cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Satisfaction With Nursing Home Care: Findings and Implications From Two State Comparison:

Family satisfaction, while recognized as important, is frequently missing from validated measures of long-term care quality. This is the first study to compare family satisfaction across two states using validated measures and to compare the organizational and structural factors associated with higher family satisfaction with nursing home care. Data sources are family satisfaction surveys from Minnesota (MN) and Ohio (OH), linked to facility characteristics from Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reports (CASPER) for both states (N = 378 facilities for MN; N = 926 facilities for OH). Activities and food were among lowest rated items in both states. Relationships with staff were the highest rated domain. Higher occupancy rates, smaller facility size, and non-profit ownership consistently predicted better satisfaction in both states. Our findings show consistent organizational factors associated with family satisfaction and provide further evidence to the validity of family satisfaction as a person-centered measure of quality. This lays the foundation for tool development on the national level.
Geometric Activities for Early Childhood Education.

A classroom teacher at the Malcolm Price Laboratory School, University of Northern Iowa, George Immerzeel has long been active in the NCTM. He has served as a speaker at state, regional, and national meetings, and he has been director of workshops for elementary and secondary teachers. He is a member of the Instructional Affairs Committee and was a member of the three-man executive committee that produced the NCTM Experiences in Mathematical Ideas.
Escape from the diffusion of responsibility: A review and guide for nurses

Aims This review aims to help nurse leaders and professionals to understand, recognize, and mitigate the phenomenon known as the diffusion of responsibility, while also bridging a gap in nursing literature by highlighting Milgram's and Zimbardo's research. Background Nurses are uninformed of how responsibility is diffused when obeying authority figures, fulfilling roles, and conforming in groups. It is important to recognize and address this potential for unethical practices, given the high risk for these behaviours to occur in health care settings. Evaluation Sources discussing the diffusion of responsibility were identified through databases using terms such as: "Diffusion of Responsibility," "Nursing," "Ethics," "Obedience," "Groupthink," "Bully," "Milgram," and "Zimbardo." Key issues Social psychology examples of diffused responsibility from Milgram, Zimbardo, and Janis are explored, applied to the field of nursing, and leadership implications are discussed. Conclusion Nurses can unintentionally ascribe accountability for personal action to others. It is therefore essential for nurses to escape the cycle of diffused responsibility. Implications for nursing management Examples in this review provide important clues for addressing the negative effects of diffused responsibility. The onus is on nurses to personally enhance the ethics of their practice by surveying, pondering, and applying these concepts.
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness

In congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), there is a defect in rod photoreceptor signal transmission. This disorder of night vision is non-progressive. The most common inheritance pattern is X-linked, though autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns have been described (Fig. 13.1). There is genetic heterogeneity within these types.
ASCENDing to New Heights in Our Understanding of the Treatment of Depression Among Individuals Receiving Hemodialysis

Depression is common among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Mehrotra and colleagues examined the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy versus sertraline on the severity of depressive ...
International Integration, Trade, and the Great Recession

In the wake of the Great Recession, almost all countries suffered a severe and synchronized trade collapse unlike any seen since the Great Depression. To the extent that economic integration foster...
Differential Resistance to Tree Species Loss between Two Dominant Communities in a Resilient Southeastern Landscape

The southern Cumberland Plateau is a resilient landscape, meaning one that can resist or rebound from a suite of interacting disturbances such as climate change, herbivore release, introduced pathogens, and fire suppression. This region possesses several attributes that contribute to landscape resilience, including topographic variability, high species diversity, geological heterogeneity, and landscape connectivity. However, individual communities within the region may have different levels of resiliency. We used a 19-year study of forest change in two adjacent Cumberland Plateau communities to test for differences in ecological resistance to species loss. We found that the study area experienced a net loss of 7 species, with more species disappearing from the cove (–9 species) than the upland (–3 species). In the cove forest, the smallest size classes experienced significant species loss, with a mean loss of 4.8 and 6.0 species for sapling size classes, leading to a skewed size distribution with the majority of woody species represented by large adults. Upland communities maintained their structure, possibly due to a greater prevalence of stem and root sprouting species. From these results, we conclude that the upland community was more resistant to species loss and better maintained its structure compared to the cove community. Differential change between two adjacent communities highlights that the purported landscape resilience of the southern Cumberland Plateau may vary between its two most dominant communities.
Assessing the Robustness of Mixture Models to Measurement Noninvariance

AbstractRecent work reframes direct effects of covariates on items in mixture models as differential item functioning (DIF) and shows that, when present in the data but omitted from the fitted late...
Pedagogy and Identity in the Community College Developmental Writing Classroom: A Qualitative Study in Three Cases

ABSTRACTBy many accounts, developmental writing courses in community colleges fail to teach students skills needed to be successful in college-level coursework. In the current study, an identity-ba...
High School English Language Arts Teachers and Postsecondary Outcomes for Students With and Without Disabilities

We used longitudinal data on high school students in Washington State to assess the relationships between English Language Arts (ELA) teacher qualifications and the high school and postsecondary ou...
Lasmiditan in patients with common migraine comorbidities: a post hoc efficacy and safety analysis of two phase 3 randomized clinical trials.

