cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Psychologist's Companion: Standards for Evaluating the Psychology Paper

In this chapter, I will enumerate some of the standards I believe my colleagues and I use in evaluating the contribution to knowledge made by psychology papers. Little has been written about how psychologists evaluate a paper's contribution. Nor have psychologists passed down from one generation to another a clearly explicated spoken tradition of evaluative standards. It is therefore remarkable that psychologists find a high level of agreement in their evaluations of each others' papers. In an Annual Review of Psychology chapter reviewing the literature on memory and verbal learning, Tulving and Madigan (1970) noted their own remarkable agreement in evaluations of papers, and at the same time offered some keenly perceptive tonguein-cheek comments regarding the state of the literature: In the course of preparation for this chapter, we selected a sample of 540 publications – slightly less than one half of all relevant publications that appeared during the main time-period under review here – and independently rated each paper in terms of its “contribution to knowledge”. We agreed to a remarkable extent in classifying all papers into three categories. The first, containing approximately two thirds of all papers, could be labeled “utterly inconsequential.” The primary function these papers serve is giving something to do to people who count papers instead of reading them. Future research and understanding of verbal learning and memory would not be affected at all if none of the papers in this category had seen the light of day. […]
Clinical Manifestations of an Anti-Drug Antibody Response: Autoimmune Reactions.

Antibodies can be generated against a therapeutic protein upon administration to human subjects. When the therapeutic protein closely mimics one of the subject's endogenous proteins, those antibodies might bind to the endogenous protein in addition to the therapeutic protein. This scenario results when tolerance to the endogenous protein is broken. The consequences of breaking tolerance include an autoimmune response where antibodies are generated against the endogenous protein. These autoantibodies could have significant clinical relevance depending on several factors, including the redundancy of action of the endogenous protein as well as the concentration, binding affinity, and neutralizing potential of the antibodies. The consequences of a therapeutic-protein-induced autoimmune reaction can be challenging to manage as the stimulus for further perpetuation of the immune response can shift from the therapeutic protein to the endogenous protein. The potential for inducing an autoimmune response is one of...
What Is Government Failure

The phrase “government failure” as a term of art originated in the critique of government regulation that emerged in the 1960s. This critique premised that “market failures” were the only legitimate rationale for regulation. Although the phrase is a popular currency in scholarship and politics, people attribute to it different values. As a result, all seem to expect the government to fail, many believe that government inaction cannot constitute a failure, and alleged failures tend to be disputed. This essay seeks to establish a coherent meaning for the term “government failure” and its relatives (e.g., “government breakdown,” “regulatory failure”).
The Structure of Oxidized Cytochrome c2 of Rhodospirillum rubrum

Abstract The structure of ferricytochrome c2 from the non-sulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum has been determined at 2 A resolution by x-ray crystallographic methods. The 112-residue polypeptide chain encloses a single covalently bound heme in a predominantly hydrophobic environment, leaving only one edge exposed to the solvent at the front of the molecule. Distributed around the exterior perimeter of the heme crevice are 11 lysine residues which form an essentially uninterrupted positively charged patch. The molecule contains four segments of α-helix, with the conformation of the remainder of the chain being primarily governed by interactions with the heme. A hypothetical scheme for folding of the molecule is presented, based primarily upon the assumption that the helical regions are formed first and are subsequently distorted by hydrophobic interactions with the heme. The heme iron is coordinated to nitrogen Ne2 of His 18 and to the sulfur atom of Met 91 in the fifth and sixth positions. A notable feature of the structure is an apparently "off axis" or bent Met 91 sulfur-iron bond. The non-axial nature of this bond is attributed to a charge-pair interaction between the Tyr 70 hydroxyl oxygen, bearing a partial negative charge, and the Met 91 sulfur atom, bearing a partial positive charge delocalized from the ferriheme iron. This interaction serves to stabilize the oxidized heme. The additional participation of Tyr 70 in a hydrogen bond network via Tyr 52 to Ser 89 on the front surface of the molecule suggests that the physiological mechanism for reduction of cytochrome c2 involves concerted protonation of Ser 89 concomitant with electron donation to the heme. The process is reversed for oxidation. This proposed mechanism has several chemical and structural implications, the most important being that the site of interaction with physiological oxido-reductants is at the front of the cytochrome c2 molecule. These conclusions appear to be substantiated by a variety of published findings, including pH dependence of the midpoint potential of cytochrome c2 and polylysine inhibition of cytochrome c2 reactivity in physiological oxidation-reduction systems.
Neural Release of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide from the Gut

