cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pilocarpine concentrations in aqueous humor following single drop application I. Effect of soft contact lenses

Following single drop instillation of pilocarpine, drug levels in individual aqueous humor samples of rabbits were determined by high-performance liquid chromatrography and correlated with changes in pupillary diameter and intraocular pressure (IOP). Application of higher concentrations of pilocarpine resulted in higher drug levels but these differences were neither statistically significant nor consistently proportional to the strength applied. Maximum miosis occurred between 30 and 60 minutes and the maximum fall in IOP occurred between 1 and 2 hours. The influence of contact lenses with varying water content and thickness upon intraocular penetration of pilocarpine was studied. Contact lenses did not affect 30-minute concentrations of pilocarpine in aqueous humor. Although two-hour levels were significantly lower with contact lenses, miosis and IOP at these time periods were comparable with and without lenses. Neither water content nor thickness appreciably influenced miosis and IOP.
Harmonic maps between singular spaces I

We discuss regularity questions for harmonic maps from a n-dimensional Riemannian polyhedral complex X to a non-positively curved metric space. The main theorems assert, assuming Lipschitz regularity of the metric on the domain complex, that such maps are locally Holder continuous with explicit bounds of the Holder constant and exponent on the energy of the map and the geometry of the domain and locally Lipschitz continuous away from the (n− 2)-skeleton of the complex. Moreover, if x is a point on the k-skeleton (k ≤ n − 2) we give explicit dependence of the Holder exponent at a point near x on the combinatorial and geometric information of the link of x in X and the link of the k-dimensional skeleton in X at x.
Toward a behavioral theory of leadership

Abstract A great deal of the apparent inconsistency in the leadership literature may be due to semantic confusion about leader behavior and to the absence of a conceptual framework which includes intermediate and situational variables. A system of three distinct leader behavior dimensions is proposed to reduce this confusion. Two of the dimensions are similar to the familiar variables, Consideration and Initiating Structure. The third dimension, Decision-Centralization, refers to the extent to which a leader allows his subordinates to participate in decision-making. A discrepancy model is developed to explain the relation between leader behavior and subordinate satisfaction with the leader. A multiple linkage model is developed to explain how the leader behavior variables interact with situational variables to determine group productivity. A review of the leadership literature revealed that the results of previous research are generally consistent with the proposed models. The compatibility of the linkage model with Fiedler's Contingency Model is discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered.
Analytical performance characteristics of the Abbott Architect i2000 Tacrolimus assay; comparisons with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Abbott IMx methods.

Background Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug discovered in 1984, is used to decrease the risk of organ rejection. The 2007 European Consensus Conference on Tacrolimus Optimization recommended the use of methods with a limit of quantitation at ≤ 1 ng/ml for monitoring low dose tacrolimus therapy. Methods The performance characteristics of the Abbott i2000 Tacrolimus assay were evaluated and compared to LC-MS/MS and Abbott IMx methods. Results The limit of detection of the Abbott i2000 method was 0.21 ng/ml. Total imprecision was 6.9, 5.8 and 4.2% at three target concentrations of tacrolimus (3.2, 8.5 and 15.9 ng/ml) respectively. The method was linear up to 30 ng/ml. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.5 ng/ml. Correlation of patient specimen results between the Abbott i2000 method and LC-MS/MS yielded a Deming slope of 1.072 ng/ml (CI 1.005 to 1.140), r = 0.952 and an intercept of − 0.491 ng/ml (CI −1.387 to 0.405). The mean bias, as determined by Bland–Altman analysis, was 0.36 ng/ml. Comparing results generated by the widely used Abbott IMx assay with LC-MS/MS and Architect i2000 methods yielded Deming slopes of 1.062 and 0.973, with intercepts of − 0.214 ng/ml and − 0.01 ng/ml respectively. For both comparisons, r = 0.97. The corresponding mean bias of results generated by the Abbott IMx assay (Bland–Altman plots) was 0.53 ng/ml vs LC-MS/MS and − 0.38 ng/ml vs the Architect i2000. Conclusions The Architect i2000 method is a sensitive and highly precise method that achieves a LOQ of < 1.0 ng/ml and demonstrated overall accuracy of tacrolimus measurements within 0.4 ng/ml.
MR-based attenuation correction for hybrid PET-MR brain imaging systems using deformable image registration

