cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Jeans Condition and Collapsing Molecular Cloud Cores: Filaments or Binaries?

The 1997 and 1998 studies by Truelove and colleagues introduced the Jeans condition as a necessary condition for avoiding artificial fragmentation during protostellar collapse calculations. They found that when the Jeans condition was properly satisfied with their adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code, an isothermal cloud with an initial Gaussian density profile collapsed to form a thin filament rather than the binary or quadruple protostar systems found in previous calculations. Using a completely different self-gravitational hydrodynamics code introduced by Boss & Myhill in 1992 (B&M), we present here calculations that reproduce the filamentary solution first obtained by Truelove et al. in 1997. The filamentary solution only emerged with very high spatial resolution with the B&M code, with effectively 12,500 radial grid points (R12500). Reproducing the filamentary collapse solution appears to be an excellent means for testing the reliability of self-gravitational hydrodynamics codes, whether grid-based or particle-based. We then show that in the more physically realistic case of an identical initial cloud with nonisothermal heating (calculated in the Eddington approximation with code B&M), thermal retardation of the collapse permits the Gaussian cloud to fragment into a binary protostar system at the same maximum density where the isothermal collapse yields a thin filament. However, the binary clumps soon thereafter evolve into a central clump surrounded by spiral arms containing two more clumps. A roughly similar evolution is obtained using the AMR code with a barotropic equation of state—formation of a transient binary, followed by decay of the binary to form a central object surrounded by spiral arms, though in this case the spiral arms do not form clumps. When the same barotropic equation of state is used with the B&M code, the agreement with the initial phases of the AMR calculation is quite good, showing that these two codes yield mutually consistent results. However, the B&M barotropic result differs significantly from the B&M Eddington result at the same maximum density, demonstrating the importance of detailed radiative transfer effects. Finally, we confirm that even in the case of isothermal collapse, an initially uniform density sphere can collapse and fragment into a binary system, in agreement with the 1998 results of Truelove et al. Fragmentation of molecular cloud cores thus appears to remain as a likely explanation of the formation of binary stars, but the sensitivity of these calculations to the numerical resolution and to the thermodynamical treatment demonstrates the need for considerable caution in computing and interpreting three-dimensional protostellar collapse calculations.
HEPATIC LESIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM

VAKIOUS AUTHORS have reported hepatic changes in hyperthyroid animals. Farrant, in 1913, reported that the liver of thyroid-fed rabbits and cats showed fatty degeneration which was most marked around the center of the lobule. Hashimoto (1921) found hepatic changes in rats fed thyroid gland. He observed central parenchymatous degeneration in the liver lobules which varied from simple fatty degeneration to necrosis. Chronic passive congestion about the central vein, and an increase in mitotic figures about the periphery were also observed. Gerlei (1933) studied the liver of rabbits injected with thyroxin and observed the occurrence of extensive degeneration and necrosis. The pathological changes in the liver during Graves' disease have been reviewed by Frazier and Brown (1935), Boyce (1940) and McIver (1942). Other studies have shown that the requirements for the B vitamins are increased during experimental hyperthyroidism (Himwich, Gold-farb and Cowgill, 1932; Drill, 1943).
Differential Gene Expression in Male and Female Rat Lenses Undergoing Cataract Induction by Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)

Abstract Epidemiologic studies in humans as well as immunohistologic studies in animals have demonstrated significant sex differences in the propensity to develop cataract. Several studies suggest that estrogen may play a protective role against cataractogenesis. Indeed, male and ovariectomized female rat lenses have a greater susceptibility to cataract induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) than do normal female lenses. However, in spite of the current evidence that estrogen may play a pivotal role in cataractogenesis, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon are largely undetermined. Our study utilized the differential display procedure to examine gene up- and down-regulation in male, normal female and ovariectomized female rat lenses exposed to TGF-β. Male and normal female rat lenses were cultured with or without 0.15 ng ml−1TGF-β . Lenses were then harvested, and total RNA was isolated for analysis by reverse-transcriptase differential display. Differentially expressed mRNAs were subcloned, sequenced and identified through GenBank database searches. The original experiment was repeated with the addition of ovariectomized female TGF-β(+/-) conditions, and all differential patterns of gene expression were verified using Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis. Screening of approximately 12% of the mRNA population led to the identification of 27 differentially expressed cDNAs. Notably, strong gender differences were found in expression levels of γB-crystallin. In addition, proteasome Z subunit was up-regulated in TGF-β-treated male and ovariectomized female lenses, but was down-regulated in TGF-β-treated normal female lenses. This pattern of expression is consistent with the increased susceptibility of male and ovariectomized lenses to TGF-β-induced cataract. We conclude that differential display is a useful and expedient method for analysing changes in gene expression in the lens. Structural and functional studies of the genes identified in this study may further elucidate mechanisms underlying the TGF-β-induced cataract formation and differential rates of cataractogenesis in males vs females. In particular, our data suggest that the role of proteasome Z subunit in TGF-β-induced anterior subcapsular cataract warrants further investigation.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of Erythema Migrans, the Hallmark Rash of Lyme Disease

