cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Politics of the Classical Economists

"Circumstances give in reality to every political principle its distinguishing color and discriminating effect." Edmund Burke, on the Revolution in France. Introduction, 714. — I. The classical economists' theory of the state and of government, 716. — II. Universal economic, yet hmited political, freedom, 725. — III. Reasons for distrust of popular, and of authoritarian, government, 729. — IV. The paradox of free trade and nationalism, 736. — V. The distribution of power: checks and balances, 739. — VI. The free market as the means to political progress, 742. — Conclusion, 746.
Incommensurate flux phases on a square lattice

Etude de la stabilite de la phase du liquide de Fermi d'un modele de liaisons fortes d'un reseau carre en fonction de la generation spontanee du flux magnetique et de l'aimantation de l'orbitale. Une densite d'energie de la forme 1/2 KB 2 est associee au champ magnetique B. Le diagramme de phase est etudie en fonction de K, de la temperature T et du potentiel chimique μ
Cumene hydroperoxide-supported microsomal hydroxylations of warfarin--a probe of cytochrome P-450 multiplicity and specificity.

Abstract The hepatic microsomal metabolism of R and S warfarin, supported by NADPH or cumene hydroperoxide, has been investigated to probe the multiplicity and specificity of cytochromes P-450. Microsomes were uninduccd, and phenobarbital (PB)-, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)- or 3β-hydroxy-20-oxopregn-5-ene-16-α-carbonitrile (PCN)-induced from rat liver. Cumene hydroperoxide supported the formation of all the NADPH-supported warfarin metabolites (4′-, 6-, 7- and benzylic hydroxywarfarin and dehydrowarfarin). except 8-hvdroxywarfarin. Comparisons of the rates of formation of the metabolites supported by NADPH or cumene hydroperoxide (with uninduced and induced microsomes) revealed that cumene hydroperoxide had the following effects: (1) rates of hydroxylation of the phenyl substituent of warfarin (4′-hydroxywarfarin) were increased; (2) rates of metabolism of the aliphatic portion of warfarin (benzylic hydroxywarfarin and dehydrowarfarin) were increased, except with S warfarin and uninduced microsomes; and (3) rates of hydroxylation of the phenyl ring of the coumarin group of warfarin were (a) decreased (7-. 8-hydroxywarfarin) or (b) decreased (6-hydroxywarfarin) with MC-induced microsomes and increased or unchanged with uninduced and PB- or PC'N-induced microsomes. We concluded from these studies that multiple cytochromes P-450 are implicated in the metabolism of warfarin: that the cytochromes P-450 catalyzing the formation of 7- and 8-hydroxywarfarin differ from those catalyzing the other metabolites. except foro-hydroxylation by MC-induced microsomes: that the cytochromes catalyzing 7- and 8- hydroxywarfarin formation differ from one another; that for each metabolite of warfarin, the cytochrome P-450 type predominantly responsible for its formation is the same. irrespective of the mode of induction of the microsomes: and that 6-hydroxylase activity is the exception to the previous point, and is predominantly associated with different cytochromes P-450 in differently induced microsomes. The effects of cumene hydroperoxide have been ascribed to differences in cumene hydroperoxide affinities, differences in cumene hydroperoxide-induced destruction, and differences in cumene hydroperoxidc inhibitions of warfarin binding to different cytochromes P-450. together with differences in the situation of cytochromes P-450 in the microsomal membrane.
Abstract B22: The evaluation of the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-ethyl amide and the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat for prevention of pancreatic cancer .

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. and is almost always fatal. While prevention offers the most promising approach for reducing the mortality of this disease, there is still a need to develop effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer and to test these drugs in relevant animal models. Hingorani et al have developed the autochthonous LSL-KrasG12D/+;LSL-Trp53R127H/+;Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mouse model of pancreatic cancer. These KPC transgenic mice closely replicate the genetic lesions, clinical symptoms, and histopathology found in human pancreatic cancer. A significant infiltration of immune cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, has been observed in these mice, and these immune cells appear to drive disease progression. Our recent, unpublished studies suggest that the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)) and synthetic triterpenoids inhibit the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide in RAW macrophage-like cells, suppress the release of chemokines from primary tumor cells, and reduce the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in vivo. In order to test these drugs against pancreatic cancer, KPC mice were fed powdered control diet or diet containing the triterpenoid CDDO-Ethyl amide (CDDO-EA; 400 or 600 mg/kg diet), SAHA (250 mg/kg diet) or the combination of CDDO-EA and SAHA (400 and 250 mg/kg diet, respectively). Diets were started beginning at 4 weeks of age and were continued until the mice displayed overt symptoms (cachexia, abdominal distension) of pancreatic cancer. CDDO-EA, SAHA, and the combination (n ~ 25 per group) all significantly (P Supported by the Sidney Kimmel Foundation for Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, NIH/NCI, and Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Citation Format: Karen Liby, Darlene Royce, Charlotte Williams, Renee Risingsong, Kim Tran. The evaluation of the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-ethyl amide and the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat for prevention of pancreatic cancer . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B22.
Prevention of HIV-1 infection and preservation of CD4 function by the binding of CPFs to gp120

Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is initiated when its envelope protein, gp120, binds to its receptor, the cell surface glycoprotein CD4. Small molecules, termed N-carbomethoxycarbonyl-prolyl-phenylalanyl benzyl esters (CPFs), blocked this binding. CPFs interacted with gp120 and did not interfere with the binding of CD4 to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. One CPF isomer, CPF(DD), preserved CD4-dependent T cell function while inhibiting HIV-1 infection of H9 tumor cells and human T cells. Although the production of viral proteins in infected T cells is unaltered by CPF(DD), this compound prevents the spread of infection in an in vitro model system.
Minimally invasive surgery is safe and effective for urgent and emergent colectomy.

Objective There are a limited number of studies describing the role of minimally invasive colectomy for urgent or emergent conditions of the large bowel. We hypothesize that laparoscopic colectomy in urgent and emergent setting can be performed safely in select settings. Method A cohort of patients treated at a single institution from 2001 to 2006 was identified from a prospective database. Patients who underwent open or minimally invasive surgery (MIS), including laparoscopic (LAP) or hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) colectomy for urgent and emergent conditions were included. Results A total of 68 [open 32, MIS 36 [HALS 22, LAP 14)] patients underwent urgent or emergent colectomy on our colorectal service during the 5-year time period. Patients with toxic colitis were more often selected for MIS. Patients with colon perforation or large bowel obstruction were more often selected for open surgery. The MIS group had a lower body mass index (BMI), lower American Society of Anesthesiologists fitness grade and was more likely to have been immunosuppressed. There was no difference in patient morbidity between the open and MIS groups. The MIS group had a longer median operative time and fewer cases of prolonged hospitalization. Conclusion We conclude that minimally invasive colectomy by experienced surgeons appears to be safe and effective for appropriately selected patients with emergent and urgent conditions of the large bowel.
Role of the S4 in Cooperativity of Voltage-dependent Potassium Channel Activation

Charged residues in the S4 transmembrane segment of voltage-gated cation channels play a key role in opening channels in response to changes in voltage across the cell membrane. However, the molecular mechanism of channel activation is not well understood. To learn more about the role of the S4 in channel gating, we constructed chimeras in which S4 segments from several divergent potassium channels, Shab, Shal, Shaw, and Kv3.2, were inserted into a Shaker potassium channel background. These S4 donor channels have distinctly different voltage-dependent gating properties and S4 amino acid sequences. None of the S4 chimeras have the gating behavior of their respective S4 donor channels. The conductance–voltage relations of all S4 chimeras are shifted to more positive voltages and the slopes are decreased. There is no consistent correlation between the nominal charge content of the S4 and the slope of the conductance–voltage relation, suggesting that the mutations introduced by the S4 chimeras may alter cooperative interactions in the gating process. We compared the gating behavior of the Shaw S4 chimera with its parent channels, Shaker and Shaw, in detail. The Shaw S4 substitution alters activation gating profoundly without introducing obvious changes in other channel functions. Analysis of the voltage-dependent gating kinetics suggests that the dominant effect of the Shaw S4 substitution is to alter a single cooperative transition late in the activation pathway, making it rate limiting. This interpretation is supported further by studies of channels assembled from tandem heterodimer constructs with both Shaker and Shaw S4 subunits. Activation gating in the heterodimer channels can be predicted from the properties of the homotetrameric channels only if it is assumed that the mutations alter a cooperative transition in the activation pathway rather than independent transitions.
Pointing and stabilization system for use in a high-altitude hovering helicopter

A pointing and stabilization system has been developed and flight tested which permits an optical payload to be operated for an extended time period from a nearly stationary point in the air aboard a hovering helicopter. The system is assembled primarily from commercial 'off the shelf' components and is capable of pointing the payload as desired to image geo-referenced aim points on the earth's surface. The payload contains two digital cameras and laser illuminator. The payload is mounted in a 20-inch diameter, two axis stabilized ball gimbal available form a previous program. The payload also contains a dynamically tuned gyro- based inertial measurement unit, which with GPS-aiding provides ball gimbal position and pointing information. The processed data is used to accurately register images in ground coordinates. The inertial measurement data is also used in real time to control pointing of the ball gimbal and to generate a hover display for the pilots of the SH-60 helicopter. The system has been successfully flight tested. The longest test sequence to data is a 30 minute long hover at 7000 ft altitude during which the payload was staring at a fixed aim point. During this half-hour period, pilots maintained the helicopter at its hover point within a circle of approximately 150 meters radius. Similar hover accuracy is routinely obtained. This system provides a unique research capability to observe ground phenomena from a fixed airborne perspective and to register the resulting data into fixed ground coordinates.
Evaluation of Two Standardized Disk Methods for Testing Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of the Enterobacteriaceae

