cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetostrictive Sensor Long-Range Guided-Wave Technology for Long-Term Monitoring of Piping and Vessels

Long-range guided-wave technology is a recently developed inspection method for surveying large areas of structures and is widely used as a screening tool for corrosion defects in piping. Because of its ability to examine a structure over a long distance, this technology with permanently installed probes is ideal for on-line long-term structural health monitoring of pressure vessels or piping for improved safety, operation, and maintenance. The magnetostrictive sensor (MsS) technology is a guided-wave technology developed at authors’ institution. It uses a probe that consists of thin ferromagnetic strip and coil for guided-wave generation and detection. The MsS probe is inexpensive and can be used on components up to 300°C. Applications of the MsS for long-term monitoring of pressure vessels and piping are presented, including the configuration of MsS probes, types of guided-wave mode used, defect types detectable with guided waves, and example data.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Characterization of mixed micelles of phospholipids of various classes and a synthetic, homogeneous analogue of the nonionic detergent triton X-100 containing nine oxyethylene groups

Abstract The synthesis and high-pressure liquid chromatographic purification of the homogeneous nonionic surfactant p- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxynonaoxyethylene glycol (OPE-9) in quantities suitable for membrane solubilization studies is reported. Micelles of OPE-9 and mixed micelles of OPE-9 with dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine as well as phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and palmitic acid were characterized by column chromatography on 6% agarose. It was found that at 28°C OPE-9 micelles have a Stokes' radius of 32 A, giving a molecular weight for a spherical micelle of about half that of micelles of the polydisperse nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 under the same conditions. The micelle size is temperature dependent: at 40°C the OPE-9 micelles have a Stokes' radius of 44 A, giving a molecular weight for a spherical micelle of about twice that of the OPE-9 micelles at 28°C. The size of the mixed micelles varies linearly (as measured by K av ) with the mole fraction of phospholipid. The mixed micelle size was found to be relatively independent of the absolute concentration of surfactant over a four-fold range if the mole fraction of phospholipid is kept constant. The usefulness of the OPE-9/phospholipid mixed micelle system for lipolytic enzyme substrates and membrane-related studies is considered.
Development patterns in India: Spatial convergence or divergence?

The impact of globalization has led some nations to attain higher rates of growth while others have shown declining growth, along with widening regional disparities within nations. The regional convergence (RC) thesis addresses this issue of measuring inequality among sub-national economies of a nation, and across nations over a long period of time. This thesis utilizes two measures beta and sigma convergence to analyze if poor nations catch up with developed nations, and if regions within a nation close the gap with developed regions. The Indian economy has witnessed increasing economic inequality since independence. Given this overview the objective of this paper is to review recent literature on RC and address the following four questions: (1) What insights do recent studies provide on convergence debate? (2) What are the various explanations and tools to understand and measure regional convergence? (3) What is the role of geography in explaining spatial convergence/divergence analysis of economies? (4) What are the trends of regional inequality in India during the 1961–2011 periods? Domestic Product of States in India (1960–1961 to 2006–2007) and Reserve Bank of India publications provide data for the past fifty years on per capita net state domestic product. Simple measures of dispersion reveal increase in regional inequality during the study period with moderate drops during 1970–1971 and 1980–1981 periods. Descriptive measures indicate persistence and limited upward mobility of states. Also, prosperous regions are located in the rich agricultural and industrial states of Punjab, Gujarat and Maharashtra, and lagging regions are the impoverished agricultural states of Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.
Acute stress-induced increases in thalamic CRH mRNA are blocked by repeated stress exposure.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) coordinates multiple aspects of the stress response. Recently, CRH mRNA has been identified in two regions of the thalamus: the posterior nuclear group (Po), and a region located at the interface of the central medial and ventral posteromedial nucleus (parvicellular part) (CM–VPMpc). Previous studies demonstrated that in both regions CRH mRNA increases following 1 h of restraint stress, suggesting involvement of thalamic CRH in processing somatosensory and visceral information related to stress. The current study was proposed to further understand the effects of repeated and acute restraint stress on levels of thalamic CRH mRNA. Adult male rats were assigned to one of four groups in a 2 (repeated stress, no repeated) ×2 (acute, no acute) design. Brain sections were processed for CRH mRNA in situ hybridization. ANOVA revealed no main effects of acute or repeated stress in either thalamic region. However, significant interactions between acute and repeated stress for levels of CRH mRNA were found for both regions of the thalamus. Compared to the no stress condition, acute restraint significantly increased CRH mRNA in the Po (39%) and the CM–VPMpc (32%). Repeated restraint did not alter baseline CRH mRNA levels, but blocked the acute restraint-induced effects. Thus, while acute stress increases levels of thalamic CRH mRNA, repeated exposure to the same stressor is without effect and prevents the acute response. These findings add to data establishing a role for thalamic CRH in the stress response and suggest a mechanism that may underlie habituation to repeated stress exposure.
Synthesis and Surface Chemistry of Spherical Mesoporous Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Particles with an Integrated Alcohol Functionality on the Pore Surface

