cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benjamin Franklin's Intellectual World Paul E. Kerry and Matthew S. Holland, Editors. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012.

Benjamin Franklin's Intellectual World Paul E. Kerry and Matthew S. Holland, Editors. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012.Benjamin Franklin 's Intellectual World is the latest contribution to the ever-growing scholarly interest in Franklin's life and works. Recent biographies such as Walter Isaacson's Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (2003), Gordon Wood's The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (2004), and H.W. Brand's The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2000) have contributed to the resurgence of interest in Franklin. Both the shadow of these recent biographies and the ensuing debates hang over Benjamin Franklin's Intellectual World.The impetus for this collection was a 2007 conference held at the University of Cambridge celebrating the tercentenary of Franklin's birth. The co-editors of the collection, Paul E. Kerry and Matthew S. Holland, find the conference location in the United Kingdom fitting for Franklin, who was the "first American" as much as he was, for most of his life, a loyal British subject. The collection attempts to bring "together political thought and intellectual history" in order to connect "American and European ideas" (ix). Some of the most novel explorations of Franklin's legacy in this volume focus on the exchange between the New World and Europe, an important concentration for a transatlantic figure like Franklin. Jurgen Overhoff's fascinating essay focuses on Franklin's often-overlooked trip to Germany in 1766. Overhoff argues that Franklin's visit and study of the Holy Roman Empire was essential to his conception of federalism, which went into his own Articles of Federation and Perpetual Union of the United Colonies of North America (84). Scholarship on American Federalism has often emphasized the example of the Iroquois Confederacy as being the preeminent model for colonists, but Overhoff convincingly argues that the "Holy Roman moment" may be just as important to early American federalism (84).Another interesting transatlantic connection comes in Paul E. Kerry's essay on Franklin's influence on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. While Goethe and Franklin never met or corresponded, they had a great deal in common, as both held experiments, were involved in sute affairs, and helped to support or found civic institutions such as libraries and universities. However, Kerry's emphasis is that Goethe used Franklin's biography, which he read in 1810 prior to writing his own autobiography, Poetry and Truth, in 1813-1814, as a model for "his own self-fashioning and achievements, scientific and literary" (155). …
Schistosoma haematobium in Bulinus guernei: Electron microscopy of hemocyte-sporocyst interactions

Abstract Electron microscopy has revealed that in Bulinus guernei (Gambian strain) snails infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Egyptian strain) daughter sporocysts and cercariae, two kinds of hemocytes called granulocytes and hyalinocytes are found associated with the sporocysts. Granulocytes are small, numerous, plumbophilic, and amoeboid. They contain lysosome-like granules. Hyalinocytes are large, sparse, less plumbophilic than granulocytes, and have intracellular microfilaments (about 9 nm wide), and few or no pseudopods. They are devoid of lysosome-like granules. Granulocytes and hyalinocytes infiltrate near sporocysts, but only granulocytes interact with sporocyst microvilli by contact. Granulocytes induce a restricted multilamellated encapsulation reaction. Extracellular microfilaments (about 12.5 nm wide), with a regular transverse structure pattern of about 50-nm periodicity, frequently are found along the outer surface of granulocytes located adjacent to sporocysts. Intracellular filamentous structures and a prominent glycocalyx also are features of the seemingly more active granulocytes contiguous with sporocysts. Cell adhesions may occur between surfaces of (1) granulocytes and sporocysts, (2) interdigitating pseudopodial processes of capsular granulocytes, and (3) granulocytes and hyalinocytes.
Congestion and cost-benefit analysis in cities

Abstract Adopting the circular city approach, this paper shows that the results of benefit-cost analysis of road width based on market rent differ substantially between two formulations. When total production in the city is fixed and costs are minimized, the benefit exceeds the market rent at the optimum configuration. When total production is variable and the value of the net product is maximized, benefit is less than market rent at the optimum. Comparison between the optimum solution and the market solution with the cost-benefit analysis based on the market rent is also presented.
Evaluation of Topical Vitamin B12 for the Treatment of Childhood Eczema

Abstract Objectives: Topical vitamin B12 is an approach that has been shown to successfully treat atopic dermatitis in adults; however, there have been no studies in children. Topical vitamin B12 is thought to decrease the symptoms involved in eczema through reducing nitric oxide production. Atopic dermatitis affects 5%–20% of children in the United States. Various treatment options are available to treat atopic dermatitis in children, but there are drawbacks to some of these options. Children tend to need a larger dose of medication for body surface area involved and can be more adversely affected by agents such as topical steroids. This study was developed in order to find an alternative eczema treatment for children. Design: This double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study with intraindividual left/right comparison was set up to determine whether topical vitamin B12 would be effective in children with eczema. Subjects: Patients from the ages of 6 months to 18 years old were recruited from the ...
Finite Element Model Tuning with Spatially-Dense 3D Modes

