cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Rate-Control for Wavelet-Based Image Coding via Conditional Probability Models

Real-time rate-control for wavelet image coding requires characterization of the rate required to code quantized wavelet data. An ideal robust solution can be used with any wavelet coder and any quantization scheme. A large number of wavelet quantization schemes (perceptual and otherwise) are based on scalar dead-zone quantization of wavelet coefficients. A key to performing rate-control is, thus, fast, accurate characterization of the relationship between rate and quantization step size, the R-Q curve. A solution is presented using two invocations of the coder that estimates the slope of each R-Q curve via probability modeling. The method is robust to choices of probability models, quantization schemes and wavelet coders. Because of extreme robustness to probability modeling, a fast approximation to spatially adaptive probability modeling can be used in the solution, as well. With respect to achieving a target rate, the proposed approach and associated fast approximation yield average percentage errors around 0.5% and 1.0% on images in the test set. By comparison, 2-coding-pass rho-domain modeling yields errors around 2.0%, and post-compression rate-distortion optimization yields average errors of around 1.0% at rates below 0.5 bits-per-pixel (bpp) that decrease down to about 0.5% at 1.0 bpp; both methods exhibit more competitive performance on the larger images. The proposed method and fast approximation approach are also similar in speed to the other state-of-the-art methods. In addition to possessing speed and accuracy, the proposed method does not require any training and can maintain precise control over wavelet step sizes, which adds flexibility to a wavelet-based image-coding system
Infectibility of the dental pulp by way of dental tubules.

Few dentists in general practice have escaped the unpleasant experience of having a patient return for the treatment of a severely irritated pulp beneath a recently inserted large restoration. Frequently such irritation and pulp degeneration is caused by microorganisms being forced through the tubules into the pulp by pressure exerted during the preparation of the cavity or during impression-taking with modeling compound. Such penetration occurs more readily in deep preparations since the tubules become wider near the odontoblastic layer. Operative technics should be modified for the preparation of deep cavities so as to avoid heat and pressure, and the prepared cavity should be treated with a nonirritating antibacterial agent before pressure is applied.
Deep semantic interpretations of legal texts

One of the main obstacles to progress in the field of artificial intelligence and law is the natural language barrier, but the technology of natural language processing has advanced recently. In this paper, we will show that a state-of-the-art statistical parser can handle even the complex syntactic constructions of an appellate court judge, and that a deep semantic interpretation of the full text of a judicial opinion can be computed automatically from the output of the parser. Our ultimate goal is to use this semantic interpretation to extract from a judicial opinion precisely the information that a lawyer wants to know about a case.
Resist materials for advanced lithography

Increasing the understanding of the fundamental resist material characteristics is a necessary preamble to the development of resists with improved resolution and line edge roughness. Material characteristics will not only influence resist sensitivity and resolution, but also may influence the critical dimension control of the lithography process through its effects on line edge roughness (LER). Polymers with controlled molecular weights and polydispersities as well as several non-polymeric resist materials were prepared and studied. This entailed preparing novel derivatives of these non-polymeric materials that were compatible with photoimaging as positive acid catalyzed resists. Examples are presented where non-polymeric resist materials were isolated into single well-defined components that could be compared to mixtures of similar composition. Results are presented on materials properties such as surface roughness and resist resolution. Included in the results are examples of non-polymeric materials that are capable of sub 100-nm resolution as positive resists.
Cardiac disease after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease: Analysis of 48 patients

Occult or overt but delayed cardiac disease after thoracic radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease may be common. Detailed cardiac evaluations were performed in 48 patients with Hodgkin's disease at risk a mean of 97 months after radiotherapy. The study protocol included echocardiography, gated radionuclide ventriculography, and cardiac catheterization. Cardiac disease was found in 46 patients (96%) and included constrictive or occult constrictive pericarditis (24 patients), an abnormal hemodynamic response to a fluid challenge (14 patients), coronary artery disease (6 patients), and left ventricular dysfunction (2 patients). Most patients (53%) had normal echocardiograms. Gated blood pool radionuclide angiocardiography was performed in 42 patients. Excluding patients with occlusive coronary artery disease, the left ventricular ejection fraction at rest (mean 59%) and during exercise (mean 69%) was within normal limits. Congestive heart failure occurred in 2 patients. Six patients had pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis and 3 patients had coronary artery bypass surgery for coronary artery disease. Thus (1) delayed cardiac disease after radiotherapy is common, (2) chronic pericardial disorders are the most frequent manifestations of this disease, and (3) the prognosis for patients who have radiation-induced cardiac disease is generally favorable.
Investigation of the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia over Mn/TiO2 catalysts through transient isotopic labeling and in situ FT-IR studies

