cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of rural upbringing and education on the intent of health professional students to work in rural settings

Objectives: To explore whether student rural upbringing, rural training were associated with their intent to practice in a rural health care setting after graduation in the disciplines of Dentistry, Dental Hygiene, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy at a large university Health Sciences Center in Appalachia. Methods: Graduating healthcare professional students were surveyed to determine student rural background and training competency as compared to location of intended practice after graduation (N= 145). Differences were identified using descriptive statistics within and between healthcare disciplines using Spearman’s rank correlation and Kruskal-Wallis tests, Univariate, Chi-square and Pearson analyses for emergent themes or trends. Results: Positive attitudes towards rural rotations and competency training were found. Twenty-one percent respondents graduated from high school in a rural setting ( 50,000 population, while 12% grew up in this community size. Conclusions: Student attitudes towards learning rural competency are positive; however, this survey suggests rural upbringing and training may not be sufficient to encourage health care professionals to practice in rural settings. More investigation is needed to determine effective incentives, perceived advantages or disadvantages and deterrents to
Lesion generation through ribs using histotripsy therapy without aberration correction

This study investigates the feasibility of using high-intensity pulsed therapeutic ultrasound, or histotripsy, to non-invasively generate lesions through the ribs. Histotripsy therapy mechanically ablates tissue through the generation of a cavitation bubble cloud, which occurs when the focal pressure exceeds a certain threshold. We hypothesize that histotripsy can generate precise lesions through the ribs without aberration correction if the main lobe retains its shape and exceeds the cavitation initiation threshold and the secondary lobes remain below the threshold. To test this hypothesis, a 750-kHz focused transducer was used to generate lesions in tissue-mimicking phantoms with and without the presence of rib aberrators. In all cases, 8000 pulses with 16 to 18 MPa peak rarefactional pressure at a repetition frequency of 100 Hz were applied without aberration correction. Despite the high secondary lobes introduced by the aberrators, high-speed imaging showed that bubble clouds were generated exclusively at the focus, resulting in well-confined lesions with comparable dimensions. Collateral damage from secondary lobes was negligible, caused by single bubbles that failed to form a cloud. These results support our hypothesis, suggesting that histotripsy has a high tolerance for aberrated fields and can generate confined focal lesions through rib obstacles without aberration correction.
Contribution of endothelin to pulmonary vascular tone under normoxic and hypoxic conditions

The contribution of endothelin to resting pulmonary vascular tone and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in humans is unknown. We studied the hemodynamic effects of BQ-123, an endothelin type A rec...
Solving water pollution problems along the US–Mexico border

The analysis demonstrates the importance of multilateral cooperation for water managers to tackle wastewater pollution along an international border. A differential game is applied empirically with data of abatement costs, environmental damages, trade flows and pollution dynamics. The framework offers a way to compare pollution control when the US and Mexico coordinate efforts and when they act independently. Results show that trade liberalization and cooperation are useful for dealing with transboundary pollution in a shared waterway. In order to investigate further the nature of cooperation along the entire border, an econometric estimation is performed that investigates the factors influencing Mexico and the US to initiate environmental improvement projects. Results show that cooperation depends on whether the project addresses transboundary wastewater pollution. Other types of pollution are not significant, nor are attributes such as how much a project costs. A project's ability to generate revenues to sustain itself significantly disadvantages the project for cooperative approval.
Lewis Hine, Ellis Island, and Pragmatism: Photographs as Lived Experience

The origin of Lewis Hine's invention of social documentary photography can be found in his intellectual alliance to pragmatism. Reading Hine's photographs as primary sources of the author's intent, in context with Hine's progressive intellectual milieu and in contrast with his contemporaries, Jacob Riis and Alfred Steiglitz, reveals Hine as a self-conscious and tolerant commentator on the lives of individual immigrants and workers. Although Hine left the objects of his portraits mostly unnamed, through his documentary style, he conferred upon them individual identity in contrast to the nativism, exploitation, and social Darwinism that surrounded immigration issues in the early 1900s. Through his images, Hine transmitted his own perceptions of 1900s New York City, especially Ellis Island. Since Hine was inspired by William James's formulation of “lived experience,” the historian can read Hine through a lens of James's philosophy, solving the pragmatist problem of communicated language by replacing words with images.
The Influence of Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation

Abstract The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic sector during winter is investigated by performing experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model. These consist of a 30-yr run with observed SST anomalies for the period 1961–90 confined geographically to the Atlantic Ocean, and of a control run with climatological SSTs prescribed globally. A third 30-yr integration with observed SSTs confined to the South Atlantic is made to confirm present findings. The simulated interannual variance of 500-hPa wintertime geopotential heights over the North Atlantic attains much more realistic values when observed Atlantic SSTs are prescribed. Circulation patterns that resemble the positive phase of the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) become more pronounced in terms of the leading EOF of winter means, and a cluster analysis of daily fields. The variance of an interannual NAO index increases by fivefold over its control value. Atl...
Commentary From a Pediatric Complexologist and a Pediatric Palliative Care and Ethics Consultant

