cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perfluorocarbon emulsions improve cognitive recovery after lateral fluid percussion brain injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Perfluorocarbon emulsions have been shown to improve outcomes in stroke models. This study examined the effect of Oxycyte, a third-generation perfluorocarbon emulsion (04RD33; Synthetic Blood International, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA) treatment on cognitive recovery and mitochondrial oxygen consumption after a moderate lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI). METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan Bioproducts for Science, Indianapolis, IN) were allocated to 4 groups: 1) LFPI treated with a lower dose of Oxycyte (4.5 mL/kg); 2) LFPI with a higher dose of Oxycyte (9.0 mL/kg); 3) LFPI with saline infusion; and 4) sham animals treated with saline. Fifteen minutes after receiving moderate LFPI or sham surgery, animals were infused intravenously with Oxycyte or saline within 30 minutes while breathing 100% O 2 . Animals breathed 100% O 2 continuously for a total of 4 hours after injury. At 11 to 15 days after LFPI, animals were assessed for cognitive deficits using the Morris water maze test. They were sacrificed at Day 15 after injury for histology to assess hippocampal neuronal cell loss. In a parallel study, mitochondrial oxygen consumption values were measured by the Cartesian diver microrespirometer method. RESULTS: We found that injured animals treated with a lower or higher dose of Oxycyte had significant improvement in cognitive function when compared with injured saline-control animals (P < 0.05). Moreover, injured animals that received either dose of Oxycyte had significantly less neuronal cell loss in the hippocampal CA3 region compared with saline-treated animals (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a lower dose of Oxycyte significantly improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that Oxycyte can improve cognitive recovery and reduce CA3 neuronal cell loss after traumatic brain injury in rats.
Latencies on response-initiated fixed-interval schedules: Effects of signaling food availability

Three pigeons were trained on a response-initiated fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement where the first keypeck in the presence of one key color changed the key color and started a fixed time interval, after which a keypeck produced food. The latency to begin the fixed-interval component was an increasing function of the fixed-interval duration, which was either 40 or 80 sec. At both interval durations, a condition was also studied where the key color changed again at the end of the fixed interval, signaling the availability of food reinforcement. Adding the signal reduced the rate of keypecking during the fixed-interval component but did not systematically affect the initial latency to start the fixed-interval component.
Transferable lincosamide-macrolide resistance in Bacteroides

Abstract Inter- and intraspecies transfer of resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin, and erythromycin in the strict anaerobe, Bacteroides, is described. This lincosamide-macrolide resistance was found to be specified by a 27 × 106-dalton plasmid, designated pBF4, originally identified in a clinical Bacteroides fragilis isolate. Transfer of this plasmid to a strain of Bacteroides uniformis was demonstrated to occur by a deoxyribonuclease insensitive process which required cell-to-cell contact. Chloroform sterilized donor cell supernatants or filtrates of donor cells did not mediate resistance transfer. Transfer of the antibiotic resistance and pBF4 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were always coincident. Drug resistant progeny recovered from such matings were able to transfer the pBF4 plasmid and its associated resistance markers to a suitable B.fragilis recipient strain. Compared to interspecies matings, resistance transfer was 100- to 1000-fold greater between isogenic donor and recipient strains, suggesting the possibility of a host controlled restriction-modification system.
Comparison of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale: Detection of Depression in Dementia Patients:

The present longitudinal prospective study compared results from the Geriatric Depression Scale with those from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for 30 dementia patients. The criterion measure was presence of depression as indicated by the psychiatric diagnosis. The psychiatrist and physician's assistant made the Hamilton ratings while the psychology staff administered the Geriatric Depression Scale. The two measures were statistically unrelated from Times 1 and 2 (rs = .26 and .41). Eleven (37%) patients were depressed and nine received antidepressant medications. Sensitivity ratings were 82% and 9%, respectively, and specificity ratings were 88% and 92%, respectively. Possible explanations for the success of the Geriatric Depression Scale and lack of success of the Hamilton ratings in detecting depression in this population are discussed.
The loss of local control over prison administration

The present analysis argues that state governments lack the capacity to administer prisons, and that this lack of capacity explains the loss of local control over prisons more fully than does overcrowding or judicial activism. Administrative deficiencies among state governments include a lack of commitment and ability to comply with federal court orders, an unwillingness to institute certifiable grievance systems, and a lack of legal defense expertise. Characteristics of state governments which help to explain administrative deficiencies also are identified. Among these are a lack of gubernatorial power, high degrees of administrative autonomy and instability, and failures to treat prisons as limited resources. It is concluded that political development is required before state governments can regain control over prison administration.
Activity and Mechanism of Action of 6-Methylthiopurine Ribonucleoside in Cancer Cells Resistant to 6-Mercaptopurine

Activity and Mechanism of Action of 6-Methylthiopurine Ribonucleoside in Cancer Cells Resistant to 6-Mercaptopurine
CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE PANCREATIC DUCTAL CELLS ISOLATED BY A PERFUSION-DIGESTION TECHNIQUE