Abstract The release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from the canine gut and its possible neural origin were studied using two agents, oxytocin and neostigmine, known to increase peripheral levels of VIP. Oxytocin and neostigmine increased the portal concentrations of VIP by threefold and sevenfold, respectively. A considerable portal/femoral vein gradient ranging from twofold in the basal state to sevenfold during stimulation with neostigmine indicated that the gut was the main source of circulating VIP. The contribution of the brain was minor, and that of the uterus was undetectable. Release of VIP occurred from the entire gut: After enterectomy, the residual gut (stomach, pancreas, and proximal duodenum) released spontaneously a large amount of VIP which masked the effect of oxytocin. Tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, but not atropine, inhibited oxytocin-stimulated release of VIP by 80% and 60%, respectively. This prompted the conclusion that the release of VIP was predominantly neurally mediated and that the chain of transmission involved a preganglionic cholinergic pathway. Hexamethonium strongly inhibited neostigmine-stimulated release of VIP. Atropine was even more potent in that it abolished the effect of neostigmine. The effect of atropine was attributed to a blockade of ganglionic muscarinic receptors, which are preferentially activated by cholinesterase inhibitors like neostigmine. The results of this study and those derived from electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve are consistent with the hypothesis that circulating VIP is released from intrinsic neurons of the gut under preganglionic cholinergic control.
Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies using cognitive and olfactory measures.

Objective Given poor sensitivity of the diagnostic criteria in identifying dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the use of cognitive and olfactory measures to distinguish Alzheimer's disease (AD) from DLB was assessed. Method Twenty-six patients with DLB and 60 patients with AD were administered several cognitive measures and the Brief Smell Identification Task (BSIT). Result Patients with DLB performed significantly worse on the BSIT and visuoconstruction tasks than patients with AD, but significantly better on delayed recall of a word list. Sensitivity and specificity of these measures in identifying DLB are presented for each of these tasks alone and in combination. The best balance of sensitivity and specificity was found with a combination of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test and BSIT (81% sensitivity, 90% specificity). Conclusions These data have practical implications by providing cut scores than can be used to emphasize either specificity or sensitivity in identifying patients with DLB.
Extracranial-Intracranial Arterial Bypass in the Treatment of Aneurysms of the Carotid and Middle Cerebral Arteries

Eleven patients with lesions of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries that could not be treated by direct approach are presented. Major vessel occlusion was chosen as definitive therapy. Prophylactic extracranial-intracranial bypass was employed in an attempt to reduce the incidence of ischemic complications. Emphasis is placed on complications, from which several important lessons were learned. Our best results occurred in patients with carotid artery lesions treated with bypass and immediate internal carotid ligation. We believe this to be an effective and safe mode of therapy in cases in which direct approach is not feasible. The low risk and high potential benefit of prophylactic bypass justifies its use before major vessel occlusion in selected cases.
Subjective and physiologie effects of intravenous buprenorphine in humans

The pharmacologic profile of sublingual and subcutaneous buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, indicates it may be useful as a maintenance drug in the treatment of opioid dependence. However, illicit intravenous self-administration suggests that it may have a greater abuse potential by this route of administration. Physiologic and subjective effects of intravenous buprenorphine (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg) were determined in a dose-escalation study in six nondependent volunteers with histories of opioid use. Buprenorphine caused miosis and decreased respiratory rate, increased diastolic blood pressure, and transiently increased heart rate. Buprenorphine increased positive responses on a "feel drug" question and scores on scales of "liking," "good effects," euphoria, and apathetic sedation. Physiologic and subjective responses were not consistently dose related, a finding compatible with the pharmacologic profile of a partial agonist. The findings indicate that buprenorphine has substantial potential for abuse when administered intravenously.
Mineral acquisition by maize grown in acidic soil amended with coal combustion products

Large amounts of coal combustion products (CCPs) are produced when coal is burned for generation of electricity. Some of these CCPs could potentially be used as soil amendments, and information about their effects on plant mineral nutrition is needed. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to test the effects of different levels of 15 CCPs and chemical grade CaCO3, CaSO4, and CaSO3 added to acidic soil (Umbric Dystrochrept) on shoot calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) concentrations of maize (Zea mays L.). The CCPs consisted of two fly ashes (FAs), one CaO material, three fluidized bed combustion products (FBCs), three “non-stabilized” flue gas desulfurization products (FGDs), three “stabilized” FGDs, and three “oxidized” (FGD gypsum) FGDs. Level of CCP added to soil ranged from beneficial to detrimental effects on plants. Differences in shoot mineral element concentrations were related to kind and amo...
Event Centrality, Posttraumatic Cognitions, and the Experience of Posttraumatic Growth

This study tested the extent to which negative appraisals following traumatic events and the centrality of traumatic events predicted posttraumatic growth (PTG; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). Participants were 405 undergraduates at a Midwestern university who reported experiencing at least one traumatic event. Regression analyses indicated that the centrality of the event was a significant predictor for all five domains of PTG. Negative appraisals of the world were related to some domains of growth, but neither negative cognitions about the self nor self-blame was a significant predictor of any of the growth domains. Interpretation of these results is considered in light of the consistencies with Janoff-Bulman's (2004) explanatory models of development of PTG.
Expression of the embryonic morphogen Nodal in cutaneous melanocytic lesions

