cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinically immune hosts as a refuge for drug-sensitive malaria parasites

Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum that confer resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs have spread throughout the world from a few independent foci, all located in areas that were likely characterized by low or unstable malaria transmission. One of the striking differences between areas of low or unstable malaria transmission and hyperendemic areas is the difference in the size of the population of immune individuals. However, epidemiological models of malaria transmission have generally ignored the role of immune individuals in transmission, assuming that they do not affect the fitness of the parasite. This model reconsiders the role of immunity in the dynamics of malaria transmission and its impact on the evolution of antimalarial drug resistance under the assumption that immune individuals are infectious. The model is constructed as a two-stage susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model of malaria transmission that assumes that individuals build up clinical immunity over a period of years. This immunity reduces the frequency and severity of clinical symptoms, and thus their use of drugs. It also reduces an individual's level of infectiousness, but does not impact the likelihood of becoming infected. Simulations found that with the introduction of resistance into a population, clinical immunity can significantly alter the fitness of the resistant parasite, and thereby impact the ability of the resistant parasite to spread from an initial host by reducing the effective reproductive number of the resistant parasite as transmission intensity increases. At high transmission levels, despite a higher basic reproductive number, R0, the effective reproductive number of the resistant parasite may fall below the reproductive number of the sensitive parasite. These results suggest that high-levels of clinical immunity create a natural ecological refuge for drug-sensitive parasites. This provides an epidemiological rationale for historical patterns of resistance emergence and suggests that future outbreaks of resistance are more likely to occur in low- or unstable-transmission settings. This finding has implications for the design of drug policies and the formulation of malaria control strategies, especially those that lower malaria transmission intensity.
The Ethics of Rational Decision

In recent years a great deal of attention has been paid by social scientists and others to the problem of the theory of decisions. The decision is a basic concept of social systems, especially in social dynamics. It represents perhaps the most important single class of events, an event being defined as a kind of step-function which separates one position of a social system from the next in point of time. Some events are not the result of human decision at all, such as aging or accidents; some are the results of previous decisions, such as depreciation of a previously created capital structure; but when all these are removed, there remains an important category of events which constitute a deliberate change in state of a social system as a result of human action. Address presented at the 27th National Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America, Boston, Massachusetts, May 7, 1965.
Night Shift Performance is Improved by a Compromise Circadian Phase Position: Study 3. Circadian Phase after 7 Night Shifts with an Intervening Weekend Off

SCHEDULED EXPOSURE TO LIGHT AND DARKNESS ARE ESTABLISHED METHODS OF PHASE SHIFTING THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK, AND HAVE BEEN USED IN laboratory and field studies to facilitate entrainment to a night work and day sleep schedule.1–8 Shifting the circadian clock to reduce the misalignment with daytime sleep and night work is an effective countermeasure for the alertness and performance decrements that are prevalent during night shifts.9 Although appropriately timed bright light and sleep/dark has been shown to completely shift the circadian clock to reestablish a normal phase relationship with a daytime sleep period,10 these interventions have not been widely applied in the real world. One problem may be the long duration of bright light used in most experimental studies (e.g. 7.5 h per night shift2). In the current study we used brief 15-min periods of light exposure totaling only 1.25 h per night shift. Another problem limiting the feasibility of translating laboratory protocols to the field with real shift workers is that complete circadian adjustment to night work leaves the night shift worker completely out of phase with the daytime-working world on days off and makes it difficult for a night worker to interact with friends and family.11 We therefore tested the feasibility of a compromise phase position for permanent night shift work in which the circadian clock is delayed to only partially align with the day sleep period. This partial entrainment should attenuate the performance and alertness decrements during night shifts and permit sufficient daytime sleep after night shifts.9 Importantly, because entrainment to the delayed sleep schedule is partial, a compromise phase position is also conducive to late nighttime sleep on days off. We scheduled night shifts from 23:00 – 07:00, with sleep starting at 08:30 after night shifts and at 03:00 on days off. In this schedule, we define a compromise phase position as a dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) at ∼03:00. At this phase position, the body temperature minimum (Tmin), which occurs about 7 h after the DLMO,12–20 would fall at ∼10:00. The Tmin is an estimate for the sleepiest circadian time. A Tmin of ∼ 10:00 means that the sleepiest circadian time is early in the sleep period after night shifts and late in the sleep period on days off. Our goal was thus to delay the sleepiest circadian time out of the night work period so that it fell within sleep episodes after night shifts and on days off, but to keep it from delaying too far, beyond the scheduled sleep episodes on days off. In the current study circadian phase was assessed before and after 7 night shifts interspersed with a weekend off. Final circadian phase for the experimental group was hypothesized to be later than that of a control group, and close to the compromise circadian phase position. The experimental group was also predicted to perform better than the control group during night shifts and sleep longer during the daytime.
The crossed-spaced-loop direction-finder aerial

