cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Part One

Philosophy of religion at the turn of the twentieth century can be understood as a continuation and development of some central philosophical themes of the nineteenth century. These themes owe much to two early nineteenth century philosophers, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Auguste Comte. Hegel (1770–1831) sought to reconcile the worlds of the finite and infinite by taking the philosopher on a spiritual journey through the realms of the objective, subjective and absolute spirits. In the absolute spirit he sought to reconcile the tensions in Immanuel Kant’s thought between the finite and infinite, subject and object, and faith and knowledge. The absolute spirit for Hegel is one, the infinite whole which contains all the contrasts of finite being. Religion is understood to picture or represent the absolute in imaginative form, and philosophy is understood to transcend and interpret the imaginative in conceptual terms. In so doing, philosophy helps provide a justification for religion in its absolute or Christian form.
The Problem of Sunny’s Pennies: A Multi-institutional Study About the Development of Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Professional Noticing

In a multi-institutional study, the authors examine elementary preservice teachers’ (PSTs’) noticing skills before and after their engagement in a methods course. In particular, the authors examine their use of Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI) as a means of supporting the development of PSTs’ professional noticing of children’s mathematical thinking. PSTs (n=123) enrolled in elementary teacher preparation programs across three institutions in the United States were recruited for the study. They were shown a video of four children solving a mathematics problem and asked questions designed to elicit their professional noticing. Analyses revealed that across all three sites the authors’ use of CGI supported PSTs in developing two out of the three noticing skills that comprise the professional noticing framework (albeit to differing degrees). Comparing across institutions revealed important implications for (a) the ways in which teacher educators support PSTs’ noticing and (b) teacher education programs more broadly.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Abstract Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune-mediated, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that manifests with encephalopathy and polyfocal neurological signs and symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates large, ill-defined lesions predominantly affecting the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, though deep gray matter may be involved. A specific and sensitive biomarker for ADEM has yet to be discovered, though the utility of autoantibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is currently under investigation. Diagnosis of ADEM is one of exclusion; however, consensus diagnostic definitions have facilitated a common terminology. ADEM is classically monophasic but rarely may exhibit a multiphasic course or may represent the first attack of a relapsing demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment consists of early immunotherapy and outcomes are mostly favorable. This chapter reviews the current knowledge of ADEM in a clinical context with specific focus on pathology, evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes.
Modelling Toxoplasma gondii infection in a 3D cell culture system In Vitro: Comparison with infection in 2D cell monolayers

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models bridge the gap between two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures and animal models. Physiologically relevant, 3D culture models have significantly advanced basic cell science and provide unique insights into host-pathogen interactions intrinsically linked to cell morphology. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intravacuolar parasite that chronically infects a large portion of the global human population. Our current understanding of Toxoplasma infection is largely based on 2D cell cultures, in which mammalian cells are grown on flat surfaces. However, 2D cell cultures may not recapitulate key conditions of in vivo infections as they introduce artificial pressures and tensions, which may subsequently alter infectious processes that are dependent on spatiality, e.g., invasion, replication and egress. In this study, we adapted a collagen-based 3D cell culture system to reproduce the 3D environment of T. gondii natural infections for investigation of the replication and egress of the parasite from the parasitophorous vacuole. Suspended in the 3D matrix, Toxoplasma-infected VERO cells have round morphology, as opposed to infected VERO cells in 2D monolayers. The doubling time of Toxoplasma in VERO cells within the matrix is comparable to that of parasites cultivated in VERO cell monolayers. In the absence of the pressure of flattened host cells grown in 2D cultures, the parasitophorous vacuole of T. gondii has a globular shape, with intravacuolar parasites distributed radially, forming 3D spherical ‘rosette’ structures. Parasites egress radially away from the ruptured host cell in 3D matrices, in contrast to Toxoplasma cultivated in 2D monolayer cultures, where the parasites escape perpendicularly from the flat surface below the host cells. These observations demonstrate the utility of collagen matrices for studying parasite modes of infection as these 3D assays more closely mimic in vivo conditions.
Abstract WP439: Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Count are not Associated With Coated-Platelet Levels Among Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis

Background: Coated-platelets, a subset of activated platelets observed with dual-agonist stimulation with collagen and thrombin, represent 30% of the platelet population in normal controls. In rece...
MECHANISMS OF CAPILLARY RECRUITMENT: RELATION TO FLOW, TISSUE PO2 AND MOTOR UNIT CONTROL OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the functions of capillary recruitment, and explores the sites and mechanisms of capillary control. It describes experiments that were performed on dog gracilis containing about 0.5 mM myoglobin (Mb). Muscles were vascularly isolated, taking care to preserve all vessels. Venous out-flow was either recirculated or diverted for the measurement of flow and blood composition. The chapter discusses the conditions at rest. The existence of poorly perfused or unperfused loci is the principal characteristic of vascular supply to normal, resting muscle. The data confirmed the predictions of network models of microvascular beds. By use of such models, one can compute the effect of changing the diameter of a particular class of vessels while leaving all others unchanged. The chapter also explains how vasomotor control is coupled to the motor unit organization of skeletal muscle. The approach used in the chapter involves observation of recruitment and derecruitment in a 3-dimensional, red, postural muscle, and relate the data to blood flow, VO2, and O2 saturation of myoglobin.
A Numerically Exact Approach to Quantum Impurity Problems in Realistic Lattice Geometries

