cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Darwall on Rational Care

Stephen Darwall's understanding of what kind of life is a good life, good for the person whose life it is, belongs in the same family as, among others, Scanlon's and mine. It is a family of views about well-being which descends from Aristotle, and Darwall has much of interest to say about the good life, and particularly about Aristotle's views on the subject. Many of the observations central to his position seem to me cogent, and are shared by other writers. These include three important propositions: that a good life, one which is good for those whose life it is, is not necessarily the same as a life which they think is good for them, nor does it necessarily consist in their desires being satisfied, nor in the satisfaction of any subset of their desires (e.g. their considered desires, or those not based on any false assumptions).that people aim or intend to do what is worth doing, to have relationships worth having, and engage in goals worth pursuing, and so on, and that all of these, and their combination, are distinct from having a good life (and this explains how people can knowingly sacrifice their own good), andthat what makes the well-being of people worth pursuing, to the extent that it is, what provides reasons for those same people and for others to protect or promote it, is that people are valuable in themselves.
Nuclear Spin of Phosphorus from Band Spectrum Analysis

The emission spectrum of ${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ has been photographed in the first and second orders of the 21-foot grating. A strong alternation in intensity is observed in the successive rotational lines of many bands. The intensity ratio is found to be 3: 1, hence the nuclear spin of phosphorus is $\frac{1}{2}(\frac{h}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})$. A fine structure analysis was made of the (6,22), (6,23), in addition to the (8,27), (8,28) and (9,28) bands previously reported by Herzberg. Only $P$ and $R$ branches are present. The transition involved is $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$. The odd levels of the ground state have the greater statistical weight. The following molecular constants are obtained; Be'=0.2415 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; Be"=0.3058 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.00164$; ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=0.00165$.
Survival in 12,653 breast cancer patients with extensive axillary lymph node metastasis in the anthracycline era.

Institutional data are conflicting regarding the prognosis of breast cancer patients with extensive (≥10) axillary lymph node (ALN) metastases. We hypothesized that overall survival (OS) and disease specific survival (DSS) improved after the introduction of anthracycline-based therapy in 1997. We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End results (SEER) database to identify breast cancer patients with ≥10 ALN metastases diagnosed between 1988 and 2004. Patients were categorized according to whether they were diagnosed prior to the FDA approval of anthracyclines (pre-anthracycline era, pre-AE) or after approval (post-anthracycline era, post-AE). Univariate analyses of OS and DSS were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and differences assessed via the log rank test. Anthracycline era as an independent predictor of OS and DSS was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models with patient age, hormone receptor status, tumor size, use of radiation therapy, and number of metastatic ALNs as covariates. Entry criteria were met by 12,653 patients. Of these, 5,655 (44.7%) and 6,998 (55.3%) were treated in the pre-AE and post-AE, respectively. On univariate analysis, post-AE patients experienced significantly improved rates of OS (P < 0.001) and DSS (P < 0.001) relative to pre-AE patients. On multivariate analysis, treatment in the post-AE favorably influenced both OS (Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.90, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.84–0.96) and DSS (HR 0.84, CI 0.79–0.91). Both OS and DSS are poor in patients with extensive ALN metastases. Patients with advanced breast cancer treated in the post-AE demonstrated superior OS and DSS.
Histone-modifying enzymes: encrypting an enigmatic epigenetic code

Histone-modifying enzymes catalyze a diverse array of post-translational modifications of core and linker histones within chromatin. These modifications govern a multitude of genomic functions, particularly gene expression, and are believed to constitute an epigenetic code. Histone-modifying enzymes inscribe this code by catalyzing site-selective modifications, which are subsequently interpreted by effector proteins that recognize specific covalent marks. The substrate specificity of these enzymes is of fundamental biological importance because it underpins this epigenetic code. Recently, the structural basis of this specificity has been examined with regards to recently determined structures of GCN5 acetyltransferases and SET domain methyltransferases in complex with their cognate histone substrates.
Strategic clarity, business strategy and performance

Purpose – This paper seeks to investigate the link between business strategy and performance, giving special attention to the composition of combination strategies.Design/methodology/approach – A survey assessing business strategy and performance was completed by managers representing 277 retail businesses in the USA.Findings – The combination strategy was associated with higher performance in some but not all instances. Strategic clarity – the extent to which a single strategy reflects the organization's strategic intent – was also associated with organizational performance. Businesses with high and low strategic clarity outperformed those with moderate strategic clarity.Research limitations/implications – This paper investigated US retailers and did not assess businesses in other industries or countries. Future research that seeks to replicate these findings is warranted.Practical implications – Businesses can pursue either a single generic strategy (i.e. low cost or differentiation, prospector or defen...
A four-dimensional viscoelastic deformation model for Long Valley Caldera, California, between 1995 and 2000

