cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review and new analysis of trophic interactions between Prorocentrum minimum and clams, scallops, and oysters

Abstract There has been no consensus on whether Prorocentrum minimum is “toxic,” despite sporadic reports suggesting possible shellfish toxicity and laboratory studies showing harmful effects of this dinoflagellate on molluscan shellfish. Shellfish toxicity outbreaks associated with natural blooms of P. minimum have been confounded by co-occurrence of other toxic phytoplankton. Laboratory studies have demonstrated unequivocally that some P. minimum isolates can produce toxins that kill mice on injection, but the bioactive compound or compounds remain unidentified, and accumulation of toxin in grazing mollusks has not been demonstrated. Laboratory experiments testing the responses of grazing mollusks to P. minimum cultures have yielded variable results, ranging from mortality in scallops and oysters to normal growth of oysters. Effects observed in the laboratory include rejection as pseudofeces by clams, poor larval development in oysters, tissue pathologies (sometimes transient) in oysters and scallops, and systemic immune responses in oysters and scallops. Several recent studies have provided evidence that variation in toxicity of P. minimum is dependent on environmental conditions and their effects on the physiology of this dinoflagellate. Accordingly, seemingly conflicting observations from field and laboratory studies may be explained by transient toxin expression in P. minimum.
Mechanism of Tarnishing of Precious-Metal Contact Alloys

Studies of the tarnishing of the Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pd--Ag, and Pd-Cu systems revealed that film formation was controlled by diffusion either in the surface film or in the near-surface region of the alloy. Tarnishing of the silver-containing alloys is controlled by alloy diffusion, which can be described as a two-stage process. Initially, all alloys tarnish at nearly a linear rate characteristic of the pure reactive element. Beyond a transition thickness, the alloys tarnish according to a cubic-rate law. The rate-controUing mechanism associated with the simple cubic rate was identified as "short-circuit" diffusion via dislocations and/or'"grain boundaries. The two tarnish Charactefistics of an alloy such as Au-Ag were shown to be greatly affected by the surface metallurgical condition.
Public health issues related to infection in pregnancy and cerebral palsy.

Cerebral palsy is the most common neuromotor developmental disability of childhood, affecting as many as 8,000 to 12,000 children born in the U.S. each year (corresponding to a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3 per 1000 children). Recent improvements in neonatal care have not resulted in a decline in the overall prevalence of cerebral palsy and, in fact, greater numbers of very preterm/very low birth weight infants are surviving with cerebral palsy and other developmental problems. Infection in pregnancy may be an important cause of the disorder. In preterm infants, there appears to be about a 2-fold increased risk for cerebral palsy from chorioamnionitis, and in term infants the estimated increased risk is about 4-fold. Provisionally, chorioamnionitis might account for 12% of spastic cerebral palsy in term infants and 28% of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Studies of biochemical markers of fetal inflammation typically associated with infection also suggest that an inflammatory response may be an important independent etiologic factor. If a substantial proportion of cerebral palsy is attributable to acute amnionitis infection and/or neonatal sepsis, cerebral palsy should have decreased in the United States after administration of intrapartum antibiotics became widespread in response to publication of public health consensus guidelines for Group B streptococcus in 1996. However, failure to detect declines could have a number of explanations and these explanations illustrate the many public health challenges related to intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy. Given the gaps in our current knowledge about intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy, public health recommendations for timely and specific prevention activities are limited at this time.
Male-male agonistic behaviour of the copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix

Male-male agonistic behaviour of Agkistrodon contortrix was studied in the laboratory. Contests occurred during the periods of mating (Feb.-Apr. and Aug.-Oct.). Thirteen staged dyadic trials were run and larger males (mass/length ratio) were scored as winners in 11 of the 13 trials. Evidence for dominant-subordinate relationships in this species was obtained. Nine agonistic acts were coded from direct observations and from films. Seven of the acts were used in sequential analyses of intra- and inter-individual transitions. Numerous transitions were significant in both intra- and inter-individual analyses. Sequences greater than two events were detected in 3 of 4 males in the intra-individual analysis. Males that won contests exhibited certain acts significantly more frequently than males that lost, but there was no significant difference in the mean durations of like acts. Larger (mass/length ratio) males were always successful in defending a mate during courtship and in deposing smaller males from potential mates. Males introduced to pairs in copula exhibited few courtship or agonistic acts toward the pair, and in no case did introduced males depose smaller males.
Functional evidence for abnormal maturation within a B-cell subpopulation of NZB mice

Abstract NZB mice develop a systemic autoimmune disease and have a subpopulation of B lymphocytes that spontaneously produce excessive amounts of IgM. These abnormal B cells reside within a specific B-cell subset that is affected by the CBA/N defect. In normal mice, this B-cell subset acquires in vitro responsiveness to certain thymus-independent antigens (TI-2) relatively late in ontogeny. We compared the functional development of neonatal B cells from NZB mice to that of normal mice of the same H-2 type. The acquisition of in vitro responsiveness to the TI-1 antigen, TNP-LPS and the TI-2 antigens, TNP-Dextran, TNP-Ficoll, and FITC-Ficoll was examined. TNP-LPS could elicit a response from both normal and NZB neonates. In contrast, responses to the TI-2 antigens were elicited early in life (
The west's counter‐terrorist strategy

