cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Affinity Interaction of Yeast Transcriptional Regulator, Mot1, with TATA Box-binding Protein (TBP)

Abstract Yeast Mot1, an essential ATP-dependent regulator of basal transcription, removes TATA box-binding protein (TBP) from TATA sites in vitro. Complexes of Mot1 and Spt15 (yeast TBP), radiolabeled in vitro, were immunoprecipitated with anti-TBP (or anti-Mot1) antibodies in the absence of DNA, showing Mot1 binds TBP in solution. Mot1 N-terminal deletions (residues 25–801) abolished TBP binding, whereas C-terminal ATPase domain deletions (residues 802–1867) did not. Complex formation was prevented above 200 mm salt, consistent with electrostatic interaction. Correspondingly, TBP variants lacking solvent-exposed positive charge did not bind Mot1, whereas a mutant lacking positive charge within the DNA-binding groove bound Mot1. ATPase-defective mutant, Mot1(D1408N), which inhibits growth when overexpressed (but is suppressed by co-overexpression of TBP), bound TBP normally in vitro, suggesting it forms nonrecyclable complexes. N-terminal deletions of Mot1(D1408N) were not growth-inhibitory. C-terminal deletions were toxic when overexpressed, and toxicity was ameliorated by TBP co-overproduction. Residues 1–800 of Mot1 are therefore necessary and sufficient for TBP binding. The N terminus of 89B, a tissue-specific Drosophila Mot1 homolog, bound the TBP-like factor, dTRF1. Native Mot1 and derivatives deleterious to growth localized in the nucleus, whereas nontoxic derivatives localized to the cytosol, suggesting TBP binding and nuclear transport of Mot1 are coupled.
Synthesis and characterization of authentic standards for the analysis of ribofuranose-containing carbohydrates by the reductive-cleavage method.

Abstract Described herein is the synthesis of all positional isomers of partially methylated and acetylated or benzoylated 1,4-anhydro- d -ribitol. The benzoates are generated simultaneously from 1,4-anhydro- d -ribitol by sequential partial methylation and benzoylation or sequential partial benzoylation and methylation. The individual isomers are obtained in pure form by high-performance liquid chromatography. Debenzoylation and acetylation provided the corresponding acetates. Reported herein are the 1 H NMR spectra of the benzoates and the electron-ionization mass spectra of the acetates and the tri- O -methyl derivative and also for the acetates and the tri- O -methyl derivative, their linear temperature programmed gas-liquid chromatography retention indices on three different capillary columns.
Half-life limit of 19Mg

A search for 19Mg was performed using projectile fragmentation of a 150 MeV/nucleon 36Ar beam. No events of 19Mg were observed. From the time of flight through the fragment separator an upper limit of 22 ns for the half-life of 19Mg was established.
Archival research as living inquiry: an alternate approach for research in the histories of teacher education

Exploring the role of archives in recovering the histories of teachers' lives and the potential of archival research as living inquiry, a non-traditional perspective is offered concerning life writing as a way into an epistemological storying of the past. Archival research as living inquiry is examined both as a methodological approach to theorizing practice, and as a method of gathering information in public collections that is rendered through life writing. The application of this emerging form of research has the potential to change structures of teaching and learning, and in the process, provide suitable methods to write accounts of educational histories. In this case, I document my archival quest into Bessie's story as an exemplar of how reflective practice can contribute to becoming a researcher of history through unorthodox approaches and methods. This inquiry is motivated by questions that include: Why should a teacher of the past matter to teachers today? What value do archives hold in teacher ed...
Some properties of biwave maps

Abstract We study biwave maps and equivariant biwave maps. We obtain the formulations for equivariant biwave maps into various spaces by applying eigenmaps between spheres. We compute the biwave fields of inclusions into warped product manifolds and construct examples of biwave maps. We finally investigate the stress bi-energy tensors and the conservation laws of biwave maps.
Rating neighborhoods for older adult health: results from the African American Health study

Social theories suggest that neighborhood quality affects health. Observer ratings of neighborhoods should be subjected to psychometric tests. African American Health (AAH) study subjects were selected from two diverse St. Louis metropolitan catchment areas. Interviewers rated streets and block faces for 816 households. Items and a summary scale were compared across catchment areas and to the resident respondents' global neighborhood assessments. Individual items and the scale were strongly associated with both the catchment area and respondent assessments. Ratings based on both block faces did not improve those based on a single block face. Substantial interviewer effects were observed despite strong discriminant and concurrent validity. Observer ratings show promise in understanding the effect of neighborhood on health outcomes. The AAH Neighborhood Assessment Scale and other rating systems should be tested further in diverse settings.
An Overlapping Generations Model of Climate‐Economy Interactions

