cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal, behavioral and growth changes of juvenile Corbicula fluminea exposed to chrysotile asbestos

Abstract Juvenile Corbicula fluminea (5.2–8.6 mm shell length) were collected in winter (8–12°C) and summer (17–23°C) conditions and tested for responses to chrysotile asbestos at concentrations of 0–108 fibers l−1 for 30 days. Growth, siphoning activity, fiber uptake and gill tissue ultrastructure were evaluated. Siphoning activity was significantly reduced by 30 days of exposure at 102–108 fibers l−1 in summer and winter compared to controls and was paralleled by significant reductions in shell growth at 104–108 fibers l−1 in summer and 105–108 fibers l−1 in winter. Differences in shell:tissue growth were apparent with lower values in all groups in the winter compared to their counterparts in the summer due to energy allocations to tissue growth in the winter. Therefore, Corbicula were more susceptible to asbestos in winter conditions due to differences between robust, summer vs inherently weakened winter collected clams. Clams exposed to 108 fibers l−1 accumulated ∼150 fibers mg−1 in gill and 110 fibers mg−1 in viscera after 30 days in both seasons. The presence of asbestos in tissue was consistent with significantly greater water content and total gill locule surface area in 108 fibers l−1 exposed clams relative to controls. Small asbestos fibers were preferentially accumulated in gill and visceral tissues. Corbicula may become a useful biomonitor for asbestos contamination in the United States and abroad due to its ability to accumulate asbestos fibers efficiently.
Approach to Alkali-Metal Chemisorption within the Anderson Model

A theory of chemisorption relevant to alkali atoms on metal surfaces is presented. The virtual-impurity-state problem is modeled in the manner presented by Kj\"ollerstr\"om, Scalapino, and Schrieffer for solving the Anderson impurity problem in the low-density approximation (LDA). It is assumed that the binding or chemisorption energy of the alkali metal is composed of two parts, a metallic and an ionic component. Since considerable charge transfer from the alkali atom to the metal occurs, the LDA is appropriate for describing the metallic part of the binding. Another consequence of the large charge transfer is that the major portion of the binding results from an ionic type of bond between the partially charged alkali ion on the surface and a polarization or screening charge inside the metal. The results of the theoretical calculations indicate that binding energies for alkali atoms adsorbed on clean single-crystal faces of metals generally fall with in the range of 1.5-2.5 eV, in accord with available experimental data on metals such as W, Mo, Ta, and Ni.
Assessing the selectivity of extractant solutions for recovering labile arsenic associated with iron (hydr)oxides and sulfides in sediments.

Abstract Sequential extractions can provide analytical constraints on the identification of mineral phases that control arsenic speciation in sediments. Model solids were used in this study to evaluate different solutions designed to extract arsenic from relatively labile solid phases. Sequential and single-step extractions were conducted to evaluate the selectivity of these extraction solutions for differentiating arsenic associated with iron (hydr)oxides and iron sulfides. Extraction phases were categorized as 1) MgCl2-extractable, 2) phosphate-extractable, 3) ascorbate-extractable, and 4) HCl-extractable when the procedure is applied in sequence. Arsenic, iron, and sulfur concentrations were compared between the single-step and sequential extractions. Additionally, phosphate extractions were conducted at three pH values for comparison purposes. Application of the extraction protocol to orpiment of varying crystallinity and crystalline arsenopyrite indicated that these phases have limited solubility in the extractant solutions. Extraction with ascorbate at circumneutral pH appears to target dissolution of poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxides and is largely selective for extracting arsenic associated with this phase. Tests of the ascorbate extraction solution on sediment samples previously characterized for mineralogy and solid phase arsenic speciation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveal the utility of ascorbate for differentiating arsenic associated with poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxides and iron sulfides. Results from tests in which samples were dried by different approaches or were subjected to air exposure prior to or during extraction demonstrate the importance of sample handling on the outcome of extraction protocols.
Problems and Pitfalls in the Use of Rating Schemes to Describe Visual Art

Two teams of two raters each rated slides of artists' productions according to descriptive variables on which accord was high. However, raters disagreed in evaluation of merit. Difficulties encountered in making these ratings and their implications for research in aesthetics are discussed.
Multiple visual quantitative cues enhance discrimination of dynamic stimuli during infancy.

Infants possess basic capabilities to assess various quantitative properties such as number, size, and time. Preverbal discriminations are approximate, however, and are similarly limited across these dimensions. Here, we present the first evidence that multiple sources of quantitative unisensory information about dynamic stimuli—namely, simultaneous visual cues to changes in both number and surface area—may accelerate 6-month-olds’ quantitative competence. Using a habituation–dishabituation paradigm, results from Experiment 1 demonstrate that, when provided with such visual cues to multiple quantitative properties that occur in the same direction, infants make more precise discriminations than has been shown when they receive information about either cue alone. Moreover, Experiment 2 demonstrates that infants’ discrimination also benefits from simultaneous visual cues to quantitative changes that occur in opposite directions. Finally, Experiment 3 demonstrates that these findings are not driven by infants’ ability to discriminate a 2:3 ratio change in surface area of a dynamic stimulus alone. Thus, we hypothesize that enhanced quantitative discrimination occurs because simultaneous visual quantitative changes may be more salient than single-source information, which could better recruit attention and result in more precise learning and remembering.
Comparison of hepatic properties and transplantation of Thy-1(+) and Thy-1(-) cells isolated from embryonic day 14 rat fetal liver.