To elucidate pathogen-host interactions during early Lyme disease, we developed a mathematical model that explains the spatiotemporal dynamics of the characteristic first sign of the disease, a large (≥5-cm diameter) rash, known as an erythema migrans. The model predicts that the bacterial replication and dissemination rates are the primary factors controlling the speed that the rash spreads, whereas the rate that active macrophages are cleared from the dermis is the principle determinant of rash morphology. In addition, the model supports the clinical observations that antibiotic treatment quickly clears spirochetes from the dermis and that the rash appearance is not indicative of the efficacy of the treatment. The quantitative agreement between our results and clinical data suggest that this model could be used to develop more efficient drug treatments and may form a basis for modeling pathogen-host interactions in other emerging infectious diseases.
Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Complicating Pancreatitis

A 62-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis was admitted for acute on chronic pancreatitis. During his last admission 3 months before, a CT scan had showed ascites as well as a 5.0-cm high-density posterior pancreatic tail fluid collection communicating with high-density material between the aorta and left renal vein (Fig. 1). The patient refused further workup and was discharged home. During this next admission, CT angiography showed an 8.6-cm partially thrombosed splenic artery pseudoaneurysm at the pancreatic tail and a subcapsular splenic fluid collection (Fig. 2). While awaiting intervention, the patient suddenly became pale and hypotensive. He died from a ruptured pseudoaneurysm leading to hemorrhage and acute hemodynamic collapse. Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts. Other etiologies include peptic ulcer disease, trauma, and complications of surgical exploration. Release of pancreatic enzymes results in autodigestion of the vessel wall. Risk of rupture can be as high as 37%, with a mortality rate approaching 90% when untreated1. Early diagnosis and urgent treatment are imperative regardless of size or symptoms. Pseudoaneurysms may be mistaken for pseudocysts or other peripancreatic fluid collections on CT scan. High density within peripancreatic fluid collections should raise the suspicion of blood. Angiography offers a definitive diagnosis. Treatment options include transcatheter embolization, splenectomy with or without distal pancreatectomy, or splenic artery ligation alone. In our case, the patient likely had a pseudocyst with a concomitant bleeding pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm progressed in size and led to fatal rupture. Figure 1 CT scan depicting a 5.0-cm high-density posterior pancreatic tail fluid collection communicating with high-density materialbetween the aorta and left renal vein. Figure 2 CT angiography depicting an 8.6-cm partially thrombosed splenic artery pseudoaneurysm at the pancreatic tail and a subcapsular splenic fluid collection.
Proportion of hemoglobin G Philadelphia (alpha 268 Asn leads to Lys beta 2) in heterozygotes is determined by alpha-globin gene deletions

Abstract In humans the alpha-globin genes are duplicated and closely linked. Whereas individuals heterozygous for most alpha-chain mutations possess approximately 25% abnormal hemoglobin, heterozygotes for the alpha-chain variant Hb G Philadelphia synthesize either 33% or 50% Hb G. Both variable gene dosage and interaction with alpha-thalassemia have been proposed to explain this observation. To differentiate between these models, we have performed restriction endonuclease mapping and hematological studies on individuals with Hb G from four families. In every case the alpha G locus was carried on an EcoRI or EcoRI + BamHI fragment approximately 4 kilobases shorter than that bearing the two linked alpha A loci of hematologically normal individuals. Bgl II digestion revealed that the alpha G gene is the only alpha locus on the affected chromosome. Erythrocyte indices and alpha/beta synthesis ratios indicated that the alpha G chromosome confers alpha-thalassemia. In addition to the alpha G gene, subjects who synthesized 33% Hb G possessed two alpha A genes on the homologous chromosome and exhibited the mild form of alpha-thalassemia trait ("silent carrier"). Subjects who synthesized 50% Hb G possessed a single alpha A gene trans to the alpha G locus and displayed the more pronounced form of alpha-thalassemia trait. One subject, who synthesized 100% alpha G chains and had Hb G-Hb H disease, was found to have a single nonfunctional alpha gene trans to the alpha G gene. Thus the proportion of Hb G synthesized by heterozygotes is determined by interaction with alpha-globin gene deletions cis and trans to the alpha G locus.
Learners' perceptions of the role of peers in a research experience: Implications for the apprenticeship process, scientific inquiry, and collaborative work

