cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scapular dyskinesis following displaced fractures of the middle clavicle

Purpose To evaluate the rate of scapular dyskinesis and resulting patient outcomes after treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. Methods Skeletally mature patients with isolated, displaced midshaft clavicle fractures treated with or without surgery over a 16-month period were recruited. The minimum length of follow-up at study examination was 12 months. Patient outcomes were documented using the SICK (scapular malposition, inferomedial border prominence, coracoid pain and malposition, and dyskinesis of scapular movement) Scapula Rating Scale, the Simple Shoulder Test, 3 visual analog scales (VAS) for pain, and shoulder range-of-motion and strength measurements. Of the 32 eligible patients, 24 (75%) were successfully recruited. Results The mean participant age was 46 ± 17 years, with a mean length of follow-up at study evaluation of 1.7 ± 1 years. Surgical fixation was performed in 12 patients (50%). Scapular dyskinesis was present in 37.5% of patients (n = 9). Patients with scapular dyskinesis had worse SICK scapula scores (5.8 ± 2.2 vs 3.1 ± 2.4, P = .01), worse Simple Shoulder Test scores (10.5 ± 1.6 vs 11.7 ± 0.8, P = .029), higher maximum VAS pain scores (4.1 ± 3.1 vs 0.97 ± 1.2, P = .002), and worse average VAS pain scores in the week before the examination (2.7 ± 2.5 vs 0.2 ± 0.4, P P = .009). Conclusions Scapular dyskinesis is common after displaced middle-third clavicle fractures, and these patients have more pain and worse functional outcomes compared with patients without scapular dyskinesis. Surgical treatment may reduce a patient's risk of scapular dyskinesis developing and improve short-term outcomes.
Sensor Networking: Concepts, Applications, and Challenges

Sensor network has experienced world-wide explosive interests in recent years. It combines the technology of modern microelectronic sensors, embedded computational processing systems, and modern computer and wireless networking methodologies. In this overview paper, we first provide some rationales for the growth of sensor networking. Then we discuss various basic concepts and hardware issues. Four basic application cases in the US. National Science Foundation funded Ceneter for Embedded Networked Sensing program at UCLA are presented. Finally, six challenging issues in sensor networks are discussed. Numerous references including relevant papers, books, and conferences that have appeared in recent years are given.
Warm Nape of the Newborn

The nape of the neck in small newborn infants remains relatively warm, compared with the exposed surface temperature of other body regions, in a heat-losing environment.
On the use of online analytic performance models, in self-managing and self-organizing computer systems

Current computing environments are becoming increasingly complex in nature and exhibit unpredictable workloads. These environments create challenges to the design of systems that can adapt to changes in the workload while maintaining desired QoS levels. This paper focuses on the use of online analytic performance models in the design of self-managing and self-organizing computer systems. A general approach for building such systems is presented along with the algorithms used by a Quality of Service (QoS) controller. The robustness of the approach with respect to the variability of the workload and service time distributions is evaluated. The use of an adaptive controller that uses workload forecasting is discussed. Finally, the paper shows how online performance models can be used to design QoS-aware service oriented architectures.
School-Community Partnerships, Friend or Foe? The Doublespeak of Community with Educational Partnerships.

In recent reform efforts, school–community partnerships have been touted as a means for promoting student success (Decker, Decker, & Brown 2007; Epstein 2010) and meeting student needs (Hands 2010). Yet, despite any accolades, the motives and results of school–community partnerships are contested. Gary Anderson (1998) points out that partnerships tend to be designed to graft members into prior objectives and goals instead of being designed to facilitate staff members in working together to redefine goals. Auerbach (2010) echoes this concern, suggesting that the literature regarding school partnerships focuses primarily on academic achievement while operating under “limited school agendas or mandates for collaboration” which do little to promote “socially just” schools (p. 729). And, schools are egregiously unjust. Thus, in this article, I first evaluate the school–community partnership in a new light by broadly conceptualizing how community exists as a term within the public education system and consideri...
Physical response of mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal systems to local earthquakes

[1] Observations from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge show that local earthquake swarms can lead to increased hydrothermal venting temperatures after a delay of several days. I develop two models for this process. In the temperature perturbation model, a new pathway opens to a heat source, and the temperatures of fluids leaving the reaction zone increase. By considering the exchange of heat between the fluid flowing up a conduit and the wall rock, I solve for the resulting perturbation to venting temperatures. For flow in a crack the response is delayed, and the delay increases as the crack narrows or the reaction zone deepens, but for a pipe the venting temperature increases either quickly or barely at all. In the pressure perturbation model, there is a transient increase in pressures at depth due to a decrease in porosity, the release of overpressured fluids, or a readjustment of pressures in response to a change in the relative permeabilities of the upflow and downflow zones. One-dimensional solutions for pressure diffusion show that this model can lead to a delayed increase in outflow fluxes which may be accompanied by increased venting temperatures. The temperature perturbation model fits the data from the EPR event well. The Endeavour event is less well constrained, and both models can fit the observations adequately. Local seismic networks and time series of fluid flux, chemistry, and temperature will be required to fully exploit hydrothermal perturbation events to infer subseafloor hydrology.
Avances recientes en VIH/SIDA: Terapia antiretroviral.

