cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Principles for Preoperative Planning and Microsurgical Treatment of Pediatric Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Children with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are at cumulative, life-long risk of debilitating and fatal intracranial hemorrhage, especially with syndromes such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Cerebral angiography is the gold standard for diagnosis and allows simultaneous adjunctive embolization limiting radiation and contrast exposure and intraoperative blood loss, important in pediatric patients with low blood volume. Microsurgical resection of low-grade AVMs offers cure with minimal morbidity. The plasticity of the pediatric brain may allow resection of AVMs near eloquent regions. Multidisciplinary care offers the best outcomes in these cases. Discussion of the operative plan with all team members at the start of surgery is carried out. Confirmation that blood products are present and that the microscope, additional suction, and surgical clips are available is performed. A generous craniotomy is created, adequately exposing the lesion. The dura is carefully opened to avoid injury to draining veins. Circumferential dissection and isolation of the AVM is performed, coagulating small arterial feeders, dissecting to the lesion's apex to coagulate, and divide major deep feeders. Once all feeders have been obliterated, venous drainage is disconnected. Indocyanine green distinguishes arterial feeders from arterialized veins and confirms complete resection. Since 2008, all of our patients undergo perioperative angiography in our dedicated suite, greatly improving resection rates. Strict blood pressure control and close neurological monitoring in the intensive care unit is performed postoperatively. In conclusion, microsurgical resection of AVMs can be performed safely with low rates of morbidity. Protocols for preoperative evaluation and planning appear to improve outcomes. Anonymous video is permitted when done without identifying patient related information.
Performance and Results from the Juno Microwave Radiometer

Juno is a New Frontiers mission to study Jupiter and carries as one of its payloads a six-frequency microwave radiometer to perform atmospheric sounding of the Jovian atmosphere to pressures of approximately 250 bars [1]. Juno was launched from Kennedy Space Center on August 5, 2011 and reached Jupiter orbit on July 4, 2016. The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) operates from 600 MHz to 22 GHz and was designed and built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Because the mission is operating in the harsh Jovian radiation environment, it required an ambitious radiometer design that pushed the limits for an internally calibrated radiometer. The MWR uses noise diodes and a PIN-diode Dicke switch located inside the receiver. Typically, internally calibrated radiometers are designed to minimize the loss and the temperature gradient between the antenna and the noise calibration sources. However, for the MWR, the receivers with the calibration sources needed to reside inside a centralized radiation vault and the large antennas were up to 1.5m away on the outward facing side of the spacecraft. Producing calibrated antenna temperatures requires a correction for up to 3dB of front-end loss with a 150K temperature gradient. In other words, 50% of the received signal at the internal calibration plane originates in the front-end of the radiometer. Additionally, the MWR is operating on a spacecraft rotating through the strong Jovian magnetic field, requiring targeted magnetic shielding of the ferrite isolator inside the receiver.
Intravenous infusion of iPSC-derived neural progenitors expressing GCase ameliorates alpha-synuclein aggregates in a mouse model of Gaucher disease

Mutations in GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal acid beta-glucosidase (GCase), cause GCase deficiency in Gaucher disease (GD) and is the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). There are no effective treatments available for neuronopathic GD and PD that can stop or slow neurodegeneration. In this study, we evaluated a novel non-invasive cell transplantation therapy in a GD mouse model (9H/PS-NA) exhibiting alpha-synuclein aggregation, a key PD-relevant phenotype. A subclass of iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) expresses VLA4 which allows systemically-delivered NPCs to cross the blood-brain-barrier. We established VLA4+ mouse iPSC-derived NPCs harboring lentiviral-mediated overexpression of wild-type human GCase (hGCase). In-vitro, VLA4+ hGCase+ NPCs were expandable without loss of multipotency and secreted GCase which was taken up by lysosomes of adjacent Gba1-null cells. In-vivo efficacy was evaluated in 9H/PS-NA mice. VLA4+ hGCase+ NPCs were intravenously administered by weekly tail-vein injection and mice were analyzed at 14 weeks of age for effects on neuropathic and PD phenotypes. Injected cells engrafted throughout the brain, including thalamus, cortex, brainstem and midbrain, and differentiated into neural lineages. Human GCase protein was detected in the transplanted mouse brains with specific anti-human GCase antibody. Histological analyses of brain sections showed reduced neurodegeneration by Fluoro-Jade C staining in the regions of NPC migration. CNS inflammation, detected by anti-CD68 and anti-GFAP antibodies, was significantly decreased in the brain of transplanted mice. Compared to vehicle treated mice, VLA4+ hGCase+ NPC-transplanted mice showed ~50% reduction of α-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra. Together, these results demonstrate the efficacy of non-invasive delivery of iPSC-derived NPCs overexpressing hGCase in GD mouse model and establish the feasibility of combined cell and gene therapy for GBA1-associated PD. This approach provides a potential treatment for both rare and common neurological diseases.
Finding Understudied Disorders Potentially Associated with Maternal Morbidity and Mortality.