Determine whether common migraine comorbidities affect the efficacy and safety of lasmiditan, a 5-HT1F receptor agonist approved in the United States for the acute treatment of migraine. In SPARTAN...
Comparing walking biomechanics of older females in maximal, minimal, and traditional shoes.

Abstract Background Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects millions of individuals each year. Several biomechanical variables during walking have been identified as risk factors for developing knee OA, including the peak external knee adduction moment (KAM) and the knee flexion angle at initial contact. Many interventions have been studied to help mitigate these risk factors, including footwear. However, it is largely unknown how varying shoe cushioning may affect walking biomechanics related to knee OA risk. Research Question What is the effect of maximally and minimally cushioned shoes on walking biomechanics compared to a traditionally cushioned shoe in older females? Methods Walking biomechanics in three shoes (maximal, traditional, minimal) were collected on 16 healthy females ages 50–70 using an 8-camera 3D motion capture system and two embedded force plates. Key biomechanical variables related to knee OA disease risk were compared between shoes using repeated measures ANOVAs. Results The KAM was significantly larger in the maximal shoe (p = 0.005), while the knee flexion angle at initial contact was significantly larger in both the maximal and minimal shoe compared to the traditional shoe (p = .000). Additionally, the peak knee flexion angle (p = .000) and the loading rates of the vertical ground reaction force were (instantaneous: p = 0.001; average: p = .010) were significantly higher in the minimal shoe. Significance While these results are specific to the shoes used in this study, clinicians should exercise caution in prescribing maximal or minimal shoes to females in this age group who may be at risk of knee OA given these results. Research is needed on the effect of these shoes in patients with knee OA.
Family Support is Associated with Fewer Adherence Barriers and Greater Intent to Adhere to Oral Medications in Pediatric IBD.

Abstract Purpose Medication nonadherence is common among adolescents, and family support can enhance adherence. In a sample of youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we aimed to describe barriers to oral medication adherence and intent to adhere. Additionally, we examined the role of family support in influencing adherence barriers and intent to adhere, and assessed if age moderated these relationships. Designs and methods A secondary analysis of baseline data from an adherence-promotion intervention trial was conducted. Youth reported perceptions of family support, adherence barriers, and intent to adhere via validated measures. Results Among youth (N = 76, ages 11–18), age moderated the impact of family support on total adherence barriers, disease/regimen barriers, social support/self-efficacy barriers, and intent to adhere. At higher levels of family support, younger (Mage = 12.93 years) and mid-age (Mage = 14.68 years) youth reported fewer barriers to adherence and greater intent to adhere. No main effect of family support or evidence of age moderation was found for denial/distrust or peer influences barrier domains. Conclusions Younger and mid-aged adolescents benefitted from family support in the context of IBD management. Future research should examine whether interventions to enhance family support may enhance youth adherence. Practical implications Given prior findings highlighting the success of nurse-led interventions in promoting adherence in patients with IBD, present findings suggest additional intervention points for nurses working with pediatric IBD populations.
Brief Amicus Curiae of Cordell Institute, et al. in Support of Petitioner, Andrews v. New Jersey, No. 20-937

Summary of Argument: This Court should grant certiorari in this case in order to resolve splits among the federal circuits and state courts of last resort and to correct decisions which conflict with this Court’s historical understanding of the right against self-incrimination. In the compelled decryption cases, courts not only disagree about how this Court’s self-incrimination doctrine should be applied, they also disagree about whether the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination prohibits the government from compelling a person to speak, write or otherwise communicate pure testimony of an incriminating nature. This confusion stems from this Court’s decision in Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976) and its concept of “testimonial communications.” This case is an excellent vehicle for this Court to resolve the confusion and clarify its decision in Fisher because the decision below, and all compelled decryption cases, are united by their application of Fisher’s framework. Moreover, compelling decryption also compels the creation of pure testimony, whether spoken, written or otherwise. As a result, the compelled decryption cases and the case below are also united by the question of whether the Fifth Amendment prohibits the compulsion of pure testimony. State v. Andrews, 243 N.J. 447, 480–81 (2020). Further, the decision below has decided important questions of federal law in a way that conflicts with relevant decisions of this Court. This Court’s current and historical understanding of the right against self-incrimination has always aligned with its common law origins, under which the Fifth Amendment prohibits the government from subjecting a person to the cruel trilemma of telling the truth and accusing oneself, committing perjury, or declining to answer and being held in contempt. Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496 U.S. 582; 596–97 (1990). The decision below applied Fisher but contradicted this Court’s clear instruction by compelling Petitioner to choose between self-accusation through decryption, perjury, or contempt for failing to comply. The compelled decryption of digital devices also contradicts this Court’s unequivocal recognition that exposing the contents of a cell phone or computer to the government is more harmful to privacy than even “the most exhaustive search of a house.” Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, 396 (2014); Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 (2018). Compelled decryption, moreover, exposes the entirety of a device to the eyes of the state. The confusion, splits, and contradictions with this Court’s precedent are certain to continue if Fisher is not reexamined.
Specification and Runtime Verification of Temporal Assessments in Simulink.

