cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jefferson's other

This essay investigates how various representations of the public memory of Thomas Jefferson function rhetorically. Curiously, such representations depict a past for which no certain record exists. The portrayal of Jefferson's alleged affair with Sally Hemings in novels, films, and other discourses demonstrates that the rhetoric of public memory, which preserves the relevance and utility of the past for audiences in the present, is often sustained, not by a transparent or even plausible understanding of former persons and events, but by profound and potentially irresolvable confusions over the relationship between what is commemorated and those doing the commemorating. The essay scrutinizes how three different forms of rhetoric respond to such confusion by fashioning memories of Jefferson that reflect contemporary desires to explain the mysteries of his enigmatic past. Consequently, the essay argues that the contemporary public memory of Jefferson is defined by a discursive haunting of his official reputa...
Optimization of the dynamic and thermal performance of a resonant micro heat engine

The dynamic behavior of a flexing membrane micro heat engine is presented. The micro heat engine consists of a cavity filled with a saturated, two-phase working fluid bounded on the top by a flexible expander membrane and on the bottom by a stiff evaporator membrane. A lumped parameter model is developed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the micro heat engine. First, the model is validated against experimental data. Then, the model is used to investigate the effect of the duration of the heat addition process, the mass of the expander membrane and the thermal storage or thermal inertia associated with the engine cavity on the dynamic behavior of the micro engine. The results show the optimal duration for the heat addition process to be less than 10% of the engine cycle period. Increasing the mass of the flexible expander membrane is shown to reduce the resonant frequency of the engine to 130 Hz. Operating the engine at resonance leads to increased power output. The thermal storage or thermal inertia associated with the engine cavity is shown to have a strong effect on engine performance.
Effects of Transition from Pass/No Credit to Traditional Letter Grade System

A comparison of student performance resulting from the transition from a pass/no credit to the traditional letter grade system was elicited from faculty instructing at an upper-division and masters...
Use of the MMPI–2's VRIN Scale with Severely Disturbed Populations: Consistent Responding May Be More Problematic than Inconsistent Responding:

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--Second Edition includes a new validity scale, the VRIN scale, intended to detect random responding. High scores are viewed as casting suspicion on the validity of the profile. For the present study, the authors evaluated some of the complexities of the VRIN scale including its interaction with the F scale. In particular, we tested two hypotheses. First is that among psychotically disturbed test takers, some inconsistent responding is an integral and expected mode of responding to a self-report measure. That is, in an inpatient psychiatric population increased confused responding (high VRIN score) is related in predictable ways to increased endorsement of psychotic scales and two-point codes and to increased psychotic diagnoses. The second hypothesis is a corollary--that the absence of inconsistency (low VRIN) in a protocol indicating acute distress (high F) may indicate that a respondent is being too consistent in presenting self as having severe difficulties. In this case, the rest of the protocol may be an exaggerated description of the clinical presentation. A sample of 521 psychiatric inpatients was used to evaluate these hypotheses. Some support for both hypotheses is reported. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the hypotheses.
Racial differences in perceived job fulfillment of white collar workers

Differences in perceived job fulfillment between black and white clerical employees (ns = 188 blacks, 447 whites) were investigated using an adaptation of a job-facet instrument. Although blacks and whites were in similar jobs and with the same salaries and there were no apparent differences among jobs and the rewards they provide, blacks perceived significantly greater fulfillment on individual job characteristics (22 of 25). Determining causes of differential perceptions of job fulfillment by race is encouraged.
The assessment of halothane vaporizers in conjunction with demand-flow anesthetic machines

Abstract Four halothane vaporizers produced for continuous-flow methods and two specifically designed for use with demand-flow machines were investigated with regard to their efficacy in vaporization with demand flow. None of the vaporizers investigated was accurate, but, apart from the Goldman vaporizer, none could be said to deliver excess increments of halothane with regular changes of the vaporizer setting.
Two new species of the genus Rhynchonema (Nematoda, Xyalidae) from Amakusa, south Japan

During the ecological studies on marine nematodes in the intertidal zone and an adjacent seagrass Zostera marina Linne bed in Amakusa, south Japan, two new species of the genus Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920 were found. They are described as R. kikuchii and R. amakusanum. Up to now, Rhynchonema species were unknown from Japan.
Social organization in deer: Implications for localized management

Populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) inhabiting many state and national parks and suburban areas have grown to the point that they conflict with human activities. Conflicts range from destruction of vegetation through browsing to public perception that diseases carried by deer pose threats to human health. Traditional modes of hunting to control populations are inappropriate in many of these areas because of intense human development and activity. This article explores an alternative approach for population reduction based on deer social organization. Female white-tailed deer are highly philopatric and female offspring remain near their dams for life. This suggests that a population expands slowly as a series of overlapping home ranges in a form analogous to the petals on a rose. Incorporating the rose petal concept into a model of population growth shows that removal of deer by family unit can potentially alleviate conflicts in localized areas for as many as 10–15 yr.
Computational Studies of Experimentally Observed Structures of Sulfur on Metal Surfaces