Thy-1, a marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells, is also expressed in activated oval cells of rat liver. Thy-1+ cells are also in rat fetal liver and exhibit properties of bipotent hepatic epithelial progenitor cells in culture. However, no information is available concerning liver repopulation by Thy-1+ fetal liver cells. Therefore, we isolated Thy-1+ and Thy-1− cells from embryonic day (ED) 14 fetal liver and compared their gene expression characteristics in vitro and proliferative and differentiation potential after transplantation into adult rat liver. Fetal liver cells selected for Thy-1 expression using immunomagnetic microbeads were enriched from 5.2%-87.2% Thy-1+. The vast majority of alpha fetoprotein+, albumin+, cytokine-19+, and E-cadherin+ cells were found in cultured Thy-1− cells, whereas nearly all CD45+ cells were in the Thy-1+ fraction. In normal rat liver, transplanted Thy-1+ cells produced only rare, small DPPIV+ cell clusters, very few of which exhibited a hepatocytic phenotype. In retrorsine-treated liver, transplanted Thy-1+ fetal liver cells achieved a 4.6%-23.5% repopulation. In contrast, Thy-1− fetal liver cells substantially repopulated normal adult liver and totally repopulated retrorsine-treated liver. Regarding the stromal cell–derived factor (SDF)–1/chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis for stem cell homing, Thy-1+ and Thy-1− fetal hepatic epithelial cells equally expressed CXCR4. However, SDF-1α expression was augmented in bile ducts and oval cells in retrorsine/partial hepatectomy–treated liver, and this correlated with liver repopulation by Thy-1+ cells. Conclusion: Highly enriched Thy-1+ ED14 fetal liver cells proliferate and repopulate the liver only after extensive liver injury and represent a fetal hepatic progenitor cell population distinct from Thy-1− stem/progenitor cells, which repopulate the normal adult liver. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Electrogenerative oxidation of dilute sulfur dioxide with gas diffusion electrodes

Abstract Oxidation of dilute SO 2 at gas diffusion-type catalytic electrodes, Pt/PTFE and Pt/carbon/PTFE, was studied in electrogenerative cells equipped wit
Power Relationships in Rumpelstiltskin: A Textual Comparison of a Traditional and a Reconstructed Fairy Tale

Reconstructed fairy tales provide a different point of view and challenge the assumptions of a common set of values; for that reason, these stories provide a medium in which to examine power relationships in texts by applying a critical multicultural analysis (Botelho & Rudman, forthcoming, 2008, A critical multicultural analysis of children’s literature: Mirrors, windows and doors. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum) to identify and analyze power relations of Rumpelstiltskin (Grimm & Grimm, 1812/1987, New York: Bantam) and Rumpelstiltskin’s Daughter (Stanley, 1997, New York: Morrow Junior Books). Specifically, this study examines how power is exercised on a continuum: domination, collusion, resistance, and agency. Findings indicate that by identifying and questioning text ideologies, critical readers can consider how texts maintain, counteract, or promote alternative systemic power structures.
Crown Gall Development Stimulated by Wound Washing

A number of experiments on the effect of wound washing on the development of crown gall were made varying the following factors: Host species; bacterial strain; non-washing versus washing for different periods; sterile versus inoculated wound; time of inoculation. Washing did not have a recognizable effect on the healing of sterile wounds. Neither did it seem to overcome incompatibility between host and bacterial strain. Washing promoted tumor growth significantly under the following conditions: Vicia faba inoculated with T37 20 hours after washing for 1 hour; Helianthus annuus inoculated with B6 immediately after washing for 2 hours.
EFFECTS OF 60 HZ AC MAGNETIC FIELDS ON GENE EXPRESSION FOLLOWING EXPOSURE OVER MULTIPLE CELL GENERATIONS USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Abstract We are reporting that gene expression in the unicellular yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , is altered in response to continuous exposure to 20 μT 60Hz AC electromagnetic fields (EMF) over a period of approximately 15 cell generations. This effect was indicated by changes in the steady-state abundance of specific messenger RNAs (mRNA). To evaluate changes in mRNA levels, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of in vitro translation products. For the majority of mRNAs examined (44–67%), differential effects on transcript levels were no different than those observed in sham-exposed experiments. However, the relative abundance of a significant proportion of mRNAs (26–38%) was increased at least 2-fold in cells exposed to EMF. Finally, a smaller percentage of mRNAs (7–18%) showed decreased levels (below 50% of control) in the EMF-exposed cells.
Neuroendocrine deficiency effects on trophic metabolism and water balance in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

