cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cigarette graphic health warning labels and information avoidance among individuals from low socioeconomic position in the U.S.

Although graphic health warning labels (GHWs) on cigarette packs have influenced cessation behaviors in other countries, no U.S. studies have explored the impact of avoidance of GHW content among individuals from low socioeconomic position (SEP). The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of intention to avoid GHWs, and how avoidance impacts cessation intention, in a low SEP sample in the U.S. Data come from low SEP smokers (n = 541) involved in a field experiment. The participants responded to questions pre- and post viewing of GHWs assessing SEP, intention to avoid them, emotional reactions, and intention to seek health information or quit smoking. Backwards stepwise logistic regression determined the predictors for intention to avoid GHWs. Simple and adjusted logistic regression analyzed the association between avoidance and its main predictors and outcomes of intentions to seek information or quit smoking. Predictors for avoidance included being somewhat addicted to cigarettes (OR 2.3, p = 0.002), younger than 25 (OR 2.6, p = 0.008), and having medium (OR 3.4, p < 0.001) or high (OR 4.7, p < 0.001) levels of negative emotional reaction to the labels. Intention to avoid GHWs was positively associated with the intent to look for health information about smoking (OR 2.2, p = 0.002). Higher levels of negative emotional reaction were positively associated with cessation behaviors, with high negative emotional reaction associated with nine times the odds of quitting (p < 0.001). Results indicate avoidance of GHWs does not detract from the labels’ benefit and that GHWs are an effective means of communicating smoking risk information among low SEP groups.
Comparative analysis of zonal systems for macro-level crash modeling

Abstract Introduction Macro-level traffic safety analysis has been undertaken at different spatial configurations. However, clear guidelines for the appropriate zonal system selection for safety analysis are unavailable. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted to determine the optimal zonal system for macroscopic crash modeling considering census tracts (CTs), state-wide traffic analysis zones (STAZs), and a newly developed traffic-related zone system labeled traffic analysis districts (TADs). Method Poisson lognormal models for three crash types (i.e., total, severe, and non-motorized mode crashes) are developed based on the three zonal systems without and with consideration of spatial autocorrelation. The study proposes a method to compare the modeling performance of the three types of geographic units at different spatial configurations through a grid based framework. Specifically, the study region is partitioned to grids of various sizes and the model prediction accuracy of the various macro models is considered within these grids of various sizes. Results These model comparison results for all crash types indicated that the models based on TADs consistently offer a better performance compared to the others. Besides, the models considering spatial autocorrelation outperform the ones that do not consider it. Conclusions Based on the modeling results and motivation for developing the different zonal systems, it is recommended using CTs for socio-demographic data collection, employing TAZs for transportation demand forecasting, and adopting TADs for transportation safety planning. Practical Applications The findings from this study can help practitioners select appropriate zonal systems for traffic crash modeling, which leads to develop more efficient policies to enhance transportation safety.
Perceived injunctive norms and cannabis-related problems: The interactive influence of parental injunctive norms and race.

Cannabis use among college students is associated with negative consequences, including those that can negatively affect academic functioning. Perceived descriptive and injunctive norms are among t...
Energy transformation studies on Diaptomus oregonensis: With 3 tables in the text

(1964). Energy transformation studies on Diaptomus oregonensis. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 654-659.
State institutions and city property taxes: revisiting the effects of the tax revolt

Cities’ reliance on property taxes has declined since the 1970s. This shift has been attributed to state rules enacted in the wake of the tax revolt and intended to curb property taxes. The extent to which state limits on property taxes have affected their cities’ revenues is unclear. This study examines competing explanations for the change in city property tax reliance among states. Pooled cross-sectional time series analysis is used to assess how much state limits or other factors account for changes in property tax reliance over time. The results of this analysis challenge state limitations’ long-term effects.
Models of Adjunction in Minimalist Grammars

Three closely related proposals for adding cyclic adjunction to Minimalist grammars are given model-theoretic definitions and investigated with respect to their linguistic and formal properties. While they differ with respect to their linguistic adequacy, they behave largely the same on a computational level. Weak generative capacity is not affected, and while subregular complexity varies betweeen the three proposals, it does not exceed the complexity imposed by Move. The closure of Minimalist derivation tree languages under intersection with regular tree languages, however, is lost.
CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE | History of Scientific Work on Climate Change

