cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The coupled lithium ion diffusion and stress in battery electrodes

Abstract The electrochemical processes in Li-ion batteries are rather complicated, making the insight and guidance from the modeling and simulations essential for the design and optimization of novel electrodes. In this study a continuum model that couples diffusion and mechanics of ion intercalation in electrodes is presented, based on the entropy and mechanical energy associated with the intercalation of ions. The chemical potential difference across the electrode–electrolyte interface is used as the activation energy under the Arrhenius type of kinetics, complemented by governing equation of mechanical equilibrium. The model is implemented into COMSOL finite element platform, and graphite electrodes are used as case studies. It is found that the geometry and topology of the electrodes have important effects on the kinetics as well as capacity of the electrodes, as they have substantial influence on the stress distribution induced by Li-ion intercalation. Higher compressive stress results in lower ion concentration and thus lower capacity, and it also reduces the diffusion rate. As a result, structured electrodes with higher surface area and relaxed stress state tend to have higher capacity and faster rate performance.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

P'ungmul: South Korean Drumming and Dance. Nathan Hesselink. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. 271 pp.
Chromatic Theory of Graphs

Throughout this section Г will denote the graph (V,E). A vertex m-coloring of Г is a surjection h of V onto an m-set C, subject to the condition: If x1, x2 ∈P2 (V) and h(x1) = h(x2) , then x1and x2are not incident. The elements of C are called colors and the sets h −1j for j ∈ C are called color classes. If x ∈ V and h(x) = j, one also says, “x has been colored j.” We say that Г is vertex m-colorable if Г admits a vertex m-coloring. The vertex chromatic number of Г is $${\chi _o}\left( \Gamma \right) = \min \left\{ m \right.:\Gamma \left. {has a vertex m - coloring} \right\}$$ .
The Decline and Fall of the Conk; or, How to Read a Process

(1997). The Decline and Fall of the Conk; or, How to Read a Process. Fashion Theory: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 399-419.
Condition-based exciter model complexity reduction for improved transient stability simulation

A reduced model approach to decrease computational complexity in power system transient stability simulation is presented. This study investigates conditions that make fast modes active or inactive using practical power system examples. Modes in the original system where fast dynamics do not appear can be neglected, allowing simulation steps to be increased without numerical stability issues. During a transient simulation, the proposed method switches dynamically between the original exciter model and the reduced one, depending on the switching criterion presented. A high level of accuracy is achieved and computational efficiency is increased. Case studies with the Western Electricity Coordinating Council system are provided to validate the performance of the proposed method.
Judicial Review and the Right to Resist

Judicial review has been a fixture of American government for two hundred years, but our anxiety about it only seems to deepen over time. Recently, two new assaults by leading scholars Larry Kramer and Jeremy Waldron have articulated further political and conceptual criticisms of this practice. That is not necessarily a bad thing, of course; an important role of scholarship is to challenge institutions that that might otherwise be taken for granted. As the Supreme Court, due to recent changes in personnel, begins to adopt positions that many legal scholars find legally or ethically questionable, such challenges to judicial review are likely to seem increasingly attractive.
Cortical and trabecular deterioration in mouse models of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a profoundly effective treatment for severe obesity, but results in significant bone loss in patients. Developing a murine model that recapitulates this skeletal phenotype will provide a robust tool with which to study the physiologic mechanisms of this bone loss. We studied adult male C57BL/6J mice who underwent either RYGB or sham operation. Twelve weeks after surgery, we characterized biochemical bone markers (parathyroid hormone, PTH; C-telopeptide, CTX; and type 1 procollagen, P1NP) and bone microarchitectural parameters as measured by microcomputed tomography. RYGB-treated mice had significant trabecular and cortical bone deficits compared with sham-operated controls. Although adjustment for final body weight eliminated observed cortical differences, the trabecular bone volume fraction remained significantly lower in RYGB mice even after weight adjustment. PTH levels were similar between groups, but RYGB mice had significantly higher indices of bone turnover than sham controls. These data demonstrate that murine models of RYGB recapitulate patterns of bone loss and turnover that have been observed in human clinical studies. Future studies that exploit this murine model will help delineate the alterations in bone metabolism and mechanisms of bone loss after RYGB.
Empowering Import Regulation through Consumer Education: An Example of Mango Fruit Ripening and Calcium Carbide