Two standardized disk diffusion susceptibility testing methods were compared using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The standard Bauer-Kirby method and the agar overlay method of Barry et al. were compared using carbenicillin (50- and 100-mug disks), gentamicin, polymyxin B, and colistin sulfate. Both methods gave nearly comparable zone sizes with the enteric bacilli. However, with P. aeruginosa the agar overlay method gave zones 1 to 2 mm smaller than the Bauer-Kirby method with all drugs except gentamicin. In spite of these small differences, further examination of minimal inhibitory concentration-zone size correlations indicated that the same interpretive zone standards can be applied to either diffusion technique. For testing carbenicillin against Pseudomonas sp., 50-mug disks were unsatisfactory, especially with the agar overlay method; 100-mug disks were far superior with both methods.
Establishing Dual Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence and Multicolor Electrochromism in Functional Ionic Transition-Metal Complexes

A combination of electrochromism and electroluminescence in functional materials could lead to single-layer dual electrochromic/electroluminescent (EC/EL) display devices, capable of simultaneous operation in emissive and reflective modes. Whereas such next generation displays could provide optimal visibility in any ambient lighting situation, materials available that exhibit such characteristics in the active layer are limited due to the required intrinsic multifunctionality (i.e., redox activity, electroluminescence, electrochromism, and ion conductivity) and to date can only be achieved via the rational design of ionic transition-metal complexes. Reported herein is the synthesis and characterization of a new family of acrylate-containing ruthenium (tris)bipyridine-based coordination complexes with multifunctional characteristics. Potential use of the presented compounds in EC/EL devices is established, as they are applied as cross-linked electrochromic films and electrochemiluminescent layers in light-...
Compact Portable QEPAS Multi-gas Sensor

A quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) based multi-gas sensor was developed to quantify concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride (HCl), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in ambient air. The sensor consists of a compact package of dimensions 25cm x 25cm x 10cm and was designed to operate at atmospheric pressure. The HCN, CO2, and HCl measurement channels are based on cw, C-band telecommunication-style packaged, fiber-coupled diode lasers, while the CO channel uses a TO can-packaged Sb diode laser as an excitation source. Moreover, the sensor incorporates rechargeable batteries and can operate on batteries for at least 8 hours. It can also operate autonomously or interact with another device (such as a computer) via a RS232 serial port. Trace gas detection limits of 7.74ppm at 4288.29cm-1 for CO, 450ppb at 6539.11 cm-1 for HCN, 1.48ppm at 5739.26 cm-1 for HCl and 97ppm at 6361.25 cm-1 for CO2 for a 1sec average time, were demonstrated.
CHEMICAL PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION IN THE GUINEA-PIG. I. RADIOPROTECTIVE ACTION OF RNA AND ATP.

SummaryThe protective effect of RNA and ATP against x-radiation injury has been demonstrated in guinea-pigs. The protective effect of other nucleotides is probable, but not fully proved, because of the small number of animals. The survival rates of the protected animals considerably exceeded those of the controls. Leucocyte counts and haematocrits returned to normal values in the protected animals, 3 weeks following irradiation. ATP concentration in the blood of the controls showed a considerable decrease a few hours following irradiation. In the fatal cases it may drop to 5·6–6·7 mg per cent. In the ATP-protected animals the initial drop was the same as in the controls. But after 7 days ATP concentration returned to normal levels, in many instances with a tendency to overshooting reactions. In contrast to ATP protection the response to RNA was different. The initial drop was absent, or ATP concentration even slightly increased.
Stimulus-dependent actin polymerization in bovine neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are responsible for much of the first wave of leukocyte-mediated host defense against microbial pathogens. In order to migrate through the endothelium of vessel walls, undergo chemotaxis, and phagocytize microbes, PMNs must modulate their cytoskeletal elements and undergo change of cellular shape. We have used fluorescence flow cytometric analysis and cellular microscopic observations to demonstrate actin polymerization in bovine PMNs and to examine the kinetics of PMN actin polymerization utilizing different PMN stimuli. In addition, we compared temporal relationships between cellular shape and actin polymerization. Actin polymerization occurred rapidly, and the kinetics of actin polymerization were similar for each of the three PMN agonists used, ZAS (10%), PAF (10(-6) M), and rhC5a (10(-7) M). Actin polymerization was near-maximal by 10 sec poststimulation (95.4% of maximal F-actin content attained by 10 sec poststimulation with ZAS stimulation), and reached peak values by 30 sec. The maximal increase in F-actin content of agonist-stimulated cells as compared to resting cells was 2.8-fold with ZAS; 2.3-fold with PAF; and 2.3-fold with rhC5a. PMN shape change (pseudopodia, membrane ruffles) was not as rapid, with only 22.4% of cells attaining visible membrane deformation by 10 sec and requiring 120 sec to reach peak shape-change values. After attaining peak values, the two events also differed. Whereas the percent of shape-changed PMNs remained plateaued up to 5 min poststimulation, the F-actin content gradually decreased after 30 sec, approaching F-actin values of unstimulated PMNs.
Cancer immunotherapy: Dendritic-cell vaccines on the move