Abstract We investigate the effects of viscoelastic (VE) rheologies surrounding a vertically dipping prolate spheroid source during an active period of time-dependent deformation between 1995 and 2000 at Long Valley caldera. We model a rapid magmatic inflation episode and slip across the South Moat fault (SMF) in late 1997. We extend the spherical VE shell model of Newman et al. [Newman, A.V., Dixon, T.H., Ofoegbu, G., Dixon, J.E., 2001. Geodetic and seismic constraints on recent activity at Long Valley caldera, California: Evidence for viscoelastic rheology. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 105, 183–206.] to include a prolate spheroid geometry more accurately representing the probable source geometry inferred from other studies. This paper presents the first attempt to geodetically constrain the volcanic deformation source volume at Long Valley, a parameter for hazard assessment. Including fault slip along the SMF explains significant deformation observed with several EDM baselines and components of two continuous GPS time series. Additionally, the model explains the spatial extent of deformation observed by InSAR data covering the 1997–98 inflation episode. For the time period studied, the VE model requires modest pressure changes (maximum of 14.3 MPa) that are far lower than the overburden pressure (∼115 MPa), and less than the maximum for a purely elastic model with the same geometry and elastic strength (∼45 MPa). Thus, the inclusion of a realistic VE component significantly lowers the inferred pressures necessary to explain observed surface deformation. Though our model is non-unique, it is consistent with a broader variety of data compared to purely elastic models. Only right-lateral slip, and not dilitation, was necessary to explain offsets in EDM data near and crossing the SMF.
Water-in-model oil emulsions studied by small-angle neutron scattering: interfacial film thickness and composition.

The ever-increasing worldwide demand for energy has led to the upgrading of heavy crude oil and asphaltene-rich feedstocks becoming viable refining options for the petroleum industry. Traditional problems associated with these feedstocks, particularly stable water-in-petroleum emulsions, are drawing increasing attention. Despite considerable research on the interfacial assembly of asphaltenes, resins, and naphthenic acids, much about the resulting interfacial films is not well understood. Here, we describe the use of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to elucidate interfacial film properties from model emulsion systems. Modeling the SANS data with both a polydisperse core/shell form factor as well as a thin sheet approximation, we have deduced the film thickness and the asphaltenic composition within the stabilizing interfacial films of water-in-model oil emulsions prepared in toluene, decalin, and 1-methylnaphthalene. Film thicknesses were found to be 100−110 A with little deviation among the three so...
An approximate analytical solution to one-dimensional hydrogen diffusion in a temperature gradient and a field of traps

Exact analytical solutions are obtained for an approximate partial differential equation which describes one dimensional transport of hydrogen through a material layer having a uniform distribution of traps and a thermal gradient. For application to a specific material and thermal gradient the validity of the approximations underlying the differential equation can be verified with a few simple calculations. By making appropriate changes of variables (x → z(x), t → τ(t), and C(x,t) → G(z,τ)) diffusion profiles, G, are found to be slowly varying functions of two parameters, ρ and zo, which are themselves functions of the activation energies and temperatures of interest in a particular application. Characterization of the solutions through these parameters emphasizes the similarities in the diffusion profiles for widely disparate material properties and thermal gradients. The generalized solutions for a limited range of ρ- and zo-values thus allow construction of diffusion profiles and permeating fluxes for many materials of interest in fusion applications and for a broad range of fusion reactor operating scenarios. Graphical representations of the generalized profiles are presented for a useful range of ρ- and zo-values.
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Microvascular Remodeling

The microcirculation is a portion of the vascular circulatory system that consists of resistance arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules. It is the place where gases and nutrients are exchanged between blood and tissues. In addition the microcirculation is the major contributor to blood flow resistance and consequently to regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, structural remodeling of this section of the vascular tree has profound implications on cardiovascular pathophysiology. This review is focused on the role that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play on changing the structural characteristics of vessels within the microcirculation. Particular attention is given to the resistance arteries and the functional pathways that are affected by ROS in these vessels and subsequently induce vascular remodeling. The primary sources of ROS in the microcirculation are identified and the effects of ROS on other microcirculatory remodeling phenomena such as rarefaction and collateralization are briefly reviewed.
Patterning Ceramic Surfaces by Colloidal Isopressing

Colloidal Isopressing is a new shape forming method, in which a pre-consolidated slurry is injected into an elastomeric mold and isopressed to rapidly convert the slurry into an elastic body that can be removed from the mold without shape distortion. In this report the authors demonstrate that sub-micron surface features can be produced on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molds by colloidal isopressing.
Macrophone: an American English telephone speech corpus