Abstract Unoperated, sham-operated (SO) and allatectomized (CA − ) adult, male Blaberus discoidalis lost ca . 300 mg of live weight (LW) during the first 10 days after ecdysis. This decrease resulted from losses in both dry weight (DW) and water. An additional 100 mg LW loss was found in allatectomized-cardiacectomized (CA − +CC − ) animals as a result of increased water loss. The LWs of operated and unoperated controls remained nearly constant between 10 and 30 days of age as DW increased and water decreased in comparable amounts. However, the LW of 30-day-old CA − +CC − animals was 100 mg greater than the controls due to increased water retention. Compared to controls, food consumption and faecal production were reduced by 50 per cent in CA − and CA − +CC − animals, but the percentage of food digested was unchanged. Efficiency of converting food to DW in CA − +CC − animals was twice that of SO and CA − animals and four times that of the unoperated controls. These results indicate that extirpation of the retrocerebral complex decreases food intake but not digestion. Nutrient storage or conversion to body matter is apparently enhanced by neuroendocrine deficiency. Therefore, a gross nutritional deficiency is unlikely in CA − +CC − animals. The LW changes occurring after neuroendocrine deficiency were related to changes in water content. DW changes were comparable in all control and experimental groups. The results indicate both diuretic and antidiuretic effects by the neuroendocrine system depending on the age of the animals.
Sensation seeking, aggressiveness, and adolescent reckless behavior.

Sensation seeking and aggressiveness were hypothesized to contribute to the developmental basis of reckless behavior in adolescence. This hypothesis was investigated in two studies, one on high school students and the other on college students. Sensation seeking was found to be related to every type of reckless behavior, including five types of automobile driving, sex without contraception, sex with someone known only casually, number of sexual partners, alcohol and drug use, vandalism, and theft. Aggressiveness was related to several of the driving variables, as well as to vandalism and theft. For every type of reckless behavior, frequencies of reckless behavior were as high or higher for the college students than for the high school students. Findings are discussed in relation to socialization in the culture of the American middle-class.
Magnesium Levels in Alcohol-Treated Rodents Using Different Consumption Paradigms

To develop an animal model system that examines magnesium (Mg) deficiency associated with chronic alcohol consumption, we tried to reproduce a Mg-deficient state, caused by alcohol consumption, in rats using different alcohol consumption experimental designs. Serum and bone samples were collected from 2-day binge (high BACs achieved by intubating a 5% ethanol solution 2 consecutive days/week), 5-day binge, moderate drinking, and adolescent (4-week-old rats, equivalent to late teen/early adult humans) alcohol consumption projects. Mg content was measured using color spectrophotometry. Alcohol-fed animals consumed a liquid diet containing 0.38 g/kg/day ethanol in the moderate project and 35% ethanol-derived calories in the adolescent drinking project. Animals in the two binge drinking projects were intubated with 12 g/kg/day of ethanol in a 5% solution. When looked at acutely and chronically, no consistent deficiencies in Mg were seen. The lack of a chronic Mg deficiency in rats may indicate a different mechanism of action than observed in humans.
Enyne [4 + 4] Photocycloaddition: Bridged 1,2,5-Cyclooctatrienes

Enyne photocycloaddition with a 2-pyridone yields a mixture of products including amide-bridged 1,2,5-cyclooctatrienes, the first examples of enyne [4 + 4] adducts. Four regio- and stereochemical isomers of the [4 + 4] adduct are possible. All appear to be too strained to be isolated, but they have been identified as their [2 + 2] cyclobutane dimers. Cyclobutane and cyclobutene adducts have also been isolated, [2 + 2] addition products possibly related to the unstable [4 + 4] adducts via Cope rearrangement. Calculations suggest that [3,3] rearrangements have high energy barriers, however, making thermal interconversion unlikely.
Focal task-specific lower extremity dystonia associated with intense repetitive exercise: A case series

Abstract Background Focal task-specific dystonia of the lower extremity associated with intense repetitive exercise has recently been recognized. The clinical course, treatment response and prognosis remain poorly understood. Methods Individuals with lower extremity task-specific dystonia evaluated at UCSF's Movement Disorders Center (2004–2012) were eligible for this descriptive case study series if he/she had a history of strenuous and prolonged exercise involving the lower extremity and had no abnormal neurological or medical conditions to explain the involuntary movements. Data was gathered from the medical history and a self-report questionnaire. The findings were compared to 14 cases previously reported in the literature. Results Seven cases (4M/3F) were identified with a diverse set of exercise triggers (cycling, hiking, long-distance running, drumming). The mean age of symptom onset was 53.7 ± 6.1 years. The median symptom duration prior to diagnosis was 4 (9.5) years. Several patients underwent unnecessary procedures prior to being appropriately diagnosed. Over a median of 2 (3.5) years, signs and symptoms progressed to impair walking. Seven patients had improvement in gait with treatment (e.g. botulinum toxin injections, benzodiazepines, physical therapy, bracing, body weight supported gait training and/or functional electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve) and six returned to a reduced intensity exercise routine. Conclusions Isolated lower extremity dystonia associated with strenuous, repetitive exercise is relatively uncommon, but disabling and challenging to treat. The pathophysiology may be similar to task-specific focal dystonias of the upper limb. Prompt recognition of leg dystonia associated with extreme exercise could minimize unnecessary testing and procedures, and facilitate earlier treatment.
A robust regularised restoration algorithm based on Topkis-Veinott optimisation method

