cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation, stratigraphy and physical properties of sediment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge

Abstract Sedimentation near mid-ocean ridges may differ from pelagic sedimentation due to the influence of the ridges' rough topography on sediment deposition and transport. This study explores whether the near-ridge environment responds to glacial-interglacial changes in climate and oceanography. New benthic δ18O, radiocarbon, multi-sensor track, and physical property (sedimentation rates, density, magnetic susceptibility) data for seven cores on the Juan de Fuca Ridge provide multiple records covering the past 700,000 years of oceanographic history of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Systematic variations in sediment density and coarse fraction correspond to glacial-interglacial cycles identified in benthic δ18O, and these observations may provide a framework for mapping the δ18O chronostratigraphy via sediment density to other locations on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and beyond. Sedimentation rates generally range from 0.5 to 3 cm/kyr, with background pelagic sedimentation rates close to 1 cm/kyr. Variability in sedimentation rates close to the ridge likely reflects remobilization of sediment caused by the high relief of the ridge bathymetry. Sedimentation patterns primarily reflect divergence of sedimentation rates with distance from the ridge axis and glacial-interglacial variation in sedimentation that may reflect carbonate preservation cycles as well as preferential remobilization of fine material.
Evaluation of Pulmonary Emboli in Pregnancy

1721 Objectives The accurate diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary emboli (PE) is particularly important in pregnant women because of the concern for radiation exposure to both mother and fetus. While some have suggested that CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) diagnoses PE more accurately than other studies, the breast radiation exposure to the mother is higher. Historically, the lung ventilation/perfusion scan was the diagnostic test of choice for pregnant patients. At Montefiore Medical Center, the perfusion-only study has been performed for more than 20 years in pregnant women who have a preceding normal chest x-ray. This study describes the utility of the perfusion-only study for predicting PE in pregnant women. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of PE evaluations in pregnant women from 2008 until 2013. The patients first received a chest X-ray; if normal, the patient then had pulmonary perfusion imaging with 1mCi Tc99m-MAA administered intravenously with planar images obtained in eight projections. All lung scan reports were read and finalized by a board- certified nuclear medicine physician according to PISA-PED criteria. The images for patients receiving a CTPA were interpreted by board certified radiologists; results were classified as positive for PE, negative for PE or indeterminate. Indeterminate studies were often attributed to technological limitations. Results Of 324 patients, 229 patients received a perfusion-only scan, 117 patients underwent CTPA, and 17 patients had both studies performed (Table 1). Only 2.6% of patients receiving a perfusion scan and 6.2% receiving a CTPA had interpretations positive for PE. Conclusions The likelihood of diagnosing PE in pregnancy is low, even with our results appearing higher than the incidence found in the general population, likely secondary to our patient selection. Our results suggest that low-dose perfusion-only scintigraphy in pregnant women with a normal chest x-ray provides excellent results.
Deep sequencing of H7N8 avian influenza viruses from surveillance zone supports H7N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza was limited to a single outbreak farm in Indiana during 2016.

Abstract In mid-January 2016, an outbreak of H7N8 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in commercial turkeys occurred in Indiana. Surveillance within the 10 km control zone identified H7N8 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in nine surrounding turkey flocks but no other HPAIV-affected premises. We sequenced four of the H7N8 HPAIV isolated from the single farm and nine LPAIV identified during control zone surveillance. Evaluation included phylogenetic network analysis indicating close relatedness across the HPAIV and LPAIV, and that the progenitor H7N8 LPAIV spread among the affected turkey farms in Indiana, followed by spontaneous mutation to HPAIV on a single premise through acquisition of three basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Deep sequencing of the available viruses failed to identify subpopulations in either the HPAIV or LPAIV suggesting mutation to HPAIV likely occurred on a single farm and the HPAIV did not spread to epidemiologically linked LPAIV-affected farms.
Photoacoustic bio-quantification of graphene based nanomaterials at a single cell level (Conference Presentation)

Arkansas Nanomedicine Center at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in collaboration with other Arkansas Universities and the FDA-based National Center of Toxicological Research in Jefferson, AR is developing novel techniques for rapid quantification of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) in various biological samples. All-carbon GBNs have wide range of potential applications in industry, agriculture, food processing and medicine; however, quantification of GBNs is difficult in carbon reach biological tissues. The accurate quantification of GBNs is essential for research on material toxicity and the development of GBNs-based drug delivery platforms. We have developed microscopy and cytometry platforms for detection and quantification of GBNs in single cells, tissue and blood samples using photoacoustic contrast of GBNs. We demonstrated PA quantification of individual graphene uptake by single cells. High-resolution PA microscopy provided mapping of GBN distribution within live cells to establish correlation with intracellular toxic phenomena using apoptotic and necrotic assays. This new methodology and corresponding technical platform provide the insight on possible toxicological risks of GBNs at singe cells levels. In addition, in vivo PA image flow cytometry demonstrated the capability to monitor of GBNs pharmacokinetics in mouse model and to map the resulting biodistribution of GBNs in mouse tissues. The integrated PA platform provided an unprecedented sensitivity toward GBNs and allowed to enhance conventional toxicology research by providing a direct correlation between uptake of GBNs at a single cell level and cell viability status.
Privacy Before 'the Right to Privacy': Truthful Libel and the Earliest Underpinnings of Privacy in the United States

