cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING IN HIGH-K TRANSITION METAL AND LANTHANIDE SERIES RARE EARTH ALTERNATIVE GATE DIELECTRICS: APPLICATIONS TO DIRECT TUNNELING AND DEFECTS AT DIELECTRIC INTERFACES

The primary driving force for the introduction of alternative gate dielectrics in advanced complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices is the dramatic increase in direct tunneling that occurs when the SiO2 physical thickness is reduced to less than 3 nm. For example the direct tunneling current at an oxide bias of 1 V is approximately 10−2 A/cm2 for an oxide physical thickness of 2.0 nm, and increases approximately one order of magnitude for each additional decrease of 0.2 nm thereby placing significant limitations on the performance and reliability of CMOS field effect transistor (FET) devices and integrated circuits (ICs). If the limitations for direct tunneling leakage current are taken to be 1–5 A/cm2 for high performance devices, and <10−2 A/cm2 for mobile and low power devices, tunneling leakage limits SiO2 physical thickness reductions to ∼1–4 to 1.6 nm, and ∼2.0 nm, respectively. Since there is a linear scaling relationship between lateral in-plane device dimensions, and SiO2 physical and equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), these tunneling limitations have important implications for the ultimate decreases in device dimensions, and increases in device integration (1). One obvious solution is to replace SiO2 by alternative gate dielectrics that have higher dielectric constants, k, than the nominal value of ko = 3.9 ± 0.1 for SiO2, thereby increasing the physical thickness of the dielectric by the ratio of dielectric constants, k/ko, without reducing the gate dielectric capacitance, Cox. However, the very large decreases in tunneling currents anticipated by increases in physical thickness alone can be significantly mitigated by decreases in (i) the
Myocardial imaging with intravenously injected thallium-201 in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Analysis of technique and correlation with electrocardiographic, coronary anatomic and ventriculographic findings

Myocardial imaging was performed after intravenous injection of thallium-201 at rest in 50 patients with suspected coronary artery disease and the results were compared with electrocardiographic, ventriculographic and coronary arteriographic findings. The thallium-201 myocardial images were of good quality and compared favorably with images previously obtained with intracoronary particle injection. Myocardial to background ratios averaged 2:1, a considerable improvement over ratios reported with potassium-43. There was complete intra- and interobserver agreement in the interpretation of images in 90 and 82 percent of cases, respectively. Major disagreement occurred in less than 5 percent of cases. Overall, 15 patients (30 percent) had an abnormal, 10 patients (20 percent) a borderline abnormal and 25 patients (50 percent) a normal myocardial image. Of patients with electrocardiographic Q waves, 91 percent had an image defect. Of 39 patients without Q waves, 13 percent had an image defect. All 30 patients with a normal or borderline abnormal thallium-201 image had a normal ventricular contraction pattern. All patients with a segmental ventriculographic abnormality had an image defect. In all cases, the area of electrocardiographic or ventriculographic abnormality corresponded to the area of the thallium-201 image defect. The systolic ejection fraction was depressed (0.49 ± 0.18 [mean ± standard deviation]) in patients with an image defect compared with that in patients with a normal image (0.64 ± 0.06, P Thus, satisfactory myocardial images at rest appear to be obtained with intravenously administered thallium-201 and electrocardiographic, ventriculographic and coronary arteriographic data suggest that image defects denote regions of prior myocardial infarction.
Conversion of laser energy to a strong magnetic field

In this paper a laser-target-coil system is studied to explore the possibility of controlling the conversion of laser energy to a high-strength magnetic field. An analytic self-similar solution to a set of fluid equations is derived in two dimensions for the description of a laser-produced corona expanding rapidly away from the target surface. The self-similar model is then used to study the transport of hot electrons, using a method of particle simulation. A circuit equation is solved to characterize the electrodynamic response of the system to the laterally spreading hot electrons. A millimeter-size megagauss field can be produced in a useful mode if the CO{sub 2} laser beam is focused on the target at intensities {gt} 10{sup 14} W/cm{sup 2}.
Accounting for Trends in the Almost Ideal Demand System

Flexible functional forms of indirect utility and expenditure functions are frequently used in approximating the behavior of utility maximizing consumers to arrive at demand systems that can be easily estimated. A common finding in time series estimations of the Almost Ideal Demand System is strong persistence in the estimated residuals. This paper suggests two explanations for this result. First, the functions used to approximate total expenditure does not allow for the possibility of economic growth. Hence when the data on expenditure have trends, the inadequacy of the approximation results in residuals that are serially correlated. Second, when the economy grows and/or prices trend at different rates, Stone's price index provides a poor approximation to the theoretically appropriate price variable. The consequence is also reflected in the error term. Simulations are used to illustrate these arguments and cointegration is proposed as a guide to model specification.
JMatch: Iterable Abstract Pattern Matching for Java

