cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partly Shared Spinal Cord Networks for Locomotion and Scratching

Animals produce a variety of behaviors using a limited number of muscles and motor neurons. Rhythmic behaviors are often generated in basic form by networks of neurons within the central nervous system, or central pattern generators (CPGs). It is known from several invertebrates that different rhythmic behaviors involving the same muscles and motor neurons can be generated by a single CPG, multiple separate CPGs, or partly overlapping CPGs. Much less is known about how vertebrates generate multiple, rhythmic behaviors involving the same muscles. The spinal cord of limbed vertebrates contains CPGs for locomotion and multiple forms of scratching. We investigated the extent of sharing of CPGs for hind limb locomotion and for scratching. We used the spinal cord of adult red-eared turtles. Animals were immobilized to remove movement-related sensory feedback and were spinally transected to remove input from the brain. We took two approaches. First, we monitored individual spinal cord interneurons (i.e., neurons that are in between sensory neurons and motor neurons) during generation of each kind of rhythmic output of motor neurons (i.e., each motor pattern). Many spinal cord interneurons were rhythmically activated during the motor patterns for forward swimming and all three forms of scratching. Some of these scratch/swim interneurons had physiological and morphological properties consistent with their playing a role in the generation of motor patterns for all of these rhythmic behaviors. Other spinal cord interneurons, however, were rhythmically activated during scratching motor patterns but inhibited during swimming motor patterns. Thus, locomotion and scratching may be generated by partly shared spinal cord CPGs. Second, we delivered swim-evoking and scratch-evoking stimuli simultaneously and monitored the resulting motor patterns. Simultaneous stimulation could cause interactions of scratch inputs with subthreshold swim inputs to produce normal swimming, acceleration of the swimming rhythm, scratch-swim hybrid cycles, or complete cessation of the rhythm. The type of effect obtained depended on the level of swim-evoking stimulation. These effects suggest that swim-evoking and scratch-evoking inputs can interact strongly in the spinal cord to modify the rhythm and pattern of motor output. Collectively, the single-neuron recordings and the results of simultaneous stimulation suggest that important elements of the generation of rhythms and patterns are shared between locomotion and scratching in limbed vertebrates.
An Upside to Adversity? Moderate Cumulative Lifetime Adversity Is Associated With Resilient Responses in the Face of Controlled Stressors

Despite common findings suggesting that lack of negative life events should be optimal, recent work has revealed a curvilinear pattern, such that some cumulative lifetime adversity is instead associated with optimal well-being. This work, however, is limited in that responses to specific stressors as they occurred were not assessed, thereby precluding investigation of resilience. The current research addressed this critical gap by directly testing the relationship between adversity history and resilience to stressors. Specifically, we used a multimethod approach across two studies to assess responses to controlled laboratory stressors (respectively requiring passive endurance and active instrumental performance). Results revealed hypothesized U-shaped relationships: Relative to a history of either no adversity or nonextreme high adversity, a moderate number of adverse life events was associated with less negative responses to pain and more positive psychophysiological responses while taking a test. These results provide novel evidence in support of adversity-derived propensity for resilience that generalizes across stressors.
Activity, isoenzymes and purity of mushroom tyrosinase in commercial preparations

Abstract Several lots of commercial tyrosinase preparations were examined with regard to their enzyme activity, isoenzyme composition and purity. Enzyme activity toward catechol, l -dopa and tyrosine showed significant variations from lot to lot and activation by SDS. Distribution of isoenzyme forms also varied from lot to lot. Comparisons of electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing protein profiles showed considerable differences and distributions of the proteins in each sample. Tyrosinase appeared to be a minor component in each preparation when compared to a partially purified enzyme. Investigators using commercial tyrosinase should exercise caution in interpreting data due to the presence of different isoenzyme forms, their distribution in various lots, and the presence of numerous other proteins.
Utilization of Birth Control Services among Homeless Women

Although homeless women appear to be at notable risk of unintended pregnancy, insufficient attention has been paid to understanding their access to birth control services and the characteristics of homeless women who want birth control services. To address these research gaps, the authors analyzed data from a probability sample of 974 homeless women who were interviewed in shelters and meal programs in Los Angeles County. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that among those women who wanted birth control services during the past year, using these services was associated with fewer perceived barriers to health care, having a regular source of care, consistent use of contraception, and lower odds of alcohol dependence. Availability and cost barriers to birth control services must be reduced, and effective service linkages should be developed among providers of birth control services, substance abuse treatment, and primary care.
Identification of multivariable stochastic linear systems using integrated polyspectrum given noisy input-output data

