cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling and design analyses of a scaled-down, high-temperature test facility for experimental investigation of the initial stages of a VHTR air-ingress accident

Abstract A critical event in the safety analysis of the very high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (VHTR) is an air-ingress accident. This accident is initiated, in its worst case scenario, by a double-ended guillotine break of the coaxial cross vessel, which leads to a rapid reactor vessel depressurization. In a VHTR, the reactor vessel is located within a reactor cavity that is filled with air during normal operating conditions. Following the vessel depressurization, the dominant mode of ingress of an air–helium mixture into the reactor vessel will either be molecular diffusion or density-driven stratified flow. The mode of ingress is hypothesized to depend largely on the break conditions of the cross vessel. Since the time scales of these two ingress phenomena differ by orders of magnitude, it is imperative to understand under which conditions each of these mechanisms will dominate in the air ingress process. Computer models have been developed to analyze this type of accident scenario. There are, however, limited experimental data available to understand the phenomenology of the air-ingress accident and to validate these models. Therefore, there is a need to design and construct a scaled-down experimental test facility to simulate the air-ingress accident scenarios and to collect experimental data. The current paper focuses on the analyses performed for the design and operation of a 1/8th geometric scale (by height and diameter), high-temperature test facility. A geometric scaling analysis for the VHTR, a time scale analysis of the air-ingress phenomenon, a transient depressurization analysis of the reactor vessel, a hydraulic similarity analysis of the test facility, a heat transfer characterization of the hot plenum, a power scaling analysis for the reactor system, and a design analysis of the containment vessel are discussed.
Reexpression of pyruvate kinase M2 in type 1 myofibers correlates with altered glucose metabolism in myotonic dystrophy.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by expansion of CTG repeats in the 3′ UTR of the DMPK gene. Expression of CUG expansion (CUGexp) RNA produces a toxic gain of function by disrupting the functions of RNA splicing factors, such as MBNL1 and CELF1, leading to splicing changes associated with clinical abnormalities. Progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting is one of the most prominent clinical features in DM1; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that the embryonic M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), a key enzyme contributing to the Warburg effect in cancer, is significantly induced in DM1 tissue and mouse models owing to aberrant splicing. Expression of PKM2 in DM1 skeletal muscle is restricted to the type 1 fibers, which are particularly susceptible to wasting in DM1. Using antisense oligonucleotides to shift PKM splicing toward increased PKM2 expression, we observed increased glucose consumption with reduced oxidative metabolism in cell culture and increased respiratory exchange ratio in mice, suggesting defects in energy metabolism conferred by PKM2 expression. We propose that PKM2 expression induces changes in type 1 fibers associated with muscle atrophy and muscle weakness in DM1.
Orthognathic surgery and partial glossectomy in a patient with merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy.

Muscular dystrophy (MD) describes a group of hereditary muscular diseases. The molecular mechanisms that cause the different forms of MD vary, as do the incidence and impact on a patient’s quality of life. The most common form, Duchenne MD, follows an Xlinked inheritance pattern and occurs with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3,500 live-born male infants. However, rarer forms such as congenital MD (CMD) also exist. CMD has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern that, according to 1 Italian sample, has an incidence of only 0.7 per 100,000 live births. 1 CMD is characterized by severe muscle hypotonia (first noticeable at birth or within the first months of life), generalized muscle weakness, and muscle contractures of varying severity that result in delayed or missed developmental motor milestones. Each type of CMD is subclassified based on the specific molecular defect or deficiency. One of the more common types of CMD is merosindeficient CMD (MDCMD), which accounts for up to 30% of CMD cases in European countries. CMD results from a deficiency of laminin 2 chains (merosin) because of mutations in the LAMA2 gene located on chromosome 6q22. MDCMD is a severe form of MD that is manifested by an inability to ambulate independently secondary to muscle weakness/contractures and a respiratory insufficiency that may require tracheostomy. 2 Although MDCMD is rare, it and other forms of MD are important to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon because of the impact of the disease on oral and facial anatomy and function. Of particular concern to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon is the phenotype often associated with MDs, which includes bimaxillary discrepancies often presenting with apertognathia. 3 The significance of the malocclusion can be heightened by the compromised masticatory forces resulting from MD. 4,5 Patients with MD may also exhibit limited maximal incisal opening (MIO) because of contracture of the muscles of mastication. In addition, the presence of macroglossia can add to the overall stomatognathic dysfunction and increase the potential for relapse in the postoperative period. 6 Through the surgical treatment of these conditions, the oral and maxillofacial surgeon can address the functional and facial cosmetic concerns the patient may have.
Cloning of partial cDNA for mouse 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG2), a highly conserved collagenous protein of the cutaneous basement membrane zone.

