cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competing Atmospheric and Surface-Driven Impacts of Absorbing Aerosols on the East Asian Summertime Climate

AbstractEast Asia has some of the largest concentrations of absorbing aerosols globally, and these, along with the region’s scattering aerosols, have both reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface regionally (solar dimming) and increased shortwave absorption within the atmosphere, particularly during the peak months of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). This study analyzes how atmospheric absorption and surface solar dimming compete in driving the response of regional summertime climate to anthropogenic aerosols, which dominates, and why—issues of particular importance for predicting how East Asian climate will respond to projected changes in absorbing and scattering aerosol emissions in the future. These questions are probed in a state-of-the-art general circulation model using a combination of realistic and novel idealized aerosol perturbations that allow analysis of the relative influence of absorbing aerosols’ atmospheric and surface-driven impacts on regional circulation and c...
Statin use and risk of skin cancer.

Background Statins are among the most commonly used medications in the United States, and statin use is associated with increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, previous studies are limited by lack of adjustment for important confounders. Objective Examine the relation between statins and skin cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Methods Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations. Results During follow-up (2000-2010), we documented 10,201 BCC, 1393 SCC, and 333 melanoma cases. History of high cholesterol level was not associated with risk of BCC (pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.09), SCC (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85-1.06), or melanoma (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.64-1.19). Statin use was not associated with risk of BCC (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09]), SCC (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94-1.24), or melanoma (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.78-1.38). There was a trend toward higher BCC risk with longer duration of statin use in men ( P trend = .003) but not in women ( P trend = .86). Limitations Lack of treatment data. Conclusion History of high cholesterol level was not associated with skin cancer risk. Longer duration of statin use was associated with a trend toward higher BCC risk in men.
In-Stent Restenosis of Drug-Eluting Stents Compared With a Matched Group of Patients With De Novo Coronary Artery Stenosis.

Drug-eluting stents (DES) significantly reduced the incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, ISR still exists in the contemporary DES era. Previously deemed to be a benign process, ISR leads to complex presentation and intervention. This study aimed to compare the presentation and outcome of DES-ISR versus de novo lesions. We performed a retrospective analysis of 11,666 patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention from 2003 to 2017 and divided them into 2 groups by de novo stenosis and ISR. They were matched based on common cardiovascular risk factors at a 4:1 ratio, respectively. After matching, a total of 1,888 patients with 3,126 de novo lesions and 472 patients with 508 ISR lesions were analyzed. Patients with ISR presented more often with unstable angina (61% vs 45%, p
Nondestructive Polarimetric Imaging of Collagen Organization in Articular Cartilage

Optical polarization tractography (OPT) was applied to image depth-resolved local fiber orientation and birefringence in articular cartilage samples. The OPT images were further quantified for parametric mapping of subsurface collagen structural changes in cartilage.
Blue Gene: A Massively Parallel System

Blue Gene is a massively parallel system being developed at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. With its 4 million-way parallelism and 1 Petaflop peak performance, Blue Gene is a unique environment for research in parallel processing. Full exploitation of the machine's capability requires 100-way shared memory parallelism inside a single-chip multiprocessor node and message-passing across 30,000 nodes. New programming models, languages, compilers, and libraries will need to be investigated and developed for Blue Gene, therefore offering the opportunity to break new ground in those areas. In this talk, I will describe some of the hardware and software features of Blue Genes. I will also describe some of the protein science and molecular dynamics computations that are important driving forces behind Blue Gene.
Abstract 3217: Newly identified role of tumor treating fields in DNA damage repair and replication stress pathways

Tumor treating fields (TTFields) are low-intensity, intermediate frequency, alternating electric fields non-invasively applied to the region of the tumor. TTFields have revolutionized the treatment of recurrent and newly diagnosed glioblastoma and Phase III clinical trials are ongoing for brain metastasis. Phase II trials are ongoing in non-small cell lung, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. The primary mechanism of TTFields function is thought to be the disruption of mitosis; however, other mechanisms are under investigation. Using a panel of 5 non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (NSCLC), we found that cell proliferation and killing as a result of TTFields exposure was variable. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological effects of TTFields exposure we examined temporal gene expression changes in these NSCLC cell lines after TTFields treatment. Interestingly we found that the expression of the BRCA1 DNA damage repair pathway genes were significantly downregulated (P Citation Format: Narasimha Kumar Karanam, Lianghao Ding, Brock Sishc, Debabrata Saha, Michael D. Story. Newly identified role of tumor treating fields in DNA damage repair and replication stress pathways [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3217.
Care dialogues: shifting family engagement from risk to rights in the USA

