cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sinonasal secretions: evaluation by diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficients

This study retrospectively reviewed magnetic resonance images of 20 patients with sinonasal inflammatory diseases. Forty-four areas of sinonasal secretions were analyzed with correlation between the signal ratios on T2-weighted images and the diffusion-weighted imaging signal ratios or apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). ADCs decreased in direct proportion to the signal ratios on the T2-weighted images (P<.001, r=.56). Given the correlation between the ADCs and the physiological state of sinonasal secretions, ADCs may provide quantitative information useful to the diagnosis of sinonasal inflammatory disease.
A review of design considerations for the sensor matrix in semiconductor pixel detectors for tracking in particle physics experiments

Abstract Methods have been developed to improve the reliability of silicon sensors, in particular for pixel detectors, and their resistance to radiation damage, as it is encountered in tracking detectors in particle physics experiments. The choice of wafer material, the processing techniques, and the sensor layout are discussed. Alternative semiconductor substrates and variations on the planar hybrid design are mentioned.
A representation of the McClelland method of graph splitting. Stack graphs

McClelland's rules on graph splitting can be represented using the generalized graph notation. Generalized graphs are edge- and vertex-weighted graphs, which are becoming important to chemical problems. By this the McClelland method of graph splitting has a wider range of applications. “Stack graphs” are constructed from identical “base graphs” by connecting corresponding vertices from one base to another. Their eigenvalues are related to the eigenvalues of the base graph. Two- and even three-layered graphs may be used as a simple model for the inter-ring interaction in a cyclophane.
Two techniques for the control of cardiac bleeding

Two new techniques effectively control local bleeding from the heart during heart operations. Both act by achieving local tamponade of the bleeding but through different mechanisms. In the first, a glove containing a sponge is placed against the bleeding site to provide local pressure. In the second, application of focal, high vacuum suction causes forceful apposition of adjacent soft tissue. These methods have stopped bleeding in 7 patients in whom conventional methods failed.
Raid 5 for Secured Storage Virtualisation

Virtualization is an important step towards improving overall IT efficiency and ROI. Implementing storage virtualization, in other words, extends the benefits of an investment in server virtualization with simplified storage management, improved storage utilization and a bullet-proof data protection solution. This paper attempts to describe the role of RAID 5 to provide Secured Storage Virtualization.
Prediction of service lifetime and performance of a prosthetic thermoplastic

The service lifetime and performance for a prosthetic and orthotic thermoplastic, SubortholenTM, was measured using correlations between artificial and natural weathering degradation data of (1) the accumulated carbonyl compound concentration at the polymer surface, (2) changes in thickness of the surface reaction zone, and (3) changes in hardness and tensile properties. An empirical, mathematical relationship between artificial and natural weathering exposures is presented. Results show that the hardness degradation is a useful parameter to estimate the different stages in clinical performance of Subortholen. Corroborating hardness, tensile properties, and weathering exposure time, the service lifetime for Subortholen was determined to be 4–6 years. This finding indicates that the correlation between artificial and natural weathering degradation may provide an effective way to calculate the most appropriate time to replace a worn prosthetic or orthotic device before the device passes into a dangerous stage. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of cross-linked hemoglobin on functionality and viability of microencapsulated pancreatic islets.

Of many obstacles involved in developing a bioartificial pancreas, which consists of encapsulated and physically immunoprotected islets, for long-term implantation in insulin-dependent diabetic pat...
Effect of oral milrinone on end-systolic relations in patients with severe congestive heart failure.

The new inotropic agent milrinone has both vasodilator and inotropic cardiovascular effects, but the importance of these effects in patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) is controversial. The left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure-diameter relation was used to determine the independent inotropic effect of milrinone. Seven patients with New York Heart Association class III CHF were invasively monitored with right-sided heart catheters and radial arterial lines. M-mode echocardiography was used to measure LV dimensions. The effect of a 10mg oral dose of milrinone on hemodynamic, echocardiographic and end-systolic variables was determined. End-systolic pressure was measured at the dicrotic notch of the arterial pressure tracing and end-systolic LV dimensions at the time of aortic valve closure. Methoxamine (n = 6) or nitroprusside (n = 1) was used to alter afterload so that the end-systolic pressure-diameter relation could be determined. Arterial vasodilation from milrinone was evidenced by a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (88 ± 5 to 77 ± 2 mm Hg, p <0.025) and an increase in cardiac index (from 2.7 ± 0.2 to 3.2 ± 0.2 liters/min/m2, p <0.025), with no change in heart rate (80 ± 5 beats/min). Milrinone decreased preload as assessed by the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (from 17 ± 2 to 10 ± 2 mm Hg, p <0.01) and end-diastolic LV diameter (from 7.4 ± 0.4 to 7.0 ± 0.4 cm, p <0.025). Milrinone caused decreases in the end-systolic pressure (from 79 ± 5 to 68 ± 2 mm Hg, p <0.01) and end-systolic LV diameter (from 6.6 ± 0.4 to 6.1 ± 0.5 cm, p <0.025). Milrinone treatment decreased end-systolic afterload as measured by end-systolic wall stress (from 106 ± 12 to 81 ± 12 g/cm2, p <0.005), but resulted in no corresponding change in percent fractional shortening (13 ± 1 vs 13 ± 2%) or in rate-corrected velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (0.45 ± 0.05 vs 0.43 ± 0.06 circ/s). The slope of the end-systolic pressure-diameter relation was not significantly different at control (37 ± 6 mm Hg/cm) than at peak milrinone effect (46 ± 11 mm Hg/cm), nor was there a significant change in the diameter intercept (3.9 ± 0.7 vs 4.1 ± 0.7 cm). The range of pressure and diameter values over which the end-systolic pressure-diameter relation was determined, however, was limited by the markedly abnormal LV function and cardiovascular status of these patients. In conclusion, during acute oral therapy in patients with severe CHF, the predominant effect of milrinone as assessed by end-systolic relations is as a vasodilator and not as a positive inotropic agent.
830nm high power single mode DFB laser for high volume applications

