cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Antimicrobial Inhibition Profiles of Mycoplasma Bovis Isolates Recovered from Various Regions of the United States from 2002 to 2003

Antimicrobial therapy continues to be important in reducing losses due to pneumonic forms of Mycoplasma bovis disease in beef and dairy calves. Although M. bovis diseases have been documented as frequent and economically important in the United States, there are no published reports on the antimicrobial activity of approved compounds against US strains. In this study, the authors report on the activity of 9 different antimicrobials against 223 recently recovered isolates of M. bovis. These isolates represent accessions from 5 geographic regions of the United States and were grouped by 4 tissues of origin (milk, respiratory, joint, or ear and eye). A broth microdilution test was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by reading redox changes detected in broth with alamarBlue (resazurin) indicator. For each antimicrobial, the median, MIC50, MIC90, mode, and range were calculated, and the values used for comparisons. In the absence of accepted breakpoint values, published MIC cutoff values for animal mycoplasmas as well as Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute interpretive criteria were used as a reference to define in vitro activity. The MIC values from active antimicrobials were found to distribute independently of region of origin of the isolates or of tissue of origin. Enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and spectinomycin were found to be active compounds in vitro. Oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were active against more than half of the isolates. Very few isolates were inhibited by tilmicosin and none by erythromycin, ampicillin, or ceftiofur. The antimicrobial profiles determined for these US strains were remarkably similar to those reported for European isolates. However, unlike in Europe, there appears to be no diversity of profiles when US isolates are grouped by region or tissue of origin.
Analysis of thermostat models

We present two new models describing the dynamic behavior of an automotive thermostat, involving delay-differential equations with hysteresis. Existence, uniqueness, and regularity of the solutions for both models are obtained by a continuation argument. We establish sufficient conditions for the models to exhibit intrinsic oscillations. We also present an algorithm for numerical approximations of the solutions and give some representative numerical simulations. These reveal a rather interesting dynamical behavior of the solutions.
Some methods for the analysis of equipment‐structure interaction

We present some numerical methods which simplify the analysis of equipment-structure systems composed of an equipment component which is light with respect to the structure component. We consider completely general forms of equipment-structure interaction. In particular, we consider that an arbitrary number of natural frequencies of the equipment and the structure are nearly equal (or equal) to each other. We show that this coincidence of natural frequencies implies that the equipment-structure system will itself have several closely spaced natural frequencies. The essence of equipment-structure interaction is the formation of beats, with slowly varying amplitude in each degree of freedom, between these natural frequencies-at least in response to a δ-function ground motion. We derive some differential equations, the solutions of which are a slowly varying envelope function (a vector) which yields the above slowly varying amplitudes. It is obtained by numerical integration using some conventional, but modified, methods and using a step size appropriate to capture its slowly varying nature. This envelope function defines the response to a δ-function ground motion. We show how it may be combined with the properties of an arbitrary ground motion (acceleration record or response spectrum) to yield the response to such a ground motion.
Network architectures for QKD

We present two schemes for QKD network architectures based on two ubiquitous topologies: the tree and the ring. Quantum key addressing schemes and their implications are also discussed.
A comparative analysis of serial ordering in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).

Research over the last 25 years has demonstrated that animals are able to organize sequences in memory and retrieve ordered sequences without language. Qualitative differences have been found between the serial organization of behavior in pigeons and monkeys. Here the authors test serial ordering abilities in ring-tailed lemurs, a strepsirrhine primate whose ancestral lineage diverged from that of monkeys, apes, and humans approximately 63 million years ago. Lemurs’ accuracy and response times were similar to monkeys, thus suggesting that they may share mechanisms for serial organization that dates to a common primate ancestor.
Psychological Contract or Social Contract? Development of the Employment Contracts Scale:

The present research sought to distinguish between two forms of employment contracts— the social contract and the psychological contract. A four-item social contract scale was developed to measure ...
Balaenoptera physalus (Fin whale)

Skin and fin biopsies of one male and tree femals were kindly provided by Dr. A. Jonsgard, Institutt for Marin Biologi, Oslo, Norway from the 1969 catch. All gave identical results. The smallest acrocentrics have satellites and engage in association. The X is the largest chromosome, the Y is the smallest. They are distinctive. In the female one X is later replicating although both are asynchronous to the autosomes. The Y is not clearly asynchronous. These findings are in agreement with those of Arnason who gives detailed measurements and an ideogram.
RISE: improving the streaming processors reliability against soft errors in gpgpus