This study investigates the interaction between four pairs of high school students in a 7-week national research apprenticeship program. Each student was interviewed about perceptions of experiences working with a peer in the same setting, and the resulting stories were analyzed. Through discourse analysis of the interviews and interrelated analyses of data from journals and responses on pre- and postprogram questionnaires, three types of support were identified that students experienced to varying degrees: social–emotional, social–technical, and social–cognitive. It is concluded that social–cognitive support is best engendered if there is sufficient similarity of problems and processes, and ample room for different results and debate about interpretation. Additionally, the culture and reward system students work within (i.e., classrooms) must encourage discussion of ideas and value an outsider's perspective, in recognition of the roles creativity, uncertainty, and ambiguity play in science. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 251–271, 2008.
Dark Adaptation Level and Size of Testfield

Data for dark adaptation curves were obtained for four square fields, subtending respectively 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 degrees at the eye, (a) when the subject indicated when light could just be perceived and (b) when parallel fine lines could just be detected. The levels attained in both the cone and in the rod segments of this function were found to vary when the area of the testfield exposed to the eye was changed, being higher for a smaller than for a larger testfield. This denotes that sensitivity is greater for a larger than for a smaller field of retinal stimulation. These findings indicate that the limit between so called photopic and scotopic vision is not to be regarded as fixed and definite but as functionally variable.
Extensive Loculated Ascites in Hepatic Amyloidosis

Context: Amyloidosis is a disease of extracellular deposition of misfolded proteinaceous subunits, which could be systemic or localized disease. Though hepatic amyloidosis was not uncommon in autopsy series, most cases of hepatic amyloidosis were asymptomatic. Ascites, jaundice, portal hypertension, and gastrointestinal bleeding from esophageal varices were reported in literature. Case report: A 42-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and recent small bowel obstruction presented with chronic abdominal pain. Computed tomography of abdomen and pelvis showed extensive loculated ascites and multiple small bowel loops tethered to adhesions and hepatomegaly. Finally, hepatic venography and liver biopsy confirmed hepatic amyloidosis with portal hypertension. The patient was waiting for liver transplant for definite treatment. Conclusion: We report a rare case of hepatic amyloidosis with prior small bowel obstruction presented with extensive loculated ascites and multiple small bowel loops tethered to adhesions.
Hybrid density functional theory method study of the lowest potential energy surface for the O(3P)+HCl(χ1Σ+)↦OH(χ2Π)+Cl(2P) reaction

Abstract Based on the example of the O(3P)+HCl(χ1Σ+)↦OH(χ2Π)+Cl(2P) reaction, it is suggested that the hybrid density functional theory method with a relatively large size of basis set can be reliable for studing the potential energy surfaces of reactions involved in combustion and atmospheric chemistry.
Robust, Non-Overshooting Control of a Rigid Rotating Link Using Exponential Segmentation

Exponential pyramid architecture plays a key role in human visual processing, as well as in learned muscle movement. Attempting to mimic the human capacity for making rapid minimally-overshooting movements, a variant of exponential pyramid architecture, called exponential segmentation, is utilized to develop a methodology for controlling the response of rigid links to step inputs. The resulting method consists of issuing iterative open-loop commands, each of which are guaranteed not to overshoot the desired target. Each time the mechanism comes to a stop, a new open loop command is issued that again drives the mechanism toward the desired final position without overshoot. Since this method always undershoots the target, the process is repeated until the link is within a specified interval of the desired final position. Using this framework, a designer can easily make tradeoffs between response and robustness, as this method is robust with respect to input perturbations, pivot friction, link inertia and damping rates. Furthermore, this method can be implemented using positional measurement alone.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The role of the cage dimer of formaldehyde in the photolysis of formaldehyde: Argon matrix at 12 K

Abstract Photolysis of H 2 CO was carried out in an Ar matrix with different matrix ratios ( M/R ). The infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the initial matrix preparation show that the matrix isolated monomers are almost exclusively present at very high dilutions ( M/R or 5000) whereas the cage dimers and higher multimers are present in significant amounts at lower dilutions. The post-photolysis IR spectra indicate that the photodecomposition of H 2 CO is mainly effected with the cage dimer, and that CH 3 OH and CO are formed as photoproducts. The majority of the photoproducts exist as cage dimers of CH 3 OH/CO. Upon thermal annealing after photolysis, diffusion through the matrix leads to the additional formation of aggregates composed of CH 3 OH/H 2 CO as well as CH 3 OH/CO.
Structural Variations in Prefrontal Cortex Mediate the Relationship between Early Childhood Stress and Spatial Working Memory

