cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transposable element dynamics are consistent across the Drosophila phylogeny, despite drastically differing content

Abstract Background The evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) vary across the tree of life and even between closely related species with similar ecologies. In Drosophila, most of the focus on TE dynamics has been completed in Drosophila melanogaster and the overall pattern indicates that TEs show an excess of low frequency insertions, consistent with their frequent turn over and high fitness cost in the genome. Outside of D. melanogaster, insertions in the species Drosophila algonquin, suggests that this situation may not be universal, even within Drosophila. Here we test whether the pattern observed in D. melanogaster is similar across five Drosophila species that share a common ancestor more than fifty million years ago. Results For the most part, TE family and order insertion frequency patterns are broadly conserved between species, supporting the idea that TEs have invaded species recently, are mostly costly and dynamics are conserved in orthologous regions of the host genome Conclusions Most TEs retain similar activities and fitness costs across the Drosophila phylogeny, suggesting little evidence of drift in the dynamics of TEs across the phylogeny, and that most TEs have invaded species recently.
Review: Baldassare Longhena and Venetian Baroque Architecture by Andrew Hopkins

Andrew Hopkins Baldassare Longhena and Venetian Baroque Architecture New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012, 356 pp., 62 color and 305 b/w illus. $85, ISBN 9780300181098 Rising from the waters of the lagoon like a gleaming crown, the votive church of S. Maria della Salute has long provided the point of departure for historical accounts of Venetian baroque architecture. Yet, the church has represented a coda of sorts as well. Begun in 1630 by the architect Baldassare Longhena and brought to completion only a year after his death in 1681, the construction of the Salute spans five decades that witnessed the construction of a host of important projects throughout the city. Nevertheless, the Salute has come to overshadow all else that was built in seventeenth-century Venice, including the numerous projects that Longhena designed and constructed as the spectacular church slowly took shape. In this manner, the Salute has come to define the epoch in which it was built as well as the career of the period’s most prolific architect. Andrew Hopkins’s book Baldassare Longhena and Venetian Baroque Architecture seeks to correct this distortion by providing a more balanced and nuanced discussion of the variegated work for which Longhena was responsible over the course of his long and illustrious career. Drawing from a wealth of graphic and documentary material, this book reevaluates Longhena’s work and legacy while also shedding light on the patrons, collaborators, and social conditions that facilitated his rise and long reign as Venice’s most prominent architect for much of the seventeenth century. As a revised edition of Hopkins’s monograph Baldassare Longhena , published in Italian by Electa in 2006, the book incorporates the most recent scholarship on Longhena’s work, including many of the author’s own significant contributions to the subject, as well as a rich collection of color and black-and-white illustrations that are new to this edition.1 The revisions are most significant in chapters 4 and 5, which focus on Longhena’s ecclesiastical works …
Abstract 2504: Predictive biomarkers for Bcl2-inhibitor use in neuroblastoma

Apoptosis commitment is regulated by the interaction of Bcl2-family proteins at the mitochondria. Survival proteins such as Bcl2 and Mcl1 bind stress-activated BH3 proteins (like Bim, Puma and Bid), to prevent them from activating the obligate executioner proteins Bak and Bax and provides a survival advantage. Such apoptosis evasion is a cancer hallmark. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a highly lethal childhood tumor in which therapy resistance contributes to treatment failure. We used mitochondrial profiling and co-IP to define NB survival dependencies and develop biomarkers to predict response to Bcl2-inhibitors (BCL2i) such as Venetoclax as well as newer Mcl1 inhibitors (MCL1i). Mitochondrial profiling was used to interrogate isolated mitochondria with diverse BH3-only proteins to define their stress response “set-point” and infer their survival protein dependency. NBs can be classified as Bcl2- or Mcl1-dependent. The former have Bim sequestered by Bcl2 (confirmed by coIP) and a dominant mitochondrial response to BikBH3, the latter have Bim sequestered by Mcl1 (Bim:Mcl1 by coIP) and a dominant NoxaBH3 response. While Bcl2 and Mcl1 proteins are frequently co-expressed, a dominant survival protein is identified functionally. Bcl2-dependent NBs are highly sensitive to BCL2i’s (Venetoclax and Navitoclax) with an IC50 2 uM). Surprisingly, no NB was sensitive to the MCL1i, S63845, as monotherapy, including the Mcl1-dependent subset. However, S63845 markedly sensitizes Mcl1-dependent NBs to BCL2i’s (shifting IC50>1 log in all tested). Ongoing mechanistic work tests a hierarchical model in which Bcl2 can sequester Bim displaced from Mcl1 (by an MCL1i), sensitizing a previously Mcl1-dependent NB to a BCL2i. In contrast, Bim displaced from Bcl2 by a BCL2i (in a Bcl2-dependent NB) does not bind Mcl1 but ostensibly interacts with Bak/Bax to induce death. To measure Bim:Bcl2 and Bim:Mcl1 as a predictive biomarker we are developing proximity ligation assays (PLAs) for use with FFPE-tumor slides. NB xenografts of defined survival dependency are being used to optimize these assays. Heterogeneous survival dependencies define NB sensitivity to Bcl2-family inhibitors. We propose a hierarchical binding model where BCL2i monotherapy sensitivity is defined by Bim:Bcl2 binding (Bcl2-dependency). Mcl1-dependent NBs are resistant to MCL1i’s, yet by displacing Bim these agents restore sensitivity to BCL2i’s. Lastly, development of clinically-relevant biomarker assays to define Bim binding will allow stratification of patients in clinical trials with Bcl2-family inhibitors. Citation Format: Claudia Zapata, Jorida Coku, Kangning Liu, Annette Vu, Michael Goutnik, C. Patrick Reynolds, Kelly Goldsmith, Michael Hogarty. Predictive biomarkers for Bcl2-inhibitor use in neuroblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2504.
Damped Oscillations with a Smart Cart

