cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Komatiite-type lavas on Mars from Phobos ISM data and other observations

Data from the Phobos 2 Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (ISM), compiled by Mustard et al. (1993), and other observations support the existence of komatiitic lavas on Mars. Mustard et al. (1993) determined from ISM data that the composition of the low-albedo materials covering the Syrtis Major plateau originally consisted of augite-bearing basalt containing both augite and pigeonite, with no appreciable amount of olivine. This description is consistent with a komatiitic basalt. Komatiite is significant for the Earth because it contains a high amount of MgO, implying generation under unique circumstances compared to more typical basaltic compositions and may be similarly important for Mars.
Fast Stochastic Simulation of Silicon Waveguide with Non-Gaussian Correlated Process Variations

In this paper, we develop an efficient statistical simulation technique based on stochastic collocation for silicon photonics process variations with non-Gaussian correlated random parameters. Our algorithm has achieved 57-times speedup compared with standard Monte-Carlo simulation.
The Lifting of Kloosterman Sums

Abstract The purpose of this article is to prove several identities of Kloosterman sums based on the recent progress in the theory of relative trace formulas.
Lysyl Hydroxylase 3 Glucosylates Galactosylhydroxylysine Residues in Type I Collagen in Osteoblast Culture

Lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3), encoded by Plod3, is the multifunctional collagen-modifying enzyme possessing LH, hydroxylysine galactosyltransferase (GT), and galactosylhydroxylysine-glucosyltransferase (GGT) activities. Although an alteration in type I collagen glycosylation has been implicated in several osteogenic disorders, the role of LH3 in bone physiology has never been investigated. To elucidate the function of LH3 in bone type I collagen modifications, we used a short hairpin RNA technology in a mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1; generated single cell-derived clones stably suppressing LH3 (short hairpin (Sh) clones); and characterized the phenotype. Plod3 expression and the LH3 protein levels in the Sh clones were significantly suppressed when compared with the controls, MC3T3-E1, and the clone transfected with an empty vector. In comparison with controls, type I collagen synthesized by Sh clones (Sh collagen) showed a significant decrease in the extent of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine with a concomitant increase of galactosylhydroxylysine, whereas the total number of hydroxylysine residues was essentially unchanged. In an in vitro fibrillogenesis assay, Sh collagen showed accelerated fibrillogenesis compared with the controls. In addition, when recombinant LH3-V5/His protein was generated in 293 cells and subjected to GGT/GT activity assay, it showed GGT but not GT activity against denatured type I collagen. The results from this study clearly indicate that the major function of LH3 in osteoblasts is to glucosylate galactosylhydroxylysine residues in type I collagen and that an impairment of this LH3 function significantly affects type I collagen fibrillogenesis.
Single-Vision Lenses: A Comparison of Management of High AC/A Esotropia and Refractive Esotropia

AbstractIntroduction: Management of high AC/A includes bifocal lenses, single-vision distance lenses, and surgery. Our goal was to determine the long-term outcome of single-vision lenses (SVL) for high AC/A esotropia compared with normal AC/A ET.Methods: This retrospective study included patients with accommodative esotropia managed with SVL and a minimum 5 years of follow-up. AC/A ratio, size and control of esotropic angle, stereopsis, refractive error, and ability to control the deviation while the prescription was being weaned were measured. A study group with high AC/A esotropia was compared with a control group with refractive esotropia and a normal AC/A ratio.Results: A total of 36 patients were enrolled in this study: 22 in the study group and 14 in the control group. All patients in both groups showed improvement in at least one outcome category. One patient showed deterioration in only one category.Conclusion: High improvement and low deterioration rates suggest that SVL are an effective treatmen...
Molecular neurobiology for practicing psychiatrists, part 2: how neurotransmitters activate second messenger systems.

Issue: Chemical neurotransmission begins when receptor occupancy by a neurotransmitter is converted into an intracellular second messenger that carries the information from the neurotransmitter deep into the target neuron. For clinicians, it is this transfer of neurotransmitter information all the way to the genome that hypothetically explains the therapeutic actions of many psychotropic drugs. This also accounts for why drugs that modify neurotransmission may take time to fully develop their clinical actions.
Sexuality, science, and social responsibility: The Georgetown scandal

(1984). Sexuality, science, and social responsibility: The Georgetown scandal. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 210-212.
The Meaning of Unpatterned Vocational Interests

