cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Missouri A+ Students: How Are They Doing?

This nonexperimental study of Missouri’s A+ Program compares the academic performance of these students with two similar groups of students at a community college in southwest Missouri. Significant differences were found between the three groups regarding cumulative GPA and number of developmental courses taken.
CULTURE CHANGE AMONG THE NILGIRI TRIBES

CULTURE CHANGE AMONG THE NILGIRI TRIBES* By DAVID G. MANDELBAUM OUR tribes, isolated together, mutually interdependent, yet culturally distinct, are simultaneously exposed to alien custom. The culture of each takes a different course of adaptation to the new circumstance. Our purpose is to indicate some reasons for these differences and, if possible, to discern certain general trends underlying the variant processes of accultura­ tion. For many centuries the tribes of t~.e Nilgiri Hills in South India were isolated from the people of the plains below. The steepness of the hills and the climate of the plateau discouraged any extensive contacts with the Hindus of the lowlands. So the tribes formed a social enclave which was geographically close to Hindu life but culturally remote from it. The Nilgiri folk lived in economic and social symbiosis, the Todas being pastoral people, the Badagas agriculturalists, the Kotas artisans, the Kurumbas food gatherers and sorcerers. It was about a hundred years ago that the English discovered the plateau and there found a godsend as a haven from the summer heat of the plains. They soon pushed a road through to the summit and before long moved the seat of the provincial government up to the hills for six months every year. With the British administrators and vacationists came an influx of lowland Hindus and Mohammedans, servants, merchants, wanderers looking for a living-men from many castes and areas. The natives of the Nilgiris were thus subject to the impact of two levels of invading culture, Hindu and European. From both sources each tribe took over certain things, rejected others-each group according to its own tastes and inclinations. Before attempting to assess these borrowings, it is well to consider the nature of cultural interchange before Europeans ap­ peared in the area. There was some cultural give and take among the tribes; the great wonder is that it amounted to so little. The four peoples lived in constant and close contact with each other, yet were culturally and linguistically segregate. Any village of one tribe was, and still is, within a short walk of villages of each of the other tribes. But the four cultures have relatively little in common. The complex Toda ritual and social organization had only vague parallels in Kota life. While Kota dress and housing are similar to that F * Read before the Central Section of the American Anthropological Association, Indian­ apolis, April 26, 1940. Field work sponsored by National Research Council and Institute of Human Relations, Yale University.
Hybrid ion exchanger supported nanocomposites: Sorption and sensing for environmental applications

Abstract Metal oxide nanoparticles such as oxides of Fe(III), Zr(IV), Ti(IV), and Al(III) are environmentally benign and exhibit amphoteric sorption behaviors. Depending upon the pH, they can act like Lewis acids (electron acceptors) or bases (electron donors). Thus, they are capable of binding transition metal cations such as Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+, and anionic ligands such as arsenate and phosphate. Because sorption sites reside predominantly on the surface, the metal oxides offer very high specific sorption capacity at nanoscale sizes due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio. However, poor hydraulic and mechanical properties of these nanoparticles make them unsuitable for practical application in fixed-bed columnar configuration or in any flow-through system like reactive permeable barriers. Dispersal of the nanoparticles inside a functionalized polymer like ion exchange resins renders favorable hydraulic property. It also opens up a new possibility of controlling the behavior of the hybrid nanocomposite by synergistically enhancing or altering the adsorption capabilities for different toxic metal cations and anionic ligands. The Donnan membrane effect which arises out of non-diffusibility of the fixed functional groups covalently attached to the matrix of the ion exchanger can be intelligently used to design hybrid ion exchangers dispersed with metal oxide nanoparticles to suit different environmental applications. Encapsulation of the metal oxide nanoparticles also makes the nanocomposite regenerable. Apart from their application in sorption processes for removal of environmental contaminants, the hybrid nanocomposite also helps to avoid interference of phosphate and natural organic matter (NOM), in a process that, in conjunction with another hybrid material, enables for cost-effective real-time sensing of trace toxic metals in natural waters using pH as a surrogate parameter.
The Cole–Hopf transformation and multiple soliton solutions for the integrable sixth-order Drinfeld–Sokolov–Satsuma–Hirota equation

Abstract The completely integrable sixth-order nonlinear Drinfeld–Sokolov–Satsuma–Hirota equation is studied. Three distinct methods, namely the Cole–Hopf transformation method, the tanh–coth method, and the Exp-function method are used for a reliable treatment of this equation. Solitons, multiple soliton solutions, multiple singular soliton solutions, and plane periodic solutions are obtained for this equations. The study highlights the power of each method.
High energy collisions of strongly deformed nuclei: An old idea with a new twist

