cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation: Links Between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

Discussed in this chapter are several ways through which obesity can lead to insulin resistance and inflammation. First, most obese people have elevated plasma free fatty acid levels which have been shown in vivo in human subjects to produce insulin resistance and inflammation. Second, obese people have increased levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Elevated ER stress has been shown to produce insulin resistance and inflammation in vitro and in rodents but not yet in human subjects. Third, in some obese subjects, hyperinsulinemia may be the cause rather than the consequence of insulin resistance. Lastly, there are several mechanisms through which the hyperinsulinemia, which is associated with insulin resistance, can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. These include activation of matrix metalloproteinases, which can result in endothelial matrix degradation, and activation of the tissue factor pathway leading to increased blood coagulability.
Residents' Confidence Providing Primary Care With Behavioral Health Integration.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Behavioral health integration (BHI) entails integrated behavioral health clinicians (IBHCs) providing care-generally for mental health and substance abuse disorders and behavioral comorbidity- within the operational functioning of primary care. Because limited data exist regarding BHI in residency, we studied its impact on resident education by examining whether increased behavioral health (BH) co-management improved residents' perceived ability to treat BH conditions. METHODS We included residents from internal and family medicine training programs using BHI in residents' continuity clinics and assessed the level of co-management between primary care and IBHCs and the following domains: (1) confidence in managing BH conditions, (2) barriers to BH provision, (3) perception of autonomy when working with IBHCs, (4) satisfaction with the clinic, and (5) perceived educational value of BH learning modes. RESULTS Altogether, 117 residents participated in our survey (73.1% response rate). Residents who had co-managed ≥ five patients alongside IBHCs reported significantly higher confidence than those who had co-managed < five patients with BH conditions. The association remained significant after adjustment for residents' level of training and specialty. In rating BH learning modes, residents rated most highly active collaboration with IBHCs and observation with feedback from clinic preceptors. CONCLUSIONS BHI training within residency enhances perceived learning and confidence in providing BH care.
A sampling theorem for deconvolution of point sources

We study the problem of recovering point sources from samples of their convolution with a Gaussian kernel, showing that a convex program achieves exact deconvolution as long as the sources are not too clustered together and there are at least two samples close to the location of each source. The result is established using a novel dual-certificate construction.
Octahedra as models of oscillating and bouncing drops

By modeling a drop as an octahedron whose vertices are connected by springs, a simple, efficient, physically accurate description of drop dynamics is presented. This model is applied to drops oscillating freely and to drops bouncing on solid or liquid surfaces.
Contextual Factors Affecting the Implementation of Team-Based Primary Care: A Scoping Review

Team-based primary care (TBPC) has diffused rapidly in concert with other reform initiatives. However, little is known about the contextual factors that best position practices to leverage team-based strategies for improved healthcare delivery. Sixty-two empirical articles were analysed in a scoping review to explore key factors in the domains of environment, task and technology that influence the success of establishing and maintaining TBPC practices. Key findings address the importance of internal performance management structures and external payment mechanisms that reinforce TBPC. Incremental task delegation, combined with consistent communication and integrated documentation practices, is critical for shared role understanding and sustained TBPC commitment. Finally, electronic health records can provide a collaboration and communication platform to enhance team functioning. This review provides insights to providers and policymakers regarding enabling contextual factors for successful TBPC implementation, and identifies promising areas for future research – specifically technology use and performance measurement as they relate to teams.
Mine and Yours: Ethics Discourse Framing and Situational Appropriateness

The study of ethics discourse framing goes back at least as far as the 5th century B.C., to ancient Greeks such as Socrates, Plato, Protagoras, and Gorgias. There has also been a great deal of cont...
Factors Affecting Cost, Outcomes, and Tendon Healing After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

Background The purpose of this study was to simultaneously examine costs, functional outcomes, and tendon healing after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods This was a retrospective, single-surgeon, single-hospital study. Pre- and postoperative Simple Shoulder Test (SST), visual analog scale (VAS) pain, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores, and postoperative magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were obtained. Direct costs were derived using a unique, validated tool. Costs included overall total direct cost, which included facility use costs, medication costs, supply costs, and other ancillary costs. Results 85 patients had a minimum 1-year follow-up of functional outcomes (mean of 1.24 years, range 1-3.2 years) and 56 of 85 (66%) had postoperative MRI healing data at an average follow-up of 1.3 years (range 1-3.2 years). Increased direct cost was associated with ASA class III ( P P = .017) compared with those at the surgical center, single-row repair ( P P P = .001) compared with small tear, and increased number of anchors ( P ≤ .001 or P P P = .03). Obesity ( P = .004) and smoking ( P = .034) were associated with greater improvement in VAS-pain scores as these were associated with decreased preoperative scores. Seventy percent of tears healed. Conclusions Within our study, factors that increased direct costs were outcome neutral, and factors that improved outcome were cost neutral. Level of Evidence Level IV, retrospective.
Managing Wildlife Faced with Pathogen Risks Involving Multi-Stable Outcomes

