cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring a new silent test of phonological awareness

This is the preliminary study of a test of phonologicalawareness which does not require that subjects speak or hear toparticipate. The test was designed to minimize memory loads, and tomeasure speeded written naming and segmentation-by-sound. Spelling datacan also be collected. Subjects have 45 seconds to name items in each oftwo sets of line drawings. The average frequency of the names variesacross these sets. In the third set, subjects must name the items, andalso segment the written names into their constituent sounds. This taskwas administered to disabled and normally-reading adults, with twocommon tests of phonological awareness. The new test discriminatedbetween the readers as reliably as the benchmark tasks, correlating witheach better than they correlated with each other. The new test was thenadministered to deaf adults, who performed similarly to the disabled(hearing) readers. The data represent the first direct demonstration ofphonological abilities in deaf subjects, using a task designedspecifically for that purpose.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology of malignant neoplasms of the sinonasal tract.

BACKGROUND Primary and metastatic malignancies that originate in the sinonasal tract are rare and histologically diverse. The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and the cytomorphologic features of these tumors have not been specifically addressed. METHODS The authors reviewed 22 cytology cases (20 FNABs, 1 sputum sample, and 1 pleural fluid sample) from 18 patients with malignancies originating in the sinonasal tract (17 carcinomas, 3 melanomas, and 2 sarcomas) and assessed the cytomorphology, cytohistologic correlation, and ability of cytology to render a specific diagnosis. RESULTS Primary and metastastic sites sampled by FNAB included masses in or around the nose (n = 2), orbit (2), maxillary sinus (2), frontal sinus (1), intraoral area (1), preauricular area (1), soft tissue neck masses, parotid and lymph nodes (10), and cervical spine (1). Exfoliative cytology was positive in two samples of sputum and pleural fluid, representing the initial cancer diagnosis before the sinonasal primary tumor was detected. Seventeen of 22 (77.3%) cases were classified as carcinoma not otherwise specified, carcinoma with specific differentiation, sarcoma, or melanoma. Cytology failed to correctly classify the specific subtype of three carcinomas. The cytologic features that were evaluated included cellularity, cellular arrangement, nuclear features, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and the background appearance. CONCLUSIONS Sinonasal tract malignancies demonstrate a wide range of cytologic findings but specific features allowing for an accurate and definitive diagnosis are often present in many tumors. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is an important diagnostic tool in the management of sinonasal malignancies and can be complemented by the use of ancillary studies for the diagnosis of poorly differentiated or nonepithelial tumors. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2003;99:105–12. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Milestones in the History of Information and Computer Ethics

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Norbert Wiener's Foundation of Information Ethics Computer Ethics Developments after Wiener and before Maner Walter Maner's Computer Ethics Initiative Deborah Johnson's Influential Textbook and the Start of the “Uniqueness Debate” James Moor's Classic Paper and His Influential Computer Ethics Theory The Professional‐Ethics Approach of Donald Gotterbarn Computing and Human Values Luciano Floridi's Information Ethics Theory Concluding Remarks: The Exponential Growth of Computer Ethics References and Selected Resources
Measurement of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potentials and Enumeration of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Microorganisms Using Carbon-14 Hydrocarbon-Spiked Crude Oil

A most-probable-number (MPN) method is described for enumerating hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Also, methods are described for measuring natural and nonnutrient-limited hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials. Both the enumeration and the activity measurements use carbon-14 hydrocarbon-spiked oil. The advantages and limitations of these methods for enumerating hydrocarbon utilizers and measuring hydrocarbon biodegradation are considered. Also, examples of the types of data generated by these methods and their interpretation are discussed.
Response Modeling with Non-random Marketing Mix Variables

Sales response models are widely used as the basis for optimizing the marketing mix or for allocation of the sales force. Response models condition on the observed marketing mix variables and focus on the specification of the distribution of observed sales given marketing mix activities. These models fail to recognize that the levels of the marketing mix variables are often chosen with at least partial knowledge of the response parameters in the conditional model. This means that, contrary to standard assumptions, the marginal distribution of the marketing mix variables is not independent of response parameters. We expand on the standard conditional model to include a model for the determination of the marketing mix variables. We apply this modeling approach to the problem of gauging the effectiveness of sales calls (details) to induce greater prescribing of drugs by individual physicians. We do not assume, a priori, that details are set optimally but, instead, infer the extent to which sales force managers have knowledge of responsiveness and use this knowledge to set the level of sales force contact. We find that physicians are not detailed optimally; high volume physicians are detailed to a greater extent than low volume physicians without regard to responsiveness to detailing. In fact, it appears that unresponsive but high volume physicians are detailed the most.
Cerebellar Pathology of a Dual Clinical Diagnosis: Patients with Essential Tremor and Dystonia