Recent advances in our understanding of HIV infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are leading us to explore new treatment stragegies, including the use of combination antiretroviral therapy. In this review, we present information from recently completed clinical trials explore the use of combination therapy, including ACTG 175, the Delta studies, and the NUCA studies. In addition, we present preliminary about use of protease inhibitors, the newest class of antiretrovirals.
The role of axial loading in malleolar fractures

Though rotation is thought to be the most common mechanism of foot and ankle injury in both automobile crashes and in everyday life, axial impact loading is considered responsible for most severe lower extremity injuries. In this study, dynamic axial impact tests were conducted on 92 isolated human lower limbs. The test apparatus delivered the impact via a pendulum-driven plate which intruded longitudinally to simulate the motion of the toepan in an automobile crash. Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) angular rate sensors fixed to the limbs measured ankle rotations during the impact event. Malleolar or fibula fractures, which are commonly considered to be caused by excessive ankle rotation, were present in 38% (12 out of 32) of the injured specimens. Ankle rotations in these tests were always within 10 degrees of neutral at the time of peak axial load and seldom exceeded failure boundaries reported in the literature at any point during the impact event. These results suggest that high-energy axial loading may be the cause of some of the injuries conventionally thought to be caused by excessive rotations in real-world car crashes. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E106349.
Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography

Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography. James W. Wood. NY: Aldine De Gruyter, 1994 (cloth and paper). xvi + 653 pp.
Cholesterol esters and the ester-metabolizing enzymes in Jimpy and Quaking mouse brains

Abstract The concentration of free and esterified cholesterol and the activities of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme and cholesterol ester hydrolases in brains from Jimpy and Quaking mice and their normal littermates were determined. In Quaking affected mice these brain components did not differ significantly from those in brains of normal littermates. In the Jimpy affected mouse brain, however, the concentration of free cholesterol was reduced and the esterified cholesterol was increased. The increase in esterified cholesterol was accompanied by higher activity of cholesterol esterifying enzyme and a significant reduction in activity of hydrolases. In the absence of exogenous fatty acids, cholesterol esterification by cell-free preparations of brain from Jimpy affected mice was also significantly higher than the normal littermates. These data indicate that an increase in cholesterol ester concentrations in Jimpy affected brain may result either from an increase in esterification due to an increase in the availability of free fatty acid as substrate, or from deficiency in the activity of the hydrolases. In addition, the data indicate that in Jimpy mutants there is a significant reduction in brain cholesterol content, whereas in Quaking mutants the sterol content of developing brain is not significantly affected. This suggests that during brain development sterol synthesis in brain is reduced in Jimpy but not in Quaking mutants.
B-cell-lineage immunogen design in vaccine development with HIV-1 as a case study

Failure of immunization with the HIV-1 envelope to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against conserved epitopes is a major barrier to producing a preventive HIV-1 vaccine. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (BnAbs) from those subjects who do produce them after years of chronic HIV-1 infection have one or more unusual characteristics, including polyreactivity for host antigens, extensive somatic hypermutation and long, variable heavy-chain third complementarity-determining regions, factors that may limit their expression by host immunoregulatory mechanisms. The isolation of BnAbs from HIV-1–infected subjects and the use of computationally derived clonal lineages as templates provide a new path for HIV-1 vaccine immunogen design. This approach, which should be applicable to many infectious agents, holds promise for the construction of vaccines that can drive B cells along rare but desirable maturation pathways.
Galois uniformity in quadratic dynamics over k(t)

Abstract Text We prove that the arboreal Galois representation attached to a large class of quadratic polynomials defined over a field of rational functions k ( t ) in characteristic zero has finite index in the full automorphism group of the associated preimage tree. Moreover, we show that in most cases, the index is bounded independently of the polynomial. Video For a video summary of this paper, please visit http://youtu.be/loO7qn4ncWs .
Beat, modulational, and decay instabilities of a circularly polarized Alfven wave