Though family engagement has become a priority in early childhood education and care, there are problems in our understanding of the phenomenon. First, there is uncertainty about the target of outcomes—namely, should it be children or families? Second, the early childhood field lacks ethical guidance to address the complexity of this relationship. Finally, the field has not articulated the political potential of family engagement. This paper responds to the problem by developing “care dialogues” as a framework for ethical engagement. There are two dimensions. The ethical dimension builds upon dialogue’s potential for change, and the importance of recognizing particular relationships. The political dimension defines rights as the ability to act within those relationships. As a framework, care dialogues attend to the respective needs, rights, and beliefs of particular early childhood institutions and families while connecting to larger political concerns. The paper uses focus group data to build an illustrative case study demonstrating care dialogues’ potential to inform early childhood practice under non-ideal circumstances. This methodological choice is critical to allaying concerns about care as a utopian approach. Using the parameters of care dialogues, the case study addresses three themes—getting personal, agency and care, and narrative as advocacy. The case study concludes that: care dialogues facilitate intimate relations essential to family engagement; the concept of inappropriately adaptive preferences addresses the agency problem; and the political impact of care dialogues extend beyond the immediate exchange between families and institutions. The implications of care dialogues to policy are discussed.
DBT-Guided Biopsy

With the increasing use of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in breast imaging practices, a growing number of lesions are being identified by DBT only. DBT-guided biopsies, both upright and prone, have become proven methods for accurate tissue sampling of these DBT-only lesions. This chapter reviews the DBT-guided biopsy options, the procedure, and related research.
Antigenic Variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Occurs Independently of RecQ-Mediated Unwinding of the pilE G Quadruplex.

The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae alters its cell surface antigens to evade the immune system in a process known as antigenic variation (AV). During pilin AV, portions of the expressed pilin gene (pilE) are replaced with segments of silent pilin genes (pilS) through homologous recombination. The pilE/pilS exchange is initiated by formation of a parallel guanine quadruplex (G4) structure near the pilE gene, which recruits the homologous recombination machinery. The RecQ helicase, which has been proposed to aid AV by unwinding the pilE G4 structure, is an important component of this machinery. However, RecQ also promotes homologous recombination through G4-independent duplex DNA unwinding, leaving the relative importance of its G4 unwinding activity unclear. Previous investigations revealed a guanine-specific pocket (GSP) on the surface of RecQ that is required for G4, but not duplex, DNA unwinding. To determine whether RecQ-mediated G4 resolution is required for AV, N. gonorrhoeae strains that encode a RecQ GSP variant that cannot unwind G4 DNA were created. In contrast to the hypothesis that G4 unwinding by RecQ is important for AV, the RecQ GSP variant N. gonorrhoeae strains had normal AV levels. Analysis of a purified RecQ GSP variant confirmed that it retained duplex DNA unwinding activity but had lost its ability to unwind antiparallel G4 DNA. Interestingly, neither the GSP-deficient RecQ variant nor the wild type RecQ could unwind the parallel pilE G4 nor the prototypical c-myc G4. From these results we conclude that N. gonorrhoeae AV occurs independently of RecQ-mediated pilE G4 resolution. Importance: The pathogenic bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae avoids clearance by the immune system through antigenic variation (AV), the process by which immunogenic surface features of the bacteria are exchanged for novel variants. RecQ helicase is critical in AV and its role has been proposed to stem from its ability to unwind a DNA secondary structure known as a guanine quadruplex (G4) that is central to AV. In this work, we demonstrate that the role of RecQ in AV is independent of its ability to resolve G4s and that RecQ is incapable of unwinding the G4 in question. We propose a new model of RecQ9s role in AV where the G4 might recruit or orient RecQ to facilitate homologous recombination.
Academic Library Instruction, Evidence-Based Practice, and Social Workers: An Exploratory Survey

When social work students graduate and move into their professional practice, they also move into a vastly different information landscape than that of the academic environment. To better understan...
Senses of Home in the Field

The author identifies different senses of home sometimes experienced by fieldworkers and the kinds of places that nurture them. In addition to the sense of fieldworkers being in their own cultural environment, a baseline never fully attained in the field, the author identifies a fieldworker’s retreat, where he or she can be alone at their fieldsite and relax without worrying about others’ cultural expectations; the possible alternative home especially available to those doing multi-sited research, a place away from any fieldsite that may also offer the camaraderie of casual friends; and, finally, the fieldsite as second home, where the empathetic fieldworker develops lasting affective ties to those among whom he or she lives. Some implications of these different senses of home are discussed as the author has experienced them over many long and short visits to North India beginning in the late 1960s.
New Tunneling Features in Polar III-Nitride Resonant Tunneling Diodes