We present a robust iterative algorithm for restoration of blurred and noisy images. The restoration model is first regularised and then solved iteratively. An optimal regularisation parameter is estimated using the Topkis-Veinott gradient method. This restoration algorithm is compared with other competitive restoration algorithms in the literature. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the comparative important features of our algorithm, namely, robustness in the presence of noise and high quality restoration results.
High-calorie diet partially ameliorates dysregulation of intrarenal lipid metabolism in remnant kidney

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with malnutrition and renal tissue accumulation of lipids, which can contribute to progression of renal disease. This study was designed to explore the effect of a high-calorie diet on pathways involved in lipid metabolism in the remnant kidney of rats with CRF. 5/6 nephrectomized rats were randomized to receive a regular diet (3.0 kcal/g) or a high-calorie diet (4.5 kcal/g) for 12 weeks. Renal lipid contents and abundance of molecules involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism were studied. The CRF group consuming a regular diet exhibited growth retardation; azotemia; proteinuria; glomerulosclerosis; tubulointerstitial injury; heavy lipid accumulation in the remnant kidney; up-regulation of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA1), liver X receptor (LXR) α/β, carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC); and down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). The high-calorie diet restored growth; reduced the severity of tubulointerstitial injury, proteinuria and azotemia; partially lowered renal tissue lipid contents; attenuated the up-regulation of mediators of lipid influx (LOX-1), lipid efflux (LXR-α/β and ABCA1) and fatty acid biosynthesis (ChREBP and ACC); and reversed the down-regulation of factors involved in fatty acid oxidation (PPAR-α, CPT1 and L-FABP). In conclusion, a high-calorie diet restores growth, improves renal function and structure, and lowers lipid burden in the remnant kidney. The latter is associated with and most likely due to reduction in lipid influx and enhancement of fatty acid oxidation.
The influence of thapsigargin on Na,K-ATPase activity in cultured nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells.

Experiments were conducted to test the influence of thapsigargin on the Na,K-ATPase activity of cultured cells (ODM2) derived from human nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. The rate of ouabain-sensitive ATP hydrolysis (Na,K-ATPase activity) was diminished in cells that had been pretreated with thapsigargin then permeabilized. Following 20 min exposure of intact cells to thapsigargin, the cells were permeabilized with digitonin and the rate of ouabain-sensitive ATP hydrolysis (Na,K-ATPase activity) was measured immediately in a calcium-free buffer. In permeabilized cells that had been pretreated with 1 μM thapsigargin for 20 min, the rate of ouabain-sensitive ATP hydrolysis (Na,K-ATPase activity) was reduced by 38%. Pretreatment with lesser concentrations of thapsigargin caused smaller changes of Na,K-ATPase activity. The decrease of Na,K-ATPase activity was the same whether or not calmodulin antagonists W7 or trifluoperazine were present during the thapsigargin pretreatment period. This inhibitory effect upo...
Competitiveness and Behavior of Tobacco Budworms Sterilized with Reserpine and Gamma Irradiation

Female Heliothis virescens (F.) sterilized with a combination of substerile doses of reserpine (0.1% wt/v) and gamma irradiation (10 and 15 krad) competed on an equal basis with untreated females for untreated males. The observed percent reduction in hatch of eggs when the ratios of treated to untreated adults was 0:1, 1:1, 4:1, 9:1, and 19:1 was generally comparable to or exceeded the theoretical percentage, especially at the higher dose of irradiation. Collections in light traps showed no differences in the flight potential or mating frequency between untreated moths and moths reared as larvae on diets containing 0.1 reserpine with or without Calco® Red dye (0.0625% wt/v) and later irradiated as pupae with 7-5 krad. The distribution of reserpine in the test diets was homogenous, based on the observed biological activity of the treated insects.
Outpatient Order Accuracy

Abstract Context.—Laboratory test order entry errors potentially delay diagnosis, consume resources, and cause patient inconvenience. Objective.—To evaluate the frequency and causes of computer order entry errors in outpatients. Design.—Cross-sectional survey and prospective sample of errors. Participants answered questions about their test order entry policies and practices. They then examined a sample of outpatient requisitions and compared information on the requisition with information entered into the laboratory computer system. Order entry errors were divided into 4 types: tests ordered on the requisition, but not in the computer; tests performed but not ordered on the requisition; physician name discrepancies; and test priority errors. Participants.—Six hundred sixty laboratories enrolled in the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes program. Main Outcome Measure.—Overall order entry error rate. Results.—A total of 5514 (4.8%) of 114 934 outpatient requisitions were associated with at least 1 or...
Relative Clause Variation and the Unity of Beowulf

