cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat shock proteins of chicken lens.

The presence of heat shock proteins HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 in adult and embryonic chicken lenses were determined. The epithelium, cortex, and nucleus of adult chicken lens were separated and tested for the presence of heat shock proteins (hsps) by western blot, using specific antibodies for HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70. Water soluble (WSF) and water insoluble fractions (WIF) of embryonic chicken lenses were isolated and tested for the presence of HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 by immunoblot. Embryonic chicken lens sections were also analyzed for the presence of heat shock proteins by immunoflorescence technique. Data obtained from these experiments revealed that HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 are present in all areas of both adult and embryonic chicken lens. Presence of hsps protein in the deep cortex and nucleus is intriguing as no detectable metabolic activities are reported in this area. However it can be proposed that hsps HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 can interact with protein of these areas and protect them from stress induced denaturation. J. Cell. Biochem. 82:409–414, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A statistical approach to incomplete information in database systems

There are numerous situations in which a database cannot provide a precise answer to some of the questions that are posed. Sources of imprecision vary and include examples such as recording errors, incompatible scaling, and obsolete data. In many such situations, considerable prior information concerning the imprecision exists and can be exploited to provide valuable information for queries to which no exact answer can be given. The objective of this paper is to provide a framework for doing so.
Evaluation of Reconfigurable Cache Module Architecture

This paper presents the details of a superscalar microarchitecture to support reconfigurable cache modules. A reconfigurable cache module can be used either for caching or for computing. The reconfiguration latencies dictate that these modules be used for computations involving multiple data items. We evaluate this microarchitecture for a variety of multimedia computation kernels through simulations. The out-of-order superscalar simulator from the publicly available microarchitecture simulation toolset SimpleScalar was modified to incorporate the reconfigurable cache modules. The simulation results indicate a reduction of 10%-85% in execution time for multi-media applications such as adpcm and mpeg.
Using Narratives to Study Task Group Effectiveness

This study uses narrative data from participating group members to identify retrospective accounts of why groups succeed or fail. Analysis of stories describing task group success and failure revealed seven general categories of themes that people in the American culture believe influence group performance: relationships, group structure, group process, mem- ber emotions, group communication, member attributes, and external forces. Of those, a comparison of standardized frequencies revealed significant differences between the group success and failure stories in regards to relationships, member emotions, and member attributes.
Pesticides in Groundwater of the United States: Decadal-Scale Changes, 1993–2011

The national occurrence of 83 pesticide compounds in groundwater of the United States and decadal-scale changes in concentrations for 35 compounds were assessed for the 20-year period from 1993–2011. Samples were collected from 1271 wells in 58 nationally distributed well networks. Networks consisted of shallow (mostly monitoring) wells in agricultural and urban land-use areas and deeper (mostly domestic and public supply) wells in major aquifers in mixed land-use areas. Wells were sampled once during 1993–2001 and once during 2002–2011. Pesticides were frequently detected (53% of all samples), but concentrations seldom exceeded human-health benchmarks (1.8% of all samples). The five most frequently detected pesticide compounds—atrazine, deethylatrazine, simazine, metolachlor, and prometon—each had statistically significant (p < 0.1) changes in concentrations between decades in one or more categories of well networks nationally aggregated by land use. For agricultural networks, concentrations of atrazine, metolachlor, and prometon decreased from the first decade to the second decade. For urban networks, deethylatrazine concentrations increased and prometon concentrations decreased. For major aquifers, concentrations of deethylatrazine and simazine increased. The directions of concentration changes for individual well networks generally were consistent with changes determined from nationally aggregated data. Altogether, 36 of the 58 individual well networks had statistically significant changes in concentrations of one or more pesticides between decades, with the majority of changes attributed to the five most frequently detected pesticide compounds. The magnitudes of median decadal-scale concentration changes were small—ranging from −0.09 to 0.03 μg/L—and were 35- to 230,000-fold less than human-health benchmarks.
Recovering line profiles from frequency-switched spectra

The usual shift and subtractalgorithm for recovering line profiles from frequency-switched data succeeds only when the switching interval exceeds the extent of the signal-bearing region. Nonetheless, noiseless spectra can in principle be reconstructed without error for any frequency-switching interval of at least one channel. This work presents a simple recursive algorithm which recovers line profiles from spectra which might otherwise appear hopelessly damaged, with only a slight cost in signal/noise. It is functionally equivalent to the dual-beam restoration algorithm of Emerson et al. (1979, A&A76, 92) which is commonly used to map objects bigger than a telescope's beam throw.
A Two-Ring Access Network Operated by Crossbar-Enabled OLTs: Cost-Effective Robust Protection in Broadband Access Networks