The transient isotopic labeling studies were performed under steady state conditions by using 15 N( 15 NO and 15 NH3) and 18 O( 18 O2) containing species to investigate the reaction mechanism of the low-temperature SCR of NO over Mn/TiO2. Our investigation has suggested that the nitric oxide forms neither nitrous oxide nor it is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide with the gas phase oxygen. The results acquired with the time resolution illustrated that the reaction of ammonia with lattice oxygen was practically instantaneous. The formation of labeled N2 18 O, N 18 O, and H2 18 O species is evident through the NH3 contact with catalyst surface lattice oxygen but not direct contact with the gas phase oxygen. This is consistent with the view that the lattice oxygen of Mn/TiO2 catalyst has direct effect on the reaction mechanism rather than gas phase oxygen. Our labeling experiments suggest that the SCR reaction rate is very small in the absence of gas phase oxygen and enhanced distinctly by the addition of excess oxygen. The cross-labeled 15
Measuring Poisson's ratios in wood

Poisson's ratios and Young's moduli were measured for five sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas) boards in a plane delineated by the grain direction and a tangent to the growth increments. One test specimen per board was loaded in a direction parallel to the grain; a second one was loaded perpendicular to the grain in the tangential direction. Test results from four of the five boards fulfilled theoretical expectations with a maximum deviation of ±8 percent for the quotients of Poisson's ratios divided by Young's moduli. Linear relationships were found to exist between the rate of stress parallel to the load, the rate of strain parallel to the load, and the rate of strain perpendicular to the load. With increasing magnitudes of strain rate, values for Poisson's ratios and Young's moduli approached limit values. It was speculated that at least some of the elastic constants are time dependent. However, the term in the equations which describes that property had large errors.
Mythicizing and Reification in Entrepreneurial Discourse: Ideology‐Critique of Entrepreneurial Studies

This article discusses the effects of ideological control in conventional entrepreneurial discourses and praxis. Following postmodernist, deconstructionist and critical theory traditions, the ideas expressed about the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, and its contiguous notions and concepts, are deconstructed to reveal the dysfunctional effects of ideological control both in research and in praxis. It is shown that the concept of entrepreneurship is discriminatory, gender-biased, ethnocentrically determined and ideologically controlled, sustaining not only prevailing societal biases, but serving as a tapestry for un- examined and contradictory assumptions and knowledge about the reality of entrepreneurs.
Neural Correlates of Different Types of Deception: An fMRI Investigation

Deception is a complex cognitive activity, and different types of lies could arise from different neural systems. We investigated this possibility by first classifying lies according to two dimensions, whether they fit into a coherent story and whether they were previously memorized. fMRI revealed that well-rehearsed lies that fit into a coherent story elicit more activation in right anterior frontal cortices than spontaneous lies that do not fit into a story, whereas the opposite pattern occurs in the anterior cingulate and in posterior visual cortex. Furthermore, both types of lies elicited more activation than telling the truth in anterior prefrontal cortices (bilaterally), the parahippocampal gyrus (bilaterally), the right precuneus, and the left cerebellum. At least in part, distinct neural networks support different types of deception.
A phase I clinical trial of continual alternating etoposide and topotecan in refractory solid tumours.

The goal of this phase I study was to develop a novel schedule using oral etoposide and infusional topotecan as a continually alternating schedule with potentially optimal reciprocal induction of the nontarget topoisomerase. The initial etoposide dose was 15 mg m−2 b.i.d. days (D)1–5 weeks 1,3,5,7,9 and 11, escalated 5 mg per dose per dose level (DL). Topotecan in weeks 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 was administered by 96 h infusion at an initial dose of 0.2 mg m−2 day−1 with a dose escalation of 0.1, then at 0.05 mg m−2 day−1. Eligibility criteria required no organ dysfunction. Two dose reductions or delays were allowed. A total of 36 patients with a median age of 57 (22–78) years, received a median 8 (2–19) weeks of chemotherapy. At DL 6, dose-limiting toxicities consisted of grade 3 nausea, vomiting and intolerable fatigue. Three patients developed a line-related thrombosis or infection and one subsequently developed AML. There was no febrile neutropenia. There were six radiologically confirmed responses (18%) and 56% of patients demonstrated a response or stable disease, typically with only modest toxicity. Oral etoposide 35 mg m−2 b.i.d. D1–5 and 1.8 mg m−2 96 h (total dose) infusional topotecan D8–11 can be administered on an alternating continual weekly schedule for at least 12 weeks, with promising clinical activity.
Mass movement in northeast Afghanistan

