cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetal bone marrow as a source of stem cells for in utero or postnatal transplantation.

We examined the potential of human fetal bone marrow (FBM) as a source of haematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. The median number of cells obtained between 20 and 24 weeks' gestation was 1·9 × 109 and a median 1·17 × 108 of these cells expressed CD34. Flow cytometry was also used to estimate the content of three different candidate stem cell populations in the tissues older than 20 weeks' gestation. A median 8·8 × 105 CD34++CD38− cells, 1·37 × 106 CD34++CD4+ cells and 2·20 × 106 CD34++CD90+ cells were detected. The content of colony-forming units culture (CFU-C) in the FBM ranged from 2·8 × 104 to 6·0 × 106 per fetus. The CFU-C content could be expanded 50-fold by culture for 1 week in serum-deprived medium and the growth factors kit ligand and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Positive selection of FBM CD34+/++ cells was achieved using the Baxter Isolex 50 device. An average purity of 82% and yield of up to 19% of CD34+/++ cells was achieved. T cells were depleted by 99·84%. Analysis of candidate stem cell populations and primitive CFU-C suggested a preferential enrichment of these cells over the total population of CD34+/++ cells. All FBM samples were found to be free of microbial contamination at the time of harvest and after selection of CD34+/++ cells. Thus, FBM is a safe source of stem cells. The large number of progenitors and candidate stem cells that can be obtained from FBM makes it suitable for in utero and possibly postnatal transplantation.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares )i s a warm water tuna of conservation concern related to recent declines in abundance reported in various parts of its range. In this work, 24 new microsatellites markers were devel- oped for this species using Illumina paired-end sequencing and a direct 'Seq-to-SSR' approach. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 29 and estimates of expected heterozygosity were from 0.473 to 0.948 (n = 35). Geno- type frequencies at 8 of the microsatellites departed sig- nificantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, possibly reflecting occurrence of null alleles. The remaining 16 loci will be valuable to conservation genetics studies of yel- lowfin tuna.
Surface topography of acetylcholinesterase in Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films

The surface topography of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was studied at the air/aqueous and the air/solid interfaces using the Brewster angle and the atomic force microscopies, respectively. Surfa...
Resveratrol has no effect on lipoprotein profile and does not prevent peroxidation of serum lipids in normal rats.

Trans-resveratrol, one of the antioxidants found in red wine, has been the subject of controversial reports regarding its protective role against cardiovascular diseases. In this study we synthesized trans-resveratrol and injected it to rats (20 and 40 mg/kg body weight, once a day for 21 days, i.p.) to determine its effect on the serum lipid profile. Synthetic trans-resveratrol was an effective antioxidant in vitro against hydroxyl radical (I50 = 33 μM). Resveratrol treatment, however, did not have any effect on either the lipid profile or on Cu+2-dependent formation of thiobarbi-turic-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) from protein-associated lipids. Since the amount of resveratrol used in these experiments was orders of magnitude higher than the amounts found in wine, these results suggest that if resveratrol has any effect against coronary heart diseases, it is not related to its antioxidant role on lipids or to changes in lipoprotein profile.
Effect of resonant laser light upon a fast-atom charge-exchange source

The effect of resonant laser-light upon a charge-exchange source of eV-range sodium atoms is to decrease the Na kinetic energy by about 2 eV. The mechanism probably involves a reduction of the space charge in the low-energy ion precursors. The reduction is caused by electrons created in collisional ionization of laser-excited atoms. This is related to the well-known optogalvanic effect. A knowledge of the existence of this effect can be important for the design of experiments involving laser driven chemistry.
An Improved Hybrid Monte Carlo Method

Abstract The hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm does not completely remove problems with ergodicity in the molecular dynamics trajectories unless the length of each trajectory, τ 0 , is kept shorter than the period of the fastest mode of the system, 2 π / ω max . The correlations which remain when larger values of τ 0 are used may be eliminated by randomizing not only the molecular dynamics velocities but also the length of the trajectory, τ 0 , at the beginning of each new trajectory. This allows τ 0 to be increased to the time scale of the slowest modes in the system, 1/ ω min , and reduces the correlation time (and therefore the computer time used) by a factor of around ω max /2 ω min .
Pemetrexed (Alimta): improving outcomes in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

During the past four decades, chemotherapy has failed to demonstrate a consistent clinical benefit for patients with unresectable or recurrent malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Consequently, there has been no standard chemotherapy nor US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for patients with this disease. The introduction of pemetrexed (Alimta®, Eli Lilly), a multitargeted antifolate agent, has improved the outlook for patients with mesothelioma by demonstrating a positive impact on quality of life and by prolonging survival. Pemetrexed is the first FDA-approved drug for the treatment of MPM. The combination of cisplatin plus pemetrexed is now the standard of care for the treatment of the disease. Furthermore, supplementation with vitamin B12 and folate has vastly improved the toxicity profile of pemetrexed. This article summarizes historical chemotherapy trials in MPM; discusses key features of clinical trial design for MPM; summarizes the results of a landmark Phase III trial of pemetrex...
Pre-hardware optimization of spacecraft image processing software algorithms and hardware implementation