For protecting an OLT failure or mixed failures cost-effectively in access networks, we connect two single-ring access architectures into a network by using optical crossbar switching technology in which crossbar-enabled OLTs protect each other.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Heat Transfer in a Ribbed Channel for Internal Cooling of Turbine Blades

Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) are performed in a ribbed square channel with rib height to hydraulic diameter ratio of 0.1, and rib pitch to rib height ratio of 10. The calculations are performed for a nominal bulk Reynolds number of 20,000. Hydrodynamic and thermal fully-developed conditions are assumed. Results from two mesh resolutions, 963 and 1283 are presented and compared to available data in the literature. Time evolution, mean, and turbulent quantities are presented, together with the heat transfer. Both calculations capture the mean flow structures with precision and compare well with experimental data. Turbulent rms quantities also agree extremely well with available measurements. The finer mesh resolves the separated shear layer with greater precision and differences of 10–15% are observed between the two calculations. Similar differences are observed in the predictions of friction factors and Nusselt numbers between the two meshes. The friction factor and Nusselt number are underpredicted when compared to measurements in the literature.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Nutrient Intake Patterns in Preschool Children from Inner City Day-Care Centers

An elevated body mass index (BMI) early in childhood is known as a predictor for adult obesity and obesity related comorbidities. Three year old obese children have exhibited inflammatory biomarkers linked to chronic diseases, so childhood obesity prevention efforts should start during early years of life. The current study, conducted in the U.S., collected 24 hour nutrient intake through dietary records and compared body weight and intake patterns of children from two daycare centers differing in racial and income levels. Anthropometric and dietary measures were obtained from 74 caregivers (CG) and their children. Each childâ€™s food intake at preschool was observed and recorded by direct observation by graduate students. The home food intake was recorded by the CG. Fifty one CG returned all the dietary records and completed the study. Both center and at home records were combined together to produce the daily nutrient intake data. The mean BMI percentile for both boys and girls were in the healthy BMI range, although a higher percent of girls had BMI greater than 85 percentile. All macronutrients were significantly higher than the Dietary Recommended Intake (DRI) or estimated average requirement (EAR). Children from low income families consumed more protein, total fat, saturated fat, higher percentage of energy from saturated fat and had higher sodium intake. Elevated intake of fat and protein may predispose children to weight gain. Nutrition education to teach CG, especially those with low income, to reduce energy density in meals is warranted.
Improving the discharge process by embedding a discharge facilitator in a resident team

BACKGROUND: Hospital discharges are vulnerable periods for patient safety, especially in teaching hospitals where discharges are done by residents with competing demands. We sought to assess whether embedding a nurse practitioner on a medical team to help physicians with the discharge process would improve communication, patient follow-up, and hospital reutilization. METHODS: A 5-month randomized controlled trial was conducted on the medical service at an academic tertiary-care hospital. A nurse practitioner was randomly assigned to 1 resident team to complete discharge paperwork, arrange follow-up appointments and prescriptions, communicate discharge plans with nursing and primary care physicians, and answer questions from discharged patients. RESULTS: Intervention patients had more discharge summaries completed within 24 hours (67% vs 47%, P < 0.001). Similarly, they had more follow-up appointments scheduled by the time of discharge (62% vs 36%, P < 0.0001) and attended those appointments more often within 2 weeks (36% vs 23%, P < 0.0002). Intervention patients knew whom to call with questions (95% vs 85%, P = 0.003) and were more satisfied with the discharge process (97% vs 76%, P < 0.0001). Attending rounds on the intervention team finished on time (45% vs 31%, P = 0.058), and residents signed out on average 46 minutes earlier each day. There was no significant difference between the groups in 30-day emergency department visits or readmissions. CONCLUSIONS: Helping resident physicians with the discharge process improves many aspects of discharge communication and patient follow-up, and saves residents' time, but had no effect on hospital reutilization for a general medicine population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
The extended family of type II quadratic solitons excited by fundamental waves of unequal energy

Summary form only given. The family of type II quadratic solitons is much richer than originally believed, does not require a strong second harmonic beams, and has a continuous ratio between the energies of the two orthogonally polarized fundamental waves.
Enzymatic Dysfunction of Mitochondrial Complex I of the Candida albicans goa1 Mutant Is Associated with Increased Reactive Oxidants and Cell Death