A circulary polarized low-frequency electomagnetic pump wave propoagating along an ambient magnetic field is known to be unstable to the growth of several parallel-propagating parametric instabilties. If ion-cyclotron effects are retained in a two-fluid description, the dispersion relation is a sixth-order polynomial. We present a series of new analytical approximations to this dispersion relation. We emphasize new results for the beat instability that occurs as an interaction of the forward prpagating upper sideband with the backward propagating lower sideband. The nature of the beat instabitlity depends on beta = (v(sub sound)/v(sub A)(exp 2) and on the sense of polarization of the pump wave. The beat and decay instabilities can occur together if the pump is left-handed (i.e., ion resonant) and if beta is less than or approximately 1, but they cannot occur together if the pump is right-handed. For a left-handed pump the beat mode is the only instability if beta is greater than or approximately 1. If the pump is right-handed and beta is greater than or approximately 1, then the beat instability exists only when the pump amplitude exceeds a threshold value, and the beat will be the only instability if the pump amplitude is large enough to stabilize the modulational instability. If the pump is left-handed and beta is less than or approximately 1, then the beat mode is stabilized when the pump amplitude becomes sufficiently large. The beat instability primarily produces a forward propagating transverse wave in the upper sideband. Thus if beta is greater than or approximately 1, the instabilities considered here do not produce the backward propagating waves which are thought to affect turbulence and the evolution of cross helicity in the solar wind. New analytical results are presented also for the decay and modulational instabilites when beta is approximately equal to 1.
Coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy for detecting explosives in real-time

We demonstrate real-time stand-off detection and imaging of trace explosives using collinear, backscattered Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). Using a hybrid time-resolved broad-band CARS we identify nanograms of explosives on the millisecond time scale. The broad-band excitation in the near-mid-infrared region excites the vibrational modes in the fingerprint region, and the time-delayed probe beam ensures the reduction of any non-resonant contributions to the CARS signal. The strong coherent enhancement allows for recording Raman spectra in real-time. We demonstrate stand-off detection by acquiring, analyzing, and identifying vibrational fingerprints in real-time with very high sensitivity and selectivity. By extending the focused region from a 100-micron sized spot to a 5mm long line we can obtain the spectral information from an extended region of the remote target with high spatial resolution. We demonstrate fast hyperspectral imaging by one-dimensional scanning of the Line-CARS. The three-dimensional data structure contains the vibrational spectra of the target at each sampled location, which allows for chemical mapping of the remote target.
Beta-adrenergic responsiveness and cardiac autonomic receptors after implantation of the MtTW15 pituitary adenoma in the rat.

The effects of chronic MtTW15 pituitary adenoma implantation on beta-adrenergic responsiveness, cardiac beta-adrenoreceptors, and muscarinic receptors were studied in the rat. Five weeks after s.c. administration of tissue fragments of the MtTW15 adenoma, there was a 51 and 20% increase in the heart weight and body weight, respectively, and a 49-fold increase in the serum prolactin level as compared to the controls. At this time there was also an attenuation in the adenoma-bearing group of the ability of isoproterenol to produce a dipsogenic response and to increase the heart rate. In contrast, isoproterenol stimulated cardiac ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity 4.2-fold in both the control and adenoma-bearing groups. There was no change between the two groups in the cardiac ventricular beta-adrenoreceptor or muscarinic receptor concentration as measured by specific (-)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol (CYP) and (-)-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) respectively. In addition, the concentrations of isoproterenol and carbachol required to inhibit by 50% (IC50) [125I]CYP and [3H]QNB binding, respectively, in the absence of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) were not different between the two groups. In the presence of Gpp(NH)p, the isoproterenol IC50 value was not different between the two groups, whereas the carbachol IC50 value was increased slightly in the adenoma-bearing group. The data indicate that chronic MtTW15 adenoma implantation attenuated beta-mediated dipsogenic and heart rate responses but had little or no effect on cardiac ODC activity or cardiac autonomic receptor concentrations and agonist binding properties.
Vectored introductions of marine endosymbiotic dinoflagellates into Hawaii

Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium associate with a diverse range of marine invertebrate hosts and also exist free-living in the ocean. The genus is divided into eight lineages (clades A–H), which contain multiple subclade types that show geographic and host specificity. It is commonly known that free-living dinoflagellates can and have been introduced to new geographic locations, primarily through shipping ballast water. In this study we sequenced the ITS2 region of Symbiodinium found in symbiosis with the coral Acropora cytherea in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument and from shipping ballast water. Identification of an unusual symbiont in Acropora cytherea and an analysis of the distribution of this symbiont suggests an introduction to Hawaii vectored by the scyphozoan host, Cassiopea sp. Symbiodinium were also detected in shipping ballast water. This work confirms that marine invertebrate endosymbionts can be introduced to new geographic locations vectored by animal hosts or the ballast water of ships.
Cancer‐Related Channel Selection: A Focus On Women Who Have Had a Mammography1

This study examines the impact of three major classes of factors—triggers, impediments, and demographics—on the selection within and across four different channels: doctors, friends/family, organizations, and media. A sample of women over 40 (n = 209) who had had a mammography were asked which channels they had turned to within the last year for cancer-related information. Discriminant analyses revealed significant functions for the family/friends and media channels. The most important variables in these functions were a woman's age and the number of things she did to minimize her chances of getting breast cancer. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretic and pragmatic implications for future cancer control efforts targeted at women who have had a mammography.
Time-of-Use pricing policies for offering Cloud Computing as a service

