cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Odd Arne Westad: The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times

Odd Arne Westad, a prominent Cold War scholar, is currently Director of the Cold War Studies Center at the London School of Economics and Political Science where he teaches history. He has written ...
An evaluation of total and inhalable samplers for the collection of wood dust in three wood products industries

In 1998 the American Conference for Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) proposed size selective sampling for wood dust based on the inhalable fraction. Thus the proposed threshold limit values (TLVs) require the use of a sampler whose performance matches the inhalable convention. The Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) sampler has shown good agreement with the inhalable convention under controlled conditions, and the Button sampler, developed by the University of Cincinnati, has shown reasonable agreement in at least one laboratory study. The Button sampler has not been previously evaluated under wood working conditions, and the IOM has been shown to sample more mass than expected when compared to the standard closed-face cassette, which may be due to the collection of very large particles in wood working environments. Some projectile particles may be >100 µm aerodynamic diameter and thus outside the range of the convention. Such particles, if present, can bias the estimates of concentration considerably. This study is part of an on-going research focus into selecting the most appropriate inhalable sampler for use in these industries, and to examine the impact of TLV changes. This study compared gravimetric analyses (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Method 0500) of side-by-side personal samples using the Button, IOM, and 37 mm closed-face cassette (CFC) under field-use conditions. A total of 51 good sample pairs were collected from three wood products industries involved in the manufacturing of cabinets, furniture, and shutters. Paired t-tests were run on each sample pair using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10. The IOM and the CFC measured statistically different concentrations (p < 0.0005, n = 16). The IOM and Button measured statistically different concentrations (p = 0.020, n = 12). The Button and CFC did not measure statistically different concentrations of wood dust (p = 0.098, n = 23). Sampler ratios for IOM/CFC pairs ranged from 1.19–19 (median 3.35). Sampler ratios for IOM/Button pairs ranged from 0.49–163 (median 3.15). Sampler ratios for CFC/Button pairs ranged from 0.36–27 (median 1.2). In all cases, higher ratios were associated with higher concentrations. The median relative difference between the IOM's and CFC's is in accord with prior field studies in woodworking environments, and, taken together, the data imply a conversion factor greater than the 2.5 normally applied to CFC results to approximate inhalable values, as measured by the IOM. Raising the limit values by approximately 50% appears warranted for this particular situation of inhalable wood dust measured by the IOM. The IOM/Button and CFC/Button ratios were unexpectedly low, which may be due to the exclusion of very large particles, collected by the IOM and CFC samplers. Further work is required to explain these results.
Crowdfunding and the Federal Securities Laws

Crowdfunding - the use of the Internet to raise money through small contributions from a large number of investors - could cause a revolution in small-business financing. Through crowdfunding, smaller entrepreneurs, who traditionally have had great difficulty obtaining capital, have access to anyone in the world with a computer, Internet access, and spare cash to invest. Crowdfunding sites such as Kiva, Kickstarter, and IndieGoGo have proliferated and the amount of money raised through crowdfunding has grown to billions of dollars in just a few years.Crowdfunding poses two issues under federal securities law. First, some, but not all, crowdfunding involves selling securities, triggering the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933. Registration is prohibitively expensive for the small offerings that crowdfunding facilitates and none of the current exemptions from registration fit the crowdfunding model. Second, the web sites that facilitate crowdfunding may be treated as brokers or investment advisers under the ambiguous standards applied by the SEC.I consider the costs and benefits of crowdfunding and propose an exemption that would free crowdfunding from the registration requirements, but not the antifraud provisions, of federal securities law. Securities offerings for an amount less than $250,000-500,000 would be exempted if (1) each investor invests no more than the greater of $500 or two percent of the investor’s annual income and (2) the offering is made on an Internet crowdfunding site that meets the exemption’s requirements. To qualify for the exemption, crowdfunding sites would have to (1) be open to the general public; (2) provide public communication portals for investors and potential investors; (3) require investors to fulfill a simple education requirement before investing; (4) prohibit certain conflicts of interest; (5) not offer investment advice or recommendations; and (6) notify the SEC that they are hosting crowdfunding offerings. Sites that meet these requirements would not be treated as brokers or investment advisers.
Magnetoresistance of Epitaxial Fe Wires with Varied Domain Wall Structure

Abstract The low-temperature negative domain wall (DW) contribution to the resistivity observed in expitaxial Fe microstructures has been investigated as a function of film thickness. The DW spin structure changes from Bloch to Neel-like with decreasing film thickness. Results suggest that an interplay between orbital effects in the internal magnetic fields near DWs and thin film surface scattering are at the origin of the observed negative wall contribution.
On causal attribution: The interactive relationship between self-esteem and task performance

An experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and performance outcome as these variables related to causal attribution. Subjects with low, medium, and high self-esteem attributed success and failure outcomes at an achievement-related task to ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck. Results indicated that (a) success was attributed more than failure to ability and effort, (b) performance outcomes consistent with self-esteem were attributed more than inconsistent outcomes to ability and task difficulty, and (c) performance outcomes inconsistent with self-esteem were attributed more than consistent outcomes to luck. Only the attribution pattern resulting for effort was not largely a function of consistency (or inconsistency) of performance feedback. Rather, performance outcome itself was the dominant influence. The significance of these results is discussed.
Cross-Equatorial Interactions during Tropical Cyclogenesis

Abstract This paper presents evidence that winter hemisphere events influence the genesis of tropical cyclones in the summer hemisphere equatorial trough. A rawinsonde composite technique is used to study the large-scale flow prior to cyclone development. This is compared with a composite of the flow during “quiet” or “nontropical cyclone” periods. The composites span the equator so that changes can be monitored in the winter hemisphere flow and in cross-equatorial effects. The composite analyses correspond well to the results of case study and time series analyses presented in a companion paper. On the basis of these results, an idealized scenario of the important synoptic events leading to cyclogenesis in the equatorial trough is described.
Carbon Monoxide: Innovative Anti-inflammatory Properties of an Age-Old Gas Molecule

Observations of the effects of carbon monoxide (CO) on mammalian systems have been known for thousands of years. To be sure, CO is deadly under certain conditions and concentrations, but perhaps as the data presented here will make clear, it also possesses other diverse functional and immunomodulatory properties. This review, together with the other reviews in this issue, will detail that over the past three decades, fundamental functional role(s) for this gas molecule are beginning to emerge. This review outlines that at low concentrations, exogenously administered CO is a molecule involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response in a variety of disease models. CO has been shown to modulate such cellular functions as cytokine production, cell proliferation and apoptosis, protecting the lungs and hearts of rodents from such stressors as endotoxin, ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac xenograft rejection, and asthma. Although the mechanism by which this simple diatomic gas provides this protection r...
Evaluation of the factor structure and psychometric properties of the brief symptom inventory—18 with homebound older adults

Objective Homebound older adults are at high risk for depression and anxiety. Systematic screening may increase identification of these difficulties and facilitate service usage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory—18 (BSI-18) for use as a screening instrument for depression and anxiety with homebound older adults and to examine if the BSI-18 could be shortened further and exhibit comparable psychometric properties.
The relationship between aggressive behavior and menstrual cycle stage in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract The aggressive behavior of eight adult female rhesus monkeys, living in a captive social group, was studied prior to and during a breeding season extended by vasectomizing all the adult males in the group. Female reproductive status was ascertained by: recording all adult female-adult male copulations, detecting menstruation by vaginal swabbing, and analyzing serum progesterone levels by radioimmunoassay. Females were more aggressive during the follicular stage of their menstrual cycle than the luteal stage or during the period prior to the onset of seasonal ovarian activity. Increases in aggression were limited to increases in the milder forms of agonistic behavior, primarily threatening gestures. Although the females showed their highest rates of noncontact aggressive response categories during the follicular stage, several showed highest rates of contact aggressive response categories in the precycling period.
Target mass corrections for spin-dependent structure functions in collinear factorization

Abstract We derive target mass corrections (TMC) for the spin-dependent nucleon structure function g 1 and polarization asymmetry A 1 in collinear factorization at leading twist. The TMCs are found to be significant for g 1 at large x B , even at relatively high Q 2 values, but largely cancel in A 1 . A comparison of TMCs obtained from collinear factorization and from the operator product expansion shows that at low Q 2 the corrections drive the proton A 1 in opposite directions.
Regression–Discontinuity Analysis: A Survey of Recent Developments in Economics

Abstract. This paper provides a discussion of recent developments related to the applicability of the regression discontinuity design in economics. It reviews econometric issues, such as identification and estimation methods, as well as a number of sensitivity and validity tests of importance in empirical application.
Collisional Effects in He I: An Observational Analysis

Accurate and reliable helium abundances can test modern theories of galactic and primordial nucleosynthesis. Unfortunately, there is some question whether current theory can account for collisional contributions to He I. We present new observations of two planetary nebulae (PNs) in the range lambda 850-lambda 9650, which we use to assess the importance of collisonal effects in the He I spectrum. The first object, NGC 7027, is expected to show relatively strong collisional enhancement, while the second, NGC 7026, should display only small effects. We derive new collision-to-recombination correction factors, based on new collision strengths from the 29-state quantal calculation of He I extending to n = 5. Our results show that the correction factors based on 'standard' theory are correct, but that the errors acquired in such an observational analysis are appreciable. We find no convincing observational evidence for the existence of an unknown agent depopulating the 2(sup 3)S state in Pns.
Transcriptional and Phenotypic Responses of Listeria monocytogenes to Chlorine Dioxide