The Right to Privacy, written in 1890, is perhaps the most famous law review article ever published in the United States. In twenty-seven pages, Samuel Warren and William Brandeis argued that the time was ripe for new legal protection in the form of a privacy tort, one that would protect people from the prying ways of increasingly intrusive, technologically savvy journalists. Today, the article is often credited with establishing modern privacy law out of nothing. Yet, curiously unmentioned by Warren and Brandeis, the new tort that they advocated already had solid legal precedent in the American experience: In jurisprudence prior to 1890, truthful libel or other similar privacy-based causes of action provided a vehicle for punishing unwanted press disclosures of private information. That history would have provided direct precedent for Warren and Brandeis’s calls for privacy and for broader legal intervention against the press, but it also would have highlighted such a law’s potential hazards. In considering present-day calls to expand privacy protection, we would do well to understand the full pedigree of our present law and guard against overzealous restriction of the press. Early cases and their remarkable restrictions help prove why.
ObfusMem: A Low-Overhead Access Obfuscation for Trusted Memories

Trustworthy software requires strong privacy and security guarantees from a secure trust base in hardware. While chipmakers provide hardware support for basic security and privacy primitives such as enclaves and memory encryption. these primitives do not address hiding of the memory access pattern, information about which may enable attacks on the system or reveal characteristics of sensitive user data. State-of-the-art approaches to protecting the access pattern are largely based on Oblivious RAM (ORAM). Unfortunately, current ORAM implementations suffer from very significant practicality and overhead concerns, including roughly an order of magnitude slowdown, more than 100% memory capacity overheads, and the potential for system deadlock.Memory technology trends are moving towards 3D and 2.5D integration, enabling significant logic capabilities and sophisticated memory interfaces. Leveraging the trends, we propose a new approach to access pattern obfuscation, called ObfusMem. ObfusMem adds the memory to the trusted computing base and incorporates cryptographic engines within the memory. ObfusMem encrypts commands and addresses on the memory bus, hence the access pattern is cryptographically obfuscated from external observers. Our evaluation shows that ObfusMem incurs an overhead of 10.9% on average, which is about an order of magnitude faster than ORAM implementations. Furthermore, ObfusMem does not incur capacity overheads and does not amplify writes. We analyze and compare the security protections provided by ObfusMem and ORAM, and highlight their differences.
Abstract NS8: Male Caregivers Report Problems and Successes Caring for Wives/Partners

Background: Stroke is sudden/often traumatic; its results affect both the person with stroke and family members providing care. Transitioning from the non-caregiver role to caregiver for a spouse who recently had a stroke may be unsettling, particular for men. Purpose: Guided by Friedemann’s framework of systemic organization, t his secondary data analysis examined problems and successes reported by males caring for partners (wife or long-time friend) in the first year after stroke. According to this framework, these men are driven by the desire for success, resulting in health/ well-being or congruence in caring. Whereas incongruence or poor health can result from problems experienced in caring. Method: Using a descriptive design with IRB approval, caregivers (n=73) participated in bimonthly telephone interviews for one year. These caregivers were asked open-ended questions about problems and successes experienced in caring in the past two weeks. For this analysis, only the males caring for a partner (n=12 wives; n=1 friend) were examined. These data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s rigorous method of content analysis. Results: The caregivers were white men with an average age of 62 years. Most were high school graduates, employed full-time, rated their health as very good/excellent, and spent 2-16 hours caring each day. There were 275 problems and 393 successes in caring reported. Five problem themes emerged: 1) adjusting to multi-tasking in everyday living, 2) recognizing physical and mental disabilities, 3) dealing with outside forces and limited resources, 4) struggling to return to normal, and 5) feeling physically, mentally and emotionally exhausted. These problem themes demonstrated incongruence as the men sought to maintain their prior lives. Three success themes appeared: 1) gaining confidence through functional improvement, 2) fostering success through mutually positive attitudes, and 3) resuming normal roles. The success themes demonstrated how these men were able to find a level of well-being/congruence in caring. Conclusions: Theory-based themes of male stroke caregivers’ problems and successes were uncovered that can be used to target interventions to help them achieve balance between incongruence and congruence in their lives.
Data Breach Laws: Do They Work?

