cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The concept of post-traumatic mood disorder.

Summary Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently comorbid with depression. A number of studies have been conducted to compare individuals suffering from comorbid PTSD and depression with individuals suffering from PTSD alone or depression alone. Comorbidity of PTSD and depression is associated with more severe symptoms as well as higher levels of disability compared to individuals with PTSD alone. A severity of overall symptoms is three to fivefold greater in subjects with comorbid PTSD and depression compared to those with PTSD alone. The comorbid group is five times more likely to manifest functional impairment compared to those diagnosed with PTSD alone. Patients with comorbid PTSD and depression have higher depression, impulsivity, and hostility scores and are significantly more likely to make a suicide attempt compared to subjects with depression alone. Depressed subjects with comorbid PTSD tend towards earlier age of first hospitalization and a higher number of hospitalizations compared to depressed individuals without comorbid PTSD. Lower affinity of α-2 adrenoreceptors and higher plasma tyrosine availability to the brain are associated with comorbid PTSD and depression, but not with PTSD alone. Individuals with comorbid PTSD and depression do not exhibit the classic rapid eye movement sleep architectural modifications associated with depression, despite the fact that several other psychophysiological indices of dysphoria are detectable in their sleep. In fenfluramine challenge studies, depressed patients with comorbid PTSD have lower plasma cortisol compared to depressed patients without comorbid PTSD. Cortisol levels increase with age and the number of previous major depressive episodes is a predictor of the cortisol response to fenfluramine administration in depressed patients without PTSD, but not in depressed patients with comorbid PTSD. Depressed subjects with comorbid PTSD have higher cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels compared with depressed subjects without comorbid PTSD. Thus, studies suggest that patients suffering from comorbid PTSD and depression differ clinically and biologically from individuals with PTSD alone or depression alone. It is possible that some or all individuals diagnosed with comorbid PTSD and depression have a separate psychobiological condition that can be termed “post-traumatic mood disorder”. Future clinical and neurobiological studies may not only advance our understanding of the role of environmental and genetic factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of stress-related disorders, but also be useful in refining conceptions of stress-related disorders themselves and possible approaches to the treatment of these conditions.
PERSONALIZATION IN ATTRIBUTING RESPONSIBILITY FOR NATIONAL PROBLEMS TO THE PRESIDENT

The studies reported test two hypotheses concerning the conditions under which citizens will attribute more of the responsibility for political events to the president. The first hypothesis, derived from Heider's theory of defensive attribution, is that citizens who feel more threatened by national political problems will judge the president to be more responsible for those problems. The second hypothesis is that those who lack knowledge about political events will attribute more of the responsibility for such events to the president as a cognitive simplifying strategy. These hypotheses were tested in three studies—two surveys on inflation and unemployment and an experiment on nuclear war. The results of all three studies support Heider's defensive attribution hypothesis. Each suggests that those more threatened by a national political problem will hold the president more responsible for that problem. The survey results also suggest that such attributions of responsibility have an influence upon voting behavior, with those who hold the incumbent responsible for national economic problems more likely to vote for the other presidential candidates. The results of the three studies are equally clear in the case of knowledge effects. In none of the studies do those who lack political knowledge attribute increased responsibility for national problems to the president. In addition, there is no evidence of an interaction between threat and knowledge. Instead, threat-induced increases in attributions of responsibility to the president are found to occur to an equal degree at all levels of political knowledge.
Gate-Level Simulation with GPU Computing

Functional verification of modern digital designs is a crucial, time-consuming task impacting not only the correctness of the final product, but also its time to market. At the heart of most of today’s verification efforts is logic simulation, used heavily to verify the functional correctness of a design for a broad range of abstraction levels. In mainstream industry verification methodologies, typical setups coordinate the validation effort of a complex digital system by distributing logic simulation tasks among vast server farms for months at a time. Yet, the performance of logic simulation is not sufficient to satisfy the demand, leading to incomplete validation processes, escaped functional bugs, and continuous pressure on the EDA industry to develop faster simulation solutions.In this work we propose GCS, a solution to boost the performance of logic simulation, gate-level simulation in particular, by more than a factor of 10 using recent hardware advances in Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) technology. Noting the vast available parallelism in the hardware of modern GPUs and the inherently parallel structures of gate-level netlists, we propose novel algorithms for the efficient mapping of complex designs to parallel hardware.Our novel simulation architecture maximizes the utilization of concurrent hardware resources while minimizing expensive communication overhead. The experimental results show that our GPU-based simulator is capable of handling the validation of industrial-size designs while delivering more than an order-of-magnitude performance improvements on average, over the fastest multithreaded simulators commercially available.
Tympanostomies With Tubes: The Parent Perspective