Significant food-borne disease outbreaks have occurred from consumption of ready-to-eat foods, including produce, contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Challenging food matrices (e.g., cantaloupe, sprouts) with limited processing steps postharvest to reduce pathogen loads have underscored a need for new mitigation strategies. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is increasingly being used in produce and other food systems to reduce food-borne pathogen levels. The goal of this study was to characterize the transcriptional response and survival of L. monocytogenes 10403S exposed to ClO2. The transcriptional profile of log-phase cells exposed to 300 mg/liter ClO2 for 15 min was defined by whole-genome microarray. A total of 340 genes were significantly differentially expressed. Among the differentially expressed genes, 223 were upregulated (fold change ≥ 1.5; adjusted P value < 0.05) in role categories responsible for protein fate, cellular processes, and energy metabolism. There were 113 and 16 genes differentially expressed belonging to regulatory networks of σ(B) and CtsR, respectively. We assessed L. monocytogenes 10403S survival after exposure to 100, 300, and 500 mg/liter aqueous ClO2 in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth; there was a significant difference between cells exposed to 500 mg/liter ClO2 and those exposed to all other conditions over time (P value < 0.05). Isogenic ΔsigB and ΔctsR mutants exposed to 300 mg/liter ClO2 were more sensitive to ClO2 than the wild type under the same conditions. These results provide an initial insight into the mechanisms that L. monocytogenes employs to survive sublethal ClO2 and further our understanding of the inactivation mechanisms of this increasingly used sanitizer.
Industrial biotechnology: Tools and applications

Industrial biotechnology involves the use of enzymes and microorganisms to produce value-added chemicals from renewable sources. Because of its association with reduced energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation, industrial biotechnology is a rapidly growing field. Here we highlight a variety of important tools for industrial biotechnology, including protein engineering, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, systems biology, and downstream processing. In addition, we show how these tools have been successfully applied in several case studies, including the production of 1, 3-propanediol, lactic acid, and biofuels. It is expected that industrial biotechnology will be increasingly adopted by chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural industries.
Attributional Comments of Experienced and Novice Examiners During Intelligence Testing

Attributional and encouraging statements during WISC-R administration were compared for experienced and beginning examiners. The patterns of comments for both experienced and beginning examiners seemed to be related to structural aspects of the test, and the proportions of comments in attributional categories were similar for the two groups. However, experienced examiners made greater numbers of both attributional and encouraging comments. The results suggest that further investigation of subjective aspects of test administration be made and implications for training of examiners be considered.
Optical modulator on silicon employing germanium quantum wells

We demonstrate an electroabsorption modulator on a silicon substrate based on the quantum confined Stark effect in strained germanium quantum wells with silicon-germanium barriers. The peak contrast ratio is 7.3 dB at 1457 nm for a 10 V swing, and exceeds 3 dB from 1441 nm to 1461 nm. The novel side-entry structure employs an asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonator at oblique incidence. Unlike waveguide modulators, the design is insensitive to positional misalignment, maintaining > 3 dB contrast while translating the incident beam 87 μm and 460 μm in orthogonal directions. Since the optical ports are on the substrate edges, the wafer top and bottom are left free for electrical interconnections and thermal management.
Measurements of Inelastic Compton Scattering

We have measured inelastic Compton scattering of 21-GeV bremsstrahlung photons on protons, for ${p}_{T}$ above 1 GeV/c. The yield of photons after subtracting ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$ decay contributions appears to be nonhadronic and is greater than parton-model predictions for integer-charged partons. The constituent-interchange model provides a possible explanation.
Wetting of polarized materials by molten carbonate

Abstract This paper presents a summary of our recent work on wetting of polarized materials by molten carbonate, also termed “electrowetting”. Electrowetting is here defined as wetting of conducting materials by ionic liquids under conditions of Faradaic reaction, that is, current load. Our recent work has focused on three issues of practical importance: (1) the effect of alkaline-earth (Ca, Sr, Ba) additions to simple alkali carbonate eutectics with respect to the wetting characteristics of the melt; (2) the driving force behind the meniscus movement of molten carbonate at electrodes under polarization; (3) the effect of changes in wetting characteristics such as caused by alkaline-earth addition on molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) performance. These three issues are briefly summarized by means of a few key experimental and computational results, with reference to more detailed communications now in process of publication.
Lung and heart-lung transplantation.

