cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of synaptic inhibition in motoneurons and interneurons during fictive swimming in the lamprey, as revealed by Cl− injections

During fictive swimming in the isolated spinal cord of the lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis andPetromyzon marinus) the membrane potentials of motoneurons (MNs), lateral interneurons (L INs), and CC interneurons (CC INs) oscillate between a depolarised and a relatively hyperpolarised phase. After intracellular Cl− injections (usually combined with a DC hyperpolarisation) IPSP's became depolarising, and in cells which were phasically inhibited, phases of relative hyperpolarisation became phases of relative depolarisation. The peak depolarisation and/or spike burst mid point in MNs after Cl− injection occurred at a phase of 0.65 ± 0.12 (mean ±S.D.) in the cycle, with zero being the start of the ipsilateral ventral root burst. In CC INs the peak depolarisation and/or spike burst mid point after Cl− occurred significantly earlier, at a phase of 0.40 ± 0.18. L INs were also phasically inhibited with peak depolarisation and/or spike burst mid point after Cl− injection at an intermediate phase of 0.52 ± 0.21. It is concluded that the central pattern generator for fictive swimming has at least three synaptic outputs: an early excitation, and inhibition at a range of phases, which could be combinations of an early and a late inhibition.
Stability and shape of magnetically balanced cross-flow arcs

References '%-M 1 Garden, R., "An Instrument for the Direct Measurement of Thermal Radiation," Review of Scientific Instrumeni^XA. 24, May 1953, pp. 366-370. \ , "v-^ . 2 Malone, E. W., "Design and Calibration of Thin Foifteat Flux Sensors," Paper P6-2-PHYMMID^67, 1967, Instrument Society of America. llfi 3 Woodruff, L. W., Hearne, L. F., and Keliher, T. J., Interpretation of Asymptotic Calorimeter Measurements," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 1967, pp. 795-797.
Junctional Membrane Uncoupling: Permeability transformations at a cell membrane junction

The permeability of the membrane surfaces where cells are in contact (junctional membranes) in Chironomus salivary glands depends on Ca++ and Mg++. When the concentration of these ions at the junctional membranes is raised sufficiently, these normally highly permeable membranes seal off; their permeability falls one to three orders, as they approach the nonjunctional membranes in conductance. This permeability transformation is achieved in three ways: (a) by iontophoresis of Ca++ into the cell; (b) by entry of Ca++ and/or Mg++ from the extracellular fluid into the cell through leaks in the cell surface membrane (e.g., injury); or (c) by entry of these ions through leaks arising, probably primarily in the perijunctional insulation, due to trypsin digestion, anisotonicity, alkalinity, or chelation. Ca++ and Mg++ appear to have three roles in the junctional coupling processes: (a) in the permeability of the junctional membranes; (b) in the permeability of the perijunctional insulation; and (c) a role long known— in the mechanical stability of the cell junction. The two latter roles may well be closely interdependent, but the first is clearly independent of the others.
Raman scattering in disordered unconventional superconductors

A theory for the effect of impurity scattering on electronic Raman scattering in unconventional superconductors is presented. The impurity dependence of the the spectra present a clear qualitative way to distinguish between conventional (anisotropic s-wave) or unconventional (d-wave) energy gaps.
Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity

Does humility predict generous motives and behaviors? Although earlier studies have suggested a positive connection, it has remained unclear whether another trait might better account for the humility/generosity link. Three studies examined associations between a self-report measure of humility, related traits, and generosity. In Study 1 (197 adults in a community sample), humility predicted greater generosity on two behavioral measures: Charitable donations and mailing back an extra survey. In Study 2 (286 undergraduates), humility predicted giving more money to an anonymous future participant. In Study 3 (217 undergraduates), humility was associated with greater self-reported motives to be kind to others, including benefactors, close others, strangers, and enemies. Across all three studies, the role of humility was not better explained by the Big Five, self-esteem, entitlement, religiosity, gratitude, or social desirability. These studies complement prior work by demonstrating that the link between humi...
New estimates of the returns to schooling in Brazil

Abstract Estimates of the returns to schooling in Brazil in 1980 are derived by fitting earnings functions to Census microdata. The average private rate of return has fallen by about one-third from 1970, but still remains quite respectable at about 12–13%. When schooling levels are disaggregated, the lowest private rates emerge for primary education. Those to higher education are the greatest of any level. Correction for selection bias hardly disturbs the differential among the schooling levels. Given the huge per pupil subsidy in public universities, it is not surprising that social returns are much lower than private ones for higher education. But the social rate of return is still the greatest for that level. Some types of vocational training (notably in industrial skills) also provide high returns, even when social expenditures are factored in. Geographic differences in rates of return to different schooling levels are not substantial.
Reference Free Part Encapsulation: A new universal fixturing concept