The problem considered is that of identification of unknown parameters of multivariable, linear "errors-in-variables" models, i.e., linear systems where measurements of both input and output of the system are noise contaminated. Attention is focused on frequency-domain approaches where the integrated polyspectrum (bispectrum or trispectrum) of the input and the integrated cross-polyspectrum, respectively, of the given time-domain input-output data are exploited. We first develop (computable) expressions for the covariance matrix of the system transfer function estimate and show that the system transfer function matrix estimate is asymptotically complex Gaussian. Then we propose and analyze a pseudo-maximum likelihood (PML) estimator of system parameters using the developed statistics of the system transfer function estimate. Finally two simulation examples are presented.
Game theory algorithm for intersection-based cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) systems

The paper develops a heuristic optimization algorithm for automated vehicles (equipped with cooperative adaptive cruise control CACC systems) at uncontrolled intersections using a game theory framework. The proposed system models the automated vehicles as reactive agents interacting and collaborating with the intersection controller (manager agent) to minimize the total delay. The system is evaluated using a case study considering two different intersection control scenarios: a four-way stop control and the proposed intersection controller framework. In both scenarios, four automated vehicles (a single vehicle per approach) was simulated using a Monte Carlo simulation that was repeated 1000 times. The results show that the proposed system reduces the total delay relative to a traditional stop control by 35 seconds on average, which corresponds to an approximately 70 percent reduction in the total delay.
When in Rome: Heterosexism, Homophobia, and Sports Talk Radio

This article critically analyzes the U.S. growth of sports talk radio programs, with a particular focus on its sex and gender implications. It has been argued that sports talk radio texts reinscribe dominant ideologies, namely, hegemonic masculinity. A textual and audience analysis of the most popular nationally syndicated program, The Jim Rome Show, suggests that although the program reproduces many aspects of traditional masculinity, sexism, and heterosexism, there are fissures and exceptions to the dominant, hyper-masculine discourse. For instance, Jim Rome’s liberal stance on homophobia and sports indicates that sports radio may be a place for sports fans/men to discuss gender and sexuality in meaningful ways. Hence, The Jim Rome Show serves as a mediated site where men can negotiate and reconfigure masculinity in contemporary postmodern times.
Contrasting Long-Term Survival of Two Outplanted Mojave Desert Perennials for Post-Fire Revegetation

Post-fire recovery of arid shrublands is typically slow, and planting greenhouse-raised seedlings may be a means of jump-starting this process. Recovery can be further accelerated by understanding the factors controlling post-planting survival. In fall 2007 and 2009, we outplanted seedlings of two contrasting native evergreen shrubs—fast-growing Nevada jointfir and slow-growing blackbrush—across five burned sites in the Mojave Desert. To increase soil moisture and optimize seedling survival, we experimentally applied and evaluated soil amendments and supplemental watering. We also evaluated two herbicides that reduce competitive invasive annual grasses and two types of herbivore protection. Survival of jointfir outplanted in 2007 was 61% after 43 months, and site largely influenced survival, while herbicide containing imazapic applied more than one year after outplanting reduced survival. Reduced survival of jointfir outplanted in 2009 coincided with delayed seasonal precipitation that intensified foliar ...
Home Court Advantage: Investor Type and Contractual Resilience in the Argentine Water Sector

A large body of scholarship in political economy suggests economic growth, and foreign direct investment in regulated industries in particular, is more likely to occur when formal institutions allow states to provide credible commitments regarding the security of property rights. In contrast, this article argues that we must instead examine differences in firm organizational structure and embeddedness to explain variation in the resilience of privatization contracts in weak institutional environments. Domestic investors—or, if contracts are granted at the subnational level, domestic investors with diverse local holdings—work most effectively in the developing world. Domestic investors are better able to negotiate mutually beneficial adaptations to their formal contracts with host governments because they can draw on informal contractual supports that derive from cross-sector diversification and embeddedness in the market. This article finds strong support for this argument through an analysis of fourteen ...
Globalization of Venture Capital: A Product- and Asset-Cycle View: An Examination of Information Technology Ventures

Classic production models in the global economy proceed through a product cycle of innovation at home, followed by commoditization, pressure for cost minimization, and then some combination of production abroad, sales abroad, and export to the original and other foreign markets. Asset and financial market models can exhibit dramatic swings in prices and investment activity apparently caused by incomplete information and herd behavior, among other things. Investments financed by venture capital entail both a 'bet' on a particular stage of innovative product or service as well as a flow of financial capital - hence could exhibit characteristics of both the product cycle as well as the asset cycle. This paper uses data on individual venture deals in the fast-innovating information technology sector to investigate patterns of venture finance to see whether venture capital exhibits either or both of these cycles. There is significant evidence of a product cycle based not only on both traditional theory of cost minimization, but also on more modern theories of demand patterns and technological innovation. It is hard to argue that there is not an overall internet-related asset cycle, particularly in software investment in foreign portfolio firms. There is little evidence of herding toward specific investments by product or services type or by country, although there is some evidence of herding toward later-stage investments for all countries, particularly for India.
Impact of nanoscience and nanotechnology on controlled drug delivery.

