cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plan and market in the Chinese economy: A simple general equilibrium model☆

Abstract This paper examines the impact of planning and efficiency of markets in a stylized economy that is a hybrid of plan and market, using a general equilibrium model representing the two-tier plan / market system in Chinese state-owned industry. The model assumes profit maximization by firms, plan targets as minimum constraints on goods flows, factor immobility, and slack planning. Existence of general equilibrium is demonstrated, as well as strong efficiency properties when no agents are “constrained” by plan targets. The trend in China of reductions in plan targets and allocations and an increasing share of markets hence seems appropriate.
Bridging Partisan Divisions over Antiterrorism Policies The Role of Threat Perceptions

The authors examine how changes in perceptions of threat affect individuals’ policy views as well as the political implications of this relationship. They administered a survey experiment to a repr...
Correlation Between Deposition Parameters And Performance Of Sputtered Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

This paper describes correlations between deposition parameters and photovoltaic properties of intrinsic amorphous silicon films produced by RF sputtering. We present data showing strong dependence between photovoltaic properties and structural and compositional inhomogeneity of the films. Studies on films produced at different hydrogen concentrations show that the ones with larger optical gaps have better photovoltaic potential. Small concentration of dopant impurities in the intrinsic films has significant effect on their photovoltaic properties. These optimization studies lead to intrinsic material, which when incorporated in a P-I-N solar cell generates external currents up to 13 mA/cm2 and open circuit voltages of between 0.85 to 0.95 volts.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Informal support in maltreating families: Its effect on parenting practices

Abstract Enlisting the aid of parents' informal support networks in child maltreatment interventions is a widely accepted practice; yet little is known about how support affects parenting in maltreating families. This study examines the role of informal support among families receiving child welfare services. It posits that financial strain and negative life events affect parenting through their negative effect on maternal depression and examines the influence of informal supports on these relationships, whether child welfare services affected the availability of support, and whether change in support is associated with change in parents' exposure to stressors and parental functioning. The study's findings suggest that increasing support may reduce the amount of stressors and depression that parents experience and improve their positive parenting. But using support to alter negative parenting may be a more complex undertaking and depend on the supporter's capacity to provide constructive support.
Media Use by Chinese and U.S. Secondary Students: Implications for Media Literacy Education

This article examines how children currently use media, the influence of media in their lives, and implications for media literacy education. Trends in the use of media (TV, radio, computer, videogames, Internet) by Chinese and American secondary students are presented, drawn from major national studies on American and Chinese children's media use. It shows what and how students use new media at home and in schools, and demonstrates the important role of modern technology in children's lives. We underscore the importance of media literacy education. Even though media literacy education is not systematically taught as part of the formal school curriculum, it can be integrated into school curriculum with specific strategies by educators, parents, and adolescents.
Development of water-soluble far-red fluorogenic dyes for enzyme sensing

Abstract A series of Nile Blue analogs, 5-amino-9-dialkylamino benzo[a]phenoxazine dyes, 7–9 , were prepared by condensation of N-alkyl or N-sulfo-propyl 4-arylazo-substituted 3-hydroxyaniline with 4-arylazo-substituted 1-naphthlamines or 8-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid in the presence of perchloric acid. These fluorochromes have excitation and emission maxima near 640 and 680 nm, respectively. The fluorescence intensity in aqueous solution increases as additional sulfonate groups are added to the benzo[a]phenoxazine core. Compound 7 , which has two sulfonate groups, is ten-times brighter than Nile Blue. Fluorogenic substrates containing this hydrophilic far-red dye were synthesized and applied to detect enzymatic activities of two model proteases, trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase. Given their excellent fluorogenic property, these novel far-red dyes should be useful for enzyme sensing in biological assays.
Investigation of Non-Gaussian Doppler Spectra Observed by Weather Radar in a Tornadic Supercell

Abstract Radar Doppler spectra that deviate from a Gaussian shape were observed from a tornadic supercell on 10 May 2003, exhibiting features such as a dual peak, flat top, and wide skirt in the nontornadic region. Motivated by these observations, a spectral model of a mixture of two Gaussian components, each defined by its three spectral moments, is introduced to characterize different degrees of deviation from Gaussian shape. In the standard autocovariance method, a Gaussian spectrum is assumed and biases in velocity and spectrum width estimates may result if this assumption is violated. The impact of non-Gaussian weather spectra on these biases is formulated and quantified in theory and, consequently, verified using four experiments of numerical simulations. Those non-Gaussian spectra from the south region of the supercell are further examined and a nonlinear fitting algorithm is proposed to estimate the six spectral moments and compare to those obtained from the autocovariance method. It is shown that...
Case Studies in Collection Development: Setting An Agenda for Future Research

