cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of attachment in the relationship between child maltreatment and later emotional and behavioral functioning

The experience of childhood maltreatment is an important predictor of unfavorable emotional and behavioral outcomes. Because little research examined explanatory variables in the relationship between childhood maltreatment experiences and later outcomes, this study examined the role that attachment serves in this relationship. Four hundred twenty-four participants completed questionnaires assessing the variables of interest for this study. Results indicated that both childhood maltreatment experiences (particularly emotional abuse) and attachment (particularly to mothers and peers) are significant predictors of later emotional and behavioral outcomes. Further, attachment contributed unique and significant variance to the relationship between childhood maltreatment experiences and later outcomes. Such findings suggested that secure attachment may serve as a protective factor against maladaptive emotional and behavioral outcomes as children reach emerging adulthood, even in the context of childhood maltreatment experiences. The importance of studying the relationships among these variables is discussed.
Differences between rod-and-frame test distributions of psychiatric inpatients and college students: A partial resolution

Comprehension of task instructions was evaluated as a possible causative factor for marked differences in previously reported distributions of RFT scores between psychiatric inpatient and college student samples. For 100 male and 118 female patients, RFT scores were examined as a function of errors on a simple four-item task instruction questionnaire. For both sexes, questionnaire errors resulted in increased field dependence, with males being significantly more field independent than females. Although RFT scores of error-free questionnaire patients more closely approximated those of college students, some differences apparently remain, requiring further empirical investigative efforts.
Glycerol diphosphate disaccharide-pentapeptide: a functional group of the lipid intermediate in cell wall glycopeptide synthesis.

Abstract Glycerol diphosphate disaccharide-pentapeptide has been isolated as a degradation product of a phospholipid intermediate in cell wall glycopeptide synthesis. Thus, the disaccharide-pentapeptide is linked to a glycerol residue in the phospholipid through a pyrophosphate bridge.
Mesoscopic ring in a magnetic field: Reactive and dissipative response

The response of a normal-metal ring threaded by a magnetic field and coupled to a dissipative external bath is studied via the Kubo formalism. Unlike in a wire, the diamagnetic contribution to the induced current in a multiply connected geometry is not completely canceled by the paramagnetic term, resulting in a persistent current in the ring. We find a nonzero reactive response Im\ensuremath{\sigma} which is a periodic function of the flux through the ring with period ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$=hc/e for a single ring, but a period of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$/2 for an array of disconnected rings. The residual diamagnetic effects also contribute to intraband scattering in the ring. It is shown that the minimum in the dissipative response Re\ensuremath{\sigma} for zero flux seen in experiments is obtained upon a proper inclusion of intraband scattering (often omitted) in addition to the usual interband scattering. A new regime appears in the response functions where quantum size effects, i.e., a sensitivity to the discreteness of the energy levels, are probed when the broadening of levels \ensuremath{\gamma} and the temperature T are much less than the typical spacing between levels \ensuremath{\delta}E.
A mechanism of propagule release from unilocular reproductive structures in brown algae

The structure of unilocular sporangia inP. littoralis was investigated along with several other species of brown algae in order to study the mechanism by which propagules are released from unilocular reproductive structures. Unilocular sporangia inP. littoralis are composed of a spherical cell wall of two distinct layers and contain a number of zoospores. The mass of spores is surrounded and permeated by mucilaginous carbohydrates. It is suggested that the production of these carbohydrates generates the necessary pressure to weaken the sporangial wall. In addition, ultrastructural observations indicate that further weakening seems to occur due to digestion of the inner wall layer. Walls of sporangia were mechanically broken just prior to normal spore release in order to investigate whether internal pressure exists, and if it can effect spore discharge. Results show that an internal pressure does exist prior to normal spore discharge and that this pressure is not generated by turgor pressure of the spores themselves or by a semi-permeable wall osmoticum system. The discharge of spores seems to occur when the carbohydrate around the spores swells. The adsorption of water when plants are immersed by the incoming tide thus seems a likely mechanism of spore discharge. The similarities of unilocular reproductive structures and spore release in several brown algal species suggests common mechanisms of propagule discharge for members of thePhaeophyta.
Pedicel-fruit retention force in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) varies with genotype and year

Abstract Sweet cherry is one of the most labor-intensive fruit crops due to the small fruit size, large tree structure, and need to harvest the fruit manually. To enable adoption of mechanical or mechanical-assisted harvest, it is necessary to develop sweet cherries with low retention force between pedicel and fruit. Many commercial sweet cherry cultivars and F 1 seedlings were assessed for pedicel-fruit retention force (PFRF) and fruit quality attributes in 2009, 2010 and 2011. PFRF in sweet cherry cultivars and F 1 seedlings displayed continuous distribution, suggesting that PFRF is a quantitative trait. The effects of genotype and year were significant as well as the interaction between genotype and year (G × Y) ( p p 1 seedlings (561 ± 234 g in 2009 and 884 ± 281 g in 2010) compared to their parents and/or commercial cultivars (814 ± 295 g in 2009 and 1029 ± 311 g in 2010) suggests that PFRF can be reduced through breeding. Correlations between PFRF and fruit quality attributes were generally low (correlation coefficients of −0.12 to 0.10), suggesting that it will be possible to combine low PFRF and excellent fruit traits through strategic hybridization.
Passive immunization: the forgotten arm of immunologically based strategies for disease containment.

