cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF THE CIS-DICHLORODIAMMINEPLATINUM(II)-OXALATE REACTION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Abstract The substitution of the chloride ligands in cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 by oxalate has been studied in neutral and slightly acidic aqueous solutions. At 50°, the reaction is first-order with respect to complex concentration. The estimated first-order rate constant (3.9 × 10−4sec−1 at 50°) and the activation energy (17 kcals/mole) are similar to the corresponding values reported for the aquation of the complex ion. The reaction rate is only slightly pH dependent in the pH range 3–7 indicating that C2O4 −2 and HC2O4 − have similar reactivities. The rate of the reaction is inhibited by the presence of excess free chloride. These data have been interpreted in terms of a mechanism involving the rate-determining aquation of the complex. By comparison with previous studies in which amine molecules were employed as substituting groups oxalate is a very weak nucleophile. It is suggested that the known biological activity of dichloro complexes of platinum(II) involves reaction at nitrogen-containing rather than oxygen...
Ruthenium catalyzed regioselective copolymerization of anthrone, fluorenone, or xanthone with α,ω-dienes

This paper reports a novel ruthenium catalyzed regioselective copolymerization reaction between anthrone, fluorenone or xanthone and α,ω-dienes such as 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane and 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,6-disila-1,7-octadiene. This reaction involves the ruthenium catalyzed regioselective Anti-Markovnikov insertion of the carbon-carbon double bonds of the α,ω-dienes into the aromatic carbon-hydrogen bonds which are ortho to the carbonyl group of anthrone, fluorenone or xanthone. Similar ruthenium catalyzed copolymerization reactions between acetophenone and α,ω-dienes [1] have been recently reported as have reactions between acetophenone and alkenes to yield monomeric ortho-alkyl substituted acetophenones [2].
Biological consequences of targeting β1,4‐galactosyltransferase to two different subcellular compartments

beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is unusual among the glycosyltransferases in that it is found in two subcellular compartments where it performs two distinct functions. In the trans-Golgi complex, galactosyltransferase participates in oligosaccharide biosynthesis, as do the other glycosyltransferases. On the cell surface, however, galactosyltransferase associates with the cytoskeleton and functions as a receptor for extracellular oligosaccharide ligands. Although we now know much regarding galactosyltransferase function in these two compartments, little is known about how it is targeted to these different sites. By cloning the galactosyltransferase gene products, certain features of the protein have been identified that may be critical for its expression on the cell surface or retention within the Golgi complex. This article discusses recent studies which suggest that a cytoplasmic sequence unique to one galactosyltransferase isoform is required for targeting a portion of this protein to the plasma membrane, enabling it to function as a cell adhesion molecule. These findings allow one to manipulate surface galactosyltransferase expression, either positively or negatively, and perturb galactosyltransferase-dependent cellular interactions during fertilization and development.
Aortic valve-sparing repair with autologous pericardial leaflet extension has low long-term mortality and reoperation rates in children and adults.

Objectives. We sought to establish whether there was a difference in outcome after aortic valve repair with autologous pericardial leaflet extension in pediatric and adult populations.Methods. In our study, 128 patients (pediatric and adult) underwent valvular pericardial extension repair at our institution from 1997 through 2006. The patients were divided into either the pediatric group (?18 years of age; n = 54/128, 42%), with a mean age of 8.4 ± 5.4 (range, 0-17 years), or the adult group (n = 74/128, 58%), with a mean age of 48.9 ± 19.7 (range, 19-85 years). The endpoints of the study were mortality and reoperation rates.Results. Thirty-day mortality for the adult group was 0, and for the pediatric group it was 1/54 (1.8%), with no statistical difference (P = .1) between the groups. Late mortality for the pediatric group was 2/54 (3.7%) and in the adult group was 2/74 (2.7%). There was no statistical difference (P = .12) between the groups. In the pediatric group, there were 6 total reoperations (6/54) in 5 patients, with one patient undergoing reoperation twice. From these 6 cases, 3 were re-repair and 3 had aortic valve replacement; the mean interval between original repair and reoperation was 4.3 ± 2.5 years (range, 0.1-7.7 years). In the adult group, there were 5 total reoperations (5/74). From these 5 cases, 3 had aortic valve replacement and 2 re-repair; the mean interval between original repair and reoperation was 3.5 ± 3 years (range, 0.1-7 years). There was no statistical difference in the reoperation rate between the 2 groups (P= .38). At late follow-up, 82% of all patients in the adult group had no aortic regurgitation or only a trace (grades 0 and 1) and 78% of all patients in the pediatric group had no aortic regurgitation or only a trace (grades 0 and 1). There was no statistical difference in either aortic regurgitation (P = .06) or aortic stenosis (P = .28) between the 2 groups.Conclusions. Aortic valve repair with autologous pericardial leaflet extension has low mortality and morbidity rates, as well as good mid-term durability in both the pediatric and the adult groups.
Monthly Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide at Mauna Loa: Possible Asymmetric Effects of Warming

