cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H2O and O(3PJ) photodesorption from amorphous solid water deposited on a lunar mare basalt

Abstract H 2 O ( ν = 0) and O( 3 P J =2,1,0 ) desorbates were measured with resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization following 157-nm irradiation of amorphous solid water (ASW) deposited on a lunar mare basalt. Both H 2 O photodesorption and O( 3 P J ) photodissociation products of ASW were studied in the attempt to better understand the competition between photodesorption and photodissociation of water in the condensed phase on a lunar surface. The oxygen atom time-of-flight (TOF) spectrum was measured as a function of spin–orbit state, H 2 O exposure, and 157-nm irradiation time. Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions with translational temperatures of 10,000 K, 1800 K, 400 K, and 89 K fit the four TOF components. For high H 2 O exposures, diffusion out of pores in the lunar substrate made a large portion of the O( 3 P J ) signal appear to be sub-thermal. Water depletion cross sections were measured at exposures between 0.1 and 10 Langmuir (1 L = 10 −6 Torr s). These cross sections decreased with increasing coverage and matched previously measured cross sections from a lunar impact melt breccia. Additionally, non-resonant ionization was employed to detect vibrationally excited water indirectly through its fragments. The OH + fragment of H 2 O ( ν *) and the O( 3 P J ) photodissociation product increased in intensity during prolonged irradiation as hydroxyl groups accumulated on the surface and then recombined. For an initial exposure of 5 L H 2 O, after reaching maximum signal, the cross sections for H 2 O ( ν *) and O( 3 P 2 ) depletion were measured to be 1.2 × 10 −19 cm 2 and 6.7 × 10 −20 cm 2 , respectively.
Frequency-moment distribution of deep earthquakes; implications for the seismogenic zone at the bottom of slabs

Abstract We present a systematic investigation of the variation with depth of the frequency of earthquake occurrence vs. seismic moment based on 16 years of Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) solutions. We analyze depth variations of earthquake size distribution in terms of variations in the absolute value of the slope of the regression of the logarithm of the population vs. seismic moment, a quantity known as the β parameter. The shallowest earthquakes (0–50 km depth) exhibit a well-defined and robust size distribution regime characterized by a discontinuous increase in β with increasing moment. Others have shown that this increase probably represents the effects of a physical limit in the dimensions of the area of seismogenic slip of shallow earthquake sources. The population of deep earthquakes in the depth interval 500–600 km shows two markedly different distributions. The deep earthquakes in the Tonga region feature an initially high β value (0.92) at small moments and a lower β value (0.41) at high moments. In contrast, the size distribution of non-Tonga deep events shows the reverse of those changes (β = 0.41 at low moment and β = 1.17 at higher moment). To help explain these observations, we propose a model of deep seismogenesis that assumes three-dimensional earthquake source regions that vary principally in their transverse dimensions. The two-β segment behavior in the Tonga region and other subduction zones is thought to represent, in part, constraints owing to the threshold of completeness of the CMT catalog and to its short time interval of sampling. We interpret the differences between Tonga and other deep Wadati-Benioff zones as being a consequence of Tonga's markedly higher subduction rate and, hence, its colder thermal structure and presumably thicker region of seismogenesis. We interpret the critical moments at which β values change in terms of variations in the transverse thickness of deep seismogenic zones and estimate that it is about 11 km for the Tonga region and about 3 km for other zones at depths of 500–600 km. These results are generally consistent with deep earthquakes being restricted to wedge-shaped regions of peridotite persisting metastably to as deep as 700 km in old, rapidly descending and hence cold slabs. Failure is thought to occur in metastable peridotite by transformational faulting. Great deep earthquakes present special challenges to any theory of deep earthquakes based on slab thermal structure. For example, a continuing question is how such large events can fit in a thermally controlled seismogenic zone that is diminishing in its transverse dimensions with increasing depth. The very concept of a scale-invariant earthquake size distribution may be inappropriate for these rare events and the unusual settings in which they are found.
Interpretation of Quality-of-Life Scores

Patients' reports of their experience with illness are a key health outcome, but scores that measure these reports can be difficult to interpret. Skindex-29 measures skin-related quality of life reliably and validly. In this issue, Prinsen and colleagues compare patients' responses to "anchor" questions with their Skindex scores to derive clinically meaningful scores for the subscales of Skindex-29. The cutoff scores identify patients whose skin diseases severely affect their quality of life.
Bridging Collaboration to Innovation

ast year, AORN President Deborah G. Spratt, MPA, BSN, RN, CNOR, NEA-BC, CRCST, CHL, chose “Collaboration” as her theme. For my presidential year, the theme of “Innovation” appears to have chosen me rather than the other way around. Innovation is a key element in the AORN strategic plan; it implies being creative, thinking outside the box, and evolving for the future. As President-elect, I was privileged to have the opportunity to meet, network, and collaborate with leaders of various nursing organizations who share interests and concerns similar to those of AORN leaders. We all seem to be faced with an increasing need for technology, education, and government influence, while at the same time contending with decreased funding and an aging membership. Last year was a year of change for various nursing groups, as they discusseddand some actually moved todholding shorter conferences, electing smaller boards of directors, and conducting a mix of virtual education programs and face-to-face events. Achieving the right balance to meet the needs of different generations of members while remaining fiscally responsible seems to be on everyone’s agenda.
Through-the-wall moving target detection and localization using sparse regularization

