cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sediment Retention and Release

This article briefly describes some of the complex physical and biogeochemical interactions occurring in the dynamic environments which comprise sediments, porewaters, and overlying waters, where conditions vary dramatically over diverse temporal and spatial scales. An introduction is provided to several of the principal factors involved in the uptake and release of nutrients and contaminants from sediments, as well as the diffusive and advective dispersion of those constituents in sediment porewaters and overlying waters. Also presented is a description of chemical reactions that affect the speciation, cycling, and bioavailability of constituents in sediments that can result from the degradation of organic matter, other redox transformations, the dissolution and precipitation of mineral phases, and sorption processes, including cation exchange. Explanations and examples are given of how the directions and rates of the physical and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and contaminants in sediments are governed by prevailing chemical and physical conditions and how these are often influenced by benthic microorganisms and commonly driven by microbial communities. The article is concluded with details on how compounds once associated with sediments via precipitation, sorption, and scavenging can be remobilized by weathering, desorption, and degradation processes, as well as how these release rates and the concentration and bioavailability of compounds in the different phases are measured experimentally.
Redundant Postsynaptic Functions of SynCAMs 1–3 during Synapse Formation

Investigating the roles of synaptogenic adhesion molecules during synapse formation has proven challenging, often due to compensatory functions between additional family members. The synaptic cell adhesion molecules 1-3 (SynCAM1-3) are expressed both pre- and postsynaptically, share highly homologous domains, and are synaptogenic when ectopically presented to neurons; yet their endogenous functions during synaptogenesis are unclear. Here we report that SynCAM1-3 are functionally redundant and collectively necessary for synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Only triple knockdown of SynCAM1-3 using highly-efficient, chained artificial microRNAs reduced synapse density and increased synapse area. Electrophysiological recordings of quantal release events supported an increase in synapse size caused by SynCAM1-3 depletion. Furthermore, a combinatorial, mosaic lentiviral approach comparing wild type and SynCAM1-3 knockdown neurons in the same culture demonstrate that SynCAM1-3 set synapse number and size through postsynaptic mechanisms. The results demonstrate that redundancy between SynCAM1-3 has concealed their synaptogenic function at the postsynaptic terminal.
β7 Integrin Regulates Intra-Marrow Trafficking of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Abstract α4β7 integrin is a cell adhesion receptor that is crucial for the migration of hematopoietic progenitors and mature effector cells in the periphery, but its role in adult hematopoiesis remains controversial. To investigate this, we conducted studies using a mouse model in which β7 integrin is absent. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that lacked β7 integrin (β7KO) had significantly reduced engraftment potential. Intriguingly, the survival of β7KO mice was enhanced and their hematopoietic recovery after 5-fluorouracil-induced myeloablative stress was better compared to wild type (WT) mice, indicating that the decreased engraftment of β7KO HSCs was not caused by a defect in HSC hematopoietic activity. Next we examined the homing abilities of HSCs and we observed that β7KO HSCs had impaired migration abilities in vitro and BM homing capabilities in vivo. Lethal irradiation induced expression of the α4β7 integrin ligand - mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) on bone marrow (BM) endothelial cells. Moreover, blocking MAdCAM-1 reduced the homing of HSCs and impaired the survival of recipient mice. Altogether, these data indicate that β7 integrin, when expressed by HSCs, interacted with MAdCAM-1 in the BM microenvironment, thereby promoting HSC homing and engraftment. Interestingly, we also found that β7KO HSCs were retained in the BM, suggesting that β7 integrin may influence the localization of HSCs within different stem cell niches through interaction with MAdCAM-1. To examine the localization of HSCs within the BM, we used the hypoxyprobe pimonidazole to correlate oxygen status with niche localization. We observed that both β7KO and MAdCAM-1KO HSCs were more hypoxic compared to WT HSCs, demonstrating that the absence of either β7 integrin or MAdCAM-1 in mice causes HSCs to be localized in a more hypoxic region of the BM. To confirm these findings, we performed single-cell RT-PCR using Fluidigm Dynamic Array Chips and we discovered that β7KO HSCs differentially expressed genes associated with niche localization and cell cycle status compared to WT HSCs. Since hypoxia correlates with quiescence, we next assessed the cell cycle status of HSCs using Ki67 staining and in vivo BrdU assay and we found that β7KO HSCs may have reduced cell cycle activity. Collectively, these studies suggest that expression of β7 integrin on HSCs may promote exit from quiescence and influence HSC localization within the BM niche. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A velocity map imaging mass spectrometer for photofragments of fast ion beams.