Open‐ended interviews with bibliographers and the Assistant Director of Collection Development at the University of Miami (Florida) Richter Library reveal personal attributes and philosophies that may affect collection development decision making. These attributes may include one or more of the following: 1) subject expertise gained through a master's degree or prior work experience; 2) a strong commitment to serving the teaching and research needs of the faculty; 3) active participation in professional associations in the field for which the librarian selects materials; 4) frequent contact with the faculty and departmental book selectors; and 5) participation in research in the specialty area, e.g., publication of articles in scholarly journals or presentation of papers at meetings. This study suggests the need for more empirical data based on a large, representative sample.
Revenue and reputation: A stochastic control approach to profit maximization

Profit is a function of multiple variables, including demand, cost of a product and/or service and its price. A myopic approach to business that compromises quality for profit would cause customer dissatisfaction. Customer satisfaction has its effect on business' reputation through reviews on websites like Yelp, Amazon, eBay and thus affects profitability for a business. An additional factor that influences profitability is marketing the product/service, through advertising and promotional deals to attract customers. Overall, there is an intricate relationship that couples quality, reputation, demand and product-marketing, all of which should be driven towards maximizing profitability for a business. This paper formulates profit maximization problem as a static optimization problem, based on relationships among underlying variables and derives a dynamic decision policy from that. This formulation factors in variability caused by uncontrollable market factors. This paper presents a profit maximization scheme that is agnostic to the distribution of the market factors and proves its near-optimality. 1
Abnormal Mammary Development of the Young Dairy Heifer and Its Association with Future Performance

summary Palpation data for 22 Holstein heifer calves, whose udder development was judged abnormal by arbitrary standards, were obtained. Three udder type evaluation scores, assigned at three months after first calving, were also obtained for each of these animals and their contemporaries. Of 32 glands, on 22 animals, which were evaluated as abnormal as young heifers, 19 (59%) on 13 heifers were classified as blind when the animals came into production. The remaining nine animals had serious udder defects, recorded at the time of type evaluation. Type evaluation scores at three months after first calving for three udder characteristics were significantly different for 18 animals classified as abnormal during the palpation period, when compared with their 54 contemporaries. A second group of 179 animals which had low udder palpation grades as heifers tended to leave the herd at rates and for reasons somewhat different from those usually expected. A rather high percentage (31%) of the animals in the heifer group was sold as nonbreeders. There is some slight indication that the lack of the development of the mammary system, a secondary sex organ in the young heifer, may be associated with endocrine function, which may influence subsequent reproductive performance.
Studies on the secretion and interconversion of the androgens. IV. Quantitative results in a normal man whose gonadal and adrenal function were altered experimentally.

The secretion of testosterone (T), 4-androstenedione (Δ), dehydroisoandrosterone (D) and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DS) in a normal man was investigated using an experimental approach involving the simultaneous administration of 3 tracers, 1,2-3H-T, 4-14C-D and 7α-3H-DS. A model, consisting of 4 pools (corresponding to the 4 compounds), served to define the assumptions implicit in this approach. These assumptions and the possible influence of unaccounted for factors (e.g., other secretory products, or other metabolic pathways) upon the validity of the findings were analyzed in an accompanying paper. From the specific activities of various urinary metabolites obtained after the injection of the tracers, the rates of secretion, of production, of interconversion and of irreversible metabolism have been estimated for the 4 androgens. These rates were determined for 5 periods: under control conditions (period I), during adrenal stimulation (period II), during adrenal suppression (period III), during testi...
Enzymatic-Synthesis and Degradation of Nicotinate Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP), a Ca2+-Releasing Agonist, in Rat Tissues

We have recently found that nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a potent agonist that triggers Ca2+ release from intracellular stores of sea urchin eggs, and that its action is distinct from effects of IP3 and cyclic ADP-ribose (J. Biol. Chem. 270:3216, 1995). Now we report: that extracts from rat brain, heart, liver, and spleen but not kidney cortex contain enzymatic activity which catalyzes NAADP synthesis by exchange of nicotinamide for nicotinic acid and which is probably catalyzed by NAD(P)-glycohydrolase. Extracts from these tissues also inactivate NAADP in the rank inverse to their ability for NAADP synthesis. These results suggest that NAADP, a Ca2+ -releasing agent, can be generated in mammalian tissues, namely in brain.
Anger and impatience/irritability in patients of low socioeconomic status with acute coronary heart disease.

