cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alopecia in Rhesus macaques correlates with immunophenotypic alterations in dermal inflammatory infiltrates consistent with hypersensitivity etiology

Background Although alopecia is a commonly recognized problem affecting many captive Rhesus macaque colonies, there is no consensus as to the underlying etiology or appropriate course of management. Methods We performed skin biopsies to assess underlying pathology in alopecic Rhesus macaques and performed immunohistochemical and metachromatic staining of these biopsies to assess the cellular infiltrates. Results Alopecia is associated with superficial dermal perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates and skin pathology consistent with chronic hypersensitivity dermatitis. The inflammation is primarily composed of CD4+ cells admixed with histiocytes and mast cells. Inflammation is correlated with degree of alopecia. Further analysis in different groups of macaques revealed that animals born outdoors or infected with lung mites had reduced dermal inflammatory cell infiltrates and a lower incidence of alopecia. Conclusions These findings support a hypothesis that an altered housing status resulting in decreased pathogen burden in Rhesus macaque colonies may contribute to dermal immunophenotypic alterations and subsequent development of dermatitis with resultant alopecia.
Polymicrobial ventriculitis involving Pseudomonas fulva

Infections due to Pseudomonas fulva remain a rare but emerging concern. A case of ventriculitis due to Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas fulva following placement of an external ventricular drain is described. Similar to other reports, the organism was initially misidentified as Pseudomonas putida. The infection was successfully treated with levofloxacin.
A Two Dimensional Optical Input to One Dimensional Serial Pulse Transformation Using Confocal Reflectors

An optical approach using confocal parabolic reflectors is used to transform 2D input data based on spatial position to a 1D sequenced serial string. The optical input data are set up as a 2D array. Individual channels are established between the input array and the final output detector, which reads the data as a time based serial data. The transformation is achieved by changing the optical path length associated with each pixel and its channel to the output detector. The 2D data can be images or individual sources but the light must be parallel. This paper defines how to establish the channels and the calculations required to achieve the desired transformation.
Drugs for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: implications of the AHA Guidelines--2007 Update.

Lifestyle interventions constitute the initial strategy for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. However, pharmacotherapy is often indicated for control of major cardiovascular risk factors, and abundant clinical trial data support the morbidity and mortality benefit of a number of categories of drug therapy following a coronary event. Although women have increasingly been enrolled in clinical trials of pharmacotherapy, under representation of women in most research studies limits the gender-specific assessment of outcomes. Equally importantly, recent randomized clinical trial data have highlighted inappropriate preventive therapies for women (i.e. those lacking effectiveness and potentially imparting harm). Decision-making data for drug therapy for women also derive from a number of clinical trials conducted solely in women. The drug classes reviewed in this article include omega-3 fatty acids, aspirin, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists or blockers, β-adrenoceptor antagonists (β-blockers), aldosterone antagonists, antioxidants, folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12, and menopausal hormone therapy and selective estrogen-receptor modulators. Information is sparse regarding specific cardiovascular pharmacotherapies for elderly women, and women of racial and ethnic minorities. Owing to the under representation of the subset of women in many trials, analysis by age, race and ethnicity is not appropriate. This information gap presents a major challenge for future studies, as these subgroups constitute populations of women at high cardiovascular risk.
Size of the critical region in long-range Ising spin glasses

Abstract The size of the critical region for long- but not infinite-range Ising spin glasses is calculated by looking at the single loop corrections to the Bethe lattice approximation. The size of the critical region is predicted to go as 1 Z for large Z, where Z is the number of interacting neighbors.
The "nautilus": A method of winding disc coils

The so called nautilus is a winding form in the shape of a double helical spiral onto which a stiff conductor is wound. The conductor is thus bent to a radius smaller than the desired local curvature. When the conductor is allowed to relax from the nautilus form, the required radius of curvature is achieved everywhere. The stiffness in the axial direction is small and compression of the wound coil to a disc is easy. The coil is tightened to a compact disc by pulling the outer tails.
Characterization of steganographic algorithms using software metrics

The inclusion of data hiding techniques in everything from consumer electronics to military systems is becoming more commonplace. This has resulted in a growing interest in benchmarks for embedding algorithms, which until now has focused primarily on the theoretical and product oriented aspects of algorithms (such as PSNR) rather than the factors that are often imposed by the system (e.g., size, execution speed, complexity). This paper takes an initial look at these latter issues through the application of some simple and well known software engineering metrics: McCabe Complexity and Halstead Software Measures. This paper illustrates an approach that applies these metrics to create a hypothetical, language-independent representation of an algorithm, identifying the encapsulated, measurable components that compose that algorithm. This is the first step in developing a representation that will not only allow for comparison between disparate algorithms, but describe and define algorithms in such a way as to remove language and platform dependency. Bringing these concepts to their logical conclusion highlights how such an approach would provide existing benchmarking systems a more in-depth and fair analysis of algorithms in the context of systems as a whole, and decrease variability which affects the accuracy of the theoretical and product measures used today.
Low energy atomic collisions. II. Formal theory of H + -H collisions