Background: Clinical studies have implicated the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of essential tremor (ET), and recent postmortem studies have identified structural changes in the ET cerebellum. While the basal ganglia have traditionally been implicated in dystonia, cerebellar involvement has been suggested as well, and a recent study showed Purkinje cell (PC) loss. We conducted a detailed postmortem examination of the brain in four individuals with clinical diagnoses of ET and dystonia, and hypothesized that pathological changes in the cerebellum would be greater in these four ET cases than in published ET cases without dystonia. Methods: After a complete neuropathological assessment, a standard parasagittal neocerebellar tissue block was harvested in each brain. One 7-µm thick section was stained with luxol fast blue/hematoxylin and eosin, and one section with the Bielschowsky method. We quantified PCs, torpedoes, heterotopic PCs, PC dendritic swellings, and basket cell changes. Results: Two ET+dystonia cases had more microscopic changes in the cerebellum than published ET cases; the other two cases had similar changes to published ET cases. Discussion: This is the first report that uses human autopsy tissue to study patients with both ET and dystonia. The findings were heterogeneous. Additional studies, with larger samples, are needed.
Effectively Using Paralegals in a Family Law Practice

Non-lawyer assistants are critical to a family law practice: whether secretaries, document managers, investigators, or bookkeepers, attorneys who structure their practice to include extensive use of these non-lawyer assistants must remember three basic rules: keep control; set clear policies; and educate both your assistants and your clients about limits. Finally, train the assistant and revisit that training regularly. Having these policies and asking assistants to read them is not adequate training. Regular training is necessary to maintain competence. This training should be grounded in the discrete problems that arise in your office. A medical model of “grand rounds” would be an effective training mechanism for insuring that policies are understood and kept current. With the demands of efficiency required of today’s attorney, proper use of non-lawyer assistants is, for most attorneys, a necessity of practice. With proper attention to supervision, clear policies, and regular training, these assistants can make an attorney’s practice more efficient and of a higher quality overall.
Toric graph associahedra and compactifications of $$M_{0,n}$$M0,n

To any graph G, one can associate a toric variety $$X(\mathcal {P}G)$$X(PG), obtained as a blowup of projective space along coordinate subspaces corresponding to connected subgraphs of G. The polytopes of these toric varieties are the graph associahedra, a class of polytopes that includes the permutohedron, associahedron, and stellahedron. We show that the space $$X(\mathcal {P}{G})$$X(PG) is isomorphic to a Hassett compactification of $$M_{0,n}$$M0,n precisely when G is an iterated cone over a discrete set. This may be viewed as a generalization of the well-known fact that the Losev---Manin moduli space is isomorphic to the toric variety associated with the permutohedron.
Prevalence and Implications of Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

The objective of this study was to examine prevalence and clinical implications of subclinical coronary artery disease (CAD) detected by coronary artery calcium score (CACS) testing in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). CACS was assessed in patients without history of CAD undergoing catheter ablation of AF. Age- and gender-matched patients with normal sinus rhythm (NSR) presenting with chest pain served as controls. Predicted arterial age using the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis registry was also compared to the chronologic age. A total of 860 patients (430 AF and 430 NSR, age 63 ± 10 years, 65% men) were included. Subclinical CAD prevalence (CACS >0) was 74% (319 of 430) in the AF group. Compared to the patients with NSR, patients with AF had higher prevalence of Subclinical CAD (74% vs 63%; p <0.001). In multivariate analysis, AF was independently associated with Subclinical CAD (hazard ratio 1.60; p = 0.002) but only with persistent AF (hazard ratio 2.28; p <0.001). Predicted arterial age was greater than chronologic age in patients with AF (69 ± 12 vs 64 ± 9 years). CACS-diagnosed subclinical CAD identified new potential candidates for statin therapy (12%; 33 of 267) and for oral anticoagulation (19%; 40 of 206) by addition of subclinical CAD to the CHA2DS2-VASc scores. In conclusion, in patients without known history of CAD, prevalence of subclinical CAD was significantly higher in those with persistent AF than those with NSR. AF was associated with subclinical CAD independently and complimentarily to clinical risk factors. Identifying subclinical CAD has potential clinical indications for prevention of CAD progression and stroke.
Low-Temperature Kinetics of Reactions of OH Radical with Ethene, Propene, and 1-Butene

The kinetics of the reactions of the OH radical with ethene (k1), propene (k2), and 1-butene (k3) are studied over a temperature range of T = 96−296 K. The low-temperature environment is provided by a pulsed Laval nozzle supersonic expansion of nitrogen with admixed radical precursor and reactant gases. The OH radicals are produced by pulsed photolysis of H2O2 at 248 nm. Laser-induced fluorescence of the OH radicals excited in the (1,0) band of the A2Σ+−X2Πi transition is used to monitor the OH decay kinetics to obtain the bimolecular rate coefficients. At T = 296 K, the rate constants k1, k2, and k3 are also measured as a function of total pressure. The room-temperature falloff parameters are used as the basis for extrapolation of the low-temperature kinetic data, obtained over a limited range of gas number density, to predict the high-pressure limits of all three rate coefficients at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the measured high-pressure rate constants for T = 96−296 K can be express...
Food vacuole morphology and membrane retrieval in the microstomal form of Tetrahymena vorax