Spacecraft telemetry rates and product complexity have steadily increased over the last decade presenting a problem for real-time processing by ground facilities. This paper proposes a solution to a related problem for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Spacecraft (GOES-8) image data processing and color picture generation (GOES-8 application). The proposed solution is based on a PC platform and synergy of optimized software algorithms and reconfigurable computing hardware (RC) technologies, such as FPGA and DSP. The solution involved porting the GOES-8 application from its Silicon Graphics Inc Workstation/UNIX platform, making minor platform specific changes to the GOES-8 application so that it runs on the PC, benchmarking the various code segments, and implementing the most computing intensive functions in hardware. After pre-hardware optimization steps in the PC environment, the necessity for RC hardware implementation for bottleneck code became more evident. The problem was solved beginning with the methodology described by T. Flatley (AIST-0132-0000, 1999), M. Figueiredo et al (IEEE Comp. Mag., pp. 115-118, 1999), and S. Kizhner (Proc. ION GPS'2000), and implementing a novel methodology for this application. The PC-RC interface bandwidth problem for the class of applications with moderate input-output data rates but large intermediate multi source data streams has been addressed and mitigated. This opens a new class of satellite image processing applications for bottleneck problem solution using RC technologies. The issue of a science algorithm level of abstraction necessary for RC hardware implementation is also described. Selected software functions already implemented in hardware were investigated for applicability in order to create a library of RC functions for ongoing work. A complete class of spacecraft image processing applications development using reconfigurable computing technology to meet real-time requirements, including methodology, performance results and comparison with the existing system, is described in this paper.
What Does a Doctoral Degree in Rehabilitation Counseling Bring to Speech-Language Pathology Programs?

In this paper, I will describe the potential contributions of interdisciplinary studies combining speech-language pathology and rehabilitation counseling in the preparation of future speech-languag...
Mirror, mirror on my boss’s wall: Engaged enactment’s moderating role on the relationship between perceived narcissistic supervision and work outcomes

Addressing both practical and scholarly considerations, we investigated the interactive effects of perceived supervisor narcissism and individual enactment behavior on four relevant self-report work outcomes (i.e. frustration, tension, resource availability, and job performance). We hypothesized that employees with limited enactment behavior would be adversely affected in high supervisor narcissism settings. Conversely, we expected that perceived narcissistic supervision would have little effect on those with active enactment strategies. Across three samples, hypotheses were strongly supported as work frustration (Studies 1 and 3) and tension increased (Studies 1 and 2), and resource availability (Studies 1–3) and job performance (Studies 1–3) decreased for low enactment behavior–high perceived supervisor narcissism employees. Conversely, perceived supervisor narcissism had no significant effect for high enactment employees on any outcome across samples. These findings, when viewed in their entirety, conf...
Resource selection by elk in an agro-forested landscape of northwestern Nebraska

In recent years, elk have begun recolonizing areas east of the Rocky Mountains that are largely agro- forested ecosystems composed of privately owned land where management of elk is an increasing concern due to crop and forage depredation and interspecific disease transmission. We used a Geographic Information System, elk use locations (n = 5013), random locations (n = 25,065), discrete-choice models, and information-theoretic methods to test hypotheses about elk resource selection in an agro-forested landscape located in the Pine Ridge region of northwestern Nebraska, USA. Our objectives were to determine landscape characteristics selected by female elk and identify publicly owned land within the Pine Ridge for potential redistribution of elk. We found distance to edge of cover influenced selection of resources by female elk most and that in areas with light hunting pressure, such as ours, this selection was not driven by an avoidance of roads. Female elk selected resources positioned near ponderosa pine cover types during all seasons, exhibited a slight avoidance of roads during spring and fall, selected areas with increased slope during winter and spring, and selected north- and east-facing aspects over flat areas and areas with south-facing slopes during winter months. We used our models to identified a potential elk redistribution area that had a higher proportion of landcover with characteristics selected by elk in our study area than the current herd areas and more landcover that was publicly owned. With appro- priate management plans, we believe elk within the Poten- tial Elk Redistribution Area would predominantly occupy publicly owned land, which would help minimize crop and forage damage on privately owned lands.
Gaps as Characters in Sequence-Based Phylogenetic Analyses