Resonant tunneling diodes, being the fastest electronic devices to date, operate by relying on one of the most surprising quantum-mechanical effects: tunneling. Taking advantage of this ultrafast process, however, has proven to be difficult within the nitride family of semiconductors. New techniques for growing GaN crystals have now led to unprecedented observations of resonant tunneling physics in nitride quantum devices.
On the multiplying factor for the estimation of the average grain size in thin films

Abstract The lineal-intercept method is commonly used to estimate the average grain size, where the ‘Mendelson’ multiplying factor (1.60) that is typically used explicitly assumes tetrakaidecahedral grains. While this is appropriate for bulk equiaxed microstructures, grains in thin films where the grain size exceeds the film thickness, are closer to prismatic polyhedrons in shape. Thus, assuming log-normal distribution of hexagonal-prism-shaped grains, a new multiplying factor of 1.20 is derived which relates the average grain size and measured intercept size. This model is successfully validated using experimental measurements of three different coarse-grained thin films of halide perovskites used in solar cells.
FACS 2019: Fatty acid metabolism and oxidation.

Abstract The FACS workshops owe their origin to a gift by the prolific fatty acid scientist, entrepreneur and founding editor of this journal, the late David Horrobin, intended to conduct a small invitation-only meeting on a themed topic on fatty acid science with active researchers. Since that first 1992 workshop in Paris, FACS has been held about every second year since, alternating between Europe and North America. Numerous private and public sources have contributed to the meeting's success. The 14th FACS meeting was generously supported by Nestle, DSM, GOED: The Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3, AlaskOmega®, and Vital Choice Seafood®.
Design and implementation of a supercomputer frame buffer system

A 512-by-512-pixel by 8-bits-per-pixel frame buffer has been designed, constructed, and installed on a 48-Mb/s I/O channel of a Cray X-MP 4/16 supercomputer. This project was undertaken to test whether such a system would be useful and, if so, how it would be used. Supporting software provides the ability to convert vector graphics description files into raster format, to show raster movies interactively, and to show vector files by real-time conversion from vector to raster formats. It has been shown that real-time animations in an interactive supercomputer environment is feasible and useful with this system.
HSymM-guided engineering of the immunodominant p53 transactivation domain putative peptide antigen for improved binding to its anti-p53 monoclonal antibody.

Abstract A novel engineering strategy to improve autoantibody detection with peptide fragments derived from the parent antigen is presented. The model system studied was the binding of the putative p53 TAD peptide antigen (residues 46–55) to its cognate anti-p53 antibody, ab28. Each engineered peptide contained the full decapeptide epitope and differed only in the flanking regions. Since minimal structural information was available to guide the design, a simple epitope:paratope binding model was applied. The Hidden Symmetry Model, which we recently reported, was used to guide peptide design and estimate per-residue contributions to interaction free energy as a function of added C- and N-terminal flanking peptides. Twenty-four peptide constructs were designed, synthesized, and assessed for binding affinity to ab28 by surface plasmon resonance, and a subset of these peptides were evaluated in a simulated immunoassay for limit of detection. Many peptides exhibited over 200-fold enhancements in binding affinity and improved limits of detection. The epitope was reevaluated and is proposed to be the undecapeptide corresponding to residues 45–55. HSymM calculated binding free energy and experimental data were found to be in good agreement (R2 > 0.75).
The scaling of an intense field nonlinear interaction

In this talk, we will discuss the physics of an alkali metal atom interacting with an intense mid-infrared (3-4 /spl mu/m) laser field. In a Keldysh picture this scaled interaction should show similar ionization dynamics to the more familiar situation of a near visible light interacting with inert gas atoms. However, the interpretation of the spectra is greatly simplified since the alkali metal atoms are "good" one-electron like systems. Both ionization and harmonic processes are currently under investigation. The results show many similarities with the more extensively studied inert gas atom spectrum but significant differences do exist.
Investigation of the Photocatalytic Oxidation of Low-Level Carbonyl Compounds

ABSTRACT Though the bulk of research involving photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has involved the remediation of pollutants at high inlet concentrations, there has been some implication that PCO can be used to reduce exposure to low concentrations of VOCs and improve the quality of indoor air. The high conversion rates previously reported for PCO of VOCs in the parts-per-million (ppm) range may not, however, be applicable to concentrations in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range that are more typical of indoor air quality (IAQ) issues. This paper reports on an examination of the operational characteristics of four PCO reactor designs used for the oxidation of VOCs in the ppb concentration range. Reactor efficiency is examined for three low molecular weight carbonyl compounds commonly associated with IAQ issues: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone. The measured response is the destruction of carbonyl reac-tants. Variables include flow stream velocity and reactor residence...
Optimal deadlock avoidance for a class of manufacturing systems using Petri nets

