cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Age Estimation: From Classification to Ranking

Human age is considered an important biometric trait for human identification or search. Recent research shows that the aging features deeply learned from large-scale data lead to significant performance improvement on facial image-based age estimation. However, age-related ordinal information is totally ignored in these approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel convolutional neural network (CNN)-based framework, ranking-CNN, for age estimation. Ranking-CNN contains a set of basic CNNs, each of which is trained with ordinal age labels. Then, their binary outputs are aggregated for the final age prediction. From a theoretical perspective, we obtain an approximation for the final ranking error, show that it is controlled by the maximum error produced among subranking problems, and thus find a new error bound, which provides helpful guidance for the training and analysis of deep rankers. Based on the new error bound, we theoretically give an explicit formula for the learning of ranking-CNN and demonstrate its convergence using the stochastic approximation method. Moreover, we rigorously prove that ranking-CNN, by considering ordinal relation between ages, is more likely to get smaller estimation errors when compared with multiclass classification approaches. Through extensive experiments, we show that ranking-CNN outperforms other state-of-the-art feature extractors and age estimators on benchmark datasets.
Molecular pathways to nonbiting mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes are often referred to as the deadliest animals on Earth because of the devastating pathogens they are able to transmit when females bite and then feed on blood from human hosts (male mosquitoes don’t bite). In 2015 alone there were an estimated 212 million cases of malaria, resulting in 429,000 deaths (1). Approximately one-third of Earth’s population is considered at risk for infection by the dengue virus (2). Furthermore, the rapid emergence and global spread of mosquito-borne viruses, such as West Nile, Zika, and chikungunya, are of increasing public health concern (3, 4). Because effective vaccines and drug therapies are not available for the majority of these mosquito-borne pathogens, efforts to reduce disease transmission have traditionally focused on suppressing or eliminating the mosquito vector, usually by reducing larval habitats (source reduction) or applying insecticides. However, the effectiveness of these traditional approaches is limited by the proliferation of man-made habitats (e.g., discarded tires and cisterns), the rapid geographic spread of vector species associated with human commerce and travel, and the evolution of insecticide resistance. Novel approaches to control are desperately needed. Recently, a variety of exciting strategies to disrupt disease transmission have emerged based on genetic modification of vectors or infection of vectors with bacterial symbionts (5, 6). These strategies seek to either suppress vector populations to sufficiently low numbers that pathogen transmission cannot be sustained (population suppression), or to introduce and spread genetic modifications or bacterial symbiont infections through natural populations so the mosquitoes are incapable of transmitting pathogens (population replacement). Current population replacement strategies focus on preventing the mosquito from transmitting a pathogen once it has already taken a bite and ingested blood. In PNAS, Bradshaw et al. (7) establish the foundation of an intriguing alternative approach based on the potent logic that mosquitoes that don’t … [↵][1]1Email: paa9{at}georgetown.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Apophenia and the Crafting of a Circulation: Heart Failure Issue.

> Apophenia: the spontaneous perception of connections and meaningfulness in unrelated phenomena It is our nature as human beings to look for connections—and often to discern them where none actually exist, something known as illusory correlation. This is wired into our brains, for a number of reasons. The ability to discern a true pattern quickly can be a time saver—and one would expect evolutionarily that it may have been a life saver as well. Apophenia exists in many species. Skinner1 demonstrated the existence of illusory correlation or superstition in pigeons. In a series of experiments, pigeons apparently associated a food reward with unusual behavior (for a pigeon), such as bowing, scraping, dancing, or neck turns. The bird would then begin repeating that motion, and every subsequent food reward would further reinforce the behavior. Apophenia is a tool humans use to exert control over a chaotic world. Research has shown that doing relaxation exercises can lower the chances of succumbing to such illusory pattern perception.2 Apophenia is an important force to acknowledge in scientific research and publishing. Many of the papers we receive report associations between two phenomena, such as a biomarker and heart failure events. It is in our nature as humans to infer causality in these associations, and as journal editors, we often require authors to propose a potentially causal mechanism when describing such associations. It is important to recognize that while this is natural and important as it imparts scientific rigor to the work we publish, we are likely often fooling …
Feasibility study of using crowdsourcing to identify critical affected areas for rapid damage assessment: Hurricane Matthew case study

