cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gibberellin on the Growth and Flowering of Intact and Decotylized Dwarf Peas

THE numerous commercial varieties of garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) are categorized, by their habits of flowering, into two groups defined by distinctly different responses to low temperature and photoperiod. The ‘late’ varieties typically flower above the fifteenth node, require approximately 6–7 weeks to attain anthesis, respond to photoperiod as quantitative long-day plants, and are vernalizable. In contrast, the ‘early’ varieties typically flower at the ninth or tenth node above the cotyledons, require approximately 4 to 5 weeks to attain anthesis, behave as day-neutral plants, and are not vernalizable. Pea varieties are also classifiable as ‘dwarf’ or ‘tall’ on the basis of vegetative growth characteristics.
Probing cellular protein targets of H2O2 with fluorescein-conjugated iodoacetamide and antibodies to fluorescein

Recent studies suggest that H2O2, at subtoxic concentrations generated in response to the activation of a variety of cell surface receptors, functions as an intracellular messenger. However, the intracellular targets of H2O2 action have not been identified. A procedure to detect proteins with reactive cysteine residues susceptible to oxidation by intracellularly generated H2O2 is now described. This approach is based on the labeling of proteinaceous cysteine with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein at pH 5.5 and immunoblot analysis of the labeled proteins with antibodies specific to fluorescein. With this procedure, many proteins in human A431 cells were shown to contain reactive cysteines and to be readily oxidized by H2O2 generated in response to cellular stimulation with epidermal growth factor. One of these H2O2-sensitive proteins was identified as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.
Analysis of Dicamba Degradation by Pseudomonas maltophilia Using High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis

A method based on high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) was developed for the simultaneous analysis of dicamba and its metabolites in media containing the bacterium Pseudomonas maltophilia. Dicamba, 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA), and related products were extracted from media samples using ether under acidic conditions and injected onto an HPCE system containing a pH 10.0 running buffer. Baseline resolution between these compounds was obtained at 30 kV with a total run time of 6 min on a 50-μm i.d. × 50-cm capillary. The linear range for dicamba and DCSA detected at 274 nm extended from 0 to 100 mg/liter and the dynamic range for both compounds extended to 2000 mg/liter. The within-run precision was ±5% or less throughout the entire concentration range studied. The limits of detection for dicamba and DCSA in the media samples were 6 and 2 mg/liter. This corresponded to detection limits of 0.3 and 0.1 ng, respectively, in the injected extracts. With this method it was possible to conduct preliminary studies examining the kinetics of dicamba metabolism in P. maltophilia.
Memory and blood pressure in the aged.

Abstract Memory loss, as measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, was examined as a function of diastolic blood pressure during a 6.5-year follow-up period among individuals initially tested in their 60's. On the initial testing, memory was not related to blood pressure. At the end of the follow-up period, the hypertensives showed greater impairment in memory for nonverbal material involving time limits and a psychomotor component than did their age peers with normotensive and borderline elevations of blood pressure. The hypertensives' poor performance, however, was found only on specific sub-task items and appeared not to be influenced by item difficulty alone but rather by other performance factors such as difficulty in deciding what to do, understanding test instructions, or state anxiety associated with the testing situation. Memory for highly meaningful verbal material was not related to blood pressure.
Geomagnetic storm time studies using Digisonde data

Abstract The initial, main and recovery stages of three magnetic storms that occurred during March 1990, June 1991 and November 1993 are discussed in terms of the response of the ionosphere as measured by Digisondes in the polar, high latitude and equatorial regions. The results show that during increased geomagnetic activity, convection velocities at high latitudes and polar regions increase, while during the main phase of intense storms the E×B vertical drift in the equatorial region is reduced. Comparison of the three storm periods indicites seasonal differences in the response of the ionosphere to increased magnetic activity.
Multiple Sclerosis: Immunotherapy.

Given our current knowledge, there is a need for the early institution of immunomodulatory therapy, especially for patients with poor prognostic factors (motor and cerebellar symptoms, frequent disease exacerbations, and a high level of activity on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Patients who progress despite immunomodulatory therapy should be reevaluated in terms of diagnosis, development of neutralizing antibodies, or compliance. If a patient has a partial response to immunomodulatory therapy but his or her disease, as assessed by clinical and MRI criteria, remains very active, every effort should be made to modify disease progression by searching for an immunosuppressive therapy regimen before irreversible and considerable disability has accumulated. For the majority of patients, multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition. Therefore, until a curative treatment has been developed, the available repertoire of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory treatments should be assessed with respect to the possibility of long-term use. This is particularly important for new immunosuppressive drugs, such as cladribine or mitoxantrone, or for invasive procedures, such as total lymphoid irradiation or autologous bone marrow transplantation. For the latter treatments, experience with long-term administration is not available or the potential side effects (eg, cardiotoxicity with mitoxantrone) limit the cumulative dose. These considerations may limit long-term administration and thus the general usefulness of some drugs. Even with proven efficacy, we need to define the next step once treatment has to be discontinued. We should also address whether exacerbating disease by discontinuing an effective therapy is a potential hazard. What other therapeutic options remain once the current treatment is discontinued? Answers are not readily available at the moment, but the question should influence our decisions in the selection of traditional, well-studied or new, potentially promising therapies.
Video signal signature synthesis fast data transmission over narrow bandwidth channels