An investigation into varying the spatial density of three-dimensional (3D) modes in order to accurately tune a finite element (FE) model to larger numbers of modes is conducted. This FE model tuning approach is evaluated on a 60,000+ FE degree of freedom (DOF) model of the United States Air Force Academy’s fifth small satellite, FalconSAT-5 (FS-5), structural engineering model (SEM). The evaluation of this FE model tuning approach starts with the collection of natural frequencies and 3D modes extracted from scanning laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) frequency response function measurements at 2,165 closely-spaced points on the surface of the test article. The measured modes and their associated natural frequencies serve as target values in a gradient-based tuning approach. The FE model is tuned to have differences with the measured natural frequencies less than 2% and in many cases cross-orthogonality values greater than 0.90. Using both a QR-decomposition and the Triaxial Effective Independence (EfI3 + ) sensor selection strategies, the effect of adding more tuning points on tuning accuracy is studied. This study demonstrates that increasing the number of experimental data points using the EfI3 + sensor selection strategy for FE model optimization results in increased tuning accuracy.
BIOVERSE: enhancements to the framework for structural, functional and contextual modeling of proteins and proteomes

We have made a number of enhancements to the previously described Bioverse web server and computational biology framework (http://bioverse.compbio.washington.edu). In this update, we provide an overview of the new features available that include: (i) expansion of the number of organisms represented in the Bioverse and addition of new data sources and novel prediction techniques not available elsewhere, including network-based annotation; (ii) reengineering the database backend and supporting code resulting in significant speed, search and ease-of use improvements; and (iii) creation of a stateful and dynamic web application frontend to improve interface speed and usability. Integrated Java-based applications also allow dynamic visualization of real and predicted protein interaction networks.
Improving the culture of interdisciplinary collaboration in ecology by expanding measures of success

Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to understand ecological systems at scales critical to human decision making. Current reward structures are problematic for scientists engaged in interdisciplinary research, particularly early career researchers, because academic culture tends to value only some research outputs, such as primary-authored publications. Here, we present a framework for the costs and benefits of collaboration, with a focus on early career stages, and show how the implementation of novel measures of success can help defray the costs of collaboration. Success measures at team and individual levels include research outputs other than publications, including educational outcomes, dataset creation, outreach products (eg blogs or social media), and the application of scientific results to policy or management activities. Promotion and adoption of new measures of success will require concerted effort by both collaborators and their institutions. Expanded measures should better reflect an...
Screening hospital admissions from the emergency department for occult carbon monoxide poisoning

Because cases of unrecognized carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning have been described among patients admitted to the hospital with other diagnoses, screening hospital admissions with carboxyhemoglobin testing has the potential for preventing morbidity among patients as well as among their cohabitants. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were obtained on 753 patients admitted to the hospital from the emergency department over a 3-month period during the winter. Patients in whom CO poisoning was diagnosed in the emergency department prior to admission were excluded. The mean carboxyhemoglobin level was 2.52% +/- 1.85%; there was no significant difference in mean carboxyhemoglobin among patients with medical, surgical, neurological, and psychiatric admission diagnoses (F = 1.17; df = 3,746; P = .32). Two patients (0.3%; 95% confidence limits, 0.04% to 1.1%) from the entire admission cohort, and one of 20 patients (5%; 95% confidence limits, 0.3% to 26.9%) admitted with seizures, had carboxyhemoglobin levels greater than 10%. The carboxyhemoglobin levels of the two patients were only marginally elevated, with levels of 10.9% and 11.3%. The cost of the carboxyhemoglobin screening program was $2.26 per patient result, or approximately $2,100 over a 3-month winter heating season. A program for screening emergency department admissions with carboxyhemoglobin testing, although feasible in terms of cost, detected few cases of unrecognized CO poisoning. Language: en
Spintronic devices: From memory to memristor

In 1971, Professor Leon Chua in UC Berkeley predicted the fourth fundamental passive circuit element - memristor, based on the conceptual completeness of circuit theory. 37 years later, a team at HP Labs led by Dr. Stanley Williams announced the development of the first switching memristor. From then, more and more researches on memristor are conducted at various levels. Spintronic technology was introduced to the nonvolatile memory design regime in the recent decade. For example, spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has demonstrated many promising characteristics such as non-volatility, zero standby power, nanosecond access time, high memory density, and good scalability. In this paper, we will give a short tutorial of our works in STT-RAM from the viewpoints of device, design and system applications. On the top of that, we will also discuss one type of memsitors based on spintronic technology (spintronic memristor), including the device modeling and the applications in sensor.
Effect of habitat gradients on space use by white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