Abstract The rapid damage assessment plays a critical role in crisis management. Collection of timely information for rapid damage assessment is particularly challenging during natural disasters. Remote sensing technologies were used for data collection during disasters. However, due to the large areas affected by major disasters such as Hurricane Matthew, specific data cannot be collected in time such as the location information. Social media can serve as a crowdsourcing platform for citizens’ communication and information sharing during natural disasters and provide the timely data for identifying affected areas to support rapid damage assessment during disasters. Nevertheless, there is very limited existing research on the utility of social media data in damage assessment. Even though some investigation of the relationship between social media activities and damages was conducted, the employment of damage-related social media data in exploring the fore-mentioned relationship remains blank. This paper, for the first time, establishes the index dictionary by semantic analysis for the identification of damage-related tweets posted during Hurricane Matthew in Florida. Meanwhile, the insurance claim data from the publication of Florida Office of Insurance Regulation is used as a representative of real hurricane damage data in Florida. This study performs a correlation analysis and a comparative analysis of the geographic distribution of social media data and damage data at the county level in Florida. We find that employing social media data to identify critical affected areas at the county level during disasters is viable. Damage data has a closer relationship with damage-related tweets than disaster-related tweets.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Silver Birch Pollen

A 32-year-old housewife and schoolteacher presented annually from 1983 to 1986 with a seasonal April-to-September dermatitis of the exposed skin of her face, neck, and limbs, with extreme swelling of the eyelids. Her dermatitis was most severe at home, where it was not prevented by staying inside. It was improved by continuous rain, holidays by the sea, holidays abroad, and systemic steroids. She had a past history of earring dermatitis, but otherwise a completely negative personal and family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever. She was a keen gardener.
A Cobalamin Activity-Based Probe Enables Microbial Cell Growth and Finds New Cobalamin-Protein Interactions across Domains.

ABSTRACT Understanding the factors that regulate microbe function and microbial community assembly, function, and fitness is a grand challenge. A critical factor and an important enzyme cofactor and regulator of gene expression is cobalamin (vitamin B12). Our knowledge of the roles of vitamin B12 is limited, because technologies that enable in situ characterization of microbial metabolism and gene regulation with minimal impact on cell physiology are needed. To meet this need, we show that a synthetic probe mimic of B12 supports the growth of B12-auxotrophic bacteria and archaea. We demonstrate that a B12 activity-based probe (B12-ABP) is actively transported into Escherichia coli cells and converted to adenosyl-B12-ABP akin to native B12. Identification of the proteins that bind the B12-ABP in vivo in E. coli, a Rhodobacteraceae sp. and Haloferax volcanii, demonstrate the specificity for known and novel B12 protein targets. The B12-ABP also regulates the B12 dependent RNA riboswitch btuB and the transcription factor EutR. Our results demonstrate a new approach to gain knowledge about the role of B12 in microbe functions. Our approach provides a powerful nondisruptive tool to analyze B12 interactions in living cells and can be used to discover the role of B12 in diverse microbial systems. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that a cobalamin chemical probe can be used to investigate in vivo roles of vitamin B12 in microbial growth and regulation by supporting the growth of B12 auxotrophic bacteria and archaea, enabling biological activity with three different cell macromolecules (RNA, DNA, and proteins), and facilitating functional proteomics to characterize B12-protein interactions. The B12-ABP is both transcriptionally and translationally able to regulate gene expression analogous to natural vitamin B12. The application of the B12-ABP at biologically relevant concentrations facilitates a unique way to measure B12 microbial dynamics and identify new B12 protein targets in bacteria and archaea. We demonstrate that the B12-ABP can be used to identify in vivo protein interactions across diverse microbes, from E. coli to microbes isolated from naturally occurring phototrophic biofilms to the salt-tolerant archaea Haloferax volcanii.
Unequal Cities, Unequal Participation: The Effect of Income Inequality on Civic Engagement

Civic participation is a touchstone of American government, yet it has declined steadily over the past 50 years. Alongside changes in the relationship between American citizens and their government...
Investigation of Methyl Methacrylate Grafting on Model Single Fatty Acid Alkyds

Four model alkyds were prepared by the fatty acid process using a single fatty acid (stearic, oleic, linoleic, or linolenic acid) with phthalic anhydride and glycerol. These model alkyds were react...
Chapter 11 Plant Proteomics

Proteomics, or the study of the protein complement of the genome, promises to help bridge the divide between genomic DNA sequence and biological state and represents one of the most rapidly developing and innovative fields in genome-scale research. The term is now commonly and broadly used to encompass almost any aspect of protein structure, expression and function. However, as used here it refers to characterising quantitative and qualitative characteristics of global protein expression, with an emphasis on scale, including polypeptide synthesis, degradation, post-translational modification, the structure of protein complexes and interactions with other proteins and cellular components. The systematic characterisation of complex protein populations can be pursued using many approaches and numerous reviews have recently been published describing developments in diverse areas of proteomics, including protein structure, function and protein–protein, or protein–ligand interactions A number of reviews have also been specifically devoted to plant proteomics. Consequently, the multiplicity of proteomics-related experimentation and developing technologies are not reiterated here in detail. Instead, this chapter intends to provide an overview of the diversity of proteomics-based studies that have been reported in plants to date and emerging technologies, which in turn should underscore the tremendous potential utility of proteomics for plant biologists and give an indication of future applications. Keywords: protein; comparative; proteomics; mass spectrometry
Change detection using least squares one-class classification control chart

