cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Interactive Classroom Activities to Teach Economic Freedom to Students of Various Learning Styles

I created eight lessons exploring economic freedom, designed with student-centered learning in mind. Seven of the eight lessons are interactive, and six of those seven involve students working together in collaborative groups. Multiple lessons involve physical activity, two of which (Lesson 2 and Lesson 6) involve students running around the classroom during the lesson. The interactive activities are perfectly suited for the flipped classroom or flipped learning. These lessons can also be implemented in a traditional style classroom, if an instructor wants to break up their lecture with an interactive activity. These lessons are designed for high school and undergraduate students, and provide an educator with ready-to-use activities to use within their classroom to teach their students about various aspects of economic freedom. Each lesson has a theme, description, learning outcomes, procedure, a final thought, and a glossary. The lessons also include any necessary handouts such as readings or signs, student directions, team answer sheets, answer keys, visuals, and any other resources needed for the activity. These thorough materials will significantly reduce the amount of time it takes an instructor to prepare and implement the lessons in their classroom. I have received positive verbal and written feedback from educators in the USA and Canada, as well as from my own Honors Principles of Macroeconomics and Honors Principles of Microeconomics students at Florida State University.
Ultra-Long-Haul DWDM network with 320&#215;320 wavelength-port "Broadcast a Select" OXCs

We report on a network experiment using 320times320 lambda-port "Broadcast & Select" optical cross-connects (OXC). 80times10.7 Gb/s NRZ transmission over 4160 km of all-Raman amplified dispersion-managed fiber (52times80 km spans) and 13 concatenated OXCs is demonstrated. The impact of a large number of crosstalk terms is studied
Synthesis, characterization and C–H amination reactivity of nickel iminyl complexes

Metalation of the deprotonated dipyrrin (AdFL)Li with NiCl2(py)2 afforded the divalent Ni product (AdFL)NiCl(py)2 (1) (AdFL: 1,9-di(1-adamantyl)-5-perfluorophenyldipyrrin; py: pyridine). To generate a reactive synthon on which to explore oxidative group transfer, we used potassium graphite to reduce 1, affording the monovalent Ni synthon (AdFL)Ni(py) (2) and concomitant production of a stoichiometric equivalent of KCl and pyridine. Slow addition of mesityl- or 1-adamantylazide in benzene to 2 afforded the oxidized Ni complexes (AdFL)Ni(NMes) (3) and (AdFL)Ni(NAd) (4), respectively. Both 3 and 4 were characterized by multinuclear NMR, EPR, magnetometry, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, theoretical calculations, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies to provide a detailed electronic structure picture of the nitrenoid adducts. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) on the Ni reveals higher energy Ni 1s → 3d transitions (3: 8333.2 eV; 4: 8333.4 eV) than NiI or unambiguous NiII analogues. N K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy performed on 3 and 4 reveals a common low-energy absorption present only for 3 and 4 (395.4 eV) that was assigned via TDDFT as an N 1s promotion into a predominantly N-localized, singly occupied orbital, akin to metal-supported iminyl complexes reported for iron. On the continuum of imido (i.e., NR2−) to iminyl (i.e., 2NR−) formulations, the complexes are best described as NiII-bound iminyl species given the N K-edge and TDDFT results. Given the open-shell configuration (S = 1/2) of the iminyl adducts, we then examined their propensity to undergo nitrenoid-group transfer to organic substrates. The adamantyl complex 4 readily consumes 1,4-cyclohexadiene (CHD) via H-atom abstraction to afford the amide (AdFL)Ni(NHAd) (5), whereas no reaction was observed upon treatment of the mesityl variant 3 with excess amount of CHD over 3 hours. Toluene can be functionalized by 4 at room temperature, exclusively affording the N-1-adamantyl-benzylidene (6). Slow addition of the organoazide substrate (4-azidobutyl)benzene (7) with 2 exclusively forms 4-phenylbutanenitrile (8) as opposed to an intramolecular cyclized pyrrolidine, resulting from facile β-H elimination outcompeting H-atom abstraction from the benzylic position, followed by rapid H2-elimination from the intermediate Ni hydride ketimide intermediate.
24-Year trends in educational inequalities in adult smoking prevalence in the context of a national tobacco control program: The case of Brazil.