The introduction of the Wireless Smart Cart by PASCO scientific in April 2016 has ushered in a paradigm shift in the design and implementation of low-cost undergraduate physics and engineering laboratory experiments. The use of smartphones in experimental physics is by now widely accepted and documented. The smart cart in combination with student-owned smartphones and free apps has opened up a new universe of low-cost experiments that have traditionally required cumbersome and expensive equipment. In this paper we demonstrate the simplicity, convenience, and cost saving achieved by replacing a plethora of traditional laboratory sensors, wires, air tracks, and other equipment clutter with the smart cart and the free SPARKvue app for smartphones by carrying out an experiment on damped oscillations.
Anterior and Posterior Commissuroplasty: Taking Labiaplasty to the Next Level.

As the popularity of female cosmetic genital surgery has grown, so has the number of publications detailing surgical techniques, particularly regarding labiaplasty. As a nascent surgical field, much room remains for finesse and exploration of new techniques to optimize outcomes and patient satisfaction. We present the techniques for anterior and posterior commissuroplasty the senior author (O.J.P.) has developed. Anterior commissuroplasty is efficacious in addressing a number of anatomic variations to achieve the appearance of a single midline cleft, which is commonly requested by patients. Posterior commissuroplasty was developed to address skin excess at the posterior fourchette that may develop as a result of labiaplasty. Either technique may be used in combination with labiaplasty or as a stand-alone procedure. These tools may be a useful addition to the repertoire of a surgeon practicing female genital surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
Adaptive Multiuser MCDM for Underwater Acoustic Communications

Chirp signals have been exploited extensively in radar and underwater acoustic (UW-A) communication systems for their robustness to multipath and superior correlation properties. We present a multiuser multicarrier chirp-division multiplexing (MU-MCDM) system which orthogonal chirp spread spectrum are utilized in frequency subcarriers for multiuser applications. Furthermore, orthogonal chirp transform (OCT) and discrete orthogonal chirp transform (DOCT) are developed for continuous and discrete implementations of MCDM systems. In addition, we design a maximum likelihood (ML) receiver capable of synchronization, channel estimation, and symbol detection. MU-MCDM systems consider factors, including preamble length, number of subcarriers, portion of pilots, guard period, and multiuser access scenarios to adapt time-variant UW-A channels. The bit-error-rate (BER) performance and adaptive transmission are evaluated in simulation studies. Therefore, we have demonstrated MCDM modulation systems in simulations that they improve performance of UW-A communications adaptively and support multiple users. Moreover, MCDM architectures can be applied in higher order modulations for providing higher transmission rates in UW-A channels.
Computed Tomography Findings Can Help Identify Different Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyp Phenotypes.

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) has several phenotypes.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings associated with each CRSwNP ph...
Evolutionary Transcriptome Analysis Based on Differentially Expressed (DE) Genes

To address how gene regulation plays a key role in phenotypic innovations through high throughput transcriptomes, it is desirable to develop statistically-sound methods that enable researchers to study the pattern of transcriptome evolution. Most methods currently available are based on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model that considers the stabilizing selection as the baseline model of transcriptome evolution. In this paper, we developed a new evolutionary approach, based on the genome-wide p-value profile arising from statistical testing of differentially expressed (DE) genes between species. Our current approach is focused on the estimation of transcriptome distance between species. We first establish the relationship between the evolutionary model (the Markov-chain or Poisson model) and the proportion of null hypothesis (u0), which can be used to estimate the transcriptome distance. Further, we calculate the posterior probability of a gene being DE when a p-value is given, denoted by Q=P(DE|p), and develop a simple algorithm to estimate the transcriptome distance for any number of genes in the genome. Our compute simulations showed the statistical performance of these new methods are generally satisfactory.
Teaching NeuroImages: Cytotoxic Lesion of the Corpus Callosum Secondary to Influenza A

A 42-year-old man presented with respiratory symptoms, followed by ptosis, ageusia, dysarthria, and left hand weakness. MRI showed a lesion within the splenium of the corpus callosum (figure). Vascular and toxic-metabolic workup was unremarkable. Nasopharyngeal swab revealed Influenza A positivity. Symptoms fully resolved after oseltamivir treatment.
Fixation Preference for Visual and Auditory Targets in Monkeys with Strabismus.