The purpose of the study was to find the relationships between SVIB patterning and psychological adjustment, maturity, and intelligence. Male SVIB profiles were categorized as Primaries, Secondaries, or No Patterns. The three groups were compared on MMPI scales, using a two-factor ANOVA; no differences between the groups were obtained at the .05 level of confidence. The groups were compared on age and aptitude scores, using in each case a simple ANOVA; no mean differences were obtained at the .05 level of confidence. Related research was reviewed and this study was found to be confirmed by several others. There is little support in the literature for the widely held belief that something is “wrong” with the client who has an unpatterned SVIB profile.
Molecular mechanisms of action and potential biomarkers of growth inhibition of dasatinib (BMS-354825) on hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Molecular targeted therapy has emerged as a promising treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One potential target is the Src family Kinase (SFK). C-Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase is a critical link of multiple signal pathways that regulate proliferation, invasion, survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a novel SFK inhibitor, dasatinib (BMS-354825), on SFK/FAK/p130CAS, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MAPK and Stats pathways in 9 HCC cell lines. Growth inhibition was assessed by MTS assay. EGFR, Src and downstream proteins FAK, Akt, MAPK42/44, Stat3 expressions were measured by western blot. Cell adhesion, migration and invasion were performed with and without dasatinib treatment. The IC50 of 9 cell lines ranged from 0.7 μM ~ 14.2 μM. In general the growth inhibition by dasatinib was related to total Src (t-Src) and the ratio of activated Src (p-Src) to t-Src. There was good correlation of the sensitivity to dasatinib and the inhibition level of p-Src, p-FAK576/577 and p-Akt. No inhibition was found on Stat3 and MAPK42/44 in all cell lines. The inhibition of cell adhesion, migration and invasion were correlated with p-FAK inhibition. Dasatinib inhibits the proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro via inhibiting of Src tyrosine kinase and affecting SFK/FAK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt, but not Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and JAK/Stat pathways. T-Src and p-Src/t-Src may be useful biomarkers to select HCC patients for dasatinib treatment.
Xeroradiography in root fracture diagnosis.

Root fracture is a clinical problem that often is difficult to diagnose. The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic value of conventional radiographic and xeroradiographic images of experimentally fractured teeth. Forty-five extracted human single-rooted teeth were used. The roots of the teeth were coated with wax to simulate periodontal ligament and invested in acrylic to the cementoenamel junction. An access cavity was prepared and para-post, size 4 to 12 mm, was placed into the root canal. Each tooth with post was placed on the load cell table of an Instron testing machine. The Instron continuously recorded load on a moving graph paper. The load was increased until the tooth fractured. Determination of fracture was made by the sound of a sharp “crack” and by a sudden release of load on the post, as seen on the Instron recording graph. After fracture, conventional radiograph and xeroradiograph were obtained for each tooth by use of the paralleling technique. The x-ray beam angle, film distance, and tooth placement were held constant in both techniques by use of a Rinn instrument. All films were evaluated by use of light from a masked viewbox, while all of the xeroradiographs were viewed in reflected light. A magnifying glass was used to aid in the examination process. The samples were examined and categorized for root fracture by the examiners with the use of the following scores: 0 = unacceptably poor, 1 = poor but diagnostic, 2 = adequate for diagnostic information, and 3 = optimal for diagnostic information. Paired sample t test was performed on the result and it showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two radiographic techniques. These results demonstrated that both examiners interpreted the xeroradiograph as having a higher diagnostic value with respect to root fracture than the conventional radiograph.
Noncontrast conventional computed tomography in the evaluation of acute stroke

Summary The advantages of CT scanning in the assessment of hyperacute stroke patients include convenience, accuracy, speed, and low cost. CT scanning is presently considered to be the standard of care for the detection of acute extra-axial and parenchymal hemorrhage, although newer MRI techniques are challenging this claim. 55–58 The accuracy of CT scanning for stroke detection can be optimized by the use of appropriate scanning technique, as well as interactive image review at a picture archiving and communication system workstation using narrow window and level settings. More importantly, CT scanning has prognostic value for patients receiving thrombolytic treatment by helping to predict both responses to treatment and hemorrhage risk. Finally, as will be discussed in other articles in this issue, CT angiography can be performed in the same imaging session as noncontrast CT scanning without substantially increasing the time required for patient evaluation. This provides data regarding vascular patency and tissue perfusion, which are valuable in the triage of stroke patients.
Evolutionary Catastrophes: The Science of Mass Extinction

The stories behind the greatest scientific controversies are more than entertaining. They provide windows into the evolution of scientific thought, scientific method, technological achievements and their research applications, and the influence of individuals and personalities on a community's acceptance of a theory Epic controversies surround the theories for Earth's mass extinction events, and none is more spectacular than the continuing polemic over the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) mass extinctions and ultimate demise of the dinosaurs. In contrast to other great scientific debates, we tend to view the K/T event in the context of a crime scene, where the spectacularly diverse flora and fauna of a primordial Eden were unwittingly slain by one or more ruthless and efficient killers. A “foreign” suspect has been fingered; an intruder that killed suddenly and randomly has become the principal suspect. The main clues uncovered in the case include a global K/T iridium anomaly; shock-deformed minerals in K/T boundary sediments; the ˜6 5 m.y-old Deccan flood-basalt province, which covered an area roughly the size of France; and the ˜6 5 m.y-old Chicxulub impact crater in the Yucatan peninsula, which seems to be among the largest to have formed in the inner solar system over the past billion years.
The role of iron in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced lipid peroxidation by rat liver microsomes

