cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Approach to Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Rupture Repair and Its Early Complications.

Abstract Ventricular septal rupture is a life-threatening complication of myocardial infarction, with its surgical repair representing one of the highest risk cardiac procedures. This complex case demonstrates a novel hybrid approach to decrease the interventricular shunt and an early complication that can occur after initial surgical repair, and the vital role of the anesthesiologist to diagnose and guide both percutaneous and surgical interventions. A 65-year-old woman presented in cardiogenic shock after an anterolateral myocardial infarction with a ventricular septal rupture. Initial surgical repair of her ventricular septal defect (VSD) demonstrated no residual shunt by intraoperative transesophageal echo (TEE) evaluation. However, on POD 6, she again developed cardiogenic shock. Emergent transthoracic echo (TTE) showed patch dehiscence. Attempted resuscitation and repair was then done via percutaneous closure with AmplatzerTM PI Muscular VSD Occluder device. Thirty-two thrombogenic coils were placed along with the occlude device in attempt to reduce the residual shunt. After a period of end-organ stabilization, a redo open removal of AmplatzerTM PI Muscular VSD Occluder with coils and VSD patch repair was done a second time. This sequence of repairs demonstrates a hybrid approach to resolve a deadly condition that resulted in a positive patient outcome.
Influence of malic acid supplementation on ruminal pH, lactic acid utilization, and digestive function in steers fed high-concentrate finishing diets.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of malic acid supplementation on ruminal fermentation. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers (300 kg) with ruminal cannulas were used in a crossover design experiment to study the influence of malic acid (MA) on ruminal metabolism during glucose-induced lactic acidosis. Treatments consisted of a 77% steam-flaked barley-based finishing diet supplemented to provide 0 or 80 g/d of MA. After a 13-d dietary adjustment period, 1 kg of glucose was infused into the rumen 1 h after the morning feeding. Ruminal pH was closely associated (R2 = .70) with ruminal DL-lactate concentration. Malic acid supplementation increased (P .10) on ruminal VFA molar proportions or ruminal and plasma DL-lactate concentrations. In Trial 2, four Holstein steers (150 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a crossover design experiment to evaluate the influence of MA supplementation on characteristics of digestion. Treatments consisted of an 81% steam-flaked barley-based finishing diet supplemented to provide 0 or 80 g/d of MA. There were no treatment effects (P > .10) on ruminal and total tract digestion of OM, ADF, starch, and feed N or on ruminal microbial efficiency. Malic acid supplementation increased (P .10) on ruminal VFA and DL-lactate concentrations. We conclude that supplementation of high-grain finishing diets with MA may be beneficial in promoting a higher ruminal pH during periods of peak acid production without detrimental effects on ruminal microbial efficiency or starch, fiber, and protein digestion. There were no detectable beneficial effects of MA supplementation on ruminal and plasma lactic acid concentrations in cattle fed high-grain diets.
A multi-parameter design formula for riprap size selection at wing-wall abutments

A numerically-based approach is used to obtain a size selection formula for the riprap stone part of the apron used to protect wing-wall abutments against erosion. Several series of simulations wit...
Monkey Health Is a Team Sport

In today’s increasingly complex world, a more robust approach is needed to combat the dynamic nature of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. This is certainly the case where monkeys and neglected diseases (NDs), defined in this volume as diseases not well studied in monkeys, are concerned. The diversity of monkey species and their behavioral ecology, the pathogens to which they are susceptible, and the number of potential interfaces for transmission, both intra- and interspecies, demands the integration of disparate disciplines to address this “Grand Challenge.” Thus, this subject matter provides a case statement for the development of new “team science” approaches. In this chapter, we briefly explore how the diversity of pathogens, monkey hosts, and ecological drivers of disease transmission require the development of diverse research teams. With this need established, we review terminology and basic approaches to the development of multidisciplinary research that, when employed in an ecosystem health context, provides an approach to characterizing and/or optimizing risks associated with diseases in monkeys.
On the Role and Regulation of Private Negotiations in Governance

Developments in corporate law continue to give shareholders greater levels of power over public companies. Instead of using their power to seek changes within firms through such traditional means as proxy contests and litigation, shareholders are increasingly relying on private negotiations with directors as a key component of their governance activities. Regulations enacted in response to the recent financial crisis will likely trigger even more widespread use of negotiations in the years to come. In this Article, I analyze the legal and policy implications generated by the use of private negotiations as a means of corporate governance. I make two related claims. First, I contend that negotiations provide shareholders and boards with several unique benefits that make them a more desirable method for resolving intra-firm differences than traditional means of corporate communication. In this sense, negotiations add value by filling a governance gap. Secondly, however, I argue that board-shareholder negotiations may never realize their full potential in governance due to current restrictions on corporate speech – namely, the SEC’s Regulation FD. The way in which Regulation FD impedes private negotiations stands at odds with many of the SEC’s own policy goals. To address this tension, additional regulatory intervention will be required for negotiations to continue to play a valuable role in governance.
A Framework for Evaluation of Biometric Based Authentication System

