cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SENSORS DEVELOPED FOR IN-PROCESS THERMAL SENSING AND IMAGING.

This chapter deals with sensors development for in-process thermal sensing and imaging. Among various evaluation methods, noncontact, and nondestructive techniques including thermal and optical methods are of particular interest. Temperature profiles can be used to provide a diagnostic tool for in situ process control and to find optimal process conditions. Optical methods can provide material and process characterizing information, such as thin-film thickness and quality, carrier concentration, or content of contaminants. A variety of sensors are available in association with these noncontact methods, but infrared detectors are attractive because they can be used for both methods. Most of infrared detectors can be classified into two major categories: photon-type and thermal-type detectors. A thermopile, a type of thermal-type detector, can respond from ultraviolet to far infrared and its sensitivity is almost flat over this region. It can be operated over a relatively wide range of ambient temperatures and also at room temperature. A monolithic thermopile infrared detector array has been developed using conventional MOS technology and micromachining, and this type of array has a potential to be used for an inexpensive noncontact in situ process evaluation system.
Chemical Pressure Stabilization of the Cubic B20 Structure in Skyrmion Hosting Fe1–xCoxGe Alloys

Iron monogermanide (FeGe) with the noncentrosymmetric cubic B20 structure is a well-known helimagnet and a magnetic skyrmion host with a relatively high ordering temperature (∼280 K). FeGe and related metal monogermanide compounds, such as CoGe and MnGe, have several structural polymorphs and typically require high pressure (∼4 GPa) and high temperature (∼1000 °C) to synthesize in the cubic B20 structure. Here, we report that the cubic B20 phase of both FeGe and alloys of Fe1–xCoxGe could in fact be formed without the application of high pressure by simply reacting elemental powders at modest temperatures (550 °C). Furthermore, the incorporation of Co into Fe1–xCoxGe (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) stabilizes the cubic B20 structure up to 650 °C, which we propose is caused by chemical pressure induced by the incorporation of Co into the lattice. Interestingly, chemical vapor transport reactions using the Fe1–xCoxGe alloys as precursors yield plentiful growth of large (0.1 to 1 mm) single crystals of pure FeGe. Magnetic ...
Magnetically-driven phase transformation strengthening in high entropy alloys

CrCoNi alloy exhibits a remarkable combination of strength and plastic deformation, even superior to the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. We connect the magnetic and mechanical properties of CrCoNi, via a magnetically tunable phase transformation. While both alloys crystallize as single-phase face-centered-cubic (fcc) solid solutions, we find a distinctly lower-energy phase in CrCoNi alloy with a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. Comparing the magnetic configurations of CrCoNi with those of other equiatomic ternary derivatives of CrMnFeCoNi confirms that magnetically frustrated Mn eliminates the fcc-hcp energy difference. This highlights the unique combination of chemistry and magnetic properties in CrCoNi, leading to a fcc-hcp phase transformation that occurs only in this alloy, and is triggered by dislocation slip and interaction with internal boundaries. This phase transformation sets CrCoNi apart from the parent quinary, and its other equiatomic ternary derivatives, and provides a new way for increasing strength without compromising plastic deformation.
Volta and Taste Psychophysiology

As a Professor Emeritus, all of 3 years standing (having retired in 1983), I welcome our friend and colleague, Vince Dethier, to our ranks on reaching that blissful state of Emeritus. Like many of you, I have enjoyed his friendship and valued his scientific partnership over the years in the study of animal behavior and the chemical senses. My first efforts in that domain began as a graduate student in psychology at Brown University in 1933-1935, and then in England, ultimately at Cambridge, where I completed my Ph.D. dissertation on the electrophysiology of taste in the cat. In that physiology laboratory, as in many others, the cat was a presumed prototypic mammal. As it turned out, it is not a prototypic taster, for it seems not to have developed or retained sensitivity to sugars and other sweeteners that characterizes so many other species of mammals and invertebrates, especially, of course, the fly. I first became acquainted with the fly as a taster by Vince Dethier’s work and in fact met him while he was still at the Hopkins where he began to “know a fly.” Other longtimers there included Curt Richter, who by then “knew the rat,” in particular its specific hungers and self-selection behavior, and Eliot Stellar at the Psychology Department. The Hopkins was a special place at that time in behavioral biology and psychobiology, especially with regard to ingestive behavior and its sensory determinants.
Discovery of small molecule inhibitors of adenovirus by disrupting E3-19K/HLA-A2 interactions