People understood since antiquity that climate could change locally, but nobody imagined that human activity could alter global climate. In 1896 Arrhenius and in the 1930s Callendar promoted a theory of anthropogenic global warming caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide. Few found this plausible until the mid twentieth century, when new theoretical work and observations showed that the concept had to be taken seriously. In the 1970s, complex computer models suggested a risk of several degrees of warming in the following century. The temperature–carbon dioxide connection was supported by the paleontological evidence from deep ice cores. Uncertainties about the effects of aerosol pollutants and clouds complicated the issue. Nevertheless, around the start of the twenty-first century, improved computer and paleontological arguments, plus a prolonged observed warming of the planet, led to consensus statements by international panels that warned of severe impacts.
Current Clinical Practice Patterns of Self-Identified Nuclear Medicine Specialists.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to study patterns of services rendered by U.S. physicians who self-identify as nuclear medicine (NM) specialists. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Recent Medicare ph...
Confidence tracks sensory- and decision-related ERP dynamics during auditory detection

Abstract Recent research has focused on measuring neural correlates of metacognitive judgments in decision and post-decision processes during memory retrieval and categorization. However, many tasks (e.g., stimulus detection) may require monitoring of earlier sensory processing. Here, participants indicated which of two intervals contained an 80-ms pure tone embedded in white noise. One frequency (e.g., 1000 Hz) was presented on ∼80% of all trials (i.e., ‘primary’ trials). Another frequency (e.g., 2500 Hz) was presented on ∼20% of trials (i.e., ‘probe’ trials). The event-related potential (ERP) was used to investigate the processing stages related to confidence. Tone-locked N1, P2, and P3 amplitudes were larger for trials rated with high than low confidence. Interestingly, a P3-like late positivity for the tone-absent interval showed high amplitude for low confidence. No ‘primary’ vs. ‘probe’ differences were found. However, confidence rating differences between primary and probe trials were correlated with N1 and tone-present P3 amplitude differences. We suggest that metacognitive judgments can track both sensory- and decision-related processes (indexed by the N1 and P3, respectively). The particular processes on which confidence judgments are based likely depend upon the task an individual is faced with and the information at hand (e.g., presence or absence of a signal).
LONG-TERM SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MAVACAMTEN IN SYMPTOMATIC OBSTRUCTIVE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY PATIENTS, PIONEER-OPEN LABEL EXTENSION STUDY (PIONEER-OLE)

In PIONEER-HCM, patients with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) showed improvements in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, exercise capacity, and symptoms after 12 weeks treatment with mavacamten (MAVA). To examine the long-term safety and effectiveness of
The relative roles of dispersal and establishment for shaping whole-lake aquatic macrophyte richness, diversity, and community structure in hemiboreal lakes

ABSTRACTAquatic macrophyte diversity and structure play an important role in freshwater communities, yet little research on macrophytes has focused on native communities in the undisturbed hemiboreal lakes of North America. We used data collected from 15 inland lakes on Isle Royale National Park (Michigan, USA) to identify relationships among macrophyte metrics that describe dispersal and introduction potential (richness, diversity, community structure via growth form, and connectivity) and lake metrics that control establishment and growth potential. Results from partial least square regression analyses found that the most important and recurring predictors were those corresponding to establishment and growth. Alkalinity was the major contributor to the variation seen in richness, Shannon evenness, and Simpson inverse diversity metrics. Sediment phosphorus also contributed significantly to richness and diversity, but negatively. For growth form, half of the variation in submersed species related to alkal...
Inflammatory Response of Monocytes to Ambient Particles Varies by Highway Proximity

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations of chronic respiratory disease with near-roadway pollutant exposure, effects which were independent of those of regional air pollutants. Howev...
Predictors and Outcomes of Renal Replacement Therapy After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Abstract Objective To examine the frequency and outcomes of patients requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) early after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Patients and Methods We examined use of in-hospital RRT and outcomes in consecutive adults who underwent continuous-flow LVAD implantation from February 15, 2007, through August 8, 2017. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of RRT. The associations of RRT with outcomes were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Of 354 patients who underwent LVAD implantation, 54 (15%) required in-hospital RRT. Patients receiving RRT had higher preoperative Charlson Comorbidity Index values (median, 5 vs 4; P=.03), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores (mean, 19.0 vs 14.5; P Conclusion In-hospital RRT is associated with poor prognosis after LVAD. A detailed preoperative assessment of renal function before LVAD may be helpful in risk stratification and patient selection.
A Monte Carlo Algorithm for Generating Synthetic Social Networks Based on Personality Compatibility

Social structures and interpersonal relationships may be represented in abstract mathematical objects known as social networks. In their simplest form, social networks consist of nodes corresponding to people and links between pairs of nodes corresponding to relationships between those people. Social networks can be constructed by examining actual groups of people and identifying the relationships of interest between them. However, there are circumstances where such empirical social networks are unavailable, or their use would be undesirable. Consequently, methods to generate synthetic social networks that are not identical to real-world networks but have desired structural similarities to them are valuable. A process for generating synthetic social networks based on attributing human personality types to the nodes and then stochastically adding links between nodes based on the compatibility of the nodes’ personalities was developed. A Monte Carlo search algorithm finding an effective assignment of personality types to nodes was implemented and tested. This algorithm was evaluated in terms of realism, i.e., the similarity of the generated synthetic social to exemplar real-world social networks, for 14 different real-world social networks using 18 standard quantitative network metrics. Findings were that this approach produces realistic networks.
Development of Low Cost Stretchable Conductive Yarns for Electronic Textile Applications