Most models designed to understand how to manage infected wildlife systems with bioeconomic multi-stability take the initial conditions as given, thereby treating pathogen invasion as unanticipated. We examine how ex ante management is an opportunity to influence the ex post conditions, which in turn affect the ex post optimal outcome. To capture these ex ante management choices, we extend the Poisson “collapse” model of Reed and Heras (Bull Math Biol 54:185–207, 1992) to allow for endogenous initial conditions and ex post multi-stability. We account for two uncertain processes: the introduction and establishment of the pathogen. Introduction is conditional on anthropogenic investments in prevention, and both random processes are conditional on how we manage the native population to provide natural prevention of invasion and natural insurance against establishment placing the system in an undesirable basin of attraction. We find that both multi-stability of the invaded system and these uncertainty processes can create economic non-convexities that yield multiple candidate solutions to the ex ante optimization problem. Additionally, we illustrate how the nature of natural protection against introduction and establishment risks can play an important role in the allocation of anthropogenic investments.
Fetal presentation of Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type 1 with novel compound heterozygous CDAN1 mutations

The congenital dyserythropoietic anemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by anemia and ineffective erythropoiesis. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I (CDA1) can present in utero with hydrops fetalis, but more often it presents in childhood or adulthood with moderate macrocytic anemia, jaundice, and progressive iron-overload. CDA1 is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, with biallelic pathogenic variants in CDAN1 or C15orf41. This case report documents a severe fetal presentation of CDA1 where we identified two novel compound heterozygous mutations in CDAN1 and describes the associated pathologic findings and levels of iron-regulatory proteins hepcidin, erythroferrone, and GDF15.
Effect of silicon oxide thickness on polysilicon based passivated contacts for high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells

Abstract In this study, we have investigated the effect of SiOx thickness (1–3 nm) on the performance of polycrystalline (poly) Si/SiOx/monocrystalline Si (c-Si) passivated contacts. Our results show that for both n- and p-type contacts, there is an optimum SiOx thickness of 1.4–1.6 nm for obtaining the highest implied open-circuit voltage (i-Voc) values of ~739 and ~700 mV, respectively. For contacts with SiOx thicker than 1.6 nm, the i-Voc drops due to reduced field-effect passivation. We attribute this to the fact that a thicker SiOx layer hinders the diffusion of both n- and p-type dopants into the c-Si wafer resulting in a junction that is very close to the c-Si/SiOx interface, which increases carrier recombination most likely due to the presence of defects at this interface. The resistivity measured through the metal/poly-Si/SiOx/c-Si stack is independent of SiOx thickness up to 1.6 nm, and increases exponentially by several orders of magnitude with further increase in SiOx thickness due to inefficient tunneling transport. Finally, the extent of metallization-induced degradation of the poly-Si/SiOx/c-Si contacts is worst for the thinnest SiOx investigated (~1 nm), and interestingly it is not completely mitigated even for a ~3 nm thick SiOx.
Compression Testing of Biomimetic Bones with 3D Deformation Measurements

Knowledge of mechanical properties of trabecular bones is important for the designing of bone replacements and implants as well as the research of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. However, due to difficulties on harvesting and preparing trabecular bone specimens, as well as uniqueness on microstructure and mechanical properties of each trabecular bone specimen, it is expensive to use real trabecular bone specimens to validate and to calibrate the experimental technique. In this research we use the open-cell aluminum foam as a replacement of the trabecular bone. Two 45° mirrors and two CCD cameras are used in our experimental setup to acquire images of four surfaces during the compression. Two-dimensional digital image correlation technique is used to measure surface deformations based on these images.
Palliative Care Leadership

Palliative care is one of the newer health specialties and continues to mature. While there has been remarkable progression of clinical skills and education, there has been a lack of focus on palliative care interdisciplinary leadership or development of leadership skills. This article highlights the importance of interdisciplinary palliative leadership within the 5 realms of clinical practice, research, education, policy/advocacy, and administration. A definition of leadership is offered and discussion of successful leadership skills is described. A current review of leadership opportunities is provided.
Pach-ing It in: The Peculiar Organization of Mammalian Pachytene Chromosomes

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Wang et al. (2019) use Hi-C to visualize at high resolution the complex reprogramming of chromatin architecture during spermatogenesis in rhesus monkeys and mice. They find that pachytene spermatocytes have a unique chromosome organization that may result from the presence of the synaptonemal complex and transcription-associated proteins.
Group-wise alignment of resting fMRI in space and time