Objective Clinical research literature focuses primarily on the most common causes of maternal morbidity and mortality (MMM). We explore sections of the discharge summaries of pregnant or postpartum women admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) to identify associated disorders and mine the literature to identify knowledge gaps in clinical research. Methods Data for the study were discharge summaries in the MIMIC (Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care) database. We extracted a control cohort to study if there is a difference in comorbidities between pregnant and not pregnant patients with similar reasons for admission. We identified comorbidities of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) semantic types disease or syndrome, Mental or behavioral dysfunction, and injury, or poisoning. We used Entrez programming utilities (E-utilities) to query PubMed®. Results We identified 246 pregnant and postpartum patients. A control group of 587 not pregnancy related admissions matched on age and admit diagnosis. We found overlap of 24.3% discharge diagnoses between the two groups, and 7.5% of the codes exclusively in the pregnancy group. We identified 33 disease mentions not included in the most common reported causes of MMM. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that clinical text provides additional comorbidities associated with maternal complications that need further clinical research.
External Assessment of EUROMACS Right-Sided Heart Failure Risk Score

Purpose The EUROMACS Right-Sided Heart Failure Risk Score was developed to predict right ventricular failure (RVF) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement. The performance of this model outside the derivation cohort has not been tested. Methods EUROMACS Right-Sided Heart Failure Risk Scores were calculated and assessed as predictors of post-operative RVF in a single center continuous flow (CF) LVAD cohort (n=451). Only patients with complete data for risk score calculation and RVF determination were included in the analysis (n = 254). RVF was defined as RVAD within 30 days, continuous inotropic support ≥ 14 days, or inhaled pulmonary vasodilatory use for > 48 hours after LVAD implantation. Results Thirty-nine percent of patients (100/254) had post-operative RVF, however only 9% (23/254) required prolonged inotropic support and 5% (12/254) required RVAD placement. Development of RVF after LVAD was associated with a 45% increase the hazards rate of death on LVAD support (HR 1.45, 95 % CI 0.98-2.2, p =0.066), however this was not statistically significant. The increase in mortality associated with RVF was largely driven by patients who required RVAD support (HR 4.6, 95 % CI 2.3- 9.1, p Conclusion The EUROMACS Right-Sided Heart Failure Risk Score had poor discrimination in this LVAD dataset. These findings further emphasize the difficulty of predicting RVF after LVAD placement. Further work is required to enhance our understanding pre- LVAD right ventricular physiology and to accurately risk stratify patients.
Enhancing the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Model for Community Food Access Mapping: Case of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

In this article, a Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) model is applied to evaluate the geographical accessibility to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-authorized...
Whose Park is it Anyway? Americans’ Access to, Use of, and Perceived Benefits from Local Park and Recreation Services in 1992 and 2015

Local park and recreation agencies provide facilities and programming across a range of service areas, often at little or no direct cost to users. Although a large body of research concerns the potential benefits of these services, it is largely in the context of specific localities, and very rarely have the approximately 9,000 park and recreation agencies nationwide been conceptualized as part of a larger system. To address this gap, in 1992 the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) commissioned a nationwide study to assess Americans’ usage of and perceptions of benefits provided by these services. Results indicated that a majority of respondents lived in walking distance to a park or playground, utilized these services, and perceived personal, household, and community benefits. Much has occurred in the intervening decades that may impact the delivery of these services, including considerable shifts in the American demographic makeup. Whereas the population was more than 75% non-Hispanic White at the time of the original survey, that figure has since fallen to below 64%, and by 2055 the United States is projected to be a majority-minority nation. To remain relevant in the face of such changes, and to remain true to their core values of equity and inclusion, local park and recreation services must provide benefits broadly across racial and ethnic groups. In this study we present results from a follow-up survey conducted in 2015 using the same items and methods as the 1992 study. In keeping with the focus of this special issue, we specifically address questions of distributional justice in park and recreation services according to differences in race or ethnicity. The results we present suggest that racial/ethnic discrepancies in terms of access to, use of, and perceived benefits from local park and recreation services have emerged over time. Compared to their White counterparts, other non-White respondents were less likely to report walking access to parks, while Black respondents were less likely to report usage of, and perceived personal and household benefits from, park and recreation services. Conversely, Hispanic respondents were more likely to report household usage of, and perceived household benefits from, park and recreation services. Although a majority of Americans still report using and benefitting from these services, these results suggest that local park and recreation services are increasingly falling short of their goal to benefit all stakeholders equally. Implications for local park and recreation services, and future research directions, are discussed. Subscribe to JPRA
Nonadiabatic Ultracold Quantum Reactive Scattering of Hydrogen with Vibrationally Excited HD(v = 5─9)