The impact of nanoscience and nanotechnology on the field of controlled drug delivery (CDD) is a multifactorial and multilevel concern. This includes: the elucidation of the molecular and chronobiological basis of diseases and drug action (e.g., identification of clinically relevant biomarkers and their spatial and temporal expression) that may contribute to the development of more effective and safer methods of real-time diagnosis, monitoring and/or treatment of diseases; the discovery of new raw materials for better use of old and new bioactive agents; the development of more efficient production and characterization methods, such as those based on combinatorial and high-throughput techniques; and the urgent search for solutions to the related pending regulatory and ethical issues. Moreover, for nanomedicines intended to aid CDD in evolving successfully from laboratories to clinics and compete globally and with perhaps an unlimited lifetime, they should also have proven safety, efficacy, acceptability and availability, which indicate that well-planned interdisciplinary approaches will be required.
Substance abuse and bone marrow transplant

The purpose of this retrospective study is to test the hypothesis that lifetime substance abuse has an adverse impact on survival after bone marrow transplant (BMT). This study included 17 of 468 patients admitted to the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts who were identified to have lifetime substance abuse (SA). Seventeen comparison subjects were selected from the admissions roster if they matched for disease and stage, type of transplant, pretransplant conditioning regimen, and age, but did not have SA. The medical records of all 34 patients were then reviewed by expert substance abuse clinicians for confirmation of SA and course of transplant. Survival time was calculated from the date of BMT admission to the date of last contact. Survival data were analyzed through Kaplan Meier survival curves and log rank tests for association of survival time with lifetime SA, both before and after stratification for history of cigarette smoking and type of transplant. The patients with and without SA were well matched for all clinical factors. Substance abuse or dependence was confirmed in all 17 patients, with alcohol (71%), marijuana (30%), and opiates (30%) identified as the principal substances of abuse. Survival analysis demonstrated reduced survival times for patients with SA, p = .0022. This difference persisted after stratifying for type of transplant and cigarette smoking. Trends in different survival times by type of transplant (p = .054) and by history of cigarette smoking (p = .07) were also identified. Lifetime substance abuse or dependence appears to have an adverse association with survival after bone marrow transplant when other clinical factors are equal.
Positron emission tomographic evidence of toxic effect of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) on brain serotonin neurons in human beings

Summary Background (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") is a popular recreational drug that selectively damages brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons in animals at doses that closely approach those used by humans. We investigated the status of brain 5-HT neurons in MDMA users. Methods We enrolled 14 previous users of MDMA who were currently abstaining from use and 15 controls who had never used MDMA. We used positron emission tomography (PET) with the radioligand carbon-11-labelled McN-5652, which selectively labels the 5-HT transporter. We analysed whether there were differences in 5-HT transporter binding between abstinent MDMA users and participants in the control group. Blood and urine samples were taken and tested to check for abstinence. Findings MDMA users showed decreased global and regional brain 5-HT transporter binding compared with controls. Decreases in 5-HT transporter binding positively correlated with the extent of previous MDMA use. Interpretation Quantitative PET studies with a ligand selective for 5-HT transporters can be used to assess the status of 5-HT neurons in the living human brain. We show direct evidence of a decrease in a structural component of brain 5-HT neurons in human MDMA users.
Erkrankungen des sympathischen Nervensystems

Einer Darstellung der Pathologie des sympathischen Nervensystems steht es sehr im Wege, das uber dessen Physiologie noch so grose Unklarheit herrscht. Zwar sind im Laufe der letzten Jahre von englischen Physiologen, insbesondere von Langley und seiner Schule, viele Forschungen uber das autonome Nervensystem bei verschiedenen Tieren angestellt worden. Doch mussen wir gestehen, das uns ein wirkliches Verstandnis der hier in Betracht kommenden Innervationen noch abgeht. Die Verhaltnisse liegen eben ganz anders als beim cerebrospinalen System. In diesem entsprechen den Herderkrankungen gewisse Ausfallserscheinungen. Leitungsunterbrechungen in den peripherischen Nerven fuhren zu bestimmten motorischen Lahmungen und zu umschriebenen sensiblen Storungen. Nicht so verhalt es sich im autonomen Nervensystem. Bei Lasion der sympathischen Ganglien oder nach Durchtrennung ihrer peripherischen Aste kommt es hochstens zu vorubergehenden Storungen, nicht aber zum volligen Daniederlegen der Funktionen des betroffenen Organes.
Understanding the Income of the Older Population

Evaluations of how well the U.S. retirement income system - including employment - based retirement plans, Social Security, and individual saving - is performing are often based on the economic status of the current older population (age 65 and older). This article presents some of the latest data available in this area. It analyzes the level of the older population's income and how this level has changed over time, as well as the different sources of the older population's income, how the relative importance of those sources has changed over time, and how the elderly's reliance on these sources varies across income levels. Finally, it discusses the implications of these data. The PDF for the above title, published in the April 2000 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another April 2000 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "The Future of Private Retirement Plans."
Diagnosing Jaundice by Eye-Outpatient Assessment of Conjunctival Icterus in the Newborn.