A fixed array of four loop aerials is described which, in conjunction with a goniometer, is equivalent to a rotating spaced-loop aerial when receiving ground wave signals. 'Experimental verification of this performance is given. The theoretical performance of this system when receiving sky wave signals is developed. Under these conditions, the system offers no advantage over the simple cross-looped aerial.
On the Fatigue-Life Distributions of Engineering Materials

The applicability of the fatigue-life distribution of Birnbaum–Saunders for modeling the components of partially prestressed concrete girder bridges is argued by the agreement of the calculated distribution with a large data set comprised of many small censored samples, each put into standardized form, of the fatigue-lives of bridge components. Also, the Weibull and lognormal distributions are compared by the appropriateness of the assumptions in their derivation to the cumulative damage to bridge components. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the fatigue lives of the prestressing steel, mild steel, and concrete are found from randomly censored samples, for several censored data-sets under various stress regimes. The parameters are postulated to be log-linear functions of the maximum stress and stress regimes. Weighted least-square regression is applied to determine the unknown coefficients. To compensate for differences in the precision of the estimates obtained under each stress regime the variances are calculated by the bootstrap statistical method. This procedure gives an estimated distribution of the fatigue life with its parameters functions of the stress regime which is applicable under virtually any realistic condition.
Typing and Subtyping of 83 Clinical Isolates Purified from Surgically Implanted Silicone Feeding Tubes by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Amplification

In this study, 83 clinical isolates purified from biofilms colonizing 18 silicone gastrostomy devices (12 “buttons” and six tubes converted to skin level devices) were selected for subtype characterization utilizing genetic analysis. The tubes, previously used for feeding, remained in place for 3 to 47 months (mean, 20.0 months) in children ranging in age from 6 months to 17 years. Classification of specific microbes using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed genetic similarities and differences among isolates belonging to the same genus. Both gram-positive and -negative bacteria were investigated, including 2 isolates of Bacillus brevis, 4 isolates of Bacillus licheniformis, 2 isolates of Bacillus pumilus, 3 isolates of Enterococcus durans, 19 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, 8 isolates of Enterococcus faecium, 2 isolates of Enterococcus hirae, 7 isolates of Escherichia coli, 8 isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum, 19 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 2 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 7 isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Amplified DNA fragments (amplicons) provided species-specific fingerprints for comparison by agarose gel electrophoresis. A total of 62 distinct RAPD types were categorized from the five genera studied. Typing analysis suggested cross acquisition of E. coli, E. faecalis, and S. aureus in three patient pairs. Genomic polymorphism detection proved efficient and reliable for classifying bacterial subtypes isolated from biofilms adhering to various portions of commonly employed enteral access tubes.
Diverse cells at the origin of lung adenocarcinoma.

Oncogenic mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (K-RAS) are found in a broad range of aggressive cancers in many tissues and are common in the most prevalent form of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma (1). Despite knowledge of K-RAS mutations for many years, patients with K-RAS mutant tumors remain without an effective targeted therapy option. This has generated considerable interest in the mechanisms of oncogenesis and the cell types susceptible to this form of transformation. In PNAS, Mainardi et al. (2) and Sutherland et al. (3) take complementary approaches to interrogate the ability of different epithelial cell populations to give rise to proliferative lesions and tumors in the lung. Like earlier studies by Xu et al., also published in PNAS (4), the authors conclude that several distal lung epithelial cell types are potentially capable of hyperproliferation or tumor initiation in response to oncogenic K-Ras activation. Taken together with the first reports of K-Ras–induced lung tumors in mouse models (5, 6), the important take-home message is that the precise identity of cells that are transformed and the kind of tumors that are generated depend on multiple factors. These include the cell type in which K-Ras is activated, the developmental timing, the potential for inflammation by use of adenoviral vectors, and the specific genetic modifiers. These results will help to inform ideas about tumor initiation in the human lung.
Wulf and Eadwacer: all passion pent