Passive immunization provides temporary protection in a naive subject who has been exposed to an infectious pathogen when vaccination is unavailable or has not been given before exposure. Despite the recent attention that has been given to adult-directed vaccines, antibody-based therapeutic strategies have received little discussion yet remain an important part of infectious disease containment. This review examines some of the more common clinical situations in which an obstetrician-gynecologist may need to have expertise related to passive immunization. Potential future uses for this modality are presented.
Treatment of primary neoplasms of the trachea. The role of radiation therapy.

Background. Primary tracheal tumors are a rare malignancy. Before 1960, most patients had a biopsy, followed by external orthovoltage irradiation or radon seed implantation. Advances in surgery and in radiation therapy during the past three decades have allowed more patients to undergo definitive treatment. Methods. Between 1957 and 1988, 22 patients with primary tracheal malignancy were treated with curative intent at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Five patients underwent primary surgical resection (Group 1), 5 patients had surgical resection and adjuvant irradiation (Group 2), and 12 patients had primary irradiation (Group 3). Results. Median survival times were 26 months for all patients; 16 months for Group 1; 61 months for Group 2; and 26 months for Group 3
A Note on Compensation Schemes

In general, an economic reform wins unanimous support only if it incorporates a scheme of compensation. It is widely believed that (a) all lump-sum compensations: (i) have impractical information requirements about the technology of firms and the preferences of households, or (ii) are not manipulation-proof. (b) Non-lumpsum compensations constitute feasible alternatives. Further to the dissenting views of Kemp and Wan, this note makes two points: The first is that in a realistic model with overlapping generations, there is a lump-sum compensation scheme which is manipulation-proof. The second is that the presence of multiple equilibria may create havoc for a non-lumpsum compensation scheme. In real life, we have no information to rule out multiplicity.
Potentiostatically Enhanced Complexation Model for the Determination of Isopotential Equilibrium Curves

A potentiostatically enhanced complexation model for open systems has been developed that describes the adsorption of heavy metal ions under different pH conditions and forcing electrostatic potentials. This model is based on the so-called complex formation models, and it assumes adsorption of only free ionic species, existence of one type of adsorption site, and limited adsorption site availability. The results show that potentially enhanced adsorption processes can be used for the adsorption of heavy metal ions at pH conditions where adsorption is weak, yet potentials are small enough to avoid reduction and plating, and also electrolysis of water. Moreover desorption can be achieved by turning off the applied potential or by reversing it, thereby avoiding the use of additional chemicals, e.g., a strong acid, to achieve regeneration.
Playbook vs. Textbook: Examining Academic Transitioning of NCAA Division I-FBS Football Student-Athletes

The athletic transition of freshman student-athletes receives a plethora of media attention but there is also an academic transition that takes place. This research focuses on the academic transition of freshman football student-athletes at a Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision institution. Three themes were constructed from the interviews: (a) time management; (b) prioritization; and (c) guidance. Increased time demands devoted to football and academics presented a struggle in time management as well as deciding how to prioritize what needed to be accomplished. The student-athletes also acknowledged the immense amount of academic support they receive. The support staff may think this is what is desired, but the student-athletes responded they would like to be able to make decisions on their own and not be treated as though they are incapable of making decisions. Student-athletes should be taught time management, prioritization, and self-guidance skills and not have those tasks done for them.
On the hydrogen-deuterium exchange activity of silica gel: Aluminum impurity and radiation effect

Abstract The range of hydrogen-deuterium exchange on several silica gel samples was shown to increase with increasing alumina content. Chemisorption of hydrogen on gamma-irradiated gels and the increase of the exchange rate due to irradiation also increased with increasing alumina. Maximum obtainable exchange rates for silica samples which were extensively degassed are also reported.
Promoting the Network Brand: An Exploration of Network and Local Affiliate On-Air Promotion during the Super Bowl, 2001–2006

The audience for the Super Bowl is a diverse one, both in terms of demographics and psychographics. Such a diverse captive audience presents an opportunity for the networks and affiliates to showcase the best programming they have to offer. They do this by airing on-air promotions during the telecast. This research analyzes the promotions aired over six years to explore how the different networks and local affiliates present their brands. The most important result, that the significant difference is really between the networks and the affiliates, is interesting given that it undermines the point of branding: differentiation. In an era where networks are faced with more intense competition from other networks and cable television, it is interesting to note that the two do not offer significantly different on-air promos.
Capital flight from Latin America