A standard NTSC television video raster image digitized with a 10 MHz sample clock, results in 333, 375 pixels per frame (one frame = two interleaved fields). To send this amount of digital data, uncompressed, over a KHz bandwidth telephone line at a 2400 BAUD rate using ASCII data format requires over 25 minutes of time. The same uncompressed video image can be transmitted over the same 4 Khz bandwidth channel using video signal signature synthesis in a little more than a minute with virtually no loss of image quality.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SAGA and Rpd3 Chromatin Modification Complexes Dynamically Regulate Heat Shock Gene Structure and Expression

The chromatin structure of heat shock protein (HSP)-encoding genes undergoes dramatic alterations upon transcriptional induction, including, in extreme cases, domain-wide nucleosome disassembly. Here, we use a combination of gene knock-out, in situ mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and expression assays to investigate the role of histone modification complexes in regulating heat shock gene structure and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two histone acetyltransferases, Gcn5 and Esa1, were found to stimulate HSP gene transcription. A detailed chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the Gcn5-containing SAGA complex (signified by Spt3) revealed its presence within the promoter of every heat shock factor 1-regulated gene examined. The occupancy of SAGA increased substantially upon heat shock, peaking at several HSP promoters within 30-45 s of temperature upshift. SAGA was also efficiently recruited to the coding regions of certain HSP genes (where its presence mirrored that of pol II), although not at others. Robust and rapid recruitment of repressive, Rpd3-containing histone deacetylase complexes was also seen and at all HSP genes examined. A detailed analysis of HSP82 revealed that both Rpd3(L) and Rpd3(S) complexes (signified by Sap30 and Rco1, respectively) were recruited to the gene promoter, yet only Rpd3(S) was recruited to its open reading frame. A consensus URS1 cis-element facilitated the recruitment of each Rpd3 complex to the HSP82 promoter, and this correlated with targeted deacetylation of promoter nucleosomes. Collectively, our observations reveal that SAGA and Rpd3 complexes are rapidly and synchronously recruited to heat shock factor 1-activated genes and suggest that their opposing activities modulate heat shock gene chromatin structure and fine-tune transcriptional output.
Soma–germline interactions coordinate homeostasis and growth in the Drosophila gonad

The ability of organs such as the liver or the lymphoid system to maintain their original size or regain it after injury is well documented. However, little is known about how these organs sense that equilibrium is breached, and how they cease changing when homeostasis is reached. Similarly, it remains unclear how, during normal development, different cell types within an organ coordinate their growth. Here we show that during gonad development in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster the proliferation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and survival of the somatic intermingled cells (ICs) that contact them are coordinated by means of a feedback mechanism composed of a positive signal and a negative signal. PGCs express the EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand Spitz, which is required for IC survival. In turn, ICs inhibit PGC proliferation. Thus, homeostasis and coordination of growth between soma and germ line in the larval ovary is achieved by using a sensor of PGC numbers (EGFR-mediated survival of ICs) coupled to a correction mechanism inhibiting PGC proliferation. This feedback loop ensures that sufficient numbers of PGCs exist to fill all the stem-cell niches that form at the end of larval development. We propose that similar feedback mechanisms might be generally used for coordinated growth, regeneration and homeostasis.
Effect of perception of corruption on outward US Foreign Direct Investment

US Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) outflows are examined with respect to the level of corruption – in the form of bribery – in 42 recipient countries over a five-year period. Analysis indicates that US firms are less likely to invest in countries where bribery, as measured by the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), is widespread. However, the size of the foreign market is found to be a more robust factor determining US outward investment, with larger economies attracting more investment. The level of bribery, while significant by itself, loses its importance when included with other economic and cultural variables. The findings are discussed in the context of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which makes it illegal for US firms to bribe foreign officials to obtain business advantages.
Magnetic-field-induced optical anisotropy in ferrofluids: A time-dependent light-scattering investigation