In pediatric office practices, we compared transcutaneous bilirubin levels in 689 newborns, age 3-10 days, with and without conjunctival icterus. In this age range, and in the absence of other clinical or laboratory indications, the presence of conjunctival icterus does not imply the need to measure the transcutaneous bilirubin or serum bilirubin level, but the absence of conjunctival icterus helps to rule out significant hyperbilirubinemia.
Prediction of facial soft tissue deformations with improved rubin-bodner model after craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery

Accurate prediction of the soft tissue deformation is a key issue in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery, which makes it possible to transform a good surgical plan to a successful real surgical outcome. However, it is difficult to simulate the soft tissue reactions caused by CMF surgery according to its nonlinear and anisotropic attributes. In this paper, we originally improved the Rubin-Bodner (RB) model to describe the biomechanical interaction of the soft tissue after CMF surgery, where the elastic relevant parameters are trained by Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) corresponding to different CMF surgical types respectively. Subsequently, finite element model (FEM) is applied to calculate the stress of each node in the RB model. Finally, the statistical Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) method is implemented to obtain the relationship between the bone displacement and the stress. Therefore, we can predict the soft tissue deformation from the displacement of the facial bone. Cross-validation has been demonstrated and satisfactory performance has been presented.
Ultrastructure of Lepidopteran Sperm within Spermathecae

A survey was made of sperm from spermathecae of the following plant pest moths: Heliothis zea (Boddie), H. virescens (F.), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), Manduca sexta (Johannson), and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Emphasis was given to the extracellular sheath and tail components of eupyrene sperm, but some observations were made on the nuclei and on apyrene sperm. The eupyrene sperm all had similar components, but the sperm of each species had a characteristic organization. One exception to the eupyrene sperm similarity was the absence of an intrasheath rod in Spodoptera sperm. The apyrene sperm were virtually identical in the different species except for varying amounts of material beneath the sheaths. The most subsheath material was found in Manduca apyrene sperm, the least in Heliothis apyrene sperm.
Nanoscale Phase Separation Induced by Mechanical Alloying in the Iron-Erbium-Nitrogen System

Metastable phases, including nanocrystalline and amorphous structures, can be prepared by high energy cyclic deformation processes. In the present study, we compare the behavior of a stable congruent melting compound (Fe2Er Laves phase) with a mixture of pure elemental Fe and Er powders subjected to high energy ball milling. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal similar results in both cases. In the early stages, a nanocrystalline fcc phase with lattice parameter a = 0.484 nm and a grain size of 6 nm is formed together with a bcc Fe-rich phase. Extended milling results in a nanoscale phase separation into Fe-rich and Er-rich crystallites with average grain sizes of 1.8-4 nm. Based on a lattice parameter analysis, the fcc phase was initially thought to be a metastable FeEr3 phase. Further studies revealed nitrogen gas in the milling vial had reacted with the powder during ball milling to produce the cubic ErN phase (“NaCl” structure with a lattice parameter of 0.4836 nm). Our experiments demonstrate that the steel vials for ball milling do not remain hermetically sealed during the milling process and a nitride phase can be formed easily if a catalyst for the dissociation of nitrogen molecules (such as Fe) exists in the system.
Possible Phase Transition in Liquid He 3

A possible phase transition in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ has been investigated theoretically by generalizing the Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer equations for the transition temperature in the manner suggested by Cooper, Mills, and Sessler. The equations are transformed into a form suitable for numerical solution and an expression is given for the transition temperature at which liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ will change to a highly correlated phase.Following a suggestion of Mottelson, it is shown that the phase transition is a consequence of the interaction of particles in relative $D$ states.The predicted value of the transition temperature depends on the assumed form of the effective single-particle potential and the interaction between ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ atoms. The most important aspects of the single-particle potential are related to the thermodynamic properties of the liquid just above the transition temperature. Two choices of the two-particle interaction, consistent with experiments, yield a second-order transition at a temperature between approximately 0.05\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K and 0.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K. The highly correlated phase should exhibit enhanced fluidity.
The Effect of Tax Expense Management and CSR Ratings on Investor Perceptions of Firm Value