One-class classification can be thought as a special type of two-class classification problem, where data only from one class, the target class, are available for training the classifier (referred ...
Multi-Mode 60-GHz Radar Transmitter SoC in 45-nm SOI CMOS

This article introduces an architecture for a millimeter-wave multi-mode radar transmitter IC, which supports three key radar waveforms: 1) continuous-wave (CW/FMCW); 2) pulse; and 3) phase-modulated continuous-wave (PMCW), all from a single front end. The proposed IC, implemented in a 45-nm CMOS silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process for operation in the 60-GHz band, integrates a broadband frequency tripler, a two-stage pre-amplifier, two power mixers, and mixed-signal baseband waveform generation circuitry. The transmitter radar operation in multiple modes is enabled by configuring the power mixers and the associated waveform baseband circuitry. An important advantage of this approach is that the overall signal bandwidth, a key performance metric in radar, is limited only by the RF output nodes in pulse generation. A novel broadband frequency tripler design technique based on a current-reuse topology is also proposed for LO generation with >59% output fractional bandwidth. On-wafer measurement results for the full TX IC in CW mode show an average output power of 12.8 dBm from 54 to 67 GHz with a peak power of 14.7 dBm and the harmonic rejection ratio >27 dB. The measurement in pulse mode demonstrates programmable pulsewidth from 20 to 140 ps, which translates to >40-GHz radar signal bandwidth. The PMCW mode operation is also demonstrated in this case with 10-Gb/s PRBS modulated radar signal. The IC consumes 0.51 W and occupies $2.3\times 0.85$ mm2 of die area excluding pads.
Folk Music and Dance: Imaginary Images of Modern Nationhood

In this chapter, I argue that the ethnic, racial, and national identities of folk music in multicultural approaches to music teaching have lagged behind recent writing on the marginalizing effects of Anglo-American histories of cultures. Vastly different worldviews and access to power have existed behind a curtain of silence. Lacking tangible documentation of their history, unknown populations and their musical practices become stereotypes as people(s) and music(s) with no history. To appreciate the shift from the idea of folk music with no history to a focus on music’s changing character, form, and substance, this chapter revisits the founding concept of “folk music” that has and continues to dominate multicultural music methods.
Where the wind blows: Exploring barriers and opportunities to renewable energy development on United States tribal lands

Abstract Despite hosting nearly 8% of the United States’ wind energy potential, only one utility-scale wind farm exists on tribal lands. Several barriers hindering tribes’ capacity to harness their lands’ wind potential have been identified, including federal bureaucratic inefficiencies, difficulties securing financing, an inability to capitalize on the Federal Production Tax Credit, and internal administrative disagreements. Few studies have explored, in depth, how these barriers impact the wind energy development process, such as understanding the wind resource, project permitting, transmission, securing a power buyer, and financing. This study presents a comparative analysis framework exploring how barriers to tribal wind energy development influenced two projects: the unsuccessful Rosebud Sioux North Antelope Highlands project and the ongoing Oceti Sakowin Power Authority (OSPA) project. The study finds the OSPA, a newer coalition of tribes including the Rosebud Sioux, has created a novel ownership structure and development strategy with potential to overcome existing barriers, although reliant on finding an electricity buyer and the continuation of the Production Tax Credit. These findings further the scholarship regarding barriers to wind energy development on tribal lands, going beyond understanding what factors limit development to illustrate procedural strategies tribes can employ to overcome the aforementioned barriers. The strategic changes made by the OSPA can hopefully be utilized by future tribal projects to enable wind energy development making it possible to bring affordable, sustainable energy, and economic opportunity to tribal communities.
“More Fully Playnly and Clerely Set Fourth to All the World”: England, Scotland, and “Thempire of Greate Briteigne” in the 1530s and 1540s

This chapter situates the fundamentally important, even revolutionary events of the 1530s, from Henry VIII’s unsuccessful attempts to secure an annulment of his first marriage from the pope to the foundation of the Church of England and the Royal Supremacy, within its contemporary Atlantic context and fruitfully pairs that narrative with the Anglo-Scottish Rough Wooing wars in the next decade (1542–1549), which stretched into the reign of Henry’s son and successor Edward VI, under the protectorate of his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset. It illuminates how these developments created a concept of an empire of Great Britain and crystalized a meaning of Britishness, with crucial implications for England, Scotland, and beyond.
A Clinical Pilot Study of Spaced Retrieval Practice with a Self-Generation Booster to Improve Health-Related Memory in Persons With HIV Disease.