A model for a class of manufacturing systems using Petri nets is presented. An algorithm that eliminates deadlock markings is developed. The net resulting from the application of the algorithm maximizes the number of markings and, therefore, is an optimal solution to the deadlock avoidance problem. The paper presents several examples of the approach and compares the results to other deadlock avoidance algorithms. It is shown that the other approaches eliminate markings which maximize the utilization of the resources.
Energy consumption and working hours: a longitudinal study of developed and developing nations, 1990–2008

This study advances sociological research on the environmental impacts of working hours. Proponents of economic degrowth propose that a reduction in working time slows economic growth, which yields both social and environmental benefits. Building on such arguments, the authors conduct longitudinal analyses of the effects of average annual working hours on total energy consumption for samples of both developed and developing nations, and assess the extent to which the effect of working hours on energy consumption changes through time. The results suggest that the effect of working hours on energy consumption has increased through time, and this trend is observed for the samples of both developed and developing nations. The authors conclude by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of the findings.
Resistance to Mycoplasma synoviae is Bursal Dependent

Bursectomizing small bursa line birds produced susceptibility to Mycoplasma synoviae. This suggested that M. synoviae is B cell dependent, but does not rule out a T cell effect.
THE IMPACT OF CEO STOCK OPTION EXPENSING AS PER SFAS 123 (R) ON EARNINGS QUALITY

This paper examines the relationship between stock option expensing as per SFAS 123 (R) as a part of CEO compensation and earnings quality. We hypothesize the expensing of CEO stock options as per SFAS 123 (R) positively influences earnings quality. This study contributes to literature by further enhancing our knowledge of CEO compensation and the bonding effect of stock options awarded to CEOs. The ExecuComp database provides the sample for CEO compensation from 2000 to 2009. Estimating earnings quality using multiple regressions, we find empirical support for our hypotheses.
Distribution of actuators in vibration control of adaptive structures

Considers the placement of distributed actuators in motion control of flexible structures. By representing the system dynamics in terms of natural modes of vibration, simple conditions are developed from which degrees of controllability of individual modes for a given actuator distribution are determined. Systematic procedures for optimal placement of distributed actuators are proposed, which are extensions of the methods developed earlier for point actuators. The proposed optimality criteria for actuator distribution seek to minimise the actuator input energy under a variety of operating conditions. Minimal levels of controllability and observability of each controlled mode are. Achieved with this approach. The method is illustrated for a simply supported beam and a rectangular plate controlled by distributed actuators of various shapes.
The Mechanism of an Immature Secretion Phenotype of a Highly Frequent Naturally Occurring Missense Mutation at Codon 97 of Human Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen

A very frequent missense mutation at codon 97 of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen (HBcAg) has been found in chronic carriers worldwide. Functional characterization of this mutant revealed one intracellular and two extracellular phenotypes in contrast to wild-type HBV: (i) a 6- to 12-fold decrease in the level of the full-length relaxed circular DNA, a 4- to 5-fold decrease in the plus-strand DNA, and an approximately 1.8-fold decrease in the minus-strand and overall DNA levels in the intracellular viral core particles; (ii) a 5.7-fold increase in the immature secretion of Dane particles, containing minus-strand, single-stranded virion DNA; and (iii) a significant reduction of nonenveloped core particles in the medium. The steady-state levels of mutant and wild-type core proteins expressed from the same vector appeared to be similar. Using a complementation assay and gradient centrifugation analysis, we demonstrated that this mutant core protein alone is necessary and sufficient for immature secretion. The decreased level of intracellular HBV DNA is caused by both the cis defect of the mutant genome and the trans defect of the mutant core protein. We have dissected further the relationship between the intracellular and extracellular phenotypes of mutant F97L. The pleiotropic effects of the HBcAg codon 97 mutation were observed consistently in several different experimental settings. The mechanism and biological significance of these findings are discussed.
Irreversible disease following acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children.