Purpose: Realization of combined positron emission tomography (PET)—magnetic resonance (MR) scanners has the potential to significantly change healthcare and revolutionize clinical practice as it allows, simultaneously, visualization of molecular imaging and anatomical imaging. PET-MR, acquired in one imaging study, will likely become the advanced imaging modality of choice for neurological studies, certain forms of cancer, stroke, and the emerging study of stem cell therapy. A challenge toward the implementation and operation of combined PET-MR scanners is that attenuation corrections maps are not directly available due to space and cost constraints. This article presents a method to obtain accurate patient-specific PET attenuation coefficients maps in head imaging by warping an atlas computed tomography(CT) data set to the patient-specific MR data set using a deformable registration model. Methods: A multimodality optical flow deformable model has been developed that establishes a voxel-to-voxel correspondence between the CT atlas and patient MR images. Once the mapping is established, the atlas is warped with the deformation field obtained by the registration to create a simulated CTimage study that matches the patient anatomy, which could be used for attenuation correction. Results: To evaluate the accuracy of the deformable-based attenuation correction, 17 clinical braintumor cases were studied using acquired MR-CT images. A simulated CT was compared to the patient’s true CT to assess geometrical accuracy of the deformation module as well as voxel-to-voxel comparison of Hounsfield units (HUs). In all cases, mapping from the atlas CT to the individual MR was achieved with geometrical accuracy as judged using quantitative inspection tools. The mean distance between simulated and true CT external contour and bony anatomy was 1.26 and 2.15 mm, respectively. In terms of HU unit comparison, the mean voxel-to-voxel difference was less than 2 HU for all cases. Conclusions: Attenuation correction for hybrid PET-MR scanners was easily achieved by individualizing an atlas CT to the MR data set using a deformable model without requiring user interaction. The method provided clinical accuracy while eliminating the need for an additional CT scan for PET attenuation correction.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations Predict A pH-Dependent Conformational Change in the C-Helix of Cell Cycle Checkpoint Kinase Wee1

Wee1 is the cell cycle checkpoint kinase that phosphorylates Tyr15 of Cdk1, maintaining it in an inactive state. Cdk1 regulates the transition from S to G2/M phases in eukaryotic cells and is activated upon dephosphorylation of residues Thr14 and Tyr15 and cyclin B1 binding. We previously reported that increased intracellular pH (pHi) (> 7.2) promotes G2/M transition. Moreover, we found that in cells having low pHi (< 7.2) the abundance of phosphorylated Cdk1 (pTyr15) is aberrantly sustained. We are testing the hypothesis that Wee1 kinase activity might be pH sensitive, with higher activity at lower pH. The C-helix in Wee1 contains four contiguous residues unique to the Wee1 family centered around His350, which faces the ATP binding site. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that changes in pHi could affect the C-helix conformation and hence catalytic activity (C-helix conformation modulates activity in many other kinases). Molecular dynamics simulations of Wee1 were performed while allowing His350 to be either neutral or charged, capturing the hypothetical protonation state of His350 at high and low pHi, respectively. Most portions of the kinase domain showed only small changes at the end of the two 10 ns simulations. However, when His350 was neutral, the C-helix adopted a conformation that closely mimics the inactive state of other kinases. In contrast, when His350 was charged, the C-helix adopted a conformation similar to the active state of other kinases wherein the C-helix was rotated towards the active site. These data suggest that pH-sensitivity in Wee1 may be mediated by the influence of the protonation state of His350 on the C-helix conformation. We are currently testing these predictions using NMR and biochemical approaches.
Serological identification and physical-chemical properties of the non-spasmogenic principle (NSP) in tetanus toxin

Abstract Previous studies had shown that crude tetanus toxin had at least two distinct physiological actions, one due to tetanospasmin which acts on the central nervous system, and the other due to a separate principle which acts on the peripheral neuromuscular junctions. In this paper we report the isolation of the non-spasmogenic principle by a combination of techniques involving (a) the removal of the centrally-acting material by adsorption on a cerebroside-ganglioside complex, (b) the fractionation of the supernate with ammonium sulfate, and (c) gel-filtration of the active fraction on Sephadex. The material thus prepared gave a single component in immunoelectrophoresis against equine antitoxin; this was separate and distinct from that given by the centrally-active fraction. Since the two activities could be independently concentrated, the peripheral-to-central ratio of potency could be used as a guide to the efficiency of purification. Accordingly, these ratios were: parent toxin, 1·2 × 102; peripheral factor, 1·2 × 1010; and lethal factor, 2.2 × 10−4. The non-spasmogenic material gave a single peak in the analytical ultracentrifuge, corresponding to a Svedberg coefficient of 2·2.
Safety of eptifibatide for subcortical stroke progression.

