cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cemetery tourism in southern Spain: an analysis of demand

Purpose – Cemetery tourism is a category of dark tourism that is increasingly gaining ground in Andalusia (southern Spain). This autonomous region is home to several cemeteries that, due to their singular characteristics and funerary monuments, form part of the European Cemeteries Route. Design/Methodology – In this study, a survey was performed on a sample of 532 tourists who engage in dark tourism (Andalusian Cemeteries Route) with the aim of determining a specific consumer profile. Univariate and bivariate analysis was used in order to describe the socioeconomic variables of cemetery tourism. Findings – The results show that this type of tourism primarily attracts young people with university studies who profess to be very satisfied with the route and who would be willing to visit other cemetery routes in various locations. Research originality – The originality of this paper is the identification of the socioeconomic characteristics of cemetery tourism in Southern Spain. The principal shortcomings detected were the lack of knowledge about Andalusian cemeteries among foreign tourists, and the lack of marketing dedicated to promoting the route in Andalusia.
Effect of CsCl-graphite buffer on the properties of a d.c. arc in the emission-spectrometric analysis of neodymium oxide

The effects of CsCl-graphite buffer on the properties of a d.c. arc in the emission-spectrometric determination of traces of rare earth elements in neodymium oxide were investigated by measuring the line intensity, arc temperature, electron density, atomic concentration and residence time of rare earth particles in the arc plasma. The buffer gives a constant rate of evaporation of rare earth elements, as well as greater volatility of the sample and causes the increase of the number of atoms in the arc plasma. The atoms and ions of rare earths distribute uniformly along the axis of the discharge gap. This enhancing effects are interpreted by the decrease of the ionization degree of rare earths with increasing electron density, and by the increase of the residence time of the atoms and ions of rare earths in the arc plasma. The buffer enhances the sensitivity and reproducibility and permits the determination of microquantities of rare earth elements with limits of detection from 2 to 9 ppm in neodymium oxide. The coefficients of variation are less than 14%.
Some Notes on Multifunctions

Publisher Summary Some necessary and sufficient conditions for a function to be lower semi-continuous (l.s.c) were given in the Lecture Notes in Mathematics . This chapter expands this idea. If f be a multifunction on X onto Y , then f is said to be inverse regular provided for every y ∈ Y and for each closed subset B of Y , with y ∉ B, there are subsets U and V of Y such that B ⊂ U , y ∉ V , U ∩ v = φ, and f – (U) , f – (V) are open in X . An immediate consequence of this definition is that if f is a l.s.c multi function on X onto a regular space Y , then f is inverse regular.
The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States: Darioush Bayandor, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, ISBN: 978-3-319-96118-7; hardback, 438 pp.

The fortieth anniversary of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 saw many academic workshops and conferences but fewer volumes of new scholarly work. This is not surprising. Scholarship moves slowly and ...
Large Spatial and Temporal Separations of Cause and Effect in Policy Making – Dealing with Non-linear Effects

There can be large spatial and temporal separation of cause and effect in policy making. Determining the correct linkage between policy inputs and outcomes can be highly impractical in the complex environments faced by policy makers. In attempting to see and plan for the probable outcomes, standard linear models often overlook, ignore, or are unable to predict catastrophic events that only seem improbable due to the issue of multiple feedback loops. There are several issues with the makeup and behaviors of complex systems that explain the difficulty many mathematical models (factor analysis/structural equation modeling) have in dealing with non-linear effects in complex systems. This chapter highlights those problem issues and offers insights to the usefulness of ABM in dealing with non-linear effects in complex policy making environments.
Survivorship of Megaprostheses in Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty for Septic and Aseptic Indications: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study With Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up

Abstract Background The use of megaprostheses in nononcologic patients has been associated with complication rates greater than 50%. In patients with prior periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with subsequent two-stage reimplantation, this complication rate may be even higher. This study was to investigate the outcomes of megaprostheses in nononcologic patients undergoing revision hip/knee arthroplasty. Methods We retrospectively studied patients who underwent megaprosthesis replacements from 1999 to 2017 at 5 hospitals with minimum 24 months of follow-up. Patients were stratified based on history of prior PJI (septic vs aseptic) and location of the megaprosthesis (the hip or knee). Postoperative complications were classified as soft-tissue failure, aseptic loosening, structural failure, and infection. Results Of the 42 patients, 19 were in the septic cohort and 23 were in the aseptic cohort. The overall complication rate was 28.6%. Complication rates for the septic and aseptic cohorts were 32% and 26%, respectively (P = .74). By anatomic location, there were 2 of 13 (15%) and 10 of 29 (34%) complications in the hip and knee groups, respectively (P = .28). In the septic cohort, there were no (0%) complications in the hip group and 6 of 14 (43%) complications in the knee group (P = .13), all due to infection. In the aseptic cohort, there were 2 of 8 (25%) and 4 of 15 (27%) complications in the hip and knee groups, respectively (P = 1.0). Conclusions There is no difference in the postoperative complication rates between the septic or aseptic cohorts undergoing revision hip or knee megaprosthesis replacements. In patients with prior PJI, proximal femoral replacements have improved short-term survivorship compared with distal femoral or proximal tibial replacements.
Brief Approaches to Treating Depression and Anxiety

