cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the producer have an incentive to sell fed cattle on a grid

Abstract Barriers to the adoption of grid pricing by fed cattle producers are investigated over a 206-week period (January 1997 to December 2000). The empirical findings document the following potential barriers to adoption: (1) when fed cattle are evaluated on a grid pricing system versus a dressed weight pricing system, a price differential per cwt. and a per-head revenue differential exists over time, (2) the price differential per cwt. is subject to seasonal variation, resulting in variability in the monetary incentive to market-fed cattle on a grid relative to selling cattle at an average price, and (3) the variability in per-head grid revenue is consistently higher than per-head dressed weight revenue variability over time. The marketing implications for fed cattle producers are (1) the incentive to market on a grid versus selling fed cattle dressed weight is lower in the spring relative to the fall; (2) marketing on a grid does reward producers selling high quality steers and the incentive to market higher quality cattle on a grid has been increasing over the 206-week period of the study; (3) grid discounts levied on lower quality cattle have also been increasing over time; (4) selling on a grid results in higher per-head revenue variability relative to selling fed cattle dressed-weight, indicating that while producers are rewarded when selling high quality cattle on a grid relative to selling at an average price, it is also a riskier marketing option relative to average pricing; and (5) the 4-year trend in the price differential per cwt. for above-average cattle has been positive but negative for the below-average quality cattle. This trend indicates that packers are providing monetary incentives and disincentives based on overall cattle quality when fed cattle are sold on a grid relative to purchasing fed cattle at an average price. Corresponding with this shift in the incentive structure of grid pricing, overall carcass quality has improved in the region from which data was collected. However, the empirical evidence supports the conclusion that the barriers to the adoption of grid pricing continue to exist.
Children's and adults' understanding of the impact of nutrition on biological and psychological processes

Four studies examined children's and adults' beliefs about the impact of nutrition on growth and mood states. In Studies 1 and 2, 271 participants (preschoolers through adults) judged the impact of healthy and unhealthy nutrition on height and weight. In Studies 3 and 4, 267 participants judged the impact of healthy and unhealthy nutrition on positive and negative mood states. The results suggest that young children demonstrate a co-existence of an ontologically distinct theory of biology as well as a theory of cross-domain interaction when reasoning about the impact of food on biological and psychological processes.
A Thyristor Replacement for Rheostatic Voltage Regulator

Thyristor circuits have been satisfactorily applied as voltage regulating systems using d-c pilot and main exciters on large hydroelectric generators. Duty cycle modulation of thyristor switching circuits using capacitance commutation replaces rheostatic regulator control. Fail safe design withcommutation failure detection provides high reliability. Included are convenient remote voltage adjustment without intervening motors or switches, supplementary control and rapid voltage reduction for internal generator faults. Functional diagrams and descriptions are given which indicate circuit design and performance.
Simultaneous analysis of multiple fluorescence decay curves: A global approach

Abstract A procedure is described for simultaneous analysis of multiple fluorescence decay curves. The advantage of this approach is that it exploits relationships between individual decays. Analysis of simulated and real fluorescence lifetime data indicate that this procedure results in increased model testing sensitivity and more accurate parameter recovery.
Predicting material strength, damage, and fracture The synergy between experiment and modeling

The Taylor cylinder impact test, the plane-strain tensile test, and explosively driven hemisphere test represent readily conducted experiments that probe the deformation, damage evolution, and fracture behavior of materials. Because these tests are very sensitive to large gradients of stress, strain, strain rate, and shock loading, we are using them to evaluate and validate the correctness of our mechanical models that are implemented and destined to be implemented into large-scale 3-D simulation codes.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in medical settings: focus on the critically ill.

The relevance of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) concept to medically ill patients is becoming increasingly clear. Some medical conditions (e.g., rheumatologic diseases) are likely related to PTSD indirectly. Others, such as myocardial infarction and critical illness/intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, are likely traumatic stressors. Importantly, PTSD seems to be a potent risk factor for fatal and nonfatal cardiac events. Risk factors for medical illness–related PTSD appear similar to risk factors for PTSD in general. PTSD is particularly common among survivors of critical illness and ICU treatment. Further research is needed to determine how specific ICU interventions (e.g., administration of benzodiazepines, corticosteroids, and catecholamines) affect PTSD risk. In the meantime, given the negative impact of PTSD on patients’ quality of life, it is important for psychiatrists and other clinicians to be aware of the syndrome in survivors of critical illness so as to ensure that such patients receive the care that they deserve.
Nonsymmetric vortices for the Ginzberg--Landau equations on the bounded domain