Abstract One-hundred-eighty kilodalton bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG2) is recognized by autoantibodies in the sera of patients with blistering skin diseases, bullous pemphigoid (BP), and herpes gestationis (HG). In this study, we have screened a mouse epidermal keratinocyte cDNA library with a 1.0-kb human BPAG2 cDNA, which has been shown to correspond to two collagenous domains (Giudice et al: J Clin Invest 87:734–738, 1991). Screening of the mouse library identified two cDNA clones, the larger one being 1.8 kb in size. Comparison of the mouse amino acid sequences, as deduced from cDNA, with the corresponding human sequences revealed 86% homology. Furthermore, Northern hybridizations of mouse epidermal RNA with these cDNA revealed the presence of an mRNA transcript of ≈6 kb, the size of the human BPAG2 mRNA. Elucidation of the deduced amino-acid sequences revealed the presence of definitely one and possibly two putative membrane-associated segments, suggesting that the 180-kDa BP antigen is a transmembrane protein. The sequence analysis also identified a 7-amino-acid segment that was predicted by computer analysis to be antigenic. Elucidation of the divergence between the mouse and previously published human and chicken BPAG2 sequences indicated that this protein segment was relatively well conserved. These data suggest, therefore, that the 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen associated with hemidesmosomes is a well-conserved transmembrane protein that may play a critical role in the attachment of epidermis to the underlying basement membrane.
CP-809,101, a selective 5-HT2C agonist, shows activity in animal models of antipsychotic activity.

Abstract CP-809,101 is a potent, functionally selective 5-HT2C agonist that displays approximately 100% efficacy in vitro. The aim of the present studies was to assess the efficacy of a selective 5-HT2C agonist in animal models predictive of antipsychotic-like efficacy and side-effect liability. Similar to currently available antipsychotic drugs, CP-809,101 dose-dependently inhibited conditioned avoidance responding (CAR, ED50 = 4.8 mg/kg, sc). The efficacy of CP-809,101 in CAR was completely antagonized by the concurrent administration of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, SB-224,282. CP-809,101 antagonized both PCP- and d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity with ED50 values of 2.4 and 2.9 mg/kg (sc), respectively and also reversed an apomorphine induced-deficit in prepulse inhibition. At doses up to 56 mg/kg, CP-809,101 did not produce catalepsy. Thus, the present results demonstrate that the 5-HT2C agonist, CP-809,101, has a pharmacological profile similar to that of the atypical antipsychotics with low extrapyramidal symptom liability. CP-809,101 was inactive in two animal models of antidepressant-like activity, the forced swim test and learned helplessness. However, CP-809,101 was active in novel object recognition, an animal model of cognitive function. These data suggest that 5-HT2C agonists may be a novel approach in the treatment of psychosis as well as for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia.
Prestige or Provisioning? A Test of Foraging Goals among the Hadza

Tests of hypotheses concerning the foraging goals of Hadza men and women using an interview involving a hypothetical instance of foraging group formation show that most Hadza men and all Hadza women prefer to join foraging groups that ensure the greatest household provisioning advantages. Men with dependent offspring are no more likely to choose a strategy beneficial for household provisioning than men without dependent offspring. These results suggest that most Hadza men agree with womens camp preferences and value family provisioning more than broadcasting signals of their hunting ability when deciding with whom to live.
h/e Periodicity of weak localization in semiconductor surface superlattices

We report the measurement of periodic effects in the magnetoconductance of surface superlattices, prepared by electron-beam lithography on GaAs MESFET's, which are replicas of the negative magneto-resistance (signature of weak localization), with separations in magnetic field corresponding to integer changes in the flux per superlattice cell. These effects are observed for relatively low magnetic fields, B < 1 T. Using a low-field theory, inelastic mean fee paths in the range of 150–600 nm are obtained.
Collider Tests of Compact Space Dimensions Using Weak Gauge Bosons

We present collider tests of the recent proposal for weak-scale quantum gravity due to new large compact space dimensions in which only the graviton $(G)$ propagates. We show that the existing high precision LEP-I $Z$-pole data can impose nontrivial constraints on the scale of the new dimensions, via the decay mode $Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f\overline{f}+G$ $(f\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}q,\ensuremath{\ell})$. These bounds are comparable to those obtained at high energy colliders and provide the first sensitive probe of the scalar graviton. We also study $W(Z)+G$ production and the anomalous $\mathrm{WW}(\mathrm{ZZ})$ signal from virtual $G$-states at the Fermilab Tevatron and compare them with the LEP-I bound and those from LEP-II and future linear colliders.
Internal coverings of sets by asymmetric relations

A non-empty finite collection C of non-empty finite sets is internally coverable iff there exists an asymmetric binary relation P on ∪{C; C ∈ C} such that C ⊆ {x: yPx for some y ∈ C} for all C ϵ C. Necessary and sufficient conditions for internal coverability in terms of “bad sets” are specified for all C with |C| ≤ 5. Relationships between internal coverability and aspects of tournaments are discussed.
Cultural consensus and definition of mental illness.