Depression and anxiety disorders are the two most common behavioral health disorders in the world. Both sets of disorders represent significant sources of disability and are commonly comorbid with many chronic diseases magnifying their impact and making them harder to treat. Depression and anxiety are also commonly comorbid with each other and many other behavioral health disorders. Depression and anxiety commonly co-occur in persons in living poverty, and who experience violence, adverse childhood events, discrimination, and grief exacerbating the pain and negative health impacts associated with these experiences and increasing the likelihood of suicide and other forms of self-harm. Anxiety and depression can be effectively treated with a range of brief psychotherapeutic interventions. In this chapter, I will provide specific information on cognitive-behavioral-based treatments and other evidence-based approaches for these disorders. Specific treatments to be discussed include behavioral activation, identification and reframing of negative thinking patterns, and developing problem-solving and other coping skills, exposure-based therapies, and relaxation and mindfulness-based stress reduction approaches. Other approaches that can be effective for both conditions include illness management skills, family psychoeducation, and positive psychological interventions. The chapter concludes with an illustrative case example.
Assymetric Information and the Predictability of Real Estate Returns

This paper examines the relation between systematic price changes and the heterogeneity of investors' information sets in real estate asset markets. The empirical implications rely on a theoretical economy in which information asymmetry alters the dynamic relation between returns and trading volume. We employ a filter-rule methodology to determine predictability in returns and augment the return-based conditioning set with trading volume. The additional conditioning information is necessary since the model is underspecified when predictability is based on returns alone. Our results provide new insight into the co-existence of informational and non-informational exchange in the speculative markets for real estate assets. Specifically, we find that the predictability of real estate returns is generally more indicative of portfolio rebalancing effects than an adverse selection problem. Importantly, these results are unique in addressing the time-variation in information asymmetry.
ThymUS in times of stress.

The Global Thymus Network convened virtually for ThymUS 2020 on 3–4 November 2020. Participants shared recent advances in thymus biology and enjoyed a reprieve from 2020 stressors.
Elegir Remedios Constitucionales

Cuando un juez encuentra que una disposicion juridica viola la Constitucion, la disposicion debe ceder; pero en varios casos existe mas de una manera en la que un juez puede remediar el conflicto entre la disposicion y la Constitucion. Para elegir que remedio aplicar, normalmente no hay una fuente externa al derecho que senale al juez que debe hacer; los jueces por si mismos deben decidir cual es el mejor remedio. ?Como deberian ejercer esta discrecion los jueces? En la tradicion estadounidense se asume que el juez deberia utilizar la moderacion (restriccion) –tendria que seleccionar el remedio que irrumpa en la disposicion lo menos posible–, pero, como muestra el presente articulo, existen dos enfoques enfrentados respecto de la restriccion judicial para elegir remedios constitucionales. Una aproximacion, que en lo sucesivo denominare "restriccion editorial", senala que el juez debe asumir el menor poder posible respecto de la modificacion de la legislacion. Este enfoque propone una escala movil de intervenciones judiciales –agregar lenguaje a una disposicion es peor que suprimirlo, lo que es peor que eliminar una aplicacion, que a su vez es peor que una interpretacion evasiva–. El otro enfoque, denominado "preservacion de propositos", busca el remedio que genere menos dano a las metas perseguidas por la legislacion, y puede involucrar anadir lenguaje, eliminar lenguaje, abatir una aplicacion o adoptar una interpretacion evasiva –lo que importa es el efecto sustantivo de la intervencion sobre la disposicion y el proposito legislativo–. Las dos aproximaciones se manifiestan de manera relativamente pura en las leyes de Inglaterra (que adoptan la restriccion editorial) y Canada (que acoge la preservacion de propositos), mientras que la doctrina estadounidense de los remedios constitucionales es una mezcla no teorizada, heterodoxa y, a menudo, incoherente de ambas. Este articulo explora varios aspectos diferentes de la doctrina estadounidense acerca de los remedios constitucionales, y muestra que a veces sigue la logica de la restriccion editorial y, otras, la de la preservacion de propositos (tambien, en ocasiones, busca seguir una cuando de hecho acaba siguiendo a la otra). El trabajo continua para sostener que la preservacion de propositos es un enfoque superior, y que consecuentemente deberia ser adoptado de manera explicita en los Estados Unidos. Lo anterior debido a que la restriccion editorial descansa en falsas distinciones –no existe diferencia significativa entre agregar lenguaje a una disposicion, eliminar lenguaje, derrumbar aplicaciones o adoptar una interpretacion evasiva–. Las categorias de los remedios se difuminan de forma conjunta en la practica, y ninguna constituye una intrusion mayor en la esfera legislativa respecto de otra. La preservacion de propositos, aunque no es un enfoque perfecto, al menos salvaguarda el principio de que las metas de las legislaturas mayoritarias deberian determinar el contenido de las disposiciones que promulgan.
Specificity of inhibition of experimental autoallergic lesions of rat salivary glands.

