cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF A NUCLEAR OCTUPOLE MOMENT ON NEUTRON SCATTERING

Recent applications of the nuclear optical model to the description of neutron scattering by spheroidal nuclei have shown that "shape effects" are very important for highly deformed nuclei. It has also been found that the "adiabatic approximation," which assumes the nucleus to be rigidly fixed in orientation throughout the scattering, is remarkably accurate for very lowenergy ($S$-wave) neutrons.The first part of the present paper is devoted to a detailed investigation of this approximation, showing that the major factor determining its validity for the heavy nuclei to which it has been applied is the large size of the "effective rotating mass" of the nucleus in comparison to the neutron mass. This is analogous to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in molecular physics, where the large ratio of nuclear to electronic mass enables one to calculate electronic wave functions by considering the slower nuclear motion to be "frozen" completely.The second purpose of the paper is to investigate the effect of a "pear-shaped" deformation, or octupole moment, of the nuclear optical potential on the $S$-wave neutron strength function. (A square-edged potential well is used, which is somewhat similar in its effect to a rounded-edge well with a smaller imaginary potential.) This is done for the very heavy nuclei, $225lAl240$, where the possibility of octupole deformations has been suggested by other data. The effect of a small octupole moment for these particular nuclei is found to be largely masked by the nearly indistinguishable effect of their large quadrupole moments, and, in view of the uncertainty in their quadrupole moments, neutron scattering at this time cannot be said to provide any positive evidence of octupole moments. On the contrary, if the quadrupole moments reported from Coulomb excitation measurements are employed, the measured neutron strength function puts an upper limit on the octupole moments of about one-third the quadrupole moment. More accurate data, both on the neutron strength function (as well as ${R}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and on the quadrupole moments, would permit a more accurate estimate of the octupole moments.
Sexual fantasies, gender, and molestation history

A total of 314 university students (107 males and 207 females) completed a questionnaire examining reports of childhood sexual abuse history and extent and type of adult sexual fantasies. Multivariate main effects of gender and abuse history were found, as well as a multivariate interaction between these variables. Males had more fantasies of forcing someone to have intercourse with them, participating in an orgy, and having sex with a stranger. Subjects with histories of sexual abuse had more sexual fantasies than their nonabused peers in four of five categories. Finally, sexually abused women reported more fantasies of being sexually forced than did women without sexual abuse histories or men regardless of molestation history. In several instances, fantasies correlated with especially early and extended abuse.
#30 Severity of visual impairment and self-rated health among community-residing adults

Abstract PURPOSE: Poor self-rated health is associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes and mortality in many community-based studies of adults. The purpose of this study is to assess associations between severity of visual impairment (VI) and self-rated health. METHODS: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a continuous multistage area probability survey of the US population. Participants were administered questions about VI and selected eye diseases and were asked to categorize their health status (HS) as excellent, very good, good, fair or poor. In the present analysis those who ranked their health as poor or fair were grouped into a low HS category. Complete data were available on 120,735 adults ⩾18 years of age who participated in the 1986–1994 NHIS. Statistical methods included multiple logistic regression models with adjustments for covariates as well as for the survey design. RESULTS: A total of 334 participants reported bilateral blindness (0.3%); an additional 4,870 reported some VI and/or severe VI in at least one eye (4.0%). The percentage of low HS participants was 13.1%. After adjustment for age, gender, glaucoma, retinopathy, and cataract, compared with participants with no VI, odds ratios (OR's) for low HS was 2.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.32–2.68) for participants with some VI and 4.07 (3.15–5.27) for blind participants. CONCLUSION: After adjusting for age, gender, and presence of eye diseases, VI is significantly associated with fair/poor self-rated health status in community-residing adults; this association is strongest among blind adults.
Lyophilized veins as arterial interposition allografts.

Abstract Venous allografts were evaluated in two models. Lyophilized allograft veins used as interposition grafts in the infrarenal aorta of the canine were studied and found to be patent at 1 year. Pathologic examination of the grafts revealed mild intimal hyperplasia and persistence of the basic structure of the lyophilized vessel. The ability of venous tissue to elicit an antibody response when transplanted into an allogeneic recipient was studied in the rat using the lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay. Fresh and Me2SO-cryoprotected frozen veins produced circulating antibody when used as interposition grafts in the infrarenal aorta of the rat. Lyophilized and noncryoprotected frozen veins did not induce measurable antibody. Lyophilized allograft veins are a nonimmunogenic vascular graft material with acceptable long-term patency.
Influence of Genetic Risk Information on Parental Role Identity in Adolescent Girls and Young Women from Families with Fragile X Syndrome

