cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Comparison of Idempotent Andness-Directed Aggregators.

The goal of this paper is to investigate similarities between andness-directed graded logic aggregators. Our analysis is based on idempotent soft disjunctive aggregators because the differences between hard aggregators are provably smaller. We propose three difference indicators and use them to compare three popular andness-directed aggregators: weighted power mean, exponential mean, and OWA. The results of analysis show that differences between aggregators are regularly low, and frequently negligible, taking into account the limited precision of arguments of graded logic aggregators used in decision support systems. This situation has consequences that are also discussed in the paper.
Case 82: A Small Child in a War Zone

You are working with Medecins Sans Frontieres/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) in Northern Syria. The Syrian war is ongoing (2011–present). As so often happens, civilians are caught up in the midst of the warring factions. You are working both in the emergency room (ER) and the operating room (OR) as an anesthesiologist. Cases range from bullet wounds to the chest, evacuation of abscesses, Cesarean sections, debridement’s, amputations, etc.
Structural Analysis of Transaction Systems Vertical Fusion or Network Complexity

This paper compares Galtung's theory of imperialism with the more complex global network views of Dominguez. Galtung's theory states that economic, political, military, and cultural transactions are vertically fused into a “feudal structure” such that the center nations dominate all facets of transactions. Moreover, since vertical fusions on one dimension spill over and structure other dimensions, high degrees of system isomorphisms should be observed. Dominguez, on the other hand, suggests that actors will be found in different networks on different dimensions of interaction. Data on trade and diplomatic visits are analyzed. The findings tend to support Dominguez's views of network structure and challenge the imperialism theory of Galtung. Although the networks are similar, they are not highly isomorphic, and transactions occurred where Galtung's theory predicted they would not.
Porous Materials for Biological Applications

Porous materials have received much attention in the scientific community because of their ability to interact with biological ions and molecules not only at their surfaces, but also throughout their bulk. Because of this intrigue, traditional applications of porous materials have involved catalysis, bioseparations, adsorption of select species, and ion exchange. As the tissue engineering field has emerged due to the continuous need for better implantable materials, porous materials have also found their niche in regenerative medicine. Specifically, porous materials have been employed as implants for various parts of the body (e.g., bone, cartilage, vasculature, central and peripheral nervous systems, bladder, and skin) either as stand-article alone regenerative devices or as drug delivery vehicles to promote tissue growth. This article will discuss such applications of porous biomaterials focusing on events at their surfaces that can promote cell functions leading to tissue regeneration. This article will also emphasize one particularly promising research direction to improve the role of porous biomaterials in tissue engineering involving nanotechnology (or the creation of nanoscale surface features on porous materials). Keywords: porous materials; tissue engineering; nanotechnology; orthopedic; cartilage; bladder; vascular; central and peripheral nervous systems
Skeletal Muscle Toxicology

The skeletal musculature is necessary for normal motor functions such as walking or breathing. It accounts for between 35 and 45% of total body weight in humans and is the most energetically demanding tissue in the body. Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue with intricate organizational arrangement, requiring precise regulation of intracellular ions and cooperation by a multitude of cellular proteins. As a result, it also has susceptibilities to a diverse array of toxic insults. Derangements of skeletal muscle function can cause loss of movement, multiorgan involvement and even organismal demise. In addition to direct effects on skeletal muscle, this tissue can also be responsible for damage to distant tissues and organs by release of large intracellular proteins into the vasculature. As a specific topic, skeletal muscle toxicology has been largely absent from the majority of textbooks. However, it represents an important and specific target of a variety of natural and synthetic toxicants. Here we present an overview of skeletal muscle physiology, including tissue architecture, energetic substrate preferences, and function. Laboratory methods and diagnostic observations to be used for investigating skeletal muscle injury in a research and clinical setting are also discussed. Finally, we provide an in-depth outline of skeletal muscle toxicants arranged according to their proposed mechanism of action. Keywords: skeletal muscle; toxicology; rhabdomyolysis; myopathy; sarcoplasmic; myotube; hyperthermia; thermogenesis; myotoxic
DNA Configuration in the Core of Marek's Disease Virus

Marek's disease virus DNA appears to be wound around a central structure connecting the two inner poles of the capsid. Based on electron micrographs of Marek's disease virions, a diagram of spatial configuration of virus DNA is presented. This diagram may explain the pleomorphic character of the herpesvirus core observed with the electron microscope.
The Incidence, Origin, and Etiology of Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy, the presence of an extra or missing chromosome, is the most frequent cause of mental retardation and pregnancy loss in our species. Studies can be divided into those of incidence, origin, and etiology. Trisomy 21 is the most common aneuploidy among liveborns whereas monosomy X and trisomy 16 are the most frequent causes of pregnancy loss. Aneuploidy primarily arises by the process of nondisjunction in the first meiotic division of maternal meiosis; however, this varies among chromosomes in that some show a significant proportion of paternal and/or meiosis II errors. The most common etiological factor associated with aneuploidy is advancing maternal age and it is generally agreed that this is a result of the increasing likelihood of nondisjunction in the aging ovary. There has been intense debate as to the existence of of a paternal age effect and recent studies on human sperm suggest that there may be a small effect for the sex chromosomes. Furthermore, recent molecular studies on trisomic conceptuses have revealed a second etiological factor associated with nondisjunction, namely, reduced genetic recombination.
Self‐organizing nonlinear output (SONO): A neural network suitable for cloud patch–based rainfall estimation at small scales

