cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethionine inhibition of elongation and geotropic curvature of Avena coleoptiles.

Abstract 1. 1. The elongation of Avena coleoptile sections is inhibited by l -ethionine. An average of 10 mg./l. of ethionine is required for 50% inhibition. dl -Ethionine also inhibits elongation, but it is only about one-half as effective as the l form. 2. 2. The l -ethionine-induced inhibition is alleviated by l -methionine and to a lesser extent by dl -homocysteine thiolactone-HCl. l -Methionine reverses the inhibition in a competitive manner, with an inhibition index (ratio of ethionine to methionine required to restore normal elongation) of 2–3. 3. 3. Choline chloride and methylmethioninesulfonium iodide do not counteract the ethionine inhibition. 4. 4. Geotropic curvatures of isolated coleoptiles with intact apices are also sensitive to l -ethionine inhibition, which can be substantially reversed by l -methionine. 5. 5. The available information indicates that l -ethionine interferes with the utilization of methionine for syntheses which are required for the elongation of the Avena coleoptile.
When management strikes: PATCO and the British miners

In this article the author analyses the parallels and differences between the Federal Government's strong actions against air traffic controllers and the British Government's assault upon striking coalminers
Effects of IgM on the in vivo and in vitro immune response.

SummaryThe effect of sheep erythrocyte specific IgM on the in vitro and in vivo immune response to SRBC is described. Kinetic data resulting from separate injection of antibody and antigen suggest that the stimulatory effect is mediated by an antigen-antibody complex formed in the peripheral circulation, and subsequently trapped in the spleen. If an optimal antigen dose is chosen, then IgM given with it does not improve the response, thus supporting the view that IgM works by increasing the spleen concentration of antigen given at suboptimal doses. In vitro studies with normal spleen cells show that high concentrations of IgM inhibit the sheep erythrocyte response. In experiments performed in vivo with the thymectomized animals, IgM does not substitute for the T cell component. However, in vitro experiments with T cell deficient spleen cells do show a small improvement of the SRBC response when low doses of IgM are given. This IgM stimulated response is much lower than the response obtained when B spleen ...
Patterns of ano-genital licking mother rats exhibit toward prenatally stressed neonates

Abstract The duration of ano-genital (AG) licking received by control and prenatally stressed male and female rat pups was compared under several testing conditions and ages. When tested with their own litters on day 2 postpartum, Sprague-Dawley dams stressed by exposure to intense light and restraint from days 14–21 of pregnancy spent as much time licking their pups as control dams. When tested with unfamiliar 8–9 day old pups both groups of mothers licked males more than females, but exhibited the same amount of licking toward males from control and prenatally stressed litters. When given simultaneous access to unfamiliar 11–12 day old control and prenatally stressed males, neither stressed nor control mothers displayed distinguishable patterns of licking. In adulthood a larger proportion of prenatally stressed than control males exhibited the female lordotic pattern, but a smaller percentage ejaculated. The data do not support previous suggestions that the abnormal sexual behavior patterns shown by prenatally stressed male rats are related to insufficient levels of AG stimulation received during neonatal ontogeny.
The Exact-Approximation Method for Generating Random Variables in a Computer

Abstract A suitably chosen approximation to the inverse of a probability distribution can lead to exact and very fast methods for generating random variables, if the approximation is made exact by adjusting the argument of the approximating function. This article describes the basic method and extensions of it. It gives four examples, of which two are methods for generating gamma- and t-variates that, while meant to illustrate the basic method, show promise of being faster than the best current methods.
Found in Space: Computer-Assisted Orthognathic Alignment of a Total Face Allograft in Six Degrees of Freedom

Purpose Full facial osteomyocutaneous transplantation requires correct 3-dimensional (3D) alignment of donor osseous structures to a new cranial base with minimal reference points and 6 degrees of potential movement. We investigated whether computer-assisted design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) could enable accurate placement of the facial skeleton. Materials and Methods A prospective single-cohort study of Le Fort III–based maxillary–mandibular segment allotransplantation was performed in 5 cadaver pairs and 1 clinical pair. The osteotomies were modeled using computed tomography (CT) data and 3D modeling software and then translated to the donor–recipient pairs using surgical navigation and osteotomy cutting guides. The predicted values were calculated about all rotational axes (pitch, yaw, and roll) and along all translational axes (vertical, horizontal, and anteroposterior) and used as the independent variable. The primary outcome variable of the actual postoperative CT values was compared for fidelity to the prediction using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The similarity to the donor versus recipient values was calculated as a secondary independent variable, and both predicted and actual measurements were compared with it as a percentage. Results The postoperative fidelity to the plan was adequate to excellent (ICC 0.520 to 0.975) with the exception of lateral translation (2.94 ± 1.31 mm predicted left vs 3.92 ± 2.17 mm right actual displacement; ICC 0.243). The predicted and actual values were not consistently skewed toward the donor or recipient values. Conclusions We have demonstrated a novel application of CAD/CAM that enables orthognathic alignment of a maxillary–mandibular segment to a new cranial base. Quantification of the alignment in all 6 degrees of freedom delivers precise control compared with the planned changes and allows postoperative quality control.
Collection characteristics of a double stage scrubber to eliminate the paint mist from a spray booth