It is shown by means of the Cronstrom gauge condition [Phys. Lett. B 90, 267 (1980)] and the constrained variational principle that there exist nonsymmetric solutions to the steady‐state Ginzburg–Landau equations with arbitrary parameter λ>0 in bounded domain Ω contained in two‐dimensional Euclidean space.
Rapid advances in rapid scan spectroscopy

Rapid scan spectroscopy has burgeoned since 1960. The setting within which this rapid advance has occurred is reviewed, along with the combination of new problems and needed technological advances that have combined to open this field. The various types of instruments now in use are surveyed, and a comparison of performance characteristics for instruments now in use is presented.
Preoptic AVT Immunoreactive Neurons of a Teleost Fish with Alternative Reproductive Tactics

Recent reports have implicated an important role for arginine vasotocin (AVT) in the socially mediated sexual differentiation of fishes. This study focuses on the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus) which exhibits two male morphs, type I and type II, differing in a suite of behavioral, neurobiological, and endocrine traits. Immunocytochemical techniques were used to detect neurons containing AVT-like peptide in the forebrain of juveniles, adult females, and type I and type II males. AVT immunoreactive (ir) somata were localized to three regions: the terminal nerve ganglion, the preoptic area (POA), and the pineal stalk. The profile area, or size, of AVT-ir POA neurons differed across the four classes of midshipman and was strongly correlated to differences in body size among the groups. By contrast, the number of AVT-ir cells in the POA exhibited no difference across the classes of midshipman. The number of POA cells containing AVT is therefore likely to be set early in development and not to change with the growth of the animal. An analysis of AVT-ir cell number normalized by body mass revealed that the larger morphs, type I males and females, have fewer cells per gram body mass than type II males and juveniles. Therefore, type II males have a juvenile-like AVT POA phenotype with smaller cells and more numerous cells per unit body mass than type I males. Type II males also exhibit more variability in the number of AVT-ir cells found in the POA compared to type I males.
An efficient X-band 16-element spatial combiner of switched-mode power amplifiers

This paper describes the design, implementation, and characterization of a high-efficiency 10-GHz amplifier antenna array for spatial power combining. An average drain efficiency of 70% at 162 W effective isotropic radiated power, or about 1.5 W of transmitted power, is measured for an array of 16 amplifiers consisting of four four-element subarrays. The power-combining efficiency of the 16-element array is above 79%. The active device is a low-cost GaAs MESFET with a maximum available power in class A of 21 dBm. The single class-E power amplifier delivers 20.3 dBm with 67% drain efficiency and 58% power-added efficiency.
Extra-oral plasmablastic lymphoma: report of a case and review of literature

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) of the oral cavity is classified as one subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that is most commonly seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. We report a rare case of PBL in the anal canal of a 33-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The lymphoma cells were positive for CD138 and weakly positive for CD79a. In addition, these cells were also positive for CD10. The neoplastic cells were positive for Epstein-Barr virus and negative for human herpes virus 8. Review of the English medical literature revealed many more cases of extra-oral PBL. We propose that the term plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral cavity in World Health Organization classification be revised to simply plasmablastic lymphoma, which would include both oral and extra-oral PBLs, and the term to define the primary site of the lymphoma (ie, oral cavity) be dropped from the terminology used in World Health Organization classification.
African American Reformers’ Mission: Caring for Our Girls and Women

This article focuses on the mechanisms that African American women used during the Progressive Era to meet the needs of young African American women and girls. It identifies some of the early reform women and describes the girls and women who were the recipients of their beneficence. Attention is also given to specific strategies that were implemented by service organizations and groups, such as women’s clubs, sororities, schools, and settlement houses.
Pharmacists' strategies for promoting medication adherence among patients with HIV.

Abstract Objectives To provide pharmacists' perspectives on medication adherence barriers for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to describe pharmacists' strategies for promoting adherence to antiretroviral medications. Design Multisite, qualitative, descriptive study. Setting Four midwestern U.S. states, from August through October 2009. Participants 19 pharmacists at 10 pharmacies providing services to patients with HIV. Intervention Pharmacists were interviewed using a semistructured interview guide. Main outcome measures Barriers to medication adherence, pharmacist interventions, challenges to promoting adherence. Results Pharmacists reported a range of adherence barriers that were patient specific (e.g., cognitive factors, lack of social support), therapy related (e.g., adverse effects, intolerable medications), and structural level (e.g., strained provider relationships). They used a combination of individually tailored, patient-specific interventions that identified and resolved adherence barriers and actively anticipated and addressed potential adherence barriers. Pharmacist interventions included medication-specific education to enhance patient self-efficacy, follow-up calls to monitor adherence, practical and social support to motivate adherence, and patient referrals to other health care providers. However, the pharmacists faced internal (e.g., lack of time, lack of trained personnel) and external (e.g., insurance policies that disallowed patient enrollment in automatic prescription refill program) challenges. Conclusion Pharmacists in community settings went beyond prescription drug counseling mandated by law to provide additional pharmacy services that were tailored to the needs of patients with HIV. Given that many individuals with HIV are living longer, more research is needed on the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of pharmacists' interventions in clinical practice, in order to inform insurance reimbursement policies.
A clinical comparison of collagen membranes with e-PTFE membranes in the treatment of human mandibular buccal class II furcation defects.

