cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of Shallow Arches Under Multiple Loads

For elastic structures that exhibit nonlinear pre-buckling deformations, various types of interaction curves and surfaces (i.e., stability boundaries) are possible. Shallow elastic arches subjected to three independent concentrated loads are analyzed. Several sets of boundary conditions (pinned, clamped, and clamped-pinned) and initial shapes (sinusoidal and circular) are considered, and critical loads (for proportional loading) are determined by a standard technique. The stability boundaries in the three-dimensional loading space are then constructed. These boundaries are comprised of limit points and bifurcation points. For structures in which no pre-buckling deformations occur, the stability boundaries are always concave toward the origin of the loading space. However, for the arches treated here, it is demonstrated that no such general convexity property exists.
Variation in patterns of hospitalization and associated resource use among children with spinal cord injury in the U.S.

Abstract Introduction Trauma is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children in the U.S. There is paucity of data on the triage of children with spinal cord injury (SCI) to definitive trauma care, and it is unknown if clinical outcomes and resource utilization for children hospitalized with SCI vary according to the settings where trauma care is provided. The study was conducted to describe recent patterns of emergency department (ED) evaluation for paediatric SCI in the U.S., and to characterize outcomes and resource use for children hospitalized at non-trauma centres versus trauma centres. Materials and methods Secondary analysis of a national database on injured children 0–20 years evaluated at U.S. EDs and either hospitalized or released, in 2009–2012. In-hospital mortality, duration of stay, and overall charges, were compared according to trauma centre status of the treating hospital. Results Of an estimated 67 million annual paediatric visits to the ED for trauma evaluation nationally in 2009–2012, 2317 had SCI. Majority (87%) of children evaluated for SCI were under 6 years of age, and boys comprised 73% of the visits. Injuries were caused mainly by motor vehicle accidents, falls, non-transport-related accidents, and firearms. The South census region had the most ED visits and hospitalizations. Majority (92%) of the most severely injured was evaluated at trauma centres, and more visits to trauma centres (81% vs. 18%, p = 0.022) resulted in hospitalization. Among an estimated 1570 hospitalizations of children with SCI from the ED nationally, children at trauma centres were more likely to have major injuries (67% vs. 44%, p = 0.001), similar mortality, longer average hospital stay, and higher charges, compared with children hospitalized at non-trauma centres. Conclusion Significant demographic and geographical variation exists in national patterns of hospital care for paediatric SCI. Higher severity of patient injury was associated with concomitantly higher hospital resource use at trauma centres.
Learning New Applications

This essay reflects on librarians learning new applications, whether for ourselves or to assist others. Because of the variety of applications we use and the need to keep up with them, we have developed the ability to figure them out, even when particular changes are frustratingly buggy. This paragraph sums it up:Many of us did not get into the library business because of a love for gadgets and whiz-bang technology. And yet, we do end up playing around with the technology. Why? At root it's about our commitment to service, and using the technology helps us serve our patrons. Twenty years ago, we served our patrons by acquiring resources (books, journals, Westlaw, LexisNexis), organizing the resources (cataloging and classification), making the resources available and keeping track of them (circulation, shelving), helping people use the resources (reference, instruction, finding aids). Now we perform the same basic functions, but new technology affects how. We acquire more electronic resources. Changes to the catalog (online catalogs, personalization, RSS feeds) affect how we organize the resources. We make resources available in the old way (books on shelves) but also through portals, online guides, IP authentication, federated searching, patron-initiated borrowing from other institutions, and other applications. And we use all sorts of new applications - e-mail, chat, blogs, screencasting, online tutorials, and more - in helping people use resources. We have had to learn a lot of new applications, but it's been for a good reason: to help us provide service.
Mental Health Law and the Americans With Disabilities Act: One Consumer's Journey

Abstract The pendulum of mental health law has swung between a focus on autonomy and on well-being. At its 25th anniversary, the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) is an important player in this landscape. After describing my experience in school and work before and after the enactment of the ADA, this article sets out the important issues in mental health today and more broadly. I describe other policies driven by the ADA, as well as my work at the Saks Institute for Mental Health Law, Policy, and Ethics. Although this article focuses primarily on mental health impairments and related disabilities, as opposed to intellectual and developmental disabilities, much of what is said here applies broadly to cognitive impairments.
Relationship of brown adipose tissue perfusion and function: a study through β2-adrenoreceptor stimulation