This essay provides an American perspective on the Western approach to counter‐terrorism. Beginning with a retrospective look at why the international response to terrorism in the 1970s was so weak and confused, the study then focuses on the development of strategic policy objectives and the specific measures to achieve them. By putting pressure on states that supported terrorism and by applying the rule of law to terrorists to delegitimize them and portray them as criminals, some successes were achieved during the 1980s. The analysis then focuses on tactical measures, such as information exchange and target‐hardening, and outlines some of the more recent successes in prosecuting international terrorists.
A Submillimeter Package for Microsystems in High-Pressure and High-Salinity Downhole Environments

This paper describes a submillimeter-scale package intended for microsystem components in high-pressure and high-salinity environments, such as downhole environments in oil wells. The outer dimensions of the package are 0.8 $\times 0.8 \times $ 0.8 $\mathrm{mm}^{3}$ , whereas the interior cavity is 0.4 $\times 0.4 \times 0.45~\mathrm{mm}^{3}$ . The package consists of a stainless steel 17–4 PH metal can and a borosilicate glass lid, and is hermetically sealed by an Au–In bond. The measured bond strength is $\approx 13$ MPa. A component integration strategy is demonstrated: test silicon chips are assembled into a stack using a folded flexible polyimide cable that provides electrical interconnections among the chips. The packages coated with thin-film alumina by atomic layer deposition and Parylene-C survive >48 h in the American Petroleum Institute standard brine (with 8 wt% NaCl and 2 wt% CaCl2 in deionized water) at 80 °C, and subsequently, in 50-MPa ( $\approx 7250$ psi) hydraulic pressure. [2014-0108]
Uptake and retention of adenine moiety by stored human red blood cells.

Tritium-labeled adenine was added to freshly collected human blood and at selected storage intervals the distribution of the adenine moiety between plasma and erythrocytes was determined. The retention of the radioactive label by erythrocytes was studied by repeated extractions with isotonic saline. The results show that the adenine moiety, which is utilized for net synthesis of various nucleotides, does not appear to be in a steady-state equilibrium between plasma and red cells. With increasing time of storage, the equilibrium is shifted toward the erythrocytes which reach a maximum radioactive content at 21 days of storage. Specific association of the adenine moiety with red cell populations of different density, investigated by density distribution of erythrocytes with polyester mixtures of known specific gravity, shows that cell populations of low density (young cells) have a high specific activity.
The genome of Eimeria spp., with special reference to Eimeria tenella--a coccidium from the chicken.

Eimeria spp. contain at least four genomes. The nuclear genome is best studied in the avian species Eimeria tenella and comprises about 60 Mbp DNA contained within ca. 14 chromosomes; other avian and lupine species appear to possess a nuclear genome of similar size. In addition, sequence data and hybridisation studies have provided direct evidence for extrachromosomal mitochondrial and plastid DNA genomes, and double-stranded RNA segments have also been described. The unique phenotype of "precocious" development that characterises some selected lines of Eimeria spp. not only provides the basis for the first generation of live attenuated vaccines, but offers a significant entree into studies on the regulation of an apicomplexan life-cycle. With a view to identifying loci implicated in the trait of precocious development, a genetic linkage map of the genome of E. tenella is being constructed in this laboratory from analyses of the inheritance of over 400 polymorphic DNA markers in the progeny of a cross between complementary drug-resistant and precocious parents. Other projects that impinge directly or indirectly on the genome and/or genetics of Eimeria spp. are currently in progress in several laboratories, and include the derivation of expressed sequence tag data and the development of ancillary technologies such as transfection techniques. No large-scale genomic DNA sequencing projects have been reported.
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY TITERS HUMAN IMMUNE SERUM GLOBULIN FOR INTRAVENOUS (IVIG) INFUSION

During studies of pharmacokinetics of IVIG in neonates, an infant with a serious lower respiratory tract infection was treated with IVIG and experienced an unexpectedly prompt recovery. Viral cultures of the infant's secretions subsequently grew RSV. Analysis of the IVIG lot infused yielded an RSV neutralizing titer of 1:3,276. This prompted a screen of 23 other lots of human IVIG prepared by 3 manufacturers (Cutter Inc., 7 lots; Sandoz Inc., 9 lots; Hyland Laboratories, 7 lots). Eight lots had neutralizing RSV titers exceeding 1:10,240; titers of the others ranged from 1:1,559 to 1:9,344 (ave. 1:4,438). RSV complement fixation (CF) titers generally mirrored the neutralizing titers. However, the RSV CF titers in the 20 lots were generally about 10-fold higher than CF titers to influenza A, B, parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and adenoviruses. Reinfection of humans by RSV is common. Coupled with the annual RSV outbreaks in most communities, recurrent reexposure probably accounts for the high titers in the IVIG lots. The data suggested that IVIG may be suitable for prophylaxis or treatment of RSV infections. Utilization of high titered RSV-IVIG preparations for passive immunotherapy of RSV disease is currently being examined in cotton rat and owl monkey models.
Infants’ developing expectations of possible and impossible tool‐use events between ages 8 and 12 months

