cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Theories of the Cupreme Court from 1789–1835.

Prior to the time of the organization of the national government under the Constitution of 1787 the province of a court was very definitely determined. In accordance with the principles of ancient custom, a court was a tribunal established by law with the power to hear controversies between persons and to administer relief or punishment. It was the business of a court to interpret, pronounce and execute the law, to decide controversies and enforce rights. In the words of Lord Coke, "a court is a place where justice is judicially ministered."' Such was the traditional position of a court when the Federal Constitution went into operation in 1789. A supreme court was provided for, to be organized by congress, in whose hands was placed the authority to create such inferior courts as might be necessary to carry out the judicial duties allotted to the federal government. The supreme court which was established by one of the first acts of the congress which met in 1789 very soon recognized and affirmed the limited and definite field for the exercise of judicial authority. The judicial department, said Chief Justice Marshall, "has no will in any case. * * * Judicial power, as contra-distinguished from the power of the laws, has no existence. Courts are the mere instruments of the law."2 Even at an earlier day Justice Story had expressed a similar view. In the Dartmouth College case he states that "it is not for judges to listen to the voice of persuasive eloquence or popular appeal. We have nothing to do but pronounce the law as we find it and having done this our justification must be left to the impartial judgment of our
Spatiotemporal dynamics underlying object completion in human ventral visual cortex.

Summary Natural vision often involves recognizing objects from partial information. Recognition of objects from parts presents a significant challenge for theories of vision because it requires spatial integration and extrapolation from prior knowledge. Here we recorded intracranial field potentials of 113 visually selective electrodes from epilepsy patients in response to whole and partial objects. Responses along the ventral visual stream, particularly the inferior occipital and fusiform gyri, remained selective despite showing only 9%–25% of the object areas. However, these visually selective signals emerged ∼100 ms later for partial versus whole objects. These processing delays were particularly pronounced in higher visual areas within the ventral stream. This latency difference persisted when controlling for changes in contrast, signal amplitude, and the strength of selectivity. These results argue against a purely feedforward explanation of recognition from partial information, and provide spatiotemporal constraints on theories of object recognition that involve recurrent processing.
Evaluation of three-ram cohort serving capacity tests as a substitute for individual serving capacity tests.

Alternatives to time-consuming, labori- ous individual serving capacity tests (ISCT) are need- ed to classify ram sexual behavior. The objective of study 1 was to evaluate the relationship between the first 3-ram cohort test (COSCT) scores and the mean of 5 ISCT scores. The objective of study 2 was to de- termine whether 1 or 2 additional COSCT improved the ability to predict ISCT scores. For study 1, rams (n = 69) were assigned to either a COSCT given be- fore or after 9 ISCT. For study 2, rams (n = 127) were given 3 COSCT before or after 6 ISCT. For repeated COSCT, rams were initially grouped at random and subsequently rerandomized so that each ram was grouped with at least 1 different ram for each test. For both studies, the number of ejaculations from COSCT was compared with the mean number of ejaculations across the second through sixth ISCT. A threshold be- tween high- and low-performing rams was defined in each analysis as the mean ISCT scores of sexually ac- tive rams. Rams with a mean number of ejaculations in ISCT greater than the threshold were classified as having high sexual activity, whereas rams below the threshold were classified as having low sexual activity. Rams with no ejaculations in ISCT were classified as sexually inactive. Data from studies 1 and 2 were used to evaluate the relationship between the first COSCT and the mean of 5 ISCT scores. Data from multiple COSCT were fit to various models to determine wheth- er the ability to predict ISCT scores was improved with 1 or 2 additional COSCT. The best model for ISCT and COSCT was a piecewise linear regression model. The first COSCT correctly identified all sexually inactive rams in both studies. The first COSCT, however, also classified 56% of low sexually active rams and 18% of high sexually active rams as inactive. Rams had a 71% probability of high sexual activity in ISCT if they were classified as sexually active in the first COSCT. We conclude that a single COSCT is a reliable, albeit more conservative, and efficient alternative to a series of ISCT for characterizing sexual activity of rams. Multi- ple COSCT can provide some protection against culling rams with high sexual activity (i.e., approximately 50% less with 2 additional COSCT) and still retain most of the efficiency compared with ISCT. It is important to use high-performance rams for breeding because they will approximately double the number of ewes bred and lambs sired compared with low-performance rams if a large number of ewes need to be serviced daily.
Subtyping Clinical Specimens of Influenza A Virus by Use of a Simple Method To Amplify RNA Targets