The case of Marcy and JR illustrates some common yet exquisitely challenging ethical dilemmas in pediatric palliative care, namely, those of feeding, proxy caregiving, and the principle of double e...
Generic-to-generic lamotrigine switches in people with epilepsy: the randomised controlled EQUIGEN trial

Summary Background Patients and clinicians share concerns that generic drug substitution might lead to loss of efficacy or emergence of adverse events. In this trial, we assessed US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) bioequivalence standards by studying the effects of switching between two disparate generic immediate-release lamotrigine products in patients with epilepsy. Methods The Equivalence among Generic Antiepileptic Drugs (EQUIGEN) chronic-dose study was a randomised, double-blind, crossover study that enrolled adults (aged ≥18 years) with epilepsy from six epilepsy centres at academic institutions across the USA who were receiving immediate-release lamotrigine dosed at 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, or 400 mg twice daily. Eligible patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to one of two treatment sequences (sequence 1 or sequence 2), comprising four study periods of 14 days each. During each 14-day treatment period, patients received balanced doses of an oral generic lamotrigine product every 12 h (200–800 mg total, identical to lamotrigine dose prior to study enrolment); after each 14-day period, patients were crossed over to receive the other generic product. Computer-based randomisation was done using random permuted blocks of size two or four for each site to prevent sequence predictability. Both patients and study personnel were masked to the generic products selected, their predicted exposure (ie, "high" vs "low"), and their group allocation. The primary outcome of this trial was bioequivalence between the generic products, which was assessed at the end of the study through a comparison of maximum plasma concentration (C max ) and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) for each product in the analysis population (all patients who completed all four treatment periods). Bioequivalence was established if the 90% CIs of the ratios of these two parameters for the two products were within equivalence limits (80–125%) in the analysis population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov\, number NCT01713777. Findings Between April 25, 2013, and Aug 12, 2014, 35 eligible patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to treatment sequence 1 (n=15) or treatment sequence 2 (n=20). 33 patients completed all four treatment periods and were included in the primary outcome analysis. The 90% CIs of the ratios of both C max and AUC were within equivalence limits (AUC 90% CI 98–103, C max 90% CI 99–105), showing that lamotrigine exposures were equivalent between the generic products. No significant changes in seizure frequency or adverse events were recorded. No deaths, study-related serious adverse events, or changes in clinical laboratory values or vital signs occurred during this study. Interpretation Disparate generic lamotrigine products in patients with epilepsy showed bioequivalence with no detectable difference in clinical effects, confirming that US Food and Drug Administration bioequivalence standards are appropriate. Funding American Epilepsy Society, Epilepsy Foundation, and US Food and Drug Administration.
Data transmission standards and interfaces

Standardisation is an essential aspect of data communications, as indeed it is of all communications. Communication between two people or pieces of equipment can succeed only if both parties obey an agreed set of rules. Whilst it is possible for a set of rules to be developed privately between the two parties and result in successful communication this is of no use if either party subsequently wishes to communicate with a third. It is clearly more useful if they follow a set of rules agreed by a larger population (a "standardised" set).
Reference Laboratory Testing for Backfill

Relatively high magnitude of swelling and low hydraulic conductivity are two of the performance requirements for the backfill placed around the radioactive waste package for the underground nuclear waste storage scheme. Some studies have been conducted in U.S. national laboratories and in other countries where the candidate backfill materials were tested under many different conditions to determine the expected range of these properties. This paper briefly examines the variables that were found to be significant in the evaluation of swelling and hydraulic conductivity and special emphasis is placed on the compaction method, compaction effort, and the moisture content at the time of compaction, which do not receive much consideration in ongoing test programs.
Simultaneous determination of shlorite and nitrite nitrogen in drinking water by ion chromatogrphy

Objective To develop an ion chromatography( IC) for simultaneous determination of chlorite and nitrite nitrogen in drinking water. Methods The IC separation was carried out with the Ion Pac AS19 chromatographic column by using hydroxide eluent at the flow rate of 1. 0 ml / min. The injection volume was 500 μl. Conductivity detection cell temperature was set at30 ℃,and column temperature was at 30 ℃; Suppressor was in automatic regeneration mode,and suppressor current was50 m A. Results The results showed that in the range of 0. 01 mg / L to 5. 0 mg / L,the linear equation of nitrite nitrogen was y = 10. 718x-0. 026 5,r = 0. 999 9,and the detection limit was 0. 1 μg / L; In the range of 0. 05 mg / L-2. 0 mg / L,the linear equation of chlorite was y = 2. 784x-0. 036 2,r = 0. 999 9,and the detection limit was 0. 2 μg / L. The recovery rates were96. 5%-104. 9% and the relative standard deviations( RSDs) were 0. 79%-2. 53%. Conclusion The method is simple,fast,accurate and sensitive,less disturbance and save time and effort and it is applicable to the simultaneous determination of nitrite nitrogen and chlorite in drinking water.
Investigating affective dispositions as moderators of relationships between weekend activities and recovery experiences