Abstract Brazil was a low and middle-income country (LMIC) in the late-1980s when it implemented a robust national tobacco-control program (NTCP) amidst rapid gains in national incomes and gender equality. We assessed changes in smoking prevalence between 1989 and 2013 by education level and related these changes to trends in educational inequalities in smoking. Data were from four nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (1989, n = 25,298; 2003 n = 3845; 2008 n = 28,938; 2013 n = 47,440, ages 25–69 years). We estimated absolute (slope index of inequality, SII) and relative (relative index of inequality, RII) educational inequalities in smoking prevalence, separately for males and females. Additional analyses stratified by birth-cohort to assess generational differences. Smoking declined significantly between 1989 and 2013 in all education groups but declines among females were steeper in higher-educated groups. Consequently, both absolute and relative educational inequalities in female smoking widened threefold between 1989 and 2013 (RII: 1.31 to 3.60, SII: 5.3 to 15.0), but absolute inequalities in female smoking widened mainly until 2003 (SII: 15.8). Conversely, among males, declines were steeper in higher-educated groups only in relative terms. Thus, relative educational inequalities in male smoking widened between 1989 and 2013 (RII: 1.58 to 3.19) but mainly until 2008 (3.22), whereas absolute equalities in male smoking were unchanged over the 24-year period (1989: 21.1 vs. 2013: 23.2). Younger-cohorts (born ≥1965) had wider relative inequalities in smoking vs. older-cohorts at comparable ages, particularly in the youngest female-cohorts (born 1979–1988). Our results suggest that younger lower-SES groups, especially females, may be particularly vulnerable to differentially higher smoking uptake in LMICs that implement population tobacco-control efforts amidst rapid societal gains.
The Impact of Proximal Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Acetaminophen Absorption and Metabolism

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBS), a surgery that creates a smaller stomach pouch and reduces the length of small intestine, is one of the most common medical interventions for the treatment of obesity. Aim The aim of this study was to determine how RYGBS affects the absorption and metabolism of acetaminophen. Materials and methods Ten morbidly obese patients received 1.5 g of liquid acetaminophen (APAP) orally on three separate pharmacokinetic study days (i.e., pre-RYGBS baseline and 3 and 12 months post-RYGBS). Plasma was collected at pre-specified timepoints over 24 hours, and the samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for APAP, APAPglucuronide (APAP-gluc), APAP-sulfate (APAP-sulf), APAP-cysteine (APAP-cys), and APAP-Nacetylcysteine (APAP-nac). Result Following RYGBS, peak APAP concentrations at the 3-month and 12-month visits increased by 2.0-fold compared to baseline (p=0.0039 and p=0.0078, respectively) and the median time to peak concentration decreased from 35 to 10 minutes. In contrast, peak concentrations of APAP-gluc, APAP-sulf, APAP-cys, and APAP-nac were unchanged following RYGBS. The apparent oral clearance of APAP and the ratios of metabolite area under the curve (AUC)-to-APAP AUC for all four metabolites decreased at 3 and 12 months post-RYGBS compared to the presurgical baseline. In a simulation of expected steady-state plasma concentrations following multiple dosing of 650 mg APAP every 4 hours, post-RYGBS patients had higher steady-state peak APAP concentrations compared to healthy individuals and obese pre-RYGBS patients, though APAP exposure was unchanged compared to healthy individuals. Conclusion Following RYGBS, the rate and extent of APAP absorption increased and decreased formation of APAP metabolites was observed, possibly due to downregulation of Phase II and cytochrome P450 2E1 enzymes.
Percepción estudiantil del uso del video como herramienta de retroalimentación a distancia: estudio piloto

espanolIntroduccion. Se realizo una intervencion consistente en la revision de una actividad formativa a traves de video. Sujetos y metodos. Se diseno un estudio mixto, que busco analizar la percepcion de los estudiantes a traves de un instru-mento breve donde posteriormente se realizo un analisis mixto. Resultados. Se encontro una percepcion favorable de los estudiantes con bastantes potencialidades, aunque los estudiantes siguen valorando las retroalimentaciones presenciales. Conclusion. La retroalimentacion por video es una buena alternativa a la modalidad presencial. EnglishIntroduction. The procedure involved the creation of a feedback video of an educational activity. Subjects and methods. A mixed methods research was designed. The main focus of the study was to analyze the students’ perception of the use of a video to provide feedback by answering a brief questionnaire. Results. The students’ perception of a video as a feedback learning tool was positive showing a lot of potential. However, the students still value the use of face-to-face feedback. Conclusion. Video feedback is a positive alternative to the face-to-face method.
Placial Justice: Restoring Rehabilitation and Correctional Legitimacy Through Architectural Design:

Efforts to reduce the correction population have taken many forms across the United States, with the redesign of correctional edifices being met with mixed support from stakeholders. Building from ...
Persistent and emerging hazards contributing to work‐related fatalities in Alaska

Background Workers in Alaska have an elevated risk of dying on the job compared to workers in the rest of the United States. The purpose of this study was to measure and describe the trend in fatalities during the 15-year period 2004 to 2018, and to identify lingering and emerging hazards that result in fatalities. Methods Data on fatal work-related injuries in Alaska during 2004 to 2018 were obtained from the Alaska Occupational Injury Surveillance System. Descriptive statistics were calculated to identify fatality characteristics. Fatality rates were expressed as the number of deaths per 100 000 workers, and Poisson regression was used to measure the trend during the study period. Results During 2004 to 2018, there were 517 work-related fatalities in Alaska. The average annual risk of fatalities during the 15-year period was 9.6 per 100 000 workers, with no significant trend. The leading events or exposures resulting in fatal injuries to workers in Alaska during 2004 to 2018 were water vehicle incidents (145, 28.0%), aircraft incidents (105, 20.3%), and suicides (46, 8.9%). The number of suicides and homicides at work increased substantially during the 15-year period. Conclusions While deaths due to water vehicle incidents have substantially decreased, they still represent a major component of Alaska's work-related fatality profile. Aviation safety continues to be an area of concern in Alaska. Unintentional drug overdoses at work, as well as workplace violence in the form of suicides and homicides, represent emerging issues that need the attention of Alaskan occupational safety stakeholders. These findings can inform and direct fatality prevention research and practice.
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells exhibit unique features characterized by robust helper function, lack of terminal differentiation, and high proliferative potential