We have previously shown that deletion of GOA1 (growth and oxidant adaptation) of Candida albicans results in a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP synthesis, increased sensitivity to oxidants and killing by human neutrophils, and avirulence in a systemic model of candidiasis. We established that translocation of Goa1p to mitochondria occurred during peroxide stress. In this report, we show that the goa1Δ (GOA31), compared to the wild type (WT) and a gene-reconstituted (GOA32) strain, exhibits sensitivity to inhibitors of the classical respiratory chain (CRC), including especially rotenone (complex I [CI]) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), an inhibitor of the alternative oxidase pathway (AOX), while potassium cyanide (KCN; CIV) causes a partial inhibition of respiration. In the presence of SHAM, however, GOA31 has an enhanced respiration, which we attribute to the parallel respiratory (PAR) pathway and alternative NADH dehydrogenases. Interestingly, deletion of GOA1 also results in a decrease in transcription of the alternative oxidase gene AOX1 in untreated cells as well as negligible AOX1 and AOX2 transcription in peroxide-treated cells. To explain the rotenone sensitivity, we measured enzyme activities of complexes I to IV (CI to CIV) and observed a major loss of CI activity in GOA31 but not in control strains. Enzymatic data of CI were supported by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) experiments which demonstrated less CI protein and reduced enzyme activity. The consequence of a defective CI in GOA31 is an increase in reactive oxidant species (ROS), loss of chronological aging, and programmed cell death ([PCD] apoptosis) in vitro compared to control strains. The increase in PCD was indicated by an increase in caspase activity and DNA fragmentation in GOA31. Thus, GOA1 is required for a functional CI and partially for the AOX pathway; loss of GOA1 compromises cell survival. Further, the loss of chronological aging is new to studies of Candida species and may offer an insight into therapies to control these pathogens. Our observation of increased ROS production associated with a defective CI and PCD is reminiscent of mitochondrial studies of patients with some types of neurodegenerative diseases where CI and/or CIII dysfunctions lead to increased ROS and apoptosis.
End-to-End Study of Parallel Volume Rendering on the IBM Blue Gene/P

In addition to their role as simulation engines, modern supercomputers can be harnessed for scientific visualization. Their extensive concurrency, parallel storage systems, and high-performance interconnects can mitigate the expanding size and complexity of scientific datasets and prepare for in situ visualization of these data. In ongoing research into testing parallel volume rendering on the IBM Blue Gene/P (BG/P), we measure performance of disk I/O, rendering, and compositing on large datasets, and evaluate bottlenecks with respect to system-specific I/O and communication patterns. To extend the scalability of the direct-send image compositing stage of the volume rendering algorithm, we limit the number of compositing cores when many small messages are exchanged. To improve the data-loading stage of the volume renderer, we study the I/O signatures of the algorithm in detail. The results of this research affirm that a distributed-memory computing architecture such as BG/P is a scalable platform for large visualization problems.
Electromagnetic scattering from long nanowires

To study the electromagnetic properties of nanowires composed of various materials at infrared and optical frequencies, the dispersive nature of the material must be incorporated into the modeling approach. In the paper, the use of the complex dielectric function and mathematical models for the dispersive properties of the material, specifically in this case for Gallium Phosphide (GaP) material is discussed. Using these material models, large aspect ratio nanowires ("long nanowires") are examined. Using analytical techniques, the intensity of electric fields inside the nanowire are studied for normal incidence. Computational methods such as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique are also be used to study the behavior of finite length nanowires.
Increased sensitivity to cocaine place-preference conditioning by septal lesions in rats

Rats bearing electrolytic lesions of medial septum and sham-operated controls were trained on cocaine place-preference in a 3-compartment apparatus. Cocaine was paired with a white or a black compartment. An unbiased design was used, in which cocaine was paired with the preferred side in half the animals and with the unpreferred side in the other half. Two low doses of cocaine HCl were used: 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. Only two pairings of drug with environment were used to minimize the influence of drug sensitization. Rats with septal lesions, but not controls, showed preference conditioning to the black side at 2.5 mg/kg; lesioned and control animals showed similar conditioning to the black side at 5.0 mg/kg. Lesioned animals could not be conditioned to the white side at either dose. This was attributed to a drug-induced enhancement of a previously described increased reactivity to brightness following septal lesions. Controls conditioned to either side at 5.0 mg/kg. It was concluded that septal lesions lowered the cocaine dose required for preference conditioning, consistent with reports that such damage enhances some behavioral effects of psychostimulants.
Glucose Elevations and Outcome in Critically Injured Trauma Patients