Extent of edge habitat is often defined arbitrarily from a boundary between 2 habitats. Instead, we assessed whether space use by white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) responded to habitat changes along an edgeto-interior gradient in eastern deciduous forest. We measured movement distance as mean squared distance from center of activity (MSD), microhabitat variables, and distance to nearest conspecific neighbor. Distance of center of activity from the habitat edge was not affected by animal age (e.g., body mass). Male MSD did not change along the habitat gradient. Female MSD increased with distance from habitat edge, was negatively related to vertical cover, and was positively related to diameter at breast height of trees. Increased MSD in forest interior may reflect lower availability of nesting sites or diet items. Decreased MSD at forest edge may reflect higher vegetative cover that provided more food or behaviors by mice to avoid edge predators/ parasites. Female use of vertical habitat increased with distance from habitat edge, and was related to fewer trees, less woody debris, and smaller distance to nearest conspecific neighbor. Fewer trees and less woody debris could negatively affect availability of nesting sites, travel routes, or diet items, hence greater use of vertical habitat. The nearest-neighbor effect may indicate intraspecific competition from lower availability of resources in forest interiors. Such responses in space use along a habitat gradient indicated that defining edge habitat as an arbitrary distance from a habitat edge may be insufficient to understand ecology and behavior of small mammals.
Breast tomosynthesis imaging configuration optimization based on computer simulation

Digital tomosynthesis is an innovative imaging technology for early breast cancer detection by pro- viding three-dimensional anatomical information with fast image acquisition and low-dose radiation. Most of cur- rent breast tomosynthesis systems utilize a design where a single x-ray tube moves along an arc above objects over a certain angular range. The mechanical movement and patient motion during the scan may degrade image quality. With a carbon nanotube-based multibeam x-ray source, a new breast tomosynthesis modality is inno- vated, which will potentially produce better image quality with stationary beam sources and faster scan and it enables a variety of beam distributions. In this study, several beam distributions, such as beam sources span- ning along a one-dimensional (1-D) parallel configuration and sources over a two-dimensional (2-D) rectangle shape are investigated based on computer simulations. Preliminary results show that 2-D rectangle shapes outperform 1-D parallel shapes by providing better Z-resolution, enhanced image contrast, reduced out-of- plane blur and artifacts and lower reconstruction noise. These benefits may expand tomosynthesis applications to diagnostic and interventional procedures. © 2014 SPIE and IS&T (DOI: 10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.013017)
Engineering kit for the elementary school

Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville has begun to address the problem of encouraging elementary students in science. Developed science kits help provide the resources that teachers need to present a low-cost, meaningful science experience to students. There have been no kits emphasizing engineering skills or engineering as a career. The schools of Education and Engineering have combined efforts to develop kits that demonstrate the science and engineering aspects of materials. These kits encourage engineers to work with the elementary students and allow them to experience engineering as fun, exciting, and challenging. >
Role of Ca 2+ in excitation-contraction coupling in echinoderm muscle: comparison with role in other tissues

The longitudinal muscle of the body wall of Isostichopus badionotus may be considered a model for excitation-contraction coupling in echinoderm muscle. Other echinoderm muscles are reviewed by comparison with the model. Echinoderm muscle is also of interest as a model for 'mutable collagenous tissue'; however, in that tissue, Ca(2+) has been proposed to function both in living control systems and in regulation of non-living interstitial substance.
Suicide Behind Bars: Trends, Inconsistencies, and Practical Implications

The results of two comprehensive approaches are compared: the nationwide surveys of suicides in U.S. jails by Hayes and the international meta-analyses of suicides in jails and prisons by Fazel et al. Factors are classified as demographic, situational, clinical, and methodical. More than 50% of U.S. jail suicide victims were men, white, unmarried, under 28 years of age, charged with minor or drug-related offenses, and intoxicated with drugs or alcohol. Suicides significantly occurred in isolation. Suicide victims in the international study were significantly (p < 0.001) men, white, married, pretrial, and charged with or convicted of violent offenses. Psychiatric diagnosis, alcohol abuse, taking psychotropic medication, and suicidal ideation were also positively correlated in the international study, but suicide victims were distributed more evenly over age-groups. Results of other studies illustrate the near universality of some findings. Three theories of suicide are briefly discussed.
VIRTUES, SOCIAL ROLES, AND CONTEXTUALISM

: Contextualism in epistemology has been proposed both as a way to avoid skepticism and as an explanation for the variability found in our use of “knows.” When we turn to contextualism to perform these two functions, we should ensure that the version we endorse is well suited for these tasks. I compare two versions of epistemic contextualism: attributor contextualism (from Keith DeRose) and methodological contextualism (from Michael Williams). I argue that methodological contextualism is superior both in its response to skepticism and in its mechanism for changing contexts. However, methodological contextualism still faces two challenges: explaining why we are solidly committed to some contexts, and explaining why knowledge within a context is valuable. I propose virtue contextualism as a useful extension of methodological contextualism, focusing on the way that our virtues depend on our social roles. My proposed virtue contextualism retains the benefits of methodological contextualism while explaining both our commitment to particular contexts and the value of knowledge held within those contexts.
A multiresolution approach for modeling of diffusion phenomenon