Formalization of specifications is a key step towards rigorous system design of complex engineered systems such as cyber-physical systems. Temporal logics are a suitable expressive formalism for capturing temporal specifications. However, since engineers and practitioners are often unfamiliar with the symbols and vocabulary of temporal logic, informal natural-language specifications still are used abundantly in practice. This tool paper presents the Temporal Assessments feature in Simulink\(^{\tiny {\textregistered }}\) Test\(^{\tiny {\text {TM}}}\) that strives to achieve the best of both worlds. It provides graphical user interfaces and visual examples for users to interactively create temporal specifications without the need to author logical formulae by hand, yet any user-authored temporal assessment is a valid logical formula in an internal representation. Iterative folding of clauses enables the specification to be presented to read like English language sentences. Key highlights of the feature along with examples of authoring and runtime verification of temporal logic specifications are presented.
Studies of transfer ribonucleic acids and of hemoglobin synthesis in sheep reticulocytes.

Abstract We have analyzed the methionine and isoleucine acceptor capacity of transfer ribonucleic acid purified from reticulocytes of sheep carrying different globin genes and synthesizing characteristically different hemoglobins. It had been previously established that hemoglobin A (α2β2a) is synthesized by A/A homozygotes in the early stages of anemia, whereas these same sheep switch over to hemoglobin C (α2β2c) synthesis when they are severely anemic. On the other hand, only hemoglobin B (α2β2b) is synthesized by normal or by heavily anemic B/B homozygotes. It is also known that hemoglobin A contains 0 isoleucine and 6 methionine residues, hemoglobin B contains 0 isoleucine and 8 methionine residues, and hemoglobin C contains 2 isoleucine and 2 methionine residues. We found that the isoleucine acceptor capacity is 2 to 3 times higher in transfer ribonucleic acid from reticulocytes synthesizing hemoglobin C as compared with cells synthesizing hemoglobins A or B. However, the isoleucine transfer ribonucleic acids from these reticulocytes could not be distinguished in their chromatographic behavior. Methionine-specific transfer ribonucleic acid is resolved by chromatography into two peaks. The smaller of these peaks is relatively decreased in quantity in reticulocytes synthesizing hemoglobin C. We conclude that the relative quantities of the different transfer ribonucleic acids are correlated with the amino acid composition of the sheep hemoglobins being synthesized. Furthermore, the changes are specific for the different isoaccepting species of transfer ribonucleic acid.
Inhibition of NF-κB induces apoptosis of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells

Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpervirus 8 (HHV-8), is a γ-herpesvirus that infects human lymphocytes and is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Currently, the role of viral infection in the transformation of PEL cells is unknown. One possibility is that KSHV, like the lymphotropic viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I), activates the transcription factor NF-κB to promote survival and proliferation of infected lymphocytes. To examine this possibility, we assessed NF-κB activity in KSHV-infected PEL cell lines and primary tumor specimens by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). We observed that NF-κB is constitutively activated in all KSHV-infected lymphomas, and consists of 2 predominant complexes, p65/p50 heterodimers and p50/p50 homodimers. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that Bay 11-7082, an irreversible inhibitor of IκBα phosphorylation, completely and specifically abrogated the NF-κB/DNA binding in PEL cells. PEL cells treated with Bay 11 demonstrated down-regulation of the NF-κB inducible cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), and apoptosis. These results suggest that NF-κB activity is necessary for survival of KSHV-infected lymphoma cells, and that pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB may be an effective treatment for PEL.
WDM multistage interconnection networks architectures for enhancing supernetworks switching infrastructure

Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs) provide the required switching infrastructure for many shared-memory multiprocessor systems and telecommunication networks. The concept of Supernetworks is evolving in response to emerging computation and communication intensive applications. Supernetworks exploit parallelism in both computing resources and communication infrastructures by interconnecting several computing clusters via high-bandwidth communication links. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology provides the communication infrastructure for Supernetowrks by dividing the bandwidth of a single fiber into numerous channels that can be used independently. In this paper, we investigate several architectures for WDM MINs that enhance the Supernetworks switching infrastructure. Our objective is to propose a new architecture and to evaluate its hardware complexity by comparing it to other WDM MINs architectures.
A Parameter Robust LQG Design Synthesis with Applications to Control of Flexible Structures