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation increases glucose and lipid consumption; as such, it is been considered as a potential therapy to decrease obesity. BAT is highly vascularized and its activation is associated with a necessary increase in blood flow. However, whether increasing BAT blood flow per se increases BAT activity is unknown. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated whether an isolated increase in BAT blood flow obtained by β2-adrenoreceptor (β2-AR) stimulation with salbutamol increased BAT activity. BAT blood flow was estimated in vivo in mice using contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The absence of direct effect of salbutamol on the function of isolated brown adipocytes was assessed by measuring oxygen consumption. The effect of salbutamol on BAT activity was investigated by measuring BAT glucose uptake in vivo. BAT blood flow increased by 2.3 ± 0.6-fold during β2-AR stimulation using salbutamol infusion in mice (P= 0.003). β2-AR gene expression was detectable in BAT but was extremely low in isolated brown adipocytes. Oxygen consumption of isolated brown adipocytes did not change with salbutamol exposure, confirming the absence of a direct effect of β2-AR agonist on brown adipocytes. Finally, β2-AR stimulation by salbutamol increased BAT glucose uptake in vivo (991 ± 358 vs. 135 ± 49 ng glucose/mg tissue/45 min in salbutamol vs. saline injected mice, respectively,P= 0.046). In conclusion, an increase in BAT blood flow without direct stimulation of the brown adipocytes is associated with increased BAT metabolic activity. Increasing BAT blood flow might represent a new therapeutic target in obesity.
Compressive Imaging at Extreme Limits of Coherence

I will describe some recent results in compressive imaging at extreme limits of coherence. In the coherent limit, I will discuss compressive digital holography with sparse apertures and in the incoherent limit, I will talk about X-ray threat detection using compressive multiplexed measurements.
Visual Serial Search for Letters, Roman and Arabic Numbers

Summary.-A repeated measurements design with 30 undergraduate female Ss and 21 secondary school teachers of psychology was used to compare Ss' visual serial search for letters, Roman and Arabic numbers. Across 30-sec. uials with a 30-sec. rest interval between target displays, independent analyses of data from both groups demonstrated that visual serial search for Arabic numbers was significantly superior to search for letters and search for letters was significantly superior to search for Roman numerals. The outcomes might be related to the relative heterogeneity or balance of linear and curvilinear target features. Visual serial search for Arabic numbers is significantly faster than search for Roman numerals ( McCarthy & Dillon, 1973) or letters ( McCarthy, 1972). Analysis of these targets in terms of their relative number of linear and curvilinear features showed that Roman numerals I to XXVI have 114 line and no curve features; capital letters A to Z have 49 line features and 14 curve features; Arabic numbers 1 to 26 have 43 line features and 34 curve features. The percentage of line features for Roman numerals, letters, and Arabic numbers is loo%, 77.8%, and 55.8%, respectively. While it is possible to order letter, Roman and Arabic numbers over other dimensions than the number of line and curve features, the heterogeneity of these critical elements has been selected as a reasonable factor to account for visual serial-search results. McCarthy and DilIon (1973) have hypothesized that "the more heterogeneous or balanced the line and curve features in the target display, the more rapid the visual serial search" (p. 130). Metbod.-To examine this hypothesis, a within-Ss design across Roman numerals, letters, and Arabic numbers was used. These targets were searched serially for 30-sec. across equivalent displays, intertrial intervals were 30-sec., and targets were counterbalanced across trials. Across letter, Roman and Arabic numbers, target displays were matched for distance between consecutive targets and variability of step size, constraints within any single trial which affect visual serial search (Weber, Carlton, & Perry, 1970). Targets were sprinkled over an 80 X 80 space covering 5 in.? on 81/2- X 11-in. paper. To position targets in this coordinate space, 26 ordered pairs were generated from a table of random numbers. Each target was randomly assigned an ordered pair which described its
Selecting an Appropriate Phosphate Binder

Hyperphosphatemia in the renal patient is controlled by limiting dietary phosphorus and by prescribing a phosphate binder. Calcium compounds and aluminum compounds are currently used as phosphate binders. Selection of the appropriate compound may be based on physiological effect, patient benefit, and patient compliance. Considerations for each compound are discussed in this article along with examples from two case studies.
The Personal and the Political in Roger Scruton's Conservatism

ABSTRACTRoger Scruton's philosophical enterprise is an effort to “save the appearances” of value in the human world that elude scientific explanation. The meaning of the human things appears only to a first-person perspective, which is incommensurable with the objective perspective of cause and effect. To make sense of our experience requires a “cognitive dualism” that can account for the human or “lifeworld” as well as physical reality. Ranging rather indiscriminately over Scruton's diverse writings, I expound the unifying conception of personhood that makes them a coherent whole and also serves as the touchstone for Scruton's conservative critique of liberal theory and practice. Some questions are raised about that two-dimensional critique, about its separation into “metaphysical” and “empirical” components, and about whether the latter does or doesn't “operationalize” the former.
Determiner Sharing from a Crosslinguistic Perspective

This paper examines determiner sharing from a crosslinguistic perspective. After reviewing the restrictions on English determiner sharing, it prevents new data, coming mostly from Polish, showing that these restrictions are not universal. The properties of Polish determiner sharing are further shown to be problematic for the currently most popular analysis of this construction, the so-called small conjunct analysis of Johnson (2000) and Lin (2000). The alternative suggested in the paper, based on Citko’s (2005) multi-dominance analysis of ATB wh-movement, derives the properties of determiner sharing from a structure in which the determiner is literally shared between the two conjuncts.
Identification of Common Molecular Pathways in Granulopoiesis Associated with C/EBP Epsilon and Gfi-1-Deficient Neutrophil Specific Granule Deficiency (SGD).

