cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Dipole Sources Localization from the Scalp EEG Using a High-resolution Subspace Approach

We have developed a new algorithm, FINE, to enhance the spatial resolution and localization accuracy for closely-spaced sources, in the framework of the subspace source localization. Computer simulations were conducted in the present study to evaluate the performance of FINE, as compared with classic subspace source localization algorithms, i.e. MUSIC and RAP-MUSIC, in a realistic geometry head model by means of boundary element method (BEM). The results show that FINE could distinguish superficial simulated sources, with distance as low as 8.5 mm and deep simulated sources, with distance as low as 16.3 mm. Our results also show that the accuracy of source orientation estimates from FINE is better than MUSIC and RAP-MUSIC for closely-spaced sources. Motor potentials, obtained during finger movements in a human subject, were analyzed using FINE. The detailed neural activity distribution within the contralateral premotor areas and supplemental motor areas (SMA) is revealed by FINE as compared with MUSIC. The present study suggests that FINE has excellent spatial resolution in imaging neural sources
The catastrophic phase of electromigration: surface diffusion, island formation, and film thinning

Abstract In situ transmission electron microscope investigation have been carried out on ultrahigh vacuum evaporated Al thin films using a specially designed heating stage. Standard photolithographic methods were used to form narrow metal stripes on oxidized silicon substrates which were then thinned from the rear. A linear temperature ramp was applied while simultaneous electrical resistance and temperature measurements were made. A video camcorder and standard photographic methods were used to record microstructural changes during current stressing. In large grained films clear evidence for surface diffusion was obtained. Thinning of the foil occurs on the cathode end and proceeds in channels in a direction, more or less, towards the cathode. Meanwhile atom motion occurs towards the anode. Simultaneously, islands are nucleated and grow in the thinned regions of the foil as a result of atom-atom and atom-cluster interactions. It is concluded that in these suspended stripes, surface or interface diffusion processes during electromigration testing make important contributions in the regime just prior to catastrophic failure.
Ultrastructure of the grasshopper proximal femoral chordotonal organ.

This paper, the first in a series concerning the neurobiology of sensory cilia, describes the ultrastructure of our chosen model system—the proximal femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) in pro-and mesothoracic grasshopper legs. The FCO is a bundle of 150–200 longitudinally oriented chordotonal sensilla. Each chordotonal sensillum is a mechano-receptive unit that contains two bipolar neurons whose dendrites bear sensory cilia. The structure of the sensory cilia leads us to suggest that they are motile cilia that respond to the mechanical stimulus with an “active stroke” which excites a transducer membrane at the dendrite tip.
Partial characterization of an α-bungarotoxin-binding component of electroplax membranes

Abstract A component of electroplax membranes, probably the acetylcholine receptor, which specifically binds α-bungarotoxin is characterized as a protein with a detergent-replaceable phospholipid requirement.
Bridging Excel and C/C++ code

Microsoft Excel provides a flexible pre- and post-processor for low-level languages such as C/C++. Here details are provided to allow single variables, vectors and matrices to pass from Excel VBA C/C++ programs. Passing single variables and vectors is straightforward. Passing matrices requires understanding of row-major and column-major storage strategies. Simple examples utilizing each data type are shown. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 289–304, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20146
II—Ruth Garrett Millikan: Loosing the Word–Concept Tie

Sainsbury and Tye (2011) propose that, in the case of names and other simple extensional terms, we should substitute for Frege's second level of content —for his senses—a second level of meaning vehicle—words in the language of thought. I agree. They also offer a theory of atomic concept reference—their ‘originalist’ theory—which implies that people knowing the same word have the ‘same concept’. This I reject, arguing for a symmetrical rather than an originalist theory of concept reference, claiming that individual concepts are possessed only by individual people. Concepts are classified rather than identified across different people.
Documentation of acute compartment syndrome at an academic health-care center.

Background: Documentation of the clinical course of a compartment syndrome is critical to effective treatment; however, such documentation often is found to be inadequate.Methods: Notes and consent forms for thirty consecutive patients with adequate follow-up who had undergone fasciotomy for the tre
Thermal-aware semi-dynamic power management for multicore systems with energy harvesting

In this paper, we focus on power and thermal management for multicore embedded systems with solar energy harvesting as the power source and a periodic hard real-time task set as the workload. We design a novel semi-dynamic scheme, which reschedules tasks at the beginning of specified time epochs. By rejecting job instances of certain tasks until the next rescheduling point, our scheduler dispatches a subset of tasks that comply with the predicted energy budget and thermal conditions. Our approach reacts to run-time energy harvesting power variation without losing the consistency of the periodic task set, which helps to scale processor speed evenly by utilizing slack time efficiently without the need for complex slack reclamation algorithms, as in prior work. When applied to a multicore platform, our approach offers a chance to shut down cores and reassign tasks for superior energy efficiency. As a result, experimental results show up to 70% miss rate reduction compared to prior work. Unlike any prior work, our approach also integrates thermal management to reduce peak temperature while minimizing miss rate for energy harvesting embedded systems.
An Access Control Model for Secure Cluster-Computing Environments

