cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free-Riding in Student Software Development Teams: An Exploratory Study

In the team literature there is much discussion about free-riding as a main obstacle for teams to achieve quality performance. Given its importance to team success, however, empirical study of the free-rider problem has lagged behind the conceptual work. So far, little research has been conducted in field settings to measure the scale of free-riding and investigate how the problem may deteriorate the productivity of collective actions. This study intends to examine the free-rider problem in project teams. 44 student software development teams participated in the study. An instrument was developed to capture the most salient free-riding behavior from team members; a research model with team morale and team size as the antecedents, and team cognition and team performance as the consequences of free-riding, was tested. Implications to both research and team practices are discussed.
Palladium-Catalyzed Double Reductive Cyclization of 2,3-Dinitro-1,4-dialkenylbenzenes. Synthesis of 1H,8H-Pyrrolo[3,2-g]indoles.

A flexible route to both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1H,8H-pyrrolo[3,2-g]indole has been developed. The key and ultimate step is a double palladium-catalyzed, carbon monoxide mediated reductive c...
Reducing the Achievement Gap: Middle Grades Mathematics Performance and Improvement.

Over the past 30 years, numerous policies have focused on closing the achievement gap in the United States. Despite this emphasis on mastery and proficiency, students continue to perform below expe...
Variations in the Course of the Carotid Arteries in Patients with Retropharyngeal Parathyroid Adenomas.

SUMMARY: The carotid arteries, classically described as taking a relatively straight course through the neck, deviate medially in a minority of patients. At the extreme, the internal carotid arteries may “kiss” in the midline, coming extremely close to the pharyngeal wall. In this clinical report, we describe 5 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, all with ectopic retropharyngeal parathyroid adenomas but all with varying carotid artery anatomy. We describe these variations using a previously developed clinical grading system that highlights 1) the relationship between carotid artery location and risk of injury during pharyngeal procedures and 2) the importance of universal, objective criteria to classify carotid anatomy. Radiologists should be familiar with variations in carotid anatomy and communicate them to the operative team.
Perspectives on U.S. Financial Regulation

The past few years have seen enormous change in US financial market regulation, with the specifics of some of the most radical changes, in the securities area, yet to be decided. This chapter explores US regulation of the insurance, banking, securities and futures trading sectors, and seeks to present this regulation in the broader context of US public law and politics, particularly as these factors affect recent developments.
Potential evidence of peripheral learning and memory in the arms of dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis.

CREB (cAMP response element-binding) transcription factors are conserved markers of memory formation in the brain and peripheral circuits. We provide immunohistochemical evidence of CREB phosphorylation in the dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis, following the inaccessible prey (IP) memory experiment. During the IP experiment, cuttlefish are shown prey enclosed in a transparent tube, and tentacle strikes against the tube decrease over time as the cuttlefish learns the prey is inaccessible. The cues driving IP learning are unclear but may include sensory inputs from arms touching the tube. The neural activity marker, anti-phospho-CREB (anti-pCREB) was used to determine whether IP training stimulated cuttlefish arm sensory neurons. pCREB immunoreactivity occurred along the oral surface of the arms, including the suckers and epithelial folds surrounding the suckers. pCREB increased in the epithelial folds and suckers of trained cuttlefish. We found differential pCREB immunoreactivity along the distal–proximal axis of trained arms, with pCREB concentrated distally. Unequal CREB phosphorylation occurred among the 4 trained arm pairs, with arm pairs 1 and 2 containing more pCREB. The resulting patterns of pCREB in trained arms suggest that the arms obtain cues that may be salient for learning and memory of the IP experiment.
More Than Conquerors: Embracing Transformational Leadership and Spiritual Coping During the Pandemic

The global pandemic, COVID-19, has greatly impacted the lives of many, including Christian social workers in practice, in social work education and in their worship. At the height of the pandemic, the operations within practice settings, higher education and places of worship changed and led to a host of challenges. In this paper, the co-authors use a reflective lens to highlight the challenges experienced by Christian social workers. Further, they provide examples and recommendations associated with spiritual coping and transformational leadership and for addressing professional and personal interruptions caused by the pandemic.
The Database System Simulator (DBSS): Data description and data access capabilities

This paper presents a simulation sublanguage specifically attuned to the needs of database designers and analysts. This language consists of: (a) facilities for representing logical data structures and for mapping these onto an address space, and (b) data access commands which use these data structure facilities to simulate database traversal. Both the data structure facilities and the data access commands are patterned after the CODASYL data model, a widely known model for which many implementations exist. This paper illustrates the use of the DBSS commands with examples and explains their effect on the internal structure of the supporting facilities.
The Kinetic Approach in Magnetospheric Plasma Transport Modeling