Tight glucose control is associated with improved outcome among critically ill trauma patients. Further research is necessary, however, to better elucidate the etiology of this beneficial therapy. Additionally, future randomized trials on this important topic are warranted, as are investigations of emerging technologies that better facilitate tight glucose control in the ICU after trauma.
Inactivation of T cell receptor peptide-specific CD4 regulatory T cells induces chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

T cell receptor (TCR)-recognizing regulatory cells, induced after vaccination with self-reactive T cells or TCR peptides, have been shown to prevent autoimmunity. We have asked whether this regulation is involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to myelin basic protein (MBP) in an autoimmune disease model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Antigen-induced EAE in (SJL x B10.PL)F1 mice is transient in that most animals recover permanently from the disease. Most of the initial encephalitogenic T cells recognize MBP Ac1-9 and predominantly use the TCR V beta 8.2 gene segment. In mice recovering from MBP-induced EAE, regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) specific for a single immunodominant TCR peptide B5 (76-101) from framework region 3 of the V beta 8.2 chain, become primed. We have earlier shown that cloned B5-reactive Treg can specifically downregulate responses to Ac1-9 and also protect mice from EAE. These CD4 Treg clones predominantly use the TCR V beta 14 or V beta 3 gene segments. Here we have directly tested whether deletion/blocking of the Treg from the peripheral repertoire affects the spontaneous recovery from EAE. Treatment of F1 mice with appropriate V beta-specific monoclonal antibodies resulted in an increase in the severity and duration of the disease; even relapses were seen in one-third to one-half of the Treg-deleted mice. Interestingly, chronic disease in treated mice appears to be due to the presence of Ac1-9-specific T cells. Thus, once self-tolerance to MBP is broken by immunization with the antigen in strong adjuvant, TCR peptide-specific CD4 Treg cells participate in reestablishing peripheral tolerance. Thus, a failure to generate Treg may be implicated in chronic autoimmune conditions.
Motivations and Justifications for Partner Aggression in a Sample of African American College Women

Little is known about African American college women's use, experience, and conceptualizations of intimate partner violence (IPV). The current study addresses this gap in the literature by investigating a sample of African American college women's motivations for perpetration of psychological and physical IPV and justifications for hypothetical aggressive behavior. Using factors derived from a factor analysis of the Motivations and Effects Questionnaire (Follingstad, Wright, Lloyd, & Sebastian, 1991), results revealed that African American women in the current sample were using IPV primarily as a destructive method of communication. Furthermore, justifications for aggression, in general, were significantly related to the perpetration of minor physical aggression. Implications of the study for the prevention of dating violence among college women are discussed.
India.com: the construction of a space between

The study of information and communication technologies (ICT) by geographers has evolved over the past third of a century from a concentration on friction of distance and spatial organization toward a set of four interrelated social approaches: ICT as a set of contested terrains, ICT as a means of perception, ICT as a form of embodiment, and ICT as virtual places or spaces (distanciated social contexts). These approaches are complementary rather than contradictory. What is absent thus far from the ICT debate is attention to ethnicity, except as a surrogate of economic class or in vague allusions to a digital divide. Since people use ICT to build a sense of community and personal identity, both of which relate strongly to ethnicity, the topic deserves attention. The four approaches are integrated here to understand the appropriation of the internet by temporary and permanent immigrants to the USA from India (typically called Non-Resident Indians or NRIs). The concept of virtual space can be used to organiz...
Community context and the influence of non-indigenous species on juvenile salmon survival in a Columbia River reservoir

Non-indigenous species (NIS) have been called biological pollutants, which implies that reducing their numbers should reduce negative impacts. To test this hypothesis, we used food web models, parameterized with data from field studies, to ask how reducing the number of NIS co-occurring with endangered salmon would affect salmon mortality. Our analyses indicate that predation on Upper Columbia River spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss juveniles was affected very little by NIS reduction. The effects of removing NIS were partly or totally offset by indirect food web interactions, and were subtle compared to effects of native predator management. We predict that the most effective way of reducing predation on salmon smolts will involve managing native predators and targeted removals of specific NIS. Minimizing impact of established NIS thus entails not only reducing NIS prevalence, but also considering background management practices and community context.
Nonparametric von Mises estimators for entropies, divergences and mutual informations

We propose and analyse estimators for statistical functionals of one or more distributions under nonparametric assumptions. Our estimators are derived from the von Mises expansion and are based on the theory of influence functions, which appear in the semiparametric statistics literature. We show that estimators based either on data-splitting or a leave-one-out technique enjoy fast rates of convergence and other favorable theoretical properties. We apply this framework to derive estimators for several popular information theoretic quantities, and via empirical evaluation, show the advantage of this approach over existing estimators.
Professional Legal Assistance

