cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rebamipide on the quality of gastric ulcer healing in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of Rebamipide,Omeprazol and their combination in treatment of gastric ulcer.Methods Forty gastric ulcer models were induced by acetic acid and randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 in each.The rats in control,Rebamipide,Omeprazol and combination groups were received saline (3 ml/d),Rebamipide (60 mg/kg),Omeprazol (10 mg/kg) as well as Rebamipide combined with Omeprazol for 7 days,respectively.After sacrifice,size of the ulcer and focal layer structures were measured in vitro by using miniature probe ultrasonography(MPS),mucosal sections were stained with H-E for histological examination,levels of interleukin-8/ prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and methylenedioxyamphet amine (MDA) were evaluated by ELISA and TBA,respectively. Results ① Miniprobe ultrasonography revealed that comparing to control group[(22.3 ± 1.8)mm2], the maximal length of ulcer in Rebamipide [(9.2 ± 1.0) mm2 ],Omeprazol [(9.8 ± 1.3) mm2] and combination [(4.8 ± 1.2 )mm2 ] groups were significantly reduced ( P＜0.05 ).② In vitro,MPS examination revealed that layer echo structure of gastric wall was partially rebuilt in three medication groups,③ Histopathologically,comparing to control group,ulcer range and inflammatory infiltration in all medication groups were less important.④ The mucosal level of IL-8 in control group [(1387.8 ± 132.6)pg/ml] was higher than that in Rebamipide group[(970.0 ± 91.6) pg/ml],Omeprazol group [(1102.2±76.9)pg/ml] and combination group[(934.4 ± 110.2) pg/ml] (P＜0.05).⑤ The mucosal level of MDA was (9.4±1.4)nmol/ml and (8.5 ± 4.8)nmol/ml in Omeprazol and Rebamipide groups, respectively,which was higher than that in combination group[(4.6±1.4)nmol/ml-] and lower than that in control group[(13.0±2.6)nmol/ml].⑥ The PGE2 level was significantly increased in Omeprazol, Rebamipide and combination groups [(96.9 ± 7.0) pg/ml,( 103.5 ± 12.5 ) pg/ml,and(235.5 ± 26.0) pg/ m,respeetively] compared to control group[(55.0±22.5)pg/ml,P＜0.05)].Conclusions Rebamipide, Omeprazol and combination regimen may improve quality of ulcerative healing by increasing level of PGE2 and decreasing levels of IL-8 and MDA in gastric mucosa,and this will result in potentially reducing the rate of ulcer recurrence.Combination regimen shows more anti-ulcer effect comparing to monotherapy. Key words: Peptic ulcer; Rebamipide; Omeprazol
Robotic Hybrid Ventral Hernia Repair: Totally Extraperitoneal (TEP)

Hybrid robotic ventral hernia repair (hrVHR) has been used in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) to combine advantages of both the robotic and open approaches. In general, hrVHR is adopted for large incisional ventral hernias, which present particular difficulty in terms of dissection of attenuated anatomical layers and approximation of the fascia prior to mesh deployment. By doing so, surgeons reap the benefits of the robotic platform by obtaining precise dissection. After creating the necessary retromuscular space robotically, surgeons often struggle to manipulate the fascial edges during defect closure, risking high tension and disruption of the fascia. This is where the open approach can be implemented to help deploy a wide mesh and to facilitate defect closure. When compared with open repair, hrVHR has been shown to achieve shorter length of hospital stay (LOS) with similar rates of complication and wound morbidity.
INTERGALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELDS AND GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF EXTREME TeV BLAZARS

The intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) in cosmic voids can be indirectly probed through its effect on electromagnetic cascades initiated by a source of teraelectronvolt (TeV) gamma-rays, such as active galactic nuclei (AGNs). AGNs that are sufficiently luminous at TeV energies, 'extreme TeV blazars', can produce detectable levels of secondary radiation from inverse Compton scattering of the electrons in the cascade, provided that the IGMF is not too large. We review recent work in the literature that utilizes this idea to derive constraints on the IGMF for three TeV-detected blazars, 1ES 0229+200, 1ES 1218+304, and RGB J0710+591, and we also investigate four other hard-spectrum TeV blazars in the same framework. Through a recently developed, detailed, three-dimensional particle-tracking Monte Carlo code, incorporating all major effects of QED and cosmological expansion, we research the effects of major uncertainties, such as the spectral properties of the source, uncertainty in the ultraviolet and far-infrared extragalactic background light, undersampled very high energy (energy ≥100 GeV) coverage, past history of gamma-ray emission, source versus observer geometry, and the jet AGN Doppler factor. The implications of these effects on the recently reported lower limits of the IGMF are thoroughly examined to conclude that the presently available data aremore » compatible with a zero-IGMF hypothesis.« less
Erythroid overproduction of erythroferrone causes iron overload and developmental abnormalities in mice

