cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School Worksite Health Promotion: An Interdependent Process.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of psycho-social factors on smoking especially the impact of a social support and stress on smoking among boy's high school students. Methods: This study was conducted by administering a questionnaire to 442 boys' high school students living in Deajeon, Korea. This data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical package using t-test and logistic regression. Major findings of this study are as follows: Results: 1. Analysis of the relationship of smoking, stress and social support: The relationship between stress and smoking and between friend's support and smoking had a positive correlation. But the relationship between parents' support and smoking and between teacher's support and smoking had a negative correlation. 2. Multiple logistic analysis of the impact of stress, social support and general characteristics on smoking: The relationship between stress and smoking had a positive correlation as social support and general characteristics were controlled. In contrast, the relationship between social support -parents', friend's, teacher's support- and smoking had no significant correlations as stress and general characteristics were controlled. The risk factors of smoking of boy's high school students were smoking friends, drinking, a type of school, pocket money per month, and stress. And the most powerful predictor of smoking was smoking friends(OR=12.35). Conclusions: The results showed that the variables affecting mainly on smoking were the personal background -smoking friends, drinking, a type of school, pocket money per month- and stress. Therefore, these findings give useful information for constructing a program against smoking or educating about smoking.
Determination of campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol in saw palmetto raw materials and dietary supplements by gas chromatography : Single-laboratory validation

In conjunction with an AOAC Presidential Task Force on Dietary Supplements, a method was validated for measurement of 3 plant sterols (phytosterols) in saw palmetto raw materials, extracts, and dietary supplements. AOAC Official Method 994.10, "Cholesterol in Foods," was modified for purposes of this validation. Test samples were saponified at high temperature with ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. The unsaponifiable fraction containing phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol) was extracted with toluene. Phytosterols were derivatized to trimethylsilyl ethers and then quantified by gas chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. The presence of the phytosterols was detected at concentrations greater than or equal to 1.00 mg/100 g based on 2-3 g of sample. The standard curve range for this assay was 0.00250 to 0.200 mg/mL. The calibration curves for all phytosterols had correlation coefficients greater than or equal to 0.995. Precision studies produced relative standard deviation values of 1.52 to 7.27% for campesterol, 1.62 to 6.48% for stigmasterol, and 1.39 to 10.5% for beta-sitosterol. Recoveries for samples fortified at 100% of the inherent values averaged 98.5 to 105% for campesterol, 95.0 to 108% for stigmasterol, and 85.0 to 103% for beta-sitosterol.
Remote Sensing Technique for Geoacoustic Characterization of Heterogeneous Marine Sediments

Abstract : The long term goal of this research is to develop an improved physics-based technique for remote quantification of seafloor geoacoustical properties. The specific scientific tasks of this project were: (1) to develop inversion algorithms for estimating the sediment grain size distribution of coarse fractions in sandy sediments based on a recently developed inclusion scattering" model, (2) to test these algorithms using the SAXO4 scattering data, and (3) to provide ground truth for such tests by direct measurements of the grain size distribution in the available SAXO4 sediment samples and cores. The tasks were accomplished. An algorithm for scattering data inversions was developed based on a parameterization of the grain size distribution using power law approximations in given intervals of sizes. The algorithm allows inversions of the level and power exponent of the size distribution in each interval. To provide ground truth for testing the algorithm, 13 sediment samples taken at the SAXO4 site were analyzed. Sand grains and shell particles were separated and their number, weight and shape factor were measured in each size interval. It was demonstrated that the SAXO4 acoustic scattering data inversion based on the developed algorithm provides a qualitative fit to the ground truth data.
A usability focus for an HCI project

This paper discusses a way to introduce the concepts of usability and usability testing into an undergraduate human-computer interface class that does not require an elaborate or expensive usability lab setting. This approach gives students a more concrete understanding of the concepts that are covered in the course and engages them in a way that lectures cannot. An appendix includes the complete set of course topics as well as an outline of the project deliverables.
Design of an observer for quantized output systems using orthogonal projection

This paper presents a state observer for linear systems with quantized outputs. The observer employs an orthogonal projection operation at quantizer output discontinuities to enhance its convergence rate for quantized output systems. Although there may be a significant quantization error on average, it is possible to design observers with an exponentially stable tracking error. We explain how to construct the orthogonal projection operation in a Hilbert space and prove the stability of the proposed observer by using the Lyapunov second method. In order to assess the value of the orthogonal projection operation in the proposed observer, the simple motor system with an optical encoder has been analyzed numerically.
Health and Anatomy in the Wiregrass: a series of educational workshops (534.5)

Resources for the study of biological and health sciences are often limited for high schools, especially in rural areas. Anatomy is frequently offered as an elective rather than a required course, ...
Corporate Social Responsibility Boundaries