Collisions of deformed nuclei such as U may provide 40% more hard processes and about 30% larger energy densities, compared to central PbPb collisions. They also produce excited systems which are strongly deformed in the transverse plane, which are much larger than possible in peripheral PbPb collisions. We discuss how, even without a polarized target, one can study these phenomena by selecting particular events. Collisions are studied by a simple Monte Carlo model, and it is shown what can be achieved by making cuts in two control parameters--the number of participants and ellipticity. We also discuss how UU collisions may resolve a number of outstanding issues, from corrections to hard processes to elliptic flow (the existence of a quark-gluon plasma), to the mechanism of J/{psi} suppression. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Measurement of tensor analyzing power in electron-deuteron elastic scattering.

An internal-target technique was used to make the first measurements of the tensor analyzing power {ital T}{sub 20} of electron-deuteron elastic scattering in the four-momentum-transfer range of 2--3 fm{sup {minus}1}. Polarized deuterium atoms were confined within a storage cell in the VEPP-3 electron storage ring in Novosibirsk to achieve a total target thickness of 3{times}10{sup 12} cm{sup {minus}2}, 15 times greater than was previously possible with an atomic-beam target alone. The results for {ital T}{sub 20} are in agreement with reasonable models of the deuteron wave function.
K + Channels in Apoptosis

A proper rate of programmed cell death or apoptosis is required to maintain normal tissue homeostasis. In disease states such as cancer and some forms of hypertension, apoptosis is blocked, resulting in hyperplasia. In neurodegenerative diseases, uncontrolled apoptosis leads to loss of brain tissue. The flow of ions in and out of the cell and its intracellular organelles is becoming increasingly linked to the generation of many of these diseased states. This review focuses on the transport of K+ across the cell membrane and that of the mitochondria via integral K+-permeable channels. We describe the different types of K+ channels that have been identified, and investigate the roles they play in controlling the different phases of apoptosis: early cell shrinkage, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. Attention is also given to K+ channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane, whose activity may underlie anti- or pro-apoptotic mechanisms in neurons and cardiomyocytes.
Signal transduction through the conserved motifs of the high affinity IgE receptor FcεRI

The high affinity receptor for IgE, FceRI, possesses three ARAMs, one in the β chain (ARAM-β) and one in each member of the dimer of γ chains (ARAM-γ). These two types of ARAM endow the chains in which they are located with distinct properties. The ARAM-containing C-terminal tail of β binds Lyn, a Src family tyrosine kinase which regulates the phosphorylation of β, γ and other substrates including Syk. The tyrosine phosphorylated ARAM-containing C-terminal tail of γ binds Syk which, when activated, controls later signals such as the rise in intracellular calcium. Therefore, the two ARAM-containing chains of FceRI cooperate to realize the full signaling capacity of the receptor.
Developing long-term strategies to reduce energy use and CO2 emissions—analysis of three mitigation scenarios for iron and steel production in China

We perform a scenario analysis of three strategies for long-term energy savings and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reductions in iron and steel production in China, using a linear optimization modeling framework industry sector energy efficiency modeling (ISEEM). The modeling includes annual projections for one base scenario representing business-as-usual (BAU) and three additional scenarios representing different strategies to reduce annual energy use and CO2 emissions from 2010 to 2050. Specifically, the three scenarios for cost-optimization modeling include changing the production share (PS), predefining emission reduction (ER) target, and stipulating carbon emission pricing (CP), respectively. While the three strategies are projected to result in similar annual energy savings by approximately 15 % compared to that of the BAU scenario in year 2050, the carbon emission pricing strategy brings about the highest annual energy savings in the medium term (e.g., 2025). In addition, adopting carbon emission pricing strategy will result in the highest emission reduction from BAU with much higher costs, i.e., by 20 % in 2025 and 41 % in 2050, while adopting either PS or ER strategies will result in a moderate level of emission reduction from BAU, i.e., by approximately 4 % in 2025 and 14 % in 2050. The analysis of China’s national strategies to reduce energy use and emissions provides important implications for global mitigation strategies.
Dose Response of Experimental Pseudomonas Endophthalmitis to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, and Imipenem: Evidence for Resistance to “Late” Treatment of Infections

