cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on the form of current-potential curves

Summary The forms of the current-potential curves obtained for different models of diffusion by rigorous and approximate methods are compared. It is found that for instantaneous current the irreversible part of the logarithmic diagram (log( i/i d −i) vs. potential) obtained by rigorous methods at sufficiently positive potentials agree very well with approximate results (with corresponding diffusion layer thickness (π Dt ) 1/2 for stationary and (3π Dt/7 ) 1/2 for expanding plane model). However, at more negative potentials the slope of the logarithmic diagram is no longer equal to α nF/RT in the case of a stationary plane model of diffusion. In the case of an expanding plane at these potentials the diffusion layer thickness is no longer (3π Dt/7 ) 1/2 but equal to that of the stationary plane (π Dt ) 1/2 . Therefore the analysis of quasi-reversible polarographic waves and related curves should be performed without the factor (3/7) 1/2 (erroneously) used earlier, because the irreversible part of the logarithmic diagram at potentials near the reversible potential has no effect on the observed current (which is controlled by diffusion and not by heterogeneous charge transfer) and it is only at these low potentials that the expanding plane diffusion layer solution should be used. The analysis of mean current is also discussed.
A Longitudinal Approach to Assessing Urban and Suburban Children’s Exposure to Pyrethroid Pesticides

We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the exposure of 23 elementary school-age children to pyrethroid pesticides, using urinary pyrethroid metabolites as exposure biomarkers. We substituted most of the children's conventional diets with organic food items for 5 consecutive days and collected two daily spot urine samples, first morning and before bedtime voids, throughout the 15-day study period. We analyzed urine samples for five common pyrethroid metabolites. We found an association between the parents' self-reported pyrethroid use in the residential environment and elevated pyrethroid metabolite levels found in their children's urine. Children were also exposed to pyrethroids through their conventional diets, although the magnitude was smaller than for the residential exposure. Children's ages appear to be significantly associated with pyrethroids exposure, which is likely attributed to the use of pyrethroids around the premises or in the facilities where older children engaged in the outdoor activities. We conclude that residential pesticide use represents the most important risk factor for children's exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. Because of the wide use of pyrethroids in the United States, the findings of this study are important for both children's pesticide exposure assessment and environmental public health.
Trade Effects of Dismantling the Socialized Agriculture of the Former Soviet Union

The transition to a market economy in the former Soviet Union will significantly reduce waste and losses in harvesting, marketing, transporting and processing agricultural products. The former system failed to have clear property rights in commodities, contributing to a high percentage of waste and losses. The privatization of agriculture and a market economy will significantly increase the productivity of feed. The use of grain for seed has been excessive and this will be gradually corrected. In recent years the former Soviet Union had annual grain imports of 35–40 million tons of grain and 1 million tons of meat. The dismantling of socialized agriculture is likely to lead to grain exports of about 20 million tons and eliminate the net imports of meat. These changes will have major effects on the international markets for grain and meat.
Aggression, ADHD symptoms, and dysphoria in children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder and ADHD

BACKGROUND: This study had two objectives: (1) examine characteristics of aggression in children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder and (2) determine whether the CBCL pediatric bipolar disorder profile differentiated youngsters with bipolar disorder from youngsters with ADHD. METHOD: Children and adolescents referred to a pediatric psychopharmacology clinic were systematically evaluated for psychopathology using a psychiatrist-administered diagnostic interview, parent- and teacher-report rating scales assessing the child's behavior, and child-completed self-report scales. In this sample, 27 children and adolescents were diagnosed with bipolar disorder and 249 youngsters were diagnosed with ADHD without co-occurring bipolar disorder. These two groups were compared to determine whether there were significant differences on various measures of psychopathology. RESULTS: Youngsters diagnosed with bipolar disorder were more verbally aggressive and exhibited higher levels of reactive aggression than youngsters with ADHD without co-occurring bipolar disorder. Youngsters with bipolar disorder also reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than youngsters with ADHD without bipolar disorder. The CBCL pediatric bipolar disorder profile did not accurately identify youngsters diagnosed with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings present a picture of manic youngsters as verbally aggressive and argumentative, who respond with anger when frustrated. Youngsters diagnosed with bipolar disorder and ADHD exhibited significant levels of impulsive behavior and attention problems, but youngsters with bipolar disorder also exhibited significant levels of aggressive behavior and dysphoric mood. Finally, the CBCL pediatric bipolar disorder profile did not accurately identify youngsters who were diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Language: en
Right Hepatectomy: Robot-Assisted Approach

Liver surgery has advanced more than any other type of surgery since the early 1980s. This development is partly due to advances in technology and surgical instrumentation, as well as in anesthetic management of patients. In fact, indications for extended liver surgery interventions being performed today were thought of as unthinkable practice just a few decades ago.
Analysis of nitric oxide consumption by erythrocytes in blood vessels using a distributed multicellular model.