First-principles electronic structure calculations were carried out to examine the experimentally observed structures of sulfur on close packed surfaces of a number of important metals - Ag(111), Cu(111), Ni(111), Pt(111), Rh(111), Re(0001) and Ru(0001). At low coverages ({le} 1/3 ML), the prediction is consistent with the typical pattern of preferred sulfur occupancy of threefold hollow sites, notably the fcc site on the (111) surfaces and the hcp site on the (0001) surfaces. Theoretical confirmation for the existence of pure sulfur overlayer phases on Pt(111), Rh(111), Re(0001) and Ru(0001) at higher coverages (> 1/3 ML) was provided. For the ({radical}7 x {radical}7) phase seen on Ag(111), the most preferred structure identified for adsorbed S trimer consists of an S atom on the top site bonded to two S atoms situated on the nearest neighbor off-bridge site positions. Among the different densely packed mixed sulfur-metal overlayer models suggested for the ({radical}7 x {radical}7) phase on Cu(111), the structure which consists of metal and S atoms in a hexagonal-like arrangement on the top substrate was found to be the most energetically favorable. For the (5{radical}3 x 2) phase on Ni(111), the calculations confirm the existence of clock-reconstructed top layer metal atoms onto whichmore » sulfur atoms are adsorbed.« less
The Concept and Measurement of Extinguishability as a Flammability Criterion

Burning experiments in enclosed spaces have shown that oxygen depletion leading to flame extinction occurs even in a relatively large volume of air, because convection is only partially effective in supplying air to a burning flame and removing products of combustion and pyrolysis. Quantitative evaluation of extinguishability through oxygen depletion determined under realistic burning conditions would, therefore, be a valuable indication of the hazard potential of a material. Accordingly, a method has been developed for establishing a characteristiol minimum-burning condition in terms of oxygen concentration which results in a more stringent criterion for the innate flammability of a material than the conventional oxygen index (O.I.) value. The TRI Flammability Analyzer is used to measure steady-state flame propagation rates at several oxygen concentrations high enough to support steady burning. Extrapolating the resultant linear burning rate oxygen concentration relation to zero burning rate-yields an in...
Heuristic Derivation of the Probability Distributions of Particles Emitted by a Black Hole

A simple derivation of the probability distributions for the emission of bosons and fermions from a black hole is given. The derivation is based upon the generalized treatment of barrier penetration introduced by Damour and Ruffini. The intuitive amplitude method of Feynman is employed to establish the intimate connection between the statistics of the particles and their spectral distributions.
The antibiotic W341C, its ion transport properties and inhibitory effects on mitochondrial substrate oxidation.

We have examined the ion transport properties and the inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial substrate oxidation by the antibiotic W341C. W341C was able to transport 22Na+ and 42K+ across a bulk carbon tetrachloride layer. A preference was shown for K+ transport. With equal molar antibiotic concentrations, W341C transported 42K+ at a greater rate than the K+-selective ionophore nigericin, but transported 22Na+ at a lesser rate than the Na+-selective ionophore monensin. Like nigericin, W341C was able to deplete mitochondrial K+, but not Mg2+ nor Ca2+. The inhibition of mitochondrial substrate oxidation by W341C paralleled the patterns obtained with nigericin. These data indicate that W341C is a K+selective ionophore that inhibits mitochondrial substrate oxidation by a mechanism analogous to that of nigericin.
Glutamate containing neurons in the cat superior colliculus revealed by immunocytochemistry.

Glutamate is the probable neurotransmitter of both retinal and cortical afferents to the cat superior colliculus (SC). The present study shows that glutamate is also contained in many postsynaptic neurons in SC. The distribution, morphology, and ultrastructure of neurons in SC were examined using glutamate antibody immunocytochemistry. Labeled cells were widely distributed throughout, but a specific laminar pattern was evident. Relatively few cells were found in the zonal and upper superficial gray layers (SGL). A dense band of intensely labeled neurons was found within the deep superficial gray and upper optic layers. Many cells were also labeled in the deeper layers. Labeled cells had varied sizes and morphologies. Soma diameters ranged from 9–67 μm, with a mean of 22 μm. Cells with stellate, vertical fusiform, and multipolar morphologies were labeled. Cells in the deep subdivision all had morphologies and sizes typical of projection neurons. To determine if labeled cells in the dense band were also projection neurons, WGA-HRP was injected into the lateral posterior nucleus and these sections were double-labeled with the glutamate antibody. Over one-half of cells in the dense band that were labeled by HRP were also obviously labeled by antibody. At the electron-microscope level, both medium- and large-sized neurons were also labeled by glutamate antibodies. These cells had different but characteristic morphologies.
An analytical and experimental study of a control system's sensitivity to structural modifications