Background: There is no proven treatment for stroke progression in patients with subcortical infarcts. Eptifibatide, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, might halt stroke progression
Results of Valvulotomy for Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum Analysis of Sixty-Nine Patients

The analysis deals primarily with follow-up studies of patients who have had a valvulotomy for valvular pulmonic stenosis with an intact ventricular septum. In addition to observations on the subjective improvement, hemograms, and arterial oxygen saturation, the cardiac findings have been analyzed in detail. The changes in the size of the heart have been studied in relation to the growth of the patient and, wherever possible, these changes have been correlated with the postoperative right ventricular pressure. It was found that cardiac enlargement came to an end when the right ventricular pressure fell below 100 mm. Hg.
Special Issue: Workshop on Grid Computing Portals (GCE 2005)

This article summarizes the outcome of a workshop held at Supercomputing 2005 that focused on grid computing portals and environments. This workshop is the first in a series of workshops planned in conjunction with the supercomputing meetings for the next few years. The intent of the workshop was to provide a venue for the community to share ideas, exchange experiences, and advance the field. Grid portals are faced with the challenge of providing simplified user interfaces to cyberinfrastructure, which results in the need for the portal developer to program to every layer in the cyberinfrastructure fabric and to develop unique solutions. This article summarizes the papers presented at this workshop. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGFβ as a Potential Mediator of Progesterone Action in the Mammary Gland of Pregnancy

The molecular mechanisms controlling the onset of copious milk secretion are only now beginning to be elucidated. We have known for nearly four decades that progesterone suppresses milk secretion during pregnancy, and that the fall in progesterone near parturition is necessary for secretory activation. Similarly, we've known for 15 years that transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) also suppresses milk secretion. Yet no formal link between the two has ever been established. This work aims to review the evidence for and against a link between progesterone and TGFbeta, raise unanswered questions, and to propose further lines of research.
Gauge-invariant theory of direct interaction between membranes

A manifestly gauge-invariant theory of direct interaction between membranes is presented. The equations of motion found have no constraints in the type of interaction. The field theories associated with two classes of direct interactions are presented. The direct interaction between particles and membranes as well as the interaction between string and membranes are discussed. Some formal solutions to the free membrane equation of motion are exhibited.
Sympathetic blocking action of iproniazid in the unanesthetized dog

Iproniazid, on intravenous injection in the unanesthetized dog, inhibited the increase in arterial blood pressure resulting from the intravenous injection of epinephrine, DMPP, and tyramine. Adrenergic blockade appeared to be an important factor in this action of iproniazid, although the possibility of inhibition of the release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals could not be eliminated. These results confirm in vitro studies of previous investigators.
Laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for the treatment of pathological T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma: a 5-year survival rate.

Purpose: We retrospectively compared the oncological adequacy of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy to that of open partial nephrectomy in the treatment of patients with pathological stage T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: A total of 143 patients with stage T1N0M0 renal tumors confirmed by pathological examination of the surgical specimen underwent partial nephrectomy between January 1996 and June 2004 with a followup of at least 1.5 years. Of these patients 85 were treated laparoscopically and the remaining 58 underwent open surgery. Medical and operative records were retrospectively reviewed with emphasis on tumor recurrence and survival. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: The mean followup for the laparoscopy group was 40.4 18.0 months. A total of 83 patients survived. Of these patients 2 patients experienced disease recurrence within 18 to 46.2 months, 1 patient died of cancer metastasis to brain within 29.7 months and 1 died of an unrelated cause. Seeding of the port sites did not develop in any of the patients. The 5-year disease-free and actuarial survival rates for this group were 91.4%, and 93.8%, respectively. The 58 patients who underwent open surgery had a mean followup of 49.68 28.84 months. A total of 53 patients survived without any disease recurrence, 1 survived with recurrence within 8 months, 1 survived with metastasis within 49 months and 3 died of unrelated causes. The 5-year disease-free and patient survival rates for this group were 97.6% and 95.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival and patient survival analysis revealed no significant differences between the laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy groups. Conclusions: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is an alternative technique with mid-range oncological results comparable to open partial nephrectomy in patients with localized pathological stage T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma.
EEG abnormalities aid diagnosis of Rett syndrome

Nine girls with Rett syndrome had 22 electroencephalographic studies performed over 5 years. Nineteen walking tracings demonstrated moderate background slowing. Focal epileptiform activity was observed in 13 studies, 10 of which had bilateral independent foci. Spikes were invariably maximal in central regions, diphasic or triphasic, and of very short duration. In 3 patients, epileptiform activity preceded clinical seizures by up to 2 years. Two children had spontaneous hyperpnea preceding apnea during wakefulness with further background slowing. Video monitoring of 2 children revealed that episodic behavioral changes were not seizures. Ten of 12 sleep recordings had abnormal background activity with absent or rudimentary spindles. Normal activity occurred only in girls younger than 2 1/2 years of age. Epileptiform activity was markedly increased during sleep in 8 tracings in which both wakefulness and sleep were obtained. It was characterized by bilaterally independent and bisynchronous spike-and-wave activity, maximal in parasagittal areas. One patient had bursts of high-voltage slow-wave activity followed by attenuation. No apneic episodes were recorded during sleep. In Rett syndrome, electroencephalographic abnormalities include background slowing, centrally located short-duration spikes, and increased epileptiform activity during sleep. This activity commonly preceded clinical seizures in patients studied at initial presentation.
An Improved Compound Clustering Algorithm in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