With hundreds of cores integrated into a single chip, the general-purpose computing on graphic processing units (GPGPUs) provide high computing power to accelerate parallel applications. However, they are prone to manifest high soft-error vulnerability due to the lack of fault detection and tolerance. Especially, streaming processors become the reliability hot-spot in GPGPUs. This paper explores two opportunistic soft-error detection techniques to cost-effectively improve the streaming processors reliability. Observing that the streaming processors are not fully utilized during the branch divergence and pipeline stalls caused by the long latency operations, we propose to Recycle the streaming processors Idle time for Soft-Error detection (RISE) and obtain the good fault coverage with negligible performance degradation. RISE is composed of full-RISE and partial-RISE. Full-RISE selectively triggers the redundancy for a set of warps so that leverages the fully idled streaming processors during the pipeline stall time for the error detection. Partial-RISE performs the redundancy for a number of threads in certain warps using the partially idled streaming processors during the branch divergence. Our experimental results show that RISE shows strong capability in improving the SPs soft-error reliability by 43% with negligible (e.g. 4%) performance loss.
Comments on "A least upper bound on quantization error"

A summary of methods proposed by Cavin and Bertram for bounding quantization errors in hybrid control systems is presented. Their methods are compared and similarities in the methods are noted. An apparent error by Cavin is demonstrated.
NETWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE: CLANSHIP AND COLLECTIVE WELL-BEING IN BUGANDA

This article raises the question of how scholars might make sense of well-known components of social organization in Africa in the absence of the increasingly criticized evolutionary and lineage models that once gave them meaning. In an effort to understand why our earliest glimpses into the distant Ganda past appear in the form of clan histories, the article examines the relationship between clanship, public healing and transformations in agricultural practices. Beginning around the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Ganda expanded upon earlier knowledge of banana cultivation to develop a land-intensive banana farming system. This process coincided with the transformation of previously territorial spirits into portable spirits capable of ensuring the health of disconnected groups of people. At the heart of these undertakings stood the ideology and practices of clanship, which furnished the conceptual bridge connecting transformations in agriculture and public healing. The webs of shrines situated on discontiguous clan lands created therapeutic networks that drew together communities whose leaders possessed a variety of skills, thus forging a powerful connection between clanship, collective health and the composition of knowledge.
Demonstration of a radiation-induced bystander effect for low dose low LET β-particles

Radiation-induced bystander mutagenesis at a relatively low dose range was investigated using low LET β-particles in a three-dimensional cell culture model. CHO cells were labeled with 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 5.0 μCi tritiated thymidine (3HdTTP) for 12 h and subsequently incubated with AL cells for 24 h at 11°C. The cell mixture was centrifuged to produce a spheroid of 4 × 106 cells of which there was five times more AL than CHO cells. The short-range β-particles emitted by 3HdTTP result in self-irradiation of labeled CHO cells, thus biological effects on neighboring AL cells can be attributed to the bystander response. To evaluate such response, non-labeled bystander AL cells were isolated from among labeled CHO cells and studied independently for survival and mutagenesis. Treatment of CHO cells with 3HdTTP resulted in a dose-dependent increase in bystander mutation incidence among neighboring AL cells compared to controls. In addition, multiplex PCR analysis revealed the types of mutants to be significantly different from those of spontaneous origin. These data provide evidence that low dose low LET radiation can induce bystander mutagenesis in a three-dimensional model. The results of this study will address the relevant issues of actual target size and radiation quality, and are likely to have a significant impact on our current understanding of radiation risk assessment.
Trends in the Incidence of Legal Problems and in the Use of Lawyers

Changes in the law, government regulations, socioeconomic changes, increased consumerism, the public's level of awareness—all these and other factors influence the population's demand over time for lawyers'services. This article analyzes the changes over time in the two elements that determine the demand for lawyers: the number of legal problems encountered by the population and the rate of use of lawyers in solving these problems. After showing that sequential occurrences of legal problems are not independent of each other and are age dependent, the author develops a mathematical model that explains the variability in the present number of problems encountered by different age groups. The number of problems is found to result from a relatively mild accumulation with age of legal problems, coupled with a strong increase in the number of problems from generation to generation. The analysis of individual legal problems reveals a variety of patterns from problem to problem in both the level of occurrence and the rate of use of lawyers for such problems. The author concludes that the combined effect of occurrence and utilization will operate toward a continuing increase in the demand for lawyers'services at least for the very near future.
Strategies for Improving Long-Term Outcomes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Insights From Learning Theory

Abstract Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often highly effective, yet some patients experience relapses following a seemingly successful course of treatment. In this article we describe the components of CBT for OCD and then present a patient who relapses after making significant gains during a course of CBT. Likely explanations for the patient’s relapse, and methods for optimizing long-term treatment outcomes, are explored from the standpoint of research on learning and memory. These strategies mainly apply to the implementation of situational (in vivo) and imaginal exposure therapy, but also include suggestions for optimizing the psychoeducational and cognitive therapy components.
The use of antibodies in clinical cardiology

Monoclonal antibody technology has resulted in an entirely new class of agents, which have been applied to a variety of problems in cardiology and which hold great promise for future diagnostic, as well as therapeutic, applications. The four antibodies, which have been most widely used in clinical cardiology, are Digibind, OKT3, Myoscint, and 7E3. Each demonstrates the unique potential for the use of antibodies in clinical cardiology.
Combining quantitative trait loci analyses and microarray data: An empirical likelihood approach