Bovine pancreatic ductal cells isolated by perfusing an enzyme solution into the lumen of the main duct were obtained as sheets of cells. Morphologic features of these cells were those of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. These cells also contained alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff positive material and bound lectins, and they stained for keratin in the same manner as intact ductal epithelium. In culture, the plating efficiency was high (13.6%) as determined by DNA content before and after 24 h plating, perhaps due to the gentle isolation technique and the isolation of sheets of cells rather than a single cell. Cell doubling time was 34.4 h in Eagle's minimal essential medium with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum and antibodies, and over 95% of the cell incorporated [3H]thymidine during a 6 h labeling period after 4 d in primary culture. Isolated cells grew best in medium CMRL 1066 with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum as determined by measuring DNA content.
Information for cyber security issues related to aircraft systems REV-A

Existing FAA regulations, policy and guidance do not specifically address networks and data cyber security requirements for aircraft systems. This could result in security related certification criteria that are not standardized between FAA services and not harmonized between domestic and international regulatory agencies. FAA regulations, policy and guidance need to address unauthorized and potentially unsafe electronic access to aircraft related systems, networks, and software components from unauthorized users. Unauthorized access could result in the malicious use of networks, and loss or corruption of data (e.g., software applications, databases, configuration files, etc.) brought about by software worms, viruses or other malicious entities.
The Evolution and End of Art as Hegelian Tragedy

Hegel argued that tragedy involves a conflict between two rules or laws that are both equally correct but cannot be reconciled. His idea can be applied to the high arts. To be considered as art, an...
Monitoring acetaldehyde concentrations during micro-oxygenation of red wine by headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization

An analytical method was developed to quantify levels of acetaldehyde in wine samples. The method utilizes headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization using O-(pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine and quantification by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The technique showed good sensitivity and reproducibility in samples of Chardonnay, Petite Sirah, and Merlot wines containing acetaldehyde at levels below the sensory threshold (40-100 ppm). The method was used to monitor acetaldehyde concentrations during the micro-oxygenation of Merlot wine in a 141 L pilot-plant experiment and a 2400 L full-scale study. In both experiments, levels of acetaldehyde remained constant for several weeks before increasing at rates of the order of 1 ppm/day. Variations in the levels of acetaldehyde present are discussed within the context of the underlying chemical reactions.
Comparison of the Efficacy of CO2-Baited and Unbaited Light Traps, Gravid Traps, Backpack Aspirators, and Sweep Net Collections for Sampling Mosquitoes Infected with Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Two field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of mosquito collection methods for species composition, species abundance, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection rates in Taiwan. Traps evaluated included John W. Hock (JH) model UD black light traps, JH model 1012 new standard miniature CDC light traps, JH model 1712 CDC gravid traps, and Taiwan-made Pest-O-Lite light traps. Backpack aspirators and sweep nets were also used to collect the resting population. Culex tritaeniorhynchus in all studies and Mansonia uniformis in the Taipei areas were the two most abundance species collected. Dry ice-baited UD black light traps were effective in regard to species diversity, species abundance, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection rates. The unbaited Pest-O-Lite light traps collected significantly more female mosquitoes than the UD black light traps but performed similarly with regard to species diversity and male mosquito collection. Most mosquitoes collected by Pest-O-Lite light traps were dried and not suitable for virus detection. Dry ice-baited CDC light traps collected significantly fewer mosquitoes than other light traps. Although CO(2) -baited UD black light traps with octenol attracted more mosquitoes, no statistical significance was found compared to CO(2) -baited UD black light traps without octenol. Japanese encephalitis viruses were isolated from half of the positive pools in UD black light traps and CDC light traps.
Bayes' theorem applied to chromosome classification.

Abstract As part of an interactive, computer-aided image processing system developed at Tufts-New England Medical Center, a computer program to classify human chromosomes into ten major groups has recently been devised. The program applies Bayes' theorem to rankings to determine the most probable group into which a chromosome will fall. A method of calculating the required distributions from a relatively small sample is given. The program then proceeds with additional constraints to construct a karyotype. Four parameters derived from the measurements are used: normalized length, normalized area, and centromeric indices by length and area. On a sample of 13 800 chromosomes from 300 “normal” spreads, there were 1.3% discrepancies between manually determined and computed group assignments. Two hundred and nineteen out of the 300 spreads had no discrepancies. Pair assignments within the ten major groups were also computed. Agreement with manual assignments was relatively low but much better than chance, as shown by quantitative estimates. The computed method appears to be similar to human performance, quantitatively justifying karyotyping into the ten groups but pointing out the need to develop new methods for identifying pairs other than 1, 2, 3, and 16. The adaptations needed to make Baye's theorem applicable to this problem may extend its usefulness to other biomedical areas.
Behavioral compensation for altered cereal position in the cockroach