A numerically calibrated overlapping generations model of climate change and the world economy is examined in this paper. In the absence of intergenerational transfers, efficient rates of greenhouse gas emissions abatement rise from 16% in the present to 25% in the long run, while mean global temperature increases by 7.40C relative to the preindustrial norm. A utilitarian optimum, which attaches equal weight to each generation's life-cycle utility, yields abatement rates that rise from 48% to 89%, with a long-run temperature increase of 3.40C. A second-best utilitarian path, in which intergenerational transfers are by assumption institutionally infeasible, also supports stringent abatement measures. I. Introduction The infinitely-lived agent framework pioneered by Frank Ramsey (1928) has emerged as a central structure in the economics of climate change as characterized by IPCC (1996) Working Group III. Climate change occurs when anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases - principally carbon dioxide, but also chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor - contribute to long-term increases in mean global temperature, potentially disrupting ecological systems and climate-dependent production activities. The best-known study on the economics of this subject is Nordhaus' (1994) Dynamic Model of Climate and the Economy (DICE), which incorporates assumptions regarding the costs and benefits of greenhouse gas emissions in a standard one-sector growth model. In Nordhaus' analysis, a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions would reduce gross world output by 0.93%. A doubling of greenhouse gas concentrations relative to the preindustrial norm, which is expected to occur by the middle of the twenty-first century, would reduce output by
Job Satisfaction Among Staff, Clinical, and Integrated Hospital Pharmacists:

Purpose: To determine whether staff, clinical, or integrated hospital pharmacists have greater job satisfaction and if sex, years worked as a pharmacist, or having children changes job satisfaction.Methods:A prospective study was performed by distributing a 63-item questionnaire to inpatient pharmacists working at 2 hospitals. Respondents mailed the completed questionnaires to the investigators.Results:Questionnaires were completed by 38 participants (mean age [SD]= 38.36 [10.97]). Fourteen (36.85%) participants who spent 0% to 40% of their time in clinical activities were categorized as staff, 10 (26.30%) who spent 41% to 60% of their time in clinical activities were integrated, and 14 (36.85%) who spent greater than 61% of their time in clinical activities were clinical pharmacists. All pharmacists reported mean satisfaction scores above 2.5, indicating that all were satisfied in their jobs. Differences were noted in the amount of satisfaction. For work environment and professional interaction, integrat...
Inhibition of courtship and mating of Drosophila melanogaster by the male-produced lipid, cis-vaccenyl acetate

Abstract Drosophila sexual behaviour is influenced by a number of factors, including pheromones. Male D. melanogaster synthesize a lipid, cis-vaccenyl acetate, which is transferred to females during copulation. This lipid can be hydrolyzed in vitro to the alcohol, cis-vaccenol by a carboxylesterase, esterase 6, also present in the male ejaculate. Both cis-vaccenyl acetate and cis-vaccenol are inhibitors of male sexual behaviour. Data are presented which describe the inhibition of male D. melanogaster courtship of virgin females anointed with various amounts of cis-vaccenyl acetate, cis-vaccenol and mixtures. We propose that esterase 6 may hydrolyze a small amount of cis-vaccenyl acetate to cis-vaccenol, which then acts as a synergist to enhance the effects of cis-vaccenyl acetate when transferred to the female, and that some cis-vaccenyl acetate may be stored by the female and released when courted by a male.
Phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes: drug delivery, gene transfer and immunodiagnostic applications.

II. Physical proper t ies of PE and PE l i r~somes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 A Polymorphic behavior of PE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 B. PE l iposomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 I. Single-component systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 2. Tv, 'o-componenl systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 C. pH-sensi t ive lipo.,~mes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 I. Divalent cation effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2t~
Sexual exhaustion and recovery in the male rat

Twelve male rats were left with receptive females and allowed to copulate and ejaculate until they reached a criterion of “sexual exhaustion” They were then retested after 1, 3, 6 and 15 days of se...
Poly(dG)-poly(dC) sequences, under torsional stress, induce an altered DNA conformation upon neighboring DNA sequences

Abstract Supercolled plasmid DNAs (at bacterial superhelical density) harboring the homopurine-homopyrimidine sequence, poly(dG)-poly(dC), were reacted with bromoacetaldehyde (BAA), a reagent that reacts with unpaired DNA bases. Not only did the poly(dG)-poly(dC) sequence react with BAA but, suprisingly, neighboring sequences located 3′ to the contiguous G sequences also reacted. The altered conformation in the poly(dG)-poly(dC) sequence and in the neighboring sequence occurred in the same supercoiled plasmid DNA molecule. Furthermore, the occurrence of an "unpaired" conformation in the neighboring sequence is strictly due to a positional effect, since it is observed when the poly(dG)-poly(dC) segment is adjacent to a variety of neighboring sequences.
RELATIONSHIP VIOLENCE AMONG ADOLESCENT MOTHERS: FREQUENCY, DYADIC NATURE, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RELATIONSHIP DISSOLUTION AND MENTAL HEALTH

