cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maritime simulator training across Europe: a comparative study

Simulator-based training has witnessed considerable attention in recent years for the training of operators in the maritime domain and is employed by majority of nautical training institutes. IMO has published the model course 6.10 Train the simulator trainer and assessor which acts as a guideline and aims to promote uniformity in the simulator-based training for maritime operations. Nevertheless, the model course should not be “implemented blindly,” since one has to acknowledge the institution’s own resources and apply them in an appropriate way. Consequently, a variation in different institutions simulator training can exist. This study aims to discover how such variations exist in the European full mission simulator training institutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to clarify each of the participating institution’s simulator training design. The interviews comprised relevant performance indicators—e.g., identical elements, training time, teaching of general principles, students’ needs, feedback, training needs analysis, assessment, and instructors´ qualifications—selected after a detailed literature review. The findings present variations and similarities observed in the European simulator training facilities, in relation to the designated performance indicators. The study demonstrated that although some simulator training in Europe appears to be performed uniformly due to comparable proceedings and understanding of the model course 6.10, the implementations of these aspects on the basis of interpretation and available infrastructure can create dissimilarities.
Benefits of direct patient discharge to outpatient physical therapy after total knee arthroplasty.

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of home health physical therapy followed by outpatient physical therapy as compared to patients discharged directly to outpatient physical therapy in impro...
Plant toxins and parasitoid trophic ecology.

Parasitoids (parasitic wasps) are ubiquitous components of nearly all communities containing plant–insect herbivore associations. Plant toxin defenses against herbivores may also affect higher trophic levels by directly (e.g., plant toxins encountered in host hemolymph) or indirectly (e.g., plant toxins reduce host size/quality or alter the host’s immunity against parasitoids). Yet, whether parasitoids structure plant–herbivore interactions remains relatively understudied. Nevertheless, recent meta-analyses and empirical work emphasize the importance of parasitoids in structuring interactions among lower trophic levels. Two promising areas of research are particularly ripe for future exploration: a) the potential for microbes to alter the interactions among plants, insect herbivores, and parasitoids, and b) the effects of climate change on phenological (mis)matches among trophic levels.
Ganglion Blocks of the Head and Face

Interventional pain procedures have been shown to be effective at managing a variety of headache disorders and facial pain, both typical and atypical, in the acute and chronic setting. The sphenopalatine ganglion has an important role in unilateral headache disorders that are classified as trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs), such as cluster headaches, and can be intervened upon in several fashions to help alleviate the condition. Facial pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia has also been successfully managed with a gasserian ganglion block that can be quickly performed with the aid of either fluoroscopy or ultrasound.
Laser interstitial thermal therapy for “inoperable” gliomas

Abstract For both malignant and benign intracranial lesions, laser thermal interstitial therapy is considered a safe treatment option. In the difficult treatment of patients who are not candidates for open surgery due to deep inaccessible tumors, medical comorbidities, or extensive prior intracranial treatment placing them at higher risk for postoperative complications, minimally invasive treatment strategies such as laser thermal ablation are considered. Novel technological innovations in real-time magnetic resonance imaging-based temperature and ablation monitoring have enhanced the effectiveness and safety profile of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). Such enhanced safety measures have made viable the use of LITT in the treatment of varying pathologies such as glioma, brain metastases, radiation necrosis, dural-based lesions, and epilepsy. This chapter examines the technological underpinings, described indications, imaging qualities, and limitations of laser thermal ablation in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
Influence of early stages of triglyceride pyrolysis on the formation of PAHs as coke precursors

Molecular beam (MB) time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to investigate thermal decomposition of triolein, to reveal the mechanisms of low temperature soot/coke formation characteristic for triglycerides (TGs). Mass detected pyrolysis products were observed at incremented temperatures using both VUV single photon ionization (general product detection) and REMPI based selective detection of aromatic products. To augment the simple mass characterizations, we have employed stoichiometric considerations; we have supplemented the analysis further by using the detailed information available from product analysis of batch reactor TG cracking. Both the VUV photoionization and batch reactor studies indicated that formation of C7-sized stable products is a marker of significant triolein decomposition that is coupled with PAH formation. A significant fraction of the C7 species observed likely formed as a result of a C-C bond scission at the allylic position to the ω-9 double bond of oleic acid. REMPI detection indicated a high specificity for PAH formation at three distinct molecular weight values, 276, 352 and 444 amu (the latter being a fullerene precursor). The stoichiometric analysis has shown that these PAHs likely arise from condensation reactions of either C7- or C8-sized fragments (three, four and five, respectively). The C8-sized intermediate would become essential whenever the PAH product of C7 fragment condensation contained an odd number of carbon atoms, resulting in a less stable aromatic structure with an incomplete double bond conjugation. MB experiments involving either addition or in situ generation of hydrogen resulted in an enhancement of lower molecular weight PAH formation, i.e., a decrease in the effective number of condensing fragments. In contrast, an increase in temperature yielded the opposite effect.
The Soft Multivariate Truncated Normal Distribution with Applications to Bayesian Constrained Estimation

