cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New perpendicular media by engineering the thermal stability and writing capability separately

We experimentally demonstrated two novel approaches to tune the thermal stability (K/sub u/V/k/sub B/T) and coercivity of perpendicular media separately to alleviate writing field limitation of perpendicular magnetic recording. The well-exchange decoupled magnetic grain is engineered into two parts: magnetic hard and magnetic soft. The first approach is to control the exchange coupling strength to a proper value thus the soft region of grain will switch first with an external field and apply a torque to help the switch of the hard region, which has been proposed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The second approach is to use the pure Zeeman energy from soft region of grain to help the switching of hard region of grain.
The study of a cell-based TSM piezoelectric sensor

Piezoelectric biosensors incorporating living cells are capable of delivering functional information in contrast to protein-based sensors, which provide analytical data. Functional information, i.e. information about the physiological effect of an analyte or measurand on a living system, is often desired in many important applications in pharmacology, toxicology, cell biology and environmental measurements, including the applications in the area of bioterrorism and biowarfare. Preliminary results describing the properties of a thickness shear mode (TSM) acoustic sensor operating under different ambient conditions with immobilized endothelial cells are presented. A TSM acoustic sensor, which utilizes shear motion generated by a vibrating AT-cut quartz resonator, has the ability to monitor interfacial phenomena at the sensor/liquid interface. The cells were placed in Dulbecco's modified Eagles media (DMEM) solution, which provided appropriate conditions for maintaining cells at the required level of bioactivity. Initially, the sensor was calibrated with well characterized physical system consisting of a suspension of polystyrene spheres in DMEM. Next, the immobilization process of the cells onto various solid surfaces was characterized. A sedimentation rate and different arrangements of the cells at the gold and collagen surfaces were determined.. Specifically, the adhesion period followed by the cell proliferation time were measured, and unique signatures of the sensor response corresponding to each of these processes were identified. Finally, the cells were fixed with formaldehyde, which manifested itself with the increase of the cell elasticity and decrease of the viscoelastic losses. In conclusion, TSM piezoelectric sensors offer a very attractive technology platform for development of cell-based biosensors. Because a cell-based sensing process is physiologically relevant to natural cellular machinery, these sensor types will experience growing significance in the near future.
Parallel architectures for computing the Hough transform and CT image reconstruction

This paper discusses high-speed array implementations of two image processing algorithms, namely the 'Hough transform for detection of line segments', and 'backprojection in CT image reconstruction'. A multi-chip-module (MCM) construction is proposed consisting of three types of chips, a high speed multi-function nonlinear chip, a flexible multiply-accumulate chip, and an image kernel chip. Called V-array, it can be configured to have eight Hough modules, so as to produce the Hough transform of a 1024/spl times/1024 image in an estimated 13 ms in 2.0 micron CMOS technology (6.6 ms in 1.0 micron CMOS technology). Similarly, a V-array MCM can accommodate eight CT modules, which can produce the backprojected image in 209 ms in 2.0 micron CMOS technology (105 ms in 1.0 micron CMOS technology). To gain a significant speed advantage, we have developed an advanced multi-function cell for performing any one of four nonlinear operations: square-root, reciprocal, sine/cosine, and arctangent-all realized in a single chip, accessible on a selectable basis. A 16 bit four-function "one cycle" VLSI chip, fabricated in 2.0 micron CMOS technology, is presently available which outputs a new result every clock cycle. Using this nonlinear cell and two other cells, an application level Hough transform module and a CT module are presented. >
Enhancing randomized motion planners: exploring with haptic hints

We investigate methods for enabling a human operator and an automatic motion planner to cooperatively solve a motion planning query. Our goal is to develop techniques by which the automatic planner can utilize (easily generated) user-input, and determine 'natural' ways to inform the user of the progress made by the motion planner. We show that simple randomized techniques inspired by probabilistic roadmap methods are quite useful for transforming approximate, user-generated paths into collision-free paths, and describe an iterative transformation method which enables one to transform a solution for an easier version of the problem into a solution for the original problem. We also illustrate that simple visualization techniques can provide meaningful representations of the planner's progress in a 6-dimensional C-space. We illustrate the utility of our methods on difficult problems involving complex 3D CAD models.
Settlement and Metamorphosis of Rhabdopleura normani (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia)

Settling and metamorphosing larvae of the pterobranch hemichordate Rhabdopleura normani from Bermuda were examined with light microscopy, providing the first detailed description of the morphological changes during larval metamorphosis in pterobranchs. The swimming larvae settle within 24 h after being released from the parent tube. The settled larva immediately everts the ventral depression and surrounds itself with a translucent, sealed cocoon. During metamorphosis, which takes place over 7–10 days within the protective cocoon, structural changes occur in the following sequence: (1) differentiation of the oral shield from the anterior region; (2) budding of the two arms from the mid-dorsal surface; (3) development of the posterior stalk from the adhesive organ; (4) budding of the tentacles on the arms; (5) formation of the pharynx from invaginated ectoderm; (6) formation of the gut and pericardium from the remaining mesenchyme. The gut is the last structure to become functional. The larva relies on stored nutrients throughout metamorphosis. The metamorphosed juvenile builds a tube at an opening in the cocoon and begins to feed. Similarities with lecithotrophic bryozoan and enteropneust larvae are discussed.
Above- versus below-ground competitive effects and responses of a guild of temperate tree species