Due to the exponential growth of electronic textiles, the development of low cost stretchable conductive yarns has become increasingly crucial. In this study, a low cost stretchable conductive yarn is being developed by directly coating the stretchable yarns with a stretchable conductive ink. Some of the preliminary results on the stretchability of the conductive yarns being developed are reported in this paper.
High-temperature dielectric measurements of high-purity alumina ceramics

The speed of high-power (≥100 W) microwave sintering of ceramics from the ‘green’ state to the high-fired condition depends on the loss factor Ktan(δ). Free-space, W-band data at low power (≤0.1 mW) is presented on the complex dielectric constant of high-purity alumina (in air) in these two states – as achieved via conventional processing – for RT ≤ T ≤ 1700°C.
Examining empathy and advocacy in K-12 educational leaders

In this quantitative study, the relationship between levels of empathy and advocacy competencies among a sample of K-12 educational leaders are examined. The researchers determined higher levels of...
Informative Goodness-of-Fit for Multivariate Distributions

This article introduces an informative goodness-of-fit (iGOF) approach to study multivariate distributions. When the null model is rejected, iGOF allows us to identify the underlying sources of mismodeling and naturally equips practitioners with additional insights on the nature of the deviations from the true distribution. The informative character of the procedure is achieved by exploiting smooth tests and random fields theory to facilitate the analysis of multivariate data. Simulation studies show that iGOF enjoys high power for different types of alternatives. The methods presented here directly address the problem of background mismodeling arising in physics and astronomy. It is in these areas that the motivation of this work is rooted.
Exploring the use of thorium isotope compositions and concentrations as nuclear forensic signatures for uranium ore concentrates

This interlaboratory study measured thorium concentrations and isotope compositions in uranium ore concentrates from different geographical locations to examine whether thorium impurities may be useful forensic signatures for uranium ore concentrates found out of regulatory control. Measured 230Th/232Th in fifteen uranium ore concentrates record over three orders of magnitude of compositional variation. Results demonstrate that 230Th/232Th used in combination with U/Th ratios resulted in a unique signature for individual uranium ore concentrates from different processing locations. Data presented here suggest potential for 230Th/232Th and U/Th to be used as comparative signatures to investigate the provenance of seized uranium ore concentrates.
Multiple Anthropocenes: pluralizing space–time as a response to ‘the Anthropocene’

This article examines how ‘the Anthropocene’ is conceptualized within discourses on security, politics, and ethics, and is narrated as a global-collective experience for all of humanity with an ide...
A Novel Pipeline Program: A Path towards Diversity and Eliminating Health Disparities

Background: To advance research efforts that identify sources of health disparities, pipeline programs are needed to garner the interest of a diversified workforce in healthcare and research. Despite efforts to increase diversity in healthcare and research fields, the proportion of underrepresented in medicine (URM) and women remains alarmingly low. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a pipeline healthcare research program. Methods: The Health and Science Enrichment Programs (HSEP) and the Center for Future Health Professionals (CFHP) at UC Irvine School of Medicine are two pipeline …
Building risk prediction models for daily use of marijuana using machine learning techniques

Identifying the characteristics of adults with recent marijuana use is limited by standard statistical methods and requires a unique approach. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of machine learning models in predicting daily marijuana use and identify factors associated with daily use among adults. The study analyzed pooled data from the 2016-2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Survey in 2020. Prediction models were developed using four machine learning algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, and Random Forest with Gini function, and Naive Bayes. Respondents were randomly divided into training and testing samples. The performance of all the models was compared using accuracy, AUC, precision, and recall. The study included 253,569 respondents, of whom 10,182 (5.9 %) reported daily marijuana use in the last 30 days. Of daily marijuana use, 53.4 % were young adults (age 18-34 years), 34.3 % female, 56.1 % non-Hispanic White, 15.2 % were college graduates, and 67.3 % were employed. Random Forest was the best performing model with AUC 0.97, followed by a Decision tree (AUC 0.95). The most important factors for daily marijuana use were the current use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use, male gender, unmarried, poor mental health, depression, cognitive decline, abnormal sleep pattern, and high-risk behavior. Data mining methods were useful in the discovery of behavior health-risk knowledge and to visualize the significance of predicting modeling from a multidimensional behavioral health survey.
Skyrmions in an oblique field