This work presents the clinical application of a robust and unique approach for RNA amplification, called a simple method for amplifying RNA targets (SMART), for the detection and identification of subtypes of H1N1 pandemic, H1N1 seasonal, and H3N2 seasonal influenza virus. While all the existing amplification techniques rely on the diffusion of two molecules to complex RNA structures, the SMART achieves fast and efficient amplification via single-molecule diffusion. The SMART utilizes amplifiable single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes, which serve as reporter molecules for capturing specific viral RNA (vRNA) sequences and are subsequently separated on a microfluidic chip under zero-flow conditions. The probe amplification and detection are performed using an isothermal (41°C) amplification scheme via a modified version of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). In our study, 116 consecutive, deidentified, clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples were analyzed independently in a blinded fashion using the SMART, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), antigen (Ag) testing, and viral culture. The SMART was shown to have a limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 10(5) vRNA copies/ml, corresponding with a time-to-positivity (TTP) value of 70 min for real-time detection. The SMART correctly detected influenza virus in 98.3% of the samples with a subtyping accuracy of 95.7%. This work demonstrates that the SMART represents a highly accurate diagnostic platform for the detection and subtyping of influenza virus in clinical specimens and offers significant advantages over the current commercially available diagnostic tools.
Irreparable DNA cross-links and mammalian cell lethality with bifunctional alkylating agents

The appearance and removal of DNA cross-links in C3H10T1/2 cells has been investigated with closely related bifunctional alkylating agents having widely different kinetics of alkylating activity. Concentrations of nitrogen mustard, phosphoramide mustard and melphalan demonstrating equivalent levels of cell lethality indicate a correlation between the appearance of residual DNA cross-links, transformation and the loss of colony formation ability. Residual DNA cross-links appear to remain after repair is nearly complete by 24 h and consist of both the interstrand DNA and DNA-protein varieties. These adducts occur in the general population of cells despite the fact that these cells retain their DNA cross-link repair capabilities. Less than 100 interstrand DNA cross-links and a 10-fold greater number of DNA-protein cross-links are estimated to remain in the DNA after a 66% lethal dose of these compounds. Due to the obvious complications involving DNA replication in the presence of such lesions, residual DNA cross-links may possibly be associated with lethality in these cells. Current evidence demonstrating the formation of additional sites of alkylation such as irreparable phosphotriester adducts by several alkylating agents may suggest a role for a specific type of DNA damage in this process.
t for more than two.

A simple method for performing t tests of the differences between means of independent groups, matched groups, and paired observations is presented and illustrated. The method is especially appropriate where data are collected simultaneously on a large number of dependent variables. Statistical tables are provided which markedly reduce the number of calculations to be performed. The method provides a clearcut way of graphically representing t test data relative to chosen significance levels.
Prune Belly Syndrome and Tracheo-esophageal Fistula in a Premature Neonate

Prune Belly Syndrome, also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a well known triad of abdominal muscle deficiency or hypoplasia, urinary tract anomalies, and bilateral cryptorchidism. Tracheoesophageal fistula is a sporadically occurring defect estimated to occur in 1 out 4425 live births. Only one case of Prune Belly Syndrome, tracheo-esophageal fistula associated with VATER syndrome, and urethral atresia occurring in the same individual has been reported. We present a unique case involving a 33 week fetus with bladder distention and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis diagnosed in utero who postnatally was diagnosed with Prune Belly Syndrome, tracheo-esophageal fistula, and urethral atresia.
Effects of tricritical points and morphotropic phase boundaries on the piezoelectric properties of ferroelectrics

The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient ${d}_{33}^{*}$ of a PZT-like ferroelectric is computed in the full composition-temperature parameter space using sets of parameters that control the position of the tricritical points and the degree of tilting of the morphotropic phase boundary separating the ferroelectric rhombohedral phase from the ferroelectric tetragonal phase. The system is modeled using a Ginzburg--Landau expansion of the free energy in terms of the electric polarization up to sixth order, including all the symmetry-allowed terms. We obtain two regions of the phase diagram with a large piezoelectric response. In the polar direction, ${d}_{33}^{*}$ is large in the vicinity of the paraelectric to ferroelectric line of phase transitions, whereas in a nonpolar direction ${d}_{33}^{*}$ is large in the vicinity of the morphotropic phase boundary. We find that a given degree of tilting of the morphotropic phase boundary can be obtained from free energies with different degrees of anisotropy, and therefore the titling and anisotropy are not directly related. On the other hand, the piezoelectric response is larger when the two tricritical points of the phase diagram are farther apart from each other than when they collapse onto a single tricritical point.
Stress waves in pyramids by photoelasticity