Completely specific experimental autoallergic lesions of the submandibular or parotid salivary glands were induced in Lewis rats by immunization with the homologous organ in complete Freund’s adjuvant. The induction of the submandibular gland lesion could be markedly inhibited by pretreatment with the antigen administered in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant on 1, 2 or 8 occasions over a period of 2 to 4 weeks prior to lesion induction. Two pretreatments with either submandibular or parotid salivary gland antigen were capable of inhibiting the induction of the submandibular gland lesion. This lack of specificity suggests that different antigens are responsible for the induction and the inhibition of induction of this lesion.
Civil Liability for Misstatements in Offer Documents: Striking the Right Balance

In recent times, increased scrutiny has been placed on information in financial products provided to the public. As financial products are not physical goods, members of the public must read offer documents in order to assess the financial product. The accuracy of these offer documents therefore becomes crucial. This Article conducts a comparative analysis of the imposition of civil liability for misstatements in offer documents in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand—the objective being to determine whether the statutory regime in each of the countries effectively provides an adequate level of investor protection. In the process, a number of design issues are identified and some suggestions are made as to how those issues could be addressed. INTERNATIONAL LAW & MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOLUME 6 50 ABSTRACT 49 I.INTRODUCTION 51 II.THE GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR DISCLOSURE AND THE IMPOSITION OF CIVIL LIABILITY FOR MISSTATEMENTS 53 A. United Kingdom 53 (1) General requirement for disclosure 53 (2) Imposition of civil liability for misstatements 55 B. Australia 56 (1) General requirement for disclosure 56 (2) Imposition of civil liability for misstatements 57 C. New Zealand 58 (1) General requirement for disclosure 58 (2) Imposition of civil liability for misstatements 59 D. Comparison and Critique 60 (1) The relevance of materiality, causation, and reliance ..... 60 a) Houghton v. Saunders 66 b) Materiality and causation as the filtering device ...... 67 (2) Liability for purchases on the secondary market 71 III.WHO IS CIVILLY LIABLE FOR MISSTATEMENTS IN OFFER DOCUMENTS? 75 A. Should Issuers Be Held Liable? 76 B. The Effect of Holding Directors Liable for Misstatements 79 IV.ENFORCEMENT OF MISSTATEMENTS: DO THE REGIMES WORK? ...... 82 A. Ex Ante Enforcement by Public Authorities 82 B. Ex Post Facto Enforcement by Public Authorities 83 C. Private Enforcement and Shareholder Class Actions 85 D. Private Enforcement and Litigation Funding 88 E. Striking the Right Balance 89 V.CONCLUSION 90 SPRING 2010 Civil Liability
The Physics of Semiconductor Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the physics of semiconductors. It discusses chemical binding and energy band structures of semiconductors, lifetime of electron-hole pairs, and impurity and lattice defect center. Sufficient information is now available about the semiconductor properties of a wide variety of materials to understand qualitatively the relations between the semiconductor properties and chemical binding and to indicate trends in the fundamental properties of semiconductor materials. In discussing these relations and trends, however, the chapter is restricted to homologous series of semiconductors with simple structures. These include (1) the group IV-B elements with diamond structures, (2) the M III- B - N V-B , M II-B - N VI-B , and M I-B - N VII-B compounds having the zinc blende or wurtzite structures, (3) the M IV-B - N VI-B , M III-B - N VI-B and the M I-B - N VII-B compounds having the sodium chloride or cesium chloride structures, and (4) the M 2 II-A - N IV-B compounds having the fluorite structure. The chapter discusses forbidden energy gaps and mobilities of materials in the various homologous series of semiconductors with other pertinent physical properties.
Other Rheumatic Osteoarthropathies and Soft Tissue Rheumatism Syndromes

Of many rheumatic Osteoarthropathic disorders systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, Behcet’s disease, tophaceous gouty arthritis, Charcot’s joint, and secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy deserve appropriate descriptions because these disorders often manifest important pinhole scintigraphic changes, suggesting or indicating the diagnosis.
Accept this as a Gift: Unilaterally Enforcing Foreign Tax Judgments

Current U.S. law treats foreign tax judgments differently than other foreign civil judgments, prohibiting U.S. courts from recognizing and enforcing the former, even though they recognize and enforce the latter. In this article, Brunson argues that there is no compelling reason for this different treatment and that it is ultimately detrimental to the government’s revenue collection. As long as the revenue rule continues to prevent the United States from enforcing foreign tax judgments, the nation cannot enlist foreign help in reducing the foreign tax gap; other countries will only collect U.S. tax judgments if the United States reciprocally collects their tax judgments. The revenue rule also allows foreign persons to hide their assets in the United States, effectively turning the United States into a tax haven. For the sake of reducing the international tax gap and for the sake of international tax justice, the United States must revoke the revenue rule.
Modern Anterior Scoliosis Surgery