The Schrodinger equation for the system H+-H developed in a previous paper is considered using new expansion functions for electronic states obtained from H2 + molecular ion electronic eigenfunctions by a unitary transformation. These new functions have the advantage of remaining orthonormal at all internuclear separations and asymptotically becoming symmetrized atomic hydrogen states. Although they are eigenfunctions of the H2 + hamiltonian only in the limit of large internuclear distance, the effect of the H2 + hamiltonian on these functions is readily found. Due to coupling which remains non-zero in the limit of large interproton distance, each independent formal solution of the H+-H equations involves more than one expansion state in this limit. These solutions may be expressed asymptotically as column vectors multiplied by incoming or outgoing spherical waves. The formal theory of scattering as developed by Gell-Mann and Goldberger has been utilized along with the projection formalism of Feshbach to ...
Expression and characterization of the human mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase.

Abstract A cDNA clone encoding the human mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase (mtLeuRS) has been identified from the EST databases. Analysis of the protein encoded by this cDNA indicates that the protein is 903 amino acids in length and contains a mitochondrial signal sequence that is predicted to encompass the first 21 amino acids. Sequence analysis shows that this protein contains the characteristic motifs of class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and regions of high homology to other mitochondrial and bacterial LeuRS proteins. The mature form of this protein has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli . Gel filtration indicates that human mtLeuRS is active in a monomeric state, with an apparent molecular mass of 101 kDa. The human mtLeuRS is capable of aminoacylating E. coli tRNA Leu . Its activity is inhibited at high levels of either monovalent or divalent cations. K M and k cat values for ATP:PP i exchange and for the aminoacylation reaction have been determined.
A numerical simulation for effective elastic moduli of plates with various distributions and sizes of cracks

Abstract A fast convergent numerical model is developed to calculate the effective moduli of plates with various distributions and sizes of cracks, in which the crack line is divided into M parts to obtain the unknown traction on the crack line. When M =1, the model reduces to Kachanov's approximation method [Int. J. Solids Struct. 23 (1987) 23]. Six types of crack distributions and three kinds of crack sizes are considered, which are four regular (equilateral triangle, equilateral hexagon, rectangle, and diamond) and two random distributions (random location and orientation, and parallel orientation and random location), and one, two and random crack sizes. Some typical examples are also analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) to validate the present model. Then, the effective moduli associated with the crack distributions and sizes are calculated in detail. The present results for the regular distributions show some very interesting phenomena that have not been revealed before. And for the two random distributions, as the effective moduli depend on samples due to the randomness, the effect of the sample size and number are analyzed first. Then, effective moduli for plates with the three sizes of cracks are calculated. It is found that the effect of crack sizes on the effective moduli is significant for high crack densities, and small for low crack densities, and the random crack size leads to the lowest effective moduli. The present numerical results are compared with several popular micromechanics models to determine which one can provide the optimum estimation of the effective moduli of cracked plates with general crack densities. Furthermore, some existing numerical results are analyzed and discussed.
Plasma removal of Parylene C

Parylene C, an emerging material in microelectromechanical systems, is of particular interest in biomedical and lab-on-a-chip applications where stable, chemically inert surfaces are desired. Practical implementation of Parylene C as a structural material requires the development of micropatterning techniques for its selective removal. Dry etching methods are currently the most suitable for batch processing of Parylene structures. A performance comparison of three different modes of Parylene C plasma etching was conducted using oxygen as the primary reactive species. Plasma, reactive ion and deep reactive ion etching techniques were explored. In addition, a new switched chemistry process with alternating cycles of fluoropolymer deposition and oxygen plasma etching was examined to produce structures with vertical sidewalls. Vertical etch rates, lateral etch rates, anisotropy and sidewall angles were characterized for each of the methods. This detailed characterization was enabled by the application of replica casting to obtain cross sections of etched structures in a non-destructive manner. Application of the developed etch recipes to the fabrication of complex Parylene C microstructures is also discussed.
The Baboon (Papio spp.) as a Model of Human Ebola Virus Infection