Convalescing COVID-19 patients mount robust T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting an important role for T cells in viral clearance. To date, the phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells remain poorly defined. Using 38-parameter CyTOF, we phenotyped longitudinal specimens of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from four individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells were exclusively Th1 cells, and predominantly Tcm with phenotypic features of robust helper function. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly atypical Temra cells in a state of less terminal differentiation and therefore capable of expansion. Subsets of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells exhibit features of being long-lived and capable of homeostatic proliferation consistent with their persistence for over two months. Our results suggest that long-lived and robust T cell immunity is generated following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and support an important role for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in host control of COVID-19.
Role of ultraviolet mutational signature versus tumor mutation burden in predicting response to immunotherapy

Hydrophobic neoantigens are more immunogenic because they are better presented by the major histocompatibility complex and better recognized by T cells. Tumor cells can evade the immune response by expressing checkpoints such as programmed death ligand 1. Checkpoint blockade reactivates immune recognition and can be effective in diseases such as melanoma, which harbors a high tumor mutational burden (TMB). Cancers presenting low or intermediate TMB can also respond to checkpoint blockade, albeit less frequently, suggesting the need for biological markers predicting response. We calculated the hydrophobicity of neopeptides produced by probabilistic in silico simulation of the genomic UV exposure mutational signature. We also computed the hydrophobicity of potential neopeptides and extent of UV exposure based on the UV mutational signature enrichment (UVMSE) score in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; N = 3543 tumors), and in our cohort of 151 immunotherapy-treated patients. In silico simulation showed that UV exposure significantly increased hydrophobicity of neopeptides, especially over multiple mutagenic cycles. There was also a strong correlation (R2 = 0.953) between weighted UVMSE and hydrophobicity of neopeptides in TCGA melanoma patients. Importantly, UVMSE was able to predict better response (P = 0.0026), progression-free survival (P = 0.036), and overall survival (P = 0.052) after immunotherapy in patients with low/intermediate TMB, but not in patients with high TMB. We show that higher UVMSE scores could be a useful predictor of better immunotherapy outcome, especially in patients with low/intermediate TMB, likely due to increased hydrophobicity (and hence immunogenicity) of neopeptides.
A deep learning methodology for improved breast cancer diagnosis using multiparametric MRI.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has been shown to improve radiologists’ performance in the clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. This machine learning study develops a deep transfer learning computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) methodology to diagnose breast cancer using mpMRI. The retrospective study included clinical MR images of 927 unique lesions from 616 women. Each MR study included a dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI sequence and a T2-weighted (T2w) MRI sequence. A pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to extract features from the DCE and T2w sequences, and support vector machine classifiers were trained on the CNN features to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Three methods that integrate the sequences at different levels (image fusion, feature fusion, and classifier fusion) were investigated. Classification performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and compared using the DeLong test. The single-sequence classifiers yielded areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) [95% confidence intervals] of AUCDCE = 0.85 [0.82, 0.88] and AUCT2w = 0.78 [0.75, 0.81]. The multiparametric schemes yielded AUCImageFusion = 0.85 [0.82, 0.88], AUCFeatureFusion = 0.87 [0.84, 0.89], and AUCClassifierFusion = 0.86 [0.83, 0.88]. The feature fusion method statistically significantly outperformed using DCE alone (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the proposed deep transfer learning CADx method for mpMRI may improve diagnostic performance by reducing the false positive rate and improving the positive predictive value in breast imaging interpretation.
Obesity and the Risk of Intubation or Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Objectives To characterize the impact of obesity on disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Design This was a retrospective cohort study designed to evaluate the association between body mass index and risk of severe disease in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Data were abstracted from the electronic health record. The primary endpoint was a composite of intubation or death. Setting Two hospitals in Massachusetts (one quaternary referral center and one affiliated community hospital). Patients Consecutive patients hospitalized with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 admitted between March 13, 2020, and April 3, 2020. Interventions None. Measurements and main results A total of 305 patients were included in this study. We stratified patients by body mass index category: Conclusions Among consecutive patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019, obesity was an independent risk factor for intubation or death.
Gudrun's Kitchen: Recipes from a Norwegian Family

Review of: "Gudrun's Kitchen: Recipes from a Norwegian Family," by Ingeborg Hydle Baugh, Irene O. Sandvold, Edward O. Sandvold, and Quinn E. Sandvold.
Factors Affecting Adherence to Recommendations for Additional Imaging of Incidental Findings in Radiology Reports.