Nodal, a potent embryonic morphogen in the transforming growth factor-β family, is a proposed key regulator of melanoma tumorigenicity. However, there has been no systematic study of Nodal expression in melanocytic lesions. We investigated Nodal expression by immunohistochemistry in 269 melanocytic lesions, including compound nevi, dysplastic nevi, congenital nevi, Spitz nevi, melanoma in situ, malignant melanoma including the variant desmoplastic melanoma, and metastatic melanoma. We found that the Nodal expression was significantly increased in malignant lesions (including melanoma in situ, malignant melanoma, and metastatic melanoma) compared with compound nevi, Spitz nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Surprisingly, congenital nevi expressed a level of Nodal comparable with malignant lesions, whereas desmoplastic melanoma showed lower expression than nondesmoplastic malignant melanoma (P 1 mm) displayed a higher percentage of Nodal-positive tumor cells than did superficial melanoma (Breslow depth ≤1 mm), although there was no statistical difference in the overall staining intensity (P=0.18). Melanomas in situ showed a lower level of Nodal expression than did deep melanomas and metastatic melanomas (P<0.05). The low expression of Nodal in normal and dysplastic nevi, and its increasing expression with the progression of malignant lesions, are suggestive of a role for Nodal in melanoma progression.
028 Early ProInflammatory Cytokine Expression During Mucosal Wound Healing

Proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1 [alpha], IL-1 [beta]) have been shown to play a significant role in early stages of wound healing. Previous studies also indicate that mucosal wounds heal faster in males. The purpose of this study was to assess gene expression of inflammatory cytokines before and during wound healing. Younger and older volunteers received two small oral wounds on the hard palate. One of the wounds (3.5 mm in diameter) was videographed daily until healed. The other wound (1 × 5 mm) was biopsied either 6 or 24 h postwounding. Real-time PCR (ABI Prism 7000 SDS) was performed on the unwounded and wounded tissues to study gene expression. Preliminary analyses revealed that compared to unwounded tissue, wounding induced rapid gene expression for these cytokines. In males, IL-1 [beta] gene expression peaked at 6 h and was higher than in females. Since males have been shown to heal this type of wound faster than females, this earlier peak of IL-1 [beta] may be beneficial to wound healing. Regardless of gender, IL-1ra and IL-1 [alpha] levels peaked at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Interestingly, cytokine levels in unwounded tissue correlated with wound healing parameters (e.g., wound sizes, time to heal), but in females only. Specifically, women with higher basal levels of IL-1 [beta] and IL-1ra, and lower levels of IL-1 [alpha] tended to heal faster. Thus, the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in unwounded mucosal tissue may play a determinant role in wound healing outcomes. (Supported by NIH P50 DE-13749)
The repertoire of rheumatoid factor–producing b cells in normal subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective. To compare the B cell repertoire of normal individuals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, specifically, to identify precursor B cells with the potential to secrete rheumatoid factor (RF) and to understand the T helper cell requirements for the production of this autoantibody. Methods. Frequencies of precursors of IgM, IgG, and RF-producing B cells were measured in a limiting-dilution system. Two distinct sources of T cell help were compared. T cell help was provided by anti-CD3–activated CD4+ human T cell clones, or T cell–B cell interaction was facilitated by the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED). Results. A subset of 2–14% of peripheral blood B cells secreted IgM and IgG in SED-driven cultures. The SED-responsive B cell subpopulation was present at 10 times higher frequency in normal donors compared with RA patients. However, the repertoires were very similar, particularly for RF+ precursors, which represented approximately one-third of all SED-responsive B cells. In normal individuals, most of these RF+ precursor B cells did not respond to anti-CD3–activated T helper cells, with only a very small fraction of B cells activated by anti-CD3–driven helper cells maturing into RF-secreting B cells (from 1 of 182 to 1 of 889 IgM-producing B cells). This subset was expanded approximately 50-fold in RA patients. Conclusion. Normal subjects and RA patients share a pool of B cells which secrete RF when activated in the presence of SED and T helper cells. These B cells are frequent and obviously anergic in normal individuals. The B cell subset with the potential to produce RF when help is provided in noncognate T–B interaction (anti-CD3–driven T cells) is considerably expanded in RA patients, probably reflecting an increased responsiveness of such B cells to helper signals.
Identification of leaders, lurkers, associates and spammers in a social network: context-dependent and context-independent approaches