In principle, thorough evaluation of performances necessitates the incorporation of a standard well defined suits of criteria and corresponding metrices to analyse biometric based authentication system. Moreover, most of biometric systems are experimentally evaluated over limited metrics and datasets. This not only inhbits to explore the full system potential but also leads to associated risks. Hence, protection of user identity alongwith biometric system from various attacks is paramount for universal acceptance. In order to address this issues, this paper is an attempt to bring all the proposed criteria and methods that targets to evaluate the biometric system for three main parameters-security, privacy and perfomance. These three parameters can define the biometric based recognition system acceptability in an universal manner. To cater the need of more generalized framework for ranking and benchmarkng of the biometric recognition system, a generalized framework has been propsosed. The proposed evaluation framework thoroughly analyses the system based on empirical data collected from all three aspect of evaluation to defines the system acceptability, irrespective of modality and biometric matching algorithms.
Cyber-Physical Cloud Manufacturing Systems with Digital-Twins

The emergence of highly productive Cyber-Physical Manufacturing systems has motivated researchers to focus on minimizing communication overheads and saving computing resources. Traditional building virtual machine methods using the web-service and sensor techniques require a lot of system resources and incur high overheads, which make these techniques unsuitable for Cyber-Physical Cloud Manufacturing (CPCM) systems. We propose a novel model which builds digital twins (virtual machines) so that they can be adapted to the CPCM platform. To achieve this goal, we design a framework that can incorporate with MTconnect (a manufacturing protocol to retrieve process information from machine tools) to extract data from physical machines. In addition, we also design information models to represent the structure and reflect the real-time state of physical machines.
Numerical study of natural oscillations of supported drops with free and pinned contact lines

The oscillation of droplets supported by solid surfaces is important for a wide variety of applications such as dropwise condensation. In the present study, the axisymmetric natural oscillations of a liquid drop supported by a flat surface are investigated by direct numerical simulation. The liquid–gas interface is captured using a geometric volume-of-fluid method. A parametric study is carried out by varying the equilibrium contact angle and the gravitational Bond number (Bo). Both positive and negative gravities are considered, and thus the results cover both pendant and sessile drops. To incorporate the effect of contact line mobility, the two asymptotic limits, namely, the pinned contact line (PCL) and free contact line (FCL) conditions, are considered and their effects on the drop oscillation features are characterized. The predicted oscillation frequencies for PCL and FCL serve as the upper and lower bounds for general situations. The drop oscillation is initiated by increasing the gravity magnitude for a short time. The first mode due to the drop centroid translation dominates the excited oscillation. The oscillation frequency scales with the capillary frequency, and the normalized frequency monotonically decreases with the equilibrium contact angle. For zero gravity, the computed frequencies for all contact angles agree remarkably well with the inviscid theory for both the PCL and FCL conditions. The kinetic energy correction factor is introduced to account for the additional contribution of the oscillation-induced internal flow to the overall kinetic energy of the drop. Both the frequency and the kinetic energy correction factor increase with Bo, decrease with the contact angle, and increase when the contact line condition changed from FCL to PCL. The variation of oscillation frequency due to the change of Bo is particularly significant when the contact angle is large, suggesting that the gravity effect must be incorporated to accurately predict the oscillation frequency for drops supported by hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces.
Content Analysis of E-cigarette News Articles Amidst the 2019 Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) Outbreak in the U.S.

INTRODUCTION News media can shape public perceptions about e-cigarettes, particularly in the context of ongoing uncertainty from the recent outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). This study aimed to characterize news articles published about e-cigarettes in 2019, including before and during the EVALI outbreak. METHODS Using 24 e-cigarette-related search terms, we gathered all articles published in leading print and online U.S. news sources in 2019 from databases (i.e., Factiva, Access World News) and archival websites (i.e., www.newspapers.com). We conducted a content analysis of e-cigarette themes and statements, identifying differences in themes between articles that did and did not mention EVALI. RESULTS Of the 1,643 e-cigarette news articles published in 2019, 62% mentioned EVALI. Frequency of e-cigarette articles peaked in September (n=532) at the height of the EVALI outbreak. Among all articles discussing e-cigarettes, the most prevalent main topics were policy/regulation (45%) and health effects (35%). Articles that mentioned EVALI frequently discussed youth e-cigarette use (40%) and JUUL (33%). Compared to non-EVALI articles, EVALI articles were more likely to discuss health effects (p<.001) but less likely to discuss policies/regulations, except for flavor bans (47% of EVALI articles vs. 39% of non-EVALI articles, p=.002). EVALI articles were also less likely to discuss e-cigarettes being less risky than cigarettes (p=.005). CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette news coverage was prevalent in 2019, and patterns in frequency and content reflected major events (i.e., EVALI). In turn, news media can shape public perceptions, and even policy, about e-cigarettes and must continue to be monitored. IMPLICATIONS E-cigarette news coverage in 2019 was high, driven in large part by news coverage of the EVALI outbreak. Indeed, the peak in e-cigarette news articles in September directly coincided with the peak in EVALI cases in the U.S. Of note, articles that mentioned EVALI frequently discussed youth e-cigarette use, JUUL, and flavor bans, which may have triggered national and state-level policy responses, and likely influenced public perceptions (including misperceptions) regarding the harms of e-cigarettes.
Numerical analysis of modified Central Solenoid insert design

