose-dependent. None of the test concentrations prompted mites to halt their rapid movements or form clusters, suggesting that neryl formate acts exclusively as a dispersal agent with no apparent functional overlap to other pheromones. These observations are consistent with mite alarm pheromone that characterize Oribatida and Astigmata, which comprise a separate lineage from Balaustium sp....
Fatty acid composition of several varieties of soybeans

Fatty acid composition of soybean oil of 18 currently important varieties from 43 locations in 16 states of the United States ranged from about 5% to 11% in linolenic, 43% to 56% in linoleic, 15% to 33% in oleic, and 11% to 26% in saturated acids. Oil of all 18 varieties had wide ranges in composition at different locations in two crop years. Within each group varieties tended to maintain the same relative order of fatty acid compositions of oil at all locations in the two years of this study.
AROMATIC AND HETEROCYCLIC 1‐C‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF 1,5‐ANHYDRO‐D‐GLUCITOL

Abstract Reaction of anomeric 1- O -acyl and 1-halide derivatives of 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl- d -glucose with anisole, ferrocene, thiophene, furan, and 1,3,5-tri-methoxybenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid gives the corresponding C -β- d -glucopyranosyl derivatives.
An Epidemiologic Study of Migraine and Headache in 10–20 Year Olds

SYNOPSIS Headache histories of a random sample of 600 ten to twenty year-olds were obtained by standard interview and questionnaires were completed independently by the parents of those aged ten to fifteen. Parental headache histories and clinical evaluations were obtained on subsamples. Migraine was defined as headache with two of three features: unilaterality, nausea, or neurologic manifestations. The prevalence of migraine was higher in females but did not vary significantly with age, social class, menstrual status or history of cyclic or nervous vomiting, travel sickness or recurrent abdominal pain. The familial pattern of migraine was evident. Interview of ten to fifteen year-olds for history of unilateral headache or neurologic features was more sensitive than questioning their parents. Development and proper documentation of standard and reliable methods for headache identification are a prerequisite for the reliability and comparability of both clinical and epidemiologic studies of headache
Race, Ethnicity, and College Success: Examining the Continued Significance of the Minority-Serving Institution

The minority-serving institution (MSI) sector has grown considerably since the 1980s, yet we have less empirical information about what currently influences students to enroll in and complete college at these institutions in comparison to their non-MSI counterparts. We evaluate student postsecondary outcomes by race and ethnicity in Texas’s large MSI sector utilizing state administrative data from 1997 to 2008. At the enrollment stage, we find that race is an important predictor of college enrollment, despite controlling for detailed precollege characteristics. At the college-completion stage, however, the effect of race is largely no longer present after accounting for institutional characteristics, including attending an MSI. That is, in most of the cohorts examined, Hispanic and Black students who initially enroll in a four-year institution showed no difference from their White peers in six-year graduation outcomes. In sum, Hispanic-serving institutions are particularly critical locations for Hispanics...
The glutamatergic projection from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens core is required for cocaine-induced decreases in ventral pallidal GABA

Cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking is associated with a decrease in extracellular GABA in the ventral pallidum (VP). The present study investigated the neural mechanism of this cocaine-induced decrease in VP GABA by determining if activity of the glutamatergic projection from the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the nucleus accumbens is required for the effect. Microdialysis was performed to measure extracellular GABA in the VP while simultaneously, either a combination of the GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol was microinjected into the PFC, or the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor antagonist CNQX was microinjected into the accumbens core. Inhibition of the PFC with GABA agonists and blockade of AMPA glutamate receptors in the accumbens core were both sufficient to prevent the cocaine-induced decrease in VP GABA, further implicating increased activity of the cortico-striato-pallidal circuit in relapse to drug seeking.
Finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics of heterogeneous materials with elastic–plastic phases☆

