cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser Additive Manufacturing through Opto-Thermo-Mechanical Printing under Ambient Conditions

This work represents a low-cost additive manufacturing using laser assisted thermo-mechanical printing of metallic nanoparticles under ambient conditions. This method offers enormous prospective in 3D printing technology at submicron and nano scale.
Renewable algal photo H2 production without S control using acetate enriched fermenter effluents

Abstract Renewable energy production using microorganisms is one of the challenging issues for environmental sustainability. Algal hydrogen (H2) production has often been achieved by sulfur (S) and chloride ion (Cl−) deprivation in a growth medium; however, it may not be realistic to control S or Cl− concentrations in natural sources (e.g., wastewater). In this study, two different green algal species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella sorokiniana were selected and their photosynthetic activities were compared with different acetate/Cl− ratios both in batch and continuous modes. At 150 of acetate/Cl− ratio, the H2 production rates were 0.25–0.33 μmol L−1 min−1 for C. sorokiniana and 0.20–0.38 μmol L−1 min−1 for C. reinhardtii, respectively. The hydrogenase (HydA) reactivation and photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor test revealed that biohydrogen production by algae is due to photosynthetic activity. It was found that maintaining acetate/Cl− ratios greater than 60–100 leads to continuous O2 depletion and thus renewable H2 production for both algal species. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of hydrogen bonding between Yz and His190 in PSII supported O2 inhibition using acetate. Using fermenter effluents, C. sorokiniana and C. reinhardtii showed a successful continuous H2 production of ~80 μmol L−1 and ~95 μmol L−1, respectively, for 15 days.
Thoughts to Stakeholders in the Eye of the Beholders

Based on the narratives of the participating students’ lived experience and the analysis of the factors that shaped who they are and why they are. This chapter discusses, in the eye of the beholders, what works for the Chinese international students’ successful pursuits as EFL learners and ESL users and learners and what could be improved. Specific suggestions and advice are proposed to stakeholders who are involved in Chinese international students’ cross-border education, namely, the U.S. host institute, the English education policymakers and practitioners in China, and the Chinese international students. For the U.S. host institute, issues discussed and recommendations provided include faculty knowledge, curriculum internationalization, inclusive pedagogy, and institutional services (writing center, international student office, and intensive English for Academic course). For the English language teaching (ELT) in China, the focal issues we discuss are those identified from the narratives, then suggestions for reconceptualizing China’s ELT, teacher quality training (including NESTs vs. NNESTs), curricula reform, as well as K-16 EFL curricular articulation. In the last section of this chapter, we focus on providing practical recommendations pertinent to Chinese international students’ linguistic and academic success. Thoughts also include our suggestions on promoting international education stakeholders’ intercultural communication competence in response to critical incidents such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Entrustable Professional Activity-Based Summative Performance Assessment in the Surgery Clerkship.

OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to 1) assess the performance Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) when integrated into the summative assessment of third-year medical students on the surgery clerkship and 2) to compare EPAs to traditional clinical performance assessment tools. DESIGN EPA assessments were collected prospectively from a minimum of 4 evaluators at the completion of each surgical clerkship rotation from November 2019 to June 2019. Overall EPA-based clinical performance scores were calculated as the sum of the mean EPA score from each evaluator. A rating of overall clinical performance called the clinical performance appraisal (CPA) was also collected. EPA ratings were compared to the CPA score, National Board of Medical Examiners exam score, objective structured clinical exam scores, and final clerkship grade. SETTING Northwestern Memorial Hospital, a tertiary care teaching institution in Chicago, IL. RESULTS Overall, 446 evaluations (111 students) were included in the analysis. The aggregate EPA scores ranged from 11.6-24.0 (mean 19.9 ± 2.0), and the CPA scores ranged from 4.4-9.0 (mean 7.6 ± 0.7). The variance among learners in EPA scores was significantly higher than CPA scores (p CONCLUSION Integration of EPAs for use in clinical performance assessment of medical students is feasible within a surgery clerkship. Compared to a global clinical performance assessment, EPA-based assessment provided better discrimination of clinical performance among learners. Use of EPAs may better identify advanced learners and those that need additional time.
BoolSim, a Graphical Interface for Open Access Boolean Network Simulations and Use in Guard Cell CO2 Signaling

Signaling networks are at the heart of almost all biological processes. Most of these networks contain a large number of components and often the connections between these components are either not known, or the rate equations that govern the dynamics of soluble signaling components are not quantified. This uncertainty in network topology and parameters can make it challenging to formulate detailed mathematical models. Boolean networks, in which all components are either on or off, have emerged as viable alternatives to more detailed mathematical models but can be difficult to implement. Therefore, open source format of such models for community use is desirable. Here we present BoolSim, a freely available graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to easily construct and analyze Boolean networks. BoolSim can be applied to any Boolean network. We demonstrate BoolSims application using a previously published network for abscisic acid-driven stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. We also show how BoolSim can be used to generate testable predictions by extending the network to include CO2 regulation of stomatal movements. Predictions of the model were experimentally tested and the model was iteratively modified based on experiments showing that ABA closes stomata even at near zero CO2 concentrations (1.5 ppm CO2). One Sentence SummaryThis study presents an open-source, graphical interface for the simulation of Boolean networks and applies it to an abscisic acid signaling network in guard cells, extended to include input from CO2.
Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging of the knee for intra-articular pathology in children: a comparison of 3T versus 1.5T imaging

