cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the robustness of POSIX operating systems

Critical system designers are turning to off-the-shelf operating system (OS) software to reduce costs and time-to-marker. Unfortunately general-purpose OSes do not always respond to exceptional conditions robustly, either accepting exceptional values without complaint, or suffering abnormal task termination. Even though direct measurement is impractical, this paper uses a multiversion comparison technique to reveal a 6% to 19% normalized rate at which exceptional parameter values cause no error report in commercial POSIX OS implementations. Additionally, 168 functions across 13 OSes are compared to reveal common mode robustness failures. While the best single OS has a 12.6% robustness failure rare for system calls, 3.8% of failures are common across all 13 OSes examined. However, combining C library calls with system calls increases these rates to 29.5% for the best single OS and 17.0% for common mode failures. These results suggest that OS implementations are not completely diverse, and that C library junctions are both less diverse and less robust than system calls.
Impact of an English-as-a-Second-Language Professional Development Program

The authors investigated the impact of professional development programs for English-as-a-second-language (ESL) teachers on their classroom practice and on the way that teacher efficacy and organizational support at the school level relate by interacting with years of teaching experience. The authors collected data by using questionnaires administered to 90 elementary and secondary teachers participating in ESL training programs. Results based on multiple-regression analyses indicated that teacher efficacy and organizational support significantly predict level of professional development impact without interacting with years of teaching experience.
Photocross-links between Single-stranded DNA and Escherichia coli RecA Protein Map to Loops L1 (Amino Acid Residues 157-164) and L2 (Amino Acid Residues 195-209) (∗)

Abstract To function as a repair and recombination protein, RecA has to be assembled as an active filament on single-stranded DNA in the presence of ATP or its analogs. We have identified amino acids in the primary DNA binding site of RecA that interact with single-stranded DNA by photocross-linking. A nucleoprotein complex consisting of RecA protein bound to a monosubstituted oligonucleotide bearing a 5-iododeoxyuracil cross-linking moiety was irradiated with long wavelength ultraviolet radiation to effect cross-linking with RecA protein. Subsequent trypsin digestion, followed by purification and peptide sequencing, revealed the cross-linking of two independent peptides, amino acid residues 153-169 and 199-216. Met164 from loop L1 and Phe203 from loop L2 were determined to be the exact points of cross-linking. Thus, our data confirm and extend predictions about the DNA binding domain of RecA protein based on the molecular structure of RecA (Story, R. M., Weber, I. T., and Steitz, T. A.(1992) Nature 355, 318-325). [Medline]
Teaching Health in the 21st Century

School nurses have a broad scope of practice, including direct clinical care, as well as teaching health lessons. Students in the 21st century require educators who understand the current global needs of these learners. Effective health teaching meets these 21st-century needs. This article presents a background of 21st-century learning, with specific recommendations for teaching this generation of students.
Direct Correlation of Transport Properties and Microstructure in Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x Thin Film Grain Boundaries

Individual 45° [001] tilt grain boundaries in Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x thin films grown on biepitaxial substrates were studied. The thin films were grown using both pulsed organometallic beam epitaxy (POMBE) and laser ablation. Transport characteristics of the individual grain boundaries were measured including resistance - temperature (R-T) and current - voltage (I-V) dependencies with and without an applied magnetic field. In order to elucidate possible structural origins of the differences in transport behavior, the same grain boundaries which were electrically characterized were subsequently thinned for electron-microscopy analysis. Transmission-electron-microscopy and high-resolution-electron-microscopy were used to structurally characterize the grain boundaries. The macroscopic and microscopic structures of two boundaries, a nominally resistive and a superconducting grain boundary, are compared.
The Virion Host Shutoff Endonuclease (UL41) of Herpes Simplex Virus Interacts with the Cellular Cap-Binding Complex eIF4F

The herpes simplex virus Vhs endonuclease degrades host and viral mRNAs. Isolated Vhs cuts any RNA at many sites. Yet, within cells, it targets mRNAs and cuts at preferred sites, including regions of translation initiation. Previous studies have shown that Vhs binds the translation factors eIF4A and eIF4H. Here, we show that Vhs binds the cap-binding complex eIF4F. Association with eIF4F correlated with the ability of Vhs to bind eIF4A but not eIF4H. All Vhs proteins that degrade mRNAs associated with eIF4F. However, simply tethering an active endonuclease to eIF4F is not sufficient to degrade mRNAs. Binding to eIF4H may also be required.
Role of RopB in Growth Phase Expression of the SpeB Cysteine Protease of Streptococcus pyogenes

