cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tibial Bypass Using Complex Autologous Conduit: Patency and Limb Salvage

Over an 8-year period, we performed 93 lower extremity bypasses using complex autologous conduits, which included (1) contralateral greater saphenous vein (GSV), (2) composite GSV, (3) superficial femoral vein, (4) lesser saphenous vein, (5) cephalic or basilic veins, and (6) composite-sequential (PTFE and vein) grafts. These grafts represented 16% of all infrainguinal bypasses during this period, and all grafts were performed to treat limb-threatening ischemia. Survival, patency, and limb salvage were examined by the life-table method. Primary graft patency was 46 and 38% at 3 and 5 years. Assisted-primary patency was 62 and 59%, and secondary graft patency rates were 68 and 64% at 3 and 5 years. Twenty-nine bypasses (31%) required revision to restore or maintain patency. The 3-year limb salvage rate was significantly better when revision was performed for graft stenosis than for graft thrombosis (90% vs. 46%, p < 0.05). Overall limb salvage rate was 73% at 5 years. The mortality rate was 5.4% and the 5-year survival was 51%. Complex autologous tibial bypasses provided acceptable long-term limb salvage in patients with severe ischemia and inadequate ipsilateral GSV. The increased operating time and complexity required did not produce prohibitive operative risks. Postoperative graft surveillance in these complex vein bypasses allowed revision in many cases before graft occlusion occurred and significantly improved long-term limb salvage.
The Vicissitudes of the Mahāsammata in East Asia The Buddhist Origin Myth of Kingship and Traces of a Republican Imagination

This article discusses Buddhism’s conflicting relation with kingship through an analysis of the figure of the Mahāsammata, the first mythical ruler according to Buddhist scriptures and canonical commentaries. The Mahāsammata, literally the ‘Great Elect’, was a human being elected by the people and entrusted with keeping order in a society that was gradually becoming more complex; as such, this myth expresses an idea of kingship that is very different from Indic and East Asian theories of divine sovereignty. The Mahāsammata has been studied within the South Asian context, but very little is known about its role in East Asian Buddhism. This article offers an analysis of this figure based on sutras translated into Chinese and subsequent literature in Chinese and Japanese. It aims to show some of the ways in which the Mahāsammata and the political ideas it represents were interpreted and transformed in East Asia, also in order to gain a better understanding of the varieties of Buddhist political thought, including those with the oppositional potential (if not actual oppositional praxis) to become conceptual bases for social and political resistance.
User authentication at cyberspots

Just as color television sets and air conditioning are expected at hotels, many owners of notebook computers expect wireless Internet access to be available at restaurants, libraries, and other public spaces. This access is currently being provided on a subscription basis by third-party ISPs; for a fee via third-party ISPs and token-based systems; or as unrestricted open access. A brewing potential problem exists with unrestricted access which has led several governments to force cybercafe owners to authenticate all users on their networks. The subscription-based and token-based models already have infrastructure in place to collect user information. However, the small business owner who is offering free Internet service to his customers is at both a technological and financial disadvantage. By creating a collaborative, decentralized authentication system to be used by this segment of the cybercafe market, network security can be maintained.
A Simulation of the Effects of Varying Repetition Rate and Pulse Width of Nanosecond Discharges on Premixed Lean Methane-Air Combustion

Two-dimensional kinetic simulation has been carried out to investigate the effects of repetition rate and pulse width of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges on stabilizing premixed lean methane-air combustion. The repetition rate and pulse width are varied from 10 kHz to 50 kHz and from 9 ns to 2 ns while the total power is kept constant. The lower repetition rates provide larger amounts of radicals such as O, H, and OH. However, the effect on stabilization is found to be the same for all of the tested repetition rates. The shorter pulse width is found to favor the production of species in higher electronic states, but the varying effects on stabilization are also found to be small. Our results indicate that the total deposited power is the critical element that determines the extent of stabilization over this range of discharge properties studied.
Antiplatelets for Stroke Prevention Implications of the PRoFESS Trial

Marc Fisher MD Kennedy Lees MD Section Editors Indirect comparisons of CAPRIE, ESPS-2, and MATCH trials led many stroke experts to favor the combination of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole (ASA/ERD) over clopidogrel as the preferred antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention.1–3 The Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) study, a 2×2 factorial, double-blind, event-driven, active and placebo-controlled study of ASA/ERD versus clopidogrel, and the angiotensin receptor blocker, telmisartan, versus placebo in 20 332 patients with a recent ischemic stroke was performed to evaluate the 2 antiplatelet agents directly. No clear winner can be declared, but ASA/ERD, the presumptive favorite, has been bruised and clopidogrel’s role in stroke prevention has been partly restored. A rematch between these rivals appears unlikely. PRoFESS demonstrated that the risks of recurrent stroke or the composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death are similar with ASA/ERD and clopidogrel.4 However, increased risks of nonfatal hemorrhagic stroke and side effects leading to discontinuation of therapy were seen with ASA/ERD. Treatment with either ASA/ERD or clopidogrel did not seem to afford neuroprotection. Disability due to stroke and cognitive decline was not different between the 2 antiplatelets.5 There was no interaction between the treatment benefit of the antiplatelets and telmisartan in any outcome measure. A few editorials have already attempted to explain “What went …
An Improved Selective-Repeat ARQ Strategy

