cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on human microvessel endothelial cell migration on collagen I correlates inversely with adhesion and is cell density dependent

Angiogenesis, new vessel growth from existing vessels, is critical to tissue development and healing. Much is known about the molecular and cellular elements of angiogenesis, such as the effects of growth factors and matrix molecules on proliferation and migration. However, it is not clear how these elements are coordinated to produce specific microvascular beds. To address this, the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on beta 1 integrin-mediated adhesion relative to migration in human microvessel endothelial cells (HMVEC) was examined. Using two assays of migration that differ in the density of cells being examined, bFGF stimulated single cell migration and reduced cell migration from a confluent monolayer on collagen I. Adhesion to collagen I of HMVEC treated at low density (2-4 x 10(4) cells/cm2) with bFGF for 22 h was reduced, while bFGF increased cell adhesion of HMVEC treated at high density (6-8 x 10(4) cells/cm2). Adhesion of both bFGF-treated and untreated HMVEC was mediated by the beta 1 integrin matrix receptor. Basic FGF treatment did not significantly alter surface expression of the beta 1 integrin subunit. Reduction in bFGF-mediated adhesion correlated with delayed cell spreading and altered organization of beta 1 integrin into substrate contacts. Thus, integrin-mediated cell adhesion in microvessel endothelial cells is sensitive to regulation by a growth factor. Furthermore, the nature of the response to this signal depends on another cell regulator, cell density. In addition, modulation of cell adhesion by a growth factor may be a central regulatory feature in controlling endothelial cell migration.
Envisioning a Person‐Centric Work Psychology

We have structured our response around 3 rough categories of commentary themes: those that provided illustrations of existing person-centric research, those that provided novel ideas about extending the viewpoint to traditional research areas, and those that criticized our neglect of issues of morality and power differences. In our response, we clarify and reiterate our position as advocating a science of first-person work experience. In doing so, we differentiate our agenda from others labeled person-centric but not first-person experiential in the way we describe it. We also differentiate our position from a primary interest in worker treatment and well-being, except as part of work experience, and defend that difference.
On Splitting the Tails Unequally: a New Perspective on One-Versus Two-Tailed Tests:

The controversy that has raged since the early fifties regarding the admissibility of one-tailed tests of hypotheses was examined. From the review of that literature, it was concluded that the main advantage of the one-tailed test was the gain in power for the prediction while its main disadvantage was its inability to test for significance if the results were opposite to prediction. It is argued here that splitting α unequally between the two tails, placing most of the rejection region on the side of the prediction but a smaller fraction on the opposite side provides both power and the ability to detect opposite-to-prediction outcomes. This compromise procedure requires a finer choice in the splitting of α than the dichotomous choice of putting either all or exactly half of α in the favored tail, i.e., the choice between a one- or a two-tailed test. Rules for the most effective split, based on Bayesian considerations, are prescribed. The fraction of α in the predicted tail should be equal to the investig...
A roadmap for navigating voluntary and mandated programs for building energy efficiency

Commercial building owners and managers often face the challenge of selecting the appropriate combination of voluntary and mandated programs for commercial building energy efficiency. Using a mixed-method, both quantitative and qualitative approach, this study finds that barriers to energy efficiency can be interpreted as strategic drivers for the emergence of five forms of voluntary and mandated program forms. We argue that the links between energy efficiency programs in commercial buildings should be conceptualized in a comprehensive manner by evaluating the strategic drivers that have ultimately led to the emergence of the principal forms of voluntary programs: economic incentives; certifications; alliances and partnerships; and internal company programs. We develop a conceptual framework that helps building owners and managers: identify the primary drivers for energy efficiency efforts; assess the efficacy and limitations of available program forms; apply each program form strategically in conjunction with a number of other program forms; and, ultimately, predict the emergence of new program forms. In addition to United States Department of Energy survey data, this study draws upon data collected through semi-structured interviews with experts at major U.S.-based corporations, federally funded laboratories, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations.
Treatment of Madelung's deformity in adults by ulna reduction osteotomy.

Abstract Purpose: Adult patients with Madelung's deformity may present with ulnar-sided wrist pain. Treatment often involves addressing the distal radial deformity. If there is focal wrist pathology and a positive ulnar variance, however, then an isolated ulnar-shortening osteotomy may provide symptomatic relief in these patients. The purpose of this study was to report our results of ulnar-shortening osteotomy without radial osteotomy in adult patients with Madulung's deformity. Methods: From 1988 to 2001 9 wrists in 9 adult patients with Madelung's deformity and ulnar-sided wrist pain underwent ulnar-shortening osteotomy. The distal radius abnormality was not addressed. All of the patients were women and the average age at the time of surgery was 34 years (range, 29-45 y). Two of the individuals were mesomelic dwarfs and the remaining 7 patients were otherwise normal. Surgery was performed after the patients failed at least 6 months of nonsurgical management. Results: All patients had improvement of their symptoms at an average follow-up evaluation of 42 months (range, 6-112 mo). All of the osteotomies united. One patient required replating for a delayed union. There were no infections and no ulnar carpal subluxation. Ulnar-positive variance correction averaged 4.4 mm. Postoperative range of motion and grip strength were equivalent to the contralateral wrist. Conclusions: Ulnar-shortening osteotomy is a safe and reliable surgical procedure that can relieve ulnar-sided wrist pain in adult patients with symptomatic Madelung's deformity and positive ulnar variance. (J Hand Surg 2003;28A:421-426. Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Exploring human factors effects in the Smart Grid system of systems Demand Response