In this paper, we consider moving target detection and localization inside enclosed structures for through-the-wall radar imaging and urban sensing applications. We exploit the fact that the through-the-wall scene is sparse in the Doppler domain, on account of the presence of a few moving targets in an otherwise stationary background. The sparsity property is used to achieve efficient joint range-crossrange-Doppler estimation of moving targets inside buildings using compressive sensing. We establish an appropriate signal model that permits formulation of linear modeling with sensing matrices, so as to achieve scene reconstruction via sparse regularization. Supporting simulation results show that a sizable reduction in the data volume is achieved using the proposed approach without a degradation in system performance.
How the mountain chickadee procures more food in less time for its nestlings

Parent mountain chickadees (Parus gambeli) visit the same foraging location on consecutive flights more frequently than expected by chance. This pattern of repetitive return to a foraging location does not increase the frequency of capturing the same prey on consecutive flights. The quantity of prey captured on a visit also does not change significantly with repeated visits to a foraging location. Foraging time, however, is significantly shorter during repeated visits to a foraging location. Foraging time is therefore a major determinant of whether a run of consecutive flights to a location occurs. Decreased foraging time is also a benefit of selecting the same prey type on consecutive flights. Over the course of a day, the prey types returned on the greatest percentage of flights are returned multiply per flight. These prey are usually small and are probably present at high densities in the environment. Large prey size is the second best predictor of frequency of a prey type in the diet. Short foraging time to capture a prey is the third best predictor. Thus prey which can be readily obtained in large numbers, even if they are small prey, are preferentially returned to older nestlings. The mountain chickadee uses information on foraging time to decide when to move to a new foraging location or when to pursue a different type of prey. These decisions should increase the amount of time available for prey gathering.
Proteasome inhibition, the pursuit of new cancer therapeutics, and the adaptor molecule p130Cas

Current interest in proteasome inhibitors for cancer therapy has stimulated considerable research efforts to identify the molecular pathway to their cytotoxicity with a view to identifying the mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance as well as informing the development of new drugs. Zhao and Vuori describe this month in BMC Biology experiments indicating a novel role of the adaptor protein p130Cas in sensitivity to apoptosis induced not only by proteasome inhibitors but also by the unrelated drug doxorubicin.
Precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma involving the uterine cervix, myometrium, endometrium, and appendix.

Abstract This report presents a case of precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) involving the uterine cervix, myometrium, endometrium, and appendix. The patient was a 38-year-old woman with a history of ALL who had been in remission for 4 years following chemotherapy. The malignant lymphoid infiltrate was characterized by blasts, showing scant cytoplasm, irregular hyperchromatic nuclei, and occasional prominent nucleoli. They were immunoreactive for CD45RB, CD3, CD43, CD34, and focally for TdT. Curiously, the blasts replaced the endometrial stroma and spared the associated epithelium. The patient was again treated with chemotherapy but her disease did not respond. She succumbed to her disease approximately 10 months after her initial evaluation for symptoms related to ALL relapse. Precursor T-cell ALL most commonly presents as a mediastinal mass in adolescent males. Although any organ may be affected, involvement of the female reproductive organs is rare. This case shows some of the varied manifestations of precursor T-cell ALL and highlights the necessity of considering the female reproductive tract as a possible location of relapsing disease. Ann Diagn Pathol 6: 125-128, 2002. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Teratogenic action of acetazolamide in golden hamsters

The carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide was teratogenic for golden hamsters when given in single intraperitoneal doses of from 300-1200 mg/kg on the 9th day of pregnancy. Most deformities were of the postaxial part of the forelimb. There was a well-defined dose-response relation with an ED50 of 695 mg/kg. A sensitive period was demonstrated from 192–210 hours after mating with a peak at 204 hours. The production of this deformity was not associated with a significant embryonic mortality. Acetazolamide is quite specific in that in addition to hand deformities only a few foot deformities and rare cases of exencephaly were produced. In contrast to rats, where acetazolamide-induced deformities are almost exclusively of the postaxial portion of the right forelimb, the deformity in hamsters occurred in either forelimb, although when a single hindfoot was malformed it was always the left one. The demonstrated sensitive period is during the time of limbbud formation, and the first external signs of deformity were seen as a flattening of the postaxial margins of the limb bud 24 hours after drug administration. The mechanism of action of acetazolamide is not clear since the teratogenic dose probably exceeds the amount needed for complete inhibition of carbonic-anhydrase activity. The dose needed is also much greater than that used for human therapy, so it does not appear that this drug is a teratogenic hazard for human beings.
Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy on Operating Surface Acoustic Wave Chemical Sensors During Exposure to Gas-Phase Analytes