Abstract Fixturing is an essential prerequisite to machining a three-dimensional component. With traditional techniques, the range of fixturable shapes is limited, and the identification of suitable fixtures in a given setup involves complex reasoning. As a result, automated fixture planning systems tend to be slow and conservative, and they remain a major stumbling block in the development of computer-aided process planning systems. This paper presents a new universal fixturing technique called Reference Free Part Encapsulation (RFPE), which solves the problems of immobilization, location, and support of the component independently of its shape. At first glance, RFPE closely resembles other phase-change techniques in that it first relies on encapsulating the workpiece in a low melting point filler matrix for immobilization and support. The subtle difference arises, however, in the manner in which RFPE solves the traditional problems of loss of locational information when a setup change is effected. In RFPE, the filler block is machined to a known shape like a cube. After machining features in any setup, the block is refilled and restored to its original shape. The faces of the filler block are now used as locational cues in refixturing the block in a new setup. The fact that RFPE is independent of the shape of the component makes planning easier, expands the range of machinable parts, and makes it an ideal component for rapid prototyping by machining. Some technological aspects of RFPE and their implications on design and process planning are discussed. Finally, schemes for integrating RFPE-based fixturing into the functionality of an open architecture machine tool are presented.
A JUNGIAN VIEW OF EVIL

Abstract. On the one hand Jungian John Sanford criticizes Carl Jung for underestimating the importance granted evil by at least some strains of Christianity. On the other hand Sanford follows Jung in assuming that psychology is entitled to criticize Christianity whenever it fails to grant evil its due. Like Jung, Sanford contends that he is faulting Christianity on only psychological grounds: for failing to cope with evil in man–the shadow archetype. In fact, Sanford, like perhaps Jung as well, is also criticizing Christianity on metaphysical grounds: for failing to acknowledge not just psychological but also ontological evil. Whether Sanford is thereby using psychology to assess Christian metaphysics is the issue.
Picrotoxinin receptor ligand blocks anti-punishment effects of alcohol.

Abstract Ethanol at low doses produces a release of punished responding in an operant rat conflict test similar to that observed for benzodiazepines and phenobarbital. It has been hypothesized that these anti-punishment effects are mediated via the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-ionophore complex but not at the benzodiazepine binding site. In the present study isopropylbicyclophosphate (IPPO), which binds at the picrotoxinin site, reversed the release of punished responding produced by ethanol, pentobarbital and chlordiazepoxide; at low doses IPPO ( 15 micro g/kg) was also effective against pentobarbital and chlordiazepoxide. At still higher doses IPPO produced a decrease in punished and unpunished responding. These results suggest that the “anxiolytic” actions of ethanol may involve a direct action on the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-ionophore complex and this action may underlie some of the intoxicating effects of ethanol.
Improved simulations for measuring microbicidal gel thickness using low-coherence interferometry

Spectral-domain low coherence interferometry is used to measure the thickness of microbicidal gels as applied to realistic tissue phantoms. Reflections originating between the gel and phantom are analyzed to give thickness measurements.
The Geography Of Crime: A Political Critique*

(1975). The Geography Of Crime: A Political Critique. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 277-280.
A Fabry-Perot etalon with one phase-conjugate mirror

Abstract A resonating structure composed of a plane-stratified lossless medium and a phase-conjugate mirror with loss or gain is analyzed by means of a scattering matrix method as well as by tracking the multiple reflections to their steady state. The amount of miscorrection in the presence of losses or gains in the PCM is explicitly evaluated.
Studies of anode blades for gas proportional detectors

Abstract The use of a thin metal edge, or blade, to generate controlled electron multiplication in a gas has been studied. Measurements with X-rays have been made on assemblies of an anode blade and two adjacent cathodes to determine optimum operating parameters in gas proportional mode, with the goal of producing position sensitive detectors with good position resolution and high counting rate. Under specific conditions, energy resolution comparable to that from a wire proportional chamber can be achieved. The devices are very rugged and can be tailored to a curved geometry for the purposes of eliminating parallax error for small and large angle X-ray scattering experiments. The design of detectors suitable for use with synchrotron radiation, is discussed.
Stochastic modeling of chemical microreactors with detailed kinetics—induction times and ignitions of H2 in air

Abstract Induction times in ignition of spatially homogeneous hydrogen/air mixtures in finite size reactors (local hot spots) are studied using forty irreversible reactions among nine chemical species. Solutions are obtained using a continuous time Monte Carlo algorithm along with a new lumping technique. The effect of reactor size on induction time is examined at 1 atm for various temperatures. It is shown that for fuels with a slow initiation reaction and a chain-branching mechanism that can lead to explosion, strong inhibiting finite size effects on ignition exist even in relatively large size microreactors. As an example, at 1000 K the induction time in a 0.1 μm 3 reactor is larger than the corresponding continuum limit by two orders of magnitude. An analytical criterion which describes the minimum reactor size above which finite size effects on induction time are of secondary importance is proposed. Contrary to systems in equilibrium, microreactors exhibit maximum fluctuations in induction time at intermediate sizes and close to the ignition temperature separating the slow from the fast reaction subspace. A new microscopic reaction path analysis which identifies the reactions controlling ignition is proposed. Implications for ignition of laminar and turbulent flames are discussed.
Cachetor: detecting cacheable data to remove bloat