Abstract A 4.5 m 3 /min laboratory paint spray booth was built adopting a double-stage scrubber with heavy oil as the scrubbing liquid. The relationship between the collection efficiency E and the pressure drop ΔP was studied using a cylindrical paper tilter and a Digital Dust Counter. Experimental results indicated that the collection efficiency in this system is in accordance with the collection efficiency equation based on the theory of inertial impaction. With water used as the scrubbing liquid, the factor K is about 0.5 for single-stage scrubbing, while it is 0.6 for double-stage scrubbing. At a pressure drop of 60 mm of H 2 O, heavy oil used as the scrubbing liquid gained about 2.0% more in collection efficiency than water. The zigzag baffler equipped for removing heavy oil mist was also effective for the paint mist collector, and 99.1% of E was gained at a pressure drop of 135 mm H 2 O.
In-vitro fertilization of rabbit ova ovulated in vitro during ovarian perfusion

During in-vitro perfusion of rabbit ovaries, ova that ovulated in response to hCG were recovered and cultured with spermatozoa capacitated in vivo. After culture for 30 h, 113 (48.8%) of the ova underwent cleavage and were not degenerate. Of these 113 zygotes, 75 were successfully transferred to the oviducts of 14 gonadotrophin-treated host rabbits. On Day 14 after transfer there were 14 implantation sites and 9 pregnancies proceeded to term. These data indicate that in-vitro ovulated ova can be fertilized in vitro and be used to establish normal pregnancies in a host rabbit.
Single packet IP traceback in AS-level partial deployment scenario

Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks commonly use IP spoofing to hide the identity and the location of the attack origin. To defend against various DoS attacks and make the attacker accountable, it is necessary to trace IP packets regardless of their source addresses. In this direction, log-based IP traceback is a promising and powerful approach due to its ability to traceback even a single packet. However, the global deployment of log-based IP traceback at all the routers in the internet requires a significant amount of modifications in the routers and introduces a serious operation and management overhead. To facilitate global deployment, we consider the Autonomous Systems (AS) level deployment of log-based IP traceback and accordingly propose a new mechanism called AS-level Single Packet Traceback (AS-SPT). We then evaluate the performance and overhead of the proposed AS-SPT under various partial deployment scenarios.
Histidase function in human epidermal cells.

The activity of histidase was studied in (1) epidermal tissue scraped from human infant foreskin, (2) fibroblast-like cells in monolayer serial culture from human foreskin, and (3) epithelial-like (epidermal) outgrowth from foreskin primary explants. Foreskin epidermal tissue without in vitro culture and epidermal outgrowth in primary culture from explants of foreskin showed equivalent mean levels of histidase activity, 5.22 × 10−3 and 5.01 × 10−3 μMoles urocanic acid produced per milligram protein per minute. Under the same assay conditions, there was no measurable histidase activity in cultured fibroblast-like cells from foreskin at various times after subculture. The Km for enzyme from human foreskin epidermal tissue ranged between 2 and 5 × 10−3 M histidine. Ability to demonstrate the presence or absence of this tissue-specific enzyme function in cultured cells suggests a useful means for studying differentiation, as well as a more precise way to identify epidermal origin of cultured cell types than morphological characteristics alone would permit.
The Physical Examination in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients

The initial evaluation and examination of both the pediatric and adolescent patients provides the opportunity for the clinician to establish a relationship that will ensure the successful outcome of the visit. In the younger age group, cooperation of the child before performing an examination should
LUNGWORMS IN WHITE-TAILED DEER OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

The lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, was found in 240 (29.8%) of 806 white-tailed deer collected in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The infection was not found in deer of Tennessee and St. Croix of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Lungworm infections varied significantly with season of collection, age, and sex of the host.
Subcellular localization of the antidepressant-sensitive norepinephrine transporter.

Background Reuptake of synaptic norepinephrine (NE) via the antidepressant-sensitive NE transporter (NET) supports efficient noradrenergic signaling and presynaptic NE homeostasis. Limited, and somewhat contradictory, information currently describes the axonal transport and localization of NET in neurons.
The Lack of a Consistent Chick Growth Response to Norwegian Kelp Meal

Abstract Prior to the initiation of this study, reports had appeared in the popular and trade literature describing the beneficial effects of Norwegian kelp meal on chick growth and feed utilization. To the knowledge of the authors these reports were based only on field observations and not on any controlled research. The study reported here represents observations made at this station over the past four years where Norwegian kelp meal was fed to male broiler crosses receiving complete corn-soybean-type rations. Using kelp meals prepared from a variety of other seaweed sources, previous investigators were unable to show that any nutritional benefits could be derived from supplementing complete poultry rations (Miller and Bearse, 1936; MacIntyre and Jenkins, 1952; Black, 1955; and Middendorf et al., 1959). Descriptions and results of the study are given in Table 1. In five of the seven trials the chicks were weighed at two ages to determine any…
Modulations of critical cell cycle regulatory events during chemoprevention of ultraviolet B-mediated responses by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin.