Abstract Changes in the intra-annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, are investigated by comparing monthly observations to the mean value of each year’s waxing and waning phase of the cycle. Results identify a previously unnoticed change between 1965 and 2004 during October in which October concentrations declined relative to the cycle’s mean value. Results confirm a previously noted change in spring (April), but unlike previous analyses, this result indicates that between 1965 and 2004 April concentrations rose relative to the cycle’s mean value. The timing of these changes is not caused by commonly recognized patterns of atmospheric circulation, such as ENSO events. Instead, these changes may be generated by asymmetric effects of warming. Warming in early spring may increase heterotrophic respiration relative to net primary production while warming in late summer/early fall may enhance net primary production relative to heterotrophic respiration.
Deflagration to Detonation Transition Processes by Turbulence-Generating Obstacles in Pulse Detonation Engines

The results from a series of detonation experiments conducted to characterize the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) process for ethylene-air mixtures in a 44-mm-square, 1.65-m-long tube are described. Experiments were conducted for both single-shot detonations involving quiescent mixtures as well as multicycle detonations involving dynamic fill. For the experiments, high-frequency pressure and flame emission measurements were made to obtain the compression wave and flame speeds, respectively. In addition, schlieren and hydroxyl-radical/planar-laser-induced-fluorescence (OH-PLIF) imaging were applied to investigate the interactions between the shock-wave and combustion phenomena during both deflagration and detonation. For ethylene-air mixtures, strategically placed obstacles were necessary to achieve DDT. The effect of the presence of obstacles on flame acceleration was systematically investigated by changing the obstacle configuration. The parametric study of obstacle blockage ratio, spacing between obstacles, and length of the obstacle configuration indicated that for successful detonations the obstacle needs to accelerate the flame to a minimum flame speed of roughly half the Chapman-Jouguet detonation velocity. Differences in the flame and compression wave velocities demonstrated the development of a coupled feedback mechanism as the wave propagated along the tube. A series of simultaneous schlieren and OH-PLIF images showed that the obstacle plays a major role in generating small/large-scale turbulence that enhances flame acceleration. Localized explosions of pockets of unburned mixture further enhanced the shock-wave strength to continuously increase the flame speed. The results of this experimental study support the importance of obstacles as a means to enhance DDT and provide a potential solution for practical pulse-detonation-engine applications.
A Model for Removal of Compact, Rough, Irregularly Shaped Particles from Surfaces in Turbulent Flows

A model for removal of compact, rough, irregularly shaped particles from surfaces in turbulent flow was developed. Following the approach of our previous bumpy particle model, irregularly shaped particles were modeled as spherical particles with a number of bumps on them. To improve the model, the effect of surface roughness was added to the bumps. Each bump was modeled with large number of asperities and the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) adhesion theory was used to model the adhesion and detachment of each bump and asperity in contact with the surface. The total adhesion force for each bump was obtained as the summation of each asperity force in contact with the substrate. To account for the variability observed in the removal of particles, the number of bumps and roughness values of particles are assumed to be random, respectively, with Poisson and log-normal distributions. For particle separation from the surface, the theory of critical moment was used, and the orientation of bumps on the surface was c...
Hydrolysis of Fatty Acid Esters of Acetaminophen in Buffered Pancreatic Lipase Systems I

A series of fatty acid esters of acetaminophen were prepared beginning with the acetate, the propionate, and all even‐numbered fatty acids and going through the octadecanoate. The enzymatic hydrolysis of all derivatives was studied in vitro with varying amounts of lipase added to the hydrolysis mixtures. Under the conditions of the in vitro hydrolysis, it was observed that all derivatives were hydrolyzed more readily in an aqueous medium at pH 7.8. A positive relationship was seen between the hydrolysis rates and the concentration of lipase at this pH. There was a negative relationship between the chain length of the acyl moiety and the corresponding hydrolysis rates. The short chain esters were hydrolyzed at rates many times more rapid than the long chain esters. The intermediate chain‐length esters, p‐acetamidophenyl de‐canoate, p‐acetamidophenyl laurate, and p‐acetamidophenyl my‐ristate, were hydrolyzed at intermediate time periods extending over 12 hr, approaching completion at 97.5, 87.5, and 80.5%, respectively, when 18 Wilson units of lipase was used in each milliliter of hydrolysis mixture. The longer chain esters, p‐acetamidophenyl palmitate and p‐acetamidophenyl stearate, were hydrolyzed to the extent of 16 and 8%, respectively, over 12 hr under the same in vitro conditions
Methods for streamlining intervention fidelity checklists: an example from the chronic disease self-management program.