We report an experimental investigation of time dependent anisotropic light scattering by an aqueous suspension of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide coated ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ nanoparticles $(\ensuremath{\sim}6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ under the ON-OFF transient of an external dc magnetic field. The study employs the synchronized recording and measurement of the two magnetic-field-induced light-scattering patterns produced by two identical orthogonal He-Ne laser beams passing through the ferrofluid sample and propagating parallel and perpendicular to the applied field, respectively. From these patterns, we extract the time dependence of the induced optical anisotropy, which provides a measure of the characteristic time scale and kinematic response for field-induced structure formation in the sample. We propose that the time evolution of the scattering patterns, which is very fast at short times and significantly slower at long times, can be explained using a model based on a two-stage chain formation and coarsening processes.
Early Adolescents’ Social Standing in Peer Groups: Behavioral Correlates of Stability and Change

Sociometric nominations, social cognitive maps, and self-report questionnaires were completed in consecutive years by 327 students (56% girls) followed longitudinally from grade 7 to grade 8 to examine the stability of social standing in peer groups and correlates of changes in social standing. Social preference, perceived popularity, network centrality, and leadership were moderately stable from grade 7 to grade 8. Alcohol use and relational aggression in grade 7 predicted changes in social preference and centrality, respectively, between grade 7 and grade 8, but these effects were moderated by gender and ethnicity. Changes in social standing from grade 7 to grade 8 were unrelated to grade 8 physical aggression, relational aggression, and alcohol use after controlling for the grade 7 corollaries of these behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding links between social standing and problem behaviors during adolescence.
Study the Coefficient of Energy Transfer from Hammer to Pile Driven in Two Layers Foundation Base, Pile Bearing Side Friction q1#q2 Pile Bottom Encounters Constant Resistance

This paper consider the collision of hammer to pile driven into two layers foundation base, piles bearing side friction q1 ≠ q2, applies the theoretical basis of longitudinal collision of elastic bars and method of wave propaganda DAlember, determine the velocity of pile heads in the time interval, compress work of elastic buffering on pile head, from the calculation of coefficient of energy transfer from hammer to pile, choosing pile head buffering and hammer heads according to the coefficient of energy transfer calculated.
The Application of Linear Servo Theory to the Design of AGC Loops

An analytical technique for designing automatic gain control (AGC) circuits is presented. This technique is directly applicable to high-gain high-performance radio receiving equipment. Use of this technique permits the designer to specify the performance of the AGC system completely with respect to step changes in signal level, ramp changes in signal level, frequency response, receiver gain error as a function of receiver noise, etc., before the receiver is constructed and tested. When used in conjunction with the statistical filter theory the technique has been used to synthesize optimal AGC systems when the characteristics of the signal and noise are appropriately defined. The mathematical derivation of the closed-loop equations is presented. The resulting expressions are simple and easy to understand by anyone acquainted with linear servo theory. Furthermore, the underlying assumptions used in theory have been tested experimentally, and the close agreement between theory and experiment attests the usefulness of the design technique.
The College Placement Office and Small Business: Building A Linkage

College placement counselors face a tight employment market for their graduates when considering the reduced hiring taking place at most major corporations. The results of this study indicate that small businesses offer new job opportunities for graduates if colleges create good relationships with them.
Polymer dimensions in good solvents: crossover from semidilute to concentrated solutions.

Using small-angle neutron scattering, we studied the variation of the polymer radius of gyration (${R}_{g}$) as a function of polymer concentration ($\ensuremath{\phi}$) for solutions of a flexible-chain poly(methyl methacrylate) in chloroform. We observed for the first time a distinct crossover between swollen coils in the semidilute regime, where ${R}_{g}^{2}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{\ensuremath{-}0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03}$, and unperturbed coils in the concentrated regime, where ${R}_{g}$ is independent on concentration. The crossover occurs at ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{\ifmmode\ddagger\else\textdaggerdbl\fi{}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.15$, a value that agrees reasonably well with ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{\ifmmode\ddagger\else\textdaggerdbl\fi{}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.035$, estimated with a scaling relationship between ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{\ifmmode\ddagger\else\textdaggerdbl\fi{}}$ and the coil overlap concentration ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{*}$.
Barriers to screening sexually active adolescent women for chlamydia: a survey of primary care physicians.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the proportion of primary care physicians who screen sexually active teenage women for chlamydia and to determine demographic factors, practice characteristics, and attitudes associated with chlamydia screening. Methods: We obtained a random sample of 1600 Pennsylvania physicians from the American Medical Association masterfile, stratified to include at least 40% women and equal numbers of family physicians, internists, obstetricians/gynecologists, and pediatricians. In January 1998, physicians received mailed questionnaires; nonrespondents received two follow-up mailings. Physician characteristics associated with chlamydia screening were determined using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Results: Only one-third of physicians responded that they would screen asymptomatic, sexually active teenage women for chlamydia during a routine gynecologic examination. In multivariate analysis, physicians were significantly ( p Conclusions: A majority of physicians do not adhere to recommended chlamydia screening practices for teenage women. Interventions to improve chlamydia screening might target physicians who are male, in private practice, or who practice in rural areas, and should focus on increasing awareness of the prevalence of chlamydia and benefits of screening.
Supplemental calcium does not improve growth of salt-stressed brassicas

