cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lean Direct Wall Injection Mode Atomization of Liquid Jets in Swirling Flow

Introduction T HE environmental and energy challenges for gas turbines require new combustion concepts.1 The technique described in this study is called lean direct wall injection (LDWI), and it can be described as injection of a liquid fuel jet from the combustor wall, without premixing and prevaporization, directly into the swirling flow of the main combustor.2,3 Liquid jet atomization is a critical process for LDWI because the fuel is not premixed and prevaporized and the combustion efficiency and NOx emission of this concept depend heavily on the fuel distribution. The behavior of a liquid jet injected transversely into a high-velocity crossflow has been examined in both supersonic and subsonic flows largely through experiment.4−7 However, results from angled injection in the crossflow regime are not directly applicable to the swirling flow regime. It will be necessary to produce uniform and rapid atomization of the fuel jet in LDWI to form a uniform gaseous-phase fuel and air mixture in the practical application. It was the purpose of this investigation to examine the effects of atomization factors on the breakup and atomization processes of liquid jets in swirling flow. In the present study, as the first stage toward understanding the combustion phenomena in a LDWI mode, the hydrodynamic behavior of wall-injected liquid jets in confined cold swirling air flows were investigated.
Collecting Representative Soil Samples for N and P Fertilizer Recommendations

Soil fertilizer recommendations in modern crop production rely on laboratory analysis of representative soil samples. Regardless on how soil samples are collected (grid points, management zones, or whole fields) the accuracy and precision of the fertilizer recommendation can be improved by considering the factors influencing nutrient variability. As producer’s crop enterprise varies, it is recommended that producers select approaches that are suited for their operation. The objectives of this guide are to discuss how management influences nutrient variability and to provide insight into designing soil sampling protocols that provide accurate and precise fertilizer recommendations.
Spontaneous fission properties of 252,254No and 256,258[104] and the disappearance of the outer fission barrier

Abstract We have measured the mass and total kinetic energy distributions from the spontaneous fission of 252No, 254No, 256[104] and 258[104]. The results, in combination with earlier measurements for 256No, 258No and 262No, show a sharp transition from asymmetrical mass division in 256No to symmetrical division for 258No and 262No. However, all isotopes of element 104, including 260[104], appear to yield broadly symmetrical mass distributions. The total kinetic energies around 200 MeV for the element 104 isotopes indicate that they fission by the low-energy mode of bimodal fission. Recent calculations of static potential energy surfaces including higher-order asymmetric deformations suggest that the outer fission barrier is well below the ground state in energy, which accounts for the observance of the symmetric mass division.
High-resolution sum-frequency generation from alkylsiloxane monolayers

During the last decade, infrared optical sum-frequency generation (SFG) has been demonstrated to be a valuable technique for acquiring vibrational spectra of molecules at interfaces. However, the instrumentation that most frequently has been employed, which is based upon picosecond-scale pulse-width lasers, is fundamentally limited in the spectral resolution that can be achieved (typically ∼6 cm-1). We have optimized an older technology, based on a nanosecond-scale pulse-width laser, which enables the infrared frequency to be specified to within 0.2 cm-1. Exploiting this advantage, we have observed previously unrecognized features in the SFG spectrum of self-assembled monolayers. We demonstrate this through experiments performed on rubbed octadecylsiloxane (ODS) on glass, a system of considerable importance in liquid-crystal-display technology.
Individual Cylinder Model of a General Aviation Aircraft Engine

A need exists for the improvement of general aviation (GA) aircraft piston engine performance through the use of advanced control strategies and diagnostic studies. The life cycle time associated with the development of these technologies is always a concern when working with a cost-restrictive budget. Approaches to technological improvements through trial-and-error experimentation can work against a budget due to cost and development time. With the advancements in the computational speed of computers, simulations have become increasingly popular in helping engineers solve problems more quickly through a better understanding of the problem and better preparation of design strategies prior to the experimental implementation stage. The aim of the present work is to develop an intermittent combustion aircraft engine simulation that can provide insight to the complex system behavior, aid in the development of control strategies, and aid in the development of diagnostic studies. The GA aircraft individual cylinder simulation is the e rst of its kind and it has many potential applications. Some potential applications may include idle speed control, fuel control, spark control, and engine sensor and actuator diagnostics.
Distinct functions for WRN and TP53 in a shared pathway of cellular response to 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine and bleomycin