Using a multi-group cross-sectional design, we explored self-concept related to parental role salience and enactment in 53 young women (14 to 24 years) with knowledge they were either carriers, non-carriers, or could be a carrier of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Parental role salience included the participants’ desire “to be a mother” and the importance they placed on this role. Enactment focused on the participants’ views regarding ways to become a mother (reproductive options), parenting a child affected by FXS, and the development of partner relationships (marriage). Participants completed the FXS Adolescent Interview and the FX-Visual Analog Scale. Participants’ knowledge of their genetic risk status appears to have influenced both salience and enactment of the parental role, and the effect varied based on carrier status. For many, knowledge of genetic risk appears to have led to reappraisal, redefinition, and re-engagement with the goal of becoming a parent. This process was prominent in those who were carriers and less so in those who were at-risk, and it did not typically occur in those who were non-carriers. Findings offer valuable insight into the impact of genetic risk information on developing perceptions of the parental role and offer new directions for genetic counseling with adolescents and young women with a family history of FXS.
Back to the future: A need for multi-drop Ethernet for cost-effective power distribution

Local renewable DC electricity sources, such as solar, have become cost competitive. In this position paper, we argue that an Ethernet LAN with Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) is a nanogrid where the physical layer infrastructure is used for DC electricity distribution and the link-layer capabilities can be used to match electricity supply and demand. To be cost effective with respect to wiring, many of these nanogrids must be multi-drop where each drop may be a power socket. Open challenges to employing PoE as a multi-drop managed nanogrid include 1) extending LLDP for multi-drop, 2) adapting LLDP to support the use of price signals for modulating power demand, 3) achieving efficient PoE power flow in a multi-drop circuit, and 4) implementing low-cost and fair scheduling for packet transmission. We explore how multi-drop Ethernet can be implemented with fair access to all devices by employing at each drop a mini-switch with packet scheduling.
The Effects of Reduced Voltages on the Efficiency of Electric Loads

The paper reports the results from Phase I of Electric Power Research Institute RP1419 and describes the efficiency of important power system loads as a function of voltage. A wide variety of loads have been tested at seven input voltages ranging 100/200 to 126/252 volts, and a methodology has been developed to estimate distribution system efficiency as it relates to the operating level of voltage.
High-throughput pharmacokinetic method: Cassette dosing in mice associated with minuscule serial bleedings and LC/MS/MS analysis

A method for pharmacokinetic studies using cassette dosing associated with serial bleeding in mice is described. PK profiles of four soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors were determined following oral, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration individually or in cassette dosing. Parent analyses were performed on only 5 μL of whole blood from serial bleeds (up to 10 per animal), by LC/MS/MS. An accuracy (88-100%) and precision (<10% RSD) were observed, leading to reliable datum points for PK calculation. PK profiles, Tmax, Cmax and half-life values after cassette dosing were similar to the individual PK results. This method dramatically increases speed of data collection while dramatically reducing cost and animal usage. The results presented here clearly indicate that this proposed method could be applicable to high-throughput PK studies.
An analysis of γ-ray-induced DNA damage in human blood leukocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes

Lymphocytes and granulocytes were separated from human peripheral blood and irradiated with low doses of gamma-rays (0.05-0.5 Gy) from a 137Cs source. The magnitude and intercellular distribution of DNA damage, i.e., single-strand breaks and alkali-labile lesions, were compared with those obtained in unfractionated leukocytes irradiated in whole blood, using the alkaline single-cell gel-electrophoresis technique. Based on the extent of DNA migration, irradiation resulted in a linear and dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in all 3 cell populations, with a significant increase being detected at 0.05 Gy. The dose-dependent increase for DNA migration was not significantly different between separated lymphocytes and granulocytes, but their responses were significantly elevated over that obtained for leukocytes irradiated in whole blood. Based on an analysis of the ratio of the range to the standard deviation for each cell population at each dose of radiation, the distribution of damage among cells was relatively homogeneous and independent of dose and cell population. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that irradiation of leukocytes in whole blood partially protects against radical-induced DNA damage.
Is there a Sonic Boom in the Little Bang at RHIC

The use of elliptic flow and correlation measurements as constraints to establish the transport properties of hot and dense QCD matter is discussed. Measured Two- and three-particle correlation functions give initial hints for a “sonic boom”. Elliptic flow measurements give the estimates c s ∼ 0.35 and η / s ∼ 0.1 for the sound speed and viscosity to entropy ratio.
Arbitrage tests of the efficiency of the foreign currency options market

In this paper the lower boundary, excercise price, and put-call parity conditions for foreign currency options are subjected to empirical testing. The tests are directed towards the examination of the hypothesis that the foreign currency option market is efficient. The evidence in the ex-post tests is inconsistent with this hypothesis since a large number of violations of theoretical conditions are found in the data.
Computed NMR shielding increments over unsaturated five-membered ring heterocyclic compounds as a measure of aromaticity