Two aspects of the sensitivity of a control system to minor structural modifications are discussed. The first is the sensitivity of the performance of the control system, which is usually associated with the robustness of the system. The second is the sensitivity of the optimum design of the control system, which is important in the assessment of the need for combined control/structural design. The two aspects of sensitivity are demonstrated for a flexible laboratory structure controlled by several rate-feedback colocated force-actuator velocity-sensor pairs. Both the performance and the optimum design of the control system are shown to be quite sensitive to structural modifications. Analytical predictions of sensitivity are validated experimentally.
Strategic Value of Corporate Venture Capital Programs

Corporate venturing activities, driven largely by the need to be competitive in the Internet Age, have out-paced the accompanying theory on how such programs can create value. This article presents a framework for understanding value creation through a firm9s venture capital programs. The framework includes two stages of value creation: a firm creates value through building technology equity and brand equity, and then corporate venturing programs can multiply this value. A mediating variable, free cash flow level, is included to allow for effective use of venture funds.
Fractal Character of Landslides

Landslide blocks in a huge landslide have a fractal character. Their fractal dimension with respect to width averages 1.24 and with respect to length 1.44, Our limited data indicate that the fractal dimension is independent from the base rock geology. Huge landslides can be classified into first-, second-, and third-level blocks based mainly on the size of the blocks. Second- and third-level landslide blocks also have unique fractal dimensions. The fractal character of landslides can be explained by a) self-similar geometry and b) unique fractal dimensions made by combining second- and third-level blocks.
AMINO ACIDS IN THE NUTRITION OF EXCISED TOMATO ROOTS.

A preliminary study of the growth-promoting materials obtainable from yeast and essential for the nutrition of excised tomato roots (10) has shown that all of these materials are soluble in 85 per cent, ethyl alcohol, insoluble in ether, and stable in boiling trichloroacetic acid. They can be further divided into two fractions by extracting with absolute alcohol. Both fractions are essential for satisfactory growth. The present paper deals with results of an analysis of that fraction which is soluble in 85 per cent, alcohol and insoluble in 100 per cent, alcohol and ether. The basic nutrients, cultural methods, and materials used have been the same as those previously described.
Collective Motions and Dynamical Couplings in the Kinesin Motor Domain

Kinesin motor proteins transport cargo along microtubule tracks to support essential cellular functions including cell growth, axonal signaling and the separation of chromosomes during cell division. All kinesins contain one or more conserved motor domains that modulate binding and movement along microtubules via cycles of ATP hydrolysis. Important conformational transitions occurring during this cycle have been characterized with extensive crystallographic studies. However, the link between the observed conformations and the mechanisms involved in conformational change and microtubule interaction modulation remain unclear. Here we describe a comprehensive principal component analysis of 114 available motor domain crystallographic structures supplemented with extensive unbiased conventional and accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. This combined approach quantitatively assess the structural and dynamical features of distinct motor domain conformations, characterizes the response to nucleotide hydrolysis and microtubule binding, and probes the apparent allosteric link between functional sites. Simulations of unprecedented length for this system reveal the atomic details of large scale conformational transitions (most notably of the microtubule binding α4-α5, loop8 subdomain, α2b-β4-β6-β7 motor domain tip and loop5 regions), as well as novel dynamical couplings, of distal nucleotide and microtubule binding sites (mediated by loop7 and loop13). Our results also indicate that the crystallographically reported ATP and ADP-like conformations of kinesin in isolation are intrinsically accessible regardless of nucleotide state. Comparison with kinesin-tubulin simulations support a model where complex formation and neck-linker docking leads to a tighter coupling of the microtubule and nucleotide binding regions. Furthermore, mutational simulations highlight sites potentially critical for conformational transitions and allosteric coupling that are prime targets for experimental study.
CHAIN BREAKAGE ACCOMPANYING THE PHOTOLYSIS OF IdUrd‐DNA

DNA isolated from Escherichia coli and substituted with various amounts of iododeoxyuridine (12-95%) was irradiated at either 265. 300 or 313 nm and the frequency of chain breakage measured by sedimentation in either neutral or alkaline sucrose gradients. The wavelength dependence of the photochemical cross section for chain breaks paralleled that for iodine loss, and the average frequency of chain breakage per halogen loss was 0.50 ± 0.07. Approximately 80-90% of the breaks observed in alkali are alkali-labile bonds and are not observed under neutral conditions. The presence of ethanol during irradiation reduced the frequency of chain breakage by more than an order of magnitude. These results are interpreted in terms of a model in which photo-induced deiodination leads to the formation of a uracilyl radical which then abstracts a hydrogen atom from either a nearby sugar moiety or from another hydrogen donor such as ethanol. The resulting modified sugar can then rearrange to form either a clean chain break or an alkali-labile bond.
Two-dimensional XY model in a random uniaxial field