Novel mesoporous organic−inorganic spherical hybrid particles are described that contain a 3-hydroxypropyl organic functionality which is integral to the pore surface. The 3-hydroxypropyl hybrid particle is synthesized in three steps starting from a 4:1 (mol/mol) mixture of tetraethoxysilane and [3-(methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane, where the monomers are polymerized to a poly(organoalkoxysilane) oil, followed by sol−gel reaction to the hybrid silicate bead, which is finally subjected to an alkaline hydrothermal treatment to liberate the alcohol from the ester protecting group. The silicate precursor and final product were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and nitrogen sorption analysis. The heterogeneous surface chemistry of the hybrid's alcohol functionality was explored by running a series of classical alcohol reactions including bromination, esterification (carbamic and carbonic), and etherification (Williamson, epoxide ring opening). The brominated analogue was further converted via cyanation and...
Requirements for Automated Collision-Avoidance Systems for Free Flight

Advanced displays of traffic information will be required by pilots and air traffic controllers to cope with the problems of free flight. The development of these displays should be human-centered, and should be guided by what has been learned about collision avoidance.
Primary bone tumors of the spine in children.

Object Tumors originating in the vertebrae in children are difficult to treat. In this paper the authors sought to evaluate the decision-making process and outcome of surgical intervention in this population given the complex issues of spinal stability, continued skeletal growth, intraoperative blood loss, and long-term outcome. Methods To select patients for this study, the authors retrospectively reviewed medical records and images at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics between 1996 and 2005. Their inclusion criteria were age younger than 18 years at the time of diagnosis and histopathological findings confirming that the tumor originated from vertebral bone. Sixteen patients met these requirements. In addition, the authors conducted a comparison with 45 patients in whom similar diagnoses were made prior to 1996. Gross-total resection of all nonmetastatic primary bone tumors is desired, as exemplified in 11 patients in this series; biopsy sampling only was performed in two others. Gross-total r...
Stress- and cue-elicited craving and reactivity in marijuana-dependent individuals

Rationale Cue-elicited craving and stress responses have been identified as predictors of relapse in drug dependence, but little research exists on the contribution of these factors to marijuana use specifically.
Steel truss/composite skin hybrid ship hull. Part I: Design and analysis

A hybrid ship hull made of a steel truss and composite sandwich skins was investigated. The steel truss was designed to carry the bending loads, whereas the composite skins were designed to carry shear and water pressure loads. A 142 m ship hull, similar to a destroyer in terms of size, weight and speed, was designed, finite element analyzed and optimized. Loads were essentially based on the regulations of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). A small scale model will be developed and tested in the next stage to verify the design.
Atomic Force Microscopy and Light Scattering of Small Unilamellar Actin-Containing Liposomes

Three-dimensional networks of filamentous actin (F-actin) encapsulated inside phosphatidylcholine liposomes are currently being used in an effort to model the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. In this article, unilamellar lipid vesicles consisting of egg yolk-derived phosphatidylcholine encapsulating monomeric actin (G-actin) were made via extrusion in low ionic strength buffer (G-buffer). Vesicle shape and structure in these dispersions was studied using a combination of fluid-tapping atomic force microscopy, and multiangle static light scattering. After subjecting the liposome dispersion to high ionic strength polymerization buffer (F-buffer) containing K+ ions, atomic force microscopy imaging and light scattering of these liposomes indicated the formation of specialized structures, including an overall liposome structure transformation from spherical to torus, disk-shaped geometries and tubular assemblies. Several atomic force microscopy control measurements were made to ascertain that the specialized structures formed were not due to free G-actin and F-actin self-assembling on the sample surface, plain liposomes exposed to G- and F-buffer, or liposomes encapsulating G-actin. Liposomes encapsulating G-actin assumed mostly thin disk shapes and some large irregularly shaped aggregates. In contrast, liposomes encapsulating polymerized actin assumed mostly torus or disk shapes along with some high aspect ratio tubular structures.
The travel times of P seismic waves and their relevance to the upper mantle velocity distribution

Abstract The Early Rise experiment provided very detailed observations along a number of profiles radiating from Lake Superior, United States of America. These observations serve as the focal point of a discussion of the travel times of P waves between 7° and 30° in relation to upper mantle structure. It is suggested that there is a discontinuity at a depth of 60–100 km below which the velocity is greater than 8.35 km/sec. It is pointed out that travel times for sources in tectonically active areas of the western United States differ by as much as six or seven seconds from those in shield or platform areas in the distance range from 10° to 20°. At greater distances the differences are much smaller. Inferences from dt dΔ observations are in substantial agreement with those from travel-time studies. Models of upper mantle structure are discussed.
Establishment of a Genetically Marked Insect-Derived Symbiont in Multiple Host Plants

Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans, originally isolated from the cibarial region of the foregut of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata), was transformed using the Himar1 transposition system to express EGFP. Seedlings of six potential host plants were inoculated with transformed bacteria and 2 weeks later samples were taken 5 cm away and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR using primers designed to amplify the gene insert. The largest colony of 3,591,427 cells/2 cm of A. xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans was found in Citrus limon, with almost all plants testing positive in both trials. The amount of colonization decreased in the other plants tested in the following order: orange (Citrus sinensis “sweet orange”) > chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum grandiflora cv. “White Diamond”) > periwinkle (Vinca rosea) > crepe myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) > grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay). The bacterium’s preference for citrus paralleled the host insect’s preference for this same plant. Additional tests determined that A. xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans thrives as a nonpathogenic, xylem-associated endophyte.
Moderating effects of R&D on corporate growth in U.S. and Japanese hi-tech industries: An empirical study

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of R&D on a firm's longrun performance and competitiveness within the U.S. and Japanese high-tech industries. First, we examine whether there is a positive relationship between R&D expenditures and a firm's long-run performance (i.e., market growth). We then search for a systematic difference in this relationship between two different economic environments, the U.S. and Japan. Furthermore, the interacting (moderating) effect of R&D on the firm's competitive structure and performance is explored. That is, how R&D moderates the linkage between the selected strategies and firms' performance. We find the results indicate a positive relationship between R&D expenditures and a firm's market growth, but one that is constant only in Japan.
Cause of low velocity anomaly along the South Atlantic hotspots

A recent upper-mantle seismic velocity model shows a narrow strip of asthenospheric low velocity anomaly in the South Atlantic that connects four hotspots, Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena, Ascension and Cape Verde. This deep strip of slow velocity anomaly runs approximately along the seam where Africa and South America broke up, according to available plate reconstruction models. There is, thus, a possibility that the deep, slow velocity strip is preserving the shape of the boundary along which the break-up occurred. If this is the case, it will be a useful constraint in the reconstruction of plates. A question arises, however, as to why there is a line of low velocity anomaly rather than localized low velocity anomalies near hotspots. We propose three possible causes for this observation, which are (1) upwelling along this line, (2) lithosphere-controlled passive breakup and (3) plume controlled breakup with lateral channeled flow from plumes to the seam of breakup, when rifts were created between adjacent hotspots. We favor the last hypothesis since it naturally explains the local velocity minimums near hotspots as well as the connected low velocity anomaly and, furthermore, the same mechanism seems to be working under the Red Sea in the present Earth.
Potent, Orally Bioavailable Delta Opioid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Pain : Discovery of N,N-Diethyl-4-(5-hydroxyspiro-[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]-4-yl)benzamide (ADL5859)

Selective δ opioid receptor agonists are promising potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various types of pain conditions. A spirocyclic derivative was identified as a promising hit through screening. Subsequent lead optimization identified compound 20 (ADL5859) as a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable δ agonist. Compound 20 was selected as a clinical candidate for the treatment of pain.
The pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis: recent advances.

Over the last two decades a rapid expansion of our knowledge regarding dermatitis herpetiformis has occurred, including the discovery of IgA in the skin, the discovery of an associated gluten-sensitive enteropathy, the noting of an increased prevalance of the human lymphocyte antigens (HLA)-B8 and -DRw3, and the documentation that the skin disease of many dermatitis herpetiformis patients can be controlled by a gluten-free diet. It has also been noted that two distinct forms of dermatitis herpetiformis occur, those with granular deposits of IgA at the dermoepidermal junction (85%-95% of dermatitis herpetiformis patients) and those with linear IgA deposits (10%-15% of dermatitis herpetiformis patients). These findings are reviewed with particular emphasis on the form of dermatitis herpetiformis associated with granular IgA deposits. The current findings regarding the nature and origin of the cutaneous IgA deposits, the role of the gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and the spectrum of both the immunologic and the nonimmunologic abnormalities associated with dermatitis herpetiformis are presented, and from these data pathophysiologic mechanisms are proposed that may be involved in dermatitis herpetiformis.
Hypertension and Coronary Occlusion

The problem of the relationship between hypertension and coronary occlusion has been re-examined. Using newly established limits of hypertension, 600 consecutive private patients with coronary occlusion—500 men and 100 women—all under 65 years of age, were studied. Hypertension did not appear to be a factor in producing coronary disease and occlusion among men, but was a definite factor in its causation among women. The possible relation of the serum cholesterol, the Sf 12-20 lipoprotein fraction, and the sex hormones to atherosclerosis and hypertension is discussed.
Women's studies curriculum development: A view from the United States