Infants’ developing causal expectations for the outcome of a simple tool-use event from ages 8 to 12 months were investigated. Causal expectations were studied by comparing infants’ developing tool-use actions (i.e. as tool-use agents) with their developing perceptual reactions (i.e. as tool-use observers) to possible and impossible tool-use events. In Experiment 1, tool-use actions were studied by presenting infants, ages 8 and 12 months, with tool-use object-retrieval problems. In Experiment 2, a second age-matched sample of infants watched a comparable series of possible and impossible tool-use events in which a tool was used to retrieve a goal-object. Two core related findings were made. First, infants’ causal action and causal perception develop in parallel. In both action and perception, supporting tool-use develops before surrounding tool-use. Second, infants’ tool-use action develops before their causal perception of comparable tool-use events. The findings support the constructivist hypothesis that infants’ causal actions may develop before and inform their causal perceptions.
Dual-wavelength laser operation at 1064 and 914 nm in two Nd:YVO4 crystals

We present for the first time a dual-wavelength laser operation at 1064 and 914 nm in two NdYVO4 crystals. A 879 nm laser diode is used to pump the first Nd:YVO4 crystal emitting at 914 nm, and the second Nd:YVO4 laser emitting at 1064 nm intracavity pumped at 914 nm. A total output power of 4.28 W at the two fundamental wavelengths was achieved at the absorbed pump power of 13.8 W. The M2 values for 914 and 1064 nm lights at the maximum output power were found to be around 1.3 and 1.1, respectively.
Fibrin Fibers: Blocking the B:B Knob-Pocket Interaction

Fibrin clot formation has been studied to determine the mechanical properties of fibrin fibers modified by blocking the B-b knob-pocket interaction. Synthetic B-knob peptides AHRPYAAC or AHRPYAAC-Peg have been added to a fibrinogen solution to allow for binding to the b-pockets prior to clot formation. After fibrin clot formation, a combined atomic force microscopic (AFM)/optical microscopic technique was used to study the properties of individual fibrin fibers in buffer. Mechanical testing of fibers was done using the AFM to laterally stretch individual fibers suspended over 13.5μm wide groves in a transparent substrate. The optical microscope, located below the sample, was used to monitor the stretching process. We found that the density and lateral aggregation of fibers was hindered by blocking the b-pockets with the synthetic B-knobs.
Rat α1‐Macroglobulin Enhances Nerve Growth Factor‐Promoted Neurite Outgrowth, TrkA Phosphorylation, and Gene Expression of Pheochromocytoma PC12 Cells

Monoamine-activated human alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) has been previously demonstrated to inhibit TrkA-, TrkB-, and TrkC-mediated signal transduction. Rat alpha1-macroglobulin (alpha1M) and alpha2M are structural homologues of human alpha2M, but rat alpha1M is distinctly different from rat alpha2M in many ways and its role in the mammalian nervous system is unknown. In this report, monoamine-activated rat alpha1M was demonstrated to enhance in a dose-dependent manner nerve growth factor (NGF)-promoted neurite outgrowth in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Monoamine-activated alpha1M by itself, however, was neither neurotrophic nor mitogenic to PC12 cells. To investigate further its possible mode of action, the ability of monoamine-activated alpha1M and normal alpha1M to bind and to activate the NGF receptor (TrkA) was investigated. Monoamine-activated alpha1M formed a more stable complex with TrkA than normal alpha1 M, but the binding of monoamine-activated alpha1M to TrkA was adversely affected by prior stimulation of TrkA with NGF. In addition, monoamine-activated alpha1M enhanced the NGF-promoted TrkA phosphorylation and up-regulated the expression of NGF-inducible immediate-early genes (c-jun and NGFI-A) and delayed-response genes (SCG10 and transin) in PC12 cells; normal alpha1M, in contrast, produced little or no effect. This study demonstrates that alpha1M, the constitutive form of alpha-macroglobulin in the rat, possesses the ability to promote NGF-mediated differentiation in PC12 cells, possibly via its direct action on TrkA receptors and TrkA-mediated signal transduction and gene expression.
Descriptions and records of bees, lxxi

(1916). XXX.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXXI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 17, No. 100, pp. 277-287.
A model-based parallel origin and orientation refinement algorithm for cryoTEM and its application to the study of virus structures.