Abstract This paper focuses on capital flight from Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s. After estimating the extent of such flight, I suggest that capital flight imposes growth costs, erodes the tax base, and worsens income distribution. I then use regression analysis to investigate the causes of capital flight as well as the role of capital controls and IMF programs in slowing flight. I conclude by criticizing the current policy approach to the capital flight problem and suggesting some new directions.
Seasonal consumption of Hemimysis anomala by fish in Southeastern Lake Ontario, 2009–2010

Abstract We investigated the seasonal occurrence of Hemimysis anomala in the diets of fish that prey on macroinvertebrates at two sites with established Hemimysis populations east of Oswego, NY, during 2009–2010. In 2009, we examined 320 stomachs from 10 species and found Hemimysis only in alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ), rockbass ( Ambloplites rupestris ), and yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ). Of those species, alewife consumed Hemimysis most frequently and it represented a greater proportion of their diets. During 2009, the dry weight composition of Hemimysis in alewife diets varied seasonally between Hemimysis in only one alewife and two rockbass stomachs. For alewife from September 2009, we found no relationship between predator size and the number of Hemimysis consumed, or between the presence of Hemimysis in fish diets and the presence of other diet taxa or diet diversity. Fish diets collected as bycatch from other assessments revealed large numbers of Hemimysis in fishes that had not previously been observed consuming Hemimysis in Lake Ontario, including cisco ( Coregonus artedi ) and white perch ( Morone americana ). Our results indicate Hemimysis consumption by nearshore fish can be high, but that it is variable across seasons and years, and may be most prevalent in fish that feed up in the water column, at or near dark, and have the ability to consume swift moving prey like Mysis diluviana or small fish.
Bone flap fixation: a new technique

A new fixation technique for bone flaps is described. This technique avoids the use of hardware external to the skull in hairless areas where it may prove unsightly in patients with a thin scalp. The insertion of pins into the middle table of the skull firmly fixes bone flaps at one edge, eliminating the need for external plates at that site.
Efficient K alpha emission in high-contrast short-pulse laser-plasma interactions

Strong K(alpha ) emission is observed from a plasma produced by a high intensity contrast, picosecond, p-polarized laser pulse. The K(alpha ) emission is found to be induced by hot electrons, which have a temperature of around 3 keV and carry up to 20% of the laser energy. Due to the relatively high K(alpha ) yield, small source size, and short duration of emission, a high-peak spectral brightness x-ray source is obtained.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessment and initial management of urologic trauma.

Acute injury to the urogenital organs may be the result of blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, burns, and avulsion injuries. Both self-inflicted and iatrogenic injuries are part of these problems. These types of injuries may be commonly encountered by physicians and surgeons whose primary focus is not urology and are working in the emergency room, urgent care, or office setting. Appropriate assessment, initial management, and timely referral to a urologist are critical in minimizing morbidity from these injuries. It is trite but true to say that urogenital trauma can be occult in its initial presentation and to be found it must be considered. Likewise, in many cases, aggressive diagnosis is far more important than aggressive treatment. This article focuses on the signs and symptoms, assessment, and initial care in the broad categories of blunt and penetrating trauma, as each may affect the structures of the genitourinary tract.
OVINE PROLACTIN: Isoelectricfocusing and Characterization of the Separated Components†

Highly purified ovine prolactin was subjected to preparative isoelectricfocusing. Although complete separation of the isoelectrically different components was not achieved, four enriched fractions of these components were prepared by this method. Studies on the separated fractions revealed that these components of ovine prolactin, probably a result of deamidation processes, have rather different properties. The more acidic components appeared to be less active in both the radioreceptor assay on mammary gland membranes and the pigeon crop-sac assay. However, the more acidic forms appeared to be more immunoreactive as revealed by radioimmunoassay.
COARSE WOODY DEBRIS AS A FUNCTION OF AGE, STAND STRUCTURE, AND DISTURBANCE IN BOREAL NEWFOUNDLAND