In this paper, we present two methods for classification of different social network actors (individuals or organizations) such as leaders (e.g., news groups), lurkers, spammers and close associates. The first method is a two-stage process with a fuzzy-set theoretic (FST) approach to evaluation of the strengths of network links (or equivalently, actor-actor relationships) followed by a simple linear classifier to separate the actor classes. Since this method uses a lot of contextual information including actor profiles, actor-actor tweet and reply frequencies, it may be termed as a context-dependent approach. To handle the situation of limited availability of actor data for learning network link strengths, we also present a second method that performs actor classification by matching their short-term (say, roughly 25 days) tweet patterns with the generic tweet patterns of the prototype actors of different classes. Since little contextual information is used here, this can be called a context-independent approach. Our experimentation with over 500 randomly sampled records from a twitter database consists of 441,234 actors, 2,045,804 links, 6,481,900 tweets, and 2,312,927 total reply messages indicates that, in the context-independent analysis, a multilayer perceptron outperforms on both on classification accuracy and a new F-measure for classification performance, the Bayes classifier and Random Forest classifiers. However, as expected, the context-dependent analysis using link strengths evaluated using the FST approach in conjunction with some actor information reveals strong clustering of actor data based on their types, and hence can be considered as a superior approach when data available for training the system is abundant.
Singularity induced bifurcation and the van der Pol oscillator

In parameter dependent differential-algebraic models (DAEs) of the form x/spl dot/=f and 0=g, it has been shown recently that the generic codimension one local bifurcations are the well-known saddle node and Hopf bifurcations and a new bifurcation called the singularity induced bifurcation. The latter occurs generically when an equilibrium of the DAE system crosses the singular surface of noncausal points. In this paper, it is shown that when singularly perturbed models of the form x/spl dot/=f and /spl isin/y/spl dot/=g are considered, the singularity induced bifurcation in the slow DAE system corresponds to oscillatory behavior in the singularly perturbed models. As an example, it is proved that the oscillations in the classical van der Pol oscillator arise when a stable equilibrium undergoes the singularity induced bifurcation in the slow DAE system, which in turn corresponds to the occurrence of supercritical Hopf bifurcations in the singularly perturbed models. >
Relative stability of alternative chair forms and hydroxymethyl conformations of β-d-glucopyranose

Abstract The relative energies of two hydroxymethyl conformers for each of the two chair forms (4C1 and 1C4) of β- d -glucose were calculated at much more complete levels of quantum mechanical (QM) electronic structure theory than previously, and relative free energies in solution were calculated by adding vibrational, rotational, and solvent effects. The gas-phase results are based on very large basis sets (up to 624 contracted basis functions), and the coupled cluster method for electron correlation. Solvation Model 4 was used to calculate the effects of hydration or nonpolar solvation. Molecular mechanics (MM) and QM electronic structure theory have been applied to analyze the factors contributing to the relative energies of these conformers. Relative energies varied widely (up to 35 kcal/mol) depending on theoretical level, and several levels of theory predict the experimentally unobserved 1C4 ring conformation to be the lower in energy. The highest level calculations predict the 4C1 chair to be lower in free energy by about 8 kcal/mol, and we also find that the gauche+ (gt) conformer of 4C1 is lower than the trans (tg) conformer. Low-energy structures optimized by either quantum mechanical or molecular mechanical methods were commonly characterized by multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Superior hydrogen bonding geometries are available in the 13C4 chair, but are counteracted by increased steric repulsions between axial substituents; MM calculations also indicate increased torsional strain in the 1C4 chair. Manifestations of greater steric strain in the calculated 1C4 structures compared to the 4C1 structures include longer ring bonds, a larger bond angle at the ring oxygen atom, and smaller puckering amplitudes. The MM and QM 4C1 structures compare well with each other and with available X-ray diffraction data. The largest discrepancies between the two kinds of models occur for geometric parameters associated with the anomeric center - the QM structure agrees better with experiment. Greater differences between QM and MM structures are observed for 1C4 structures, especially in the relative orientations of hydroxyl groups serving as hydrogen bond acceptors. In water, the 4C1 chairs are better solvated than the 4C4 chairs by about 5 to 9 kcal/mol because of both larger polarization free energies and improved hydrogen bonding interactions with the first solvation shell. In (a hypothetical) n-hexadecane solution, the 4C1 chairs are better solvated by about 2 to 4 kcal/mol both because of larger polarization free energies and because the larger solvent accessible surface areas of the 4C1, conformers allow increased favorable dispersion interactions. The differential polarization free energies are associated primarily with the hydroxyl groups; the greater steric congestion in the 1C4 chairs reduces opportunities for favorable dielectric screening.
α-Crystallin Facilitates the Reactivation of Hydrogen Peroxide-Inactivated Rhodanese☆