The binding of the adenovirus (Ad) protein E3-19K with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) plays an important role in Ad infections, which is the causative agent of a series of gastrointestinal, respiratory and ocular diseases. The objective of this research is to evaluate the essential interactions between E3-19K and HLA-A2 using the X-ray crystal structure of the E3-19K/HLA-A2 complex, and to identify small molecules that could potentially disrupt their binding. Computational methods, including molecular dynamic simulations, MM/GBSA calculations, and computational solvent mapping, were implemented to determine potential binding site(s) for small molecules. The previous experimentally determined hot spot residues, Q54 and E177 in HLA-A2, were also predicted to be the dominant residues for binding to E3-19K by our theoretical calculations. Several other residues were also found to play pivotal roles for the binding of E3-19K with HLA-A2. Residues adjacent to E177, including Q54 and several other residues theoretically predicted to be crucial in HLA-A2 were selected as a potential binding pocket to perform virtual screening with 1200 compounds from the Prestwick library. Seven hits were validated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as binders to HLA-A2 as a first step in identifying molecules that can perturb its association with the Ad E3-19K protein.
RGS10 shapes the hemostatic response to injury through its differential effects on intracellular signaling by platelet agonists.

Platelets express ≥2 members of the regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) family. Here, we have focused on the most abundant, RGS10, examining its impact on the hemostatic response in vivo and the mechanisms involved. We have previously shown that the hemostatic thrombi formed in response to penetrating injuries consist of a core of fully activated densely packed platelets overlaid by a shell of less-activated platelets responding to adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Hemostatic thrombi formed in RGS10−/− mice were larger than in controls, with the increase due to expansion of the shell but not the core. Clot retraction was slower, and average packing density was reduced. Deleting RGS10 had agonist-specific effects on signaling. There was a leftward shift in the dose/response curve for the thrombin receptor (PAR4) agonist peptide AYPGKF but no increase in the maximum response. This contrasted with ADP and TxA2, both of which evoked considerably greater maximum responses in RGS10−/− platelets with enhanced Gq- and Gi-mediated signaling. Shape change, which is G13-mediated, was unaffected. Finally, we found that free RGS10 levels in platelets are actively regulated. In resting platelets, RGS10 was bound to 2 scaffold proteins: spinophilin and 14-3-3γ. Platelet activation caused an increase in free RGS10, as did the endothelium-derived platelet antagonist prostacyclin. Collectively, these observations show that RGS10 serves as an actively regulated node on the platelet signaling network, helping to produce smaller and more densely packed hemostatic thrombi with a greater proportion of fully activated platelets.
To Follow or Not to Follow: A Study of User Motivations around Cybersecurity Advice

Usable security researchers have long pondered what motivates some users to ignore advice and make decisions that appear to put their security and privacy at risk. This study specifically investigates user motivations to follow or not follow computer security advice through a survey distributed via Mechanical Turk (N=290). We use a rational decision model to guide our study design, as well as current thought on human motivation. The data shows key gaps in perception between those who follow the tested pieces of advice (i.e., update software, use a password manager, use 2FA, change passwords) and those who do not and helps explain participants motivations behind their decisions. Notably, we find that social considerations are broadly trumped by individualized rationales.
Systems Engineering Design: Architecting Trustworthiness in Cyber Physical Systems Using an Extended Aggregated Modality

Abstract To determine the overall trustworthiness of a complex Cyber Physical System (CPS), it is critical to consider several methods of engineering design. Traditionally, translating a customer needs into requirements, through physical realization and into an operation leans on processes that are largely dependent upon functional requirements. There are, however, no strict rules in design that dictate the use of functionality as the fundamental approach. Since no strict rules exist, non-functional requirements will be used contrary to the traditional use of functional requirements. In particular, trustworthiness is a relatively defined term relying on face-validity methods from a multitude of non-functional requirements identified in related research. A limited-design method with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Axiomatic Design (AD) and Design of Experiments (DOE) is tested using this nonfunctional requirement of trustworthiness. The aggregated measurement is used to determine where it is best to focus design efforts in the concept stage.
Effective Data Visualization in Cybersecurity

Effective data visualization theory and technique as applied to network security data can provide efficient and meaningful insight to massive, obtuse sets of data otherwise imperceptible to network security analysts. Given this potential impact, interest in understanding insightful data visualization in cybersecurity continues to gain momentum and draw researchers to this domain. In this paper, the authors present an overview of research in visual data analysis as applied to cybersecurity, including a discussion of challenges related specifically to visualization in network security, a synthesis of visualization techniques, and a brief conversation and critique of specific visualizations utilized in modern tools. In conclusion, the authors present a brief and open-ended proposal for further development of a flexible data visualization project to integrate these findings into a product to illustrate the power of effective data visualization to network security data.
Chapter IV-1-A – Overview of Potential Hazards

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies have distinct environmental advantages for generating electricity over conventional technologies. PV electricity generation, regardless of which technology is used, is a zero-emissions process. However, as with any energy source or product, there are environmental, health, and safety (EHS) hazards associated with the various manufacturing steps in solar cell and PV module production, and concerns associated with their end-of-life. This chapter discusses such hazards and prevention and mitigation options associated with commercial PV technologies and associated manufacturing processes.
COUNTING MULTISECTIONS IN CONIC BUNDLES OVER A CURVE DEFINED OVER &#x1d53d;q

For a given conic bundle X over a curve C defined over &#x1d53d;q, we count irreducible branch covers of C in X of degree d and height e ≫ 1. As a special case, we get the number of algebraic numbers of degree d and height e over the function field &#x1d53d;q(C).
Safety and toxicity of combined oclacitinib and carboplatin or doxorubicin in dogs with solid tumors: a pilot study.