We examined the structural attributes of coarse woody debris (CWD) in balsam fir and mixed balsam fir-black spruce forests in western and central Newfoundland. The purpose of the study was to document CWD abundance and structure within various stages of stand development, and to generate simple models to predict CWD availability as habitat for forest wildlife. Our objectives were threefold: (1) determine the temporal patterns of CWD following clear-cut disturbance, and compare these second-growth stands to old sites (>80 yr) of natural origin; (2) relate the temporal patterns of CWD to stand development; and (3) demonstrate how factors such as site conditions and disturbance may influence these temporal patterns. Our chronosequence included 19 second-growth stands with a mean tree age ranging from 33 to 80 yr, and 7 old-growth stands ranging from 87 to 110 yr. The volume of coarse woody debris (CWD), here defined as downed wood, was relatively low to intermediate early in the chronosequence (e.g., 32.3 m3/ha in a 36-yr-old stand), lowest in a 58-yr-old stand (15.2 m3/ha), and highest in an 80-yr-old stand (78.1 m3/ha). Results indicated that CWD volume followed the general "U-shaped" temporal trend observed in other forest systems. The presence of CWD early in the sequence was strongly influenced by residual hardwoods (i.e., birch) left by the original logging operation. The highest observed volume of CWD corresponded with stand senescence and appeared to be maintained within old- growth stands. Snag (standing dead wood) density was low within the youngest stands ( 50-60 yr of age is not residual but generated primarily from regenerating tree structure. Factors affecting the rate of stem growth, e.g., site quality and initial stocking levels, should influence the accumulation and overall abundance of CWD within later stages of forest development. We therefore applied yield-density relationships as a method of examining stand-level dynamics of CWD.
Levels of knowledge, games, and group action

Abstract In this paper we investigate the possible states of knowledge among a group of individuals and their relations to decision making.
In situ grazing rates of deep-sea benthic boundary-layer zooplankton

In situ grazing rates of mixed assemblages of deep-sea benthic boundary-layer zooplankton were measured in July 1983 at a site in the North Atlantic Ocean at 2 175 m depth using a short-term radioisotope-uptake method. Zooplankton were collected with an opening-closing net system from the bottom 1 m of the ocean and incubated in situ with mixed tritiated amino acids in special cod-end chambers. Incubations were terminated at depth by the addition of MS-222. Radioisotope uptake beyond that of dead controls was shown by both the zooplankton and particulate fractions. Grazing rates in the deep-sea experiments were surprisingly high, being comparable to wintertime Narragansett Bay zooplankton grazing rates determined in a separate series of laboratory experiments. These laboratory experiments also documented nonparticle-associated uptake of dissolved amino acids by Narragansett Bay zooplankton, but the importance of this in the deep sea is unknown. The deep-sea benthic boundary layer may be a region of elevated rates and activity because of its higher particulate concentrations, and our experiments may also have measured maximum rather than average rates.
Nanoscale templating of close-packed c(60) nanowires.

Close-packed C60 wires were prepared on Cu(110)-(2 × 1)-O reconstructed surface composed of nearly perfect (2 × 1)-O domains cut by occasional bare Cu(110) regions. By controlling the oxygen dosage, the bare Cu regions are forced to assume single atomic width separating the adjacent oxide domains by 0.76 nm, a distance comparable to the hard-sphere diameter of C60 molecules. When dosed at elevated temperature, C60 molecules preferably “fall into” metallic Cu troughs and grow into C60 wires along the 〈001〉 direction, with an average nearest-neighbor distance of 1.07 ± 0.02 nm. The C60−C60 intermolecular interaction causes the energy of the HOMO and LUMO+1 to shift down by 30 ∼ 40 meV with respect to single molecules. This simple templating method may be applicable to self-assembly of single molecule wires of other fullerenes and other organic molecules, opening the way to address the electron transport in 1-D supramolecular assemblies.
Patient repositioning and motion detection using a video cancellation system.

Abstract A video cancellation technique has been developed for patient repositioning and patient motion detection in radiation oncology departments. The system uses a closed circuit television (CCTV) camera and monitor plus a video disc recorder. The method utilizes the live image from the CCTV and a stored image of the desired treatment set up from the video disc. The images are processed in a video subtraction mode and viewed in cancellation. Repositioning errors of a millimeter are detectable and patient movements of the same magnitude are readily visualized.
Expertise or Experimenting? Pragmatism and American Public Administration, 1920-1950

This article examines pragmatism’s role in aspects of American public administration’s development during the period of the orthodoxy and the reactions to the orthodoxy (roughly 1920 to 1950). It concludes that the administrative mainstream of expertise never embraced, and indeed implicitly rejected, the pragmatism of Peirce, James, and Dewey, which is characterized by an attitude of experimentation. A more complete understanding of this aspect of our intellectual heritage is important as we consider contemporary calls for a turn toward pragmatism as a way to address the legitimacy issue, the theory-practice gap, and other problematic conditions in the field.
Prediction of liver allograft fibrosis after transplantation for hepatitis C virus: Persistent elevation of serum transaminase levels versus necroinflammatory activity

Recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Factors that reliably predict allograft injury from HCV have not been identified. Demographics, clinical data, and histopathological characteristics of recipients with and without persistently elevated serum transaminase levels (PEST) were compared. Twenty-four patients with HCV-induced end-stage liver disease who underwent OLT between October 1995 and December 1998 were entered into a longitudinal, prospective evaluation for identification of parameters associated with graft injury. Liver biopsies were performed preoperatively and between posttransplantation days 1 to 28, 29 to 60, 61 to 180, 181 to 360, and then every 6 to 12 months thereafter. Biopsy specimens were reviewed in a blinded fashion and scored for rejection, necroinflammatory activity, extent of fibrosis, and infiltrating cell type, location, and magnitude. Transplant recipients with PEST (alanine transaminase level >1.5 times normal for 3 consecutive months) and cholestatic hepatitis showed an increased viral load compared with their own preoperative values (16-fold and 256-fold, respectively). Compared with control transplant recipients, PEST was associated with macrovesicular steatosis within 28 days after OLT (P < .05) and showed an increased rate of fibrosis (P < .003) despite similar degrees of rejection and necroinflammatory activity. There was no difference in demographics or immunosuppression. Macrovesicular steatosis may be the earliest predictor of graft fibrosis. Despite similar degrees of necroinflammatory activity, transplant recipients with PEST had an increased rate of fibrosis that could be predicted on average within 6 months posttransplantation. (Liver Transpl 2000;6:44-53.)
HEAT TRANSFER FROM CONDENSING STEAM TO VEGETABLE PIECES

Vegetable pieces were suspended in a vertical 3 in. glass pipe through which steam passed at known temperature, pressure and velocity, and the center temperature of the piece was measured. Thc values for center temperature vs. time were used to estimate the surface heat transfer coefficient using Gurney-Lurk charts. The volume of noncondensable gas in the vegetable affected the overall heat transfer coefficient. Reducing the volume of gas in the vegetable by vacuum degassing prior to heating increased the rate of center temperature rise, while increasing the volume of gas prior to heating by exposing the vegetable piece to nitrogen at 1500 psig decreased the rate. Steam velocities in the range of 0.1–2.6 ft/sec did not measurably affect the heating rate. However, when the velocity was increased further by using a nozzle, the rate of center temperature rise was increased.
Mast cell biology.

Mast cells are the repository for histamine in the body. They influence the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, such as rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma; regulate bone formation and integrity; help repair and maintain connective tissue; promote wound healing; and probably contribute to the development and preservation of the endothelium and small blood vessels. Although they are found in all human tissue, mast cells are most prevalent at the interface between the host and its environment, that is, in the skin and in the mucosa of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the gastrointestinal tract. Recent evidence suggests that two types of mast cells exist: (1) the connective tissue type, found primarily but not exclusively in loose connective tissue and skin, and (2) the mucosal type, found primarily in gastrointestinal mucosa and peripheral airways. The factors that produce this differentiation are not fully known. Although both mast cell types have IgE receptors that can be activated by allergens, differences between the two types exist in their responses to nonallergic signals, the mediators they release, their proteoglycan constituents, and the makeup of their granular enzymes. The importance of these biochemical differences to cellular functioning remains to be investigated.
Agent-based Models and the Spatial Sciences

Agent-based models (ABMs) are used in the spatial sciences as building-blocks for computer simulation. ABMs have a range of advantageous attributes, not least of which is their flexibility in representing dynamic and highly adaptive physical or human phenomena. ABMs facilitate the exploration of ideas about the myriad of ways that geographical systems develop, behave, interact and evolve, often supporting experimentation with geographical systems in ways that are simply not possible in the real world. Indeed, in many cases, ABMs are developed from the bottom up, pedagogically, as a tool in building theory. Geographers’ work with ABMs has helped to strengthen existing ties with related disciplines such as computer science and informatics, ecology, sustainability science, economics, anthropology, political science and the earth sciences. Primarily because of the value placed on spatial science and behavioral geography in agent-based modeling, work of this kind is helping to infuse geographical perspectives and ‘spatial thinking’ into these fields. This article reviews the development of agent-based modeling in the spatial sciences, its current uses and applications in physical and human geography and potential future trends in its research and development.
Duodenal webs ‐ no age limit

Background Duodenal webs usually give rise to symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction in infancy, but they occasionally present in adulthood. Case outline We reportan 82-year-old woman with an unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Peptic ulcer stricture or carcinoma were suspected, but a CT scan and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed that her symptoms were the result of duodenal webs. The webs were successfully dilated at endosocpy. Discussion Duodenal webs may rarely account for gastric outlet obstruction in adults. Failure to visualise the second and third parts of the duodenum at endoscopy means that the diagnosis may be missed. Diclofenac and slow-release potassium tablets may have played an aetiological role in the formation of the webs in this patient.
Symptom-Based Gun Control

People out of touch with reality shouldn’t have guns. I propose empowering police officers to take away gun rights from individuals suffering from delusions or hallucinations. This proposal is inspired by the Navy Yard shooting, but is also supported by evidence showing a correlation between psychotic symptoms and violence. I argue that the proposal would be constitutional.
Thermal aware overall energy minimization scheduling for hard real-time systems