Multiple exposures to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation cause critical damages that may lead to the development of several cutaneous disorders including skin cancer, the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in the USA. Therefore, efforts are needed to: (i) study the mechanism(s) of UV-mediated cutaneous damages, and (ii) design novel approaches for the management of skin cancer. ‘Chemoprevention’ via plant-based agents may be a useful approach for the management of neoplasia. Here, we evaluated the involvement of cell cycle regulatory molecules during resveratrol-mediated protection from multiple exposures of UVB (180 mJ/cm2; on alternate days × 7 exposures) radiations in the SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Resveratrol was topically applied on the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice at a dose of 10 μmol/mouse (in 0.2 ml acetone; 30 min prior to each UVB exposure). Studies were performed at 24 h following the last UVB exposure. Topical application of resveratrol resulted in significant decrease in UVB-induced bi-fold skin thickness, hyperplasia, and infiltration of leukocytes. The data from immunoblot and/or immunohistochemical analyses revealed that multiple exposure to UVB radiations causes significant upregulation in: (i) proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker of cellular proliferation, and (ii) cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)-2, -4 and -6, cyclin-D1, and cyclin-D2. Resveratrol treatment resulted in significant downregulation in UV-mediated increases in these critical cell cycle regulatory proteins. An interesting observation of this study was that resveratrol treatment resulted in a further stimulation of UVB-mediated increases in cyclin kinase inhibitor WAF1/p21 and tumor suppressor p53. Further, resveratrol was also found to cause significant decreases in UVB-mediated upregulation of: (i) the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, and (ii) the 42 kDa isotype of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Thus, our data suggested that the antiproliferative effects of resveratrol might be mediated via modulation in the expression and function of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin-D1 and -D2, cdk-2, -4 and -6, and WAF1/p21. Our data further suggest that the modulation of cki–cyclin–cdk network by resveratrol may be associated with inhibition of the MAPK pathway. We suggest that resveratrol may be useful for the prevention of UVB-mediated cutaneous damages including skin cancer.
503 RISK OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)-EFFECT OF MAJERNAL AGE AND BIRTHWEIGHT

Previous reports have shown an increased incidence in SIDS among low birthweight infants and with lower maternal age. The exact interrelationship has not been clear. We have used Oregon data for 1975 through 1979 from computer matched, medical examiner verified birth-infant death records to generate the matrix below. Data are from 186, 187 births ( 5 SIDS events. This matrix shows that there is a synergistic effect of maternal age and birthweight on SIDS incidence. There would appear to be prenatal or postnatal environmental effects related to maternal age that alter SIDS risk independently of birthweight.
Limbic pallidal adaptations following long-term cessation of dopaminergic transmission: lack of upregulation of dopamine receptor function

Abstract Neurons in the ventral pallidum (VP) exhibit robust responding to activation of dopamine (DA) receptors of the D1 class. To determine if the VP adapts to chronic cessation of DA transmission, the present studies examined D1 receptor-mediated responses in the VP recorded extracellularly in chloral-hydrate anesthetized rats following destruction of DA neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or long-term treatment with the D1 antagonist SCH23390. Indices of basal spiking (i.e., spontaneous firing rate and pattern) recorded 10–21 days after unilateral 6-OHDA treatment did not differ from controls. Moreover, DA depletion did not alter the proportion of VP neurons whose rate was enhanced with iv injections of the D1 agonist SKF38393, and the functional efficacy (Emax) and potency (ED50) were similar to controls. There also was no change in the direction of responses, the Emax or the ED50 measure of sensitivity (ECur50) to iontophoretic application of DA or SKF38393 in VP neurons. Forty-eight hours after 21 once-daily treatments with SCH23390, the number of [3H]SCH23390-labeled D1 receptors was increased in the striatum, but unchanged in the VP, globus pallidus, or septum. Accordingly, there was no functional upregulation of VP responses to iv SKF38393. Indeed, the proportion of SKF38393-sensitive neurons was decreased after chronic SCH23390. Distinguishing the VP from other forebrain regions, these findings indicate that basal spiking is not altered in the VP following chronic DA depletion, and that no upregulation of VP DA receptor function occurs following either dopaminergic lesions or chronic antagonism of D1 receptors.
Regulation of cytochrome P-450 isozymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP2B10 by three benzodioxole compounds