Erythroferrone, a glycoprotein hormone produced by erythroid cells in response to hemorrhage, hypoxia or other erythropoietic stimuli, suppresses the hepatic production of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin and thereby mobilizes iron for erythropoiesis. Erythroferrone is thought to interfere with paracrine BMP signaling that regulates hepcidin transcription in hepatocytes. Erythroferrone is pathologically overproduced in anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis but its contribution to the clinical manifestations of these anemias is not well understood. We generated three lines of transgenic mice with graded erythroid overexpression of erythroferrone and showed that they developed dose-dependent iron overload, impaired hepatic BMP signaling and relative hepcidin deficiency. At the highest levels of erythroferrone overexpression the mice manifested decreased perinatal survival, impaired growth, small hypofunctional kidneys, decreased gonadal fat depots and neurobehavioral abnormalities, all consistent with impaired organ-specific BMP signaling during development. Neutralizing excessive erythroferrone in congenital anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis may not only prevent iron overload but may have additional benefits for growth and development.
Arrhythmia Burden from Implantable Device Interrogation during Long-Term Follow-Up in LVAD Patients

Purpose The burden of atrial arrhythmias (AA) and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) during long-term continuous-flow (CF) LVAD support is not well described. Methods Our Arrhythmia Database included all implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interrogations completed from September 2015 to August 2019 for 101 consecutive CF-LVAD patients at a single center. Endpoints included first occurrence of any arrhythmia, AA, and VT/VF. Results Patients (mean age at LVAD implant 59±12 years, 83% male, 51% with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 60% with history of AA before LVAD implant, and 75% with history of VT/VF before LVAD implant) were supported by an LVAD for a median of 2.1 years before entering the Arrhythmia Database. Subsequent follow-up in the Database extended over >2 years. At 2.5 years from Arrhythmia Database entry (median of 4.5 years from LVAD implant), the cumulative rate of any arrhythmia was 74%, the rate of AA was 66%, and the rate of VT/VF was 47% (Figure). Conclusion Both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias remain common during long-term LVAD support (median >4 years). Our findings support the role of generator replacement of implantable devices for continued detection and treatment of arrhythmic events in LVAD patients.
Resynchronizing the first eligible estrus in dairy cattle after a prior insemination and fertility of the prior insemination after gonadotropin-releasing hormone and progesterone treatments.

Abstract The hypothesis of this study tested whether application of designed treatments to synchronize estrus in nonpregnant previously inseminated lactating dairy cows increased the proportion of nonpregnant cows in estrus before early pregnancy diagnosis on Day 32 after the previous insemination (Day 0) and increase fertility of the pretreatment insemination. A progesterone insert (CIDR) and GnRH were applied to cows after insemination to resynchronize the returning estrus of cows that failed to conceive on Day 0. The combination of GnRH (Day 14) and a CIDR insert (d 17 through 24) in experiment 1 (n = 347 cows) did not increase (P = 0.13) the proportion of nonpregnant cows returning to estrus before pregnancy diagnosis, but increased (P
Geographic Visualization of Mortality in the United States as Related to Healthcare Access by County.

This investigation analyzed the impact of place-based inequities on mortality rates in 2014. The team combined mortality data with metrics on health care accessibility, socioeconomic deprivation, and other variables available from publicly available data sets. The investigation team created a centralized database for visualizations that combined mortality data by diagnosis, socioeconomic data, health resource data, and an index of area deprivation. Choropleth maps, scatterplots, and regression analyses were performed to identify the major areas of mortality and how well different measures of the social determinants of health (SDOH) correlate to mortality data. A bivariate color scheme to visually capture both outcomes and SDOH in a choropleth map was shown to be a compact and novel manner to display complex epidemiologic data.
Acute Myocardial Injury Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report and Review of Current Evidence from Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System Database.

COVID-19 vaccination related adverse events is an evolving field. Here we present a case of acute myocardial injury that developed as a result of an acute immune response following the second dose ...
Airway Obstacle Course for Teaching Prehospital Providers Airway Techniques