This article examines whether the frequency, dyadic nature, and potential implications of relationship violence differ in parenting (n= 163) and nulliparous (i.e., never given birth; n= 165) adolescent females from low-income, urban communities. We found the frequency and dyadic nature of violence did not differ between parental status groups. Over half of the adolescents in both groups reported relationship violence in the past year, with female-enacted violence more common than male-enacted violence. However, significant group differences emerged in the relationship between violence and subsequent relationship dissolution and mental health. Higher levels of female-enacted violence predicted relationship dissolution among nulliparous adolescents but predicted increases in depression in parenting adolescents. Findings highlight the need for violence prevention programs tailored specifically to the developmental and contextual needs of adolescent mothers.
Youth organizing: From youth development to school reform

Over the past twenty years, youth organizing has grown across the country. Through organizing, young people identify issues of concern and mobilize their peers to build action campaigns to achieve their objectives. Youth organizing has been appreciated for its contributions to youth and community development. The authors use two case studies to trace the more recent emergence of youth organizing as an important force for school reform. The Boston-based Hyde Square Task Force began with a focus on afterschool programming, but its youth leaders now organize to get Boston Public Schools to adopt a curriculum addressing sexual harassment. Meanwhile, the Baltimore Algebra Project began as a peer-to-peer tutoring program but now also organizes to demand greater funding for Baltimore schools. These cases illustrate a broader phenomenon where students reverse the deficit paradigm by acting out of their own self-interest to become agents of institutional change.
Serial determination of pulmonary function in infants with chronic lung disease.

Pulmonary function was measured in 39 infants with chronic lung disease who had required mechanical ventilation starting during the first week of life for a median of 9 days (range 1 to 46 days) and supplemental oxygen for a median of 48 days (range 28–162 days). Their mean birth weight was 1140 g (range 550 to 2325 g), and mean gestational age 29.8 weeks (range 26 to 37 weeks). Ventilation was measured by pneumotachography, esophageal pressure through a water-filled feeding tube, and functional residual capacity (FRC) by a modified nitrogen washout technique. Lung compilance, pulmonary conductance, and FRC were determined at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months after birth. Pulmonary function was also determined in 40 normal children, ranging in age from neonates to 5 years, who served as controls. In infants with chronic lung disease, growth in weight and length followed the 10th to 25th percentiles of the normal curve. Minute ventilation and respiratory effort remained elevated throughout the follow-up. FRC per kilogram of body weight was decreased at 1, 3, and 6 months after birth, but thereafter was in the normal range. FRC increased in proportion to weight at the same rate as in the controls. Lung compliance was only half of normal at 1 month, increased with growth in close correlation with weight, and was approximately 80% of normal at the end of follow-up. Pulmonary conductance was 50% of normal at 1 month, increased little during the first 6 months, but reached 85% of normal at 3 years of age. There was no evidence of gas trapping. These results indicate that in infants with chronic lung disease after mechanical ventilation, lung volume increases normally, probably by formation of new alveoll, which also leads to improvement in lung compliance. Airway growth is slow during the first 6 months after birth, but the subsequent faster growth leads to conductance values close to normal at 3 years of age.
Motion study of two- and three-dimensional pantograph mechanisms

Abstract Coupling of vertical, horizontal and rotory motions in manipulators slows down calculating speed for real time control and lowers system energy efficiency. Pantograph mechanisms can be, and are being used as manipulators to remove the coupling of motion. In this paper, the basic theorems and equations of both two- and three-dimensional pantograph mechanisms are presented. The motion characteristics and singularities of the pantograph are also discussed. Methods which are used to determine the workspaces of pantograph type manipulators are developed and illustrated in an example. Some aspects of structural design of these pantographs are also discussed.
The Social Significance of Food and Eating in the Lives of Older Recipients of Meals on Wheels

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore cultural and social themes related to food and eating among older adults who receive home-delivered meals. Findings are based upon qualitative and quantitative data gathered on older adults being served by Meals on Wheels (MOWs). Findings focus on structural aspects of meals. Participants did not always eat three meals a day or consume meals at conventional times of the day, were indifferent to norms regarding particular food items for meals, often did not consume meals in the dining area, and turned the radio or television on during mealtime. Without others' presence, the eating event may lose some of its social qualities. Participants relied upon physical cues and material factors in deciding upon the timing, content, location of and activity during meals. An additional finding was that some people shared their food with neighbors. Thus, MOW's services performed a secondary function in that it enabled recipients to more fully participate in community lif...
Barriers to human capital development: Case studies in Swaziland, Cameroon and Kenya

