cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The activation of bovine protein C by factor Xa

Abstract A complex composed of factor Xa and phospholipid vesicles assembled in the presence of calcium ions catalyzes a discrete cleavage of the heavy chain of bovine protein C that is indistinguishable from that produced by thrombin as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This cleavage generates an active site capable of hydrolyzing small substrates and inactivating factor Va function in the prothrombinase complex. Activation of protein C by factor Xa requires both calcium ions and phospholipid vesicles and proceeds at a rate an order of magnitude greater than that observed for alpha-thrombin in solution. gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid-domainless protein C is not activated by factor Xa, consistent with the requirement for phospholipid and distinguishing this reaction from protein C activation by thrombin. Thrombomodulin serves as a cofactor for the factor Xa-catalyzed reaction, forming a 1:1 complex with factor Xa (apparent Kd = 5.7 X 10(-10) M) and stimulating the saturated rate of protein C activation by factor Xa (kcat = 149 min-1) to levels comparable with the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. Protein C activation by factor Xa is not inhibited by the specific thrombin inhibitor dansyl-N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide but is inhibited by antithrombin III, tripeptide-chloromethyl ketones, and the monoclonal antibody alpha-BFX-2b that is highly specific for factor Xa. These data indicate that thrombomodulin is promiscuous in its role as a cofactor and suggest the existence of an alternative pathway for protein C activation in vivo.
Aortic atresia and premature closure of foramen ovale. Myocardial sinusoids and coronary arteriovenous fistula serving as outflow channel.

Abstract In a 24-day-old male infant with aortic atresia, intact ventricular septum, and premature closure of the foramen ovale, a complicated route for the flow of blood from the left side of the heart into the right atrium was interpreted as having occurred on the basis of pathologic findings. The route started in the left ventricular cavity and proceeded into myocardial sinusoids, which, in turn, communicated in the epicardium with two coronary arteries. A fistula between the left circumflex coronary artery and the coronary sinus provided the final link in the route, which terminated in the right atrium.
22 Evolving insights on how cytosine methylation affects protein-DNA binding

Many anecdotal observations exist of a regulatory effect of DNA methylation on gene expression (Dantas Machado et al., 2015). However, in general, the underlying mechanisms of this effect are poorl...
Conference Summary: Comets

After apologies to authors whose papers are omitted because of my personal bias, of posters, which I did not have energy to study, and of highly theoretical papers because my math is rusty, my comments on comet papers in this highly interesting meeting follow
Immunological Response of Three Mouse Strains to Typhoid Vaccine and Vi Antigen

Vi-agglutinin, active cutaneous anaphylaxis and protective responses (ed(50)) of three mouse strains (CFW, NIH, and Balb/cAnN) to acetone-inactivated typhoid vaccine and soluble Vi antigen were compared. Seven days after immunization with either typhoid vaccine or Vi antigen the three strains of mice differed with respect to Vi-antibody titers. Significant differences were observed in the protective responses. Each mouse strain was significantly better protected by the intraperitoneal than by subcutaneous route of immunization. Active cutaneous anaphylaxis was more pronounced in showing strain differences in response to Vi antigen. The serological responses to Vi antigen of the strains of mice did not correlate with their protective response.
Primary care pediatrics: 2004 and beyond.

Changes in medicine domestically and globally are transforming primary care in the United States. Many have suggested that primary care is in crisis or at least at a crossroads in the United States. The Annals of Internal Medicine recently devoted much of one issue to this topic.1 Primary care for children and adolescents, however, was not addressed specifically. This article focuses on pediatrics and identifies potential roles and new models for primary care pediatrics. The Institute of Medicine has defined primary care as “the provision of integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community.”2 Starfield3 has defined 4 attributes of primary care including first-contact care, longitudinality, comprehensiveness, and coordination. September 11, 2001, the anthrax scare, and emerging threats such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have brought a new focus on the importance of individual-level contacts in addressing population-level threats. Before these world events, however, primary care pediatrics was already grappling with its identity and responding to significant changes in medical systems, science, and family needs. The pace and scope of these changes are such that primary care pediatricians of the future will not be performing the same role as today. Historically, American medicine has tended to be reactive rather than proactive in defining its roles in society. However, dynamic change demands collective reflection; it is time to be proactive in assessing the needs of patients, exploring potential roles as health care providers, and developing the mechanisms to redefine the primary care pediatrician of the future. Projecting future trends requires reflection on the history of the profession of preventive pediatrics. In the 1800s, few physicians in the United States routinely … Address correspondence to Tina L. Cheng, MD, MPH, Johns Hopkins University Department of Pediatrics, 600 N Wolfe St, Park 392, Baltimore, MD 21287. E-mail: tcheng2{at}jhmi.edu
Context matters: links between neighborhood discrimination, neighborhood cohesion and African American adolescents' adjustment.