We present a low-temperature analysis of the two-dimensional XY model in the presence of a random uniaxial field, which points in the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}x directions with equal probability. We first construct a domain argument, valid at zero temperature in all dimensions, which indicates that in all dimensions the ground state is ferromagnetic, for small field, and the magnetization points in the y direction. We then construct Kosterlitz-style recursion relations for this model in two dimensions. Analyzing these equations, we find an ordered phase with Ising symmetry at nonzero temperature and small values of the random-field strength. Thus, the random field induces long-range order in a system which exhibits only quasiorder in its pure state. We also consider the p-state generalization of the model, and find an ordered phase with 2p-fold symmetry at nonzero temperature. Our results are in disagreement with earlier work by Dotsenko and Feigelman, who found a paramagnetic phase at low temperatures.
Exploring s-CIELAB as a scanner metric for print uniformity

The s-CIELAB color difference metric combines the standard CIELAB metric for perceived color difference with spatial contrast sensitivity filtering. When studying the performance of digital image processing algorithms, maps of spatial color difference between 'before' and 'after' images are a measure of perceived image difference. A general image quality metric can be obtained by modeling the perceived difference from an ideal image. This paper explores the s-CIELAB concept for evaluating the quality of digital prints. Prints present the challenge that the 'ideal print' which should serve as the reference when calculating the delta E* error map is unknown, and thus be estimated from the scanned print. A reasonable estimate of what the ideal print 'should have been' is possible at least for images of known content such as flat fields or continuous wedges, where the error map can be calculated against a global or local mean. While such maps showing the perceived error at each pixel are extremely useful when analyzing print defects, it is desirable to statistically reduce them to a more manageable dataset. Examples of digital print uniformity are given, and the effect of specific print defects on the s-CIELAB delta E* metric are discussed.
AXIAL-SYMMETRIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM WITH NONLINEAR ELASTICITY

T application of solutions of linear elastic boundary value problems to the interpretation of the behavior of a number of real materials is a matter of expediency. For a number of materials, for instance, solid propellants, the assumption of a linear elastic stress strain relation is an approximation ; even within the range of small strains, it is of interest to determine how the deviation from nonlinearity in a real material affects the stress distribution in a boundary value problem. The formulation of any nonlinear response must be in invariant terms. For a strain-softening material that has a linear volumetric response, a simple form of nonlinearity is obtained by assuming the shear modulus G to be a function of the second deviatoric strain invariant I2', G = GQ(l — CJY) ) where GO and C are constants that reflect the shear modulus as the magnitude of the strain approaches zero and the amount of the nonlinearity, respectively, and 1% =
Optical and magnetic properties of Pseudomonas azurins.

Abstract 1. 1.The visible absorption spectra and optical rotatory dispersion spectra have been recorded for the azurins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The magnitude of the Cotton effects in the visible range is indicative of a large degree of asymmetry of the copper-binding site. 2. 2.Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra exhibit very low nuclear hyperfine splitting values for both proteins. Microwave absorption was found to be proportional to optical absorption in the visible region. 3. 3.Both proteins spontaneously bleach at alkaline pH values. The process is shown to be one of reduction of the cupricion to cuprous. A mechanism for this reaction is presented.
Constituting Corporations and Markets: Railroads in Gilded Age Politics

In 1884, a committee of dissenting bondholders for the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway entered a federal district court in Illinois to complain that St. Louis Federal Judge David Brewer had, at the request of the notorious robber baron, Jay Gould, thrown the road into receivership prior to default. Judge Walter Gresham (whom the Populists would try to recruit for their 1892 presidential candidate) listened sympathetically and put the eastern division of the road into a separate receivership. For the time being, a key link, in Gould's national system was broken in two. Soon, however, the courts and bondholders capitulated, and Gould succeeded, at the expense of the sanctity of property and contract, in revolutionizing the corporate doctrine of receiverships to assimilate huge national systems.
A structural model of salesforce compensation dynamics: Response to Profs. Rust and Staelin