The application of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) technologies in the service of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has brought new challenges in maintaining communication clusters of network members for long time durations. Stable clustering methods reduce the overhead of communication relay in MANETs and provide for a more efficient hierarchical network topology. During the creation of Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) clusters, one vehicle node per cluster is selected as the cluster head to act as the routing node. In this paper, we propose a Compound Utility Function (CUF) clustering algorithm which takes into consideration the degree, position, velocity and acceleration of a vehicle altogether, and the invocation of this algorithm is not periodic as in earlier research, but reactive on the dynamism of the nodes. In this paper experimentally compares CUF with Highest-Degree and Lowest-ID algorithm. The results show that CUF gives the best cluster stability.
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS BY REPRESENTATIVES OF A COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEM1,2

A benthic diatom, a benthic amphipod, and mixed species of marine bacteria were used in studies of the uptake and release of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) using the radionuclide P32. Over one-third of the soluble phosphorus released by the amphipod was in organic form (0.79 µg-at. DOP/g of animal per hr). Marine bacteria utilized 80% of this DOP. Thirty per cent was hydrolyzed in sterile media, possibly by alkaline phosphatase released by the amphipods. Bacteria-free diatoms released little DOP during growth, but released 20% of their total phosphorus as DOP after growth had ceased. Growing diatoms could reabsorb 40% of this DOP. Marine bacteria were able to absorb 92% of it. No regeneration of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) from DOP in the presence of bacteria was observed. Marine bacteria, living or dead, released very little DOP.
Localization of rDNA in the chromosome complement of the rhesus (Macaca mulatta).

In situ hybridization was used to identify the region of the Rhesus genome complementary to ribosomal RNA. The rDNA sites have been assigned to the achromatic region of chromosome 20.
Regulation of cell migration and morphogenesis by Abl-family kinases: emerging mechanisms and physiological contexts

The Abl-family non-receptor tyrosine kinases are essential regulators of the cytoskeleton. They transduce diverse extracellular cues into cytoskeletal rearrangements that have dramatic effects on cell motility and morphogenesis. Recent biochemical and genetic studies have revealed several mechanisms that Abl-family kinases use to mediate these effects. Abl-family kinases stimulate actin polymerization through the activation of cortactin, hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein (HS1), WASp- and WAVE-family proteins, and Rac1. They also attenuate cell contractility by inhibiting RhoA and altering adhesion dynamics. These pathways impinge on several physiological processes, including development and maintenance of the nervous and immune systems, and epithelial morphogenesis. Elucidating how Abl-family kinases are regulated, and where and when they coordinate cytoskeletal changes, is essential for garnering a better understanding of these complex processes.
Combinations of Creative Elements in Radio Advertising

Abstract The creative strategies employed in an advertising campaign can have a significant impact on its effectiveness. Each advertising medium imposes certain constraints which limit the execution of a creative strategy; however, few studies have examined radio advertising from this perspective. This study examines several of the message elements used to build creative strategies in radio advertising and audits their use in a sample of ads collected from fifty hours of radio programming.
Release of Sorbed Sulfate from Iron Oxyhydroxides Precipitated from Acid Mine Drainage Associated with Coal Mining

Batch experiments were used to investigate the release of sulfate sorbed on X-ray amorphous iron oxyhydroxide precipitates that formed in acid mine drainage (AMD) (pH = 2.8-3.2) from the Stearns Coal Belt in southeastern Kentucky. The sediments were characterized by high sulfate concentrations (∼600-1000 mmol/kg) and iron/sulfate ratios that ranged from 6.6to 8.6 as determined by dissolution in 10 M hydrochloric acid. The results of a ligand exchange experiment (using separate preparations of 0-0.25 N sodium nitrate, chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate, and oxalate) indicated that ∼60-70% of the total sulfate will be retained in the presence of monovalent ligands. This may be indicative of a bidentate bridging mechanism bonding iron and sulfate. Most of this sulfate would likely be stable upon the secondary iron oxyhydroxides associated with acid mine drainage. Sulfate desorption increased directly with pH. At neutral pH, approximately 33-50% of the total sulfate present in these precipitates was released to solution. The bicarbonate ion released ∼60% of the total sulfate from one of the AMD precipitates. These results imply that acid neutralization methods (e.g., application of crushed limestone) used to stabilize metals in AMD can have the unwanted effect of raising sulfate concentrations within impacted watersheds.
Graph Minors .XIV. Extending an Embedding

Let G be a graph, and let H be a subgraph of G drawn in a surface ?. When can this drawing be extended to an embedding of the whole of G in ?, up to 3-separations? We show that if such an extension is impossible, and if H is a subdivision of a simple 3-connected graph and is highly "representative", then one of two obstructions is present. This is a lemma for use in a future paper.
Time-dependent inactivation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from yeast by aluminum.