Lawrence G. Lenke, Randal R. Betz, and Juergen Harms, editors. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing; 2004. 727 pages. $275.00. During the 1990s, a number of prominent spinal deformity surgeons collaborated closely with Professor Juergen Harms in the development and study of anterior spinal deformity surgery. Modern Anterior Scoliosis Surgery, a multiauthored text edited by Drs. Larry Lenke, Randy Betz, and Juergen Harms, is an important fruit of these efforts. Anterior spinal deformity surgery has undergone many improvements from Dwyer's original instrumentation. This book describes …
Contracting workflows and protocol patterns

Inter-organizational business processes often involve contracting. ICT solutions for contracting processes must offer high flexibility in changing the structure of the contracting process. This can be achieved by 'process-aware' software components which are configured by an explicit model of the contracting process: the contracting workflow. However, the design of a contracting workflow from scratch is a complex task. We propose a solution in which contracting workflows are composed from standard building blocks and show that protocol patterns for business transaction protocols are a necessity for making these standard building blocks available. Finally, we propose a number of protocol patterns for the negotiation phase in a transaction.
Importance of anaerobic bacteria in the cobalamin malabsorption of the experimental rat blind loop syndrome

Abstract Cobalamin malabsorption is a frequent occurrence in the stasis syndrome. Although the exact mechanism for the cobalamin malabsorption has not yet been definied, present evidence supports the avid uptake of cabalamin and to a lesser degree, the intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex by intestinal bacteria. However, correlation between quantitative cultures of the total overgrowth flora and in vivo as well as in vitro parameters of cobalamin absorption has not been fully evaluated. Self-filling blind loops were constructed and the urinary excretion of labeled cyanacobalamin evaluated via metabolic cages which allowed strict separation of urine from feces. Blind loop rats manifested 2.4 ± 1.4% excretion vs. 9.5 ± 1.2% in nonoperated controls, p
A Cross-National Comparison of Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient in Educational Achievement Outcomes

Kumeler-arasi (intra-class) korelasyon (KAK) katsayisinin olasi deger araliginin bilinmesi bireyler yerine kumelerin rastgele secilerek yapildigi arastirmalarda yeterli istatistiksel gucu elde etmek icin gerekli orneklem buyuklugunun arastirma oncesi hesaplamasinda kritik bir oneme sahiptir. Ayrica, meta-analitik calismalarda daha once yayinlanmis arastirmalarin verileri yorumlanirken, eger onceki arastirmalar hiyerarsik bir yapiya sahip veriyi dogrusal regresyona analizi ile analiz etmislerse, bu arastirmalarin sonuclarinin da istatistiksel olarak duzeltilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu duzeltme isleminde de, KAK katsayisinin tahmini deger araliginin bilinmesi gerekli olabilmektedir. Son zamanlarda, egitimde basariyi olcen test skorlari icin KAK katsayisinin tahmini deger araligini gosteren veri tabanlari olusturma cabalari sadece ABD ve baz i Avrupa ulkeleri ile sinirli kalmistir. Bu arastirma halihazirda egitimde basariyi olcen test skorlari icin KAK katsayisinin tahmini deger araligi hakkindaki bilgiyi kuresel olcekte genisletmeyi amaclamis, ve bu amacla iki uluslarasi calismanin, TIMSS ve PIRLS, verilerini kullanmistir. Arastirmani bulgulari KAK katsayisinin ulkeler arasinda onemli olcude degisebildigini gostermistir.
Residential Mobility in Early Childhood: Household and Neighborhood Characteristics of Movers and Non-Movers.

BACKGROUND Understanding residential mobility in early childhood is important for contextualizing influences on child health and well-being. OBJECTIVE This study describes individual, household, and neighborhood characteristics associated with residential mobility for children aged 0-5. METHODS We examined longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), a nationally representative sample of children born in 2001. Frequencies describe the prevalence of characteristics for four waves of data and adjusted Wald tests compared means. RESULTS Moving was common for these families with young children, as nearly three-quarters of children moved at least once. Movers transitioned to neighborhoods with residents of higher socioeconomic status but experienced no improved household socioeconomic position relative to non-movers. CONCLUSION Both the high prevalence and unique implications of early childhood residential mobility suggest the need for further research.
Probe of Field Collapse in a-Si:H Solar Cells

We study the effect of illumination intensity on solar cell performance in a-Si:H solar cells. We find that the fill factor strongly depends on light intensity. As we increase the illumination intensity from low levels to one sun we observe a decrease in fill factor of approximately 15% in as grown cells. We attribute this effect to electric field collapse inside the cell. We propose that photogenerated space charge (free and trapped charge) increases with light intensity and causes field collapse. We describe the origin of space charge and the associated capacitance -photocapacitance. We measure the photocapacitance as a barometer to probe the collapsed field. We obtain a good agreement between photocapacitance experiments and theory. We also explore the light intensity dependence of photocapacitance and explain the decrease of FF with the increasing light intensity. Acknowledgments The authors thank E. Iwaniczko for the sample preparation. This work is supported by the Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-83CH10093.
Women in the Statistics Profession: A Status Report