A new procedure for handling retransmissions in a selective-repeat ARQ system is proposed. This procedure can operate with a receive buffer of minimal size; in addition it places little computational load on the transmit and receive processors. The procedure is simple enough that its throughput can be calculated exactly. Analysis of this strategy shows that: 1)it yields higher throughput than earlier ARQ techniques; 2) for modest receive buffer size, its throughput differs little from channel capacity; 3) as buffer size increases, throughput approaches channel capacity. The final section of the paper considers the performance of ARQ systems on channels in which errors occur in bursts. It indicates that on reasonably good channels, error burstiness has little effect on throughput.
Epicompletion in Frames with Skeletal Maps, III: When Maps are Closed

In previous work it was shown that there is an epireflection ψ of the category of all compact normal, joinfit frames, with skeletal maps, in the full subcategory of frames which are also strongly projectable, and that ψ restricts to the epicompletion e, which is the absolute reflection on compact regular frames. In the first part of this paper it is shown that ψ is a monoreflection and that the reflection map is, in fact, closed. Restricted to coherent frames and maps, ψ A can then be characterized as the least strongly projectable, coherent, normal, joinfit frame in which A can be embedded as a closed, coherent, and skeletal subframe. The second part discusses the role of the nucleus d in this context. On algebraic frames with coherent skeletal maps d becomes an epireflection. Further, it is shown that e = d · ψ epireflects the category of coherent, normal, joinfit frames, with coherent skeletal maps, in the subcategory of those frames which are also regular and strongly projectable, which are epicomplete. The action of e is not monoreflective.
Positive‐ and Negative‐Tone CVD Polyacrylic Electron‐Beam Resists Developable by Supercritical CO2

Resist layers sensitive to electron-beam (e-beam) exposure and developable in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) can be synthesized by initiated CVD (iCVD), resulting in an all-dry lithographic process. The low energy and low temperatures of the iCVD method permit the retention of the irradiation-sensitive pendent organic functional groups, and the incorporation of the fluorinated acrylates needed for increased solubility in scCO 2 . Negative-tone contrast is realized through crosslinking of the epoxy group of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) when copolymerized with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodecafluoroheptyl acrylate (DFHA). The Fineman-Ross equation describes the systematic tuning and random nature of the composition of these iCVD films. Positive-tone contrast with non-swelling 300 nm features was achieved through the anhydride-stabilized chain-scission reactions in post-annealed iCVD copolymers of methacrylic acid (MAA) and perfluoroalkyl ethyl methacrylate (PFEMA). The CF 3 end groups in PFEMA contribute to higher scCO 2 solubility than DFHA, allowing development of PFEMA copolymers with lower content of fluorine-containing component at milder condition than DFHA copolymers.
Impact of alternative respiration and target-site mutations on responses of germinating conidia of Magnaporthe grisea to Qo-inhibiting fungicides

Qo-inhibiting fungicides act as respiration inhibitors by binding to the Qo center of cytochrome b. Sensitivities of fungi to Qo inhibitors can be influenced by the induction of alternative respiration or by mutational changes of the cytochrome b target site. Previous studies on both mechanisms in Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr were focused on the mycelial stage of the pathogen. The present study describes the expression and impact of both resistance mechanisms during the stage of conidia germination. In the absence of a host, alternative respiration provided a >500-fold rescue from azoxystrobin during the germination of conidia derived from four wild-type isolates of M grisea. This rescue potential during conidia gemination was substantially more pronounced than for mycelial growth. However, the pronounced effectiveness of alternative respiration during conidia germination was not apparent when barley leaves were protected with azoxystrobin prior to inoculation with conidia. In a comparison of a wild-type strain and an alternative respiration-deficient mutant, azoxystrobin efficacies in suppressing symptom development differed by a factor of two, with full disease control achieved for both genotypes at 1 µg ml−1 azoxystrobin. In contrast, conidia derived from two QoI-resistant target site mutants were highly resistant to azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin and fully capable of infecting leaf surfaces protected with 10 µg ml−1 of azoxystrobin. Both target-site mutants had emerged spontaneously in the presence of high azoxystrobin doses when residual mycelial growth was supported by alternative respiration. The effective silencing of alternative respiration in protective applications of Qo-inhibiting fungicides might constitute a strategy of slowing the emergence of highly resistant target site mutants. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Sesbania exaltata biocontrol with Colletotrichum truncatum microsclerotia formulated in 'Pesta' granules

