cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic formation flight for the Terrestrial Planet Finder

Current techniques for actuating spacecraft in formation flying systems such as NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) use propellant-based systems. While maintaining relative orientation, propellant can become a critical consumable which can limit the mission lifetime. Additionally, propellant can cause optimal contamination, plume impingement, thermal emission, and vibration excitation. A novel technique called Electromagnetic Formation Flight (EMFF) can be used to eliminate propellant-based systems to control the relative degrees of freedom for TPF. The EMFF system consists of electromagnets in concert with reaction wheels and is used to replace the consumables. Solar energy, a renewable resource provides power for EMFF. This paper investigates the design for TPF using EMFF. The results show that EMFF is a viable option for TPF and compares favorably in terms of mass to propellant-based systems.
Autophagy links pattern recognition receptors to tumor cell apoptosis.

Pathogen nucleic acids are detected by the infected body’s immune cells via specific innate immune receptors, resulting in reactions such as secretion of T helper type 1 (Th1)-like and proinflammatory cytokines. Two studies have now reported the induction of cell death in melanoma cells, but not healthy skin cells, via stimulation of the cytoplasmic receptor MDA5 by the synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) agonist poly I:C, and one of the studies elucidated the mechanism for this response. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-formulated poly I:C engages an intracellular process called autophagy via MDA5 to result in the induction of prodeath programs that ultimately lead to apoptosis of melanoma cells. Together with previous work, these reports demonstrate that immune detection of foreign nucleic acids involves diverse signaling pathways and thus yields different cellular outcomes that may overcome the inherent resistance of cancer cells to current cancer treatments.
Critical Stream Velocities for Young‐of‐Year Smallmouth Bass in Relation to Habitat Use

Abstract We defined relationships between current velocity and displacement of young smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui from nests, and between velocity and the distribution, swimming, respiration, feeding, and growth of larger young. Young that had recently risen from the nest gravel (7–9 mm standard length, SL) were displaced from field nest sites and from laboratory flumes at low velocities (8 mm/s). Nests in areas of higher velocities (15 mm/s) failed to produce young. Comparison of respiration and foraging rates of young fish (16–71 mm SL) in laboratory flumes suggested that the ratio of feeding reward to energy expenditure reached a maximum at current velocities between 80 and 130 mm/s. This velocity range produced maximum growth in the flumes and was also the range most frequented by young (43–116 mm SL) in the Mississippi River.
A conceptual model-based programme of nursing research: retrospective and prospective applications

Background. A conceptual model implicitly or explicitly guides research. Some researchers identify the conceptual model prior to conducting their studies. Other researchers may eventually come upon a conceptual model that provides a context for the research already completed and direction for future studies. Aim. The purpose of this article is to explain how one researcher, working with a theoretician, found a conceptual model that has provided a frame of reference for her past, present, and future studies and has allowed her to view her heretofore somewhat disparate studies as a more coherent programme of research. Conclusion. Finding an explicit conceptual model provided a meaningful frame of reference for interpreting previous research. Finding an explicit model also had the benefit of uncovering of new possibilities for research. In particular, as the findings from previous research were brought together within the context of the conceptual model, unanticipated areas of future study were identified.
Influence of Cephalin and Egg Lecithin on Pig Heart Malate Dehydrogenase Activity

A requirement for phospholipids in the activity of a number of membrane-bound enzymes is recognized; i.e., enzyme activity is reduced or lost entirely when the lipid is removed and is restored or increased when this specific lipid is added back to the system. In general, however, only the effects of relatively low lipid concentrations (~ 10- 4 g/100 ml) have been reported. In this investigation, the influence of phospholipids (egg lecithin and bovine brain cephalin) at concentrations approaching normal human plasma levels was determined on the activity of malate dehydrogenase dispersed in water. The enzyme activity was measured by the rate of oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) in the presence of the substrate oxalacetic acid. On the addition of cephalin, malate dehydrogenase activity decreased with the increasing concentration of this phospholipid from 5 x 10- 4 to 2 x 10- 2 g/100 ml. Similarly, the addition of egg lecithin resulted in a decrease in enzyme activity. In no instance was any increase in activity observed. Moreover, at all concentrations of egg lecithin, the reduction in activity was less than that observed in the presence of equal concentrations of cephalin. Monolayer studies provided evidence that, whereas egg lecithin interacts to a significant degree with the substrate oxalacetic acid, cephalin shows relatively little interaction with that material. The difference observed in the inhibitory action of these two phospholipids may be related to the difference in their tendency to react with the substrate.
Clinical and physiological correlations in patients with mitral stenosis. V.