As an emerging domain in high-performance computing, cluster computing is being widely used. However, there is little research work that comprehensively studies the security requirements in cluster-computing environments. Security mechanisms are important for cluster computing, especially when clusters are part of high-assurance systems. In this paper, we discuss security requirements for cluster-computing environments, with an emphasis on access control. A security solution is proposed based on the role-based access control (RBAC) model. Within an RBAC security model, roles are identified for different job assignments. Users are assigned roles according to their job functions. Required permissions are associated with each role. An example illustrates the coordination between the RBAC model and security sensors for cluster computing. RBAC is well suited to a cluster-computing environment and can be readily integrated with various security configurations.
An Estimate of Potential Savings From Removing Traffic Signals in a Depopulating Urban Area

A common rule of thumb for signalization in a city is one traffic signal for every 1,000 residents. When a city is depopulating, does this ratio apply when determining how many signals can be removed? The City of Detroit has lost 61% of its population since its peak. If signals were installed to serve the peak population, applying this rule of thumb, 61% of the signal inventory should be able to be removed. An operational analysis was performed on a random sample of the signal inventory of the City. Based on this sample, it was determined that 30% of the signal inventory could be removed and replaced with either two-way or all-way stop control, while still maintaining adequate levels-of-service for all approaches, resulting in a savings of US$460,000 to US$3,700,000 annually in operating costs. Other cities with declining populations should conduct similar analyses to reveal the extent of potential savings.
Oxygen Ion Activity and the Solubility of Sulfur Trioxide in Sodium Silicate Melts

The solubility of sulfur trioxide in sodium silicate melts was determined from 1150° to 1250°C by equilibrating melts in gas mixtures of known contents of sulfur dioxide and oxygen. Sulfate forms according to the reactions: O2-+ SO2+ 1/2O2= O2-+ SO3= SO42-. The data obtained at 1200°C were interpreted by the linear equation: log(SO42-) = log(Pso2½Po21/2) + log Y in which Y is a function of the soda/silica ratio. A series of parallel lines was obtained. Relative free oxygen ion activities calculated for 1200°C were in good agreement with theoretical values calculated from the thermodynamic model of Toop and Samis.
Active Text Drawing Styles for Outdoor Augmented Reality: A User-Based Study and Design Implications

A challenge in presenting augmenting information in outdoor augmented reality (AR) settings lies in the broad range of uncontrollable environmental conditions that may be present, specifically large-scale fluctuations in natural lighting and wide variations in likely backgrounds or objects in the scene. In this paper, we present a active AR testbed that samples the user's field of view, and collects outdoor illuminance values at the participant's position. The main contribution presented herein is a user-based study (conducted using the testbed) that examined the effects on user performance of four outdoor background textures, four text colors, three text drawing styles, and two text drawing style algorithms for a text identification task using an optical, see-through AR system. We report significant effects for all these variables, and discuss design guidelines and ideas for future work
FLAP, a simplified simulation system for time-share users

FLAP, which stands for "FORTRAN-Language Analog Pro gram," is a skeletal simulation program and package of subroutines that can be modified and used for con tinuous system simulation. The FLAP system was created to enable engineers familiar with FORTRAN to write their own simulation programs and to run them in a time-sharing environment; however, FLAP can be run on any small or large computing system having FORTRAN capability. The advantages of FLAP are that it provides a simple algebraic language for continuous system simulation, it can be run on virtually any com puter, and its repertoire of operators can easily be expanded.
Postmarketing Trials and Pediatric Device Approvals

BACKGROUND: Medical devices can be useful in a variety of diseases, but few devices have been specifically approved for use in children. The 2007 Pediatric Medical Device Safety and Improvement Act was passed to stimulate pediatric device development. The current state of trial evidence underpinning the approval of pediatric devices remains poorly described. METHODS: We identified all high-risk (ie, class III) devices approved through the premarket approval or humanitarian device exemption pathways for therapeutic use in children between 2008 and 2011. We collected key information on clinical trial design (randomization, blinding, controls, and types of end points) as well as age distribution of trial participants. We also identified US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–mandated postmarketing trials. RESULTS: Twenty-two devices were approved for use in children via the premarket approval pathway and 3 via the humanitarian device exemption pathway. Twenty-two (88%) qualified as pediatric despite minimum approval ages of ≥18 years (the FDA Center for Devices and Radiologic Health considers patients 18–21 years old as pediatric). Most devices were approved on the basis of nonrandomized (59%), open-label (68%) studies with surrogate effectiveness end points (86%). Overall, 21 (84%) devices were not studied in any patients CONCLUSIONS: Most high-risk pediatric devices are approved on the basis of trials in patients ≥18 years old, with few pediatric patients exposed to the devices before market availability. Few postmarketing studies require additional study in pediatric patients.
How Firms Avoid Losses: Evidence of Use of the Net Deferred Tax Asset Account