This case-control study examines the relationship between anger and impatience/irritability and acute coronary heart disease (CHD) in middle-aged men of low socioeconomic status (SES). Subjects included patients with myocardial infarction (MI) (N=31) or unstable angina (AP) (N=26), who were compared with hospital controls (N=26). In separate multi-variate analyses for each anger scale, MI was associated with Anger-Out and Impatience/Irritability, particularly in the subgroup of patients who did not have a previous MI. The same factors were associated with AP, but only when this acute ischemic event was not preceded by a ML No relationship was found between Trait-Anger and Anger-In and either acute ischemic outcome. The results indicate that particularly overt behavioral expression of anger is related to CHD in lower SES patients and that there is similarity in the behavioral factors associated with acute CHD between low- and high-SES men.
Dynamics of Zinc-65 Specific Activity and Total Zinc in Benthic Fishes on the Outer Continental Shelf off Central Oregon

The dynamics of 65Zn specific activity and total zinc in benthic fishes on the outer continental shelf off central Oregon (USA) were examined. A differential equation that relates specific activity of 65Zn in fish to that in fish food was used to estimate α's (zinc uptake-rate coefficients) for 3 different size classes of the flounder Lyopsetta exillis, a small predator of pelagic Crustacea, and for 1 size class of the flounder Microstromus pacificus, a large predator of infauna. The α's obtained for L. exilis were very close to the α obtained in the laboratory for the flounder Pleuronectes platessa. The α estimated for M. pacificus was very much smaller than the α's estimated for the other two species. A model that related α to predicted weight-specific feeding rates suggested that the smaller α of M. pacificus was caused by a low absorption efficiency of zinc from its prey. Sensitivity studies indicated that time histories of specific activity in the fishes are not sensitive to moderate changes in α. The negative correlation between specific activity in the diet and in the weight of L. exilis was the major cause of the negative correlative between specific activity and weight in this species. In M. pacificus, where composition of diet does not vary with size, specific activity was independent of weight. The time history of specific activity in M. pacificus was very much lower than those in the different size classes of L. exilis, a result caused mainly by the much lower specific activity of the prey of M. pacificus. Differences in specific activity among other benthic fishes were also correlated with differences in specific activity of their prey. The food-web dynamics responsible for these patterns are discussed. Variation in total zinc concentrations among species was small. Within species of flounder, zinc concentration varied only slightly or not at all with weight.
Evidence for equimolar synthesis of double-strand RNA and minus-strand RNA in rotavirus-infected cells.

Abstract The genome of the rotaviruses consists of eleven segments of double-strand RNA (dsRNA). Each segment is replicated asymmetrically with viral plus-strand RNA, i.e. messenger (m)RNA, serving as the template for the synthesis of minus-strand RNA to produce dsRNA. To examine the relative frequency of replication of each of the eleven genome segments, MA104 cells were infected with low (3rd) and high (12th) passage stocks of simian rotavirus SA11. The total cytoplasmic RNA of the infected cell was radiolabeled either by maintaining the infected cells in the presence [ 3 H]uridine prior to harvest or by 3'-endlabeling the purified RNA with [ 32 P]pCp and T4 RNA ligase. The RNA was then analyzed for the presence of 3 H- and 32 P-labeled dsRNA by electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gels. Total cytoplasmic RNA from infected cells was also 3'-end-labeled with [ 32 P]pCp and T4 RNA ligase and examined for the presence of minus-strand RNA by electrophoresis on low pH agarose-urea gels. Bands representing dsRNAs and minus-strand RNAs on autoradiographs of the gels were analyzed for intensity by densitometry. The results showed that the eleven segments of viral dsRNA were present in equimolar concentrations in cells either infected with low or high passage stocks of virus. Like intracellular dsRNAs, full-length minus-strand RNAs were also present in equimolar concentration in cells either infected with low or high passage rotavirus. These data indicate that, despite the non-equimolar levels of viral mRNAs in the cell, the eleven genome segments of rotavirus are replicated with equal frequencies in vivo.
Absorption kinetics of a series of local anesthetics from rat subcutaneous tissue. I.

The subcutaneous absorption kinetics of a homologous series of local anesthetics and lidocaine were studied under controlled pH conditions using a previously described in vivorat model. All local anesthetics exhibited biexponential absorption profiles suggesting accumulation into a tissue compartment. Evidence supporting this hypothesis was supplied by back-extraction of lidocaine from subcutaneous tissue into an acidic environment, by multiple dosing experiments, and by movement of compound into subcutaneous tissue of a postmortem rat preparation. A series of interanimal relationships were demonstrated between structure and parameters of a twocompartment open model. Particularly striking were the correlations between in vivopartition and tissue clearance and the octanolwater (pH 7.95)partition coefficients.
"Appeasing the Gods?" Suffering to Reduce Probable Future Suffering

Previous research has shown that people who anticipate an unpleasant event choose to suffer during the anticipation period. The present experiment was designed to determine whether people would choose to suffer more when an unpleasant event was likely, but not certain, to occur. Ninety-five students were assigned on the basis of chance or task performance to eat pleasant foods, unpleasant foods, or probably to eat unpleasant foods. Subjects in the unpleasant conditions chose to suffer more than subjects in the pleasant conditions, with men in the "probably unpleasant" condition choosing to suffer most. This occurred regardless whether the unpleasant event was attributed to chance or task performance. The results were interpreted as support for the idea that people choose to suffer in the present in the hope of experiencing less discomfort in the future.
Multimedia as a vehicle for knowledge modeling in expert systems