Baboons are susceptible to natural Ebola virus (EBOV) infection and share 96% genetic homology with humans. Despite these characteristics, baboons have rarely been utilized as experimental models of human EBOV infection to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactics and therapeutics in the United States. This review will summarize what is known about the pathogenesis of EBOV infection in baboons compared to EBOV infection in humans and other Old World nonhuman primates. In addition, we will discuss how closely the baboon model recapitulates human EBOV infection. We will also review some of the housing requirements and behavioral attributes of baboons compared to other Old World nonhuman primates. Due to the lack of data available on the pathogenesis of Marburg virus (MARV) infection in baboons, discussion of the pathogenesis of MARV infection in baboons will be limited.
Complementary Assays Reveal a Low Level of CA Associated with Viral Complexes in the Nuclei of HIV-1-Infected Cells

During uncoating, the conical capsid of HIV disassembles by dissociation of the p24 capsid protein (CA). Uncoating is known to be required for HIV replication, but the mechanism is poorly defined. Here, we examined the timing and effect of two capsid binding drugs (PF74 and BI2) on infectivity and capsid integrity in HIV-1-infected cells. The virus remained susceptible to the action of PF74 and BI2 for hours after uncoating as defined in parallel drug addition and cyclosporine (CsA) washout assays to detect the kinetics of drug susceptibility and uncoating, respectively. Resistance mutations in CA decreased the potency of these compounds, demonstrating that CA is the target of drug action. However, neither drug altered capsid integrity in a fluorescence microscopy-based assay. These data suggest that PF74 and BI2 do not alter HIV-1 uncoating but rather affect a later step in viral replication. Because both drugs bind CA, we hypothesized that a residual amount of CA associates with the viral complex after the loss of the conical capsid to serve as a target for these drugs. Superresolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) revealed that CA localized to viral complexes in the nuclei of infected cells. Using image quantification, we determined that viral complexes localized in the nucleus displayed a smaller amount of CA than complexes at the nuclear membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in controls. Collectively, these data suggest that a subset of CA remains associated with the viral complex after uncoating and that this residual CA is the target of PF74 and BI2. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 capsid is a target of interest for new antiviral therapies. This conical capsid is composed of monomers of the viral CA protein. During HIV-1 replication, the capsid must disassemble by a poorly defined process called uncoating. CA has also been implicated in later steps of replication, including nuclear import and integration. In this study, we used cell-based assays to examine the effect of two CA binding drugs (PF74 and BI2) on viral replication in infected cells. HIV-1 was susceptible to both drugs for hours after uncoating, suggesting that these drugs affect later steps of viral replication. High-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) revealed that a subset of CA localized to viral complexes in the nuclei of cells. Collectively, these data suggest that a subset of CA remains associated with the viral complex after uncoating, which may facilitate later steps of viral replication and serve as a drug target.
The Attribution Theory of Learning and Advising Students on Academic Probation

Academic advisors need to be knowledgeable of the ways students learn. To aid advisors in their exploration of learning theories, I provide an overview of the attribution theory of learning, includ...
Guaranteed fault detection sequences for single transition faults in finite state machine models using concurrent fault simulation

This paper presents a new algorithm for the generation of test sequences for finite state machines. Test sequence generation is based on the transition fault model, and the generation of state-pair distinguishing sequences. We show that the use of state-pair distinguishing sequences generated from a fault-free finite state machine will remain a distinguishing sequence even in the presence of a single transition fault, thus guaranteeing complete single transition fault coverage. Analysis and experimental results show that the complexity of the test sequence generation algorithm is less than those of the previous algorithms. The utility of the transition fault model, and the generated test sequences is shown by their application to sequential logic circuits. These results show more than a factor of 10 improvement in the test generation time and some reduction in test length while maintaining 100% transition fault coverage.
Wave packet dynamics with adaptive grids: The moving boundary truncation method

A novel method for integrating the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is presented. Hydrodynamic quantum trajectories are used to adaptively define the boundaries and boundary conditions of a fixed grid. The result is a significant reduction in the number of grid points needed to perform accurate calculations. The Eckart barrier, along with uphill and downhill ramp potentials, was used to evaluate the method. Excellent agreement with fixed boundary grids was obtained for each example. By moving only the boundary points, stability was increased to the level of the full fixed grid.
Utilizing seismic-derived rock properties for horizontal drilling in the Arabian Gulf

The offshore stringer sands that are north of Saudi Arabia contain significant oil and gas, but imaging these sands has been challenging. The sands and shales do not have a sufficient acoustic impedance contrast to appear in normal-incident seismic data, and the sand distribution is too erratic and complex to be predicted with subsurface stratigraphic techniques. Simultaneous offset inversion was used to separate sands from shales in the prestack domain based on elastic rock properties. The results have allowed us, for the first time, to target the sands via geosteering horizontal wells to maximize reservoir contact. Furthermore, the underlying massive main sand interval is better delineated and shows structural and stratigraphic events that were encountered during drilling, but never predicted. These results will have a significant impact on the overall drilling and production efficiency.
Mechanics-Based Approach for Modeling Delamination of Fire Insulation from Steel Structures