ABSTRACT. After formation, food vacuoles in the microstomal cell type of Tetrahymena vorax labeled with either India ink or cationized ferritin (CF) undergo three morphological stages during processing: an initial condensation with a size decrease, the appearance of a clear halo around the condensed marker that apparently results from expansion of the vacuole, and the disappearance of the halo region. These stages correspond generally to three of the four stages described previously for Tetrahymena. Fusion of older vacuoles prior to egestion may represent a fourth stage in vacuole processing. The developing vacuole has small coated regions of the membrane; two populations of vesicles, small coated vesicles and larger vesicles with electron-dense cores, are adjacent to it. During the initial condensation, tubular invaginations with CF project from the vacuole. After the disappearance of the halo, much of the vacuolar surface appears to be multilayered with extensive folds containing CF. Labeled flattened or curved disks and closed rings occur in the cytoplasm often adjacent to labeled vacuoles and in the vicinity of the cytoproct. The appearance of labeled disks and rings is identical to both labeled and unlabeled vesicles adjacent to the cytopharynx, adding additional support to the hypothesis that, like Paramecium, vesicles retrieved from food vacuoles during processing as well as after fusion with the cytoproct may be reused for vacuole formation.
Probing SWI/SNF remodeling of the nucleosome by unzipping single DNA molecules

Chromatin-remodeling enzymes can overcome strong histone-DNA interactions within the nucleosome to regulate access of DNA-binding factors to the genetic code. By unzipping individual DNA duplexes, each containing a uniquely positioned nucleosome flanked by long segments of DNA, we directly probed histone-DNA interactions. The resulting disruption-force signatures were characteristic of the types and locations of interactions and allowed measurement of the positions of nucleosomes with 2.6-base-pair (bp) precision. Nucleosomes remodeled by yeast SWI/SNF were moved bidirectionally along the DNA, resulting in a continuous position distribution. The characteristic distance of motion was approximately 28 bp per remodeling event, and each event occurred with a catalytic efficiency of 0.4 min(-1) per nM SWI/SNF. Remodeled nucleosomes had essentially identical disruption signatures to those of unremodeled nucleosomes, indicating that their overall structure remained canonical. These results impose substantial constraints on the mechanism of SWI/SNF remodeling.
TU-C-103-01: A Framework for 3D Modeling of Anthropomorphic Lesions in CT

Purpose: Realistic three‐dimensional mathematical models of subtle lesions are essential for many CT studies focused on performance evaluation and optimization. The purpose of this work was to develop and apply a generic framework for creating such models informed by clinical data. Methods: A contrast profile equation was developed to describe the attenuation of a modeled lesion as a function of distance from the center of the lesion in a given direction. This equation prescribes the overall size, shape, contrast, and edge profile characteristics of the lesion in 3D. By adjusting the parameters of the contrast profile equation, the characteristics of a simulated lesion could be manipulated to emulate a realistic lesion. The simulated lesions could further be voxelized at any arbitrary resolution for comparison with real CT data. Using this framework, a trust‐region iterative minimization fitting algorithm was developed to generate a library of simulated lesions based on clinical CT data with known lesions. We first identified and segmented liver lesions, lung nodules, and renal stones from clinical cases. The fitting algorithm was then applied to the segmented pathologies. The results were evaluated for realism using an observer study and ROC analysis. Results: Based on CT image data from 22 patients; 10 liver lesion, 13 lung nodule, and 20 renal stone models were created. These models were found to have size, shape, contrast, and edge profile characteristics similar to those of real lesions. The observers could not distinguish between real and modeled lesions (AUC = 0.49). Conclusions: It is possible to create realistic 3D mathematical models of anthropomorphic lesions in CT images. These models could be instrumental in performance evaluation and optimization of CT systems. GE Healthcare, A‐56:Optimization of Protocols Employing Advanced Reconstruction Algorithms
Laser Mass Spectra of Liquids Taken at Ambient Pressure

Laser mass spectra have been obtained for liquids under ambient conditions; the spectra are identical with those for the same compounds with the use of cold probe (~100 K). Liquids studied include benzene, toluene, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and acetic acid. Under the conditions employed, water, ethanol, methanol, and glycerol do not yield mass spectra. Laser mass spectra are compared with the electron-impact and chemical ionization spectra of the same compounds. Relative ion yields for benzene were studied as a function of laser irradiance. Two ion-formation regimes can be identified: low-power density and high-power density. Cluster ions were observed for many compounds, and the effect of postacceleration voltage on relative cluster-ion intensity is indicated.
Studies of the biochemical basis for the discriminative properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin

The ability of a series of compounds to mimic the stimulus properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) was compared to: (1) the affinity of these compounds for the 5-HT1A receptor; and (2) their efficacy to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Although for nine compounds (flesinoxan, MDL 73005EF, gepirone, ipsapirone, buspirone, tandospirone, yohimbine, L 657,743 and rauwolscine) complete cross generalization was associated with high affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor, eltoprazine, d-lysergic acid diethylamide and BMY 7378 had pKD > 7.44, but did not show complete mimicry of 8-OH-DPAT. In addition, indorenate had a pKD of 7.88, yet the behavioral response was indistinguishable from the saline control. Because the above data indicated that affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor was necessary, but not sufficient for a receptor ligand to mimic 8-OH-DPAT, the in vitro efficacy of the various compounds at the 5-HT1A receptor was determined by measuring inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in hippocampal membranes. For a series of drugs (gepirone, ipsapirone, flesinoxan, buspirone, tandospirone, yohimbine, L 657,743 and rauwolscine) significant inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was observed, and these same drugs showed complete cross generalization. However, BMY 14802 and MDL 73005EF did not alter adenylate cyclase activity, yet completely mimicked the stimulus properties of 8-OH-DPAT. Eltoprazine had significant efficacy in inhibiting forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, but only 30% of the responses following administration of this drug were on the 8-OH-DPAT-appropriate lever. Furthermore, although indorenate inhibited hippocampal adenylate cyclase activity, the behavioral response to this compound was indistinguishable from the saline control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simultaneous Production of T Helper-1-like Cytokines and Cytolytic Activity by Tumor-Specific T Cells in Ovarian and Breast Cancer

Cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) cultures were generated from five ovarian cancer patients (OvCTL) and from three breast cancer patients (BrCTL). All CTL lines were T-cell receptor (TcR) alphabeta+ and predominantly CD8+ (73 +/- 13%). These CTL lines preferentially recognized autologous tumor cells in an HLA class I-restricted, and in part HLA-A2-restricted, manner. In addition, the CTL lines recognized allogeneic HLA-A2+ ovarian and breast tumor cells. Specific recognition was determined by T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity as well as cytokine release. Coculture of irradiated autologous tumor cells with OvCTL induced secretion of IFN-gamma, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha, but not IL-4, indicating a T helper-1-type response. Similar results were obtained when OvCTL and BrCTL were stimulated with histologically matched HLA-A2+ tumor cells. Also, BrCTL stimulated with HLA-A2+ but not HLA-A2- ovarian tumor cells produced significant levels of GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. Finally, the Her2/neu peptide p654-662, earlier identified as a tumor antigen in both ovarian and breast cancer, induced cytotoxicity as well as the specific release of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha but not IL-4 by OvCTL and BrCTL. Thus, tumor-specific recognition by CTL was verified by cytotoxicity and cytokine release. The secretion of Th1-like cytokines as opposed to Th2-like cytokines suggest that therapeutically OvCTL and BrCTL could potentially enhance the endogenous immune response to tumor.
Superscalar out-of-order demystified in four instructions

This paper describes a processor design project intended to illustrate the detail inner workings of modern superscalar out-of-order processors. In the project, the students implement a cycle-accurate RTL-level model of an out-of-order core--including rename, issue, execute, completion and retirement stages--based on the MIPS R10000. The processor core only supports four instruction types. First, the basic integer subtract instruction is included to exercise the mechanisms related to register-renamed out-of-order execution. Second, two types of branch instructions, resolving correctly and incorrectly respectively, exercise speculative execution and branch rewind capabilities. Lastly, an exception-triggering instruction tests the support for precise exceptions. The project is designed to be completed in six weeks by a team of two to three students with solid background and strong interest in computer architecture and digital design. This project has been used twice in an advanced graduate computer architecture course (CMU 18-744 Hardware Systems Engineering) and has received favorable feedback from students and industry recruiters. The project handout and required Verilog source files can be downloaded from http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~jhoe/superscalar.
The Ribonucleic Acids of Crithidia fasciculata

SYNOPSIS. Crithidia fasciculata ribosomes were found to be 80S and to dissociate into 58 and 41S subunits; on 5 to 50% sucrose gradients, rRNA was separated into 25, 18, and 5S components. The molecular sizes of the heavier rRNA species, estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 1.24 and 0.84 M (×106 daltons). The 25S RNA has a tendency to interact with the 18S RNA to give a complex that is difficult to separate by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The 25S RNA is also unstable and dissociates into 0.73 and 0.57 M components. The 18S RNA has molecular size (0.84 M) higher than the 0.7 M reported for most eukaryotes, but similar to that of Euglena and Amoeba. Ribosomal RNA hybridized 0.29% of the nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial RNA, extracted by a rapid procedure was resolved into 16 and 5S components in sucrose gradients.
The Persistent Connection Between Language-of-Interview and Latino Political Opinion