Purpose During binocular viewing, many strabismic subjects choose the eye of fixation depending on the retinotopic location of a visual target. Here, we compare eye choice behavior when orienting to visual and non-visual (auditory) targets. Methods Eye movements were measured in two head-fixed exotropic strabismic monkeys in a saccadic task involving either a visual or an auditory stimulus (no visual target information or feedback) during monocular or binocular viewing. The stimulus was one of 21 visual or auditory targets arranged 10° apart in a 7 × 3 array at a distance of 57 cm in an otherwise dark room. Fixation preference was calculated by recording the incidence of using a specific eye to acquire the target at any location. Results Spatial patterns of fixation preference were observed in both monkeys for both visual and auditory stimuli; targets to the far right were acquired by the right eye, and targets to the far left were acquired by the left eye. For visual targets, the border for a change in fixation preference occurred in between the visual axes of the fixating and deviated eyes (variable in the two animals). In contrast, the border for fixation change remained near the cranio-center during the auditory task. During monocular viewing, fixation switching was observed only at the extremities during visual tasks; during the auditory task, fixation preference was similar to that observed during binocular viewing. Conclusions Fixation preference persists for invisible auditory targets. Our data suggest that visual suppression could modify underlying eye choice behavior that functions independently from vision.
Stuttering Practice Self-Assessment by School Speech-Language Practitioners

Purpose The purpose of this study was to survey school speech-language practitioners' self-perceptions of their confidence, knowledge, and need for support for working with school-age students who stutter (SWS). Method A total of 120 school-based speech-language practitioners from 27 Nashville, Tennessee, area counties completed an online, 35-item survey examining caseloads, coursework, continuing education, experience, and perceived levels of skill and confidence in service provision to SWS. They also rated their need for consultation from speech-language pathologists who specialize in stuttering to improve their skills with SWS. Results Respondents were least confident in and needed most support for providing intervention to SWS. Those who needed most support for intervention rated themselves as less knowledgeable about stuttering theory, assessment, and intervention and were less confident about working with students who only stutter and with SWS who have concomitant communication concerns. Greater practitioner confidence in stuttering intervention skills was positively correlated with the number of SWS on caseloads; continuing education credits in stuttering; and knowledge of stuttering theory, assessment, and intervention. Respondents who completed a graduate course on stuttering had greater confidence in stuttering intervention and were less likely to identify a need for support from specialists. Conclusions School speech-language practitioners continue to report needing additional education, practice opportunities, and support, especially with intervention, and desiring specialized guidance to serve SWS. Those with more experience, education, and knowledge about stuttering are more confident and skillful, reflecting the potential positive impact of increased opportunities to learn about and work with SWS. These needs may be addressed through increased availability of specialists in stuttering to consult with school practitioners; opportunities for school-based practitioners to become peer mentors; and provision of readily available, intervention-focused continuing education experiences and resources.
Effective thermo-electro-mechanical modeling framework of lithium-ion batteries based on a representative volume element approach

Abstract Investigation of the multiphysics behaviors of lithium-ion batteries upon mechanical abusive loading becomes a heated topic around the world, and the corresponding modeling methodology is in pressing need. Different from previous modeling methodologies, this paper develops an effective modeling framework based on the representative volume element concept to describe the thermo-mechanical behaviors of lithium-ion batteries. The mesoscale (electrode level) representative volume element model and the macroscale (cell level) homogenous battery model are established and validated by experiments. The two levels are coupled through the homogenization of the mechanical material properties and the calculation of the element power density–strain curve. The internal short circuit behavior can also be well predicted by this model. In addition, the model can predict accurate thermo-electro-mechanical coupled behaviors at a much lower calculation time cost. The proposed new thermo-mechanical modeling methodology in this paper can provide a powerful modeling tool and useful guidance to the design, evaluation, and monitor of the safety behaviors of LIBs.
Age Differences in Reappraisal of Negative Autobiographical Memories.

Background: Past studies have been equivocal regarding age differences in reappraisal efficacy. Moreover, the use of laboratory-generated stimuli (e.g., images, film clips) may overestimate age dif...
(Cat)egory mistake: the invalidity of animal shelter behavior assessments

Animal shelters face diverse challenges, which often necessitate making life-or-death decisions for animals in their care. One strategy used to determine whether admitting, adoption, or euthanasia is appropriate is to assess an animal’s in-shelter or pre-admission behavior to infer its “personality.” Shelters do this because potential adopters are often interested in knowing an animal’s personality as it provides information about whether the animal will fit in their home. However, shelter behavior assessments are a broad topic. To narrow focus, I explore a relatively novel development: feline behavior assessments. These assessments suggest that shelter workers can make a valid inference from in-shelter behavior to long-term, consistent personality. I argue that assessments do not, and might not be able to, validly infer personality in shelters; I utilize recent philosophical work by Kaiser & Muller (Biol Philos 36:1–25, 2021) on personality to do so. I build on their work by showing how shelter assessments do not meet their criteria and fall victim to epistemic bias in privileging some behaviors. Because feline assessments fail to meet philosophically robust definitions of animal personality and have methodological biases, these assessments do not provide valid insight into a shelter animal’s personality and should not be used.
ShuffleWatcher: Shuffle-aware scheduling in multi-tenant MapReduce clusters