The propagation of stress waves in pyramids was studied photoelastically with the application of a laser-photomultiplier tube system and an internal polariscope for recording moving fringes. Dispersion and attenuation of stress waves were considered in a straight bar, a 5-deg pyramid, and a 20-deg pyramid made of Hysol 4290 epoxy plastic. In the straight bar and 5-deg pyramid, longitudinal waves propagate without any dispersion even though the waves attenuate as they progress down the models; in the 20-deg pyramid, however, the dispersion of the stress waves is quite significant. The distributions of the axial and radial stresses and the photoelastic fringe patterns obtained on the 20-deg pyramid show that the stress wave front is spherical with the maximum stress along the central axis of the pyramid. A one-dimensional theory of wave propagation without correction factors in a small-angle infinite cone compares well with the experimental results.
Reliability of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, and Tiffany Questionnaire for Smoking Urges in Smokers with and without Schizophrenia

Few studies have examined the psychometrics of smoking-related behavioral measures in schizophrenia and questions have been raised about the applicability to smokers with schizophrenia. We examined the reliability of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (M-NWS), and the Tiffany Questionnaire for Smoking Urges (TQSU) for smokers with schizophrenia (SS; n=151) and nonpsychiatric smokers (CS; n=181) recruited into three studies with similar inclusion criteria. SS and CS did not differ on a number of demographic and smoking variables (e.g., age). SS reported higher carbon monoxide (CO) levels, plasma cotinine levels, FTND, M-NWS, and TQSU Factor 1 scores. The internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) of the smoking measures were found to be high and comparable between diagnostic groups for the FTND, M-NWS total scores, and TQSU Factor 2 (all alpha's>0.70) but higher for the CS than SS for the TQSU Factor 1 (0.86 versus 0.79). Test-retest correlations were lower for SS than CS on the FTND (0.65 versus 0.82), TQSU Factor 1 (0.65 versus 0.79), and TQSU Factor 2 (0.69 versus 0.81), but did not differ between diagnostic groups for M-NWS (0.58 versus 0.64). Our findings suggest that these measures may be reliable for use in smokers with schizophrenia.
The kinetics of potassium ion complexation by ionophores.

The mobile carrier theory for ionophore-facilitated cation transport through membranes [ 1,2] has been supported strongly by the finding of a correlation between the ability of the ionophores to induce transport and the ability of the molecules to extract ions from an aqueous medium into an organic phase via the mechanism of ~omplexation [ 1,3] . Further evidence for the carrier theory was gained from a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study [3,43 which demonstrated a rapid exchange between nalinomycin and its KCNS complex in ChI,OH-CHCl, (80:20, v/v). It was suggested that the behaviour of the ionophore in this semi-polar solvent may be similar to that at the water-membrane interface [3,4] . The observation of fast exchange was later extended for the macrolide actin antibiotics in semi-polar solvents [5, 61 but the rate constants were not measured. Subsequently Diebler et al. [7] reported a value of 3 X lo8 M-i set-’ for the bimolecular rate constant for complex formation between monactin and Na+ in methanol. The present study compares the kinetics of K+ complexation for v~~orny~in and the 4 macrolide actins. It has not yet been clearly demonstrated whether the differences in transport rate for valinomycin and the macrolide actins are simply the result of differences in the complex stability constants, or if differences in the complexation kinetics may also play an important role. The comparisons in this study suggest that the rate of decomplexation at the water-membrane inter-
Enlargement of neuronal somata in the LMAN coincides with the onset of sensorimotor learning for song

The lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN) in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) has been shown to play a developmentally restricted role that is essential during song-learning processes. Dendritic spine frequencies and synapse numbers in LMAN have been reported to decline in males during early vocal motor learning and thereafter, but not in females, who do not sing. Nissl staining has shown the LMAN volume to be very similar in both sexes, however. To gain more insight into the development of sex-specific differences in LMAN, the size of neuronal somata and cell nuclei were analyzed in 1-μm semithin sections. Cell somata and nuclei were similar in males and females during the initial phases of sensory memory formation for song, but during early vocal motor learning cell size increased in males and decreased in females. Sex differences in neuronal somata size were present at 50 days and remained throughout life. This sex difference may be indicative of a difference in protein biosynthesis in LMAN, arising as a consequence of vocal learning in males.
Scaling, optimization and design considerations of electrostatic discharge protection circuits in CMOS technology

Abstract The effect of scaling on electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness in 1.2 to 0.25 μm channel length CMOS technologies is explored for ESD protection circuits and MOSFET structures. Results show that ESD robustness decreases as ESD structures are scaled to smaller dimensions in future technologies. Technology benchmarking, using a standardized ESD design, for evaluating ESD robustness is discussed. The ESD sensitivity of ESD designs to geometrical and semiconductor process parameters are evaluated. An analytical development for electro-thermal failure is developed based on electro quasi-static and adiabatic assumptions. ESD scaling relationships are developed applying MOSFET constant electric field scaling theory. ESD robustness scales as 1/α 3 2 , where α is the scaling parameter. The scaling relationship derived from the analytical model is then compared to established power-to-failure ESD models. The impact of MOSFET scaling on the ESD robustness of MOSFET structures is then discussed. MOSFET scaling as a function of technology generation shows that snapback breakover and sustaining voltages are decreasing with each technology generation. Optimization, design constraints and technology tradeoffs in CMOS technology development are then shown using a design curve methodology.
Markers of cognitive change during the transition to conventional literacy