Abstract Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool in assessment of knee pathology in children. Published values demonstrate variable accuracy of MRI, lower accuracy in younger patients, and none compare 3T–1.5T. We aim to assess the accuracy of MRI for anterior cruciate ligament, meniscal, osteochondral and chondral abnormality; and to compare 3T–1.5T MRI. Methods Arthroscopy findings and pre-operative MRI reports were reviewed retrospectively. Agreement between MRI report and arthroscopic findings were assessed, using arthroscopy as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were calculated for all pathologies, and both magnet strengths. Results Of 439 patients there were 109 exclusions, 330 patients remained for review. Average time from MRI to arthroscopy was 120 days, with mean age 13.6. Sensitivity for medial meniscal pathology was 78.7%, lateral meniscal pathology 60.4%, ACL rupture 92.5%, OCD 94.2% and chondral change 23.1%. The only significant difference was sensitivity for ACL injury (1.5T: 96.7%, 3T 83.3%, p = 0.02), suggesting no disadvantage of 1.5T imaging. Conclusion MRI of the knee gives relatively lower sensitivity and accuracy for lateral meniscal tear compared to medial meniscal tear and has poor sensitivity for chondral pathology in children. There is no clear disadvantage of 1.5T imaging compared to 3T.
The Market View

When investors disagree and trade on their views about asset returns, market prices reflect the wealth/consumption share weighted average belief about risk premia, where more accurate, risk tolerant, or patient investors carry a larger weight. We explore the properties of this market view, and show that many puzzling properties of survey measures can be reconciled within disagreement models. For instance, a model with disagreement about output growth matches the negative correlation between statistical and survey-based measures of the risk premium, the higher variance and lower persistence of statistical measures of the risk premium and the appearance of return extrapolation.
Mental health services in primary care: Evidence for the feasibility of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: : This study examined the transition to telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of attendance rates, the provision of evidence-based interventions, and clinical outcomes. Methods: : The feasibility of in-person versus telehealth visits for integrated primary care sessions was compared using chart review data. Data on patient characteristics, attendance, symptom severity and improvement, and evidence-based intervention use were collected for patients (N =173) from an integrated primary clinic that primarily serves a low-income, diverse sample of adults and children whose primary presenting problems are depression and anxiety. Results: : Attendance significantly improved after the transition to telehealth, as indicated by fewer cancellations and more appointments attended. Patients showed significant improvement and decreases in symptoms. The quality of care was maintained, as indicated by consistent evidence-based intervention use over time. Limitations: : This study was limited by the fact that it took place in an academicallyaffiliated primary care clinic, which may not be representative of all community settings. In addition, analyses related to clinical symptoms were only conducted with a small subset of participants and there was no comparison group. Conclusions: : Telehealth through integrated primary care might be a viable option to improve accessibility of services for low-income, racial/ethnic minority adults and children while also leading to improvements in symptoms.
Undergraduate Students Partnering with Staff to Develop Trauma-informed, Anti-racist Pedagogical Approaches: Intersecting Experiences of Three Student Partners

When the global pandemic intersected with the worldwide Black Lives Matter uprisings, undergraduate student partners, paid by the hour in an extension of an existing pedagogical partnership program, researched resources on trauma-informed, anti-racist and equitable approaches to hybrid and remote teaching and learning, contributed to annotated outlines of these resources gathered on a publicly accessible web page and met in pairs with cohorts of academic staff at our own institutions and across a ten-college consortium to consider how to implement the recommendations in the resources. Autoethnographic accounts of three black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) student partnersâ€™ experiences of this work revealed pedagogical partnership as: 1) a space for affirming the lived experiences of BAME students; 2) a structure that supports students in developing language to name their experiences so that staff can hear, respond to and act on them in revising pedagogical practices; 3) a way to create institutional roles that remunerate students for the work that otherwise might not get done or that remains invisible, uncompensated labor; and 4) an inspiration to students to carry the benefits of partnership work beyond the partnerships themselves.
The Effects of Exposure to Domestic Violence on Sleep Among Urban Adults.