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical model for evaluating internal fracture and delamination at the interface of fire insulation and steel surface in structural members. A cohesive zone model in combination with contact condition is employed in a 3D finite-element model to simulate the fire-insulation damage throughout the loading range, from initial loading stage until failure through fracture. The numerical model is validated by comparing model predictions, namely internal fracture and interfacial delamination of insulation, against test data generated at both material and structural levels. The validated model was applied to quantify the effect of critical factors on the extent of delamination between steel and fire insulation. Results from the parametric studies indicate that critical fracture energy at steel–insulation interface, insulation thickness, modulus of elasticity, and internal cohesion of insulation material have significant influence on the spread of delamination at steel–insulation int...
A case of national liberation with feminist undertones: The secession of Eritrea

(1996). A case of national liberation with feminist undertones: The secession of Eritrea. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 401-424.
N-polar GaN/InAlN MIS-HEMT with 400-GHz ƒ max

This paper reports 400-GHz ƒ max using a tall-stem T-gate on an N-polar GaN/InAlN MIS-HEMT grown by MOCVD. This is the highest reported ƒ max value to date for an N-polar GaN HEMT and is among the highest values for all GaN HEMTs.
Cerebral oxidative metabolism and blood flow during acute hypoglycemia and recovery in unanesthetized rats.

Abstract: Progressive neurological depression leading to coma was produced in unanesthetized rats at a constant level of hypoglycemia induced by insulin. High-energy phosphate concentrations in brain remained normal during hypoglycemic lethargy, but ATP declined by 6% during stupor and by 40% during coma that was characterized by an isoelectric EEG. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) remained normal during hypoglycemia whereas the cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen (CMRo2) and glucose (CMRglucose) decreased by 45 and 73%, respectively, indicating oxidation of nonglucose fuels. A plot of CMRo2 and CMRglucose versus plasma glucose indicated increasing oxidation of alternate substrates (elevated CMRo2/CMRglucose) at plasma glucose concentrations below 2.5 mm. The cerebral uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate increased during hypoglycemic stupor and its complete oxidation could account for the CMRo2 in excess of glucose utilization. Brain ammonia, a byproduct of amino acid metabolism, reached a level during hypoglycemic coma sufficient to produce coma in normoglycemic animals. The rate and degree of recovery after glucose administration depended on the duration of hypoglycemia and the pretreatment neurological state of the animal. Following 10 min of glucose infusion, ATP levels that were modestly depressed in stuporous rats recovered fully, paralleling the animals' apparently full neurological recovery. Rats that had been in hypoglycemic coma for 1 min or less fully recovered high-energy phosphate concentrations in brain. However, when normalization of plasma glucose was delayed for more than 1 min of coma, the CMRo2 remained depressed, CBF decreased to 40% of control, and high-energy substrates failed to normalize. In keeping with the depression of oxidative metabolism and blood flow, neurological function and the EEG remained abnormal even after 1 h of glucose infusion. The findings suggest that irreversible brain injury may develop within the first minutes of hypoglycemic coma.
Pythium species from forest and muskeg areas of southeast Alaska

Five Pythium species are reported from muskeg and forested areas in southeast Alaska including locations that are remote and undisturbed. They are new reports from Alaska. Most frequently isolated was P. undulatum, followed by P. intermedium and an undescribed species. Pythium isolates were more abundant in streams flowing from muskegs than in streams flowing through forested areas.
Computerized image analysis: estimation of breast density on mammograms

An automated image analysis tool is being developed for estimation of mammographic breast density, which may be useful for risk estimation or for monitoring breast density change in a prevention or intervention program. A mammogram is digitized using a laser scanner and the resolution is reduced to a pixel size of 0.8 mm X 0.8 mm. Breast density analysis is performed in three stages. First, the breast region is segmented from the surrounding background by an automated breast boundary-tracking algorithm. Second, an adaptive dynamic range compression technique is applied to the breast image to reduce the range of the gray level distribution in the low frequency background and to enhance the differences in the characteristic features of the gray level histogram for breasts of different densities. Third, rule-based classification is used to classify the breast images into several classes according to the characteristic features of their gray level histogram. For each image, a gray level threshold is automatically determined to segment the dense tissue from the breast region. The area of segmented dense tissue as a percentage of the breast area is then estimated. In this preliminary study, we analyzed the interobserver variation of breast density estimation by two experienced radiologists using BI-RADS lexicon. The radiologists' visually estimated percent breast densities were compared with the computer's calculation. The results demonstrate the feasibility of estimating mammographic breast density using computer vision techniques and its potential to improve the accuracy and reproducibility in comparison with the subjective visual assessment by radiologists.
In memory of three pioneers: Ledley (biomedical imaging), Greenfield (medical physics) and Kangarloo (PACS and informatics)