The Rgg family of transcription regulators is widely distributed among gram-positive bacteria; however, how the members of this family control transcription is poorly understood. In the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, the Rgg family member RopB is required for transcription of the gene that encodes the secreted SpeB cysteine protease. Expression of the protease follows distinct kinetics that involves control of transcription in response to the growth phase. In this study, the contribution of RopB to growth phase control was examined. The gene encoding the protease (speB) and ropB are transcribed divergently from a 940-bp intergenic region. Primer extension analyses, in conjunction with reporter fusion studies, revealed that the major region controlling the transcription of both speB and ropB is adjacent to ropB and that the promoters for the two genes likely overlap. Furthermore, it was found that RopB is a DNA-binding protein that specifically binds to sequences in this control region. The interrelationship between ropB and speB expression was further reflected in the observation that transcription of ropB itself is subject to growth phase control. However, while expression of ropB from a promoter expressed during the early logarithmic phase of growth could complement a ropB deletion mutant, ectopic expression of ropB did not uncouple the expression of speB from its growth phase signal. These data implicate other factors in growth phase control and suggest that regulation of ropB expression itself is not the central mechanism of control.
A firewall configuration strategy for the protection of computer networked labs in a college setting

*Copyright © 2001 by the Consortium for Computing in Small Colleges. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the CCSC copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Consortium for Computing in Small Colleges. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.
Questions concerning the energy of stratospheric motions

In this article the theoretical conclusion, is reached that the vertical transport of kinetic energy in the atmosphere from one horizontal layer to another is effected solely by an area integral over the internal boundary, of the kinetic energy per unit volume multiplied by the vertical velocity. Speculations are made as to whether the kinetic energy in stratospheric levels is maintained against friction through such a vertical transport from other levels, or whether the needed supply is derived from convective sourcesin situ.
A review of research on the impact of professional learning communities on teaching practice and student learning

Abstract After an overview of the characteristics of professional learning communities (PLCs), this manuscript presents a review of 10 American studies and one English study on the impact of PLCs on teaching practices and student learning. Although, few studies move beyond self-reports of positive impact, a small number of empirical studies explore the impact on teaching practice and student learning. The collective results of these studies suggest that well-developed PLCs have positive impact on both teaching practice and student achievement. Implications of this research and suggestions for next steps in the efforts to document the impact of PLCs on teaching and learning are included.
Microdiffraction measurements of the effects of grain alignment on critical current in high-temperature superconductors

While single crystals and epitaxial thin films of high temperature superconductors can carry large current densities, devices useful for applications such as power transmission and magnets cannot be produced because polycrystalline material cannot carry sufficient current densities. Efforts are underway to produce polycrystalline material in which grains are aligned to carry high current densities. We report x-ray and electron microdiffraction measurements of local grain alignment and models of how this grain alignment affects the critical current densities. TlCa2Sr2Cu3Ox samples can be grown on polycrystalline substrates with good c axis alignment but no overall a axis alignment. In TlCa2Sr2Cu3Ox, high critical current occurs in regions in which there is local a axis alignment. X-ray microdiffraction measurements of grain orientation were made with a monochromatic, 100 micrometer diameter beam produced by inserting a pinhole at the focus of an NSLS bending magnet beamline. Local grain orientation was measured by observing Bragg reflection as the sample was rotated. While x-ray data was taken at this low resolution over large areas, the orientation of individual grains was measured over small regions by measuring the Kikuchi pattern produced by inelastic scattering from a 100 nm electron beam. In both cases, the sample position was scanned to map grain orientation. With advanced x-ray optics currently under development, high-resolution maps of grain orientation will be available without the elaborate surface preparation required for electron diffraction. This will facilitate study of samples prepared in a wider variety of forms.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Uncertainty in Cancer Risk Estimates

Several existing databases compiled by Gold et al. for carcinogenesis bioassays are examined to obtain estimates of the reproducibility of cancer rates across experiments, strains, and rodent species. A measure of carcinogenic potency is given by the TD50 (daily dose that causes a tumor type in 50% of the exposed animals that otherwise would not develop the tumor in a standard lifetime). The lognormal distribution can be used to model the uncertainty of the estimates of potency (TD50) and the ratio of TD50's between two species. For near-replicate bioassays, approximately 95% of the TD50's are estimated to be within a factor of 4 of the mean. Between strains, about 95% of the TD50's are estimated to be within a factor of 11 of their mean, and the pure genetic component of variability is accounted for by a factor of 6.8. Between rats and mice, about 95% of the TD50's are estimated to be within a factor of 32 of the mean, while between humans and experimental animals the factor is 110 for 20 chemicals reported by Allen et al. The common practice of basing cancer risk estimates on the most sensitive rodent species-strain-sex and using interspecies dose scaling based on body surface area appears to overestimate cancer rates for these 20 human carcinogens by about one order of magnitude on the average.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spotted Owl Research: A Quarter Century of Contributions to Education, Ornithology, Ecology, and Wildlife Management