Oclacitinib is an orally bioavailable Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor approved for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Aberrant JAK/ Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) signaling within hematologic and solid tumors has been implicated as a driver of tumor growth through effects on the local microenvironment, enhancing angiogenesis, immune suppression, among others. A combination of JAK/STAT inhibition with cytotoxic chemotherapy may therefore result in synergistic anti-cancer activity, however there is concern for enhanced toxicities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety profile of oclacitinib given in combination with either carboplatin or doxorubicin in tumor-bearing dogs. Oclacitinib was administered at the label dose of 0.4–0.6 mg/kg PO q12h in combination with either carboplatin at 250-300 mg/m2 or doxorubicin at 30 mg/m2 IV q21d. Nine dogs were enrolled in this pilot study (n = 4 carboplatin; n = 5 doxorubicin). No unexpected toxicities occurred, and the incidence of adverse events with combination therapy was not increased beyond that expected in dogs treated with single agent chemotherapy. Serious adverse events included one Grade 4 thrombocytopenia and one Grade 4 neutropenia. No objective responses were noted. Oclacitinib is well tolerated when given in combination with carboplatin or doxorubicin. Future work is needed to explore whether efficacy is enhanced in this setting.
Resident Terrorist Groups, Military Aid, and Moral Hazard: Further Empirical Analysis

This paper revisits moral hazard associated with military aid given to host countries to eliminate their resident terrorist groups. This conflict aid presents recipient countries with perverse ince...
Transfer-robot task scheduling in job shop

This paper studies a simultaneous scheduling of production and material transfer in a job shop environment. The simultaneous scheduling approach has been recently adopted by warehouse operations, w...
Trade-in-to-upgrade as a marketing strategy in disassembly-to-order systems at the edge of blockchain technology

Growing environmental awareness and widening extended producer responsibility have heightened the need for economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable business strategies levered by dig...
Local Computation of PageRank Contributions

Motivated by the problem of detecting link-spam, we consider the following graph-theoretic primitive: Given a webgraph G, a vertex υ in G, and a parameter δ ∈ (0, 1), compute the set of all vertices that contribute to υ at least a δ-fraction of υ's PageRank. We call this set the δ-contributing set of υ. To this end, we define the contribution vector of υ to be the vector whose entries measure the contributions of every vertex to the PageRank of υ. A local algorithm is one that produces a solution by adaptively examining only a small portion of the input graph near a specified vertex. We give an efficient local algorithm that computes an e-approximation of the contribution vector for a given vertex by adaptively examining O(1/e) vertices. Using this algorithm, we give a local approximation algorithm for the primitive defined above. Specifically, we give an algorithm that returns a set containing the δ-contributing set of υ and at most O(1/δ) vertices from the δ/2-contributing set of υ, and that does so by ...
Direct and Vicarious Racial Discrimination at Three Life Stages and Preterm Labor: Results from the African American Women’s Heart & Health Study

Health disparities research has demonstrated a negative relationship between racial discrimination and African American women’s maternal health outcomes. Yet, the relationship between racial discrimination and preterm labor, a key measure of maternal health, remains understudied. This study sought to examine the associations between preterm labor and direct and vicarious racial discrimination among African American women at three life stages: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Logistic regression methods were used to analyze cross-sectional data from the African American Women’s Heart & Health Study (AAWHHS; N = 173). The AAWHHS includes detailed maternal health information on a community sample of African American women residing in the San Francisco Bay Area. Findings indicated each unit increase in adolescent direct racial discrimination was associated with a 48% increase in the odds of preterm labor (OR: 1.480, 95% CI 1.002–2.187, p < 0.05) and each unit increase in childhood vicarious racial discrimination was associated with a 45% increase in the odds of preterm labor (OR: 1.453, 95% CI 1.010–2.092, p < 0.05) after adjusting for number of pregnancies and socioeconomic variables. This study provides evidence of an association between life-stage racial discrimination and preterm labor risk among African American women, underscoring a need to consider how both directly and vicariously experienced racial discrimination at different developmental periods impact racial disparities in birth outcomes.
A Multi-Persona Chatbot for Hotline Counselor Training

