cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microcellular foams prepared from demixed polymer solutions

Low-density, microcellular polymer foams have numerous applications as structural supports in high-energy physics experiments, in catalysis, ion exchange, and filtration, and for a variety of biomedical uses. A versatile method to prepare such foams is by thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) of polymer solutions. Demixed solutions can be transformed into a foam by freezing the demixed solution and removing the solvent by freeze-drying. The morphology of these foams is determined by the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase separation. A model of both the early and late stage structure development for demixed polymer solutions will be presented. For semi-crystalline polymers, gels can be prepared by crystallizing the polymer from solution, either a homogeneous solution or a demixed solution. Foams can be prepared from these gels by the super-critical extraction of the solvent. By understanding and utilizing the phase separation behavior of polymer solutions, engineered microcellular foams can be prepared. To design the foams for any application one must be able to characterize their morphology. Results will be presented on the morphological characterization of these foams and the relationship of the morphology to their processing history.
Tubers from leaf-bud cuttings: A tool for potato seed certification and breeding programs

The use of leaf-bud cuttings as a tool for rapid clonal increase was studied in 6 cultivars. Small tubers were obtained directly from leaf-bud cuttings maintained for 7 weeks in sand-filled pots or benches. The tubers ranged in size up to 1 1/4 inches (3cm) in diameter. The number of leaf-bud cuttings ranged from 37 to 288, depending on size of mother plant. They averaged 114 cuttings. Almost all of the leaf-bud cuttings produced tubers. The procedure is fast, simple, and provides for rapid increase of selected stocks.
JS-K, a nitric oxide prodrug, has enhanced cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells with knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1.

Background The selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase 1 has a complex role relating to cell growth. It is induced as a component of the cellular response to potentially mutagenic oxidants, but also appears to provide growth advantages to transformed cells by inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, selenocysteine-deficient or alkylated forms of thioredoxin reductase 1 have also demonstrated oxidative, pro-apoptotic activity. Therefore, a greater understanding of the role of thioredoxin reductase in redox initiated apoptotic processes is warranted. Methodology The role of thioredoxin reductase 1 in RKO cells was evaluated by attenuating endogenous thioredoxin reductase 1 expression with siRNA and then either inducing a selenium-deficient thioredoxin reductase or treatment with distinct redox challenges including, hydrogen peroxide, an oxidized lipid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenol, and a nitric oxide donating prodrug. Thioredoxin redox status, cellular viability, and effector caspase activity were measured. Conclusions/Significance In cells with attenuated endogenous thioredoxin reductase 1, a stably integrated selenocysteine-deficient form of the enzyme was induced but did not alter either the thioredoxin redox status or the cellular growth kinetics. The oxidized lipid and the nitric oxide donor demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity when thioredoxin reductase 1 was knocked-down; however, the effect was more pronounced with the nitric oxide prodrug. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that attenuation of the thioredoxin-system can promote apoptosis in a nitric oxide-dependent manner.
Skull burns resulting in calvarial defects: cognitive and affective outcomes.

Abstract Objective To determine the extent of cognitive and affective difficulties experienced in children with full thickness burns of the calvaria caused by flame and electrical sources. Methods Medical records were examined retrospectively to identify patients with full thickness burns of the calvaria. Data were reviewed from the acute period and long term for these patients and their matched controls. Results Fourteen children were identified who sustained full thickness burns. The average age of injury was 7.1 ± 7.3 years and average percent TBSA was 39.7 ± 26.3. Of these 14 patients, 8 were under the age of 4 years at the time of injury and suffered flame injuries. Six children were over 11 years old at injury and suffered electrical burns. Imaging was performed on 10 patients acutely and revealed 5 with major brain injury. The youngest patients suffering flame injuries experienced significant difficulty with developmental functioning acutely and a trend towards long-term cognitive difficulty. Older children did not differ from their matched controls at any time. Conclusions Children with burns to the calvarium can be at risk for affective and cognitive sequalae. Therefore, we recommend comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations at multiple time points to adequately assess functioning across time.
Molecular asymmetry of Π-allylic compounds of transition metals: A variable temperature PMR investigation on ammine derivatives of unsymmetrically substituted Π-allyl palladium complexes

Abstract The pmr spectra of unsymmetrically substituted π-allylPdClamine complexes (amine = (S)-α-phenylethylamine, benzylamine) are temperature dependent. The epimerization or racemization of these compounds, differently from the analogous π-allyl and π-methallyl complexes is interpreted in terms of σ, π-equilibrium.
Effect of twin-boundary pinning on flux-lattice melting in YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract The observed reduction of critical currents with Fe doping in YBa2Cu3O7−δ can be explained by the reduction of the flux lattice melting temperature with doping. A quantitative comparison to theory suggests that the flux lattice interacts predominantly with twin boundaries, and that the flux lattice correlation length is approximately ten times the average twin spacing.
Elastic symmetry analysis of anatomical structures