Single intravitreal doses of ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, or imipenem were administered to rabbits with pseudomonas endophthalmitis for determination of the maximally effective dose. Treatment was given 24 hr ("early") or 48 hr ("late") after infection. With early treatment the dose-response relationship between the drug concentration and the diminution in bacterial counts in the vitreous humor was linear with all three drugs. By contrast, with late treatment the same vitreal concentrations had no significant effect on bacterial counts. The failure of late treatment was not due to an increased rate of clearance of drugs from the eyes and could not be reproduced with a similar bacterial inoculum in vitro. Bacteria cultured from treated eyes were fully sensitive when plated directly onto drug-containing agar. The poor bactericidal effect of late treatment may in part be related to transient phenotypic alterations in the bacteria in response to changes in the environment of infection such as hypoxia, low pH, and exhaustion of critical bacterial nutrients.
Catecholamine content of pigmented and nonpigmented tissues of the rabbit.

Abstract Norepinephrine and dopamine content of various tissues from albine and nonalbino (black fur) rabbits were chemically determined. Although norepinephrine content of the nonpigmented iris (7.93 μg/g) and the pigmented iris (6.8 μg/g) did not differ significantly, the latter type contained very high amounts of dopamine (6.5 μg/g). As compared to that from the albino animal, the retina from nonalbino animals also contained slightly higher levels of dopamine. Thus, in addition to previously proposed neurotransmitter role of dopamine in the retina, it may also serve as precursor for the biosynthesis of melanin in the pigmented tissues.
Evaluating the readability of informed consent forms used in contraceptive clinical trials

Abstract The readability level of informed consent forms used in clinical trials on contraceptives was determined. Three different formulas for measuring readability were used. Some forms received relatively high scores by all three methods. The most common problems associated with high readability scores were the use of ‘unfamiliar’ words, long words and long sentences. At present all forms used must be readable, using the SMOG formula, at a grade 6 level or less.
The Logistic Function and Cyclone Fractional Efficiency

The relationship between fractional efficiency and particle size for a cyclone can be described using a logistic equation: efficiency = 1/(1 + (d 50/d)β. To use this equation, cyclone cut diameter, d 50, and the logistic slope parameter, β, must be known. Although cyclone cut diameter can be predicted from equations previously published, no method has been available to predict β. Collection efficiency was measured for particles between 1.4 and 7.4 μm in diameter using pilot-scale apparatus to determine the dependence of d 50 and β on cyclone dimensions and operating conditions. An equation for β was developed from a statistical analysis of these data. Although important questions remain concerning the extent to which the p equation can be generalized beyond the experimental conditions for which it was developed, predictions from this equation seem to allow better prediction of fractional efficiency for data presented here and taken from similar experiments in the literature than is found using the efficie...
Introductory comments on blood flow autoregulation in the optic nerve head and vascular risk factors in glaucoma.

It is widely suspected that tissue ischemia initiates or participates in optic disk damage in glaucoma. The details are not well delineated. Particularly puzzling is the clear separation of the clinical appearances of glaucoma and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, which is also a presumed ischemic disease. When venous pressure at the exit point from the eye is elevated by intraocular pressure (IOP), the arteriovenous pressure difference is reduced. Nutrition is maintained only because of blood flow autoregulation. Intraocular pressure-induced ischemia can result if autoregulation is impaired in an individual, either because of an innate deficiency or, perhaps, as a result of vasospastic disease. Autoregulation can also be impaired if another disease (e.g., an atheroma) has caused much of the autoregulatory capacity to be already utilized, so that little or none is left to respond to the additional challenge of IOP. Ischemia might also result from microvascular occlusion with platelet or clotting abnormalities, perhaps inducing glaucomatous optic neuropathy that is not dependent on IOP. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanism (and how it may be different in various cases) is needed to predict more successfully an individual's risk of glaucomatous damage, to make decisions about the aggressiveness of treatment, and, one day, to direct therapy at the type of vascular abnormality present, in addition to or instead of lowering IOP.
Effect of β-cyclodextrin on mucochloric acid and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone

Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide range of guest molecules which wholly, or in part, fit into their hydrophobic cavity. Since no covalent bonds are formed in this complexation, the guests can subsequently be eluted. The possibility of such complexation was envisioned as a means of removing chlorinated furanones from drinking water. Using a combination of infrared and ultraviolet techniques, evidence is presented for inclusion complex formation between mucochloric acid and β-cyclodextrin in acidic aqueous solutions. Ultraviolet evidence supports the conclusion that under these acidic conditions, mucochloric acid exists in its cyclic form. Solid samples of the mucochloric acid-β-cyclodextrin complex could be isolated by recrystallization of a 1∶1 mole ratio of the above compounds from water at pH ∼2. Solid sample infrared (potassium bromide or Nujol) showed a carbonyl shift of ∼20 cm−1 when mucochloric acid was compared to the mucochloric acid-β-cyclodextrin complex. No such shift was found upon simply grinding together the above components. Thus the carbonyl shift is ascribed to inclusion complexation of mucochloric acid into the β-cyclodextrin cavity.
Coordinated energy scheduling for residential households in the smart grid