The results from electronically non-adiabatic and adiabatic quantum reactive scattering calculations are presented for the H + HD(v = 5–9) → H + HD(v′, j′) reaction at ultracold collision energies ...
Anatomy of the Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve, Revisited.

Purpose To describe the branching pattern of the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve (PABCN) and to corroborate measurements and observations reported by previous authors. Methods Using 28 fresh-frozen cadaver specimens, we dissected the PABCN from its origin from the radial nerve to its terminal arborization in the distal forearm. Measurements relative to the lateral humeral epicondyle were recorded. The course of the nerve over the muscles of the mobile wad and its branching pattern in the proximal forearm were noted. Results The PABCN originated from the radial nerve at a mean of 14.2 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle. The fascial hiatus through which the PABCN emerged to become superficial was a mean of 8.2 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle. All specimens had at least 1 longitudinal branch that passed a mean of 2.8 cm anterior to the lateral epicondyle. Thirty-two percent of specimens had a lesser proximal branch in the distal third of the lateral arm; 86% had an epicondylar branch to the lateral epicondyle; and 21% had a second longitudinal branch. Ninety-three percent had a longitudinal branch coursing over the interval between the brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus in the proximal forearm. Conclusions After becoming superficial in the distal brachium, the PABCN typically gives off a discrete epicondylar branch and then continues distally in the forearm as 1 or 2 longitudinal branches. In addition, in the proximal third of the forearm, a consistent longitudinal branch of the PABCN courses over the interval between the brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus. This review confirms previous observations of the PABCN. Clinical relevance Knowledge of the course of the PABCN will assist surgeons in identifying and avoiding injury in clinical situations such as plating the proximal radius or releasing the radial tunnel.
The effect of oral hydrolyzed eggshell membrane on the appearance of hair, skin, and nails in healthy middle-aged adults: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background Many over the counter and consumer packaged goods are promoted to enhance the appearance of hair, skin, and nails for the consumer. Nutrition is a major factor in affecting the health and appearance of hair, skin, and nails. In addition to how one eats, dietary supplementation may play a role in overall health and in the physical appearance. Aims It was the aim of this study to objectively and subjectively evaluate the impacts of a nutritional intervention as compared to placebo on the appearances of hair, skin, and nails in healthy middle-aged adults. Methods Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study with 88 subjects randomized evenly to Study Product (BiovaBio™ 450 mg/d, n = 44) or Placebo (n = 44) for 12-weeks. Outcome tests included TrichoScan HD (hair), Canfield Visia® -CR (skin), modified FACE-Q (skin), and anchored Likert Scales (nails). Results Oral hydrolyzed eggshell membrane ingestion was associated with a significant improvement in facial skin appearance in crow's feet in 4 weeks and skin tone in 8 weeks, with significant impact on hair thickness, reduction in hair breakage and improvement in hair growth at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. There were no observed subjective improvements for nails (appearance, strength or growth). Conclusions Oral supplementation of 450 mg/d hydrolyzed eggshell membrane for 12 weeks is associated with improvement in the appearance of facial skin and hair.
Pediatricians need to be aware of H7N9 avian influenza

In March 2013,human cases of infection with the H7N9 avian influenza virus were reported in Shanghai and other places of China.This article highlights the background of human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza virus,the biological characteristics,epidemiology and pathogenesis,the clinical features,prevention and treatment of H7N9 avian influenza.In all,Pediatricians need to be aware of H7N9 avian influenza. Key words: H7N9 avian influenza virus; Children
Cellular complexity in brain organoids: Current progress and unsolved issues

Brain organoids are three-dimensional neural aggregates derived from pluripotent stem cells through self-organization and recapitulate architectural and cellular aspects of certain brain regions. Brain organoids are currently a highly exciting area of research that includes the study of human brain development, function, and dysfunction in unprecedented ways. In this Review, we discuss recent discoveries related to the generation of brain organoids that resemble diverse brain regions. We provide an overview of the strategies to complement these primarily neuroectodermal models with cell types of non-neuronal origin, such as vasculature and immune cells. Recent transplantation approaches aiming to achieve higher cellular complexity and long-term survival of these models will then be discussed. We conclude by highlighting unresolved key questions and future directions in this exciting area of human brain organogenesis.
Parenting profiles of academic and racial socialization: Associations with academic engagement and academic self-beliefs of African American adolescents