[1] Accurate measurement of rainfall distribution at various spatial and temporal scales is crucial for hydrological modeling and water resources management. In the literature of satellite rainfall estimation, many efforts have been made to calibrate a statistical relationship (including threshold, linear, or nonlinear) between cloud infrared (IR) brightness temperatures and surface rain rates (RR). In this study, an automated neural network for cloud patch–based rainfall estimation, entitled self-organizing nonlinear output (SONO) model, is developed to account for the high variability of cloud-rainfall processes at geostationary scales (i.e., 4 km and every 30 min). Instead of calibrating only one IR-RR function for all clouds the SONO classifies varied cloud patches into different clusters and then searches a nonlinear IR-RR mapping function for each cluster. This designed feature enables SONO to generate various rain rates at a given brightness temperature and variable rain/no-rain IR thresholds for different cloud types, which overcomes the one-to-one mapping limitation of a single statistical IR-RR function for the full spectrum of cloud-rainfall conditions. In addition, the computational and modeling strengths of neural network enable SONO to cope with the nonlinearity of cloud-rainfall relationships by fusing multisource data sets. Evaluated at various temporal and spatial scales, SONO shows improvements of estimation accuracy, both in rain intensity and in detection of rain/no-rain pixels. Further examination of the SONO adaptability demonstrates its potentiality as an operational satellite rainfall estimation system that uses the passive microwave rainfall observations from low-orbiting satellites to adjust the IR-based rainfall estimates at the resolution of geostationary satellites.
Temperature-dependent molecular motions and phase behavior of cholesteryl ester analogues

The phase behavior and temperature-dependent molecular motions of three cholesteryl ethers (caproyl, myristyl, oleyl) and a cholesteryl carbonate (oleyl) were characterized. The properties of each ether were qualitatively similar to, but quantitatively different from, those of the corresponding cholesteryl ester. For example, cholesteryl oleyl ether exhibited the same phase transitions as cholesteryl oleate, but at much lower temperatures (e.g., the ether isotropic liquid to cholesteric transition is at 29 degrees C). 13C NMR spectra of ethers in the isotropic liquid and liquid crystalline phases were similar to those of the ester analogue. However, near the liquid to liquid crystalline transition, the steroid ring C3 and C6 linewidths, the C3/C6 linewidth ratio, and the steroid ring rotational correlation times tau rx and tau rz calculated from the linewidths were larger for the ether than the ester analogue. The oleyl carbonate had qualitatively different properties from its analogues (e.g., stable vs. metastable cholesteric and smectic phases). Quantitative results (e.g., relatively long tau rx and tau rz in the isotropic liquid phase) for the carbonate were also distinct from those of both the ester and ether analogues. A comparison of analogues in which the polar linkage is the only structural variable yielded insights into the intermolecular interactions which influence phase behavior.
Valuing water for Chinese industries : a marginal productivity assessment

Using plant-level data on more than 1000 Chinese industrial plants, the authors estimate a production function treating capital, labor, water, and raw material as inputs to industrial production. They then estimate the marginal productivity of water based on the estimated production function. Using the marginal productivity approach to valuing water for industrial use, they also derive a model and estimates for the price elasticity of water use by Chinese industries. Previous studies used water demand functions and total cost functions to estimate firms' willingness to pay for water use. They find that the marginal productivity of water varies among sectors in China, with an industry average of 2.5 yuan per cubic meter of water. The average price elasticity of industrial water demand is about -1.0, suggesting a great potential for the Chinese government to use pricing policies to encourage water conservation in the industrial sector. Increasing water prices would reduce water use substantially.
Pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic effects of romifidine hydrochloride in the horse.