A large corpus of research indicates that exposure to stress impairs cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We collected structural MRI scans (n = 61), well-validated assessments of executive functioning, and detailed interviews assessing stress exposure in humans to examine whether cumulative life stress affected brain morphometry and one type of executive functioning, spatial working memory, during adolescence—a critical time of brain development and reorganization. Analysis of variations in brain structure revealed that cumulative life stress and spatial working memory were related to smaller volumes in the PFC, specifically prefrontal gray and white matter between the anterior cingulate and the frontal poles. Mediation analyses revealed that individual differences in prefrontal volumes accounted for the association between cumulative life stress and spatial working memory. These results suggest that structural changes in the PFC may serve as a mediating mechanism through which greater cumulative life stress engenders decrements in cognitive functioning.
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a patient with unusual involvement of the rib and intercostal lymph nodes.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an uncommon, well-differentiated endothelial vascular neoplasm with epithelioid or histiocytoid cells and a tendency to be multifocal. 1 Although most commonly found in soft tissues, EHE can potentially arise in any organ and pursues a clinical course intermediate between that of benign vascular tumors (hemangiomas) and frankly malignant tumors (angiosarcomas). EHE of the bone is extremely rare and occurs predominantly in male patients. It most frequently occurs during the second and third decades of life but has been described in patients ranging in age from 10 to 73 years. The lower extremities are most commonly involved. 3 We describe a case of EHE in a 33-year-old patient that uncommonly involved the ribs and the nearby intercostal lymph nodes.
Activation of the Calcium-Regulated Thin Filament by Myosin Strong Binding

The current study was undertaken to investigate the relative contribution of calcium and myosin binding to thin filament activation. Using the in vitro motility assay, myosin strong binding to the thin filament was controlled by three mechanisms: 1), varying the myosin concentration of the motility surface, and adding either 2), inorganic phosphate (Pi) or 3), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to the motility solutions. At saturating myosin conditions, Pi had no effect on thin filament motility. However, at subsaturating myosin concentrations, velocity was reduced at maximal and submaximal calcium in the presence of Pi. Adding ADP to the motility buffers reduced thin filament sliding velocity but increased the pCa50 of the thin filament. Thus by limiting or increasing myosin strong binding (with the addition of Pi and ADP, respectively), the calcium concentration at which half maximal activation of the thin filament is achieved can be modulated. In experiments without ADP or Pi, the myosin concentration on the motility surface required to reach maximal velocity inversely correlated with the level of calcium activation. Through this approach, we demonstrate that myosin strong binding is essential for thin filament activation at both maximal and submaximal calcium levels, with the relative contribution of myosin strong binding being greatest at submaximal calcium. Furthermore, under conditions in which myosin strong binding is not rate limiting (i.e., saturating myosin conditions), our data suggest that a modulation of myosin cross-bridge kinetics is likely responsible for the graded response to calcium observed in the in vitro motility assay.
Connexin 43 expression in the mouse embryo: Localization of transcripts within developmentally significant domains

The expression of the gap junction gene, Cx43, during mouse embryogenesis was characterized by an in situ hybridization analysis of mouse embryos from gestation days 4.5 to 12.5. This analysis revealed that Cx43 transcripts are differentially expressed as a function of development beginning at the blastocyst stage. In many regions of the embryo, Cx43 transcripts were found in discrete spatially restricted domains. This was observed in conjunction with the development of the brain, neural tube, prevertebra, limb, and various aspects of organogenesis. In some cases, the differential localization of Cx43 transcripts is associated with developmental processes mediated by inductive interactions, such as that of the eye, otic vesicle, kidney, and the branchial arches. In addition, in the 10.5 day embryo, Cx43 transcripts appear to be distributed as a gradient in regions spanning the midbrain/hindbrain junction, in the telencephalon, and in the limb mesenchyme. Surprisingly, our results also suggest that neural crest and sclerotomal cells, i.e., cells that are presumably migratory, express high levels of Cx43 transcripts. Overall, these results suggest that gap junctions encoded by Cx43 may play a role in various aspects of mouse development, possibly including relaying second messengers emanating from signal transduction pathways that mediate inductive interactions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential Mechanisms of Failure of Autogenous and Non-Autogenous Bypass Conduits: An Assessment Following Successful Graft Thrombolysis:

The advent of graft thrombolysis has provided an objective means for evaluating the etiology of graft occlusion. Over a 10-year period, intra-arterial urokinase (102 cases) or streptokinase (seven cases) was used in 109 infrainguinal conduits (30 autogenous and 79 non-autogenous) that failed 30 days or more after implantation. Thrombolysis was not achieved in 19 additional graft occlusions; these cases were excluded from study because of an inability to define the mechanism of failure. Non-invasive laboratory data were available within 6 months of graft occlusion in 82 (75%) of the cases, with Doppler segmental studies in 80 cases (73%) and duplex ultrasonography studies in 39 cases (36%). Pre-failure non-invasive laboratory abnormalities were detected more frequently in autogenous grafts (21 of 24 patients, 88%), while non-autogenous grafts usually occluded without prior hemodynamic change (11 of 58 patients had abnormalities, 19%) (P < 0.001). Thrombolysis uncovered anatomic defects responsible for thrombosis in 27 (90%) of 30 autogenous grafts compared with only 32 (41%) of non-autogenous conduits (P < 0.001). The most common lesions underlying autogenous graft failure comprised stenoses within the body of the graft (11 cases, 37%), while the most common lesions in failed non-autogenous grafts appeared to be stenoses at an anastomosis (21 cases, 27%). Thus, the mechanisms underlying the late failure of autogenous and non-autogenous grafts differ markedly; autogenous grafts most commonly fail as a result of the gradual development of lesions intrinsic to the graft, while non-autogenous grafts fail precipitously, presumably as a result of some non-anatomic mechanism.
Optimization of the computational load of a hypercube supercomputer onboard a mobile robot

