cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linker-Assisted Assembly and Interfacial Electron-Transfer Reactivity of Quantum Dot−Substrate Architectures

Bifunctional molecules can be used to tether quantum dots to nanostructured and planar semiconductor and metal surfaces. Excited-state interfacial electron-transfer reactions at QD−molecule−substrate interfaces are of interest from a fundamental standpoint and may have applications in solar energy conversion and charge-transfer-based sensing. This Perspective highlights recent work and unanswered questions in two related areas, the linker-assisted assembly of QD−substrate architectures and the spectroscopic characterization of electron transfer at QD−molecule−substrate interfaces.
Assessment of the performance of a handheld Raman device for potential use as a screening tool in evaluating medicines quality.

Abstract The TruScan ® handheld Raman device is used for testing finished pharmaceutical products in the field to detect counterfeit and substandard medicines. Present work reports on the device's ability to discriminate between a specific product and similar products from different manufacturers, unrelated medicines, and medicines with different strengths. This investigation evaluated its ability to differentiate between similar drug products of similar or different strengths, focusing on the specificity and precision of the testing. First, several units of the same medicine's dosage form were compared; then comparisons were made between unrelated products, similar products, and products with different strengths. The six pharmaceutical products used in testing were from commonly used analgesic, antimalarial, and antidiarrheal medicines. The results showed that the performance of the TruScan ® device depends on the nature and the strength of the dosage form tested; while the device could be suitable for authentication of some finished pharmaceutical products and, hence, could be used to detect some counterfeit medicines, it could not be used to detect substandard medicines. Careful consideration should be given when using the device as a screening tool for counterfeit medicines.
Comparative disc electrophoretic studies of proteins from dermatophytes

Human isolates of Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum were cultured in Sabouraud's medium and Kuehn's medium. The nondialyzable proteins of the culture filtrates and the mycelial mats were fractionated by disc electrophoresis. Characteristic electrophoretic patterns with 8 to 15 distinct protein fractions were obtained from each preparation. Comparisons among the species were made using the findings of each preparation from each medium. In each of the 4 comparisons a high number of homologous fractions was present in M. gypseum and M. canis and in T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans, and a high number of specific fractions was exclusively present in E. floccosum. These data are consistent with conventional taxonomic classification of the dermatophytes. Electrophoretic analysis of the dermatophytes may provide a new group of taxonomic characteristics complementing classical taxonomy.
TLR4 Is Required for Host Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis

Purpose To determine the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis in resistant (cornea-healing) BALB/c mice. Methods Corneal TLR4 mRNA levels were tested by real-time PCR in BALB/c mice before and after infection. Clinical score, slit lamp, histopathology, bacterial counts, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) quantitation were performed in the infected cornea of TLR4-deficient (TLR4(lps-d)) and wild-type BALB/c mice. mRNA for IL-1beta, MIP-2, IFN-gamma, IL-18, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and beta-defensin-2 levels were measured by real-time PCR. Protein levels for IL-1beta, MIP-2, and IFN-gamma were tested by ELISA. Results In resistant BALB/c mice, TLR4 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in the cornea after P. aeruginosa infection. In contrast, TLR4-deficient mice were susceptible to infection with P. aeruginosa and showed increased corneal opacity, PMN infiltration, bacterial counts, and perforated infected corneas. After infection, TLR4-deficient mice also showed increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and MIP-2) and type-1-associated cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-18) when compared with wild-type BALB/c mice. ELISA analyses showed that IL-1beta, MIP-2, and IFN-gamma protein levels also were significantly upregulated in the cornea of TLR4-deficient versus wild-type mice. In contrast, levels of iNOs and beta-defensin-2 were significantly decreased in TLR4-deficient compared with wild-type mice. Conclusions TLR4 is critical in host resistance to P. aeruginosa, as its deficiency results in increased PMN infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine production, decreased iNOs and beta-defensin-2 production, impaired bacterial killing, and a susceptible phenotype.
In vivo induction of Tr1 cells via mucosal dendritic cells and AHR signaling.