1. Intracellular recordings were made from identified giant interneurons (GIs) in the ventral nerve cord of the cockroach,Periplaneta americana, both before and after the ipsilateral cercus was rotated to point in a new direction. The orientation of some GI wind receptive fields is shifted in the same direction as the cereal rotation (Fig. 2). 2. In free-ranging cockroaches, unilateral cereal rotations lead to a misorientation of turning movements made in response to wind puffs from certain directions (Fig. 4A–C). 3. When one cercus is kept rotated for approximately a month, animals eventually display significant changes in the orientation of their windevoked turning movements (Figs. 4D, 5). These changes partially compensate for the initial misorientation of turning behavior. The behavioral compensation takes several weeks to develop (Fig. 6).
Detection of the Spermicide Nonoxynol-9 Via GC-MS

The spermicide nonoxynol-9 is actually a complex mixture of dozens of closely related amphiphilic compounds, and the chemical properties of this assortment significantly hamper its characterization by GC-MS. The inability to perform routine GC-MS testing on nonoxynol-9 has limited its evidentiary value in forensic casework, which relies heavily on this technique for analysis. A disturbing trend in sexual assault is the use of condoms by assailants, to avoid leaving behind DNA evidence that can connect a perpetrator to a victim. This observation necessitates the development of alternative methods for the analysis of trace evidence that can show causal links between a victim and a suspect. Detection of lubricants associated with sexual assault is one such way to establish this connection. The development of GC-MS methods that permit facile detection of both nonoxynol-9 alone and nonoxynol-9 extracted from other complex matrices that have potential as trace evidence in sexual assault is reported. A detection limit of 2.14 μg of nonoxynol-9 is demonstrated, and a detailed mass spectral profile that elaborates on what is known of its structure is provided.
Ab initio theoretical study of methyl diazene and formaldehyde hydrazone employing the coupled cluster method

Abstract The title compounds have been studied at the self-consistent field (SCF) and coupled cluster correlation level including all single and double excitations (CCSD). The basis sets were of double-zeta plus polarization (DZP), triple-zeta plus polarization (TZP), triple-zeta plus double polarization (TZ2P) and triple-zeta plus double polarization plus f function (TZ2Pf) quality. Triple excitations were accounted for by the CCSDT-1 method including linearized triple excitations. Geometries were optimized at both SCF and CCSD levels. The most stable tautomer is formaldehyde hydrazone followed by trans and cis methyl diazene. At the highest level of theory (TZ2Pf CCSD), formaldehyde hydrazone is 2.0 kcal/mol more stable than trans methyl diazene.
Ten years of land cover change on the California coast detected using Landsat satellite image analysis: Part 2—San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties

Landsat satellite imagery was analyzed to generate a detailed record of 10 years of vegetation disturbance and regrowth for Pacific coastal areas of San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties. The Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS) methodology, a transformation of Tasseled-Cap data space, was applied to detected changes in perennial coastal shrubland, woodland, and forest cover from 1999 to 2009. Results showed several principal points of interest, within which extensive contiguous areas of similar LEDAPS vegetation change (either disturbed or restored) were detected. Regrowth of evergreen shrub and tree cover was prevalent along the several long stretches of the coast highway (CA Route 1) between the cities of Half Moon Bay and Santa Cruz. A number of state parks areas showed measurable vegetation restoration as well. The most prominent loss of perennial coastal vegetation over decade was in the Pescadero Marsh area, where the continued presence of levees has historically reduced flood conveyance capacity into and through the marshlands. Based on these examples, the LEDAPS methodology was determined to be capable of fulfilling much of the need for continual, low-cost monitoring of emerging changes to coastal ecosystems.
Towards predicting Ca2+-binding sites with different coordination numbers in proteins with atomic resolution

Ca(2+)-binding sites in proteins exhibit a wide range of polygonal geometries that directly relate to an equally-diverse set of biological functions. Although the highly-conserved EF-Hand motif has been studied extensively, non-EF-Hand sites exhibit much more structural diversity which has inhibited efforts to determine the precise location of Ca(2+)-binding sites, especially for sites with few coordinating ligands. Previously, we established an algorithm capable of predicting Ca(2+)-binding sites using graph theory to identify oxygen clusters comprised of four atoms lying on a sphere of specified radius, the center of which was the predicted calcium position. Here we describe a new algorithm, MUG (MUltiple Geometries), which predicts Ca(2+)-binding sites in proteins with atomic resolution. After first identifying all the possible oxygen clusters by finding maximal cliques, a calcium center (CC) for each cluster, corresponding to the potential Ca(2+) position, is located to maximally regularize the structure of the (cluster, CC) pair. The structure is then inspected by geometric filters. An unqualified (cluster, CC) pair is further handled by recursively removing oxygen atoms and relocating the CC until its structure is either qualified or contains fewer than four ligand atoms. Ligand coordination is then determined for qualified structures. This algorithm, which predicts both Ca(2+) positions and ligand groups, has been shown to successfully predict over 90% of the documented Ca(2+)-binding sites in three datasets of highly-diversified protein structures with 0.22 to 0.49 A accuracy. All multiple-binding sites (i.e. sites with a single ligand atom associated with multiple calcium ions) were predicted, as were half of the low-coordination sites (i.e. sites with less than four protein ligand atoms) and 14/16 cofactor-coordinating sites. Additionally, this algorithm has the flexibility to incorporate surface water molecules and protein cofactors to further improve the prediction for low-coordination and cofactor-coordinating Ca(2+)-binding sites.
Inhibition of Ebola Virus Infection: Identification of Niemann-Pick C1 as the Target by Optimization of a Chemical Probe.