The JMatch language extends Java with iterable abstract pattern matching, pattern matching that is compatible with the data abstraction features of Java and makes iteration abstractions convenient. JMatch has ML-style deep pattern matching, but patterns can be abstract; they are not tied to algebraic data constructors.A single JMatch method may be used in several modes; modes may share a single implementation as a boolean formula. Modal abstraction simplifies specification and implementation of abstract data types. This paper describes the JMatch language and its implementation.
Mandated Reporting of Child Abuse: Considerations and Guidelines for Mental Health Counselors

Mental health counselors serve as mandated reporters of child abuse. Considerations for practice for clinical mental health counselors when reporting child abuse are reviewed. Issues central to the decision to report are discussed, as well as possible outcomes of the report. The nature of suspecting abuse rather than proving abuse is reviewed, as are resistance to reporting and suggestions for how to counter resistance. Counseling techniques to use in session when abuse is suspected are discussed, as are the clinical implications in the aftermath of a report. Online resources related to child abuse are provided.
Weak-value amplification beyond the standard quantum limit in position measurements

In a weak measurement with postselection, a measurement value, called the weak value, can be amplified beyond the eigenvalues of an observable. However, there are some controversies whether weak-value amplification is practically useful in increasing the sensitivity of the measurement, in which fundamental quantum noise dominates. In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity limit of an optical interferometer when weak-value amplification is implemented, properly accounting for quantum shot noise and radiation-pressure noise. To do so, we formulate weak-value amplification in the Heisenberg picture instead of in the Schrodinger picture, which is conventionally used. This formulation enables us to understand intuitively what happens when the measurement outcome is postselected and the weak value is amplified. As a result, we find that the sensitivity limit is given by the standard quantum limit that is the same as in a standard interferometry. We also discuss a way to circumvent the standard quantum limit.
Bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic trauma surgery

Fracture healing describes the normal post-traumatic physiologic process of bone regeneration. Commonly, this complicated process occurs without interruption, however, certain clinical situations exist that may benefit from the usage of bone healing enhancement agents. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) assist in the process of bone healing by recruiting bone-forming cells to the area of trauma. The usage of BMP currently has two FDA-approved indications: (1) treatment of acute tibial fractures treated with intramedullary fixation and (2) treatment of long bone non-union. Despite this limited scope, off-label BMP usage continues to push the envelope for new applications. Although proven to be clinically successful, BMP use must be balanced with the large costs associated with their application. Regardless, more prospective randomised clinical trials must be conducted to validate and expand the role of BMP in the setting of trauma.
The Editor's Roundtable: Lipid Management Beyond Statins—Reducing Residual Cardiovascular Risk

r. Friedewald receives honoraria from Novartis, E anover, New Jersey. Dr. Ballantyne is a member o peakers bureaus of AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delawa erck, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey; Pfizer, New Y ew York; Reliant Pharmaceuticals, Liberty Corner, N ersey; and Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, New Jersey. allantyne is a consultant for Abbott Laboratories, Ab ark, Illinois; AstraZeneca; Atherogenics, Alpharett eorgia; Merck; Merck/chering-Plough; Novartis; Pfize eliant Pharmaceuticals; Schering-Plough; Sanofi-Syn helabo, Bridgewater, New Jersey; Takeda Pharmaceutica saka, Japan; and GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triang ark, North Carolina. Dr. Ballantyne receives grant esearch support from Abbott Laboratories; ActivBioti exington, Massachusetts; Gene Logic, Gaithersbur aryland; GlaxoSmithKline; Integrated Therapeutics, K ilworth, New Jersey; Merck; Pfizer; Schering-Ploug anofi-Synthelabo; and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Dr. D idson is a member of the speakers bureaus of, is a c ant for, receives grant and research support from, and ember of the advisory boards of Abbott Laborator straZeneca; Daiichi-Sankyo, Parsippany, New Jerse erck; Merck/Schering-Plough; Pfizer; Reliant Pharmace icals; Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Davidson is a mem f the speakers bureaus of diaDexus, South San Franc
Spatial image differentiation using programmable binary optical elements

Spatial differentiation can be performed by imaging an input pattern with a binary optical element consisting of Fresnel lenses having identical focal lengths but different center locations. Each of these lenses forms an image of the object at a different transverse location in the image plane. If the two lenses have a phase shift of π rad, the two images will be subtracted, resulting in an image that is differentiated in the direction of the shifted lens positions. We show experimental results in which the optical element is written onto a programmable magneto-optic spatial light modulator.
Radiosensitivity of Kock ileal reservoir