Abstract Contained in both Parsons' [1, 2] formulation of illness role theory and Scheffs [3, 4] labeling perspective is the assumption that cultural definitions of mental illness are uniform throughout the community. Furthermore, both theorists assert that individuals identified as mentally ill internalize community definitions of their impairment whether positive or negative. Analysis of data of a sample of mental patients and the public lends some support to illness role theory while refuting Scheffs labeling perspective. There is community wide consensus in the moral (wrongness) evaluation of behaviors and feelings which are indicative of mental illness. Public and patient alike judge their own actions as less wrong than the actions of others. Contrary to Scheff [3, 4] the general public judges the actions, feelings and behaviors of the mentally ill as neither wrong nor right. With several exceptions, subgroups of the general public held similar definitions of the implications of traits of mental illness for the impairment of role performance. The highly educated, and patients with high symptom levels indicated their role performance was significantly impaired by mental illness. The results of this research call for labeling theorists to distinguish status as a cause from status as a cue for labeling certain types of actions and feelings as indications of mental illness.
Cold Wall Temperature Effects on Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation

Thermal field-flow fractionation is a powerful tool for separating and characterizing lipophilic polymers. The construction of calibration curves is required for converting retention data into mole...
Disappointing and deviant youth and the rage of the elders

Abstract A generalized adult hostility toward youth derives from the complexities of the parent/child relationship, often mirrored in the helper/client and therapist/patient dyads. Parents derive considerable or little narcissistic gain from the accomplishments of their offspring, and conversely, are disappointed or even mortified by their failures. This is particularly true of narcissistically vulnerable parents—helpers and therapists as well—and accounts for widespread attitudes of competition, disparagement, and outright hostility toward young people. In the extreme, the pathological situations of emotional exploitation, incest, and physical abuse occur, but lesser forms of exploitation, such as personally gratifying advocacy, political gain, cultism, and enhancement of professional status, point to similar, but seemingly less destructive, forms of narcissistic gain. Youth may respond by conforming, defying, disappointing, and deviating. Adults may be either pleased, or enraged.
Development and Implementation of a Replacement Digital Gas Turbine Control for U.S. Navy Shipboard Installation

Existing gas turbine control systems onboard U.S Navy ships are based on analog technology developed nearly forty years ago. In addition to being costly to maintain and provide replacement parts, these controls are not easily upgradeable. They do not allow the introduction of advanced monitoring functions and do not take advantage of improvements in control technology. Recognizing the shortcomings of these controls, the U.S. Navy has engaged in a program to introduce current technology to the fleet in order to lengthen the service life of its surface combatants.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Photoionization of molecular oxygen in the X3Σg− and a1Δg states

Abstract Calculations are carried out, at similar levels of approximation, of the photoionization cross-sections for the ground X 3 Σ g − and metastable a 1 Δ g states of O 2 leading to the X 2 Π g state of O 2 + . Estimates, based upon measurements for the X 3 Σ g − state, are made of the photoionization cross-section of the a 1 Δ g state for transitions populating excited states of O 2 + .
Mechanotransduction in Response to Shear Stress ROLES OF RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES, INTEGRINS, AND Shc

Shear stress, the tangential component of hemodynamic forces, activates many signal transduction pathways in vascular endothelial cells. The conversion of mechanical stimulation into chemical signals is still unclear. We report here that shear stress (12 dynes/cm2) induced a rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of Flk-1 and its concomitant association with the adaptor protein Shc; these are accompanied by a concurrent clustering of Flk-1, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Our results also show that shear stress induced an association of alphavbeta3 and beta1 integrins with Shc, and an attendant association of Shc with Grb2. These associations are sustained, in contrast to the transient Flk-1. Shc association in response to shear stress and the transient association between alphavbeta3 integrin and Shc caused by cell attachment to substratum. Shc-SH2, an expression plasmid encoding the SH2 domain of Shc, attenuated shear stress activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and the gene transcription mediated by the activator protein-1/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive element complex. Our results indicate that receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins can serve as mechanosensors to transduce mechanical stimuli into chemical signals via their association with Shc.
Electron Microscopy Study of the Effect of Iron in Reaction‐Sintered Silicoa Nitride

