cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The partitioning of trace transition elements in crystal structures: a provocative review with applications to mantle geochemistry☆

Abstract Interrelationships between chemical compositions and crystal structures of minerals pioneered by Goldschmidt have been overlooked by modern geochemists. While analytical techniques and data for trace elements have become more sophisticated, progress has been slow in relating abundance data of individual elements to their relative enrichments in specific sites in mineral structures. The concept of diadochy has degenerated into an analytical relationship between major and trace elements, instead of its original crystallographic basis of replacement of one atom by another at a specific site in a crystal structure. Future interpretations of trace element data must consider the partitioning of atoms between different coordination sites in multisite mineral structures. The well-known partitioning of nickel and chromium into the earliest minerals during magmatic crystallization is extended to magma evolution in the mantle. The strong preference of Ni 2+ and Cr 3+ for octahedral sites in minerals leads to their enrichment in certain Iherzolites which are refractory residua during partial fusion of the mantle.
Structural analysis of a new precipitate phase in high-temperature TiNiPt shape memory alloys

Abstract Aging of the high-temperature shape memory alloy Ti 50 Ni 30 Pt 20 (at.%) results in precipitation of a previously unidentified phase, which plays a key role in achieving desirable shape memory properties. The precipitate phase has been analyzed with electron diffraction, high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe tomography. The experimental observations show that the precipitates have unique crystallography due to their non-periodic character along one of the primary crystallographic directions. It will be shown that the structure can be explained in terms of crystal intergrowth of three variants of a monoclinic crystal. The monoclinic crystal structure is closely related to the high-temperature cubic B2 phase; the departure of the structure from the B2 phase can be attributed to ordering of Pt atoms on the Ni sublattice and relaxation of the atoms (shuffle displacements) from the B2 sites. The shuffle displacements and the overall structural refinement were deduced from ab initio calculations.
Phase segregation in binary SiO2/TiO2 and SiO2/Fe2O3 nanoparticle aerosols formed in a premixed flame

Binary SiO2/TiO2 and SiO2/Fe2O3 nanoparticle (diameter < 100 nm) aerosols of varying mole ratios of Ti or Fe to Si were generated in a premixed Bunsen-type aerosol flame reactor. The distribution of species within the particles was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Phase segregation was observed to varying degrees in qualitative agreement with segregation expected from binary phase diagrams for the bulk systems. Differences between the SiO2/TiO2 and SiO2/Fe2O3 systems can be explained by considering the variation in the thermodynamically stable liquid-phase solubility and differences in the ability of iron and titanium ions to substitute for silicon ions in the network structure.
Cutting Edge: Conditional MHC Class II Expression Reveals a Limited Role for B Cell Antigen Presentation in Primary and Secondary CD4 T Cell Responses

The activation, differentiation, and subsequent effector functions of CD4 T cells depend on interactions with a multitude of MHC class II (MHCII)-expressing APCs. To evaluate the individual contribution of various APCs to CD4 T cell function, we have designed a new murine tool for selective in vivo expression of MHCII in subsets of APCs. Conditional expression of MHCII in B cells was achieved using a cre-loxP approach. After i.v. or s.c. priming, partial proliferation and activation of CD4 T cells was observed in mice expressing MHCII only by B cells. Restricting MHCII expression to B cells constrained secondary CD4 T cell responses in vivo, as demonstrated in a CD4 T cell-dependent model of autoimmunity, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results highlight the limitations of B cell Ag presentation during initiation and propagation of CD4 T cell function in vivo using a novel system to study individual APCs by the conditional expression of MHCII.
Database Integrity Block Construct: Concepts and Design Issues