Recovery experiences achieved during a weekend are presumed to be outcomes of weekend activities. However, results examining relationships between them are mixed. In line with models of differential stress responses, we posited that these differences may be accounted for by affective dispositions. We examined three-way interactions between weekend activities (low-effort and work-related) and both positive trait affect ( PA) and negative trait affect ( NA) on recovery experiences (psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery). Employees from various work sectors ( N = 183) responded to online surveys about their weekend. The results demonstrated that recovery experiences, specifically psychological detachment and mastery, depended on interactions between weekend activities and affective dispositions. When PA was high, NA had a detrimental impact on the relationship between both weekend activities and mastery experiences. When PA was low, NA had a detrimental impact on the relationship between low-effort activities and psychological detachment. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Practitioner points Positive and negative affective dispositions need to be considered in combination to understand when certain recovery activities will be related to recovery experiences or not., When PA was high, NA had a detrimental impact on the relationship between both weekend activities and mastery experiences., When PA was low, NA had a detrimental impact on the relationship between low-effort activities and psychological detachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Reconstruction following resection of malignancies of the upper extremity.

A multidisciplinary approach using advances in diagnosis, staging, adjuvant therapy, surgical resection, and especially reconstruction has made limb salvage a viable option in the treatment of most upper extremity malignancies. A broad spectrum of techniques currently available for both salvage and restoration of function includes local soft-tissue flaps, regional pedicled and vascular island flaps, free tissue transfers, bone autografts and allografts, endoprostheses, skin expansion, skeletal lengthening techniques, tendon transfers, and nerve and arterial grafts. This article reviews both new and well-established reconstructive options after resection of upper extremity malignancies in children and adults.
Visible light mediated reductions of ethers, amines and sulfides

Abstract Visible light-mediated photoredox catalysis enables the chemoselective reduction of activated carbon–heteroatom bonds as a function of reduction potential. The expansion of the scope of C–X bond reductions towards less activated motifs, such as ethers, amines and sulfides, is important to both organic synthesis and macromolecular degradation method development. In the present report, exploration of photoredox catalysis in alcoholic solvents mediated a decrease in the super-stoichiometric use of i Pr 2 NEt and HCO 2 H in the reduction of α-keto ethers, amines and sulfides. Additionally, in the absence of fragmentation, C C bond formation was afforded, suggesting an intermediate ketyl radicals are present in these transformations.
Exclusion of close linkage of the dopamine transporter gene with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Objective Involvement of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders has been indicated in twin, adoption, and familial aggregation studies; the pivotal role played by the dopamine transporter in dopaminergic neurotransmission makes it a candidate gene for these disorders. Detection of close linkage between a dopamine transporter marker and schizophrenia spectrum disorders would strongly support the existence of causal relationships between genetic mutations at the dopamine transporter locus and the disease phenotype. Method The authors assessed the linkage between this gene and schizophrenia spectrum disorders by using polymorphic dopamine transporter gene markers in 156 subjects from 16 multiplex pedigrees with schizophrenia as well as schizophreniform, schizoaffective, and schizotypal disorders and mood-incongruent psychotic depression. Results Complete (theta = 0.0) linkage to the schizophrenia spectrum was excluded under both dominant and recessive models. Conclusions These results indicate that allelic variants at the dopamine transporter locus do not provide major genetic contributions to the etiology of schizophrenia and related disorders in these pedigrees.
Evaluation of rotavirus vaccines in small animal models.