Fruit ripening has fostered the growth of a large-scale global industry in agricultural products. As a result of ripening techniques, fruits can be harvested while green, to be eventually sold with the appearance of full maturity in countries far from their point of origin. Given the size of the import market for fruits and vegetables in the United States, nearly fifty percent of all fruits and vegetables are imported. Arguably, consumers are highly dependent on the actions of regulatory authorities to ensure the food safety of imports. This paper will explore the use of calcium carbide in fruit ripening, specifically addressing the application of the chemical in the ripening of mangoes. After providing an overview of fruit and mango imports to the U.S., the paper will evaluate the known risks to human health from calcium carbide ripening. Following will be a discussion of current domestic regulatory protections specific to calcium carbide. The paper concludes with an evaluation of emerging risks and opportunities, promoting consumer education as a regulatory policing and risk mitigation strategy.
Extracting Problem and Resolution Information from Online Discussion Forums

The ability to obtain quick solutions to problems is an important requirement in many practical applications such as help desks and technical support. In this paper, we describe an approach that will enable easy identification of potential solutions to a given problem. The proposed approach involves extraction of useful problem- and resolution-related information from online discussion forums. We specifically focus on identifying important parts of a discussion thread by classifying message posts in the thread as problem- or resolution-related. We cast this problem as a sequence labeling task and train a discriminative Conditional Random Field for supervised learning. Results are presented from classification experiments done at a sentence as well as phrase-level. The structure and information flow pattern in a typical discussion thread helps generate effective features for classification. We also discuss the effect of inducing different features on the precision and recall of the sequence labeling task. Sentence level classification with feature induction yielded F1 scores of 66% for problem related information and 58.8% for resolution-related information, which is a significant improvement over our baseline scores.
MCNP modeling of NORM dosimetry in the oil and gas industry

Naturally-occurring radioactive materials wastes in the oil and gas industry create a radioactive environment for the workers in the field. MCNP simulation conducted in this work provides a useful tool in terms of radiation safety design of the oil field, as well as validation and an important addition to in situ measurements. Furthermore, phantoms are employed to observe the dose distribution throughout the human body, demonstrating radiation effects on each individual organ.
Abstract 551: Protein biomarkers of human prostate cancer stromal cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC In situ human prostate tumors are not lethal unless they become invasive and metastatic. For cells to become invasive, the prostate gland must undergo disruption of the basal cell layer and degradation of the basement membrane underneath the luminal epithelial cell layer. Although the roles of proteinases in breaking down the basement membrane have been well-studied, little is known about the factors that induce basal cell layer disruption, degeneration, and its eventual disappearance in invasive cancer. It is hypothesized that microenvironmental factors may affect the degradation of the basal cell layer which if protected may prevent tumor progression and invasion. In this study, we have revealed differential protein expression patterns between cells separated from different prostate pathologies and identified several important stromal proteins that may contribute to inflammation and malignant transformation of benign prostate tissues to cancerous tissues using mass spectrometry and proteomics methods. The identifications of these proteins may generate new strategies for the prevention of basal cell layer disruption leading to the eventual blockade of invasive prostate carcinomas. Furthermore, human matrix metalloproteinase-26/endometase/matrilysin-2 was also investigated and its expression in preinvasive human prostate cancer cells may be associated with the expression of some apoptotic markers. This work may contribute to our understanding of epithelial-stromal interaction in the progression of human prostate cancer. (This work was supported in part by grants DAMD17-02-1-0238 and W81XWH-07-1-0225 from DOD, US Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, a grant from the Elsa U. Pardee Foundation, and grants from Florida State University to Dr. Q.-X. Sang) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 551.
Cultural Modeling in Two Eras of U.S. Food Protest: Grahamites (1830s) and Organic Advocates (1960–70s)

This article extends theories of social movement diffusion to encompass other kinds of cultural modeling. Using a comparison of two cases of food protest in the United States—the health food movement of William Sylvester Graham (1830s) and the early organic movement (1960s-1970s)—I emphasize similarities in underlying grievances and in the general advocacy of natural food alternatives. The two movements differed dramatically, however, in framing and tactics. I focus on contrasts in the religious significance they assigned to diet, in their democratic commitments, in the relationship they constructed between personal transformation and social change, and in their use of state-centered strategies. These frames and tactics transposed to food reform more general scripts associated with cultural institutions and movements of the time, particularly evangelical churches and temperance (Grahamites), and environmentalism, the New Left, and the wider counterculture (organic advocates).
Double Time Difference for Time-lapse Seismic Reservoir Monitoring

Poor repeatability caused by near-surface variations is one of the main difficulties limiting the application of seismic monitoring on land. We developed the Double Time Difference (DTD) method to address this problem. DTD utilizes self-calibration to mitigate the impact of nearsurface variations, making onshore seismic monitoring more practical. Based on the repeatability test of field data, we expect to detect the reservoir changes in our upcoming CO2 injection project.
Near field statistical optics