Macrophone is a corpus of approximately 200,000 utterances, recorded over the telephone from a broad sample of about 5,000 American speakers. Sponsored by the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC), it is the first of a series of similar data sets that will be collected for major languages of the world in a cooperative project called Polyphone. It is designed to provide telephone speech suitable for the development of automatic voice-interactive telephone services. In particular, Macrophone contains training material for applications in transportation, scheduling, ticketing, database access, shopping, and other automated telephone interactions. In addition to being phonetically balanced, the spoken material refers to times, locations, monetary amounts, and interactive operations. The utterances are spoken by respondents into telephone handsets and recorded directly in 8-bit mu-law digital form through a T1 connection to the usual switched telephone network. The entire corpus will be made available by LDC in 1994. The paper describes the design of the linguistic materials in the corpus, and the process of solicitation, collection, transcription, and file preparation for the Macrophone corpus.
Ureteral involvement by metastatic disease.

Ureteral obstruction secondary to metastases from distant primary tumors may be studied by urography, pyelography, venography and lymphangiography. An added dimension to the study of this disease process is obtained by the use of sonography and computed tomography since these techniques are better able to demonstrate the extent of the disease in the retroperitoneum.
Antitumor effect of the streptococcal preparation OK-432 in a murine model of ovarian cancer.

The antitumor effects of the streptococcal preparation OK-432 were analyzed in a murine ovarian teratocarcinoma (MOT) model. Administration of OK-432 i.p. prevented tumor outgrowth in 75% of mice challenged with 10(3) MOT cells i.p. 24 h previously. Treatment was less successful in mice challenged with 10(4) or 10(5) cells, preventing tumor growth in 25% of the former and only 5% of the latter group. Tumor-challenged mice cured by injections of OK-432 were not rendered resistant to a subsequent challenge with 10(3) MOT cells 75 days after initial treatment. Only the i.p. route of administration was effective as i.v. OK-432 did not prolong survival of tumor-challenged mice. An antitumor response was detected as early as 24 h after i.p. treatment. This correlated temporally with an influx of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal cells obtained between 6 and 24 h after treatment were capable of lysing MOT targets in vitro. A single cell cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that peritoneal neutrophils, elicited by i.p. injection of OK-432, could bind to and lyse MOT targets. These data indicate that OK-432 is effective against small tumor cell inocula in this murine model of ovarian cancer and, furthermore, that the neutrophilic response into the peritoneal cavity plays a role in tumor rejection.
Clinical Outcomes, Quality of Life, and Cost Outcomes After Cardiac Transplantation

Abstract Cardiac transplantation improves survival in patients with advanced heart failure, especially those who are dependent on intravenous inotropic support or mechanical assistance. However, cardiac transplantation remains a treatment modality rather than a curative procedure, and thus, necessitates long-term care and indefinite immunosuppression. Although quality of life is improved for most cardiac transplant recipients, concerted effort is necessary for long-term care and follow-up of the transplanted heart. The economics of cardiac transplantation are receiving increased scrutiny, especially because of the increasing pretransplant hospital expenditures that have resulted from transplantation in more patients in the hospital who require intravenous inotropic support or mechanical devices. This shift ultimately is related to the reduced supply of donors relative to the demand. The ultimate impact of managed care on cardiac transplantation is not clear, but it probably will continue to reduce expenditures in the near term.
Attaining system performance points: revisiting the end-to-end argument in system design for heterogeneous many-core systems

Trends indicate a rapid increase in the number of cores on chip, exhibiting various types of performance and functional asymmetries present in hardware to gain scalability with balanced power vs. performance requirements. This poses new challenges in platform resource management, which are further exacerbated by the need for runtime power budgeting and by the increased dynamics in workload behavior observed in consolidated datacenter and cloudcomputing systems. This paper considers the implications of these challenges for the virtualization layer of abstraction, which is the base layer for resource management in such heterogeneous multicore platforms. Specifically, while existing and upcoming management methods routinely leverage system-level information available to the hypervisor about current and global platform state, we argue that for future systems there will be an increased necessity for additional information about applications and their needs. This 'end-to-end' argument leads us to propose 'performance points' as a general interface between the virtualization system and higher layers like the guest operating systems that run application workloads. Building on concrete examples from past work on APIs with which applications can inform systems of phase or workload changes and conversely, with which systems can indicate to applications desired changes in power consumption, performance points are shown to be an effective way to better exploit asymmetries and gain the power/performance improvements promised by heterogeneous multicore systems.
Blurring personal health and public priorities: an analysis of celebrity health narratives in the public sphere.