Background Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, characterized by the secretion of high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), play an important role in the regulation of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. However, effective strategies that specifically induce Tr1 cells in vivo are limited. Furthermore, the pathways controlling the induction of these cells in vivo are not well understood.
Design, development and usage of a generic job submission grid service

This paper describes the implementation and sample use of a grid service used for general grid job submission required to simplify end-user grid interaction. The user can rely on standard interface and can thus develop necessary clients that would exploit power of the grid without worrying about internal workings and details of the grid. We show a sample client and also give examples of higher level services which can use jobSubmit grid service as a low level tool and extended it to provide a more abstract end-user grid experience, thus attracting more non-expert users to the grid.
Measurement of the local particle concentration in fully turbulent duct flow

Abstract Measurement techniques are reported for determining the average local particle concentration. Typical-local concentration measurements in fully turbulent duct flow are reported.
RE-ASSEMBLING THE URBAN

In this essay, I engage the L.A.-Chicago debate by repositioning both area-specific constraints and visual orders as intermediary variables. This leads the discussion to two considerations that in turn reposition the meaning of the familiar differences attributed to Los Angeles and Chicago. First, a focus on the particular implications of translocal processes for an area allows us to establish that agglomeration and dispersal might both be part of a given firm's or sector's chain of operations and that they might be distributed across very different types of geographic areas. The main implication for a comparison of the L.A. and Chicago models is that it makes problematic the notion that geographic dispersal a la L.A. is the new spatial form corresponding to today's new economy, and agglomeration a la Chicago belongs to an earlier modernity. The second focus is on the limits of homogenization and convergence in urban landscapes as explanations in comparative studies. I recode these homogenized landscapes—...
Aortic-radial pulse transit time and ECG Q-wave to radial pulse wave interval as indices of beat-by-beat blood pressure change.

This study examined beat-by-beat relationships between blood pressure, the time interval from the ECG Q-wave to the radial pulse wave (QRPI), and its two components, the cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) and aortic-radial arterial pulse transit time (AR-PTT). In 8 subjects, intra-arterial systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, QRPI, PEP, and AR-PTT were measured during rest, mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and inhalation of amyl nitrite. Both PEP and AR-PTT varied widely during each experimental condition indicating that QRPI change reflected both PEP and AR-PTT change. AR-PTT varied inversely with SBP and DBP; PEP sometimes varied directly and sometimes inversely with both SBP and DBP. QRPI varied inversely with both SBP and DBP with the magnitude of the correlation in a particular instance depending on the relationships for that instance between blood pressure and both PEP and AR-PTT. Implications of the results for the use of either QRPI or AR-PTT as indices of blood pressure change are discussed.
Conservative Exact Rational Maps of the Sphere

Abstract In this paper we investigate conditions for conservativity and exactness ofd-to-1 endomorphisms. We prove that all rational maps of degree greater than 1 are either conservative and exact with respect to normalized Lebesgue measure on the sphere, or have an attracting property inside the Julia set. We provide examples of rational maps which can be shown to be conservative and exact by using the previous result which was not formerly known to have this property.
Discrimination of Stereometric and Planometric Displays by Pigeons

Differences in ability to discriminate stereometric displays and planometric displays have been reported for monkeys. 16 pigeons trained with objects and pictures of objects (where object-picture transfer and object-picture discriminability were tested) showed no difference in ability to discriminate object pairs (stereometric displays) and picture pairs (planometric displays), whether object-picture transfer had been obtained or not. A possible explanation based on species-typical affordances is advanced.
Nitrones as therapeutics

Nitrones have the general chemical formula X-CH=NO-Y. They were first used to trap free radicals in chemical systems and then subsequently in biochemical systems. More recently several nitrones, including alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), have been shown to have potent biological activity in many experimental animal models. Many diseases of aging, including stroke, cancer development, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease, are known to have enhanced levels of free radicals and oxidative stress. Some derivatives of PBN are significantly more potent than PBN and have undergone extensive commercial development for stroke. Recent research has shown that PBN-related nitrones also have anti-cancer activity in several experimental cancer models and have potential as therapeutics in some cancers. Also, in recent observations nitrones have been shown to act synergistically in combination with antioxidants in the prevention of acute acoustic-noise-induced hearing loss. The mechanistic basis of the potent biological activity of PBN-related nitrones is not known. Even though PBN-related nitrones do decrease oxidative stress and oxidative damage, their potent biological anti-inflammatory activity and their ability to alter cellular signaling processes cannot readily be explained by conventional notions of free radical trapping biochemistry. This review is focused on our studies and others in which the use of selected nitrones as novel therapeutics has been evaluated in experimental models in the context of free radical biochemical and cellular processes considered important in pathologic conditions and age-related diseases.
Consistency and accuracy of batterer typology identification