We report an 830nm high power single spatial mode DFB laser design in the AlGaAs/GaAs system that offers performance close to a Fabry-Perot design as well as manufacturing yield compatible with volume production. Single-mode power in excess of 200mW at case temperature up to 600C is consistently obtained for current below 300mA. This performance level is enabled by use of an efficient, partially-corrugated design and a 2nd order grating located on the p-side. Through careful design and an optimized epitaxial re-growth on the grating, promising reliability results compatible with uncooled application are demonstrated.
Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of (E)-N-[11C]Methyl-4- (3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine ([11C]metanicotine) as a nicotinic receptor radioligand

Abstract (E)- N -[ 11 C]Methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine ([ 11 C]metanicotine), a high affinity (K i = 16 nM) CNS-selective nicotinic agonist, was prepared by the [ 11 C]alkylation of the desmethyl precursor with [ 11 C]methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. In vivo distribution studies in mice demonstrated good blood brain permeability but essentially uniform regional brain distribution and no evidence of specific binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Identical results were obtained in an imaging study performed in a monkey brain. Therefore, despite literature reports supporting the use of metanicotine as a cognition enhancing nicotinic agonist, (E)- N -[ 11 C]methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine does not appear to be a suitable candidate for in vivo imaging studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mammalian brain.
Parametric Variation of Resonances for Regular and Chaotic Scattering

We study the trajectories of resonances in the complex energy plane as a function of a control parameter for simple systems whose classical counterparts are regular and chaotic. We analyze the influence of the classical phase space structure on the parametric variations of resonances. We employ both the Pechukas-type equations of motion as well as periodic orbit quantization. Examples considered include hydrogen in a strong electric field, the hydrogen atom in a strong magnetic field, and doubly excited resonances in the isoelectronic sequence of helium.
U.S. Interest Rates and Emerging Market Bond Yield Spreads: A Changing Relationship?

The empirical evidence on the impact of international interest rates on emerging market (EM) bond spreads is mixed. In this article, we closely examine the 2000–2009 period and find a negative relationship between U.S. interest rates and EM bond spreads. We argue that the relationship between U.S. short rates and EM bond spreads is unstable and can change depending on how other “push” and “pull” factors, such as investors’ appetite for risk and emerging markets’ economic fundamentals, interact.
Waveforms in rotating Couette flow

Abstract An experimental survey has been made of the different kinds of coherent waveforms which occur in the finite amplitude region of unstable circular Couette flow. Gap ratios ranging from quite wide to very narrow and Taylor numbers up to the onset of turbulence have been investigated. Throughout this range all the waveforms can be assigned to five basic types: regular Taylor cells, spirals, a subharmonic asymmetric mode and two other types of rotationally asymmetric modes. Sketches of the basic types of cells and a description of how they are modified in various regions of the modal diagram are presented. It is shown how the normal modes of the system may be combined to form the basic modes. A comparison is made between the present data and previous reports of the higher modes; the theoretical work on this problem is also related to the observed results.
ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN LITERACY TRAINING

When was the last time you saw a job application with no spelling or grammatical errors? Basic skill deficiencies among people at all levels of business are forcing companies to develop innovative ways of compensating for and correcting the problem. What follows is a summary of literacy training strategies and suggestions for implementation.
A Numerical Study of the Genesis of Extratropical Convective Mesovortices. Part I: Evolution and Dynamics

Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand the genesis of extratropical convective mesovortices and the large-scale environmental features that influence the vortex formation. A hypothesis is proposed that mesovortices form in the stratiform rain regions of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) due to the reduction of static stability that reduces the effective local Rossby radius in such regions. A conceptual model of the mesoscale convective cyclogenesis is introduced, which describes the three stages of the mesovortex formation. A modified version of the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research three-dimensional hydrostatic mesoscale model is used to simulate mesovortex genesis in analytically generated pre-MCS large-scale environments. The model simultaneously incorporates parameterized convection and a grid-resolvable convective scheme containing the effects of hydrostatic water loading, condensation (evaporation), freezing (melting), and sublimation. A control si...
A smog chamber study of the potential effects of hydrocarbon reductions on nighttime NO2 concentrations

Abstract Chemical data from outdoor smog chamber experiments (22-h duration) using a simulated hydrocarbon mix and NO x are presented. These data show that reductions in hydrocarbons of 50–85% from an initial average concentration of 2.9 ppmC (same initial NO x ) frequently result in high nighttime NO 2 . The high nighttime NO 2 was associated with low afternoon oxidant. The reverse was also true; low nighttime NO 2 was related to high afternoon oxidant. The dark reaction between O 3 and NO 2 seemed primarily responsible for nighttime removal of NO 2 . This was supported by photochemical modeling. The contribution of nighttime NO 2 to the total 22-h NO 2 dosage was about 30% in higher hydrocarbon concentration experiments, and about 60% in lower hydrocarbon concentration experiments. From these experiments it is apparent that low initial hydrocarbons, poor solar radiation, or a combination of both could result in high nighttime NO 2 .
Fabrication and electrical characterization of Schottky diode based on 2-amino-4, 5-imidazoledicarbonitrile (AIDCN)

Abstract The junction characteristics of the organic compound 2-amino-4, 5-imidazoledicarbonitrile (AIDCN) on p-type silicon substrate are studied in detail. AIDCN is deposited on silicon substrate using thermal evaporator. Current–voltage ( I – V ) characteristic of the device is measured at room temperature. The Au/AIDCN/p-Si device shows non-linear I – V characteristic with rectification ratio of 7.2×10 3 at 5 V. The electronic device parameters such as barrier height, ideality factor, and series resistance are calculated using I – V data and observed to be 0.74 eV, 3.00, and 3.73×10 4 Ω respectively.
A virtual reality study on Santa Maria Crater on Mars

This poster presents a study of virtual reality on selected sites on Mars. A Virtual Astronaut (VA) is created as an interactive virtual 3D environment for the planetary science community to support the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission. A prototype study was conducted based on orbital and Opportunity rover data covering Santa Maria Crater in Meridiani Planum. The prototype VA provides dynamic visual representations of the imaging, compositional, and mineralogical data for the rover operations. It lets one navigate through the scene and interact with the environment, such as viewing in-situ observations, feature measurement, and an animation of rover drives. The system is optimized based on a set of performance tests and user feedbacks.
Collisionally activated dissociation of 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium cations

Thresholds for the appearance of fragment ions allowed the estimation of threshold fragmentation energies (TFE) for the collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) in the gas phase of laser-desorbed pyridine-ring substituted N-benzylpyridinium cations to form pyridine and a carbocation. p-Methylbenzylpyridinium cation underwent an alternative CAD into pyridinium cation and the p-quinnodimethane. The TFE are discussed in comparison with the energy differences (ΔΔH f = ΔH f (Py) + ΔH f (R + ) − ΔH f (Py + R)) calculated by the AM1 method to provide strong evidence for benzyl to tropylium cation rearrangement in an ion-molecule pair
Mechanochemically enhanced synthesis of isomorphously substituted kaolinites

A mechanochemical method for the rapid, bulk synthesis of kaolinite has been developed. Metal hydroxides and silicic acid are mechanically ground and hydrothermally treated for as little as a day at 250 °C to produce X-ray pure crystalline materials. This approach has been expanded to allow the synthesis of kaolinites with a portion of the aluminum sites isomorphously substituted with other trivalent metals. The synthetic parameters, such as length of mechanical and hydrothermal treatment, were studied. Products were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The samples exhibited strong order along the c axis and less order along the a and b axes. Trivalent transition and rare earth metals were used to replace aluminum in the structure. These metals included Cr, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Ho, and Er. Cerium (III) substituted kaolinite was successfully synthesized utilizing air-free conditions. This approach allows bulk quantities of substituted kaolinites to be prepared in a relatively short amount of time and offers a new route to synthesize pure and substituted kaolinites that may have novel catalytic properties.
1318 HUMAN FETUS, A POTENTIAL SURFACTANT DONOR: ISOLATION 0F LUNG SURFACTANT FROM AMNIOTIC FLUID