We propose a new distribution, called the soft tMVN distribution, which provides a smooth approximation to the truncated multivariate normal (tMVN) distribution with linear constraints. An efficient blocked Gibbs sampler is developed to sample from the soft tMVN distribution in high dimensions. We provide theoretical support to the approximation capability of the soft tMVN and provide further empirical evidence thereof. The soft tMVN distribution can be used to approximate simulations from a multivariate truncated normal distribution with linear constraints, or itself as a prior in shape-constrained problems.
A DATABASE SYSTEM FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE ISLANDS INDEX APPLICATION

Abstract. The paper presents the application of an islands’ smartification and sustainability index the Smart Sustainable Islands Index or S2I2. In addition to the classic parameters, the index is designed to include and emphasize specific parameters of the islands that are not usually found or they are less important in a mainland city. The structure and parameters of the index are presented and compared to other initiatives A database with a corresponding web page has been created in order to collect data from the islands for their index calculation. The database structure and relationships are presented, as well as, the user interaction and data collection forms. After the online system finalization, each island in Greece, Europe, or in the World will have the possibility to submit the required information & data and will be able to see the graphic representation of the results and the rank of the island in terms of smartification and sustainability. The fully functioning system is expected to support significantly an islands’ effort for a smarter, greener & sustainable development.
Beyond a Desert Revolt: TE Lawrence’s Theory of Proxy War and State Creation

The work of TE Lawrence is traditionally included among theories of insurgency and irregular warfare. However, such a reading of Lawrence’s work disregards the political theory of state creation un...
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Steroid Response After Cataract Surgery in Patients With and Without Glaucoma.

PRECIS Steroid response after cataract surgery was more frequent in glaucoma patients than nonglaucoma patients. Longer axial length and more preoperative medications were risk factors for steroid response in glaucoma patients. PURPOSE The aim was to evaluate incidence and risk factors for topical steroid response after uneventful cataract surgery in patients with and without glaucoma. SETTING Academic glaucoma clinics. DESIGN This was a retrospective review. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive patients with and without glaucoma and no prior incisional glaucoma surgery undergoing cataract surgery between March 2007 and September 2016. All patients routinely received topical prednisolone acetate 1% postoperatively. METHODS Pertinent clinical information was recorded. Steroid response was defined as intraocular pressure >50% above the baseline intraocular pressure measurement, occurring at or after the second postoperative week. RESULTS We included 472 eyes of 472 nonglaucoma patients and 191 eyes of 191 glaucoma patients. Ten (2.1%) nonglaucoma eyes and 16 (8.4%) glaucoma eyes were diagnosed as steroid responders (relative risk=3.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.71-8.07; P<0.001). Logistic regression showed that for nonglaucoma, longer axial length (AL) and younger age were associated with a higher incidence of steroid response (P≤0.003), while for glaucoma patients, longer AL and more preoperative medications were associated with steroid response (P≤0.030). An AL ≥26 mm was associated with steroid response for both groups (P≤0.024). CONCLUSION Although glaucoma patients were 3.72 times more likely to have steroid response after uneventful cataract surgery, the incidence of steroid response with prednisolone acetate 1% was relatively low after phacoemulsification in both nonglaucoma and glaucoma eyes. Steroid response was associated with longer AL in both groups and with more preoperative medications in glaucoma patients.
Romantic Diversitarianism: Problems and Promises

This paper responds to a question posed by the organizers of the 2019 meeting of the North American Society for the Study of Romanticism: how might A. O. Lovejoy’s 1941 essay “The Meaning of Romant...
Authentic process safety decisions in an engineering ethics context: expression of student moral development within surveys and immersive environments

Two methods of assessing senior chemical engineering student ethical decision making in a process safety context were developed; the case-study-based Engineering Process Safety Reasoning Instrument...
A Novel Feature in Aluminum Cluster Photoionization Spectra and Possibility of Electron Pairing at T ≳ 100 K

A unique property of size-resolved metal nanocluster particles is their “superatom”-like electronic shell structure. The shell levels are highly degenerate, and it has been predicted that this can enable exceptionally strong superconducting-type electron pair correlations in certain clusters composed of just tens to hundreds of atoms. Here we report on the observation of a possible spectroscopic signature of such an effect. A bulge-like feature appears in the photoionization yield curve of a free cold aluminum cluster and shows a rapid rise as the temperature approaches ≈100 K. This is an unusual effect, not previously reported for clusters. Its characteristics are consistent with an increase in the effective density of states accompanying a pairing transition, which suggests a high-temperature superconducting state with Tc ≳ 100 K. Our results highlight the promise of metal nanoclusters as high-Tc building blocks for materials and networks.
Novel Redirected T-Cell Immunotherapies for Advanced Prostate Cancer.