A high-throughput screen identified adamantane dipeptide 1 as an inhibitor of Ebola virus (EboV) infection. Hit-to-lead optimization to determine the structure–activity relationship (SAR) identified the more potent EboV inhibitor 2 and a photoaffinity labeling agent 3. These antiviral compounds were employed to identify the target as Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), a host protein that binds the EboV glycoprotein and is essential for infection. These studies establish NPC1 as a promising target for antiviral therapy.
An Analysis of SBA Loan Defaults by Maturity Structure

The financial intermediation literature on small business lending focuses on the determinants and costs to credit access. There is, however, little research examining the repayment behavior of small firms that actually receive loans. In this paper, we address this shortcoming in the literature by examining the default behavior of a sample of Small Business Administration 7(a) guaranteed loans with three distinct maturity structures. We employ a discrete-time hazard approach and show that SBA defaults are time-dependent and that the factors impacting default behavior, as well as its timing, are maturity specific. Specifically, we show the importance of loan maturity, seasoning, economic conditions, and other firm-specific factors in predicting the likelihood of SBA loan defaults.
Gibberellin Effects on Photoperiodcontrolled Growth of Weigela

Weigela, a woody ornamental plant, produces uninterrupted vegetative extension when grown at photoperiods in excess of 14 hr., whereas at shorter photoperiods (<14 hr.) vegetative growth ceases, and the plant enters a dormant condition1–3. This communication describes the replacement of the photoperiodic requirement for the vegetative development of Weigela with gibberellin applied to plants grown under a short photoperiod, and the acceleration of growth under a long photoperiod.
Organic acids prevent aluminum-induced conformational changes in calmodulin.

Abstract At a molar excess of 10:1 for [citrate]/[calmodulin], citrate can prevent aluminum binding to calmodulin when present in the protein solution in micromolar concentration, as determined by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. In contrast, citrate is only partially effective in restoring calmodulin to its native structure once the aluminum-calmodulin complex (3:1) is formed, as measured by the α-helix content of the protein. Considering the magnitude of the stability constant of the citrate-aluminum chelate, citrate and perhaps other carboxylic acids may protect calmodulin, and thus cells, from toxic aluminum ions.
The Impact of Hypogammaglobulinemia on Infection Outcome in Patients Undergoing Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Background Infection is a major comorbidity after ventricular assist device (VAD) placement. Defects in cellular immunity have been reported after VAD placement. However, to our knowledge, quantitative immunoglobulin G (IgG) level determination and the impact of hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) on infections after VAD implantation have not been evaluated before. Methods A total of 76 patients (mean age, 53 years) underwent VAD implantation as a bridge to transplantation and had IgG levels determined as a baseline before transplantation. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to IgG level: Control Group ( n = 56, IgG ≥ 700 mg/dl) and HGG Group ( n = 20, IgG Results Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. The incidence of bacteremia (14/20 [70%] vs 18/56 [32%], p = 0.0032) and major infection (19/20 [95%] vs 31/56 [56%], p = 0.0009) were significantly increased in the HGG Group compared with the Control Group. After transplantation, the episodes of rejection were similar in both groups and survival was similar. The HGG Group experienced more cytomegalovirus infections compared with the Control Group (9/20 [45%] vs 9/56 [16%], p = 0.009). Conclusions VAD patients with HGG are at increased risk of infections. After transplantation, these patients also experience increased cytomegalovirus infections. A randomized preemptive IgG replacement trial may be warranted in the future to determine if this intervention will alleviate the risk of infection.
Common property institutions in the Alaskan groundfish fisheries

Abstract This paper describes the process by which the groundfish resources off Alaska are being transformed from essentially open access to more manageable common property resources. Selected common property institutions that were created or developed in these fisheries are described in terms of the problems they were designed to solve, their success or lack of success in doing so, and the factors that influenced both emergence and success of these institutions. The institutions discussed include the North Pacific Fishery Management Council, the Community Development Quota system, the Pollock Conservation Cooperative, and the cooperative bycatch control system known as Sea State used by the factory trawler fleets. Conclusions applicable to other fisheries and other common property resources are then drawn from the analysis of these common property institutions in the Alaskan groundfish fisheries.
Determination of Regional Flavor Differences in U.S. Cheddar Cheeses Aged for 6 Mo or Longer

