cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of Dynamical Symmetry Breaking

An analysis is presented of the physical implications of theories in which the masses of the intermediate vector bosons arise from a dynamical symmetry breaking. In the absence of elementary spin-zero fields or bare fermion masses, such theories are necessarily invariant to zeroth order in the weak and electromagnetic gauge interactions under a global $\mathrm{U}(N)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{U}(N)$ symmetry, where $N$ is the number of fermion types, not counting color. This symmetry is broken both intrinsically by the weak and electromagnetic interactions and spontaneously by dynamical effects of the strong interactions. An effective Lagrangian is constructed which allows the calculation of leading terms in matrix elements at low energy; this effective Lagrangian is used to analyze the relative direction of the intrinsic and spontaneous symmetry breakdown and to construct a unitarity gauge. Spontaneously broken symmetries which belong to the gauge group of the weak and electromagnetic interactions correspond to fictitious Goldstone bosons which are removed by the Higgs mechanism. Spontaneously broken symmetries of the weak and electromagnetic interactions which are not members of the gauge group correspond to true Goldstone bosons of zero mass; their presence makes it difficult to construct realistic models of this sort. Spontaneously broken elements of $\mathrm{U}(N)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{U}(N)$ which are not symmetries of the weak and electromagnetic interactions correspond to pseudo-Goldstone bosons, with mass comparable to that of the intermediate vector bosons and weak couplings at ordinary energies. Quark masses in these theories are typically less than 300 GeV by factors of order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. These theories require the existence of "extra-strong" gauge interactions which are not felt at energies below 300 GeV.
Competitive Bidding, Fees And Auditor Changes: Additional Evidence

The major research questions addressed in this study were: Do auditor changes result in lower audit fees? Are audit fees of auditor changers correlated with nonaudit fees? Do clients which obtain competitive audit engagement bids have lower audit fees? A sample of 106 firms, including both auditor changers and nonchangers, was used to test several hypotheses regarding audit fees, nonaudit fees, and competitive bidding. Our major conclusions were: (1) forms can effectively achieve lower audit fees by changing auditors, (2) firms which changed auditors achieved significantly lower total costs for nonaudit services than nonchangers, (3) there are very high correlations between audit fees and nonaudit fees (both scaled by total asset size), (4) firms which had competitive bids submitted for an audit engagement, versus those that did not, achieved significantly larger decreases in audit fees, and (5) choosing the lowest of the bids may not result in lower fees, on average, than firms that chose other than the lowest bid.
Surface Chemical Criteria for Maximum Adhesion and Their Verification Against the Experimentally Measured Adhesive Strength Values

Different surface-chemical criteria -- thermo-dynamic work of adhesion, interfacial tension, penetration, compatibility, and spreading co-efficient -- which are relevant to the adhesive strengths between the adhesives and low-energy substrates are discussed. The conditions optimizing these criteria are elaborated. Subsequently, predictions from these criteria are tested against the available adhesive strength values. In the case of incomplete wetting (θ>0°), there is an apparent direct correlation between the work of adhesion and the reported adhesive strengths; but such relationship is not valid when the adhesive completely wets the substrates. A careful analysis of the existing literature has revealed that the interfacial tension is the most important surface energetic parameter -- both in incomplete and complete wetting situations -- in determining the adhesive strengths. The lower the interfacial tension, the higher the adhesive strength. Various forms of γc’ s and their relationship to the surface free energies of substrates is discussed.
Levels of evolution for control systems

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are general purpose search and learning methods that can be applied to a variety of problems relating to control systems. This chapter focuses on the range of representation levels at which evolutionary algorithms can be applied to control systems, including evolving control parameters, evolving complex control structures and evolving control rules. The discussion also outlines the use of evolutionary algorithms for testing intelligent control systems. In this case, the EA is used to identify weaknesses in a control system by searching for challenging test cases.
Predictive Validity of Curriculum-Based Measures for English Learners at Varying English Proficiency Levels

This study examined the predictive validity of curriculum-based measures in reading for Spanish-speaking English learners (ELs) at various levels of English proficiency. Third-grade Spanish-speaking EL students were screened during the fall using DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency (DORF) and Daze. Predictive validity was examined in relation to spring reading outcomes on a statewide assessment. Overall, results revealed that DORF was a stronger predictor of reading outcomes than was Daze. Although Daze was a significant predictor when examined individually, it did not explain significant additional variance beyond DORF. There was not a significant difference in the predictive validity of DORF or Daze for students of varying English proficiency levels. However, the predictive accuracy of DORF and Daze cut-scores varied by English proficiency levels. The results suggest that schools may consider minimizing assessment time by only using DORF when screening.
Germ Cell Transplantation in Pigs