Guided tissue regeneration procedures using non-resorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membranes have become accepted therapy in treating moderate furcation defects. Resorbable collagen membranes have also been found to support regeneration and preclude the need for surgical removal. The present study compares their effectiveness with e-PTFE membranes in treating human mandibular Class II buccal furcation defects over a 12-month healing interval. Twelve patients were treated with collagen membrane in one defect and e-PTFE in another. Vertical and horizontal defect repair was evaluated through soft tissue probings and hard tissue measurements. Gingival indices and crevicular fluid flow measurements were used to evaluate site inflammation. Intragroup comparisons were made from baseline to 12 months for each type of membrane (sign test) and for differences between treatment groups with collagen versus e-PTFE membranes (Wilcoxon signed rank test). Both materials were effective in gaining vertica...
Generating ASIC test vectors with Verilog

Compiling a design verification test suite is a non-trivial task. Creating that test suite to satisfy an ASIC vendor can be even more difficult. An awareness of existing Verilog HDL capabilities may assist design engineers in the creation of ASIC test vectors to satisfy ASIC-vendor vector requirements. This paper outlines simple Verilog techniques which demonstrate Verilog's power not only for describing hardware, but for creating ASIC test vectors. >
Bringing One’s Self to Work: A Jew Reflects

This article explores the advisability of bringing more of our “selves” to work organizations, especially our identity group memberships (e. g., ethnicity, race, gender, national origin). The question of how “whole” organizational members should be in their work roles poses a number of dilemmas both for individuals and organizations. What are the advantages and disadvantages of bringing one’s ethnicity to work? What are the costs and benefits of trying to keep such identity characteristics out? The author uses himself as a case study, examining his struggle to bring his Jewish identity into his work life. The article concludes that on balance, bringing more of our selves to work can enhance both individual and organizational vitality but that certain conditions are necessary for this to occur.
Adaptive Behavior in Young Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis-1 is the most common single gene disorder affecting 1 in 3000. In children, it is associated not only with physical features but also with attention and learning problems. Research has identified a downward shift in intellectual functioning as well, but to date, there are no published studies about the everyday adaptive behavior of children with NF1. In this study, parental reports of adaptive behavior of 61 children with NF1 ages 3 through 8 were compared to an unaffected contrast group (n = 55) that comprised siblings and community members. Significant group differences in adaptive skills were evident and were largely related to group differences in intellectual functioning. In a subsample of children with average-range intellectual functioning, group differences in parent-reported motor skills were apparent even after controlling statistically for group differences in intellectual functioning. The implications of the findings for the care of children with NF1 are discussed.
An Analysis of the Influence of Work Environment Variables and Moderators on the Burnout Syndrome

This study investigates the relationship between component factors of the work environment and burnout. Age, time on the job, and the intensity of religious beliefs were hypothesized to moderate the work environment/burnout linkage. The Work Environment Scale (Moos, 1986) was used to assess the work environment, and burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1986). Results identified peer cohesion, work pressure, supervisor support, job clarity, and autonomy as work environment variables which are linked to burnout. Age, time on the job, and the intensity of religious beliefs moderated the influence of the work environment on burnout. Results are discussed with respect to organizational effectiveness and management.
Advancing Warranting Theory

Since its introduction by Walther and Parks (2002), warranting has emerged in the literature as a prominent construct that offers insight for understanding how online self-presentations are produced and evaluated. This manuscript outlines limitations that exist in the literature on warranting and provides suggestions for how the construct can be advanced theoretically and tested empirically. Notably, testable theoretical propositions are derived that specify how various factors are anticipated to affect perceptions of warranting value. In addition, warranting theory is compared and contrasted to Donath's (2007) adaptation of signaling theory and previous work on impression management.
Metabolism of Lutein Diester During Aflatoxicosis in Young Chickens

