cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plastic surgery and the bulimic patient

Some bulimic women resort to plastic surgery in an attempt to make their bodies more acceptable. The surgery serves the function of changing the appearance of the body, thus temporarily diminishing the underlying depression. This may precipitate a transient remission of bulimic symptoms.
Ambient temperature synthesis and magnetic properties of aluminum borate—Fe nanocomposites

Abstract Nanocomposites in which fine Fe particles are dispersed in a ceramic aluminum borate Al x B y O z matrix were synthesized at ambient temperatures by simultaneous hydrolysis of aluminum butoxide and reduction of Fe 2+ with sodium borohydride. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, SQUID magnetometry, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The as-prepared samples consist of crystalline Fe particles dispersed in an amorphous aluminum borate matrix, which on annealing in H 2 atmosphere at T ≥ 800 °C transforms to crystalline aluminum borate; the crystalline aluminum borate exhibits a needle-like morphology. The as-prepared samples all seem to consist of a mixture of ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic Fe particles. The superparamagnetic fraction vanishes completely on annealing in H 2 atmosphere at 900 °C. The magnetic results are supported by Mossbauer spectra recorded at room temperature.
Inflation in China: Old Versus New Phillips Curves

Among the few papers that have examined the determinants of inflation dynamics in mainland China, the majority of those that have investigated this matter argue that the traditional Phillips curve does not fit China's data. Some authors, however, conclude that the New Keynesian Phillips Curve does a better job of describing Chinese inflation behaviour in recent decades. This paper conducts an analysis of China's inflation behaviour from the late 1980s onwards by estimating both traditional and new Phillips curves using improved econometric techniques. We find that the New Keynesian Phillips Curve performs poorly in explaining China's inflation behaviour, whereas the traditional ‘old’ Phillips curve does significantly better.
On considerations of credibility of evidence

Abstract The focus of this work is on the issue of managing credibility information in reasoning systems. We first discuss a closely related idea, that of multicriteria decision making. It is shown how the concept of importance in multicriteria decision making is similar to the concept of credibility in evidential reasoning systems. A new concept of credibility qualification is introduced in both the theory of approximate reasoning and the mathematical theory of evidence. A concept of relative credibility is also introduced. This relative credibility is useful in situations where the credibility of a piece of evidence is determined by its compatibility with higher priority evidence.
Testing significance of differences between two chi-squares

This paper presents a way to test the difference between twoX 2's. The test requires evaluating the difference with respect to theT m (x) Bessel function. Included is a table of the 5 percent and 1 percent points for the Bessel function with degrees of freedom up to 100.
Malignant transformation in a tissue culture infected with a mouse leukemia virus (brief report).

A culture of normal spleen and thymus of suckling Timco (Texas Inbred Mouse Company, Houston, Texas) Swiss mice was initiated in our laboratory in 1964. Normal Timco Swiss mouse embryo cells were added to the 29th passage of this culture in order to improve growth ("rejuvenation"). Since then, the culture grows luxuriantly. This culture has been infected with a mouse passage line of the Rauscher mouse leukemia virus and the cells have subsequently been passed serially. A portion of the original culture was left uninfected but the same normal mouse embryo cells were added also to this culture; the cells of this line have also been passed serially, applying medium and techniques identical with those used for the infected line (1). The infected culture, referred to as the parent line, is in the 154th subculture. The culture produces typical murine leukemia virus particles and the cs~oplasm of the virus-producing cells stains apple green with antiviral antibody, by the indirect .fluorescent ant ibody technique (2). The cells remained elongated and grew in orderly sheets up to about 90 serial passages. Bioassays done in young Timco Swiss mice resulted in a spectrum of malignant diseases and related conditions. These are as follows : (i) Erythroblastic and reticulum cell leukemia, (if) malignant lymphoma re-
A Legend for the Legendary: The Origin of the Baseball Hall of Fame

The origins of baseball are controversial. James A. Vlasich discusses the debates between two men intimately involved in nineteenth-century baseball, Henry Chadwick and Albert G. Spalding. Abner Graves of the Mills Commission claimed that Abner Doubleday had invented the game and he had done it in Cooperstown, New York. This claim was scrutinized at the time but the myth became etched into baseball history. Through the years, however, some critics have questioned the Mills Commission report. The problem is that the Baseball Hall of Fame is built on this shaky foundation. The lack of diligence on the part of Spalding s self-appointed committee has led to a credibility gap for the baseball shrine that continues a half century after its dedication. Indeed, the story of the building of the Baseball Hall of Fame is filled with intrigue worthy of a political thriller."
Acute promyelocytic leukemia: a target for preemptive strike?