We review a completely unbiased and controlled numerical approach to quantum impurity problems consisting of exactly mapping the complete lattice Hamiltonian onto an equivalent one dimensional system through a unitary transformation. The resulting dimensional and entanglement reduction allows one to study single particle problems on arbitrary $d$-dimensional lattices using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method. The real-space resolution allows one to position the impurities at the boundary or bulk of the sample and to study screening effects due to edge or surface modes. We describe how to generalize this approach to multi-impurity problems, discuss applications and possible extensions.
Enhanced formation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli persister variants in environments relevant to leafy greens production

Bacterial persistence is a form of phenotypic heterogeneity in which a subpopulation, persisters, has high tolerance to antibiotics and other stresses. Persisters of enteric pathogens may represent the subpopulations capable of surviving harsh environments and causing human infections. Here we examined the persister populations of several shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) outbreak strains under conditions relevant to leafy greens production. The persister fraction of STEC in exponential-phase of culture varied greatly among the strains examined, ranging from 0.00003% to 0.0002% for O157:H7 strains to 0.06% and 0.08% for STEC O104:H4 strains. A much larger persister fraction (0.1-11.2%) was observed in STEC stationary cells grown in rich medium, which was comparable to the persister fractions in stationary cells grown in spinach lysates (0.6-3.6%). The highest persister fraction was measured in populations of cells incubated in field water (9.9-23.2%), in which no growth was detected for any of the STEC strains examined. Considering the high tolerance of persister cells to antimicrobial treatments and their ability to revert to normal cells, the presence of STEC persister cells in leafy greens production environments may pose a significant challenge in the development of effective control strategies to ensure the microbial safety of fresh vegetables.
Effects of Varying Lengths and Diameters During Straw Phonation on an Excised Canine Model.

Summary Objective/Background Straw phonation, a well-established method of vocal exercise, started over 100 years ago. However, some of the most basic questions about best practices remain including the ideal extension length and the ideal restriction (semiocclusion) diameter. This study aims to help answer these questions by looking at both separately, with all other variables controlled. Methods Four (4) straws with lengths of 5, 25, 50, and 75 centimeters and 4 restrictions with diameters of 3, 9, 15, and 21 mm were tested, separately. They were attached to the end of a simulated vocal tract which was then affixed to an excised canine larynx. Airflow was increased until the larynges achieved self-sustained phonation then aerodynamic, acoustic, and electroglottographic data were collected. Results There was a significant decrease in the phonation threshold pressure using the 5 and 25 cm straw lengths and the 9 and 15 mm restrictions. The phonation threshold flow and contact quotient saw insignificant changes, except in the case of the 3 mm restriction. Discussion It is theorized that the increased inertive reactance helps to decrease phonation threshold pressure. By controlling for all other variables, the effects of the length or diameter of the straw can be analyzed in isolation. These results narrow the significant range of lengths and diameters used in straw phonation.
Ultrastructure of mammalian spermiogenesis: III. The organization and morphogenesis of the manchette during rodent spermiogenesis

The morphogenesis of the manchette, its relation to cellular components and nuclear shaping, and the constancy of its organization in a variety of rodent species was investigated. The sequential addition of microtubular elements, parallel to the long axis of the spermatid, was observed during early spermiogenesis. At the completion of this period, a species-specific number of microtubular elements were established which may be specified by 500 aggregates composing the nuclear ring. As chromatin condensation becomes apparent, microtubules are displaced laterally, resulting in a gradual reduction in the number of microtubules encasing the nucleus. At the completion of nuclear shaping, the manchette was reduced to a crescent-shaped array which was lost prior to middle piece formation.
AIM2 inflammasome surveillance of DNA damage shapes neurodevelopment.