Cheddar cheese is a widely popular food in the United States. This product is produced in facilities across the United States and often marketed based on region of manufacture, implying that regional differences in flavor character of the cheese exist. This study was conducted to determine if regional differences in flavor exist in the aged U.S. Cheddar cheeses. Three times per year for 2 y, triplicate 18-kg blocks of Cheddar cheese (< 60 d old) were obtained from 19 manufacturing facilities located in 4 major cheese- producing regions/states: California, Northwest, Midwest, and Northeast. A trained sensory panel documented the flavor characteristics of cheeses after 6-, 9-, 12-, 18-, and 24-mo ripening at 7 degrees C. Regional differences were observed for specific flavors for cheeses manufactured in the Northwest, Midwest, and Northeast across ripening (P < 0.05), but the specific flavors responsible for these effects were not consistent across ripening. Similarly, cheese make procedure effects were also observed for specific flavors across ripening (P < 0.05), but these differences were also not consistent across ripening. The impact of region and cheese make procedure on flavor of the aged Cheddar cheeses was small in comparison to consistently documented, facility-specific flavor differences (P < 0.0001). Flavor profiles of aged Cheddar cheeses were most strongly influenced by practices specific to manufacturing facility rather than region of manufacture.
Intraindividual consistency in personality assessment: The effect of self‐monitoring

Low and high scoring individuals on Snyder's Self-Monitoring (SM) Scale were compared for differences in (a) variability in personality descriptions provided by 10 acquaintances, and (b) discrepancies between their self-ratings and the averaged acquaintance ratings. Each subject was rated by 10 different persons (e.g., parent, sibling, roommate, teacher), and the standard deviations of their ratings on each subject for 14 personality dimensions served as dependent measures. Contrary to the first hypothesis, no differences in the variability of acquaintance ratings were observed between SM groups. The second hypothesis received substantial empirical support. High SM subjects showed a significantly larger discrepancy between self-ratings and the mean acquaintance ratings, primarily because they rated themselves more highly on traits than their acquaintances did. High self-monitors also showed less similarity in the shape of the two personality profiles generated by self- and acquaintance ratings across the 14 traits. The discrepancies observed in high SM subjects between self-ratings and the averaged acquaintance ratings (the latter considered to be more objective) extends the finding of Snyder and Tanke (1976) that high SM subjects showed less congruence between self-reported attitudes and behavior. It is suggested that high SM individuals are particularly high on evaluation apprehension and that in both studies they acted in ways which they believed would enhance their self-presentations.
Translating quality in higher education: US approaches to accreditation of institutions from around the world

This article reports on findings from a sociolinguistic qualitative study exploring inter-discursive relations manifested in the approaches and strategies that regional accrediting agencies in the United States utilise when recognising foreign universities. Even as most countries have developed national quality assurance systems and whilst international rankings comparing institutions globally are available, a growing number of universities around the world seek recognition from American regional agencies. By comparing policy statements, manuals, guidelines and other documents, and after interviewing top-level officers at US accrediting agencies, this study makes explicit the assumptions and central discourses associated with US accreditation of non-US institutions of higher education, from the accreditors’ perspective. Following constant comparison and cultural critical discourse analysis, the study reveals concerns about the equivalency of quality, emphasis on capacity building and reluctance toward ada...
Glycosaminoglycan Accumulation and Excretion in the Mucopolysaccharidoses: Characterization and Basis of a Diagnostic Test for MPS

A combination of anion-exchange chromatography and 30-40% gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gradient-PAGE) was used to purify and characterize urinary glycosaminoglycans from various mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). The urinary glycosaminoglycans from the different MPS displayed distinct patterns on gradient-PAGE and further confirmation of MPS types and subtypes was demonstrated by an electrophoretic shift in the banding pattern after digestion with the appropriate MPS enzyme. Thus each of the MPS accumulates a unique spectrum of glycosaminoglycans with a nonreducing terminal consisting of the substrate specific for the deficient enzyme in that particular MPS disorder. The absolute correlation of the nonreducing terminal structure with a particular MPS and the availability of recombinant lysosomal enzymes provide the means for a rapid and accurate diagnosis of individual MPS. Analysis of tissue glycosaminoglycans in one MPS type (feline MPS VI) indicated a tissue-specific pattern of glycosaminoglycan accumulation. Undegraded glycosaminoglycans had distinct banding patterns on gradient-PAGE and although dermatan sulfate was predominantly excreted in MPS VI urine, some tissues were observed to accumulate predominantly chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans, e.g., bone and kidney. The spectrum of glycosaminoglycans excreted in the urine is therefore most likely a combination of glycosaminoglycans from various tissues.
A simplified guidance technique for station keeping.