OBJECTIVE Spaced retrieval practice (SRP) and self-generation are among the most replicated and effective mnemonic strategies in the cognitive psychology literature, but their benefits have not yet been realized in healthcare settings. This study used a randomized, between-subjects design to examine the hypothesis that SRP with a self-generation booster can improve memory for health-related information among clinically referred persons with HIV (PWH), who often have difficulty acquiring new health knowledge. METHOD A consecutive series of 41 PWH referred to a county-funded urban neuropsychology clinic were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to learn four statements about the treatment of a mock infectious disease in either a massed study control condition (n = 20) or an SRP condition (n = 21) in which they received two distributed free recall training tests supplemented with self-generation for missed items. The primary outcome was participants' free recall of the four treatment statements after a 20-minute delay filled with nonverbal tests. RESULTS PWH participants in the SRP condition were four times more likely than controls to recall at least one treatment statement at the 20-minute delay. SRP was not related to post-test recognition or health-related decision-making performance but was associated with moderately better self-efficacy for decision-making. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this pilot study show the potential of SRP with a self-generation booster to improve learning and memory for health-related information among PWH in clinic.
Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements: a retrospective

We discuss the background and context of the research that went into Jack Walker’s 1991 book, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America. Jack was uniquely situated to devise this research project, but it was also his reaction to dominant political theories of the time. The 1960s posed a puzzle: Groups that had previously been silent were getting mobilized. And yet the most powerful theoretical perspectives either said this was impossible, or that it was unwelcome. Jack thought otherwise. We discuss the reception of the book in the field, its impact on later scholars, and we speculate on what the profession lost when Jack was killed prematurely, before his book was completed, in a automobile accident.
Lowering the Age Limit in Suicide Risk Screening: Clinical Differences and Screening Form Predictive Ability.

Our research provides preliminary evidence that suicide risk screening is warranted in patients as young as 8-9 years old presenting to the emergency department (ED) with behavioral and mental health symptoms. The goal of this retrospective cohort study (N = 2,466 unique patient visits) was to assess the value of suicide risk screening in children younger than 10 years old who present to the ED with behavioral and mental health concerns. The Johns Hopkins Hospital pediatric ED began screening with the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) for patients 8-21 years old who presented with a behavioral or mental health concern in March 2013 as ED standard of care. We examined the demographic and clinical differences between younger (8-9 years old; n = 270) and older (10-21 years old; n = 2,196) youths who were screened for suicide risk with the ASQ (from March 13, 2013 through December 31, 2016). In summary, 36% of 8- and 9-year-old patients who came to the ED for behavioral and mental health concerns screened positive for suicide risk on the ASQ. The younger patients who screened positive were more likely to present with externalizing symptoms and hallucinations and less likely to present with suicidal ideation or an attempt than their older counterparts. Importantly, 71.1% of 8- to 9-year-old patients who screened positive did not present to the ED for suicidal ideation or attempt vs 50.1% (614/1,226) of patients older than age 10 years.
Teachers in Politics: Teacher-Politicians, Gender, and the Representation of Public Education

What happens to public education in a city when a school teacher is elected to the city council? It depends on the gender of the teacher. Using an RD design that exploits close elections, I find that when a female teacher is elected to the city council, the city hires both more teachers and more qualified teachers, and pays them more. Having a female teacher on the city council also increases the likelihood that the city's schools have necessary teaching resources, books, and financing, and possibly increases student test scores. No significant effect is found for male teachers elected to the city council. This difference may be due to different political career concerns for men versus women, a simple amplification of existing gender policy preference differences, or some mixture of the two.
Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Optimal Control of MarkovDecision Processes Under Signal Temporal Logic Specifications.