Mutations in the WRN or the TP53 genes lead to spontaneous genetic instability, an elevated risk of tumor formation, and sensitivity to compounds that interfere with DNA replication, such as camptothecin and DNA interstrand cross-linking drugs. We investigated the hypothesis that WRN and TP53 are involved in cellular responses to DNA replication-blocking lesions by exposing WRN deficient and TP53 mutant lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) to 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) and bleomycin. Loss of WRN or TP53 function resulted in induction of apoptosis and lesser proliferative survival in response to AraC and bleomycin. WRN and TP53 operate in a shared DNA damage response pathway, since in cells in which TP53 was inactivated by SV-40 transformation, no difference in AraC and bleomycin sensitivity was found regardless of WRN status. In contrast to TP53 mutant LCLs, WRN-deficient cells showed unaffected cell cycle arrest after AraC and bleomycin exposure, which indicates that WRN is not involved in DNA damage-activated cell cycle arrest. Neither WRN nor TP53 deficiency affected cellular recovery from exposure to AraC and bleomycin, which disagrees with a direct role in repair of these DNA lesions. Our results indicate that WRN and TP53 perform different functions in a shared DNA damage response pathway.
Beyond Grain and Grandeur: An Answer to Critics and an Agenda for Future Research

Moravcsik's reply to the six commentaries deals with sources omitted from the original article, the use of evidence in his analysis of the Fouchet Plan and the “empty chair” crisis, and broader critiques of (and proposed alternatives to) the commercial interpretation of French policy on European integration during the presidency of Charles de Gaulle. Moravcsik concedes some of the points raised by the critics and offers a more qualified and nuanced restatement of his argument, but he sticks to his basic contention that “commercial interests were a dominant and sufficient motivation for French policy in Europe.”
An examination of recently revised differentiated thyroid cancer guidelines.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the most recent changes in published guidelines by various organizations for the treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. This document provides a comparison of recommendations for common topics currently found in available thyroid cancer care guidelines. RECENT FINDINGS Recent changes to guidelines have focused on controversial topics, including extent of thyroidectomy based on tumor size, prophylactic central neck dissection, use of radioactive iodine, and degree of thyrotropin suppression. Regional variations between guidelines exist. Adherence to thyroid cancer guidelines at national levels is less than ideal. SUMMARY Guidelines for the management of differentiated thyroid cancer should continue to reflect minor regional variations in thyroid cancer treatment based on factors unique to that population while remaining otherwise similar to ensure optimal state-of-the-art patient care and outcomes. In the future, individual patient molecular information will likely play an important role in assessing the risk of tumor recurrence and overall survival. Consideration of multiple patient and tumor factors will allow thyroid cancer specialists to use a risk-adapted approach to patient care, from both a surgical and medical standpoint, to ensure optimal patient outcomes on an individual basis and at a disease level.
Improving High-Speed Machining Material Removal Rates by Rapid Dynamic Analysis

Abstract Stability prediction and chatter avoidance in high-speed machining requires knowledge of the tool point dynamics. In this paper, three advances toward the rapid identification of the tool point frequency response and corresponding stable cutting parameters are described: 1) stable speeds determination using non-contact periodic impulsive excitation of the tool point (produced by spindle rotation and a stationary magnet) in conjunction with once-per-revolution sampling, 2) Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis for the analytic prediction of the tool point response, and 3) once-per-revolution sampling of the audio signal during cutting to determine stability behavior.
A Taxonomy for RFID

RFID systems come in a myriad of forms, each catering to a specific need. However, a systematic classification to reduce the confusion of potential adopters, researchers and enthusiasts is still lacking. This article proposes and evaluates a taxonomy of various RFID systems currently available. The taxonomy can be used for gaining an understanding of this technology, the factors for implementation of a successful RFID system, its strengths and weaknesses as well as scalability options. Both novice as well as experienced RFID researchers will benefit from this classification.
Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to understand how vaginal eversion after hysterectomy differs from other forms of prolapse. STUDY DESIGN: The role of individual structures involved in vaginal support was studied by pelvic dissection of 61 cadavers. Serial cross sections from 13 additional cadavers were examined. RESULTS: The upper third of the vagina (level I) is suspended from the pelvic walls by vertical fibers of the paracolpium, which is a continuation of the cardinal ligament. In the middle third of the vagina (level II) the paracolpium attaches the vagina laterally to the arcus tendineus and fascia of the levator ani muscles. The vagina's lower third fuses with the perineal membrane, levator ani muscles, and perineal body (level III). Dissection reveals that the paracolpium's vertical fibers in level I prevented prolapse of the vaginal apex and vaginal eversion. CONCLUSIONS: The paracolpium in level I forms the critical factor that differentiates vaginal eversion from posthysterectomy cystocele-rectocele or enterocele in which the vaginal apex remains well suspended.
Survival among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Individuals with Common Non–AIDS-Defining Cancers