Comment on Lo-Coco et al, page [1995][1] In acute promyelocytic leukemia, single-agent caliceamicin-conjugated anti-CD33 (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) is very effective in re-inducing a complete molecular remission (CRm) in almost all patients in first or subsequent molecular relapse. In this issue,
Refined homology model of monoacylglycerol lipase: Toward a selective inhibitor

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endocannabinoid with full agonist activity at both cannabinoid receptors. Increased tissue 2-AG levels consequent to MGL inhibition are considered therapeutic against pain, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the lack of MGL structural information has hindered the development of MGL-selective inhibitors. Here, we detail a fully refined homology model of MGL which preferentially identifies MGL inhibitors over druglike noninhibitors. We include for the first time insight into the active-site geometry and potential hydrogen-bonding interactions along with molecular dynamics simulations describing the opening and closing of the MGL helical-domain lid. Docked poses of both the natural substrate and known inhibitors are detailed. A comparison of the MGL active-site to that of the other principal endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, demonstrates key differences which provide crucial insight toward the design of selective MGL inhibitors as potential drugs.
Numerical Simulation Investigation of Dust Charging Effects on Electrostatic Ion Waves in Dusty Plasmas

A numerical model is described that may be used to investigate important effects of dust charging on ion waves and instabilities in dusty plasmas. The model considers a three species system with fluid electrons and ions and Particle-In-Cell PIC charged dust grains in which the dust charge on the grains varies in time according to the standard charging model. Waves in magnetized or unmagnetized dusty plasmas can be considered. Fundamental effects of dust charging on wave modes which include the dust charge fluctuation mode and damping of ion waves are considered. Also important effects of dust charging on waves produced by the expansion of dust into a background plasma are discussed. Finally an ion acoustic instability that is due to dust charging is investigated. These examples show that there is good agreement with past theoretical predictions on dust charge fluctuation effects and also numerical simulations provide useful additional insight into the physical processes involved.
Identification of arsenic-binding proteins in human breast cancer cells

As a cancer chemotherapeutic drug, arsenic acts on numerous intracellular signal transduction pathways in cancer cells. However, its mechanism of actions is still not fully understood. Previous studies suggest that arsenic reacts with closely spaced cysteine (Cys) residues of proteins with high Cys content and accessible sulfhydryl (SH) groups. In this study, human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was examined as a cellular model to explore arsenic-binding proteins and the mechanism of binding. An arsenic-biotin conjugate was synthesized by coupling the pentafluorophenol ester of biotin with p-aminophenylarsenoxide. Arsenic-binding proteins were eluted with streptavidin resin from arsenic-biotin treated MCF-7 cells, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Arsenic-binding properties of two of these proteins, β-tubulin and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), were studied further in vitro and the biological consequences of this binding was evaluated. Binding assay with Western blotting confirmed binding of β-tubulin and PKM2 by arsenic in a concentration-dependent manner. Arsenic binding inhibited tubulin polymerization, but surprisingly had no effect on PKM2 activity. Molecular modeling showed that binding of Cys12 alone or vicinal Cys residues (Cys12 and Cys213) of β-tubulin by arsenic blocked the active site for access of GTP, which is necessary for tubulin polymerization. On the contrary, all Cys residues of PKM2 were far away from the active site of the enzyme. In summary, this study confirmed β-tubulin and PKM2 as arsenic-binding proteins in MCF-7 cells. Functional consequence of such binding may depend on whether arsenic binding causes conformational changes or blocks active sites of target proteins.
Perceptions and construction of meaning of urban high school experiences among African American university students. A focus group approach

The perceptions of African American university students and how they construct meaning from high school experiences were examined. Five African American students from two large cities, attending a moderately selective university in the Midwest, served as a focus group for the study. An open-ended, semistructured questionnaire was used to guide the discussion for this qualitative study. Findings suggest that these students have transcended, to some extent, the attitudinal disconnect from serious schoolwork and separatism that often plagues African American students. The ability to develop interpersonal relationships with mentors and peers outside their own racial group (weak ties) provided more access to information and resources. The findings further suggest the desirability of a deconstruction of attitudinal disconnect from schoolwork among African American high school students.
Direct numerical solution of the master-equation transport on disordered lattices via the Lanczos algorithm

We investigate the diffusion problem on random networks in two dimensions by directly calculating matrix elements of transport operators on percolating clusters with up to 440 000 sites. The mean-square displacement, diffusion coefficient, and probability of returning to the origin are calculated and then analyzed in the context of dynamical scaling theory. From these results, we delineate the time and density regimes over which scaling arguments are quantitative. We also show the relative fluctuations in the random walk and present evidence that the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the transfer rate matrix become Euclidean at different points in spectral space.
Rydberg atom based sub-wavelength imaging