The need for a kinetic approach in magnetospheric plasma transport problems is reviewed, as are the trends in its recent applications. The need for kinetic modeling is particularly obvious when confronted with the astonishing variety of magnetospheric particle measurements that display compelling energy and pitch angle-related spatial and/or temporal dispersion, and various types of highly non-Maxwellian features in the distribution functions. Global problems in which the kinetic approach has recently been applied include solar wind plasma injection and dispersion over the cusp, substorm particle injection near synchronous orbit, synergistic energization of ionospheric ions into ring current populations by waves and induced electric field-driven convection, and ionospheric outflow from restricted source regions into the magnetosphere. Kinetic modeling can include efforts ranging from test-particle techniques to particle-in-cell studies, and this range is considered here. There are some areas where fluid and kinetic approaches have been combined or patched together, and these will be briefly discussed.
Germline Modification Strategies

Modeling human disease in the mouse has become an extremely important source of knowledge in biomedical research by deepening our understanding of human tumorigenesis and generating experimental systems for the evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches. Various strategies exist for engineering gain and loss-of-function mutant alleles by means of conventional and conditional germline modification methodologies. We describe classical transgenic and gene-targeting approaches as well as their more advanced conditional versions, providing specific examples that illustrate both their utility and their disadvantages in modeling human cancer in the mouse. Keywords: germline modification strategies; gain-of-function; conditional gain-of-function; loss-of-function; compound models; RNA interference
Effect of Host Modification and Age on Airway Epithelial Gene Transfer Mediated by a Murine Leukemia Virus-Derived Vector

CFTR, as assessed by Western blot analysis, and exhibited functional correction of CFTR-mediated Cl 2 secretion. In vitro studies of persistence suggested that pseudotransduction was not a significant problem with our vector preparations. In a sulfur dioxide (SO2) inhalational injury model, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation rates were measured and found to exceed 50% in SO2-injured murine tracheal epithelium. HIT-LZ vector (multiplicity of infection of ;10) instilled into the SO2-injured tracheas of anesthetized mice transduced 6.1% 6 1.3% of superficial airway cells in tracheas of weanling mice (3 to 4 weeks old; n 5 10), compared to 1.4 6 0.9% in mice 5 weeks of age (n 5 4) and 0.2% in mice older than 6 weeks (n 5 15). No evidence for gene transfer following delivery of HIT-LZ to tracheas of either weanling or older mice not injured with SO2 was detected. Because only a small fraction of BrdU-labeled airway cells were transduced, we examined the stability of the vector. No significant loss of vector infectivity over intervals (2 h) paralleling those of in vivo protocols was detected in in vitro assays using CFT1 cells. In summary, high-titer vectors permitted complementation of defective CFTR-mediated Cl 2 transport in CF airway cells in vitro without selection and
Same-sex romantic attraction and experiences of violence in adolescence.

OBJECTIVES: Recent national attention to hate crimes committed against lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths has highlighted the need to understand this group's experiences of violence. Using nationally representative data, we examine the associations between romantic attraction and experiences of violence, as well as the risk of witnessing violence and perpetrating violence against others. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were examined. Youths reporting same-sex and both-sex romantic attractions were compared with those reporting other-sex attractions. Survey logistic regression was used to control for sample design effects. RESULTS: Youths who report same-sex or both-sex romantic attraction are more likely to experience extreme forms of violence than youths who report other-sex attraction. Youths reporting same-sex and both-sex romantic attractions are also more likely to witness violence. The higher incidence of violence perpetrated by youths attracted to the same sex is explained by their experiences of violence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide strong evidence that youths reporting same-sex or both-sex romantic attraction are at greater risk for experiencing, witnessing, and perpetrating violence.
The Ties That Bind

Research on siblings in foster care has been limited to date, despite the fact that most children in out-of-home care also have siblings in system. Using administrative data, this study examines a cross-section (N = 35,216) of foster children in a large metropolitan area of the Western United States to determine the factors associated with intact sibling placement. Starting care at the same time, placement in relative care, and matched gendered pairs were highly associated with intact sibling placement, while age and placement in group care were negatively associated. A discussion in light of recent legislation is presented.
La investigación-acción: una alternativa para estudiar el salón de clases de L2/LE

En este articulo se discute -en el marco de la investigacion sobre la adquisicion de una L2/LE- la tendencia actual de estudiar el salon de clase tanto para describir la interaccion que alli se desarrolla como para investigar procesos relacionados con la practica pedagogica del profesor. Se propone que la investigacion-accion (IA) ofrece una metodologia alternativa para estudiar los diferentes aspectos del salon de clase que intervienen en el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje de L2/LE desde la perspectiva del profesor y de su actuacion en este proceso. Asimismo; se discute que en la IA el mismo profesor es quien analiza los eventos que ocurren en el salon de clase para tomar decisiones importantes en cuanto a los problemas relacionados con su practica docente y reflexionar sistematicamente sobre los resultados de su investigacion aplicandolos a su practica. De esta manera; la IA permite una relacion estrecha entre teoria y practica -dicotomia que debe ser la base de la investigacion en el area de la educacion segun algunos autores. Finalmente; se trata de delinear el papel del profesor que es central en este tipo de investigacion; estableciendo los criterios para su formacion e integracion en un proyecto de IA. Ademas; se cita como ejemplo el proyecto de IA sobre la Interaccion en el salon de Portugues como LE que se esta llevando a cabo en el Departamento de Linguistica Aplicada del CELE-UNAM en el cual la autora participaba como investigadora y como sujeto.
Quantum cohomology of $\text{\normalfont H\lowercase{ilb}}^2(\mathbb{P}^1 \times\mathbb{P}^1)$ and enumerative applications

