cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On operator splitting of the Euler equations consistent with Harten's second‐order accurate TVD scheme

Operator splitting is necessary in order to apply Harten's second-order accurate, total-variation-diminishing (TVD) method for shock capturing to higher-dimensional problems. Here two such splittings of the Euler equations are considered. By analytical means, one splitting is shown to be inconsistent; the other, scheme satisfies a fundamental necessary condition for consistency. Numerical results from a typical blast wave calculation employing this scheme are exhibited.
SU‐FF‐I‐80: Comparison of Artifact Size Caused by Metallic Tissue Marking Clips at 1.5T and 3T Breast MRI: A Phantom Study

Purpose: To compare the signal void artifact size caused by metallic tissue marking clips at 1.5T and 3T and to test the impact of different readout bandwidth and TE on the artifact size. Methods and Materials: The signal void size of three commercially available metallic tissue marking clips were assessed at both 1.5T and 3T scanners. The clips studied were immersed in a gel phantom with enough distance (>25mm) to avoid field interference between them. An RF‐spoiled T1‐weighted gradient echo (SPGR) sequence commonly used in DCE breast imaging was used on both scanners with TR/TE/FA=32/4.6/25°, FOV=160mm, spatial resolution of 1×1×4mm3, and water fat shift of 1.534 pixels (i.e., readout bandwidth = 22.6 kHz for 1.5T, and 45.3 kHz for 3T). Same sequence was repeated with higher readout bandwidth of 139 kHz (1.5T) and 198 kHz (3T). In addition, TE=1.16ms was also tested with partial Fourier readout and high readout bandwidth to study change of TE on the effect of signal void artifact size on both scanners.Results: At TE=4.6ms, both scanners showed signal void artifacts 2∼8 times larger than the clips themselves. Importantly, the signal void size was 15%∼30% larger at 3T compared to that of 1.5T. Increasing readout bandwidth had little impact on signal void artifact size on both scanners. However, decreasing TE from 4.6 ms to 1.16 ms reduced the average artifact size at both 1.5T (27%) and 3T (31%). Conclusion: Signal void artifact size is larger at 3T for all three metallic tissue marking clips studied at the current experimental settings. This could be a disadvantage of 3T scanners when used to detect and follow‐up breast cancer adjacent to metallic tissue marking clips after biopsy. Short TE can be used to effectively reduce signal void artifacts at both 1.5T and 3T.
Characterization of the radiation damage in the Chandra X-ray CCDs

Front side illuminated CCDs comprising focal plane of the Chandra X-ray telescope have suffered some radiation damage in the beginning of the mission. Measurements of CTI and dark current at different temperatures led us to conclusion that the type of damage is inconsistent with the much studied type of damage created by protons with energies higher than 10 MeV. Intensive ground based investigation showed that irradiation of a CCD with low energy protons (about 100 keV) results in the device characteristics similar to the ones of the flight chips (very low dark current, the shape of the CTI temperature dependence). We were able to reliably determine that only image section of the flight chips was damaged and therefore only fast transfer from image to frame store section was affected. We have developed several techniques in order to determine the parameters of the electron traps introduced into the transfer channel of the irradiated device. One of them is based on the analysis of the amplitude of the signal in the pixels trailing the pixel that absorbed an X-ray photon of known energy. Averaging over large number of photons allowed us to get high signal/noise ratio even for pixels with extremely low signal far behind the X-ray event. Performing this analysis at different temperatures we were able to measure trap density, emission time constant, and trap cross section. Another technique is based on the analysis of the tail behind the events of very high amplitude, such as cosmic ray hits. We have developed a new scheme of clocking the device which prevents several rows of image section from being ever read out and keeps them moving back and forth. This so- called 'squeegee mode' improves CTI and can also be used to measure trap parameters, being especially effective in measuring long time constants. At least 4 different types of traps were detected, two of them with short time constant in the range from tens to a few hundred microseconds. The most damaging for the device performance are the traps with longer time constant in the millisecond range. The measurement of the trap parameters allows us to accurately model charge transfer inefficiency and helps to choose optimal operational parameters, and eventually will lead to techniques that may noticeably improve performance of a damaged CCD.
FOCAL XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS PRESENTING AS A RENAL TUMOR WITH VENA CAVAL THROMBUS

A 50-year-old man presented with right flank pain and Escherichia coli urosepsis, which was treated with intravenous antibiotics. Excretory urography revealed a 4 cm. mass in the right kidney without nephrolithiasis. Abdominal computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a 5 X 6 x 9 cm. necrotic mass in the upper pole of the right kidney with a thrombus in the renal vein extending into the infrahepatic vena cava (fig. 1). Due to the vena caval thrombus malignancy was suspected, and right transabdominal radical nephrectomy was performed. After arterial ligation the thrombus did not appear to involve the vena cava and the renal vein was transected at its ostium. The 15.5 X 10.8 x 7.2 cm. kidney weighed 480 gm. An indurated area was palpated a t the hilum. The ureter was
An Auger electron spectroscopy and LEED study of equilibrium surface segregation in copper-aluminum alloys