We study a reservation system with finite computing resources over an infinite horizon, where a set of incumbent users submit reservation requests for computing resources ahead in time. Computing resources may be purchased in exchange for tokens. We use the Multinomial Logit (MNL) framework to model customer substitution behavior. Given user requests, the objective is to maximize system performance, defined as the proportion of customers that obtain their preferred time slot, by adjusting resource prices in tokens per unit of time and per computing resource. We consider a class of pricing policies called Time-of-Use (ToU), and propose a simple and intuitive algorithm that is provably optimal for an approximation to our formulated problem. Our proposed solution has the appealing property of flattening demand over the horizon. We evaluate the performance of our approach numerically. For the set of problem instances that we consider, the optimal ToU policy outperforms single pricing strategies by 3–8 % for Customer Satisfaction, on average. We discuss the implementation of our proposed approach for Cloud Computing being developed by IBM at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).
Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: A preliminary species list

The Hadean Eon, encompassing Earth9s first 550 million years, was a time of significant planetary evolution. Nevertheless, prebiotic Earth9s near-surface environment may have held no more than approximately 420 different rock-forming or accessory mineral species that were widely distributed and/or volumetrically significant. This relative Hadean mineralogical parsimony is a consequence of the limited modes of mineral paragenesis prior to 4 Ga compared to the last 3.0 billion years. Dominant Hadean Eon mineralizing processes include the evolution of a diverse suite of intrusive and extrusive igneous lithologies; hydrothermal alteration over a wide temperature range, notably serpentinization; authigenesis in marine sediments; diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism in near-surface environments; and impact-related processes, including shock mineralization, creation of marginal hydrothermal zones, and excavation of deep metamorphosed terrains. On the other hand, the Hadean Eon may have been notably lacking in mineralization generated by plate tectonic processes, such as subduction zone volcanism and associated fluid-rock interactions, which result in massive sulfide deposition; convergent boundary orogenesis and consequent extensive granitoid-rooted continental landmasses; and the selection and concentration of incompatible elements in complex pegmatites, with hundreds of accompanying minerals. The dramatic mineralogical consequences of life are reflected in the absence of Hadean biomineralization; for example, the lack of extensive carbonate deposits and the associated restricted development of skarn and cave minerals prior to 4 Ga. Most importantly, it was not until after the establishment via photosynthesis of significant near-surface redox gradients that supergene alteration, redox-controlled ore deposition, and subaerial weathering in an oxidizing environment could diversify Earth9s near-surface mineralogy. These post-Hadean processes may be responsible for over 4000 of the more than 4800 approved mineral species. Any scenario for life9s origins that invokes minerals as agents of molecular synthesis, selection, protection, or organization must take into account the limited mineralogical repertoire of the time.
Cytological analysis of spermatogenesis: live and fixed preparations of Drosophila testes.

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both the female and male germ lines of Drosophila have contributed greatly to the current understanding of meiosis as well as stem cell biology. Excellent protocols are available in the literature for the isolation and imaging of Drosophila ovaries and testes3-12. Herein, methods for the dissection and preparation of Drosophila testes for microscopic analysis are described with an accompanying video demonstration. A protocol for isolating testes from the abdomen of adult males and preparing slides of live tissue for analysis by phase-contrast microscopy as well as a protocol for fixing and immunostaining testes for analysis by fluorescence microscopy are presented. These techniques can be applied in the characterization of Drosophila mutants that exhibit defects in spermatogenesis as well as in the visualization of subcellular localizations of proteins.
Wireless Precision Piezoelectric Thermometer Using an RF Excitation-Detection Technique with an NMR Probe

Based on an inductive RF excitation-detection scheme, a quartz-crystal temperature-measuring device is described for applications in MRI and MRS scanners where strong electric and magnetic fields are present. A quartz-crystal resonator with a high temperature sensitivity (88 ppm/degrees C) is employed as the temperature sensor. Changes in the quartz resonance frequency reflecting temperature variations are detected by a NMR coil multiply tuned to the resonance frequencies of the quartz crystal and the nuclei of interest. This wireless probe is simple to build and is capable of measuring temperature changes from -50 to +150 degrees C. The high frequency linearity of the device in this temperature region ensures a simple calibration procedure and a constant temperature resolution.
Randomized Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.

The authors conducted a randomized clinical trial of individual psychotherapy for women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood sexual abuse (n = 74), comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with a problem-solving therapy (present-centered therapy; PCT) and to a wait-list (WL). The authors hypothesized that CBT would be more effective than PCT and WL in decreasing PTSD and related symptoms. CBT participants were significantly more likely than PCT participants to no longer meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis at follow-up assessments. CBT and PCT were superior to WL in decreasing PTSD symptoms and secondary measures. CBT had a significantly greater dropout rate than PCT and WL. Both CBT and PCT were associated with sustained symptom reduction in this sample.
Stress, glucocorticoids, and aging