In 2012, we lost three pioneers: Robert S. Ledley in Biomedical Imaging, Moses Greenfield in Medical Physics, and Hooshang Kangarloo in PACS and Informatics. They had their own respective background, interest, and contribution to science and technology that cemented certain cornerstones of today’s Biomedical Imaging Informatics. Among other accomplishments, this memory focuses on their contributions related to medical imaging, medical physics, PACS and informatics. The evolution of medical imaging informatics can be traced from the footprints of these three pioneers through the time line shown in the last figure in the paper. Their dedication in contributing to this field would be remembered by their students, fellows and colleagues who are now continuously leading the growth in this field of science and technology.
1816 ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) SECRETION DURING RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN CHILDREN WITH BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)

Twelve children (age:3 mos to 7 mos, sex:m:f::8:4) known to have bronchopulmonary dysplasia were studied for antidiuretic hormone response during hospitalization with respiratory distress, hypoxemia and hyperinflation on chest x-ray. 7/12 had wheezing at the time of admission. None had received any medications before admission. None of the children had clinical evidence of dehydration (normal plasma renin activity of 2.4–4.7 ng/ml). Plasma ADH levels were measured by radioimmune assay (N=up to 1.7 mU/ml) and were elevated 6–9 fold (2.4 mU/ml–3.1 mU/ml) within 7–10 days. 3/12 children developed hyponatremia (129–131) 24 hours after admission. Further, 2/3 children with hyponatremia developed diastolic hypertension for up to 2 days. 7/12 were given furosemide at the time of admission for the presence of wheezing. Though the wheezing diminished considerably following furosemide, there was no reduction in the plasma ADH levels. We conclude that 1. ADH secretion is common in children with BPD during acute respiratory distress 2. The mechanism for the production of ADH is either hypoxemia and/or hyperinflation 3. Hyponatremia occurs with increased ADH secretion and therefore care should be exercised in the administration of fluids 4. Though furosemide may have a beneficial effect on the respiratory distress in children with BPD, the plasma ADH levels are not influenced by its administration and 5. The continued ADH secretion in children with BPD feeds a vicious cylcle.
Photoabsorption spectrum of the Ce@C82 endohedral fullerene

DOS's for the photoabsorption of the Ce atom encapsulated inside the C82 have been calculated using TDDFT method. The results demonstrate the great suppression of the Ce 4f decay. This calculation confirms the experimental result which observed no confinement resonances in the Ce@C82 photoionization
The surface marker and micro cell method

SUMMARY A new method is presented for the simulation of two-dimensional, incompressible, free surface fluid flow problems. The surface marker and micro cell (SMMC) method is capable of simulating transient free surface fluid flow problems that include multivalued free surfaces, impact of free surfaces with solid obstacles and converging fluid fronts (including wave breaking). New approaches are presented for the advection of the free surface, the calculation of the tentative velocity, final velocity and pressure fields and the use of multivalued velocities to treat converging fluid fronts. Simulation results are compared with experimental results for water sloshing in a tank to demonstrate the validity of the new method. Convergence of the new method is demonstrated by a grid refinement study. # 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The history of trephination in Africa with a discussion of its current status and continuing practice.

Trephination of the skull is one of the most fascinating and, certainly, one of the oldest therapeutic procedures known to man. After Prunieres' discovery of the trephined skull at Aiguieres in 1868, a plethora of information has been gathered about the procedure. There, however, exits little documentation of African trephination or its history. Using both primary and secondary sources, we have discovered that African trephination was known in the time of Herodotus, has a rich history, and is currently practiced widely throughout Africa for specific reasons. We discuss these findings as they relate to preconceived notions of trephinations in other countries and to the history of neurosurgery.
A fast accurate method for direct assessment of transient stability

A direct stability assessment method that can act as a fast screening tool for determining retention or loss of stability is becoming of increasing interest in system planning, operation planning and on-line control center applications. In this paper, a fast, accurate method for determining retention or loss of stability without requiring time simulation for a particular fault, clearing time, clearing action, and operation condition is developed. This method is shown to require approximately the computation time of one or two decoupled load flow solutions. The method requires development of a linear or a nonlinear prediction of peak angle excursion after the transient. This linear peak angle predictor is developed based on a linearized power system model and a pulse acceleration model for the fault. This nonlinear predictor estimates the maximum angle excursion using a nonlinear power system model. The linear peak angle predictor is used to establish retention or loss of stability using an improved potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method. Critical clearing times can be determined within maximum error of 4.5% compared to those calculated using a transient stability program on a 17 generator example system.
First-principles study of the solubility, diffusion, and clustering of C in Ni