Abstract Equilibrium surface segregation in copper-aluminum alloys has been observed by use of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction. The alloys studied were solid solutions of aluminum in copper having compositions of 1, 5 and 10 at. % aluminum. All samples were single crystals oriented in the (111) direction. McClean's analysis of grain boundary segregation was used to estimate retrieval energy from the data. The retrieval energy ( Q ) was found to be 1150, 1020 and 1190 cal/mole for the 1, 5 and 10% alloys, respectively. AES, LEED and controlled sputtering were used to estimate the depth of equilibrium segregation and it was found to be 1 atomic layer.
Fracture initiation and fragmentation in chemically tempered glass

Abstract Residual stress profiles are introduced in an alumino-silicate glass using ion-exchange. Due to a high central tension in these glasses, fracture is often followed by fragmentation. Fracture was initiated by loading the glasses with a Vicker's indenter, either monotonically to fracture, or loading to a fixed load, and then unloading. Fracture loads in the load–unload method were ½–⅓ of that during monotonic loading. A qualitative explanation of this phenomenon is proposed by extending an analysis of stresses at the indentation site. The process of fragmentation under indentation, crack propagation and repeated multiple branching, is described. The fragmentation behavior when fracture is initiated in biaxial loading is different: a single crack creates numerous branches, which then propagate without further branching. This process is explained in terms of the stress distribution in the sample prior to fracture initiation. The implications for practical instances where fragmentation is important are discussed.
N,N'-Dineopentyl-naphthalene-1,8-diamine.

In the title compound, C20H30N2, all bond distances and angles fall within the usual ranges but the C(ipso)—N distances [1.391 (5) and 1.398 (4) A] are slightly shorter than the corresponding typical average distance of 1.42 (3) A. The N atoms may be described as pyramidal sp3-hybridized with an N—H⋯H—N separation of 2.07 (2) A. This is necessitated because the two C(bridgehead)—C(ipso)—N—C torsion angles [170.6 (4) and 172.6 (3)°] would require the amine H atoms to be in prohibitively close proximity if the N atoms were assumed to be sp2-hybridized.
Expanded Experience With an Intradermal Skin Test to Predict for the Presence or Absence of Carboplatin Hypersensitivity

Purpose: Carboplatin-associated hypersensitivity is increasingly recognized as a potentially serious toxicity when this agent is administered for more than six total cycles. Patients and Methods: Our group has used a predictive skin test in women with gynecologic cancers who have previously received more than six cumulative cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy. Thirty minutes before all subsequent carboplatin courses, a 0.02-mL aliquot from the solution prepared for treatment is injected intradermally. A positive test is considered to be a ≥ 5-mm wheal, with a surrounding flare. Results: From October 1998 through March 2003, 126 patients received a total of 717 carboplatin skin tests (median per patient, four tests; range, one to 54 tests). Of the 668 negative tests (93% of the total performed), 10 were associated with evidence of carboplatin hypersensitivity (1.5% false-negative rate; 95% CI, 0.6% to 2.4%), none of which were severe (eg, dyspnea, hypotension, cardiac/respiratory compromise). Of the 41 p...
Diagnosis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection by detection of Shiga toxins

Abstract Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli , also known as Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli , is recognized as an important cause of human diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Over the last 20 years, E. coli O157:H7 has been documented as the most common cause of sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of this diarrheal disease and its associated complications of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. However, it has become increasingly apparent that many other serotypes of E. coli are capable of producing the same disease syndromes. This article will present an overview of the various bacterial etiologies responsible for infection, the pathogenesis and epidemiology of disease, and recommended methods for establishing the improved laboratory diagnosis of this infectious disease process.
Situated performances in a graduate teacher education course: an inquiry into the impact of Cultural and Political Vignettes (CPVs)

This inquiry investigates teachers’ perceptions regarding the impact of Cultural and Political Vignettes (CPVs) and situated performance activities in their graduate teacher education course, Literacy Instruction for Diverse Learners, at a large urban university in New York City. The study involved a pedagogical strategy that the author created for use in her own teacher education courses which she terms Cultural and Political Vignettes (CPVs). CPVs are cultural and political situations that are presented to teachers so that they can practice the decision‐making skills that they need to use with students, parents, colleagues, and administrators in the diverse classrooms of the New York City public schools. They deal with sensitive cultural and political issues, such as race, class, gender, ethnicity, school politics, sexual preference, and religion and are designed to help teachers to reflect upon their values, ideologies, biases, and educational philosophies. What sets this research apart and makes it of...
Common carotid artery occlusion with patent internal and external carotid arteries: diagnosis and surgical management.