Purpose: To acquire preliminary information on the radiosensitivity of the Kock ileal reservoir by reviewing acute and late toxicity incurred by nine patients who received pelvic radiotherapy after cystoprostatectomy with lower urinary reconstruction utilizing a Koch ileal reservoir with bilateral uretero-ileal-urethrostomy. Methods and Materials: All patients were irradiated because of synchronous locally advanced prostate cancer (pT3). A fourfield box technique at 100 cm source-axis-distance (SAD) with all fields treated every day at 1.8 Gy daily fractions, to a total dose of 45-50.40 Gy was used. The average AP portal dimension was 11 x 11 cm, and the average lateral was 7 x 8 cm. All portals were shaped using custom shields to optimize protection of normal tissues not suspected of tumor involvement (small bowel, posterior rectal wall). No attempt was made to shield the Kock ileal reservoir. For each patient, comparison of the treatment portals with the Kockgram radiography (gravity cystogram) confirmed the inclusion of the majority of the Kock ileal reservoir within the radiation fields. Acute and late morbidity was measured by RTOG toxicity criteria by retrospectively reviewing the patients' records. Results: Only mild acute toxicity was reported by the patients: Six patients experienced grade 1 acute urinary toxicity and one suffered Grade 2 acute urinary toxicity. In four patients Grade 1 acute gastrointestinal toxicity occurred and in two patients Grade 2 toxicity occurred. With a median follow-up of 50 months late toxicity consisted mainly of microscopic hematuria in six patients and persistent frequency in two patients (with spontaneous improvement respectively at 4 and 6 months after radiation). No patients experienced acute or late Grade 3 or 4 genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity. Conclusion: The use of moderate doses of pelvic radiotherapy (45-50.40 Gy) at standard fractionation was well tolerated among nine patients who received pelvic radiation for invasive prostate cancer detected at the time of cystectomy and Kock ileal reservoir diversion. These preliminary data support the evidence that patients with a Kock ileal reservoir could safely undergo postoperative pelvic radiotherapy in these dose ranges and fractionation.
Thermodynamic analysis of the influence of electric fields on frost formation

Nomenclature = surface area = height of the needle frost = radius of the needle frost = average electric field Et, = electric field at the tip F = Helmholtz free energy / = driving force of sublimation G = Gibbs free energy g = specific Gibbs free energy Kvc = electric field coefficient m — mass p = saturation pressure p* pressure of water vapor near the frost surface R = universal gas constant r(. = critical radius of ice nucleation T — temperature or saturation temperature y = interfacial energy of unit area defined by Eq. (9) £() = dielectric constant A = latent heat p = density X = polarization rate co = specific electric energy
Teicoplanin pharmacokinetics and bioavailability during peritoneal dialysis.

The pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin in serum and dialysate were examined in a crossover study after intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of a 3 mg/kg dose to five anuric patients who were undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Blood and dialysate samples were obtained for 30 and 15 days, respectively, and were assayed microbiologically. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous administration were as follows: total body clearance, 2.76 ± 1.08 ml/min; elimination half-life, 377 ± 109 hours; volume of distribution at steady state, 1.04 ± 0.18 L/kg. Only 9% ± 6% of the intravenous dose was recovered in the dialysate and the net peritoneal clearance was 0.25 ± 0.21 ml/min. Bioavailability values, which were assessed by use of three methods after intraperitoneal administration and while dialysate was retained in the peritoneal cavity for 5 hours (dwell time), were 0.77 ± 0.21, 0.78 ± 0.05, and 0.76 ± 0.08. Changes in bioavailability with dwell time were also examined. A dosing guide, which accounts for changes in bioavailability with dwell time, is presented. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 45, 674–681; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.89
Finite Submodules and Iwasawa μ-Invariants☆

Abstract Given a Z p -extension of number fields K ∞ / K and a G K -module A which is cofree as a Z p -module, we can define a Selmer group S A ( K ∞ ). If A satisfies certain ordinariness conditions, then S A ( K ∞ ) is a cofinitely generated, cotorsion Λ -module. In this paper, we study the effect that finite submodules of A can have on the μ -invariant of S A ( K ∞ ). For each finite submodule α ⊂ A , we use the Galois cohomology of α to define an invariant δ ( α ) which is a lower bound for μ ( S A ( K ∞ ). Then we define an invariant m ( A ) that organizes the information that we get from all of the finite α ⊂ A . These invariants will lead to an elegant way of explaining some previously known examples where the μ -invariant is positive and they will provide us with new kinds of examples where μ is positive.
Class Context and Pension Response to Demographic Structure in Advanced Industrial Democracies

This paper readdresses debates over the competing influence of class power and size of the aged population on pension spending by considering how the corporatist/pluralist dimension of interest representation shapes the effects of age and class. Corporatism, taken as the degree to which officially-designated representatives of class groups are integrated within and organized by the state for mediation in national policy formation, provides the context in which age and class mobilization may influence pension spending. After measuring the degree of corporatism for 18 advanced industrial democracies, we estimate pooled time-series cross-section models for the period 1959-1980 in which dynamic determinants of pension spending vary with corporatist context. The results support the theoretical predictions that (1) the positive effects of age structure on pension spending are diminished by corporatism (and increased with pluralism) and (2) the effect of class variables such as partisan party rule and business profits are increased by corporatism (and decreased by pluralism). This suggests theoretical integration of diverse explanations of pension spending by specifying the context in which each best applies.
Using graphical presentation techniques in closed laboratory exercises (abstract)