We introduce a framework for analyzing symmetry of 3D anatomical structures using elastic deformations of their boundaries (surfaces). The basic idea is to define a space of parameterized surfaces and to compute geodesic paths between the objects and their arbitrary reflections using a Riemannian structure. Elastic matching, based on optimal (non-linear) re-parameterizations (grid deformations) of surfaces, provides a better registration of points across shapes, as compared to the commonly-used linear registrations. A crucial step of orientation alignment, akin to finding planes of symmetry, is performed as a search for shortest geodesic paths. This framework is fully automatic and provides a measure of symmetry, the nearest symmetric shape and the optimal deformation to make an object symmetric. We demonstrate this framework through multiple toy examples on simple and complicated surfaces. We also explore the use of symmetry analysis in differentiating between healthy and subjects with Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder.
The SH2 Domain–Containing Proteins in 21 Species Establish the Provenance and Scope of Phosphotyrosine Signaling in Eukaryotes

The Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are participants in metazoan signal transduction, acting as primary mediators for regulated protein-protein interactions with tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates. Here, we describe the origin and evolution of SH2 domain proteins by means of sequence analysis from 21 eukaryotic organisms from the basal unicellular eukaryotes, where SH2 domains first appeared, through the multicellular animals and increasingly complex metazoans. On the basis of our results, SH2 domains and phosphotyrosine signaling emerged in the early Unikonta, and the numbers of SH2 domains expanded in the choanoflagellate and metazoan lineages with the development of tyrosine kinases, leading to rapid elaboration of phosphotyrosine signaling in early multicellular animals. Our results also indicated that SH2 domains coevolved and the number of the domains expanded alongside protein tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases, thereby coupling phosphotyrosine signaling to downstream signaling networks. Gene duplication combined with domain gain or loss produced novel SH2-containing proteins that function within phosphotyrosine signaling, which likely have contributed to diversity and complexity in metazoans. We found that intra- and intermolecular interactions within and between SH2 domain proteins increased in prevalence along with organismal complexity and may function to generate more highly connected and robust phosphotyrosine signaling networks.
Position and length operators in a theory with minimal length

Relations between the notions of fundamental and minimal lengths, and duality, in a system with minimal length uncertainty relations are examined. Self-adjoint versions of operators relevant to the problem, and their spectra, are analyzed in detail.
Cyclopropylcarbinyl --> homoallyl-type ring opening of ketyl radical anions. Structure/reactivity relationships and the contribution of solvent/counterion reorganization to the intrinsic barrier.

Following a protocol developed by Mathivanan, Johnston, and Wayner (J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 8190−8195), the radical anions of several cyclopropyl- and oxiranyl-containing carbonyl compounds were generated in an effort to measure the rate constants for their ring opening (ko) by laser flash photolysis. The results of these experiments are compared to those obtained from earlier electrochemical studies, and the combined data set is used to rationalize the kinetics of radical anion ring opening in a general context by using Saveant's theory pertaining to stepwise dissociative electron transfer (Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 455−461). Compared to cyclopropylcarbinyl → homoallyl rearrangements of neutral free radicals, at comparable driving force, the radical anion ring openings are slightly slower. The small difference in rate is attributed to the contribution of an additional, approximately 2 kcal/mol, solvent reorganization component for the radical anion rearrangements. The solvent reorganization energy for r...
The Maize Mixed-Linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-Glucan Polysaccharide Is Synthesized at the Golgi Membrane

With the exception of cellulose and callose, the cell wall polysaccharides are synthesized in Golgi membranes, packaged into vesicles, and exported to the plasma membrane where they are integrated into the microfibrillar structure. Consistent with this paradigm, several published reports have shown that the maize (Zea mays) mixed-linkage (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-D-glucan, a polysaccharide that among angiosperms is unique to the grasses and related Poales species, is synthesized in vitro with isolated maize coleoptile Golgi membranes and the nucleotide-sugar substrate, UDP-glucose. However, a recent study reported the inability to detect the beta-glucan immunocytochemically at the Golgi, resulting in a hypothesis that the mixed-linkage beta-glucan oligomers may be initiated at the Golgi but are polymerized at the plasma membrane surface. Here, we demonstrate that (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-D-glucans are detected immunocytochemically at the Golgi of the developing maize coleoptiles. Further, when maize seedlings at the third-leaf stage were pulse labeled with [(14)C]O(2) and Golgi membranes were isolated from elongating cells at the base of the developing leaves, (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-D-glucans of an average molecular mass of 250 kD and higher were detected in isolated Golgi membranes. When the pulse was followed by a chase period, the labeled polysaccharides of the Golgi membrane diminished with subsequent transfer to the cell wall. (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-D-Glucans of at least 250 kD were isolated from cell walls, but much larger aggregates were also detected, indicating a potential for intermolecular interactions with glucuronoarabinoxylans or intermolecular grafting in muro.
Comparative IR study of nitric oxide reactions with sublimed layers of iron(II)- and ruthenium(II)-meso-tetraphenylporphyrinates.