We present a model-based parallel algorithm for origin and orientation refinement for 3D reconstruction in cryoTEM. The algorithm is based upon the Projection Theorem of the Fourier Transform. Rather than projecting the current 3D model and searching for the best match between an experimental view and the calculated projections, the algorithm computes the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of each projection and searches for the central section (“cut”) of the 3D DFT that best matches the DFT of the projection. Factors that affect the efficiency of a parallel program are first reviewed and then the performance and limitations of the proposed algorithm are discussed. The parallel program that implements this algorithm, called PO2R, has been used for the refinement of several virus structures, including those of the 500 A diameter dengue virus (to 9.5 A resolution), the 850 A mammalian reovirus (to better than 7 A), and the 1800 A paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (to 15 A).
Generation of Single Isolated 67-Attosecond Pulses

Matching negative dispersion of materials with positive atto-chirp of short trajectories is critical for generating transform-limited attosecond pulses. We produced isolated 67 as pulses by removing XUV spectrum from the positive dispersion region of metal filters.
Fractured Relationships and the Potential for Abuse of Older Men

Elderly men are an understudied population in the area of abuse and neglect. The typical elder abuse or neglect victim is described as a frail woman. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study shows men to be victims as well and at higher risk than women for abandonment, the most extreme form of neglect. A qualitative study of older widowed men did not specifically explore issues of abuse and neglect, but found several of the men experiencing alienation from one or more of their adult children. This paper explores the dynamics of these "fractured relationships" and finds several patterns that may increase an older man's risk of being neglected when his needs for support increase. Many men are not functioning in a kinkeeper role and are not attempting to repair fractured relationships. Minimizing their own feelings may prevent men from understanding the extent of alienation felt by an adult child.
The Potential Role for Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Trade Agreements

Trade liberalisation is often blamed for creating and exacerbating many significant environmental and social problems. The weight of these issues is evident from the importance given to them in recent trade negotiations. This article considers the potential role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting standards as mechanisms to help address some of the transparency and accountability concerns that come with trade agreements, and the corresponding potential of trade negotiations to serve as venues for refining reporting standards. Several free trade agreements (FTAs) already include provisions that encourage the disclosure and standardisation of financial reporting standards, and there is an increasing link between CSR and FTAs. The content of several recent FTAs is reviewed, demonstrating how the inclusion of CSR initiatives, including the promotion of CSR reporting, is gaining acceptance. A voluntary approach to CSR reporting (and other issues in FTAs) may have the support of developing countr...
Shape-based analysis of right ventricular dysfunction associated with acute pulmonary embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is known as one of the major causes of sudden death. However, high level of mortality caused by APE can be reduced, if detected in early stages of development. Hence, biomarkers capable of early detection of APE are of utmost importance. This study investigates how APE affects the biomechanics of the cardiac right ventricle (RV), taking one step towards developing functional biomarkers for early diagnosis and determination of prognosis of APE. To that end, we conducted a pilot study in pigs, which revealed the following major changes due to the severe RV afterload caused by APE: (1) waving paradoxical motion of the RV inner boundary, (2) decrease in local curvature of the septum, (3) lower positive correlation between the movement of inner boundaries of the septal and free walls of the RV, (4) slower blood ejection by the RV, and (5) discontinuous movement observed particularly in the middle of the RV septal wall.
Classic and atypical myeloproliferative disorders

The term ‘myeloproliferative disorder (MPD)’ was first introduced by Dr. William Dameshek in 1951 who recognized the clinical and bone marrow histological similarities among chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), and erythroleukemia. Over the years, the first four disease categories have maintained the ‘MPD’ rubric whereas erythroleukemia is now considered a specific type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Furthermore, CML is now molecularly characterized and considered separate from the other classic MPDs. In the meantime, several other chronic myeloid neoplasms are now pathologically well-characterized and in certain instances the disease-causing genetic mutation has been identified. Therefore, current classification of chronic myeloid disorders (CMD) should distinguish classic MPD from other CMD as well as recognize molecularly characterized entities. Accordingly, a semi-molecular classification of chronic myeloid neoplasms is proposed and discussed in Chapter 1. Under the new classification system, CMD is first divided into two broad categories; myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and MPD, a distinction based primarily on bone marrow histology. Chapter 1 focuses primarily on the classification of MPD but it is only a matter of time before molecular classes are identified in MDS as well. Dameshek’s intuition regarding the nosologic similarity among PV, ET, and MMM was further validated by the recent description of a recurrent JAK2 in the majority of patients with each of these diseases although the mutation has also been detected in both MDS and other non-classic MPD. Regardless, it is reasonable to continue referring to CML, PV, ET, and MMM as ‘classic MPD’ and assign the term ‘atypical MPD’ to all other non-MDS CMD. The details of the classification for both classic and atypical MPD are given in Chapter 1, which also summarizes current information regarding their molecular pathogenesis. Disease-specific pathogenetic mechanisms are further doi:10.1016/j.beha.2005.07.014 available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com
Synthesis and biochemical activity of novel amidine derivatives as m1 muscarinic receptor agonists