We present a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm to find an optimal policy for a finite-horizon Markov decision process while guaranteeing a desired lower bound on the probability of satisfying a signal temporal logic (STL) specification. We propose a method to effectively augment the MDP state space to capture the required state history and express the STL objective as a reachability objective. The planning problem can then be formulated as a finite-horizon constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). For a general finite horizon CMDP problem with unknown transition probability, we develop a reinforcement learning scheme that can leverage any model-free RL algorithm to provide an approximately optimal policy out of the general space of non-stationary randomized policies. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach in the context of robotic motion planning for complex missions under uncertainty and performance objectives.
Observation of Spreading Cortical Depression in Migraine Patients

Spreading cortical depression (SCD) in animal models was first described by Leao [1] in 1944. SCD, although never observed spontaneously in humans, has been implicated in migraine for a variety of reasons: 1) the marked dilation of pial blood vessels accompanying SCD [2], 2) the slow propagation speed of 3 mm/min which is comparable to the motion of migraine scotomata [3] and 3) the cerebral blood flow anomolies observed in migraine with aura which are also similar to those seen during SCD [4]. SCD is not observable by surface EEG, but Okada et al [5, 6] produced SCD in isolated turtle cerebellum by electrical stimulation and recorded biphasic slow magnetic waves. They suggested SCD should be observable by MEG in humans. We report here the results of studies on migraine patients, normal subjects and patients suffering non-migraine headaches.
Deviance from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

This chapter examines the development of deviant behavior among adolescents as they mature into young adulthood, applying the same models we developed to explain adolescent deviant behavior.
Measuring pain behavior

Pain behaviors are the things that patients do when they experience pain. They can include efforts to cope with or manage the pain, such as limping, body posturing, and resting. They also include behaviors that communicate pain to others, such as verbal complaints of pain, groans, and facial expressions. If it can be observed and counted, and if it is associated with pain, it is a pain behavior.
A system identification approach for improving behavioral interventions based on Social Cognitive Theory

Mobile and wireless health (mHealth) interventions offer the opportunity for applying control engineering and system identification concepts in behavioral change settings. Social Cognitive Theory provides a recognized theoretical framework that can be applied to explain changes in behavior over time. Based on earlier work describing a dynamical model of this theory, a semi-physical system identification approach is developed in this paper for interventions associated with improving physical activity. An initial informative experiment that relies on prior knowledge from similar interventions is first designed to obtain basic insights regarding the dynamics of the system. Based on these results a second, optimized experiment is developed which solves a constrained optimization problem to find the intervention component profiles needed to mirror a desired behavioral pattern and to provide sufficient information that allows a more precise estimation of the parameters. A simulation study is presented to illustrate the design procedure.
Bit Players in the Trombone Orchestra

The semiconservative replication of DNA dictates that the leading and lagging DNA template strands are reproduced simultaneously by a pair of DNA polymerases that travel along the replication fork in opposite directions. The complex molecular machinery that is responsible for seamless DNA synthesis is only now becoming understood, in large part due to the resolution of the structures of the various molecular players. In a Perspective, von Hippel and Jing discuss new findings ( Keck et al.) that reveal the inner workings of one of the many components of this molecular machinery, the DNA primase.
African American Diaspora

The migration of blacks in North America through slavery became united. The population of blacks past downs a tradition of artist through art to native born citizens. The art tradition involved telling stories to each generation in black families. The black culture elevated by tradition created hope to determine their personal freedom to escape from poverty of enslavement and to establish a way of life through tradition. A way of personal freedoms was through getting a good education that lead to a better foundation and a better way of life. With regard to all historic migrations (forced and voluntary), the African Union defined the African diaspora as "[consisting] of people of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union." Its constitutive act declares that it shall "invite and encourage the full participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the building of the African Union."
Representation of Odds in Terms of Frequencies Reduces Probability Discounting.

In studies of probability discounting, the reduction in the value of an outcome as a result of its degree of uncertainty is calculated. Decision making studies suggest two issues with probability that may play a role in data obtained in probability discounting studies. The first issue involves the reduction of risk aversion via subdivision of risk. The second issue involves the differential results in studies of Bayesian reasoning when quantitative information is presented in terms of frequencies rather than percentages. A paper and pencil probability discounting procedure was conducted with 2 magnitudes. Two experimental conditions, 1 that subdivided risk with repeated probabilistic opportunities and 1 that presented information in terms of frequencies, were compared to a standard probability discounting procedure using percentages. The hyperbolic equation of Rachlin, Raineri, and Cross (1991) was used to determine discounting rate. While subdividing risk did not lead to discounting parameters different from other conditions, presenting information in terms of frequencies significantly reduced discounting relative to the standard probability discounting procedure. There was a reverse magnitude effect, with the large magnitude discounted more than the small magnitude, and the same pattern of results was exhibited in all conditions. These results suggest that individuals are less risk aversive when dealing with frequencies rather than percentages.
Martyrdom, Murder, and Magic: Child Saints and Their Cults in Medieval Europe