Companies face a dilemma between what society as a whole demands and the necessity of being economically efficient and creating value for all stakeholders. Why do only some companies claim they act in a socially responsible way? Because of international competition, policy makers do not act to improve environmental, social and societal issues until it becomes socially necessary, and companies act in a socially responsible way when social necessity is combined with a globally low reputation. This Chapter provides a theoretical insight into reflection on the roles of companies within a society. It addresses the legitimacy of companies in creating a green world under the constraint of maintaining democratic structures. To be legitimate in social actions they undertake privately, companies should go through a corporate politicization process.
Unsatisfactory aspirates from fine-needle aspiration biopsies: a review.

While there is much evidence that fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is sensitive and specific, there is little information comparing the proportions of unsatisfactory aspirates obtained by clinicians or pathologists. We reviewed 2,199 FNAB reports of superficial lesions. Cases were grouped by organ/site and according to who performed the biopsy. the proportions of unsatisfactory aspirates were computed for clinicians and pathologists. Both groups performed approximately equal numbers of procedures. Overall, 9% of aspirates obtained were unsatisfactory (n = 191). Pathologists had lower proportions of unsatisfactory aspirates in all sites. of aspirates obtained by clinicians, 14% were unsatisfactory, compared to 3% of those obtained by pathologists (P < .00001). the proportion of unsatisfactory aspirates appears to decrease as physician experience increases, and pathologists may have more experience with FNAB than do clinicians. Other advantages pathologists may have include technique and working with tissue regularly. Both clinicians and pathologists can expect to decrease their proportions of unsatisfactory aspirates by performing FNABs frequently. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Towards a Transparent, Highly Conductive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

A detailed investigation of the processing parameters influencing the oxidative polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and a methanol-substituted derivative (EDOT-CH2OH) was performed with the goal of maximizing the conductivity of the polymer. We show that the conductivity can be significantly enhanced by varying the monomer, oxidant (iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate (Fe(OTs)3)), weak base (imidazole (Im)), solvent (various alcohols), and solution concentrations. The effect of each variable on the final materials properties is investigated, and the parameters have been optimized to achieve conductivities as high as 900 S cm−1. Surface resistance below 150 Ω/□ for 80-90 nm thick films with visible-spectrum transparency exceeding 80 % is achieved. The combination of these properties makes the films highly suitable for numerous device applications.
The constant error curve problem for varisolvent families

Abstract Our main theorem states that under a certain existence hypothesis a varisolvent family does not permit a best approximation with a constant error. We deal with real valued continuous functions on a compact real interval using the Chebyshev (uniform) norm. Our result is applied to simultaneous approximation to show that a constant error cannot arise there. Further topics such as restricted range approximation, a betweenness property, and approximation on a proper compact subset of an interval are also studied. The existence hypothesis of the main theorem appears to be satisfied by most known varisolvent families. Examples are given.
Thoracoscopic lung biopsy. Five commonly asked questions about video-assisted thoracic surgery.

PREVIEWVideo-assisted thoracic surgery has changed the way in which many lung diseases are diagnosed and treated. With this innovative procedure, the discomfort and morbidity of more invasive means of obtaining biopsy specimens can often be avoided. Drs Shrager and Kaiser answer some of the most commonly asked questions about this exciting advance in thoracic medicine.
β-Endorphin does not protect alkylation of opiate receptor by N-ethylmaleimide

Rat brain membranes were incubated in N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 0.5-1.0 mM) in the presence and absence of various concentrations of morphine, Leuenkephalin and human beta-endorphin (beta h-EP). After sufficient washing, the binding of dihydromorphine (DHM), [D-Ala-D-Leu]-enkephalin (DADLE) and tritiated beta h-EP was 10-40% above that of membranes treated with NEM alone. There was no additive effect of morphine and Leu-enkephalin with respect to their effect on recovery of beta h-EP binding. Evaluation of beta h-EP as protecting ligand proved to be difficult since preincubation completely inhibits subsequent DHM and DADLE binding unless a more extensive washing protocol is employed. A protocol for washing beta h-EP preincubated membranes using a Tris-phosphate buffer of pH 6 containing 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM MgCl2 and 10% glycerol was used to recover enough binding potential to evaluate the effects of beta h-EP preincubation towards NEM treatment. Preincubation with beta h-EP itself at 0.1-1.0 microM did not result in any increased recovery of opiate binding, in contrast to the findings with the other two ligands.
FinFET-based power simulator for interconnection networks