Treatment of female Sprague-Dawley rats with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) enhances hepatic lipid peroxidation, and the role of iron in TCDD-induced lipid peroxidation was examined. Ferrous and ferric ions, and the chelators adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and desferrioxamine (DFX) were added to an in vitro microsomal lipid peroxidation system using microsomes from control and TCDD-treated animals. Both ferrous and ferric ions enhanced microsomal lipid peroxidation, with the greatest effect being produced by the combination of ferrous and ferric ions. The addition of ADP and EDTA produced modest increases in microsomal lipid peroxidation, suggesting that these chelators facilitated formation of reactive oxygen species by iron. The addition of DFX markedly inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation, with greatest inhibition occurring with microsomes from TCD-treated animals. The results indicate that iron is involved in TCDD-induced lipid peroxidation.
THE INFLUENCE OF DISPERSAL PATTERNS AND MATING SYSTEM ON GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN AND BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF THE RED HOWLER MONKEY (ALOUATTA SENICULUS).

The relationship between social structure and partitioning of genetic variance was examined in two red howler monkey populations (W and G) in Venezuela, one of which (G) was undergoing rapid growth through colonization by new troops. Rates and patterns of gene flow had been determined through radiotelemetry and direct observation data on solitary migrants, and 10 years of troop censusing. Standard electrophoresis techniques were used to examine 29 loci in blood samples taken from 137 of the study animals. Analysis of genetic variance demonstrated: (1) a significantly high level of genetic variation among troops within populations (FST = 0.225 for W and 0.142 for G), and (2) a significant excess of heterozygosity within troops relative to expected (FIS = -0.136 for W and -0.064 for G), despite relatively high levels of observed and inferred inbreeding in W. Differences between the populations in FST values conformed to those predicted based on differences in colonization rate. Comparison of partitioning of genetic variance among different genealogical subsets of troops demonstrated that the pattern of genetic differentiation observed among troops within populations was promoted by an essentially single-male harem breeding structure, a very low rate of random exchange of breeding males among troops, and a high degree of relatedness among troop females. Between-troop genetic differentiation (FST ) was thereby increased relative to that expected from other types of social organization, while the correlation between uniting gametes within troops (FIS ) was decreased. Genetic differentiation between populations (2%) corresponded to that predicted from migration rates. Such a mosaic of genetic variation, combined with differences in reproductive success observed among troops and a high troop failure rate, create conditions in which interdemic selection could result in more rapid spread of advantageous gene combinations than would be expected in a panmictic population, particularly in a colonizing situation in which the founder population is small.
Memory mechanisms supporting syntactic comprehension

Efforts to characterize the memory system that supports sentence comprehension have historically drawn extensively on short-term memory as a source of mechanisms that might apply to sentences. The focus of these efforts has changed significantly in the past decade. As a result of changes in models of short-term working memory (ST-WM) and developments in models of sentence comprehension, the effort to relate entire components of an ST-WM system, such as those in the model developed by Baddeley (Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4: 829–839, 2003) to sentence comprehension has largely been replaced by an effort to relate more specific mechanisms found in modern models of ST-WM to memory processes that support one aspect of sentence comprehension—the assignment of syntactic structure (parsing) and its use in determining sentence meaning (interpretation) during sentence comprehension. In this article, we present the historical background to recent studies of the memory mechanisms that support parsing and interpretation and review recent research into this relation. We argue that the results of this research do not converge on a set of mechanisms derived from ST-WM that apply to parsing and interpretation. We argue that the memory mechanisms supporting parsing and interpretation have features that characterize another memory system that has been postulated to account for skilled performance—long-term working memory. We propose a model of the relation of different aspects of parsing and interpretation to ST-WM and long-term working memory.
Prediction Method for Buried Pipeline Voltages Due to 60 Hz AC Inductive Coupling Part II--Field test Verification

The results of field tests on a buried, 34-inch diameter gas pipeline adjacent to a 525 kV ac power transmission line for 54 miles are discussed. Comparison is made between measured inductive coupling data and predictions obtained using the theory developed in part I of this paper. An excellent agreement of the predicted and measured results is shown for the location and magnitude of all induced voltage peaks on the pipeline.
EBT Reactor Magnetics and Particle Confinement