Abstract Purpose: Occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) is generally associated with occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA). Occasionally, however, collateral circulation to the ECA may preserve patency of the ICA via retrograde perfusion through the bulb. These patients may suffer ongoing transient ischemic attacks and risk for stroke. Recognition of this pathologic variant may allow for effective surgical intervention. Methods: We have performed seven operations in six patients with occluded CCAs and patent ECA and ICAs. The occluded CCA was on the left side in each case ( p Results: There were no strokes associated with the surgery, although one patient had transient neurologic symptoms and a seizure associated with documented reperfusion edema. Three of the patients had preoperative and postoperative transcranial Doppler studies that documented significant improvement in intracranial hemodynamics. Five of the patients have had continuously patent grafts with relief of symptoms for an average of 40 months (range 3 to 155 months). The remaining patient had graft occlusion after 72 months and underwent repeat operation for amaurosis fugax and global ischemia. His second graft remains patent, and he is symptom free 21 months later. Conclusions: Recognition of patent distal vessels above a CCA occlusion depends on a high index of suspicion, careful investigation of the carotid bulb with duplex scanning, and delayed arteriographic views of the bulb allowing for late collateral vessel filling. The favorable results in this small series of patients supports an aggressive surgical approach when patients with symptoms are encountered with patient distal vessels above an occluded CCA. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:1019-28.)
A swept frequency pulsed magnetic resonance spectrometer with particular application to NMR of ferromagnetic materials

We describe the design, construction and use of a new swept frequency pulsed magnetic resonance spectrometer that is particularly suitable for measurements of NMR in magnetically ordered materials but has also been used for ESR, NQR and conventional NMR. It includes computer control, digital pulse generation, measurements over the range 10-1000 MHz in one sweep, and calibration of signal and pulse power. The spectrometer can also be used to track the change of the NMR frequency of a sample, e.g., as a function of temperature.
Effect of host diet and preflight experience on the flight responses of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson).

. Female Microplitis croceipes without previous exposure to host diet, feeding damage or faeces, and with no oviposition experience (i.e. inexperienced) exhibited flight tunnel responses towards extracts of faeces from several diet–host species combinations, excluding artificial diet. Inexperienced females exhibited the following preference order towards faeces from Heliothis zea larvae fed selected diets: cotton > wild geranium > cowpea > artificial diet, suggesting and adaptation to ‘preferred’ host plants. Females having a preflight experience with a plant-host complex (PHC) prior to testing exhibited a higher percentage of oriented flights in the wind tunnel than did inexperienced females. Oviposition Per se had little effect on the flight response of females. The increased flight response after an experience is apparently due to a combination of sensitization and associative learning. In a choice situation, a single experience was insufficient to establish a preference for the PHC experienced; however, repeated experience resulted in preferences, and the degree of preference tended to increase with the number of experiences.
Influx and efflux kinetics of cationic dye binding to respiring mitochondria.

Abstract We have investigated the kinetics of interaction of tionic fluorescent lipophiles (dyes) rhodamine 123, rhodamine 6G, tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester, safranine 0, 1,1'-diethyloxacarboeyanine, 1,1'-diethyloxadicarbocyanine, and 1,1'-diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide with isolated respiring rat-liver mitochondria (RLM). Dye flux across the RLM inner membrane was measured by following the kinetics of fluorescence signal change after mixing of dye and RLM. The time course of fluorescence was analysed in terms of a kinetic model of the binding and transport processes involved. The rate constants of dye influx and efflux w From the influx rate constants obtained, the apparent permeability constants for dye influx (at zero potential) across the membrane were calculated and ranged from 3 to 140 X 104 cm/s. The influx rate constant was found to be linearly related to relative dye lipophilicity, as predicted by the model. As another test of the model, from the ratio of the influx and efflux rate constants, the apparent trans-membrane potential, Ψ, was calculated and found generally to agree with reported values, but to depend on the lipophilicity of the dye used. Not predicted by the simple model was a dissymmtry observed in the influx and efflux time constants for fluorescence change to equilibrium intensity. Inferences are made relating to the utility of these dyes as probes of Ψ.
Iatrogenic Delirium and Coma: A “Near Miss”

A 66-year-old woman was cared for at two referral institutions following a witnessed cardiac arrest in a local emergency department. Despite aggressive initial care, she failed to regain consciousness during a 28-day course. Based on an erroneous neurologic diagnosis of anoxic encephalopathy, pessimism regarding likelihood of improvement existed, prompting clinical consideration of withdrawal of care. The correct diagnosis of iatrogenic drug-induced coma alternating with drug-induced delirium only became apparent after the IV administration of repeated doses of a benzodiazepine antagonist. The patient and husband (co-authors) provide insights often unheard within care circles.
The role of physical distribution services as determinants of product returns in Internet retailing