Abstract 1.1. The area of the mitral valve and the degree of pulmonary vascular disease have been calculated from physiological data in thirty patients with pure mitral stenosis without evidence of active rheumatic carditis. 2.2. From a hydraulic point of view, a valve area of 1.0 cm. 2 , one-quarter to one-sixth normal, appears to be a critical one, for at that level of stenosis the pressure head needed to maintain a normal cardiac output approaches the plasma osmotic pressure. 3.3. Probably from the stimulus of an increased pulmonary "capillary" pressure, a variable degree of vascular obstruction develops in patients when the mitral valve area becomes reduced to about 1.0 cm. 2 or smaller. This results in a lower cardiac output, which may protect the capillary bed from sudden increases in pressure. 4.4. The clinical picture in mitral stenosis can be explained in a large measure by the interplay of the degree of stenosis with the degree of pulmonary vascular obstruction. 5.5. The combination of a narrow valve with only a slight increase in pulmonary arteriolar resistance is associated with predominantly respiratory symptoms, exertional dyspnea, hemoptysis, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, the right ventricle not becoming dilated. 6.6. The effect of a narrow valve and a high pulmonary arteriolar resistance appears to be additive in causing electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy and roentgenographic signs of cardiac enlargement. 7.7. The combination of a narrow valve and great increases in pulmonary arteriolar resistance is associated with severe dyspnea, cardiac enlargement, and signs of right ventricular failure. 8.8. Most patients with mitral stenosis can be divided into four general categories by their signs, symptoms, and physiological adjustments.
Reliability-based shape optimization of structures undergoing fluid-structure interaction phenomena

Abstract Fluid–structure interaction phenomena are often roughly approximated when the stochastic nature of a system is considered in the design optimization process, leading to potentially significant epistemic uncertainty. In this paper, after reviewing the state-of-the-art methods in robust and reliability-based design optimization of problems undergoing fluid–structure interaction phenomena, a computational framework is presented that integrates a high-fidelity aeroelastic model into reliability-based design optimization. The design optimization problem is formulated pursuant to the reliability index and performance measure approaches. The system reliability is evaluated by a first-order reliability analysis method. The steady-state aeroelastic problem is described by a three-field formulation and solved by a staggered procedure, coupling a potentially detailed structural finite element model and a finite volume discretization of the Euler flow. The design and imperfection sensitivities are computed by evaluating the analytically derived direct and adjoint coupled aeroelastic sensitivity equations. The computational framework is verified by the optimization of three-dimensional wing structures. The lift-to-drag ratio is maximized, subject to stress constraints, by varying shape, thickness, and material properties. Uncertainties in structural parameters, including design parameters, operating conditions, and modeling uncertainties are considered. The results demonstrate the need for reliability-based optimization methods, for the design of structures undergoing fluid–structure interaction phenomena, and the applicability of the proposed framework to realistic design problems. Comparing the optimization results for different levels of uncertainty shows the importance of accounting for uncertainties in a quantitative manner.
474 Both Pre-Transplant and Early Post-Transplant Anti-Reflux Surgery Prevent Development of Early Allograft Injury After Lung Transplantation

Background Antireflux surgery (ARS) has been associated with improved lung transplant outcomes. Pre-transplant ARS has been shown in small studies to improve pulmonary function among transplant candidates with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Although early post-transplant ARS has been shown to be effective in reducing chronic rejection, the optimal timing of ARS in transplant recipients remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the time to early allograft injury among lung transplant recipients by timing of ARS.
Minimum supply voltage for sequential logic circuits in a 22nm technology

The minimum supply voltage (Vmin) is explored for sequential logic circuits by statistically simulating the impact of within-die process variations and gate-dielectric soft breakdown on data retention and hold time. As supply voltage (Vcc) scales, statistical circuit simulations demonstrate that hold time increases faster than circuit delay or cycle time, consequently the required number of min-delay buffers increases. For this reason, a new hold-time violation metric defines Vmin as the Vcc in which the hold time exceeds a target percentage of the cycle time. Simulation results in a 22nm tri-gate CMOS technology indicate a data-retention Vmin of 0.61Vnorm and a hold-time Vmin of 0.73Vnorm, where Vnorm represents a normalized voltage for the process technology node. A key insight reveals that upsizing the first clock inverter in the sequential circuit reduces the hold-time Vmin by 18% and the overall Vmin by 16%.
Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) Polymorphisms Associated with Low MBL Production in Patients with Dermatomyositis1