The nineteen-line Old English poem known as Wulf and Eadwacer has proved a notorious lodestone and analytical trap for critics; and still another interpretation of it may seem futile, if not presumptuous. Nevertheless, I believe no more firmly in my interpretation than others have believed in theirs: that is, I am no less confident that it will clear up most of the verbal and situational mysteries the poem presents; that it will enable us to see the lyric as structurally whole; that it will help us appreciate even more its aesthetic qualities; and that it will gain a critical consensus. To achieve such modest goals, I shall have to consider assumptions about the mind-set of the Anglo-Saxon audience as well as the poem's structure, diction, tone and imagery. It will thus be well to have the poem before us, and I venture a poetic translation which I shall comment on in due course.
Simultaneous observation of the soft ferroelectric and acoustic modes of KD2PO4

Abstract The soft ferroelectric and acoustic modes of potassium di-deuterium phosphate (KD*P) have been observed by light scattering experiments. Preliminary results at a temperature 1 2 K° above the ferroelectric phase transition indicate a soft ferroelectric mode relaxation time of τ=1.1 × 10-9 sec, but do not permit an absolute determination of Γ and υo of the damped harmonic oscillator model.
Prognostic Role of Eosinophils in Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and pulmonary fibrosis associated with a collagen vascular disorder (PF-CVD) are chronic inflammatory lung disorders which may be characterized in various subgroups of patients by increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and/or eosinophils. Previous studies have suggested that the cell populations recovered with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may be important in predicting disease progression and response to therapy. We evaluated this hypothesis in 27 patients by determining if the cell populations recovered with BAL differed between patients who improved, remained stable, or worsened in their pulmonary functions (as defined by at least a 15 percent change in forced vital capacity) over a six-month observation period. The findings suggested that BAL eosinophilia may be a marker of progressive lung disease in patients with IPF and PF-CVD.
Strength-Duration Curve: Intrarater and Interrater Reliability

The purpose of this study was to determine the coefficients of correlation for intrarater and interrater reliability for producing the strength-duration curve. The intrarater reliability curve was determined by a test-retest by the same examiner within a one-week interval. The interrater reliability was determined by using two examiners, each testing and recording his own results on the same subject within the same hour. The tibialis anterior muscle was tested in 24 healthy men. The interrater coefficients of correlation of 11 pulse durations of the strength-duration curve ranged from r = .979 to r = .771 (mean r = .945). The intrarater reliability coefficients ranged from r = .850 to r = .394 (mean r = .541). Both mean coefficients were statistically significant at p less than .01. The variance interpretation of the correlation coefficient data revealed that intrarater coefficients were not highly consistent (r(2) = .29). Interrater coefficients interpreted by variance estimates tended to be consistent (r(2) = .89). We believe that normal physiologic variation in the human subject was the cause of low intrarater values. The necessity of developing a normalized strength-duration curve is discussed.
Heuristic Ranking Classification Method for Complex Large-Scale Survival Data

Unlike traditional datasets with a few explanatory variables, analysis of datasets with high number of explanatory variables requires different approaches. Determining effective explanatory variables, specifically in a complex and large-scale data provides an excellent opportunity to increase efficiency and reduce costs. In a large-scale data with many variables, a variable selection technique could be used to specify a subset of explanatory variables that are significantly more valuable to analyze specially in the survival data analysis. A heuristic variable selection method through ranking classification to analyze large-scale survival data which reduces redundant information and facilitates practical decision-making by evaluating variable efficiency (the correlation of variable and survival time) is presented. A numerical simulation experiment is developed to investigate the performance and validation of the proposed method.
Building a Low Cost, Hands-on Learning Curriculum on Glass Science and Engineering using Candy Glass

We have developed a program to connect students, as well as the general public, with glass science in the modern world through a series of hands-on activities and learning experiences using sucrose based glass (a.k.a. hard candy). The scientific content of these experiments progresses systematically, providing an environment to develop an understanding of glassy materials within a framework of “active prolonged engagement” with the material. Most of the experiments can be assembled in a high school lab, or even in a home setting with minimal cost, and yet are appropriate for inclusion in an undergraduate materials lab. The cost is minimized by utilizing common, everyday materials and devices. Some of the activities included in our experiments include: synthesis, density, refractive index determination, glass transition, crystallization, kinetics of devitrification, thermal properties, etc. Temperature measurement, temperature control, and even automated data collection are part of the experience, providing an open path for the students to continue their own interesting and creative ideas.
The effect of the number of inspectors on the defect estimates produced by capture-recapture models