Abstract Mass movements of nearly all types occur in Afghanistan but in the high relief, rugged Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains of northeastern Afghanistan, mass-movement threats to lives and property necessitated study to elucidate problems to development. Twenty-two different mass movements in bedrock in the Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan were studied for this paper, including large rock falls and rock slides, along with massive slope-failure complexes with many types and rates of movement. Where higher altitudes prevail in the region, ice-cemented and ice-cored rock glaciers are also common and overlie some of the other mass movements. Inasmuch as seismic energy sources in the Eastern Hindu Kush are maximal in southern Badakhshan, and relief, slope angles and precipitation all increase from west to east as well, the causes of the pervasive mass movement are plentiful enough, although direct cause and slope-failure effect are not known. Some weak sedimentary lithologies downfaulted into, or draped across crystalline rocks, also failed. Some intermixed tills also occur but are not easily differentiated, even with analysis on the ground. Using high resolution satellite imagery and digital elevation models, we assessed geomorphologic parameters to characterize spatial-organization structures related to zones of erosion, deposition and further hazard potential. Analyses indicate that many of the massive slope failures can be characterized and differentiated into various process domains and chronologic-development zones with their different impacts upon the landscape. Mass movements in Afghanistan can exhibit unique topographic signatures that can be used to better assess hazards in other mountain areas, especially where landslide-dam breakout floods threaten. Development of roads, bridges, buildings, and irrigation networks should be done with care in these regions of Afghanistan.
Intramolecular vibrational redistribution in the S1 state of p-fluorotoluene

Abstract Vibrational redistribution in S1p-fluorotoluene vapor has been observed by the picosecond time evolution of S1 → So fluorescence spectra after excitation of an S1 level with ϵvib = 1988 cm−1. The decay of this level by redistribution is easily observed throughout the first 50 ps. Rotational levels appear to be important participants in the redistribution.
Gene therapy as salvage

Chinen and colleagues describe the outcome of gene therapy for 3 young adolescents with XSCID for whom prior attempts at allogeneic bone marrow transplant had failed to achieve significant immunologic reconstitution. Clear-cut clinical benefits have recently been obtained in multiple trials of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for infants with XSCID and adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient SCID, and for young adults with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Thus, the debate over gene therapy has moved from “will it ever be beneficial?” to “ when is it beneficial?” Studies are moving forward exploring the use of gene-corrected autologous HSCs in treating other immune deficiencies (eg, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), hemoglobinopathies, leukodystrophies, and mucopolysaccharidoses, as well as multiple applications to oncological diseases.
Transient improvement of essential tremor during electroconvulsive therapy

We present a patient who demonstrated transient yet significant improvement of essential tremor (ET) during electroconvulsive therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first such report. The improvement lasted during the course of electroconvulsive therapy and was of a similar magnitude to that which she had experienced on a first-line medication for ET. We discuss the potential pathophysiological implications of this observation in light of recent histopathologic findings in patients with ET.
Competition and service quality: New evidence from the airline industry

Previous studies examine the relationship between competition and airline service quality by regressing on-time performance on market structure. These studies implicitly assume that market structure is exogenously determined with respect to service quality. To address the likely endogeneity of market structure I employ two distinct instrumental variables. The first is lagged market structure. The second exploits a global airline merger that induced differential variations in market structure across hundreds of airport-pair markets. I find that the effect of competition on airline delays is three times stronger than previous studies suggest.
SCIENCE VERSUS ENGINEERING IN THE SCHOOLS—A FURTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON CERAMIC EDUCATION1

In discussing ceramic education it is suggested that (1) as it is the function of a technical school to impart as complete a scientific foundation as possible to its graduates, the tendency is to produce technologists rather than engineers; (2) engineering ability does not develop from formal training but from individual traits or inborn qualities; (3) the average-size plant should endeavor to make better use of the talents and ability of their so-called practical men by encouraging them to acquire technical knowledge through evening courses and extension work. The benefits of cooperative agreements with local educational institutions by maintaining scholarships are also pointed out.
The Rise of “Private Participation” in the Planning of Energy Projects in the Rural United States

Public participation in local planning decisions is widely advocated as an important component of democratic decision making. It is linked to a number of positive outcomes, including increased resident satisfaction and more effective decision making. In the realm of energy development, many local governments lack regulatory control and thus lack a venue for public participation in this type of land-use decision. Private landowners are increasingly afforded the ability to participate in the planning and siting of these energy developments though contractual land leasing negotiations. Even as this form of participation becomes widespread, it occurs outside of the public sphere and challenges the traditional notions of participation in land use decisions. This article introduces the concept of “private participation” and provides results of a mail survey (n = 1,028) that reveal that such participation appears to increase landowner perceptions of control and information access, and ultimately positive attitud...
Interactions Between the Melanocortin System and Leptin in Control of Sympathetic Nerve Traffic