Abstract This article examines the integration of expert systems (ES) with multimedia technology. Multimedia allows a wide variety of sensory information and knowledge to be stored in ES and thus allows ES to be more effective. Additionally, this article explores the types of knowledge that should be embedded in expert systems to provide users with support in decision-making tasks. Traditional knowledge representation schemes, such as frames and production rules, have not always proved effective for presenting requisite knowledge to the user. Traditional knowledge representations force users to translate their conceptualizations of problem attributes and characteristics into text form and then convert back to their own conceptualizations in interpreting the recommended solutions. To provide better support to users, both a knowledge representation and a knowledge presentation are necessary to foster communication, knowledge explanation, as well as user learning and corporate training. The notions of knowledge representation and knowledge presentation are derived from the concepts of symbolic and replica models proposed by Chapanis (1961). Replica models, a form of knowledge presentation, enhance communication and learning. The use of multimedia as a vehicle for knowledge presentation provides a powerful interface with a full range of audio/visual features to express knowledge more completely. This greatly enhances a corporation's ability to capture, embed, and distribute knowledge.
Interference of carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide in the fluorescence polarization immunoassay for tricyclic antidepressants: estimation of the true tricyclic antidepressant concentration in the presence of carbamazepine using a mathematical model.

We evaluated effects of carbamazepine and its metabolite, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, on the measurement of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) concentrations in serum using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). We determined apparent TCA concentrations in 30 patients who were receiving carbamazepine but no TCAs. Carbamazepine concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 20.9 µg/mL (5.9-88.4 µmol/L); the observed apparent TCA concentrations ranged from 31.8 to 130.1 ng/mL (113.4-463.9 µmol/L). When aliquots of the drug-free serum pool were supplemented with known concentrations of carbamazepine or its metabolite, we observed significant apparent TCA concentrations using the FPIA; however, interference of carbamazepine was more than 3-fold more than its metabolite. When serum pools prepared from patients receiving TCA but no anticonvulsant medications were supplemented with known amounts of carbamazepine or its metabolite, we observed falsely elevated TCA concentrations. We formulated an equation to calculate the apparent TCA concentration from known carbamazepine concentrations. If carbamazepine and TCAs are present in a specimen, the true TCA concentration can be estimated by subtracting the calculated TCA concentration (due to carbamazepine) from the observed TCA concentration as measured by the TCA FPIA. This mathematical modeling is feasible because TCAs, even at very high concentrations, showed no interference with the carbamazepine FPIA.
Scapolite phase equilibria and carbon isotopes: constraints on the nature and distribution of CO2 in the lower continental crust

Abstract Recent applications of scapolite phase equilibria and carbon isotopes are reviewed, in order to evaluate the role played by CO2 in the genesis of granulites in the lowermost crust. Scapolite occurs mainly in mafic granulites from exposed high grade terranes, most of which have had a prior upper crustal history before equilibration at 9–10 kbar, and in high pressure (11–15 kbar) xenoliths and orthogneisses which likely represent mantle derived material that has not interacted with supracrustal lithologies. Calculated equilibrium CO2 activities are sufficiently high (> 0.7) to be consistent with the presence of a CO2-rich fluid phase accounting for the low H2O activities in scapolite-bearing granulites and some xenoliths. CO2 activities less than ca. 0.5 or the absence of scapolite are consistent with fluid absent metamorphism. The measured isotopic composition of carbon (δ13CPDB) in scapolite is only a tight constraint on the source of carbon in scapolite for mafic xenoliths and high pressure orthogneisses. Carbon isotope values for these lithologies (− 7 to − 2‰) overlap the range of values for CO2 dissolved in or exsolved from basalts, and are consistent with a magmatic origin for the CO2. The carbon isotope composition of scapolite in granulites from exposed terranes (− 10 to − 4‰) is more equivocal, and may instead be related to pregranulite facies carbonate present in the rock. Minimum values of volumetric fluid/rock, calculated to account for the modal abundance and composition of scapolite in granulites (on the order of 0.001 to 0.1), are much lower than those required for the desiccation of amphibolites to granulites (0.1 to 0.5). Thus scapolite should form in response to infiltration of such large volumes of CO2, if P, T, and bulk compositional constraints are met. However only seven of twenty granulite occurrences contain primary carbonate-bearing scapolite in mafic granulites. It appears that CO2 occurs in the lower crust only locally in a CO2-rich fluid phase or dissolved in mafic melts, and not on a pervasive scale or at the high volumetric fluid/rock required the model of carbonic metamorphism.
Energy flow in a semi-infinite spatially dispersive absorbing dielectric

