cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital libraries for general audiences: Usage patterns and trends in Wisconsin's BadgerLink

Digital libraries represent a recent advancement for information access. They may meet the needs of specialized audiences or, increasingly, general audiences in the form of state digital libraries. Covi & Kling (1996) broadly defined digital libraries “as a collection of electronic resources and services for the delivery of materials in a variety of formats. Digital libraries include personal, distributed, and centralized collections such as online public access catalogs and bibliographic databases, distributed document databases, scholarly and professional discussion lists and electronic journals, other online databases, forums, and bulletin boards”(p. 672). A growing number of examples of state digital libraries exist including Wisconsin's BadgerLink, the Colorado Virtual Library, and the Kentucky Commonwealth Virtual Library. Initial evaluations of the Washington (Efthimiadis & Bruce, 2000) and Wisconsin systems (Wolfram & Xie, 2000) show the positive impact of these services to residents of their respective states. BadgerLink has become a vital information resource for residents of Wisconsin since becoming available in 1998. It provides access to a range of regional and national information resources via the Internet and serves as a gateway to other remote resources. Of particular value to both libraries and residents have been the full text database products produced by EBSCO and ProQuest. EBSCO provides access to a wide range of full text resources of both a general and specialized nature.
RPE65 from Cone-dominant Chicken Is a More Efficient Isomerohydrolase Compared with That from Rod-dominant Species

Cones recover their photosensitivity faster than rods after bleaching. It has been suggested that a higher rate regeneration of 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore for visual pigments, is required for cones to continuously function under bright light conditions. RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase catalyzing a key step in regeneration of 11-cis-retinal. The present study investigated whether RPE65 in a cone-dominant species is more efficient in its enzymatic activity than that from roddominant species. In vitro isomerohydrolase activity assay showed that isomerohydrolase activity in the chicken retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was 11.7-fold higher than in the bovine RPE, after normalization by RPE65 protein levels. Similar to that of human and bovine, the isomerohydrolase activity in chicken RPE was blocked by two specific inhibitors of lecithin retinal acyltransferase, indicating that chicken RPE65 also uses all-trans-retinyl ester as the direct substrate. To exclude the possibility that the higher isomerohydrolase activity in the chicken RPE could arise from another unknown isomerohydrolase, we expressed chicken and human RPE65 using the adenovirus system in a stable cell line expressing lecithin retinal acyltransferase. Under the same conditions, isomerohydrolase activity of recombinant chicken RPE65 was 7.7-fold higher than that of recombinant human RPE65, after normalization by RPE65 levels. This study demonstrates that RPE65 from the cone-dominant chicken RPE possesses significantly higher specific retinol isomerohydrolase activity, when compared with RPE65 from rod-dominant species, consistent with the faster regeneration rates of visual pigments in cone-dominant retinas.
An embedding of the Farey web in the parameter space of simple families of circle maps

We describe an embedding of the Farey web, an extension of the better-known Farey tree, in the parameter space of simple families of circle maps. We also discuss some consequences of this embedding on the organization of frequency-locking and on topological properties of the boundary between simple and complicated dynamics.
Development of a spatial terrestrial nitrogen model for application to Douglas-fir forest ecosystems

Abstract Though field data indicate that biogeochemical properties are heterogeneous, biogeochemical models are often applied without regard to local variation. In this paper, we examine how the spatial scale used to represent heterogeneity in ecosystem modeling affects aggregated forest stand nitrogen (N) dynamics. We conduct this spatial analysis using measured local variation in forest carbon and nitrogen distributions. By coupling field and modeling approaches, we address spatial scaling in the context of natural ecosystem dynamics. We model spatially explicit N dynamics in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests using reaction-diffusion equations, in which Michaelis–Menten functions represent nitrogen transfer between plant, microbial, and soil pools, and nitrogen transport is approximated using diffusion. A stability analysis of the reaction terms in the absence of diffusion shows the model is very resilient to perturbation; consequently limit-cycle or oscillatory dynamics are not observed. The model is sensitive to variation in the maximum rate of plant nitrogen uptake as well as the Michaelis–Menten half-saturation constant for plant N uptake. The spatial scale of modeled heterogeneity does not significantly affect aggregated N dynamics in the Douglas-fir system; spatial resolution mainly affects the variance of stand nitrogen values. Analysis of post-perturbation dynamics shows that stand productivity is significantly reduced under frequent perturbations, especially when microbial biomass pools are seriously degraded.
Persistent problems in the diagnosis of depression and their relationship to elitism in academic psychiatry.