The GIAO-HF method within Gaussian 03 was used to calculate the isotropic shielding value of the proximal hydrogen of a diatomic hydrogen probe at various distances (2.5 A, 3.0 A and 4.0 A) above the plane of 15 conjugated five-membered ring heterocyclic compounds: pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and phosphole and their 2- and 3-nitrogen analogs. Subtraction of the isotropic shielding value of diatomic hydrogen by itself from each of these isotropic shielding values gave the shielding increment (Deltasigma) for each probe position. Plotting Deltasigma against Cartesian coordinates of the probe position allowed determination of the computed through-space shielding increment surfaces for these compounds. Substantial shielding was observed above the center of each ring, as expected for aromatic compounds. The magnitude of the shielding increment at 2.5 A above the ring center (Deltasigma(2.5)) correlated reasonably well with other established methods of assessing aromaticity, including geometric (HOMA, harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity), energetic (ASE, aromatic stabilization energy), and magnetic (NICS, nucleus-independent chemical shift) criteria.
Efficient electrocatalytic addition reactions of allyl phenyl sulfone to electron deficient alkenes

Abstract The use of tetraalkylammonium salts as electrolytes has been found to allow the formation of electrogenerated bases of especially high reactivity. Such conditions allow allyl phenyl sulfone to undergo addition to a variety of electron deficient vinyl and propenyl compounds (sulfone, ketone, nitrile, and ester). The additions are catalyzed by electrogenerated bases derived from the reactant itself, rather than via an added pro-base. The nature of the substrate molecule is seen to affect which type of product is formed, leading to an interplay between addition to 1 mol of substrate or to 2 mol of substrate. Yields of 1:1 adducts range from 6 to 81%, while yields of 1:2 adducts range from 57 to 96%.
Fortran Tausworthe pseudorandom number generator

Intermediate computations in an “Extremely Portable Random Number Generator” by J. B. Kruskal [Comm. ACM 12, 2 (Feb. 1969), 93-94] exceed 15 bits plus sign. This is a severe limitation since the majority of small computers uses a 16 bit (15 bits plus sign) word or less. ASA standard FORTRAN compilers for these machines are readily available. Fortunately, a linearly recurring sequence generator [2] can be written in somewhat “portable” ASA Standard FORTRAN which will produce maximum length [2** (word size of computer - 1) -1] pseudorandom numbers for common 12, 16, 18, 24, and 32 bit computers, to mention only a few. Following Kendall's algorithm and notation presented by Whittlesey for a p-bit computer: p = 12, N = 11, M = 2; p = 16, N = 15, M = 1, 4, or 7; p = 18, N = 17, M = 3, 5, or 6; p = 24, N = 23, M = 5 or 9; and p = 32, N = 31, M = 3, 6, 7, or 13.
Students' understanding of external representations of the potassium ion channel protein, part I: Affordances and limitations of ribbon diagrams, vines, and hydrophobic/polar representations†

Research on external representations in biochemistry has uncovered student difficulties in comprehending and interpreting external representations. This project focuses on students' understanding of three external representations of the potassium ion channel protein. This is part I of a two-part study, which focuses on the affordances and limitations of representations of the potassium ion channel according to students across the chemistry and biochemistry curriculum. Analysis showed that if the students do not possess the required prior knowledge then they are stymied in their interpretations of the representations. Students were able to easily interpret the familiar ribbon diagram representation; however, they found the vines and hydrophobic/polar representations to be less informative. Suggestions for instruction are to probe student understanding and to help students activate prior knowledge to build a more connected set of concepts pertaining to protein structure.
E-Relational Characteristics on Hospitality and Tourism Program Web Sites

The increasingly competitive market of recruiting prospective students stimulates academic program administrators to adopt relationship marketing (RM) principles and to leverage the capacity of the Internet technologies in facilitating RM practices. The authors develop an operational framework to evaluate electronic RM (e-RM) features on the Web sites of selected postsecondary hospitality and tourism programs in the United States. As a result of the two-step cluster analysis procedure, the sampled programs are first grouped into two distinctive categories based on designed measures of preidentified e-RM features adopted on their Web sites. A logistic regression analysis then reveals that the program size and the level of the program (undergraduate vs. graduate) are significant indicators of the level of e-RM Web feature adoption.
Syntheses and Synthetic Studies of 2-Hydroxy-5-(propargyloxy)benzoic Acid

Abstract The title compound 1 is best made by selective 5-O-propargylation of methyl gentisate, followed by in situ saponification. Direct propargylation of gentisic acid gives a mixture of propargyl ethers, which surprisingly includes the 2-monoether.
“Real-izing” the benefits of new technologies as a source of audit evidence: An interpretive field study☆