Abstract The United States ITER Project Office (USIPO) is responsible for fabrication of the Central Solenoid (CS) for ITER project. The ITER machine is currently under construction by seven parties in Cadarache, France. The CS Insert (CSI) project should provide a verification of the conductor performance in relevant conditions of temperature, field, currents and mechanical strain. The US IPO designed the CSI that will be tested at the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) Test Facility at JAEA, Naka. To validate the modified design three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using coupled solver for simultaneous structural, thermal and electromagnetic analysis. Thermal and electromagnetic simulations supported structural calculations providing necessary loads and strains. According to current analysis design of the modified coil satisfies ITER magnet structural design criteria for the following conditions: (1) room temperature, no current, (2) temperature 4 K, no current, (3) temperature 4 K, current 60 kA direct charge, and (4) temperature 4 K, current 60 kA reverse charge. Fatigue life assessment analysis is performed for the alternating conditions of: temperature 4 K, no current, and temperature 4 K, current 45 kA direct charge. Results of fatigue analysis show that parts of the coil assembly can be qualified for up to 1 million cycles. Distributions of the Current Sharing Temperature (TCS) in the superconductor were obtained from numerical results using parameterization of the critical surface in the form similar to that proposed for ITER. Special ADPL scripts were developed for ANSYS allowing one-dimensional representation of TCS along the cable, as well as three-dimensional fields of TCS in superconductor material.
Uranium Series Isotopes in Sediments from the Red Sea Hot-Brine Area

The distribution of the longer-lived uranium and thorium series isotopes in the iron-rich sediments of the Red Sea geothermal brine area is characteristic as compared to that of normal oceanic deposits. Concentrations of uranium on a salt- and water-free basis range from 6 to 30ppm, whereas those of thorium range from 0.1 to 0.5ppm. The low Th/U ratios are also reflected by the low activity ratios of Th230/U234 and Pa231/U235, the latter ratios being considerably less than the secular equilibrium value of unity. Maximum ages of the deposits may be estimated from the growths of Th230 and Pa231. These upper-limit ages indicate that the metalliferous sediments accumulated at a rate of at least 40cm/103 yr and that the sampled four to eight meters of sediment columns in the Atlantis II Deep were deposited in less than 10,000 years. Rates higher than 100cm/103 yr should not be considered as rare occurrences. While thorium, protactinium and radium in these sediments may originate from the extruding brines, an important fraction of uranium may have been scavenged out of the overlying normal Red Sea water through co-precipitation with the colloidal ferric hydroxide and silica.
Party Discipline and Environmental Policy: The Role of “Smoke-filled Back Rooms”†

We adopt the view that greater party discipline induces legislators to commit to promised policies after being elected. We then develop the hypothesis that the effect of party discipline on the stringency of environmental policy is conditional on the degree of government corruption. Our empirical work suggests that greater party discipline results in more stringent environmental policies when the level of corruption is relatively low, but in weaker policies when the level of corruption is comparatively high.
"Histiocytoid" cells in fine-needle aspirations of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: frequency and significance of an under-recognized cytologic pattern.

BACKGROUND Although the classic cytologic features of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in fine-needle aspirates have been well described, one uncommon feature, a vacuolated, histocyte-like cell without classic nuclear changes of papillary carcinoma, has been less well characterized. METHODS The author reviewed a large series of thyroid aspirates for specimens with these cytologic features. RESULTS Seven specimens were identified, representing approximately 6% of all aspirates with the features of papillary carcinoma and less than 0.5% of all aspirates. The cells resembled histiocytes but were larger, more atypical, and keratin positive in the one specimen that was tested. The cells had enlarged nuclei with abundant cytoplasm that often was vacuolated. The nuclei had grainy chromatin, occasional nucleoli, and lacked grooves and prominent pseudoinclusions. The background showed numerous, hemosiderin-laden macrophages typical of cyst contents in only three specimens. Calcifications were present in six specimens and resembled psammoma bodies in two specimens. Three specimens showed papillary carcinoma at resection, two specimens had other passes from the same nodule that were diagnostic of papillary carcinoma, and two specimens were from recent patients without follow-up. Only one of the three resected tumors showed prominent cystic change. None of 50 aspirates that were diagnosed as benign cyst contents had similar atypical cells, nor did resections of six predominantly cystic, benign lesions. CONCLUSIONS Histiocytoid cells are present in as many as 6% of all aspirates in which some features of papillary carcinoma are present. Increased awareness of these cells may help improve the sensitivity of fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002;96:000–000. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Perturbative 3-manifold invariants by cut-and-paste topology