We present the details of a fast ion velocity map imaging mass spectrometer that is capable of imaging the photofragments of trap-cooled (≥7 K) ions produced in a versatile ion source. The new instrument has been used to study the predissociation of N2O+ produced by electric discharge and the direct dissociation of Al2+ formed by laser ablation. The instrument’s resolution is currently limited by the diameter of the collimating iris to a value of Δv/v = 7.6%. Photofragment images of N2O+ show that when the predissociative state is changed from 2Σ+(200) to 2Σ+(300) the dominant product channel shifts from a spin-forbidden ground state, N (4S) + NO+(v = 5), to a spin-allowed pathway, N*(2D) + NO+. The first photofragment images of Al2+ confirm the existence of a directly dissociative parallel transition (2Σ+u ← 2Σ+g) that yields products with a large amount of kinetic energy. D0 of ground state Al2+ (2Σ+g) measured from these images is 138 ± 5 kJ/mol, which is consistent with the published literature.
Exercise and Positive Living in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS.

Evidence would suggest that regardless of disease status, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS can obtain similar health benefits from routine physical activity reported within general populations. Research has shown significant improvements among psychological and physiologic variables within the first 5 to 6 weeks of beginning a routine physical activity program. Daily activity has shown promising results in other clinical populations, but there is still a paucity of research that limits evidence among the HIV population. Additional research is needed to examine the long-term benefits of physical activity, and to discover more practical ways to achieve this lifestyle change.
The coming of age of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) was the first studied process that indicated that degradation of intracellular components by the lysosome can be selective — a concept that is now well accepted for other forms of autophagy. Lysosomes can degrade cellular cytosol in a nonspecific manner but can also discriminate what to target for degradation with the involvement of a degradation tag, a chaperone and a sophisticated mechanism to make the selected proteins cross the lysosomal membrane through a dedicated translocation complex. Recent studies modulating CMA activity in vivo using transgenic mouse models have demonstrated that selectivity confers on CMA the ability to participate in the regulation of multiple cellular functions. Timely degradation of specific cellular proteins by CMA modulates, for example, glucose and lipid metabolism, DNA repair, cellular reprograming and the cellular response to stress. These findings expand the physiological relevance of CMA beyond its originally identified role in protein quality control and reveal that CMA failure with age may aggravate diseases, such as ageing-associated neurodegeneration and cancer.
In search of a longitudinal animal model of evoked swallow function.

Background A malfunction or impairment of swallow function can potentiate aspiration events and interfere with both quality of life and survival. Establishing an animal model for swallow research would provide a better understanding of its pathophysiology and would also allow for the development and validation of physiologically based clinical interventions to improve swallow function. Two requirements define the ideal model for longitudinal exploration: 1) identification of species similar to human in form and function; and 2) provision for reliable and reproducible evoked swallow under general anesthesia and one that would also support a longitudinal study design. Objective We hypothesize that an anesthetized porcine model under dexmedetomidine-based or ketamine-based anesthesia will support a reproducible and stable evoked swallow response. Methods Seven neutered male Yorkshire pigs were anesthetized using combinations of dexmedetomidine-based or ketamine-based anesthesia for induction and maintenance of anesthesia during the experimental portion of our study. Single stimulation of iSLN or vagus nerve, bilateral simultaneous single stimulation of iSLN or vagus nerve, and stimulus trains applied to afferent nerves were performed. Results None of the seven pigs demonstrated evoked swallow events, both during inhalational anesthesia (1.0 MAC) or during post-washout intravenous anesthesia (dexmedetomidine, ketamine/fentanyl or ketamine alone). Conclusion Our results support a high degree of organizational neurophysiologic complexity characterizing the swallow reflex and highlight the challenges and limitations of intraoperative study in survival models. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2018.
The role of training in preparing end users to learn related software packages

The aim of this chapter is to determine what types of formal training methods can provide appropriate "mapping via training" of a new but related software application (in this case, a database management system [DBMS]), given that "mapping via analogy" is also taking place. To this end, trainees' existing mental models were measured, and then the trainees were exposed to one of the three training methods. Training methods were varied in an experimental setting across two dimensions: the training task context (generic versus relevant), and the number of DBMSs demonstrated (one versus two). Outcomes were measured in terms of learning performance and perceptions of ability to transfer skills to a new but related DBMS. The results indicate that both task context and the number of software packages learned are important training variables that influence trainees' mental models of the software, their transfer self-efficacy expectations, and their perceptions about the usefulness of the training.
Sympathetic Ethnocentrism, Repression, and Auto-repression of Q’eqchi’ Maya Blood Sacrifice