Spontaneous brain activity is an important biomarker for various neurological and psychological conditions and can be measured using resting functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rfMRI). Since brain activity during resting is spontaneous, it is not possible to directly compare rfMRI time-courses across subjects. Moreover, the spatial configuration of functionally specialized brain regions can vary across subjects throughout the cortex limiting our ability to make precise spatial comparisons. We describe a new approach to jointly align and synchronize fMRI data in space and time, across a group of subjects. We build on previously described methods for inter-subject spatial “Hyper-Alignment” and temporal synchronization through the “BrainSync” transform. We first describe BrainSync Alignment (BSA), a group-based extension of the pair-wise BrainSync transform, that jointly synchronizes resting or task fMRI data across time for multiple subjects. We then explore the combination of BSA with Response Hyper-Alignment (RHA) and compare with Connectivity Hyper-Alignment (CHA), an alternative approach to spatial alignment based on resting fMRI. The result of applying RHA and BSA is both to produce improved functional spatial correspondence across a group of subjects, and to align their time-series so that, even for spontaneous resting data, we see highly correlated temporal dynamics at homologous locations across the group. These spatiotemporally aligned data can then be used as an atlas in future applications. We validate these transfer functions by applying them to z-score maps of an independent dataset and calculating inter-subject correlation. The results show that RHA can be calculated from rfMRI and have comparable output with CHA by leveraging BSA. Moreover, through calculation and application to task fMRI-based spatial transformations on an independent dataset, we show that the combination of RHA and BSA produces improved spatial functional alignment significantly relative to either RHA or CHA alone.
A mismatch between methods and objectives in phase I drug development: Statistical limitations and personalized medicine—A California Cancer Consortium (CCC) study.

2538 Background: Patient variation in drug response and toxicity impacts all phases of drug development. While detailed sample-size calculations and analysis based on statistical methodology are cr...
An ordered pathway of snRNP binding during mammalian pre-mRNA splicing complex assembly.

Abstract We have studied the assembly, composition and structure of splicing complexes using biotin-avidin affinity chromatography and RNase protection assays. We find that U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs associate with the pre-mRNA and are in the mature, functional complex. Association of U1 snRNP with the pre-mRNA is rapid and ATP independent; binding of all other snRNPs occurs subsequently and is ATP dependent. Efficient binding of U1 and U2 snRNPs requires a 5' splice site or a 3' splice site/branch point region, respectively. Both sequence elements are required for efficient U4, U5 and U6 snRNP binding. Mutant RNA substrates containing only a 5' splice site or a 3' splice site/branch point region are assembled into 'partial' splicing complexes, which contain a subset of these five snRNPs. RNase protection experiments indicate that in contrast to U1 and U2 snRNPs, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs do not contact the pre-mRNA. Based upon the time course of snRNP binding and the composition of sucrose gradient fractionated splicing complexes we suggest an assembly pathway proceeding from a 20S (U1 snRNP only) through a 40S (U1 and U2 snRNPs) to the functional 60S splicing complex (U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs).
The psychology of guns: risk, fear, and motivated reasoning

The gun debate in America is often framed as a stand-off between two immutable positions with little potential to move ahead with meaningful legislative reform. Attempts to resolve this impasse have been thwarted by thinking about gun ownership attitudes as based on rational choice economics instead of considering the broader socio-cultural meanings of guns. In this essay, an additional psychological perspective is offered that highlights how concerns about victimization and mass shootings within a shared culture of fear can drive cognitive bias and motivated reasoning on both sides of the gun debate. Despite common fears, differences in attitudes and feelings about guns themselves manifest in variable degrees of support for or opposition to gun control legislation that are often exaggerated within caricatured depictions of polarization. A psychological perspective suggests that consensus on gun legislation reform can be achieved through understanding differences and diversity on both sides of the debate, working within a common middle ground, and more research to resolve ambiguities about how best to minimize fear while maximizing personal and public safety.
Converting PBO fibers into carbon fibers by ultrafast carbonization

Abstract We report an ultrafast transformation of poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers into carbon fibers (CFs) by direct carbonization that eliminates high-cost oxidation in traditional CF conversion. Ultrafast heating and cooling render PBO-derived CFs superlative mechanical properties. ReaxFF atomistic-scale reactive molecular dynamics simulations unveil the PBO to CF conversion mechanism in which ultrafast heating suppresses the O-contained gas release, facilitating all-carbon rings alignment during the carbonization of PBO. These findings provide new guidelines for identifying and evaluating alternative CF precursors and fresh perspectives on smart manufacturing of CFs.
When Is a Nonlinear System Semiglobally Asymptotically Stabilizable by Digital Feedback

For multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems, we prove that while global asymptotic stabilizability may not ensure semiglobal asymptotic stabilizability (SGAS) by sampled-data state feedback, global asymptotic plus local exponential stabilizability (GALES) does imply the existence of an SGAS sampled-data state feedback controller. Based on this result, we further prove the main contribution of this article: GALES and uniform observability imply SGAS by sampled-data output feedback, which is indeed a hybrid version of the “separation principle” for nonlinear systems. The development of the “digital separation principle” is made possible by employing a subtle Lyapunov argument that makes the estimation of domains of attraction and semiglobal asymptotic analysis relatively intuitive and simple, without involving intricate Lyapunov functions and the corresponding level sets. Results on SGAS by sampled-data feedback for representative classes of nonlinear systems are also given as illustrations.
In situ precipitation of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) for remediation of subsurface iodine contamination.

Abstract A practical approach for in situ hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) precipitation was developed for iodine immobilization under field-scale conditions at the Hanford Site. A series of 1D meter-long bench-top column experiments packed with Hanford sediments was conducted with a single acidic ferric solution (0.1 M, pH = 1.5) injection. Because carbonate and clay minerals are widely present in sediments, self-pH buffering of the injected acidic ferric solution occurred due to mineral dissolution, leading to HFO precipitation under a neutral condition. Up to ~12 mg/g Fe as HFO successfully precipitated and evenly distributed in the column sediments, and the remobilization of the neoformed HFO precipitates was limited (≤ ~3.16 wt% after over 100 pore volumes (pv) of flushing). The transport of iodate (IO3−) in the HFO-amended sediments was strongly retarded through both adsorption and co-precipitation processes. However, reversible adsorption of iodine on HFO was observed, which might limit its application to slow-moving groundwater systems.
Role of opacity at the 9 keV back lighter energy used in measuring the equation of state of boron at pressures up to a Gbar

Abstract Many experiments have been conducted at the National Ignition Facility to measure the equation of state Hugoniot of plastic, boron, and diamond at extreme pressures up to a Gbar. The “Gbar” design employs a strong spherically converging shock launched through a solid ball of material using a hohlraum radiation drive. The shock front conditions are characterized using X-ray radiography, typically at energies near 9 keV. In this paper we examine how the opacity of boron at 9 keV changes at high pressures and temperatures. Understanding this is vital to unfolding the density in the shock front as pressures exceed 100 Mbar. We compare opacity calculations from a number of methods including the legacy XSN opacity tables, super transition array (STA), average atom (AVAT), and detailed configuration accounting (DCA) methods. We examine how the changing opacity is correlated with the K-shell occupation calculated using the opacity methods as well as other electronic structure methods such as MECCA, Purgatorio, and an all-electron Kohn-Sham density functional theory calculation that uses optimized all-electron norm-conserving Vanderbilt pseudopotentials (ONCV). We also examine the relative contribution of free-free opacity to the overall opacity, which is dominated by bound-free absorption.
What moves stock prices around credit rating changes

Using monthly and multi-day return windows, research shows that credit rating downgrades often reveal new information and lead to significant stock price reactions but that upgrades do not. Using intraday data, we revisit these findings and extend them by examining the possibility of informed trading ahead of the announcement of credit rating changes. Credit rating agencies delay public announcements of rating changes to provide issuers with time to review and respond to rating reports, which opens the door for informed trading in advance of credit rating changes. Using data on rating changes from S&P, Moody’s, and Fitch, we find a more modest price reaction to rating downgrades than documented elsewhere and show that stock prices respond to changes in long-term issuer ratings but not to changes in ratings of a single instrument or a subset of instruments. Most interestingly, we find that prices start moving before a downgrade announcement, controlling for other news and investor anticipation. These pre-announcement movements are concentrated among observations where credit analysts are motivated to disclose private information to advance their careers. The beneficiaries of these disclosures appear to be institutional investors.
Final Offer Arbitration: The Last Word in Public Sector Labor Disputes

Final offer arbitration is a relatively new method of resolving labor disputes. Its use is confined almost exclusively to the public sector where it applies to essential employees. By providing for the selection of one party’s best offer, final offer arbitration statutes represent a compromise between interest arbitration statutes and laws prohibiting strikes by essential public employees. The Eugene Oregon Code's package system focuses upon the creation of a “strike-like” risk while the Michigan statute's “issue-by-issue” method concentrates more on achieving an equitable result. This article proposes a model statute which involves a broader selection method to achieve both these goals.
Crosstalk of Pain and Thirst Perception: A Brief Review