MapReduce clusters are usually multi-tenant (i.e., shared among multiple users and jobs) for improving cost and utilization. The performance of jobs in a multitenant MapReduce cluster is greatly impacted by the all-Map-to-all-Reduce communication, or Shuffle, which saturates the cluster's hard-to-scale network bisection bandwidth. Previous schedulers optimize Map input locality but do not consider the Shuffle, which is often the dominant source of traffic in MapReduce clusters. We propose ShuffleWatcher, a new multitenant MapReduce scheduler that shapes and reduces Shuffle traffic to improve cluster performance (throughput and job turn-around times), while operating within specified fairness constraints. ShuffleWatcher employs three key techniques. First, it curbs intra-job Map-Shuffle concurrency to shape Shuffle traffic by delaying or elongating a job's Shuffle based on the network load. Second, it exploits the reduced intra-job concurrency and the flexibility engendered by the replication of Map input data for fault tolerance to preferentially assign a job's Map tasks to localize the Map output to as few nodes as possible. Third, it exploits localized Map output and delayed Shuffle to reduce the Shuffle traffic by preferentially assigning a job's Reduce tasks to the nodes containing its Map output. ShuffleWatcher leverages opportunities that are unique to multi-tenancy, such overlapping Map with Shuffle across jobs rather than within a job, and trading-off intra-job concurrency for reduced Shuffle traffic. On a 100-node Amazon EC2 cluster running Hadoop, ShuffleWatcher improves cluster throughput by 39-46% and job turn-around times by 27-32% over three state-of-the-art schedulers.
A note on zero error algorithms having oracle access to one NP query

It is known that ${{\rm S}_2^p} \subseteq {{{\rm ZPP}}^{{\rm NP}}}$ [3]. The reverse direction of whether ZPPNP is contained in S$_{\rm 2}^{p}$ remains open. We show that if the zero-error algorithm is allowed to ask only one query to the NP oracle (for any input and random string), then it can be simulated in S$_{\rm 2}^{p}$. That is, we prove that ${{{\rm ZPP}}^{{\rm NP}[1]}} \subseteq {{\rm S}_2^p}$.
Video head impulse testing (VHIT) in the pediatric population

Abstract Objectives VHIT is the first vestibular test to evaluate all six semicircular canals. This test has advantages over the rotary chair and caloric tests in evaluating children since it does not require fear-inducing darkness or provocation of dizziness. The goal of this study was to review our initial experience with VHIT in children and adolescents at a pediatric vestibular program. Methods Results using the ICS Impulse VHIT device in 33 patients Results Ages ranged from 3 to 19 years (mean 13 ± 4.3) with no statistically significant difference in mean lateral canal gains between age groups (3–10, 11–14, 15–19 years, respectively) by one-way ANOVA, p = 0.111. LSC VHIT gain of Conclusion VHIT is an effective test for evaluating semicircular canal function in children and offers major potential advantages over rotary chair and caloric testing.
The Role of Management Quality in the IPOs of Venture-Backed Entrepreneurial Firms

We make use of hand-collected data on the quality and reputation of the management teams of a large sample of entrepreneurial firms going public to analyze the role of management quality in the IPOs of venture capital (VC)-backed firms for the first time in the literature. We hypothesize that management quality may affect a VC-backed firm’s IPO characteristics and post-IPO operating performance through two channels: a “certification” channel, where firms with higher management quality face reduced information asymmetry in the IPO market, and therefore find it easier and cheaper to go public; and an “ability” channel, where firms with higher quality managements select better projects and implement them more ably. Further, VC-backing may itself affect a firm’s IPO, indirectly by affecting a firm’s management quality and directly through the above certification and ability channels. These hypotheses imply that VC-backing will be associated with higher management quality, and both management quality and VC-backing will have a favorable effect on firms’ IPO characteristics, increase IPO participation by financial market players, allow firms to go public earlier, yield higher IPO and immediate after-market valuations, and will be positively related to changes in post-IPO operating performance. Our OLS regression, propensity-score matching, and instrumental variable analyses provide empirical support for the above hypotheses. While VC-backing and management quality act as substitutes in their effect on a firm’s IPO characteristics, they act as complements in their effect on firms’ IPO and secondary market valuations and post-IPO operating performance.
Bleeding Mud: The Testimonial Poetry of Hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua

Beginning with Ruben Dario, Nicaragua has long prided itself in being a country of poets. During the Sandinista Revolution, popular poetry workshops dispatched by Minister of Culture Ernesto Cardenal taught peasants and soldiers to write poetry about everyday life and to use poetry as a way to work through trauma from the civil war. When Hurricane Mitch--one of the first superstorms that heralded climate change--brought extreme flooding to Nicaragua in 1998, poetry again served as a way for victims to process the devastation. Examining testimonial poetry from Hurricane Mitch, this article shows how the mud and despair of this environmental disaster function as palimpsests of conquest and imperial oppression.
Dynamic-level scheduling for heterogeneous processor networks