Abstract We report on the clinical, pathologic and functional features of sporadic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in 83 children (ages 2–16 yr) who were hospitalized at onset and followed subsequently for periods extending up to 17 yr. Beyond 2 yr from onset, one or more features of irreversible renal disease, i.e. hypertension, proteinuria, decreased renal function or sclerosis of glomeruli, were demonstrable in 40% of these children.
Transplantation of whole kidney marrow in adult zebrafish.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (<3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.
Quenching of the 4T1-6A1 transition of CsMnCl3:2H2O by OH stretching vibration☆

Abstract Multiphonon radiative and nonradiative transitions of CsMnCl 3 :2H 2 O(2D 2 O) have been investigated. We show that quenching of the 4 T 1 - 6 A 1 transition occurs through the coupling of OH stretching vibration to normal modes of the octahedron surrounding the Mn 2+ ions. A two-configuration-coordinate model is proposed to explain the nonradiative relaxation.
Improving Insulin Sensitivity: A Review of New Therapies

Insulin resistance is a state of impaired insulin action in insulin—dependent tissues-liver, muscle, and fat tissues. Impaired insulin action results in a reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and adipocyte lipolysis. Insulin resistance may result from a disruption in any step of the insulin-signaling cascade. Defects in insulin signaling have been demonstrated in association with clinical predictors of insulin resistance, such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Weight loss and physical activity have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes. For many years, metformin and thiazolidinediones were the only pharmacologic treatments available that targeted insulin resistance; however, new classes of drugs, including the incretin analogs, dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, and endocannabinoid inhibitors, have been discovered. Incretins are intestinal hormones that are released in response to nutrient ingestion to stimulate insulin secretion by the β-cells of the pancreatic islets. Incretin analogs improve insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss. DPP-4 inhibitors block DPP-4, an enzyme that degrades the endogenous incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1. DPP-4 inhibitors stimulate insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon secretion, and increase postmeal insulin sensitivity, but they do not appear to promote weight loss. Pharmacologic blockade of CB 1 receptors with endocannabinoid inhibitors has been shown to reduce food intake, promote weight loss, and increase adiponectin levels. These treatments may not only improve glycemic control but also offer the potential for additional metabolic and cardiovascular benefits.
Flow visualization experiments on stably stratified flow over ridges and valleys

Flow visualization experiments on stably stratified flow over ridges and valleys formed by a pair of ridges were conducted in a large towing tank filled with stratified salt water. The ambient flow was normal to the axis of the ridges. Three experimental parameters were varied during the study: the steepness of the ridges, the separation distance between the ridges and the Froude number. The flow field in the valley was strongly influenced by flow separation from the lee side of the upstream ridge. For the gentle and intermediate ridges with maximum slopes of 13° and 27°, this separation was controlled by the lee waves when their wavelength was less than or equal to the width of the ridge. The flow field in the valley was similar to that downstream of a single ridge. For the steep ridge with a maximum slope of 40°, separation from the lee side of the upstream ridge and the flow field in the valley were influenced significantly by the presence of the downstream ridge.
THE DIVERSE REACTIVITY OF PEROXY FERRIC PORPHYRIN COMPLEXES OF ELECTRON-RICH AND ELECTRON-POOR PORPHYRINS

A systematic study of the properties and reactivities of iron(III) porphyrin peroxo complexes containing ligands with different electronic properties has been undertaken. While the spectral propert...
Origin of calc-alkaline series lavas at Medicine Lake Volcano by fractionation, assimilation and mixing

The results of experimental studies and examination of variations in major elements, trace elements and Sr isotopes indicate that fractionation, assimilation and magma mixing combined to produce the lavas at Medicine Lake Highland. Some characteristics of the compositional differences among the members of the calc-alkalic association (basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite) can be produced by fractional crystallization, and a fractionation model reproduces the major element trends. Other variations are inconsistent with a fractionation origin. Elevated incompatible element abundances (K and Rb) observed in lavas intermediate between basalt and rhyolite can be produced through assimilation of a crustal component. An accompanying increase in 87Sr/86Sr from ∼ 0.07030 in basalt to ∼0.7040 in rhyolite is also consistent with crustal assimilation. The compatible trace element contents (Ni and Sr) of intermediate lavas can not be produced by fractional crystallization, and suggest a magma-mixing origin for some lavas. Unusual phenocryst assemblages and textural criteria in these lavas provide additional evidence for magma mixing. A phase diagram constructed from the low pressure melting experiments identifies a distributary reaction point, where olivine+augite react to pigeonite. Parental basalts reach this point at low pressures and undergo iron-enrichment at constant SiO2 content. The resulting liquid line of descent is characteristic of the tholeiitic trend. Calc-alkalic differentiation trends circumvent the distributary reaction point by three processes: fractionation at elevated pH2O, assimilation and magma mixing.
Tracing ancestry with chromosomal sequences.