In the analysis of sequence-based data matrices, the use of different methods of treating gaps has been demonstrated to in? fluence the resulting phylogenetic hypothe? ses (e.g., Eernisse and Kluge, 1993; Vogler and DeSalle, 1994; Simons and Mayden, 1997). Despite this influence, a well-justi? fied, uniformly applied method of treating gaps is lacking in sequence-based phyloge? netic studies. Treatment of gaps varies widely from secondarily mapping gaps onto the tree inferred from base characters
The cuticular proteins of Tenebrio molitor: II. Patterns of synthesis during postembryonic development☆

The program of synthesis for the soluble cuticular proteins of Tenebrio molitor was determined by following the incorporation of labeled leucine after a 4-hr pulse in vivo. Soluble proteins were extracted from labeled cuticles and separated on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels; individual gel slices were counted. The synthetic patterns of larvae and pupae were similar to one another but distinct from the adult pattern. At each stage, the preecdysial pattern was unlike that of postecdysial animals. Distinct periods of synthesis were detected for different proteins. One protein was synthesized and deposited throughout cuticle formation in all three metamorphic stages. One group was synthesized only after ecdysis, while synthesis and secretion of other proteins were restricted to the preecdysial period. Some cuticular proteins never acquired detectable label.
Regeneration and plantlet development from somatic tissues of Aristolochia fimbriata

Aristolochia fimbriata is a small herbaceous perennial in the basal angiosperm family Aristolochiaceae. The family contains diverse floral forms ranging from radial to monosymmetric flowers with a wide variety of insect pollinators. Additionally, Aristolochia species contain secondary metabolites that are important natural toxins and traditional medicines, and are critical to the reproduction of swallowtail butterflies. These characteristics, in combination with the small genome size and short life cycle of A. fimbriata, have prompted further development of this species as a model system to study the evolution of basal angiosperms. As a prerequisite for developing a genetic transformation procedure for Aristolochia, we developed protocols for in vitro plant multiplication, shoot organogenesis, rooting, and acclimation of tissue culture-derived plants. Two varieties of Aristolochia were multiplied in vitro and rooted with 100% efficiency. Shoot regeneration was achieved within 1 month of culture initiation from whole leaf, internodal stem, and petiole explants. The highest regeneration success (97%) was recorded for stem explants. Regenerated and rooted shoots were acclimated to greenhouse conditions and developed flowers within 4 weeks of transplanting.
Adaptively Evolving Probabilities of Genetic Operators

This work is concerned with proposing an adaptive method to dynamically adjust genetic operator probabilities throughout the evolutionary process. The proposed method relies on the individual preferences of each chromosome, rather than the global behavior of the whole population. Hence, each individual carries its own set of parameters, including the probabilities of the genetic operators. The carried parameters undergo the same evolutionary process as the carriers--the chromosomes - do. We call this method Evolved Evolutionary Algorithm (E2A) as it has an additional evolutionary process to evolve control parameters. Furthermore, E2A employs a supplementary mutation operator (DE-mutation) which utilizes the previously overlooked numerical optimization model known as the Differential Evolution to expedite the optimization rate of the genetic parameters. To leverage our previous work, we used Gene Expression Programming (GEP) as a benchmark to determine the performance of our proposed method. Nevertheless, E2A can be easily extended to other genetic programming variants. As the experimental results on a wide array of regression problems demonstrate, the E2A method reveals a faster rate of convergence and provides fitter ultimate solutions. However, to further expose the power of the E2A method, we compared it to related methods using self-adaptation previously applied to Genetic Algorithms. Our benchmarking on the same set of regression problems proves the supremacy of our proposed method both in the accuracy and simplicity of the final solutions.
Cities, Climate Change and Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Localising Global Environmental Science:

This paper explores how city planners engaged with global climate scientists to devise contextually relevant strategies to address the urban heat island effect—a potentially dangerous heat event expected to increase along with global warming. Drawing original data from the New York City Regional Heat Island Initiative, a collaborative effort between scientists and urban planners, the paper highlights how global climate science is `localised' as researchers and policy-makers struggle to make technically legitimate and politically accountable decisions. The paper argues that the localisation of global science often involves a process of co-production, where technical issues are not divorced from their social setting and a diverse set of stakeholders engage in analytical reviews and the crafting of policy solutions. The paper argues that the co-production framework can contribute to more scientifically legitimate and publicly accountable decision-making related to urban climate change.
Minimizing peak power for application chains on architectures with partial dynamic reconfiguration