Optimization of the vacuum magnetic field of an ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) reactor is investigated. Several methods of improving reactor volume utilization and single particle confinement are analyzed. These include the use of (a) a large number of sectors and/or a large mirror ratio, (b) high field Nb3Sn or Nb3Sn/NbTi hybrid mirror coils, (c) split-wedge mirror coils, (d) axis-encircling aspect ratio enhancement (ARE) coils, and (e) recently developed field symmetrizing (SYM) coils. Of these, particle drift orbit and three-dimensional tensor pressure equilibrium calculations show that the use of SYM coils in conjunction with high field mirror magnets offers the most promise of good plasma performance in reactors that are smaller (by up to 50%) than previous reference designs that did not employ supplementary coils. Aspect ratio enhancement coils also offer an attractive alternative for improved confinement, but they do not have many of the advantages of SYM coils, particularly for reactor applications. Split-wedge mirror coils improve volume utilization and trapped particle confinement, but they do not enhance the confinement of transitional and passing particles. High field magnets improve confinement by permitting a larger mirror ratio and a larger plasma radius by virtue of their smaller cross-sectional area and higher current density. The relative merits of each magnetics configuration are discussed, including the effects on single particle confinement, reactor volume utilization, materials requirements, engineering design considerations, and reactor assembly, maintenance, and accessibility.
Resultant Force of Lateral Earth Pressure in Unstable Slopes

Traditionally, resultant force of lateral earth pressure serves as the basis for design of nearly vertical walls. Conversely, slopes are designed to be internally stable using a factor of safety approach. However, with the availability of heavy facing elements such as gabions, steep slopes are increasingly being constructed. Steep slopes are considered to be unstable unless supported; that is, such slopes require facings to resist lateral earth pressure. Extending Coulomb's formulation to such slopes may not be conservative as a planar slip surface may not be critical. Presented are the results of a formulation to find the resultant lateral force which utilizes a log spiral failure mechanism. Unlike Caquot and Kerisel or Coulomb, the soil-facing interface friction is assumed to act on segments of vertical surface only, thus replicating the geometry of stacked rectangular facing units. Given the batter, the backslope, the height, the interface friction, and the unit weight and design friction angle of the backfill, one can quickly determine the corresponding lateral earth pressure coefficient. Formulation assuming the interface friction is acting on an imaginary surface inclined at the batter angle, essentially equivalent to Coulomb and Caquot and Kerisel, is also presented. Its results show that for batters up to 20°, the common approach of using the Coulomb method, including the assumed interface friction direction to coincide with the batter, yields results that are quite close to those stemming from the log spiral analysis. Hence, use of Coulomb's analysis for such small batters is reasonable as its formulation is simple. However, the lateral resultant is grossly underestimated for larger batters, especially when Coulomb analysis is used.
Robust camera calibration under complete lens distortion

In this paper we shall present a novel algorithm for camera calibration with an improvement in mathematical simplicity, accuracy and computational efficiency in the solution of 12 extrinsic and 7 intrinsic parameters. The method involves a direct transformation from the three- dimensional (3D) object world to the two-dimensional (2D) image plane in terms of 'homogeneous vector forms'. Next, we have demonstrated a strong robust property of the proposed algorithm by proving (with experimental corroboration) that if the camera is calibrated with image data not compensated for image center displacement and scale factor, the algorithm yields parameters that cause no error in the computation of both image and world coordinates. In addition, we have discussed a new method of parameter computation under a complete lens distortion effect (both radial and tangential distortions) with analytical proofs of convergence. Finally, we have proposed a new Incremental Model for correspondence of tolerances between the object world and image plans. Experimental results on a coplanar set of object points are provided to support our models.
Contribution of the Medial Malleolus to Tibiotalar Joint Contact Characteristics

Background. Isolated medial malleolus fractures are typically treated operatively to minimize the potential for articular incongruity, instability, nonunion, and posttraumatic arthritis. The literature, however, has not clearly demonstrated inferior outcomes with conservative treatment of these injuries. This study measured the effects of medial malleolus fracture and its resultant instability on tibiotalar joint contact characteristics. We hypothesized that restoration of anatomical alignment and stability through fixation would significantly improve contact characteristics. Methods. A Tekscan pressure sensor was inserted and centered over the talar dome in 8 cadaveric foot and ankle specimens. Each specimen was loaded at 700 N in multiple coronal and sagittal plane orientations. After testing fractured samples, the medial malleolus was anatomically fixed before repeat testing. Contact area and pressure were analyzed using a 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA. Results. In treated fractures, contact areas were higher, and mean contact pressures were lower for all positions. These differences were statistically significant in the majority of orientations and approached statistical significance in pure plantarflexion and pure inversion. Decreases in contact area varied from 15.1% to 42.1%, with the most dramatic reductions in positions of hindfoot eversion. Conclusions. These data emphasize the importance of the medial malleolus in maintaining normal tibiotalar contact area and pressure. The average decrease in contact area after simulated medial malleolar fractures was 27.8% (>40% in positions of hindfoot eversion). Such differences become clinically relevant in cases of medial malleolar nonunion or malunion. Therefore, we recommend anatomical reduction and fixation of medial malleolus fractures with any displacement. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level V—cadaveric study
Improving The Early Literacy Skills of Children with Behavioral Disorders and Phonological Processing Deficits at School Entry