A multiresolution approach is developed to model the spatio-temporal dispersion of geospatial data such as evolution of population, epidemics, dispersion of chemical/biological agents subsequent to natural or man-made disasters, etc. The basic idea is to make use of diffusion equations with spatially and temporally varying diffusion coefficient to model the evolution of geospatial activities. At the heart of our approach is a recently developed powerful averaging process that allows construction of a global family of local independent approximations with a desired order of continuity and quantifying error bounds. The ability to have independent local approximations enables intuitive and effecient approximation with high accuracy and compression ratio. Numerical simulation results are presented to show the efficacy of the presented ideas.
The structural basis for giant enhancement enabling single-molecule Raman scattering

We find that giant surface-enhanced Raman scattering for adsorbates on silver surfaces is present only on surfaces that exhibit self-similar fractal topology as inferred from atomic force microscopy. The fractal character results in localizing the energy of incident photons to volumes of a few nanometers on a side, millions of times smaller than the diffraction limit. Consistent with this finding, we have found an enhancement in spontaneous Raman cross section of >13 orders of magnitude for adsorbates on silver surfaces demonstrated to be fractal. The location of “hot spots” on the fractal surfaces is found to be hypersensitive to incident wavelength and polarization even though the observed Raman scattering is strictly linear in incident intensity. These observations are consistent with localization of the photon energy facilitated by the disordered nature of fractal organization through interference between the incident wave and scattered radiation from silver nanoparticle surface plasmons. We also present a surface preparation method that consistently produces fractal topologies that support single-molecule Raman scattering.
Improving MMAS using parameter control

Tunning parameters values in metaheuristics is a time consuming task. Techniques to control parameters during the execution have been successfully applied into evolutionary algorithms. The key idea is that the algorithm themselves computes its parameters values according to its current state of the search. In this paper, we propose a strategy to include parameters control on ants based algorithms. We have tested our approach to solve hard instances of the travel salesman problem using MMAS. The tests shown that in some cases, it is possible to obtain better results than the reported ones for the same algorithm, by including a parameter control strategy.
How Kindergarten Students Connect and Critically Respond to Themes of Social Class in Children's Literature

This study examines how critical literacy read-alouds can be facilitated in an early childhood setting. More specifically, it describes how books allow young children to connect with experiences that help them identify and challenge inequality and envision social change. A classroom teacher and two university-based researchers collaborated to conduct this qualitative study that took place in one suburban Midwestern U.S. kindergarten class. Discussions and students’ responses to read-alouds over a seven month period of time were analyzed. The findings demonstrate that, with support, children can develop more nuanced understandings of social class within and across texts. This research holds significant implications for how young children might be guided to examine critical social issues through the literacy curriculum and how such instruction can deepen students’ engagement with texts.
Influence of emotional content and perceived relevance on spread of urban legends: a pilot study.

This study examined factors thought to be associated with the spread of urban legends. 62 participants (84% female, 65% white, M age = 22 yr.) read 15 urban legends, 3 of which had a stated local component, and rated various characteristics of each legend, including how scary it was, how believable it was, and how likely the participants would be to tell it to someone else. As predicted, both a high fear rating and a high believability rating were positively correlated with the reported intent to tell (p60 = .41, p<.0001 and p60 = .67, p<.02, respectively). There was also a significant positive correlation between familiarity and intent to tell (p60 = .22, p< .0001); however, presence of a local connection was not strongly correlated with intent to tell. It is possible that the local stories were less believable because they all involved ghosts.
Computer-generated holography for optical memory using sparse data words: capacity and error tolerance

We discuss the capacity of parallel-access optical memories based on Fourier-transform computer-generated holography. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental capacity cost associated with Fourier-transform computer-generated holography encoding. Capacity cost is discussed in terms of encoder complexity, memory overhead, and media defect tolerance. Results indicate that a sparse encoding of binary data words that supports minimal hologram area usage is an effective scheme for memories based on Fourier-transform computer-generated holography. These results are independent of computer-generated-holography algorithm and media type.
Postexercise heart rate variability following treadmill and cycle exercise: a comparison study