BACKGROUND Early airway intervention is a vital step in the management of critically ill patients. Emergency medical service (EMS) providers are often first in the chain of survival with equipment to manage airway problems that arise. Therefore, it is paramount that they receive thorough training in aspects of airway management. Often, the training providers currently undergo does not reflect the environmental challenges inherent in EMS. Our obstacle course not only offers trainees a situational environment that simulates common challenges associated with the prehospital environment, but also provides a break from traditional tabletop and lecture-based training methods. METHODS An airway obstacle course was created that comprised four different "obstacles". Each obstacle was a patient in a precarious position requiring airway management, and the trainees could manage the obstacles in the order of their choosing. Trainees could choose from four different airway devices based on the local protocol. Once the device was used successfully, it could no longer be implemented in the course, and thus each device was used once. A validated return on the learning model was used for evaluating learning. RESULTS Immediately following training, 95.1% (78) trainees felt they were more confident with airway management. Nearly all, 96.4% (79), agreed that the scenarios in the obstacle course were realistic. Participants retained confidence gains in resource management for intubation at the six-month follow-up (p=0.010). In the six months following training, there was a doubling in the number of intubation attempts (24 to 48) and an overall drop in the success rate (75% to 63%). At the six-month follow-up, participants were able to describe specific events where the training helped them with patient management. CONCLUSIONS The model of an intubation obstacle course as a means of training EMS providers is both realistic to the participants and provides lasting effects to their confidence in resource management skills. Further studies are needed to determine its effects on intubation success rates and patient outcomes.
Cranium of an Eocene/Oligocene pheasant-sized galliform bird from western North America, with the description of a vascular autapomorphy of the Galliformes

We describe the fossil cranium of a pheasant-sized galliform land bird from latest Eocene or earliest Oligocene marine rocks of the Jansen Creek Member, Makah Formation (Washington State, USA), which is the only three-dimensionally preserved cranium of a Paleogene representative of the Galliformes. The specimen was freed from a hard calcareous nodule with dilute formic acid. Micro-computed tomography provided further osteological details and a virtual cranial endocast. The fossil exhibits a plesiomorphic temporal morphology, lacking an ossified aponeurosis zygomatica, a feature characterizing some extant Cracidae and most Odontophoridae and Phasianidae. Overall, the fossil is most similar to the skull of the Asian phasianid taxon Arborophila, but this resemblance may well be plesiomorphic for a more inclusive clade. Still, we consider it possible that the fossil represents an archaic member of the Phasianoidea, in which case it would be the earliest record of this taxon from the New World. The fossil exhibits a previously unnoticed cranial autapomorphy of galliforms, a foramen in the temporal region that enables the vena profunda to enter the braincase, for which the name foramen temporale venosum is here introduced. Consistently present in all studied extant galliform taxa and absent in all other extant birds, this foramen enables a vascular connection between the brain and the ophthalmic rete, the latter playing an important role in thermoregulation of the avian brain.
Old West-New West : centennial essays

The twenty essays in this collection provide interdisciplinary insights into the character of the West and western literature by exploring a range of topics including women writers, nature writers, literary theory, film, and literature. Max Westbrook, Marilynne Robinson, Gerald Nash, Patricia Nelson Limerick, Jane Tompkins and other noted authorities offer current views on the content.
New insights into kinetics of PETN decomposition from the product and reactant point of view: An investigation with mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is a benchmark organic energetic material and is used in both military and industrial applications. Accurate kinetic parameters for the decomposition of energetic materials are required to predict the hazards, thermal cook-off and properties of PETN. Kinetic parameters of PETN decomposition have been previously reported in wide range of values. We are attempting to find new insights on the kinetics of PETN decomposition by studying kinetics of gas evolution and heat released from the reaction. Gas evolution kinetics is studied by a mass spectrometer coupled with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA-MS) and heat released in the reaction with a deferential scanning calorimeter (DSC) in open and closed pan. PETN single crystals are used as the samples. The activation energy of decomposition is obtained as a function of extent of reaction by the isoconversional kinetic analysis. The activation energy for the generation of NO2 (m/z = 46) in PETN decomposition is consistent with the bond energy of RO NO2 in nitrate esters. The activation energy for the overall PETN decomposition is similar to that of the generation of NO2. The effect of confinement on the decomposition kinetics in TGA-MS and DSC, are also discussed in this work. This investigation shows that activation energy for PETN decomposition is in the range of 170–176 kJ/mol.
Abstract P6-08-53: Her2 FISH amplification in ER/PR/Her2 IHC negative breast cancer

Background: Triple negative (ER negative, PR negative, Her2 negative) breast cancer is an aggressive cancer that is not likely to respond to endocrine or anti-Her2 therapy. While Her2 positivity is a poor prognostic factor, patients with Her2 positive tumors are eligible for anti-Her2 therapy. Her2 positivity is based on either immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) result. Her2 IHC scores of 0+ and 1+ are negative, 2+ is equivocal, and 3+ is positive. The Her2 gene is amplified when the Her2/CEP17 ratio is ≥2.0. While most tumors will show IHC/FISH concordance, some tumors may show discordant findings between IHC staining and FISH. Previous studies have shown benefit from anti-Her2 therapy in tumors with discordant IHC/FISH results. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of Her2 amplification in triple IHC negative breast cancer to determine whether routine Her2 FISH testing is necessary in this subset of patients. Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, the pathology databases were searched for cases of triple IHC negative breast cancer from 2003-August 2013. All cases of triple IHC negative with corresponding Her2 FISH testing were included in this study. The results of Her2 FISH were correlated with Her2 IHC. The clinical history and IHC slides for all discordant Her2 cases were reviewed when available. Results: A total of 659 triple IHC negative breast cancer cases from 516 patients were found. The patients’ age at diagnosis ranged from 26-92. The cases were classified using the ratio of Her2/CEP17 per the 2013ASCO/CAP guidelines: non-amplified Discussion: Our study showed 3% of triple IHC negative breast cancers to be Her2 FISH amplified. Of the 20 tumors, 19 showed Her2/CEP17 between 2.0 to 4.2 with one case showing Her2/CEP17 of 11.1. Firm conclusions on the efficacy of trastuzumab treatment in this small subset of patients with Her2 amplification but no protein overexpression cannot be drawn. However, the overall survival of those treated and not treated is similar. Based on the small number of cases with Her2 IHC/FISH discordance, a compelling case for routine testing of all Her2 IHC negative tumors cannot be made. Citation Format: Sunati Sahoo, Helena Hwang. Her2 FISH amplification in ER/PR/Her2 IHC negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-08-53.
Public pedagogy in the creative strike: Destabilizing boundaries and re-imagining resistance in the University of Puerto Rico