Wojtasiak-Wypart, M., Soma, L. R., Rudy, J. A., Uboh, C. E., Boston, R. C., Driessen, B. Pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic effects of romifidine hydrochloride in the horse. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 478–488. Romifidine HCl (romifidine) is an α2-agonist commonly used in horses. This study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of romifidine following intravenous (i.v.) administration and describe the relationship between PK parameters and simultaneously recorded pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Romifidine (80 μg/kg) was administered by i.v. infusion over 2 min to six adult Thoroughbred horses, and plasma samples were collected and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Limit of quantification was <0.1 ng/mL. PD parameters and arterial blood gases were measured for 300 min following romifidine administration. Statistical PD data analysis included mixed-effect modeling. After i.v. administration of romifidine, the plasma concentration-vs.-time curve was best described by a two-compartmental model. Terminal elimination half-life (t1/2β) was 138.2 (104.6–171.0) min and volumes for central (Vc) and peripheral (V2) compartments were 1.89 (0.93–2.39) and 2.57 (1.71–4.19) L/kg, respectively. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 51.9 ± 13.1 ng/mL measured at 4 min following commencement of drug administration. Systemic clearance (Cl) was 32.4 (25.5-38.4) mL·min/kg. Romifidine caused a significant reduction in heart rate and cardiac index and an increase in mean arterial pressure (P < 0.05). Sedation score and head height values were significantly different from the baseline values for 120 min (P < 0.05). The decline in cardiovascular and sedative effects correlated with the decline in plasma romifidine concentration (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a highly sensitive analytical technique for the detection of romifidine in equine plasma allowed detailed description of its PK profile. The drug produces long-lasting sedation in horses that corresponds with the long terminal elimination half-life of the drug.
Headaches Following Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms: Coil Embolization vs. Flow Diversion (P5.125)

OBJECTIVE: Compare the incidence and management of headaches following treatment of cerebral aneurysms utilizing coil embolization (CE) vs. aneurysms treated with flow diversion (FD). BACKGROUND: Intracranial aneurysms remain a significant cause of neurological morbidity and mortality. The mainstay of endovascular treatment remains coil embolization, however, utilization of flow-diverting devices has increased. A 55-72% incidence of post-procedural headache has been previously reported, though differences between CE and FD have not been well described. DESIGN/METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of pre-procedural history, procedural data and post-procedural clinical data taken from cerebral embolization procedures performed at Hartford Hospital from 1/2010 to present. Only elective and symptomatic, unruptured aneurysms were considered. Statistical tests were performed with significance defined as p<0.05. RESULTS: 260 aneurysms were treated during the review period. 92 met inclusion criteria: 66 (CE) and 26 (FD). Overall, 51.1% of patients experienced headache within 30 days. Larger size, skullbase location, symptomatic target aneurysm and history of prior headache syndromes were all significantly more common in patients experiencing headaches. Headache incidence was higher in FD (73.1% vs. 42.4%, p=0.016), though higher median aneurysm size (10.5mm vs. 7.0mm, p<0.001) and a greater percentage of paraclinoid aneurysms were also observed. A trend toward a higher percentage of patients with headache unresolved at six months was noted in the CE group, 60% vs. 25%, (p=0.078). Oral steroid tapers were utilized more frequently in FD (42.8% vs. 8.8%, p=0.002); other therapies were utilized at similar rates. CONCLUSIONS: Post-procedural headaches are more common in patients undergoing flow diversion treatment, however, larger aneurysm size and increased utilization for skullbase aneurysms may account for this difference. While a trend toward development of chronic headaches in patients undergoing CE was observed, this did not reach significance. Prospective, standardized study would better evaluate efficacy of specific therapies. Study Supported by: n/a Disclosure: Dr. Ollenschleger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mancini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ohki has nothing to disclose. Dr. Spiegel has nothing to disclose.
Water Deprivation and Food Restriction on Toxicity of Parathion and Paraoxon

Three groups of rats were injected intraperitoneally with either parathion or paraoxon: (1) rats deprived of water for 48 hr, (2) rats allowed water ad lib but restricted in food intake to equal that consumed by water-deprived rats, and (3) controls. Following injection of parathion all groups showed a progressive decrease in enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine over a 2-hr period. The decrease was significantly greater in food-restricted rats. Injection with paraoxon resulted in an immediate decrease in red cell cholinesterase activity, which remained low for 1 hr, but recovered thereafter. The esterase activity of both deprived groups was significantly lower than that of controls. These experiments suggest that persons subject to nutritional deficiency and water deficit may be abnormally susceptible to the effects of anticholinesterase pesticides.
Synthesis of DNA-binding proteins during the cell cycle of WI-38 cells

