cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hundred-year retrospective on cryptosporidiosis

Tyzzer discovered the genus Cryptosporidium a century ago, and for almost 70 years cryptosporidiosis was regarded as an infrequent and insignificant infection that occurred in the intestines of vertebrates and caused little or no disease. Its association with gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals was recognized only in the early 1980s. Over the next 25 years, information was generated on the disease's epidemiology, biology, cultivation, taxonomy and development of molecular tools. Milestones include: (i) recognition in 1980 of cryptosporidiosis as an acute enteric disease; (ii) its emergence as a chronic opportunistic infection that complicates AIDS; (iii) acknowledgement of impact on the water industry once it was shown to be waterborne; and (iv) study of Cryptosporidium genomics.
Investigation of antibody-coated liposomes as a new treatment for immune thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease that is mediated by anti-platelet antibodies. It is believed that anti-platelet antibody-opsonized platelets are eliminated through Fcgamma receptor-mediated and complement-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Polyclonal pooled immunoglobulin with high titer for the D-antigen of erythrocytes (i.e., anti-D) has been successfully used to ameliorate ITP. Based on the pathogenesis of ITP and based on the successful application of anti-D for the treatment of ITP, we hypothesized that antibody-coated liposomes may be used to inhibit Fcgamma receptor-mediated and complement-mediated phagocytosis, thereby increasing platelet counts in ITP. To test this hypothesis, we have developed a liposome preparation that is coated with a model monoclonal IgG1 antibody. Antibody-coated liposomes were found to inhibit complement deposition and macrophage phagocytosis in vitro. Furthermore, antibody-coated liposomes were also found to attenuate thrombocytopenia in a rat model of ITP, in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that antibody-coated liposomes may be used as 'decoy particles' to competitively inhibit the destruction of antibody-coated platelets; thus, antibody-coated liposomes may have value in the treatment of ITP.
Emissions Omissions—Response

The essence of Wallington et al. 's comment is that emissions of short-lived pollutants in the global road transport and U.S. power sectors are forecasted to decline and that this forecast should have been included in the steady-growth scenario in my Policy Forum. In the steady-growth scenario,
Optical pH sensor based on the chemical modification of a porous polymer film

A new approach to the design and construction of an optical pH sensor has been developed by immobilizing a direct azo dye at a porous cellulosic polymer film. This sensor was fabricated by binding Congo Red to a cellulose acetate film that had previously been subjected to an exhaustive base hydrolysis. Advantageous features of the design include (1) a rapid equilibration time ( 4 pH units), and (3) ease of fabrication. The rapid response results from the porous structure of the polymeric support, which minimizes barriers to mass transport. The large dynamic range results from both the polyprotic acid-base reactivity of Congo Red and the large optical absorptivities of its various ionic forms. Furthermore, these results indicate that a variety of optical sensors which exhibit a rapid and sensitive response for the analysis of pH can be easily fabricated by immobilizing carefully selected direct dyes at porous polymeric substrates such as hydrolyzed cellulose acetate.
Amperometric sensing of norepinephrine at picomolar concentrations using screen printed, high surface area mesoporous carbon.

Norepinephrine (NE) is detected amperometrically using the enzyme Phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase and cofactor S-(5′-Adenosyl)-l-methionine chloride dihydrochloride with disposable screen printed mesoporous carbon electrodes. The role of internal surface area and pore size of the mesoporous carbon is systematically examined using soft-templated, mesoporous silica–carbon powders with highly microporous walls obtained from etching of the silica to produce powders with surface areas ranging from 671–2339 m2 g−1. As the surface area increases, the sensitivity of the biosensor at very low NE concentrations (0–500 pg mL−1) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) increases just as the current signal increases with respect to the NE concentration of 81–1581 μA mL ng−1 cm−2 for the mesoporous carbons. The best performing electrode provides similar sensitivity in whole rabbit blood in comparison to PBS despite no membrane layer to filter the non-desired reactants; the small (<5 nm) pore size and large internal surface area acts to minimize non-specific events that decrease sensitivity.
MEMORY SWITCHING IN A TYPE I AMORPHOUS CHALCOGENIDE

Amorphous chalcogenides may be divided among three classes based upon the changes in local order and bond type on transition from the amorphous to the crystalline phases. These types include: (I) Stoichiometric compounds which do not undergo significant changes in local order on crystallization (e.g., As2Se3). (II) Stoichiometric compounds which undergo significant changes in local order on crystallization (e.g., GeTe). (III) Non-stoichiometric alloys which phase separate on crystallization.
Comparative evaluation of urographic contrast media, inulin, and 99mTc-DTPA clearance methods for determination of glomerular filtration rate in clinical transplantation.