Maintaining intervention fidelity should be part of any programmatic quality assurance (QA) plan and is often a licensure requirement. However, fidelity checklists designed by original program developers are often lengthy, which makes compliance difficult once programs become widely disseminated in the field. As a case example, we used Stanford’s original Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) fidelity checklist of 157 items to demonstrate heuristic procedures for generating shorter fidelity checklists. Using an expert consensus approach, we sought feedback from active master trainers registered with the Stanford University Patient Education Research Center about which items were most essential to, and also feasible for, assessing fidelity. We conducted three sequential surveys and one expert group-teleconference call. Three versions of the fidelity checklist were created using different statistical and methodological criteria. In a final group-teleconference call with seven national experts, there was unanimous agreement that all three final versions (e.g., a 34-item version, a 20-item version, and a 12-item version) should be made available because the purpose and resources for administering a checklist might vary from one setting to another. This study highlights the methodology used to generate shorter versions of a fidelity checklist, which has potential to inform future QA efforts for this and other evidence-based programs (EBP) for older adults delivered in community settings. With CDSMP and other EBP, it is important to differentiate between program fidelity as mandated by program developers for licensure, and intervention fidelity tools for providing an “at-a-glance” snapshot of the level of compliance to selected program indicators.
Orientations of side chains and adsorbed liquid crystal molecules on a rubbed polyimide surface studied by optical second harmonic generation

Surface second harmonic generation was used to obtain approximate orientational distributions of the side chains and the adsorbed liquid crystal (LC) molecules on a rubbed side-chain polyimide surface. Both the side chains and the LC molecules appear to be well aligned in the rubbing direction but tilted away from the surface in the antirubbing direction. The latter yields a negative pretilt angle in a homogeneously aligned LC film sandwiched between two such surfaces. The side chains and the LC molecules, however, have antiparallel orientations at the surface.
Critique of popular advice literature: A practical application for interpersonal communication

This article proposes an approach to the study of interpersonal communication —the critique of popular sources (CPS) of interpersonal advice. The fundamental assumption prompting the development of this strategy is: the proliferation of research as well as popular sources related to interpersonal communication preclude introducing students to a significant portion of the material in this area. As instructors we need to develop students’ (1) ability to be selective in choosing interpersonal materials, and (2) disposition to analyze, critique, and evaluate before applying the interpersonal advice to their lives.
Determination of stress intensity factor solutions for cracks in finite-width functionally graded materials

A generalized method to determine the stress intensity factor equations for cracks in finite-width specimens of functionally graded materials (FGMs), based on force balance in regions ahead of the crack tip is provided. The method uses the Westergaard's stress distribution ahead of the crack in an infinite plate and is based on the requirement of isostrain deformation of layers of varying moduli ahead of the crack tip. It is shown that the modified Westergaard equation describes the normal stress distribution and the singular stress state ahead of the crack tip in a reasonably accurate manner. Based on this, closed-form analytical equations for the stress intensity factors of cracks in finite-width center cracked specimens were derived. Comparisons of the K values from the analytical equations with that obtained from FEM simulations indicate that the derived stress intensity factor equations for FGMs are reasonably accurate. For the finite-width center-cracked-tension (CCT) specimen, the errors are less than 10% for most of the crack lengths for materials with the outer layer modulus ratios varying from 0.2 to 5. The stress intensity factors were found to be sensitive to the absolute values of moduli of the layers, the modulus ratio of the outer layers as well as the nature of gradation including the increasing and the decreasing functional forms. The stress intensity factor equations are convenient for engineering estimates of stress intensity factors as well as in the experimental determinations of fracture toughness of FGMs.
Estimation of enzymically produced orthophosphate in the presence of cysteine and adenosine triphosphate

Abstract A method utilizing phosphomolybdate is described for determination of enzymically formed orthophosphate in the presence of high concentrations of cysteine, ATP, and ADP. This sensitive procedure allows the rapid estimation of phosphate for the large number of samples that are usually encountered in enzyme studies. The variables of the procedure were examined in detail, and the method which evolved minimizes errors in practical enzyme assay procedures.
The continuing need to investigate the nature and content of teleconsultation communication using interaction analysis techniques.

The lack of systematically collected and analysed data about the effect of telemedicine on patient-provider communication is a frequently cited barrier for why video communication has yet to reach ...
Giant-cell containing neoplasms of the pancreas: an aspiration cytology study