Since the advent of public opinion polling, scholars have extensively documented the relationship between survey response and interviewer characteristics, including race, ethnicity, and gender. This paper extends this literature to the domain of language-of-interview, with a focus on Latino political opinion. We ascertain whether, and to what degree, Latinos’ reported political attitudes vary by the language they interview in. Using several political surveys, including the 1989–1990 Latino National Political Survey and the 2006 Latino National Survey, we unearth two key patterns. First, language-of-interview produces substantively important differences of opinion between English and Spanish interviewees. This pattern is not isolated to attitudes that directly or indirectly involve Latinos (e.g., immigration policy, language policy). Indeed, it emerges even in the reporting of political facts. Second, the association between Latino opinion and language-of-interview persists even after statistically controlling for, among other things, individual differences in education, national origin, citizenship status, and generational status. Together, these results suggest that a fuller understanding of the contours of Latino public opinion can benefit by acknowledging the influence of language-of-interview.
The Effect of Deductibles on the Demand for Medical Care Services

Abstract Using data on insurance premiums for policies with varying deductibles, together with a distribution of medical expense at a fixed ($50) deductible, we estimate the relationship between deductibles and the demand for medical care. We assume that as the deductible changes, the distribution shrinks toward zero in a multiplicative fashion. The results indicate that demand is quite sensitive to variation in a deductible in the region of $50 and becomes steadily less sensitive as the deductible rises above $75, which is consistent with a theoretical model of demand for medical care. The size of the deductible will importantly affect the costs of a national health insurance program.
Let's huddle to prevent a muddle: centrosome declustering as an attractive anticancer strategy

Nearly a century ago, cell biologists postulated that the chromosomal aberrations blighting cancer cells might be caused by a mysterious organelle-the centrosome-that had only just been discovered. For years, however, this enigmatic structure was neglected in oncologic investigations and has only recently reemerged as a key suspect in tumorigenesis. A majority of cancer cells, unlike healthy cells, possess an amplified centrosome complement, which they manage to coalesce neatly at two spindle poles during mitosis. This clustering mechanism permits the cell to form a pseudo-bipolar mitotic spindle for segregation of sister chromatids. On rare occasions this mechanism fails, resulting in declustered centrosomes and the assembly of a multipolar spindle. Spindle multipolarity consigns the cell to an almost certain fate of mitotic arrest or death. The catastrophic nature of multipolarity has attracted efforts to develop drugs that can induce declustering in cancer cells. Such chemotherapeutics would theoretically spare healthy cells, whose normal centrosome complement should preclude multipolar spindle formation. In search of the 'Holy Grail' of nontoxic, cancer cell-selective, and superiorly efficacious chemotherapy, research is underway to elucidate the underpinnings of centrosome clustering mechanisms. Here, we detail the progress made towards that end, highlighting seminal work and suggesting directions for future research, aimed at demystifying this riddling cellular tactic and exploiting it for chemotherapeutic purposes. We also propose a model to highlight the integral role of microtubule dynamicity and the delicate balance of forces on which cancer cells rely for effective centrosome clustering. Finally, we provide insights regarding how perturbation of this balance may pave an inroad for inducing lethal centrosome dispersal and death selectively in cancer cells.
Characterization of microbial traits associated with glyphosate biodegradation in industrial activated sludge

The microorganisms from two industrial (I1, I2) activated sludges that treat glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) wastes and one domestic (D1) sludge were enumerated by microscopic examination and by the use of eight selective media. I1 and I2 had higher total counts but fewer pseudomonads and no yeasts. The enumerations correlated directly with traditional biological performance measurements. A total of 393 microbial strains were isolated from the sludges to correlate the occurrence and relationship of glyphosate-degrading activity (GDA) to 155 biochemical and morphological characteristics. Each activated sludge contained unique bacterial populations with the microbes treating industrial wastes, capable of utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates. Numerical taxonomy (arithmetic average linkage) using simple matching and Jaccard coefficients confirmed that there were five (D1), three (I1), and 12 (I2) clusters. GDA was found in only a small portion of the industrial clusters and did not correlate with any other characteristic tested, even though the GDA strains had a large phenotypic diversity. This suggests that GDA is not a universal trait and its expression requires enrichment through specific selective pressures.
Sueños y visiones de la violencia política: Negroni, Bolaño, Gelman, Zurita

En el articulo se ofrece una interpretacion de textos poeticos de Maria Negroni, Roberto Bolano, Juan Gelman y Raul Zurita, que elaboran la violencia politica de los ultimos decenios en un intento de reimaginar las subjetividades y las formas de pertenencia al pais y comunidad despues del desastre. En esta poesia se ofrecen los suenos, las visiones y la recreacion imaginativa como modelos para la memoria que se reafirma y renueva.
Parallel sorting pattern

A large number of parallel applications contain a computationally intensive phase in which a large list of elements must be ordered based on some common attribute of the elements. How do we sort a sequence of elements on multiple processing units so as to minimize redistribution of keys while allowing processing units to do independent sorting work?
ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION IN THE 1750 Å - 3350 Å REGION.