Successful physician-patient encounters satisfy patient and family member needs beyond the effect on the disease process itself. To evaluate that aspect of care in children with chronic and recurrent acute otitis media with effusion, surveys regarding perceptions of health, socioeconomic issues, and other aspects of postoperative status were sent to the parents of 637 children who underwent tympanostomies with tubes in 1994. Three hundred one (47.3%) were returned. Responses included perceptions of improved health (87%), improvement in socioeconomic factors (75%), overall satisfaction with the results of the operation (93%), and willingness to consent to the operation given similar problems in another child (87%). There were no significant differences in responses with regard to patient gender, length of follow-up, or multiple operations. These results suggest that patient and family needs are satisfied by tympanostomies with tubes.
α-Actinin links LPP, but not zyxin, to cadherin-based junctions

The actin regulator VASP localizes to cell-cell junctions and has been implicated in cell-cell adhesion. VASP is recruited to sites of actin dynamics by interactions with proline rich FPPPPP motifs. Zyxin and its relative LPP use FPPPPP motifs to recruit VASP to specific cellular locations, thus directing changes in actin dynamics. It has been proposed that zyxin and LPP localize to cell-cell junctions by binding α-actinin. However, the role of α-actinin in recruiting zyxin and LPP to cell-cell contacts has not been experimentally tested. Here we use zyxin and LPP fragments to demonstrate that the α-actinin binding site of both proteins independently targets to cell-cell junctions. While the α-actinin binding site is required for LPP localization and function at cell-cell contacts, zyxin localization and function at cell-cell contacts is independent of the α-actinin binding site. Perturbation of LPP function, but not that of zyxin, results in changes in anchoring of α-actinin to detergent-insoluble networks at cell-cell contacts.
Review of the Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Setting of Back Pain

The current understanding of the pathophysiology of myofascial pain and the mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) suggest that BoNT may be well suited to the treatment of back pain. The few randomized controlled trials that have been done to evaluate the efficacy of BoNT in the treatment of myofascial low back pain have shown some promising results. Results from the more numerous trials of BoNT for treatment of myofascial thoracic and neck pain have only shown trends toward the efficacy of BoNT treatments compared with control treatments.
Rinse additives for defect suppression in 193-nm and 248-nm lithogrophy

Satellite spot defects are a class of defects widely observed in photoresist processing in 248 nm and 193 nm lithography. These defects become more and more significant as the feature sizes shrink and can potentially become “killer” defects, leading to bridging between lines and/or blocking vias. Traditional potential solutions (i.e., optimization of development rinse step) have yielded improvements in the past but did not eliminate the problem. The use of water-soluble topcoat layers was shown to eliminate these defects but it imposes limitations on throughput and cost and it is incompatible with 157 nm lithography and 193 nm immersion schemes. In this work, we report the use of aqueous surfactant solutions for the suppression of defects in 248 nm and 193 nm lithography, with emphasis on satellite spot defects. Suppression of total defects by up to ~99% and practically complete elimination of satellite spot defects were achieved by use of aqueous surfactant solutions for various resists. A handful of materials that can be incorporated into rinse solution for the successful elimination of blob defects in a variety of resists were identified. It was determined that the two most important factors that enable successful defect elimination are the surfactant concentration and the extent of surfactant adsorption to specific resist systems.
A versatile low-temperature stopped-flow instrument compatible with both rapid and slow scanning spectrometers

Abstract A low-temperature stopped-flow instrument has been constructed which consists of a Teflon stopped-flow module and a quartz observation cell that are held between two halves of a contoured brass cooling block. The temperature of the system is controlled by pumping precooled methanol through channels in the cooling block, and the exposed surfaces of the observation cell are kept free of frost with a stream of precooled dry nitrogen. The instrument is versatile, compact, and can be operated over the range −55 to 25°C without leaks or optical artifacts in three modes. First, it serves as a conventional stopped-flow instrument using light of fixed wavelength to follow the progress of the reaction. In the second mode, the instrument is interfaced to a rapid scan spectrometer that uses an intensified photodiode array detector and optical multichannel analyzer to obtain time-resolved spectra of reaction intermediates. The absorption spectra of compounds I and II formed during the reaction of horseradish peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide are time-resolved at 20.2°C in methanol/phosphate buffer (60/40, v/v%). In the third mode, the peroxidase reaction is studied at −51.4°C and the absorption spectra of the intermediates are obtained with a Varian Model 219 spectrophotometer. Since the stopped-flow instrument is compact, it is also compatible with the sample compartments of other slow-scanning laboratory spectrometers and it should facilitate the study of reaction intermediates by other forms of optical spectroscopy.
Perineal Adenocarcinoma Thirty Years After Proctocolectomy: Report of a Case