Abstract There has been and explosion of new concepts and new data in psychiatry. Such findings have raised new problems such as what constitutes an appropriate definition of depression, which criteria should be used for making such diagnoses, what relevance severity has to specific diagnoses, heterogeneity within the rubric of bipolar illnesses and the influence of drug treatments in precipitating the clinical syndrome of mania. Because these are complicated subjects, there may be a demand for a relatively elite group of researchers and teachers within the departments of psychiatry to adequately deal with these subjects and problems in programs for medical students and residents. The qualities of such faculty members are described in the paper. The need for teachers who engage in significant research is discussed.
Association of in Utero Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Fetal Growth and Length of Gestation in an Agricultural Population

Although pesticide use is widespread, little is known about potential adverse health effects of in utero exposure. We investigated the effects of organophosphate pesticide exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth and gestational duration in a cohort of low-income, Latina women living in an agricultural community in the Salinas Valley, California. We measured nonspecific metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (dimethyl and diethyl phosphates) and metabolites specific to malathion (malathion dicarboxylic acid), chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphoro-thioate], and parathion (4-nitrophenol) in maternal urine collected twice during pregnancy. We also measured levels of cholinesterase in whole blood and butyryl cholinesterase in plasma in maternal and umbilical cord blood. We failed to demonstrate an adverse relationship between fetal growth and any measure of in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure. In fact, we found increases in body length and head circumference associated with some exposure measures. However, we did find decreases in gestational duration associated with two measures of in utero pesticide exposure: urinary dimethyl phosphate metabolites [βadjusted = −0.41 weeks per log10 unit increase; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.75–−0.02; p = 0.02], which reflect exposure to dimethyl organophosphate compounds such as malathion, and umbilical cord cholinesterase (βadjusted = 0.34 weeks per unit increase; 95% CI, 0.13–0.55; p = 0.001). Shortened gestational duration was most clearly related to increasing exposure levels in the latter part of pregnancy. These associations with gestational age may be biologically plausible given that organophosphate pesticides depress cholinesterase and acetylcholine stimulates contraction of the uterus. However, despite these observed associations, the rate of preterm delivery in this population (6.4%) was lower than in a U.S. reference population.
Proton-Proton Scattering at 9.690, 9.918, and 13.600 MeV

Adjustments to proton-proton elastic scattering data at 9.690 and 9.918 MeV have apparently resolved a discrepancy between the data and current energy-dependent phase-shift analyses. New data at 13.600 MeV are also presented and are compatible with the phenomenological analysis. These results indicate that the energy-dependent fitting of $p+p$ data in the region of 10 MeV is now satisfactory.
Heat transfer at an array of co-planar slat-like surfaces oriented normal to a forced convection flow

Abstract Measurements of the per-slat heat transfer coefficient were made for an array of co-planar slat-like surfaces which face upstream into an oncoming flow. The flow washes over the slats as it passes into slot-like gaps between the slats. The experiments were performed for four different slat-slot configurations characterized by the ratio of the slot width to the slat width, and the slot Reynolds number was varied by more than an order of magnitude. Auxiliary experiments encompassing flow visualization and variations of the number of slots were carried out to demonstrate that the results are not influenced by end effects and by the finite number of slots employed. It was found that the dependence of the Nusselt number on the Reynolds number was the same for all of the array configurations investigated and that the influence of the array geometry was very well represented by a power law. This led to the global correlation Nup=1.19 Re0.465 Pr0.375 (P/W)1/4 from which the RMS deviation of the data was only 1.1%.
U.S. veterans' experience with rebetron in a nonstudy environment: success or failure?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to report the clinical response observed in a U.S. veteran population with hepatitis C to combination therapy with Rebetron (interferon/ribavirin) outside of a controlled study environment. METHODS: Ninety-nine consecutive patients with hepatitis C who met the approved guidelines for treatment were offered treatment with Rebetron. Ninety-four patients initiated therapy. All patients received formal instruction on the use of the drug, as well as the side effects and were instructed to report any side effects. Follow-up was scheduled twice a month for the first month, then monthly unless adverse events were observed. RESULTS: Ninety-four of 99 patients initiated therapy. Thirty-two patients were lost to follow-up or did not tolerate therapy. Ethnic distribution comprised 56 whites, 42 African Americans, one Hispanic. Of the 56 whites who started therapy, 39 completed treatment. Sustained viral response (SVR) for all genotypes was observed in 10 of 39 (26%). In the African American patients, 22 of 42 (52%) completed therapy, but a SVR was noted in none. The only Hispanic patient did not respond to therapy. In the veteran population, favorable factors associated with achieving SVR included having genotype other than 1, absence of cirrhosis, and ethnicity. Factors contributing to the low response rates were difficulty in adhering to therapy as well as a predominance of genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS: Using an intention-to-treat analysis, only 10% of veterans achieved SVR. These findings highlight the need to develop a multidisciplinary team to address the complexity of treating the veteran patient with hepatitis C.
Automatic dialing and electronic selection on railroad message and dispatcher circuits