Power consumption is a key concern on modern reconfigurable architectures. In this paper, we address the problem of minimizing peak power while mapping application task chains onto reconfigurable architectures with partial dynamic reconfiguration capability. Our proposed methodology minimizes peak power for a given timing constraint. It is based on detailed data-parallelism considerations to ensure that tight timing constraints are met. Our methodology generates physically placed task execution schedules and includes selection of a suitable number of data-parallel instances for each task, a suitable clock frequency, and execution workload for each task instance. Case studies on real image-filtering applications demonstrate that our approach results in significant peak power savings (between 40%-50%) for tight as well as relaxed timing constraints
HLA Antigens in Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome in New England

HLA antigens were evaluated in 27 patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease) in the Boston area. In contrast to previous Japanese studies, no increase of HLA-Bw22 was found. A significant increase (P less than .002), however, in HLA-Bw51 was found in the patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome as compared to an appropriate control population. To our knowledge, this is only the second disease associated with HLA-B5 specificity. The observations illustrate the lack of unified genetic predisposition for a such disease in two ethnic groups, white and Japanese. Such findings may have genetic implications regarding interhuman variation in immune responsiveness.
Polyprotein Context Regulates the Activity of Poliovirus 2CATPase Bound to Bilayer Nanodiscs

Positive-strand RNA viruses generally replicate in large membrane-associated complexes. For poliovirus, these replication complexes are anchored to the membrane via the viral 2B, 2C, and 3A proteins. 2C is an AAA+ family ATPase that plays a key role in host cell membrane rearrangement, is a putative helicase, and is implicated in virion assembly and packaging. However, the membrane-binding characteristics of all of these viral proteins have made it difficult to elucidate their exact roles in virus replication. We show here that small lipid bilayers known as nanodiscs can be used to chaperone the in vitro expression of soluble poliovirus 2C, 2BC, and 2BC3AB polyproteins in a membrane-bound form. ATPase assays on these proteins show that the activity of the core 2C domain is stimulated ~0-fold compared to the larger 2BC3AB polyprotein, with most of this stimulation occurring upon removal of 2B. The proteins are active over a wide range of salt concentrations, exhibit slight lipid headgroup dependence, and show significant stimulation by acetate. Our data lead to a model wherein the replication complex can be assembled with a minimally active form of 2C that then becomes fully activated by proteolytic cleavage from the adjacent 2B viroporin domain.
Endothelial-monocyte–activating polypeptide II induces migration of endothelial progenitor cells via the chemokine receptor CXCR3

Objective Recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells to the sites of ischemia has recently been suggested as a mechanism of tissue repair. Here we address the hypothesis that the hypoxia-inducible full-length endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) provides a mechanism to recruit late outgrowth highly proliferating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Materials and Methods We tested in a transwell migration assay EMAP II for its ability to induce migration of EPCs. Furthermore, we measured changes in cellular calcium levels in EPC to assess the ability of EMAP II to induce intracellular signaling. Finally, we employed neutralizing antibodies and binding competition studies in order to identify the receptor mediating these activities of EMAP II in EPCs. Results EMAP II elicits dose-dependent migration and intracellular calcium mobilization in EPCs. Functional blocking and binding studies with radiolabeled interferon-γ–induced protein (IP-10) indicate that EMAP II employs the CXCR3 receptor for these activities in EPCs. Indeed, EMAP II-induced migration of EPCs can be abolished by prior treatment of cells with anti-CXCR3 antibodies or with IP-10. Conclusions These data suggests a novel function for EMAP II and a hitherto undescribed role of the CXCR3 chemokine receptor in EPC recruitment.
Systematic study of acoustic surface modes and their acousto-optic coupling in LiNbO/sub 3/ and LiTaO/sub 3/

A program that searches arbitrary cuts of a specified material for true and approximate acoustic surface mode solutions has been used to provide identification of the optimal acoustooptic cuts of LiNbO/sub 3/ and LiTaO/sub 3/ for integrated acoustooptic devices such as acoustooptic tunable filters. SAW (surface acoustic wave) and STW (surface transverse wave) modes have been analyzed on a class of cuts of LiNbO/sub 3/ and LiTaO/sub 3/ which maximize the material birefringence, minimizing the ultimate device size. This search has yielded ranges of orientations which show strong acoustooptic coupling to SAW modes, but has shown no useful STW solutions on these materials. In particular, the plotted results show that, for this restricted range of orientations, X-cut Y-propagating LiNbO/sub 3/ is a cut which has near-optimal acoustooptic power requirements and optimal electromechanical coupling. >
The Significance of Planned Community Participation in Problem Solving and Developing a Viable Community Capability