The interactions of nitric oxide gas with thin layers of FeII(TPP) and RuII(TPP), obtained by sublimation onto low-temperature substrate (77 K), has been investigated by means of IR spectroscopy (TPP = meso-tetraphenylporphyrinate). Only simple addition of NO to form Fe(TPP)(NO) is observed for the iron−porphyrin FeII(TPP), while, in contrast, RuII(TPP) promotes NO disproportionation to form the nitrosyl−nitrito complex Ru(TPP)(NO)(ONO) and N2O. Thin layers of Fe(TPP)(NO) are inert to further reaction with excess NO; however, the nitrosyl−nitro complex Fe(TPP)(NO)(NO2) is readily formed when traces of dioxygen are added to the NO atmosphere. When the NO2 concentrations in the NO/NO2 mixture are relatively high, the nitrato complex Fe(TPP)(NO3) is also formed. Spectral data are given indicating that moderate shifts in the nitrosyl stretching frequency of Fe(TPP)(NO) are due to crystal packing effects, rather than to the H-bonding of coordinated NO with protic contaminants suggested in an earlier publicatio...
Evaluation of secondary causes of bone loss in a primary care setting.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and laboratory work-up for secondary causes of bone loss in a primary care setting.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of 100 patient...
Fatal Ascending Tonic-Clonic Seizure Syndrome

A fatal case of ascending tonic-clonic seizure (ATCS) syndrome resulted from the inadvertent, unrecognized use of a hyperosmolar ionic contrast agent during myelography. The patient presented with lower-extremity myoclonic jerking, agitation, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Emergency physicians must be cognizant of this unique toxidrome to initiate early, aggressive care.
Design and Synthesis of a 3,4-Dehydroproline Amide Discovery Library

The synthesis of a discovery library of 80 3,4-dehydroproline amides was achieved in a four-step reaction sequence from easily accessible 3-aminoallene-3-carboxylate methyl esters. Diversification of these proline mimics was introduced at five different sites: the substituents at the 3-pyrroline unit (R1, R2, R3), at the nitrogen (R4), and the C-terminus (R5). The 3-pyrroline scaffold was synthesized in excellent yields by a silver-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of aminoallenes, followed by N-functionalization reactions. Maximum diversity was introduced in the final step of the reaction sequence by taking advantage of the carboxylic acid handle of the 3-pyrroline subunit. Amide coupling reactions using polystyrene-carbodiimide (PS-carbodiimide) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) under microwave irradiation led to 3,4-dehydroproline amides that were obtained in purities greater than 85% by LC/MS/ESLD after scavenging the excess HOBt on a silica-bound carbonate SPE cartridge.
A detailed analysis of methylmalonic acid kinetics during hemodialysis and after combined liver/kidney transplantation in a patient with mut 0 methylmalonic acidemia

End stage kidney disease is a well-known complication of methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), and can be treated by dialysis, kidney transplant, or combined kidney-liver transplant. While liver and/or kidney transplantation in MMA may reduce the risk of metabolic crisis and end-organ disease, it does not fully prevent disease-related complications. We performed detailed metabolite and kinetic analyses in a 28-year-old patient with mut 0 MMA who underwent hemodialysis for 6 months prior to receiving a combined liver/kidney transplant. A single hemodialysis session led to a 54 % reduction in plasma methylmalonic acid and yielded a plasma clearance of 103 ml/min and VD0.48 L/kg, which approximates the total body free water space. This was followed by rapid reaccumulation of methylmalonic acid over 24 h to the predialysis concentration in the plasma. Following combined liver/kidney transplantation, the plasma methylmalonic acid was reduced to 3 % of pre-dialysis levels (6,965 ± 1,638 (SD) μmol/L and 234 ± 100 (SD) μmol/L) but remained >850× higher than the upper limit of normal (0.27 ± 0.08 (SD) μmol/L). Despite substantial post-operative metabolic improvement, the patient developed significant neurologic complications including acute worsening of vision in the setting of pre-existing bilateral optic neuropathy, generalized seizures, and a transient, focal leukoencephalopathy. Plasma methylmalonic acid was stable throughout the post-operative course. The biochemical parameters exhibited by this patient further define the whole body metabolism of methylmalonic acid in the setting of dialysis and subsequent combined liver/kidney transplant.
Far infrared impurity absorption in a quantum well

Abstract We have calculated the energy and lineshape of the 1s → 2px,y transition for a hydrogenic impurity located in a quantum well. Due to the dependence of the transition energy on the impurity location, the absorption lineshape is very sensitive to the doping profile. The spectrum, in general, exhibits two peaks, arising from impurities located near the center and the edges of the well.
Landmark studies: the Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Collaborative Group (ANZ) Trial and the US Carvedilol Trials Program