One theory for the pathophysiology of photosensitive autoimmune skin diseases is that photoinduction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) secretion leads to keratinocyte apoptosis and translocation of previously sequestered cellular antigens that then activate the immune system. We previously found an association of the overproducing TNFα-308 A variant with adult dermatomyositis and with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Here we focused on mannose binding lectin (MBL), which is one of several proteins involved in clearance of apoptotic cells and could thereby lessen photosensitive autoimmunity. We examined three variant MBL polymorphisms associated with decreased MBL protein (Asp 54 , Glu 57 , and the LX promoter polymorphism) in adult dermatomyositis, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and discoid lupus, and controls. The variant Asp 54 allele was positively associated with adult dermatomyositis in a dose-responsive fashion (p=0.0004), as was the Glu 57 allele (p=0.004). None of the three variant MBL alleles considered individually was significantly associated with either subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus or discoid lupus. In adult dermatomyositis patients homozygous for the wild-type TNFα-308G allele (GG), i.e., presumably without elevated TNFα production, 69% had at least two of the MBL polymorphisms, versus 20% of healthy GG controls (p=0.0011). Combinations of low-producing MBL variants were over-represented in adult dermatomyositis in a dose-responsive fashion (p=0.0002). In adult dermatomyositis patients with one variant TNFα-308 A allele (GA), 46% had at least two MBL polymorphisms, versus 7% of GA controls (p=0.0077). Thus, low-producing MBL genes are very strongly associated with adult dermatomyositis. Our model is that genetic polymorphisms leading to overproduction of apoptotic keratinocytes and then impaired clearance of these cells contribute to the pathogenesis of adult dermatomyositis, a photoinduced autoimmune skin disease.
Comparison of the effects of frontal, striatal, and septal lesions in paradigms thought to measure incentive motivation or behavioral inhibition

Abstract Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventral, but not dorsal, anterior striatum produced over-responding in rats performing on a modified DRL-30 sec schedule of reinforcement. This effect appears similar to that previously seen in rats with septal lesions but an analysis of the types of errors indicated important differences between the effects of septal and striatal lesions. Comparisons of rats with frontal, striatal and septal lesions with respect to their acquisition of saccharine licking, latency to eat in a novel environment, and acquisition of a runway response indicated that only septal lesions reliably enhance approach tendencies in these tests. The data suggest that the behavioral changes seen after striatal or frontal damage in the rat are not due to enhanced responsivity to rewarding stimuli.
An improved selective repeat protocol and its performance in high-speed environments

Abstract In this paper, we present a new selective-repeat ARQ strategy named High-Speed Selective-Repeat (HSR) protocol which provides a very fast error recovery mechanism. Unlike other selective repeat strategies, this strategy ensures that a correctly received packet will not be retransmitted. In addition, this protocol is simple enough that it places little computational load on the transmit and receive processes. Analysis of this protocol indicates that it performs close to an ideal selective-repeat if its parameters are adjusted properly. The analysis is performed by means of analytical techniques. Analytical results are used to study the performance measures through numerical examples. The results provide insights into the interaction between the protocol parameters and identify the operational characteristics.
Session 11 overview / memory: Non-volatile memory solutions

Summary form only given. The question on everyone's mind is: “When is the NAND party over?” As other emerging technologies chase the leader with the advantages they bring to bear, beating the cost of NAND is very difficult. The hope for these technologies is that NAND would eventually run into a wall. However, NAND engineers manage to keep moving ahead and getting around barriers that laws of physics erect for them. There are always people proclaiming that the end of NAND is just around the corner, but that corner seems like a mirage. In the meanwhile, the emerging memories are not sitting idle either. They are making very good progress and are finding areas of opportunities where their technical advantages over NAND allow them be adopted in some applications. This year has a very exciting series of papers that showcase the progress that both NAND and emerging memories are making.
Use of Carp Eggs as a Feed for Fingerling Largemouth Bass

Abstract Fingerling largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), 20 mm total length, readily accepted carp eggs and reached a length of 43 mm in 25 days at a water temperature of 27°C. Survival was 52%. Carp eggs were more acceptable than moist feed to largemouth bass fingerlings 43 to 50 mm long. An average of 49% of the fish that refused to accept moist feed during the first training period accepted carp eggs and later accepted moist feed. Training success was greatest at the highest water temperature considered.
Transient gastric irritation in the neonatal rats leads to changes in hypothalamic CRF expression, depression- and anxiety-like behavior as adults.