In the present study I applied theoretical reasoning concerning transitional knowledge to a problem in literacy development. The impetus for the study was the idea that there are times in early literacy development when asynchronous relationships obtain between children's knowledges and strategies about reading (comprehension modality) and their knowledges and strategies about writing (production modality). Integrating their reading and writing knowledges and strategies into more comprehensive and flexible literacy knowledges and strategies is problematic for children during these developmental periods. Yet such an integration is necessary for the acquisition of conventional literacy, which is defined here as being able to write and to read back stretches of extended discourse that are also readable to literate adults with some knowledge of invented spelling. Two asynchronous ormixed-level relationships between the sophistication of children's narrative compositions and their readings of those compositions were hypothesized as indices of transitional knowledge or knowledge reorganization. These relationships consisted of writing behaviors and products that seemed much more sophisticated than children's readings of them belied, and vice-versa. A longitudinal data set composed of 46 children each of whom composed six stories over a two-year period was examined using these indices to select children presumed to be in transition and then to analyze the developmental patterns exhibited by these children. Detecting children who are in transition from emergent to conventional literacy has critical implications for classroom research and instruction. These implications are discussed.
Interactions of the Skin and Nervous System

There is increasing experimental evidence that the neurologic system can directly participate in cutaneous inflammation and wound healing. Recent studies indicate that neuropeptides released by cutaneous nerves such as c-fibers can activate a number of target cells including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, mast cells, and endothelial cells. One such neuropeptide, substance P (SP), is able to specifically bind to murine and human keratinocytes and induce the release of cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1). Other studies demonstrate that SP can also activate mast cells to produce the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). More recently, we examined the effect of cutaneous neuropeptides on human dermal microvascular endothelial cell (HDMEC) activities. Our studies indicate that the c-fiber-derived calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is capable of stimulating HDMEC to secrete the neutrophil chemotactic factor interleukin 8 (IL-8). In addition, SP is able to directly activate HDMEC to express high levels of the important cellular adhesion molecule vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Thus, these studies support the role that the neurologic system may play in mediating the biologic processes that occur during inflammation and wound healing in the skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 2:23–26, 1997
Pathophysiology, Management, and Outcomes of Fetal Hemodynamic Instability During Prenatal Cardiac Intervention

Prenatal cardiac intervention (PCI) may favorably alter the in utero course of some congenital heart defects. In our preliminary experience with PCI, fetal hemodynamic instability (FHI) characterized by bradycardia and ventricular dysfunction was common. This study evaluated the pathophysiology, management, and short-term outcomes of FHI during PCI for aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), HLHS with restrictive atrial septum, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, and hydrops due to structural heart disease. From 2000 to 2006, 83 fetuses underwent PCI, with ventricular access in 63, atrial access in 17, and both in three. FHI occurred in 37 fetuses (45%). FHI was associated with transventricular PCI (all but one case of FHI; p < 0.001) and large hemopericardium (n = 9; p = 0.07). Prolonged FHI was associated with severe ventricular distortion during ventricular puncture (p = 0.06). FHI was treated with resuscitation medications in 31 of 37 fetuses and resolved in all 37. Five fetuses died within 1 d of PCI: four had FHI and one had a massive hemopericardium. FHI is common and clinically important during transventricular PCI and may be caused by a ventricular reflex or reduced cardiac output from cardiac distortion during ventricular puncture. Hemopericardium may be causative in a subset of fetuses.
Purification of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetateinduced ornithine decarboxylase from mouse epidermis

Abstract 1. 1. Ornithine decarboxylase was purified at least 1500-fold from mouse epidermis pretreated with five consecutive doses of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine at 3- to 4-day intervals. 2. 2. Following DEAE-cellulose chromatography and ammonium sulfate precipitation, ornithine decarboxylase was purified further by affinity chromatography. 3. 3. Ornithine decarboxylase was then radioactively labeled by covalently binding [3H]-α-difluromethylornithine to the enzyme following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions. 4. 4. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining of protein, a band was identified that corresponded to a molecular weight of approx. 56,000, coincident with a peak of radioactivity. 5. 5. This is the first study to purify ornithine decarboxylase from mouse epidermis,
Short Communication: LQGraph: A software package for optimizing connectivity in conservation planning