Purpose:Domestic violence contributes to poor health including sleep disruptions, which has been associated with risk for chronic conditions and ultimately, premature mortality. The present study e...
Evaluating Rolling Contact Fatigue Damage Precursors with Rayleigh Waves in 1060 Steel

The operational life of components subjected to rolling contacts such as bearings and rail wheels is limited by rolling contact fatigue (RCF). In RCF, materials undergo complex stresses and plastically deform at surface asperities or subsurface inclusions. The accumulation of plastic deformation in surface layers and subsurface inclusions eventually cause spalling and pitting, which can lead to failure of components. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of RCF is currently limited to cracking, however there is currently no NDE method to identify damage accumulation prior to crack initiation. Nonlinear ultrasound (NLU) has been shown to be sensitive to dislocation-based damage and thus early damage accumulation induced by fatigue. While NLU has been studied on two-dimensional curved surfaces, three-dimensional curved surfaces, typical for RCF, has not yet been studied. In this work, we apply nonlinear Rayleigh wave to evaluate RCF on a 1060 steel disc with three-dimensional curvature while the disc is mounted on the RCF setup. Custom fixtures were designed and validated with finite element modeling to repeatably generate and detect Rayleigh waves along the circumference of a disc. We measured the Rayleigh wave speed and the acoustic nonlinearity parameter, β, at progressive intervals over 80,000 total RCF cycles. The results show measurable changes in β with increasing cycles, which correlate to damage accumulation during RCF as shown by scanning electron microscopy. This work demonstrates that nonlinear Rayleigh waves are a promising NDE tool for identification of RCF-related damage on curved steel surfaces that resemble real-world rail geometries. This motivates future work to determine the exact dependence of β on RCF damage accumulation.
DAMPING RATIO FOR DRY SANDS

Using the Torsional Simple Shear Device, the writers investigated the relationship between damping ratio λ\N and shear strain γ\N for Ottawa, Del Monte, Golden Gardens, and Seward Park sands. Experimental results show that the type of sand, as expressed in soil gradation and angularity, influences soil damping. However, this influence can be taken into consideration by introducing a soil gradation and sphericity factor, F, which is a function of the coefficient of gradation and soil sphericity. The writers propose an equation relating the damping ratio to shear strain as a function of the confining pressure, β\N\uc, and soil gradation and sphericity factor F. A nomograph is proposed to assist in the easy determination of the damping ratio for sands.
Enzymatic synthesis of homocysteine or methionine directly from o-succinyl-homoserine

The bacterial biosynthesis of methionine has previously been shown to involved formation of cystathionine from cysteine and O-succinyl-hormoserine, catalyzed by cystathionine γ-synthase, followed by cleavage of cystathionine to yield homocysteine. This report presents evidence that hydrogen sulfide can replace cysteine as a substrate for cystathionine γ-synthase, yielding homocysteine directly. The maximum velocity of homocysteine formation is about half that of cystathionine formation, but the Km for hydrogen sulfide is 50 times higher than that for cysteine. The leakiness of Salmonella mutants blocked in the conversion of cystathionine to homocysteine suggests that direct synthesis of homocysteine from H2S may take place in the cell, although only to a limited extent. Cystathionine γ-synthase has also been shown to catalyze formation of methionine directly from O-saccinyl homoserine and methyl mercaptan. This reaction is presumed to have no role in the utilization of inorganic sulfur compounds for methionine biosynthesis, but may provide an explanation for the ability of S-methyl cysteine to support the growth of methionine auxotrophs of some microorganisms.
Direct Democracy and Social Issues

This paper explores the connection between the initiative process - the most potent form of direct democracy - and social issues by examining laws on seven social issues in all 50 American states. Initiative states are 18 percent more likely than noninitiative states to choose a conservative than a liberal policy on the median issue after controlling for public opinion, demographic, and regional variables. The conservative shift is majoritarian: initiative states are 8 percent more likely than noninitiative states to choose laws that reflect the majority's preference. The initiative effect does not appear to depend on the institutional features that scholars and reformers often discuss.
Tonic Descending Facilitation from the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Mediates Opioid-Induced Abnormal Pain and Antinociceptive Tolerance

Many clinical case reports have suggested that sustained opioid exposure can elicit unexpected, paradoxical pain. Here, we explore the possibility that (1) opioid-induced pain results from tonic activation of descending pain facilitation arising in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and (2) the presence of such pain manifests behaviorally as antinociceptive tolerance. Rats implanted subcutaneously with pellets or osmotic minipumps delivering morphine displayed time-related tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia (i.e., opioid-induced “pain”); placebo pellets or saline minipumps did not change thresholds. Opioid-induced pain was observed while morphine delivery continued and while the rats were not in withdrawal. RVM lidocaine, or bilateral lesions of the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF), did not change response thresholds in placebo-pelleted rats but blocked opioid-induced pain. The intrathecal morphine antinociceptive dose–response curve (DRC) in morphine-pelleted rats was displaced to the right of that in placebo-pelleted rats, indicating antinociceptive “tolerance.” RVM lidocaine or bilateral DLF lesion did not alter the intrathecal morphine DRC in placebo-pelleted rats but blocked the rightward displacement seen in morphine-pelleted animals. The subcutaneous morphine antinociceptive DRC in morphine-pelleted rats was displaced to the right of that in placebo-pelleted rats; this right shift was blocked by RVM lidocaine. The data show that (1) opioids elicit pain through tonic activation of bulbospinal facilitation from the RVM, (2) increased pain decreases spinal opioid antinociceptive potency, and (3) blockade of pain restores antinociceptive potency, revealing no change in antinociceptive signal transduction. These studies offer a mechanism for paradoxical opioid-induced pain and allow the development of approaches by which the loss of analgesic activity of opioids might be inhibited.
Intensity-Based Registration for Lung Motion Estimation