Researchers in the field of domestic violence have derived “typologies” to better conceptualize the differences found among batterers (e.g., Holtzworth-Monroe and Stuart [1994]. Psychol. Bull. 116: 476–497). Efforts have since been made to evaluate clinicians' accuracy in classifying batterers into subtypes (Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Huss, and Ramsey [2000]. J. Fam. Violence 15: 37–53). The present study investigated the accuracy and consistency with which experienced clinicians could sort profiles into an empirically derived MCMI-based batterer typology (Hamberger, Lohr, Bonge, and Tolin [1996] Violence Vict. 11: 277–292). Seven PhD level psychologists with experience in the field of domestic violence were asked to sort 36 MCMI profiles into three piles. Each pile was represented by each of the three prototypical cluster types described in Hamberger et al. (1996) using the Basic 8 MCMI subscales. Overall, expert raters were able to sort most profiles into the three clusters accurately. However, the expert raters had the most difficulty correctly sorting some of the “nonpathological” profiles, as 40% were placed into the antisocial cluster and (6%) were sorted into the negativistic-dependent cluster. There are a number of possible explanations for the lower accuracy in sorting the nonpathological cluster. Results suggest that psychologists with domestic violence training can accurately sort MCMI profiles of batterers into the main three subtypes derived from empirically-based typology research. Clinical implications for typology assessment are discussed.
A simulation model of sulfur transformations in forested Spodosols

Transformations of organic and inorganic S in two forested Spodosols from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire and the Huntington Forest in the Adirondack Mts. of New York were investigated using laboratory35SO4 2- incorporation experiments. Sulfur transformations were modeled as a set of three reversible, first-order reactions in which soluble SO 4 2- is converted to adsorbed SO 4 2- , ester sulfate and carbon-bonded S. Reaction rate contants for35SO 4 2- adsorption/desorption and immobilization reactions involving ester sulfate and carbon-bonded S were determined using a fifth order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration routine combined with least squares fitting. Model simulations were able to account for over 93% of the variation in the distribution of35S in S fractions. A hypothetical application of immobilization rate constants to field situations at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest suggests that large quantities of S cycle through organic forms in Northern Hardwood Forest Ecosystems.
A Note on the Spatial Correlation Structure of County-Level Growth in the U.S.

This paper examines the spatial correlation structure of county-level growth across the contiguous United States. Estimated spatial correlograms using data on four different measures of aggregate economic activity—population, employment, income, and earnings—over the period 1984–1994 indicate that cross-county interdependence is limited to relatively short ranges of distance. For each of the measures, the average correlation between the growth rates of two counties approaches zero within a range of approximately 200 miles. Moreover, the rate at which correlations decline with distance is not uniform. Inside of roughly 40 miles correlations show only a very slow rate of decline whereas beyond this range they drop off at a substantially higher rate.
Molecular Targets of Gene Transfer Therapy for HIV Infection

THE ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a chronic disease primarily characterized by a decrease in CD4-positive T lymphocytes. Subsequent immune system suppression and failure lead to frequent infection by opportunistic pathogens and, oftentimes along with neoplasms or other HIV-related pathology, death of the patient. During the last 10 years, considerable progress has been made in the development of treatments for various opportunistic infections. In addition, the use of nucleoside analogs (zidovudine, dideoxyinosine, dideoxycytodine), which interfere with reverse transcription and seem to slow viral spread, has become commonplace. Although these treatments can delay disease progression, 1 side effects associated with their use, and possibly the development of viral resistance to these drugs, 2 may inevitably lead to treatment failure. For these reasons, alternate therapies for HIV infection are needed. Included among the list of potential treatments is gene transfer therapy. Recent progress in ongoing clinical
Silicon Integrated Circuits Incorporating Antennas

The feasibility of integrating antennas and required circuits to form wireless interconnects in foundry digital CMOS technologies has been demonstrated. The key challenges including the effects of metal structures associated with integrated circuits, heat removal, packaging, and interaction of transmitted and received signals with nearby circuits appear to be manageable. This technology can potentially be used for intra and inter-chip interconnection, and implementation of true single chip radios, beacons, radars, RFID tags and others, as well as contact-less high frequency testing.
Blood-nanoparticle interactions and in vivo biodistribution: impact of surface PEG and ligand properties.

Theranostic nanoparticles (NPs) cannot reach their target tissue without first passing through blood; however, the influence of blood protein and blood cell interactions on NP biodistribution are not well understood. The current work shows that 30 nm PEGylated gold NPs (GNPs) interact not only with blood proteins as thought before but also with blood cells (especially platelets and monocytes) in vivo and that longer blood circulation correlates strongly with tumor uptake. Further, GNP surface properties such as negative charge or lyophilization had either a minimal (i.e., charge) or 15-fold increase (i.e., fresh vs lyophilized) in blood retention times and tumor uptake. Tumor accumulation was increased over 10-fold by use of a bioactive ligand (i.e., TNF) on the lyophilized GNP surface. Resident macrophages were primarily responsible for the bulk of GNP uptake in liver while spleen uptake was highly surface property dependent and appears to involve macrophages and cellular interaction between the red and ...
Design Imperatives to Enhance Evidence-Based Interventions with Persuasive Technology: A Case Scenario in Preventing Child Maltreatment