Abstract The DNA-binding proteins synthesized by WI-38 cells at specific periods during the cell cycle were chromatographed on calf thymus DNA-cellulose and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The DNA-binding proteins which were predominantly labeled in G 1 had approximate mol wts of 20 000, 30 000 and 68 000. During the S phase, in addition to the G 1 proteins, some large proteins and histones were labeled. Proteins of approx. 45 000 D seemed to be unique to the S period. The profile of DNA-binding proteins synthesized in G 2 is very similar to that of G 1. The labeling of DNA-binding proteins in the early G1 was markedly reduced in the presence of 5 μg/ml of actinomycin D indicating that synthesis of these G 1 proteins is dependent on new transcription. In order to determine the relationship between the DNA-binding proteins prepared from the whole cell sonicates and nuclear proteins, DNA-binding proteins of cytoplasm and nuclear fractions were examined. DNA-binding proteins are found to exist both in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of WI-38 cells. Nucleocytoplasmic migration of DNA-binding proteins was also studied by pulse labeling G 1 cells with 3 H-leucine and determining the amount of radioactivity incorporated into cytoplasmic and nuclear DNA-binding protein fractions after chasing for various periods of time. Furthermore, incubation of unlabeled isolated nuclei with the 3 H-DNA-binding proteins in vitro revealed that fractions of these cytoplasmic DNA-binding proteins are transported in nuclei. Present experiments suggest that DNA-binding proteins synthesized in the late G 1 are correlated with the onset of S and that a fraction of DNA-binding proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm migrates into the nuclei.
An Algorithm for Predicting Outbreaks of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut and Improving the Timing of Fungicide Sprays

ABSTRACT Algorithms were evaluated for computing disease risk and improving the timing of fungicide applications for control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut. Disease risk was calculated by multiplying indices of moisture, soil temperature, vine growth, and canopy density each day, and summing values for the previous 5 days to obtain a 5-day risk index (FDI). After fungicide application, the FDI was reset to zero for 3 weeks. Fluazinam at 0.58 kg a.i./ha applied at FDI 24 or 32 in 1994 and 1995 suppressed disease and increased yield as much as or more than programs of weekly scouting and applying fungicide at the initial onset of disease with additional sprays at 3- to 4-week intervals. The FDI algorithm was also more efficient than calendar sprays at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting (DAP). Environmental and host parameters were expanded in 1996 and 1997 by adding new temperature and new vine growth indices. These parameters along with DAP-dependent thresholds consistently improved the timing of fungici...
Transcendence degree over an arbitrary commutative ring

Let S = R[X, ,..., X,] be a polynomial ring in n indeterminates over a commutative ring R with identity. It is obvious that properties of R affect the properties of S. However, it would also seem that some behavior of S as an R-algebra is influenced by the polynomial indeterminates. Specifically the author has been in situations where one wants to claim that a particular element of S is an indeterminate over R or some ring between R and S. While in each special circumstance, the elements turned out to have the desired properties, it was the feeling of the author that some general results ought to hold. It is the purpose of this paper to study the notion of algebraic independence of elements of R[X, ,..., X,,]. A better title for the paper might be “Why there is no notion of transcendence degree over arbitrary commutative rings.” It is not difficult to find bad examples and the positive results may not be surprising. However, the author feels it is of some use to catalogue what can happen. Definitions are overdue, and are formulated in terms of ordered subsets of s= R[X, )...) X,].
Radial dike formation on Venus: Insights from models of uplift, flexure and magmatism

Abstract Giant radiating dike swarms on Venus are geomorphic manifestations of deep-seated volcano-tectonic processes. Through an initial series of experiments we assess if these features can be explained as a product of the relationship between magmatism and the flexural stress state caused by lithospheric uplift (due to a rising mantle diapir, plume or underplating processes) using gravitationally loaded, axisymmetric, elastic finite element models. Magma chambers situated in the upper (extensional) lithosphere fail at or near the crest, redirecting magma vertically into radially aligned dikes, but these are expected to feed surface eruptions; conditions promoting lateral propagation of dikes do not occur. Magma chambers located in the lower (compressional) lithosphere are predicted to generate horizontal intrusions (sills) upon midsection failure. When both uplift (from basal loading) and magmatic surface loading (from edifice growth) are introduced in sequence at discrete times, however, conditions that promote shallow lateral propagation of magma within radial dikes are created: (1) as magma from shallow reservoirs ascends and erupts, surface-loading volcanic edifices can form; (2) as the vertical loads increase, flexing the lithosphere downward, high compressional stresses produced within the edifice create a shallow stress barrier that makes it increasingly difficult for magma to complete the process of ascent and eruption; and then (3) stresses acting on dikes ascending from a reservoir toward the surface will thus increasingly favor fracture along their lateral margins, redirecting magma through radial dikes toward distal regions at shallow depth. Our results are consistent with observed patterns of laterally extensive dike systems at volcanic centers such as Mbokomu Mons and Becuma Mons. The models thus provide a robust mechanical explanation that for the first time links lithosphere flexure and reservoir pressurization to the ascent and lateral spreading of magma through radial dike systems on Venus, thereby providing key new spatial and temporal insights into an important magmatic process operating on multiple terrestrial planets.
British Museum stone inscription of the Tripurī Kalacuri prince Valleka

Description, translitteration et commentaire de l'inscription du BM n° 1983.4-23.1. Il s'agit de l'enregistrement de la fondation du temple de Sri par le prince de Kalacuri, Valleka
Simulation of Electrocardiogram of Apicolateral Myocardial Infarction by Myocardial Destructive Lesions of Obscure Etiology (Myocardiopathy)