From the period of the contact with Europeans up to the present, blood sacrifice of turkeys and other animals has been a fundamental element in Q’eqchi’ Maya ritual, religion, and culture. In the face of suppression by the church, evangelicals, and, especially, the government, such sacrifices actually became a form of resistance in the 1960s–1980s. Today, however, institutions and individuals sympathetic to the Q’eqchi’ and their struggles systematically omit animal sacrifice from descriptions of Maya culture and from educational programs on Maya culture, even in Q’eqchi’ schools. Similarly, elements of the Maya movement, national spiritual leaders, and government-sponsored publications also omit discussion of sacrifice or they grossly underestimate its scale, importance, and nature. Some educational programs, religious groups, and support organizations even verbally discourage such practices, believing that they reflect poorly on the Maya and on the contemporary sanitized visions of an environmentally sensitive and pantheistic people. These manifestations of sympathetic ethnocentrism have a damaging effect in some communities and on Q’eqchi’ self-image. The issue has become divisive, affecting community and interregional unity. Disagreements concerning animal sacrifice are also causing intergenerational conflict within communities, as younger members are more influenced by education programs and other sources that deprecate animal sacrifice. Thus, well-meaning attempts to sanitize the Q’eqchi’ Maya “image” are, in fact, instruments of assimilation which are ultimately repressive and deleterious to Q’eqchi’ communities, intracommunity and intercommunity identity, solidarity, and resistance.
What Kind of Water Will Our Children Drink

This evening I shall try to look briefly at how risk-benefit analysis might be applied to some of the things that can affect the quality of our drinking water as it relates to health. This will by no means be a complete review. And my comments may well reflect the fact that I am a novice with regard to questions of water quality and waste disposal, and am not familiar with all that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others have published which relates to the matter. So, I will be giving some early impressions.
Bone Marrow-Derived Monocytes Drive the Inflammatory Microenvironment in Local and Remote Regions after Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces a toxic inflammatory microenvironment that negatively affects plasticity and recovery. Recently, we showed glial activation and peripheral myeloid cell infiltration extending beyond the epicenter through the remote lumbar cord after thoracic SCI. The presence and role of infiltrating monocytes is important, especially in the lumbar cord where locomotor central pattern generators are housed. Therefore, we compared the inflammatory profile of resident microglia and peripheral myeloid cells after SCI. Bone marrow chimeras received midthoracic contusive SCI, and trafficking was determined 1-7 days later. Fluorescence-activated cell (FAC) sorting showed similar infiltration timing of both neutrophils and macrophages in epicenter and lumbar regions. While neutrophil numbers were attenuated by day 3, macrophages remained unchanged at day 7, suggesting that macrophages have important long-term influence on the microenvironment. Nanostring gene array identified a strong proinflammatory profile of infiltrating macrophages relative to microglia at both epicenter and lumbar sites. Macrophages had elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFNγ), chemokines (CCL2, CXCL2), mediators (COX-1, MMP-9), and receptors (CCR2, Ly6C), and decreased expression of growth promoting genes (GDNF, BDNF). Importantly, lumbar macrophages had elevated expression of active trafficking genes (CCR2, l-selectin, MMP-9) compared with epicenter macrophages. Further, acute rehabilitation exacerbated the inflammatory profile of infiltrated macrophages in the lumbar cord. Such high inflammatory potential and negative response to rehabilitation of infiltrating macrophages within lumbar locomotor central pattern generators likely impedes activity-dependent recovery. Therefore, limiting active trafficking of macrophages into the lumbar cord identifies a novel target for SCI therapies to improve locomotion.
Open Source Computational Photonics Toolbox

We present an open source and collaborative integrated photonics simulation environment capable of accurately modeling individual components using traditional vectorial methods and large circuits using linear system theory and deep learning.
Experimental study of water jet incremental micro-forming with supporting dies

Abstract Water Jet Incremental Micro-Forming (WJIMF) is a novel alternative to Single-Point Incremental Micro-Forming (SPIMF). Instead of using a rigid tool to form the sheet metal, a high-speed and high-pressure water jet is employed to induce plastic deformation. Dieless WJIMF has the capability to form a variety of shapes, but the total depth of the formed shape, which is affected by several process parameters, cannot be well controlled. To alleviate this problem, supporting dies can be used. This paper systematically studies the WJIMF process with several types of micro-machined supporting dies to produce micro-scale shell parts with designed geometries. It has been shown that the design of the toolpath has a profound impact on the final geometry of the part even with the same supporting die. The experimental results suggest that supporting dies with different geometries require unique toolpath strategies to achieve high geometric accuracy. Furthermore, it has been determined that water jet pressure plays an important role in the plastic deformation of the metal foil and that inappropriate combinations of toolpath and water jet pressure lead to buckling which is not found in macro-scale Water Jet Incremental Forming (WJIF). A numerical model in ABAQUS was developed to simulate the process and predict part geometry.
Embedding Search into a Conversational Platform to Support Collaborative Search