AbstractIn this article, I examine key symbols and strategies mobilized by students during the first system-wide strike in the University of Puerto Rico's history. I argue that these acts of creative cultural production not only supported the growth of participatory politics within the mobilization but that they also were tools for enacting public pedagogy. In particular, I examine the spatial dimensions of these practices, showing how strikers disrupted the normative boundaries between protest space/public space, and actor/spectator by engaging police officers in innovative ways. I suggest that by performing this spatial reconfiguration, pedagogues were implicated in the process of transformation as much as their targeted learners/spectators. In the conclusion, I reflect on the ethical implications of public pedagogy, arguing that artistic expressions facilitate a flexible and dynamic mode for becoming otherwise in ways that cannot be anticipated.
Studies on the Formation and Degradation of Phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine, β-Methylcholine Derivatives, and Carnitine by Housefly Larvae

Abstract The (+) isomer of β-methylcholine and phosphoryl-β-methylcholine is present in the phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine of housefly larvae that have been reared in the presence of any one of the following phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine precursors: (+) carnitine, (-) carnitine, dl-β-methylcholine, γ-butyrobetaine, or trimethylaminoacetone. The conversion of both (+) and (-) carnitine to (+) β-methylcholine shows that the hydroxyl group of carnitine or a metabolite of carnitine is epimerized by larvae. The larvae do not convert crotonylbetaine to β-methylcholine, establishing that free crotonylbetaine is not an intermediate in the conversion of γ-butyrobetaine to carnitine. The major larval metabolites of γ-butyrobetaine are phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine, phosphoryl-β-methylcholine, and carnitine. The major metabolites of carnitine are phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine and phosphoryl-β-methylcholine. Phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine is converted to glycerophosphoryl-β-methylcholine, a compound that can be metabolized by larvae. The major 32P-containing material obtained by the action of a 40,000 x g larval supernatant on 32P-labeled glycerophosphoryl-β-methylcholine is glycerophosphate (g80% conversion); however, a minimum of four other compounds were detected, including Pi. Such results are consistent with the concept that larvae synthesize and degrade phosphatidyl-β-methylcholine in a manner analogous to the synthesis and degradation of phosphatidylcholine.
Implications of evidence-based practice for community health.

Evidence-based practice, developed in clinical medicine, is being applied to community health programs. Barriers to implementation of evidence-based practice noted in clinical medicine are likely to exist in community health settings and may be complicated by the nature of community health programs. These barriers include accessibility and availability of relevant data, social and political considerations of program decision-making, and conflicting expectations for evaluation research. This paper discusses barriers to both amassing evidence for practice and using evidence for decision-making in community health. The potential for conflict between practice goals set by evidence-based thinking and those set by community health organizations is also discussed. Implications for evaluations of community health programs are raised and recommendations for improving access to and use of evaluation information are made.
Supervision in School Psychology: The Developmental, Ecological, Problem-Solving Model

Effective supervision models guide the supervisory relationship and supervisory tasks leading to reflective and purposeful practice. The Developmental/Ecological/Problem-Solving (DEP) Model provides a contemporary framework for supervision specific to school psychology. Designed for the school psychology internship, the DEP Model is also applicable to all pre-service and advanced field-basedtraining,aswellascareer-longcontinuingprofessionaldevelopment.TheDevelopmental domain initiates training at the functioning skill level of the supervisee and progresses toward independent competency. The Ecological domain addresses the multiple systemic contexts that influence school psychology practice and prepares the intern to intervene within both individual and systemic contexts. The Problem-Solving domain focuses on the application of data-based decision making and evidence-based interventions to the full range of school psychology activities. It provides a systematic schema to address student, family, and school needs. C � 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactions of the Complement System with Native and Chemically Modified Endotoxins

Endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from Serratia marcescens, Veillonella alcalescens, and Salmonella typhosa were potent in their ability to induce fixation of complement (C') in normal guinea pig, rabbit, mouse, and human serum. The C'-fixing ability of LPS was pronounced even when assays were performed in undiluted serum, and was lost after each of four chemical modifications which resulted in loss of biological toxicities. The detoxification procedures had in common the cleavage of ester-bound, long-chain carboxylic acids. The ability of biologically active LPS to fix C' in normal guinea pig serum was reflected chiefly in dramatic uptake of classical C'3 (C'3t); fixation of C'1, C'4, and C'2 was virtually undetectable. Hence, it was the capacity for fixation of C'3t which was lost most overtly during detoxification. Addition of immune serum to the assay mixtures resulted in detectable fixation of C'1 and C'4. Biologically active LPS also fixed more of these components than did detoxified LPS. Immune serum restored the ability of detoxified LPS to fix C'3t, but whether this is by the original pathway is not yet clear. We concluded that the loss of certain biological activities and the loss of ability to fix C'3t in normal serum after LPS detoxification involved loss or rearrangement of substrates on LPS which either initiated or supported, or both, its interaction with the complement system. It was apparent that the ability to fix C' can serve as a valuable in vitro indicator of the integrity of the toxic conformation of biologically active LPS membrane fragments. These experiments supported the hypothesis that certain of the biological activities induced by endotoxins are mediated via the complement system.
Characterizations of regular almost periodicity in compact minimal abelian flows

Regular almost periodicity in compact minimal abelian flows was characterized for the case of discrete acting group by W. Gottschalk and G. Hedlund and for the case of 0-dimensional phase space by W. Gottschalk a few decades ago. In 1995 J. Egawa gave characterizations for the case when the acting group is R. We extend Egawa's results to the case of an arbitrary abelian acting group and a not necessarily metrizable phase space. We then show how our statements imply previously known characterizations in each of the three special cases and give various other applications (characterization of regularly almost periodic functions on arbitrary abelian topological groups, classification of uniformly regularly almost periodic compact minimal Z- and R-flows, conditions equivalent with uniform regular almost periodicity, etc.).
Time-free transfers between libration-point orbits in the elliptic restricted problem

This work is part of a larger research effort directed toward the formulation of a strategy to design optimal time-free impulsive transfers between three-dimensional libration-point orbits in the vicinity of the interior LI libration point of the Sun-Earth/Moon barycenter system. Inferior transfers that move a spacecraft from a large halo orbit to a smaller halo orbit are considered here. Primer vector theory is applied to non-optimal impulsive trajectories in the elliptic restricted three-body problem in order to establish whether the implementation of a coast in the initial orbit, a coast in the final orbit, or dual coasts accomplishes a reduction in fuel expenditure. The addition of interior impulses is also considered. Results indicate that a substantial savings in fuel can be achieved by the allowance for coastal periods on the specified libration-point orbits. The resulting time-free inferior transfers are compared to time-free superior transfers between halo orbits of equal z-amplitude separation.
The Cauchy problem in one-dimensional nonlinear viscoelasticity

Abstract The initial value problem for a nonlinear hyperbolic Volterra equation which models the motion of an unbounded viscoelastic bar is studied. Under physically motivated assumptions, the existence of a unique, globally defined, classical solution is established provided the initial data are sufficiently smooth and small. Boundedness and asymptotic behavior are also discussed. This analysis is based on energy estimates in conjunction with properties of strongly positive definite kernels.
Reduced incidence of stress ulcer in germ-free sprague dawley rats

Recent findings with respect to the role of spiral gram-negative bacteria in peptic ulcer disease have stimulated interest in discerning the role of these agents in stress ulcer disease. We tested the hypothesis that a standard restraint-cold ulcerogenic procedure would fail to produce ulcers in axenic rats. Axenic, as well as normal Sprague Dawley rats, were exposed to a cold-restraint procedure. The germ-free condition was maintained throughout the study in the axenic rats. Axenic rats had significantly fewer ulcers as compared to normal rats exposed to the standard cold-restraint procedure, as well as handling control rats. The data represent the first report suggesting a microbiologic component in the development of stress ulcer using the rat model.
On the Nature of the Perforated Layer Phase in Undiluted Diblock Copolymers

The nature, stability, and mechanism of formation of the block copolymer perforated lamellar structure are elucidated. This structure is shown to develop from the anisotropic fluctuations of the lamellar phase when it reaches its spinodal. It is proposed that there can be two different perforated lamellar structures, one based on a hexagonal close packed (hcp) lattice and one based on a body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice, with nearly degenerate free energy. In the framework of a Leibler-type free energy functional, it is shown that the perforated lamellar structure is only pseudostable (corresponding to a saddle point in the free energy surface) in the weak-segregation limit but can become metastable in the intermediate-segregation regime. Calculation of the fluctuation spectrum of metastable perforated lamellar structures enables us to explain in a simple and consistent manner several puzzling structural data from small-angle neutron scattering studies.
The effect of cooling on the perception of carbohydrate and intensive sweeteners