This chapter surveys the various types of professional legal assistance available. After a brief introduction (1.01–1.02), it discusses avocats (2.03), officiers ministeriels (2.04), avocats before the Cour de Cassation (2.05), avoues (2.06), agrees (2.07), huissiers (2.08), greffiers (2.09), notaires (2.10), and special professionals involved in the administration or sale of property (2.11). The chapter concludes with a prognosis of future developments (2.12).
Effects of Recent Fiscal Policies on Children

Today's children represent the future of the century. This notion that children and future generations should have better living standards than current generations is central to universally shared views of economic progress. This article examines the effects of recent fiscal policies on children and the direct and indirect effects of one set of policies--the tax cuts and the Medicare spending increases that have been proposed and enacted since January 2001--on the long-term economic prospects of today's and tomorrow's youth.
Evidence of partner choice heuristics in a one-shot bargaining game

Abstract Economists and psychologists have developed a variety of models to explain human behavior in the ultimatum game, but none can adequately account for all of the available data. Across two studies using a face perception paradigm, we provide evidence that people use evolved, specialized heuristics for long-term cooperative partner choice to calibrate their generosity toward ultimatum game partners. Men and women played one-shot ultimatum games for real incentives with partners represented by face photographs. Men were more generous toward partners who were stronger, and who appeared more attractive, more prosocial, more productive, healthier and higher in social status; the effect of strength was mediated by productivity, but not dangerousness, suggesting that men implemented heuristics designed for partner choice rather than the asymmetric war of attrition. Moreover, men reduced their earnings by cooperating selectively with valuable long-term partners. Women also gave better treatment to valuable-appearing partners, but appeared to prioritize partner choice less than men did, relative to game earnings and intrasexual competition. The results suggest that people treat the ultimatum game as though it were an opportunity to establish a cooperative relationship with a new partner, and implications are discussed for an evolved psychology of cooperative partner choice.
A Method for Evaluating Readings Books

The article presents a method for evaluating and reviewing books of compiled readings or readings books, which can be used in conjecture with standard reviewing methods. This method evaluates the n...
Mobile Fluid Interaction with the Stationary Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Mesures des isothermes de partage du pentane dans 5% de phenyl methylsilicium en presence de plusieurs concentrations de methanol, utilise pour la phase mobile. Recherche de l'effet de la composition du methanol sur la polarite et les caracteristiques de la phase stationnaire
Review of dominant frequency analysis in atrial fibrillation

Significant advancements have been made in the technology and approach to catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein isolation has emerged as the dominant strategy in this procedure and has fueled innovations in catheter design as well as various mapping and navigation systems. Mapping and targeting of complex fractionated atrial electrograms has also emerged as an additional or alternate strategy employed by some ablationists. Recently, attention is being drawn to a new approach targeting atrial sites with high dominant frequencies (DF) derived from their electrograms. This article is a review of the basic concepts of DF, the relevant literature behind DF analysis in AF, and the potential clinical applicability of DF analysis for catheter ablation.
HIV/AIDS in Jingyan County During 1988-2008

Objective Through analyzing the incidence of HIV/AIDS from 1999 to 2008 in Jingyan County,to grasp the epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS,to study the epidemic factors,and discuss the development,prevention and control measures.Method The incidence data of HIV/AIDS were analysed by descriptive epidemiology.Results During 1999-2008,there were 33 HIV/AIDS cases,and 10 of them were died,with a mortality rate of 30.3%.The average annual incidence was 7.83/105.The epidemic situation showed an upward trend.Cases were reported in 16 townships.Farmers were more(51.51%)of the cases.In 20-45years-old group,the incidence was more concentrated.The ratio of male∶female was 2.3∶1.In the total 33 cases,23 cases(69.70%)were infected by sexual transmition.Six cases(18.18%)were infected by drug abuse.Conclusion The epidemic situation for AIDS is serious.The transmission of HIV/AIDS has spread from high-risk people to ordinary people.The prevention and control measures against HIV/AIDS should be established.The work for comprehensive controlling and treatment of HIV/AIDS should be reinforced.
Gastroenterology. Dysphagia: diagnosis by history.