Abstract In this communication, we extend the recently re-constructed micromechanics model called high-fidelity generalized method of cells (Bansal, Y., Pindera, M.-J., 2005. A second look at the higher-order theory for periodic multiphase materials. J. Appl. Mech. 72 (2), 177–195.) by incorporating inelastic response capability for the individual phases. The re-construction, based on the local/global stiffness matrix approach, has simplified the model’s theoretical framework and substantially increased its computational efficiency as well as implementability, enabling analysis of unit cells with realistic multiphase microstructures previously unattainable in the original formulation developed by Aboudi et al. (Aboudi, J., Pindera, M-J., Arnold, S.M., 2001. Linear thermoelastic higher-order theory for periodic multiphase materials. J. Appl. Mech. 68 (5), 697–707; Aboudi, J., Pindera, M-J, Arnold, S.M., 2003. Higher-order theory for periodic multiphase materials with inelastic phases. Int. J. Plasticity 19 (6), 805–847.) with an accuracy approaching finite-element solutions. Just as importantly, the re-construction has revealed the model to be based on a finite-volume, direct averaging approach with clearly discernible similarities to, and differences with, the finite-element method and the finite-volume technique used in computational fluid mechanics. Herein, easily programmable closed-form expressions have been derived for the thermo-inelastic contributions to the local stiffness matrix equations that facilitate incorporation of different inelastic constitutive theories for the phase response. The re-constructed model is then employed to investigate orientational and architectural effects in unidirectional metal matrix composites characterized by multi-inclusion unit cells. Classical incremental plasticity theory with isotropic hardening is employed for the matrix response for consistency and comparison with previously reported results by Aboudi et al. (2003). Unit cells representative of a square array of fibers rotated by an angle about the fiber axis, which lack planes of material symmetry in the rotated coordinate system in which the micromechanical analysis is performed, belong in the first category. New results are presented for such rotated unidirectional porous composites which suggest guidelines for optimizing stiffness and ductility of this class of light-weight materials relative to dominant loading directions. Strengthening effects due to fiber clustering, which require highly discretized multi-inclusion unit cells, fall in the second category. It is demonstrated that the previously documented results for particulate composites, explained by the clustering-induced alteration of stress invariants which govern plastic strain evolution, are recovered for unidirectional composites as well.
Venous valve anatomy and morphometry: Studies on the duckling using vascular corrosion casting

The anatomy and morphometry of venous values associated with the vasculature of the head of the duckling were studied using vascular corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy. All valves encountered were bicuspid, and casts typically exhibited slight expansions at valve sinuses and deep slits at the sites of valve leaflets. The locations, numbers, and orientations of endothelial nuclei on all surfaces of the valves were clearly revealed by imprints in the casting resin. Endothelial cell densities were significantly higher on the surfaces of valve leaflets (about 10 cells/1,000 micron2) than on other venous surfaces (about 7 cells/1,000 micron2). Endothelial nuclei on the medial surface of the valve leaflet were oriented parallel to the long axis of the vessel, whereas those on the lateral surface were oriented perpendicular to that axis. The close proximities of valves in some vessels and the presence of anomalies such as the sharing of leaflets by adjacent valves were readily demonstrated with the corrosion-casting techniques. These methods provide a useful means for studying the fine, three-dimensional details of venous valve anatomy.
FINITE-ELEMENT MODELING OF HEAT FLOW IN DEEP-PENETRATION LASER WELDS IN ALUMINUM ALLOYS

A two-dimensional finite-element nonlinear transient heat conduction model was developed and used to simulate deep-penetration keyhole laser welds in aluminum alloys. The weld thermal profiles were calculated in an arbitrary reference plane as the laser beam approached and passed the plane. From the calculated thermal profiles, three-dimensional quasi-steady-state shapes of the weld pools were determined. The predicted weld bead shape and dimensions were in good agreement with the experimental results. The experimental laser welds in aluminum alloys contained large amounts of porosity. The model predicted large mushy zones for aluminum laser welds during solidification, which in turn increase the probability of porosity formation by increased bubble entrapment.
Three-dimensional analytical model for the mixed layer depth

A three-dimensional (3D) semianalytical mixed-layer thermal inertia model for the mixed layer depth is developed, which includes the horizontal advection and diffusion processes modeled previously by Yan et al. (1991) in a one-dimensional (1D) model. The 3D model, which is based on the 3D thermal energy conservation equation, can be used as a supplement to the 1D model in the area where advection is important and for a finer resolution grid prediction. The model can be easily forced by remotely sensed data and is much simpler to compute than numerical 3D mixed-layer turbulence closure models. The new model was verified using data from the AVHRR/multichannel sea surface temperature data set and the Cooperative Ocean Atmosphere Data Set for the North Pacific Ocean, showing good agreement.
Optimization and analysis of gas turbine engine blades

A gas turbine engine blade design is optimized using STAEBL. To validate the STAEBL analysis, the optimized blade design is analyzed using MARC, MHOST and BEST3D. The results show good agreement between STAEBL, MARC, and MHOST. The conclusion is that STAEBL can be used to optimize an engine blade design.
Synchrotron X-ray studies of metal-organic framework M 2 (2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate), M = (Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) (MOF74)

