cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of Evidence for Horizontal Transfer of the lac Operon into Escherichia coli

The idea that Escherichia coli gained the lac operon via horizontal transfer, allowing it to invade a new niche and form a new species, has become a paradigmatic example of bacterial nonpathogenic adaptation and speciation catalyzed by horizontal transfer. Surprisingly, empirical evidence for this event is essentially nonexistent. To see whether horizontal transfer occurred, I compared a phylogeny of 14 Enterobacteriaceae based on two housekeeping genes to a phylogeny of a part of their lac operon. Although several species in this clade appear to have acquired some or all of the operon via horizontal transfer, there is no evidence of horizontal transfer into E. coli. It is not clear whether the horizontal transfer events for which there is evidence were adaptive because those species which have acquired the operon are not thought to live in high lactose environments. I propose that vertical transmission from the common ancestor of the Enterobacteriaceae, with subsequent loss of these genes in many species can explain much of the patchy distribution of lactose use in this clade. Finally, I argue that we need new, well-supported examples of horizontal transfer spurring niche expansion and speciation, particularly in nonpathogenic cases, before we can accept claims that horizontal transfer is a hallmark of bacterial adaptation.
A Global Perspective of Migration and Occupational Health

BACKGROUND: Global migration has dramatically increased over the past decade and is at an all-time high, approaching 200 million persons per year. Demographics and economic interdependence suggest that immigration will continue for the near future at record high levels. METHODS: A review of the few studies that have investigated occupational injury and illness rates among immigrant populations. RESULTS: Existing data indicate that higher rates of fatal and non-fatal injuries are common compared to native populations. This increase is in part due to immigrants working in higher risk occupations (e.g., agriculture, construction), but occupational morbidity and mortality is higher among immigrants than native-born workers within occupational categories. CONCLUSIONS: Research is needed to identify the causes of increased risk among immigrants and to provide direction to effective public health interventions. Research methods must be adapted to different epidemiologic characteristics of immigrant populations, including lack of standard sampling frames, different language and culture from the dominant culture, and precarious work status. Am. J. Ind. Med. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
Escherichia coli Mutants that Require Either Pyridoxine or Alanine

Some pyridoxineless mutants of genetic group V grow to normal cell yields in glucose-salts medium containing 0.11 mm d- or l-alanine as the sole supplement.
Racial disparity in access to cardiac intensive care over 20 years.

Objectives. The purposes of this article are: (1) to systematically examine racial disparities in access to and use of cardiac care units (CCUs) in acute-care hospitals; and (2) to assess racial differences in post-hospital mortality following CCU stays. Design. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I: Epidemiologic Follow-up Study of adults aged 25 and older at baseline are analyzed to track CCU use and survival after hospitalization over 20 years (N=4227). Estimates are derived from Cox proportional-hazards models with time-dependent covariates and from negative binomial and tobit regression analyses. All analyses adjust for disease severity, hospitalization history, and resources. Results. Black adults were less likely than White adults to be admitted to a CCU, even after adjusting for morbidities, health behaviors, previous hospitalization experience, and socioeconomic status. Comparing Black and White adults admitted to CCUs, Black adults spent fewer days and a smaller propor...
A World Apart? Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Applied Social Gerontology

This article is based on the premise that there is inadequate attention to the link between theory and applied research in social gerontology. The article contends that applied research studies do not often or effectively employ a theoretical framework and that theory-based articles, including theory-based research, are not often focused on questions related to applied social gerontology. We explore the extent to which theory and applied research could reasonably be expected to overlap, present data from an analysis of 5 years of articles in three leading journals, and posit some possible explanations for the current divide between theory and applied social gerontology research. We argue that the divide weakens research and inhibits the functions that theory can play in helping to organize the accumulation of knowledge, and we offer some suggestions about how the field can address this challenge, including changes to the journal review and submission process to reflect the importance of the link between theory and/or conceptual models and research, and an expansion of professional conference opportunities to link research and practice.
Nail loss and Footpad Erosions in Beagle Dogs Given BW 134U, a Nucleoside Analog*

The oral administration of BW 134U to Beagle dogs in a 1-month study was associated with lameness, footpad erosions, and nail loss. Groups of dogs received 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg/day. Compound-related effects were observed in the high dose group and only during the postdose period. Light microscopy revealed prominent cell maturation or radiomimetic defects in the stratum germinativum of the distal phalanges and footpads. The mechanism by which BW 134U produced these cell maturation defects is unknown. There were no signs of adverse effects in other keratin-producing or keratin-containing tissues.
Methods for Improving Standardized Test Scores: Fruitful, Fruitless, or Fraudulent?