Neurodevelopment is characterized by rapid rates of neural cell proliferation and differentiation followed by massive cell death in which more than half of all recently generated brain cells are pruned back. Large amounts of DNA damage, cellular debris, and by-products of cellular stress are generated during these neurodevelopmental events, all of which can potentially activate immune signalling. How the immune response to this collateral damage influences brain maturation and function remains unknown. Here we show that the AIM2 inflammasome contributes to normal brain development and that disruption of this immune sensor of genotoxic stress leads to behavioural abnormalities. During infection, activation of the AIM2 inflammasome in response to double-stranded DNA damage triggers the production of cytokines as well as a gasdermin-D-mediated form of cell death known as pyroptosis1–4. We observe pronounced AIM2 inflammasome activation in neurodevelopment and find that defects in this sensor of DNA damage result in anxiety-related behaviours in mice. Furthermore, we show that the AIM2 inflammasome contributes to central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis specifically through its regulation of gasdermin-D, and not via its involvement in the production of the cytokines IL-1 and/or IL-18. Consistent with a role for this sensor of genomic stress in the purging of genetically compromised CNS cells, we find that defective AIM2 inflammasome signalling results in decreased neural cell death both in response to DNA damage-inducing agents and during neurodevelopment. Moreover, mutations in AIM2 lead to excessive accumulation of DNA damage in neurons as well as an increase in the number of neurons that incorporate into the adult brain. Our findings identify the inflammasome as a crucial player in establishing a properly formed CNS through its role in the removal of genetically compromised cells. The sensing of DNA damage by the AIM2 inflammasome promotes the death of central nervous system cells and is required for normal brain development.
An homage to Khayyam and Pascal

I am a multidisciplinary artist with an interest in the taxonomy of image-text relationships. For the past several years I have been studying scientific illustrations and texts in medieval Persian ...
La representación de lo incaico en Tradiciones peruanas

El siglo XIX es una epoca clave para la consolidacion de Peru como una nueva nacion independiente. Es en este contexto en el que los textos del escritor Ricardo Palma cumplen una funcion fundamental al imaginar el pasado de los incas como algo glorioso y distante, a la vez que se menosprecia al indigena actual. Este articulo analiza el conflicto que produce esta dicotomia entre incas e indigenas, a la vez que analiza las consecuencias de una comunidad imaginada que se discrimina a si misma.
Prophylactic Lateral Neck Dissection for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma is not Associated with Improved Survival

Patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) often receive lateral lymph node dissection with total thyroidectomy when calcitonin levels are elevated, even in the absence of structural disease, but the effect of this intervention on disease-specific outcomes is not known. We retrospectively reviewed patients from 1986 to 2017 who underwent thyroidectomy with curative intent for MTC at our institution. The association of disease-specific survival and clinicopathologic features was examined using univariate and multivariate Cox regression. We identified 316 patients who underwent curative resection for MTC. Overall and disease-specific survival were 76% and 86%, respectively, at 10 years. To investigate the effect of prophylactic ipsilateral lateral lymph node dissection, we analyzed 89 patients without known structural disease in the neck lymph nodes at the time of resection and preoperative calcitonin > 200 pg/ml, of whom 45 had an ipsilateral lateral lymph node dissection (LND) and 44 did not. There were no differences in tumor size or preoperative calcitonin levels. There was no difference at 10 years in cumulative incidence of recurrence in the neck (20.9% LND vs. 30.4% no LND, p = 0.46), cumulative incidence of distant recurrence (18.3% vs. 18.4%, p = 0.97), disease-specific survival (86% vs. 93%, p = 0.53), or overall survival (82% vs. 90%, p = 0.6). Lateral neck dissection in the absence of clinical or radiologic abnormal lymph nodes is not associated with improved survival in patients with MTC.
Exact-two-component block-localized wave function: A simple scheme for the automatic computation of relativistic ΔSCF

Block-localized wave function is a useful method for optimizing constrained determinants. In this article, we extend the generalized block-localized wave function technique to a relativistic two-component framework. Optimization of excited state determinants for two-component wave functions presents a unique challenge because the excited state manifold is often quite dense with degenerate states. Furthermore, we test the degree to which certain symmetries result naturally from the ΔSCF optimization such as time-reversal symmetry and symmetry with respect to the total angular momentum operator on a series of atomic systems. Variational optimizations may often break the symmetry in order to lower the overall energy, just as unrestricted Hartree-Fock breaks spin symmetry. Overall, we demonstrate that time-reversal symmetry is roughly maintained when using Hartree-Fock, but less so when using Kohn-Sham density functional theory. Additionally, maintaining total angular momentum symmetry appears to be system dependent and not guaranteed. Finally, we were able to trace the breaking of total angular momentum symmetry to the relaxation of core electrons.
Clinical characteristics, disease course, and outcomes of paediatric patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-Ab associated disease: A retrospective clinical study