We have developed instrumentation to enable the combination of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor measurements with direct, in-situ molecular spectroscopic measurements to understand the response of the SAW sensors with respect to the interfacial chemistry of surface-confined sensing films interacting with gas-phase analytes. Specifically, the instrumentation and software was developed to perform in-situ Fourier-transform infrared external-reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ERS) on operating SAW devices during dosing of their chemically modified surfaces with analytes. By probing the surface with IR spectroscopy during gas exposure, it is possible to understand in unprecedented detail the interaction processes between the sorptive SAW coatings and the gaseous analyte molecules. In this report, we provide details of this measurement system, and also demonstrate the utility of these combined measurements by characterizing the SAW and FTIR-ERS responses of organic thin-film sensor coatings interacting with gas-phase analytes.
Contributions of insect research toward our understanding of neurosecretion

The process of neurosecretion is an important and widespread method of biological communication among animals. Although insects and vertebrates appear to be very different, neurosecretory mechanisms and the neuropeptides themselves are often the same. The gradual acceptance of neurosecretion as a biological phenomenon, largely as a result of research done with insects, is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:101–114, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Whisker-to-Silica Ratio on the Reinforcement of Dental Resin Composites with Silica-fused Whiskers

Resin composites need to be strengthened to improve their performance in large stress-bearing restorations. This study aimed to reinforce composites with whiskers and to investigate the effects of the whisker:silica ratio. It was hypothesized that changing the whisker-silica ratio would affect the whisker-matrix bonding and the filler's distribution, and hence alter the composite properties. Silica particles and whiskers were mixed at various whisker:silica mass ratios, thermally fused, and combined with a dental resin at filler mass fractions of 0-65%. Whisker:silica ratio and filler level had significant effects on composite properties. At 60% filler level, the silica composite (whisker:silica = 0:1) had a flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of 104 +/- 21 MPa; that at a whisker:silica ratio of 1:0 was 74 +/- 36 MPa. However, that of the silica-fused whisker composite (whisker:silica = 5:1) was 210 +/- 14 MPa, compared with 109 +/- 23 MPa and 114 +/- 18 MPa of two prosthetic controls. Mixing silica with whiskers minimized whisker entanglement, improved filler distribution in the matrix, and facilitated whisker silanization and bonding to the matrix, thus resulting in substantially stronger composites.
Comparison of two techniques for target motion evaluation based on 4DCT images

Two techniques for target motion characterisation based on 4DCT images were evaluated: calculation of the conformality index and a technique based on image subtraction. The outputs for both techniques were shown to correlate with target displacement, indicating the applicability of these techniques for motion characterisation. While conformality index calculation requires target delineation (a time-consuming and subjective process), image subtraction is automatic and objective. In addition, the image subtraction method produces a visual representation of the areas where motion is present between different phases. The procedure has potential for automatic internal target volume definition for radiotherapy treatment purposes.
Results from high-energy neutrino searches from gamma-ray bursts with IceCube

IceCube, a cubic kilometer neutrino detector located in glacial ice at the South Pole, has recently become the first neutrino telescope with a sensitivity below the TeV-PeV neutrino flux predicted from gamma-ray bursts if GRBs are responsible for the observed extragalactic cosmic-ray flux. IceCube has so far not detected any evidence for the predicted neutrino fluxes, and so is beginning to constrain models of cosmic ray acceleration in GRBs.
Initial clinical experience with the THC:YAG laser in gastrointestinal endoscopy

We present the initial clinical results of the use of the pulsed 2.15 micron thulium-holmium-chromium:YAG (THC:YAG) laser for gastrointestinal endoscopic surgery. This pulsed mid-infrared laser was designed to fit the clinical need for precisely controllable tissue vaporization which can be delivered via a flexible delivery system. We obtained an Investigational Device Exemption from the FDA and in December 1988 we began our clinical program. Using the THC:YAG laser via a flexible fiberoptic endoscope, we have successfully performed vaporization or excision of sessile neoplastic polyps of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract of 12 patients. Our initial experience has confirmed our expectation that this new laser system can provide the endoscopic surgeon with a technical alternative not matched by currently available laser systems.
Compared with 3-dimensional analysis, 2-dimensional gated SPECT analysis overestimates left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with regional dyssynchrony.