Abstract We study skyrmion states induced by the oblique field in a square magnetic island. To describe stable states and dynamics of the skyrmion, we employ the lattice model that accounts for all relevant interactions and uses parameters in the range of practical interest. Depending on the orientation of the field, two or four spatially separated energy minima emerge in the oblique field. The depth of the energy minima can be controlled by the strength and orientation of the magnetic field. We study the dynamics of the skyrmion and show that it can be moved between any two states by the field gradient. Possible applications for developing binary and quaternary skyrmion-based memory are discussed.
IFN-β Differentially Regulates CD40-Induced Cytokine Secretion by Human Dendritic Cells

We have previously shown that IFN-β, a key cytokine associated with the early phase of the innate host defense, can prevent the generation of human Th1 cells. Specifically, we demonstrated that IFN-β prevents the in vitro monocyte-derived mature dendritic cell (DC)-dependent differentiation of naive Th cells into IFN-γ-secreting Th cells, as a result of its ability to inhibit DC IL-12 secretion. The goal of the present study was to identify how IFN-β negatively regulates IL-12 secretion by DC. We report that in our Th cell differentiation model, DC IL-12 secretion is dependent on the CD40L/CD40 accessory pathway, and, utilizing a Th cell-free system, we find that IFN-β inhibits anti-CD40 mAb-induced DC secretion of the p40 chain of the IL-12 heterodimer. In addition, we show that IFN-β-mediated inhibition of CD40 signaling does not interfere with all signaling pathways emanating from CD40, since anti-CD40 mAb-induced DC IL-6 secretion is augmented by IFN-β. Thus, our results demonstrate that signaling from CD40 is differentially regulated by IFN-β. A second critical element of innate immunity involves the response against components of bacterial membranes such as LPS. DC respond to LPS by secreting IL-6 and IL-12. In contrast to CD40-dependent IL-6 and IL-12 secretion, we find that LPS-induced DC secretion of p40 IL-12 and IL-6 is not affected by IFN-β. Our findings show that IFN-β influences the generation of acquired immune responses through its regulation of CD40-dependent DC functions.
Homogeneous Agent-Based Distributed Information Filtering

Recent advances in processor, networking and software technologies have made distributed computing a reality in today's world. Distributed systems offer many advantages, ranging from a higher performance to the effective utilization of physically dispersed resources. Many diverse application domains can benefit by exploiting principles of distributed computing. Information filtering is one such application domain. In this article, we present a design of a homogeneous distributed multi-agent information filtering system, called D-SIFTER. D-SIFTER is based on the language-dependent model of Java RMI. The detailed design process and various experiments carried out using D-SIFTER are also described. The results indicate that the distributed inter-agent collaboration improves the overall filtering performance.
Effect of Simvastatin on Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Statin Myalgia

Statins reduce arterial stiffness but are also associated with mild muscle complaints. It is unclear whether individuals with muscle symptoms experience the same vascular benefit or whether statins affect striated and smooth muscle cells differently. We examined the effect of simvastatin treatment on arterial stiffness in patients who did versus those who did not exhibit muscle symptoms. Patients with a history of statin-related muscle complaints (n = 115) completed an 8 wk randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial of daily simvastatin 20 mg and placebo. Serum lipids and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed before and after each treatment. Muscle symptoms with daily simvastatin treatment were reported by 38 patients (33%). Compared to baseline, central PWV decreased (P = 0.01) following simvastatin treatment but not placebo (drug ∗ time interaction: P = 0.047). Changes in central PWV with simvastatin treatment were not influenced by myalgia status or time on simvastatin (P ≥ 0.15). Change in central PWV after simvastatin treatment was inversely correlated with age (r = -0.207, P = 0.030), suggesting that advancing age is associated with enhanced statin-mediated arterial destiffening. In patients with a history of statin-related muscle complaints, the development of myalgia with short-term simvastatin treatment did not attenuate the improvement in arterial stiffness.
Gastric H+,K+-ATPase

The gastric H(+),K(+)-ATPase is responsible for gastric acid secretion. This ATPase is composed of two subunits, the catalytic α subunit and the structural β subunit. The α subunit with molecular mass of about 100 kDa has 10 transmembrane domains and is strongly associated with the β subunit with a single transmembrane segment and a peptide mass of 35 kDa. Its three-dimensional structure is based on homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis resulting in a proton extrusion and K(+) reabsorption model. There are three conserved H3O(+)-binding sites in the middle of the membrane domain and H3O(+) secretion depends on a conformational change involving Lys(791) insertion into the second H3O(+) site enclosed by E795, E820, and D824 that allows export of protons at a concentration of 160 mM. K(+) countertransport involves binding to this site after the release of protons with retrograde displacement of Lys(791) and then K(+) transfer to E343 and exit to the cytoplasm. This ATPase is the major therapeutic target in treatment of acid-related diseases and there are several known luminal inhibitors allowing analysis of the luminal vestibule. One class contains the acid-activated covalent, thiophilic proton pump inhibitors, the most effective of current acid-suppressive drugs. Their binding sites and trypsinolysis allowed identification of all ten transmembrane segments of the ATPase. In addition, various K(+)-competitive inhibitors of the ATPase are being developed, with the advantage of complete and rapid inhibition of acid secretion independent of pump activity and allowing further refinement of the structure of the luminal vestibule of the E2 form of this ATPase.
Policing Schools: Examining the Impact of Place Management Activities on School Violence