Vaccines that induce an antitumour immune response are disappointingly ineffective in treating patients with cancer. Pre-conditioning the vaccination site to induce inflammation might provide a way to improve this therapy. See Letter p.366 John Sampson and colleagues report on a small clinical trial in glioblastoma patients that shows that the immune and anti-tumour response to dendritic cell vaccination is increased by pre-conditioning the site of vaccination with tetanus/diptheria toxoid (Td). Experiments in mice showed similar effects and demonstrated that pre-conditioning with Td enhanced migration of dendritic cells to the tumours, at least in part due to the action of the cytokine CCL3. Although the clinical trial reported is small, these findings may pave the way for new ways of improving the efficacy of anti-cancer vaccines.
Boom to bust in the NHS: Questions on productivity

EDITOR—Maynard and Street's article raises many questions.1 After the “feast” we have had so far, what is the absolute spending on health relative to gross domestic product? Is …
Interactive effects of parity and early pup stress on the open field behavior of laboratory rats.

Pups of primiparous and multiparous Sprague Dawley rats received 0-, 2-, or 5-min cold stress on Days 2–6 postpartum. Stressed offspring of primiparous mothers had shorter latencies to move in an open field than did control offspring of primiparous mothers. However, stressed offspring of multiparous mothers had longer latencies than did the controls. The results suggest differences in maternal responsiveness immediately following return of stressed pups to the nest.
Social Influences and Backcountry Visitor Behavior in Occupied Grizzly Bear Habitat

Abstract Increasing concerns about confrontations between backcountry recreational visitors and bears have led to bear management plans that rely heavily on information programs to persuade such visitors to adopt appropriate behaviors. The effectiveness of these programs is sometimes questioned because confrontations continue, and the cause is often inappropriate human behavior. Contemporary attitude theory suggests that social influences on behavior may affect the reception and adoption of information programs. This study investigated the importance of various social groups to backcountry visitors as sources of information and as influences on appropriate behavior in occupied grizzly bear habitat. Of nine referent groups, backcountry rangers and group members were identified as the most influential and reliable sources of information. Overall, the importance of specific types of social and informational influences varied in their influence on backcountry visitor behavioral norms.
Steady-State Multiplicity in Receptor-Mediated Colloidal Adhesion

Biological adhesion is frequently mediated by specific binding between macromolecular bonds. Reconstituting molecules onto colloids allows recreation of bioadhesion in cell-free systems. We have used adhesive dynamics, a numerical simulation of binding interactions at adhesive interfaces, to explore the dynamics of colloidal adhesion to complementary surfaces mediated by biomolecules under hydrodynamic flow. In our model system, we show clearly that for certain parameter combinations multiple steady states in the particle velocity will be observed. In these regimes of multiplicity, static incubation predisposes particles to a firmly bound state (of zero velocity) while perfused particles are observed to detach (and reach the hydrodynamic velocity) at an identical level of applied force. Our calculations indicate that adhesion multiplicity is most probable for adhesion receptors with slow thermal dissociation rates and large reactive compliance (sensitivity to applied force). We examine how additional mode...
Using Appreciative Inquiry and Dialogical Learning to Explore Dominant Paradigms

Experiential learning theory, conversational learning, and seminar practices combine to shape an educational experience that is grounded in principles of appreciative inquiry. The seminar, taught to undergraduate business majors, seeks to encourage students to explore their underlying assumptions about business in society. Because postindustrial globalization renders business and society interdependent, the innovative pedagogy assumes educators hold responsibility for creating and fostering new skills in business students. Critical thinking, self-awareness, and values analysis skills support students seeking to engage with and innovate based on perspectives different from their own. A transferable methodology is proposed.
The Mayo Lung Cohort: A Regression Analysis Focusing on Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality

PURPOSE: The Mayo Lung Project has been interpreted as negative because it failed to demonstrate a significant mortality reduction among those randomized to chest x-ray and cytology. In contrast, survival suggests that screening is highly effective. This report was undertaken to analyze the trial as a closed cohort study, in an effort to identify predictors of lung cancer incidence and mortality, and to determine whether survival or mortality was unbiased. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Mayo Lung Cohort comprised all 9,192 randomized individuals. Cox proportional hazards regression was used both to determine predictors of incidence and mortality in the population and to identify predictors of mortality among cases. Survival analyses using intent-to-treat principles and measuring survival from randomization were used to evaluate length bias and lead-time bias. Multivariate Cox regression was used to investigate the extent to which the data are consistent with overdiagnosis. RESULTS: Cox regression demonstrates ...
Specificity of angiotensin antagonists in the mesenteric vasculature of dogs.