Trials of surfactant substitution are complicated by suboptimal performance of artificial surfactant and possible side effects of partially purified animal surfactant. To solve these problems, human lung surfactant (HS) was isolated from amniotic fluid (AF) from seven patients with term cesarean sections (CS) by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation and nylon mesh filtration. Up to 600 ml of bloodless AF was obtained during CS. The recovery of HS (disaturated lecithin marker) was 53±8%, one liter of AF yielding 75±16 mg of HS phospholipid. Properties of HS were compared to rabbit surfactant (RS) from alveolar lavage on modified Wilhelmy balance at 37°C. Lowest surface tension during compression [γmin (dynes/cm)], collapse rate at constant surface area [Kγ (1/min)] at γmin, compressibility [C (cm/dynes)] at 8-12 dynes/cm, and surface adsorption from subphase (γo-γ1) in 1, 2, and 15 min were measured: Both HS and RS were highly surface active. However, HS adsorbed to the surface faster than RS (*P<0.02). The sterile isolation yields large quantities of HS, that may be useful in surfactant therapy.
Hinton diagrams: Viewing connection strengths in neural networks

A graphical analysis similar to that used by Hinton and Shallice (1991) was applied to the hair cells of a simulated auditory transducer. The graphical analysis made it apparent that there were hair cells that responded to a narrow range of frequencies, as would be predicted by the tonotopic organization of the real physiology. In short, this study demonstrates the efficacy of using graphic techniques to examine the nature of the autopoetic organization of the hidden layer of back-propagation networks.
STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS OF FRAME REINFORCED SUBMERSIBLE, CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL HULLS

Abstract This paper describes a mathematical programming procedure for the automated optimal structural synthesis of frame stiffened, cylindrical shells. For a specified set of design parameters such as external pressure, shell radius and length and material properties, the method generates those values of the design variables that produce a minimum weight design. The skin, frame web and frame flange thicknesses and the flange width are treated as continuous variables. Frame spacing is considered a discrete variable. Constraint equations control local and general shell and frame instability and yield. Limits may be placed on the variable values, and certain geometric or space constraints can be applied. The mixed (continuous and discrete nonlinear programming problem is solved by a combination of a discrete ‘Golden Search’ for the optimal number of frames and the ‘Direct Search Design Algorithm’ which provides the optimum values of the continuous variables.
"Contractility" of the nonfailing hypertrophied heart.

Abstract Criteria that have been used to assess "contractility" of the myocardium, both in isolated muscle and in the pumping heart, are reviewed. The distinction between contractility of the heart under a given set of conditions and the contractile "capacity" under increasing loads is pointed out. In studies comparing the contractility of the normal heart with that of the hypertrophied heart, the importance of mass of tissue is emphasized. Contractile force of the hypertrophied myocardium in pathologic conditions is greater than normal when force is expressed across the entire thickness of the wall per unit length of circumference, but appears to be of the same order of magnitude as normal when expressed per unit cross-sectional area (stress). Studies of contractile "capacity" of the hypertrophied heart have given somewhat contradictory results. In isolated papillary muscles, Kerr and associates reported greater peak tension from hypertrophied muscle per unit dry weight than from normal muscle, whereas Grimm and co-workers reported no difference between normal and hypertrophied muscle per gram of tissue. In the heart-lung preparation, Dieckhoff found greater minute work "capacity" for the hypertrophied left ventricle than for the normal. However, if minute work capacity is expressed per gram of tissue, hypertrophied left ventricle is noted to have a lower value. Data were not published on stroke work capacity. In the innervated heart in situ, the studies of Beznak suggest a greater stroke work capacity of the hypertrophied left ventricle, but her data do not permit expression of stroke work per unit mass of tissue. The studies of Northup and of Meerson indicate that the hypertrophied left ventricle develops greater peak pressure than does the normal ventricle when the aorta is completely occluded, but when this pressure is related to the mass of tissue, the hypertrophied myocardium develops less pressure than does the nonhypertrophied. In conclusion, the contractile "capacity" of the hypertrophied myocardium seems to be either the same as, or less than, that of the normal myocardium per unit mass of tissue. On the other hand, the hypertrophied cardiac chamber contracts with a greater mural force than does the normal chamber, by virtue of increased thickness or cross-sectional area of the wall. This is of great functional significance as an adaptive phenomenon to a chronic increase in load or to a myocardium weakened by disease.
Term structure variance bounds and time varying liquidity premia

Abstract Including a time varying liquidity premium in Shiller's variance bound does not reverse Shiller's conclusion that long-term interest rates are too volatile relative to short-term rates to be explained by the rational expectations model of the term structure.
PRL-8-53: enhanced learning and subsequent retention in humans as a result of low oral doses of new psychotropic agent.