ABSTRACT This article examines how current thinking in persuasive technologies may be applied to evidence-based therapeutic interventions through a planned and multidisciplinary design process. Design steps identified in the human services and the design sciences are merged to generate six design imperatives. The need for human service knowledge to inform design is discussed in each design imperative. A case scenario using Healthy Families America (HFA), a broadly implemented child abuse and neglect prevention program, is presented as illustrative. The final design imperative argues for continuous attention to ethics across all disciplines. The design imperatives provide an initial framework for optimizing the development of persuasive technology applications in the human services.
Cancerous Epithelial Cell Lines Shed Extracellular Vesicles With a Bimodal Size Distribution that is Sensitive to Glutamine Inhibition

Extracellular shed vesicles (ESVs) facilitate a unique mode of cell-cell communication wherein vesicle uptake can induce a change in the recipient cell's state. Despite the intensity of ESV research, currently reported data represent the bulk characterization of concentrated vesicle samples with little attention paid to heterogeneity. ESV populations likely represent diversity in mechanisms of formation, cargo and size. To better understand ESV subpopulations and the signaling cascades implicated in their formation, we characterize ESV size distributions to identify subpopulations in normal and cancerous epithelial cells. We have discovered that cancer cells exhibit bimodal ESV distributions, one small-diameter and another large-diameter population, suggesting that two mechanisms may govern ESV formation, an exosome population and a cancer-specific microvesicle population. Altered glutamine metabolism in cancer is thought to fuel cancer growth but may also support metastatic niche formation through microvesicle production. We describe the role of a glutaminase inhibitor, compound 968, in ESV production. We have discovered that inhibiting glutamine metabolism significantly impairs large-diameter microvesicle production in cancer cells.
Consideration of the gain, enzymatic capacity utilization, and response time properties of metabolic networks as a function of operating point and structure

Computer simulation is used to examine the gain, utilization of enzymatic capacity and response time properties of a simple metabolic network consisting of a sequence of irreversible enzyme reactions controlled by non-allosteric feedback inhibition. The latter properties are chosen because interpretation of a metabolic network's structure can be aided by envisioning the network to maximize a single objective such as flux control. However, by examining the properties as a function of the network's operating point (extent of saturation of the first enzymatic reaction) and structural characteristics, it is found that apparent trade-offs occur between definable objectives. It is suggested that greater consideration of the trade-offs that may occur could help generate metabolic network heuristics and facilitate the interpretation of metabolic networks in terms of the functional role they play in the intact organism.
DECOMPOSITION OF E-WAVE DECELERATION TIME INTO STIFFNESS AND RELAXATION COMPONENTS

The short deceleration time (DT) (“constrictive-restrictive”) E-wave pattern is due to increased chamber stiffness, while prolonged E-wave deceleration time is due to ‘delayed relaxation'. Therefore, stiffness and relaxation are DT determinants. DT has been expressed algebraically as a
Fragmentation patterns of trimethylsilyl derivatives of dihydrodiol glucuronides produced by metabolism of naphthalene and 1-methyl-N-naphthylcarbamate.

Mass spectra from trimethylsilyl derivatives of three dihydrodiol glucuronides are reported. The aglycone moieties were characterized to be 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynapthalene, 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1-napthole (glycosidic linkage through 5 or 6 position) and a dihydrodihydroxymethylsulfonylnaphthalene.
Finite size scaling of spin-spin correlations on the Ising square lattice

Abstract Using Monte Carlo data for the Ising square lattice, we show that the row spin-spin correlation functions scale as a function of both lattice size and ϵ = ∣1 − T/Tc∣ forT >Tc.
Attosecond transient absorption of field-manipulated excited states

Attosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet light, produced by high order harmonics, are used to probe coherent wave packet superpositions, alignment effects, and field-induced states by transient absorption spectroscopy.
Zonal Jet Structure and the Leading Mode of Variability

An observational analysis of the Northern Hemisphere circulation during winter reveals that the leading mode of variability depends on longitude. In particular, the first EOF of the zonal-mean circulation differs over the Atlantic and Pacific sectors. These results provide motivation for a series of model runs where a simple GCM is used to investigate the effects of the zonal jet structure on the leading mode of variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Model results indicate that the leading mode of variability depends on the distance between the eddy-driven and subtropical jets. When the jets are well separated, the leading mode of variability describes latitudinal shifting of the eddy-driven jet. However, when the two jets are nearly collocated, pulsing of the combined jet dominates the variability. This change coincides with a weakening of the positive feedback between the eddies and zonal flow anomalies. These results provide a possible explanation for the reduced amplitude of the Northern Annular Mode in the Pacific sector relative to that in the Atlantic sector during Northern Hemisphere winter.
COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY COLUMN 17

The papers presented at the Fourth Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry (August 1992) are summarized.
Early intervention after severe oxygenation index elevation improves survival following lung transplantation.