AbstractExperiments were conducted to assess whether the octapeptide antagonist Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II or the heptapeptide antagonist Ile7-angiotensin III demonstrates specificity for antagonizing the mesenteric vasoconstrictor properties of angiotensin II or angiotensin III. Experiments were performed on 12 dogs anesthetized with sodium pen-tobarbital. In all dogs, the effects of five graded doses (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 pmole, bolus injections) of angiotensin II and angiotensin III on superior mesenteric artery blood flow were tested. At all doses tested, angiotensin II was more potent than angiotensin III. Administration of the middle dose (40 pmole) of angiotensin II and angiotensin III was repeated during the infusion of either Ile7-angiotensin III (N = 6) or Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II (N = 6) at five different dosages into the superior mesenteric artery, Sar1-Ele8-angiotensin II antagonized equally the mesenteric vasoconstrictor effects of both angiotensin II and angiotensin III. Ile7-angiotensin I...
Inhibition of JAK2 Signaling by TG101209 Enhances Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer Models

Introduction: Persistent STAT3 activation contributes to lung carcinogenesis. Survivin, one of STAT3-regulated genes, is antiapoptotic and confers cancer radioresistance. Methods: We tested whether TG101209, a small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2 (a STAT3-activating tyrosine kinase), affected survivin expression and sensitized lung cancer to radiation. We investigated whether inhibition of JAK2 signaling with TG101209 can be used to reduce survivin expression and enhance radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth delay in vivo. JAK2 downstream signaling, including PI3-K/Akt and Ras/MAPK/ERK pathways, was also explored. Results: TG101209 inhibited STAT3 activation and survivin expression and sensitized HCC2429 (dose enhancement ratio=1.34, p = 0.002) and H460 (dose enhancement ratio=1.09, p = 0.006) cells to radiation in clonogenic assays. Radiation promoted phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK in H460 cells, while their levels were unchanged in HCC2429. After treatment with TG101209, phospho-ERK protein levels were reduced in both HCC2429 and H460 cells. HCC2429 cells transfected with KRAS -12V mutant were more resistant to radiation- and TG101209-induced apoptosis than wild-type control cells. In vivo, addition of TG101209 to radiation in lung xenografts produced a significant tumor growth delay (>10 days) compared with radiation alone and was well tolerated. Immunohistochemistry staining of tumor sections showed that TG101209 increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation and vascular density, suggesting that TG101209 also has antiangiogenic effects. Conclusions: TG101209 enhanced the effects of radiation in lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. This study suggests the potential utility of selecting lung cancer patients according to KRAS mutation status for future clinical trials testing combination of TG101209 and radiotherapy.
Energy distributions of electronically excited molecules produced by ion bombardment of silicon

Abstract We report optical measurements of the internal and kinetic energies of the electronically excited molecules SiN(B2Σ) and SiH(A2Δ) produced by ion bombardment of silicon. Both molecules are observed to have Boltzmann-like vibrational and rotational energy distributions with average internal energies ~ 0.3 eV, and average kinetic energies ~ 3.0 eV. A simple classical model of vibrational excitation of diatomic molecules due to direct collisional ejection is presented. The model calculations are in qualitative agreement with experimental results, and they illustrate the role of an important dynamical factor — the ratio of the collision duration to the vibrational period of the molecule. There is a propensity for the molecule to respond to collisions as a single unit when this ratio is large, whereas impulsive momentum transfer to the constituent atoms is obtained when this ratio is small.
Stable reconstruction of regular 1-Harmonic maps with a given trace at the boundary

We consider the numerical solvability of the Dirichlet problem for the 1-Laplacian in a planar domain endowed with a metric conformal with the Euclidean one. Provided that a regular solution exists, we present a globally convergent method to find it. The global convergence allows to show a local stability in the Dirichlet problem for the 1-Laplacian nearby regular solutions. Such problems occur in conductivity imaging, when knowledge of the magnitude of the current density field (generated by an imposed boundary voltage) is available inside. Numerical experiments illustrate the feasibility of the convergent algorithm in the context of the conductivity imaging problem.
Calcium and a mitochondrial signal interact to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and insulin secretion in rat islets.

Fuel metabolism generates multiple signals that interact to stimulate insulin secretion. These studies explored the mechanism by which fuels activate phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis and the role of this signal transduction pathway in fuel-stimulated insulin secretion. High potassium (30 mM), which depolarizes the membrane and increases Ca2+ influx, caused only a transient monophasic release of insulin. In contrast, glucose (20 mM) or monomethylsuccinate (MMSucc; 10 mM) markedly stimulated a sustained insulin secretory response, indicating that fuel metabolism generates a signal(s) in addition to Ca2+ influx that is required for a sustained secretory response. On the other hand, diazoxide, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel activator that prevents membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx in response to fuel metabolism, reduced the secretory responses to glucose and MMSucc to baseline levels, demonstrating that Ca2+ influx was essential to fuel-stimulated insulin secretion. The further addition of high K+ bypassed...
The effect of certain additives on the gel point of methylcellulose.