LQGraph implements methods for optimizing the connectivity of sites administered to protect biodiversity (a conservation area network). The methods are suitable for existing protected areas (for example, national parks) or a proposed network. We model the landscape using graphs. The user provides a quality score for each site in the landscape outside the conservation areas. Based on these scores, LQGraph finds contiguity areas of maximum quality to link the conservation areas. The contiguity areas can be filtered to prioritize those that connect the conservation areas with the minimum number of sites or area. Compared with existing methods for establishing connectivity in a conservation area network, LQGraph can analyze substantially larger networks. LQGraph also identifies sites that efficiently isolate conservation areas, which is useful for halting the spread of pathogens or invasive species. The software provides routines for constructing the required input files and for visualizing several properties of the landscape, including site quality and the shortest paths between conservation areas. LQGraph and the accompanying documentation can be freely downloaded from the worldwide web.
Serum corticosterone increases reflect enhanced uptake inhibitor-induced elevation of extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat hypothalamus

The increase in extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rat hypothalamus following administration of fluoxetine, a 5-HT-uptake inhibitor, was enhanced by the injection of LY206130(1-[1-H-indol-4-yloxy]-3-[cyclohexylamino]-2-prop ano l maleate), a 5HT1A receptor antagonist, or by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP), the 5-HT precursor. Elevation of serum corticosterone, measured as a functional output of hypothalamic 5-HT pathways, was greater in rats treated with fluoxetine plus LY206130 or with fluoxetine plus L-5-HTP than in rats treated with the agents alone. Synergism between effects of fluoxetine and L-5HTP has often been reported, but this is the first report of an increased functional effect when a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist is combined with a 5-HT uptake inhibitor to augment the increase in extracellular 5-HT.
Somatic focus/awareness: Relationship to negative affect and pain in chronic pain patients.

Somatic focus refers to the tendency to notice and report physical symptoms, and has been investigated in relation to chronically painful conditions. This study investigated the relationship between somatic focus, as measured by the Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (PILL), negative affect and pain. A secondary purpose of the present study was to examine sex differences in these relationships. Participants included 280 chronic pain patients (69.6% females, 88.9% Caucasian), who completed a battery of self-report measures on somatic focus, pain, negative affect, coping, and dysfunction. Results for the overall sample revealed that the PILL shares considerable variance with measures of negative affect, particularly with the physiological components of anxiety and depression. When the results were analyzed separately for male and female patients, it was found that several components of negative affect and cognitive factors play a stronger role in predicting somatic focus among men compared to women. Additional analyses then examined whether somatic focus was predictive of male and female patients’ pain reports. Results indicated that somatic focus explained a small, but unique amount of variance in female patients’ pain reports, which differed from the relationship observed among male patients.
Autism and Parkinson’s disease

The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder, is multifaceted, having a variety of genetic and environmental factors. There is considerable evidence to support the role of toxins, particularly pesticides and herbicides, in at least some of those affected (presumably, mostly the genetically vulnerable). The pathogenesis of autism is no less complex, but little is known about the potential role of toxins for autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder. The incidence of autism appears to be rising, and early exposure to synthetic chemicals is one suspect for this rise. Impaired detoxification of certain chemicals may be common to autism and Parkinson's disease. Further study of environmental influences for either disorder may lead to important insights regarding causation for both, and perhaps for other neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders as well.
Expanding preservice teachers' metacognitive awareness of instructional planning through pedagogical agents

In this experimental study, 135 preservice teachers developed an instructional plan for a case study within the Multiple Intelligent Mentors Instructing Collaboratively (MIMIC) computer-based environment. Three-dimensional, animated pedagogical agents, representing constructivist and instructivist approaches to instructional planning, served as instructional mentors within the environment and were available to provide advisements. The research design consisted of two factors, (a) instructivist agent (present, absent) and (b) constructivist agent (present, absent), with two primary groups of dependent measures, (a) metacognitive awareness, and (b) attitude. Regarding metacognitive awareness, when the constructivist agent was present, participants tended to report a change in their perspective of instructional planning, reflected less on their thinking, and developed instructional plans rated as more constructivist in underlying pedagogy. Regarding attitude, when the instructivist agent was present, participants reported a more negative disposition regarding instructional planning. Results are discussed in terms of the impact on teaching instructional planning to preservice teachers.
New second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia

Long-acting injectable (depot) antipsychotics are one approach in the management of individuals with schizophrenia. Since the introduction of risperidone long-acting injection in 2003, three additional second-generation antipsychotics have become available in a long-acting injectable formulation: paliperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole. Although these different depot options can help with adherence and thus encourage better treatment outcomes, they differ in terms of specific indications, approved injection sites, needle gauge, injection volume, injection interval, requirements for oral supplementation, availability of prefilled syringes, storage needs and postinjection observation period, as well as potential drug–drug interactions and commonly encountered adverse reactions. After a review of the evidence base, guidance is offered on the appropriate selection among the long-acting injectable formulations of both first and second-generation antipsychotics.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 189