The effect of cooling on the perceived intensity of sweetness was measured for four different compounds: glucose, fructose, aspartame and saccharin. Perceived sweetness was rated in a sip and spit paradigm when the taste solution, the tongue, or both were either held at 36 degrees C or cooled to 20 degrees C. It was discovered that for glucose and fructose perceived sweetness was significantly reduced by cooling, and that cooling the tongue reduced sweetness more than did cooling the solution. The perceived sweetness of aspartame was also lessened by cooling, but in that case the temperature of the tongue and the temperature of the solution had similar effects on sweetness. In contrast to the other compounds, the sweetness of saccharin was not affected by temperature. These results (when combined with data previously reported for sucrose) raise the possibility that as a group, carbohydrate sweeteners are affected similarly by temperature, whereas thermal effects on intensive sweeteners may be less predictable. The data thereby provide indirect support for the hypothesis that the sweet taste is mediated by more than one type of gustatory receptor.
Professionalism: why now, what is it, how do we do something?

Background: The subjects of professionalism and medical humanism are of concern to all medical schools in the United States as well as the object of numerous reports and scientific papers. Method: In this contribution, I discuss the following: Why is this necessary now and at the University of Maryland? What is and is not professionalism? How do we do something about the current situation, specifically in the selection of students, teaching, and evaluation of professionalism; remediation of unprofessional behavior, and rewarding exemplary behavior? Results and Conclusion: I make specific reference to our focus on end-of-life care, pain and palliation, breaking bad news, and death and dying.
Chemical thermodynamics as a predictive tool in the reactive metal brazing of ceramics

Thermodynamics have long been applied to our understanding of the reactive wetting phenomena in metal-ceramic joining. We postulate the existence of a “solvent effect” due to the interaction between the reactive element addition and the brazing alloy. This effect plays a significant role in reactive wetting. By taking this effect into account, more realistic reactivities of different reactive element additions into a given brazing base alloy are predicted. Irreversible thermodynamics are also used to characterize the driving forces for reactive metal-ceramic joining.
The Effects of Role Congruence and Role Conflict on Work, Marital, and Life Satisfaction

The impact of role congruence and role conflict on work, marital, and life satisfaction was studied using Super’s life-span, life-space theory. A conceptual model of relationships between these variables was proposed, and gender differences were examined. Participants were 35 male and 60 female college graduates who completed surveys by mail. Results indicated adequate fit for the proposed model. Results of gender analyses indicated that women in this study participated more in parenting and housework, whereas men participated more in career and leisure activities. Despite the differences in actual role participation, no gender differences were found regarding ideal role participation. Both men and women reported that the parent role was most rewarding. Implications for counselors and directions for future research were discussed.
Historical and modern distributions of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California

Historical (early 1930s) and modern samples provide a detailed account of the spatial distribution of benthic foraminifers on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California. Ten species among a total of 110 present dominated the 110 samples investigated in the historical study. A cluster analysis of the foraminiferal abundances in the historical study identified five assemblages: Inner Shelf, Middle Shelf, Outer Shelf, Southeastern Shelf and Southwestern Shelf. Specimens with calcareous tests were most prevalent in all the assemblages. A cluster analysis of the modern foraminiferal frequencies from 95 samples also defined five assemblages: Inner Shelf, Middle Shelf, Middle/Outer Shelf Arenaceous, Outer Shelf, and Southern Shelf. Although arenaceous taxa dominate much of the modern fauna, the spatial distribution of the modern assemblages is similar to that of the historical record when presumably unrecognized taxa are eliminated from the data. Both the historical and, to a greater degree, the modern foraminiferal assemblages exhibit a strong correlation with the sediment grain size distribution.
Transparency and Security Competition: Open Skies and America's Cold War Statecraft, 1948-1960

In recent years, scholars have devoted considerable attention to the role of transparency in international relations. U.S. efforts during the early Cold War to press for greater openness as a way of reducing tensions with the Soviet Union are often cited by specialists on military transparency. Yet the ill-fated Open Skies proposal has not been thoroughly investigated. This article draws on primary documents from the Truman and Eisenhower administrations to show that proponents of transparency have generally drawn the wrong conclusions about Open Skies. The U.S. proposal for a system of aerial observation was part and parcel of a strategy to contain and ultimately defeat the Soviet Union. Consequently, Open Skies does not conform to the logic of transparency as a confidence-building measure; it instead affirms basic realist thinking about the competition for security between rivals. Future scholarship that appreciates how the quest for a more open world is affected by the competition for security would improve our understanding of the causes, consequences, and limitations of transparency.
Stability of propagating modons for small‐amplitude perturbations

