cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A direct interview family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. II. Contribution of proband informant information.

BACKGROUND: Overall findings of our first direct interview family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) indicated that OCD is familial. In this replication study, we carefully examined the role of informant data in ascertaining OCD in relatives. METHOD: We interviewed 112 relatives of 57 OCD patients and 115 relatives of 41 not ill controls predominantly by telephone. Additional analyses included a combined sample of relatives about whom any diagnostic information was available (228 OCD and 239 controls). To examine the contribution of proband information about relatives, we considered two sets of best-estimate diagnoses. First, we ascertained best-estimate diagnoses for relatives using information from direct interviews and from all informants except the proband. Then, we re-diagnosed relatives based on all available information, including reports from the proband about their relatives. RESULTS: When relative diagnoses were derived without the benefit of proband informant reports, no evidence of familial OCD transmission was found. When diagnoses were made including information from the proband about the relative, evidence of familial OCD was found, but only when the diagnostic threshold was lowered to include cases with probable OCD or OCD symptoms. Other diagnoses (generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, drug use disorder) were also higher among OCD relatives. CONCLUSIONS: This second study provides less robust support for familial transmission of OCD. Evidence for familial transmission of OCD was found only when diagnoses were made using information from the affected proband about their relatives. Taken in context of past findings, our own inconsistent results suggest that OCD may be heterogeneous with regard to familial transmission. Also, more careful attention should be paid to the contribution of informant reports, especially from relatives affected by the same disorder.
On the Goodness-of-Fit Problem for Continuous Symmetric Distributions

Abstract This article considers the problem of testing a completely specified continuous symmetric distribution against alternatives which are also symmetric about the same point. The symmetry is utilized in obtaining a new distribution-free statistic of the Kolomogorov-Smirnov type which can be used to halve the width of the Kolomogorov-Smirnov confidence band for the unknown distribution function.
Multi-agent role allocation: issues, approaches, and multiple perspectives

In cooperative multi-agent systems, roles are used as a design concept when creating large systems, they are known to facilitate specialization of agents, and they can help to reduce interference in multi-robot domains. The types of tasks that the agents are asked to solve and the communicative capabilities of the agents significantly affect the way roles are used in cooperative multi-agent systems. Along with a discussion of these issues about roles in multi-agent systems, this article compares computational models of the role allocation problem, presents the notion of explicitly versus implicitly defined roles, gives a survey of the methods used to approach role allocation problems, and concludes with a list of open research questions related to roles in multi-agent systems.
Anticipated choice, attention, and halo effect

An experiment was conducted to clarify the interpretation of a finding by O’Neal and Mills that the anticipation of making choices about other persons increases the intercorrelation of traits attributed to those persons. An attention interpretation of their finding assumes that greater attention was paid to the choice stimuli and that increased attention increased the intercorrelation of traits. Although the O’Neal-Mills finding was obtained, no support was found for either of the assumptions of the attention interpretation. Ss did not spend longer ranking the choice stimuli, and a successful manipulation of attention did not increase the intercorrelation of the rankings. It was concluded that a desire for certainty about the prospective choice provides the best explanation of the influence of anticipated choice on the halo effect.
Has the concept of the therapeutic alliance outlived its usefulness

In this article, we provide a brief summary of our current thinking about the constructs of the therapeutic alliance and ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. We speculate about some of the factors that have led to sustained interest in these constructs by psychotherapy researchers and discuss some of the conceptual problems associated with them. We also consider the question of whether the therapeutic alliance continues to be a meaningful construct, and we delineate more and less promising avenues of research for the future. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Spontaneous remission of congenital acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia with normal karyotype in twins.

Background Congenital acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (cANLL) is an extremely rare event and represents only 0.5–1% of the leukemias in the first year of life. It is usually more common among patients with chromosomal abnormalities. Transient myeloproliferative disease (TMD) is an hyperleukocytosis entity that occurs almost exclusively in Down syndrome patients and remits spontaneously. Spontaneous remission of congenital leukemia has been reported and related to the presence of an extra chromosome 21. Procedure A pair of non-Down syndrome newborn twins presented with a clinical picture of skin rash and hyperleukocytosis. Twin B had full-blown cANLL with bone marrow, peripheral blood, skin, CSF, and placental invasion. Twin A presented transient peripheral blood and skin involvement by the same type of blast cells. No cytotoxic therapy was given. With 2 years follow-up, they continue to do well. Results Histologic and immunophenotypical analysis of placentas, cord blood, skin, CSF, bone marrows, and peripheral blood revealed a consistent picture of intrautero cANLL in twin B, with transplacental invasion of twin A. Normal and blast cells were found to be karyotypically normal. Spontaneous remission occurred. Conclusions cANLL with karyotypically normal blasts can develop a self-limited clinical course, which has resemblances to TMD. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 35:110–113, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photoregulation of Molecular Motors using Photochromic Nucleotide Analogue