In this paper, we investigate the minimization of the total energy cost of multiple residential households in a smart grid neighborhood sharing a load serving entity. Specifically, each household may have renewable generation, energy storage as well as inelastic and elastic energy loads, and the load serving entity attempts to schedule the energy consumption of these households. To minimize the total energy cost in this neighborhood, we propose an online algorithm, called Lyapunov-based cost minimization algorithm (LCMA), which jointly considers the energy management and demand response decisions. We prove that LCMA can achieve close-to-optimal performance and is robust to the uncertainty of system dynamics. Numerical results based on the real-world trace data show its cost saving effectiveness.
Nitric oxide is the endogenous neurotransmitter of bronchodilator nerves in humans.

Abstract In human airways, there is a prominent neural bronchodilator mechanism which is non-adrenergic. In human tracheal segments, we have demonstrated that this response is mediated entirely by nitric oxide (NO), since an inhibitor of NO synthesis, L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (10−4 M) abolishes this neural response. Identification of the neurotransmitter of this bronchodilator pathway may now make it possible to study its role in physiological control of airway calibre and in airway disease.
Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques to fish genetics: A review

Abstract The technology is now in place for major advances in the genetics and cytogenetics of fishes at the molecular level. One promising method with broad application is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Methodologies of FISH and the current and potential uses of these chromosomal techniques in fish genetics are reviewed. Highly repetitive ribosomal genes (rDNAs) and the multicopy genes for histones have been localized in several fish species and are providing new information on the evolution of salmonid genomes. Microdissection techniques such as those used to examine the Y chromosome of lake trout can produce paint probes useful in determining chromosomal arm homologies between closely related species. Repetitive sequences isolated from various fish species have been localized to centromeres, telomeres, and sex chromosomes. Some of these are currently being used as species-specific, chromosome-specific or sex-specific probes in aquaculture of fishes. Centromeric and telomeric probes have been used to examine intraspecific chromosome rearrangements such as the transposition of rDNA. Similarly, these types of probes could be used as genome markers for examining interspecific hybrids and in the study of nuclear organization (i.e. the spatial arrangement of chromosomes in interphase cells and gametes) Chromosome mapping of single copy genes, microsatellite loci and syntenic gene groups is now possible with FISH techniques and will be useful in isolating quantitative trait loci (QTL) of importance in aquaculture.
Hafnium isotopic studies of the Cameroon line and new HIMU paradoxes

Abstract We present the first detailed Pb, Nd, Sr and Hf isotopic study of a classic HIMU system. The Hf isotopic compositions of 18 representative basaltic lavas from the length of the Cameroon volcanic line have been determined using the new technique of inductively coupled plasma magnetic sector multiple collector mass spectrometry. The Hf isotopic compositions are found to be the same on average in continental, oceanic, and continental-oceanic boundary sectors. The three islands from the oceanic sector, Pagalu, Sao Tome and Principe, display a large spread in Pb and Sr isotopic compositions but have Hf and Nd isotopic compositions that are both uniform and identical to the HIMU islands of Tubuai and St. Helena. The Hf and Nd isotopic compositions of HIMU centers appear to be a more reproducible and characteristic feature than Pb and Sr isotopic compositions. On this basis, basalts along the entire Cameroon line have a similar origin. The data imply that Pagalu, with its unradiogenic 206Pb/204Pb (∼ I9) has incorporated the same Hf and Nd as Principe, Bioko, Etinde, Mt. Cameroon, St. Helena and Tubuai, all with average 206Pb/204Pb > 20. These data are consistent with the conclusion that the increase in 206Pb/204Pb toward the COB is due to young fractionation in U/Pb within the upper mantle. Neither the Hf isotopic composition of Cameroon line basalts, nor that of HIMU basalts in general, can be explained by recycling and storage of subducted N-MORB. Storage of more enriched components is required. Furthermore, the uniformity in HfNd isotopic space is difficult to explain by any recycling models and is more consistent with the HIMU source representing a distinctive and potentially important reservoir with specific Lu/Hf, Sm/Nd and age.
Perinatal asphyxia and neonatal hypoglycemia: The importance of nursing management

Hypoglycemia is a common sequel of neonatal‐perinatal asphyxia. As hypoglycemia may result in irreversible and severe neurologic aftermath, its detection and treatment are major goals of neonatal care. The maintenance of adequate blood glucose concentrations, during the course of and following asphyxia, is important to prevent the adverse effects of hypoglycemia on the brain. A routine screening program designed for infants at risk for hypoglycemia is a preventive measure against loss of human potential and economic waste. The nurse is the primary manager and initiator of such a screening program, one that can exist in harmony with family‐centered maternity care.
R-parity violation in flavor-changing neutral current processes and top quark decays.