We compute the small quantum cohomology of Hilb and determine recursively most of the big quantum cohomology. We prove a relationship between the invariants so obtained and the enumerative geometry of hyperelliptic curves in . This extends the results obtained by Graber (2001) for Hilb and hyperelliptic curves in .
Validity of maternal and infant outcomes within nationwide Medicaid data

Purpose The aim of this study is to assess the validity of preeclampsia, congenital cardiac malformations, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) diagnoses in the US Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX), a nationwide healthcare utilization database that may be useful for perinatal research.
Scalar Products and Orthogonality

Let V be a vector space over a field K. A scalar product on V is an association which to any pair of elements v, w of V associates a scalar, denoted by , or also v·w, satisfying the following properties: SP 1. We have = for all v, w ∈ V. SP 2. If, u, v, w are elements of V, then $$ = + $$ . SP 3. If x ∈ K, then $$ = x $$ and $$u,xv>=x $$
Genetic studies of unusual loci that affect body shape of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and may code for cuticle structural proteins.

In Caenorhabditis elegans, four loci (sqt-1, sqt-2, sqt-3 and rol-8) in which mutations affect body shape and cuticle morphology have unusual genetic properties. (1) Mutant alleles of sqt-1 can interact to produce animals with a variety of mutant phenotypes: left roller, right roller, dumpy and long. At least three mutant phenotypes are specified by mutations in the sqt-3 locus. (2) Most alleles at these loci are either dominant or cryptic dominant (i.e., are dominant only in certain genetic backgrounds). (3) Most alleles of these loci exhibit codominance. (4) Two putative null alleles of the sqt-1 locus produce a wild-type phenotype. (5) Many alleles of these genes demonstrate unusual intergenic interactions that are not the result of simple epistasis: animals doubly heterozygous for mutations at two loci often display unexpected and unpredictable phenotypes. We suggest that these genetic properties might be expected of genes, such as the collagen genes, the products of which interact to form the animal's cuticle, and which are member genes of a gene family.
Boundary lubrication between the tendon and the pulley in the finger

The lubrication mechanism between the human flexor digitorum profundus tendon and the A2 pulley was investigated in vitro. The gliding resistance at the interface between the tendon and the pulley increased significantly after the tendon had been treated with a hyaluronidase solution. Alcian-blue staining of the surface of the tendon before and after it was treated with hyaluronidase suggested the presence of hyaluronate complex. Alcian blue-positive and hyaluronidase-sensitive materials, such as hyaluronate or proteoglycan, in the synovial membrane and the matrix of the tendon, may act as a boundary lubricant, facilitating the gliding and reducing the resistance between the tendon and the pulley.
Are there common familial influences for major depressive disorder and an overeating-binge eating dimension in both European American and African American female twins?

Objective Although prior studies have demonstrated that depression is associated with an overeating–binge eating dimension (OE-BE) phenotypically, little research has investigated whether familial factors contribute to the co-occurrence of these phenotypes, especially in community samples with multiple racial/ethnic groups. We examined the extent to which familial (i.e., genetic and shared environmental) influences overlapped between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and OE-BE in a population-based sample and whether these influences were similar across racial/ethnic groups. Method Participants included 3,226 European American (EA) and 550 African American (AA) young adult women from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study. An adaptation of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) was administered to assess lifetime DSM-IV MDD and OE-BE. Quantitative genetic modeling was used to estimate familial influences between both phenotypes; all models controlled for age. Results The best-fitting model, which combined racial/ethnic groups, found that additive genetic influences accounted for 44% (95% CI: 34%, 53%) of the MDD variance and 40% (25%, 54%) for OE-BE, with the remaining variances due to non-shared environmental influences. Genetic overlap was substantial (rg = .61 [.39, .85]); non-shared environmental influences on MDD and OE-BE overlapped weakly (re = .26 [.09, .42]). Discussion Results suggest that common familial influences underlie MDD and OE-BE, and the magnitude of familial influences contributing to the comorbidity between MDD and OE-BE is similar between EA and AA women. If racial/ethnic differences truly exist, then larger sample sizes may be needed to fully elucidate familial risk for comorbid MDD and OE-BE across these groups. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:375–382)
The incredible shrinking president and the economy