In this paper, I argue that quantitative data on relative clause variation in Old English provide additional evidence against the theory of multiple authorship of Beowulf . I show that aspects of various relative clause types in Beowulf are unique in the Old English poetic and prose corpus and homogenous throughout all three proposed parts of the poem. Comparison with the poems attributed to Cynewulf indicates that the frequency, distribution, and selection of relative clause types are consistent throughout an individual poet's compositions. Statistical analysis of the general distribution of relative clause types and factors such as the type of antecedent and its distance to the relative clause supports the hypothesis that Beowulf is a unified poem. I would like to thank R. D. Fulk, Kari Ellen Gade, and Rex A. Sprouse for comments and critiques of drafts of this paper, and audiences at “Studies in the History of the English Language I” at UCLA and “Philology in Germanic Studies at Illinois and Indiana V” at the University of Illinois for helpful discussion. Special thanks to Julie Auger for advice and her generous help with the VARBRUL analysis. Any remaining errors are of course my own.
The Effects of "Instant" Logo Computing Language on the Cognitive Development of Very Young Children

This study was designed to investigate whether the use of Logo accelerates the cognitive development of five- to seven-year-old children in a kindergarten class as measured by Piagetian-based tests of conservation of length, measurement and the ability to identify Euclidean shapes. The students in the study were exposed to an expanded form of “Instant Logo” programming language using a guided discovery instructional approach. The training period lasted for six months. Posttest results indicated no significant differences between groups on all the measures, however the Logo teachers reported favorable impacts on the specific academic skills of left/right discrimination, knowledge of shape names, letter recognition and artwork. The results are discussed within a Piagetian framework and directions for future research are given.
Bare Plurals, Bare Conditionals, and Only

The compositional semantics of sentences like Only mammals give live birth and The flag flies only if the Queen is home is a tough problem. Evidence is presented to show that only here is modifying an underlying proposition (its 'prejacent'). After discussing the semantics of only, the question of the proper interpretation of the prejacent is explored. It would be nice if the prejacent could be analyzed as having existential quantificational force. But that is difficult to maintain, since the prejacent structures when encountered on their own are naturally read as having a lawlike flavor, which in many analyses is attributed to the semantics of implicit operators alleged to be present in them. In the end, an analysis is presented which attributes some very particular properties to these operators and thereby succeeds in providing the target sentences with intuitively adequate interpretations. These complex constructions can therefore be used as a probe into the nature of implicit quantification in natural language.
Memoized Online Variational Inference for Dirichlet Process Mixture Models

Variational inference algorithms provide the most effective framework for large-scale training of Bayesian nonparametric models. Stochastic online approaches are promising, but are sensitive to the chosen learning rate and often converge to poor local optima. We present a new algorithm, memoized online variational inference, which scales to very large (yet finite) datasets while avoiding the complexities of stochastic gradient. Our algorithm maintains finite-dimensional sufficient statistics from batches of the full dataset, requiring some additional memory but still scaling to millions of examples. Exploiting nested families of variational bounds for infinite nonparametric models, we develop principled birth and merge moves allowing non-local optimization. Births adaptively add components to the model to escape local optima, while merges remove redundancy and improve speed. Using Dirichlet process mixture models for image clustering and denoising, we demonstrate major improvements in robustness and accuracy.
Synthesis, molecular structures, and chemistry of some new palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with pentafluorophenyl ligands

A series of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes possessing pentafluorophenyl ligands of the general formula [M(L–L)(C6F5)Cl] (M = Pd 3; L–L = tmeda (N,N,N′,N′,-tetramethylethylenediamine) a; 1,2-bis(2,6-dimethylphenylimino)ethane) b; dmpe (1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) c; dcpe (1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane) d; Pt 4; L–L = tmeda a; 1,2-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylimino]-1,2-dimethylethane b; dmpe c; dcpe d) were readily synthesized from the dimer [M(C6F5)(tht)(μ-Cl)2] (M = Pd 1b, Pt 2b; tht = tetrahydrothiophene) and the corresponding bidentate ligand. In the case of palladium, the corresponding iodo analogues (6a–c) were readily synthesized in a one-pot reaction from [Pd2(dba)3], iodopentafluorobenzene, and the appropriate ligand. The platinum complexes 4c–d were then converted to the water complexes [Pt(L–L)(C6F5)(OH2)]OTf (L–L = dmpe 7a; dcpe 7b) via reaction with AgOTf in the presence of water. Attempts to convert the palladium complexes 3c–d to the corresponding water complexes resulted in the disproportionation of the intermediate water complex to form [Pd(L–L)(C6F5)2] (L–L = dmpe 8) or [Pd(L–L)2][OTf]2 (L–L = dcpe 9). Upon standing in solution for prolonged periods, complex 7a undergoes an identical disproportionation reaction to the Pd analogues to form [Pt(L–L)(C6F5)2] (L–L = dmpe 10). Complexes 4c and 4d were converted to the corresponding hydrides (11b–c, respectively) using two different hydride sources: 11a was formed by the reaction of 4c with NaBH4 in refluxing THF, while 11b was synthesized in near quantitative yield using [Cp2ZrH2] in refluxing THF. Attempts to synthesize η2-tetrafluorobenzyne complexes [Pt(L–L)(C6F4)] (L–L = dmpe, dcpe) from reaction of 11a–b with butyllithium were unsuccessful. The molecular structures of 3a, 4a, 4c, 4d, 6b, 7a, 8, and 11b have been determined by X-ray crystallographic studies, and are discussed.
Check studies with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans in support of the development of a sediment quality criterion for dieldrin