Spermatogonial stem cells form the foundation of spermatogenesis, and their transplantation provides a unique opportunity to study spermatogenesis and may offer an alternative approach for animal transgenesis. This study was designed to extend the technique of spermatogonial transplantation to an economically important, large-animal model. Isolated immature pig testes were used to develop the intratesticular injection technique. Best results of intratubular germ cell transfer were obtained when a catheter was inserted into the rete testis under ultrasound guidance. The presence of infused dye or labeled cells was confirmed in the seminiferous tubules from 70 of 89 injected isolated testes. Infusion of 3-6 ml of dye solution or cell suspension could fill the rete and up to 50% of seminiferous tubules. The technique was subsequently applied in vivo. Donor cells included testis cells from 1- or 10-wk-old boars (from the recipients' contralateral testis or unrelated donors) and those from mice carrying a marker gene. Porcine testis cells were labeled with a fluorescent marker before transplantation. Testes were examined for the presence and localization of labeled donor cells immediately after transplantation or every week for 4 wk. Labeled porcine donor cells were found in numerous seminiferous tubules from 10 of 11 testes receiving pig cells. These results indicate that germ cell transplantation is feasible in immature pigs, and that porcine transplanted cells are retained in the recipient testis for at least 1 mo. This study represents a first step toward successful spermatogonial transplantation in a farm animal species.
COSM: A toolkit for composing immersive audio-visual worlds of agency and autonomy

Spatial music can create immersive experiences of alternate realities. To what degree can this be expanded to the composition of immersive, navigable, audio-visual worlds? We present an integrated collection of extensions to the Max/MSP/Jitter environment to assist the tightly integrated construction of such worlds, designed for use within audio-visual virtual environments and other projects using spatial simulation. The perspective taken is that spatial composition can go beyond the specification of locations and trajectories to the composition of autonomy, agency and interactions.
GME: at what cost?

Current computing methods impede determining the real cost of graduate medical education. However, a more accurate estimate could be obtained if policy makers would allow for the application of basic cost-accounting principles, including consideration of department-level costs, unbundling of joint costs, and other factors.
Calixarene-Encapsulated Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, and Self-Assembly

Calixarenes are highly versatile agents for encapsulating and stabilizing inorganic and metal nanoparticles (NPs), adding new dimensions to their already famous roles in supramolecular encapsulation. Calixarenes are excellent templates for metal NP synthesis, and offer a modular approach for controlling nucleation and growth processes with stoichiometric control over particle size. NP encapsulation is readily achieved by designing calixarene headgroups for multidendate chemisorption, an approach that can be applied toward particle sizes from 2 to nearly 200 nm in diameter. As NP size increases, longer-range colloidal forces dominate over short-range supramolecular interactions, requiring a different approach to dispersion stability and subsequent self-assembly. Again, calixarenes are outstanding surfactants for stabilizing NPs in organic solvents, by virtue of their anisotropic display of multiple tailgroups. Discussed here are the myriad roles that calixarenes play in metal NP synthesis, encapsulation, and self-assembly, ultimately leading to collective physical properties not observed from the unit NPs themselves.
Impedance spectroscopic analysis of nanoparticle functionalized graphene/p-Si Schottky diode sensors

Metallic nanoparticle (NP) functionalized graphene/p-Si Schottky diode (chemidiode) sensors have been investigated through dc amperometric and ac impedance spectroscopic (IS) measurements. Four fold sensitivity enhancement for NH3 is demonstrated after Pt nanoparticle functionalization of graphene/p-Si Schottky diode sensor, and the response is also orders of magnitude higher compared to functionalized graphene chemiresistor. Experimentally obtained impedance spectra were modeled utilizing an equivalent circuit for both sensor types, and the junction resistance and capacitance were extracted for various gaseous analytes exposure. Variations in junction resistance, capacitance and 3-dB cut-off frequency plotted in three-dimensional (3D) enables extraction of unique signatures for various analyte gases.
Low-noise mm-wave integrated InGaAs-based mixers

Integrated InP-based mixers can benefit millimeter and submillimeter-wave receivers by their potential for low LO power requirements (P/sub LO/) and low noise performance. An InGaAs Schottky diode's low barrier (/spl phi//sub b//spl sim/0.25 eV) reduces the P/sub LO/ requirement but special fabrication techniques, covered here, are required to ensure Schottky quality. A quasi-optical, InGaAs integrated antenna-mixer was demonstrated at 90 GHz and obtained intrinsic noise and conversion loss performance on par with state-of-the-art planar GaAs mixer diodes. Furthermore, results indicate very low contributions of hot electron and other noise beyond shot and thermal noise. Since submillimeter mixer performance is often dominated by hot electron noise, these mixers should have potential for low-noise operation at and beyond millimeter and submillimeter frequencies.
Colon: Long Hartmann and Rectal Stump Blowout

Long Hartmann or rectal stump blowout is a dreaded complication of an often already complicated patient scenario. In this chapter, we discuss strategies for stump blowout prevention, diagnosis, and management.
Identification and Quantitation of Potent Odorants in Spearmint Oils.