Dynamic-level scheduling is an effective compile-time scheduling technique which accounts for interprocessor communication overhead when mapping precedence-constrained, communicating tasks onto arbitrarily interconnected processor networks. Scheduling and routing are performed simultaneously to account for limited interconnections between processors, and communications are scheduled along with computations to eliminate shared-resource contention. The paper extends the dynamic-level scheduling methodology to encompass heterogeneous processing environments, and presents two techniques designed to enhance scheduling performance: forward/backward scheduling, and precedence constraint appendage. >
Hudson Valley Fog Environments

Abstract Observations of 14 cases of radiation fog in the Hudson River valley in New York State are presented. Our emphasis is to connect the fog prediction problem to mechanisms in the nocturnal boundary layer that influence heat and moisture balances. Surface layer and boundary layer fogs are distinguished by the difference in dominant terms in the saturation specific humidity deficit budget. Fogs that persist longer than approximately 30 minutes are most frequently thicker than 50 m. The ultimate depth to which the fog grows is shown to be determined by initial conditions at sunset and by subsequent evolution of winds in the nocturnal boundary layer, as well as by surface transports and radiative cooling. Estimates of the surface and boundary layer heat budget are presented. Two new phenomena are identified: 1) A jump in specific humidity occurring during the early evening transition that shortens the time required to reach surface layer saturation; and 2) along-valley jetlike winds with maxima near 10...
On the product system of a completely positive semigroup

Abstract Given a W ∗ -continuous semigroup φ of unital, normal, completely positive maps of B ( H ), we introduce its continuous tensor product system E φ . If α is a minimal dilation E 0 -semigroup of φ with Arveson product system F , then E φ is canonically isomorphic to F . We apply this construction to a class of semigroups of B(L 2 ( R )) arising from a modified Weyl–Moyal quantization of convolution semigroups of Borel probability measures on R 2 . This class includes the heat flow on the CCR algebra studied recently by Arveson. We prove that the minimal dilations of all such semigroups are completely spatial, and additionally, we prove that the minimal dilation of the heat flow is cocyle conjugate to the CAR/CCR flow of index two.
A kinetic study of the binding of an ADP fluorescent analog to mitochondrial ATPase.

Abstract The binding of the ADP fluorescent analog 3-β- d -ribofuranosylimidazo [2,1-i] - purine 5′-diphosphate to a tight binding site on solubilized beef heart mitochondrial ATPase has been found to be slow relative to most enzyme—ligand interactions, suggesting a conformational change may be rate limiting in the binding process. The effect of ADP binding to the same enzyme site on the rate of enzymatic ATP hydrolysis is small, although slight activation and inhibition may occur at low and high ATP concentrations, respectively.
First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Nebraska

Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow was first observed in the continental United States in Louisiana in November 2004 (2). As part of the national soybean rust monitoring effort, samples were collected on 3 October 2007 during the scouting of fields with green leaves in southeastern Nebraska. After incubation at room temperature for 24 h, uredinea and urediniospores were observed with microscopic examination. Urediniospores were obovoid, hyaline to pale brown, and measured 20 to 30 × 18 to 20 μm. The observed morphology was typical of P. pachyrhizi (1). In addition to microscopic observation, P. pachyrhizi was confirmed with real-time (q)-PCR with Taq DNA polymerase on 4 October 2007 with the q-PCR standard operating procedure version 1.9 outlined by the USDA-CSREES and utilized by the National Plant Diagnostic Network with appropriate positive and negative controls (1). Samples initially identified with soybean rust were from Richardson County near the town of Rulo and in Otoe County south...
A NOTE ON ISOTROPY IN NUCLEAR GAMMA RADIATION

The question of the possibility of competing radiations exhibiting different angular distributions (in the sense that one radiation is isotropic and another anisotropic) is investigated. Except for the singular cases $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{3}{2}$ and 5\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4 by quadrupole emission, our conclusion is as follows: if one radiation of multipole order ${2}^{L}$ is observed to be isotropic, all competing gamma-radiation will be isotropic if $L\ensuremath{\ge}j\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$, where $j$ is the angular momentum of the emitting state. The possibility of occurrence of singular cases, for which the conclusion would not apply, has been investigated for all radiations for which $L\ensuremath{\le}3$. In the case $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{3}{2}$, $L=2$ the radiation is isotropic and the applicability of this to the problem of the excited state of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ is briefly discussed.
The ripple effect: how one dorm room can affect a university's energy use