We would like to thank Professors John Rust and Rick Staelin for their thought-ful commentaries on our paper. It is an honor to have these two individuals as ourdiscussants, as their seminal early work (on estimating dynamic programming prob-lems and salesforce compensation issues respectively) have had a critical in⁄uence onthe literatures leading up to our paper, and on our own work as well. We hope thisexchange of perspectives provides readers with a deeper understanding of the issuesfaced in empirical work on salesforce compensation, and in the analyses of contracts,more generally.Response to Professor John Rust Prof. Rust touches on a philosophical dis-cussion about the role of normative research. He emphasizes the relatively recent roleof econometric work targeted at improving private decision making in Economics inparticular, and in the social sciences more generally. We are in agreement with himabout the value of this approach. Like Economics, Marketing is a policy-oriented–eld. The main di⁄erence is that policy recommendations in Economics are typicallydirected at a social planner while policy recommendations in Marketing are typicallydirected at a –rm. Marketing is clearly an applied social science, belonging in aBusiness School, and this focus drives research on questions which both in⁄uence andare in⁄uenced by the outcomes and concerns of managed organizations. We believesalesforce compensation is an important example in this tradition, given its impor-tance to –rms, and because much of marketing in Business-to-Business settings isimplemented via direct sales forces.More broadly, the explosion of data and the increasing access a⁄orded to re-searchers to –rms™ internal databases are creating new research opportunities inthe applied business –elds. Accessing these opportunities typically requires the re-searchers to bring together some sophisticated econometrics (to handle the variationin the data), some advanced computational programming (to implement the econo-metrics) and application of theory (to parsimoniously string together the variousmoving parts of the model). For the applied empirical researcher who brings these1
Toward a unifying framework to support informal learning theory, research and practice

Purpose – The purpose of this Guest Editorial is to introduce the papers in this special issue and outline how they help us to better understand the theory and practice of informal learning.Design/methodology/approach – The Guest Editorial provides an overview of the topics discussed in the special issue, focusing on teachers and schools, social workers, and knowledge management in academic and business settings.Findings – In practice informal and formal learning are often inextricably intertwined.Originality/value – The papers in this issue contribute to the search for a unifying framework to support theory, research and practice.
The bottlenosed dolphin’s ( Tursiops truncatus ) understanding of gestures as symbolic representations of its body parts

We assigned gestural symbols to nine body parts of a bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The dolphin was first trained to touch any floating object it chose with the body part indicated by a gestural symbol. In Experiment 1, we tested the dolphin’s ability to now touchspecific gesturally referenced objects using specific gesturally referenced body parts. In Experiment 2, we tested its ability to either touch or toss gesturally referenced objects with gesturally referenced body parts or to simply display those body parts or shake them back and forth. The acts of touching, tossing, displaying, and shaking were each associated with specific gestures and appeared in random sequences within test sessions. The results demonstrated highly significant levels of performance throughout these tasks, including many successes on the first occasions of new body-part uses. These findings provided strong evidence that the gestural symbols we used for body parts were semantically processed and understood by the dolphin as representing those body parts.
A comparative study of noisy signal evolution in 2R all-optical regenerators with normal and anomalous average dispersions using an accelerated Multicanonical Monte Carlo method

In [Opt. Express 15, 10061 (2007)] we proposed a new regime of multichannel all-optical regeneration that required anomalous average dispersion. This regime is superior to the previously studied normal-dispersion regime when signal distortions are deterministic in their temporal shape. However, there was a concern that the regenerator with anomalous average dispersion may be prone to noise amplification via modulational instability. Here, we show that this, in general, is not the case. Moreover, in the range of input powers that is of interest for multichannel regeneration, the device with anomalous average dispersion may even provide less noise amplification than the one with normal dispersion. These results are obtained with an improved version of the parallelized modification of the Multicanonical Monte Carlo method proposed in [IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 14, 599 (2008)].
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF HYPERTHERMAL PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

Low-pressure sputtering and ionized vapor deposition processes create atomic fluxes with kinetic energies in the 1.0-20 eV (and above) range. The impact energy of these hyperthermal atoms significantly effects the surface morphology and structure of vapor deposited films. Recent molecular dynamics simulations of metal atom interactions with a metal surface have established the energy and angular dependence of many of the impact energy induced mechanisms of atomic assembly including biased diffusion, atomic reflection, resputtering, and thermal transient induced "athermal" diffusion. These four effects have been incorporated into an earlier two-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo model that analyzes the thermally driven multipath diffusional processes active during vapor deposition (Y. G. Yang et al., Acta Mater., 45 (1997) 1445). The contributions of the energy-dependent mechanisms to surface morphology were found to grow in importance as the substrate temperature was reduced and/or as the rate of deposition increased. The simulation method- ology was used to establish functional dependence of surface roughness upon the atom's kinetic energy and its direction of incidence during the hyperthermal deposition of nickel vapor. The simulations reveal the existence of a minimum surface roughness at an incident angle which increased with impact atom kinetic energy. Modification of the impact energy is shown to be a viable means for controlling surface morphology during physical vapor deposition under high deposition rate, low deposition temperature growth conditions.  2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.
Fluorescein does not alter acetylcholine metabolism.