A stability analysis based on Arnol’d–Lyapunov arguments in a gauge‐variable formalism is applied to a generalized form of propagating modons. The method was previously applied to the special case of Stern’s modon in a quiescent background flow. The analysis presented here shows that propagating‐modon solutions in the shallow‐water equations are stable to small‐amplitude perturbations, regardless of the sign of their translational speed, as long as this is much smaller in magnitude than the solid‐rotation speed of the Earth. Sufficient conditions for stability are that the given flow be quasigeostrophic, i.e., that the Rossby number be small, and that the associated Froude number be one order of magnitude smaller than the Rossby number.
Epidemiology as the Search for Truth

T HE PURPOSE of my article is to forge a link between the theoretical world of epidemiology and the real world of pediatric surgery. Epidemiology is defined as the study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution. I In the search for clinical truth, there is a usual sequence of events that begins with a clinical observation (Fig 1). If it is a good observation, it becomes a case report. More patients make a series. Next up the ladder of investigation is the case control study, in which we take a patient who has the disease and look back in time at risk factors. We select control patients who do not have the disease, and tabulate the same risk factors over the same period. If there is a difference in the proportion of patients with a certain risk factor, that factor (or its lack) is associated with the disease. Much more proof, however, is required before one can conclude that the associated factor actually is a cause of the disease. A far more complex and costly format is the cohort study in which we look forward in time. To start, we enroll patients who are not sick, and they undergo follow-up over a period of time, often many years, looking at risk factors and the onset of disease. Cohort studies are very lengthy, very expensive, and rarely an option in pediatric surgical research.
The face of the un-consumer: An empirical examination of the practice of voluntary simplicity in the United States

The practice of voluntary simplicity is inextricably linked to consumer behavior and has attracted the attention of researchers in a number of disciplines, including psychology and marketing. Yet the daily practice of voluntary simplicity in the United States remains largely unexamined. The research presented here is the first to look at voluntary simplicity with the use of a nationwide sample of American consumers. A more refined application of Maslow's theory of human motivation to the understanding of this social phenomenon is proposed. The practices considered most important to this lifestyle are identified, as are key impediments to its consistent practice. Factor analysis is used to identify the underlying dimensions of U.S. voluntary simplicity: ecological and social responsibility; community; and maintaining a spiritual life. Findings indicate that people of moderate income are more likely to practice voluntary simplicity than was previously believed. This research also compares highly committed simplifiers to those who are less committed, finding that more committed practitioners are more likely to be consistent in practices requiring ongoing effort, such as composting. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The development of circulation cell structures in granular materials undergoing compression

This paper predicts the formation of microstructures within a granular material undergoing biaxial compression. Using the discrete element method we have tested ensembles of particles of varying geometric shape and size. The tests predict that the motion of the particles deviates significantly from that predicted by continuum theory. The particles form localized coherent structures (here called circulation cells) in which groups of particles instantaneously behave as a rigid body. These circulation cells migrate and coalesce to form larger structures. Eventually a global shear band forms at the boundary of two or more of the circulation cells.
An improved heuristic for minimizing makespan among m identical parallel processors

Abstract A simple heuristic for minimizing makespan among identical processors assigned independent tasks is presented and explored. The heuristic initially assigns jobs to processors by applying a quick and effective algorithm which at present is commonly applied to this problem. The heuristic then seeks to identify pairs of jobs that may be interchanged between processors to improve the solution. The conditions under which an optimal makespan may be achieved by such an interchange are derived for the case of two processors. The procedure is then extended to three or more processors. Results of 700 randomly generated problems are reported. The heuristic achieved an optimal solution for most of the problems. The worst case performance for the heuristic has not been established; however, evidence is presented that the worst case for the heuristic is considerably smaller than that of algorithms presently used.
The role of Eshelby stress in composition-generated and stress-assisted diffusion

Abstract The chemical potential used in interdiffusion analysis was derived by Li et al. in 1966 and by Larche and Cahn in 1982. It contains the trace of the stress tensor as the essential elasticity contribution to the configurational force conjugate to the material composition. As a result, the underlying diffusion equation is totally independent of any accompanying elastic field. In particular, when an alloy epifilm is annealed, the theory implies that the rather large lattice mismatch has no effect on the ensuing diffusion process. However, it is perhaps intuitively clear by now — almost 50 years since Eshelby published his first paper on energy momentum tensor in 1951 — that the trace of the (canonical) Eshelby stress tensor should be the total elasticity contribution to the desired configurational force. This conjecture is formally established in this paper for an n-component substitutional solid. Since the elastic energy is now a part of the chemical potential, the interplay between a composition-generated deformation and another elastic field may become important via the interaction energy. As an example, the effect of this interaction is calculated for the spinodal decomposition of a binary alloy solid/epifilm. The modification of the critical temperature is such that it is now a function of mismatch.
On the optimal structural design for a nonconservative, elastic stability problem