The panelists will share their experiences in developing closed laboratory exercises for lower level CS courses with particular emphasis on using graphical presentation techniques as a pedological and motivational tool. The use of interactive animations and visualization is combined with structured support for the student programmer to provide an apprentice style learning environment.Three major threads form the backbone of this curriculum. The first is the use of interactive animations and experimentation programs to introduce and illustrate dynamic processes—e.g. algorithm behavior, or changes in data structures over a period of time. The second thread is the use of graphics in student programs, not only as motivation, but also as a visual feedback and debugging tool. The third thread trying all together is the extensive use of model programs, shell drivers, toolkits, and procedures that encapsulate abstractions. These programming tools support the apprentice style of learning and illustrate good software design and practice throughout the curriculum.
Functional-Adaptive Analysis in Evolutionary Classification

SYNOPSIS. Higher level systematic study can be divided into two parts, namely: (a) the formulation of classificatory and of phylogenetic hypotheses about groups and their testing against taxonomic properties of characters; and (b) the formulation of hypotheses about taxonomic properties of characters and their testing against empirical observations of these features. Thesecond step—character analysis—is most important because it constitutes the actualobjective testing within systematic study and provides the basis for one's conviction in the validity of a particular classification and/or phylogeny. Yet insufficient attention has been given to the methods used in the character analysis phase of systematics. Classifications and phylogenies are historical narrative explanations of the past evolutionary history of organisms. As such they must be based on and tested against the underlying theory of organic evolution. Classifications are not used to test the validity of mechanisms of evolutionary change; rather the reverse is true. For the construction of a classification or of a phylogeny, it matters absolutely how the organisms evolved—the classification and phylogeny depend completely on the accepted mechanisms of evolutionary change, not just on the hypothesis that organic evolution had occurred. Thus, the methods used in the character analysis phase of systematic study must be based on accepted mechanisms of evolutionary change. If the evolutionary change is adaptive, then functional and adaptive analyses form an integral part of the character analysis. Several commonly used methods of character analysis, most importantly that of outgroup comparison, are invalid because they are based on simple circularity, etc. The valid methods available for testing taxonomic properties, e.g. , homology, apomorphy, etc., of characters are poortests in that they have low resolving power, i.e. , poor ability to distinguish between correctand incorrect answers to individual tests. Additional methods must be used to establish a degree of confidence in particular answers of valid tests of low resolving power. A set of valid methods are outlined for testing character hypotheses about homology, apomorphy—plesiomorphy and synapomorphy, and for establishing the degree of confidence in the results of individual tests. Functional-adaptive analyses are a necessary and essential part of the valid methodsused to test and/or establish the degree of confidence in individual results for all hypotheses about taxonomic properties of characters.
On encryption-compression tradeoff of pre/post-filtered images

Advances in network communications have necessitated secure local-storage and transmission of multimedia content. In particular, military networks need to securely store sensitive imagery which at a later stage may be transmitted over bandwidth-constrained wireless networks. This work investigates compression efficiency of JPEG and JPEG 2000 standards for encrypted images. An encryption technique proposed by Kuo et al. in [4] is employed. The technique scrambles the phase spectrum of an image by addition of the phase of an all-pass pre-filter. The post-filter inverts the encryption process, provided the correct pseudo-random filter coefficients are available at the receiver. Additional benefits of pre/post-filter encryption include the prevention of blocking effects and better robustness to channel noise [4]. Since both JPEG and JPEG 2000 exploit spatial and perceptual redundancies for compression, pre/post-filtered (encrypted) images are susceptible to compression inefficiencies. The PSNR difference between the unencrypted and pre/post-filtered images after decompression is determined for various compression rates. Compression efficiency decreases with an increase in compression rate. For JPEG and JPEG 2000 compression rates between 0.5 to 2.5 bpp, the difference in PSNR is negligible. Partial encryption is proposed wherein a subset of image phase coefficients are scrambled. Due to the phase sensitivity of images, even partial scrambling of the phase information results in unintelligible data. The effect of compression on partially encrypted images is observed for various bit-rates. When 25% of image phase coefficients are scrambled, the JPEG and JPEG 2000 compression performance of encrypted images is almost similar to that of unencrypted images for compression rates in the 0.5 to 3.5 bpp range.
Synthesizer Phase Noise Requirements for FSK Microwave Radios

Synthesizer phase noise requirements for FSK microwave radios have been characterized using signal to noise ratio measurement at system level of the radio. Test results show that, close in (less than 10 KHz offset from the carrier frequency) phase noise has little effect to the system?s bit error rate performance. Instead, it is the far away (10 KHz to the Nyquist frequency) phase noise that contributes to the system bit error rate performance.
Report on ACM SIGIR 2006 workshop on evaluating exploratory search systems