The present study examines whether the presence of school resource officers (SROs) and their level of involvement in place management activities are associated with higher or lower rates of school-based serious violence. This study uses data from the 2010 School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS) conducted by National Center for Educational Statistics. Propensity score matching is used to create a quasi-experimental design and isolate the influence of SROs and their level of involvement in place management activities on school-based serious violence. The analysis reveals that schools with a school resource officer are associated with higher rates of reported serious violence and those schools with SROs that participate in more place manager duties are also associated with higher rates of reported serious violence. These findings do not support the notion that SROs are acting as effective place managers and through this place management, reducing reported serious violence. Rather, it appears that the presences of a SRO and their execution of place manager duties is associated with an increase in the reporting of serious violence. Policy implications and limitations of the current research are also discussed.
The unscented Kalman filter for nonlinear estimation

This paper points out the flaws in using the extended Kalman filter (EKE) and introduces an improvement, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), proposed by Julier and Uhlman (1997). A central and vital operation performed in the Kalman filter is the propagation of a Gaussian random variable (GRV) through the system dynamics. In the EKF the state distribution is approximated by a GRV, which is then propagated analytically through the first-order linearization of the nonlinear system. This can introduce large errors in the true posterior mean and covariance of the transformed GRV, which may lead to sub-optimal performance and sometimes divergence of the filter. The UKF addresses this problem by using a deterministic sampling approach. The state distribution is again approximated by a GRV, but is now represented using a minimal set of carefully chosen sample points. These sample points completely capture the true mean and covariance of the GRV, and when propagated through the true nonlinear system, captures the posterior mean and covariance accurately to the 3rd order (Taylor series expansion) for any nonlinearity. The EKF in contrast, only achieves first-order accuracy. Remarkably, the computational complexity of the UKF is the same order as that of the EKF. Julier and Uhlman demonstrated the substantial performance gains of the UKF in the context of state-estimation for nonlinear control. Machine learning problems were not considered. We extend the use of the UKF to a broader class of nonlinear estimation problems, including nonlinear system identification, training of neural networks, and dual estimation problems. In this paper, the algorithms are further developed and illustrated with a number of additional examples.
The Non-Linear Nature of Emergent Teaching: A Multi-threaded Tale

This essay offers a narrative that illustrates the non-linear nature of emergent teaching and how its outcomes are multifaceted and mutually causative. In other words, they lead us in many directions at once. This quality of non-linearity is central to the concept of emergence. Emergent teaching begins by recognizing that reality is fundamentally non-separate. By realizing we are not separate in our actions, words, and deeds we confirm a connectedness to one another and the world. This is essential to fully understand emergence. When perceived as a whole, every action in the universe is mutually dependent upon every other interaction. In this way, the universe is constantly creating itself. Emergent teaching moves us toward an awareness of the reality of cocreation. Non-separation creates the foundation of a dynamically interconnected and emergent universe.
Characterization of force sensing apparatus in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (1046.10)

Characterization of force sensing apparatus in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts A putative force transfer complex (FSC) similar to that found in muscle tissue (dystrophin glycoprotein complex...
On triangulation of simple networks

Network triangulation is a method for estimating distances betweennodes in the network, by letting every node measure its distanceto a few beacon nodes, and deducing the distance between every two nodes x,y by using their measurements to their common beaconsand applying the triangle inequality. Kleinberg, Slivkins and Wexler [FOCS 2004] initiated a theoretical study of triangulation in metric spaces, and Slivkins [PODC 2005] subsequently showed that metrics of bounded doubling dimension admit a triangulation thatapproximates arbitrarily well all pairwise distances using only O(log n) beacons per point, where n is the number of points in the network. He then asked whether this term is necessary (for doubling metrics). We provide the first lower bounds on the number of beacons required for a triangulation in some specific simple networks. In particular, these bounds (i) answer Slivkins' question positively, even for one-dimensional metrics, and (ii) prove that, up to constants, Slivkins' triangulation achieves an optimal number of beacons (as a function of the approximation guarantee and the doubling dimension).
Synthesis and Study of New Cyclic Boronate Additives for Lithium Battery Electrolytes