Image registration plays an important role within pulmonary image analysis. The task of registration is to find the spatial mapping that brings two images into alignment. Registration algorithms designed for matching 4D lung scans or two 3D scans acquired at different inflation levels can catch the temporal changes in position and shape of the region of interest. Accurate registration is critical to post-analysis of lung mechanics and motion estimation. In this chapter, we discuss lung-specific adaptations of intensity-based registration methods for 3D/4D lung images and review approaches for assessing registration accuracy. Then we introduce methods for estimating tissue motion and studying lung mechanics. Finally, we discuss methods for assessing and quantifying specific volume change, specific ventilation, strain/ stretch information and lobar sliding.
Sexual satisfaction and quality of life in survivors of localized cervical and ovarian cancers following fertility-sparing surgery

Abstract Objective To determine if sexual satisfaction and sexual quality of life (QOL) are different in survivors of localized cervical and ovarian cancers who undergo fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) as compared with standard surgery. Methods 470 survivors of localized cervical and ovarian cancers diagnosed between the ages of 18–40 were recruited from the California Cancer Registry to complete a cross-sectional survey. Validated questionnaires were used to assess sexual satisfaction and sexual QOL. Results 228 women with localized cervical cancer and 125 with localized ovarian cancer completed the survey. In the cervical cancer group, 92 underwent FSS. Compared with the 84 women who did not undergo FSS (had a hysterectomy, but retained at least one ovary), there was no significant difference in sexual satisfaction or sexual QOL mean scores in women who maintained their uterus (cold-knife cone or trachelectomy), after controlling for age and menopausal status. 82 women with ovarian cancer underwent FSS. Compared with the 39 women that had a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, we found no significant differences in sexual satisfaction or sexual QOL in women who maintained at least one ovary (USO or cystectomy), after controlling for age and menopausal status. Conclusions While FSS may allow for post-treatment fertility, it may not confer a significant benefit with regard to sexual satisfaction or sexual QOL. Thus, the decision to perform FSS should not be dictated based on preservation of sexual functioning.
Fundamental role of C1q in autoimmunity and inflammation

C1q, historically viewed as the initiating component of the classical complement pathway, also exhibits a variety of complement-independent activities in both innate and acquired immunity. Recent studies focusing on C1q's suppressive role in the immune system have provided new insight into how abnormal C1q expression and bioactivity may contribute to autoimmunity. In particular, molecular networks involving C1q interactions with cell surface receptors and other ligands are emerging as mechanisms involved in C1q's modulation of immunity. Here, we discuss the role of C1q in controlling immune cell function, including recently elucidated mechanisms of action, and suggest how these processes are critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis under steady-state conditions and in preventing autoimmunity.
Making Interpersonal Meaning: Significant Others in Mind in Transference

The social cognitive process of transference may serve as a means of constructing interpersonal meaning. Support for this proposition is presented through a review of evidence on the relational self in transference, reframed in terms of meaning construction, as well as new investigations of the ways precise ways in which transference can serve this function. In the underlying theory, knowledge one has about each of the various significant others in one’s life is represented in memory and linked to a distinct relational self in memory by means of the relationship with that other. Significant-other knowledge can be activated in an interpersonal encounter and, when transference occurs, used to go beyond the information given about a new person and also influences affect, motivation, and self-regulation (Andersen & Glassman, 1996). Distinct relational selves also arise in transference depending on which significant other is triggered by the situation. These processes allow the individual to imbue the interpersonal encounter with personalized meaning. Further, recent evidence suggests that whole meaning systems shared with the significant other are constructed in that relationship and are thus evoked and pursued in the transference encounter.
A phantom context effect: visual phantoms enhance target visibility.

Moving visual phantoms may be considered an illusion in which a physically homogeneous region is perceptually segregated into figure (phantom) and ground (nonphantom) regions (Brown, 1985). The visibility of briefly flashed line segments within these identical physical regions was found to be influenced by whether or not the phantom illusion was visible. When no phantoms were seen, no difference in target visibility was evident. When phantoms were visible, target visibility was superior in phantom versus nonphantom regions of three different phantom displays. The processing of figure and ground has been hypothesized to involve specialized mechanisms in the visual pathways (Weisstein & Wong, 1986). The results suggest that the difference in visual processing sensitivity within physically defined figure and ground regions can also occur when the perceived organization is illusory.
Solving the reading crisis--take 2: the case for differentiated assessment.