Attention has long been focused on the relationship between stress and aging, both under the guise of stress as an accelerator of normal aging and of aging as a time of impaired ability to cope with stress. This review examines the considerable amount of evidence in support of these views. We address these ideas with respect to glucocorticoids, the adrenal steroid hormones secreted during stress. In particular, we concentrate on three model systems: 1) programmed senescence in marsupial mice and semelparous fish as mediated by glucocorticoid excess; 2) glucocorticoid hypersecretion in rats and its role in damaging the aging brain; and 3) potential human and primate adrenocortical dysfunction during aging. We discuss physical and cognitive consequences of adrenocortical dysfunction in these systems, and how they may relate to human aging.
Block copolymer surface coverage on nanoparticles

Abstract Surface modification plays an important role in making nanoparticle (NP) formulations a viable route for drug delivery. Steric stabilizing layers are required for particle stability in vitro and to prolong circulation in vivo. To best tailor such formulations, understanding and control of surface coverage is necessary. In this study, surface coverage of nanoparticles prepared by Flash NanoPrecipitation, a block copolymer-directed rapid precipitation technique using a multi-inlet vortex mixer, is analyzed. Monodisperse polystyrene nanoparticles of 210 and 560 nm are used as model NPs to explore the effect of polymer concentration on polystyrene-block–polyethylene glycol attachment during nanoparticle preparation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) in conjunction with a quantitative colorimetric iodine assay for polyethylene glycol concentration is employed to analyze surface coverage. For polymer concentrations above 0.53 wt.% a distinct population of free micelles is observed along with the coated NPs. The block copolymer coating has a thickness of ∼25 nm as observed by DLS. The coated NPs are isolated from free micelles by centrifugation and the concentration on the NP surface is quantified. The 3K PEG blocks (PS-b–PEG, 1.5K-b-3K) occupy a surface area of 9.29 nm2/polymer, which is closer packed than the Flory size of the 3K PEG which would be 13.6 nm2/polymer, and less dense than would be expected for a fully equilibrated chain, 0.75 nm2/polymer.
Ownership, Use, and Non-Use of Personal Computers by Older Adults

This study focuses on the identification of variables that explain older adults' ownership and/or use of PCs. The data were acquired from telephone interviews with 422 randomly-selected older adults, ages sixty to ninety-seven. The study was conducted during late autumn 1995, throughout the Muncie/Delaware County area, a.k.a. “Middletown, U.S.A.” Regression analysis of ten independent variables (R = 0.4878; R2 = 0.2380) found that three variables explained the majority of the variance (R = 0.4748; R2 = 0.2255) in the PC variable. The three variables, that had direct effects on PC ownership/usage are in order of magnitude level of education, age, and sex of respondent. In addition, both education and age are influenced by sex.
Montana Secondary Program Reform and Application of Goals Achievement Methodology to Project Prioritization

A methodology for prioritizing transportation funding in diverse rural environments is described based on experiences in the state of Montana. In 1999, the state of Montana redesigned its secondary highway-funding program. The amended statute allocated federal-aid and state matching funds by formula to each of Montana's five transportation districts and terminated a county-level suballocation that had been in place for more than 30 years. Instead of creating regional planning organizations or formal decision-making bodies such as "councils of governments," the Montana counties statutorily retained direct decision-making authority to set funding priorities, but at the district level. Through a cooperative process, the state of Montana and its 56 counties developed a goals achievement methodology for project prioritization that is responsive to a broad range of transportation needs and goals across all transportation districts of the state. This methodology is applicable for roads with very diverse characte...
Type I reaction center from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum: is Chl a a primary electron acceptor?

The green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum has one of the simplest type I reaction center (RC) complexes. While its structure is still unknown, biochemical and protein sequence analyses suggest that it is similar to photosystem I (PS I), with two BChl a forming a special pair P840, four Chl a serving as pairs of accessory and primary electron acceptor (A0) pigments and 14 BChl a constituting as an immediate RC antenna. This is a dramatic simplification compared to PS I RC, where 90 Chl a antenna pigments serve as antenna and 6 additional Chl a molecules function as electron transfer cofactors. The resulting spectral congestion has prevented direct visualization of ultrafast electron transfer processes within PS I RC and even the sequence of primary electron transfer processes in PS I is still under debate. The suggested presence of two types of pigments in RC from Chlorobium tepidum removes spectral congestion and opens a way to directly visualize electron transfer steps in type I RC using ultrafast spectroscopy, since the Chl a and BChl a pigments absorb at ∼670 nm and ∼800 nm, respectively. To confirm the proposed functional role of Chl a as electron transfer cofactor we performed extensive ultrafast optical pump-probe experiments on different preparations of RC complexes from Chlorobium tepidum, revealing energy/electron transfer rates between different groups of pigments. Surprisingly, we found that ∼3 out of 4 Chl a pigments do not transfer excitation energy to the BChl a antenna or to P840, which indicates that these pigments must be >20A away from any other BChl a pigment and thus argues against the suggested presence of 4 Chl a in the reaction center core complex.
Civility, Enlightenment, and Society: Conceptual Confusions and Kantian Remedies

