cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dopant density and temperature dependence of hole mobility and resistivity in boron doped silicon

Abstract Theoretical expressions for computing resistivity and conductivity mobility of holes as functions of dopant density and temperature have been derived for boron-doped silicon. The model is applicable for dopant densities from 1013 to 3 × 1018 cm−3 and temperatures between 100 and 400 K. Using a 3-band [i.e. heavy-hole, light-hole and the spin-orbit splitting (SO) band] model, the hole mobility was calculated by properly combining the contributions from scattering by lattice phonons, ionized impurities and neutral impurities. In addition, the effects of hole-hole (h-h) scattering and nonparabolicity of valence bands were taken into account in the mobility formulation. To verify our theoretical calculations, resistivity measurements on nine boron-doped silicon slices with dopant densities from 4.5 × 1014 to 3.2 × 1018 cm−3 were performed for 100 ≤ T ≤ 400 K, using planar square-array test structure. Agreement between our calculated and measured resistivity values was within 6 percent over the entire range of dopant density and temperature studied here. Excellent agreement (within ±5%) between our calculated hole mobility values and those of Wagner [9] was obtained for NA ≤ 1017 cm−3 for boron-doped silicon, while discrepancies were found for boron densities greater than 1017 cm−3. This discrepancy is attributed to neglecting the effect of deionization of boron impurities at higher dopant densities by Wagner (i.e. assuming hole density is equal to the total boron density).
Improving simulation-based algorithms for fitting ERGMs

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods can be used to approximate the intractable normalizing constants that arise in likelihood calculations for many exponential family random graph models for networks. However, in practice, the resulting approximations degrade as parameter values move away from the value used to define the Markov chain, even in cases where the chain produces perfectly efficient samples. We introduce a new approximation method along with a novel method of moving toward a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) from an arbitrary starting parameter value in a series of steps based on alternating between the canonical exponential family parameterization and the mean-value parameterization. This technique enables us to find an approximate MLE in many cases where this was previously not possible. We illustrate these methods on a model for a transcriptional regulation network for E. coli, an example where previous attempts to approximate an MLE had failed, and a model for a well-known social network dataset involving friendships among workers in a tailor shop. These methods are implemented in the publicly available ergm package for R, and computer code to duplicate the results of this paper is included in the Supplemental Materials.
Influence of enhanced CO2 concentration and irrigation on sudangrass digestibility

An experimental line of sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was included in the free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) project in 1991 at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center to evaluate the effect of ambient (approximately 370 μmol mol−1) and enriched (550 μmol mol−1) CO2 in well-watered or water-stressed plots. Our specific objective was to determine modifications caused by these environmental effects on the percentages of morphological parts and the fiber components, and on the in vitro digestibility in vegetative and mature harvests. Enrichment with CO2 did not (P > 0.05) change the percentages of morphological parts or fiber components, or the digestibility of any of the morphological components. Protein levels tended to be lower in CO2-enriched plants. However, water-stressed plants tended to have a higher proportion of leaves (blades and sheaths) and a lower proportion of stems, were more digestible, and had lower amounts of anti-quality, aromatic compounds within the plant cell. Stems had the highest digestibility of all morphological components (about 75% in vegetative plants) despite the lowest levels of protein. Stems also showed the greatest changes caused by all treatments, including a 20% decline in digestibility from vegetative to mature samples. The results indicate that enriching CO2 to 550 μmol mol−1 did not reduce digestibility of sudangrass.
A k‐Factor GARMA Long‐memory Model

Long-memory models have been used by several authors to model data with persistent autocorrelations. The fractional and fractional autoregressive moving-average (FARMA) models describe long-memory behavior associated with an infinite peak in the spectrum at f = 0. The Gegenbauer and Gegenbauer ARMA (GARMA) processes of Gray, Zhang and Woodward (On generalized fractional processes. J. Time Ser. Anal. 10 (1989), 233–57) can model long-term periodic behavior for any frequency 0 ≤f≤ 0.5. In this paper we introduce a k-factor extension of the Gegenbauer and GARMA models that allows for long-memory behavior to be associated with each of k frequencies in [0, 0.5]. We prove stationarity conditions for the k-factor model and discuss issues such as parameter estimation, model iden- tification, realization generation and forecasting. A two-factor GARMA model is then applied to the Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2 data. It is shown that this model provides a reasonable fit to the CO2 data and produces excellent forecasts.
Creating Public Sector Pedestals and Examining Falls from Grace: Examining ICMA Ethical Sanctions

The International City and County Management Association, (ICMA), ensures that members who engage in misconduct are identified and sanctioned. Dozens of public sanctions have been issued over the past 20 years, and this paper considers the substance of these penalties. The article identifies the processes used to ensure compliance with its code of ethics. We report the types of ethical violations ICMA has discovered through these processes. A more systematic way of recording what is occurring is necessary if strategies are to be devised to help current and upcoming public administrators avoid similar violations. Finally, we ask public administrators who have been sanctioned by ICMA to explain how and why the ethics violations occurred and the impact of the public censure on their personal lives and careers.
Effects of radiation on the hypothalamus in monkeys

This report deals with delayed pathological changes observed in the brains of monkeys receiving X- andγ-radiation to the head in a dose of 2000 R given at 50 R/min.
Characteristics of primary care office systems as predictors of mammography utilization.