Abstract Objective To delineate the outcomes of paediatric patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of 34 paediatric patients with MOGAD from July 2015 to January 2020. Results The median age at disease onset was 75.5 months (range: 19–170 months). The female-to-male ratio was 1:1.1. The median follow-up duration was 34.5 months (range: 14–63 months). Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was the most common initial phenotype (52.9%), followed by optic neuritis (ON) (20.6%). Children with ADEM were younger than those with ON (P = 0.045). Twenty-eight (82.4%) and 18 (56.3%) children had abnormal brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging, respectively, during the first acute attack. MOG-abs titers in children with ON were statistically higher than those in children with ADEM (P = 0.04). Thirty–two children accepted glucocorticoid treatment, while 33 (97%) children demonstrated clinical improvement within 1 week, 21 children (61.8%) achieved clinical recovery within 1 month. Eight children (23.5%) suffered a relapse, the median interval between the initial attack and recurrence was 13 (range: 3–36) months. We detected neurological sequelae in seven (20.6%) children, with visual dysfunction being the most common sequela (85.7%). Conclusion ADEM was the most common phenotype in both monophasic and relapsed paediatric MOGAD, followed by ON. Majority of pediatric MOGAD patients were highly responsive to glucocorticoid. Despite a benign prognosis in most patients, some patients endure neurological sequelae, mainly visual impairment. Patients with initial visual impairment should be carefully evaluated and administered individualized immunotherapy.
188 Carotid intima-media thickness in children with inflammatory bowel disease

Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) reflects early structural changes on arteries and independently predicts cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic individuals. Previous studies showed increased cIMT in adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients compared with healthy subjects. This study aims to identify early structural changes in carotid arteries in IBD patients as early as childhood and adolescence. Methods The study includes 161 children with the mean age of 14.08±2.88 (6-18) years – 55 with newly discovered active disease; 53 in clinical remission defined with disease activity pediatric indices for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis (PCDAI, PUCAI); and 53 healthy subjects. We used an automatised edge-tracking system (Vivid E9, General Electrics, software 112 (1.7); linear probe 11L-D). In the longitudinal view, we measured cIMT on the posterior common carotid artery wall at end-diastole, 1 cm proximal to the bifurcation in a length of 1 cm. We calculated the mean value of three measurements on each side. We used the ANOVA test (SPSS 20.0) for comparisons, with the level of significance P Results mean cIMT value in patients with the active IBD was 0.49±0.05 mm. Although we observed a slight increment in cIMT depending on the disease activity, the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.373). In patients with Crohn disease, cIMT was 0.48±0.04 mm, and in children with ulcerative colitis, it was 0.49±0.05 mm (P=0.336). Conclusion An increase in cIMT reflects structural changes in arterial walls, which require time. It seems that such changes induced with chronic inflammation are not visible in the pediatric population, which emphasises a potential preventive role of a prompt, adequate anti-inflammatory treatment.
Histologic subtype impacts cancer-specific survival in patients with sarcomatoid-variant renal cell carcinoma treated surgically

To report survival outcomes of patients treated surgically for sarcomatoid-variant renal cell carcinomas (sRCC) and to assess whether the underlying histologic subtype is an independent predictor of outcome. One hundred and fifty-one patients underwent surgery at a referral center between 1991 and 2014 and had sRCC in final pathology. Kaplan–Meier curves for metastasis-free survival and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were calculated, and the log-rank test assessed differences between clear cell sRCC and nonclear cell sRCC. Cox regression models were generated to test the prognostic value of histologic subtype. Of 151 patients, 120 (79 %) had clear cell sRCC and 31 (21 %) had nonclear cell sRCC. Ninety-eight (65 %) patients had M0/Mx disease at presentation. Among those M0/Mx patients, metastasis-free survival probabilities were 49 % at 2 years [95 % confidence interval (CI) 38–60] and 39 % at 5 years (95 % CI 28–50), while CSS probabilities were 50 % at 2 years (95 % CI 41–58) and 32 % at 5 years (95 % CI 24–41). There was no significant difference in metastasis-free survival between clear cell and nonclear cell sRCC (p = 0.8). However, patients with nonclear cell sRCC had significantly lower CSS than patients with clear cell sRCC (p = 0.035). In multivariable analyses, nonclear cell sRCC conferred a higher risk of cancer-specific death compared with clear cell sRCC (HR 2.30, 95 % CI 1.38–3.82, p = 0.001). In a cohort of patients treated surgically, the underlying histologic subtype of sRCC had an impact on CSS. These results present valuable information for individual counseling and patient selection in clinical trials.
'Desperate for Love III': Rethinking Closing Arguments at Stories

This article focuses primarily upon narrative story-structure and how students might better begin to rethink closing arguments as stories. Part I shows how one experienced trial attorney artfully configured his legal argument into a powerful and persuasive story, connecting defenses through character, image, theme, and narrative. It provides a structural analysis of portions of this closing argument that suggests components of one possible narrative “paradigm” that might be helpful to law students attempting to construct effective narrative arguments through storytelling in other cases. Part II describes the analytical infrastructure that undergirds one portion of the argument. It then presents a sequence of narrative steps that might be helpful to convert the inferential structure of the argument into narrative. Part II also illustrates this conversion with portions of the sample argument. The student can develop a persuasive narrative in other cases when this crucial and difficult relationship between an analytical (rule-element) structure and the narrative or storytelling process is better understood.
Adapting a strategic management model to hospital operating strategies. A model development and justification.