Abstract Level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented for all nuclei with mass number A=189. The experimental data have been reevaluated, and outstanding discrepancies in the literature have been resolved. Adopted levels, transitions, and other nuclear properties are given.
The relationship between ribosomal repeat length and genome size in Vicia

The organization of the ribosomal RNA genes was examined in several species of Vicia in an attempt to determine whether a relationship exists between genome size and ribosomal repeat length. Species within this genus exhibit a sevenfold variation in haploid DNA content. Our data suggest that species with an intermediate genome size maintain one predominant Eco RI class of ribosomal repeat of about 9 kilobases (kb). In contrast, the smallest and largest genomes of Vicia possess one major and several minor classes. The possible relationship between repeat classes among species is discussed. We examined the species with the smallest (V. villosa) and largest (V. faba) genomes in closer detail by R-loop analysis of a satellite DNA from Hoechst 33258 dye-CsCl gradients. Heterogeneity was found in the length of the ribosomal repeat for both species, but no appreciable difference was observed in the distribution of these lengths, which averaged 11–12 kb. This heterogeneity is associated with the nontranscribed spacer region. Intervening sequences were not found in either the 25S or 18S coding regions of the ribosomal repeat of either of these two plants. A putative ribosomal RNA precursor of 7 kb was identified for both species.
Integrating the mehlich‐3 extractant into existing soil test interpretation schemes

Abstract Nutrients were extracted from samples of two Ohio soils derived from Wisconsin‐age glacial till, a Crosby silt loam (Aerie Ochraqualfs, fine, mixed, mesic) and a Hoytville silty clay (Mollic Ochraqualfs, fine, illitic, mesic) using the Mehlich‐3 extractant, and also using Bray‐1 for phosphorus (P) and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) for potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Mehlich‐3 removed more P from the soils than did Bray‐1, and determining P in the Mehlich‐3 extracts by ICP revealed more P than when determination was made using molybdate‐blue colorimetry. All relationships between quantities of P extracted by Bray‐1 and Mehlich‐3 were linear. Both Mehlich‐3 and NH4OAc removed similar quantities of K, Ca, and Mg from the Crosby soil, but results from the Hoytville soil were considerably more variable. On these and similar soils, P‐fertilizer recommendation schemes based on Bray‐1 could be adapted to Mehlich‐3 using simple linear relationships; however, relationships involving exchangeab...
Electrophysiologic Properties of Methyldopa in Man

There is little information on the effects of methyldopa on the human conduction system. His bundle ECGs were obtained in 11 patients before and after the intravenous infusion of 100 mg of methyldopa. Antegrade refractory periods were obtained with the extrastimulus method. The significant results were as follows: the sinus rate was 71 ± 4 beats per minute before, and 65 ± 3 beats per minute after methyldopa (P
A unifying model for activity-dependent and activity-independent mechanisms predicts complete structure of topographic maps in ephrin-A deficient mice

Axons of retinal ganglion cells establish orderly projections to the superior colliculus of the midbrain. Axons of neighboring cells terminate proximally in the superior colliculus thus forming a topographically precise representation of the visual world. Coordinate axes are encoded in retina and in the target through graded expression of chemical labels. Additional sharpening of projections is provided by electric activity, which is correlated between neighboring axons. Here we propose a quantitative model, which allows combining the effects of chemical labels and correlated activity in a single approach. Using this model we study a complete structure of two-dimensional topographic maps in mutant mice, in which the label encoding the horizontal retinal coordinate ephrin-A is reduced/eliminated. We show that topographic maps in ephrin-A deficient mice display a granular structure, with the regions of smooth mapping separated by linear discontinuities reminiscent of fractures observed in the maps of preferred orientation.
Querying Encrypted XML Documents

This paper proposes techniques to query encrypted XML documents. Such a problem predominantly occurs in ?Database as a Service? (DAS) architectures, where a client may outsource data to a service provider that provides data management services. Security is of paramount concern, as the service provider itself may be untrusted. Encryption offers a natural solution to preserve the confidentiality of the client?s data. The challenge now is to execute queries over the encrypted data, without decrypting them at the server side. In this paper we develop: 1) primitives using which a client can specify the sensitive parts of the XML documents; 2) mechanisms to map the XML documents to encrypted representations that hides sensitive portions of the documents; and 3) techniques to run SPJ (Selection-projection-join) queries over encrypted XML documents. A strategy, where indices/ancillary information is maintained along with the encrypted XML documents is exploited, which helps in pruning the search space during query processing.
Effect of Polysorbate Hydrolysis Products on Biologic Membrane Permeability