Leptin plays an important role in regulation of body weight through regulation of food intake and sympathetically mediated thermogenesis. The hypothalamic melanocortin system, via activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R), decreases appetite and weight, but its effects on sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) are unknown. In addition, it is not known whether sympathoactivation to leptin is mediated by the melanocortin system. We tested the interactions between these systems in regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and renal and lumbar SNA in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of the MC4-R agonist MT-II (200 to 600 pmol) produced a dose-dependent sympathoexcitation affecting BAT and renal and lumbar beds. This response was completely blocked by the MC4-R antagonist SHU9119 (30 pmol ICV). Administration of leptin (1000 microg/kg IV) slowly increased BAT SNA (baseline, 41+/-6 spikes/s; 6 hours, 196+/-28 spikes/s; P=0.001) and renal SNA (baseline, 116+/-16 spikes/s; 6 hours, 169+/-26 spikes/s; P=0.014). Intracerebroventricular administration of SHU9119 did not inhibit leptin-induced BAT sympathoexcitation (baseline, 35+/-7 spikes/s; 6 hours, 158+/-34 spikes/s; P=0.71 versus leptin alone). However, renal sympathoexcitation to leptin was completely blocked by SHU9119 (baseline, 142+/-17 spikes/s; 6 hours, 146+/-25 spikes/s; P=0.007 versus leptin alone). This study demonstrates that the hypothalamic melanocortin system can act to increase sympathetic nerve traffic to thermogenic BAT and other tissues. Our data also suggest that leptin increases renal SNA through activation of hypothalamic melanocortin receptors. In contrast, sympathoactivation to thermogenic BAT by leptin appears to be independent of the melanocortin system.
An X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Mo oxidation in Pb at elevated temperatures

The corrosion of fuel cladding and structural materials by lead and lead-bismuth eutectic in the liquid state at elevated temperatures is an issue that must be considered when designing advanced nuclear systems and high-power spallation neutron targets. In this work, lead corrosion studies of molybdenum were performed to investigate the interaction layer as a function of temperature by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In situ X-ray absorption measurements on a Mo substrate with a 3-6 {micro}m layer of Pb deposited by thermal evaporation were performed at temperatures up to 900 C and at a 15{sup o} angle to the incident X-rays. The changes in the local atomic structure of the corrosion layer are visible in the difference extended X-ray absorption fine structure and the linear combination fitting of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure to as-deposited molybdenum sample and molybdenum oxide (MoO{sub 2} and MoO{sub 3}) standards. The data are consistent with the appearance of MoO{sub 3} in an intermediate temperature range (650-800 C) and the more stable MoO{sub 2} phase dominating at high and low temperatures.
Half-multiphase printing: a proposed throughput improvement on MEBES 4500

This paper proposes a simple writing method, named 'half multiphase printing,' to improve the throughput of the MEBES 4500 raster-scan photomask writer by 40 - 50% while maintaining the same edge accuracy. The concept is simple and easy to apply. It is expected to be a very useful writing mode, especially for those applications with 0.25 - 0.35 micrometer design rules where 0.04 - 0.08 micrometer design grids and PBS resist are still widely used throughout the industry.
Requirement of White Leghorn laying and breeding hens for methionine as influenced by stage of production cycle and inorganic sulfate.

Abstract Four experiments were conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn hens fed diets deficient in methionine to determine the effect of such a deficiency on hatchability and to estimate the requirement of methionine for egg production at different stages of the laying cycle and the influence of inorganic sulfate on the requirement. In two experiments hatchability of fertile eggs was not affected by a methionine deficiency, while in two others an indication of lower hatchability was observed at the lowest level of methionine, but the differences were not statistically significant. The results indicate that a level of methionine adequate for optimum egg production and egg weight is also adequate for maximum hatchability. Adding methionine to a corn-soybean meal ration containing 16% protein failed to improve any of the parameters measured. In one experiment a significant response in egg production was obtained by adding methionine to a corn-soybean ration containing 14% protein, but not in a second experiment. Egg production and egg weight was always improved by the addition of methionine to a corn-pea ration containing 16% protein. An evaluation of the four experiments indicated that a methionine requirement of between 290 and 300 mg./hen/day was adequate for optimum egg yield. The requirement was higher for obtaining maximum egg weight than for obtaining maximum egg production when the corn-pea ration was used. A significant response to methionine supplementation of the corn-pea ration was obtained in the presence or absence of 0.2% potassium sulfate, and there was no statistically significant difference in egg production and egg weight between the unsupplemented diets with or without sulfate. These results suggest that the methionine requirement estimated in these experiments was for methionine per se rather than for methionine plus inorganic sulfate derived from methionine.
Scale and the Explanation of Demographic Change: 3,500 Years in the Valley of Oaxaca

Explicit attention to scale provides ways to relate the long run of archaeology to the shorter moments of ethnography and history, and ways to link biology and ecology to political economy. In the Valley of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico, the long–term history of the aggregate, regional population was constrained by relatively stable factors of human biology and ecology. However, significant, patterned variation in shorter–term, disaggregated, local demographic change was caused by shifts in political economy, both in the past and in recent times. Such conclusions are made possible by an unusual datasetthat combines recent, historical, and archaeological population estimates for a whole region covering a 3,500–year period, from initial settled villages to the present, for every place ever inhabited. [Keywords: population, demography, political economy, Oaxaca, Mexico]
A SEQUENTIAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE CONTROL OF TRAFFIC INTENSITY IN MARKOVIAN QUEUES

A sequential parameter control technique previously introduced by the author is modified in this paper so as to make it simple in practice. The detailed procedure involving two phases, a warning phase with control limits and a testing phase using an appropriate test is illustrated for a queueing system with an embedded Markov chain. Operating characteristics of the procedure are also examined.
Fractal analysis of sagittal suture morphology.