The purpose of this study was to compare postexercise heart rate variability (HRV) immediately following acute bouts of treadmill (T) and cycle (C) exercise at 65% of mode-specific maximal oxygen consumption reserve (65% VO2 R). Fourteen apparently healthy men participated in this study. On two separate and randomized days, each participant performed 30 min of exercise at 65% VO2 R on T and C. Supine HRV was evaluated as normalized and log-transformed (ln) high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) spectral power, as well as the LF:HF ratio in 5-min segments immediately before (PRE) and at 10-15 min (POST1) and 25-30 min (POST2) following each exercise bout. There were no significant differences in the HRV values at PRE between the modalities. Following each exercise bout, lnHF was significantly lower at POST2 following C compared to T. In addition, lnLF and LF:HF were significantly higher at POST1 and POST2 following C compared to T. All HRV metrics returned towards baseline 30 min following T but remained significantly different than PRE values after C. These results suggest that following exercise at 65% of mode-specific VO2 R, C is associated with a greater delay of postexercise HRV recovery than T in apparently healthy men.
Personal Learning Environments and Self-Regulated Learning

Is Personal Learning Environment (PLE) a new concept for effective teaching and learning? Shouldn’t learning always be personalized and individualized? How may digital technology enhance PLE? Web 2.0 tools integrated with the concept of PLE will enable authentic learner-centered and learner-driven applications for more individualized learning instructions. Self-regulated learning is critical to both face-to-face learning and online learning, and is indispensable in PLEs. Learning is always personal, constructive, ubiquitous, collaborative, and connective. While PLE is powered by technology, its design and applications should be firmly rooted in the theoretical framework of pedagogy.
Pediatric Appendiceal Perforation Rates Are Associated with a Shortage of General Surgeons and an Increased Rate of Transfer to Surgical Care in North Carolina

INTRODUCTION: Neuroblastoma remains one of the most deadly pediatric solid tumors. Current treatment regimens for neuroblastoma include retinoic acid, but toxicities associated with the current compounds limit its dosage. A novel retinoid, 9-cis-UAB30 (UAB30), has been developed that has virtually no toxicity. We hypothesized that treatment with UAB30 would induce cell cycle arrest, inhibit cellular migration and invasion, and lead to apoptosis and cell death in neuroblastoma cell lines.
Psychiatric contributions to the clinical management of plastic-surgery patients.

Fifty-four of 157 plastic-surgery patients seen in a two year period had psychologic problems important to their clinical management. Case reports are presented to demonstrate the types of clinical problems and the application of psychiatric principles. A psychiatrist makes four specific contributions to the clinical management of plastic-surgery patients: identification of severe personality problems, clarification of expectations and motivations, definitive psychotherapeutic intervention, and facilitation of healthy psychologic development made possible by surgery.
Development and Problems of Standardized Resident Training in China

Standardized resident training is an important way to improve the clinical levels of resident doctors. In recent years, we do make great progress in standardized training, it cannot be denied that we still have some problems, only we take some measures, our medicine will be faster and better.
Abstract A37: Tumor heterogeneity in SCLC: A role for endogenous Notch signaling

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a very aggressive neuroendocrine (NE) tumor of the lung, constitutes approximately 15% of all lung cancers and has a 5-year survival rate of only 5%. Resistance following initial chemotherapy and radiation treatments accounts for the high rate of recurrence and the overall poor prognosis of SCLC. Through genomic sequencing of 100 human SCLC tumors, the group of Roman Thomas and Martin Peifer identified universal inactivation of RB and p53 and inactivating mutations in the NOTCH receptors in ~25% of the tumors. Accordingly, we found that activation of the Notch pathway in a pre-clinical mouse model for SCLC dramatically reduces the number of tumors and extends the survival of the mice. Acute Notch activation also inhibits NE gene expression and proliferation in SCLC tumor cells, providing further evidence for a tumor suppressive role for Notch in SCLC (George, Lim, et al., Nature, 2015). Intriguingly, however, we recently identified a population of cells in mouse and human SCLC tumors that exhibit endogenous activation of the Notch pathway. This observation raises the question of why tumor cells would activate a tumor suppressive pathway. Consistent with the inhibitory role of the pathway in NE differentiation, these Notch-active SCLC cells comprise a slow-cycling, non-NE compartment within SCLC tumors. Lineage tracing experiments indicate that NE tumor cells generate these non-NE Notch-active cells during tumorigenesis. Importantly, our data suggest that these slow-growing Notch-active SCLC cells may function as tumor-derived stromal-like cells that confer a growth or protective advantage to the NE tumor cells under certain growth conditions. In conclusion, Notch is a potent suppressor of SCLC. However, Notch may have pro-tumorigenic effects in SCLC, possibly under stress conditions. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular roles of Notch is required before therapeutic strategies manipulating the Notch pathway can be used in SCLC patients. Citation Format: Jing Shan Lim, Alvaro Ibaseta, Dian Yang, Nadine S. Jahchan, Julien Sage. Tumor heterogeneity in SCLC: A role for endogenous Notch signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr A37.
Cardiac responses to induced lactate oxidation: NMR analysis of metabolic equilibria