Low-level tone-signal techniques are used for automatic calling and selection on multiparty single-line facilities. The subscribers, equipped with transistorized transmitters and receivers, transmit single tone signals for seizure, dialing, and release. These signals are propagated along the wires to the terminal equipment, where they are converted to d-c pulses and stored for interpretation. This interpretation is accomplished by relay logic in order to decide whether the call is for a party on the same line, or for a party within the PBX (Private Branch Exchange) to which the line is terminally connected. In the first case, the called number is converted into an amplitude-modulated tone, where the frequency of the carrier and the modulation correspond to the first and second significant digits dialed, respectively. This tone is then retransmitted for selection of the desired party. At the called subscriber's station, the electronic selector receiver, which takes the place of the electromechanical selector, responds only to the particular carrier corresponding to its number. In this receiver, the envelope is detected and the recovered modulation tone is amplified directly to drive one out of a maximum of five tuned ringers. A total of 60 stations can be used on one pair of wires having a maximum attenuation of 30 db (decibels).
Sclerosing cholangitis in childhood

2. Pollock HM, and Dahlgren BJ: Distribution of streptococcal groups in clinical specimens in evaluation of bacitracin screening, Appl Microbiol 27:I41, 1974. 3. Sprunt K, Vail D, and Asnes RS: Identification of streptococcus pyogenes in a pediatric outpatient department, Pediatrics 54:718, 1974. 4. Murray PR, Wold AD, Hall MH, and Washington JA: Bacitracin differentiation for presumptive identification of 5.
Importance of Horizontally Inhomogeneous Environmental Initial Conditions to Ensemble Storm-Scale Radar Data Assimilation and Very Short-Range Forecasts

Abstract The assimilation of operational Doppler radar observations into convection-resolving numerical weather prediction models for very short-range forecasting represents a significant scientific and technological challenge. Numerical experiments over the past few years indicate that convective-scale forecasts are sensitive to the details of the data assimilation methodology, the quality of the radar data, the parameterized microphysics, and the storm environment. In this study, the importance of horizontal environmental variability to very short-range (0–1 h) convective-scale ensemble forecasts initialized using Doppler radar observations is investigated for the 4–5 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, tornadic thunderstorm event. Radar observations of reflectivity and radial velocity from the operational Doppler radar network at 0230 UTC 5 May 2007, during the time of the first large tornado, are assimilated into each ensemble member using a three-dimensional variational data assimilation system (3DVAR) deve...
Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices by Peter Newman and Isabella Jennings

Peter Newman and Isabella Jennings, Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2008).In Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices, Pe...
Isolation and chondroinduction of a dermis‐isolated, aggrecan‐sensitive subpopulation with high chondrogenic potential

Objective To develop a process that yields tissue-engineered articular cartilage constructs from skin-derived cells. Methods Dermis-isolated, aggrecan-sensitive (DIAS) cells were isolated using a modified rapid adherence process. The chondrogenic potential was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Filamentous actin (F-actin) and vinculin organization was detected using fluorescence microscopy. Results The rapid adherence process led to a selection of DIAS cells, <10% of the entire population. DIAS cells displayed greater chondroinduction potential, as evidenced by the formation of large numbers of chondrocytic nodules on aggrecan-coated surfaces. In addition, these cells showed higher gene expression and protein production in terms of chondrocytic markers when compared with unpurified dermis cells. Similar patterns of F-actin and vinculin organization were observed between DIAS cells and chondrocytes. Three-dimensional constructs from chondroinduced DIAS cells produced greater amounts of cartilage matrix than constructs from the rest of the dermis populations. Conclusion These findings show a series of steps that work together to form tissue-engineered articular cartilage constructs using DIAS cells. Since skin presents a minimally invasive, relatively abundant cell source for tissue engineering, this study offers evidence of an efficient and stable technique to form cartilage constructs for future cartilage regeneration with autologous cells from skin.
The Distrust of Nuclear Power

Society seems content to strike a more moderate or uncertain balance with other technologies than with nuclear power. This attitude is traced to the social history of nuclear power, the genuine uncertainty and complexity of safety issues, underestimation of the regulatory task, and the rancorous nature of the debate. Nuclear power is not just another problem of technology, of environment, or of health. It is unique in our time. To be more demanding of nuclear safety may be to apply a double standard, but not necessarily an irrational one. Our best course appears to be to keep the nuclear option open, work toward the rapid resolution of problems such as waste disposal, but postpone recycling and the breeder reactor. Time is needed to resolve immediate problems such as transport and disposal of nuclear wastes; to come to terms with trans-scientific issues such as plutonium toxicity, sabotage, and weapons proliferation; and to evaluate long-term energy alternatives.
Persistent chemosensitivity to platinum and/or paclitaxel in metastatic endometrial cancer