Racial discrimination has serious negative consequences for the adjustment of African American adolescents. Taking an ecological approach, this study examined the linkages between perceived racial discrimination within and outside of the neighborhood and urban adolescents’ externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and tested whether neighborhood cohesion operated as a protective factor. Data came from 461 African American adolescents (mean age = 15.24 years, SD = 1.56; 50 % female) participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Multilevel models revealed that perceived discrimination within youth’s neighborhoods was positively related to externalizing, and discrimination both within and outside of youth’s neighborhoods predicted greater internalizing problems. Neighborhood cohesion moderated the association between within-neighborhood discrimination and externalizing. Specifically, high neighborhood cohesion attenuated the association between within-neighborhood discrimination and externalizing. The discussion centers on the implications of proximal stressors and neighborhood cohesion for African American adolescents’ adjustment.
Detection of surface intermediates in the oxidation of methane on Ni(100) by electron energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract By means of high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy the surface intermedaites formed during the interaction of methane and chemisorbed oxygen on Ni(100) were examined. For oxygen adlayers of less than 1 2 monolayer, as monitored by LEED, the formation of a surface species with an EELS vibration of 1725 cm-1 was observed at 200 K. Assignment of this frequency to a surface intermediate is discussed.
Nerve growth factor and neuronal cell death

The regulation of neuronal cell death by the neuronotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), has been described during neural development and following injury to the nervous system. Also, reduced NGF activity has been reported for the aged NGF-responsive neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and cholinergic regions of the central nervous system (CNS) in aged rodents and man. Although there is some knowledge of the molecular structure of the NGF and its receptor, less is known as to the mechanism of action of NGF. Here, a possible role for NGF in the regulation of oxidant—antioxidant balance is discussed as part of a molecular explanation for the known effects of NGF on neuronal survival during development, after injury, and in the aged CNS.
DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types

It is not yet known whether DNA methylation levels can be used to accurately predict age across a broad spectrum of human tissues and cell types, nor whether the resulting age prediction is a biologically meaningful measure. I developed a multi-tissue predictor of age that allows one to estimate the DNA methylation age of most tissues and cell types. The predictor, which is freely available, was developed using 8,000 samples from 82 Illumina DNA methylation array datasets, encompassing 51 healthy tissues and cell types. I found that DNA methylation age has the following properties: first, it is close to zero for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells; second, it correlates with cell passage number; third, it gives rise to a highly heritable measure of age acceleration; and, fourth, it is applicable to chimpanzee tissues. Analysis of 6,000 cancer samples from 32 datasets showed that all of the considered 20 cancer types exhibit significant age acceleration, with an average of 36 years. Low age-acceleration of cancer tissue is associated with a high number of somatic mutations and TP53 mutations, while mutations in steroid receptors greatly accelerate DNA methylation age in breast cancer. Finally, I characterize the 353 CpG sites that together form an aging clock in terms of chromatin states and tissue variance. I propose that DNA methylation age measures the cumulative effect of an epigenetic maintenance system. This novel epigenetic clock can be used to address a host of questions in developmental biology, cancer and aging research.
Evidence for telomerase activation in VSMCs exposed to hyperglycemic and hyperhomocysteinemic conditions.

Purpose: While diabetes and homocysteinemia have been demonstrated to be independent risk factors for progression of vascular disease, the activation of telomerase has not been linked to the potent effects of high levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and glucose on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We examined the proliferative response of VSMCs, resulting from hyperglycemia and hyperhomocysteinemia and their effects on telomerase activity. Methods: Primary cultures of VSMC from human aorta and arteries were used in this experiment from 3rd -5th passages. Hcy or/and glucose were added to the cell culture media in doses equivalent to plasma levels of Hcy in patients with moderate, high homocysteinemia, or physiologically high concentrations of glucose as seen in diabetics. The modified telomeric repeat amplification protocol was used for telomerase activity assay. Cytotoxicity, viability, proliferation, protein phosphorylation, were determined in cultures treated and not treated with Hcy and glucose. Results: T...
Cooking and Chemical Properties of Raw and Precooked Flaked and Ground Beef Patties Cooked from the Frozen State

Cooking and chemical properties were investigated on beef patties formulated from UDSA Choice or Cutter-Canner cow beef; processed by either grinding, flaking, or flaking, then grinding; and subjected to final broiling from the precooked or raw state. Quality grade of lean exerted minimal influence on the cooking and chemical properties. Precooked patties had more total cooking losses than nonprecooked patties. For precooked patties made from flaked beef, most of the losses in weight; and configuration occurred during precooking rather than final broiling. The opposite was true for precooked patties made from gro and beef. Thus, in order to maximize yield and minimize configurational changes the method of patty processing should be considered in deciding whether to precook patties prior to freezing.
Sensitive Immunoassay of a Biomarker Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Based on Poly(guanine)-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticle Label