Author(s): Kuperberg, Greg; Thurston, Dylan P. | Abstract: We give a purely topological definition of the perturbative quantum invariants of links and 3-manifolds associated with Chern-Simons field theory. Our definition is as close as possible to one given by Kontsevich. We will also establish some basic properties of these invariants, in particular that they are universally finite type with respect to algebraically split surgery and with respect to Torelli surgery. Torelli surgery is a mutual generalization of blink surgery of Garoufalidis and Levine and clasper surgery of Habiro.
Waveform modeling and inversion of ambient noise cross-correlation functions in a coastal ocean environment

Theoretical studies have shown that cross-correlation functions (CFs) of time series of ambient noise measured at two locations yield approximations to the Green's functions (GFs) that describe propagation between those locations. Specifically, CFs are estimates of weighted GFs. In this paper, it is demonstrated that measured CFs in the 20-70 Hz band can be accurately modeled as weighted GFs using ambient noise data collected in the Florida Straits at ∼100 m depth with horizontal separations of 5 and 10 km. Two weighting functions are employed. These account for (1) the dipole radiation pattern produced by a near-surface source, and (2) coherence loss of surface-reflecting energy in time-averaged CFs resulting from tidal fluctuations. After describing the relationship between CFs and GFs, the inverse problem is considered and is shown to result in an environmental model for which agreement between computed and simulated CFs is good.
Cut in Tiny Pieces: Ensuring that Fragmented Ownership Does Not Chill Creativity

The market for video entertainment is growing and becoming more diverse as technology reduces barriers to entry for small, independent moviemakers and distributors and increases consumers’ ability to access the media of their choice. The growing complexity of the market, however, increases transaction costs for new entrants who must obtain licenses to copyrighted music, characters, storylines, or scenes that they incorporate into their movies. The entertainment bonanza offered by new technologies may not be realized in practice because of market failure. The purposes of the Copyright and Patents Clause are frustrated because creators of new works wishing to use new technologies to build on prior creative effort confront a legal regime intertwined with older technologies and industry structures.This Article argues that the market needs new public and private law mechanisms to make it function more efficiently, by making it easier for creators of new works to (1) find the owners of preexisting content and (2) overcome other barriers to obtaining licenses, such as strategic behavior, irrational protection of entrenched bureaucracies, and obsolete, embedded capital. This Article begins with a hypothetical story of an independent moviemaker. It explains the problems that he confronts in making his movie, explores the relationship between the structure of the market for entertainment works and the circumstances that have traditionally justified legal intervention in a market economy, analyzes various models for such intervention, and proposes legislative, common law, and equitable solutions to mitigate the problems. The proposals afford a privilege for a new creator to use preexisting works when he cannot identify the holders of rights in the preexisting work, when he is unsuccessful in communicating with those rights holders, or when he proposes a reasonable royalty and is rebuffed.The purpose of copyright law is to encourage and reward creative effort. Current conditions frustrate achievement of that goal by making it easy for copyright owners to hide and then ambush creators of new works that build upon existing works. Amendment of the Copyright Act or application of the interpretive principles proposed in this article would further the law’s purpose.
A Cryptography Primer: Public-Key Cryptosystems and Digital Signatures

Public-key cryptosystems The key agreement protocol provides a way for previously unacquainted parties to agree on a secret key. However, there are times when one party wants to unilaterally send a private message to another party without first interacting with the other party. Public-key encryption, first proposed by Diffie and Hellman in the early 1970s, provides a way to accomplish this. In traditional (one-key) cryptography, the same key is used to encrypt a message as to decrypt it. Public-key cryptography discards this convention, and allows one (public) key to be used for encryption and another (the secret key) for decryption. The set-up for public key cryptography is as follows. Every person intending to receive encrypted messages privately chooses a secret key and calculates a corresponding public key. All the public keys are made publically available. If I want to send an encrypted message to someone, I look up her public key and use it to encrypt a message to her; only she is able to decrypt it. The idea of having different keys for encryption and decryption seems simple, but it represented a startling break with the past. It is worth considering why the discovery was so late in coming; after all, traditional cryptography has been used for a few thousand years. Why did the idea of two different keys not arise earlier?
IL-33 facilitates oncogene-induced cholangiocarcinoma in mice by an interleukin-6-sensitive mechanism