The safety, tolerability, and hemodynamic effects of carvedilol in patients with heart failure were first studied in the mid 1990s. Positive results in these early trials led to 5 prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials-the Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Collaborative Group (ANZ) study and the 4 component studies of the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Trials Program. These studies were conducted to determine the clinical impact of long-term carvedilol therapy. Findings from these trials showed that carvedilol is a powerful therapy (1) in patients with chronic heart failure caused by left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, improving morbidity and mortality; and (2) in patients with symptomatic heart failure, improving LV ejection fraction, improving clinical status, and slowing disease progression, resulting in reduction of the combined risk of hospitalization and mortality. This article discusses the design, results, and clinical implications of these trials.
Statistical properties of neuronal spike trains in the substantia nigra: Cell types and their interactions

Summary Spike trains from spontaneously active neurons in the substantia nigra of locally anesthetized, immobilized rats could be included in one of three broad categories, on the basis of the form of their autocorrelation histograms and spike waveforms. Initial brief trough (IBT) cells show a tendency not to fire for 10–50 msec after generation of an action potential. The duration of this period, which is seen as an initial trough in the auto-correlation histogram, is inversely related to firing rate for these neurons. Cells of this type fire repetitively at rates above 15–20/sec, and are found predominantly in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. Initial prolonged trough (IPT) cells have substantially longer initial troughs (60–250 msec) in their auto-correlation histograms, from which firing probability recovers more gradually. IPT cells have a trough length which increases with increasing firing rate for rates below 3–6/sec, the threshold for repetitive firing. They are found in the pars compacta and probably represent the dopaminergic neurons of that area. Bursty cells are much less numerous than cells of the other types, and are found in both parts of the substantia nigra, although about twice as commonly in pars reticulata. They fire in bursts of variable length, and may represent nigral interneurons. Cross-correlations between these different cell types suggest several potential synaptic interactions between neurons intrinsic to the substantia nigra. In addition, the possibility of shared excitatory or inhibitory input to different classes of neurons in the substantia nigra is discussed, as well as the relation of these statistical properties to neuropharmacological and anatomical observations on neurons of the substantia nigra.
TU‐G‐214‐03: Functional Imaging for Radiotherapy Guidance and Treatment Monitoring

Functional imaging in radiotherapy has great promise to guide radiation delivery as well as to monitor response to treatment. Normal tissues as well as tumor tissues may be imaged with functional imaging. This talk will discuss positron emission tomography(PET), single photon emission tomography(SPECT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) in the context of radiation therapy for thoracic and head‐and‐neck cancers.PET for hypoxia imaging presents an especially appealing way to guide dose painting, wherein doses to hypoxic regions may be increased with the aim of achieving local control. This talk will describe PET hypoxia imaging with F18‐FMISO and, importantly, a novel approach that uses kinetic analysis with serial Cu62‐ATSM/PTSM imaging to map the distribution of oxygen availability. Radiotherapy planning incorporating PET hypoxia imaging for tumor local control will be discussed, as well as normal tissue dose avoidance using SPECT perfusion imaging to reduce dose to functionally active healthy tissue. Other than radiotherapy guidance, functional imaging may also be used to monitor response to chemoradiotherapy. Functional images taken during the initial treatment period, if predictive of overall treatment response, allows modification of the treatment plan to improve efficacy. Specifically, this talk will discuss F18‐FDG PET, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI and diffusionMRI to monitor treatment related changes. The intrinsic temporal variability of tumor glucose metabolism versus treatment‐induced changes from chemoradiation will be demonstrated. For reliable utilization of FDG PETimaging in early treatment response assessment, intrinsic variability must be less than treatment‐induced changes. The leakiness of both tumor and normal tissue blood vessels, as measured with the transfer coefficient obtained from DCE‐ MRI, may also be used as a measure of early treatment response. Decreased transfer coefficient values in the tumor may be positively interpreted as corresponding to normalization of vasculature. Conversely, increasing transfer coefficient values in normal tissues likely indicate undesirable damage to vasculature. Increase in the tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (diffusionMRI) signals an expansion in the extracellular space, possibly identifying responders. In summary, this talk will discuss functional imaging in the context of guiding radiotherapy planning as well as treatment monitoring. Learning objectives: 1. Familiarization with the utilization of selected PET,SPECT and MRI techniques in radiotherapy. 2. Functional imaging to guide radiotherapy planning. 3. Treatment response monitoring with functional imaging.
Fieldwork in Forbidden Terrain: The State, Privatization and Human Subjects Regulations

In this paper we explore the intersection of the modern-state and fieldwork practices within the social sciences. Our contention is that during the past decade or so there has been an expansion in forbidden or restricted research terrain that threatens the present and future conduct of social research. We argue that this restriction has been engendered by two related developments: privatization and human subjects regulations. The social and political implications of these trends are considered.
THE KAUFFMAN POLYNOMIALS OF PRETZEL KNOTS