Abstract As the semiconductor technology proceeds into the deep sub-micron era, the leakage and its dependency with the temperature become critical in dealing with power/energy minimization problems. In this paper, we study the problem on how to schedule a hard real-time system to achieve the minimal overall energy, including both dynamic and leakage energy consumption. We first develop an energy estimation method that can be used to accurately and efficiently calculate the overall energy consumption of a candidate schedule. Based on the proposed energy equation, we then develop two scheduling methods, i.e. an off-line and an on-line method, to minimize the overall energy consumption for real-time systems. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed energy estimation method can achieve up to two orders of magnitude speedup compared with an existing approach while maintaining good accuracy. In addition, with a large number of different test cases, both our off-line and on-line approaches can significantly outperform existing related works.
Natural killer cell-produced IFN-γ and TNF-α induce target cell cytolysis through up-regulation of ICAM-1

NK cells control tumor and virus-infected cells through releasing cytotoxic granules and proinflammatory cytokines. IFN-γ and TNF-α secretions and cytotoxicity are regarded as two distinct functions of NK cells with little synergy in between as results of early association of the two functions with distinct subsets of NK populations and of the studies showing target cells developing NK resistance upon IFN-γ treatment. Here, we show that IFN-γ and TNF-α synergistically enhance NK cell cytotoxicity through NF-κB-dependent up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression in target cells, thereby promoting their conjugate formation with NK cells. Neutralizing IFN-γ and TNF-α during cytolysis significantly impaired NK cell lysis of the target cells. Further, tumor cells exhibiting IFN-γ-inducible lysis are generally less-sensitive NK target cells but express inducible levels of ICAM-1. In contrast, sensitive NK targets tend to express higher but less-inducible ICAM-1. Their preferential induction in the lysis of insensitive NK target cells suggests that IFN-γ and TNF-α are functionally linked to and should be regarded as an integral part of NK cytolytic function.
The Prehistoric Pueblo World

The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350. Michael A. Adler. ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996.279 pp.
A reflection on the contrast between the Cooper pairing in iron-based and conventional superconductors

In this Perspective article we review retrospectively the streamline of our work on iron-based superconductors, and reflect on the mechanism of Cooper pairing in conventional and unconventional, such as iron-based superconductors. The main theme of this review is the concept of effective interaction and renormalization group.
Application of the reaction concept to scattering problems

Rumsey's "reaction concept" is applied to scattering problems by considering volume polarization currents which generate the scattered field. The scattering cross section is discussed. Approximation formulas are developed and illustrated by calculations for the echo width of a circular cylinder as a function of dielectric constant. Calculations are made for four plane-wave type trial fields in the cylinder; these are compared with the exact solution and with integral equation solutions through the second order. In this case the reaction method gives better results than the integral equation method, for the same amount of labor.
Ascorbate Oxidase SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENZYME

Abstract In the 250- to 300-nm ultraviolet region, purified ascorbate oxidase exhibits a strong absorption band at 280 nm, having a distinct shoulder absorption at 290 nm. The E1%1 cm (280 nm) value has been found to be 21.7 ± 1.2. In the visible light region, 300 to 1000 nm, ascorbate oxidase exhibits five absorption bands, i.e. at 330, 460, 610, 770, and 880 nm. The extinction coeffients at each wave length have been found to be 2000, 390, 1300, 600, and 560 per g atom copper per liter per cm, respectively. The ratio A280 nm:A610 nm has been found to be 25.6. Purified ascorbate oxidase exhibits a maximal emission spectrum at 325 nm and the fluorescence quantum yield has been calculated to be 0.06. The circular dichroism of ascorbate oxidase in the spectral range of 185 to 240 nm indicates that in 0.01 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.6, ascorbate oxidase exists predominantly in the antiparallel β conformation. As revealed by CD there are at least four transitions in the absorption of the copper chromophore in the spectral range 300 to 700 nm. The absorption and CD spectra of ascorbate oxidase have been examined and compared with those of other copper proteins, and the results support the view that the copper of ascorbate oxidase exists in complex forms. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of ascorbate oxidase is characterized by extremely small low field hyperfine splittings. The gm, g||, and |A| values have been found to be 2.074, 2.244, and 0.006 cm-1, respectively. These and other spectral characteristics of ascorbate oxidase have been found to be very similar to those of other copper proteins particularly ceruloplasmin and laccase, but are distinct from small molecule cupric complexes. The absorption and CD spectra of ascorbate oxidase in the range 400 to 700 nm have been compared and found to be similar to those that have been reported for the model copper (II)-histidine-containing peptide complexes. The spectral data suggest that the copper of ascorbate oxidase is in an environment of low symmetry involving nitrogen atom ligands.
Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria

Nigeria is the only country in Africa that has established and maintained a federal system of government.' The articles in this issue of Publius seek to shed light on this unique experience by examining both the strengths and weaknesses of Nigeria's federal system. Federalism in Nigeria has evolved against the background of about one century of British colonial rule, followed by just over three decades of national independence. The major historical events underlying the origins of the federal system are highlighted in the first article by Adiele Afigbo, entitled "Background to Nigerian Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. The Eastern and Western regions became self-governing in 1957, followed by the Northern Region in 1959. National independence was won in 1960. A federal system of government was maintained in the independence Constitution of 1960, which replaced the 1954 Constitution, as well as in the subsequent constitutions: the republican Constitution of 1963, the presidential Constitution of 1979, and the revised presidential Constitution of 1989.
Kidney Transplantation in the Obese Transplant Candidates: To Transplant or Not To Transplant?

The prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2)) at the time of transplantation among kidney transplant recipients in the United States has doubled between 1987 and 2001 and continues to increase inexorably. Single-center and large registry studies in kidney transplant recipients demonstrated that high body mass index (BMI) at transplant is associated with increased risk of wound and surgical site infections, delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection episodes, and graft loss, among others. Hence, in many centers, obese transplant candidates are denied a transplant based on their body mass index (BMI) alone. The impact of obesity on short- and long-term graft and patient outcomes after kidney transplantation are herein revisited, followed by the authors' proposed approach to evaluate and select obese transplant candidates for a kidney transplant. Suggested interventions to optimize the health of such candidates are also discussed.
Pulse-compression probing for nonlinear systems with additional hard nonlinearity at the input

The effects of input hard nonlinearities on probing outputs are analyzed with respect to the pulse-compression probing method. The pulse-compression probing method identifies a local, linear model around an operating point of a nonlinear system by processing the system response to a probing input. The outputs of probing systems with one of six common input hard nonlinearities, including deadband, saturation, relay, backlash, and rate limit are derived. Pulse-compression probing is effective for the first five hard nonlinearities listed, where the probing outputs retain the same waveforms as if the probing inputs were scaled and offset. When probing an input with a rate limit, pulse-compression probing is effective when the bit duration of the probing input exceeds some threshold, which is based on the rate limit. As long as the probing input is properly designed with respect to the input nonlinearities present, the shape of the probing output is preserved. As a numerical example, pulse-compression probing method is applied to the NASA generic transport aircraft model with nonlinearities at the probing input.
Regulation of Cellular Differentiation in Filamentous Cyanobacteria in Free-Living and Plant-Associated Symbiotic Growth States

Summary: Certain filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria generate signals that direct their own multicellular development. They also respond to signals from plants that initiate or modulate differentiation, leading to the establishment of a symbiotic association. An objective of this review is to describe the mechanisms by which free-living cyanobacteria regulate their development and then to consider how plants may exploit cyanobacterial physiology to achieve stable symbioses. Cyanobacteria that are capable of forming plant symbioses can differentiate into motile filaments called hormogonia and into specialized nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts. Plant signals exert both positive and negative regulatory control on hormogonium differentiation. Heterocyst differentiation is a highly regulated process, resulting in a regularly spaced pattern of heterocysts in the filament. The evidence is most consistent with the pattern arising in two stages. First, nitrogen limitation triggers a nonrandomly spaced cluster of cells (perhaps at a critical stage of their cell cycle) to initiate differentiation. Interactions between an inhibitory peptide exported by the differentiating cells and an activator protein within them causes one cell within each cluster to fully differentiate, yielding a single mature heterocyst. In symbiosis with plants, heterocyst frequencies are increased 3- to 10-fold because, we propose, either differentation is initiated at an increased number of sites or resolution of differentiating clusters is incomplete. The physiology of symbiotically associated cyanobacteria raises the prospect that heterocyst differentiation proceeds independently of the nitrogen status of a cell and depends instead on signals produced by the plant partner.
ADAPTIVE GRAZING MANAGEMENT AND USE OF FORAGE BY CATTLE (BOS TAURUS) AND ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS) IN CENTRAL ARIZONA

Abstract During March 2001–December 2003, we measured use of forage and height of stubble in pastures at low, middle, and high elevations. In years with higher precipitation, use of forage by cattle (Bos taurus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) was less in the middle elevation compared to low and high elevations. In the worst drought year on record (2002), use of forage increased with elevation. Overall, use of forage was greater in 2002 than in 2001 and 2003. Shorter stubble corresponded to lower production and higher use of forage. Total use of forage did not exceed 50%.
PAR-6 is required for junction formation but not apicobasal polarization in C. elegans embryonic epithelial cells