Summary 1. The neutral theory debate has highlighted the scarcity of robust empirical estimates of the magnitude of competitive effects and responses within guilds of co-occurring tree species. Our analysis quantifies the relative magnitude of all possible pairwise competitive interactions within a guild of nine co-occurring tree species in temperate forests of northern, interior British Columbia, and explicitly partitions the competitive effects of neighbours into the effects of shading versus the residual effects of ‘crowding’, assumed to reflect below-ground competition. 2. Models that treated neighbours as equivalent in their competitive effects were the most parsimonious for the five species with the smallest sample sizes. For the remaining species (samples sizes of > 150 individuals), the best models estimated separate competition coefficients for all nine species of neighbours. We take this as evidence that species do indeed differ in their competitive effects, but that there can be a minimum sample size required to discriminate between them. 3. There was a strong size-dependency in potential growth. Six species showed an optimal growth at a size between 5 and 20 cm diameter. Potential growth declined moderately to strongly as diameter increased. Sensitivity to crowding varied as a function of tree size for five of the nine species; however, this response was not consistent by tree species. 4. The magnitude of reduction in growth due to crowding was greater on average than the reduction in growth due to shading, except for the two least shade tolerant conifers. Sensitivity to shading among the conifer species was correlated with their shade tolerance. 5. The per capita effects of crowding by different species of neighbours varied widely. A large number of the estimated pairwise per capita competition coefficients were very low. The relative magnitude of the strength of intra- versus interspecific competition also varied widely among the tree species. 6. Synthesis . Model selection techniques effectively separated above- and below-ground competition in complex forests, and allowed us to assess differences among species in competitive effects and responses. While below-ground effects were strong, they were due to proximity of neighbours from a very specific (and small) subset of strong competitors within the guild. Response to crowding varied with tree size but the nature of the relationship varied widely among the species.
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAND HERMIT CRAB COENOBITA COMPRESSUS H. MILNE EDWARDS REARED IN THE LABORATORY

Abstract The complete larval development of the land hermit crab Coenobita compressus is described from specimens reared in the laboratory at 26°C. Eighty-eight percent passed through five zoeal stages and 12% passed through four zoeal stages before metamorphosing 21–33 days after hatching. Megalopae left their water dishes as soon as seven days after metamorphosis, buried themselves in damp sand approximately 29 days after metamorphosis, and emerged as young crabs 1–5 days later. Coenobita compressus zoeae can be distinguished from the other seven described coenobitids by the setation of the maxillule and antenna, whereas the megalopa can be distinguished by the segmentation of the second and third maxillipeds. Characters are also given to distinguish C. compressus zoeae from those of sympatric marine hermit crab zoeae.
Natural language and spatial reasoning

Making systems that understand language has long been a dream of artificial intelligence. This thesis develops a model for understanding language about space and movement in realistic situations. The system understands language from two real-world domains: finding video clips that match a spatial language description such as "People walking through the kitchen and then going to the dining room" and following natural language commands such as "Go down the hall towards the fireplace in the living room." Understanding spatial language expressions is a challenging problem because linguistic expressions, themselves complex and ambiguous, must be connected to real-world objects and events. The system bridges the gap between language and the world by modeling the meaning of spatial language expressions hierarchically, first capturing the semantics of spatial prepositions, and then composing these meanings into higher level structures. Corpus-based evaluations of how well the system performs in different, realistic domains show that the system effectively and robustly understands spatial language expressions. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Abstract 181: MR Oxygen Metabolic Index (OMI) Thresholds for Delineating Core, Penumbra, and Oligemia in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background: PET cerebral oxygen metabolic rate (CMRO 2 ) provides a measure of tissue viability during acute ischemic stroke. Oxygen metabolic index (OMI), an MR-derived parameter closely related to CMRO 2 , was developed as a more accessible imaging approach for acute stroke patients. Methods: 38 acute ischemic stroke patients were imaged at 3.0 hours (tp1), 6.2 hours (tp2), and 1 month (tp3) after onset. Dynamic susceptibility contrast method measured CBF. An asymmetry spin echo sequence was used to calculate OEF; OMI=CBFxOEF. Co-registered voxels were normalized to the non-ischemic hemisphere. Two OMI thresholds to distinguish core from penumbra and penumbra from oligemia were derived by separating brain tissue into 4 groups: (1) tissue that died regardless of reperfusion ( core ); (2) tissue that died without reperfusion ( nonreperfused_penumbra ); (3) tissue that survived with reperfusion ( reperfused_penumbra ); and (4) tissue that survived regardless of reperfusion ( oligemia ). An exhaustive search method was used to determine an optimal pair of core/penumbra and penumbra/oligemia thresholds for each patient by minimizing the “average prediction error (APE)”, a metric averaging the differences for each tissue group’s actual infarct probability (IP) from the ideal IP (Table). The predictive abilities of the thresholds were tested in the same cohort using “leave-one-out” cross-validation, and the APE averaged across the population. Results: The core/penumbra OMI threshold and the penumbra/oligemia OMI threshold ranged from 0.21-0.22 and 0.41-0.43, respectively. The median IP’s [IQR] for the 4 tissue groups are shown (Table). The population averaged APE was 15% [5%, 24%]. Conclusions: OMI thresholds delineated the ischemic penumbra with high predictive ability: reperfused penumbra demonstrated low IP (6.79%), while non-reperfused penumbra demonstrated high IP (73.57%). These thresholds will require further testing in independent patient cohorts.
Pheromone Production of the Boll Weevil in Response to Seven Cotton Genotypes Grown in Two Environments