Purpose The responses to my initial article (A. G. Kamhi, 2007) have raised serious questions about whether embracing the narrow view of reading is the best way to reduce the persistently high leve...
Dimensions of the brief psychiatric rating scale: An examination of stability during haloperidol treatment

The purpose of the study was to investigate invariance of the factor structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) during haloperidol treatment. Data were collected in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover treatment study examining the relationship between haloperidol plasma level and clinical outcome. Subjects were 173 acutely exacerbated, newly admitted patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses were performed at four time points: (1) last day of the preplacebo period; (2) last day of the placebo period; (3) end of the first treatment week; and (4) end of the treatment period. EFAs demonstrated (1) good reproducibility of commonly used BPRS factors at the preplacebo time point, (2) substantial changes in the factor structure during the placebo period, and (3) a reemergence of the initial (preplacebo) factor structure for most of the factors during haloperidol treatment. CFAs showed that traditional clinical factors were correlated with each other at all time points and that there were substantial changes in correlation among these factors over time. Our results suggest that longitudinal applications of traditional BPRS subscales should take factorial stability over time into consideration. Since many clinical trials use placebo data as a standard for longitudinal comparisons, further psychometric investigation is necessary to increase construct reliability and temporal stability.
Controls of riverine CO2 over an annual cycle determined using direct, high temporal resolution pCO2 measurements

[1] Autonomous CO2 sensors were deployed in the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA, to characterize the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) during an annual cycle. A total of 23,941 measurements were made spanning the period 2002–2006. These data were compiled into a composite data set covering ∼309 days, giving an unprecedented yearlong view of the carbon cycle dynamics of a riverine system. Seasonal pCO2 varied from a winter minimum of ∼100 μatm to a fall maximum of ∼900 μatm. The pCO2 changed by as much as 460 μatm during a diel period, much larger than the range of the seasonal mean, in contrast to most other aquatic ecosystems where seasonal variability dominates. The diel pCO2 amplitude was primarily controlled by the net ecosystem production (NEP) throughout the year, although heating/cooling and air-water exchange significantly altered the diel pCO2 (and pH) magnitude. Although infrequent, rain events contributed ∼21% to the cumulative short-term changes in inorganic carbon through CO2-enriched runoff. The seasonal cycle was controlled by temperature, NEP, and discharge. The Clark Fork River maintained pCO2 levels that were supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere for the majority of the year. River-to-atmosphere CO2 gas exchange was estimated to be between 4.7 and 7.1 mol C m−2 yr−1. The loss of CO2 to the atmosphere arises from net heterotrophy that averaged 13.8 mmol m−2 d−1. The time series also captured important episodic events including macrophyte sloughing that led to a pulse of respiration that represented 7% of the annual CO2 gas efflux and cloudy periods that occurred every 7–18 days that dramatically decreased the pCO2 through cooling.
The use of modified forms of peat as an oil coalescer

Abstract Dried Irish peat and sulfuric acid‐treated Michigan peat 08–35 u.s. mesh) are shown to be capable of effectively removing ∼90% of the oil in ∼250 ppm oil‐in‐water emulsions from a flow system at 25 ml/min. The coalescence capability of the peat samples in both distilled and synthetic sea water is comparable to that of XAD‐2 polystyrene beads. Cartridges of these granular materials could be alternatives to the fibrous material in bilge water filters for shipboard use. They would be less susceptible to plugging by suspended solids and the peat offers a further advantage of being very inexpensive due to its availability.
Confirmation of the presence of imine bonds in thermally cured polyimides

Model compounds for imines formed during the thermal curing of short chain polyimides have been synthesized and characterized. These compounds have imine bonds (CN) formed by the nucleophilic attack of primary amines on imide carbonyls. The CN stretching mode appears at 1649–1664 cm−1 in the Raman and infrared spectra of these compounds and the band assigned to the carbonyl mode in an imide ring with an imine bond appears near 1740 cm−1. These compounds have been prepared and characterized to verify the conclusions of a previously reported study in which bands observed in thermally cured short chain polyimides at 1656 and 1742 cm−1 were assigned as the CN and associated CO modes, respectively. It has also been confirmed that the CN stretching mode in the imide model compounds is inherently IR weak and can only be seen if the concentration of imine species is high. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diversity leadership under race-neutral policies in higher education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain insight about the experience of multicultural administrators who oversee bridge program designed to recruit and retain historically underrepresented students of color. The study was also designed to capture the experience of the multicultural administrator as well as what meaning they made of their role as a diversity leader, and the challenges they face as they try to meet diversity goals under the constraints of race neutrality. Design/methodology/approach – This is a descriptive qualitative multi-case study. In order to gain a better understanding of the experience of multicultural administrators as they try to enact diversity leadership under race-neutral policies a qualitative phenomenological multi-case designed was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with multicultural administrators from four institutions within a southern state of the USA. Findings – Data reveals that seeking to increase and foster diversity on predominantly white campuse...
Magnetic pinch in relation to the lightning stroke

The application of the snow plow approximation to the magnetic pinch effect in the return stroke of lightning is described. Results are presented for a constant electric field and for a measured stroke current. In general, the solutions indicate that the magnetic pinch effect is important for cases of high currents, small channel diameters, and low degrees of ionization.
Associations among Peer Relationships, Academic Achievement, and Persistence in College.