A novel electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) based on poly(guanine)-functionalized silica nanoparticles (NPs) label is presented. The detection of mouse TNF-a via immunological reaction is based on a dual amplification: 1) a large amount of guanine residues is introduced on the electrode surface through the silica nanoparticle and immunoreaction, 2) mediator-induced catalytic oxidation of guanine, which results in great enhancement of anodic current. The synthesized silica NP conjugates were characterized with atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. These experiments confirmed that poly[G] and avidin were immobilized on the surface of silica NPs. The performance of the electrochemical immunosensor was evaluated and some experiment parameters (e.g., concentration of Ru(bpy)32+, incubation time of TNF-a, etc.) were optimized. The detection of limit for TNF-a is found to be 5.0x10-11 g mL-1 (2.0 pM), which corresponds to 60 attomoles TNF-a in 30 uL. This immunosensor based on the poly[G] functionalized silica NP label offers great promise for rapid, simple, cost-effective analysis of biological samples.
Impedance model of lithium ion polymer battery considering temperature effects based on electrochemical principle: Part I for high frequency

Measurement of impedance is one of well-known methods to experimentally characterize electrochemical properties of Li-ion batteries. The measured impedance responses are generally fitted to an equivalent circuit model that is composed of linear and nonlinear electric components that mimic behaviors of different layers of a battery. However, the parameters do not provide quantitative statements on charge dynamics considering material properties. Therefore, electrochemical models are widely employed to study the charge dynamics, but have not included high frequency responses predominantly determined by double layers. Thus, we have developed models for the double layer and bulk that are integrated into the electrochemical model for a pouch type Li-ion battery. The integrated model is validated against the frequency response obtained from EIS equipment at different temperatures as well as the time response. The results show that the proposed model is capable of representing the responses at charging and discharging in time and frequency domain.
Temperature variation of total hemispherical emissivity of stainless steel AISI 304

Numerical values of the total hemispherical emissivities ∊h of a mechanically polished surface and an electropolished surface of a sample of stainless steel, type AISI 304, have been determined experimentally for the first time in the temperature range 340–1100 K. An absolute method incorporating the transient calorimetric principle was used in these measurements. It is found that the ∊h values obtained are only very slightly different from those predicted by a classical expression for total hemispherical emissivity developed by Davisson and Weeks.
Host resistance to bacteria in hemorrhagic shock. V. Mobilization of phagocytes.

Summary and ConclusionWhen the peritoneal cavity of the rabbit recovering from mild shock in response to transfusion is challenged by an irritant fluid, the cellular response as compared to that in a normal rabbit is extremely poor. The failure to mobilize polymorphonuclear leucocytes is, for the most part, not due to defective hemodynamics, but to a disturbance of vascular permeability to migrating leucocytes. The failure to supply additional macrophages at the site of the irritation appears to be due to a defect in the cellular processes involved in the conversion of their precursors. The presence of a substantial intracellular and extracellular bacterial population in the peritoneal fluid of the shocked animal, and the absence of bacteria in the peritoneal fluid of the unshocked animal, is further evidence of the loss of resistance to bacteria in the shocked animal, and of its persistence after restoration of a normal hemodynamic status.
Loading of the index metacarpal after trapezial and partial versus complete trapezoid resection.

Purpose To examine the effects of partial or complete trapezoidectomy in conjunction with trapezium resection on proximal migration of the index metacarpal during axial loading. Methods Five specimens from below the elbow were obtained from fresh-frozen cadavers. A customized vise was used to position the wrist in 20° extension and 5° ulnar deviation, simulating a power grip. The index metacarpal was instrumented to allow axial loading at 125 N and 250 N. Specimens were tested under 4 experimental conditions: (1) in the intact state, (2) after trapezial resection, (3) after partial trapezoid resection, and (4) after complete trapezoid resection. Specimens were tested 5 times under each experimental condition, displacement was measured with a linear variable differential transformer, and stiffness was calculated. Results There was no difference in stiffness between the different treatments at either 125 N or 250 N. Displacement was not significantly different between treatments for loads of 125 N. For loads of 250 N the displacement was approximately 1 mm greater with complete trapezoid resection than with any of the other treatment conditions. Displacement did not differ significantly between the other 3 treatments. Conclusions The addition of a partial trapezoid resection performed at the time of trapezial resection does not affect proximal migration of the second metacarpal. When a complete trapezoidectomy is performed at the time of trapezial excision, however, the loading characteristics of the index metacarpal do change statistically significantly, although the magnitude of that change is only approximately 1 mm. Further testing will be necessary to elucidate the biomechanical effects of a partial trapezoid resection in conjunction with a trapezial resection on the second metacarpal in other planes.
Pulmonary valvular atresia with intact ventricular septum: problems in diagnosis and results of treatment.