The role of lactate as a source of pyruvate oxidation in supporting cardiac work, energetics, and formation of oxidative metabolites was examined in normal myocardium. 13C- and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired from isolated rabbit hearts supplied 2.5 mM [3-13C]lactate or [3-13C]pyruvate with or without stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) by dichloroacetate (DCA). Similar workloads determined by rate-pressure products were noted with pyruvate (21,700 +/- 2,400; mean +/- SE) and lactate (18,970 +/- 1,510). Oxygen consumption was similar in all four groups with means between 19.0 and 22.2 mumol.min-1.g dry weight-1 (SE = 1.6-2.0) as was the ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP with means between 1.8 and 2.1 (SE = 0.1-0.6). Intracellular pH, determined from 31P-NMR spectra, was essentially the same with pyruvate (7.06 +/- 0.02) and lactate (7.05 +/- 0.04). 13C enrichment of glutamate was higher with lactate (92%) than with pyruvate (70%). Pyruvate plus DCA induced no change in glu...
MO-FG-207B-04: Respond to Therapy

State-of-the-Art in Radiomics in Radiology and Radiation Oncology Radiomics is the science of converting medical images into mineable data, data that are descriptive of “phenotypes,” which may provide diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic information. Genomics is the science of sequencing and analyzing the function and structure of genomes; the complete set of DNA in a single cell of an organism. In turn, imaging genomics (or radiogenomics) is concerned with the correlation between image-based features, as determined by radiomics, and gene expression, as determined by genomics. Imaging genomics arose from decades of work in at least three key areas: 1) sequencing of the human genome, 2) quantitative imaging, computer-aided diagnosis, therapy prognostics, and assessment of therapy response in preclinical and clinical research and practice; and 3) data science, including the burgeoning areas of genomics, preclinical and population-based disease modeling, individualized medicine, and big data. Imaging genomics may answer important questions in medicine by correlating validated, quantitative image phenotypes (through validated imaging biomarkers) with clinical data, histopathologic data, molecular classifications, genomic assays, and treatment outcomes. This approach could address some of the greatest health burdens, including cancer, cardiac disease, and arthritis. Participants will discuss the state-of-the-art of radiomics across multiple disease sites and modalities. Aspects of the presentations will include how to improve the quality of image-based phenotypes of normal and diseased tissue, how to better determine the relationships between these phenotypes and the underlying biology associated with the images, and how to create predictive models using the image-based phenotypes. Topics will also include: 1) creating, archiving, curating and sharing ultra-large datasets (“big data”); 2) standardizing image acquisition and processing methods; 3) standardizing and validating phenotype extraction methods and classifier designs; and 4) using high-throughput, robust, and validated phenotyping systems. H. Aerts, NIH; NCIH. Li, This research was funded in part by the University of Chicago Dean Bridge Fund,and by NCI U24-CA143848-05, P50- CA58223 Breast SPORE program. Hui Li received royalties from Hologic.W. Lu, This work was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute Grants R01CA172638.
La violencia sexual asociada al conflicto y las implicaciones políticas de investigaciones recientes

Scholars increasingly document different forms of conflict-related sexual violence, their distinct causes, and their sharply varying deployment by armed organizations. In this paper, I first summarize recent research on this variation, emphasizing findings that contradict or complicate popular beliefs. I then discuss distinct interpretations of the claim that such violence is part of a continuum of violence between peace and war. After analyzing recent research on the internal dynamics of armed organizations, I suggest that widespread rape often occurs as a practice rather than as a strategy. Finally, I advance some principles to guide policy in light of recent research.
Uncloaking Epistemologies through Methodology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary (1989), “education” has several meanings. One is “the systematic instruction, schooling or training given to the young in preparation for the work of life … the whole course of scholastic instruction.” Another is “the process of ‘bringing up’ … with reference to social station, kind of manners, and habits acquired, calling, or employment” (n.p.). Taken together, these definitions have a formal sensibility about them, focusing alternately on the human and social capital that one acquires, likely through schooling, for some strategic end. The emphasis on the cognitive transmission and accumulation of knowledge, the training of children in the social norms and beliefs of the society providing schooling, and the presentation of what one has learned in the formal school setting have been the primary foci of educational research from the center. Not surprisingly, research studies of education have centered on teaching and learning in the school setting, buttressing assumptions that “education” is tantamount to “schooling.” Over the past century, much educational research has concentrated on how schools as institutions have functioned over time, how most children learn in the classroom, how teachers learn their craft, and the like. Determining what is “normal” and developing ways to replicate studies and effective programs have correspondingly served as the purposes for conducting educational research from the center.
Hollow Silicon Nanospheres Encapsulated with a Thin Carbon Shell: An Electrochemical Study