You may be able to identify several ways students can be prepared to take an upcoming test, but which ways are ethical to use? There are available materials that you may purchase and use to prepare students for a test: Are they effective and is it ethical to use them? What constitutes an ethically acceptable test preparation procedure?
Cohesin codes – interpreting chromatin architecture and the many facets of cohesin function

Sister chromatid tethering is maintained by cohesin complexes that minimally contain Smc1, Smc3, Mcd1 and Scc3. During S-phase, chromatin-associated cohesins are modified by the Eco1/Ctf7 family of acetyltransferases. Eco1 proteins function during S phase in the context of replicated sister chromatids to convert chromatin-bound cohesins to a tethering-competent state, but also during G2 and M phases in response to double-stranded breaks to promote error-free DNA repair. Cohesins regulate transcription and are essential for ribosome biogenesis and complete chromosome condensation. Little is known, however, regarding the mechanisms through which cohesin functions are directed. Recent findings reveal that Eco1-mediated acetylation of different lysine residues in Smc3 during S phase promote either cohesion or condensation. Phosphorylation and SUMOylation additionally impact cohesin functions. Here, we posit the existence of a cohesin code, analogous to the histone code introduced over a decade ago, and speculate that there is a symphony of post-translational modifications that direct cohesins to function across a myriad of cellular processes. We also discuss evidence that outdate the notion that cohesion defects are singularly responsible for cohesion-mutant-cell inviability. We conclude by proposing that cohesion establishment is linked to chromatin formation.
Unconditional lower bounds on the time-approximation tradeoffs for the distributed minimum spanning tree problem

The design of distributed approximation protocols is a relatively new rapidly developing area of research. However, so far little progress was done in the study of the hardness of distributed approximation. In this paper we initiate the systematic study of this subject, and show strong unconditional lower bounds on the time-approximation tradeoff of the distributed minimum spanning tree problem, and some of its variants.
Designing Task Assembly and Using Vanilla Boxes to Delay Product Differentiation: An Approach for Managing Product Variety

Product line choice is an important factor in determining the overall success of a manufacturer operating in a customer-oriented competitive market. A broader product line offers greater variety and caters to multiple segments of the market. This enables a manufacturer to meet customer needs more closely leading to higher market share and greater revenues (Bagozzi 1986, and, Cravens and Woodsruff 1986). However, more variety may lead to an increase in the complexity of the manufacturing process thereby increasing operational costs (Abeggelen and Stalk 1985). On the other hand, a narrow product line is easier to manage from the manufacturing point of view but may not generate enough profits for the manufacturer to lead a successful business (Kotier 1986). Choice of the product line depends primarily on market characteristics, consumer preferences, operational cost and the manufacturer’s objectives.
Retention of sedentary obese visceral white adipose tissue phenotype with intermittent physical activity despite reduced adiposity

Regular physical activity is effective in reducing visceral white adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and oxidative stress, and these changes are commonly associated with reduced adiposity. However, t...
Hypo and Hyper: Common Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolic Emergencies

The presentation of endocrine and metabolic emergencies represents one of the more challenging clinical scenarios faced by pediatricians and emergency providers. In this review, the authors attempt to describe some of the more common entities that a provider may see and provide a guide for the recognition and management of these difficult-to-assess and often very ill children.
Deconvolved Ionization Probabilities for Strong Field Ionization of Xenon

Using a novel experimental technique, Intensity Selective Scanning1.2, we have collected time-of-flight mass spectra of ions produced by strong field laser ionization. The hallmark of this technique is that it eliminates a persistent problem inherent in traditional experiments: the complex spatial distribution of intensities present in the ionizing pulse. As a consequence, it becomes possible to extract ionization yields as a function of intensity directly from the experimental data, removing the complication of deducing them from a spatially averaged signal. We will resent results for xenon ionized by laser pulses at intensities ranging from 1013 to 4x104 W/cm2.
Utilizing minerals and materials with negative properties

The need for dimensionally stable filled polymer composites has spurred the quest for materials that possess a negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Finding minerals and materials with a negative CTE large enough to counteract the substantial CTE found in polymers proves challenging. Much research has been performed over the last decade to uncover various materials that possess this unusual behavior. A list of materials that have demonstrated negative properties are discussed, as well as the experimental use of one such material (ZrW2O8), in a polymer matrix composite. Other negative properties, such as negative Poisson’s ratio and negative stiffness, are also examined.
Testing equality of correlation coefficients for paired binary data from multiple groups