Plasma clearance of inulin (Cin), 99mTc-DTPA (CDTPA), and urographic contrast media (CCM) were determined simultaneously in 31 patients with varying levels of renal function evaluated in the setting of affiliated cardiac and renal transplantation programs. Cin and CDTPA were calculated from the ratio of simultaneously measured plasma concentration and urine excretion rate of these test agents (UxV/P). CCM was derived from x-ray fluorescence measurement of plasma iodine (PI) content following intravenous injection of 50 ml of nonionic, low-osmolar contrast media (180 mg I/ml). Urine collections were not required for CCM determinations. No adverse reactions attributable to CM occurred in any patient, and follow-up serum-creatinine values did not differ significantly from prestudy levels. CCM determined from the rate of decline in PI between 3 hr and 4 hr following administration of contrast media ("slope-intercept" technique) [Ccm-SI] correlated closely with corresponding levels of Cin (r = .86, P less than 0.0001). and CDTPA (r = 0.89, P less than 0.0001). Mean CCM-SI/Cin and CCM-SI/CDTPA ratios for the entire study cohort were 1.09 +/- 0.06 and 1.08 +/- 0.06, respectively. CCM-SI determinations also correlated well with CCM levels derived from a single measurement of PI ("single sample" technique) made at 3 hr following injection of contrast media (r = 0.94, P less than 0.0001). Both CCM-SI and CCM determined by the "single sample" method (CCM-3 degrees SS) tended to overestimate Cin and CDTPA, however, when the latter were less than 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 (mean CCM-SI/Cin and Ccm-3 degrees SS/Cin ratios 1.36 +/- 0.14 and 1.95 +/- 1.0, respectively. Reproducibility was evaluated by paired comparison of 3-hr vs. 4-hr "single sample" CCM determinations (r = 0.99, P less than 0.0001). In addition, analysis of the variation in iodine content between duplicate specimens obtained at each of these time intervals revealed a mean ratio of 1.0 +/- 0.01 (P = NS vs. identity). Contrast clearance determination utilizing the slope-intercept method is accurate, safe, pragmatic, and more precise than serum-creatinine and endogenous-creatinine clearance for measurement of renal function in clinical transplantation.
Quasi-one-dimensional method for calculating asymmetric flows through nozzles

The asymmetric steady-state inviscid adiabatic flow of a perfect gas through a subsonic/supersonic nozzle is considered. The nozzle itself is either of rectangular cross section or is axisymmetric. A first-order small asymmetry induced by an entrance flow that is oblique to the nozzle axis and has a transverse pressure gradient is allowed. The cross section of the nozzle is assumed to vary only slowly as a function of the axial distance. The case considered here is, therefore, an extension of the well-known theory of the quasi-one-dimensional flow of a perfect gas treated in standard textbooks. An integral method is used to obtain approximate results. The method is simple, yet in a test case (supersonic flow at an angle of attack through a rectangular channel) where the exact first-order result is known, a comparison shows surprisingly good agreement.
DISPARITIES IN COMMUNITY COLLEGE FINANCE: IN-DISTRICT VERSUS OUT-OF-DISTRICT FUNDING

As Texas community colleges rise to the challenges generated by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board's report, "Closing the Gaps," they find themselves in the midst of declining state appropriations. In such a climate revenue streams are of paramount importance. The 1947 Texas enabling law allowed the establishment of taxing districts for the purpose of creating local community colleges. In 1995, Senate Bill 390 formally assigned the majority of Texas counties to the 50 community colleges districts in the state. This legislation established community college service areas in portions of the state where community colleges deliver services without the benefit of a local tax base. Texas residents living inside the established taxing district are designated as "in-district" while Texas residents residing in the service areas but outside the taxing district are designated as "out-of-district." This article examines the disparity in revenue streams generated by these two categories of in-state students.
Wood Identification and Archaeology in the Northeast

Cultural ecology studies have used pollen analyses to describe man's environment throughout the Holocene. More specific site correlations are possible when recovered wood and wood charcoal remains are identified from archaeological excavations. Several methods of analysis are available for use by those trained in wood anatomy. Cooperation between archaeologists and wood anatomists can enhance site interpretations and increase our understanding of past environments.
Elective lymph node irradiation with intensity-modulated radiotherapy: is conventional dose fractionation necessary?