The microstructure, crystal structure, and chemical composition of reaction-sintered Si3N4 containing iron were studied using conventional and scanning transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the grains of β-Si3N4 were large and blocklike with well-developed facets, a series of voids along some grain boundaries, a subgrain of iron silicide near the periphery, and penetration of iron silicide into the three-grain junctions and grain boundaries. At some distance from each β-Si3N4 grain was a region of small α-Si3N4 grains, with no evidence of iron silicide. Between this region and the β-Si3N4 grain was a zone containing both α- and β-Si3N4 and iron silicide. These observations suggest that the large β-Si3N4 grains grow in liquid iron silicide, that the smaller α-Si3N4 grains grow from the vapor, and that the latter are converted to the β form by solution in, and reprecipitation from, liquid iron silicide.
Light tunneling in multi-layered photonic-plasmonic nanostructures

Photonic and plasmonic interactions in multi-layered plasmonic crystals, formed by coupling nanohole-nanoparticle arrays, are investigated. The hybrid structure exhibits extraordinary optical transmission as in single layer nanohole arrays and supports Fabry-Perot mode with improved sensitivity.
THE CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT OF CENTRALITY–AN INFORMATION APPROACH

The complexity of interdependent structural systems greatly complicates the analysis of any single structure. This is particularly the case when a structure represents some behavioral process. For this reason it is necessary to devise measures which can differentiate qualitatively and quantitatively between structures as well as between subsets (or points) of a particular structure. For example, consider the authority structures of two different organizations. They exhibit similarities and differences which a behavioral analyst tries to identify and explain. Typically, both similarities and differences are compared by structural indices which, on the basis of past data and prior information, tend to reflect certain organizational traits. The purpose of this paper is to investigate one particularly important index—centrality. Centrality conveys the notion that points in a structure are not all ‘equal’. This ‘inequality’ vis-a-vis the structure creates a situation in which certain points will be more ‘central’ than others. In this paper we first identify the characteristics of centrality and observe how they may relate to behavioral research. We then develop a procedure for measuring centrality which is based on information theory.
Predicting Spoken Language Acquisition of Profoundly Hearing-Impaired Children

The Spoken Language Predictor (SLP) Index is a proposed guide for making recommendations regarding the most appropriate communication mode to be used in educating a given hearing-impaired child. The SLP Index is the sum of points obtained on five predictor factors that have been weighted according to their contribution to successful spoken language acquisition. The point values assigned for each factor as well as assignment of points to particular test scores within each factor was accomplished by subjective clinical judgment followed by trial application to actual clinic cases. Three ranges of SLP indexes are associated with three educational recommendations: speech emphasis (SLP = 80–100), provisional speech instruction (SLP = 60–75), and sign language emphasis (SLP = 0–55). The purpose of this article is to describe the development and application of the SLP and preliminary evidence for its stability and validity.
Lexical retrieval and error recovery in reading: A model based on eye fixations

This paper presents a model of reading that accounts for the oral interpretation of an ambiguous word, the time it takes to derive and integrate the interpretation, and the time it takes to detect a subsequent inconsistency. The model's predictions are compared to the sequence and duration of the readers' eye fixations on “garden path” passages such as: Cinderella was sad because she couldn't go to the dance that night. There were big tears in her brown dress. The model predicts that the interpretation of an ambiguous word (such as tears) depends on the contextual priming and the interpretation's relative frequency. The duration of the eye fixations on a disambiguating word (such as dress) depends on how consistent it is with the reader's prior interpretation of the text. The eye fixations and question-answering data also indicate different ways of recovering from the initial misinterpretation.
Simulation of Unstable Miscible Displacements by Finite Element Method

A modified finite element method was developed to simulate unstable miscible displacements in heterogeneous porous media. The modification was to evaluate the transport properties at the center of the elements, instead of at the numerous gauss points. This averaging procedure reduced the computational time by as much as thirty percent compared to the standard finite element method while still retaining the fingering behavior of the unstable displacements. Further, the modified method showed less grid orientation effect and resulted in a more robust numerical model than the standard finite element method.
Measuring chest circumference change during respiration with an electromagnetic biosensor

In this paper, an off-the-shelf DC motor is modified into a chest belt and used to successfully measure circumference change on a mechanical chest model, while simultaneously harvesting significant power. Chest circumference change can provide information on tidal volume, which is vital in assessing lung function. The chest circumference change is calculated from the motor's voltage output. Calculated values are within 0.95mm of measured circumference changes, with a standard deviation of 0.37mm. The wearable motor can also harvest at least 29.4μW during normal breathing.
Quantitative relationships between microdamage and cancellous bone strength and stiffness