Modern object-oriented software commonly suffers from runtime bloat that significantly affects its performance and scalability. Studies have shown that one important pattern of bloat is the work repeatedly done to compute the same data values. Very often the cost of computation is very high and it is thus beneficial to memoize the invariant data values for later use. While this is a common practice in real-world development, manually finding invariant data values is a daunting task during development and tuning. To help the developers quickly find such optimization opportunities for performance improvement, we propose a novel run-time profiling tool, called Cachetor, which uses a combination of dynamic dependence profiling and value profiling to identify and report operations that keep generating identical data values. The major challenge in the design of Cachetor is that both dependence and value profiling are extremely expensive techniques that cannot scale to large, real-world applications for which optimizations are important. To overcome this challenge, we propose a series of novel abstractions that are applied to run-time instruction instances during profiling, yielding significantly improved analysis time and scalability. We have implemented Cachetor in Jikes Research Virtual Machine and evaluated it on a set of 14 large Java applications. Our experimental results suggest that Cachetor is effective in exposing caching opportunities and substantial performance gains can be achieved by modifying a program to cache the reported data.
Why We Do It – the University of South Florida Tampa Library’s Commitment to Open-Access Publishing

The University of South Florida Tampa Library's support for open-access content is part of the organization's mission to advance scholarly communication generally and an important element of the Karst Information Portal initiative. As the costs associated with journal subscriptions increase and pressures to ensure unfettered access to high-quality, peer-reviewed research mount, research libraries must partner with scholars to establish sustainable open-access publishing models.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Properties of Ceria Solid Electrolytes

The structure, thermal expansion coefficients and ionic/electronic conductivity of (Ce1-xSmx)1-y(Tb/Pr)yO2-x/2)+δ (x=0-0.30; y=0-0.10) and Ce1-xCaxO2-x (x= 0-0.17) solid electrolytes prepared hydrothermally were investigated. The uniformly small particle size (7-68 nm) of the hydrothermally prepared materials allows sintering of the samples into highly dense ceramic pellets at 1400°C, a significantly lower temperature, compared to that at 1600–1650°C required for samples prepared by solid state techniques. The maximum ionic conductivity in Ce1-x(Sm/Ca)xO2-δ was found at x=0.17 for the Sm (σ600°c = 5.7×10-3 S/cm). In (Ceo0.83Sm0.17)1-y(Tb/Pr)yO1.915+δ the maximum conductivity was found at y= 0.17 for the Pr and Tb substituted ceria (σ600°c=7.6x10-3S/cm, Ea= 0.55 eV and σ600°c = 10-2 S/cm, Ea= 0.72 eV respectively) with electronic contribution to total conductivity around 20–30 %. When the Tb or Pr substitution in Ce0.83Sm0.17O1.915 is reduced, the conductivity becomes more ionic, and is purely ionic at 2 %. However the conductivity at this lower level doping is not significantly lower.
Effects of Partial Topology on Fault Diagnosis

Network components may experience faults for a variety of reasons, but it may not be immediately obvious which component failed. Fault diagnosis algorithms are required to localize failures and thereby enable the recovery process. Most current state of the art fault diagnosis algorithms assume full knowledge of the network topology, which may not be available in real scenarios. In this paper we examine the performance of one of these fault diagnosis algorithms, namely Max-Coverage (MC), when the topology is only partially known. We introduce a simple extension, called the Virtual Topology (VT), to correctly identify faults when a failure occurs in an unobserved component. We compare the performance of MC under partial topology knowledge with and without this extension to show that VT significantly improves correct diagnosis, but at the cost of a high number of false positives. Moreover, we demonstrate that correctly inferring areas of the unobserved network substantially mitigates the drawbacks associated with using VT.
Endoscopic retrieval of the sural nerve

The rapid proliferation and applications of endoscopic-guided systems have transcended all surgical specialties. The future as regards reconstructive microneurosurgery is uncertain but inevitable, as already characterized by efforts to seek an alternative method for harvest of the sural nerve. Although still a primitive technique, endoscopic assistance in the retrieval of long, sural-nerve grafts has been found to minimize the trauma and morbidity of dissection; can simplify identification of frequently anomalous branches; and allows a reduction of the number of incisions, to improve the aesthetic result.
Why do they leave? Modeling child welfare workers' turnover intentions

Abstract The high rates of turnover in the child welfare field have grave implications for service provision to vulnerable populations. Using mixed methods with SEM and constant comparative content analyses, the study tested a theoretical model of intention to leave among child welfare workers. The theoretical model was found to fit the data well, indicating that diversity, together with a stressful, unjust, exclusionary and non-supportive organizational climate, negatively influence individual well-being, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, resulting in intention to leave the job. Study findings hold implications for supervisory recruitment and training, structural and procedural systems reform, and future research.
Temporal Trends of Cardiac Chambers Function with Trastuzumab in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor II-Positive Breast Cancer Patients.