Objective: To evaluate the association between primary care office systems and mammography utilization by women older than 50 years. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: An independent-practice associ...
Distribution patterns of individual medial lemniscal axons in the ventrobasal complex of the monkey thalamus.

Twenty-seven medial lemniscal axons were traced to their terminations in the thalamic ventrobasal complex of monkeys, following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the lemniscus at midbrain levels. Most axons had terminal ramifications at one horizontal level in the ventrobasal complex. All terminations were focal, many were anteropos-teriorly elongated, though none were sufficiently long to occupy more than one-third to one-half of the anteroposterior extent of the VPLc nucleus. All terminal ramifications were compressed sagittally into a slab 200–300 μm wide. There was modest overlap in the terminal territories of adjacent labelled axons and, as judged light microscopically, only a small amount of convergence onto the vicinities of single cells. Axons terminating selectively in the anterodorsal shell or central core of VPLc could be identified. In the anterodorsal shell (of neurons responding to stimulation of deep tissues) axons tended to terminate either in the part projecting to area 3a or in that projecting to areas 3a and 2 of the cortex. In the central core (of neurons responding to cutuneous stimulation and projecting to areas 3b and 1) larger ramifications were present in its center and smaller ramifications in its ventral part. A few axons had terminal ramifications at two dorsoventral levels in the cutaneous core; others had terminations in both the dorsal deep shell and the cutaneous core. In both cases, one ramification was always smaller than the other. The termination of lemniscal axons at defined foci instead of along the dorsoventral extent of the representational lamellae of the ventrobasal complex has implications for the nature of the body representation in the nuclei. Their tendency to be focal implies that not all members of an anteropos-teriorly elongated rod of place-and-modality-specific ventrobasal cells that project their axon to a single column in the somatic sensory cortex receive afferent inputs from the same lemniscal fibers.
Headache outcomes following treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a prospective analysis.

Objective: To analyze headache patterns prior to and following treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and identify factors associated with different headache outcomes.Methods: A prospective...
OPTIMUM SPECTRAL RESOLUTION FOR COMPUTING ATMOSPHERIC HEATING AND PHOTODISSOCIATION RATES

Abstract Rapid, reliable and accurate computations of atmospheric heating rates are needed in climate models aimed at predicting the impact of greenhouse gases on the surface temperature. Photolysis rates play a major role in photochemical models used to assess potential changes in atmospheric ozone abundance due to man's release of chlorofluorocarbons. Both rates depend directly on the amount of solar radiation available at any level in the atmosphere. We present a very efficient method of computing these rates in which integration over the solar spectrum is reduced to a minimum number of monochromatic (or pseudogray) problems by appealing to the continuum features of the ozone absorption cross-sections. To explore the resolutions needed to obtain adequate results we have divided the spectral range between 175 and 700 nm into four regions. Within each of these regions we may vary the resolution as we wish. Accurate results are obtained for very coarse spectral resolution provided all cross-sections are averaged by weighting them with the solar flux across any bin. By using this procedure we find that heating rate errors are less than 20% for all altitudes when only four spectral bands across the entire wavelength region from 175 to 700 nm are used to compute the heating rate profile. Similarly, we find that the error in the photodissociation of ozone is less than a few percent when 10 nm resolution is used in the Hartley and Huggins bands (below 330 nm), while an average over the entire wavelength region from 400 to 700 nm yields similar accuracy for the Chappuis band. For integrated u.v. dose estimates a resolution slightly better than 10 nm is required in the u.v.B region (290–315 nm) to yield an accuracy better than 10%, but we may treat the u.v.A region (315–400 nm) as a single band and yet have an accuracy better than 2%.
Centrally Generated Nerve Impulse Sequences determining Swimming Behaviour in Tritonia

AN act of behaviour is caused by correlated sequences of motor nerve impulses. These can be determined by pro-prioceptive input (reflexes), by strictly centrally generated programmes, or by a combination of the two. Much earlier work, particularly that on vertebrates1–3, supported the view that continuing sensory input exclusively determines output patterns. This view was not readily compatible with several observations made by ethologists, for example on “fixed action patterns” released by “sign stimuli”, and a search was begun for centrally generated neural patterns. Experimental evidence suggesting such programmes is being found, particularly in invertebrates which have relatively simple nervous systems4–7.
Dietary zinc reduces osteoclast resorption activities and increases markers of osteoblast differentiation, matrix maturation, and mineralization in the long bones of growing rats.