The effect of 3-(2-benzylmethylaminoethyl) benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (PRL-8-53) on learning and on retention of verbal information in human subjects was investigated. Using the serial anticipation method under double-blind conditions it was found that PRL-8-53 causes slight improvement of acquisition. Retention of verbal information was found improved to a statistically significant degree (most P values better than 0.01, some better than 0.001). No significant changes were found for either visual reaction time or motor control after drug when compared with placebo values.
Design of a small solar-powered desalination system

Abstract A design is presented for a solar/thermal system configured to power a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit to produce 7000 gallons of fresh water in an eight hour period. A field of line-focus tracking solar collectors is used to heat a high pressure liquid-vapor water storage tank supplying two compound reciprocating steam engines, one direct-connected to the RO high-pressure pump and the other to an electric generator for auxiliary power. An auxiliary heating loop with an oil-fired boiler is also used to supply the steam engines. The system operates in either all-solar, all-oil, or mixed solar/oil modes. Primary operating mode is assumed to be a mixed solar/oil mode in which the oil-fired boiler is used only to prevent shutdown of the RO system during the course of a partly sunny day. In this mode, the RO system does not come on line in the morning until the solar collector field has brought the high-pressure storage tank to a point near maximum operating pressure. Thereafter, the oil-fired boiler comes on automatically whenever the storage tank is drawn down to a pressure near minimum full-power operation (due to inadequate or intermittent insolation) and remains on, supplying the steam engines, until the solar collectors have again brought the storage tank to the high-pressure cutoff. In the all-solar mode, the system continues to operate at reduced power as storage tank pressure drops below the point at which the oil-fired boiler would otherwise come on. A portion of the RO system is shut down to maintain pressure in the remainder. The all-oil mode is used whenever fresh water is required during non-sunny periods, or to increase fresh water production in sunny periods.
Treasure salvage, archaeological ethics and maritime museums

Introduction"' Over the past decade, the archaeological community in the United States and other nations has been struggling with the ethical problems relating to treasure salvage and the propriety of professional archaeological involvement with treasure-hunting operations. Virtually every archaeological association in the United States with published ethical guidelines has condemned suchactivity(Cummings, 1986; 1988), but asmall minority of North American archaeologists has opted to work with salvors (Hamilton, 1989; 1990; Beaudry, 1988; Elia, 1992). In response to the concerns of professional archaeologists, some of the largest North American and international museum associations have developed policies on the issue, while other museums ignore or are unaware of the issue. This paper discusses maritime museum and museum association positions on treasurehunting and explores some of the issues and possible solutions to what is becoming one of the most significant and controversial problems in the profession.
Principal curve based semi-automatic segmentation of organs in 3D-CT

Radiation therapy plays an important and effective role in the treatment of cancer. A main goal in radiation therapy is to deliver high radiation doses to the perceived tumors while minimizing radiation to surrounding normal tissues. Manual delineation of tumors and organs-at-risk(OARs) on three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) is both a time-consuming and labor intensive task, and there maybe variability between manual delineations by different radiation oncologists. In this paper, we present a semi-supervised method to segment the contours of organs represented by piecewise linear segments connected with a small number of points given the user's input in one or more slices as an approximate initialization. This method detects ridge samples from the kernel interpolation of the edge map and approximates the shape of organs using piecewise linear segments among those sample points based on the principal curve score. Results are provided in two 3D-CT scans. Evaluation of the efficacy of our semiautomatic segmentation method is based on the overlapping ratio between the manually delineated contours and the semiautomatic segmented contours represented by a small number of points. The preserved points can be as low as 10 percent of the initial manual points, and the Dice Coefficients are approximately 0.93 for lung segmentation.
Store Wars: Changing Retail Ownership in Beijing

Two U.S.-based economic geographers analyze recent changes in retailing activity in Beijing, focusing on changes in store ownership. More specifically, they investigate declines in state ownership in the retail sector since the early 1980s in conjunction with the rapid growth of the domestic private sector and foreign ownership. The paper outlines a new geography of successful (and not-so-successful) retailers that has emerged due to rationalization of the industry, marketization, globalization, as well as government policies at a variety of levels. Changes in store ownership provide insights into the complexity of China's transition, the evolving relations between state and capital, and the role of the local state in the country's economic reforms. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: D23, L20, L81, O18. 2 figures, 3 tables, 1 appendix, 114 references.
Early postnatal administration of 5,7-DHT: Effects on serotonergic neurons and terminals

Abstract Serotonergic neurons throughout the brain were destroyed by early postnatal treatment of rats with an intracisternal injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), as demonstrated with biochemical measurements of serotonin and immunocytochemical localization of serotonin-containing neurons. Using these methods, it was shown that approximately 75–98% of serotonergic nuerons underwent cell death in rats which were treated on day 3. In contrast, intracisternal administration of 5,7-DHT in adult rats led to the loss of distal serotonergic terminals without apparent loss the cell bodies. Desipramine prevented significant effects of 5,7-DHT on noradrenergic neurons.
Impact of a residency research program on research activity, faculty involvement, and institutional cost.