Recent archival literature finds that investors positively value tax management activities that reduce taxes paid. Yet recent press suggests a negative backlash against companies that do not pay their “fair share” in taxes. Little empirical evidence exists regarding investor perceptions of tax management. We posit that corporate tax activities are related to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and may be a component of CSR. We predict the interaction of tax management and CSR performance influences investor pricing behavior. We examine the impact of effective tax rates (ETRs) and CSR ratings on participants’ choice of stock price and perceptions about CSR. We find, in the absence of any other CSR information or when a firm has poor CSR performance, investors perceive firms that pay more taxes as more socially responsible than firms that successfully manage taxes downward. However, when CSR performance is high, tax management does not influence perceptions about CSR. Also, investors do not always price according to their perceptions of CSR. Although investors may perceive firms that pay more taxes as more socially responsible, they do not differentially price firms for taxes paid (or tax management) when CSR performance is low. When CSR performance is high, investors reward the firms that most effectively manage taxes – not the firms that pay more. We only find a price premium for firms that have both good CSR ratings and effectively manage their taxes. Our results are consistent with an interactive effect of CSR performance and tax management on investor estimates of firm value.
Design and Optimization of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Broad Band Dispersion Compensating

A photonic crystal fiber with broad band dispersion compensating is proposed.The photonic crystal fiber has high negative dispersion over C telecommunication wavelength band,and its dispersion slope is negative.By choosing the appropriate number of rings of the outer core and pitch,and adjusting the diameter of the inter air holes,photonic crystal fibers with broad band dispersion compensating are obtained.The dispersion value is-425,-440 and-400 ps·km-1·nm-1,respectively.The dispersion slope is-1.49,-4.31 and-8.59 ps·km-1·nm-2,respectively.They can achieve good match with kappa and relative dispersion slope for G.652 and G.655 fibers,and can achieve good compensations for broadband communication.
Methylmercury decreases IL-1β immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the developing frog Xenopus laevis

In aquatic ecosystems, mercury can become methylated and act as a potent environmental toxin, producing developmental and neurotoxic effects in a variety of species, including frogs. Molecular indicators provide a means of assessing exposure to methylmercury and for understanding how it and other environmental toxins alter cellular function. Molecules such as growth or survival factors, and cytokines are good candidates for molecular indicators of exposure and/or damage because they are intimately related to cell and molecular processes that underlie normal growth and function. The cytokine, IL-1β, was measured in whole frog embryos using Western blot methods and in specific structures using immunocytochemistry after exposure to 0,10, 25, 50 and 100 parts per billion (ppb) methylmercury chloride (mmc). We observed no significant changes in total IL-1β in whole embryo extracts. However, statistically significant decreases in IL-1β were observed in the Vth cranial ganglion and myotomal blocks of Xenopus laevis embryos exposed to concentrations greater than or equal to 50 ppb mmc. In addition, increased mortality and alterations in gross morphology and behavior were altered by these same concentrations of mmc. Thus, frog embryos are highly susceptible to low levels of mmc contamination, and IL1β is an indicator of mmc exposure in the nervous system.
Public Policies and National Prospects

The analysis of the relationship between Voodoo and politics reveals the ramifications of Voodoo in both local and national level politics throughout the history of Haiti. During the colonial era, the slave and maroon leaders used the church to give impetus to the liberation movement that was crucial in their attempt to overthrow the colonial regime; more recently, the Duvalier administrations co-opted church leaders in an effort to control their organisation and the surrounding neighbourhood communities they served. If one may argue that Haitian politicians have always exploited the church to their advantage, it is also accurate to say that Voodoo has used in its hierarchical and regional organisation the imagery of the administrative structure of the Haitian governmental system. This is why I consider it important to look at how the state’s politico-military structure is reflected in the church’s organisation. Here is one focal point whereby the intersection between Voodoo and politics can be fruitfully analysed.
Genitourinary Tract Infections

Similarly to the general population, genitourinary tract infections are common conditions in theimmunocompromised host. They can be furthermore divided into infections of the urinary tract and genital tract infections. Transplant recipients are more likely to have infections of the urinary tract infections while persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk for the second group of infections, especially sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Manifestations of these diseases can be associated with more complications and can be more severe. We provide an overview of manifestations, diagnosis, and management of these disorders.
Non-reciprocal optomechanical modulator

We experimentally demonstrate non-reciprocal optical modulation using piezoelectric optomechanics. Non-reciprocity is achieved by breaking time-reversal symmetry for the light propagation in an optical resonator by unidirectionally traveling acoustic wave.
A high-order spectral method for nonlinear water waves in the presence of a linear shear current