This study explores the relationship between data breach laws and breaches that have occurred before and after legislation was enacted. Rampant breaches occurring, as evidenced by those at Home Dep...
Parametric Evaluation of SiC/SiC Composite Cladding with UO2 Fuel for LWR Applications: Fuel Rod Interactions and Impact of Nonuniform Power Profile in Fuel Rod

Abstract SiC/SiC composites are candidates for accident tolerant fuel cladding in light water reactors. In the extreme nuclear reactor environment, SiC-based fuel cladding will be exposed to neutron damage, significant heat flux, and a corrosive environment. To ensure reliable and safe operation of accident tolerant fuel cladding concepts such as SiC-based materials, it is important to assess thermo-mechanical performance under in-reactor conditions including irradiation and realistic temperature distributions. The effect of non-uniform dimensional changes caused by neutron irradiation with spatially varying temperatures, along with the closing of the fuel–cladding gap, on the stress development in the cladding over the course of irradiation were evaluated. The effect of non-uniform circumferential power profile in the fuel rod on the mechanical performance of the cladding is also evaluated. These analyses have been performed using the BISON fuel performance modeling code and the commercial finite element analysis code Abaqus. A constitutive model is constructed and solved numerically to predict the stress distribution in the cladding under normal operating conditions. The dependence of dimensions and thermophysical properties on irradiation dose and temperature has been incorporated into the models. Initial scoping results from parametric analyses provide time varying stress distributions in the cladding as well as the interaction of fuel rod with the cladding under different conditions of initial fuel rod-cladding gap and linear heat rate. It is found that a non-uniform circumferential power profile in the fuel rod may cause significant lateral bowing in the cladding, and motivates further analysis and evaluation.
Cabinet Leadership: Does It Mirror Democratic Change in Mexico?

An exploration of cabinet leadership in Mexico has always provided insights into political recruitment trends for leading policymakers. An examination of the present cabinet from 2012 through 2016 is valuable for four reasons. First, to what extent does the current leadership reflect changes in compositional patterns of the most influential policymakers as a result of a democratic electoral process dating from 2000? Second, does the return of the PRI reflect traditional patterns established by the last two PRI presidential administrations, or has the present cabinet taken on features that can be attributed to the two previous PAN administrations? Third, have significant patterns emerged, reflected in recent appointments, that suggest influential characteristics exercising broader influences in the future? Fourth, will the most influential cabinet figures under the PRI presidency reestablish their dominance as leading contenders for their party’s presidential election in 2018?
Cxcl12a induces snail1b expression to initiate collective migration and sequential Fgf-dependent neuromast formation in the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium.

ABSTRACT The zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium migrates along a path defined by the chemokine Cxcl12a, periodically depositing neuromasts, to pioneer formation of the zebrafish posterior lateral line system. snail1b, known for its role in promoting cell migration, is expressed in leading cells of the primordium in response to Cxcl12a, whereas its expression in trailing cells is inhibited by Fgf signaling. snail1b knockdown delays initiation of primordium migration. This delay is associated with aberrant expansion of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (epcam) and reduction of cadherin 2 expression in the leading part of the primordium. Co-injection of snail1b morpholino with snail1b mRNA prevents the initial delay in migration and restores normal expression of epcam and cadherin 2. The delay in initiating primordium migration in snail1b morphants is accompanied by a delay in sequential formation of trailing Fgf signaling centers and associated protoneuromasts. This delay is not specifically associated with knockdown of snail1b but also with other manipulations that delay migration of the primordium. These observations reveal an unexpected link between the initiation of collective migration and sequential formation of protoneuromasts in the primordium.
Flow behavior prior to crosslinking: The need for precursor rheology for placement of hydrogels in medical applications and for 3D bioprinting

Hydrogels - water swollen cross-linked networks - have demonstrated considerable promise in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. However, ambiguity over which rheological properties are needed to characterize these gels before crosslinking still exists. Most hydrogel research focuses on the performance of the hydrogel construct after implantation, but for clinical practice, and for related applications such as bioinks for 3D bioprinting, the behavior of the pre-gelled state is also critical. Therefore, the goal of this review is to emphasize the need for better rheological characterization of hydrogel precursor formulations, and standardized testing for surgical placement or 3D bioprinting. In particular, we consider engineering paste or putty precursor solutions (i.e., suspensions with a yield stress), and distinguish between these differences to ease the path to clinical translation. The connection between rheology and surgical application as well as how the use of paste and putty nomenclature can help to qualitatively identify material properties are explained. Quantitative rheological properties for defining materials as either pastes or putties are proposed to enable easier adoption to current methods. Specifically, the three-parameter Herschel-Bulkley model is proposed as a suitable model to correlate experimental data and provide a basis for meaningful comparison between different materials. This model combines a yield stress, the critical parameter distinguishing solutions from pastes (100-2000 Pa) and from putties (>2000 Pa), with power law fluid behavior once the yield stress is exceeded. Overall, successful implementation of paste or putty handling properties to the hydrogel precursor may minimize the surgeon-technology learning time and ultimately ease incorporation into current practice. Furthermore, improved understanding and reporting of rheological properties will lead to better theoretical explanations of how materials affect rheological performances, to better predict and design the next generation of biomaterials.
Nurse Influence in Meeting Compliance With the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Quality Measure: Early Management Bundle, Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock (SEP-1)