This report describes an adenocarcinoma arising in the perineum 30 years after two-stage total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. This is one of the longest intervals reported between resection and presentation with cancer and also the only case in which the tumor is clearly free of association with existing bowel. The mass originally presented as a perineal mucocele, an unusual complication of proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis, and this is the first such mucocele to demonstrate malignant transformation.
The Effect of Radiation Quality on Genomic DNA Methylation Profiles in Irradiated Human Cell Lines

Abstract It has been acknowledged for many years that radiation exposure induces delayed, non-targeted effects in the progeny of the irradiated cell. Evidence is beginning to demonstrate that among these delayed effects of radiation are epigenetic aberrations, including altered DNA methylation. To test the hypothesis that differences in radiation quality affect radiation-induced DNA methylation profiles, normal AG01522 and RKO colon carcinoma cells were exposed to low-LET X rays and protons or high-LET iron ions. DNA methylation was then evaluated at delayed times using assays for p16 and MGMT promoter, LINE-1 and alu repeat element, and global methylation. The results of these experiments demonstrated radiation-induced changes in repeat element and global DNA methylation patterns at ∼20 population doublings postirradiation. Further, radiation-induced changes in repeat element and global DNA methylation were more similar between proton- and iron-ion-irradiated cells than X-irradiated cells, suggesting tha...
An introduction to receptors and receptor disorders.

SummaryIn the last decade reliable methods have been introduced to quantitate and characterize receptors for hormones and other biologically interesting ligands. Applied initially to hormone receptors on malignant cells and to androgen-resistant and insulin-resistant states, these methods have led to the identification of many disease processes where the receptor plays an important role. This includes not only endocrine-related diseases but also neurological, metabolic, infectious, and immune disorders as well.Note. On the basis of biological and chemical data, it appears that the 40 to 50 different hormones found in a given organism each evolved from a much smaller number of primordial hormones. Presumably, for the peptide hormones the gene for the primordial hormone was duplicated as was the gene for its cell surface receptor; the new hormone-receptor pair evolved to establish a second signaling system. The affinity of each hormone for its specific receptor was high but in many cases the ligand retained...
The third order term in the free energy of gapless dirty superconductors

Abstract We relate Usadel's calculation of the third order coefficient φ m (T) = −( 1 6 )(∂ 3 ΔG mn ∂B 3 ) B c 2 in the Gibbs free energy of gapless dirty superconductors to the slope of the incremental entropy, S i , of vortices. Agreement with experiment is good in one alloy (Nb85Mo15) but not in In60Pb40.
Physicochemical and biological processes affecting the recovery of exogenously applied ferulic acid from tropical forest soils

Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) is found in both plants and soils, and some evidence suggests its involvement in biochemical interactions between plants (allelopathy) and other organisms living in the soil. Knowledge of the processes affecting the concentrations of such potential allelochemicals in soil is essential if we are to understand their roles in the soil environment. It was the intent of this study to address the effects that soil physicochemical and biological processes have on the recovery of exogenously applied ferulic acid from tropical forest soils. Soil extractants used in this study are thought to recover potentially bioavailable concentrations of applied ferulic acid. Water and sodium acetate extractions of soil (immediately and after one and two days) were employed in the recovery of ferulic acid (added at a rate of 5.15 mmoles kg−1) from steam-sterilized and non-sterilized forest soil materials. Sterilization of soil was used to isolate physicochemical effects from microbial effects on ferulic acid. Results indicate some sterilization treatment effects on the immediate recovery of ferulic acid. Physicochemical and biological processes of soils decreased the recovery of ferulic acid. The immediate recovery of ferulic acid from non-sterile soils is inversely related to the % organic carbon present in the soils. Certain soils have the ability to ‘trap’ ferulic acid molecules for subsequent release into the soil-solution phase. Furthermore, results suggest that microbial degradation of ferulic acid may only occur in the solution (bulk) phase; ferulic acid molecules thought to be bound to soil surfaces appear to be protected from degradation.
Orientation Measurements from Polymer Surfaces Using Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Fourier transform IR photoacoustic (FT-IR-PAS) dichroism studies have been applied to determine molecular orientation from the surface of one-way drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. When compared with attenuated total internal reflectance (ATR) dichroic spectra obtained with a modified, rotatable sample holder on the same sample, photoacoustic (PA) spectra show saturation effects in strong absorption bands near 1730, 1250, and 1100 cm−1, probably due to the greater penetration depth in the PA technique. The dichroic ratios (kx/ky) on the plane of the sample film have been calculated from PA spectra, only on bands which do not show saturation and compared with the analogous ratios determined from ATR dichroic spectra. For three well-known parallel bands at 1335, 975, and 795 cm−1 the dichroic ratio is greater than unity in both ATR and PAS, as expected from the drawing process. In general, somewhat lower dichroic ratios are observed by PA spectra than by ATR spectra with this sample. Possible reasons for this trend are discussed. This study demonstrates the potential of FT-IR-PAS dichroism as a complementary technique to ATR dichroism, especially on samples with rough or brittle surfaces.
Understanding the Why: A Case Study in Managing the RDA Implementation