Abstract During the last three decades, there has been widespread interest in the role of community participation in development. However, the reasons why grassroot participation is essential have not been clearly and systematically studied. This paper aims to fill that knowledge gap. It argues that grassroots participation in community problem-solving (development) is essential for three fundamental reasons. It facilitates: (1) proper problem diagnosis and needs assessment, (2) sound decision-making regarding choice of relevant and feasible goals/solutions, and (3) successful program implementation. Evidence from recent literature and empirical case studies suggests that voluntary and planned grassroot participation fosters these conditions, and as a result, is a potent vehicle for promoting local, regional, and national development.
Heterogony in Some Gall-Forming Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) with Notes on the Biology of Neuroterus saltatoriusx

The alternating bisexual generations of Bassettia ligni Kinsey and Heteroecus dasydactyli (Ashmead) were found to inhabit previously unidentified, nondetachable leaf galls. Andricus kingi Bassett and Liodora dumosae Weld are alternating generations of the same species. Neuroterus decipiens Kinsey was found to be the alternating generation of N. saltatorius H. Edwards. An account of the biology of the 2 generations of N. saltatorius is given, including a description of their seasonal and diurnal flight patterns.
The Experience of Tedium in Life and Work

Tedium, the experience of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion, was introduced. It was assumed to stem from chronic daily pressures. Tedium was predicted to be related to: (1) internal features which include pressures inherent in the individual's roles and imposed on the cognitive capacity and the need for meaningfulness and achievement; and (2) external features which include pressures imposed on the individual by the physical, organizational, and social environment. A trilogy of studies designed to develop a tedium measure, to test its reliability and validity, and to study its relationships to internal and external life and work features was presented. It was concluded that tedium is a highly relevant psychological construct, experienced in its extreme form by 6% of the people studied (N = 1187). Tedium was found to be a significant correlate of both internal and external life and work features. The comparison between life and work features showed that the former are more highly related to tedium...
A new technique for measuring lateral distribution of oxide charge and interface traps near MOSFET junctions

A technique to measure the lateral distribution of both interface traps and trapped oxide charge near the source-drain junctions in MOSFETs is presented. Its basic principle is described. This technique derives from the charge-pumping method, is easy to implement, and allows ready separation of the interface-trap and oxide charge components. Examples are shown for hot-carrier stressed MOS transistors. >
Anesthesia safety: model or myth? A review of the published literature and analysis of current original data.

Anesthesia Safety: Model or Myth?: A Review of the Published Literature and Analysis of Current Original Data Robert Lagasse; Anesthesiology
Unsupervised learning by program synthesis

We introduce an unsupervised learning algorithm that combines probabilistic modeling with solver-based techniques for program synthesis. We apply our techniques to both a visual learning domain and a language learning problem, showing that our algorithm can learn many visual concepts from only a few examples and that it can recover some English inflectional morphology. Taken together, these results give both a new approach to unsupervised learning of symbolic compositional structures, and a technique for applying program synthesis tools to noisy data.
Chapter 6 – Geometry

This chapter introduces the basic concepts in geometry, angle measurement, and triangles. It also discusses the concepts of perimeter, circumference, area, and volume in geometry.
Things to Know Before You Go to Juvenile Court in Arkansas

Juvenile Law is a niche practice. Attorneys new to the juvenile justice system should recognize that a command of the rules of criminal law, procedure and evidence are necessary to the practice but not sufficient. One must have a working knowledge of the Arkansas Juvenile Code as well as an understanding of local juvenile court practice in order to be an effective advocate.
Anonymous Sources, Libel Law, and the First Amendment

"Anonymous Sources, Libel Law, and the First Amendment" presents an analysis of constitutional doctrines governing the media's use of anonymous sources, as well as of the constitutional model of the First Amendment Press Clause that gave rise to those doctrines. The article examines the relevance of this Press Clause model, first developed in the 1960s, to the kinds of media that have evolved in the twenty-first century. To the extent this model is no longer applicable to the realities of the media industry, the constitutional doctrines government confidential sources may likewise have lost their relevance. Given this argument, this article offers a new theory of libel law as it pertains to the use of anonymous sources.
Lunar-forming impacts: High-resolution SPH and AMR-CTH simulations

Abstract We present results of the highest-resolution simulations to date of potential Moon-forming impacts using a Lagrangian, particle-based method (smooth particle hydrodynamics, or SPH) and an Eulerian, grid-based method with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR-CTH). We consider a few candidate impacts advocated by recent works, directly comparing simulations performed at varying resolutions and with both numerical methods and their predictions for the properties of resulting protolunar disks. For a fixed set of impact conditions, simulations with either method and with different resolutions yield very similar results for the initial impact and the first few hours of the post-impact period. The subsequent disk properties in the ∼5–20 h time period can vary substantially from case-to-case, depending on the orbits of and mutual interactions between large bound clumps of ejecta that often form after the initial impact. After such clumps have completed at least one orbit (which typically requires ∼25–50 h), the predicted protolunar disk mass and its angular momentum converge to within about 10% for simulations of very similar impact conditions using different resolutions or methods. The disks produced by the CTH simulations are consistently about 10% less massive than those produced by SPH simulations, due presumably to inherent differences between the codes. The two methods predict broadly similar values for the fraction of the protolunar disk that originates from the target vs. the impactor, and for the initial disk radial surface density and temperature profiles.
Gender stereotypes and discrimination: how sexism impacts development