Multiple sets of experimental data have shown that the red blood cell (RBC) consumes nitric oxide (NO) about 600–1000-fold slower than the equivalent concentration of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb). Diffusion barriers of various sources have been suggested to explain this observation. In this work, a multicellular, spatially distributed, two-dimensional model, that describes the production, transport, and consumption of NO in blood vessels and the surrounding tissue, is developed. The model is used to assess the relative significance of NO transport barriers that reduce the rate of NO consumption in the blood. Unlike previous models of this system, the model developed here accounts explicitly for the presence of, and interactions among, a population of RBCs inside the lumen of the blood vessel and is, therefore, better suited to analyze, quantitatively, the contribution of each transport barrier as NO diffuses from its site of synthesis to the interior of the RBCs where it interacts with Hb. The model, which uses experimentally derived parameters, shows that extracellular unstirred boundary layer diffusion alone cannot account for the reduced NO consumption by RBC compared to an equivalent concentration of cell-free Hb. Since this result is reached using a two-dimensional representation of the RBCs, which overestimates the importance of the boundary layer diffusion resistance, it would be expected that in the real three-dimensional case, diffusion through the extracellular boundary layer would contribute even less to the overall mass transfer resistance. Consistent with recent experimental findings, the results of our model suggest that, under physiological conditions, transmembrane (membrane and its associated cytoskeleton layer) diffusion limitations in RBCs represent a key source of resistance for NO uptake by RBCs. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Comparison of the Thermostability of Red Hake and Alaska Pollock Surimi during Processing

Thermostability of red hake (Vrophycis chuss) mince and its temperature-dependent gel-forming properties were determined while using Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogrumma) for comparison. Fish mince and surimi were subjected to various washwater, chopping and setting/ cooking temperatures, cooking times at varying salt concentrations and moisture levels. The optimal temperatures for washing and chopping were 15°C and 12°C for red hake and 10°C and 4°C for pollock, respectively. All treatments significantly affected gel properties. For red hake gels, 77% moisture, 2.0% salt, and a 40°C preheat-setting temperature produced the most cohesive gel. Gels of both red hake and pollock gradually became less cohesive with extended cooking time. The results suggest that red hake is more thermally stable than pollock.
IDENTIFYING LOCAL DIFFERENCES IN RETIREMENT PATTERNS

The ability to retire at an age and in a manner of one's choosing depends on one's ability to retain or find employment at older ages, which depends in turn on local labor market conditions. We investigate how local labor markets affect retirement transitions. We match households from the Health and Retirement Study to MSA unemployment rates and estimate multinomial logit regressions on annual job transitions.We find that the MSA unemployment rate has large and statistically significant effects on job transitions. The estimated effects are stronger for men than women and tend to be stronger for semi-skilled workers. The unemployment rate has a negative effect on the likelihood of voluntary exit to either a new job (especially part-time) or retirement, and a positive effect on involuntary exit to retirement. A one percentage point increase in the MSA unemployment rate raises the likelihood of voluntary exit to a new job by 8.5%, reduces the likelihood of voluntary exit to retirement by 1.9%, and raises the likelihood of involuntary exit to retirement by 5.7%. Thus, high unemployment rates raises involuntary exits and constrains the ability of others to transition into retirement in a manner of their choosing.
“Gee, I Didn't Get That Vibe from You”: Articulating My Own Version of a Femme Lesbian Existence

SUMMARY This article aims to demystify the notion of a gay vibe from a femme queer woman's perspective. It contextualizes the author's experience of being read by the queer community as straight and of doing femme as a means for placing oneself on the gaydar screen while questioning the role of signifiers in creating a myth that sexuality is always concrete and permanent. This article goes further to argue that femme sexuality, because of its occasional invisible state, has the potential to move between ideological positions in order to destabilize them. This form of differential consciousness has subversive potential because it renders gaydar technology unsubstantial and broken.
Gender Differences in Trajectories of Self-Rated Health in Middle and Old Age An Examination of Differential Exposure and Differential Vulnerability

Objective: This research examined gender differences in self-rated health (SRH) using the differential exposure and differential vulnerability explanations of gender differences in health. Method: Trajectories of SRH were estimated using data that spanned 12 years (1992-2004) from the Health and Retirement Study. Results: There was no gender difference in SRH at baseline, but SRH declined faster for males over time. Factors that mediated the gender difference included changes in employment status, smoking behavior, and the onset of health conditions. Moreover, were it not for gender differences in various structural and health status factors, females would have better SRH at baseline and over time. Discussion: Our results differ from previous research, which often shows a female disadvantage that is reduced or disappears at older ages. Furthermore, gender differences in the predictors of SRH (exposure) contribute more to understanding gender differences in SRH than different responses to the predictors (v...
Knowledge Extraction and Joint Inference Using Tractable Markov Logic