A study of 36 patients with pulmonary valvular atresia revealed that 28 infants andchildren had the type I lesion (diminutive right ventricle). The clinical, hemodynamic, and angiocardiographic features which may be used to distinguish this defect from type II pulmonary valvular atresia (right ventricle of normal size) are reviewed. The distinction between the two anatomic types is of primary importance in selecting the correct surgical approach.
Comparison of combined modality (chemoradiotherapy) with chemotherapy alone in small cell lung carcinoma

Abstract Thirty-nine cases with small cell lung carcinoma (S.C.L.C.) who were treated with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. All patients had limited disease. Mean age of the cases was 58 years. Thirty-six patients were male (92%). The most commonly seen initial symptoms were cough (72%), pleural pain (44%), dyspnea (36%), hemoptysis (28%) and fatigue (28%). Diagnosis was made by sputum cytology in 16 cases (41%), by bronchoscopy in 12 cases (31%). Seventeen cases were treated with chemotherapy alone and nineteen with combined modality. Radiation therapy was administered either concomitantly with multi-agent chemotherapy (concurrent), or after multi-agent chemotherapy (post-chemotherapy), or in between the cycles of multi-agent chemotherapy. These patients also received one of the combinations of Vp16-P, CAV, Vp16-PCc, CVCc, AVBMVp16 or Vp16-P/CAV. Patients in chemotherapy alone group received Vp16-P or CAV combinations. In the chemotherapy alone group, seven patients had a complete response (CR, 41%) and six had partial response (PR, 35%). In the combined modality group, the CR rate was 63% and the PR rate 26% (p=0.11). There was no correlation between the CR rate and total radiation dose or radiation dose per fraction (p=0.33 and 0.28). No correlation was found between the multi-agent chemotherapy regimens and the CR rate (p=0.25). Median survival in chemotherapy alone group was 7.5 months and 9.0 months in the combined modality treatment group. Overall complication rate in the chemotherapy alone group was 12% ( 2 17 ) while it was 32% ( 6 19 ) in the combined modality group (p=0.12). Distant metastasis rates were 29% and 21%, respectively. It is concluded that the addition of radiation therapy to multi-agent chemotherapy may be of some benefit in terms of complete response rates without any significant increase in complications but well-designed, prospective, randomized, controlled studies are needed to assess the role of radiation therapy in terms of local control and overall survival and optimal treatment schedules.
Presidential Direct Action and Policy Continuity: The Case of U.S. International Population Policy*

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the modern practice of unilateral presidential policy making in the area of U.S. international population policy. The analysis focuses on the implications of this practice in a constitutional system intended to limit and constrain direct presidential action in policy making. Methods. The authors conduct their analysis using a variety of qualitative sources, including leading studies on the topics of presidential direct action and U.S. international population policy, and government documents. Conclusions. Policy development in this area has been marked by dramatic back-and-forth shifts due to the modern practice of presidents making many decisions without legislative involvement. Although not the only policy area in which this practice has become the norm, the case study of U.S. international population policy reveals the pitfalls of deviating from the constitutional design of a system of balanced and constrained powers.
Computational models of neuron-astrocyte interaction in epilepsy

Astrocytes actively shape the dynamics of neurons and neuronal ensembles by affecting several aspects critical to neuronal function, such as regulating synaptic plasticity, modulating neuronal excitability, and maintaining extracellular ion balance. These pathways for astrocyte-neuron interaction can also enhance the information-processing capabilities of brains, but in other circumstances may lead the brain on the road to pathological ruin. In this article, we review the existing computational models of astrocytic involvement in epileptogenesis, focusing on their relevance to existing physiological data.
Characterization of clones of the BamHI methyltransferase gene.

We are characterizing different subclones of the bamHIM gene. One clone carries a 2.2-kb HindIII fragment that contains the MTase gene and the N-terminal end of the endonuclease gene
The potential clinical utility of serum α-protryptase levels

Abstract Background: Because biopsy criteria for diagnosing systemic mastocytosis are not precise, the value of serum α-protryptase levels in the work-up of suspected systemic mastocytosis should be considered. Objective: A retrospective analysis was performed on subjects with total tryptase serum levels that were high (≥20 ng/mL), while β-tryptase serum levels were normal ( Methods: Over a 3.5-year period, 52 qualifying specimens were identified from 1369 consecutive samples. The corresponding subjects were divided into those with suspected mastocytosis and those with suspected anaphylaxis. Subjects with suspected mastocytosis were subdivided into 3 subgroups on the basis of biopsy results (positive, negative, or not available). Subjects with suspected anaphylaxis were subdivided into living and deceased subgroups. Results: Among the 15 subjects who underwent biopsy, α-protryptase serum levels (the difference between directly-measured levels of serum total tryptase and β-tryptase), when greater than 75 ng/mL (n = 9), were always associated with a positive biopsy result for systemic mastocytosis; levels from 20 to 75 ng/mL (n = 6) were associated with a positive biopsy result in 50% of subjects. α-Protryptase serum levels may be a more sensitive screening test than a bone marrow biopsy for this disorder. Also, elevated α-protryptase serum levels in some adult patients return to normal over time, suggesting that mast cell hyperplasia resolved in these patients. Finally, a high α-protryptase level may reveal anaphylaxis to be a presenting manifestation of systemic mastocytosis or mast cell hyperplasia. Conclusion: Levels of serum α-protryptase, relative to those of β-tryptase, appear to be useful in the diagnostic work-up and follow-up of subjects with suspected systemic mastocytosis. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:1092-9.)
Viscosity Studies of Fluid Cream