Author(s): Liu, Liansheng; Li, Qian; Sapolsky, Robert; Liao, Min; Mehta, Kshama; Bhargava, Aditi; Pasricha, Pankaj J | Abstract: AimsA disturbance of the brain-gut axis is a prominent feature in functional bowel disorders (such as irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia) and psychological abnormalities are often implicated in their pathogenesis. We hypothesized that psychological morbidity in these conditions may result from gastrointestinal problems, rather than causing them.MethodsFunctional dyspepsia was induced by neonatal gastric irritation in male rats. 10-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats received 0.1% iodoacetamide (IA) or vehicle by oral gavage for 6 days. At 8-10 weeks of age, rats were tested with sucrose preference and forced-swimming tests to examine depression-like behavior. Elevated plus maze, open field and light-dark box tests were used to test anxiety-like behaviors. ACTH and corticosterone responses to a minor stressor, saline injection, and hypothalamic CRF expression were also measured.ResultsBehavioral tests revealed changes of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in IA-treated, but not control rats. As compared with controls, hypothalamic and amygdaloid CRF immunoreactivity, basal levels of plasma corticosterone and stress-induced ACTH were significantly higher in IA-treated rats. Gastric sensory ablation with resiniferatoxin had no effect on behaviors but treatment with CRF type 1 receptor antagonist, antalarmin, reversed the depression-like behavior in IA-treated ratsConclusionsThe present results suggest that transient gastric irritation in the neonatal period can induce a long lasting increase in depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, increased expression of CRF in the hypothalamus, and an increased sensitivity of HPA axis to stress. The depression-like behavior may be mediated by the CRF1 receptor. These findings have significant implications for the pathogenesis of psychological co-morbidity in patients with functional bowel disorders.
Effects of Selected Demographic Variables on Music Student Teachers’ Self-Reported Cross-Cultural Competence

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of race/ethnicity and school community setting for early field experience practica and student teaching on music student teachers’ self-reported cross-cultural competence. Participants (N = 337) from 36 colleges and universities across the United States completed a survey designed to examine the extent of cross-cultural competence as specified by three constructs: (a) factors fostering readiness to teach in culturally diverse educational environments, (b) factors constraining readiness to teach in culturally diverse educational environments, and (c) educational experiences during teacher preparation relative to multicultural education and multicultural music education. The “Foster,” “Constrain,” and “Teacher Preparation” dimension subscales served as the dependent variables. Results indicated no significant main effect of school community setting on participants’ cross-cultural competence; however, a significant main effect of race/ethnicity (p < .05) was observed for the Constrain subscale of the survey
Runway safety at airports: A systematic approach for implementing ultra-safe options

Abstract Enhancing airport runway safety is a difficult problem because runway accidents are rare events. Nonetheless, investments are being directed at improving safety for US airport ground traffic control systems. This paper shows that under these circumstances it is difficult to assess and measure the added safety offered by new replacement systems. We develop a framework for introducing and sequencing system improvements to provide greater assurances in enhancing safety. This framework shows how a new method can first be introduced as a secondary system, to test and verify its efficacy prior to its adoption as a primary system.
Stress Fluctuations for Continuously Sheared Granular Materials

Experiments on continuously sheared granular materials (glass spheres) with diameters $1.0\ensuremath{\le}d\ensuremath{\le}5\mathrm{mm}$ show large fluctuations in the normal stress, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(t)$. Experiments are carried out in an annular Couette geometry for rotation rates $0.003l\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}l1\mathrm{rad}/\mathrm{s}$. Power spectra from $\ensuremath{\sigma}(t)$, $P(\ensuremath{\omega})$, show rate invariance in the fluctuations: $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}P(\ensuremath{\omega})$ is a function only of $\ensuremath{\omega}/\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}$, independent of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}$. $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}P(\ensuremath{\omega})$ depends relatively weakly on $d$. The distributions of stresses ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ are similar to recent predictions for static arrays, but the width of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ varies only weakly with $d$, suggesting stronger spatial correlation effects than expected from theory.
An olfactory neuron responds stochastically to temperature and modulates Caenorhabditis elegans thermotactic behavior

Caenorhabditis elegans navigates thermal gradients by using a behavioral strategy that is regulated by a memory of its cultivation temperature (Tc). At temperatures above or around the Tc, animals respond to temperature changes by modulating the rate of stochastic reorientation events. The bilateral AFD neurons have been implicated as thermosensory neurons, but additional thermosensory neurons are also predicted to play a role in regulating thermotactic behaviors. Here, we show that the AWC olfactory neurons respond to temperature. Unlike AFD neurons, which respond to thermal stimuli with continuous, graded calcium signals, AWC neurons exhibit stochastic calcium events whose frequency is stimulus-correlated in a Tc-dependent manner. Animals lacking the AWC neurons or with hyperactive AWC neurons exhibit defects in the regulation of reorientation rate in thermotactic behavior. Our observations suggest that the AFD and AWC neurons encode thermal stimuli via distinct strategies to regulate C. elegans thermotactic behavior.
Effect of a calcium inhibitor, nifedipine, on exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris: a double-blind study.