Purpose Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is the standard of care for head-and-neck cancer (HNC). We treated patients with HNC by delivering either a moderate hypofractionation (MHF) schedule (66 Gy at 2.2 Gy per fraction to the gross tumor [primary and nodal]) with standard dose fractionation (54–60 Gy at 1.8–2.0 Gy per fraction) to the elective neck lymphatics or a conventional dose and fractionation (CDF) schedule (70 Gy at 2.0 Gy per fraction) to the gross tumor (primary and nodal) with reduced dose to the elective neck lymphatics. We analyzed these two cohorts for treatment outcomes. Methods and Materials Between November 2001 and February 2009, 89 patients with primary carcinomas of the oral cavity, larynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and nasopharynx received definitive IMRT with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Twenty patients were treated using the MHF schedule, while 69 patients were treated with the CDF schedule. Patient characteristics and dosimetry plans were reviewed. Patterns of failure including local recurrence (LR), regional recurrence (RR), distant metastasis (DM), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicities, including rate of feeding tube placement and percentage of weight loss, were reviewed and analyzed. Results Median follow-up was 31.2 months. Thirty-five percent of patients in the MHF cohort and 77% of patients in the CDF cohort received chemotherapy. No RR was observed in either cohort. OS, DFS, LR, and DM rates for the entire group at 2 years were 89.3%, 81.4%, 7.1%, and 9.4%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed no significant differences in OS ( p = 0.595), DFS ( p = 0.863), LR ( p = 0.833), or DM ( p = 0.917) between these two cohorts. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in rates of feeding tube placement and percentages of weight loss. Conclusions Similar treatment outcomes were observed for MHF and CDF cohorts. A dose of 50 Gy at 1.43 Gy per fraction may be sufficient to electively treat low-risk neck lymphatics.
ESD robustness prediction and protection device design in partially depleted SOI technology

Abstract In this paper we investigate and develop models for partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) (PD–SOI) device failure under EOS/ESD stress. The model and experimental data show that due to increased device self-heating, the second-breakdown current per micron width ( I t2 ) for salicided PD-SOI metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)s with Si film thickness of 100 nm is about 50% of that in their bulk counterparts under human body model (HBM–ESD) stress pulses. Furthermore, I t2 did not scale with device width. Therefore, ESD protection devices with non-silicided S/D diffusions and source-body tied MOSFETs are investigated for improved ESD protection levels. Compact ESD protection networks using the source-body tied device may have been shown to achieve HBM–ESD protection levels of ±3.75 kV (Smith JC, Lien M, Veeraghaven S. An ESD protection circuit for TFSOI technology. International SOI Conf. Proc. 1996. pp. 170–71).
Isolated lexical agraphia in a right-handed patient with a posterior lesion of the right cerebral hemisphere

Lexical agraphia is thought to result from impairment of the lexical spelling system and is characterized by better spelling of nonwords and regularly spelled words than irregularly spelled words. Previous reports have suggested a localization of this syndrome in the region of the left posterior-superior angular gyrus and parietal-occipital lobule, sparing the supramarginal gyrus. We describe a right-handed man who after open-heart surgery displayed lexical agraphia without aphasia, alexia, apraxia, or Gerstmann's syndrome. Computed tomography disclosed a lesion not on the left but on the right in the posterior parietal-occipital region.
Selecting Educational Administrators: The Assessment Center Technique

Boards of education frequently use outdated, traditional methods of selecting managerial staff. By utilizing assessment center procedures, management potential could be determined before hiring or promoting individuals.
A framework for service-oriented computing with C and C++ Web service components

Service-oriented architectures use loosely coupled software services to support the requirements of business processes and software users. Several software engineering challenges have to be overcome to expose legacy C and C++ applications and specialized system resources as XML-based software services. It is critical to devise effective bindings between XML and C/C++ data to efficiently interoperate with other XML-based services. Binding application data to XML has many software solutions, ranging from generic document object models to idiosyncratic type mappings. A safe binding must conform to XML validation constraints, guarantee type safety, and should preserve the structural integrity of communicated application data. However, tight XML bindings impose mapping constraints that can hamper interoperability between services. This paper presents a framework for constructing loosely coupled C/C++ services based on a programming model that integrates XML bindings into the C and C++ syntax. The concepts behind the bindings are generic, which makes the approach applicable to other programming languages.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Gram-Negative Nonfermentative Bacilli

A study was undertaken to determine if current methods of antibiotic susceptibility testing could be successfully applied to the gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli. Using clinical isolates and reference strains, experiments were conducted on the inherent reliability of the Bauer-Kirby method, as well as the effect of certain modifications on the method such as elimination of the 2- to 5-h incubation in broth and use of different agar media. Results obtained using these modifications were compared to the results obtained by the standard method. It was shown that the two modifications investigated had a significant effect on the interpretation of zone diameters. It was further shown that the standard Bauer-Kirby method with some exceptions correlates with minimal inhibitory concentrations as determined by broth dilution methods. Results suggest that the Bauer-Kirby method may be a reliable technique for testing the antibiotic susceptibility of the nonfermentative bacilli.
Threats in the Workplace: The Thunder before the Storm?