Most of the large Drosophila species of Hawaii are single-island endemics. Chromosomal sequences show that species at the new end of the archipelago have been derived stepwise from ancestral populations on older islands. The oldest high island has an endemic species with sequences that match some in the Nearctic-Palearctic robusta species group. Colonization from a continent by long-distance dispersal seems a likely origin for the Hawaiian drosophilids. Telmatogeton, a worldwide genus of marine midges, has five Hawaiian species inhabiting freshwater streams. Chromosomal sequences of a marine species in Hawaiian waters match the freshwater forms, indicating colonization from the ocean.
Diurnal migration of Echinostoma caproni (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in ICR mice.

Abstract Twenty-four female ICR mice, 12 acclimated to a 12∶12 light–dark cycle and 12 to a 12∶12 dark–light cycle for 7 days, were each infected with 10 metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni. Infected mice were maintained on their respective lighting regimes for 28 days. Six mice (3 from each group) were necropsied at 4-hr intervals beginning at 0700 hr. The small intestine was removed, opened, and the position of individual worms and worm clusters was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. Each intestine was subsequently divided into 20 equal segments and individual worms and worm clusters were assigned to the appropriate segment based on the original measurements. All worms were found in the posterior 55% of the intestine (ileum). All posterior segments (10–20), with the exception of segment 18, harbored at least 1 worm at some time. A Monte Carlo simulation of worm abundance in segments 10–17 over all time periods indicated a random distribution, while the same analysis of segments 10–20 indicated a non-rando...
Concentration-dependent bifunctional effect of TGF-β1 on immunoglobulin production: a role for Smad3 in IgA production in vitro

Abstract Injury to the liver results in rapid induction of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β 1 ) consistent with a role for TGF-β 1 in repairing damaged tissue. In addition to its ubiquitous role in injury repair, TGF-β 1 is also well established as a critical regulator of immune homeostasis; however, its mechanisms of action remain enigmatic. We have previously demonstrated that the hepatotoxic chlorinated hydrocarbon, carbon tetrachloride, suppresses helper T-lymphocyte function in a TGF-β 1 -dependent manner. Here, we report that, in opposition to its immunosuppressive effects at picomolar concentrations, femtomolar concentrations of TGF-β 1 augment T cell-dependent anti-sRBC IgM antibody forming cell (AFC) and T cell-independent DNP-Ficoll-induced AFC responses. These data support a concentration-dependent bifunctional effect by TGF-β 1 on humoral immune responses in vitro. We further investigated a putative mechanistic role for Smad3, an intracellular mediator of TGF-β 1 signaling, in propagating the inhibitory effects of TGF-β 1 on humoral immune responses. Relative to wild type littermates, splenocytes from mice homologous for a null mutation in the gene encoding the TGF-β receptor-activated Smad3 (Smad3 Exon8−/− ) were less sensitive to inhibition by TGF-β 1 following anti-sRBC- and LPS-sensitization in vitro. In agreement, inhibition of IgM protein production by TGF-β 1 was also dampened in LPS-sensitized Smad3 Exon8−/− splenic B cells. Moreover, stimulation of IgA by TGF-β 1 was abrogated in LPS-sensitized Smad3 Exon8−/− splenocytes suggesting an additional role for Smad3 in regulating IgA production in vitro. Our results suggest that the effects of TGF-β 1 on humoral immune responses fundamentally differ in a concentration-dependent manner and are mediated, in part, through Smad3 signaling.
Unsaturated and saturated saliency trends in fractional-slot concentrated-winding interior permanent magnet machines

This paper presents an investigation of trends in the unsaturated and saturated magnetic saliency values of interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machines with fractional-slot concentrated windings (FSCW). This paper investigates alternative slot-pole combinations for FSCW-IPM machines, highlighting the key observation that the saliency of these machines is generally lower than their counterpart IPM machines with conventional distributed windings. The relative merits and challenges of FSCW-IPM machines are examined, with a focus on the contribution of reluctance torque to the total machine torque. A key design metric that proves useful in this discussion is “unsaturated saliency ratio”, defined as the ratio L q /L d in the limiting case of near zero stator current and “saturated saliency ratio”, defined as the ratio L q /L d at high stator current. An important objective is to use this parameter to help machine designers choose the most appropriate slot-pole configuration for an FSCW-IPM machine in order to achieve the desired performance requirements.
Extreme Locality in Madurese Wh‐Questions

This article investigates the apparently three types of wh-questions in Madurese—wh in situ, overt wh-movement, and partial wh-movement—and argues that the three are actually instantiations of a single wh-in-situ strategy and that the relation between the wh-element and its operator obeys extreme locality. An analysis is proposed in which overt long distance and partial wh-movement are actually reflexes of A-movement to subject position in a proleptic-object construction. Madurese wh-phenomena are situated in term of Cole and Hermon's (1998) typology of wh-movement. It is further suggested here that movement across clause boundaries is illicit in Madurese.
Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and opiates on amphibian locomotion