Young chickens were fed from hatching until 3 wk of age with a white corn-soy diet amended with lutein diester to supply 25 micrograms lutein/g diet and with varying amounts of aflatoxin (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 micrograms/g diet). The lutein diester was added as a stabilized, microencapsulated extract of marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals. Aflatoxin had no significant effect on the partial conversion of lutein diester to lutein monoester and lutein that occurs in the jejunum of normal chickens. The concentration of lutein in the jejunal mucosa was increased slightly by intermediate levels of aflatoxin and depressed by higher levels. Aflatoxin depressed lutein (the dominant form) in serum by up to 40%. Aflatoxin enhanced the lutein accumulation in the liver as the monoester (four-fold) and diester (12-fold). Only minor effects of aflatoxin on the carotenoid content of the toe webs were noted in birds fed lutein diester. These results imply that the main effects of aflatoxin on the utilization of lutein diester are to impair the absorption of lutein, which is an intestinal product of dietary lutein diester, and to sequester lutein as lutein monoester and lutein diester in the liver.
Radio telemetry antenna design system for tracking small and slow moving objects

In the present market there are many Radio-Telemetry techniques which are used to track fast moving objects. However, no radio tracking system has been designed that will work in every situation [1]; for instance, radio telemetry is commonly used to estimate locations of wildlife. The interest of this research is to locate remote moving wildlife by using current technology. There are large varieties of animals with different size and speeds of movement one example of these animals are turtles, the same tracking system used for fast moving animals cannot be used on animals that are slow and small. A main issue of these systems is that they require a continuous transmission; therefore, large battery packs are required. On the other hand, the proposed system has been designed in such a way that does not require the transmitter to be always active. In the initial design process the data accuracy of different directional antennas are compared when they are used to estimate the location of the object. For that purpose, a MATLAB code has been developed, in which a virtual area is created. The location of the object is randomly generated inside this virtual area and both the antennas are rotated with same step size and the respective gains of each antenna was recorded for each point for the location of the object. For simulation purposes a square area of 1 km by 1 km was considered. For this experiment the antennas are rotated with a step size of 5 degrees. The simulation results showed that as the step size is increased the error in locating the object also increases. This experiment was performed using an Array antenna, a Horn antenna and a Yagi-uda antenna, the results showed that even though the horn antenna and yagi-uda antenna has a higher directionality the gain was minimum when compared with array antenna. However these results were obtained assuming ideal conditions where factors like noise, range and scattering of signal were not considered.
Mast Cell Morphologic Alterations After Acute Pulmonary Injury or Respiratory Distress

CHEST65: 4, APRIL, 1974 SUPPLEMENT 16TH ASPEN LUNG CONFERENCE 5$ The geometric relationship between collagen and elastin is being investigated, as are techniques to quantify the details of the collagen network, such as fiber density, dimension, connection within the networks within one interalveolar wall (opposite sides) as well as connection between adjacent alveoli, and the response of the network to varying transpulmonary pressure.
Weaving Together the Normative and Regulative Roles of Government: How the Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund's Responsible Conduct Is Shaping Firms' Cross-Border Investments

Based on institutional theory, I extend research on the regulative role of national government in society and suggest that government exerts important influences on firms' actions through the diffusion of norms. I suggest that the Norwegian government, by instituting an ethical council that publicly censors and certifies the cross-border investments of the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund Government Pension Fund Global, contributes to the professionalization of responsible investment principles and thus plays a normative role in shaping firms' investments. Employing a quasi-natural experiment, I find that focal Norwegian firms are more likely to make responsible cross-border investments following the formation of the Council on Ethics in 2004 and its associated censorship announcements. Further, I find that the normative pressure for responsible investments is mediated by firms' imitation or overlap with the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund's investments. However, the mediated effect of normative pressure on responsible investments becomes weaker for government-owned firms. These findings highlight the importance of normative mechanisms through which government can influence firms' behavior, especially in contexts where regulatory authority may not hold. Moreover, these findings reveal the interplay among the normative, mimetic, and regulative pressures and the heterogeneity in the extent to which firms within the same country demonstrate institutional isomorphism.
Medicolegal sidebar: Physician competence and skill part II: Hospital corporate responsibility and new technologies.