M2(dhtp)·nH2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn; dhtp = 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate), known as MOF74, is a family of excellent sorbent materials for CO2 that contains coordinatively unsaturated metal sites and a honeycomb-like structure featuring a broad one-dimensional channel. This paper describes the structural feature and provides reference X-ray powder diffraction patterns of these four isostructural compounds. The structures were determined using synchrotron diffraction data obtained at beam line 11-BM at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) in the Argonne National Laboratory. The samples were confirmed to be hexagonal R 3 (No. 148). From M = Mn, Co, Ni, to Zn, the lattice parameter a of MOF74 ranges from 26.131 73(4) A to 26.5738(2) A, c from 6.651 97(5) to 6.808 83(8) A, and V ranges from 3948.08 A3 to 4163.99 A3, respectively. The four reference X-ray powder diffraction patterns have been submitted for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF).
Virus-Induced Erythropoiesis in Hypertransfused-Polycythemic Mice

Friend, Rauscher, and polycythemic viruses produce a marked erythrocytopoiesis in the spleens of infected mice. The erythrocytopoiesis induced by the Friend and Rauscher viruses can be inhibited in a hypertransfused polycythemic state. Like erythropoietin, the polycythemic virus can initiate erythropoiesis in this state. However, the mechanism by which the polycythemic virus initiates erythropoiesis in this state is not understood. These studies also show similarity of the Friend and Rauscher viruses in their erythropoietic response.
Photon scattering on 238U and the interpretation of near-threshold photofission resonances.

Cross sections for photon elastic scattering have been measured for /sup 238/U between 4.8 and 6.4 MeV with an energy resolution of about 50 keV. These data have been used along with existing photofission data to infer the total photoabsorption cross section sigma/sub T/ and the fission transmission coefficient T/sub f/ below neutron threshold. We find that the inferred sigma/sub T/ varies smoothly with energy and generally follows the extrapolated tail of the giant dipole resonance, and that T/sub f/ shows a broad bump between 5.6 and 5.9 MeV. These results strongly support the contention that resonances seen in near-threshold photofission cross sections are due to the fission and not the photon channel .
The effects of low back pain on natural breath control during a lowering task

Preventative and rehabilitative efforts relative to low back pain (LBP) and manual material handling (MMH) are often directed toward proper technique. However, breath control may be an additional factor to consider. Optimizing breath control may provide increased segmental control of the spine through the production of increased intra-abdominal pressure. It has been found that breath control differs during the lifting phase of MMH for individuals with LBP. However, little is known about breath control during the lowering portion even though it accounts for 30% of MMH tasks. In this study, individuals with LBP (n = 32) and aged-matched healthy individuals (n = 30) lowered a crate from a table to the floor four times with the crate empty and four times with the crate loaded at 25% of body weight. The amount of volume in the lungs as a percentage of each individual’s vital capacity (VC) was identified at nine points during the lowering task. Individuals with LBP completed the lowering task with significantly more volume in their lungs (45.9% VC) than healthy peers (40.9% VC). Further, with increasing age %VC significantly increased in those with LBP. Moreover, %VC significantly increased in response to the mechanical challenges introduced when lowering a load. These findings support the theoretical link between breath control and lumbar segmental control and provide preliminary evidence supporting rehabilitative efforts which add a focus on breath control for those with LBP.
West Coast North America Record of the Paleogene Marine Stromboid Gastropod Rimella and Paleobiogeography of the Genus

The west coast of North America record of the shallow-marine stromboid gastropod genus Rimella Agassiz, 1841 is restudied for the first time in 90 years. This genus comprises a small group of Paleogene gastropods characterized by having an ornamented fusiform shell, a posterior canal ascending the spire, and simple (non-flared) outer lip. Rimella, whose familial ranking has been inconsistent, is placed here in family Rostellariidae Gabb, 1868, subfamily Rimellinae Stewart, 1927. Ectinochilus Cossmann, 1889; Macilentos Clark and Palmer, 1923; Vaderos Clark and Palmer, 1923; and Cowlitzia Clark and Palmer, 1923 are recognized here as junior synonyms of Rimella. Four species are recognized from the west coast of North America: early to middle Eocene Rimella macilenta White, 1889; early Eocene Rimella oregonensis Turner, 1938; middle to late Eocene Rimella supraplicata (Gabb, 1864) new combination, of which Rostellaria canalifer Gabb, 1864, Cowlitizia washingtonensis Clark and Palmer, 1923, and Cowlitzia problematica Hanna, 1927 are recognized here as junior synonyms; and late Eocene Rimella elongata Weaver, 1912.Rimella was a warm-water gastropod whose earliest known record is of early Paleocene (Danian) age in Pakistan. Other than the west coast of North America, Rimella is found in Eocene strata in western Europe, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, southeastern United States, Panama, Peru, and, to a lesser degree, in Trinidad, Columbia, Java, and New Zealand. Global cooling near the end of the Eocene greatly diminished the genus. Its youngest known occurrences are of early Oligocene age in Germany, Italy, England, and Peru.
Design, implementation and evaluation of a motion control scheme for mobile platforms with high uncertainties