Immunotherapy has failed to achieve durable remissions in advanced prostate cancer patients. More potent T cell redirecting strategies may be needed to overcome the immunologically exclusive and suppressive tumor microenvironment. Clinical trials are underway, seeking to define the optimal target for T cell redirection, such as PSMA, PSCA or STEAP-1, as well as the optimal strategy, with chimeric antigen receptor or bispecific antibodies. As results continue to emerge from these trials, understanding differential toxicity and efficacy of these therapies based on their targets and functional modifications will be key to advancing these promising therapies toward clinical practice. This review will provide a unique depth and breadth of perspective regarding the diverse immunotherapy strategies currently under clinical investigation for men with advanced prostate cancer.
From Droplet to Lilypad: Present and Future of Dual-Modality Environments

The Droplet family of tools provides novice programmers with a dual-modality environment to learn, offering both blocks and text representations of code. Our showpiece will highlight the next generation of tools in this family, including the launch of Pencil.io, Amphibian 2.0, and work on the development of Lilypad, the next evolution of Droplet. Lilypad will integrate a frame-based editor, which will facilitate study and deployment of dual-modality instruction in later CS coursework and, potentially, industry applications.
Limited Field Radiation Therapy for Prophylaxis of Heterotopic Ossification of the Hip.

Purpose/Objective(s) Conventional prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification (HO) of the hip with radiotherapy (RT) includes treatment of the prosthesis, adductor, and abductor compartments. To limit RT effects on neovascularization and healing after surgery, we routinely used a limited-field RT (LF-RT), which only includes the affected compartment guided by pre-operative imaging. This study aims to examine whether LF-RT was as effective in preventing local recurrence as CF-RT. Materials/Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 85 consecutive patients who underwent post-operative RT for HO from March 2005 to June 2019. Patients treated to non-hip sites or without radiographic follow-up were excluded. RT fields were reviewed to determine whether they fall under CF-RT defined as inclusion of the prosthesis, adductor, and abductor compartments or LF-RT which was defined as the adductor compartment alone. Results A total of 48 patients were eligible. Most patients were male (60.4%), with a median age of 65 years (interquartile range (IQR) 60-75 years), and a median follow-up of 23.8 months (IQR 12.6-53.1 months). Most patients received 7 Gray (81.3%), with the most common technique being 2-dimensional RT (70.8 %). Thirty-six patients (75%) received LF-RT to the abductor compartment, whereas twelve patients (25%) received CF-RT. There was no significant difference in local recurrence between LF-RT (0%) and CF-RT (8.3%) (P = 0.4). No ipsilateral re-treatment was required in LF-RT patients compared to one CF-RT patient (8.3 %). The single recurrence in the CF-RT group was retreated with CF-RT. There were no recorded acute or late adverse events related to either field. No patient in either group required non-radiation secondary interventions such as hip injections or surgical revision for HO. Conclusion Within this limited cohort, LF-RT was similarly efficacious as CF-RT in prophylaxis for HO of the hip with no added toxicity. Future centers that are interested in adopting LF-RT should routinely acquire pre-operative images to aid in the creation of treatment volumes.
Teacher Aides: A Discussion of Roles

(1981). Teacher Aides: A Discussion of Roles. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 37-70.
Pressure Ulcers from a Psychological Perspective

Injury may occur with a disorganized surgical tray in which sharps are covered with gauze or wrappers, needles are left loose on the tray, and when an unstable stand is used. Injury from hand-to-hand passing of sharps is common. Establish a sharps-free neutral zone on the tray to obviate hand-to-hand instrument transfer. Proper setup is facilitated by pre-arranged equipment sets for common procedures. Verify that instruments are sterile before unpacking them. Position the tray close to the field. Have all anticipated instruments on hand to prevent the temptation of improvising. Track sutures via sponge, magnet, or suture box. Use forceps to sift through the tray, especially during clean-up. One person should be assigned to clean up so sharps are traced appropriately. Keep sharps disposal containers close to the tray, and replace them before they are overfilled.
Chapter 4 A Status Report on the P Versus NP Question

Abstract We survey some of the history of the most famous open question in computing: the P versus NP question. We summarize some of the progress that has been made to date, and assess the current situation.
Practical Considerations When Altering Digital Images

Worldwide, Adobe Photoshop is the primary means in research for altering images. Training on the use of this powerful tool most often is peer to peer within a laboratory, or it is self-taught through trial and error. As a result, varying amounts of visual data can be removed unwittingly; contrast- and brightness-enhancement of images can be done without adjusting color and grayscale levels to conform to the output (which includes publication, projection, Web placement, and inclusion into Microsoft Word and Adobe Acrobat); images can be unethically altered; and pixelation can be introduced. Correct methods for use of Adobe Photoshop are outlined in this unit so that these errors can be avoided. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: pixelation; sampling resolution; brightness; contrast; saturation; pixels; resampling; gamma; midtones
Fringe field and quantum mechanical effects on capacitance characteristics of sub-0.1 micron MOS devices