Pheromone was collected from the air surrounding cultured boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, as they fed on flower buds from seven cotton genotypes, Gossypium hirsutum L., grown in two field environments. An effluvial method was used to collect the pheromone, and capillary column gas chromatography was used to quantify it. Significantly more pheromone was collected when boll weevils fed on flower buds from some glanded genotypes than when they fed on flower buds from glandless genotypes (i.e., genotypes without epidermal glands containing terpenoid aldehydes). Boll weevils feeding on flower buds of some glanded genotypes produced significantly more pheromone than those boll weevils feeding on flower buds of other glanded genotypes depending upon the environment where the cotton was grown. The amounts and ratios of the four pheromone components also were affected by genotype and the environment where they were grown. These results suggest that boll weevil pheromone quantity and quality is dynamic in time and space depending upon host-plant genotype, environment, and insect age.
Validation of the Galileo scan platform control design using DISCOS

The flexibility of the Galileo spacecraft's scan platform control system stator structure, which lies between the scan platform and one of the control actuators, has been a major design consideration. Tests have been conducted to verify the prevention of undesirable interactions between the structure and the control loop, by means of the Dynamic Interaction Simulation of Controls and Structure (DISCOS) program. The scan platform's control design has been validated for the achievement of 140-microradians maximum position deviation and 50 microradians of jitter over 1-sec intervals.
Measure It: Proper Wheelchair Fit Is Key to Ensuring Function While Protecting Skin Integrity

The objectives of this article are to help the clinician to better recognize the basic biomechanics of posture, describe the appropriate means to configure a wheelchair to permit proper postural support, and to identify common problems arising from improper wheelchair fit.
P-58 Does readiness to engage in advance care planning matters for patients with heart failure?

Background Advance care planning (ACP) is underutilised in patients with heart failure (HF); however, ACP needs to be introduced early in the illness trajectory as patients with HF progress through a rather non-linear and unpredictable trajectory characterised by sudden decompensations and death. Although the incidence of heart failure has declined in the past decade, because of improved HF therapies and an ageing population, the absolute number of HF cases is rising in Canada. Introduction of ACP is challenged by the patients’ perceptions about their health and lack of awareness about the severity of their illness, and by the perceptions of health care professionals of judging the timing to early and the patients not ready for such intervention. Aim This literature review aims to conceptually define readiness, and to describe readiness to engage in ACP and its influential factors. Methods A systematic literature search using major databases was conducted. Relevant articles were selected, critically appraised and synthesised. Results Readiness is theoretically proposed to have three main domains: intention, attitudes and beliefs; however, most studies fail to conceptually define readiness. Studies are lacking on readiness in the HF populations and evidence with other patients suggest mixed levels of readiness to engage in ACP. Evidence on factors influencing readiness are inconclusive and most studies have methodological limitations. Conclusion Future research is needed with strong theoretical foundations to explore readiness to engage in ACP of patients with HF. This will aid health care providers to target the modifiable variable to increase ACP participation.
William E. Hatfield; 1937–1995

The molecular magnetism community lost one of its pioneers this past year when Professor William E. Hatfield passed away on Feb. 21, 1995. Hatfield, who was a native of Kentucky, obtained his Ph. D. in inorganic chemistry at the University of Arizona in 1962 under the direction of Professor John Yoke. He then spent one year in a postdoctoral position at the University of Illinois with the late Professor T. S. Piper. In 1963, he joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of North Carolina, where he played a major role in the development of the inorganic chemistry. Professor Joseph L. Templeton, Chairman of the UNC Chemistry Department, said “Bill led inorganic chemistry at UNC from humble origins to prominence in three decades.” At the time of his retirement in 1994, he was the Mary Ann Smith Professor of Chemistry at that institution. He was 57 at the time of his death.
Architecting and Programming a Hardware-Incoherent Multiprocessor Cache Hierarchy