Background Trastuzumab has substantially improved overall survival and reduced the risk of disease recurrence in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor type II (HER-II)–positive breast cancer. However, this benefit may be at the increased risk of cardiotoxicity. We aimed to explore the early subclinical left and right ventricular as well as atrial dysfunction, in trastuzumab-treated patients with HER-II–positive breast cancer, using velocity vector imaging. Methods Echocardiography images were acquired in 50 patients with HER-II–positive breast cancer undergoing trastuzumab therapy. All patients had baseline and 3–6 months and 12–15 months of follow-up echocardiograms after initiation of trastuzumab therapy. Subendocardial borders of all the cardiac chambers were traced from the apical views to obtain volumetric and deformation indices. Results Mean age was 60 ± 13 years. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction as well as conventional indices of right ventricular (RV) function did not change with trastuzumab. The RV peak systolic global longitudinal strain (GLe) significantly decreased (−24.53 ± 6.03 vs. −21.28 ± 5.11 vs. −21.84 ± 5.15, baseline vs. first and second follow-ups, P = 0.01). LV peak systolic GLe was reduced by 1.19 at early follow-up (P < 0.05). Left atrial reservoir and booster pump functions as well as right atrial reservoir function were reduced through follow-up as well. Conclusions The RV exhibited greater change in strain after trastuzumab treatment when compared to the LV. Atria function was reduced by trastuzumab as well. The repercussion of these findings and their potential implication will warrant further study.
Transport of Pathogen Surrogates in Soil Treatment Units: Numerical Modeling

Segmented mesocosms (n = 3) packed with sand, sandy loam or clay loam soil were used to determine the effect of soil texture and depth on transport of two septic tank effluent (STE)-borne microbial pathogen surrogates—green fluorescent protein-labeled E. coli (GFPE) and MS-2 coliphage—in soil treatment units. HYDRUS 2D/3D software was used to model the transport of these microbes from the infiltrative surface. Mesocosms were spiked with GFPE and MS-2 coliphage at 10 5 cfu/mL STE and 10 5 -10 6 pfu/mL STE, respectively. In all soils, removal rates were >99.99% at 25 cm. The transport simulation compared (1) optimization; and (2) trial-and-error modeling approaches. Only slight differences between the transport parameters were observed between these approaches. Treating both the die-off rates and attachment/detachment rates as variables resulted in an overall better model fit, particularly for the tailing phase of the experiments. Independent of the fitting procedure, attachment rates computed by the model were higher in sandy and sandy loam soils than clay, which was attributed to unsaturated flow conditions at lower water content in the coarser-textured soils. Early breakthrough of the bacteria and virus indicated the presence of preferential flow in the system in the structured clay loam soil, resulting in faster movement of water and microbes through the soil relative to a conservative tracer (bromide).
Developing scientific applications using Generative Programming

Scientific applications usually involve large number of distributed and dynamic resources and huge datasets. A mechanism like checkpointing is essential to make these applications resilient to failures. Using checkpointing as an example, this paper presents an approach for integrating the latest software engineering techniques with the development of scientific software. Generative programming is used in this research to achieve the goals of non-intrusive reengineering of existing applications to insert the checkpointing mechanism and to decouple the checkpointing-specifications from its actual implementation. The end-user specifies the checkpointing details at a higher level of abstraction, using which the necessary code is generated and woven into the application. The lessons learned and the implementation approach presented in this paper can be applied to the development of scientific applications in general. The paper also demonstrates that the generated code does not introduce any inaccuracies and its performance is comparable to the manually inserted code.
Photoluminescence study of MBE grown InGaN with intentional indium segregation

Proper control of MBE growth conditions has yielded an In0.13Ga0.87N thin film sample with emission con- sistent with In-segregation. The photoluminescence (PL) from this epilayer showed multiple emission components. Moreover, temperature and power dependent studies of the PL demonstrated that two of the components were excitonic in nature and consistent with indium phase separation. At 15 K, time resolved PL showed a non-exponential PL decay that was well fitted with the stretched exponential solution ex- pected for disordered systems. Consistent with the assumed carrier hopping mechanism of this model, the effective lifetime, τ, and the stretched exponential parameter, β, decrease with increasing emission energy. Finally, room temperature micro-PL using a confocal microscope showed spatial clustering of low energy emission.
GILT: Shaping the MHC Class II-Restricted Peptidome and CD4(+) T Cell-Mediated Immunity.