Abstract This paper employs regression analysis to investigate alternative explanations of presidential approval ratings. Since perhaps the greatest determinant, actual performance, is not readily measurable, the analysis is restricted to the first and fourth month of each term, a period sufficiently short that performance might not be expected to be clearly established. Strong empirical evidence is found to support: (1) the importance of economic conditions, especially those projected for the upcoming quarter; (2) a handicap in approval ratings today of about 11 points when compared to 1948; (3) an advantage (of about 5 to 13 points) enjoyed by Republican Presidents; and (4) the existence of a honeymoon (of about 6 points) in the first month of a presidential term that dissipates by the fourth month. Perhaps most important, strong evidence is found to discount the value of one and four month approval ratings as an accurate reflection of public evaluation of a President’s abilities or performance. Instead, those ratings are almost entirely explained by factors outside the control of the individual Presidents.
Polypropylene Mesh Tape for Stress Urinary Incontinence: Complications of Urethral Erosion and Outlet Obstruction

Purpose: Gynecare tension-free vaginal tape (Ethicon, Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey) is a propylene mesh tape recently introduced in the United States as minimally invasive treatment for stress urinary incontinence. We report the combined experience at 3 tertiary care institutions with graft erosion and bladder outlet obstruction after procedures performed elsewhere.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 5 patients with complications who presented to 1 of 3 institutions after polypropylene mesh tape placement. All pertinent information was obtained from the medical records and the operating surgeon at the referring institution.Results: Treatment was required in 2 patients with urethral erosion, 1 with vaginal and bladder erosion, and 2 with bladder outlet obstruction. Common presenting symptoms included urge, urge incontinence and gross hematuria. Cystoscopy showed polypropylene graft erosion at the urethra or through the bladder wall. Each patient required explantation of the polypropylene m...
Selection-based virtual keyboard prototypes and data collection application

An emerging area of research in engineering psychology is the evaluation of text entry for mobile devices using a small number of keys for the control of cursor direction and character selection from a matrix of characters (i.e., selection-based data entry). The present article describes a software tool designed to reduce time and effort in the development of prototypes of alternative selection-based text-entry schemes and their empirical evaluation. The tool, available for distribution to researchers, educators, and students, uses Action Script code compiled into an executable file that has an embedded Adobe Flash Player and is compatible with most operating systems (including Microsoft Windows, Apple OSX, and Linux).
Transplantation of Marrow to Extramedullary Sites

Autologous fragments of transplanted marrow have survived in various extramedullary sites in the rat, rabbit, and dog. Survival of the fragments occurs with a complete reconstitution of the hemopoietic and adventitial structures. The process originates from a network of surviving reticular cells which proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts and give rise to trabecular bone. Later, the reticular cells reconstruct the marrow's microcirculation. Hemopoietic repopulation of the marrow implant takes place only after its sinusoidal microcirculation has been established.
The Role Of Oligo-(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrates in the Streptomyces lividans KcsA Channel

The Streptomyces lividans potassium channel KcsA is a tetramer of four polypeptides, each covalently modified by oligo-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (cOHB), which envelop a core molecule of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP). It has been proposed that the polyanion, polyP, attracts, binds and conducts K+ in response to an electrochemical stimulus whilst the polypeptides govern access to polyP and regulate its selectivity. The function of cOHB, however, has been undefined.Digestion of KcsA with CNBr yields a 6.7 kDa fragment that contains most of the ion pathway (residues 97-154). This fragment was shown to contain cOHB by Western blot and chemical assays. The conjugation sites for cOHB were determined to be on S102 and S129. The effects of the single mutations S102, S129 and the double mutation S102:S129 on channel activity were examined. Wild-type KcsA, incorporated into planar lipid bilayers of POPC:POPE:POPG (3:3:1) between aqueous solution of 200 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 cis and 20 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 trans forms well-structured channels of 147 pS conductance. Under the same conditions, S102G exhibits irregular conductance with a major conductance state of 75 pS and a minor conductance state of 103 pS, S129G exhibits frequent but unsuccessful attempts to insert into the bilayer, and S102:S129 exhibits no channel activity whatsoever. The results suggest that cOHB-modification of KcsA polypeptides is essential for normal channel function.
Notes: Multivariate polynomial interpolation: Aitken-Neville sets and generalized principal lattices

A suitably weakened definition of generalized principal lattices is shown to be equivalent to the recent definition of Aitken-Neville sets.
Gaining Access by Doing Good: The Effect of Sociopolitical Reputation on Firm Participation in Public Policy Making