This article looks at the Energy Star showcase dorm room at Tulane University. This project was a model for sustainable living created by a group of students and Tulane's environmental coordinator. The energy and climate change team furnished a dorm room on Tulane's campus with energy‐efficient appliances and electronics, and then gave tours of the room to educate the Tulane community about the potential greenhouse‐gas‐emissions reductions and financial benefits of being smart consumers. One student calculated how much energy the entire campus could save if every resident were to make wise energy choices. By combining education and outreach with a living model, the students were able to inform the entire Tulane community about their efforts and change some bad energy habits.
THE FINNISH SAUNA: A CULTURAL INDEX TO SETTLEMENT. COTTON MATHER AND MATTI KAUPS

(1963). THE FINNISH SAUNA: A CULTURAL INDEX TO SETTLEMENT. COTTON MATHER AND MATTI KAUPS. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 494-504.
Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing

Recent advances have given rise to the popularity and success of cloud computing. However, when outsourcing the data and business application to a third party causes the security and privacy issues to become a critical concern. Throughout the study at hand, the authors obtain a common goal to provide a comprehensive review of the existing security and privacy issues in cloud environments. We have identified five most representative security and privacy attributes (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability, and privacy-preservability). Beginning with these attributes, we present the relationships among them, the vulnerabilities that may be exploited by attackers, the threat models, as well as existing defense strategies in a cloud scenario. Future research directions are previously determined for each attribute.
Learning Goes Beyond Knowing

Educational systems need to focus on engaging students in becoming effective performers. Transmitting knowledge is not enough, because learning goes beyond knowing to being able to do what one knows. Integrative assignments and projects embedded in the essential learning outcomes can be documented in electronic portfolios as tangible evidence of effective performance.
In regard to the TERISA trial.

I read with great interest the paper by Kosiborod et al. [(1)][1] showing beneficial effects of ranolazine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and chronic refractory angina taking 2 antianginal agents. The authors demonstrate superior efficacy of ranolazine in
Incorporation of tissue-specific molecules alters chondrocyte metabolism and gene expression in photocrosslinked hydrogels

Hydrogels are highly swollen, insoluble networks which can entrap chondrocytes and provide a 3-D environment necessary for the re-growth of cartilaginous tissue. In this study, hydrogels were formulated with a synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) component to provide control over the macroscopic gel properties and from a cartilage specific compound, chondroitin sulfate (ChSA), to capture features of the chondrocytes' native environment. PEG was chosen as the base hydrogel chemistry, because it forms a 3-D environment that maintains chondrocyte function. ChSA, a highly negatively charged main component of proteoglycans, was then selectively incorporated into the PEG gel. Macroscopic gel properties were manipulated to obtain high compressive moduli coupled with a high degree of swelling by formulating copolymer gels with these chemistries. The gel compressive modulus of cell-free PEG gels increased from 34 to 140 kPa with the incorporation of ChSA for similar degrees of swelling. When chondrocytes were encapsulated in pure ChSA gels, synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans was inhibited. However, when PEG was introduced into the copolymer gels, both extracellular matrix components were stimulated. Total collagen content increased from non-detectable in the pure ChSA gels to 0.48+/-0.05 mg/g wet weight in the copolymer gels (40/60 ChSA/PEG). Gene expression for collagen type II was also enhanced by the incorporation of PEG into the gel, illustrating an important influence of gel chemistry on chondrocyte function; however, aggrecan gene expression was unaffected. This study demonstrates that the macroscopic properties of chondrocyte gel carriers can be controlled through the incorporation of charge into networks by ChSA, but the neutral, non-interactive base PEG chemistry facilitates extracellular matrix deposition.
Regulation of human mesangial cell growth in culture by thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin

Regulation of human mesangial cell growth in culture by thromboxane A 2 and prostacyclin. Elevated eicosanoid biosynthesis characterizes certain forms of human and experimental glomerular proliferative disease. Thromboxane A 2 (TxA 2 ) and other prostaglandins (PG) act through specific receptors and mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction in human mesangial cells. We studied the actions of U-46619, a TxA 2 mimetic which stimulates mesangial phospholipase C, and of the PGI 2 analogue, Iloprost, a potent activator of adenylate cyclase, on proliferation of cultured human mesangial cells. When applied alone to quiescent cells, U-46619 had only weak mitogenic activity, as assessed by [ 3 H]thymidine ([ 3 H]-TdR) incorporation and cell counts. On the other hand, addition of U-46619 10 minutes prior to stimulation of the cells with 1 to 17% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 24 hours, potently and dose-dependently inhibited FBS-stimulated [ 3 H]-TdR incorporation. Similarly, U-46619 inhibited the effects of 10 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor on [ 3 H]-TdR incorporation, by 55, 79 and 88%, respectively. The effects of U-46619 were not mimicked by another stimulus of phospholipase C, angiotensin II. Iloprost also inhibited FBS-activated proliferation. Neither eicosanoid inhibited the rise of cytosolic Ca 2+ induced by FBS or PDGF. The actions of TxA 2 and Iloprost in cultured cells point to multiple functional interactions between eicosanoids and growth factors in the control of mesangial cell proliferation. 1
The Process of Occupational Decision Making: Patterns during the Transition to Adulthood