Human factors can play a significant role in the behavior of a system of systems. This is particularly true in collaborative system of systems, an example of which is the Smart Grid Demand Response. The Smart Grid Demand Response example is used in this paper to develop and prototype an approach to examine the impact of human factors (e.g., news stories and human interactions) on system of systems performance (e.g., peak load). The approach presented makes use of an agent-based model combined with probabilistic analysis to show the sensitivity of the performance of the Demand Response to uncertainty in human's decision to participate in a direct load control program. The human's decision could be influenced by several factors, including interactions with other humans and the news. Since most of the information regarding human factors is not known a priori, a sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to examine emergent behavior. The results of this study show that human factors can have a significant impact on a collaborative system of systems. In this study, news stories and human interactions have a significant influence on the effectiveness of the notional Demand Response program modeled.
Surfactant functionalization induces robust, differential adhesion of tumor cells and blood cells to charged nanotube-coated biomaterials under flow

The metastatic spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites leads to a poor prognosis in cancers originating from multiple organs. Increasing evidence has linked selectin-based adhesion between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and endothelial cells of the microvasculature to metastatic dissemination, in a manner similar to leukocyte adhesion during inflammation. Functionalized biomaterial surfaces hold promise as a diagnostic tool to separate CTCs and potentially treat metastasis, utilizing antibody and selectin-mediated interactions for cell capture under flow. However, capture at high purity levels is challenged by the fact that CTCs and leukocytes both possess selectin ligands. Here, a straightforward technique to functionalize and alter the charge of naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes using surfactants is reported to induce robust, differential adhesion of tumor cells and blood cells to nanotube-coated surfaces under flow. Negatively charged sodium dodecanoate-functionalized nanotubes simultaneously enhanced tumor cell capture while negating leukocyte adhesion, both in the presence and absence of adhesion proteins, and can be utilized to isolate circulating tumor cells regardless of biomarker expression. Conversely, diminishing nanotube charge via functionalization with decyltrimethylammonium bromide both abolished tumor cell capture while promoting leukocyte adhesion.
The Transfer of Intercultural Training Skills

Abstract The trainer going to another culture is confronted with a complexity of environmental variables which will determine the success or failure of training. A balance of cultural variables mediate the success of training at several levels. First, there is the effect of difference in cultural background and perception that separates the trainer and participants from one another. The se differences in socialization and value priorities will determine both the appropriate method and content of any training or consultation before any transfer of awareness or knowledge or skill can occur.
Design of a universal two-layered neural network derived from the PLI theory

The if-and-only-if (IFF) condition that a set of M analog-to-digital vector-mapping relations can be learned by a one-layered-feed-forward neural network (OLNN) is that all the input analog vectors dichotomized by the i-th output bit must be positively, linearly independent, or PLI. If they are not PLI, then the OLNN just cannot learn no matter what learning rules is employed because the solution of the connection matrix does not exist mathematically. However, in this case, one can still design a parallel-cascaded, two-layered, perceptron (PCTLP) to acheive this general mapping goal. The design principle of this "universal" neural network is derived from the major mathematical properties of the PLI theory - changing the output bits of the dependent relations existing among the dichotomized input vectors to make the PLD relations PLI. Then with a vector concatenation technique, the required mapping can still be learned by this PCTLP system with very high efficiency. This paper will report in detail the mathematical derivation of the general design principle and the design procedures of the PCTLP neural network system. It then will be verified in general by a practical numerical example.
Systems-Level Analysis of Stem Cells in the Larval Stage of the Human Parasitic Flatworm Schistosoma