A myocardial destructive process unrelated to occlusive coronary arterial disease has been documented at necropsy in two patients aged 37 years and 23 years at the time of death. In the third patient, 25 years of age, electrocardiographic findings of a transmural lesion of the apicolateral wall of the left ventricle existed in the absence of evidence of impaired myocardial reserve. The nature of myocardial destruction encountered in cases 1 and 2 is compared with that in the case of parchment heart described initially by Osler. The theoretic implications of total loss of R waves in semidirect leads overlying a region of epicardial destruction are noted.
Perioperative respiratory complications following awake and deep extubation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

Summary Background: Perioperative respiratory complications after adenotonsillectomy (TA presence of Down syndrome, cranio-facial abnormality, or cerebral palsy; obstructive sleep apnea confirmed by polysomnography; diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea by clinical history; presence of an upper respiratory tract infection (URI) within 2 weeks of presentation; history of reactive airway disease; status at extubation; endtidal sevoflurane and carbon dioxide concentrations at extubation; total intraoperative opioids administered in morphine equivalents (mgkg 1 ); administration of propofol at extubation; and intraoperative administration of an anticholinergic drug. Conclusions: There was no difference in the incidence of perioperative respiratory complications in children undergoing a T&A following an awake vs deep extubation. Only weight ≤14 kg was associated with increased perioperative respiratory complications.
Issues in the development of transactional web applications

The establishment of the Web application as a successful application model may be attributed to its adherence to open standards, to the powerful J2EE™ application framework for the execution of business and process logic, and to its integration with heterogeneous external systems, transactional processes, and Web technologies. In addition, effective tool support has enabled rapid development and deployment, powerful processes composed from components, and access to a steadily increasing range of function. Many Web applications are designed for high performance, scalability, and highly reliable utilization and are capable of extending modes of usage and growing throughput. Successful application development in these environments involves bridging the gap between exercising available programming specifications and the proper design, coding, and life-cycle management of the application. This paper addresses issues, transactional and nontransactional, in application development that are important for the successful deployment and execution of enterprise Web applications in production environments. These issues are based on experience with deployments of Web applications in various customer environments and are not new, but are either fundamental to previous transactional systems or have appeared in other classes of applications. Understanding these issues is essential both to building effective tooling to support the runtimes and to the evolution and definition of the runtimes themselves.
Analogy, Explanation, and Education.

This article applies a theory of analogical thinking as satisfaction of multiple constraints to the use of analogies in instruction. It shows how the strengths of particularly good analogies and the weaknesses of particularly bad ones can be understood in terms of pragmatic, semantic, and structural constraints. These constraints suggest lessons for how analogies can most effectively be used in instruction.
Estrogen Mediates Mammary Epithelial Cell Proliferation in Serum-Free Culture Indirectly via Mammary Stroma-Derived Hepatocyte Growth Factor

Epithelial-stromal cell interactions are important for normal development and function of the mouse mammary gland. The steroid hormone estrogen is required for epithelial cell proliferation and ductal development in vivo. Recent studies of estrogen receptor α knockout mice indicate that estrogen-induced proliferation is dependent upon the presence of estrogen receptor in mammary stromal cells, but not in epithelial cells. The purpose of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanism of estrogen-dependent stroma-derived effects on mammary epithelium. We have developed a minimally supplemented serum-free medium, collagen gel primary mammary coculture system to address the issue of stroma-derived, estrogen-dependent effects on epithelial cell proliferation. Conditioned medium from mammary fibroblasts or coculture with mammary fibroblasts caused increased epithelial cell proliferation and produced tubular/ductal morphology. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was identified as the mediator of this effe...
Perspectives in ICU computing.

Computers have unrealized potential in investigation and clinical care. Computers in Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine must serve as a catalyst to focus these efforts. The goal must be development of practical, cost effective systems to facilitate the collection, recording and interpretation of data relevant to the management of the ICU patient. The ultimate goal is to provide feedback control where appropriate. To reach this goal, data relevant to the elements of the gas exchange system—the heart, the lungs, and ventilatory pump—are essential and analysis systems are needed. Analysis must interpret the interaction between circulatory and lung function and between lung, chest wall and diaphragm mechanics and gas exchange.
Multifocal congenital hemangiopericytomas associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome

A newborn male with multifocal congenital hemangiopericytomas complicated by Kasabach-Merritt syndrome was treated by excision of a large hemangiopericytoma in the right mandibular area. After excision of this lesion, the associated consumptive coagulopathy abated. Spontaneous regression of other subcutaneous tumours over the thighs and left flank was noted by age 6 months; this illustrates the benign course of most congenital hemangiopericytomas. Surgical excision of congenital hemangiopericytoma is indicated when there is a coexisting consumptive coagulopathy or for the definitive control of large lesions. For smaller lesions and in the absence of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, the benign nature and predilection for spontaneous regression of congenital hemangiopericytomas render observation as the preferred strategy.
Transmission studies in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with disseminated Rift Valley fever virus infections.