Background: Non–AIDS-defining cancers increasingly contribute to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals. However, few studies have compared cancer prognosis by HIV status with adjustment for risk factors. Methods: We conducted a cohort study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults in Kaiser Permanente California during 1996 to 2011, following subjects diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma or anal, prostate, colorectal, or lung cancers. We used Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression to assess cancer-related mortality within 5 years, comparing HIV-infected with HIV-uninfected subjects. Adjusted models included age, race/ethnicity, sex, cancer stage, cancer treatment, and smoking. Results: Among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects, there were 68 and 51 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma, 120 and 28 of anal cancer, 150 and 2,050 of prostate cancer, 53 and 646 of colorectal cancer, and 80 and 507 of lung cancer, respectively. Five-year cancer-related survival was reduced for HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected subjects, reaching statistical significance for lung cancer (10% vs. 19%, P = 0.002) but not Hodgkin lymphoma (83% vs. 89%, P = 0.40) or anal (64% vs. 74%, P = 0.38), prostate (86% vs. 92%, P = 0.074), or colorectal cancers (49% vs. 58%, P = 0.55). Adjusted results were similar, with lung cancer [HR, 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0–1.7] and prostate cancer (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1–4.1) reaching significance. Conclusions: Cancer-related mortality was higher among HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected individuals for prostate and lung cancers, but not Hodgkin lymphoma, anal cancer, or colorectal cancer. Impact: Our findings emphasize the need for a focus on prevention, early detection, and adequate treatment of cancer among HIV-infected individuals. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(8); 1167–73. ©2015 AACR . See related commentary by Coghill and Engels, [p. 1165][1] This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 1149][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/24/1165?iss=8 [2]: /lookup/volpage/24/1149?iss=8
Diffusion and Diversity: Federalism and the Right to Die in the Fifty States

Right-to-die issues-from the right to have life-sustaining treatment withdrawn to the right to assisted suicide--are becoming important sources of state policy activity. Without much federal instruction, some state courts have constructed a general consensus position for other courts to follow using thefederal Constitution to legitimize their decisions. State legislatures have accomplished less. Statutory diversity was the rule until recently, with legislatures passing a rich variety of generally conservative rules. Lately, with the pressure from rights-oriented interest groups and professional organizations, state legislators have been edging closer to the more liberal pattern ofpolicy charted by judges of the state supreme courts. Policymaking that applies to assisted suicide may be expected to follow the same pattern: the federal government will remain silent while the state courts take the lead using the U.S. Constitution as ammunition. The state legislatures can be expected to trail behind, catching up to the courts only after statutory diversity is found wanting.
Brain model with periodic processing.

Abstract A process controller which can be simulated on a computer has been designed to command the walk of an artificial insect. It works periodically. The sensory impulses which occur during the first cycle of the period are stored temporarily in a register. So this sensory pattern looks like a word in a computer. It is then emitted as a set of simultaneous impulses flowing like a wave through analysers circuits. At first spontaneous moves occurs and a link is built automatically between the sensory pattern and the motor pattern. Later the same sensation will drive the same action. Sequence of waves, special random rules for spontaneous moves, forgetting rules, selection device for the associative memory, multi control of the motor decision, cycle synchronisation system, dimension of the analyser, process controllers association are discussed. The comparison with the nervous organisation is done in an other paper.
Uridine kinase: altered subunit size or enzyme expression as a function of cell type, growth stimulation, or mutagenesis.

Using antibody prepared against pure undine kinase from Ehrlich ascites cells, we have measured the expression of enzyme protein by the Western blot technique. Variations were observed in the Mr of the enzyme subunit for uridine kinase from different species: 32,000 (mouse Ehrlich ascites cells), 30,000 (normal human lymphocytes), 28,000 (mouse tissues), 27,500 (rat tissues). For different normal tissues from the same species, there was no significant variation in the subunit size. Transformed human and mouse cell lines, selected for a deficiency of uridine kinase activity in the presence of inhibitors activated by this enzyme, expressed two cross-reacting proteins, one with a normal (30,000) and one with a smaller (21,000) subunit molecular weight than was found in the parental cell line (human lymphoma), or only a smaller protein of Mr 25,000 (mouse lymphoma). Our results show that selection protocols using metabolite inhibitors do not always repress the expression of the enzyme but instead may lead to selection of those cells that have a mutation in the uridine kinase gene, resulting in the expression of an inactive enzyme. The expression of uridine kinase protein changes when cells are stimulated to divide. For both mouse fibroblasts and human lymphocytes, expression of urndine kinase protein as well as activity clearly increased after cells were stimulated to grow. In fibroblasts, increases are seen by 3 hr after stimulation, and plateau after 9 hr at a sevenfold increase. In lymphocytes, no change is seen until 12 hr after stimulation, and a plateau is not reached until 72 hr, with a total increase of ∼50-fold. There has been considerable interest in the possibility of uridine kinase isozymes. Except for cells that have been mutagenized, the present results show that, as judged by subunit molecular weight, there appears to be only one enzyme form in normal and neoplastic cells or in cells in which uridine kinase activity is induced.
Isotherm measurement by frontal chromatography in the presence of an adsorbing mobile phase modulator