This paper examines the role of firms' sociopolitical reputations, as proxied by their perceived engagement in socially responsible practices, in public policy makers' decisions to grant access in the policy-making process. I argue that policy makers' dependencies, motivations, and decision-making processes lead them to evaluate firms by using sociopolitical reputation as a differentiating heuristic. I hypothesize that firms that construct stronger sociopolitical reputations will be granted greater access and that firms' existing political activity and policy makers' partisanship will moderate this relationship. I test these hypotheses using an 11-year panel on congressional testimony, reputation, and political and financial characteristics for the S&P 500 and find support for all three. These findings support the existence of a sociopolitical dimension to firms' reputations that affects how public policy makers evaluate firms, demonstrating that corporate social responsibility pays political benefits. This paper was accepted by Jesper Sorensen, organizations.
Binding of src-like Kinases to the β-Subunit of the Interleukin-3 Receptor

We have previously shown that stimulation of 32D cl3 cells with interleukin (IL)-3 results in the activation of three src-like tyrosine kinases, fyn, hck, and lyn. The beta subunit of the IL-3 receptor co-immunoprecipitated with hck in lysates of both unstimulated and IL-3-stimulated cells; however, the beta subunit did not precipitate with either fyn or lyn. The association of these three kinases with the beta subunit of the IL-3 receptor was further investigated using bacterial fusion proteins encoding the unique, SH3, and SH2 domains of these three kinases. Fusion proteins of both hck and fyn bound to a 150-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein present in lysates of IL-3-stimulated cells. This protein was identified as the beta subunit of the IL-3 receptor by immunoblotting with an anti-beta antibody. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins containing the SH2 domain of hck bound to the beta subunit although the amount of beta subunit that bound to the SH2 domain alone was only 30% of that which bound to the fusion protein containing the unique, SH3, and SH2 domains. This indicates that the SH2 domain is one of the motifs involved in binding hck to the beta subunit. A GST fusion protein encoding a 236-amino acid region of the cytoplasmic tail of the beta subunit, which contained four tyrosine residues, bound to hck and fyn. Binding to both proteins was dramatically increased when the GST-beta fusion protein was tyrosine-phosphorylated. Far Western blot analysis was used to demonstrate the binding of the unique, SH3, and SH2 domains of hck to this 236-amino acid region of the beta subunit; tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein increased the binding of both the unique region and the SH2 domain probes. These data indicate that binding of hck to the beta subunit is mediated by both phosphotyrosine-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Investigation of potential injectable polymeric biomaterials for bone regeneration

This article reviews the potential injectable polymeric biomaterial scaffolds currently being investigated for application in bone tissue regeneration. Two types of injectable biomaterial scaffolds are focused in this review, including injectable microspheres and injectable gels. The injectable microspheres section covers several polymeric materials, including poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide)-PLGA, poly(propylene fumarate), and chitosan. The injectable gel section covers alginate gels, hyaluronan hydrogels, poly(ethylene-glycol)-PEG hydrogels, and PEG-PLGA copolymer hydrogels. This review focuses on the effect of cellular behavior in vitro and in vivo in terms of material properties of polymers, such as biodegradation, biocompatibility, porosity, microsphere size, and cross-linking nature. Injectable polymeric biomaterials offer a major advantage for orthopedic applications by allowing the ability to use noninvasive or minimally invasive treatment methods. Therefore, combining injectable polymeric biomaterial scaffolds with cells have a significant potential to treat orthopedic bone defects, including spine fusion, and craniofacial and periodontal defects.
Changes in the lipid content of rat lymph after the ingestion of [14C] long-chain fatty acids

Abstract Rats were orally administered separately one dose of three labelled long-chain fatty acids: [1 − 14C] oleic, [1 − 14C] palmitic or [1 − 14C] stearic. Samples of lymph were obtained from previously cannulated thoracic ducts and analyzed for the composition and content of labelled fatty acids. Most of the newly recovered and labelled fatty acids were qualitatively and quantitatively similar regardless of which 14C-fatty acid had been administered. Over 20% of the administered fat were interconverted in six hours. The results suggest that the mucosa of the small intestine, the first sites of fatty acid absorption, is also one of the sites of various metabolic processes such as beta oxidation and synthesis which are responsible for some of the changes observed. These processes indicated that by shortening or lengthening the fatty acid composition, the content of the lymph became approximately the same regardless of the precursor fatty acid. The intestinal mucosa became the first tissue to help maintain lipid homeostasis in the rat.
Subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes at the haplotype level by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis

Listeria monocytogenes is a widespread foodborne pathogen that represents a major concern with respect to food safety. Rapid identification of this bacterium at a subspecies level is important to trace back an outbreak and improve risk-based inspection programs. A method for subtyping L. monocytogenes at the serotype and haplotype levels was developed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) reflectance microscopy. Thirty strains of L. monocytogenes belonging to four different PCR serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 4b, and 4c) that had previously been characterized by Multilocus genotyping (MLGT) and Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assays were used in this study. The FT-IR based identification and classification was compared to the known MLGT and PFGE subtyping of the L. monocytogenes. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) of the spectra resulted in 96.6% correct identification of L. monocytogenes at the serotype level. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and CVA of the spectra showed 91.7% correct identification of strains at the haplotype level consistent with their MLGT groupings. FT-IR spectra of strains were also differentiated correctly in accordance with their PFGE haplotyping. Additionally, by using HCA of FT-IR spectra, each bacterium was differentiated at the strain level. Starting from a pure culture, this method enabled classification of L. monocytogenes at the serotype, haplotype, and/or strain level within 18 h, which is faster and potentially less expensive than the molecular methods and previous FT-IR methods. This is the first report of the identification of L. monocytogenes at the haplotype level using FT-IR.
Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover

Workplace stress is a growing concern for human resource managers. Although considerable scholarly and practical attention has been devoted to stress management over the years, the time has come for new perspectives and research. Drawing from the emerging field of positive organizational behavior, this study offers research findings with implications for combating occupational stress. Specifically, data from a large sample of working adults across a variety of industries suggest that psychological capital (the positive resources of efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) may be key to better understanding the variation in perceived symptoms of stress, as well as intentions to quit and job search behaviors. The article concludes with practical strategies aimed at leveraging and developing employees' psychological capital to help them better cope with workplace stress. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of the physiologic equilibrium point of the mandible by electronic means

The location of the physiologic equilibrium point of the mandible was determined by electronic means while the subjects clenched their teeth in centric relation with a force of 24 pounds. A total of 20 occlusal relationships were observed. In 14 Angle's Class I occlusal relationships, the equilibrium point, when projected at right angles to the midsagittal plane, was observed lined up within the mesial third of the mandibular first molar. In four Angle's Class II occlusal relationships, it was lined up within the distal half of the mandibular second premolar; and in two Class III Angle's occlusal relationships, it was lined up within the middle third of the mandibular first molar. When referenced to the maxillary arch, 16 occlusal relationships lined up within the mesial third of the first molar and four within the distal half of the second premolar. In the coronal plane, the equilibrium point was estimated as being in or close to the midsagittal plane. The biomechanical significance of the equilibrium point was discussed. The location of the equilibrium point was expressed mathematically using a model of the mandible as a beam on resilient supports. Further studies considering the clinical significance of the equilibrium point in relation to centric occlusion registrations and orthodontic treatment are suggested.
Development of a model for gamma-ray spectra generation using pixelated mercuric iodide detectors

Recent studies have shown that pixelated HgI 2 detectors with a thickness of 1 cm can yield energy resolutions of 1.4 - 2% FWHM at 662 keV γ-ray energy, which are similar to that obtained on 3-dimensional position sensitive CdZnTe detectors of the same thickness. However, there is a need to better understand the electron transportation and induced charge from the drift of charges within the detector in order to better understand the spectra obtained from HgI 2 detectors. The results of a simple simulation model accounting for electron trapping and various weighting potentials is compared with recent physical spectra obtained from pixelated HgI 2 detectors of 5 mm and 10 mm thickness.
Characterization of mutagenic activity in cooked-grain-food products.

Abstract Wheat gluten or flour from several plant sources heated at 210°C for 1 hr produced 0–1800 revertant colonies/g in the Ames/Salmonella test using strain TA98 with metabolic activation. Baked or toasted foods and a heated grain beverage showed a mutagenic response in all cases from 2 to 320 revertants/g, with higher values seen when overcooked. Fried meat-substitute patties showed 0–23 revertants/g when fried at 210°C. A greater mutagenic response in bacterial strain TA98 than in strain TA100 and a requirement for metabolic activation suggests that one or more aromatic amine mutagens are formed at normal cooking temperatures, but the mutagenic activity measured cannot be accounted for by the known heterocyclic amines commonly found in cooked meats. We conclude that grain products form aromatic amine chemicals during heating that are mutagenic in bacterial mutation tests.
Predicting System Performance and Estimating Parameters for Systems Burdened With Uncertainties and Noise Using Bayesian Inference

The precision of estimates of system performance and parameter estimation is often based upon the standard deviation obtained from the usual equation for the propagation of variances derived from a Taylor series expansion [1]. With increasing computing power, it is often suggested that the more complex Bayesian inference approach may yield improved estimates of the precision. The Bayesian approach has not been widely used in the heat transfer and fluid mechanics communities. The paper develops the necessary equations and applies them to two typical heat transfer problems. It is shown that, even for the simple problem of heat loss from a fin, that the predicted performance can be a strong function of relatively minor changes in the heat transfer coefficients or the thermal conductivity and as a consequence that the form of the parameter variability has a substantial effect.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mass anomalies on Ganymede

