cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Orthodox (N. G. Mankiw) and Heterodox (M. Zafirovski) Economist Views of Adam Smith, the Invisible Hand of the Market, and Laissez Faire: Both Views Completely Overlook the Very Severe Detrimental Impacts on the Macro Economy Created by Smith’s Upper Income Class Prodigals, Imprudent Risk Takers, and Projectors

The degree to which Adam Smith’s view, that the opulence of any nation at the macro level was the result of, and was determined by, large numbers of “sober” people practicing the Virtue of Prudence, which Smith demonstrated in Part VI of the Sixth Edition of The Theory of Moral Sentiments in 1790 was connected to the practice of the other Virtues of Self Command( a combination of Temperance and Courage combined), Justice and Benevolence, was ever understood by any economist was severely questioned by Gavin Kennedy in the 21st century. Kennedy argued, in his books, journal articles, and Blog, titled “Adam Smith’s Lost Legacy”, that practically no living economist understood Smith’s approach. This can be confirmed by analyzing the assessment of Adam Smith made by a highly recognized Orthodox economist, N. Gregory Mankiw, and the assessment made by a highly recognized Heterodox economist, Milan Zafirovski. Both authors agree completely that Smith’s views of the economic process were based on some kind of rational economic man concept, which resulted in Smith’s promulgation of his doctrine of The Invisible Hand of the Market leading to the need for Laissez Faire policies, which, with a few exceptions, would result in private self(ish) interest being turned into a social maximum that benefited all. Kennedy simply pointed out that Smith’s extensive and detailed discussions of the economic damages done by Upper-Income Class Prodigals, Imprudent Risk Takers, and Projectors required the government to impose preventive measures, laws, sanctions, and penalties against this category of powerful private citizens in order to prevent severe detrimental impacts such as depressions and inflations from hurting the sober people. Needless to say, there are no discussions about such a group of people in either Mankiw’s account or Zafirovski’s account. The conclusion reached is the same as the conclusion reached by G. Kennedy-there is no current economist who understands what it was that Adam Smith was stating led to the wealth and opulence of nations.
A (auto)exploração do sujeito em rede digital: a liberdade em crise?

The work Psychopolitics: neoliberalism and the new techniques of power, by Byung-Chul Han, published in 2018 in Brazil by Editora Âyine, is divided into thirteen chapters and addresses the crisis of the subject's freedom through new forms of exploitation and network submission digital, causing coercion in his own freedom to be submitted (Han, 2018). Although the feeling of freedom and insubmission accompanies us in terms of free projects and constant reinvention, these same projects appear in the figure of coercion, even more efficient in terms of subjectivity and subjection. Han (2018, p. 9, emphasis added) warns that “the self as a project, which believed that it had freed itself from external constraints and restrictions imposed by others, is now subjected to internal constraints, in the form of performance obligations and optimization ”. The book addresses the paradoxical situation of this issue, since freedom is antagonistic to coercion.
Recurrent Dynamics of Rupture Transitions of Single Giant Vesicles at Solid Surfaces

Single giant vesicles (GVs) rupture spontaneously from their salt-laden suspension onto solid surfaces. At hydrophilic surfaces, they rupture via a recurrent burst-heal dynamics: during burst, single pores nucleate at the contact boundary of the adhering vesicles facilitating asymmetric spreading and producing a "heart" shaped membrane patch. During the healing phase, the competing pore closure produces a daughter vesicle. At hydrophobic surfaces, by contrast, the GVs rupture via a distinctly different, yet recurrent, bouncing ball rhythm: Rendered tense by the substrate interactions, GVs porate and spread monomolecular layer on the hydrophobic surface in a symmetric manner. Here too, the competition from pore closure produces a daughter vesicle, which re-engages with the substrate. In both cases, the pattern of burst-reseal events repeats multiple times splashing and spreading the vesicular fragments as bilayer patches at the solid surface in a pulsatory manner. These remarkable recurrent dynamics arise not because of the elastic properties of the solid surface but because the competition between membrane spreading and pore healing, prompted by the surface-energy dependent adhesion, determine the course of the topological transition. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEGiant lipid vesicles adhering to a solid surface experience strong mechanical stresses. The contacting membrane segment loses thermal fluctuations and accumulates mechanical tension, the equilibration of which can give rise to global shape changes, lipid phase separation, and traction forces. Beyond a threshold tension, vesicles porate, unravel, and spread. Here, we find that a competition from pore-healing can make rupture iterative, rather than a single all-or-nothing event. During burst, single pores expand, spreading a lipid bilayer on the hydrophilic surface and a monolayer on the hydrophobic one. During heal, pore-healing can produce daughter vesicles. This burst-reseal event reiterates "splashing" portions of single vesicles at the solid surface and "bouncing" the remainder as a secondary vesicle in multiple steps.
Crushing deutetrabenazine for treatment of tardive dyskinesia in a patient with severe orofacial symptoms: A case report.