Abstract A great deal of research has been devoted to the study of the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis), particularly over the past quarter century. The problems faced by scientists working to achieve conservation of this species have required the development of new approaches and methods in data analysis, scientific inference, and conservation planning. Moreover, the substantial depth of information gathered during Spotted Owl studies provides an extensive platform upon which new ideas and methods can be tested and developed. Some of these advances are discussed in this paper. These contributions show that the study of the Spotted Owl has resulted in information and methods that are not only specific to the owl and its conservation but also are broadly relevant to ornithologists, ecologists, and wildlife managers.
Anaphylactic shock associated with intravenous thrombolytics

Adverse events including intracerebral hemorrhage and reperfusion arrhythmias are well known to occur with thrombolytic therapy. We report a case report of anaphylactic reaction directly attributable to intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and identify additional cases through review of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. A systematic review of Adverse Event Reporting System was performed for allergic adverse events occurring in conjunction with IV thrombolytics. We reviewed 924 adverse events which occurred between 2004 and 2012 that were associated with thrombolytics. We subsequently acquired detailed individual safety reports of 33 cases in which allergic events were documented. Out of the 33 reports, there were 12 cases (age range, 57-93 years) of adverse allergic reaction directly attributable to IV thrombolytics. Allergic reactions included angioedema, facial swelling, urticaria, skin rash, cutaneous hypesthesia, hypotension, anaphylactic shock, and death. Of the patients who were reported to suffer from allergic adverse events, 11 received IV alteplase and 1 received IV reteplase. Most reactions associated with IV alteplase resolved with withdrawal of medication and treatment with diphenhydramine and steroids ± epinephrine. There was 1 death directly attributable to allergic reaction in a patient who received IV reteplase for MI.Although IV alteplase is identical to endogenous tissue plasminogen activator, it appears to be the most common cause of allergic reaction among currently used thrombolytics, with or without concomitant administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. A greater awareness among physicians may result in prompt recognition and treatment.
Pain in community-dwelling persons with dementia: frequency, intensity, and congruence between patient and caregiver report

To better understand the pain experience of persons with dementia and to describe what factors are related to congruence of pain reports within patient-caregiver dyads, a cohort study enrolled patient-caregiver dyads at a primary care geriatrics clinic. Thirty-two percent of persons with dementia self-report pain “right now.” Of these, 65% report slight/mild pain, 27% moderate pain, and 8% severe pain or greater. Fifty-two percent of caregivers report their care recipients with dementia are in some pain “right now.” Of these, 52% report slight/mild pain, 30% moderate, and 18% severe pain or greater. Fifty-nine percent of dyads agree on the presence or absence of patient pain. In multivariate analysis of dyadic congruence of pain reports by patient and caregiver factors, only patient factors predicted congruence. The odds of congruence of pain reports increase 3.7 (1.2-12.3) if the patient is male and decrease 0.938 (0.93-0.99) as the patient becomes more agitated. These findings suggest that community-dwelling persons with dementia report less pain than those in the nursing home and caregivers do a fair job of predicting patient pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;28:585–592. 2004 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief
Shape representation via harmonic embedding

We present a novel representation of shape for closed planar contours explicitly designed to possess a linear structure. This greatly simplifies linear operations such as averaging, principal component analysis or differentiation in the space of shapes. The representation relies upon embedding the contour on a subset of the space of harmonic functions of which the original contour is the zero level set.
Angled derivative approximation of the hyperbolic heat conduction equations

Numerical methods based upon angled derivative approximation are presented for a linear first-order system of hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs): the hyperbolic heat conduction equations. These equations model the flow of heat in circumstances where the speed of thermal propagation is finite as opposed to the infinite wave speed inherent in the diffusion equation. A basic angled derivative scheme is first developed which is second-order accurate. From this, an enhanced angled derivative scheme is then developed which is fourth-order accurate for Courant numbers of one-half and one. Both methods are explicit three-level schemes, which are conditionally stable. Careful treatment of initial and boundary conditions is provided which preserves overall order of accuracy and stability and suppresses any deleterious effects of spurious modes. After establishing a necessary and sufficient stability condition of Courant number less than or equal to one for both schemes, their dissipative and dispersive properties are investigated. A numerical example concerning the propagation of a thermal pulse train concludes this investigation.
35 GHz rectifying antenna for wireless power transmission