The high morbidity and mortality of rotavirus (RV) infections has spurred the development of RV vaccines (1-13). Although children naturally infected with RV commonly undergo multiple infections, primary infections in children generally induce disease, and children are normally protected against severe disease during subsequent infections (1,2,6-8,14). For RV, the immunologic mechanisms responsible for protection are poorly understood, but antibody (Ab) in the intestine appears to be the primary mechanism of protection (2,15,16). Because RV is a localized enteric infection, and induction of intestinal mucosal immune responses was expected to be required for protection, live orally administered vaccines were pursued first. Vaccine development of the live attenuated vaccines proceeded to clinical trials in humans without prior animal testing. In August 1998, Rotashield™, a three dose, live attenuated tetravalent (TV), rhesus rotavirus (RRV) vaccine produced by Wyeth Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics (West Henrietta, NY), was licensed. This vaccine shows promise, eliciting ∼80% protection against severe disease (6,7,12,17-19). The recent detection or emergence of new RV serotypes in humans suggests that incorporation of additional P-and G-serotypes into this vaccine may be necessary in the future (20-22). Additional concerns with the use of live attenuated vaccines include interference of vaccine replication by other enteric pathogens (common in children from the underdeveloped world); neutralization by maternal Ab; limited replication competence of animal strains, because of the host range restriction observed with RVs; and safety, because of the possibility of producing new virulent virus, emerging by reassortment of circulating wild-type (WT) virus with the vaccine virus.Development and testing of nonreplicating RV vaccines have also been pursued, and will be the focus of this chapter. The use of nonreplicating immunogens presents additional challenges beyond that of developing RV vaccines effective in young children against potential infection by multiple serotypes of RV. The nonreplicating immunogen must be able to induce protective immune responses against the target virus. Traditionally, nonreplicating vaccines have been thought to be poor inducers of mucosal immune responses and protection of the mucosa. Without amplification of the vaccine virus by replication, a high dose of nonreplicating immunogen may be required. To enhance the immune response to nonreplicating immunogens, development and testing of new adjuvants and/or delivery systems, and alternative routes of immunization to boost immunogenicity and protective efficacy, are needed. If administered orally, the nonreplicating immunogens must be stable in the digestive environments of the stomach and intestine.
Globalization 1.0 — The Silk Road to Asia and the Salt Caravans across the Sahara

Marco Polo traveled on the ‘Silk Road’ from Venice to China in the thirteenth century to obtain goods that could be sold in Europe. Venice was then the dominant economic power in Europe; goods from China moved on caravans to the eastern coast of the Black Sea and then were transferred to seagoing vessels for shipment to markets in Western and Northern Europe. Traders had moved along the Silk Road for nearly 3000 years before Marco Polo; his trip was a great personal adventure but not a significant discovery. Goods moved along the road from one trading center to another in a series of stages. Entrepreneurs managed the trade at these way-stations so that much of what would now be considered international trade involved a series of barter transactions at various market towns along the Silk Road.
Machado de Assis: From “Tragic Mulatto” to Human Tragicomedy

Drawing from Machado’s own statements as well as his prose fiction, G. Reginald Daniel provides an alternative interpretation of how Machado’s writings were inflected by his life—especially the experience of his racial identity. He argues that Machado endeavored to transcend, rather than deny, his racial background by embracing his greater humanity. Machado presents a challenge to the notion that the most important thing about one’s personhood is one’s community of descent. Daniel maintains that Machado sought to universalize the experience of racial ambiguity and duality regarding the mulatto condition in Brazil into a fundamental mode of human existence. Accordingly, the conception of the hybrid human subject erodes the very foundation of raciological thinking.
Design of a CCD camera for space surveillance

This paper describes the CCD (Charge Coupled Device) camera electronics design for observing satellites in the geo belt. The paper discusses the design overview, tactics for tuning operation of a CCD, and test and integration. The main circuit topology is discussed for operating a CCD. Thermal and structural analysis is described. Results from prototype testing are presented. The prototype design and test are completed and assembly of the engineering unit is underway.
Limits in assessing microbiological food safety

Scientific information pertaining to the incidence of foodborne disease and the sources of pathogenic microorganisms is often limited in relation to the knowledge needed to make informed microbiological food safety decisions. Inherent limitations in the current epidemiological reporting system constrain its usefulness for ascertaining the true incidence of foodborne disease. Additionally, current detection methods are insufficient to make real-time decisions on the microbiological safety of products. An integrated approach that combines enhanced epidemiological data, improved detection methods, detailed knowledge of the behavior of pathogens in food systems, and development of techniques for making quantitative risk assessments is essential for the development of a comprehensive, cost-effective strategy for assuring microbiologically safe foods.
Sustainability and Textual Extensions of Institutional Discourse: Testing the Great Lakes Compact:

This article examines the interplay of discourse, texts, and sustainability in the public hearing process for a Wisconsin city’s application to divert water from the Great Lakes of North America. T...
Effect of arsenic trioxide on radiation response in Chinese hamster cells