As thunder warns of potentially violent weather, so threats alert us to at-risk aggressors and targets in the workplace. The context surrounding this negative energy often reveals the intensity, motives and immediacy of the danger. While threats may not cause physical injuries, they can leave targets and innocent third parties traumatized, stressed and fearful. In addition, threats can devastate the productivity of the workplace, and serve as the catalyst for progressively more dangerous behaviors. Those who ignore, misunderstand or fail to take threats seriously miss an opportunity to identify, diffuse or resolve workplace problems. While threats may seem illogical and senseless to intimidated targets and surprised observers, they are very purposeful tools in the hands of skilled or desperate manipulators. Understanding the motives can help employers form effective and safe responses to threats. Employers can reduce their risk by controlling external access, improving detection, establishing clear policies and reporting procedures, utilizing pre-employment screening, providing violence prevention training, and conducting risk assessments.
Sleepiness and ethanol effects on simulated driving

Twelve healthy young men were assessed in each of four experimental conditions presented in a Latin Square design: 8-hr time in bed (TIB) and placebo, 4-hr TIB and placebo, 8-hr TIB and ethanol, and 4-hr TIB and ethanol. After consuming ethanol (0.6 g/kg) or placebo (0900-0930 hr) with 20% supplements at 1030 and 1100 hr, subjects were tested for sleepiness (Multiple Sleep Latency Test at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 hr) and divided attention (1030 hr) performance on day 1, and for simulated driving and divided attention (1000-1200 and 1400-1600 hr) performance on day 2. In the morning testing, with breath ethanol concentrations (BECs) averaging 0.049%, sleepiness was increased, divided attention reaction times increased (on both days), and simulated driving performance was disturbed in the ethanol and 4-hr TIB relative to placebo. Similarly in the afternoon, with BECs averaging 0.013%, the ethanol and 4-hr TIB condition increased sleepiness and disrupted divided attention and simulated driving performance. The results show that sleepiness and low-dose ethanol combine to impair simulated automobile driving, an impairment that extends beyond the point at which BEC reaches zero. They provide a possible explanation for the incidence of alcohol-related automobile accidents at low BECs. Language: en
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist production by human keratinocytes

Human keratinocytes produce biologically active pro-IL-1 alpha and inactive pro-IL-1 beta with most protein remaining intracellular. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is a newly described member of the IL-1 family that is secreted by stimulated monocytes and binds competitively to IL-1 receptors without stimulating target cells. We examined the characteristics of IL-1ra production by cultured human keratinocytes. By ELISA, keratinocyte lysates contained 390 ng IL-1ra/mg total protein with little IL-1ra detected in supernatants. In contrast, monocytes produced 297 ng IL-1ra/mg total protein during 24 h of culture on adherent IgG with about half of the IL-1ra detected in supernatants. By Western blot analysis, keratinocyte IL-1ra was approximately 20 kD in size and was slightly larger than recombinant monocyte IL-1ra. In contrast to monocytes, human keratinocyte IL-1ra was not secreted in 22-25-kD molecular weight glycosylated forms. Affinity-purified keratinocyte IL-1ra exhibited identical biologic activity to recombinant monocyte IL-1ra, each inhibiting IL-1-dependent augmentation of murine thymocyte proliferation to the same degree per amount of protein. An IL-1ra mRNA of 1.8 kb was detected by Northern blot analysis in RNA extracted from keratinocytes. In order to determine the effect of differentiation on IL-1 and IL-1ra production, human keratinocytes were cultured for 72 h in low (0.03 mM), medium (0.15 mM), or high (1.0 mM)-calcium concentrations. The absolute amounts of IL-1ra increased twofold and the ratio of IL-1ra to IL-1 alpha in keratinocyte lysates increased from approximately 12:1 to 25:1 during differentiation. These results indicate that keratinocytes constitutively produce large amounts of a biologically active intracellular variant of IL-1ra that increase with differentiation. IL-1ra released during keratinocyte damage may be important in modifying the inflammatory effects of IL-1 alpha in human skin.
Global climate, energy, and economic implications of international energy offsets programs

We demonstrate and apply methods for assessing global, system-scale effects on energy and greenhouse emissions of offset programs that explicitly consider the rules by which energy-based offset credits are awarded. We compare our approach to idealized calculations in which all regions, including those without mitigation obligations, face a common carbon tax. We find a substantial gap between potential reductions in emissions and those realized in a suite of hypothetical offset assignment protocols as well as between offset creation and system-scales emissions mitigation, even when project-scale additionality and compliance issues are absent and baselines are known with certainty. In the worst cases, seemingly reasonable rules were counterproductive—i.e. increased global carbon emissions, despite strictly meeting additionality and baseline requirements. But, even when we modified the rules for creating offsets to reflect more closely implementation practices, there remained a large gap between potential and realized mitigation. This difference is systemic and traces to the basic nature of offsets. Offsets subsidize the deployment of non-emitting technologies instead of penalizing the use of emitting technologies. As a consequence, offsets lower the cost of energy, and encourage greater use energy rather than its conservation. Thus, even in well-crafted programs, it is impossible to capture the full economic potential because the program lacks a means by which to engage energy conservation. We demonstrate that while offsets programs reduce the cost to regions with emissions caps, they may achieve this result at the expense of reduced global emissions mitigation.
Car detection using Markov random fields on geometric features