Abstract Three benzodioxole (BD) compounds were used to investigate the structural requirement for regulation of the cytochrome P450 isozymes, CYP1Al, CYP1A2 and CYP2B10, in mouse liver. Male mice (C57BL/6) were treated intraperitoneally for 3 days with 5- t -butyl-1,3-benzodioxole (t-BBD), 5- n -butyl-1,3-benzodioxole (n-BBD) and 5-(3-oxobutyl)-1,3-benzodioxole (o-BBD). t-BBD-induced liver microsomes showed the highest pentoxyresorufin O -dealkylation (PROD) activity, while o-BBD induced microsomes showed slightly higher activity in ethoxyresorufin O -deethylation (EROD), benzo[ a ]pyrene hydroxylation (BaP-OH) and acetanilide hydroxylation (Acet-OH) assays. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays showed that n-BBD inhibited EROD and Acet-OH activities more than either o-BBD or t-BBD, while PROD activity was evenly inhibited by all three compounds. Western and northern blots showed that CYP1A1 was not detectably induced by any of the three BD compounds. The levels of CYP1A2 protein and mRNA were increased in all three treated livers. In addition to CYP1A2 induction, t-BBD also induced the protein and mRNA for CYP2B10.
Thermal conductivity of a monolayer of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets prepared by liquid-liquid interfacial self-assembly

A monolayer film composed of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnPs) was extracted from a chloroform-water interface and supported on a glass substrate. The nanoplatelets are interconnected at the edges without overlapping forming a very densely packed structure with uniform thickness. Micro-Raman spectroscopy with a 50mW 532 nm laser generating heat at the center of a xGnP sample was used to probe the thermal conductivity of the xGnP monolayer at different power levels. The Raman G peak shift of graphite was used to record the local temperature rise in the monolayer. The cross-sectional area of heat conduction is determined by the thickness of individual nanoplatelets. A UV-Vis spectrometer was used tomeasure the absorption of light by the monolayer. Depending on the interface density, the thermal conductivities are around 380W/mK and 290W/mK for monolayers with average particle size of 10 µm and 5µm, respectively.
Current-controlled growth, segregation and amphoteric behavior of Si IN GaAs from Si-doped solutions

Abstract An unusual behavior of the growth kinetics and the segregation of Si during current-controlled LPE of GaAs is reported. The growth velocity (for a fiven current density) decreased by about two orders of magnitude from a value higher to a value smaller than that found in undoped solutions as the growth temperature decreased from 975 to 850°C; at 825°C dissolution of the substrate took place and a reversed current polarity was required for growth. At the same temperature range the growth velocity from undoped solutions decreased by a factor of only 3. Similarly, a two orders of magnitude decrease of the silicon segregation coefficient was observed for the same temperature change compared to changes by a factor or two in the thermally grown layers. For a given growth temperature (900°C) a change in conductivity from p- to n-type took place in the grown layers as the current density was increased. These findings were accounted for with a qualitative model based on the presence in the solution of different charged complexes containing silicon with different electromigrating characteristics. According to this model, the behavior of Si as p- and as n-type dopant (amphoteric dopant) in GaAs is related to the existence in the solution of the different charged complexes containing silicon.
Correlating the Radiation Response of MOS Capacitors and Transistors

A new technique is presented for separating the threshold-voltage shift of an MOS transistor into shifts due to interface states and trapped-oxide charge. Using this technique, the radiation responses of MOS capacitors and transistors fabricated on the same wafer are compared. A good correlation is observed between p-substrate capacitors and n-channel transistors irradiated at 10 V, as well as between n-substrate capacitors and p-channel transistors irradiated at 0 V. These correlations were verified for samples having large variations in the amount of radiation-induced trapped holes and interface states. An excellent correlation is also observed between n-channel capacitors and n-substrate transistors irradiated under positive bias. The use of capacitors separately fabricated on control wafers for potential use in process development or monitoring is clearly demonstrated.
Statistical Sampling-Based Parametric Analysis of Power Grids

A statistical sampling-based parametric analysis is presented for analyzing large power grids in a "localized" fashion. By combining random walks with the notion of "importance sampling," the proposed technique is capable of efficiently computing the impacts of multiple circuit parameters on selected network nodes. A "new localized" sensitivity analysis is first proposed to solve not only the nominal node response but also its sensitivities with respect to multiple parameters using a single run of the random walks algorithm. This sampling-based technique is further extended from the first-order sensitivity analysis to a more general second-order analysis. By exploiting the natural spatial locality inherent in the proposed algorithm formulation, the second-order analysis can be performed efficiently even for a large number of global and local variation sources. The theoretical convergence properties of three importance sampling estimators for power grid analysis are presented, and their effectiveness is compared experimentally on several examples. The superior performance of the proposed technique is demonstrated by analyzing several large power grids under process and current loading variations to which the application of the existing brute-force simulation techniques becomes completely infeasible
d-Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase of navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves

Abstract An enzyme which has as its only physiological substrate fructose-1,6-diphosphate was partially purified from navy bean leaves. This phosphatase also hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl phosphate and is inhibited by some ribonucleotides, such as ATP and AMP, as well as by fructose-1-phosphate. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.6 and requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ for maximum activity. The properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other d -fructose-1,6-diphosphatases isolated from plant tissues.
Stress and Structural Relaxation in Tempering Glass