Selective transcriptional profiling is an attractive approach for alleviating the high cost of genetical genomics research as it requires only a subset of individuals in the QTL mapping study for microarray experiments. Current statistical methods for this approach are based on parametric models that might not be appropriate for all experiments. To provide a nonparametric method for analyzing data obtained in selective transcriptional profiling studies, an empirical-likelihood-based inference is derived for multi-sample comparisons when information is available on surrogate variables. The results show that when testing for the association between the transcriptional abundance of a given gene and a known QTL, using relatively inexpensive trait data on extra individuals significantly improves the power for the proposed test.
Understanding and accessing standards-based mathematics for students with mathematics difficulties

In this introduction to the special issue, the author provides a brief overview of (a) standards-based mathematics and implications for students with learning disabilities and those at risk for mat...
Fracture Strength and Mirror Size in a Commercial Glass‐ Ceramic

Extensive observations on the strength-fracture mirror size relation for a commercial cordierite-based glass-ceramic indicate a systematic deviation from the expected behavior at high strength/small mirror sizes. Calculations of internal stresses from phase properties suggest that the observations result from direct effects of internal stresses on fracture-mirror formation or from indirect effects of internal stresses affecting the fracture toughness and hence fracture-mirror size.
Culturable bacterial microflora associated with nectarine fruit and their potential for control of brown rot

Microflora of fruit surfaces have been the best source of antagonists against fungi causing postharvest decay of fruit. However, there is little information on microflora colonizing surfaces of fruits other than grape, apple, and citrus. We characterized bacterial microflora on nectarine fruit surfaces from the early stage of development until harvest. Identification of bacterial strains was made using MIDI (fatty acid methyl ester analysis) and Biolog systems. Biolog identified 35% and MIDI 53% of the strains. Thus results from MIDI were used to determine the frequency of occurrence of genera and species. The most frequently occurring genera were Curtobacterium (21.31%), followed by Pseudomonas (19.99%), Microbacterium (13.57%), Clavibacter (9.69%), Pantoea (6.59%), and Enterobacter (4.26%). The frequency of isolations of some bacteria — for example, the major pseudomonads (Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas savastanoi) or Pantoea agglomerans — tended to decline as fruit developed....
Plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes adhere specifically to the midgut epithelium of Aedes aegypti by interaction with a carbohydrate ligand

During the course of its development in the mosquito and transmission to a new vertebrate host, the malaria parasite must interact with the mosquito midgut and invade the gut epithelium. To investigate how the parasite recognizes the midgut before invasion, we have developed an in vitro adhesion assay based on combining fluorescently labelled ookinetes with isolated midgut epithelia from blood-fed mosquitoes. Using this assay, we found that Plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes readily adhered to midguts of Aedes aegypti, mimicking the natural recognition of the epithelium by the parasite. This interaction is specific: the ookinetes preferentially adhered to the lumen (microvillar) side of the gut epithelium and did not bind to other mosquito tissues. Conversely, the binding was not due to a non-specific adhesive property of the midguts, because a variety of other cell types, including untransformed P. gallinaceum zygotes or macrogametes, did not show similar binding to the midguts. High concentrations of glycosylated (fetuin, orosomucoid, ovalbumin) or non-glycosylated (bovine serum albumin) proteins, added as non-specific competitors, failed to compete with the ookinetes in binding assays. We also found that the adhesion of ookinetes to the midgut surface is necessary for sporogonic development of the parasite in the mosquito. Antibodies and other reagents that blocked adhesion in vitro also reduced oocyst formation when these reagents were combined with mature ookinetes and fed to mosquitoes. Chemical modification of the midguts with sodium periodate at pH 5.5 destroyed adhesion, indicating that the ookinete binds to a carbohydrate ligand on the surface of the midgut. The ligand is sensitive to periodate concentrations of less than 1 mmol l-1, suggesting that it may contain sialic-acid-like sugars. Furthermore, free N-acetylneuraminic acid competed with the ookinetes in binding aasays, while other monosaccharides had no effect. However, in agreement with the current belief that adult insects do not contain sialic acids, we were unable to detect any sialic acids in mosquito midguts using the most sensitive HPLC-based fluorometric assay currently available. We postulate that a specific carbohydrate group is used by the ookinete to recognize the midgut epithelium and to attach to its surface. This is the first receptor-ligand interaction demonstrated for the ookinete stage of a malaria parasite. Further characterization of the midgut ligand and its parasite counterpart may lead to novel strategies of blocking oocyst development in the mosquito.
Traumatic separation of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage plate.