The MHC class II-restricted antigen processing pathway generates peptide:MHC complexes in the endocytic pathway for the activation of CD4+ T cells. Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) reduces protein disulfide bonds in the endocytic compartment, thereby exposing buried epitopes for MHC class II binding and presentation. T cell hybridoma responses and elution of MHC class II bound peptides have identified GILT-dependent epitopes, GILT-independent epitopes, and epitopes that are more efficiently presented in the absence of GILT termed GILT-prevented epitopes. GILT-mediated alteration in the MHC class II-restricted peptidome modulates T cell development in the thymus and peripheral tolerance and influences the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Recent studies suggest an emerging role for GILT in the response to pathogens and cancer survival.
Estimating Source Carbon from Crop Residues, Roots and Rhizodeposits Using the National Grain-Yield Database

Crop residue management receivedlittle attention until about 1970. Records of crop residue production are limited, but crop yield databases have been available since 1865. Carbon sequestration and other conservation benefits require a detailed knowledge of crop residue production and management. Our objectives are to: (i) review grain and biomass yield, harvest index (HI), and root C/shoot C ratios (k) of major grain crops in the USA; (ii) discuss historical agriculturalpractice impacts on soil organic C (SOC); and (iii) compare estimates of total (above- and belowground) source C production (ESC) relative to minimum source C inputs required to maintain SOC (MSC). Aboveground MSC input averaged 2.5 6 1.0 Mg C ha 21 yr 21 (n 5 13) based on moldboard plow sites and 1.8 6 0.44 Mg C ha 21 yr 21 (n 5 5) based on no-till and chisel plow sites. These MSC values included only aboveground source C, thus underestimate the total MSC. When ESC is estimated from k, including rhizodeposition (krec), the true magnitude of the C cycle is at least twice that when ESC is estimated using k excluding rhizodeposition (khis). Neglecting rhizodeposition C underestimates the net production of C in cropland. Current yields and measured MSC predict continued SOC loss associated with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production management unless conservation tillage is used and ESC is increased. The adequacies of ESC to maintain SOC has direct implications for estimating the amount of crop residue that can be harvested and yet maintain SOC.
Neonatal Posterior Fossa Subdural Hematoma

Hemorrhage into the posterior fossa is a rare neurosurgical emergency in neonates. CT scanning is diagnostic. Blood layering under the apex of the tentorium cerebelli, however, may resemble a dilated vascular structure, and the rigidity of the pressured tentorium may prevent upward transmission of increased intracranial pressure, resulting in a soft fontanelle.
Mental representations of programs by novices and experts

This paper presents five abstract characteristics of the mental representation of computer programs hierarchical structure, explicit mapping of code to goals, foundation on recognition of recurring patterns, connection of knowledge, and grounding in the program text. An experiment is reported in which expert and novice programmers studied a Pascal program for comprehension and then answered a series of questions about it designed to show these characteristics if they existed in the mental representations formed. Evidence for all of the abstract characteristics was found in the mental representations of expert programmers. Novices’ representations generally lacked the characteristics, but there was evidence that they had the beginnings, although poorly developed, of such characteristics.
Evolving applications of light therapy

Summary The psychiatric intervention, light therapy, grew from an intensive 25-year research focus on seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Dosing and timing strategies have been honed to optimize the antidepressant effect, and efficacy relative to placebo has provided the evidence base for widespread implementation. A persistent question has been whether the model system for SAD has wider utility for psychiatric disturbance, even beyond depression. The circadian phase-shifting capacity of timed light exposure is universal, and chronobiological factors are at play across the disease spectrum. Recent promising initiatives extend to light treatment for nonseasonal major depressive disorder and bipolar depression, including drug- and electroconvulsive therapy-resistant cases. With light therapy, patients with antepartum depression may find an alternative to medication during pregnancy. Cognitive improvement under light therapy has been noted in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Motor function in Parkinson's disease has improved in parallel with the antidepressant effect of light therapy. The rest–activity disturbance of elderly dementia has been partially allayed under light therapy. In a new initiative, three major chronotherapeutic inventions—light therapy, sleep deprivation (wake therapy) and sleep time displacement (sleep phase advance therapy) are being combined to snap hospitalized patients out of deep depression and maintain long-term improvement.
DILEMMAS OF PRACTICE IN THE ECOLOGY OF EMANCIPATORY YOUTH-ADULT PARTNERSHIPS

This article explores dilemmas that arise when using a participatory, experiential neighborhood problem-solving and planning program in settings that have different expectations and beliefs about youth and adults partnering in organizational and community decision-making. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecology of human development and Wong, Zimmerman, and Parker’s (2010) pyramid of youth participation, a series of dilemmas are explored. These dilemmas include: negotiating challenges of power; scaling up youth-adult partnerships into organizational decision-making and governance; reconciling tensions between practices, principles, and values when disseminating a program from one organization to another; dealing with organizational events that occur outside the youth program; and succumbing to pressure to achieve funder-derived outcomes. Two insights emerge from the analysis of these dilemmas. First, young people embrace adult-provided structure when adults and young people are not ready to work in emancipatory youth-adult partnerships. Second, as we move toward emancipatory youth-adult partnerships, the developmental sphere of youth programs has to expand to include the activities, relationships, and roles that traditionally have been limited to organizational leadership and governance. Likewise the developmental sphere of the governing body has to incorporate the activities, relationships, and roles of what has typically been the youth program.
Signal-to-noise ratio mismatch for low-density parity-check coded magnetic recording channels