It has long been recognized that individuals with ovarian cancer who initially respond to a platinum-containing chemotherapeutic regimen may exhibt a second response to platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin) at the time of recurrence. In this report, we describe three individuals with metastatic endometrial cancer who demonstrated secondary responses to platinum/paclitaxel-based regimens. Endometrial cancer should be added to the list of malignancies for which platinum and/or paclitaxel are considered as second-line treatment options in patients previously responding to the agents.
Temporal trends of black carbon concentrations and regional climate forcing in the southeastern United States

Abstract The effect of black carbon (BC) on climate forcing is potentially important, but its estimates have large uncertainties due to a lack of sufficient observational data. The BC mass concentration in the southeastern US was measured at a regionally representative site, Mount Gibbes (35.78°N, 82.29°W, 2006 m MSL). The air mass origin was determined using 48-h back trajectories obtained from the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model. The highest average concentration is seen in polluted continental air masses and the lowest in marine air masses. During the winter, the overall average BC value was 74.1 ng m−3, whereas the overall summer mean BC value is higher by a factor of 3. The main reason for the seasonal difference may be enhanced thermal convection during summer, which increases transport of air pollutants from the planetary boundary layer of the surrounding urban area to this rural site. In the spring of 1998, abnormally high BC concentrations from the continental sector were measured. These concentrations were originating from a biomass burning plume in Mexico. This was confirmed by the observations of the Earth probe total ozone mapping spectrometer. The BC average concentrations of air masses transported from the polluted continental sector during summer are low on Sunday to Tuesday with a minimum value of 256 ng m−3 occurring on Monday, and high on Wednesday to Friday with a maximum value of 379 ng m−3 occurring on Friday. The net aerosol radiative forcing (scattering effects plus absorption effects) per unit vertical depth at 2006 m MSL is calculated to be −1.38×10−3 W m−3 for the southeastern US. The magnitude of direct radiative forcing by aerosol scattering is reduced by 15±7% due to the BC absorption.
Ultraviolet Immunosuppression: Mechanisms and Consequences

Sun exposure and its effects on cutaneous immunity integrate a complex network of biologic processes. An immune response, such as contact hypersensitivity (CHS), requires a coordinated series of molecular and cellular events in multiple organs. Sun damage alters many of the key pathways involved in generating an appropriate immune response to an antigen. These modifications take place at various points from the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by specific chromophores in the skin to the generation and action of effector cells that lead to the observed clinical CHS response. Evaluation of skin immune responsiveness is therefore an excellent short-term surrogate for long-term consequences of sun exposure, such as immune suppression and skin cancer risk. Moreover, intervention strategies such as the use of sunscreens, aimed at preventing these adverse effects of solar radiation, may be tested via their effects on cutaneous immunity (Fig. 1).
The ARgo: A strategic information system for group decision making

Where might group making decision systems (GDSS) fit in the complex of techniques which underlies strategic decision making in a large organization? Strategic decision making can be compared with the journey of the mythical Greek Argonauts who sailed in the Argo in search of the golden fleece. Like the Argonauts, strategic decision makers explore the terra incognita of existential problems. This paper describes the design parameters of ARgo, a conceptual information system for supporting strategic decision making in groups. ARgo draws on theories of strategic information resources management (SIRM), GDSS, garbage can decision making models (G.Can), and small group (SG) theory.
Integrating group technology and MRP systems through lot sizing and scheduling

Abstract This paper advances the use of computers for industrial engineering applications by developing an approach to integrating manufacturing-based group technology (GT) concepts with material requirements planning (MRP) systems. Component parts having similar processing requirements are collected into sets, or “part families”. A case study of gear manufacturing at Black· Decker shows that this approach allows for substantial reductions in setup costs when the elements of the part family are combined into a single batch for processing. The problem is complicated by the fact that the setups between components in the part family were found to be sequence dependent. An optimal dynamic programming formulation for this problem is developed to minimize the setup and carrying costs. When compared to an optimal policy for scheduling the part requirements independently of one another, as is normally done in MRP systems, the optimal group scheduling algorithm saves 23% (on average) of the setup and carrying costs. A lot sizing heuristic for part families was developed as an extension of the material requirements planning technique of part-period-balancing. The heuristic was found to be within 5% of the optimal solution (on average). The results of this research suggest that many of the production economies of group technology can be realized in the job shop by better production planning, without uprooting machines to form machine cells.
Second-order Rydberg-Klein-Dunham curves