Microscopic tissue damage (microdamage) is an aspect of bone quality associated with impaired bone mechanical performance. While it is clear that bone tissue submitted to more severe loading has greater amounts of microdamage (as measured through staining), how microdamage influences future mechanical performance of the bone has not been well studied, yet is necessary for understanding the mechanical consequences of the presence of microdamage. Here we determine how stained microdamage generated by a single compressive overload affects subsequent biomechanical performance of cancellous bone. Human vertebral cancellous bone specimens (n=47) from 23 donors (14 males, 9 females, 64-92years of age) were submitted to a compressive overload, stained for microdamage, then reloaded in compression to determine the relationship between the amount of microdamage caused by the initial load and reductions in mechanical performance during the reload. Damage volume fraction (DV/BV) caused by the initial overload was related to reductions in Young's modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and yield strain upon reloading (p<0.05, R(2)=0.18-0.34). The regression models suggest that, on average, relatively small amounts of microdamage are associated with large reductions in reload mechanical properties: a 1.50% DV/BV caused by a compressive overload was associated with an average reduction in Young's modulus of 41.0±3.2% (mean±SE), an average reduction in yield strength of 63.1±4.5% and an average reduction in ultimate strength of 52.7±4.0%. Specimens loaded beyond 1.2% (1.2-4.0% apparent strain) demonstrated a single relationship between reload mechanical properties (Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength) and bone volume fraction despite a large range in amounts of microdamage. Hence, estimates of future mechanical performance of cancellous bone can be achieved using the bone volume fraction and whether or not a specimen was previously loaded beyond ultimate strain. The empirical relationships provided in this study make it possible to estimate the degree of impaired mechanical performance resulting from an observed amount of stained microdamage.
VALIDATION OF DECONVOLUTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HEPATIC FUNCTION IN DOGS WITH TOXIC‐INDUCED LIVER DISEASE

The extraction of the hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-mebrofenin (Choletec) by the liver can be used to evaluate the severity of hepatocellular disease. The hepatic parenchymal cells extract mebrofenin from the blood by the same active transport mechanism as bilirubin. The ability of the liver to extract 99mTc-membrofenin is a measure of hepatic parenchymal cell function. In this study, we induced hepatocellular disease by administration of a hepatotoxic drug and compared a direct method of determining the hepatic extraction of 99mTc-membrofenin to hepatic extraction fraction derived from deconvolutional analysis. We also compared both methods of calculating the hepatic extraction of 99mTc-membrofenin to liver histopathology. Hepatic extraction fraction derived from deconvolutional analysis correlated very well to the direct measurement technique (R=0.922, p<0.001). Both methods of determining hepatic extraction correlated well to quantitative histopathology, having the same correlation coefficient and p values. (R=-0.833, p=0.003). As the hepatic extraction 99mTc-membrofenin decreased, the severity of the histopathologic lesions of the liver increased in a linear fashion. There was a significant correlation of the hepatic excretion T1/2 to quantititative histopathology (R=0.949, p<0.001). The hepatic excretion T1/2 increased as the severity of the histopathologic lesions of the liver increased. Hepatic extraction (HEF) and excretion of 99mTc-membrofenin are good predictors of the severity of hepatocellular damage in toxic induced liver disease. This study helps validate the premise that HEF derived from deconvolutional analysis ois a good predictor of the actual first pass hepatic extraction of 99mTc-membrofenin.
Monitoring Cartilage Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Elastography

A key technical challenge in cartilage tissue engineering is the development of a noninvasive method for monitoring the composition, structure, and function of the tissue at different growth stages. Due to its noninvasive, three-dimensional imaging capabilities and the breadth of available contrast mechanisms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can be expected to play a leading role in assessing engineered cartilage. In this review, we describe the new MR-based tools (spectroscopy, imaging, and elastography) that can provide quantitative biomarkers for cartilage tissue development both in vitro and in vivo. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy can identify the changing molecular structure and alternations in the conformation of major macromolecules (collagen and proteoglycans) using parameters such as chemical shift, relaxation rates, and magnetic spin couplings. MRI provides high-resolution images whose contrast reflects developing tissue microstructure and porosity through changes in local relaxation times and the apparent diffusion coefficient. Magnetic resonance elastography uses low-frequency mechanical vibrations in conjunction with MRI to measure soft tissue mechanical properties (shear modulus and viscosity). When combined, these three techniques provide a noninvasive, multiscale window for characterizing cartilage tissue growth at all stages of tissue development, from the initial cell seeding of scaffolds to the development of the extracellular matrix during construct incubation, and finally, to the postimplantation assessment of tissue integration in animals and patients.
The Role of Organizational and Information Technology Antecedents in Reengineering Initiation Behavior

Business Process Reengineering (BPR) has been a major catalyst of the pervasive organizational change we have witnessed over the past decade. Although one can speculate on the reasons for the popularity of this phenomenon, it is important that we carefully examine its underlying antecedents for initiation, implementation, and ultimately success, if we are to add value to practitioners of this concept. This study empirically examines the importance of facets of the organizational structure, IT knowledge resources and infrastructure, and the IS function in the initiation of BPR. Data from 313 corporations were gathered using a carefully validated survey, and initiators were compared with noninitiators. The results strongly suggest that client-server architectures, the strategic integration of IS, and cross departmental interaction are among the more important factors facilitating initiation and can be important inputs in a BPR decision-making process. The study attempts to build a contingent theory for BPR, and the more sustainable notion of fundamental process change.
Radioautographic localization of sodium pump sites in rabbit intestine.