Systemic injections of fluorescein are occasionally associated with severe reactions. These reactions include hypotension, 1 nausea, 2 myocardial infarction, 3 pulmonary edema, 4 and cardiac arrest. 5 Tetraiodofluorescein and other aromatic dyes, such as congo red and cibacron blue, inhibit choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine. 6 The effect of fluorescein itself is unknown. Both choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase have active sites that are structurally similar. 7,8 We conducted a study to determine whether fluorescein inhibits either of these enzymes.
THE SUCCESSION OF DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES IN THE RECENT SEDIMENTS OF LAKE WASHINGTON1

Examination of the diatom remains in the recent sediment of Lake Washington reveals striking correlations with the pattern of sewage enrichment over the past 80 years. In the deeper sediment, which was deposited prior to cultural enrichment, the relative composition of the diatoms was constant. Diversity and redundancy values also reflect this constancy and near steady-state conditions. An approximate time sequence, based on estimates of sedimentation rates, was derived for the sediments. Correlated with the pattern of sewage discharge into the lake, many of the species changed in proportion in accordance with their ascribed trophic behavior as indicator species. Statistical treatment revealed significant shifts in species ranking, including a change in dominance from Melosira italica to Fragilaria crotonensis between 35 and 20 cm that is associated with the establishment of Seattle. The reversal of this relationship from 9 to 6 cm and its re-establishment from 5 cm to the surface of the sediment correspond to a diversion of sewage from the lake about 1930 and a gradual increase from 1941 to 1965. The considerable changes in species ranking, diversity, and redundancy values in the upper 30 cm of sediment is interpreted as the result of the interaction between the various species and the degree of cultural enrichment. The percentages of Araphidincae and Centrales followed this pattern very closely and seem to be much more reliable indicators than the fluctuations of individual indicator species.
Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins

The cloning of genes encoding mammalian DNA binding transcription factors for RNA polymerase II has provided the opportunity to analyze the structure and function of these proteins. This review summarizes recent studies that define structural domains for DNA binding and transcriptional activation functions in sequence-specific transcription factors. The mechanisms by which these factors may activate transcriptional initiation and by which they may be regulated to achieve differential gene expression are also discussed.
Pathologic comparison of video-assisted thoracic surgical lung biopsy with traditional open lung biopsy.

Abstract Video-assisted thoracic surgical lung biopsy is an alternative to traditional open lung biopsy for diagnosis in patients with pleuropulmonary diseases. Between January 7, 1991, and August 3, 1993, 71 consecutive patients had video-assisted thoracic surgical lung biopsy and 42 patients had traditional open lung biopsy. A specific histologic diagnosis that correlated with the clinical findings was sought in each case and the yield was compared between the two groups. Procedure-related artifactual changes were also evaluated; the extent of traumatic hemorrhage and neutrophil margination as a result of tissue manipulation was significantly greater for patients in the video-assisted thoracic surgical lung biopsy group than for those in the open lung biopsy group, but the changes were generally minor and did not affect diagnostic yield. Complications developed in 11 (15%) of 71 patients in the video-assisted thoracic surgical lung biopsy group including 5 patients with prolonged air leakage (more than 10 days); 2 width pneumonia; and 1 each with bleeding, late pneumothorax necessitating readmission, mucus plug necessitating bronchoscopy, and a hypoxic episode necessitating mechanical ventilation. On the other hand, 7 (17%) of 42 patients in the open lung biopsy group had complications including 4 patients with prolonged air leakage (more than 10 days) and 3 with pneumonia. There were 6 (8%) operative deaths in patients who had video-assisted thoracic surgical lung biopsy and (17%) in the open lung biopsy group; all had preoperative respiratory failure. We conclude that video-assisted thoracic surgical lung biopsy is an acceptable alternative to open lung biopsy for diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates or indeterminate nodules. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995; 109: 494-8)
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: An Updated Experience

Objective:To update the authors’ experience with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas.Background Data:IPMNs are intraductal mucin-producing cystic neoplasms of the pancreas with clear malignant potential. Since the authors’ 2001 report, the number of IPMNs resected at our
Prognostic models to predict survival in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with first-line paclitaxel and carboplatin with or without bevacizumab.

Background: To determine prognostic factors and build a model to predict 1-year overall survival (OS) and 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with first-line paclitaxel and carboplatin with or without bevacizumab. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 26 pretreatment clinical variables in 850 NSCLC patients treated in the randomized Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4599 study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. Cox regression with 50% randomly sampled data was used to build nomograms with a prognostic score assigned to each factor. The model was validated with the remaining 50% of data. Results: Eleven poor factors for OS (hazard ratio) were as follows: skin metastasis (4.49), body mass index less than 18.5 (2.09), increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (1.74), adrenal metastasis (1.52), performance status greater than 0 (1.45), low serum albumin (1.45), men (1.39), bone metastasis (1.39), large cell/not otherwise specified histology (1.29), mediastinal nodal metastasis (1.23), and treatment without bevacizumab (1.18). Seven poor factors for PFS were as follows: skin metastasis (3.13), treatment without bevacizumab (1.52), bone metastasis (1.41), liver metastasis (1.40), low serum albumin (1.39), performance status greater than 0 (1.21), and mediastinal nodal metastasis (1.14). Based on these factors, we built and validated two nomograms predicting 1-year OS and 6-month PFS. Conclusion: Using our proposed models, the probability of survival with first-line paclitaxel and carboplatin with or without bevacizumab in nonsquamous NSCLC patients can be estimated. These prognostic models provide a tool for research design and clinical decision making, such as patient stratification and therapy selection.
Plasminogen activator and MIF-like activities in Kirsten virus transformed mouse NIH culture fluids.