Abstract In this study we have investigated the electrochemical properties of hollow silicon nanospheres encapsulated with a thin carbon shell, HSi@C, as a potential candidate for lithium-ion battery anodes. Hollow Si nanospheres are formed using a templating method which is followed by carbon coating via carbonization of a pyrrole precursor to form HSi@C. The synthesis conditions and the resulting structure of HSi@C have been studied in detail to obtain the target design of hollow Si nanospheres encapsulated with a carbon shell. The HSi@C obtained exhibits much better electrochemical cycle stability than both micro- and nano-size silicon anodes and deliver a stable specific capacity of 700 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1 and 800 mA h g−1 after 120 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1. The superior performance of HSi@C is attributed to the synergistic combination of the nanostructured material, the enhanced conductivity, and the presence of the central void space for Si expansion with little or no change in the volume of the entire HSi@C particle. This study is the first detailed investigation of the synthesis conditions to attain the desired structure of a hollow Si core with a conductive carbon shell. This study also offers guidelines to further enhance the specific capacity of HSi@C anodes in the future.
Glacial and Glacial-Marine Sediment Lithofacies of the Kane Basin

Textural parameters, mass physical properties, mineralogy, and x-radiography were used to identify and delineate lithofacies in the sediments of Kane Basin after a Q-mode varimax factor analysis grouped the sediments into compositionally similar factors. Detailed studies of the parameters allowed placement of the sediments into the following lithofacies: Holocene Glacial-marine sediments dominated by ice-rafting Glacial-marine sediments dominated by water transport Relict Ellesmere Island till Greenland till
Hidden item variance in multiple mini-interview scores

The extant literature has largely ignored a potentially significant source of variance in multiple mini-interview (MMI) scores by “hiding” the variance attributable to the sample of attributes used on an evaluation form. This potential source of hidden variance can be defined as rating items, which typically comprise an MMI evaluation form. Due to its multi-faceted, repeated measures format, reliability for the MMI has been primarily evaluated using generalizability (G) theory. A key assumption of G theory is that G studies model the most important sources of variance to which a researcher plans to generalize. Because G studies can only attribute variance to the facets that are modeled in a G study, failure to model potentially substantial sources of variation in MMI scores can result in biased estimates of variance components. This study demonstrates the implications of hiding the item facet in MMI studies when true item-level effects exist. An extensive Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to examine whether a commonly used hidden item, person-by-station (p × s|i) G study design results in biased estimated variance components. Estimates from this hidden item model were compared with estimates from a more complete person-by-station-by-item (p × s × i) model. Results suggest that when true item-level effects exist, the hidden item model (p × s|i) will result in biased variance components which can bias reliability estimates; therefore, researchers should consider using the more complete person-by-station-by-item model (p × s × i) when evaluating generalizability of MMI scores.
Two new species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 from India (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillina).

Stenaelurillus digitus sp. nov. and Stenaelurillus gabrieli sp. nov. are described from India. New distributional records for Stenaelurillus albus Sebastian et al. , 2015 and Stenaelurillus lesserti Reimoser, 1934 and maps for these species are given.
Delayed and depressed: from expensive housing to smaller families

Individuals face challenges in acquiring suitable housing at multiple stages of their life. Many stages – leaving the parental home, partnering, having children – have historically clustered in the 20s and early 30s. Increasingly, these stages extend into the late 30s and early 40s. This paper proposes a new framework to assess the role of housing in shaping the physical and financial space individuals have to meet their family goals. It identifies two links, one indirect and one direct, between housing and family size. Indirectly, later exits from the parental home correspond to delays in family formation and smaller families. Directly, housing costs compete with spending on children prompting tradeoffs and smaller families. The two links are supported utilising cross-national microdata from 18 countries in Europe and North America during the mid-2000s with an additional analysis of four focus countries: Austria, Germany, France, and Italy. This paper adds to a growing body of literature emphasising the ...
Stereotyped Behavior During Spaced Responding: Mediation vs. Superstition

Human subjects learned to button press on a differential reinforcement of low rate schedule while seated on an exercise bicycle. Concurrent pedalling behavior developed in 9 out of 10 subjects. When the torque of pedalling was remotely manipulated, subjects tended to increase their rate of responding when torque was decreased, and vice-versa. Therefore, pedalling was interpreted as a strategy used to aid temporal estimates. Results are discussed in terms of their opposition to a superstition interpretation.
PPDsparse: A Parallel Primal-Dual Sparse Method for Extreme Classification