Women's Studies in the United State~ has long been concerned with curriculum development. In 1970 descriptions of Women's Studies courses began to be published in the Female Studies Series. 1 Since then many feminist journals primarily devoted to scholarship have published bibliographies for teachers, descriptions of the curriculum in Women's Studies programs, and articles assessing the impact of Women's Studies in the classroom.Z Researchoriented conferences in the traditional disciplines often include workshops on teaching Women's Studies, and regional as well as national conferences on Women's Studies still focus in part on curriculum and pedagogy. For practical and ideological reasons Women's Studies has emphasized a collectively designed curriculum. Early Women's Studies teachers found common ground in their disciplines' failure adequately to treat the subject of women, and the resulting scarcity of good classroom materials forced them to pool resources. The spirit of co-operation fostered by these conditions found an ideological framework in contemporary feminism's ideal of collective work. Distrustful of the single-minded competition which had alienated male colleagues from each other, Women's Studies teachers wanted to develop more co-operative structures in academia; collective decision-making, team-teaching, and collective curriculum-planning were part of that effort. In designing the curriculum the first teachers of Women's Studies were also defining the field. While the scholarship which would define an interdisciplinary field of study was slowly emerging, Women's Studies teachers were faced with a vexed problem in definition: what is Women's Studies? What does it include? The subject was criticized for being diffuse, too 'personal', not 'scholarly', partly because it took seriously the study of women's experience but also because of the high visibility of many related activities, what we might call 'applied Women's Studies'. When workshops on assertiveness training, continuing education programs for returning women students, in-service training on sexism for public school teachers, all call themselves 'Women's Studies', how does one define an academic subject? Faculty in the research universities and liberal arts colleges needed to distinguish Women's Studies from these advocacy or training programs, while Women's Studies teachers in less traditional institutions needed to know how to incorporate the growing body of feminist scholarship into their more broadly conceived Women's Studies courses, When teachers of Women's Studies at institutions in Southern Michigan met together, they often shared these concerns. Faculty in the community colleges complained that they were expected to teach Women's Studies because they were female or politically active
The power to detect genetic linkage for quantitative traits in the Utah CEPH pedigrees

Quantitative trait phenotypes and linked marker genotypes were simulated for a range of models with different sets of assumptions based on displacement, prevalence, and heritability of the trait in 30 Utah Centre d‘Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) families. The gain in power by the addition of 15 families was also estimated by extrapolation. Power was evaluated using both parametric single locus (PSL) models and variance components (VC) methods for two situations: (1) a single marker with 75% heterozygosity and a recombination fraction of 0.05, and (2) a fully informative marker as an approximation to multipoint analysis. When the simulation and analysis models were both dominant with the same prevalence, power ≥80% for lod >3 was estimated when quantitative trait locus variance was ≥40% with a displacement of 2.5 or 3. Power was 5–15% lower for recessive models compared to dominant models. With the addition of 15 families, an average increase in power of 17% and 22% was estimated for the dominant and recessive models, respectively. In PSL analyses, power was estimated at ≤20% when the dominance was misspecified. This investigation delineates parameter conditions under which this unique sample affords adequate power to detect linkage using both PSL and VC methods.
A topographical (SEM) analysis of acellular glomerular mesangial matrix in Situ

Normal kidneys from human and New Zealand white rabbits were made acellular by vascular perfusion with detergents. Cortical regions were dissociated from the central renal mass and further minced to 2 mm3 and fixed for TEM and SEM analyses. In an effort to visualize the internal histoarchitecture of glomerular basement membranes (GBM) and associated mesangial matrix (MM), some of the fixed samples were cryofractured prior to preparation for SEM observations. By this technique, the in situ MM exhibits a lacy network of fenestrated plates (septa) that separate and support peripheral glomerular channels. It seems possible that these structures may be intrinsically rigid and that their shape-preserving properties may be transmitted to the entire GBM. The matrix is not restricted to centrolobular zones, but extends throughout the glomerulus via a loose inner (endothelial—mesangial) layer of GBM. This filamentous layer is similar to MM in texture and surface characteristics and is often thrown into folds or trabeculae. In contrast, the outer (epithelial) surface of GBMs is more compact and smoothly contoured. Our SEM and correlative TEM studies indicate that the inner layer is continuous with MM septa distally and extends proximally to the glomerular vascular pole via arteriolar BMs where it reaches the extraglomerular interstitium. This establishes an extracellular morphological pathway from centrolobular zones to the polar cushion.
Clinical Cardiology Physician Update: Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a powerful predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD), especially in men <60 years of age.1 Conversely, a high percentage of men with chronic stable CAD have ED.2 ED usually precedes the onset of angina by 2 to 3 years and adverse cardiovascular events by 3 to 5 years, thus allowing time for risk factor modification to delay or prevent major adverse cardiovascular events.3 Despite the abundance of evidence linking these vascular diseases, application of this knowledge to clinical practice has been limited.3 Here, 2 theoretical cases are described with the goal of illustrating clinical practice guidelines to improve the management of patients with ED and CAD. A 44-year-old previously healthy man presented to primary care complaining that “I haven't had sex in 3 months because I can't get an erection.” The patient did not report any cardiovascular symptoms with exercise but admitted to a sedentary lifestyle. The patient's father suffered his first myocardial infarction at 53 years of age. The patient's blood pressure was 128/84 mm Hg. The patient denied any other cardiovascular symptoms or risk factors. The patient is diagnosed with ED, defined as the persistent inability to achieve and maintain an erection adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. ED is a cardiac risk factor and independently predicts mortality, primarily as a result of increased cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.43).4 ED usually precedes angina by 2 to 3 years and adverse cardiovascular events by 3 to 5 years. A cardiovascular assessment is initiated to define the patient's risk of future cardiovascular events and to guide therapy. Cardiac risk factors are investigated, and risk factor modification is initiated. This patient's body mass index is 24 kg/m2, fasting glucose is 95 mg/dL, and fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is 150 mg/dL. A …
A molecular orbital study of bond length and angle variations in framework structures