This article describes in detail the management of a Resource Description and Access (RDA) implementation process by an academic library that was an early adopter of RDA. It identifies the necessary decisions to be made and discusses the rationale behind these decisions during the implementation process. This information can benefit other libraries with managing their local RDA implementations. The authors examine the business case behind implementation from various perspectives such as administrative support, training, documentation, establishment of local procedures and costs. It aims to help cataloging/technical services/metadata managers understand the scope of the process and the impact it will have on their libraries.
Prostaglandin Inhibition and Cerebrovascular Control in Patients with Headache

SYNOPSIS Effects of aspirin and indomethacin on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral vasomotor responsiveness (VMR) to 5% CO2 and 100% O2 inhalation were compared in patients with vascular and non-vascular headaches. Indomethacin was 60 times as potent as aspirin in inhibiting cerebrovascular prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis in humans, as judged by CBF and VMR effects. 972 mgs of aspirin, a dose known to inhibit thromboxane synthesis and platelet aggregation had minimal effects on CBF (−3.8%), attributed to partial PGI2 inhibition, since there was no effect on VMR to 5% CO2. Indomethacin (25–50 mgs) reduced CBF (−17.8%), VMR to 5% CO2 (−72%) and VMR to 100% O2 (−75%). PGI2 plays an important role in cerebrovascular control of human subjects. Inhibition of PGI2 synthesis by indomethacin relieves cluster-type headaches more consistently than other headaches. Evidence is offered that 100% O2 inhalation causes cerebral vasoconstriction by inhibiting cerebrovascular PGI2 synthesis, thereby benefitting cluster headaches. Migraineurs appear to have excessive PGI2 synthesis. Patients with hemicephalalgia show asymmetric hemispheric responses to indomethacin, ascribed to asymmetric neurogenic influences on PGI2 synthesis.
The factors influencing solid state structure — A modern Mendeleyevian answer

Abstract It is demonstrated that the different structures adopted within three important classes of compound, the AB octets, AB2 double octets and the AB2x4 spinels, can be distinguished by plotting rAσ against rBσ or XA against XB. Here rσ and X are defined using quantum mechanical pseudo- potential radii, in a manner that represents the traditional concepts of “size” and “electronegativity”. Thus, these unambigously defined properties are of fundamental importance in determining solid state structures.
Service Gratuities and Tipping: A Motivational Framework

Abstract In many countries around the world, consumers leave voluntary payments of money (called “tips”) to service workers who have served them. Since tips are an expense that consumers are free to avoid, tipping is an anomalous behavior that many economists regard as “irrational” or “mysterious”. In this paper, I present a motivational framework that offers plausible explanations for: (1) why people tip, (2) how tipping norms came into existence and evolve over time, (3) why tipping varies across individuals and situations, (4) why tipping is more common for some occupations than others, and (5) why tipping varies across nations. Many hypotheses generated from this framework are supported by existing research, but many other implications of the framework have yet to be adequately tested. Thus, the framework provides a promising and much needed theoretical guide for future research on a fascinating consumer behavior.
Riboflavin concentration in maternal and cord blood in human pregnancy

Riboflavin concentration was measured in sera of a control population and in a series of paired maternal and cord sera. The assay technique was carefully validated and appears to be specific and reproducible. The mean riboflavin concentration in 12 apparently healthy adults was 116 +/- 46 nmol/L (SD). In 20 uneventful pregnancies the cord serum concentration was generally higher than the maternal concentration (158 +/- 47 nmol/L versus 113 +/- 35 nmol/L; p = 0.001). The cord-to-maternal ratio in paired sera averaged 1.45 +/- 0.44. There was no detectable difference in binding of riboflavin to cord and maternal serum proteins as measured by equilibrium dialysis (59.0% +/- 17% versus 60.8% +/- 16%). Comparison of protein binding by paired cord and maternal sera yielded a ratio of 0.99 +/- 0.13. The transplacental gradient of riboflavin concentration is unrelated to protein binding and is consistent with active transport by the placenta, as previously demonstrated in vitro.
Modeling the inversion layer at equilibrium

Abstract Recent developments in the modeling of a step junction or a semiconductor surface at equilibrium have yielded a set of approximate-analytic expressions that relate normalized potential to normalized position outside the inversion regime. Here we offer analogous approximate-analytic expressions for the relations between normalized potential, normalized position and normalized electric field within the inversion regime, for a range of variables of practical interest. A real charge density in the inversion layer obtained analytically using these expressions is compared with the value obtained from the charge-sheet model of Brews, and is shown to be appreciably more accurate.
Compressive coded apertures for high-resolution imaging