Frontal chromatography, in which the feed mixture is continuously fed into a chromatographic column, is commonly used to measure adsorption isotherms. Ion-exchange frontal systems with multiple feed components have been widely studied for the case where the total concentration (in equivalents) is constant, both in the mobile phase and on the stationary phase. In the present work, the assumption of constancy of the total mobile phase concentration is relaxed, which allows the frontal measurement of single feed components in the presence of a buffer salt (modulator) at any composition in ion exchange. Since isotherms have to be measured in the presence of the modulator, it may be better to use a range of modulator concentrations as well as a range of feed concentrations, for both ion-exchange and reversed-phase systems. It is shown that isotherms measured in the presence of modulators can provide two data points toward the feed-modulator multicomponent isotherm surface. An alternative approach gives one dat...
Planetary science: Lunar conspiracies

Current theories on the formation of the Moon owe too much to cosmic coincidences, says Robin Canup. She calls for better models and a mission to Venus.
A cDNA microarray for rapid and economical identification of HLA profiles of individuals

High resolution HLA typing is essential for matching donors and recipients for blood and marrow transplantation and helps with the diagnosis of HLA-associated diseases. We developed HLA microarray and related software for rapid and accurate high resolution HLA genotyping.
WE-C-I-611-03: Flat Panels Vs. IIs: A Critical Comparison

Over the past decade there has been rapid development of real-time active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPI) to replace the x-ray image intensifiers (XRII) in fluoroscopy and angiography. The major advantages of AMFPI compared to the conventional XRII are: (1) compact and light weight; (2) free of distortion; (3) use of lower-z material for detector window, which increases the quantum absorption efficiency of the detector; (4) free of veiling glare. Depending on the materials used for x-ray detection, AMFPI are divided into two main categories: direct and indirect detection. Direct detection AMFPI employ a uniform layer of x-ray sensitive photoconductor, e.g., amorphous selenium (a-Se) to directly convert incident x-rays to charge, which is subsequently read out by a two dimensional array of amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film transistors (TFTs). In indirect AMFPI, a phosphor such as structured cesium iodide (CsI) is used to convert x-ray energy to optical photons, which are then converted to charge by integrated photodiodes at each pixel of the TFT array. The principle of operation, and advantages and disadvantages of both direct and indirect AMFPI will be described. The imaging performance of both approaches, and their comparison with the XRII will be presented. The evaluation of imaging performance includes: (1) the spatial frequency (f) dependent detective quantum efficiency (DQE); (2) DQE(f) as a function of x-ray exposure; (3) temporal performance, i.e. lag and image persistence; and (4) veiling glare. Despite their differences in detector structure, the direct and indirect AMFPI have comparable imaging performance. The DQE(f) of AMFPI compares favorably to XRII except at the lowest exposure encountered in fluoroscopy ( 80 V per micron, avalanche multiplication occurs in a-Se, which can amplify the signal in low dose applications. Sophisticated pixel structures (by incorporating more than three TFTs at each pixel) are also being proposed, which provide signal amplification at each pixel to reduce the electronic noise. This approach can be applied to both the direct and indirect AMFPI. The principle of operation, feasibility and advantages of each new AMFPI concept will be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. To understand the principle of operation and imaging performance of different AMFPI, and their advantages and disadvantages compared to XRII. 2. To understand the limitation of existing AMFPI in low dose performance, and learn about the current development and advancement in AMFPI design to overcome this limitation.
Possible Use of the Lake Chubsucker as a Baitfish

Abstract Adult lake chubsuckers (Erimyzon sucetta) were placed in a 0.3-ha vegetated pond where they spawned. A population estimate yielded a mean biomass estimate of 514 kg/ha; the fish averaged 128 mm total length. Females produced an average of 18,478 eggs. Food analysis indicated that fingerling chubsuckers consumed primarily filamentous algae, cladocera, chironomid larvae, and copepods. Fingerling lake chubsuckers seem ideally suited for use as bait minnows since they have round cylindrical bodies, soft fins, and golden color. In addition they are hardy and can withstand the stress of handling.
Electrical resistivity of cubanite: CuFe2S3