Within the framework of density functional theory, we investigate three key properties of a C interstitial solid solution in crystalline Ni: the heat of solution $(\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathrm{sol}}),$ the activation energy for C diffusion ${(E}_{a}),$ and the C-C pair binding energy $(B).$ In addition, we assess the impact of Ni magnetism upon each property. The most energetically favorable lattice site for C is the interstitial octahedral site $(O$ site), which is 1.59 eV lower in energy than the tetrahedral site $(T$ site). Using the nudged elastic band method, we determine that diffusion between O sites proceeds via a T-site intermediate. The calculated activation energy ${(E}_{a}=1.62\mathrm{eV}),$ is in good agreement with experimental data from the literature (1.54--1.71 eV). The binding of C pairs is sensitive to magnetization effects, and is negligible $(B\ensuremath{\approx}0\mathrm{eV})$ in the ferromagnetic state, but repulsive in the paramagnetic state $(B=\ensuremath{-}0.2\mathrm{eV}).$ These results are consistent with anelastic relaxation experiments, which find $Bl0.1\mathrm{eV}$ in the FM state. The calculated heat of solution in the paramagnetic Ni state $(\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathrm{sol}}^{\mathrm{para}}=0.2--0.35\mathrm{eV})$ is in reasonable agreement with high-temperature experimental values of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.4\mathrm{eV},$ and the magnitude of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathrm{sol}}$ in the ferromagnetic state is found to be about 0.4 eV greater than in the paramagnetic state. Lastly, we briefly assess the effect of pseudopotential choice and exchange-correlation functionals upon the accuracy of the results.
The neuronal components of the optic nerve of the crayfish as studied by single unit analysis.

Unit responses were obtained from the optic nerve of the crayfish, Procambarus clarki (Girard) with steel needles. Eighty-three repeatedly recognized elements are described. They range from bundles of primary sensory fiber to complexly reacting multimodal interneurons. Visually reacting fibers fall into two main classes, one class reacts tonically to overall illumination, the other responds to moving objects. Sustaining fibers react to increased light with increased output, dimming fibers are active in the dark and inhibited by light. Fourteen sustaining and four dimming fibers are described. The main movement fiber type, of which eleven have been found, responds to shadows. They “habituate” quickly and react best to movement of small black objects. All these fibers, and some others, are present as centrifugal elements from the other eye. All these fibers, and some others, are present as centrifugal elements from the other eye. Four fibers, two sustaining and two movement ones, change their fields with positions of the animal. These “space-constant” fibers “look” at the sky from all positions for which possible and are otherwise “blind.” Mechanoreceptive interneurons form a bundle between the first and second classes of optical fibers. Seventeen members are described. Five multimodal fibers, with combined visual and mechanoreceptor input are described. Maps of the approximate locations of the units in the cross-section of the optic nerve are presented. The number of times specific fibers were found exceeded 50 for 28.
Effects of cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy on cyclic-AMP and prostaglandins in brain and eye tissues and fluids.

Abstract Studies were conducted confirming supersensitivity to catecholamines on intraocular pressure and pupil size following bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy in rabbits. At the termination of these studies we examined changes in cyclic adenylic acid and prostaglandin content in jugular vein effluent and various brain and ocular tissues and fluids of the sympathectomized versus control animals. In the blood effluent and various brain and ocular tissues and fluids of and significant lowering of prostaglandin F1α in the sympathectomized animals. Although we found elevation of prostaglandin in certain tissues of the sympathectomized animals, there were no significant changes in cyclic adenylic acid levels between sympathectomized and control animals in the tissues examined. The findings of prostaglandin (blood and tissue) and cyclic adenylic acid (blood) changes in sympathectomized animals, associated with known changes in intraocular pressure and pupil size (due to catecholamine supersensitivity) must elicit further interest in the correlation and interpretation of various other central physiological and metabolic events in cervical sympathectomized animals.
Stereospecific cis- and trans-ring fusions arising from common intermediates

Highly concise and stereospecific routes to cis and trans fusion, carrying various functionality at one of the bridgehead carbons, have been accomplished.
Case Study of Ground-Source Heat Pump Applications in Hot and Humid Climates

AbstractDespite the fact that the use of ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) in cold and dry climates has been studied for decades, the technical and economic applicability of GSHPs in a hot and humid climate such as Florida is yet to be determined. Eight cases in the states of Florida and Alabama were studied in comparison with conventional air source heat pumps. Data were collected through site visits or interviews, as well as from literature and published data sources. The case studies showed that GSHPs were more favorable in nonresidential applications when incentives were considered, but not favorable for residential applications without incentives. With incentives, applications in residential settings were still debatable because of potentially negative net present value and generally long payback time. Conversely, without incentives, the use of GSHPs in nonresidential applications is feasible if long payback time is not problematic for facility owners. Consistent with other studies, initial costs were...
Evaluation of Automotive Stop Lamps Using Incandescent and Sweeping Neon and LED Light Sources