Pressure continues to build on Internet retailers to squeeze out inefficiencies from their day-to-day operations. One major source of such inefficiencies is product returns. Indeed, product returns in Internet retailing have been shown to be, on average, as high as 22% of sales. Yet, most retailers accept them as a necessary cost of doing business. This is not surprising since many retailers do not have a clear understanding of the causes of product returns. While it is known that return policies of retailers, along with product attributes, are two important factors related to product return incidents, little is known about which aspects of the online retail transaction make such a purchase more return-prone. In the current study, we seek to address this issue. We use a large data set of customer purchases and returns to identify how process attributes in physical distribution service (PDS) influence product returns. The first attribute involves perceptions of scarcity conditions in inventory availability among consumers when retailers reveal to consumers information on inventory levels for the products that they intend to buy. Our results show that orders in which items are sold when these conditions are revealed to shoppers have a higher likelihood of being returned than orders in which these conditions are not revealed. While prior research has argued that inventory scarcity perceptions have an effect on purchases, our findings suggest that they are also related to the likelihood of these purchases being returned. The second attribute involves the reliability in the delivery of orders to consumers. We find that the likelihood of orders being returned depends on the consistency between retailer promises of timeliness in the delivery of orders and the actual delivery performance of the orders. Moreover, we find that the effect that consistency in the delivery has in the likelihood of returns, is stronger for orders that involve promises for expedited delivery than for orders with less expeditious promises. That is, although the occurrence of returns depends on the delays in the delivery of orders to consumers relative to the initial promises made by the retailers, this effect is more notable for orders that involve promises of fast delivery.
Comparison of bone marrow stromal cell behaviors on poly(caprolactone) with or without surface modification: studies on cell adhesion, survival and proliferation.

Poly(caprolactone) (PCL) is a promising biodegradable polymer for tissue engineering. However, intrinsically poor cell-adhesive properties of PCL may limit its application. In this study, the PCL film surface was modified with RGDC peptide by a chemical immobilization procedure. Furthermore, bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) behaviors including attachment, spreading, focal adhesion formation, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, apoptosis and proliferation when cultured on the modified PCL films were investigated. Our results demonstrated that PCL with RGD modification promoted initial BMSC attachment, spreading and focal adhesion formation. At a later time point (12 h), BMSC attachment on both RGD peptide-modified PCL and PCL-NH2 films significantly increased compared to untreated PCL films. Importantly, FAK phosphorylation was significantly increased only on the films with RGD-modified films, not on the PCL-NH2 films, demonstrating that PCL with RGD modification had an advantage in initiating the speci...
Jagdwirtschaft in den Vereinigten Staaten

Die wichtigsten Unterschiede zwischen der europaischen und der amerikanischen Philosophie vom Wildwesen sind: ein starker Glaube, das die Amerikaner das Recht haben, Waffen zu besitzen, das wilde Tiere Eigentum des Volkes sind und das ein jeder das Recht hat, wilde Tiere zu jagen. Gegenwartig gibt es aber viele Grenzen und Beschrankungen gegen diesen traditionellen Glauben des Amerikaners. Die meisten Gesetze und Regelungen, die die wilden Tiere betreffen, besonders die jagdbaren Tiere, werden von den einzelnen Staaten erlassen und ausgefuhrt. Die Fisch- und Jagdabteilungen der Staaten sind bevollmachtigt, die Jagdregeln fur den Staat durchzusetzen, sie konnen Zeiten fur die Bejagung und das Fischen festlegen, und sie sind fur die richtige Bewirtschaftung der Tiere und ihres Lebensraumes verantwortlich. Die Bundesregierung hat keine Zustandigkeit fur die Jagd, auser im Falle der Zugvogel und der gefahrdeten Arten. Durch die Bemuhungen der verschiedenen staatlichen Abteilungen, sich wilder Tiere und ihrer Umgebung anzunehmen, und durch das Interesse des Amerikaners an dem Naturschutz sind die meisten wilden Tiere heute in groserer Zahl zu finden. Die zukunftige Tendenz fur das Wildwesen ist die allgemeine Nutzung der wilden Tiere durch viele Teile der Bevolkerung z. B. seitens des Jagers, des Naturliebhabers, des Photographen und des Urlaubers.
Thermoregulatory Behavior of Eared Seals