The weed Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill (hemp sesbania) was effectively controlled in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) field test plots over a 2-year testing period (1995-1996) with microsclerotia of the bioherbicidal fungus, Colletotrichum truncatum, formulated in wheat gluten-kaolin granules called 'Pesta'. Weed control averaged 84% and 88%, respectively, in plots treated pre-plant incorporated (PPI) at 'Pesta' rates of 168 or 336 kg ha )1 , and 71% and 78%, respectively, in plots treated pre-emergence (PE) at 'Pesta' rates of 168 or 336 kg ha )1 over the testing period. Post-emergence (POE) control averaged 30% and 50%, respectively, for the 168 and 336 kg ha )1 treatments, and was significantly less effective than either PE or PPI treatments. Although pathogenesis and mortality occurred in hemp sesbania tissues, satisfactory weed control was not achieved in plots treated at rates of 17 or 84 kg ha )1 with any of the application methods. Soybean yields were significantly greater in test plots treated PPI or PE, as compared to yields from test plots treated either POE, with inert 'Pesta' granules, or from untreated controls. Microsclerotia formulated in 'Pesta' granules exhibited excellent shelf-life, retaining high viability after storage for 10 years at 4 C. These results suggest that microsclerotia of C. truncatum formulated in 'Pesta' granules offers an effective method for controlling this important weed and preserving the activity of this bioherbicide.
Out of Flatland: towards 3-D visual programming

The tantalizing potential of so-called visual and iconic programming remains largely unfulfilled because of several unresolved issues. After briefly enumerating the open problems, we review the BLOX methodology which we recently introduced in an effort to overcome some of them. BLOX has been presented in the literature to date in terms of multiple planar diagrams, which impart to the methodology what may be termed a 2.5-dimensional appearance. In the main part of this paper, we show that this is actually but a special, restricted case of the general methodology, which naturally encompasses three dimensions and more. We then argue that it is often unnatural for programmers to compose programs, to view data structures, and to perform other computer-related activities, in less than 3-D.
Polypsecadium apolobamba (Brassicaceae), a New Species from Bolivia

Polypsecadium apolobamba Al-Shehbaz & A. Fuentes (Brassicaceae), a new species from Bolivia, is described and illustrated. It is readily distinguished from the other Bolivian species P. harmsianum (Muschler) O. E. Schulz by having uniseriate seeds, pilose leaves, and longer fruits, and from P. rusbyi (Britton) Al-Shehbaz by having shorter non-torulose fruits, smaller petals, and shorter and curved fruiting pedicels.
High-frequency reverberation in shallow water

Monostatic reverberation measurements were collected in shallow water, over a coarse gravel and cobble bottom, 100 m deep, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Data were collected at frequencies of 21, 28, and 36 kHz using linear FM pulses of 2-kHz bandwidth and 0.160-s duration. An anchored, high-frequency active sonar array deployed at a depth of 42 m was used to collect the data. The reverberation measurements were compared with estimates computed with the NUWC generic sonar model (GSM). The data were reasonably well modeled for times greater than 0.2 s after pulse transmission by neglecting surface reverberation and using Lambert's rule for bottom backscattering with a scattering coefficient of -27 dB, independent of frequency. At all three frequencies, the data and model show a peak approximately 0.9 s after pulse transmission. This peak results from a focusing effect that the downward-refracting sound-speed profile has on the interaction of the rays with the bottom.
The fast Fourier transform for experimentalists. Part I. Concepts

The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) provides a means for transforming data sampled in the time domain to an expression of this data in the frequency domain. The inverse transform reverses the process, converting frequency data into time-domain data. Such transformations can be applied in a wide variety of fields, from geophysics to astronomy, from the analysis of sound signals to CO/sub 2/ concentrations in the atmosphere. Over the course of three articles, our goal is to provide a convenient summary that the experimental practitioner will find useful. In the first two parts of this article, we'll discuss concepts associated with the fast Fourier transform (FFT), an implementation of the DFT. In the third part, we'll analyze two applications: a bat chirp and atmospheric sea-level pressure differences in the Pacific Ocean.
Release of lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase from isolated human eosinophils☆

The human eosinophil contains lysosomal enzymes that can contribute directly to tissue injury and inflammation. Characterization of lysosomal-enzyme release from the eosinophil has been largely limited to isolates from patients with hypereosinophilia. Because eosinophils from such individuals may not demonstrate normal functional responses, we established a method to obtain purified, normal human eosinophils with a Percoll gradient. With this method, it is possible to isolate eosinophils (95.5 +/- 3.9%) and neutrophils (greater than 99%) in high purity from normal subjects. With these granulocyte isolates, we evaluated and compared release of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase (BG), after cell activation with opsonized zymosan particles. Neutrophils released 33.0 +/- 1.2% (mean +/- SEM; n = 5) of total BG (30 minutes of incubation with zymosan), whereas eosinophil secretion was 24.2 +/- 1.7% (n = 5). The fungal metabolite, cytochalasin B (CB), which inhibits microfilament activity, enhanced BG secretion from neutrophils (33.0 +/- 1.2% to 42.8 +/- 2.8% with CB; p less than 0.01). In contrast, CB had no effect on eosinophil BG release. Interestingly, BG content in eosinophils is 101.2 +/- 3.9 micrograms phenolphthalein per 10(6) cells per 18 hours, which compares to a neutrophil level of 51.0 +/- 3.2 (p less than 0.001). Thus, although eosinophils and neutrophils release a similar percentage of total cellular BG on stimulation with zymosan particles, the absolute amount of enzyme per cell is greater in the eosinophil than in the neutrophil. Study of eosinophil function promises to elicit a more complete insight into its contribution to tissue injury.
Electoral Support for Community Growth Management Policy