This report is a brief summary on current events related to lung and heart-lung transplantation. Eleven patients have undergone transplantation of the heart and both lungs at Stanford University. The ages ranged from 22–45, the average age being about 36 years, and included were four females and seven males. The diagnosis was primary pulmonary hypertension in three and Eisenmenger syndrome-congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension-in eight. Eight patients are living and well, two to more than 24 months after transplantation of the heart and both lungs. All these patients were discharged and are fully rehabilitated, which is an important consideration. There have been three operative deaths, one was secondary to two previous operations that made our operation much too long, another was secondary to the use of intravenous cyclosporine, and the third was related to the poor maintenance of the donor lung. Three of the eleven patients were catheterized following the transplant from six months to a year after transplantation, and the pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were absolutely normal in all three of these individuals. Of course the plan is to go ahead with further catheter studies at yearly intervals in all of the patients. The last patient underwent transplantation in January, 1983. I think no matter how effective or how ingenious the medical staff is with artificial organs, it will be a long time before these early results of transplantation of the heart and both lungs can be matched by any types of artificial organ implants.
Making and Breaking Nucleic Acids: Two-Mg2+-Ion Catalysis and Substrate Specificity

DNA and a large proportion of RNA are antiparallel duplexes composed of an unvarying phosphosugar backbone surrounding uniformly stacked and highly similar base pairs. How do the myriad of enzymes (including ribozymes) that perform catalysis on nucleic acids achieve exquisite structure or sequence specificity? In all DNA and RNA polymerases and many nucleases and transposases, two Mg2+ ions are jointly coordinated by the nucleic acid substrate and catalytic residues of the enzyme. Based on the exquisite sensitivity of Mg2+ ions to the ligand geometry and electrostatic environment, we propose that two-metal-ion catalysis greatly enhances substrate recognition and catalytic specificity.
Epitaxial growth of skutterudite (CoSb3) thin films on (001) InSb by pulsed laser deposition

Heteroepitaxial growth of the cubic skutterudite phase CoSb3 on (001) InSb substrates was achieved by pulsed laser deposition using a substrate temperature of 270 °C and a bulk CoSb3 target with 0.75 at.% excess Sb. An InSb (a0 = 4 0.6478 nm) substrate was chosen for its lattice registry with the antimonide skutterudites (e.g., CoSb3 with a = 0 4 0.9034 nm) on the basis of a presumed 45° rotated relationship with the InSb zinc blende structure. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirmed both the structure of the films and their epitaxial relationship: (001)CoSb3 ∥ (001)InSb; [100]CoSb3 ∥ [110]InSb.
The surface chemistry of calcium carbonate minerals in natural waters: An overview

Abstract The behavior of carbonates in natural waters is strongly influenced by surface chemistry. Such major aspects of carbonate behavior as the retention of supersaturation in the surface ocean, persistence of metastable phases, and carbonate accumulation in sediments overlain by undersaturated waters have been attributed to processes occurring on carbonate mineral surfaces. Adsorption on carbonate minerals is often strongly influenced by epitaxial considerations and dominated by strong chemical interactions which lead to irreversible behavior. It has been demonstrated for several inorganic ions that their adsorption onto carbonate mineral surfaces can lead to new surface phases, such as apatite and rhodochrosite. A variety of organic compounds have been found to strongly adsorb on carbonate mineral surfaces. However, our understanding of the role of organic matter in natural systems is significantly complicated by the biogenic nature of most marine carbonates.
Throwaway societies: a field survey of the quantity, nature and distribution of litter in New Jersey

Abstract This paper examines the distribution, composition and accumulation of litter in New Jersey. Using a geographical information system, litter was collected, counted and classified for 37 representative sites throughout the state. A total of 9989 pieces of litter were counted over the four-week sampling period. The composition of litter was dominated by paper and plastic packaging when measured by area covered by litter, and by cigarette butts when measured by piece count. Accumulation rates varied according to land use, with urban residential and commercial sites having the highest levels of accumulation. Of five specialized environments (roadways, beaches, waterways, state parks and landfills), roadways have the largest area covered by litter, but litter accumulates more quickly in state parks.
Receiver technology for the submillimeter-wave region.

Abstract The development of heterodyne receivers with good sensitivity in the submillimeter-wave region has resulted in a wide range of applications in radio astronomy, plasma physics, atmospheric measurements and laboratory spectroscopy.
Some properties of the olfactory system of man

Preliminary investigations into the effects of a 12-h diurnal variation suggested there was a 10-fold decrease in odor sensitivity from morning to evening. For a selected group of odorants (methyl, t-butyl, and phenyl isonitrile), the difference between detection and recognition thresholds in general was found to be 10-fold; however, for some Ss the difference was less. When Ss were blindfolded, no changes in odor sensitivity were noted. Similarly, imposing an auditory stress on the test situation did not significantly alter odor sensitivity in either experienced or naive Ss,
Trucking Country: The Road to America's Wal-Mart Economy . By Shane Hamilton. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. 344p. $29.95.