Let ℚ(α, s) be the field of rational functions in α, s. We compute the Kauffman polynomials of pretzel knots [1,6] using the Kauffman skein theory and linear algebra tools. We give a formula for the Kauffman polynomial of a pretzel knot such that after inputting the sequence notation of the pretzel knot, the output is its Kauffman polynomial. Our calculation can be implemented in Mathematica, Maple, Mathcad, etc.
The Ecology of Arabic

In this book Muhammad al-Sharkawi presents his doctoral research, completed at Nijmegen under the supervision of Prof. Kees Versteegh. His aim is to demonstrate that the evolution from Qur'ānic Ara...
The Determination of Residues of Applied Phospholipids and Sodium N-alkyl Sulfates on Rat Skin Using Radioactiye Tracers

Abstract By the use of radioactive tracers the residues of phospholipids and sodium alkyl sulfates applied to rat skin have been determined. The techniques employed are described and the results obtained are tabulated.
Mood specific media use and emotion regulation: Patterns and individual differences

The present study examines moods in which individuals are most likely to utilize various forms of entertainment media and the emotion regulation tendencies that are associated with such preferences. Results of a questionnaire study (n = 229) show that mood specific media use may be captured by three factors: turning to media in a positive mood, in a negative mood or in a bored mood. Findings also show that various forms of difficulty regulating emotion (e.g., feeling out of control when upset) predict media use in negative or bored moods only. More specific analyses show that music use in negative moods is predicted by both positive indices (e.g., reflection tendencies) and negative indices of emotion regulation (e.g., rumination tendencies), while television use in negative moods is only predicted by negative indices of emotion regulation. Results are discussed in light of the psychological needs that selective media use may serve.
Stability of static interfaces in a sinusoidal capillary

Abstract An integral inequality for the Helmholtz free energy in a dynamic, open, multiphase system is developed. It is used to predict the stable, static positions of a fluid-fluid interface in a sinusoidal pore as a function of pressure drop. The effects of contact-angle hysteresis are included. The results show that instabilities can lead to spontaneous adjustment of the contact angle as well as spontaneous movement of the common line. The influence that one interface has upon the stability of another is demonstrated. Possible applications to tertiary oil recovery are noted.
Antidepressant use in nonmajor depression: secondary analysis of a program to encourage active, rewarding lives for seniors (PEARLS), a randomized controlled trial in older adults from 2000 to 2003.

Abstract Background: It is estimated that major depressive disorder affects 0.9% of community-dwelling older adults in the United States. However, as many as 18% of older US adults reportedly suffer from depressive symptoms that do not necessarily fit the criteria for major depressive disorder (eg, dysthmia, minor depression). Objectives: The goals of this study were to describe patterns of antidepressant medication use in older adults with dysthymia or minor depression and to examine factors associated with the use of antidepressants at baseline. Methods: This was a secondary analysis using cross-sectional data collected during a randomized controlled trial conducted from 2000 through 2003. It involved community senior service agencies and in-home visits in Seattle, Washington. Adults aged ≥60 years who had minor depression or dysthymia and were receiving services through community senior service agencies or living in senior public housing were included. Study participants were classified as users or nonusers of antidepressants. Prescription medication use in the past 2 weeks was assessed at baseline and 6 and 12 months. Medication name, dose, and directions were recorded from the medication label. Logistic regression was used to examine variables associated with baseline antidepressant use. Results: A total of 138 patients (mean age, 73.00 years) were included; the majority of study participants were female (779.00%). Overall, 42.33% were nonwhite (34.3% black, 4.4% Asian, 1.5% American Indian/Alaskan Native, 0.7% Hispanic, and 1.5% other). At baseline, 36.2% of study participants (n = 50) were using antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most common class of antidepressants, used by 62.00%, 70.22%, and 71.11% of antidepressant users at baseline, 6, and 12 months, respectively. However, nortriptyline was the most common antidepressant at baseline, taken by 20.00% of antidepressant users. Use of other prescription medications was associated with antidepressant use at baseline. Conclusions: We found antidepressant use to be low in these relatively poor, community-dwelling, ethnically diverse older adults with dysthymia and minor depression in 2000 through 2003, with 36.22% of participants using antidepressants at baseline. Antidepressant users were more likely to be taking other prescription medications than nonusers.
Surface and interface behaviors of Sr-doped lanthanum manganite air electrode in different moisture atmospheres

Abstract Surface and interface reactions of the air electrode with the contacting components of solid oxide cells are essential for the long term operation stability and performance. In this work, an yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte (YSZ)/strontium-doped lanthanum manganite electrode (LSM)/AISI 441 alloy interconnect tri-layer structure has been fabricated in order to simulate the working environment of a real cell with Cr-containing interconnect. The samples are thermally treated in moist air atmospheres (0 vol%, 10 vol%, and 25 vol% moisture) at 800 °C for up to 500 h. The interactions among different cell components are characterized. The LSM air electrode shows slight grain growth but the growth is less in moist atmospheres. High moisture level affects the bonding between the LSM and the YSZ and leads to the formation of small particles on the YSZ surface. The amount of Cr deposition on the LSM surface is slightly more for the samples thermally treated in the moist atmospheres and shows no significant difference between the 10 vol% and 25 vol% moisture air. At the YSZ/LSM interface, La enrichment is significant and facilitates the Cr deposition while Mn depletion occurs. The YSZ surface composition is not strongly affected by the atmosphere.
Observational Cinema: anthropology, film, and the exploration of social life