A new rectifying antenna for 35 GHz wireless power transmission is presented. The rectifying antenna (rectenna) is designed on R/T Duroid 5880 substrate with epsiv r = 2.2 and thickness of 1.3 mm. The rectenna arrays are built by series-connecting single elements for higher DC output. The single element, the 1times2 array, and the 2times2 array achieve RF-to-DC conversion efficiencies of 35% when the power density is 30 mW/cm 2 , corresponding to DC voltages of 0.45, 0.93 and 1.73 Y respectively. The linearity of the rectenna is good, hence it can be used as the building block to assemble a large rectifying antenna array with predictable output performance.
Ectoparasite Resistance Is Correlated with Reduced Host Egg Hatch Rate in the Drosophila-Macrocheles System

We test for fitness costs of resistance in a natural host-parasite system, involving Drosophila nigrospiracula and ectoparasitic mites, Macrocheles subbadius. We contrasted rates of mortality at embryonic and pupal stages of host ontogeny between replicate-resistant and -susceptible (control) lines at different temperatures (24, 28, and 34°C). Evidence for a cost of resistance was shown as a 17% overall reduction in egg hatch rate in replicate-resistant lines, although this effect was heterogeneous across replicate selection experiments. This cost of resistance was not magnified under thermal stress. Pupa survivorship was statistically invariant between resistant and control lines, at either temperature. Embryo and pupa mortalities were significantly elevated at the high temperature, confirming that the thermal treatment was physiologically stressful. The results suggest differential sensitivity of life history traits to the pleiotropic effects of genetic resistance against ectoparasitic mites.
Environmental Model of Kissimmee River Basin

A hydrologic land-use model has been developed and applied to the Kissimmee River Basin, Florida. Surface runoff quantity and quality are estimated for changing land-use and drainage patterns in order to explain hydrologic and water quality response along the river. The hydrologic model (HLAND) is based on a daily water balance for each soil land-use type in the watershed. Predicted runoff is routed down the river and compared to measured outflow hydrographs. Phosphorus loading rates are calculated using measured concentrations of total P and predicted runoff volumes. Observed concentrations and loading rates from tributaries along the river correlate well with the drainage density index, defined as the length of drainage network per unit area of watershed. Results indicate that greatest potential for control of runoff quantity and quality exists in on-site storage in marsh, pond, and lake areas.
Integrative Approaches to Caring for Children with Autism

Parents commonly integrate complementary and alternative medical (CAM) treatments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with conventional care. The aims of this article are to (1) describe the most commonly used treatments, (2) assess their efficacy and safety, and (3) organize the information in practical format for practitioners. We organized treatment modalities into four categories: recommended, monitored, tolerated, and therapies that should be avoided. These four categories are based on a two by two table weighing a therapy׳s effectiveness and safety. To meet the threshold for "recommended," its effectiveness needed to be supported by two or more randomized, controlled trials. In addition to promoting an overall healthy lifestyle via nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress management, social support, and avoiding neurotoxins (healthy habits in a healthy habitat), the most promising therapies recommend are applied behavior analysis, parent-implemented training, melatonin supplements to improve sleep, supplements to correct deficiencies, and music therapy. Medications and restrictive diets may be helpful for some children, but use should be monitored given the risk of side effects. Most complementary therapies are safe, so they can be tolerated, but additional research is needed before they should be recommended. Given their risks, costs, and limited evidence of efficacy, chelation, secretin, and hyperbaric oxygen should be avoided.
Immunopathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Antimicrobial therapy quickly eradicates susceptible bacilli, but the fight against drug-resistant disease must be waged entirely by host defenses. Knowledge of the two main types of immune response against tuberculosis and of how to manipulate those mechanisms—leading to precisely designed recombinant BCG vaccines—is essential to mounting an effective attack on the current epidemic.
Reconsidering and Improving Existing Tax Subsidies for Housing

This testimony was given before a Joint Informational Hearing of the California Assembly Committee on Housing and Community Development and Committee on Revenue and Taxation on March 18, 2013 to provide a framework to assist the Committees in thinking about the advantages and disadvantages of using the tax system to subsidize aspects of housing policy in California. Chief among his recommendations, Professor Ventry urged the committees to redesign all of the state’s tax expenditures purporting to promote homeownership. In particular, he advocated (i) abandoning federal adjusted gross income (AGI) as the starting point for determining state income tax liability, a move that would add billions of dollars in revenue to California’s coffers; (ii) eliminating usage of tax deductions as a delivery mechanism for housing tax benefits; (iii) restricting basis step-up on inherited property to cases of hardship; (iv) limiting the exclusion for capital gains on home sales by accounting for built-in gains due to inflation (in order to tax only real gains and not nominal gains); and (v) enacting a “Homeownership Tax Credit” in lieu of both the mortgage interest deduction and the property tax deduction.
New Application