Inspections can be made more cost-effective by using capture-recapture methods to estimate post-inspection defects. Previous capture-recapture studies of inspections used relatively small data sets compared with those used in biology and wildlife research (the origin of the models). A common belief is that capture-recapture models underestimate the number of defects but their performance can be improved with data from more inspectors. This increase has not been evaluated in detail. This paper evaluates new estimators from biology not been previously applied to inspections. Using a data from seventy-three inspectors, we analyze the effect of the number of inspectors on the quality of estimates. Contrary to previous findings indicating that Jackknife is the best estimator, our results show that the SC estimators are better suited to software inspections. Our results also provide a detailed analysis of the number of inspectors necessary to obtain estimates within 5% to 20% of the actual.
Trial Design and Reporting Standards for Intra-Arterial Cerebral Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— The National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimates that stroke costs now exceed $45 billion per year. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and one of the leading causes of adult disability in North America, Europe, and Asia. A number of well-designed randomized stroke trials and case series have now been reported in the literature to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. These stroke trials have included intravenous studies, intra-arterial studies, and combinations of both, as well as use of mechanical devices for removal of thromboemboli and of neuroprotectant drugs, alone or in combination with thrombolytic therapy. At this time, the only therapy demonstrated to improve outcomes from an acute stroke is thrombolysis of the clot responsible for the ischemic event. There is room for improvement in stroke lysis studies. Divergent criteria, with disparate reporting standards and definitions, have made direct compariso...
Cutting Edge: Mouse NAIP1 Detects the Type III Secretion System Needle Protein

The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes activate caspase-1 in response to bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SSs). Inadvertent injection of the T3SS rod protein and flagellin into the cytosol is detected through murine NAIP2 and NAIP5/6, respectively. In this study, we identify the agonist for the orphan murine NAIP1 receptor as the T3SS needle protein. NAIP1 is poorly expressed in resting mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages; however, priming with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid induces it and confers needle protein sensitivity. Further, overexpression of NAIP1 in immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages by retroviral transduction enabled needle detection. In contrast, peritoneal cavity macrophages basally express NAIP1 and respond to needle protein robustly, independent of priming. Human macrophages are known to express only one NAIP gene, which detects the needle protein, but not rod or flagellin. Thus, murine NAIP1 is functionally analogous to human NAIP.
Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research

Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.
Bilateral Suprarenal Cryptorchidism in a Patient With the Pfeiffer Syndrome

A 12-year-old boy with the Pfeiffer syndrome presented with nonpalpable testes. Medical history was significant for multiple operations to correct bicoronal craniosynostosis, hypertelorism and syndactyly of the hands. Physical examination revealed no palpable gonads in the scrotum or inguinal canals. However, virilization and development of secondary sex characteristics had begun. Plasma testoster
Keeping up impressions: Inferential rules for impression change across the Big Five

Abstract Not all first impressions have equal longevity. Which kinds of impression have the greatest mobility—downward and upward—over the course of acquaintanceships? In this article, we propose an inferential account of impression maintenance across Big Five trait domains. With data from field and laboratory studies, we provide evidence that positive impressions of agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C), and emotional stability (ES) are especially vulnerable to small amounts of contrary evidence, whereas positive first impressions of extraversion (E) and openness (O) are more resistant to contrary information. Impressions of E and O demonstrated minimal susceptibility to negativity effects in a longitudinal study of college roommate impressions (Study 1), in a study of perceivers’ implicit theories about different trait domains (Study 2), and in an experimental study of manipulated impression change (Study 3).
Age and Education Corrected Older Adult Normative Data for a Short Form Version of the Financial Capacity Instrument

Financial capacity is an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) that comprises multiple abilities and is critical to independence and autonomy in older adults. Because of its cognitive complexity, financial capacity is often the first IADL to show decline in prodromal and clinical Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Despite its importance, few standardized assessment measures of financial capacity exist and there is little, if any, normative data available to evaluate financial skills in the elderly. The Financial Capacity Instrument-Short Form (FCI-SF) is a brief measure of financial skills designed to evaluate financial skills in older adults with cognitive impairment. In the current study, we present age- and education-adjusted normative data for FCI-SF variables in a sample of 1344 cognitively normal, community-dwelling older adults participating in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA) in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Individual FCI-SF raw scores were first converted to age-corrected scaled scores based on position within a cumulative frequency distribution and then grouped within 4 empirically supported and overlapping age ranges. These age-corrected scaled scores were then converted to age- and education-corrected scaled scores using the same methodology. This study has the potential to substantially enhance financial capacity evaluations of older adults through the introduction of age- and education-corrected normative data for the FCI-SF by allowing clinicians to: (a) compare an individual's performance to that of a sample of similar age and education peers, (b) interpret various aspects of financial capacity relative to a normative sample, and (c) make comparisons between these aspects. (PsycINFO Database Record
Receipt of Depression Treatment From General Medical Providers and Specialty Mental Health Providers