The absolute flux measurements in the rocket ultraviolet made by Bohlin, Frimout, and Lillie (BFL) are revised using a more correct treatment of the air extinction that enters the air calibration of their instrument. The absorption by molecular oxygen and ozone, Rayleigh scattering, and extinction by aerosols is tabulated for general use in ultraviolet calibrations performed in air. The revised absolute flux of Eta UMa and final fluxes for Alpha Lyr and Zeta Oph are presented in the 1750 A-3350 A region. The absolute flux of the star Eta UMa (B3 V) is compared to four other independent determinations in the 1200 A-3400 A region and a maximum difference of 35% is found near 1500 A between the OAO-2 and Apollo 17 fluxes. Longward of 1700 A the typical scatter in the different determinations is only plus or minus 5%. The rocket measurements of BFL, the ANS and TD-1 satellite data, and the Apollo 17 data are compared to the ultraviolet fluxes from the OAO-2, demonstrating a photometric reproducibility of about plus or minus 3%. Therefore, all four sets of spectrophotometry can be reduced to a common absolute scale.
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Mainstream cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing more than 4400 chemicals. The proliferation of new brands has necessitated development of faster and more reliable methods capable of analyzing a wide range of compounds in cigarette smoke. Although the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified whole cigarette smoke as a human carcinogen, many of the individual chemicals are themselves highly biologically active as carcinogens, teratogens, or have implications for cardiovascular disease. Among these chemicals are many volatile organic compounds (VOCs), e.g., benzene, ethylbenzene, and styrene. To analyze VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke, we developed a novel headspace collection technique using polyvinylfluoride bags for sample collection followed by cannula transfer to evacuated standard 20-mL auto sampler vials. Coupling collection of the vapor-phase cigarette smoke with automated analysis by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry enabled us to routinely quantify selected VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke. This technique has similar reproducibility to previous cold trap and impinger collection methods with significantly higher sample throughput and virtually no solvent waste. In this report we demonstrate the method's analytical capabilities by quantitatively analyzing 13 selected VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke from top-selling domestic brands.
The ultraviolet photolysis of tetrachlorodibenzofurans

Abstract Several tetrachlorodibenzofuran isomers were photolyzed by ultraviolet irradiation and the relative amounts of the various trichlorodibenzofurans produced were determined. A simple set of guidelines for predicting the relative amounts of these photolysis products has been formulated.
Correlates of children's television viewing: Expectancies, age, and sex

Abstract The relationship of interpersonal trust and locus of control expectancies to amounts of television viewing and viewing preferences were examined among children in grades five through eight. Age and sex differences in viewing times, preferences, and viewing habits, as well as children's scores on the Children's Interpersonal Trust Scale and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale were assessed. Several findings suggested that heavy viewing is associated with less trusting perceptions of others and less belief in controlling one's academic successes and failures, although the pattern found does not suggest so specific an effect of viewing television violence as Gerbner's cultivation hypothesis might suggest. Age and sex differences found were largely consistent with those reported in the previous literature.
Persistent Trigeminal Artery: An Anatomic Study

Introduction The most frequent embryonic communication between the vertebrobasilar and carotid systems is a persistent trigeminal artery (PTA). It has been observed in 0.1 to 0.2% of cerebral angiograms. We found this variation in an anatomic specimen, and after microscopic dissection, we performed an analysis of the course of the PTA and its relationship with the abducens nerve and the meningohypophyseal trunk. Method A PTA was incidentally encountered in an injected cadaver specimen during a transpetrosal approach. This embryonic variation and its anatomic relationship are discussed. Results The PTA can take either a lateral or medial course regarding its relationship with the abducens nerve. When the PTA originates from the posterolateral aspect of the posterior bend of the cavernous carotid artery (C4 segment), it crosses underneath and distorts the abducens nerve, continuing between the abducens and trigeminal nerves. When taking a medial course, the PTA arises from the posteromedial aspect of the posterior bend of the cavernous carotid at the same segment and pierces the clival dura at the dorsum sellae. Cranial nerve displacement or distortion is less likely in this variation. In an analysis of carefully described anatomic studies, the PTA and meningohypophyseal trunk were found arising from either common or separated origins. Conclusion The most frequent embryological anastomosis between the carotid and vertebrobasilar system is the PTA. Its course and relationship with the cranial nerves may determine its clinical presentation.
A novel method for quantifying the glossiness of animals