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) mismatch is found in simulations to have great influence on the performance of low-density parity-check coded magnetic recording channels. While an inappropriate SNR mismatch degrades the performance dramatically, a properly selected optimum SNR mismatch can improve it significantly. In this paper we analyze the causes of this phenomenon and find optimum SNR mismatch values for specific magnetic recording systems with physical impairments such as electronic and media noise as well as erasures, using both density evolution analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. We observed that two characteristics of the probability density function (pdf) of the channel message, namely, the Gaussianity and the variance-to-mean ratio (VMR) have a major effect on the SNR mismatch. Generally speaking, if the channel message is approximately Gaussian-distributed and the VMR is larger than two, a negative SNR mismatch substantially improves the system performance. Numerical results show that for a magnetic recording channel with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), the optimum SNR mismatch is about -3 to -2 dB, while for a channel with 10% AWGN and 90% media noise, is about -10 to -8 dB, whether erasures are present or not.
Comparison of late outcome between Inoue balloon and double-balloon techniques for percutaneous mitral valvotomy in a matched study

The follow-up results between Inoue balloon (n = 43, group 1) and double-balloon (n = 43, group 2) mitral valvotomies were compared in a patient-to-patient matched study. Matching was based on patients' age, mitral valve echo score, fluoroscopic calcification, mitral valve area before valvotomy, and follow-up period. The mean follow-up period was 13 +/- 9 months for both groups. At follow-up, 72% of patients were symptom free in each group; 2 (4.7%) patients in group 1 and 1 (2.3%) patient in group 2 underwent mitral valve replacement surgery. Of these 3 patients, 2 died after surgery, 1 from each group. The mitral valve area by Doppler was 1.8 +/- 0.3 cm2 in group 1 and 1.8 +/- 0.4 cm2 in group 2 (p = 0.7); the area by echo planimetry was 1.7 +/- 0.3 cm2 in group 1 and 1.8 +/- 0.3 cm2 in group 2 (p = 0.3) at follow-up. Restenosis occurred in 5 (12%) patients from each group. The cumulative restenosis-free rate was 96% at 1 years, 78% at 2 years, and 58% at 3 years in group 1 and 98%, 76%, and 51%, respectively, in group 2 (p = 0.8). Balloon selection did not appear to influence the clinical outcome at follow-up. We conclude that both the inoue balloon and the double-balloon valvotomies are effective therapies with comparable follow-up results for patients with mitral stenosis.
Potency in All the Right Places: Viagra as a Technology of the Gendered Body

New pharmacological therapies, often dubbed `lifestyle drugs', demonstrate the enactment of yet another interface between technologies and bodies that promises a re-fashioning of the body with tran...
Functional Insights from Studies on the Structure of the Nuclear Pore and Coat Protein Complexes

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a specific extension of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that wraps around the nucleus and enables the spatial separation of gene transcription and protein translation, one of the signature features of eukaryotes. Rather than being completely closed, the double lipid bilayer of the NE is perforated at sites where the inner and outer nuclear membranes fuse, resulting in circular openings lined with sharply bent membranes. These openings are filled with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), enormous protein assemblies that facilitate nuclear transport. The scaffold components of the NPC surprisingly share interesting similarities with elements of coat protein complexes, which have general implications for function and evolution of these membrane-coating complexes. Here I discuss, from a structural perspective, what these findings might teach us.
STRATEGY INSTRUCTION FOR ACADEMICALLY AT‐RISK STUDENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF TEACHING “HIGHER‐ORDER” READING AND WRITING IN THE SOCIAL STUDIES

This paper describes a “cognitive apprenticeship” approach to instruction (Collins, Brown, & Newman, 1989), used with 58 seventh‐grade social studies students who were identified as at risk of academic failure. Their three teachers were given 20 hours of training with this approach, which emphasizes explicit instruction of higher‐order cognitive strategies within the contexts where they are used through modeling, monitoring, and collaborative role‐play activities. The teachers developed lessons based on this approach over 7 months. Changes in communicative and cognitive strategy use were assessed through analyses of biweekly observations of classroom dialogue (Cazden, 1988) and reasoning scores in students’ written arguments (Hillocks, 1987). There were notable increases in exploratory, higher‐order instruction by these teachers over time, as well as increases in students’ interactions involving higher‐order questions. The students’ written argumentation scores significantly improved, both in comparison t...
Approaches to Estimation with Errors in Predictors

We provide an overview of some approaches to estimation in generalized linear models when predictors are measured with error. These approaches include likelihood, small error, semiparametric and dimension reduction methods.
Analysis of Residual Stresses in Pipe Seam Welds and a Proposed Residual Stress Profile Estimation Method