We consider energy flow in a semi-infinite spatially dispersive absorbing dielectric bounded by vacuum, on which light is incident from the vacuum, with the direction of propagation normal to the surface. While the total energy flux in the vacuum is given by its electromagnetic Poynting vector, the total energy flux in the crystal is given by the sum of the electromagnetic Poynting vector and a mechanical Poynting vector, which arises from the energy transported by the excitations in the medium. We consider two models, the first of which is a semi-infinite medium in the dielectric approximation, which consists of assuming that the nonlocal dielectric function of the semi-infinite crystal is that of the infinitely extended medium, so that the surface of the medium enters the theory only through the restriction of the coordinates normal to the surface to the half-space occupied by the medium. We show that this model fails to conserve energy in the sense that the surface acts as a source of energy, because for this model the mechanical Poynting vector is positive on the surface, while the electromagnetic Poynting vector is continuous across the surface. The second model considered includes the effects of a surface in a phenomenological way in the dielectric function. We find that for this model energy is conserved; that is, the surface acts neither as a source nor sink of energy. Finally, we find that for normal incidence, when the additional boundary condition for a given model of a spatially dispersive dielectric medium may be expressed in terms of the polarization $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{P}(z)$ associated with the dipole-active excitation in the medium as ${[\ensuremath{\alpha}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{P}(z)+\ensuremath{\beta}\frac{d\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{P}(z)}{\mathrm{dz}}]}_{z = 0}=0$, the coefficients $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ determine whether or not the surface is a source or sink of energy. The mechanical Poynting vector is proportional to $\mathrm{Im}(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\beta}})$, so that when this quantity vanishes, the surface is neither a source nor sink of energy, but when it is nonzero, the surface is either a source or sink of energy, depending on the sign of the other constants entering into the expression for the mechanical Poynting vector.
Laserless trapped-ion quantum simulations without spontaneous scattering using microtrap arrays

We propose an architecture and methodology for large-scale quantum simulations using hyperfine states of trapped ions in an arbitrary-layout microtrap array with laserless interactions. An ion is trapped at each site, and the electrode structure provides for the application of single and pairwise evolution operators using only locally created microwave and radio-frequency fields. The avoidance of short-lived atomic levels during evolution effectively eliminates errors due to spontaneous scattering; this may allow scaling of quantum simulators based on trapped ions to much larger systems than currently estimated. Such a configuration may also be particularly appropriate for one-way quantum computing with trapped-ion cluster states.
Evanescent-wave scattering by electrophoretic microparticles: a mechanism for optical switching

The total internal reflection of light occurring at the interface between glass and a low-index liquid containing suspended microparticles can be electrically controlled. The particles are charged and the glass is coated with a thin, transparent conductor. When the conductor is biased to attract the particles, they scatter and absorb light from the evanescent optical field near the interface, thus reducing the reflectivity. When the conductor is biased to repel the particles, total internal reflection is achieved. Experimental results are given for the time, voltage, and angle-of-incidence dependence of the reflectivity at the interface between an In–Sn–oxide-coated glass surface and a suspension of 0.47-μm-diameter silica particles in acetonitrile. The switching is found to be fast (∼100 ms) and reproducible. In certain conditions the on/off ratio for a single reflection can be as large as 2:1. A simple theoretical model is developed to interpret these experiments. The model gives a reasonable fit to the data and allows one to extract information such as the particle mobility and the particle density in the evanescent-wave region.
Gender Differences in Pubertal Timing, Social Competence, and Cigarette Use: A Test of the Early Maturation Hypothesis

Abstract Purpose The timing of pubertal maturation has been associated with cigarette use, but the exact mechanisms by which maturation influences cigarette use are unclear. One hypothesis posited to explain this association is the early maturation hypothesis, that boys and girls who mature earlier than their peers have developed physically before their social resources have fully developed, leaving them ill-equipped to deal with challenges that may arise when entering physical maturity. This prospective study examines the relations between pubertal timing, social competence, and cigarette use in a sample of 1,013 boys and girls, followed from 5th through 12th grade. Methods Latent growth modeling was used to predict cigarette use across high school years (grades 9–12) from pubertal timing assessed in 5th grade (for girls) and 6th grade (for boys) as mediated by social competence across grades 6–8. Results Earlier pubertal maturation predicted cigarette use in 9th grade and increased cigarette use across high school. Earlier maturation also predicted lower social competence in 6th grade. For girls, social competence partially mediated the relation between pubertal timing and cigarette use. Conclusions The data supported the early maturation hypothesis for both boys and girls, as earlier maturers were more likely to smoke in 9th grade and had lower social competence in 6th grade. However, social competence partially mediated cigarette use for girls only. The mechanisms by which negative outcomes are associated with pubertal maturation appear to differ by gender.
56 An Integrated Information System: A Resource for Pediatric Tissue Banking, Clinical and Experimental Data Annotation and Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Our knowledge of childhood diseases has been greatly expanded by research on biologic specimens. Clinical researchers commonly collect multiple specimens per patient and use genomics and proteomics to study disease processes and to predict the response to treatment. The ability of such studies to generate meaningful results is dependent on a well–annotated biospecimen repository, which combines pathology data and experimental data from high throughput technologies and structured clinical data. We present the architecture and approach of an evolving information service at Indiana University for specimen collections with clinical and research data annotations. The services to be provided include: specimen inventory, clinical data annotations, experimental data annotations, analysis toolbox and data visualization
Radiative Ignition and Extinction Dynamics of Energetic Solids