In this paper, we compare the 3D VQM expressions obtained for the capacitive energy of the oxide region and the depletion region with those for a device with infinitely large gate. The 3D quantum mechanical effect of the fringe field on the energy is then extracted as a correction factor to the capacitance for each region.
Extended superquadric models of elastic hollow viscera

We examine briefly the relationships between extended superquadric surface models and the theory of shells as both may be applied to the modeling of elastic hollow viscera such as the urinary or gall bladder.
The Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger NHE1 Is an Akt Substrate Necessary for Actin Filament Reorganization by Growth Factors

The kinase Akt mediates signals from growth factor receptors for increased cell proliferation, survival, and migration, which contribute to the positive effects of Akt in cancer progression. Substrates are generally inhibited when phosphorylated by Akt; however, we show phosphorylation of the plasma membrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger NHE1 by Akt increases exchanger activity (H+ efflux). Our data fulfill criteria for NHE1 being a bona fide Akt substrate, including direct phosphorylation in vitro, using mass spectrometry and Akt phospho-substrate antibodies to identify Ser648 as the Akt phosphorylation site and loss of increased exchanger phosphorylation and activity by insulin and platelet-derived growth factor in fibroblasts expressing a mutant NHE1-S648A. How Akt induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling to promote cell migration and tumor cell metastasis is unclear, but disassembly of actin stress fibers by platelet-derived growth factor and insulin and increased proliferation in growth medium are inhibited in fibroblasts expressing NHE1-S648A. We predict that other functions shared by Akt and NHE1, including cell growth and survival, might be regulated by increased H+ efflux.
A Robust Filtering Algorithm for Subpixel Reconstruction of Chain Coded Line Drawings

A robust algorithm is presented for smoothing and achieving subpixel accuracy in the reconstruction of chain coded line drawings. The algorithm does not remove sharp corners and does not need a priori knowledge of curvature statistics. A fast on-line implementation can be achieved using a table look-up. A simplified algorithm can be used for reconstructing digitized polygons.
Surgical management of stenosis of the left main coronary artery.

Catheterization morbidity, results of medical treatment, and operative morbidity and mortality in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis (LCA) are higher than in patients with other coronary atherosclerotic lesions, occurring in combination or alone. Patients with LCA stenosis have a wide variety of clinical manifestations and range from “asymptomatic” patients with only positive exercise tests to critically ill, unstable patients requiring emergency angiography and operation. Experience with the surgical treatment of LCA stenosis in 141 patients at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital from 1970–1977 is reviewed. Operative mortality rates were 10% (5/49) in unstable patients, 4% (4/92) in stable patients, and 6.4% (9/141) overall. Actuarial survival up to 90 months was better in stable than unstable patients, in patients who were completely rather than incompletely revascularized, and in patients in whom only LCA stenosis existed and was bypassed. Prospective studies of medical and surgical treatment support the concept that patients with LCA disease should be treated with coronary bypass surgery.
Regulation of catalytic activity of S6 kinase 2 during cell cycle

Ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (S6K2) is one of the kinases regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Although it has been identified as a kinase homologous to S6K1, evidence suggests that the two kinases have non-overlapping functions, and the biological function of S6K2 still remains unknown. In order to identify the cell cycle stage(s) during which S6K2 plays a role, we assessed changes in the catalytic activity of S6K2 throughout the cell cycle. Our data show that S6K2 is active throughout the cell cycle with higher activity in G2 and M phases. We also show that S6K1 activity peaks sharply during M phase. Our data suggest that S6K1 and S6K2 likely play yet-unknown roles in G2 and M phases.
Reactions of {(C5H5)Co[P(O)(OC2H5)2]3}− with MCL3 and M(CH3)Cl2 (M = Ga, In). Crystal and molecular structure of [{(C5H5)Co[P(O)(OC2H5)2]3}2Ga]Ga(CH3)Cl3

Abstract The reaction of GaCl3 or InCl3 with Na{(C5H5)CO[P(O)(OC2H5)2]3} in THF in a 1 1 mole ratio led to the formation of the respective ionic compound [{(C5H5)Co[P(O)(OC2H5)2]3}2M]MCl4 (M = Ga, In). Similar reactions with a metal/ligand molar ratio of 2 1 led to the formation of [{(C5H5)Co[P(O)(OC2H5)2]3}2M]Cl. Analogous reactions starting with M(CH3)Cl2 also led to the formation of the metal(III) cation, with [M(CH3)Cl3]− as the counter ion. The solid state structure of [{(C5H5)Co[P(O)(OC2H5)2]3}2Ga]Ga(CH3)Cl3 · CH2Cl2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The geometry about gallium in the cation is nearly a perfect octahedron
Microstructural modelling of grain-boundary stresses in Alloy 600