Characteristics of the radiation fields in the proximity of inhomogeneous media are being described using concepts of statistical optics. Manipulating the statistical properties of the radiation at subwavelength scales provides new possibilities for the design of miniaturized optical sources and detectors and could also lead to the development of novel concepts for robust, integrated sensing techniques with resolution below the propagating light's wavelength.
Robust x-ray based material identification using multi-energy sinogram decomposition

There is growing interest in developing X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging systems with improved ability to discriminate material types, going beyond the attenuation imaging provided by most current systems. Dual- energy CT (DECT) systems can partially address this problem by estimating Compton and photoelectric (PE) coefficients of the materials being imaged, but DECT is greatly degraded by the presence of metal or other materials with high attenuation. Here we explore the advantages of multi-energy CT (MECT) systems based on photon-counting detectors. The utility of MECT has been demonstrated in medical applications where photon- counting detectors allow for the resolution of absorption K-edges. Our primary concern is aviation security applications where K-edges are rare. We simulate phantoms with differing amounts of metal (high, medium and low attenuation), both for switched-source DECT and for MECT systems, and include a realistic model of detector energy 0 resolution. We extend the DECT sinogram decomposition method of Ying et al. to MECT, allowing estimation of separate Compton and photoelectric sinograms. We furthermore introduce a weighting based on a quadratic approximation to the Poisson likelihood function that deemphasizes energy bins with low signal. Simulation results show that the proposed approach succeeds in estimating material properties even in high-attenuation scenarios where the DECT method fails, improving the signal to noise ratio of reconstructions by over 20 dB for the high-attenuation phantom. Our work demonstrates the potential of using photon counting detectors for stably recovering material properties even when high attenuation is present, thus enabling the development of improved scanning systems.
The Potential of Promoting Mindfulness in a University Physical Activity and Wellness Course

Due to its well documented benefits, it has been recommended to integrate mindfulness into health promotion programming. The purpose of this study was to determine if mindfulness was impacted by demographic variables and/or the completion of a stress management unit including mindfulness and application activities focused on paying attention and living in the present. Students completed n=225 the 15-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale MAAS at the beginning and end of a 15-week semester. Student completion of a stress management unit including mindfulness and application activities focused on paying attention and living in the present did not result in improved mindfulness. The extent that instructors covered mindfulness in the lab portion of the course, as well as potentially higher stress levels at the end of the semester, may be factors associated with lower post-course mindfulness. These results, combined with previous research showing mindfulness-based programs to be effective in stress reduction, support the need to directly educate students about mindfulness. It may be advantageous to increase the focus on mindfulness in university lifetime wellness curricula, in addition to improving instructor training and monitoring course fidelity among large multiple-section courses.
Dietary protein does not alter intrinsic reactivity of renal microcirculation to angiotensin II in rodents

The effect of dietary protein on renal function and on renal microvascular reactivity to angiotensin II was determined in rats fed a high-protein diet (40% protein), a low-protein diet (6% protein), or a normal diet (23% protein). Inulin clearance was higher in high-protein-fed rats (n = 7) than in rats fed a low-protein diet (n = 7), 0.88 +/- 0.14 (means +/- SE) vs. 0.54 +/- 0.07 ml.min-1.g kidney wt-1 (P < 0.05). We also used videomicroscopy to assess the effect of angiotensin II on the renal microcirculation in a hydronephrotic kidney preparation. The afferent and efferent arterioles constricted to angiotensin II and norepinephrine in both high- and low-protein-fed rats; this constriction was diminished to angiotensin II but not to norepinephrine, in rats fed a high-protein diet (-24.3 +/- 4.5, -20.2 +/- 4.2%) compared with rats fed a low-protein diet (-39 +/- 5.1, -39.1 +/- 5.7%). The vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II in rats fed a high-protein diet and a normal diet were significantly great...
Parametric study of near- and far-field performance of the Fabry-Perot cavity antenna system

This paper discusses the effects of varying the design parameters of the cavity or rectangular aperture in the frequency selective surface (FSS) of a Fabry-Perot Cavity (FPC) antenna system. The FPC system is excited by a coplanar-waveguide (CPW)-fed slot antenna. Theoretical results of the near-field distribution and far-field radiation pattern for each variation are shown to investigate the impact of the cavity height and FSS design parameters on the system.
Endogenous bioelectric fields: a putative regulator of wound repair and regeneration in the central nervous system

Studies on a variety of highly regenerative tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS) in non-mammalian vertebrates, have consistently demonstrated that tissue damage induces the formation of an ionic current at the site of injury. These injury currents generate electric fields (EF) that are 100-fold increased in intensity over that measured for uninjured tissue. In vitro and in vivo experiments have convincingly demonstrated that these electric fields (by their orientation, intensity and duration) can drive the migration, proliferation and differentiation of a host of cell types. These cellular behaviors are all necessary to facilitate regeneration as blocking these EFs at the site of injury inhibits tissue repair while enhancing their intensity promotes repair. Consequently, injury-induced currents, and the EFs they produce, represent a potent and crucial signal to drive tissue regeneration and repair. In this review, we will discuss how injury currents are generated, how cells detect these currents and what cellular responses they can induce. Additionally, we will describe the growing evidence suggesting that EFs play a key role in regulating the cellular response to injury and may be a therapeutic target for inducing regeneration in the mammalian CNS.
Economic incentives in nosocomial infection control.