Neutrophil specific granule deficiency (SGD) is a rare congenital disorder marked by recurrent bacterial infections of the skin and respiratory system. Neutrophils from SGD patients lack secondary and tertiary granules and their content proteins and exhibit defects in chemotaxis and bactericidal activity. A mouse model deficient for the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon (C/EBPe) manifests a similar phenotype to SGD patients, and functional mutations in the C/EBPe gene have been identified in two patients with SGD. However, other patients with a similar disease phenotype do not have functional C/EBPe mutations, suggesting that other genetic abnormalities in myelopoiesis can lead to SGD. Studies in our laboratory on one such patient lacking a functional C/EBPe mutation demonstrated elevated protein levels of C/EBPe and significantly decreased levels of the transcription factor Gfi-1 (Growth factor independent-1) in peripheral blood neutrophils from this SGD patient. However, no mutation has been found thus far in the coding region of the Gfi-1 gene from the SGD patient. SGD can therefore be classified as C/EBPe negative or C/EBPe positive. We hypothesize that during granulopoiesis defects in a common molecular pathway occur in both C/EBPe- positive and -negative SGD resulting in the SGD phenotype. In order to gain insight into the molecular features of the two SGD phenotypes in the face of severe limitations on primary material from SGD patients, we have generated and characterized two cell line models. Using bone marrow from both C/EBPe−/− and Gfi-1+/− mice and their corresponding wildtype (WT) littermates, we generated EML (erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid) cell lines by transducing bone marrow with a retroviral vector expressing the dominant negative RARα and selecting for immortalized cells. Upon induction of the knock out and WT EML cell lines with all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to the neutrophil stage, we confirmed that both C/EBPe−/− and Gfi-1+/− cells share morphologic and functional abnormalities corresponding to their respective knockout mice, and hence to SGD. To further characterize the molecular defects in SGD, we have initiated microarray and proteomics analyses using RNA and protein prepared from both knockout cell lines. Using this approach, we may delineate defective pathways in both knock out cell types and correlate these observations to the specific SGD type. Our study should shed light on the relationship between Gfi-1 and C/EBPe during neutrophil development and should address the issue as to whether common or divergent molecular pathways are responsible for C/EBPe-negative and -positive SGD.
Residual Leakage Field Modeling

Residual leakage fields are set up around defects in ferromagnetic materials after the active source of d. c. excitation has been removed [1]. Defect detection and characterization then occur by using any flux density sensitive transducer such as magnetic particles, magnetic tape, a moving coil or a Hall element [2]. Past analytical attempts at modeling these phenomena have largely been based on representing simple defect shapes by an equivalent dipole or magnetic charge distribution [3]. In order to examine the effects of realistic defect shapes and material B/H properties, finite element analysis techniques have been used [4,5] to model both active and residual leakage field effects. This paper discusses alternative B/H representations and their impact on the numerical modeling of defect residual leakage fields.
Can't you hear me knocking: contact-dependent competition and cooperation in bacteria.

Microorganisms are in constant competition for growth niches and environmental resources. In Gram-negative bacteria, contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems link the fate of one cell with its immediate neighbor through touch-dependent, receptor-mediated toxin delivery. Though discovered for their ability to confer a competitive growth advantage, CDI systems also play significant roles in intersibling cooperation, promoting both auto-aggregation and biofilm formation. In this review, we detail the mechanisms of CDI toxin delivery and consider how toxin exchange between isogenic sibling cells could regulate gene expression.
Initial studies in human-robot-human interaction

Often two people must work together physically on a common task, such as lifting and positioning a long board, or, in our model experimental system, turning a two-handled crank. Such tasks involve communication between the people, mediated by the task kinematics and dynamics: each person feels forces and motions produced by the other and derives some meaning from them. Tasks may include a degree of competition: the two people may not have exactly the same goal in mind, and must negotiate a compromise. Understanding human-human communication is important in designing robots for interaction with humans, and for robots that provide powered assistance for human-human tasks (such as physical therapy).
Molecular Biology of Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Applications to Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) presents with unique clinical characteristics (erythema, warming, peau d'orange), rapid progression, and poor survival compared to non-IBC breast cancers. Modern combined modality treatment has significantly improved overall survival. However, IBC treatment remains a major challenge. Recently, rapid progress has been made in the molecular characterization of IBC. In this review, we discuss the current advances in understanding the genetic determinants of IBC with emphasis on their present and potential applications to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Responses of a forest-dwelling terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina, to prescribed fire in a Longleaf Pine ecosystem