When a crash occurs in a transaction processing system, the database can enter an unacceptable state. To continue the processing, the recovery system has three tasks: 1) verification of the database state for acceptability, 2) restoration of an acceptable database state, and 3) restoration of an acceptable history of transaction processing. Unfortunately these tasks are not trivial and the computational complexity of the algorithms for most of them is either NP-complete or NP-hard. In this paper we discuss the concepts and design issues of a construct called database integrity block (DIB). The implementation of this construct allows for efficient verification of the database state by employing a set of integrity assertions and restoration of transaction history by utilizing any database restoration technique such as audit trail or differential file. This paper presents approximation algorithms for minimizing the costs of evaluation of integrity assertions by modeling the problem as the directed traveling salesman problem, and presents a methodology to compare the costs of audit trail and differential file techniques for database restoration. The applicability of integrity verification research to the problem of multiple-query optimization is also included.
Regulation of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Secretion by α1-adrenergic Receptors: The Role of Different Second Messenger Pathways

Abstract A critical problem in determining the intracellular mechanisms regulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion is the extrapolation of data obtained in cultures of atrial myocytes isolated from neonatal animals to that obtained in intact atria isolated from adult animals. We have therefore examined ANP secretory responses in primary cultures of atrial myocytes isolated from adult rats to more closely approach the adult phenotype. Activation of α1-adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine (in the presence of propranolol) increased the rate of ANP secretion approximately two-fold (EC50 = 0.32 μM). This response was mediated predominately by the α1A-like subtype of α1-receptors. Phorbol esters increased the rate of ANP secretion approximately 2.4-fold independently of α1-receptor occupancy. Kinetic analysis showed that the secretory responses to either agonist did not appear to diminish within 2 h. The responses to both α1-adrenergic stimulation and phorbol ester addition were inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor, H-7, but not by structurally related isoquinolines. Influx of extracellular CA2+, independently of its effects on contraction of the myocytes, was also necessary for a full secretory response to α1-receptor activation. Additionally, the secretory response to α1-adrenergic agonists was attenuated by calmodulin inhibitors. In contrast to the response to α1-adrenergic receptor activation, stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors or addition of a membrane permeable cAMP analog reduced the rate of both basal and α1-stimulated ANP secretion. These results show that activation of α1-adrenergic receptors in adult rat atrial myocytes directly increases the rate of ANP secretion. This response is dependent upon protein kinase C and supported extracellular Ca2+ influx. Conversely, activation of β-adrenergic receptors, which increases intracellular cAMP, directly inhibits ANP secretion.
Genetically engineered termite gut bacteria ( Enterobacter cloacae ) deliver and spread foreign genes in termite colonies

Indigenous gut bacteria of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) were used as shuttle systems to deliver, express and spread foreign genes in termite colonies. The gut bacterium Enterobacter cloacae was transformed with a recombinant plasmid (pEGFP) containing genes encoding ampicillin resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP). In laboratory experiments, termite workers and soldiers from three colonies were fed with filter paper inoculated with transformed bacteria. Transformed bacteria were detected in termite guts by growing the entire gut flora under selective conditions and checking the cultures visually for fluorescence. We demonstrated that (1) transformed bacteria were ingested within a few hours and the GFP gene was expressed in the termite gut; (2) transformed bacteria established a persistent population in the termite gut for up to 11 weeks; (3) transformed bacteria were efficiently transferred throughout a laboratory colony, even when the donor (termites initially fed with transformed bacteria) to recipient (not fed) ratio was low; (4) transformed E. cloacae were transferred into soil; however, they did not accumulate over time and the GFP plasmid was not transferred to other soil bacteria. In the future, transgenic bacteria may be used to shuttle detrimental genes into termite colonies for improved pest control.
Accelerator physics challenges in future linear colliders

At the present time, there are a number of future linear collider designs with a center-of-mass energy of 500 GeV or more that have luminosities in excess of 10/sup 34/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/. Many of these designs are very advanced, however, to attain the high luminosity, the colliders require very small beam emittances, strong focusing, and very good stability. In this paper, some of the outstanding issues related to the small spot sizes are discussed. Although the different designs are based very different RF technologies, many of these problems are common to all designs.
DSLs, DLA, DxT, and MDE in CSE