Background: The impact of residency research programs on resident research activity, faculty involvement, and institutional cost has not been well described. Description: A strategy to increase resident research activity was implemented in a community-based internal medicine residency program. Strategy components included a resident research director, a research elective, cost reimbursement, and a research requirement. Associated outcomes of research activity, faculty involvement, and institutional cost are described. Evaluation: The annual number of research submissions increased from 0 to 39 over 6 years. The greatest increase in number of research submissions was seen following the dual implementation of the cost reimbursement and research requirement interventions. The annual number of faculty coauthors rose from 0 to 24 in 6 years. Average cost per accepted project was $1,023.00. Conclusion: The strategy described was associated with a marked increase in resident research activity and faculty involve...
Identification and robust control of flexible structures using shape memory actuators

The application of shape memory alloy materials as actuators and sensors in the active control of flexible structures has been extensively reported in the literature. The design of active controllers plays an important role in the overall development of smart structures for a given application. To design active controllers for flexible structures, a mathematical representation of the system is needed. The process of constructing a model to describe the vibration properties of a structure based on experimental test data is known as structural identification method. To account for any uncertainties in the structural models and to accomplish good closed loop system performance and noise suppression properties, we have developed robust control design methodologies for flexible structures. We have utilized the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) for system identification and linear quadratic Gaussian with loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR) method for designing robust controllers for a simple cantilever beam test article. The shape memory alloy, NiTiNOL, is used as an actuator. The LQG/LTR method has been modified to accommodate the limited control force provided by the actuators. The closed loop performance of the cantilever beam is experimentally determined for various types of uncertainties. The properties of robust controllers are demonstrated.
Short Shrift: Religion and Materialist Criticism

This review essay examines the upsurge of materialist criticism in Renaissance literary studies over the last 20 years as well as the limitations of such criticism vis-a-vis religion. Sensitive to these limitations, two recent authors employ solid historical scholarship to uncover the mundane realities as well as the no less real, though harder to quantify, spiritual aspects of Renaissance religious practice. Ramie Targoff's Common Prayer (2001) examines the Reformation production and distribution of the Book of Common Prayer, paying special attention to how the reformers balanced both economic and devotional considerations. Second, Jeffrey Knapp's Shakespeare's Tribe (2002) challenges the prevailing view in contemporary scholarship that Shakespeare's stage was largely secularist, even secularizing. Knapp argues that a considerable amount of early modern drama, including Shakespeare's, was written with the sacramental purposes of uniting religious believers of various stripes and of illustrating by example on the stage many of the precepts of the religious life. Knapp specifically counters materialist accounts in which religion is either a mask for power politics or is simply eviscerated of its spiritual content by representing it on an allegedly profane stage. Implicit in Knapp's argument is the odd coupling of Puritan antitheatricalists such as Philip Stubbes and Anthony Munday with some current scholars who rely heavily on Puritan polemics as an accurate characterization of the Renaissance stage. Finally, I cite Stephen Greenblatt's biography, Will in the World (2004), for its reiteration of the claim that Shakespeare was a secular playwright who invoked the language and trappings of religion merely for comic, commercial entertainment; I suggest that the plays can be read in a more devotional light.
The dominant and nondominant arms are specialized for stabilizing different features of task performance

We have previously proposed a model of motor lateralization, in which the two arms are differentially specialized for complementary control processes. During aimed movements, the dominant arm shows advantages for coordinating intersegmental dynamics as required for specifying trajectory speed and direction, while the nondominant arm shows advantages in controlling limb impedance, as required for accurate final position control. We now directly test this model of lateralization by comparing performance of the two arms under two different tasks: one in which reaching movement is made from one fixed starting position to three different target positions; and the other in which reaching is made from three different starting positions to one fixed target position. For the dominant arm, performance was most accurate when reaching from one fixed starting position to multiple targets. In contrast, nondominant arm performance was most accurate when reaching toward a single target from multiple start locations. These findings contradict the idea that motor lateralization reflects a global advantage of one "dominant" hemisphere/limb system. Instead, each hemisphere/limb system appears specialized for stabilizing different aspects of task performance.
A novel concept of passive shutdown heat removal in advanced nuclear reactors—Applications to PRISM and MHTGR

Abstract A novel concept of passive shutdown heat removal in advanced nuclear reactors is presented. In particular, its application to PRISM and MHTGR design has been discussed. The concept relies on shutdown heat removal from the reactor vessel by natural circulation of the containment building atmosphere (an inert gas) around the reactor vessel, and rejection of the heat from the gas to the outside environment through a system of heat-pipe heat exchangers located at the top of the containment structure. In comparison with the atmospheric air-cooling approach that is currently under consideration for PRISM and MHTGR, the attractiveness of the proposed heat-pipe emergency cooling system is that while it too is totally passive, it allows the reactor vessel to be housed in a conventional containment structure with an inert atmosphere which may be required for licensing the reactor in the U.S.A. Thus, the proposed system addresses the ongoing controversy over the containment issue for the PRISM and the MHTGR, while preserving the passive safety features of the shutdown heat removal technique. The proposed design concept may provide a viable alternative to the air-cooling approach that is being currently considered for the advanced reactors.
In vivo translation of amber and ochre codons in Escherichia coli.