This study combines quantitative biophysical approaches and functional genomic analysis to understand stem cell development in the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. We anticipate these parasites will become a unique model system in which studies of fundamental stem cell biology have the potential to impact a devastating human disease. Schistosoma flatworms parasitize over 230 million people worldwide, causing schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease with a global socioeconomic burden nearly equivalent to that of HIV/AIDS and malaria. In addition to their relevance to human health, the complex biology of these parasites has fascinated scientists for nearly a century. Schistosomes transmit via a complex life cycle that alternates between obligate parasitism of snail intermediate and human definitive hosts. To facilitate these transitions, schistosomes develop sequentially four distinct body plans, a process accomplished by a population of stem cells that undergo multiple rounds of stage-specific self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we focus on the development of sporocysts (larval schistosomes) upon entry into snail hosts. At this stage, stem cells divide and asexually produce many simultaneously developing daughter embryos, leading to a geometric expansion of single sporocysts to thousands of infectious cercariae. Since little is known about the biology of these stem cells, we are developing novel fluorescence imaging methods to reconstruct the trajectories of these cells during development. We are integrating these studies with genome-wide analyses of gene expression and function. Our studies show that these cells resemble pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts, that drive long-term tissue homeostasis and regeneration in long-lived free-living flatworms. Functionally, we identify a group of evolutionarily conserved post-transcriptional regulators which maintain the enormous reproductive capacity of these cells.
Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Inorganic−Organic Hybrid Cobalt(II) Phosphites Containing Bifunctional Ligands

Seven new cobalt(II) phosphites, [Co(HPO(3))(C(14)H(14)N(4))(H(2)O)(2)].2H(2)O (1), [Co(HPO(3))(C(22)H(18)N(4))].H(2)O (2), [Co(2)(HPO(3))(2)(C(22)H(18)N(4))(2)H(2)O].H(2)O (3), [Co(2)(HPO(3))(2)(C(12)H(10)N(4))(1.5)H(2)O].1.5H(2)O (4), [Co(HPO(3))(C(14)H(14)N(4))(0.5)].H(2)O (5), [Co(HPO(3))(C(18)H(16)N(4))(0.5)] (6), and [Co(HPO(3))(C(18)H(16)N(4))(0.5)] (7) were synthesized in the presence of 1,2-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (L1), 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (L2), 1,3-bis(benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (L3), 1,4-bis(1-imidazolyl)benzene (L4), 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (L5), 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)naphthalene (L6), and 1,5-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)naphthalene (L7), respectively, and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Compound 1 is a molecular compound in which two cobalt(II) ions are held together by double mu-O linkages. The inorganic framework of compounds 2 and 3 are composed of vertex-shared CoO(2)N(2)/CoO(3)N(2) and HPO(3) polyhedra that form four rings; these are further linked by an organic ligand to generate 2D sheets. Compounds 4 and 5 both have 1D inorganic structures, with the bifunctional ligands connected to each side of the ladder by coordination bonds to give 2D hybrid sheets. A 3D organically pillared hybrid framework is observed in 6 and 7. In 6, the stacking of the interlayer pillars gives rise to a small hydrophobic channel that extends through the entire structure parallel to the sheets. The temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements of these compounds show weak interactions between the metal centers, mediated through the mu-O and/or O-P-O linkages.
Temperature-invariant photoelectron spectra in cerium heavy-fermion compounds: Inconsistencies with the Kondo model.

4{ital f} levels in Ce heavy-fermion compounds are examined using resonant photoemission. We find the following inconsistencies with the predictions of the Kondo model: (a) All temperature dependence can be accounted for simply by phonon broadening and the Fermi function; (b) the spectral weights of the features near {ital E}{sub {ital F}} do not scale with {ital T}{sub {ital K}}; and (c) the line shape of the feature previously identified as the Kondo resonance is Lorentzian and about an order of magnitude broader than predictions. Instrument resolution is not a limiting factor.
Significance of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia in stable coronary artery disease: A coronary artery surgery study project

This retrospective study examines the prognostic significance of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) who were included in the multicenter patient registry of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. The population is composed of 1,486 patients selected from 1975 to 1979 and followed an average of 4.3 years. All underwent a standard Bruce exercise test and had CAD by cardiac catheterization at entry. Patients were classified into group I or II depending on whether they had minimal or significant CAD. (Significant CAD was defined as 70% or greater diameter reduction in any major coronary artery or 50% or greater narrowing in the left main artery.) They were further subclassified into groups A or B depending on whether or not they had exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia. Groups IA (16 patients) and IB (229 patients) had similar clinical and angiographic characteristics except for the average ejection fraction (EF), which was 50% for group IA and 64% for group IB (p Using a stepwise Cox regression analysis of selected clinical and angiographic risk factors, the only independent significant risk factors that were found for cardiac events in this patient population were the number of coronary arteries significantly narrowed and the left ventricular EF.
Response of alluvial systems to fire and climate change in Yellowstone National Park