We present a revolutionary new approach for sub-wavelength imaging of rf-totetra-hertz fields. The new approach is based on the interaction of RF-fields with Rydberg atoms: where alkali atoms are excited optically to Rydberg states and the applied RF-field alters the resonant state of the atoms. For this approach, the Rydberg atoms are placed in a glass vapor cell. This vapor cell acts like an RF-to- optical transducer: covert an RF E-field to an optical frequency response. The probe utilizes the concept of Electromagnetic Induced Transparency (EIT), where the RF transition in the four-level atomic system causes a split of the transition spectrum for the pump laser, as seen in Figure 1. This splitting is easily measured and is directly proportional to the applied RF field amplitude. Therefore, by measuring this splitting we get a direct measurement of the RF E-field strength. The significant dipole response of Rydberg atoms over the GHz regime suggests this technique could allow traceable measurements over a large frequency band including 1–1000 GHz.
Developing a knowledge-based early warning system for fish disease/health via water quality management

Fish disease is becoming the major factor damaging the sustainable development of aquaculture and the quality security of aquatic product in China. Many researchers provide assistances and advice in fish disease diagnosis and appropriate treatment measures. However, the risk of misdiagnosis, incorrectly treatment or over-treatment also exists due to carrying out after disease outbreaks. So it is necessary to develop an early warning system. Taking into account that fish disease outbreak is mainly caused by suboptimal water quality in north of China, the best way is to develop decision aids tool that can assess and early warning the risk of fish disease based on water quality management. This paper introduces a knowledge-based early warning system for fish disease via water quality management. The architecture, the process for knowledge engineering, main components and their functions, especially a series of water quality management mathematic models are described. At present, the system is in pilot in the city of Tianjin in China. The stage achievements in developing the intellectual system of fish disease early warning are summarized.
Planning removable partial dentures

Abstract Clasp-retained removable partial dentures should not be designed solely for efficiency in mastication. In many instances, a compromise is necessary. This is acceptable as long as it is not a compromise with evil. Too great an efficiency quotient may be almost immediately destructive to supporting teeth and other tissues. The preservation of these supporting teeth should be our ultimate aim in design. Only the dentist, who manipulates the mounted diagnostic casts, studies the roentgenograms, and examines and questions the patient as to his oral and general health, has adequate knowledge to dictate denture design. Also, with his training in anatomy, biology, histology, physiology, and mechanics, he alone can predict the long range response of the patient's tissues to oral rehabilitation and will design the restorations accordingly. This study of design, which must satisfy esthetics and be kind to living tissues as well as take care of the mechanical problems, must start long before the master cast is placed on the surveying tilt table. In fact, it must have been planned before the mouth preparations are made.
Protected or Neglected An Examination of Negative Versus Compassionate Ageism in Public Conservatorship

This study examines the assumptions held in the gerontological literature that older adults suffer negative ageism under conservatorship in comparison with younger adults. For the purposes of this study, negative ageism is defined in four ways-with demographic and health factors controlled: Older adults would be more likely (1) to be served under powers to place the conservatee in locked facilities, (2) to be served under powers that authorize treatment with psychotropic medication, (3) to be placed in locked facilities, and (4) to receive psychotropic medications. Findings in this study do not reveal any evidence of negative ageism; however, findings do support evidence of compassionate ageism, as older adults are less likely than are younger adults to be served under powers to place in locked facilities, less likely to be served under powers to treat with psychotropic medications, less likely to be placed in locked facilities, and less likely to receive treatment with psychotropic medications.
Moving Is Like Making Out: Developing Female University Dancers' Ballet Technique and Expression through the Use of Metaphor.

This qualitative study explored the use of metaphor within a somatic context as a means to bridge the divide between technique and expression in two undergraduate advanced intermediate ballet classes. Data included surveys, classroom observations, student journal responses and student work, as well as surveys and journal responses, one year after each course. Findings indicate that the metaphor ‘moving is like making out’ helped female students simultaneously realize their expressive and technical potentials through associations with meaningful personal experiences. Students discovered ways to think about their body in relationship to ballet movement and ballet technique became less about the labor involved in ballet and more about creating opportunities to experience pleasure in movement. Ultimately, students were able to formulate their own metaphors and used their imagination to establish personal connections to movement. These findings suggest the power of metaphor, and broader somatic approaches, as ...
Facilitation of Spindle-Burst Sleep by Conditioning of Electroencephalographic Activity While Awake

A slow-wave electroencephalographic rhythm recorded from the sensorimotor cortex of the waking cat has been correlated behaviorally with the suppression of movement. Facilitation of this rhythm through conditioning selectively enhances a similar pattern recorded during sleep, the familiar spindle burst. The training also produced longer epochs of undisturbed sleep. The specific neural mechanism manipulated during wakefulness appears to function also in sleep and to be involved with the regulation of phasic motor behavior.
Determination of transition state theory rate constants to describe mercury oxidation in combustion systems mediated by Cl, Cl2, HCl and HOCl