Temper stresses are brought about, primarily, by a partial relaxation of transient stresses generated by rapid cooling of the glass. Stress relaxation under nonisothermal conditions is competently handled by a mathematical tempering model, in which glass is treated as a simple viscoelastic material. However, this model proved inadequate in some respects since the properties of glass depend not only on its instantaneous temperature but also on its prior thermal history. A tempering model was therefore developed that incorporates both stress and structural relaxation. Predictions of this structural model are compared with experimental data on tempering and contrasted with predictions of the viscoelastic model. Such comparisons revealed that, typically, structural relaxation accounts for approximately 24% of the total residual temper stresses.
Spin Polarization in Flames by Optical Pumping

We report the first observation of the spin polarization of sodium atoms by laser optical pumping in hydrocarbon flames at atmospheric pressure. The spin relaxation times in different parts of a flame are measured, and they vary from 0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}sec to shorter than 40 nsec. We have also observed rf magnetic resonance transitions in an optically pumped flame. Our observations may be useful as a new flame diagnostic tool or for rf spectroscopy of free radicals and ions in a flame.
Adaptive clustering of airborne LiDAR data to segment individual tree crowns in managed pine forests

Measuring individual trees can provide valuable information about forests, and airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors have been used recently to identify individual trees and measure structural tree parameters. Past results, however, have been mixed because of reliance on interpolated (image) versions of the LiDAR measurements and search methods that do not adapt to variations in canopies. In this work, an adaptive clustering method is developed using airborne LiDAR data acquired over two distinctly different managed pine forests in North-Central Florida, USA. A crucial issue in isolating individual trees is determining the appropriate size of the moving window (search radius) when locating seed points. The proposed approach works directly on the three-dimensional (3D) 'cloud' of LiDAR points and adapts to irregular canopies sizes. The region growing step yields collectively exhaustive sets in an initial segmentation of tree canopies. An agglomerative clustering step is then used to merge clusters that represent parts of whole canopies using locally varying height distribution. The overall tree detection accuracy achieved is 95.1% with no significant bias. The tree detection enables subsequent estimation of tree height and vertical crown length to an accuracy better than 0.8 and 1.5 m, respectively.
ESTABLISHING AUDITORY STIMULUS CONTROL OVER AN EIGHT‐MEMBER EQUIVALENCE CLASS VIA CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION PROCEDURES

Two eight-member equivalence classes of visual stimuli were established during three phases of a training program. In Phase 1, two training arrangements were compared. In one, 3 subjects were taught on different trials to select from a single pair of comparison stimuli (A1, A2) in response to eight sample stimuli that were trained in pairs (B1, B2; C1, C2; D1, D2; E1, E2). In the second arrangement, subjects were taught to select from four pairs of comparisons (B1, B2; C1, C2; D3, D2; E2, E2) in response to two samples (A1, A2). Training with the single pair of comparison stimuli resulted in the development of equivalence relations (B1C1, B2C2, D1B1, D2B2, B1E1, B2E2, C1D1, C2D2, C1E1, C2E2, D1E1, D2E2, and their reciprocals) between the sample stimuli without direct training of these relations. In the other training arrangement, these relations among the comparison stimuli developed in the performance of 1 subject only. In Phase 2, three new pairs of stimuli (F1, F2; G1, G2; H1, H2) were substituted for three of the original pairs (B1, B2; C1, C2; D1, D2) and the training arrangements for the groups were reversed. Following training, the performances that showed equivalence relations on the probes in the first phase also showed equivalence relations in the second phase. If such relations did not develop in the first phase, they did not do so in the second phase. In Phase 3, relations between stimuli across the two previous phases (e.g., B1F1, B2F2, B1G1, B2H2, C1F1, etc.) were investigated. The 4 subjects whose performances showed the development of these relations were taught to select one stimulus from each class (E1 and E2) in response to a verbal label (I1 and I2) and then were tested to see if the verbal label controlled responding to the remaining members of the class (e.g., I1A1, I2A2, I1B1, I2B2, etc.). For 3 subjects, this generalized control occurred; for the 4th, generalization occurred only after verbal training with a second pair of visual stimuli (F1 and F2). In retests several months later, these auditory-visual relations were found to be intact or, if not, were recovered without direct training.
SPIKELET AND FLORET NAMING SCHEME FOR GRASSES WITH A SPIKE INFLORESCENCE

Effective schemes to name uniquely and define parts of grass plants allow researchers to communicate results of their experiments accurately and precisely. Naming schemes for vegetative parts of grass plants have been developed; however, no system exists to name uniquely parts of the inflorescence. In this report, we present a method to extend existing systems to name parts of grass spikes. Spikelet positions are denoted by the letter S and numbered acropetally along the rachis. For example, the third spikelet position from the base of the rachis is named S3. Likewise, floret positions along the rachilla are named F (or C after fertilization) and numbered acropetally from the base to tip. The second caryopsis (floret) in the spikelet at the third spikelet position on a spike would be named S3C2. This simple scheme, when combined with the system for naming tiller, leaves, and roots, will allow all plant parts to be named uniquely. If the caryopsis in the previous example was produced on the tiller formed in the axil of the first leaf on the main stem, the complete description of the caryopsis is T1S3C2. Using this system, researchers and practitioners can communicate precisely findings on development, growth, and functional characteristics of plants and plant parts.
Approach to the Child with Fractures