Summary The mandate of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) is to foster international statistical work and interchange among statisticians and countries. However, women are under-represented in the ISI and this situation is a cause for concern in the Institute and its membership and particularly the ISI Committee on Women in Statistics (CWS). This paper analyses the representation of women in the ISI and in the statistics profession which is low in virtually every country, a pattern of generations. It looks at the diverse realities among countries and regions, and the broader context of women working in the scientific professions.
Testing a Caliper for Measuring Thickness of the Abdominal Region in Live Broiler Chickens

Abstract There is a continuing effort to develop a nondestructive method for selecting broiler breeders against abdominal fat. The purpose of this experiment was to test a caliper for measuring thickness of leaf fat between the cloaca and abdominal surface on live broilers and to correlate thickness measurements with abdominal fat weight. Thickness on left and right sides of the abdomen were measured on 108 males at 40 days of age at 20 mm cloacal depth and 108 full-brothers at 47 days of age at 20 mm and 35 mm cloacal depths and on the midline of the abdomen at 35 mm cloacal depth. Broilers were slaughtered the following day and abdominal fat weights were recorded. Means of left and right sides were 2.96 mm (40 days), 4.24 mm (47 days) at 2 0 mm, and 4.17 mm (47 days) at 35 mm. Mean of two measurements on the midline of the abdomen was 4.84 mm at 35 mm. Correlation coefficients (r) between mean caliper measurements for both sides and abdominal fat weight were .29 (41 days) and .45 (48 days) at 20 mm and .54 (48 days) at 35 mm. At the midline of the abdomen, r = .30 (48 days) at 35 mm. These correlations indicate that mean caliper measurements on left and right sides of the abdomen at 35 mm cloacal depths might be used in a selection index for live broiler breeders to decrease abdominal fat.
Applications of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix in Facial Plastic Surgery

Platelet concentrates enjoyed some clinical popularity in facial plastic surgery several years ago. However, interest waned due to expense, amount of blood required, equipment, space, and staff needed, and lack of clinically significant benefit. A novel, simple method of preparing an autologous platelet derivative (Selphyl; Aesthetic Factors, Princeton, NJ) allows rapid and inexpensive generation of a platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM) that can be used to enhance healing after facial procedures as well as to rejuvenate the face without tissue manipulation. PRFM provides autologous, natural, but concentrated platelet growth factor release and stimulation of surrounding tissue. This article describes its use for cosmetic facial applications.
Comparative oxidative stability of α-tocopherol blended and diffused UHMWPEs at 3 years of real-time aging

Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is a free-radical stabilizing antioxidant used to maintain oxidative stability in radiation cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) used in total joint replacements. We investigated the oxidative resistance of vitamin E-stabilized UHMWPE in (i) postirradiation vitamin E-diffused UHMWPE, (ii) vitamin E blended and irradiated UHMWPE, and (iii) unstabilized, irradiated UHMWPE after accelerated aging and real-time aging in an aqueous environment at 40°C for 36 months. Unstabilized samples exhibited substantial oxidation throughout the surface and bulk with both types of aging. While vitamin E-stabilized, radiation cross-linked UHMWPEs were all superior to unstabilized samples, irradiated blends showed surface oxidation and subsurface oxidation potential beginning at ten months in real-time aging. In contrast, postirradiation vitamin E-diffused UHMWPEs showed no detectable oxidation and no increase in oxidation potential despite elution of some vitamin E. We also showed that current thermal accelerated aging methods were unable to differentiate among the oxidative stability of vitamin E-stabilized, radiation cross-linked UHMWPEs prepared by different processes.
Generalized Tetanus in a Patient with a Diabetic Foot Infection

Tetanus is a preventable disease that continues to affect people in the United States due to poor immunization practices in our health care system. A 57-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease with many hospital admissions came to the hospital emergency department because of a blackened great toe. He denied pain in the toe or knowledge of foot injury. The patient also complained of temporomandibular tenderness accompanied by inability to open his mouth completely. The man's problems progressed to generalized tetanus and required a long hospitalization. Clostridium tetani can flourish in the anaerobic environment of a diabetic foot infection. Practitioners should be aware of tetanus as a rare but potentially serious complication of diabetic foot infections.
Fungal decay resistance of wood impregnated with parahalophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamides

We are investigating wood decay biocides that are both effective in protecting wood from decay and more environmentally compatible than other biocides. A series of halophenyl sulfonamides were synthesized and characterized by infrared and neuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Wood impregnated with these compounds was tested for resistance to decay as well as water leaching. Wood impregnated with para-iodophenyl or para-fluorophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamides resisted decay by brown- and white-rot fungi. For wood impregnated with para-iodophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamide, threshold retention with the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum was 9.1 mmol/ 100 g solution for unleached blocks. For leached blocks, weight loss was very high (24.6%), which indicated that threshold retention will be substantially higher than 9.1 mmol/100 g solution. With the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor, threshold retentions were 2.9 and 5.6 mmol/100 g solution, respectively, for unleached and leached blocks. Leaching of the blocks treated with the iodo compound slightly decreased resistance to decay by C. versicolor. For wood impregnated with parafluorophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamide, threshold retentions with both G. trabeum and C. versicolor were very close to 9.0 and 9.2 mmol/100 g solution, respectively, for leached and unleached blocks. Leaching had a little effect on resistance to decay by both fungi. Wood impregnated with parachlorophenyl or bromophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamide was ineffective in resisting decay by both fungi.
Radiation Effects in Microelectronics for Space Instruments