Abstract In addition to being involved and encouraging their youth academically, many African American caregivers also employ socialization practices that prepare their adolescents for entering into a school system where they will be an ethnic minority or be taught by predominantly non-minority educators. The purpose of the current investigation was to fill existing gaps in the literature by examining two dimensions of parental socialization practices: academic socialization (parent school involvement and academic encouragement) and racial socialization (cultural pride, preparation for bias, and egalitarian messages). Additionally, this study examined how the identified profiles are associated with African American adolescents' academic outcomes (academic engagement and academic self-beliefs). A latent profile analysis was utilized to analyze data on 140 African American adolescent participants (M = 12.4; SD = 1.13; 56% female). Profiles that were identified included (a) academic socializers, (b) low race salient socializers, (c) preparation for bias socializers, (d) unengaged socializers, (e) multifaceted socializers, and (f) race salient socializers. Although there was no demographic (age, gender, SES) variation in profile membership, there were some differences in academic engagement and adolescents' academic-self beliefs. Findings highlight the importance of examining how academic and racial socialization work together and their association with adolescents' academic outcomes. Implications are discussed for school psychologists and educators.
Neural Network Approximations of Compositional Functions With Applications to Dynamical Systems.

As demonstrated in many areas of real-life applications, neural networks have the capability of dealing with high dimensional data. In the fields of optimal control and dynamical systems, the same capability was studied and verified in many published results in recent years. Towards the goal of revealing the underlying reason why neural networks are capable of solving some high dimensional problems, we develop an algebraic framework and an approximation theory for compositional functions and their neural network approximations. The theoretical foundation is developed in a way so that it supports the error analysis for not only functions as input-output relations, but also numerical algorithms. This capability is critical because it enables the analysis of approximation errors for problems for which analytic solutions are not available, such as differential equations and optimal control. We identify a set of key features of compositional functions and the relationship between the features and the complexity of neural networks. In addition to function approximations, we prove several formulae of error upper bounds for neural networks that approximate the solutions to differential equations, optimization, and optimal control.
Non-Dimensional Feature Engineering and Data-Driven Modeling for Microchannel Reactor Control

Abstract Catalytic plate microchannel reactors (CPRs) are a promising means for modular hydrogen/fuels production from distributed natural gas resources. However, the equipment miniaturization presents challenges for process control, including spatially-distributed models, limited availability of measurements, and fast process time constants. In the present paper, we investigate the use of data-driven models—specifically, artificial neural networks (ANNs)—to estimate temperature “hotspots” within CPRs. We prescribe nonlinear transformations of the model inputs in the form of well-known dimensionless quantities (e.g., Reynolds number), and we show that these engineered features can improve the prediction capability of computationally parsimonious ANNs using a first-principles reactor model. Finally, we present a simulation case study that demonstrates the use of a trained ANN for inferential model predictive control.
All Roads Lead to Rome: A Jurisprudential Genealogy of Feminism, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and International Criminal Law

Sexual and gender-based violence is prevalent in armed conflicts throughout all corners of the world. The elevation-and recognition-of sexual and gender-based violence as violence qua violence is an arduous and continual struggle. Although international humanitarian and human rights law purports to proscribe sexual and gender-based violence, the language of the law often minimizes the gravity of this violence and fails to hold perpetrators accountable. This Article argues that to elevate sexual and gender-based violence crimes in the international humanitarian and criminal law hierarchy, there must be a radical reconceptualization of gender under international law. But, in order to envision the future of sexual and gender-based violence prosecutions, it is imperative to critically examine its past. At its heart, this Article is a jurisprudential genealogy that traces the development of international feminist activism, culminating in the Women's Caucus for Gender Justice's language negotiations of the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court. The Caucus sought to institutionalize legal language from archaic heteropatriarchal norms that classify sexual and gender-based violence as chiefly a harm to honor in favor of language that emphasizes the gravity of the violence itself and actual individualized harm inflicted on victims. This Article further contends that the Caucus uniquely benefitted from the human rights wave of the 1990s and the fortuitous confluence of gender mainstreaming, international criminal tribunals, and the Rome Conference itself. A critical examination of the successes and defeats of the Caucus provides a window into the Rome Statute's inadequate conceptual dealings with gender and illuminates a way forward to recognizing sexual and gender-based violence as violence qua violence.
Loneliness, Burnout, and Other Types of Emotional Distress Among Family Medicine Physicians: Results From a National Survey.