Stationkeeping problems and guidance technique for control of stationkeeping maneuver between orbiting vehicles
Glare and contrast: Indications for cataract surgery

Abstract The present method of using Snellen visual acuity to evaluate the vision of cataract patients is inadequate because it may grossly overestimate the nature of their visual world. Many of these patients have poor visual functioning as a result of glare disability and loss of contrast. The loss of visual contrast on the retina may be quantified using devices currently available and applicable to a clinical setting in the office. These are described. A study of glare disability in pseudophaldc eyes following phacoemulsification or planned extracapsular cataract extraction with intact capsules is made and compared with a previous report of eyes with a primary posterior capsulotomy. It is recommended that glare disability be measured in eyes of cataract patients and be used as an indication for cataract surgery.
Ultrasound: assessment of the distraction osteogenesis wound in patients undergoing mandibular lengthening

Abstract Purpose: Common methods of assessment of the clinical distraction osteogenesis (DO) wound consist of serial physical examinations, plain radiographs, and computed tomography (CT). Ultrasound (US) is an inexpensive and efficient method of imaging that provides detailed assessment of bone formation across a defect. It has proved to be useful for the evaluation of long bone DO healing. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of US for evaluation of bone formation in the mandibular distraction wound. Patients and Methods: Ten patients underwent mandibular expansion (18 sides) with semiburied, unidirectional distraction devices. The wounds were assessed with plain radiographs and US immediately before device removal. Estimates of bone formation, using a semiquantitative bone fill score, were made for plain radiographs and US. US beam penetration depth, in millimeters, was also measured. During removal of the distraction device, bone formation and mandibular stability were assessed by the surgeon and graded on a semiquantitative scale. Results: US bone fill scores correlated with intraoperative assessment of bone formation and stability ( r = 0.758, P = .0018) at all 18 mandibular sites. Plain radiographic scores also correlated with bone formation ( r = 0.592). However, in 14 of 18 sides, plain radiographs underestimated bone formation compared with US and operative findings. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that US is an accurate noninvasive technique that may prove to be useful in assessing the mandibular DO regenerate in patients.
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the 1954 Geneva Conference: A revisionist critique

Drawing upon documentary and other evidence from Vietnam this paper argues that in 1954 the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN) accepted negotiations and a diplomatic solution to its war against France because it served some of its most vital interests and satisfied its sense of the possibilities of the moment. To be sure, the DRVN leadership responded positively to concerns and pressures from its socialist allies, the Soviet Union and China, on some issues in Geneva. But it was not, as western scholars have maintained, acting against its own better judgement or strategic imperatives.
Signal-averaged electrocardiography of the terminal QRS in healthy young adults.

DANFORD, D.A., et al.: Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography of the Terminal QRS in Healthy Young Adults Interpretation of signal-averaged electrocardiograms (SAECG) in the young could he of value in detecting those at risk for episodic ventricular tachycardia, but suffers from a lack of data in normal young people. The purpose of this study is to determine normal values for QRS duration and the duration and amplitude of terminal potentials on the SAECG in young adults. Thirty-two normal medical students were examined. With high pass futering at 25 Hz, normal total QRS duration (QRS) varied as a function of sex and hody size whereas low amplitude signal duration (LAS) did not. Ninety-five percent confidence limits are: QRS (male) 85–117 msec. QRS (female) 76–102 msec, and LAS 6–35 msec. Root mean square voltage of the terminal QRS showed a broad scatter, however none was < 20 microvolts. High pass filtering at 40 Hz did not change the QRS duration, but resulted in significantly longer LAS duration and diminished RMS voltage. Because of the longer QRS and shorter LAS previously reported in the presence of right bundle branch hlock, the normal values reported here should not be applied in the presence of intraventricular conduction delay following surgical repair of congenital heart disease. They will, however, provide a basis for interpretation of SAECG in young adults with normal QRS duration.
97 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Prevention of Neonatal Anemia with Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Premature Infants

97 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Prevention of Neonatal Anemia with Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Premature Infants
Development of Monogenic and Digenic Rice Lines for Blast Resistance Genes Pi‐ta, Pi‐kh/Pi‐ks

The major blast resistance (R) genes Pi-ta, Pi-k s , Pi-k h have been effectively deployed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southern USA for preventing disease caused by the predominant U.S. races of Magnaporthe oryzae Cav. [=Magnaporthe grisea (Herbert) Barr.]. In the present study, the codominant single nucleotide length polymorphism DNA marker for the Pi-ta gene, and the simple sequence repeat markers, RM144 and RM224, that cosegregate with two alleles of the Pi-k gene, Pi-k s and Pi-k h , were used for R identification in a F 10 recombinant inbred line population. This population (Reg. no. MP-3, NSL 452303) was derived from the cross RU9101001/'Katy'. This population composed of 235 individual lines was jointly released on 24 Apr. 2009 by the USDA-ARS and the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Arkansas Agriculture Experiment Station. R gene containing RIL lines were verified with standard pathogenicity assays by means of a set of differential races of M. oryzae in the USA. One hundred eighty-two pure lines were identified from the population with the Pi-ta, Pi-k s , and Pi-k h genes. A total of 56 had Pi-ta and Pi-k s , 51 lines had Pi-k s , 27 had Pi-k h , and 48 lines had Pi-k h and Pi-ta. These monogenic and digenic rice lines with the major blast R genes are expected to be useful for studying effects of each R gene singly and in combination for their epistatic interaction with yield and for introducing blast resistance with marker assisted selection.
Effect of mass transport on BOD removal in trickling filters