Photochromic molecules can be interconverted between two quite different states with different spectroscopic properties using two different wavelength lights. Therefore, the photochromic molecules have received much attention because of their potential application to optical switches, bio-nanodevices, and molecular machines. Azobenzene is a typical photochromic molecule that undergoes rapid and reversible isomerization between the cis and trans-isomer in response to ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) light irradiation, respectively. Previously, we have succeeded to control microtubule dependent ATPase activity of kinesin in which functional region was modified with azobenzene derivative photo-reversibly. Moreover, we synthesized photochromic ATP analogue PABITP composed of azobenzene to regulate ATP driven motor proteins. PABITP induced microtubule gliding for kinesin and the gliding velocity altered correlating to cis-trans photo-isomerization of azobenzene moiety. For myosin, although PABITP was hydrolyzed as a substrate for ATPase and induced conformational change of myosin motor domain, PABITP did not drive actin gliding. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel photochromic nucleotide analogue composed of photochromic fulgimide moiety in order to regulate ATP driven molecular motors, myosin and kinesin photo-reversibly. The photochromic ATP analogue, Fulgimide-Tri-Phosphate (FITP) exhibited ring-opening and ring-closing photo-isomerization upon UV and VIS light irradiations. FITP worked as a substrate of skeletal muscle myosin and induced dissociation of acto-myosin in a different manner upon UV and VIS light irradiations. We also examined the interaction of FITP with kinesin and its effect for the polymerization of tubulin to microtubules.
A theory of virus-induced demyelination in the Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome.

The Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome (LGBS) is a demyelinating disorder of the peripheral nervous system frequently preceded by infection with common viruses. Most prevalent among these agents are herpesviruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The specific role played by antecedent viral infection in the pathogenesis of the LGBS remains obscure. In this regard, recent studies of Marek's disease (MD) neuropathy, an avian herpesvirus-induced experimental model for the LGBS, may provide insight. The autoimmune pattern of demyelination seen in MD neuropathy is histopathologically indistinguishable from that seen in the LGBS. In this paper, a comprehensive theory is discussed regarding the pathogenetic mechanisms that may be operative in the LGBS.
Diffuse, Mixed Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Forty-six patients with diffuse, mixed malignant pleural mesothelioma were treated between January, 1970, and May, 1979. All had a history of exposure to asbestos. The diagnosis was established by thoracentesis in 3 patients, thoracoscopy in 28, thoracotomy in 5, and minithoracotomy in 9. Mediastinoscopy was performed in 31 patients and bronchoscopy in 32. Mediastinoscopy was positive in only 1 patient, and in no patient was bronchoscopy positive. Ten patients received no definitive therapy and survived an average of 9.1 months (1 lived for 16 months). Thirty-one patients received chemotherapy and survived an average of 9.6 months, the 2 longest survivors each lived for 24 months. Five patients appeared to have early disease and therefore underwent thoracotomy. In only 2 of these patients did resection of all gross disease appear possible. One patient with incomplete removal is still alive after 9 months. The other 4 are all dead, having survived an average of only 6.75 months. We believe that pleural mesothelioma should be considered an unresectable neoplasm because of its multicentric origin and its diffusely invasive nature, and that attempts at partial or complete resection are not indicated. Until prospective, controlled studies demonstrate otherwise, patients with diffuse, mixed malignant mesothelioma should have the most benign surgical procedure necessary to establish a diagnosis.
Mechanism of Vapor Phase Hydration In High-Sodium Waste Glasses from Computer Simulations

The kinetics of vapor phase hydration (VHT) of high-sodium waste glasses often exhibits incubation, fast-rising , and final stages. The incubation stage is characterized by the slow and gradual appearance of transformed regions on the surface of the glass, signaling the initiation of the phase transformation. This is followed by a fast-rising stage, during which most of the transformation takes place. The final stage is characterized by the slower alteration of the remaining glass phase, which can have a duration orders of magnitude longer than those of the previous stages. While the Avrami equation provides a good representation of these features, the origin of the late-stage slow-down in the Avrami model is unrealistic for the VHT process. Computer simulations based on cell models have been used to investigate possible mechanistic origins. The models consider the formation of multiple alteration phases and simulate the complex interplay among the several microscopic mechanisms involved in the hydration process. The models assume that the transformation from the original pristine glass to the final stable altered phase occurs in two steps: from glass to a metastable phase, and then from a metastable to a stable phase. The results indicate that the late-stage slow-down can be reproduced as a result of the build-up of species that are incompatible with the stable phase or by the occlusion of the surface due to the growth of a surface phase that is less permeable to water. The simulation results are in good general agreement with the features of the experimental data.
In vitro antilisterial effects of citrus oil fractions in combination with organic acids.