Abstract Past and present literature has suggested that human capital is a key socio-economic development tool (Nam, Sonobe, and Otsuka 2010; Quisumbing, and McNiven 2010). Countries are encouraged to expand and develop a robust educational system, yet many of these countries face barriers to development through human capital. This paper used case studies to examine the barriers that have presented obstacles to human capital development in Swaziland, Cameroon, and Kenya. The findings suggest that all three countries have experienced barriers that prevent human capital development due to HIV/AIDS, land tenure issues, and political corruption. The authors suggest that all three barriers work interdependently to stifle economic growth by preventing social and economic development by barring the acquisition of human capital.
Accelerator requirements for next generation neutron sources

Abstract The most powerful accelerator-driven neutron sources for condensed matter research use proton beam spallation in pulsed mode of operation. The facilities built by now or being constructed provide substantial advantages compared to existing fission reactor sources, which are related to the increased efficiency of using the neutrons available due to the pulsed nature of the beam. On the other hand, the time average flux of these sources remains below that of fission reactors, and this assures continuing superiority for the most powerful reactors in some applications. The challenge for the next generation of accelerator-based neutron sources is to enhance the time average neutron flux well above that of the most powerful reactor sources. This can be achieved with high-power linear accelerators operating at peak H+ beam currents above 100 mA in ms long pulses and at about 3 GeV proton beam energy or somewhat higher. The total proton beam power will be in the range of 10 MW or more, while the beam quality can be relaxed compared to accelerators designed for H− beams and injection capability.
Alternate interpretation of final state relaxation for chemisorbed molecules

Ab initio Xα electronic spectra have been calculated for CO before and after chemisorption onto Ni(001) in the observed c(2 × 2) symmetry. The electronic spectra of a monolayer of C2H2 has also been calculated and referenced to EF of Ni. The theoretical eigenvalue spectra of these two molecules agrees colosely with ionization potentials measured by UPS when these molecules are chemisorbed onto Ni. Charge density calculations for CO indicate that the molecular orbitais are delocalized by the COCO and CONi bonds. These results suggest that final state relaxation effects are small and possibly zero for the chemisorbed molecule and that the relaxation energy of chemisorbed molecules is approximately the correlation energy.
Evaluation of Eight Rapid Screening Tests for Acute Leptospirosis in Hawaii

Leptospirosis is a major public health problem throughout the world. Clinical recognition of leptospirosis is challenging, and the definitive serologic diagnostic assay, the microscopic agglutination test, is time-consuming and difficult to conduct. Various serologic screening tests have been developed, but their performance among ill persons in the United States has not been established. Eight screening tests were compared using 379 serum samples obtained in 1998 and 1999 from a series of 236 patients (33 with confirmed infection). The median number of days between illness onset and specimen collection was 9. The overall sensitivity, by specimen, for each test was as follows: indirect hemagglutination assay (MRL Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif.), 29%; INDX Leptospira Dip-S-Tick (PanBio InDx, Inc., Baltimore, Md.), 52%; Biognost IgM IFA test (Bios GmbH Labordiagnostik, Grafelfing, Germany), 40%; Biolisa IgM ELISA (Bios GmbH, Labordiagnostik), 48%; Leptospira IgM ELISA (PanBio Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Australia), 36%; SERION ELISA classic Leptospira (Institut Virion*Serion GmbH, Wurzburg, Germany), 48%; LEPTO Dipstick(Organon-Teknika, Ltd., Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 34%; Biosave latex agglutination test (LATEX; Bios GmbH Labordiagnostik), 86%. Test specificity ranged from 85 to 100% among all tests except LATEX, for which the specificity was significantly lower, at 10%. Test sensitivity was particularly low (<25%) for all tests (except LATEX) on specimens collected during the first week of illness. This is the most comprehensive field trial of leptospirosis screening tests reported to date. The data indicate that immunoglobulin M detection tests have limited utility for diagnosing leptospirosis during the initial evaluation of patients seen in Hawaii, a time when important therapeutic decisions are made. Improved leptospirosis screening tests are needed.
Deconstructing breast cancer heterogeneity: clinical implications for women with Basal-like tumors.

Purpose/objectives To compare and contrast the molecular and environmental factors contributing to basal-like breast cancer and highlight the clinical implications for women with this phenotype. Data sources CINAHL® and PubMed databases, journals, and citation indices were searched using the key word basal-like in combination with breast cancer, epigenetic, treatment, subtype, risk factor, and BRCA1 to synthesize the literature on the multiple underpinnings of basal-like breast cancer. Data synthesis Research findings related to the molecular foundation of basal-like breast cancer were integrated with knowledge of nongenetic contributing risk factors. Approved therapies and those under development were summarized with the goal of improving understanding for research and practice. Conclusions Of the five subtypes of breast cancer, the basal-like subtype has the shortest survival and poorest prognosis. The development of gene expression assays with epigenetic studies has enabled reliable identification of the basal-like subtype and has shed light on novel therapeutic possibilities. Clinical trials for basal-like breast cancer are underway, and the potential for individualized treatments for women with this subtype show promise. Implications for nursing The main difficulties with basal-like breast cancer are its aggressive course, treatment refractory nature, and complex biology, all of which pose real challenges for clinical management and patient education. Oncology nurses play a pivotal role in providing holistic care and patient support. Therefore, nurses must understand the complexity of the clinical presentation and the underlying biology of this cancer subtype.
Fatty acid conjugates of chlorinated phenols and their high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis

Fatty acid (C16 and C18) conjugates of pentachlorophenol and four other commonly used chlorinated phenols (2,4-di-, 2,4,5- and 2,4,6-tri-, and 2,3,4,6-tetra-chlorophenols) were systhesized and their structures were established by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chenmical ionization mass spctrometry. The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation was achieved on reversed-phase (C-18) column using methanol—water (39:1, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. Palmitoyl- and oleoyl-2,4-dichlorophenols (19.6 min), palmitoyl- and oleoyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenols and stearoyl-2,4-dichlorophenols (28.0 min), oleoyl-2,4,6-trichlorophenol and linoleoyl-2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (30.8 min), palmitoyl- and oleoyl-2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenols and stearoyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenol (43.2 min) and palmitoyl- and oleoyl-petachlorophenols (72.0 min) were co-eluted under the HPLC conditions described above. Therefore, reversed-phase HPLC separation of a mixture of the five chlorinated phenol conjugates of each fatty acid was achieved.
Can Patients Interpret Health Information? An Assessment of the Medical Data Interpretation Test

Objective. To establish the reliability/validity of an 18-item test of patients’ medical data interpretation skills.Design. Survey with retest after 2 weeks.Subjects. 178 people recruited from adve...
Elimination of redundant memory traffic in high-level synthesis

This paper presents a new transformation for the scheduling of memory-access operations in high-level synthesis. This transformation is suited to memory-intensive applications with synthesized designs containing a secondary store accessed by explicit instructions. Such memory-intensive behaviors are commonly observed in video compression, image convolution, hydrodynamics and mechatronics. Our transformation removes load and store instructions which become redundant or unnecessary during the transformation of loops. The advantage of this reduction is the decrease of secondary memory bandwidth demands. This technique is implemented in our Percolation-Based Scheduler which we used to conduct experiments on a suite of memory-intensive benchmarks. Our results demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of memory operations and an increase in performance on these benchmarks.
Involvement of a trypsin‐like activity in sperm penetration of zona‐free mouse ova

The presence of trypsin inhibitors during insemination reduced penetration of zona-intact and zona-free mouse ova by capacitated sperm. This inhibition was dependent upon both concentration of inhibitor and sperm. Preincubation of gametes in inhibitors did not markedly influence their subsequent fertility, nor did it alter sperm motility. Trypsin inhibitors may exert an effect on penetration by interfering with the induction of the sperm acrosome reaction or with the process of sperm-egg fusion.
Comparison of body composition and somatotype of trained female triathletes.

Abstract The body composition and somatotype of 16 trained female triathletes aged 18.8–32.8 years were measured. All of the subjects were engaged in a competitive training programme and participated in the same triathlon. Anthropometric variables included height, mass, selected diameters, girths and skinfolds, and a Heath‐Carter anthropometric somatotype. Body composition was determined by hydrostatic weighing procedures and skinfold patterns. Comparisons were made with Olympic swimmers and runners. The triathletes had a mean body mass of 55.2 kg and a mean height of 162.1 cm. When compared to swimmers, the triathletes were somewhat shorter and significantly (P <0.005) older. On most other measures, including a balanced mesomorph somatotype of 3.1–4.3–2.6, they were similar to swimmers. This group of triathletes were generally heavier, less lean, more mesomorphic and less ectomorphic than elite runners. Reported body densities from other studies indicated little difference between the triathletes and oth...
Correlates to seroprevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 among rural Appalachian drug users

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease and, along with substance abuse, an important HIV risk factor. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine HSV-2 seroprevalence in a sample of drug users in rural Appalachia. Rural Appalachian individuals age 18 or older reporting non-medical use of prescription opioids, heroin, crack/cocaine, or methamphetamine in the past 6 months (n = 499) were included. Behavioral, demographic, and sexual network data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Participants' serum was tested for HSV-2 antibodies using the Biokit rapid test (Lexington, MA). The estimated population seroprevalence of HSV-2 was 14.4% (95%CI: 9.6-19.4%). Only 8.8% were aware of being HSV-2+, and unprotected sex was reported in 80% of serodiscordant sexual relationships. In a multivariate model, female gender, age, older age at first oral sex, and frequency of unprotected sex in the sexual network were independently associated with HSV-2 seropositivity. Despite lower seroprevalence than that reported in similar studies of substance abusers, targeted interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior are warranted in this underserved population. Network-informed approaches with particular focus on women, older individuals, and those engaging in frequent unprotected sex are recommended.
Food-web composition and plant diversity control foliar nutrient content and stoichiometry