New architectures for extreme-scale computing need to bedesigned for higher energy efficiency than current systems. One recently-proposed extreme-scale manycore radically simplifiesthe architecture, and proposes a cluster-based on-chip memory hierarchy withouthardware cache coherence. To program for such an environment, this paper proposes twoapproaches. They use shared-memory programmingeither inside clusters only, or both inside and across clusters. Both approaches rely on ISA support for writeback and self-invalidation operations. Our simulation results show thathardware-incoherent cache hierarchies with our support deliverreasonable performance for applications that were notwritten for such hierarchies. Specifically, forexecution within a cluster, the averageexecution time of the applications is 2% higher than with hardware cache coherence, for execution across multiple clusters, it is 5% higher than with hardware cache coherence. This is accomplished with minimal hardware support.
Lattice bosons with infinite-range checkerboard interactions

Motivated by experiments performed by Landig et al. [Nature (London) 532, 476 (2016)], we consider a two-dimensional Bose gas in an optical lattice, trapped inside a single mode superradiant Fabry-Perot cavity. The cavity mediates infinite-range checkerboard interactions between the atoms, which produces competition between Mott insulator, charge-density wave, superfluid, and supersolid phases. We calculate the phase diagram of this Bose gas in a homogeneous system and in the presence of a harmonic trap.
Regional distribution of T-tubule density in left and right atria in dogs

Background The peculiarities of transverse tubule (T-tubule) morphology and distribution in the atrium—and how they contribute to excitation-contraction coupling—are just beginning to be understood. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine T-tubule density in the intact, live right and left atria in a large animal and to determine intraregional differences in T-tubule organization within each atrium. Methods Using confocal microscopy, T-tubules were imaged in both atria in intact, Langendorf-perfused normal dog hearts loaded with di-4-ANEPPS. T-tubules were imaged in large populations of myocytes from the endocardial surface of each atrium. Computerized data analysis was performed using a new MatLab (Mathworks, Natick, MA) routine, AutoTT. Results There was a large percentage of myocytes that had no T-tubules in both atria with a higher percentage in the right atrium (25.1%) than in the left atrium (12.5%) ( P Conclusion There is a sparse T-tubule network in atrial myocytes throughout both dog atria, with significant numbers of myocytes in both atria—the right atrium more so than the left atrium—having no T-tubules at all. These regional differences in T-tubule distribution, along with differences in cell width and sarcomere spacing, may have implications for the emergence of substrate for atrial fibrillation.
How to Think of Intersection Types as Cartesian Products

In their paper “Intersection types and lambda definability” [Bucciarelli, A., Piperno, A., Salvo I., Intersection types and lambda definability, MSCS03, 13 (1), pp. 15–53, (2003)] Bucciarelli, Piperno, and Salvo give a mapping of the strongly normalizable untyped terms into the simply typed terms via the assignment of intersection types. Here we shall both generalize their result and provide a converse. We shall do this by retracting untyped terms with surjective pairing onto untyped terms without pairing by using a special variant of Stovring's notion [Stovring, K., Extending the extensional lambda calculus with surjective pairing is conservative, LMCS 2, pp. 1–14] of a symmetric term. The symmetric ones which have simple types with Cartesian products are precisely the ones which retract onto (eta expansions of) strongly normalizable untyped terms. The intersection types of the strongly normalizable terms are related to the simple types with products in that we just replace ∧ by Cartesian product and vice versa.
Thalidomide (T) in Combination with Fludarabine (F) as Initial Therapy for Patients (pts) with Treatment Naïve Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Results of a Phase I Trial.

CLL is an incurable disease. Standard treatment with F results in an ORR of 63% (CR 20%). Improved RR are noted when F is combined with biologic agents such as rituximab. All pts eventually relapse with limited salvage options. TNF-a is an important cytokine in the pathogenesis of CLL. T is an immunomodulatory drug with anti- TNF-a, anti-VEGF and immunostimulatory activity. We have completed a phase I study combining T with F as an immunochemotherapeutic approach to enhance anti-CLL activity of F. Treatment-naive pts requiring therapy for CLL were eligible for this study. T was started at D1 and continued for 6 months stepwise in 3 cohorts of T (100,200,300 mg). Standard dose F (25mg/m 2 x 5 D every 4 wks) was given for 4–6 cycles starting on D7. Antitumor activity of T alone was assessed at D7 prior to the first F dose. Low-dose coumadin (1 or 2 mg po qd) was used for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism (VTE). Thirteen pts (9M, 4F; median age 65,range 38–74 yrs) have been enrolled on 3 dose levels (cohort #1 n =6, #2 n=3, #3 n=4). All pts are available for toxicity analysis. Pts were considered evaluable for response if they completed the intended 6 months of T. 3 pts were removed from study for toxicity (2VTE, 1 in the 1st week of therapy prior to F infusion, 2 nd during the 4 th cycle, 1 Hep C reactivation presumably secondary to F), without evidence of disease progression. 9 pts completed 6 months of therapy and are available for response (5CR and 4PR, ORR of 100%) median follow-up of 12+ (range 6–18+) months. Response to T alone, assessed on D7 of cycle 1, was noted at all dose levels, and no dose-limiting toxicity was noted. Flare reaction (tender swelling of lymph nodes) was noted in 5/13 pts (38%) and was the most common side effect. Rash, fatigue and constipation were noted in 30%, 23% and 15% of the pts, respectively. Of the 60 cycles given on this study, 9 (15%) and 3 (5%) episodes of Grade III and IV non-hematologic toxicities were noted, respectively. In this phase I study, the combination of T with F was well tolerated with improved ORR over F. T alone appears to be active in CLL with clinical activity noted as early as D 7 at all dose levels studied. The combination does not appear to increase the incidence of VTE compared to T alone. Ongoing phase II portion of this study will further establish the potential role of FT in CLL.
A note on stability analysis using Bode plots