In this paper, we consider how recent social changes in the United States may be affecting vocational decision making. While adolescents often maintain high educational and occupational aspirations, the transition from school is characterized by few institutional supports, the prolongation of education, and a multitude of options with respect to the combination of school, work, and family. In such a context, what themes characterize decision making about schooling and occupational careers? We draw on qualitative interviews collected as part of the Youth Development Study (n=1000), a longitudinal study of work through adolescence and early adulthood. Multiple themes were identified including unfulfilled expectations, the postponement of decisions, turning points that crystallized decisions, and resources and obstacles including, among others, family, work, school counseling, and teachers. These themes characterize contemporary occupational decision making and thus would be appropriate focal points for future research. They also suggest that social policies may need to be modified to facilitate the young people's quest for vocational identity and work.
A x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the diffusion of iron, nickel and cobalt through gold films

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to study the thermal diffusion of iron, nickel and cobalt through gold in bilayer thin film structures under an oxidizing environment. The data suggest that the driving force for the diffusion is the oxidation of the transition metal at the surface. The activation energies are consistent with a grain boundary diffusion mechanism.
Aliphatic polyesters as models for relaxation processes in crystalline polymers: 4. Dielectric relaxation in oriented specimens

To investigate further the effect of the crystal phase on amorphous-phase relaxation, samples of 6-6, 5–7, and 6–10 polyesters have been oriented by extrusion in the solid-state through a tapered die and the dielectric constant and loss measured both parallel and perpendicular to the extrusion direction. The data have been analysed quantitatively in terms of the Cole—Cole phenomenological equation and relaxation times, width parameters and relaxation strengths determined. For the β (glass—rubber relaxation) the relaxation times are shifted 2–3 orders of magnitude to longer times and the relaxation is broadened slightly compared to the unoriented polymers. There also tends to be reduction of overall parallel and perpendicular relaxation strength for the β process on orientation. The γ processes show little effect of orientation on relaxation time and width and do not show reduction of overall relaxation strength. These observations are consistent with crystal displacement further restricting amorphous-phase longer-range segmental motion (β process) but having little effect on the locallized motions associated with the γ process. Both the γ and β processes show anisotropy in relaxation strength. The anisotropy is analysed with a newly developed theory to separate inherent phase anisotropy from apparent anisotropy due to composite or form effects. The average angle made by the lamellar surface normal to the extrusion direction enters as a parameter in the theory. Measurements of relaxed specimen e and e⊥ values for both the γ and β processes serve to determine both fa the amorphous-phase orientation function and the average tilt angle for the specimens here. This is possible because for the γ process relaxation strength is small and specimen anisotropy is dominated by inherent phase anisotropy but for the γ + β processes larger relaxation strength leads to specimen anisotropy being strongly influenced by crystal—amorphous phase composite effects. Values of fa are in the range of 0.05–0.20 for specimens with fc in the range 0.5–0.9. Indicated lamellar tilt angles are in the range of 24°–80°.
Discussion of Dr. Judy Pickles's Paper: The Perspective of Nonlinear Open Systems Theory

Nonlinear dynamic systems theory originally began as an attempt to understand interactions in both living and nonliving systems such as ecosystems and cloud formations. Because it is a field and systems theory, dynamic systems concepts offer a rich source of patented applications to the psychoanalytic situation. This article first briefly reviews some basic dynamic systems principles. The clinical material presented by Dr. Pickles is then discussed with an effort to apply dynamic systems concepts. In particular, the notions of introducing novelty and the need for measured perturbation as part of the process of analytic change are emphasized.
Crosslinked imidazolium-containing polyester networks containing a pendant imidazolium group: Swelling studies and thermal properties

Abstract A series of covalently crosslinked polyester networks containing a pendant imidazolium group was prepared by Michael addition polymerization in order to probe how structural variations in cation and anion affect thermal properties such as glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition (Td5%). Analysis of network Tg values by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that, for the aromatic-based series of cations, larger counteranions such as triflate [TfO−] and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [ NTf 2 − ] led to the lowest Tg values. However, it was determined that no correlation between Tg value and either anion size or basicity was evident for the aliphatic-based series of cations. Thermal stability (Td5%) of the polyester networks, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), was inversely related to the basicity of the counteranion used, regardless of cation substructure. Networks that employed the least basic anions, namely hexafluorophosphate [ PF 6 − ] or bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [ NTf 2 − ], exhibited the highest thermal stabilities (>260 °C).
Effect of Melatonin on Photic-Independent and Photic-Dependent Testicular Growth in Juvenile and Adult Male Golden Hamsters

Four-week-old male hamsters were implanted with either empty or melatonin filled Silastic capsules that totaled 100 mm in length. The animals were maintained on either LD 6:18 or LD 14:10, and testicular development was monitored until the animals were 10 weeks old. Testicular development was not influenced by either the photoperiod or melatonin treatment and at 10 weeks of age the testes of all the animals had reached a size comparable to that observed in sexually mature animals. Exposure of hamsters to LD 6:18 beyond 10 weeks of age resulted in complete testicular regression. In contrast to juvenile hamsters, testicular growth was suppressed by melatonin treatment in adult hamsters transferred from a nonstimulatory LD 6:18 light cycle to a stimulatory LD 14:10 photoperiod. These results suggest that melatonin treatment via hormone filled Silastic capsules does not influence photic-independent testicular growth, but does influence photicdependent testicular recrudescence.
The effects of neutral detergents on the crystallization of soluble proteins