Abstract Objective To determine the rate at which recommendations for additional imaging (RAIs) of incidental findings on CT are adhered to at a tertiary-care medical center and what factors influence adherence. Methods We used a radiology clinical informatics tool (mPower, Nuance Communications Inc, Burlington, Massachusetts) to identify RAIs in reports from all CT examinations performed at a tertiary-care medical center during a 6-month period. For those studies in which the RAI was for incidental findings, we reviewed the patients’ charts to determine if there was appropriate follow-up of the lesion in question. Results The overall rate of adherence to RAIs was 39.1%, and in patients with a same-institution primary care provider (PCP), 56.8% (P Discussion The rate of adherence to recommendations for additional imaging of incidental findings was 39.1% in this study and higher for patients with a same-institution PCP, studies ordered in the outpatient setting, and in studies ordered by PCPs.
Speed Kills: Advancement in Th17 Cell Adoptive Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors.

IL6 is targeted as part of treatment in adoptive cell therapy (ACT) because of its protumor effects and its role in the cytokine release syndrome. However, another major role of IL6 is to polarize naive CD4+ T cells from Tregs to Th17 cells. While Th17 T cells are associated with autoimmunity, they are present around many different solid tumor cancers and their role in tumor microenvironments is unclear. In this issue of Cancer Research, Knochelmann and colleagues show that Th17 cells with less in vitro expansion in IL6-driven Th17 ACT provide greater solid tumor control and robust immune memory, highlighting advancement in the field of ACT application to solid tumor immunotherapy. See related article by Knochelmann et al., p. 3920
Determinants of Occupational Segregation across Race and Gender: Evidence from Sourcing, Screening, and Hiring in IT Firms

We study the determinants of the underrepresentation of women and racial minorities in tech within the hiring context. Despite the precipitous rise in the use of professional networking platforms for sourcing passive candidates, the hiring literature has largely focused on the screening interface -- who applies to what jobs; who receives an interview once they apply. In this paper, we broaden this focus by studying demand-side choices (i.e. choices of the worker) and supply-side choices (i.e. choices of the employer) in both screening and sourcing interfaces of hiring; and how these choices contribute to the underrepresentation of women and racial minorities in tech. We address this question using two novel, large-scale datasets: Applicant Tracking System data from 8 tech firms containing nearly 900k candidates, and a LinkedIn dataset containing 318 million public LinkedIn profiles. Using matched sample analyses and controlling for a rich set of job and applicant attributes found in candidate's resumes and LinkedIn profiles, we find evidence suggesting that the underrepresentation of women in technical jobs is primarily driven by supply-side choices (i.e. choices of the worker) rather than demand-side choices (i.e. choices of the employer) within the hiring interface. In contrast, the underrepresentation of Black and Hispanic workers in technical jobs is primarily driven by demand-side choices rather than supply-side choices. We find that women are less likely to apply to technical jobs, but those that do are more like to receive a callback and get hired. Passive female candidates are also more likely to be sourced on LinkedIn and invited for a phone screen. On the other hand, Black and Hispanic applicants are roughly equally likely to apply to technical jobs compared to White applicants but those that apply are less likely to receive a callback, interview, and offer. Among passive candidates that are sourced on LinkedIn, Black and Hispanic candidates are more like to accept an invitation for a phone screen and are less likely to withdraw. These results highlight how different mechanisms contribute differently to gender and racial underrepresentation in tech.
Engineering living building materials for enhanced bacterial viability and mechanical properties.

Summary Living building materials (LBMs) utilize microorganisms to produce construction materials that exhibit mechanical and biological properties. A hydrogel-based LBM containing bacteria capable of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) was recently developed. Here, LBM design factors, i.e., gel/sand ratio, inclusion of trehalose, and MICP pathways, are evaluated. The results show that non-saturated LBM (gel/sand = 0.13) and gel-saturated LBM (gel/sand = 0.30) underwent distinct failure modes. The inclusion of trehalose maintains bacterial viability under ambient conditions with low relative humidity, without affecting mechanical properties of the LBM. Comparison of biotic and abiotic LBM shows that MICP efficiency in this material is subject to the pathway selected: the LBM with heterotrophic ureolytic Escherichia coli demonstrated the most mechanical enhancement from the abiotic controls, compared with either ureolytic or CO2-concentrating mechanisms from Synechococcus. The study shows that tailoring of LBM properties can be accomplished in a manner that considers both LBM microstructure and MICP pathways.
Colored Problems in Graphs

This paper introduces the concept of colored problems for graph parameters. Specifically, assume that we have a partition {S1, S2,…, St} of vertex set V(G). One seeks to optimize the order of a set...
Anticompetitive Effects and Market Definition in Platform (and Non-Platform) Markets