Abstract Background Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) is a powerful prognostic predictor in patients with heart disease. However, LVEF calculated by 2-dimensional (2D) modalities such as echocardiography by use of the “modified” Simpson's rule may be incorrect in patients with regional dyssynchrony, presumably because regions of dyssynchrony are excluded from analysis. Methods and results To elucidate the difference between 2D and 3-dimensional (3D) methods with regard to LVEF calculation in patients with regional dyssynchrony, we compared LVEF derived from 8-frame gated technetium 99m sestamibi stress perfusion tomograms using commercially available 2D single photon emission computed tomography (SPECTEF) software that uses the modified Simpson's rule, 3D QGS, and investigational 3D p-FAST software in 136 left bundle branch block patients. Twenty-four patients had normal wall motion, whereas one hundred twelve showed septal dyssynchrony. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated that compared with QGS and p-FAST, SPECTEF overestimated LVEF in patients with septal dyssynchrony systemically by 8.6% and 11.3%, respectively. Conclusions We conclude that compared with 3D modalities, 2D modalities that use the modified Simpson's rule, such as SPECT EF, overestimate LVEF in patients with dyssynchronous septal wall motion. Therefore 3D modalities are preferred to evaluate patients with regional dyssynchrony.
Van der waals force noise : Quantum theory of fluctuations

The quantum theory of the fluctuations of the van der Waals (vdW) force between macroscopic bodies is developed. Unlike the mean vdW force that is determined by all quantum states that contribute to the optical absorption, the energies of those excitations of the interacting bodies that contribute effectively to the vdW force noise are thermal energies. Contrary to the mean vdW force, the vdW force noise drops with decreasing temperature. Due to these differences the main mechanism of the mean vdW force and that of the vdW force noise may be different, e.g., the mean vdW force is determined by electronic excitations, the force noise by the random lattice or impurity dynamics. Since the vdW force is linear in the fields squared its spectral density depends not only on the frequency of its measurement ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{S}$ but also on the integral over the second frequency. The dependence of its integrand on this frequency and temperature is quantumlike even at small ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{S}⪡{k}_{B}T∕\ensuremath{\hbar}$, and such may be the behavior of the vdW noise. In the case of interacting metals the vdW force noise is enhanced by dc voltage applied across these metals. This additional noise is proportional to the voltage squared and to the spectral density of the random electric field at the frequency of noise measurement. The theory is in qualitative agreement with experiments.
A note on rotational energy levels in nuclei

Abstract It is shown that the kinetic energy T of any system of interacting particles may be written in a “canonical form”, which displays the dependence of T on the total angular momentum. A formula is given for the zero order moments of inertia associated with collective rotation of the system. The formalism is applied to nuclei, and for purposes of comparison, to molecules. In addition, it is shown that an unsymmetric formulation of the many particle problem, in which only the nucleons of a “core” participate in the definition of the body fixed axes, leads to a Hamiltonian which is related by a simple averaging process with the “unified” model of Bohr and Mottelson. Finally, a connection is established between the “unified” model of Bohr-Mottelson and the “cranking model” of Inglis.
Combination of Radiation and Burn Injury Alters [18F] 2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Uptake in Mice

Radiation exposure and burn injury have both been shown to alter glucose utilization in vivo. The present study was designed to study the effect of burn injury combined with radiation exposure on glucose metabolism in mice using [¹⁸F] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (¹⁸FDG). Groups of male mice weighing approximately 30 g were studied. Group 1 was irradiated with a ¹³⁷Cs source (9 Gy). Group 2 received full thickness burn injury on 25% TBSA followed by resuscitation with saline (2 ml, IP). Group 3 received radiation followed 10 minutes later by burn injury. Group 4 were sham-treated controls. After treatment, the mice were fasted for 23 hours and then injected (IV) with 50 μCi of ¹⁸FDG. One hour postinjection, the mice were sacrificed, and biodistribution was measured. Positive blood cultures were observed in all groups of animals compared to the shams. Increased mortality was observed after 6 days in the burn plus radiated group as compared to the other groups. Radiation and burn treatments separately or in combination produced major changes in ¹⁸FDG uptake by many tissues. In the heart, brown adipose tissue, and spleen, radiation plus burn produced a much greater increase (P < .0001) in ¹⁸FDG accumulation than either treatment separately. All three treatments produced moderate decreases in ¹⁸FDG accumulation (P < .01) in the brain and gonads. Burn injury, but not irradiation, increased ¹⁸FDG accumulation in skeletal muscle; however, the combination of burn plus radiation decreased ¹⁸FDG accumulation in skeletal muscle. This model may be useful for understanding the effects of burns plus irradiation injury on glucose metabolism and in developing treatments for victims of injuries produced by the combination of burn plus irradiation.
Thermodynamics of cesium cation complexation with dibenzo-24-crown-8 in mixed nonaqueous solvents