Summary The content and ratio of nutrients in plants can be constrained by a wide array of factors, including nutrient supply, light intensity, herbivory, infection or intrinsic growth rate and can, in turn, affect many ecosystem processes including photosynthesis, decomposition, resource limitation and nutrient cycling. Studies of plant stoichiometry and stoichiometric homeostasis have focused primarily on the role of nutrient supply as a constraint on plant tissue chemistry, yet recent work suggests that local plant diversity, plant species composition and consumers may change the nutrient composition of whole plant communities. By experimentally removing insects, foliar fungi and soil fungi from a long-term experiment manipulating plant diversity, we found that the foliar stoichiometry of individual plant species depends on biotic context. Local plant diversity and the composition of the consumer community each altered foliar tissue carbon and nutrient chemistry of four different grassland species. The greatest impacts of consumers on foliar chemistry occurred at low plant diversity, and these changes induced by altering the food web were of a similar magnitude to the effects of fertilization or drought found in previous work. Consumers and plant diversity acted primarily on foliar carbon and nitrogen, whereas changes in foliar phosphorus were associated with the productivity of the local plant community. Thus, changes in whole-community stoichiometry that have been documented in response to alterations of the consumer food web or plant community are underlain by stoichiometric changes in individual species as well as plant species compositional changes. Synthesis. These results suggest a new pathway by which loss of consumer or plant diversity may significantly impact the wide variety of ecosystem processes that depend on foliar nutrient content.
Scan-BIST based on transition probabilities

We demonstrate that it is possible to generate a deterministic test set that detects all the detectable single stuck-at faults in a full-scan circuit such that each test contains a small number of transitions from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0 when considering consecutive input values. Using this result we show that built-in test-pattern generation for scan circuits can be based on transition probabilities instead of probabilities of specific bits in the test set being 0 or 1. The resulting approach associates only two parameters with every set of test vectors: an initial value and a transition probability. We demonstrate that this approach is effective in detecting all the detectable single stuck-at faults in benchmark circuits.
Randomized trial of enhanced anticipatory guidance for injury prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate an injury prevention anticipatory guidance training program for pediatric residents. DESIGN: Thirty-one residents were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Both groups attended a 1-hour seminar about injury prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics TIPP (The Injury Prevention Program) materials. The intervention group also received 5 hours of experiential instruction on injury prevention content and counseling skills (SAFE Counseling Framework). Families with infants from birth to age 6 months were enrolled in the study (N = 196); they were followed up until the child was aged 12 to 18 months. Data were collected by means of baseline and follow-up interviews, audiotapes of medical visits, parent exit surveys, and home observations. SETTING: A hospital-based continuity clinic that serves families living in low-income, inner-city neighborhoods. OUTCOMES: Physician counseling and parent satisfaction, knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors. RESULTS: Parents seen by physicians in the intervention group received significantly more injury prevention counseling for 5 of the 6 safety practices, and they were significantly more satisfied with the help their physicians provided on safety topics. They were no less satisfied with their physicians' counseling on other anticipatory guidance topics. Parents' knowledge, beliefs, and home safety behaviors did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency and impact of pediatric counseling can be enhanced by experiential training that targets specific injury hazards. Because low-income families face many barriers to carrying out the recommended safety practices, supplemental strategies are needed to ensure safer homes. Language: en
Tinea capitis: a current perspective.

Abstract During the past 50 years, the predominant etiologic agent of tinea capitis in the United States and in Western Europe has changed from Microsporum audouinii to Trichophyton tonsurans . This is thought to be due in part to the sensitivity of M audouinii to griseofulvin treatment and, in part, due to the importing of T tonsurans by people emigrating from geographic areas where that vector had been the prominent cause of tinea capitis. With these changes, prospects for newer therapies with the novel antimycotic agents itraconazole, fluconazole, and terbinafine are reviewed. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:1-20.) Learning Objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the history, epidemiology, and current knowledge of tinea capitis, as well as the newer antifungal agents (ie, itraconazole, fluconazole, and terbinafine) to treat this infection.
A Petrographic Analysis of Extended Middle Missouri Ceramics from North Dakota