The glossy sheen of healthy hair is an ideal of human beauty; however, glossiness has never been quantified in the context of non-human animal signaling. Glossiness, the specular reflectance characteristic of polished surfaces, has the potential to act as a signal of quality because it depends upon material integrity and cleanliness. Here, we undertook two studies of glossiness in avian plumage to determine (a) the repeatability of a recently developed measure of glossiness, (b) the relationship between glossiness and conventional measures of coloration, and (c) how glossiness is associated with quality signaling. Using museum specimens of three North American bird species with glossy plumage (red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus; great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus; Chihuahuan raven, Corvus cryptoleucus), we found that the glossiness measure was highly repeatable for all species and was significantly correlated with plumage coloration (e.g., chroma, brightness) in male great-tailed grackles. We then used wild-caught grackles to examine sexual dimorphism in plumage glossiness and its correlation to a potentially sexually selected trait in this species, male tail length. We found that males were significantly glossier than females and that male, but not female, glossiness correlated positively with tail length. This study provides a repeatable method to measure glossiness and highlights its potential as a signal of individual quality in animals.
Effects of Surface Property Variations on Simulated Daytime Airflow over Coastal Southern California

Abstract A series of simulations were performed to determine the sensitivity of a three-dimensional mesoscale model to the spatial variation of surface properties across coastal southern California, including the Los Angeles basin. Properties were allowed to vary one at a time and all at once in the various simulations, and the results were compared to a simulation in which homogeneous surface properties were prescribed. In general, the simulated atmospheric effects of the variations were small, apparently overwhelmed by the large-scale wind and by the diurnal sea-land and mountain-valley winds that occur in the absence of surface variations. Some effects, however, were significantly large. The greatest change in the lowland airflow was a weaker westerly flow in the topographic channel between the western and eastern parts of the basin just south of the San Gabriel Mountains. Quantitative comparison of observed and predicted near-surface winds shows that small but distinct improvements in the model's pred...
Room Temperature Tensile Ductility in Polycrystalline B2 NiAl

Binary polycrystalline alloys of B2 NiAl, ranging from 47 to 51.5 at% Al, were prepared by casting and extrusion. These were tested in tension at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 873 K. Significant tensile ductility is observed in the near-stoichiometric alloy at room temperature as well as at 473 K in spite of the presence of only dislocations. This anomaly appears to be related to the recrystallized texture, to the lower yield strength and to the presence of residual dislocations at grain boundaries in this alloy.
Gas-liquid-chromatographic determination of bile acids in bile

Abstract A gas-liquid-chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of lithocholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid in bile has been developed. An internal standard of 7-keto-lithocholic acid was introduced. The procedure is specific, sensitive, reproducible and rapid.
Streptococcus viridans endocarditis from tongue piercing

Body piercing and tattooing have undergone a revival in popularity. We present the case of a 27-year-old man with a recent tongue piercing and infective endocarditis of the aortic valve. He was treated with a 6-week course of intravenous antibiotics, but eventually required a Ross procedure for progressive aortic insufficiency.
Positive and negative generation effects, hypermnesia, and total recall time

Self-generated information is typically remembered better than perceived information (the generation effect). Experimental design produces an important limiting condition for this effect: Generation enhances recall in within-subjects designs, but typically not in between-subjects designs. However, Mulligan (2001) found that the generation effect emerged over repeated recall tests in a betweensubjects design, calling into question the generality of this limiting condition. Two experiments further delineated the emergent generation effect. Experiment 1 demonstrated that this effect does not require multiple discrete recall tests but may emerge on a single recall test of long duration. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the negative generation effect (a reversal of the typical generation effect produced under certain conditions) is abolished by multiple recall tests. In both experiments, the generate condition produced greater hypermnesia (increased recall over tests) than did the read condition.
Percutaneous revascularization of subclavian artery chronic occlusion with dual cerebral artery protection.

Percutaneous intervention for symptomatic subclavian artery chronic occlusion is an occasionally performed, minimally invasive alternative to surgical bypass. Potential complications include stroke, perforation, and recanalization failure. We discuss a case of successful percutaneous revascularization of symptomatic subclavian artery chronic occlusion using coronary devices and dual cerebral embolic protection. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bluetongue virus evolution: sequence analyses of the genomic S1 segments and major core protein VP7.

The S1 segments, encoding the group-specific antigen, VP7, from the five United States prototype BTV serotypes were cloned as full-length entities. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of segment S1 of BTV-2 were determined and compared with BTV-10, -11, -13, and -17, completing the sequencing of this cognate gene segment from all five US BTV serotypes. Each segment is 1156 by long and contains an open reading frame encoding the 349-amino acid VP7 protein. Most (>94%) of the amino acids of VP7 among the serotypes are conserved, including the location (position 255) of a single lysine residue. Secondary structure analyses of VP7 predict a putative eight-stranded β-barrel between amino acid positions 150 and 250, a structure similar to that observed in ssRNA viruses. The S1 genes are flanked by conserved 5' and 3' noncoding regions. Stem-loop structures are predicted at the 3' end of each gene (nucleotide positions 1058–1097). The S1 segments of BTV-2, -10, -11, and -17 have >93% of the nucleotides conserved, while <80% of their bases are identical with BTV-13. Analyses of nucleotide mismatches in each codon position of the VP7 open reading frame, transition frequencies, and evolutionary distances show that of the five, BTV-13 is the most distantly related and that BTV-10 and -17 are the most closely related serotypes. Evolutionary distance calculations of segment L2 from BTV-10, -11, and -17 concur with these observations. Comparison of this relationship with hybridization data of segment M3, which codes for VP5, suggests that BTV-17 has evolved by a combination of genetic drift and genomic reassortment. The data also indicate that the five US BTV serotypes are derived from two distinct gene pools. Evolution distances were used to estimate an evolution rate of 2.2 × 10−3 nucleotide substitution/site/year for BTV segment S1. This rate is similar to the genes of retroviruses and implies an absence of RNA polymerase proofreading activity for dsRNA viruses.
Modeling coupled nanoparticle aggregation and transport in porous media: a Lagrangian approach.