Abstract As part of a continuing effort aimed at the development of selective, efficacious, and centrally active m1 muscarinic agonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, a series of amide and hydrazide amidine derivatives ( 2a–e and 3b–d ) was synthesized and examined for muscarinic agonist activity. Preliminary biochemical studies indicated that 2b, 2d , and 3d bound to muscarinic receptors in rat brain and stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism in rat cerebral cortex. Compounds 2b and 2d were also highly efficacious at m1 muscarinic receptors expressed in cultured A9 L cells. Molecular modeling studies suggest slightly different modes of interaction with m1 receptors for the ester and amide derivatives. Also, hydrogen-bond formation with a Thr residue may be important for m1 muscarinic agonist potency. The data suggest that the amide moiety can replace the ester group found in muscarinic agonists and provide further support for the utility of amidine derivatives in the development of efficacious m1 agonists.
Where we've been and where we are going

The 2015 CITASA special issue of Information, Communication & Society brings together scholarship that invites us to take stock of where we are, the pathways that have led us here, and our journey ...
Are We Rome? The Fall of an Empire and the Fate of America by Cullen Murphy

Are We Rome? The Fall of an Empire and the Fate of America Cullen Murphy, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007. This is a devious and snarky book. The title should appeal immediately to Conservatives, ready to wax nostalgic about the glories of Rome and charmed by the notion that Washington, DC, might somehow be considered the "new" Rome, not merely the center of the nation, but of the world. Seems to me, however, that this book is really about Imperial overreach, offering us a moral lesson about our problems in Iraq. Rome lasted for two thousand years, arguably, if one dates the ultimate "fall" to 1453 and the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, which was, after all, originally the East Roman Empire. Even Cullen Murphy has doubts about the exact dating of the "fall" of the West Roman Empire: was it 476 AD, he wonders, or was it 455, when the Vandals sacked Rome, or 410 when the Visigoths sacked Rome, or maybe 378, when the Roman army fell to the "barbarian hordes" at Adrianople? More to the point, perhaps, the Roman Republic came to an end in the year 31 AD, giving it a shelf life of merely 750 years. Now, that's about 500 years longer than it has taken for Presidential power to swallow up individual and Constitutional freedoms in present-day America, surrendered by a frightened and terrorized populace more interested in security than dignity and freedom. Apparently Rome faced problems similar to present-day America. Although the analogy is not always spot-on (as Murphy realizes, and admits), it is close enough to convince me that this book surely deserves to be a best-seller. In fact, this book is as much about America in Iraq as it is about Rome, and also Afghanistan, where Bagram Air Base is "located on a sere plain beneath snowcapped spurs of the Hindu Kush, about thirty miles north of Kabul. Alexander the Great founded a city, Alexandria of the Caucasus, a few miles north of the air base" (59), which is today an "outpost of American, not Hellenic, civilization." This is astonishing evidence that America might be following Rome's Imperial example. But Rome lasted at least a thousand years. When will our decline begin, or has it already begun? Are we Rome? A generation ago Norman Mailer asked the question "Why are we in Vietnam?" More and more frequently, the same question is being asked about Iraq (though for many, the obvious answer seems to be "oil," which would seem to be reason enough to fear electing a President from the state of Texas). Anyone who follows national events carefully should have reason to worry about the consequences of Empire-building, particularly the need for security and military strength. Politically one imagines the country split between the so-called red and blue states. Military culture is reflective of "red" state values, the Christian South, the new Bible-belt, as seen reflected in American enclaves in Iraq. After Vietnam and the end of conscription, fewer educated soldiers are going into military service. …
Expert systems applied to problems in geographic information systems: Introduction, review and prospects

Abstract This paper critically reviews current expert system developments relevant to geographic information systems, and identifies several research topics for application of expert system technology in geographic information systems. We have identified four major problem domains of geographic information systems in which expert system technology has been applied—automated map design, terrain/feature extraction, database management/user interface, and geographic decision support systems. Efforts in each problem domain are critically reviewed. Considering the accomplishments and shortcomings of efforts to date, we identify areas likely to gain importance in this field. Our view of these prospects is moderated by constraints of current technology and a realistic view of current efforts. Future research will place more emphasis on formal representation of both knowledge and uncertainty. Another future research area will be the development of advanced tools for geographic knowledge acquisition. Finally, better methods for working with large-scale geographic databases will be needed.
Nb-Doped TiO2: A New Compact Layer Material for TiO2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

A Nb-doped TiO2 (NTO) thin film was deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and its application as a new compact layer material for dye-sensitized s...
Differential TCR Signaling Regulates Apoptosis and Immunopathology during Antigen Responses In Vivo

Clonal selection theories postulate that lymphocyte fate is regulated by antigen receptor specificity. However, lymphocyte apoptosis is induced through nonantigen-specific receptors such as Fas (CD95/APO-1) or TNFR. We define a selective TCR that controls apoptosis by Fas or TNFR stimulation. Variant ligands can deliver this "competence to die" signal without the full TCR signals necessary for cytokine synthesis. These partial agonists regulate T cell deletion in vivo even when Fas or TNF is provided by T cells of unrelated specificity, but they do not cause the liver necrosis that is associated with T cell elimination by the full agonist. Thus, selective signaling ligands regulate T cell deletion and immune damage in vivo and may be important for peripheral T cell tolerance.
Chromosomal DNA Replication on a Protein “Chip”

Abstract The structure of the DNA polymerase from bacteriophage φ29 (Kamtekar et al., 2004), which uses a protein instead of RNA as a primer and is also highly processive, illuminates the elaborations upon the conserved polymerase module that confer these properties.
Reevaluating the carcinogenicity of ortho-toluidine: a new conclusion and its implications.