Suicide prevention hotline counselors aid individuals during difficult times through millions of calls and chats. A chatbot cannot safely replace a counselor, but we explore whether a chatbot can be developed to help train human counselors. Such a system needs to simulate intimate situations across multiple practice sessions. Open-domain dialogue systems frequently suffer from generic responses that do not characterize personal stories, so we look to infuse conversations with persona information by mimicking prototype conversations. Towards building a “Crisisbot” hotline visitor simulation, we propose a counseling strategy annotation scheme and a multi-task framework that leverages these counselor strategies to retrieve similar examples, generate diverse sub-utterances, and interleave prototype and generated sub-utterances into complex responses. We evaluate this framework with crowdworkers and experienced hotline counselors. The framework considerably increases response diversity and specificity, with limited impact to coherence. Our results also show a considerable discrepancy between crowdworker and counselor judgements, which emphasizes the importance of including target populations in system development and evaluation.
Investigating User Perceptions and Stereotypic Responses to Gender and Age of Voice Assistants

Technologies such as voice assistants can aid older adults aging in place by assisting with basic home and health tasks in daily routines. However, currently available voice assistants have a commo...
Data-Driven Short-Term Voltage Stability Assessment Using Convolutional Neural Networks Considering Data Anomalies and Localization

Short-term voltage stability of power systems is governed by load dynamics, especially the proportion of small induction motors prevalent in residential air-conditioners. It is essential to efficiently monitor short-term voltage stability in real-time by detailed data analytics on voltage measurements acquired from phasor measurement units (PMUs). It is likewise critical to identify the location of faults resulting in short-term voltage stability issues for effective remedial actions. This paper proposes a time-series deep learning framework using 1D-convolutional neural networks (1D-CNN) for real-time short-term voltage stability assessment (STVSA), which relies on a limited number of phasor measurement units (PMU) voltage samples. A two-stage STVSA application is proposed. The first stage comprises a 1D-CNN-based fast voltage collapse detector. The second stage comprises of 1D-CNN-based regressor to quantify the severity of the short-term voltage stability event. Two novel indices are presented, and their predicted future values are used to quantify the severity of short-term voltage stability events. This work also considers DB-SCAN clustering-based fault detection and physics-based fault localization for effective short-term voltage stability assessment and remedial actions by identifying the most critical PMUs. A bad data pre-processing technique is also included to mitigate the impact of missing data and outliers on short-term voltage stability assessment accuracy. The proposed framework is validated using the standard IEEE test systems and compared against other machine learning models to demonstrate the superiority of 1D-CNN-based time-series deep learning for short-term voltage stability assessment.
Testing and validation challenges for enabling LTE/5G and Wi-Fi networks Coexistence

Due to overwhelming demand for radio spectrum resources, the licensed frequency spectrum used by the cellular operators is becoming very scarce and expensive day to day, which is pushing the mobile operators towards the use of unlicensed wireless spectrum. As a result, several techniques have been proposed targeting to provide coexistence between LTE/5G and other well-established technologies in unlicensed spectrum, such as Wi-Fi. Recently, various solutions are proposed for enabling coexistence features using spectrum sharing and multiplexing schemes. These will require special tests to verify the proper coexistence operating environment, which were not previously performed in cellular or Wi-Fi device testing. This paper analyzes different coexistence solutions incorporated in the user devices and then suggests different testing and validation methods to satisfy these new requirements for enabling the coexistence.
A cost estimating framework for deployment of integrated software application development projects

Services are an increasing part of the global economy as all national economies are shifting to services. Service businesses employ a large and growing share of the science and engineering workforce. Service employees are also the primary users of information technology. Academic research enterprise historically has not focused on or been organized to meet the needs of service businesses. There is an emerging academic discipline known as Services Science, Management, and Engineering (SSME), which addresses these needs. SSME is a multidisciplinary research approach that focuses on fundamental science, models, theories and applications to drive innovation, competition, and quality of life through services. The adaptation and application of existing systems concepts and methodologies to service functions and businesses is a major research challenge that can be addressed. Services science research could yield models, methodologies, processes, and software tools that create and deliver services more efficiently. This study produces a conceptual estimating framework which combines the knowledge of technology with that of business process and organization in an effort to improve productivity. The research is focused solely on deployment, an area that in the past has primarily been combined with software application development. Deployment, as an entity independent from software development, is a key factor in the growing field of services. This study developed a conceptual estimating framework that lessened the continual need for Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) to be involved in the conceptual cost estimating process. An investment of the SMEs' time is required in the initial building of the framework but not with each subsequent use. This study asserted that this scenario allows an organization to gain the benefit of conceptual estimating for deployment without diverting the SME resources from other development projects. From the aspect of academics, the synthesis of the results of the literature search enhances the body of knowledge around project management. In practical terms, the method employed can be utilized by organizations to build functioning conceptual estimating tools, which may lead to expense savings during the estimating process and, as this study surmises, may lead to more effective project implementation.
Collision-Induced Radiative Transitions at Optical Frequencies