Observational Cinema: anthropology, film, and the exploration of social life ANNA GRIMSHAW and AMANDA RAVETZ Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2009 198 pp., illus., bibliograp...
Turbulent collision efficiency of heavy particles relevant to cloud droplets

The collision efficiency of sedimenting cloud droplets in a turbulent air flow is a key input parameter in predicting the growth of cloud droplets by collision-coalescence. In this study, turbulent collision efficiency was directly computed, using a hybrid direct numerical simulation (HDNS) approach (Ayala et al 2007 J. Comput. Phys. 225 51-73). The HDNS results show that air turbulence enhances the collision efficiency partly due to the fact that aerodynamic interactions (AIs) become less effective in reducing the relative motion of droplets in the presence of background air turbulence. The level of increase in the collision efficiency depends on the flow dissipation rate and the droplet size ratio. For example, the collision efficiency between droplets of 18 and 20µm in radii is increased by air turbulence (relative to the stagnant air case) by a factor of 4 and 1.6 at dissipation rates of 400 and 100cm 2 s 3 , respectively. The collision efficiency for self-collisions in a bidisperse turbulent suspension can be larger than one. Such an increase in self-collisions is related to the far- field many-body AI and depends on the volumetric concentration of droplets. The total turbulent enhancement agrees qualitatively with previous results, but differs on a quantitative level. In the case of cross-size collisions between 18 and 20µm droplets, the total turbulent enhancement can be a factor of 7 and 2 at
A Comparison of Leaf Anatomy in Field-grown Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense

Gossypium hirsutum L. (upland cotton) and G. barbadense L. (Pima cotton) are two of the most important fibre producing cotton species in cultivation. When grown side-by-side in the field, G. hirsutum has higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates (Lu et al., 1997. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 24: 693‐700). The present study was undertaken to determine if the diAerences in physiology can be explained by leaf and canopy morphology and anatomy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare the leaf anatomy of field-grown upland (‘Delta’ and ‘Pine Land 50’) and Pima (‘S6’) cotton. Compared to G. hirsutum, mature leaves of G. barbadense are larger and thinner, with a thinner palisade layer. G. barbadense leaves show significant cupping or curling which allows for a more even absorption of insolation over the course of the day and much more light penetration into the canopy. Although G. barbadense leaves have a 70‐78% higher stomatal density on both the abaxial and the adaxial surfaces, its stomates are only one third the size of those of G. hirsutum. This results in G. barbadense having only about 60% of the stomatal surface area per leaf surface area compared to G. hirsutum. These results are indicative of the anatomical and physiological diAerences that may limit the yield potential of G. barbadense in certain growing environments. # 2000 Annals of Botany Company
Continuous performance monitoring for large-scale parallel applications

Traditional performance analysis techniques are performed after a parallel program has completed. In this paper, we describe an online method for continuously monitoring the performance of a parallel program, specifically the fraction of the time spent in various activities as the program executes. Our implementation of both a visualization client and the parallel performance framework that gathers utilization data are described. The data gathering uses a scalable and asynchronous reduction with an appropriate lossless compressed data format. The overheads in the initial system are low, even when run on thousands of processors. The data gathering occurs in an out-of-band communication mechanism, interleaving itself transparently with the execution of the parallel application by leveraging a message-driven runtime system.
Older Learners in SLA Research: A First Look at Working Memory, Feedback, and L2 Development

A great deal of research into second-language (L2) development focuses on the role of cognitive factors and other individual differences. Studies of children and prime-of-life adult L2 learners suggest that differences exist in the learning processes of these groups. However, to date, little empirical work has been conducted with older adult learners. In this article we argue that older adults’ L2 learning aptitudes, processes, and outcomes merit investigation. We present interaction and working memory (WM) research as a case in point and then, as a preliminary illustration, report on a small-scale study of nine older adults, age 65–89, who were native speakers of Spanish learning English as a second language. These learners carried out communicative tasks with native speakers of English, who provided interactional feedback in response to nontargetlike question forms. Interestingly, the only older learners who showed L2 development were those with the highest scores on a first-language listening-span test of WM. We conclude by proposing that larger scale longitudinal research into the often overlooked population of older L2 learners is likely to shed interesting light on important questions concerning WM and learning processes in the field of second language acquisition.
Effect of density reduction on uinta ground squirrels : Analysis of life table response experiments