Giant-cell containing neoplasms of the pancreas are rare with few reports documenting their cytologic appearance. Giant-cell containing neoplasms of the pancreas have been divided into two subtypes corresponding to the osteoclastic giant-cell tumor of the pancreas and the pleomorphic giant-cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Despite the better prognosis reported in some series for osteoclastic giant-cell tumors, the most recent edition of the World Health Organization classification lumps the two entities into a single category designated as undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells. Smears obtained from osteoclastic giant-cell tumors show numerous giant-cells with clustered overlapping, bland appearing nuclei containing prominent nucleoli consistent with an osteoclast-type multinucleated giant-cell. These neoplasms contain a second population of mononuclear cells showing more marked nuclear atypia. Pleomorphic giant-cell carcinomas are characterized by anaplastic giant-cells displaying marked nuclear pleomorphism. The mononuclear component is also pleomorphic with markedly atypical epithelioid and spindle shaped cells. In three reported cases, a tumor contained a mixture of the two cell patterns. Thus, undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells and pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma may represent a morphologic spectrum with pure osteoclast-like giant-cell tumors at one end and pleomorphic giant-cell carcinoma at the other. Fine-needle aspiration specimens from pure osteoclast-like giant-cell tumors will contain a population of bland multinucleated osteoclastic-like giant-cells that differ markedly from the anaplastic giant-cells of pleomorphic giant-cell carcinoma. The difference in the appearance of the giant-cells aids in distinction of the two neoplasms. When in pure form, the two neoplasms may follow different clinical courses.
Training and Assessment of ECG Interpretation Skills: Results From the 2005 CDIM Survey

Background: Despite published consensus-based statements on assessment of ECG interpretation skills, studies and curricula regarding the training needed to obtain basic ECG interpretation skills are lacking. These consensus statements have focused on attaining competency in ECG interpretation during postgraduate training; however, recommendations regarding assessment of competency in the undergraduate curriculum are not discussed. Purpose: The purpose is to describe the current methods of teaching and assessing ECG interpretation skills across institutions on the 3rd-year internal medicine (IM) clerkship. Method: In 2005, the Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine surveyed its institutional members. Twelve questions on the survey dealt with ECG interpretation. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and Mann–Whitney U were used for analysis. Results: Eighty-eight of 109 members (81%) responded to the survey. Overall, 89% of institutional respondents feel that ECG interpretation is an important clinical skil...
Andesitic volcanism and crustal evolution

Petrological evidence indicates that andesite is a mixture of melts from the upper mantle and lower crust. Mixing is favoured by a compressional environment and generation of rhyolitic crustal melt is favoured by continental crust. Andesitic volcanism apparently involves both addition of new material to the crust and fractionation of pre-existing crust.
Evaluating an automated mental health care system: making meaning of human-computer interaction

Objectives:: To qualitatively evaluate the response of patients with unipolar depression who used a computer telephony system designed to monitor their disease severity and support self-care, principally adherence to medication regimen and clinical office visit attendance. Methods:: Weekly in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 patients who used the computer telephony system for 4 weeks. Users had a diagnosis of unipolar depression and took at least one antidepressant. All interviews were audio-taped and immediately transcribed. The transcripts of the interviews were subsequently coded and analyzed thematically by two qualitative researchers. Results:: The patients spoke about the automated system as if it was a social actor. They did not, however, have an illusion that there was a health professional communicating through the system. Instead, they felt that it was designed to appear human-like. The majority offered suggestions intended to make the system behave and sound more like a ''human professional'' and less like a ''machine''. They believed that the system would be more usable, acceptable and effective if these changes were made. Conclusions:: These results do not support the ''anthropomorphism'' construct which posits that users of computer-mediated systems who attribute human qualities to the system are under an illusion that the system is human.
Institutional inertia, adjustment, and change: Japan as a case of a coordinated market economy

ABSTRACT This article reviews the contributions of three important books that analyze, respectively, the sources and patterns of institutional inertial, adjustment, and change of Japanese economy in response to the country's prolonged economic stagnation. Drawing on their scholarship, the article highlights the dual character of Japanese capitalism – the persistence of core elements of a coordinated market economy on the one hand, and the incremental revision of existing practices towards a liberal market model by state agencies and firms on the other hand. The case of Japan suggests that while coordinated market economies may face the danger of losing some of their comparative institutional advantages under rapid technological change and increased international competition, they may not make an unambiguous switch to liberal institutions, and may take a variety of reform paths in coping with internal and external pressures.
Women and Tenure Transition: An Examination of Land Access and Gendered Land Rights in Kanungu District, Uganda

Access to land and land rights are critical to development and poverty reduction. Currently Uganda, like many countries around the globe, is undergoing transformation of its land tenure systems, away from traditional, community-based institutions towards private individual freehold property. Privatizing land rights, however, is controversial; critics fear that this will negatively impact vulnerable groups, such as women. In the Ugandan context while new privatization reforms have passed, they have not been fully implemented. This tenure transition is creating confusion and reportedly leading to a weakening of the traditional systems and an erosion of women’s land rights. I examine women’s land rights in rural southwestern Uganda, with a specific focus on women’s ability to access land subsequent to the 1998 Land Act. In my work I ask: how do women perceive their land rights? What strategies have women developed to facilitate their access to land? Do women believe the 1998 Land Act inhibited or aided in their struggle for land? The research utilized three data collection methods: document analysis, informant interviews with local elites, and semi-structured interviews with rural female farmers. Data analysis revealed three main themes: women lack awareness of the new land laws, issues around security of tenure occurred due to the transitioning tenure system combined with gender inequality, and women are utilizing informal channels to access land tenure while focusing on development.
Two-Sided Texture Effects on Ultra-Thin Wide Wedge Gas Bearings