PROJECTIONS of the ecological effects of global climate change often include increased frequency and/or intensity of forest fires in regions of warmer and drier climate 1–3In addition to disturbing biological systems, widespread intense fires may influence the evolution of the physical landscape through greatly enhanced sediment transport4. Debris-flow to flood-streamflow sedimentation events following the 1988 fires in the Yellowstone National Park area (Wyoming and Montana, USA) have allowed us to examine the geomorphological response to fire in a mountain environment. Abundant analogous deposits in older alluvial fan sequences bear witness to past fire-related sedimentation events in northeastern Yellowstone, and radiocarbon dating of these events yields a detailed chronology of fire-related sedimentation for the past 3,500 years. We find that alluvial fans aggrade during periods of frequent fire-related sedimentation events, and we interpret these periods as subject to drought or high climatic variability. During wetter periods, sediment is removed from alluvial fan storage and transported down axial streams, resulting in floodplain aggradation. The dominant alluvial activity is strongly modulated by climate, with fire acting as a drought-actuated catalyst for sediment transport.
Wide-band-gap Si in open fourfold-coordinated clathrate structures.

The energetics and band structures of the elemental semiconductor Si in two fourfold-coordinated clathrate structures have been studied. For the Si(34) and Si(46) structures we predict indirect band gaps near 1.9 eV, or 0.7 eV wider than that of Si in the well-known ${\mathit{sp}}^{3}$ diamond structure. We find that the energy differences between the clathrate structures and the diamond structure are about 0.07 eV, which is nearly three times smaller than those for more compact high-pressure structures of Si. The calculations are done using an ab initio tight-binding-like molecular-dynamics method, and further checked by the fully self-consistent plane-wave method. The possible origin of the small energy differences between Si in the clathrate and diamond structures is discussed in terms of strain energy. We compare the results for Si with those for similar structures involving carbon.
An experiment regarding the wave function of superfluid helium

Abstract Using as a thermal detector a granular carbon film with an area of about 25 μ on a side we have looked for a possible diffraction pattern caused by liquid helium II flowing through a wire grating. At a detection distance of about 1 4 in. from the grating we observed no effect to within about 10 microdegrees.
Characterization of low range GaAs

We present the results of a study of GaAs material grown at substrate temperatures below 250°C (low range GaAs) by molecular beam epitaxy. This material is amorphous and highly resistive and can be converted to single crystal through annealing process. The crystallization process is investigated by transmission electron microscopy, reflection high-energy electron diffraction, and double-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques.
Electromagnetic properties of the first 2+ states of the even Hg isotopes

Abstract The excitation probabilities and the magnetic moments of the first 2 + states of 198 Hg, 200 Hg, 202 Hg and 204 Hg are reported. The energies of the 2 + states and the B (E2) 0→2 values were deduced from the γ-ray spectra observed in a Ge(Li) detector in coincidence with backscattered oxygen ions following Coulomb excitation. The . g -factors of the 2 + states were deduced from integral precession measurements following Coulomb excitation implantation into polarized iron. The results are (relative to 198 Hg: 1.03±0.10, 0.95±0.11, 0.65±0.08, 0.37±0.04 for the B (E2) 0 →2 and 0.55±0.11, 0.43±0.11, 0.59+-0.15, 0.40±0.10 for the g - factors of the 411.8 keV, 368.0 keV, 439.4±0.3 keV and 436.8±0.4 keV 2 + states of 198 Hg , 200 Hg , 202 Hg and 204 Hg respectively. These results do not agree with the predictions of the theory of Kumar and Baranger, but are fairly well reproduced by the calculations of Covello and Sartoris.
The Pendulum as a Vehicle for Transitioning from Classical to Quantum Physics: History, Quantum Concepts, and Educational Challenges

In this article we use the pendulum as the vehicle for discussing the transition from classical to quantum physics. Since student knowledge of the classical pendulum can be generalized to all harmonic oscillators, we propose that a quantum analysis of the pendulum can lead students into the unanticipated consequences of quantum phenomena at the atomic level. We intend to illustrate how classical deterministic physical ideas are replaced by a point of view that contains both deterministic and probabilistic aspects. For example, the wave function contains probabilistic information but it evolves in time according to a fixed law, the Schrodinger equation. Discussion of the transition from classical to quantum thinking is historically grounded in the work of twentieth-century physicists who developed quantum ideas. We see application to current science in areas such as semiconductors, optics, GPS systems, and superconductivity. Our notion is that a scientifically-literate public should have a sense of the broad, conceptual schemes in modern physics, as well as those associated with classical physics. We discuss educational challenges and strategies connected to including quantum theory in a general education physics course. Our work would have other applications in college and secondary school settings.
The effect of active serum albumin on PC12 cells: II. Intracellular Ca2+ transients and their role in neurite retraction.