Abstract It was previously shown that rhodanese, inactivated with hydrogen peroxide, could only be reactivated in the presence of a reductant or the substrate thiosulfate if these reagents were added soon after inactivation and if the oxidant was removed. Here, we report on the facilitated reactivation (75%) of hydrogen peroxide-inactivated rhodanese by the chaperone α-crystallin. Reactivation by the chaperone still required a reductant and thiosulfate. Without α-crystallin, but in the presence of the reductant and thiosulfate, the inactivated enzyme regained about 39% of its original activity. The α-crystallin-assisted reactivation of hydrogen peroxide-inactivated rhodanese was independent of ATP. Further, we found, that α-crystallin interacted transiently, but could not form a stable complex with hydrogen peroxide-inactivated rhodanese. Unlike in prior studies that involved denaturation of rhodanese through chemical or thermal means, we have clearly shown that α-crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone in the reactivation of an oxidatively inactivated protein.
The impact of gender on survival amongst patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention against sudden cardiac death

death from any cause for both male and female patients. Results. Five clinical trials were included in this meta-analysis. The risk of death from any cause was significantly reduced by 26% in male patients who received ICD therapy compared to control, hazard ratio (HR) 0.74 (95% CI 0.60-0.91) but not amongst female patients, HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.60-1.09). As the COMPANION trial evaluated the combination of biventricular pacemaker with ICD therapy we conducted a separate analysis without the inclusion of this study. Male patients receiving ICD therapy demonstratedasimilar24%reductioninriskofdeath from any cause, HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.58-0.99) whilst female patients demonstrated a reduction of only 12%, HR 0.88 (95% CI 0.63-1.22). Conclusions. Unlike their male counterparts, females did not significantly benefit from ICD therapy and without concurrent biventricular pacing, appear only to achieve a nonsignificant 12% reduction in risk of death.
Activation of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway is required for refilling intracellular Ca2+ stores in a sympathetic neuron cell line.

Abstract Fura-2 fluorescence imaging was used to measure changes in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration in individual N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells during repeated activation of M1 muscarinic receptors with carbachol. Ca 2+ transients could be elicited repeatedly at 4 min intervals with little decrement as long as external Ca 2+ was present. When the cells were bathed in Ca 2+ -free saline, however, the response amplitude decreased rapidly in a use-dependent fashion, indicating that external Ca 2+ , and presumably Ca 2+ influx, is required for refilling Ca 2+ stores during the interval between trials. The response amplitude also decreased during repeated stimulation in cells treated with the NO-synthase inhibitor L-NMMA or with the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor LY- 83583 even when Ca 2+ was present. Application of the membrane permeable cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP reversed the effect of L-NMMA and promoted refilling in the continued presence of NO-synthase inhibitor. These results indicate that activation of the NO/cGMP pathway is necessary for refilling Ca 2+ stores during muscarinic signaling. Evidence is also presented suggesting that the NO/cGMP pathway is involved in long term modulation of the content of Ca 2+ stores.
The medical manager - a practical guide for clinicians,

The medical manager - a practical guide for clinicians, Anthony Young. pp 289. BMJ Books, London, 1999. £23, paperback. ISBN 0 7279 1376 X \**\*|\* This book is the product of an 8-year experience of medical management and emphasises the interface between medicine and management. There are sections on the personal attributes desirable in a manager, the management of time, committees and people and the …
A Different Approach to Generating the Fibrogram from Fiber-length-array Data. Part II: Application

The application of two methods of generating the fibrogram is demonstrated for each of two examples. Values for mean, upper-half mean, uniformity index, 50% and 2.5% span lengths, and uniformity ra...
Damage to proteins, enzymes, and amino acids by peroxidizing lipids.

Abstract Transient free-radicals are produced in peroxidizing lipid-protein reaction systems. The pattern of damage to proteins, induced by these radicals, is similar to that observed in the case of radiation damage; proteins and enzymes lose solubility and constituent amino acids are destroyed. Lipid peroxidation damage appears to be about one-tenth as effective as radiation damage. Amino acid destruction was measured in lipid-peroxidation damaged γ-globulin, catalase, serum albumin, hemoglobin, and and ovalbumin. Among the most labile amino acids are methionine, histidine, cystine, and lysine. Major products of lipid peroxidation-cysteine interaction are hydrogen sulfide and cystine.
An Examination of the Techniques and Implications of the Crowd-Sourced Collection of Forensic Data

Social-web giants -- like 4chan.org, reddit.com, andyoutube.com -- are quickly becoming the driving force behind content generation on the web. Because these sites have incredibly large user-bases and content is frequently cross-posted between social-sites, trending topics are often viewed by hundreds of millions of Internet users. The exposure of this content to the digital-mob has had numerous, technically significant consequences -- including the emergence of successful, ad-hoc forensic investigations conducted by amateurs online. In this paper, we will present a simple process model that characterizes crowd-sourced digital forensic investigations. Additionally, we will explore the implications of the phenomenon of username reuse, and discuss its role in the context of both formal and informal digital forensics. Finally, we will provide a cost-effective methodology for utilizing crowd-sourcing services to augment the information discovery phase of a formal digital forensic investigation.
Depressive symptoms and externalizing behaviors among Hispanic immigrant adolescents: Examining longitudinal effects of cultural stress

This study examined longitudinal effects of cultural stress (a latent factor comprised of bicultural stress, ethnic discrimination, and negative context of reception) on depressive symptoms and a range of externalizing behaviors among recently (≤5 years in the U.S. at baseline) immigrated Hispanic adolescents. A sample of 302 adolescents (53% boys; mean age 14.51 years) completed baseline measures of perceived ethnic discrimination, bicultural stress, and perceived negative context of reception; and outcome measures of depressive symptoms, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, aggressive behavior, and rule-breaking behavior six months post-baseline. A path analysis indicated that higher cultural stress scores predicted higher levels of all outcomes. These effects were consistent across genders, but varied by study site. Specifically, higher cultural stress scores increased depressive symptoms among participants in Miami, but not in Los Angeles. Findings suggest that cultural stress is a clinically relevant predictor of depressive symptoms and externalizing behaviors among Hispanic immigrant adolescents.
Protection from high fat diet-induced increase in ceramide in mice lacking plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.