585 Recent success on the use of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia has stimulated renewed interest in the compound. Arsenicals are well known carcinogens, capable of inducing a wide array of molecular alterations and cellular abnormalities. Prominent among others are disturbances in signal transduction, caspases and apoptosis, heat shock proteins, cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, cellular redox status, stress response, and angiogenesis. Precise mechanisms in causing various cytotoxic and physiological effects are not well understood. Arsenic evidently perturbs many cellular pathways that it may well influence the effect of radiation and chemicals used in cancer treatment. Radiation is known to kill cells primarily by producing double strand DNA breaks, the repair of which depends more on the process of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) than homologous recombination. This study compares ATO effect on radiation response in Chinese hamster CHO-K1 cells and its radiosensitive derivative xrs-5 cells that are deficient in ku80. The latter is a member of DNA-PK, the function of which is required for NHEJ. Culture growth as measured by the colorimetric method MTT and by cell counts with a hemacytometer showed more inhibition by ATO to xrs-5 cells than the repair-proficient CHO-K1 cells. Clonogenic assay also revealed a more sensitive response in the mutant. Consistent with the characteristic deficiency of ku80, xrs-5 cells were distinctively more sensitive to x-rays. Pretreatment with ATO for 2 h enhanced radiation response in both cell lines, though to a different extent. Clonogenic survival of CHO-K1 cells to 3Gy of x-rays with and without combined exposure to ATO were 18% and 52% respectively, resulting in an enhancement ratio of approximately 2.9. Corresponding survivals in xrs-5 cells were 1.2% and 1.9% respectively, providing a ratio of 1.6. The diminished level of modification in cells without normal ku 80 indicates a role for NHEJ in ATO interaction with radiation. Further effort is warranted in revealing the mechanisms of interaction and exploring the potential of arsenic radiosensitization in cancer therapy.
Behavioral Associations with Overweight in Low-Income Children.

Objective Food reinforcement (relative reinforcement value [RRV]), self-control (the ability to delay gratification [ATDG]), and eating outside of homeostatic need (eating in the absence of hunger [EAH]) are associated with overweight/obesity. These constructs have typically been studied in isolation in children, and little is known about how they interrelate and whether these associations differ by sex. The objective of this study is to investigate these associations by sex. Methods In a low-income sample of 230 7- to 10-year-old children, RRV, ATDG, and EAH were assessed. The model showing that elevated RRV, lower ATDG, and greater EAH are each independent, direct predictors of overweight in middle childhood was separately tested by sex. It was predicted that greater RRV and less ATDG would also have indirect effects on overweight through EAH. The association between RRV and ATDG was investigated. Results For girls, higher RRV was indirectly associated with overweight through EAH. For boys, no associations of RRV, ATDG, or EAH with overweight were significant. Finally, for girls, RRV and ATDG were significantly positively associated. Conclusions In girls, higher food reinforcement appears to be an important contributor to overweight. During middle childhood, ATDG may be assessing food reinforcement rather than self-control. Future studies are needed to identify the mechanisms underlying childhood overweight in boys.
Wear in nuclear power plants, a tribocorrosion approach

Wear of sliding 304L stainless steel couples in PWR primary water is studied to understand the environment effect in the degradation process and quantify the corrosion wear process with mechanical and electrochemical measurements.
World Literature as a Problem of Scale

This chapter seeks to rethink existing definitions of world literature in relation to theories of scale and the project of cognitive mapping, elaborated by Fredric Jameson and others. Recent accounts of world literature implicitly exclude what Jameson and others call totalizing aesthetic—one that tries to imagine a stable relation between subjective experience and systemic determinants, taking into account contemporary capitalism’s global-scale social relations. In contrast, this chapter defines world literature as contemporary literature that totalizes. Totalizing literature today is by necessity world literature, because its totalizing impulse must somehow give figuration to the global scale of social relations; moreover, totalizing literature makes the literary scale of the world into a site in which social contradictions can once again be articulated and analyzed.
Variability of Paralarval-Squid Occurrence in Meter-Net Tows from East of Florida, USA

We attempted to determine cross-shelf, diel, and seasonal distribution patterns of paralarval cephalopods off eastern Florida during a 5-year study that employed both open-net and discrete-depth closing-net sampling. Based on our 303 samples, abundant and common squid taxa included the squid Doryteuthis spp., which tended to be in coastal and intermediate waters, and Abralia cf veranyi (Eye-Flash Squid), Illex spp. (shortfin squid), and Ommastrephidae Type A (which could include Ommastrephes bartramii [Neon Flying Squid] and Ornithoteuthis antillarum [Atlantic Bird Squid]), mostly in intermediate and Florida Current waters. Species diversity and abundance were usually greatest in Florida Current waters versus coastal and intermediate waters. Overall, however, few patterns were obvious from these samples. Accessory sampling to examine variability indicated that a large number of samples are required to infer detailed distribution patterns. We also found that the difference in variation between sampling at a fixed location and sampling within a moving parcel of water was not consistent.
2-Chloro-4-nitro­pyridine N-oxide

In the title compound, C5H3ClN2O3 (systematic name: 2-chloro-4-nitro­pyridin-1-ium-1-olate), the nitro group is essentially coplanar with the aromatic ring, with a twist angle of 6.48 (8)°. The mol­ecular packing exhibits a herringbone pattern with the zigzag running along the b axis; here, there are no short contacts, hydrogen bonds, or π–π inter­actions.
Who Invented the First Electronic Digital Computer