To a new student in this field, with a background in the economics of health care financing and insurance, there appear to be many challenging issues regarding: a) the efficacy of particular infection control measures; b) the calculation of economic benefit from particular measures; c) the determinants of the actual levels of expenditure on infection control and the measures actually adopted; and d) the rationale and pitfalls of regulatory standards such as those recommended by the Centers for Disease Control or adopted by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals.
CORR Insights®: A Novel Technique for Assessing Antioxidant Concentration in Retrieved UHMWPE

This CORR Insights®is a commentary on the article “A Novel Technique for Assessing Antioxidant Concentration in Retrieved UHMWPE” by Currier and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4939-4 . The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR® or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4939-4 .
Crosstalk Between Cerebral Endothelium and Oligodendrocyte After Stroke

It is now well-accepted that the cerebrovascular system does not merely provide inert pipes for blood delivery to the brain. Cerebral endothelial cells may compose an embedded bunker of trophic factors that contribute to brain homeostasis and function. Recent findings suggest that soluble factors from cerebral endothelial cells nourish neighboring cells, such as neurons and astrocytes. Although data are strongest in supporting mechanisms of endothelium–neuron and/or endothelium–astrocyte trophic coupling, it is likely that similar interactions also exist between cerebral endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In this chapter, we summarize current advances in the field of endothelium–oligodendrocyte trophic coupling. These endothelium–oligodendrocyte interactions comprise the oligovascular niche and sustain ongoing angiogenesis/oligodendrogenesis. Importantly, these cell–cell interactions are not static—the trophic coupling is disturbed during the acute phase after brain injury, with the potential to recover in the chronic phase to promote brain remodeling and repairing. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells play critical roles in white matter function. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of endothelium–oligodendrocyte trophic coupling may lead to new therapeutic approaches for diseases related to white matter pathology, such as stroke or vascular dementia.
Aftercare Group for Long-Range Needs

This chapter provides the rationale and format for a Family Aftercare Group, with an emphasis on addressing and supporting the families’ long-range needs related to their loved one’s brain injury. Phase 7 from the Family Experiential Model (FEM) of Recovery provides a skeleton of the chapter content. The authors drew on actual content from a monthly Aftercare Group that the first author facilitated over a 7-year period. The resultant material was condensed into six salient themes. These are slippage and flight into health; evolutionary changes; longer-term practical worries; emotions and sense of self; adjustment; and social reintegration. For each topic, representative verbalizations from group participants are first provided. When applicable, responses from a Sense of Self Questionnaire are shared. Following that, guided exercises, “helpful hints,” and psychoeducation, as well as multimedia resources are offered to help the primary caregiver, families, and support network. The therapist-facilitated Aftercare Group provides an enduring supportive outlet to bolster the support network’s energies, coping, and spirit for the foreseeable future.
Ambivalence in Counterterrorism Efforts: The Case of South Africa

Although the 9/11 attacks occurred on US soil, it has had a broad impact reaching countries as remote as South Africa. Because terrorism poses a global threat, counterterrorism efforts in South Africa relies on the nation’s ability to cautiously identify international alliances for the sake of shared intelligence and resources. Beyond tactical efforts of war, terrorist victim prevention requires a broad collaborative effort among various nations and institutions to exert continuous effort towards perfecting its security measures. In the case of South Africa, counterterrorism accompanies the complication of its historical accounts of repression in the form of apartheid, its classification of resistant groups as terrorist organizations, and the need for effective means to prevent reoccurrences of past corruption within their various law enforcement branches. The South African context of counterterrorism provides a blueprint for other countries to examine their labor migration policies and practices and the accompanying risk factors. The latter section of this chapter establishes the role that scholarly research and theory plays in providing explanations with regards to determining the conditions for terrorist recruitment and activity such that policy makers can attain maximum information.
On the Superstrong Wave Collapse

that describes the various types of WC in the d-dimensional space for sufficiently intensive initial conditions (see e.g.6,8 and references therein). For 4 ~ sd 4) take place. These conclusions can be illustrated through the self-similar solution of Eq. (1) ljI(r,t)=(ta-t)-lIs-ilCg[r(ta-t)-112j (ta is the moment of collapse) with the wave energy captured into the singularity given by the expression
Stimulating Critical Thinking in U.S Business Students through the Inclusion of International Students