Abstract Background Reperfusion injury and technical problems following lung transplantation may result in life-threatening pulmonary dysfunction that requires intervention with either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or reoperation. Early intervention in these patients could prevent complications associated with delayed or emergent intervention and may improve survival. The oxygenation index [(mean airway pressure × percent of inspired oxygen)/partial pressure of arterial oxygen] provides a rapid assessment of pulmonary function in the critical phase of reperfusion. Our hypothesis was that the oxygenation index could be used as an early predictor for severe respiratory failure requiring acute intervention. Methods Analysis of 136 consecutive lung transplant operations revealed 18 patients (reperfusion injury in 16 and technical complications in 2) with an oxygen index of ≥ 30. Of those patients with reperfusion injury, 9 had fibrotic lung disease, 4 had obstructive lung disease, and 3 had primary pulmonary hypertension. Results Patients undergoing transplantation for fibrotic lung diseases were more likely to develop severe reperfusion injury (oxygenation index ≥ 30) compared to patients with obstructive lung diseases (9 of 42 or 21% vs 4 or 80 or 5%, p = 0.005). The 5 patients with early intervention (≤ 2 hours) after an oxygenation index elevation above 30 had significantly improved survival compared to the 13 with no or late intervention (80% vs 15% survival, p = 0.02). Conclusion Oxygenation index elevation ≥ 30 following lung transplantation is an early predictor of severe respiratory failure requiring acute intervention. Early intervention in these patients improves survival.
Effect of simultaneous presentation of conceptually similar and dissimilar items on paired associate learning1

Paired-associate learning was retarded significantly when subsets of conceptually dissimilar pairs were presented simultaneously rather than successively for learning. The retardation was eliminated, however, when the subsets contained pairs sharing similar stimulus terms or similar response terms. Under both methods of presentation, learning was faster when pairs were grouped on the basis of conceptual similarity than when the same pairs were presented in dissimilar groupings.
Convergent Themes Across Jamesian and Jungian Thought

The pragmatic philosophy of William James and the analytic psychology of Carl Jung share many common characteristics. This article compares the Jamesian and Jungian perspectives on two issues central to the designs of each thinker: (1) the nature of the psyche and (2) the theory of knowledge. Attention is given to the ways in which Jung's personality theory gives expression to a philosophical position very similar to that developed by James. Jung himself did not systematically articulate the philosophical foundations of his personality theory. James's work provides valuable insights into these philosophical underpinnings. Potential benefits for the academician and practitioner are discussed.
Adult Educators' Perceptions of Their Organization Promoting Learning Practices and Culture: A Caribbean Law Enforcement Context

Many organizations, whether private or public, invest extensively in training and development. Such investment in training and development does not guarantee that the organization is perceived as a learning organization. This study examined law enforcement adult educators’ (training facilitators’) perceptions of their organization promoting learning practices and culture. The theoretical framework guiding this study is based on Watkins and Marsick’s framework of learning organization. A total of 29 adult educators were administered the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire. The results and data revealed that of the 21 items on the questionnaire, 16 (76.2%) means were lower than 3 and the highest mean was 3.41, which suggest the adult educators (instructors) within this training academy do not perceive the organization as one that promotes learning practices and learning culture. Furthermore, as it relates to rank, years of services, and gender, there was no significant difference in their perc...
Further characterization of cyclophosphamide resistance: expression of CD95 and of bcl-2 in a CML cell line

Drug resistance is a common cause of treatment failure in oncology. In addition to the resistance caused by over-expression of p-glycoprotein and similar molecules other mechanisms are involved in the selection or induction of drug resistant tumor cells. In this study, we characterized a CML cell line made resistant to cyclophosphamide (KBM7-B5-1803) further for the expression of apoptosis promoting and inhibiting molecules. We found that KBM7-B5-1803 has a 3 4-fold over-expression of the receptor CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) compared with the parent line. The regulation of CD95 by cytokines was comparable to other types of cells. Despite the inducibility and over-expression of CD95, CD95 failed to trigger apoptosis in both the parent and the drug resistant line. The drug resistant line has a particular pattern of the expression of bcl-2 family members: bcl-2 protein and message were expressed to a similar extent, however, compared with the parent line, the message for bclx short was decreased. P-glycoprotein was not expressed in either cell line. Taken together we show here in a leukemia cell line that the phenotype of cyclophosphamide resistance is associated with a particular pattern of apoptosis-related molecules.
Surface chemistry of CN bond formation from carbon and nitrogen atoms on Pt(111).