Evaluation of the child with fractures is challenging, as no clear guidelines exist to distinguish traumatic from pathological fractures. Although most fractures in childhood are benign, recurrent fractures may be associated with a wide variety of primary skeletal diseases as well as secondary causes, necessitating a careful history and physical exam to guide the evaluation. There is no “gold standard” for the evaluation and treatment of children with fractures and low bone mineral density (BMD); therefore, the diagnosis of osteoporosis in a pediatric patient should be made using a combination of clinical and radiographic features. Interpretation of bone densitometry in growing patients presents a unique set of challenges because areal BMD measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry depends on multiple dynamic variables. Interpretation of pediatric dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry should be based on Z-scores (sd scores compared to age, sex, and ethnicity-matched controls), using normative databases speci...
FAMILIARITY AND VALUE EFFECTS UPON STEREOSCOPIC WORD RECOGNITION

Summary.-Words representing 15 Ss' highest and lowest value areas on the Allporr-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values were simultaneously presented stereoscopically. In general, Ss recognized words of greater idiosyncratic familiarity regardless of word value. In addition words of high and low value and equivalent idiosyncratic familiarity were each recognized approximately 50% of the time. Word-familiarity ratings indicated that words of high or low familiarity and representing the highest and lowest value areas, respectively, had equivalent idiosyncratic familiarity. High-value, medium-familiarity words were more familiar and also were recognized more frequently than low-value, medium-familiarity words. Studies by Rommetveit, Toch, and Svendsen (1968), Reitz and Jackson ( 1964), ~reen'and Money ( 1962), Kaufer and Riess ( 1960), Van De Castle ( l960), Davis ( 1959), Bagby ( 1957), and Engel ( 1956) have demonstrated the usefulness of stereoscopic presentation of conflicting stimuli for examining personality and/or experiential effects upon the perceptual process. The present investigation, using the stereoscopic technique, addresses a frequently studied bur yet unresolved issue stemming from the perceptual defense (sensitization) era. This study seeks to examine the extent to which the Solomon and Howes (195 1) "familiarity" hypothesis accounted for the Postman, Bruner, and McGinnies (1948) finding of lower recognition thresholds for words associated with Ss' higher value areas (assessed with the Allport-Vernon Study of Values). Solomon and Howes ( 1951) pointed out that the Postman, et al. finding could have been contaminated by higher idiosyncratic familiarity for words representing an area of high value in spite of equivalent Thorndike-Lorge frequency ratings. Although Solomon and Howes demonstrated that words of greater familiarity have lower recognition thresholds than words of lesser familiarity, this does not precl~lde existence of an additional, independent, "value" effect. Postman and Schneider (1951) reported a possible value effect for infrequent words; however, here too, the investigators relied on population-wide ratings of familiarity. A relatively decisive study by Johnson, Thompson, and Frinke (1960) showed the presence of both value and familiarity effects upon word-recognition thresholds. When familiarity was equivalent for words varying in value (i.e., good-bad connotation), a value effect emerged. Nevertheless, here too, idiosyncratic familiarity was free to vary. Also, when value was equiva'This investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service Research Grant MH08035 from the National Institutes of Health. 'Now at the University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
DIVERSITY AND DYNAMICS OF THE SPITZENKORPER IN GROWING HYPHAL TIPS OF HIGHER FUNGI

The Spitzenkorper, located in the apex of growing hyphae of septate fungi, has been portrayed previously as a spheroid complex containing a cluster of apical (secretory) vesicles which sometimes encloses a differentiated core area. With the aid of computer-enhanced video microscopy and phase-contrast optics, we studied 32 fungi in the Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Agonomycetes. The Spitzenkorper appeared as a highly dynamic and pleomorphic multicomponent complex capable of changing shape, size, and position within the hyphal apex during growth. The main theme of this study is to demonstrate two kinds of morphological diversity/variation in Spitzenkorper from diverse fungi: (a) inherent diversity — Spitzenkorper features characteristic of particular fungi, and (b) dynamic pleomorphism — gradual or rapid changes in size, shape, and position of the Spitzenkorper within a single hyphal tip. Several components associated with the Spitzenkorper were identified: (a) vesicle cluster, (b) vesicle cloud, (c) differentiated core region(s) within the Spitzenkorper, (d) apical granules, (e) cytoplasmic filaments. Eight morphological patterns of Spitzenkorper organization are described in the higher fungi based on the shape and distribution of their components. An additional (ninth) pattern was recognized in the chytridiomyceteAllomyces macrogynous from recent work by others. All these patterns appeared to be conserved at the genus level. In all patterns but one, a core region was observed by light microscopy. The Spitzenkorper not only exhibited spontaneous dynamic pleomorphism but also reacted to stress conditions (light, mechanical, and electrical fields). These reactions include migration of the Spitzenkorper back into the subapical zone and/or disassembly of its components. The understanding and conceptualization of this dynamic complex is problematic and should remain flexible enough to encompass the diversity of Spitzenkorper patterns and the dynamic pleomorphism of this specialized apical apparatus which appears to drive hyphal tip growth in the higher fungi.
Photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer from one metal center to the other in a mixed-metal ruthenium/rhenium complex