The stress distribution in a random polycrystalline material (Alloy 600) was studied using a topologically correct microstructural model. The distributions of von Mises and hydrostatic stresses, which could be important factors when studying the intergranular stress corrosion cracking, at the grain vertices were analysed as a function of microstructure, grain orientations and loading conditions. The grain size, shape, and orientation had a more pronounced effect on stress distribution than the loading conditions. The stress concentration factor was higher for hydrostatic stress (1.7) than for von Mises stress (1.5). Hydrostatic stress showed more pronounced dependence on the disorientation angle than von Mises stress. The observed stress concentration is high enough to cause localized plastic microdeformation, even when the polycrystalline aggregate is in the macroscopic elastic regime. The modelling of stresses and strains in polycrystalline materials can identify the microstructures (grain-size distributions, texture) intrinsically susceptible to stress/strain concentrations and justify the correctness of applied stress state during the stress corrosion cracking tests.
A model for streamer propagation

A model is presented to describe the propagation of positive corona streamers in the low field region of a non-uniform field gap in atmospheric air. It has been assumed that the growth is a property solely of the streamer tip, uninfluenced by the channel conductivity. Calculations from the model indicate that the criterion for propagation of a streamer in zero external field is that the number of ions in the tip be 108 and the radius about 3×10−3 cm. It is proposed that the streamer ceases to propagate as a result of the loss of energy of the tip due to the formation of ion pairs in the channel. The results of previous experimental observations of streamers are compared with calculations derived from the model, and a prediction from the model of the lifetime of streamers after voltage removal is discussed.
The cause of death and resuscitation in sparteine poisoning

Abstract In anesthetized dogs and cats and in unanesthetized dogs, rabbits, and pigeons, respiration was found to be depressed by high, single or repeated, intravenous doses of sparteine sulfate, resulting in asphyxia and death, whereas the toxicity of sparteine on circulation is comparatively low. Evidence was presented to show that asphyxia produced by sparteine is the result of a dual action of that drug, namely, a direct depression or paralysis of the respiratory center and a neuromuscular blockade at the phrenico-diaphragmatic junction. The neuromuscular blockade caused by sparteine was established to be of a curarimimetic nature. The measures of resuscitation for sparteine poisoning are discussed. Artificial respiration is considered to be the most simple and reliable means for that purpose, though concomitant administration of analeptics and anticurare agents may be instituted with caution. The assumption was made that the cause of death and measures for resuscitation would be the same for intramuscular and subcutaneous injections as for intravenous administration, because preliminary blood level studies indicated good absorption of sparteine following these other parenteral methods of administration.
A novel high-performance fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance cell for improved biopolymer characterization.

A new trapped ion cell design for use with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is described. The design employs 15 cylindrical ring electrodes to generate trapping potential wells and 32 separately assignable rod electrodes for excitation and detection. The rod electrodes are positioned internal to the ring electrodes and provide excitation fields that are thereby linearized along the magnetic field over the entire trapped ion volume. The new design also affords flexibility in the shaping of the trapping field using the 15 ring electrodes. Many different trapping well shapes can be generated by applying different voltages to the individual ring electrodes, ranging from quadratic to linearly ramped along the magnetic field axis, to a shape that is nearly flat over the entire trap volume, but rises very steeply near the ends of the trap. This feature should be useful for trapping larger ion populations and extension of the useful range of ion manipulation and dissociation experiments since the number of stages of ion manipulation or dissociation is limited in practice by the initial trapped ion population size. Predicted trapping well shapes for two different ring electrode configurations are presented, and these and several other possible configurations are discussed, as are the predicted excitation fields based on the use of rod electrodes internal to the trapping ring electrodes. Initial results are presented from an implementation of the design using a 3.5 T superconducting magnet. It was found that ions can be successfully trapped and detected with this cell design and that selected ion accumulation can be performed with the utilization of four rods for quadrupolar excitation. The initial results presented here illustrate the feasibility of this cell design and demonstrate differences in observed performance based upon different trapping well shapes.
p53 in human embryonal carcinoma: identification of a transferable, transcriptional repression domain in the N-terminal region of p53.