The nutritional influence of zinc on markers of bone extracellular matrix resorption and mineralization was investigated in growing rats. Thirty male weanling rats were randomly assigned to consume AIN-93G based diets containing 2.5, 5, 7.5, 15 or 30 μg Zn/g diet for 24 days. Femur zinc increased substantially as zinc increased from 5 to 15 μg/g diet and modestly between 15 and 30 μg/g (P<.05). By morphological assessment, trabecular bone increased steadily as dietary zinc increased to 30 μg/g. Increasing dietary zinc tended to decrease Zip2 expression nonsignificantly and elevated the relative expression of metallothionen-I at 15 but not 30 μg Zn/g diet. Femur osteoclastic resorption potential, indicated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and carbonic anhydrase-2 activities decreased with increasing dietary zinc. In contrast to indicators of extracellular matrix resorption, femur tartrate-resistant acid and alkaline phosphatase activities increased fourfold as dietary zinc increased from 2.5 to 30 μg Zn/g. Likewise, 15 or 30 μg Zn/g diet resulted in maximum relative expression of osteocalcin, without influencing expression of core-binding factor α-1, collagen Type 1 alpha-1, or nuclear factor of activated T cells c1. In conclusion, increased trabecular bone with additional zinc suggests that previous requirement estimates of 15 μg Zn/g diet may not meet nutritional needs for optimal bone development. Overall, the up-regulation of extracellular matrix modeling indexes and concomitant decrease in resorption activities as dietary zinc increased from 2.5 to 30 μg/g provide evidence of one or more physiological roles for zinc in modulating the balance between bone formation and resorption.
Equilibrium solutions in two-person quadratic decision problems with static information structures

This paper is concerned with the class of two-person two-objective decision problems characterized by quadratic cost functions and static information structures. The primitive random variables are assumed to have a priori known but arbitrary probability, distributions with finite second-order moments. For this class of problems, sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of a unique pair of equilibrium solutions. These sufficient conditions are independent of the probabilistic structure of the problem. When the underlying probability, distribution is Gaussian and the observations of the decision makers are linear in the primitive random variables, then it is shown that these unique equilibrium solutions are linear and can be found as the unique solution of a Lyapunov-type matrix equation. For the two special extreme cases known as minimax and team problems, these linear policies constitute a saddle-point solution and a globally-optimal team solution, respectively-thus being in agreement with the existing results in the literature for these two extreme cases.
Short-Duration Electrical Immobilization of Lake Trout

Abstract Chemical anesthetics induce stress responses, and most leave residues in fish tissues that require a certain withdrawal time before the animal can be released into the environment. Therefore, alternatives are needed in cases when fish must be released immediately, for example, during egg-collecting operations or after implanting elastomer tags. To evaluate pulsed direct current as an alternative method of immobilization, individual lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were electrically immobilized using various pulsed-DC voltage gradients and shock durations. Duration of opercular recovery and narcosis were measured for individual fish. Fish were euthanized 24 h after electrical immobilization and processed for lateral radiograph analysis and assessment of perivertebral hemorrhaging by dissection. Survival of lake trout after electrical immobilization at 0.6 V/cm for 30 or 40 s or 0.8 V/cm for 5 or 15 s was monitored for 81 or 84 d after immobilization. Mean narcosis duration increased with voltage gr...
New test series for the functional evaluation of oral cavity cancer

There are few studies that have addressed themselves to measuring speech, swallowing function and the "quality of life" of patients that have been treated for oral cavity cancer. The goal of this study was to develop a test series to assess the oral cavity function and the general health of patients treated for oral cavity cancer. The results of 51 patients treated for oral cavity cancer will be compared by the site and stage of the lesion, as well as by treatment mode. In addition, the functional results achieved by different reconstructive techniques in the oral cavity will be presented. Radiotherapy patients as a group have the best speech and swallowing function while the patients treated with combined therapy have the worst function. In the surgical group, those patients treated with intraoral skin grafts had the best speech results and those with primary closures had the best swallowing performance.
Evaluation of MMP substrate concentration and specificity for neovascularization of hydrogel scaffolds

Controlled vascular response in scaffolds following implantation remains a significant clinical challenge. A critical biomaterial design criterion is the synchronization of the rates of scaffold degradation and vascularized tissue formation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes that regulate neovascularization and extracellular matrix remodelling. Synthetic protease-sensitive hydrogels offer controllable environments for investigating the role of matrix degradation on neovascularization. In this study, PEG hydrogels containing MMP-sensitive peptides with increased catalytic activity for MMPs expressed during neovascularization were investigated. Scaffolds were functionalized with MMP-2-, MMP-14- or general collagenase-sensitive peptides and with varying peptide concentration using crosslinkers containing one (SSite) or multiple (TSite) repeats of each protease-sensitive sequence. Increasing peptide concentration enhanced the degradation kinetics of scaffolds functionalized with MMP-specific sequences while 80% of the collagenase-sensitive scaffolds remained upon exposure to MMP-2 and MMP-14. In vitro neovascularization was consistent with in vivo tissue invasion with significantly increased invasion occurring within SSite MMP-specific as compared to collagenase-sensitive hydrogels and with further invasion in TSite as compared to SSite hydrogels regardless of peptide specificity. All scaffolds supported in vivo neovascularization; however, this was not dependent on peptide specificity. These findings demonstrate that peptide concentration and specificity regulate in vivo scaffold degradation, neovascularization and matrix remodelling.
Feminism and nursing: Historical perspectives