The development of sediment quality criteria (SQCs) for nonpolar compounds using equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP) requires three critical data elements for the compound of interest: (a) a reliable, measured K ow ; (b) an acceptable minimum data set for the development of the final acute and final chronic values necessary to calculate a water-quality criterion (WQC); and (c) «check» experiments with appropriate freshwater and marine benthic organisms to ensure that their responses in spiked-sediment tests are in agreement with responses predicted based on EqP. This study presents the results of dieldrin check experiments with two freshwater species: the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the chironomid Chironomus tentans. Ten-day, flowthrough, water-only dieldrin LC50 values for the amphipod and chironomid were 7.6 and 1.1 μg/L, respectively. The LC50 values for the two species based on organic carbon-normalized sediment concentrations of dieldrin were generally less variable than values based on dieldrin concentrations in sediments on a dry-weight basis. Ten-day LC50 values for H. azteca and C. tentans based on measured pore-water concentrations of dieldrin were greater than those based on EqP-predicted pore-water concentrations of dieldrin. An increase in the apparent water solubility of dieldrin as a result of binding to dissolved organic carbon appeared to account for this phenomenon. Ten-day LC50 values for H. azteca and C. tentans based on EqP-predicted pore-water concentrations of dieldrin were within a factor of 25 and 3 of their respective 10-d, water-only dieldrin LC50 values. Avoidance of the dieldrin-spiked sediments may offer a partial explanation for the concentration-response results observed with H. azteca and the greater difference observed for this species between water-only and predicted pore-water 10-d LC50 values for dieldrin. Inhibition of growth in C. tentans was also a sensitive end point with effects observed at pore-water concentrations of dieldrin as small as 5.5 μg/g organic carbon. Based on these results, it appears that EqP based upon sediment organic carbon content is an appropriate model for converting WQC for dieldrin to SQC. These results also highlight the importance of using multiple benthic test species (including at least one infaunal species), end points, and sediments in SQC sediment-spiking check studies
LDIflare small fiber function in normal glucose tolerant subjects with and without hypertriglyceridemia

Introduction: We explored determinants of small fiber function (SFF) in normoglycemic individuals to determine influence of metabolic parameters, including triglyceride (TG) levels. Methods: Dorsal foot SFF was assessed by the LDIflare method in 79 individuals without clinical neuropathy, including 43 controls (HC, 2.25 mmol/L). Results: LDIflare was significantly smaller in HiTG compared with HC (4.4 ± 1.4 vs. 9.3 ± 2.9 cm2; P < 0.0001) and compared with the MiTG (4.4 ± 1.4 vs. 7.0 ± 2.1; P < 0.0001). Over all, an inverse correlation existed between LDIflare and age (−0.42; P < 0.0001), weight (r = −0.37; P = 0.004), body mass index (BMI) (−0.51; P < 0.0001), Log10 triglycerides (r = −0.66; P < 0.0001), total cholesterol (r = −0.26; P = 0.02), and TC/HDL ratio (r = −0.40; P = 0.002). In multivariate regression analysis, Log10 triglycerides (P < 0.0001) and age (P = 0.003) were the only independent predictors. Conclusions: There is an inverse correlation between small fiber function and triglycerides in normoglycemic individuals and abnormal SFF in normoglycemic hypertriglyceridemia. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and to determine whether reduced SFF heralds later clinical neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 52: 113–119, 2015
Integrating Digital and Building Technologies: Towards a New Architectural Composite

This paper presents an ongoing research project about the development of the materials and fabrication techniques for a fundamentally new class of architectural composite. This type of composite, which is a representative example of an even broader class of smart architectural material, has the potential to change the design and function of an architectural structure or living environment. As of today, this kind of composite does not exist. Once completed, this will be the first technology on its own. We believe this study will lay the fundamental groundwork for a new paradigm in surface engineering that may be of considerable significance in architecture, building and construction industry, and materials science.
Orthogonal loops probe design and characterization for near-field measurement

Near-field probes are often used to measure the electric and magnetic fields above a printed circuit board in order to identify the sources and coupling paths of an electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem. It is the objective of this paper to propose a rapid E-, Hx- Hy- and circular H-fields measurement using an orthogonal loops probe design. The effects of this probe are analyzed using full-wave simulations and measurements.
Eating behavior in anorexia nervosa: before and after treatment.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess eating behavior in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight normalization and healthy controls using a standardized, multiple-item lunch meal paradigm. Method: Eighteen patients were studied shortly after inpatient admission and again after gaining to a BMI ≥ 19.5 kg m−2. Fifteen healthy controls were studied twice, ∼2–3 months apart. Results: When underweight, patients with AN consumed fewer total calories (364 ± 208 kcal) and a lower percentage of calories from fat (18% ± 10%) compared to controls (775 ± 228 kcal, p = 0.001; 38% ± 7%, p = 0.001). After weight normalization, despite a modest increase in total calories (364 ± 208 kcal vs. 516 ± 273 kcal, p = 0.04) and in percent of calories from fat (18% ± 10% vs. 23% ± 9%, p = 0.04), patients continued to consume fewer total calories and a reduced percent of calories from fat compared to controls (758 ± 346 kcal, p = 0.03; 38% ± 18%, p = 0.004). Discussion: Patients with AN, even after acute treatment, consume fewer total calories and fewer calories from fat, compared to healthy controls. The reduced overall intake and persistent avoidance of fat may contribute to relapse, and therefore are potential therapeutic targets. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Operation of an optoelectronic AlGaAs/GaAs waveguide neuron.