PURPOSE This study assessed the prevalence of loneliness, burnout, and depressive symptoms from a national sample of family medicine physicians. DISCUSSION We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 401 physicians who were members of the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and AAFP National Research Network between December 7, 2019, and January 20, 2020. The study participants completed an anonymous, 30-item survey measuring loneliness, burnout, symptoms of depression, fatigue, in addition to providing demographic information. RESULTS The response rates were 16.3% (401 of 2456) for all the physicians, 7.0% (113 of 1606) for the AAFP NRN member physicians, and 33.9% (288 of 850) for the AAFP member insight physicians. The prevalence of loneliness, burnout, and depressive symptoms was 44.9% (165 of 367), 45.1% (181 of 401), and 44.3% (163 of 368) respectively. The physicians who experienced a greater feeling of loneliness compared with those who experienced a lesser feeling of loneliness were more likely to report at least 1 manifestation of burnout (69.1% vs 27.4%, P < .01), screen positive for depression (66.0% vs 27.6%, P < .01), and experience a higher degree of fatigue (59.5% vs 32.4%, P < .01). Depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 5.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.64-7.94; P < .001), overwhelming exhaustion (OR = 7.19; 95% CI, 4.03 to 12.02; P < .001), and burnout (OR = 4.61; 95% CI, 2.96-7.19; P < .001) were associated with loneliness status. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that loneliness is common in practicing family medicine physicians and is significantly associated with burnout and depression. Future work is needed to understand the various interactions and relationships among loneliness, burnout, and depression to help inform effective interventions.
Evaluation of triage tool for low-grade cartilage tumors: Four-quadrant approach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The "four-quadrant approach" (FQA) for triage of benign enchondromas (E) and low-grade malignant chondrosarcomas (LGC) divides patients into treatment categories based on the presence or absence of pain and observation of aggressive or benign radiographic features. This article evaluates the usefulness of the FQA in predicting E versus LGC and operative versus nonoperative outcome. METHODS Patients had working diagnosis of E or LGC, 1-year minimum follow-up, imaging, clinical data, outcomes, and no radiographic evidence of high-grade chondrosarcoma. Statistical analysis determined whether quadrant distribution correlated to E versus LGC and operative versus nonoperative intervention. RESULTS Of 56 lesions (49 patients), 9 were LGC and 47 E. Twenty-five lesions (all 9 LGC, 16 E) were treated operatively and 31 (all E) nonoperatively. There were statistically significant correlations between quadrant distribution and both tumor type (p = 1.9 × 10-6 ) and operative intervention (p = 6.28 × 10-6 ). CONCLUSIONS The FQA is a promising diagnostic tool to distinguish between E and LGC hyaline cartilage tumors, along with determining operative versus nonoperative intervention. Prospective evaluation is warranted.
Address of the 2020-2021 President at the 2021 Virtual Annual Meeting of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.

What a year! When I was installed as president last July, we were still in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. I introduced the themes of our work together for this year: transformation and grit. In developing these themes, I focused on the relationship of these two ideas to pharmacy
Menu Labeling Fills the Gaps in Consumers’ Knowledge of the Calorie Content of Restaurant Foods

Restaurant foods are typically higher in calories than meals consumed at home. A goal of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is to encourage healthier food choices at restaurants by providing consumers with information about the calorie content of menu items. However, doesn't a well-informed consumer already know that a 12-piece bucket of chicken has more calories than a salad? Following research in marketing science and behavioral economics, we evaluate a representative consumer's ability to discriminate between low-calorie and high-calorie menu items using only some basic “rules of thumb” nutrition knowledge. Results reveal the extent to which menu labeling may increase consumers' knowledge about the calories in restaurant foods.
Use of Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials in the RLT

This article examines the use of Lagrange interpolating polynomials (LIPs) in constructing polyhedral outer-approximations and convex hull representations of mixed-discrete sets. The LIPs provide the theoretical foundation for extending the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT), used for automatically computing tight relaxations of mixed-binary programs, to handle discrete variables that can realize values within finite sets. The LIPs operate by generalizing the idempotent property of binary variables x that x2 = x, thereby promoting a hierarchy of progressively tighter forms that culminates in an explicit algebraic characterization of the convex hull of feasible solutions at the highest level. The methods of proof, which employ Kronecker products of transposes of Vandermonde matrices, both subsume and provide insight into the mixed-binary RLT. Keywords: convex hull; discrete optimization; reformulation–linearization technique; Lagrange interpolating polynomial; Kronecker product
Buddhism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Manchuria