Direct demonstration of the cellular location of sodium pumping constitutes a key problem in the solution of intestinal sodium absorption. Utilizing silicone-impregnated epoxy sections of freeze-dried, osmium-fixed tissue, ouabain-3H and inulin-3H light microscope radioautographs have been produced which show that: lateral but not brush border membranes of rabbit small intestine bind ouabain-3H (high specific activity) with an affinity so great that a subsequent washing in ouabain-free medium has little effect on binding; lateral membrane binding is not apparent with low specific activity ouabain-3H, and inulin-3H and ouabain-3H (low specific activity) in the cores of the villi do not equilibrate with the intercellular spaces. Preliminary tracer measurements of ouabain-3H and inulin-14C spaces also agree with these findings As ouabain is a specific inhibitor of active sodium transport, these observations provide direct support for the view that lateral membrane pumping of sodium into the intercellular spaces causes, through osmotic forces on water, a flow of fluid out of these spaces into the interstitium.
Observational results using the microwave temperature profiler during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment

The Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP) measures profiles of air temperature versus altitude. The altitude coverage is about 5 km at a flight altitude of 20 km (66,000 feet), and the profiles are obtained every 14 s. The MTP instrument is installed on NASA's ER-2 aircraft, which flew 13 missions over Antarctica during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. Altitude temperature profiles were used to derive potential temperature cross sections. These cross sections have been useful in detecting atmospheric waves. Many wave encounters have been identified as 'mountain waves'. The mountain waves are found to extend from the lowest altitudes measured to the highest (about 24 km). The southern part of the Palmer Peninsula was found to be associated with mountain waves more than half the time. Altitude temperature profiles were also used to measure the lapse rate along the flight track. Lapse rate versus latitude plots do not show significant changes at the ozone hole boundary.
Growth hormone-binding proteins of human serum: developmental patterns in normal man.

The binding of GH by a low affinity binding protein (LA-BP) was measured from birth into adulthood and compared with binding of a high affinity binding protein (HA-BP) in human serum. Pooled serum samples for each year of age from birth to 16.5 yr were formed from 2500 separate samples and assayed for both binding proteins using a Sephadex chromatographic method. Individual samples in this age range and those from adults were assayed in a similar manner. Binding of [125I]GH was minimal by both binding proteins in cord blood (binding by LA-BP, 2.77 +/- 0.32%; binding by HA-BP, 2.58 +/- 0.35% mean +/- SEM). A 4-fold increase to maximal binding for LA-BP occurred by the age of 5 yr and remained relatively constant through adolescence, except for a transient decrease at puberty. From 16.5-20 yr of age, binding by LA-BP decreased to a level no greater than that seen at birth. Binding by the HA-BP, which increased 6- to 8-fold reached maximal binding between 23-25 yr of age. Binding by HA-BP did not decrease in...
Low Vapor Density Measurements by Saturated Absorption

Low Vapor Density Measurements by Saturated AbsorptionMichael Raab and James J. SnyderMolecular Spectroscopy Division and Quantum Metrology Group, National $ureau of StandardsB268 Physics Building, Washington, D.C. 20234AbstractWe report an application of two saturated absorption techniques, saturation spectroscopyand polarization spectroscopy to low density measurements in sodium vapor. The sensitivitywe achieved using the resonance lines D1 and D was enough to detect a minimum number of afew thousand atoms. We discuss principal limits of such experiments and the benefits of bothof the techniques.IntroductionIn the past laser spectroscopy has proven to be a sensitive tool in detecting smallparticle number densities, mainly because of the unique features of the laser, which allowfor considerable excitation rates together with unprecedented spectral selectivity.Whereas laser excited fluorescence dwells on the ability of detecting single resonantlyscattered photons on an almost dark background within a restricted interaction zone, absorp-tion techniques look for a small modulation carried by a laser beam, thereby allowing itsapplication to probing radiating samples of a large volume, as well.In this paper we describe the detection of small amounts of sodium atoms with two advancedsaturated absorption techniques. This has been the goal of seve5al experimental groups,including the absoluteldensity measurements down to 100 atoms /cm carried out by Fairbank Jr.,Hansch, and Schawlow.We detected 7 x 104 atoms within a volume of 40 cm3 with a signal -to -noise ratio of
Finding diffusive directions in supercooled liquids by partial minimization of the potential energy

Abstract Imaginary frequency instantaneous normal modes are attractive candidates for the diffusive motions in supercooled liquids. However, two-level systems and roughness of the multidimensional potential energy ( U ) landscape lead to Im −ω modes unrelated to diffusion. It is shown that a small number (3 or 4) of steps taken while seeking a minimum of U removes such artifacts and leads to excellent diffusive modes. In general the time- and minimization step-dependent U ( n , t ) reveals a detailed picture of supercooled dynamics in terms of the landscape.
A sustained attention comparison of children and adults using reaction time set and the GSR.