Answers to the questions posed here should enable the physician to determine whether a patient's dysphagia is caused by motor or structural disorder and where the obstruction or dysfunction is located.
Metamaterial properties of periodic laminates

Abstract In this paper we show that a 1-D phononic crystal (laminate) can exhibit metamaterial wave phenomena which are traditionally associated with 2- and 3-D crystals. Moreover, due to the absence of a length scale in 2 of its dimensions, it can outperform higher dimensional crystals on some measures. This includes allowing only negative refraction over large frequency ranges and serving as a near-omnidirectional high-pass filter up to a large frequency value. First we provide a theoretical discussion on the salient characteristics of the dispersion relation of a laminate and formulate the solution of an interface problem by the application of the normal mode decomposition technique. We present a methodology with which to induce a pure negative refraction in the laminate. As a corollary to our approach of negative refraction, we show how the laminate can be used to steer beams over large angles for small changes in the incident angles (beam steering). Furthermore, we clarify how the transmitted modes in the laminate can be switched on and off by varying the angle of the incident wave by a small amount. Finally, we show that the laminate can be used as a remarkably efficient high-pass frequency filter. An appropriately designed laminate will reflect all plane waves from quasi-static to a large frequency, incident at it from all angles except for a small set of near-normal incidences. This will be true even if the homogeneous medium is impedance matched with the laminate. Due to the similarities between SH waves and electromagnetic (EM) waves it is expected that some or all of these results may also apply to EM waves in a layered periodic dielectric.
Almost Every Term of a Sequence from a Multi-Representational Pedagogical Context: Making Sense of Convergence via Spreadsheets

This snapshot offers innovative and original mathematical vignettes in the treatment of convergence of sequences in a technology-supported multi-representational pedagogical context. Typically covered in the second component of a three-semester long Calculus sequence, convergence topic is generally taught via the traditional formalism. The dynamic illustrations proposed in this snapshot demonstrate creative ways of integrating dynamic geometry technology and spreadsheets representations into the pedagogy of convergence of sequences as visualization tools that complement the analytic e − N approach.
Regression of a glioblastoma multiforme: spontaneous versus a potential antineoplastic effect of dexamethasone and levetiracetam.

Patients with grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have a median survival of
Evolutionary Software Requirements Factors and their Effect on Open Source Project Attractiveness

Successful projects effectively manage their requirements. How the mix of different requirements evolves throughout a successful project life-cycle is poorly understood. Moreover, requirements practices may be changing, according to the authors of the New RE—a model of six critical requirements factors. The New RE focuses on leveraging existing components to create new functionality. This practice is also central to open-source development. Thus, to understand the proposed New RE model and its relationship to open-source development, in this study, we analyze over 200 projects from GitHub.com and compare them with a prior analysis of 31 projects from SourceForge. The results show that many of the proposed New RE factors are related to project attractiveness, which is important for open-source project success
Animal behaviour: How to build a better dad

Oldfield mice and deer mice differ in their parental care, most dramatically in the behaviour of fathers. A study reveals the genetic and neuronal contributions to variation in parental care. See Article p.434 Rodents display a wide range of parental care behaviours, such as nest building, with some species more driven to perform these duties than others. However, the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that influence the extent to which parental care behaviours are performed have remained unknown. Here, Hopi Hoekstra and colleagues utilize a quantitative genetic approach to identify genetic candidates that influence parental care in closely related mouse species. Genetic changes that enhance the levels of the hypothalamic hormone vasopressin were linked to less nest building. In addition, artificial manipulation of neurons releasing vasopressin could directly affect the extent of nest building, with lower vasopressin-releasing neuronal activity correlated with increased levels of nest building. This suggests that variation in neuropeptide signalling may contribute to complex social behaviours such as parental care.
Design considerations for semi-automated tracking: self-care plans in spinal cord injury

Self-care in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is highly complex and individualized. Patients struggle to adapt to life with SCI, especially when they go home after rehabilitation. We conducted a field study to understand how self-care plans work for patients in their lived experience and what requirements there might be for an augmentative system. We found that patients develop their own self-care plans over time, and that routinization plays a key role in SCI self-care. Importantly, self-care activities exist in different states of routinization that have implications for the technological support that should be provided. Our findings suggest that self-care can be supported by different types of semi-automated tracking that account for the different routinization of activities, the collaborative nature of care, and the life-long, dynamic nature of this condition. The findings from our study also extend recent guidelines for semi-automated tracking in health.
Distributed memory parallel Markov random fields using graph partitioning