This essay attempts to characterize Tanxu’s experiences in Manchuria and north China between 1920 and 1945, focusing especially on the war years. Tanxu’s actions during this time have been seen, broadly, in three different ways. First, as examples of Chinese nationalism, or "cultural patriotism," and thus resistance to Japanese encroachment; second, as accommodation of, if not collaboration with, the Japanese; and third—what Tanxu himself proclaimed—as apolitical actions intended to promote Buddhism. I attempt to reconcile these views in order to understand how Tanxu’s Buddhist activism can contribute to our understanding of the complex and controversial categories of resistance and collaboration.
Breton and Weldon on Public Goods

claim to speak for a national utopian myth as can the American radical right because there is no such mytlh in Canada; tlhus the national appeal of Social Credit is greatly limited. Also, Social Credit governments exhibit an expediential pragmatism in their welfare and educational policies whiclh one does not associate with American conservatives and rightists. Neither does Canada have a radical left in the American sense, for the same reasons that it does not have a radical right. As Horowitz points out, the socialism of the NDP is as pragmatic and non-utopian as that of the revisionist wing of the British Labour party. There is nothing here comparable to the American 'New Left." One conclusion from all this might be that a nation cannot have it both ways. Americans are messianic about their nation and this causes dynamic, creative politics and programs. It also generates extremist movements. Canadians are not messianic abouit their nation and this fact blreeds a politics thlat is so pragmatic that it is often uniinspired. There is also a greater particularism, variety, and tolerance in the political spectrum because, as Horowitz points out, there is no Lockean model of ideal unanimity brooding over the society. This was certainly true of the respondents of the Toronto study already cited. While there was only one supporter of the NDP among the thirty, a lawyer, only a handful were critical of the NDP and most felt that it played a useful role as gadfly and goad on the Liberals. Canada may in fact hiave develope(d a multi-party system whichl works for relatively stable government because it is not a society driven by ideological conflict. This is a rare achievement. These arguments should be sufficient to illustrate the usefulness of the political culture approach to comparative politics. It may be that analyses of party politics which look only at social and economic factors and assume that with the "end of ideology" values and culture are no longer important might well be premature.
Lending to the Unbankable - Dynamic Incentives and Joint Liability in a Trust Game with Social Collateral

Existence of asymmetric information and lack of collateral in informal financial markets creates a suboptimal allocation of financial resources to those in most need. When borrowers (safe and risky), approach financial institutions, the presence of moral hazard and adverse selection results in no lending. Conversely, group borrowing - either individual under joint liability contract or group based - generating a trust game between borrowers, controls for information asymmetries and creates a cooperative trust game with an undominated optimal solution to repay, and therefore for the lender to Give. MC programs based on group lending under joint liability, dynamic lending and with social cost for defaulting contracts prove superior to typical individual borrowing and lending when no collateral is available. These contracts and correspondent payoffs are Pareto Efficient.
Antigen Presentation by Nonhemopoietic Cells Amplifies Clonal Expansion of Effector CD8 T Cells in a Pathogen-Specific Manner

Professional APCs of hemopoietic-origin prime pathogen-specific naive CD8 T cells. The primed CD8 T cells can encounter Ag on infected nonhemopoietic cell types. Whether these nonhemopoietic interactions perpetuate effector T cell expansion remains unknown. We addressed this question in vivo, using four viral and bacterial pathogens, by comparing expansion of effector CD8 T cells in bone marrow chimeric mice expressing restricting MHC on all cell types vs mice that specifically lack restricting MHC on nonhemopoietic cell types or radiation-sensitive hemopoietic cell types. Absence of Ag presentation by nonhemopoietic cell types allowed priming of naive CD8 T cells in all four infection models tested, but diminished their sustained expansion by ∼10-fold during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and by ≤2-fold during vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, or Listeria monocytogenes infections. Absence of Ag presentation by a majority (>99%) of hemopoietic cells surprisingly also allowed initial priming of naive CD8 T cells in all the four infection models, albeit with delayed kinetics, but the sustained expansion of these primed CD8 T cells was markedly evident only during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, but not during vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, or L. monocytogenes. Thus, infected nonhemopoietic cells can amplify effector CD8 T cell expansion during infection, but the extent to which they can amplify is determined by the pathogen. Further understanding of mechanisms by which pathogens differentially affect the ability of nonhemopoietic cell types to contribute to T cell expansion, how these processes alter during acute vs chronic phase of infections, and how these processes influence the quality and quantity of memory cells will have implications for rational vaccine design.
Internet technologies course with combined professor and on-line contents methodology

The experience and results in the teaching of a course titled "Internet Technologies" are presented. This course, offered in the Public University of Navarra (Spain), uses a special methodology that combines in-classroom lectures in front of computers with on-line contents. The students work on the on-line course lesson at the same time that the professor is available in the classroom to help the students during the hours assigned to the course. The tool used to manage the on-line contents, test exercises and grades, is designed specially for this course. It incorporates a student profile classification based on the time used to solve the test.
Same forest, different countries: cultural dimensions of protected area management in southeastern Venezuela and western Guyana.