The effects of natural or experimental environmental perturbations on pop- ulations can be diverse, simultaneously affecting several life history variables. Population- level responses to such influences frequently are measured as changes in projected popu- lation growth rate (l). Sensitivity and elasticity analyses can be used to quantify the potential influence of small changes in different life history variables on l. When a population is subjected to an experimental treatment, life table response experiment (LTRE) analysis allows decomposition of changes in l into contributions due to observed changes in in- dividual life history variables. We investigated the potential and actual influence of de- mographic characteristics (age at maturity, juvenile and adult survival, fertility, and age at last reproduction) on l of Uinta ground squirrels (Spermophilus armatus) in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA. Ground squirrels were studied in three different habitats, before and after an experimental reduction of population size. Survival and reproduction of squir- rels increased in response to a reduction in population density. Consequently, l increased by at least 21% in two of the three habitats. Population growth rate was potentially most sensitive to changes in age at maturity (a) and fertility. LTRE analysis revealed that a did not change and contributed nothing to changes in l, but changes in fertility were large and contributed most to observed changes in l. Age at last reproduction (v) increased after density reduction but contributed little to observed changes in l because of low sensitivity of l to changes in v. Thus, there was little correspondence between potential influence and actual contributions to observed changes in l. We concluded that some demographic var- iables, notably a, had little environmental or phylogenetic scope for reduction, whereas fertility and to some degree survival rates were considerably more plastic under the ex- perimental treatment. Because LTRE analysis incorporates observed changes in life history variables and also sensitivity of l to these changes, it worked well for quantifying the response of Uinta ground squirrel populations to density manipulation and holds promise for evaluating alternative management strategies in conservation biology.
Psicoestimulantes y potenciadores cognitivos: corteza prefrontal, catecolaminas y trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad

Resumen Los psicoestimulantes ejercen acciones que se caracterizan por calmar la conducta y potenciar la funcion cognitiva en el tratamiento del trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH). En contra de lo que plantearon las opiniones iniciales al respecto, una amplia investigacion ha demostrado que estas acciones no se dan de manera especifica tan solo en el TDAH. Concretamente, cuando se administran en dosis bajas y clinicamente relevantes, los psicoestimulantes mejoran diversos procesos conductuales y cognitivos que dependen de la corteza prefrontal (CPF) en los individuos con o sin TDAH. A pesar del uso clinico realizado desde hace mucho tiempo de estos farmacos, tan solo recientemente han empezado a estudiarse los mecanismos neurales que subyacen en sus acciones de potenciacion cognitiva/terapeuticas. A dosis conductualmente activadoras, los psicoestimulantes producen aumentos notables y generalizados de los niveles extracelulares de catecolaminas cerebrales. En cambio, las dosis de potenciacion cognitiva de los psicoestimulantes ejercen acciones restringidas regionalmente, con elevacion de los niveles de catecolaminas extracelulares y una potenciacion del procesamiento de senales neuronales que se dan de forma preferente en la CPF. Existen otras evidencias que sugieren un papel predominante de los receptores α 2 y D1 de la CPF en las acciones conductuales y electrofisiologicas de los psicoestimulantes administrados en dosis bajas. Estas y otras observaciones indican el papel clave de las catecolaminas de la CPF en las acciones de potenciacion cognitiva y terapeuticas de los psicoestimulantes, asi como de otros farmacos empleados en el tratamiento del TDAH. Esta informacion puede ser de especial interes para el desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos farmacologicos para el TDAH y otros trastornos asociados a la desregulacion de la CPF.
A Godunov-type Finite-Volume Scheme for Flows on the Meso- and Micro-scales

§A Godunov-type finite volume scheme based on unstructured adaptive grids is described for simulating flows on the meso-, micro- and urban-scales. The higher-order spatial accuracy is achieved via gradient reconstruction techniques after van Leer and the total variation diminishing condition is enforced with the help of slope-limiters. A multi-stage explicit Runge-Kutta time marching scheme is implemented for higher-order accuracy in time. The scheme is conservative and exhibits minimal numerical dispersion and diffusion. The sub-grid scale diffusion in the model is parameterized via the Smagorinsky-Lilly turbulence closure. Different benchmark and idealized test cases are simulated for the validation of the numerical scheme.
Increased Prevalence of Precursor Lesions in Familial Pancreatic Cancer Patients

PURPOSE: Histologic findings in 51 pancreata resected from patients with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer were compared with the findings in 40 pancreata resected from patients with sporadic pancreatic cancer. None of the patients in the familial group had a known inherited syndrome other than familial pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Precursor lesions, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), and incipient IPMN, were quantified. Invasive cancers were classified using established histologic criteria. RESULTS: The individual precursor lesions identified in both groups were histologically similar. Precursor lesions were more common in the familial cases than in the sporadic cases. The relative rate of PanINs per square centimeter was 2.75-fold higher (95% confidence interval, 2.05-3.70; adjusted for age) in familial compared with sporadic cases. PanIN-3 lesions were more common in familial versus sporadic pancreatic cancer patients (relative rate, 4.20; 95% confidence interval, 2.22-7.93; adjusted for age). High-grade incipient IPMNs were only observed in the familial cases. Nine of the 51 (18%) familial pancreatic cancers and 4 of the 40 (10%) sporadic cancers arose in association with an IPMN. No significant differences were found in the types of invasive cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive precursor lesions are more common in patients with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer than in patients with sporadic disease, and precursor lesions are of a higher grade in patients with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer. These findings can form a basis for the design of screening tests for the early detection of pancreatic neoplasia. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7737-43).
Jigsaw: efficient, low-effort mashup isolation