Abstract The development of new audit technologies has been the focus of a great deal of attention by both auditing academics and CPA firm administrators during the past decade. Many resources have been devoted to the development and scientific validation of sophisticated new technologies with the anticipation that increased audit “efficiency”, as well as improved “effectiveness” and inter-auditor judgment “consensus”, would result. The primary focus of these efforts, and the related publications, have been on the technologies themselves, in the apparent belief that qualities such as “efficiency” exist objectively in the technologies. However, essentially no published research exists that has examined the use of these new technologies by audit practitioners. The study reported in this paper was conducted as an interpretive field study within several “Big 6” CPA firms, with a focus on proprietary audit technologies that had been recently implemented or discontinued. All of the technologies involved new audit approaches, rather than simply the automation of existing, established approaches to audit evidence generation and evaluation. The central finding reported in this paper is that benefits in the form of enhanced audit efficiency did not result directly from the adoption and use of these new technologies. Rather, where they were reported to have occurred, these benefits resulted from the concomitant reduction or elimination of other audit procedures that had been performed in the past. Based upon these findings, it is argued that the “benefits” of new audit technologies, as a source of audit evidence, do not exist objectively in the technologies themselves, and that these benefits are not automatically realized through the adoption and use of the technologies. Rather, the benefits attributed to the technologies are seen to be made real, or “real-ized”, through actions taken by the auditors concurrent with technology adoption.
REMOVED: The caveolin triad: caveolae biogenesis, cholesterol trafficking, and signal transduction

Caveolins are a family of proteins that coat the cytoplasmic face of caveolae, vesicular invaginations of the plasma membrane. These proteins are central to the organization of the proteins and lipids that reside in caveolae. Caveolins transport cholesterol to and from caveolae, and they regulate the activity of signaling proteins that reside in caveolae. Through studying the genes encoding the caveolae coat proteins, we have learned much about how they perform these multiple functions.
A digital system for studying interstitial transport of dye molecules.

Abstract A method is presented for quantitatively describing the transport of absorbing dyes through the interstitial space in transilluminated preparations. A capillary bed is perfused with a vital dye, such as Patent Blue V, and the diffusion of the dye across the capillary wall and through the surrounding tissue is monitored by a microscope-closed-circuit television system. A slow-scan television camera, which scans a single line of the field 30 times per second, detects changes in optical density at various distances from the capillary. Changes in optical density are compared to those predicted by the equation for diffusion from a cylindrical source in an isotropic homogenous medium, and a value for the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the interstitium is obtained.
Multivariate Least-Squares Methods Applied to the Quantitative Spectral Analysis of Multicomponent Samples

In an extension of earlier work, weighted multivariate least-squares methods of quantitative FT-IR analysis have been developed. A linear least-squares approximation to nonlinearities in the Beer-Lambert law is made by allowing the reference spectra to be a set of known mixtures. The incorporation of nonzero intercepts in the relation between absorbance and concentration further improves the approximation of nonlinearities while simultaneously accounting for nonzero spectral baselines. Pathlength variations are also accommodated in the analysis, and under certain conditions, unknown sample pathlengths can be determined. All spectral data are used to improve the precision and accuracy of the estimated concentrations. During the calibration phase of the analysis, pure component spectra are estimated from the standard mixture spectra. These can be compared with the measured pure component spectra to determine which vibrations experience nonlinear behavior. In the predictive phase of the analysis, the calculated spectra are used in our previous least-squares analysis to estimate sample component concentrations. These methods were applied to the analysis of the IR spectra of binary mixtures of esters. Even with severely overlapping spectral bands and nonlinearities in the Beer-Lambert law, the average relative error in the estimated concentrations was <1%.
Student understanding of energy: Difficulties related to systems

Choosing a system of interest and identifying the interactions of the system with its environment are crucial steps in applying the relation between work and energy. Responses to problems that we administered in introductory calculus-based physics courses show that many students fail to recognize the implications of a particular choice of system. In some cases, students do not believe that particular groupings of objects can even be considered to be a system. Some errors are more prevalent in situations involving gravitational potential energy than elastic potential energy. The difficulties are manifested in both qualitative and quantitative reasoning.
Application of a Versatile "Real-Space" Validation Methodology to a Fire Model

This paper applies a pragmatic approach to validation of a fire-dynamics model involving computational fluid dynamics, combustion, participating-media radiation, and heat transfer. The validation problem involves experimental and predicted steady-state temperatures of a calorimeter in a wind-driven hydrocarbon pool fire. Significant aleatory and epistemic sources of uncertainty in the experiments and simulations exist and are transformed to a common basis of interval uncertainty for aggregation and comparison purposes. The validation comparison of experimental and simulation results, and corresponding criteria and procedures for model substantiation or refutation, take place in "real space" as opposed to "transform space" where various transform measures of discrepancy between experiment and simulation results are calculated and assessed. The versatile model validation approach handles difficulties associated with representing and aggregating aleatory and epistemic uncertainties (discrete and continuous) from multiple correlated and uncorrelated source types, including 1) experimental variability from multiple repeat experiments, 2) uncertainty of experimental inputs, 3) experimental output measurement uncertainties, 4) uncertainties that arise in data processing and inference from raw simulation and experiment outputs, 5) parameter and model-form uncertainties intrinsic to the model, and 6) numerical solution uncertainty from model discretization effects.
The incredible years parent, teacher, and child intervention: Targeting multiple areas of risk for a young child with pervasive conduct problems using a flexible, manualized treatment program*