Paired binary data arise naturally when paired body parts are investigated in clinical trials. One of the widely used models for dealing with this kind of data is the equal correlation coefficients model. Before using this model, it is necessary to test whether the correlation coefficients in each group are actually equal. In this paper, three test statistics (likelihood ratio test, Wald-type test, and Score test) are derived for this purpose. The simulation results show that the Score test statistic maintains type I error rate and has satisfactory power, and therefore is recommended among the three methods. The likelihood ratio test is over conservative in most cases, and the Wald-type statistic is not robust with respect to empirical type I error. Three real examples, including a multi-centre Phase II double-blind placebo randomized controlled trial, are given to illustrate the three proposed test statistics.
Scheme selection of aircraft top-layer design based on multi-criteria decision-making approach

In this paper,a multi-criteria decision-making method which combines the grey relation projection method,weighted summation method,weighted product method and ideal point decision making reasonable for unmanned combat aerial vehicle top-layer scheme selection is presented,and how to use the integrated method is introduced.The developed method can deal with evaluation index by different normalized method,to obtain the weights of the evaluation indexes which involve multi-criteria and multi-layers,and the evaluation indices are contacted by the various weights.The best scheme can be found by applying the multi-criteria decision-making approach which combines four multi-criteria decision-making approaches by decision preferences.Finally,the effectiveness and feasibility of the method are validated by using an example of unmanned combat aerial vehicle(UCAV) top-layer scheme selection.
The Correlation Analysis of Carbon Emissions and its Influencing Factors in China

The correlation of carbon intensity and its influencing factor affects the correct judgement and control of the developing direction of low-carbon economy. The short and long-term policies should be made to control carbon emissions according to the analysis of the gray correlation degree of carbon intensity and influencing factors. In this paper, carbon intensities of China from 2000 to 2011 were calculated according to carbon emissions data provided by Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. The paper investigates the relationship between China's carbon intensities and technological progress, population, economic growth, industrial structure, energy prices and the rate of urbanization respectively from the static and dynamic perspective by using gray relational analysis method in the gray system theory. The results show that technological progress is the major cause of increased carbon intensities, followed by industrial structure and population. Technological progress shows the dominant influence on carbon intensity of absolute correlation and relative correlation degree. Energy prices show greater influence on the carbon intensity of relative correlation degree than that of absolute influence factors. China should actively make policy adjustment in developing the low carbon economy construction by considering the various influencing factors and scientifically achieve the carbon reduction target in the future.
Exploring diversity through dialogue: avowed and ascribed identities

Courses: Intercultural Communication, Conflict and Communication, Interpersonal CommunicationObjectives: After completing this single-class activity, students should be able to (1) differentiate between the avowed versus ascribed dimensions of cultural identity construction; (2) articulate the contested nature of cultural identity, including how cultural stereotypes guide perceptions of the Other; and (3) demonstrate tolerance through active and supportive listening to facilitate a nuanced appreciation of cultural diversity.
“How Good Is Good Enough?” Exploring Validation for Serious Gaming in Air Traffic Control

This paper describes the iterative validation process used in the development of a serious game for training air traffic managers in the National Airspace System. For complex system simulations, it can be difficult to determine when is “enough” validation. Several development cycles of NASPlay are described and the validation effort examples within each cycle are presented. A process model for piece-wise functional validation is proposed, and how to draw the threshold for “enough” validation from a practical standpoint is addressed.
Modeling Schizophrenia in Animals

Abstract Modeling schizophrenia in animals represents a formidable challenge because the most characteristic symptoms of this disorder, auditory hallucinations and delusional beliefs, cannot be directly modeled in animals. Furthermore, limited current understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology underlying the clinical features of this disorder greatly hinders the ability to develop valid models based on those aspects. To circumvent these issues, investigators have attempted to recreate the leading candidate biochemical, neuroanatomical, and genetic abnormalities for this disorder in animals using pharmacological, developmental, neurotoxic, genetic engineering, and other methods. The validity of these animal preparations as animal models for schizophrenia is generally based upon the extent to which they induce measurable behavioral changes that are homologous or analogous to the core clinical features or the information processing endophenotypes (presymptom phenotypes) that are seen in schizophrenia. The utility of any animal model to serve as a screen for novel treatments is considered related to the extent to which the schizophrenia-relevant behaviors it exhibits can be ameliorated by drugs with known efficacy in schizophrenia but not by drugs known to be therapeutic for brain disorders other than schizophrenia.
A study exploring factors of decision to text while walking among college students based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

ABSTRACTObjective: This study attempted to identify critical predictors of intention to both send and read texts while walking based on Theory of Planned Behavior in order to provide resources for practitioners and campaign designers to inform college students of the perils of texting while walking and dissuade them from such a risky behavior. Participants: Three hundred twenty-nine college students were recruited from a large public university in the Southwest in September 2014. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey design. Results: Subjective norm (sending: B = .17, p = .02; reading: B = .17, p = .04), personal norms (sending: B = −.32, p = .001, reading: B = −.35, p = .001), and self-efficacy (sending: B = −.27, p = .001; reading: B = −.24, p = .001) were significant predictors of intention to both send and read text messages while walking. Conclusions: For students who have greater intention of texting while walking, persuasive communication should utilize normative influence and self-effi...
Conceptualizing vegetation in the Bantu Expansion: Reflections on linguistics in central African history