Increased mortality has been identified as the sepsis cascade progresses from sepsis to severe sepsis to septic shock. Estimates reflect sepsis death rates ranging from 10% to 20%, severe sepsis death rates of 20% to 50%, and septic shock fatality rates of 40% to 80%. The high rates of morbidity, mortality, and Medicare costs prompted the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to implement bundled care and public reporting of the Early Management Bundle, Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock (SEP-1) quality measure in 2015. Sepsis care bundles were identified to be beneficial since the 1990s as the bundle facilitates efficient, effective, and timely delivery of care to support quality improvement. The SEP-1 measure can be challenging and requires the nurse's active participation. Nurses need increased knowledge of the sepsis cascade and treatments as defined in the SEP-1 quality measure. Increased knowledge and application of bundle elements are lifesaving and can influence postdischarge outcomes. This article discusses the nurse's role in meeting the specific elements of each bundle and strategies to improve bundle compliance.
Sensitivity of the Marine Calanoid Copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus to Copper, Phenanthrene, and Ammonia

There are limited acute toxicity test methods for native North American marine species that are considered zooplankton for their entire life cycle. Examples of standardized marine zooplankton methods include mussel, bivalve, and echinoderm development tests that use a relatively short-lived planktonic larval stage, chronic life-cycle toxicity tests using epibenthic copepods, and a 24-h Acartia tonsa copepod test method. The objectives of the present study were to: 1) develop and evaluate a novel, 48-h acute toxicity test method using the marine North American copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus that is planktonic for its entire life cycle, and 2) determine the sensitivity of P. pelagicus relative to commonly tested marine toxicity test species. The average (±1 standard deviation) median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for copper (Cu), phenanthrene, and un-ionized ammonia were 32 ± 15 µg/L, 161 ± 51 µg/L, and 1.08 ± 0.30 mg NH3 /L, respectively. These results placed P. pelagicus on the more sensitive end of Cu and phenanthrene species sensitivity distributions. The copepod was less sensitive to un-ionized ammonia than commonly tested marine species. This finding suggests that the acute P. pelagicus test method will allow a focus on assessing the impacts of persistent contaminants of concern with less confounding impact from naturally occurring ammonia released to the water from sources such as suspended sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1221-1230. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Unplanned Operations and Adverse Events after Surgery for Diaphyseal Fracture of the Clavicle.

Background: We used a database of patients treated at three hospitals to study the primary null hypothesis that thereare no factors associated with unplanned reoperations or adverse events after surgical repair for diaphyseal claviclefracture. Additionally we addressed the following secondary study questions: 1. What is the prevalence of unplannedreoperations or adverse events after surgical repair for diaphyseal clavicle fracture? 2. Is early implant loosening orbreakage after surgical repair for diaphyseal clavicle fracture related to fixation type? 3. Is the type of fixation associatedwith the prevalence of brachial plexus palsy after surgical repair of a diaphyseal clavicle fracture?Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 249 adult patients who had surgery for a diaphyseal clavicle fracture todetermine factors associated with unplanned reoperations or adverse events. Thirty-two patients (13%) had at least oneunplanned reoperation or adverse event. Four of 249 patients (1.6%) developed early implant loosening or breakage.Patients that had local implant irritation, planned implant removal, or sensory symptoms thought to be due to nerveirritation were not included in the reported unplanned reoperations or adverse event rate.Results: Only female sex was associated with unplanned reoperations or adverse events after surgery for diaphysealclavicle fracture. No other patient, technical, or injury related factors tested in this study were associated with unplannedreoperations or adverse events.Conclusion: Patients that have surgery for diaphyseal clavicle fracture have an approximately 13% risk of an unplannedsecond surgery or an adverse event. Women can be counseled that they are three times as likely as men to have anunplanned reoperations or adverse event.Level of evidence: III
3559 Mechanisms of sebaceous skin microbial community remodeling through microenvironment modulation.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To understand the mechanisms of how a non-antimicrobial can reshape a commensal microbe community to cure a ubiquitous human disease. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Whole genome sequencing of bacterial isolates, metabolomic investigations of previously collected skin microbe isolates from patients, and structural investigations of a protein from these skin microbes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Metabolic pathways associated with adaptation to a changing skin microenvironment, novel antimicrobial characterization, and a structural understanding of a novel nutrient acquisition protein. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Multiple angles of this investigation are poised to improve current non-antimicrobial dermatologic treatments and they have the potential to impact microbe-related diseases in other human microenvironments.
Developmental variation in ovaries and kernels in a multi-kernelled rice variety- Jugal