: The objectives of this study were to screen activity of citrus essential oil fractions (EOs) alone and in combination with organic acids against 2 species of Listeria. Five citrus EOs were initially screened by disc diffusion assay for antibacterial activity. Cold pressed terpeneless Valencia orange oil (CP terpeneless oil) had the strongest bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) properties at 0.55% and 1.67%, respectively. Four organic acids were tested for effectiveness against Listeria. Citric and malic acids proved to be the most effective with MBC of 1.1% alone. Assays were conducted to determine synergistic effects of EOs and citric or malic acids. There was a significant decrease in MIC and MBC to 0.04% EO plus 0.12% malic or citric acid. EOs from citrus paired with organic acids offer the potential as an all-natural antimicrobial for improving the safety of all-natural foods.
Early cervical cancer.

Early cervical cancer includes a broad range of disease, from clinically undetectable microinvasive cancer to large, bulky tumors that replace the entire cervix. Further subgrouping of this category is therefore necessary to define the optimal treatment approach for individual cases. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system stratifies stage I tumors into two broad categories, stage IA (microinvasive) and stage IB (gross tumor). Management of women with stage IA disease is controversial. In the United States, patients with stromal invasion of less than 3 mm and no lymphvascular involvement are usually treated conservatively with simple hysterectomy. In selected patients who desire fertility, cone biopsy with negative surgical margins is also considered. Patients with invasion of more than 3 mm or lymphvascular space involvement are at risk for pelvic lymph node metastasis and are most often treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Stage IB1 cervical cancer is managed by either radical surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent recurrence and survival rates. In patients with tumors less than 4 cm in diameter, the decision between radical surgery and radiotherapy is guided by patients’ overall health and treatment preferences. For younger women, radical surgery is preferred because ovarian function can be preserved and vaginal stenosis secondary to radiation can be avoided. Radiation therapy is preferred for women who may not tolerate radical surgery. We always prefer primary radiation therapy for patients with tumors larger than 4 cm in diameter. Recent data convincingly demonstrate that the addition of cisplatin-based chemotherapy significantly improves overall survival rates in cervical cancer patients who undergo radiation therapy.
Clinical correlation between increased lung to heart ratio of tecnetium-99m sestamibi and multivessel coronary artery disease

Abstract Background: An increased lung to heart ratio (LHR) on thallium-201 (Tl-201) stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a predictor of adverse cardiac events and identifies people with extensive coronary artery disease (CAD). The implications of increased LHR in patients undergoing stress technetium-99m (tc-99m) sestamibi are developing. Our aim is to evaluate the relationship between increased LHR and extent of CAD in patients undergoing tc-99m sestamibi MPI. Methods: We reviewed the records and images of 530 consecutive subjects who underwent exercise or adenosine tc-99 m sestamibi MPI. One hundred thirty-two had transient or partially reversible myocardial perfusion defects and 79 (exercise=34, adenosine=45, male=43, female=36, mean age=61 years) of these underwent coronary angiography (study population). The average LHR of these 79 subjects was compared to 79 patients (control population) with normal scans (exercise=50, adenosine=29, male=34, female=45, mean age=60 years). Results: The mean LHR (±SE) in subjects with normal scans was 0.30±0.01. The mean LHR for those with abnormal scans and single vessel CAD who underwent exercise was 0.32±0.01 and pharmacological stress was 0.31±0.01. There was no statistically significant difference between the LHR of those with a normal scan and those with single vessel disease and an abnormal scan. However, there was a statistically significant association between the elevated LHR and multi-vessel CAD. The mean LHR for subjects with multi-vessel CAD with exercise was 0.39±0.01 ( p =0.000) and for adenosine was 0.39±0.02 ( p =0.000). Conclusion: An elevated LHR in patients undergoing exercise or pharmacological tc-99m MPI correlates with multi-vessel CAD.
Olecranon osteotomy for exposure of fractures and nonunions of the distal humerus

Although olecranon osteotomy provides excellent exposure of the distal humerus, enthusiasm for this approach has been limited by reports suggesting numerous complications. It has been suggested that specific techniques for creating and repairing an olecranon osteotomy may help limit complications. This paper describes a technique for olecranon osteotomy using an apex, distal, chevron-shaped osteotomy, Kirschner wires directed out the anterior ulnar cortex distal to the coronoid process and bent 180degrees and impacted into the olecranon proximally, and two 22- gauge, figure-of-eight, stainless steel tension wires. A single surgeon used this technique for exposure of a fracture (16 patients) or nonunion (29 patients) of the distal humerus in 45 consecutive patients. One patient returned to activity too soon, had loosening of the wire fixation, and required a second operation for plate fixation of the ulna. The remaining 44 osteotomies (98%) healed with good alignment within 6 months. There were no broken or migrated wires prior to healing. Twelve patients (27%) had removal of the wires used to repair the olecranon: in 6 patients, this was for symptoms related to the wires (13%); 1 for septic olecranon bursitis, and 5 at the time of another procedure (elbow capsular release in 4 patients and submuscular ulnar nerve transposition in 1). Olecranon osteotomy can be used for exposure of the distal humerus with a low rate of complications when specific techniques are used.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THE VENGEANCE SCALE IN AN ENTREPRENEURIAL MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATION

Summary.-Using a sample of 222 customer service representatives in a large entrepreneurial multinational financial services organization, we examined the dimensionality of the 1992 Vengeance Scale of Stuckless and Goranson. With the use of exploratory principal components analysis, a directly computed parallel analysis criterion, and holdings significant at the .30 level, a one-dimensional solution was adequate for the 20-item scale, and all items loaded on the first dimension. Using a sample of 600 students Stuckless and Goranson (1992) developed and validated a 20-item scale to measure personal attitudes towards seeking revenge. Support was found for the internal validity of the instrument. Holbrook, White, and Hutt (1995) examined the external validity of the scale with three heterogeneous samples, 68 undergraduate students, 45 prison inmates, and 13 police officers. As expected, they found that, on average, the prisoners were more &ely to score higher on the scale than the police or student samples. In 1997, Hutt, Iverson, Bass, and Gayton, with a sample of 25 male and 50 female students, examined the convergent vahdity of the Vengeance Scale and found it appeared to be valid for men but they - questioned whether it was as valid for women because support for convergent validity with women was laclung. They suggested that additional research should be performed examining the validity of the Vengeance Scale. It is the purpose of the present study to examine the dimension&ty and internal consistency of the vengeance scale in a nonstudent population.
An example of a non-Walrasian equilibrium with stochastic rationing at the Walrasian equilibrium prices

Abstract This paper shows an example of a stochastic rationing equilibrium in the sense of Gale (1978), Green (1978) and Honkapohja and Ito (1979). Consumers and firms maximize their expected utility and profit, respectively, facing stochastic quantity constraints. Actual trades are stochastic and dependent on individual effective demands. The non-Walrasian equilibrium, which is defined as the equalities of effective demand and effective supply in the mean, is obtained at the Walrasian equilibrium prices. Therefore the source of disequilibrium in this equilibrium is not a ‘wrong’ price but a ‘self-confirming’ rational expectation.
Ampicillin prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective randomized study

It is hypothesized that ampicillin may treat subclinical deciduitis and prolong the "effective" latent period in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes. We studied 82 patients with preterm rupture of membranes who were managed expectantly and were randomly assigned either to receive ampicillin prophylaxis (n = 43) or not to receive ampicillin prophylaxis (n = 39). Patients were excluded from study entry on admission if they had suspected or frank chorioamnionitis, active preterm labor, a history of penicillin allergy, multiple gestation, or cervical cerclage. There were no significant differences between the groups in duration of membrane rupture prior to admission, gestational age at membrane rupture, use of steroids and tocolysis, and demographic factors. Life-table analysis showed that the risk of delivery was significantly lower for the group of patients receiving prophylactic ampicillin. The incidence of neonatal infection was significantly lower in the ampicillin group, 1 (2%) versus 6 (17%), p less than 0.04.
Conditions for the selective synthesis of DNA complementary to template RNA

Abstract The effect of actinomycin D on the DNA synthesized by RNA-instructed polymerase (reverse transcriptase) has been examined. Preferentially, DNA complementary to viral RNA (i.e. DNA (−)) is synthesized at high antibiotic concentrations with either detergent-disrupted virions or purified avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) polymerase and exogenous viral RNA templates. DNA-instructed DNA synthesis is severely inhibited under these conditions. Reactions with synthetic homopolymer templates indicate that deoxyguanosine residues are necessary for inhibition and that actinomycin D has no effect directly on the polymerase. The antibiotic distamycin A yields similar results to those obtained with actinomycin D, except that deoxythymidine residues are necessary for inhibition. The methods detailed here may be used to detect reverse transcriptase and to prepare purified single-stranded DNA transcripts complementary to a variety of RNA template molecules.
Responsibilities or requirements: framing dual use issues for scientific engagement.