Thermodynamics of complexation of cesium cation by dibenzo-24-crown-8 was studied in three binary solvent mixtures: acetonitrile-nitromethane (AN/NM),N,N-dimethylformamide-nitromethane (DMF/NM) and acetonitrile-propylene carbonate (AN/PC) using the133Cs-NMR technique. In all cases the variation of the formation constant,Kf, with the solvent composition was monotonic:Kf increased as the mole-% of the solvent of low donicity was increased. The temperature dependence ofKf indicated that the complexes are generally enthalpy stabilized, but entropy destabilized. The enthalpy and entropy of complexation reactions are quite sensitive to the solvent composition. However, their variation with solvent composition was not monotonic but showed maxima or minima at the isosolvation points of the cation or the complexed cation. In all cases an enthalpy-entropy compensating effect was observed.
Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth-Century Provence

The primary focus of this article is a reconsideration of Fraxinetum as an Islamic frontier state in tenth-century Provence. Traditional scholarship about Fraxinetum has interpreted the Muslim presence in Provence within the context of piracy. The interpretation of Fraxinetum as a pirate base centers largely on the interpretation of primary documents and the replication of the arguments of the Latin chroniclers within modern scholarship. Seeking to challenge the view that the Muslims in Francia were merely bandits, through a reassessment of primary sources and an analysis of some nontextual evidence, this article demonstrates that Fraxinetum was the political, military, and economic center of an Islamic frontier state in Provence that was populated largely by ghāzīs or mujāhidīn (Islamic frontier warriors) from al-Andalus. Reconceptualizing Fraxinetum as an Islamic frontier state should not be understood to mean that Muslim activity in Provence was centrally administered, but intends to convey that jihād , as well as certain economic motivations, played a crucial role in this frontier military settlement and, as such, needs to be adequately understood. This will allow scholars to comprehend more fully the nature of Fraxinetum, providing additional insight into the Muslim presence in Provence, and contributing to the understanding of the phenomenon of Islamic frontier states more broadly during the tenth century.
Ayenia saligna (Sterculiaceae), a new species from Colombia

Ayenia saligna from Colombia is described and illustrated. It is remarkable for having foliar nectaries, which now are known to occur in seven of the 75–80 species in the genus. The petals ofAyenia are structurally complex and the inconsistent use of terminology to describe their parts is noted. In addition, the relationship ofA. saligna to other species ofAyenia is discussed.
Leasing and extended producer responsibility for personal computer component reuse

Although extended producer responsibility legislation creates economic incentives for manufacturers to recycle or remanufacture product components, this has proven to be very difficult. Leasing arrangements where the manufacturer sells a service rather than a product might facilitate more cost-effective product take-back. This paper presents a mathematical model for product design that considers leasing programs and their impact on cost, reliability and environmental impact. The optimal combination of new, recycled and remanufactured components over several product lifecycles is determined by maximising a multiattribute utility function for a portfolio of customer market segments.
Negotiating Organizational Communication Cultures in American Subsidiaries Doing Business in Thailand.

The goal of this project was to study organizational communication cultures in U.S.-Thai parent-subsidiary organizations doing business in Thailand and to then ascertain to what degree employees at the subsidiary locations participated in the creation of their organizational communication cultures. To understand the extent to which Thai employees perceived and negotiated aspects of organizational life, the idea of negotiated cultures was developed. Negotiated cultures characterize local employee participation and negotiation as a struggle about the legitimacy of whose norms/style (those of the parent or the subsidiary) would be used in the subsidiary location.
Local and macroscopic thermal transport from a sphere in a turbulent air stream

The local and macroscopic thermal transport from a calorimeter-instrumented sphere 1.5 in. in diameter located in an air steram ws measured experimentally in the subcritical flow regime. The Reynolds number was varied between 5,200 and 70,200 with artificially induced turbulence level varying from 0.013 to 0.256. Higher turbulence increased thermal transport through the laminar bundary layer prevailing in the forward hemisphere, and significantly retarded the point of separation from about 87° to 106° as measured from stagnation. An increase in the Reynolds number shifted the point of separation forward and altered the behavior in the wake. In the separated wake region, the experimental evidence indicated that the vortex reattached to the rear surface and formed a new boundary layer that resulted in a decrease in the local thermal transfer.
Evaporative condenser control in industrial refrigeration systems

Abstract This paper is a result of a research project which focused on optimization of an existing industrial refrigeration system for a large two-temperature level cold storage distribution facility located near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This system utilized a combination of single-screw and reciprocating compressors (each operating under single-stage compression), an evaporative condenser, and a combination of liquid overfeed and direct expansion evaporators. A mathematical model of the existing system was developed. The model was validated using experimental data recorded from the system. Subsequently, the model served as a tool to evaluate alternative system designs and operating strategies that lead to optimum system performance. The methods, analysis, and results presented in this paper focus on evaporative condenser sizing and head pressure control. Operating system head pressures that minimize the energy costs of the system were found to be a linear function of the outdoor wet-bulb temperature. A methodology for implementing the optimum control strategy is presented. Simulation results for the annual performance of the refrigeration system investigated in this project show a reduction in annual energy consumption by 11% as a result of the recommended design and control changes.
Full-field inspection of a wind turbine blade using three-dimensional digital image correlation