Our previous column explored the intricacies of the legal doctrine known as Hospital Corporate Liability [1]. To capture the salient points from Part I of this series, the 1965 legal ruling in Darling v Charleston Community Memorial Hospital [2] set forth the key principle that hospitals, as corporate entities, have a direct responsibility toward the patient to ensure the competency of their medical staff, through credentialing, privileging, and oversight, even when medical staff may not be directly employed by the hospital. Prior to Darling, hospitals had been able to side-step liability for medical errors by arguing that they had no control over the conduct of independent doctors and nurses, and therefore, could not be held accountable for the treatment of the patient. Darling imposed upon the hospital a duty to oversee its medical staff’s professional conduct, and the failure to provide such oversight has been deemed by courts to be a breach of the hospital’s standard of care [2]. In this column, we will focus our attention on the application of Hospital Corporate Liability to medical advances and new technologies. Does a hospital have an obligation to oversee the professional conduct of orthopaedic surgeons, for example, when the surgeons use new technologies or attempt novel surgical procedures? The issue of Hospital Corporate Liability for new technology and procedures usually arises within the context of credentialing and privilege delineation. Credentialing is the process of admitting a physician to the medical staff, and privileging consists of defining the scope of physician practice in the hospital. Additionally, Hospital Corporate Liability can arise in the informed consent process since hospitals have a duty to ensure that physicians properly inform patients of risks and alternatives for procedures that are done within the hospital. We will examine the complex and often difficult questions that arise from these considerations.
Dynamic Analysis of a Spread Cell Using Finite Element Method

The dynamic analysis of a cultured cell using Finite Element Analysis is presented to understand the effect of vibration on a cell structure. The model of a spread cell on a culturing plate has been developed as a continuum model and a cellular tensegrity model. Using Finite Element modal analysis, natural frequencies and mode shapes of both models were obtained and compared with each other. Finite Element harmonic response analysis was carried out to investigate the dynamic response of a spread cell exposed to vibration in the frequency range of 1–60 Hz with 1 G acceleration. Both continuum model and tensegrity model showed that the first three natural frequencies appeared in range of 18 ~ 27 Hz and they were in the effective vibration frequency range for bone cell growth. In mode 1–3 the major oscillation was observed in horizontal direction and the resonance occurred when the base vibration frequency was closed to the calculated natural frequency. It is presumed that the optimal frequency for bone cell growth is closely related the natural frequency of cell structures and associated with the resonance of cellular structures. For better understanding resonance of cell structure future studies will consider the damping capability of cell structures.
PTSD REMISSION AFTER PROLONGED EXPOSURE TREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX THINNING AND VOLUME REDUCTION.

BACKGROUND: Brain structures underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been a focus of imaging studies, but associations between treatment outcome and alterations in brain structures remain largely unexamined. We longitudinally examined the relation of structural changes in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), a previously identified key region in the PTSD fear network, to outcome of prolonged exposure (PE) treatment. METHOD: The sample included 78 adults (53 women): 41 patients with PTSD and 37 trauma-exposed healthy volunteers (TE-HCs). Patients underwent a 10-week course of PE treatment and completed pre- and posttreatment assessments and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural scans. TE-HCs also underwent assessment and MRI at baseline and 10 weeks later. PE remitters (n = 11), nonremitters (n = 14), and TE-HCs, were compared at baseline on demographic and clinical characteristics and ACC structure. Remitters, nonremitters, and TE-HCs were compared for pre- to posttreatment clinical and structural ACC change, controlling for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: There were no baseline differences in structure between PTSD and TE-HCs or remitters and nonremitters. Following treatment, PTSD remitters exhibited cortical thinning and volume decrease in the left rACC compared with PTSD nonremitters and TE-HCs. CONCLUSIONS: These results, while in need of replication, suggest that PE treatment for PTSD, by extinguishing maladaptive trauma associations, may promote synaptic plasticity and structure change in rACC. Future research should explore possible underlying mechanisms. Language: en
Tax (and Lots of Other) Scholars Need Not Apply: The Changing Venue for Scholarship

In this article Professor Turnier, using tax scholarship as an example, illustrates the degree to which placement of an article in a major law review is a function of the general subject matter of the piece. Tax scholarship was once a favorite at major reviews accounting for about 12% of articles published 50 years ago and at present accounting for around 2% of all such scholarship. The present favorites at major journals are constitutional law (about 18%) and criminal law (about 10%) and articles dealing with race and feminist themes. Business and commercial law topics rank down near the bottom in terms of acceptability. The article makes the point that the low level of interest in taxation at major reviews and their high level of interest in the previously mentioned favorites is in no way reflective of the interest levels of the general public in these topics and the needs of the practising bar based on studies of attornies that indicate to what subject matter areas most lawyers spend their time. The article notes the degree to which specialty tax journals have come to replace major law reviews in use by the judiciary and in policy discussions both in academe and in government circles. It also empirically illustrates that the tax scholarship of tax professors that is of most help to government policy makers is not scholarship on major structural redesign but scholarship on technical structural improvement. The article makes heavy use of empirical data to make its points.
Investigation on ablative property test methods for C/C throat insert material