Whole plant and callus cultures of different rapid-cycling Brassica species were treated with salinity (8dS m−1) and/or supplemental Ca (up to 10 mM total concentration). None of these cultures responded to supplemental Ca with improved growth indicating that the salt tolerance of these genotypes was not dependent upon Ca.
Hydrologic provinces of Mars: Physiographic controls on drainage and ponding

This chapter examines the physiographic controls of planet-wide drainage and storage of water on the surface as lakes and ponds. Hydrogeomorphologic provinces are described as regional watersheds defined by topographic divides and terminal basins or low-elevation outlets. Sparse dendritic drainage patterns viewed on Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter images provided some evidence of possible rainfall on the surface of Mars, but many investigators of that time preferred groundwater sources for most of the channels. Vast catastrophic outflows would fill a northern ocean and support a brief period of wet Mars with a hydraulic cycle including the growth of glaciers and rainfall. As the possibility of a wetter Mars grows, so does the possibility of extensive glacial action. As another possible mechanism for significant water at the surface, periodic climate change is proposed as a consequence of periodic shifts of Mars obliquity. A groundwater source, either by groundwater effluence or thawing of permafrost, is evidenced by large outflow channels associated by chaotic terrain. The chaos is created by the withdrawal of large amounts of groundwater and the subsequent collapse of the overlying terrain. Compaction by the weight of overlying sediment in depositional centers or emplacement of volcanic material on saturated regolith may be expected to produce a pressure drive to force connate water to the surface as seeps and springs around the edge of sedimentary basins.
Plant nutrient flow in the managed pathways of an intensive dairy farm.

(...) Nutrient flow in the managed pathways of a Pennsylvania dairy farm was measured at farm, field, and livestock unit boundaries using on-farm equipment scales, farm records, and material sampling and analysis. Farm nutrient inputs of N, P, and K were twofold or more greater than outputs of these nutrients in the managed pathways. The temporal distribution of flows was closely related to the livestock activities on the farm (...)
A Combined Endovascular and Open Reverse Hybrid Technique for Repair of Complex Juxtarenal Inflammatory Aortic Aneurysms

Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms (IAAA) can present significant challenges to surgeons, especially in the juxtarenal location where they may not be amenable to endovascular repair. The dense, inflammatory component of these lesions can encase adjacent structures including the duodenum, ureters, and inferior vena cava putting them at risk for injury during open exposure. We report a novel ‘‘reverse hybrid’’ technique using a combined endovascular and open approach for repair of large, juxtarenal IAAA’s.
Adolescents' Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Peer Relations Sex Differences in Popularity, Perceived Social Competence, and Social Cognitive Skills

Theorists have suggested that adolescents'same-sex peer relations are related to their opposite-sex peer relations. To test this hypothesis, 112 tenth graders were asked to complete sociometric ratings, a perceived social competence questionnaire, and a questionnaire designed to measure empathic perspective-taking and idiosyncratic strategy use. Results indicated that there was a relation between same-sex and opposite-sex measures, but there were sex and target differences. Both same-sex and opposite-sex popularity were more strongly related for boys than for girls. Compared to boys, girls indicated greater empathic perspective taking in their same-sex peer relations, but there was no sex difference for empathic perspective taking in the subjects' opposite-sex peer relations. Compared to girls, boys were more idiosyncratic in their ranking of the effectiveness of the strategies. Finally, popularity and perceived social competence was more strongly related for girls than for boys.
Foreign Policy and East Asia: Learning and Adaptation in the Gorbachev Era

1. Introduction 2. Learning, adaptation, and foreign policy change 3. Learning and adaptation in the historical context 4. The People's Republic of China 5. Japan 6. The Korean peninsula 7. Learning and security in the Asian-Pacific region 8. Conclusion: Soviet foreign policy learning.
Politicians and Social Movements: The Impact of Electoral Victory on Local, National, and Transnational Activism by Hmong Americans in Minneapolis–St. Paul

Political opportunity theory predicts that increased access to the political system benefits social movements by disadvantaged groups. To test this prediction, this paper evaluates the impact of two elected Hmong American officials on social movement campaigns in their community during their time in office. Content analysis of newspaper reports is used to (i) create a sample of nine local, national, and transnational social movement campaigns in the community; and (ii) determine in which of four possible ways the elected officials supported the campaigns: favorable media interviews, speeches at events, event organization, and legislation initiation. Only the two transnational campaigns which mobilized the entire community received all four types of support. The paper concludes that elected officials, even former activists from an ethnic minority community, carefully select the causes they will fully support. After electoral victory, social movements must still actively engage sympathetic politicians in or...
The Small Sample Behavior of Some Statistics Which Test the Equality of Several Means