Exploratory search systems (ESS) are designed to help users move beyond simply finding information toward using that information to support learning, analysis, and decision-making. The evaluation of the interactive systems designed specifically to help exploratory searchers is a challenging area, worthy of further discussion in the research community. In this article we report on a workshop conducted in conjunction with the ACM SIGIR Conference in Seattle, USA, in August 2006. The workshop involved researchers, academics, and practitioners discussing the formative and summative evaluation of ESS.
Patients fail to fill prescriptions finds study

More than 30% of prescriptions given to primary care patients in Quebec were not filled, according to a large study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, with serious consequences for the patients’ health. Rates of nonadherence were even higher for prescribed drugs for thyroid, heart
Evidence for transverse dependencies in COTR and microbunching in a SASE FEL

Using coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) techniques, we have observed transverse dependencies, which in some aspects relate to the electron beam microbunching in a visible wavelength (540 nm) self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL). The experimental COTR observations include the z-dependent e-beam sizes, the z-dependent angular distributions, and the z-dependent spectra (which show an x-dependence). A 30-40% narrowing of the observed beam size using COTR is explainable by the mechanism's dependence on the square of the number of microbunched particles. However, additional effects are needed to explain beam size reductions by factors of 2-3 at different z locations. Localized e-beam structure in the gun or induced in the bunch compression process may result in microbunching transverse dependence, and hence the observed COTR effects.
Stability Method for Determination of Flurandrenolone in Pharmaceutical Formulations

A method is proposed which combines Florisil column chromatography, and tetrazolium blue reagent. The method describes a solvent system which eliminates the interference of more polar decomposition products such as flurandrenolone desacetonide and possible D-homo isomerization derivatives.
The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy

PREFACE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ACRONMYMS INTRODUCTION 1. Meidated Sovereignty, Monoculture, and Development 2. Politics and Society, 1902-1958 3. Revolution and Radical Nationalism, 1959-1961 4. Revolution and Inclusive Development 5. Politics and Society, 1961-1970 6. Politics and Society, 1971-1986 7. Revolution, Rectification, and Contemporary Socialism 8. The Invisible Crisis: Stability and Change in 1990s Cuba CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
Studies of Electron Transport in Dry and Imbibed Peanut Embryos

The respiration of isolated peanut (Arachis hypogea) embryos has been studied with dry and wet embryos and mitochondria prepared after various times of imbibition. Dry seeds respire slowly, apparently via a respiratory chain which is deficient in cytochrome c. Cytochrome c-deficient mitochondria have been prepared from the embryos up to 16 hours following imbibition. These mitochondria can metabolize reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and succinate, without respiratory control by ADP, but they do phosphorylate. Added cytochrome c increases both respiration and phosphorylation of these embryonic mitochondria. When growth starts, mitochondria appear which are similar to those isolated from other mature plant tissues; they have respiratory control and can actively metabolize succinate, malate, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. These latter mitochondria contain a concentration of cytochrome c comparable to that found in mitochondria isolated from other mature plant tissues. It is suggested that the earliest type of mitochondria may be required to control respiration in the dry and the recently wetted embryo.
NMR in cancer. XI. Application of the NMR malignancy index to human gastro‐intestinal tumors

One hundred two specimens of human gastro-intestinal tissue taken from eighty-seven individuals were inspected by proton magnetic resonance techniques (at 22.5 Megahertz). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique with regard to the diagnosis of malignancy. The combination of two NMR parameters (spin-lattice ((T1) and spin-spin ((T2)) relaxation times) into a malignancy index yielded complete discrimination between the two populations of tissue. The mean and standard deviations obtained were 2.004 +/- 0.342 for normal tissue, and 3.266 +/- 0.642 for malignant specimens. In addition, the NMR technique indicated that histologically normal tissue taken adjacent to the malignancy was pathologically "involved". Analysis of the electrolyte and water content of such tissues confirms this abnormality.
Not Politicians but Sound Businessmen: Norton Company and the Third Reich

The lengthy dispute about the role of big business in Hitler's Third Reich has generally portrayed business leaders either as instigators or as victims. The experience of Norton Company, an American multinational in Germany between 1933 and 1945, fits neither role. In this article, Professor Cheape demonstrates that Norton's German and American managers acted as outsiders compelled to play a part for their firm's long–run self–interest. As a result, Norton executives variously cooperated with, ignored, or violated Nazi policies, presenting a richer and more complex pattern of behavior than is usually pictured.
Isotope geochemistry of Upper Permian early diagenetic calcite concretions: Implications for Late Permian waters and surface temperatures in continental Gondwana