Potent odorants in Native spearmint, Scotch spearmint, and Macho mint oils were determined by the combined use of gas chromatography–olfactometry (GCO), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Of the 85 odorants detected, (R)-(−)-carvone was the most potent odorant in all three spearmint oils. Additional predominant odorants in all spearmint oils included eugenol, ethyl (S)-(+)-2-methylbutanoate, (E)-β-damascenone, and (3E,5Z)-1,3,5-undecatriene. Forty-six compounds were quantitated using various methods, including 19 by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), 20 by stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA), and 14 by GCO dilution analysis. Concentrations were used to calculate the odor activity values (OAVs) for predominant odorants in the oils. Among the compounds quantitated, those with the highest OAVs were (R)-(−)-carvone, 1,8-cineole, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-β-damascenone, and (3E,5Z)-1,3,5-undecatriene.
A geometrically convergent method for distributed optimization over time-varying graphs

This paper considers the problem of distributed optimization over time-varying undirected graphs. We discuss a distributed algorithm, which we call DIGing, for solving this problem based on a combination of an inexact gradient method and a gradient tracking technique. This algorithm deploys fixed step size but converges exactly to the global and consensual minimizer. Under strong convexity assumption, we prove that the algorithm converges at an R-linear (geometric) convergence rate as long as the step size is less than a specific bound; we give an explicit estimate of this rate over uniformly connected graph sequences and show it scales polynomially with the number of nodes. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the introduced algorithm and validate our theoretical findings.
Mammographic tissue, breast cancer risk, serial image analysis, and digital mammography. Part 2. Serial breast tissue change and related temporal influences.

Abstract The work presented herein is the second part of a review of breast tissue–related cancer-risk research. Briefly, in part 1, the tissue-risk research is discussed. In this part, factors that influence temporal breast tissue change are reviewed. Since breast composition is correlated with some of the known risk factors, understanding these influences may provide a mechanism for measuring the dynamics of breast cancer risk. The purpose of this work is to provide support for an automated serial mammography study under way at the authors' institution, where the digital mammographic images are acquired with a full-field digital mammography imaging system. At the initiation of the serial study, it was clear that the authors did not fully understand the nature of the problem: automatically comparing similar mammographic scenes acquired at different times. The evidence indicates that there are many factors that influence breast tissue at any given time and thus have the ability to alter the associated radiographic appearance over time. In general, the topics considered herein include aging; involution; breast development; exogenous and endogenous hormonal interactions such as hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive use, and menstrual timing; screening sensitivity issues and interval cancers; tumor growth rates; sojourn times; and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Throughout this work, commentaries and suggestive strategies for automated serial image analysis are provided.
Potential Basin-Scale Estimates of Arctic Snow Depth with Sea Ice Freeboards from CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2: An Exploratory Analysis

Abstract The potential of deriving snow depth estimates using differences in freeboard heights from CryoSat-2 (CS-2) and ICESat-2 (IS-2) is examined. In our analysis, we use lidar freeboard from the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) on Operation IceBridge (OIB) as proxy of IS-2 total (snow + ice) freeboard. Snow depths are estimates from the OIB snow radar. Differences in height between the total (ATM) and ice (CS-2) freeboards are related to snow depth by the refractive index of the snow layer ( η s ) , which is dependent on snow density. For two years (2014 and 2015), regression of the ATM and CS-2 freeboard differences against OIB snow depth gives correlations of ∼0.80, estimated η s of ∼1.21, and standard errors of ∼8 cm. The resulting refractive index, η s , can be compared to that expected of the Arctic snow cover in early spring (1.25 ± 0.05). The expected biases and variability in the regression analysis are discussed. Results suggest that snow depth can be estimated from the freeboard differences. The benefits of adjusting the orbit of CS-2 for providing more optimized overlaps between IS-2 and CS-2 are considered.
Supporting Analysis of SQL Queries in PHP AiR

The code behind dynamic webpages often includes calls to database libraries, with queries formed using a combination of static text and values computed at runtime. In this paper, we describe our work on a program analysis for extracting models of database queries that can compactly represent all queries that could be used in a specific database library call. We also describe our work on parsing partial queries, with holes representing parts of the query that are computed dynamically. Implemented in Rascal as part of the PHP AiR framework, the goal of this work is to enable empirical research on database usage in PHP scripts, to support developer tools for understanding existing queries, and to support program transformation tools to evolve existing systems and to improve the security of existing code.
Comparison of SWEI methods for measuring the frequency dependent phase velocity and attenuation in viscoelastic materials

This study compares three analysis methods to determine the frequency dependent phase velocity c(ω) and attenuation α(ω) from shear wave propagation in viscoelastic materials following acoustic radiation force impulse excitations. The analysis methods considered include shear wave spectroscopy, finite window 2D Fourier transform analysis, and analysis using group shear wave speeds (gSWS) calculated using fractional derivatives of the shear wave signals. For simulated shear wave data, results are compared to the true values of c(ω) and α(ω) calculated from the material parameters used in the simulations and show good agreement among the analysis methods, with somewhat lower agreement from the gSWS method in cases with low viscosity. Results from phantom measurements show good agreement among the three methods for measurements of c(ω). For α(ω), there is more scatter among repeated experimental measurements and less agreement among the analysis methods.
Physics of instrumentation