Every chemical process control textbook states the Bode stability criterion in one form or another. But the stated definitions of the criterion are in almost all cases incomplete. This not only influences the stability analysis of the system, but also has an effect on the gain and phase margins. In this paper the limitations of different versions of the Bode stability criterion are analyzed and a revised criterion is formulated. This revised criterion results in a correct analysis for stability as well as robustness of the system. Examples are given to illustrate the importance of this revised stability criterion.
The Big 5 and relationship maintenance on Facebook

The current study examined associations between the Big 5, relationship maintenance activities on Facebook (public displays and partner surveillance), and Facebook-related relationship difficulties...
The Concepts of Self and Freedom in Buddhism

One of the most controversial views expressed by the Buddha is said to be that regarding the nature of the subject, the self or the human person who experiences the objective world. It is generally assumed that he, as a strong advocate of what is popularly known as the doctrine of “no-self” (anattā, anātman), is unable to give a satisfactory account of human action and responsibility, not to speak of problems such as knowledge and freedom. Such criticisms were directed at him by his contemporaries as well as by some classical and modern writers on Buddhism.
Flippin' the Scripted Curriculum: Ethnic Studies Inquiry in Elementary Education.

This study examines the practical application of ethnic studies inquiry projects to supplement elementary scripted language arts curriculum. Drawing from decolonial theory, the study examines pedag...
Scentery: a calming multisensory environment by mixing virtual reality, sound, and scent

Scentery proposes a novel approach to create calming multisensory environments by displaying visualizations, reproducing audios and activating olfactory sensations. By the use of recent literature, we introduce an initial Emotive Design Taxonomy that intersects emotions, and colors, sounds and scents. Scentery's users switch between different multisensory scenarios that promote calm sensation. The first VR scenario immerses the user into the scenery of lavender field, which bursts into a carnival of purple, a lavender scent and ambient instrumental sound. The other scenario is the scenery of raining forest, a ylang-ylang scent and nature sound. Scentery was developed with Unity 3D for creating the 3D scenarios, Unity Remote for the camera control and viewer's perspectives, and a microcontroller for triggering the scents in the vaporizer.
Consistent BFT Performance for Blockchains

There have been numerous solutions to improve the message complexity of Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols. Unfortunately, these solutions do not guarantee consistent performance and fall back to quadratic message complexity if a certain threshold of node failures is encountered in the network. Furthermore, reliance on a single primary to forward a proposed blockchain block to all replicas in the network can provide a potential attack vector, in which the primary can create discrepancies among histories of honest replicas. This results in increased latency during the view change (denial of service). Therefore, we propose a BFT-based protocol that guarantees consistent performance and shifts the reliance from a single primary to broadcast a candidate block to a sub-committee of replicas.
Integration of Diamond Interchange and Ramp Metering Operations

The aim of this research was to develop operational strategies for integrating the operations between diamond interchange traffic signals and ramp metering signals. Integrated operational strategies were developed on the basis of the two commonly used diamond interchange phasing schemes: the basic three-phase scheme and the Texas Transportation Institute four-phase scheme. The key elements of the integration system and its operations include a proposed enhanced detection system and an operational algorithm. Through implementation of special signal timings at the diamond interchange, the traffic flows feeding the ramp meters can be effectively controlled and thus minimize ramp queues and the resulting need to flush the queues, which would possibly lead to freeway breakdown. The operational strategies were evaluated with VISSIM microscopic simulation under three general traffic demand scenarios—low, medium, and high—as characterized by the volume-to-capacity ratios at the metered ramps. The results of the evaluation indicated that the integrated operations were most effective under a medium traffic demand scenario in preventing or delaying the onset of ramp metering queue flush, thereby reducing freeway breakdown and system delays.
The Challenge of Mastitis Control