ABSTRACT The rice fruit or spikelet contains only one kernel. A handful traditional cultivars are available with more than one ovaries/kernels per spikelet. Jugal, a traditional rice cultivar from West Bengal, India possess multiple ovaries before flowering and multiples kernels per spikelet. In this endeavour, the single grained-spikelet varied from 0.00 to 46.26% per panicle. Single pistillated-spikelet was first reported on 8th day before flowering and it was 2.63%. The number of spikelet bearing single ovary/kernel gradually increased till the panicle emergence and then till physiological maturity of grains. Maximum single kernelled-spikelet was recorded on 30th day after panicle emergence (46.26%). The double ovary/kernelled-spikelet per panicle varied from 53.74% to 95.39%. High percentage of double pistillated-spikelet per panicle was recorded before heading and it was more than 90% or very near to 90%. Gradually the double pistillated-spikelet per panicle decreased with the advancement of developmental course of the panicle and continued to decrease till grain maturity. Lowest percentage (53.74%) of double kernelled-spikelet per panicle was observed on 30th day after panicle emergence and it almost remained static till harvest of the crop. Triple pistillated-spikelet was 4.33% per on 10th day before panicle emergence. On 9th day before panicle emergence it was 2.33% and on 8th day before panicle it was 1.00% only and subsequently, no triple pistillated-spikelet was observed till grain maturity. However, randomly one/two triple kernelled-spikelet was also reported. It would be useful if all the spikelets were doubled kernelled. The shape of kernels obtained from doubled kernelled-spikelets were slender, which has high demand among the urban and sub-urban consumers.
The Dark Side of Telecommuting - Is a Tipping Point Approaching?

This article proposes a cautionary view of the potential challenges that would arise if telecommuting implementation increases significantly beyond its present, popular, highly successful baseline. Current telecommuters are the cream of the crop—mature, carefully trained, and mostly from significantly higher-than-average income and education levels. But as more persons are added in telecommuting plans because of workplace pressures, labor unions, federal and state legislation and other factors, there may be serious problems. Several of the challenges associated with greater telecommuting participation are described. They are: difficulties in assessing telecommuting demographics, problems in the evaluation of productivity, the dilemma of determining verifiable costs and benefits, the drawbacks and distractions in home-siting of telework as the levels of education and experience decrease, supervisor-subordinate problems, the imbalance of broadband service, especially for poorer workers, and the reluctance of some organizations to take advantage regional telework centers.
On Eigenvalue Distribution of Varying Hankel and Toeplitz Matrices with Entries of Power Growth or Decay

We study the distribution of eigenvalues of varying Toeplitz and Hankel matrices such as \(\left [ a_{n+k-j}\right ] _{j,k}\) and \(\left [ a_{n+k+j} \right ] _{j,k}\) where an behaves roughly like nβ for some non- 0 complex number β, and n →∞. This complements earlier work on these matrices when the coefficients \(\left \{ a_{n}\right \} \) arise from entire functions.
Aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement associated with anti-MOG antibodies: A review.

Abstract Background Aseptic meningitis can be caused by autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and sarcoidosis. Aseptic meningitis with leptomeningeal enhancement can be the initial presentation of a neuroinflammatory syndrome associated with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-abs). MOG-abs is a serum biomarker for MOG-associated disorder (MOG-AD), an acquired demyelinating syndrome that includes features of neuromyelitis optica, multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The purpose of this study is to review cases of aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement associated with MOG-abs. Methods Systematic review using PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar up to December 2020 was performed. Cases of MOG-AD were included if they met the following criteria: 1) Initial clinical presentation of aseptic meningitis; 2) positive leptomeningeal enhancement and 3) MOG-Ab seropositivity. Descriptive statistics were used. This analysis was limited to the cases available in the literature. Results 11 total cases of aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement in setting of MOG-ab were identified. Demyelinating type T2 lesions were also present at time of presentation in 6/11; however, 5/11 of patients had leptomeningeal enhancement alone without demyelinating lesions. All 5 patients required immunotherapy for improvement, including one patient with symptoms for 28 days, with 4/5 receiving steroids and 1/5 receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Conclusions Aseptic meningitis with leptomeningeal enhancement can be the initial presenting symptom of MOG-AD. MOG-ab testing should be considered in a patient presenting with aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement of unknown etiology.
Enabling practices at the centre: A threshold concept approach to tutoring multilingual writers