Obesity increases the risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease, and adipose tissue plays a central role in this process. Ceramide, the key intermediate of sphingolipid metabolism, also contributes to obesity-related disorders. We show that a high fat diet increased ceramide levels in the adipose tissues and plasma in C57BL/6J mice via a mechanism that involves an increase in gene expression of enzymes mediating ceramide generation through the de novo pathway (e.g. serine palmitoyltransferase) and via the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (acid sphingomyelinase and neutral sphingomyelinase). Although the induction of total ceramide in response to the high fat diet was modest, dramatic increases were observed for C16, C18, and C18:1 ceramides. Next, we investigated the relationship of ceramide to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary inhibitor of plasminogen activation and another key player in obesity. PAI-1 is consistently elevated in obesity and thought to contribute to increased artherothrombotic events and more recently to obesity-mediated insulin resistance. Interestingly, the changes in ceramide were attenuated in mice lacking PAI-1. Mechanistically, mice lacking PAI-1 were protected from diet-induced increase in serine palmitoyltransferase, acid sphingomyelinase, and neutral sphingomyelinase mRNA, providing a mechanistic link for decreased ceramide in PAI-1–/– mice. The decreases in plasma free fatty acids and adipose tumor necrosis factor-α in PAI-1–/– mice may have additionally contributed indirectly to improvements in ceramide profile in these mice. This study has identified a novel link between sphingolipid metabolism and PAI-1 and also suggests that ceramide may be an intermediary molecule linking elevated PAI-1 to insulin resistance.
THE DYNAMIC-RESPONSE OF A ROTATING SHAFT SUBJECT TO A MOVING LOAD

The dynamic behavior of a rotating shaft subject to a constant velocity moving load is investigated. The Euler-Bernoulli, Rayleigh and Timoshenko beam theories are used to model the rotating shaft. The modal analysis method and an integral transformation method are employed in this study, for the case of a shaft with simply supported boundary conditions. The influence of parameters such as rotational speed of the shaft, the axial velocity of the load and the dimensions of the shaft are discussed for each shaft model. The results are presented and compared with the available solutions of a non-rotating beam subject to a moving load.
Color infrared film as a negative material

Abstract Original problems encountered in endeavors to use color infraredfilm as a negative material have been overcome by a simple modification in processing. This makes more feasible the production of infrared color prints for field use and yields an infrared counterpart to Aero-Neg.
Safety of hydroinfusion in percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatic malignancies.

Abstract Purpose Hydroinfusion is a commonly used ancillary procedure during percutaneous thermal ablation of the liver that is used to separate and protect sensitive structures from the ablation zone. However, risks of hydroinfusion have not been systematically studied. The purpose of the present study was to systematically examine the frequency and severity of local and systemic complications related to hydroinfusion. Materials and Methods From January 2009 to April 2012, 410 consecutive patients underwent percutaneous thermal hepatic tumor ablation. One hundred fifty patients in the study group underwent hydroinfusion and 260 in the control group did not. Patient charts and imaging studies of both groups were reviewed to compare incidences of complications that could potentially be caused by hydroinfusion, including pleural effusion, bowel injury, infection, electrolyte imbalance, and hyperglycemia. Results Pleural effusions were found to occur more commonly in the hydroinfusion group (45.3%) than in the control group (16.5%). Pleural effusions were significantly larger ( P P = .006) in the hydroinfusion group than in the control group (one of 260 patients). Multiple patient and tumor characteristics were analyzed for association with development of major hydroinfusion-type complications (requiring therapy or extended/repeat hospitalization). Subcapsular location of tumor was the only variable to reach statistical significance ( P = .009), with all major hydroinfusion-type complications (n = 10) occurring in patients with subcapsular tumors. Conclusions Hydroinfusion is a safe procedure overall. However, pleural effusions occur commonly after hydroinfusion, tend to be moderate or large in size, and are occasionally symptomatic.
Upload from a seafloor vent

There are some places in the oceans where sediment may accumulate at the rate of one millimeter in a thousand years, or where important geological processes take place at the rate at which fingernails grow, said marine geophysicist Steve Hammond. That's snoozeville, said Hammond, leader of the ocean environment research division at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
The Comparative Ecology of Nemertean Egg Predators