Abstract Kirsten virus transformed mouse NIH cells produce both a macrophage migration inhibition activity for guinea pig and mouse peritoneal exudate cells and a plasminogen activator. The migration inhibition factor activity exhibited thermal stability up to 80°C while the plasminogen activator was inactivated after 15 minutes at 70°C. Separation of these activities was achieved by absorption of the migration inhibition activity on agarose-fucosamine or high speed centrifugation.
Two-loop renormalizability of supergravity☆

Abstract It is proven that the leading two-loop divergences of all S-matrix amplitudes with only external gravitons, and of all other four particle amplitudes vanish in a supersymmetric theory of gravitation.
Born approximation of the continuous spectrum for dielectric waveguides using an electric field integral equation for the transverse field components

The Born approximation is used to generate a sequence of iterates approximating spectral components of the continuous spectrum associated with longitudinally-uniform dielectric waveguides. Quantification of the electromagnetic fields within these structures is provided by an axial Fourier transform-domain electric field integral equation (EFIE) for the transverse components. Successive approximations of solutions to this EFIE for practical dielectric waveguiding structures are obtained. Convergence criteria of the Neumann series along with error estimates for each iterate are examined.
Characterization of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma-Deposited Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon and Related Alloy Films

We characterized a-Si:H films deposited by the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasma-enhanced CVD technique with the purpose of comparing ECR film quality with that of films deposited by the if plasma-enhanced CVD method. These ECR films were deposited in the 1–10 mT pressure region under a variety of growth conditions. Our investigations reveal the following typical properties for intrinsic ECR-deposited a-Si:H: (1) high photosensitivity as indicated by a light-to-dark DC conductivity ratio of up to 2x106, (2) a Tauc gap in the range of 1.75-1.85 eV, (3) an Urbach slope of 45-60 meV as determined by CPM and (4) an integrated deep defect density of 0.5-2x1016 cm−3 with Ec - EF = 0.74-0.87 eV as determined by drive level profiling and junction capacitance vs. temperature scans. Variations of these quantities with deposition temperature, hydrogen dilution and magnetic field profile are discussed. Our results indicate that ECR-deposited a-Si:H is of comparable quality to a-Si:H deposited by the rf plasma glow discharge technique. ECR deposition conditions for a highly conductive type of a-Si:H film also are discussed. This material, while only slightly photosensitive and possessing an Urbach slope of over 100 meV, has a light DC conductivity of 3x10−4 (Ωcm)−1. Boron doping of this material produces a conductivity of 5x10−2(Ωcm)−1.
Parasitic hole channels in AlGaN/GaN heterojunction structures

The formation of free holes in multi-junctioned cation-faced AlGaN/GaN structures for use as heterojunction field-effect transistors (HFETs) is investigated theoretically. The model is based on a self-consistent solution of a multi-band k · p Hamiltonian, the Poisson, and charge balance equations and includes the electron and hole-induced exchange-correlation potentials via density functional theory. The piezoelectric and spontaneous polarizations are taken into account. Realistic surface boundary conditions are incorporated by imposing a sheet layer of surface donors populated according to Fermi–Dirac statistics. For cation-faced structures, the calculations show that a two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) may form at each GaN on AlGaN interface, depending on the structural geometry.
Flux-vector splitting algorithm for chain-rule conservation-law form

A flux-vector splitting algorithm with Newton-Raphson iteration was developed for the 'full compressible' Navier-Stokes equations cast in chain-rule conservation-law form. The algorithm is intended for problems with deforming spatial domains and for problems whose governing equations cannot be cast in strong conservation-law form. The usefulness of the algorithm for such problems was demonstrated by applying it to analyze the unsteady, two- and three-dimensional flows inside one combustion chamber of a Wankel engine under nonfiring conditions. Solutions were obtained to examine the algorithm in terms of conservation error, robustness, and ability to handle complex flows on time-dependent grid systems.
Executing MPI programs on virtual machines in an Internet sharing system