Developmental theory describes the central importance of peer relationships in the lives of young adults (e.g., Erikson, 1963). In this study we tested the importance of peer relationships to acade...
Randomized Comparison of Bipolar versus Unipolar Plus Bipolar Recordings During Segmental Ostial Ablation of Pulmonary Veins

Unipolar vs Bipolar Electrograms. Introduction: Segmental ostial ablation to isolate pulmonary veins is guided by pulmonary vein potentials. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the utility of unipolar plus bipolar electrograms versus only bipolar electrograms as a guide for segmental ablation to isolate the pulmonary veins in patients with atrial e brillation. Methods and Results: Isolation of the left superior, right superior, and left inferior pulmonary veins was attempted in 44 patients (35 men and 9 women; mean age 54 6 10 years) with paroxysmal atrial e brillation. A decapolar Lasso catheter was positioned in the pulmonary veins, near the ostium, and a conventional ablation catheter was used for segmental ablation aimed at elimination of all pulmonary vein potentials. One hundred fourteen pulmonary veins were randomly assigned for ostial ablation guided by either bipolar or unipolar plus bipolar recordings. Electrical isolation was achieved in 51 (96%) of 53 pulmonary veins randomized to the bipolar approach, and 57 (93%) of 61 pulmonary veins randomized to the unipolar plus bipolar approach (P 5 0.7). In the unipolar plus bipolar group, the total duration of radiofrequency energy needed to achieve isolation, 5.5 6 2.8 minutes/vein, was signie cant shorter than in the bipolar group, 7.6 6 4.1 minutes/vein (P < 0.01). Mean procedure and e uoroscopy durations per vein were 19% to 28% shorter in the unipolar plus bipolar group. Conclusion: Segmental ostial ablation to isolate the pulmonary veins can be achieved more efe ciently and with less radiofrequency energy when guided by both unipolar and bipolar recordings than by bipolar
Isolation of saccharides in dairy and soy products by solid-phase extraction coupled with analysis by ligand-exchange chromatography

The present study reports an improved method to quickly and reproducibly isolate the saccharides from a variety of dairy and soy products utilizing reversed-phase solid-phase extraction to quantitatively remove fats, fatty acids, and lipids followed by desalination and deproteinization by ion-exchange solid-phase extraction with no loss of saccharides during extraction. Analysis of the isolated saccharides was performed by ligand-exchange HPLC. The method presented requires no prolonged heating (thus protecting the saccharides from hydrolysis or isomerization), uses benign reagents, and realizes a significant time savings over existing methods. The isolation and analysis of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose and fructose), disaccharides (lactose and sucrose), and polysaccharides (raffinose and stachyose) from dairy products (whole, reduced fat, and lactose-free milk and yogurt), infant formula (powdered and premixed), and soy beverages were studied in this investigation with recoveries ranging from 88% to 110% in all products studied. We also applied the method to quickly discriminate authentic soy milk from a soy beverage, branded as soy milk.
Song environment affects singing effort and vasotocin immunoreactivity in the forebrain of male Lincoln's sparrows

Male songbirds often establish territories and attract mates by singing, and some song features can reflect the singer's condition or quality. The quality of the song environment can change, so male songbirds should benefit from assessing the competitiveness of the song environment and appropriately adjusting their own singing behavior and the neural substrates by which song is controlled. In a wide range of taxa, social modulation of behavior is partly mediated by the arginine vasopressin or vasotocin (AVP/AVT) systems. To examine the modulation of singing behavior in response to the quality of the song environment, we compared the song output of laboratory-housed male Lincoln's sparrows (Melospiza lincolnii) exposed to 1 week of chronic playback of songs categorized as either high or low quality, based on song length, complexity, and trill performance. To explore the neural basis of any facultative shifts in behavior, we also quantified the subjects' AVT immunoreactivity (AVT-IR) in three forebrain regions that regulate sociosexual behavior: the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTm), the lateral septum (LS), and the preoptic area. We found that high-quality songs increased singing effort and reduced AVT-IR in the BSTm and LS, relative to low-quality songs. The effect of the quality of the song environment on both singing effort and forebrain AVT-IR raises the hypothesis that AVT within these brain regions plays a role in the modulation of behavior in response to competition that individual males may assess from the prevailing song environment.
Characteristics of Individuals Who Do or Do Not Seek Treatment for Chronic Insomnia