A brief overview is given of the field of collision-induced atomic radiative transitions at optical frequencies, including both collision-induced forbidden transitions and light induced collisional energy transfer (LICET). The main focus is on the theory of such processes. The theory of scattering in a radiation field can be used to calculate absorption or emission profiles, and the distribution of final product states. Several simplifying approximations greatly facilitate a qualitative understanding of the profile, but may fail in quantitative studies.
Experimental Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy

Experimental diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) recapitulates the pattern of physiological and pathological changes seen in human DAN albeit in milder form. Impaired vasoregulation occurs early. Cardiovagal function is impaired in both spontaneous and induced DAN in rodents. Baroreflex gain is modestly impaired in the rabbit. Cardiac noradrenergic innervation is reduced in DAN. Splanchnic-mesenteric vasoregulation is reduced, ascribed to prejunctional impairment of neurotransmission and impaired endothelial function. Excessive venous pooling is associated with reduced density of 5-hydroxytrytamine and tyrosine hydroxylase labeling of splanchnic veins. Arterial norepinephrine is reduced in DAN. Structural changes affecting sympathetic neurons are well-established in rodent DAN of 1 year duration. Sudomotor denervation is present in diabetic mouse and rat. Erectile dysfunction regularly occurs, related to impaired nitric oxide synthase activity.
Genotoxicity of Model and Complex Mixtures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most ubiquitous classes of environmental carcinogens; however, limited information is available to describe their potential genotoxic interactions. This manuscript reports on the interactions of PAHs in complex mixtures as determined in microbial mutagenicity assays. Samples analyzed included separate 2-, 3-, and 4-ring PAH individual model fractions (IMFs) constructed to simulate the composition of a model coal tar. These were tested individually and in various combinations, including a reconstituted model fraction (RMF) composed of all three IMFs. A solvent extract of coal tar and a benzo(a)pyrene-amended extract of coal tar were also tested. The maximum mutagenic response of 1,089 revertants was induced by the RMF at a dose of 90 {micro}g/plate with metabolic activation. At the four lowest dose levels, the response observed in the RMF sample was increased when compared to the 4-ring-IMF sample alone. However, the response observed with the RMF sample at the highest dose tested was less than was observed in the 4-ring-IMF sample tested independently. When IMF samples were combined or mixed with individual chemicals, some inhibition was observed. These data indicate that mixtures of PAHs can exhibit a variety of mutagenic interactions controlled by both the metabolismmore » of the PAHs and by their concentration in the mixture.« less
Computer-aided detection of small bowel strictures for emergency radiology in CT enterography

Computer-aided detection (CAD) of small bowel strictures can have significant impact in improving the workflow of CT enterography in an emergency setting where even non-expert radiologists could use it to rapidly detect sites of obstruction. A CAD scheme was developed to detect strictures from abdominal CT enterography data by use of multi-scale template matching and a blob detector. A pilot study was performed on 15 patients with 22 surgically confirmed strictures to study the effect of the CAD scheme on observer performance. The 77% sensitivity of an inexperienced radiologist assisted by the CAD scheme was comparable with the 81% sensitivity of an unaided expert radiologist (p=0.07). The use of CAD significantly reduced the reading time to identify strictures (p<0.0001). Most of the false-positive CAD detections were caused by collapsed bowel loops, approximated bowel wall, muscles or vessels, and they were easy to dismiss. The results indicate that CAD can provide radiologists with rapid and accurate interpretations of strictures to improve workflow in an emergency setting.
The Photooxidation of Butene‐1 by Nitrogen Dioxide at Short Wavelengths

The photooxidation of butene-1 by nitrogen dioxide has been studied at 2288 A and at longer wavelengths. From the measured effects of additions of inert and other gases on the product yields it is concluded that 1D2 oxygen atoms participate in the photooxidation at 2288 A. Ground state oxygen atoms, produced by the photodissociation of NO2 and possibly by quenching of O(1D) by the olefin, are also important in the photooxidation at 2288 A, and are believed to give rise to practically all of the observed yields of the addition products, n-butanal and 1,2-epoxybutane. The indications are that the reaction of O(1D) with butene-1 at total pressures below one atmosphere yields very little stabilized addition product.
Hypoxemia during Ambulatory Gynecologic Surgery as Evaluated by the Pulse Oximeter