Abstract Prescribed fire is commonly used as a tool to meet a range of forest management goals. Owing to their limited movement abilities, terrestrial turtles are likely to be at high risk of injury and mortality, and to experience other fitness consequences with population-level implications from fire. Using radiotelemetry, we studied the responses of Eastern Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, to prescribed fire management in a sandhills Longleaf Pine forest system over a five-year period and compared our results to a nearby population in an unburned coastal plain location. Individual variation in turtle survival was strongly dependent on how frequently and extensively the areas were burned, with annual survival rates of 94.5% in unburned areas decreasing to 45.9% in the most extensively burned areas. Turtles at the fire-maintained sandhills site had annual survival rates 4.9% less than at the unburned coastal plain site, and females had annual survival rates 6.8% less than males. Survival varied seasonally, with greatest mortality rates in winter and spring, especially among females. Growth rates and body condition did not differ between sites, nor did they vary according to fire extent and frequency at the fire-maintained site. Although mortality was greater and spatially variable at the fire- maintained site, annual survival rates across the site (86–90% for females and males, respectively) were comparable to other stable populations of T. carolina. The lesser than expected mortality rate at the fire-maintained site was likely the result of turtles’ strong selection of mesic hardwood forests near bottomlands and streams – habitats that may serve as refugia from fire. In areas where T. carolina conservation is a priority, land managers should integrate maintenance of fire refuge habitats into burn planning to minimize unintended negative impacts to this imperiled species.
I’m Not Like Everybody Else

Memory felled by the fever dream of a multitudinous reality comes to rest. Narrative’s split consciousness says it is the “everybody” that you are not like in all the names you give your thoughts and the one name you give yourself. Golub recreates the traditional family gathering at which fictional characters are seated who test the integrity of “us” and so of “I” in memory. Did ritualized identity trouble the very origins it proclaimed? Did these troublings reveal themselves in the form of Golub’s OCD rituals and cancer’s recurrence? The brokenness that life inflicts is here not a final undoing but a continually being undone, the redoing of being undone in different names, different voices, and different selves that are always the same self.
The Mathematics of Interdependence for Superordinate Decision-Making with Teams

As a work-in-progress, the purpose of this manuscript is to review the function of decision-making as a human process in the field affected by interdependence (additive and destructive social interference). The scope of this review is first, to define and describe why interdependence is difficult to grasp intellectually, but much easier intuitively in social contexts (bistability, convergence to incompleteness, non-factorable social states); second, to describe our research accomplishments and applications to hybrid teams (arbitrary combinations of humans, machines and robots); and third, to advance our research by beginning to incorporate the value of intelligence for teams as they strive to achieve a team’s superordinate goals (e.g., in the tradeoffs between a team’s structure and its effort to achieve its mission with maximum entropy production, MEP). We discuss prior results, future research plans and draw conclusions for the development of theory.
Is obstructive sleep apnea the missing link between metabolic syndrome and second-generation antipsychotics: Preliminary study.

Background: Metabolic syndrome in individuals taking second-generation antipsychotics is thought to be mediated by antipsychotic-induced weight gain. However, recent literature challenges this notion, and theoretically, it may also be mediated through obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study explores the contribution of OSA in antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: Forty-three participants suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorder and major depressive disorder, taking second-generation antipsychotics were included in this study. Treatment history was taken in detail, and lifetime exposure to antipsychotics was converted to olanzapine-equivalent doses. Physical characteristics were noted. OSA was screened through the Hindi version of Berlin Questionnaire. Plasma glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein, and serum triglyceride were measured after 12-h fasting. Adult treatment Panel-III criteria were used to diagnose metabolic syndrome. Results: Gender distribution was comparable in the study sample. About 27% had continuous illness, 25.6% of participants had metabolic syndrome, and 20.9% were at high risk for sleep apnea. Participants with and without metabolic syndrome were comparable with regard to demographic variables, duration of illness, and lifetime exposure to antipsychotics. Logistic regression depicted that OSA (odds ratio [OR] = 15.09), waist circumference (OR = 1.15), and fasting plasma glucose (OR = 1.21) increased the risk of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Results of the present study suggest that metabolic syndrome in participants taking second-generation antipsychotics is mediated through OSA.
Emergence Phenologies of Some Arctic Alaskan Chironomidae