Extreme Classification comprises multi-class or multi-label prediction where there is a large number of classes, and is increasingly relevant to many real-world applications such as text and image tagging. In this setting, standard classification methods, with complexity linear in the number of classes, become intractable, while enforcing structural constraints among classes (such as low-rank or tree-structure) to reduce complexity often sacrifices accuracy for efficiency. The recent PD-Sparse method addresses this via an algorithm that is sub-linear in the number of variables, by exploiting primal-dual sparsity inherent in a specific loss function, namely the max-margin loss. In this work, we extend PD-Sparse to be efficiently parallelized in large-scale distributed settings. By introducing separable loss functions, we can scale out the training, with network communication and space efficiency comparable to those in one-versus-all approaches while maintaining an overall complexity sub-linear in the number of classes. On several large-scale benchmarks our proposed method achieves accuracy competitive to the state-of-the-art while reducing the training time from days to tens of minutes compared with existing parallel or sparse methods on a cluster of 100 cores.
Critiques of Girard’s Mimetic Theory

Girard was both a thinker whose work impinged on disciplines in the social sciences and an apologist for Christianity. Instead of keeping these two aspects separate, as academic decorum would have prescribed, he brought them together, arguing that his Christian anthropology explained the origin of cultural and religious systems and offered a purely rational and intellectual justification—one requiring no confessional investments—for taking Biblical texts seriously. This double commitment to the social sciences and to Christianity earned him criticisms from all quarters.
Individual learning plans foster self-directed learning skills and contribute to improved educational outcomes in the surgery clerkship.

Abstract Background The Individual Learning Plan (ILP) is a newly implemented curricular element designed to foster self-directed learning (SDL) skills among medical students during our surgery clerkship. Our aim was to determine the impact of ILPs on educational outcomes and acquisition of SDL skills. Methods Students were surveyed regarding the educational value of ILPs, their acquisition of SDL skills, and the impact of the surgery clerkship on fostering these skills. Mean scores for the NBME surgery subject exam (SSE) were compared before and after implementation of the ILP requirement. Results Students perceived the ILP requirement as having strong educational value. Mean scores for the SSE increased significantly in the year following ILP implementation (74.9 vs 76.6; p = .042; d = 0.21). Students reported successful acquisition and frequent utilization of SDL skills. Conclusions SDL exercises, such as the ILP requirement, lead to improved education outcomes while fostering the acquisition of SDL skills.
Influence of Explanatory Images on Risk Perceptions and Treatment Preference.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether providing patients with a series of balance scales (BS), depicting a reciprocal relationship between achieving disease control and increasing the risk of infection, influences treatment preference. METHODS Participants were randomized to receive a description of a medication in which risk of infection was relayed using 1 of 4 formats, including numbers only, numbers + icon array (IA), numbers + BS, or numbers + IA + BS (i.e., combination). We compared the likelihood of starting the medication across the 4 formats, and evaluated whether the influence of risk formats varied by numeracy and gist risk appraisals. RESULTS The mean ± SE likelihood of starting the medication was higher among participants randomized to the combination format (3.85 ± 0.09) compared to those who viewed the BS (3.56 ± 0.09; P = 0.0222) or numbers-only formats (3.51 ± 0.09; P = 0.0069). Viewing an IA alone was associated with a lower likelihood of starting the medication among participants lower in numeracy and endorsing a risk-avoidant noncompensatory gist risk appraisal. Conversely, viewing an IA (with or without the BS) was associated with a greater likelihood of starting the medication among patients with higher numeracy and compensatory risk appraisals. CONCLUSION Adding explanatory images to IAs increases patient likelihood to take a medication in those with low numeracy and a noncompensatory gist risk appraisal. Explanatory images may be a feasible approach to improve willingness to try medication among subjects who are especially risk averse and believe that any risk is unacceptable.
Is our prescribing really patient-centred?

While prescribers may intend their prescribing to be patient-centred, there are occasions when this is not apparent to the patient. The reasons for this are often organisational, but occasionally they are transactional. The provision of specialist care in a number of long-term conditions could impede an holistic approach, concentrating on a single condition rather than the patient as a whole. Organisational priorities and imperatives may also lead to the adoption of population-level policies that militate against individually tailored care. Where this happens, prescribers should advocate for the patient. The management of individual consultations must allow space for the patient to insert concerns and questions of their own.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Rapid Cycloadditions of 5-Nitro-1,2,3-triazine.

The synthesis, characterization, and a study of the cycloaddition reactions of 5-nitro-1,2,3-triazine (3) are reported. The electron-deficient nature of 3 permits rapid cycloaddition with a variety of electron-rich dienophiles, including amidines, enamines, enol ethers, ynamines, and ketene acetals in high to moderate yields. 1H NMR studies of a representative cycloaddition reaction between 3 and an amidine revealed a remarkable reaction rate and efficiency (1 mM, 95%).
Interpreting the Reticulocyte Count

The reticulocyte count is a useful tool for evaluating anemia. However, its value depends on proper interpretation of the counting method used, taking into account any inherent error.