Young children who present for treatment with oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) frequently exhibit these symptoms across settings and often show comorbid symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or internalizing symptoms such as anxiety or depression. Parent training programs to treat these children must be flexible and comprehensive enough to address these issues. This article outlines a case in which the Incredible Years Parent, Teacher, and Child Training programs were used to treat a young boy, John, with ODD. His problems were pervasive and occurred at home, at school, and with peers. In addition to the ODD symptoms, John exhibited symptoms of ADHD as well as significant anxious and depressed behaviors. This case study outlines how a multimodal, manualized treatment can be applied flexibly to attend to individual family needs and address issues of comorbidity.
Comparative subchronic oral toxicity of sulphite and acetaldehyde hydroxysulphonate in rats

Abstract A subchronic oral toxicity study of sodium metabisulphite and acetaldehyde hydroxysulphonate was conducted in normal and sulphite oxidase-deficient rats. At the highest dose level (350 mg SO2 equiv./kg body weight/day for 3 wk followed by 175 mg SO2 equiv./kg body weight/day for 5 wk of either compound), gastric lesions were noted histologically in both normal and sulphite oxidase-deficient rats. The lesions were more severe and more frequently encountered in the sulphite oxidase-deficient rats. The no-effect level for Na2S2O5 was 70 mg SO2 equiv./kg body weight/day in both normal and sulphite oxidase-deficient rats. Liver lesions were noted in rats treated with acetaldehyde hydroxysulphonate. These lesions may possibly be attributable to the effects of free acetaldehyde. The no-effect level for acetaldehyde hydroxysulphonate was 7 mg SO2 equiv./kg body weight/day for sulphite oxidase-deficient rats and 70 mg SO2 equiv./kg body weight/day for normal rats. Increased urinary excretion of sulphite was noted in sulphite oxidase-deficient rats whether or not they were given exogenous sulphites. An increase in urinary sulphite levels in sulphite oxidase-deficient rats was observed after dosing with acetaldehyde hydroxysulphonate. These findings suggest that acetaldehyde hydroxysulphonate is metabolized to acetaldehyde and free sulphite.
Tensile Testing at Constant True Plastic Strain Rate

A closed-loop system for tensile testing at constant true plastic strain rate is described. The system consists of a servohydraulic testing machine for which the actuator velocity is controlled by the instantaneous minimum cross-sectional dimension of the specimen. A closed-loop temperature-control system using resistance heating of the specimen is incorporated to permit tests at elevated temperatures. Examples are given of true stress-strain curves of annealed 304 stainless steel rod and annealed Zircaloy-4 plate, tested parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction. Problems encountered due to deformation-induced heating, noisy circuitry, and plastic anisotropy are discussed.
Falling in love, literally: Romeo, Juliet, Ballet and the swoon

(2004). Falling in love, literally: Romeo, Juliet, Ballet and the swoon. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 137-152.
IDEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE IN THE 1996 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN: COMMUNITY AND INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS

Ideology has both individual and aggregate components—it exists in the minds of individuals as well as in a shared community dialogue. Individual Differences Scaling (INDSCAL) has been shown to be useful in studying ideological structure at both levels. However, few, if any, attempts have been made to employ INDSCAL in large-scale survey research. In a national telephone survey during the 1996 presidential campaign, we used INDSCAL to ascertain the ideological structure of the American electorate and the individual variations around that structure. In the aggregate, we find that the national political community arrayed the candidates, parties and issues in the campaign in a reasonably predictable and rational manner. It is clear that one dimension, the traditional liberal-conservative continuum, which more or less coincides with the political party spectrum, provides the common structure for political evaluation and communication. However, individuals vary widely in their ability to spatially array political objects in a manageable intellectual space and their participation in the dominant ideological paradigm. We find these variations to be related to strength of partisan attachment and level of education, respectively.
'De novo' centrioles originate at sites associated with annulate lamellae in sea-urchin eggs.

Hypertonic stress stimulates the formation of new centrioles in sea-urchin eggs. Those centrioles which appear away from the nuclear surface originate exclusiveJy at sites associated with annulate lamellae. Although apparent when nascent centrioles become visible, the annulate lamellar association is gradually lost as nascent forms mature into centrioles.
Are Chinese Universities Globally Competitive