The paper discusses a study of center high mounted stop lamps. It compares incandescent, sweeping neon, and light emitting diode (LED) lighting technology. Both the LED and neon lights had quicker onset times than the incandescent light. A daytime driving simulator was used by experimental subjects who performed a tracking task that was similar to driving. Reaction times and missed signals were recorded. The goal was to determine whether or not sweeping neon lighting technology has any visual benefits over other forms of vehicle lighting.
Channel Catfish Pond Effluents

Abstract Water samples were collected four times a year for 2 years from the surface and bottom of 25 ponds used for commercial culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in central and west-central Alabama. Samples were analyzed for 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, suspended solids, volatile solids, settleable solids, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Ranges for variables were as follows: BOD5, 1.9–35.54 mg/L; settleable solids, 0–1.8 mL/L; suspended solids, 5.2–336.7 mg/L; volatile solids, 0.02–221.0 mg/L; total phosphorus, 0–1.85 mg/L; soluble reactive phosphorus, 0–0.074 mg/L; total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 0.58–14.04 mg/L; total ammonia nitrogen, 0.008–8.071 mg/L; nitrite-nitrogen, 0.001–1.410 mg/L; nitrate-nitrogen, 0–6.661 mg/L; dissolved oxygen, 0.8–16.8 mg/L; and pH, 4.9–9.5. Concentrations of water quality variables were skewed towards the lower ends of these ranges. O...
Sensitive Assay for determination of Hydroxyzine in Plasma and its Human Pharmacokinetics

An assay suitable for hydroxyzine determination in human plasma following therapeutic doses was developed. The method involves GLC and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry of the acetate derivatives of hydroxyzine and of a pentadeuterated analog internal standard. Following administration of 100-mg single oral doses to normal male volunteers, peak plasma concentrations of ∼80 ng/ml were observed; the half-life of drug removal was ∼3 hr.
Data Mining Numerical Model Output for Single-Station Cloud-Ceiling Forecast Algorithms

Accurate cloud-ceiling-height forecasts derived from numerical weather prediction (NWP) model data are useful for aviation and other interests where low cloud ceilings have an impact on operations. A demonstration of the usefulness of data-mining methods in developing cloud-ceiling forecast algorithms from NWP model output is provided here. Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) 1-h forecast data were made available for nearly every hour in 2004. Various model variables were extracted from these data and stored in a database of hourly records for routine aviation weather report (METAR) station KJFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport along with other single-station locations. Using KJFK cloud-ceiling observations as ground truth, algorithms were derived for 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-h forecasts through a data-mining process. Performance of these cloud-ceiling forecast algorithms, as evaluated through cross-validation testing, is compared with persistence and Global Forecast System (GFS) model output statistics (MOS) performance (6 and 12 h only) over the entire year. The 1-h algorithms were also compared with the RUC model cloud-ceiling (or cloud base) height translation algorithms. The cloud-ceiling algorithms developed through data mining outperformed these RUC model translation algorithms, showed slightly better skill and accuracy than persistence at 3 h, and outperformed persistence at 6 and 12 h. Comparisons to GFS MOS (which uses observations in addition to model data for algorithm derivation) at 6 h demonstrated similar performance between the two methods with the cloud-ceiling algorithm derived through data mining demonstrating more skill at 12 h.
Can single-photon processes provide useful materials for frequency-domain optical storage?

To determine the complete set of required materials properties for a viable frequency-domain optical-storage system based on persistent spectral hole burning, we have performed analytic and computer simulations of the writing performance, signal-to-noise ratio, and number of reads that can be obtained from single-photon or monophotonic (no threshold) hole-burning mechanisms with realistic spot sizes and reading and writing times. We find that acceptable reading performance occurs only for materials with high quantum efficiencies, low absorption cross sections, and high solubilities. This work for the first time clearly defines the parameter space of single-photon materials that can be utilized in a frequency-domain optical-storage system.
Near aggregation, the dual GHR and pole-zero cancellation

It is known that a linear system will aggregate if and only if it is unobservable. An equivalent condition is that the transfer function has a pole-zero cancellation. In this paper, we consider SISO systems that nearly aggregate and we show that these systems have almost pole-zero cancellations. Defining near unobservability as, roughly, the existence of an invariant subspace near the null space of C, we also show that nearly unobservable systems exhibit almost pole-zero cancellations. The main tool in this analysis is the dual generalized Hessenberg representation (dual GHR). The dual GHR extends the GHR by incorporating the input structure with the output structure of the GHR. The result is a canonical form (the dual GHR) that relates the internal states to the input-output properties of the system. By exploiting this structure, the main results are obtained.
Hinting at what they mean: indirect suggestions in writing tutors' interactions with engineering students