Abstract This paper presents comprehensive geochemical and isotopic studies on calcite concretions from Upper Permian freshwater continental deposits that were laid down at ≈55°S in the interior of southern Gondwana. The shales hosting the concretions are partially bioturbated and calcareous. The concretions are predominantly spheroidal and contain abundant septarian cracks. The maximum content of cement carbonate in concretion matrix varies from 65% at the centre to 15% at the edges. Ostracod remains are exclusively preserved within the concretions. Septarian calcite occurs in dull and bright bands, with three distinct generations of vein-fills: brown, euhedral calcite with saw-tooth habit; coarse fibrous white calcite, and minor fibrous white calcite with sutured termination at the centre of the veins. Early-formed cement both in concretions and septarian veins is magnesium-rich whereas, later-formed carbonates are pure calcite. Carbon- and oxygen-isotope ratios (PDB) of the carbonates are as follows: host shales, ∂ 13 C = −4.363 to 0.777‰ , ∂ 18 O = −12.732 to −17.118‰ ; concretion cements, ∂ 13 C = +0.256 to −5.378‰ , ∂ 18 O = −9.882 to −9.336‰ ; and vein-fills, ∂ 13 C = −7.053 to +1.094‰ , ∂ 18 O = −8.280 to −18.241‰ . 13 C and 18 O ratios are depleted from the centre of concretions to the periphery, as well as from the centre of veins to the tip. Near-surface cementation as suggested by textural evidence and maximum burial temperatures of 50–70°C established from organic matter and clay mineral composition allow independent estimates of surface palaeotemperatures from 18 O ratios. ∂ 18 O in the range of −12.636‰ to −8.989 SMOW is derived for the meteoric palaeowaters, from which average annual surface temperatures of 5–8°C is inferred. ∂ 18 O of early-formed cements also yields a mean annual surface temperature of 2–6°C. Considering the continentality of the palaeolatitudes of northern Malawi during the Late Permian, we contend that mean annual surface palaeotemperatures may have been as high as 10°C, similar to those found in modern continental temperate climates. This is the first independent palaeotemperature data from the interiors of southern Gondwana.
Imaging of psoas muscle abscess in adolescents with Crohn's disease.

• Two adolescents with psoas muscle abscesses secondary to Crohn's disease are presented. Musculoskeletal signs of hip flexion and scoliosis led to early clinical suspicion. Computed tomography and ultrasonography demonstrated the extent of involvement and allowed specific preoperative diagnosis. ( AJDC 1985;139:1223-1225)
PreColumbian agriculture and forest disturbance in Costa Rica: palaeoecological evidence from two lowland rainforest lakes

Les prelevements de sediments lacustres provenant de Laguna Bonilla et Laguna Bonillita fournissent quelques-uns des premiers temoins d'impacts humains prehistoriques sur les forets tropicales humides des plaines du Costa Rica. Les sediments de Bonillita documentent un habitat permanent sur les rives des lacs avant 2560 BP, environ 600 ans plus tot que les evaluations issues des donnees archeologiques. Les pollens de Zea et les fragments de charbon de bois issus des prelevements des deux lacs indiquent une strategie de subsistance incluant la culture du mais et l'utilisation du feu. Un important declin des pollens de Myrsine vers 1300 BP indique une eradication locale de cette plante ligneuse, resultant probablement d'un defrichement et/ou de l'utilisation de cette plante pour la construction
Complete electro-optic formalism using the nonlinear optical wave equation description and some resultant new device approaches

The Jacobi Anger expression that arises out of tone modulation of an electro-optic device is a successful model which is derived assuming sinusoidal phase modulation of a lossless and phase matched modulator. The expressions are equation While the accuracy of the model is not a problem under the right conditions, we propose that deeper understanding of this expression can lead to novel modulator design and use. The starting point is to note that the electro-optic effect in nonlinear optical textbooks is usually a DC field nonlinear optical interaction [ref. 1], and that others have used a wave (Maxwell's) equation description of the EO effect [ref. 2–5], however there has not been presented a connection between the common analysis to the expressions in equation (1) to our knowledge. In fact many commonly used analysis are incomplete descriptions. The main reason for this gap is that nonlinear cascading is almost always neglected, and nonlinear cascading is what gives rise to multiple order sidebands. Secondly, few engineering and physics researchers discuss the electro-optic effect in terms of its full nonlinear optical description, which is simultaneous sum and difference frequency generation.
Cytokines and Cardiac Contractile Function