Increasing demand and deployment of wind power has led to a significant increase in the number of wind-turbine blades manufactured globally. As the physical size and number of turbines deployed grows, the probability of manufacturing defects being present in composite turbine blade fleets also increases. As both capital blade costs, and operational and maintenance costs, increase for larger turbine systems the need for large-scale inspection and monitoring of the state of structural health of turbine blades during manufacturing and operation critically increase. One method for locating and quantifying manufacturing defects, while also allowing for the in-situ measurement of the structural health of blades, is through the observation of the full-field state of deformation and strain of the blade. Static tests were performed on a nine-meter CX-100 composite turbine blade to extract full-field displacement and strain measurements using threedimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC). Measurements were taken at several angles near the blade root, including along the high-pressure surface, low-pressure surface, and along the trailing edge of the blade. The overall results indicate that the measurement approach can clearly identify failure locations and discontinuities in the blade curvature under load. Post-processing of the data using a stitching technique enables the shape and curvature of the entire blade to be observed for a large-scale wind turbine blade for the first time. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of the approach and reveals that the technique readily can be scaled up to accommodate utility-scale blades. As long as a trackable pattern is applied to the surface of the blade, measurements can be made in-situ when a blade is on a manufacturing floor, installed in a test fixture, or installed on a rotating turbine. The results demonstrate the great potential of the optical measurement technique and its capability for use in the wind industry for large-area inspection.
Rolipram attenuates acute oligodendrocyte death in the adult rat ventrolateral funiculus following contusive cervical spinal cord injury

Rolipram, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) proteins that hydrolyze cAMP, increases axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent evidence indicate that rolipram also protects against a multitude of apoptotic signals, many of which are implicated in secondary cell death post-SCI. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry and morphometry to determine potential spinal cord targets of rolipram and to test its protective potential in rats undergoing cervical spinal cord contusive injury. We found that 3 PDE4 subtypes (PDE4A, B, D) were expressed by spinal cord oligodendrocytes. OX-42 immunopositive microglia only expressed the PDE4B subtype. Oligodendrocyte somata were quantified within the cervical ventrolateral funiculus, a white matter region critical for locomotion, at varying time points after SCI in rats receiving rolipram or vehicle treatments. We show that rolipram significantly attenuated oligodendrocyte death at 24 h post-SCI continuing through 72 h, the longest time point examined. These results demonstrate for the first time that spinal cord glial cells express PDE4 subtypes and that the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram protects oligodendrocytes from secondary cell death following contusive SCI. They also indicate that further investigations into neuroprotection and axonal regeneration with rolipram are warranted for treating SCI.
The AhR agonist VAF347 augments retinoic acid-induced differentiation in leukemia cells

In binary cell-fate decisions, driving one lineage and suppressing the other are conjoined. We have previously reported that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) promotes retinoic acid (RA)-induced granulocytic differentiation of lineage bipotent HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia cells. VAF347, an AhR agonist, impairs the development of CD14(+)CD11b(+) monocytes from granulo-monocytic (GM) stage precursors. We thus hypothesized that VAF347 propels RA-induced granulocytic differentiation and impairs D3-induced monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Our results show that VAF347 enhanced RA-induced cell cycle arrest, CD11b integrin expression and neutrophil respiratory burst. Granulocytic differentiation is known to be driven by MAPK signaling events regulated by Fgr and Lyn Src-family kinases, the CD38 cell membrane receptor, the Vav1 GEF, the c-Cbl adaptor, as well as AhR, all of which are embodied in a putative signalsome. We found that the VAF347 AhR ligand regulates the signalsome. VAF347 augments RA-induced expression of AhR, Lyn, Vav1, and c-Cbl as well as p47(phox). Several interactions of partners in the signalsome appear to be enhanced: Fgr interaction with c-Cbl, CD38, and with pS259c-Raf and AhR interaction with c-Cbl and Lyn. Thus, we report that, while VAF347 impedes monocytic differentiation induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, VAF347 promotes RA-induced differentiation. This effect seems to involve but not to be limited to Lyn, Vav1, c-Cbl, AhR, and Fgr.
Racial stereotypes revisited