The effect of nifedipine on exercise tolerance was studied in 30 patients with stable angina and positive graded exercise testing. Treadmill exercise testing was performed on each of five consecutive days. Placebo or nifedipine, 10 mg sublingually, was given 30 minutes before exercise on the third day. The following day the intervention was reversed in a double-blind manner. Angina was abolished by nifedipine but not by placebo in 12 patients (40 percent). The time to onset of angina in the remaining patients increased from 4.1 ± 0.4 (SEM) to 6.7 ± 0.6 min (p 1 with placebo (p
Interaction between theory and observation in development

This review covers the empirical research carried out over the past 30 years with respect to the process of development. It examines the extent to which economic theories and generalizations derived from the experience of the developed countries are relevant to the developing countries. The relationship between the strutural transformation that occurs in the process of development and economic growth is explored. The neoclassical growth model is applied to both the more advanced countries, whose economic transformation is near completion, and to the developing countries still in the process of structural transformation. Further empirical work should reduce the controversy between neoclassical and structural approaches to development by making possible the formulation of computable models in which the distinction between developing and developed countries can be largely reduced to observable differences in certain statistical parameters: initial conditions, price and income elasticities, and adjustment lags.
Effects of surfactants on Faraday-wave dynamics

The damping rates, natural frequencies and amplitudes of parametrically excited, standing, water waves in a partially filled, right circular cylinder are measured and compared to existing theoretical models that assume wave slopes are small. The water surfaces were covered by insoluble monomolecular (surfactant) films of oleyl alcohol, lecithin, diolein, cholesterol, and arachidyl alcohol whose concentrations were varied from zero (clean) to saturation; wave slopes were varied from about 0.1 to 1.2. Measured damping rates increased with increasing film concentration as predicted using films of oleyl alcohol, lecithin, and diolein, even when wave slopes were about one. Measured damping rates increased with increasing film concentration as predicted, using films of cholesterol and arachidyl alcohol when wave slopes were small, but not when wave slopes were large. In fact, the measured damping rates for large-slope waves on these films were equivalent to those of waves on a clean surface. Measured natural frequencies varied as predicted for all films, but were about 5% larger. Contact-line effects are incorporated, using an empirical value for contact-line speed, to account for discrepancies between measurements and predictions of damping rates and natural frequencies. Measured steady-state amplitudes agreed well with predictions that used measured damping rates and natural frequencies in the calculations for all films except lecithin and arachidyl alcohol for which there was significant disagreement.
Low-temperature growth of high-k thin films by ultraviolet-assisted pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Medium- and high- k dielectric films were grown directly on Si by ultraviolet-assisted pulsed laser deposition (UVPLD). It has been found that at the interface between the dielectric and Si, SiO 2 layers of various thickness were always formed. The source for this interfacial layer formation could be the physisorbed oxygen trapped inside the growing dielectric layer during the ablation process. When trying to reduce the thickness of this low- k SiO 2 layer, a marked decrease in the electrical properties was noticed. The dielectric constant of 50 nm thick barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films deposited at 600°C was around 180 while the leakage current density was below 1×10 −5 A/cm 2 at +1.0 V.
Does ACM support matter to conferences or journals

ACM is one of many organizations that sponsors IT conferences and journals. So, why use ACM?
Atmospheric correlation-time measurements and effects on coherent Doppler lidar

The time for which the backscatter from an ensemble of atmospheric aerosol particles remains coherent was studied by using a pulsed TEA CO2 lidar with coherent detection. Experimental results are compared with predictions by using model pulse shapes appropriate for TEA CO2 laser transmitters. The correlation time of the backscatter return signal is important in studies of atmospheric turbulence and its effects on optical propagation and backscatter. Techniques for its measurement are discussed and evaluated.
The beta 7 integrins in mucosal homing and retention.

Abstract Lymphocytes recirculate extensively throughout the body and then localize in tissues and lymphoid organs. This is accomplished by an array of adhesion molecules on lymphocytes and counter-receptors on the vascular endothelium, extracellular matrix and the epithelium. Recent studies have identified several of the specific molecular interactions that mediate lymphocyte trafficking. Lymphocytes expressing α4β7 home to the intestine through recognition of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-I (MAdCAM-1) expressed on Peyer's patch high endothelial venules. T cells in nearly all mucosal epithelial sites express the αEβ7 integrin which has been shown to mediate lymphocyte binding to epithelial cell E-cadherin. Thus, members of the β7 subfamily of integrins, αEβ7 and α4β7, and their counter-receptors, are believed to play key roles in directing lymphocyte traffic to and retention in mucosal organs.
Determination for growth pattern in axillary buds of Nicotiana tabacum L.