Objective:This study compared sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions of adults with a major depressive episode who received treatment from general medical providers or specialty mental health providers.Methods:The sample included 17,700 respondents ages 18–64 from the 2008–2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health who met the DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode in the past 12 months and of whom 8,900 (61.5%) received treatment for depression.Results:Approximately 21% of adults with a major depressive episode received depression care from general providers only, 19% from specialists only, and 19% from both. Compared with adults receiving care from general providers only, adults who received care from both types of provider were younger, had higher education, were more likely to have suicidal ideation and functional impairment, and were more likely to reside in a county with more psychiatrists providing patient care. These adults, compared with those who received care from a spe...
Cupcakes, Pinterest, and ladyporn: feminized popular culture in the early twenty-first century

Cupcakes, Pinterest, and Ladyporn examines the feminization of digital cultural production for women, ranging from black women’s TV fandom to fashion blogs to chick lit. The volume, edited by Elana...
Evaluation of a disease state management guideline for urinary tract infection.

Abstract A urinary tract infection (UTI) disease state management guideline, including risk-based antimicrobial recommendations, Foley catheter management and transitions of care, was implemented. This study evaluated the outcomes associated with implementation of the guideline. A retrospective study was conducted between 1 July 2013 and 30 September 2013 (pre-implementation) and between 1 July 2014 and 30 September 2014 (post-implementation). Symptomatic patients treated for UTI within 24 h with an identified pathogen were included. Risk-based patient groups were community-acquired UTI, healthcare-associated UTI, or extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) history in prior 12 months. Recommended antimicrobials were ceftriaxone, cefepime ± vancomycin, or doripenem ± vancomycin, respectively. Given the low post-implementation guideline adherence, pre- and post-groups were combined to evaluate potential guideline value. Length of stay (LOS) decreased when guidelines were followed [5 (IQR 4–7) days vs. 6 (IQR 4–8) days; P = 0.03] or appropriate therapy (according to in vitro susceptibilities) was given [5 (IQR 4–7) days vs. 6 (IQR 4–9) days; P = 0.03]. Those receiving guideline-recommended antimicrobials were more likely to have appropriate therapy within 24 h (84.4% vs. 64.2%; P 0.001). On multivariate analysis, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and admission from home were associated with longer and shorter LOS, respectively. Despite less than anticipated adherence, these data suggest that the established disease state management guideline can improve outcomes in patients admitted with UTI.
A Conceptual Framework for Organized Research Into the Personal Selling Process

This paper provides a paradigm for conceptual and empirical research into the personal selling process. It reviews and summarizes previous scholarly work. It evaluates findings and uses them to develop a conceptual scheme useful for future research. Finally, it outlines a program for scientific investigation into the nature of the personal selling process.
Proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of patients with erosive esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease: current evidence and safety of dexlansoprazole

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common upper gastroenterology disorder in the US. It is associated with a variety of complications and significantly impacts quality of life. Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective treatment. Dexlansoprazole modified release (MR) is a proton pump inhibitor that employs a novel release formulation that prolongs its absorption and allows for more flexibility in dosing. Dexlansoprazole MR can be dosed without regard to food intake or time of day, and once-daily dosing may replace twice-daily dosing of other agents. Dexlansoprazole MR is effective for healing and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, and for the treatment of nonerosive disease, including nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dexlansoprazole MR is safe and well tolerated, and can improve quality of life.
A moderated mediation model of Machiavellianism, social undermining, political skill, and supervisor-rated job performance

Abstract The present study addresses current limitations in our understanding of how employee Machiavellianism impacts subjective ratings of job performance. The existing literature suggests that Machiavellianism shares a complex relationship with job performance, which has led some researchers to suggest that Machiavellianism may be a poor predictor of job performance. In the current study, we confront this claim by proposing and testing a moderated mediation model that demonstrates a situation (i.e., social undermining) that activates a skill set particularly important for Machiavellians (i.e., political skill). We analyzed field data ( N = 268 employees, 96 supervisors) and found that political skill partially mediated the conditional indirect effect of Machiavellianism and social undermining on subjective ratings of job performance. Further, Machiavellians demonstrated higher levels of political skill when they perceived themselves to have been socially undermined by their coworkers, and this increased level of political skill led to higher ratings of job performance. We discuss the meaningfulness of these findings and the implications they have for future research.
Intraocular lens exchange surgery at a tertiary referral center: Indications, complications, and visual outcomes