The design of a cantilever column under a follower load is considered with the aim of maximizing the critical value of the load. The optimality condition is derived, and a modified Ritz method is used to determine an approximate solution for the bending stiffness. Results are obtained numerically for the case of a sandwich column with constant bending stiffness in each of two segments. It is found that, for the same structural weight, the optimal design yields a critical load significantly higher than that for a uniform column.
Further evidence on the relationship between goal setting and expectancy theories

Abstract This investigation sought to clarify the relationship between goal setting and expectancy theories. Toward this end, (a) previous theoretical and empirical efforts at integrating these two theories are reviewed, (b) issues of causal ordering, measurement, and the meanings of those measures are examined, and (c) the results of an empirical study using a sample of 344 college students and an academic task are presented. Results illustrate how different operationalizations of expectancy and attractiveness ratings result in the measurement of different constructs and influence the significance and direction of empirical findings. For almost all operationalizations, however, significant relationships were evident between expectancy theory constructs and goal choice, goal commitment, and performance. Causal analyses using cross-lag correlations were inconclusive, but mediation and path analyses provided some evidence that goals mediate the effects of expectancy theory constructs on performance.
Ultrafast Processes In Quasi-Zero Dimensional Semiconductor Microcrystallites In Glasses

Electron-hole recombination processes in quasi-zero dimensional semiconductor microcrystallites embedded in glasses are examined by time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and degenerate four wave mixing experiments. These two types of experiments provide evidence that quantum confinement effects play important roles in the understanding of ultrafast processes in the microcrystallites in glasses.
Terpene production and growth of three Pacific Northwest conifers in response to simulated browse and nutrient availability

Natural variation in ungulate browsing behavior interferes with the understanding of plant morphological and biochemical responses to herbivory. To investigate mechanisms for recovery from herbivory, we examined growth patterns and biosynthesis of terpenoids under simulated browse (three clipping intensities) and supplemental mineral nutrition (four levels of controlled-release fertilization) for Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western red-cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings on a reforestation site in Northwestern Oregon, USA, that was fenced to exclude ungulates. Higher clipping intensities increased relative height growth (at cost of diameter growth) for all the species. Only western red-cedar showed a decline in monoterpene concentrations with increasing clipping severity, suggesting prioritization in biosynthesis of terpenoids for this species. Douglas-fir and western hemlock responded to fertilization mostly through increased growth. Western red-cedar growth responses to fertilization were less pronounced, but monoterpene concentrations were 2–3 times higher compared to non-fertilized trees. Douglas-fir and western hemlock browse recovery and responses to fertilization consisted primarily of increased growth, while western red-cedar balanced growth promotion with production of chemical defense compounds. Our data suggests the evolution of species-dependent resource allocation strategies in response to both browse and soil nutrient availability.
Datagram routing for internet multicasting

We present a solution to the problem of multidestination routing in internetworks. The component subnets of these internets share a common datagram internet layer, and the gateways and hosts can determine the next gateway en route to a foreign net. Our datagram routing offers high resilience to network failures, major reductions in network traffic, and no changes whatsoever to the subnetwork routing. The routing follows “shortest” paths as defined by the distance criteria of an internet. We intend to use the algorithm as an option of the DoD Internet Protocol with only minor changes to IP while preserving interoperability with IP modules not supporting multidestination.
Transient analysis of A-C servomechanisms

THIS paper deals essentially with two aspects of the a-c servo problem: 1. It introduces a method whereby the transient data transfer functions are derived directly from the d-e transfer functions. 2. It presents a method of taking into account the electrical transients in rotating components. These electrical transient effects are important to performance as well as stability in the upper data frequency range.
Physiological and Ecological Aspects of Gas Exchange by Sea Turtle Eggs

The sea turtle clutch of about 100 eggs is buried deeply in the nesting beach.The eggs exchange respiratory gases with the surrounding beach as their metabolic activity increases throughout the 60 day incubation. The O2 consumption of individual eggs throughout incubation is less than that of avian eggs of similar mass; however, this difference may be attributed to the difference in incubation temperature and growth rate. The O2 consumption of the sea turtle embryo is sufficiently low and the gas conductance of the shell sufficiently large that only small gas partial pressure gradients occur across the shell. However, the metabolic intensity of the entire clutch is quite large, and since gas movement through the beach is restricted, increasing gas partial pressure gradients are established between the center and periphery of the clutch and between the clutch and surrounding beach. The rate of growth and mortality of the embryos is related to respiratory gas exchange, since maximum growth and hatchling success appear to occur in respiratory environments similar to those observed in natural nests. Embryonic growth slows and mortality increases in environments in which gas exchange is reduced below naturally occurring levels. Gas exchange considerations may influence nest construction, clutch size and incubation time among sea turtles.