Feminists have often criticized nursing for lack of commitment to women's movements. This article addresses the contradictions and conflicts in the relationship of feminism and nursing from a historical perspective. Different feminist epistemologies, those of enlightened liberal, cultural, and radical feminism, are examined historically and their relevance to nursing is discussed. A reflexive theory, proposed by Harding, is used to conceptualize the differing responses, feminist and nonfeminist, of women and nurses, as alternative reactions to the many types of patriarchy they have encountered.
Cardiovascular endocrinology: Risk of venous thromboembolism with glucocorticoids

A recent nationwide case–control study found that new or continued treatment with systemic, inhaled or intestinal glucocorticoids increased the risk of venous thromboembolism. However, despite efforts to adjust for important covariates, the high potential for residual confounding might invalidate the associations.
Long term results of stereotactic brachytherapy used in the initial treatment of patients with glioblastomas

Background. Despite optimal therapy with surgery and radiotherapy, the prognosis of patients with glioblastomas remains poor. Stereotactic brachytherapy involves the accurate placement of radioactive isotopes within brain tumors, significantly increasing the dose of radiation that can be delivered to the tumor bed without substantial risk to surrounding normal tissue, potentially improving local tumor control and patient survival. Methods. Between February 1987 and July 1993, the authors treated 56 patients with glioblastomas with stereotactic brachytherapy as part of their initial therapy. Patients underwent surgery, limited field external beam radiotherapy, and brachytherapy with temporary highactivity iodine 125 sources, giving an additional 50 Gy to the tumor bed. Results. Median survival for patients undergoing brachytherapy was 18 months compared with 11 months for a matched brachytherapy control group with similar clinical and radiologic features (P < 0.0007). Survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years after diagnosis of 83%, 34%, and 27%, respectively, for patients receiving brachytherapy were significantly increased compared with survival rates Of4o0/o, 12.5'/0, and 9%, respectively, for control subjects. Thirty-six patients (64%) underwent reoperation for symptomatic radiation necrosis from 3 to 42 months (median, 11 months) after brachytherapy. The median From thc. 'Brain Tumor Center of Brigham and Women's I lospital, Ihna Farbcr Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital and joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston; and the Departments of tNeurology. $Surgery. $Medicine, and 11 Radiation Oncology, 1 larvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Supported in part by NIH Grants KllCA01496 (P.Y.W.), KllCA01467 (tl.A.F.), RO1 CA-42391 (C.N.C.), and P20 NS31110 (I'.Al.B , J.S L.).
Impact of Child Abuse Timing and Family Environment on Psychosis

SUMMARY The theoretical basis for the development of differential psychopathology in children in response to a traumatic event suggests the timing of trauma and the family environment likely influence the development of psychological disturbances. We predicted that abused children who had psychotic symptoms would have experienced the trauma earlier in life than those children diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also predicted that children with psychotic symptoms would hail from homes higher in cohesion and family conflict than those children with PTSD. Participants were 40 children, ages 6 to 17, and their mothers. All children were receiving treatment at a community mental health center, and were diagnosed with either posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 20) or a psychotic based disorder (n = 20). Results indicated that children with psychotic disorders experienced trauma earlier than children with PTSD (p < .02). Children with psychotic disorders reported more familial conflict...
Trapping of a novel coenzyme a containing intermediate of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase

Summary By controlling conditions which affect the relative rates of the partial reactions in HMG-CoA synthesis, it has been possible to trap and partially characterize HMG (-SCoA)-S-enzyme, the postulated central intermediate in catalysis. At −25° in 25% ethanol, the breakdown of HMG (-SCoA)-S-enzyme to HMG-SCoA and HS-enzyme is slowed relative to its rate of formation from acetoacetyl-SCoA and acetyl-S-enzyme. Under these conditions label from acetoacetyl-S[3H]CoA or [14C]acetyl-S-enzyme can be trapped in the accumulated intermediate with [14C] activity appearing in the HMG moiety.
Phase and Amplitude Difference between Velocity and Intensity Helioseismic Spectra