Four statistics which may be used to test the equality of population means are com-pared with respect to their robustness under heteroscedasticity, their power, and the overlap of their critical regions. The four are: the ANOVA F-statistic; a modified F which has the same numerator as the ANOVA but an altered denominator; and two similar statistics proposed by Welch and James which differ primarily in their approximations for their critical values. The critical values proposed by Welch are a better approximation for small sample sizes than that proposed by James. Both Welch's statistic and the modified F are robust under the inequality of variances. The choice between them depends upon the magnitude of the means and their standard errors. When the population variances are equal, the critical region of the modified F more closely approximates that of the ANOVA than does Welch's.
Bcl-2 prevents Bax oligomerization in the mitochondrial outer membrane.

ATP depletion results in Bax translocation from cytosol to mitochondria and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol in cultured kidney cells. Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevents cytochrome c release, without ameliorating ATP depletion or Bax translocation, with little or no association between Bcl-2 and Bax as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation (Saikumar, P., Dong, Z., Patel, Y., Hall, K., Hopfer, U., Weinberg, J. M., and Venkatachalam, M. A. (1998) Oncogene 17, 3401–3415). Now we show that translocated Bax forms homo-oligomeric structures, stabilized as chemical adducts by bifunctional cross-linkers in ATP-depleted wild type cells, but remains monomeric in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells. The protective effects of Bcl-2 did not require Bcl-2/Bax association, at least to a degree of proximity or affinity that was stable to conditions of immunoprecipitation or adduct formation by eight cross-linkers of diverse spacer lengths and chemical reactivities. On the other hand, nonionic detergents readily induced homodimers and heterodimers of Bax and Bcl-2. Moreover, associations between translocated Bax and the voltage-dependent anion channel protein or the adenine nucleotide translocator protein could not be demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of Bax, or by using bifunctional cross-linkers. Our data suggest that the in vivo actions of Bax are at least in part dependent on the formation of homo-oligomers without requiring associations with other molecules and that Bcl-2 cytoprotection involves mechanisms that prevent Bax oligomerization.
CT Perfusion Mean Transit Time Maps Optimally Distinguish Benign Oligemia from True “At-Risk” Ischemic Penumbra, but Thresholds Vary by Postprocessing Technique

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Various CTP parameters have been used to identify ischemic penumbra. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal CTP parameter and threshold to distinguish true “at-risk” penumbra from benign oligemia in acute stroke patients without reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive stroke patients were screened and 23 met the following criteria: 1) admission scanning within 9 hours of onset, 2) CTA confirmation of large vessel occlusion, 3) no late clinical or radiographic evidence of reperfusion, 4) no thrombolytic therapy, 5) DWI imaging within 3 hours of CTP, and 6) either CT or MR follow-up imaging. CTP was postprocessed with commercial software packages, using standard and delay-corrected deconvolution algorithms. Relative cerebral blood flow, volume, and mean transit time (rCBF, rCBV and rMTT) values were obtained by normalization to the uninvolved hemisphere. The admission DWI and final infarct were transposed onto the CTP maps and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine optimal thresholds for each perfusion parameter in defining penumbra destined to infarct. RESULTS: Relative and absolute MTT identified penumbra destined to infarct more accurately than CBF or CBV*CBF (P CONCLUSIONS: Appropriately thresholded absolute and relative MTT-CTP maps optimally distinguish “at-risk” penumbra from benign oligemia in acute stroke patients with large-vessel occlusion and no reperfusion. The precise threshold values may vary, however, depending on the postprocessing technique used for CTP map construction.
Controlled delivery of inductive proteins, plasmid DNA and cells from tissue engineering matrices

It has been estimated that half the annual health care budget in the United States is spent on patients suffering from tissue loss and late stage organ failure. Critical limitations inherent in traditional therapies call for novel tissue and organ replacement strategies. This paper discusses development of biomaterials for conductive, inductive and cell-based tissue replacement strategies. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds can be used as space-filling matrices for tissue development and barriers to migration of epithelial cells in tissue conductive approaches. Inductive approaches involve sustained delivery of bioactive factors, such as protein growth factors and DNA, to alter cell function in localized regions. Factors can be released from highly porous polymer scaffolds to allow factor delivery and tissue development to occur in concert. Cell-based approaches involve seeding of cells onto polymeric scaffolds in vitro and subsequent transplantation of the scaffold. New scaffold materials are being developed that address specific tissue engineering design requirements, and in some cases attempt to mimic natural extracellular matrices. These strategies together offer the possibility of predictably forming specific tissue structures, and may provide solutions to problems such as periodontal ligament detachment, alveolar bone resorption and furcation defects.
Evaluation of controller tools for conducting MLS curved approaches to New York's JFK Airport