Markov random fields (MRF) based algorithms have attracted a large amount of interest in image analysis due to their ability to exploit contextual information about data. Image data generated by experimental facilities, though, continues to grow larger and more complex, making it more difficult to analyze in a reasonable amount of time. Applying image processing algorithms to large datasets requires alternative approaches to circumvent performance problems. Aiming to provide scientists with a new tool to recover valuable information from such datasets, we developed a general purpose distributed memory parallel MRF-based image analysis framework (MPI-PMRF). MPI-PMRF overcomes performance and memory limitations by distributing data and computations across processors. The proposed approach was successfully tested with synthetic and experimental datasets. Additionally, the performance of the MPI-PMRF framework is analyzed through a detailed scalability study. We show that a performance increase is obtained while maintaining an accuracy of the segmentation results higher than 98%. The contributions of this paper are: (a) development of a distributed memory MRF framework; (b) measurement of the performance increase of the proposed approach; (c) verification of segmentation accuracy in both synthetic and experimental, real-world datasets.
Superoxide Dismutase as a Model Ion Channel

Detailed information is now available on the biochemistry and physiology of ion channels; however, with certain exceptions such as gramicidin (Wallace, 1984), far less is known about their structures. Moreover, atomic structures of ion channels may continue to be unobtainable for several years. Consequently, it seems worthwhile to consider how existing data on nonmembrane proteins might be used to suggest structural aspects of ion channels and hence aid in the design of relevant biochemical and physiological experiments. Two aspects of known protein structures are particularly pertinent to understanding the structural possibilities for membrane protein ion channels: the existence and nature of deep invaginations in the external molecular surfaces of proteins, and the role of electrostatic forces in the precollision guidance of ions. In this chapter, we use the high-resolution structure of the protein Cu, Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a model to illustrate these features, but the conclusions are representative of other known protein structures. In our analysis we make use of computer graphics techniques, which have been exceptionally successful for the display and evaluation of complex three-dimensional information.
DIMENSIONS OF REPRESENTATION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the structure of alternative solutions to the design issues and illustrates the design options through three specific representations. It is often convenient and sometimes necessary to use several different representations within a single system. In this way, it is sometimes possible to combine the advantages of different representational forms within one system. The use of multiple representations leads to two primary problems—choice and consistency. Representations determine the ease of answering certain questions, and of performing updating operations. At times, it is best to enter information directly into one representational form and then, from there, compute the way to enter it into the other form. Thus, an object's position might first be entered by its coordinates, and then its position relative to all others is computed and inserted into the appropriate representation. In a system with multiple representations, the same information can be stored in more than one form. When one form is changed, the other forms must be checked for consistency.
IT Security in Supply Chain: Does a Leader-Follower Structure matter?

Using a traditional leader-follower decisional sequence as the manifestation of power structure in a supply chain, this work generalizes extant research in IT security. We propose a game theoretic model to analyze the equilibrium IT security of the supply chain in the Stackelberg game, where the power structure in the supply chain manifests in a natural leader. Our results indicate that a natural leader-follower framework ensures higher IT security in the chain than the decentralized decision scenario. However, our results also exhibit that the total cost of IT security is disproportionately divided between the firms of the supply chain. In equilibrium, the leader not only commits first, it must also commit at a higher level than the follower. General comparison with the centralized case as well as the sensitivity of IT security investment of the leader/follower firm on key network parameters is also analyzed.
Can plants track changes in nutrient availability via changes in biomass partitioning

Can old-field annuals exposed to temporally varying nutrient regimes adjust biomass partitioning programs in order to maximize growth? We grew three species of old-field annuals, Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album, and Polygonum pensylvanicum, at low or high nutrient levels, and switched a subset of plants to the alternate nutrient regime after one or two weeks of growth. If plants were able to partition biomass in an optimal fashion, it would be predicted that changes in growth would be accompanied by changes in biomass partitioning programs. We found that when nutrient availability changes (e.g., from low to high) early in ontogeny, growth and partitioning to leaf area development are adjusted to be indistinguishable from those of plants grown at constant nutrient availabilities (e.g., always high). Root shoot partitioning, however, was developmentally fixed in two of the three species such that nutrient environment had no effect on root/shoot partitioning. Thus, although fluctuations in nutrient availability altered plant growth, the observed changes in growth occurred without concomitant adjustments to the root/ shoot partitioning program. These results imply that adjustments in allocation of biomass resources, at least between roots and shoots, are not necessary to effect alterations in plant growth in variable environments.
Pauses as a tool to ensure rhythmic wellformedness.