The effect of certain additives on the gel point of various grades of Methocel 4000 solutions has been investigated. Most electrolytes, as well as sorbitol, sucrose, and glycerin depress the gel point while ethanol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400 raise the gel point. The effect of propylene glycol in counteracting the gel point depression caused by magnesium chloride or sucrose as examples of electrolytes and nonionic hydrophilic compounds, respectively, is illustrated. The gel point raising effect of ethanol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400 has been related to their solvent properties.
Bounds on oscillatory integral operators

Abstract We present new estimates in E. Stein's Fourier restriction problem for curved hyper-surfaces in R n and also on the mapping properties of the more general class of oscillatory integral operators introduced by L. Hormander.
Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Previous studies of cerebral oxygen metabolism and extraction in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have yielded conflicting results. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure ...
Building a better probabilistic model of images by factorization

We describe a directed bilinear model that learns higher-order groupings among features of natural images. The model represents images in terms of two sets of latent variables: one set of variables represents which feature groups are active, while the other specifies the relative activity within groups. Such a factorized representation is beneficial because it is stable in response to small variations in the placement of features while still preserving information about relative spatial relationships. When trained on MNIST digits, the resulting representation provides state of the art performance in classification using a simple classifier. When trained on natural images, the model learns to group features according to proximity in position, orientation, and scale. The model achieves high log-likelihood (−94 nats), surpassing the current state of the art for natural images achievable with an mcRBM model.
Default, Settlement, and Repayment History: A Unifled Model of Sovereign Debt ⁄

This paper proposes a dynamic model of sovereign debt that combines default, settlement, and repayment history. The model addresses two questions: 1) how level of debt and income proflle afiect the length of time a country in default is excluded from the international credit market, and 2) how repayment history afiects the credit limit and interest rate lenders ofier, and the borrower’s incentive to default. In the model, borrowers weigh the beneflts from defaulting against the penalties associated with it, namely a lengthy exclusion from the market and a potential deterioration in the credit terms. The paper models the settlement as a random process to re∞ect ine‐ciencies that arise due to the existence of private information, but conditions the probability of a settlement on the portion of the defaulted debt borrowers agree to repay. The model incorporates repayment history (i.e., the number of years a country has been active in the international credit market) into the information set used by lenders. Quantitative analysis shows that the model can replicate some key stylized facts of sovereign debt: 1) settlement ofiers depend positively on a debtor’s current income level and negatively on its level of debt; 2) the debt-to-GDP ratio that new borrowers or serial defaulters can support is well below the ratio that proven debtors can safely manage; 3) the probability of default is larger for debtors with recent payment di‐culties; 4) once a country defaults, it takes many years of perfect repayment and low levels of debt for that country to gain continuous access to international credit markets at low cost; this process is slow and backsliding into default is di‐cult to avoid.
INCOMPLETE HEPATIC INACTIVATION OF HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE INTRASPLENICALLY GRAFTED OVARY IN THE MOUSE

INTRODUCTION UNTIL very recently the opinion has prevailed that the animal bearing an ovarian graft in the spleen is, in terms of the hormone content of its systemic circulation, a physiological castrate. Considerable amounts of either estrogen or progesterone are removed from the blood stream when the hormone is placed in the portal drainage area (Segaloff and Dunning, 1946, Engle, 1946). Data of a quantitative nature concerning the removal of sex hormone by the liver have been obtained in experiments with the castrated graft-bearing chick (Bernstorf, 1948). While the present investigation was in progress, data obtained with the rat have been published by both Werthessen and Field (1950), and by Greep and Jones (1950) showing agreement with data presented here. The present work gives indication both by organ weight comparison and by microscopic methods that a significant amount of active hormone passes into the systemic circulation from an intrasplenically grafted ovaiy in the mouse.
Cardiovascular comorbidities are increased in US patients with haemophilia A: a retrospective database analysis