The authors describe the simulation and evaluation of an automation aid for helping air traffic controllers deal with aircraft that might fly MLS (microwave landing system) curved approaches to John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in New York. In the scenario studied, aircraft with appropriate MLS equipment would fly a curved approach to JFK's runway 13R, while other aircraft would fly the currently used straight-in ILS (instrument landing system) approach to parallel runway 13L. To deal with the possible case of an MLS aircraft that blunders toward the ILS path, this scenario requires controllers to maintain an appropriate stagger between aircraft on the two approaches. The automation aid investigated is a projected image of the controller's display. Controllers from the New York Terminal Radar Approach Control Facility have participated in simulated traffic scenarios to evaluate this aid. Initial observations are given. >
Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights.

The global burdens of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity are rising, producing enormous losses of life and disability-adjusted life-years in both developed and developing nations.1 Most of these burdens are preventable and are occurring at unnecessarily younger ages, largely owing to suboptimal lifestyle, which includes poor diet quality, excess caloric intake, physical inactivity, and smoking.2,–,5 Worldwide, striking differences in dietary habits and rates of chronic diseases exist. The identification and targeting of dietary factors with the greatest potential for reducing CVD, DM, and obesity are of major scientific and public health importance. The science of diet and chronic disease is relatively young, spanning perhaps only half a century.6 New advances offer substantial evidence from complementary research paradigms on cardiometabolic effects of specific dietary factors. Several recent evidence-based reviews conducted in conjunction with national and international policy-making efforts provide the context for the present report. The need to prioritize selected foods and overall dietary patterns rather than only individual nutrients, the relevance of carbohydrate and fat quality as well as quantity, the effects and policy implications of sodium consumption, the importance of energy balance, and the role of dietary supplements represent several key findings of interest. Evidence-based insights into successful individual and public health strategies for behavior change are also addressed. Overall, the present report is intended to provide a useful framework for health practitioners and policy makers to understand contemporary issues related to the effects of diet on CVD. Evidence for effects of dietary factors on cardiometabolic health was reviewed, often derived from recent comprehensive reviews performed for policy-making or similar activities, including those of the American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 Impact Goals Committee (D.M., L.J.A.),7 the AHA Nutrition Committee (D.M., L.J.A., L.V.H.),8,9 the …
Fever in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Twenty patients with acute myelocytic leukemia were observed over a period of 16.5 patient years in an attempt to identify any relationship between fever, granulocytopenia (<1000 gran ulocytes/μl), infection, and disease status. An infectious origin for fever in association with gran ulocytopenia could be established in the majority of instances during the induction of remission and during relapse. This finding differs from what has been previously noted in children with the more common form of leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Inhibin in the Hen

The role of the gonadal hormone inhibin has not been extensively examined in the hen. A bovine radioimmunoassay kit has been used to assess plasma levels of immunoreactive inhibin throughout the ovulatory cycle, in response to follicle removal, and after stimulation of follicle growth. Homologous chicken radioimmunoassays for luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were used to assay plasma gonadotropins. No significant peak of immunoreactive inhibin was detected throughout the ovulatory cycle in spite of a preovulatory surge of LH. Removal of preovulatory follicles caused a decrease of plasma immunoreactive inhibin whereas stimulation of follicle growth with equine chorionic gonadotropin increased plasma immunoreactive inhibin levels. Associated with the fall in inhibin level upon follicle removal is an acute rise in FSH with no concomitant change in LH.
Alcohols, ethers, carbohydrates, and related compounds. IV. carbohydrates†

Ab initio calculations [B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p)] have been carried out on 84 conformations of 12 different sugars (hexoses), in both pyranose and furanose forms, with the idea of generating a data base for carbohydrate structural energies that may be used for developing the predictive value of molecular mechanics calculations for carbohydrates. The average value for the apparent gas phase anomeric effect for a series of 31 pairs of pyranose conformations was found to be 1.83 kcal/mol (vs. 2.67 kcal/mol with a smaller basis set used in earlier calculations). In developing MM4 to reproduce these data, it was necessary first to have good energies for simple alcohols and ethers, together with an adequate treatment of hydrogen bonding, and then to include the anomeric effect, and the ethylene glycol type system, as was previously recognized. It was also found that the so-called delta-2 effect, long recognized in carbohydrates, must be explicitly included, in order to obtain acceptable results. When a force field that included all of these items as developed from the small molecules based on the MM4 hydrocarbon force field was applied without any parameter adjustment to the set of hexopyranose and furanose conformations mentioned earlier, the Eβ − Eα was found to have an average value of 1.88 kcal/mol, versus 1.74 for the quantum calculations. The signed average and RMS deviations of the MM4 from the QM results were +0.15 and 0.87 kcal/mol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 1504–1513, 2003
Limited access testing: IEEE 1149.4-instrumentation and methods