(Continued from page 153) cabinet after washing by hand or mechanical means, and (d) plants using hand washing alone. In the large plants, 55.5 per cent of the bottles had less than 600 colonies when incubated at 22° and 37° C., and only 1.1 per cent had more than 25,000 colonies. The corresponding figures for the small rotary plants were 49 and 6.4 per cent, for steam sterilization plants 50 and 23 per cent, and plants employing hand washing 6 and 23.5 per cent. A comparison of plants relying wholly or mainly on soaking in a detergent section with those relying exclusively on spray from jets showed that though good results might be obtained by either method, the spray type of plant gave on the average better results than the soaker type of plant. The general conclusion is reached that equally good results may be obtained in large or small rotary plants relying on sterilization by a caustic detergent as in plants employing steam sterilization, and tha t the uniformly best results are 0 btained in properly designed and operated plants of the spray type. From a study of the process of disinfection by caustic soda it is concluded that The Veterinary Student
Autonomic medical practice viewed through the lens of physician-rating websites.

To survey online patient ratings of physicians practicing autonomic medicine. Online patient review scores of US physician members of the American Autonomic Society were compared to scores of US physicians in general and to indices of professional expertise. The 68 autonomic physicians who had been rated scored 3.80 ± 0.82 on a composite five-star scale, in which 5 was the most favorable score, as compared to 3.84 ± 0.98 for all US physicians (no significant difference, p = 0.8). Scores correlated inversely with autonomic physicians’ number of scientific publications (p = 0.01), h-index (p = 0.01), and m-index (p = 0.0004). Scores of diplomates of the United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties certified in autonomic disorders or who were ranked in the top 1% of US physicians by Castle Connolly had scores comparable to those of other autonomic physicians. Scores did not correlate with physician gender, number of reviews, or years in practice. A quality patient experience, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are goals shared by patients and autonomic specialists. In this study, patient reviews of autonomic physicians were comparable to those of physicians across specialties. Metrics of greater autonomic expertise were associated with equal or lower patient satisfaction scores. In conclusion, compiled subjective reviews are a useful but incomplete indicator of autonomic physician quality and expertise. An ideal profile would combine clinical and nonclinical indicators of professional competence. Reliable information is needed to empower autonomic patients to make truly informed healthcare choices.
The Surgical Management of Pain

Pain is a frequently encountered complaint in a neurosurgeon’s office. A wide array of symptoms including back pain, face pain, phantom limb pain, diabetic neuropathy, chest pain, and cancer-related pain may all be amenable to surgical intervention if conservative treatment strategies have failed. Likewise, some characteristic pain syndromes, including trigeminal neuralgia and occipital neuralgia, have been well studied and are primarily treated with surgery when initial medical management fails. There are three broad categories for the surgical management of chronic pain in the absence of an identifiable surgical lesion: neuromodulation and neurostimulation of the brain and spine, direct administration of medications to the central nervous system (CNS), and neuroablation.
Glial cells in the driver seat of leukodystrophy pathogenesis

Abstract Glia cells are often viewed as support cells in the central nervous system, but recent discoveries highlight their importance in physiological functions and in neurological diseases. Central to this are leukodystrophies, a group of progressive, neurogenetic disease affecting white matter pathology. In this review, we take a closer look at multiple leukodystrophies, classified based on the primary glial cell type that is affected. While white matter diseases involve oligodendrocyte and myelin loss, we discuss how astrocytes and microglia are affected and impinge on oligodendrocyte, myelin and axonal pathology. We provide an overview of the leukodystrophies covering their hallmark features, clinical phenotypes, diverse molecular pathways, and potential therapeutics for clinical trials. Glial cells are gaining momentum as cellular therapeutic targets for treatment of demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophies, currently with no treatment options. Here, we bring the much needed attention to role of glia in leukodystrophies, an integral step towards furthering disease comprehension, understanding mechanisms and developing future therapeutics.
The “Return” from the Transcendental

In our last chapter we explored a possible solution to the number of problems attendant to applying a phenomenological approach to psychology, only to discover that this solution was apparently unsatisfactory from both a psychological and philosophical perspective. Husserl’s suggestion that phenomenological psychology could operate on a pre-transcendental, pre-epistemological level and occupy a kind of middle ground between natural and transcendental attitudes could not, in fact, be carried out. The attempt to view consciousness as intentional from within a psychological framework runs into the same dilemma within the parameters of psychology as it did in 1903 within the parameters of philosophy. In both cases, the impasse encountered is the same: how are we to understand the relation between the subjectivity of knowing and the objectivity that is known? In order to overcome this impasse, intentionality must be viewed as constitutive, regardless of whether we are operating within the parameters of psychology or philosophy. The move to a constitutive view of consciousness, though, challenges the status of our psychological discipline in a fundamental way. Can a psychology of constituting consciousness remain a positive, worldly science or does it cease to be psychology and become transcendental phenomenology instead? Since psychology cannot view consciousness as intentional without assuming a transcendental perspective, should it abandon that effort and retreat to the naturalistic attitude from whence it came? Our realization that psychology cannot simply remain epistemologically naive and settle for half-truths about its subject matter, i.e., consciousness in its relation to “the” world, leaves us with these and other related questions.
GVB Interpretations of Bonding and Reactions