Car detection is widely used in many vehicle management systems. Most of the car detection methods are focused on the top (aerial) or side images. Usually these methods are supervised detection which is complicated and need to use different kinds of classifiers and training data sets. This paper introduces a new unsupervised approach to provide fast car detection from rear or head images of the cars running on the road. The contribution of this paper lies in the following: (1) The car detection model is based on the blocks of pixels with consistent color/gray-level, instead of individual pixel. (2) Geometric features are extracted to represent car. (3) By retrieving the detecting car positions, the graph model is divided into several sub-graphs to compress solution space. (4) A Markov random field is defined on each sub-graph to restore the car rear or head shape by their inner and inter relationship. In this way, the car bodies with different colors in low resolution images can be fast detected from a complex background without any training data.
Diffusion over coastal mountains of Southern California

Abstract A series of diffusion tests was run to examine diffusion from continuous point sources in relatively mountainous terrain in Southern California. The source was a zinc sulfide generator operated for 15–30 min duration with an effective source height of 2–6 m. A description of the large number of data (to be made available from the National Weather Records Center, Asheville, North Carolina) is included. A version of the Hay-Pasquill technique for estimating plume width was shown to lead to good estimates of σy, but that success in calculating plume width did not lead to equivalent success in calculating centerline exposure, which required a more traditional approach. A comparison of diffusion over mountainous terrain and flat terrain in the same (maritime) climate showed that daytime (unstable) conditions minimized the importance of terrain, whereas nighttime (relatively stable) conditions led to apparently significant interactions between terrain and synoptic scale weather events. In both day and night tests, with the source upwind of a ridge-canyon formation, the most frequent plume configuration (as measured 1.5 m above the surface) was one with exposures along the canyon floor significantly lower than (about half) those observed on the ridges forming the canyon.
THE RELATION OF THE VITAMINS TO THE REACTION INDUCED BY COAL TAR IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS

Drops of coal tar introduced into the subcutaneous tissue attract the fibroblasts, endothelial and other cells to them. These cells suffer degenerative changes through this action of the tar and the animal suffers cachectic-like changes and death from large doses of it introduced into the subcutaneous tissue. This action of the coal tar is limited to a short period of time, after which it becomes inert. The cells which have been drawn to it and which have not completely degenerated then slowly recover. Where large numbers of these cells are drawn to the tar they grow and divide after recovering from the initial effects of the tar. Cancer may develop. Where only a few cells are drawn to the tar they lay down intercellular fibrils and a scar eventually develops. Vitamin A fed in more than ample quantities to these animals protects the animals and the cells against the toxic action of the tar and stimulates and prolongs their secondary growth. Vitamin B stimulates the secondary growth of these cells. This action is limited in extent and time. It is followed by an early degeneration and hyalinization of the tissue.
Song sharing correlates with social but not extrapair mating success in the white-crowned sparrow

Bird song is a prominent example of a trait under inter- and intrasexual selection. Performance-related aspects of bird song have been shown to vary among males and to influence territorial interactions as well as female mate choice. In oscine songbirds, song is different from many other sexually selected traits in that it is learned. As a result of learning, territorial neighbors share songs in some species. Thus, social interactions may be influenced not only by how well a male performs song but also by whom he shares song with. Here, we test the hypothesis that song sharing indicates local song learning and experience from which females may benefit. We examine the prediction that song sharing correlates with reproductive success. During our 4-year field study on white-crowned sparrows Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, we found that yearling males that shared song with at least one territorial neighbor had higher social mating success than nonsharers. At the same time, song performance did not significantly correlate with social mating success but did correlate with paternity loss. Males with high performance were more likely to lose paternity than males with low performance. No song feature correlated with gaining paternity. We conclude that song sharing may be an indicator of male quality and stable social neighborhoods which may be a direct benefit to females. Furthermore, our results may provide a functional explanation for a developmental process where songbirds adjust their song to the local social neighborhood.
Interelement Selection in the Regulatory Region of the copia Retrotransposon

We report the results of an analysis of natu- rally occurring cis-regulatory variation within and be- tween two families of the copia Drosophila long termi- nal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon. The copia 58 LTR and adjacent untranslated leader region (ULR) consists of a number of well-characterized sequence motifs which play a role in regulating expression of the element. In order to understand the evolutionary forces which may be responsible for generating and maintaining copia regulatory sequence variation, we have quantified levels of naturally occurring copia LTR-ULR nucleotide varia- tion and subjected the data to a series of tests of neutral- ity. Our analysis indicates that the copia LTR-ULR has been subject to negative purifying selection within fami- lies and positive adaptive selection between families. We discuss these findings with respect to the regulatory evo- lution of retrotransposons and the phenomenon of inter- element selection.
Autologous stem cell transplant in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with lymphoid malignancies: focus on infectious complications.