Abstract Aluminum inhibited yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) by a pseudo-first-order reaction. The inhibition was proportional to the incubation time and the concentration of aluminum. Double reciprocal plots gave a straight line with a k act of 8.3 min −1 and indicated the presence of a binding step prior to inhibition. The kinetic study showed that 1 mol of aluminum was bound per mol of enzyme subunit.
Electronic Desorption of Surface Species Using Short-Pulse Lasers

New methods of removing surface contaminants from microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices are needed since the decreasing size of their components is reducing the allowable contamination levels. By choosing the pulse duration and fluence to optimize electronic rather than thermal desorption in short-pulse laser processing, surface species can be removed without exceeding maximum temperature constraints. A two-temperature model for short-pulse laser heating of, and subsequent desorption from, metal surfaces is presented. A scaling analysis indicates the material properties and laser parameters on which the ratio of electronic to thermal desorption depends. Regimes of predominantly electronic and thermal desorption are identified, and predicted desorption yields from gold films show that electronic desorption is the primary desorption mechanism in certain short-pulse laser processes.
Comparison of resident and glaucoma faculty practice patterns in the care of open-angle glaucoma

Background Previous studies suggest there are large variations in adherence of ophthalmologists with the American Academy of Ophthalmology’s Preferred Practice Patterns (PPPs). The purpose of this study was to compare rates of compliance with glaucoma care guidelines between resident and glaucoma faculty physicians at a single institution.
Adhesion and interface studies between copper and polyimide

The adhesion and interface structure between copper and polyimide have been studied. Polyimide films were prepared by spinning a polyamic acid solution (Du Pont PMDA-ODA) in an NMP solvent onto a Cu foil, followed by thermal curing up to 400°C. The adhesion strength was measured by a 90° peel test. The peel strength of 25 μm thick Cu foil to 25 μm thick polyimide substrate was about 73 g/mm with the peel strength decreasing with increasing polyimide thickness. Cross-sectional TEM observation revealed very fine Cu-rich particles distributed in the polyimide. Particles were not found closer than 80-200 nm from Cu boundary. These Cu-rich particles were formed as a result of reaction of polyamic acid with Cu during thermal curing. We attribute the high peel strength to interfacial chemical bonding between Cu and polyimide. This behavior is in contrast to vacuum-deposited Cu onto fully cured polyimide.
A Study of Small Neighborhood Tienditas in Central America

We describe and benchmark tienditas (in-home convenience-like retail stores) and the tiendita business sector using a large sample of 850 tienditas from Nicaragua and El Salvador. Three research questions concerning tiendita business dynamism, informality, and competitive scope shape our article. In general, we find that tienditas may range from subsistence operations to dynamic business enterprises primarily run by female microentrepreneurs; they typically skirt government oversight; and they compete fiercely in a monopolistically competitive business environment. Resumen: Este articulo describe y compara tienditas (tiendas de barrio que funcionan dentro de la casa) y el sector empresarial de tienditas, utilizando una gran muestra de 850 tienditas de Nicaragua y El Salvador. Este trabajo plantea tres preguntas investigativas sobre el dinamismo empresarial de tienditas, la informalidad y el alcance competitivo. Por lo general, encontramos que la existencia de las tienditas varia tanto para la subsistencia como para empresas de negocios dinamicos dirigidas principalmente por mujeres micro-empresarias, las tienditas esquivan la supervision del gobierno y las tienditas compiten ferozmente en un entorno empresarial de competencia monopolistica.
Paraplegia following post-traumatic thoraci spinal stenosis: A case report

Compromise of the spinal canal and its neural elements is a well-recognized pathological entity affecting the lumbar or cervical spine. Thoracic stenosis in the absence of a generalized rheumatological, orthopedic, or metabolic disorder is rare. The authors report a case of progressive thoracic myelopathy leading to paraplegia following severe thoracic spinal stenosis secondary to post-traumatic hypertrophy of thoracic laminae and ossification of the ligamentum flavum and posterior longitudinal ligament.
Target location from the estimated instantaneous received frequency

Presented is a method to blindly estimate the location of a transmitter from the signal observed by a single moving receiver. This process is based on the observation that the observed Doppler characteristics are essentially uniquely determined by the transmission frequency, the location of the transmitter, and the time-varying flight path of the receiver. We accurately estimate the instantaneous frequency of the received signal and blindly calculate the transmitted frequency from the received signal and the instantaneous position and velocity of the receiver. The transmitter location is then estimated by minimizing a cost function representing the difference between the Doppler characteristics calculated from the relative geometry of the transmitter and receiver and the Doppler characteristics estimated from the received signal. The method has the advantages that only one receiving antenna is required and the emitter may be located with no a priori knowledge of the emitter location or frequency. In addition, the process is essentially independent of the flight path of the receiver.
Characteristics of Household Addresses That Repeatedly Contact 911 to Report Intimate Partner Violence