This article explores the functions of personal celebrity health narratives in the public sphere. This study examines data about 157 celebrities, including athletes, actors, musicians, and politicians, who have shared private information regarding a personal health situation (or that of a loved one) with others in the public domain. Part of a larger project on celebrity health narratives, this article highlights three key functions that celebrity health narratives perform—education, inspiration, and activism—and discusses the implications for celebrities and for public conversations about health-related issues.
Manganese catalysts with molecular recognition functionality for selective alkene epoxidation.

Selective epoxidation of alkenes is possible with a new manganese porphyrin catalyst, CPMR, that uses hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid on the substrate molecule and a Kemp’s triacid uni...
Carboxylate- and Phosphate Ester-Bridged Dimagnesium(II), Dizinc(II), and Dicalcium(II) Complexes. Models for Intermediates in Biological Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis

Carboxylate-bridged dimagnesium(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by employing the dinucleating ligand XDK, where H2XDK is m-xylylenediamine bis(Kemp's triacid imide). The reaction of 1 or 2 equiv of sodium diphenyl phosphate with [Mg2(XDK)(CH3OH)4(H2O)2(NO3)](NO3), 1(NO3), afforded [Mg2(XDK){μ-η2-(PhO)2PO2}(CH3OH)3(H2O)(NO3)]·3CH3OH (2·3CH3OH) and [Mg2(XDK){μ-η2-(PhO)2PO2}{η1-(PhO)2PO2}(CH3OH)3(H2O)]·CH3OH (3·CH3OH), respectively. These are the first structurally characterized phosphate ester-bridged dimagnesium(II) complexes. The reaction of 1 with 1 equiv of bis(4-nitrophenyl) hydrogen phosphate resulted in protonation of one of the carboxylate ligands and liberation of one magnesium(II) ion to give [Mg(HXDK)2(H2O)2] (4), an octahedral complex containing two short, low barrier intramolecular OH···O hydrogen bonds. The phosphate ester exchange rate of free and bound diphenyl phosphate in 3 in methanol solution was measured by variable-temperature 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and compared to t...
The DoD Tailhook Report: Unanswered Questions.

One of the primary objectives of studying theory and practice relating to technical reports is to define what constitutes report writing as genre and to place this genre within a social context. Re...
Interrelations among pyroclastic surge, pyroclastic flow, and lahars in Smith Creek valley during first minutes of 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, USA

A devastating pyroclastic surge and resultant lahars at Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980 produced several catastrophic flowages into tributaries on the northeast volcano flank. The tributaries channeled the flows to Smith Creek valley, which lies within the area devastated by the surge but was unaffected by the great debris avalanche on the north flank. Stratigraphy shows that the pyroclastic surge preceded the lahars; there is no notable “wet” character to the surge deposits. Therefore the lahars must have originated as snowmelt, not as ejected water-saturated debris that segregated from the pyroclastic surge as has been inferred for other flanks of the volcano. In stratigraphic order the Smith Creek valley-floor materials comprise (1) a complex valley-bottom facies of the pyroclastic surge and a related pyroclastic flow, (2) an unusual hummocky diamict caused by complex mixing of lahars with the dry pyroclastic debris, and (3) deposits of secondary pyroclastic flows. These units are capped by silt containing accretionary lapilli, which began falling from a rapidly expanding mushroom-shaped cloud 20 minutes after the eruption's onset. The Smith Creek valley-bottom pyroclastic facies consists of (a) a weakly graded basal bed of fines-poor granular sand, the deposit of a low-concentration lithic pyroclastic surge, and (b) a bed of very poorly sorted pebble to cobble gravel inversely graded near its base, the deposit of a high-concentration lithic pyroclastic flow. The surge apparently segregated while crossing the steep headwater tributaries of Smith Creek; large fragments that settled from the turbulent surge formed a dense pyroclastic flow along the valley floor that lagged behind the front of the overland surge. The unusual hummocky diamict as thick as 15 m contains large lithic clasts supported by a tough, brown muddy sand matrix like that of lahar deposits upvalley. This unit contains irregular friable lenses and pods meters in diameter, blocks incorporated from the underlying dry and hot pyroclastic material that had been deposited only moments earlier. The hummocky unit is the deposit of a high-viscosity debris flow which formed when lahars mingled with the pyroclastic materials on Smith Creek valley floor. Overlying the debris flow are voluminous pyroclastic deposits of pebbly sand cut by fines-poor gas-escape pipes and containing charred wood. The deposits are thickest in topographic lows along margins of the hummocky diamict. Emplaced several minutes after the hot surge had passed, this is the deposit of numerous secondary pyroclastic flows derived from surge material deposited unstably on steep valley sides.
Frontier migration as a multi-stage phenomenon reflecting the interplay of macroforces and local conditions: the Ecuador Amazon.