We show that supersymmetric $R$-parity-breaking (${R}_{p}$) interactions always result in flavor changing neutral current processes. Within a single coupling scheme, these processes can be avoided in either the charge $+\frac{2}{3}$ or the charge $\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}$ quark sector, but not both. These processes are used to place constraints on ${R}_{p}$ couplings. The constraints on the first and the second generations are better than those existing in the literature. The ${R}_{p}$ interactions may result in new top quark decays. Some of these violate electron-muon universality or produce a surplus of $b$ quark events in $t\overline{t}$ decays. Results from the CDF experiment are used to bound these ${R}_{p}$ couplings.
Variability in G-protein-coupled signaling studied with microfluidic devices

Different cells, even those that are genetically identical, can respond differently to identical stimuli, but the precise source of this variability remains obscure. To study this problem, we built a microfluidic experimental system which can track responses of individual cells across multiple stimulations. We used this system to determine that amplitude variation in G-protein-activated calcium release in RAW264.7 macrophages is generally extrinsic, i.e., they arise from long-lived variations between cells and not from stochastic activation of signaling components. In the case of responses linked to P2Y family purine receptors, we estimate that approximately one-third of the observed variability in calcium release is receptor-specific. We further demonstrate that the signaling apparatus downstream of P2Y6 receptor activation is moderately saturable. These observations will be useful in constructing and constraining single-cell models of G protein-coupled calcium dynamics.
Adjustable artificial chordal replacement for repair of mitral valve prolapse

Achieving a stable repair of mitral valve prolapse can be difficult in complex pathologies, and a 5% to 20% late reoperation rate exists with leaflet resection and reconstruction. During an 8-year period, prolapse was managed uniformly with "adjustable" Gortex (W. L. Gore & Associates Inc, Flagstaff, AZ) artificial chordal replacement and Carpentier ring annuloplasty (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine, CA), without leaflet resection. Artificial chords were placed initially in the papillary muscles, and then after ring annuloplasty they were adjusted to optimize length to the prolapsing segment(s). Of 52 patients with prolapse, 100% were repaired successfully with artificial chords. Operative mortality was 1.9%, and 4, 6, and 8-year survivals were 87%, 81%, and 71%, respectively. Only 1 of 52 patients (1.9%) experienced late failure, and this patient was re-repaired with artificial chords. Thus, "adjustable" artificial chordal replacement facilitates uniform repair of mitral valve prolapse with a low late failure rate.
A 12-Year Retrospective Study of Equine Abortion in Michigan:

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Alkaline Phosphatase Reporter Transposon for Identification of Genes Encoding Secreted Proteins in Gram-Positive Microorganisms

We describe the construction of TnFuZ, a genetic tool for the discovery and mutagenesis of proteins exported from gram-positive bacteria. This tool combines a transposable element (Tn4001) of broad host range in gram-positive bacteria and an alkaline phosphatase gene (phoZ) derived from a gram-positive bacterium that has been modified by removal of the region encoding its export signal. Mutagenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes with TnFuZ ("FuZ" stands for fusions to phoZ) identified genes encoding secreted proteins whose expression was enhanced during growth in an aerobic environment. Thus, TnFuZ should be valuable for analysis of protein secretion, gene regulation, and virulence in gram-positive bacteria.
On the problem of placing names on a map

Probably the most difficult task of producing a map is that of placing the text for the point, line and area features that one expects to see depicted on a geographic map. This paper describes the problem, its subtleties, and challenges, and outlines a computerized approach to solving it. With the newly developed methods, it is now possible to produce fully labeled maps and charts with a quality that approaches that achievable only by an expert cartographer and to do so in tiny fraction of the time required when done manually.
Glycemic self-monitoring and insurance coverage