Abstract The synthesis and photophysical properties of [(bpy)2Ru(Mebpy-Mebpy)Re(CO)3py]3+ are described and compared to similar properties for [(bpy)2Ru(Mebpy-Mebpy)2+ and [(Mebpy-Mebpy)Re(CO)3py]+ (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine; Mebpy-Mebpy is 1,2-bis(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl-4-yl)ethane). Excitation of the complexes at 355 nm in methylene chloride at room temperature resulted in emission from each complex. The emission maxima, quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes were as follows: for [(bpy)2Ru (Mebpy-Mebpy) Re(CO)3py]3+, λem = 610 nm, φr=0.164, τo=1001 ns; for [ (bpy)2Ru( Mebpy-Mebpy)]2+, λem = 610 nm, φr = 0.080, τo = 1015 ns; for [(Mebpy-Mebpy)Re(CO)3py]+, λem = 552 nm.,φr = 0.179, τo = 786 ns. The enhanced radiative quantum yield for the bimetallic complex is attributed to energy transfer from “(Mebpy-Mebpy)Re(CO)3py+” to “(bpy)2 Ru(Mebpy-Mebpy)2+” which can be accounted for by either a dipole-dipole or electron interchange mechanism. Transient absorption spectra reveal localization of the electron on the “bpy” ligand as an intermediate in each of the complexes upon photoexcitation.
Informal social support characteristics and utilization of parenting support services among low-income african american mothers of premature infants

Les efforts des services sociaux de soutien pour attenuer les risques associes au parentage d'enfants pauvres prematures sont souvent compromis parce que ceux qui sont le plus a risque n'utilisent pas les services sociaux de soutien qui sont a leur disposition. Cependant, on sait relativement peu de choses sur les reseaux de soutien entourant ces parents. Nous avons enquete pour cette etude a la fois sur les caracteristiques du soutien social informel chez un echantillon de 31 meres noires americaines de niveau socio-economique bas, ayant des enfants nes prematures et a haut risque de difficultes de parent-ages, ainsi que sur leur utilisation des services sociaux de soutien au parentage. Les resultats suggerent que les meres avait des reseaux de soutien social limite (M = 4,97, SD = 1,80) mais aussi grandement mobilise, ces reseaux de soutien consistant avant tout en membres de la famille. Parmi six differentes sortes de soutien, les conseils en matiere d'information et le soutien au parentage n'etait disponible qu'au plus petit nombre de personnes dans les reseaux des participantes. Seules 32,3 pourcent des meres de l'echantillon connaissaient l'existence des services formels de soutien au parentage, et 16,1 pourcent de l'echantillon avaient deja utilise ces services. Les participantes qui avaient recu un soutien informel de la part de plus de cinq personnes durant le mois precedant l'etude avaient bien plus de chance de connaitre l'existence de services communautaires de soutien au parentage que les participantes etant soutenues par un reseau de soutien social plus limite et petit. Les patterns de connaissance et d'utilisation de services sociaux ont ete examines a la lumiere des caracteristiques du reseau, de la perception du desir maternel d'avoir plus d'opportunites de soutien de parentage qu'il n'en existe, et l'evidence de besoins particuliers pour l'enfant. Les implications de ces resultats pour les programmes de soutien au parentage sont discutes.
The General Motors GF6C Electric Locomotive

Following a favorable analysis for electric versus diesel-electric locomotives, British Columbia Railway awarded a contract for seven electric locomotives to the Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada, in August 1982. The development and design effort was coordinated between ASEA of Sweden, the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors in La Grange, IL, and Diesel Division. This phase of the project, along with the manufacture and production of the locomotives and the testing of the units, was completed in a record 14 months. The first unit was shipped in November 1983. The GF6C is rated at 3800 kW and operates on a 50-kV ac single-phase catenary. It is a six-axle unit, with a total weight of 392 200 lb. It is powered by six separately excited dc traction motors. Following a brief description of the mechanical systems and their design considerations, details of the electrical components and systems are provided. A description of the various equipment, including that mounted on roof and underframe, is provided. The design considerations are also highlighted. A basic block diagram description of the control circuits is given. Two thyristor motor modules are employed, each consisting of two thyristor-diode bridges connected in series. The module controls the armatures of three traction motors, and the field of each motor is controlled individually by thyristors. A description of the creep control system and the overall control system is provided. Finally, the test and performance results of the locomotive are highlighted.
Importance sampling for a mixed Poisson model of portfolio credit risk