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) arise despite possessing high levels of wild-type p53, suggesting p53 latency. We have previously shown that p53 repression in TGCT-derived human embryonal carcinoma (EC) is relieved upon treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA), resulting in enhanced p53 transactivation activity. To further investigate p53 repression in EC, a series of gal4-p53 truncation constructs were generated. Deletion of the core DNA-binding region, residues 117–274, had no effect on basal or RA-induced p53 activity. Progressively, larger truncations were made in the C- or N-terminal direction. Deletion of residues toward the C-terminus of p53 as far as residue 354 did not affect either the basal or RA-inducible activity of gal4-p53. When a small region in the N-terminus was deleted (residues 105–116), relief of the basal repression of p53 activity characteristic of EC was observed. Fusion of this region to the VP16 activation domain (VPAD) resulted in a 10–20-fold repression of VPAD activity in NT2/D1 human EC cells, indicating that this region acts as a heterologous repressor. Owing to its location in the N-terminal half of p53, we have named this region the p53 N-terminal Repression Domain (p53-NRD). The p53-NRD mediated repression in a variety of cell lines, with the most prominent repression observed in human EC cells. While RA alone had no effect on p53-NRD activity, cotreatment with RA and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin-A (TSA) completely relieved p53-NRD-mediated repression. In contrast, NRD-mediated repression was not sensitive to RA and TSA in a derived RA-resistant cell line with a retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) defect, but sensitivity could be restored with transfection of RARγ. These data indicate that a unique repressor domain resides in p53 at residues 90–116 whose activity can be modulated in the presence of ‘differentiation therapy’ and ‘transcription therapy’ agents.
A Comparison of Technological and Adaptive Strategies between Normanskill Occupations in the Delaware and Hudson Valleys

Review of models concerning hunter-gatherer subsistence (Cleland, 1976), resource procurement (Binford, 1980), and land-use patterns (Pagoulatos, 1992) suggests different adaptive strategies should be expressed in the archaeological record through variations in settlement patterns and technological assemblages. Comparison of data regarding site location, tool diversity, feature diversity, and subsistence strategies indicates Normanskill groups in the Hudson and Delaware valleys employed different adaptive strategies. Specifically, these data suggest Normanskill groups in the upper Delaware Valley employed a technological system and adaptive strategy which emphasized two site types, namely base camps and nearby target locations. Conversely, River phase groups in the Hudson Valley practiced a more diversified strategy whereby resources were procured and initially processed at target locations and subsequently returned to the base camp for final processing, distribution, and consumption. Observed differences...
Heat capacity measurements on irradiated and non-irradiated Mo3Ge and Mo5Ge3☆

Abstract We have measured the heat capacity of irradiated and non-irradiated Mo 3 Ge and Mo 5 Ge 3 in the temperature range ≈ 1.6 to 10 K. An irradiation of 2.2 × 10 19 neutrons cm -2 results in an increase in the superconducting transition temperature T c from 3 Ge and a corresponding change from 5 Ge 3 . Our analysis shows that this change in T c is not accompanied by a change in the electronic density of states (within experimental error) but rather a decrease in the Debye temperature from 392 to 322 K for Mo 3 Ge and 377 to 320 K for Mo 5 Ge 3 .
Reprint of: Fitting population growth models in the presence of measurement and detection error

Abstract Population time series data from field studies are complex and statistical analysis requires models that describe nonlinear population dynamics and observational errors. State-space formulations of stochastic population growth models have been used to account for measurement error caused by the data collection process. Parameter estimation, inference, and prediction are all sensitive to measurement error. The observational process may also result in detection errors and if unaccounted for will result in biased parameter estimates. We developed an N-mixture state-space modeling framework to estimate and correct for errors in detection while estimating population model parameters. We tested our methods using simulated data sets and compared the results to those obtained with state-space models when detection is perfect and when detection is ignored. Our N-mixture state-space model yielded parameter estimates of similar quality to a state-space model when detection is perfect. Our results show that ignoring detection errors can lead to biased parameter estimates including an overestimated growth rate, underestimated equilibrium population size and estimated population state that is misleading. We recommend that researchers consider the possibility of detection errors when collecting and analyzing population time series data.
The effect of dietary energy source during mid to late lactation on liver triglyceride and lactation performance of dairy cows

Control [1.61 Mcal of net energy for lactation (NEL)/kg of dry matter (DM)], high grain (1.70 Mcal of NEL)/kg of DM), or high fat [1.70 Mcal of NEL/kg of DM with 2.3% tallow (DM basis)] diets were fed to 43 cows (150 +/- 3.1 d in milk) during mid to late lactation to determine effects on performance characteristics, metabolic parameters, or both during mid to late lactation, the dry period, and the first 100 d of the next lactation. All cows received identical diets during the dry period and during early lactation. Increasing the energy density of the diets during mid to late lactation increased DM intake (DMI), plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration, milk production, and milk protein yield. Compared with the high grain diets, fat supplementation decreased DMI and the percentage of milk protein but increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration without causing elevation of liver triglyceride at the end of mid to late lactation. Increased energy density of the diets did not affect body condition score during mid to late lactation. There were no residual effects for any of the treatments on DMI, lactation performance, or body weight in the subsequent lactation. However, energy supplementation during mid to late lactation increased liver triglyceride content after calving. Compared with high fat diets, high grain diets fed during mid to late lactation increased plasma beta-hydroxy-butyrate concentration in the subsequent lactation. High energy diets fed during mid to late lactation may influence lipid metabolism during the following lactation.
Perfect fluid sources for spatially homogeneous spacetimes