The nemertean family, Carcinonemertidae, is adapted to fill the specialized niche of ectocommensal and egg-predator on decapod crustacean hosts. The group has been known for over a century but its ecological role has only recently been elucidated. Information generated on the life history of nemertean egg predators has revealed that these worms are highly specialized as obligate symbionts on decapod crustaceans. Larvae are predominantly planktonic in the group with the exception of the new genus Pseudocarcinonemertes which has direct development into a crawling juvenile. Juvenile Carcinonemertes errans survive through direct uptake of dissolved amino acids leaked by the host at the sites of nemertean infestation. Worms are indiscriminate feeders able to feed on the eggs of several crab species other than their own host species. External fertilization is the normal case with the exception of C. epialti which has been seen to have internal fertilization. Female C. errans appear to be able to produce fertilized eggs without mating. The biological basis for this behavior is unknown. Up until 1978 the family consisted of four species in one genus. Recent descriptions of a new species and a new genus demonstrate the diversity of nemerteans living on crustaceans. Several distinctive new forms have now been found on the Pacific coast which probably represent several new species and at least one other new genus. Recent comparisons with Carcinonemertes suggest that the genus Pseudocardnonemertes might belong in the family Tetrastemmidae and represents an example of convergent evolution.
Enantioselective N-oxygenation of chlorpheniramine by the flavin-containing monooxygenase from hog liver

1. The metabolism of racemic, (D)- and (L)-chlorpheniramine, a widely used antihistamine, was studied in microsomes and with highly purified flavin-containing monooxygenase from hog liver. 2. Although some N-demethylation was observed, the major metabolite of chlorpheniramine in hog liver microsomes was the aliphatic nitrogen N-oxide. Chlorpheniramine was extensively N-oxygenated by the highly purified flavin-containing monooxygenase from hog liver. 3. N-Oxygenation of chlorpheniramine in both microsomes and highly purified flavin-containing monooxygenase from hog liver was enantioselective. The Km for (D)-chlorpheniramine N-oxygenation was markedly lower than that for (L)-chlorpheniramine. 4. Molecular modelling studies were performed to investigate the nature of the substrate binding region.
Stream water infiltration, bank storage, and storage zone changes due to stream-stage fluctuations

Abstract During a flood period, stream-stage increases induce infiltration of stream water into an aquifer; subsequent declines in stream stage cause a reverse motion of the infiltrated water. This paper presents the results of the water exchange rate between a stream and aquifer, the storage volume of the infiltrated stream water in the surrounding aquifer (bank storage), and the storage zone. The storage zone is the part of aquifer where groundwater is replaced by stream water during the flood. MODFLOW was used to simulate stream–aquifer interactions and to quantify rates of stream infiltration and return flow. MODPATH was used to trace the pathlines of the infiltrated stream water and to determine the size of the storage zone. Simulations were focused on the analyses of the effects of the stream-stage fluctuation, aquifer properties, the hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments, regional hydraulic gradients, and recharge and evapotranspiration (ET) rates on stream–aquifer interactions. Generally, for a given stream–aquifer system, larger flow rates result from larger stream-stage fluctuations; larger storage volumes and storage zones are produced by larger and longer-lasting fluctuations. For a given stream-stage hydrograph, a lower-permeable streambed, an aquitard, or an anisotropic aquifer of low vertical hydraulic conductivity can significantly reduce the rate of infiltration and limit the size of the storage zone. The bank storage solely caused by the stage fluctuation differs slightly between gaining and losing streams. Short-term rainfall recharge and ET loss in the shallow groundwater slightly influence on the flow rate, but their effects on bank storage in a larger area for a longer period can be considerable.
By-product runaway evolution by adaptive mate choice: a behavioural aspect of sexual selection

From a behavioural perspective on adaptive female choice, I developed a by-product runaway model of adaptive mate choice. The model illustrates the evolution of the tail size of peacocks. I consider the causal mechanisms of adaptive female choice: (1) why (ultimate reasons); (2) how (proximate mechanisms). Assumptions are developed based on these behavioural aspects. For (1) ultimate reasons, I assume that many male losers (low-fitness males) always occur due to genetic and environmental uncertainty (A-1). For (2) proximate mechanisms, I assume that losers tend to differ in the expression of a fitness-sensitive trait (an ultimate target, e.g. body size; A-2), that the fitness-sensitive trait correlates with a secondary sexual trait (a proximate cue, e.g. allometry in body size and tail size; (A-3), and that the cue trait has a genetic basis that is independent of the target trait (e.g. a genetic basis in tail ratio to body size; A-4). The model's results are: persistent female choice by means of a proximate cue (R-1); by-product selection on the independent genetic basis of the cue (R-2); and the non-adaptive or maladaptive runaway evolution of the male proximate cue (R-3). In this model, female mate preferences are non-arbitrary and adaptive, whereas the resulting evolution of male secondary sexual traits is non-adaptive in the sense of survival selection.
Effect of low doses of estradiol on 6-month growth rates and predicted height in patients with Turner syndrome

We randomly assigned 16 girls with Turner syndrome, age 5 to 15 years, to receive treatment with 100 ng/kg/day ethinyl estradiol or placebo for 6 months, with crossover after a 2-month interim period. We assessed growth by measurement of the 4-week lower leg growth rate and by height velocity. Bone age was determined at the beginning and end of treatment. Growth rate during ethinyl estradiol treatment was approximately 70% greater than during placebo (P
Molecular mechanisms of spontaneous and induced loss of heterozygosity in human cells in vitro.