Traditionally, optical sensors have been designed to collect the most directly interpretable and intuitive measurements possible. However, recent advances in the fields of image reconstruction, inverse problems, and compressed sensing indicate that substantial performance gains may be possible in many contexts via computational methods. In particular, by designing optical sensors to deliberately collect "incoherent" measurements of a scene, we can use sophisticated computational methods to infer more information about critical scene structure and content. In this paper, we explore the potential of physically realizable systems for acquiring such measurements. Specifically, we describe how given a fixed size focal plane array, compressive measurements using coded apertures combined with sophisticated optimization algorithms can significantly increase image quality and resolution.
Structural analysis of dextrans, from strains of leuconostoc and related genera, that contain 3-O-α-d-glucosylated α-d-glucopyranosyl residues at the branch points, or in consecutive, linear positions

Abstract Dextran fractions from NRRL strains Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-523, B-742, B-1149, Betabacterium vermiforme B-1139, and Streptococcus viridans B-1351 were examined by 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The native, structurally homogeneous dextrans from NRRL strains of L. mesenteroides B-1191, B-1192, and B-1142 were also examined by 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, and the spin-lattice relaxation values of dextran B-1142 were measured. Methylation-fragmentation, structural analyses were performed on dextrans B-1142 and B-1191. Except for the A fractions of dextrans B-523 and B- 1149, all of these dextran fractions differ from linear dextran by branching primarily, if not exclusively, through 3,6-di- O -substituted α- d -glucopyranosyl residues. Dextran B-1149 fraction A is spectroscopically different from the dextrans branching through the 3,6-di- O -substituted residues, and apparently contains significant mole percentages of contiguously linked 3-mono- O -substituted α- d -glucopyranosyl residues.
Spo1, a phospholipase B homolog, is required for spindle pole body duplication during meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The SPO1 gene was cloned and shown to encode an early meiotic transcript specifying a nuclear protein with extensive similarity to fungal and vertebrate phospholipase enzymes. Alteration of a conserved serine residue in the putative phospholipase active site, and presence of the spo1-1 temperature-sensitive mutation, which resides near this site, each result in loss of SPO1 function. The phenotype of a complete deletion indicates that SPO1 is dispensable for vegetative growth, premeiotic DNA synthesis and meiotic recombination. In contrast, it is required for Meiosis I (MI) and Meiosis II (MII) chromosome segregation and spore formation. In a null mutant ∼75% of cells arrest early at MI spindle pole body (SPB) duplication, ∼20% arrest at MII, and ∼5% arrest at spore formation. Progression beyond the first arrest point suggests the existence of functions partially redundant to Spo1 and that Spo1 is required at multiple stages. At present SPO1 is the only known gene required for SPB duplication in meiosis but not in mitosis. Its product may thus play a regulatory (rather than a structural) role in SPB function. The transcriptional program in the spo1 null is similar to the wild type early in meiosis but is significantly delayed at later stages of sporulation. A single gene, CWP1, was recovered as a multicopy suppressor of the spo1 null. CWP1 encodes a cell wall protein with a glycolipid moiety. We propose that, when modified by other lipases, this moiety may substitute for the product(s) of Spo1p lipase activity in meiosis. Based on the similarity of Spo1p to phospholipase B enzymes, its unique role in SPB duplication, and pleiotropic effects on MII, late gene expression and spore formation, we propose that the Spo1 protein participates in a novel meiotic pathway that functions through the SPB to coordinate nuclear division with spore development.
Effect of Envelope on Residential Cooling Load Coupled with Use of Solar/Photovoltaic Panels

Three identically oriented homes were used for the study. Two of the homes were identically constructed using wood frame/stucco construction while the third used a wall of sandwiched Styrofoam in between concrete layers. It was found that the concrete house on the average consumed about 15% less energy for HVAC operation than the wood frame houses. Also the photovoltaic array placed on the roofs of two of the houses indicated a reduction in electrical energy consumption from the grid of about 20% of the HVAC electrical energy consumed. TRACE-700 simulation runs were made on both types of houses to determine the design cooling load for each of the houses and the total consumed electrical energy for each house over the whole year on a monthly basis. It was found that in the summer a 20% reduction of electrical energy for HVAC is predicted due to the use of the concrete house as compared to the wood frame homes. In addition a linear correlation was found to represent reasonably well the variation of the daily kilowatt hour versus the daily degree day value for a typical summer month in the Las Vegas, Nev. valley for all three houses. The slope of that line for the concrete home was about 24% less steep than the line for the wood frame construction confirmation in part theoretical calculations that this wall construction is more energy conserving than the base case.
An automated SPE-based high-yield synthesis of [11C]acetate and [11C]palmitate: no liquid-liquid extraction, solvent evaporation or distillation required.