PURPOSE Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that results from exposure to dopamine receptor antagonists and/or first- and second-generation antipsychotics. While cessation of the offending agent(s) through early detection is recommended, TD symptoms may be irreversible and require further treatment. Deutetrabenazine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of persistent TD. Irreversible orofacial dyskinesia, a common affliction in TD, can progress to severe oropharyngeal dysphagia requiring alternate means of nutrition and medication delivery. Enteral administration of crushed deutetrabenazine has not been studied, and its use to treat TD in patients who cannot take medications by mouth has not been reported previously. SUMMARY A 38-year-old female patient with a history of bipolar I disorder and TD secondary to atypical antipsychotic exposure developed worsening athetosis, hyperkinesia, and severe orofacial dyskinesia after initiation of ziprasidone. The patient had no improvement after discontinuation of atypical antipsychotics and required percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement for nutrition due to persistent aspiration and inability to tolerate oral nutrition. Despite a lack of information regarding administration of crushed deutetrabenazine tablets via PEG, that form of therapy was initiated and resulted in improvement of TD symptoms without noticeable adverse effects. CONCLUSION TD can result in significant orofacial dyskinesia with impaired delivery of needed medications and nutrition. We describe a case in which a patient with severe TD and orofacial dyskinesia experienced improvement of symptoms with use of crushed deutetrabenazine. Larger studies to further evaluate use of crushed deutetrabenazine for treatment of TD are needed.
Insulin-sensitizing effects of vitamin D repletion mediated by adipocyte vitamin D receptor: Studies in humans and mice.

Abstract Objective Adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis appear to contribute to insulin resistance in obesity. Vitamin D receptor (Vdr) genes are expressed by adipocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts, all of which could potentially play a role in adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis. As vitamin D has been shown to have direct anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes, we determined whether specific vitamin D receptor-mediated effects on adipocytes could impact adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis and ultimately insulin resistance. Methods We examined the effects of repleting vitamin D in 25(OH)D-deficient, insulin resistant, overweight-to-obese human subjects (n = 19). A comprehensive assessment of whole-body insulin action was undertaken with stepped euglycemic (∼90 mg/dL) hyperinsulinemic clamp studies both before and after the administration of vitamin D or placebo. Adipose tissue fibrosis and inflammation were quantified by real-time rt-PCR and immunofluorescence in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. To determine whether vitamin D's effects are mediated through adipocytes, we conducted hyperinsulinemic clamp studies (4 mU/kg/min) and adipose tissue analysis using an adipocyte-specific vitamin D receptor knockout (VDR-KO) mouse model (adiponectin-Cre + VDR+/fl) following high-fat diet feeding for 12 weeks. Results 25(OH)D repletion was associated with reductions in adipose tissue expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes, decreased collagen immunofluorescence, and improved hepatic insulin sensitivity in humans. Worsening trends after six months on placebo suggest progressive metabolic effects of 25(OH)D deficiency. Ad-VDR-KO mice mirrored the vitamin D-deficient humans, displaying increased adipose tissue fibrosis and inflammation and hepatic insulin resistance. Conclusions These complementary human and rodent studies support a beneficial role of vitamin D repletion for improving hepatic insulin resistance and reducing adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis in targeted individuals, likely via direct effects on adipocytes. These studies have far-reaching implications for understanding the role of adipocytes in mediating adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis and ultimately impacting insulin sensitivity.
Management of chronic subdural hematoma with the subdural evacuating port system: Systematic review and meta-analysis

The subdural evacuating port system (SEPS) is a minimally invasive option for treating chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Individual case series have shown it to be safe and effective, but outcomes have not been systematically reviewed. We sought to review the literature in order to determine the safety and efficacy of SEPS as a first line treatment for cSDH. A comprehensive literature search for outcomes following SEPS placement as a primary treatment for cSDH was performed. The primary outcome was treatment success, which was defined as a composite of improvement in presenting symptoms and no need for further treatment in the operating room. Additional outcomes included discharge disposition, length of stay (LOS), hematoma recurrence, and complications. A total of 12 studies comprising 953 patients who underwent SEPS placement met the inclusion criteria. The pooled rate of a successful outcome was 0.79 (95% CI 0.75-0.83). Frequency of delayed hematoma recurrence was 0.15 (95% CI 0.10-0.21). The pooled inpatient mortality rate was 0.02 (95% CI 0.01-0.03). Complications rates included 0.02 (95% CI 0.00-0.03) for any acute hemorrhage, 0.01 (95% CI 0.00-0.01) for acute hemorrhage requiring surgery, and 0.02 (95% CI 0.01-0.03) for seizure. SEPS placement is associated with a success rate of 79% and very low rates of acute hemorrhage and seizure. This data supports its use as a first-line management strategy, although prospective randomized studies are needed.
How brain single photon emission computed topography imaging informs the diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders

Abstract Diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders remain largely the gathering of relatively subjective symptoms without adequate incorporation of existing biological diagnostic tools. Biomarkers such as blood tests, genetic tests, and neuroimaging tools such as SPECT, may improve clinical decision-making. Treating mood disorders without incorporating available biomarkers hinders the understanding of the many etiologies that lead to mood disorders, and often leads to misguided “one-size-fits-all” pharmaceutical or psychotherapeutic treatment strategies, or misdiagnosis. Based on three decades of experience with over 160,000 brain SPECT studies, it is clear that mood disorders are symptom clusters with many different causes. Mood disorder patterns on SPECT include hypofrontality, hyperfrontality, global hypoperfusion (toxicity), asymmetrical hypoperfusion (head trauma), and others. Knowing which of these patterns individual patients have, combined with the clinical history, improves outcomes and is essential to moving the field of psychiatry forward, as this approach leads to more personalized and effective interventions.
Spectral independence, coupling with the stationary distribution, and the spectral gap of the Glauber dynamics.

We present a new lower bound on the spectral gap of the Glauber dynamics for the Gibbs distribution of a spectrally independent $q$-spin system on a graph $G = (V,E)$ with maximum degree $\Delta$. Notably, for several interesting examples, our bound covers the entire regime of $\Delta$ excluded by arguments based on coupling with the stationary distribution. As concrete applications, by combining our new lower bound with known spectral independence computations and known coupling arguments: (1) We show that for a triangle-free graph $G = (V,E)$ with maximum degree $\Delta \geq 3$, the Glauber dynamics for the uniform distribution on proper $k$-colorings with $k \geq (1.763\dots + \delta)\Delta$ colors has spectral gap $\tilde{\Omega}_{\delta}(|V|^{-1})$. Previously, such a result was known either if the girth of $G$ is at least $5$ [Dyer et.~al, FOCS 2004], or under restrictions on $\Delta$ [Chen et.~al, STOC 2021; Hayes-Vigoda, FOCS 2003]. (2) We show that for a regular graph $G = (V,E)$ with degree $\Delta \geq 3$ and girth at least $6$, and for any $\varepsilon, \delta > 0$, the partition function of the hardcore model with fugacity $\lambda \leq (1-\delta)\lambda_{c}(\Delta)$ may be approximated within a $(1+\varepsilon)$-multiplicative factor in time $\tilde{O}_{\delta}(n^{2}\varepsilon^{-2})$. Previously, such a result was known if the girth is at least $7$ [Efthymiou et.~al, SICOMP 2019]. (3) We show for the binomial random graph $G(n,d/n)$ with $d = O(1)$, with high probability, an approximately uniformly random matching may be sampled in time $O_{d}(n^{2+o(1)})$. This improves the corresponding running time of $\tilde{O}_{d}(n^{3})$ due to [Jerrum-Sinclair, SICOMP 1989; Jerrum, 2003].
Fast Security Evaluation for Operation of Water Distribution Systems Against Extreme Conditions**Goodarzi and Li's work was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation under grant #1808988, while Wu's work was supported by the MI-MIT Cooperative Program under grant MM2017-000002.

This paper defines a security injection region (SIR) to guarantee reliable operation of water distribution systems (WDS) under extreme conditions. The model of WDSs is highly nonlinear and nonconvex. Understanding the accurate SIRs of WDSs involves the analysis of nonlinear constraints, which is computationally expensive. To reduce the computational burden, this paper first investigates the convexity of the SIR of WDSs under certain conditions. Then, an algorithm based on a monotone inner polytope sequence is proposed to effectively and accurately determine these SIRs. The proposed algorithm estimates a sequence of inner polytopes that converge to the whole convex region. Each polytope adds a new area to the SIR. The algorithm is validated on two different WDSs, and the conclusion is drawn. The computational study shows this method is applicable and fast for both systems.
Information scrambling in quantum circuits.

Interactions in quantum systems can spread initially localized quantum information into the exponentially many degrees of freedom of the entire system. Understanding this process, known as quantum ...
Eight Reasons Why 'No-Authorized-Generic' Promises Constitute Payment

Drug patent settlements present some of the most nuanced issues in patent and antitrust law today. Does a brand-name drug company’s payment to a generic firm cause delayed entry? Does a brand’s forgiveness of a generic’s potential damages constitute payment? How should courts evaluate parties’ simultaneous settlement of multiple cases?To this universe of complex questions, courts have added one that is embarrassingly easy: Is there a payment when a brand promises not to introduce its own generic (known as an “authorized generic” or “AG”), which could be worth millions of dollars to the generic? Under any reasonable interpretation of economics, the Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in FTC v. Actavis, or common sense, such a promise constitutes payment.In two recent cases, however, courts held that brands’ no-AG promises did not count as payment. The New Jersey district court in In re Lamictal Direct Purchaser Antitrust Litigation found that “nothing in Actavis” indicated that “a no-AG agreement is a ‘payment.’” And in In re Loestrin 24 FE Antitrust Litigation, the Rhode Island district court found that Actavis “fixates on the one form of consideration that was at issue in that case: cash.”This article first provides background on drug patent settlements and authorized generics. It then examines the Lamictal and Loestrin cases. Finally, it offers eight reasons why a no-AG promise constitutes payment. First, such a conclusion is consistent with the language of Actavis. Second, it accords with the facts of Actavis. Third, a no-AG pledge typically provides significant value to generics. Fourth, generics receive more through such promises than they would by winning patent litigation. Fifth, brands act against their self-interest in making no-AG promises, which reveals generics’ gain from the pledges. Sixth, treating no-AG promises as payment emphasizes substance over form. Seventh, such pledges can be more coercive than cash payments. And eighth, the clauses present a classic example of market division.
Selecting patients for flexible sigmoidoscopy. Determinants of incomplete depth of insertion.