A combinatorial optimization methodology is developed, which enables the efficient use of hypercube multiprocessors onboard mobile intelligent robots dedicated to time-critical missions. The methodology is implemented in terms of large-scale concurrent algorithms based either on fast simulated annealing, or on nonlinear asynchronous neural networks. In particular, analytic expressions are given for the effect of single-neuron perturbations on the systems' configuration energy. Compact neuromorphic data structures are used to model effects such as precedence constraints, processor idling times, and task-schedule overlaps. Results for a typical robot-dynamics benchmark are presented.
The effect of rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid on radio-scaphoid contact

The effect of progressive rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid on radio-scaphoid contact area was examined in a cadaveric model. Five degrees of subluxation reduced the contact area of the proximal pole by 44%, with a shift to the dorsal lip of the radius. At 20° of subluxation the contact area was reduced by 77%, with a shift radially to the dorsal lip of the radial styloid. These findings explain the progression of radio-scaphoid arthritis from the radial styloid to the remainder of the fossa and reemphasize the importance of operative reduction of a scapho-lunate disassociation in the prevention of degenerative arthritis.
Spreading of dislocation cores in elastically anisotropic body-centered-cubic materials: The case of gum metal

The structure of dislocation cores in elastically anisotropic materials is considered. A definition of the dislocation core radius is introduced and used to demonstrate that the elastic anisotropy that develops near a composition driven phase transition, such as that predicted for the Ti-Nb based alloys known as gum metals, can drive dislocation core radii to infinity. Under these circumstances, dislocation cores necessarily overlap. The atomic scale structures predicted to arise from core overlap in Ti-V alloys are reminiscent of nanodisturbances observed in gum metals.
Manipulation of information representations

Information Representations, IR, are linear representations of topological maps that can be used to describe virtually any abstract, static or dynamic data. An IR can be manipulated to obtain mathematically equivalent forms that are either unique (normal) or alternative (canonical) representations.This concise paper draws attention to the recently developed high-speed chain-tracing algorithms for obtaining normal and canonical forms of IR's. Copies of the submitted full length paper will be available at the conference.
Bcl-2 family proteins as targets for anticancer drug design

Bcl-2 family proteins are key regulators of programmed cell death or apoptosis that is implicated in many human diseases, particularly cancer. In recent years, they have attracted intensive interest in both basic research to understand the fundamental principles of cell survival and cell death and drug discovery to develop a new class of anticancer agents. The Bcl-2 family includes both anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins with opposing biological functions in either inhibiting or promoting cell death. High expression of anti-apoptotic members such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL commonly found in human cancers contributes to neoplastic cell expansion and interferes with the therapeutic action of many chemotherapeutic drugs. The functional blockade of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL could either restore the apoptotic process in tumor cells or sensitize these tumors for chemo- and radiotherapies. This article reviews the recent progress in the design and discovery of small molecules that block the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL. These chemical inhibitors are effective modulators of apoptosis and promising leads for the further development of new anticancer agents.
The measurement of fast current pulses in the kiloampere range.

Current transducer for measuring current pulses in kiloampere range and suitable for laser research applications
The oxygen free radical system: from equations through membrane-protein interactions to cardiovascular injury and protection

Highly toxic oxygen radicals and their metabolites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. These reactive oxygen species include the superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. The central theme of this review is first to discuss the basic mechanisms of free radical generation from various potential sources, to point out and emphasise the growing importance of the role of singlet oxygen, and then to discuss in depth membrane-protein interactions that ultimately lead to myocardial damage and dysfunction. With this background, we highlight several novel therapeutic strategies aimed at interrupting the oxygen free radical mediated component of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. It is hoped that this thesis will then serve as a future impetus to challenge these hypotheses and further build on this truly unique system that has assumed such an important role in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation. "To those of us who are humbly exploring the mysteries of science, we must project our findings and model our systems. For if correct, we have made a small contribution and, if wrong, we have forced others to eventually think." A V Hill, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of E H Starling's Linacre lecture (University College, London, 1968).
A Comparative Citation Analysis of Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar

This article presents the results of a comparative study of Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar (GS) for a set of 15 business and economics journals. Citations from the three sources were analyzed to determine whether one source is better than another, or whether a new database such as Scopus, or a free database such as GS could replace WoS. The authors concluded that scholars might want to use alternative tools collectively to get a more complete picture of the scholarly impact of an article.
Effects of an Enzyme-Inoculant Mixture on the Course of Fermentation of Corn Silage