Purpose To identify indications for and visual outcomes of intraocular lens (IOL) exchange to understand recent changes in this surgery. Setting Academic tertiary referral center. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Cases were identified by searching the institution's electronic medical records from January 2010 to September 2015 for patients treated by 1 staff physician with the American Medical Association's Current Procedural Terminology code for IOL exchange. These cases were reviewed to determine the surgical indication, type of IOL removed, type of IOL implanted, time between surgeries, surgical complications, and visual outcomes. Results The study comprised medical records of 109 eyes. The mean time between the primary cataract surgery and IOL exchange was 1657 days. Dislocation of an in-the-bag posterior chamber IOL (27.5%), intolerance of a multifocal IOL (18.3%), and uveitis–glaucoma–hyphema syndrome (11.9%) were the most frequent indications for IOL exchange. The final IOL position after exchange was most frequently in the capsular bag (43.1%), anterior chamber (25.7%), or sulcus (22%). The final visual acuity at 1 month was 20/40 or better in 78.9% of cases. Of those not achieving this level of acuity, pathology not related to exchange surgery was identified in 48% of cases. The most frequent complications after IOL exchange surgery were posterior capsule opacification (13.8%), cystoid macular edema (10.1%), and high astigmatism (>1.5 diopters) (8.3%). Conclusions The most frequent indication for IOL exchange surgery was dislocated IOLs; the second most frequent indication was patient dissatisfaction after multifocal IOL implantation. The increased ability to place an intracapsular IOL with few intraoperative complications and largely treatable postoperative complications enhances the effectiveness of IOL exchange surgery and patient satisfaction. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
dbling: Identifying extensions installed on encrypted web thin clients

Abstract Researchers have developed forensic analysis techniques for so many types of digital media that there is a procedure for almost every digital media that a law enforcement officer may encounter at a crime scene. However, a new type of device has started to gain momentum in the consumer market: web thin clients. These web thin clients are characterized by native support for basic web browsing, yet other functionality relies on a combination of web applications and web storage. In fact, these devices are so different from other types of computing and storage devices that virtually all of the techniques forensic examiners and researchers typically use do not apply. The most popular web thin client, Chrome OS, has additional forensic challenges: (1) all data associated with users is encrypted, (2) Chrome OS correctly uses TPM and Secure Boot, and (3) user data is stored on the device and in the cloud. In this work, we present a novel approach to extract residual evidence stored on Chrome OS devices that successfully bypasses these challenges. Specifically, we are able to determine which extensions and apps are installed on an encrypted Chrome OS device, without breaking or otherwise extracting the encryption keys. Our framework, called dbling, generates signatures or fingerprints of extension and app code that persist after encryption, and we are able to use these fingerprints to identify the installed extensions and apps. We create fingerprints of 160,025 extensions for Chrome OS, we measure the uniqueness of these fingerprints, and we perform a case study by installing 14 extensions on a Chrome OS device and attempt to find their fingerprints.
Removal of Surface Contaminants Using Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a new class of low melting point materials with unusual and unique properties that make them attractive for cleaning applications. These properties include high solubility for a wide range of contaminants, thermal and chemical stability, low melting point (even below 273 K), very low volatility, and high conductivity. IL solvents do have some disadvantages including high cost, complex synthesis, need for purification for reuse, and high toxicity and nonbiodegradability of many formulations. Several DES formulations have been developed to overcome some of these limitations. Successfully demonstrated cleaning applications range from brush cleaning for removal of microcontaminants to electropolishing of metals and soil decontamination.
The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich. By Carsten Dams and Michael Stolle. (Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xvi, 234. $27.95.)