We narrate insights from a collaboration between researchers in Software Engineering (SE) and in the domain of Dense Linear Algebra (DLA) libraries. We highlight our impressions of how software development for computational science has traditionally been different from the development of software in other domains. We observe that scientific software (at least DLA libraries) is often developed by domain experts rather than legions of programmers. For this reason, researchers in SE need to impact the productivity of experts rather than the productivity of the masses. We document this and other lessons learned.
Static and cyclic loading of fiber-reinforced dental resin

Abstract Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexure strength of unidirectional fiber-reinforced resins under static and cyclic loading with and without thermal cycling. Methods : The fiber-reinforced resin materials chosen for this project were commercially available endodontic posts and commercially procured bar samples. For all materials, controls for flexure strength were tested in air and in water using three-point loading. Specimens were thermal cycled between 7 and 63 °C for 6000 cycles. A staircase approach was used to determine the flexure fatigue limit and scanning microscopy was used to examine the microstructure. Results : The carbon/graphite fiber-reinforced resin posts and the glass FiberKor posts were significantly stronger than the ceramic (zirconia) and the other glass-reinforced resin materials. Thermal cycling caused a significant lowering (11–24%) of the flexure strength for each resin based post system. The ceramic post system decreased only by 2%. Further, for standard size glass fiber-reinforced resin bars, no significant differences between testing in air and water was observed, but a significant difference between static and cyclic loading was noted. Significance : The decreases in the strength property due to thermal cycling and the cyclic loading of these materials indicates that their utilization in the oral environment enhances their degradation, and potentially shortens their clinical life.
Rendering complexity in computer-generated pen-and-ink illustrations

We present a method to aid in the generation of pen-and-ink style renderings of complex geometry. Most illustration algorithms focus on rendering a small number of surfaces with as much detail and expression as possible. These methods break down when the scene is composed of many small, overlapping details that are not individually resolvable. We propose a hybrid 2D/3D pipeline that incorporates image processing with the full scene geometry to extract regions which may require special handling. For silhouette renderings, grayscale value is matched to a sample rendering while preserving important edges and texture. For hatched areas, the approximate surface properties of each logical region is represented. The result is an image that is more clear for informative purposes, and more artistic for aesthetic purposes.
TEVAR for Uncomplicated Acute Type B Aortic Dissection: What isSuccess?

Type B aortic dissection (typically beginning just distal to the left subclavian artery with variable distal propagation) is a commonly identified clinical problem. Acute type B aortic dissection (less than 14 days from onset) is divided into two types: complicated and uncomplicated. For complicated dissections (visceral malperfusion, aortic rupture, symptoms despite maximal medical therapy), endovascular repair has represented a significant advance over open repair options, and represents a major treatment advance [1] for this difficult problem. Following intervention for complicated aortic dissection, there is positive remodeling of the remaining dissected aorta [2].
Activating communities for health promotion: a process evaluation method.

OBJECTIVES. To date, evaluations of community-based prevention programs have focused on assessing outcomes, not the process of organizing communities for health promotion. An approach was developed to analyze community organization efforts aimed at advancing community health objectives. These organizational processes are referred to as community activation. METHODS. Information was gathered from 762 informants through a key informant survey conducted in 28 western communities. The data collected included informant ratings of community activation and information about interorganizational activities analyzed through network analytic techniques. RESULTS. Activation levels, as measured by informant ratings, varied across communities. Program coordination, as measured by network analysis, occurred, on average, approximately 30% of the time. Higher income communities tended to be more activated than lower income communities. CONCLUSIONS. There is a widely recognized need for improved information about health-re...
Understanding the Importance of Protein Structure to Nature's Routes for Divergent Evolution in TIM Barrel Enzymes