A working understanding of the molecular and cell biology of inflammatory cytokines is of growing importance to both cardiovascular scientists and practicing clinicians. Accumulating evidence indicates that these locally acting polypeptide mediators, or “autacoids,” play a role not only in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and in the cardiac dysfunction that accompanies systemic sepsis, viral myocarditis, and cardiac allograft rejection but also in advanced heart failure syndromes resulting from diverse pathogenic insults. (“Autacoid” is derived from the Greek words autos [“self”] and akos [“remedy”]; autacoids are locally acting, biologically active agents [both peptides and nonpeptides] that are distinct from neurotransmitters and hormones in the circulation.1 ) More than 25 years ago, Lefer and Rovetto2 reported that the sera of septic patients and experimental animals contained a “myocardial depressant factor,” the molecular nature of which has eluded definitive identification in the intervening years. During the past decade, Parrillo and colleagues3 4 used intact animals and in vitro isolated heart cell preparations to systematically investigate the factors that contribute to myocardial depression in systemic sepsis (ie, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome) and concluded that TNF-α and IL-1β were shown to be present in the sera of septic patients and are responsible for most, if not all, of the reversible cardiac depression often seen with this syndrome. These data are consistent with earlier reports (reviewed in Levine et al5 ) that soluble inflammatory mediators in medium conditioned by activated immunocytes altered the contractile responsiveness of beating cardiac muscle cells to β-adrenergic agonists, an effect that could be mimicked in this in vitro preparation by recombinant TNF-α or IL-1β. Interest in these findings has been amplified by reports of elevated circulating as well as intracardiac TNF-α levels in patients with heart failure.6 7 8 9 10 Systemic infusions of one …
Silver-indium phase diagram and its applications to electronic packaging

In this paper, we will review the silver-indium (Ag-In) phase diagram and explores its unique features that enable the development of new bonding processes for electronic packaging. Its melting range covers 156°C to 952°C, from In melting point to Ag melting point. It consists of three intermetallic compounds (IMC), AgIn 2 , and Ag 2 In, and Ag 3 In, and a solid solution (Ag). Our experimental results do not show the Ag 3 In compound. In a Ag-rich joint design, only Ag 2 In and (Ag) show up. By further annealing at 250°C for 350 hours or 400°C for 5 hours, Ag 2 In converts to (Ag) by reacting with Ag. With the proper structure to begin with, a joint can be made at 180°C that contains only Ag 2 In and (Ag), achieving a melting temperature of 600°C. Annealing to convert Ag 2 In to (Ag) will increase the melting to higher than 800°C. Accordingly, various processes can be designed and developed for different packaging applications ranging from automotive electronics, high temperature electronics, and oil exploration.
Semantic approach to event processing

Various approaches have been taken towards modelling and definition of event processing systems, the dominant ones being: using rules, using SQL extensions, and using scripts. Yet, there are some semantic structures that are expressed by all of them, providing the opportunity to raise the level of abstraction and create semantic model of event processing. This talk will describe the major different types of event processing from the point of view of the role it plays in computing, describe some common design patterns, and then describe the idea of the semantic approach to event processing, the semantic abstractions that are required in order to achieve it, and its possible automatic mappings to various implementations. The concepts will be demonstrated by a comprehensive example.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE : V. THE RELATION OF PNEUMONIC LUNG PROTEASE ACTIVITY TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION, AND A CONSIDERATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE ENZYME.

1. Washed cellular suspensions of pneumonic lungs, previously preserved with chloroform and toluene, contain a protease or proteolytic ferment, derived chiefly from the leucocytes of the exudate. 2. This protease is able to convert horse fibrin to a non-coagulable split product. In a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 the digestion is slight at the most acid end. With decrease in acidity there is a gradual rise in activity to pH 6.0, and then a sharp increase up to the maximum digestion at pH 8.0. Judging from the amino nitrogen determinations, the most complete splitting occurs at pH 7.0. The degree of autolysis occurring in the pneumonic lung cellular suspension controls suggests that the active enzyme is identical with that causing the digestion of the fibrin. 3. Washed cellular suspensions of normal lungs, previously preserved with chloroform and toluene, contain a proteolytic enzyme which is active in a moderately acid medium (pH 4.0) and essentially inactive in less acid, neutral, and slightly alkaline media.
Damage Classification using Adaboost Machine Learning for Structural Health Monitoring

In metallic structures, the first and second most frequent damages incurred are generally cracks and corrosions. Correct damage classification for these two damages is important since their phases can be developed with dissimilar patterns. In this research, damage classification using the Adaboost machine learning algorithm is investigated. To accomplish this, the physical differences of the two types of damages are defined and the most appropriate excitation signal is also determined. Various time-frequency methods are examined with the sensed damage signals to obtain a suitable signal processing method for damage classification. Among the methods examined, the spectrogram is chosen since it provides reliable results for these types of damages. With these results, the damage classification is performed through the Adaboost machine learning algorithm. The training samples for the algorithm are obtained from a finite element tool and experiments are also performed to get the testing samples. The analysis results show that correct damage classification is feasible using time-frequency representations and the Adaboost machine learning algorithm.
Bridging Adhesion of Mussel-Inspired Peptides: Role of Charge, Chain Length, and Surface Type