The natural space radiation environment must be considered when microelectronic components are selected for use in space instruments. The designer must be concerned with damage effects due to the total accumulated doses as well as soft upsets and latchup caused by single nuclear events. Methods of estimating the importance of these problems will be discussed and treatments for them will be described.
The Expression of Memorization in Early Childhood.

This experiment examined the expression and effectiveness of memorization in young children. Sixty children at each of the ages 4, 5, and 6 were randomly assigned to a memory group or to one of two control groups. All of the children were told that they could play with a group of toys during a brief activity period; the children in the memory condition were also instructed to memorize a specified subset of the toys. Mnemonic mediators were identified on the basis of differences in the activity period behaviors of children given memory and play instructions. Relative to the children in the play groups, the children in the memory conditions played with the toys less; further, their use of naming and visual examination as mnemonic mediators differentiated the groups at all ages and increased with age. Only the oldest subjects given memory instructions, however, demonstrated superior recall. The relationships between activity period behavior and recall among the different conditions were explored with regression techniques. although previous research has focused on identifying the earliest use of memory strategies, the present findings underscore the importance of examining the development of these skills.
Single postsynaptic channel currents in tissue cultured muscle

Some of the most compelling evidence for the existence of ionic channels in cell membranes comes from direct recording of quantised current jumps generated by the opening and closing of individual channels. Single-channel jumps have been extensively studied for lipid bilayer membranes doped with various channel-forming additives1. Recently agonist-induced single-channel currents were detected in denervated frog muscle by use of extracellular electrodes, which can isolate the current from a small area of membrane2. The current jumps provide a means for the direct test of many of the inferences about ionic channels which have come from electrical noise analysis3,4. In this report we present measurements of single-channel currents induced by the agonist carbamylcholine in tissue-cultured mammalian muscle. These measurements confirm the earlier noise studies on tissue culture preparations5,6. Recordings of single-channel currents induced by the agonist, suberyldicholine, in avian muscle are presented by Nelson and Sachs7.
Correlation of patient age with CT-measured aorta-sacral promontory distance.

Pelvic floor disorders are becoming more prevalent in the elderly population. Since more patients are seeking definitive management for their prolapse, the number of elderly patients undergoing sacral colpopexies will likely increase. During sacral colpopexies, the surgeon must carefully dissect in the presacral space and avoid vital structures. In elderly patients the aorta potentially elongates and the vertebral body height decreases. Consequently, there is a potential for anatomical change of distance from the bifurcation of the aorta to the sacral promontory. This study aimed to correlate the aorta–sacral promontory distance with age. From 1 January 2013 to 31 January 2014 computed tomography (CT) images of 241 patients were reviewed in this retrospective study. Radiologists measured the aorta–sacral promontory distance on sagittal acquisition. The corresponding demographic information of age, body mass index, and comorbidities was evaluated using univariate analysis and univariate linear regression. The mean age was 56.6 years, and BMI was 27.6. The mean aorta–sacral promontory measurement based on the CT scan was 63.11 mm. Univariate analysis using a t test and ANOVA demonstrated an inverse correlation with age (p < 0.0001) and hypertension (p = 0.0034) and a positive correlation with BMI categories (p < 0.0017) Under univariate linear regression, the weight of the patient in kilograms demonstrated positive correlation (p = 0.0413). Based on CT measurements, the aorta–sacral promontory distance is decreased in elderly and hypertensive patients. Heavier patients have an increased aorta–sacral promontory distance. These potential anatomical variants should be considered before operating in the presacral space.
The Influence of Clinical Experience and Assessment Method on the Evaluation of Child Behavior Change

This research examined how people’s ability to detect behavior change in simulated child targets is affected by their clinical experience and the assessment method they use. When using summary assessment methods that are widely employed in research and clinical practice, both inexperienced and experienced clinical staff detected changes in the overall frequency of targets’ aggressive behavior, but were not uniquely influenced by changes in targets’ reactions to social events. When using contextualized assessment methods that focused on conditional reactions, experienced staff showed greater sensitivity than novices to context-specific changes in targets’ aggressive and prosocial reactions to aversive events. Experienced staff also showed greater sensitivity to context-specific changes in their overall impressions of change, but only for aggression. The findings show how clinically experienced judges become more attuned to if…then… contingencies in children’s social behavior, and how summary assessment methods may hamper the detection of change processes.
Biochemical localization of a protein involved in synthesis of Gluconacetobacter hansenii cellulose