The development of knowledge base creation systems has mainly focused on information extraction without considering how to effectively reason over their databases of facts. One reason for this is that the inference required to learn a probabilistic knowledge base from text at any realistic scale is intractable. In this paper, we propose formulating the joint problem of fact extraction and probabilistic model learning in terms of Tractable Markov Logic (TML), a subset of Markov logic in which inference is low-order polynomial in the size of the knowledge base. Using TML, we can tractably extract new information from text while simultaneously learning a probabilistic knowledge base. We will also describe a testbed for our proposal: creating a biomedical knowledge base and making it available for querying on the Web.
Using Visual Challenges to Verify the Integrity of Security Cameras

We propose a new way to verify the integrity and freshness of footage from security cameras by sending visual challenges to the area being monitored by the camera. We study the effectiveness of periodically updating plain text and QR code visual challenges, propose attack detection statistics for each of them, and study their performance under normal conditions (without attack) and against a variety of adversaries. Our implementation results show that visual challenges are an effective method to add defense-in-depth mechanisms to improve the trustworthiness of security cameras.
Clinical characteristics of 81 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease complicated with encephalitis caused by Enterovirus 71

Objective To study the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease complicated with encephalitis caused by Enterovirus 71(EV71),so as to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment.Methods Clinical data of 81 patients with hand-foot-mouth disease complicated with encephalitis were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of 81 cases,all had fever,48 had twitch,45 startled,and 42 had vomiting.Fifty-three cases were with leukocytosis in peripheral blood;10 with hyperglycemia,20 with hypoglycemia;none with abnormal troponin; 73 with leukocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid.All patients used mannitol to reduce intracranial pressure,32 used methylprednisolone to inhibit inflammation,and 27 used gamma globulin for support treatment;except 1 case developed flaccid paralysis of left upper limb,the other cases were clinically cured.Conclusion All patients with hand-foot-mouth disease complicating with encephalitis caused by EV71 had clinical symptoms of fever and poor spirit,some startled,twitched and vomiting,intracranial pressure should be reduced actively,combination therapy with gamma globulin and glucocorticoid should be chosen appropriately.
Urgent revascularization with PCI was more cost-effective than CABG in medically refractory, high-risk myocardial ischemia.

Source Citation Stroupe KT, Morrison DA, Hlatky MA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of coronary artery bypass grafts versus percutaneous coronary intervention for revascularization of high-risk patients....
Assessment of the constant non-unity Lewis number assumption in chemically-reacting flows

Accurate computation of molecular diffusion coefficients in chemically reacting flows can be an expensive procedure, and the use of constant non-unity Lewis numbers has been adopted often as a cheaper alternative. The goal of the current work is to explore the validity and the limitations of the constant non-unity Lewis number approach in the description of molecular mixing in laminar and turbulent flames. To carry out this analysis, three test cases have been selected, including a lean, highly unstable, premixed hydrogen/air flame, a lean turbulent premixed n-heptane/air flame, and a laminar ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame. For the hydrogen flame, both a laminar and a turbulent configuration have been considered. The three flames are characterised by Lewis numbers which are less than unity, greater than unity, and close to unity, respectively. For each flame, mixture-averaged transport simulations are carried out and used as reference data. The current analysis suggests that, for numerous combustion configurations, the constant non-unity Lewis number approximation leads to small errors when the set of Lewis numbers is chosen properly. For the selected test cases and our numerical framework, the reduction of computational cost is found to be minimal.
MR IMAGING OF PEDIATRIC ELBOW FRACTURES

SUMMARY In conclusion, pediatric elbow fractures are elusive to radiographic detection and more sophisticated imaging techniques are often required to assess the presence and extension of the fracture line to make appropriate treatment decisions. Arthrography is the current method of choice, but ultrasonography and more recently MR imaging have been proposed as alternative modalities; further experience is necessary to validate their usefulness. All techniques have their inherent advantages and disadvantages, but we believe that MR imaging offers significant benefits because of its exquisite spatial and contrast resolution, which allow multiplanar rendering of subtle fractures.
Visual Exploration of Principles of Formation of Microscopic Image Intensities Using Image Explorer Software