The mechanism of CN bond formation from CH3 and NH3 fragments adsorbed on Pt(111) was investigated with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface chemistry of carbon−nitrogen coupling is of fundamental importance to catalytic processes such as the industrial-scale synthesis of HCN from CH4 and NH3 over Pt. Since neither CH4 nor NH3 thermally dissociate on Pt(111) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, the relevant surface intermediates were generated through the thermal decomposition of CH3I and the electron-induced dissociation of NH3. The presence of surface CN is detected with TPD through HCN desorption as well as with RAIRS through the appearance of the vibrational features characteristic of the aminocarbyne (CNH2) species, which is formed upon hydrogenation of surface CN at 300 K. The RAIRS results show that HCN desorption at ∼500 K is kinetically limited by the formation of the CN bond at th...
Consequences of Breaking the Asp-His Hydrogen Bond of the Catalytic Triad: Effects on the Structure and Dynamics of the Serine Esterase Cutinase

The objective of this study has been to investigate the effects on the structure and dynamics that take place with the breaking of the Asp-His hydrogen bond in the catalytic triad Asp175-His188-Ser120 of the serine esterase cutinase in the ground state. Four molecular dynamics simulations were performed on this enzyme in solution. The starting structures in two simulations had the Asp175-His188 hydrogen bond intact, and in two simulations the Asp175-His188 hydrogen bond was broken. Conformations of the residues comprising the catalytic triad are well behaved during both simulations containing the intact Asp175-His188 hydrogen bond. Short contacts of less than 2.6 A were observed in 1.2% of the sampled distances between the carboxylate oxygens of Asp175 and the NE2 of His188. The simulations showed that the active site residues exhibit a great deal of mobility when the Asp175-His188 hydrogen bond is broken. In the two simulations in which the Asp175-His188 hydrogen bond is not present, the final geometries for the residues in the catalytic triad are not in catalytically productive conformations. In both simulations, Asp175 and His188 are more than 6 A apart in the final structure from dynamics, and the side chains of Ser120 and Asp175 are in closer proximity to the NE2 of His188 than to ND1. Nonlocal effects on the structure of cutinase were observed. A loop formed by residues 26-31, which is on the opposite end of the protein relative to the active site, was greatly affected. Further changes in the dynamics of cutinase were determined from quasiharmonic mode analysis. The frequency of the second lowest mode was greatly reduced when the Asp175-His188 hydrogen bond was broken, and several higher modes showed lower frequencies. All four simulations showed that the oxyanion hole, composed of residues Ser42 and Gln121, is stable. Only one of the hydrogen bonds (Ser42 OG to Gln121 NE2) observed in the crystal structure that stabilize the conformation of Ser42 OG persisted throughout the simulations. This hydrogen bond appears to be enough for the oxyanion hole to retain its structural integrity.
Competition and Interest Rate Ceilings in Commercial Banking

Regulations prohibiting the payment of explicit interest on demand deposits are gradually being eased. As banks switch from payment in the form of free services to explicit interest, both the level of money demand and the response of money demand to market interest rates will change. Banks are modeled here as being Chamberlinian monopolistic competitors. Equilibrium deposit interest rate relationships are found for markets both with and without an effective interest rate ceiling and the behavior of the two markets is compared. The elimination of deposit interest rate ceilings leads to increased money demand and an increased responsiveness of deposit rates to market interest rates.
SERUM CHOLESTEROL IN THE RHESUS MONKEY

BECAUSE OF THE SIMILARITY in molecular structure of the long-known cholesteroland the newer steroidal sex hormones and because of the fact that no such records exist for any primate animal, it seemed desirable to make some read-ings of the cholesterol level in the blood of the rhesus monkey. Since the level of the sex hormones changes with the various phases of the menstrual cycle and with preg-nancy, samples of blood were taken at various times of the cycle and of pregnancy so that the stages were pretty well covered by the total number of readings from all of the animals used. A number of samples were taken from each animal. The blood was drawn from the saphenous vein, placed in a clean test-tube, the serum separated and analyzed at a convenient time soon after collecting. The total cholesterol was determined by the colorimetric method of Bloor as adapted by Pijoan and Walter (I) to the Evelyn photo-electric colorimeter.
Schrodinger-like Dilaton Gravity

We investigate possibilities for a Schrodinger-like gravity with the dynamical critical exponent z = 2, where the action only contains the first-order time derivative. The Horava gravity always admits such a relevant deformation because the full (d + 1) dimensional diffeomorphism of the Einstein gravity is replaced by the foliation preserving diffeomorphism. The dynamics is locally trivial or topological in the pure gravity case, but we can construct a dynamical field theory with a z = 2 dispersion relation by introducing a dilaton degree of freedom. Our model provides a classical starting point for the possible quantum dilaton gravity which may be applied to a membrane quantization.
System experiments with multimode waveguides and fibers for applications in computer interconnects