There is conflicting evidence in the literature on whether individuals with haemophilia in the USA have greater, reduced, or similar risks for cardiovascular disease as the general population. This study evaluated the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities among USA males with haemophilia A, relative to an unaffected general male population with similar characteristics. Males with haemophilia A and continuous insurance coverage were identified by ICD-9-CM code 286.0 (1 January 2007-31 December 2009) using the MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Research Databases. Individuals with haemophilia A were exact matched 1:3 with males without a diagnosis of haemophilia A. The prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities identified by ICD-9-CM code was determined for matched cohorts. Of the study population, 2506 were grouped in the haemophilia A cohort and 7518 in the general cohort. Proportions of individuals with haemorrhagic stroke (2.0% vs. 0.5%, P < 0.001), ischemic stroke (4.7% vs. 2.7%, P < 0.001), coronary artery disease (10.7% vs. 5.8%, P < 0.001), myocardial infarction (0.8% vs. 0.3%, P = 0.003), hypertension (22.6% vs. 15.5%, P < 0.001), hyperlipidaemia (15.9% vs. 11.9%, P < 0.001), arterial thrombosis (12.1% vs. 5.9%, P < 0.001), and venous thrombosis (4.4% vs. 1.1%, P < 0.001) were significantly greater for the haemophilia A cohort. Results were consistent across most age groups, and comorbidities appeared at an earlier age in those with haemophilia A than in the general population. Among the USA haemophilia A population cardiovascular comorbidities are more prevalent and they appear earlier in life in comparison to the general male population, suggesting the need for earlier, enhanced screening for age-related comorbidities in the haemophilia community.
Effects of increasing urinary pH on cigarette smoking.

We evaluated the effects of increasing urinary pH on sensitive automated measures of cigarette smoking behavior. Urine was alkalized by oral doses of 50 or 75 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate. Measurements of cigarette smoking behavior included the number of cigarettes smoked and automated measures of puff frequency and duration. The sodium bicarbonate resulted in little or no change in the number of cigarettes smoked, but in five of the seven subjects frequency and duration of cigarette puffs after sodium bicarbonate decreased 10% to 15%. The small decreases in cigarette smoking brought about by sodium bicarbonate cannot be expected to have significant overall effects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 253–260; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.156
Campus bridging made easy via Globus services

As science becomes more computation and data intensive, computing needs often exceed campus capacity. Thus we see a desire to scale from the local environment to other campuses, to national cyberinfrastructure providers such as XSEDE, and/or to cloud providers---in other words, to "bridge" to the wider world. But given the realities of limited resources, time, and expertise, campus bridging methods must be exceedingly easy to use: as easy, for example, as are Netflix and Amazon movie streaming services. We report here on experiences with a service called Globus Online, which seeks to do for campus bridging what Netflix and Amazon do for movies: that is, use powerful cloud-hosted services and simple, intuitive web interfaces to make it "so easy that your grandparent can do it." Specifically, we describe Globus Transfer, which addresses the important campus bridging use case of moving or synchronizing data across institutional boundaries. We describe how Globus Transfer achieves both ease of use for researchers and ease of administration for campus IT staff. We provide technical details on the Globus solution; quantitative data on usage by more than 25 early adopter campuses; and experience reports from two early adopters, the University of Michigan and the University of Colorado Boulder.
Using Imagined Interaction Features to Predict Measures of Self-Awareness: Loneliness, Locus of Control, Self-Dominance, and Emotional Intensity:

Imagined interactions are covert dialogues that occur with significant others and are a part of the social cognition process. Imagined interactions may call up plans for anticipated encounters. Using a multidimensional instrument known as the “Survey of Imagined Interaction” (SII), the multivariate relationship between general characteristics of imagined interactions and various measures of self-awareness and emotional intensity were examined. Measures reflecting loneliness, locus of control, being dominant in an imagined interaction as well as feeling satisfied and pleasant with an imagined interaction were regressed on the general dimensions of the SII. Results from the regression models are discussed in terms of imagined interactions being associated with and possibly creating more self-awareness.
Swainsonine Toxicosis Mimics Lectin Histochemistry of Mannosidosis

Cells affected by locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) and Swainsona galegifolia toxicosis or mannosidosis exhibit similarities in their catabolism of N-linked glycoproteins and accumulation of cytoplasmic vacuoles. We used nine different biotinylated lectins as histochemical markers for specific sugars and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex as a visualant to study the cells affected with these conditions. Since locoweed and Swainsona spp block mannosidase activity, we expected a similar lectin staining pattern in cells under these conditions as that seen in mannosidosis. Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin and succinyl wheat germ agglutinin stained the undegraded glycoproteins and oligosaccharides stored in the lysosomes of affected cells in all three conditions. Bandeirea simplicifolia-I, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin-I, soybean agglutinin and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I did not stain any of these cells. These results indicate that in all three conditions there is an accumulation of undegraded oligosaccharides that contain alpha-mannosyl and beta-N-acetyl glucosamine residues which are revealed by lectin staining in the vacuoles of all affected cells.
Thermonuclear Detonations in Collapsing White Dwarf Stars