University of Washington scientists are using high-speed electrostatic printer/plotters for on-the-spot analysis of oceanographic data. The Gould 5000 units are part of the $3 million computer system on the university research ship Thomas G. Thompson
"BM180": a novel basement membrane protein with a role in stimulus-secretion coupling by lacrimal acinar cells

Regulated secretion requires the developmental coupling of neuronal or hormonal stimuli to an exocytotic response, a multistep pathway whose appearance may be linked with cellular adhesion to the newly formed exocrine cell basement membrane. We screened for adhesion-associated coupling activity using lacrimal acinar cells and have identified “BM180”, a novel basement membrane protein enriched in guanidine HCl extracts of lacrimal and parotid exocrine secretory glands. BM180 resides primarily in a previously inexamined lower molecular-mass basement membrane peak (peak 2) that contains cell adhesion activity inhibitable with the anti-BM180 monoclonal antibody 3E12. Removal of peak 2 by gel filtration or preincubation of basement membrane with 3E12 decreased regulated peroxidase secretion by one-half without affecting constitutive secretion or the amount of cellular peroxidase available for release. Adding back peak 2 restored regulated secretion in a dose-dependent and 3E12-inhibitable manner and suggested ...
Rational Herds: Cascades and Herds

One million people cannot be wrong . Each agent observes what others do and takes a zero-one decision in a preordered sequence. In a cascade, all agents herd on a sufficiently strong public belief and there is no learning. In a herd, all agents turn out to take the same decision. A cascade generates a herd, but the converse is not true. Cascades are nongeneric for atomless distributions of beliefs, whereas a herd always takes place, eventually . For that reason, the probability that the herd is broken must converge to zero. Hence, there is some learning in a herd (it is not broken), but the learning is very slow. The stylization of that property is the cascade. Beliefs converge to the truth only if the distribution of private beliefs is unbounded; but the self-defeating principle in social learning implies that the convergence is slow. Because the filter imposed by discrete actions is coarse, the slowdown of social learning is much more significant than in the previous chapter. Applications for welfare properties and pricing policies by a monopoly are discussed. A Tale of Two Restaurants Two restaurants face each other on the main street of a charming Alsatian village. There is no menu outside. It is 6 p.m. Both restaurants are empty. A tourist comes down the street, looks at each of the restaurants, and goes into one of them. After a while, another tourist shows up, sees how many patrons are already inside by looking through the stained-glass windows – these are Alsatian winstube – and chooses one of them. The scene repeats itself, with new tourists checking on the popularity of each restaurant before entering one of them.
Smartphone monitoring of pneumatic tube system-induced sample hemolysis.

Abstract Background Pneumatic tube systems (PTSs) are convenient methods of patient sample transport in medical centers, but excessive acceleration force and time/distance traveled in the PTS have been correlated with increased blood-sample hemolysis. We investigated the utility of smartphones for monitoring of PTS-related variables. Methods Smartphones were sent through the PTS from several hospital locations. Each smartphone used 2 apps as data-loggers to record force of acceleration vs time. To relate the smartphone data to sample integrity, blood samples were collected from 5 volunteers, and hemolysis of the samples was analyzed after they were transported by hand or via 1 of 2 PTS routes. Increased sample hemolysis as measured by plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LD) was also related to the amount of transport in the PTS. Results The smartphones showed higher duration of forceful acceleration during transport through 1 of the 2 PTS routes, and the increased duration correlated with significant increases in hemolysis (H)-index and plasma LD. In addition, plasma LD showed a positive linear relationship with number of shock forces experienced during transport through the PTS. Conclusions Smartphones can monitor PTS variables that cause sample hemolysis. This provides an accessible method for investigating specific PTS routes in medical centers.
Data Munging with data.table

We already introduced the data.table package (Dowle, Srinivasan, Short, and Lianoglou, 2015). The data.table package is the heart of this chapter, covering the basics of accessing, editing, and manipulating data under the broad term data management. Although not glamorous, data management is a critical first step to data visualization or analysis. Furthermore, the majority of time on a particular analysis project often comes from data management. For example, running a linear model in R takes one line of code, once the data is clean and in the expected format. Data management is challenging because raw data comes in all types, shapes, and formats, and missing data is common. In addition, you may also have to combine or merge separate data sources. In this chapter, we go beyond the basic use of data.table to more-complex data management tasks.
The use of electronic health records for psychiatric phenotyping and genomics