Students enroll in college with different expectations, aptitudes, and cultural backgrounds. Research supports the need for faculty to create an atmosphere where students feel comfortable discussing cultural sensitive issues. As the business world is becoming more global, critical thinking and the ability to form and articulate thoughts proficiently have become essential competencies for effective communication in all avenues of life. Discussion and Multicultural Education as methods of teaching have the potential in aiding the development of critical thinking skills of students. Moreover, students’ intellectual progress by means of the discussions enhances from critically evaluating views from global perspectives. This paper provides an argument as to the importance of faculty being knowledgeable of the cultural and sociopolitical history of international students to better foster a classroom climate of respect to ensure that the discussion perspectives from all students are inclusive and valued
Propagating Uncertainty in Power Flow With the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers

In this paper, we develop an optimization-based method to propagate input and parametric uncertainty to the power flow solution. The approach is based on maximizing and minimizing quadratic approximations of the power-flow states as a function of the uncertainties subject to inequality constraints that capture all possible values the uncertain elements can take. A major computational bottleneck in such an approach is that the formulation of the quadratic approximations requires the solution of sensitivities (up to second order) from algebraic equations that are derived from the power flow equations. We demonstrate how decoupling assumptions based on the form and function of power networks can be applied to facilitate computations in this regard. The formulated quadratic programs are non-convex in general, and we adopt the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers to solve them. Conditions for convergence in this non-convex setting are established leveraging recent advances in optimization theory. Numerical simulations for the matpower 1354-bus test system are provided to validate the accuracy and demonstrate the scalability of the approach.
Ionic depletion at the crystalline Gibbs layer of PEG-capped gold nanoparticle brushes at aqueous surfaces

In situ surface-sensitive x-ray diffraction and grazing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (GIXFS) methods are combined to determine the ionic distributions across the liquid/vapor interfaces of thiolated-polyethylene-glycol--capped gold nanoparticle (PEG-AuNP) solutions. Induced by the addition of salts (i.e., ${\text{Cs}}_{2}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$) to PEG-AuNPs solutions, two-dimensional hexagonal lattices of PEG-AuNPs form spontaneously at the aqueous surfaces, as is demonstrated by x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering. By taking advantage of element specificity with the GIXFS method, we find that the cation ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ concentration at the crystalline film is significantly reduced in parts of the PEG-AuNP film compared with that in the bulk.
The Voice of Autoimmunity: Antisynthetase Syndrome Manifesting as Vocal Fold Bamboo Nodes:

Objectives To describe a case of vocal fold bamboo nodes leading to the diagnosis of antisynthetase syndrome, a rare autoimmune disorder. To highlight the link between these laryngeal lesions and autoimmunity. Methods A case of vocal fold bamboo nodes in a patient with long-standing interstitial lung disease is presented. The presence of these characteristic lesions prompted a rheumatologic workup that led to the diagnosis of a rare autoimmune disorder. Results The patient was ultimately diagnosed with antisynthetase syndrome, a rare condition characterized by inflammatory myositis and interstitial lung disease. She was treated with steroids and immunosuppressive agents with improvement in her symptoms and clinical findings. Conclusions Vocal fold bamboo nodes are pathognomonic signs of autoimmunity. Management consists primarily of medical treatment of the underlying systemic disorder. Intralesional steroid injection or phonomicrosurgical excision may be considered for refractory cases.
Knowing when to trust a teacher: The contribution of category status and sample composition to young children's judgments of informant trustworthiness.

Abstract Two experiments examined the extent to which category status influences children’s attention to the composition of evidence samples provided by different informants. Children were told about two informants, each of whom presented different samples of evidence, and then were asked to judge which informant they would trust to help them learn something new. The composition of evidence samples was manipulated such that one sample included either a large number (n = 5) or a diverse range of exemplars relative to the other sample, which included either a small number (n = 2) or a homogeneous range of exemplars. Experiment 1 revealed that participants (N = 37; Mage = 4.76 years) preferred to place their trust in the informant who presented the large or diverse sample when each informant was labeled “teacher” but exhibited no preference when each informant was labeled “child.” Experiment 2 revealed developmental differences in responses when labels and sample composition were pitted against each other. Younger children (n = 32; Mage = 3.42 years) consistently trusted the “teacher” regardless of the composition of the sample the informant was said to have provided, whereas older children (n = 30; Mage = 5.54 years) consistently trusted the informant who provided the large or diverse sample regardless of whether it was provided by a “teacher” or a “child.” These results have important implications for understanding the interplay between children’s category knowledge and their evaluation of evidence.
Barriers to adherence to preventive services reminder letters: The patient's perspective