An asymptotic LQG design synthesis technique is described which explicitly includes a class of structured plant uncertainties by viewing plant parameter variations as an internal feedback loop. A direct structural relationship between this class of parameter uncertainties and the weighting matrices in the design of the LQG compensator is exploited by an asymptotic procedure in which either the regulator or the filter become insensitive to parameter vaiations. This asymptotic approach represents a generalization of the LQG/LTR technique. Controllers designed by this new LQG method and LQG/LTR are compared by application to a mass-spring-damper system which approximates the dynamics of flexible structures. For both colocated and noncolocated sensors and actuators configurations, the LQG/LTR design is extremely sensitive to parameter variations whereas the new LQG design allows considerably improved parameter robustness.
Castration Lowers Aggression but not Social Dominance in Male Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae)

Adult males of the African cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni are either territorial or nonterritorial. In nature and aquaria, only territorial males breed and they have markedly more developed testes than do nonterritorial males. Territorial males are clearly dominant over nonterritorial males of the same age and size, and also exhibit higher levels of aggression. In this study, territorial males were gonadectomized in order to assess the effects of lowered androgen levels on their aggression and dominance status. Completely castrated males showed a pronounced reduction in both testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, as well as significantly lower aggression scores than sham-operated males. Partially castrated males (> 0.005 g gonadal tissue remaining at autopsy) exhibited intermediate levels of both androgen levels and aggression. Surprisingly, in dyadic encounters with normal nonterritorial males of the same size, castrated territorial males retained their dominance despite decreased androgen levels and aggression.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes during drying and storage of peach slices treated with acidic or sodium metabisulfite solutions

Abstract This study evaluated whether treating inoculated peach slices with metabisulfite or acidic solutions enhanced inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes during dehydration and storage. Inoculated (five strain mixture of L. monocytogenes , 7.9 log cfu/g) peach slices were treated, dried for 6 h at 60°C and stored aerobically at 25°C for 14 d. Predrying treatments of inoculated peach slices included: (1) no treatment (control); or 10 min immersion in: (2) sterile water, (3) 4.18% sodium metabisulfite, (4) 3.40% ascorbic acid, or (5) 0.21% citric acid solutions. Samples were plated on tryptic soy agar with 0.1% pyruvate (TSAP) and PALCAM agar for enumeration of surviving bacteria. Immersion in sterile water reduced bacterial populations on peach slices by 0.7 log cfu/g (TSAP and PALCAM). Immersion in the sodium metabisulfite solution reduced populations by 1.5–2.0 log cfu/g, while acidic pretreatments reduced populations by 0.5–0.8 log cfu/g. After 6 h of dehydration, populations on control or water immersed slices were reduced by 3.2–3.4 log cfu/g, whereas populations on slices treated with sodium metabisulfite or acidic solutions were reduced by 4.3–5.1 log cfu/g (TSAP) and 5.3–6.2 log cfu/g (PALCAM), respectively. Bacteria were detectable by direct plating at 14 d of storage, except on acid treated slices. Immersion in acidic or metabisulfite solutions, before dehydration, should enhance inactivation of L. monocytogenes contamination on peach slices during dehydration and storage.
Least absolute error estimation in the presence of serial correlation

Abstract In this paper, we consider some aspects of least absolute error estimation applied to a regression model with serially correlated errors. In addition to the estimation itself, we study an estimator of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimator, a generalized version of the estimator analogous to GLS, and the properties of several tests for serial correlation. Both the theoretical and small-sample properties are analyzed, the latter through a Monte Carlo experiment.
Effects of visual attention on the intensity of auditory evoked potentials.

Abstract Click-evoked potentials were recorded from the round window (cochlear microphonic and auditory nerve), cochlear nucleus, and auditory cortex of unanesthetized cats during periods of visual attention and increased auditory intensity. The clicks (irrelevant stimuli) were presented continuously as background before, during, and after the presentation of a visual discrimination task (relevant stimuli) which attempted to alter the attentive state of the animals. At all electrode sites, the mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of click-evoked potentials were significantly smaller during attention to the visual discrimination stimuli when compared with the pretest and posttest control periods. Although the amplitudes of the click-evoked potentials were suppressed at all intensities during visual attention, much greater suppression occurred at low auditory intensities than at high auditory intensities. The results suggest that during attention, a central inhibitory mechanism suppresses irrelevant auditory stimuli presumably via the olivo-cochlear bundle at the peripheral stages in the afferent auditory pathways.
Expression and Characterization of Novel Rice Kinesin E15