In this timely new book, Shane Hamilton offers a compelling account of the politics of long-haul trucking in the postwar United States and, in particular, its contribution to the rise of economic conservatism by the end of the 1970s. This work, exhaustive in its research, explains a range of critical developments in twentieth-century political economy from the perspective of trucking: from the struggles within and between various federal agencies over farm, labor and consumption policies; to advances in truck design, highway construction, refrigeration, and food packaging technologies; to the cultural development of a trucking genre within country music and Hollywood films.
The phase-space optimization and surface derivation of grazing incidence synchrotron radiation mirrors

Abstract In this paper, we propose a criterion for minimum phase-space distortion of synchrotron light for both vertical and horizontal focusing/collimating grazing incidence mirrors. Considering the vertical and horizontal mirrors separately and utilizing the formulated criterion, we derive the equations for the surfaces of the resulting minimum-distortion mirrors associated with a single-beam synchrotron storage ring. The criterion and design method are then shown to be applicable to general storage ring systems.
Practitioners in Applied Professions: A Model Applied to Human Resource Development

The problem and the solution. There’s no doubt that the theory—practice gap exists in HRD and in most applied professions. However, it is time to move beyond belaboring this gap and toward figuring out specific ways to lessen it.We need new models on which to build.This article offers just such a model—a way to conceive of the different ways that practitioners utilize and contribute to the scholarship of HRD. The model outlines four distinct types of practice and the characteristics of these different types of practitioners. Implications for professional development and professionalization of individuals in HRD, as well as the field of HRD itself, are discussed.
A Life History Assessment of Early Childhood Sexual Abuse in Women

Life history theory provided a framework for examining the relations among child sexual abuse (CSA), childhood adversity, and patterns of reproductive development and behavior. A community survey that assessed CSA, life history variables (e.g., age of menarche), and social and family background was administered to 623 women (mean age 26.9 years). Independent of social and family background, CSA was associated with earlier age of (a) menarche, (b) first sexual relationship, (c) desire to have children, (d) first childbirth, and (e) lower self-evaluated physical attractiveness. Cluster analyses revealed different patterns of experiential correlates of reproductive development within the group of abused women, suggesting CSA may operate in combination with other childhood circumstances to modify the timing and pattern of individual maturation.
Pattern measurements of a low-sidelobe horn antenna

The power pattern of a corrugated horn antenna designed for low sidelobes was measured to levels 90 dB below the main beam maximum in both the E - and H -planes. The measured patterns were found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Impact of Foundation Nonlinearity on the Crack Propagation of High Concrete Dams

In the present paper the seismic stability of gravity and arch dams is evaluated under earthquake ground motion considering the foundation nonlinearities. For this purpose, the finite element models of the 103 m Koyna gravity dam and the 203 m Dez arch dam are prepared. A fixed smeared crack model with the Willam-Warnke failure criterion is used for modeling the concrete cracking. Also the elasto-plastic model with the Drucker-Prager yield criterion is used for foundation cracking. Viscous boundary models are used for the far-end areas of the foundation medium to absorb the outgoing waves. It was found that considering the nonlinear foundation model increases the cracked areas on the dam body, especially in the vicinity of the foundation, and reduces the total stability of the coupled system.
Why Understanding the Natural Sinks and Sources of CO2 is Important: A Policy Analysis Perspective

The mechanisms that regulate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the carbon cycle, is an integral part of the analysis of the greenhouse issue. The present understanding of the carbon cycle is inadequate to the purpose of assessing the relationship between future anthropogenic emissions and concentrations of atmospheric CO2. The most important problem is that natural science cannot presently explain the relationship between present and past anthropogenetic emissions and concentrations. Sinks for CO2 are inadequate to explain present and past dispositions of emissions. This deficiency in scientific understanding leads to uncertainty in the analysis of potential future emissions and atmospheric CO2 accumulation, and to uncertainty in the specification of other policy analysis instruments such as global warming potential coefficients.
Using Cloud Storage for NMR Data Distribution.

An approach using Google Groups as method for distributing student-acquired NMR data has been implemented. We describe how to configure NMR spectrometer software so that data is uploaded to a laboratory section specific Google Group, thereby removing bottlenecks associated with printing and processing at the spectrometer workstation. Outside of the laboratory, students access and download their data by going to the appropriate URL, then manipulate their data using a freely available NMR Processing software package. This approach allows us to spend more time with students on the analysis of their data and has led to an increase in the number of NMR spectroscopy-centered experiments in our curriculum, including experiments that require the collective analysis of data. The implementation and challenges of this approach are described, including feedback from students in this course.
Corrigendum to “Influenza vaccine effectiveness among 50–64-year-old persons during a season of poor antigenic match between vaccine and circulating influenza virus strains: Colorado, United States, 2003–2004” [Vaccine 25 (1) (2006) 154–160]

Corrigendum to “Influenza vaccine effectiveness among 50–64-year-old persons during a season of poor antigenic match between vaccine and circulating influenza virus strains: Colorado, United States, 2003–2004” [Vaccine 25 (1) (2006) 154–160] Guillermo A. Herreraa, Marika K. Iwanea,∗, Margaret Cortesea, Cedric Browna, Ken Gershmanb, Alyson Shupeb, Francisco Averhoffa, Sandra S. Chavesa, Paul Gargiulloa, Carolyn B. Bridgesa
Dynamic Effects of a Radar Panel Mounted on a Truss Satellite