The electronic digital computer was invented just over four decades ago, ushering in a series of technological changes which can only be compared to the Industrial Revolution in their scope, magnitude, and impact. Even though we are still in the infancy—if not the birth throes—of this so-called “computer revolution,” its history has been the subject of considerable interest in recent years.
A USER INTERFACE FOR EXPLOITING WEB COMMUNITIES IN SEARCHING THE WEB

We have implemented a novel user interface for Internet search engines that allows users to visualize the graph neighborhoods of search results returned. When the required information is not in the returned result set, it is likely that there is a path from one or more of the returned documents to another document that has the required information. Our proposed interface allows exploring these paths. We performed experiments to measure user effectiveness in finding desired information with the proposed interface, and compared it with the effectiveness of users restricted to using a traditional interface for the same underlying search engine. Given equal time to perform a set of search tasks, on average, the users of our interface were able to find twice as many of the required documents as the users of the traditional interface. We also found that, on average, users of the proposed interface tried 31% fewer queries per search task.
Capone, Bucca, Warner and Llewellyn on Pragmemes and “I hope You Will Let Flynn Go”

In this volume, Alessandro Capone and Antonino Bucca’s essay makes a case, based upon the theory of pragmemes and socio-pragmatics, for taking Donald Trump’s statement to Comey, “I hope you will let Flynn go,” as an attempt of the President to get the then Federal Bureau of Investigation Director Comey to illegitimately drop the Russian probe, therefore being an illegal act of obstruction of justice. Their argument rests upon the claim that in this specific case, deniers of obstruction of justice claims, when faced with Trump’s statements, must adopt a false theory of language in order to justify their conclusions. In his response, Richard Warner argues that though much of Capone and Bucca’s claims are convincing, and that much of the analysis of language in their article is accurate, even accepting their pragmeme and socio-pragmatic driven analysis, the content of Trump’s statement to Comey is not unequivocal enough to warrant certainty as to the obstruction claim. In this chapter one conclusion will be that Capone, Bucca and Warner all offer very important arguments useful in the accurate interpretation of Trump’s statement, and for interpretation in law generally. This conclusion will be supported and made more explicit by reading the essays in relation to Karl Llewellyn’s own constitutional theory, a theory that sees the constitution as an institution just partially, even minimally, based upon a purportedly “literal” reading of text. A further conclusion will be that theories of language, implicit or explicit, do indeed inevitably influence the analysis of statements like Trump’s at a very deep and profound level. Yet, thought this is all correct, I will argue that Trump’s statement, in context, cannot be read with such specificity so, in itself, it is sufficient evidence of obstruction of justice.
Estimation of Mercury Bioaccumulation Potential from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Receiving Waters: Phase 2

This project was initiated in response to the establishment of mercury TMDLs around the country and issues raised by this process, specifically concerning the issue of mercury bioavailability. While many TMDLs recognize that point sources constitute a small fraction of the mercury load to a water body, a question has been raised concerning the relative bioavailability of mercury coming from various sources. For instance, is the mercury discharged from a wastewater treatment plant more or less bioavailable than mercury in precipitation, mercury in urban stormwater, or mercury in sediments? This project seeks to address this question by developing a reliable definition and approach to estimating bioavailability, by profiling various sources of mercury in a watershed with regard to the species of mercury present and by profiling those factors or conditions in either the effluent or the receiving water that enhance or mitigate the bioavailability of those forms. The report consists of two volumes. Volume I is a background document for evaluating the biovailability of mercury in wastewater effluents and receiving waters and establishes relevant project objectives. Volume II is a guidance document for wastewater treatment professionals interested in assessing the bioavailability of mercury in their wastewater, comparing it to other sources, and assessing changes in bioavailability in their effluent when it is mixed in a receiving water body. The project concludes that, based on available data and bioavailability as defined in this report, wastewater effluent is one of the lowest among the sources evaluated with respect to mercury bioavailability due to its typically low levels of methylmercury. Due to their typically low levels of suspended solids, wastewater treatment plants employing post-secondary treatment should not contribute appreciably to local sediment mercury burdens. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series . ISBN: 9781843393566 (Print) ISBN: 9781780403618 (eBook)
Combined Assembly and Targeted Integration of Multigene for Nitrogenase Biosynthetic Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Biological nitrogen fixation, a process unique to diazotrophic prokaryote, is catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex. There has been a long-standing interest in reconstituting a nitrogenase biosynthe...
Becoming more socially responsible through failure: An illustrative example of a systems engineering failure analysis and corrective action report on the Deepwater Horizon disaster