It is widely agreed that new enzymes evolve from existing ones through the duplication of genes encoding existing enzymes followed by sequence divergence. While evolution is an inherently random process, studies of divergently related enzymes have shown that the evolution of new enzymes follows one of three general routes in which the substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, or active site architecture of the progenitor enzyme is reused in the new enzyme. Recent developments in structural biology relating to divergently related (β/α)8 enzymes have brought new insight into these processes and have revealed that conserved structural elements play an important role in divergent evolution. These studies have shown that, although evolution occurs as a series of random mutations, stable folds such as the (β/α)8 barrel and structural features of the active sites of enzymes are frequently reused in evolution and adapted for new catalytic purposes.
Effects of age, dietary, and behavioral enrichment on brain mitochondria in a canine model of human aging

Dogs develop cognitive decline and a progressive accumulation of oxidative damage. In a previous longitudinal study, we demonstrated that aged dogs treated with either an antioxidant diet or with behavioral enrichment show cognitive improvement. The antioxidant diet included cellular antioxidants (vitamins E and C, fruits and vegetables) and mitochondrial cofactors (lipoic acid and carnitine). Behavioral enrichment consisted of physical exercise, social enrichment, and cognitive training. We hypothesized that the antioxidant treatment improved neuronal function through increased mitochondrial function. Thus, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and bioenergetics in mitochondria isolated from young, aged, and treated aged animals. Aged canine brain mitochondria show significant increases in ROS production and a reduction in NADH-linked respiration. Mitochondrial function (ROS and NADH-linked respiration) was improved selectively in aged dogs treated with an antioxidant diet. In contrast, behavioral enrichment had no effect on any mitochondrial parameters. These results suggest that an antioxidant diet improves cognition by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, which may be an independent molecular pathway not engaged by behavioral enrichment.
The Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines DARC/ACKR1

The discovery that the Duffy antigen was a promiscuous chemokine binding protein was entirely serendipitous and resulted from research begun at Genentech in 1991. The company had a strong interest in chemokines because of their role in disease and this was furthered by the recent cloning of two chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Both were IL-8 (CXCL8) receptors expressed on immune cells, primarily neutrophils, and belonged to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) subfamily, which were highly druggable targets. Numerous reports linked CXCL8 to respiratory diseases like COPD, and Genentech had developed a CXCL8 neutralizing antibody that it thought might be useful therapeutically to treat respiratory diseases like emphysema, bronchitis, and COPD.
Nuclear Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Two deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerases (I, II) have been solubilized from isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclei. The enzymes can be separated by chromatography on O-diethylaminoethyl Sephadex. Both enzymes are active with high-molecular-weight nuclear yeast DNA, although RNA polymerase I has a higher affinity for polydeoxy-adenylic-thymidylic acid and RNA polymerase II for denatured DNA. RNA polymerase I is active only with manganese. α-Amanitin inhibits only the activity of RNA polymerase II.
Perioperative risk assessment for patients with cirrhosis and liver disease

Patients with cirrhosis are at an increased risk of complications of operative procedures. There is a growing understanding of the nature of the risks that cirrhotic patients experience, as well as more precise and objective tools to gauge the patients at risk for surgical complications. Surgical procedures that are common and high risk for patients with cirrhosis are cardiac surgery, cholecystectomy and hepatic resections, as well as other abdominal surgeries and orthopedic surgeries. The physicians who care for patients with cirrhosis who require a surgical procedure can apply an understanding of the type of surgery anticipated with knowledge of the severity of the patient's liver disease to predict those patients at risk for operative morbidity and mortality. A sound knowledge of the specific operative risks faced by patients with cirrhosis should prompt the clinician to take steps to prevent these complications.
SPEAKING OF INFORMATION MANIPULATION: A CRITICAL REJOINDER