Presented here is an approach to find an equivalent continuum model of a radar truss structure with a radar panel mounted to the side. Kinetic and potential energy expressions of repeated truss elements are expanded in terms of the displacement components at its center. Two methods are proposed to account for the kinetic energy of the panel. The first considers the panel as a discrete set of point masses and the second method assumes a solid panel of constant density. Hamilton's principle is used to find the equations of motion for six coordinates of vibration for this structure and the original truss. For the truss-panel assembly, this results in two sets of partial differential equations resembling the extended Timoshenko beam equations. Both Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko formulations are derived and a finite element analysis is presented for comparison. The results are shown to be in good agreement with those of a finite element. The model demonstrates a significant change in the dynamic properties as a result of the panel. In particular, the longitudinal and torsional motions become coupled with the bending coordinates.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Tacrolimus Rescue Therapy for Renal Allograft Rejection

THE EFFICACY of tacrolimus in primary renal transplantation! led us to evaluate this agent for rescue of resistant allograft rejection in 77 patients under primary cyclosporine (CyA)-based immunosuppression, in whom we reported a 74% salvage rate with a l3.9-month followup.2 To evaluate the longevity of the observed effects of tacrolimus rescue, we herein present a report and the long-term follow-up of this group of patients. Between July 14, 1989 and April 16. 1993. 77 patients (44 male, 33 female) with a mean age of 33.3 ± 12.4 years (range 2 to 59 years) failing CyA-based immunosuppression were converted to tacrolimus. Fifty-nine patients (77%) were primary transplant recipients and 18 (23%) had been retransplanted. Fifty-two patients (68%) were recipients of cadaveric grafts and 25 (32%) live donor grafts. All patients considered for tacrolimus conversion had uncontrolled biopsy-proven rejection. Previous antirejection therapy had been administered to all 77 patients in the form of bolus high-dose corticosteroids and 61 (79%) had also received at least one course of an antilymphocyte preparation. Tacrolimus was given at a standard daily dose of 0.3 mglkgld in divided doses every 12 hours starting 12 hours after the last CvA dose. Statistical significance was calculated by Studenfs'{ test or chi-square analysis as appropriate. Successful tacrolimus conversion was defined as a return to baseline serum creatinine (sCr), and/or improvement on postconversion renal allograft biopsy, and/or freedom from dialysis if the patient wa; dialysis dependent at the time of conversion. In our initial report on these 77 patients. we reported successful allograft salvage with tacrolimus conversion in 57 of 77 patients (74%) with a follow-up of 13.9 ± 9.1 months (range 2 to 34 months).2 Of the 57 patients whose grafts were successfully rescued initially. 41'1 (84%) continue to have functioning grafts with a mean sCr of 2.1 ± 0.85 mgldL at a mean follow-up of 41. 9 ± 12.1 months (range 16 to 62 months). There have heen nine late graft losses due to patient death (n = 3; two patients with functioning grafts and I with unknown allograft function). chronic rejection (n = 5). and patient noncompliance (n = I). Of the 18 patients on dialysis at the time of conversion. 9 (50ey). continue to have functioning grafts with a mean sCr of 2.1 mgldL (mean follOW-lip 45.1 ;: 11.9 months). In 61 patients who had received antilymphocytc preparations .. .19 (04r:r) continue to have functioning
A Natural volume-dose histogram for brachytherapy

The most useful formulation of the volume--dose histogram for brachytherapy is one which suppresses inverse square law effects while preserving proportionality between volume and the area under the curve. These objectives are met by plotting the distribution of volume per unit -3/2 power of dose rate versus the -3/2 power of dose rate; such a distribution is constant for a single point source. Adding sources results in the formation of a peak, which provides a graphical indication of dose rate uniformity. Evaluation of other peak parameters such as width, position, and contained volume, in relation to treatment dose rate, permits a quantitative and clinically relevant volume--dose assessment of interstitial implants.
Measuring the mutual diffusion coefficient for dodecyl acrylate in low molecular weight poly(dodecyl acrylate) with laser line deflection (Wiener's method) and the fluorescence of pyrene

Diffusion of small molecules into glassy polymers is quite complicated and almost always non-Fickian. Little work has been done with the diffusion of low molecular weight polymers that are liquids at room temperature (such as poly(dodecyl acrylate)) into their miscible monomers. We have studied three molecular weights under 20 000 to determine if poly(dodecyl acrylate) diffusion into dodecyl acrylate could be treated with Fick's law and if so to determine the values of the diffusion coefficients. We compare two methods for measuring the diffusion of dodecyl acrylate into poly(dodecyl acrylate): We used laser line deflection (Wiener's method) and improved upon the method from published reports. We also used the dependence of pyrene's fluorescence on the viscosity to measure the concentration distribution, and thus to extract the diffusion coefficient. After an initial relaxation period, diffusion in all cases followed Fick's law with a single concentration-independent diffusion coefficient. Comparison of ...
Killer Whale Predation on a Leatherback Turtle in the Northeast Pacific