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Patricia Healy Wasyliw Year: 2008 Pages: 203 Publisher: Peter Lang ISBN: 978-0-8204-2764-5 (hard cover). Prices: $67.95 USD(hard cover).
Immiserizing Redistribution: Voting to Get Poorer in the Meltzer-Richard Model

In the classic Meltzer and Richard (1981) model, the canonical model of income redistribution in democracies, voters, heterogeneous on the sole dimension of idiosyncratic productivity, evaluate an income-redistributive program that pays everyone a lump-sum income subsidy financed by a distorting income tax levied on all. The political-equilibrium policy under majority rule is the tax rate most preferred (in a utility sense) by the median voter. The larger the gap between the median and mean income, the larger is the scale of income redistribution favored by the median voter. But does the median voter actually end up with more income post redistribution? We establish, somewhat ironically, that the median voter (and many poorer voters) in the Meltzer-Richard model may support income redistribution that leaves them poorer in income terms. Indeed, the basis for their support may not be more income but more leisure. The analysis spotlights the fact that transfer income, unlike labor income, requires no direct sacrifice of leisure.
Discussion of "On Bayesian estimation of marginal structural models".

Saarela et al. are concerned with integrating propensity scores into a Bayesian framework. Some of us have previously written (Robins and Ritov, 1997; Robins and Wasserman, 2000; http://normaldeviate.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/robins-and-wasserman-respond-to-a-nobel-prize-winner/; posted 28 Aug 2012, accessed 1 Oct 2014) about this topic, every time making much the same argument. Here we present a simplified version that captures the main points.
Risedronate prevents early bone loss and increased bone turnover in the first 6 months of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-agonist therapy for prostate cancer

Study Type – Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence 1b OBJECTIVE To determine whether increased bone loss and bone turnover during the first 6 months of therapy for prostate cancer with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-agonist therapy could be prevented by bisphosphonate therapy with risedronate 35 mg/week, as prostate cancer is commonly treated with LHRH agonists and this often leads to rapid bone loss within the first 6 months of therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, including 40 men aged ≥55 years receiving LHRH-agonist treatment for 6 months for locally advanced prostate cancer. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip was measured every 6 months. In addition, bone turnover markers including N-telopeptide, serum C-telopeptide and procollagen peptide, and 25-OH vitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone were measured at baseline and at 6 months. RESULTS After 6 months of LHRH-agonist therapy, the control group had a significant decline at the spine and hip BMD sites; however, the risedronate group had no bone loss at the hip and an increase at the lumber spine. Markers of bone turnover were increased significantly in the control group but unchanged in the risedronate group. CONCLUSIONS LHRH-agonist treatment for locally advanced prostate cancer produces increased bone turnover and rapid bone loss within the initial 6 months of therapy, and this can be prevented by weekly risedronate treatment.
Industrial‐Organizational Psychology

This chapter is a nascent effort to describe the zeitgeist or social-historical context of industrial-organizational psychology by identifying various dynamic influences that shaped the rise of the discipline during the past 100 years in the United States. Significant developments and persons were examined within the overall social, cultural and political contexts of the times to answer the question, “Why were psychologists studying behavior in work settings and applying psychology to improve the workplace?” The first section encapsulates I-O psychology's growth: industrial-organizational psychology shifted from a simple, narrowly defined technical field focused on individual issues for accomplishing organizational objectives to a complex, broad scientific and applied discipline emphasizing individual and organizational issues for achieving both individual and organizational goals. The second section describes the dynamic forces that shaped I-O psychology and reveals that the discipline's evolution was the result of confluences of several external (socioeconomic, business, legal, military, technology, psychology) and internal forces (individuals, theories, and applications). These forces, along with other influences (e.g., interdisciplinary fields), interacted in shaping both the science and practice of industrial-organizational psychology. The history presented in this chapter is not intended to be a comprehensive description of industrial-organizational psychology content or a duplication of historical accounts previously written. Keywords: applied psychology; business psychology; industrial; I-O; organizational; psychotechnology
Breaking of Wind-Generated Waves

Abstract Breaking of wind-generated waves was studies in a laboratory tank. The critical surface slope and global wave steepness for inception of breaking were evaluated. Besides the frequency of occurrence, two other characteristic quantities, height and duration of breaking, were measured. The frequency of breaking was found to increase rapidly with wind velocity, following a power law U2.2. The period of breaking remained about 7% of the wave period at all wind velocities. The height of breaking was about 30% of the wave height. Portions of these results compare favorably with other available measurements.
Biomechanical comparison of bicortical locking versus unicortical far-cortex-abutting locking screw-plate fixation for comminuted radial shaft fractures.