An explanation for the phase and amplitude difference between velocity and intensity oscillations of the Sun is provided. The phase difference along the modal lines in the power spectra was originally observed by Deubner and coworkers in 1989. From a simple adiabatic theory of solar oscillations, one expects this phase difference to be 90° for modes below the acoustic cutoff frequency (bound states) and zero for modes above the acoustic cutoff frequency (scattered states). But, surprisingly, from observations, the bound states show a phase difference that is below 90° along modal lines, and the scattered states also show a nonzero phase difference. We compute the phase difference between the velocity and intensity oscillations using medium angular degree data obtained from the Michelson Doppler Imager instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and confirm Deubner's result. We conclude that the unusual phase characteristics of the solar oscillations can be attributed to the fact that a part of the background is correlated to the source responsible for exciting the waves. The idea of the correlated background also explains why the high-frequency modes above the acoustic cutoff frequency are stronger in intensity than in the velocity power spectrum relative to the uncorrelated background, while at frequencies below the acoustic cutoff the velocity power relative to the uncorrelated background is stronger compared to the intensity. In addition, this explains the relative shift of the maxima in the velocity and intensity high-frequency power spectra.
Religious orientation, aging, and blood pressure reactivity to interpersonal and cognitive stressors.

Background: Research on religion and health suggests general health benefits for those who are more religiously involved. Particular aspects of religiosity that may influence this finding, however, have not been sufficiently investigated.Purpose: This study was designed to explore the relationship between religious orientation (intrinsic, extrinsic) and blood pressure reactivity among older (over 60 years) and younger (18–24 years) adults exposed to two qualitatively different laboratory stressors (cognitive, interpersonal).Methods:Participants were categorized as exhibiting either a predominately intrinsic or extrinsic religious orientation based on scores on the Religious Orientation Scale. They were subsequently exposed (in counterbalanced order) to two laboratory stressors that varied in terms of whether an interpersonal confrontation was involved. Measures of blood pressure were obtained at baseline and during stressor presentation.Results: Analyses indicated that older extrinsically religious individuals demonstrated exaggerated reactivity compared to younger participants and older intrinsically religious individuals. Older intrinsically religious participants did not differ from younger persons. Similar results were found for analysis of baseline data. Extrinsic participants had greater reactivity during the interpersonal confrontation condition than did intrinsic individuals.Conclusions: These findings suggest that religious orientation may be an important variable to study regarding cardiovascular reactivity in, particularly, older adults.
Fluoride-catalyzed conversion of acylsilanes to aldehydes and ketones

Abstract Acylsilanes undergo efficient protodesilylation upon treatment with fluoride ion in moist DMSO, HMPT, or THF. The reaction is also catalyzed by methoxide ion in methanol or DMSO, but not by chloride ion or bromide ion. Fluoride-catalyzed desilylation in the presence of alkyl halides, aldehydes, or ketones results in modest yields of the corresponding alkylated products.
On Distinguishing Natural from Cultural Bone in Archaeological Sites

A quantitative method is presented which assists the archaeologist in distinguishing between bones resulting from human activity and those deposited in archaeological contexts by non-cultural means. The assumption is that relatively incomplete carcasses are more likely to have been deposited or disturbed by extra-corporeal activities such as carnivores, raptorial birds, rodents, stream action, or man. This method is illustrated on faunal data from 3 sites in the High Rock county of extreme northwestern Nevada.
Brain cytokines as neuromodulators in cardiovascular control.

Summary 1. The role of cytokines in cardiovascular control, especially in neurogenic hypertension, has received considerable attention during the past few years. Brain cytokines have been shown to exert profound effects on neuronal activity. Recently, a number of studies have shown that administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines or anti-inflammatory cytokines into the central nervous system has a significant impact on sympathetic outflow, arterial pressure and cardiac remodelling in experimental models of hypertension and heart failure. 2. Our objective in this review is to present a succinct account of the effect of cytokines on neuronal activity and their role in cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we propose a hypothesis for a neuromodulatory role of cytokines in the neural control of cardiovascular function.
Disrupting Nicotine Reinforcement

Cigarette smoking is a tenacious addiction that is maintained to a significant extent by the reinforcing effects of nicotine. An emerging theme in smoking cessation treatment is the development of methods for interfering with these reinforcing effects. By attenuating nicotine reinforcement, treatments may enhance a smoker's chances of successfully remaining abstinent. Several treatment approaches will be described, including the use of denicotinized cigarettes, nicotine vaccines, nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists, and modulators of brain reinforcement processes. These techniques highlight the numerous sites along the path between the cigarette and the brain that can be targeted for intervention. In addition to unimodal therapies, treatment combinations will be discussed that might more effectively block cigarette reward and thereby further enhance smoking abstinence.
Bronchial epithelial changes associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung

From 1976 to 1991, 151 cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung were diagnosed by fiberoptic bronchoscopic biopsy at our institution. One hundred twenty-eight of 151 cases provided suitable material for the examination of the morphologic changes in the bronchial surface epithelium. Thirty-seven percent of the cases showed normal bronchial epithelium, 47% showed benign squamous metaplasia, 9% showed atypical squamous metaplasia, and 5% showed squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Immunohistochemical examination for bombesin and epidermal growth factor was performed on selected biopsy specimens. The biopsy specimens chosen for immunohistochemistry included 20 specimens that showed normal bronchial epithelium, 20 specimens with benign squamous metaplasia, 12 specimens with atypical squamous metaplasia, and seven specimens with squamous cell carcinoma in situ. All the specimens showed positive staining with anti-bombesin. With anti-epidermal growth factor 10% of biopsy specimens with normal epithelium showed positive staining. The positive reaction increased from 25% for biopsy specimens with benign squamous metaplasia to 58% for biopsy specimens with atypical squamous metaplasia and to 71% for biopsy specimens with carcinoma in situ. These findings suggest a connection between epidermal growth factor production by small cell carcinoma of the lung cells and changes in the bronchial surface epithelium.
Low-temperature ion mixing of yttrium and silicon

Ion mixing of yttrium and amorphous silicon bilayers was measured as a function of fluence and temperature using 600‐keV Xe++ ions between 80 and 498 K. At 80 K the mixing rate was in excellent agreement with a theoretical model based on thermal spike mixing. For temperatures up to ≊372 K, the temperature‐dependent contributions accounted for less than 50% of the overall mixing rate. For mixing at or above 400 K, our results revealed the formation of an ion‐beam‐induced orthorhombic Y‐Si phase, which is not normally formed during thermal anneals of such bilayers.
Stakeholder participation in international higher education partnerships: results of a survey of two sub-Saharan African universities

In the last few years, foreign institutions have increasingly sought to establish partnerships with African universities. Likewise, African universities have increasingly sought to establish linkages with foreign institutions. Different factors suggest that these partnerships will continue to be a major focus in the future. This study draws from a survey of a random sample of 468 university administrators, academic staff and postgraduate students at two major public universities in Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It estimates the level of participation in international partnership activities and examines factors related to this participation. The study found that 4 in 10 stakeholders at the two institutions had participated in partnership activities, and that participation was a function of awareness of partnership opportunities, the use of technology and stakeholder status.
Monocerin, a Phytotoxin from Exserohilum turcicum (≡ Drechslera turcica)

Infected leaves of the noxious weed johnsongrass were collected in a field with a view to the isolation of toxigenic phytopathogens. Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard et Suggs [≡ Drechslera turcica (Pass.) Subramanian et Jain] was isolated from leaf lesions and grown in a liquid culture to yield the known fungal metabolite monocerin (1). This compound was shown to possess (non-specific) phytotoxic activity. Monocerin inhibited seedling growth both of johnsongrass and, to a lesser extent, cucumber. The phytotoxic nature of this compound has not been described previously. Its activity against leaf tissue of two other species, from different plant families, was also demonstrated.
An Internet vision: the invisible global infrastructure

Abstract This paper takes us on a short journey from traditional desktop computing to the three emerging dimensions of: Nomadicity (the system support needed to provide a rich set of computing and communication capabilities and services to nomads as they move from place to place in a way that is transparent, integrated, convenient and adaptive); embeddedness (small intelligent devices embedded in the physical world and connected to the Internet); and ubiquity (Internet service availability wherever the nomad travels on a global basis). These three dimensions give us a powerful system that supports global access for mobile users interacting with smart spaces. When we add intelligence distributed across this global infrastructure, we form a new “space”, which is the basis of a vision I articulated for the Internet in 1969 and which has yet to be achieved. In that vision, I foresee that the Internet will essentially be an invisible global infrastructure serving as a global nervous system for the peoples and processes of this planet.
Predicted toxicities of aryl alkanols and related compounds

The relative toxicity of selected aryl and/or alkyl alcohols was evaluated in the batch culture Tetrahymena pyriformis population-growth impairment assay. Chemicals evaluated included normal and branched primary alcohols with mono-, bi- or diaromatic substituents as well as aryl-substituted ethers. Log 1-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow) along with previously developed quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for both the non-polar narcosis and polar narcosis mechanism of action were used to predict relative toxicity. Observed and predicted toxicities measured as log IGC50(-1) were compared. All phenols and naphthyl-substituted compounds, as well as the biphenyl methanols, benzhydrols and 1,1-diphenylethanol, model more accurately as polar narcotics. Both monoaromatic- and diaromatic-substituted branched arylalkyl alcohols, as well as monoaromatic ethers, model best as non-polar narcotics. The C1-C6 straight-chain aryl alkanols, as well as 3-phenyl-1-butanol, model intermediately between non-polar and polar narcosis. The triaromatic-substituted alcohol was not toxic at saturation. These findings are consistent with the idea that narcosis, the reversible state of arrested bioactivity, is a series of mechanisms.
career concerns of unemployed u.s. war veterans: suggestions from a cognitive information processing approach