ABSTRACT Improving the reading outcomes of children with concomitant emotional and behavior disorders (BD) and phonological processing deficits represents one of the greatest challenges facing educators today. For example, the results from a meta-analysis indicated that problem behavior (Z r =.46) was as important as phonological processing skills in predicting the effectiveness of early literacy interventions (Nelson, Benner, & Gonzalez, 2003). It is clear that children with BD and concomitant phonological processing deficits require intensive early literacy interventions that are delivered at school entry. In this paper, we describe such an intensive early literacy support program that has been validated with young children with BD and phonological processing deficits (Banner, 2003), provide justification for the practical use of this program, and discuss detailed guidelines for the use of this program in an inclusive setting.
Crystallization of a deletion mutant of the R-subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinase.

Abstract A single deletion (Δ 1 to 91) mutant of the regulatory subunit of the cAMP dependent protein kinase was crystallized. The crystals are hexagonal P 6(1)22 ( P 6(5)22) with a = b = 88·7 A and c = 179·9 A. The crystals diffract to 3 A resolution. There is one molecule per asymmetric unit.
Binary-liquid phase separation of lens protein solutions.

Abstract We have determined the coexistence curves (plots of phase-separation temperature T versus protein concentration C) for aqueous solutions of purified calf lens proteins. The proteins studied, calf gamma IIIa-, gamma IIIb-, and gamma IVa-crystallin, have very similar amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Both ascending and descending limbs of the coexistence curves were measured. We find that the coexistence curves for each of these proteins and for gamma II-crystallin can be fit, near the critical point, to the function /(Cc-C)/Cc/ = A [(Tc - T)/Tc]beta, where beta = 0.325, Cc is the critical protein concentration in mg/ml, Tc is the critical temperature for phase separation in K, and A is a parameter that characterizes the width of the coexistence curve. We find that A and Cc are approximately the same for all four coexistence curves (A = 2.6 +/- 0.1, Cc = 289 +/- 20 mg/ml), but that Tc is not the same. For gamma II- and gamma IIIb-crystallin, Tc approximately 5 degrees C, whereas for gamma IIIa- and gamma IVa-crystallin, Tc approximately 38 degrees C. By comparing the published protein sequences for calf, rat, and human gamma-crystallins, we postulate that a few key amino acid residues account for the division of gamma-crystallins into low-Tc and high-Tc groups.
Physician identification and patient satisfaction in the emergency department: are they related?

Abstract Background Patient satisfaction has become a quality indicator tracked closely by hospitals and emergency departments (EDs). Unfortunately, the primary factors driving patient satisfaction remain poorly studied. It has been suggested that correct physician identification impacts patient satisfaction in hospitalized patients, however, the limited studies that exist have demonstrated mixed results. Objectives In this study, we sought to identify factors associated with improved satisfaction among ED patients, and specifically, to test whether improving physician identification by patients would lead to increased satisfaction. Methods We performed a pre- and postintervention, survey-based study of patients at the end of their ED visits. We compared patient satisfaction scores as well as patients' abilities to correctly identify their physicians over two separate 1-week periods: prior to and after introducing a multimedia presentation of the attending physicians into the waiting room. Results A total of 486 patients (25% of all ED visits) were enrolled in the study. In the combined study population, overall patient satisfaction was higher among patients who correctly identified their physicians than among those who could not identify their physicians (combined mean satisfaction score of 8.1 vs. 7.2; odds ratio [OR] 1.07). Overall satisfaction was also higher among parents or guardians of pediatric patients than among adult patients (satisfaction score of 8.4 vs. 7.4; OR 1.07), and among patients who experienced a shorter door-to-doctor time (satisfaction score of 8.2 for shorter waiting time vs. 5.6 for longer waiting time; OR 1.15). Ambulance patients showed decreased satisfaction over some satisfaction parameters, including physician courtesy and knowledge. No direct relationship was demonstrated between the study intervention (multimedia presentation) and improved patient satisfaction or physician identification. Conclusions Improved patient satisfaction was found to be positively correlated with correct physician identification, shorter waiting times, and among the pediatric patient population. Further studies are needed to determine interventions that improve patients' abilities to identify their physicians and lower waiting times.
Identification of women at high risk for breast cancer