Senses such as thirst, hunger, pain, and temperature sensation show imbalances of the internal state and have important implications for survival. Independently, thirst and pain perception create motivational states that organize behavior to fulfill the goal imposed by the perception, but little is known on how competitive these perceptions are when combined and the motivational states they create when experienced in unison. A review of the literature was conducted about pain, thirst, and vasopressin. Specific inclusion was given to studies observing the association of pain and thirst together and independently. Articles that were reviewed were original research, reviews, and large clinical studies. Results from previous research show a relationship between motivational states, such as thirst and pain perception. Thirst and pain are competitive motivational states that arise certain behaviors for a specific goal. Further research is needed to understand how these motivational states might be changed by one another. Implications From this review, readers can conclude that increased thirst can bring about greater pain sensation for given stimuli.
Silica diagenesis and natural fracturing in limestone: An example from the Ordovician of Central Pennsylvania

Abstract Although fractures are commonly assumed to stem from physical, tectonic deformations, fractures may instead form in response to chemical processes. Within the Appalachian Basin in Central Pennsylvania lie multiple sets of fractures hosted within layers of Ordovician age limestone. One set of fractures is dominantly layer-parallel, a characteristic commonly observed in shales due to shales’ mechanical anisotropy and tendency to develop fluid overpressures; however, these fracture-hosting limestones lack obvious mechanical anisotropy. The layer-parallel fractures are found with layer-perpendicular fractures having various strikes, forming a boxwork-like pattern. Tectonic strain is a problematic mechanism because the fractures are hosted in individual beds lacking apparent mechanical significance relative to other, unfractured limestone beds in the outcrop. Furthermore, other diagenetic processes associated with fracturing, such as desiccation, bentonite swelling, and dolomitization, are unlikely because of the interpreted transgressional paleoenvironment and a deficiency of the hypothesized minerals. We determined the composition of fracture cement and host-rock samples using X-ray diffraction; we quantified fracture intensity using point counts of field photographs; and we used optical petrography to aid in the identification and timing of mineral phases. Silica content is consistently depleted in fractured limestone layers relative to unfractured limestone layers. We interpret that the fracture driving mechanism involved the diagenetic transition of biogenic silica to quartz, based on silica being present as biogenic grains as well as cement and detrital grains, and fractures being filled with calcite cement. Silica migration away from fracturing layers explains the volume lost from fractured layers in a proposed horizontal fracturing mechanism whereby the host rock shrinks but is prevented from contracting vertically. Alternatively, or simultaneously, silica precipitation may have decreased permeability, thus promoting fracturing via fluid overpressure.
Slicing Programs with Arbitrary Control-flow

Program slicing is a program transformation that is useful in program debugging, program maintenance, and other applications that involve understanding program behavior. Given a program point p and a set of variables V, the goal of slicing is to create a projection of the program (by eliminating some statements), such that the projection and the original program compute the same values for all variables in V at point p.
Primary fabrication processes for nickel and iron aluminides

Alloys based on the intermetallic compounds Ni{sub 3}Al and Fe{sub 3}Al have been developed. Intermetallic compounds are characteristically brittle at room temperature, and some are also brittle at elevated temperatures. Nickel-aluminide alloys have been made ductile by alloying with a small amount of boron (200 ppm by weight) and adjusting the aluminum content to 24 at. % or less. Iron-aluminide alloys are ductile when chromium is added (>wt 2%) and the aluminum is adjusted to 28 at %. These alloys begin ordering upon solidification; therefore, a greater shrinkage must be accommodated during casting. The hot-working temperature window'' for the nickel-aluminide alloy is very narrow; however, the alloy can be cold-worked large amounts. Iron-aluminide alloys have a very broad hot-working temperature range but have limited ductility (<20%) at room temperature. The strength and oxidation resistance of these alloys are such that many potential applications exist. Commercialization is in progress. 15 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.
Oligopeptide transport in Escherichia coli. Specificity with respect to side chain and distinction from dipeptide transport.