Epithelial cells perform important roles in the formation and function of organs and the genesis of many solid tumors. A distinguishing feature of epithelial cells is their apicobasal polarity and the presence of apical junctions that link cells together. The interacting proteins Par-6 (a PDZ and CRIB domain protein) and aPKC (an atypical protein kinase C) localize apically in fly and mammalian epithelial cells and are important for apicobasal polarity and junction formation. Caenorhabditis elegans PAR-6 and PKC-3/aPKC also localize apically in epithelial cells, but a role for these proteins in polarizing epithelial cells or forming junctions has not been described. Here, we use a targeted protein degradation strategy to remove both maternal and zygotic PAR-6 from C. elegans embryos before epithelial cells are born. We find that PKC-3 does not localize asymmetrically in epithelial cells lacking PAR-6, apical junctions are fragmented, and epithelial cells lose adhesion with one another. Surprisingly, junction proteins still localize apically, indicating that PAR-6 and asymmetric PKC-3 are not needed for epithelial cells to polarize. Thus, whereas the role of PAR-6 in junction formation appears to be widely conserved, PAR-6-independent mechanisms can be used to polarize epithelial cells.
Surrogate endpoints in chemoprevention of breast cancer: guidelines for evaluation of new biomarkers.

Markers of early events in the development of breast cancer are potential candidates for surrogate endpoints in chemoprevention trials. There are many such markers and the challenge is to identify truly relevant markers. If successful, surrogate endpoints offer several potential benefits in the conduct of prevention trials, including: shorter latency and hence shorter trials; reductions in size and cost of trials; and the opportunity to study prevention measures where use of primary outcomes would be excessively invasive or unethical. Although there are currently no validated surrogate endpoints for breast cancer, criteria for the discovery and validation of surrogates have been proposed. Putative surrogate endpoints should be biologically plausible, represent an early event in the causal pathway, be measurable by a standardized and reliable assay, and exhibit a dose-response. Perhaps most importantly, surrogates should statistically capture the effect of the intervention on outcome. The identification and establishment of a biomarker as a valid surrogate for cancer is a stepwise process that involves both smaller “transitional” studies and larger second-generation chemoprevention trials in which both primary outcome and putative surrogates are measured. Transitional studies are used to move new markers from the laboratory into use in human populations, and are designed to address specific questions of assay validity, treatment/marker associations, marker/disease associations, and inter- and intra-individual variability. Promising markers should be added to current and planned, large, traditionally designed chemoprevention trials in order to definitively address the issues of optimal representation, and to test the adequacy with which the marker(s) captures the effect of treatment on outcome. Ancillary studies of markers attached to these second-generation prevention trials must be powerful enough to detect clinically important differences, to elucidate potentially complex multivariate markers, and to validate hypothesized relationships.
Some novel applications of point source and point detector for ultrasonic waves

Some novel applications of the pointlike source and pointlike detector for ultrasonic waves in the investigation of various physical phenomena are described. The pointlike sources are generated by the fracture of a glass capillary, a focused laser beam and small lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers, while the pointlike detectors include small PZT and capacitive transducers. The topics discussed are observation of the focusing of the fast transverse (FT) mode in silicon; determination of wave or group velocity surfaces of zinc, which includes those of longitudinal (L), FT, and slow transverse (ST) waves, cuspidal features of the ST mode, and the head wave front; and observation of a phenomenon related to the external conical refraction in zinc, i.e., the focusing of the ST mode toward the symmetry axis. >
Facial nerve paresis as the presenting symptom of leukemia

Leukemic involvement of the temporal bone is not uncommon and may present in a variety of ways including auricular or external canal skin lesions, red or thick tympanic membrane, middle ear effusions, otitis media, hearing loss or mastoiditis. Symptomatic facial nerve involvement, on the other hand, is extremely unusual. We discuss a pediatric patient whose sudden onset facial nerve paresis was the presenting symptom that led to her diagnosis of leukemia. At the time of mastoidectomy, a granulocytic sarcoma or chloroma was noted to be overlying the VIIth nerve.
Risk Sensitivity and the Paradox of Colonial Web-Building in Spiders

Group foraging is rare in spiders, occurring only where prey availability is high. If colonial web-building increases individual prey capture rates as shown, why does group foraging not occur more often where prey are scarce? Risk sensitivity may explain this paradox, as variance in prey capture is reduced in groups; risk-averse spiders should join groups only when prey exceed a threshold level. Field studies show that group foraging varies as predicted between species, between populations of a single species, and between sites within a population. However, recent models suggest the necessity of examining variance within individuals over time rather than between individuals within populations. Additionally, mechanisms responsible for variance reduction in colonial webs may be less effective than previously assumed. New field data suggest that while prey variance over time may be somewhat less for individual spiders in groups than for solitaries, the relationship between colonial web-building and variance in prey capture is far more complex than originally thought. The influence of risk sensitivity on reproductive success and the evolution of colonial web-building is discussed.