Industrial organizations have employed the process of strategic management in their attempts to cope effectively with global competitive pressures, while attempting to build and maintain competitive advantage. With health‐care organizations presently trying to cope with an increasingly turbulent environment created by the uncertainty as to pending legislation and anticipated reform, the need for such organizational strategic planning is apparent. Presents and discusses a methodology for adapting a business‐oriented model of strategic planning to health care.
Development of a survey instrument to measure connectivity to evaluate national public health preparedness and response performance

OBJECTIVE: Survey instruments for evaluating public health preparedness have focused on measuring the structure and capacity of local, state, and federal agencies, rather than linkages among structure, process, and outcomes. To focus evaluation on the latter, we evaluated the linkages among individuals, organizations, and systems using the construct of "connectivity" and developed a measurement instrument. METHODS: Results from focus groups of emergency preparedness first responders generated 62 items used in the development sample of 187 respondents. Item reduction and factors analyses were conducted to confirm the scale's components. RESULTS: The 62 items were reduced to 28. Five scales explained 70% of the total variance (number of items, percent variance explained, Cronbach's alpha) including connectivity with the system (8, 45%, 0.94), coworkers (7, 7%, 0.91), organization (7, 12%, 0.93), and perceptions (6, 6%, 0.90). Discriminant validity was found to be consistent with the factor structure. CONCLUSION: We developed a Connectivity Measurement Tool for the public health workforce consisting of a 34-item questionnaire found to be a reliable measure of connectivity with preliminary evidence of construct validity. Language: en
Linear series over real and p-adic fields

We note that the degeneration arguments given by the author in 2003 to derive a formula for the number of maps from a general curve C of genus g to P 1 with prescribed ramification also yields weaker results when working over the real numbers or p-adic fields. Specifically, let k be such a field: we see that given g, d, n, and e 1 ,..e n satisfying Σ ι (e i -1) = 2d - 2 - g, there exists smooth curves C of genus g together with points P 1 ,..., P n such that all maps from C to P 1 can, up to automorphism of the image, be defined over k. We also note that the analagous result will follow from maps to higher-dimensional projective spaces if it is proven in the case C = P 1 , n = 3, and that thanks to work of Sottile, unconditional results may be obtained for special ramification conditions.
Dhiava: The autumn journey

Dhiava: The Autumn Journey. 1997 (U.S. release date: 1999). 50 minutes, color. film by David Hope and Tim Salmon. For more information, please contact Documentary Educational Resources. 101 Morse Street. Watertown. MA 02472, (617) 926- 0491, (617) 926-9519 (fax).
Effect of Michael adduction on peptide preservation in natural waters.

The reaction of peptides with chemicals already present in natural waters (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) is one method that has been suggested to preserve peptides for the longer term. In this study we test whether the reaction of tetrapeptides with a model quinone can help stabilise the peptide in one polluted riverine system, Elizabeth River in Virginia, USA. We found that there is almost no difference in rate constants between the peptide and its quinone adduct (e.g. 6.62 versus 6.86 per day for AVFA and its respective adduct). However, when monitoring the removal of the adduct from natural water, we identified two new compounds that are formed as a result of its decomposition. Using tandem mass spectrometry we identified potential structures and mechanisms for the formation of these new compounds. These new compounds are more recalcitrant than their parent peptide–quinone adduct, since they remain in solution for 3–10 times longer. Based on our findings we postulate that the reaction of peptides with quinones can help preserve sections of the original peptide following an initial rearrangement of the original adduct, potentially explaining why seemingly labile peptides are observed in most natural waters.
Where Does “Jewish Studies” Belong?

The problem of the proper location of "Jewish Studies" continues to occupy the academic community. To resolve it scholars must recognize: that "Jewish Studies" is a data-field, that various disciplines can be applied to the data-field, and that the constellation of disciplines called "Religious Studies" offers the most apt methodology for dealing with the data. The intratraditional mode of study, "Talmud Torah," is contrasted with the extra-traditional mode, "Jewish Studies." These modes are continuous in the integrity of their work, in their readiness to utilize new methods of inquiry, and in the tendentious or normative purpose of their work. They are discontinuous in their respective views of history one paradigmatic, the other empirical; in the nature of their normative thrust one religious, the other nationalist-culturalist; and in their respective views of the nature of Truth. Various ideological commitments must be identified and acknowledged as such.
The effect of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on circulating gastrin levels in man and dog.