A growing body of research is calling attention to significant rates of medication underuse and to adverse health consequences associated with high out-of-pocket drug costs, especially among patients with low incomes, multiple chronic illnesses or no prescription drug coverage.[1][1],[2][2] Studies
Production control system to integrate lot-level and mass volume production dispatching rules for output optimization in a Wafer Fab

In a pure foundry wafer fab, on-time delivery at lot level is a very important Key Performance Index (KPI) in both operations and business aspect. The characteristic of a foundry wafer fab is high volume, very rich and diversified product mix. The Customer base is usually large. The line dispatching rule is usually build based upon the principle of on-time delivery (OTD) at individual lot level.
SY03-1-1ISAM FELLOWSHIP THE OPIOID PANDEMIC IN CHILDREN: EQUIPPING OURSELVES FOR SUCCESS

Opioid overdoses kill more young adults in the world than overdoses of any other drug. With the proliferation of prescription opioids (oxycontin, hydromorphone, etc), there has been a tremendous increase in opioid use disorders among all humans, specifically children and young adults. While statistics regarding youth opioid disorders are alarming, there has not been a concurrent increase in formalized medical education for pediatricians, family physicians or addiction medicine physicians regarding children and adolescents. Because drug abusers are often highly stigmatized in society, their healthcare utilization tends to be fragmented and sporadic. Pediatricians, family physicians, and addiction medicine physicians need to equip themselves with a cohesive skill-set to provide optimal care to such a high-risk patient population. This oral presentation will begin with a brief lecture-based review of the opioid epidemic among world children. We will then discuss the various screening and diagnostic tools available to clinicians and provide a referenced bibliography for further reading. Next, we will define evidence-based medical and non-medical treatment strategies employed in the treatment of youth opioid use disorders. The workshop will then transition to small group learning exercises where participants will practice learned objectives through case-based clinical vignettes. After the small group sessions, each group will present their particular conclusions to the group-at-large, and the workshop leader will highlight the learning objectives. The workshop will conclude with a question and answer session.
An Empirical Study of the Relationship of Stability Metrics and the QMOOD Quality Models Over Software Developed Using Highly Iterative or Agile Software Processes

The purpose of our study is to analyze whether the Bansiya and Davis quality models also reflect the ongoing stability of a software design in software developed using a highly iterative or agile process. We performed an empirical study over multiple iterations of various software packages developed using highly iterative or agile methods. We examined several Bansiya and Davis quality factor models (reusability, flexibility, understandability, functionality, extendibility, and effectiveness) over this data set and we compared them to stability metrics. We conclude that the Bansiya and Davis total quality index does indeed reflect stability over the data sets examined.
The City Builders: Property Development in New York and London, 1980–2000

Susan S. Fainstein, The City Builders: Property Development in New York and London, 1980–2000, 2nd Edition, Revised, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001).This is a reviewing of Fainstei...
Critical Race Feminism and the Complex Challenges of Educational Reform.

Throughout the past several decades, there has been an abundance of research about school reform, particularly in schools predominated by students of color and students experiencing poverty. Critics acknowledge that many reform efforts have failed and comprehensive solutions to school change remain elusive. In this article, we provide an overview of prominent school reform efforts and describe some of the ideological problems inherent in these dominant approaches—particularly the abstract, one-size-fits-all vision of reform that they are premised upon. Then, we explore the potential of critical race feminism (CRF) as a framework through which we might cultivate transformative social justice-oriented change in schools. We suggest that CRF is a relatively untapped resource in school reform efforts that may help us to rethink reform in general, specifically by dislodging some of our taken-for-granted assumptions and offering us principles for school change. Finally, we give examples of counternarratives based on CRF principles that reflect the kind of critical, fluid, nonhierarchical approach to change needed to disrupt the status quo of inequitable, reproductive schooling.
Determining Setup Orientations From the Visibility of Slice Geometry for Rapid Computer Numerically Controlled Machining

oped in an effort to automatically create functional prototypes and parts in a wide array of materials. The method uses a plurality of simple two-and-a-half-dimensional (2 1 2 -D) toolpaths from various orientations about an axis of rotation in order to machine the entire surface of a part without refixturing. It is our goal to automatically create these toolpaths for machining and eliminate the complex planning traditionally associated with CNC machining. In this paper, we consider a problem that arises in automating this process—visibility to the surface of a model that is rotated about a fourth axis. Our approach involves slicing the computer-aided design (CAD) model orthogonal to the axis of rotation. The slice geometry is used to calculate two-dimensional visibility maps for the set of polygons on each slice plane. The visibility data provides critical information for determining the minimum number and orientation of 2 1 -D toolpaths required to machine the entire surface of a part. DOI: 10.1115/1.2039100
Modular decomposition of metabolic reaction networks based on flux analysis and pathway projection