In November 2001, we observed a herd of killer whales (Orcinus orca) preying upon a leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) off the coast of California. Here we provide details of the event and speculate that oceanic killer whales may have less specialized diets than nearshore populations. We also suggest that killer whale predation should be considered a factor in the recovery of this critically endangered sea turtle.
Different Effects of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor-β on the Two Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptors' Expression in Scleroderma and Healthy Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Previous studies have demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) α receptor expression is up-regulated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in scleroderma dermal fibroblasts, but not in healthy control fibroblasts, We asked whether this selective effect in scleroderma cells was TGF-β1- specific or a general response by studying responses to other growth factors. In this study, we compared the expression of α and β PDGF receptor subunits (mRNA and protein levels) in these two cell types in response to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and TGF-β1 bFGF coordinately stimulated mRNA levels of α and β receptor subunits in healthy fibroblasts, but did not change PDGF receptor expression in scleroderma fibroblasts. Conversely, and in agreement with previous observations, TGF-β1 induced PDGF α receptor expression in scleroderma fibroblasts, but not in healthy fibroblasts. PDGF β receptor mRNA levels were induced to similar degrees by TGF-β1 in both cell types. PDGF α receptor protein levels correlated directly with mRNA levels, induced by bFGF only in healthy fibroblasts and by TGF-β1 only in scleroderma fibroblasts. However, PDGF β receptor protein levels were not altered by either growth factor in either cell type. Thus, the activated, state of scleroderma fibroblasts does not include receptor-signaling pathways to bFGF. This distinct pattern of expression of PDGF α receptors in scleroderma fibroblasts suggests a possible role for the coordinately expressed PDGF AA ligand/α receptor system in the development of fibrosis.
Electrical conductivity and Joule heating of polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube composite fibers

Abstract Carbon nanotube (CNT) can exhibit electrical conductivity and introduce electric current into polymer. Using dry-jet-wet spin technology, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/CNT composite fibers with 15 wt% and 20 wt% of CNT content were fabricated. The electrical conductivity of PAN/CNT fibers was enhanced by the annealing process at different temperatures and changed with time. These fibers could also respond to stretching, and the electrical conductivity decreased by 50% when the elongation reached 3%. In addition, electrical current can induce Joule heating effect and thermally transform PAN/CNT composite fibers. With the application of various electrical currents up to 7 mA at a fixed length, conductivity was enhanced from around 25 S/m to higher than 800 S/m, and composite fibers were stabilized in air. The temperature of composite fibers can increase from room temperature to several hundreds of degree Celsius measured by an infra-red (IR) microscope. Joule heating effect can also be estimated according to one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer equation, which reveals the temperature can be high enough to stabilize or carbonize fibers. As a result, this research provides a new idea of heating fabrics for thermal regulation, and a new approach for stabilizing and carbonizing PAN-based carbon fibers.
Effects of Fiber Geometry on Energy Absorption of Arched Composites

This article presents the effects of fiber geometry on the energy absorption capability of arched composites. Composite arches with different fiber constructions, i.e., laminated and woven, and different fiber orientations, i.e., large angle (908) and small angle (158) between adjacent layers (for laminated) and between strands (for woven), were fabricated with a VARTM technique and centrally impacted at low velocities. It was found that both fiber construction and fiber orientation played important roles in the damage process. Composite arches with a large angle between adjacent layers and strands suffered delamination and fiber breakage during the buckling—post-buckling process while composite arches with a small angle between adjacent layers and strands suffered fiber bridging during the progressive damage process. Although the larger-angle composite arches absorbed more energy than the small-angle counterparts, the former experienced catastrophic damage after maximum impact while the latter retained s...
Semiconductor manufacturing for clean energy economy

Global use of solar energy and wind energy will provide clean energy for sustainable global economic growth. The use of photovoltaic systems for DC power generation and the delivery and the utilization of DC power will bring revolution in energy field by providing ultra-low-cost clean energy to rich and poor all over the world. Ultra large scale manufacturing of PV modules coupled with wide band gap (notably SiC and GaN) based semiconductor manufacturing will enable the DC power production, delivery and utilization in a manner similar to what silicon semiconductor manufacturing has done in enabling the information revolution.. In this paper we have described the current status of photovoltaic (PV) module manufacturing and WBG based semiconductor manufacturing and provided directions for future R& D and commercialization that will lead to sustainable global economic growth of clean energy economy.
Loss of the chromatin regulator MRG15 limits neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation via increased expression of the p21 Cdk inhibitor