Two novel boronate compounds, 2-(pentafluorophenyl)-tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole (1) and 2-(pentafluorophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (2). have been synthesized as additives for lithium battery electrolytes. These cyclic boronate compounds have a much more significant effect on conductivity enhancement of LiF salt in dimethoxyethene (DME) or ethyl carbonate-dimethyl carbonate (EC-DMC) than either borane or borate additives we previously synthesized. The conductivity of a composite electrolyte containing compound 1 and LiF has reached 9.54 X 10 -3 S/cm in DME and 4.79 × 10 3 S/cm in EC-DMC (1:2). This is due to the lower molecular weight and less steric hindrance effects of compound 1. In the case of compound 2, the enhanced performance also comes from the improved solubility in polar solvents. Composite electrolytes containing LiF and either compound 1 or compound 2 have excellent electrochemical stability in the EC-DMC solvent, with respective electrochemical windows of 4.05 and 5.1 V. The composite electrolyte containing LiF and compound 2 shows high cycling efficiency and cyclability in both Li/LiMn 2 O 4 and Li/LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 cells.
Finite Element Model Tuning Using Measured Mass Properties and Ground Vibration Test Data

A simple and efficient approach for tuning finite element models to match computed frequencies, mode shapes, and mass properties to the experimental data is introduced in this study. The model tuning procedure proposed in this study is based on a series of optimizations. This approach has been successfully applied to create an equivalent beam finite element model for the X-37 drogue chute test fixture with the X-planes pylon. The goal was a simple model capable of being analyzed in a captive carry configuration with the B-52H mother ship. This study has shown that natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes, and mass properties from the updated finite element model achieved at the final optimization iteration have excellent agreement with corresponding measured data.
Exploiting VoIP softphone vulnerabilities to disable host computers: Attacks and mitigation

Abstract As increasing numbers of people run VoIP softphones on their laptops and smartphones, vulnerabilities in VoIP protocols and systems introduce new threats to the computer systems that run VoIP softphones. This paper investigates key threats that target VoIP hosts and techniques for mitigating the threats. In particular, this paper shows that crafted SIP traffic can disable a Windows XP host that runs a Vonage VoIP softphone or a Linphone by consuming almost all the free memory within minutes. While this “noisy attack” can be effectively mitigated by threshold-based filtering, the paper demonstrates that a “stealthy attack” can be launched to defeat threshold-based filtering and disable the host computer without ever ringing the softphone. To mitigate the stealthy attack, the paper describes a limited context aware filtering approach that leverages the context and SIP protocol information to ascertain the intentions of a SIP message on behalf of the client. Experiments demonstrate that limited context aware filtering can effectively defeat a stealthy attack while allowing legitimate VoIP traffic and calls to go through.
Chance identification of synchronous hairy cell leukemia and plasma cell myeloma in a potential HSC donor.

![Figure][1] A 65-year-old man, with no previous significant complete blood count findings and no preexisting concern for hematopoietic malignancy, presented for baseline bone marrow evaluation as a potential donor for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant for his brother, a patient with
Hash coding with a non‐unique search key

This paper defines a hash coding model for non-unique search keys and derives the expected number of accesses needed to retrieve all desired records from a computer storage device. The assumption that the records are stored on the basis of a non-unique key is often realized in information retrieval environments. The model assumes that the hashing algorithm and, should a collision occur, the skipping algorithm, both distribute the records randomly in memory. The results of this analysis are compared with those from a simulation in which the randomness criterion is not strictly met.
Ballot access restrictions and candidate entry in elections

Abstract In many states of the United States, candidates must meet certain requirements in order to be listed on the ballot. Such requirements include filing fees and minimum number of collected signatures. Incumbents have incentives to use these requirements to protect themselves from competition by reducing entry of potential challengers. To date, there is very little evidence regarding whether such requirements have negative consequences for candidate competition in elections and challenger entry into electoral races. This paper examines the impact of filing fees and signature requirements on the number of candidates in U.S. state races in state Lower House elections in 1998 and 2000. The findings show that higher filing fees reduce both the number of major-party and minor-party candidates. However, filing fees are more effective in deterring minor-party candidates from contesting political office than major-party candidates. More stringent signature requirements reduce the number of major-party candidates.
Integrated multi-LED array with three-dimensional polymer waveguide for optogenetics

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) flexible micro light emitting diode (μ-LED) array for optogenetics. The array integrates individually addressable μ-LED chips with out-of-plane polymer-based microscale waveguides for deep brain optical stimulation. SU-8 waveguides were fabricated using a backside exposure method. A wafer-level assembly technique was demonstrated, which permits large scale, high-density system integration. The electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of the 3-D multi-LED array were characterized experimentally. This study lays the foundation to achieve a fully implantable optogenetics-based stimulator that enables high spatial resolution and precise stimulation of the target neurons.
Sertraline Treatment of Transition-Associated Anxiety and Agitation in Children with Autistic Disorder