The widespread adoption of electronic health record (EHRs) in healthcare systems has created a vast and continuously growing resource of clinical data and provides new opportunities for population-based research. In particular, the linking of EHRs to biospecimens and genomic data in biobanks may help address what has become a rate-limiting study for genetic research: the need for large sample sizes. The principal roadblock to capitalizing on these resources is the need to establish the validity of phenotypes extracted from the EHR. For psychiatric genetic research, this represents a particular challenge given that diagnosis is based on patient reports and clinician observations that may not be well-captured in billing codes or narrative records. This review addresses the opportunities and pitfalls in EHR-based phenotyping with a focus on their application to psychiatric genetic research. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that diagnostic algorithms with high positive predictive value can be derived from EHRs, especially when structured data are supplemented by text mining approaches. Such algorithms enable semi-automated phenotyping for large-scale case-control studies. In addition, the scale and scope of EHR databases have been used successfully to identify phenotypic subgroups and derive algorithms for longitudinal risk prediction. EHR-based genomics are particularly well-suited to rapid look-up replication of putative risk genes, studies of pleiotropy (phenomewide association studies or PheWAS), investigations of genetic networks and overlap across the phenome, and pharmacogenomic research. EHR phenotyping has been relatively under-utilized in psychiatric genomic research but may become a key component of efforts to advance precision psychiatry.
“The Group Ring of a Class of Infinite Nilpotent Groups” by S. A. Jennings

This chapter is based on a seminal paper entitled “The Group Ring of a Class of Infinite Nilpotent Groups” by S. A. Jennings. In Sect. 6.1, we consider the group ring of a finitely generated torsion-free nilpotent group over a field of characteristic zero. We prove that its augmentation ideal is residually nilpotent. We introduce the dimension subgroups of a group in Sect. 6.2. These subgroups are defined in terms of the augmentation ideal of the corresponding group ring. We prove that the nth dimension subgroup coincides with the isolator of the nth lower central subgroup. This is a major result involving a succession of clever reductions where nilpotent groups play a prominent role. Section 6.3 deals with nilpotent Lie algebras. We show that there exists a nilpotent Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero which is associated to a finitely generated torsion-free nilpotent group. As it turns out, the underlying vector space of this Lie algebra has dimension equal to the Hirsch length of the given group.
Treatment Modality and Quality Benchmarks of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage at a Comprehensive Stroke Center.

Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is the most severe type of stroke. In 2012, the Joint Commission (TJC), in collaboration with the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA), launched the Advanced Certification for Comprehensive Stroke Centers (CSCs). This new level of certification was designed to promote higher standard of care for patients with complex stroke. Objective: The goal of this study was to examine the treatment modality and quality benchmarks of aSAH at one of the first five certified CSCs in the United States. Methods: Consecutive patients with aSAH at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center between April 1, 2012 and May 30, 2014 were included for this retrospective study. The ruptured aneurysm was treated with coiling or clipping within 24 hrs. All patients were managed per AHA guidelines. Discharge outcomes were assessed using modified Rankin Scale (mRS). The rate of aneurysm treatment, door-to-treatment time, rate of post-treatment rebleed, hospital length of stay (LOS), discharge outcome and mortality rates were evaluated as quality indicators. Results: The median age (interquartile range) of the 118 patients with aSAH was 55 (19). Among them, 84 (71.2%) were female, 94 (79.7%) were transfers from outside hospitals, and 74 (62.7%) had Hunt and Hess grade 1-3. Sixty patients (50.8%) were treated with coiling, 52 (44.1%) with clipping, and 6 (5.1%) untreated due to ictal cardiac arrest or severe co-morbidities. The rate of aneurysm treatment was 95% (112/118) with median door-to-treatment time at 12.5 (8.5) hours and 0.9% (1/112) post-treatment rebleed. The median ICU and hospital LOS were 12.5 (7) and 17.0 (14.5) days, respectively. Coiling was associated with significantly shorter LOS than clipping. There were 59 patients (50%) with favorable outcome and 19 deaths (16.1%) at hospital discharge. There was no significant difference in discharge outcome between coiling and clipping. Conclusions: Care of aSAH at one of the early CSCs in the United States was associated with high rate of aneurysm treatment, fast door-to-treatment time, low post-treatment rebleed, excellent outcome and low mortality rate. Coiling was associated with significant shorter LOS than clipping. There was no significant difference in discharge outcomes between treatment modalities.
Catalysis of Radical Cyclizations from Alkyl Iodides under H2: Evidence for Electron Transfer from [CpV(CO)3H]-

Radical cyclizations are most often achieved with Bu3SnH in the presence of a radical initiator, but environmental considerations demand that alternative reagents be developed-ones that can serve as a synthetic equivalent to the hydrogen atom. We have revisited [CpV(CO)3H]-, a known replacement for Bu3SnH, and found that it can be used catalytically under H2 in the presence of a base. We have carried out tin-free catalytic radical cyclizations of alkyl iodide substrates. The reactions are atom-efficient, and the conditions are mild, with broad tolerance for functional groups. We have, for example, achieved the first 5-exo radical cyclization involving attack onto a vinyl chloride. We suggest that the radicals are generated by an initial electron transfer.
Paul's View of Israel's Misstep in Rom 9.32–3: Its Origin and Meaning