Double-gate FETs, specifically FinFETs, are emerging as promising substitutes for bulk CMOS at the 32nm technology node and beyond because of the various obstacles to scaling faced by CMOS, such as short-channel effects, leakage power, and process variations. Another trend in chip multiprocessor design is incorporation of sophisticated on-chip interconnection networks. However, such networks are significant power-consumers. In this article, we address these two trends by presenting a power simulator for FinFET-based on-chip interconnection networks. It estimates both dynamic and leakage power. We present results for various FinFET design styles and temperatures (since leakage power changes drastically with temperature), and show that one FinFET design style may be much superior to another from the power consumption point of view.
The Use of Domains in Constructing a Comprehensive Composite Index of Child Well-Being

As the field of measuring and monitoring child well-being has evolved over the past 20 years, increasing numbers of researchers have combined indicators into comprehensive composite indices to provide a more concise picture of how children are faring. This paper reviews how domains have been used in the construction of such indices. Based on examination of 19 key studies which combine domains into indices, it is clear there is little agreement on the exact number of domains that should be used in constructing a composite index. However, of the 19 studies examined here, 11 incorporated either six and seven domains in their index. In addition there is a wide range of judgments about which domains should be included in constructing indices of child well-being and how to conceptualize each domain. This study identifies education, health, and material well-being as the key domains used in almost all of the studies examined.
A solid state 13C NMR, crystallographic, and quantum chemical investigation of phenylalanine and tyrosine residues in dipeptides and proteins.

We report the results of a solid-state NMR and quantum chemical investigation of the 13Cγ NMR chemical shifts in phenylalanine and tyrosine in dipeptides and proteins. Accurate computation of the experimental shifts is shown to require a good description of local electrostatic field effects, and we find the best results (R2 = 0.94, rmsd = 1.6 ppm, range = 17.1 ppm, N = 14) by using a self-consistent reaction field continuum model. There are no obvious correlations with φ, ψ, χ1, or χ2 torsion angles, unlike the results seen with other amino acids. There is, however, a linear relation between computed Cγ atomic charges and shifts for the 14 peptide as well as 18 protein residues investigated. This result is similar to the correlation reported in the 1960s between π-electron density and 13C shifts for classical 4n + 2 (n = 0, 1, 2) π-electron aromatic species, such as cyclopentadienide and the tropylium cation, and in fact, we found that the shielding/atomic charge correlation seen in the peptides and prote...
Automatic generation of assembly system configuration with equipment selection for automotive battery manufacturing

Abstract High power and high capacity lithium-ion batteries are being adopted for electrical and hybrid electrical vehicles (EV/HEV) applications. An automotive Li-ion battery pack usually has a hierarchical composition of components assembled in some repetitive patterns. Such a product assembly hierarchy may facilitate automatic configuration of assembly systems including assembly task grouping, sequence planning, and equipment selection. This paper utilizes such a hierarchical composition in generating system configurations with equipment selection for optimal assembly system design. A recursive algorithm is developed to generate feasible assembly sequences and the initial configurations including hybrid configurations. The generated configurations are embedded in an optimal assembly system design problem for simultaneous equipment selection and task assignment by minimizing equipment investment cost. The complexity of the computational algorithm is also discussed.
THE ADEQUACY OF BANK PROFITS

SINCE THE END OF World War II, bank profits, compared with profits in other industries, have suffered a substantial relative decline. Some observers have concluded that, in view of this decline, bank profits are now inadequate. Since inadequate bank profits may adversely affect not only the banking system, as it is organized today, but also the entire economic structure, it is important to give precision to the meaning of profit adequacy and, at the same time, to set up some criteria by which the adequacy of bank profits can be judged. Chapter i contains a preliminary statement of the problems involved and presents the method of analysis to be employed. Chapters ii and iii constitute the necessary background. The former analyzes, in some detail, the market structure of the American banking system, with reference to the various competitive forces which arise from within the banking system itself. The latter examines some aspects of the competition between banks and non-bank financial institutions. This industry study constitutes the basis for chapter iv, in which the adequacy of bank profits is evaluated according to three criteria: growth, progressiveness, and safety of the banking system. In an expanding economy, based on free enterprise, a growing, progressive, and safe banking system is necessary. This study maintains that there is a strong link between the three criteria of performance and bank profits, and it attempts to indicate whether the performance of the banking system, in any of its major aspects, is being impaired by the relative decline in profits. The banking system appears to have performed satisfactorily with respect to growth and progressiveness; this indicates that profits have been adequate. However, the weak capital structure of many banks impairs bank safety and indicates that, since profits are the main source of additions to capital funds, profits may be inadequate for a substantial number of individual banks. The final chapter attempts to reconcile the contradictory results. The market imperfections of the banking industry are of considerable help in reaching a satisfactory explanation. In addition, it appears that the legal restrictions imposed on some forms of bank organization are an essential cause of the low profitability of many banks.
2D and 3D facial correspondences via photometric alignment