Objectives: To determine whether households that generate several 911 calls differ in important ways from those that make a single call and to determine whether households that generate repeat 911 calls for intimate partner violence (IPV) experience more severe violence than those that do not. Methods: All cases of police-documented IPV were reviewed and linked with their respective 911 calls. Each incident report was reviewed to determine the relationship between the offender and victim, demographic characteristics of the offender and victim, weapon and substance involvement, prior incidents of IPV, and violence severity. Results: Of the 1,505 IPV addresses identified during the 12-month study interval, 1,010 (67.1%) placed more than one phone call to report IPV. Sixty-nine percent of African American victims, 50.6% of white victims, and 36.8% of Hispanic victims were repeat callers (p < 0.001). There were no differences between addresses that generated repeat calls versus single calls with respect to offender alcohol or drug involvement, presence of children, victim age, or offender age. Sixty-seven percent of households with severe violence and 66.9% of households with minor violence generated repeat 911 calls (p = 0.98). Conclusions: Ethnic differences in 911 use for IPV exist between African Americans, whites, and Hispanics. However, unknown societal, economic, or cultural issues could have influenced this finding. Households that repeatedly contacted 911 during the study interval to report IPV were not more likely to experience severe violence than those that placed a single 911 call.
Triassic Rift Structure in Gulf of Maine

Interpretation of seismic-reflection profiles across the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank reveals that the region underwent major crustal rifting during the Triassic Period. Three rift systems are delineated: the Fundy fault system extending southwest from the Bay of Fundy to the central Gulf of Maine, the Wilkinson basin system striking north-south in the western Gulf, and the Georges basin/Georges Bank system which parallels the Fundy fault system and underlies the southern Gulf and outer continental shelf. A detailed comparison between these three systems and the Triassic Newark Group onshore suggests similar tectonic histories. A stress-strain analysis of the Triassic fault pattern in the Gulf of Maine shows that the overall stress field associated with continental sepa ation in this area can be defined by a left-lateral shear couple. An attempt then is made to relate the observed structures and related stress conditions to a sequence of six tectonic episodes beginning with initial graben formation in Late Triassic and ending with regional collapse and the onset of geosynclinal deposition in the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. In addition to Triassic rifting, the interpretation of the seismic-reflection profiles coupled with refraction data and the analysis of bedrock samples collected during the study by the submersible Alvin provides new insight into the distribution of coastal-plain sediments and the nature of Carboniferous-Permian tectonic activity. The restricted distribution of intermediate compressional wave velocities (4.6 to 5.1 km/sec) and that of late Paleozoic K-Ar radiometric ages to the northwestern Gulf of Maine, suggest the presence of a linear Carboniferous-Permian basin extending 250 km northeast from Boston into the gulf. This basin is thought to be part of a large right-lateral shear zone developed during the final phase of continental collision, when the proto-Atlantic Ocean was closed nd the continental landmasses slid past one another, creating a structural weakness that may have controlled subsequent continental separation in the Triassic.
College Courses Which Attract and Generate Good Readers.

This study sought to locate excellent readers and excellent reading courses among majors and courses chosen by college freshmen at three postsecondary institutions: a private, residential, suburban, four-year liberal arts college with religious affiliation; a two-year public (commuter) community college outside the same metropolitan area; and an urban, public, Research I university with a primarily commuter undergraduate student body. Courses and majors were clustered, and data collected on 251 college freshmen from the private college in 1988 and from 392 freshmen from the two public institutions in the fall of 1991 (and from 245 of these students for a spring follow-up testing). reported in terms of which college majors comprised better readers, the types of freshmen courses that are taken by better readers, which freshmen courses were associated with the greatest reading gain, and the effect of college developmental courses. 'three major trends were identified: (1) the best readers were generally enrolled in non-applied scientific majors and courses; (2) some humanities courses without obvious English prose content (i.e., music and foreign languages) were associated with improved reading skills; and (3) no positive association was found between reading progress and developmental courses. Contains 21 references. (GLR) ********************************************'r*************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** N n College Courses which Attract and Generate Good Readers* Louise Bohr College of Education (M/C 147) University of Illinois at Chicago Box 4348 Chicago, Illinois 60680 Paper presented at the annual meeting of the College Reading and Learning Association, Kansas City, April, 1993 * This study was supported by Grant No: R117G10037 from the U.S. Department of Education to the National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning and Assessment. U S DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION OVlice of Educate:m.1 Rfrarch and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Trfn.s document has teen reproduced es tecewed horn the Demon of 00:11,11Mt,or. ong.nating 11 C Minor changes have been made 10 enprove reproduction guilty Po.nts of snow or con. ons muted In this document do not necessarily represent °Moat OERt oosmon or oacy
Sitting stability of selected subjects with cerebral palsy