Experiments were conducted to determine the ability of mosquitoes with disseminated Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus infections to transmit this virus by bite. Transmission rates for mosquitoes inoculated with RVF virus ranged from 0% (0/21) for Anopheles stephensi to 100% (92/92) for Culex pipiens. Aedes fowleri, Aedes taeniorhynchus, and Aedes triseriatus transmitted RVF virus about 50% of the time. Providing that the extrinsic incubation period for a mosquito species had been completed, the ability to transmit RVF virus was not affected by time postinoculation, number of ovarian cycles completed, or whether the mosquito probed, partially engorged, or fed to repletion. Similarly, when mosquitoes had multiple probes during a single blood meal (i.e., when they fed on several different animals), transmission rates were not affected by the order of feeding. Thus, the impact on vector capacity of multiple probings when a mosquito is unable to obtain a complete blood meal during a given feeding attempt may require further study. Also, the wide variation in transmission rates observed for mosquitoes with disseminated infections emphasizes the need to determine transmission rates, and not merely infection rates, when evaluating the vector competence of a species.
EFFECT OF FAT CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF GROUND BEEF

Microwave heating depends on dielectric properties, microwave frequencies, food composition, physical state of water in the food, and product temperature and density. Proper microwave cooking and thawing procedures for ground beef products are needed to ensure food safety. Recent studies showed that the fat content significantly affected the survival of pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fat content and temperatures on dielectric properties of ground beef. The dielectric properties were determined using an open-ended, coaxial line with copper conductors, connected to a network analyzer. The relationship among dielectric properties, fat level, and temperature was obtained for 915 MHz and 2450 MHz. Results of the experiment showed that dielectric loss factor and dielectric constant increased with increase in temperature at both frequencies at temperatures below the freezing point. Above the freezing point, dielectric constant decreased with increase in temperature. Dielectric loss factor increased with temperature at 915 MHz. At 2450 MHz, it remained almost constant with varying temperature. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of low-fat ground beef were higher than that of high-fat ground beef. Regression equations were developed for predicting dielectric properties at different temperatures and fat levels.
Labor regulation and economic change: a view on the Korean economic crisis

Abstract This paper examines the internal structural conditions of the current Korean economic crisis with a special focus on the issue of labor regulation. This paper argues that the Korean economic crisis was structurally conditioned by the internal political processes that resulted in the crisis of labor regulation, which in turn negatively affected the competitiveness and profitability of Korean industries. From the 1960s to the mid 1980s, repressive and militaristic regulation practices imposed on labor facilitated the intensive mobilization of labor and conditioned the rapid economic growth in South Korea. In the late 1980s, however, these practices became ineffective in labor mobilization as a result of democratization and workers' empowerment. After the repressive system of labor regulation was dismantled, social actors, such as the state, business organizations, and labor unions, made diverse efforts to build a new system of labor regulation, which was unsuccessful. This crisis in labor regulation has negatively affected the growth of the Korean economy, and structurally conditioned the 1997 financial crisis. Under specific conditions, such as financial liberalization, the weakening of industrial policies, and the financial crisis in Southeast Asia, this crisis resulted in the financial turmoil in 1997.
Structure and function at synapses

Abstract Adroit use of freeze-fracture and allied morphological techniques has contributed to several major advances in the understanding of synaptic structure and function. Pioneering studies found that synaptic vesicles interact with the presynaptic plasmalemma in discrete ‘active zones', while coated vesicles bud elsewhere. The disposition and configuration of acetylcholine receptors has been visualized by deep etching of rapidly-frozen Torpedo post-synaptic membrane. Synaptic vesicles have been captured in the act of exocytosis. Most recently, physiological data and freeze-fracture have been carefully correlated in an effort to identify the sites of voltage-dependent calcium channels in presynaptic membranes.
Strategies for Integrating Capacity With Demand in Service Networks

Service managers face the problem of simultaneously developing and implementing both capacity and demand management strategies. Often they must chose between marketing options, for shifting or increasing demand, or operations management options such as adding additional capacity via more equipment or employees. The interaction of these two functional area strategies can have surprising, unintended, and often detrimental outcomes from a profit perspective. This article looks at the outcomes of various combinations of these decisions in a service network, a service with multiple activities within one site. We develop and apply an integrative model for determining the profit-maximizing capacity management strategy for a service network. We implement the model by combining a conjoint analysis-based optimal product design model from marketing with a simulation model investigating capacity and demand management strategies from operations management. We tested the model using data from an actual service network,...
Orbit determination accuracy assessment for an asteroid flyby - A Galileo case study