Purpose To provide comparative biomechanical evaluation of bicortical locking versus unicortical-abutting locking screw-plate fixation in a comminuted radius fracture model. Methods A validated synthetic substitute of the adult human radius with a 1.5-cm-long segmental mid-diaphyseal defect was used in the study to simulate a comminuted fracture. Stabilization was achieved with an 8-hole locking plate and either bicortical screws or unicortical-abutting screws. The specimens were tested using nondestructive cyclical loading in 4-point bending, axial compression, and torsion to determine stiffness and displacement and subsequently in 4-point bending to assess load to failure. Results There were no statistically significant differences between bicortical versus unicortical-abutting locking screw fixation in nondestructive 4-point bending, axial compression, and torsion. Both locking screw constructs also demonstrated comparable 4-point bending loads to failure. Conclusion The biomechanical equivalence between bicortical locking versus unicortical-abutting locking screw-plate fixation suggests that adequate locking plate fixation can be achieved without perforation of the far cortex. The abutment of the screw tip within the far cortex enhances the unicortical screw positional stability and thereby effectively opposes the displacement of the screw when subjected to bending or axial or rotational loads. Clinical relevance Unicortical-abutting screws potentially offer several clinical advantages. They eliminate the need for drilling through the far cortex and thereby a risk of adjacent neurovascular injury or soft tissue structure compromise. They eliminate the issues associated with symptomatic screw prominence. They can decrease risk of refracture after screw-plate removal. In case of revision plating, they permit conversion to bicortical locking screws through the same near-cortex screw holes, which eliminates the need for a longer or repositioned plate.
Vertical distribution of Pleuromamma (Copepoda: Metridinidae) across the eastern North Pacific Ocean

Vertical distributions of six species of Pleuromamma at ten stations across the eastern North Pacific Ocean from Honolulu to San Diego were determined from oblique Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorder lows to 650 m (350–450 m in the California Current). Vertical resolution was 20 m below 200 m and 5–10 m above. There was considerable overlap in surface layer distributions at night among all co-occurring species; daytime distributions showed less overlap. All species generally occurred deeper both day and night as distance offshore increased. The proportion of a species’ population that remained at daytime depths during the night decreased with distance offshore. Warm water species penetrated into the California Current and nearshore region to a much greater extent than cool water species entered central gyre waters.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the commercially important citrus cultivar Washington navel orange

Transgenic Washington navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] plants were obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of seedling epicotyl tissue. An average of 45% (58 out of 128 segments) of the epicotyl segments produced shoots expressing the β-glucuronidase (GUS)-intron reporter gene when using Agrobacterium strain C58 C1, compared to 29% (38 out of 128 segments) for EHA101-5 and 0% for LBA4404. Co-culture of 21-day-old Washington navel epicotyl stem segments gave greater transformation efficiency than co-culture of 35- or 56-day-old stem segments. After 6 weeks, regenerated shoots were micro-grafted in vivo onto seedling rootstocks of Carrizo citrange. Stable integration of the transgene sequence was confirmed by expression of the plant intron-containing GUS gene, PCR and Southern hybridization. The apomictic (non-zygotic) state of the transgenic plants was confirmed by isoenzyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses. More than 50 transgenic plants have been obtained and are growing in the greenhouse.
Pathological changes associated with equine arteritis virus infection of the reproductive tract in prepubertal and peripubertal colts

The nature and extent of changes associated with equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection of the reproductive tract was documented in 21 prepubertal and 15 peripubertal colts. This study was part of an investigation into the relationship between stage of reproductive tract maturity and susceptibility to the experimental establishment of persistent infection with EAV. After intranasal challenge with a field isolate of EAV, all colts developed clinical signs of equine viral arteritis (EVA) from which they recovered rapidly. Clinical signs during the acute phase consisted of fever, serous to mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge, oedema of the limbs, scrotum or prepuce, scleral injection, conjunctivitis, icterus, cough, diarrhoea, stiff gait, lethargy, inappetence and depression. At necropsy, the most significant macroscopic lesions included excessive accumulation of fluid within the thoracic and abdominal cavities, lymph node enlargement and oedema of the reproductive tract. Colts killed 7 to 14 days after challenge had acute necrotizing vasculitis involving the testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, ampullae, prostatic lobes, vesicular glands and bulbourethral glands. Vasculitis was characterized by striking fibrinoid necrosis of small muscular arteries with extravasation of erythrocytes and proteinaceous material into the media, adventitia and perivascular tissues. Colts examined on days 28-180 had lymphocytic and plasmacytic inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lamina propria and muscularis of the epididymides and accessory sex glands. The vascular lesions found during the acute phase of EAV infection contrasted with the multifocal lympho-plasmacytic infiltrates found within the parenchyma of the reproductive tract during the chronic phase. One peripubertal colt was found to be persistently infected with EAV 15 months after challenge. This colt had marked lympho-plasmacytic infiltrates in the ampullae at necropsy.
Establishment of a learned drive with hunger.