Abstract In the preceding paper it was shown that an isoform of serum albumin (ASA: active serum albumin) causes a rapid retraction of neurites and increases intracellular content of Ins1,4,5P3 in PC12 cells. Here we examined whether ASA's effects in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells were mediated through the Ins1,4,5P3/Ca2+ second messenger pathway by monitoring intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) with Fura2. It was found that ASA caused a dose-dependent increase in Ca2+i. In Ca2+-free medium, the increase in Ca2+i elicited by ASA was smaller, but the rise in Ins1,4,5P3 content was not appreciably changed. The small Ca2+i increase seen in Ca2+-free medium was probably due to the release of Ca2+ from Ins1,4,5P3-sensitive intracellular stores. In Ca2+-containing medium the Ca2+ transient induced by ASA was not affected by organic Ca2+ channel blockers, but decreased when Co2+, Mn2+ or Zn2+ were present in the extracellular medium. The effect of other ligands, such as carbachol and bradykinin, whose receptors are coupled to the phosphoinositide system was also investigated. Carbachol at concentrations from 2 to 200 μM, and bradykinin at a concentration of 2 μM did not cause neurite retraction, whereas 200 μM bradykinin caused an approximately 40% decrease in neurite length. Thapsigargin, a Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, caused a sustained elevation of Ca2+i and retraction of neurites, whereas depolarization of the cells by high K+ gave only a transient elevation of Ca2+i, and no neurite retraction. Therefore, a sustained elevation in Ca2+i might be a sufficient trigger to induce neurite retraction in differentiated PC12 cells. Since ASA induces only a transient rise in Ca2+i in most cells, the Ca2+i transient evoked by ASA alone may not be sufficient to cause neurite retraction in PC12 cells.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Ablate and wait versus rapid transplantation

This opinion piece explores an "ablate and wait" strategy for improving the 5-year recurrence-free outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The Milan criteria delimit by tumor size and number a population of patients who have good survival after liver transplantation. The University of California San Francisco downstaging experience has shown that patients with a tumor burden outside the Milan criteria who undergo tumor ablation and a period of waiting have outcomes that rival those of patients who undergo transplantation within the Milan criteria because the tumor biology is allowed to become apparent by radiological studies during the waiting period. This experience has led to 2 conclusions: first, expansion beyond the Milan criteria should not occur without therapy directed to the tumor followed by a period of waiting to decrease the risk of recurrence, and second, for tumors within the Milan criteria, the same strategy should be considered.
Near-optimal algorithms for shared filter evaluation in data stream systems

We consider the problem of evaluating multiple overlapping queries defined on data streams, where each query is a conjunction of multiple filters and each filter may be shared across multiple queries. Efficient support for overlapping queries is a critical issue in the emerging data stream systems, and this is particularly the case when filters are expensive in terms of their computational complexity and processing time. This problem generalizes other well-known problems such as pipelined filter ordering and set cover, and is not only NP-Hard but also hard to approximate within a factor of o(log n) from the optimum, where n is the number of queries. In this paper, we present two near-optimal approximation lgorithms with provably-good performance guarantees for the evaluation of overlapping queries. We present an edge-coverage based Greedy algorithm which achieves an approximation ratio of (1 + log(n) + log(α)), where n is the number of queries and α is the average number of filters in a query. We also present a randomized, fast and easily parallelizable Harmonic algorithm which achieves an approximation ratio of 2β, where β is the maximum number of filters in a query. We have implemented these algorithms in a prototype system, and evaluated their performance using extensive experiments in the context of multimedia stream analysis. The results show that our Greedy algorithm consistently outperforms other known algorithms under various settings and scales well as the numbers of queries and filters increase.
Reactive nitrogen species in colon carcinogenesis.

ABSTRACTThe role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in colon carcinogenesis is multifactorial and affects diverse processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and me...
Mike Penner 'or' Christine Daniels: the US media and the fractured representation of a transgender sportswriter.

On 26 April 2007, US sportswriter Mike Penner told readers he was transsexual and that he would return to the paper as Christine Daniels. Journalists immediately analysed and assessed this column. ...
Development and decision-making in the mammalian cerebral cortex.

Abstract One of the fundamental tasks of neurobiology is to understand how the precision and specificity of the adult nervous system is achieved during development. This paper reviews the progress that has been made toward this end in studies of the developing mammalian cerebral cortex. Particular attention is focused on the problem of how cortical neurons make decisions during development: the correlation between a neuron's ‘birthday’ and its final laminar destination and projection patterns has raised the possibility that young neurons may be committed to their adult fates very early on in development, perhaps prior to migration. Indeed, several lines of evidence reviewed here suggest that at least some of the decisions made by cortical neurons are intrinsic properties of the cell itself. These studies include experiments on the reeler mouse mutantand more recent attempts to manipulate developmental fates by pharmacological interventions and transplantation techniques. It is concluded that early commitment events in the cerebral cortex may specify a neuron's laminar position and restrict the range of potential axonal projections that the cell may form, but that local positional cues direct neurons to select (or maintain) only certain of the possible projections.
How many suppliers are best? A decision-analysis approach