The authors of this short volume have synthesized recent research on the Gestapo, the Nazi regime's political police force. This volume will be of interest to scholars and students seeking a concis...
An Honest Politician’s Guide to Deterrence: Certainty, Severity, Celerity, and Parsimony

Conclusions by economists and other social scientists about the deterrent effects of punishment were long discordant, economists finding that increases in punishment produce marginal deterrent effects and other social scientists typically finding either that they do not or that any effects found are too small and contingent on particular conditions to have policy relevance. That discordance has now ended, with both now accepting the “no, too small, or too contingent” finding. In Beccaria’s classic terms, there is now agreement that the effects of certainty and immediacy are much more important than the effects of severity. A substantial literature shows, however, that particular police deployments can reduce the incidence of crime. An important policy lesson is that resources should be diverted from imprisonment to policing. Another is that sentencing laws and practices should be substantially recast to reduce the severity of punishment and with that the sizes of the prison population and public spending on imprisonment. Saved funds can be used to reduce public spending generally, reallocate money to other unmet public needs, and invest more in policing and community corrections.
Molecular and ultrastructural aspects of the adaptation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to limiting CO2

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses an inducible COj concentrating mechanism (CCM) which involves the active uptake and accumulation of inorganic carbon. Synthesis of several proteins is induced in conjunction with induction of the CCM. Periplasmic carbonic anhydrase is the only one of these proteins with a known function. Based on the assumption that the other proteins might be involved in the CCM activity or its regulation, the membrane-associated proteins were selected for further characterization regarding their functions. The 21 IcD protein was purified and used to produce polyclonal antibodies. The time course of the appearance of immunodetectable 21 kD protein upon induction of the cells correlated well with the induction of CCM activity. Immunoprecipitation of in vitro translation products showed that expression is regulated at the level of translatable message abundance. Triton X-114 partitioning of both the 21 kD protein and the previously characterized 36 kD protein showed that both appeared to be peripherally associated with membranes. ImpUcations for their involvement in the CCM are discussed.
Beyond the Euromaidan: comparative perspectives on advancing reform in Ukraine

Beyond the Euromaidan, a new volume edited by Henry Hale and Robert Orttung, examines the foundations for political, social and economic reform in Ukraine since the 2014 Maidan Revolution, despite ...
PET/MR Imaging of the Pancreas

PET/MR imaging has the potential to markedly alter pancreatic care in both the malignant, and premalignant states with the ability to perform robust, high-resolution, quantitative molecular imaging. The ability of PET/MR imaging to monitor disease processes, potentially correct for motion in the upper abdomen, and provide novel biomarkers that may be a combination of MR imaging and PET biomarkers, offers a unique, precise interrogation of the pancreatic milieu going forward.
Metal Replacement Studies of Chinese Laccase

After introducing laccase, a blue copper oxidase which is isolated from the oriental lacquer tree we discuss what is known about the copper-binding sites of the enzyme. As an introduction to the technique of metal substitution, we then describe some studies of smaller yroteins which contain only a blue, or type 1, copper site, including H-NMR experiments. Next we consider the problem of reversibly removing and replacing the native copper ions of laccase and describe a reasonably successful procedure for the enzyme from the Chinese lac tree. Finally, we report preliminary studies of the first mixed-metal derivative of laccase, a hybrid enzyme which appears to contain one Hg (II) and three coppers per molecule with the mercury in the type 1 binding site.
Identification of spatially varying geological properties in a heterogeneous reservoir using EnKF and POD based parameterization

Parameter estimation problems in large-scale nonlinear systems such as hydraulic fracturing processes are inherently ill-posed owing to the large number of unknown parameters. Moreover, the estimation of parameters is paramount in such processes due to its consequences on the final fracture geometry which directly influences the productivity of fractured wells. Reduced order modeling can play a pivotal role in redefining these problems to alleviate its ill-posed nature by increasing the identifiability of the parameters. Within this context, in this paper, we apply proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to parameterize the heterogeneous Young's modulus and use the ensemble kalman filter (EnKF) to estimate the reduced parameters. We perform several forward simulations with different realizations and assimilate the available measurement data. Through a series of simulation results, we demonstrate that the integrated order-reduction and data assimilation techniques provide a model with updated spatially varying geological parameters, which has good predictive capabilities of the fracture propagation dynamics in hydraulic fracturing.
Comparative study of Heatsink materials for Gallium Nitride HEMT modules using thermal modelling