As system complexity increases, system unpredictability and potential for failures that can be difficult to understand increase. These conditions increase the importance of applying systems engineering approaches, such as failure analysis and corrective action reporting, which can enable learning and the chance to become successful through failure. Such outcomes are particularly important when system failures can result in extreme and wide-spread harm to individuals, societies, and environments. Guidance for creating a failure analysis and corrective action report is provided through an illustrative example of such a report on the British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon disaster. Proximal and distal causes of this tragedy and appropriate placement of responsibility are considered. The discussion focuses on the roles of technical, human, and social factors in causing the disaster. These factors include cement barrier and blowout preventer failure, extreme environmental conditions, delayed problem detection by the crew, and poor institutional oversight, political climate, and corporate culture. Possible corrective actions to prevent similar disasters are provided.
Which Networks Permit Stable Allocations? A Theory of Network-Based Comparisons

Economic agents often care about their relative well-being: they compare themselves with their neighbors in a social network. In this case, what net- work structures permit stable allocations? We construct a model in which an agent’s utility depends on the ranking of their allocation among those of their network neighbors. An allocation is α-stable if it is not revoked under α-majority voting. We find a sufficient and necessary condition for a network to permit any α-stable allocation: the network has an independent set whose size is at least 1−α of the population size. We provide several comparative statics results for Erdos–Renyi random networks: as networks become more connected, more populated, or more homophilous, they are less permissive; i.e., they permit stable allocations for a smaller set of α. We generalize this model to allow for arbitrary sets of blocking coalitions and provide a sufficient and necessary condition for permissive networks in this case. We also show that our characterization of permissive networks are robust to several variations of the preferences. Other extensions of the model concern directed networks and comparisons made to non-neighbors.
Meaning and Essence of Child Well-Being According to Child Welfare Professionals

Many foster youth demonstrate poor outcomes in multiple domains of functioning, including behavioral, cognitive, physical and psychosocial. Because child well-being is a central aim of the child welfare system (with safety and permanency), it is critical to better understand well-being in order to properly measure, promote and intervene to secure the well-being of children in care. Child welfare professionals play a central role in the experience of children and families in care, thus their perspective on well-being is key to its conceptualization. Twenty-nine child welfare professionals participated in in-depth interviews to discuss their understandings of well-being, as well as barriers and facilitators to well-being in their practice experience. After iterative coding of the entire data set, data related to defining well-being was analyzed using phenomenology in a qualitative secondary data analysis. Results include two central domains that organize findings about the essence of well-being in child welfare: (1) a practice approach for professionals and (2) the lived experience of well-being for children. Across both domains were shared clusters of meaning identified as humanization, fulfilling connections with a responsive adult, and a long-term, hopeful future orientation. The article concludes with discussion of implications for practice, policy and future research, particularly the role of this new understanding in improving child well-being.
A Light-Load Efficient Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator in 14-nm CMOS With 2.5-nH Package-Embedded Air-Core Inductors

Fully integrated voltage regulators (FIVRs) offer many advantages, such as fine-grained power management, fast transient response, and reduced form factor. This article addresses light-load efficiency in FIVRs with nH-scale air-core inductors. The challenges of implementing efficient discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operation at high switching frequencies are discussed, which include zero current detection, inductor ac-loss effects, and power delivery network (PDN) resonances. A prototype in 14-nm CMOS is presented, which shows the DCM operation at up to 70 MHz with a peak efficiency of 88% for 1.6–1.2-V conversion.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RANGE AND NESTING BIOLOGY OF THE MEXICAN ENDEMIC RUFOUS-CAPPED BRUSH-FINCH (ATLAPETES PILEATUS PILEATUS)

Abstract ∙ The Rufous-capped Brush-finch ( Atlapetes pileatus ) is a species endemic to Mexico, whose breeding biology has received little attention. We studied two nests of the nominate subspecies from the mountains of southern Sonora. Nests were untidy, broad, open cups, placed in low, thick vegetation. Clutch size at one nest consisted of three immaculate white eggs. The second nest contained two Brush-finch nestlings and one cowbird ( Molothrus sp.) nestling. Both parents brought food to the nestlings, but delivered significantly more food to the cowbird nestling. Most of our observations of nest architecture, egg coloration, and adult behaviors are consistent with previous descriptions for Rufous-capped Brush-finch and other members of the genus Atlapetes . This is the first report of cowbird brood-parasitism on the Rufous-capped Brush-finch, as well as the first confirmed record of breeding by this species in Sonora. Resumen ∙ Observaciones sobre el rango y biologia reproductiva del Atlapetes Gorrirrufo ( Atlapetes pileatus pileatus ) El Atlapetes Gorrirrufo ( Atlapetes pileatus ) es una especie endemica de Mexico cuya biologia reproductiva ha recibido poca atencion. Estudiamos dos nidos de la subespecie nominal en las montanas del sur de Sonora. Los nidos eran tazas abiertas, desordenadas, anchas, y colocados en vegetacion baja y espesa. El tamano de postura en un nido era de tres huevos blancos inmaculados. El segundo nido contenia dos polluelos del Atlapetes Gorrirrufo y un polluelo del tordo ( Molothrus sp.). Ambos padres llevaron comida a los pichones, entregando significativamente mas comida al polluelo del tordo. La mayoria de nuestras observaciones sobre la arquitectura de los nidos, la coloracion de los huevos y los comportamientos de los adultos son congruentes con las descripciones anteriores del Atlapetes Gorrirrufo y otros miembros del genero Atlapetes . Este es el primer informe de parasitismo de nido de Atlapetes Gorrirrufo por un pajaro tordo, asi como el primer registro confirmado de la reproduccion de esta especie en Sonora.
Arabidopsis DNA Replication Initiates in Intergenic, AT-Rich Open Chromatin.