SUMMARY In the Gran Sabana of Venezuela and the North Rupununi Savannah of Guyana, protected areas have been established primarily for purposes of conservation. However, both Canaima National Park in Venezuela and the Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development in Guyana are multiple use areas where a variety of resource use occurs and/or is planned. Shifting cultivation by the indigenous population is currently both the most common use of the forest and the use of longest duration in both areas. Surveys were conducted of paired primary and secondary forests in order to test the hypothesis that traditional, dispersed shifting cultivation with long fallows and no post-cultivation disturbance is sustainable, resulting in the eventual re-establishment of diverse secondary forests. Interviews and observations of agricultural practices and surveys of agricultural fields were conducted to determine the contemporary forest use practices and the extent to which traditional practices ...
Metalinguistic Analysis of Therapeutic Discourse: Flight into a Second Language When the Analyst and the Analysand Are Multilingual

The choice of a particular language for the conduct of analysis becomes an important theoretical and clinical question when both the analyst and the analysand are multilingual and share the same languages. Shift from one language into another language during analysis is an equally important question. This paper offers an analysis of the flight into a second language by both the analysand and the analyst within the transference-countertransference matrix. The focus of the discussion is the communicative nature of the mother tongue vis-a-vis a second language. The author argues that unconscious fantasies and memories of early childhood experiences are built into the mother tongue and are brought to life in the analytic dialogue by way of that language. Shift into a second language is viewed as primarily defensive in nature. It is, however, noted that a second language may at times provide the only space where the analyst can meet the patient out of each of certain personal and cultural ghosts. Finally, since the mother tongue is viewed as the preverbal register of the transitional space, it is suggested that the working through of preoedipal issues be ultimately carried out in that language.
Synthesis of (+)‐(1S,2R)‐ and (−)‐(1R,2S)‐trans‐2‐Phenylcyclohexanol Via Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation (AD)

(+)-(1S,2R)-trans-h-Phenylcyclohexanol and (−)-(1R,2S)-trans-2-Phenyl-1-cyclohexanol R 1-Phenylcyclohexene 1 I (+)-(1R,2R)-1-Phenylcyclohexane-cis-1,2-diol 2 P (−)-(1R,2S)-trans-2-Phenyl-1-cyclohexanol (3) (+)-(1S,2R)-trans-2 phenyl-1, cyclohexanol (3) Keywords: alcohols and diols, substituted; addition, CC; oxidation, CC CHOH-CHOH; stereoselective reactions, diastereoselective; stereoselective reactions, enantioselective; reduction, CX CH; Raney nickel, fire hazard
Generalized time warping for multi-modal alignment of human motion

Temporal alignment of human motion has been a topic of recent interest due to its applications in animation, telerehabilitation and activity recognition among others. This paper presents generalized time warping (GTW), an extension of dynamic time warping (DTW) for temporally aligning multi-modal sequences from multiple subjects performing similar activities. GTW solves three major drawbacks of existing approaches based on DTW: (1) GTW provides a feature weighting layer to adapt different modalities (e.g., video and motion capture data), (2) GTW extends DTW by allowing a more flexible time warping as combination of monotonic functions, (3) unlike DTW that typically incurs in quadratic cost, GTW has linear complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that GTW can efficiently solve the multi-modal temporal alignment problem and outperforms state-of-the-art DTW methods for temporal alignment of time series within the same modality.
L-Vinylglycine is an alternative substrate as well as a mechanism-based inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase.

l-Vinylglycine (L-VG) has been shown to be a mechanism-based inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase [Satoh, S., and Yang, S. F. (1989) Plant Physiol. 91, 1036−1039] as well a...
Topical steroid drops for the treatment of sinus ostia stenosis in the postoperative period.