Internet sharing systems aim at federating and utilizing distributed computing resources across the Internet. This paper presents a user-level virtual machine (VM) approach to MPI program execution in an Internet sharing framework. In this approach, the resource consumer has its own operating system running on top of, and isolated from, the operating system of the resource provider. We propose an efficient socket virtualization technique to optimize VM network performance. Socket virtualization achieves the same network bandwidth as the physical network. In our LAN environment, it reduces the latency overhead from 172% (using existing TUN/TAP technique) to 35.6%. Performance results on MPI benchmarks show that our virtualization technique incurs small overhead compared with the physical host platform, while gaining in return a higher degree of guest isolation and customization. We also describe the key mechanisms that allow the employment of VMs in an existing Internet sharing system.
Local Government Accountability for Health Service Delivery in Nigeria

Decentralisation to locally elected governments has recently become popular as a means to improve incentives of public providers for service delivery to poor people. Yet, empirical evidence on how decentralisation initiatives work in practice is lagging. This paper provides new survey evidence from the health sector in Nigeria, one of the few countries in the developing world to have significantly decentralised both fiscal resources and service delivery responsibilities, on how locally elected governments actually function in delivering basic health services to their citizens. We find evidence of limited accountability at local levels, specifically reflected in the non-payment of salaries of health workers, variation in which cannot be explained by appealing to lack of resources available to local governments. Faced with this evidence, we explore solutions in the context of on-going policy discussions on intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LOCALIZATION OF HUMAN PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

3. GRIFFIS, J. L. and ALLEN, R. D., Exptl Cell Hes. 20, 619 (1960). 4. JENNINGS, H. S., Contribution to the study of the behaviour of the lower organisms. Carnegie Inst., Washington, 1904. 5. MAST, S. O., ,I. Morphol. 41, 347 (1926). 6. NOLASD, I,. E., J. Protozool. 4, 1 (1957). 7. PANTIS, C. l?. A., J. marine biol. Ass. 13, 24 (1923). 8. SCHAEFFER, A. A., Amoeboid movement. Princeton University, New Jersey, 1920. 9. SHAFFER, B. M., Adu. Morphogen. 2, 109 (1962). 10. --in Primitive Motile Systems in Cell Biology, p. 387. R. D. ALLEK and N. KAYIYA (eds.) Academic Press, New York, 1963. 11. WOLPERT, I,. and O'SEILL, C. H., Safure Lond.196, 1261(1962).
Tolerance to the effects of daily nicotine on rat bar pressing behavior for water reinforcement.

Abstract The effects of daily nicotine tartrate given IP in a dose of 0.25 mg/kg twice a day for 15 days was studied on bar pressing behavior for water reinforcement in the rat. A modified FR 1 5 schedule was used. Nicotine injections caused an initial disruption of bar pressing behavior with rapid tolerance development. Antidiuretic hormone (5–10 units/kg, SC) administration also suppressed water drinking behavior after an initial latency in contrast to the effects of nicotine. It is concluded that tolerance occurs to daily nicotine administration.
Random subspaces and subsampling for 2-D face recognition

Random subspaces are a popular ensemble construction technique that improves the accuracy of weak classifiers. It has been shown, in different domains, that random subspaces combined with weak classifiers such as decision trees and nearest neighbor classifiers can provide an improvement in accuracy. In this paper, we apply the random subspace methodology to the 2-D face recognition task. The main goal of the paper is to see if the random subspace methodology can do as well, if not better, than the single classifier constructed on the tuned face space. We also propose the use of a validation set for tuning the face space, to avoid bias in the accuracy estimation. In addition, we also compare the random subspace methodology to an ensemble of subsamples of image data. This work shows that a random subspaces ensemble can outperform a well-tuned single classifier for a typical 2-D face recognition problem. The random subspaces approach has the added advantage of requiring less careful tweaking.
A model reference adaptive control scheme for pure-feedback nonlinear systems

We present a model reference adaptive control scheme for nonlinear systems in a pure-feedback canonical form with unknown parameters. The presence of parameter uncertainty in the system causes imperfect linearization, i.e., it introduces nonlinear additive terms in the transformed coordinates. Provided that these nonlinear terms are dominated by the norm of the transformed state, we establish global convergence of the output error for all initial estimates of the parameter vector lying in an open neighborhood of the true parameters in the parameter space.
What You See is What You Get: Systematic Variability in Perceptual-Based Social Judgment

The existing literature on attitudes and social perception provides ample confirmation of the impact of physical appearance on social judgment and evaluation outcomes. The present article investigates the extent to which these robust findings are moderated by stable individual differences in the tendency to rely on external stimulus qualities in forming social impressions. Study 1 introduces the Perceptual Reliance Index (PRI) and provides psychometric data on the measure. Study 2 shows that high PRI participants make significantly different social evaluations for targets of high versus low physical attractiveness, whereas low PRI participants do not. Study 3 further extends these findings by demonstrating that within-race variations in phenotypic appearance (e.g., skin color, facial features) produce differential priming effects for high but not low PRI participants. Such systematic bias in social judgment on the basis of physical cues alone suggests the existence of a purely perceptual-based form of pre...