Abstract Whole plant corn was ensiled in 36 laboratory-scale minisilos to evaluate the effects of an experimental enzyme-inoculant mixture (264 ml/tonne of forage) containing cellulase, xylanase, cellobiase, and glucose oxidase activities on the course of corn silage fermentation. Three silos each from treated and untreated groups were opened after 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 56 d of fermentation. Additive treatment increased the rate of decline of silage pH and tended to reduce NDF and ADF in the first 7 d of fermentation. Titratable acidity was increased by additive treatment at d 2, 14, and 56. After 56 d of fermentation, additive treatment had not affected silage pH but increased titratable acidity, the concentration of acetic acid, and the loss of DM during fermentation and reduced the lactate:acetate ratio. Silage NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose were reduced by 11 to 13%, and residual water-soluble carbohydrate was 20% lower than in control silage. Degradation of structural fiber continued after d 28 of ensilage, but residual water-soluble carbohydrate was not increased.
Book Rvw: MPEG video compression standard. By Joan L. Mitchell et al.

Joan L. Mitchell, William B. Pennebaker, Chad E. Fogg, and Didier J. LeGall. 512 pages. ISBN 0-412-08771-5. Chapman and Hall, New York ~1997! $69.95 hardbound. Reviewed by Glen G. Langdon, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, Computer Engineering Department, Applied Science Building, Room 225, Santa Cruz, California 95064-1078
2,2′-bipyridine n-oxide and 1,10-phenanthroline n-oxide complexes with divalent 3d metal nitrates

Abstract The synthesis of divalent 3d metal nitrate complexes with 2,2′-bipyridine N-oxide (N-bipyO) and 1,10-phenanthroline N-oxide (N-phenO) is reported. The new complexes were characterized by means of their i.r. and electronic spectra, magnetic moments, and molar conductivities in solution. In the case of N-bipyO, mixed ligand complexes, i.e. containing both ligand and nitrate coordinated to the central metal ion, are formed. For N-phenO both tris and mixed ligand complexes are formed and in some cases may be obtained from the same metal ion. The nitrate anion exhibits bidentate, monodentate, and ionic modes of bonding in the mixed ligand complexes. The mono N-oxides function as bidentate, O,N-chelating agents. The u.v.-spectra of the new metal complexes are characterized by the presence of ligand, electron-transfer (metal-to-ligand) and (d-d) bands.
Coal Towns: Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880-1960

Using oral histories, company records, and census data, Crandall A. Shifflett paints a vivid portrait of miners and their families in southern Appalachian coal towns from the late nineteenth into the mid-twentieth century. He finds that, compared to their earlier lives on subsistence farms, coal-town life was not all bad. Shifflett examines how this view, quite common among the oral histories of these working families, has been obscured by the middle-class biases of government studies and the Edenic myth of preindustrial Appalachia propagated by some historians. From their own point of view, mining families left behind a life of hard labor and drafty weatherboard homes. With little time for such celebrated arts as tale-telling and quilting, preindustrial mountain people strung more beans than dulcimers. In addition, the rural population was growing, and farmland was becoming scarce. What the families recall about the coal towns contradicts the popular image of mining life. Most miners did not owe their souls to the company store, and most mining companies were not unusually harsh taskmasters. Former miners and their families remember such company benefits as indoor plumbing, regular income, and leisure activities. They also recall the United Mine Workers of America as bringing not only pay raises and health benefits but work stoppages and violent confrontations. Far from being mere victims of historical forces, miners and their families shaped their own destiny by forging a new working-class culture out of the adaptation of their rural values to the demands of industrial life. This new culture had many continuities with the older one. Out of the closely knit social ties they brought from farming communities, mining families created their own safety net for times of economic downturn. Shifflett recognizes the dangers and hardships of coal-town life but also shows the resilience of Appalachian people in adapting their culture to a new environment. Crandall A. Shifflett is an associate professor of history at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Parental behavior ratings by subjects classified as reward-seekers or punishment-avoiders.