Kinesin is an ATP driven motor protein that moves along microtubules. Kinesin plays important physiological roles in intracellular transport, mitosis and meiosis, control of microtubule dynamics, and signal transduction. Kinesin species derived from vertebrates have been well characterized. In contrast, only a few kinesis have been characterized in plants. E15 is one of the kinesin encoded on rice genome. E15 has COOH-terminal motor domain and exhibits a high homology with the kinesin-14 family in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, this kinesin is not similar to other kinesin -14 family kinesins derived from animal, e.g., DmNcd, ScKar3, and CeKlp. Consequently, kinesin E15 may be plant-specific kinesin. In this study, we expressed the motor domain of a novel rice plant-specific kinesin, E15, in Escherichia coli. and studied its enzymatic characteristics and compared with other related kinesins. Molecular weight of the E15 motor domain was 37.6 kD. The MT-dependent ATPase activity was higher and the affinity for MT was weaker than rice kinesin K16 that we have previously reported. The optimum pH was pH 6.0–6.5, which is similar to K16. Interaction of E15 with fluorescent ATP analogues was also studied for the kinetic characterization. E15 showed weaker affinity for nucleotide than other kinesins. Currently, we are preparing E15 dimer for the motility assay.
Displaced Intra-articular Glenoid Fractures Treated by Open Reduction and Internal Fixation

Displaced intra-articular glenoid fractures are extremely rare. Anatomic reduction, rigid internal fixation and early mobilization restored a full, painless range of motion in our two cases.
Cerebral Dominance, Sleep and Dream Phenomena

Evidence from human and animal studies is discussed in relation to the role played by the cerebral hemispheres in the genesis of sleep and particularly dream phenomena. The inconclusiveness of such research is commented upon and suggestions for further research are outlined.
Computing shortest paths in networks derived from recurrence relations

Dynamic programming formulations of optimization problems often call for the computation of shortest paths in networks derived from recurrence relations. These derived networks tend to be very large, but they are also very regular and lend themselves to the computation of nontrivial lower bounds on path lengths. In this tutorial paper, we describe unidirectional and bidirectional search procedures that make use of bounding information in computing shortest paths. When applied to many optimization problems, these shortest path algorithms capture the advantages of both dynamic programming and branch-and-bound.
Denoising vs. deblurring: HDR imaging techniques using moving cameras

New cameras such as the Canon EOS 7D and Pointgrey Grasshopper have 14-bit sensors. We present a theoretical analysis and a practical approach that exploit these new cameras with high-resolution quantization for reliable HDR imaging from a moving camera. Specifically, we propose a unified probabilistic formulation that allows us to analytically compare two HDR imaging alternatives: (1) deblurring a single blurry but clean image and (2) denoising a sequence of sharp but noisy images. By analyzing the uncertainty in the estimation of the HDR image, we conclude that multi-image denoising offers a more reliable solution. Our theoretical analysis assumes translational motion and spatially-invariant blur. For practice, we propose an approach that combines optical flow and image denoising algorithms for HDR imaging, which enables capturing sharp HDR images using handheld cameras for complex scenes with large depth variation. Quantitative evaluation on both synthetic and real images is presented.
Risk taking and tolerance of uncertainty: implications for surgeons.

Background Adherence to evidence-based adverse outcome prevention techniques is a critical factor in providing high-quality patient care, but many of these interventions are not used by physicians. It is unclear if surgeons’ risk attitudes and reactions to uncertainty influence their use of these or other interventions. Materials and methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify studies evaluating the effects of physicians’ risk attitudes, reactions to uncertainty or ambiguity, and personality traits on clinical decision making. Results A variety of instruments to assess risk attitude and reactions to uncertainty have been developed and tested among physicians involved in critical care and emergency medicine. Scoring systems distinguish risk averse and risk seeking practitioners. In many studies, these characteristics were related to clinical decision making in situations of uncertainty. For example, among patients evaluated in the emergency room for chest pain, “risk-seeking” physicians admitted significantly fewer patients who did not have acute myocardial infarction than risk-avoiding physicians (29% and 47% of patients admitted, respectively). In contrast, risk-seeking physicians were no more likely to discharge a patient who eventually was found to have an acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions There are very limited data on the extent to which surgical decision making is linked to risk taking behavior and “comfort with uncertainty”. Understanding the behaviors, attitudes and beliefs that make up surgical “judgment” remains a challenge for those interested in influencing behavior.
Dynorphin-related peptides cause motor dysfunction in the rat through a non-opiate action.