This article summarizes a petrographic analysis of ten thin sections prepared from Riggs and Fort Yates ware sherds (ca. A.D. 1200 to 1450), thejirst such study ever conducted on prehistoric ceramics collected in North Dakota. The procedure identified, described, and estimated the percentage of observable aplastics (coarser grained inclusions) and examined the geometric relationships between the aplastics and the encompassing clay matrix (micromass). Grit tempering was used exclusively in the manufacture of each vessel represented. The large and abundant polymineralic grains (rockfragments) are granodioritic in composition and evince local tills as the most likely source for the temper. The mineral composition of the aplastics and the matrix is consistent with raw material resources readily available in central North Dakota. The overall abundance and coarseness of the tempering agent is likely added to mitigate the high shrink-swell capacity inherent in the montmorillonite clays that are prevalent throughout the region. The size, amount, and composition of the temper grains are also common to vessels manufactured for utilitarian (culinary) purposes. It was not possible in this study to distinguish Riggs from Fort Yates ware at the microscopic level.
Early Adolescent Participation in Physical Activity: Correlates With Individual and Family Characteristics

Background: Early adolescence is developmental period when youth begin to shift exercise and physical activity patterns toward increased sedentary living. The major causes and contributing factors to this change are poorly understood. This study examines the relationship between sociodemographic factors, behavioral and family factors that influence physical activity patterns of middle grades students. Methods: The 1578 youth ranged in age from 12 (22%) to 13 (78%) and were divided between white (65%), African American (19%), and Hispanic (16%) subpopulations, with 37% overall qualifying for reduced-price or free school lunches. The assumptions for Analysis of Covariance versus Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were examined, with the final results reported separately for attitudes toward exercise as predictors and sociodemographic variables and measures of family functioning as predictors. Results: Positive attitudes were more strongly associated than were negative attitudes with exercise. Of the categorical predictors, student gender and family involvement with fitness had the most statistically significant associations with self reported exercise (6 for gender and 5 for family involvement with fitness). Conclusions: The results of this analysis of a diverse and large sample of young adolescents are placed in the context of family leisure and work time in our “hurried” culture.
EMG as a feedback signal in surfaces FES applications: issues and preliminary results

The authors have measured RMS EMB (electromyogram) and mean EMG frequency as a function of simulated muscle force in isometric quadriceps muscle of able-bodied human subjects using an artifact-suppressing surface stimulator and blanking EMG amplifier. Preliminary a results demonstrate that the EMG signal contains useful information about the state of electrically stimulated muscle that may be useful in functional electrical stimulation (FES) applications, but that significant measurement problems must be solved before accurate, selective EMG recordings in the presence of surface stimulation are possible. Also, the nature of the EMG signal for stimulated muscle in nonisometric conditions needs to be explored. >
Patient-centered outcomes research in appendicitis in children: Bridging the knowledge gap.

Abstract Purpose Patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) aims to give patients a better understanding of the treatment options to enable optimal decision-making. As nonoperative alternatives are now being evaluated in children for acute appendicitis, we surveyed patients and their families regarding their knowledge of appendicitis and evaluated whether providing basic medical information would affect their perception of the disease and allow them to more rationally consider the treatment alternatives. Methods Families of children aged 5–18 presenting to the Emergency Department with suspected appendicitis were recruited for a tablet-based interactive educational survey. One hundred subjects (caregivers and patients ≥15years) were questioned before and after an education session about their understanding of appendicitis, including questions on three hypothetical treatment options: urgent appendectomy, antibiotics alone, or initial antibiotics followed by elective appendectomy. Subjects were clearly informed that urgent appendectomy is currently the standard of care. Results Only 14% of respondents correctly identified the mortality rate of appendicitis (17 deaths/year according to the 2010 US census) when compared with other extremely rare causes of death. Fifty-four and 31% thought it was more common than death from lightning (40/year) and hunting-associated deaths (44/year), respectively. Eighty-two percent of respondents believed it "likely" or "very likely" that the appendix would rupture if operation was at all delayed, and 81% believed that rupture of the appendix would rapidly lead to severe complications and death. In univariate analysis, this perception was significantly more prevalent for mothers (odds ratio, (OR) 5.19, confidence interval (CI) 1.33–21.15), and subjects who knew at least one friend or relative who had a negative experience with appendicitis (OR 5.53, CI 1.40–25.47). Following education, these perceptions changed significantly (53% still believed that immediate operation was necessary, and 47% believed perforation led to great morbidity and potential mortality, P Conclusion There was a striking knowledge gap in the participant perception of appendicitis. Appropriate education can correct anecdotally supported misconceptions. Adequate education may empower patients to make better-informed decisions about their medical care and may be important for future studies in alternative treatments for appendicitis in children.
Multiple signaling pathways mediate LIF-induced skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