This article compares five leading Chinese universities with 16 other research-intensive institutions in Asia, Europe and the United States. All the universities demonstrate an increasing commitment to research, although the fastest growth between 2003 and 2007 occurred in Asian institutions. Beijing and Qinghua universities compare favourably in terms of funding, but their research output is not as highly regarded. Despite concerns about academic freedom, the international standing of at least some Chinese universities is likely to rise in the future.
Methylene blue does not neutralize heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Objective: It was hypothesized that methylene blue could neutralize heparin in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass and become an alternative to protamine. Design: This was a prospective unblinded study with patients serving as their own controls. Setting Participants: A single, large university hospital. This study was conducted in patients scheduled for elective aortocoronary bypass grafting. Interventions: When heparin was to be neutralized, patients received methylene blue, 2 to 12 mg/kg, diluted in 50 mL and infused over 20 minutes. If a clot was not observed or the activated coagulation time (ACT) remained elevated, protamine, 250 mg, was administered and the ACT was repeated. Measurements and Main Results: No patient demonstrated clot after methylene blue infusion. ACT did not return to preheparin values in any patient. All patients required protamine to establish hemostasis. Protamine restored the ACT to preheparin values in every patient. The one patient who received 12 mg/kg experienced severe pulmonary hypertension. Conclusions: Methylene blue does not neutralize heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Prolonged analgesia after intracerebroventricular Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2)

A peptide recently isolated from human and bovine brain, Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2), was tested for its effects on nociception in the tail-flick test after intracerebroventricular injection in the rat. Tail-flick latencies were significantly increased with a rapid onset and remained significantly elevated for at least 50 min. Naloxone reversed the effect of the peptide, indicating opiate receptor involvement in the response. Met-enkephalin at the same dose produced only slight antinociception. Some animals showed 'barrel-rolling' behavior in addition to the analgesia; this behavior was unusually short-lived, not a prerequisite for the analgesia, and had no apparent persistent effects. The results show that, in addition to previously described opiate-like actions (binding to the mu-receptor and inhibition of electrically induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum), Tyr-W-MIF-1 is capable of inducing significant analgesia.
Targeted cytotoxic analogue of bombesin/ gastrin-releasing peptide inhibits the growth of H-69 human small-cell lung carcinoma in nude mice

Recently, we developed a powerful cytotoxic analogue of bombesin AN-215, in which the bombesin-like carrier peptide Gln–Trp–Ala–Val–Gly–His–Leu–Ψ(CH2-NH)–Leu–NH2 (RC-3094) is conjugated to a potent derivative of doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201). Small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) are known to express high levels of bombesin receptors. We evaluated whether these receptors could be used for targeting cytotoxic bombesin analogue to H-69 SCLC cells. H-69 cells were xenografted into male nude mice, which then received an intravenous injection of AN-215, cytotoxic radical AN-201, the carrier peptide RC-3094 alone or unconjugated mixture of RC-3094 and AN-201. The levels of mRNA for bombesin receptor subtypes were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In vitro, both the analogue AN-215 and the radical AN-201 showed strong antiproliferative effects on H-69 cells, AN-215 requiring more time to exert its action at 10–8M concentration than AN-201. In vivo, the growth of H-69 SCLC tumours was significantly inhibited by the treatment with 200 nmol kg–1 of AN-215, while equimolar doses of the cytotoxic radical AN-201 or the mixture of AN-201 and the carrier peptide were toxic and produced only a minor tumour inhibition as compared with control groups. mRNA for bombesin receptor subtypes 2 (BRS-2) and 3 (BRS-3) was detected in H-69 tumours. The mRNA levels for BRS-3, but not for BRS-2, were lower in the AN-215-treated tumours as compared with controls. Our results demonstrate that the cytotoxic bombesin analogue AN-215 could be considered for targeted therapy of tumours, such as SCLC, that express bombesin receptors. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
Thymosin-alpha1 stimulates maturation of CD34+ stem cells into CD3+4+ cells in an in vitro thymic epithelia organ coculture model.

The effect of thymosin-alpha1 on thymopoiesis is largely unknown. Thymosin is found in the cortical and medullary thymic epithelia, as well as in nurse cells; thus, it is hypothesized that thymosin may affect both early and late stage of thymocyte maturation. In this study, the effect of thymosin-alpha1 on thymopoiesis was determined by coculturing in vitro CD34+ stem cells (SC) with allogeneic cultured thymic epithelia fragments (CTEF) for 1-4 weeks and analyzing T-cell maturation by flow cytometry. Thymosin-alpha1 significantly enhanced the cell number (e.g., proliferation) of mononuclear cells obtained at 2 and 4 weeks of the SC-CTEF cocultures (P < 0.01 and < 0.05, respectively). In particular, thymosin-alpha1 stimulated expression of CD3+ cells at 3 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). The predominant subpopulation increased by thymosin stimulation was single positive mature CD4+ cells, which was confirmed to occur within the SC-CTEF thymic organ tissue by laser confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Thymosin stimulation tended to enhance IL-7 synthesis, critical cytokine in the maturation of thymocytes. In summary, this is the first study to demonstrate that thymosin-alpha1 enhanced thymopoiesis of CD34+ stem cells in humans using an in vitro model of differentiation using stem cells and cultured thymic epithelial fragments cocultures. Furthermore, the thymosin significantly increased expression of CD3+4+ T cells.
Racial disparities in cancer therapy: did the gap narrow between 1992 and 2002?