The purpose of this study was to compare the location of the point of force application on a seat surface between subjects with cerebral palsy and on non-impaired controls. Subjects were seated with their hands on a table in an instrumented chair designed to monitor reaction forces. Results indicate that when seated on a non-inclined surface, subjects with cerebral palsy applied force to the seat surface significantly (P < 0·05) anterior to that of the non-impaired controls. This forward location appears to be negatively correlated (r = −0.83, P < 0·05, n = 6) with age. Results suggest that the subjects with cerebral palsy sat with the resultant force located anterior to the location exhibited by the non-impaired controls; these subjects may be significantly delayed in the acquisition of seating stability.
A test of Hotelling’s Valuation Principle for nonrenewable resources

A recent study by Cairns and Davis (1998) tested and rejected the Hotelling Valuation Principle (HVP) using cross-sectional data on gold mines. But a replication of that study using the same data suggests the presence of heteroscedastic errors. In contrast to the results of ordinary least squares regressions, robust estimation and weighted least squares results indicate that the HVP may not be rejected at conventional levels of significance. Moreover, the alternative valuation equations proposed by Cairns and Davis can require additional and often unavailable information regarding mineral production. Matched pairs tests indicate that prediction accuracy is roughly comparable across all of the equations examined.
MicroRNA target site polymorphisms and human disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. They have been implicated in a broad range of biological processes, and miRNA-related genetic alterations probably underlie more human diseases than currently appreciated. Several studies have identified genetic variants in miRNA target sites that are claimed to be associated with disorders ranging from Parkinson's disease to cancer. However, careful assessment of these studies indicates that very few provide a combination of rigorous genetic and functional evidence. We therefore suggest a set of concrete recommendations to guide future investigations. Specifically, we highlight the importance of unbiased association studies and follow-up functional experiments for providing a clearer picture of the extent to which microRNA target site variations are relevant in various human diseases.
ODOR Artifacts of an Olfactometer Evoke a Cer in the Rat

Rats were trained to lick for food reward on a water delivery tube. Odor stimuli which preceded an unavoidable shock produced complete suppression of the licking while the equivalent air stimulus without the odor present did not disrupt the licking. When the odor was removed from the olfactometer, the rats suppressed partially to the air stimuli delivered from the previously odorized olfactometer.
Concentration fields in dusty gas flows

Abstract It is well-known that particle inertia in dusty gas flows may cause a certain complex behavior of the concentration fields, such as the enrichment of particle concentration along particle trajectories. Traditional analyses of these and similar problems were made by treating the gas and the particles as two interpenetrating continua and using the two-phase flow equations for the description of the two phases. For cases with relatively low Stokes number, the concentration field may be obtained by a regular perturbation analysis of the equations of change using the Stokes number as a parameter. In the present study, we adopted the Lagrangian view of particle motion and obtained particle concentrations by applying mass balance to neighboring trajectories. In contrast to the earlier works, this approach can be used for all Stokes numbers and its application (at least in the cases considered) is straightforward. To demonstrate its utility, we present the results of our analyses of two specific problems and compare our results with those obtained by previous investigators.
Vapor‐liquid phase behavior of the hydrogen‐propane and hydrogen‐carbon monoxide‐propane systems

Vapor-liquid equilibria data for the hydrogen-propane binary system and the hydrogen-carbon monoxide-propane system were taken at temperature of −185° to +75°. and under pressures as high as 3000 psi. Vapor-liquid data for the hydrogen-carbon monoxide-propane system are reported at −50°, 0°, and +50°. at pressures of 500, 1000, and 2000 lb./sq.in. abs. for each of the three temperatures. The Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky equation adequately correlated the solubility data of hydrogen in the liquid phase of the hydrogen-propane system. Hydrogen-propane data are compared with the data of two previous studies.
Left-right lineage analysis of AV cushion tissue in normal and laterality defective Xenopus hearts.

The majority of complex congenital heart defects occur in individuals who are afflicted by laterality disease. We hypothesize that the prevalence of valvuloseptal defects in this population is due to defective left-right patterning of the embryonic atrioventricular (AV) canal cushions, which are the progenitor tissue for valve and septal structures in the mature heart. Using embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis, this hypothesis was tested by performing left-right lineage analysis of myocytes and cushion mesenchyme cells of the superior and inferior cushion regions of the AV canal. Lineage analyses were conducted in both wild-type and laterality mutant embryos experimentally induced by misexpression of ALK4, a type I TGF-β receptor previously shown to modulate left-right axis determination in Xenopus. We find that abnormalities in overall amount and left-right cell lineage composition are present in a majority of ALK4-induced laterality mutant embryos and that much variation in the nature of these abnormalities exists in embryos that exhibit the same overall body situs. We propose that these two parameters of cushion tissue formation—amount and left-right lineage origin—are important for normal processes of valvuloseptal morphogenesis and that defective allocation of cells in the AV canal might be causatively linked to the high incidence of valvuloseptal defects associated with laterality disease. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multimodal medical image retrieval: image categorization to improve search precision