The recent focus on threshold concepts in writing studies indicates the field’s growing commitment to engaging writing-based threshold concepts in the daily work of teaching and learning to facilitate writing transfer. However, although there is growing evidence of robust scholarly work in this area, research on the pedagogical importance of these concepts to the writing development and tutoring of L2 students is still in its nascent stages. To address this gap, this paper first presents findings from a research study that aims to understand how writing centre tutors addressed the needs of L2 students in tutoring sessions and the extent to which threshold-oriented language appeared in the content of the conference summaries. After discussing the findings, the paper proposes a threshold concept-based framework for tutoring L2 writers involving two established concepts: ‘writers’ histories, processes, and identities vary’ and ‘writing is informed by prior experiences.’ In addition, a new model of the conference summary as a reflective tool to promote writing transfer is presented along with a discussion of emergent writing centre-oriented concepts that reimagine the role of the tutor as an ‘expert-outsider’ and the L2 student as ‘informed novice.'
Development and Evaluation of a High Sensitivity DIAL System for Profiling Atmospheric CO2

A ground-based 2-micron Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) CO2 profiling system for atmospheric boundary layer studies and validation of space-based CO2 sensors is being developed and tested at NASA Langley Research Center as part of the NASA Instrument Incubator Program. To capture the variability of CO2 in the lower troposphere a precision of 1-2 ppm of CO2 (less than 0.5%) with 0.5 to 1 km vertical resolution from near surface to free troposphere (4-5 km) is one of the goals of this program. In addition, a 1% (3 ppm) absolute accuracy with a 1 km resolution over 0.5 km to free troposphere (4-5 km) is also a goal of the program. This DIAL system leverages 2-micron laser technology developed under NASA's Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP) and other NASA programs to develop new solid-state laser technology that provides high pulse energy, tunable, wavelength-stabilized, and double-pulsed lasers that are operable over pre-selected temperature insensitive strong CO2 absorption lines suitable for profiling of lower tropospheric CO2. It also incorporates new high quantum efficiency, high gain, and relatively low noise phototransistors, and a new receiver/signal processor system to achieve high precision DIAL measurements. This presentation describes the capabilities of this system for atmospheric CO2 and aerosol profiling. Examples of atmospheric measurements in the lidar and DIAL mode will be presented.
Redesigning School Finance Systems

CPRE researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have been working on school finance redesign since 1990. The issue that has driven this effort has been the goal of state standards-based education reform and, more recently, of the federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act to teach all students to high standards. This goal has shifted the orientation of the education system from inputs to outcomes--student achievement to rigorous performance standards--with an attendant accountability focus at the school site. In the broader school finance community, this focus has induced a shift from "equity" to "adequacy," for both litigation and policy. Though adequacy narrowly seeks to identify the level of dollars needed to produce a desired level of student achievement, its more general objective is to redesign the finance system to link resource levels and resource-use practices more directly to student learning. This policy brief describes how CPRE has approached this agenda over the past decade and a half, and reveals how our current finance research has begun to explicitly link the level and use of resources with strategies that districts and schools can deploy to literally double student performance over a 5to 10-year period. During the time period over which this finance research agenda has evolved, we believe it has succeeded in linking school finance equity and adequacy, both by aligning effective allocation and use of resources to the most powerful and comprehensive schoolbased strategies to boost student learning and by identifying strategies for how and how much to pay teachers. Disciplines Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research | Education Economics | Education Policy Comments View on the CPRE website. This policy brief is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_policybriefs/34
V Optical Absorption Strengths of Defects in Insulators: The f-Sum Rule, Smakula's Equation, Effective Fields, and Application to Color Centers in Alkali Halides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the optical strengths of defects in insulators. It reviews theory for the strength of optical absorption by defects in insulating solids. Experimental results for color centers in alkali halides are considered as an example of these ideas and possible experimental tests of the theory is discussed in the chapter. On general grounds, it is not possible completely to decouple the absorption of a particular defect from that of the crystal as a whole. Smakula's classical relation between the integrated absorption cross section and defect oscillator strength may be generalized, provided that the effective field ratio, oscillator strength, and mass are given with their proper quantum mechanical interpretation. The idea of a local effective field are considered in the chapter from both classical and quantum mechanical viewpoints. In the limit of small overlap between defect and host, the classical approximation is sufficient. The distributions of oscillator strength as a function of energy for hydrogenic defects and the F-center are also discusses in the chapter
A study of the error controllability of the fast inhomogeneous plane wave algorithm for a 2-D free space case