This paper considers frontier migration to the Ecuador Amazon as a multistage phenomenon examining the entire migration stream from its origins in highland and coastal locales of Ecuador to intermediate stops outside and within the Amazon to final Amazon destinations. The approach is one where models pertaining to regional development migration and pioneer activity are treated as complementary to one another and meshed with a qualitative knowledge of place. It is shown that frontier settlement patterns reflect the composite of these models a maturing space-economy and the interaction of local characteristics with exogenous circumstances representing national and international contexts. (EXCERPT)
Complex oscillations over an isothermal catalyst pellet

Modele mathematique base sur l'hypothese que les pores de la particule de catalyseur ont des rayons uniformes, mais des longueurs differentes; ces pores sont bloques a une extremite. Pour effectuer l'analyse, on a choisi un schema de reaction autocatalytique
Area-to-point prediction under boundary conditions

This article proposes a geostatistical solution for area-to-point spatial prediction (downscaling) taking into account boundary effects. Such effects are often poorly considered in downscaling, even though they often have significant impact on the results. The geostatistical approach proposed in this article considers two types of boundary conditions (BC), that is, a Dirichlet-type condition and a Neumann-type condition, while satisfying several critical issues in downscaling: the coherence of predictions, the explicit consideration of support differences, and the assessment of uncertainty regarding the point predictions. An updating algorithm is used to reduce the computational cost of area-to-point prediction under a given BC. In a case study, area-to-point prediction under a Dirichlet-type BC and a Neumann-type BC is illustrated using simulated data, and the resulting predictions and error variances are compared with those obtained without considering such conditions.
Long-term decline of global atmospheric ethane concentrations and implications for methane

The longest continuous record of global atmospheric ethane levels is presented, showing that global ethane emission rates decreased by 21 per cent from 1984 to 2010, probably owing to decreased venting and flaring of natural gas in oil fields; decreased venting and flaring also account for at least 30 to 70 per cent of the decrease in methane emissions over the same period. Ethane is the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbon in the remote atmosphere and is a precursor to tropospheric ozone. This paper presents the longest continuous record of global atmospheric ethane levels assembled so far and finds that global ethane-emission rates decreased by 21% between 1984 and 2010. This can probably be attributed to a decrease in fugitive emissions, such as the venting and flaring of natural gas from oil fields, rather than a decline in its other major sources, biofuel use and biomass burning. Because methane shares ethane's main sources of emissions, this new long-term ethane record can be used to investigate changes in global methane levels. This leads the authors to suggest that reduced fugitive fossil-fuel emissions also account for 30–70% of the decrease in global methane emissions. After methane, ethane is the most abundant hydrocarbon in the remote atmosphere. It is a precursor to tropospheric ozone and it influences the atmosphere’s oxidative capacity through its reaction with the hydroxyl radical, ethane’s primary atmospheric sink1,2,3. Here we present the longest continuous record of global atmospheric ethane levels. We show that global ethane emission rates decreased from 14.3 to 11.3 teragrams per year, or by 21 per cent, from 1984 to 2010. We attribute this to decreasing fugitive emissions from ethane’s fossil fuel source—most probably decreased venting and flaring of natural gas in oil fields—rather than a decline in its other major sources, biofuel use and biomass burning. Ethane’s major emission sources are shared with methane, and recent studies have disagreed on whether reduced fossil fuel or microbial emissions have caused methane’s atmospheric growth rate to slow4,5. Our findings suggest that reduced fugitive fossil fuel emissions account for at least 10–21 teragrams per year (30–70 per cent) of the decrease in methane’s global emissions, significantly contributing to methane’s slowing atmospheric growth rate since the mid-1980s.
DWA3, an Arabidopsis DWD protein, acts as a negative regulator in ABA signal transduction.

Abstract DWD (DDB1 binding WD40) proteins have been reported as substrate receptors for cullin–RING ubiquitin ligase 4 complexes (CRL4), a family of E3 ligases. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. Upon screening T-DNA mutants of DWD genes for ABA responses we obtained several candidates that exhibited ABA-hypersensitivity, and one was named DWA3 ( DW D hypersensitive to A BA 3). DWA3 interacted with DDB1, which has been proposed to be an adaptor protein of the CUL4 E3 ligase complex, in yeast two-hybrid assays. Also, association between DWA3 and the DDB1–CUL4 machinery was detected in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation assays, indicating that DWA3 may function as a substrate receptor for CRL4. ABA-inducible transcription factors (ABI5 and AtMYC2) and their downstream genes were hyper-induced by ABA in dwa3 . Taken together, we suggest that DWA3 is a negative regulator of ABA responses and may be involved in protein degradation mediated by CRL4.
Spatial variations in salinity stress across a coastal landscape using vegetation indices derived from hyperspectral imagery