The intolerance of children with autistic disorder to changes in their routine or environment is well known, typically presenting with acute symptoms of anxiety, panic, irritability, or agitation. In a clinical sample of children (6-12 years old) with autistic disorder and transition-induced behavioral deterioration, 8 of 9 patients showed a clinically significant improvement in response to sertraline treatment. Only one child was taking concurrent psychotropic medication. Therapeutic doses were surprisingly low in all cases (25-50 mg daily), with a clinical response appearing generally in 2-8 weeks. Adverse effects were minimal (one child developed stomachaches), except for apparent sertraline-induced behavioral worsening in 2 children when their doses were raised to 75 mg daily. In 3 children, an initial satisfactory clinical response appeared to diminish after 3-7 months of treatment, despite steady or increased doses. In 6 patients, the beneficial effects persisted throughout the several-month follow-up period. Only four of the children's families were identified as having mood and/or anxiety disorders. This open-label study suggests that short-term sertraline treatment may reduce the behavioral reactions seen in association with situational transitions or environmental changes in children with autistic disorder, though the beneficial effect may be only temporary in some children. Our experience suggests that small doses of sertraline may be effective and that some children may require divided doses of sertraline during the day. Controlled studies are needed to determine the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of sertraline in treating this "need for sameness," both in short-term and long-term studies of children with autistic disorder.
Infra-red photography in the diagnosis of vascular tumors

Abstract Infra-red photography is a valuable method of investigation in the diagnosis of vascular cutaneous tumors in the living, when the presence of blood is doubtful.
Air broadening of the hydrogen halides—I. N2-broadening and shifting in the HCl fundamental

The resolvent operator formalism of Kolb, Griem (1964), and Baranger (1962) is used to determine the widths and shifts of the fundamental band vibration-rotation lines of HCl under N2 pressure. Time-development operator matrix elements are evaluated accounting for all bilinear and second order anisotropic terms, in addition to isotropic effects to all orders. The method employs the use of a parabolic trajectory model and explicit velocity averaging. The major contributions to the linewidths are found to arise from dipole-quadrupole, quadrupole-quadrupole, and vibrationally dependent isotropic dispersion forces. Good overall agreement is found between calculated and measured widths and linewidths over a 163-295 K temperature range.
Nuclear energy: Public controversies and the analysis of risks

Abstract Energy is a social concept, the product of social, economic, and political processes that define certain raw materials as resources and thus convert them into usable energy. Like all social concepts, energy is controversial. Out of a wide range of controversies, three are selected for analysis here: 1. (1) the relationship of nuclear power systems to nuclear weapons proliferation; 2. (2) the risks of terrorism and sabotage associated with the operation of nuclear power facilities, including threats to civil liberties; and 3. (3) the problems associated with the long-term management of radioactive wastes. The final section of the paper describes various modes of analyzing risks and the perception of risks. It is concluded that it may take many decades to learn whether nuclear energy is as natural a source of electrical power as wells are of drinking water, or whether nuclear energy is a horror that mankind in the 1980s or 1990s took a hard look at and then backed away.
Determination of a mass isotope effect on Tc in an electron-donor-based organic superconductor, κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2, where ET represents bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene

Abstract We describe the first determination of a genuine mass isotope effect on T c arising from the isotopic substitution of atoms in the ET [bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene] molecule of an electron-donor-based organic superconductor, κ-(ET) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 ( T c = 9.6 K, inductive onset). The isotopic substitution in the ET molecule involves concurrent replacement of the four carbon atoms in the terminal 1,2-ethanediyl groups with 13 C and all eight sulfuir atoms with 34 S. This substitution, 13 C(4) 34 S8), increases the mass of the ET molecule by 20 amu, which is a 5% increase in the normal mass. With the use of AC susceptibility measurements on a large sampling of single crystals, including both undeuterated and fully deuterated salts, we obtain ΔT c = −0.12 ± 0.05 K for this isotope effect. Assuming a BCS-like mass effect with ET as the relevant mass entity ( M ), this effect gives α = 0.26 ± 0.11 for T c αM − α . Additionally, our experiments with fully deuterated κ-(ET) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 ( 2 H replacing eight hydrogen atoms in ET) confirm the occurrence of a large inverse isotope effect for the deuteration, and yield the first definitive value for this effect, ΔT c = +0.28 ± 0.06 K. The isotope effect for 13 C(4) 34 S(8) substitution, however, is unaffected by deuteration. Contrary to an earlier report by others, we find a zero isotope effect within ±0.06 K for 13 C(4) substitution alone.
Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XXIII: Control of infection to reduce the prevalence of infantile and childhood malnutrition