High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant (SCT) is the standard of care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients with chemosensitive relapsed aggressive lym...
Beyond the Prisoners’ Dilemma: Making Game Theory a Useful Part of Undergraduate International Relations Classes

While game theory has a well-established place in the international relations literature, it still has not found a similar place in the undergraduate classroom. With few exceptions, it only appears in introductory textbooks as the nuclear arms race application. This paper endeavors to correct the situation by describing what game theory can add to undergraduate understanding and offering concrete advice for its implementation. After describing the state of game theory in international relations pedagogy, the paper lays out how four different games can help instructors convey abstract concepts. In this paper, I address the concepts of strategic action, perverse incentives, and the importance of communication in an effort to help bridge the gap between a theoretically based curriculum and real-world events. It is hoped that these suggestions will help international relations instructors go beyond the prisoners’ dilemma to make game theory a useful item in their pedagogical toolbox.
Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Cytokine Production by Mononuclear Cells Cultured With Streptococcus mutans and Selected Other Caries Bacteria

A feature of pulpal immune responses is the predominance of type 1 cytokine mRNA under shallow caries and a mixed (type 1/type 2) profile under deep caries. These results prompted an examination of the cytokine profiles induced by bacteria in shallow caries ( Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus ) and deep caries ( Lactobacillus casei, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus , and Prevotella intermedia ). All isolates induced interferon-γ and interleukin-10, whereas interleu-kin-4 and interleukin-2 titers were low to undetectable. S. mutans was the most potent and persistent interferon-γ inducer. Differences in interleukin-10 were apparent at low doses but were less dramatic, with L. casei the dominant producer. S. mutans induced substantially more interferon-γ than interleukin-10 over all doses and time points, suggesting strong type 1 polarization. P. alactolyticus induced significantly more interleukin-10 than interferon-γ at higher concentrations, suggesting polarization toward type 2. A similar amount of interferon-γ and interleukin-10 induced by L. casei, A. viscosus , and P. intermedia reflected a mixed profile. A better understanding of pulpal immune response to caries bacteria may enable us to develop an immune system-based pulp therapy in the future.
Theoretical and numerical investigations of global and regional seismic wave propagation in weakly anisotropic earth models

SUMMARY Smith and Dahlen demonstrated that in a weakly anisotropic earth model the relative surface wave phase-speed perturbation δc/c may be written in the form , where An and Bn are frequency-dependent depth integrals and ζ denotes the ray azimuth. In this approximation, surface wave anisotropy is governed by 13 elastic parameters and the azimuthal dependence of the phase speed is represented by an even Fourier series in ζ involving degrees zero (five elastic parameters), two (six elastic parameters), and four (two elastic parameters). Jech and Psencik demonstrated that in such a weakly anisotropic earth model the relative compressional-wave phase-speed perturbation may be expressed as δc/c= (2c2)−1B33, whereas the relative shear wave phase-speed perturbations are given by δc/c= (4c2)−1{B11+B22±[(B11−B22)2+ 4B212]1/2}. We demonstrate that the coefficients B33, B11, B22, and B12 may be written in the generic form , where ζ denotes the local azimuth and i the local angle of incidence. For B11, B22 and B33 the coefficients an(i) and bn(i) are an even Fourier series of degrees zero, two and four in i, but for B12 they are an odd Fourier series of degrees one and three. Like surface waves, the azimuthal (ζ) dependence of body waves involves even degrees zero (five elastic parameters), two (six elastic parameters), and four (two elastic parameters), but, unlike surface waves, it also involves the odd degrees one (six elastic parameters) and three (two elastic parameters). Thus, weakly anisotropic body-wave propagation involves all 21 independent elastic parameters. We use spectral-element simulations of global and regional seismic wave propagation to assess the validity of these asymptotic body and surface wave results. The numerical simulations and asymptotic predictions are in good agreement for anisotropy at the 5 per cent level.
Support for social norms programming to reduce alcohol consumption in pregnant women

This investigation examined the difference between the amount of alcohol consumed by pregnant Montana women (actual norms) and the amount they perceived was consumed by other Montana women of their same age (peer norms). On the basis of a stratified cluster sampling, 712 women completed a survey based on social norms theory. Results revealed that prior to the pregnancy women perceived that other women of their same age normally drank more than four times as much alcohol as they actually consumed. However, during their pregnancy women perceived that other women of their same age normally drank over 102 times as much alcohol as they actually consumed. Similar patterns were seen for the more than usual consumption. The results of the investigation showed a consistent and dramatic pattern of overestimation of peer alcohol use norms compared to actual norms. These findings support the application of intervention strategies designed to correct misperceptions of drinking norms in pregnant women as a way to reduc...
Apprenticeship learning for helicopter control