ABSTRACT Adult chironomids emerging from tundra ponds near Barrow, Alaska (72°N) were trapped quantitatively through three complete seasons. All major species showed highly synchronous emergence patterns, and protandry was observed in most cases. Each species occupied a consistent position within the overall emergence season. Species specific timing may act as a reproductive isolating mechanism for congeneric species, and may reflect other biotic interactions within this community.
Active-Site Druggability of Carbapenemases and Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor Discovery

Serine and metallo-carbapenemases are a serious health concern due to their capability to hydrolyze nearly all β-lactam antibiotics. However, the molecular basis for their unique broad-spectrum substrate profile is poorly understood, particularly for serine carbapenemases, such as KPC-2. Using substrates and newly identified small molecules, we compared the ligand binding properties of KPC-2 with the noncarbapenemase CTX-M-14, both of which are Class A β-lactamases with highly similar active sites. Notably, compared to CTX-M-14, KPC-2 was more potently inhibited by hydrolyzed β-lactam products (product inhibition), as well as by a series of novel tetrazole-based inhibitors selected from molecular docking against CTX-M-14. Together with complex crystal structures, these data suggest that the KPC-2 active site has an enhanced ability to form favorable interactions with substrates and small molecule ligands due to its increased hydrophobicity and flexibility. Such properties are even more pronounced in metal...
Developmental Algorithms Have a Place in Elementary School Mathematics Instruction.

Perhaps the two most neglected elements of elementary school mathematics instruction are getting children ready for the formal introduction of a concept or skill and giving students the opportunity to develop an understanding of the concept or skill before mastery is expected. Both of these elementsreadiness and development have been given too little time in the classroom. This article deals with one aspect of the developmental period the use of developmental algorithms to teach arithmetic skills. During the developmental period in teaching children arithmetic skills, children make the transition from using concrete materials to using a standard algorithm. Given the changes taking place in elementary school mathematics instruction due to calls for the increased use of calculators and computers (e.g., Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences [1975]; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [1980]), we need to ask whether developmental algorithms are helpful or unnecessarily confusing for children. Some teachers would argue that developmental algorithms confuse children and as evidence would point to textbooks popular during the "new math" era, Then we saw textbook pages containing numerous exercises to be worked using a time-consuming developmental algorithm such as the following:
A machine-learning approach to predicting hypotensive events in ICU settings.

Abstract Background Predicting hypotension well in advance provides physicians with enough time to respond with proper therapeutic measures. However, the real-time prediction of hypotension with high positive predictive value (PPV) is a challenge. This is due to the dynamic changes in patients’ physiological status following drug administration, which limits the quantity of useful data available for the algorithm. Method To mimic real-time monitoring, we developed a machine-learning algorithm that uses most of the available data points from patients’ records to train and test the algorithm. The algorithm predicts hypotension up to 30 min in advance based on the data from only 5 min of patient physiological history. A novel evaluation method is also proposed to assess the performance of the algorithm as a function of time at every timestamp within 30 min of hypotension onset. This evaluation approach provides statistical tools to find the best possible prediction window. Results During about 181,000 min of monitoring of 400 patients, the algorithm demonstrated 94% accuracy, 85% sensitivity and 96% specificity in predicting hypotension within 30 min of the events. A high PPV of 81% was obtained, and the algorithm predicted 80% of hypotensive events 25 min prior to onset. It was shown that choosing a classification threshold that maximizes the F1 score during the training phase contributes to a high PPV and sensitivity. Conclusions This study demonstrates the promising potential of machine-learning algorithms in the real-time prediction of hypotensive events in ICU settings based on short-term physiological history.
How Funding Sources Affect Academic Experiences and Involvement: Gulf Arab International Students in the US across the Disciplines.

Graduate students from Arab Gulf countries earning degrees abroad are often funded by their governments, employers, or private institutions in their home countries, often making this funding sources different from their peers. This qualitative case study of female international students from Arab Gulf countries in the US explores participants’ academic experiences in their graduate programs and focuses on how it was affected by their funding sources. Data was collected with participants during spring and summer semester in 2018 at a land-grant university in the Midwest US. Findings show that the interactions that participants had based on their funding (or lack thereof) affected their overall experience and involvement with campus and the extent to which they had access to campus involvement. The research finds that having an assistantship or not has some positive effects for some, has some negative effects for others, is a double-edged sword for some and quite unimportant to others. The degree to which participants’ funding affected their experience was affected by how much experience through assistantships was common in their programs, options for gaining experience in their fields and integration on campus outside of assistantships, departmental contexts, and their long-term goals. Additionally, the role of discrimination in the campus involvement of students from marginalized identities is discussed. Recommendations are made for considering funding sources when supporting students in order to promote their involvement in their departments and with the wider campus community while considering potential discrimination that increased involvement can have.
Self-Motivation in Policing