The role of heat transfer in radiant ignition/extinction behavior of homogeneous energetic solids has been studied computationally. A model has been developed based on simplified chemical kinetics, unsteady heat transfer processes in the solid phase, and quasi-steady heat transfer in the gas phase. The general behavior of ignition and extinction dynamics for a spatially uniform incident radiant flux has been simulated and explained in terms of unsteady heat transfer phenomena. Two critical heat flux levels for the incident radiation are identified. For fluxes between the critical values, there is an ignition corridor with upper and a lower limits on the allowable time for radiation exposure to achieve ignition. Below the lower critical flux there is no upper limit on the allowable exposure time to achieve ignition. Above the upper critical flux, stable ignition (self-sustained combustion on removal of the radiant flux) is not possible, that is, the ignition corridor becomes vanishingly small. The model explains the ignition corridor in terms of unsteady conductive, advective, and in-depth radiative heat transfer processes in the solid and quasi-steady conductive/advective processes in the gas-phase flame zone. Comparison is made with experimental data for go/no-go ignition behavior of cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX).
Oxygen activity dependence of the chromium (IV) population in chromium-doped forsterite crystals grown by the floating zone technique

The lasing of Cr-doped forsterite, Cr:Mg2SiO4, at 1.2 μm has been attributed to the presence of Cr4+. The goal of this work was to determine the Cr4+Cr3+ ratios of crystals grown at different oxygen partial pressures and to compare them with a model based on point defect thermodynamics. Cr:forsterite crystals were grown by the floating zone technique with gas atmospheres of 100% Ar, 99% Ar + 1% O2, 80% Ar + 20% O2, 33% Ar + 67% O2, and 100% O2 at 1 atm total pressure. The Cr4+Cr3+ ratios, as well as the distribution of the Cr3+ cations on the M1 and M2 sites, were determined by electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. The fraction of Cr present as Cr4+ ions as a function of the oxygen activity of the growth environment was well described by the model.
The Effect of Wave Breaking on the Wave Energy Spectrum

Abstract The effect of wave breaking on the wave energy spectral shape is examined. The Stokes wave-breaking criterion is first extended to random waves and a breaking wave model is established in which the elevation of breaking waves is expressed in terms of that of the original ideal waves, which are assumed to be stationary and Gaussian. Based on this model, a simple but approximate expression for the spectrum of breaking waves is derived and applied to the case in which a deep water unidirectional wave train enters a region of adverse current steady in time and uniformly distributed in depth.
Protein kinase C stimulatory activity in the pseudopregnant rat ovary.

Abstract Ovarian cytosol from pseudopregnant rats was heated to 80–90°C for 2 min and precipitated proteins removed by centrifugation. The supernatant of the heated ovarian cytosol contained no protein kinase C activity but when added to a control preparation containing protein kinase C, enzyme activity was increased to 200% of control. The stimulatory activity was stable to heating for 10 min, was retained on a centrifugal filtration device with a 100,000 Mr cut-off, did not affect cAMP-dependent protein kinase, was not extractable in petroleum ether or chloroform/methanol (2:1), and enhanced the phosphorylation of protein kinase C-specific peptide substrates. The stimulatory factor was calcium-dependent and could substitute for phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol in the protein kinase C assay. This stimulatory factor may provide a mechanism whereby the response of protein kinase C to hormonal activation could be regulated by the cell.
PREDICTING DESIGN WIND TURBINE LOADS FROM LIMITED DATA: COMPARING RANDOM PROCESS AND RANDOM PEAK MODELS

This paper considers two distinct topics that arise in reliability-based wind turbine design. First, it illustrates how general probability models can be used to predict long-term design loads from a set of limited-duration, short-term load histories. Second, it considers in detail the precise choice of probability model to be adopted, for both flap and edge bending loads in both parked and operating turbine conditions. In particular, a 3-moment random peak model and a 3- or 4-moment random process model are applied and compared. For a parked turbine, all models are found to be virtually unbiased and to notably reduce uncertainty in estimating extreme loads (e.g., by roughly 50 percent). For an operating turbine, however, only the random peak model is found to retain these beneficial features. This suggests the advantage of the random peak model, which appears to capture the rotating blade behavior sufficiently well to accurately predict extremes.
A study of manganese from anthropogenic emissions at a rural site in the eastern United States