Objectives. This study seeks to explain the variation in voter support for growth management policy. Interest group theory of local politics and property rights is used as a theoretical framework to explore how competing pro-growth and anti-growth interests influence the level of electoral support at the ballot box. Methods. Survey data collected from local planning officials in Massachusetts are analyzed using a two-stage Heckman selection model. Results. The results indicate that development competition has a negative effect and controversy over development a positive effect on the probability of a community placing growth management policy on the local ballot. The analysis further indicates that environmental interests and suburban communities have a positive influence on the percentage of votes cast in favor of conservation-oriented growth management policy. Neighborhood-based interests, on the other hand, have a negative influence on voter support. Conclusions. The findings suggest that compared to the normal legislative process, ballot-box voting allows anti-growth and localized interests the opportunity to craft proposals and then mobilize support for policy changes.
Vapor-grown carbon fibers

Long before the invention of the electron microscope allowed the discovery of filamentous carbon, or before the march of polymer technology empowered engineers to make the first rayon-based carbon fibers, primitive technology existed for the preparation of vapor-grown fibers. The 1889 patent of Hughes and Chambers [1] which describes the growth of “hair-like carbon filaments” utilized a feedstock of hydrogen and methane pyrolyzed in an iron crucible. The fibers were thought to be suitable for electric light bulb filaments, but lack of modern process controls made them uncompetitive.
Summary Writing: A Tool to Improve Student Comprehension and Writing in Psychology

A psychology instructor and a Writing Across the Curriculum director used summary writing to improve text comprehension and develop student writing skills. The mean score on the final exam for the ...
Air Gap Response of Floating Structures: Statistical Predictions Versus Observed Behavior

Summary and Conclusions • A new, fractile-based approach has been proposed to deﬁnean ampliﬁcation factor,b p , on extreme wave crest levels due todiffraction. This is calculated as the rms-ratio between input andoutput peaks in all wave cycles ~Eq. ~8!!. The scaling factor re-sulting from this new approach is found to describe the outputfractile results quite well, even at extreme levels within the 18 hof seastate test results, e.g. Figs. 5–7.• Figure 8 shows that the largest observed ampliﬁcation,roughly 1.4, is found at location 1 ~in front of the up-wave col-umn; see Fig. 1!. Other near-column locations ~4, 5, 6, and 9!show ampliﬁcation factors of roughly 1.2. As might be expected,somewhat greater ampliﬁcations generally occur for the smallerT P case ~with shorter wavelengths, hence larger relative effect ofthe structure!. The largest ampliﬁcations, however, at the near-column locations are relatively constant for the two T P cases con-sidered.• An analogous ampliﬁcation factor, b
Chlamydial Infection Induces Pathobiotype-Specific Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Epithelial Cells

Members of the genus Chlamydia are strict obligate intracellular pathogens that exhibit marked differences in host range and tissue tropism despite sharing a remarkable level of genomic synteny. These pathobiotype differences among chlamydiae are also mirrored in their early interactions with cultured mammalian host cells. Chlamydial attachment and entry is known to trigger protein tyrosine phosphorylation. In this study, we examined the kinetics and pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by infection with a comprehensive collection of chlamydial strains exhibiting diversity in host, tissue, and disease tropisms. We report new findings showing that protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns induced by infection directly correlate with the pathobiotype of the infecting organism. Patterns of protein tyrosine phosphorylation were induced following early infection that unambiguously categorized chlamydial pathobiotypes into four distinct groups: (i) Chlamydia trachomatis trachoma biovars (serovars A to H), (ii) C. trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum biovars (serovars L1 to L3), (iii) C. muridarum, and (iv) C. pneumoniae and C. caviae. Notably, chlamydia-infected murine and human epithelial cells exhibited the same protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns; this is indirect evidence suggesting that the phosphorylated protein(s) is of chlamydial origin. If our hypothesis is correct, these heretofore-uncharacterized proteins may represent a novel class of bacterial molecules that influence pathogen-host range or tissue tropism.
Loss of expression of alcohol dehydrogenase in adult males of Drosophila pachea.