Abstract The effect of liquid-phase mass transport on BOD removal efficiency in a trickling filter is presented based on an analytical model of the process. It is shown graphically that liquid-phase mass transport resistances can significantly affect BOD removal for a given trickling filter. The applicability of the results presented to the analysis of experimental data and trickling filter design is discussed.
Homogenization-based continuum plasticity-damage model for ductile failure of materials containing heterogeneities

Abstract This paper develops an accurate and computationally efficient homogenization-based continuum plasticity-damage (HCPD) model for macroscopic analysis of ductile failure in porous ductile materials containing brittle inclusions. Example of these materials are cast alloys such as aluminum and metal matrix composites. The overall framework of the HCPD model follows the structure of the anisotropic Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) type elasto-plasticity model for porous ductile materials. The HCPD model is assumed to be orthotropic in an evolving material principal coordinate system throughout the deformation history. The GTN model parameters are calibrated from homogenization of evolving variables in representative volume elements (RVE) of the microstructure containing inclusions and voids. Micromechanical analyses for this purpose are conducted by the locally enriched Voronoi cell finite element model (LE-VCFEM) [Hu, C., Ghosh, S., 2008. Locally enhanced Voronoi cell finite element model (LE-VCFEM) for simulating evolving fracture in ductile microstructures containing inclusions. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 76(12), 1955–1992]. The model also introduces a novel void nucleation criterion from micromechanical damage evolution due to combined inclusion and matrix cracking. The paper discusses methods for estimating RVE length scales in microstructures with non-uniform dispersions, as well as macroscopic characteristic length scales for non-local constitutive models. Comparison of results from the anisotropic HCPD model with homogenized micromechanics shows excellent agreement. The HCPD model has a huge efficiency advantage over micromechanics models. Hence, it is a very effective tool in predicting macroscopic damage in structures with direct reference to microstructural composition.
Band reduction for hyperspectral imagery processing

Feature reduction denotes the group of techniques that reduce high dimensional data to a smaller set of components. In remote sensing feature reduction is a preprocessing step to many algorithms intended as a way to reduce the computational complexity and get a better data representation. Reduction can be done by either identifying bands from the original subset (selection), or by employing various transforms that produce new features (extraction). Research has noted challenges in both directions. In feature selection, identifying an "ideal" spectral band subset is a hard problem as the number of bands is increasingly large, rendering any exhaustive search unfeasible. To counter this, various approaches have been proposed that combine a search algorithm with a criterion function. However, the main drawback of feature selection remains the rather narrow bandwidths covered by the selected bands resulting in possible information loss. In feature extraction, some of the most popular techniques include Principal Component Analysis, Independent Component Analysis, Orthogonal Subspace Projection, etc. While they have been used with success in some instances, the resulting bands lack a physical relationship to the data and are mostly produced using statistical strategies. We propose a new technique for feature reduction that exploits search strategies for feature selection to extract a set of spectral bands from a given imagery. The search strategy uses dynamic programming techniques to identify 'the best set" of features.
Reactivity of the unsaturated triosmium cluster Os-3(CO)(8)(mu(3)-eta(2)-Ph2PCH2P(Ph)C6H4)(mu-H) with benzothiophene: Activation of a P-C bond in diphosphine and a C-H bond in benzothiophene

Treatment of the electronically unsaturated cluster Os-3(CO)(8)(mu(3)-eta(2)-Ph2PCH2P(Ph)C6H4)(mu-H) (1) with benzothiophene in refluxing m-xylene afforded Os-3(CO)(7)(mu-PPh2)(mu-PMePh)(mu(3)-eta(2)-C6H4) (2), Os-3(CO)(7)(mu(3)-eta(2)-PPh(C6H4)CH2PPh)(mu(3)-eta(3)-SC8H5)(mu-H) (3), and Os-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(mu(3)-eta(2)-PPh(C6H4)CH2PPh) (4). Thermolysis of 1 in refluxing toluene for 35 h afforded only 4, whereas in refluxing m-xylene it gave both 4 and 2. Compound 4 can also be obtained from the thermolysis of Os-3(CO)(9)(mu(3)-eta(2)-PPh(C6H4)CH2PPh2)(mu-H) (5) in refluxing toluene. All the complexes have been structurally characterized. Compound 3 contains a unique example of a mu(3)-eta(2) benzothienyl ligand coordinated through the sulfur atom and the C-C double bond of the five-membered ring in a sigma,pi vinyl fashion. This coordination mode results in the rupture of one osmium-osmium bond, whereas the basic triangular metal framework is retained in the case of 2 and 4, which are derived from the activation of P-C and C-H bonds of 1 and do not contain any benzothiophene-derived ligand. (Less)
Comparison of (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD)- and 1R,3S-ACPD-stimulated brain phosphoinositide hydrolysis.