Summary A relative viscometer of the gravity type which is suitable for the determination of the body of fluid cream in the ordinary milk plant test room has been devised and used to study conditions affecting the viscosity of cream. The viscosity of cream is increased by lowering the temperature and by increasing the fat content. Cream is not truly viscous, exhibiting thixotropic properties. With age, the body of cream increases rapidly for a few hours and more slowly for 48 hours. Agitation reduces the viscosity. Considerable variation in the viscosity of fluid creams of the same fat content is found in different territories and at different seasons of the year. A correlation between flow time of different creams and variations detectable by the average consumer has been worked out.
Otorrhea after insertion of silver oxide-impregnated silastic tympanostomy tubes.

Background: Silver oxide-impregnated tympanostomy tubes have been shown to decrease the incidence of postoperative otorrhea, but without a significant effect in the first postoperative week. Objective: To evaluate prospectively our results with silver oxide-impregnated tympanostomy tubes and to identify factors associated with a higher incidence of early postoperative otorrhea. Design: Prospective nonrandomized study. Setting: University referral center. Patients and Other Participants: Six hundred thirty patients with chronic otitis media with effusion or recurrent otitis media. Interventions: Silver oxide-impregnated Silastic tympanostomy tubes were inserted in 1254 ears. Subjects with mucoid or purulent effusions or blood at the myringotomy site at surgery were treated with topical antibiotic prophylaxis (sulfacetamide sodium-prednisolone acetate or neomycin sulfate-polymyxin B sulfate-hydrocortisone) for 5 days after tympanostomy tube placement. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of otorrhea after tympanostomy tube insertion at 1 week and 1,3,6,9, and 12 months after surgery. Results: The overall incidence of postoperative otorrhea was 1.9%. The incidence of otorrhea in the first postoperative week was 5.6%; the incidence of otorrhea after the first postoperative week was 1.2% (P<.001). Within the first postoperative week, a significantly greater incidence of otorrhea was noted in patients younger than 3 years (7.8%), in patients with mucoid effusions at surgery (8.6%), and in patients younger than 3 years with mucoid effusions at surgery (15.2%). Conclusions: Silver oxide-impregnated tympanostomy tubes are associated with a low overall incidence of postoperative otorrhea. A significantly higher incidence of otorrhea is seen during the first postoperative week, compared with the incidence after the first week. Patients with thick middle ear effusions and age younger than 3 years have a significantly greater incidence of early otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement.
Origin of Self-Assembled Helical Supramolecular Structures in Achiral C6 Biphenyl Carboxylic Acid Compounds

To understand the formation mechanism of helical supramolecular structures in the smectic C (SmC) liquid crystalline (LC) phase of BPCA-Cn-PmOH (n is the number of methylene units, n = 6−10) (see: Jeong, K.-U.; Jin, S.; Ge, J. J.; Knapp, B. S.; Graham, M. J.; Ruan, J.; Guo, M.; Xiong, H.; Harris, F. W.; Cheng, S. Z. D. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 2852), a series of newly designed achiral C6 4-biphenyl carboxylic acid compounds was synthesized, of which all of them have six methylene units (n = 6). To recognize the importance of hydrogen (H)-bonding between hydroxyl groups and the small kink at the end of the phenyl groups, the hydroxyl group at the meta-position of phenyl groups in BPCA-C6-PmOH was first moved to the para-position to become BPCA-C6-PpOH, and then changed to a methoxy group to become BPCA-C6-PmOH3. BPCA-C6-P, having no functional groups on the phenyl groups, was also synthesized. Finally, one more compound was synthesized to disrupt the formation of the H-bonded head-to-head dimers by replacin...
Ethical Dilemmas and End-of-Life Choices for Patients with Implantable Cardiac Devices: Decisions Regarding Discontinuation of Therapy

It is our belief that a well-designed cardiac device management program should include end-of-life patient and family planning, addressing potential decisions regarding withdrawal of pacemaker and/or implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. Guided by the basic ethical and legal principles outlined in the article, it is the responsibility of the electrophysiologist and other involved health care providers to introduce this topic to patients, provide guidance and resources for decision making, and honor both patient and family requests.
Noncoordinate expression of Drosophila glue genes: Sgs-4 is expressed at many stages and in two different tissues.