Racial disparities have been demonstrated at each step of the cancer-care continuum, ranging from the unequal distribution of cancer risk factors to inequities in prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy.1–3 Even among patients who have Medicare insurance, for whom a substantial proportion of cancer therapy costs are reimbursed, there is abundant evidence of inequity in cancer care among patients diagnosed in the early and mid-1990s.2, 4–11 Increased recognition of the prevalence of healthcare disparities during the 1990s has led not only to increased attention but also to substantive initiatives promoted by foundations and by all levels of government.1, 12–16 Given the recent attention and investment in ensuring access to appropriate cancer care, it is important to address 2 key knowledge gaps. First, there is a need to assess whether access to cancer therapies has increased in the overall population. Second, it is unclear whether there has been any reduction in cancer disparities. Some analyses have reported that racial therapy disparities persisted from 1992 through 1999 among patients diagnosed with early stage prostate or breast cancer.11, 17–19 Conversely, a separate analysis of colorectal cancer therapy in the National Cancer Data Base suggested that while a racial disparity in receipt of adjuvant therapy existed in 1990–1991, it no longer existed in 2001–2002.20 However, these findings were not adjusted for patient, tumor, or health system characteristics.20 We, therefore, evaluated the cancer care received by Medicare beneficiaries who were diagnosed with common cancer types from 1992 through 2002. We identified cancer therapies for which racial disparities had been previously recognized and determined whether there had been a temporal change in cancer care for the overall Medicare population or in the magnitude of racial disparities.
A Technique for Controlling Infectious Disease in Hatchery Fish

Abstract A need for a simple and effective direct treatment for fish in ponds and troughs has long been apparent among fish-culturists. A direct treatment not only would obviate all need for handling fish already weakened by disease but it could be used as a routine prophylaxis to eradicate diseases in their earliest stages long before their presence is suspected. The technique described in this article has been tested, both in the laboratory and at the producing hatchery, over a period of years, and has been found effective in eliminating infections by the common exoparasites and bacterial gill disease. In brief, the method consists in determining the quantity of water present in a pond or trough, stopping the inflowing water, and adding sufficient disinfectant-concentration. After one hour, the flow of water is resumed. If adequate precautions are exercised, the hateheryman can effectively control the common diseases of hatchery fish with no risk of injury to his stock.
Interaction of Methanethiol with Sulfur-Covered W(001)

The chemisorption of methanethiol on W(001) resulting in the formation of methyl thiolate decreases linearly as a function of preadsorbed atomic S. The ratio of selective decomposition of methyl thiolate, which results in methane desorption, to total decomposition, resulting in desorbed H2 and adsorbed atomic S and C, remains constant. The S 2p photoemission from methanethiol on W(001) consists of peaks from two methyl thiolate species. The presence of atomic S adsorbed in fourfold hollow sites preferentially inhibits the thiolate species with the higher S 2p binding energy. This suggests that this thiolate species is also adsorbed in a fourfold hollow, and its adsorption is blocked by atomic S. Adsorption of thiolate on the S-precovered surface causes the S 2p peak position of the atomic S to shift to lower binding energy. This is the result of crowding caused by the chemisorption of the thiolate in adjacent sites but is not due either to direct bonding of the thiolate to the preadsorbed S or to a major ...
Can opposition to research spur innovation

When California's US$3 billion Stem Cell Research and Cures Act, Proposition 71, was approved by voters in November 2004, the crucial paragraph did not mention embryonic stem cells (ES cells): "There is hereby established a right to conduct stem cell research which includes research involving adult stem cells, cord blood stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, and/or progenitor cells. Pluripotent stem cells are cells that are capable of self-renewal, and have broad potential to differentiate into multiple adult cell types."1 Had the drafters somehow foreseen the international effort that would be spurred by Shinya Yamanaka and colleagues' breakthrough 2006 paper2 in Cell? Did they know that Yamanaka's and James Thomson's reprogramming teams3, 4 would announce in late 2007 that a quartet of transcription factors within the larger pool of embryo-specific genes was sufficient to reprogramme human skin cells to pluripotency? In 2004, the only known way to reset the genome of a cell from an adult animal was to transfer its nucleus to an egg and allow this to divide into an early embryo, and generating ES cells meant destroying the embryo. Unlike the original, differentiated cell, these ES cells would be pluripotent, capable of becoming any sort of cell in the body. Did the wording in Proposition 71 forecast or spur the innovation that patient-specific pluripotent stem cells might be possible without either embryo creation or embryo destruction?
A kinetic Monte Carlo study of the growth of Si on Si(100) at varying angles of incident deposition