Effective medical image retrieval can be useful in the clinical care of patients, education and research. Traditionally, image retrieval systems have been text-based, relying on the annotations or captions associated with the images. Although text-based information retrieval methods are mature and well researched, they are limited by the quality and availability of the annotations associated with the images. Advances in computer vision have led to methods for using the image itself as the search entity. However, the success of purely content-based techniques, when applied to a diverse set of clinical images, has been somewhat limited and these systems have not had much success in the medical domain.On the other hand, as demonstrated in recent years, a combination of text-based and content-based image retrieval techniques can achieve improved retrieval performance if combined effectively. There are many approaches to multimodal retrieval including early and late fusion of weighed results from the different search engines. In this work, we use automatic annotation based on visual attributes to label images as part of the indexing process and the subsequently use these labels to filter or reorder the results during the retrieval process.Labels for medical images can be categorized along three dimensions - imaging modality, anatomical location and image finding or pathology. Our previous research has indicated that the imaging modality is most easily identified using visual techniques whereas the caption or textual annotation frequently contains the finding or pathological information about the image. Thus, it is best to use visual methods to filter the modality and occasionally, anatomy while it is better to use the textual annotation to find the finding of interest.We have created a modality classifier for the weakly labeled images in our collection using a novel approach that combines affinity propagation for the selection of class exemplars, textons and patch-based descriptors as visual features and a NaiveBayes Nearest Neighbor technique for the classification of modality using visual features.We demonstrate significant improvement in precision attained using this technique for the ImageCLEF medical retrieval task 2009 using both our textual runs as well as runs from all participants in 2009
Financing Home Ownership: The Federal Role In Neighborhood Decline

This paper traces federal housing policies related to single-family home ownership from their creation in the 1930s to the present. In particular, the article focuses on policies of the Federal Housing Administration and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and other federal regulators of financial institutions. The theme of the article is that the original policies of FHA and the financial institution regulators either directly prohibited (FHA) lending to minorities or other residents in minority or racially mixed neighbor hoods or discouraged lending in such neighborhoods. This helped lead to a situation where these neighborhoods were starved for credit. In response to civil rights and neigh borhood movements, FHA radically reversed its policies, underwriting almost any loan in older, minority, and integrated neighborhoods, while the regulatory agencies generally made no effort to reverse existing lending practices. The result was that these neighbor hoods became inundated with FHA lending, which was often ...
Evolution of dislocation glide kinetics during cyclic deformation of copper

Abstract Strain rate change tests were performed during low cycle fatigue of polycrystalline copper using plastic strain as the control variable. The evolution of dislocation interactions was observed by evaluating the activation area and true stress as a function of cumulative plastic strain. Activation areas at each of three plastic strain amplitudes, Δep/2=0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%, have initial values of approximately 2000b2 which decrease to 600b2 during cyclic loading to saturation. This observation suggests a transition from forest dislocation cutting to increasing contributions of cross-slip as the predominant rate-controlling mechanisms of dislocation motion. Haasen plots of normalized inverse operational activation area (b2/Δa) for specimens cycled to saturation exhibit a deviation from linearity similar to that observed for monotonic deformation. This nonlinearity corresponds to a failure of the Cottrell–Stokes law that correlates with the development of characteristic dislocation structures during cyclic deformation. Tests performed at various stresses at saturation reveal a linear dependence of b2/Δa on true stress. The athermal stress, σb=86.5 MPa, measured at saturation by extrapolating the activation area data compares favorably with the value determined from a Bauschinger analysis, σb=80 MPa, at a plastic strain amplitude of 0.6%. In addition, athermal stress values vary with plastic strain amplitude as expected, resulting in a constant value of approximately σb/σ=0.5.
Complexity, convexity and combinations of theories

Abstract We restrict our attention to decidable quantifier-free theories, such as the quantifier-free theory of integers under addition, the quantifier-free theory of arrays under storing and selecting, or the quantifier-free theory of list structure under cons, car and cdr. We consider combinations of such theories: theories whose sets of symbols are the union of the sets of the symbols of the individual theories and whose set of axioms is the union of the sets of axioms of the individual theories. We give a general technique for determining the complexity of decidable combinations of theories, and show, for example, that the satisfiability problem for the quantifier-free theory of integers, arrays, list structure and uninterpreted function symbols under +, ≤, store, select, cons, car and cdr is NP-complete. We next consider the complexity of the satisfiability problem for formulas already in disjunctive normal form: why some combinations of theories admit deterministic polynomial time decision procedures while for others the problem is NP-hard. Our analysis hinges on the question of whether the theories being combined are convex; that is, whether any conjunction of literals in the theory can entail a proper disjunction of equalities between variables. This leads to a discussion of the role that case analysis plays in deciding combinations of theories.