Molecular orbital calculations on a variety of silicate and aluminosilicate molecules have been used to explore the bonding forces that govern tetrahedral bond length variations, r(TO), in framework silicates and aluminosilicates. Not only do the calculations provide insight into the variety of structural types and the substitution limits of one tetrahedral atom for another, but they also provide an understanding of the interrelationships among r(TO) and linkage factors, bond strength sum, coordination number, and angles within and between tetrahedra. A study of these interrelationships for a theoretical data set shows that r(SiO) and r(AlO) are linearly correlated with (1) p o, the bond strength sum to a bridging oxygen, (2) f s(O), the fractional s-character of a bridging oxygen, and (3) f s (T), the fractional s-character of the T atom. In a multiple linear regression analysis of the data, 92% of the variation of r(SiO) and 99% of the variation of r(AlO) can be explained in terms of a linear dependence on p o, f s (O), and f s (T). Analogous regression analyses completed for observed r(Al, SiO) bond length data from a number of silica polymorphs and ordered aluminosilicates account for more than 75% of the bond length variation. The lower percentage of bond length variation explained is ascribed in part to the random and systematic errors in the experimental data which have a negligible effect on the theoretical data. The modeling of more than 75% of the variation of r(Al, SiO) in the framework silicates using the same model used for silicate and aluminosilicate molecules strengthens the viewpoint that the bonding forces that govern the shapes of such molecules are quite similar to the forces that govern the shapes of chemically similar groups in solids. The different regression coefficients calculated for f s (T) indicate that SiO and AlO bond length variations in framework structures should not be treated as a single population in estimating the average Al, Si content of a tetrahedral site.
Few-Layer Graphene as a Support Film for Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of Nanoparticles

One consistent limitation for high-resolution imaging of small nanoparticles is the high background signal from the amorphous carbon support film. With interest growing for smaller and smaller nanostructures, state of the art electron microscopes are becoming necessary for rudimentary tasks, such as nanoparticle sizing. As a monolayer of carbon, free-standing graphene represents the ultimate support film for nanoparticle imaging. In this work, conventional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used to assess the benefits and feasibility of few-layer graphene support films. Suspensions of few-layer graphene to produce the support films were prepared by simple sonication of exfoliated graphite. The greatest benefit was observed for conventional HRTEM, where lattice resolved imaging of sub 2 nm CdSe nanocrystals was achieved. The few-layer graphene films were also used as a support film for C(s)-corrected STEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy of CuInSe(2) nanocrystals.
Imaging features of the less common pancreatic masses

Contrast-enhanced multiphase CT and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR have been validated in the literature as outstanding modalities for the evaluation of pancreatic pathology. In addition to the more frequently seen pancreatic adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and cystic lesions such as serous and mucinous cystadenomas and IPMNs, a variety of benign and malignant lesions may occur in the pancreas. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to review the imaging findings of a variety of uncommon, benign and malignant, pancreatic neoplasms.
Discrete element method simulation of a conical screen mill: A continuous dry coating device