Abstract A number of protein and nucleic acid molecules were crystallized in the presence and the absence of the neutral detergent β-octyl glucoside (0.0–1.5%) from polyethylene glycol and ammonium sulfate. Our results, though in great part qualitative, support the contention that the growth of macromolecular crystals is influenced in a positive manner by the presence of detergent. In general, more reproducible and rapid growth was observed with a larger proportion of large individual crystals at the expense of microcrystals. In some instance, the crystal habit or the crystallographic unit cell was altered.
DELAYED AUTONOMOUS SELF-POLLINATION IN HIBISCUS LAEVIS (MALVACEAE)'

Delayed autonomous self-pollination allows outcrossing to occur while also ensuring that seeds are produced in the absence of pollen vectors. We investigated variation in the efficacy of this pollination mechanism in populations of Hibiscus laevis. Recurvature of stylar branches occurred after 1 d of anthesis, and in plants from Ohio, Illinois, Arkansas, and Oklahoma this behavior resulted in autonomous selfing (surprisingly, stylar movement was facultative in that it did not take place when the stigmas were already pollinated). In contrast to these more northern populations, the distance between anthers and stigmas was too great to allow autonomous selfing in plants from Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Greenhouse studies of plants from Ohio demonstrated that autonomous selfing resulted in an average of 29.5 seeds per flower, as compared to 59.9 seeds per flower from hand-pollination of stigmas with self pollen. In an assessment of the possible significance of this selfing mode, emasculated flowers did not set significantly fewer seeds in a natural stand in Ohio, suggesting that few seeds resulted from autonomous selfing at that site. Modest inbreeding depression was detected at this population. Our results suggest that delayed autonomous selfing is more common in northern populations, where it may facilitate population establishment and persistence at times when pollinators are scarce.
Reaction Mechanisms in Delignification of Pine Kraft-AQ Pulp With Hydrogen Peroxide Using Mn(IV)-Me4DTNE as Catalyst

Pine Kraft-AQ pulp was bleached with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by [LMn(IV)2 (μ-O)3](ClO4)2 at 80 °C for 120 min under optimum reaction conditions. The resulting bleached pulp was hydrolyzed with cellulase to obtain insoluble and soluble residual lignins. The alkaline effluent from the bleaching was acidified to precipitate alkaline soluble lignin. These lignin preparations were purified, and then analyzed by 2D HMQC NMR spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that biphenyl (5−5) and stilbene structures are preferentially degraded in the bleaching process, while β-O-4, β-5, and β−β structures undergo degradation only to a lesser extent. This implies that hydrogen peroxide bleaching using the catalyst is more effective in delignification of softwood pulps than hardwood pulps. The possible reaction mechanisms for the delignification of residual lignin in the pine Kraft-AQ pulp in the bleaching process are discussed on the basis of the 2D HMQC NMR spectroscopic data and the model compound experiments. ...
Changes in the Functionality of Dry Whey Protein Concentrate During Storage

Abstract Various functional properties (protein solubility, foam stability, emulsifying capability) and development of browning of dry whey protein concentrate containing 52% protein were monitored during 6 mo at temperatures ranging from −40 to 40°C and water activities ranging from .15 to .41. Of the product attributes studied, increases in browning were most important. Of the storage variables studied, storage temperature and time were most important and water activity was of secondary importance. To achieve good retention of the initial attributes of WPC during 6-mo storage, the temperature should be no higher than 20°C and the water activity should not exceed about .2.
Lifestyle Changes in the Prevention of Mobility Disability

The prevention of functional decline with aging is essential for maintaining independent mobility for daily living and community access. The onset of mobility disability may be progressive or catastrophic in nature. Self-reported and performance-based clinical measures can be valuable for identifying the onset of mobility disability. Identification of modifiable lifestyle factors and preclinical predictors of mobility disability can be utilized in preventive care. Modifiable lifestyle factors related to mobility disability include physical activity (PA) level, smoking, nutrition, and body mass index (BMI). Age-related comorbid conditions including cardiovascular health, sarcopenia, metabolic dysregulation, cognitive impairment, and multi-morbidity influence the trajectory of decline toward mobility disability. This clinical review summarizes current knowledge about the onset and prevention of mobility disability, reviews intervention studies related to decreasing the risk for mobility disability, and provides suggestions for clinicians related to predicting and preventing mobility disability in older adults. Special attention is given to useful clinical measures, modifiable lifestyle factors, and delivering care in the context of age-related comorbid conditions in older adults.
Some negative impedance converters

Four new transistor-resistor negative impedance converter circuits are presented, two of the voltage-inversion type and two of the current-inversion type. Their gain-product sensitivities are tabulated.