BACKGROUND Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) is an effective method to prevent and reduce mortality from colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Incomplete depth of insertion (IDI) during FS may result in missed polyps and carcinomas. To determine whether it is possible to predict IDI, the authors analyzed factors that affected the depth of insertion in FS. METHODS For the current study, FS results were recorded prospectively over a 5-year period. A questionnaire was administered to the patient by the investigator prior to FS to collect data, including age, gender, weight, comorbid illnesses, history of prior abdominal and pelvic surgeries, family history of colon carcinoma or polyps, and prior FS or colonoscopies. The depth of insertion of the flexible sigmoidoscope from the anal verge, which was defined as the reading on the outside of the instrument at its maximal insertion, was measured in centimeters. IDI was defined as a depth of insertion < 50 cm. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to develop a model that included variables predictive of IDI. RESULTS The best classification tree included gender, age < 69 years (in women), and a history of hysterectomy. Men had a < 5% risk of an IDI and women age < 69 years without a hysterectomy fared as well (6.6%). Older women and younger women who underwent hysterectomy had higher rates of IDI (29.2% and 22.3%, respectively.) CONCLUSIONS The authors developed a model based on age, gender, and hysterectomy status that, after further validation, may be useful for predicting which patients likely will have an incomplete examination. In those patients who have a high probability of IDI, the choice can be made to offer colonoscopy or perform FS under sedation, with analgesia, or with the help of distraction techniques. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Shock-interface interaction: Current research on the Richtmyer-Meshkov problem

In the last decade, the extension of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem to impulsive accelerations has generated much interest. The topic under study is that of the evolution of a slightly perturbed fluid interface towards a fully turbulent mixed region. Shock tubes are the natural experimental tool for furthering our understanding of the phenomena involved. They have been used by several researchers to probe, with an array of diagnostics, the mixed region which develops when an incident shock and subsequent reflected compression or expansion waves traverse a material interface. In most of the experimental techniques used so far, the turbulent region has been observed through the wall boundary layers. In such experiments care needs to be taken to separate the signature of these layers from that of the mixed region. Methods used to generate the interface also affect the phenomenon observed, so that experimental results are still the object of some controversy. Newer techniques strive to overcome these problems.
Blood Vessel Patterning at the Embryonic Midline

The reproducible pattern of blood vessels formed in vertebrate embryos has been described extensively, but only recently have we obtained the genetic and molecular tools to address the mechanisms underlying these processes. This review describes our current knowledge regarding vascular patterning around the vertebrate midline and presents data derived from frogs, zebrafish, avians, and mice. The embryonic structures implicated in midline vascular patterning, the hypochord, endoderm, notochord, and neural tube, are discussed. Moreover, several molecular signaling pathways implicated in vascular patterning, VEGF, Tie/tek, Notch, Eph/ephrin, and Semaphorin, are described. Data showing that VEGF is critical to patterning the dorsal aorta in frogs and zebrafish, and to patterning the vascular plexus that forms around the neural tube in amniotes, is presented. A more complete knowledge of vascular patterning is likely to come from the next generation of experiments using ever more sophisticated tools, and these results promise to directly impact on clinically important issues such as forming new vessels in the human body and/or in bioreactors.
Incommensuration in "dirty" antiferroelectrics

Antiferroelectric lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) specimens with a La-content of 2 at.% and a Zr/Ti ratio of 95/5 (PLZT 2/95/5) have been investigated by dielectric spectroscopy, Sawyer-Tower polarization (P-E) measurements, and hot-stage transmission electron microscopy (TEM). La "impurities" have been found to induce a 1/x[110] incommensurate structure from the commensurate antiferroelectric orthorhombic (AFE/sub 0/) PbZrO/sub 3/ (PZ) structure. The incommensurate structure was found to be stable below the temperature of the dielectric maximum, evolving slowly with decreasing temperature towards the commensurate AFE/sub 0/ PZ structure. The incommensuration is believed to arise due to a competition between "broken" dipolar (ferroelectric) and sublattice (antiferroelectric) interactions.
MATERNAL VARIABLES AND NEONATE BEHAVIOR