Motivation: The rational decomposition of biochemical networks into sub-structures has emerged as a useful approach to study the design of these complex systems. A biochemical network is characterized by an inhomogeneous connectivity distribution, which gives rise to several organizational features, including modularity. To what extent the connectivity-based modules reflect the functional organization of the network remains to be further explored. In this work, we examine the influence of physiological perturbations on the modular organization of cellular metabolism. Results: Modules were characterized for two model systems, liver and adipocyte primary metabolism, by applying an algorithm for top–down partition of directed graphs with non-uniform edge weights. The weights were set by the engagement of the corresponding reactions as expressed by the flux distribution. For the base case of the fasted rat liver, three modules were found, carrying out the following biochemical transformations: ketone body production, glucose synthesis and transamination. This basic organization was further modified when different flux distributions were applied that describe the liver's metabolic response to whole body inflammation. For the fully mature adipocyte, only a single module was observed, integrating all of the major pathways needed for lipid storage. Weaker levels of integration between the pathways were found for the early stages of adipocyte differentiation. Our results underscore the inhomogeneous distribution of both connectivity and connection strengths, and suggest that global activity data such as the flux distribution can be used to study the organizational flexibility of cellular metabolism. Contact: kyongbum.lee@tufts.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders in the Critical Care Unit

The recognition and management of acid-base disorders is a commonplace activity in the critical care unit, and the role of weak and strong acids in the genesis of metabolic acid-base disorders is reviewed. The clinical approach to patients with metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis is discussed in this article.
CRAWDAD: A Community Resource for Archiving Wireless Data at Dartmouth

Wireless network researchers are seriously starved for data about how real users, applications, and devices use real networks under real network conditions. CRAWDAD (Community Resource for Archiving Wireless Data at Dartmouth) is a new National Science Foundation-funded project to build a wireless-network data archive for the research community. It will host wireless data and provide tools and documents to make collecting and using the data easy. This resource should help researchers identify and evaluate real and interesting problems in mobile and pervasive computing. To learn more about CRAWDAD and discuss its direction, about 30 interested people gathered at a workshop held in conjunction with MobiCom 2005.
A Simple Statistical Method for Estimating Type-II (Cluster-Specific) Functional Divergence of Protein Sequences

Predicting functional amino acid residues in silico is important for comparative genomics. In this paper, we focus on the issue of how to statistically identify cluster-specific amino acid residues that are related to the functional divergence after gene duplication. We approach this problem using a framework based on site-specific shift of amino acid property (type-II functional divergence), as opposed to site-specific shift of evolutionary rate (type-I functional divergence). An efficient statistical procedure is implemented to facilitate the development of phylogenomic database for cluster-specific residues of large-scale protein families. Our method has the following features: 1) statistical testing of the type-II functional divergence and 2) the site-specific Bayesian profile to measure how amino acid residues contribute to type-II (cluster-specific) functional divergence. Consequently, one may obtain the posterior probability for "functional" cluster-specific residues. Case studies are presented and indicate that radical cluster-specific residues are responsible for most of inferred type-II functional divergence, whereas conserved cluster-specific residues appear less than even those imperfect radical cluster-specific residues to this type of functional divergence.
A Low-Cost Earth Imaging Telescope

Observations of the Earth from space have primarily been dominated by applications that require very accurate pointing to specific locations of interest, with high reliability and small latency. However, today the general public has access to high-resolution imagery on a scale never before imagined. Acquiring large data sets of Earth imagery in a simple, low-cost way, represents a new market opportunity that has yet to be addressed. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss a telescope design that is part of a low-cost satellite with that purpose. The system uses a fast, two-mirror optical design with push-broom imaging. The design of the telescope involves innovative technologies to reduce costs without impacting the optical performance of the system. This paper will include a detailed theoretical performance analysis, as well as discussions of the test strategy and manufacturing approach that make this telescope very cost effective.
Task Scheduling for Control Oriented Requirements for Cyber-Physical Systems

The wide applications of cyber-physical systems (CPS) call for effective design strategies that optimize the performance of both computing units and physical plants.We study the task scheduling problem for a class of CPS whose behaviors are regulated by feedback control laws. We co-design the control law and the task scheduling algorithm for predictable performance and power consumption for both the computing and the physical systems. We use a typical example, multiple inverted pendulums controlled by one processor, to illustrate our method.
FIVE NEW SPECIES OF COCCIDIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM COLUBRID SNAKES OF ECUADOR