Capturing facial geometry that is high-resolution, yet easy to animate, remains a difficult challenge. While a single scanned geometry may be straightforward to animate smoothly, it may not always yield realistic fine scale detail when deformed into different facial expressions. Combining scans of multiple facial expressions, however, is only practical if geometrical correspondences between the different scanned expressions are available. Correspondences obtained based on locations of facial landmarks or of placed markers are often sparse, especially compared to fine-scale structures such as individual skin pores. The resulting misalignment of fine detail can introduce artifacts or blur out details we wish to preserve.
Generalized and oxdinary least squakes with estimated and unequal variances

An assumption which is often violated in the application of experimental designs is equality of variances. There are several methods available for estimating the unequal variances. This paper covers incorporating different estimators of the variances with the ordinary least squares and generalized least squares. A Monte Carlo study provides more insight into the behavior of these procedures. For some small sample sizes, the incorporations with the ordinary least squares perform satisfactorily, but with the generalized least squares they do not.
A Multi-pass Generation of DEM for Urban Planning

High quality DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is indispensable for a smart city nowadays. A large quantity of useful spatial information can be extracted from the big data acquired by surveying, imaging, and even mobile device with GPS system. This information is critical to many applications such as urban management, emergency event planning, and social location services. The extraction of non-ground features such as buildings, constructions and vegetation can be used to generate accurate boundary shape and three dimensional models. These outcomes can be utilized to provide useful information for the location service for mobile social networks. The DEM can be generated by surveying the area. LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a widely used remote sensing technology to survey the urban area. High resolution three dimensional data can be acquired from the LIDAR survey. How to separate the terrain surface and non-terrain features from three dimensional spatial data is the most challenging task for generating high quality DEM. In this paper, a multi-pass morphological filter is proposed to generate better DEMs on complex urban areas that have difficulties to use large filtering window sizes. Multi-pass filtering will use relatively small filtering window sizes in multiple rounds to avoid the cut-off problem commonly present when large window sizes are used in filtering. A priority boundary interpolation method is proposed and dedicated to interpolate the intermediate filtering result between each pass. A second pass of the morphological filter will use filtering window sizes in descending order to remove the remaining areas from large non-ground objects that cannot be removed with small window sizes. The filtering results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to effectively use relatively small filtering windows to filter large non-ground objects on complex terrains and avoid the cut-off problem.
Dead-End Filling of SlipChip Evaluated Theoretically and Experimentally as a Function of the Surface Chemistry and the Gap Size between the Plates for Lubricated and Dry SlipChips

In this paper, we describe a method to load a microfluidic device, the SlipChip, via dead-end filling. In dead-end filling, the lubricating fluid that fills the SlipChip after assembly is dissipated through the gap between the two plates of the SlipChip instead of flowing through an outlet at the end of the fluidic path. We describe a theoretical model and associated predictions of dead-end filling that takes into consideration the interfacial properties and the gap size between plates of SlipChips. In this method, filling is controlled by the balance of pressures: for filling to occur without leaking, the inlet pressure must be greater than the capillary pressure but less than the maximum sealing pressure. We evaluated our prediction with experiments, and our empirical results agreed well with theory. Internal reservoirs were designed to prevent evaporation during loading of multiple solutions. Solutions were first loaded one at a time into inlet reservoirs; by applying a single pressure source to the device, we were able to fill multiple fluidic paths simultaneously. We used this method to fill both lubricated and dry SlipChips. Dry-loaded SlipChips were fabricated from fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) by using hot embossing techniques, and were successfully filled and slipped to perform a simple chemical reaction. The SlipChip design was also modified to enable ease of filling by using multiple access holes to the inlet reservoir.
‘Signature Sets', Minimal Fragment Sets for Identifying Protein Disulfide Structures with Cyanylation-Based Mass Mapping Methodology

Our cyanylation (CN)-based methodology for determining disulfide structure of cystinyl proteins overcomes the limitations of conventional proteolytic methods. However, the CN-based method has the potential drawback that occasionally some CN-induced cleavage fragments may not be detected. We show that CN-based methods can overcome the failure to detect fragments by demonstrating the existence of small ‘signature sets' of fragments. The link between signature sets and the robustness of CN-based methodology is validated by two case studies. Keywords: disulfide structure • cystinyl protein • signature sets • disulfide mass mapping
Robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in men aged ≥70 years