The Galileo spacecraft may be targeted for a close flyby of an asteroid on its way to an encounter with Jupiter. An orbit determination accuracy analysis was carried out for the case of the asteroid 29 Amphitrite based on the use of radio metric and optical data types. Prior to encounter, the uncertainty in the asteroid's position, based on astrometric observations from earth, amounts to several hundred kilometers. This ephemeris uncertainty constitutes the dominant error in the determination of the spacecraft orbit with respect to Amphitrite. It is shown that the spacecraft-asteroid relative position can be improved by imaging asteroid-star pairs with the Galileo charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, enabling an accurate flyby of the asteroid. The main benefit of optical navigation is to enable the instrument pointing updates necessary for closeup viewing of the asteroid. A discussion of the evolution of the target error ellipse parameters as a function of data coverage and various combinations of radiometric and optical data types is also presented.
Coronary heart disease risk, dyslipidemia, and management in HIV-infected persons.

AbstractDyslipidemia and coronary heart disease (CHD) are of increasing concern in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who are living longer because of the benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). All classes of drugs used in HAART have been associated with atherogenic changes in lipid profiles. The management of HIV-infected persons with dyslipidemia and/or CHD currently emphasizes the importance of monitoring and optimizing lipid levels through lifestyle changes, switching antiretrovirals (ARVs), and lipid-lowering treatments utilizing guidelines developed for persons without HIV infection. In HIV-infected persons, the use of lipid-lowering drugs may result in pharmacokinetic interactions with ARVs, complicating the management of patients. Recent advances in our understanding of the differential effects of specific ARVs on lipids is beginning to alter the clinical approach to management. In the absence of randomized clinical trials, clinicians should aggressively t...
The decedent affairs office. A unique centralized service.

The success of a centralized decedent affairs office depends on support by clinicians, the department chairman, and hospital administration. The benefits to the institution include improved public relations with a decedent's family, compliance with state and federal laws, increased organ donations, and better risk management programs. The only drawback of establishing such an office is the additional personnel necessary for 24-hour coverage. However, modifications in the functions and staffing levels of a decedent affairs office may be made, depending on the needs of individual institutions. We hypothesized that consent for autopsy would be easier to obtain and cause less emotional upheaval for family members if procedures were well established and specially trained individuals were involved in the process. With these ideas in mind, we established a decedent affairs office at The University of Texas Medical Branch in 1984. ( JAMA . 1991;266:1397-1399)
Transvaginal Sonography Provides A Sharper View Into the Pelvis

Transvaginal sonography with a high‐frequency probe, a recent development gaining clinical application, obtains better image resolution of deep pelvic organs. Uses of transvaginal sonography include diagnosis and treatment in gynecology, infertility, and early pregnancy. Acceptance by health‐care providers and patients is widespread. Advantages include greater clinical capability, increased efficiency, and reduced costs. The nurse's role in patient education and management is a vital component of the care of the patient undergoing transvaginal sonography.
Endothelial Cells Form a Phalanx to Block Tumor Metastasis

Tumor blood vessels deliver oxygen poorly, thereby contributing to tumor hypoxia and upregulation of proangiogenic cytokines in an escalating feedback loop. Mazzone et al. (2009) now show that reducing the amount of a protein involved in endothelial oxygen sensing leads to changes in endothelial cell shape that interrupt this feedback loop and reduce tumor metastasis.
Mode II fracture behavior of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass

Abstract Shear band formation and fracture are characterized during mode II loading of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass. The measured mode II fracture toughness, K IIc =75±4 MPa√m, exceeds the reported mode I fracture toughness by ∼4 times, suggesting that normal or mean stresses play a significant role in the deformation process at the crack tip. This effect is explained in light of a mean stress modified free volume model for shear localization in metallic glasses. Thermal imaging of deformation at the mode II crack tip further reveals that shear bands initiate, arrest, and reactivate along the same path, indicating that flow in the shear band leads to permanent changes in the glass structure that retain a memory of the shear band path. The measured temperature increase within the shear band is a fraction of a degree. However, heat dissipation models indicate that the temperature could have exceeded the glass transition temperature for less than 1 ms immediately after the shear band formed. It is shown that this time scale is sufficient for mechanical relaxation slightly above the glass transition temperature.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Models of Stochastic, Spatially Varying Stress in the Crust Compatible with Focal‐Mechanism Data, and How Stress Inversions Can Be Biased toward the Stress Rate’ by Deborah Elaine Smith and Thomas H. Heaton” by Jeanne L. Hardebeck