This paper investigates whether firms use discretion in accounting for deferred taxes to increase earnings and avoid reporting a loss. We find that firm-years with small scaled profits reduce (relative to the prior year) the proportion of the gross deferred tax asset reserved by the valuation allowance more than firm-years with small scaled losses. We find no evidence that the firm-years that have seemingly moved from having a small scaled loss to a small scaled profit using changes in the net deferred tax asset have greater expected future taxable income to support this change under SFAS 109. Our results also suggest that firms that increase earnings through the net deferred tax asset have relatively lower costs to managing earnings to avoid a loss, that is, these firms have a smaller pre-managed loss.
Dynamic power management for streaming data

This paper presents a method that uses data buffers to smoothen request variations and to create long idleness for power management. This method considers the power consumed by the buffers and assigns an energy penalty for buffer underflow. Our approach provides analytic formulas for calculating the optimal buffer sizes and the amount of data to store in the buffers. We use video prefetching as a case study and obtain power savings of more than 74% for MPEG-1 and 34% for MPEG-2 videos.
OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES FROM SPRINGS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOHYDROLOGY

Ostracodes are a diverse group of marine and continental crustaceans that have radiated into virtually all oxygenated aquatic environments that persist for more than about a month. Continental ostracodes live in both surface water and groundwater.Ostracodes living in springs and seeps have typically been the subject of systematic rather than ecologic studies. These taxa may or may not occur in other surface-water bodies. Similarly, lacustrine taxa may or may not be found in springs. Spring taxa occurring in other surface waters are often found in ponds, marshes, streams, or on the edges of lakes where groundwater discharge is important. Groundwater discharge, unlike lake water, shows limited and predictable variability in chemistry and temperature during the year. That level of variability relative to lake water may define particular ostracode environmental gradients. The gradients would range from stable, high-volume discharge springs occupied principally by spring species to high variability lakes occupied largely by lacustrine species.Ostracode occurrences may also be described by parameters such as temperature, solute (dissolved ion) composition, solute concentration (salinity, conductivity, ionic strength), and calcite saturation indices. A plot of these parameters associated with the presence of a taxon illustrates its physiologic response to the environment, a field. Three general fields bounded by chemical parameters are delineated by existing data. Those fields are as follows: (1) a restricted range and (2) a full range of fresh water, and (3) both fresh and saline water. Fields bounded by temperature and chemistry are also recognized. The fields also offer a way of describing ostracode occurrences in terms of hydrogeology and climate.If ostracode occurrences are limited by major chemical and physical properties of the aquatic environment, then their habitat may be defined by certain physical–chemical principles. The same physical–chemical principles must apply to the past. The ecology of extinct taxa may, therefore, be defined in the same environmental terms as those for extant taxa.
Exploring the social construction of disability: An application of the bioarchaeology of personhood model to a pathological skeleton from ancient Bahrain

Considering that paleopathology is the study of ancient disease, the social correlates of disabling conditions in the past have been undertheorized by bioarchaeologists and paleopathologists. I offer the Bioarchaeology of Personhood as a model that, when paired with traditional analytical techniques, can enhance bioarchaeologists' ability both to explore the social construction of disability and to engage with an interested public. This model is based upon five tenets: (1) modern Western constructs of identity and individuality are not universal; (2) personhood is comprised of many facets, which are entangled with one another and are prioritized situationally; (3) a longitudinal "life course" paradigm is well-suited to the bioarchaeological investigation of personhood; (4) personhood can extend beyond the biological lifespan; (5) bioarchaeologists should be open to alternative modes of interpretation and outreach. Its strengths include the use of multiple lines of interdisciplinary evidence, accessibility to diverse academic and public audiences, effectiveness as a pedagogical tool, and articulation with other theoretical frameworks. The utility of the Bioarchaeology of Personhood model is demonstrated with a case study from ancient Bahrain, in which the embodied life course of a young woman with disabilities is reconstructed via fictive narrative.
Hypomethylating agents are effective in shrinking splenomegaly in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an heterogenous hematologic malignancy with mixed myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features. It is characterized by peripheral blood monocytosis and ...
A Doe Perspective on the Future of Nuclear Energy

This is an important stage in the history of nuclear energy. The Tennessee Valley Authority’s (TVA) Watts Bar 1 nuclear power plant, apparently the last U.S. nuclear power plant of the current generation, was granted a full-power operating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in February 1996, and is expected to begin commercial operation in early 1996. At the same time, the first two designs of the next-generation plants have both received their Final Design Approvals from the NRC and are expected to receive design certifications before the end of 1996.
ACCURACY OF DIGITIZATION USING AUTOMATED AND MANUAL METHODS