Malnutrition is due to many complex and interacting factors, both biologic and social. This may be why so little has been accomplished in the global efforts to reduce its prevalence and impact. The greatest burden of malnutrition falls on the youngest members of society, and in these infants and children it is closely associated with infectious diseases. Because of multiple effects on host nutrition and metabolism, infections result in nutritional deterioration that must be corrected during convalescence. When this is precluded by limitations in the adequacy and availability of food, and infections are frequent, progressive deterioration in nutritional status occurs, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Measures that reduce the prevalence and nutritional consequences of infection are the most feasible and cost-effective interventions to improve nutritional status of young children at the present time. These measures include immunization, oral rehydration programs for diarrheal disease, promotion of breast feeding, continued feeding during infection, development of adequate weaning foods from mixtures of available local commodities, specific nutrient fortification, growth monitoring, improved environmental sanitation and water supplies, and education. The first seven measures can be introduced immediately in all societies and are basic elements of effective primary health care. The last two, which promise the greatest return in benefits, are the most costly and most difficult to implement. Malnutrition and infection are inseparable and the measures to deal with the former must effect a reduction in the latter if they are to succeed.
Uncontrollable Stress Potentiates Morphine’s Rewarding Properties

Abstract Strategies used to explore the role of stressors in drug addiction include measuring stressor’s effects on drug’s rewarding properties. The current investigation explored the effect of an acute stressor on morphine conditioned place preference. Twenty-four hours following either inescapable tail shock or home-cage control treatment, all subjects were conditioned with morphine (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg SC) over 2 days, and later tested for conditioned place preference. Inescapably shocked subjects demonstrated a potentiated place preference compared to controls. The inescapable shock-induced potentiated place preference developed even when conditioning was delayed until 6 and 7 days following the stressor, while no longer occurring after a 14- and 15-day interval. The potentiation was not a result of reduced locomotion in the inescapably shocked subjects, as activity in inescapably shocked and home-cage control subjects was the same following “mock” saline conditioning. Furthermore, the anxiogenic methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM) (0.3 mg/kg IP), which produces effects similar to those produced by inescapable shock, also potentiated morphine place preference. In addition, the potentiation in inescapably shocked subjects was dependent upon the stressor’s uncontrollability, as identical escapable shock did not potentiate place preference above control subjects. Finally, the inescapable shock-induced potentiated place preference was drug specific, as amphetamine place preference was not affected.
HOST GENETIC CONTROL OF RECOVERY FROM FRIEND LEUKEMIA VIRUS-INDUCED SPLENOMEGALY Mapping of a Gene Within the Major Histocompatability Complex

The influence of the major mouse histocompatibility gene complex (H-2) on the response of mice to Friend leukemia virus was studied in F(1) congenic mice differing only at genes within the H-2 complex. F(1) mice which were H-2(b/b) had a high incidence of recovery from splenomegaly compared to H-2(b/d) or H-2(b/a) mice. In mice with recombinations within the H-2 complex a gene (designated RFV-1), responsible for the Friend virus recovery effect, was found to map near or within the D region of serologically detectable transplantation antigens. Because the incidence of recovery was much higher in F(1)H-2(b/b) mice than in parental H-2(b/b) mice, other non-H-2 host genetic factors also appear to be important to expression of recovery in H-2(b/b) F(1) mice. The mechanisms of action of these genes remain unknown.
Chondrogenesis from single limb mesenchyme cells

Abstract It is believed that cell-cell interaction between mesenchyme cells is involved in the initiation of chondrogenesis, based largely on the inability of limb mesenchyme cells to differentiate into cartilage unless cultures are inoculated at densities greater than confluency. The present study describes a culture situation in which single limb mesenchyme cells either in or on type I collagen gels are shown to differentiate into cartilage, as defined by the appearance of a pericellular alcian blue staining matrix, intracellular type II collagen (demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibody), and clonable cartilage cells. Because the differentiation of cartilage cells from single mesenchyme cells occurs only when the cells are in a round configuration, it is proposed that cell shape changes are one factor that can mediate effects of cell-cell interaction on differentiation.
Gliding motility of algae is unaffected by cytochalasin B

The effect of the antibiotic cytochalasin B on gliding motility of Oscillatoria and Navicula was studied using time lapse microcinematography. Contrary to its effects on many other non-muscle motile systems, cytochalasin B did not significantly inhibit motility.
Coverage optimization in continuous space facility siting

Facility placement and associated service coverage are major concerns in urban and regional planning. In this paper an approach is detailed for the problem of covering spatial demand for service, where potential facilities are located in the continuous plane. It is shown that weighted demand, represented as points, lines or polygons, can be optimally served by a finite number of potential facility locations, called the polygon intersection point set (PIPS). The developed approach is an extension of a point-based abstraction of demand to more general representations (e.g. points, lines or polygons). An empirical analysis of warning siren siting in Ohio is carried out, highlighting the applicability of this approach.