Abstract Spatially homogeneous perfect fluid spacetimes are studied from a point of view which emphasizes the spatial geometry and the action of that subgroup of the spatial gauge group of the three-plus-one formulation of general relativity which is compatible with the spatial homogeneity. The specializations of the dynamics which correspond to the existence of additional spacetime symmetries are classified. An unconstrained set of gravitational and fluid variables is obtained by elimination of the gravitational constraints using an approach which obtains the gravitational evolution equations from a suitably modified Lagrangian/Hamiltonian formalism. A slightly different choice of variables is then described which allows one to take full advantage of the spatial gauge group and of the 1-parameter group of scale transformations of the unit of length.
Evaluation of Silicon‐Nitride Ceramic Valves

Silicon-nitride ceramic valves can improve the performance of both light- and heavy-duty automotive engines because of the superior material properties of silicon nitrides over current metal alloys. However, ceramics are brittle materials that may introduce uncertainties in the reliability and durability of ceramic valves. As a result, the lifetime of ceramic valves are difficult to predict theoretically due to wide variations in the type and distribution of microstructural flaws in the material. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are therefore required to assess the quality and reliability of these valves. Because ceramic materials are optically translucent and the strength-limiting flaws are normally located near the valve surface, a laser-scatter method can be used for NDE evaluation of ceramic valves. This paper reviews the progress in the development of this NDE method and its application to inspect silicon-nitride ceramic valves at various stages of manufacturing and bench and engine tests.
Henry's Law Constant Determinations for Hydrogen Peroxide, Methyl Hydroperoxide, Hydroxymethyl Hydroperoxide, Ethyl Hydroperoxide, and Peroxyacetic Acid

The temperature-dependent solubilities of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide (HOCH2O2H), methyl hydroperoxide (CH3O2H), peroxyacetic acid (CH3C(O)O2H), and ethyl hydroperoxide (C2H5O2H) were determined under conditions used in the aqueous collection and analysis of atmospheric hydroperoxides. Henry's law was obeyed over the source concentration range employed, nominally 10-6−10-2 M. Measurements were made using either pH = 3 or pH = 6 source and collection solutions. The temperatures investigated ranged from 4 to 28 °C. A solution pH 3 was used for experiments with H2O2, HOCH2O2H, and CH3C(O)O2H since these compounds decompose in less acidic solution. The solubility of HOC2H4O2H could not be accurately determined because of its rapid decomposition in solutions with pH > 3. The Henry's law solubility of H2O2, HOCH2O2H, CH3O2H, and CH3C(O)O2H are in agreement with prior determinations. The solubility measurement of C2H5O2H is the first of its kind. Dimensional Henry's law constants (M/atm...
Differential Effect of Hypophysectomy on the Synthesis of β3-Glucuronidase and Other Androgen-Inducible Enzymes in Mouse Kidney

The levels of several androgen responsive enzymes including beta-glucuronidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase and arginase, were compared in kidneys of normal and hypophysectomized female mice after treatment with testosterone. While hypophysectomy did not alter the basal level of glucuronidase, the androgen-mediated accumulation of kidney beta-glucuronidase was greatly decreased in hypophysectomized mice. Measurements of the rate of synthesis of glucuronidase showed that after androgen treatment the enzyme was synthesized in kidney of hypophysectomized mice at only 5% the normal rate. Glucuronidase activity in seven other organs was not appreciably affected by treatment with androgens or by hypophysectomy. Unlike the effect of hypophysectomy on kidney glucuronidase, there was no reduction in the accumulation of alcohol dehydrogenase or D-amino acid oxidase in kidney of hypophysectomized mice after androgen treatment. Hypophysectomy caused a large reduction in kidney arginase activity. However, subsequent administration of testosterone restored much of this activity. It is concluded that there are at least two mechanisms by which androgens increase enzyme activity in kidney. The normal increase in activity or rate of synthesis of beta-glucuronidase following androgen administration requires pituitary hormones and/or products of these hormones, while the increase in activity of enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenase and D-amino acid oxidase does not require pituitary hormones.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status Does Not Affect Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Dynamics in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) is a stimulus for the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). During surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism, 25OHD deficiency may artificially elevate PTH, decreasing the sensitivity of intraoperative PTH (ioPTH) measurements. Of 351 patients with known 25OHD status who underwent curative surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism, 198 (56%) patients were 25OHD deficient (<25 ng/mL). A curative decrease in ioPTH was defined as a greater than 50% PTH decrease 5, 10, or 15 min after resection. There was no statistical difference between 25OHD deficient and sufficient patients in PTH, phosphorous, and alkaline phosphatase preoperatively. There was a positive correlation between PTH and calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and gland weight, while there was an inverse correlation between preoperative PTH and 25OHD. The average ioPTH decrease was not significantly different after 5, 10, or 15 min, and 25OHD status did not affect when ioPTH indicated surgical cure. Lower 25OHD levels are correlated with higher PTH and alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. 25OHD status did not affect the average percent ioPTH decrease or the rate of cure. 25OHD deficiency does not affect ioPTH dynamics.
Generalization of self-instruction training