Rhythmic wellformedness on the level of syllables and words and the mechanisms which are employed to ensure it are well known and researched on. The level of sentential accent is less often in the focus of such studies. In this paper I argue that rhythmic wellformedness plays an equally important role on the sentential level and that the preferred strategy to ensure it is the insertion of a pause (or lengthening of an already present pause), rather than the classical strategies of stress shift and destressing. This has to do with the role that focal accent plays for the semantic interpretation of an utterance. A reading experiment showed clearly that in clash cases the distance between the words in clash is increased by a pause; as we get the same effect in words in which a number of unstressed syllables intervenes between the clashing focal accents, it is clear that it is not simply stress clash resolution but resolution of a clash on a higher level of representation.
Patterns of Treatment in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study

Purpose: We described medication use patterns among REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) participants hospitalized for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) (152 hospitalizations, 101 unique individuals). Methods: Medication data were obtained from medical record review and Medicare Part D pharmacy claims. We compared discharge medication prescriptions between patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes. Results: The mean age was 74.8 years, 53.3% were black and 73.7% were female. Hypertension (97.2%), diabetes (65.1%), COPD (51.3%), CKD (41.1%) and history of CHD (60.9%) were common. On admission and discharge, respectively, beta-blockers (66.4%, 72.7%), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (42.8%, 51.7%), diuretics (61.2%, 80.9%), loop diuretics (55.9%, 78.3%), calcium channel blockers (41.0%, 41.2%) and statins (44.7%, 50.3%) were commonly used. Spironolactone, digoxin, hydralazine plus isosorbide dinitrate (HISDN), isosorbide dinitrate alone and aldosterone receptor antagonists were used by <20%. For each medication, prescriptions were more common at discharge than admission. Many participants did not have Medicare claims for filled prescriptions in the year following discharge. A higher percentage of patients with versus without CKD, CHD, and diabetes had discharge prescriptions statins. Participants with CKD were also more likely to receive prescriptions for HISDN. Conclusion: Beta-blockers and diuretics were commonly prescribed at admission and discharge among HFpEF, but pharmacy claims for these medications within one-year were substantially less common. The comorbidities CHD, CKD, and diabetes were associated with prescriptions of statins at discharge.
Towards establishing a security engineered SCADA framework

ABSTRACTToday, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) devices find their use across a wide range of industries. SCADA applications include industrial, infrastructure, facility, and unique...
Revisiting the Timing of the Northern Lobe of the White River Ash Volcanic Event in Eastern Alaska and Western Yukon

The northern lobe of the White River Ash (WRAn) is part of a bilobate distribution of tephras that originated from the Wrangell Volcanic Field near the border of Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada. It is distributed across northeastern Alaska and the northwestern portion of the Yukon. The timing of this eruption has seen little critical analysis relative to the younger and more extensive eastern lobe eruption of the White River Ash. We compiled 38 radiocarbon ( 14 C) dates from above and below the WRAn, and employed several statistical approaches to identify and eliminate or down-weight outliers, combine dates, and different Bayesian models, to provide a revised age estimate for the timing of the WRAn tephra deposition. Our results indicate that the most accurate modeled age estimate for the northern lobe of the White River Ash deposition is between 1689 and 1560 cal BP, with a mean and median of 1625 and 1623 cal BP, respectively. This age range is 90 to 200 years younger than previous age estimates.
Review of Deliberation, Democracy, and Civic Forums: Improving Equality and Publicity by Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

Review of Deliberation, Democracy, and Civic Forums: Improving Equality and Publicity by Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
Initial correlative studies from a trial of cetuximab and pembrolizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

4062Background: Cetuximab is an EGFR-targeting IgG1 mAb. Pre-clinical data suggests cetuximab induces CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) infiltration of tumors. We hypothesized that augmentation of CTLs i...
Islamic Soft Power in the Age of Trump: Public Diplomacy and Indonesian Mosque Communities in America

This article examines how Indonesia’s governmental and civil society Islamic organizations are trying to rebrand the world’s largest Muslim-majority country through combined efforts of bilateral, m...
Influenza A virus NS1 protein binds as a dimer to the RNA-free PABP1 but not to the PABP1•Poly(A) RNA Complex

Abstract Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly contagious human pathogen responsible for nearly half a million deaths each year. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a crucial protein expressed by IAV to evade the host immune system. Additionally, NS1 has been proposed to stimulate translation because of its ability to bind poly(A) binding protein 1 (PABP1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). We analyzed the interaction of NS1 with PABP1 using quantitative techniques. Our studies show that NS1 binds as a homodimer to PABP1, and this interaction is conserved across different IAV strains. Unexpectedly, NS1 does not bind to PABP1 that is bound to poly(A) RNA. Instead, NS1 only binds to PABP1 free of RNA, suggesting that translation stimulation does not occur by NS1 interacting with the PABP1 molecule attached to the mRNA 3’-poly(A) tail. We propose that NS1 binds to the eIF4G complex at the 5’-end of the mRNA and recruits the RNA-free PABP1, which may stimulate translation initiation by promoting the association of the ribosomal subunits.