Autonomous helicopter flight is widely regarded to be a highly challenging control problem. As helicopters are highly unstable and exhibit complicated dynamical behavior, it is particularly difficult to design controllers that achieve high performance over a broad flight regime.While these aircraft are notoriously difficult to control, there are expert human pilots who are nonetheless capable of demonstrating a wide variety of maneuvers, including aerobatic maneuvers at the edge of the helicopter's performance envelope. In this paper, we present algorithms for modeling and control that leverage these demonstrations to build high-performance control systems for autonomous helicopters. More specifically, we detail our experiences with the Stanford Autonomous Helicopter, which is now capable of extreme aerobatic flight meeting or exceeding the performance of our own expert pilot.
Fuel Reduction, Seeding, and Vegetation in a Juniper Woodland

Western juniper has increased in density and distribution in the interior Pacific Northwest since the late 1800s. Management goals for many juniper woodlands are now focused on reducing tree densities and promoting biodiversity, prompting the use of fuel reduction treatments. Fuel reduction often involves mechanical cutting and disturbances such as slash pile burning and skid trail formation. While these activities may reduce tree densities, the extent to which they will restore native biodiversity and community composition, particularly in woodlands invaded by exotic annual grasses, is unclear. We evaluated the effects of juniper cutting in two experiments of disturbance type (slash piles and skid trails) followed by three native seeding treatments (cultivar, locally sourced, and no seed) on vegetation in central Oregon. Prior to cutting, native perennial grass cover and richness were positively associated and exotic grass cover was negatively associated with juniper basal area. After cutting and 2 yr after seeding, species composition was altered for both disturbance types. Some seeded areas had higher total species richness, higher native species richness, higher cover of seeded species, and higher overall cover compared to areas that were not seeded. But seeding effectiveness in mitigating exotic species spread varied based on exotic species functional group, pretreatment propagule pressure, and experiment disturbance type. Neither seed mix lowered exotic grass cover. There was limited evidence that the cultivar mix outperformed the locally sourced native seed mix. In the short term, fuel reduction activities may have facilitated further conversion of this woodland to an exotic grassland, but longer-term evaluation is needed. In juniper woodlands that have been invaded by exotic species, fuel reduction activities may facilitate further invasion, and exotic species control may be needed to limit invasion and promote native vegetation.
The next 700 programming languages

A family of unimplemented computing languages is described that is intended to span differences of application area by a unified framework. This framework dictates the rules about the uses of user-coined names, and the conventions about characterizing functional relationships. Within this framework the design of a specific language splits into two independent parts. One is the choice of written appearances of programs (or more generally, their physical representation). The other is the choice of the abstract entities (such as numbers, character-strings, list of them, functional relations among them) that can be referred to in the language.The system is biased towards “expressions” rather than “statements.” It includes a nonprocedural (purely functional) subsystem that aims to expand the class of users' needs that can be met by a single print-instruction, without sacrificing the important properties that make conventional right-hand-side expressions easy to construct and understand.
Comparison of the Effects of Morphological and Ontological Information on Text Categorization

In this paper we compare the effectiveness of using morphological and ontological information for text categorization. We induce morphological information using stemmed features. Ontological information, on the other hand, has been induced in the form of WordNet hypernyms. We form text representations based on stemming and hypernyms. Those representations are evaluated using four different machine learning algorithms on the Reuters 21578 dataset. We report average F1 measures as the results. The results show that stemming-based text representation gives better performance than hypernym-based text representation even though we used a novel hypernym formation approach. We also combine the stemming based representation with the hypernym based representation. The combined representation does not produce any significant improvement in performance. The results suggest that ontological information does not help in categorization tasks and is less effective than morphological information.
The Value of Temporally Richer Data for Learning of Influence Networks

Consumers adopting a new product; an epidemic spreading across a population; a sovereign debt crisis hitting several countries; a cellular process during which the expression of a gene affects the expression of other genes; an article trending in the blogosphere, a topic trending on an online social network, computer malware spreading across a network; all of these are temporal processes governed by local interactions of networked entities, which influence one another. Due to the increasing capability of data acquisition technologies, rich data on the outcomes of such processes are oftentimes available (possibly with time stamps), yet the underlying network of local interactions is hidden. In this work, we infer who influences whom in a network of interacting entities based on data of their actions/ decisions, and quantify the gain of learning based on sequences of actions versus sets of actions. We answer the following question: how much faster can we learn influences with access to increasingly informative temporal data (sets versus sequences)?
Multiresolution approach for motion planning under differential constraints