Abstract The aromatic amine ortho-toluidine has been recognized by IARC as an animal carcinogen for the past decade. Three recent epidemiological studies of worker populations have now implicated this chemical as a human bladder carcinogen. In a study by E. Ward, A. Carpenter, S. Markowitz, D. Roberts, and W. Halperin ((1991), J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 501–506), workers definitely exposed to ortho-toluidine for at least 10 years experienced a Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) of 27.2 (90% CI = 11.8–53.7). The other major exposure was to aniline, which significant epidemiological studies have failed to confirm as a human carcinogen. In retrospect, studies by G. F. Rubino, G. Scansetti, G. Piolatto ((1982) Environ. Res. 27, 241–254) and M. J. Stasik ((1988) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 60, 21–24) also support the hypothesis that ortho-toluidine is a human bladder carcinogen. Animal studies of both ortho-toluidine and its possible confounders in these epidemiological investigations further confirm this hypothesis. When evaluated in a suitably comprehensive way, according to the traditional standards for assessing causality outlined by A. B. Hill ((1977) A Short Textbook of Medical Statistics, pp. 288–294, Lippincott, Philadelphia) the evidence that ortho-toluidine causes human bladder cancer has become much more conclusive. In this case, animal tests have proven a good predictor of human carcinogenicity.
Autoantibodies to IA-2 and GAD65 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of varied duration: prevalence and correlation with clinical features.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of autoantibodies to IA-2 (IA-2Ab) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADAb) in type 2 diabetes, their relationship to disease duration, and their importance in management decisions. METHODS We undertook a study of 101 patients with type 2 diabetes (defined as nonketotic hyperglycemia at diagnosis) of varied duration (median, 4 years). Results were compared with those from 36 patients with type 1 diabetes also of varied duration (median, 2 years). IA-2Ab and GADAb were measured by radioligand-binding assays with use of in vitro-synthesized, 35S-labeled antigens. RESULTS Of the 101 patients with type 2 diabetes, 20 (20%) were positive for GADAb; only 4 of these 20 were positive for IA-2Ab. In comparison, 75% of patients with type 1 diabetes were positive for GADAb, IA-2Ab, or both (P<0.0001). The coincidence of IA-2Ab positivity in GADAb-positive patients with type 2 diabetes was significantly lower than in patients with type 1 diabetes (20% versus 73%, respectively; P = 0.002). All four IA-2Ab- and GADAb-positive patients with type 2 diabetes required insulin and were younger than those positive for GADAb alone (P = 0.018). GADAb positivity in patients with type 2 diabetes was highly associated with insulin requirement (P = 0.004), with an odds ratio of 5.8 in predicting insulin dependence. Among patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin therapy, disease duration was significantly shorter (P = 0.025) and body mass index was significantly lower (P<0.001) in GADAb-positive versus GADAb-negative patients. In contrast to type 1 diabetes, in which GADAb values were negatively correlated with disease duration (r = -0.34; P = 0.044), no significant correlation with disease duration was observed in type 2 diabetes (r = -0.166; P = 0.48). CONCLUSION Irrespective of duration of disease, measurement of IA-2Ab and GADAb can help to identify those patients with type 2 diabetes most likely to require insulin therapy.
Some ideas about quantization

Abstract Recent work on generalizations of Weyl quantization and of the Moyal formulation of quantum mechanics is developed. In conventional quantization schemes the Heisenberg algebra plays a fundamental role. The main idea of the generalization is to replace the Heisenberg algebra by any Lie algebra that has a canonical realization on phase space. Special cases are analyzed in detail, including the algebras E(2), SL(2, R), and so(3). The concept of ∗-polarization is introduced and related to the method of induced representations. It turns out that the ,,Exp transform” intertwines between the phase space realization and the quantum mechanical Hilbert space realization. The generalized Weyl correspondence now appears as a ,,pullback” to the linear operators of the Exp transform. The relationship between ∗-products and representation theory is investigated, as well as the question of equivalence between different ∗-products. Both problems are intimately related to the theory of characters.
The Developing Jurisprudence on Amnesty