It is important for the anesthesiologist to be familiar with the physics of instrumentation to be able to effectively use the information provided by various monitors in the operating room. The basic physical principles of some of the commonly used monitors and equipment are explained here.
Plain2Fun: Augmenting Ordinary Objects with Surface Painted Circuits

The growing makers' community demands better supports for designing and fabricating interactive functional objects. Most of the current approaches focus on embedding desired functions within new objects. Instead, we advocate re-purposing existing objects and authoring interactive functions onto them. We present Plain2Fun, a design and fabrication pipeline enabling users to quickly transform ordinary objects into interactive and functional ones. Plain2Fun allows users to directly design the circuit layouts onto the surfaces of the scanned 3D model of existing objects. Our design tool automatically generates as short as possible circuit paths between any two points while avoiding intersections. Further, we build a digital machine to construct the conductive paths accurately. With a specially designed housing base, users can simply snap the electronic components onto the surfaces and obtain working physical prototypes. Moreover, we evaluate the usability of our system with multiple use cases.
State Hospital Reentry Among Youth with Serious Emotional Disturbance: A Longitudinal Analysis

We investigated the demographic, service history, and clinical factors associated with readmission to state operated inpatient psychiatric hospitals by children and adolescents. Using computerized administrative data records for 3,969 consecutive index admissions of individuals between the ages of 7 and 17 inclusive, we examined hospital reentry among youth receiving services at these facilities. The univariate analysis comparing youths who reentered the hospital with those who did not reenter indicated that reentry was more likely to occur among African American youths and among those who were diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Reentry occurred less frequently among youths diagnosed with depressive disorders. Reentry also occurred less frequently among youths living in areas having an organized array of community-based mental health services. Youths who reentered the hospital were significantly older and had longer prior hospitalizations than those not reentering. The proportional hazards model used in the analysis indicated several factors associated with increased likelihood of hospital reentry. African American youths and individuals diagnosed with a psychotic disorder were more likely to reenter the hospital. Younger youths and those having lengthy prior hospitalizations were at increased risk for reentering the hospital. Youths living in urban, white, higher income communities were less likely to reenter the hospital.
88 – Interstitial Cystitis

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is an affliction whose etiology and pathogenesis remain obscure, complex, and controversial. It is a disease that typically has a gradual onset with an insidious progression. IC is usually misdiagnosed initially as chronic bacterial cystitis in females or perhaps called urethral syndrome in other cases. In men, it is often confused with either bladder outlet obstruction due to prostate enlargement or prostatitis. As the disease progresses, it is the appearance of pain that is the major impetus to seek medical attention. Pain is the most disabling part of the syndrome and the most difficult for the physician to treat. The impact of IC on the patients' quality of life is significant. The problems in delayed diagnosis may lead to inappropriate suggestions of a psychological etiology rather than a physiological abnormality. No therapy is uniformly successful in IC. There are three basic approaches to treat IC. One utilizes antidepressants, antispasmodics, and antihistamines. A second utilizes cytodestructive techniques including dilation, dimethylsulfoxide, chlorpactin, and silver nitrate. Third, cytoprotective techniques utilize heparin and pentosanpolysulfate. Frequently these therapies must be combined; partial remissions are often achieved with pentosanpolysulfate, heparin, and intravesical dimethylsulfoxide.
Preservation of inner retinal responses in the aged Royal College of Surgeons rat. Evidence against glutamate excitotoxicity in photoreceptor degeneration.

Purpose. The aged Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat with advanced retinal degeneration loses the b-wave and shows a negativegoing corneal electroretinogram (ERG) that has been attributed to loss of inner retinal function because of glutamate toxicity. The authors investigated the origin of this negative ERG and evaluated inner retinal function in late-stage RCS degeneration. Methods. The ERG a-wave, b-wave, and scotopic threshold response (STR) were used to follow degeneration in RCS dystrophic animals between 18 and 120 days of age. Glutamate analogs were given by intravitreal injection to suppress transmission from photoreceptors to second-and third-order neurons to identify the origin of the negative ERG observed in older RCS dystrophic rats. Results. In RCS dystrophic animals, the ERG developed normally up to day 27, but thereafter a- and b-wave sensitivity deteriorated more rapidly than the STR. By day 60, the STR threshold was elevated only 1 log unit, whereas a- and b-wave thresholds were >2 log units higher than in controls. The STR range in dystrophic rats extended to brighter intensities previously dominated by the b-wave. Glutamate analogs eliminated the STR as well as the entire negativegoing ERG in older dystrophic rats. Conclusions. The negative ERG in older RCS dystrophic rats originates in the inner retina and not from photoreceptors. Inner retinal signaling remains sensitive despite major photoreceptor loss in RCS rats, consistent with previous psychophysical findings. The b-wave may not be as useful as the STR in detecting loss of quantal catch in degenerating retinas. The ERG provides no evidence of glutamate excitotoxic damage to neurons postsynaptic to degenerating RCS photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :2054-2062.
Effect of near-bottom currents on detection of bait by the abyssal grenadier fishes Coryphaenoides spp., recorded in situ with a video camera on a free vehicle