Perfusion of the jejunum with a mixture of amino acids (MAA) stimulates cholecystokin-in-pancreozymin (CCK) release in man. Since gastrin is normally found in the small intestine, studies were conducted to determine if MAA perfusion had an effect on circulating serum gastrin levels in man. In man, endogenous stimulation of CCK had no effect on gastrin release; however, when CCK was given exogenously (10% pure form), serum, gastrin levels were significantly increased. In dogs, the 10% pure CCK given exogenously also significantly increased gastrin concentrations, while the pure CCK octapeptide did not. Cross-reactivity between CCK and the gastrin antibody was minimal and could not be shown to be responsible for the serum gastrin elevations. Neither the physiological release of CCK in humans nor exogenous administration of CCK octapeptide in dogs at a dose equivalent to maximal stimulation of pancratic secretion in humans significantly altered peripheral venous serum levels of immunoreactive gastrin. Therefore, we conclude that the gastrinemic response of exogenous CCK (10% pure) in man and dog is problably due to an impurity in the CCK preparation; when studying the effects of CCK on the gastrointestinal tract, only the pure CCK or the octapeptide should be used.
Generation of human T lymphocytes from bone marrow CD34+ cells in vitro.

Analysis of the events that regulate development of red blood cells or granulocytes has led to therapies altering clinical conditions associated with anemia or neutropenia. The development of therapeutic approaches to target conditions associated with lymphopenia, such as AIDS, has been thwarted by limited techniques for studying T–lymphocyte development. We describe an in vitro system in which human bone marrow CD34+ cells proliferate, acquire the expression of the lymphoid–specific RAG–2 gene and a broad repertoire of rearranged T–cell receptor genes, develop the ability to produce T cell–specific interleukin–2 and achieve a range of T–cell immunophenotypes. The cells also become susceptible to infection with the T–lymphotropic strain of human immunodeficiency virus–1, HIV–1IIIB. This culture system induces human T lymphopoiesis and may permit further analysis of the events regulating human T–lineage differentiation. It provides a preclinical model for screening stem cell gene therapies directed toward AIDS.
The Quantized Cosine Transform for Sensor-Layer Image Compression

We introduce a compressive encoding at the sensor layer based on the quantized cosine transform. Compression at the physical layer of integrated imaging systems reduces the measurements-to-pixels ratio, the data volume and accelerates image estimation.
ELECTRON PROPERTIES IN GaAs FOR THE DESIGN OF MM-WAVE IMPATTs

A very staightforward method has been developed to apply space-charge resistance measurements for determining the high-field drift velocity of electrons in GaAs. The breakdown voltages of the single-drift flat-profile IMPATT diodes used in these measurements justify the validity of well known ionization rates for still higher electric fields.
Antecedents and Consequences of Online Brand Community Participation: A Conceptual Framework

In recent years, brand communities have generated considerable interest among both researchers and marketers. This article presents a conceptual framework of antecedents and consequences of online brand community participation and proposes five motives as antecedents of participation (information, self-discovery, social integration, social enhancement, and entertainment). Also proposed are two broad, but separate, types of consequences of participation (community consequences [consciousness of kind, moral responsibility, and shared rituals and traditions] and brand consequences [sustainable brand loyalty, oppositional brand loyalty, and brand recommendation intention]). Length of membership is proposed as a moderator between participation and the three community consequences. The proposed conceptual framework can facilitate managers' establishing online brand communities and attracting participation of members, as well as development of a research program to develop scales for the various constructs in or...
Peptide 'Velcro': design of a heterodimeric coiled coil.

Abstract Background: The leucine zipper is a protein structural motif involved in the dimerization of a number of transcription factors. We have previously shown that peptides corresponding to the leucine-zipper region of the Fos and Jun oncoproteins preferentially form heterodimeric coiled coils, and that simple principles involving electrostatic interactions are likely to determine the pairing specificity of coiled coils. A critical test of these principles is to use them as guidelines to design peptides with desired properties. Results: Based on studies of the Fos, Jun and GCN4 leucine zippers, we have designed two peptides that are predominantly unfolded in isolation but which, when mixed, associate preferentially to form a stable, parallel, coiled-coil heterodimer. To favor heterodimer formation, we chose peptide sequences that would be predicted to give destabilizing electrostatic interactions in the homodimers that would be relieved in the heterodimer. The peptides have at least a 10 5 -fold preference for heterodimer formation, and the dissociation constant of the heterodimer in phosphate-buffered saline is approximately 30 nM at pH 7 and 20°C. Studies of the pH and ionic strength dependence of stability confirm that heterodimer formation is favored largely as a result of electrostatic destabilization of the homodimers. Conclusions: Our successful design strategy supports previous conclusions about the mechanism of interaction between the Fos and Jun oncoproteins. These results have implications for protein design, as they show that it is possible to design peptides with simple sequences that have a very high preference to pair with one another. Finally, these sequences with ‘Velcro'-like properties may have practical applications, including use as an affinity reagent, in lieu of an epitope tag, or as a way of bringing together two molecules in a cell.
Response interval comparison between urban fire departments and ambulance services