Summary.-The present study was an exploratory examination of differences in ratings of parental behaviors by 48 male and 48 female college Ss who had previously been classified as having a reward-seeking or a punishment-avoidance orientation on a concept learning task. Some significant differences were obtained between the male and female Ss, and between the father and mother rarings, but these differences failed to differentiate berween the two groups. Some suggestive differences berween father and mother ratings by the two groups indicated that greater punitiveness by the mother is associated with a punishmentavoidance orientation, while greater rewarding behavior by the mother is associated with a reward-seeking orientation. The need for further evidence to substantiate these suggestive findings was emphasized. Two recent experiments investigating individual orientations to reward and punishment in a concept learning cask have yielded results suggesting that individuals can be differentiated on the basis of whether they attempt to obtain a reward or to avoid receiving punishment as a result of their responses. Lewis ( 1962) gave female college Ss a concept learning task in which a critical cue associated with reward and a second critical cue associated with punishment were eq~~ally available. A correct response to the cue associated with reward resulted in the onset of a light labelled "right," whereas an incorrect response to this cue resulted in the light labelled "right" remaining off. A correct response to rhe cue associated with punish~nent resulted in a light labelled "wrong" remaining off, while an incorrect response to this cue resulted in the onset of the light labelled "wrong." Each of the critical cues was presented alone one-fourth of the time, both cues were presented together one-fourth of the time, and neither cue was presented one-fourth of the time. The stimuli were letters from the English alphabet, arranged in 3 X 3 matrices, and presented by a slide projector. Ss were told to figure out a relationship between the lights and the letters. They were instructed to guess whether a critical letter was present or absent in each slide and to indicate their decision by pulling one of two swicches labelled "present" and "absent," respectively. They were told that the lights would inform them as to the correctness of their responses. They were not informed that there were two critical ales which would result in both lights being lighted on some occasions.
Reflective probes, primitive probes and playful triggers

In this paper I present and discuss Reflective Probes, Primitive Probes, and Playful Triggers —derivates of Cultural Probes that build off such work promoting multiple places for and uses of creative, inspirational and provocative artifacts in research and development endeavors. In the first parts of this paper I introduce the topic as well as providing relevant background details, briefly examining Cultural Probes from the perspective of their intended outcomes — what probes can enable. I then overview the three mentioned notions as well as emphasizing complications, implications and conclusions related to the deployment of these and similar tools. The paper offers a number of suggestions and questions related to the context, time, audience, producer, content, soul, purpose and form of these tools. Such suggestions have great implications within business contexts, where timelines, directions and multidisciplinary tensions can act as ‘interfering agents’, complicating how these tools can be designed and deployed by ethnographers operating within the industry.
Cecal hernia into the lesser sac

Two cases of cecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow into the lesser sac are presented. This unusual and potentially life-threatening form of internal herniation can be diagnosed radiographically on plain abdominal radiographs and barium studies by identifying the cecum lying posterior and medial to the stomach in association with the absence of the cecum in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. One of the described cases is unique in that the patient was asymptomatic relative to the internal hernia. The other case clearly demonstrates the importance of increased intra-abdominal pressure as a causative factor in foramen of Winslow hernia.
An introduction to the special issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters on USArray science

Abstract The USArray observatory, a component of the EarthScope science initiative, has provided a geophysical dataset that densely samples the continental US with unprecedented scale and resolution. The major scientific target of the multidisciplinary EarthScope project is an understanding of the structure, dynamics, and evolution of the North American continent, with emphasis on imaging the continental crust and lithosphere as well as illuminating dynamic processes in the deep Earth. This special issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters presents a collection of papers that leverage data from the USArray observatory to provide fundamental insights into Earth's structure and dynamics. Here we present an overview of the papers in this issue on a range of topics, including the nature of crustal and mantle heterogeneity across North America, the dynamics of the subcontinental mantle, the assembly and preservation of continental interiors, and the physics of earthquakes and faulting.
Like Money You See in a Dream: Petroleum and Patrols in South New Guinea

En 1935, le projet de Jack Hides de conduire une exploration en quete de petrole en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee se heurta a la resistance des indigenes (source de desillusion car Hides avait un ideal indigene romantique. En 1992 la firme Chevron envoya une equipe de prospection. Le projet Chevron pu se concretiser grâce a la distribution d'une forte somme d'argent a la population refractaire. L'A. etudie les deux types d'approche de la population indigene par les prospecteurs, les resultats obtenus et l'echelle de leurs consequences sociales respectives pour la population autochtone.
Biaxial load effects on the crack border elastic strain energy and strain energy rate

The validity of the singular solution (first term of a series representation) is investigated for the crack tip stress and displacement field in an infinite sheet with a flat line crack with biaxial loads applied to the outer boundaries. It is shown that if one retains the second contribution to the series approximations for stress and displacement in the calculation of the local elastic strain energy density and elastic strain energy rate in the crack border region, both these quantities have significant biaxial load dependency. The value of the J-integral does not depend on the presence of the second term of the series expansion for stress and displacement. Thus J(I) is insensitive to the presence of loads applied parallel to the plane of the crack.
P2X(7) receptors in the enteric nervous system of guinea-pig small intestine.