Experiments with infrahuman subjects have demonstrated a distinct relationship between offspring behavior and certain prenatal and postnatal maternal variables. If these findings can be replicated in human subjects, we may uncover some parameters of infant life which will shed more light on the differences in psychological vulnerability among children. Most child-rearing practices are derived empirically and promulgated in vague, broad generalities. Caldwell (1964) is very critical of the "authoritative" advice given to parents. She points out, for example, that the child-rearing advice given in the publication Infant Care has been changed about every ten years since 1920, not allowing even one generation to reach maturity and demonstrate the effects of various practices. Caldwell feels that child-rearing practices are almost totally the result of the clinical fads of any given period of time. Clinicians and research workers in the study of psychological development try to decide the relative importance of nature and nurture in the determination of behavioral responses and emotional adjustment. Preliminary to comprehending the nature-nurture inter-
The Rous Sarcoma Virus Long Terminal Repeat Promoter Is Regulated by TFII-I

Many viral genes contain core promoters with two basal control elements, the TATA box and the pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in transcription initiation from composite core promoters (TATA(+) Inr(+)) containing Inr elements are unclear. The Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains a transcriptionally potent enhancer and core promoter composed of a TATA box and an Inr-like sequence, termed the transcription start site core (TSSC). Previously we demonstrated that the TSSC binds the multifunctional Inr-binding protein YY1. Here we present evidence that the TSSC also binds the multifunctional transcription factor TFII-I and that both TFII-I and YY1 are required for RSV LTR transcriptional activity. Gel shift assays using anti-TFII-I antibody show that TFII-I is present in a protein complex that specifically binds to the TSSC. Mutations in the TSSC that reduce TFII-I binding also reduce RSV LTR enhancer and promoter activity. Transient-transfection assays demonstrate that TFII-I transactivates the RSV LTR from ca. fourfold (basal) to ca. sevenfold (enhanced) in both human and natural host cell lines. Importantly, the activity of the TSSC element can be attributed to the binding activity of TFII-I and the YY1 protein, since mutation of each of these binding sites within the TSSC element abolishes all viral expression as demonstrated by transient-transfection assays. Taken together, these data demonstrate that expression of RSV viral mRNA is dependent on both TFII-I and YY1.
Measurement of the monovacancy formation enthalpy in copper

The monovacancy formation enthalpy in copper, H1vF=(1.30+or-0.05) eV, has been measured using precision electrical resistometry on samples quenched from temperatures in the range 525-650 degrees C. Comparison of this value for H1vF with the activation enthalpy for self-diffusion via a monovacancy mechanism in copper, previously measured over the same temperature range, yields H1vM=0.77 eV for the enthalpy for monovacancy migration. This value compares well with the activation enthalpy for post-quench vacancy annealing, (0.76+or-0.04) eV, measured in the present work. The results are compared with those of previous investigations.
A Diplex, Doppler Phase Comparison Radar

A simple method of obtaining range and velocity information has long been sought for numerous applications.1One such application concerns itself with detecting the presence of an obstacle in the path of a moving vehicle, the distance to it, and the rate of closure. Since the ranging capabilities of such a system must include an approach to zero distance and extend to several hundred feet, most conventional radar systems can be dismissed as impractically complex and/or requiring large radio frequency bandwidths. A new and simple radar is presented for ranging to a moving target at close distances. Intended for a range interval of from zero to five hundred feet, the practice of operation may be extended to several times that distance; or, on the other hand, very close ranges (on the order of inches) may be measured. An important feature is this system's ability to distinguish a single moving target among a multitude of stationary ones and to correctly indicate the direction of motion?approaching or receding. The target's speed may be determined directly from its Doppler frequency. Extremely simple RF ?front-end? and detector circuits, and unusually narrow bandwidths utilized by the solid state receiver, are salient features of a portable system which has been built to operate from an automobile battery.
Rocket-Borne Liquid Helium Cooled Telescope

We describe a rocket-borne telescope in which all components in or near the detector's field of view are cooled to liquid helium temperature. The system uses ir detectors to make photometric observations of the night sky in the 5-mu to ~1.6 mm spectral range. A description of the detectors and their calibration is given. On 29 February 1968, the telescope was successfully flown to an altitude of 170 km on an Aerobee 150 sounding rocket.
Familial resemblance for psychoactive substance use disorders: Behavioral profile of high risk boys☆

Familial transmission plays an etiologically important role in psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUD). The delineation of the risk status of families is central to implementation of the "high risk paradigm" in studying liability characteristics for PSUD. We have utilized a latent variable approach to characterizing familial resemblance for PSUD which incorporates elements of both the affected parent design, as well as a genetic epidemiologic indicator of familial aggregation of disease. Family resemblance scores were computed for 175 families in which fathers either met diagnostic criteria for PSUD or did not. We then compared the problem behavior profiles of 10-12 year-old boys grouped by familial resemblance for PSUD, and by paternal PSUD only. Boys grouped by paternal PSUD only had higher problem behavior scores than controls across all scales except for somatic complaints. Boys from families that have significant PSUD familial resemblance were characterized by higher scores on measures of externalizing conduct and socialization problems. Thus, the familial resemblance approach was more specific for the externalizing problem behaviors that have been described in longitudinal studies of childhood risk factors for later substance abuse.
Pharmacologic Treatment Reduces Pressure Times Time Dose and Relative Duration of Intracranial Hypertension.