There are many known growth factors/cytokines that induce skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation. Currently, the signaling mechanisms in which these growth factors/cytokines activate satellite cell proliferation are not completely understood. Here, we sought to determine signaling mechanisms by which leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induces satellite cell proliferation in culture. First, we confirmed that LIF induces proliferation of C2C12 immortalized myoblasts and cultured primary rat satellite cells. In addition, we also found that this increase in proliferation can be inhibited by incubation of the cells in tyrphostin AG 490, a specific inhibitor of Janus-activated kinase (JAK) 2 activity. Furthermore, we also found that incubation of the cells at various time points with LIF (10 ng/ml) induces a significant, transient increase in JAK2 phosphorylation, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT3) phosphorylation, and STAT3 transcriptional activity. Increases in the STAT3-sensitive endogenous SOC3 protein followed these transient increases in STAT3 activation. In addition, AG 490 inhibited the increase in STAT3 phosphorylation. Finally, LIF did not change the phosphorylation status of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 or affect the phosphorylation status of Akt/protein kinase B. However, LY-294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, blocked LIF-induced proliferation of satellite cells. These data suggest that LIF induces satellite cell proliferation by activation of the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that this may be an important pathway in muscle growth and/or hypertrophy.
Comprehensive linguistic steganography survey

Contemporary steganography approaches suffer from many serious deficiencies; generally, they attempt to hide data as detectable and suspicious noise in a cover that is assumed to look innocent. In addition, steganography approaches found in literature have focused on how to conceal a message and not on how to camouflage its transmittal. This paper presents a comprehensive survey that focuses mainly on, but not limited to, computational linguistics aspects of steganography and it is organised as follows: Section 1 concisely details the fundamental concepts related to steganography, summarises the current state of the research, and highlights the technical concerns. Then, it briefly describes the modern steganography, namely noiseless steganography (Nostega). Section 2 discusses the contemporary steganography and Nostega paradigm (the modern steganography). Section 3 demonstrates Nostega-based methodologies. Section 4 presents a brief overview of steganalysis. Section 5 concludes the survey and highlights directions for future research.
When Does Race Matter? Race, Sex, and Dating at an Elite University

This paper unites quantitative and qualitative data from the College Social Life Survey (n = 732) to describe and explain patterns of racial homophily in undergraduate sexual/romantic relationships at an elite university, a closed social setting. It expands the literature on interracial romantic unions by comparing homophily in hookups (uncommitted sexual interactions), dates, and long-term relationships. Although this population embodies many characteristics associated with greater racial mixing (youth, education, status equality, geographical proximity, racial diversity, independence from family), racial homophily is still strongly evident. Variation in levels of homophily among relationship types and among racial groups is explained by differences in desired homophily, social network segregation, and participation in formal race-based student organizations. Black students are particularly socially isolated.
IP Radio Resource Control System

With the need for mobility and wireless communications now being motivated by the commercial sector, more attention must be given towards IP QOS in the wireless infrastructure, if existing or emerging services are to be commercialized over it. In this work, we investigate and propose a system approach to balance time-varying, space-varying (usage) wireless and mobile channel conditions against IP-based service differentiation and end-end service requirements. The proposed solution leverages network programmability [1], multiple timescales, feedback-based mechanisms across flows, mobile clients and a centralized RAN or LAN control point to configure QOS policies and coordinate state information between congestion control, bandwidth control and reliability mechanisms.
Individuals and the Differences between Them

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses individual differences research. The case against individual differences research as a framework for the advancement of personality psychology's theoretical concerns is logically quite straightforward. Any theory of personality is a conceptual framework designed to provide explanations for and hence an understanding of individual psychological functioning. The reliability and validity co-efficients and other statistical indices generated by studies of individual differences variables, bear no legitimate interpretation of any kind whatsoever at the individual level. Individual differences research is fundamentally and irremediably ill-suited to the task of advancing theories of individual psychological functioning. The discipline of personality psychology is therefore in need of a viable alternative research paradigm. The psychological differences among individuals are relevant to and must therefore be incorporated into explanations for their respective actions. The coherence—that such individual differences research explanations can, in principle, ever offer—requires that the discussion be limited to the differences between individuals and that it never be permitted to lapse over into a discussion about individuals. It is necessarily the case that individual differences variables do not exist for individuals. Hence, no discussion of individual differences variables can be a discussion of individuals.
Shear stress induces a time- and position-dependent increase in endothelial cell membrane fluidity

Blood flow-associated shear stress may modulate cellular processes through its action on the plasma membrane. We quantified the spatial and temporal aspects of the effects of shear stress (τ) on th...
Internal Directional Structures and Shape of Sedimentary Bodies (1963–1976)

In 1963 there were relatively few comprehensive studies on the paleoenvironments of sandstone and carbonate bodies. Today, this is a major area of investigation both by industry and by academics, and there is a very substantial literature, a very small part of which is summarized in Table 7-1. Underlying this effort is the idea that knowledge of the environment of deposition can help predict the size, shape, and orientation of a terrigenous and/or carbonate body as well as provide a guide to the internal distribution of its porosity and permeability. We emphasize only that part of this vast literature that relates shape to paleocurrents.