Abstract Radio Doppler data, generated with NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its second encounter with Jupiter's moon Ganymede, are used to infer the locations and magnitudes of mass anomalies on Ganymede. We construct models for both surface and buried anomalies. With only one flyby and no global coverage, a solution for mass anomalies cannot be uniquely determined. However, we are able to constrain acceptable solutions for mass anomalies to four broad regions—a near polar region and three that are roughly equatorial. If the mass anomalies are constrained to lie at the surface, the centers of the regions are located near the coordinates (77° N, 333° W), (36° N, 0° W), (33° N, 130° W), and (7° N, 194° W). If the mass anomalies are located at the deep ice–rock interface 800 km below the surface, the regions' centers are approximately (65° N, 17° W), (32° N, 30° W), (37° N, 175° W), and (15° N, 211° W). For both models, the regions are up to a few thousand kilometers across. The magnitude of mass anomalies on the surface is on the order of 10 17 kg. Mass anomalies at the ice–rock interface are on average no more than an order of magnitude larger (10 18 kg). There are two positive and two negative mass anomalies in both the surface and ice–rock interface models. One of the positive mass anomalies at the surface is associated with Galileo Regio. The other positive surface mass anomaly is located at high northern latitudes with no obvious geological association. Negative surface mass anomalies lie near Uruk Sulcus and between Perrine Regio and Barnard Regio near Sicyan Sulcus and Phrygia Sulcus. The locations of the ice–rock interface mass anomalies lie approximately radially below the surface anomalies. Positive mass anomalies at the surface could be associated with the silicate-rich ice or accumulated silicate layers of the dark regions. Negative mass anomalies at the surface could be associated with the relatively clean, low-lying ice of sulci. Alternatively, Ganymede's mass anomalies could be associated with the topography or other mass concentrations at the deep ice–rock interface.
Instanton configuration of unit topological charge in two-dimensional Heisenberg model with x- y-like anisotropy

Abstract We consider the Heisenberg model in two dimension with x − y -like anisotropy. We construct an instanton configuration resembling the vortex-antivortex pair of the x − y model with the separation between the pair large compared to the length scale provided by the anisotropy. We will obtain corrections up to O [ l D 2 ] to the leading term in energy 2 π ln D .
Transnasal Esophagoscopy: Revisited (over 700 Consecutive Cases)

Background: High-resolution transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) allows comprehensive, in-office examination of the esophagus without sedation. Objective: To compare the authors' present experience using TNE with our initial, previously reported experience. Methodology: Retrospective review of 611 consecutive patients undergoing TNE was compared with 100 consecutive patients previously reported. Results: The most frequent indications for TNE were screening examination of the esophagus in reflux, globus, or dysphagia patients (n = 490), biopsy of a lesion in the laryngopharynx, trachea, or esophagus (n = 42), screening examination of the esophagus in head and neck cancer patients (n = 45), and evaluation for an esophageal foreign body (n = 12). Seventeen procedures were aborted secondary to a tight nasal vault. Significant findings were found in 50% (294/592). The most frequent findings were esophagitis (n = 98), hiatal hernia (n = 47), and Barrett's esophagus (n = 27). These results are similar to those previously reported. Conclusions: TNE is safe, well tolerated by patients, and is easy to learn with a short learning curve. TNE may replace radiographic imaging of the esophagus in otolaryngology patients with reflux, globus, and dysphagia.
HIV and aging: emerging research issues.

Purpose of the review It is now widely accepted that HIV-infected individuals remain at higher risk for mortality and age-related morbidities than the general population, but several unresolved issues need to be addressed by the research community in the coming years to further improve the health of HIV-infected individuals in the modern treatment era.
Caring for property: comments on Susan Smith's “States, markets and an ethic of care”

Abstract This paper pursues some themes raised by Susan Smith's article, “States, markets, and an ethics of care”. Specifically, I consider the way that the complex structure of property rights – a structure that includes both the right to control and manipulate the object owned as well as to exchange it with others – makes the question of where exactly markets operate complex. I also trace out some lines of thought in Immanuel Kant's views on property to help show that the question of the separation between state institutions and market activity is often misconceived. The state, as Kant's views show, both structures and protects property rights bundles of its citizens, and hence the line between state and market is not a bright one. Rather, the question will always be how state policies structure ownership and markets not whether they do. These lines of analysis are used to further bolster Professor Smith's claims about the precarious and sometimes dangerous incursions of market thinking into areas that more often are guided by an ethic of care, and the losses that are observable in such incursions, especially regarding social spaces governed by housing policies of the sort she examines.
Blood substitutes and other potential biomedical applications of fluorinated colloids