Market definition is a highly contested topic in antitrust. Courts’ approaches to market definition are admittedly flawed, and the case originating modern market definition, the Cellophane case, is best known in antitrust circles as the name of an economic blunder: the “Cellophane fallacy.” Yet market definition finds itself center-stage in antitrust regulation of modern platform markets and was the central issue in the Supreme Court’s first case explicitly addressing platforms, Ohio v. American Express. Justice Breyer’s dissent in that case went beyond challenging the majority’s market definition to challenge the need to engage in market definition at all. He argued that market definition was unnecessary because the district court had found actual anticompetitive effects. That notion has found purchase in both scholarship and legislative proposals that would eliminate market definition in antitrust cases if the plaintiff can show anticompetitive effects. This paper interrogates both modern criticisms of market definition and Justice Breyer’s assertion that market definition is not necessary if a court finds anticompetitive effects through direct evidence. That claim is mistaken on both economic and normative grounds. As an economic matter, the price increases the court observed in American Express are not probative of anticompetitive effect absent an understanding of their effects on the broader market, which cannot be determined without a market definition. American Express (and platform markets) present a particularly strong case against relying on market observations to infer anticompetitive effects, but the point holds for non-platform markets as well. As a normative matter, Justice Breyer’s presumption ignores that, in order to determine whether a particular practice is “anticompetitive,” it is necessary to define what are and are not legitimate sources of market power. A similar error is present in most criticisms of market definition. Market definition is usually performed in service of measuring market power, and most criticisms relate to its accuracy in doing so. But market definition not only measures market power, it characterizes it. As informed by the content of antitrust law, market definition distinguishes between permissible and impermissible accumulations of market power. Instead of something to be avoided because of its economic fallibility, market definition should be embraced as a way to give meaning to antitrust inquiries. Debates over market definition have been had largely along economic lines, but the market definition inquiry is inherently normative. That has always been the case. Donald Turner’s original identification of the Cellophane fallacy was based not on abstract economics but on his views on what the antitrust law should permit. Recognizing market definition as a step in both identifying and defining legitimate forms of competition resituates market definition from being a step in an algorithm to informing the competition that antitrust law seeks to protect.
Enhancing the Value of Solar Electricity as Solar and Storage Penetrations

Increasing the penetration of photovoltaics (PV) reduces the marginal grid value of PV electricity. Various strategies have been proposed for preserving this value. We analyze the net value (accounting for both cost and grid value) of these strategies in the United States. We find that established and emerging strategies designed to shift the timing of standalone PV generation at the expense of total generation—including orienting monofacial PV modules west or bifacial modules vertically—result in minor net-value benefits or penalties. Adding energy storage to such systems magnifies the net-value loss, because configurations that change the timing of PV production become redundant when the energy-shifting capabilities of storage are added. The largest net-value gains come from strategies that maximize generation (solar tracking plus oversized PV arrays) in conjunction with storage, especially at high PV penetrations. PV systems are long-lived assets. Our results suggest that efforts to promote generation-maximizing strategies today may yield increasing netvalue benefits as U.S. PV and storage deployments continue to accelerate over the coming decades.
Prospective Trial of Hydrogel Visualization and Dosimetric Effects on Rectum and Tumor Dose in Gynecologic Brachytherapy.

Purpose/Objective(s) Polyethylene glycol hydrogel has increasingly been used in brachytherapy for organ-at-risk sparing. This study evaluated visualization and dosimetry with hydrogel in gynecologic brachytherapy. Materials/Methods Women with gynecologic cancer received hydrogel injection prior to brachytherapy on a prospective clinical trial. Two researchers rated the appearance immediately after hydrogel injection and measured volume at initial injection, and at 3 and 6 months follow-up on T2w MRI. Visualization was rated as: (1) not visualized; (2) faint or trace visibility (shadow or haze); (3) visible but indistinct borders (definable entity, not just haze); (4) partially distinct border, partial haze; and (5) clearly visualized, unequivocal. Cohen's Kappa statistic assessed interobserver variability. For patients that had spacer injected during the second implant of brachytherapy, EQD2 rectal D2cc and CTVHR D90 absolute and ratio values were calculated between the first and second implants to determine the difference in dose to tumor after placement of hydrogel. A paired t-test was performed. Results 28 women were enrolled and had an average patient age of 57.2 years (38-77). Brachytherapy applicators used in treatment included the Syed (33.3%, n = 9), Tandem and Ring (29.6%, n = 8), and Syed and Tandem (37.04%, n = 11). Diagnoses included cervical cancer (57.1%, n = 16), vaginal (23.4%, n = 6), endometrial (17.9%, n = 5), and urethral cancer (3.6%, n = 1). The average rating of hydrogel amount was 3.4/5, and did not differ by type of applicator used or by diagnosis. Inter-rater reliability (kappa statistic) for the 2 readers on the 5-point scale was 0.37. Average hydrogel volumes on 3 and 6 month T2 MRIs were 69.3 ± 53.4% and 43.7 ± 34.2%, relative to day of injection. Five patients had spacer placed at the time of the second fraction, and when compared to the first fraction, the EQD2 CTVHR D90 increase (per fraction) was 1.43 Gy10 (P = 0.006) and the average reduction in rectum EQD2 D2cc dose to the rectum was 0.39 Gy3 (P = 0.34) per fraction. The rectum EQD2 D2cc to CTVHR D90 ratio decreased from 0.65 to 0.49, on average, after hydrogel injection. Conclusion Hydrogel demonstrated moderate inter-rater reliability and progressive decrease in size over 6 months on MRI. There was a significant increase in D90 and decrease in the ratio of rectal D2cc/D90 after hydrogel injection in those that had first (without) and second (with hydrogel) fraction comparative implants. Author Disclosure M. Morcos: None. R. Bhatia: None. K. Li: None. A.N. Viswanathan: Research Grant; National Cancer Institute. Honoraria; NCI Uterine Cancer Task Force Chair.
Antibodies to outer membrane protein — macromolecular complex (OMP-MC) are bactericidal for serum-resistant gonococci