Background and Purpose. Computerized 3-dimensional (3-D) motion measurement systems are used by those interested in human motion. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the limits of accuracy in determining intersegmental angles during pendular motion at varying speeds and (2) to determine changes in accuracy introduced by autodigitization and digitization by experienced manual raters. Methods. Angular speed of a T-shaped pendulum was systematically increased by releasing the pendulum from 4 angles (0° [no movement], 45°, 90°, and 120°). Twelve reference angles calculated from markers placed on the pendulum were estimated over 20 frames for 10 trials at each release position. Results. Mean errors across trials and frames for intersegmental angles reconstructed by a 3-D motion measurement system were within ±1 degree across all release positions. An analysis of variance and a post hoc Tukey test revealed that the mean error for the autodigitized trials was larger than that for the manually digitized trials. For the autodigitized trials, the static trials (release position=0°) produced less mean error than the trials with movement produced. The ICCs showed a high degree of consistency among all raters, ranging from .707 to .999. Conclusion and Discussion. Our findings support the conclusion that under carefully controlled conditions, a 3-D motion measurement system can produce clinically acceptable measurements of accuracy across a range of angular speeds. Furthermore, acceptable accuracy is possible regardless of the digitization method.
The Archival System of Former French West Africa

In September and October of 1964, I visited the various centers once forming links in the archival system of French West Africa. Contrary to what occurred in Equatorial Africa, the French left these archival holdings in place, except for current material which was shipped to the rue Oudinot (Ministry of Colonies) in Paris. The center of the West African system was the Archives of the Government-General in Dakar (later the High Commission). Based originally on the Senegalese holdings, this archive became an independent agency of the federal government and was the parent organization of subsidiary archives for Senegal, Mauritania, Soudan, Upper Volta, Niger, Dahomey, Ivory Coast, and Guinea. It was parallel in structure to the Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire (IFAN), which also had its headquarters in Dakar and maintained subsidiary centers for each territory. In some cases, the archives and IFAN centers were amalgamated (during World War II) and the history of the two organizations is often inseparable. This survey is an attempt to describe the establishment and development of these archival centers, how their material was organized and can be used for research, and their current status in the independent countries.
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine: An Effective New Agent for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine, a new lymphocyte-selective, anti-neoplastic drug was administered to 18 patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B-cell origin. All patients were resistant to conventional treatment. A total of 44 courses of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine were completed with minimal toxicity. An overall response rate of 55% was achieved with four of 18 patients demonstrating partial response and six of 18 patients experiencing clinical improvement. Only minor bone marrow suppression occurred during administration of the drug, indicating a high degree of lymphocyte selectivity. Reduction of lymphocyte infiltration in bone marrow occurred in treated patients including one patient who experienced normalization of the bone marrow. Three of four patients with concurrent autoimmune hemolytic anemia experienced resolution of hemolysis, as indicated by elimination of transfusion requirement, fall in reticulocyte count, elevation of hemoglobin, and ability to taper prednisone without recurrence of hemolysis. Duration of responses ranged from 2 to 15 months without maintenance therapy.
Omic Approaches in Microbial Ecology: Charting the Unknown

Much like astronomy, the microbial sciences are confronted with staggering unknowns and are reliant on tools and technology to probe the frontiers of knowledge. The first realizations of just how extraordinarily diverse and unexplored microorganisms are came after analyzing microbial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences directly from environmental samples. Norm Pace of the University of Colorado, Boulder, and his collaborators 20 years ago helped to uncover the array of microorganisms from hot springs and comparable environments.
Comparison of Dextran Synthesis by Leuconostoc Enzyme with Starch Synthesis by Potato Phosphorylase.

SummaryComparison with starch synthesis by potato phosphorylase indicates that dextran synthesis from sucrose by leuconostoc enzyme does not require the mediation of any phosphorylated sugar.
A Study on the Effect of IFNα-2b in Treating Bronchiolitis

Objective To study the effect of interferonα-2b on infant bronchiolitis.Methods 90 cases of infant bronchioh- tis were randomly divided into treatment group (42 cases) and control group (48 cases).Both groups got some routine treat- ments such as atomization inhalation,preventing cough,reducing sputum,relieving bronchospasm and asthma,controling infec- tion,etc.The treatment group received additional interferonα-2b 1×10~5 IU/(kg·d) once a day by intramuscular injection. The time of therapy was five days.The difference of improvement of symptoms and physical signs were observed in both of groups.Results The response rate were 95% in the treatment group and 75% in the control group,respectively.The periods of the remission and disappearance of the major symptoms and physical signs were significantly shorter in the treatment group than those in the control group(P0.05),including fever,cough,asthma,rales and chest X-ray.Conclusion Interferonα-2b is ef- fective in treating bronchiolitis and it is reliable and convenient and should be used widely in basic level hospital.
Spiritual Struggle Among Patients Seeking Treatment for Chronic Headaches: Anger and Protest Behaviors Toward God