Research shows that the work shift of a patrol officer includes a large amount of “down time.” Occupational scholarship has validated that workers can reduce boredom by engaging in activities that are ancillary to normal duties. The autonomous work environment of police officers provides them a unique opportunity to minimize boredom by working in a way that makes their expected behavior interesting. To date the police motivation scholarship tends to examine “job satisfaction,” but the notion of boredom is missing from the research. This study used an observational research design to provide a qualitative examination of the techniques used by police officers to “self-motivate” during their down time. It documents how police officers, guided by self-actualization, autonomy, and intrinsic motivation, find constructive policing tasks to fill their time when they are not engaged in official activity, such has handing a call or dealing with a specifically assigned task.
A CRISPR-based method for testing the essentiality of a gene

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful method of editing genes by randomly introducing errors into the target sites. Here, we describe a CRISPR-based test for gene essentiality (CRISPR-E test) that allows the identification of essential genes. Specifically, we use sgRNA-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 to target the open reading frame of a gene in the genome and analyze the in-frame (3n) and frameshift (3n + 1 and 3n + 2) mutations in the targeted region of the gene in surviving cells. If the gene is non-essential, the cells would carry both in-frame (3n) and frameshift (3n + 1 and 3n + 2) mutations. In contrast, the cells would carry only in-frame (3n) mutations if the targeted gene is essential, and this selective elimination of frameshift (3n + 1 and 3n + 2) mutations of the gene indicate its essentiality. As a proof of concept, we have used this CRISPR-E test in the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum to demonstrate that Dync1li1 is an essential gene while KIF1A and fAR1 are not. We further propose a simple method for quantifying the essentiality of a gene using the CRISPR-E test.
Themes in political development: Considering the potential of an intersectionality lens

Abstract This commentary summarizes themes in a special issue published in the Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology on political development. Papers range in method and disciplinary lens, offering unique insight on diverse youth's political development, and the role that diverse contexts play in shaping these processes. Building on a tradition of youth development research that challenges deficit frameworks, this issue highlights the ways in which diverse youth are not passive recipients of oppressive structures, and in fact, engage with and respond politically to these sources of marginalization in their everyday lives. Such an examination is critical given the systemic and pervasive ways societal ills may affect diverse youth's engagement in U.S. society and the political process. The ways in which an intersectionality lens might aid the future of research on political development among diverse youth are discussed.
Scalable modular dynamic molten salt reactor system model with decay heat

Abstract Nodal dynamic models allow rapid reduced-order simulations of complex systems. This paper presents a publicly available system dynamic model of a molten salt reactor system with a topology of the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), in MATLAB/Simulink, building upon a model previously published and validated with MSRE data. It adds scaling of nominal power, dynamic representation of decay heat generation, a generic decay heat removal system, improved documentation, modularity, and test cases. One hour of system transient runs in less than 10 min on a laptop. This model is intended for first order engineering calculations, developing insights into system transient behavior, equipment sizing, parameter sensitivity studies. The model contains an easy to use toolkit which can be customized and expanded to describe any molten salt reactor system. Scenarios involving off-normal transients are presented. Relation between shutdown reactivity insertions, decay heat removal, core recriticality, and safe shutdown conditions are discussed.
Introduction to Climate Change and Groundwater

There is now little doubt in the scientific community that the Earth’s climate is changing at an accelerating rate and that rising global temperatures are due largely to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Changes in temperature and precipitation will potentially affect local water demands and supplies, with the degrees of impacts depending on the direction, magnitude, and type of climate change and local circumstances, including existing climate conditions, the amount and types of water use (e.g., domestic, agricultural, and industrial), and the water sources exploited. The foundation of climate change predictions is general circulation models (GCMs), which are three-dimensional models that include the entire planet and simulate all major processes that impact climate, including sea ice and evapotranspiration over land. Adaptation options for climate change are essentially the same as those available for dealing with water scarcity in general. Changes in the local supply of water can be addressed through either management of demands or changes in the water sources utilized. Groundwater depletion can be reduced through decreasing extractions by either conservation (curtailing some water uses or increasing water use efficiency) or transitioning to alternative water sources (e.g., reclaimed water reuse and desalination).
Emerging Complexity in CD4+T Lineage Programming and Its Implications in Colorectal Cancer

The intestinal immune system has the difficult task of protecting a large environmentally exposed single layer of epithelium from pathogens without allowing inappropriate inflammatory responses. Unmitigated inflammation drives multiple pathologies, including the development of colorectal cancer. CD4+T cells mediate both the suppression and promotion of intestinal inflammation. They comprise an array of phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets tailored to a specific inflammatory context. This diversity of form and function is relevant to a broad array of pathologic and physiologic processes. The heterogeneity underlying both effector and regulatory T helper cell responses to colorectal cancer, and its impact on disease progression, is reviewed herein. Importantly, T cell responses are dynamic; they exhibit both quantitative and qualitative changes as the inflammatory context shifts. Recent evidence outlines the role of CD4+T cells in colorectal cancer responses and suggests possible mechanisms driving qualitative alterations in anti-cancer immune responses. The heterogeneity of T cells in colorectal cancer, as well as the manner and mechanism by which they change, offer an abundance of opportunities for more specific, and likely effective, interventional strategies.
Winner and loser effects influence subsequent mating interactions in crayfish.