Abstract The glue genes of Drosophila melanogaster comprise a family of genes expressed at high levels in the salivary glands of late third instar larvae in response to the insect hormone ecdysone. We present evidence that, in contrast to the other glue genes, Sgs-4 is turned on throughout Drosophila development and is not expressed exclusively in the larval salivary glands. Larvae transformed with an Sgs-4/Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) hybrid gene exhibit Sgs-4 -directed Adh expression in the larval proventriculus as well as in the salivary glands as early as the first instar. Sgs-4 -specific RNA can be detected at very low levels during all stages of development. During late third instar, levels of Sgs-4 RNA in the salivary glands increase several-thousand-fold, thereby accounting for the large amounts of Sgs-4 protein present in the glue produced by the salivary glands. This pattern of expression is unique to the Sgs-4 gene. While expression of several of the other glue genes can be detected in embryos and early larvae, they appear to be expressed neither throughout development nor in the larval proventriculus. Appearance of the glue gene RNAs in mid third instar salivary glands is noncoordinate, even for the chromosomally clustered genes Sgs-3, Sgs-7 , and Sgs-8 .
Statistical considerations in half-life measurement, II

Abstract In this paper and in its to-be-published sequels, some of the factors affecting the statistical error and systematic error (bias) in half-life estimation are examined from a statistical viewpoint. These factors include: (1) the length of the observation period, (2) whether background is present, (3) whether one decaying species or several are present, (4) the effect of grouping measurements in time intervals, (5) the effect of not using the mean time-value in a counting interval, (6) the effect of error in time measurement, (7) the effect of the logarithmic transformation in least-squares curve-fitting, (8) the effect of using measured counting rates for weights, (9) a correlation effect with few counting intervals, (10) a correlation effect due to use of a single background measurement for an entire decay curve, (11) efficient pooling methods for the results of multiple experiments, (12) optimum choice of truncation time when multiple samples are used, and (13) the effect of non-Poisson count distributions when genetically related species are counted. Factors (1)–(4) are considered in this paper.
Imaging of shifted stimulated echoes and multiple spin echoes

It is shown that a repetitive pulse sequence consisting of two 90 degrees pulses and gradients in a 1:2 ratio around the second 90 degrees pulse generates interscan shifted stimulated echoes (SSTEs) and intrascan multiple spin echoes (MSEs). Separation of these two types of signals is accomplished using specific gradient crusher schemes. The intensity of the SSTEs is an order of magnitude larger than that of the MSEs and determines the signal contrast if both effects are selected simultaneously. The SSTE sequence generates improved contrast between gray and white matter, even at high field, which is explained in terms of increased inverse T1-weighting for the interscan echo. The MSE image has low signal to noise and no detectable contrast. The effect of interscan diffusion weighting is also discussed.
7500 years of prehistoric footwear from Arnold Research Cave, Missouri

Accelerator mass spectrometer dating of an assemblage of fibrous and leather footwear from Arnold Research Cave in central Missouri documents a long sequence of shoe construction by prehistoric Midwestern peoples, beginning perhaps as early as 8300 calendar years before the present (cal years B.P.). An earlier fibrous sandal form dates from 8325 to 7675 cal years B.P., and later fibrous or leather slip-ons span the period from 5575 to 1070 cal years B.P. The assemblage adds to a growing picture of the highly varied nature of prehistoric footwear production in the United States throughout the Holocene.
PREDICTION OF SUCCESS IN ELEMENTARY STATISTICS: THREE REPLICATIONS

Validity of 3 prognosis tests to predict success in elementary statistics was determined for 3 separate classes. The criterion was a composite test of 100 concepts, problems, and open-ended exercises. In all 3 classes, competence in algebra and in the ability to grasp and use meanings of newly defined symbols gave the optimum regression equations. Computational estimation ability had no predictive power.
Strategies to defeat ketamine-induced neonatal brain injury.

Abstract Studies using animal models have shown that general anesthetics such as ketamine trigger widespread and robust apoptosis in the infant rodent brain. Recent clinical evidence suggests that the use of general anesthetics on young children (at ages equivalent to those used in rodent studies) can promote learning deficits as they mature. Thus, there is a growing need to develop strategies to prevent this injury. In this study, we describe a number of independent approaches to address therapeutic intervention. Postnatal day 7 (P7) rats were injected with vehicle (sterile PBS) or the NMDAR antagonist ketamine (20 mg/kg). After 8 h, we prepared brains for immunohistochemical detection of the pro-apoptotic enzyme activated caspase-3 (AC3). Focusing on the somatosensory cortex, AC3-positive cells were then counted in a non-biased stereological manner. We found AC3 levels were markedly increased in ketamine-treated animals. In one study, microarray analysis of the somatosensory cortex from ketamine-treated P7 pups revealed that expression of activity dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was enhanced. Thus, we injected P7 animals with the ADNP peptide fragment NAPVSIPQ (NAP) 15 min before ketamine administration and found we could dose-dependently reverse the injury. In separate studies, pretreatment of P6 animals with 20 mg/kg vitamin D3 or a nontoxic dose of ketamine (5 mg/kg) also prevented ketamine-induced apoptosis at P7. In contrast, pretreatment of P7 animals with aspirin (30 mg/kg) 15 min before ketamine administration actually increased AC3 counts in some regions. These data show that a number of unique approaches can be taken to address anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in the infant brain, thus providing MDs with a variety of alternative strategies that enhance therapeutic flexibility.
On computing the connectivities of graphs and digraphs