Abstract A direct numerical method is proposed to simulate nonlinear water waves with nonzero constant vorticity in a two-dimensional channel of finite or infinite depth. Such a vortical distribution represents a linearly varying shear current in the background flow. Our method is based on the reduction of this problem to a lower-dimensional Hamiltonian system involving surface variables alone. This is made possible by introducing the Dirichlet–Neumann operator and associated Hilbert transform which are described via a Taylor series expansion about the still water level. Each Taylor term is a sum of concatenations of Fourier multipliers with powers of the surface elevation, and thus is efficiently computed by a pseudo-spectral method using the fast Fourier transform. The performance of this numerical model is illustrated by examining the long-time evolution of Stokes waves on deep water and of solitary waves on shallow water. It is observed that a co-propagating current has a stabilizing effect on surface wave dynamics while a counter-propagating current promotes wave growth. In particular, the Benjamin–Feir instability of Stokes waves can be significantly reduced or enhanced. Our simulations also suggest the existence of stable rotational solitary waves if the vorticity is not too large in magnitude.
Variability in the predicted seismic performance of a typical seat-type California bridge due to epistemic uncertainties in its abutment backfill and shear-key models

Abstract Sensitivity of the seismic performance of a typical reinforced concrete overpass bridge to variations in the parameters of its abutment model is investigated through a probabilistic framework. The specimen bridge is a two-span two-column-bent bridge with seat-type skew abutments. A previously validated nonlinear hyperbolic force-deflection model is adopted to represent the passive lateral resistance of the abutment backfill. Plausible variations in the backfill geotechnical properties are considered using existing data that were collected from multiple highway bridges in California. Two alternatives—including a heuristic method that was developed based on an assumed soil failure mechanism, and an empirical relationship that was derived from experimental data—are used to account for the effects of abutment skew angle on the backfill reaction. In the transverse direction, force-deformation models that represent the inelastic response of the abutment shear-keys are used. The parameter variations for these models are decided based on the seismic detailing of shear-keys and prior test data. The outcomes of the extensive sensitivity study undertaken reveals that there is a substantial amount of coupling between the backfill and shear-key responses at moderate to large skew angles, and that the engineering demand parameters, system and component fragilities, and modes of failure exhibit a high sensitivity to the adopted model of abutment response. This finding underlines the need to reduce epistemic uncertainties in models of skew abutments through further experimental and numerical studies.
Balancing Innovation and Safety When Integrating Digital Tools Into Health Care

Some observers see danger in the way that software applications, personal sensors, and new types of data and data analysis are changing how we diagnose and treat disease. However, others think that...
Safety and Efficacy of Outpatient Parotidectomy.

Purpose Given the increasing costs of medical care, there has been a shift to outpatient elective surgeries in certain patient populations among all surgical specialties. The goal of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of outpatient parotidectomy with traditional inpatient parotidectomy. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent a parotidectomy at a single tertiary academic center from 2007 through 2017. Results There were 568 patients who met the inclusion criteria. There was no difference in demographics or patient comorbidities between the inpatient and outpatient groups. There was no increased incidence of postoperative complications or extent of postoperative care in patients who underwent outpatient parotidectomy. On average at the authors' institution, the direct outpatient parotidectomy cost was $1,200 less than the inpatient equivalent. Conclusion Outpatient parotidectomy can be performed safely and cost effectively with no increased risk of complications.
Disparities in sleep position awareness and compliance.

Objectives: To identify demographic predictors of caregivers who are more likely to position their infants prone for sleep; to determine caregivers' primary information sources regarding sleep position recommendations; and to determine the primary influence on choice of infant sleep position among caregivers who still place their infants in an at-risk sleep position when informed of the recommendations. Methods: Survey of caregivers of 205 infants from birth to 24 months at 2 rural and 2 urban private pediatric practices in South-west Tennessee. Results: Income was a significant predictor (P < 0.05) of caregivers' awareness of sleep position recommendations. Awareness rates were 74% among respondents with an income of less than $20,000 and 98% among those earning above $80,000. The primary source of sleep position recommendations for lower income and African American respondents was hospital staff; higher income and European Americans reported printed materials as the primary source. Among respondents who were aware of the recommendations but noncompliant, 60% reported infant preference as the primary influence on choice of sleep position. Conclusions: Based on this study, particular emphasis needs to be placed on reaching out to lower income groups to disseminate the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) sleep positioning recommendations. The importance of positioning infants supine for sleep must be stressed before mother and baby are discharged from the hospital. Caregivers need to understand that many infants prefer to sleep on their stomachs, but there are ways to help babies adapt to supine sleeping.
Atomic Sentences as Singular Terms in Free Logic

In logic texts, it is generally assumed that verbs denote properties of, or relations among, individuals. This is in marked contrast to the common view that verbs stand for events, actions, or states. In this paper I explore the common view about verbs. This quickly turns into a revised view, according to which it is whole ‘atomic’ sentences (of English) that do the denoting, not just the verbs themselves. This is then most naturally formalized as if sentences of English were singular terms within a version of free logic, with the true ones successfully denoting events, and the false ones failing to denote.
Resource Letter GECC-1: The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change: Earth's Natural Greenhouse Effect