Abstract The exact analytical formulas for radial action of the Kratzer and Davidson rotating vibrators and the WKB approximation for the radial action of Dunham's one-dimensional rotating vibrator have indicated that the form of the action is I r = h[v+ 1 2 +ϵ{J(J+1)}] The correctness of this form was verified through use in the Rydberg-Klein method which was analytically applied to energy eigenvalue formulas of both the Kratzer and Davidson rotating vibrators. Exact Kratzer and Davidson potentials were extracted. Dunham's treatment of the one-dimensional oscillator has been shown to produce the same phase integrals through terms of order ( h (2m) 1 2 ) 3 when applied to the radial part of the Schroedinger wave equation. Dunham's analysis is therefore applicable to diatomic molecules through terms of order h (2m) 1 2 ) 3 . Furthermore, comparison of Dunham's WKB solution of the Kratzer and Davidson potentials with their quantum mechanically calculated energy eigenvalue formulas indicated a worst case energy difference of about 0.003 cm −1 for hydrogen. Thus, Dunham's WKB method is highly accurate. The Rydberg-Klein and the Dunham potentials were aligned through second-order terms by using Dunham's method to approximate the classical action. The result was a simple correction to the Klein g function, defined in the text, which came about when the independent variable of the Rydberg-Klein equation was transformed from action to energy. The simple second-order Rydberg-Klein-Dunham (RKD) equations were evaluated for the ground state of hydrogen using Jacobi-Gauss quadrature. Results are compared with those of Davies and Vanderslice who use the semiclassical radial action, I r = h(v + 1 2 ) , instead of the classical radial action, I r = ∮ p r dr . Second-order RKD corrections to the turning points are a factor of 2 to 4 smaller than those of Davies and Vanderslice and move the potential curve to the left whereas the Davies-Vanderslice corrections open the curve up. Finally, the value of Y 00 is stable for the RKD corrections but varied up to 1.2 cm −1 for the Davies-Vanderslice corrections as the number of parameters increased from 6 to 9 in an intermediate least-squares fit of the derivative of the effective potential energy to a polynomial in powers of its square root.
The Component Equations of Energy and Exergy

Energy conversion processes inherently have associated irreversibility. A better understanding of energy conversion will motivate intuition to create new energy-conversion and energy-utilization technology. In the present article, such understanding is further enhanced by decomposing the equations of energy and exergy (availability, available energy, useful energy) to reveal the reversible and irreversible parts of energy transformations. New definitions of thermal, strain, chemical, mechanical and thermochemical forms of energy/exergy are justified and expressions for these properties and their changes are rigorously developed. In the resulting equations, terms appear which explicitly reveal the interconversions between the different forms of energy/exergy, including the breakdown into reversible and irreversible conversions. The equations are valid for chemically reacting or non-reacting inelastic fluids, with or without diffusion.
Automated external defibrillators in health and fitness facilities.

AbstractBackground: Exercise is encouraged to promote health, but it can be a trigger for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease. In 2002, the American Heart Association and the American College of Sports Medicine issued recommendations for the presence of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in health and fitness facilities. Objective: To assess emergency response planning for SCA and review the prevalence and past utilization of AEDs in health and fitness facilities in King County, WA. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2008 of health and fitness facilities (N = 136) in King County, WA, assessing the 2002 American Heart Association guidelines on AEDs and emergency response planning for SCA. Results: Sixty-three (46%) of 136 facilities completed the survey. Thirty-five percent of the total facilities had 2500 members. Sixty-eight percent had an established...
Behavioral state changes induced in Pleurobranchaea and Aplysia by serotonin.

The effects of serotonin injection on behavioral states and feeding in Pleurobranchaea californica and behavioral states and spontaneous behaviors in Aplysia californica were examined. Serotonin (10−7 moles/kg body wt) increased behavioral state level in both species from still states to alert and moving states. Pleurobranchaea injected with serotonin demonstrated decreases in latency and threshold to various feeding responses when injected with serotonin. In addition, Aplysia injected with serotonin exhibited increases in the frequency of numerous spontaneous behaviors. We propose serotonin as a likely mediator of behavioral state change in gastropods.
Paraoxonase 1 overexpression in mice and its effect on high-density lipoproteins.

Abstract Paraoxonase (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme believed to protect against the early events of atherogenesis by its ability to hydrolyze oxidized phospholipids. A transgenic mouse overexpressing PON1 (mPON1) was developed to address the question of whether overexpression of PON1 is important in protecting HDL function during oxidative stress. Transgenic mice were obtained that have up to a 5-fold increase in mPON1 activity measured as arylesterase activity [52.7 ± 17.3 U/ml versus 251.7 ± 25.1 U/ml for wild-type (WT) and mPON1 high expressers, respectively]; this increase in mPON1 activity was reflected by a 5.3-fold increase in relative mass of the enzyme. Excess mPON1 was associated solely with HDL but did not alter HDL composition, size, or charge. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) on HDL is a sensitive indicator of oxidative stress; exposure of plasmas from both WT and mPON1 overexpresser mice to 0.4 mM copper ions for 2 h showed a 30–40% protection of LCAT activity in mPON1 overexpressers compared to WT. Excess mPON1 also inhibited lipid hydroperoxide formation on HDL. These data strongly suggest that overexpression of mPON1 protects HDL integrity and function.
Stability-Energy Consumption Tradeoff among Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols

We present an ns-2 simulation based analysis on the energy consumption of the stability-oriented on- demand mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols. The stability-oriented routing protocols studied include Associativity Based Routing (ABR) [16], Flow-oriented Routing Protocol (FORP) [15] and Route-lifetime Assessment Based Routing (RABR) [1] protocol. Our simulation results show that FORP routes are more stable than RABR routes, which are more stable than ABR routes. On the other hand, based on the energy consumed per packet and the average energy used per node, ABR is better than RABR, which is better than FORP. Thus, we see a stability-energy consumption tradeoff within the class of stability- oriented routing protocols. Regarding the fairness of node usage, we observe that there is an appreciable variation in the energy consumption per node as only the chain of nodes that form stable routes are exhausted to a greater extent.
Abnormal locomotion associated with skeletal malformations in the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, exposed to malathion

Abstract When embryos of Cyprinodon variegatus were exposed to the organophosphate insecticide malathion at concentrations of 3 and 10 parts per million, skeletal malformations developed that were associated with behavioral changes. Fry continued the embryonic convulsive, uncoordinated movements and were therefore unable to swim. Although some of the fry with abnormal movements were morphologically normal, many developed a bent appearance, similar to scoliosis. The severity of the abnormality was greater at the higher concentration of malathion. It is hypothesized that inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was responsible for the abnormal movement of the fry, and that the abnormal movement was responsible for the bent appearance. Malathion at 1 ppm, and DDT or carbaryl at concentrations of up to 10 ppm had no gross effects on embryonic development or hatching of this species.
Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent – By William H. Thomas Jr.

It has long been known that during World War I the Department of Justice engaged in massive persecution of dissenters. By focusing on legal action, however, historians have inadvertently neglected ...
Sterilizing Effects of Cobalt‐60 and Cesium‐137 Radiation on Male Sea Lampreys

Abstract Male spawning-run sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus were exposed to various doses of cobalt-60 or cesium-137 radiation in an attempt to sterilize them for use in a program for controlling sea lampreys through the release of sterile males. Males captured and irradiated during the early part of the upstream migration were not effectively sterilized at the doses tested. After irradiation, the sea lampreys were more susceptible to fungal infections by Saprolegnia sp., and many died without attempting to spawn. Males captured and irradiated during the middle and late parts of the spawning migration were effectively sterilized at a dose of 2,000 rads. However, some radiation-induced mortality was observed in males captured and irradiated during the middle part of the spawning migration. Radiation is not as effective as the chemosterilant bisazir for sterilizing male sea lampreys.
An experiment automation framework for ns-3

Recent studies have indicated that tools that automate the execution of simulation experiments can serve to enhance both the usability of network simulators and the credibility of the studies developed with them. In this poster, we present the architecture for an experiment automation framework for the ns-3 network simulator. The architecture was designed with two specific goals in mind. First, it raises the level of abstraction of the ns-3 user interface to make the simulator easier to use in large scale experimental studies. Second, it provides functionalities to guide the user along known correct methodologies for modeling and simulation thereby increasing the confidence one can have in the correctness of the experimental results.
Molar excess volumes of acetonitrile + chloroform and of acetonitrile + deuterochloroform☆

Molar excess volumes at 293.15 and 313.15 K have been measured for acetonitrile + chloroform. The results suggest complex formation between the unlike molecules. Measurements of molar excess volumes at 293.15 K for acetonitrile + deuterochloroform are reported. The VmE values at 293.15 K are the same, over the entire mole fraction range, for the corresponding hydrogen and deuterium mixtures.
Non-invasive ovarian carcinoma.

Summary:The subset of ovarian epithelial tumors that is morphologically carcinoma, but has not yet shown any stromal invasion, is discussed. It is emphasized that metastasis is a function of invasive tumors, and that the spread of a noninvasive lesion cannot be explained by the usual concepts of met
Large deflection beam transport with screened Rutherford scattering

We consider the steady-state monoenergetic searchlight problem involving screened Rutherford scattering. A recently reported formalism is modified to improve upon its accuracy for large beam deflections. Comparisons with benchmark Monte Carlo calculations demonstrate the improved accuracy of this modified formalism.
ISOBAR Preconditioner for Effective and High-throughput Lossless Data Compression

Efficient handling of large volumes of data is a necessity for exascale scientific applications and database systems. To address the growing imbalance between the amount of available storage and the amount of data being produced by high speed (FLOPS) processors on the system, data must be compressed to reduce the total amount of data placed on the file systems. General-purpose loss less compression frameworks, such as zlib and bzlib2, are commonly used on datasets requiring loss less compression. Quite often, however, many scientific data sets compress poorly, referred to as hard-to-compress datasets, due to the negative impact of highly entropic content represented within the data. An important problem in better loss less data compression is to identify the hard-to-compress information and subsequently optimize the compression techniques at the byte-level. To address this challenge, we introduce the In-Situ Orthogonal Byte Aggregate Reduction Compression (ISOBAR-compress) methodology as a preconditioner of loss less compression to identify and optimize the compression efficiency and throughput of hard-to-compress datasets.
A temperature-dependent conformational rearrangement in the ribosomal protein S4·16 S rRNA complex