This work seeks to determine the effects of two-sided surface roughness amplitude on ultra-thin, compressible, isothermal, infinitely wide gas bearings. The transient Reynolds equation of lubrication is solved using a finite difference scheme that is second order accurate in space and time. Solutions of the Reynolds equation are presented for bearing numbers spanning seven orders of magnitude, including those experienced in magnetic hard disk recording
Realizing EQL Programs for Bounded-Time Execution

Predicting programs' response time (the longest execution time) has been a challenging task, especially for rule-based programs, in which the control flows are not obvious. To facilitate our study on this problem, we chose the EQL language as our target rule-based language. An EQL program can be thought of as an operator in a prototype system description language such as PSDL. In this paper we show how to generate executable code from an EQL rule-based program and to verify its timing behavior. We have developed a suite of packages to derive response-time bounds for EQL programs. Such timing analysis tools can be used in timing verification for program prototypes in the early stage of software development. The response-time bounds are derived in three steps: First an EQL program is translated into an equivalent C program, which can then be compiled for execution. The translated C program is also used as input to a timing-analysis tool to get execution time information for each rule firing. To derive a response-time bound of the program, the EQL program and the rules' firing-time information are used by a response-time analyzer. In this paper we describe the functionalities of these packages, with emphasis on the EQL-to-C translation. An EQL program example is also used throughout this paper to demonstrate the procedures.
Cocaine self-administration "binges": transition from behavioral and autonomic regulation toward homeostatic dysregulation in rats

Background: An essential feature of cocaine addiction is the breakdown to control or regulate drug intake. Objective: The present studies aimed to examine the transition from regulated intravenous cocaine reinforcement to a more unpredictable, chaotic pattern of cocaine self-administration in rats that were given continuous access to the drug. Autonomic activity was continuously monitored via biotelemetry senders for heart-rate and core temperature before, during and after the cocaine ”binges”, in an attempt to characterize the breakdown of homeostatic regulation. Methods: After Long-Evans rats were fitted with intravenous catheters and intraperitoneal telemetry senders, they acquired cocaine self-administration with each fifth lever press being reinforced by a 0.25 mg cocaine infusion. Rats self-administered 15 cocaine infusions daily at stable rates for ca. 2–3 weeks, when continuous access periods (”binges”) of 26 and 72 h were scheduled, with a 3-week cocaine-free period between and following the two ”binges”. Results: A distinctive pattern of cocaine self-administration emerged during the ”binges” that consisted of (1) an initial loading phase, (2) stable, predictable inter-infusion intervals for up to 8–10 h, termed ”regulatory phase”, (3) increased variability in inter-fusion intervals, mostly beginning at 22–24 h of continuous access. During the first half of the 72-h ”binge”, the autonomic activities remained elevated, showed a greatly constrained variability, and the characteristic circadian rhythmicity was substantially decreased. The average cocaine intake (6.8±0.5 mg/kg per hour) during the ”regulatory” phase did not change during the subsequent phases. Following the 72-h ”binge”, the amplitude of autonomic circadian rhythms remained attenuated for more than 2 weeks. In a separate set of animals, the dose effect of inter-infusion intervals following the self-administered infusion was similar during a variable dose protocol, scheduled in an early and a late phase of a 30-h long ”binge”. Conclusions: The homeostatic dysregulation during the ”binge” as evidenced by the diminished capacity of autonomic functions to vary is accompanied by emerging irregularities in the pattern of cocaine self-administration.
Perceived Transfer of Learning: From the distance education classroom to the workplace

The purpose of this study was to explore student and supervisor perceptions regarding application within the workplace of skills and concepts learned in distance education university courses offered by interactive audio/video. The courses were degree requirements for a programme that focused on hunan resource development. Transfer of learning from the classroom to the workplace did occur. This study suggests that the individual and the organisation benefited by this ability to transfer knowledge and skills from the learning environment back to the working environment. Supervisors and students indicated that students were better employees as a result of attending the hunan resource development programme. Students reported feeling more qualified and confident while supervisors reported observing enhanced leadership qualities among students.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION : II. Cytological and Cytochemical Studies on the Neuromuscular Junction of Dedifferentiating Muscle in the Regenerating Limb of the Newt Triturus.