In this paper, we present an incremental, multiresolution motion planning algorithm designed for systems with differential constraints. Planning for these systems is more difficult than ordinary path planning due to the presence of momentum (drift) or nonholonomic velocity constraints. Given a motion planning problem for such a system and that a solution to the problem exists, then a finite reachability graph containing a solution trajectory is guaranteed to exist, under very reasonable conditions. In general, this graph can be generated using sufficiently dense input space sampling, sufficiently small time step, and sufficiently large tree depth. We show how to find and search such a tree in an incremental, multiresolution way. We prove the completeness of our algorithm, discuss related practical concerns, and show experimental results for several systems
MR. NIGGER The Challenges of Educating Black Males Within American Society

The underachievement, lack of inclusion, and backward progression of African American men within American society, and particularly within the educational arena, has once again surfaced as a trend that demands immediate attention. However, the challenges of reversing the negative cir- cumstances facing African American men requires transforming a broad array of social, political, economical, psychological, and educational issues that are deeply rooted in the very power structure of America. On one hand, the society espouses rhetoric of concern and desire to elevate Black males, but, on the other hand, practices a policy of oppression, prejudice, and dis- regard. Put differently, the experience of the Black man in America seems to be one in which he is called "mister" but is treated with a "niggardly" regard. And the result is the positioning of Black males at the lower rungs of society and their experiencing underachievement in almost all aspects of life.
Imagining Sevastopol: history and postwar community construction, 1942–1953

By exploring the reconstruction of the city of Sevastopol after the Second World War and the memorialisation that accompanied this process, this article seeks to examine the identities embedded into this process, particularly the relationship between local and Soviet identities.
Tectonic and Deposition Model of Late Precambrian-Cambrian Arabian and Adjoining Plates

During the late Precambrian, the terranes of the Arabian and adjoining plates were fused along the northeastern flank of the African plate in Gondwanaland. This phase, which ended approximately 640 to 620 Ma, was followed by continental failure (620 to 580 Ma) and intracontinental extension (600 to approximately 550 Ma). During the Infracambrian extensional phase, a triple junction may have evolved near the Sinai Peninsula and may have consisted of the (1) Jordan Valley and Dead Sea rift branch, (2) Sinai and North Egypt rift branch, and (3) the Najd wrench-rift branch. The Najd, Hawasina, and Zagros fault systems may have been transverse faults that accompanied rifting in the Arabian Gulf and Zagros Mountains, southern Oman, Pakistan, and Kerman in central Iran. While the area was extending and subsiding, the Tethys Ocean flooded the eastern side of the Arabian plate and Iran and deposited calcareous clastics, carbonates, and evaporites (including the Hormuz and Ara halites). This transgression extended into the western part of the Arabian plate via the Najd rift system. The termination of the extensional phase during the late Early Cambrian was accompanied by a major regression and terrestrial conditions on the Arabian Peninsula. However, by the Early Ordovician, as sea level peaked to a highstand, the Arabian plate was blanketed with marginal marine sediments.
Stochastic Risk Model: a Computing Method for Ruin Problems

As the tool to predict the collapse in terms of finance of a company, the probability of ruin plays a crucial role. The interest rate, initial compounding assets, together with ruin time, ruin function will be discussed for the new directions of observing the chance of being collapsed of the company. As the interest rate becomes larger, the observation is the probability of ruin will be smaller. Random walk, Brownian motion and the connection with Capital Asset Pricing Model also will be addressed. The models can assist decision makers or investors to make decision to choose between insurance and investment risk.
Accurate Determination of Underground GPR Wavefront and B-Scan Shape From Above-Ground Point Sources

While the determination of the wavefront shape radiated by ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in contact with the ground is trivial, the refraction of rays at the ground surface from a point source in the air makes accurate determination of the transmitted wavefront challenging. Impulse GPRs usually have their emitters in air, transmitting waves through a quasi-planar interface into the soil. The waves radiated initially in air can be approximated as circular, but once they enter the soil half-space, they propagate with a wavefront shape that resembles a hyperbola. The exact shape is derived and shown to be well approximated by a hyperbola with specific parameters depending on the relative dielectric constant of the half-space epsiv' ( = n2), the height of the source h, and the propagation time from source to wavefront multiplied by the wave velocity in the half-space p. A correction formula is provided to reduce the error between the approximate hyperbola and the exact shape. In addition, an equation for the shape of the B-scan contour of a point scatterer is derived.
Sex differences in spatial search and pattern learning in the rat

Male and female rats searched in a 5 × 5 matrix of 15.5-cm-tall wooden poles for reward pellets hidden on top of the poles. The baited poles always formed a square pattern, but were otherwise unpredictable. Measures developed by Brown and Terrinoni (1996) were used to determine choice efficiency and the extent to which choices were determined by the spatial pattern. Male rats were controlled by the spatial pattern in which poles were baited to a greater extent than female rats, whereas female rats were more efficient at searching for baited poles when no information about their location was available.