The IEEE 1149.4 standard is now poised for inclusion in a new generation of products. Successful application of this important new standard will depend on the availability of supporting methods and instrumentation. While the standard supplies a common architecture, the test engineer must now supply both method and instrumentation. This paper describes proven instrumentation concepts used to demonstrate IEEE 1149.4 measurements on the MEI test chip. Additionally, the paper discusses how current-stimulus and voltage-measurement techniques can be used to diagnose faulty components in medium sized networks of 75 to 150 components. IEEE 1149.4 tests can be automatically generated rather than hand crafted as in functional testing. Unlike digital resting, the technique does not use fault models. Correct operation is found by examining the deviation from nominal performance, greatly simplifying the test development task.
Impact of post-radiation biopsies on development of fistulae in patients with cervical cancer.

Abstract Objective In the post-radiation patient, late vascular sequelae and fibrosis predispose women to poor tissue healing, such that small tissue injuries could theoretically evolve into much larger ones such as fistulae. We sought to determine if a correlation exists between invasive procedures such as post-treatment biopsies and the subsequent development of gynecologic fistulae. Methods A retrospective review was performed evaluating all patients treated for cervical cancer at our institution between 1997 and 2010. Biopsies or pelvic surgeries were included if performed within the radiated field, and evaluated in a multivariate predictive model for development of gynecologic fistulae. Results Out of 325 total patients, 27 patients with fistulae were identified (8.2%). 14 fistulae (51.9%) were considered toxicity-related, 6 (22.2%) resulted from primary disease, and 7 (25.9%) were attributable to recurrent disease. Eighty-nine patients underwent an invasive procedure (55 biopsies and 34 pelvic surgeries). Recurrent and/or residual cancer was found in 28 (31.5%) specimens, and of the 61 patients who underwent an invasive procedure and were not found to have evidence of recurrent disease, 9 (14.8%) subsequently developed a fistula at a median 3.08months. An elevated dose of radiation to the rectum (OR 1.001 for dose >72Gy, p =0.0005), advancing tumor stage (OR 5.38 for stage III, OR 10.47 for stage IV, p =0.0288), and a post-radiation biopsy (OR 5.27, p =0.013) were significantly associated with fistula development. Conclusions Performing a biopsy in an irradiated field is associated with a relatively low yield and significantly contributes to the risk for fistula development.
Dielectric classification of D -and L -amino acids by thermal and analytical methods

Dielectric analysis (DEA), supported by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) and photomicrography, reveal the chiral difference in the amino acids. The acids are classified as dielectric materials based on their structure, relating chirality to the vector sum of the average dipole moment, composed of the constant optical (electronic) and infra-red (atomic) polarizabilities, as well as dipole orientation. This study encompasses 14 L-and D-amino acid isomers. Physical properties recorded include AC electrical conductivity, charge transfer complexes, melting, recrystallization, amorphous and crystalline phases, and relaxation spectra, activation energies and polarization times for the electrical charging process.
Mission to Planet Mars

Traditionally, Mars mission plans include long-duration human surface stays. The “Mission to Planet Mars” (MTPM) concept contends that human surface visitation is nonessential to achieving exceptional results from an initial human mission to Mars, and that humans operating from Mars orbit could achieve more exploration and science, more safely, affordably, and sooner. This premise reflects accelerating trends in technological capabilities which are essential to the proposed mission concept, and increasing public acceptance of the idea that direct physical presence is non-essential to the human experience. These trends favor a technically and financially attainable and politically sustainable human mission to Mars orbit with near-real-time interaction with remotely operated assets on the planet’s surface. The proposed mission concept avoids the cost and schedule associated with development of surface-based crew systems and related transportation capabilities while also side-stepping risks and costs which are inherent in delivering crew, crew-related equipment and supplies to the surface, sustaining them and supporting their exploration operations, and returning the crew and their most important artifacts from the surface of Mars. By reducing the amount of hardware to be delivered to the surface of Mars and maximizing the utility of a limited complement of human-inhabited hardware, the MTPM concept offers considerable potential to reduce the net energy budget for launch, transit to Mars orbit, Mars descent/ascent, and surface operations. These advantages offer significant opportunities to reduce overall cost for development and operations, while also reducing or eliminating dependency on the advancement of various low TRL technologies required to execute a human mission to the Mars surface. The MTPM concept also reduces risk of forward and backward planetary contamination. Remote near-real-time operations of broadly distributed surface rovers, instruments, sample recovery craft, and Mars orbiting assets, would provide a global perspective on Mars far greater than the local perspective attainable through a human mission to the surface. Strategically managing resources and operations throughout the long-duration mission promotes maximum assured knowledge capture, enhancing the capability for more immersive exploration in the future. Leveraging emergent multi-purpose cislunar capabilities in support of MTPM would provide programmatic stability, optimize mutually applicable investments, and offer risk avoidance opportunities affecting systems and operations. This paper expands on these themes and explores systemic architectural and operational implications with the goal of generating support for more in-depth development and analysis of the “Mission to Planet Mars” concept.
Robust scheduling of metaprograms