The article demonstrates the most frequent mistakes made upon the transformation of digital images in biology. An image is formed by a few physical processes which contribute to each color channel in a different way. In the case of microscopic image in transmitting light, these processes are mainly light diffraction and absorption and autofluorescence of objects, which are all followed by distortion of wavefronts by the microscope optics. The final image is then a result of these processes in the plane of the camera chip. The article further reports methods to avoid (i) misconceptions due to apparent coloration after transformation of the original signal on the camera chip into color image and (ii) loss of the resolution after reduction of intensity depth from 12-bit to 8-bit.
Modeling Patient-Centered Cognitive Work for High-Value Care Goals

Patient-centered cognitive support has been shown to be critically important to facilitate the effective use of health information technologies (HIT). There is a well-documented need to better understand HIT-mediated clinical workflow. Current technologies can burden clinicians’ cognitive resources, which is associated with patient safety risks and medical errors. We sought to employ a distributed cognition approach to examine how information flows across the activity system to support clinicians’ problem-solving. Specifically, we studied the propagation of representational states across media, conversations, actors and time in the coordination of patient-care processes. We examined multiple instances of work and information flow in a real-world setting, revealing problems in information flow: a) use of paper artifacts has limitations to facilitating coordination of care, b) clinicians challenged in developing shared awareness, c) responsibility of representing patient states is distributed across documen...
Millennium Teachers in a Global Context

Copyright © 2009, IGI Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. When preparing for a race, the coach will advise, “Do not look back at your competition; look forward to your goal.” Educators integrating technology into instruction often take this same view; they look ahead to win the race in preparing students to be effective in the use of technology in learning and in life. Our educators need to be conscious of their role in a world of people who have access to technology as an educational and life resource and those who do not. And, they need to take action to assure that children and citizens in all of the world’s societies can make effective use of appropriate technology to enhance learning and living. While the world does not have a history of assuring equal educational opportunity for all, the disparity is, and will become all the greater, as technological literacy becomes a requirement for success in educational and life achievement. The reality of our world is that “roughly 130 million boys and girls between the ages of 11 and 16 are not enrolled in school. Another 150 million drop out with less than four years of education...” (Herald Tribune editorial, July 2, 2002). As a result, we and they are denied their having the benefit of at least a basic education. And though the percentage of adult illiteracy has dropped from 22.4 to 20.3% since 1995, there remain 862 million adults unable to read in our global community (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, July 2002). As members of the global professions of teaching and teacher education, we must not only look forward to our institutional goals, but must also include in our vision the responsibility for assuring that all of the world’s children have access to educational opportunity as well as the chance to participate effectively in our global community. With this context in mind, the millennium teacher must:
Why Vote for a Co-Opted Party? Endogenous Government Power Increases and Control of Opposition Politicians in Authoritarian Regimes:

Why do voters in electoral autocracies vote for opposition parties that are co-opted by the government? The logic of electoral accountability should lead constituents to vote such parties out, and ...
On Path Selection for Multipath Connection

Multipath connection, which utilizes the multiple paths between network hosts in parallel, has been used to improve the network performance, security and reliability. Path selection is a critical decision in a multipath connection network. Different selection results in significantly different result. In this paper, we present several heuristic algorithms including genetic algorithm to solve the path selection problem in a multipath connection environment. The reasons to choose genetic algorithm are because of its flexibility and extensibility when the context of problem changes. We define two objective functions and two constrains in this problem. The performance results of the proposed algorithms on the simulated network topology as well as a real-world network topology are presented. It is observed that genetic algorithm can produce satisfactory results within reasonable execution time.
A Divided and Selfish Nation: A United States of America No More

This chapter discusses the social fragmentation and political polarization in America. Public cynicism and distrust toward government and politics continues to grow with concerns about the coarseness, rudeness, and decline in ethics in society. Today’s postmodern and narcissistic culture has social, cultural, and political implications. We have lost the notion of the social contract, an essential element of democracy and self-rule. Its demise leads to the loss of individual freedom and security and rise of inequality. Our culture is dominated by psychological egoism where all interest is self-interest, contributing to the decline of civility and the erosion of trust and support in government and politicians.
Molecular changes and signaling events occurring in spermatozoa during epididymal maturation

After leaving the testis, spermatozoa have not yet acquired the ability to move progressively and are unable to fertilize oocytes. To become fertilization competent, they must go through an epididymal maturation process in the male, and capacitation in the female tract. Epididymal maturation can be defined as those changes occurring to spermatozoa in the epididymis that render the spermatozoa the ability to capacitate in the female tract. As part of this process, sperm cells undergo a series of biochemical and physiological changes that require incorporation of new molecules derived from the epididymal epithelium, as well as post-translational modifications of endogenous proteins synthesized during spermiogenesis in the testis. This review will focus on epididymal maturation events, with emphasis in recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of this process.
Laryngotracheal anomalies and airway fluoroscopy in infants.