Chlorophyll fluorescence and landscape-level reflectance imagery were used to evaluate spatial variations in stress in Myrica cerifera and Iva frutescens during a severe drought and compared to an extremely wet year. Measurements of relative water content and the water band index (WBI970) indicated that the water stress did not vary across the island. In contrast, there were significant differences in tissue chlorides across sites for both species. Using the physiological reflectance index (PRI), we were able to detect salinity stress across the landscape. For M. cerifera, PRI did not differ between wet and dry years, while for I. frutescens, there were differences in PRI during the 2 years, possibly related to flooding during the wet year. There was a positive relationship between PRI and \( \Updelta F/F_{\text{m}}^{\prime } \) for M. cerifera (r2 = 0.79) and I. frutescens (r2 = 0.72). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the chlorophyll index (CI), and WBI970 were higher during the wet summer for M. cerifera, but varied little across the island. CI and WBI970 were higher during 2004 for I. frutescens, while there were no differences in NDVI during the 2 years. PRI was not significantly related to NDVI, suggesting that the indices are spatially independent. These results suggest that PRI may be used for early identification of salt stress that may lead to changes in plant distributions at the landscape level, as a result of rising sea level. Comparsions between the two species indicate that variations in PRI and other indices may be species specific.
Antagonist-induced conformational changes in dopamine transporter extracellular loop two involve residues in a potential salt bridge.

Ligand-induced changes in the conformation of extracellular loop (EL) 2 in the rat (r) dopamine transporter (DAT) were examined using limited proteolysis with endoproteinase Asp-N and detection of cleavage products by epitope-specific immunoblotting. The principle N-terminal fragment produced by Asp-N was a 19 kDa peptide likely derived by proteolysis of EL2 residue D174, which is present just past the extracellular end of TM3. Production of this fragment was significantly decreased by binding of cocaine and other uptake blockers, but was not affected by substrates or Zn2+, indicating the presence of a conformational change at D174 that may be related to the mechanism of transport inhibition. DA transport activity and cocaine analog binding were decreased by Asp-N treatment, suggesting a requirement for EL2 integrity in these DAT functions. In a previous study we demonstrated that ligand-induced protease resistance also occurred at R218 on the C-terminal side of rDAT EL2. Here using substituted cysteine accessibility analysis of human (h) DAT we confirm cocaine-induced alterations in reactivity of the homologous R219 and identify conformational sensitivity of V221. Focused molecular modeling of D174 and R218 based on currently available Aquifex aeolicus leucine transporter crystal structures places these residues within 2.9 A of one another, suggesting their proximity as a structural basis for their similar conformational sensitivities and indicating their potential to form a salt bridge. These findings extend our understanding of DAT EL2 and its role in transport and binding functions.
Resource value and communication strategy in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (L.)

Abstract The prediction of Maynard Smith & Parker (1976) that increases in symmetry of resourceholding potential should be associated with reduced levels of information transmission by displays was tested in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus . Equalization of the gastropod shell resource value within groups of crabs was followed by a reduction of inter-individual transmission of information, but only in medium-sized crabs and not in small crabs.
Imaging and surgical approach of nasal dermoids

Objective: Determine the most accurate and cost effective radiographic evaluation for nasal dermoids. Determine the best surgical approach for excision of nasal dermoids. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, California. Participants: All patients with nasal dermoids evaluated and treated from 1990 to 2000. Intervention: Preoperative radiographic evaluation and surgical excision. Outcome measures: Accuracy of CT and MRI correlated with surgical findings and results. Results: Ten patients were identified with the diagnosis of nasal dermoid. The age at diagnosis ranged from 0 to 24 months, with a mean of 3 months. Six children presented with masses located at the glabella, three patients presented with masses located at the nasal dorsum and one presented with a mass at the nasal tip. Six children underwent a computed tomogram with contrast of the head. Seven children underwent a MRI study of the head. Three children underwent an initial CT followed by MRI. Twenty percent of children were found to have intracranial extension. CT scan accurately diagnosed intracranial extension in one case, was indeterminate in a second case and falsely positive in a third case. MRI correctly diagnosed intracranial extension in two cases and had no false positive or false negative results. No children were found to have associated intracranial anomalies. In the early years of the review, a simple excision was made over the mass with blunt and sharp dissection for removal. (An external rhinoplasty incision is now used with better exposure and improved cosmetic results.) In cases with intracranial communication, a combined approach of external rhinoplasty and craniotomy was used. Conclusions: MRI alone is the most cost effective and accurate means of evaluating nasal dermoids and is essential for preoperative planning. The surgical approach of choice is external rhinoplasty for both cosmetic reasons and exposure of nasal dermoids with and without intracranial extension.
The Nascent Bipolar Nebula Surrounding the Carbon-rich Variable CIT 6: Transition to Axisymmetry