The authors examined U.S. war veterans' career concerns (e.g., interests, personality, barriers, career thoughts) to provide possible avenues for research-based and theory-driven intervention. The veterans who participated in the study were receiving mental health, substance abuse, and vocational services at a residential facility. Participants were found to have interests in all RIASEC (J. L. Holland, B. A. Fritzsche, & A. B. Powell, 1994; J. L. Holland & G. D. Gottfredson, 1994) interest areas, and negative career thinking was found to be related to a variety of negative indicators. Suggestions are provided for working with veterans using the Cognitive Information Processing approach to career decision making.
Determination of the phosphorylation sites of smooth muscle caldesmon by protein kinase C.

Abstract Smooth muscle caldesmon was phosphorylated by protein kinase C up to 1.90 mol P/mol caldesmon. Phosphorylated caldesmon was completely digested by trypsin and the produced phosphopeptides were purified by C-8 and C-18 reverse phase chromatography. Four phosphopeptides were isolated. The amino acid sequences of these peptides were determined and two phosphoserines were identified. Both were localized in the C-terminal domain at serine-587 and serine-726. By following the time course of phosphorylation, serine-587 was found to be the preferred site. Effects of the phosphorylation of caldesmon by protein C on the inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase activity was also examined. While unphosphorylated caldesmon inhibited the ATPase activity by 60%, phosphorylated caldesmon hardly inhibited the ATPase activity. Therefore, it was concluded that the phosphorylation at serine-726 and serine-587 reverses the inhibitory activity of caldesmon.
An experimental study of the Leidenfrost evaporation characteristics of emulsified liquid droplets

Abstract Experimental observations of the evaporation characteristics of water-in-fuel emulsion droplets in film boiling on a hot horizontal surface are reported. Detailed measurements of the temporal variation of equivalent droplet diameter for water-in-heptane and water-in-decane emulsions are made at surface temperatures of 565, 620 and 680 K. Experiments are performed at atmospheric pressure and initial water volume concentrations of 10, 20, 35 and 50%. More qualitative characteristics are observed for emulsions of water in octane, nonane and dodecane. It is found that water/heptane and water/decane emulsions exhibit preferential vaporization such that either the water or hydrocarbon evaporate first (for decane or heptane emulsions, respectively). This result is revealed by an apparent discontinuity in the evolution of equivalent droplet diameter and is explained on the basis of a simple distillation limit model for evaporation. Results also show that the droplet evaporation rate decreases, and the total droplet evaporation time increases, with increasing water content. The initially opaque colored droplets appear to clear up during vaporization for several of the emulsions tested. Coalescence of the internal phase for water/octane and water/dodecane emulsions is also observed. Of the emulsions tested, only the water/heptane emulsions exhibit a disruptive characteristic at the end of the evaporation process.
Rapid, objective measurement of soil color with a tristimulus colorimeter

Abstract The color of 100 soil sanples collected in Florida and Brazil was measured conventionally with Munsell color charts and with a tristimulus colorimeter (Minolta Chroma Meter 200) progranmed to record reflected color in Munsell notation. The instrument‐derived color readings were highly reproducible and more precise than the visual determinations. It appears that the Chroma Meter 200, an instrument usually used for fruit and juice color measurenent, can be used to get objective soil color measurenents, free of individual color perception differences, and with better interpolated values.
Integrating purchasing into strategic management

Abstract The authors argue that a firm's ability to compete successfully in today's environment requires the integration of a sophisticated purchasing function into the strategic management decision making process. Three factors are creating the need for this integration: changes in the supply environment, increasing intensity of competition, and the changing role of the purchasing function.
Translation of cancer immunotherapies

In response to our commentary defining potential barriers to development of novel immunotherapy opportunities, Skipper and colleagues describe a unique cancer immunotherapy consortium developed by the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR) and joined by the Cancer Research Institute (CRI). The LICR-CRI cancer vaccine collaborative (CVC) funds units in roughly 20 institutions. These units participate in a set of coordinated cancer vaccine clinical trials focused on vaccination with a limited number of tumor antigens identified at LICR and evaluates both the generation of antigen-specific immune responses as well as clinical outcomes. As director of both institutes, Dr. Old has marshaled their vast collective resources in a visionary manner to create a multi-institutional mini-Manhattan Project. CVC's funding base allows the organization to circumvent some of the regulatory and 'public-private partnership' barriers outlined in our commentary. However, the LICR-CRI CVC is arguably so unique, it represents the exception that proves the rule.
Innovative on-board instrumentation for EV battery characterization

Abstract The versatile data acquisition system has the following characteristics: Unobtrusive in EV, acquires data unattended, presents EV data immediately useful form, sensors developed for EVs, and cost is about one third of that o
The increasing role of constituencies of a federal public health agency: A case study on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