This study examined anger and protest behaviors toward God among 80 US adults seeking treatment for chronic headaches (66 women, 14 men; 71 completed treatment). Measures were administered before and after an intensive 3-week outpatient treatment program. At both times, anger and protest toward God correlated with lower pain acceptance, more emotional distress, and greater perceived disability. However, when considered simultaneously, anger predicted sustained distress, whereas protest behaviors (e.g., complaining, questioning, arguing) predicted both reduced distress and an increased sense of meaning. These findings suggest the utility of distinguishing between anger toward God and behaviors suggesting assertiveness toward God.
Restoring the Balancing Test: A Better Approach to Fair Use in Copyright

Fair use analyses are overly vague and abstract. While the Copyright Act established four factors for courts to consider when determining if an alleged infringer’s use of copyrighted work is “fair”, these factors are not susceptible to easy interpretation. More importantly, once these factors have been interpreted, a trier of fact is instructed to balance these factors against each other. No effective method currently exists in guiding courts as to how to balance inherently disparate factors against each other, either in terms of intensity of the factors or how one factor might balance against another totally different factor. This article proposes a framework that would allow courts to interpret each of the four factors and then assign a grade of 1-4 for each factor. After each factor is graded, the values are inserted into the framework, which then performs the balancing and reaches a conclusion on fair use. Having an objective basis for reaching a fair use determination helps to eliminate result-oriented decisions and provides a firm ground of support for a court’s decision. 1. Assistant Professor, University of West Florida. I would like to thank Mathew Morrison for his enormously valuable feedback on an earlier draft of this Article. 108 CHICAGO-KENT JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY [Vol 14:1 RESTORING THE BALANCING TEST: A BETTER APPROACH TO FAIR USE IN COPYRIGHT CHARLIE PENROD, J.D.
Structural Features of PbS Nanocube Monolayers upon Treatment with Mono- and Dicarboxylic Acids and Thiols at a Liquid-Air Interface.

This paper describes the ordering of PbS nanocubes (NCs) within free-standing monolayers (suspended on acetonitrile), upon exchanging the native oleate ligands for a series of thiolate and carboxylate ligands at the liquid–air interface. Treatment with either carboxylic acids or thiols effectively decreases the inter-NC separation of nearest-neighbor particles without etching the NC surface. Dicarboxylic acids and dithiols bridge neighboring NCs with an interparticle separation that is consistent with fully extended, bridging ligands. Monocarboxylic acids and monothiols separate NCs by an amount governed by their length, with long-chain ligands showing significant intercalation. 1H NMR spectroscopy shows carboxylic acids are more effective at replacing the native oleate than are thiols, which we ascribe to the lower pKa values of carboxylic acids. The fast exchange that occurs upon treatment with monocarboxylic acids kinetically traps the clusters of particles in nonclosed packed geometries, so monolayers...
Trial Operation of Cold Compressors in Fermilab Satellite Refrigerators

Reciprocating and centrifugal cold helium compressors have been incorporated into part of the Tevatron satellite refrigeration system on a test basis. Results to be presented include compressor performance and overall system behavior under steady state and upset conditions. The effects on quench current of reductions in magnet temperature are included for one sector (a sixth) of the Tevatron. The results of these tests will determine the effectiveness of adding cold compressors to all 24 satellite refrigerators, allowing for Tevatron beam energy increases up to perhaps 1 TeV. Also described are specific test results from individual machines from CCI, Inc., Creare, Inc., and IHI Co., Ltd.
Treatment Modalities for Antisperm Antibodies-Mediated Immune Infertility

Immune infertility due to antisperm antibodies is an important cause of infertility in humans. The incidence of ASA in infertile couples is 9–36 % depending on the reporting center. ASA directed against the fertilization-related antigens are more relevant to infertility than the immunoglobulin binding to sperm antigens that do not play a role in fertility. Several methods have been reported for treatment of immune infertility. These include immunosuppressive therapies using corticosteroids or cyclosporine; assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination, gamete intrafallopian transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection; and laboratory techniques such as sperm washing, immunomagnetic sperm separation, proteolytic enzyme treatment, and use of immunobeads. Some of these available techniques have side effects, and others are invasive and expensive, with low efficacy, and provide conflicting results. Presently, antisperm antibodies-mediated immune infertility is primarily treated in the clinics using the assisted reproductive technologies. Recent findings on delineating sperm antigens that have a role in fertilization/fertility may provide novel modalities for treatment which will be less invasive and expensive.
Utilization of nanoindentation to examine bond line integrity in adhesively bonded composite structures