Abstract The electrical resistivity of a single crystal of cubanite, CuFe2S3, has been determined from 4.2 to 340 K. Definite semiconducting behavior is observed, showing that the rapid electron exchange between Fe2+ and Fe3+ in Cu1+Fe2+Fe3+S3 is confined to the edge-shared pairs of iron-sulfur tetrahedra.
New Insights into Horseradish Peroxidase Function in Benzene from Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman spectroscopic study of ferric and ferrous carbon monoxide forms of polyethylene glycolated horseradish peroxidase (HRPPEG) in benzene solution is reported. Ferric HRPPEG in benzene solution assumes a 6-coordinate high spin (6-c HS) heme system, binding water, rather than the usual 5-c structure. Low-frequency vibrations associated with porphyrin deformations and propionate bending (ν8 and δ(CβCcCd)) are upshifted by 5 cm-1, indicating that a heme propionate group is perturbed. The ferrous carbon monoxide complex of HRPPEG (Fe(II)HRPPEG-CO) exists in benzene as a single 6-c species characterized by a weak Fe(II)−H170 bond and weak distal and proximal H-bonding heme pocket interactions. The structural changes are similar to those observed when an aromatic substrate analogue, benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) binds to HRP in aqueous solution. The structural changes are attributed to the formation of an enzyme−substrate complex between HRPPEG and benzene, a known substrate for HRP. Taken together the...
Cortistatin—Functions in the central nervous system

Cortistatin (CST) is a neuropeptide from the somatostatin (SRIF)/urotensin (UII) family named after its predominantly cortical expression and ability to depress cortical activity, which was discovered a decade ago. In vitro assays show CST is able to bind all five cloned somatostatin receptors and shares many pharmacological and functional properties with SRIF. However, distinct from SRIF, CST has been shown to induce slow-wave sleep, reduce locomotor activity, and activate cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin. Different lines of evidence also indicate that CST, like SRIF, is involved in learning and memory processes. CST-14 may also function as an endogenous anti-convulsant. In addition to its role in cortical synchronization, CST-14 has emerged as an important mediator of immunity and inflammation. This review will cover some of the basic properties of CST in the brain, and will discuss new data on the role of CST in cortical activity.
The evidential use of because

(1979). The evidential use of because. Paper in Linguistics: Vol. 12, No. 1-2, pp. 231-238.
Microstructure, thermomechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of carbon black‐filled nylon‐12 nanocomposites prepared by selective laser sintering

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is employed to fabricate a multifunctional polymer nanocomposite comprising Nylon-12 reinforced with carbon black (CB) at a loading of 4% by weight. The heat distortion temperature (HDT), viscoelastic properties, and the electrical conductivity of this nanocomposite are compared to those obtained via extrusion injection molding (Ex-IM). The HDT of the nanocomposites made by the two methods are found to be nearly identical. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite made by SLS is five orders of magnitude higher than that obtained through Ex-IM. The storage modulus of the SLS-processed nanocomposite is at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the nanocomposite made by Ex-IM, for all the frequencies tested. The observed differences in properties and the effects of the processing methods on the polymer’s molecular weight, its crystallization characteristics, and the dispersion of CB within the polymer matrix are investigated using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:12–20, 2012. a 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Inhibition of transforming growth factor-induced cell growth in soft agar by oxidized polyamines

An inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-induced growth in soft agar of normally anchorage-dependent rat kidney fibroblasts has been detected in the acid-ethanol extracts of human placenta, bovine lung and kidney, and human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (A673). The inhibitor has been purified from human placenta by gel-filtration and cation-exchange chromatography followed by acetylation and HPLC. Acetylation destroys inhibitory activity and deacetylation, by treatment with 6 N HCl at 110 degrees C for 16 h, restores full activity. The purified compound has been identified as spermine by mass spectral and NMR analyses and by cochromatography on HPLC of the acetylated material with acetylated spermine. Both the compound isolated from the placenta and spermine and spermidine show approximately equal activity in inhibiting the transforming growth factor-induced growth of cells in soft agar with an ED50 of 0.7-1.1 microM, while putrescine displays no inhibitory activity. Evidence suggests that the polyamines must first be oxidized by serum polyamine oxidase before inhibition will occur. Acrolein, a product of polyamine oxidation, will also inhibit cell growth in soft agar with an ED50 of 6.8 microM. It is concluded that an oxidation product of spermine is responsible for the previously reported inhibition of colony growth in soft agar following treatment of normal fibroblasts with transforming growth factors.
Preliminary pain and function after labral reconstruction during femoroacetabular impingement surgery.

Background Labral refixation rather than resection provides better pain relief and function after femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) surgery. When the labrum is absent, degenerated, or is irreparable, reconstruction may provide a favorable biomechanical environment for the hip. However, it is unclear whether labral reconstruction relieves pain and restores function.
social control frames: opportunities or constraints?