By making certain assumptions, we have provided evidence which indicates that: amber and ochre codons function in vivo, the bulk of the E. coli mRNA is polycistronic, intercistronic space may correspond to no more than 12–24 nucleotides and ochre is used twenty five times more frequently than amber, for chain termination.
The Effects of Political Representation on the Electoral Advantages of House Incumbents

We examine factors that influence whether or not constituents know and like their representative in Congress, exploring how constituents respond to very different forms of political representation—...
Pharmacist-administered subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of administering subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) in a pharmacy setting and assess patient satisfaction. Study Design Fifty women, at least 18 years of age, presenting to a family planning clinic to initiate, continue or restart any form of DMPA were randomized to receive two subsequent injections at a nearby pharmacy by trained pharmacists or at the clinic. Women completed two follow-up surveys to rate their satisfaction with DMPA-SC and their clinic/pharmacy experiences. Results The relative risk of returning and receiving a second DMPA-SC injection of women randomized to the pharmacy compared with those randomized to the clinic was 0.73 (95% CI 0.42–1.27). The relative risk of returning and receiving a third DMPA-SC injection was 0.75 (95% CI 0.39–1.46). Most women found the pharmacy setting convenient (70%), private (100%), the providers respectful (100%) and were satisfied with DMPA-SC and the pharmacy as a clinical site (≥89%). No significant difference in patient satisfaction with location, convenience, privacy, and respect from providers was found between study groups (p>.05), nor were there significant differences in attitudes or satisfaction among women between their two follow-up injections. Conclusion Administration of DMPA-SC by pharmacists in a pharmacy setting is feasible. Continuation rates and patient satisfaction with DMPA-SC and the pharmacy setting were comparable to those who received DMPA-SC in a family planning clinic.
Classification of p-local low-dimensional spectra

Abstract Let p be an odd prime. We give a complete classification of (−1)-connected p -local spectra X such that H j ( X ) is finitely generated over Z (p) for all j and H j (X; Z p ) = 0 for j >4 p −5.
American Psychiatrists and the Modern Man, 1900 to 1920

This article examines two competing popular and professional constructions of masculinity in the first two decades of the century. One was the masculinity of youth, separatist and oppositional vis-a-vis women; the other was the respectable masculinity of bread-winning and married life. Drawing on psychiatric case records (from the Boston Psychopathic Hospital) as well as a range of published sources, this article argues that professionals advocated both constructions of masculinity and that men lived by both in their everyday lives. Particular attention is given to the role of sexuality in the consolidation of male identities; to “failures,” designated psychopaths; to battles over alcohol, with psychiatrists unwilling to align themselves too closely with women and prohibitionist aims; and to World War I and male hysteria.
GENDER, WORK, AND STRESS: The Potential Impact of Role-Identity Salience And Commitment

In a period when most women and men combine work and family roles, the relationship between these roles and stress is of particular importance. Using an identity theory perspective, this study focu...
The electrochemical oxidation of lignin model compounds I. Oxidation of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-α-methylbenzyl alcohol

Die elektrochemische, definierte Oxidation von 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-a-methylbenzylalkohol (I) fuhrt in Acetonitril unter Zusatz von Tetrabutylammoniumperu chlorat unter wasserfreien Bedingungen zum Acetophenon (II), wahrend in Gegenwart von Wasser unter Eliminierung von Acetaldehyd (IV) das Benzochinon (III) gebildet wird.
Role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in drug sensitivity and metastasis in bladder cancer.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that plays essential roles in development and wound healing that is characterized by loss of homotypic adhesion and cell polarity and increased invasion and migration. At the molecular level, EMT is characterized by loss of E-cadherin and increased expression of several transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin expression (Zeb-1, Zeb-2, Twist, Snail, and Slug). Early work established that loss of E-cadherin and increased expression of MMP-9 was associated with a poor clinical outcome in patients with urothelial tumors, suggesting that EMT might also be associated with bladder cancer progression and metastasis. More recently, we have used global gene expression profiling to characterize the molecular heterogeneity in human urothelial cancer cell lines (n = 20) and primary patient tumors, and unsupervised clustering analyses revealed that the cells naturally segregate into two discrete “epithelial” and “mesenchymal” subsets, the latter consisting entirely of muscle-invasive tumors. Importantly, sensitivity to inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or type-3 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3) was confined to the “epithelial” subset, and sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors could be reestablished by micro-RNA-mediated molecular reversal of EMT. The results suggest that EMT coordinately regulates drug resistance and muscle invasion/metastasis in urothelial cancer and is a dominant feature of overall cancer biology.
The Intractability of Reputation: Media Coverage as a Complex System in the Case of Martha Stewart