This study explores the probable correlation between degradation in bond line fracture toughness and the changes in the measurable mechanical properties of the adhesive layer due to environmental contamination in adhesively bonded composite structures. Nanoindentation technique is utilized to measure the adhesive Young’s modulus and hardness. The proposed framework utilizes the large scale bridging of interfacial fracture proposed by Tvergaard and Hutchinson (Philos Mag A 70(4):641–656, 1994), for considering the significant contribution of plasticity on the macroscopic bond line fracture toughness. A typical adhesive-adherend material system (EA9394/Hexcel IM7-G/8552) exposed to different contaminants at the same concentration is examined. Hardness measurements showed two distinct effects of contamination on the adhesive material; namely (1) softening and (2) hardening depending on the class of contaminants. In addition, macroscopic mode-I fracture toughness is independently measured by double cantilever beam test. Finite element method employing cohesive zone method is used to rationalize the experimental results and the prospective scaling-laws. The combined experimental results of macroscopic properties and the numerical results of the interfacial properties showed the role of contamination in reducing the plastic dissipation within the bond line and the macroscopic deterioration of the bond line effective fracture toughness. The results showed the existence of a correlation similar to Tvergaard and Hutchinson’s results. However, the results suggest a scaling between the interfacial cohesive fracture toughness and the measurable flow stress. The scaling correlation has the potential to be utilized in assessing the relative trend between different contaminants. While the proposed scaling is verified for a common adhesive-adherend system in aerospace industry, with additional examination of other systems, the proposed scaling law might facilitate the utilization of the perceived non-destructively evaluated indentation hardness to serve as an indicator for the bond line macroscopic fracture toughness.
Black Youth Speak Out: An Urgent Call For Hope-bearing Response

This article reports key findings from surveys completed by 435 Black youth ages 13–18 across the four geographic regions of the United States in the research project, “Building Bridges of Hope: The Church's Role in Reaching Disconnected Black Youth.” Undertaken by the Youth Hope-Builders Academy (YHBA) of Interdenominational Theological Center and supported by the Lilly Endowment, Incorporated, the study results reveal the desires of youth for the Church's outreach to them and pastoral care-giving practices of healing, sustaining, guiding, and reconciling that address their very real and often tough daily lives.
Thiol-Based Probe for Electrophilic Natural Products Reveals That Most of the Ammosamides Are Artifacts

To date, 16 members of the ammosamide family of natural products have been discovered, and except for ammosamide D each of these metabolites is characterized by an unusual chlorinated pyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinoline skeleton. Several ammosamides have been shown to inhibit quinone reductase 2, a flavoenzyme responsible for quelling toxic oxidative species in cells or for killing cancer cells outright. Treatment of the extract from an ammosamide-producing culture (Streptomyces strain CNR-698) with a thiol-based reagent designed to label electrophilic natural products produced an ammosamide C-thiol adduct. This observation led us to hypothesize, and then demonstrate through experimentation, that all of the other ammosamides are derived from ammosamide C via nonenzymatic processes involving exposure to nucleophiles, air, and light. Like many established electrophilic natural products, reaction with the thiol probe suggests that ammosamide C is itself an electrophilic natural product. Although ammosamide C did not ...
The Reawakening of the Student Movement in Chile: A Discussion of the Incorporation of Protest as a Manifestation of Citizenship through the Lens of Public Opinion Data

Tear gas, water cannons, and violence were for years a common sight in the center of Santiago, Chile. This paper aims to assess whether such protest in Chile further fractured the already weakened citizen-state obligations, or conversely, served as a catalyst for a deeper citizenship bond. Focusing on the presidencies of Michelle Bachelet and Sebastian Pinera, and their reactions to the student movement, analysis of public opinion data finds evidence that the citizen-state relationship has progressively evolved to becoming more responsive and productive, particularly in the process of extending recognition of formal social rights. Despite the violence, which could be interpreted as disarticulating citizenship, as in Pinochet’s times, the democratic system managed to incorporate protest and address protesters’ demands for reform as part of an evolving definition of citizenship.
Social Epistemology of Stem Cell Research: Philosophy and Experiment

When it comes to social aspects of our knowledge-generating practices, history and philosophy of science seem starkly opposed. I argue that this opposition stems from an assumption of normative/descriptive dualism. This dualism polarizes the study of scientific inquiry into two mutually exclusive, yet co-dependent, projects: description of our actual scientific practices and their results, or abstract examination of epistemic ideals detached from our practices. If we must choose between describing the historical unfolding of our scientific practices, or elaborating abstract epistemic ideals, an integrated history and philosophy of social epistemology of scientific inquiry is precluded. I show that this dualism can be overcome, by explicating a conception of the epistemic ideal of scientific objectivity from the social aspects of our scientific practices. This ideal of objectivity is both normative and engaged with the historical unfolding of experimental inquiry. It is thus a first step toward an integrated social epistemology of scientific inquiry, to be elaborated by further historical and philosophical study.
Insufficient sleep is associated with impaired nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation.