Abstract As more supply chains are becoming dependent upon suppliers, an interruption of supply networks can obstruct the functionality of the entire supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to present what we believe is a useful way to think about the number of suppliers needed in the presence of risks. We model the decision-making process using a decision tree approach. We consider catastrophic, “super-events,” which affect many/all suppliers, as well as “unique events” that affect only a single supplier. The probabilities of these events, the financial loss caused by disasters, and the operating cost of working with multiple suppliers are captured by decision trees, from which the expected cost function is obtained and the optimal number of suppliers is determined. Our methodology will help purchasing managers, materials management, as well as academics that are considering such issues.
Measuring the Impact of Casino Proceeds on Local per Pupil Expenditures in Mississippi

Abstract The Mississippi Legislature adopted casino gaming in 1990 for the purpose of curing financial ills that have traditionally plagued the Magnolia state. Local policymakers were given the opportunity to tax the casino industry at 3.2%, with an additional 0.8% if these local government stakeholders deemed it necessary to extract additional supplemental revenue from the casino industry. One program designated as a beneficiary of this revenue‐generating source was education. The conclusions reached by this research suggests that four school districts receiving casino proceeds for education are significantly benefiting from this supplemental source of revenue.
What drives online information disclosure of eTailers? A cross-cultural study

The online information disclosed by electronic retailers (eTailers) is expected to play a role in building customer relationships. The level of online information disclosure relies on the eTailer's discretion while unethical online information disclosure practices, such as disclosure of misleading information, may harm the entire electronic retailing industry. This study addresses similarities and differences in transaction-related information disclosed by US and Korean eTailers. It investigates the effect of such factors as international shipping availability, company type, breadth of payment method, and price level, on online information disclosure. Results suggest that information disclosure is explained significantly by the country in which an eTailer is located, whether the business is confined to the internet, and the number of payment methods. However, no effect is found for the price level of the major product line and whether products are shipped to international customers.
A COMPARISON OF DESIGN-BASED AND MODEL-BASED ESTIMATORS OF THE FINITE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

Summary Rival estimators of the distribution function of a finite population, derived from the model-based and design-based approaches to sampling inference, are compared. A design-based estimator due to Rao, Kovar & Mantel (1990) has the desirable property from a model-based viewpoint, of being model-unbiased under misspecification of model, when the sample meets certain conditions. A modified version of this estimator is suggested; it relies less on design-based ingredients, and in particular avoids second-order inclusion probabilities. It is the preferred estimator when, as is often the case in sampling practice, the model is adopted without thorough consideration of goodness of fit. However, if standard regression procedures of model construction and criticism are employed, then a strictly model-based estimator does better.
Industry's role in improving the United States' economic and competitive performance

Abstract The author argues that the United States has paid insufficient attention in recent years to the relationship between its overall economic well-being and technology. He states that a major goal of the Clinton Administration, and the objective of the Technology Administration in the Department of Commerce, is to work with industry to address these issues. The ways in which this is being done are examined, and the issues involved in answering the questions: “Where are we?,” “Where are we going?,” and “How do we get there?” are discussed.
Data smoothing routine

A noise removal program is available to interested users for use on IBM and compatible personal computers. The routine removes noise that is incompatible with the “instrument function,” which characterizes the apparatus used in obtaining the data.
Perianal versus anorectal specimens: is there a difference in Group B streptococcal detection?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether specimens obtained from the perianal area have a Group B streptococcal culture detection rate similar to anorectal specimens. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study at a tertiary care university-affiliated teaching hospital. A total of 136 pregnant women between 33 and 40 weeks’ gestation were recruited. Three samples for Group B streptococcal culture detection were obtained from each subject in the following order: perianal sample, vaginoperianal sample, and an anorectal sample. The women were asked to rank their pain or discomfort with obtaining the anorectal sample. The vaginoperianal specimen is the standard sample obtained from antepartum patients in this clinic, and, therefore, it serves as the control. RESULTS: Of the 136 subjects, 26.5% of the control, vaginoperianal samples were positive for Group B streptococcal culture. In comparison, 27.2% of the anorectal specimens and 28.7% of the perianal specimens were positive for Group B streptococcal culture. There was no statistically significant difference in the detection of Group B streptococcal culture among the three sample sites. Evaluation of the pain experienced with an anorectal sampling showed that 68% of subjects ranked their pain between mild to moderate, and 5% noted severe pain. CONCLUSION: The Group B streptococcal detection rate was not different among the three sampling sites. Therefore, pregnant women do not need to be subjected to the additional pain of anorectal sampling to detect Group B Streptococcus.
Random partitions with restricted part sizes