In this work, we present a motion control scheme for a robotic mobile platform using low-cost vision sensor to update encoder values. We track the pose of a power wheelchair using wheel encoders along with a Microsoft Kinect camera. Two methods of pose estimation are implemented and tested. These methods are a) encoder-based odometry and b)ICP(Iterative Closest Point)-based updated odometry. We evaluate the performance of each method using precise wheelchair pose ground truth data acquired via a state-of-the-art VICON® system with eight motion capture cameras. Offline data processing is performed to refine the ICP parameters and estimate the covariance matrices of the Kalman filter. The offline data processing results demonstrate that our ICP-based updated odometry has very accurate pose tracking. By implementing our control scheme, the position error is improved by a factor of 15 and the localization orientation error is improved by a factor of 13. In online implementation, there was 4 times improvement for both position and orientation angle estimation. To demonstrate the robustness of our approach, we apply it for online obstacle avoidance. A wheelchair-mounted robotic arm (WMRA) is also included in this platform and will be used for future work on combined mobility and manipulation control with sensor assistance.
Synthesis and reactions of Cp-linked phosphine complexes of rhodium

The linked Cp ligand [C5H4SiMe2CH2PPh2]- has been used to synthesize several rhodium derivatives. Reaction with [RhClL2]2, where L = C2H4, C8H14, or CO, gives (η5:η1-C5H4SiMe2CH2PPh2)Rh(L) complexes, which have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Reaction of the ethylene complex with CO or PMe3 gives the carbonyl- and phosphine-substituted derivatives, respectively. Irradiation of the ethylene complex in the presence of hydrogen gives a new binuclear polyhydride, also structurally characterized, in which the chelating ligand spans the two metal centers. Reaction of the ethylene complex with iodine leads to the formation of the diiodide (η5:η1-C5H4SiMe2CH2PPh2)RhI2, which in turn can be converted to the dihydride (η5:η1-C5H4SiMe2CH2PPh2)RhH2 by reaction with NaAl(OCH2CH2OCH3)2H2. The reactivity of the dihydride toward C−H bond activation has been investigated. While benzene does not give a stable oxidative addition adduct, pentafluorobenzene yields (η5:η1-C5H4SiMe2CH2PPh2)Rh(C6F5)H, whi...
Towards a sane and rational approach to management of Influenza H1N1 2009

Beginning in March 2009, an outbreak of influenza in North America was found to be caused by a new strain of influenza virus, designated Influenza H1N1 2009, which is a reassortant of swine, avian and human influenza viruses. Over a thousand total cases were identified with the first month, chiefly in the United States and Mexico, but also involving several European countries. Actions concerning Influenza H1N1 2009 need to be based on fact and science, following recommendations of public health officials, and not fueled by political, legal or other interests. Every influenza outbreak or pandemic is unique, so the facts of each one must be studied before an appropriate response can be developed. While reports are preliminary, through the first 4 weeks of the outbreak it does not appear to be severe either in terms of the attack rate in communities or in the virulence of the virus itself. However, there are significant changes in both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins of the new virus, 27.2% and 18.2% of the amino acid sequence, from prior H1N1 isolates in 2008 and the current vaccine. Such a degree of change qualifies as an "antigenic shift", even while the virus remains in the H1N1 family of influenza viruses, and may give influenza H1N1 2009 significant pandemic potential. Perhaps balancing this shift, the novel virus retains more of the core influenza proteins from animal strains than successful human influenza viruses, and may be inhibited from its maximum potential until further reassortment or mutation better adapts it to multiplication in humans. While contact and respiratory precautions such as frequent handwashing will slow the virus through the human population, it is likely that development of a new influenza vaccine tailored to this novel Influenza H1N1 2009 strain will be essential to blunt its ultimate pandemic impact.