Following amputation of the limb of the newt, Triturus viridescens, muscle fibers dedifferentiate giving rise to mesenchymal cells. The earliest changes detected in neuromuscular junctions of dedifferentiating muscle fibers are the appearance of a few vacuoles and decrease in density of the terminal axoplasm. Later, synaptic vesicles become tightly clustered in the axon termination, and their content appears denser than normal. Then, vesicles diminish in number until few are seen in the ending. While these changes are occurring, the area of contact of nerve with muscle becomes smaller. Junctional folds persist only where the nerve maintains contact with muscle, but these are shorter than normal and appear as slight ridges on the muscle surface. Subsequently, the nerve withdraws from the muscle cell and is completely invested by Schwann cell cytoplasm, and all traces of junctional folds are lost at the former region of contact. Cholinesterase activity was localized with the thiolacetic acid-lead nitrate method. Even before marked morphological changes occur in the junction, DFP- and physostigmine-sensitive activity in the cleft between nerve and muscle is decreased in intensity. Activity continues to decrease as the area of nerve-muscle contact diminishes and junctional folds disappear. When the nerve has withdrawn from the muscle surface, only a few small deposits of lead are left in the intervening region. These results show that as muscle becomes less specialized during dedifferentiation, the neuromuscular junction also loses the cytological and cytochemical specializations associated with synaptic function.
Wood/plastic copyrolysis in an auger reactor: Chemical and physical analysis of the products

Abstract Previous studies observed that slow copyrolysis of wood and plastic in enclosed autoclaves produced an upgraded raw bio-oil with increased hydrogen content. We now demonstrate that fast simultaneous pyrolyses of 50:50, w/w, pine wood/waste plastics in a 2 kg/h lab scale auger-fed reactor at 1 atm, with a short vapor residence time, generates higher heating value upgraded bio-oils. Three plastics: polystyrene (PS), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were individually copyrolyzed with southern yellow pine wood at 525, 450 and 450 °C, respectively, to generate modified bio-oils upon condensation. These liquids exhibited higher carbon and hydrogen contents, significantly lower oxygen contents, higher heats of combustion and lower water contents, acid values and viscosities than pine bio-oil. The formation of cross-over wood/plastic reaction products was negligible in the oils. Simultaneous pyrolysis process design requires using a temperature at which the plastic’s thermal decomposition kinetics produce vapors rapidly enough to prevent vaporized plastic from condensing on wood chars and exiting the reactor.
Effect of Deregionalized Care on Mortality in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants With Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Importance There has been a significant expansion in the number of low-level and midlevel neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in recent decades. Infants with necrotizing enterocolitis represent a high-risk subgroup of the very low-birth-weight (VLBW) ( Objectives To describe the current trend toward deregionalization and to test the hypothesis that infants with necrotizing enterocolitis represent a particularly high-risk subgroup of the VLBW population that would benefit from early identification, increased intensity of early management, and possible targeted triage to tertiary hospitals. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted of NICUs in California. We used data collected by the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative from 2005 to 2011 to assess mortality rates among a population-based sample of 30 566 VLBW infants, 1879 with necrotizing enterocolitis, according to the level of care and VLBW case volume at the hospital of birth. Exposures Level and volume of neonatal intensive care at the hospital of birth. Main Outcomes and Measures In-hospital mortality. Results There was a persistent trend toward deregionalization during the study period and mortality rates varied according to the level of care. High-level, high-volume (level IIIB with >100 VLBW cases per year and level IIIC) hospitals achieved the lowest risk-adjusted mortality. Infants with necrotizing enterocolitis born into midlevel hospitals (low-volume level IIIB and level IIIA NICUs) had odds of death ranging from 1.42 (95% CI, 1.08-1.87) to 1.51 (95% CI, 1.05-2.15, respectively). In the final year of the study, just 28.6% of the infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were born into high-level, high-volume hospitals. For infants born into lower level centers, transfer to a higher level of care frequently occurred well into the third week of life. Conclusions and Relevance These findings represent an immediate opportunity for local quality improvement initiatives and potential impetus for the regionalization of important NICU resources.
Integral transforms of differential equations for deflections of isotropic sandwich plates

Abstract Integral transforms of derivatives of functions appearing in the equations for deflections of sandwich plates are presented in terms of transforms of those functions and of appropriate boundary values. The use of the generalized Green's formula enables us to present these transforms in an invariant form. A rectangular plate is analyzed as an example.
Peptide Nanotubes and Beyond

Self-assembling peptide nanotubes (such as the cyclic peptide for which the calculated crystal structure is shown on the right) display a wide range of structural and functional capabilities that have enabled their application in biological as well as materials science. Recent advances in the field and future directions are discussed.
Teaching National and Regional Cultures: The Role of Teacher Identities in Martinique.