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a lethal hepatobiliary neoplasm originating from the biliary apparatus. In humans, CCA risk factors include hepatobiliary inflammation and fibrosis. The recently identified interleukin (IL)−1 family member, IL-33, has been shown to be a biliary mitogen which also promotes liver inflammation and fibrosis. Our aim was to generate a mouse model of CCA mimicking the human disease. Ectopic oncogene expression in the biliary tract was accomplished by the Sleeping Beauty transposon transfection system with transduction of constitutively active AKT (myr-AKT) and Yes-associated protein. Intrabiliary instillation of the transposon–transposase complex was coupled with lobar bile duct ligation in C57BL/6 mice, followed by administration of IL-33 for 3 consecutive days. Tumors developed in 72% of the male mice receiving both oncogenes plus IL-33 by 10 weeks but in only 20% of the male mice transduced with the oncogenes alone. Tumors expressed SOX9 and pancytokeratin (features of CCA) but were negative for HepPar1 (a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma). Substantive overlap with human CCA specimens was revealed by RNA profiling. Not only did IL-33 induce IL-6 expression by human cholangiocytes but it likely facilitated tumor development in vivo by an IL-6–sensitive process as tumor development was significantly attenuated in Il-6–/– male animals. Furthermore, tumor formation occurred at a similar rate when IL-6 was substituted for IL-33 in this model. Conclusion: The transposase-mediated transduction of constitutively active AKT and Yes-associated protein in the biliary epithelium coupled with lobar obstruction and IL-33 administration results in the development of CCA with morphological and biochemical features of the human disease; this model highlights the role of inflammatory cytokines in CCA oncogenesis. (Hepatology 2015;61:1627–1642)
Frontotemporal dementia in eight Chinese individuals

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has rarely been reported in Chinese populations. There are many potential reasons for this, including possible hesitancy on the part of patients or families to bring FTD-related symptoms to medical attention. Here, we present data on eight Chinese individuals, all of whom met criteria for the behavioral variant of FTD or the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia. These patients presented for neurological evaluation at a relatively advanced stage. The mean MMSE score at initial presentation was 15. Behavioral symptoms were common and usually elicited during the medical history only after direct questioning. Delay in presentation was attributed to a variety of issues, including family disagreements about whether the symptoms represented a disease and lack of medical insurance. These cases illustrate that the symptoms of FTD in Chinese-Americans are similar to those in Caucasians but various factors, some potentially culturally relevant, may influence the likelihood and timing of clinical presentation for FTD, as well as other dementias. Additional study of FTD in diverse ethnic groups needs to address barriers to clinical presentation, including factors that may be culturally specific.
Biomass burning contribution to black carbon in the Western United States Mountain Ranges

Forest fires are an important source to carbonaceous aerosols in the Western United States (WUS). We quantify the relative contribution of biomass burning to black carbon (BC) in the WUS mountain ranges by analyzing surface BC observations for 2006 from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) network using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Observed surface BC concentrations show broad maxima during late June to early November. Enhanced potassium concentrations and potassium/sulfur ratios observed during the high-BC events indicate a dominant biomass burning influence during the peak fire season. Model surface BC reproduces the observed day-to day and synoptic variabilities in regions downwind of but near urban centers. Major discrepancies are found at elevated mountainous sites during the July-October fire season when simulated BC concentrations are biased low by a factor of two. We attribute these low biases largely to the underestimated (by more than a factor of two) and temporally misplaced biomass burning emissions of BC in the model. Additionally, we find that the biomass burning contribution to surface BC concentrations in the USA likely was underestimated in a previous study using GEOS-Chem (Park et al., 2003), because of the unusually low planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights in the GEOS-3 meteorological reanalysis data used to drive the model. PBL heights from GEOS-4 and GEOS-5 reanalysis data are comparable to those from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Model simulations show slightly improved agreements with the observations when driven by GEOS-5 reanalysis data, but model results are still biased low. The use of biomass burning emissions with diurnal cycle, synoptic variability, and plume injection has relatively small impact on the simulated surface BC concentrations in the WUS.
Suppression of S-Antigen-induced Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis in Lewis Rats by Oral Administration with CGS-13080, A Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitor

Abstract Oral administration of CGS-13080 [imidazo (1, 5-α) pyridine-5-hexanoic acid], a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, has been reported to cause a marked reduction in serum thromboxane B2 concentration in humans and animals. Since thromboxane metabolites play an important role in ocular inflammation, the effect of oral CGS-13080 in the development of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in Lewis rats has been investigated. Females were immunized with bovine S-antigen (S-Ag). Treatment was started on day 0 of immunization. Animals were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a standard pellet diet, while the treated groups were fed the standard diet supplemented with either a low dose (0·8 g per 10 kg pellet) or a high dose (1·6 g per 10 kg pellet) of CGS 13080. From day 10 after immunization, the eyes of these rats were examined daily for clinical evidence of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. On day 14, the eyes were collected for histologic study. The cellular immune responses were evaluated on the draining inguinal lymph nodes. Blood samples were also collected for the measurement of anti-S-Ag antibody production, thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin A2 levels. Clinical disease developed in 73·3% of the control rat group. 30·0% of the low-dose treated group and 17·6% of the high-dose group. The average histologic grade was 1·9 in the control group, 0·65 in low-dose group and 0·32 in high-dose group. Lymphocyte proliferation to S-Ag paralleled the clinical disease scores. Average stimulation indices were 10·9 in the controls, 7·5 in the low-dose group and 2·2 in the high-dose group. In treated groups, serum thromboxane B2 levels were significantly reduced with a concomitant increase in prostaglandin A2 levels, suggesting a shunting of cyclic endoperoxide metabolism. There was an increase of serum anti-S-Ag antibody level in all three groups, but no significant difference between control and treated groups. In conclusion, oral CGS-13080 mixed in the diet has an inhibitory effect on the development of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. The blockage of the efferent limb of immune response and inhibition of T lymphocytes in response to S-Ag may be involved in the mechanism.
Diagnosis of palpable breast cancer by FNA: a changing role?

Editorial Comments: A vital topic that will impact on cytopathologists doing fine-needle aspiration is discussed in the following two editorials: “Diagnosis of Palpable Breast t Cancer by FNA: A Changing Role?” by Lydia P. Howell, M.D., and “Occult Breast Lesions and Aspiration Biopsy: A New Challenge” by Shahla Masood, M.D. One concerns the aspiration of palpable lesions and the second, occult; but, the problem is the same in both. Will aspiration biopsy of the breast be replaced by core biopsy? This is already the case in prostatic biopsies. To many, this represents a step backward, particularly in view of the tremendous progress made by aspiration biopsy of the breast. This progress is especially evident in this issue of Diagnostic Cytopathology with an additional six articles covering the cytology of reactive, proliferative, and neoplastic breast diseases in both sexes. To prevent the premature demise of aspiration biopsy of the breast, cytopathologists must firstly, be aware of the situation; secondly, be comfortable in the interpretation of aspiration biopsy; and thirdly, be knowledgeable in the advantages of each procedure. During the coming months, a number of papers will address this critical issue. Let us hear from our readership.
If I Had a Song: The Culture of Digital Community Networks and its Impact on the Music Industry

Technological innovations have always influenced the ways in which music is made and consumed in societies. Now that music has entered the digital realm a new revolution is underway, one in which fundamental changes in nearly all aspects of the culture of modern music experience are being driven by the interaction between technological innovations and the social impacts of those innovations. The Internet enables the development of widely dispersed, interactive audiences for musical products and services, and therefore the emergence of highly fragmented and highly specific niche markets for any conceivable form of music. One striking effect of the transformation of music from an analog to a digital entity has been a shift in power from the large and established music industry institutions to digital community networks. These new virtual communities of individual technology users, both as artists and as consumers, have evolved as dynamic and self-organizing entities based on patterns of electronic information interchange. The effects of this redistribution of power are manifesting themselves as shifts in cultural values: in behavioral changes, attitudinal changes, and even fundamental shifts in ethical judgment.
The Public Secrets of Welfare

The discourses surrounding the abolition of the federal welfare system provide an excellent opportunity to investigate instances in which people cling to erroneous beliefs in the face of clear proof of error. Gendered and racialized stereotypes abound in public discourse about welfare, and it is tempting to assume that those stereotypes remain in play because alternative information is not available. This article shows that in a survey of editorial coverage just before and after the 1996 federal welfare law change, ample corrective information was available, but certain features of the discourse remained consistent despite such correctives, for example, sympathy for children at the expense of blaming their mothers and the belief that the welfare system then existing was too generous. What, then, could help to explain the attachment to error and to unsupported beliefs? One productive approach is to apply Taussig's (1999) concept of the “public secret”: that is, something generally known but not explicitly ...
Assessing stimulus and subject influences on auditory evoked potentials and their relation to peripheral physiology in green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea)