Abstract A lysine auxotroph of Escherichia coli W can use lysine oligopeptides as a source of the required amino acid. A mutant, defective in oligopeptide transport, was isolated from this strain with the use of resistance to the bactericidal action of triornithine as a selection procedure. The triornithine-resistant mutant could no longer grow upon lysine oligopeptides. In an analogous manner a triornithine-resistant mutant of a glycine auxotroph lost the ability to grow upon glycine oligopeptides. It is concluded that lysine, ornithine, and glycine oligopeptides use a common transport system, which is lost in the triornithine-resistant strain. This conclusion is substantiated by studies that show competition among these oligopeptides for entry into the cell. Tyrosine oligopeptides can also compete, and they are presumed to use the same transport system. This lack of specificity with respect to side chain is taken as an indication that a single system may be used for oligopeptide transport and therefore is in marked contrast to the transport of the free amino acids, for which several distinct systems are required. It is shown that dipeptides use predominantly a separate system, although they possess limited ability to enter by the oligopeptide mechanism. In contrast, oligopeptides cannot be transported by the specific dipeptide system or systems.
Population, Development and Global Warming: Averting the Tragedy of the Climate Commons

Carbon emissions from fossil fuel use and other human activity are predicted to cause a significant warming of the global climate, according to a growing consensus of scientists. Global warming would have substantial negative effects on the world environment and economy. Human population and economic growth continue to drive both energy use and carbon emissions. While the developed countries are the largest source of present and past emissions, developing countries are rapidly catching up. China will probably surpass the United States as the largest carbon emitter early in the next century. The global warming treaty signed in Rio in 1992 relies entirely on voluntary emission caps for developed countries and has had little or no apparent effect on emissions. Much stronger steps must be taken to avoid or lessen potential climate change. A globally determined but nationally imposed carbon tax should be adopted to internalize the future costs of carbon emissions into the present cost of fossil fuel and other carbon sources. This would allow the maximum use of free market forces and individual choice to determine how carbon emission reductions are achieved. In addition, national emission caps for all countries should be established. International trade mechanisms can be used to support universal implementation of these measures. Where possible, global warming policy should include strong but equitable incentives for sustainable development and population stabilization, important goals in themselves regardless of the extent of future climate change.
The scientific basis of recent US guidance on sugars intake

Most fruits and dairy products are high in sugars, and thus naturally occurring sugars are consumed as part of a healthy diet. Sugars are also added to foods during processing or preparation, primarily to enhance taste. Monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods are chemically indistinguishable from naturally occurring forms. However, concern has been expressed about the apparent increasing consumption of added sugars and their possible role in displacing or diluting nutrients in the diet and contributing to the epidemic of obesity in developed countries. One of the 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans states, "Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars." The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee discussed whether to specify added sugars rather than the broader term sugars but decided that it was not possible to conclude that added sugars per se play a negative role in the public's health. The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee issued a call for more definitive studies of the role of sugars in current diets and the potential effect of a reduction in added sugars on both dietary quality and energy intake. The American Heart Association recently released a statement advising consumers to limit sugars consumption. The macronutrient report for the dietary reference intakes addresses many of these same issues; the expert panel concluded that it was not appropriate to set a tolerable upper intake level for added sugars but suggested a maximal intake level of 25% of energy from added sugars because of concerns about reduced intakes of essential micronutrients.
A continuum approach to dense wireless networks with cooperation

We consider a multi-hop wireless network in which a single source-destination pair communicates with the help of multiple cooperative relays. The relays deliver the source message by transmitting it in groups at every hop. The group transmissions increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal, and improve the range of communication. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of cooperative network with respect to the network parameters such as source/relay transmission powers and the decoding threshold (the minimum SNR required to decode a transmission). It is shown that if the decoding threshold is below a critical value, the message is delivered to the destination regardless of the distance between the source and the destination. Otherwise, the number of transmitting nodes diminishes at every hop, and the message does not reach to a destination far away. Our approach is based on the idea of continuum approximation, which is valid when the network density is high.
Crack Propagation Versus Fiber Alignment in Collagen Gels: Experiments and Multiscale Simulation

It is well known that the organization of the fibers constituting a collagenous tissue can affect its failure behavior. Less clear is how that effect can be described computationally so as to predict the failure of a native or engineered tissue under the complex loading conditions that can occur in vivo. Toward the goal of a general predictive strategy, we applied our multiscale model of collagen gel mechanics to the failure of a double-notched gel under tension, comparing the results for aligned and isotropic samples. In both computational and laboratory experiments, we found that the aligned gels were more likely to fail by connecting the two notches than the isotropic gels. For example, when the initial notches were 30% of the sample width (normalized tip-to-edge distance = 0.7), the normalized tip-to-tip distance at which the transition occurred from between-notch failure to across-sample failure shifted from 0.6 to 1.0. When the model predictions for the type of failure event (between the two notches versus across the sample width) were compared to the experimental results, the two were found to be strongly covariant by Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05) for both the aligned and isotropic gels with no fitting parameters. Although the double-notch system is idealized, and the collagen gel system is simpler than a true tissue, it presents a simple model system for studying failure of anisotropic tissues in a controlled setting. The success of the computational model suggests that the multiscale approach, in which the structural complexity is incorporated via changes in the model networks rather than via changes to a constitutive equation, has the potential to predict tissue failure under a wide range of conditions.
Computer-supported cooperative work

Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) refers to cooperative work carried out by a group of individuals with computer support. Groupware is generally taken to refer to the software which supports this interaction. For example, email is a CSCW term. Any of the many competing email products (e.g. cc:Mail, Microsoft Mail, etc.) are examples of groupware. Groupware (often used as a synonym for CSCW) has received an enormous amount of press in recent years, as the advantages of using computers as support for business processes and workflow has been realized. As an understanding of CSCW and use of groupware tools becomes more prevalent, an introduction to the terminology and the tools in use should become a part of a computer science curriculum if only for the prospective gains to be had in group communication.
Awakening a dialogue: A critical race theory analysis of U. S. nature of science research from 1967 to 2013

As the nation's K-12 classrooms become increasingly more racially, culturally, and linguistically diverse, it is incumbent upon the science community to seize opportunities to attend to the rhetoric of reform, namely to enhance scientific literacy for all students. Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a framework, this study examined 112 nature of science (NOS) research peer-reviewed studies conducted in the U. S. from (1967 to 2013). Results suggests that while White participants are being represented in the NOS research, Black, Latino, Native American and other people of color, were found to be disproportionally excluded as participants. Implications of excluding these individuals are explored and suggestions for making NOS research more equitable are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 1546–1570, 2016
An Early Starovoytova Urban Anthropology Work

Etnicheskaia gruppa. sovremennom sovetskom gorode: sotsiologicheskie ocherki [The Ethnic Group in the Contemporary Soviet City: Sociological Essays (in Russian)].Galina Vasil'evna Starovoytova. Leningrad: Nauka Publishers, 1987.175 pp.
The African-American church: a potential forum for adolescent comprehensive sexuality education.

Abstract %Purpose: To investigate the attitudes and beliefs of clergy from African-American churches towards sexuality education and the provision of sexuality education in their churches. Methods: A pilot study was designed to survey a convenience sample of clergy leaders from African-American churches about their young adolescent members. The survey asked about priority health topics, prevalence of sexual and drug risk behavior and the clergy’s desire for health education programs. The churches were located in a county (1990 population approximately 200,000, 40% African-American) in the southeastern United States. Results: The respondents’ highest priority issues were drugs, violence, HIV/AIDS, pregnancy and alcohol. Many (76%) had discussed one or more of these issues in church. All respondents wanted additional health seminars for their adolescents, though some clergy (30%) excluded some sexual topics (i.e., anal sex, bisexuality, homosexuality, masturbation, oral sex). Only 6% would make condoms available in their churches, but all would allow contraceptive education. Conclusions: Many African-American churches are open to including sexuality education among their health education offerings for young adolescents. The church should be considered as a potential forum for providing comprehensive sexuality education for African-American adolescents.
Mesoscopic analysis of motion and conformation of cross-bridges

The orientation of a cross-bridge is widely used as a parameter in determining the state of muscle. The conventional measurements of orientation, such as that made by wide-field fluorescence microscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or X-ray diffraction or scattering, report the average orientation of 1012–109 myosin cross-bridges. Under conditions where all the cross-bridges are immobile and assume the same orientation, for example in normal skeletal muscle in rigor, it is possible to determine the average orientation from such global measurements. But in actively contracting muscle, where a parameter indicating orientation fluctuates in time, the measurements of the average value provide no information about cross-bridge kinetics. To avoid problems associated with averaging information from trillions of cross-bridges, it is necessary to decrease the number of observed cross-bridges to a mesoscopic value (i.e. the value affected by fluctuations around the average). In such mesoscopic regimes, the averaging of the signal is minimal and dynamic behavior can be examined in great detail. Examples of mesoscopic analysis on skeletal and cardiac muscle are provided.
Intrasubject Conditioning as a Function of the Intensity of the Unconditioned Stimulus

Subjects conditioned concurrently to two different conditioned stimuli, light and tone, exhibited a significantly higher level of conditioning to the stimulus paired with a strong unconditioned stimulus than to the stimulus paired with a weak one. The findings suggest that habit strength in aversive conditioning varies with the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus.
Myelin sheaths are formed with proteins that originated in vertebrate lineages.