Survey data have shown that a minority of people who complain of insomnia receive medical treatment for this problem. Patients who seek treatment for insomnia at medical clinics and sleep disorders centers are a self-selected group who may not be representative of all individuals with insomnia. Fifty patients presenting to a sleep disorders center with an insomnia complaint were compared to 50 subjects with insomnia recruited through the newspaper for psychopharmacological studies. No differences in sleep parameters were found, but significant differences on psychometric measures and in daytime alertness were present. The implications of these differences are discussed.
Baldesar Castiglione, Thomas Wilson, and the Courtly Body of Renaissance Rhetoric

Abstract: Historically, the Renaissance marks a transformation in wfiich the elite classes come to define themselves by their aesthetic refinement, taste, and good manners. Accompanying this change is a special vision of the human body which is distinguished from that of artisans and peasants. This opposition has been described by Bakhtin as one between the classical body and the grotesque one, and it appears in the most unportant book for the Renaissance redefinition of the upper classes, Castiglione9s II libro del cortegiano. Castiglione9s view of the body actually derives from the rhetorical tradition of antiquity, in particular from Quintilian and Cicero9s De oratore . A similar view appears in the works of Renaissance rhetoricians and can usefully be illustrated by analysis of Thomas Wilson9s The Arte of Rhetorique (1553), although the latter also retains a vision of the grotesque body as a result of the ambiguous social position of its author.
Thromboxane inhibitors attenuate pathological changes in alcoholic liver disease in the rat

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Thromboxane levels correlate with severity of liver injury in rats given alcohol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thromboxane inhibitors on pathological changes in experimental alcoholic liver disease. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were given a liquid diet and ethanol intragastrically for 1 month. The thromboxane inhibitors tested were a thromboxane receptor antagonist (TXRA) and a thromboxane synthase inhibitor (TXSI). Pathological changes, liver and plasma thromboxane levels, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha levels, lipid peroxidation, and messenger RNA levels for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta were evaluated. RESULTS: Treatment with thromboxane inhibitors prevented necrosis and inflammation. In the TXSI-treated group, fatty liver was also decreased. Ethanol administration led to a 3-4-fold increase in liver thromboxane levels; a reduction in thromboxane levels and lipid peroxidation was seen in the TXSI group. In all treatment groups, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta messenger RNA levels were decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention of necroinflammatory changes in thromboxane- treated groups is related to a decrease in TNF-alpha levels. Inhibition of TGF-beta expression may also prevent fibrosis in ethanol-treated rats. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jan;112(1):200-7)
Synthesis and characterization of a fluxional Re(I) carbonyl complex fac-[Re(CO)3(dpop′)Cl] with the nominally tri-dentate ligand dipyrido(2,3-a:3′,2′-j)phenazine (dpop′)

Abstract A new Re(I) carbonyl complex [Re(CO)3(dpop′)Cl] with nominally N-donor tri-dentate heterocyclic ligand dipyrido(2,3-a:3′,2′-j)phenazine (dpop′) was prepared and characterized. The ligand complexes in a bi-dentate mode undergoing fluxional behavior in room temperature solution. VT NMR results show ΔG‡ of 61.1 kJ mol−1 for [Re(CO)3(dpop′)Cl] is smaller than for comparable tpy related complexes. The electronic absorption spectrum shows solvent dependent MLCT energies at 483 and 368 nm in dichloromethane. A single irreversible Re centered oxidation at +1.29 V and a semi-reversible dpop′ centered reduction at −0.71 V are observed by cyclicvoltammetry. Electrolysis of [Re(CO)3(dpop′)Cl] at −1.0 V produces complete loss of dpop′ from the metal.
Investigating the neural mechanisms of aware and unaware fear memory with FMRI.

Pavlovian fear conditioning is often used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans to investigate the neural substrates of associative learning 1-5. In these studies, it is important to provide behavioral evidence of conditioning to verify that differences in brain activity are learning-related and correlated with human behavior. Fear conditioning studies often monitor autonomic responses (e.g. skin conductance response; SCR) as an index of learning and memory 6-8. In addition, other behavioral measures can provide valuable information about the learning process and/or other cognitive functions that influence conditioning. For example, the impact unconditioned stimulus (UCS) expectancies have on the expression of the conditioned response (CR) and unconditioned response (UCR) has been a topic of interest in several recent studies 9-14. SCR and UCS expectancy measures have recently been used in conjunction with fMRI to investigate the neural substrates of aware and unaware fear learning and memory processes 15. Although these cognitive processes can be evaluated to some degree following the conditioning session, post-conditioning assessments cannot measure expectations on a trial-to-trial basis and are susceptible to interference and forgetting, as well as other factors that may distort results 16,17 . Monitoring autonomic and behavioral responses simultaneously with fMRI provides a mechanism by which the neural substrates that mediate complex relationships between cognitive processes and behavioral/autonomic responses can be assessed. However, monitoring autonomic and behavioral responses in the MRI environment poses a number of practical problems. Specifically, 1) standard behavioral and physiological monitoring equipment is constructed of ferrous material that cannot be safely used near the MRI scanner, 2) when this equipment is placed outside of the MRI scanning chamber, the cables projecting to the subject can carry RF noise that produces artifacts in brain images, 3) artifacts can be produced within the skin conductance signal by switching gradients during scanning, 4) the fMRI signal produced by the motor demands of behavioral responses may need to be distinguished from activity related to the cognitive processes of interest. Each of these issues can be resolved with modifications to the setup of physiological monitoring equipment and additional data analysis procedures. Here we present a methodology to simultaneously monitor autonomic and behavioral responses during fMRI, and demonstrate the use of these methods to investigate aware and unaware memory processes during fear conditioning.
Hemostatic properties of the free-electron laser