Abstract First graders, sixth graders, and adults—each group containing 22 S s—were given 25 visual reaction time (RT) trials with preparatory intervals (PIs) of 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 seconds varying irregularly from trial to trial. The GSR and digital vasoconstriction were recorded to the RT stimulus. RT latencies increased for the children, but not for the adults, as PI length increased from 5 to 20 seconds, indicating that the children could not maintain an RT set as well as the adults. Magnitude of GSRs and vasoconstriction responses increased for all groups as PI length increased from 5 to 20 seconds, indicating a progressive physiological gradient as an accompaniment of sustained attention. Proceding PIs influenced GSRs for all groups but had no effect on RTs. Discussion includes a comparison of results with those reported for schizophrenics.
Teaching disciplined Fortran programming via unfort

This short note describes UNFORT (University of Nebraska FORTRAN), briefly mentions howit is used in teaching disciplined FORTRAN programming, and announces that a portable UNFORT perprocessor is available.
A modeling study of the response of tropical deep convection to the increase of cloud condensation nuclei concentration: 1. Dynamics and microphysics

[1] The responses of cloud physical processes of a developing tropical deep convection to the increase of CCN concentration have been studied using a three-dimensional cloud-resolving model. Three sets of model simulations, each consisting of 30 runs initialized using a set of 30 different CCN profiles with maximum concentrations ranging from 50 to 6000/cm3, have been carried out. The finding of this study that cloud droplet number concentration increases while cloud droplet size decreases with aerosol concentration is similar to the previous results mainly revealed in studies of stratiform clouds. However, the responses to increasing aerosol concentration of many other cloud properties illustrated in this study, particularly precipitation, are very different from those found or suggested in studies of stratiform clouds. Increasing CCN concentration causes a stronger convection, added mass of condensed water, and enhanced microphysical conversions, all leading to the increase in precipitation as well as the expansion of the cloud coverage. Interestingly, when initial CCN concentration exceeds a certain level, many of the above effects become insignificant, suggesting a relationship between some cloud properties and the logarithm of CCN concentration and further implying that a more substantial aerosol effect on deep convection could be seen over a clean rather than polluted region. Overall speaking, increasing CCN concentration does not significantly affect the precipitation efficiency. The increase with CCN concentration of upward flux of water vapor entering the cloud thus leads to an enhancement in moistening the free troposphere brought by the modeled cloud, besides adding more precipitation to the ground.
Poor Mercury Hygiene from Ultrasonic Amalgam Condensation

A cloud of mercury droplets and alloy particles was emitted from soft amalgam at the working tip of the ultrasonic instrument tested. Mercury vapor levels were 20% of the allowable threshold limit value and probably are not hazardous. However, continued use of the ultrasonic instrument would result in deposition of numerous mercury droplets throughout the dental operatory and could thereby cause higher mercury vapor levels, especially in poorly ventilated places. Inhalation of the emitted material by the patient and dental health personnel is not good hygiene. Therefore, the use of this instrument for amalgam condensation is contra-indicated until the safety of the instrument for this purpose is firmly established.
HIV Exposure: Neonatal Considerations

The presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnant women puts infants at risk for exposure through placental infection and contact with contaminated maternal blood and genital secretions. Efforts to combat this inevitably fatal disease continue to focus on preventing transmission of the virus from a mother who has HIV to her newborn during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods. Prophylaxis against transmission and vigilant assessment for indicators of infection are hallmarks of appropriate health care for infants exposed to HIV.
Specifying Concurrent Program Modules