CIT 6 is a luminous carbon star currently evolving off the asymptotic giant branch into a tiny proto-planetary nebula. The star is surrounded by a thick dust shell that reprocesses much of the photospheric radiation, making it one of the brightest infrared sources in the sky. Spacecraft imaging at optical and near-IR wavelengths demonstrates that the nebulosity is already attaining a bipolar morphology, with strong polarization by scattering tracing out a centrosymmetric pattern around the central star. Long-term monitoring with optical polarimetry, spectroscopy, and spectropolarimetry demonstrates that the optical spectrum is comprised of two major components. The optical-near-IR spectrum longward of ~6000 A depicts the photospheric features of the carbon star. This emission varies strongly on the ~640 day stellar pulsation period and shows broad changes in the degree and position angle of polarization on a timescale of about a decade. At shorter wavelengths, a nearly featureless blue continuum is seen, strongly polarized at roughly right angles to the red component. This component does not vary significantly in either brightness or polarization on the pulsation period. Associating the spectral components with morphological features in the images, it is straightforward to ascribe the red light to emission from the carbon star that is scattered by dust within the nebular lobes. The blue continuum originates in the southern lobe, and the unique polarization of this component arises through scattering in a narrow fan that is observed in b-band images to protrude at right angles from the bipolar axis. While seemingly coincidental, a consistent explanation for this component is a main-sequence companion star of spectral type A-F, buried within the same nebular material. The separation of this probable companion is greater than 40 AU, implying an orbital period greater than 150 yr and making it an unlikely explanation for axially symmetric mass loss from the carbon star. The deepest NICMOS images reveal several faint, diffuse arcs of light 1''-4'' from the central star that are highly polarized (P ~ 30%-40%) and therefore shine primarily by reflection. These nearly concentric features have characteristic scattering optical depths 0.01 τs 0.1 and individual masses ~10-8 to 10-7 M☉. The arcs attest to a recent period of spherically symmetric mass loss that was modulated by an as yet unknown mechanism. The subsequent transition to a superwind and axial symmetry occurred within the span of only a few hundred years.
Considerations on the moving contact-line singularity, with application to frictional drag on a slender drop

It has previously been shown that the no-slip boundary conditions leads to a singularity at a moving contact line and that this presumes some form of slip. Present considerations on the energetics of slip due to shear stress lead to a yield stress boundary condition. A model for the distortion of the liquid state near solid boundaries gives a physical basis for this boundary condition. The yield stress condition is illustrated by an analysis of a slender drop rolling down an incline. That analysis provides a formula for the frictional drag resisting the drop movement. With the present boundary condition, the length of the slip region becomes a property of the fluid flow.
Measurement and Prediction of Thermal Injury in the Retina of the Rhesus Monkey

The authors measured temperature rises with specially designed microthermocouples in over 60 retinae for various image sizes, wavelengths, and exposure durations. Measured temperatures varied with a standard error of 6 percent, and agreed well with a mathematical model for temperature-time response. Observed injury also compared favorably to that predicted by a rate process model for thermal injury. Suggested rate constants for the eye are A = 1.3 ×1099 1/s, and E = 150 000 cal/M. With these coefficients, predicted threshold injury agreed within a factor of two with experimentally determined injury from 10?8 to 103 s. No difference in threshold temperatures was evident between either macular and paramacular exposures or between wavelengths of 488-647 nm. The model can be used to predict injury in the human eye by substituting absorption coefficients and thickness for the human PE and Ch in the thermal portion of the model.
The adoption of technologies, management practices, and production systems in U.S. milk production

Adoption rates of 19 dairy technologies, management practices, and production systems (TMPPS) are estimated for the U.S. for 2005 and 2010 and, in cases where data are available, 1993 and 2000. Logit models are estimated to determine types of farms most likely to use each TMPPS. TMPPS experiencing the greatest increases in adoption have been automatic take-offs, the internet, breeding technologies, and USDA certified organic production; recombinant bovine somatotropin experienced a reduction in usage between 2005 and 2010. Factors influencing TMPPS usage include farm size, tenure, and diversification; farmer age and education; and region of the U.S. where the farm is located.
Porphyrins with exocyclic rings. Part 3. A reassessment on the utility of cyclopenta[b]pyrroles in the synthesis of porphyrin molecular fossils. Preparation of three type II porphyrins related to deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP).