The P2X(7) purinergic receptor subtype has been cloned and emphasized as a prototypic P2Z receptor involved in neurotransmission in the central nervous system and ATP-mediated lysis of macrophages in the immune system. Less is known about the neurobiology of P2X(7) receptors in the enteric nervous system (ENS). We studied the distribution of the receptor with indirect immunofluorescence and used selective agonists and antagonists to analyze pharmacologic aspects of its electrophysiologic behavior as determined with intracellular "sharp" microelectrodes and patch-clamp recording methods in neurons identified morphologically by biocytin injection in the ENS. Application of ATP or 2'- (or-3'-) O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzBzATP) activated an inward current in myenteric neurons. Brilliant blue G, a selective P2X(7) antagonist, suppressed the responses to both agonists. Potency of the antagonist was greatest (smaller IC(50)) for the current evoked by BzBzATP. The P2X(7) antagonists 1-[N,O-bis (1,5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl]-4-piperazine (KN-62) and oxidized ATP also suppressed the BzBzATP-activated current. Micropressure application of BzBzATP evoked rapidly activating depolarizing responses in intracellular studies with "sharp" microelectrodes. Oxidized-ATP suppressed these responses in both myenteric and submucosal neurons. Rapidly activating depolarizing responses evoked by application of nicotinic, serotonergic 5-HT(3), or gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor agonists were unaffected by brilliant blue G. Immunoreactivity for the P2X(7) receptor was widely distributed surrounding ganglion cell bodies and associated with nerve fibers in both myenteric and submucous plexuses. P2X(7) immunoreactivity was colocalized with synapsin and synaptophysin and surrounded ganglion cells that contained either calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, or nitric oxide synthase. The mucosa, submucosal blood vessels, and the circular muscle coat also showed P2X(7) receptor immunoreactivity.
CAREGIVING ENVIRONMENTS AND ELDERLY RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY

Formal and informal caregiving, an aspect of the environment of older elderly people, helps differentiate their residential mobility decisions from those of younger people. A recently proposed developmental model of elderly mobility that focuses on caregiving and health is evaluated through the literature and by a survey of recently hospitalized individuals over 75 years old. The model is expanded to include an anticipatory stage of mobility during which older Americans consciously try to organize their environments.
Direct dimensional NC verification

Abstract A technique for automatic verification of three-axis numerically controlled (NC) milling programs is presented. Other methods proposed for NC verification rely on application of solid modelling technology. However, direct techniques suffer from heavy computational cost; and view-based techniques, while very efficient for simulation, are not capable of accurate dimensional NC verification. This article presents a unique approach to the problem based on direct comparison of the NC tool path program with a model of the desired part. An algorithm is presented that provides complete dimensional NC verification at a computational cost significantly less than direct solid modelling approaches. A software implementation of this algorithm produces graphical output depicting the desired part as shaded surfaces with out-of-tolerance areas highlighted. Several applications are presented that demonstrate verification of actual NC programs.
MASS TRANSFER IN THE LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS PROCESS

ABSTRACT The mass transfer characteristics of the liquid phase methanol synthesis process were experimentally investigated using a one-liter, mechanically agitated slurry reactor. The CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was crushed to -140 mesh and suspended in an inert mineral oil (Witco # 40). The catalyst loading was varied within limits of experimental feasibility. The effects of temperature, pressure, level of oil, impeller speed, and gas flow rate on the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient KLiaB were studied The results obtained using a two-level, half-fractional factorial design of experiments indicated that the impeller speed, feed flow rate, and temperature had significant effects on the mass transfer coefficient at the experimental conditions examined. Correlations were developed for the Sherwood number based on the Reynolds number, the Schmidt number, the reciprocal gas flow number, the gas-liquid viscosity ratio, and the dimensionless temperature. A simplified power-law type approach was also used...
Overexpression of full- or partial-length MAP4 stabilizes microtubules and alters cell growth

To investigate the in vivo functions of MAP4, a microtubule-associated protein expressed almost ubiquitously in vertebrate cells, we prepared stably transfected clonal mouse Ltk- cell lines expressing full-length MAP4 (L-MAP4 cells) or its MT-binding domain (L-MTB cells). Although transfectants showed no dramatic defect in morphology, organellar distribution, or level of MT polymer, as compared to naive Ltk- cells or L-MOCK cells (transfected with vector alone), MTs in L-MAP4 and L-MTB cells showed greater stability than those in control cells, as monitored by the level of post-translationally detyrosinated alpha-tubulin and by a quantitative nocodazole-resistance assay. In vivo, the MT-binding domain of MAP4 stabilized MTs less potently than full-length MAP4, in contrast to the equivalent efficacy demonstrated in studies of in vitro MT polymerization (Aizawa et al. (1991), J. Biol. Chem. 266, 9841-9846), L-MAP4 and L-MTB cells grew significantly more slowly than control cells; this growth inhibition was not due to mitotic arrest or cell death. L-MAP4 and L-MTB cells also exhibited greater tolerance to the MT-depolymerizing agent, nocodazole, but not to the MT-polymerizing agent, Taxol. Our results demonstrate that MAP4 and its MT-binding domain are capable of MT stabilization in vivo, and that increasing the intracellular level of MAP4 affects cell growth parameters.