Environmental managers are simultaneously responsible for guiding appropriate stakeholder involvement in natural resource conflicts and enhancing the trust that non-governmental stakeholders have i...
Sexual Experience Enhances Drosophila melanogaster Male Mating Behavior and Success

Competition for mates is a wide-spread phenomenon affecting individual reproductive success. The ability of animals to adjust their behaviors in response to changing social environment is important and well documented. Drosophila melanogaster males compete with one another for matings with females and modify their reproductive behaviors based on prior social interactions. However, it remains to be determined how male social experience that culminates in mating with a female impacts subsequent male reproductive behaviors and mating success. Here we show that sexual experience enhances future mating success. Previously mated D. melanogaster males adjust their courtship behaviors and out-compete sexually inexperienced males for copulations. Interestingly, courtship experience alone is not sufficient in providing this competitive advantage, indicating that copulation plays a role in reinforcing this social learning. We also show that females use their sense of hearing to preferentially mate with experienced males when given a choice. Our results demonstrate the ability of previously mated males to learn from their positive sexual experiences and adjust their behaviors to gain a mating advantage. These experienced-based changes in behavior reveal strategies that animals likely use to increase their fecundity in natural competitive environments.
Ultrathin optically transparent carbon electrodes produced from layers of adsorbed proteins.

This work describes a simple, versatile, and inexpensive procedure to prepare optically transparent carbon electrodes, using proteins as precursors. Upon adsorption, the protein-coated substrates w...
Facilitation of Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy by Use of a Perforated Endotracheal Tube Exchanger

Endoscopic guidance during percutaneous dilational tracheostomy reduces the risk of paratracheal insertion of the tracheostomy tube but may impair ventilation and does not eliminate the possibility of premature endotracheal extubation. Use of a small-caliber, hollow endotracheal tube exchanger during stomal dilation in lieu of a fiberoptic bronchoscope allows for better ventilation and more secure airway control. (CHEST 1995; 108:572-74)
The kidney papilla is a stem cells niche

Stem cells are characterized by low cycle time, which has allowed us to identify such cells in the mature kidney. These putative stem cells are located mostly outside the renal tubule and are concentrated in the papilla of the kidney potentially under the urinary epithelium of the papilla. Clonal analysis of these cells shows that they can differentiate into epithelial, neuronal, and other uncharacterized cells. Induction of ischemic renal failure resulted in increased proliferation of these papillary cells. Injection of these cells under the renal capsule led to their incorporation into various tubule segments. It is likely that these stem cells sense a “damage” signal from the cortex resulting in proliferation followed by migration to the site of injury.
Assessing the Stages of Change Among African American Women in a Weight Management Program.

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between stage of change (SOC) and behavioral outcomes among African American women entering obesity treatment in two settings. Fifty-five ...
Autosomal recessive eye and brain anomalies: Warburg syndrome

Two siblings are reported who appear to have an autosomal recessive disorder of eye and central nervous system anomalies. The findings in fourteen previously described and similarly affected patients are summarized. Ocular anomalies include microphthalmos, megalocornea, the Peter anomaly, cataract, coloboma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and retinal detachment with retinal dysplasia. Central nervous system malformations include agyria-pachygyria, cerebellar dysplasia, encephalocele, Dandy-Walker cyst, and hydrocephalus. We suggest that this disorder be known as Warburg syndrome.
Fe-Doped Trititanate Nanotubes: Formation, Optical and Magnetic Properties, and Catalytic Applications

We have synthesized crystalline Fe-doped trititanate nanotubes via a wet-chemistry method. The products were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet−visible spectrophotometry (UV−vis), synchrotron infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and temperature-dependent magnetometry. The Fe-doped trititanate nanotubes are about 8 nm in diameter and up to 1 μm long. EDS revealed that the Fe-doping ratio is about 0.5%, while IR and UV−vis spectra reveal the effects of doping. In-situ XRD experiments demonstrate the transformation of the trititanate to titania phase under a reductive atmosphere. The Fe-doped trititanate nanotubes exhibited noticeable catalytic activity in the water-gas-shift reaction. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Fe-doped trititanate nanotubes comprise a mixture of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases.
Design and Evaluation of Two-Phase Partition–Dissolution Method and Its Use in Evaluating Artemisinin Tablets

A method is described for the assessment of the dissolution behavior of solid dosage forms with a high content of a very water insoluble drug. In this method the dissolved drug is continuously extracted from the aqueous dissolution medium into an organic phase. The reported data on the dissolution of artemisinin show that this method guarantees sink conditions in the aqueous dissolution medium during the total duration of the experiment.
Infants’ perception of three-dimensional shape specified by motion-carried information

The purpose of this study was to replicate Arterberry and Yonas (1988) with an added control group to provide further evidence that infants respond to distal shape specified by motion-carried information. In a habituation procedure, 4-month-old infants were tested for discrimination of a complete and incomplete cube specified in computer-generated, kinetic random-dot displays. Two groups of infants were tested. One group was provided with a full view of the habituation and test displays (called the full-view group). A second group of infants viewed only the central region in which differential motion was located (called the partial-view group). The full-view group provided evidence of discriminating the two objects, whereas the partial-view group did not. These findings suggest that 4-month-old infants do perceive three-dimensional shape specified by motion-carried information.
Constraining the volatility distribution and gas-particle partitioning of combustion aerosols using isothermal dilution and thermodenuder measurements.