OBJECTIVES To assess the outcomes of elderly men with prostate cancer treated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), because more healthy elderly men will present with localized prostate cancer and many will seek surgical treatment as the population ages. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2005 and 2008, 203 men had RARP performed by one surgeon; patients were categorized into two groups based on their age (≥70 vs <70 years). All data were recorded prospectively in an institutional approved database. RESULTS Of the 203 men, 23 (11%) were aged ≥70 years; the older men had similar baseline characteristics as younger men, and had characteristics during and after surgery comparable to those in younger men. The pathological RARP Gleason grade was significantly greater in older men. Surgical complications were not significantly different between the groups. Continence rates were significantly lower in older men at 6 months after surgery, but returned to levels equivalent to those in younger men within 12 months after surgery. Older patients took significantly longer to be capable of driving after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of RARP in elderly men are largely comparable to those in younger men, with the exception of higher pathological Gleason grade, a transient delay in return of continence, and taking longer to return to driving after surgery. Advanced chronological age should not be a contraindication for RARP in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, but expectations should be managed preoperatively.
Toll‐like Receptor‐Mediated Responses by Placental Hofbauer Cells (HBCs): A Potential Pro‐Inflammatory Role for Fetal M2 Macrophages

Problem Microbial-driven responses in placenta are linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) function in Hofbauer cells (HBCs) and fetal macrophages of the placental villous core remains understudied. Method of Study Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to establish the phenotype of HBCs. Regulation of cytokine secretion in response to treatment with TLR agonists and expression levels of TLRs and co-activators were compared in HBCs, placental fibroblasts (FIBs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using ELISA and qPCR. Results Although flow cytometry and IHC revealed HBCs to be M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages, LPS and polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] treatments markedly enhanced IL-6 secretion by HBCs, and expression of TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, CD14, and MD-2 was the highest in HBCs. Conclusion These results indicate that although HBCs are M2 macrophages, inflammatory responses are induced through TLR-3 and TLR-4 in this cell type, suggesting a role in microbial-driven placental/fetal inflammation.
The Treatment of ISI Uncertainty in Extremely Low Probability of Rupture

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in cooperation with the nuclear industry is constructing an improved probabilistic fracture model for piping systems that in the past have not been susceptible to known degradation processes that could lead to pipe rupture. Recent operating experience with primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) has challenged this prior position of leak-before-break and which has now become known as “extremely Low Probability of Rupture” (xLPR). This paper focuses on the xLPR model’s treatment of uncertainty for in-service inspection. In the xLPR model, uncertainty is classified as either aleatory or epistemic, and both types of uncertainty are described with probability distributions. Earlier PFM models included aleatory, but ignored epistemic, uncertainty, or attempted to deal with epistemic uncertainty by use of conservative bounds. Thus, inclusion of both types of uncertainty in xLPR should produce more realistic results than the earlier models. This work shows that by including epistemic uncertainty in the xLPR ISI module, there can be a significant effect on rupture probability; however, this depends upon the specific scenarios being studied. Some simple scenarios are presented to illustrate those where there is no effect and those having a significant effect on the probability of rupture.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Peptidyl Carbamates as Human Leukocyte Elastase Inhibitors: Design and Synthesis of Desmosine-Like Tetrapeptidyl Carbamate Inhibitors

AbstractThe rational design and synthesis of a series of peptidyl carbamates incorporating a derivatized ornithyl or lysyl residue at the P3 or P4 subsite is described. The derivatized residues were chosen as mimics of desmonsine cross-links ubiquitously found in mature elastin. The alteration of specific residues of the peptidyl carbamate, in addition to the realization of a stereospecific synthesis, required utilization of two convergent synthetic approaches. When tested for inhibitory activity against the serine dependent enzymes, human leukocyte elastase, porcine pancreatic elastase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, as well as acetyl cholinesterase, the compounds were found to be specific inhibitors of the elastases. Thus the series was found to exhibit inhibitor dissociation constants as low as 0.2 × 10−6M and 3.0 × 10−6M for human leukocyte and porcine pancreatic elastase, respectively. Michaelis-Menten kinetics demonstrated active site inhibition. Placement of Nδ-Bz-L-Orn at P4 withp-nitrophenol at P1’(23a) ...
The establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns in mouse somatic cells.

Abstract Somatic cell DNA methylation patterns in mammals are established during embryonic development and are then maintained somewhat faithfully for the remainder of the individual's lifetime. Pattern formation can be divided into a series of linked steps that include demethylation, de novo methylation, methylation spreading, methylation blocking, and maintenance methylation. In this review, these steps will be combined to present a model for the formation and maintenance of a methylation pattern in the 5′ region of the mouse Aprt gene. This model suggests that an apparently ‘stable’ methylation pattern results from a dynamic equilibrium between forces that promote and inhibit methylation spreading.
The study of Jacobi and cyclic Jacobi matrix eigenvalue problems using Sturm–Liouville theory