The human TK6 lymphoblast cell line is heteroallelic at the thymidine kinase (TK) locus, with one functional and one nonfunctional allele. Cells that have undergone loss of heterozygosity (LOH) atTK can be selected and cloned in an in vitro assay. In order to study the extent of LOH, we have analyzed a total of 166 thymidine kinase-deficient mutants that arose either spontaneously or following induction by X-ray or ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) using DNA probes in and around theTK gene on chromosome 17. Two distinct groups of mutants with different doubling times were identified. Among slow-growth mutants, the predominant change for both spontaneous and induced mutants was LOH that generally extended through the entireTK gene to both proximal and distal markers on 17q. While the majority of both spontaneous and X-ray-induced normal-growth mutants showed LOH, this was considerably more localized in scale for X-ray-induced mutants, which rarely involved the distal marker. LOH was rare among EMS-induced normal-growth mutants. LOH was never observed with a 17p marker, indicating that nondisjunctional events were not involved in any of the mutant clones examined. Densitometric analysis of the LOH mutants indicated mitotic recombination was a likely mechanism in more than half the spontaneous LOH mutants in both groups, whereas most induced mutants appeared to arise from simple deletions.
Electronic structure and exchange interactions in the manganese-based pyrochlore oxides

We describe the ferromagnetism in the manganese pyrochlores, such as ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7},$ in terms of the interplay between superexchange, Zener double exchange, and indirect exchange, the first being antiferromagnetic (AF) while the last two are ferromagnetic. The tendency towards the antiferroalignment of the localized Mn spins is significantly weakened due to (i) the presence of spin frustration in the Mn sublattice and (ii) the large bend in the Mn-O-Mn bond, which reduces the magnitude of the AF superexchange. This helps the ferromagnetic interaction terms, viz., the indirect exchange and the Zener double exchange, to dominate. The indirect exchange on the Mn-O-Mn bond, which is modeled by a coupling of the O $2p$ electrons to the conduction-band states, produces a weak ferromagnetism in the insulating pyrochlores. In the metallic pyrochlores, the indirect exchange is also present, but it is now supplemented by the Zener double exchange, making the ferromagnetism more robust, as indicated from a higher value of the Curie temperature ${T}_{c}.$ Density-functional calculations for the metallic ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ pyrochlore, show the itinerant Zener carriers mediating double-exchange to be electrons in the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}$ minority spin band crossing the Fermi energy, with predominantly Mn $3d,$ Tl $6s,$ and O $2p$ characters. These Zener carriers move in a lattice of localized Mn ${t}_{2g}$ spins, with the carrier spins aligned antiparallel to the localized spins.
Arizona Mineral Classics

Arizona contains a wealth of metal and mineral resources and experienced a geologic history that produced many natural environments that concentrated metals and other chemical compounds into aesthe...
The International Wheat Agreement of 1949

I. Introduction, 442. — II. Effect on wheat prices, 445. — III. Effect on the allocation of resources, 454. — IV. Cost to the United States government, 457. — V. Impact on United States agricultural conservation policy, 458. — VI. Relation to United States commercial policy, 461. — VII. Conclusion, 462.
Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Early Growth Response Protein 1 Act through Two Composite DNA Binding Sites to Regulate Luteinizing Hormone β-Subunit Gene Expression

Abstract Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have implicated the orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), and the early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) in the transcriptional regulation of the luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ) gene. We have previously demonstrated the ability of SF-1 to bind to and transactivate the rat LHβ gene promoter acting at a consensus gonadotrope-specific element (GSE) located at position −127. We have now identified a second functional GSE site at position −59. In addition, based on electrophoretic mobility shift assay,in vitro translated Egr-1 is shown to bind to two putative Egr-1 binding sites (positions −112 and −50), which appear to be paired with the identified GSE sites. By transient transfection assay in pituitary-derived GH3 cells, it was seen that Egr-1 increases promoter activity of region −207/+5 of the rat LHβ gene promoter through action at both Egr-1 sites. Furthermore, LHβ gene promoter activity is markedly augmented in the presence of both factors together relative to activity in the presence of SF-1 or Egr-1 alone (150-fold versus 14-fold and 12-fold, respectively). These data define two composite SF-1-Egr-1 response-elements in the proximal LHβ gene promoter and suggest that SF-1 and Egr-1 act synergistically to increase expression of the LHβ gene in the gonadotrope.