The gas-particle partitioning of primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions from a diesel engine and the combustion of hard- and soft-woods in a stove was investigated by isothermally diluting them in a smog chamber or by passing them through a thermodenuder and measuring the extent of evaporation. The experiments were conducted at atmospherically relevant conditions: low concentrations and small temperature perturbations. The partitioning of the POA emissions from both sources varied continuously with changing concentration and temperature. Although the POA emissions are semivolatile, they do not completely evaporate at typical atmospheric conditions. The overall partitioning characteristics of diesel and wood smoke POA are similar, with wood smoke being somewhat less volatile than the diesel exhaust. The gas-particle partitioning of aerosols formed from flash-vaporized engine lubricating oil was also studied; diesel POA is somewhat more volatile than the oil aerosol. The experimental data from the dilution...
Why are olfactory systems of different animals so similar

As we learn more about the neurobiology of olfaction, it is becoming increasingly clear that olfactory systems of animals in disparate phyla possess many striking features in common. Why? Do these features provide clues about the ways the nervous system processes olfactory information? This might be the case if these commonalities are convergent adaptations that serve similar functions, but similar features can be present in disparate animals for other reasons. For example, similar features may be present because of inheritance from a common ancestor (homology), may represent responses to similar constraints, or may be superficial or reflect strategies used by researchers studying the system. In this paper, I examine four examples of features of olfactory systems in members of different phyla: the presence of odorant binding proteins in the fluid overlying olfactory receptor neurons; the use of G protein-coupled receptors as odorant receptors; the use of a two-step pathway in the transduction of odorant signals; and the presence of glomerular neuropils in the first central target of the axons of olfactory receptor cells. I analyze data from nematodes, arthropods, molluscs, and vertebrates to investigate the phylogenetic distribution of these features, and to try to explain the presence of these features in disparate animals. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these features are not homologous across phyla. Although these features are often interpreted as convergent adaptations, I find that alternative explanations are difficult to dismiss. In many cases, it seems that olfactory system features that are similar across phyla may reflect both responses to similar constraints and adaptations for similar tasks.
A Green's Function Method for the Solution of a Class of Two-dimensional Problems Involving Anisotropic Compressible Plasma (with an Application to the Unbounded Medium)†

ABSTRACT The study of the radiation characteristics from an arbitrary source by an isotropic compressible cylindrical structure is very difficult to handle in general, but if the source is a magnetic line parallel to, or an electric line perpendicular to the external magnetic field, then the electromagnetic and plasma (acoustic) fields lead to a set of coupled partial differential equations. Coupled electro-acoustical field expressions possess an anisotropy in optical and acoustical modes and are expressed in terms of two distinct anisotropic Green's functions which satisfy the well-known two-dimensional inhomogeneous wave equations: where n 1 22 are anisotropic radial wave numbers. After having Green's functions G 1,2 at our disposal, a class of two-dimensional boundary value problems with the appropriate boundary conditions of the cylindrical structures in a compressible anisotropic plasma can easily be solved. By using the scalar Green's functions G 1,2 all the field expressions are evaluated in an unb...
Predictor and steplength selection in continuation methods for the Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract Continuation methods are in common use for solving the nonlinear equations resulting from discretizations of the Navier-Stokes equations. An imoportant ingrediet in these algorithms is the selection of the step size in the continuation parameter. For certain values of the Reynolds number, it is shown that the step size in the Reynolds number may be chosen independently of the particular predictor step used within the continuation algorithm. Estimates for the path derivatives are derived and used to show that the allowable step sizes are substantially greater than would be predicted by theories that apply to general nonlinear mappings.
Selectivity of dynorphin for κ opioid receptors

Abstract Treatment of guinea pig brain membranes with β-chlornaltrexamine destroyed μ, δ and κ opioid binding sites. Treatment with the same reagent in the presence of high concentrations of dynorphin resulted in selective protection of κ but not μ or δ sites. This is further evidence that dynorphin is selective for κ opioid receptors.
Error rate for optimal follower tone-jamming

The performance of a countermeasure technique in the presence of the optimal follower multitone jammer is evaluated for frequency-hopped spread spectrum (FHSS) communications. It is shown that, with a certain probability, the optimal jammer will have dual tones in a frequency channel.
The role of L1 and L2 reading on L1 preservation and positive cross-linguistic transfer among sequential bilinguals