1. Thermoregulatory behavior was studied in the Steller sea lion and in the South Australian fur seal during their respective reproductive seasons. Data were gathered using a temperature-sampling technique. 2. The rest postures used by animals of both species were closely correlated with solar radiation (as indicated by rock temperatures). At low temperatures both species used postures that concealed the flippers, thus exposing a minimum of surface area to the air. In addition, sea lions huddled against one another at low temperatures, but fur seals did not. 3. No quantitative species differences existed in behavioral responses to low (10°C) rock temperatures. At intermediate temperatures both species progressively exposed their flippers to the air. At high temperatures (30°C and above) both species resorted to the water for cooling. Female sea lions became wet at temperatures 5°C lower than did fur seals. 4. Fur seal males without direct access to water temporarily abandoned their territories and went to sea at a mean rock temperature of 33°C (approximate solar radiation level between 0.666 and 1.073 cal./cm 2 /min.). 5. Mass movements of females from dry areas across the rookery to the water were temperature-dependent in both species. 6. The behavior of sea lion pups showed less of a direct correlation with temperatures than for their mothers. 7. The social consequences of thermoregulatory behavior were, 1) increased frequency and intensity of sexual investigation by males toward females, 2) an increase by 11% to 15% in aggression among males, and 3) a reduction (by one half) in copulation frequency for males that abandoned their territories to gain access to water for cooling.
Snow Growth and Transport Patterns in Orographic Storms as Estimated from Airborne Vertical-Plane Dual-Doppler Radar Data

AbstractAirborne vertical-plane dual-Doppler cloud radar data, collected on wind-parallel flight legs over a mountain in Wyoming during 16 winter storms, are used to analyze the growth, transport, and sedimentation of snow. In all storms the wind is rather strong, such that the flow is unblocked. The sampled clouds are mixed phase, shallow, and generally produce snowfall over the mountain only. The 2D scatterers’ mean motion in the vertical along-track plane below flight level is synthesized using one radar antenna pointing to nadir, and one 30° forward of nadir. This yields instantaneous cross-mountain hydrometeor streamlines.The dynamics of the orographic flow dominate the precipitation patterns across the mountain. Three patterns are distinguished: the first two contain small convective cells, either boundary layer (BL) convection or elevated convection, the latter likely due to the release of potential instability in orographically lifted air. In these patterns the cross-mountain flow is relatively un...
Spanwise morphing trailing edge on a finite wing

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are prime targets for morphing implementation as they must adapt to large changes in flight conditions associated with locally varying wind or large changes in mass associated with payload delivery. The Spanwise Morphing Trailing Edge concept locally varies the trailing edge camber of a wing or control surface, functioning as a modular replacement for conventional ailerons without altering the spar box. Utilizing alternating active sections of Macro Fiber Composites (MFCs) driving internal compliant mechanisms and inactive sections of elastomeric honeycombs, the SMTE concept eliminates geometric discontinuities associated with shape change, increasing aerodynamic performance. Previous work investigated a representative section of the SMTE concept and investigated the effect of various skin designs on actuation authority. The current work experimentally evaluates the aerodynamic gains for the SMTE concept for a representative finite wing as compared with a conventional, articulated wing. The comparative performance for both wings is evaluated by measuring the drag penalty associated with achieving a design lift coefficient from an off-design angle of attack. To reduce experimental complexity, optimal control configurations are predicted with lifting line theory and experimentally measured control derivatives. Evaluated over a range of off-design flight conditions, this metric captures the comparative capability of both concepts to adapt or “morph” to changes in flight conditions. Even with this simplistic model, the SMTE concept is shown to reduce the drag penalty due to adaptation up to 20% at off-design conditions, justifying the increase in mass and complexity and motivating concepts capable of larger displacement ranges, higher fidelity modelling, and condition-sensing control.
Toughness and matching extension in graphs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses toughness and matching extension in graphs. All graphs in this chapter are finite and connected and have no loops or parallel lines. The concept of n-extendability for bipartite graphs was studied by Hetyei. However, the study of the more general family of n-extendable graphs that are not necessarily bipartite seems to have even earlier roots. In the early 1960, the study of decompositions of graphs in terms of their maximum matchings was begun by Gallai and independently by Edmonds. One of the degenerate cases of their theory for maximum matchings, however, arises when the graphs in question have perfect matchings. The chapter studies the relationships between toughness of a graph and the n-extendability of the graph. It proves two results. The first says essentially that if a graph has sufficiently high toughness (and has an even number of points) then it must be n-extendable. The second result applies to graphs with toughness less than one and presents an upper bound on the value of n for which such a graph can be n-extendable. The chapter also compares and contrasts these results with the n-factor results of Enomoto et al.
Prevalence and correlates of sexual risk among male and female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico

Abstract We investigated prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behaviours among male and female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico, the busiest border crossing area on the US – Mexico border, analysing survey data from a purposive, cross-sectional sample of male and female sex workers who worked in a range of indoor and outdoor settings. Logistic regression was used to determine factors that were associated with sexual risk-taking, defined as failing to use a condom with last client. In bivariate regression models, gender, work setting (e.g., indoor vs. outdoor), poverty, engaging in survival sex, marital status and perceived drug addiction were correlated with sexual risk. When controlling for work location, housing insecurity, poverty, survival sex, marital status and perceived drug addiction, male sex workers were still 10 times more likely than female sex workers (FSW) to engage in sex without a condom during their last encounter with a client. And, although FSW were significantly more likely than male...
Field dependence of the resistive transition for a square wire network