The selection and firing of DNA replication origins play key roles in ensuring that eukaryotes accurately replicate their genomes. This process is not well documented in plants due in large measure to difficulties in working with plant systems. We developed a new functional assay to label and map very early replicating loci that must, by definition, include at least a subset of replication origins. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cells were briefly labeled with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxy-uridine, and nuclei were subjected to two-parameter flow sorting. We identified more than 5500 loci as initiation regions (IRs), the first regions to replicate in very early S phase. These were classified as strong or weak IRs based on the strength of their replication signals. Strong initiation regions were evenly spaced along chromosomal arms and depleted in centromeres, while weak initiation regions were enriched in centromeric regions. IRs are AT-rich sequences flanked by more GC-rich regions and located predominantly in intergenic regions. Nuclease sensitivity assays indicated that IRs are associated with accessible chromatin. Based on these observations, initiation of plant DNA replication shows some similarity to, but is also distinct from, initiation in other well-studied eukaryotic systems.
Pathways to Improve Pediatric Asthma Care: A Multisite, National Study of Emergency Department Asthma Pathway Implementation.

Objective To determine the effects of pediatric asthma pathway implementation in a diverse, national sample of emergency departments (EDs). Study design In this quality improvement study, a national sample of EDs were provided pathways to tailor to local needs. Implementation strategies included local champions, external facilitators/mentors, educational seminars, and audit and feedback. Outcomes included systemic corticosteroid administration within 60 minutes (primary), assessment of severity at ED triage, chest radiograph use, hospital admission or transfer for higher level of care, and ED length of stay (balancing). Each month, EDs reviewed all charts (to a maximum of 20) of children ages 2-17 years with a primary diagnosis of asthma. Analyses were done using multilevel regression models with an interrupted time-series approach, adjusting for patient characteristics. Results We enrolled 83 EDs (37 in children's hospitals, 46 in community hospitals) and 61 (73%) completed the study (n = 22 963 visits). Pathway implementation was associated with significantly increased odds of systemic corticosteroid administration within 60 minutes of arrival (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.02-1.55), increased odds of severity assessment at triage (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.22-2.90), and decreased rate of change in odds of hospital admission/transfer (aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99). Pathway implementation was not associated with chest radiograph use or ED length of stay. Conclusions Pathway implementation was associated with improved quality of care for children with asthma in a diverse, national group of EDs.
An Empirical Analysis of Blind Tests

Modern software engineers automate as many tests as possible. Test automation allows tests to be run hundreds or thousands of times: hourly, daily, and sometimes continuously. This saves time and money, ensures reproducibility, and ultimately leads to software that is better and cheaper. Automated tests must include code to check that the output of the program on the test matches expected behavior. This code is called the test oracle and is typically implemented in assertions that flag the test as passing if the assertion evaluates to true and failing if not. Since automated tests require programming, many problems can occur. Some lead to false positives, where incorrect behavior is marked as correct, and others to false negatives, where correct behavior is marked as incorrect. This paper identifies and studies a common problem where test assertions are written incorrectly, leading to incorrect behavior that is not recognized. We call these tests blind because the test does not see the incorrect behavior. Blind tests cause false positives, essentially wasting the tests. This paper presents results from several human-based studies to assess the frequency of blind tests with different software and different populations of users. In our studies, the percent of blind tests ranged from a low of 39% to a high of 95%.
Perioperative Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents in the COVID-19 Orthopedic Patient.

BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 infection can cause serious complications beyond lung injury and respiratory failure, including sepsis, cardiovascular injury, renal failure, coagulation abnormalities, and neu...
How Social Media, Movies, and TV Shows Interacts with Young Adult Literature from 2015 to 2019

As young adult literature continues to evolve with the demands and habits of a new generation, it is crucial to explore how and why the publishing industry has changed and will continue to change. This article identifies three central areas in popular culture and mass internet media that are shaping the young adult literature marketplace: (1) Book Twitter and the push for diversity, (2) BookTube and Bookstagram, and (3) Netflix, Films, and TV Shows.