Anurans (frogs and toads) are important models for comparative studies of communication, auditory physiology, and neuroethology, but to date, most of our knowledge comes from in-depth studies of a relatively small number of model species. Using the well-studied green treefrog (Hyla cinerea), this study sought to develop and evaluate the use of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) as a minimally invasive tool for investigating auditory sensitivity in a larger diversity of anuran species. The goals of the study were to assess the effects of frequency, signal level, sex, and body size on auditory brainstem response (ABR) amplitudes and latencies, characterize gross ABR morphology, and generate an audiogram that could be compared to several previously published audiograms for green treefrogs. Increasing signal level resulted in larger ABR amplitudes and shorter latencies, and these effects were frequency dependent. There was little evidence for an effect of sex or size on ABRs. Analyses consistently distinguished between responses to stimuli in the frequency ranges of the three previously-described populations of afferents that innervate the two auditory end organs in anurans. The overall shape of the audiogram shared prominent features with previously published audiograms. This study highlights the utility of AEPs as a valuable tool for the study of anuran auditory sensitivity.
Removing the Restriction of an Even Number of Trials for the Shine Combined ANOVA.

Some recent developments for the Shine-Bower single-subject ANOVA and the Shine Combined ANOVA are integrated in order to remove the restriction of an even number of trials for the Shine Combined ANOVA.
Distal infrapyramidal granule cell axons possess typical mossy fiber morphology

Using both the Timm's sulfide silver and anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical techniques, we have demonstrated that granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the rat have topographical projections to both suprapyramidal and distal infrapyramidal terminal fields in the rostral one-third of the hippocampus. An anterograde HRP technique modified for visualization of axonal morphology indicated that infrapyramidal mossy fiber axons possess classic periodic swellings characteristic of suprapyramidal mossy fibers. Most distal infrapyramidal mossy fiber axons appear to be in position to make synaptic contact with deeper-lying neurons in the pyramidal cell layer.
Human chorionic gonadotropin reduces aromatizable androgens and aromatase activity in women stimulated by clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin

Abstract Periovulatory steroidal dynamics in women undergoing ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin were studied in 31 women with tubal blockage. Serum estradiol levels were significantly reduced 36 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin administration (from 1792 ± 162 to 926 ± 132 pg/ml, p
Approaches to developing biological H2-photoproducing organisms and processes

The development of efficient biological systems for the direct photoproduction of H2 gas from water faces several challenges, the more serious of which is the sensitivity of the H2-evolving enzymes (hydrogenases) to O2, an obligatory by-product of photosynthesis. This high sensitivity is common to both FeFe and NiFe hydrogenases, and is caused by O2 binding to their respective metallocatalytic sites. This overview describes approaches to (i) molecular engineering of algal FeFe-hydrogenase to prevent O2 access to its catalytic site; (ii) transform a cyanobacterium with an O2-tolerant bacterial NiFe hydrogenase or (c) partially inactivate algal O2-evolution activity to create physiologically anaerobiosis and induce hydrogenase expression.
NASA nixes Centaur launches from shuttle

James C. Fletcher, the administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced on June 19, 1986, that because of safety considerations, the space shuttle will not be used to launch the Centaur Upper Stage. The Ulysses and Galileo missions, which were originally to have been launched in May 1986, would have been launched from the shuttle with the Centaur rocket (Eos, November 19, 1985, p. 1183; February 4, 1986, p. 57). The Galileo craft is to explore Jupiter; Ulysses is a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA that is to orbit the sun around its poles, outside of the “ecliptic plane” where the planets lie. The decision seems likely to delay further the two missions, which were already delayed by the suspension of shuttle launches after the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986.
The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in prosimian primates

The four major hypotheses advanced to explain the evolution of sexually dimorphic characters invoke sexual selection, natural selection, allometry, and phylogenetic inertia. In this paper, each of these hypotheses is examined for its usefulness in explaining the inter-specific variation in sexual size dimorphism among prosimian primates. Data on body weight and the degree of sexual dimorphism were obtained for 32 prosimian and 95 simian species. Although prosimians exhibited significantly less sexual dimorphism than simians, there was nevertheless significant variation in dimorphism among them. The degree of sexual dimorphism in prosimians did not show significant variance at any taxonomic level, but the majority of variance occurred within genera. Thus, sexual dimorphism in size among prosimians is probably not constrained by phylogeny at the generic level and above. There was no significant correlation between body size and the degree of sexual dimorphism in prosimians, suggesting the absence of an allometric effect. Similarly there was no relationship between body size and sexual dimorphism among simians in this size range. This result suggested that the expression of sexual dimorphism may nevertheless be influenced by absolute size. In prosimians, inter-specific differences in sexual dimorphism were not correlated with variance in male reproductive success. It is suggested that speed and agility of males, rather than size and strength, might have been favored by intra-sexual selection in most prosimians. It seems also plausible that the relative monomorphism of most prosimians, especially in the Lemuriformes, might be a result of increased female size favored by natural selection. Consideration of all natural and sexual selective pressures that affect size in both sexes separately is required to understand the adaptive function and evolution of primate size dimorphism.
Effects of the rest mass of the neutrino (antineutrino) on the scattering of ν (\(\tilde \upsilon \)) by6C12