We report the results of a study of square aluminum wire networks in a magnetic field. The ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-versus-(\ensuremath{\Phi}/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{0}$) phase boundary defined at different points in the resistive transition was measured. When measuring low in the resistive transition, we see fine structure at rational fractions of the flux quantum f=\ensuremath{\Phi}/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{0}$=p/q, out to q=8. We also measured the field dependence of the resistive transition at many f=\ensuremath{\Phi}/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{0}$. The effect of the rational fields on the width of the transition is more dramatic than the effect on the phase boundary itself. Using a simple model, we can correctly order the width of the resistive transitions at the commensurate flux fillings.
Career effects of occupation-related vocational education: Evidence from the military's internal labor market

Abstract Prior research on the labor market success of secondary vocational education has produced mixed results, with several studies finding wage gains only for individuals who work in training-related occupations. We contribute to this debate by focusing on a single occupation and organization and by comparing the careers of employees with and without occupation-related training in high school. We use longitudinal data on the careers of military recruits who completed high school Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC), a military science program that has features of a vocational training and school-to-work program. We find that the occupation-specific training received via JROTC reduces early turnover and improves long-run job stability for those who choose military jobs, suggesting that an important effect of vocational training is to improve job match quality. We also find that promotion rates for vocational graduates are similar to their peers, suggesting that vocational education in general works by improving occupational sorting.
The Process of Chamber Formation in the Foraminifer Rosalina floridana (Cushman)

SYNOPSIS. The foraminifer Rosalina floridana builds a chambered, calcareous test which is periodically enlarged by the addition of new chambers. R. floridana begins to form a chamber by constructing an algal growth cyst which covers the dorsal side of the animal and is cemented to the substrate. The pseudopods that build the cyst coalesce to form a cytoplasmic template or anlage on which the chamber walls will be secreted. Electron micrographs reveal the anlage cytoplasm to be a “froth” of nearly empty vesicles which contain mitochondria, fibrillar material, and electron dense granules. The organic lining of the new chamber is secreted on the anlage by pseudopods extending thru it. After the organic lining is completed, cytoplasm from within the test flows into the forming chamber and forces the anlage cytoplasm out thru the new aperture. This “frothy” anlage cytoplasm forms a sheath over the dorsal surface of the test; while it is in place, a layer of calcite is deposited on the walls of the new chamber and over the rest of the test. When calcification is completed, the sheath breaks up and is incorporated into newly formed pseudopods as the foraminifer gradually moves out of the growth cyst and begins normal feeding. The production of vesiculated cytoplasm in normal pseudopods and in the anlage is viewed as a method of greatly increasing cytoplasmic volume with a resultant very small loss in cytoplasmic mass. In the anlage during the production of the organic lining the vesiculated cytoplasm apparently acts only as a support for the membranes being secreted by the pseudopods and presumably does not take part in the secretory process. This same cytoplasm forms the sheath that is present during calcification. The view is advanced that, altho the sheath could be active during calcification with the mitochondria within the vesicles actively transporting calcium to sites of crystal growth, its more probable function is to form a partition between the parts to be calcified and the environment. The foraminifer could then secrete CaCO3 from pooled reserves in the cytoplasm into the area between the sheath and the chamber membranes. The basal membrane is considered the nucleating agent during calcification and is responsible for the ordering of the crystals so their C axes are perpendicular to the surface of the chamber.
Differential regulation of smooth muscle contraction in rabbit internal anal sphincter by substance and bombesin

Substance P and bombesm induce contraction of isolated IAS smooth muscle cells by different intracellular mechanisms. The cells contracted in a dose dependent manner to both peptides. The kinetics of contraction were different. Substance P induced contraction peaked at 30 seconds and declined in a time dependent manner while bombesm induced contraction peaked at 30 seconds and was maintained for up to 8 minutes. The absence of extracellular calcium in the medium (0 calcium and 2 mM EGTA) had no affect on substance P induced contraction while it blocked bombesin induced contraction. Substance P induced contraction was blocked by the calmoduhn antagonist W7 (10-9M) and was not affected by the PKC antagonist H7 (10-6M). Bombesm induced contraction was blocked by the PKC antagonist H7 and was not affected by the calmodulin antagonist WT. Our data indicate that substance P induces a transient contraction utilizing intraceUular calcium and a calmodulin dependent pathway, while bombesin induces a sustained contraction utilizing calcium from extracellular sources and a calmodulin independent pathway. Substance P and bombesm have been described within the neuronal cell bodies of the human
Corneal Ulcer Caused by Pasteurella Multocida