In this chapter, we summarize and integrate some of the latest developmental science research on gender stereotypes and discrimination in childhood and adolescence. We focus on five forms of sexism: (a) stereotypes and discrimination against boys regarding their school behaviors and disciplinary actions; (b) stereotypes and discrimination against girls in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) domains; (c) stereotypes and discrimination in sports; (d) peer gendered harassment, including sexual harassment and teasing because of gender atypicality or nonconformity; and (e) sexualized gender stereotypes that sexually objectify girls and assume boys are sexually voracious. First, we document each type of sexism and examine children's awareness and perceptions of that bias, including their own self-reports and attributions. We examine the implications of this sexism for children and adolescents' developmental health (i.e., social, academic, and psychological well-being). We then draw connections between these various areas of research, focusing on how these different forms of sexism interact to reduce equity and justice among children and negatively impact positive developmental outcomes. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
Use of neonatal simulation models to assess competency in bag-mask ventilation.

OBJECTIVE Providing adequate bag-mask ventilation (BMV) is an essential skill for neonatal resuscitation. Often this skill is learned using simulation manikins. Currently, there is no means of measuring the adequacy of ventilation in simulated scenarios. Thus, it is not possible to ascertain proficiency. The first aim of this study was to measure the pressure generated during BMV as performed by providers with different skill levels and measure the impact of different feedback mechanisms. The second aim was to measure the pressure volume characteristics of two neonatal manikins to see how closely they reflect newborn lung mechanics. STUDY DESIGN In Phase I to achieve the first aim, we evaluated BMV skills in different level providers including residents (n=5), fellows (n=5), neonatal nurse practitioners (n=5) and neonatologists (n=5). Each provider was required to provide BMV for 2-min epochs on the SimNewB (Laerdal), which had been instrumented to measure pressure-volume characteristics. In sequential 2-min epochs, providers were given different feedback including chest-wall movement alone compared to manometer plus chest-wall movement or chest-wall movement plus manometer plus laptop lung volume depiction. In Phase II of the study we measured pressure-volume characteristics in instrumented versions of the SimNewB (Laerdal) and NeoNatalie (Laerdal). RESULTS In Phase I, all providers are compared with the neonatologists. All measurements of tidal volume (Vt) are below the desired 5 ml kg(-1). The greatest difference in Vt between the neonatologists and other providers occurs when only chest-wall movement is provided. A linear relationship is noted between Vt and PIP for both SimNewB and NeoNatalie. The compliance curves are not 'S-shaped' and are different between the two models (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Phase I of this study demonstrates that the SimNewB with the feedback of chest-wall movement alone was the best method of distinguishing experienced from inexperienced providers during simulated BMV. Therefore this is likely to be the best method to ascertain proficiency. Phase II of the study shows that the currently available neonatal simulation manikins do not have pressure-volume characteristics that are reflective of newborn lung mechanics, which can result in suboptimal training.
Distribution of Lactarius in the high-elevation forests of the southern Appalachians.

The Lactarius flora of the spruce-fir-birch forests of the Southern Appalachians was compared to that expected in boreal forests of northeastern North America. The Lactarius flora ofthe Appalachian forests exhibits strong affinities to boreal forests but appears to be depleted in species. This depletion is consistent with hypotheses that explain the post-Pleistocene distributions of boreal forests in North America and hypotheses that consider the high-elevation forests ofthe Southern Appalachians as insular islands.
Caesar and the mutiny of 47 B.C.

In 47 B.C., despite victory at the Battle of Pharsalus and the subsequent death of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, the Civil War continued for C. Julius Caesar. He faced hostile Roman armies in Spain and North Africa. Rumours circulated that the African army was preparing to invade Italy. Order was kept in Rome only through the force employed by Caesar's lieutenant M. Antonius. Contemporaries certainly did not believe Caesar's victory was a foregone conclusion. In the midst of these crises, Caesar faced a mutiny amongst his veteran Gallic legions billeted in Campania. These troops refused his orders to move from Italy to Africa to fight the Pompeian army that had gathered there. Instead they marched to Rome to demand back pay, discharge, and promised bonuses of money and land. Caesar's power, and his very survival, were hanging in the balance.
High-Order Simulation of Low Sweep Delta Wing Flows Using a Hybrid RANS/ILES Model