BACKGROUND: Despite an emerging consensus as to which preventive services are appropriate, a minority of patients receive them. Although adherence to recommendations for some interventions has increased, research studies have shown that adherence rates can be further improved through a better understanding of patient attitudes and motivations regarding preventive services. METHODS: Using components of the Patient Path Model, this study examined the response to patient reminder letters for cholesterol screening sent to 1077 adult patients between August and October 1990. The research strategy incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods, including a telephone survey and focus group interviews of nonresponders to the reminder letter. RESULTS: Three hundred seven patients were surveyed by telephone to ascertain their reasons for nonresponse. One hundred fifty-four (50.2%) did not recall receiving the reminder letter, 84 (27.4%) recalled receiving the letter but did not recall its content, and 69 (22.5%) recalled both receiving the letter and its content. No consistent reason for nonadherence emerged among the 69 nonresponders who recalled the reminder. Twenty-seven of the nonresponders who did not recall receiving the cholesterol reminder participated in the focus groups. The participants stressed the importance of distinguishing the reminder letter from a bill, conveying a personally relevant message, and addressing logistical barriers to preventive services. CONCLUSIONS: Careful attention to the format and content of patient reminder letters is necessary to improve adherence to preventive services recommendations.
The evolution of post‐communist systems

I propose in this article a new interpretation of the evolution of post‐communist systems by comparing the evolutions in Central and Eastern Europe and in China. Transition is reinterpreted as the result of a collapse of communist state structures in Central and Eastern Europe and, in China, in contrast, as the result of the will to prevent such an outcome. This reconceptualization helps us to better understand the emergence of bad institutions and corruption in Eastern Europe under the market economy as well as the absence of political liberalization in China and the strengthening of the power of the Communist Party in recent years.
Defining and delineating a duty to prognosticate.

Prognostication, the process offormulating and communicating a prognosis, isno longer considered by most physicians to bean essential task in caring for patients withserious illness. Because of this fact, it isnot surprising to find that when physiciansattempt to engage in prognostication, they doit poorly. What may be surprising to thoseoutside the medical community is the extent towhich professional norms have developed whichactively discourage physicians from engaging inprognostication. This article explores thecauses of this state of affairs and thejustifications offered for it. The conclusionis reached that physicians have a professionalresponsibility to competently engage inprognostication based upon the doctrine ofinformed consent, and that a failure or refusalto do so has not only potential legalramifications, but serious negativeimplications for many of the core issues inbioethics, such as the use of advancedirectives, palliative medicine, and medicalfutility.
Attentional Networks in the Parietal Cortex

The parietal cortex in both humans and macaque monkeys plays a central role in focusing attention on behaviorally relevant environmental aspects that are detected through vision, audition, touch, smell, and taste. Areas in the parietal cortex interact with sensory processing areas of the brain to select and enhance such behaviorally relevant information; this information is then available to other brain areas for the planning and execution of physical movement. Damage to the parietal cortex results in a syndrome termed ‘neglect,’ the chief symptoms of which are a bias in selecting information and planning movements.
Results from e-KISS: electronic-KIOSK Intervention for Safer Sex: A pilot randomized controlled trial of an interactive computer-based intervention for sexual health in adolescents and young adults.

Introduction Interactive computer-based interventions (ICBI) are potentially scalable tools for use in real-world settings to promote sexual health and prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies. We developed and assessed the feasibility and acceptability of an ICBI for promoting adolescent and young adult sexual health, and the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing unprotected sex, STIs, and unintended pregnancy. Methods This pilot randomized controlled trial enrolled STI Clinic patients, in Seattle, Washington, who were 14-24 years old and reported unprotected vaginal sex during the last 2 months. Both the control and intervention group used a computerized survey to enter their sexual health and only the intervention group received the ICBI. The ICBI included personalized sexual health feedback from a physician avatar; instructive video modules advocating sexual health; and identification of one behavior to change. At 3-month follow-up, participants reported on interim sexual and pregnancy histories and underwent repeat STI testing. We assessed intervention impact on unprotected vaginal sex, number of sexual partners, incident STIs, and unintended pregnancy. Results Of 272 participants, 242 (89%) completed the study, of whom 65% were female. While these findings did not reach statistical significance, at 3-month follow-up, the intervention group reported a 33% lower rate of unprotected vaginal sex (no condom use) [IRR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.44-1.02]; 29% fewer sex partners [IRR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50-1.03]; and 48% fewer STIs [IRR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.25-1.08] when compared to the control group. Similarly, as compared to the control group, intervention females reported a lower rate of unprotected vaginal sex (no birth control) [IRR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.47-1.35] and half as many unintended pregnancies (n = 5) versus control females (n = 10) [IRR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.17-1.58]. In exploratory analyses, intervention females reported fewer partners [IRR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50-1.00] and a significantly lower rate of vaginal sex without condoms [IRR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30-0.85]. Conclusion The intervention was acceptable to both males and females, and at 3-month follow-up, there were non-significant reductions in risk behavior for all outcomes. Among females, exploratory analysis showed a significant reduction in vaginal sex without condoms.
Modeling the asynchronous Jacobi method without communication delays