Popular messaging platforms such as Slack have given rise to thousands of applications (or bots) that users can engage with individually or as a group. In this paper, we study the use of searchbots (i.e., bots that perform specific types of searches) during collaborative information-seeking tasks mediated through Slack. We report on a user study in which 27 pairs of participants were exposed to three searchbot conditions (a within-subjects design). In the first condition, participants completed the task by searching independently and coordinating through Slack (no searchbot). In the second condition, participants could only search inside of Slack using the searchbot. In the third condition, participants could both search inside of Slack using the searchbot and outside of Slack using their own independent search interfaces. We investigate four research questions focusing on the influence of the searchbot condition on outcomes associated with: (RQ1) participants' levels of workload, (RQ2) collaborative awareness, (RQ3) experiences interacting with the searchbot, and (RQ4) search behaviors. Our results suggest opportunities and challenges in designing searchbots to support collaborative search. On one hand, access to the searchbot resulted in more collaborative awareness, ease of coordination, and fewer duplicated searches. On the other hand, forcing participants to share the querying environment resulted in fewer overall queries, fewer query refinements by individuals, and greater levels of effort. We discuss the implications of our findings for designing effective searchbots to support collaborative search.
Detection of Ground Clutter for Dual-Polarization Weather Radar Using a Novel 3D Discriminant Function

AbstractA novel 3D discriminant function is introduced as part of a ground clutter detection algorithm for improving weather radar observations. The 3D discriminant function utilizes the phase fluc...
Validity and Reliability of a New Tool to Evaluate Impaired Airway Clearance in Hospitalized Pediatric Subjects With Respiratory Distress.

BACKGROUND: Chest physiotherapy has been reported to be beneficial in specific clinical contexts, yet it carries a risk of potential serious adverse events with little benefit in other patients. Therefore, identifying and limiting airway clearance therapies to patients with the greatest potential benefit and least risk is clinically relevant and important. This study aims to validate the Airway Clearance and Expansion Index (ACE-I) for the serial assessment of hospitalized pediatric patients with impaired airway clearance and to establish reliability in score acquisition across a range of pediatric respiratory disease states. METHODS: Content validity of the category importance and category choices was assessed via a survey of well-established pediatric pulmonary and critical care physicians, as well as respiratory therapists (RTs). Inter-rater reliability testing was performed on hospitalized children from October 2016 through April 2017 and analyzed using a one-way random effects intraclass correlation. RESULTS: 51 providers (24 of 37 physicians and 27 of 92 RTs) responded to the survey. Agreement was defined as any score of 6 or greater out of 10 on a scale of 1–10. The total ACE-I scale content validity index (S-CVI) scores for category importance and category choices for physicians were 1 and 0.75, respectively, and for RTs the scores were 0.75 and 0.75, respectively. 172 subjects were scored by multiple raters, resulting in an excellent overall intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.77 (95% CI 0.71–0.83) and the following component scores: cough, 0.72 (95% CI 0.64–0.79); breath sounds, 0.54 (95% CI 0.43–0.64); chest radiograph findings, 0.84 (95% CI 0.79–0.88); and secretions 0.85, (95% CI 0.81–0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The ACE-I score addresses and quantifies 4 components of the respiratory assessment that RTs and pediatric physicians deem important in identifying patients who have impaired airway clearance and might benefit from airway clearance and expansion therapies. In addition, the ACE-I score had excellent inter-rater reliability and clinical feasibility within our single institution.
Pathological Angiogenesis: An Overview

The concept that tumor growth depends in large part on angiogenesis or the development of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels has stimulated great interest in developing novel anti-angiogenic reagents for the treatment of malignant tumors. While encouraging results from human clinical trials have lead to the approval of new anti-angiogenic drugs, these novel therapeutics have thus far exhibited relatively limited clinical impact. Furthermore resistance to the anti-angiogenic effects of this new class of compounds has been observed. With the growing realization that the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological angiogenesis may in part be different from that of physiological angiogenesis, new efforts are being placed on understanding the pathological angiogenic cascade as it occurs within tissue specific microenvironments. In this regard, we will provide a brief overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms thought to control pathological angiogenesis. In addition, we will briefly discuss the general importance of understanding how angiogenesis may be governed in part by an organ microenvironment with particular attention focused on pathological angiogenesis within the central nervous system.
Endpoint Sobolev and BV continuity for maximal operators, II

In this paper we study some questions about the continuity of classical and fractional maximal operators in the Sobolev space W1,1, in both the continuous and discrete setting, giving a positive answer to two questions posed recently, one of them regarding the continuity of the map f↦(M˜βf)′ from W1,1(R) to Lq(R), for q=1/(1−β). Here M˜β denotes the non-centered fractional maximal operator on R, with β∈(0,1). The second one is related to the continuity of the discrete centered maximal operator in the space of functions of bounded variation BV(Z), complementing some recent boundedness results.
Abolishing the Toxic 'Tough-on-Immigration' Paradigm