All vertebrate nervous systems, except those of agnathans, make extensive use of the myelinated fiber, a structure formed by coordinated interplay between neuronal axons and glial cells. Myelinated fibers, by enhancing the speed and efficiency of nerve cell communication allowed gnathostomes to evolve extensively, forming a broad range of diverse lifestyles in most habitable environments. The axon-covering myelin sheaths are structurally and biochemically novel as they contain high portions of lipid and a few prominent low molecular weight proteins often considered unique to myelin. Here we searched genome and EST databases to identify orthologs and paralogs of the following myelin-related proteins: (1) myelin basic protein (MBP), (2) myelin protein zero (MPZ, formerly P0), (3) proteolipid protein (PLP1, formerly PLP), (4) peripheral myelin protein-2 (PMP2, formerly P2), (5) peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22) and (6) stathmin-1 (STMN1). Although widely distributed in gnathostome/vertebrate genomes, neither MBP nor MPZ are present in any of nine invertebrate genomes examined. PLP1, which replaced MPZ in tetrapod CNS myelin sheaths, includes a novel ‘tetrapod-specific’ exon (see also Mobius et al., 2009). Like PLP1, PMP2 first appears in tetrapods and like PLP1 its origins can be traced to invertebrate paralogs. PMP22, with origins in agnathans, and STMN1 with origins in protostomes, existed well before the evolution of gnathostomes. The coordinated appearance of MBP and MPZ with myelin sheaths and of PLP1 with tetrapod CNS myelin suggests interdependence – new proteins giving rise to novel vertebrate structures.
Graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced silicone for the valvular prosthesis application.

RNewly developed elastomer heart valves have been shown to better re-create the flow physics of native heart valves, resulting in preferable hemodynamic responses. This emergence has been motivated in part by the recent introduction of percutaneous valve approaches in the clinic. Unfortunately, elastomers such as silicone are prone to structural failure, which drastically limits their applicability the development of a valve prosthesis. To produce a mechanically more robust silicone substrate, we reinforced it with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The nanoplatelets were introduced into a two-part silicone mixture and allowed to cure. Cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility tests revealed that the incorporation of GNPs did not adversely affect cell proliferation or augment adhesion of platelets on the surface of the composite materials. Static mechanical characterization by loading in the tensile direction subsequently showed no observable effect when graphene was utilized. However, cyclic tensile testing (0.05 Hz) demonstrated that silicone samples containing 250 mg graphene/L of uncured silicone significantly improved (p<0.05) material fatigue properties compared with silicone-only controls. This finding suggests that for the silicone–graphene composite, static loads were principally transferred onto the matrix. On the other hand, in cyclic loading conditions, the GNPs were recruited effectively to delay failure of the bulk material. We conclude that application of GNPs to extend silicone durability is useful and warrants further evaluation at the trileaflet valve configuration. KEY WTRBT: K heart valve prostheses, silicone elastomer, graphene nanoplatelets, tensile testing, durability
Infiltration of outdoor ultrafine particles into a test house.

Ultrafine particles (UFP) (<100 nm) have been related to adverse human health effects such as oxidative stress and cardiovascular mortality. However, human exposure to particles of outdoor origin is heavily dependent on their infiltration into homes. The infiltration factor (Finf) and its variation as a function of several factors becomes of enormous importance in epidemiological studies. The objective of this study is to investigate the transport of UFP into a residential building and to determine the functional dependence of infiltration on particle size and air change rate. A secondary objective was to estimate the values of the penetration coefficient P and composite deposition rate kcomp that enter into the definition of Finf. Using continuous measurements of indoor and outdoor concentrations of size-resolved particles ranging from 5 to 100 nm in a manufactured test house, particle penetration through the building, composite deposition, and the resulting value of Finf were calculated for two cases: c...
Archival Research in Antananarivo, Madagascar: The National Archives

The Malagasy proverb “You can't catch a locust if your armpit is not close to the ground” (Ny valala tsy azo raha tsy andrian'elika) perhaps characterizes archival research in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar. There are at least eight research facilities with archival materials in town: the National Archives (Foiben'ny Arisivam-Pirenena Malagasy); the Academie Malgache; CIDST (Centre d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique); the National Library (Tranomboky-Pirenena); the University Library; and three church archives (American Lutheran, Norwegian Lutheran, and Catholic). In this paper I give some background information on the collections in the National Archives, outline how to use the facilities, provide an annotated bibliography of the finding aids there, and give some tips for one's stay in Antananarivo.Madagascar's National Archives inherited many documents from the monarchical period. At the beginning of the colonial administration, the French deposited royal documents at the Queen's Palace (Rova) in Antananarivo. During their occupation they added documents from the territorial and central administrations. The whole collection was transferred to French headquarters before the Malagasy direction of Civil Affairs was created. On 1 March 1958 the Service des Archives de Madagascar was instituted. From then on, the archives have been under the jurisdiction of the head of government.The National Archives are remarkable for their materials on the following topics: the history of the Malagasy people; their customs and practices; and their way of thinking that distinguishes them from the majority of other people. Moreover, the National Archives have collections that do not exist in other libraries, such as the Academie Malagasy and CIDST.