The Centers for Disease Control has tackled the threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) from many difficult fronts, coordinating its efforts internally, with other agencies and with special interest groups. The agency has responded to public concern about the spread of the disease, recognizing the increasing role of contituencies in carrying out the mission of protecting the public health. CDC must continue to get the message to the public, to answer the fears and change raised by the disease, to combat hysteria, and to change behaviors that promote the transmission of AIDS.
Race, victim precipitated homicide, and the subculture of violence thesis

Abstract The subculture of violence thesis suggests that African Americans are disproportionately likely to respond to minor transgressions with lethal force because of a culturally defined need to protect one’s reputation and a normative aversion to legal forms of dispute resolution. Using data on over 950 non-justifiable homicides from police files, the present study tests this hypothesis by examining race-specific patterns of victim precipitation (i.e., the victim’s role in initiating the homicide). If, as the theory suggests, African Americans are more likely to respond to minor affronts with lethal violence than Whites, then African American homicide incidents should have more victim precipitation, particularly in the form of minor acts of provocation. The results of the current analysis do not support this hypothesis and therefore are inconsistent with the notion that a unique subculture of violence among African Americans explains their disproportionately high levels of homicide victimization and offending.
Estimating service lifetimes in weathering: an optimistic view

Directly correlating lifetime to coating composition by using standardized, artificial exposures, or even natural exposure, is often very difficult. However, significant progress can be made by breaking down the problem into smaller questions, which can be separately addressed. If one understands the physical parameters that affect end-use properties, then one can also group, and thus correlate, properties according to whether they depend on processes at the surface or in the bulk of a coating, or whether they depend on defects. A scheme is presented that shows how one can use knowledge from analytical physical or chemical materials science in a statistical model related to the “chemical paradigm.” Simple physical models that use this information, about the initial state of the coating and its rate of degradation, can be used to compare the performance of coatings and estimate, simply, service lifetime depending on the property of interest, in the environment of interest. One can see that different properties are sensitive in different ways to the degradation process and decay with a different rate. Thus, although properties may be determined by the same degradation process, and location within a coating, they do not correlate directly. These approaches show how to organize our knowledge of degradation processes, and environments, and be able to make some testable predictions on how coating properties deteriorate.
The influence of a novel cyclopropyl antiestrogen (compound 7a) on human breast cancer cells in culture.

Compound 7a ([Z]-1,1,-dichloro-2,3-diphenyl-2-(4-(2-dimethylamino)ethoxy)phenyl) cyclopropane, dihydrogen citrate salt) is a novel cyclopropyl antiestrogen which was shown to be an estrogen antagonist without estrogen agonist activity. The antiproliferative activity of 7a was examined on estrogen receptor (ER)positive MCF-7 and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and A-549 human lung cancer cells. Compound 7a inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells in a dose-related manner over a concentration range of 10−9 to 10−5M, but did not alter the growth of MDA-MB-231 or A-549 cells. The antiproliferative activity of 7a (10−7M) on MCF-7 cells was reversed by co-administration of estradiol (10−8M). An ER-dependent mechanism of action is also supported by the specific ER binding of 7a in MCF-7 cells observed in this study. A study of cell surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that compound 7a at 10−6M reduced the length and density of microvilli (MV) on MCF-7 cells, which was reversed by co-administration of estradiol (10−8M). Compound 7a did not alter the cell surface morphology of ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, 7a inhibited the growth of ER-positive MCF-7 cells in an estradiol-reversible manner, and had no effect on ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells or A-549 lung cancer cells. The results of this study support the antiestrogenic action of 7a previously observedin vivo and suggest that 7a may be highly effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer and/or in the prophylactic treatment of women with a high risk of breast cancer development.
Environmental factors affecting reproductive incompatibility in flour beetles, genus Tribolium.

Abstract This paper reports the effect of high temperatures on the reproductive compatibility of geographic strains of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum . Some geographic strains are reproductively incompatible with other strains owing to a maternally inherited microorganism: Males infected with the microorganism are reproductively incompatible with uninfected females. All other crosses are fertile. Previous reports indicated that infected strains can be cured of the microorganism by culturing the beetles on medium containing tetracycline and that cured males become reproductively compatible. This study reports that raising larvae at high temperatures (37°C) promotes curing. The proportion of individuals cured is a function of sex and the period of exposure to high temperature.
Relations between scatter factor, quality index and attenuation for x-ray beams

The relations between the attenuation factor, the normalized phantom scatter factor and the quality index are examined using a semiempirical formula for the dose on the central axis of an x-ray beam in water. The study is restricted to depths and field sizes sufficient for electron equilibrium. The results are compared with data in the recent literature. It is concluded that for x-ray beams in the energy range 4-25 MV the normalized scatter factors can be calculated from the dose-weighted average linear attenuation coefficient in water, determined from transmission measurements in a narrow-beam geometry or from the quality index.