Abstract (1S,3R)-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) and (1R,3S)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1R,3S-ACPD) were characterized for potency, efficacy, and selectivity at metabotropic amino acid receptors. 1S,3R-ACPD stimulated [3H]phosphoinositide hydrolysis in slices of the neonatal and adult rat hippocampus with full efficacy and twice the potency relative to what has been shown for (±)-trans-ACPD. 1S,3R-ACPD was up to 30 times more potent in activating metamotropic excitatory amino acid receptors, compared to its affinity for [3H]CGS19755 binding to NMDA receptors. In contrast, 1R,3S-ACPD was much less potent, efficacious, and selective than 1S,3R-ACPD. Although 1S,3R-ACPD is not specific, it is a most selective and efficacious agonist at metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptors.
Scintigraphic differentiation of congenital soft-tissue extremity enlargement with Tc-99m DTPA

Radionuclide imaging of benign soft-tissue tumors sometimes associated with extremity enlargement (7 patients) and/or osteodysplasia (6 patients) has demonstrated, in a total of 18 patients, several differentiating patterns of accumulation of Technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Tc-99m DTPA). Early imaging (within 15 min) as well as later imaging (one-half hour to 3 hours following the intravenous injection of the radiopharmaceutical) has shown that fatty tumors (lipomas, lipoblastomas, fibrofatty tissue) do not concentrate the isotope. Neurofibromas display gradual intensification of their radioactive content, while hemangiomas differ in their scintigraphic pattern depending on their histologic composition. Purely capillary hemangiomas have transient early intense activity while purely cavernous hemangiomas display no early activity but are well visualized on delayed scintigraphic images. Mixed hemangiomas display combined imaging characteristics of both capillary and cavernous types with the predominant pattern dependent upon the predominant histology. Aggressive fibromatosis exhibited an early fleeting display of intense radioactivity.
Annual acquisition and administration cost of biologic response modifiers per patient with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis.

AbstractObjective:To estimate annual biologic response modifier (BRM) cost per treated patient with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and/or ankylosing spondylitis receiving etanercept, abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, or ustekinumab.Methods:This was a cohort study of 69,349 commercially insured individuals in a nationwide claims database with one of these conditions that had a claim for one of these BRMs between January 2008 and December 2010 (the index BRM/index date). Cost per treated patient was calculated as the total BRM acquisition and administration cost to the payer in the first year after the index date (including costs of other BRMs after switching) divided by the number of patients who received the index BRM. Etanercept was selected as the reference for comparisons.Results:Etanercept was the most commonly used index BRM (n = 32,298; 47%), followed by adalimumab (n = 20,582; 30%), infliximab (n = 11,157; 16%), abatacept (n = 2633; 4%), r...
The origins of value‐for‐money auditing: the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: 1827‐1830

Evidence of audit committee activity in the formative years of the Baltimore & Ohio (BO and the railroad industry, in turn, greatly influenced the development of modern American businesses during the Industrial Revolution.
Trouble in Eden

This article discusses the so-called Intervention in remote Northern Territory settlements by the Federal Government, following the release of the 'Little Children are Sacred' report, and the impact that the Intervention has had on indigenous communities.
The Big Ten Student Suicide Study: A 10‐Year Study of Suicides on Midwestern University Campuses

The Big Ten Student Suicide Study was undertaken from 1980-1990 to determine the suicide rates on Big Ten University campuses. The study design attempted to address many of the statistical and epidemiological flaws identified in previous studies of campus student suicides. The 10-year study collected demographic and correlational data on 261 suicides of registered students at 12 midwestern campuses. The largest number of suicides for both males and females were in the 20-24-year-old age group (46%), and amongst graduate students (32%). The overall student suicide rate of 7.5/100,000 is one half of the computed national suicide rate (15.0/100,000) for a matched sample by age, gender, and race. Despite the overall lower suicide rate, the analyses revealed that students 25 and over have a significantly higher risk than younger students. Although women have rates roughly half those of men throughout their undergraduate years, graduate women have rates not significantly different from their male counterparts (graduate women 9.1/100,000 and graduate men 11.6/100,000).
Who Taught Me That? Repurposed News, Blog Structure, and Source Identification

Changes in the information society, especially the rise of blogs, have refocused attention on questions of media modality, source identification, and motivation in online environments. We manipulate the structure of a blogger’s critique on a news story (global vs. interspersed) and the partisan target of the blogger (Democrats vs. Republicans) in an experiment embedded in an online survey. Our results support our expectations: The more difficult story format decreases the ability of less motivated readers to correctly identify the source of their information, without affecting the motivated. These effects of structure on source identification are democratically consequential when people rely on blogs for facts about public affairs without the proper cautionary caveats regarding the credibility of the source.