Abstract We study the eigenvalues of matrix problems involving Jacobi and cyclic Jacobi matrices as functions of certain entries. Of particular interest are the limits of the eigenvalues as these entries approach infinity. Our approach is to use the recently discovered equivalence between these problems and a class of Sturm–Liouville problems and then to apply the Sturm–Liouville theory.
POPE JOHN PAUL II AND ISLAM

L'article est consacre a une lecture critique des idees de Jean-Paul II sur l'islam. L'A. examine d'abord sa conception de l'islam, a la fois comme systeme theologique et comme phenomene social et historique. Il discute ensuite les positions du pape vis-a-vis de l'engagement recent de l'Eglise catholique dans la vie de la communaute catholique internationale, specialement dans le monde musulman. Il compare pour terminer les idees de Jean-Paul II sur l'islam avec celles d'un certain nombre de penseurs et de theologiens musulmans modernes sur le christianisme.
The Matthew effect in science. The reward and communication systems of science are considered.

This account of the Matthew effect is another small exercise in the psychosociological analysis of the workings of science as a social institution. The initial problem is transformed by a shift in theoretical perspective. As originally identified, the Matthew effect was construed in terms of enhancement of the position of already eminent scientists who are given disproportionate credit in cases of collaboration or of independent multiple discoveries. Its significance was thus confined to its implications for the reward system of science. By shifting the angle of vision, we note other possible kinds of consequences, this time for the communication system of science. The Matthew effect may serve to heighten the visibility of contributions to science by scientists of acknowledged standing and to reduce the visibility of contributions by authors who are less well known. We examine the psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying this effect and find a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science—a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance. This self-assurance, which is partly inherent, partly the result of experiences and associations in creative scientific environments, and partly a result of later social validation of their position, encourages them to search out risky but important problems and to highlight the results of their inquiry. A macrosocial version of the Matthew principle is apparently involved in those processes of social selection that currently lead to the concentration of scientific resources and talent ( 50 ).
Scaling studies of spheromak formation and equilibrium

Formation and equilibrium studies have been performed on the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX). Spheromaks are formed with a magnetized coaxial plasma gun and equilibrium is established in both small (dsmall=0.16 m) and large (dlarge=3dsmall=0.50 m) copper flux conservers. Using magnetic probe arrays it has been verified that spheromak formation is governed solely by gun physics (in particular the ratio of gun current to flux, μ0Igun/Φgun) and is independent of the flux conserver dimensions. It has also been verified that equilibrium is well described by the force free condition ∇×B=λB (λ=constant), particularly early in decay. Departures from the force-free state are due to current profile effects described by a quadratic function λ=λ(ψ). Force-free SSX spheromaks will be merged to study magnetic reconnection in simple magnetofluid structures.
Recent integrations of mammalian Hmg retropseudogenes.

We propose that select retropseudogenes of the high mobility group nonhistone chromosomal protein genes have recently integrated into mammalian genomes on the basis of the high sequence identity of the copies to the cDNA sequences derived from the original genes. These include theHmg1 gene family in mice and theHmgn2 family in humans. We investigated orthologous loci of several strains and species ofMus for presence or absence of apparently youngHmg1 retropseudogenes. Three of four analysed elements were specific toMus musculus, two of which were not fixed, indicative of recent evolutionary origins. Additionally, we datamined a presumptive subfamily (Hmgz) of mouseHmg1, but only identified one true element in the GenBank database, which is not consistent with a separate subfamily status. Two of four analysedHmgn2 retropseudogenes were specific for the human genome, whereas a third was identified in human, chimpanzee and gorilla genomes, and a fourth additionally found in orangutan but absent in African green monkey. Flanking target-site duplications were consistent with LINE integration sites supporting LINE machinery for their mechanism of amplification. The humanHmgn2 retropseudogenes were full length, whereas the mouseHmg1 elements were either full length or 3’-truncated at specific positions, most plausibly the result of use of alternative polyadenylation sites. The nature of their recent amplification success in relation to other retropseudogenes is unclear, although availability of a large number of transcripts during gametogenesis may be a reason. It is apparent that retropseudogenes continue to shape mammalian genomes, and may provide insight into the process of retrotransposition, as well as offer potential use as phylogenetic markers.
Finite-Analytic Numerical Solution of Heat Transfer in Two-Dimensional Cavity Flow

Heat transfer in cavity flow is numerically analyzed by a new numerical method called the finite-analytic method. The basic idea of the finite-analytic method is the incorporation of local analytic solutions in the numerical solutions of linear or nonlinear partial differential equations. In the present investigation, the local analytic solutions for temperature, stream function, and vorticity distributions are derived. When the local analytic solution is evaluated at a given nodal point, it gives an algebraic relationship between a nodal value in a subregion and its neighboring nodal points. A system of algebraic equations is solved to provide the numerical solution of the problem. The finite-analytic method is used to solve heat transfer in the cavity flow at high Reynolds number (1000) for Prandtl numbers of 0.1, 1, and 10.
Late-stage impacts and the orbital and thermal evolution of Tethys