Abstract Transition state theory rate constants for the 8-step homogeneous Hg–Cl reaction mechanism were computed based on high level quantum chemistry calculations for the temperature range of 298–2000 K. ECP basis sets were used for Hg and accurate all-electron basis sets with polarization and diffuse functions were used for Cl/O/H species. The quantum computational method for each reaction was chosen by validating the calculated values of properties such as molecular structure, vibration frequency and reaction enthalpy. Activation energies for the Hg + Cl + M reaction calculated using the QCISD and QCISD(T) methods were inconsistent with those expected for radical recombination reactions. The three-body Hg/HgCl recombination reactions with Cl were observed to be the fastest mercury–chlorine reactions. The rate constants of Hg/HgCl reactions with HOCl were faster or comparable to that with Cl2 whereas the reactions involving Hg/HgCl and HCl were the slowest. The conversion of Hg+ to Hg2+ is faster than the conversion of Hg0 to Hg+ suggesting that HgCl is a reactive intermediate under these conditions.
Is Deterministic Real Time Control Always Necessary? A Time Scales Perspective

Practitioners of feedback control design often must spend a great deal of time and effort dealing with the complexities of deterministic, or “real time” computing. In this paper, we argue that if certain conditions are met, stable feedback control is possible under non-deterministic conditions. In particular, certain classes of linear systems may be uniformly exponentially stabilized by placing the closed-loop poles within an “osculating circle” if the statistics of the controller’s sampling times are known.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Long-term follow-up of a high school Alcohol Misuse Prevention program's effect on students' subsequent driving

Background: Alcohol-related injuries, particularly motor vehicle, are an important cause of adolescent mortality. School-based alcohol prevention programs have not been evaluated in terms of driving outcomes. This study examined the effects on subsequent driving of a high school-based alcohol prevention program. Methods: The Alcohol Misuse Prevention Study included a randomized test of the effectiveness of an alcohol misuse prevention curriculum conducted among 4635 10th-grade students. Students were assigned to intervention (n 5 1820) or control (n 5 2815) groups and were followed for an average of 7.6 years after licensure, which typically occurred during or shortly after 10th grade. Outcomes examined included alcohol-related and other serious offenses, and at-fault, single-vehicle, and alcohol-related crashes. Results: Only serious offenses (which included alcohol-related) had a significant treatment effect (statistically marginal) after we adjusted for sex, age, race, alcohol use/misuse, family structure, presence of prelicense offenses, age of driver licensure, and parental attitudes toward teen drinking. The effect was found only during the first year of licensure (estimated adjusted relative risk 5 0.80, confidence interval 5 0.63‐1.01). Two first-year serious offense interactions were found. The positive effect was strongest among the largest subgroup of students, those who were drinking less than one drink per week on average before the curriculum, compared with those who drank more than one drink per week (p 5 0.009). The effect was also stronger for the small subgroup of students whose parents had not expressed disapproval of teens’ drinking, compared with those whose parents had disapproved (p 5 0.004). Conclusions: These findings suggest that a high school-based alcohol prevention program can positively affect subsequent driving, particularly that of students who do not use alcohol regularly. The results highlight the need to start prevention efforts early and extend them beyond the initial exposure to driving. Programs should incorporate the differing backgrounds of the students.
Energy dependence of E' spin production in x-irradiated vitreous SiO2.

We have irradiated fused silica with monochromatic x rays from a synchrotron radiation source, and have shown for the first time that the efficiency of producing {ital E}{prime} spins increases nonlinearly with photon energy for silica containing a large concentration of preexisting defects, and almost linearly for silica containing very few preexisting defects. It is concluded that {ital E}{prime} defects are created or activated with efficiencies proportional to approximately the first or second powers, respectively, of the initial energy of the energetic electrons produced by x-ray absorption.
Terahertz Pioneer: Maurice F. Kimmitt “A Person Who Makes Things Work”

In 1954, a young man who had just graduated with a degree in English Literature from Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, decided to go into the clergy. However, his identical twin brother, Maurice, who came out with a B.A. degree in Physics in the same year, decided he could best continue his boyhood interests in crystal radio sets by joining the Radar Research Establishment (RRE), which was set up during World War II as the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), in Malvern, U.K., not far from Stratford-upon-Avon. A few years later, after a 1957 visit by Queen Elizabeth II, it was rechristened as the Royal Radar Establishment. Thus began a career in infrared physics and devices that has spanned nearly 60 years. In the course of that time, Maurice FitzGerald Kimmitt has interacted with researchers on three continents and influenced many fields of THz science, from direct detectors, to high power laser-based sources, to diagnostic and measurement instruments.
Believe in yourself to remove improbable.