Abstract The state of linguistics research on human settlement in central Africa suggests that rainforest environments were undesirable locations for settlement for many of the early speech communities associated with the extension of Bantu-speaking populations and languages into the region. Explanations for this preference tend to focus on the presumed challenge of adapting the earliest Bantu savanna subsistence system to the new rainforest environment. Recent syntheses incorporating linguistic, archaeological, and paleoclimatic evidence argue that periods of climate change encouraged the growth of wooded savanna, secondary forest, and grasslands at the margins and even in heart of the rainforest; these more open environments may have facilitated the expansion of Bantu languages into the through central Africa. A re-analysis of three previously proposed lexical reconstructions, however, reveals that early Bantu words for generic forms of vegetation (forests, thickets, trees, and the bush) offer key insights into the changing ways that Bantu speakers conceptualized and valued uninhabited spaces and areas of dense vegetation even as the majority of Bantu speakers elected to settle within intercalary zones of wooded savanna, secondary forest, and grasslands located throughout the rainforest.
Chapter 31 – Fiscal Multipliers☆: Liquidity Traps and Currency Unions

We provide explicit solutions for government spending multipliers during a liquidity trap and within a fixed exchange regime using standard closed and open-economy New Keynesian models. We confirm the potential for large multipliers during liquidity traps. For a currency union, we show that self-financed multipliers are small, always below unity, unless the accompanying tax adjustments involve substantial static redistribution from low to high marginal propensity to consume agents, or dynamic redistribution from future to present non-Ricardian agents. But outside-financed multipliers which require no domestic tax adjustment can be large, especially when the average marginal propensity to consume on domestic goods is high or when government spending shocks are very persistent. Our solutions are relevant for local and national multipliers, providing insight into the economic mechanisms at work as well as the testable implications of these models.
Survival of Salamanders in a Severe Flood Event in Louisiana

Abstract In August 2016, a park of roughly 200 ha of bottomland hardwood forest in East Baton Rouge Parish, LA, was inundated by up to 5.28 m of water for 5 days in one of southeast Louisiana's most severe floods in recorded history. Here, I document post-flood observations of a terrestrial salamander species at the park, Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander). To my knowledge, this is the first documentation of survival of terrestrial salamanders after a freshwater flood event. As such floods are predicted to increase in frequency in the future, it is encouraging that salamanders may be able to tolerate such changes to some extent.
High frequency in situ fatigue response of Ni-base superalloy René-N5 microcrystals

Abstract A novel in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM), high frequency fatigue testing methodology is developed using a combination of laser milling, focused ion beam fabrication and nanoindentation. This methodology is used to investigate crack initiation, propagation, fracture, fatigue life, and the mechanical response of microcantilever samples of a Ni-based superalloy (Rene-N5) under different cyclic strain amplitudes. The crack initiation and propagation in the microcantilever is monitored by observing changes in the beam's dynamic stiffness and continuous SEM imaging. The dynamic stiffness response of the micro-beams exhibits a transition from softening to hardening at a critical strain amplitude of 7 × 10 − 3 . Theoretical analysis indicates that this transition corresponds to the stress required to shear γ ′ precipitates. SEM imaging reveals the evolution of significant extrusions, intrusions, and slip traces during cyclic loading above this critical strain amplitude. Below this strain amplitude, very little surface roughening is observed. In addition, the measured dynamic stiffness is observed to exhibit two regimes of decrease after crack initiation. These two regimes correspond to short and large crack propagation. Finally, an overall increase in fatigue life is observed when comparing to bulk scale experiments on nickel-base superalloys. It is proposed that this is an inherent size effect in the small-volume, single crystal specimens tested.
Quantifying Nearshore Sea Turtle Densities: Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Population Assessments.