Computational simulations have been performed for a 50◦ sweep delta wing at 15◦ angle of attack and a moderate Reynolds number, Re = 2× 10. A sixth-order compact difference scheme with an eighth-order low pass filter is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. Two approaches to turbulence modeling have been investigated. The first scheme is an implicit LES (ILES) method which exploits the high-order accuracy of the compact difference scheme and uses the discriminating higher-order filter to regularize the flow. The second approach is a new hybrid RANS/ILES method which employs a standard k− model in regions where the grid resolution is unable to capture the turbulent behavior, and transitions to the ILES method in the vortical flow region where large scale turbulent structures are resolved. Solutions for these two methods are evaluated on a baseline grid. The computed results are also compared with the limited experimental measurements available. A fine mesh computation has been performed for the ILES approach to investigate the impact of mesh resolution on this scheme.
Three-dimensional analysis of prebunched electron beams in an x-ray free-electron laser

The effect of partial prebunching of an electron beam on the saturation length, efficiency, and longitudinal coherence is studied for a nominal x-ray free-electron laser design. Results indicate that partial prebunching of as little as 1% results in substantial (1) shortening of the saturation length, (2) increases in the efficiency, and (3) improvement in longitudinal coherence.
Accuracy of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Extracapsular Extension of Prostate Cancer in Community Practice

Abstract Introduction The presence of extracapsular extension (ECE) in prostate cancer (PCa) can influence a surgeon's decision to perform a nerve-sparing approach during radical prostatectomy (RP). Preoperatively, multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) is often used to stage PCa. More recently, the use of mp-MRI has gained wide acceptance in fusion biopsy of the prostate. In this framework, the reported accuracy of mp-MRI has been highly variable, with data often originating from large referral centers with experienced radiologists. We sought to determine the sensitivity and specificity of mp-MRI for detecting ECE in the community. Materials and Methods We reviewed a prospectively maintained database of men with PCa who had undergone RP. We recorded the prevalence of ECE at RP and determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MRI for detecting ECE. We assessed these values according to the D'Amico risk groups and compared the predictive value of MRI to that of the Partin tables. Results The prevalence of ECE was 11.5%, 28.1%, and 47.1% in the low-, intermediate, and high-risk groups, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 24.1%. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MRI was 12.5%, 93.1%, 36.4%, and 77.0%, respectively. Conclusion The reduction in the sensitivity of preoperative mp-MRI to determine ECE in the community setting is significant. Even with stratification using the D'Amico criteria and Partin tables, the performance of mp-MRI was not significantly improved. Because most cases of PCa are diagnosed and treated in the community, it is questionable whether mp-MRI is a suitable staging modality in the community.
The Graying of the Alaskan Fishing Fleet

In 2014, Alaska's newly elected Governor Bill Walker assembled a Fisheries Transition Committee to assist his administration with addressing the major challenges affecting Alaska fisheries. In cont...
Oocyte and pre-embryo donation to women with ovarian failure: an extended clinical trial

The outcome of a series of pre-embryo transfers to 31 women with ovarian failure is described. Twenty six fertile women functioned as nonanonymous donors, providing oocytes for in vitro fertilization after undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and transvaginal ultrasound directed oocyte aspiration. Recipients, 24 to 44 years of age, received hormone replacement therapy before pre-embryo transfer (ET). A mean of 13.7±1.1 oocytes were obtained per aspiration resulting in the transfer of 4.5±0.2 pre-embryos to each recipient couple. Twenty-five of 47 ET resulted in pregnancy (53.2% per ET); 5 preclinical, and 20 clinical, of which 18 are ongoing or delivered. The overall implantation rate per individual transferred fresh pre-embryo was 21.1%. We conclude that oocyte donation is a safe and highly efficient means of achieving pregnancy for women with ovarian failure.
Medicine and management: a combined educational program.

Rapidly evolving characteristics of our health care system are creating new and expanding opportunities for physician managers. Formal graduate degree training in management has become desirable to prepare the physician for these new professional responsibilities. The Schools of Medicine and Management at Northwestern University instituted a formal combined degree program eight years ago. Directed by a physician holding faculty appointments in both schools, the program offers an integrated five year curriculum. During the past eight years, 16 students have matriculated in the program without attrition. Eleven students have completed both degrees on schedule. The results of a comprehensive telephone survey of all U.S. and Canadian medical schools concerning dual degree programs are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of pursuing management training at various stages of a physician's career are discussed.
Eikenella corrodens: an unexpected pathogen causing a persistent peritonsillar abscess