Fecal samples from 11 colubrid snakes, representing 10 species, collected in Ecuador during October 1994 were examined for coccidian parasites. Feces of 4 individuals, representing 4 host species, contained coccidian oocysts. Three species of Eimeria and 2 species of Isospora were observed and are described here as new. Oocysts of both Eimeria and Isospora were found in the feces of a slug-eating snake, Dipsas vermiculata. Sporulated oocysts of the Eimeria sp. are spheroid to subspheroid, 16.7 by 16.6 μm (14–18 by 14–18 μm) and those of the Isospora sp. are spheroid and 15.0 μm (13–18 μm) in diameter. Imantodes cenchoa, the common bluntheaded treesnake, was infected with a species of Eimeria. These sporulated oocysts are ellipsoid, 23.3 by 16.2 μm (25–21 by 15–17 μm). Sporulated eimerian oocysts from Leptodeira annulata, the southern cat-eyed snake, are subspheroid, 22.5 by 18.8 μm (19–26 by 17–21 μm). Feces of a juvenile Imantodes lentiferus, the bluntheaded vine snake, contained ovoid to ellipsoid isosp...
Reliability of kinematic measurements of rear-foot motion.

The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of a video-based, computer-interfaced motion analysis system to provide reliable data. Ten subjects with no significant orthopedic or neurological dysfunction and ranging in age from 22 to 45 years (mean = 29.6, SD = 7.8) were tested. Retroreflective markers were placed on the posterior shank and foot of each subject. Footswitches were attached to the plantar forefoot and rear foot. A video camera was placed behind the subject, and video data were collected while the subject walked on a treadmill. One representative gait cycle for each subject was selected and processed 10 times with a video processor and analysis software. Three intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for variables generated by the analysis software, one for two individual measures and one each for the mean of three and five repeated measures. Except for temporal variables, processing data introduced additional variability into the measurement process, particularly for angular velocity data. Measurement of all variables was highly reliable (ICC values greater than or equal to .95) when based on the mean of at least three repeated measures. Although a single measure of temporal and angular position variables may be considered reliable, we recommend using a mean of three trials for angular velocity variables. Additional research is needed to determine tester and subject variability and validity of the measures.
Retracted Publications Within Radiology Journals

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to characterize trends related to retracted publications within radiology journals. MATERIALS AND METHODS. PubMed was queried to identify all articles with the publication type “retracted publication” or “retraction of publication.” Articles published within radiology journals were identified using Journal Citation Reports' journal categories. Available versions of original articles and publication notices were accessed from journal websites. Citations to retracted publications were identified using Web of Science. Overall trends were assessed. RESULTS. Forty-eight retracted original research articles were identified within radiology journals since 1983, which included 1.1% of all PubMed “retracted publication” entries. Distinct PubMed entries were available for the retracted publication and retraction notification in 39 of 48 articles. The original PDF was available for 37 articles, although the articles were not watermarked as retracted in 23 cases. In six cases ...
European Welfare States and Immigrant Incorporation Strategies

European policymakers have put a premium on immigrant incorporation since the mid-1970s, when oil shocks preceded rapid economic deterioration in countries that had been importing foreign labour. Governments in all of the receiving countries prohibited additional immigration and announced that their task would thereafter be to incorporate their immigrant-origin residents. Since then, the broader institutions and policies associated with national welfare states — including the subset of them more directly aimed at fitting immigrants into host-society economic, social, and political life — have helped determine immigrant-origin populations’ participation in host-society institutions. While commonly constructed typologies of national welfare states and incorporation regimes have serious shortcomings, the (non-)policies associated with those states and regimes have also moulded ethnic and other identities, influencing whether social control is loosened and conflict sparked. The ongoing restructuring of the welfare state and the transformation of migration into a contentious fixture of socioeconomic reality, therefore, are heavily intertwined developments in contemporary European politics.
The Zoospore and Early Development of Rhizidiomyces Apophysatus

Rhizidiomyces apophysatus Zopf, a water mold with anteriorly uniflagellate zoospores, has been studied at the motile zoospore stage, during the process of encystment, and to the point of the first ...
Early Warning Indicators of Business Failure

Only recently have academicians and practitioners realized the importance of a systematic analysis of business failures. The authors develop a failure process model that can help managers to unders...
Xanthine oxidase in different species.

SummaryA study of the xanthine oxidases in selected tissue homogenates from different species showed that the enzymes present in bird tissues was a dehydrogenase rather than an oxidase, since the a...