An oxygen carrying, heat-sterilized phospholipid-based emulsion of a fast excreted lipophilic fluorocarbon, perfluorooctyl bromide (perflubron), stabilized against molecular diffusion, has been developed to serve as a temporary blood substitute. It is expected to reduce exposure to donor blood and thereby help mitigate the pressure on our blood supply. A phase III clinical trial in Europe has demonstrated that use of the emulsion resulted in avoidance and reduction of donor blood transfusion in surgery patients. Further potential applications for fluorocarbon emulsions include use as a bridge to transfusion, treatment of myocardial ischemia and stroke, potentiation of radio and chemotherapy and preservation of organs destined for transplantation. Echogenic, injectable gaseous microbubbles, osmotically stabilized by perfluorohexane, provide an effective contrast agent for ultrasound imaging. Clinical trials have established improved imaging of the walls of the heart and, hence, assessment of cardiac function. The ability of improving detection of myocardial perfusion, blood flow abnormalities and solid tumors is also being investigated. Various families of fluorinated amphiphiles with modular molecular structures and polar heads derived from natural products have been synthesized. Due to their highly hydrophobic perfluoroalkylated tail chains, these amphiphiles readily self-assemble into stable fluorinated vesicles, tubules and other organized molecular systems with distinctive properties. Fluorosurfactants also allowed preparation of direct, reverse, apolar and multiple emulsions and gels. These fluorinated colloids have potential for the delivery of drugs and other bioactive materials, and provide unique tools in biomedical research.
Dynamic scheduling in cellular manufacturing systems: A framework for networked decision making

Abstract This paper describes a dynamic scheduling method for cellular manufacturing systems. Essentially an artificial intelligence based approach for the networking environment, the method is adaptive to the changes in the manufacturing environment and can take into account such information as loading factor, unexpected breakdowns, and new job arrivals. The major features of the method are a distributed task assignment mechanism executed through the communication network for intercell scheduling and a knowledge based system for cell level scheduling. A main advantage of such a method is that the scheduling on both levels can be dynamically executed in real time.
Sorafenib in locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

Introduction: Sorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor with anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative activity that is indicated for use in hepatocellular and renal cell carcinomas. Sorafenib is being developed in a number of solid tumors, including breast cancer (BC). Areas covered: A series of four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIb screening Trials were developed to Investigate the Efficacy of Sorafenib (TIES) when added to select chemotherapies for patients with HER2-negative advanced BC with a primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS). Results have been varied. SOLTI-0701 reported significant PFS benefit for sorafenib plus capecitabine as first- or second-line treatment, and AC01B07 reported a modest but significant PFS benefit when sorafenib was combined with gemcitabine or capecitabine for patients whose disease had progressed during or after bevacizumab. Sorafenib plus first-line paclitaxel did not significantly improve PFS (NU07B1 study), nor did its addition to first...
Noninvasive Electrocardiographic Imaging Reconstruction of Epicardial Potentials, Electrograms, and Isochrones and Localization of Single and Multiple Electrocardiac Events

Background The goal of noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) is to determine electric activity of the heart by reconstructing maps of epicardial potentials, excitation times (isochrones), and electrograms from data measured on the body surface. Methods and Results Local electrocardiac events were initiated by pacing a dog heart in a human torso–shaped tank. Body surface potential measurements (384 electrodes) were used to compute epicardial potentials noninvasively. The accuracy of reconstructed epicardial potentials was evaluated by direct comparison to measured ones (134 electrodes). Protocols included pacing from single sites and simultaneously from two sites with various intersite distances. Body surface potentials showed a single minimum for both single- and double-site pacing (intersite distances of 52, 35, and 17 mm). Noninvasively reconstructed epicardial electrograms, potentials, and iso-chrones closely approximated the measured ones. Single pacing sites were reconstructed to within ≤10...
Biochemical and anthropometric effects of a weight loss dietary supplement in healthy men and women.

Background: We have recently noted an acute increase in circulating free fatty acids and glycerol, as well as resting metabolic rate, when men and women ingested the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ in a single dose. We have also noted a reduction in appetite when subjects were treated with this supplement for 14 consecutive days. It is possible that such findings may favor body weight and fat loss over time. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of this dietary supplement on weight loss and associated markers using an eight week intervention. Methods: Exercise-trained subjects were randomly assigned in double blind manner to ingest either the dietary supplement (n = 16; aged 22.8 ± 0.7) or a placebo (n = 16; 22.5 ± 0.5) every day for eight weeks. Body weight, body composition, skinfold thickness, serum lipids, and appetite were measured as the primary outcome variables. As measures of supplement safety, a complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel were performed, and resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured (pre and post intervention). Results: No interactions or main effects were noted for our primary outcome measures (P > 0.05). However, when comparing pre and post intervention values for the supplement, significant decreases were noted in appetite, body weight, body fat percentage, and skinfold thickness (P 0.05), with the exception of an increase in HDL-C (P 0.05), with the exception of monocytes, for which an interaction effect was noted (P = 0.04). Conclusion: These data indicate that the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ may assist in weight and body fat loss in a sample of exercise-trained men and women. The supplement does not result in any adverse effects pertaining to resting blood pressure or bloodborne markers of safety; however a small increase in resting heart rate is observed.