Drosophila pachea, a member of the nannoptera species group, is a cactophilic species endemic to the Sonoran Desert of North America (Heed, 1978). Drosophila pachea breeds and feeds in necrotic tissue of a specific host cactus, senita (Lophocereus schottii), which produces phytosterols necessary for its normal development (Heed and Kircher, 1965; Fogleman et al.,1986). During the course of a study on the population genetics of Sonoran Desert Drosophila we noticed that the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) was not expressed in mature adult males of D. pachea, although high activity was seen in females. The pattern was consistent in flies collected from widely separated localities. In the present Note we describe the relative expression of ADH in different life history stages of D. pachea and the time course of suppression of enzyme activity in adult males. We also show that the sex-specific suppression in ADH activity is not a characteristic of the other members of the nannoptera species group, D. nannoptera, D. acanthoptera, and D. wassermani. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of ADH activity in adult females of D. pachea is not localized in the ovaries and, in addition, show that enzyme activity in adult males can be induced with short-term exposure to exogenous ethanol.
Multimedia Mapping on the Internet and Language Documentation: New Directions in Interdisciplinarity

This paper explores the ways in which two distinct areas of inquiry—multimedia mapping, a sub-discipline of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) geography, and linguistics—can mutually inform and benefit from each other. This mutual enhancement is located within the context of opportunities and challenges encountered in a smaller, Master’s Intensive university context, where interdisciplinary collaboration is particularly important for discipline survival and innovation, but where resources and appropriate training, education and skills-application environments may be difficult to come by. We illustrate the potentials (and challenges) of this cross-disciplinarity through a case study of ongoing documentation and geo-visualization of endangered indigenous languages in lower Manang, Nepal.
The effect of smoking on serum human placental lactogen levels

Abstract Serial serum samples (162) were drawn weekly from normal pregnant women (53) during the last month of gestation and measurements were made of the human placental lactogen (HPL) content. The women were interviewed as to their smoking habits and divided into nonsmokers (32) and smokers of from one to two packages of cigarettes per day (21). The infant birth weight and placental weights were not significantly different. The HPL levels were elevated in the women who smoked and the differences were significant at the thirty-sixth and thirty-eight weeks. The importance of this in interpreting HPL as a placental function test and in terms of the biology of placental function and the control of protein hormone synthesis is emphasized.
Teaching Social Studies to These Students in This Place: Exploring Place in Social Studies Teacher Education

Place refers not merely to the physical but also the social and cultural attributes of particular settings. The absence of place in the conceptualization and enactment of social studies methods courses is troubling. To ignore this dynamic is to remain unaware of the ways in which students’ and teachers’ place-based identities inform their experience of social studies curriculum and pedagogy. In our chapter we provide an overview essential notions of place and an argument for the value of teaching from a place-based theoretical framework. We then provide examples from both rural and urban teacher education perspectives to help make the theoretical constructs come to life.
North American Species of Galeropsis, Gyrophragmium, Longia, and Montagnea

(1943). North American Species of Galeropsis, Gyrophragmium, Longia, and Montagnea. Mycologia: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 409-421.
Implicit and Explicit Drug Motivational Processes: A Model of Boundary Conditions

The model proposed in this paper is an attempt to suggest mechanisms and structures that are involved in both implicit and explicit processing of drug motivational information, and to propose when and how these mechanisms are recruited. To support this model, we first review research on negative and positive reinforcement mechanisms that establish the potent but often-implicit drug-use motivation in drug-dependent users. Next, we integrate basic cognitive neuroscience research on the cognitive control of behavior to understand how boundary conditions are imposed on these implicit motivational processes via the recruitment of attention (i.e., what constrains their occurrence and influence). Finally, model implications are proposed to guide theory and research on drug-use motivation and craving.
Voiding Function After Midurethral Slings With and Without Local Anesthetic: Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the effect of periurethral infiltration of bupivacaine versus normal saline on postoperative voiding function and pain in patients undergoing retropubic midurethral sling METHODS: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was performed at the University of Massachusetts from March 2012 to June 2015. Ninety patients were randomized to receive 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine or normal saline with epinephrine solution for periurethral hydrodissection. Postoperative pain was assessed at 2 to 3 and 6 to 7 hours using a visual analog scale. Voiding function was determined by the proportion of subjects passing or failing a voiding trial. Descriptive statistics and percentages were used to compare the rate of voiding dysfunction. A logistic regression analysis was performed adjusting for possible covariates. RESULTS Ninety subjects enrolled and 45 were randomized to each group. Thirty-nine subjects received the normal saline and 41 received bupivacaine. The remaining 10 withdrew before the procedure. Pain scores at 2 to 3 hours did not differ between the groups (P = 0.837), but at 6 to 7 hours, patients who received bupivacaine had less pain (P = 0.028). There was no difference in voiding dysfunction between the study and placebo groups (17.9% and 24.4%, respectively; P = 0.481). Because of the unavailability of indigo carmine midway through the study, 36 of 80 subjects received preoperative phenazopyridine for the assessment of ureteral patency. Three (8%) of these subjects failed their voiding trial compared with 19 (30%) of the patients who did not receive phenazopyridine (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS The use of bupivacaine did not affect postoperative voiding function but had lower pain scores at 6 to 7 hours postoperatively. Preoperative phenazopyridine may reduce postoperative urinary retention.
Is classical mechanics a prerequisite for learning physics of the 20th century