Abstract A conical screen mill or a comil is a frequently used device for powder delumping. It has been recently shown as a promising continuously operating device for powder dry coating. In order to examine the influence of the operating parameters of comil, which has rather complex geometry, discrete element method (DEM) modeling was carried out and the residence time distribution (RTD) and mean residence time (MRT) were computed. The simulation results show that MRT increases with increasing impeller speeds, an outcome that is counter-intuitive. Limited experimental investigation showed a qualitative agreement with corresponding simulation results. Simulation results also showed that MRT increases with decreasing feed rates, decreasing open areas, and decreasing screen hole sizes. In addition to computing the RTD and MRT, the relationship between average collision number (ACN), number of particles inside the transition zone (region above the conical part), and MRT was examined indicating that higher impeller speed leads to longer MRT and larger ACNs. In contrast, the equilibrium number of particles inside the comil decreases with increasing feed rate, open area, and screen hole size, therefore, leading to a decrease in both MRT and ACNs. Such analysis shows that increasing impeller speed forces more particles to stay in the transition zone, leading to increased MRT; hence increased MRT may not always lead to improved dry coating. Overall, the results demonstrate the relationship between MRT and various operating parameters, while shedding light on the impact of ACNs on MRT, hence providing better understanding of the complex dynamic process and the selection of experimental conditions.
Thermal dealkylation of dodecylbenzene and dodecylcyclohexane

Rate constants for thermal decomposition of isotopically labeled dodecylbenzene and dodecylcyclohexane doped in n-C16 and crude oil matrices were measured in sealed glass tubes at 310–360°C. The rate varied by a factor of 1.5 in the various matrices, but there was no clear relationship with matrix composition. The decomposition rate of dodecylcyclohexane is very close to that of n-C16, and comparison to literature data suggests that the activation energy is similar as well. The decomposition rate of dodecylbenzene is about 4 times faster than of n-C16, and the activation energy may also be lower. This is consistent with the dealkylation of aromatics to form additional saturates as being a significant reaction during the early stages of oil maturation.
Numerical Investigation of Viscous Flow Fields Around Multifiber Filters

ABSTRACT Fibrous filters have been used in the filtration of particles for a long time. One way to help us understand more about fibrous filters is to perform model simulations and study how particles become attached to the fibers. Most existing models are basically single-fiber models. Although a few models solve flow fields past many fibers, the use of the Stokes equations and artificial boundary conditions limits their solutions to be only approximations of real flows. In the present study, multifiber models have been developed. Flow fields around arrays of parallel and staggered fibers are computed by solving the incompressible steady-state Navier-Stokes equations numerically. The results show that the viscous flow around the fibers becomes periodic immediately after the first fiber array from a filter entrance until it reaches the last fiber array. Because of fiber interaction, the flow may separate and form eddies downstream of a fiber and upstream of the subsequent fiber at very low Reynolds number...
An analysis of angular dependent XPS peak intensities

Abstract Angle resolved X-ray photoelectron (XPS) studies of clean Ni(100) and of exitaxial Cu and Co films on Ni(100) have been interpreted with the aid of single scattering cluster calculations. It is found that for atoms in the top few atomic layers, photoelectron forward scattering by overlying atoms in the lattice causes XPS peak intensities to be enhanced at angles corresponding to nearest neighbor and next-nearest neighbor internuclear axes. Angle resolved XPS should thus be an excellent approach for gaining structural information on, for example, epitaxial overlayers or surface reconstructions.
Sampling and variance estimation on continuous domains

This paper explores fundamental concepts of design- and model-based approaches to sampling and estimation for a response defined on a continuous domain. The paper discusses the concepts in design-based methods as applied in a continuous domain, the meaning of model-based sampling, and the interpretation of the design-based variance of a model-based estimate. A model-assisted variance estimator is examined for circumstances for which a direct design-based estimator may be inadequate or not available. The alternative model-assisted variance estimator is demonstrated in simulations on a realization of a response generated by a process with exponential covariance structure. The empirical results demonstrate that the model-assisted variance estimator is less biased and more efficient than Horvitz-Thompson and Yates-Grundy variance estimators applied to a continuous-domain response.
The Performance of Students in a Program of Radical Acceleration at the University Level

The academic performance of 24 academically accelerated students (mean age at matriculation = 14 years) was compared with that of two groups of college students averaging four years older: 24 match...
A PERFORMANCE‐BASED LOTTERY TO IMPROVE RESIDENTIAL CARE AND TRAINING BY INSTITUTIONAL STAFF

Two experiments were conducted on four units of a residential facility for the multiply-handicapped retarded in an attempt to improve daily care and training services. Experiment I compared the effects of two procedures in maintaining the work performance of attendants, using an A-B design on two units. One procedure consisted of implementing specific staff-resident assignments, the other consisted of allowing attendants who had met performance criteria to be eligible for a weekly lottery in which they could win the opportunity to rearrange their days off for the following week. Results showed that the lottery was a more effective procedure as measured by the per cent of time attendants engaged in predefined target behaviors, and by their frequency of task completion in several areas of resident care. Experiment II replicated and extended these results to the area of work quality on two additional units, using a multiple-baseline design. The performance lottery was found to be an effective econimical procedure that could be implemented by supervisory staff on a large scale.
The effect of PdZn particle size on reverse-water–gas-shift reaction