In this paper methods are described that will compute the edge-connectivity of a graph or a digraph at least twice as fast as the known methods. A study of the computation of the vertex-connectivity is presented which leads to new algorithms for this purpose or for the purpose of determining if the vertex-connectivity is at least k. These algorithms compare favorably with Kleitman's, Even's, Even and Tarjan's, and Galil's algorithms.
Iteration-complexity of first-order augmented Lagrangian methods for convex programming

This paper considers a special class of convex programming (CP) problems whose feasible regions consist of a simple compact convex set intersected with an affine manifold. We present first-order methods for this class of problems based on an inexact version of the classical augmented Lagrangian (AL) approach, where the subproblems are approximately solved by means of Nesterov's optimal method. We then establish a bound on the total number of Nesterov's optimal iterations, i.e., the inner iterations, performed throughout the entire inexact AL method to obtain a near primal-dual optimal solution. We also present variants with possibly better iteration-complexity bounds than the original inexact AL method, which consist of applying the original approach directly to a perturbed problem obtained by adding a strongly convex component to the objective function of the CP problem.
Technicolor with a massless scalar doublet.

We consider a minimal technicolor model in which the ordinary and technicolor sectors are coupled by a [ital massless] scalar doublet. When technicolor interactions become strong, the resulting technicolor condensate not only breaks the electroweak symmetry, but also causes the scalar to develop a vacuum expectation value. With the appropriate choice of the scalar's Yukawa couplings, fermion masses are generated, giving us the conventional pattern of flavor symmetry breaking. Although no explicit scalar mass term appears in the full Lagrangian of the model, the pseudoscalar states that remain in the low-energy effective theory gain sufficient mass through technicolor interactions to evade detection. We show that this model does not generate unacceptably large flavor-changing neutral currents, and is consistent with the experimental constraints on oblique electroweak radiative corrections. We determine the experimentally allowed region of the model's parameter space, and discuss the significance of a phenomenologically viable model that has no arbitrary dimensionful parameters. In terms of parameter counting, our model is the simplest possible extension of the standard model.
Validation of a Composite Convective Index as Defined by a Real-Time Local Analysis System

Abstract Advances in remote sensing from earth- and spaceborne systems, expanded in situ observation networks, and increased low-cost computer capability will allow an unprecedented view of mesoscale weather systems from the local weather office. However, the volume of data from these new instruments, the nonconventional quantities measured, and the need for a frequent operational cycle require development of systems to translate this information into products aimed specifically at aiding the forecaster in 0- to 6-h prediction. In northeast Colorado an observing network now exists that is similar to those that a local weather office may see within 5–7 years. With GOES and TIROS satellites, Doppler radar, wind profilers, and surface mesonet stations, a unique opportunity exists to explore the use of such data in nowcasting weather phenomena. The scheme, called LAPS (the Local Analysis and Prediction System), objectively analyzes data on a high-resolution, three-dimensional grid. The analysed fields are use...
BIPHOTONIC CHEMISTRY OF PHENANTHRENE UNDER 308 nm EXCIMER LASER IRRADIATION

— –The high intensity laser induced photochemistry of phenanthrene is complex and appears to be non-linear with respect to laser intensity. Photochemical products primarily involve the solvent (CH2C12) and phenanthrene coupling. These species exhibit strong absorption and emission which are red-shifted from that of phenanthrene. In the presence of a-methyl styrene, styrene oligomers are formed, but no dimers, indicating that there are no a-methyl styrene cation radical reactions. In all cases of laser irradiation the solutions become acidic, which is ascribed to the deprotonation of the phenanthrene cation radical. Acid formation does not occur in the presence of a-methyl styrene under CW irradiation with a conventional Xe lamp. These differences are ascribed to photoionization from the singlet state for laser irradiation while under CW conditions triplet-triplet annihilation can produce the phenanthrene cation radical.
MANAGEMENT OF SLEEP-RELATED BREATHING DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

The causes of sleep-related breathing disorders in children are more diverse than those in adults and can involve a variety of sites in the upper airway. This article discusses the management of sleep disordered breathing in children, emphasizing new modalities and advances in common surgical techniques.
Can cognitive aging contribute to fundamental psychological theory? Repetition deafness as a test case

Abstract This study concretely illustrates the Birren-Fisher strategy (1991), the use of well-established aging effects to understand fundamental but poorly understood phenomena in mainstream psychology. Our well-established aging effects included inhibition deficits and new learning deficits, and our poorly understood mainstream phenomenon was repetition deafness (RD), the reduced immediate recall of repeated words in computer compressed speech. Applying the Birren-Fisher strategy to RD successfully showed that RD is fundamentally similar to repetition blindness, that normal prosody eliminates RD for both young and older participants, and that age-linked connection formation problems cause RD, but not inhibition, perceptual fusion, or an absolute refractory period.
Lyman- α forest constraints on decaying dark matter