This paper reviews factors which appear to affect a womans risk of developing breast cancer. The low rate in Japan as compared to the West is noted particularly in the post-menopausal period. The stability of mortality in the U.S.A. has been ascribed to an increase in survival balanced by an increase in incidence especially among younger women. In New York City breast cancer morbidity is particularly high among Jewish women. Cancer of the breast is less common among American Negroes. In Asian countries breast cancer is more frequent among upper income groups. It has been suggested that single as well as infertile married women have a somewhat higher risk than fertile married women as much as 2-fold. Pregnancy below 20 years of age may result in a lower risk of the disease than pregnancy after 25. Prolonged nursing particularly over a total of 36 months reduces the risk of breast cancer. Castration of a woman before age of 37 may reduce the risk. A patient with fibrocystic disease of the breast requires special surveilance. Obesity in post-menopausal women is a controversial parameter. Women who have already had cancer of the breast have a 7 per 1000 per year chance of getting cancer in the other breast. Women whose mothers or sisters have developed breast cancer are also a high risk group. Colon cancer may have some association and long-term estrogen therapy is being considered as of possible significance. Laboratory studies of hormone steroids and glucose tolerance have been of value in estimating risk. The postulation that a womans fat intake may be a factor is supported by some animal experiments. Dietary factors especially in terms of lipids may play an important role. With the exception of women with previous breast cancer and those with breast cancer in the immediate family no particular group appears to require more surveillance than the average woman.
Parameters of aerometric measurements for air pollution research.

Abstract A brief description of a continuous gas sampling network is presented in which a number of air pollutants is to be measured in six United States cities beginning about mid 1961. Parameters are presented of aerometric measurements from a two year study of sulfur dioxide in Louisville, Kentucky, to be related to health and other effects. Six equations are developed to depict the frequency, duration, and air pollution dosage.
Excess mortality and morbidity associated with right bundle branch and left anterior fascicular block

Excess mortality and morbidity associated with right bundle branch and left anterior fascicular block were evaluated in 108 patients with block (age 74 ± 10 years, 69% male) and 108 age and sex-matched control patients with normal conduction. Clinical characteristics were similar initially except for more congestive heart failure in patients with block. Life table analysis revealed a higher 12 year mortality with block, even after omitting patients with moderate or severe congestive heart failure (risk ratio 1.47, p
The stoichiometric hydrogenation of 9-methylidenefluorene and related compounds with hydridocobalt tetracarbonyl

Abstract 9-Methylideneflourene (IIa) reacts rapidly with HCo(CO)4 at -67° C to give a quantitative yield of 9-methylfluorene (IIIa); k2  (13.4 ± 0.5) × 10-2 l mol-1 S-1. Although the internal olefin, 9-ethylidenefluorene (IIb) reacts more slowly than IIa, it is hydrogenated about 2.5 times as fast as the terminal olefin, 1,1-diphenylethylene (I). Measurement of the rate of the reaction of IIb with DCo(CO)4 and comparison with HCo(CO)4 shows a very large inverse isotope effect kH/kD of 0.43.
Sources of change in petroleum drilling productivity in onshore Louisiana in the US, 1977–1994

Abstract Productivity of petroleum exploration and development drilling in the contiguous US has increased over the last 15 years, thereby suggesting that the effects of some other factors may be offsetting the expected negative effect of resource depletion. In this paper, we disentangle empirically, using a region-specific petroleum drilling and discovery model, the effects of resource depletion and other intervening factors on petroleum reserve additions in a typical mature petroleum basin in the US — Louisiana onshore basin. Our empirical results confirm the expectation of diminishing marginal returns to exploration and development drilling with increasing drilling effort. The results also indicate that while technical progress significantly reduced the negative effects of depletion on petroleum reserve additions by as much as 7.5% in north Louisiana and 6.7% in south Louisiana, its overall impact on reserve additions has not dominated the effects of depletion in Louisiana state jurisdiction.
Isolation and characterization of a proteinase K-sensitive PrPSc fraction.

Recent studies have shown that a sizable fraction of PrPSc present in prion-infected tissues is, contrary to previous conceptions, sensitive to digestion by proteinase K (PK). This finding has important implications in the context of diagnosis of prion disease, as PK has been extensively used in attempts to distinguish between PrPSc and PrPC. Even more importantly, PK-sensitive PrPSc (sPrPSc) might be essential to understand the process of conversion and aggregation of PrPC leading to infectivity. We have isolated a fraction of sPrPSc. This material was obtained by differential centrifugation at an intermediate speed of Syrian hamster PrPSc obtained through a conventional procedure based on ultracentrifugation in the presence of detergents. PK-sensitive PrPSc is completely degraded under standard conditions (50 μg/mL of proteinase K at 37 °C for 1 h) and can also be digested with trypsin. Centrifugation in a sucrose gradient showed sPrPSc to correspond to the lower molecular weight fractions of the contin...
URETHRAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE FETAL RABBIT AND INDUCTION OF HYPOSPADIAS: A MODEL FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Purpose: To determine whether the development of the rabbit phallus would be an appropriate model of human phallic development, we evaluated the formation of the fetal rabbit phallus and attempted to induce hypospadias pharmacologically.Materials and Methods: New Zealand rabbit fetuses were obtained on gestational days 20 to 24, 26, 28 and 31. Sex was determined by gonadal morphology, and 6 fetuses were obtained at each age. The perineum was dissected, fixed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and monoclonal antibodies against neuronal specific enolase. Two pregnant rabbits were treated with 10 mg./kg. finasteride orally daily between gestational days 19 and 28. The development of the external genitalia was compared in treated and untreated control rabbits.Results: The rabbit phallus contains 2 corpora cavernosa and dorsolateral nerves similar to the human. In male and female fetuses fusion of the urethral folds progressed in a proximal to distal sequence forming a seam at the point of vent...
Microwave transistors&#8212;From small signal to high power