Pulse oximetry was used to determine the incidence of intraoperative hypoxemia in 108 patients undergoing ambulatory gynecologic operation. Eleven (10%) experienced moderate desaturation (arterial oxygen saturation less than 90%), and 5 (5%) suffered severe hypoxemic episodes (arterial oxygen saturation less than 85%). Among patient risk factors —including operation, body habitus, smoking habits, history of asthma, age, and airway characteristics—an association with moderate hypoxemia was found only with nonlaparoscopic gynecologic operation, obesity, and age over 35 years, and an association with severe hypoxemia was found only with obesity and age over 35. Among operative events— including inspired oxygen concentration, position, mode of ventilation, and anesthesia phase—an association with moderate hypoxemia was found only with the lithotomy position, manual ventilation, and arousal. The cost per patient of monitoring with a pulse oximeter is about $1.35. A cost-benefit analysis reveals that a mortality rate of 1 in 40,000 among patients who actually become moderately hypoxemic would justify the cost of monitoring arterial oxygen saturation. We conclude that pulse oximetry should be part of routine anesthetic monitoring.
Predatory Journals in Library Databases: How Much Should We Worry?

Much of the recent library literature related to scholarly communication and predatory publishers has focused on faculty concerns regarding publishing in questionable journals for tenure or promotion purposes. However, little attention has been paid to predatory publishers in the context of student research and library instruction. The presence of predatory journals in library databases may put students at risk of including questionable content in their academic output. While the results of this study reveal that the number of predatory publishers and their associated journals are fairly small in the three article database packages and one directory that were examined, predatory journal content was more prevalent in one particular resource and in certain subject areas.
Global geosciences to be new focus at NSF

With the start of the 1987 fiscal year (FY) on October 1, 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) officially began conducting—with the explicit blessings of Congress—the United States' first large-scale funded program for multidisciplinary cooperative global studies, an effort NSF calls “Global Geosciences.” The agency's budget commits about $35 million to global geosciences, which is the full amount that NSF originally requested from Congress in February 1986 (Eos, February 25, 1986, p.95). The $35 million represents an impressive increase of $18 million over the $17 million in the FY 1986 budget that NSF considers itself to have spent for global studies. “To propose an increase for global geosciences within an environment of shrinking budgets illustrates the level of commitment NSF attaches to this effort,” the agency's director, Erich Bloch, said earlier this year.
First-principles theory and calculation of flexoelectricity

We develop a general and unified first-principles theory of piezoelectric and flexoelectric tensor, formulated in such a way that the tensor elements can be computed directly in the context of density-functional calculations, including electronic and lattice contributions. We introduce practical supercell-based methods for calculating the flexoelectric coefficients from first principles, and demonstrate them by computing the coefficients for a variety of cubic insulating materials including C, Si, MgO, NaCl, CsCl, BaZrO${}_{3}$, BaTiO${}_{3}$, PbTiO${}_{3}$, and SrTiO${}_{3}$.
Measuring Higher Level Physical Function in Well-Functioning Older Adults Expanding Familiar Approaches in the Health ABC Study

Results. The expanded self-report items identified one half of the men and one third of the women as exceptionally well functioning and 10% to 13% of men and 21% to 36% of women with lower capacity. The supplemented and rescored performance battery discriminated function over the full range. The LDCW further differentiated walking capacity at the high end and also identified a subgroup with limitations. The self-report and performance measures were significantly, but weakly, correlated (0.13‐0.35) and were independent predictors of walking endurance. Conclusions. Well-functioning persons in their 70s exhibit a broad range of functional capacity readily ascertained by expanded self-report and performance tests. Significant associations among these measures support their concurrent validity, but generally weak correlations indicate they tap different, but important, dimensions of physical function.
Sensing global Birkeland currents with iridium® engineering magnetometer data

The Iridium system consists of >70 satellites in low altitude, 780km, polar orbits in six equally spaced orbit planes with at least eleven satellites in each plane. Each satellite carries an engineering magnetometer with 48nT resolution. Techniques have been developed at JHU/APL to process Iridium magnetic field data and obtain global maps of magnetic perturbations due to field aligned currents (FACs). The noise level in the processed data is typically 70 to 100 nT and readings above the noise level occur at high magnetic latitudes consistent with an auroral signature. Time series also display well known features characteristic of FACs. Synoptic maps derived using three hours of data from 17 February, 2000, AE ∼100–300nT, show patterns consistent with the Region 1/2 currents previously determined statistically. The Indium data set provides new global measurements of the Birkeland currents in both hemispheres on time scales of a few hours or less.
Polymer composites: swell properties and swift processing.