Wide Bandgap (WBG) semiconductor devices are becoming the simpler and cheaper option as compared to the limited capabilities of Si devices because of their better blocking voltages, switching frequencies, thermal conductivities and operating temperatures. WBG semiconductors like Gallium Nitride (GaN) have better materials properties specifically suited for high power and high frequency electronics and they are slowly being favored for such applications. GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) have demonstrated superior performance characteristics as compared to Si Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) in terms of switching characteristics and switching losses. One particular GaN HEMT module investigated by the authors has been calculated to have less than five times the switching losses as compared to a similar Si MOSFET module under the same operating conditions. The use of the GaN module instead of Si module in an inverter application has also shown reduction of power losses and heatsink volume by 60% and 30% respectively for the GaN module. This paper investigates the effect of different heatsink materials (Aluminum, Copper, AlSiC and E-Material) on the overall temperature profile of the GaN module. The heatsink structure used for the simulations were obtained from commercially available straight-fin heatsink designs. Comparisons among these heatsink materials were done for the same operating and ambient conditions by simulating the combined HEMT-Heatsink structure in the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results indicated Copper to be the best heatsink material among the four materials tested.
Nanoparticle-Mediated Remodeling of the Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance Immunotherapy

Nanoscience has long been lauded as a method through which tumor-associated barriers could be overcome. As successful as cancer immunotherapy has been, limitations associated with the tumor microenvironment or side effects of systemic treatment have become more apparent. In this Review, we seek to lay out the therapeutic challenges associated with the tumor microenvironment and the ways in which nanoscience is being applied to remodel the tumor microenvironment and increase the susceptibility of many cancer types to immunotherapy. We detail the nanomedicines on the cutting edge of cancer immunotherapy and how their interactions with the tumor microenvironment make them more effective than systemically administered immunotherapies.
Security Evaluation of Two Intrusion Detection Systems in Smart Grid SCADA Environment

The increased complexity and interconnectivity of SCADA infrastructure in the power system have exposed it to the multitude of vulnerabilities. There is a growing emphasis towards developing an efficient intrusion detection system (IDS) to strengthen the security of the SCADA control system. This is a research-in-progress paper which presents the application of two anomaly-based intrusion detection systems (AbIDS) in detecting the stealthy cyber-attack on the SCADA control system. We have applied the IDS tools Snort and Bro, in designing the IDS and later, compared their performances in terms of detection rate and latency in the alert packets with a motive of selecting better IDS for the SCADA security. Specifically, the timing-based rule is applied to identify the malicious packets based on the high temporal frequency in the network traffic. For the case study, we have implemented the SCADA based protection scheme which performs an autonomous protection to mitigate the system disturbances. We first implemented the stealthy cyber-attack which compromised the SCADA controller followed by data integrity attack on the system generator. Next, we perform the impact analysis during the attack followed by performance evaluation of IDS tools. Our experimental results show that the IDS tools are efficient in detecting cyber-attacks within an acceptable time frame for different sizes of network packets.
Total Endovascular Arch Repair Using Needle Fenestration and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

There remains a clinical need for endovascular repair of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch in patients who are prohibitively high risk for open surgical repair. Herein we present a case of a total endovascular arch repair by means of a novel technique for graft fenestration using a trans-septal needle with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Although the use of trans-septal needle fenestration use has been described, the use in arch fenestrations has not. We present this case as an example of techniques that may be useful in the expanding landscape of endovascular ascending and arch repair.
JobPacker: Job Scheduling for Data-Parallel Frameworks with Hybrid Electrical/Optical Datacenter Networks

In spite of many advantages of hybrid electrical/optical datacenter networks (Hybrid-DCN), current job schedulers for data-parallel frameworks are not suitable for Hybrid-DCN, since the schedulers do not aggregate data traffic to facilitate using optical circuit switch (OCS). In this paper, we propose JobPacker, a job scheduler for data-parallel frameworks in Hybrid-DCN that aims to take full advantage of OCS to improve job performance. JobPacker aggregates the data transfers of a job in order to use OCS to improve data transfer efficiency. It first explores the tradeoff between parallelism and traffic aggregation for each shuffle-heavy recurring job, and then generates an offline schedule including which racks to run each job and the sequence to run the recurring jobs in each rack that yields the best performance. It has a new sorting method to prioritize recurring jobs in offline-scheduling to prevent high resource contention while fully utilizing cluster resources. In real-time scheduler, JobPacker uses the offline schedule to guide the data placement and schedule recurring jobs, and schedules non-recurring jobs to the idle resources not assigned to recurring jobs. Trace-driven simulation and GENI-based emulation show that JobPacker reduces the makespan up to 49% and the median completion time up to 43%, compared to the state-of-the-art schedulers in Hybrid-DCN.
Cancer: Crossing over to drug resistance

Certain cancers stem from mutations that prevent a cell from repairing its damaged DNA efficiently. But antitumour chemotherapy that exploits that repair defect can in turn be nullified by counter-mutation.