The complement-dependent bactericidal activities of rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal anti-OMP-MC antibodies were evaluated against homologous and heterologous strains of serum-resistant gonococci. Rabbit anti-OMP-MC promoted killing of homologous FA 19 organisms and two of three heterologous strains at dilutions up to 1:200; mouse IgM monoclonal promoted killing of homologous organisms. Bactericidal activities were not influenced by the presence of proteins II. Partial proteolysis of OMP-MC indicated that antibodies in bactericidal sera bound to papain-sensitive portions of the complex that represent <25% of the mass of OMP-MC.
Cloning of a Gene from ErwiniaAmylovora Involved in Induction of Hypersensitivity and Pathogenicity

Most phytopathogenic bacteria that cause necrotic type symptoms, including Erwinia amylovora, induce a hypersensitive reaction (HR) when high bacterial numbers are introduced into nonhost plant tissues. The HR is characterized by rapid collapse and death of plant cells. This is followed by desiccation and necrosis of the plant tissue in the inoculated area. By contrast, in the compatible interaction, slow progressive disease development takes place. The ability to induce the HR appears to be unique to plant pathogens (2). A common hypothesis to explain the mechanism of HR induction involves the production by bacteria of a specific elicitor which reacts with a specific receptor on the plant cell. However, little evidence has been found for the existence or identity of either the elicitor or the receptor (4).
Family and Individual Predictors of Late Adolescents' Romantic Relationships

The present study examined parent–adolescent conflict and late adolescents' attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms as predictors of late adolescents' romantic relationships. Questionnaires assessing parent–adolescent conflict resolution behaviors, adolescent–romantic partner conflict resolution behaviors, and adolescent attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms were completed by 256 college students (198 females and 58 males). Using hierarchical regression analyses, statistical models were tested wherein adolescent–romantic partner conflict resolution behaviors were regressed on mother–adolescent and father–adolescent conflict resolution behaviors and adolescents' attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms. All four predictor variables explained significant portions of the variance in adolescent–romantic partner conflict resolution behaviors; however, different predictors were found for females and males. For females, mother–adolescent and father–adolescent conflict resolution strategies and adolescent attachment anxiety were significant predictors. In contrast, father–adolescent conflict resolution behaviors and adolescent depressive symptoms were significant predictors for males. Findings highlight the differential role of familial and individual attributes in female and male adolescents' romantic relationship functioning.
Abstract T P57: TEG Does Not Correlate with Clot Subtype or Clinical Response to tPA

Background: Thromboelastography (TEG) measures coagulation status in venous blood. tPA thrombolysis is affected by multiple variables including whether clots are erythrocyte or platelet-rich. We hypothesized that TEG would correlate with clot subtype and response to tPA including rapid clinical improvement (RCI), recanalization, and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Methods: 176 acute ischemic stroke patients between 11/09 and 06/14 treated with tPA were prospectively enrolled. Venous blood for TEG was drawn before and 10 minutes after tPA bolus. Pre-tPA measures of speed and strength of clot formation (R, Delta, K, Angle, MA, and G) and post-tPA measure of clot lysis (LY30) were analyzed. Hyperdense artery (HDA) on CT was a biomarker for erythrocyte-rich clot. RCI was defined as 8 point improvement on NIHSS or total NIHSS of 0,1 at 36 hours. HT was defined as any blood on follow up imaging within 36 hours. Recanalization was defined as resolution of baseline vascular occlusion on follow up CT or MR angiogram within 36 hours. Multivariable linear regression models compared TEG parameters after adjusting for potential confounding and interactive effects. Results: No differences in pre- or post-tPA TEG were found between patients with (n=32) or without (n=102) RCI. Also, there was no correlation between TEG and HDA on CT. Clot strength was decreased in patients with recanalization (lower MA and G, p = 0.02 and p = 0.03). Clotting was slightly prolonged (longer delta, p = 0.046) in patients with HT. Discussion: Our data do not show a robust association between TEG and clot subtype or clinical response to tPA. It is likely that arterial clot lysis is determined by factors unrelated to coagulation status as measured by TEG in the venous circulation. Though we found a correlation between TEG and recanalization, the number of patients with recanalization data was too small to detect an effect on clinical outcome. Similar to our previous findings, speed of clot formation may be related to risk of bleeding. Conclusion: It is unlikely that TEG will be useful in guiding tPA therapy. Future research should focus on local arterial influences on clot lysis. Further study of TEG in hemorrhage is indicated.
Rethinking Bank Regulation: Till Angels Govern