Low concentrations (0.01 percent or less) of polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80 increase the rate of absorption of secobarbital in goldfish. Equimolar concentrations of the polyol moiety [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan] have no effect, but the respective fatty acids (lauric and oleic) have a significant enhancing effect on secobarbital absorption. Polysorbate 20 is more effective than polysorbate 80; the opposite is true for their respective fatty acid components. The relationship between absorption-enhancing effect and surface tension (or concentration) differs with each of the surfactants.
Solving shortest path problems with curvature constraints using beamlets

A new graph representation of a 2D environment is proposed in order to solve path planning problems with curvature constraints. We construct a graph such that the vertices correspond to feasible beamlets and the edges between beamlets capture not only distance information but directionality as well. The A* algorithm incorporated with new heuristic and cost function is implemented such that the curvature of the computed path can be constrained a priori. The proposed Beamlet* algorithm allows us to find paths with more strict feasibility guarantees, compared to other competing approaches, such as Basic Theta* or A* with post-smooth processing.
Russia’s New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society. By Stephen White. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 386p. $65.00 cloth, $25.00 paper.

After a highly successful series of revisions of his original Gorbachev in Power (1990), which ultimately became After Gorbachev (1993 and 1994), Stephen White has written an entirely new book that takes stock of contemporary Russian politics after nearly a decade of postcommunist experience. He draws upon a mass of new and newly available data, including archival materials, survey data, memoirs and peri- odical literature, interviews with political principals, and a series of Russian elections at the national, regional, and local level. White has written a very solid companion to any course on the structure, dynamics, and economic and social conse- quences of Russian and, to a certain extent, postcommunist politics.
Adaptable test-bed for characterization of micro-wineglass resonators

We present an adaptable test-bed for characterization of 3-D micro-wineglass resonators. The test-bed provides two interchangeable modes of excitation: (1) Mechanical pinging using a piezo actuated probe assembly, (2) electrostatic excitation using assembled electrode structures with <; 20 μm capacitive gaps. Two modes of detection is also available: Optical pick-up using laser Doppler vibrometry and capacitive detection. 3-D micro-glassblown wineglass resonators were used to demonstrate the capabilities of the test-bed. Electrostatic excitation and capacitive detection was used to obtain the frequency response of a glass resonator showing a Q-factor of 40,000 at 14.8 kHz. Piezo-pinging was used to obtain the time domain response of a resonator, showing a 28 Hz frequency split (0.1% relative split) between the two degenerate wineglass modes (f1 = 22036 Hz, f2 = 22064 Hz).
Imposing Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions in unstructured FDTD

Implementing Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions (SIBC) for explicit FDTD with unstructured grids needs special attention. In many cases only the primary mesh is available, and in any case the dual mesh topology, if present, is substantially different from the primary mesh. The direct relation of the electric and magnetic field components at the boundary is not available due to their staggered discretization in space and time. One-sided spatial derivatives are used in this work for the discrete Maxwellpsilas equations FDTD updates. Regardless of availability of a dual mesh the problem may be considered first in 1-D to perform numerical error analysis. Examples with Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC), resistive SIBC and Maloney-Smith conductor SIBC model are shown.
Implementation of a Patient Safety Collaborative Forum Facilitates Organizational Learning from Medical Error

Societal awareness of medical errors has rapidly increased following the 1999 publication of the IOM report, To Err is Human (e.g., Kohn, Corrigan & Donaldson, 1999). This report encouraged hospitals to focus on patient safety as a central focus of quality improvement work and to develop proactive approaches to protect patients from medical error. Large hospitals often lack robust mechanisms for reliably identifying patient safety threats, developing effective countermeasures and broadly implementing those measures across the entire healthcare organization. The result is that patient safety activity is heterogeneous across a healthcare organization. Best practices regarding patient safety do not automatically spread horizontally in a hospital, but rather tend to remain isolated. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC) is a large tertiary care facility and academic teaching hospital that self-identified this variation in patient safety processes as an organizational threat to patient safety. Internal rev...
Formyl peptide chemotaxis receptors on the rat neutrophil: Experimental evidence for negative cooperativity