This study examines the frequency with which 12 writing tutors used hints in their suggestions to 12 engineering students in 13 interactions about technical writing. Of the 424 suggestions tutors made, 106 were hints. Using Weizman's model as a guide, the study describes three types of hints that tutors used: evaluations, general rules, and elisions. It also investigates the benefits that tutors receive from using those types of hints and examines the problems for students that can arise when tutors state their suggestions as hints. Combined with previous research findings, the findings of this study suggest that tutors should pair mildly negative evaluations and general rules with direct suggestions, and tutors should avoid strongly negative evaluations, i.e., criticisms. The findings also suggest that tutors can elude suggestions and provide words and phrases for students' documents but that they should only do this occasionally to model effective tone or syntax.
Langzeitiges Anklingen der Photoleitung von CdS-Einkristallen bei schwachen Anregungsintensitäten

Es werden Messungen uber das Verhalten des Curiepunktes eines NiZn-Ferrites unter hohem allseitigen Druck beschrieben. Die dabei verwendete Transformatormethode gestattet zwar nicht, den Umwandlungspunkt in der ublichen Weise genau zu bestimmen, doch werden Curiepunktsanderungen gut wiedergegeben. Die Messungen in einem Druckbereich bis zu 6000 at ergeben eine Verschiebung des Curiepunktes nach hoheren Temperaturen hin.
Security and IP-based 3G wireless networks

Summary form only given. Telecommunication networks are evolving from closed systems with limited, standardized services, to open systems which will allow great creativity in building and deploying new services. These systems will heavily leverage Internet technology in an effort to create this open environment. This evolution is being aggressively pursued by wireless service providers (WSPs). Along with the benefits of these networks come increasingly high risks of a variety of attacks that may compromise security. Current, so called second generation (2G) wireless telecommunication networks are implemented using standardized control protocols for user and device authentication, mobility management, session control and services control. These networks are closed in the sense that control messages are exchanged on a private packet-switched network based on the signaling system No. 7 standards. Because of their closed nature, there are few successful attacks on these networks. The next, so called third generation (3G) wireless telecommunication networks are migrating towards IP technology, with the ultimate goal being an all-IP network. Standards for these systems, called the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) are being defined by the third generation partnership projects (3GPP and 3GPP2). These networks will use IP for transport of information, and Internet protocols such as the session initiation protocol (SIP) and mobile IP, for session control and mobility management. These networks open the possibility for IP-based services and must interwork with 2G networks. Because new services will be introduced in the IP-domain of these networks, new attacks on 3G networks are possible. Because IP networks are more accessible than SS7 networks, the control portion of the 3G networks is now more vulnerable to attack. These attacks may be remote denial of service attacks, or attacks that target the integrity of specific services. The means of the attack may vary depending on the interworking model used and the service being offered. In this talk we discuss the different security risks in IP-based 3G networks, different attack types, and the trade-offs of high performance, open network architectures versus secure network infrastructure.
Epidemiological Studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Infants: Antibody to Types 3, 6, 14, and 23 in the First Two Years of Life

Antibodies to pneumococcal types 3, 6, 14, and 23 were measured in sera from 78 infants prospectively studied from birth. Mean levels of antibodies to capsular antigens were 2-4 micrograms/mL, with no overall differences between carriers and noncarriers of given types. Serial serum samples were studied in selected infants to more precisely define the antibody response in relation to specific pneumococcal colonization and infection. Although some infants had little antibody, and made little in response to exposure, others had demonstrable antibody at the onset of acute otitis media. The highest levels were seen following repeated exposure. After an initial or secondary response, levels declined with or without continued nasopharyngeal carriage.
The reciprocal stability of FOXO1 and IRS2 creates a regulatory circuit that controls insulin signaling

The transcription factor FoxO1 links the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) → Akt cascade to gene expression that regulates cell growth, survival, and metabolism. The receptors for insulin and IGFs factors are linked to this pathway through tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates—Irs1, 2, 3, and 4. However, it is unclear why Irs2 signaling predominates in certain tissues, including pancreatic β cells, dermal fibroblasts, photoreceptors, central neurons, and metastatic mammary tumor cells. We used wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs)—and Irs1−/− or Irs2−/− MEFs—to establish the relation between Irs1, Irs2, and FoxO during insulin signaling. PI 3-kinase associated with Irs1 and Irs2 during insulin stimulation of wt MEFs, which strongly promoted Akt and FoxO phosphorylation, led to FoxO nuclear exclusion and degradation. However, insulin failed to activate the Akt→ FoxO cascade in Irs2−/− MEFs because Irs1 expression was reduced in these cells, and p110α-PI 3-kinase was ineffici...