Ablative property of C/C throat insert has close relations with raw material property and processing.Ablative property simulation test of C/C throat insert can be effectively carried out by means of small-scale test motor.Three ablative test methods for small-scale motors were introduced,and a new test method for quadrate throat insert was emphatically analyzed.Test results show that this method is applicable for ablative properties comparison of various kinds of throat insert material,especially C/C throat insert weaved with radial carbon rod.
Techniques Research on Overall Planning of Database Construction of Township Land Use Based on ArcGIS

According to the overall planning database standard,some key technologies of establishment and the storage process of land use planning database of town level(For example,the extraction of status quo data storage,planning elements changes,the output of planning tables,data splicing issues) were investigated by using graphical modeling tools and C# language complied program based on the second land survey achievement of Fuling district in Chongqing.Through these works,graph consistent with digital tables which could not be achieved in the last round of planning was reached,and accuracy and efficiency of database construction was improved.It laid a foundation for database construction for the next round of land use planning.
Vine to Wine: An Analysis of Value Construction or Destruction at the Point of Production

Abstract. Due to topographic circumstances, the Finger Lakes Region of New York is capable of producing wine; albeit the region is limited by the climate and soil types of this region. While the potential is apparent to viticulturists and oenologists, the consumers seem to be unaware or unconscious of these abilities and hold the area to standards outside of its capabilities; in regards to both volume production and varietal preference. Since the region is a consumer driven area, the relationship has been developed with wine that evolves around consumption; this emphasizes volume production that is only possible via machine practices. This use of mechanization is what fosters a disconnect between producer and product: an alienation of the vines, vintner and winemaker. This paper analyses the value construction or destruction at the point of producing and consuming wine in the Finger Lakes Region of New York. Keywords. Product, Consumer, Production process, Labor. JEL. C90, D13, N30.
Effect of energy threshold in positioning true coincidences that undergo detector scatter for a sub-mm resolution CZT-based PET system

This study investigates the effect of energy threshold on being able to include and position multiple-interaction photon events (MIPEs) detected in a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) based small animal PET system we have built. Due to noise fluctuations, each channel's data acquisition trigger threshold should be adjusted above the noise floor, which limits the detection of photon interactions with energy below the threshold. If not identified, these events will lead to a loss of photon sensitivity as well as reconstructed image spatial resolution and/or contrast. GATE simulations with a cylinder having four hot rods were carried out and it was shown that for an energy threshold of 50 keV and above, at least 14% of events will be mispositioned due to the loss of first and/or second interaction in MIPEs. Compton kinematics is leveraged to mitigate this problem by classifying mispositioned trues, in addition to random and (phantom) scatter events through the use of a novel “angular threshold” which maximizes a figure of merit inspired by noise equivalent counts. An angular threshold of 3° was found to detect 63% of mispositioned MIPEs, along with 80% of randoms and 66% of scatters with system energy resolution of 7.4% FWHM and system time resolution of 30 ns FWHM. The simulation results will be used to guide data processing of experimental phantom results.
10 CFR 50.46c Rulemaking: A Novel Approach in Restating the LOCA Problem for PWRs

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is considering a rulemaking that would revise requirements in 10 CFR 50.46 [also known as the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) rule]. Experimental w...
A combined ARFI sequence for 2D displacement imaging and shear wave velocity mapping

As pathological changes are normally accompanied with changes of mechanical properties, tissue elasticity is a potential diagnostic metric for a number of diseases. While elasticity imaging techniques have been successfully applied to delineate different tissues and malignancies based on their relative structural stiffness compared with surrounding tissues, a matched absolute tissue modulus map will provide complimentary and validating information in these relative stiffness images. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging is a method of imaging the relative stiffness variations inside tissue. By using an impulse acoustic radiation force excitation, ARFI excitation pulses not only generate an on-axis displacement response, but also initiate shear wave propagation away from the region of excitation (ROE), which can be used to estimate the shear wave speed, and thus quantify the shear modulus of tissue. The goal of this study is to design and implement a combined sequence capable of acquiring 2D ARFI images (relative stiffness) and shear wave elasticity images (SWEI) (quantitative method). By utilizing parallel receive tracking techniques and temporal interleaving, the sequences developed herein monitor the on-axis displacements and subsequent lateral shear wave propagation serially without increasing the total number of excitation pulses compared to conventional ARFI imaging sequences.
Semi-Cosmopolitan Transnational Students: The Identity Work of Transnational Students at an Elite Dominican School

The Dominican Republic has a substantial history of transnational movement to the US that affects more than one generation of transnationals, whose lives, as described by Smith (1994), are ...
What is cultural fit? From cognition to behavior (and back)