Background Chronic oral steroid use causes significant morbidity, including osteoporosis, immunosuppression, and adrenal insufficiency. Refractory chronic rhinosinusitis patients often take repeated oral steroid courses to treat polypoid disease or sinus ostia stenosis. This study evaluated topical steroid drop efficacy in treating recurrent sinus ostia stenosis in the postoperative period. Methods The 5-year single institution experience with topical steroid drop use after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was evaluated by retrospective review. Patients were included if they began topical dexamethasone ophthalmic, prednisolone ophthalmic, or ciprofloxacin/ dexamethasone otic intranasally (used off-label) within 3 months after ESS. Outcomes (i.e., ostia patency, oral steroid use, revision surgery, and complications) were assessed for a 6-month period after steroid drop initiation. Results Thirty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Forty-four surgeries were performed during the study period; 67 sides were treated postoperatively with topical steroid drops. In 86.6% of cases, steroid drops were used to treat frontal ostium stenosis or frontal recess edema; 93.2% of surgeries were revision procedures. Sixty-four percent of sinuses were treated successfully with topical steroid drops, 14.9% remained stable, and 20.9% failed. Reasons for failure included persistent/worsening edema, scarring, or noncompliance. Ten patients (27.8%) required oral steroids and 4 patients (6%) underwent revision surgery during the study period. One case of adrenal suppression occurred. Conclusion Topical steroid drops are beneficial in preventing sinus ostia stenosis in the postoperative period and may decrease the propensity toward repeated oral steroid therapy. This is particularly noteworthy in this challenging cohort, largely composed of revision frontal sinus surgery patients.
Comparison between the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (mem) and the fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (fteem) tests in the detection of cancer

When peripheral lymphocytes from patients with a history of cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor (EF), in 90% of cases the resulting products reduce the net surface negativity of guinea-pig macrophages, used as detector cells, as revealed in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. The MEM test is positive in 36% of people with no history of cancer. Formaldehyde-fixed tanned sheep erythrocytes have been used as detector cells in place of guinea-pig macrophages, in a fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (FTEEM) test, with lymphocyte products identical to those used in MEM tests. In patients with a history of cancer, positive results were obtained in 28/42 cases with the FTEEM test compared with 32/42 in the MEM test. In people with no history of cancer, negative results were obtained in 16/18 cases with the FTEEM test, compared with 12/18 in the MEM test in the present series, and 51/69 in a more extensive series. These differences are not significant. Cases in which discrepancies are revealed between the two tests are discussed in terms of individual case histories.
Work in progress — Retention and application of writing skills learned in Sophomore Clinic I

Assessment of writing and design are active areas of research in engineering education, as are issues of retention and transfer of learning. A variety of methodologies have been applied to these questions, including surveys directed to measuring design skills and rubrics describing desired textual features. Retention and transfer of learning research generally focuses on evaluating strategies for reinforcing or augmenting writing instruction in advanced engineering courses, which usually involve explicit emphasis on organization, grammar, style, and clarity. More progressive approaches recognize the rhetorical complexity of engineering writing and encompass matters of content as well. Writing in design courses has been of particular interest in this regard. The present study focuses on a junior/senior level design course. Rubrics to evaluate experimental research reports and final design reports from this course were developed. The rubrics are based on assignments and rubrics from earlier courses where students initially receive instruction and practice in experimental and design projects and the associated reports. The rubric indicators address typical elements of reports, such as adherence to format and style conventions, but also capture rhetorical strategies associated with design thinking. The presentation of this work will describe the writing assessment methodology and preliminary results.
Right retroperitoneal versus left transperitoneal laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy

Abstract Objectives To describe our preferred method of right laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LDN) using a retroperitoneoscopic approach to determine the indications for, and overall rate of, right LDN and to compare the donor and recipient early outcomes of right retroperitoneal LDN to those of left transperitoneal LDN in a consecutive single-institution series. Methods At our institution, LDN for allotransplantation was performed in 143 consecutive patients. The indications for right LDN (n = 29) included multiple left renal vessels (n = 18), early branching of the left renal artery (n = 1), left renal vein anomaly (n = 2), right renal arterial fibromuscular dysplasia (n = 2), right renal cyst (n = 3), mild right hydronephrosis with delay on renal scan (n = 1), or right nephrolithiasis (n = 2). Results Right LDN was performed in 29 (20.3%) of 143 patients using a retroperitoneal approach in all but the first case. Right retroperitoneal LDN was associated with decreased blood loss and operative time compared with left transperitoneal LDN. The hospital stay, analgesic use, and donor serum creatinine at discharge were similar in both groups. Despite a statistically significantly increased warm ischemia time and decreased renal vein length, right retroperitoneal LDN was associated with recipient functional outcomes at 5 and 30 days after transplant that were no different from those after left transperitoneal LDN. Conclusions Right retroperitoneal laparoscopic LDN provides similar donor and recipient outcomes when compared with the left transperitoneal approach and obviates most of the technical challenges encountered with a right transperitoneal approach.