Abstract The utility of cyclopenta[b]pyrroles in porphyrin synthesis has been reinvestigated. A 6-oxocyclopenta[b]pyrrole 18 was prepared by cyclization of the propanoyl chloride sidechain of an α-unsubstituted pyrrole 17d in the presence of tin(IV) chloride. Subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride afforded the corresponding 6-hydroxy compound 10 and further acid catalyzed condensation with α-unsubstituted pyrroles 11a and 11b gave the novel 6-pyrrolylcyclopenta[b]pyrroles 22a and 22b in excellent yields. Attempts to prepare deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP; 2), a widespread sedimentary porphyrin molecular fossil, from these dipyrrolic intermediates using the tripyrrene-a,c-biladiene route were unsuccessful. However, the synthesis of three related meso,β-ethanoporphyrins using the MacDonald condensation was successfully carried out in moderate to good yields. Retention of an sp3 hybridized carbon bridge at the cyclopentene ring fusion site of the intermediary open chain tetrapyrroles appears to be crucial during macrocycle formation, as this diminishes the steric repulsion between the peripheral substituents and the carbocyclic ring.
Dilute solution properties of asymmetric six‐arm star polystyrenes

Six-arm star polystyrenes having varying numbers of short and long arms attached to the same molecule have been synthesized by anionic polymerization. The molecules have been characterized by high resolution size exclusion chromatography using multiangle light scattering and viscosity detectors. This technique has allowed the radii of gyration and intrinsic viscosities to be measured for stars with each possible combination of arms. The branching parameters g and g′ are computed and compared with theoretical expectations. It is found that short arms add preferentially to the stars, because of reduced steric effects. The molecule with one long and five short arms exhibits behavior closest to that of a linear chain (largest branching ratios). The effect of arm polydispersity on solution properties of stars is discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stress loading from viscous flow in the lower crust and triggering of aftershocks following the 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake

Following the M_w 6.7 Northridge earthquake, significant postseismic displacements were resolved with GPS. Using a three-dimensional viscoelastic model, we suggest that this deformation is mainly driven by viscous flow in the lower crust. Such flow can transfer stress to the upper crust and load the rupture zone of the main shock at a decaying rate. Most aftershocks within the rupture zone, especially those that occurred after the first several weeks of the main shock, may have been triggered by continuous stress loading from viscous flow. The long-term decay time of aftershocks (about 2 years) approximately matches the decay of viscoelastic loading, and thus is controlled by the viscosity of the lower crust. Our model provides a physical interpretation of the observed correlation between aftershock decay rate and surface heat flow.
DOGMATISM AND CONVENTIONALITY

The scores of 68 undergraduates on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale correlated significantly with their responses to a conventionality measure, as dogmatism theory would predict. These attitudinal findings are consistent with the results of experimental research on the manifestations of dogmatism and authoritarianism.
The Influence of Host Genetics on Marek's Disease Virus Evolution

SUMMARY. Since the first report of a polyneuritis in chickens by Joseph Marek in 1907, the clinical nature of the disease has changed. Over the last five decades, the pathogenicity of the Marek's disease virus (MDV) has continued to evolve from the relatively mild strains observed in the 1960s to the more severe strains labeled very virulent plus currently observed in today's outbreaks. To understand the influence of host genetics, specifically the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), on virus evolution, a bacterial artificial chromosome–derived MDV (Md5B40BAC) was passed in vivo through resistant (MHC-B21) and susceptible (MHC-B13) Line 0 chickens. Criteria for selecting virus isolates for in vivo passage were based on virus replication in white blood cells 21 days after challenge and evaluation of MD pathology at necropsy. In the MHC-B13–susceptible line the Md5B40BAC virulence consistently increased from 18% Marek's disease (MD) after in vivo passage 1 (B13-IVP1 Md5B40BAC) to 94% MD after B13-IVP5 ...
Models and algorithms for three-dimensional topography simulation with SAMPLE-3D

Algorithms for general surface advancement, three-dimensional visibility, and convolution over a surface have been developed and coupled with physical models for pattern transfer. The resulting program, SAMPLE-3D, allows practical simulation of plasma etching and deposition processes on engineering workstations. The physical models are 3-D extensions of 2-D string and segment based models. The models include secondary effects, such as material density variations and damage enhanced etching. A general facet motion algorithm supports simple, isotropic, cosine-directional, and general surface orientation dependent processes. A 3-D grid of rectangular prismatic cells, which is updated by the advancing surface, contains an alternate topography representation for fast shadow and visibility calculation. The program is organized as a collection of modular functions for continued model and algorithm development. Guidelines for estimating CPU and memory requirements for various models and simulation cases are based on an analysis of the algorithms and data structures. Simple processes, such as lithography development, require 1-5 min of CPU time. Simulations involving integration over flux distributions, such as plasma etching and sputter deposition, require from 5-30 min for typical cases. Reflection or surface migration calculations require from 30-60 min. Physical memory of 4-32 megabytes is sufficient for many practical simulations. >