Oscar Wild said “We need to believe in impossible and remove improbable”. A surgeon always feels that nothing is impossible, and you need a truthful determination and knowledge to back it up. Make it “I am possible” by understanding the reality of patient care where uncertainties always come in your way. Train yourself to deal with all probabilities to achieve your goal and remove the fear of the improbable. The Association of Surgeons of India (ASI) is completing 75 years of its journey to its present position and has seen many ups and downs but stood well above circumstances with head up high. Our mentors have laid a sound foundation with wisdom to promote academics of high standard involving surgeons from all over the world, to give a platform to show our ability to others and learn to improve ourselves fromworld leaders. Many such Speciality Sections are doing excellent work and putting example to teach other nations on newer techniques. A new generation is grooming with high hopes and looking forward to ASI to spread its wings to teach peripheral surgeons and be a part of the system to improve surgical services in order to give better care to our society. It is a government duty to provide such medical care to its citizens, but it cannot do so alone as evident from various reports. ASI should come forward to be a partner and help in implementing various schemes of surgical oriented programmes and improve quality of work. We have members with high devotion and determination. What is needed is to collaborate on the right direction and develop a joint system and promote it with good result. ASI wishes to be a partner with State Chapters and Speciality Sections to guide them and take their help in promoting various workshops, symposiums and teaching programmes at various parts of the country and develop 10 to 15 skill centres. Similarly, arranging education programme of CME, P.G. teaching and focused symposium on practical basis in each state at periphery with local and other resource persons will help to freshen the knowledge and also gain teaching hours for the purposes of the Medical Council of India (MCI). We have talents unparallel in each state, to be identified and involved to teach our young generation and be a part of the ASI responsibility. A high-quality skill centre at Chennai ASI building is our priority. Plenty of space is available, and we are looking for a partner to help us in developing it into a skill course round the year on minimal cost. SAARC cooperates on equal terms to entertain surgeons from our neighbour countries and give a good atmosphere of learning from each other’s resources—to develop a S. K. Shukla (*) LakshmiMemorial Hospital and Research Centre, Near Nehru Nagar Bridge, Indore 452001, India e-mail: drsatishkshukla@gmail.com
Note on the Interchange of Rotational and Vibrational Energy in Collisions of Diatomic Molecules

The results of a previous report are extended to molecule-molecule scattering with interchange of rotational or vibrational energy. Differential and total cross sections for ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ scattering are given.
Scalability of a scheduling scheme for energy aware sensor networks

Scalability of algorithms used in wireless sensor networks is a critical issue due to the extremely high node numbers and relatively high node density. Few recent studies analyze the scalability of algorithms in wireless ad-hoc networks. Yet there is no significant research done on scalability of algorithms used in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we present a brief survey of recent research on scalability of protocols for wireless ad-hoc networks followed by a scalability analysis of a typical cross-layer scheduling scheme used to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Results show severe degradations of per-node and per-flow throughput indicating that such scheduling algorithms used in wireless sensor networks are far less scalable than the algorithms used in their ad-hoc counterparts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stepwise specification of lymphocyte developmental lineages

B and T lymphocytes differentiate from multipotent precursors through distinct specification and commitment steps. New findings on the unique role of Pax5 in B-lineage commitment, dichotomous action of Notch signaling in B versus T cell development, and the gene expression changes comprising T-lineage specification and commitment now illuminate this process.
αB-crystallin regulates intermediate filament organization in situ

AlphaB-crystallin is a small heat shock protein (hsp) and molecular chaperone that can interact with a wide spectrum of cellular components including intermediate filaments (IF). The significance of these interactions is not currently known. We have tested whether increased alphaB-crystallin expression effects changes in the IF systems in situ. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer was used to overexpress alphaB-crystallin in primary astrocytes. A positive correlation was observed between overexpression of alphaB-crystallin and diffuse, filigree IF. AlphaB-crystallin did not appear to alter the polymerization state of IF proteins. These data show that an increase in alphaB-crystallin expression in the absence of stress can modify the organizational state of IF and that alphaB-crystallin can function as an IF debundling protein.
Utilization potential ofCrambe abyssinica

Crambe abyssinica can be grown in the principal wheat growing areas of Western U. S. and in the Northern Corn Belt states with yields of 2000 lb of seed/acre. The seed contains 35% oil, in which erucic acid constitutes 60% of the total fatty acids. The erucic acid can be converted by ozonolysis into brassylic and pelargonic acids. It has been estimated that the chemical industry could afford to pay about 7.7ϕ/lb for theCrambe oil, when used for the production of both brassylic and pelargonic acid, assuming an 85% ozonolysis yield for the oil and a sales price of 35ϕ/lb for brassylic acid and 15ϕ/lb for pelargonic acid. A higher price could be justified if some of the indicated improvements could be accomplished. The net dollar return/acre has been conservatively estimated to be about $19/acre. The potential market for theCrambe crop would probably require the planting of about 65,000 acres.
Digitally controlled wide range pulse width modulator for on-chip power supplies