Free vehicles carrying bait, video cameras and current meters were deployed at three sites in the abyssal North Pacific Ocean in 1983 and 1984 (at depths of 3 800, 4 400 and 5 800 m). From the recovered video recordings, we analyzed responses of the abyssal grenadier fishes Coryphaenoides spp. to the bait, and, from the recovered current meters, we determined the velocities of the nearbottom tidal currents. The grenadiers consistently arrived at the camera within minutes after it landed (7.5 to 41 min, N=9 deployments), but the times of the first arrivals tended to increase within increasing distance from shore (which was correlated with increasing depth). Faster responses occurred near times of peak, as opposed to slack, current velocities. Behavioral observations suggest that grenadiers primarily use olfaction in locating the bait, because 75% of early arrivals came from down-current. Those coming from up-current typically did not appear to sense the bait until arriving down-current from it. A “wait” rather than “search” strategy is proposed for the use of food falls by these deep-sea scavengers.
Molecular Methods in Oncology: Targeted Mutational Analysis

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are both molecular techniques that simultaneously exploit and are limited by sequence specificity. Both techniques have high sensitivity and specificity, accomplished through the use of primers and probes custom-designed for a given application. PCR is capable of exponentially amplifying target sequences, either as a direct method of detection or as a preliminary step to create ample material for subsequent assays. FISH allows the identification and localization of specific genetic sequences on chromosomes or other targets. Both techniques work well on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, making them ideal for pediatric tumor studies. PCR and FISH are easy to perform and readily set up in most clinical and research laboratories. These assays have found widespread use in pediatric cancer diagnostics including mutational analysis, detecting fusion genes, and measuring gene expression.
The Six-Shooter State: Public and Private Violence in American Politics

American violence is schizophrenic. On the one hand, many Americans support the creation of a powerful bureaucracy of coercion made up of police and military forces in order to provide public security. At the same time, many of those citizens also demand the private right to protect their own families, home, and property. This book diagnoses this schizophrenia as a product of a distinctive institutional history, in which private forms of violence - vigilantes, private detectives, mercenary gunfighters - emerged in concert with the creation of new public and state forms of violence such as police departments or the National Guard. This dual public and private face of American violence resulted from the upending of a tradition of republican governance, in which public security had been indistinguishable from private effort, by the nineteenth-century social transformations of the Civil War and the Market Revolution.
A systematic review: the appraisal of the effects of metformin on lipoprotein modification and function.

Aims Metformin is a commonly prescribed anti-hyperglycaemic pharmacological agent, and it remains a staple in the management of type II diabetes. In addition to metformin's glucose lowering effects, research has indicated that metformin inhibits glycation-mediated and oxidative modification of lipoprotein residues. The purpose was to discuss the effects of metformin as it relates to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modification. Materials and methods The purpose was to conduct a narrative and pragmatic review on the effects of metformin as it pertains to HDL and LDL modification. Results High-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration is a quantitative measure and therefore does not provide insight into its function, which is a qualitative property. Dysfunctional HDLs are unable to carry out functions normally associated with HDL because they can be modified by glycating agents. Metformin may counteract HDL dysfunction by abating HDL modification. Reductions in HDL modification may improve reverse cholesterol transport ability and thus possibly diminish cardiovascular risk. Similarly, metformin-mediated attenuations in LDL modification may reduce their atherogenic potency. Conclusion Metformin may partially ameliorate HDL dysfunction and reduce LDL modification by inhibiting alpha-dicarbonyl-mediated modification of apolipoprotein residues; consequently, the results are salient because cardiovascular disease incidence may be reduced given that reverse cholesterol transport activity predicts risk, and modified LDL are proatherogenic.
Teach Me and I May Remember, Involve Me and I Learn: Four Approaches to Peer Mentoring in Sport Psychology

ABSTRACTMany students experience difficulties during their graduate education. Scholars have proposed mentoring as one potential strategy to support them. While often assumed to be the sole respons...
Aligning Research Priorities to Improve Equity: A Challenge for Health Funders

In their paper, “Health Research Priority setting: The Duties of Individual Funders,” Pierson and Millum raise an important set of ethical questions of great relevance to grant making organizations...
189 OSTEOPOROSIS PREVENTION THROUGH DIET AND EXERCISE IN SEWARD, ALASKA.