Twenty patients with fractures of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage were followed for an average of four years and three months. At the time of follow-up fifteen patients were skeletally mature. In four of the remaining five patients premature epiphyseal closure had developed. The more severe injuries progressed to premature closure of the growth plate. Five of fifteen Salter and Harris Type-II injuries resulted in shortening which averaged 2.3 centimeters. In four patients this occurred despite anatomically maintained reductions. This also occurred in one patient with a Type-I injury. Although Type-I and II injuries generally have an excellent prognosis for normal growth, this is not uniformly true of injuries to the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage plate. Close follow-up of patients with these injuries is advocated.
Theodicy and the Feminine Divine: Thomas Merton’s “Hagia Sophia” in Dialogue with Western Theology:

This article looks to Wisdom-Sophia as a lyric name and memory of God who brings hope for human beings and for suffering creation. The irruption of the feminine divine into Thomas Merton’s consciousness is followed by a consideration of witnesses to the divine Presence emerging from Holocaust narratives and Jewish feminist post-Holocaust theology. Building from a poetic and narrative description of theological hope in a sophianic key, the article concludes with implications for spirituality, the theology of God, and discipleship: What would it mean to “live together with Wisdom” in the practices that shape our daily lives in the world and church?
The ant Prenolepis imparis Say.

To the myrmecologist the ants that belong to the ancient preglacial circumpolar fauna are of unusual interest, and among these none is more deserving of study than the small, shining, brown or yellowish Prenolepis imparis , because it is almost indistinguishable from P. henschei Mayr, a species that flourished in the amber forests of the Lower Oligocene Tertiary of northern Europe. In addition to its great antiquity and its extraordinary morphological stability throughout postoligocene time, P. imparis also exhibits certain behavioristic peculiarities which have not been sufficiently emphazied in the literature.
Reaction of (silylamino)phosphines with carbon disulfide

Abstract The (silylamino)phosphines Me3SiN(R)PMe2 (1: R = SiMe3; 2: R = Me) react smoothly with CS2 to yield the zwitterions Me3SiN(R)P+Me2CS2- (3: R = SiMe3; 4: R = Me) as red solids. No cleavage of or insertion into P[sbnd]N or Si[sbnd]N bonds is observed in these reactions. Compound 3 reacts with MeI to yield the S-methylated phosphonium salt [(Me3Si)2NP+Me2C(S)SMe]I− (5). Upon heating, 5 readily evolves Me3SiI to give the thioester-substituted phosphoranimine Me3SiN[dbnd]PMe2C(S)SMe (6) as a distillable red liquid.
A constant temperature tissue bath.

SummaryA compact and inexpensive tissue bath enabling the study of isolated biological materials has been developed. Temperature control of the saline solution is achieved by means of a refluxing solvent. When employed at a temperature of 38°C accurate control to + .03°C is possible. By appropriate choice of solvents it is possible to study isolated tissue preparations over a wide range of temperatures.
In pursuit of damage tolerance in engineering and biological materials

The ability to image and quantify material behavior in real time at nano to near-macro length scales, preferably in three dimensions, is a crucial feature of modern materials science. Here, we examine such an approach to characterize the mechanical properties of three diverse classes of materials: (1) biological materials, principally bone, using both in situ small-/wide-angle x-ray scattering/diffraction to probe nanoscale deformation behavior and x-ray computed microtomography to study microscale damage mechanisms; (2) biomimetic materials, specifically a nacre-like ceramic, where microtomography is used to identify toughening mechanisms; (3) synthetic materials, specifically ceramic textile composites, using in situ microtomography to quantify the salient mechanical damage at ultrahigh temperatures. The mechanistic insights for the understanding of damage evolution and fracture afforded by these techniques are undeniable; as such, they can help provide a basis for the achievement of enhanced damage tolerance in structural materials.
Vibration Signal Simulation and Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearboxes Based on Transmission Mechanism Analysis

Planetary gear transmission structures, consisting of sun gear, planet gears, ring gear, carrier etc., are more complex than fixed-axis gear transmission structures. In planetary gearboxes, the vibration responses of multiple gear pair meshing couple with each other, and the vibration transmission paths from gear meshing points to the fixed transducers are time-varying. Therefore, fault diagnosis of the planetary gearboxes is more difficult compared to that of fixed-axis gearboxes, in which the vibration simulation models are very important. By analyzing the transmission paths of each meshing vibration and synthetizing the phase differences between different meshing vibrations, vibration simulation models of the planetary gearboxes are constructed and the vibration signals based on the models are obtained. By comparing the signal characteristics of the faulty condition with the healthy one, faults of the planetary gearboxes can be diagnosed. The constructed models are characterized by considering multiple gear pair meshing and their phase relations, time-varying vibration transmission paths, modulations due to gear faults, etc. To test the proposed models, the vibration signals are measured from a planetary gearbox test rig under the healthy condition, the sun gear with a cracked tooth and a planet gear with a cracked tooth, respectively. The fault characteristics of the planetary gearboxes are summarized based on the comparisons of the vibration signals between the models and the experiments.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt for medically refractory hepatic hydrothorax: A systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt for medically refractory hepatic hydrothorax: A systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis
Non-Nuclear Strategic Weapons