We present an analysis of high-resolution $N$-body simulations of decaying dark matter cosmologies focusing on the statistical properties of the transmitted Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ ($\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$) forest flux in the high-redshift intergalactic medium (IGM). In this type of model a dark matter particle decays into a slightly less massive stable dark matter daughter particle and a comparably light particle. The small mass splitting provides a nonrelativistic kick velocity ${V}_{k}=c\ensuremath{\Delta}M/M$ to the daughter particle resulting in free-streaming and subsequent damping of small-scale density fluctuations. Current $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest power spectrum measurements probe comoving scales up to $\ensuremath{\sim}2\char21{}3{h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Mpc}$ at redshifts $z\ensuremath{\sim}2\char21{}4$, providing one of the most robust ways to probe cosmological density fluctuations on relatively small scales. The suppression of structure growth due to the free-streaming of dark matter daughter particles also has a significant impact on the neutral hydrogen cloud distribution, which traces the underlying dark matter distribution well at high redshift. We exploit $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest power spectrum measurements to constrain the amount of free-streaming of dark matter in such models and thereby place limits on decaying dark matter based only on the dynamics of cosmological perturbations without any assumptions about the interactions of the decay products. We use a suite of dark-matter-only simulations together with the fluctuating Gunn-Peterson approximation to derive the $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ flux distribution. We argue that this approach should be sufficient for our main purpose, which is to demonstrate the power of the $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest to constrain decaying dark matter models. We find that Sloan Digital Sky Survey 1D $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest power spectrum data place a lifetime-dependent upper limit ${V}_{k}\ensuremath{\lesssim}30\char21{}70\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{s}$ for decay lifetimes $\ensuremath{\lesssim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Gyr}$. This is the most stringent model-independent bound on invisible dark matter decays with small mass splittings. For larger mass splittings (large ${V}_{k}$), $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest data restrict the dark matter lifetime to ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}40\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Gyr}$. We leave the calibration of IGM properties using high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations for future work, which might become necessary if we consider data with higher precision such as the Baryon Oscillation and Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ data. Forthcoming BOSS data should be able to provide more stringent constraints on exotic dark matter, mainly because the larger BOSS quasar spectrum sample will significantly reduce statistical errors.
The study of men and masculinity as an important multicultural competency consideration

Gender issues in multicultural competencies do not generally include the study of men and masculinity. This article outlines a rationale for the inclusion of men and masculinity by drawing parallels with Whiteness and privilege as integral aspects of multicultural competency. Additionally, by including the study of men and masculinity into multicultural competency, issues such as heterosexism, patriarchy, homophobia, and sexism that are aspects of dominant masculinity can be addressed. Simultaneously, training clinicians to work with men may mean more effective and improved services than currently available. The article concludes with several multicultural competencies for clinicians when working with men that use Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis (1992) framework of multicultural competencies.
An investigation into the formation of Ru2Si3 nanocrystals in silica using ion implantation and thermal oxidation

Abstract An initial study was performed on the feasibility of forming Ru 2 Si 3 nanocrystals using an implantation and oxidation technique. Silicon (1 0 0) was implanted with Ru − ions at a fluence of 1.0 × 10 17 atoms/cm 2 at an energy of 45 keV. The implant was then oxidized at 900 °C to segregate nanocrystals at the silicon/oxide interface using two methods, a dry and wet thermal oxidation. Oxidation times were chosen so the oxide thickness roughly matched for the two methods. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) with 1.5 MeV alphas was used to monitor the concentration of Ru as a function of depth, and indicated both techniques resulted in segregated Ru. However, the Ru did not self-assemble into a thin layer as expected, but instead diffused further in to the sample for both cases. The results of this initial study and suggested techniques to overcome the enhanced diffusion are presented here.
Whither jackknifing in Stein-rule estimation?

In multi-parameter ( multivariate ) estimation, the Stein rule provides minimax and admissible estimators , compromising generally on their unbiasedness. On the other hand, the primary aim of jack-knifing is to reduce the bias of an estimator ( without necessarily compromising on its efficacy ), and, at the same time, jackknifing provides an estimator of the sampling variance of the estimator as well. In shrinkage estimation ( where minimization of a suitably defined risk function is the basic goal ), one may wonder how far the bias-reduction objective of jackknifing incorporates the dual objective of minimaxity ( or admissibility ) and estimating the risk of the estimator ? A critical appraisal of this basic role of jackknifing in shrinkage estimation is made here. Restricted, semi-restricted and the usual versions of jackknifed shrinkage estimates are considered and their performance characteristics are studied . It is shown that for Pitman-type ( local ) alternatives, usually, jackkntfing fails to prov...
Lateral substrate completion rate in the Lauritzen-Hoffman secondary surface nucleation theory : Nature of the friction coefficient

In this paper it is demonstrated that, within the context of the Lauritzen−Hoffman (LH) secondary surface nucleation theory, the nature of the friction factor governs whether or not a fraction of t...