Introduction:Past work has shown the importance of the “pressure times time dose” (PTD) of intracranial hypertension (intracranial pressure [ICP] > 19 mm Hg) in predicting outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. We used automated data collection to measure the effect of common medications on the duration and dose of intracranial hypertension.Methods:Patients >17 years old, admitted and requiring ICP monitoring between 2008 and 2010 at a single, large urban tertiary care facility, were retrospectively enrolled. Timing and dose of ICP-directed therapy were recorded from paper and electronic medical records. The ICP data were collected automatically at 6-second intervals and averaged over 5 minutes. The percentage of time of intracranial hypertension (PTI) and PTD (mm Hg h) were calculated.Results:A total of 98 patients with 664 treatment instances were identified. Baseline PTD ranged from 27 (before administration of propofol and fentanyl) to 150 mm Hg h (before mannitol). A “small” dose of hypertonic ...
Individual organism probability matching with rats in a two-choice task

On any one trial, 10 rats had reward available for one of two alternatives, where the probability of reward for each alternative was 85:15, 70:30, or 30:70. The side on which reward was available was held constant until the rat responded to the rewarded side. First-choice trials, defined as trials following reward, revealed asymptotic probability matching in individual rats. Analysis of the error-run distributions revealed that Ss may have learned a conditional discrimination, i.e., trials following reward yielded probability matching behavior, while trials following nonreward at asymptote were largely to the side opposite the nonrewarded side.
Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding bovine muscarinic acetylcholine m3 receptor

Abstract A cDNA clone encoding bovine muscarinic acetylcholine m3 receptor has been isolated from a bovine brain library. Sequencing of this clone has revealed a single open reading frame encoding a protein of 590 amino acids. Comparison with known muscarinic m3 receptor sequences from other species shows a high degree of conservation (92–98% homology) in the protein sequence. COS cells transfected with this cDNA expressed a single high-affinity ( K d = 43.9 pM) binding site for muscarinic receptor ligand N-[ 3 H ] methylscopolamine .
Additive Adsorption and Interfacial Characteristics of Nucleate Pool Boiling in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions

Interfacial phenomena and ebullient dynamics in saturated nucleate pool boiling of aqueous solutions of three surfdctants that have different molecular weight and ionic nature are experimentally investigated. The additive molecular mobility at interfaces manifests in a dynamic surface tension behavior (surfactant adsorption-desorption at the liquid-vapor interface), and varying surface wetting (contact angle) with concentration (surfactant physisorption at the solid-liquid interface). This tends to change, enhance, and control the boiling behavior significantly, and an optimum heat transfer enhancement is obtained in solutions at or near the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant
Preparation and characterization of a simple destructible surfactant

Abstract A simple, two-step synthesis of (2-acetyldecyl)-trimethylammomum iodide, a base-labile surfactant, has been developed.
Analysis of Amino and Fatty Acid Composition in Soybean Seed, Using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important animal and human food source, mainly because of its high protein and oil concentrations. However, there is a need to improve the quality of soybean protein and oil. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the potential use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for amino and fatty acid analysis in soybean seed and (ii) compare NIRS amino and fatty add equations developed with ground-seed and whole-seed soybean samples. A total of 90 NIRS calibration samples and 26 NIRS validation samples were used for NIRS equation development and validation, respectively. All 116 soybean samples were grown at St. Paul and Rosemount, MN, in 1994 and 1995. Seventeen amino acid and five fatty acid NIRS equations for both ground-seed and whole-seed soybean samples were developed using the calibration samples. Validation of these NIRS equations showed a wide range for bias (-1.7 to 3.2g kg -1 ), standard error of prediction corrected for bias [SEP(C)] (1.4 to 13.1 g kg -1 ), and coefficient of determination (R 2 ) (0.38 to 0.85) for all ground-seed NIRS equations, and a broad range for bias (-3.1 to 4.2), SEP(C) (2.6 to 17.8), and R 2 (0.06 to 0.83) for all whole-seed NIRS equations. It was concluded that NIRS could be used as a gross screening method for many amino and fatty acids contained in soybean seed. Additionally, NIRS was more accurate for amino and fatty acid analysis of ground-seed than whole-seed soybean samples.
How Technologies of Imaging are Shaping Clinical Research and Practice in Neurology

The brain is our most complex organ, in terms of gross and microscopic structure. It is heterogeneous, with many areas and networks differing from one another in function. And, what is more, the brain is a ‘hidden entity’, embedded in an envelope made of bones, the skull. Brain imaging really came to age in medicine 40 years ago, thanks to computers. The technologies of structural anatomy like computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have brought about a revolution in neurology by showing the lesion and its topography. With most recent developments, neuro-imaging continues to shape practices in neurology and clinical research.
Fume scrubber for a modified microwave oven for wet ashing biological samples