The effect on the modal noise induced bit-error-rate floor when passing light through short lengths (0.5 to 70 mm) of large core epoxy ridge waveguides and multimode fibers was investigated. It was demonstrated that the bit-error-rate floor declines rapidly with the waveguide transmission distance, whereas for the multimode fiber the floor is independent of the length. The issue of estimating modal noise bit-error-rate floors at realistic levels of the mode selective loss is addressed. The experimental set-up is discussed, and the results of modal noise system experiments performed at 1 Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) are presented. Worst-case requirements to the waveguide design are discussed. >
Effect on Growth, Survival, and Fatty Acid Composition of Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus Fed Practical Diets With and Without Supplemental Lecithin and/or Cholesterol

Red claw crayfish Cherux quadricarinutus is one of more than a hundred species of Australian freshwater crayfish. However, because of its rapid growth rate, communal and non-burrowing behavior, ease of spawning, wide temperature and dissolved oxygen tolerance, and no freeswimming larval stages, red claw may be the best candidate among the Australian crayfishes for semi-intensive or intensive aquaculture in the United States. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of newly-hatched red claw when fed four practical diets with or without lecithin and cholesterol. However, little is known of its nutritional requirements or practical diet formulations. An 8-wk feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system with newly-hatched juvenile (mean individual weight, 0.2 g) red claw, each stocked in separate plastic mesh culture units containing their own individual water line. Water was recirculated through biological and mechanical filters. Practical diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isocaloric (4 kcal available enerpylg of diet) and contained menhaden fish meal (25%), soybean meal (35%, except in Diet 4), and shrimp meal (lo%, except in Diet 4) as protein sources. Diet 1 had 0.5% lecithin added and 1.0% cholesterol added: Diet 2 contained 0% lecithin and 1.0% cholesterol; Diet 3 contained 0.5% lecithin and 0% cholesterol: and Diet 4 contained 0% lecithin and 0% cholesterol. After 8 wk, juvenile red claw fed diets with 0% supplemental lecithin (Diets 2 and 4) had no significant difference (P > 0.05) in final weight and percentage weight gain (5.6 g and 2626%. respectively) compared to red claw fed the control diet (Diet 1) containing 0.5% lecithin. Red claw fed a diet without added cholesterol (Diet 3) had significantly (P 0.05) difference in final weight (5.1 g) and percentage weight gain (2254%) compared to red claw fed all other diets. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among all diets for specific growth rate (SGR) which averaged 5.38%/d. Percentage survival was not significantly different among all treatments and was 76% for red claw fed Diet 1, 64% (Diet 2), 56% (Diet 3), and 80% (Diet 4). These results indicate that red claw fed Diet 4 containing 25% menhaden fish meal, 44.5% soybean meal, 0.5% choline chloride, 2% cod liver oil and 1% corn oil may satisfy the lecithin and cholesterol requirements and that the addition of dietary lecithin and cholesterol may not be necessary for good growth and survival of small (0.2 g) juvenile red claw. This may allow for less expensive diet formulations for use by producers of red claw crayfish.
Central Venous Catheter Use in Pediatrics: What Does the Future Hold?

Great strides have been made in the past 2 decades regarding the care and management of central venous catheters (CVCs). Some of what is known has come from research, but much more has come through trial and error. With all that has been learned, there are still many unanswered questions. It is time to join together, independent of organization or discipline, and create multicenter protocols to answer remaining questions, so that we can stop the trial and error and help standardize care.
Determining the Utility of Metabolic Acidosis for Trauma Patients in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Metabolic acidosis has been proposed as the gold standard to define shock in trauma patients. Other studies determine the presence of shock by use of serum lactate. However, not all medical centers have the ability to utilize point-of-care lactate at bedside. Objective This study seeks to determine the relationship between serum lactate and metabolic acidemia in trauma patients, and if metabolic acidemia can be used to guide therapy. We hypothesized that acidemia would be strongly correlated with lactate levels and would be associated with activation of massive transfusion (MT) in the presence of shock in trauma. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study, level II evidence; this study aids in decision-making. Setting was a Level I academic, urban trauma center. The study took place from July 1, 2012 to March 1, 2013 and included patients who were ≥18 years old and required trauma team activation. Observations included baseline demographics (age, gender, type of injury), vital signs, point-of-care arterial blood gas, lactate, and need for MT. Results One hundred patients were enrolled over the study period. The average age was 34 years, and 82% were male. Forty patients were acidemic (pH p r s = −0.38, t = −4.03, p p = 0.002). Conclusion This is a prospective observational cohort study with level II evidence. This study demonstrates that acidemia was strongly correlated to serum lactate, lactate levels were higher in the acidemic group, and metabolic acidemia was associated with the activation of MT for trauma patients at our institution.
Digital Convergence and the Information Profession in Cultural Heritage Organizations: Reconciling Internal and External Demands