Eikenella corrodens is a known pathogen in head and neck infections, especially in wounds related to oral cavity contamination. It is uniformly resistant to clindamycin. It is frequently an indolent infectious process, and patients often have persistent or recurrent symptoms despite several weeks of what many would feel would be appropriate antibiotic therapy. A high index of suspicion is necessary to make the correct diagnosis, and culture and sensitivity results are paramount to confirm the diagnosis. Appropriate antibiotic therapy with penicillin, ampicillin, select cephalosporins, to the augumented penicillins is the treatment of choice in most cases, with surgical drainage of abscess cavities and/or debridement of nonviable tissue reserved for appropriate cases and indications.
Mindful Yoga Pilot Study Shows Modulation of Abnormal Pain Processing in Fibromyalgia Patients

Published findings from a randomized controlled trial have shown that Mindful Yoga training improves symptoms, functional deficits, and coping abilities in individuals with fibromyalgia and that these benefits are replicable and can be maintained 3 months post-treatment. The aim of this study was to collect pilot data in female fibromyalgia patients (n = 7) to determine if initial evidence indicates that Mindful Yoga also modulates the abnormal pain processing that characterizes fibromyalgia. Pre- and post-treatment data were obtained on quantitative sensory tests and measures of symptoms, functional deficits, and coping abilities. Separation test analyses indicated significant improvements in heat pain tolerance, pressure pain threshold, and heat pain after-sensations at post-treatment. Fibromyalgia symptoms and functional deficits also improved significantly, including physical tests of strength and balance, and pain coping strategies. These findings indicate that further investigation is warranted into the effect of Mindful Yoga on neurobiological pain processing.
Online Shoppers’ Social Media Usage and Shopping Behavior

Social media includes various contact methods such as social networking, user-sponsored blogs, multimedia sites, company-sponsored websites, collaborative websites, podcasts, etc. Most online shoppers indicate that they visit e- retail websites on a social networking site and that website visiting affects consumer purchase intention. The purpose of this study is to examine how attitudes toward product messages on social media sites affect impulsive shopping behavior and hedonic shopping value.
Changes Induced by PVA in the Cement Microstructure Surrounding Aggregate

The presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in portland cement during its hydration was found to induce changes in the microstructure and behavior of the paste that forms around aggregate. The microstructure was studied with scanning electron microscopy in secondary electron, backscattered electron, and EDX mapping modes and with Fourier-transform infraredspectroscopy. The adhesion between cement paste and aggregate was examined with planar aggregate surfaces. With concentrations of the order of 1% by weight of PVA based onthe weight of the cement, the deposition of calcium hydroxide on the aggregate surface was found to be diminished and the porous layer that usually surrounds the aggregate to be reduced in thickness. Also, the bond between the aggregate and cement paste was increasedenough for the bond to approach the strength of the cement.
Effects of DDE on development and progression of autoimmunity (137.36)

DDE, a metabolic breakdown product of the pesticide DDT, persists in the environment and acts as an androgen receptor antagonist. Androgen deprivation by castration of male mice causes changes in immune function and the lupus-like disease of NZB/W F1 hybrid mice is treated by androgens. Therefore, we hypothesized that the anti-androgenic effects of DDE may alter immune function, with consequences for autoimmunity. We treated both normal C57Bl/6 female mice and lupus-prone NZB/W F1 female mice with oil control or DDE, at 200 mg/kg for 3 days at the study9s beginning. NZB/W mice were studied over 6 months and C57Bl/6 mice for 18 months. DDE did not alter organ or body weights. Proteinurea was increased in DDE-treated mice compared to age-matched oil-treated controls, as early as one month after treatment with DDE. By histopathology we observed glomerulonephritis sooner in kidneys of NZB/W mice treated with DDE than control. Kidneys of DDE-treated C57Bl/6 mice showed increased glomerular mesangium compared to kidneys of age-matched controls. By immunohistochemistry we saw increased glomerular expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and increased tubulointerstitial expression of osteopontin in response to DDE; upregulation of both chemokines occurs in murine lupus nephritis. We conclude that DDE impacts development and progression of autoimmune disease and continue to explore the mechanism of action.
A regional production network in a predatory state: export-oriented manufacturing at the margins of the law

ABSTRACTAs middle-income countries have grown their manufacturing sectors considerably over recent decades, attention has turned to countries that fall at the bottom of the industrial ladder. In such countries, challenges related to corruption combined with intensely competitive pressures from China and other countries appear to preclude possibilities for state leaders and bureaucracies to engineer industrial growth. Drawing upon an original survey of 229 apparel shop owners in Kyrgyzstan and dozens of interviews, this article analyzes the creation of a regional Eurasian production network in a country where we would least expect to see manufacturing dynamism. I adopt an everyday international political economy approach to the study of production networks in this country – considered to have a challenging business environment with high corruption – focusing on the ways in which shop owners and other intermediaries understand and relate to state bureaucrats at different nodes of the network. Doing so expan...