Chromatin regulation is crucial for many biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair. We have found that it is also important for neural stem/progenitor cell (NSC) function and neurogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is specifically up-regulated in Mrg15 deficient NSCs. Knockdown of p21 expression by p21 shRNA results in restoration of cell proliferation. This indicates that p21 is directly involved in the growth defects observed in Mrg15 deficient NSCs. Activated p53 accumulates in Mrg15 deficient NSCs and this most likely accounts for the up-regulation of p21 expression in the cells. We observed decreased p53 and p21 levels and a concomitant increase in the percentage of BrdU positive cells in Mrg15 null cultures following expression of p53 shRNA. DNA damage foci, as indicated by immunostaining for γH2AX and 53BP1, are detectable in a sub-population of Mrg15 deficient NSC cultures under normal growing conditions and the majority of p21-positive cells are also positive for 53BP1 foci. Furthermore, Mrg15 deficient NSCs exhibit severe defects in DNA damage response following ionizing radiation. Our observations highlight the importance of chromatin regulation and DNA damage response in NSC function and maintenance.
Neurotrophic protein S100 beta stimulates glial cell proliferation.

Abstract Nervous system development involves a coordinated series of events, including regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by specific extracellular factors. S100 beta is a neurotrophic protein that has been implicated in regulation of cellular proliferation, but direct evidence was lacking. In this report, nanomolar concentrations of S100 beta are shown to stimulate proliferation of rat C6 glioma cells and primary astrocytes. An S100 mutant with a single amino acid change was inactive. S100 beta also stimulated increases in the steady-state levels of c-myc and c-fos protooncogene mRNAs and complemented the effects of platelet-derived growth factor. Two neuroblastoma cell lines did not proliferate in response to S100 beta, suggesting that the mitogenic activity of S100 beta is selective for astroglial cells. These results suggest that S100 beta may be involved in the coordinate development and maintenance of the central nervous system by synchronously stimulating the differentiation of neurons and the proliferation of astroglia.
The pattern dependence of selectivity in low pressure selective epitaxial silicon growth

The dependence of selectivity on HC1 flow and operating pressure for an 850° C SiH2Cl2/ HC1 based SEG process has been investigated. The polysilicon nuclei density (#/cm2 measured by optical microscope) on large unpatterned areas of deposited SiO2 was used to quantify the selectivity of different process conditions. Three distinct selectivity regimes were identified: (a) a non-selective regime with >106 nuclei/cm2, (b) a pattern dependent regime with <106 nuclei/cm2, and (c) an intrinsically selective regime with <1 nuclei/cm2. The intermediate, pattern dependent, selectivity regime was characterized by a much lower density of silicon nuclei in and around patterned areas where windows of Si are exposed, thus making a loss of selectivity more difficult to detect. This phenomenon is shown to arise from feature scale (<100 micron) lateral fluxes of gas phase species. An intrinsically selective regime suitable for VLSI manufacturing, which avoids the high nuclei density associated with the pattern dependent regime, is identified.
Frog cerebellum: bilogical basis for a computer model

Abstract Quantitative morphological and functional bases are given for an analog computer model of the frog cerebellar cortex. The model is based on actual neuronal counts and takes into consideration the three main types of neurons in the cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cells, granule cells, and stellate cells) and the two cerebellar afferent systems (mossy and climbing fibers). Physiologically the responses of mossy fibers and Purkinje cells are defined as observed following physiological stimulation of the vestibular system by means of rotative angular acceleration.
Development and use of selected chrysanthemum cultivars by Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Development and survival of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) on five cultivars of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandifora Tzvelev, were evaluated. Two laboratory trials, initiated on 4- and 6-wk-old plants, were conducted on ‘Dark Chip’, ‘Hoof Lane’, ‘Pink Marble’, ‘Statesman’, and ‘Westland Snow’. Regardless of plant age, survival was highest on ‘Dark Chip’ and lowest on ‘Hoof Lane’ and ‘Pink Marble’. Significant differences in developmental time and pupal weight were found among the cultivars. Total developmental time (egg eclosion to adult emergence) on 4-wk-old plants was ≈6 d longer for larvae fed ‘Hoof Lane’ compared with ‘Dark Chip’. Furthermore, development on 6-wk-old plants was lengthened ≈8 d for individuals fed ‘Statesman’ and ‘Westland Snow’ and 2.5 d for larvae fed ‘Dark Chip’. In addition to protracted development, pupal weight was significantly lower for individuals reared on ‘Hoof Lane’. Significant differences in both percentage moisture and total nitrogen were found among the five cultivars. These differences, however, were not consistent with host suitability. The differential performance of S. exigua among the five cultivars underscores the potential of host-plant resistance in commercial chrysanthemum production.
The Search for A,otonatendïe

Equivocal clues in the Jesuit Relations and the few other historical documents relating to A,otonatendie, an important, but short-lived, mid-17th-century, inter-tribal, anti-Iroquois coalition beyond “the Great Lake of the Hurons,” are now supplemented by archaeological evidence at Rock Island at the mouth of Green Bay in Door County, Wisconsin, suggesting a positive resolution to uncertainty about its location.