Abstract Objectives The role of airway fluoroscopy in the diagnosis of laryngotracheal anomalies in infants is controversial. We aimed to (i) compare airway fluoroscopic characteristics with endoscopic findings in infants presenting for evaluation of upper airway obstruction and (ii) assess the as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA) status for airway fluoroscopy as an initial diagnostic test in suspected laryngotracheal anomalies. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective review of children who underwent fluoroscopy and endoscopic evaluation of the airway in the operating room for suspected laryngotracheal anatomic abnormalities. Thirty-four infants who underwent both procedures at a t ertiary level university-based children's hospital from January 1, 2008 to December 1, 2013 were included. Infants with suspected foreign bodies or an existing tracheostomy were excluded. Intraoperative findings from endoscopy and radiologic interpretation from fluoroscopy were compared using standard tools for validation of a diagnostic test. These metrics were compared with historic data that suggested good correlation between radiologic and endoscopic findings in older children. Results The median age was 3.6 months (range 1–8 months). The sensitivity of airway fluoroscopy for determining laryngotracheal pathology was 18%. Specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 83%, 67% and 35%, respectively. Although each fluoroscopic exposure was optimized for pediatric patients, the median cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation was 19 mR (range 10–34 mR). Conclusions Airway fluoroscopy yields metrics that are overall poor to be considered a valid and accurate universal radiologic diagnostic test in infants evaluated for laryngotracheal pathology. The cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation from use of a fluoroscope cannot be justified by the sensitivity of the test and may not conform to ALARA standards for imaging in this population.
Corrections to Fermi's Golden Rule in φ→KK̄ decays

Abstract We analyze the decays φ→K K utilizing a formulation of transition rates which explicitly exhibits corrections to Fermi's Golden Rule. These corrections arise in systems in which the phase space and/or matrix element varies rapidly with energy, as happens in φ→K K , which is just above threshold. We show that the theoretical corrections resolve a puzzling 5σ discrepancy between theory and experiment for the branching ratio R=Γ(φ→K + K − )/Γ(φ→K 0 K 0 ) .
'Making Available': When an Offer to Distribute is Equivalent to Distribution

Imagine a hypothetical scenario where you could be sued for copyright infringement - and lose - for offering to loan someone a CD you bought, or worse, for misplacing a book you borrowed. This is not yet the law, but if the courts accept an innovative argument put forward by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), a similarly disturbing conclusion could apply to digital content. This Note examines whether the distribution right under the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 106(3) requires solely an offer, or both an offer and receipt, to constitute copyright infringement. If the RIAA's theory were to be accepted, the act of making copyrighted content available to another person without permission from the copyright holder, such as by loaning a CD or posting a hyperlink, would constitute copyright infringement. Furthermore, plaintiffs would not be required to show evidence of intent, thus creating a valid cause of action even if the offer to distribute had been unintentional. In execution, courts have disagreed over whether a plaintiff must provide evidence of actual receipt. Some that have declined to adopt the "making available" argument have done so because the capacity of copyright owners to pursue remedies against infringers is neither diminished nor restricted without it. Under current law, plaintiffs need only present evidence that their distribution rights were in fact violated in order to successfully prevail in a copyright infringement lawsuit. In Part I, we discuss the proposed argument in detail and the outcome of prior cases ruling on the theory. In Part II, we discuss various approaches to the question, including arguments based on the plain language of the Act, legislative history, and case law. In Part III we discuss potential future effects and policy implications. And in Part IV we discuss possible solutions requiring either private agreements or legislative action.
Small Molecules and Antibodies for Zika Therapy.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause devastating congenital abnormities or fetal demise. Zika virus infection could also cause Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Mosquito control, vaccine, and therapeutics are 3 potential, effective means to prevent ZIKV infection. Here we review the current status of ZIKV drug discovery. Both small molecule inhibitors and therapeutic antibodies have been identified, some of which have shown promising efficacy in mouse models. Most inhibitors were identified through screening US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and clinical trial compounds; however, none of them were potent enough to justify a ZIKV clinical trial. Such a repurposing approach has also been pursued for dengue therapy, with several compounds tested in clinical trials showing no clinical benefits. Because pregnant women are the main target population for ZIKV treatment, therapeutic candidates could be developed through a 2-stage path. The first stage should demonstrate safety and efficacy in nonpregnant patients. Once efficacy has been demonstrated in nonpregnant patients, the candidates should be rapidly advanced to stage 2 for safety and efficacy evaluation in pregnant patients. The 2-stage developmental path is supported by previous results from trials with other viral infections that showed that treatment of pregnant women with antiviral drugs or hyperimmunoglobulins significantly reduced congenital abnormalities in neonates.
Correction to: Ab Initio Calculated Results Require New Formulations for Properties in the Limit of Zero Density: The Viscosity of Methane ( $$\mathbf{CH}_\mathbf{4}$$ CH 4 )