Scheduling coarse-grain tasks, e.g. metaprograms on a grid, uses estimation of the execution times of individual components to compute optimal schedules. Various factors (hazards) lead to estimation errors, which affect both the performance of the schedule and its resource utilization. We introduce the concept of robustness of a schedule and present an analysis technique to determine the chance that a metaprogram exceeds its execution time due to components outside its critical path. The results of this analysis are used to compute schedules less sensitive to hazards. This translates into more accurate reservation requirements for critical systems, and reduced expected execution time for non-critical metaprograms executed repeatedly. We introduce the concept of the entropy of a schedule and conjecture that a more robust schedule is one that minimizes the entropy of a schedule. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Unquiet Dead of Guatemala

Book reviewed in this article: Massacres in the Jungle; Ixcan, Guatemala 1975–1982. Ricardo Falla.
Noisy speech recognition using robust inversion of hidden Markov models

The hidden Markov model (HMM) inversion algorithm is proposed and applied to robust speech recognition for general types of mismatched conditions. The Baum-Welch HMM inversion algorithm is a dual procedure to the Baum-Welch HMM reestimation algorithm, which is the most widely used speech recognition technique. The forward training of an HMM, based on the Baum-Welch reestimation, finds the model parameters /spl lambda/ that optimize some criterion, usually maximum likelihood (ML), with given speech inputs s. On the other hand, the inversion of a HMM finds speech inputs s that optimize some criterion with given model parameters /spl lambda/. The performance of the proposed HMM inversion, in conjunction with HMM reestimation, for robust speech recognition under additive noise corruption and microphone mismatch conditions is favorably compared with other noisy speech recognition techniques, such as the projection-based first-order cepstrum normalization (FOCN) and the robust minimax (MINIMAX) classification techniques.
Photosynthetically available radiation at high latitudes

Low solar elevations at high latitudes result in two phenomena that affect the quantity and quality of light entering the sea. High surface reflectances significantly reduce the direct solar irradiance and, to a lesser extent, the global irradiance. Furthermore, there is an apparent spectral shift such that proportionately more blue (diffuse) light is transmitted and more red (direct) light is reflected by the sea surface. A model of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR} has been used to quantify these effects. The model was developed to predict daily broadband (400-700 nm) photon flux as a function of latitude and time of year for varying cloud-free atmospheric conditions. Seasonal and spectral variability of the surface albedo is described at latitudes between 40” and 7O”N. Ranges arc established for surface albedo which encompass variability due to atmospheric turbidity and wind-induced surface waves.
Costly Search and Mutual Fund Flows

This paper studies the flows of funds into and out of equity mutual funds. Consumers base their fund purchase decisions on prior performance information, but do so asymmetrically, investing disproportionately more in funds that performed very well the prior period. Search costs seem to be an important determinant of fund flows. High performance appears to be most salient for funds that exert higher marketing effort, as measured by higher fees. Flows are directly related to the size of the fund's complex as well as the current media attention received by the fund, which lower consumers' search costs.
Path Delay Tuning for Performance Gain in the Face of Random Manufacturing Variations

One of the factors now beginning to seriously limit clock rates in large synchronous designs is manufacturing variations in device parameters. Moreover, such random process variations are increasing significantly with device scaling as technology approaches the end of the silicon roadmap. In a large design containing several millions of transistors, virtually every manufactured part will have a few hundreds of transistors that are significant performance outliers. Any one such device in a critical path can greatly limit the highest clock rate that can be achieved by the chip. In this paper we propose and analyze a new design approach that allows for the post manufacture tuning and speed-up of exceptionally slow circuit paths to recover much of the performance lost due to such outlier devices. We show that such tuning of exceptionally slow paths can result in a significant increase in the average clock speed attainable by the manufactured parts. We also show this method to be defect tolerant, implying an additional benefit of increasing the semiconductor yield.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography of the Human Brain: A Preliminary Study

Purpose: To study the application of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in the human brain.Material and Methods: An external force actuator was developed, which produced propagating shear waves in brain tissue. A modified phase-contrast gradient-echo sequence was developed. The propagating shear waves within the brain were directly imaged. The wave images were processed to obtain the elasticity image. Shear waves at 100 Hz, 150 Hz, and 200 Hz were applied.Results: The propagating shear waves in the brain were visualized on wave images. The elasticity image revealed the difference in tissue elasticity between gray and white matter of the brain.Conclusion: MRE could be an imaging technique for assessing the elasticity of brain tissue.