Expressions are obtained for the differential cross sections of the processes ν +6C12 →7N12 + e− and\(\tilde \upsilon \) +6C12 →5B12 + e+ for the shell model of the nucleus and the harmonic oscillator model. We analyze the effect of the rest mass of the neutrino (antineutrino) on the degree of longitudinal polarization of the electrons (positrons), the angular electron-neutrino (positron-antineutrino) correlation coefficient, and the charge asymmetry.
Linear acene derivatives - New routes to pentacene and naphthacene and the first synthesis of a triptycene with two anthracene moieties

The cycloaddition of o-xylylene to arene 1,4-endoxides was used to construct linear arene derivatives. An analogous sequence but with naphthalene 1,4-endoxides gave naphthacenes. Dehydration of the di adducts from 4 and anthracene 1,4:5,8-diendoxides gave a mixture of 5,9,14,18- and 5,8,15,18-tetrahydroheptacenes 3 and 9. The previously unknown triptycene 2 was synthesized from 5,14-dihydropentacene, an intermediate in the new pentacene synthesis, in three steps and 29 percent overall yield.
Combustion synthesis of graphene materials

Abstract Combustion synthesis (CS) of graphene by a novel type of exothermic self-sustain reaction between a refractory ceramic compound (silicon carbide) and polymer (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) under the inert gas (argon) environment is reported. The synthesis of graphene is confirmed by both transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is important that the produced graphene has low (
Intentional communication in the chimpanzee: The development of deception

Abstract Communication about the location of a hidden incentive was studied in chimpanzee-human dyads, in which each member of a pair served alternately as “sender” and “recipient” of information. When the human cooperated with the chimpanzee in finding the goal, from the very beginning the chimpanzees were able to produce and comprehend behavioral cues which conveyed accurate locational information. When the human and chimpanzee competed for the goal, the chimpanzees learned both to withhold information or mislead the recipient, and to discount or controvert the sender's own misleading cues. The chimpanzee's ability to convey and utilize both accurate and misleading information, by taking into account the nature of the sender or recipient, provides evidence of a capacity for intentional communication in this nonhuman primate species.
A new tool for predicting erectile dysfunction.

The Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) is an effective way to assess erectile difficulty (ED). Despite documented efficacy, however, many physicians may be reluctant to incorporate it into clinical practice because of the intimate nature of the questionnaire. In an attempt to devise and test an easy-to-use computer-based SHIM score indicator for office use, more than 30,000 SHIM questionnaires were administered to men visiting physicians’ offices in 2000. Information about age, current smoking status, diabetes, depression, hypertension, prostate disease, and cholesterol levels was also collected. A logistic regression model with a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 57.7% was created to predict the likelihood of ED in a patient scoring below 21 (SHIM definition). This model was built into a highly graphic Windows®-based program. The SHIM score indicator is a convenient way to rapidly identify patients at high risk for ED who should be further assessed.
In vitro responses of anterior pituitary glands from normal, castrated and androgen-treated male rats to LH-releasing factor (LRF) and high potassium medium.

In vitro incubation experiments were carried out with paired rat anterior pituitary halves for 6 hr at 37 C in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium, and the effect of partially purified LRF and high potassium medium on release and synthesis of LH was studied. The release and total amount of LH in the system (medium plus glands) were measured by bioassay, and 14C-leucine incorporation into LH was examined after an immunochemical separation. Incorporation into protein was also determined. LRF or high potassium medium caused a good stimulation of LH release from the pituitaries of normal and castrated animals, but no significant effect on the release from glands of animals pretreated with testosterone propionate (TP) (1 mg im every other day for 2–3 weeks) in which the LH content had been reduced to ½ to ¼ of that in normal glands. When LH content was kept at the normal level in castrates by properly adjusting the dose of TP, the glands responded normally to LRF. These facts suggest that the LH-releasing action o...
Large-aperture quad cell for fiducial alignment with large-diameter beams

In this paper, we describe progress in the design and development of a simple, low cost, lightweight means to provide large beam centering in an optical or infrared interferometer. The `smart template' is made up of silicon solar cells. A small algorithm implemented either in hardware or software measures the centering error. Stability over a four-hour period has been shown to be good to over one part in 3000 for relatively constant temperature. Digitizing the signal for automated data acquisition and control is easily implemented and will also be described. This is an enabling technology for the interferometric community where automated alignment of a large number of beams over long periods of time is critical. Use of solar cells makes the device easily translatable to a space qualifiable technology for space-based optical beam alignment.