This study examines media reputation—the representation of a person or organization in the media—from the standpoint of complex systems. It analyzes news releases and print media coverage about Martha Stewart from 1982 through 2007 using computer-assisted semantic network analysis. The study concludes that Stewart's media reputation showed characteristics of a complex system, including the gradual emergence of patterns of representation, the buildup of internal dissonance, a crisis point followed by the emergence of new patterns, and resistance to outside influences. These characteristics constrain efforts to shape reputation but can also provide warnings about a changing reputation long before it becomes obvious in media coverage.
The 1 Σ * - 1 Σ Band System of Ionized Cadmium Deuteride

The $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{*}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ bands have been photographed with a dispersion of about 1.3A/mm. Eight bands of the system, between $\ensuremath{\lambda}2630$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}2280$ were analyzed. The isotopic coefficient $\ensuremath{\rho}$ agrees with the value obtained from atomic weights. The electronic isotope displacement relative to ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{+}$H appears to be 4.4 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. However, this value is somewhat uncertain as only three vibrational levels of the upper state and four of the lower state are available. The lines did not show a fine structure from the cadmium isotopes.
Regulation of proximal tubule vacuolar H+-ATPase by PKA and AMP-activated protein kinase

The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) mediates ATP-driven H+ transport across membranes. This pump is present at the apical membrane of kidney proximal tubule cells and intercalated cells. Defects in the V-ATPase and in proximal tubule function can cause renal tubular acidosis. We examined the role of protein kinase A (PKA) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the regulation of the V-ATPase in the proximal tubule as these two kinases coregulate the V-ATPase in the collecting duct. As the proximal tubule V-ATPases have different subunit compositions from other nephron segments, we postulated that V-ATPase regulation in the proximal tubule could differ from other kidney tubule segments. Immunofluorescence labeling of rat ex vivo kidney slices revealed that the V-ATPase was present in the proximal tubule both at the apical pole, colocalizing with the brush-border marker wheat germ agglutinin, and in the cytosol when slices were incubated in buffer alone. When slices were incubated with a cAMP analog and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, the V-ATPase accumulated at the apical pole of S3 segment cells. These PKA activators also increased V-ATPase apical membrane expression as well as the rate of V-ATPase-dependent extracellular acidification in S3 cell monolayers relative to untreated cells. However, the AMPK activator AICAR decreased PKA-induced V-ATPase apical accumulation in proximal tubules of kidney slices and decreased V-ATPase activity in S3 cell monolayers. Our results suggest that in proximal tubule the V-ATPase subcellular localization and activity are acutely coregulated via PKA downstream of hormonal signals and via AMPK downstream of metabolic stress.
Abstract B72: Metformin use and risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy: Results from the SEARCH database

Introduction: Metformin is currently the drug of choice for management of type II diabetes mellitus. Recent epidemiological studies have reported that metformin use among diabetics decreases the risk of developing a variety of cancer types, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the effect of metformin use on PCa outcome has yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between pre-operative metformin use and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in a cohort of diabetic men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 337 men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database treated for PCa with RP and with a diagnosis of diabetes prior to surgery. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess time to BCR for diabetic men taking metformin in the year prior to RP compared to diabetic men not taking metformin. Models were adjusted for age, race, year of surgery, surgical center, pre-operative PSA and biopsy Gleason score. Results: Of 337 diabetic men, 173 (51%) were taking metformin in the year before RP. The median follow-up among men who did not recur was 49 months, during which 112 men (33%) experienced BCR. Metformin use was associated with more recent year of surgery (median 2005 vs. 2001; p 0.1). Diabetics taking metformin had lower pre-operative PSA (p=0.12) yet higher prostate volume (p=0.17), relative to diabetics not on metformin, though these associations did not reach statistical significance. On unadjusted analyses, metformin use was not significantly associated with BCR (log-rank, p=0.29). After adjusting for multiple pre-operative features, metformin use in the year before surgery remained not related to BCR (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.60, p=0.912). Conclusion: In this cohort of diabetic men treated for PCa with RP, metformin use in the year prior to surgery was not significantly associated with time to BCR. Although this is the largest study to date to test the role of metformin among diabetics undergoing RP, larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to better assess whether metformin is associated with improved PCa outcomes, though the current study suggested no role for metformin for PCa control. Citation Format: Emma H. Allott, Michael R. Abern, Leah Gerber, Christopher J. Keto, William J. Aronson, Martha K. Terris, Joseph C. Presti, Christopher J. Kane, Christopher L. Amling, Stephen J. Freedland. Metformin use and risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy: Results from the SEARCH database. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B72.