This article contextualizes and examines the tough-on-immigration paradigm that has driven both Republican and Democratic immigration policies. First, this article traces the evolution of the sociopolitical construct of the undeserving criminal alien, a non-White person deemed a threat to White free personhood, to demonstrate how this construct legitimizes tough-on-immigration policy prescriptions. Second, the article demonstrates how elected officials since the Reagan administration have crafted immigration policies solely through the tough-on- immigration paradigm as a tactic to obtain political power. Third, this article illustrates how both political parties leading up to the 2020 presidential election continue to preserve the tough-on-immigration paradigm even in opposition to the Trump administration. Finally, the article proposes a new reparative justice paradigm for immigration policy that follows the lead of organizers and those directly impacted in order to address the root causes of human displacement.
Big Data? Statistical Process Control Can Help!

“Big data” is a buzzword these days due to an enormous amount of data-rich applications in different industries and research projects. In practice, big data often take the form of data streams in t...
Randomized trial to assess safety/feasibility of memantine administration during residential treatment for alcohol use disorder: a pilot study.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) system is critically involved in the pathogenesis and neurobehavioral sequelae of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and constitutes a potential pharmacotherapeut...
Depthwise Discrete Representation Learning.

Recent advancements in learning Discrete Representations as opposed to continuous ones have led to state of art results in tasks that involve Language, Audio and Vision. Some latent factors such as words, phonemes and shapes are better represented by discrete latent variables as opposed to continuous. Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQVAE) have produced remarkable results in multiple domains. VQVAE learns a prior distribution $z_e$ along with its mapping to a discrete number of $K$ vectors (Vector Quantization). We propose applying VQ along the feature axis. We hypothesize that by doing so, we are learning a mapping between the codebook vectors and the marginal distribution of the prior feature space. Our approach leads to 33\% improvement as compared to prevous discrete models and has similar performance to state of the art auto-regressive models (e.g. PixelSNAIL). We evaluate our approach on a static prior using an artificial toy dataset (blobs). We further evaluate our approach on benchmarks for CIFAR-10 and ImageNet.
Asian American Media Representation: A Film Analysis and Implications for Identity Development

While the number of Asian Americans in the U.S. continues to grow and media use increases, misrepresentations of this group remain common in U.S. films. Examining representation of Asian Americans ...
Punishing Fieldwork: Penal Domination and Prison Ethnography:

Ethnographic studies inside prisons are especially difficult to execute. In addition to facing amplified challenges in gaining site access, earning subjects’ trust, and tolerating the exhaustion of...
A national update on rates of postpartum haemorrhage and related interventions.

BACKGROUND Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is still a leading cause of maternal morbidity in the US. We aimed to reassess national trends in severe and non-severe PPH using recent data. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study using the 2001-2012 Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Delivery-related hospitalisations with PPH were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (9th revision). Rates were calculated per 1,000 delivery hospitalisations. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design of the data source. RESULTS Rates of non-severe PPH did not change significantly from 2001-2002 to 2011-2012 (25.5 and 24.2 per 1,000; p=0.058). The rates of PPH requiring blood transfusions for caesarean deliveries more than doubled in this time period from 2.0 to 4.8 (p<0.001). The overall rate of PPH with a procedure other than blood transfusion has risen from 0.9 to 1.9. Specifically, rates of hysterectomy (0.5 to 0.7; p<0.001), embolisation (0.3 to 0.5; p<0.001), and uterine tamponade use (0.09 to 0.69; p<0.001) increased over the time period. DISCUSSION Population-based surveillance data show an increasing rate of only severe PPH in the US. Rates of medical/surgical intervention including hysterectomy, embolisation and uterine tamponade use are also rising.
Space use and relative habitat selection for immature green turtles within a Caribbean marine protected area