What is Cultural Fit? From Cognition to Behavior (and Back) 1 Sanaz Mobasseri Haas School of Business University of California, Berkeley sanaz_mobasseri@haas.berkeley.edu Amir Goldberg Graduate School of Business Stanford University amirgo@stanford.edu Sameer B. Srivastava Haas School of Business University of California, Berkeley srivastava@haas.berkeley.edu This is a draft of a chapter that has been accepted for publication by Oxford University Press in the forthcoming book, Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology, edited by Wayne Brekhus and Gabe Ignatow and due for publication in 2017. April 2017 Keywords: culture, fitting in, assimilation, socialization, cognition, groups, norms We thank Wayne Brekhus, Jenny Chatman, Gabe Ignatow, Tony Jack, Tomas Jimenez, and Van Tran for valuable feedback on prior drafts. The usual disclaimer applies. © Sanaz Mobasseri, Amir Goldberg, and Sameer B. Srivastava, 2017. All rights reserved.
Antitumor Antibodies Can Drive Therapeutic T Cell Responses

The classical view of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is that their mechanism of action is dominated by signal blocking or the cytotoxicity of Fc-driven innate immune effector functions. We review here a mounting body of evidence that anti-TAA mAbs are capable of profoundly synergizing with T cell-directed immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapy. Two key components account for this synergy: (i) a self-vaccinal effect mediated by dendritic cells (DCs); and (ii) an inflammatory repolarization of the tumor microenvironment. Efficient exploitation of these mechanisms has tremendous therapeutic potential.
Effect of Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Foliar Feeding on Pumpkin Yield

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the relationship between foliar feeding damage caused by striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and yiel...
University of Michigan Bar Passage 2004-2006: A Failure to Replicate Professor Sander's Results, With Implications for Affirmative Action

In a recent issue of the Denver Law Review, Professor Richard Sander presents data on race-based affirmative action that purportedly supports his theory that any benefits African Americans enjoy from affirmative action are more than offset by detrimental effects of academic mismatch. Specifically, he references a yet unpublished study in which he claims to have found that for the years 2004-2006 the bar passage rate of African-American graduates of the University of Michigan Law School is 62 percent for first time takers rising to only 76 percent after multiple takes. This paper shows that these results are quite implausible given the best data we have on African American bar passage rates at schools similar in selectivity to Michigan, and then reports the results of an effort to replicate Professor Sander’s methods with more complete data. The replication yields quite different results as it indicates that during the years Professor Sander studied the bar passage rate for Michigan Law School’s African American alumni was about 78% on first attempt with a lower bound estimate exceeding 90% where there had been an opportunity for repeat test taking. Moreover, the data are quite inconsistent with the predictions of mismatch theory. Hispanic students, many of whom benefited from affirmative action, had about the same bar pass rates as white students who did not, and Asian students who did not benefit from affirmative action had bar pass rates not much different from those of African American students who did benefit.
Long latency auditory evoked potentials

Experiment 1 elicited the P1, N1, P2, and N2 components of the long latency auditory evoked potential (AEP) using a 1000 Hz tone presented at 30, 50, or 70 dB SPL and 1-, 3-, or 5- second inter-stimulus intervals to assess the relative effects of the combination of these variables on component amplitude and latency. Four blocks of 16 tone presentations each were recorded from each subject to determine if changes in the AEP would occur because of short-term habituation. Both stimulus factors interacted significantly in a systematic fashion for the amplitude measures, with increases in latency also associated with increases in intensity and inter-stimulus interval. Only minor changes across the four trial blocks for either the amplitude or latency measures were observed over the various stimulus presentation conditions. Experiment 2 employed the same tone stimulus presented at 50 dB SPL and a 3-second inter-stimulus interval. Eight blocks of 64 trials were recorded from each subject on each day for four days to investigate long-term habituation effects. No substantial changes in any of the component amplitudes or latencies were obtained across the 32 trial blocks. It was concluded that intensity and inter-stimulus interval interact to determine AEP amplitude as well as latency values and that the constituent components do not change appreciably with repeated stimulus presentations, even after several days.
Authors Versus Editors: A Personal View on Dealing with How Long a Book to Write or Publish

This article provides a personal view of the interactions between authors and book editors regarding the possibility of publishing long books. It describes the parties and issues involved and how both can come to practical decisions regarding publication. The advice is based on the author’s own experience in writing and publishing long books.
Abstract 20317: Stress-Induced Ischemia Does Not Risk Stratify Patients Prior to Vascular Surgery and is Not Associated With Elevated Post Operative Troponin