Carbon nanotubes have great potential as polymer additives, but they are difficult to process. A mixture of nanotubes in a polypropylene melt exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity and an unusual flow force that simplifies processing.
Lincoln laboratory radar introduction for student engineers

Lincoln Laboratory Radar Introduction for Student Engineers (LLRISE) is a two-week, intensive hands-on, residential workshop for rising high-school seniors from underserved school districts in the New England area. The summer program focuses on radar technology, a subject in which Lincoln Laboratory has a long history and extensive experience. The first LLRISE workshop was held in July 2012 at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts, 14 miles west of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Students stayed at MIT at the Simmons dormitory and were provided daily transportation for two weeks to the Laboratory. This paper describes the overall experience these students were provided through lectures and coursework, the prototyping/building phase of the workshop, and enrichment experiences at MIT and in Boston. During the engineering portion of the workshop, students were mentored by Lincoln Laboratory technical staff. Students also received guidance on many social skills such as how to navigate the financial aid process, how to apply to college, and how to develop and deliver an effective presentation.
Effect of magnetic perturbations on tokamak divertors

Abstract The magnetic footprint on collector plates in a tokamak divertor is heavily constrained by the field lines obeying the equations of 1 1 2 degree of freedom Hamiltonian mechanics. In a tokamak with broken axisymmetry, the last toroidal surface on which all field lines are confined encloses less toroidal flux than the ideal axisymmetric separatrix. The location of this surface is determined by the amplitude of the perturbations that resonate with the safety factor, q. Near a separatrix, such as that of a tokamak divertor, q has a logarithmic singularity as a function of the enclosed toroidal flux. The resonant perturbations produce islands in the field line trajectories that must overlap to fundamentally change the properties of the field line trajectories by making the field lines ergodically cover a volume. The qualitative features of the strike points of the file lines are determined by the mode numbers of the resonant perturbations. With low mode numbers a few large islands control the break up of the magnetic surfaces and the strike points lie within far sharper lines than when high mode numbers cause the break up. These features are studied using area preserving maps and the results are applied to the DIII-D divertor as an example.
Regional Chemotherapy for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Potential Role for Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an Imaging Biomarker and a Survival Update from Two Prospective Clinical Trials

Background For patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), treatment options are limited and survival is poor. This study summarizes the long-term outcome of two previously reported clinical trials using hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) with floxuridine and dexamethasone (with or without bevacizumab) in advanced ICC.
The role of methane in global warming: where might mitigation strategies be focused?

Abstract Anthropogenic sources of methane emissions are thought to be nearly twice as high as emissions from natural sources. As the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, methane ought to be addressed by policy makers when they consider reductions of national greenhouse-gas inventories. This article first comprehensively reviews source and sink estimates of methane by natural and anthropogenic sectors (wetlands, wet-paddy rice farming, livestock farming, biomass burning, landfills, coal mining, and venting of natural gas or natural-gas pipeline leaks), then proceeds to suggest where different mitigation strategies might be applied. The final section considers how the scenario of a warmer planet may affect the methane biogeochemical cycle.
Screening: Correlation of genotype and phenotype in paraganglioma.

Screening of patients with paraganglioma revealed a high prevalence of germ line mutations in genes encoding subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, according to a new study. Should gene testing become a routine part of the clinical management of patients with paraganglioma?
Lung volume reduction surgery as a bridge to lung transplantation.

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) improves lung function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with advanced emphysema. In some patients with emphysema who are candidates for lung transplantation, LVRS is an alternative treatment option to lung transplantation, or may be used as a bridge to lung transplantation. Generally accepted criteria for LVRS include severe non-reversible airflow obstruction due to emphysema associated with significant evidence of lung hyperinflation and air trapping. Both high resolution computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and quantitative ventilation/perfusion scan are used to identify lung regions with severe emphysema which would be used as targets for lung resection. Bilateral LVRS is the preferred surgical approach compared with the unilateral procedure because of better functional outcome. Lung transplantation is the preferred surgical treatment in patients with emphysema with α1 antitrypsin deficiency and in patients with very severe disease who have homogeneous emphysema pattern on CT scan of the chest or very low diffusion capacity.
Multiple comparison of entropies with application to dinosaur biodiversity.

Summary. Did the biodiversity of dinosaurs decline, or did it remain more or less constant before their mass extinction 65 million years ago? Sheehan et al. (1991, Science, 835–839) reported that the biodiversity of families of dinosaur species remained more or less constant preceding their extinction, suggesting extinction due to a cataclysmic event such as an asteroid strike. But that claim was based on the incorrect interpretation that a large p value associated with a test of null hypothesis of equality supports that null hypothesis. To assess whether there is a basis for such a claim, we formulate the problem as one of practical equivalence, in analogy to bioequivalence. We then develop reliable practical equivalence confidence intervals for differences of entropies by applying the bootstrap-t technique to a nearly pivotal quantity. Confidence intervals for changes in the biodiversity of dinosaurs are then computed, allowing the reader to assess whether there is evidence of near constancy of dinosaur biodiversity before extinction.
Formation control with size scaling using relative displacement feedback