Earth's greenhouse effect is manifested as the difference between thermal infrared radiation emitted at the Earth surface and that emitted to space at the top of the atmosphere. This difference, which is due mainly to absorption and downward emission of radiant energy by atmospheric trace gases, results in global mean surface temperature about 32 K greater than what it would otherwise be for the same planetary absorption of solar radiation, and is thus of enormous importance to Earth's climate. This Resource Letter introduces the physics of the greenhouse effect and more broadly of Earth's climate system and provides resources for further study. A companion Resource Letter (GECC-2), planned for the following issue, examines the increase in the greenhouse effect due to human activities over the past 200 years and its consequences for Earth's climate system.
Behavioral Health and Cancer

By 2026, there will be an estimated 20.3 million cancer survivors, the majority of whom will be disease-free and return to primary care providers. Cancer is a disease having modifiable behavioral factors capable of reducing risk, morbidity, and premature cancer death. Survivorship care can improve with integrated healthcare. Behavioral aspects of and interventions for primary, secondary, and tertiary cancer prevention are discussed. For primary prevention, the focus is on modifiable behaviors for reducing exposure to cancer-causing substances, practices, and environments. For secondary prevention, behavioral aspects of usage and adherence to screening for breast, cervix, and colon cancers are discussed. As there is a large tertiary prevention literature, the focus is on the detection and treatment of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms to reduce morbidity and mortality. Each section provides the following: (1) prevention definition, (2) characteristics of individuals at risk, (3) barriers to prevention, and (4) guidelines for prevention or treatment. Also provided are discussions of (5) behavioral care, with an emphasis on efforts/interventions used in primary care settings; (6) behavioral interventions of low, moderate, and high intensity; and (7) the efficacy/effectiveness of interventions with individuals at risk. Finally, commentary on the role of behavioral science in oncology is provided, emphasizing training, role and expertise of psychologists, and financial issues in service delivery.
Geometric Modeling of Mesospace Objects: A Task, its Didactical Variables, and the Mathematics at Stake

For decades, mathematics educators have been interested in engaging K-12 students in the practice of creating and using mathematical models. What might this look like in the context of geometry? Inspired by claims that students come to secondary school with knowledge of three-dimensional space that can be leveraged to engage them in modeling, we wondered what it would take to have them do so. We designed a communication task aimed at engaging teenagers in the geometric modeling of mesospace objects—three-dimensional objects of scale comparable to that of the human body. Specifically, we asked a group of teenagers to plan and enact the movement of furniture through a narrow staircase in a residential home. In this paper, we present our original design considerations, an analysis of the teens’ work, and a set of didactical variables that this analysis led us to believe need to be considered to ensure that such an activity engage teenagers in the geometric modeling of mesospace objects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for research on a modeling approach to the teaching and learning of geometry.
Immediate-Constituent Formulation of English Syntax

English syntax is presented here in terms of immediate constituents, the classical method of descriptive linguistics first made explicit in Bloomfield’s Language. The formulation here is such as to facilitate comparison with a string-analysis of English syntax (where the differences are small) and with transformational analysis (where the differences are large).
Ipsilateral rotational double-barrel fibula autograft for limb salvage in a pediatric patient with lower extremity intramedullary osteosarcoma: A case report.

Osteosarcoma is a relatively uncommon diagnosis that often requires limb salvage techniques in young patients. Due to the potential long-life expectancy of these patients, techniques which avoid prostheses are preferred to limit the need for future revision surgeries. This case report presents a 9-year-old male diagnosed with intramedullary well-differentiated osteosarcoma of the tibial diaphysis. This limb salvage procedure utilized a rotational ipsilateral vascularized double barrel fibula autograft measuring a total of 24.5 cm when harvested but osteotomized to lengths of 11 and 12.5 cm limbs to reconstruct an 11 cm tibial shaft defect. Anterior chamfer cuts were performed on one limb allowing it to be inserted intramedullary while the second limb was then placed with an inlay technique posterolaterally and then compressed with a carbon fiber plate. The patient recovered well initially postoperatively but was taken back for revision of the carbon fiber plate 10 weeks postoperatively secondary to asymptomatic loosening of the proximal screws. The patient subsequently healed and experienced full graft incorporation with expected hypertrophy of the graft. At most recent follow-up at 19 months, the patient reported no pain and was utilizing the extremity in a normal fashion with no activity limitations. In this report, we present a case of the use of an ipsilateral rotational double-barrel fibula autograft for limb salvage in a pediatric patient with lower extremity intramedullary osteosarcoma.
APPENDIX 3B Silanizing Glassware

Untreated glass contains silicate and silanol groups that can act as ion-exchange and nucleophilic centers. To mask these groups and decrease the hydrophilicity of the surface, various reactive silanes are frequently used to coat the glass surface. This appendix describes a procedure for silanizing glassware.
Olanzapine for the Treatment of Advanced Cancer-Related Chronic Nausea and/or Vomiting: A Randomized Pilot Trial.