Using subcellular fractionation and Western blot methods, we have shown that AcsD, one of the proteins encoded by the Acetobacter cellulose synthase (acs) operon, is localized in the periplasmic region of the cell. AcsD protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using histidine tag affinity methods. The purified protein was used to obtain rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The purity of the subcellular fractions was assessed by marker enzyme assays.
Uptake of ammonium and nitrate by heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton in the sub-Arctic Pacific

Heterotrophic bacteria are known to account frequently for a large fraction of NH+4 uptake in many oceans, but NO-3 uptake by bacteria is not thought to be as important. As part of the SUPER program, NH+4 and NO-3 uptake by heterotrophic bacteria in the sub-Arctic Pacific was examined and compared with use of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA). Heterotrophic bacteria accounted for 31% (range of <5–40%) and 32% (5–60%) of total uptake of NH+4 and NO-3, respectively, over 4 months of study. Although the average uptake of NO-3 by bacteria was equal to that of NH+4, bacteria actually assimilated relatively more NO-3 than NH+4 in those samples when the two processes were measured simultaneously. Uptake of NH+4 or NO-3 alone was about equal to bacterial biomass production, whereas uptake of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) was only 40% of bacterial production, suggesting that the uptake of other dissolved organic nitrogen sources is relatively small. Uptake of NH+4 by bacteria correlated significantly with bacterial production, and both NH+4 uptake and bacterial production correlated significantly with DFAA turnover. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between any microbial parameter and NO-3 uptake. Biomass production of heterotrophic bacteria appears to be supported largely by DIN uptake and, to a lesser extent, uptake of DFAA in the sub-Arctic Pacific. Uptake of NO-3 is more important in supporting bacterial growth than previously hypothesized, although it remains the least preferred N source.
833 MONOCYTE FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL AND RELATED HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES

Monocyte functions were studied in 18 children with hemoglobinopathies. Mononuclear fractions were isolated from peripheral blood according to standard Ficoll-Hypaque methods and adjusted to 106 monocytes/m1 in media plus fetal calf serum. Compared to normal controls, there was no significant difference in percent monocyte glass adhesion (76.4 ± 14.5 vs 83.3 ± 11.4), or cell spreading (μ = microns) at 2 hrs (12.7 ± 1.7μ vs 3.4 ± 1.7μ) or 24 hrs (16.9 ± 2.7μ vs 17.5 ±2.5μ). Phagocytosis and killing of 2 species of Candida--C. pseudotropicalis (CP) and C. albicans (CA)--were studied. Except for CA killing (patient = 25 ± 5.4% vs control = 28.6 ± 4.7%, p = .046) results of patient studies were similar to controls. Patient phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus (502A) after 1-hr incubation was also comparable to controls (55.7 ± 17.9 vs 57.1 ± 14.3). Chemotaxis was measured under agarose and by Boyden chamber technique, utilizing zymosan-activated serum. A chemotactic index was determined for directed chemotaxis under agarose and results were similar (patient = 1.5 ± 0.2 vs control = 1.6 ± 0.3). For Boyden chamber techniques, a migratory index (LIm), based on numbers of cells migrating and distance migrating into filters, was determined and results were also similar (patient = 48.7 ± 6.0 vs control = 55.4 ± 8.3, p = 0.11). These experiments suggest that the monocyte/macrophage arm of the host immune system is intact in these patients.
Evaluation of a heat flux sensor for spray cooling for the die casting processes

During the die casting process, lubricants are sprayed in order to cool the dies and facilitate the ejection of the casting. In this paper, a new technique for measuring the heat flux during lubricant application is evaluated. Data from experiments conducted using water spray are first presented. Water spray experiments were conducted for different initial plate temperatures. Measurements were conducted for the application of two different lubricants, of dilution ratios of 1/15 and 1/50 of lubricant in water. The measurement uncertainties were documented. The results show that the surface temperature decreases initially very fast. Numerical simulation results confirmed that the abrupt temperature drop is not an artifact but illustrates the thermal shock experienced by the dies during the initial stages of lubricant application. The lubricant experiments show that the sensor can be successfully used for testing die lubricants with typical dilution ratios encountered in the die casting process.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate MRSA-M2

ABSTRACT We report the draft genome sequence of a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, designated MRSA-M2. This clinical isolate was obtained from an osteomyelitis patient undergoing treatment at the University of Texas Medical Branch (Galveston, TX). This strain is an ST30, spa type T019, agr III strain and has been utilized as a model S. aureus strain in a number of proteomic, transcriptomic, and animal model studies.
Cryptorchid testis – An unusual intra-abdominal location

A 14-month old boy who had a history of a complex gastroschisis underwent closure at birth and was subsequently followed for an undescended right testicle. Diagnostic laparoscopy showed the testicle to be in a retroperitoneal location just inferior to the right kidney, and the internal ring was closed. We report our findings and review the unusual intra-abdominal locations of an undescended testicle.
Physical Conditions and Evolution in the Hadron Era