A web application often includes content from a variety of origins. Securing such a mashup application is challenging because origins often distrust each other and wish to expose narrow interfaces to their private code and data. Jigsaw is a new framework for isolating these mashup components. Jigsaw is an extension of the JavaScript language that can be run inside standard browsers using a Jigsaw-to-JavaScript compiler. Unlike prior isolation schemes that require developers to specify complex, error-prone policies, Jigsaw leverages the well-understood public/private keywords from traditional object-oriented languages, making it easy for a domain to tag internal data as externally visible. Jigsaw provides strong iframe-like isolation, but unlike previous approaches that use actual iframes as isolation containers, Jigsaw allows mutually distrusting code to run inside the same frame; this allows scripts to share state using synchronous method calls instead of asynchronous message passing. Jigsaw also introduces a novel encapsulation mechanism called surrogates. Surrogates allow domains to safely exchange objects by reference instead of by value. This improves sharing efficiency by eliminating cross-origin marshaling overhead.
Molecular systematics of the enigmatic Middle American genus Vieja (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

The genus Vieja represents a group of heroine cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae) distributed on the Atlantic and Pacific slopes of North and Central America from southern Mexico to Panama. Sixteen species of Vieja are presently recognized; however, based on long-standing taxonomic problems, the genus itself appears to be weakly defined. A number of different generic designations have been proposed for members of Vieja, and recent systematic studies of heroine cichlids have not specifically addressed the validity of the grouping and have not included all species in the genus. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the monophyly of the genus Vieja by including all nominal species in the genus using the mitochondrial encoded cytochrome b gene and nuclear S7-1 intron. Results of Maximum Parsimony, Bayesian inference, and topology tests (constraint tree searches and post-burn-in Bayesian filtering) indicate that the genus is not monophyletic as it is currently recognized. The genus Herichthys was recovered as sister to a clade consisting of a number of Vieja species (V. fenestrata, V. guttulata, V. zonata, V. hartwegi, V. bifasciata, V. breidohri, V. argentea, V. regani, V. melanura, V. synspila, and V. maculicauda, as well as Paraneetroplus bulleri). A clade consisting of V. intermedia, V. godmanni, and V. microphthalma was recovered sister to Theraps. Additionally, V. heterospila and V. tuyrensis were recovered outside of Vieja and Herichthys clades. Based on the results of this comprehensive study, we suggest a revised classification of Vieja species.
Reliability Of Photovoltaic Modules

As part of the U. S. National Photovoltaic Program, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL's) Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project has conducted a comprehensive 10-year research activity addressed to understanding the reliability attributes of terrestrial flat-plate photovoltaic modules, and to developing the technology required to achieve 30-year life (1). This paper provides an overview of the reliability issues and progress, and highlights the design, analysis, and test tools generated to achieve the high levels of reliability necessary for future large-scale terrestrial applications. Much of the technology is also directly applicable to the large space arrays currently under consideration for use in extraterrestrial applications.
Rational suicide and the terminally ill cancer patient

In recent years societal attitudes toward suicide among the terminally ill have become increasingly tolerant. These sentiments have become embodied in “Rational Suicide” movements. The central underlying premise of the rational suicide position is that terminally ill patients (of which the cancer patient has served as the prototypal case) have a greater propensity for suicide growing out of their desire to escape overwhelming pain and despair. This assumption is found to be unsubstantiated when examined in light of existing statistical and clinical data. In addition, the implications of providing legal sanctions to safeguard the right of the terminally ill to end their own lives are explored.
Optimal Science Lab Design: Impacts of Various Components of Lab Design on Students' Attitudes Toward Lab

Variations in science lab design can differentially impact student learning. Quantification of these differential impacts can be used in modeling – an approach we term “optimal lab design.” In this study we estimated relative influences of six characteristics of lab design on students’ attitudes toward science labs in three different first-year college biology lab courses (USA). We used two end-of-semester surveys. The first had students choose their favorite and least favorite lab and answer questions associated with the six characteristics and their choices. The second had students provide an overall rating of each lab and a rating based on their perception of the degree to which the six characteristics impacted the lab. Results of the two assessments were similar and indicated the following: Total Student Attitude = 0.39 Exciting + 0.25 Time Efficient + 0.15 Not Difficult + 0.10 Lecture Help + 0.08 Experimental + 0.03 Open-Ended.