Although sea turtles face significant pressure from human activities, some populations are recovering due to conservation programs, bans on the trade of turtle products, and reductions in bycatch. While these trends are encouraging, the status of many populations remains unknown and scientific monitoring is needed to inform conservation and management decisions. To address these gaps, this study presents methods for using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to conduct population assessments. Using a fixed-wing UAS and a modified strip-transect method, we conducted aerial surveys along a three-kilometer track line at Ostional, Costa Rica during a mass-nesting event of olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea). We visually assessed images collected during six transects for sea turtle presence, resulting in 682 certain detections. A cumulative total of 1091 certain and probable turtles were detected in the collected imagery. Using these data, we calculate estimates of sea turtle density (km−2) in nearshore waters. After adjusting for both availability and perception biases, we developed a low-end estimate of 1299 ± 458 and a high-end estimate of 2086 ± 803 turtles km−2. This pilot study illustrates how UAS can be used to conduct robust, safe, and cost-effective population assessments of sea turtle populations in coastal marine ecosystems.
Heat‐ and light‐induced thiol‐ene oligomerization of soybean oil‐based polymercaptan

Polymercaptanized soybean oil (PMSO), the product of a thiol-ene reaction between soybean oil and hydrogen sulfide, is a material of interest as a lubricant additive and polymer precursor. We investigated with gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance (one-dimensional and two-dimensional), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and viscometry the changes that occur with PMSO upon heating or ultraviolet irradiation. The observed changes were due to a further thiol-ene reaction between the thiol groups and the residual unsaturation. The formation of oligomers was a result of new sulfide bridges. Additionally, tetrahydrothiophene moieties were detected. An almost linear increase of the average molecular weight (MW) and the polydispersity index (PDI) was observed upon heat treatment [number-average MW (Mn)=1180 Da, PDI=1.32 for PMSO, Mn =1720 Da, PDI=2.17 for PMSO that was heated for 1000 h at 130 8C]. PDI correlated best with the z-average MW. The Mn was the best predictor of the viscosity. For samples with close Mn, the higher PDI corresponded to a higher viscosity index.
Transforming growth factor beta superfamily regulation of adipose tissue biology in obesity

Abstract Accumulation of dysfunctional white adipose tissues increases risks for cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. In addition to white, brown or brite adipose tissues are also present in adult humans and increasing their amount may be protective. Therefore, understanding factors regulating the amount and function of each adipose depot is crucial for developing therapeutic targets for obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, which consists of TGFβ, BMPs, GDFs, and activins, controls multiple aspects of adipose biology. This review focuses on the recent development in understanding the role of TGFβ superfamily in the regulation of white, brite and brown adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue fibrosis, and adipocyte metabolic and endocrine functions. TGFβ family and their antagonists are produced locally within adipose tissues and their expression levels are altered in obesity. We also discuss their potential contribution to adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity.
Automated Essay Scoring in a High Stakes Testing Environment

This chapter discusses the use of automated essay scoring (AES) as a possible replacement for an annual statewide high-stakes writing test. The examples provided are drawn from development work in the state of Florida, but might apply to any state in the United States. In the first section, literature associated with the frequency, costs, and consequences of high-stakes testing is reviewed. In the second section, automated essay scoring is introduced and a description of how it works as an assessment tool is provided. In the third section, an example of how AES is used as an instructional tool is given and I argue for a tighter integration of assessment with instruction. Finally, I propose that AES actually replace the high-stakes testing program for accountability (and other) purposes, and provide a list of advantages for proceeding in this fashion.
Virtual Spring-Based 3D Multi-Agent Group Coordination

As future personal vehicles start enjoying the ability to fly, tackling safe transportation coordination can be a tremendous task, far beyond the current challenge on radar screen monitoring of the already saturated air traffic control. Our focus is on the distributed safe-distance coordination among a group of autonomous flying vehicle agents, where each follows its own current straight-line direction in a 3D space with variable speeds. A virtual spring-based model is proposed for the group coordination. Within a specified neighborhood radius, each vehicle forms a virtual connection with each neighbor vehicle by a virtual spring. As the vehicle changes its position, speed and altitude, the total resultant forces on each virtual spring try to maintain zero by moving to the mechanical equilibrium point. The agents then add the simple total virtual spring constraints to their movements to determine their next positions individually. Together, the multi-agent vehicles reach a group behavior, where each of them keeps a minimal safe-distance with others. A new safe behavior thus arises in the group level. With the proposed virtual spring coordination model, the vehicles need no direct communication with each other, require only minimum local processing resources, and the control is completely distributed. New behaviors can now be formulated and studied based on the proposed model, e.g., how a fast driving vehicle can find its way though the crowd by avoiding the other vehicles effortlessly1.
Measurement of elastic modulus of PUNB bonded sand as a function of temperature