In this article the hadronic equation of state is discussed in the light of recent developments concerning an ultimate temperature. The value of the adiabatic exponent γ is determined and found to be less than 4/3. This is applied to Friedman universes to evaluate the effects on the expansion rate and on the growth of fluctuations during the hadron era.
Management of the Axilla After Neoadjuvant Therapy: Current Data and Controversies

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced breast cancer or inoperable breast cancer and is administered with the intention of downstaging the tumor. Until recently, axillary staging for invasive breast cancer was performed by complete axillary lymph node dissection for all patients presenting with a breast cancer diagnosis. However, with the development of lymphatic mapping techniques, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the accepted standard of care for axillary staging of breast cancers. It diminishes the potential morbidity of an axillary dissection, including paresthesias and lymphedema, but involves the risks of an operative procedure. Despite its use, there is tremendous debate about the use of SLNB in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Management of the axilla in the face of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is addressed in this article.
IJOSpontaneous Group Decision Making in Distributed Collaborative Learning: A Quantitative Exploratory Study

The paper reports on an exploratory study of student spontaneous group decision making GDM in distributed collaborative learning environments. Recordings of group meetings were collected from graduate students working on a database design project in a library and information science program in California, from which group decision instances were extracted and formally coded for quantitative analysis. A follow-up survey was conducted to gather more information. The study finds that students are generally in favor of an unfacilitated and semi-structured GDM process, with group decisions typically made by consensus. A rigidly structured GDM process tends to be associated with poor group performance. GDM efficiency is an important predictor of the quality of final group products, and too much brainstorming may lead to difficulties. Students relying exclusively on text chatting tend to be unsure if their opinion was given equal attention, and those in underperforming groups are more doubtful about decision quality.
A murine model of accelerated periodontal disease in diabetes

Diabetes is a risk factor for periodontal disease in humans. In hyperglycemia, glycoxidation of proteins and lipids results in the formation of advanced glycation endproducts, or AGEs. The accumulation of AGEs in the plasma and tissues, and their interaction with their cellular receptor for AGE (RAGE), has been implicated in diabetic complications. In order to establish a model with which to delineate the specific host response factors that underlie the development of periodontal disease in diabetes, male C57BL/6J mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. One month after documentation of diabetes or control state, mice were inoculated with the human periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, strain 381 (P. gingivalis) or treated with vehicle. Infection with P. gingivalis was achieved, as demonstrated by infiltration of gingival tissue with granulocytes, presence of DNA specific for P. gingivalis as well as increased serum antibody titer to P. gingivalis. At 2 and 3 months after infection, increased alveolar bone loss was demonstrated in P. gingivalis-inoculated diabetic vs. non-diabetic mice, along with enhanced tissue-destructive capacity, as demonstrated by increased collagenolytic activity in gingival extracts. Consistent with an important role for AGE-RAGE interaction, increased AGE deposition and expression of vascular and monocyte RAGE were demonstrated in diabetic gingiva compared with non-diabetic controls. Taken together, these data indicate that we have established a murine model of enhanced periodontal disease in diabetes. This model will serve to delineate molecular mechanisms which account for the increased susceptibility of diabetic patients to periodontal disease.
Inverse extraction of interfacial tractions from elastic and elasto-plastic far-fields by nonlinear field projection

Abstract Determining the tractions along a surface or interface from measurement data in the far-fields of nonlinear materials is a challenging inverse problem which has significant engineering and nanoscience applications. Previously, a field projection method was established to identify the crack-tip cohesive zone constitutive relations in an isotropic elastic solid (Hong and Kim, 2003. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51, 1267). In this paper, the field projection method is further generalized to extracting the tractions along interfaces bounded by nonlinear materials, both with and without pre-existing cracks. The new formulation is based on Maxwell–Betti's reciprocal theorem with a reciprocity gap associated with nonlinear materials. We express the unknown normal and shear tractions along the interface in terms of the Fourier series, and use specially constructed analytical auxiliary fields in the reciprocal theorem to extract the unknown Fourier coefficients from far-field data; the reciprocity gap in the formulation is iteratively determined with a set of numerical algorithms. Our detailed numerical experiments demonstrate that this nonlinear field projection method (NFPM) is well-suited for extracting the interfacial tractions from the far-field data of any nonlinear elastic or elasto-plastic material with known constitutive laws. Applications of the NFPM to experiments and atomistic simulations are discussed.
GaAs FET with a high mobility self-assembled planar nanowire channel on a (100) substrate

We demonstrate for the first time, a metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) fabricated with a self-assembled and high mobility GaAs planar nanowire (NW) channel. The planar NWs were grown on GaAs (100) substrates with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) through gold (Au) catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism [1]. Unlike conventional out-of-plane NWs, these planar NWs grow self-aligned in the [0–11] or [01–1] directions laterally and epitaxially on the surface and stay effectively “pinned” to the (100) substrate during growth, as illustrated in Fig. 1a-b. They are also free of twin-defects that are often found in conventional III–V NWs. In addition, they can also be transfer-printed to other substrates such as Si using a smart release scheme and standard contact printing [1]. All of these naturally make the planar NWs integratable and compatible with existing circuit design and process technology.