A digitally controlled current starved pulse width modulator is described in this paper. The current from the power grid to the ring oscillator is controlled by a header circuit. By changing the header current, the pulse width of the switching signal generated at the output of the ring oscillator is dynamically controlled, permitting the duty cycle to vary between 50% and 90%. A duty cycle to voltage converter is used to ensure the accuracy of the system under process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. The accuracy and performance of the proposed digitally controlled pulse width modulator is evaluated with 22 nm CMOS predictive technology models under PVT variations. The proposed pulse width modulator is appropriate for dynamic voltage scaling systems due to the small on-chip area and high accuracy under process, voltage, and temperature variations. Although the frequency of the switching signal is affected by changes in the duty cycle, the frequency variations are typically negligible.
Urinary tract infection in women: New pathogenic considerations

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical syndrome in women. Most UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli. UTI has become a productive and accessible model system for studying the molecular details of how bacteria interact with mucosal surfaces and the nature of the host response. Important advances in the past year include the discovery of new virulence determinants; better understanding the pathogenic role of the ubiquitous motility organelle, the flagellum; and defining aspects of coordinate regulation of virulence determinants in the pathogenesis of UTI.
BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE AND AMINO ACID TRANSPORT

Fundamental differences in midgut structure, physiology, brush border proteins, and transporters among Leptinotarsa decemlineata, lepidopteran caterpillars, other insect taxa, and vertebrates are reviewed. The effects of dietary protein concentration on Manduca sexta midgut amino acid transport and brush border membrane proteins are reported. M. sexta fed diet with reduced protein had elevated levels of leucine aminopeptidase in the brush border membrane. No changes in amino acid transport or alkaline phosphatase activity due to dietary differences were detected. Changes in brush border proteins could affect the toxicity and pathogenicity of microbial agents. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Baring Crisis and the Brazilian Encilhamento, 1889–1891: An Early Example of Contagion Among Emerging Capital Markets

This article assesses the role of international markets in the brazilian financial crisis of 1890/91 (the crash of the encilhamento). It looks for the impact of the argentine financial crisis in 1890 (the baring crisis) on brazilian access to capital markets. The history of bond yield fluctuations in london for brazilian and argentine debt, exchange rates, data on investment flows and archival and journalistic accounts reveal a close congruence between the argentine and brazilian crises. The effects of the argentine experience carried over to brazil because the open capital and money markets of the period easily transmitted crisis from one economy to another and because fundamental conditions in both economies rendered them similarly vulnerable to fluctuations in capital flows. The article raises this case as a precedent for the contagious financial crises that emerging markets faced at the end of the twentieth century.
European and Russian Cultural Interactions with Turkey: 1910s–1930s

In the aftermath of the Great War the Ottoman and imperial Russian empires came to an end, and new geopolitical formations, what became the Soviet Union and Republican Turkey, emerged. In both countries a search ensued for new cultural identity and new cultural forms. At the same time, there lingered the possibility of creating new transnational formations and alliances. Clark’s article attempts to place the momentous shift from Ottoman to Republican Turkey and the almost simultaneous shift from Russia to the Soviet Union, and the subsequent attempts at cultural rapprochement between the two, within a broader context of cultural interactions with Europe as rival cosmopolitanisms competed for defining the “new Turkey” and also the “new Russia.”
'Mouth-feeding' in monkeys after sensorimotor system lesions: an analysis based upon the Denny-Brown collection.

Abstract Utilizing the Denny-Brown collection, we investigated an unusual feeding behavior exhibited by monkeys after sequential pre- and post-central gyrus lesions. The behavior involves ingestion of food by placing the lips directly over the food object, i.e., `mouth-feeding.' Interestingly, this behavior persists long after recovery of the ability to hand-feed. In all of the cases within the collection and in descriptions of mouth-feeding found in the literature, mouth-feeding occurs only after bilateral lesions. We suggest that the co-existence of mouth- and hand-feeding behavior in animals with pre- and post-central gyrus lesions results partly from the sparing of corticospinal projections arising outside these gyri, e.g., the cingulate region, thereby preserving to a certain extent discrete use of the forelimbs.
Evaluation of Two Methods for Determining Soil Gas Permeabilities from Pneumatic Tests