The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error in the mathematical operations associated with parameters a2 and a6 in Eq. 3.
The “Responsibility to Protect” and the Dangers of Military Intervention in Fragile States

After the relief that surfaced at the end of the Cold War, Pentagon strategists described the world as “volatile, complex, uncertain, and ambiguous.” Zinni describes how U.S. intervention in a number of conflicts resulted in disastrous consequences. In fact, past experience has shown that the use of the military to protect at-risk groups from potential religious cleansing has not succeeded. He advises strategists to establish clear objectives of the consequences of U.S. actions and an analysis of what to do “the day after.” Although the military has dynamic war plans that are continually updated and adjusted, Zinni outlines that no counterpart plan exists in other governmental agencies to deal with the non-military and post-conflict aspects of an intervention.
OCT angiography reveals age-related differences in cerebral blood flow of anesthetized mice (Conference Presentation)

Normal aging is associated with various metabolic and vascular changes. In the brain, the aging leads to an impairment of vessel structure and function. Characterizing the cerebrovascular pathologies with age is of importance to elucidate the underlying mechanism of cognitive decline correlated with blood perfusion. Here, we examine the effect of aging on cerebral microcirculation up to a capillary flow scale. This study uses optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to measure vessel tortuosity, red blood cell (RBC) speed in individual capillaries and capillary density in the sensory-motor cortex of 8 young (3-month-old) and 8 aged (16-month-old) mice under isoflurane anesthesia. The result shows that the surface arterial vessels are more tortuous and the capillary RBC speed is much higher in aged animals old compared with young ones. However, the capillary vessel density is significantly lowered in the aged group than the young group.
Strategies to Combat Bullying: Parental Responses to Bullies, Bystanders, and Victims:

Despite numerous studies on the topic of bullying, there remains a dearth of information on how parents respond to bullying and the extent to which they are aware of their child’s bullying experien...
Challenges and emerging solutions in testing HBM IO & systems

With advances in VLSI technology, process, packaging and architecture, System on a Chip (SoC) continue to increase in complexity. This has resulted in an unprecedented increase in design errors, manufacturing flaws and customer returns in modern VLSI systems related to High Speed I/O circuits. The situation will be exacerbated in future systems with smaller form factors, higher integration complexity, Embedded I/O's, and more complex manufacturing process. Systems using High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) with embedded DRAM interconnected via a high density substrate with interposer-like technologies (2.5D packaging) are being introduced in a broad array of products. In this work we define a new testability methodology for 2.5D products. As opposed to conventional testing, 2.5D IC test flows are more complex and new DFT methodologies will be presented that provide good coverage and visibility to isolate failures in Production Manufacturing Tests.
Institutional NIH Research Funding and a Culture of Support for Family Medicine-Their Relationship to Family Medicine Specialty Choice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The United States suffers from a low proportion of medical students pursuing family medicine (FM). Our objective was to examine institutional characteristics consistent with a focus on National Institutes of Health (NIH) research, institutional support for FM education, and the proportion of medical students choosing FM. METHODS The 2015 CERA Survey of Family Medicine Clerkship Directors was merged with institutional NIH funding data from 2014 and medical student specialty choice in 2015. Institutional educational support was operationalized as (1) clerkship director's perception of medical school environment toward FM, and (2) amount of negative comments about FM made by faculty in other departments. The outcome was the percentage of students selecting FM. Bivariate statistics were computed. RESULTS As NIH funding increases, the proportion of students entering FM decreases (r=-.22). Institutions with higher NIH funding had lower clerkship director perceptions of medical school support toward FM (r=-.38). Among private institutions, the negative correlation between NIH funding and the proportion of students entering FM strengthens to r=-.48, P=.001. As perceptions of support for FM increase, the proportion of students entering FM increase (r=.47). Among private schools, perceptions of support toward family medicine was strongly positively correlated with the proportion of students entering FM (r=.72, P=.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher institutional NIH funding is associated with less support for FM and lower proportions of students choosing FM. These issues appear to be even more influential in private medical schools. Understanding how to integrate the goals of NIH-level research and increasing primary care workforce so that both can be achieved is the next challenge.
Development of a vancomycin dosing approach for critically ill patients receiving hybrid hemodialysis using Monte Carlo simulation.