Previous research shows strong evidence of positive cross-linguistic transfer as a factor of L1 literacy. Moreover, research shows that L1 literacy supports the preservation of L1 language skills while learning L2, as oral and written languages are highly interdependent. Two theoretical frameworks can be instrumental in accounting for cross-linguistic transfer: The constructive analysis hypothesis suggests that the closer L1 and L2 are typologically, the more cross-linguistic transfer should be observed. The interdependence hypothesis postulates that bilingual transfer is also supported by L1 proficiency. These hypotheses were tested in oral language experiment, comparing typologically different languages (L1 Russian and L2 English) with different orthographic depth and language-specific characteristics. The study examines the use of morphosyntactic and lexical structures through story retelling in L1 and L2 by 13 Russian-English bilingual children (Mage = 8;2) who were readers in their L1 as well as in their L2. The results indicate a strong effect of L1 reading skills on children’s ability to use appropriate lexical and syntactic processes in their L1 and L2 narratives as well as on the reduction of L1 grammatical errors, one of the most sensitive aspects of Russian inflectional morphology. These results support the interdependence hypothesis of cross-linguistic transfer.
Hypercapnic acidosis in ARDS: A tolerated side effect or an important therapeutic modality?

Measurements and main res ults: The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for 28-day mortality rate associated with hypercapnic acidosis defined as day 1 pH 45 mm Hg were 0.14 (95% CI 0.03-0.70, p = .016) in the 12 mL/kg PBW tidal volume group and 1.18 (95% CI 0.59-2.35, p = .639) in the 6 mL/kg PBW tidal volume group. Other definitions of hypercapnic acidosis spanning a range of magnitudes suggest a dose-response association between hypercapnic acidosis and 28-day mortality in the 12 mL/kg PBW tidal volume group. None of our definitions of hypercapnic acidosis were associated with reduction in 28-day mortality in the 6 mL/kg PBW tidal volume group.
IDENTIFICATION OF A THYMIC EPITHELIAL CELL SUBSET SHARING EXPRESSION OF THE CLASS IB HLA-G MOLECULE WITH FETAL TROPHOBLASTS

HLA-G is the only class I determinant of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressed by the trophoblasts, the fetal cells invading the maternal decidua during pregnancy. A unique feature of this nonclassical HLA molecule is its low polymorphism, a property that has been postulated to play an important role in preventing local activation of maternal alloreactive T and natural killer cells against the fetus. Yet, the mechanisms by which fetal HLA-G can be recognized as a self-MHC molecule by the maternal immune system remain unclear. Here we report the novel observation that HLA-G is expressed in the human thymus. Expression is targeted to the cell surface of thymic medullary and subcapsular epithelium. Thymic epithelial cell lines were generated and shown to express three alternatively spliced HLA-G transcripts, previously identified in human trophoblasts. Sequencing of HLA-G1 transcripts revealed a few nucleotide changes resulting in amino acid substitutions, all clustered within exon 3 of HLA-G, encoding for the α2 domain of the molecule. Our findings raise the possibility that maternal unresponsiveness to HLA-G–expressing fetal tissues may be shaped in the thymus by a previously unrecognized central presentation of this MHC molecule on the medullary epithelium.
A Computer-Controlled Pressure Standard

The operating principles, as well as the technical aspects of the implementation of a new computer-controlled pressure standard are presented. The instrument can have dual use: either as a pressure source or as a pressure sensor. The device is intended mostly for use in problems where small differential pressures are of interest, i.e., 0-2.5 KPa and high accuracy is desired. Such a pressure range encompasses, for example, most of the pressure measurement applications in subsonic wind-tunnel testing. The device interfaces to a PC and is ideal for fully-automated pressure transducer calibration applications. The accuracy of the pressures produced or measured by the device is 0.08 percent F.S. (Full Scale)
Indirect fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of yellow fever

Abstract The indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) test was evaluated for the serodiagnosis of yellow fever (YF) cases and for detection of antibodies after 17D YF vaccination. Results were compared with those of standard serological tests, reactions with heterologous flaviviral antigens were determined, and both IgM and IgG antibodies were measured. Spot slides of infected Vero cells were used as antigen substrate. In cases of primary YF infection, the FA test for IgG antibodies provided clear diagnostic results. Indirect FA tests with anti-IgG were more sensitive than the complement-fixation (CF) test and showed specificity comparable to the CF and neutralization (N) tests. Cases of YF infection superimposed upon pre-existing heterologous flaviviral immunity developed broadly-crossreactive IgG antibodies. IgM antibodies were highly specific in cases of both primary infection and superinfection but were not consistently present. Most individuals without previous flaviviral exposure who received 17D vaccine failed to develop detectable antibodies by the indirect FA test; of those with pre-existing immunity, 79% developed IgG antibodies. The indirect FA test provides a simple, rapid diagnostic procedure which should be especially useful in on-site epidemiological investigations of YF outbreaks.