Abstract We compared effects on motor function of four peptides belonging to the dynorphin family--dynorphin-(1-17) (DYN-(1-17], dynorphin-(1-13) (DYN-(1-13], dynorphin-(1-8) (DYN-(1-8] and alpha-neo-endorphin (alpha NE). After intrathecal administration, each of these peptides produced dose-related, flaccid, hindlimb paralysis, with the order of potency being DYN-(1-17) greater than DYN-(1-13) greater than alpha NE congruent to DYN-(1-8). This motor dysfunction was not reversed or blocked by the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone and was not produced by a variety of other kappa-selective agonists. However, paralysis was produced by des-Tyr-dynorphin (DYN-(2-17], which does not act at the opioid receptor. Taken together, the present studies show that dynorphin-related peptides, uniquely amongst opioids, produce motor dysfunction, an action which does not appear to be mediated by opioid receptors.
Auditory brainstem responses after ovariectomy and estrogen replacement in rat

Abstract Previous work has suggested possible influences of ovarian hormones on evoked potentials in the auditory system. The aim of this project was to study the effects of ovariectomy and subsequent administration of estrogen replacement on the auditory brainstem response and the middle latency response. Groups of 90 day-old Long-Evans hooded rats were anesthetized for bilateral ovariectomies (ovex) and recordings made 3 weeks later. During the week prior to recordings some ovaricctomized groups received subcutaneous injections of 10, 100 or 500 μg/kg Premarin in peanut oil, and other unoperated animals received vehicle injections. Recordings from vertex/chin using needle electrodes and pure tone stimulus parameters were made under Rompun/Ketamine. The results using 40 kHz tone stimuli showed that mean latencies for ovex animals were longer than animals in the 100 μg/kg Premarin group for waves 1a, 1an, 1b, 11, 111, 111n, and 1V/V. Other posthoc comparisons at 40 kHz stimulation revealed differences between control and 100 μg/kg Premarin groups for latencies of waves 1b, 1bn, 11 and 111. Latency reduction appeared for waves 1b, 1bn, 11 and 111 for the 10 ovex group, but only at wave 11 for the 500 ovex group, compared to ovex-only animals. Data from 8 kHz stimulation also demonstrated significant differences between the ovex and ovex 100 groups at waves 1bn and Vn. Observations of interpeak latency differences, especially between waves 1a and 11, suggested central as well as cochlear involvement in hormone action. Examination of the middle-latency responses revealed considerable variability of latencies and amplitudes among subjects with latencies of ovariectomy animals significantly lengthened for the third component of the middle latency response at 40 kHz stimulation. These results suggest that changes in neurophysiological processing of auditory information followed by ovariectomy arc reversed by estrogen treatments which may alter activity in peripheral and central auditory structures. Modification of processing in the auditory system thus provides dependent measures for study in the surgical model of menopause.
Applied geomorphology and archaeological survey strategy for sites of Pleistocene age: An example from Central Alaska

Abstract The development of a survey strategy for archaeological sites of Pleistocene age through the application of historical geomorphology is described. Geomorphic contexts in the northern foothills of the Alaska Range with potential for producing archaeological remains from the 30,000-12,000 bp interval were identified and subjected to exploratory testing. Contexts were selected on the basis of estimated age, palaeotopographic setting and geomorphic history, and included glaciofluvial outwash, side-valley fan alluvium, loessic colluvium and primary frozen loess. Testing was eventually focused on formerly deflated terrace surfaces—a potential source area for artifacts redeposited in the outwash or alluvium. Although the results of the exploratory testing were negative, and archaeological sites in the region remain confined to loess deposits of the later Late Glacial (12,000-10,000 bp), discoveries in other parts of Beringia suggest that sites of earlier Late Glacial age (14,000-12,000 bp) are also likely to be present in the foothills. The application of historical geomorphology in surveys for early prehistoric sites is essential for effective use of available resources and for maximizing the significance of the results (positive or negative).
Zonal asymmetries in SAMS stratospheric methane and nitrous oxide

Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) constituent measurements were taken a decade before the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) observations and are generally of lesser quality. However, SAMS data are important because of the limited lifetime of the UARS and because they provide a unique, historical data series for these gases involved in greenhouse and ozone-depletion effects. While most prior SAMS analyses focused on zonal means, this paper assesses the strengths and weaknesses of analysing zonally asymmetric perturbations in SAMS data. It is shown that wave-1 perturbations can be successfully investigated, provided sufficient care is taken and aliasing considered. At the lowest SAMS level, 20 hPa (∼28 km altitude) zonal-wave-1 CH 4 and N 2 O data reveal similar features for latitudes 45°N-65°N during stratospheric warming events and break-up of the polar vortex. Large wave-1 anomalies in the upper stratosphere (2 and 0.6 hPa) were found to be out of phase with the corresponding anomalies at 20 hPa. In one episode in early 1981 (during stratospheric sudden warming) southward winds over North America transported air with low mixing ratios from polar latitudes, while northward winds over Siberia transported air with high mixing ratios from subtropical latitudes. The effect produced strong wave-1 amplitudes in both CH 4 and N 2 O mixing ratios. Cross-correlations between wave-1 CH 4 and N 2 O are large and positive in middle and high latitudes (consistent with ideal tracer behaviour for both constituent gases) but weak over the tropics. The cause of the latter remains an open issue
The 19S proteasomal lid subunit POH1 enhances the transcriptional activation by Mitf in osteoclasts.