A 44-year-old woman with Graves' disease and exophthalmos developed a severe corneal ulcer caused by Pasteurella multocida after being bumped on her right eye by her pet dog. The organism was transferred from the patient to an abraded rabbit cornea and produced a similiar corneal ulcer and hypopyon.
Embedding lattice field theory in continuum field theory

Lattice field theory is embedded in ultraviolet-finite continuum theory by transforming a finite number of continuum degrees of freedom into lattice degrees of freedom. The resulting Hamiltonian is equivalent to the continuum Hamiltonian, and consists of the lattice Hamiltonian plus corrections. At zero lattice spacing the corrections vanish and the lattice Hamiltonian has finite matrix elements. At finite spacing there is a simple estimate of the discrepancy between lattice and continuum field theories, and more exact calculations are outlined. A strategy is sketched for using lattice methods to calculate in continuum field theory.
Toward Next-Generation, Simulation-Based Computational Tools for Conflict and Peace Studies

Human, social, and international conflicts are inescapable facts of life. This article elaborates on how advances in simulation theory and methodology can improve exploring and studying the dynamics of conflicts. The premise of the proposed strategy is based on the observation that agent-based social simulation, which enables high-level and powerful problem-solving capabilities, needs to be significantly enhanced to model complex, multilevel, and multistaged conflicts. To this end, the issues, challenges, and rationale underlying a novel simulation methodology, called multisimulation, are explained. The conceptual foundations needed for the realization of multisimulation are presented to contribute to the development of advanced simulation-based computational laboratories for conflict studies. Finally, by using the Bloomfield-Leiss dynamic phase model of conflict, the author argues for the utility of multisimulation.
Infrared emitting quantum dots: DNA conjugation and DNA origami directed self-assembly

QDs that emit in the infrared (IR) range are of special interest at the moment because of their potential as tissue imaging reagents. Due to autofluorescence from tissues, QDs that emit in the visible range fail to produce good signal to noise ratios. Here we report the production of CdxPb1−xTe tertiary-alloyed QDs that emit in the 1100–1300 nm wavelength range, capped with the hydrophilic ligands mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) or glutathione (GSH), together with DNA, as specific surface tags. We observed an interesting dependence of the QD emission peaks on the species of capping ligand used. ICP-MS analysis confirmed that changing the identity of the surface ligand in the reaction mixture shifted the elemental composition of the particles and resulted in different Cd/Pb ratios. Further, DNA directed assembly of the particles onto DNA nanostructures ensures that the particle remains stable in high salt conditions, which is crucial to biological applications.
Senate examines measures to improve nuclear safety following Japan disaster

One year after Japan suffered a devastating magnitude 9.0 earthquake and the resulting tsunami and nuclear disaster, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has taken a number of measures to try to ensure that nuclear plants in the United States are safe from natural hazards. At a U.S. Senate hearing on 15 March, NRC chair Gregory Jaczko announced that the commission had issued three key orders and several requests for information on 12 March that plant licensees must follow, and that NRC also plans to take additional actions. However, the commission is not moving quickly enough in some areas, such as ensuring that all plants are safe from seismic hazards, including those in areas with low seismic activity, according to Jaczko's testimony before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works (EPW) and the Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety. The 12 March orders require licensees to have strategies to maintain or restore core cooling, containment, and spent-fuel pool cooling capabilities “following a beyond-design-basis extreme natural event” and have a reliable indication of the water level in spent-fuel storage pools.
Nerve Blocks and Neuroablative Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis

Surgical decompressive procedures for “large-duct” chronic pancreatitis have been notably successful in relieving pain. However, management of patients with intractable pain from “small-duct” chronic pancreatitis has been difficult, often resulting in narcotic addiction and/or malnutrition from major pancreatic resection. In view of the disappointing results from extensive pancreatic resections in these cases, denervation of pancreatic sympathetic pain afferents has been suggested as an alternative. Although denervation procedures have been attempted at multiple anatomical levels, results have unfortunately been mixed. The observed variability in results has been attributed to poor patient selection, incomplete understanding of neurophysiology of pancreatic pain, and perhaps inadequate knowledge of pancreatic neuroanatomy. At present, the preferred form of neural ablation is splanchnicectomy. However, a consistent and reliable method for identifying candidates for splanchnicectomy is critical, as it is clinically difficult to distinguish true pancreatic pain from other nociceptive conditions masquerading as pancreatic pain. Differential epidural anesthesia (DEA) is a promising, safe test for initial evaluation and patient selection, although it is not as precise as sometimes claimed. Patients responding to sympathetic block during DEA seem to be the best candidates for operative sympathetic ablation. At the moment, the optimal surgical approach to splanchnic ablation, which offers the least morbid technique, most favorable results, and an attractive risk–benefit ratio, is bilateral thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy. More experience and longer follow-up will be necessary to evaluate this approach.
An innovation in the training of school psychologists