Abstract In species whose social structure includes dominance relationships, individuals are likely to engage in frequent agonistic interactions with conspecifics, and these interactions can have substantial effects on participants. For example, ‘winner’ and ‘loser’ effects, whereby winning or losing a contest increases the probability of winning or losing subsequent encounters, have been described in many species. However, a smaller body of research has shown that winning or losing a contest can lead to additional behavioral changes that affect other domains of an individual’s social experiences. Here, we report on an experiment designed to evaluate the effects of prior contests on subsequent mating interactions in the crayfish (Faxonius virilis). We presented males with mating opportunities either immediately following or 7 days after a contest with a conspecific male. We predicted that winners would be more likely to mate than losers, because of either or both winner/loser effects and differences in male competitiveness. We found that, when presented with a mating opportunity immediately following a contest, winning males were more likely to mate than were losing males. We also found that these differences had eroded within 7 days, such that there was no significant difference in the proportions of winners and losers that mated after that period. We concluded that the changes in mating behavior that we observed immediately after a contest were likely due to relatively short-term winner and loser effects, rather than any differences in the males’ competitiveness, which would presumably be of longer duration.
Tough Daisies: Kansas Humor from "the Lane County Bachelor" to Bob Dole

By reputation, Kansas isn't the funniest place on earth. But it has its share of humor. It can boast of politicians who taunted puritan farmers with "raise less corn and more hell," a gubernatorial candidate whose claim to fame was perfecting and marketing a goat-gland transplant for men desperate to restore their sexual vigor, and a legendary attorney general who covertly flew the friendly skies of Kansas in hot pursuit of illegal liquor consumption on passenger planes. In "Tough Daisies," Robert Haywood reveals the lighter side of a state that's too often pegged a collection of sober-minded moralists struggling to find Utopia among the stars. He explores what has passed for humor in good times and bad and divulges what makes Kansans laugh. Both the subject of laughter (the inspiration) and the humorist (the inspired) are featured in this serious study (most of the time) of a funny subject. An annotated sampler of jokes, stories, cartoons, and poems, this book illustrates what Kansans have chuckled and chortled at from settlement days to the present. Especially rich veins of humor are found in the frontier experience, the Great Depression, Populism, and politics. Investigating an array of rib-tickling facets of Kansas life, Haywood also illuminates the wit, sarcasm, and satire generated by grasshoppers, flat land, farmers and their daughters, war, bootleggers, school teachers, preachers, droughts, tornadoes and Toto too."
Chapter 6 Electron Spin Resonance Studies Of Clay Minerals

Publisher Summary In recent years, electron spin resonance (esr) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool in studies of clay mineral chemistry. The orientations, dynamics, and reactions of a variety of intercalated paramagnetic species have been elucidated by esr spectroscopy. The esr spectra of certain transition metal ions, which substitute for aluminum or silicon in the oxygen framework, can provide useful information on the nature of thermal processes and the state of order or disorder of the clay structure being probed. This chapter provides recent examples of the kind of information that can be obtained through the application of esr to the study of clay minerals. Esr can be an exceptionally powerful tool for observing the formation of metal complexes on the interlamellar surfaces of clays. The esr parameters of the complex should be different from those of the simple solvated ion, providing that rapid tumbling of the complex does not average these parameters. Studies of the orientation dependence of film samples can provide information on the orientation of the complex.
Standardizing the Measurement of Intraocular Pressure for Clinical Research: Guidelines from the Eye Care Technology Forum

Although there are many different instruments available for measuring intraocular pressure (lOP), the Goldmann tonometer is the international "gold standard." The advantages of Goldmann tonometry include the following: the technique is well established, the equipment is widely available, the technique is safe and easy to perform, and the measurements are fairly accurate and reproducible. However, there are a number oflimitations to Goldmann tonometry as well. Perhaps the major limitation is that lOP is a secondary or surrogate endpoint for glaucomatous visual loss. In addition, lOP typically fluctuates in a diurnal pattern. In healthy individuals, the diurnal variation ranges from 3 to 6 mmHg but the fluctuation is far greater in individuals with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. There are limited data on the accuracy of Goldmann tonometry. The major factor affecting the accuracy of the measurement is corneal thickness. ,2 In thin corneas Goldmann tonometry underestimates lOP by as much a~ 5 mmHg at a level of 20 mmHg. In thick corneas, Goldmann tonometry overestimates lOP by as much as 7 mmHg at 30 mmHg. The reproducibility of Goldmann tonometry ranges from 2 to 4 mmHg. Phelps and Phelps3 found interob-
Transient laser heating induced hierarchical porous structures from block copolymer–directed self-assembly