Schooling is widely considered to be vital to the development of modern nation-states, yet little is known about how teachers might go about transmitting national culture within schools. Using the case of history–geography lycee teachers in the French overseas department of Martinique, this article makes the argument that teachers’ professional identities must be taken into account when considering the ways in which teachers implement curricula and understand their role in passing on national and other collective identities to students. Through local-level research in schools – comprised of interviews with teachers, school administrators, local officials and others, classroom observations and archival research – it becomes evident that teachers on the island, as elsewhere in France, enjoy considerable autonomy in implementing curricula. By training students to think critically, teachers encourage students to consider new meanings of ‘French’ and ‘Martinican’ identities on an everyday basis.
An atomic view of Fermi level pinning of Ge(100) by O2

Abstract An experimental atomic-level study of the structural and electronic properties of the oxidation of the Ge(100) surface was performed using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). Room-temperature O2-dosed Ge(100) surfaces at sub-monolayer coverages (with and without post-oxidation annealing) were imaged via STM in order to identify the bonding geometries of the oxidation reaction products, and STS spectra were taken for the characterization of the surface electronic structures resulting from those structures. DFT modeling, including STM simulations, was performed for the various potential adsorbate structures indicated by STM imaging in order to elucidate the most likely bonding geometries. Long, low-temperature post-oxidation anneals (325 °C) were used to eliminate some metastable oxidation reaction products and to drive the coalescence of the stable products. The O2-reacted Ge(100) surfaces, both the disordered pre-annealed and the ordered post-annealed (325 °C), were found to exhibit Fermi level pinning near the valence band. However, proper Fermi level position was restored upon desorption of the GeO at 500 °C, indicating that the presence of germanium suboxide at the Ge(100) surface is a source of Fermi level pinning for annealed surfaces. The pinning observed on the room-temperature as-oxidized surface is most likely also due to the suboxide coverage; it is likely that additional components to the pinning states also arise from the displaced Ge ad-species.
Conditions of core formation in the Earth: Constraints from Nickel and Cobalt partitioning

Abstract The abundances of Ni and Co in the Earth’s mantle are depleted relative to chondrites due to terrestrial core formation. Recently, the observed mantle depletions of these elements have been explained by liquid metal-liquid silicate equilibrium during core formation in a high pressure, high temperature magma ocean on the early Earth. However, different magma ocean models, which would be expected to give consistent results, have proposed vastly different pressures (24 to 59 GPa), temperatures (2200 to >4000 K) and oxygen fugacities (−0.15 to −2.4 ΔIW) for the Earth’s magma ocean. In an attempt to resolve the contradictory results from different magma ocean models and determine the thermodynamic conditions appropriate for core formation in the Earth, experiments were conducted to better constrain the influences of temperature and C on the partitioning behaviors of Ni and Co. Results of experiments at 7 GPa with temperatures of 1923–2673 K show that the metal-silicate partition coefficients for both Ni and Co decrease with increasing temperature, with the effect being more significant for Ni. Little change in the partitioning behaviors of either Ni or Co with varying C-content of the metallic liquid was found. By combining the new temperature data with previous results from pressure and oxygen fugacity studies, we parameterized the partitioning behavior of Ni and Co and applied the parameterizations to core formation in a terrestrial magma ocean. Multiple combinations of pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity can explain the observed mantle depletions of Ni and Co, and all of the very different previously proposed magma ocean conditions are generally consistent with valid solutions. By using the FeO content of the Earth’s mantle as an additional constraint on the oxygen fugacity, magma ocean conditions of 30–60 GPa, > 2000 K, and −2.2 ΔIW are suggested. Similar systematic approaches and studies of other moderately siderophile elements could further constrain the magma ocean conditions on the early Earth.
Therapeutic potential of nitric oxide synthase gene manipulation.

The introduction of recombinant DNA technology has led to a major paradigmatic shift in medicine (BERG 1981). Diseases are recognized now not only by their physiological/biochemical defects, but also by the molecular alterations at the level of gene expression (KATZ 1988). Novel therapeutic approaches have expanded from chemical synthesis to genetic engineering. The development of in vivo gene-transfer technology has created a powerful new tool to study disease mechanisms by providing the means to overexpress or to inhibit specific local factors which are believed to contribute to a pathological process. In addition, this technology provides the opportunity to develop novel therapeutic strategies, including gene replacement, gene correction, or gene augmentation, thereby paving the way for gene therapy (HAWKINS 1998; VON DER LEYEN et al. 1998).
Degradation-mediated cellular traction directs stem cell fate in covalently crosslinked three-dimensional hydrogels

Although cell-matrix adhesive interactions are known to regulate stem cell differentiation, the underlying mechanisms, in particular for direct three-dimensional encapsulation within hydrogels, are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that in covalently crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels, the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is directed by the generation of degradation-mediated cellular traction, independently of cell morphology or matrix mechanics. hMSCs within HA hydrogels of equivalent elastic moduli that permit (restrict) cell-mediated degradation exhibited high (low) degrees of cell spreading and high (low) tractions, and favoured osteogenesis (adipogenesis). Moreover, switching the permissive hydrogel to a restrictive state through delayed secondary crosslinking reduced further hydrogel degradation, suppressed traction, and caused a switch from osteogenesis to adipogenesis in the absence of changes to the extended cellular morphology. Furthermore, inhibiting tension-mediated signalling in the permissive environment mirrored the effects of delayed secondary crosslinking, whereas upregulating tension induced osteogenesis even in the restrictive environment.
Two‐phase pressure drop in vertical crossflow across a horizontal tube bundle