Male rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) were used as a model for the study of the neuroendocrine regulation of locomotion. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of nanogram quantities of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) dose-dependently increased locomotion as measured in a circular open-field test arena. In other studies animals received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of saline or naloxone, a synthetic opioid antagonist, followed by i.c.v. injections of saline or CRF. With 1-min intervals between injections, neither i.p. saline nor naloxone injections modified the stimulatory effects of CRF injections on locomotor activity. In contrast, with 20-min intervals between injections, the naloxone-plus-CRF injected newts displayed more locomotor activity than the saline-plus-CRF injected newts, suggesting that the opioid system modulated the behavioral effects of CRF. An i.p. injection of bremazocine, an opiate kappa-receptor agonist, suppressed spontaneous locomotion but not CRF-induced locomotion. In contrast, an i.p. injection of morphine, an opiate mu-receptor agonist, did not affect spontaneous locomotion but reduced CRF-induced locomotion, indicating further that the opioid system may modulate the behavioral effects of CRF in this amphibian. The present study provides the first evidence that both CRF and opioids may be involved in the regulation of amphibian locomotor activity.
TRANS-ACTING REGULATION AND ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING FOR THE ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE (AS) LOCUS

We are attempting to delineate the molecular basis for both metabolite regulation of AS and enzyme overproduction in canavanine resistant (Canr) cells. We isolated normal and Canr variant lymphoblast cell lines from the parent of a citrullinemia patient. These cells contain one normal gene and one mutant allele producing an abnormal mRNA which is distinguishable by S1 nuclease analysis. Activities for AS (nmol/min/mg protein) were as follows: lymphoblasts in arginine medium <0.01; lymphoblasts in citrulline medium 0.05; three Canr lymphoblast variants 0.79-1.2. S1 nuclease analysis demonstrated parallel increases in both normal and abnormal RNA in the Canr cells in proportion to the increase in enzyme activity. Since selective pressure in the Canr isolation is restricted to the functional allele, the increased expression of the mutant allele must reflect a trans-acting mechanism affecting the expression of both alleles. We also have detected alternative RNA splicing involving the presence or absence of an exon (probably the 2nd exon) in the 5′ untranslated region of the mRNA. This exon is present in only a very minor proportion of mRNA from human liver or fibroblasts, but is present in a larger proportion of mRNA from Canr cells or baboon liver. The functional significance of this result is unclear at present.
Computational Comparison of Piecewise−Linear Relaxations for Pooling Problems

This work discusses alternative relaxation schemes for the pooling problem, a theoretically and practically interesting optimization problem. The problem nonconvexities appear in the form of bilinear terms and can be addressed with the relaxation technique based on the bilinear convex and concave envelopes. We explore ways to improve the relaxation tightness, and thus the efficiency of a global optimization algorithm, by employing a piecewise linearization scheme that partitions the original domain of the variables involved and applies the principles of bilinear relaxation for each one of the resulting subdomains. We employ 15 different piecewise relaxation schemes with mixed-integer representations and conduct a comprehensive computational comparison study over a collection of benchmark pooling problems. For each case, various partitioning variants can be envisioned, cumulatively accounting for a total of 56 700 relaxations. The results demonstrate that some of the schemes are clearly superior to their c...
Age differences in kleptoparasitism by laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) on adult and juvenile brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Abstract We recorded the choice of victims by a population of adult and first-winter laughing gulls ( Larus atricilla ) making attempts to steal food from adult and juvenile brown pelicans ( Pelecanus occidentalis ). Adult gulls made food theft attempts on juvenile pelicans with a disproportionately great frequency; first-winter gulls appeared to select pelican victims at random. Adult pelicans were more frequently successful in their foraging attempts than juvenile pelicans, suggesting that adults may be more reliable as potential food sources for gulls making theft attempts. However, juvenile pelicans attempted to evade kleptoparasitizing gulls less frequently than did adult pelicans, suggesting that the fish prey of juveniles may be more easily stolen. These patterns are discussed in relation to optimal victim choice by gulls, and to deferred maturity in both species.
What makes users happy

The results of a user questionnaire are used to determine the effects of 17 different independent variables on user satisfaction.
Patients' perceptions of family emotional climate and outcome in schizophrenia