Abstract The number of nodes produced by a bud meristem before differentiation into a flower is defined as its developmental potential. Decapitation, rooting, and grafting experiments were used to measure the developmental potential of the vegetative axillary bud meristems on Nicotiana tabacum. Decapitation experiments measure the in situ developmental potential while rooting and grafting experiments measure developmental potential in isolation and at a new location on the organism, respectively. A rooted or grafted bud exhibits one of two patterns of development: (1) It develops like an in situ bud or (2) It develops according to its new environment. For example, second axillary buds below the inflorescence produced 18.8 ± 0.8 nodes in situ, 17.9 ± 0.9 or 39.8 ± 1.1 nodes when rooted, and 22.2 ± 0.6 or 34.2 ± 0.7 nodes when grafted to the base of the plant. These results suggest that the buds which develop like in situ buds are developmentally determined while buds that develop according to their new environment are undetermined. On an individual plant, determined and undetermined buds are separated by one internode and only first, second, and third buds below the inflorescence exhibit determination.
A fuzzy logic controller for aircraft flight control

This paper describes a model of an autopilot controller based on fuzzy algorithms. The controller maneuvers an aircraft from level flight into a final-approach flight path and maintains the aircraft along the glide path until just before touchdown. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the model, the aircraft response to controller actions is simulated using flight simulation techniques. The effect of varying parameters and different defuzzification strategies on controller performance is analyzed.
Surrogate-Model Accelerated Random Search algorithm for global optimization with applications to inverse material identification

Abstract An optimization algorithm is proposed which is applicable for the global optimization of computationally expensive functions with specific applications in material identification. The methodology, referred to as the Surrogate-Model Accelerated Random Search (SMARS) algorithm, is a non-gradient based iterative application of a random search algorithm and the surrogate-model method for optimization. The random search algorithm drives the global search portion of SMARS, thoroughly probing the search space to find optimal regions. The surrogate-model method then applies an artificial neural network to map local regions of the search space, and produce computationally inexpensive estimates to the solution, thereby accelerating the search. Through simulated examples, the SMARS algorithm is shown to be both robust and efficient. First, the minimization of a well known function with multiple local minima was considered to demonstrate the SMARS optimization capabilities with a known complex response surface. Then, two examples were considered for the inverse characterization of material properties. The identification of parameters of a rheological viscoelasticity model was considered first, and shows the SMARS algorithm’s tolerance to non-uniqueness over a large search space. Lastly, the identification of the distribution of thermal diffusivity for a functionally graded material was considered, and displays the SMARS capabilities to solve high-dimensional inverse problems. In all three examples, the performances of two traditional global search algorithms, a genetic algorithm and a random search algorithm, were compared to that of the SMARS algorithm. In all cases, the SMARS algorithm outperformed both traditional algorithms by attaining more accurate solutions with fewer function evaluations.
Tumors and Surgery of the Parapharyngeal Space

Educational objectives: To understand the presentation and evaluation and various pathologic conditions involving the parapharyngeal space and to review the cervical-parotid approach and cervical-parotid approach with mandibulatomy as a means to remove tumors of the parapharyngeal space.
Mechanism of thermal death of bacterial spores: Electron-microscopic observations

Electron-microscopic cytological observations ofBacillus stearothermophilus (FS 7954) spore death during moist heat exposure partially elucidated the physical behaviour of cells predicted by a previously suggested kinetic model of death. This model consisted of two consecutive reaction states prior to death and accounted for the nonlogarithmic behaviour. Morphology of spores during the early heat exposure, where the majority of spores are still viable, remain unchanged from the initial state. Some changes were recognized in the spore laminated inner-coat layer. There are indications that this layer consists of keratin fibrils. These fibrils contract upon heating. It is believed that this contraction causes, either directly or indirectly, some water to be expelled from the spore protoplast. This belief is supported by previous observation of a minimum in the free deuterium oxide content of the spore given similar heat exposure. It is suggested that this contraction is the reason for enhanced thermal resistance during the nonlogarthmic death process. On prolonged heating the integrity of the spore coat integuments and protoplast envelopes become lost. This is concomitant with the death of spores and onset of increase in free deuterium oxide content. These cytological observations, together with changes in free water content and the kinetic behaviour of the sequential model for the death process, are discussed from the viewpoint of cellular membrane stability.
Influence of yohimbine on release of anterior pituitary hormones.

We used a double-blind crossover design to study the effects of α2 adrenoreceptor blockade with yohimbine on levels of anterior pituitary hormones. A dose of yohimbine was used which raised plasma norepinephrine from 379±74 (S.E.) to 730±143 pg/ml and mean arterial pressure from 83± 4 to 92±5 torr (p<0.025). This dose (125 μg/kg, then 1 μg/kg/min) also altered mood when compared to saline infusion. In spite of these changes, when prolactin, cortisol, ACTH, β-endorphin, TSH and growth hormone were measured after 45 minutes of yohimbine infusion, no changes from baseline were noted. These data suggests that in normal man, at rest α2 adrenoreceptors in the hypothalamus, adenohypophysis or other brain areas do not tonically modulate release of these hormones into the blood.
On truth-table reducibility to SAT

We show that polynomial time truth-table reducibility via Boolean circuits to SAT is the same as logspace truth-table reducibility via Boolean formulas to SAT and the same as logspace Turing reducibility to SAT. In addition, we prove that a constant number of rounds of parallel queries to SAT is equivalent to one round of parallel queries. We give an oracle relative to which Δ2p is not equal to the class of predicates polynomial time truth-table reducible to SAT.
Analysis of impulse adaptation in motoneurons