Objectives:Prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy is an increasingly popular treatment for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients that runs at different flow rates and durations t...
The Politics of Education and Training Reform in Advanced Industrial Economies

This paper looks at globalization, the influence of business lobbies, and education reforms in the US, Germany, and Italy since 1980. Despite traditional strengths in different types of industrial production requiring different types of worker skills, and despite evidence that firms in different countries adopted globalization strategies to capitalize on the skill strengths in their home markets, I argue that employers and politicians in all three countries adopted similar policy preferences for skill building reform. In all three countries, business leaders had an unprecedented impact on the shape of skills reforms since the 1980s. Moreover, the sweep of new policies – aligning academic institutions toward the market, and emphasizing general/academic knowledge over industry/vocational skills – belied traditional strengths of producing in non-liberal market economies.
NLR Kinematics in CSS Radio Sources

Compact Steep-Spectrum (CSS) radio sources are defined by their powerful yet subgalactic radio structure. High resolution radio interferometers reveal subarcsecond double, triple, and core-jet radio morphologies resembling miniature FR II sources. There are three promising scenarios for how such powerful radio sources could be so intrinsically small: 1) they are young sources which have not had time to grow large, 2) they are confined sources with exceptionally dense gas in the host which either smothers an existing source or frustrates its initial growth, or 3) they are enhanced sources with an intrinsic power much lower than one might expect based on their radio luminosity. To investigate these scenarios, we are continuing a comprehensive optical study of a sample of Compact Steep Spectrum objects.
A Dominance Evaluation of Distributions of Income and the Benefits of Economic Growth

Abstract This paper discusses the dominance method for analyzing levels of and changes in income distributions, and applies the technique to evaluate the income distributions of the United States and several other major industrialized economies. After discussing the theory behind the method, the paper presents several empirical results. First order (second order) dominance is used to demonstrate that the U.S. distribution of income became less equal between 1978 and 1989 (between 1980 and 1982). Application of the dominance methodology reveals significant rises in income inequality in Sweden and the United Kingdom in the 1980s as well. The dominance methodology suggests that the benefits of growth in the U.S. economy in the 1980s were considerably less equal than in any of the previous three decades.
The impact of school support on depression among adolescent orphans: a cluster‐randomized trial in Kenya

Background The objective of this study was to determine if a school support intervention for adolescent orphans in Kenya had effects on mental health, a secondary outcome. Methods In this paper, we analyzed data from a 4-year cluster-randomized trial of a school support intervention (school uniforms, school fees, and nurse visits) conducted with orphaned adolescents in Siaya County, western Kenya, who were about to transition to secondary school. 26 primary schools were randomized (1:1) to intervention (410 students) or control (425 students) arms. The study was longitudinal with annual repeated measures collected over 4 years from 2011 to 2014. We administered five items from the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised, a self-reported depression screening instrument. Results The intervention prevented depression severity scores from increasing over time among adolescents recruited from intervention schools. There was no evidence of treatment heterogeneity by gender or baseline depression status. The intervention effect on depression was partially mediated by higher levels of continuous school enrollment among the intervention group, but this mediated effect was small. Conclusions School support for orphans may help to buffer against the onset or worsening of depression symptoms over time, promoting resilience among an important at-risk population.
Jonestown, Forty Years On

This introduction to a special issue of Nova Religio marking the fortieth anniversary of the deaths in Jonestown, Guyana, provides the background for the articles that follow. A brief history of Peoples Temple and discussion of the events in Jonestown precede an examination of the dominant narratives that have described this new religious movement. An analysis of popular narratives follows, utilizing Erving Goffman’s frame theory and the classification system outlined by Anson Shupe and Jeffrey Hadden. A summary of the articles that appear in this issue notes the contributions that a new generation of scholars makes to reframing the story of Peoples Temple and Jonestown. By shifting attention from the deaths in Jonestown to the lives in Peoples Temple, they are enlarging the frame for understanding how and why new religions succeed or fail.
Chapter 5, 1950-53; Rawls: A Democratic Vision

Chapter 5 (draft), covering 1950-53, of book forthcoming with Polity setting out Rawls's democratic vision by way of intellectual biography.
Utilization of Del Nido Cardioplegia in Adult Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - A Retrospective Analysis.

Background Studies assessing the safety and effectiveness of Del Nido cardioplegia for adult cardiac surgery remain limited. We investigated early outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using single-dose Del Nido cardioplegia vs. conventional multi-dose blood cardioplegia. Methods and Results: The 81 consecutive patients underwent isolated CABG performed by a single surgeon. The initial 27 patients received anterograde blood cardioplegia, while the subsequent 54 patients received anterograde Del Nido cardioplegia. There were no differences in the baseline characteristics of each group nor any differences in the 30-day incidences of myocardial infarction, all-cause death, and readmission following surgery. The use of Del Nido cardioplegia was associated with shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time (98 vs. 115 min, P=0.011), shorter cross-clamp time (74 vs. 87 min, P=0.006), and decreased need for intraoperative defibrillation (13.0% vs. 33.3%, P=0.030) compared with blood cardioplegia. To control for the difference in cross-clamp time, we performed propensity score matching with a logistical treatment model and confirmed that Del Nido cardioplegia provided similar outcomes as blood cardioplegia and also reduced the need for defibrillation independent of cross-clamp time. Conclusions Compared with conventional blood cardioplegia, Del Nido cardioplegia provided excellent myocardial protection with reduced need for intraoperative defibrillation, shorter bypass and cross-clamp times, and comparable early clinical outcomes for adult patients undergoing CABG.
Shattered Dreams of Professional Competence: The Impact of Client Suicides on Mental Health Practitioners and How to Prepare for It.