Importance Nausea and vomiting, unrelated to chemotherapy, can be substantial symptoms in patients with advanced cancer. Objective To evaluate the utility of olanzapine for treating chronic nausea/vomiting, unrelated to chemotherapy, in patients with advanced cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This study is a double-line, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial conducted from July 2017 through April 2019, with analysis conducted in 2019. Eligible participants were outpatients with advanced cancer who had persistent nausea/vomiting without having had chemotherapy or radiotherapy in the prior 14 days. Chronic nausea was present for at least 1 week (worst daily nausea numeric rating scores needed to be greater than 3 on a 0-10 scale). Interventions Patients received olanzapine (5 mg) or a placebo, orally, daily for 7 days. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient-reported outcomes were used for study end points. Data were collected at baseline and daily for 7 more days. The primary study end point (the change in nausea numeric rating scores from baseline to the last treatment day) and the study hypothesis were both identified prior to data collection. Results A total of 30 patients (15 per arm) were enrolled; these included 16 women and 14 men who had a mean (range) age of 63 (39-79) years. Baseline median nausea scores, in all patients, were 9 out of 10 (range, 8-10). After 1 day and 1 week, the median nausea scores in the placebo arm were 9 out of 10 (range, 8-10) on both days, compared with the olanzapine arm scores of 2 out of 10 (range, 2-3) after day 1 and 1 out of 10 (range, 0-3) after 1 week. After 1 week of treatment, the reduction in nausea scores in the olanzapine arm was 8 points (95% CI, 7-8) higher than that of the placebo arm. The primary 2-sided end pointPvalue was Conclusions and Relevance Olanzapine, at 5 mg/d, appeared to be effective in controlling nausea and emesis and in improving other symptoms and quality-of-life parameters in the study population. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT03137121
EFFECTS OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS, NITROGEN, AND PLANT DAMAGE ON PERFORMANCE OF FALL ARMYWORM

Recent work has suggested that grass endophytes mediate wound-induced resistance to fall armyworm (Bultman & Ganey 1985; Boning & Bultman, in press). Past work has used clipping with scissors to wound plants. In the present study we tested if an alternative form of simulated herbivory pin pricking) elicits resistance and if nutrient availability to plants modifies induced responses.
Video-assisted thoracic surgery in the primary management of advanced ovarian carcinoma with moderate to large pleural effusions: A Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Team Ovary Study

Abstract Objectives We assessed the utility of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in defining extent of intrathoracic disease in advanced ovarian carcinoma with moderate-to-large pleural effusions. Methods Beginning in 2001, VATS was performed on all patients with suspected advanced ovarian carcinoma and moderate-to-large pleural effusions, evaluating for macroscopic intrathoracic disease. The algorithm recommended primary debulking surgery (PDS) for ≤1 cm, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)/interval debulking surgery (IDS) for >1 cm intrathoracic disease. We reviewed records of patients undergoing VATS from 10/01–01/19. Differences between treatment groups were tested using standard statistical techniques. Results One-hundred patients met eligibility criteria (median age, 60; median CA-125 level, 1158 U/mL; medium serum albumin, 3.8 g/dL). Macroscopic pleural disease was found in 70 (70%). After VATS, 50 (50%) underwent attempted PDS (PDS group), 50 (50%) received NACT (NACT/IDS group). Forty-seven (94%) underwent IDS. Median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort (n = 100) was 44.5 months (95% CI: 37.8–51.7). The PDS group had significantly longer survival than the NACT/IDS group [45.8 (95% CI: 40.5–87.8) vs. 37.4 months (95% CI: 33.3–45.2); p = .016]. On multivariable analysis, macroscopic intrathoracic disease (HR 2.18, 95% CI: 1.14–4.18; p = .019) and age ≥ 65 (HR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.16–3.40; p = .013) were independently associated with elevated death risk. Patients with the best outcome had no macroscopic disease at VATS and underwent PDS (median OS, 87.8 months). Conclusions VATS is useful in therapeutic decision-making for PDS vs. NACT/IDS in advanced ovarian cancer with moderate-to-large pleural effusions.
Relaxation schemes for normal modes of magnetic vortices: Application to the scattering matrix

Relaxation schemes for finding normal modes of nonlinear excitations are described, and applied to the vortex-spinwave scattering problem in classical two-dimensional easy-plane Heisenberg models. The schemes employ the square of an effective Hamiltonian to ensure positive eigenvalues, together with an evolution in time or a self-consistent Gauss-Seidel iteration producing diffusive relaxation. We find some of the lowest frequency spinwave modes in a circular system with a single vortex present. The method is used to describe the vortex-spinwave scattering (S-matrix and phase shifts) and other dynamical properties of vortices in ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, for systems larger than that solvable by diagonalization methods. The lowest frequency modes associated with translation of the vortex center are used to estimate the vortex mass.