Collapsing white dwarf stars (or degenerate cores) may occur in binary systems, in the formation of Type I supernovae or in the formation of pulsars. These collapsing configurations may explode their nuclear fuel (12C or16O) by the detonation wave mechanism. A combination of analytical and numerical models is used to investigate the formation of detonation waves. The tentative conclusion is that a detonation wave will form which will lead to the ignition of esentially all the fuel in such a collapsing star. This potentially explosive configuration will be strongly affected, however, by rapid beta processes which occur in the detonated matter and which should cause a fraction of the stellar mass to collapse toward a neutron star state. The nature and effect of such beta processes, which have not yet been incorporated in the dynamical calculations, are discussed.
Cell-signalling dynamics in time and space

The specificity of cellular responses to receptor stimulation is encoded by the spatial and temporal dynamics of downstream signalling networks. Temporal dynamics are coupled to spatial gradients of signalling activities, which guide pivotal intracellular processes and tightly regulate signal propagation across a cell. Computational models provide insights into the complex relationships between the stimuli and the cellular responses, and reveal the mechanisms that are responsible for signal amplification, noise reduction and generation of discontinuous bistable dynamics or oscillations.
Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts

BACKGROUND: The use of safety belts is the single most effective means of reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in motor vehicle crashes. If all motor vehicle occupants consistently wore safety belts, an estimated 9553 deaths would have been prevented in 1999 alone. METHODS: The Guide to Community Preventive Services's methods for systematic reviews were used to evaluate the effectiveness of three interventions to increase safety belt use. Effectiveness was assessed on the basis of changes in safety belt use and number of crash-related injuries. RESULTS: Strong evidence was found for the effectiveness of safety belt laws in general and for the incremental effectiveness of primary safety belt laws relative to secondary laws. Strong evidence for the effectiveness of enhanced enforcement programs for safety belt laws was also found. Additional information is provided about the applicability, other effects, and barriers to implementation of these interventions. CONCLUSIONS: These reviews form the basis of the recommendations by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services presented elsewhere in this supplement. They can help decision makers identify and implement effective interventions that fit within an overall strategy to increase safety belt use.
Matched filter-bound for time-discrete multipath Rayleigh fading channels

The matched filter bound (MFB) for the two-path channel derived in Mazo (1991) is extended to Rayleigh fading channels with an arbitrary number of time-discrete paths. General results on antenna diversity reception and communication over correlated-path fading channels are presented. Examples of the MFB for several practically useful channels are given. >
Factor Analytic Modeling of within Person Variation in Score Profiles.

A profile is a vector of scores for one examinee. The mean score in the vector can be interpreted as a measure of overall profile height, the variance can be interpreted as a measure of within person variation, and the ipsatized vector of score deviations about the mean can be said to describe the pattern in the score profile. A within person pattern interpretation of orthogonal factor loadings is developed. A statistic is proposed to index the amount of within person variation accounted for by an orthogonal factor. The statistic can be used to determine whether a factor warrants a within person pattern interpretation. A factor model with a random coefficient intercept is proposed for the study of within person score patterns accounting for within person variation. Two examples, one involving items from the Life Orientation Test and the other involving subscales of the Strong Vocational Interest Inventory, illustrate application of the factor model with an intercept, the within person variation statistic,...
Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis among women with lactobacillus-predominant vaginal flora

Objectives To determine the prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in women with normal vaginal flora. Methods Women without symptoms or signs of vaginal infection and five or fewer lifetime sexual partners were recruited for a longitudinal study of vaginal flora. Negative Amsel criteria and a Nugent score of 0–3 were required for enrolment. Vaginal specimens were self-collected daily for Gram stain and every 3 days for PCR for G vaginalis for 30 days. Women completed daily diaries recording sexual activity, symptoms and menses. Results Twenty women were recruited for the study with 19 completing all specimens and 1 lost to follow-up. During the 30-day study period, 13/19 (68.4%) of women had normal Nugent scores (0–3) whereas 6/19 (31.6%) of women had at least 2 days of Nugent scores in the intermediate range (p=0.09). Among the 19 women, 9 (47%) were negative for G vaginalis by PCR throughout the study period whereas 10 (53%) had at least one specimen that demonstrated the presence of G vaginalis by PCR. Of those women with intermediate flora on Gram stain during the course of the study 5/6 (83.3%) were positive for G vaginalis while 5/13 (38.5%) of those women with only normal Nugent scores were positive for G vaginalis . Thus, 61.5% of women with normal Nugent scores had no evidence of G vaginalis by serial PCR. Conclusions Gardnerella may not be part of the normal flora in women with optimal vaginal health.
RNA Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (RNA-ChIP) in Caenorhabditis elegans

The RNA chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (RNA-ChIP) allows detection and quantification of RNA-protein interactions using in vivo cross-linking with formaldehyde followed by immunoprecipitation of the RNA-protein complexes. Here we describe the RNA-ChIP protocol that we have adapted for Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to detect interaction between the nuclear Argonaute CSR-1 (chromosome segregation and RNAi deficient) protein and its target nascent RNAs. We have used a transgenic strain expressing a recombinant long isoform of CSR-1 protein fused with N-terminal 3x FLAG epitope.