This article reviews the frequency of suicide, compares and contrasts suicide prediction to suicide assessment and provides a succinct overview of suicide high risk factors that mental health pract...
PowerModels.J1: An Open-Source Framework for Exploring Power Flow Formulations

In recent years, the power system research community has seen an explosion of novel methods for formulating and solving power network optimization problems. These emerging methods range from new power flow approximations, which go beyond the traditional DC power flow by capturing reactive power, to convex relaxations, which provide solution quality and runtime performance guarantees. Unfortunately, the sophistication of these emerging methods often presents a significant barrier to evaluating them on a wide variety of power system optimization applications. To address this issue, this work proposes PowerModels, an open-source platform for comparing power flow formulations. From its inception, PowerModels was designed to streamline the process of evaluating different power flow formulations on shared optimization problem specifications. This work provides a brief introduction to the design of PowerModels, validates its implementation, and demonstrates its effectiveness with a proof-of-concept study analyzing five different formulations of the Optimal Power Flow problem.
2D Material Printer: A Novel Deterministic Transfer Method for On-Chip Photonic Integration

Here, we demonstrate a novel method of transferring 2D materials resembling the functionality known from printing; utilizing a combination of a sharp micro-stamper and viscoelastic polymer, we show precise placement of individual 2D materials on Si photonic platform without any cross-contamination.
Single-cell proteolytic activity measurement using microfluidics for rare cell populations

Abstract Proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix represents a key step in cancer dissemination and metastasis. To probe cellular proteolytic activity, fluorescent sensing substrate was developed, yet prior studies focused on average activity of thousands of cells. Considerable evidence suggests a specialized subset of cancer cells are driving metastasis, highlighting the value of single-cell approach to reveal cancer cellular heterogeneity. In addition, when only a small number of cells are available, single-cell analysis is required to draw a statistical conclusion. Here, we present a microfluidic platform that provides high-efficiency cell loading and simple valveless isolation, so the proteolytic activity of a small number (10–100) of cells can be individually characterized. Furthermore, the platform allows monitoring single cells at multiple time points for the investigation of dynamics in proteolytic activity. The presented platform represents a simple and reliable tool for single-cell proteolytic analysis, illuminating the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of cancer cells.
The significance of recurrence in endometrial polyps: a clinicopathologic analysis

A subset of endometrial polyps recurs after resection. The clinicopathologic significance of the phenomenon is evaluated herein. Consecutive cases of recurrent polyps (index polyp removed by hysteroscopy-directed polypectomy or by curettage; at least one more polyp diagnosed ≤12 months after) were compared with an age-matched control group of nonrecurrent polyps regarding 15 clinicopathologic features. A total of 107 (5.6%) of the 1908 polyps diagnosed in a sampling specimen during the study period was a recurrence, and 102 (6.9%) of the 1478 patients who were diagnosed with an endometrial polyp in a sampling specimen had at least 1 recurrence. Eighty-six percent of patients with any recurrences had only one recurrence, with a mean duration between the index polyp and the first recurrence of 4.36 months. On univariate analyses, the recurrent polyps were, compared with controls, significantly larger, had a higher stromal mitotic index, and more frequently displayed prominent thick-walled vessels in most fragments of the polyp. However, on Cox regression multivariate analyses, no single clinicopathologic feature was significantly associated with a recurrence. No malignancies were diagnosed during the follow-up of the study and control group patients at median follow-up durations of 23 and 34 months, respectively. In conclusion, the recurrence of an endometrial polyp is relatively uncommon (5.6% of polyps) and does not portend an increased risk of malignancy. We could not identify any clinicopathologic features that conclusively predict a recurrence.
15 – Copolymer Composition

The successful synthesis of new materials via free radical copolymerization requires a thorough understanding of the factors that control the structures of copolymer chains. Of the primary structural variables used to describe polymer chains, two (copolymer composition and comonomer sequence distribution) are unique to copolymers. The present chapter examines the compositions and sequences of copolymers prepared via free radical processes.