Ribosomal protein S4 protects a characteristic set of bases in 16 S rRNA from attack by chemical probes. Use of hydroxyl radical as a probe of the RNA backbone shows that ribose residues in these same regions are also protected by S4, confirming the localization of its interactions with 16 S rRNA to the junction of five helical elements in the proximal region of the 5′ domain. At 0°C, the nucleotides protected by S4 from base-specific probes are confined almost exclusively to the two compound helices formed by residues 404-499. After subsequent heating of the complex briefly at 30 or 42°C, nucleotides in the three adjacent helices are additionally protected, resulting in a pattern of protection that is identical to that which is observed when S4 is incubated with 16 S rRNA under in vitro reconstitution conditions. Preincubation of the protein or the RNA (or both) separately at elevated temperature does not substitute for heating the S4•RNA complex. The regions in the RNA affected by the heat step are known to interact with proteins S12 and S16, both of which depend upon S4 for their binding to the RNA. Thus, the finding that S4 recruits additional sites of interaction in the RNA following its initial binding suggests a possible mechanism to insure the sequential addition of proteins during ribosomal assembly.
Neuroendocrine alterations in the exercising human: Implications for energy homeostasis

Complex mechanisms exist in the human to defend against adverse effects of negative energy balance. These include alterations of hormone secretion affecting the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system, the adrenal axis, and the reproductive system, particularly in females. Energy deficits are least partially offset by neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating appetite and satiety. The complex feedback mechanisms reporting peripheral fat and energy stores to the central nervous system involve secretion of the peptide hormones leptin and ghrelin, which act centrally on neurons in the arcuate nucleus and anteroventral periventricular area. In addition to appetite regulation, these hormones exert influences on spatially and functionally-related mechanisms regulating reproductive function, such as the kisspeptin-gonadotropin releasing hormone system. Negative energy balance often occurs partially as a result of strenuous and repetitive physical exercise. Exercise stress leads to increased cortisol secretion, but this action is mediated through the induced negative energy balance. In healthy adults with energy deficits, this exercise-induced stress appears to be more important than pure psychological stress in impairing reproductive function. Estrogen deficiency resulting from negative energy balance has important adverse effects on bone density as well as bone microarchitecture, and it may also adversely affect markers of cardiovascular disease.
Impaired Epithelial Wound Healing and EGFR Signaling Pathways in the Corneas of Diabetic Rats

PURPOSE. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)-mediated wound response and signal transduction in the corneal epithelium of rats with type I diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS. Corneal epithelia were removed from streptozotocin (STZ)- and weight-matched normal rats. Wound healing was monitored by fluorescein staining at 24 or 48 hours after epithelial debridement. Phosphorylation of EGFR, AKT, ERK, and BAD was determined by Western blot analysis. The distribution of phospho-AKT and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in rat corneas was examined by immunohistochemistry. Cell death was evaluated by TUNEL staining. RESULTS. A significant delay in corneal epithelial wound healing was observed 48 hours after wounding in the diabetic rats compared with the weight-matched control rats. In the DM rat corneas, epithelial cells demonstrated diminished responses to wounding, as assessed by the phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules, AKT and ERK. Furthermore, although the distribution pattern of phospho-AKT suggested a role for AKT in epithelial migration and proliferation in the normoglycemic rat corneas, it was abrogated in the healing epithelia of the DM rats. Consistent with impaired AKT activity, the number of PCNA-stained cells was also greatly reduced in the healing corneas of the diabetic rats. Finally, decreases in pBAD (Ser(136) and Ser(112)) and increases in TUNEL-positive cells were observed in both the uninjured and healing corneal epithelia of the DM rats, but not of the control rats. CONCLUSIONS. In the corneas of SZT rats, EGFR-PI3K-AKT and ERK, as well as their downstream BAD signaling pathways in migratory epithelium, were altered, resulting in increased apoptosis, decreased cell proliferation, and delayed wound closure.
Effects of Glycerol on the Thermal Properties of Phosphate Buffered Saline and Porcine Liver at Subzero Temperatures