Abstract Background and aims Habitual short nightly sleep duration is associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and morbidity. Vascular endothelial dysfunction represents an important mechanism that may underlie this heightened cardiovascular risk. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, particularly NO-mediated vasodilation, contributes to the development and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease and acute vascular events. We tested the hypothesis that chronic insufficient sleep is associated with impaired NO-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in middle-aged adults. Methods Thirty adult men were studied: 15 with normal nightly sleep duration (age: 58 ± 2 y; sleep duration: 7.7 ± 0.2 h/night) and 15 with short nightly sleep duration (55 ± 2 y; 6.1 ± 0.2 h/night). Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine, in the absence and presence of the endothelial NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), as well as responses to sodium nitroprusside, were determined by strain-gauge venous occlusion plethysmography. Results The FBF response to acetylcholine was lower (∼20%; p Conclusions These data indicate that short nightly sleep duration is associated with endothelial-dependent vasodilator dysfunction due, in part, to diminished NO bioavailability. Impaired NO-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk with insufficient sleep.
Herausforderungen auf dem Weg zur Digitalisierten Supply Chain in der Automobil- und Zulieferindstrie

Was bedeutet die (zunehmend auch kostentechnische) Verfugbarkeit neuer Technologien (wie z.B. 3D-Druck, Smart Robotics und Advanced Analytics) rund um die Digitalisierung der Wertschopfungskette fur die Automobilindustrie? Die steht – gerade in einem Hochlohnland wie Deutschland – traditionell unter einen erheblichen Kosten- und Innovationsdruck. So hat die Automobilbranche gezwungenermasen bereits in der Vergangenheit schon oftmals eine Vorreiterrolle ubernehmen mussen, wenn es um die Erhohung ihrer Wettbewerbsfahigkeit geht. Das wohl bekannteste Beispiel ist Taiichi Ohno, der mit dem Toyota Produktionssystem vor mehr 60 Jahren als Pionier entscheidende Wettbewerbsvorteile geschaffen und letztendlich eine ganze Industrie revolutioniert hat.
A Mobile Infliximab Dosing Calculator for Therapy Optimization in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background Inadequate infliximab (IFX) drug exposure remains a clinical challenge and leads to high loss of response rates and therapy failure in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to determine the feasibility and pilot effectiveness of a novel, web-based, mobile IFX dosing calculator (mIDC) for therapy optimization. Methods We developed an mIDC leveraging the known clinical variables of C-reative protein (CRP), albumin, patient's weight, disease activity indices, calprotectin, drug trough levels, and antibodies to IFX that significantly affect pharmacokinetics and/or outcomes. A prospective observational cohort study in pediatric and young adult IBD patients receiving maintenance IFX was performed. System-wide practice adoption of mIDC was achieved through a quality improvement (QI) initiative within a hospital-based infusion unit. Results Forty-nine patients (median age: 16.0 years; 55% female; 65% Crohn's disease) were followed over 9 months. mIDC recommendations for dose optimization were followed by the treating physicians in 198 (89%) out of 222 infusions. Twenty-eight (13%) of 222 mIDC recommendations were to escalate IFX dosing; 15 (54%) of 28 escalation recommendations were declined, and these patients were more likely to already be receiving IFX dose intensification compared with those in whom escalation recommendations were followed (P 5 μg/mL was achieved with 81% probability throughout the QI initiative, an increase of 12% compared with pre-QI values. Conclusions The use of a novel mIDC is feasible and potentially effective, facilitating both standardization and individualization of therapy in clinical care. mIDC appears to be a practical IFX dosing tool for point-of-care use, leveraging individual pharmacokinetic considerations.
Analysis of the effects of individual- and community- level predictors on migrant children's primary immunization in Yiwu city, east China.