The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) regulates gene expression required for osteoclast differentiation. Genes regulated by Mitf have been previously identified. However, proteins that interact and regulate Mitf's activity in osteoclasts are not well known. Here, we report that POH1, a subunit of the 19S proteasome lid is a regulator of Mitf. We show that POH1 and Mitf interact in osteoclasts and that this interaction is dependent on RANKL signaling. Overexpression of POH1 increased Mitf's activation of 5XGal4-TK and Acp5 promoters. The amino terminus of POH1 mediates the binding to Mitf and is sufficient to increase Mitf's transcriptional activity. Finally, we show that mutations in the JAMM motif of POH1 reduced Mitf activation of promoters. In summary, our results identify a novel mechanism of Mitf regulation in osteoclasts by POH1. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 967–974, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nanophotonic light-trapping theory for solar cells

Conventional light-trapping theory, based on a ray-optics approach, was developed for standard thick photovoltaic cells. The classical theory established an upper limit for possible absorption enhancement in this context and provided a design strategy for reaching this limit. This theory has become the foundation for light management in bulk silicon PV cells, and has had enormous influence on the optical design of solar cells in general. This theory, however, is not applicable in the nanophotonic regime. Here we develop a statistical temporal coupled-mode theory of light trapping based on a rigorous electromagnetic approach. Our theory reveals that the standard limit can be substantially surpassed when optical modes in the active layer are confined to deep-subwavelength scale, opening new avenues for highly efficient next-generation solar cells.
Adolescent nicotine exposure alters cardiac autonomic responsiveness: β-adrenergic and m2-muscarinic receptors and their linkage to adenylyl cyclase

Recent work indicates that adolescent smokers have an abnormally high incidence of heart rate irregularities. In the current study, adolescent rats received nicotine by continuous infusion from postnatal days (PN) 30–47.5, using a regimen designed to produce plasma levels found in smokers. We then assessed the levels of cardiac β-adrenergic and m2-muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding, and receptor linkages to adenylyl cyclase activity, during nicotine exposure and for 1 month afterwards. In the nicotine-exposed group, m2-receptors showed a significant reduction that persisted through PN75, 1 month after the termination of treatment. β-Receptors showed a tendency toward initial suppression and subsequent elevation. The receptor changes were accompanied by corresponding alterations in the response of adenylyl cyclase to carbachol and isoproterenol: the inhibitory muscarinic response was reduced, so that the net response to combined treatment with carbachol and isoproterenol was enhanced. There were additional changes in basal and forskolin–Mn2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity suggestive of shifts in enzymatic catalytic properties. The effects of adolescent nicotine exposure were distinct from those seen previously with fetal nicotine treatment. In light of the worldwide increase in tobacco use by teenagers, these studies raise concern that cardiovascular function may be especially vulnerable during this critical period.
Internet use among childhood and young adult cancer survivors who smoke: implications for cessation interventions

Objective To identify patterns of Internet use among childhood and young adult cancer survivors who smoke.
Self-Control and Racial Disparities in Delinquency: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

The purpose of the present study is to examine the racial disparities of offending within the context of self-control theory. The study utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), to examine this effect. All concepts within self-control theory are examined: parental management, low self-control, and delinquency. Results from the study show partial support for Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) self-control theory. The structure of the theory remained stable when controlling for both race, as well as peer pressure. Both theoretical and policy implications are given.
Development of an automated manufacturing course with lab for undergraduates

Many engineering programs at universities across the country have dropped machine shop and manufacturing courses from their curriculum due to budget constraints, accreditation requirements, and concerns about student safety. At the University of Portland, we have resurrected and enhanced a hands-on advanced CAD and automated manufacturing course that introduces students to advanced solid modeling techniques in CAD, such as sweeps, lofts, and surfacing methods. In addition, students learn manual machining and vacuum forming in our machine shop, along with learning how to create tool paths for CNC machining their designed CAD parts out of wax on various three axis end mills, a 3D printer, and a 3D laser scanner. The end mills were all refurbished and/or repaired over a period of four years to get this course up and running. A commercial software package, MasterCAM, was used in conjunction with SolidWorks as the platform from which to learn about automated manufacturing. In addition, a MakerBot 3D printer was built from a kit to give students experience with future manufacturing techniques. The 3D laser scanner was student designed and built and creates CAD surface models of parts, useful for learning about reverse engineering. The machinable wax used for machining is recycled, melted down, and formed into blocks again for reuse. This saves considerable money. Our goal has been to enhance design quality in our curriculum through experiential learning. Prior to taking this course, all mechanical engineering students are required to take a solid modeling CAD course to learn the basics. However, our experience has been that students do not conceptually understand the importance of designing for manufacture. Although emphasized in all courses, without the hands-on experience, it is difficult for students to remember to apply fillet radii to the bottom of pockets, for example. When faced with having to fit a block with sharp corners into a machined pocket with its default small corner radii, however, learning is instantaneous. The early outcomes of this course show students have learned a great deal about design for manufacturing and manufacturing techniques from taking this course.
Behavioral effects of (−)10, 11-methylenedioxy-n-n-propylnoraporphined, an orally effective long-acting agent active at central dopamine receptors, and analogous aporphines