Three experiments (N = 60) were performed to assess the reliability and generality of Wright's finding of a learned drive based on hunger. While some support was found in Exp. I, this result could not be replicated successfully in two other studies. In all three studies Ss' performance on the first consummatory test was contrary to the learned drive hypothesis.
The role of ledges in the proeutectoid ferrite and proeutectoid cementite reactions in steel

The influence of interphase boundary ledges on the growth and morphology of proeutectoid ferrite and proeutectoid cementite precipitates in steel is examined. After reviewing current theoretical treatments of growth by the ledge mechanism, investigations that clearly document the presence and motion of ledges with thermionic emission electron microscopy (THEEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are reviewed. A fundamental distinction is made between two types of ledges: (1) mobile growth ledges whose lateral migration displaces the inter-phase boundary and (2) misfit-compensating structural ledges. Both types of ledges strongly affect the apparent habit plane and aspect ratio of precipitate plates. Agreement between measured growth rates of proeutectoid ferrite and cementite (plates and allotriomorphs) and predicted growth kinetics assuming volume diffusion-controlled migration of ledge-free disordered boundaries is shown to be consistently poor. Physically realistic growth models should incorporate the ledge mechanism. More accurate comparisons of the growth models with experimental data will need to account for observed ledge heights, interledge spacings, and ledge velocities. In this vein, the sluggish growth kinetics of cementite allotriomorphs observed in an Fe-C alloy are shown to be quantitatively consistent with a strong increase in interledge spacing with time.
The role of vulvar skin biopsy in the evaluation of chronic vulvar pain

Sixty-one percent of refractory vulvodynia patients evaluated in a tertiary care vulvovaginal clinic had clinically relevant dermatoses based on dermatopathologist-analyzed vulvar biopsy including: lichen sclerosus, allergic/irritant dermatitis, lichen planus, and other inflammatory or neoplastic dermatoses. Given the frequency of dermatologic disease, vulvar biopsy and analysis by a dermatopathologist are recommended in patients with vulvodynia.
Satisfactory solutions approach to parameter optimization of dynamic systems with vector performance index

A novel approach to parameter optimization of large dynamic systems using vector performance index is described. The approach entails characterizing and determining a set of satisfactory solutions to the multiobjective optimization problem. The satisfactory solutions are defined with respect to a prespecified and satisfactory set of bounds on the indices. A theoretical basis is provided to obtain a compact and connected set of satisfactory solutions in the parameter space. Compactness and connectedness are essential requirements, since they assure a range of values for the parameters. An expedient numerical technique for determining the range of satisfactory values for the parameters is illustrated with an example. The satisfactory solutions approach provides a basis for designing a system with multiple requirements when all of them cannot be formulated in the framework of a composite vector index problem.
Stories of meaning: lay perspectives on the origin and management of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus among older women in the United States

Researchers have sought to explain nonadherence to standard medical regimens by investigating a variety of sociodemographic variables, and, less often, by exploring variations between the health perspectives and life circumstances of the individual. While divergence between lay and professional perspectives on the etiology and treatment of chronic diseases, such as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, may possibly account for the documented low rates of adherence to biomedical recommendations, health beliefs and activities are best understood as connected to an individual's personal history and circumstances. In order to evaluate the relationship between causal explanation of NIDDM and adherence, ethnographic interviews were conducted among 51 older (65+) women with diabetes and their physicians. We chose to investigate adherence to dietary recommendations because it represents one of the most challenging lifestyle modifications and is particularly important to maintaining glycemic control. The interviews involved ethnomedical and food frequency intake questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Results reveal a stronger association between dietary adherence and etiological perspectives on diabetes than any sociodemographic factors, including ethnicity, education and income or other health belief factors. Informants suggested five categories that they believed were responsible for the onset of their NIDDM; poor past dietary practices (n = 22); familial tendency to have diabetes (n = 10); improper bodily functioning (n = 10); personal risk factors (n = 6); and currently being overweight (n = 3). Analyses indicated that those who implicate former dietary practices, currently being overweight, or having improper bodily functions were more likely to follow a standard recommended diet for individuals with diabetes. These findings also highlight the attempt by individuals with NIDDM to create 'stories' of meaning of their diabetes by linking their current management strategies for NIDDM with past practices and history. In addition, our results question the utility of the 'biomedical/alternative' labels.