Abstract Asynchronous iterative methods for solving linear systems are gaining renewed interest due to the high cost of synchronization points in massively parallel codes. Historically, theory on asynchronous iterative methods has focused on asymptotic behavior, while the transient behavior remains poorly understood. In this paper, we study a model of the asynchronous Jacobi method without communication delays, which we call simplified asynchronous Jacobi. Simplified asynchronous Jacobi can be used to model asynchronous Jacobi implemented in shared memory or distributed memory with fast communication networks. Our analysis uses the idea of a propagation matrix, which is similar in concept to an iteration matrix. We show that simplified asynchronous Jacobi can continue to reduce the residual when some processes are slower than other processes. We also show that simplified asynchronous Jacobi can converge when synchronous Jacobi does not. We verify our analysis of simplified asynchronous Jacobi using results from asynchronous Jacobi implemented in shared and distributed memory.
Importance of Treatment Status in Links Between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease.

OBJECTIVE To investigate relationships among type 2 diabetes treatment, Alzheimer disease biomarkers, and risk for dementia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants from the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative ( N = 1,289) who were dementia-free at baseline and underwent health assessment, cognitive testing, and MRI. A subset ( n = 900) obtained a lumbar puncture to determine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau (p-tau), total tau (t-tau), and β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42). Participants were grouped by fasting blood glucose and medication history: euglycemia (EU), prediabetes (PD), untreated diabetes (UD), and treated diabetes (TD). Relationships were investigated between treatment status and CSF biomarkers and risk for dementia. RESULTS The UD group displayed greater p-tau, t-tau, and p-tau/Aβ1-42 levels than the EU, PD, and TD groups ( P values P values P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Treatment status may alter the relationship between type 2 diabetes and both Alzheimer disease biomarker profile and risk for dementia. UD is associated with elevated tau pathology and risk for dementia, whereas TD is not. Although this study is observational and therefore causality cannot be inferred, findings support the potential importance of treatment status in Alzheimer disease risk associated with type 2 diabetes.
Short‐chain fatty acid delivery: assessing exogenous administration of the microbiome metabolite acetate in mice

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fermentation by-products of gut microbes which have been linked to positive effects on host physiology; the most abundant SCFA is acetate. Exogenous administration of acetate alters host metabolism, immune function, and blood pressure, making it a biologic of interest. The effects of acetate have been attributed to activation of G-protein-coupled receptors and other proteins (i.e., HDACs), often occurring at locations distant from the gut such as the pancreas or the kidney. However, due to technical difficulties and costs, studies have often delivered exogenous acetate without determining if systemic plasma acetate levels are altered. Thus, it is unclear to what extent each method of acetate delivery may alter systemic plasma acetate levels. In this study, we aimed to determine if acetate is elevated after exogenous administration by drinking water (DW), oral gavage (OG), or intraperitoneal (IP) injection, and if so, over what timecourse, to best inform future studies. Using a commercially available kit, we demonstrated that sodium acetate delivered over 21 days in DW does not elicit a measurable change in systemic acetate over baseline. However, when acetate is delivered by OG or IP injection, there are rapid, reproducible, and dose-dependent changes in plasma acetate. These studies report, for the first time, the timecourse of changes in plasma acetate following acetate administration by three common methods, and thus inform the best practices for exogenous acetate delivery.
Ripple Effect of Lifestyle Interventions During Pregnancy on Untreated Partners' Weight.