Objective. To measure the response intervals of fire departments compared with ambulance services in three urban centers to determine whether defibrillators should be added to fire vehicles. Methods. A prospective sample of 1,882 code 4 (life-threatening) tiered calls were collected over a six-month period from March 1, 1994, to August 31, 1994. A matched pairs experimental design compared the response interval of the fire department with that of the ambulance service for each call. This emergency medical services (EMS) system encompasses three urban centers with populations of 80,000, 95,000, and 170,000. Results. In two of three of the urban centers, the fire department arrived on scene more than a minute sooner than the ambulance service: Cambridge (n = 571, mean = 2.22 min, p < 0.0001); Kitchener (n = 1,011, mean = 1.24 min, p < 0.003); and Waterloo (n = 300, mean = 0.69 min, p < 0.98). Conclusions. The shorter response interval of fire departments suggests placing defibrillators on fire response vehi...
NOTES ON THE BREEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE PARADISE FLYCATCHER (TERPSIPHONE VIRIDIS PLUMBEICEPS)

(1961). NOTES ON THE BREEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE PARADISE FLYCATCHER (TERPSIPHONE VIRIDIS PLUMBEICEPS) Ostrich: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 174-176.
A hybrid Li-air battery with buckypaper air cathode and sulfuric acid electrolyte

Abstract We demonstrate a type of carbon nanotube based buckypaper cathode in a hybrid electrolyte Li-air battery (HyLAB) that showed outstanding discharging performances. The HyLAB has sulfuric acid as the catholyte and a large active electrode area (10 cm 2 ). The active cathode layer was made from a buckypaper with 5 wt.% Pt supported on carbon nanotubes (Pt/CNTs) for oxygen reduction and evolution. A similar cathode was constructed with a catalyst of 5 wt.% Pt supported on carbon black (Pt/CB). It is demonstrated that sulfuric acid can achieve high discharging current densities while maintaining relatively high cell potentials. The cell with Pt/CNTs showed a much better performance than with Pt/CB at high current densities. The HyLAB with Pt/CNTs achieved a discharging capacity of 306 mAh/g and a cell voltage of 3.15 V at 0.2 mA/cm 2 . The corresponding specific energy is 1067 Wh/kg based on the total weight of the sulfuric acid. Slow decrease in performance was observed, but it can be recovered by refilling the cell with new electrolyte after continuous discharging of more than 75 h. A charge–discharge experiment at 0.2 mA/cm 2 showed that the cell was rechargeable with a capacity of more than 300 mAh/g.
Future Law Enforcement Officers and Social Workers: Perceptions of Domestic Violence

This study compares perceptions of domestic violence for college students planning to work in law enforcement with students aspiring to careers in social work and non-law-enforcement criminal justice (N = 491). The study involves students attending four public universities across one Southern state who completed a survey (spring of 2006) measuring whether various scenarios were (1) related to domestic violence, and (2) worthy of being reported to law enforcement. Findings indicate that all student groups (law enforcement, non-law-enforcement criminal justice, and social work) tended to identify the various scenarios as domestic violence (and worthy of being reported) regardless of the person's sexual orientation, violence severity, and offender's or victim's gender. However, law enforcement students are less sensitive to domestic violence when compared with social work and non-law enforcement criminal justice students. Findings reveal that (1) graduate students, (2) female students, and (3) White students (compared with African American students in general) attending majority White universities were more likely to identify domestic violence and its worthiness of being reported.The data in this study indicate that criminal justice programs produce graduates who are reasonably sensitive toward the importance of appropriate domestic violence response but could still improve using the techniques employed within social work programs.
The advanced light source control system

Abstract The criteria for the design of a modern control system are discussed in the context of the special requirements for the control of the Advanced Light Source (ALS). This is followed by the description of the system being built, which has a number of special features. The emphasis has been placed on providing an extremely wide I/O and CPU bandwidth (greater than 120 Mbits/s and 1200 Mips, respectively) and on using commercially available hardware and software. The only major custom design item is the Intelligent Local Controller (ILC), of which about 600 will be used to interface to the hardware. The use of personal computers for the operator stations allows the use of a wealth of industrial standards for windows, languages and tools.
ON A FLUORESCENCE SPECTRUM OF OXYGEN.