Abstract Introduction An automated method is described for the rapid and high-yield synthesis of two of the most commonly used radioactive fatty acids: [ 11 C]acetate and [ 11 C]palmitate. Methods Reaction of [ 11 C]CO 2 with the respective Grignard reagents in diethyl ether solution proceeded for 2 min at 40°C. Quenching of the reaction and liberation of nonreacted [ 11 C]CO 2 occurred upon addition of a fourfold molar excess of aqueous 0.1 M HCl (acetate) or nonaqueous HCl/Et 2 O (palmitate). Labeled products were then purified by adsorption to an Alumina-N Sep-Pak Plus cartridge and eluted with either aqueous NaH 2 PO 4 solution (acetate) or 100% ethanol (palmitate). Results High-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed that the radiochemical purity of each product was >98%, and decay-corrected radiochemical yields averaged 33% for [ 11 C]palmitate and 40% for [ 11 C]acetate. Conclusion The method requires no liquid–liquid extraction, solvent evaporation or distillation capabilities and can be readily adapted to existing radiosynthesis modules.
Recent Developments in Contact Conductance Heat Transfer

The characteristics of thermal contact conductance are increasingly important in a wide range of technologies. As a consequence, the number of experimental and theoretical investigations of contact conductance has increased. This paper reviews and categorizes recent developments in contact conductance heat transfer. Among the topics included are the theoretical/analytical/numerical studies of contact conductance for conforming surfaces and other surface geometries; the thermal conductance in such technological areas as advanced or modern materials, microelectronics, and biomedicine; and selected topics including thermal rectification, gas conductance, cylindrical contacts, periodic and sliding contacts, and conductance measurements. The paper concludes with recommendations for emerging and continuing areas of investigation.
Suggestions for Skillful Proposal Writing

This brief paper is written to provide instructions and suggestions for preparing research proposals for possible funding. Whereas the emphasis of the present document is on the funding process used by the Army Research Office (ARO), the suggestions could be utilized as a proposal preparation guide for submitting applications to many other funding agencies as well. In this paper, first the various programs at ARO such as the core programs and the special initiatives that are available for funding in the Engineering Sciences Directorate are pointed out. Next, the process of receiving and evaluating proposals in the Structures and Dynamics Program of the Mechanical and Environmental Sciences Division is described. This is followed by a discussion of specific issues such as the need for the Army relevance, cost sharing, and technology transfer. Finally, additional information, including a list of recent publications that could serve as supplementary resource material, and contact information is given.
Metabomxtr: an R package for mixture-model analysis of non-targeted metabolomics data.

Summary: Non-targeted metabolomics technologies often yield data in which abundance for any given metabolite is observed and quantified for some samples and reported as missing for other samples. Apparent missingness can be due to true absence of the metabolite in the sample or presence at a level below detectability. Mixture-model analysis can formally account for metabolite ‘missingness’ due to absence or undetectability, but software for this type of analysis in the high-throughput setting is limited. The R package metabomxtr has been developed to facilitate mixture-model analysis of non-targeted metabolomics data in which only a portion of samples have quantifiable abundance for certain metabolites. Availability and implementation: metabomxtr is available through Bioconductor. It is released under the GPL-2 license. Contact: ude.nretsewhtron@snetlohcsd Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Comparison of hardware and software cache coherence schemes

We use mean value analysis models to compare representative hardware and software cache coherence schemes for a large-scale shared-memory system. Our goal is to identify the workloads for which either of the schemes is significantly better. Our methodology improves upon previous analytical studies and complements previous simulation studies by developing a common high-level workload model that is used to derive separate sets of lowlevel workload parameters for the two schemes. This approach allows an equitable comparison of the two schemes for a specific workload. is attractive because the overhead of detecting stale data is transferred from runtime to compile time, and the design complexity is transferred from hardware to software. However. software schemes may perform poorly because compile-time analysis may need IO be conservative, leading to unnecessary cache misses and main memory updates. In this paper, we use approximate Mean Value Analysis [U881 to compare the performance of a representative software scheme with a directory-based hardware scheme on a large-scale shared-memory system. In a previous study comparing the performance of hardware and software coherence, Cheong and VeidenOur resuIi, show that software schemes are haum used a parallelizing compiler to implement three difable (in terms of processor efficiency) IO hardware schemes ferent Software coherence schemes [Che90]. For selccted for a wide class of programs. The only cases for which subroutines Of Seven programs, they show that the hit ratio software schemes ,,erform sienificmtlv worse than of their most sophisticated software scheme (version con, ~~~ ~~~~~~ r~
Akinesia becoming dyskinesia after exercise testing: prevalence and relationship to clinical outcome