The fast inhomogeneous plane wave algorithm (FIPWA) is another approach of the diagonal factorization of the Green's function which is represented by infinite integration. We discuss the error analysis in terms of the truncation of the integration path and the indispensable extrapolation process. Finally, this algorithm is shown to be error controllable.
R Factors Improving Survival of Escherichia coli K-12 After Ultraviolet Irradiation

Two R factors which have the capacity to improve survival of some strains of Escherichia coli K-12 by approximately 60% after ultraviolet light have been identified and characterized. Both are fi−, but neither produce colicins. The ability to enhance survival can be separated from all other identified R-factor functions. Improved survival does not result from improved excisional capacity, but does require an intact host capacity for genetic recombination. No effects on host cell growth or postirradiation lag were observed. A proposed mechanism of action is described.
Organisational Role Climates: Success-Failure Configurations in Educational Leadership (or Are Educational Administrators Doomed to Succeed?).

The classical dichotomy between success and failure is hardly applicable in the analysis of organisational behaviour, performance and outcomes in complex social roles, such as those in education. A unique approach has to be developed. Hence, a threefold classification has been pursued here: unequivocal failure, “satisficing”, and unequivocal success. Although viewed as existing along a continuum, they are marked out by failure and success thresholds. Four basic role climates, transpiring from four basic failure‐success configurations, have been identified and analysed: “apathetic”, “frustrating”, “tense”, and “tranquil” role climates, from which preliminary hypotheses of organisational behaviour have been derived. Application of the analytical framework developed here was restricted to the school principal, a complex role, with many components which are characterised by different and often conflicting role climates. Tentative propositions relating to school principal role climates and organisational behaviour were postulated on the basis of this analytical framework.
Failure Analysis and the Safety-Case Lifecycle

The failure of a safety-critical system, though undesirable, is often a source of valuable lessons that can help prevent future failures. Current analysis practices do not always yield as much knowledge as they might about possible flaws in the system safety argument. In this paper, we introduce the lifecycle for safety cases. We use it to develop a framework to guide the analysis process and the development of lessons and recommendations. We illustrate the ideas with an example using the failure history of an air-traffic-control safety system.
The challenges of providing behavioral treatment to Asian Americans.

A challenge exists in the current management of behavioral health problems.On the one hand, patients with these problems usually present first to primarycare providers before ever receiving services from mental healthspecialists.1 On theother, health professionals in primary care have difficulties recognizing,diagnosing, and treating psychiatric disorderseffectively.2 This challenge is particularly relevant to Asian American patients. Thesepatients prefer to seek help from their primary care practitioners rather thanmental healthspecialists3 becauseof the shame and stigma they attach to receiving mental health services, theirlinguistic isolation, and the shortage of Asian bilingual mental healthprofessionals. The traditional Asian view of health does not separate body andmind, so patients do not see the value of consulting a mental healthspecialist. Such a consultation would be tantamount to acknowledging thattheir symptoms are severe and not treatable, thereby jeopardizing futureemployment or marriage and conveying shame to the entire family. The challenge is difficult to overcome even in major metropolitanareas—such as New York City, Los Angeles, or San Francisco—whereAsian American patients are able to receive health services in their nativelanguage because of the high proportion of Asian health care providerspracticing in these cities. Unfortunately, however, even Asian physiciansacknowledge that psychiatric disorders in Asian American patients aredifficult to identify and treat. Despite speaking the same language andcultural awareness, many do not believe they have sufficient training toprovide adequate diagnosis and treatment4 Consequently,primary care physicians frequently under-recognize psychiatric distress intheir Asian American patients compared to Latinopatients.5 What makes it so hard to recognize, diagnose, and treat the psychiatricproblems of Asian Americans in the primary care setting?
Low-voltage large angular displacement electrostatic scanning micromirror using floating slider mechanism

This paper presents a floating slider mechanism to achieve large scanning angular displacements with low voltage electrostatic mirrors. It can amplify the mirror angular displacement from the movement of bimorph electrostatic actuators. Depending on the actuator designs, the initial tilting angles of the mirrors range between 6.5/spl deg/-13.5/spl deg/. The slider mechanism has reliable performance after 6.9 billion cycles under continuous operation in vacuum (4 mtorr).
The HURON task allocation and scheduling system: Planning human and robot activities for lunar missions