The effect of PdZn particle size on the catalytic activity of Pd/ZnO catalysts for the reverse-water-gas-shift (RWGS) reaction was studied. The PdZn particle size was varied by adjusting Pd loading and reducing the catalysts at different temperatures. XRD and IR spectroscopy characterization confirmed the absence of metallic Pd on the catalyst surface. Consequently, the effect of PdZn alloy particle size on the RWGS reaction can be unambiguously studied without the complication of reactions catalyzed by metallic Pd. The results indicated that the turnover frequency increases as the PdZn crystallite size decreases. Interestingly, this structure relationship between PdZn particle size and RWGS activity is consistent with that previously observed for the steam reforming of methanol, i.e., higher CO selectivity on smaller PdZn particles. Thus, RWGS has been identified as a likely potential reaction pathway to undesired CO formation in methanol steam reforming on Pd/ZnO catalysts for hydrogen production.
Demo: A robot-in-residence for data center thermal monitoring and energy efficiency management

We will demonstrate a robot for data center energy management, in action, on a simulated data center floor. We shall highlight the robot's navigation, tile and obstacle classification, event scheduling and preemption capabilities, along with its ability to discover charging docks, and successfully dock with extreme precision. We shall also show simulations on real data center layouts evincing navigational efficiency gains obtained by our latest heuristic enhancements.
Statistical calibration of computer simulations

Abstract This paper surveys issues associated with the statistical calibration of physics-based computer simulators. Even in solidly physics-based models there are usually a number of parameters that are suitable targets for calibration. Statistical calibration means refining the prior distributions of such uncertain parameters based on matching some simulation outputs with data, as opposed to the practice of “tuning” or point estimation that is commonly called calibration in non-statistical contexts. Older methods for statistical calibration are reviewed before turning to recent work in which the calibration problem is embedded in a Gaussian process model. In procedures of this type, parameter estimation is carried out simultaneously with the estimation of the relationship between the calibrated simulator and truth.
Experimental Study of the Slit Function of an Ebert Spectrometer in the Visible and Near-Infrared*

The slit function of an Ebert spectrometer has been measured with different f numbers at the wavelength of the 0.5461 μ Hg line and the 2.05 μ He line. It is shown that the slit function changes from a single slit diffraction pattern to a Gaussian and finally to a triangular function for increasing slit width.
On the radiation of meso-scale energy in the mid-ocean

Abstract A two-layer quasi-geostrophic model is used to study the meridional radiation produced by the periodic forcing of a zonal boundary. The problem is studied to determine under what conditions fluctuating currents (such as the Gulf stream) might radiate energy to the relatively quiescent ocean south of the current. It is found that the ability of the mid-ocean to transmit radiated mechanical energy depends sensitively on its potential vorticity structrue and hence on its own mean flow. In particular, the wavelength and vertical structure of the transmitted radiation are shown to depend on whether the mid-ocean field is locally supercritical to baroclinic disturbances.
The Bidirectional Double Latch (BDDL)

This paper describes a new type of shift register latch that is compatible with LSSD. The new latch has the property that information may be shifted in and out of it in two directions: left to right and right to left.
Polycrystalline Silicon Micromechanical Beams

Using the conventional MOS planar process, miniature cantilever and doubly supported mechanical beams are fabricated from polycrystalline silicon. Poly‐Si micromechanical beams having thicknesses of 230 nm to 2.3 μm and separated by 550 nm to 3.5μm from the substrate are made in a wide range of lengths and widths. Two static mechanical properties are investigated: the dependences of maximum free‐standing length and beam deflection on the thickness of the beam. By annealing the poly‐Si prior to beam formation, both of these properties are improved. Nonuniform internal stress in the poly‐Si is apparently responsible for the beam deflection.
Application of Capillary Electrophoresis for the Assessment of Enantiomeric Purity of alpha-Diimine Transition Metal Complexes

Capillary electrophoresis studies on a range of octahedral α-diimine complexes employing potassium antimonyl d-tartrate as the chiral buffer medium results in effective separation of the Λ and Δ enantiomers. With utilization of these procedures, the optical purity of resolved species is rapidly established on the basis of a single injection. When calf thymus B-DNA serves as the chiral medium, separations of Λ and Δ-Ru(phen)32+ and Ru(bpy)32+ are also effected.
NDE via stop band formation in fiber reinforced composites having square fiber arrangements

Abstract Examples of full scale simulations of wave propagation through fiber reinforced composites are presented and from these the formations of stop bands in the response spectra are observed. The variations in the cut-off and recovery frequencies of the stop bands due to changes in the microstructural parameters of the composite suggest a useful tool in NDE.
What Limits Turnover Number in NH3 Synthesis on a PNP Pincer Molecule

Abiological NH3 synthesis under mild conditions on a PNP [=2,6-bis(di-tert-butyl-phosphinomethyl)pyridine] pincer chelating an Mo(N2)3 group has been reported and attributed to a catalytic cycle wherein only the equatorial N2 is reduced. The present calculations suggest that reduction of axial N2 ligands was the reason the cycle ended after production of 23 equiv. of NH3. NH3 detachment from axial NNH3 initiates a terminal reaction pathway by leaving an axial nitrido N behind on the Mo. The transinfluence of the strong axial nitride bond causes the second axial N2 to detach from the Mo, with N-Mo-N2 remaining as a non-catalytic, pincer-chelated group.
An NMDA antagonist inhibits light but not GRP-induced phase shifts when administered after the phase-shifting stimulus.