Transitional justice has been a troubling human rights issue. How should societies emerging from periods of grave human rights violations frame the relationships among truth, justice, and reconciliation? Some pose the issue as a difficult balance between punishment and reconciliation,' while others see truth or, alternatively, justice, as a precondition for reconciliation.2 Human rights advocates generally have adopted the latter position, without clearly defining under what conditions and through what methods justice should be achieved.
SAFETY PROTECTION OF SERIES CONNECTED HYBRID CRYOGENIC SYSTEM

Two Series Connected Hybrid (SCH) magnets are under construction at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. In the SCH system, consisting of a resistive insert and a superconducting outsert, the outsert superconducting coil is wound with Cable in Conduit Conductor (CICC) and cooled with forced‐flow supercritical helium at 4.5 K. The forced‐flow helium is supplied from a helium refrigerator. In the design of the cryogenic system for the series‐connected hybrid, the possible failure of the magnet system should be considered and the cryogenic system should be safely protected in the event of failure. In the SCH system, a protected quench of the superconducting magnet, a loss of vacuum in the cryostat and an unprotected quench were analyzed. Active venting valves, safety valves and burst disks are used for the protection of the cryogenic system and cryostat in the case of the occurrence of failure modes. The design of the safety protection system and the analysis results in the failure modes are discussed.
Gated laser Doppler flowmetry using a proximity-contact probe

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a convenient way to measure gastric microcirculation, but it is sensitive to respiration movements and physical contact with the gastric surface. The authors modified a laser probe to measure the potential difference across the gastric wall as the distance between the probe and the wall changes. This potential difference signal was used to gate the LDF velocity during the respiration cycle, and to detect any times when the probe was in direct contact with the surface. During periods of intermittent contact, gating lowered the mean blood velocity signal 10 to 25%. During periods of continuous contact, the mean velocity increased 1.5 to 2 times, while instantaneous velocity decreased as the instantaneous pressure increased. >
Experimental study of particle to gas heat transfer in fixed‐bed reactors

Particle to gas heat transfer studies were carried out for the exothermic benzene hydrogenation and endothermic cyclohexane dehydrogenation reactions on the same catalyst bed. A recirculation type reactor and eggshell type commercial platinum on alumina catalyst were used. When the thermodynamic value for the heat of reaction is used for both reactions in the steady-state energy balance, local JH factors for the exothermic reaction were found to be, in general, higher than those for the endothermic reaction. This was attributed to product molecules leaving the catalyst surface with excess vibrational energy, which implies that the actual heat of reaction would be different than the thermodynamic value used in the JHfactor calculations. The study also indicated significant variations in the local JH factors; these were attributed to variations in the linear velocity in the radial direction.
Electromagnetic interactions between high and low latitudes shown by computer simulation movie

Abstract In order to examine the transient behavior of the electromagnetic interactions in the ionosphere between high and low latitudes, the ionospheric electric fields and currents during a substorm life cycle are computed in relation to downward and upward pairs of field-aligned currents with a use of realistic electric conductivity model. The simulated results are compiled in the form of a 16 mm color movie which compresses real time by a factor of 1 180 . One of the most striking features of this simulation is a clear demonstration of rapid, irregular and large-scale interactions between the auroral zone and middle-low latitudes during the substorm sequence. The previously popular concept of only same or opposite direction of electric fields simply reaching high and low latitudes almost simultaneously needs to be revised.
The impact of salesperson customer orientation on the evaluation of a salesperson’s ethical treatment, trust in the salesperson, and intentions to purchase

Previous research suggests that salespersons’ customer orientation can impact the effectiveness and outcomes of their selling interactions with customers. The purpose of this exploratory research was to create a foundation (based on prior results) for more comprehensive future work investigating customer judgments of a salesperson based on observed behaviors. Specifically, this study assessed whether a salesperson’s relational customer orientation (compared to a functional orientation) could trigger improved evaluations of a salesperson’s ethical treatment of a customer, increased trust in the salesperson, and stronger intentions to purchase. The relationships among perceptions of ethical treatment, trust, and purchase intentions were also explored. Using data collected from a large sample of working professionals, the results indicated that a relational selling approach resulted in increases in the three indicators of sales effectiveness. Additionally, perceived ethical treatment was positively related t...
An inquiry into the positive personal and social effects of old age stereotypes among the elderly.

Much has been written or inferred about the detrimental consequences of old age stereotypes for elderly individuals. This paper presents and tests an alternative perspective called relative advantage. As the reciprocal counterpart of relative deprivation theory, this perspective claims that such stereotypes may be psychologically and sociologically functional for the old to believe. Using the results of the 1975 Louis Harris-NCOA “The Myth and Reality of Aging in America” survey, two hypotheses were tested: 1) those who feel other older individuals are worse off than themselves will have higher life satisfaction scores than those perceiving others to be as well or better off; 2) these imputations of others' difficulties correlate with one's likelihood to support and join coalitions on behalf of the old and to approve government taxing of all age groups to support them. The evidence presented raises some dysfunctional implications of debunking aging myths.
Lattice dynamics of ferroelectrics using the lapw linear response method: Application to KNbO3