When Soviet analysts refer to a ‘revolution in military affairs’, they are discussing what they perceive to be a sea-change in the nature of warfare. The Soviet acceptance in the late 1950s of the implications of nuclear weapons ushered in one such revolution. Soviet analysts determined that nuclear weapons would dominate the next war, which would quickly escalate to an all-out strategic exchange between the superpowers.
Sleep and Pain: Milestones and Advances from Research

Sleep disturbance and coexisting pain are common experiences in a variety of disease states or chronic conditions. These symptoms affect a large number of people worldwide and have serious negative consequences on health, quality of life, and work productivity as well as the rising costs of health care. Yet, despite the prevalence of sleep and comorbid pain, there is little evidence from research upon which to build clinical guidelines or suggest best practices. Despite considerable advances in sleep and pain medicine, research studies on the nature of comorbid sleep disturbance and pain only have just begun to appear in the literature. This chapter provides a critical commentary on the progress of the generation of research evidence on sleep disturbance and pain, and summarizes, as milestones, the accumulated evidence. This review includes selected preclinical studies, experimental human and clinical studies, as well as recent studies focused on interventions designed to improve sleep and reduce pain in people with chronic pain.
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphomas in the antiretroviral therapy era: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base

BACKGROUND Antiviral therapy has altered the prognosis of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but patterns of lymphoma-directed therapy in the community are unknown. METHODS The authors analyzed the National Cancer Data Base records of 10,769 patients who were diagnosed with HIV-associated lymphoma from 2004 through 2012. Changes in clinical characteristics and chemotherapy delivery over time were evaluated. Factors that were associated with not receiving chemotherapy were studied using multivariable logistic regression, reporting odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The proportion of black or Hispanic patients with HIV-associated NHL increased from 41% in 2004 to 55% in 2012 (P < .0001). Chemotherapy was received by 81% of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 90% of those with Burkitt lymphoma, 61% of those with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and 35% of those with primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL). Between 2004 and 2012, this proportion increased only for patients with PCNSL (P < .00001). Chemotherapy was less likely to be received by patients who were older, black, or without private insurance. It was delivered more frequently in hospitals designated as academic (OR for nonreceipt, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.92) or in hospitals that had ≥3 HIV-positive cases per year (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58-0.86). Survival improved in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (P = .007), Burkitt lymphoma (P = .0002), and PCNSL (P = .019), but not in those with PEL (P = .94). Receipt of chemotherapy in patients with PEL was not associated with better survival. CONCLUSIONS Disparities in chemotherapy delivery need attention, because a majority of HIV-positive patients with NHL in the United States are now black or Hispanic. Higher volume centers were associated with an increased likelihood of chemotherapy administration. Survival gains in patients with PCNSL parallel an increase in chemotherapy use, supporting its role in therapy. [See Editorial on pages 000-000, this issue.] Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2689-2697. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Spectroscopy with Ultrashort Electrical Pulses

Recently optoelectronic techniques have been used to generate and detect subpicosecond electrical pulses on coplanar transmission lines.[1,2] The frequency bandwidth of these short electrical pulses ranges up to 1 THz and covers an important part of the far infrared energy spectrum from 0 to 30 cm-1, in which can be found the gap frequencies of superconductors, magnetic excitations, and the far infrared modes of lattices and molecules. With the proper generation geometry, these pulses propagate as a single mode excitation of the transmission line, and the pulse reshaping is determined by the frequency dependent dielectric response of the transmission line materials. These features, plus the fact that the earlier observations showed that the subpicosecond pulses broadened to only 2.6 psec after propagating 8 mm on the transmission line, allow for the following spectroscopic applications of these guided wave electrical pulses. In this paper we will discuss the study of far infrared absorption in superconductors and some magnetic modes in rare-earth garnets.
Marketing is Our Game: Tackling the Library Awareness Gap

Column description. The Marketing column features essays about a variety of creative and innovative marketing strategies used to highlight collections or promote services in all types of libraries....
Recommendations: Desecuritization, Prioritization and Defensive Foreign Policy

This chapter suggests a new framework of foreign policy through prioritization. Given the limits of the material world and the enormous threats presented to states, the author suggests prioritizing certain threats over others. Prioritization theory establishes a ranked order of the systemic vulnerabilities discussed in the book. This framework denotes desecuritization, which causes other threats to be moved up or down the ranked order. The prioritization process frees up resources, both material and human, to deal with the more urgent threats. The author recommends economic development as the main means of prevention before threats becoming realities. This chapter presents an illustration of ideal practices that should be enforced in light of the more pertinent threats to human survival. Defensive foreign policy strategy is developed as a pragmatic option to deal with systemic vulnerabilities.
Soil-Forming Processes