For a subset $\cal{S}$ of positive integers let ©(n,$\cal{S}$) be the set of partitions of n into summands that are elements of $\cal{S}$. For every λ e Ω(n,$\cal{S}$), let Mn(λ) be the number of parts, with multiplicity, that λ has. Put a uniform probability distribution on Ω(n,$\cal{S}$), and regard Mn as a random variable. In this paper the limiting density of the (suitably normalized) random variable Mn is determined for sets that are sufficiently regular. In particular, our results cover the case $\cal{S}$ = {;Q(k) : k ≥ 1}, where Q(x) is a fixed polynomial of degree d ≥ 2. For specific choices of Q, the limiting density has appeared before in rather different contexts such as Kingman's coalescent, and processes associated with the maxima of Brownian bridge and Brownian meander processes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage After Running a Marathon

We report on a healthy 26-year-old male who had an exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) within 24 hours of running a marathon. There were no symptoms, abnormalities on exam, or radiographic infiltrates. He routinely participated in bronchoscopy research and the EIPH was evident on gross inspection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, examination of the cytospin, and measurement of hemoglobin, iron, and ferritin concentrations. EIPH in humans may occur without any evidence on clinical presentation; its incidence may be far greater than currently suspected.
Comparison of microbial electrolysis cells operated with added voltage or by setting the anode potential

Hydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) can be achieved by either setting the anode potential with a potentiostat, or by adding voltage to the circuit with a power source. In batch tests the largest total gas production (46 � 3 mL), lowest energy input (2.3 � 0.3 kWh/m 3 of H2 generated), and best overall energy recovery (sEþS ¼ 58 � 6%) was achieved at a set anode potential of EAn ¼� 0.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl), compared to set potentials of � 0.4 V, 0 V and 0.2 V, or an added voltage of Eap ¼ 0.6 V. Gas production was 1.4 times higher with EAn ¼� 0.2 V than with Eap ¼ 0.6 V. Methane production was also reduced at set anode potentials of � 0.2 V and higher than the other operating conditions. Continuous flow operation of the MECs at the optimum condition of EAn ¼� 0.2 V initially maintained stable hydrogen gas production, with 68% H2 and 21% CH4, but after 39 days the gas composition shifted to 55% H2 and 34% CH4. Methane production was not primarily anode-associated, as methane was reduced to low levels by placing the anode into a new MEC housing. These results suggest that MEC performance can be optimized in terms of hydrogen production rates and gas composition by setting an anode potential of � 0.2 V, but that methanogen proliferation must be better controlled on non-anodic surfaces.
A Retrospective View of Jack Anderson's Changing Concept of Rhinoplasty

Jack Anderson was one of the most influential rhinoplastic surgeons of our time. He was a student of nasal anatomy and nasal dynamics, both of which guided his approach to aesthetic rhinoplasties. His ideas were freely passed on to those willing to learn. Anderson, early in his career, dedicated himself to becoming a rhinoplastic surgeon. However, rhinoplasty was still in its developmental stage, and there were few teachers. Anderson availed himself of every opportunity to learn, and he compared ideas and techniques and traveled extensively with a small group of his peers, who watched and learned from each other. After a fulfilling career as a surgeon and teacher, emphasizing a traditional endonasal approach, Anderson adapted and became the prime motivating force in the introduction of external rhinoplasty in the United States. It is interesting and instructive to compare his earlier concepts with those of his later years, when he made
The fate of the direct argument and the case for incompatibilism

In this paper, I distinguish causal from logical versions of the direct argument for incompatibilism. I argue that, contrary to appearances, causal versions are better equipped to withstand an important recent challenge to the direct-argument strategy. The challenge involves arguing that support for the argument’s pivotal inference principle falls short just when it is needed most, namely when a deterministic series runs through an agent’s unimpaired deliberations. I then argue that, while there are limits to what causal versions can accomplish, they can be used to buttress the ultimacy argument, another important argument for incompatibilism.
Role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in ethanol-induced depressions in testicular steroidogenesis

It is rapidly becoming accepted, without direct evidence, that a change in the NAD+/NADH ratio in the testes produced by the metabolism of ethanol is the principal mechanism involved in its now well-established effects on testicular steroidogenesis. The purposes of the present studies were 2-fold: (1) to examine whether, in fact, in vivo or in vitro ethanol exposure alters the NAD+/NADH ratio in the testes; and (2) to examine the validity of previous reports in which it was found that NAD+ prevented the effects of ethanol on testicular steroidogenesis under in vitro conditions. With regard to the first objective, we found that a large dose of ethanol (2.5 g/kg) markedly reduced gonadotropin-stimulated testicular steroidogenesis in vivo in the male rat, but it did not alter the NAD+ and NADH concentrations in the testes. Similarly, extremely high ethanol concentrations (200 mM) substantially suppressed hMG-stimulated testosterone biosynthesis in in vitro Leydig cell preparations but no change in NAD+ concentration occurred; NADH levels were very low in the Leydig cell preparations (less than 2% of NAD+ levels), but did not appear to change as a function of ethanol exposure. Finally, in contrast to previously published results, we found that NAD+ (1 mM) did not prevent the in vitro effects of ethanol on cAMP-stimulated testicular steroidogenesis. Consequently, our results fail to support the hypothesis that acute in vivo or in vitro ethanol administration inhibits the biosynthesis of testosterone by altering the NAD+/NADH ratio in the testes.
The regulatory role of calmodulin in the proteolysis of individual neurofilament proteins by calpain