Originally published in American Political Science Review, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=PSR. Copyright American Political Science Association.
Effects of trifluralin on growth and differentiation of the amoebo-flagellate Naegleria

The microtubule-disrupting herbicide trifluralin (TFL) inhibits growth and flagellate transformation of the amoebo-flagellates Naegleria fowleri and N. gruberi. Growth is less sensitive than is flagellar transformation to TFL: 50 μM reversibly arrests growth while 10 μM irreversibly blocks transformation. Naegleria shows a high sensitivity to TFL like trypanosomatids and unlike the low sensitivity to mammals. TFL is potentially useful for the study of flagellate transformation especially since colchicine does not effect Naegleria. It is conceivable that TFL may be useful in the treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by N. fowleri.
Setup and Setdown in Tidal Bays and Wetlands

Mean water level elevation change in an idealized inlet and connecting bay is addressed, and analytical results of setup and setdown solutions are discussed. Results of setup and setdown computations are provided for a number of non-dimensionalized inlet-bay system parameters, and parameter sensitivity issues are noted.
Factors affecting NIPF landowner participation in management programs: a Massachusetts case study

Abstract Conjoint analysis is used to examine landowner attitudes toward specific management program attributes and requirements. Our results suggest that the majority of respondents are very reluctant to convey landowner rights, such as timber rights or public access, without unrealistic levels of compensation ($ 53 to $ 185 per hectare per year). This implies the need to develop alternatives to the conventional economic incentive based approach to forest management. It is envisioned that the conjoint methodology used here could readily be applied to study landowner decision making in other countries.
Limits along curves determine limits

(1997). Limits along curves determine limits. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 303-315.
Focal [Ca2+]i increases detected by aequorin but not by fura-2 in histamine- and caffeine-stimulated swine carotid artery.

1. We hypothesized that the homogeneity of intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) varies and is regulated in arterial smooth muscle. 2. We evaluated this hypothesis by exploiting the different characteristics of several [Ca2+]i indicators: (1) aequorin, which theoretically can measure focal increases in [Ca2+]i, (2) fura-2, which is predominantly a measure of mean cytoplasmic [Ca2+], and (3) myosin light chain phosphorylation and force, which reflect increases in [Ca2+] near the contractile apparatus. 3. From the differences in the observed aequorin and fura-2 signals, we developed an index of the relative degree of [Ca2+]i homogeneity as the ratio of the aequorin signal and fura-2 signal. 4. Stimulation with intermediate concentrations of histamine (1 and 10 microM) or high [K+]o (25 and 40 mM) increased [Ca2+]i and contractile stress. Relative [Ca2+]i homogeneity, estimated from the aequorin/fura-2 ratio, remained similar to levels observed in unstimulated tissues. 5. Higher concentrations of histamine (100 microM) also increased [Ca2+]i and stress, but the aequorin/fura 2 ratio declined , indicating increased [Ca2+]i homogeneity. Similarly, the aequorin/fura-2 ratio decreased when extracellular Ca2+ was removed. 6. Stimulation with histamine in low extracellular [Ca2+] transiently increased [Ca2+]i and the aequorin/fura-2 ratio. Similarly, in tissues treated with low extracellular [Ca2+], restoration of extracellular Ca2+ transiently increased both [Ca2+]i and the aequorin/fura-2 ratio. Although both of these experiments demonstrated a transient decrease in [Ca2+]i homogeneity, only histamine stimulation led to increased myosin light chain phosphorylation and force. These results indicate that the focal increases in [Ca2+]i observed with histamine stimulation and Ca2+ restoration occurred in different cellular regions. 7. Addition of caffeine (20 mM) increased [Ca2+]i and [cAMP], but this was not accompanied by sustained increased myosin light chain phosphorylation or contraction. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase did not appear to underlie the lack of increase in myosin light chain phosphorylation. Rather, caffeine induced a sustained increase in the aequorin/fura-2 ratio, suggesting that caffeine inhibits smooth muscle contraction by localizing increases in [Ca2+]i to a region distant from the contractile apparatus. 8. These data suggest that there can be transient and sustained focal increases in [Ca2+]i. Aequorin detected increased [Ca2+]i in small regions of the cytoplasm during release from and refilling of the intracellular Ca2+ store and with caffeine stimulation. Dual use of aequorin and fura-2 permits determination of relative [Ca2+]i homogeneity in smooth muscle.
Autumnal Rainfall Climatology of the Bahamas

Abstract An autumnal rainfall climatology for the Bahamas is established on the basis of daily rainfall data. A southward shift of the rainfall maximum from September through November across the region is indicated. Frontal systems from higher latitudes are important to the overall rainfall distribution. Confluent easterly flow in the wake of cold frontal passages is particularly apt to be associated with heavy precipitation, especially when low-level warm advection is present.
Hydrazinium ion vibrational motion and proton transport in lithium hydrazinium sulfate