A novel monolithic AlGaAs/GaAs waveguide neuron is proposed and implemented with a Wannier–Stark superlattice in the core. Dynamic weighting, summing, and thresholding of signals is done by chip-level integration of modulators and a saturable absorber on a rib waveguide power combiner. At 780 nm (below the band gap) the range for synaptic weights is between 1 and −25 dB/mm for reverse bias below 7 V, and the modulation depth is 25 dB for the thresholding element. For a two-to-one neuron, the output–input range ratio is 25 dB.
Ten-year experience in the management of total colonic aganglionosis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to review the 10 years' experience in the management of patients with total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) and follow-up of their health condition. Methods: Cases of 25 patients with TCA in the Children's Hospital of Fudan University from 1996 to 2005 were reviewed and analyzed. The confirmed diagnosis was established by an intraoperative frozen-section biopsy of the rectum, colon, appendix, and ileum. The data included in this study accounted for sex, age, signs of presentation, any familiar history of Hirschsprung disease (HD) or associated abnormalities, and ileal involvement. Plain x-ray films, barium enema, and anorectal manometry were provided for evaluation. The results of surgical management were analyzed for weight at definite operation, blood requirement during operation, the total parenteral nutrition duration, and the pre- and postoperative complications of these patients. Follow-up data were collected regarding growth development, stool frequency, stool consistency, fecal soiling, incontinence, enterocolitis, and anal stricture. Results: Among 25 patients, 8 (32%) females and 17 (68%) males were diagnosed as having TCA. Sixteen patients (64%) were evaluated at the neonatal period, whereas 9 patients (36%) were evaluated after the neonatal period. All 25 patients received at least 1 plain abdominal radiograph or barium enema at the university hospital before operation. However, there was no specific pathognomonic finding that may provide a definite diagnosis. Nineteen (76%) patients underwent initial laparotomy at our institute and 6 patients (24%) were operated on beforehand at other hospitals. Twenty-three (92%) patients were diagnosed as having TCA and underwent ileostomy, whereas 2 (8%) patients underwent primary pull-through procedure. Eighteen (72%) patients had undergone definite surgery. Pre- and postoperative complications included enterocolitis (44.4%), perianal excoriation (77.7%), electrolyte imbalance (50%), and anastomotic leak (16.6%). Average duration of total parenteral nutrition before operation was 17.77 ± 12.54 days and after operation was 10.27 ± 5.23 days. Mean follow-up time was 27.6 ± 35.39 months. Two patients had 5 to 6 bowel movements per day. Seven had a frequency of stool ranging between 1 and 3 bowel movements per day. Their bowel movements returned to normal about 12 to 18 months after surgery. On follow-up, the height and weight development of the patients was found to be normal. Conclusions: Gradual progress was observed in all the patients that took part in the study, and all patients
Molecular Pathways: Interleukin-15 Signaling in Health and in Cancer

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the development, survival, proliferation, and activation of multiple lymphocyte lineages utilizing a variety of signaling pathways. IL-15 utilizes three distinct receptor chains in at least two different combinations to signal and exert its effects on the immune system. The binding of IL-15 to its receptor complex activates an "immune-enhancing" signaling cascade in natural killer cells and subsets of T cells, as well as the induction of a number of proto-oncogenes. Additional studies have explored the role of IL-15 in the development and progression of cancer, notably leukemia of large granular lymphocytes, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. This review provides an overview of the molecular events in the IL-15 signaling pathway and the aberrancies in its regulation that are associated with chronic inflammation and cancer. We briefly explore the potential therapeutic opportunities that have arisen as a result of these studies to further the treatment of cancer. These involve both targeting the disruption of IL-15 signaling as well as IL-15-mediated enhancement of innate and antigen-specific immunity.
Status of Breeding Reddish Egrets on Great Inagua, Bahamas with Comments on Breeding Territoriality and the Effects of Hurricanes

Abstract. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is an important region to Reddish Egrets (Egretta rufescens); however, current status of this species in the Bahamas is lacking. From 2008–2010, a breeding survey of Reddish Egrets was conducted in Great Inagua to 1) document breeding status, 2) document breeding phenology, and 3) estimate the number of breeding pairs. A total of 87 Reddish Egret nests on Great Inagua over two breeding seasons were recorded; the proportion of white, dark and mixed-morph nesting pairs varied but averaged (±S.D.) 68.4 ± 7.5, 18.2 ± 2.4, and 13.4 ± 5.1%, respectively. Based on these surveys, the breeding season range extends from December to May, varying annually due to changes in precipitation. Territorial aggression of solitary nesting pairs in Reddish Egrets was observed, previously unreported for the Caribbean. Damage to mangrove islands from Hurricane Ike in September 2008 appeared to increase nesting concentrations on Lake Rosa; solitary nesting decreased from 36% before, to 10...
A Research Strategy for Educational Improvement