Abstract Two- and three-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were used to model the deposition of a hyperthermal molecular beam at varying angles of incidence. The simulations incorporate realistic deposition and diffusional moves, and feature many-layer growth for large systems containing up to 80 000 atoms. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for the three-dimensional model mimic the deposition and growth of Si on a Si(100) substrate at close to experimental length- and timescales. At high angles of incidence for the beam, the formation of porous columnar structures seen in the two-dimensional simulations evolve into flakes in the three-dimensional model. The growth angles of the columns and flakes follow the same general trends as previous ballistic deposition and molecular dynamics simulations, but existing theories do not adequately represent the simulation data. In the two-dimensional model, the effect of an additional step-edge reflection barrier increases the porosity of the deposited films at conditions for which columnar growth would be observed in the absence of the additional barrier. Raising the substrate temperature increases the widths of the columns and flakes perpendicular to the path of the beam. Increased substrate temperature also affects the depth to which grown films remain defect-free before columnar growth begins.
Value of IT: Indirect impact of IT on construction project performance via Best Practices

Abstract This paper investigates the indirect impact of IT use via work processes on construction project performance in the industrial sector. Specifically, using the project-level data in the Construction Industry Institute Benchmarking and Metrics database, the overall impact of 3D CAD use, including the direct impact of the use to project cost growth and its indirect impact via CII designated Best Practice(s), is tested by path analysis. The analysis results show that the direct impact of 3D CAD use on project cost growth is not statistically significant. On the other hand, the indirect impact of 3D CAD use via Best Practice(s) is statistically significant. Interpreting the path values reveal that the use of 3D CAD contributes to more use of Best Practice(s), which in turn leads to cost performance improvement. This finding highlights the importance of processes or practices when designing and implementing information technology.
Hypochondriasis and Somatization Related to Personality and Attitudes Toward Self

Better definition of the boundary between hypochondriasis and somatization was determined by measuring attitudes to self and personality dimensions associated with these syndromes. In this study, the primary care patients with hypochondriacal responses (HR) on the Illness Attitudes Scales or high somatic concern (HSC) on the Symptom Questionnaire had more negative attitudes to self and more psychological distress than the matched group of primary care control subjects. The HR subjects were different from the non-HR subjects on two of five personality domains on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO)-Five-Factor Inventory, and the HSC subjects were different from the non-HSC subjects on four of five NEO domains. Analysis of variance demonstrated that somatization explained most of the variance in attitudes, personality, and psychological distress, but hypochondriasis uniquely contributed only to thanatophobia. The authors discuss the boundary between hypochondriasis and somatization and offer a descriptive model of this relationship.
Double hashing with passbits

Double hashing with bucket capacity one is augmented with multiple passbits to obtain significant reduction to unsuccessful search lengths. This improves the analysis of Martini et al. [P.M. Martini, W.A. Burkhard, Double hashing with multiple passbits, Internat. J. Found. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 14 (6) (2003) 1165-1188] by providing a closed form expression for the expected unsuccessful search lengths.
A community needs assessment for a SANE program using Neuman's model.

PURPOSE To present guidelines for a community needs assessment for a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program using Neuman's Systems Model. The guidelines provide advanced practice nurses with a holistic, systematic means to conduct an assessment prior to the implementation of a SANE program and facilitate collaborative work with other disciplines and agencies. DATA SOURCES Selected research-based articles on sexual assault, classic texts and writings on Neuman's Systems Model, and community assessment models and programs. CONCLUSIONS Sexual assault is a problem faced by almost every community. A thorough community assessment is an important first step in establishing programs that adequately meet a com-munity's needs. Guidelines for conducting such an assessment related to implementation of a SANE program are rare, and guidelines using a nursing model were not found in the literature. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE One program that has been successful in meeting community needs is the SANE program. A concise and organized assessment guide can reduce the necessary time and money allocated for a community assessment and can provide a basis for evaluation and research.
Watering flowers in the rain: The elusive nature of executive dysfunction in HIV

Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently experience both neurocognitive and psychiatric dysfunction. Apathy is a prominent neuropsychiatric symptom associated with HIV and is related to neurologic dysfunction. In contrast, depression is independent of neurocognitive impairment in HIV. This case report illustrates the importance of behavioral observations from family members of HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals as a valuable source of information. These behavioral observations can be particularly important in rural resource-limited settings, where cognitive testing is often limited to standardized mental status examinations.
Clark's Theorem on linear programs holds for convex programs

Abstract Given a linear minimization program, then there is an associated linear maximization program termed the dual. F. E. Clark proved the following theorem. “If the set of feasible points of one program is bounded, then the set of feasible points of the other program is unbounded.” A convex program is the minimization of a convex function subject to the constraint that a number of other convex functions be nonpositive. As is well known, a dual maximization problem can be defined in terms of the Lagrange function. The dual objection function is the infimum of the Lagrange function. The feasible Lagrange multipliers are those satisfying: (i) the multipliers are nonnegative and (ii) the dual objective function is not negative infinity. It is found that Clark's Theorem applies unchanged to dual convex programs. Moreover, the programs have equal values.