Abstract Concentrations of Mn from soil dust and anthropogenic emissions were studied in the aerosols collected at Mayville, NY. The southwest quadrant of this rural site has numerous Mn-emitting sources. Aerosols arriving from this quadrant contained 80–90% Mn of anthropogenic origin, the remainder was soil derived. Bivariate analysis showed a good linear correlation between noncrustal Mn and Fe, indicating that anthropogenic Mn was mainly derived from the iron and steel industry. Aerosols with relatively high Mn concentrations and enrichments were also encountered during the study period. These were attributed to nonferrous industries such as silico-manganese alloy, synthetic pyrolusite and Mn chemical manufacturing plants. Comparison of concentrations, enrichment factors and ratios of the two elements, Mn and Fe, in these aerosols and in aerosols from several midwestern cities located in the vicinity of Mn-emitting sources attested to the inferences drawn above. Several Mn-emitting sources in the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania were shown to be causative for the high noncrustal Mn concentration at Mayville relative to those seen in rural aerosols from Ashland County, OH, and Shenandoah Valley, VA as well as for the relatively high ratio of noncrustal Mn/Se reported for the lower midwest signature in our earlier study.
Management of ankle sprains

Ankle sprains are frequent in athletes and when neglected or improperly treated can cause long-term disability. Correct diagnosis and treatment can decrease rehabilitation time and allow earlier return to preinjury activity. Most acute ligament injuries can be successfully treated with a functional protocol that combines protection with early exercise. Delayed surgical repair or reconstruction can be performed successfully if symptoms persist.
Interaction kinetics of I2(aq) with substituted phenols and humic substances.

We evaluate the hypothesis that the reactivity trend for iodination of natural humic substances (HS) resembles that for the iodination of some substituted phenols. The hypothesis was tested by comparing the rates of reaction of I2(aq) with HS and a series of eight substituted phenolic compounds. Rates of iodination for all of the phenolic compounds, except salicylate, are described with an empirical rate law R = kobs[phenolic compound]1[I3-]1[[H+]-1[I-]-2] with the values of kobs related to the structure of the substituted phenol. The values of kobs, corresponding to iodination of the simple substituted phenols, range from 5.6 × 10-8 to 4.7 × 10-5 M s-1 at 25 °C. These rate coefficients can be predicted over at least three orders-of-magnitude from a modified Hammett relation. The rates of iodination of HS fall within the range measured for substituted phenols, suggesting that iodination of the natural HS proceed by similar pathways. The humic substances differ markedly in their reactivity toward I2(aq) in...
Automated determination of bacterial asparaginase and glutaminase

Abstract A method is described for the direct determination of l -asparaginase and l -glutaminase in bacterial suspensions using an enzyme assay based upon the Nessler reaction and a protein determination based upon the Folin reaction operating in tandem. The amidase assay operates over the range 0.005–0.04 IU/ml and the protein determination over the range 0.005–0.04 mg/ml, permitting the determination of specific activities over the range 0.125–8 IU/mg.
On the stationary control of a controlled diffusion with an exponential-of-integral performance criterion

The author considers the Ito-type system dx/sub t/=b(x/sub t/,u/sub t/)dt+ sigma (x/sub t/)dw/sub t/, where x/sub t/ in R/sup n/ is the state, u/sub t/ in R/sup m/ is the control, and w/sub t/ is an r-dimensional standard Brownian motion. The cost functional to be minimized is an infinite time exponential-of-integral performance criterion. The general problem is studied. The basics of the approach are outlined. Conditions for the existence of admissible controls and optimality conditions are presented. >
A nonlinear CMOS analog cell for VLSI signal and information processing

A simple reconfigurable continuous-time nonlinear CMOS building block for analog VLSI applications is presented. The new block is introduced as a basic analog cell for the implementation of analog VLSI systems. It simultaneously achieves four-quadrant multiplication and division. Its applications in both analog signal and information processing are discussed. These include multiplication, signal squaring, division, signal inversion, amplitude modulation, RMS-DC conversion, and neural computing. Using the new cell, a MOS VLSI implementation of a feedback/feedforward neural network is developed which achieves the scalar product of two n-tuple vectors by 4(n+1) MOS transistors and one operational amplifier. To verify the versatility of the new cell and its applications, experimental results obtained from a test chip that was fabricated using the MOSIS 2- mu m CMOS process are included. >
Aging: a predisposition to dry eyes

Dry eye syndrome is a disease of the ocular surface and tear film that is prevalent in older adults. Even though the degree of visual acuity loss in dry eye patients is commonly mild-to-moderate, in the aging population, this minimal change in visual status can lead to a significant decrease in visual function and quality of life. A healthy ocular surface is maintained by appropriate tear production and tear drainage, and deficiencies in this delicate balance can lead to dryness. In the aging eye, risk factors such as polypharmacy, androgen deficiency, decreased blink rates, and oxidative stress can predispose the patient to developing dry eye that is frequently more severe, has higher economic costs, and leads to worse consequences to the well-being of the patient. Understanding why elderly patients are at higher risk for developing dry eyes can provide insights into the diagnosis and management of the growing number of older adults struggling with dry eye and minimize the burden of disease on our aging population.
Solutions and comparison of Maximum Likelihood and Full-Least-Squares estimations for circle fitting