Abstract An inferred ancient episode of heating and deformation on Tethys has been attributed to its passage through a 3:2 resonance with Dione (Chen, E.M.A., Nimmo, F. [2008]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 19203). The satellites encounter, and are trapped into, the e-Dione resonance before reaching the e-Tethys resonance, limiting the degree to which Tethys is tidally heated. However, for an initial Dione eccentricity >0.016, Tethys’ eccentricity becomes large enough to generate the inferred heat flow via tidal dissipation. While capture into the e-Dione resonance is easy, breaking the resonance (to allow Tethys to evolve to its current state) is very difficult. The resonance is stable even for large initial Dione eccentricities, and is not broken by perturbations from nearby resonances (e.g. the Rhea–Dione 5:3 resonance). Our preferred explanation is that the Tethyan impactor which formed the younger Odysseus impact basin also broke the 3:2 resonance. Simultaneously satisfying the observed basin size and the requirement to break the resonance requires a large (≈250 km diameter) and slow (≈0.5 km/s) impactor, possibly a saturnian satellite in a nearby crossing orbit with Tethys. Late-stage final impacts of this kind are a common feature of satellite formation models (Canup, R.M., Ward, W.R. [2006]. Nature 441, 834–839).
Synthesis of several derivatives of phenyl(2-hydroxy-3-pyrazyl) carbinol.

Several derivatives of 2-hydroxypyrazine were prepared containing a phenylcarbinol moiety in the 3-position. A method was developed to prepare these compounds in order to test the efficacy of the basic cyclization reaction between a bifunctional α-amino amide and several 1,2-dicarbonyls. The synthetic method used necessitated some study of the chemistry of threo- β -phenylserine and its amide. After many unsuccessful experiments, it was found that the amide of this acid is best prepared through the use of the N-carbobentoxy methyl ester.
Small mammal responses to environmental change: integrating past and present dynamics

Forecasting the response of species and communities to environmental change is a priority for multiple disciplines in the natural sciences. In looking toward the future, much can be learned from examining faunal response under past episodes of environmental change. Typically, retrospective approaches are limited to one spatial and temporal scale. Here, we illustrate how integrating across spatiotemporal scales can provide powerful insights into faunal response, and can inform conservation and management. To do this we compare paleontological and neontological studies on the small mammal fauna of the Great Basin. Small mammal species and their assemblages have long been recognized as indicators of ecological change and ecosystem health. We use fossil data from two long-term owl roosts to reconstruct patterns of richness and the apportioning of abundance among functional groups across multiple episodes of warming during the Holocene (last 10,000 years). We then use these findings as a climate-only baseline against which to compare changes in richness and abundance in 2 independent mountain ranges over the past century. While the past century has been marked by climate warming, the modern day Great Basin landscape also has been subject to intense human land-use practices and the introduction of nonnative plant species. Our contrast highlights that for Great Basin small mammals, modern-day land-use practices are modifying climate-based expectations.
Detector Response and Perfect-Lens-MTF in Polychromatic Light.

Because light sources and detectors exhibit significant spectral variations, the detector response in an optical system can generally be found only by means of a tedious numerical integration process. The evaluation of the MTF in polychromatic light requires an even more extensive numerical procedure. Here, integration results are presented for all combinations of six commonly used light sources and twelve common detectors. The MTF’s for perfect lenses and efficiency factors are presented.
The formation of small scale granularities in latex particles

A series of latices were synthesized using emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonic acid. The final latex particles display an internal granular structure which can be ascribed to the primary particles present in the early stages of particle growth. In these systems, the primary particles appear to have maintained their integrity during the swelling and growth stage.
Continuous Arteriovenous Hemodiariltration: An Aggressive Approach to the Management of Acute Renal Failure

Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration (CAVHD) offers a modified therapeutic approach to the patient with acute renal failure. The system employs a hollow-fiber dialyzer, whose perfusion is dependent on the patient's BP. Peritoneal dialysis solution is infused through the dialysate ports in a direction countercurrent to blood flow at a rate of 500 to 1,500 mL/h. Five complex patients with acute renal failure were treated with CAVHD for periods ranging from two to 40 days. Urea clearances approached 37 Lld, and in stable patients, the BUN was maintained at 40 to 60 mg/dL and serum creatinine 1.4 to 4.0 mg/dL. Ultrafiltration up to 1 Llh could be obtained without difficulty. CAVHD is a safe and technically simple procedure that is particularly suitable for hemodynamically unstable patients with ongoing needs for fluid removal.
Defective processing of the transforming growth factor‐β1 in azoxymethane‐induced mouse colon tumors