In her comment (Hardebeck, 2015) on our stress heterogeneity article (Smith and Heaton, 2011), Hardebeck suggests a different focal‐mechanism error distribution than what we used in our 2011 article and suggests that this new error distribution will reduce our estimates of stress heterogeneity. In response to this, we have rerun our calculations three ways: (1) with the original mechanism error distribution from Smith and Heaton (2011), (2) with a mechanism error distribution similar to the one presented by Hardebeck (2015), and (3) with a mechanism error distribution derived from repeating earthquake statistics. We find the two new mechanism error models, relative to the original mechanism error distribution, reduce the heterogeneity ratio ( HR ) estimates by approximately 35%–40% (using Hardebeck’s suggested distribution) and by approximately 8%–10% (using the repeating earthquake based error distribution). Applying these two new mechanism error distribution models helps parameterize the estimates of stress heterogeneity amplitude but does not change the main novel points of the Smith and Heaton (2011) article. Namely, we find that focal‐mechanism data are still compatible with a heterogeneous stress that is more dissimilar at large interevent distances and more correlated at small interevent distances and that a heterogeneous stress can bias traditional stress inversions toward the stressing rate function. Last, we demonstrate that as the size of the stress inversion region decreases and as the maximum variability of the heterogeneous stress decreases, the normalized stress inversion bias also decreases. This is consistent with taking the model of Smith and Heaton (2011) to the limit where region size decreases to a point source; however, most stress inversions may require dimensions closer to the outer scale of the stress (∼60 km for southern California) and hence experience significant stress inversion biasing toward the stressing …
Effects of neural drives on breathing in the awake state in humans.

Abstract We have developed a mathematical model of the regulation of ventilation that successfully simulates breathing in the awake as well as in sleeping states. In previous models, which were used to simulate Cheyne–Stokes breathing and respiration during sleep, the controller was only responsive to chemical stimuli, and allowed no ventilation at sub-normal carbon dioxide levels. The current model includes several new features. The chemical controller responds continuously to changes in PCO2 with a lower sensitivity during hypocapnia than in the hypercapnic ranges. Hypoxia interacts multiplicatively with PCO2 over the entire range of activity. The controller in the current model, besides the chemical drive, includes also a neural component. This neural drive increases and decreases as the level of alertness changes, and adds or subtracts from ventilation levels demanded by the chemical controller. The model also includes the effects of post-stimulus potentiation (PSP) and hypoxic ventilatory depression (HVD). While PSP eliminates apneas after a disturbance and also dampens the subsequent dynamics of the respiration, it is not a major factor in the damping of the response. Another finding is that HVD is destabilizing. The model is the first to reproduce results reported in conscious humans after hyperventilation and after acute and longer-term hypoxia. It also reproduces the effects of NREM sleep.
The Influence of Oxygen Want, Hyperpnea, and Carbon Dioxide Excess on Psychic Processes

(1937). The Influence of Oxygen Want, Hyperpnea, and Carbon Dioxide Excess on Psychic Processes. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 161-168.
An unmetasomatized source for the Malaitan alnöite (Solomon Islands): Petrogenesis involving zone refining, megacryst fractionation, and assimilation of oceanic lithosphere

The Ma&tan alnijite contains a rich and varied megacryst suite of unprecedented compositional range. We have undertaken trace element and isotope modeling in order to formulate a petrogenetic scheme which links the host alniiite to its entrained megacrysts. This requires that a proto-alntiite magma is the product of zone refining initiated by diapiric upwelling (where the initial melt passes through 200 times its volume of mantle). Isotopic evidence indicates the source of the proto-alniiite contains a time- integrated LREE-depleted signature (143Nd/'44Nd = 0.51274). Impingement upon the rigid lithosphere halts or dramatically slows the upward progress of the mantle diapir. At this point, the magma cools and megacryst fractionation begins with augites crystallizingjirst, followed by subcalcic diopsides and finally phlogopites. Garnet probably crystallizes over the entire range of clinopyroxene fractionation. Estimated proportions of fractionating phases are 30% augite, 24.5% subcalcic diopside, 27% garnet, 12.9% phlogopite, 5% bronzite, 0.5% ilmenite, and 0.1% zircon. As this proto-alnoite magma crystallizes, it assimilates a subducted component of seawater-altered basalt which underplates the Ontong Java Plateau. This is witnessed in the isotopic composition of the megacrysts and alnoite.
Simple Lie algebras of type S

Abstract The simple finite-dimensional Lie algebras of type S over an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic are classified. The number of such algebras of any fixed dimension is finite.
A study of the reappearance of melanophores and the formation of melanophore aggregations (spots) in regenerated ventral skin of the common newt, triturus viridescens

Studies of regeneration in a denuded area 3 to 5 mm. square made by dissecting away the epidermis and underlying dermis were carried out both in the living animal and with the aid of histological sections. During the reconstitution of the area pigmented cells appeared in the new epidermis. There was no evidence that they wandered in from the surrounding epidermis. They developed in situ and most of them later disappeared. In the deeper tissues of the regenerating area, pigmented cells appeared in localized areas which gradually increased in size and density of color and formed typical black spots. These remained permanently. If the incision passed through or close to an original spot there was migration of melanophores into the adjacent territory and the subsequent formation of a spot. All other new spots were formed from melanophores which appeared in situ, by the formation of pigment in cells which had previously been unpigmented.