In the previous chapter, we reviewed the soil-forming factors and how they affected the soils and their distribution in Wisconsin. In this chapter, we will discuss the soil-forming processes. Bockheim and Gennadiyev (2000) identified 17 generalized soil-forming processes and linked them to soil taxa and diagnostic horizons , properties, and materials in Soil Taxonomy (ST) (Tables 4.1 and 4.2) and illustrated them in simple diagrams (Fig. 4.1). They subsequently added two additional processes: cambisolization and pedoturbation . In Table 4.3, we show the dominant soil-forming processes in the seven orders and 16 suborders represented in Wisconsin. The importance of these processes can be seen by the number of soil series and the soil areas across the state. Below we describe each of the ten soil-forming processes that are operative in Wisconsin soils: argilluviation, biological enrichment of base cations, gleization, paludification , melanization, podsolization , base cation leaching , and ferrallitization .
Attention, Emotion, and Well-Being: An Adult Lifespan Perspective

The mind is selective in what it attends to in the environment. In this chapter, we describe potential implications of selective attention for emotional experience and well-being across the lifespan. We review theory and evidence examining the relationship between attention and well-being, first considering descriptive research that investigates reciprocal links between attention on the one hand, and affect and emotional well-being on the other. Using a lifespan developmental approach, we review research on attentional preferences and the use of attentional deployment in emotion regulation. Much of this work has used eye tracking to index attentional preferences and deployment. We then describe a number of training studies that suggest how attentional control can causally influence emotional well-being, and outline promising directions for future research, focusing on how age may moderate attention-emotion-well-being links.
The Drivers of Sovereign CDS Spread Changes: Local Versus Global Factors

We use daily data for a panel of 34 countries to investigate regional differences in sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) spread determinants and the significance of local versus global market factors. Similar to prior studies, we find a high level of commonality among CDS spreads, but our results show that this effect is stronger in Latin American CDS. The results of our quantile panel regression model show that although global forces drive spreads across the conditional distribution, changes in credit ratings are significant in explaining CDS spreads only in the upper quantiles. We also confirm the existence of regional differences in spread determinants.
In Vivo Behavior of the Tandem Glycine Riboswitch in Bacillus subtilis.

In many bacterial species, the glycine riboswitch is composed of two homologous ligand-binding domains (aptamers) that each bind glycine and act together to regulate the expression of glycine metabolic and transport genes. While the structure and molecular dynamics of the tandem glycine riboswitch have been the subject of numerous in vitro studies, the in vivo behavior of the riboswitch remains largely uncharacterized. To examine the proposed models of tandem glycine riboswitch function in a biologically relevant context, we characterized the regulatory activity of mutations to the riboswitch structure in Bacillus subtilis using β-galactosidase assays. To assess the impact disruptions to riboswitch function have on cell fitness, we introduced these mutations into the native locus of the tandem glycine riboswitch within the B. subtilis genome. Our results indicate that glycine does not need to bind both aptamers for regulation in vivo and mutations perturbing riboswitch tertiary structure have the most severe effect on riboswitch function and gene expression. We also find that in B. subtilis, the glycine riboswitch-regulated gcvT operon is important for glycine detoxification.IMPORTANCE The glycine riboswitch is a unique cis-acting mRNA element that contains two tandem homologous glycine-binding domains that act on a single expression platform to regulate gene expression in response to glycine. While many in vitro experiments have characterized the tandem architecture of the glycine riboswitch, little work has investigated the behavior of this riboswitch in vivo In this study, we analyzed the proposed models of tandem glycine riboswitch regulation in the context of its native locus within the Bacillus subtilis genome and examined how disruptions to glycine riboswitch function impact organismal fitness. Our work offers new insights into riboswitch function in vivo and reinforces the potential of riboswitches as novel antimicrobial targets.
FT-ICR MS analysis of blended pine-microalgae feedstock HTL biocrudes