Development of rapid processes combining hierarchical self-assembly with mesoscopic shape control has remained a challenge. This is particularly true for high-surface-area porous materials essential for applications including separation and detection, catalysis, and energy conversion and storage. We introduce a simple and rapid laser writing method compatible with semiconductor processing technology to control three-dimensionally continuous hierarchically porous polymer network structures and shapes. Combining self-assembly of mixtures of block copolymers and resols with spatially localized transient laser heating enables pore size and pore size distribution control in all-organic and highly conducting inorganic carbon films with variable thickness. The method provides all-laser-controlled pathways to complex high-surface-area structures, including fabrication of microfluidic devices with high-surface-area channels and complex porous crystalline semiconductor nanostructures.
Newly Formed Massive Stars

Massive O stars are responsible for most of the spectacular phenomena occurring in galaxies. There is a dramatic difference in the appearance of galaxies with few and with many O stars. The visual appearance of spiral galaxies is determined by the number and distribution of O stars. O stars emit most of their light in the ultraviolet (UV), giving rise to large HII regions. They have extremely powerful winds which deposit momentum and mechanical energy into the interstellar medium that, over their lifetime, are comparable to those in supernovae explosions. They play an important role in the heating and destruction of molecular clouds. They modify the chemistry in their neighborhood by providing energy for gas phase endothermic reactions, by heating dust which may evaporate volatile grain mantles thus enriching certain molecules in the gas phase, and by dust destruction close to the star. They largely determine the nature of a galaxy’s interstellar medium, which controls the rate of formation and composition of the next generation of stars. Finally, at the end of their brief lifetimes (a few times 106 yr), they explode as supernovae, thereby enriching the interstellar medium with heavy elements, causing violent shocks which accelerate cosmic rays, destroy dust grains, and propel gas and dust to large distances from the galactic plane. Because of their dominant effects on both local and galactic scales, it is important that we understand the conditions and processes that give rise to the formation and early evolution of O stars and the consequences of this for the structure and evolution of galaxies.
Adaptive erasure generation for coded frequency-hop communications with partial-band interference and fading

The erasure of unreliable symbols can significantly improve the performance of frequency-hop communication systems. In this paper, Bayesian decision theory and parameter estimation techniques are used to decide which symbols to erase. Erasure decisions are made by combining the envelope detector outputs into statistics that estimate signal-to-noise ratios and symbol reliabilities. With these techniques, no a priori channel information is needed and no test symbols are required. The performance of these techniques in frequency hop systems with Reed-Solomon coding is determined for channels with partial band interference, fading and wideband noise. This system provides performance comparable to the theoretical performance that would be obtained if perfect a priori channel information were present. In addition, performance is much superior to that obtained by errors-only decoding.
The relationship between prematurely ruptured membranes and fetal immunoglobulin production.

Abstract Cord blood and maternal sera were studied in a series of 227 cases of prematurely ruptured membranes (PRM) with respect to: (1) fetal immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis associated with PRM, (2) the interrelationship between different Ig classes during infection, and (3) the relationship between Ig values and the duration pf PRM prior to the onset of labor. A preliminary report from this laboratory, which indicated that a humoral fetal immune response occurred in some but not all cases of PRM, and that significant increases in either IgA or IgM could be found, was confirmed. There was both clinical and immunologic evidence of one peak of infection one to 12 hours after onset of PRM and another after 72 hours after onset of PRM, suggesting that some patients were infected before the clinical onset of PRM symptomatology. Increased IgA and/or IgM was found n 16.3% of infants with clinical evidence of infection. This was comparable to the 18.5% of patients with PRM who had elevated IgA and/or IgM without clinical evidence of infection. Further, there was no correlation between the severity of infection and the presence of Ig elevation. Based on the data in the present series, Ig determination in cord blood cannot be used to distinguish cases of PRM with and without fetal infection.
Volatiles on triton: The infrared spectral evidence, 2.0–2.5 μm

The new IR spectra presented for Triton exhibit the 2.3-micron methane band as well as Cruikshank et al.'s (1984) 2.15-micron spectral band. It is found on the basis of comparisons with methane ice spectra, and laboratory spectra of methane dissolved in liquid nitrogen, that the former band cannot be exclusively due to methane's presence. Also, the strength of the 2.3-micron band does not allow any obvious correlation with the satellite's orbital position in the new data set.