Introduction: Imaging-based stress testing is used to risk stratify patients undergoing vascular surgery, though the evidence is limited. We aim to assess whether ischemia provides prognostic value for post-operative events and is associated with elevated troponin. Methods: Consecutive patients with imaging stress tests prior to vascular surgery were included. Clinical risk was determined by the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI). The primary outcome was post-operative myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia, or death within 30 days. The secondary outcome was elevated troponin. Results: Among 688 patients, 7.6% had exercise radionuclide imaging, 14.4% exercise echocardiography, 19.3% dobutamine echocardiography, and 58.7% vasodilator radionuclide imaging. Overall, 21.8% had ischemia. Patients with ischemia were more likely to be male, have CAD, heart failure, and diabetes (Table 1). The primary outcome occurred in 17.2%, and 6.7% had an elevated troponin. Ischemia was not associated with the primary (20.7% v. 16.2%, p=0.22) or secondary outcome (8.7% v. 6.1%, p=0.27). On multivariable analysis, a higher RCRI score and an inability to exercise were associated with the primary outcome while only RCRI was associated with the secondary outcome (Figure 1). Conclusions: In patients undergoing vascular surgery, stress-induced ischemia did not provide risk stratification for cardiac events. Ischemia was also not associated with elevated troponin, supporting the hypothesis that post-operative troponinemia is often not mediated by severe epicardial stenosis. Table 1. Baseline Characteristics Figure 1. Multivariable logistic regression models
Regulation of apical blebbing in the porcine epididymis.

Apical blebbing, a non-classical secretion mechanism, occurs in the mature porcine epididymis as part of its normal function. Proteins secreted by this mechanism contribute to the modification of the sperm plasma membrane during epididymal transit and are thought to contribute to acquisition of fertilizing ability. However, little is known about the regulation of this secretion mechanism in an in vivo model. Previous work demonstrated apical blebbing in the epididymis developed pubertally, suggesting androgens, sperm or other luminal factors regulated this process. Hence, the objective was to evaluate the hypothesized regulation of apical blebbing in the epididymis of pubertal boars by androgens and luminal factors. Androgen receptor blockade (flutamide) and surgical interventions (efferent duct ligation, orchidectomy or transection of the caput epididymis) were used to alter signaling, and the subsequent effects on apical blebbing were evaluated histologically. Apical blebbing was not altered by androgen receptor blockade with flutamide, but was significantly reduced 24 h after efferent duct ligation and after orchidectomy, treatments that eliminated luminal flow from the testis (P < 0.05). Like efferent duct ligation, epididymal transection altered luminal flow without removing the androgen source and significantly reduced the appearance of apical blebbing (P < 0.05). In conclusion, apical blebbing in the porcine epididymis appears to be regulated by luminal factors.
Random Sampling: Planning Ahead for Data Gathering

This chapter will show you how random sampling ensures a representative sample (on average) and makes it possible for you to describe (approximately) how different your results (from the sample) are from the (unknown) characteristics of the population. By using a random sample, your survey results will be approximately correct (compared with what you would find by interviewing all customers), and you will know if your results are close enough for comfort. The language we use when sampling helps us distinguish the population (that we wish to know about) from the sample (that we have selected to observe). A population is any collection of units that you are interested in knowing about. A sample is a smaller collection of units selected from the population. A sample is representative if characteristics arise with the same percentages in the sample as in the population. A biased sample is not representative in an important way. A sampling frame gives you access to the population units so that a random sample can be chosen. A sample statistic is any number computed from your sample data. A population parameter is any number computed for the entire population. An estimator is a description of a sample statistic used as a guess for the value of a population parameter, and the actual number computed from the data is called an estimate. The error of estimation is the estimator (or estimate) minus the population parameter and is usually unknown. An unbiased estimator is correct on average (neither systematically too high nor too low). A pilot study is a small-scale version of a study, designed to help you identify problems and fix them before the real study is run. A random sample consists of independently chosen units where each population unit has equal probability of being chosen. The central limit theorem is an amazing mathematical fact about random sampling that tells you that the average of the sample values follows a distribution that becomes more normal-shaped as the sample size grows, tells you that the mean of the sample average is the population mean, and tells you that the standard deviation of the sample average (which indicates the quality of the sample information) is the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. The standard error of a sample statistic indicates approximately how far the statistic is from its population value. The standard error of the average tells approximately how far the sample average is from the unknown population mean.
Modification of lactose and lactose-containing dairy products with β-galactosidase.

β-Galactosidase (β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.23) typically catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose to its component monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. This conversion is of considerable interest from the standpoint of food technology and nutrition because the major products of hydrolysis are, in combination, sweeter, more soluble, more easily fermented and directly absorbed from the mammalian intestine. These changes are the bases for the production of new foodstuffs such as lactose-hydrolysed milk and whey, and products derived therefrom.