The early methods for reasoning about concurrent programs dealt with proving that a program satisfied certain properties–usually invariance properties. But, proving particular properties showed only that the program satisfied those properties. There remained the possibility that the program was incorrect because it failed to satisfy some other properties. Around the early 80s, people working on assertional verification began looking for ways to write a complete specification of a system. A specification should say precisely what it means for the system to be correct, so that if we prove that the system meets its specification, then we can say that the system really is correct. (Process algebraists had already been working on that problem since the mid-70s, but there was–and I think still is–little communication between them and the assertional verification community.) At SRI, we were working on writing temporal logic specifications. One could describe properties using temporal logic, so it seemed very natural to specify a system by simply listing all the properties it must satisfy. Richard Schwartz, Michael Melliar-Smith, and I collaborated on a paper titled Temporal Logic Specification of Distributed Systems, which was published in the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, held in Paris in 1981. However, I became disillusioned with temporal logic when I saw how Schwartz, Melliar-Smith, and Fritz Vogt were spending days trying to specify a simple FIFO queue–arguing over whether the properties they listed were sufficient. I realized that, despite its aesthetic appeal, writing a specification as a conjunction of temporal properties just didn’t work in practice. So, I had my name removed from the paper before it was published, and I set about figuring out a practical way to write specifications. I came up with the approach described in this paper, which I later called the transition axiom method. Schwartz stopped working on specification and verification in the mid-80s. He wrote recently (in June 2000): [T]he same frustration with the use of temporal logic led Michael, Fritz Vogt and me to come up with Interval Logic as a higher level model in which to express time-ordered properties of events. [See [44].] As you recall, interval logic expressed constraints forward and backward around significant events in order to more closely capture the way that people describe event-driven behavior. Ultimately, I remain unsatisfied with any of our attempts, from the standpoint of reaching practical levels. This paper is the first place I used the idea of describing a state transition as a boolean-valued function of primed and unprimed variables. However, by the early 80s, the idea must have been sufficiently obvious that I didn’t claim any novelty for it, and I forgot that I had even used it in this paper until years later (see the discussion of [102]).
Characterization of niobium, tantalum and chromium sputtered coatings on steel using eddy currents

A method that uses induced eddy current for characterization of niobium, tantalum and chromium sputtered coating on steel is presented in this paper. The objective of this work is to find the correlation between the sputtering conditions and resistivity of coatings and to develop a system for fast inspection of coatings as a coating quality control tool during production as well as in the field for determining coating degradation levels. A two-probe differential system having higher sensitivity and less noise than a one-probe system with 2D scanning ability was developed. A computer program that controls an XY table and performs fast data acquisition was written. Resistivity maps of the niobium, tantalum and chromium coated samples were constructed and are shown in the paper. For niobium coatings, the relationship between sputtering pressure and resistivity of coatings is examined, as well as the relationship between impurity level of process gas and resistivity of coatings. For tantalum coatings, the relationship between beta-Ta fraction and resistivity is analyzed. For chromium coatings, the relationship between micro-crack density and resistivity of coatings is analyzed. The topographic picture and destructive analysis of the samples show very good correlation with eddy currents measurements.
Integrated Stochastic Supply-Chain Design Models

A supply chain is a network of facilities and activities that procure, produce, and distribute goods to customers. Many uncertainties within a supply chain can substantially affect its performance. The author discusses how to model these uncertainties in integrated supply-chain design models and studies their impacts on optimal supply-chain decisions
Kinder lernen Deutsch: The Steering Committee Turns 25 and Changes its Name to Deutsch an Schulen

The Kinder Lernen Deutsch (KLD) Steering Committee looks back at 25 years of successful work in many directions of early language learning. At the same time, the committee looks ahead and identifies new projects and areas of expansion, thus changing its name to Deutsch an Schulen (DaS). It is in the interest of every German teacher at every level to support and encourage elementary school German programs and articulation in the K-12 sequence.
Mutation in Drosophila Melanogaster Cultured on Irradiated Whole Food or Food Components

SummaryThe frequencies of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations have been measured in germ cells from Drosophila males cultured on aged or non-aged, irradiated or non-irradiated whole food or food supplements. The experiments indicate that irradiated whole food, autoclaved sucrose, and heterologous DNA are mutagenic. Non-autoclaved sucrose, whether irradiated or not, does not induce mutations. A large portion of the increased damage may be associated with the induction of gonial mutants. Ageing the treated food or food components for three weeks before use does not alter the results.
Mathematical Analysis of the Cellular Basis of Fungal Dimorphism

The hyphoid equation y = x cot (xV/N) provides a mathematical foundation for the cellular basis for dimorphism. Its parameters, N and V, define two morphogenetically critical factors: the amount of wall-building vesicles produced per unit time and the rate of advance of the VSC (vesicle supply center). The V/N ratio describes the essence of vesicle dynamics of the cell. High values determine a hyphal morphology; low values, a yeast cell morphology. Manipulation of this ratio by computer graphics produces a full spectrum of morphologies seen in dimorphic fungi: from hyphal tubes to budding yeast cells plus other variations including pseudomycelium formation and triangular cell morphogenesis. In this manner, the specific dimorphic features exhibited by fungi of the genera Mucor, Candida, Saccharomyces, and Trigonopsis have been duplicated on the computer screen. The ultimate validity of the present mathematical analysis of dimorphism, which is centered mainly on the rate of displacement of the VSC, depends on the existence of a VSC in living fungal cells. There is good circumstantial evidence to believe that the Spitzenkorper found in the growing hyphal tips of higher fungi functions as a VSC, and to extrapolate that other similar vesicle accumulations seen in regions of wall formation, represent VSCs. Accordingly, one may predict that the key molecular event(s) regulating dimorphism would be those responsible for moving the VSC.