Purpose Osteoporosis rates are high in the elderly. It is estimated that 13 to 18% of women and 3 to 5% of men over 50 years old have osteoporosis. Seward, Alaska, has a population of 300 elders and an active senior center. The Seward Senior Center has daily lunches and occasional speakers on community- and health-related issues. A community project on diet and exercise for osteoporosis prevention was designed for one of these lunches. Methods Community members were interviewed about their awareness of osteoporosis prevention in the elderly, including physicians, nursing home staff, the mayor, the director of the senior center, and area seniors. A literature search on the efficacy of diet and exercise on osteoporosis prevention was carried out using PubMed and reviewed. A presentation was prepared and given during a lunch at the Seward Senior Center. The presentation included a talk about calcium and vitamin D intake, exercise and fall prevention, and handouts on bone density scanning and prevention of osteoporosis. Examples of calcium supplementation were provided. PowerPoint slides were prepared that showed examples of osteoporotic versus average bone matrix. A question and answer session with the seniors was held. Summary Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, identifying foods high in calcium, walking to increase strength and balance for fall prevention, and weight-bearing exercise were recognized as focus areas. A pamphlet in the form of a refrigerator magnet was prepared and distributed to the members of the senior center addressing these issues. Raising awareness among the elders in Seward about diet and exercise is a step toward decreasing osteoporotic rates in the future.
Microstructure response of ferritic/martensitic steel HT9 after neutron irradiation: Effect of temperature

Abstract The ferritic/martensitic steel HT9 was irradiated in the BOR-60 reactor at 650, 690 and 730 K (377, 417 and 457 °C) to doses between ∼14.6–18.6 displacements per atom (dpa). Irradiated samples were comprehensively characterized using analytical scanning/transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, with emphasis on the influence of irradiation temperature on microstructure evolution. Mn/Ni/Si-rich (G-phase) and Cr-rich (αʹ) precipitates were observed within martensitic laths and at various defect sinks at 650 and 690 K (377 and 417 °C). For both G-phase and αʹ precipitates, the number density decreased while the size increased with increasing temperature. At 730 K (457 °C), within martensitic laths, a very low density of large G-phase precipitates nucleating presumably on dislocation lines was observed. No αʹ precipitates were observed at this temperature. Both a and a/2 type dislocation loops were observed, with the a type being the predominant type at 650 and 690 K (377 and 417 °C). On the contrary, very few dislocation loops were observed at 730 K (457 °C), and the microstructure was dominated by a/2 type dislocation lines (i.e., dislocation network) at this temperature. Small cavities (diameter 2 nm) were observed only at 690 K (417 °C), resulting in a bimodal cavity size distribution at 690 K (417 °C) and a unimodal size distribution at 650 and 730 K (377 and 457 °C). The highest swelling (%) was observed at 690 K (417 °C), indicating that the peak of swelling happens between 650 and 730 K (377 and 457 °C).
Type-A Aortic Dissection and Cerebral Perfusion: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database Analysis.

Background The optimal cerebral perfusion strategy during hypothermic circulatory arrest for acute type A aortic dissection repair is controversial. This study used a national clinical registry to evaluate cerebral protection strategies. Methods Using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgical Database, study investigators identified 6387 patients with aortic dissection (mean age, 60.4 years, SD 13.5 years) who underwent total arch (n = 872; 13.7%) or ascending or hemiarch (n = 5515; 86.3%) replacement with circulatory arrest between 2014 and 2016 in the United States. Multivariable analysis adjusted for potential confounders, including demographics and comorbidity. Outcomes were compared according to the following: use of retrograde, antegrade, or no cerebral perfusion; nadir temperature; and duration of circulatory arrest. The primary end point was a composite of 30-day and in-hospital mortality or stroke. Results The rate of death or stroke was 25.5% (n = 1627). Antegrade cerebral perfusion was used in 46.2% (n = 2950) patients, retrograde cerebral perfusion was used in 22.6% (n = 1445), and no cerebral perfusion was used in 31.2% (n = 1992). In multivariable analysis, death or stroke risk increased with longer circulatory arrest duration (adds ratio [OR], 1.11 per 10-minute increment; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.14). Multivariate analysis stratified by temperature showed improved outcomes with cerebral perfusion (antegrade or retrograde) and deep (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98), or moderate (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.95) hypothermic circulatory arrest vs circulatory arrest without cerebral perfusion. There was a slight correlation between nadir temperature and the primary outcome. Conclusions Cerebral perfusion should be used during arch repair for aortic dissection because antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion strategies are associated with reduced death and stroke risk compared with hypothermic circulatory arrest without cerebral perfusion.
Building Blocks of Knowledge: A Close Look at Prerequisite Coursework for Graduate Programs in Speech-Language Pathology

Purpose The purposes of this exploratory study were to examine the variability among prerequisite courses required by speech-language pathology graduate programs and to explore how faculty in leade...
Biosensors Show Promise as a Measure of Student Engagement in a Large Introductory Biology Course.