Abstract Brief light pulses or microinjection of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) into the third ventricle or near the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) induce phase shifts of circadian rhythms during the subjective night. It has previously been reported that these effects are strongly influenced by the activation of N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the availability of glutamate. We hypothesized that the photic signaling pathway in the SCN was dependent on glutamate neurotransmission even after the completion of a photic stimulus. Adult male Syrian hamsters equipped with a surgically implanted guide cannula aimed at the SCN region were housed in constant darkness until stable free-running rhythms of wheel-running activity were apparent. Light pulses administered in the early night induced phase delays of circadian rhythms which were attenuated by the co-administration of (±)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), an NMDA antagonist. Microinjection of AP5 also inhibited light-induced shifts, to a lesser extent, immediately after and 15 min after, but not 30 min after the light pulse. A second experiment was designed to test whether AP5 would be able to attenuate GRP-induced shifts 15 min following microinjection of GRP. Phase shifts of animals that received microinjection of AP5 15 min after the administration of GRP were not different from those that received microinjection of GRP and vehicle. These data suggest that glutamate signaling remains necessary for a full photic response in the SCN even after the termination of the photic signal, but that this dependency ends once GRP-dependent signaling is complete.
Measurement of the degree of intransitivity in a community of sessile organisms

Abstract The word “stand-off” has been used with different meanings by different authors in studies of interspecific space competition by sessile organisms. Most of them have treated stand-off as an outcome of secondary importance to those of wins and losses in the interactions. Here, it is postulated that stand-off should be treated as an important competitive outcome equal in status to wins and losses. On this assumption, a new type of index system composed of three indices: win, loss, and stand-off is proposed to measure the degree of intransitivity among sessile organisms at a given locality. Intransitivity can be defined as the state in which all species have equal probability to be overgrown by others. Here, a community is divided into five according to the competitive ranking of the organisms, namely, network due to stand-off, neutral system due to equal win-loss and stand-off, hierarchically dominant, network due to win-loss dominant and a neutral system of the last two types. The method of its determination and its merits over the index proposed by earlier and are discussed with the help of field data collected on interspecific interactions among sessile organisms on PVC panels suspended in Tomioka Bay, Japan. Data presented by other investigators, which differed each other in the number of stand-offs, were also used to test the merits of our index system.
On the computation of the demagnetization tensor field for an arbitrary particle shape using a Fourier space approach

A method is presented to compute the demagnetization tensor field for uniformly magnetized particles of arbitrary shape. By means of a Fourier space approach it is possible to compute analytically the Fourier representation of the demagnetization tensor field for a given shape. Then, specifying the direction of the uniform magnetization, the demagnetizing field and the magnetostatic energy associated with the particle can be evaluated. In some particular cases, the real space representation is computable analytically. In general, a numerical inverse fast Fourier transform is required to perform the inversion. As an example, the demagnetization tensor field for the tetrahedron will be given.
Time-dependent treatment of a general three-level system

Both unitary evolution and the effects of dissipation and decoherence for a general three-level system are of wide interest in quantum optics, molecular physics, and elsewhere. A previous paper presented a technique for solving the time-dependent operator equations involved but under certain restrictive conditions. We now extend our results to a general three-level system with arbitrary time-dependent Hamiltonians and Lindblad operators. Analytical handling of the SU(3) algebra of the eight operators involved leaves behind a set of coupled first-order differential equations for classical functions. Solution of this set gives a complete solution of the quantum problem, without having to invoke rotating-wave or other approximations. Numerical illustrations for multiphoton couplings and quantum control are given.
Effect of Carbonate on the Lattice Parameters of Apatite

THE mode of carbonate substitution into the apatite structure of calcified tissues has been a controversial issue for many years. McConnell has advanced the theory that carbonate groups substitute for the phosphate groups in the apatite structure of both the mineral carbonate apatites (for example, dahllite, staffelite or francolite) and the calcified tissues of teeth and bone1,2. This theory is compatible with the decreased a-axis which accompanies CO3 inclusion in the mineral apatites3. (An a-axis contraction can be expected when the smaller planar CO3 group substitutes for the larger tetrahedral PO4 group.)