Quantifying shape is a broad problem in the morphological sciences. Most techniques for numerically describing shape abstract the shape into the most logical ideal Euclidean dimension. The fractional, or fractal, dimension is a simple computation that expresses shape in real, rather than ideal, space. The structured walk technique developed for the fractal analysis of rugged boundaries is applied here to the contour of the human sagittal suture in order to discriminate the separate morphological patterns of interfingering and interlocking. These attributes contribute differentially to the suture's "complexity," a concept often used in biomechanical hypotheses. Previous techniques for estimating sutural complexity do not isolate small-scale from large-scale morphological patterns. Results indicate that despite the visual appearance of great variation, human sagittal sutures are remarkably consistent in the degree of complexity expressed separately by large-scale interfingering lateral excursions and small-scale interlocking ruggedness. There is no significant correlation between the absolute or bregma-lambda chord length of the human sagittal suture and its degree of complexity as determined by the structured walk technique.
Development and pilot test of a process to identify research needs from a systematic review

Abstract Objective To ensure appropriate allocation of research funds, we need methods for identifying high-priority research needs. We developed and pilot tested a process to identify needs for primary clinical research using a systematic review in gestational diabetes mellitus. Study Design and Setting We conducted eight steps: abstract research gaps from a systematic review using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Settings (PICOS) framework; solicit feedback from the review authors; translate gaps into researchable questions using the PICOS framework; solicit feedback from multidisciplinary stakeholders at our institution; establish consensus among multidisciplinary external stakeholders on the importance of the research questions using the Delphi method; prioritize outcomes; develop conceptual models to highlight research needs; and evaluate the process. Results We identified 19 research questions. During the Delphi method, external stakeholders established consensus for 16 of these 19 questions (15 with “high” and 1 with “medium” clinical benefit/importance). Conclusion We pilot tested an eight-step process to identify clinically important research needs. Before wider application of this process, it should be tested using systematic reviews of other diseases. Further evaluation should include assessment of the usefulness of the research needs generated using this process for primary researchers and funders.
Cardiorespiratory function after operation for pectus excavatum.

Objective We performed a review of current data to determine the effect that operation has on pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, and stroke volume in patients with pectus excavatum. Study design Two reviewers independently assessed clinical trials and collected data on interventions and outcomes. To qualify for inclusion, a study had to include preoperative and postoperative assessment, provide outcomes in either a published percentile or qualified matched control form to control for interval growth, and include only original patient groups. Results Postoperative total lung capacity for patients who had Ravitch repair was significantly lower (SMD, 0.71 [CI −1.06, −0.36]; I 2 = 19.6%) than preoperative. Based on 2 studies after removal of the Nuss bar, FEV 1 was significantly increased from preoperative values (SMD, 0.39 [CI, 0.03, 0.74]; I 2 = 0%). Stroke volume increased after surgery (SMD, 0.40 [CI, 0.10, 0.70]; I 2 = 0%) after Ravitch repair. There was a trend toward improved exercise tolerance, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusions Total lung capacity was decreased after Ravitch repair, and FEV 1 was increased after Nuss bar removal. Stroke volume may be increased after Ravitch repair. Exercise tolerance was not improved after either type of surgical repair.
25 Reduced Neonatal Candida Infection as a Result of Medical Practice Intervention

Objective: To assess the impact of a medical practice intervention on the incidence of Candida spp. sepsis among neonates with a birth weight ofH 750 grams admitted to a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: In July 1996 implementation of medical practice included;(1) administration of oral nystatin (every 6 hours for the first week of life and with each antibiotic course during the first four weeks of life). (2) Modifying parameters for extubation, (3) Early discontinuation of central lines (UAC, UVC, PCVC, CL), (4) Parenteral nutrition (PN) and antibiotics. We reviewed charts and collected data from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1998. Neonates who died atH 3days of age or were admitted atG 7days of age were excluded. The intervention group consisted of 69 neonates, admitted between July 1, 1996 and December 31, 1998 and the control group consisted of 45 neonates, admitted between January 1, 1995 and June 30, 1996. We measured the outcome by using student t test and standard logistic regression techniques. The above management plan was continued after the study period. Retrospective analysis of the incidence of Candida infection in NICU was followed for 1999 to 2004. Results: The intervention group experienced fewer episodes of Candida spp. sepsis, OR 0.07 (p=<0.0002) adjusting for gestational age, mode of delivery and number of days of central vascular access. The estimated gestational age was longer (EGA) (24.9 vs. 24.4 p=<0.05) and more neonates received feedings (93% vs. 73%, p=<0.05). Within the intervention group, exposure to high humidity environment was associated with a higher risk of Candida spp. sepsis, OR 10.5 (p<0.06). The incidence of candida spp. During 1999 to 2004 remained between 0% to 3%. Conclusion: Oral nystatin administration substantially reduced the risk of Candida spp. sepsis among neonates with birth weightH 750g, while vaginal delivery was an independent risk factor. High humidity environment may be an additional risk factor for developing Candida spp. sepsis. Table 1
Annual Conference of the Nigerian Library Association, Delta State Chapter