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and prognostic implications of dyskinesia developing after exercise. Background The prevalence and prognostic implications of new-onset dyskinesia with exercise testing have not been previously described. Methods We considered 1,005 consecutive patients who underwent exercise echocardiography and had akinetic segments at rest. Patients were divided according to the presence or absence of exercise-induced dyskinesia. Baseline clinical and echocardiographic parameters were compared, and patients were followed up for a median of 2.7 years. Results One hundred four (10%) patients developed dyskinesia after exercise. Compared to patients with segments that remained akinetic, these patients were more likely to have electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of prior myocardial infarction and, during exercise, had a less pronounced rise in systolic blood pressure and more often had ECG evidence of ischemia. Their resting left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was worse and improved little after exercise. However, all-cause mortality and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events were similar in the two groups, even after correction for age, gender, and resting LV function (hazard ratio for major adverse cardiac events = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82 to 2.26, p = 0.23; hazard ratio for total mortality = 1.20, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.94, p = 0.45). Conclusions One in 10 patients with akinetic myocardium at rest will develop dyskinesia after exercise. This is associated with poorer LV function at rest and little improvement in systolic function after exercise. However, this response has no impact on prognosis.
Deficiency of the DNA repair enzyme ATM in rheumatoid arthritis.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), dysfunctional T cells sustain chronic inflammatory immune responses in the synovium. Even unprimed T cells are under excessive replication pressure, suggesting an intrinsic defect in T cell regeneration. In naive CD4 CD45RA+ T cells from RA patients, DNA damage load and apoptosis rates were markedly higher than in controls; repair of radiation-induced DNA breaks was blunted and delayed. DNA damage was highest in newly diagnosed untreated patients. RA T cells failed to produce sufficient transcripts and protein of the DNA repair kinase ataxia telangiectasia (AT) mutated (ATM). NBS1, RAD50, MRE11, and p53 were also repressed. ATM knockdown mimicked the biological effects characteristic for RA T cells. Conversely, ATM overexpression reconstituted DNA repair capabilities, response patterns to genotoxic stress, and production of MRE11 complex components and rescued RA T cells from apoptotic death. In conclusion, ATM deficiency in RA disrupts DNA repair and renders T cells sensitive to apoptosis. Apoptotic attrition of naive T cells imposes lymphopenia-induced proliferation, leading to premature immunosenescence and an autoimmune-biased T cell repertoire. Restoration of DNA repair mechanisms emerges as an important therapeutic target in RA.
Dry Etching of SiC for Advanced Device Applications

In this paper we review and compare most of the published results on dry etching of silicon carbide using various techniques. The vast majority of reports have used RIE methods due to the wide availability of such reactors. Recently, alternative methods of magnetron enhanced RIE (MIE) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmas have been demonstrated. MIE has resulted in extremely high etch rates and ECR etching has resulted in smooth, residue-free surfaces with an ability to control the etched profiles.
Lower sodium intake reduces blood pressure in adults and children, but is not associated with a reduced risk of all CVD or all cause mortality

Commentary on: Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, et al. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013;346:f1326[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] More than half a century has passed since the idea that the lower blood pressure (BP) associated with lower sodium intake justifies reduced intake for all. Authoritative bodies have subsequently endorsed this view with increasingly ambitious reduction goals. The US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services currently recommend <1.5 g sodium/day for virtually half the population, with <2.3 g1 levels for the remainder. While in much of the world, including the UK and the USA, mean sodium intake approximates 3.5 g/day.2 However, emerging evidence has led to increased uncertainty that, despite BP effects, there is insufficient evidence to support these recommendations.3 Aburto and colleagues have updated their previous meta-analysis of the relationship between sodium intake and BP with morbidity and mortality outcomes. An analysis of 36 trials … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.f1326%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23558163%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=346/apr03_3/f1326&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F1%2F33.atom
Sensitivity analysis for matching and pose computation using dihedral junctions