1. Introduction: 1.A Motivation 1.B Objectives and contributions 1.C Key findings: a brief synopsis 1.D Guide to the book 2. Contrasting approaches to bank regulation: 2.A Two approaches to bank regulation: 2.A.1 Public interest approach 2.A.2 Private interest view of regulation 2.B Bank regulation: how 2.C The Basel Committee and regulatory convergence 2.D Conclusion 3. How are banks regulated and supervised around the world?: 3.A Overview 3.B Structure, scope and independence of regulation and supervision 3.C What is a 'bank'? 3.D Entry into banking, capital requirements and supervisory powers 3.E Explicit deposit insurance schemes 3.F Private monitoring and external governance 3.G Does bank ownership type affect the choice of regulations and supervisory practices? 3.H Forces for greater harmonization of regulation and supervision among countries 4. What works best: 4.A Goals and boundaries 4.B Bank regulation and supervision and bank development 4.C Bank supervision, regulation, and stability 4.D Bank supervision, regulation, and bank efficiency 4.E Bank supervision, regulation, and bank lending 4.F Supervision, regulation, and bank governance 4.G Summary of results 5. Choosing bank regulations 5.A Recap and motivation 5.B Motivating example: Mexico and the United States 5.C Conceptual framework 5.D Empirical framework and data 5.E Summary remarks 6. Rethinking bank regulation: 6.A Approach and context 6.B Lessons and implications.
Apolipoprotein E and Peptide Mimetics Modulate Inflammation by Binding the SET Protein and Activating Protein Phosphatase 2A

The molecular mechanism by which apolipoprotein E (apoE) suppresses inflammatory cytokine and NO production is unknown. Using an affinity purification approach, we found that peptide mimetics of apoE, derived from its receptor binding domain residues 130-150, bound to the SET protein, which is a potent physiological inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Both holo-apoE protein and apoE-mimetic peptides bound to the C-terminal region of SET, which is then associated with an increase in PP2A-mediated phosphatase activity. As physiological substrates for PP2A, the LPS-induced phosphorylation status of signaling MAPK and Akt kinase is reduced following treatment with apoE-mimetic peptides. On the basis of our previous report, in which apoE-mimetic peptides reduced I-κB kinase and NF-κB activation, we also demonstrate a mechanism for reduced production of inducible NO synthase protein and its NO product. These data provide evidence for a novel molecular mechanism by which apoE and apoE-mimetic peptides antagonize SET, thereby enhancing endogenous PP2A phosphatase activity, which reduces levels of phosphorylated kinases, signaling, and inflammatory response.
MARKOVIAN DETERIORATION WITH UNCERTAIN INFORMATION — A MORE GENERAL MODEL

A model of a deteriorating system with imperfect information is considered. The structures appropriate for such a model include failing machinery and depleted inventory systems. In an effort to add a new dimension to such models, it is assumed that the operator must pay an inspection cost to determine the precise state of the system. At the start of every time period, the operator is faced with three choices: repair, no action, or inspection. Under fairly general assumptions, the optimal policy for repair is found to be straightforward and intuitive. This result has two important areas of application.
Theoretical photoelectron cross sections for chain polymers

A procedure, which does not use empirical parameters, is outlined for calculating photoelectron cross sections for chain polymers from linear combinations of Gaussian-type orbitals band structure calculations. When applied to all-trans-polyacetylene, calculations indicate that this method can yield theoretical photoelectron spectra in excellent agreement with experimental data.
USEFULNESS OF SEQUENTIAL URINE FSH AND LH MEASUREMENTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ADOLESCENT-AGED HYPOGONADOTROPISM

USEFULNESS OF SEQUENTIAL URINE FSH AND LH MEASUREMENTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ADOLESCENT-AGED HYPOGONADOTROPISM
Isokinetic strength and power deficits in the hand following stroke

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the torque production in the paretic and non-paretic hands during isokinetic tasks following stroke. Methods We compared torque and power production at the MCP joint of chronic stroke survivors during isometric and isokinetic tasks. We also recorded surface electromyography (EMG) activity in the forearm muscles. Results Isokinetic torque production at all velocities was less than that produced during isometric trials. Both torque and power produced by the paretic hand was substantially impaired. Deficits were substantially greater in extension than flexion trials. EMG data suggests that excessive co-contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles does not greatly affect isokinetic torque production at the MCP joint. Conclusions The fact that movement velocity produces larger deficits in torque and power production may explain why patients who have limited strength impairments still experience functional deficits. Significance This study demonstrates that strength testing of stroke survivors under isometric conditions may underestimate the overall level of impairment.
Preparation of multiple emulsions based on thermodynamic incompatibility of heat-denatured whey protein and pectin solutions