Nearly twenty years ago, W. Boyd Rayward became one of the first academics to examine how electronic information and the functional integration of libraries, archives, and museums has affected, and will affect, the information profession. In doing so, he laid the groundwork for an entire research agenda on the topic of digital convergence, where the increased use of, and reliance on, digital resources in libraries, archives, and museums has increasingly blurred the traditional distinctions between these institutions. This paper explores how Rayward’s early work in this area influenced the development of this topic over time, focusing on how information professionals in cultural heritage organizations can and should reconcile their internal perceptions of identity with the external expectations of their users, particularly those who do not or cannot clearly distinguish between different institutions or the information resources they manage. In a world where the traditional assumptions we take for granted about information organization and access in libraries, archives, and museums are simply not shared by our users, the future of the information profession depends on the ability of cultural heritage information professionals to transcend the traditional boundaries between libraries, archives, and museums to meet information needs in the digital age.
Bright Ideas for Chemical Biology

Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular “core” dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.
Petrology of the igneous rocks

Papers published during the 1983-1986 period on the petrology and geochemistry of igneous rocks are discussed, with emphasis on tectonic environment. Consideration is given to oceanic rocks, subdivided into divergent margin suites (mid-ocean ridge basalts, ridge-related seamounts, and back-arc basin basalts) and intraplate suites (oceanic island basalts and nonridge seamounts), and to igneous rocks formed at convergent margins (island arc and continental arc suites), subdivided into volcanic associations and plutonic associations. Other rock groups discussed include continental flood basalts, layered mafic intrusions, continental alkalic associations, komatiites, ophiolites, ash-flow tuffs, anorthosites, and mantle xenoliths.
The Measurement of Biological Age1,4

One of the objectives of gerontological research is to achieve, reproducibly and at will, a verifiable discrepancy between the chronological and biological age of organisms. To accomplish this, the experimenter must be in a position to measure biological age independently. In theory, this can be done in three ways: by actuarial analysis of large populations, assessment of overall morbidity, or observation of chronic degenerative changes that can be actually measured or graded according to a scale. Of these three approaches, only the last appears to be promising in experimental research. However, not all progressive degenerative changes represent practically useful parameters of biological age. Criteria for their evaluation are presented, and their theoretical prerequisites as well as concrete applications are discussed. In a more general way, one has to be aware that biological age is a statistical entity. It cannot be directly observed but only inferred from quantifiable epiphenomena, and is, as such, not measurable like temperature or weight.
Reynolds stress development in pressure-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers

The development of the Reynolds stress field was studied for flows in which an initially two-dimensional boundary layer was skewed sideways by a spanwise pressure gradient ahead of an upstream-facing wedge. Two different wedges were used, providing a variation in the boundary-layer skewing. Measurements of all components of the Reynolds stress tensor and all ten triple products were measured using a rotatable cross-wire anemometer. The results show the expected lag of the shear stress vector behind the strain rate. Comparison of the two present experiments with previous data suggests that the lag can be estimated if the radius of curvature of the free-stream streamline is known. The magnitude of the shear stress vector in the plane of the wall is seen to decrease rapidly as the boundary-layer skewing increases. The amount of decrease is apparently related to the skewing angle between the wall and the free stream. The triple products evolve rapidly and profiles in the three-dimensional boundary layer are considerably different than two-dimensional profiles, leaving little hope for gradient transport models for the Reynolds stresses. The simplified model presented by Rotta (1979) performs reasonably well providing that an appropriate value of the T-parameter is chosen.
Successful Transcription but not Translation or Assembly of Solenopsis Invicta Virus 3 in a Baculovirus-Driven Expression System

Abstract Solenopsis invicta virus 3 (SINV-3) is an unclassified positive stranded RNA virus whose characteristics are amenable to development as a microbial insecticide or as a classical biological control agent for the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bait formulations containing SINV-3 have been produced and were used successfully to transmit the infection and cause significant mortality to fire ant colonies in the laboratory. Unfortunately, there is no available means of propagating infectious SINV-3 particles in vitro, and this has hampered its evaluation and development as a microbial insecticide. In this study, we attempted to utilize a baculovirus expression system as reported by others to produce SINV-3 infectious particles in quantity. A full-length copy of the SINV-3 genome was assembled successfully from 3 overlapping fragments, and a heterologous bacmid-SINV-3 vector (BAC_SINV-3) was produced. The insect cell line Sf21 was transfected with purified hig...