Purpose – To provide a report of the 2004 Annual Conference of the Nigeria Library Association Delta State Chapter.Design/methodology/approach – A brief report of the conference held at the Delta State Polytechnic Ozoro, Delta State in November 2004, with the theme “Libraries: Tools for Education and Development.”Findings – The Conference had over 150 participants from different libraries all over the State. The focus was on education and development, ICT and new roles for libraries. This regular annual conference is aimed at giving reports, the activities of the association for the past one‐year, deliberations on the activity of the association in the State.Originality/value – Provides a useful summary of a conference of interest to library and information management professionals.
The acardiac anomaly

Karyotype analysis of a premature human acardiac twin disclosed normal chromosomes. A review of previous cytogenetic, placental and animal studies suggests that chromosomal errors are not the cause of the acardiac anomaly. Rather, they point to the placental vascular anastomoses as the principal pathogenetic event.
BIB(8, 56, 21, 3, 6) and BIB(10, 30, 9, 3, 2) designs with repeated blocks

Abstract If there are less than b distinct blocks in a BIB design with b blocks then we say the design has repeated blocks. The set of distinct blocks of a design is called the support of the design. BIB designs with repeated blocks, besides being optimal, have special applications in the design of experiments and controlled samplings. Construction of BIB(ν, b , r , k , λ) designs with repeated blocks becomes complicated whenever the three parameters b , r , and λ are relatively prime. BIB(8, 56, 21, 3, 6) designs are examples of such designs with the smallest number of varieties . BIB(10, 30, 9, 3, 2) designs are such designs with the smallest number of blocks . We make an interesting observation about BIB(8, 56, 21, 3, 6) designs and give a table of such designs with 30 different support sizes. We prove, by construction, that a BIB(10, 30, 9, 3, 2) design exists if and only if the support size belongs to {21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30}. Other results are also given.
Effect of antiplatelet therapy and platelet function testing on hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications in patients with cerebral aneurysms treated with the pipeline embolization device: a review and meta-analysis.

Purpose The pipeline embolization device (PED) necessitates dual antiplatelet therapy (APT) to decrease thrombotic complications while possibly increasing bleeding risks. The role of APT dose, duration, and response in patients with hemorrhagic and thromboembolic events warrants further analysis. Methods A PubMed and Google Scholar search from 2009 to 2014 was performed using the following search terms individually or in combination: pipeline embolization device, aneurysm(s), and flow diversion, excluding other flow diverters. Review of the bibliographies of the retrieved articles yielded 19 single and multicenter studies. A statistical meta-analysis between aspirin (ASA) dose (low dose ≤160 mg, high dose ≥300 mg), loading doses of APT agents, post-PED APT regimens, and platelet function testing (PFT) with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications was performed. Results ASA therapy for ≤6 months post-PED was associated with increased hemorrhagic events. High dose ASA ≤6 months post-PED was associated with fewer thrombotic events compared with low dose ASA. Post-PED clopidogrel for ≤6 months demonstrated an increased incidence of symptomatic thrombotic events. Loading doses of ASA plus clopidogrel demonstrated a decreased incidence of permanent symptomatic hemorrhagic events. PFT did not show a statistically significant relationship with symptomatic hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications. Conclusions High dose ASA >6 months is associated with fewer permanent thrombotic and hemorrhagic events. Clopidogrel therapy ≤6 months is associated with higher rates of thrombotic events. Loading doses of ASA and clopidogrel were associated with a decreased incidence of hemorrhagic events. PFT did not have any significant association with symptomatic events.
Field enhancement by spherical dimers in the quasistatic regime

The properties of plasmonic nanoparticles in the vicinity of other plasmonic nanoparticles differ from those of individual nanoparticles due to the interaction between the nanoparticles. In this paper, we study the field enhancement by dimers, a result of the plasmon oscillation resonance. Additionally, the resonance properties of dimers depend on the separation between the nanoparticles constituting the dimer. In our study, we use the quasistatic approximation together with translation relations for spherical harmonics in order to efficiently capture the properties of plasmonic dimers.
Tax Incentives for Business Investment: A Primer for Policy Makers in Developing Countries

Abstract The use of tax incentives is widespread even though the available empirical evidence on the cost-effectiveness of such incentives in stimulating investment is highly inconclusive. This paper is primarily intended as a primer on the use of tax incentives for policy makers, especially those in developing countries. It discusses the objectives, cost-effectiveness, and transparency of implementing tax incentives; assesses the comparative merits of alternative forms of such incentives; and provides a review of the empirical literature. Its main conclusions are that the justification for the use of tax incentives should be limited to the rectification of market failures, and that the preferred form of tax incentives are those that provide for faster recovery of investment costs.
High-speed low-power analog ASICs for a 3D neuroprocessor