NASApsilas new lunar exploration program encompasses a broad set of objectives, to be implemented through a sequence of missions. Lunar surface activities to be conducted as part of these missions include ground exploration, characterization of the lunar environment, construction or deployment of permanent structures and systems, engineering experiments and science surveys, among others. Astronauts will have access to tools and vehicles, and these vehicles in turn may also be capable of functioning independently of an astronaut, being teleoperated from Earth or operating with some level of onboard autonomy. Astronauts and vehicles will also be constrained by available consumables, maximum allowable astronaut working times, and other concerns. In this paper, we describe HURON (human-robot task network optimization), an optimal multi-agent task allocation and scheduling system developed for lunar mission planning. HURON assigns tasks to the various agents on the surface, plans their cooperation in the execution of tasks, and computes activity schedules while taking into account the appropriate and optimizing the mission plan based on a given objective function. We present the overall architecture of HURON and discuss its application to lunar mission exploration scenarios.
Electrical Characterization of Large Area 800 V Enhancement-Mode SiC VJFETs for High Temperature Applications

Prototype 800 V, 47 A enhancement-mode SiC VJFETs have been developed for high temperature operation (250 °C). With an active area of 23 mm2 and target threshold voltage of +1.25 V, these devices exhibited a 28 m room temperature on-resistance and excellent blocking characteristics at elevated temperature. With improved device packaging, on-resistance and saturation current values of 15 m and 100 A, respectively, are achievable.
Absence of contrast enhancement on CT brain scans of patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas

The medical records of 229 consecutive patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas were reviewed with respect to histology, age at diagnosis, tumor location, and enhancement pattern on the CT obtained after the administration of contrast material at the time of operation. Nonenhancing tumors were identified in four (4%) of 93 patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GM), three (30%) of ten with gemistocytic astrocytoma (GA), 23 (31%) of 74 with highly anaplastic astrocytoma (HAA), and 28 (54%) of 52 with moderately anaplastic astrocytoma (MoAA). The age-related incidence of the various glioma histiotypes (both enhancing and nonenhancing) was reflected by the median age at diagnosis: 50 years in GM, 52 years in GA, 40 years in HAA, and 34 years in MoAA. The age and CT contrast enhancement pattern were similar in patients with GM, GA, and MoAA; patients with nonenhancing HAAs tended to be younger at presentation. The tumor location and the frequency of enhancing and nonenhancing lesions were similar for all groups except MoAA, in which nonenhancing tumors were most often frontotemporal and enhancing tumors were usually frontoparietal. Our results demonstrate that it is important to obtain histologic confirmation of the diagnosis in patients with supratentorial gliomas regardless of the presence or absence of contrast enhancement of the tumor on CT, because neither of these characteristics correlates with the tumor histology.
Integrating Multiple Views Into A Single Representation Of A Range Imaged Object

In this paper we review recent work in representing generic, or basic level, objects. Our representatation is frame-based and includes spatial information in the form of a set of aspects. The representation will be used for recognition of range-imaged objects. The paper describes the structured-lighting system and the vision algorithms used to process the data and presents some preliminary results.
Periodic magnetization instabilities in a superconducting Nb film with a square lattice of Ni dots

Isothermal magnetization curves of a superconducting Nb film perforated by a square lattice of Ni dots exhibit quasiperiodic instabilities below {approx}4 K, with a field-dependent period equal to the first, second, or third matching fields. The instabilities are found in a range of applied fields well above the saturation matching value, and under conditions where a continuous Nb film with the same dimensions and magnetization remained stable. The results suggest that terraces of matched flux density exist at the border of a flux-depleted zone created by a geometric barrier near the film edge. Geometric effects may thus play an important role in determining the presence or absence of matching effects. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
The Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, March 1938

(1982). The Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, March 1938. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 144-156.
Aflatoxin carryover and clearance from tissues of laying hens

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the levels of aflatoxins deposited in the tissues of hens fed a diet contaminated with 3310 micrograms AFB1/kg and 1680 micrograms AFB2/kg for 4 wk. At the end of aflatoxin feeding, the livers were pale, enlarged and haemorrhagic and the ovaries were significantly smaller than those from control hens and contained only small ova. Only a small fraction of the aflatoxins consumed was deposited in the tissues, either as the original compounds or as their metabolites, which were widely distributed in all tissues. The highest levels of aflatoxins were detected in the gizzard, kidneys and liver, with average total concentrations of less than 3 micrograms/kg. The lowest residue levels were detected in the breast, blood serum and leg, with breast muscle having a total concentration of less than 0.1 microgram/kg. Two days after removal of the contaminated feed, aflatoxin residues in all tissues had decreased markedly, with no aflatoxins being detected in the heart or spleen. No aflatoxin residues were detected in the breast, leg, gizzard and ovaries of hens killed 8 days after withdrawal, or in the kidneys and blood at 16 days. However, one of seven hens had measurable amounts of AFB2 in the liver 32 days after withdrawal. Although few residues were detected in most tissues after 8 days on the aflatoxin-free diet, variation existed between tissues and between individual hens in the amount of time required to achieve tissue clearance.