The stiffness of molds and cores has a large effect on casting quality in sand foundries. Measurements of the elastic modulus of PUNB bonded silica sand are performed from room temperature to 500C (932F). The measurements are taken almost instantaneously during the heating to capture the changes in the elastic modulus throughout the temperature range. The effect of the heating rate is investigated in detail. For an intermediate heating rate of 8C/min (14.4F/min), the elastic modulus decreases steeply from a room temperature value of about 3,900 MPa to 600 MPa at 125C (257F). Above 250C (482F), it increases to 1,200 MPa at 280C (536F) and then decreases again to 900 MPa at 325C (617F). Above 350C (662F), the elastic modulus increases almost linearly with temperature until it reaches 2,400 MPa at 500C (932F). At approximately 500C (932F), the strength of the bonded sand vanishes. At elevated temperatures, the elastic modulus is found to be a strong function of the heating rate and time. For example, while holding a specimen at a constant temperature of 200C (392F) for 30 min, the elastic modulus can increase from 600 MPa to 2,000 MPa. Only the steady-state values of the elastic modulus are in agreement with previous measurements. Upon cooling to room temperature, the bonded sand regains its full stiffness only for holding temperatures below about 275C (527F). These variations in the elastic modulus with temperature correlate well with the physical and chemical changes the binder undergoes during heating. Additional experiments are needed to investigate the elastic modulus variation for higher heating rates and other binder systems.
Recent experiments concerning the role of non-condensable background gases on nucleation

Publisher Summary This chapter determines the nature and origin of the effects of background gases on nucleation. It emphasizes on the critical role of the thermal diffusion cloud chambers (TDCC) aspect ratio in carrying out quantitative nucleation rate measurements. The results of the investigations appear to suggest that all nucleation data obtained using diffusion cloud chambers must be organized according to total pressure and kind of background gas used in addition to the temperature of the experiment and the type of condensable used. These results may also suggest that total pressure and the kind of background gas present during nucleation are important components of any reasonable description of the nucleation process itself. Reports of instability during low pressure TDCC nucleation experiments in conjunction with the special construction aspects of the high pressure diffusion cloud chamber (HPCC) have led to reasonable questions regarding stability in the HPCC.
YA4-H! Youth Advocates for Health: Youth Participatory Action Research

Youth participatory action research is a process that is particularly relevant for health-related topics. YA4‑H! Youth Advocates for Health: Youth Participatory Action Research is a resource that youth development professionals can use to guide a group through such a project. The 124-page curriculum is based on key principles of youth development and youth participatory action research. It has 7 sections, each with activities built on the same template that includes the time needed, materials, and facilitator tips, which contributes to ease of use. Youth development professionals can feel confident knowing that the curriculum is research based and addresses adolescents’ developmental needs.
Training a Culturally Inclusive Workforce to Provide Culturally Responsive Healthcare for Adolescents

This chapter will highlight the importance of providing culturally responsive care toward the elimination of health inequities and improved clinical outcomes for adolescent patients. Culturally responsive care is built on a foundation of empathy, patient-centered care, and humility. Practitioners must attend to the attitudinal/awareness, knowledge, and skills components of care delivery and strive to understand their patients in their larger sociocultural context. Relationship-based doctoring skills include a psychosocial assessment (such as the BATHE mnemonic) (Lieberman, Stuart, Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 1(2):35–38, 1999), asking permission, making an assessment of readiness to change, reflective practice, shared decisionmaking, and trauma-informed approaches. The chapter proposes approaches and strategies and in health professions education to best promote the development of a culturally inclusive workforce prepared to provide culturally responsive healthcare for adolescents.
Pancreatic tumor cell metastasis is restricted by MT1-MMP binding protein MTCBP-1

The process by which tumor cells mechanically invade through surrounding stroma into peripheral tissues is an essential component of metastatic dissemination. The directed recruitment of the metalloproteinase MT1-MMP to invadopodia plays a critical role in this invasive process. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into MT1-MMP cytoplasmic tail binding protein 1 (MTCBP-1) with respect to invadopodia formation, matrix remodeling, and invasion by pancreatic tumor cells. MTCBP-1 localizes to invadopodia and interacts with MT1-MMP. We find that this interaction displaces MT1-MMP from invadopodia, thereby attenuating their number and function and reducing the capacity of tumor cells to degrade matrix. Further, we observe an inverse correlation between MTCBP-1 and MT1-MMP expression both in cultured cell lines and human pancreatic tumors. Consistently, MTCBP-1–expressing cells show decreased ability to invade in vitro and metastasize in vivo. These findings implicate MTCBP-1 as an inhibitor of the metastatic process.
Measurements of Al + 27 and Mg + 25 magnetic constants for improved ion-clock accuracy

An aluminum ion clock has a fractional-frequency uncertainty of less than one part in ${10}^{18}$, a four-decades-long goal in precision.
Homocysteine-induced inverse expression of tissue factor and DPP4 in endothelial cells is related to NADPH oxidase activity.