Abstract Substituted and unsubstituted 10,11-methylenedioxy derivatives of apomorphine (APO) or its N -propyl congener (NPA) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to alter motor activity or to induce stereotyped behavior in the rat. Of these, (−)10,11-methylenedioxy- N - n -propylnoraporphine hydrochloride (MDO-NPA) was the most active, and the only compound which was found to be active after oral administration. Also, MDO-NPA was more potent than NPA or APO in producing stereotypy, but large doses of these three aporphines were equipotent in stimulating motor activity. The duration of action of MDO-NPA exceeded that of NPA and APO, and increased with increasing doses. The effects of MDO-NPA on general activity were biphasic: larger doses stimulated activity; smaller doses markedly inhibited it and induced catalepsy. Catalepsy did not occur with NPA or APO and their motor-inhibitory effects were apparent only in aroused rats. The Stereotypie effects of MDO-NPA were blocked by small doses of haloperidol, but not by large doses of reserpine. The effects due to large or small doses of MDO-NPA were also blocked by a microsomal enzyme inhibitor which did not interfere with the actions of NPA. These results suggest that MDO-NPA is a long-acting, orally effective prodrug of NPA with depot properties and dose-dependent agonistic and antagonistic interactions with central dopamine-mediated systems.
Download time reduction using recent performance-biased peer replacement in stochastic P2P content delivery networks

Peer-to-peer networks are a common methodology used for content delivery and data sharing on the Internet, mobile and wireless networks. The duration of any particular download session is highly dependent on the capacity of the node servers selected as source peers. Recent investigations have shown that specific total download times may deviate significantly from average total download times. Typical algorithms used in today's Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems have evolved from simply connecting to a single source peer for the entire download session to an approach where the download content is divided into chunks and a randomly selected source peer is chosen as the source for each chunk. Prior work has demonstrated that it is better to divide the download session into time slices and download as much as possible from a randomly selected source peer within each time interval rather than staying connected to a poorly performing source peer. The algorithm described in this investigation uses time-based source peer switching and maintains a small number of parallel download streams. At the end of each time interval, it does not randomly replace all source peers but keeps those source peers that are performing relatively better and replaces those performing relatively poorly with randomly selected new source partners. In this way, as the download progresses, parallel downloading typically progresses to a set of better and better performing source partners, therefore reducing average download times and reducing overall variance between download times. This approach has been shown in simulations to significantly reduce average download times. These improvements are gained while maintaining or further limiting the variance in performance between download sessions.
HOUSEHOLD AND ENTERPRISE SAVING AND CAPITAL FORMATION IN THE UNITED STATES: A MARKET TRANSACTIONS VIEW

Contrary to conventional macro theory, it is not the consumption function in terms of either the permanent income or the life-cycle theory of saving that has furnished the saving for enterprise capital formation in the United States. Household sector accounts indicate that household gross saving, correctly measured, did not exceed household gross capital formation in the United States over the period since 1947. Furthermore, historical data on enterprise saving and capital formation in the United States, and cross-section tax return data of U.S. corporations indicate that the gross saving for many enterprise sectors has been equal to or greater than their gross capital formation. There are exceptions, however: these same sources indicate that public utilities have borrowed substantially to finance their capital formation. Finally, it is argued that employer pension and insurance reserves held by financial institutions for future benefit payments represent retained income of a nature similar to undistributed profits, and that these constitute a source of saving in the economy.
Approach to the Homoerythrina Alkaloids Using a Tandem N-Alkylation/Azomethine Ylide Cycloaddition

Synthetic efforts toward the homoerythrina alkaloids 1-3 are described. Two separate model systems guided the pivotal [3 + 2] azomethine ylide cycloaddition cascade to form the A-C rings of these alkaloids. The cycloaddition precursors 63 and 68, prepared in nine and ten steps, respectively, from alkyne 47, each contain an enolizable ketone, a tethered electrophile, and an electron-poor dipolarophile. Heating 63 and 68 with the stannyl amine 17 generated demethoxyschelhammeridine 65 and demethoxyschelhammericine 70, the products of intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloadditions. Subsequent attempts to install the C-3 methoxy group of 1-3 are also described.