Efforts to prevent the proliferation of biological weapons or bioterrorism face an increasingly complicated landscape characterized by rapid scientific and technological progress, growing global diffusion of research capacity, and an array of stakeholders with important potential roles. In 2002, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) introduced the concept of a “web of prevention” to underscore the need for a comprehensive and coordinated strategy that could engage gather the many communities necessary to address the challenges (1). The scientific community, broadly defined to encompass the many fields beyond biology that now make up the life sciences research enterprise, is recognized as essential to the success of any strategy. This is particularly true for addressing what has come to be called “dual use” research, which is undertaken for beneficial purposes but has the potential to be misused to cause deliberate harm (2–5). Programs for “scientific engagement” have expanded in the last decade to reflect this recognition and policy attention.
Theophylline absorption in young asthmatic children receiving sustained-release formulations

Theophylline absorption from sustained-release formulations intended for administration every 8 hours and every 12 hours was examined in children ages 2 to 6 years during multiple dosing intervals. By generally applied measurements, including mean serum theophylline concentration, bioavailability over a single daytime dosing interval, and percent change in serum theophylline concentration over a single dosing interval, the preparations did not differ. However, over multiple dosing intervals, the 8-hour preparation varied in rate and extent of absorption, with subsequent large variations in serum theophylline concentrations. The 12-hour preparation, on the other hand, was completely bioavailable during each dosing interval, although the rate of absorption did differ from day to night, and was associated with generally acceptable changes in serum concentrations. Thus, analysis of dose-to-dose absorption was required to reveal the differences between the two study preparations. This indicates that traditional analysis of a single daytime dosing interval may be inadequate in the evaluation of prepartions of sustained-release theophylline.
Microfabricated scanning tunneling microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with dimensions 1000 mu m*200 mu m*8 mu m constructed by planar microfabrication techniques is discussed. The device incorporates a piezoelectric actuator capable of three-dimensional motion for scanning and control of the tunneling gap spacing. Operation of the device has been successfully demonstrated by imaging the surface of a graphite sample with atomic resolution. >
Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: What Does It Measure?:

Questions are raised about the construct validity of the Guglielmino Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. It is suggested that an understanding of the SDLRS might be enhanced by considering the ...
Durability study of a polymeric composite material for structural applications

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the mechanical behavior of a structural carbon based composite for infrastructure industry. Creep and load relaxation experiments were conducted to investigate the rate sensitivity behavior for a temperature range of 20-60°C. The results show that the mechanical properties were degraded under elevated temperature conditions. A threshold stress was measured, at any given temperature, below which no observable strain rate is detected. Results show that load relaxation experiment can be used as an effective tool to study durability and long-time creep behavior. The load relaxation test methodology for the prediction of model parameters was found to be more time and cost efficient than traditional long-time creep tests.
RGD-Human Serum Albumin Conjugates as Efficient Tumor Targeting Probes:

Cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides and their derivatives have been intensively studied as tumor targeting probes. One major drawback, however, is their short blood circulation half-lives, which greatly compromises their targeting efficacy. To address this issue, a cyclic peptide, c(RGDyK), and an organic dye (IRDye800 or Cy5.5) were covalently conjugated onto human serum albumin (HSA). The conjugates were subjected to in vitro cell staining, in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, ex vivo NIRF imaging, and histologic studies to evaluate their feasibility as tumor imaging probes. As a control, RAD peptide was also coupled with HSA and labeled with IRDye800 for in vivo imaging. The HSA-RGDIRDye800 exhibited integrin α v β 3 ‐specific binding in cell staining experiment. In vivo NIRF imaging showed higher tumor accumulation and tumor to background contrast of HSA-RGD-IRDye800 over RGD-IRDye800. The integrin specificity of HSA-RGD-IRDye800 is confirmed by both successful inhibition of tumor uptake in the presence of c(RGDyK) and the inability to accumulate in integrin-positive tumors by RAD-HSA-IRDye800. Histologic examination revealed initial tumor vascular binding and eventually both tumor vasculature and tumor cell integrin binding in vivo. In summary, we successfully developed an RGD-based protein conjugate with prolonged circulation half-life for NIRF imaging of tumor integrin α v β 3 expression. The success of this study may be generalizable for other peptide-based probes to be conjugated with HSA for prolonged tumor contrast and improved pharmacokinetics.
Production of K ∗ (1300) and K ∗ (1400) resonances in K + p interactions at 3.5 GeV/ c

In a recently completed experiment using 3.54 GeV/c K+ mesons in the BNL 80″ chamber, we have investigated the two prong + Vo topology for resonance production. We have found evidence for the K∗(1300) with a narrow width with Kππ decay modes and the K∗(1400) with Kπ, K∗π, Kϱ and Kω decay modes. We present resonance positions, widths, cross sections and branching ratios for these two K∗ resonances.
Regulation of Alloresponses after Bone Marrow Transplantation Using Donor T Cells Expressing a Thymidine Kinase Suicide Gene