The spectrum of the light from a mercury arc scattered by oxygen at atmospheric pressure and photographed with a quartz spectrograph shows, besides the Raman lines which have been reported by the writer in other notes[1], a series of doublets, extending from the ultra-violet limit of the spectrum on the plate down to the visible region. This appears as a fluorescence spectrum excited by the resonance line λ1849 of mercury, which is strongly absorbed in O2. As it seems that this fluorescence of oxygen had never been noticed before, probably because of its extreme weakness, exposures of 50 to 80 hours being needed to bring it out, and, as on the other hand, I have been able to determine its relationship with the known O2 bands, I will give a brief account of the results obtained.
Contrast And Sensitivity Trade-Offs Of Resist Processing In Electron Beam Lithography At 0.5μM And Below

Frequently occurring questions such as the minimum dose necessary to expose a resist system in electron beam lithography were investigated to determine the limits of resist performance at half micron dimensions and below. The processing window for exposing and developing resist coated wafers is presented as a function of the development conditions. Optimum exposure and processing conditions will be defined as these parameters relate to resist contrast. Several methods for fine tuning a resist process for electron beam lithography at 0.54um dimensions and below are presented. Various techniques are discussed which are used as variables to achieve the line width control necessary for multilevel lithography at ground rules of +0.1µm 3a for 0.5μm fully scaled devices and circuits. In addition, the intimate relationship of the resist contrast and sensitivity to the trade-offs of resist processing are also discussed.
Enzymatic synthesis of acetylated glucose fatty acid esters in organic solvent

Two immobilized lipases fromCandida antarctica (SP 382) andC. cylindraceae, nowrugosa (2001), catalyzed the synthesis of novel acetylated glucose fatty acid esters with glucose pentaacetate (GP) and Trisun 80 (80% oleic) vegetable oil or methyl oleate as substrates in organic solvents. The relative yield was between 6.4–52%, and the incorporation of oleic acid onto the glucose was between 31–100%. In addition, these enzymes were able to catalyze the synthesis of glucose fatty acid esters with free glucose as the sugar substrate. The highest oleic acid incorporation (100%) was obtained in benzene with SP 382 lipase and Trisun 80 as the acyl donor. With methyl oleate as the acyl donor, greater incorporation was obtained in benzene (90.5%) compared to 75% in isooctane. The 2001 lipase was better in benzene/pyridine (2∶1 vol/vol) 74%) and chloroform (61%) compared to benzene and isooctane. However, with free glucose and Trisun 80 as substrates, both enzymes gave acceptable levels of oleic acid incorporation (82–100%) in benzene, benzene/pyridine and pyridine. The best conditions for the ester interchange reaction reported are: lipase (10% by weight of substrate); incubation time 48 h; molar ratio of Trisun/GP 1∶2; 3 mL solvent and 3% added water. These glucose esters have potential applications as emulsifiers in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations.
Valence band and Ba core level study of chemically-etched YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract Orthorhombic and tetragonal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (o-YBCO and t-YBCO) thin films have been chemically etched with Br 2 in absolute ethanol and the surfaces characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Ba4 d spectrum for o-YBCO is consistent with a single chemical state and does not exhibit the higher binding energy surface species reported in the literature for cleaved crystals. The Fermi edge for chemically-etched o-YBCO remains clearly detectable at room temperature in vacuum on a time scale of days, in contrast to the surface degradation reported for cleaved crystals on a time scale of hours. These differences are attributed to the surface termination of cleaved crystals with Ba-O planes, which have a different coordination than in the bulk and are reactive, while chemically-etched YBCO is known to be terminated with Cu-O planes. Comparison of the Ba4d core levels and Ba MNN Auger peaks for o-YBCO and t-YBCO shows that the observed 1.0 eV core level binding energy difference is not due to a difference in final state relaxation, and therefore must result from differences in the initial state, most likely electrostatic in origin. Cu3d-O2p π-bonding states in Cu-O chains in the o-YBCO valence band are identified by comparison with the valence bands of other high temperature superconductors and of t-YBCO.
The Value of Thyroprotein in Starting, Growing and Laying Rations II. The Growing Period, 12–24 Weeks of Age

Abstract SEVERAL reports have appeared which suggest that thyroprotein, (iodinated casein) may have beneficial effects when fed to young chicks and, during the summer months, to laying hens (Parker, 1943, Irwin, Reineke and Turner, 1943, Turner et al., 1945, Turner, Irwin and Reineke, 1945, Gutteridge and Pratt, 1946, Gutteridge and Novikoff, 1947, Wheeler, Hoffmann and Graham, 1948). No experimental data are available, however, on the effect of feeding thyroprotein during the “growing period,” but Turner (1947) has recommended in a popular article that, “For growing pullets, the . . . (thyroprotein) feeding can continue at the rate of 15–20 grams per hundred pounds of their total feed until the approach of sexual maturity. Then the . . . (thyroprotein) can be cut to 10 grams per hundred pounds of their total feed.” The present paper reports on the effects of feeding thyroprotein during the 12 weeks period (12 to 24 . . .