An experimental investigation has been made to evaluate the friction, acceleration, and hydrostatic pressure drops in two-phase vertical crossflow across a horizontal tube bundle through the measurement of the void fraction and determination of the two-phase friction multiplier. The void fractions were found to increase with increasing mass velocity for a fixed quality level. The two-phase friction multiplier increased with increasing mass velocity for a fixed value of the Martinelli parameter in both slug and spray flow and decreased with increasing mass velocity in bubbly flows. The void fraction and two-phase friction multiplier data were correlated and used to predict with very good results the total pressure drop occurring in simulated diabatic flow tests and in actual diabatic tests using R-113.
Evaluating the Balance of Persuasive and Informative Content within Product-Specific Print Direct-to-Consumer Ads

This study attempts to compare the prevalence of persuasive and informative appeals found in direct-to-consumer (DTC) ads of prescription drugs in consumer magazines. A content analysis of DTC ads in a stratified randomized sample of magazines published from 1995 to 2000 identified the use of 10 types of persuasive appeals and 12 types of informative appeals. The average ad employed the use of 6.24 informative appeals and 3.13 persuasive appeals. DTC ads in magazines with a predominately male readership were found to contain a greater number of persuasive appeals than ads in other magazines. While the products most frequently advertised were for chronic nonlife-threatening conditions, a panel of pharmacists evaluated the majority of these products as having a high degree of clinical usefulness. Despite significant differences in the prevalence of certain types of appeals among ads for different products, the balance of persuasive and informative appeals did not vary considerably among them. Ads for drugs judged to be more specious in clinical usefulness did not employ the use of additional persuasive appeals and were found to be just as informative as ads for other drugs.
Effect of viscoelasticity on liquid transfer during gravure printing

Roll-to-roll patterning of small-scale features on a rapidly moving web is an industrially important process with a wide array of commercial applications both old and new. Examples include magazine printing and more recently the pattering of flexible electronics. Among the many existing web coating techniques for large-scale fabrication, slit die and gravure coating are the most commonly used. In gravure coating, an engraved roller with a regular array of shallow cavities/cells is used to pick up fluid from a bath. It is then passed through a flexible doctoring blade in order to meter off excess fluid before printing the fluid onto a flexible substrate. Here we present an experimental investigation into the effect that viscoelasticity has on the dynamics of liquid transfer from an idealized gravure cell to a flat rigid substrate. Although the dynamics of the actual gravure coating process is quite complex, we chose to study a simplified process by imposing an extensional flow using a modified filament stretching rheometer in which one of the endplates is replaced by a cell containing a single truncated conical gravure cell. The deformation and stretching of the resulting liquid bridges, the motion of the contact line within the gravure cell and the total amount of fluid removed from the gravure cell are studied as a function of the imposed stretch rate, the fluid rheology, and the geometry of the gravure cell. Two different viscoelastic solutions of high molecular weight polyethylene oxide in water were studied and compared to a series of Newtonian fluids. The results show that the primary impact of viscoelasticity is the addition of an elastic stress which increases the tension along the liquid bridge and significantly increases the bridge lifetime. For stretches where the gravure cell was placed on the bottom and the top plate moved vertically, viscoelasticity was found to significantly reduce the amount of fluid transferred to the top plate. However, by placing the gravure cell on top and reversing the relative direction of the inertial and gravitational stresses, viscoelasticity was found to significantly increase the amount of fluid transferred. Increasing the stretch rate was found to amplify these observations. Finally, increasing the contact angle between the fluid and the gravure cell and decreasing the aspect ratio of the gravure cell were both found to increase the amount of fluid transferred.
The effect of DSM-5 criteria on the developmental quotient in toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.

Objective: To determine the effect of the changing fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) criteria on the developmental profiles of children diagnosed with an Autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Methods: This study examines the effect of DSM-5 changes on impairment profiles of a population of 2054 at-risk toddlers aged 17–36 months using the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition.Results: Toddlers diagnosed with an ASD according to the DSM-5 were found to represent a more impaired population compared to those who qualified for a diagnosis of an ASD based on the DSM-IV-TR, but not the DSM-5. The group diagnosed according to the DSM-IV-TR represented a population of toddlers who were more impaired than atypically developing peers.Conclusions: The proposed changes to the DSM will likely result in those diagnosed with an ASD according to the new criteria representing a more functionally impaired group. Implications of this proposed change are discussed.