The fitting of a number of noisy data points with a circle has found numerous applications in image processing and pattern recognition. This paper examines two methods to estimate the circle parameters: the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method and the Full-Least-Squares (FLS) method. The ML method is based on the noisy model from the data while the FLS method minimizes the geometric distance square. We first provide the iterative solutions of them using Taylor-series linearization approach. We then show analytically that FLS does not yield the ML solution. This is in contrast to previous study that the FLS method gives the same solution as ML. FLS method approximates the ML estimation only if the noise power is much less than the circle radius square. Simulations are included to support the theoretical development.
Crafting a Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in an Age of Educational Standards

(1998). Crafting a Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in an Age of Educational Standards. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 123-130.
Abstract motion is no longer abstract

Dynamic conceptualization is a fundamental notion in cognitive linguistics. Abstract motion is one type of dynamic conceptualization. It is said to structure descriptions of static scenes such as 'The mountain range goes from Mexico to Canada', and in doing so, invokes a subjective sense of motion or state change. In recent years, a growing body of experimental research supports this claim. However, additional work is needed to understand the dynamics of abstract motion and the extent to which it generalizes. This paper provides some back- ground on abstract motion and reports two new experiments that investigate two unexplored types of abstract motion, including visual paths and pattern paths. Together, the results indicate that abstract motion plays a central role in language use and understanding.
An evaluation of navigational ability comparing Redirected Free Exploration with Distractors to Walking-in-Place and joystick locomotio interfaces

We report on a user study evaluating Redirected Free Exploration with Distractors (RFED), a large-scale, real-walking, locomotion interface, by comparing it to Walking-in-Place (WIP) and Joystick (JS), two common locomotion interfaces. The between-subjects study compared navigation ability in RFED, WIP, and JS interfaces in VEs that are more than two times the dimensions of the tracked space. The interfaces were evaluated based on navigation and wayfinding metrics and results suggest that participants using RFED were significantly better at navigating and wayfinding through virtual mazes than participants using walking-in-place and joystick interfaces. Participants traveled shorter distances, made fewer wrong turns, pointed to hidden targets more accurately and more quickly, and were able to place and label targets on maps more accurately. Moreover, RFED participants were able to more accurately estimate VE size.
A three-dimensional coupled fluid-structure computational model of mitral valve function

The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional coupled fluid-structure dynamic model of the mitral valve, in order to determine the stress-strain distribution in the valve, as well as the blood flow patterns. The valve leaflets were represented by orthotropic nonlinear elements and the chordae were represented by linear elements (LS-DYNA). The structural solution was computed using a Lagrangian method. Blood was represented by eight noded brick elements with elastic fluid material. The fluid solution was computed using an Eulerian method. Physiologic pressure wave profiles were input for both diastole and systole. The results demonstrated physiologic opening and closing of the valve, and time to leaflet closure was 30 msec after the onset of systole. Stress was highest in the anterior leaflet 825 kPa, the maximum flow velocity was 500 mm/sec, and peak systolic pressure was 120 mmHg. This coupled fluid-structure model represents an advance in modeling of the mitral valve, and will be used to further assess pathologic conditions as well as surgical intervention.
Estimating flow and flux of ground water discharge using water temperature and velocity

The nature of ground water discharge to a stream has important implications for nearby ground water flow, especially with respect to contaminant transport and well-head protection. Measurements of ground water discharge were accomplished in this study using (1) differences between current meter measurements, (2) stream temperature surveys combined with streamflow estimates, and (3) heat transport modeling of measured temperature gradients below the streambed. The first two techniques produced an area-averaged estimate of ground water flow, while the last produced a point estimate of ground water flux. Point measurements differed from area-averaged methods by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. We hypothesize that discharge to the study creek is spatially heterogeneous, and is dominated by springs and seeps. Thermal gradient measurement did not quantify these local sources of stream inflow. Point measurements of inflow from temperature gradients or seepage meters, therefore, may not represent ground water inflow in some streams. Stream temperature and streamflow surveys were combined using a simple heat-balance to yield a higher-resolution estimate of streamflow than could have practically been obtained with current meters alone. This approach has potential as a cost-effective method of quantifying ground water discharge in streams where stream inflow is highly heterogeneous.
Beginning to Write Separately: The Origins and Development of Concurring Judicial Opinions

Introduction While political scientists and legal academics have both evinced a “fascination with disagreement on courts,”1 this scholarly concentration on conflict rather than consensus has tended to focus on dissent and dissenting opinions. As far as we can tell, there is no authoritative history of concurring opinions in the U.S. Supreme Court. This article is a first effort to correct that oversight by examining developments and change in concurring behavior from the founding through the White Court (1921). This period covers the emergence of an institutionally independent national judicial branch and ends before the start of the modern, policy-making Court era, which we argue begins with the Taft Court and the creation of a fully discretionary docket.