Abstract Polarized Raman scattering spectra are measured over a temperature interval from 15 to 300 K in single crystal lithium hydrazinium sulfate. No unusual temperature-dependent behavior is observed in any mode involving hydrazinium ion translatory motion, but all librational modes and the internal mode markedly decrease in intensity and frequency, while significantly broadening. An analysis of the bandwidth and frequency data allows assignment of these modes to librations either perpendicular to or parallel to the internuclear axis.
Effect of estrogen on cell proliferation in colonic mucosa of the mouse

The effect of estrogen on cell proliferation in the descending colon of the mouse as an example of a non-target organ was investigated. Ovariectomized mice were given single or multiple injections of 10 ng/g body weight of 17β-estradiol and were killed 1 h after3H-thymidine injection. Estrogen treatments decreased incorporation of3H-thymidine into the DNA of colonic mucosa most markedly at 4 h after the single or the last of multiple injections. The inhibitory effect of estrogen on3H-thymidine incorporation was greater and lasted longer after a single injection than after multiple ones. A similar inhibitory effect was observed in the colonie mucosa of male mice as well as in the mucosa of mice in which colonie epithelial cell proliferation was enhanced by refeeding after 48 h of fasting. However, the colonie mucosa of mice treated with estrogen implants for up to 4 days was not affected. Estrogen treatments caused no significant change in the DNA, RNA and protein contents of the colonie mucosa. The efficacy of estrogen treatments was verified by an increase in both the wet and dry weights of the uterine horns of ovariectomized mice.
A pilot study of dose intense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by infusional paclitaxel in high-risk primary breast cancer.

We conducted a pilot study of dose dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) combination chemotherapy followed by infusional paclitaxel (T) in primary breast cancer to determine its safety and feasibility. Twenty-two subjects (10 with stage II and ≥4 positive lymph nodes, and 12 with stage III disease) were treated with AC (A 60 mg/m2 and C 2000 mg/m2) with filgrastim every 14 days for three cycles followed by infusional paclitaxel (140 mg/m2 over 96 h) every 14 days for three cycles. Mean overall cycle length was 15.3 days and mean duration of therapy was 92 days. Dose reductions of C or T were required in 7/132 (5.3%) cycles for mucositis, diarrhea, or failure to recover platelets by day 15. Ninety-five percent of subjects had grade 4 neutropenia and 1 subject had a platelet nadir of <20,000. Actual delivered dose intensity (DI) over six cycles was: A 27 mg/m2 per week; C 892 mg/m2 per week; T 64 mg/m2 per week (90.6, 89.2, and 91.4% of planned DI, respectively). Average total dose administered was: A 180 mg/m2; C 5880 mg/m2; T 403 mg/m2 (100, 98, and 96% of planned total doses, respectively). Clinical response rate in 10 subjects receiving neoadjuvant therapy was 100% (4 complete response, 6 partial response). Four subjects had a pathologic complete response (three subjects without evidence of malignancy and one subject with ductal carcinoma in situ.) Administration of dose dense AC followed by infusional paclitaxel in 14-day cycles is feasible and this regimen is active in breast cancer.
Two-photon interband magneto absorption in InSb

Abstract Two-photon interband magnetoabsorption in InSb has been studied by measuring the resulting changes in the photoconductivity and free-hole absorption as a function of magnetic field and incident photon energy. In both the photoconductivity and transmission measurements, resonant structure with the peaks occuring at the same values of magnetic field was observed with the incident light polarized both parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. The results thus are not in agreement with the existing theories of two-photon magnetoabsorption. A modification to a perturbation theory approach is suggested that appears to explain the experimental observations.
A Unified Kinetostatic Analysis Framework for Planar Compliant and Rigid Body Mechanisms

Although many dynamic solvers are available for planar mechanisms, there is no readily accessible static solver that can be used in analysis of planar mechanisms with elastic components which achieve motion utilizing deformation of elastic members. New simulation tools are necessary to better understand the compliant mechanisms and to increase their usage in daily life. This framework was developed to fill this gap in planar mechanism design and analysis. The framework was written in MATLAB and is capable of kinematic and static analysis of planar mechanisms with compliant joints or links. Detailed information on implementation of the code is presented and is followed by the capabilities of the framework. Finally, the simulation results were compared with the Adams software to test the validity of the framework.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Analgesic-associated nephropathy in the U.S.A.: Epidemiologic, clinical and pathogenetic features

The original suggestion that an association exists between the ingestion of large amounts of analgesics and the development of interstitial nephropathy was made in 1953 [1]. Since that time, many hundreds of cases illustrating this association have been reported from around the world [2, 3]. Presently, most authors refer to the renal disease which develops in patients who consume large amounts of analgesics as analgesic "abuse" nephropathy. There are, however, in our opinion, a number of disadvantages to the use of the word "abuse" in that designation. The major disadvantage lies in the judgmental nature of the word abuse. This word implies that something about the patients' use of analgesics is consciously inappropriate. There are, however, no data to support this implication. As we will discuss subsequently, it is not proven that only doses of analgesics beyond those prescribed by physicians or needed for relief of pain are associated with the development of renal disease. We, therefore, prefer to refer to this entity as analgesic "associated" nephropathy (AAN); and we will do so throughout this paper.
Nonresonance semilinear operator equations in unbounded domains