Abstract This study shows that various types of multiple emulsions can be prepared by mixing an oil-in-water emulsion with a mixed biopolymer solution that separates into two phases. Initially, a phase diagram was prepared to identify the range of heat-denatured whey protein isolate (HD-WPI) and pectin concentrations where phase separation occurred. Under certain conditions the biopolymers formed a two-phase system consisting of a HD-WPI-enriched lower phase (W 1 ) and a pectin-enriched upper phase (W 2 ), which was attributed to thermodynamic incompatibility to the two biopolymers. Water-in-water emulsions (W 1 /W 2 or W 2 /W 1 ) could be formed by blending incompatible upper and lower phases together at different ratios. We then showed that whey protein stabilized oil droplets preferentially partition into the HD-WPI rich phase of two-phase biopolymer systems. This enabled us to prepare multiple emulsions by mixing a whey protein stabilized oil-in-water emulsion with incompatible upper and lower phases. These multiple emulsions were either of the oil-in-water-in-water (O/W 1 /W 2 ) type or the mixed oil-in-water/water-in-water (O/W 1 –W 2 /W 1 ) type depending on the initial biopolymer composition of the system. Multiple emulsions may prove useful for the creation of food emulsions with improved physicochemical properties or for the development of novel delivery systems.
Conditions for superconvergence of HDG methods for stokes flow

We provide an a priori error analysis of a wide class of finite element methods for the Stokes equations. The methods are based on the velocity gradient-velocity-pressure formulation of the equations and include new and old mixed and hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods. We show how to reduce the error analysis to the verification of some properties of an elementwise-defined projection and of the local spaces defining the methods. We also show that the projection of the errors only depends on the approximation properties of the projection. We then provide sufficient conditions for the superconvergence of the projection of the error in the approximate velocity. We give many examples of these methods and show how to systematically construct them from similar methods for the diffusion equation.
What would Machiavelli think? An overview of the leadership challenges in team‐based structures

The writings of Niccolo Machiavelli continue to resonate with today's business leaders. Current management literature still focuses on tactics to increase power as a means to ensure a leadership position. This attention to individual accomplishment and the building of power runs counter to what is happening structurally within organizations. The acceleration in the use of team‐based structures as a preferred method of organization and decision making reflects the need for timelier processing of information in a world of increased environmental uncertainty. This contrast between the behaviors needed to build individual power and the collaborative skills necessitated by team‐based structures creates a number of leadership challenges for individuals and organizations. This article discusses these challenges from both a theory‐based and a practitioner standpoint, assesses the implications for organizational managers and individual team members, and offers recommendations for leadership effectiveness in a work world dominated by team‐based design.
Photovoltaics at the Tipping Point: Taking Us From the Evolutionary to the Revolutionary

We examine the current situation and future technology opportunities for solar photovoltaics (PV), emphasizing the importance of both policy and technology investments for the future markets and competitiveness of this solar approach. We review some examples of policy significantly impacting world markets and discuss the targets of the new U.S. Solar America Initiative. On the technology side, we present insights to technical and other investments needed to tip PV to its next level of contribution as a significant clean-energy partner in the world energy portfolio. The need to venture into disruptive and revolutionary technology pathways is argued for our needs in the mid term (the next 10–15 years) and the long term (beyond the first quarter of this century).
Elastic scattering of electrons from F 2 : An R -matrix calculation

The $R$-matrix method for electron-molecule scattering developed by one of us (B.I.S.) is applied to the elastic scattering of electrons from ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ in the static-exchange approximation. Calculations are presented using both ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ core orbitals to construct the electron-molecule interaction potential. The total and differential elastic scattering cross sections are quite different for the two molecular fields and can be interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of an ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ bound negative ion at the equilibrium internuclear separation in ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. Since there is little experimental data on ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or $e+{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ collisions, the calculations coupled with some detailed electron-beam experiments would be of great value in furthering our understanding of the chemistry of ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Brokerage firms' revenue and profitability of their recommendations: before and after 1999-2002

We examine how the research departments of brokerage firms may issue biased recommendations in order to boost the revenue of the investment banking departments of the brokerage firms during 1993-2006. We find that during 1993-2006, sanctioned brokerage firms' upgrades not only underperformed the upgrades of non-sanctioned brokerage firms, but they also earned negative abnormal returns. The degree of underperformance for sanctioned brokerage firms' upgrades was at the highest during 1999-2002. More surprisingly, the underperformance of upgrades continues in 2003-2006. We also find weak evidence of underperformance of upgrades in the period of 1993-1998.
Generation of vacancies in tungsten by rapid-rate deformation at elevated temperature

Abstract Excess vacancies generated in high purity single-crystal tungsten by rapid deformation at elevated temperatures were detected by electrical resistivity changes following annealing treatments. Significant excess concentration of vacancies are retained only if the creep rate is greater than 109DL (DL is the lattice diffusion coefficient in cm2/sec) which is also the rate where power law breakdown begins. An activation energy of 3 eV was obtained from the resistivity annealing studies, which is in good agreement with the presently accepted activation energy for vacancy migration in ψ-tungsten. The creep rate in the power law breakdown range is explained when an effective diffusion coefficient is introduced which includes the contributions from both mechanically generated excess vacancies and dislocation pipe short-circuit diffusion. The results obtained for tungsten imply that the activation energy for creep of pure metals in the power law breakdown range would no longer be that for lattice self-diffusion.