Skin biosensors were used to measure student engagement in an introductory biology classroom. One section of the class was taught with active-learning approaches, the other with traditional lecture...
Does the AGN Unified Model Evolve with Redshift? Utilizing the X-ray Background to Predict the Mid-Infrared Emission of AGN

Deep X-ray surveys by Chandra and XMM-Newton have resolved about 80% of the 2-10 keV cosmic extragalactic X-ray background (CXRB) into point sources, the majority of which are obscured AGN. The obscuration might be connected to processes within the host galaxy, possibly the star-formation rate. Here, we use the results of CXRB synthesis calculations as input to detailed Cloudy simulations in order to predict the evolution of AGN properties at several mid-IR wavelengths. Computations were performed for three different evolutions of the AGN type 2/type 1 ratio between z=0 and 1: where the ratio increased as (1+z)^{0.9}, as (1+z)^{0.3} and one with no redshift evolution. Models were calculated with the inner radius of the absorbing gas and dust at 1 pc or at 10 pc. Comparing the results of the calculations to combined X-ray and Spitzer data of AGN shows that the predicted spectral energy distributions are a good description of average AGNs found in the deep surveys. The existing data indicates that the mid-IR emission from an average AGN is best described by models where the attenuating material is ~10 pc from the central engine. We present the expected Spitzer cumulative number count distributions and the evolution of the total AGN (type 1 + type 2) luminosity function (LF) between z=0 and 1 at rest-frame 8 microns and 30 microns for the three evolutionary scenarios. The mid-IR AGN LF will be an excellent tool to measure the evolution of the covering factor of the gas and dust from z~0 to 1.
Assessment of milk yield and nursing calf feed intake equations in predicting calf feed intake and weaning weight among breeds

Nutrition models are important tools in management decisions, but improvements are needed for cow-calf producers to accurately predict nursing calf performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the ability of published milk yield and forage intake equations to predict calf feed intake and weaning weight using an independent, multi-breed dataset. A dataset with 406 nursing calves was used to evaluate two milk yield (MY) equations: 1) (NASEM) National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016) and 2) (WOOD) Wood (1967), and five feed intake equations: 1) (TED06) equations from Table 9.1 in Tedeschi et al. (2006), 2) (BAK76) equations 2 to 7 in Baker et al. (1976), 3) (TED09A) equation 25 in Tedeschi and Fox (2009), 4) (TED09B) equations 17, 19, and 24 in Tedeschi and Fox (2009), and 5) (HOL82) equation from Holloway et al. (1982). Milk yield was measured at 14-d intervals by hand milking, and individual feed intake of nursing calves was determined during a 240-d nursing period. Calf birth and weaning weight (WW) were measured on d 0 and 240, respectively. Each combination of milk yield and feed intake equation was used to predict calf feed intake and WW from observed milk yield, calf birth weight, and calf slaughter weight. Predicted and observed values were compared using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and mean bias (MB). Factors affecting the deviation between observed and predicted values were analyzed using regression, and a revised equation was developed. Feed intake equations poorly predicted observed feed intake with CCC 0.60) and accurate (MB = 1.7 to 8.5%) in predicting WW. Sire breed accounted for significant variation in the deviation between observed and predicted values of feed intake, and in a revised equation to predict total feed energy intake from total milk energy intake. In conclusion, refinements of feed intake equations for nursing calves need to account for breed to improve current nutrition models.
The empire’s opposition strikes back: popular culture as creative resistance tool under Turkey’s AKP

In the early morning of September 6, 2019, two rap videos expressing frustrations with Turkey’s socio-political condition coincidentally dropped together and quickly went viral. Although one was mo...
Pre-conditioning modifies the TME to enhance solid tumor CAR T cell efficacy and endogenous protective immunity.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has led to impressive clinical responses in patients with hematological malignancies; however, its effectiveness in patients with solid tumors has been limited. While CAR T cells for the treatment of advanced prostate and pancreas cancer, including those targeting prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), are being clinically evaluated and are anticipated to show bioactivity, their safety and the impact of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been faithfully explored preclinically. Using a novel human PSCA knockin (hPSCA-KI) immunocompetent mouse model, we evaluated the safety and therapeutic efficacy of PSCA-CAR T cells. We demonstrated that cyclophosphamide (Cy) pre-conditioning significantly modified the immunosuppressive TME and was required to uncover the efficacy of PSCA-CAR T cells in metastatic prostate and pancreas cancer models, with no observed toxicities in normal tissues with endogenous expression of PSCA. This combination dampened the immunosuppressive TME, generated pro-inflammatory myeloid and T cell signatures in tumors, and enhanced the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells, as well as endogenous and adoptively transferred T cells, resulting in long-term anti-tumor immunity.
Safe Learning in Robotics