Thirty-nine chronic schizophrenic male out-patients and their relatives were interviewed separately to assess their perceptions of their current relationships. Two simple 5-point rating scales predicted the risk of psychotic exacerbation during a one-year follow-up: patients' perceptions of the relatives' attitudes towards them, and patients' own attitudes towards the relatives. Survival analysis of data in a 2 x 2 factorial--combining degree of contact with the key relatives and the patients' perceptions of their relatives--found that patients in frequent contact with a positively perceived relative had significantly better survival rates without psychotic exacerbation. Patients' perceptions of their relatives may help identify patients at risk of exacerbation of their illness.
A hypothesis for morphological characterization of particle shape and physiochemical properties

Abstract Characterization of particle shape has historically been done by a variety of sizing techniques — sieving, setting, micrometrically. Recently, using automatic scanning devices, the x , y coordinates of particle silhouettes are read and analyzed by Fourier series. Using both the phase angle and amplitude, the particle shape can be reproduced to any degree of accuracy. This paper presents a broad theoretical hypothesis that particles have intrinsic shapes, such as a sphere, from which the particle deviates randomly. Thus a particle is comprised of a melamorph and random component. Using both a melamorph and analyzing the random component by Fourier, Walsh or HAAR functions, detailed information on particle properties such as surface area and surface reactivity may be computed. Possible applications of the approach are suggested.
Analysis of cell surface carbohydrate expression patterns in normal and tumorigenic human breast cell lines using lectin arrays

Cell surface carbohydrates play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, fertilization, differentiation, development, and tumor cell metastasis. Lectins are proteins of nonimmune origin which recognize and bind to specific carbohydrate structural epitopes. We have recently described the development and use of lectin arrays as tools for the elucidation of the carbohydrate structures expressed on cell surfaces. In the present work this technology is employed for the characterization of differences in carbohydrate expression patterns on normal and tumorigenic human breast cell lines, as well as on sublines differing in their tendency to "home" to different tissues during metastasis. Significant differences were observed, including changes that correlate with metastatic potential as well as with tissue-specific homing of metastatic cells.
Finite element stress analysis of three filling techniques for class V light-cured composite restorations

An important disadvantage of current dental resin composites is polymerization shrinkage. This shrinkage has clinical repercussions such as sensitivity, marginal discoloration, and secondary caries. The objective of this study was to compare three filling techniques in terms of the transient stresses induced at the resin composite/tooth interface during polymerization. The techniques were: bulk filling (B), three horizontal increments (HI), and three wedge increments (WI). A simple Class V cavity preparation was modeled in finite element analysis. Polymerization shrinkage was simulated by a thermal stress analogy, thereby causing 1% shrinkage due to an arbitrary coefficient of thermal expansion. Interface normal and shear stresses were calculated at nine steps during polymerization, proceeding from 0% to 100% volume of cured resin. The importance of the interface transient stresses was revealed by the finding that, in most cases, their peak values exceeded the final or residual stress. Also, the WI and B techniques consistently exhibited the highest and lowest maximum transient stresses, respectively. These results from the simple model of a Class V restoration suggest that bulk filling of light-cured resin composites should be used in restorations which are sufficiently shallow to be cured to their full depth.
The glutamine synthetase gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana: light-regulation and differential expression in leaves, roots and seeds.

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays an important role in the assimilation of nitrogen by higher plants. We present here a molecular analysis of the GS polypeptides, mRNAs, and genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Western blot analysis of leaf and root protein extracts revealed at least two distinct GS polypeptides; 43 kDa and 39 kDa GS polypeptides were present in leaves, while only a 39 kDa GS was detected in roots. The 43 kDa GS polypeptide is light-inducible. In etiolated seedlings only the 39 kDa GS was detected. However, upon greening the 43 kDa GS increased to levels comparable to those observed in light-grown plants. Four distinct GS cDNA clones, λAtgsl1, λAtgsrl, λAtgsr2 and λAtk6 were isolated and characterized. Their complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences are presented. The coding sequences of the four clones are 70–88% similar while their 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions exhibit less than 50% similarity. Northern blots of leaf, root and germinated seed RNA revealed that the four cDNAs hybridize to mRNAs which are differentially expressed in the organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. λAtgsl1 is leaf-specific and hybridizes to a 1.6 kb mRNA. Both λAtgsr1 and λAtgskb6 hybridize to 1.4 kb mRNAs which are expressed in both roots and germinated seeds. λAtgsr2 hybridizes to a 1.4 kb mRNA, which is primarily expressed in roots with low levels of expression in seeds and leaves. λAtgsl1, which represents the leaf-specific mRNA, is induced by light. λAtgsl1 mRNA levels increase during the greening of etiolated seedlings while λAtgsr1 levels remain constant. Southern blot analysis indicated that the Arabidopsis genome contains at least four and possibly five distinct GS genes.