We study a multiagent formation control problem where the objective is to steer a team of double integrator agents evolving in Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension into a desired formation. The size scaling of the desired formation is known only to a subset of the agents, and we present two decentralized strategies by which the agents can accomplish the formation task using only relative displacement feedback. A variable formation size allows the team of agents to adjust to changes in the environment or in group objectives, or respond to perceived threats, and control laws using only relative displacement information enables these strategies to be implemented using only local sensors and no interagent communication. We demonstrate the proposed strategies through several examples with simulations.
When Are Group Scheduling Tools Useful

A geographically dispersed department at the MITRE Corporation participated in a field test of groupware tools. This paper documents the results of their use of a group scheduling tool, Meeting Maker Version 1.5. Research in the late 1980s showed that early group scheduling tools were not useful, in part because they only benefited some users and hence critical mass could not be attained. This study was undertaken to determine whether and how far the tools have evolved. Participants said that Meeting Maker made it easy to schedule meetings and maintain their calendars, and 90% wished to continue using it after the study was complete. Problems were noted when not everyone used or had access to the tool, and three generic solutions are discussed: capabilities that allow users to communicate with non-users, capabilities that allow users to stay connected, and lightweight methods of participation.
A note on the correctness of the causal ordering algorithm

In this paper we examine in detail the algorithm of Simon [H.A. Simon, Causal ordering and identifiability, in: W.C. Hood, T.C. Koopmans (Eds.), Studies in Econometric Method. Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, Monograph No. 14, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1953, pp. 49-74, Chapter III], called the causal ordering algorithm (COA), used for constructing the ''causal ordering'' of a system given a complete specification of the system in terms of a set of ''structural'' equations that govern the variables in the system. This algorithm constructs a graphical characterization of the model in a form that we call a partial causal graph. Simon argued in [H.A. Simon, Causal ordering and identifiability, in: W.C. Hood, T.C. Koopmans (Eds.), Studies in Econometric Method. Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, Monograph No. 14, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1953, pp. 49-74, Chapter III] and subsequent papers that a graph so generated explicates causal structure among variables in the model. We formalize this claim further by proving that any causal model based on a one-to-one correspondence between equations and variables must be consistent with the COA.
Digging Into the World Beneath Our Feet: Bridging Across Scales in the Age of Global Change

Climate change, land use practices, and other consequences of a growing human population affect soil sustainability. Unfortunately, scientists studying belowground processes have traditionally been limited to data and models that capture intermediate spatial and temporal scales, failing to accurately characterize soil phenomena at societally relevant scales, including the larger spatial scales at which many policy decisions are made.
Secondary Optic Atrophy Due to “Gassing.”

Abstract Report of a case giving some of the late effects of repeated exposure to the poisonous gases that constitute one of the dangers of modern warfare.
Linking business, government, and Academe for a competitive advantage†

“Each year, companies and governments make thousands of decisions. … There are new rules behind those decisions, new rules for global business success.”
Project management, governance, and the normalization of deviance

Abstract The term “normalization of deviance” was coined by sociologist Diane Vaughan (1996) based on her study of the culture of NASA prior to the Challenger disaster. This concept continues to reverberate within organizational settings, as companies grapple with employee behaviors that are often counter-productive to achieving organizational ends but are often so hidden or “normal” that organizational actors are either unaware of them or assume that this behavior is a natural part of the project management process. Using results from interviews with 21 project managers, we will consider how normalization of deviance affects project management practices in the areas of: 1) project proposals and strategic misrepresentation, 2) client/contractor relationships, and 3) planning and scheduling dynamics. Finally, the paper examines the role of organizational learning and corporate governance in identifying and subsequently, minimizing the negative impact of normalization of deviance behaviors on project-based work.
The use of molybdenum ion source electrodes at RTNS-II*

Results are reported for an ongoing effort to optimize D + beam production by the MATS-III ion source used at RTNS-II. The three seven-aperture electrodes, originally consisting of water-cooled copper, have now been tested using uncooled molybdenum and with water cooling on the second (decel) electrode only. Details of the change, the results of the testing, and the benefits in operation, performance and cost are given.
An enteric duplication cyst occurring in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Abstract Enteric duplication cysts are cysts that are attached to the alimentary tract and that are lined by some type of gastrointestinal mucosa. Such cysts are especially rare when found in the oral cavity. We report the case of an 8-month-old female with an unusual duplication cyst in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Eighteen cases of intraoral cysts have been previously reported in the literature, this one being the 7th case of a true duplication cyst of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue which contains gastric mucosa. The case presents many aspects of the diagnosis and management of this unusual lesion. The literature and present etiological theories are disccussed.