Improvements in the prediction of thermal behavior during cryosurgery and cryopreservation can help improve the outcome of these cryobiological applications. The accuracy of the models depends on numerous factors including the kinetics and energy release during phase change phenomena and knowledge of thermal properties. Furthermore, connecting the thermal properties to crystalline, amorphous, and other phases adds an important mechanistic dimension that can also improve and direct an outcome. However, insufficient data for thermal properties in the subzero domain result in reliance on property estimations based usually upon tabulated water-ice data or weight averaged values from known materials primarily in temperature ranges above −40 °C [1]. This study focused on expanding the thermal properties database for both solutions and tissues. Results for Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and porcine liver with glycerol at subzero temperatures (−150 ∼ 0 °C) are reported. The shifting of thermal property values due to sample crystallization, amorphous phase transition, and melting is discussed.© 2007 ASME
Recruitment of Nox4 to a Plasma Membrane Scaffold Is Required for Localized Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Sustained Src Activation in Response to Insulin-like Growth Factor-I

Nox4-derived ROS is increased in response to hyperglycemia and is required for IGF-I-stimulated Src activation. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanism by which Nox4 mediates sustained Src activation. IGF-I stimulated sustained Src activation, which occurred primarily on the SHPS-1 scaffold protein. In vitro oxidation experiments indicated that Nox4-derived ROS was able to oxidize Src when they are in close proximity, and Src oxidation leads to its activation. Therefore we hypothesized that Nox4 recruitment to the plasma membrane scaffold SHPS-1 allowed localized ROS generation to mediate sustained Src oxidation and activation. To determine the mechanism of Nox4 recruitment, we analyzed the role of Grb2, a component of the SHPS-1 signaling complex. We determined that Nox4 Tyr-491 was phosphorylated after IGF-I stimulation and was responsible for Nox4 binding to the SH2 domain of Grb2. Overexpression of a Nox4 mutant, Y491F, prevented Nox4/Grb2 association. Importantly, it also prevented Nox4 recruitment to SHPS-1. The role of Grb2 was confirmed using a Pyk2 Y881F mutant, which blocked Grb2 recruitment to SHPS-1. Cells expressing this mutant had impaired Nox4 recruitment to SHPS-1. IGF-I-stimulated downstream signaling and biological actions were also significantly impaired in Nox4 Y491F-overexpressing cells. Disruption of Nox4 recruitment to SHPS-1 in aorta from diabetic mice inhibited IGF-I-stimulated Src oxidation and activation as well as cell proliferation. These findings provide insight into the mechanism by which localized Nox4-derived ROS regulates the sustained activity of a tyrosine kinase that is critical for mediating signal transduction and biological actions.
An adaptive error correction scheme for computer memory system

Many of the modern computer memories contain single-error correction capability in order to enhance reliability. In a large scale memory, an even more powerful error correction code may be desirable. In particular, a double-error correction capability can reduce the maintenance cost significantly, while keeping the unscheduled system interruptions within tolerable limits. Since most faults are effectively masked and logged out, the permanent failures can be replaced at the time of scheduled maintenance, thus leaving the user unaffected. The cost and complexity of the known double error correcting code, however, seems to outweigh the advantages. The long decoding time and large amount of redundancy in double error correction cannot be justified in every fetch instruction for the sake of correcting an occasional double error.
Upper urinary tract tumors with nontransitional histology: a single-center experience.

Abstract Objectives To review our experience with patients with upper urinary tract tumors of nonurothelial origin. Upper urinary tract tumors of nonurothelial origin are uncommon entities. To our knowledge, no series of patients with these neoplasms has been published in the past decade. Methods We reviewed the records at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1990 to 2004 to identify patients with primary nonurothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract. We reviewed the patient records to collect data on tumor subtype, treatment, recurrence, and survival. Results Sixteen patients (1.9% of our database of patients with upper urinary tract tumors) were identified; 12 had squamous cell carcinoma, 2 had adenocarcinoma, 1 had sarcomatoid carcinoma, and 1 had small cell carcinoma. The tumors were located in the renal pelvis in 10 and the ureter in 6. Of the 16 patients, 15 had been treated with nephrectomy or nephrouterectomy and 1 with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Fifteen of the tumors were pathologic Stage T3 or worse. Ten patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Of the 16 patients, 9 died (1 of unknown causes), 4 were alive without disease, 2 were alive with disease, and 1 was alive at last follow-up with the disease status unknown. The median follow-up was 30.1 months, the median overall survival time was 11.3 months, and 1-year survival rate was 46%. The median recurrence-free survival time and 1-year recurrence-free survival rate were 5.8 months and 38%, respectively. Conclusions Primary nonurothelial carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter are rare. Our analysis suggests a poor prognosis for most patients with these pathologic types, probably resulting from the advanced stage at diagnosis and poor responses to systemic therapy.
Gendered Stereotypes of Asians Portrayed on the Websites of U.S. Higher Education Institutions

A quantitative content analysis of 265 U.S. college and university websites found that genders differed significantly in representing stereotypes of Asians. Asian females tended to be portrayed with passive, submissive body postures, retaining certain stereotypical female features. However, they appeared more active when interacting with others and were more often the visual focus than Asian males; in contrast, Asian males are more likely than Asian females to be portrayed alone, submissive, in the background, and as an action receiver.