Abstract A design is given for a fume scrubber that is attached to a microwave oven that is used to wet ash plant samples with perchloric‐nitric acid mixtures prior to analysis for trace elements.
Predicting student success using analytics in course learning management systems

Educational data analytics is an emerging discipline, concerned with developing methods for exploring the unique types of data that come from the educational context. For example, predicting college student performance is crucial for both the student and educational institutions. It can support timely intervention to prevent students from failing a course, increasing efficacy of advising functions, and improving course completion rate. In this paper, we present the efforts carried out at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) toward conducting predictive analytics to academic data collected from 2009 through 2013 and available in one of the most commonly used learning management systems, called Moodle. First, we have identified the data features useful for predicting student outcomes such as students’ scores in homework assignments, quizzes, exams, in addition to their activities in discussion forums and their total GPA at the same term they enrolled in the course. Then, Logistic Regression and Neural Network predictive models are used to identify students as early as possible that are in danger of failing the course they are currently enrolled in. These models compute the likelihood of any given student failing (or passing) the current course. Numerical results are presented to evaluate and compare the performance of the developed models and their predictive accuracy.
Ordered and preferential initiation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in vitro.

RNA polymerase molecules in the act of synthesizing ribosomal RNA1–4in vivo can be packed on rRNA genes at densities near the physical limit, suggesting that this genetic information is transcribed at nearly its highest possible rate1,3–5. On the other hand, operons specifying mRNA have a transcriptional frequency about 100 times less than rRNA operons, even in conditions of complete derepression5–8. Since mRNA and rRNA chains grow at the same rate in the cell1,5–7, new RNA chains must be initiated on rRNA operons much more frequently than on most other operons.
Mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate is required for its enhancement of cardiac function and energetics

Pyruvate augmentation of contractile function and cytosolic free energy of ATP hydrolysis in myocardium could result from pyruvate catabolism in the mitochondria or from increased ratio of the cytosolic NAD+/NADH redox couple via the lactate dehydrogenase equilibrium. Objective: To test the hypothesis that cytosolic oxidation by pyruvate is sufficient to increase cardiac function and energetics. Methods: Isolated working guinea-pig hearts received 0.2 mM octanoate±2.5 mM pyruvate as fuels. α-Cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate (COHC, 0.6 mM) was administered to selectively inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate uptake without inhibiting pyruvate’s cytosolic redox effects or octanoate oxidation. The effects of pyruvate and COHC on sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ handling were examined in 45Ca-loaded hearts. Results: Pyruvate increased left ventricular stroke work and power 40%, mechanical efficiency 29%, and cytosolic ATP phosphorylation potential nearly fourfold. 14CO2 formation from [1-14C]pyruvate was inhibited 65% by COHC, and octanoate oxidation, i.e. 14CO2 formation from [1-14C]octanoate, concomitantly increased threefold. COHC prevented pyruvate enhancement of left ventricular function, mechanical efficiency and cytosolic phosphorylation potential, but did not alter respective levels in pyruvate-free control hearts and augmented cytosolic oxidation by pyruvate. Pyruvate increased sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ turnover, i.e. Ca2+ uptake and release, as indicated by 62% decrease in caffeine-induced 45Ca release following 40 min 45Ca washout ( P <0.01). In presence of COHC, pyruvate did not lower caffeine-induced 45Ca release; thus, COHC abrogated pyruvate enhancement of Ca2+ turnover ( P <0.001). Conclusion: Pyruvate oxidation of cytosolic redox state is not sufficient to increase cardiac function, cytosolic energetics and sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ turnover when mitochondrial pyruvate transport is disabled; thus, mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate is essential for its metabolic inotropism.
Spectroscopy of 2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentaenal: Laser site selection of a retinal analog

Abstract Site-selected optical spectra of 2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentaenal taken at 4.2 K are presented. It is found that this compound exhibits spectral properties similar to both the retinals (hydrogen bonding is necessary for emission) and the linear polyenes (spectra characterized by a simple progression of single and double bond modes).
Radiographic look-alikes: distinguishing between pneumoperitoneum and pseudopneumoperitoneum.

Background: Air under the diaphragm seen on plain radiograph usually signifies a perforated viscus. This represents a surgical emergency and an immediate consult with the surgeon. However, not all air under the diaphragm seen on plain radiograph represents a surgical emergency. Objectives: This article will present two cases with air under the diaphragm, but with different diagnoses and management. The first case is an example of pneumoperitoneum from a perforated viscus. The second case is an example of pseudopneumoperitoneum from Chilaiditi syndrome, which will be discussed. Case Reports: The first case is a 45-year-old woman who presented with bloating, nausea, and vomiting after being diagnosed with diverticulitis 4 days before evaluation. The patient was noted to be febrile and tachycardic. A chest radiograph was obtained, which showed air under the diaphragm. A surgeon was consulted who performed a laparotomy on the patient. Patient was diagnosed with a perforated viscus from a sigmoid diverticulitis. The second case is a 68-year-old woman who presented with right-sided abdominal pain, cough, nausea, and vomiting. A chest radiograph showed possible free air under the diaphragm. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed Chilaiditi syndrome, large bowel transposed between the liver and the diaphragm, but no free air. The patient was treated symptomatically and discharged home. Conclusion: It is important for physicians to be able to distinguish pneumoperitoneum and pseudopneumoperitoneum to allow proper diagnosis and treatment.
The effects of graduated filters on smoking exposure: risk reduction or compensation?