As a graduate student (GS), I had worked out that the GVB wavefunction for CH4 could lead to localized pairs of VB-like orbitals along each bond but the full wavefunction would still have Td symmetry. Also, I had shown that the GVB wavefunctions could dissociate properly as a bond is broken, going to atomic limits. However, I had not yet learned to program a computer, and indeed, I avoided reading any papers trying to do QM on materials because I had learned that they were completely useless. After joining the chemistry department in Nov. 1964 I learned how to program and over the next few years learned about bonding for main group and for bonds to metals. We also learned about mechanisms for reactions based on Valence Bond concepts. Ideas about resonance were worked out. For H2 and He2 we were able to get a VB view of all excited states. These ideas were extended later to compounds involving other main group elements and transition metal. However, for metallic materials such as Fe and brass, our methods are still deficient.
Statistical CD Measurements Based on Analytical TEM Techniques and DM Scripting and its Application on PFA Analysis of IC Devices

It is still challenging to have both statistical measurements of CD (critical dimension) in ease-of-use and flexibility of measuring various features in short turnaround, in combination with analytical TEM techniques. DigitalMicrograph (DM) is a very common software and is compatible with all kinds of analytical TEM techniques. However, this software does not provide massive CD measurements for statistical analysis. This statistical analysis becomes more and more important while the complexity of structures increases, and sub-nanometer control becomes necessary in the semiconductor devices. In this paper, we developed a technique to fill in the gap by combining analytical TEM techniques and development of DM scripts. The analytical TEM techniques have been optimized to provide measurements at their highest available accuracies by considering their spatial resolutions and contrast mechanisms. The developed scripts provide an automatic metrology process at a high time efficiency and avoid measurement bias, which exists in the measurements with human eyes. Last but not least, this developed technique has also been applied to PFA (Physical Failure Analysis) such as contact failure due to oxidation of CoSi, which causes higher sheet resistance.
Chicken Auditory Supporting Cells Express Interferon Response Genes during Regeneration towards Nascent Sensory Hair Cells In Vivo

Abstract The avian hearing organ is the basilar papilla that, in sharp contrast to the mammalian cochlea, can regenerate sensory hair cells and thereby recover from complete deafness within weeks. The mechanisms that trigger, sustain, and terminate the regenerative response in vivo are largely unknown. Here, we profile the changes in gene expression in the chicken basilar papilla after aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hair cell loss using RNA-sequencing. The most prominent changes in gene expression were linked to the upregulation of interferon response genes which occurred in supporting cells, confirmed by single-cell RNA-sequencing and in situ hybridization. We determined that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is essential for the interferon gene response in supporting cells, set in motion by hair cell loss. Four days after ototoxic damage, we identified newly regenerated, nascent auditory hair cells that express genes linked to termination of the interferon response. These cells are incipient modified neurons that represent a population of hair cells en route towards obtaining their location-specific and fully functional cell identity. The robust, transient expression of immune-related genes in supporting cells suggests a potential functional involvement of JAK/STAT signaling and interferon in sensory hair cell regeneration.
Diversifying Isoprenoid Platforms via Atypical Carbon Substrates and Non-model Microorganisms

Isoprenoid compounds are biologically ubiquitous, and their characteristic modularity has afforded products ranging from pharmaceuticals to biofuels. Isoprenoid production has been largely successful in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with metabolic engineering of the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways coupled with the expression of heterologous terpene synthases. Yet conventional microbial chassis pose several major obstacles to successful commercialization including the affordability of sugar substrates at scale, precursor flux limitations, and intermediate feedback-inhibition. Now, recent studies have challenged typical isoprenoid paradigms by expanding the boundaries of terpene biosynthesis and using non-model organisms including those capable of metabolizing atypical C1 substrates. Conversely, investigations of non-model organisms have historically informed optimization in conventional microbes by tuning heterologous gene expression. Here, we review advances in isoprenoid biosynthesis with specific focus on the synergy between model and non-model organisms that may elevate the commercial viability of isoprenoid platforms by addressing the dichotomy between high titer production and inexpensive substrates.
Fetal survival with premature delivery in complications of pregnancy.