We have applied our recently developed LAPW linear response method to the cubic perovskite KNbO3 to calculate the phonon dispersion curves and to study the wave vector dependence of the ferroelectric instability. These are first principles calculations, performed within the framework of the local density functional approximation (LDA), and the results are as accurate as conventional total energy supercell studies. The density functional linear response approach, however, permits investigation of phonons of arbitrary wave vector. Our principle finding is that the cubic structure is unstable for wave vectors over wide regions of the Brillouin zone (BZ) and suggests chain-like structures of distorted Nb-O octahedra that are uncorrelated in the perpendicular directions. This has implications regarding whether the ferroelectric phase transition is driven by a soft-mode instability or is of order/disorder type.
Neurologic outcome after thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Abstract Background . Neurologic deficit (paraparesis and paraplegia) after repair of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta remains a devastating complication. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion upon neurologic outcome during repair of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. Methods . Between February 1991 and March 2000, we performed 654 repairs of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. The median age was 67 years and 420 (64%) patients were male. Forty-five cases (6.9%) were performed emergently. Distribution of TAAA was the following: extent I, 164 (25%); extent II, 165 (25%); extent III, 61 (9%); extent IV, 95 (15%); extent V, 23 (3.5%); and descending thoracic, 147 (22%). The adjuncts cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion were used in 428 cases (65%). Results . Thirty-day mortality was 14% (94 of 654). The in-hospital mortality was 16% (106 of 654). Early neurologic deficits occurred in 33 patients (5.0%). Overall, 14 of 428 (3.3%) neurologic deficits were observed in the adjunct group, and 19 of 226 (8.4%) in the nonadjunct group ( p = 0.004). When the adjuncts were used during extent II repair, the incidence was 10 of 129 (7.8%) compared with 11 of 36 (30.6%) in the nonadjunct group ( p p 0.05). Conclusions . The combined adjuncts of distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage demonstrated improved neurologic outcome with repair of thoracic and TAAAs. In extent II aneurysms, adjuncts continue to make a considerable difference in the outcome and to provide significant protection against spinal cord morbidity. Future research should focus on spinal cord protection in patients with high-risk extent II aneurysms.
Third molar evaluation with cone-beam computerized tomography

Precise 3-dimensional localization of impacted mandibular third molars relative to the inferior dental canal (IDC) is critical to clinical management and surgical outcomes. Recently introduced dental 3-D volumetric imaging systems coupled with semi-automatic modeling techniques allows 3-D visualization of the IDC and the third-molar. Six impacted third molar sites were imaged with various 3-D volumetric imaging systems (NewTom 9000, Morita Accuitomo and Hitachi Mercuray). The spatial relationship of six impacted third-molars were visualized using imaging data obtained from these units. An interactive virtual model of a proposed third molar surgical site including the third molar and the inferior dental canal was developed.
Rapid selection response for contextual fear conditioning in a cross between C57BL/6J and A/J: behavioral, QTL and gene expression analysis.

We used short-term selection to produce outbred mouse lines with differences in contextual fear conditioning. Within two generations of selection all low selected mice were homozygous for the recessive tyrc allele and showed the corresponding albino coat color. Freezing differed in the high and low selected lines across a range of parameters. We identified several QTLs for the selection response, including a highly significant QTL at the tyr locus (p < 9.6−10). To determine whether the tyrc allele was directly responsible for the response to selection, we examined B6 mice that have a mutant tyr allele (tyrc−2j−) and an AJ congenic strain that has the wild-type B6 allele for tyr. These studies showed that the tyr allele had a small influence on fear learning. We used Affymetrix microarrays to identify many differentially expressed genes in the amygdala and hippocampus of the selected lines. We conclude that tyr is one of many alleles that influence fear conditioning.
Critique of Henry Mintzberg's ‘The design school: Reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management’

Mintzberg's (1990) critique of the ‘design school’ of strategic management is evaluated on two criteria: methodological soundness and factual veracity. The critique is found to be deficient on both criteria. Mintzberg's own proposal for the basic principles of strategic management is critiqued using the same criteria. It is found that the exposition is deficient methodologically and that Mintzberg's descriptive and prescriptive assertions are at variance with facts observable in the current practice of strategic management. The variance is found to be due to several factors: lack of coherence in Mintzberg's presentation; his use of a definition of strategy which is at variance with the current practice of management, his failure to differentiate between prescriptive and descriptive statements; and his failure to define the context for his prescriptions. Using recent empirical research results on strategic success behaviors, Mintzberg's model is placed in a limited but important context in which it is a valid prescription for successful strategic behavior.
Assessing Campus Counseling Needs

Campus mental health needs are in the spotlight. Whether the nature and severity of problems presenting in college counseling centers are increasing or not, it is important to provide appropriate services for the campus as a whole. By surveying the general campus population, a better basis for determining the needs of students can be established than by surveying self-selected students who present at counseling centers. These data can also be used to establish local norms for comparison to clinical populations.