Abstract We have investigated the hemostatic properties of the free-electron laser (FEL) and compared these properties to the most commonly used commercial lasers in neurosurgery, CO 2 and Nd:YAG, using an acute canine model. Arterial and venous vessels, of varying diameters from 0.1 to 1.0 mm, were divided with all three lasers. Analysis of five wavelengths of the FEL (3.0, 4.5, 6.1, 6.45, and 7.7 microns) resulted in bleeding without evidence of significant coagulation, regardless of whether the vessel was an artery or vein. Hemorrhage from vessels less than 0.4 mm diameter was subsequently easily controlled with Gelfoam® (topical hemostatic agent) alone, whereas larger vessels required bipolar electrocautery. No significant charring, or contraction of the surrounding parenchyma was noted with any of the wavelengths chosen from FEL source. The CO 2 laser, in continuous mode, easily coagulated vessels with diameters of 4 mm and less, while larger vessels displayed significant bleeding requiring bipolar electrocautery for control. Tissue charring was noted with application of the CO 2 laser. In super pulse mode, the CO 2 laser exhibited similar properties, including significant charring of the surrounding parenchyma. The Nd:YAG coagulated all vessels tested up to 1.4 mm, which was the largest diameter cortical artery found, however this laser displayed significant and extensive contraction and retraction of the surrounding parenchyma. In conclusion, the FEL appears to be a poor hemostatic agent. Our results did not show any benefit of the FEL over current conventional means of achieving hemostasis. However, control of hemorrhage was easily achieved with currently used methods of hemostasis, namely Gelfoam® or bipolar electrocuatery. Although only cortical vessels in dogs were tested, we feel this data can be applied to all animals, including humans, and the peripheral, as well as central, vasculature, as our data on the CO 2 and Nd:YAG appear to closely support previous reports of hemostasis of these two lasers obtained in other models.
Pseudo-regular oscillations induced by external noise

An examination of the effect of noise on a general system at a saddle-node bifurcation has revealed that, in the limit of weak noise, the probability density of the time to pass through the saddle-node has a universal shape, the specific kinetics of the particular system serving only to set the time scale. This probability density is displayed and its salient features are explicated. In the case of a saddle-node bifurcation leading to relaxation oscillations, this analysis leads to the prediction of the existence of noise-induced oscillations which appear much less random than might at first be expected. The period of these oscillations has a well-defined, nonzero most probable value, the inverse of which is a noise-induced frequency. This frequency can be detected as a peak in power spectra from numerical simulations of such a system. This is the first case of the prediction and detection of a noise-induced frequency of which the authors are aware.
The evolution of mating systems in tropical reef corals

The life histories of tropical reef corals (Scleractinia) include two traits that can strongly bias mating systems towards inbreeding: (1) most species express both sexes simultaneously, creating the potential for self-fertilization; and (2) there is philopatric dispersal of planktonic or demersal larvae. Recent studies have confirmed that all hermaphrodite species with broad dispersal potential are either completely, or almost completely, self-incompatible. By contrast, species with limited dispersal potential have high, but variable, rates of self-fertilization. This interspecific variation in coral mating systems is similar to that found in terrestrial plants. Understanding the selective forces that drive mating-system variation in marine environments will undoubtedly broaden our understanding of the evolution of inbreeding and outbreeding in sessile plants and animals.
Equitable allocation of livers for orthotopic transplantation: an application of the analytic hierarchy process

Abstract This paper discusses the use of the Nalytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to develop a rating system allocation of cadaver livers for orthotopic transplantation. Five major criteria for comparison were established, defined, and rated relative to one another: logistic considerations, tissue compatibility, waiting time, financial considerations, and medical status. Subcriteria were also established and rated to one another in relative terms. Patients that met appropriate inclusion screening criteria. Final weighing selection by assigning the appropriate rating to subcriteria in the major selection criteria. Final weighing can be used to develop an alternative to the rigid computerized multifactorial point system that now exists. This paper is meant to demonstrate the utility of the AHP process in complex medical decision making, rather than to necessarily document a final allocation system.