In many applications of autonomy in robotics, guarantees that constraints are satisfied throughout the learning process are paramount. We present a controller synthesis technique based on the computation of reachable sets, using optimal control and game theory. Then, we present methods for combining reachability with learning-based methods, to enable performance improvement while maintaining safety and to move towards safe robot control with learned models of the dynamics and the environment. We will illustrate these "safe learning" methods on robotic platforms at Berkeley, including demonstrations of motion planning around people, and navigating in a priori unknown environments. Biography: Claire Tomlin is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California at Berkeley, where she holds the Charles A. Desoer Chair in Engineering. Claire received her B.A.Sc. in EE from the University of Waterloo in 1992, her M.Sc. in EE from Imperial College, London, in 1993, and her PhD in EECS from Berkeley in 1998. She held the positions of Assistant, Associate, and Full Professor at Stanford from 1998-2007, and in 2005 joined Berkeley. Claire works in hybrid systems and control, and integrates machine learning methods with control theoretic methods in the field of safe learning. She works in the applications of air traffic and unmanned air vehicle systems. Claire is a MacArthur Foundation Fellow, an IEEE Fellow, and an AIMBE Fellow. She was awarded the Donald P. Eckman Award of the American Automatic Control Council in 2003, an Honorary Doctorate from KTH in 2016, and in 2017 she won the IEEE Transportation Technologies Award. In 2019, she was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Fluid-Flow Model of the Hydrocyclone for Concentrated Slurry Classification

The mathematical model of the hydrocyclone based on the Navier-Stokes momentum balance, though very difficult, has advanced over the last two decades. The availability of the laser-Doppler velocimeter has further helped validate the model. However, the extension of the model to the size classification of concentrated slurries is relatively new.
The Spectral Theorem

The spectral theorem is not truly a theorem of linear algebra-or of algebra at all-because it involves in an essential way the use of real numbers, and real numbers involve limits. Nevertheless, it is covered in this last chapter because it is traditionally included in linear algebra courses, because it is one of the most beautiful and useful theorems in all of mathematics, and because the main content of the theorem can be formulated in a way that is purely algebraic (though not purely linear), until the limit notion enters at the last step (Section 7).
Long-term follow-up of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with diffuse mantle cell lymphoma in first disease remission: the prognostic value of beta2-microglobulin and the tumor score.

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to analyze the long-term results of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with diffuse mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in first disease remission. METHODS Thirty-three patients were treated. Thirty-one patients had Ann Arbor Stage III or Stage IV disease. The hyper-CVAD regimen (hyperfractionated intense-dose cyclophosphamide, vincristine, continuous intravenous infusion of doxorubicin, and dexamethasone, alternating with high doses of cytarabine and methotrexate plus leucovorin rescue) was used for cytoreduction before ASCT. Patients were consolidated with high-dose cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), total body irradiation, and ASCT. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 49 months, the overall survival and disease-free-survival rates at 5 years were estimated to be 77% and 43%, respectively. Patients whose M. D. Anderson Lymphoma Tumor Score (TS) was ≤ 1 at the time of diagnosis or transplantation experienced longer disease-free survival compared with those whose TS was > 1 (P = 0.02). A β2-microglobulin (β2m)level ≤ 3 mg/L at the time of diagnosis or transplantation was also found to be strongly predictive of longer survival (5-year survival rate of 100% vs. 22% in patients with a β2m level > 3 mg/L) (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS ASCT may prolong the overall survival in a subset of patients with MCL. This improvement has been observed for the most part in patients with low β2m levels (≤ 3 mg/L) and TS (≤ 1). Randomized trials are required to fully assess the benefits of this strategy. Cancer 2003;98:2630–5. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Rapidly progressing pulmonary vascular obstructive disease: Association with ventricular septal defects during early childhood∗

Abstract A case of rapidly progressing pulmonary vascular obstructive disease occurring in a young child with an isolated ventricular septal defect is presented. Serial cardiac catheterizations at 15 and 27 months of age showed a rise in pulmonary artery pressure from 45 11 to 75 32 mm. Hg, a rise in pulmonary vascular resistance from 3.3 to 8.7 units and a decrease in pulmonary to systemic flow ratio ( Qp Qs ) from 2.8 1 to 1.6 1 . The clinical findings of (1) a heart murmur which changed from a holosystolic to an ejection type, (2) a disappearing diastolic flow rumble, (3) the onset of cyanosis on crying, (4) the appearance of a decreasing cardiothoracic ratio and sparsity of peripheral pulmonary markings in the roentgenogram and (5) the development of increasing right ventricular hypertrophy as indicated by the electrocardiogram in less than one year led to recatheterization and the decision to operate. Far-advanced obstructive pulmonary arterial lesions were found on lung biopsy. The significance of this entity is discussed in the light of the oft-repeated statement in the current literature that progressive pulmonary hypertension need not be considered as a factor in planning surgical therapy. Because of the danger that this perhaps uncommon but severe complication may develop in high flow ventricular septal defects, frequent clinical observations should be made in such patients by physicians alert to the early clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension and aware of the rapidity with which advancing pulmonary vascular obstructive lesions can occur.