A better understanding of sea turtle spatial ecology is critical for the continued conservation of imperiled sea turtles and their habitats. For resource managers to develop the most effective conservation strategies, it is especially important to examine how turtles use and select for habitats within their developmental foraging grounds. Here, we examine the space use and relative habitat selection of immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) using acoustic telemetry within the marine protected area, Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM), St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. Space use by turtles was concentrated on the southern side of Buck Island, but also extended to the northeast and northwest areas of the island, as indicated by minimum convex polygons (MCPs) and 99%, 95%, and 50% kernel density estimations (KDEs). On average space use for all categories was < 3 km2 with mean KDE area overlap ranging from 41.9 to 67.7%. Cumulative monthly MCPs and their proportions to full MCPs began to stabilize 3 to 6 detection months after release, respectively. Resource selection functions (RSFs) were implemented using a generalized linear mixed effects model with turtle ID as the random effect. After model selection, the accuracy of the top model was 77.3% and showed relative habitat selection values were highest at shallow depths, for areas in close proximity to seagrass, and in reef zones for both day and night, and within lagoon zones at night. The top model was also extended to predict across BIRNM at both day and night. More traditional acoustic telemetry analyses in combination with RSFs provide novel insights into animal space use and relative resource selection. Here, we demonstrated immature green turtles within the BIRNM have small, specific home ranges and core use areas with temporally varying relative selection strengths across habitat types. We conclude the BIRNM marine protected area is providing sufficient protection for immature green turtles, however, habitat protection could be focused in both areas of high space use and in locations where high relative selection values were determined. Ultimately, the methodologies and results presented here may help to design strategies to expand habitat protection for immature green turtles across their greater distribution.
Information Visibility in Omnichannel Queues

Omnichannel system is a common operation strategy which provides multiple ways for customers to experience the business. One feature of such system is the information heterogeneity across channels. For example, to customers, the queue length in the physical store is visible, while the queue length in the online ordering channel is invisible. We study customers’ decision making in an omnichannel system with partially observable queue. In such system, customers only observe the length of visible queue. In particular, we examine partially observable queueing models with two types of disciplines: (1) FCFS; (2) visible-class priority. With fully observable system as a benchmark, we disentangle the performance difference between any partially observable system and the benchmark system into three effects: trick, shift and scare-away. We find that when market sizes under fully and partially observable systems are comparable, partially observable system generates higher throughput if customers are not scared away by invisibility. Surprisingly, even with less information, partially observable system can have higher social welfare when the invisible arrival rate is high. In that case, the customers are scared away and the system becomes less congested.
Bring the Masks and Sanitizer: The Surprising Bipartisan Consensus About Safety Measures for In-Person Voting During the Coronavirus Pandemic

Requiring masks at the polls might implicate a clash between two vital rights: the constitutional right to vote and the right to protect one’s health. Yet the debate during the 2020 election over requirements to wear a mask at the polls obscured one key fact: a majority of Americans supported a mask mandate for voting. That is the new insight we provide in this Essay: when surveyed, Americans strongly supported safety measures for in-person voting, and that support was high regardless of partisanship. One implication of our results is that by making some widely supported safety modifications, state election officials likely can increase, in a non-polarizing fashion, voters’ feelings of safety when going to their polling place, especially during a global health emergency.
Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Kuwait after oil

In the decades since oil, Kuwait has experienced remarkable political stability. This stability has been achieved by a complex – and precarious – redistribution of power within the shaikhdom, a process which involved the eclipse of the merchants as a major political force and the ruler's replacement of his merchant allies with a strengthened ruling family and with supporters in the larger national population. These alliances, between the ruler and his family, and the ruler and his new popular base, were established in the 1950s and reshaped in the post-independence period to accommodate the political transformations which growing oil revenues, independence, and the policies of the 1950s themselves catalyzed. The strategies worked; continuity was maintained. In the process, however, Kuwait's rulers were forced to contend with new problems associated with the bureaucratic growth which accompanied the expansion of state services and with the growing interest of Britain in Kuwait which accompanied the development of Kuwait's oil industry. The rise of the ruling family Historically, Kuwait's ruling family was a weak political institution. The ruler relied on his family as little as possible, preferring court favorites and merchants. Early in the century, Lorimer (1908–15, vol. 2: 1074–5) observed Mubarak's rule to be “personal and absolute … The heads of his departments are mostly slaves; his near relations are excluded from his counsels; even his sons wield no executive powers … In the town the smallest disputes, whether civil or criminal, are settled by the Shaikh himself.”
Augmenting Housing Sales Data to Improve Hedonic Estimates of Golf Course Frontage

Hedonic price modeling quantified the impact of golf course frontage on single-family housing prices at 20 different golf courses across the Midwestern city of Omaha, Nebraska. Geographic informati...
Olfaction in Neuropathologically Defined Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Background Hyposmia is characteristic of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLBs), whereas progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) typically has normal sense of smell. However, there is a lack of pathologically confirmed data. Objective The objective is to study hyposmia in pathologically confirmed PSP patients and compare to PD patients and nondegenerative controls. Methods We studied autopsied subjects in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders who had antemortem olfactory testing and a neuropathological diagnosis of either PD, PSP, or control. Results This study included 281 cases. Those with neuropathologically confirmed PSP (N = 24) and controls (N = 174) had significantly better sense of smell than those with PD (N = 76). Although most PSP patients had normal olfaction, there were some with hyposmia, resulting in an overall reduced sense of smell in PSP compared to controls. The sensitivity of having PSP pathologically in those presenting with parkinsonism and normosmia was 93.4% with a specificity of 64.7%. Cases with both PSP and PD pathologically had reduced sense of smell similar to PD alone (N = 7). Hyposmic PSP patients had significantly higher Lewy body burden not meeting criteria for additional PD/DLB diagnosis. Conclusions Pathologically confirmed PD had reduced olfaction compared with PSP or controls. In the setting of parkinsonism in this sample, the presence of normosmia had high sensitivity for PSP. Hyposmia in PSP suggests the presence of additional Lewy body pathology. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
COVID-19: The Great Masquerader