Abstract Soil permeabilities are crucial in the analysis of a soil vapor remediation system. This article presents two methods for determining vertical and horizontal soil permeability (kz and kr) from pneumatic test data. Both the first method, the Newton-Raphson procedure, and the second, the sensitivity analysis method, use the analytical solution developed by Shan et al. (1992) to model a steady-state gas flow to a well partially penetrating the vadose zone. The Newton-Raphson method determines soil permeabilities by using gas pressures collected from two or more observation locations. Calculation examples indicate that the method is efficient and reliable in determination of kr and kz values. This method was compared with the sensitivity analysis technique, which is more flexible in accommodating the number of data points. Both methods give kr and kz values very close to the real solutions. However, calculation examples show that the Newton-Raphson method is more liberal in the selection of initial kr values for the iteration process. It also requires fewer iteration steps to reach a convergence in the cases where the number of data points is less than six.
Gisela Cramer y Ursula Prutsch, editoras. ¡Américas unidas! Nelson A. Rockefeller’s Office of Inter-American Affairs (1940-46)

Un tema muy poco conocido y con poca frecuencia estudiado es la constitucion de la Oficina de Asuntos Interamericanos (OIAA, en ingles), que orquesto una reestructuracion de las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y America Latina durante de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Abandonando de esta manera los limites de la diplomacia tradicional (gobierno a gobierno), los programas OIAA pusieron al gobierno de EE.UU. y a sus ciudadanos por primera vez en contacto directo con sectores amplios del pueblo latinoamericano. Bajo la direccion del joven Nelson Rockefeller y con la clara intencion de frenar la influencia del poder nazi y del eje en la region, la OIAA dio sustento a la politica del buen vecino.
Repeating the Past Prevention Focus Motivates Repetition, Even for Unethical Decisions

Prevention-focused individuals are motivated to maintain the status quo. Given this, we predicted that individuals with a strong prevention focus, either as a chronic predisposition or situationally induced, would treat their initial decision on how to behave on a first task as the status quo and would thus be motivated to repeat that decision on a subsequent task-even for decisions that were ethically questionable. Results from five studies supported this prediction in multiple ethical domains: whether or not to overstate performance (Studies 1, 2a, and 2b), whether or not to disclose disadvantageous facts (Study 3), and whether or not to pledge a donation (Study 4). The prevention-repetition effect was observed both when the initial and subsequent decisions were in the same domain (Studies 1-3) and when they were in different domains (Study 4). Alternative accounts for this effect, such as justification for the initial decision and preference for consistency, were ruled out (Study 2b).
Modeling the Effect of Varying Swim Speeds on Fish Passage through Velocity Barriers

Abstract The distance fish can swim through zones of high-velocity flow is an important factor limiting the distribution and conservation of riverine and diadromous fishes. Often, these barriers are characterized by nonuniform flow conditions, and it is likely that fish will swim at varying speeds to traverse them. Existing models used to predict passage success, however, typically include the unrealistic assumption that fish swim at a constant speed regardless of the speed of flow. This paper demonstrates how the maximum distance of ascent through velocity barriers can be estimated from the swim speed–fatigue time relationship, allowing for variation in both swim speed and water velocity.
Some Basic Facts about Linear Algebra over \(\mathbb{G}\mathbb{F}\)(2)

The purpose of this chapter is to identify some facts about \(\mathbb{G}\mathbb{F}\)(2)-vector spaces and about matrices over \(\mathbb{G}\mathbb{F}\)(2). To emphasize the differences between matrices over ℙ, or ℂ, and matrices over \(\mathbb{G}\mathbb{F}\)(2), we note several interesting phenomena. The contents of this chapter are already known, but we present them here as a “warm up.” They are stated here so that they can be used elsewhere, and for background.
The untenability of faitheism

Between 2005 and 2007, a quartet of bestsellers by Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, Dan Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens launched the New Atheism. Emboldened by the growing success of science in explaining the world (including our own minds), inspired by new research on the sources of religious belief, and galvanized by the baleful influence of religion in world affairs (particularly 9/11 and its aftermath), these Four Horsemen of the New Atheism — as they came to be called — pressed the case that God does not exist and that many aspects of organized religion are pernicious.
A technique to remove a fractured acrylic resin pattern from the post space.