Animal locomotion results from muscle contraction and relaxation cycles that are generated within the central nervous system and then are relayed to the periphery by motoneurons. Thus, motoneuron function is an essential element for understanding control of animal locomotion. This paper presents motoneuron input–output relationships, including impulse adaptation, in the medicinal leech. We found that although frequency-current graphs generated by passing 1-s current pulses in neuron somata were non-linear, peak and steady-state graphs of frequency against membrane potential were linear, with slopes of 5.2 and 2.9 Hz/mV, respectively. Systems analysis of impulse frequency adaptation revealed a static threshold nonlinearity at −43 mV (impulse threshold) and a single time constant (τ = 88 ms). This simple model accurately predicts motoneuron impulse frequency when tested by intracellular injection of sinusoidal current. We investigated electrical coupling within motoneurons by modeling these as three-compartment structures. This model, combined with the membrane potential–impulse frequency relationship, accurately predicted motoneuron impulse frequency from intracellular records of soma potentials obtained during fictive swimming. A corollary result was that the product of soma-to-neurite and neurite-to-soma coupling coefficients in leech motoneurons is large, 0.85, implying that the soma and neurite are electrically compact.
A Comparative Study of Least-squares, SUPG and Galerkin Methods for Convection Problems

Abstract Least-squares, SUPG and Galerkin methods are compared for a model convection problem in the context of smooth and discontinuous solutions. Our experiments focus on the impact of boundary condition implementation and grid orientation upon these methods, as well as their relative performance for both types of solutions.
Hand/Face/Neck Localized Pattern: Sticky Problems-Resins

Plastic resin systems have an increasingly diverse array of applications but also induce health hazards, the most common of which are allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Contact urticaria, pigmentary changes, and photoallergic contact dermatitis may occasionally occur. Other health effects, especially respiratory and neurologic signs and symptoms, have also been reported. These resin systems include epoxies, the most frequent synthetic resin systems to cause contact dermatitis, (meth)acrylics, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehydes, polyesters, amino resins (melamine-formaldehydes, urea-formaldehydes), polyvinyls, polystyrenes, polyolefins, polyamides and polycarbonates. Contact dermatitis usually occurs as a result of exposure to the monomers and additives in the occupational setting, although reports from consumers, using the raw materials or end products periodically surface. Resin- and additive-induced direct contact dermatitis usually presents on the hands, fingers, and forearms, while facial, eyelid, and neck involvement may occur through indirect contact, eg, via the hands, or from airborne exposure. Patch testing with commercially available materials, and in some cases the patient's own resins, is important for diagnosis. Industrial hygiene prevention techniques are essential to reduce contact dermatitis when handling these resin systems.
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery and the incidence of shunt revision in adult patients with hemorrhage-related hydrocephalus

Abstract Objective Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery remains the most widely accepted neurosurgical procedure for the management of hydrocephalus. However, shunt failure and complications are common and may require multiple surgical procedures during a patient's lifetime. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery and the incidence of shunt revision in adult patients with hemorrhage-related hydrocephalus. Methods Adult patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for hemorrhage-related hydrocephalus from October 1990 to October 2009 were included in this study. Medical charts, operative reports, imaging studies, and clinical follow-up evaluations were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. Results A total of 133 adult patients with the median age of 54.5 years were included. Among patients, 41% were males, and 62% Caucasians. The overall shunt revision rate was 51.9%. The shunt revision rate within the first 6 months after the initial placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunts was 45.1%. The median time to first shunt revision was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.24–9.2) months. No significant association was observed between perioperative variables (gender, ethnicity, hydrocephalus type, or hemorrhage type) and the shunt revision rate in these patients. Major causes of shunt revision include infection (3.6%), overdrainage (7.6%), obstruction (4.8%), proximal shunt complication (7.6%), distal shunt complication (3.6%), old shunt dysfunction (6.8%), valve malfunction (10.0%), externalization (3.6%), shunt complication (12.0%), shunt adjustment/replacement (24.0%) and other (16.4%). Conclusion Although ventriculoperitoneal shunting remains to be the treatment of choice for adult patients with post hemorrhage-related hydrocephalus, a thorough understanding of predisposing factors related to the shunt failure is necessary to improve treatment outcomes.
Modeling the effects of pelleting on the logistics of distillers grains shipping