Introduction Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing (RT-PCR) remains the mainstay in diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. Though a positive result is highly specific for the virus, the false negative rate of the test can vary from 20% to 100%. This can have implications including, but not limited to, delay in treatment, improper management, and more costly and invasive testing. We present a case of a 54 year old male who presented for hypoxic respiratory failure diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) after extensive workup including 5 negative nasopharyngeal RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 tests (NP RT-PCR). Case The patient is a 54 year old male with a past medical history significant for morbid obesity and well controlled asthma who presented for dyspnea on exertion. Throughout the patient's hospitalization, his oxygen requirements rapidly increased leading to a short course of ventilator support. CT angiogram of the chest on presentation did not show evidence of pulmonary embolism however did show bilateral multi-lobar ground glass opacities. The patient admitted to recently removing an old carpet at work but denied any other significant inhalational exposures. Dozens of his co-workers recently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Extensive workup including respiratory virus panel, 5 NP RT-PCR tests one week apart, basic rheumatologic serologies, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis panel were all unremarkable. Treatment for community acquired pneumonia was completed without improvement. Empiric treatment with steroids was started. BAL and trans-bronchial biopsies were initially unremarkable (Table 1). Repeat imaging demonstrated multiple sub-segmental pulmonary emboli. RT-PCR of the BAL specimen and serum antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 were collected, both of which resulted positive. The patient was eventually discharged on oral anticoagulation, a short prednisone taper, and 2L oxygen via nasal cannula on exertion with scheduled outpatient follow-up. Conclusion NP RT-PCR has become the gold standard diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2, but it does not come without imperfections. Timing of the test in relation to symptoms, assay limit of detection, and sample collection technique all affect the results. Our patient's clinical presentation, known recent exposure, and imaging findings increased his probability of having SARS-CoV-2. However, NP RT-PCR was negative on 5 separate occasions. Limitations of this test may therefore extend beyond our current understanding. After obtaining SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis from the BAL, this obviated the need for a thoracoscopic biopsy and treatment with prolonged steroids. BAL RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing consequently may play a necessary role in such patients with negative NP RT-PCR testing.
Application and Research of Power Communication Trusted Access Gateway

The traditional centralized access authentication method of power Internet of things terminal brings great communication pressure and computation cost to the authentication center. In view of this situation, block chain technology is introduced and applied to all kinds of power service access application scenarios through research and development. A block-chain-based power universal service access gateway is developed and tested. The test shows that it can realize terminal access authentication of typical power Internet of things systems such as distribution automation. This scheme improves the data transfer performance of power communication network and solves the bottleneck problem of network performance of power service information communication support platform.
Role of policy in the development of business models for battery storage deployment: The California case study

Abstract California has been one of the early adopters of battery storage technologies within the United States. The state has used multiple policy initiatives such as deployment targets, financial incentives, and market mechanisms to facilitate such a market development. This motivates us to try to understand the various business models in the state and the minimum set of barriers that must be overcome for its successful deployment (and thereby the development of the market). In our study, the former is achieved by assessing the various projects in the state, and the latter by creating a barrier-solution framework and verifying it by identifying the role of various policies/drivers in supporting various business models within California. We find that there are predominantly three business models in California: Front-of-the-meter, Behind-the-meter, and Aggregated Behind-the-meter business models. We also find that at least one barrier from barrier categories associated with market demand and project economics along with all the barriers related to interconnection and market participation must be addressed for successful deployment of battery storage. Additionally, we recommend policymakers seeking to develop a battery storage market to start with developing Behind-the-meter market as it requires the least amount of intervention and then move to develop Front-of-the-meter market, and finally to the aggregated Behind-the-meter market.
Comparison of longitudinal diary and actigraphy-assessed sleep in pregnant women.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Various methods are employed to assess sleep in pregnant women, including self-report, sleep diary, and actigraphy. Unfortunately, the data are often contradictory, and interpretations are often inconsistent. The current aims are to compare subjective and objective sleep data in pregnant women collected longitudinally in early pregnancy. METHODS In this secondary analysis of 104 pregnant women, sleep was collected via diary and actigraphy for 14 days during three separate occasions (10-12 weeks; 14-16 weeks; and 18-20 weeks). Sleep variables included wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE), bedtime/lights out, sleep onset latency (SL), and total sleep duration (TST). Repeated measures ANOVAs compared each sleep variable across Time and by Method of data collection, while controlling for parity and daytime naps. RESULTS Significant differences were noted for only the method of data collection for sleep component studied for WASO, F (1, 98) = 147.20, p < 0.001; SE, F (1, 98) = 129.41, p < 0.001); bedtime/lights out, F (1, 103) = 5.33, p < 0.05); and sleep duration, F (1, 104) = 182.75, p < 0.001). Significant variation was not seen in any variable across time-period. CONCLUSIONS There are substantial discrepancies between diary- and actigraphy-assessed sleep measures in pregnant women which is in alignment with previous literature. These data highlight that these methodologies assess different constructs. We contend that these data may be useful as a reference to compare high-risk women or those with sleep disorders. Using a multi-modal approach to identify sleep disturbance in pregnancy is likely a more clinically useful option.
VARIABILITY IN TEMPERATURE AND HISTORICAL PATTERNS IN REPRODUCTION IN THE FUCUS DISTICHUS COMPLEX (HETEROKONTOPHYTA; PHAEOPHYCEAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR SPECIATION AND THE COLLECTION OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS

Natural and anthropogenic-induced fluctuations in temperature can have profound effects on an organism's reproduction. The potential of herbarium collections for detecting changes in the timing of reproduction associated with interannual fluctuations in temperature from 1905 to 2003 was assessed in several taxa in the Fucus distichus (L.) emend. Powell complex from northern New England. Data were also used to evaluate whether air and/or sea temperature and North Atlantic Oscillation indices can cause overlap in the reproductive seasonalities of these taxa, a potential mechanism that prevents speciation. For all taxa, there was much variability in reproductive seasonalities among years. Discerning potential correlations with air or sea temperature was difficult because of a suspected bias to collect reproductive specimens at times when most of the population was nonreproductive. Nevertheless, there was a trend for seawater temperature to explain aseasonal reproduction for some taxa. Moreover, the existing archive (1895-2003) shows that the reproductive seasons of these taxa often overlap, and we suggest that interannual variability in temperature may often inhibit speciation. Suggestions also include archive of both reproductive and vegetative materials as well as coordinated sampling in critical biogeographic regions. No one investigator or institution can accomplish this, but phycological societies could organize and sustain such efforts.
Pediatric Advanced Airway Management Training for Non-anesthesia Residents

Tracheal intubation procedures are common, high risk events for critically ill children. Although tracheal intubation is infrequently performed by resident trainees, the Accreditation Committee for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in the United States mandates that pediatric residents gain tracheal intubation procedural competency during clinical rotations in the delivery room, neonatal ICU (NICU), and pediatric ICU (PICU) [1]. We will review current issues regarding tracheal intubation training and skill acquisition, as well as the effects of this training on patient outcomes.
Skewness Preference in Financial Markets

Studies on the importance of skewness for investors find a negative relation between the risk premium and skewness, implying preference for positive skewness. Hedge funds (or money managers in general), however, acting as agents, may have preference for negative skewness as it would mean frequent returns and thus bonuses and more importantly survival at the job. I study skewness preferences of hedge funds and small, retail investors. I find a negative relation between the risk premium and a robust skewness measure for an index of small-cap stocks and one of the oldest closed-end funds, both of which tend to have a higher proportion of retail ownership, suggesting preference for positive skewness. For a hedge fund index, on the other hand, I find a positive relation, suggesting preference for negative skewness. In time periods when skewness is positive, hedge funds have a stronger preference for negative skewness, indicative of their strong aversion to skewness. These results suggest that skewness preference in financial markets need not always be for positive skewness, which seems to be the general consensus in the literature, once the agency problem and survival and compensation motives of money managers are recognized.
Empirical foundations for writing in prevention and psychotherapy: mental and physical health outcomes

The use of writing, alone or in conjunction with traditional psychotherapy, has increased substantially in recent years. The most widespread use of writing has been for single-shot ad hoc purposes or to log behavior. The purpose of this review is to summarize a decade of research demonstrating the efficacy of writing about past traumatic experiences on mental and physical health outcomes. It is widely acknowledged in our culture that putting upsetting experiences into words can be healthy. Research from several domains indicates that talking with friends, confiding to a therapist, praying, and even writing about one's thoughts and feelings can be physically and mentally beneficial. This review highlights advances in written disclosure that determine some therapeutic outcomes. In addition, we attempt to explore the mechanisms that predict improved psychological and physical health. Finally, limitations of previous studies are highlighted, and suggestions for future research and application are made.