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of (“One-Step”) graduated filters on smoking behavior and health risk. Experiment 1 assessed the effects of the four filters on CO uptake (boost) in a smoker consuming five different brands of cigarettes. Progressive reductions in CO boost were found across graduated filters in four brands of filtered cigarettes. A non-filtered brand of cigarette did not show CO changes across the filters. Experiment 2 consisted of an evaluation of the effects of the graduated filters on smoking rate, topography and CO levels in four current smokers. Clear reductions in smoking rate and CO levels were found. Also, no compensatory topography changes resulted from the use of filters. Results are discussed in terms of the potential for significantly reducing tobacco exposure and the consequent risk reduction through employment of graduated filters.
Circuli spacing and annulus formation: is there more than meets the eye? The case for sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

This study describes a pattern of circulus spacing on the scales of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, which has not been reported previously. The average distance between circuli formed during the second year of ocean growth is much less than that of first year or in subsequent years. This pattern was persistent for fishes of two river systems, six year–classes and two age groups (2.2 and 2.3) and was due to summer growth. Statistical analyses were conducted only on age 2.2 fish because of small sample sizes in four of the six years for age 2.3 fish. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in the distance between circuli formed in the summer and in the two stocks for various years at sea. No significant variation in average spacing between circuli was explained by oceanic temperatures. Annuli were formed between November and January. However, oceanic temperatures were declining at this time and do not reach minima until April. Thus, annuli are formed about the time of the equinox and during a declining temperature regime. We hypothesize that the pattern of circuli spacing and annulus formation are responses to photoperiod and food availability which the fish experience during their existence at sea.
Inhibition of mammalian cell division by glyoxals

Abstract Methyl- and propylglyoxal completely inhibited cell division in cultured mammalian cells. This inhibition was reversed by approximately equimolar cysteine, in confirmation of the reports of Szent-Gyorgyi and his colleagues. Cell division stopped within 10–15 min after addition of the glyoxal compound. This fact, taken together with analysis of the cell cycle, with the kinetics of growth after release of glyoxal inhibition, and with the measurement of mitotic index before, during, and after release of glyoxal inhibition, indicated that glyoxal treatment did not lead to partially synchronous growth and division in these cells. Tracer experiments on the effect of glyoxals on incorporation of labeled precursors into DNA, RNA, or protein showed that of these processes only protein turnover was affected rapidly enough to be considered a possible cause for the inhibition of cell division.
Genetically Driven Assembly of Nanorings Based on the M13 Virus

One-dimensional ring structures from M13 viruses were constructed by two genetic modifications encoding binding peptides and synthesis of a heterobifunctional linker molecule. The bifunctional viruses displayed an anti-streptavidin peptide and hexahistidine peptide at opposite ends of the virus as pIII and pIX fusions. Stoichiometric addition of the streptavidin-NiNTA linker molecule led to the reversible formation of virus-based nanorings with circumferences corresponding to lengths of the packagable DNAs. These virus-based ring structures will be further engineered to nucleate inorganic materials and form metallic, magnetic, or semiconductor nanorings using trifunctionalized viruses.
The γ-Radiolysis of Nylons: Molecular Rearrangement and Gas Production

The γ-radiolysis of nylons 12, 11, 6/12, 6/9, 6/6, and 6 were investigated. The IR spectra of film samples before and after the γ-irradiation show the formation of amines, aldehydes, and ketones, and suggest that the cleavage of amide group is one of the major processes of radiolysis. The yields of gaseous products and their evolution from the bulk were measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Four gases were determined as the major radiolytic products and their yields were found to be in the order H2 > CO > CO2 > CH4 for all the nylons. The relationship between the gas yields and the chemical composition of the monomer unit shows that the H2 yield increases with the relative number of H atoms. The results suggest a random distribution of energy leading to H2 production. It was found that the yields of CO and CO2 decrease with an increase in the relative number of amide groups on the nylon monomer unit. Since these later products must be derived from the amide group, chain scission and fragmentation ...
Characterizations and boundaries of security requirements patterns

Very often in the software development life cycle, security is applied too late or important security aspects are overlooked. Although the use of security patterns is gaining popularity, the current state of security requirements patterns is such that there is not much in terms of a defining structure. To address this issue, we are working towards defining the important characteristics as well as the boundaries for security requirements patterns in order to make them more effective. By examining an existing general pattern format that describes how security patterns should be structured and comparing it to existing security requirements patterns, we are deriving characterizations and boundaries for security requirements patterns. From these attributes, we propose a defining format. We hope that these can reduce user effort in elicitation and specification of security requirements patterns.