Abstract Forty-eight preoperational and concrete operational first and second graders performed on a training task (Matching Familiar Figures Test) and a generalization task (a perceptual perspective taking task) prior to, and after serving in, one of two instructional groups. The instructional groups were: a no-training control group and a group which received general content self-instructions delivered through a directed discovery procedure. Both preoperational and concrete operational children in the self-instruction group improved significantly at posttest on the training task. On the generalization task only the concrete operational children in the directed discovery group performed significantly better following training. These findings are discussed in terms of the dynamic relationship between an individual's cognitive ability and the format of instructions. The need for provoking the cognitive involvement of the child on the basis of this relationship is stressed.
Modified interpolation kernels for treating diffusion and remeshing in vortex methods

A scheme treating diffusion and remeshing, simultaneously, in Lagrangian vortex methods is proposed. The vorticity redistribution method is adopted to derive appropriate interpolation kernels similar to those used for remeshing in inviscid methods. These new interpolation kernels incorporate diffusion as well as remeshing. During implementation, viscous splitting is employed. The flow field is updated in two fractional steps, where the vortex elements are first convected according to the local velocity, and then their vorticity is diffused and redistributed over a predefined mesh using the extended interpolation kernels. The error characteristics and stability properties of the interpolation kernels are investigated using Fourier analysis. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that the scheme can be successfully applied in complex problems, including cases of nonlinear diffusion.
All-optical modulation of four-wave mixing in an Rb-filled photonic bandgap fiber

We demonstrate efficient all-optical modulation using Rb vapor confined to a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber. The intensity of a signal field participating in the four-wave-mixing process is modulated using a weak switching field. We observe 3dB of attenuation in the signal field with only 3600 photons of switching energy, corresponding to 23 photons per atomic cross section λ2/(2π). Modulation bandwidths as high as 300MHz are observed.
Absence of the BRAF mutation in HBME1+ and CK19+ atypical cell clusters in Hashimoto thyroiditis: supportive evidence against preneoplastic change

An association between Hashimoto thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma has been postulated for decades. We undertook this study to identify potential precursors of papillary thyroid carcinoma in Hashimoto thyroiditis using a combination of morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular techniques. For the study, samples from 59 cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis were stained with antibodies to HBME1 and cytokeratin (CK)19. Tiny HBME1+ and CK19+ atypical cell clusters were identified and analyzed for the BRAF mutation by the colorimetric Mutector assay and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. HBME1+ and CK19+ atypical cell clusters were identified in 12 (20%) of 59 cases. The minute size (<1 mm) of the clusters and the incomplete nuclear changes precluded a diagnosis of papillary microcarcinoma. The atypical cell clusters from all 12 cases were negative for BRAF. The absence of the BRAF mutation in these atypical cell clusters suggests that they may not be preneoplastic. Caution should be exercised in interpreting positive HBME1 or CK19 staining in Hashimoto thyroiditis.
Diversification of interdependent prospects

Abstract This paper extends the stochastic dominance approach to the problem of diversification of interdependent prospects. One basic result is that a risk averter should always mix any two identically distributed prospects, regardless of the nature of the interdependence between them. A similar result holds for the case of n prospects, provided all the joint distribution functions of dimension n − 1 are identical. When the n -dimensional joint distribution function is symmetric, then the optimal strategy is to put an equal amount into each prospect. The paper also provides conditions which make diversification optimal in the absence of identical marginal distributions.
Resonance-antiresonance line shape for transmission in quantum waveguides with resonantly coupled cavities

We investigate the line shape of the transmission probability in quantum waveguides with resonantly coupled cavities. Resonance and antiresonance features in the vicinity of each quasibound state can be characterized by a zero-pole pair in the complex-energy plane, which leads to asymmetrical transmission peaks. We have found a generalization of the familiar symmetrical Lorentzian line shape. Using several examples, we demonstrate the utility of our proposed line shape to extract the lifetime of the quasibound state by a fit to the data. We also discuss the asymmetrical line shapes in the context of Fano resonances.
Influence of an Experimental Sodium Fluoride Dentifrice on Dental Caries Incidence in Children

Schoolchildren residing in a fluoride-deficient area were provided either a sodium fluoride (0.1% F) or a non fluoride dentifrice for home use. About half the children provided each type of dentifrice were also given an initial prophylaxis. Combining the data with regard to the type of dentifrice indicated that the sodium fluoride dentifrice resulted in dental caries reductions of 24 and 26% as noted by the two examiners, respectively.