A particularly challenging neural network application requiring high-speed and intensive image processing capability is target acquisition and discrimination. It requires spatio-temporal recognition of point and resolved targets at high speeds. A reconfigurable neural architecture may discriminate targets from clutter or classify targets once resolved. By mating a 64 X 64 pixel array infrared (IR) image sensor to a 3-D stack (cube) of 64 neural-net ICs along respective edges, every pixel would directly input to a neural network, thereby processing the information with full parallelism. However, the `cube' has to operate at 90 degree(s)K with < 250 nanoseconds signal processing speed and approximately 2 watts of power dissipation. Analog circuitry, where the spatially parallel input to the neural networks is also analog, would make this possible. Digital neural processing would require analog-to-digital converters on each IC, impractical with the power constraint. A versatile reconfigurable circuit is presented that offers a variety of neural architectures: multilayer perceptron, cascade backpropagation, and template matching with winner-take-all (WTA) circuitry. Special designs of analog neuron and synapse implemented in VLSI are presented which bear out high speed response both at room and low temperatures with synapse-neuron signal propagation times of approximately 100 ns.
Effects of a new compound (Zy 15850A) on cigarette smoke-induced bronchitis in the rat.

The effect of 4H-4 phenylthieno-(3,2-C)-(1)-benzopyran-2-carboxylate (Zy 15850A) on mucous cell hyperplasia was examinedin vivo using a well established rat model of cigarette smoke-induced bronchitis. Zy 15850A was given by gavage (25 mg/kg body weight) to male rats before and after sub-acute exposure (i.e. daily for 14 days) to an atmosphere of cigarette smoke (CS). CS significantly increased the thickness of the epithelium at three of the four sites studied in the trachea and in both of the intrapulmonary levels examined. CS increased the number of epithelial mucous cells in all intrapulmonary airways and also increased the mass of submucosal gland present in the larynx and upper trachea.
l-3-(3-carboxyfuran-4-yl)alanine, a new amino acid from the mushroom Phyllotopsis nidulans

Abstract A new amino acid has been discovered in uncombined form in extracts of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom, Phyllotopsis nidulans . Chemical and spectroscopic data support formulation of the structure as l -3-(3-carboxyfuran-4-yl)alanine.
A Tour of the Thymus: A Review of Thymic Lesions With Radiologic and Pathologic Correlation

The thymus is routinely encountered on cross-sectional imaging studies of the chest. It has a variable appearance, undergoes dynamic changes during periods of stress, and demonstrates numerous different pathologic lesions. Understanding the imaging characteristics of these different lesions facilitates accurate radiographic diagnosis and can prevent unnecessary follow-up imaging and intervention. This article will review normal thymic anatomy and development, thymic hyperplasia and associated medical conditions, and the imaging and pathologic features of various benign and malignant thymic lesions.
On the statistical analysis of the motion of some simple two-dimensional linear vehicles moving on a random track☆

Abstract The influence of the length parameters—base length, idealized-tire spread and track-roughness spread—on the assumed “ride” criterion of some simple two-dimensional linear vehicles is examined. This examination is made under the assumption that the vehicles move with constant horizontal velocity on a weakly stationary random track in such a way that contact is maintained with the track throughout the motion. It is found that base length and track-roughness spread have a pronounced influence on the ride criterion throughout the range of interest in this paper. However, the idealized-tire spread only produces a marked effect on the ride criterion if the base length has been badly chosen. As the analysis is based upon second-order statistical properties, a knowledge of all of the joint probability distributions of the random track is not required.
PLATELET COUNT AND PLATELET-ASSOCIATED IgG IN 123 CONSECUTIVE PREGNANCIES: RELATIONSHIP MATERNAL ACTORS TO NE NATAL PLATELET COUNT

Automated cell counting has brought to our attention the increased incidence of thrombocytopenia (TP) in pregnant women. This observation prompted us to evaluate 123 consecutive pregnancies for maternal and neonatal platelet counts (PC) and for maternal platelet-associated IgG (PAIg). PAIg was measured by solid phase RIA with Protein A. Thirty-two women (26%) were TP (PC: 43K-149K, mean±SD=121K±25) during the prenatal period (6), the perinatal period (12), or throughout pregnancy (14). Twenty-five (78%) TP women had elevated levels of PAIg (3.57-38.81ng/106 platelets, mean±SD=9.10±8.14) at least once during pregnancy when compared with 23 non-pregnant women of child-bearing age (0.58-3.40, mean±SD=2.10±0.67). Fifty-one (56%) of the 91 women who were never TP had elevated PAIg (3.55-32.39, mean±SD=6.68±4.20). Two (7%) of 30 infants born to TP women were TP at the time of delivery (initial PC: 83K,110K). Perinatal PAIg was elevated in one of these mothers and normal in the other. Six (7%) of 81 infants born to women who were never TP were TP (initial PC: 109K-149K). Perinatal PAIg was elevated in 2 of these mothers, normal in 3, and not done in 1. These studies indicate that: 1) There is a high incidence (26%) of TP in pregnant women, 2) There is a high incidence of elevated PAIg in pregnant women, whether they are never TP (56%) or TP (78%), 3) Seven percent of neonates are born TP, and 4) Maternal PC and PAIg do not predict which infants will be born with low platelet counts.
Detection of nascent RNA, single-copy DNA and protein localization by immunoFISH in mouse germ cells and preimplantation embryos