Abstract A long-distance telephone conference enabled seminar students to discuss school psychology problems and endeavors with practicing psychologists and their school administrators in a progressive school district. The psychologists and educators discussed examples of the diversified functioning of school psychology which were related to many seminar topics. The students responded enthusiastically to the provocative comments, appeared to reconsider the potentials for broad professional functioning, and seemed more willing to raise their levels of aspiration for future employment. The experience apparently gave greater credibility to the seminar discussions and the program's orientation. As an in-expensive innovation, the telephone contact was recommended by both conference groups.
Molecular characterization of sheep ruminal enrichments that detoxify pyrrolizidine alkaloids by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and cloning.

An enrichment of strictly anaerobic bacteria from ovine rumen fluid, which has previously been named L4M2, is known to detoxify animal hepatotoxins from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid family. These toxins are present in the tansy ragwort plant (Senecio jacobaea). These plants have been described in livestock animals’ range forages in regions of the world such as the Northwest United States and South Africa. The bacterial enrichment was characterized by molecular cloning techniques and by the molecular fingerprinting technique of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Phylogenetic analysis of the enrichment revealed that the consortium is composed of no more than five putative bacterial species which associated to the Anaerovibrio, Desulfovibrio, Megasphaera, Prevotella, and Synergistes generas. These are all known to exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract of ruminant animals. This work improved upon previous attempts to characterize the consortium by obtaining nearly full-length ribosomal 16S rDNA sequences through cloning. The DGGE results were directly compared to the cloning data by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifying eight phylogenetically representative clones and analyzing them by DGGE. Direct DGGE analysis of the enrichment displayed greater 16S diversity than the clone library used in this study, suggesting that at least one of the organisms present in the enrichment comprises less than 1% of the total cell population. These data will be used to further refine the enrichment in hopes of future use as a probiotic, which could be administered to animals challenged by the presence of tansy ragwort in their forage.
Immediate postoperative thrombolytic therapy: An aggressive strategy for neurologic salvage when cerebral thromboembolism complicates carotid endarterectomy

A 42-year-old man with a high-grade left internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis demonstrated on a duplex scan was referred to us. A cerebral arteriogram confirmed a greater than 90% left internal carotid stenosis, but with the unexpected finding of a moderate amount of thrombus in the proximal ICA. He underwent emergent left carotid endarterectomy, but during the operation, only a small amount of thrombus was identified as adherent to the atherosclerotic plaque. he awakened in the operating room with a dense right hemiplegia and aphasia. Immediate reexploration demonstrated a patent endarterectomy site, a distal thromboembolectomy was performed without extraction of thrombus, and urokinase (250,000 Units) was infused into the distal ICA. He reawakened with an unchanged right hemiplegia and aphasia. The patient then underwent an urgent postoperative carotid and cerebral arteriogram that demonstrated an embolus to the middle cerebral artery. he was treated with the superselective infusion of urokinase (500,000 Units), with almost complete resolution of the clot. Over the course of the next 48 hours, the patient made a nearly complete neurologic recovery, and he was discharged from the hospital with only a slight facial droop. At 2 months' follow-up he was completely neurologically healthy. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of urokinase administered in the immediate postoperative period in the angiography suite to treat a thromboembolus complicating a carotid endarterectomy.
Gait training efficacy using a home-based practice model in chronic hemiplegia

Abstract Objective: The efficacy of a home practice model for gait training was evaluated in 18 hemiplegic subjects 2.3 years (range, 1 to 5) after stroke. Design: Uncontrolled case series. Setting: Referral center. Subjects: Patients at least 1 year poststroke referred to an outpatient rehabilitation program. Intervention: Patients were taught home programs in two or more 2- to 5-day blocks averaging 35 physical therapy (PT) contact hours (range, 9.5 to 62.5); training extended over a mean of 22 months (range, 10 to 65). Training emphasized weight bearing, balance, segmental control, stretching, and bracing. Main Outcome Measures: Gait changes were measured using the newly developed Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS). The patient-rated Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) was administered before and after training to 8 subjects, and the Health Status Questionnaire (HSQ) was retrospectively administered to all subjects to appraise subjective pretraining to posttraining changes and current psychological status. Results: The average WGS score significantly improved (p Conclusion: Despite the literature indicating a plateau in mobility function by 6 months after stroke, postacute training of gait in hemiplegic subjects using a home-based training model results in improved gait and the perception of improved function. Additionally, we provide validation for the newly developed Wisconsin Gait Scale, an instrument of gait measurement that may assist in comparing outcomes.