Physics of the 20th century has contributed significantly to modern technology, and yet many physics students are never availed the opportunity to study it as part of the curriculum. One of the possible reasons why it is not taught in high school and introductory physics courses could be because curriculum designers believe that students need a solid background in classical mechanics and calculus in order to study physics of the 20th century such as the photoelectric effect, special and general relativity, the uncertainty principle, etc. This presumption may not be justifiable or valid. The authors of this paper contend that teaching physics of the 20th century aids students in relating physics to modern technology and the real world, making studying physics exciting. In this study, the authors correlated scores for matched questions in the Mechanics Baseline Test and a physics of the 20th century test in order to examine the trend of the scores. The participants included undergraduate students attending an introductory algebra-based physics course with no intention of taking physics at a higher level. The analysis of the scores showed no significant correlation for any of the matched pairs of questions. The purpose of this article is to recommend that even without a solid background in classical mechanics, teachers can introduce physics of the 20th century to their students for increased interest.
Scattering and emission models for microwave remote sensing of snow using numerical solutions of maxwell equations

Snowpack consists of ice grains that are densely packed in the wavelength scale at microwave frequencies so that the coherent microwave interactions among the ice grains are important in microwave signatures. We have used Numerical Maxwell Model of 3D simulations (NMM3D) of random media / discrete scatterer to study such interactions. In the partial coherent model of Dense Media Radiative Transfer (DMRT), we use NMM3D to calculate the effective propagation constants, the extinction coefficients and the phase matrices. These are then used in radiative transfer equations to calculate the emission and backscattering signatures. In the fully coherent model, we use NMM3D to calculate the bistatic scattering and emissivity for a layer of snow pack over the ground. Using the fully coherent approach, we calculate the complex scattering amplitudes from the snowpack, including both magnitude and phase. In microstructure characterization of snow, we have used 2 models a) densely packed scatters of sticky particles or multiple sizes, and b) computer generated bicontinuous media. Both models can be characterized by correlation functions. In this paper, we also describe the recent simulated results for tomography and co-polarization phase differences of anisotropic dense media.
Injection capability of delta connected STATCOM in imbalanced situations

In this paper we investigate limitations of delta connected multilevel STATCOMs based on chain links of H bridge cells/modules in compensation of positive sequence reactive and/or negative sequence currents. Particular attention is paid on the effect of grid voltage imbalance on balance of arm capacitor voltages and required supplementary zero and/or negative sequence current injections.
Reply to the review by Ístvan Bátori of Lockwood, David G., 1993. Morphological analysis and description: A realizational approach

L'A. repond a un certain nombre de critiques emises par I. Batori sur son travail intitule Morphological analysis and description : a realizational approach. L'A. examine plus particulierement les critiques portant sur la recursion dans les formules de construction, le traitement des morphemes discontinus, le conditionnement discontinu, et souligne leur manque de fondement. Il observe egalement des citations inexactes de la part de Batori, qui entrainent des commentaires errones
Model Validation for Propulsion - On the TFNS and LES Subgrid Models for a Bluff Body Stabilized Flame

With advances in computational power and availability of distributed computers, the use of even the most complex of turbulent chemical interaction models in combustors and coupled analysis of combustors and turbines is now possible and more and more affordable for realistic geometries. Recent more stringent emission standards have enticed the development of more fuel-efficient and low-emission combustion system for aircraft gas turbine applications. It is known that the NOx emissions tend to increase dramatically with increasing flame temperature. It is well known that the major difficulty, when modeling the turbulence-chemistry interaction, lies in the high non-linearity of the reaction rate expressed in terms of the temperature and species mass fractions. The transport filtered density function (FDF) model and the linear eddy model (LEM), which both use local instantaneous values of the temperature and mass fractions, have been shown to often provide more accurate results of turbulent combustion. In the present, the time-filtered Navier-Stokes (TFNS) approach capable of capturing unsteady flow structures important for turbulent mixing in the combustion chamber and two different subgrid models, LEM-like and EUPDF-like, capable of emulating the major processes occurring in the turbulence-chemistry interaction will be used to perform reacting flow simulations of a selected test case. The selected test case from the Volvo Validation Rig was documented by Sjunnesson.
A naturally occurring recombinant enterovirus expresses a torovirus deubiquitinase