Abstract Fifty-one black and 66 white college students were administered the Katz and Braly Checklist (1933) and instructed to select five adjectives that best described first themselves, second, black Americans, and third, white Americans. They then rated each adjective on a favorability scale from 1 to 5. Changes in the content of stereotypes were determined by calculating the 10 most frequently checked adjectives for black and for white Americans and comparing that with data from Katz and Braly (1933), Bayton (1941) and Maykovich (1972). Currently, black Americans are described as musical, loyal to family ties, very religious, progressive, ambitious, and quick-tempered. White Americans are described as intelligent, materialistic, ambitious, industrious, conventional, and conservative. The content of the white stereotype remained more stable over the years than the black stereotype. The white stereotype has slowly decreased in favorability over the years while the black stereotype has increased. Black and white students rated themselves more favorably than they rated the other or their own race.
On natural language dialogue with assistive robots

This paper examines the appropriateness of natural language dialogue (NLD) with assistive robots. Assistive robots are defined in terms of an existing human-robot interaction taxonomy. A decision support procedure is outlined for assistive technology researchers and practitioners to evaluate the appropriateness of NLD in assistive robots. Several conjectures are made on when NLD may be appropriate as a human-robot interaction mode.
Landholding Inequality, Political Strategy, and Authoritarian Repression: Structure and Agency in Bismarck’s “Second Founding” of the German Empire

Canonical works and recent studies posit that authoritarian repression, like that targeting Social Democrats during the “Second Founding” of the German Empire, depends on structural factors such as landholding inequality. However, at this juncture, the role of these variables was more complex than that in the “grand sweep” of German history. Liberal support for the 1878 Antisocialist Law was the result of an interaction between the strategy of the government and structures in society at large. Public outcry surrounding an assassination attempt on the Kaiser was provoked by the Chancellor through the press, and utilized as a political instrument by calling new elections. Liberals contesting districts with high landholding inequality came under conservative pressure led by landed aristocrats, and were forced to take up stances supporting repression. This first step in the “Second Founding” of the Empire marked an important move away from liberal governance which precluded democratic reform in Imperial Germany.
The mott lecture. Structural and electronic properties of amorphous SiGe:H alloys

Abstract It is universally found that the photoelectronic properties of a-Ge:H and a-Si1−xGex:H alloys are much poorer than those of a-Si:H. For example, the efficiency mobility-lifetime products from steady-state photoconductivity measurements and the mobility-lifetime products from time-of-flight data decrease by about a factor of 100 between a-Si:H and a 50% Ge alloy. Estimates of the gap density-of-states from spin resonance or optical absorption, however, indicate increases of only an order of magnitude, and measurements of the Urbach tail parameter show essentially no change throughout the alloy series. There would appear to be a growing consensus that these results are reconciled by a model of a rapidly decreasing electron mobility with alloying. This paper examines the evidence for this, and discusses how the details of the results for steady-state and transient photoconductivity may be understood.
A balanced homodyne detector and local oscillator shaping for measuring optical Schrödinger cat states

We present our implementation of an optical homodyne detector used to measure optical Schrodinger cat states. We show how we minimized the losses and mode-mismatches associated with homodyne detection, which become important when measuring non-classical states of light. We present a pulse-shaping scheme applied to the local oscillator to improve its temporal mode overlap with the non-classical state.
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction can be categorized as either acute or chronic. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP) differs clinically from acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction by the presence of obstructive symptoms for at least 6 months. CIP is a rare yet debilitating neuromuscular disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by impaired peristalsis with symptoms and imaging that may mimic mechanical bowel obstruction. Because the symptoms of CIP including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and abdominal distension are nonspecific, CIP often goes undiagnosed for many years despite multiple potentially dangerous diagnostic tests and treatments. Thus, a high degree of clinical suspicion in conjunction with a careful history and physical examination remains paramount to establishing the diagnosis. Importantly, CIP is not a single disorder; rather, it refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by disordered intestinal peristalsis.
FREEZING INJURY TO ARBORVITAE AND JUNIPERS IN KANSAS

The susceptibility of Arborvitae and Junipers to freezing injury in Kansas was shown in the spring of I932. It seems possible that similar injury to the species of evergreens named herein could result in neighboring states. The differences in inijury were so striking that it was plainly evident that certain varieties were much hardier than others. Landscape and amateur gardeners could well afford to give the matter of planting evergreens careful consideration. The month of March, I932, averaged the sixth coldest March onl record in Kansas and was 3.50 F. colder than the February preceding. The mean temperature for March, I932, was 36.90, which is 6.70 below normal, making it the coldest March in eight years. The week beginning with the 5th of March was the coldest week in March in the history of the state, with temperatures scarcely up to the freezing point on any afternoon and readings close to or below zero on most of the nights. The temperatures and precipitation records from February I5 to March I5, I932, are given for Manhattan, Kansas. The maximum and minimum temperatures for the first two weeks in February are not included in the accompanying figures since they are very similar to the last two weeks. In order to appreciate the situation, one should examine the temperature records preceding the severe March freeze. The maximum dailv tempera-
Radial collateral ligament injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint: epidemiology in a military population.