First, it is directed specifically toward educational improvement. Second, it is planned and carried out cooperatively by a researcher or a research team and the participating staff of a local school. Successive research teams and I have been participating in this kind of improvement-oriented research for more than two decades while concurrently conducting other controlled experiments or carrying out longitudinal studies. Ideas and results from our current improvement-oriented research will be presented to illustrate an improvement-oriented research strategy.
Constructions of Resilience: Ethnoracial Diversity, Inequality, and Post-Katrina Recovery, the Case of New Orleans

In this paper, we draw on multi-level census data, in-depth interviews, ethnographic and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) methods to examine the effects of median household income, ethnoracial diversity, and flood damage on rates of post-Katrina repopulation in New Orleans. Our main finding is that New Orleans neighborhoods have been experiencing modest increases in ethnoracial diversity as well as a retrenchment of socio-spatial inequalities, as measured by low diversity scores, low median household income levels, and high poverty rates. In addition to documenting the objective indicators of "recovery", we draw attention to the socially constructed nature of resilience. Based on interviews and ethnographic field observations, we investigate how resident constructions of resilience shape their views of the post-Katrina recovery process, provide a compelling and reassuring story of community revitalization, and convey a sense of collective power and control despite continued vulnerability to hazards and disasters.
CHARACTERIZATION OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED NOVEL GRAPHITE FILMS

Reactions of C5H6 and BCl3 at 800°C yields a metallic graphite-like material of composition BCx (3.0 ≤ x ≤ 4.00) while reactions of BCl3, NH3 and C2 produces a B/C/N graphitic semiconductor of approximate stoichiometry B2CN2. Both materials were shown to be homogeneous using Auger electron spectroscopy and extensively characterized by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Single loss profiles of the EELS data were obtained using the fourier-log deconvolution method. Compositions were determined using hydrogenic cross-sections. A careful study of the plasmon resonance energies and the fine structures of the core-loss edges of these materials has been invaluable in demonstrating that the boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms are all sp2 hybridized. Therefore, these new materials are in-sheet graphite hybrids and not intercalations.
The Safety of Surgery in Elderly Patients with Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) occurs more commonly in elderly patients. However, these patients are often excluded from clinical trials. The absence of solid evidence has resulted in a nihilistic view of GBM in the elderly and a traditionally conservative treatment approach. In particular, the safety of surgical resection for both primary and recurrent GBM is poorly understood in elderly patients. Methods In a retrospective cohort of patients aged ≥65 years, we examined selection for biopsy, surgical resection, and reoperation for recurrent disease. We also analyzed complication rates after initial resection and reoperation for recurrent disease. We identified 319 elderly patients with pathologically proven GBM who underwent a total of 274 craniotomies at our institution between 2000 and 2012. Events were reported according to the methods used in the Glioma Outcomes Project. Results The overall rate of complications after resection was 21.9%, with a rate of neurological complications of 7.7%. The rates of neurological, regional, and systemic complications were not significantly different after initial craniotomy and reoperation for GBM in elderly patients. Reoperations were not associated with an increased risk of complications. Low cardiovascular risk, improved functional status, and hemispheric GBM were associated with selection for more aggressive surgical treatment. Younger age and improved functional status were associated with a reduced likelihood of complications. Conclusions We conclude that in select patients, age alone should not preclude the decision to pursue aggressive surgical management.
The epidemiology of autopsies in Monroe County, New York.

Death certificates provide one of the most useful sources of information for epidemiologists concerned with the incidence and prevalence of a variety of diseases. As with other sources of official statistics, however, there are numerous problems of interpretation. Indeed, it has been claimed by some that official statistics tell us more about the producers of such statistics than about the reality they are presumed to describe [1]. Arrest rates, for instance, tell us at least as much about the police as about those arrested [2]. Suicide rates tell us as much about the coroner or medical examiner system as about those committing suicide [3]. Changing patterns of respiratory deaths are more revealing of changing diagnostic and coding practices than of the changing incidence of a variety of disease entities [4].
Gravity Gradients Over A Simple Two-Dimensional Structure: Interval Gradients Redux

Back in the days before “full tensor gravity gradiometers” were available and the in vogue topic for potential fields papers, there was a rich and extensive literature discussing gravity gradients from the perspective of interval (finite difference) gradients from gravity measurements or from derivative filter transformations of gravity maps. In fact, the very first issue of Geophysics (1936) had an intriguing article by H. M. Evjen, “The Place of the Vertical Gradient in Gravitational Interpretations.” Measurement of the interval vertical gradient involves painstaking measurements with gravimeters and towers or tripods (Figure 1), while the horizontal gradients are calculated from “closely-spaced” surface gravity measurements. The excellent tutorial article by Saad (2006) discusses the attributes of true or differential gravity gradients for structural definition and filtering. Similar discussions of the attributes of interval gravity gradients are presented by Hammer and Anzoleaga (1975), Butler (1984a, 1995), and others (many listed in the reference lists of the preceding papers).