A post and core is indicated to restore endodontically treated teeth when most tooth structure has been lost. Various techniques for the fabrication of single and multiple post and cores have been described. An acrylic resin pattern for the post is normally fabricated directly in the post space with an autopolymerizing acrylic resin and plastic pin and a brush-on technique. The difficulties of this technique include creating voids in the pattern, locking the pattern into
Segregating heap objects by reference behavior and lifetime

Dynamic storage allocation has become increasingly important in many applications, in part due to the use of the object-oriented paradigm. At the same time, processor speeds are increasing faster than memory speeds and programs are increasing in size faster than memories. In this paper, we investigate efforts to predict heap object reference and lifetime behavior at the time objects are allocated. Our approach uses profile-based optimization, and considers a variety of different information sources present at the time of object allocation to predict the object's reference frequency and lifetime. Our results, based on measurements of six allocation intensive programs, show that program references to heap objects are highly predictable and that our prediction methods can successfully predict the behavior of these heap objects. We show that our methods can decrease the page fault rate of the programs measured, sometimes dramatically, in cases where the physical memory available to the program is constrained.
Language identification for printed text independent of segmentation

This paper presents efficient algorithms for determining the language classification of machine generated documents without requiring the identification of individual characters. Such algorithms may be useful for sorting and routing of facsimile documents as they arrive so that appropriate routing and secondary analysis, which may include OCR, is selected for each document. It may also prove useful as a component of a content addressable document access system. There have been numerous reported efforts which attempt to segment printed documents into homogeneous regions using Hough transforms, hidden Markov models, morphological filtering, and neural networks. However, language identification can be accomplished without explicit segmentation using the less computationally intensive methods described.
Integrating Oral Health Into Professional Nursing Practice: An Interprofessional Faculty Tool Kit

Millions of children and adults in the United States have unmet oral health care needs, and professional nurses can play a central role in reducing oral health disparities and expanding access to care. Interprofessional education is requisite to improving oral health care outcomes. Baccalaureate nursing programs need to prepare collaborative practice-ready professional nurses to improve oral health care especially for vulnerable and underserved individuals, communities, and populations. This article presents an interprofessional faculty tool kit that builds upon The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice as a framework for preparing professional nurses with basic knowledge, skills, and attitudes in oral health promotion and disease and injury prevention across the life cycle. Expectations for professional nursing practice are described within the context of The Essentials and contemporary oral health care issues. Exemplars of interprofessional teaching-learning strategies are provided to assist nurse faculty with integrating oral health into baccalaureate nursing curriculum. Nurse educators are called to prioritize oral health as an essential component of overall health and well-being, increase the visibility of evidence-based oral health promotion and disease and injury prevention in baccalaureate nursing curricula, and support interprofessional oral health education and collaborative care.
Expert opinion in the management of aqueous Deficient Dry Eye Disease (DED)

Dry eye disease (DED) affects millions of people worldwide. There are a variety of new treatments beyond traditional therapies such as preservative free artificial tears. Here, we conduct a survey to identify the most common treatments used among specialists and assess their interest in newer therapies. An international survey was distributed to dry eye researchers and expert practitioners via an internet survey. The survey data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics. One hundred and fifteen respondents completed the survey; of these, 66 % were cornea specialists. The most commonly prescribed topical treatments included cyclosporine A (CSA) 0.05 % (71/104, 68 %), fluorometholone (FML) 0.1 % (59/99, 60 %), loteprednol etabonate 0.5 % (50/99, 51 %), and autologous serum eye drops (ASD; 48/97, 49 %). The most commonly prescribed non-topical medications included essential fatty acid supplements (72/104, 69 %), low-dose doxycycline (oral; 61/100, 61 %), and flaxseed supplements (32/96, 33 %) as well as punctal plugs (76/102, 75 %). Respondents reported treatment with topical corticosteroids for 2 to 8 weeks (46/86, 53 %), followed by less than 2 weeks (24/86, 28 %) and with topical CSA between 2 to 8 weeks (45/85, 53 %) followed by 2 to 6 months (24/85, 28 %). The top three signs and symptoms reported to indicate treatment response were, in order, fluorescein staining of the cornea, reduction in foreign body sensation, and reduction in burning sensation. This survey offers insight into current expert opinion in the treatment of DED. The results of this survey are hypothesis generating and will aid in the design of future clinical studies.
Near optimum decentralized linear receiver for the forward link of W-CDMA mobile systems over frequency-selective fading channels

We derive and analyze an advanced decentralized (single-user) linear receiver for wideband code-division multiple-access (W-CDMA) systems operating in frequency-selective fading channels. We focus particularly on the forward link whose performance needs improvement for third-generation (3G) mobile radio systems and beyond. By considering the forward link specific characteristics a near optimum decentralized linear receiver, here called an "MMSE combiner", is proposed, which optimally (based on MMSE criterion) combines the advantages of both a matched filter RAKE receiver (used to compensate for multipath fading) and an inverse filter linear equalizer (acts to suppress MAI). That is, the proposed receiver consists of the matched filter (RAKE receiver) and inverse filter in parallel, followed by a linear (MMSE-based) combiner. The resulting receiver structure is relatively simple, as are other sub-optimal single-user receivers, and does not require any knowledge of other active users' CDMA codes. The receiver treats both multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) as noise. Monte-Carlo simulation results are given showing that the performance of the proposed MMSE combiner nearly approaches that of the optimum decentralized linear receiver.