Purpose The reasons for variation in the reported incidence rates between thumb metacarpophalangeal joint radial collateral ligament (RCL) and ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are unclear. Delay in diagnosis of injury to the RCL leads to greater time of patient disability. The purpose of this study was to define the demographics and presentation of patients with RCL injuries in a military health care system. Methods We performed a retrospective review of electronic medical records over a 5-year period to determine the incidence and epidemiology related to patients with instability of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint resulting from injury of the radial or ulnar collateral ligaments. Results A total of 56 patients presented with thumb metacarpophalangeal joint instability. Of these, 18 (32%) had an RCL injury. Patients with an RCL injury were, on average, younger than those with UCL injuries. Those with RCL injuries were more likely to require surgery than were those with UCL injuries (67% vs 40%). With regard to time to presentation, most patients with UCL injuries presented 2 to 10 weeks after injury, whereas nearly all patients with RCL injuries presented greater than 10 weeks after injury. Radial collateral ligament injuries were more likely than UCL injuries to have resulted from an axial load (56% vs 16%), whereas UCL injuries were more likely to have been caused by an abduction-adduction moment (50% vs 22%). Conclusions In this series, patients sustaining injuries to the RCL were younger and presented later than their counterparts with UCL instability. Close attention to subtle or frank instability presenting as pain in younger patients with axial loading injury mechanisms may allow early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of this injury. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic III.
Seismic Repair of RC Bridge Piers Using Shape Memory Alloys

This experimental study focuses on investigating the feasibility of using shape memory alloy (SMA) spiral to conduct emergency repairs on severely damaged reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers. The studied repair technique can be implemented in less than 24 hours and hence can be used to rapidly restore the functionality of lifeline bridges that are severely damaged by an earthquake. The proposed repair technique can also ensure the safety and structural integrity of important bridges against strong aftershocks. Unlike other repair techniques such as composite jackets, which utilize the concept of passive confinement, this proposed technique relies on the concept of concrete active confinement to enhance the strength and ductility of severely damaged concrete. Research has shown that active confinement is a more superior confinement technique to passive confinement; however, with conventional materials, its fast application on-site in case of an emergency could be a challenge. This study presents an easy and fast method to apply active confinement using SMAs. The thermally activated shape recovery feature of SMAs is used to apply the active confining pressure at the damaged locations. To examine the proposed technique, two 1/3-scale RC columns which were severely damaged are repaired using SMA spirals and retested. The damage sustained by the two columns is localized primarily at the column base (i.e. at the plastic hinge zone), which is typical in seismically damaged slender columns. The damages in both columns are in the form of concrete cover spalling, concrete core crushing, and buckling and rupture of at least one of the longitudinal rebars. The repaired columns are tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. The results are compared with those of the as-built columns. The experimental results show that the repaired columns have fully restored their lateral stiffness, strength and hysteretic energy dissipation capability. The results of this study clearly illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique for emergency repair applications.
HEAT CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS FOR ALUMINUM AND LEAD WIRES

Abstract Heat capacity and electrical resistance measurements are reported for aluminum and lead at temperatures ranging from room temperature to near the melting point of each metal. A pulse heating method is used. The results show that both the heat capacities and temperature coefficients of resistance increase with temperature in such a way as to suggest that they are influenced by a single activated process rather than by impurities. Although this behavior may possibly be explained by a more complete theory of anharmonic lattice vibrations, evidence is presented to suggest a possible relationship between the anomalies and the presence of vacancies. Interpreting the excess heat capacity in terms of the heat of formation of vacancies, however, requires more vacancies than would be expected on the basis of self-diffusion experiments.
Design and evolution of an undergraduate course on web application development

Web technologies have become essential in the computing curricula. However, teaching a Web development course to computing students is challenging because of large bodies of knowledge, rapidly changing technologies, demanding support infrastructures and diverse background of audiences. This paper presents the evolution and the experiences we have gained in teaching a Web development course for the past seven years. We incorporate selected leading edge Web technologies as soon as they become mature and stable. The course covers a broad spectrum of Internet technologies to provide a solid conceptual framework. It also includes an in-depth study of a selected technology to provide the necessary depth and knowledge to build realistic Web applications. This paper describes the course design, our choice of topics, programming assignments, course delivery and our experience in coping with the rapidly changing Web technologies.
Transverse-mode instability and chaos in an optical cavity with phase-conjugate mirror.

We calculate the effect of pump-intensity variation on the mode structure of an optical cavity with a phase-conjugate mirror operated in the linear regime. Instabilities and chaos are predicted under conditions similar to those observed by Valley and Dunning [Opt. Lett. 9, 513 (1984)].