Donor T cells have a critical role in promoting engraftment after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but also cause graft versus host disease (GVHD). Ex vivo T cell depletion has been an effective strategy to reduce GVHD but has been associated with impaired alloengraftment and host immunity. Using an MHC-mismatched murine model, we have examined an alternative approach to GVHD prevention whereby donor T cells are selectively eliminated in vivo after BMT using transgenic T cells in which a thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene is targeted to the T cell. Lethally irradiated AKR/J (H-2k) mice transplanted with TCD C57BL/6 (B6)(H-2b) bone marrow (BM) plus B6 TK+ T cells and then treated with GCV post-BMT had significantly less GVHD severity and improved immune reconstitution compared to untreated mice, providing proof of principle that this strategy could mitigate GVHD. To assess the impact of GCV administration on alloengraftment, sublethally irradiated AKR mice were transplanted with TCD B6 BM alone or admixed with limiting numbers (5 x 10(5)) of B6 TK+ T cells. When tested 3-4 weeks post-transplant, control TCD BM mice all rejected their grafts. Conversely, > 80% of GCV-treated mice had sustained donor T cell engraftment comparable to what was observed in untreated animals. Notably, GCV-treated mice were more likely to have mixed T cell chimerism early post-BMT than untreated animals, however, nearly all GCV-treated mice progressed to complete donor T cell engraftment by 2-3 months post-transplant. Preservation of engraftment was critically dependent upon the GCV administration schedule and required that GCV be delayed for at least one week post-transplant. These studies demonstrate that specific incorporation of a suicide gene into donor T cells is a viable strategy that can be employed to reduce GVHD without compromising alloengraftment.
Mobility and Cash Compensation: The Moderating Effects of Gender, Race, and Executive Search Firms

This study addresses a phenomenon observed in past research on career success and attainment in which White male managers and executives seemingly gain more from external labor market mobility than do their female and minority male counterparts. Focusing on the executive search industry, the authors found that executive search firm representatives are more likely to contact White males than females and minority males, that the compensation advantage resulting from an external labor market strategy is strongest among White male managers and executives, and that search firm—initiated contacts moderate the relationship between compensation and mobility in an external labor market. Implications for management research, theory, and practice are discussed.
Advances in constrained clustering

Constrained clustering (semi-supervised learning) techniques have attracted more attention in recent years. However, the commonly used constraints are restricted to the instance level, thus we introduced two new classifications for the type of constraints: decision constraints and non-decision constraints. We implemented applications involving non-decision constraints to find alternative clusterings. Due to the fact that randomly generated constraints might adversely impact the performance, we discussed the main reasons for carefully generating a subset of useful constraints, and defined two basic questions on how to generate useful constraints.
Crossed–uncrossed difference in simple reaction times to lateralized flashes: between- and within-subjects variability

In unimanual reaction times (RT) to lateralized flashes, contralateral responses tend to be slower than ipsilateral responses. This has been called Crossed‐Uncrossed DiAerence (CUD). The CUD tends to show variability across subjects and across studies, but until now the stability of the CUD in an individual subject has not been investigated. To address the role of interand intra-subject variability in the CUD, three normal right handers were tested over 50 experimental sessions of 800 trials each, for a total of 40,000 trials of simple reaction times to lateralized flashes. In each subject, CUDs were computed for each session, over two, three, or more sessions, and over the entire dataset. These CUDs were then compared to the CUDs obtained in a group of 15 normal right handers, each tested once in a single session. Results show that: (i) CUD variability across several sessions in a single subject mimics the variability observed in a sample of subjects tested in a single session; (ii) this variability is considerably reduced when the CUD is computed over at least 2400 trials per subject; (iii) CUDs computed over 2400 and up to 12,000 of trials tend to be extremely similar (02 ms) across the three subjects tested here; (iv) when reaction times are ordered from the fastest to the slowest and divided into bins, the CUD is remarkably stable over the entire reaction time distribution; and (v) in contrast to the variability of the CUD, the variability for crossed and uncrossed responses across several sessions in a single subject is small and does not mimic the variability observed in a sample of subjects tested in a single session. Taken together, these data suggest that the intersubject variability in the CUD observed in single experimental sessions does not represent a reliable intersubject diAerence and that the CUD computed over thousands of trials reflects hard-wired mechanisms of callosal transmission. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Parcellation of Human Temporal Polar Cortex: A Combined Analysis of Multiple Cytoarchitectonic, Chemoarchitectonic and Pathological Markers

Although the human temporal polar cortex (TPC), anterior to the limen insulae, is heavily involved in high-order brain functions and many neurological diseases, few studies on the parcellation and extent of the human TPC are available that have used modern neuroanatomical techniques. The present study investigated the TPC with combined analysis of several different cellular, neurochemical, and pathological markers and found that this area is not homogenous, as at least six different areas extend into the TPC, with another area being unique to the polar region. Specifically, perirhinal area 35 extends into the posterior TPC, whereas areas 36 and TE extend more anteriorly. Dorsolaterally, an area located anterior to the typical area TA or parabelt auditory cortex is distinguishable from area TA and is defined as area TAr (rostral). The polysensory cortical area located primarily in the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, separate from area TA, extends for some distance into the TPC and is defined as the TAp (polysensory). Anterior to the limen insulae and the temporal pyriform cortex, a cortical area, characterized by its olfactory fibers in layer Ia and lack of layer IV, was defined as the temporal insular cortex and named as area TI after Beck (J. Psychol. Neurol. 1934;41:129-264). Finally, a dysgranular TPC region that capped the tip with some extension into the dorsal aspect of the TPC is defined as temporopolar area TG. Therefore, the human TPC actually includes areas TAr and TI, anterior parts of areas 35, 36, TE, and TAp, and the unique temporopolar area TG.
Use of design competitions in mechatronics education