The 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa)-containing proteins of marine mussels provide attractive design paradigms for engineering synthetic polymers that can serve as high performance wet adhesives and coatings. Although the role of Dopa in promoting adhesion between mussels and various substrates has been carefully studied, the context by which Dopa mediates a bridging or nonbridging macromolecular adhesion to surfaces is not understood. The distinction is an important one both for a mechanistic appreciation of bioadhesion and for an intelligent translation of bioadhesive concepts to engineered systems. On the basis of mussel foot protein-5 (Mfp-5; length 75 res), we designed three short, simplified peptides (15–17 res) and one relatively long peptide (30 res) into which Dopa was enzymatically incorporated. Peptide adhesion was tested using a surface forces apparatus. Our results show that the short peptides are capable of weak bridging adhesion between two mica surfaces, but this adhesion contrasts with t...
Thermodynamic-Analysis-Based Design and Operation for Boil-Off Gas Flare Minimization at LNG Receiving Terminals

The LNG (liquefied natural gas) receiving terminal is an important component of the entire LNG value chain. The handling of unloading BOG (boil-off gas) during LNG regasification at LNG receiving terminals significantly influences the BOG flare emission and energy consumption. In this work, thermodynamic-analysis-based design and operations are simultaneously considered to recover BOG with the minimum total energy consumption, a goal of which is to provide a cost-effective flare minimization strategy at LNG receiving terminals. A rigorous simulation-based optimization model and its solution algorithm are developed based on an LNG regasification superstructure. Case studies are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed methodology. The presented general optimization model and thermodynamic analysis also provide fundamental understandings of the LNG regasification process that are valuable for industrial applications.
Garbage collection in generic libraries

This paper demonstrates a unified and garbage-collector independent way to describe the information required for precise collection. Thereby it is possible to construct, a library that can be used with various garbage collectors, without modifying the code of the library or the collector itself. The library design presented applies the adaptor idiom of generic programming which guarantees no overhead incurred if the library is used with manual allocators or with garbage collectors that do not require programmer cooperation. As an illustration of our approach we provide sample adaptors for Bartlett's and CMM primary collectors. We also show that the Standard Template Library (STL) can be easily modified to become garbage-collector aware.
Remarks on "Comments on 'An Algorithm for Synthesis of Multiple-Output Combinational Logic'"

In the November 1968 issue of this TRANSACTIONS, the author's paper "Automatic packaging of computer circuitry,"1was referenced in the short note, "Comments on 'An Algorithm for Synthesis of Multiple-Output Combination Logic'," by E. S. Davidson and G. Metze.2This reference might give the impression that the paper gives a procedure for packaging logic on functionally packaged circuits. This is not the case.
Embryology of Chaoborus-induced spines in Daphnia pulex

Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera) embryos were found to be sensitive to a chemical cue (kairomone) in an extract of the predator Chaoborus americanus (Insecta:Diptera). Sensitivity of embryos to the kairomone remains throughout embryonic development. Apparently declining sensitivity as development proceeds may be due to the amount of time the embryos are exposed to the kairomone. Male embryos were also found to be sensitive to the kairomone. The smallest eggs within a brood produced small offspring, which showed the antipredator morphology to a significantly lower degree than largest eggs. The production of the neckteeth is described, at the developmental stage in the maturation of the Daphnia coinciding approximately with the escape of the embryos from the brood chamber.
The Second Chromophore in Drosophila Photolyase/Cryptochrome Family Photoreceptors

The photolyase/cryptochrome family of proteins are FAD-containing flavoproteins which carry out blue-light-dependent functions including DNA repair, plant growth and development, and regulation of the circadian clock. In addition to FAD, many members of the family contain a second chromophore which functions as a photoantenna, harvesting light and transferring the excitation energy to FAD and thus increasing the efficiency of the system. The second chromophore is methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) in most photolyases characterized to date and FAD, FMN, or 5-deazariboflavin in others. To date, no second chromophore has been identified in cryptochromes. Drosophila contains three members of the cryptochrome/photolyase family: cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase, (6–4) photoproduct photolyase, and cryptochrome. We developed an expression system capable of incorporating all known second chromophores into the cognate cryptochrome/photolyase family members. Using this system, we demonstrate that Drosophil...
A review of PHEV grid impacts

This paper is a literary review of the benefits and barriers of PHEV deployment in the U.S., along with the proposed solutions to the setbacks that may occur. The review aims at identifying the energy requirements of PHEVs, the impact of PHEVs on the grid, and solutions to the shortcomings of the electrical grid, such as vehicle to grid and smart grids.
Causes of finished goods inventory imbalances in industrial firms that utilize a channel of distribution: a structural equation approach

Abstract Frequently manufacturers of industrial products sold through a channel of distribution maintain large finished goods inventories. On the average, these inventories amount to 23% of a firm's current assets. The situation can also be expressed as an average one month supply of product available for sale. This may understate the problem. Some firms have as much as 52% of their current assets invested in finished goods inventory. In the firm studied here, the average inventory was 37% of current assets and a related three months of supply. But some items had as many as several hundred months of supply. But some items had as many as several hundred months worth of inventory on hand. The research reported here hypothesizes two structural equation models in order more clearly to understand the causes of finished goods inventory imbalances. The model is tested and coefficients are estimated based on actual conditions prevailing at a large Fortune 500 firm.