Enteroviruses (EVs) are implicated in a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. In this study, a novel enterovirus (enterovirus species G [EVG]) (EVG 08/NC_USA/2015) was isolated from a diagnostic sample from a neonatal pig diarrhea case and identified by using metagenomics and complete genome sequencing. The viral genome shares 75.4% nucleotide identity with a prototypic EVG strain (PEV9 UKG/410/73). Remarkably, a 582-nucleotide insertion, flanked by 3Cpro cleavage sites at the 5' and 3' ends, was found in the 2C/3A junction region of the viral genome. This insertion encodes a predicted protease with 54 to 68% amino acid identity to torovirus (ToV) papain-like protease (PLP) (ToV-PLP). Structural homology modeling predicts that this protease adopts a fold and a catalytic site characteristic of minimal PLP catalytic domains. This structure is similar to those of core catalytic domains of the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader protease and coronavirus PLPs, which act as deubiquitinating and deISGylating (interferon [IFN]-stimulated gene 15 [ISG15]-removing) enzymes on host cell substrates. Importantly, the recombinant ToV-PLP protein derived from this novel enterovirus also showed strong deubiquitination and deISGylation activities and demonstrated the ability to suppress IFN-β expression. Using reverse genetics, we generated a ToV-PLP knockout recombinant virus. Compared to the wild-type virus, the ToV-PLP knockout mutant virus showed impaired growth and induced higher expression levels of innate immune genes in infected cells. These results suggest that ToV-PLP functions as an innate immune antagonist; enterovirus G may therefore gain fitness through the acquisition of ToV-PLP from a recombination event.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses comprise a highly diversified group of viruses. Genetic recombination has been considered a driving force for viral evolution; however, recombination between viruses from two different orders is a rare event. In this study, we identified a special case of cross-order recombination between enterovirus G (order Picornavirales) and torovirus (order Nidovirales). This naturally occurring recombination event may have broad implications for other picornaviral and/or nidoviral species. Importantly, we demonstrated that the exogenous ToV-PLP gene that was inserted into the EVG genome encodes a deubiquitinase/deISGylase and potentially suppresses host cellular innate immune responses. Our results provide insights into how a gain of function through genetic recombination, in particular cross-order recombination, may improve the ability of a virus to evade host immunity.
Supramolecular reinforcement of styrene-butadiene rubber composites

Abstract A strategy of supramolecular reinforcement of elastomers is conceptualized and demonstrated. Amphiphile A consisting of a β-alanine oleophobic motif and a pentadecyl oleophilic motif is designed to self-assemble in a continuous rubber phase to form discrete micelle-type structures under high-temperature processing conditions and crystallize upon cooling to form supramolecular reinforcing particles dispersed in the rubber phase. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites reinforced by A are prepared and vulcanized using conventional rubber processing methods. The hierarchical structure and morphology of the assemblies of A in the vulcanized SBR composites are studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. In the SBR continuous phase, A forms β-sheets, and the β-sheets stack to form crystals. At a filler loading of 5 phr (parts per hundred rubber), the β-sheet crystalline domains of A are whisker-like with the short dimensions on the order of a few to a few tens of nanometers and the long dimension on the order of a few hundred nanometers. The whisker-like crystalline domains aggregate to form globules of the size of hundreds of nanometers to micrometers at higher filler loadings (10–20 phr). Tensile test shows that A does improve strength at break, strain at break, and toughness of the reinforced SBR composites in comparison to gum SBR. The best reinforcement, as measured by toughness of the vulcanized rubber composite, is achieved at 5 phr filler loading, where the toughness is increased to nearly 3 times as high as that of the vulcanized gum SBR.
Transversus Abdominis Release

Transversus abdominis release is one of the hernia repair techniques used to achieve additional tissue release for the aim of primary fascial closure. It is often utilized in the setting of a large ventral hernia, loss of abdominal wall domain, and off-midline hernia defects. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Mapping Islam in the Philippines: Moro Anxieties of the Spanish Empire in the Pacific

When Spaniards arrived in the Philippines at the beginning of the sixteenth century, they were surprised by the presence of Muslim communities in the South of the archipelago. From that moment on, a number of Spanish colonial agents wrote about different aspects of Christian-Muslim contact in the remote area of the Spanish empire to analyze it for themselves as well as for the authorities of the Iberian Peninsula.
Kuhn―Grün analysis of polarized Rayleigh and Raman scattering experiments to deduce segmental orientation in polymeric systems

The intensity of Rayleigh and Raman scattered light from molecular structural units is proportional to the quadratic polarizability tensor and the derived polarizability tensor, respectively. The orientation of the polymer skeletal backbone is directly related to the orientation of the scattering structural units comprising it. The mathematical structure of the quadratic scattering tensors for a single Kuhn bond are deduced in terms of the unit vector along a Kuhn bond from symmetry considerations alone (Boehler 1987). Subsequent application of the Kuhn–Grun conditional probability analysis (Kuhn and Grun, Kolloid Z 101:248–271, 1942), which uses a freely jointed chain model, yields a general expression for the quadratic Raman and polarizability tensors for a single chain segment with five independent terms. Each term is multiplied by a spectroscopic parameter that is a complex function of the intrinsic spectroscopic tensors and the orientation distribution of monomers within an elementary Kuhn bond. A small stretch analysis of the Kuhn–Grun representation of the quadratic polarizability reveals that independent fourth moments of the segmental orientation distribution function can only be determined experimentally when the deformation or stretch of the flexible polymer is large and finite, thus severely restricting a primary advantage of the Raman and Rayleigh scattering methods. A general segmental additivity theorem is rigorously proven which demonstrates that polarized scattering experiments physically reflect the average orientation and stretch of flexible polymer skeletal backbone segments, or sub-segments, independent of chain architecture or molecular weight. Constitutive equations are fundamentally constructed to determine Kuhn bond orientation and are intrinsically related to the Kuhn–Grun analysis. The decoupling approximation, which is always invoked in Doi–Edwards type models of entangled polymeric liquids, is examined in light of the Kuhn–Grun analysis.
INITIATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE T7 DNA REPLICATION