Background: To evaluate the effects of a wide range of individual- and community-level factors on migrant children's primary immunization. Methods: Migrant children aged 13–24 months (born from 1 J...
Spectrally-accurate numerical method for acoustic scattering from doubly-periodic 3D multilayered media

Abstract A periodizing scheme and the method of fundamental solutions are used to solve acoustic wave scattering from doubly-periodic three-dimensional multilayered media. A scattered wave in a unit cell is represented by the sum of the near and distant contribution. The near contribution uses the free-space Green's function and its eight immediate neighbors. The contribution from the distant sources is expressed using proxy source points over a sphere surrounding the unit cell and its neighbors. The Rayleigh-Bloch radiation condition is applied to the top and bottom layers. Extra unknowns produced by the periodizing scheme in the linear system are eliminated using a Schur complement. The proposed numerical method avoids using singular quadratures and the quasi-periodic Green's function or complicated lattice sum techniques. Therefore, the proposed scheme is robust at all scattering parameters including Wood anomalies. The algorithm is also applicable to electromagnetic problems by using the dyadic Green's function. Numerical examples with 10-digit accuracy are provided. Finally, reflection and transmission spectra are computed over a wide range of incident angles for device characterization.
AB0227 Transcriptional profiling of synovial macrophages using minimally invasive ultrasound-guided synovial biopsies in rheumatoid arthritis

Background Despite the many therapies for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is little information to guide selection of the most effective treatment for an individual patient. Forty-sixty percent of patients with RA respond (defined by ACR50 response criteria) to conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) or cDMARDs plus anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. Moreover, 20%–40% of subjects in clinical trials never demonstrate even a minimal response (ACR20 response criteria). Based on a population of over 300 million in the United States, a disease prevalence of 0.6%, and a course of 3–4 months per biologic DMARD therapy, as much as $2.5 billion is wasted annually on inadequate therapy. There is a clear need to develop precision-based therapy for patients with RA, whereby clinical information such as novel biomarkers will enhance our ability to predict the therapeutic response and thereby limit ineffective therapy. Objectives Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers for predicting therapeutic response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The synovium may unlock critical information for determining efficacy as reduction in numbers of sublining synovial macrophages remains the most reproducible biomarker. Thus, a clinically actionable method for collection of synovial tissue, which can be analysed using high-throughput strategies, must become a reality. Methods Rheumatologists at six United States academic sites were trained in minimally invasive ultrasound-guided synovial tissue biopsy. Histology, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA-seq were performed on biopsy synovial tissue from patients with RA and compared with osteoarthritis (OA) samples. An optimised protocol for digesting synovial tissue was developed to generate high quality RNA-seq libraries from isolated macrophage populations. Associations were determined between macrophage transcriptional profiles and clinical parameters of RA patients. Results Patients with RA reported minimal adverse effects in response to synovial biopsy. Comparable RNA quality was observed between synovial tissue and isolated macrophages from patients with RA and OA. Whole tissue samples from patients with RA demonstrated a high degree of transcriptional heterogeneity. In contrast, the transcriptional profile of isolated RA synovial macrophages highlighted a subpopulation of patients and identified six novel transcriptional modules that were associated with disease activity and therapy. Conclusions Performance of synovial tissue biopsies by rheumatologists in the United States is feasible and generates high-quality samples for research. By utilising cutting-edge technologies on synovial biopsies with corresponding clinical information, a precision-based medicine approach for patients with RA is attainable. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers for high performance applications

A brief review of the background to the field of liquid crystalline copolyesters (LCPs) is presented. Recent progress on interpreting the behavior of these polymers is described. In particular, the nature of the high temperature transitions of the aromatic polyesters is discussed. Reasonably definitive evidence is presented on the nature of the microstructure of these copolyesters. The tendency for randomizing or ordering of the sequence distribution on heating at elevated temperatures is discussed in terms of chemical processes involving intrachain transesterification reactions. The potential to fabricate LCPs as adhesives, protective coatings, matrix composites and structural foams is indicated.
Unifying Semantics for Concurrent Programming

Four well-known methods for presenting semantics of a programming language are: denotational, deductive, operational, and algebraic. This essay presents algebraic laws for the structural features of a class of imperative programming languages which provide both sequential and concurrent composition; and it illustrates the way in which the laws are consistent with the other three semantic presentations of the same language. The exposition combines simplicity with generality by postponing consideration of the possibly more complex basic commands of particular programming languages. The proofs are given only as hints, but they are easily reconstructed, even with the aid of a machine.
Birth, Life, and Death in Dublin, 1619–1798

The Reformation reached Ireland, effectively, in 1541 when the Dublin parliament renamed Ireland as a kingdom, and Henry VIII became both king and head of the church. His designated Archbishop had influence within the Pale, and under the two Tudor sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, the new theology waned and waxed under aggressive religio-political enthusiasms. In the 1640s O’Neil’s uprising and the subsequent repression under Oliver Cromwell led to consolidation of English Protestant hegemony and expulsion of Dublin’s Catholics. Compounding, the population changes were outbreaks of plague as the victors consolidated their gains.
Vibro-Acoustography: Speckle Free Ultrasonic C-Scan

In an in vitro experiment the acoustic emission characteristics of broken and intact struts on BSCC valves exhibited different frequency responses and different vibro-acoustography images. The images indicated that the vibration modes of the object could be deduced in addition to the structural integrity of the object. Structural integrity of such prostheses could be deduced using vibro-acoustography in vivo.