Abstract Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) is utilized for direct comparison of the chemical composition of biocrudes generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of 100% pine, 100% algae, 75:25 pine:algae, and 50:50 pine:algae feedstocks. This analysis reveals that the composition of the 72:25 and 50:50 pine:algal HTL biocrudes is essentially a composite of the two parent feeds (i.e., pine and algae) with a lower relative abundance of Ox species and a higher relative abundance of nitrogen-containing species than the pine HTL biocrude. Alternatively, the biocrude blends have a lower relative abundance of nitrogen-containing species where N > 2 than the algal HTL biocrude. The 75:25 pine:algal HTL biocrude has more elemental formulae in common with the pine HTL biocrude than the 50:50 blend; however, both blends have more elemental formulae in common with the algal HTL biocrude. Interestingly, >20% of the elemental formulae assigned to monoisotopic peaks within the 75:25 and 50:50 biocrude blends are species not present in either the pine or algal HTL biocrudes. The highest relative abundance of these new species belong to the N2O4-6 classes, which correspond to heteroatom classes with a moderate number of nitrogen atoms and higher number of oxygen atoms per molecules than the species within the pure algal HTL biocrude. Compositionally, the novel species have the same structural motif but are of higher DBE and carbon numbers than the species within the algal HTL biocrude. These original species are most likely generated from reactions between molecules from both feeds, which results in compounds with higher oxygen content than typically seen in the algal HTL biocrude but also higher nitrogen contents than observed in the pine HTL biocrude.
Pathologic Evaluation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as an invasive mammary carcinoma lacking clinically significant expression of the three most commonly targeted biomarkers in the treatment of breast cancer: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBCs account for approximately 15–20% of all breast cancer diagnoses. The definition of TNBC has been standardized with the publication of national guidelines on ER, PR, and HER2 testing/reporting by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and College of American Pathologists (CAP). Accurate pathologic assessment of tumor ER, PR, and HER2 status is an essential part of classifying tumors into this subset. As a group, these tumors are associated with an aggressive natural history including increased risk for early visceral recurrence and worse disease-specific outcomes compared with other breast cancer subtypes. Tumor morphologic features associated with triple-negative status include Nottingham grade 3 with high mitotic rate, pushing border of invasion, geographic tumor necrosis, lymphocytic infiltrate, large central acellular zone, metaplastic features, salivary gland differentiation, and apocrine differentiation. Not all TNBCs are associated with an unfavorable prognosis, drawing attention to the heterogeneity of this tumor group and the continued need to link tumor histologic subtype and grade with triple-negative status. Gene expression profile studies have identified multiple subtypes of TNBC, including basal-like and claudin-low/mesenchymal-like. Other molecular and pathologic studies of TNBC have identified biologic features in a subset of these tumors with potential therapeutic implications including inactivation of the BRCA pathway, increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), detection of immune gene signatures including increased PD-L1 expression, and androgen receptor expression. The following review will focus on the pathologic classification, biologic diversity, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry of TNBCs.
Safety and Outcomes of Transradial Access in Patients with International Normalized Ratio 1.5 or above.

Abstract Purpose To examine the safety and outcomes for patients undergoing transradial noncoronary interventions with international normalized ratio (INR) ≥1.5. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of 2,271 transradial access (TRA) cases performed from July 2012 to July 2016 was conducted. Criteria for inclusion were moderate bleeding risk cases with preprocedure INR ≥1.5. Within the study period, there were 176 moderate bleeding risk procedures (transarterial chemoembolization: 70/176 [39.8%]; Barbeau B: 121/176 [68.8%]; 5-F sheath: 157/176 [89.2%]) performed on 122 patients (age 61.6 ± 12.1 years, 68.9% male, body mass index 28.0 kg/m 2 ) with INR ≥1.5. Results Technical success was achieved in 98.9% of cases. Grade 1/2 hematomas developed in 10 cases (5.7%). Age ≥65 years ( P = .042) and female sex ( P = .046) were predictive of access site bleeding complications. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion was administered in 11.4% of cases (n = 20). Baseline INR and creatinine were significantly different between transfused and nontransfused cases ( P values .006 and .028, respectively). Minor access site bleeding occurred in 3/20 cases (15%) receiving prior FFP transfusion and 7/156 nontransfused cases (4.5%), with no significant difference between these 2 groups ( P = .072). Conclusions TRA in patients with elevated INR appears to be safe in our experience. Age ≥65 years and female sex were associated with increased incidence of access site bleeding. Although INR correction was not standardized in this cohort, preprocedure FFP transfusion did not decrease bleeding complications.
ACIDENTE VASCULAR ENCEFÁLICO NA INFÂNCIA: UM RELATO DE CASO

Introducao: O acidente vascular encefalico (AVE) e a segunda principal causa de morte no mundo. Alem disso e a principal causa de incapacidade grave e dependencia. Sua causa e, geralmente multifatorial e envolvem fatores de risco acumulados durante a vida. Na infância, e um evento raro, acometendo 13 para cada 100.000 criancas alem de envolver causas mais distintas que no adulto ou idoso. Desenvolvimento: No presente trabalho foi relatado um caso de AVE isquemico em uma crianca de 8 anos, destacando seu manejo e principalmente a conduta investigativa para identificar uma possivel causa especifica para o evento. Conclusao: Apos extensa investigacao nao foi identificada uma causa especifica para a paciente, permanecendo a etiologia idiopatica.
Advances in surgery for pancreatic cancer