Design competitions are commonplace in courses that teach mechanical design. The competitions provide not only a structured design challenge, but also great motivation for the students to design and build a well-functioning device. This paper describes how design competitions have been integrated into mechatronics education at Georgia Tech. Three types of competitions are described. The first contests are used in the introductory mechanical design course. The course requires the students to work in teams to create a mechatronics device, so the course can also be considered an introductory mechatronics course. The second type of competitions are used in a graduate-level controls implementation course. Finally, an extracurricular contest that requires the students to build an autonomous “satellite” is described.
An algorithm and design procedure for high speed carry select adders using FPGA technology

A new algorithm and design procedure is introduced for the construction of a 32 bit adder Implementing the Field Programmable Gate Arrays technology. The algorithm is based on the carry select technique with operands partitioned into very fine slices for quick response. The slice carries, however, are propagated in a multiplexer based structure using a parallel processing technique. The aim of this parallel processing is to produce the final carry terms logarithmically, rather than linearly. It is shown that this logarithmic approach substantially reduces the carry propagation delays as the data size becomes larger, and in fact, for each doubling of the operand size only one gate delay is added to the overall time for the addition. The design is simulated and carried out using Actel/TI FPGA product libraries.
Chronic fatigue syndrome: it's tiring not knowing much--an in-depth review for occupational health professionals.

Fatigue is an incredibly common symptom in medical settings. In the Office of National Statistics Survey 2000 (1), a degree of limiting fatigue was reported by 27% of working-age adults. Although it is claimed that about three-quarters of these patients in primary care go on to develop chronic symptoms, this is at odds with the reported point prevalence of only up to 3%. The vast majority of this fatigue falls within the 'medically unexplained' (2) category yet does not meet the diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Even those that might do are often not diagnosed as such by physicans (3). As Ranjith ((4), this issue) demon- strates, there are several sets of different diagnostic criteria that make this difficult area even more complex. A primary agreement seems to be the requirement for the fatigue to have lasted for 6 months or more and to be associated with a substantial degree of impairment. It is this impairment that is the primary reason for occu- pational health involvement. Further symptoms must co- occur with the fatigue over the 6 month period (impaired memory or concentration, sore throat, tender glands, aching or stiff muscles, post-exertional fatigue, multi-joint pain, unrefreshing sleep and new headaches), although the actual number required fluctuates. Other clinically important physical causes preclude diagnosis, as do underlying serious psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia. The common co-morbidity with anxiety and depression does not rule out the diagnosis and has complicated research, treatment and policy. A lot of published work covers either less severe conditions or those with shorter duration. These con- ditions receive labels such as 'chronic-fatigue like syndrome' or 'idiopathic chronic fatigue'. A recent review covered work in Holland amongst this group of subjects
STATE DEVOLUTION, URBAN REGIMES, AND THE PRODUCTION OF GEOGRAPHIC SCALE: THE CASE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY

Regime theory attempts to understand the complexity of governance in an era of public-private cooperation. Yet because it is an explicit attempt to avoid the economism of past state theory, it struggles to understand how regimes become agents of capitalism. This study examines the process of regime formation in New Brunswick, New Jersey, by focusing on how its activities have become increasingly motivated by the expansion-exclusion dialectic of capitalism during the last 25 years. The regime's immersion into the contradictions of capitalism has transformed it into an active producer of geographic scale, and in so doing necessitated certain forms of social exclusion. Understanding urban regimes as such has become increasingly important in the context of federal-state devolution. [Key words: scale, regime theory, devolution, economic restructuring, state restructuring.]
Ultralow power trapping and fluorescence detection of single particles on an optofluidic chip

The development of on-chip methods to manipulate particles is receiving rapidly increasing attention. All-optical traps offer numerous advantages, but are plagued by large required power levels on the order of hundreds of milliwatts and the inability to act exclusively on individual particles. Here, we demonstrate a fully integrated electro-optical trap for single particles with optical excitation power levels that are five orders of magnitude lower than in conventional optical force traps. The trap is based on spatio-temporal light modulation that is implemented using networks of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides. We demonstrate the combination of on-chip trapping and fluorescence detection of single microorganisms by studying the photobleaching dynamics of stained DNA in E. coli bacteria. The favorable size scaling facilitates the trapping of single nanoparticles on integrated optofluidic chips.
Braking bad: Novel mechanisms of CTLA-4 inhibition of T cell responses

The coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a master regulator of T cell responses and its function is critical in models of transplant tolerance. The CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is also an important therapeutic target, as the costimulation blocker belatacept was recently approved for use following renal transplantation. While the traditional model of CTLA-4 coinhibition focuses on its ability to directly counteract CD28 costimulation, recently this paradigm has significantly broadened. Recent work has uncovered the ability of CTLA-4 to act as a cell-extrinsic coinhibitory molecule on CD4(+) T cell effectors. While it has been appreciated that CTLA-4 is required for FoxP3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression, current studies have elucidated important differences in the function of CTLA-4 on Tregs compared to effectors. CTLA-4 expression patterns also differ by T cell subset, with Th17 cells expressing significantly higher levels of CTLA-4. Thus, in contrast to the traditional model of CTLA-4 as a negative receptor to counter CD28 costimulation, recent work has begun to define CTLA-4 as a global regulator of T cell responses with subset-specific functions. Future studies must continue to uncover the molecular mechanisms that govern CTLA-4 function. These novel findings have implications for novel strategies to maximize the regulatory potential of CTLA-4 during allogeneic T cell responses.
The methyl ethers of 2-amino-2-deoxy sugars.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methyl ethers of 2-amino-2-deoxy sugars. Interest in the preparation of methylated derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy sugars, especially of u-glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose) and D-galactosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose) arose from the desire to apply the methylation procedure of structural determination to oligo- and poly-saccharides containing aminodeoxy sugars. The methods of synthesis of methylated derikatives of amino sugars are, in general, the same as those used for the preparation of methylated derivatives of other monosaccharides. The solubility of the starting material has governed the choice of the methylating agent, and has prompted some modifications of the classical procedures; for example, the use of dimethyl sulfate plus sodium hydroxide in dioxane solution, and of methyl iodide plus silver oxide in N , N -dimethylformamide. Most syntheses in the D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine series, using glycosides, have been carried out with α anomers. The preparation of these derivatives is simple, requiring only N -acetylation or total acetylation of the amino sugar hydrochlorides followed by glycosidation, whereas formation of the β anomers requires the preparation of the unstable O - acetylglycosyl halides as intermediates. Although, in the D-glucosamine series, the resulting methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosidies always contaminated by approximately 20% of its β anomer, it is easily purified through its 3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl, 4,6- O -benzylidene, or 6- O -triphenylmethyl (6-0-trityl) derivatives.
The Aithon board: a case study in commercialization of a student project

The Aithon board project started as a senior design project for engineering students at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The goal was to design and manufacture a robot controller board suitable for university use. One of the unexpected project outcomes was industry support to market and build the board. In this paper, we provide a technical overview of the board hardware and software, outline the strategies in marketing the board for external sponsorship, and describe educational outcomes achieved during the entire process.
Copyright Law Enforcement in Online Environment

Among a variety of enforcement strategies, copyright law enforcement function as strongest safeguard to control and eliminate copyright infringement. As traditional strategy, copyright law enforcement is fundamentally distinguished from the first type by DRM system. Because copyright law enforcement is primarily operated by judicial system and government agencies, such type of model is more powerful and overwhelming than the technology-based DRM system with respect to online copyright enforcement. In general, the copyright law enforcement system remedy the losses of copyright owners and punish infringement as an ex post enforcement strategy. Although both judicial system and the enforcement by government agencies require certain procedures and additional costs to copyright owners, the legal protection provided by copyright law enforcement is usually ultimate and determinative. Due to the reliability, copyright owners have long relied on copyright law enforcement as the major strategy to enforce their copyright throughout history. The copyright law enforcement is not a single definition. Rather, the law enforcement generally consists of civil remedies and criminal enforcement. Basically, civil remedies are granted by courts under judicial system pursuant to copyright statutes. Criminal enforcement, on the other hand, is the result of cooperation by government agencies and courts.
Does Venue Transfer Affect Outcome in Patent Litigation

Forum shopping is widespread in patent litigation because there are clear differences in outcomes among the various federal districts. Parties that are sued in a particularly disadvantageous forum often file a motion to transfer to a more convenient forum. But what happens to those cases once they are transferred? Alternately, what happens to those cases where transfer is denied? The dataset consists of patent infringement cases filed from 2006-2008 where a transfer motion was also filed (n=829). Settlement rates, merit dispositions and win rates were tracked and segregated by transfer status to see if transfer status was correlated with different outcomes. The goal of this Article is to present new data about forum shopping by patent litigants to give a richer context to the debate over forum shopping in general and serve as a basis for further investigation into its effects on judicial norms and efficiency.