ABSTRACT The reactions occurring at the replication fork of bacteriophage T7 DNA can be partially reconstituted using purified T7 DNA polymerase and T7 gene 4 protein. Lagging strand synthesis is initiated by the synthesis of RNA primers, a reaction catalyzed by the gene 4 protein. The gene 4 protein binds to single-stranded DNA and translocates along the DNA in a 5′ to 3′ direction. Upon reaching a specific recognition site, the gene 4 protein catalyzes the synthesis of tetraribonucleotide primers complementary to the template. Using DNAs of known sequence we have shown the predominant recognition sequence for the gene 4 protein to be 3′-CTGGG-5′ or 3′-CTGGT-5′; the products of synthesis at these sites are RNA primers having the sequence pppACCC or pppACCA. The sequences, 3′-CTGGA/C-5′ and 3′-CTGTN-5′, are also used but less frequently. Extension of these primers by T7 DNA polymerase constitutes the initial stage of lagging strand synthesis.
Ligand and metal effects on the heats of protonation of organometallic compounds

Titration calorimetry has been used to determine the enthalpies of protonation (AHHM) of twenty two Cp'M(PR3)(PR'3)X complexes (Cp' = TI®. CgHgCCp) or i^S-CgMesCCp*); M = Ru, Os; PR3 = PPha, PPhgMe, PPhMe2, PMes, P(0Et)3, dppm, dppe, dppp; X = H, CI, Br, I) with CP3SO3H in 1,2dichloroethane solution at 25.0 °C to give Cp'M(PR3)(PR'3)(XXH)+CF3S03-. Systematically changing the ligands and/or the metal in these complexes has yielded AHHM values for protonation at the metal that range from -14.1 kcal/mol for CpOs(PPh3)2l to -39.2 kcal/mol for CpOs(PPh2Me)2H. Metal basicities (AHHM) of the CpOs(PPh3)2X complexes correlate linearly with the gas phase proton affinities of the X ligands, both of which increase in the order: I* < Br < CI" « H*. Substitution of a halide ligand with a hydride causes the metal basicity to increase by as much as 23.2 kcal/mol. The basiddties of CpOs(PPh3)(PR3)Br complexes increase in the order: P(0Et)3 < PPh3 < PMes. There is a linear correlation between the basidties (AHHM) of the CpOs(PR3)2Br complexes and the basidties (AHHP) of their PR3 ligands. In a series of complexes, the Cp* ligand increases the basidty of the metal by 5.5-9.0 kcal/mol over that of the corresponding Cp derivative, and Os complexes are 6.0-8.5 kcal/mol more basic than analogous Ru complexes. Basidties of the CpOs(PR3)2Br and CpRu(PR3)2H complexes are reduced when the protonated product is forced to have the cis, rather than trans, structure by a small-ring chelating diphosphine ligand (dppm). These studies
Experience replay–based output feedback Q‐learning scheme for optimal output tracking control of discrete‐time linear systems

Summary This paper focuses on solving the adaptive optimal tracking control problem for discrete‐time linear systems with unknown system dynamics using output feedback. A Q‐learning‐based optimal a...
Contribution of STAT3 to Activation of Survivin by Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in CD34+ Cells.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to specifically stimulate proliferation and differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Although STAT3 was thought to be essential for the transduction of GM-CSF-induced cell proliferation, the downstream signaling mediated by STAT3 to support cell proliferation and growth has not been completely understood. Because the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) survivin is believed to regulate cell proliferation and survival via its anti-apoptotic function, we chose to study the link between STAT3 signaling and survivin expression in CD34+ cells. We constructed plasmids containing the survivin promoter sequence and performed luciferase reporter assay in CD34+ KG-1 cells stimulated with GM-CSF. These experiments showed that GM-CSF stimulated survivin promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that STAT3 binds to the core survivin promoter containing a STAT response element (SRE) TT(N) 5 AA at sites −264 to −256. Mutation or deletion of this SRE completely abolished the effect of GM-CSF on survivin promoter activity. Furthermore, specific JAK inhibitor and STAT3 siRNA inhibited GM-CSF-induced survivin promoter activity and survivin expression. Inhibition of survivin by STAT3 siRNA or by withdrawal of GM-CSF in a GM-CSF-dependent CD34+ line TF-1 resulted in decreased cell growth and induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that the anti-apoptotic protein survivin is a transcriptional target of STAT3, and that GM-CSF stimulated-CD34+ cell proliferation is regulated by the JAK/STAT3/survivin signaling pathway.