Abstract The fetal outcome was noted for the last 10,000 deliveries occurring at UCLA. Patients with premature ruptures of the membranes, toxemia, renal disease. RH sensitization, premature separation of the placenta, diabetes, and hypertension were compared to the remainder of the obstetric patients delivered during the same period of time. Our present management is preventing any actual rise in fetal loss due to fetal death in utero in successive stages of pregnancy. However, fetal death in utero does remain a continuing important factor throughout the stages of pregnancy, and if it could be prevented by a test of fetal welfare, infant survival might approach that expected for patients at the corresponding stages of pregnancy with no complications.
Patterns of Rarity in the Birds of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Patterns of rarity in species are generally explained by severalfactors: evolutionary history, spatial distribution, and genetic structure of each taxon. Human intervention also leads to or increases rarity in spe- cies. The discernment of causes of rarity is essential to the understanding of extinction patterns, and thus to devising conservation strategies. I examine patterns of rarity among bird species in the Atlantic forest region in Brazil, one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world. I assigned bird species to one of eight possible categories that differ in degree of vulnerability and that are based on three parameters of rarity: geographic distribution, habitat specificity, and population size. The Atlantic forest avifauna is a highly endangered group; 68% of the species are rare. Patterns of rarity among the birds in the region likely resultfrom their spe- cific ecologies or evolutionary histories. In addition, human alteration of natural habitats and hunting pres- sures have undoubtedly influenced rarity for a number of species.
High-technology i.v. infusion devices

Some of the newer high-technology infusion devices commercially available or under development are described. The range of infusion devices includes both controllers and pumps; pumps can be classified by mechanism of operation (peristaltic, syringe, cassette, elastomeric reservoir), frequency or type of drug delivery (continuous or intermittent infusion, bolus dosing, single- or multiple-solution delivery), or therapeutic application (such as the patient-controlled analgesia, or PCA, pump). Advances in infusion technology and computer technology have led to the development of devices with extremely sophisticated drug-delivery capabilities (multiple-rate or multiple-solution programming, operation as pump or controller, or both, and interchangeable applications and settings). Current research in infusion-device technology is focusing on implantable pumps, pumps with chronobiological applications, osmotic-pressure devices, and open- and closed-loop systems. Pharmacists need to keep abreast of the rapidly changing intravenous device marketplace to provide clinical expertise and leadership in the review and evaluation of high-technology drug delivery systems.
Torture: The Moral, Pragmatic, and Legal Implications

What are the moral, pragmatic, and legal dimensions of torture as an interrogation method? This paper frames torture historically, and then explores the moral framework of torture through the contrast of consequentialist and deontological ethics systems. Pragmatic concerns are addressed by reviewing the reliability of information disclosed under torture and by gauging its efficacy in the Global War on Terror. Next, the paper’s legal analysis focuses on the codified definitions and prohibitions of torture found in domestic and international law. I conclude that in order to uphold the rule of law and the value of justice, the United States should acknowledge that torture is immoral and unreliable, officially recognize that the U.S. has made use of torture in the Global War on Terror, investigate and prosecute agents of the U.S. government who have engaged in or authorized torture, and open itself to investigation by the United Nations Committee Against Torture and the International Court of Justice.
Nonelectrolyte distribution in mouse diaphragm muscle. II. cell volume, dxylose distribution, and the effect of insulin in hypertonic solutions

Abstract The d -xylose equilibrium distribution ratio ( r value) and the relative cell volume are measured in the mouse diaphragm muscle at 34 °C in incubation media made hypertonic with varying concentrations of d -xylose. Under basal conditions, r increases with external xylose concentration, and the muslce fiber shrinks. The xylose r value does not rise if the muscles are shrunken by hypertonic addition of NaCl or mannitol instead of xylose. In the presence of insulin, both r and the cell volume remain constant as external xylose is increased. All observations conform quantitatively to the a priori predictions of the compartmentation theory of sugar exclusion and insulin action. The data contradict predictions of the association-induction hypothesis. The results indicate strongly that intracellular water behaves like normal water aqueous solution and that no significant amount of intracellular xylose is adsorbed. The results also suggest that sugars are excluded from intracellular compartments via an active extrusion mechanism and that insulin causes inhibition of this mechanism.
The German-Americans

Originally printed in 1976, this sweeping text examines the history of German immigration to America from the pre-Revolutionary War period to the pre- and post-Civil War decades. Analyzes the push and pull factors which caused the immigration of millions of German-speaking Europeans.
Magnetic anticrossing of 1D subbands in ballistic double quantum wires

Abstract We study the low-temperature in-plane magnetoconductance of vertically coupled double quantum wires. Using a novel flip-chip technique, the wires are defined by two pairs of mutually aligned split gates on opposite sides of a ≤ 1 micron thick AlGaAs/GaAs double quantum well heterostructure. We observe quantized conductance steps due to each quantum well and demonstrate independent control of each 1D wire. A broad dip in the magnetoconductance at ∼ 6 T is observed when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to both the current and growth directions. This conductance dip is observed only when 1D subbands are populated in both the top and bottom constrictions. This data is consistent with a counting model whereby the number of subbands crossing the Fermi level changes with field due to the formation of an anticrossing in each pair of 1D subbands.