The form of Paul's citation of Isa 28.16 and 8.14 in Rom 9.32–3 indicates not only that his source was an early Christian collection of stone texts but also that this collection followed a particular interpretation of Jesus’ death: Jerusalem's ruling class planned Jesus’ death because of his controversial approach to the law and the temple. Paul quotes these texts to help explain why unbelieving Israel has rejected the gospel. Like Israel's ruling elites, they have lost sight of the law's weightier matters. Punctuated correctly, 1 Thess 2.14–16 confirms this understanding of Rom 9.32–3.
Cosmology and Logic — An Intractable Issue?

Some time ago, Peter Bergmann stressed in a very convincing paper that cosmology has now become an empirical science, since the observational methods at cosmological distances have been improved to such an extent that cosmology should no longer be regarded as “a field for unchecked speculation”. This implies automatically that cosmology could now be treated in the same manner as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, or any other scientific discipline of experiential knowledge. He omitted to refer to cosmogony — a domain in which all sorts of conjectures are still offered. In other words, cosmology that treats the structure of the universe, enjoys a scientific status that cosmogony which deals with the origin of the universe, for instance, its age and its evolution up to the present state, does not possess. There is a tendency to-day to blur the demarcation line between cosmology and cosmogony, though a modicum of reasoning shows cogently that cosmology and cosmogony are two different approaches to the universe, notwithstanding the fact that they have a lot in common and are definitely very closely related — yet they are not identical.
Detections of cosmic microwave background anisotropies at large and intermediate angular scales: Data analysis and experimental results

The first detection of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB hereinafter) anisotropies was claimed by the COBE/DMR team in April 1992. Since then, eight groups have published detections: Saskatoon, Tenerife, ACME/SP94, IAB, Python, ACME/MAX3-4, MSAM and Argo. It is the aim of this contribution to review the experimental setups, data analyses and results of these experiements. The COBE/DMR experiment and the implications of its observations are considered in detail.
What Statutory Drafting Errors Teach Us About Statutory Interpretation

This article claims that statutory drafting errors undermine the basic tenet of the textualist theory of statutory interpretation, which is that statutory text is the law that courts must follow. Courts should, the article suggests, be permitted to depart from statutory text in appropriate cases. The article claims that background principles of law can and do play a critical role in helping courts identify cases in which such departures are appropriate. The article begins by examining a curious error in a very well-known statute, the basic federal venue statute. The statute permits plaintiffs in federal civil cases to lay venue in "a judicial district where any defendant resides, if all defendants reside in the same state." 28 U.S.C. Section 1391(a)(1), (b)(1). It would seem obvious that, to lay venue based on this provision, a plaintiff must bring suit in some judicial district in the state in which all defendants reside. In fact, however, the article shows that, in some cases in which all defendants reside in the same state, this provision permits a plaintiff to lay venue in some other state. This perverse result was surely never intended by the statute's drafters; it is a drafting error. The article uses this error as the jumping-off point for a discussion of the implications that such errors have for theories of statutory interpretation. Such errors, the article claims, undermine the textualist theory of interpretation by forcing textualists to choose between two unappealing alternatives: either the textualists must endorse unacceptably foolish results, or they must abandon their fundamental belief that statutory text is the law. This flaw in the textualist theory does not, however, mean that courts must employ the full license permitted by the intentionalist theory of interpretation, which the textualists rightly criticize. Courts need a method that helps them to determine when departure from statutory text is appropriate. The article proposes that courts make this determination by looking to background principles of law. In the case of the venue statute, the relevant background principle is that venue doctrines exist to ensure that cases are tried in convenient forums. The startling incongruity between this principle and the venue statute (if interpreted literally) demonstrates the need for a departure from the literal statutory text. The article suggests that this technique of "contextualism," defined as "interpreting statutes in the context provided by the judicially discoverable background principles of the relevant area of law," can serve as a generally useful guide to the interpretation of statutes.
The Use of a Peroxidase Electrode to Measure the Effects of Nitro Compounds on Intact Cells

Metabolic reduction of nitro compounds in mammalian cells results in formation of intermediates, principally nitro radical anions, which can react with cellular oxygen (4,5,9).
Water Quality Requirements

Successful aquaculture depends on providing animals with a satisfactory environment in which to grow. Good initial conditions for aquaculture can be assured by selecting a site with suitable soils and a high-quality water supply. An adequate environment must then be maintained over the culture period so that animals will survive and grow rapidly. Important aspects of pond soil quality have been reviewed by Boyd (1995a). In this chapter, we summarize the principal water quality requirements for pond aquaculture.
Optimizing User Satisfaction of Mobile Workloads Subject to Various Sources of Uncertainties