High levels of the cell growth inhibitor transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) are often found in a variety of human cancers. However, the physiological significance of this overexpression depends on the availability of the biologically active form of TGF-beta1 within the extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment. To determine the expression and activation status of TGF-beta1 in chemically induced tumors, 6-wk-old A/J mice were injected intraperitoneally with either azoxymethane (AOM) (10 mg/kg body weight, once a week for 6 wk) or normal saline solution, and colon tumors were isolated 24 wk following the last injection. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TGF-beta1 revealed a significant increase (1.7-fold, P < 0.05) in total TGF-beta1 protein in tumors. Interestingly, while 80% of the total TGF-beta1 in the control colon tissues was in the active form, only 50% was found to be active in tumors. Together with our earlier observations that TGF-beta1 mRNA levels are unchanged in A/J tumors, these data further support a mechanism whereby elevated TGF-beta1 levels result from a defective activation and turnover of this protein. Because plasmin is known to be a major activator of TGF-beta1 in vivo, we hypothesized that reduced plasmin activity may be responsible for the observed dysregulation of TGF-beta1 processing in these behaviorally benign tumors. With a fluorogenic peptide substrate for serine proteases, a deficiency in plasmin activity was found in the tumors. Furthermore, semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of a panel of genes involved in the plasminogen activation system, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA), and urokinase-receptor (u-PAR-1), demonstrated a significant upregulation (approximately fourfold to sixfold, P < 0.05) in the expression of each of these genes in the tumor tissue. In addition, no significant changes were observed in the expression levels of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and insulin-like growth factor type II receptor (IGF-IIR), which also mediate the activation of latent TGF-beta1. To gain further insight into the functionality of the TGF-beta1 pathway, cDNA microarrays were performed and the expression levels of a panel of 21 TGF-beta1-specific target genes were determined in AOM-induced tumors that overexpress the ligand. A significant dysregulation in the expression of each of these targets was observed, providing evidence of aberrant TGF-beta1 signaling in tumors. Overall, the present study demonstrates a very low plasmin activity in A/J colon tumors, possibly as a result of the potent inhibitory effect of PAI-1 on the plasminogen activation cascade. The observed deficiency in plasmin activity may not be sufficiently compensated for by other mechanisms of latent TGF-beta1 activation, including TSP-1 and IGF-IIR, thereby resulting in a decreased fraction of the biologically active form of TGF-beta1 and subsequent aberration in TGF-beta1-specific gene regulation in A/J tumors.
Life in a Sea of Oxygen

Abstract During my third week of high school chemistry, our instructor left in the middle of class in obvious pain and passed away shortly thereafter. This sad event could have spelled disaster for a budding career in chemistry, except for the fact that it occurred at Brandywine High School near Wilmington, Delaware, where 2,500 Ph.D. chemists lived in the school district. These included by father, Robert D. Lipscomb, who like so many of his Dupont Central Research & Development colleagues was a product of the Roger Adams/Reynold Fuson/Carl "Speed" Marvel/John Bailar, Jr. era at the University of Illinois. Chemistry class was taken over in principle by a substitute, who was an excellent football coach but knew little chemistry. In fact, it became a learning experiment, fed vicariously by a community of nearly unparalleled depth of expertise, and as I came to experience for the first time, an inbred commitment to understanding over learning. Our fathers and mothers taught us every night and we taught each other in class. We learned to hear how others interpreted the principles of chemistry and to evaluate quickly how this fit into our own framework for understanding. I have used these lessons, both the importance of listening and the commitment to the profession, continuously in the 50 years that have since passed. I have encountered them in one form or another in each of my mentors. My graduate school advisor I. C. "Gunny" Gunsalus said it very concisely: Science is about "Learning to Listen". Learn to listen to what your collaborators and students say beneath the words and to what experiments tell you beyond your expectations.
Toward an analytical framework for proteomics software

Proteomics is the study of the structure and behavior of proteins. In a typical study, the amount of data collected can be very large and replete with misleading noise, and therefore the related data analysis can become extremely time-consuming and prone to error. To overcome this issue, several software solutions have been developed for processing protein data, and with a large number of software solutions available in the market, the decision about which one to use can be difficult for the user. This paper provides a preliminary investigation into a more comprehensive framework for the comparison of software solutions for proteomics. Central to our investigation is an emphasis on the various solutions' capacities to computationally scale up and out as the data sizes grow. Accordingly, we stress execution time, optimizations and parallel processing capability and herein present a representative study of the computational capabilities of two well-known codes for proteomics.