Over the past 135 years, the field of pancreatic surgery for treatment of pancreatic malignancies has been a challenge to the surgical community. Originally filled with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality, these obstacles have been overcome through the work of numerous great surgeons in recent decades. Today, despite the improved safety of operating on the pancreas, patients still suffer from high rates of malignant recurrence and poor overall survival. Recent advances in pancreatic surgery aim to further improve the morbidity of these operations while increasing the number of patients who are both candidates for surgical resection and those who receive complete resections. This review focuses on recent literature describing the pros and cons of minimally invasive approaches to pancreatic surgery and the risks and benefits of vascular reconstruction to improve resectability. Both topics are currently debated amongst pancreatic surgeons and this article summarizes the varied viewpoints and their impact on outcomes in pancreas cancer surgery.
Spherilene Process LLDPE for Conventionally Blown Shrink Film

Properties of blown shrink films produced from Spherilene Process LLDPE resins are detailed. These resins yield films with substantial transverse direction shrinkage and high resistance to pinholing, or burn through, during end use shrink tunnel processing. The current shrink film market is comprised largely of high pressure LDPE and LDPE-rich blends. Spherilene Process LLDPE may be used by replacing non-shrinking, conventional LLDPE in blends with LDPE. Further, these new resins may be used to decrease, or even eliminate, the LDPE content of shrink films. Examples are cited.
Photosynthetic Response to Environmental Stress in Prochlorococcus

Prochlorococcus is a cyanobacterium that is abundant in the world's subtropical/tropical open oceans and a major participant in global carbon and energy cycles. A key environmental factor limiting the distribution of Prochlorococcus is temperature. In light of predicted changes in global climate and increases in ocean temperatures, it is essential to understand the effects of temperature on the molecular physiology and photosynthetic capability of Prochlorococcus. Our large-scale comparative genomic analyses suggest that Prochlorococcus strains might respond differently to temperature stress and that certain strains could be more susceptible to thermal inhibition of photosynthesis. We report here that thermal stress has an immediate effect on cell division of Prochlorococcus strain MED4. This particular strain belongs to a large clade of recently differentiated lineages and possesses one of the smallest genomes of any photosynthetic organism. The lower chlorophyll concentration of heat stressed MED4 cultures compared to control cultures is attributable primarily to a decrease in cell division, though our preliminary results indicate that decreases in chlorophyll per cell also contribute. Notably, in contrast to other cyanobacteria and bacteria, thermal stress does not induce the synthesis of many polypeptides in MED4. This suggests that fundamental differences could exist in the ability of this strain to maintain active photosynthesis and productive protein folding, assembly and stabilization at elevated temperatures.
CREAM-MAC: Cognitive Radio-Enabled Multi-channel MAC for Wireless Networks

As the novel and effective approach to improve the utilization of the precious radio spectrum, cognitive radio technology is the key to realize the dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks, where the secondary (unlicensed) users can opportunistically utilize the unused licensed spectrum in a way that confines the level of interference to the range the primary (licensed) users can tolerate. However, there are many new challenges associated with cognitive radio networks, such as the multi-channel hidden terminal problem and the fact that the time-varying channel availability differs for different secondary users, in the medium access control (MAC) layer. To overcome these challenges, we propose an efficient Cognitive Radio-EnAbled Multi-channel MAC (CREAM-MAC) protocol, which integrates the cooperative sequential spectrum sensing at physical layer and the packet scheduling at MAC layer, over the wireless cognitive radio networks. Under the proposed CREAM-MAC protocol, each secondary user is equipped with a cognitive radio-enabled transceiver and multiple channel sensors. Our cooperative sequential spectrum sensing scheme improves the accuracy of spectrum sensing and further protects the primary users. The proposed CREAM-MAC enables the secondary users to best utilize the unused frequency spectrum while avoiding the collisions among secondary users and between secondary users and primary users. We develop the Markov chain model and \(M/G^Y/1\) queueing model to rigorously study our proposed CREAM-MAC protocol for both the saturation networks and the non-saturation networks. We also conduct extensive simulations to validate our developed protocol and analytical models.
Outcomes for Invasive Melanomas Treated With Mohs Micrographic Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has been used effectively to treat invasive melanoma. Objective To further study the safety and efficacy of MMS in the treatment of invasive melanoma. Methods and materials A retrospective cohort study evaluated 123 melanomas excised using MMS with MART-1 immunostain. Local recurrence, metastasis, overall survival, and disease-free survival rates were calculated. These were compared with historical controls. Results Among included patients, 78 were men (63%) and 45 were women (37%), with a mean age of 66.48 years. Mean follow-up time was 1,273 days (3.49 years). Local recurrence was identified in 2/123 (1.63%; 95% confidence interval, 0.20%-5.75%) lesions. Local recurrence was identified in 1/70 (1.43%; 95% confidence interval, 0.04%-7.70%) of head and neck cases. Tumor location was head and neck in 70 lesions (56.9%). Overall survival was 95.12% and disease-specific survival was 100%. Conclusion Mohs micrographic surgery is an effective treatment method for invasive melanoma, as evidenced by low recurrence rates and high rates of disease-free survival.