A recent comprehensive investigation into residual stress distributions in pipe and vessel longitudinal seam welds is presented in this paper, covering component wall thickness from 1/4” (6.35mm) to 10” (254mm), component radius to wall thickness ratio from 2 to 10, and linear welding heating input from low (50 J/mm) to high (6000 J/mm). Through the use of a residual stress decomposition technique, two key parameters that govern through-thickness residual stress distributions in terms of their membrane and bending content have been identified. One is component radius to wall thickness ratio (r/t) and the other is a characteristic heat input density (Q) having a unit of J/mm3. With these two parameters, a unified functional form for representing through-thickness residual stress profile behaviors in seam welds is proposed along with its solution procedure for applications in weld region. The simplicity of the proposed residual stress profile estimation scheme in functional form and demonstrated applicability for a wide range of r/t and Q provides an effective framework for generating residual stress profile information for supporting defect assessment procedures in FFS codes and standards.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Accessing abilities: Creating innovative accessible online learning environments and putting quality into practice

This conceptual paper will discuss how faculty from The School of Library and Information Science at The University of South Carolina partnered with their university’s Center for Teaching Excellence. This partnership resulted in the facilitation of professional development workshops and online tools for peer educators to better serve distance education/online students who are differently-able (students who are medically or socially labeled as having disabilities). National-level online instruction standards, instructional techniques, as well as outcomes and future plans will be discussed.
Flight Activity of Honey Bee Colonies After Confinement Under High-Temperature Conditions

Outgoing flight from hives was used to evaluate the effects of confining colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., with wet burlap up to 48 hours under high temperatures (daily maxima mean, 114°F) and low humidities (daily minima mean, 13% RH). On the 1st day after release, 3 groups of 4 colonies confined 24 hours had 102 103, and 149%, respectively, of the calculated expected daily flight. A decline to 78. 89, and 117% was noted on the 2nd day. Similar groups confined 48 hours had 118, 87, and 154% of the expected flight on the 1st day, but were not observed on the 2nd day. Colonies apparently can be confined safely for 48 hours.
Hemorrhagic Vulvar Discharge Caused by Vestibule Trauma in a Nonpregnant Thoroughbred Mare

Abstract A 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare presented with a history of frank, acute, hemorrhagic vulvar discharge. The mare had delivered five healthy foals before being donated to the university and was currently not pregnant. The mare was housed with a small group of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse mares, and while being moved to another pasture, the subject mare was witnessed by caretakers and one of the authors to be attacked (bitten) by a herd mate in the perineal region. Hemorrhagic vulvar discharge was noted immediately thereafter. The mare was sedated, and the urogenital tract was thoroughly examined via vaginal palpation and speculum as well as transrectal ultrasonography. A defect involving the mucosa and submucosa of the vestibule was identified as the source of the hemorrhage. The wound was cleaned and sutured to speed up the healing process. The mare was treated with flunixin meglumine for 2 days and antibiotics for the next 5 days and was completely recovered 2 weeks after the incident. Several causes have been identified in association with hemorrhagic vulvar discharge. In the present case, the cause was easily identified as being trauma-induced due to the fact that incident had been witnessed to have occurred. In other instances where this is not the case, a systematic approach to diagnosing the source of blood must be implemented.
Review of the Studies on the United States' Policy toward the Conflict between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia(1948-1953)

The United States' policy toward the conflict between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia remains an important issue for scholarship.This article reviews the historiography of this issue by dividing scholarship into three phases: from the 1950s to 1980s,from the 1980s to the 1990s,and from the 1990s to the present.It shows what scholarship has achieved so far,as well as what are still inviting more research.
THE PREPARATION OF ALOES FLAVOR BIFIDOBACTERIUM ACID MILK

Utilizing aloe and milk as major material, Bifidobacterium?L.bulgaricus and Str.thermophilus(2:1:1)as ferment and sugar as flavor agent; the acid milk is prepared through three processing procedures. The optimum processing procedure and parameters are determined as follows by L9(34) orthogonal experiment. This product both maintain the flavor of traditional acid milk and have strong nutrition and healthcare function . It has homogeneous structure and two weeks shelf life at 0~5 ℃.
What motivates staff

Good wages and pleasant working conditions are important, but true motivation stems from something deeper.
Inadvertent Amniocenteses Occurring During Unrelated Invasive Diagnostic Procedures in the Third Trimester

Two cases of inadvertent third trimester amniocenteses occurring during attempted spinal tap and culdocentesis are presented. These hitherto undescribed occurrences stress potential complications of these invasive diagnostic procedures in the gravid woman.
Small-volume resuscitation with the hemoglobin substitute HBOC-201: effect on brain tissue oxygenation.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of small-volume resuscitation with a hemoglobin based oxygen carrier on brain tissue oxygen tension (PbrO2) in hemorrhaged swine. METHODS: Clark-type electrodes were inserted into the brain tissue of 6 swine to measure PbrO2 directly. Swine were hemorrhaged to a MAP of 40 mm Hg for 20 minutes. Resuscitation was performed with a bolus infusion of HBOC-201 (6 cc/kg; Biopure Corp.) and high-flow oxygen (100%). Swine were observed for an additional 2 hours. RESULTS: PbrO2 prior to hemorrhage was 48.7 ± 4.7 mm Hg with 100% inspired oxygen. PbrO2 rapidly declined to 7.6 ± 5.3 mm Hg in response to hemorrhage. Small-volume resuscitation with HBOC-201 and high-flow oxygen resulted in a significant increase (p<0.001) in PbrO2 to 44.6 ± 8.1 mm Hg. MAP was also significantly increased to 84% of baseline. These elevations were sustained during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation with HBOC-201 can restore and sustain cerebral oxygenation and MAP. These results suggest that a small-volume bolus of HBOC-201 may provide adequate oxygen and pressure support during the initial management of hemorrhage.
Effect of thermal expansion anisotropy on crack deflections in brittle materials