New technologies have emerged in the development of high-frequency transistors, and some of the old technologies have been considerably refined and extended. New equipment and measurement techniques have been perfected that allow rapid and accurate device characterization at microwave frequencies. As a result of these developments, the list of small-signal and power transistors available for use as amplifiers and oscillators to frequencies as high as 8 GHz has grown dramatically in recent years.
Bacteremia Complicating Gram-Negative Urinary Tract Infections: A Population-Based Study

Summary Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common and bacteremia complicating this infection is frequently seen. There has been limited data published that characterize bacteremic UTI in a population-based setting over an extended period. We therefore examined the incidence rate, microbiology, outcome, and in vitro antimicrobial resistance trends of bacteremic UTI due to gram-negative bacilli in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1/1/1998 to 12/31/2007. Methods We used Kaplan–Meier method to estimate mortality rates, Cox proportional hazard regression to determine risk factors for mortality, and logistic regression to examine temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance rates. Results We identified 542 episodes of bacteremic gram-negative UTI among Olmsted County residents during the study period. The median age of patients was 71 years and 65.1% were females. The age-adjusted incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was 55.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49.5–61.2) in females and 44.6 (95% CI: 38.1–51.1) in males. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (74.9%). The 28-day and 1-year all-cause mortality rates were 4.9% (95% CI: 3.0–6.8) and 15.6% (95% CI: 12.4–18.8), respectively. Older age was associated with higher mortality; community-acquired infection acquisition and E. coli UTI were both independently associated with lower mortality. During the study period, resistance rates increased linearly from 10% to 24% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and from 1% to 8% for ciprofloxacin. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first population-based study of bacteremic gram-negative UTI. The linear trend of increasing antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative isolates should be considered when empiric therapy is selected.
Distal inferior mesenteric veins to renal vein shunt for treatment of bleeding anorectal varices: Case report and review of literature

Isolated intractable bleeding from anorectal varices is a rare complication of portal hypertension. We report a case of a patient with cirrhosis and hepatofugal flow who had severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding from anorectal varices. This is the first case report of construction of a distal inferior mesenteric vein shunt to left renal vein as a selective shunt for treatment of bleeding anorectal varices in a patient with hepatofugal flow. The patient is a 39-year-old white man with a medical history significant for alcohol abuse who was seen with bright red blood per rectum requiring 10 units of packed red blood cells over the course of a year. The work-up revealed anorectal varices with no other colonic lesions. The patient underwent construction of a distal inferior mesenteric vein to left renal vein shunt.
Estimation of surface soil organic matter using a ground-based active sensor and aerial imagery

Active canopy sensors are currently being studied as a tool to assess crop N status and direct in-season N applications. The objective of this study was to use a variety of strategies to evaluate the capability of an active sensor and a wide-band aerial image to estimate surface soil organic matter (OM). Grid soil samples, active sensor reflectance and bare soil aerial images were obtained from six fields in central Nebraska before the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. Six different strategies to predict OM were developed and tested by dividing samples randomly into calibration and validation datasets. Strategies included uniform, interpolation, universal, field-specific, intercept-adjusted and multiple- layer prediction models. By adjusting regression intercept values for each field, OM was predicted using a single sensor or image data layer. Across all fields, the uniform and universal prediction models resulted in less accurate predictions of OM than any of the other methods tested. The most accurate predictions of OM were obtained using inter- polation, field-specific and intercept-adjusted strategies. Increased accuracy in mapping soil OM using an active sensor or aerial image may be achieved by acquiring the data when there is minimal surface residue or where it has been excluded from the sensor's field-of- view. Alternatively, accuracy could be increased by accounting for soil moisture content with supplementary sensors at the time of data collection, by focusing on the relationship
Animal models for human contiguous gene syndromes and other genomic disorders