To examine the existence of negative cooperativity among formyl peptide chemotaxis receptors, steady-state binding of f Met-Leu-[3H]Phe to viable rat neutrophils and their purified plasma membranes was measured and the data were subjected to statistical analysis and to computer curve fitting using the NONLIN computer program. Curvilinear, concave upward Scatchard plots were obtained. NONLIN and statistical analysis of the binding data indicated that a two-saturable-sites model was preferable to a one-saturable-site model and statistically valid by the F-test (P less than .010). In addition, Hill coefficients of 0.80 +/- 0.02 were obtained. Kinetic dissociation experiments using purified plasma membranes showed evidence of site-site interactions of the destabilizing type (negative cooperativity). Thus, unlabeled f Met-Leu-Phe accelerated the dissociation of f Met-Leu-[3H]Phe under conditions where no rebinding of radioligand occurred. The rate of dissociation of f Met-Leu-[3H]Phe from the plasma membranes was dependent on the fold excess of unlabeled f Met-Leu-Phe used in the dilution medium; at the highest concentration tested (10,000-fold excess), the dissociation rate was more than double the dissociation rate seen with dilution alone. In addition, occupancy-dependent affinity was ascertained directly by studying the effect of increasing fractional receptor saturation with labeled ligand on the dissociation rate of the receptor-bound labeled ligand. These data showed that the f Met-Leu-[3H]Phe dissociation rate was dependent on the degree of binding site occupancy over the entire biologically relevant range of formyl peptide concentrations. Furthermore, monitoring of the time course of dissociation of the receptor/f Met-Leu-[3H]Phe receptor/f Met-Leu-[3H]Phe complex as a function of receptor occupancy revealed that receptor affinity for f Met-Leu-Phe remained occupancy-dependent during the entire time of dissociation examined (up to 10 min). Finally, the average affinity profile of the equilibrium binding data demonstrated a 60% decrease in receptor affinity in changing from the high affinity to the low affinity conformation.
Retrospect: The End of a Myth and the Future of a Discipline

The conclusions at which we have arrived are likely to satisfy neither the Transcendental Idealist nor the Criteriological Realist. The former is likely to insist that, for all that I have said, my “one world” remains ultimately ineffable; the latter, that it is, in the last analysis, incognizable. And both will, of course, be quick to point out that these are, interestingly enough, the very failings on the basis of which I have earlier so vigorously castigated their philosophical views. Despite several hundred pages of close argumentation, there is likely to remain the stubborn conviction that to conclude thus that there is but one world, while insisting at the same time that we are able to speak a priori of the world only in purely formal and regulative terms - while insisting, that is, that we cannot a priori describe that world, specify its laws and its contents — is nothing but an empty gesture, the pointless positing of yet another “Something, I know not what”. My notion of the world, it will be said, is still “the purely vacuous notion of the ineffable cause of sense and goal of intellect” (Rorty: WWL, 663) — and thus no genuine notion at all.
The social costs of emotional suppression: a prospective study of the transition to college

There is growing interest in understanding how emotion regulation affects adaptation. The present study examined expressive suppression (which involves inhibiting the overt expression of emotion) and how it affects a critical domain of adaptation, social functioning. This investigation focused on the transition to college, a time that presents a variety of emotional and social challenges. Analyses focused on 2 components of suppression: a stable component, representing individual differences expressed both before and after the transition, and a dynamic component, representing variance specific to the new college context. Both components of suppression predicted lower social support, less closeness to others, and lower social satisfaction. These findings were robustly corroborated across weekly experience reports, self-reports, and peer reports and are consistent with a theoretical framework that defines emotion regulation as a dynamic process shaped by both stable person factors and environmental demands.
Authors' and editors' perspectives on peer review quality in three scholarly nursing journals.

Purpose: This study examined the quality of peer review in three scholarly nursing journals from the perspectives of authors and editors. Specifically, the study examined the extent to which manuscript reviews provided constructive guidance for authors to further develop their work for publication, and for editors to make informed and sound decisions on the disposition of manuscripts. Methods: Corresponding authors who had submitted manuscripts to the study journals in 2005‐2007 were invited via email to complete an online survey about the quality of the peer review process; 320 authors responded. In addition, one third of the reviews of manuscripts submitted in 2005‐2007 (a total of 528) were selected for rating by journal editors on level of detail, bias, and constructive tone; usefulness to authors in revising/developing the manuscript; and usefulness to the editor in making a decision. Results: A majority (73.8%) of authors agreed that peer reviews provided constructive guidance, and 75.6% agreed that reviews provided adequate rationale for editors’ decisions. New authors generally reported less satisfaction with reviews than more experienced authors. Ratings of reviews by the editors revealed some problem areas, including inconsistency, insufficient feedback to the author, reviewer bias, and disrespectful tone. Conclusions: Given the inexperience of many nurse authors, it is incumbent upon editors and reviewers to provide guidance and support. Manuscript reviews could be improved by increasing the consistency of numeric ratings, narrative comments, and recommendations regarding disposition of the manuscripts. Nevertheless, the results of this study reaffirm the worth of the peer review approach. Clinical Relevance: Publication of research and other forms of scholarly work is critical to the development of nursing knowledge that can be used in clinical practice. Authors with a variety of backgrounds, knowledge, and skills have important work to share that can serve healthcare providers and their clients. Thus, ensuring the quality of the peer review process is essential.