Simulation is widely used to estimate losses due to default and other credit events in financial portfolios. The challenge in doing this efficiently results from (i) rare-event aspects of large losses and (ii) complex dependence between defaults of multiple obligors. We discuss importance sampling techniques to address this problem in two portfolio credit risk models developed in the financial industry, with particular emphasis on a mixed Poisson model. We give conditions for asymptotic optimality of the estimators as the portfolio size grows.
Critical care rehabilitation trials: the importance of ‘usual care’

Denehy and colleagues conducted a novel randomized controlled trial evaluating a rehabilitation intervention starting in the ICU and continuing through the outpatient setting, with 1 year longitudinal follow-up. While the intervention did not demonstrate improved patient outcomes, this study illustrates important issues regarding ‘usual care’ control groups in clinical trials.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Idiopathic CD4+Lymphocytopenia: A Case Report and Review of Reported Cases

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a well recognized demyelinating neurological disorder caused by JC virus. Idiopathic CD4(+) lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a syndrome first described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a CD4(+) count <300 cells/mm(3) or a CD4(+) count that is <20% of the total T cell count on 2 occasions, with no evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on testing, and absence of any defined immunodeficiency or therapy that depresses the levels of CD4(+) T cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third reported case of PML and ICL, and also the first reported case of the use of cidofovir to treat PML in a patient not infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
The Science and Technology of Silicone Rubber

Abstract This is a review of silicone rubber and challenging it is since the silicones, a relatively new group of completely synthetic materials, are growing very rapidly even when viewed against today's rapidly advancing technology. The silicones bring together something of the properties of inorganic materials with their silicon-oxygen-silicon polymeric backbones combined with a sheath of organic groups, and the properties which result have won for the silicones an important position in our modern array of new materials. By silicones we mean structures which contain silicon-oxygen polymeric backbones with organic groups attached to the silicon. The name arose when Professor F. S. Kipping and thers in the early 1900's began to work with these materials which they thought at first to be analogous to the organic ketones. For this reason they called them “silicoketones” or “silicones” for short. These materials are not at all, however, related to the organic compounds from which they derive their name for t...
Increased numbers of eosinophils, rather than only etiology, predict histologic changes in patients with esophageal eosinophilia.

Background & Aims It can be a challenge to differentiate individuals with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) from those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We investigated differences in histologic and eosinophil patterns and numbers of mast cells between patients with these disorders. Methods We performed histologic analyses and immunohistochemical assays for eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), major basic protein (MBP), and tryptase, using biopsy samples from 10 patients with GERD (positive results from a pH study and response to proton pump inhibitors), Barrett's esophagus, or EoE (negative results from a pH study and positive response to budesonide). Patients were matched for degree of eosinophilia. Results Samples from patients with EoE, GERD, or Barrett's esophagus had similar increases in concentrations of eosinophils. Patients with GERD or EoE did not differ in amount of basal zone hyperplasia, microabscesses, spongiosis, eosinophil distribution, maximum eosinophils/high-power field (HPF), or composite histologic scores. Samples from all 3 groups had high levels of EDN and MBP; the levels of eosinophil products were correlated (ρ = 0.93). Extracellular staining for EDN was greater than intracellular staining (2.67 of 3 vs 1.86 of 3); levels tended to be greater in samples from patients with EoE than GERD ( P = .05) or Barrett's esophagus ( P = .06). Detection of EDN correlated with peak numbers of eosinophils/HPF (ρ = 0.6 for intracellular and extracellular staining). Peak numbers of tryptase-positive mast cells/HPF were significantly greater in samples from patients with EoE than GERD or Barrett's esophagus ( P = .01 and .005, respectively). The Spearman correlation between eosinophil and mast cell density was a ρ value of 0.2. Conclusions Biopsy samples from patients with GERD and EoE, matched for esophageal eosinophilia, have similar changes in histology and levels of EDN and MBP, whereas mast cells from patients with EoE have higher levels of these products. The presence of esophageal eosinophils, rather than etiology, could be the most important determinant of epithelial response.
Parameter identification of the complete-moving-hysteresis model using major loop data

The complete-moving-hysteresis (CMH) model computes both the reversible and the irreversible components of the magnetization and the relationship between these components. An important question associated with a given model is the corresponding identification strategy which provides a method to experimentally obtain the parameters of the model. In order to be experimentally applicable, such an identification strategy has to be robust in the presence of experimental error. This paper presents a complete parametric identification strategy for the CMH model that is applicable to a wide range of recording materials. The method is robust in the presence of experimental errors and requires the measurement of the major loop, the major remanence loop, the virgin magnetization curve and the virgin remanence magnetization curve only. The method is experimentally verified on various commercial recording media. It is found that the model and the identification strategy are in excellent agreement with measured higher-order asymmetrical reversal curves for commercial samples with markedly different characteristics. The limitations of the identification strategy are discussed. A generalized Preisach function for the CMH model is suggested that is applicable to soft magnetic materials, as well. >