Genomic disorders refer to a group of syndromes caused by DNA rearrangements, such as deletions and duplications, which result in an alteration of normal gene dosage. The chromosomal rearrangements are usually relatively small and often difficult to detect cytogenetically. In a subset of such conditions the rearrangements comprise multiple unrelated contiguous genes that are physically linked and thus have been referred to as contiguous gene syndromes (CGS). In general, each syndrome presents a complex clinical phenotype that has been attributed generally to dosage sensitive gene(s) present in the responsible chromosomal interval. A common mechanism for CGS resulting from interstitial deletion/duplication has recently been elucidated. The DNA rearrangements result from nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) utilizing flanking low-copy repeats (LCRs) as recombination substrates. The resulting rearrangements often involve the same genomic region, a common deletion or duplication, making it difficult to assign a specific phenotype or endophenotype to a single responsible gene. The human and mouse genome sequencing projects, in conjunction with the ability to engineer mouse chromosome rearrangements, have enabled the production of mouse models for CGS and genomic disorders. In this review we present an overview of different techniques utilized to generate mouse models for selected genomic disorders. These models foment novel insights into the specific genes that convey the phenotype by dosage and/or position effects and provide opportunities to explore therapeutic options.
Programmable neural processing on a smartdust

To date, spike sorting for neural processing in brain-computer interfaces has been performed using off-chip analysis or custom ASIC designs. In this paper, we propose and test the feasibility of performing on-chip, real-time spike sorting on a commercially available and programmable smartdust wireless sensor network mote since such a platform is currently the closest to an implantable chip due to its small size and similar physical and environmental constraints.
Toxoplasma gondii Infection Induces Gene Expression and Secretion of Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 by Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

We have used human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cultures to investigate the primary cellular responses of retinal resident cells to intracellular Toxoplasma gondii replication. At 4 days postinoculation, when all of the cells were infected, the secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was augmented by 23-, 10-, 8-, and 5-fold, respectively, over the control. Northern and reverse transcriptase PCR analyses showed significant upregulation of steady-state levels of mRNA for IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF, and ICAM-1. The secretion of these molecules by HRPE cells may play a critical immunoregulatory role in the pathophysiological processes associated with T. gondii-induced retinochoroiditis.
Microfabricated Cell-based Biosensor Arrays

Here, we described the fabrication using photolithography of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel microstructures encapsulating viable mammalian cells on glass and silicon substrates. Substrates were treated with 3-(trichlorosilyl)propyl methacrylate to form pendant acrylate group to covalent link the hydrogel microstructure. Cells were encapsulated in arrays of cylindrical hydrogel microstructures 600 and 50 mum in diameter and viability assays demonstrated that encapsulated cells remained viable after photoencapsulation. These microstructures had clearly defined, three-dimensional structure without any residual cells remaining surface and no delamination of hydrogel elements from functionalized substrate occurred in aqueous environment for over a week. By changing spin-coating rates and feature sizes of photomasks, we could create cell-containing microstructures with aspect ratios ranging from 0.12 to 1.4. In case of 50 mum hydrogel microstructure, number of cells could be limited to 1 or 2 cells per element and array consisting of 400 elements could be fabricated in a square of 2 mm2. These cell-containing hydrogel microstructures were also successfully fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels to create optical biosensor arrays of individually addressable single or multiple cell-containing hydrogel microstructures with potential applications in drug screening or pathogen detection
Gender and ethnicity identification from silhouetted face profiles

This paper demonstrates, to our best knowledge, the first attempt on gender and ethnicity identification from silhouetted face profiles using a computer vision technique. The results achieved, after testing on 441 images, show that silhouetted face profiles have a lot of information, in particular, for ethnicity identification. Shape context based matching [1] was employed for classification. The test samples were multi-ethnic. Average accuracy for gender was 71.20% and for ethnicity 71.66%. However, the accuracy was significantly higher for some classes, such as 83.41% for females (in case of gender identification) and 80.37% for East and South East Asians (in case of ethnicity identification).
‘Pass the Cocoamone, Please’: Causal Impotence, Opportunistic Vegetarianism and Act-Utilitarianism

It appears that utilitarian arguments in favor of moral vegetarianism cannot justify a complete prohibition of eating meat. This is because, in certain circumstances, forgoing meat will prevent no pain, and so, on utilitarian grounds, we should be opportunistic carnivores rather than moral vegetarians. In his paper, ‘Puppies, pigs, and people: Eating meat and marginal cases,’ Alastair Norcross argues that causal impotence arguments like these are misguided. First, he presents an analogous situation, the case of chocolate mousse a-la-bama, in order to argue that we, individually, are not causally impotent. Second, Norcross offers a threshold argument in which he argues that while we may individually be causally impotent, when we adopt moral vegetarianism in concert with others, we become causally potent in preventing harms by factory farming. We argue that Norcross's responses ultimately fail to address the causal impotence objection. The former argument fails because it vastly oversimplifies the world in ...