Purpose: We previously found that homocysteine (Hcy)-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells coincided with increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity. In addition, in ischemic endothelial cells present in the heart, we showed that loss of serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) expression was correlated with induction of tissue factor (TF) expression. Since Hcy can initiate thrombosis through the induction of TF expression, in this study, we evaluated whether the inverse relation of TF and DPP4 is also Hcy-dependent and whether NOX-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) is playing a role herein. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with 2.5 mM Hcy for 3 and 6 h. The effects of Hcy on DPP4 and TF expression and NOX2/p47 phox -mediated nitrotyrosine (ROS) production were studied using digital-imaging microscopy. Results: In HUVECs, high levels of Hcy showed a significant increase of TF expression and a concomitant loss of DPP4 expression after 6 h. In addition, NOX subunits NOX2 and p47 phox were also significantly increased after 6 h of Hcy incubation and coincided with nitrotyrosine (ROS) expression. Interestingly, inhibition of NOX-mediated nitrotyrosine (ROS) with the use of apocynin not only reduced these effects, but also counteracted the effects of Hcy on TF and DPP4 expression. Conclusion: These results indicate that the inverse relation of TF and DPP4 in endothelial cells is also Hcy-dependent and related to NOX activity.
"Not Altogether Human": Pantheism and the Dark Nature of the American Renaissance

Many leading American thinkers in the nineteenth century, who accepted the premises of Emersonian transcendentalism, valued the basic concept of pantheism: that God inheres in nature and in all things, and that a person could achieve a sense of belonging she or he lacked in society by seeking a oneness with all of nature. As Richard Hardack shows, however, writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville conceived of nature as everything "Other" --other than the white male Protestant culture of which they were a part. This conception of nature, then, became radicalised, and the divine became associated with African American and Native American identities, as well as with femininity. In "Not Altogether Human," Hardack re-evaluates transcendentalism in the context of nineteenth century concerns about individual and national racial identity. Elucidating the influence of pantheism, Hardack draws on an array of canonical and unfamiliar materials to remap the boundaries of what has long been viewed as white male transcendental discourse. This book significantly revises notions of what transcendentalism and pantheism mean and how they relate to each other. Hardack's close analysis of pantheism and its influence on major works and lesser known writing of the nineteenth century opens up a new perspective on American culture during this key moment in the country's history.
Speeding up k-Nearest Neighbors classifier for large-scale multi-label learning on GPUs

Abstract Multi-label classification is one of the most dynamically growing fields of machine learning, due to its numerous real-life applications in solving problems that can be described by multiple labels at the same time. While most of works in this field focus on proposing novel and accurate classification algorithms, the issue of the computational complexity on growing dataset sizes is somehow marginalized. Owning to the ever-increasing capabilities of data capturing, we are faced with the problem of large-scale data mining that forces learners to be not only highly accurate, but also fast and scalable on high-dimensional spaces of instances, features, and labels. In this paper, we propose a highly efficient parallel approach for computing the multi-label k-Nearest Neighbor classifier on GPUs. While this method is highly effective due to its accuracy and simplicity, its computational complexity makes it prohibitive for large-scale data. We propose a four-step implementation that takes an advantage of the GPU architecture, allowing for an efficient execution of the multi-label k-Nearest Neighbors classifier without any loss of accuracy. Experiments carried out on a number of real and artificial benchmarks show that we are able to achieve speedups up to 200 times when compared to a sequential CPU execution, while efficiently scaling up to varying number of instances and features.
Nd isotopic structure of the Pacific Ocean 40–10 Ma, and evidence for the reorganization of deep North Pacific Ocean circulation between 36 and 25 Ma

Abstract Early Paleogene neodymium (Nd) isotopic reconstructions of ocean circulation in the Pacific suggest a bipolar mode of overturning circulation characterized by convection of deep-water masses from 70 to at least 40 Ma. This mode is fundamentally different from the “sluggish, diffusive” mode that characterizes the modern North Pacific. Therefore, major reorganization of Pacific circulation must have occurred between 40 Ma and the modern. To investigate the potential timing of such a reorganization, we present new Nd isotope data from drill sites spanning 40 to 10 Ma. Here, we use Nd isotopic analyses to identify the sources of dissolved Nd to the Pacific in order to evaluate the application of the Nd proxy for ancient water mass composition. We combine analyses of fossil fish debris, sequentially leached oxide coatings and leach residues to further refine our understanding of Nd marine geochemical cycling and to contribute new constraints on the paleoceanographic history of the Pacific. Overall, these data support previous interpretations of the convection of deep water in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean and surface-ventilated North Pacific Deep Water formation from ∼70 to 40 Ma. The new Nd isotope data suggest a gradual transition between 36 and 25 Ma, a time period characterized by global cooling. This transition consists of a change from North Pacific Nd isotopic signatures controlled by convection and water mass mixing to values heavily influenced by overprinting from other sources of Nd to the deep Pacific. Such a transition is consistent with a change in overturning circulation from a “Paleogene mode” to a mode dominated by sluggish diffusive mixing. After 25 Ma the data indicate a significant contribution of radiogenic dissolved Nd to the deep waters of the North Pacific. The most likely source of radiogenic dissolved Nd would have been labile volcanic ash that altered the composition of the water mass as it slowly advected through the North Pacific. A slowing of overturning circulation in the North Pacific could have resulted in diminished poleward heat transport, increasing equator to pole thermal gradients and contributing to a cooling global climate.
Biology of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor

Abstract Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) were postulated long before receptor cDNA clones became available in the 1990s and definitively identified this molecule as a G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily member and a member of subfamily C. Unsuspected was the CaSR's moderate homology with metabotropic glutamate, type B gamma aminobutyric acid receptors, and taste and pheromone receptors. Rapid progress was made with molecular probes in hand in identifying this essential sensing and signaling molecule as the basis for human disorders of extracellular calcium sensing—namely familial hypocalcemia hypercalcemia, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia—and as playing a role in the more common form of hyperparathyroidism accompanying renal failure and in primary hyperparathyroidism due to adenomas or hyperplasia. Rapidly, lead compounds were studied in human clinical trials and became key compounds in the treatment of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid cancer, and primary hyperparathyroidism. A large body of evidence accumulated in subsequent years showing that the CaSR plays essential modulatory roles in both calciotropic and noncalciotropic actions in vivo. Many of these key tissues and the roles of CaSRs and their signaling pathways are described in this chapter. It has become clear that CaSRs are important not only in controlling parathyroid hormone secretion and renal calcium excretion but also in skeletal homeostasis, cancer, epidermal differentiation, and lactation, to name just a few functions. Therapeutics targeted to the unique receptor-coupled signaling pathways in these divergent cell systems are a goal for further research and potential drug development.
The Arc of Migration and the Impact on Children's Health and Well-Being Forward to the Special Issue-Children on the Move.

Since the start of this millennium the diaspora of families with children has continued unabated. UNICEF estimates that nearly 31 million children have been forcibly displaced from their homes by the end of 2017. This includes 13 million child refugees, an estimated 17 million children internally displaced within their own countries and over 900 thousand children seeking asylum in a different country. Even more staggering is the 75 percent increase in the number of child refugees between 2010 and 2015. This Special Issue, Children on the Move: The Health of Refugee, Immigrant and Displaced Children, examines in detail the health and well-being of our most vulnerable children today. It follows the arc of migration from home country, through transit and finally the challenges experienced in a child’s new country. The papers explore a variety of acute and chronic health conditions as well as the mental health of these children and youth. The articles examine the trauma experienced in their home country, the fleeing of war, violence and/or poverty, the travails during their journey, the stress throughout their stay in detention centers and refugee camps, and finally the transition to a new home country.
The Race of Defendants and Victims in Pennsylvania Death Penalty Decisions: 2000–2010

This study uses propensity score weighting to examine three key death penalty decisions in Pennsylvania from 2000–2010, focusing on the role of defendant and victim race: prosecutors’ decisions to ...
Assigned Counsel Mentoring Programs: Results and Lessons from Two Pilot Projects

Working with a team of three subject matter experts, the National Legal Aid and Defender Association implemented and evaluated two pilot mentoring projects aimed at helping lawyers who serve as assigned counsel. This report discusses the program design, evaluation outcomes, and offers guidance through lessons learned for other jurisdictions interested in introducing assigned counsel mentoring programs. The author of the report was the principal investigator who evaluated the programs. This project was supported by grant number 2015-AJ-BX-K043 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs to the National Legal Aid and Defender Association. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Medical Expulsive Therapy for Urinary Stone Disease in Children

The rising incidence of urinary stone disease in children requires pediatric practitioners to keep abreast of management recommendations which are generally geared towards adults. Medical expulsive therapy (MET) is a non-surgical therapeutic option that can be trialed in patients who present with uncomplicated symptomatic ureteral stones. Seminal articles published and indexed in Medline on the topic of MET were extracted and reviewed. Studies suggest a potential benefit of alpha-blockade for the expulsion of distal ureteral stones that are >5 mm but ≤10 mm in adults and possibly >4 mm in children. Conversely, there does not seem to be any added benefit for MET in smaller stones (<5 mm) in which the spontaneous passage rate is high. Conclusions: The off-label use of these medications is one of the several barriers which contribute to the underutilization of MET in children. However, these may be a reasonable option in particular for older children and adolescents with the appropriate-sized stones.