Abstract Changes in nanoparticle size and shape due to particle–particle interactions (i.e., aggregation or agglomeration) may significantly alter particle mobility and retention in porous media. To date, however, few modeling studies have considered the coupling of transport and particle aggregation processes. The majority of particle transport models employ an Eulerian modeling framework and are, consequently, limited in the types of collisions and aggregate sizes that can be considered. In this work, a more general Lagrangian modeling framework is developed and implemented to explore coupled nanoparticle aggregation and transport processes. The model was verified through comparison of model simulations to published results of an experimental and Eulerian modeling study (Raychoudhury et al., 2012) of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-modified nano-sized zero-valent iron particle (nZVI) transport and retention in water-saturated sand columns. A model sensitivity analysis reveals the influence of influent particle concentration (ca. 70 to 700 mg/L), primary particle size (10–100 nm) and pore water velocity (ca. 1–6 m/day) on particle–particle, and, consequently, particle–collector interactions. Model simulations demonstrate that, when environmental conditions promote particle–particle interactions, neglecting aggregation effects can lead to under- or over-estimation of nanoparticle mobility. Results also suggest that the extent to which higher order particle–particle collisions influence aggregation kinetics will increase with the fraction of primary particles. This work demonstrates the potential importance of time-dependent aggregation processes on nanoparticle mobility and provides a numerical model capable of capturing/describing these interactions in water-saturated porous media.
An update on clinical immunology, immune mechanisms and deficiency diseases.

29th Annual Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Update in Clinical Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesSalt Lake city, UT, USA, 9–13 July 2012The 29th Annual Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Update in Clinical Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases was held from 9 to 13 July 2012. This postgraduate, continuing medical education course of the University of Utah’s Department of Pathology (UT, USA) is designed for laboratorians, clinical pathologists, pathologists, clinicians, clinical immunology and infectious disease specialists and medical technologists, as well as residents and fellows training in immunology, microbiology or infectious diseases.
The effects of speech training upon self‐concept as a communicator

(1968). The effects of speech training upon self‐concept as a communicator. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 44-49.
Modeling groundwater flow with a free and moving boundary using the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method

This paper presents the results of the first-time application of the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method for simulations of groundwater flow with free and moving boundaries. The EFG method does not require any element or grid, therefore it eliminates time-consuming remeshing procedures in modeling of moving boundary problems. The EFG method employs time dependent shape functions based on the moving least square (MLS) approximations. A coupled EFG-FEM technique was used to treat Dirichlet boundary conditions that are difficult in the EFG method. The EFG method was verified by comparing numerical results with analytical solutions for a steady-state seepage problem. In order to demonstrate applicability of the EFG method dealing with flow problems with moving boundaries, a transient free-surface and seepage problem in an unconfined aquifer was simulated. Difficulties associated with modeling a free and moving irregular boundary have been successfully overcome by employing the EFG method.
Weathering of soil minerals by angiosperm and gymnosperm trees

Weathering of terrestrial Ca- and Mg-bearing silicate minerals is an important control on atmospheric CO2 on geological time scales. It has been determined that vascular plants can accelerate mineral weathering as compared to non-vascular plants or non-vegetated surfaces. This indicates that the evolution of vascular plants, particularly the deep-rooted trees, may play a large role in the long-term carbon cycle and its regulation of the atmosphere. The weathering impact of the separate evolutionary appearances of the gymnosperms in the Palaeozoic and the angiosperms in the Mesozoic, and the shifting ecological dominance from the former to the latter, is currently poorly understood. This study aims to contribute to our understanding of the quantitative weathering rates of the angiosperms and gymnosperms by examining plant-mineral interactions of the two tree types in a temperate field setting underlain by granodiorite. Results include determinations of soil element fluxes and etching of minerals. The observed root-mineral interactions resulted in only slightly more weathering of Ca-bearing minerals by the angiosperms. However, we observed significantly more weathering of the Mg-bearing minerals by the gymnosperms. These results suggest that increasing dominance of the angiosperms in forests in the Mesozoic may have had a small or neutral impact on accelerating overall mineral weathering and regulating CO2, but that this impact may be lithology-dependent.