Abstract Recognition-via-localization is a popular approach in 3-D object recognition. This approach relies on the propagation of constraints that arise from the matches of local geometric features and could therefore be treated as a constraint satisfaction problem. Hough clustering, which verifies the consistency of local geometric constraints by determining the pose of the object in parameter space, is a popular technique owing to its conceptual simplicity and potential ease of parallelization. Our previous work has shown the usefulness of dihedral junctions for the recognition and localization of polyhedral objects and dihedral feature junctions for the recognition and localization of curved objects made up of piecewise combinations of conical, cylindrical and spherical surfaces. Experimental results from our previous work showed that the computed pose parameters are sensitive to the difference in the included angle between the scene and model dihedral junctions or the scene and model dihedral feature junctions. A formal analysis of the sensitivity of the computed pose to the difference in the included angle between the scene and model dihedral junctions or the scene and model dihedral feature junctions is presented in this paper. The results of the formal sensitivity analysis were found to be in conformity with the experimental results from our previous work and so the work presented in this paper could be treated as a sequel to our previous work. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the rotation parameters were found to be more sensitive than the translation parameters which, in comparison, were far more robust. It is also shown how the introduction of redundancy in parameter space results in greater robustness in the computed pose. Although the analysis in this paper is based on the matching of dihedral junctions or dihedral feature junctions, the approach taken in the sensitivity analysis is general and can be applied to the matching based on other feature types.
Virtual Models of Long-Term Care

Nursing homes, assisted living facilities and home-care organizations, use web sites to describe their services to potential consumers. This virtual ethnographic study developed models representing how potential consumers may understand this information using data from web sites of 69 long-term-care providers. The content of long-term-care web sites can be understood based on common concepts such as services provided, quality of life, autonomy, values, and goals. However, the use of a human ecosystems organizing framework results in systemic, contextualized, in-depth, and useful models for understanding and highlighting similarities and differences across the three forms of long-term care. This research has implications for those interested in long-term care and for researchers organizing qualitative data in ethnographic research.
Reovirus polymerase λ3 localized by cryo-electron microscopy of virions at a resolution of 7.6 Å

Reovirus is an icosahedral, double-stranded (ds) RNA virus that uses viral polymerases packaged within the viral core to transcribe its ten distinct plus-strand RNAs. To localize these polymerases, the structure of the reovirion was refined to a resolution of 7.6 A by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction. X-ray crystal models of reovirus proteins, including polymerase λ3, were then fitted into the density map. Each copy of λ3 was found anchored to the inner surface of the icosahedral core shell, making major contacts with three molecules of shell protein λ1 and overlapping, but not centering on, a five-fold axis. The overlap explains why only one copy of λ3 is bound per vertex. λ3 is furthermore oriented with its transcript exit channel facing a small channel through the λ1 shell, suggesting how the nascent RNA is passed into the large external cavity of the pentameric capping enzyme complex formed by protein λ2.
The Neo-Marxist Legacy in American Sociology

A significant group of sociologists entering graduate school in the late 1960s and 1970s embraced Marxism as the foundation for a critical challenge to reigning orthodoxies in the discipline. In this review, we ask what impact this cohort of scholars and their students had on the mainstream of American sociology. More generally, how and in what ways did the resurgence of neo-Marxist thought within the discipline lead to new theoretical and empirical research and findings? Using two models of Marxism as science as our guide, we examine the impact of sociological Marxism on research on the state, inequality, the labor process, and global political economy. We conclude with some thoughts about the future of sociological Marxism.
Statistical Density Estimation Using Threshold Dynamics for Geometric Motion

Our goal is to estimate a probability density based on discrete point data via segmentation techniques. Since point data may represent certain activities, such as crime, our method can be successfully used for detecting regions of high activity. In this work we design a binary segmentation version of the well-known Maximum Penalized Likelihood Estimation (MPLE) model, as well as a minimization algorithm based on thresholding dynamics originally proposed by Merriman et al. (The Computational Crystal Growers, pp. 73---83, 1992). We also present some computational examples, including one with actual residential burglary data from the San Fernando Valley.
Rule Out (R/O) Intracranial Aneurysm

When imaging patients for intracranial aneurysm, the goals are: (1) to assess the contour of the intracranial arteries, particularly in he regions of the ACOM (anterior communicating artery), PCOM (posterior communicating artery), ICA (internal carotid artery) bifurcation, MCA (middle cerebral artery) trifurcation, basilar tip, and PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery); (2) to assess the anatomy of the Circle of Willis and direction of flow, and; (3) to determine if there is evidence of a recent subarachnoid bleed. This unit describes a Basic Protocol that can be used for standard imaging of aneurysm in stable patients. An Alternate Protocol is described for situations when there is concern for vasospasm and infarction.
Somatic and Stem Cell Differentiation in vitro: Model Systems

Because conditions of culture in vitro cannot be identical to those in the living system, cell lines cultured in vitro are referred to as ‘model systems’. Not all cell types are capable of differentiation in vitro. Procedures for studying differentiation in model systems depend on the type of culture that can be employed. Techniques employed include liquid suspension cultures, monolayer cultures and complex culture systems involving semisolid matrices or liquid overlay methods. Recent developments include systems optimized for stem cell differentiation. Such in vitro culture techniques have applications to the study of differentiation in basic research and clinical applications. Keywords: differentiation; induction of differentiation; assessment of differentiation; cell cycle; culture conditions