The in vitro degradation of individual neurofilament proteins by calpain and the effects of calmodulin on this proteolysis were studied. Two major results are reported. First, in the presence of calcium, calmodulin binds to the 200-kD neurofilament protein, but only weakly associates with the 150-kD neurofilament protein. The 70-kD neurofilament protein shows no specific calmodulin-binding. Second, calmodulin inhibits the calpain-mediated degradation of the 200-kD neurofilament protein, but does not alter the hydrolysis of the 150-kD and 70-kD neurofilament proteins. In addition, calmodulin is able to bind to the 200-kD neurofilament protein in the presence of other neurofilament subunits, indicating that calmodulin may play a role in the regulation of the metabolism of the 200-kD neurofilament protein in vivo.
New pathway links from cancer-progression determinants to gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases in breast cancer cells

AP-2α, interleukin-4 (IL-4), E-cadherin, fibulin 1D, p16INK4α, PTEN, RKIP, and S100A4 are determinants (suppressors, except for S100A4) of cancer cell invasiveness and other traits of cancer progression, which are located upstream of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in cell signaling pathways. We will refer to them as upstream cancer-progression determinants (UCPDs, for brevity). MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-11, MMP-13, MMP-14, MMP-16, and MMP-19 are enhancers of cancer cell invasiveness and other traits of cancer progression, in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We are interested in pathway links from UCPDs to gene expression of cancer cell MMPs in MDA-MB-231 cells. To test models about these links, wild-type copies of UCPDs were transiently overexpressed and then MMP mRNAs were measured by reverse transcription real-time PCR. The present results show that each of eight UCPDs is linked to the gene expression of a unique set of MMPs. This indicates that the effects are sequence-specific and that each UCPD reaches these MMP expressions through different sets of signaling pathways. We have detected 20 new pathway links, 11 are downregulatory and nine are upregulatory; 15 are new links in any cell, and five are new links in breast cancer. In seven links, three cancer-progression suppressing UCPDs unexpectedly enhance the gene expression of five cancer-progression promoting MMPs. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 739–744, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Health and Economic Development: Some Problems, Methods, and Conclusions Reviewed in a Perusal of the Literature

Interest in the consequences for economic activity of the development of disease, preventive medicine, and of other public health problems is not exactly new. Professor Sigerist, in many ways the doyen of the subject, summarized our background quite well in 1941. “We are”, he wrote, “often inclined to believe that the economic approach to medical problems is new, that we inaugurated it. This is not the case …. Max von Pettenkofer in Munich, reasoned very much along the same lines as we do today” [18:2]. Thus, I have precedent for citing work done in this very city as the logical place to start my discussion. One could, as indeed Sigerist himself did, argue that von Pettenkofer (upon whose work I shall base this analysis) wrote with the knowledge of earlier writers like Chadwick, Simon, Snow, and Budd. But, I am inclined to accept Sigerist's assessment of von Pettenkofer's importance and use his two public lectures as the springboard from which to launch my discussion.
Cardiovascular effects of tadalafil in patients on common antihypertensive therapies

Tadalafil is a potent, selective, reversible phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor under investigation for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Because some oral agents for ED have vasodilator properties, interaction studies were performed between tadalafil and commonly prescribed antihypertensive agents. In addition, cardiovascular safety assessments were made from a safety database of phase 3 studies comparing patients who were and who were not receiving antihypertensives. In patients receiving concomitant antihypertensive therapy, tadalafil administration may result in a reduction in blood pressure, which is, in general, mild and not likely to be of clinical concern. In the phase 3 studies, no statistically significant differences were observed between tadalafil and placebo in the mean changes in blood pressure from baseline in patients taking ≥2 antihypertensive agents. The incidence rates of cardiovascular events were comparable between patients who were and were not treated with concomitant antihypertensive therapy, with the exception of events recorded as hypertension, which would be expected to occur periodically in this patient population despite treatment. Hypotension or postural hypotension was not reported in any tadalafil-treated patient, compared with 1 report of each in the placebo-treated patients. Syncope was reported in 1 tadalafil-treated patient (0.1%) who was not on concomitant antihypertensive medication and in 2 patients (1.9%) who received placebo with concomitant antihypertensive agents. The data presented herein suggest that tadalafil is safe in patients receiving ≥1 concomitant antihypertensive agent.