Objective Weight-loss interventions have a positive "ripple effect" on untreated partners' weight, but ripple effects in pregnancy are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether prenatal lifestyle interventions that reduce gestational weight gain in pregnant women have a positive ripple effect on untreated partners' weight. Methods Two clinical trials with the same outcome measures randomly assigned pregnant women to a lifestyle intervention or usual care. Untreated partners were randomly assigned according to their pregnant partner's group allocation and were assessed at study entry (~13 weeks' gestation), 35 weeks' gestation, and 6 and 12 months after delivery. Results A total of 122 partners (100% male, 23% Hispanic, 82% married, and 48% with obesity) were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 59) or usual care (n = 63). There was no intervention or intervention-by-time interaction effect on partner weight (P = 0.795). Partner weight changes were not statistically significant (P = 0.120) from study entry to 35 weeks' gestation (mean 0.19 kg; 95% CI: -0.73 to 1.24) or to 12 months after delivery (mean 0.82 kg; 95% CI: -0.26 to 1.91). Conclusions There was no evidence of a ripple effect on partner weight. In a self-selected sample, partners of pregnant women appeared not to experience sympathy weight gain.
Intramolecular diels-alder reactions. 4. Additions to naphthalene†

N-Methyl-N-2-propynyl-1-naphthalenecarboxamide, N-methyl-N-2-propynyl-1-naphthaleneacetamide, and N-methyl-N-3-butynyl-1-naphthalenecarboxamide undergo intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions at 190°, 250°, and 270° to give lactams 1,6, and 9, respectively. The cyclization temperatures are higher by 80-120° as compared to those of the corresponding anthracene derivatives. Elaboration of lactam 6 gave the trans-4a-aryldecahydroisoquinoline derivative 7a which, as the (-) isomer, was shown to have the same absolute stereochemistry as morphine.
Online learning of quantum states

Suppose we have many copies of an unknown n-qubit state ρ. We measure some copies of ρ using a known two-outcome measurement E1, then other copies using a measurement E2, and so on. At each stage t, we generate a current hypothesis ωt about the state ρ, using the outcomes of the previous measurements. We show that it is possible to do this in a way that guarantees that |Tr(Eiωt) - Tr(Eiρ)|, the error in our prediction for the next measurement, is at least e at most O(n/ω2) times. Even in the "non-realizable" setting—where there could be arbitrary noise in the measurement outcomes—we show how to output hypothesis states that incur at most O(√Tn ) excess loss over the best possible state on the first T measurements. These results generalize a 2007 theorem by Aaronson on the PAC-learnability of quantum states, to the online and regret-minimization settings. We give three different ways to prove our results—using convex optimization, quantum postse-lection, and sequential fat-shattering dimension—which have different advantages in terms of parameters and portability.
Utah Valley University: A Continuing Culture of Transformation:

Utah Valley University is a large, regional, open-admission institution with growing enrollments and changing demographics. It has a history of transformation and change, beginning as a trade schoo...
Focusing of hard x-rays with monolithic two-dimensional multilayer Laue lenses: technical challenges and current status

Hard X-ray microscopy is a powerful scientific tool capable of providing sub-10 nm spatial resolution imaging of material’s chemical composition and internal structure. Multilayer Laue Lenses (MLLs) have been developed and used for hard x-ray nanofocusing. MLLs are one dimensional X-ray diffractive optics fabricated through multilayer deposition and sectioning. An orthogonal alignment of two MLLs yields a point focus; 10 milli-degree orthogonality and sub-10 µm positioning accuracy along the beam direction is required to avoid astigmatism and achieve 10 nm focal spot size at 12 keV photon energy. Up-to-date, developed x-ray microscopy systems were equipped with eight degrees of nano-scale motion to perform full alignment of individual MLL optics. Bonding of two individual lenses together in pre-determined configuration significantly simplifies alignment process and makes them compatible with a more conventional Zone Plate – based microscopes. In this work, we give an overview of the existing bonding effort and present our approach to fabricate a monolithic 2D MLL optic.
Shape-shifting structured lattices via multimaterial 4D printing

Shape-morphing structured materials have the ability to transform a range of applications. However, their design and fabrication remain challenging due to the difficulty of controlling the underlying metric tensor in space and time. Here, we exploit a combination of multiple materials, geometry, and 4-dimensional (4D) printing to create structured heterogeneous lattices that overcome this problem. Our printable inks are composed of elastomeric matrices with tunable cross-link density and anisotropic filler that enable precise control of their elastic modulus (E) and coefficient of thermal expansion ( α ) . The inks are printed in the form of lattices with curved bilayer ribs whose geometry is individually programmed to achieve local control over the metric tensor. For independent control of extrinsic curvature, we created multiplexed bilayer ribs composed of 4 materials, which enables us to encode a wide range of 3-dimensional (3D) shape changes in response to temperature. As exemplars, we designed and printed planar lattices that morph into frequency-shifting antennae and a human face, demonstrating functionality and geometric complexity, respectively. Our inverse geometric design and multimaterial 4D printing method can be readily extended to other stimuli-responsive materials and different 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell designs to create scalable, reversible, shape-shifting structures with unprecedented complexity.