The energy security needs of energy importing nations continue to escalate. It is clear that biofuels can help meet some of the increasing need for energy. Theoretically, these can be produced from a variety of biological materials, including agricultural residues (such as corn stover and wheat straw), perennial grasses, legumes, algae, and other biological materials. Currently, however, the most heavily utilized material is corn starch. Industrial fuel ethanol production in the US primarily uses corn, because it is readily converted into fuel at a relatively low cost compared to other biomass sources. The production of corn-based ethanol in the US is dramatically increasing. As the industry continues to grow, the amount of byproducts and coproducts also increases. At the moment, the nonfermentable residues (which are dried and sold as distillers dried grains with solubles – DDGS) are utilized only as livestock feed. The sale of coproducts provides ethanol processors with a substantial revenue source and significantly increases the profitability of the production process. Even though these materials are used to feed animals in local markets, as the size and scope of the industry continues to grow, the need to ship large quantities of coproducts grows as well. This includes both domestic as well as international transportation. Valueadded processing options offer the potential to increase the sustainability of each ethanol plant, and thus the industry overall. However, implementation of new technologies will be dependent upon how their costs interact with current processing costs and the logistics of coproduct deliveries. The objective of this study was to examine some of these issues by developing a computer model to determine potential cost ramifications of using various alternative technologies during ethanol processing. This paper focuses specifically on adding a densification unit operation (i.e., pelleting) to produce value-added DDGS at a fuel ethanol manufacturing plant. We have examined the economic implications of pelleting DDGS for varying DDGS production rates (100–1000 tons/d) and pelleting rates (0–100%), for a series of DDGS sales prices ($50–$200/ton). As the proportion of pelleting increases, the cost of transporting DDGS to distant markets drastically declines, because the rail cars can be filled to capacity. For example, at a DDGS sales price of $50/ton, 100% pelleting will reduce shipping costs (both direct and indirect) by 89% compared to shipping the DDGS in bulk form (i.e., no pelleting), whereas at a DDGS sales price of $200/ton, it will reduce costs by over 96%. It is clear that the sustainability of the ethanol industry can be improved by implementing pelleting technology for the coproducts, especially at those plants that ship their DDGS via rail.
A case-study on learning from large-scale intracranial EEG data using multi-core machines and clusters

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that manifest in a variety of ways, including emotional or behavioral disturbances, convulsive movements, and loss of awareness. The problem of prediction of epileptic seizures is hard and most algorithms do not perform better than a random predictor [20]. An important reason why studies so far have been less than successful is that electroencephalogram (EEG) is not recorded at the granularity of the seizure generation process. Our collaborators at the Columbia University Medical School (CUMC) have been involved in a clinical trial which entails implanting a Micro-Electrode Array directly into the neocortex of epilepsy patients undergoing surgery to remove the portion of the brain from where seizures originate. The 96-contact grid allows researchers to record at 30 KHz/channel which is a very high resolution data collection procedure compared to known state-of-the-art techniques and yields both local field and action potential data (.5 TB per patient per day). This large volume of data poses challenges for knowledge discovery and mining.In this paper, we describe the steps required for processing the EEG signal and extraction of features; we present a parallel design for scaling up processing on multi-core machines and an in-house cluster. Initial benchmarking results indicate that approximately 6-cores of a machine (processing speed of 2.7 GHz, 32 GB RAM, moderate workload) is sufficient to process a 5 minute chunk of data from 96 channels in approximately 12 mins. Encouraged by these results, we discuss design of other machine learning algorithms for learning from the data.
Old Readings in 1 Esdras: The List of Returnees From Babylon (Ezra 2 // Nehemiah 7)

In a recent study of the Greek text of 1 Esdras we argued that it frequently reflected an old, often nonexpanded Semitic Vorlage despite the many corruptions and secondary expansions peculiar to the “apocryphal” text. Esdras B [hereafter: G], on the other hand, was also found to differ from the received Hebrew text, but its variants were small enough that its underlying text-type could be called Proto-Massoretic. This analysis conflicts with that of Bernhard Walde, Wilhelm Rudolph, and others, who would assign the same geographical and chronological horizons and nearly identical Vorlagen to 1 Esdras and G. We shall test our interpretation, therefore, by studying the differences in the Hebrew texts of Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7 on the basis of the translation of Ezra 2 in 1 Esdras 5. Although the latter has many omissions and doublets —in fact, it is in relatively poor shape —not enough attention has been paid to its alternation between Ezra-type and Nehemiah-type texts.
Institutional Grants of the National Science Foundation: The value of flexibility and autonomy in the use of these funds is appraised in a four-year review.

The simplicity of the institutional grants program, the government9s recognition of institutional autonomy, and the flexibility with which the funds may be used have naturally gratified administrators of colleges and universities. Presidents and deans have had an opportunity to use the grants to foster programs they think deserve more financial support. They have been able to ease some of the strain caused by tight travel and library budgets, furnish equipment that would persuade a promising Ph.D. to accept an appointment or keep a valued professor from accepting a position elsewhere, or speed the establishment of a computing center to serve the entire institution.