A hexagonal grain array model is used to study the deflection of grain boundary microcracks in a polycrystalline aggregate due to external load and residual stress of thermal anisotropy. Each grain is assumed to be elastically isotropic but thermally anisotropic. An explicit analytical solution is obtained for the entire residual stress field. The kink is simulated as a continuous distribution of dislocations. The final equations are solved numerically with dislocation densities as unknown quantities. It is seen that the solution is sensitive to the distribution of thermal expansion orientation.
Introduction: Homage to Walter Freeman III

Introduction to the third special edition on the Foundations of Mind: Foundations of Mind: Hommage to Walter Freeman III
Ineffective Erythropoiesis Caused by Phenylhydrazine Activates the Expression of GDF15 in Maturing Erythroblasts.

Abstract 4032 Poster Board III-968 Several types of ineffective erythropoiesis (thalassemia, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I, and refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts) develop anemia and eventually manifest secondary hemochromatosis even in the absence of transfusion therapy. The highly elevated levels of GDF15 in those patients may contribute to iron loading due to suppression of hepcidin. However, the underlying mechanism for high-level expression of GDF15 in association with ineffective erythropoiesis remains vague. Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), which causes hemoglobin denaturation and alpha-globin precipitation, was utilized in CD34+ cultures as an ex vivo model of ineffective erythropoiesis. All experiments were performed in triplicate with cells from three separate human donors. Initial studies were performed to determine the effects of phenylhydrazine upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in the erythroblasts. In dosed titrations (0-10 uM), PHZ was added to the culture medium before and after erythroblast hemoglobin accumulation on culture days 3-6 and 11-14, respectively. PHZ addition prior to the accumulation of hemoglobin had little effect on ROS production. In contrast, PHZ added to hemoglobinized erythroblasts resulted in significant and dosed increases in ROS production. In addition, apoptosis cascades that are downstream of ROS production were studied including activation of caspase-3, EGR-1 transcription, p53 stabilization, and phosphatidylserine on the cell surface (detected by Annexin V). There was a dose-dependent increase in caspase-3, p53 stabilization, and Annexin V positive cells that mirrored the ROS production after PHZ treatment only among the more mature erythroblasts. However, the PHZ addition did not cause a significant increase in the nuclear localization of EGR-1. Since GDF15 is a known target of p53, PHZ effects upon GDF15 expression were also measured. Production of GDF15 was not observed on culture days 3-6 in the absence or presence of PHZ. In contrast, dosed increases in GDF15 expression were detected among the hemoglobinized erythroblasts (culture days 11-14) in response to phenylhydrazine (PHZ = 0 uM, GDF15 = 16 ± 3 pg/1×10 4 cells; PHZ = 1 uM, GDF15 = 23 ± 5 pg/1×10 4 cells; PHZ = 5 uM, GDF15 = 48 ± 9 pg/1×10 4 cells [p 4 cells [p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Randomized trial reveals that physical activity and energy expenditure are associated with weight and body composition after RYGB

Objective This study investigated the associations of both physical activity time (PA) and energy expenditure (EE) with weight and fat mass (FM) loss in patients following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Methods Ninety-six nondiabetic patients were included in this analysis. Post-RYGB patients were randomized in one of two treatments: A 6-month exercise training program (RYBG+EX) or lifestyle educational classes (RYGB). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Components of PA and EE were quantified by a multisensory device. Dose-response relationships of both PA and EE with weight loss and body composition were explored according to quartiles of change in steps per day. Results Patients in the highest quartiles of steps per day change lost more FM (3rd = −19.5 kg and 4th = −22.7 kg, P < 0.05) and abdominal adipose tissue (4th = −313 cm2, P < 0.05), maintained skeletal muscle mass (3rd = −3.1 cm2 and 4th = −4.5 cm2, P < 0.05), and had greater reductions in resting metabolic rate. Decreases in sedentary EE and increases in light EE and age were significant predictors of both Δweight and ΔFM (R2 = 73.8% and R2 = 70.6%, respectively). Conclusions Nondiabetic patients who perform higher, yet still modest, amounts of PA following RYGB have greater energy deficits and lose more weight and FM, while maintaining higher skeletal muscle mass.