On considere le probleme de Dirichlet pour l'equation: Lu=g(x,u,⊇u)u+h(x,y,⊇u) ou L est un operateur uniformement elliptique de dom(L)⊆H 01 (Ω)∩H 2 (Ω), g:Ω×R u+1 →R et h: Ω×R n+1 →R, avec h borne, telle que λ n <α≤g(x,s,η)≤β<λ n+1 pour tout (s,η)∈R n+1 , et p.p. x∈Ω; α et β sont deux constantes et λ 1 ≤λ 2 ≤λ 3 ≤... sont les valeurs propres de L. On demontre l'existence d'une solution pour un domaine Ω⊆R n non borne
Why Physician Gender Matters in Shaping the Physician-Patient Relationship

ABSTRACT Societal values regarding the nature and consequences of patient autonomy and medical paternalism underscore the current debates surrounding informed consent and shared decision making. The debate is significant in that it both reflects and determines normative expectations for physician and patient conduct as well as the nature and form of the therapeutic relationship. Analysis of the literature describing communication differences between physicians of different genders indicates that female physicians show a greater affinity for collaborative models of patient-physician relationship than do their male colleagues. Female physicians spend more time with their patients, are more likely to engage their patients in discussions of their social and psychologic context, and deal more often with feelings and emotions. Moreover, female physicians facilitate partnership and patient participation in the medical exchange more effectively than do male physicians. The authors propose that the quality of the ...
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Analysis of HER-2/neu, c-myc, and p53 in Endometrial Cancer

Our objective was to evaluate the association between HER-2/neu, c-myc, p53, and clinicopathologic variables in endometrial cancer using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) cytogenetic analysis. FISH analysis for HER-2/neu, c-myc, and p53 was performed on 47 endometrial cancer specimens. Amplification of HER-2/neu was seen in 4/47 (8.5%) cases and amplification of c-myc was seen in 7 of 47 (15%) cases; neither was associated with adverse clinicopathologic variables or survival. Deletion of p53 was seen in 31/47 (66%) cases and was associated with poor histologic grade (P = 0.008). There was no impact of genetic alterations on overall survival or disease-free interval. Grade 3 tumor was associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.032). This study found that p53 deletion is a common genetic alteration in endometrial cancer and is associated with poor-grade tumors.
Criminal Sentencing in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Counties

Previous research efforts addressing the topic of criminal sentencing disparity have been criticized on a variety of accounts encompassing conceptual, operational, and statistical issues. Drawing f...
Abstract P2-02-07: Preoperative breast MRI and follow-up recommendations for the contralateral breast influence the rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy

Background: Women with breast cancer increasingly choose to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) even as the benefit of this procedure for woman at average risk for breast cancer remains uncertain. Many women with newly diagnosed breast cancer undergo pre-operative MRI for a variety of indications. Growing evidence suggests that obtaining a pre-operative MRI increases the likelihood that a patient will choose CPM. This study evaluates the relationship between a pre-operative MRI and the decision to pursue CPM, as well as the rate of contralateral MRI findings for which follow-up is recommended and the choice to undergo CPM. The pathology found in contralateral breasts in this series is also reported. Methods: Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in Breast Molecular Epidemiology Resource (B-MER) observational study at the University of Iowa from April 2010 through March 2013. Prophylactic mastectomy is defined as removal of the contralateral breast within 12 months of definitive mastectomy. Univariate logistic regression was used to identify factors predictive of undergoing CPM. Recommended follow-up of the contralateral breast MRI is defined as any imaging or procedure other than immediate ultrasound evaluation. Results: Among 134 patients (mean age 53) who underwent mastectomy, 53 (40%) underwent CPM. Univariate analysis revealed that patients undergoing CPM were more likely to have had a preoperative bilateral MRI (52%% vs. 28%, p = 0.006) and were more likely to have been given a recommendation for a follow-up test (79% vs, 40%, p = 0.007). Univariate analysis also revealed associations between choice of CPM and younger age (p Conclusions: The use of preoperative breast MRI and abnormal imaging findings in the contralateral breast, for which follow-up was recommended, led to a higher CPM rate. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rarely uncovered occult malignancy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-02-07.
Nonlinear diffraction due to the transient polarization in a thin film of atomic gases

Nonlinear optical response of a thin layer of rarefied atomic vapor is examined by taking into account the atomic motion as well as collisions with the cell walls. Extraordinary pattern of self-diffraction spectrum due to the transient polarization is predicted. It is shown that the spectra are Doppler free and depend strongly upon the vapor thickness. A new possibility of signal enhancement is revealed and a simple device is suggested to enhance greatly the nonlinear reflection signal from a resonant vapor layer.