The success of mobile devices and applications is directly linked to a user's satisfaction of the quality of service—a metric used to denote the user's perception of the quality of an application. The first and necessary building block to manage user satisfaction is to establish accurate performance and power models which are sensitive to the mobile device's controllable features such as scalable voltage and frequency. Traditionally, performance and power models have been developed with deterministic workloads in mind – assuming long term, stable operating conditions. However, this is insufficient for mobile workloads, which are subject to many sources of variability leading to unpredictable phases of computation. This work establishes the importance and value of modeling the many sources of variations in mobile workloads. A completely data-driven approach is presented that provides accurate estimates of a workload's statistical characteristics, without any assumptions regarding its underlying statistical distribution. The method is light-weight allowing for real-time model evaluation and update. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach, the design of a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling controller is presented and implemented on an existing mobile device. The proposed controller achieves an energy efficiency improvement of 19 percent over existing Android frequency governors.
Introduction: Mediated Social Connections: Place, Imagination and Togetherness

This chapter explores how ideas regarding familiar strangers advanced to consider parasocial interaction and imaginary social relationships as these ideas advanced to consider mediated social connections in the age of digital media. The chapter frames the discussion within three concepts: place, imagination and sociality. Place refers to the portable nature of digital media. Imagination refers to changes in the ways the inner world extends to objective reality and sociality refers to the idea that our mediated social world is made up of networks of individuals that are formed by social media platforms. These three concepts provide the basis for understanding how we traverse the inner world of the imagination to consider its connection to the outer world of objective reality.
Sensitive-Sample Fingerprinting of Deep Neural Networks

Numerous cloud-based services are provided to help customers develop and deploy deep learning applications. When a customer deploys a deep learning model in the cloud and serves it to end-users, it is important to be able to verify that the deployed model has not been tampered with. In this paper, we propose a novel and practical methodology to verify the integrity of remote deep learning models, with only black-box access to the target models. Specifically, we define Sensitive-Sample fingerprints, which are a small set of human unnoticeable transformed inputs that make the model outputs sensitive to the model's parameters. Even small model changes can be clearly reflected in the model outputs. Experimental results on different types of model integrity attacks show that we proposed approach is both effective and efficient. It can detect model integrity breaches with high accuracy (>99.95%) and guaranteed zero false positives on all evaluated attacks. Meanwhile, it only requires up to 103X fewer model inferences, compared with non-sensitive samples.
Calibration of Measuring Devices

The principles for calibrating measuring devices by using a calibrated grid and for calibrating a grid by using a calibrated device are well known. It is not as well known that both device and grid...
Recent applications of FRET-based multiplexed techniques

Abstract Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for visualizing molecular interactions, single-molecule conformational dynamics, binding, and other molecular signaling events. However, until recently, FRET spectroscopy/microscopy has been mainly used for monitoring single events. Recent pursuits on simultaneous detection and analysis of multiple analytes have led to the development of various FRET-based multiplexed techniques. The concomitant increase in the experimental complexity and data analysis due to the use of multiple donors/acceptor pairs and multiple excitation sources have proven to be the major challenges for rapid expansion of these techniques. In this review, we will focus on recent applications of FRET-based multiplexed techniques using coupled chromophore platforms composed of organic dyes, quantum dots (QDs), lanthanides, and fluorescent proteins, and discuss some of the current challenges that need to be addressed to further expand their applications in this new exciting area.
Acorn weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) predation dynamics in a Mississippi bottomland hardwood forest

Curculio and Conotrachelus weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) can render the majority of North American Quercus spp. acorn crops nonviable, thereby reducing food resources for wildlife and limiting opportunities for seedling establishment. Acorn predation by weevils at the individual tree level can be influenced by many factors, and research specifically investigating acorn predation by weevils in seasonally flooded bottomland oak forests is lacking. We placed cone emergence traps in a periodically flooded forest on the Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge near Brooksville, Mississippi to obtain weevil population parameter estimates, record emergence phenologies, and identify variables that may aid in understanding tree-to-tree variability in acorn predation rates. Forty-three Curculio weevils representing five species emerged from mid-August through early November, and 56% of those captured emerged over an 11-day period in mid-September. Sixty-four Conotrachelus weevils representing two species emerged from mid-August through late November and occurred at nearly twice the density of Curculio weevils. The exotic Asiatic oak weevil, Crytepistomus castaneus, a minor defoliator, emerged from August through early November. We also identified Quercus density, specifically the proportion of oaks that immediately neighbor the host tree, as a potentially important explanatory variable of acorn predation by weevils at the tree level in bottomland forest habitats.