Dynamic reprogramming of the genome takes place during the gamete-to-embryo transition. This transition defines a period of continuous and global change but has been difficult to study because of extremely limited material and varying degrees of chromatin compaction. Improved methods of detecting chromatin and gene expression changes in the germ line and in the preimplantation embryo would greatly enhance the understanding of this crucial developmental transition. Here we describe a protocol developed and used by us that improves the sensitivity of existing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods; the protocol described here has enabled us to visualize single-copy DNA targets and corresponding nascent RNA transcripts in preimplantation embryos and during spermatogenesis. Major improvements over alternative methods involve fixation and permeabilization steps. Chromatin epitopes can be visualized simultaneously by combining FISH with immunofluorescence; multicopy and repetitive element expression can also be reliably measured. This procedure (sample preparation and staining) requires 1–1.5 d to complete and will facilitate detailed examination of spatial relationships between chromatin epitopes, DNA and RNA during the dynamic transition from gamete to embryo.
Mechanisms and outcomes of angioplasty and atherectomy assessed by intravascular ultrasound imaging.

Catheter-based intravascular ultrasound is a relatively new imaging tool to examine endovascular structure. One major goal for the development of intravascular ultrasound imaging has been to help clarify the mechanism of interventional therapies such as balloon angioplasty and directional atherectomy. Pathologic studies have suggested that plaque distribution and composition are key features that relate to initial and long-term success of coronary interventions. However, relatively little is known by angiography about the nature of plaque in the clinical setting. Intravascular ultrasound imaging provides a high resolution, “on-line” method of tracking the effects of catheter interventions such as balloon angioplasty and atherectomy. Because of its ability to visualize tissue beneath the luminal surface, ultrasound is generating new insights into the effect of plaque composition and distribution on the response to catheter therapies. With pre-procedure ultrasound imaging, it is increasingly possible to predict the result of a particular intervention, offering the potential for developing strategies of lesion-targeted therapy based on certain plaque characteristics. This article presents the early results of the GUIDE trial as a “works in progress” view of the role of intravascular ultrasound in helping interventionalists to understand—and to optimize—angioplasty and atherectomy. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk of violence from the man involved in the pregnancy after receiving or being denied an abortion.

Intimate partner violence is common among women having abortions, with between 6% and 22% reporting recent violence from an intimate partner. Concern about violence is a reason some pregnant women decide to terminate their pregnancies. Whether risk of violence decreases after having an abortion, remains unknown. Data are from the Turnaway Study, a prospective cohort study of women seeking abortions at 30 facilities across the U.S. Participants included women who: presented just prior to a facility’s gestational age limit and received abortions (Near Limit Abortion Group, n = 452), presented just beyond the gestational limit and were denied abortions (Turnaways, n = 231), and received first trimester abortions (First Trimester Abortion Group, n = 273). Mixed effects logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between receiving versus being denied abortion and subsequent violence from the man involved in the pregnancy over 2.5 years. Physical violence decreased for Near Limits (adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 0.93 per month; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.90, 0.96), but not Turnaways who gave birth (P < .05 versus Near Limits). The decrease for First Trimesters was similar to Near Limits (P = .324). Psychological violence decreased for all groups (aOR, 0.97; CI 0.94, 1.00), with no differential change across groups. Policies restricting abortion provision may result in more women being unable to terminate unwanted pregnancies, potentially keeping them in contact with violent partners, and putting women and their children at risk.
Utility of CD56 Immunohistochemical Studies in Follow-up of Plasma Cell Myeloma

Although 70% to 80% of plasma cell myelomas (PCMs) express CD56, few data are available on the usefulness of CD56 immunohistochemical analysis in assessing residual disease. We retrospectively reviewed 127 PCM posttreatment bone marrow (BM) specimens, classifying them as positive or negative for residual disease (independent of CD56 immunohistochemical studies) based on abnormal plasma cell (PC) morphologic features or flow cytometry (FC) and/or light chain restriction by immunohistochemical studies (conventional criteria). CD56 immunohistochemical analysis was performed on these and 20 negative lymphoma staging BM specimens. Of 127 BM specimens, 74 were positive and 53 were negative for residual PCM by conventional criteria. Of 74 BM specimens positive by conventional criteria, 59 (80%) demonstrated CD56 (strong+) PCs in clusters and/or with cytologic atypia. Of the 53 BM specimens negative by conventional criteria, 3 showed CD56 (strong+) morphologically atypical PCs in clusters or scattered. CD56 immunohistochemical analysis is useful for detecting residual PCM, particularly in morphologically equivocal cases in which light chain restriction cannot be demonstrated, and may serve as a potential response criterion.