This essay critically examines two articles addressing deceptive messages. We take exception with the Jacobs, Dawson, and Brashers claim that IMT is inconsistent with Grice, and compare their arguments to those of Grice. The Jacobs et al. data are reanalyzed and shown to be inconsistent with their premise that deception derives solely from erroneous Quality implicatures. Burgoon, Buller, Guerrero, Afifi, and Feldman's article describing information management also is addressed. Although the scope of their endeavor is impressive, we believe that their conceptual definitions lack precision and that their proposed set of information dimensions offers little practical utility as a means of deception detection. We also believe that their findings do not significantly contribute to our knowledge of deception.
Reflecting on 115 years: the chiropractic profession's philosophical path

The chiropractic profession struggled with survival and identity in its first decades. In addition to internal struggles between chiropractic leaders and colleges, much of our profession's formative years were stamped with reactions to persecution from external forces. The argument that chiropractic should be recognized as a distinct profession, and the rhetoric that this medicolegal strategy included, helped to develop chiropractic identity during this period of persecution in the early 20th century. This article questions if the chiropractic profession is mature and wise enough to be comfortable in being proud of its past but still capable of continued philosophical growth.
Movements at War? Disability and Anti-occupation Activism in Israel

At the time of the first major disability protest in Israel in 1999 and then in 2000–2001, there were already many anti-occupation and peace organizations at play in Israel/Palestine. While participating in this budding disability movement, I began reflecting on my experiences of simultaneously being an Israeli anti-occupation activist and disabled activist publically fighting for the first time for disability rights. In the summer of 2006 I conducted research in Israel, trying to assess any changes that occurred since 2000 in the connections between the movements and within the disability movement itself. And then the war on Lebanon began. My intention in writing this chapter is to highlight the connections between disability activism and anti-war and anti-occupation activism, which seem to be at war with one another but in fact intersect in important ways. I hope this narrative and analysis will be useful for material resistance as well as a reflection on our current states of exclusion in activism and scholarship.
Calcium Signalling During Acute Myocardial Ischemia: New Insights From Optical Mapping Techniques

Acute myocardial ischemia leads to an increase in the systolic and diastolic levels of the intracellular calcium transient during the first few minutes. This overall increase is associated with beat-to-beat fluctations in the peak and trough levels of the transients—calcium transient alternans. New advances in fluorescence imaging techniques have allowed the spatial distribution of calcium transient alternans to be studied during ischemia, and to be correlated with similar imaging of the cardiac action potential. These studies provide further evidence that alternans phenomena are responsible for the genesis of ventricular fibrillation during acute ischemia, and suggest specific molecular mechanisms that could be involved.
The Search for a Dramatic Formula for the Auto Sacramental

The Corpus Christi play in sixteenth-century Spain evolved as it did because poets were consciously searching for a dramatic formula which should be appropriate to a sacramental play. The idea of a sacramental play, an auto sacramental, was new at that time. A sacramental drama had never before been attempted, either in Spain or elsewhere. Corpus Christi was celebrated, in. Spain as in Europe at large, with performances of mystery-type plays derived from the tropes of the liturgy. The earliest Corpus plays in Spain were Nativity plays which dramatists scarcely troubled to adapt. As the problem of making the Christmas play appropriate to Corpus Christi forced itself on the attention of dramatists a new idea of religious drama emerged.
The Revocation of Clean-Energy Investment Economic-Support Systems as Indirect Expropriation Post-Nykomb: A Spanish Case Analysis

As countries increasingly seek to promote clean-energy investment to meet carbon-emissions goals, foreign investors are attracted to economic-incentive programs that subsidize or otherwise support high upfront investments in clean-energy infrastructure. Once the initial investment has been made, what protections does the investor have against the revocation of such support systems that remove the economic benefits expected from the investment? This Note discusses a pending Spanish arbitration case, PV Investors v. Spain, which is subject to the Energy Charter Treaty legal framework. The case is based on claims of foreign-investor damages caused by Spain’s revocation of several feed-in tariff benefits the country implemented to attract foreign investment in solar photovoltaic energy. Although Nykomb v. Latvia appears instructive on the issue, this Note argues that PV Investors should be treated with a different legal analysis. This Note uses legal principles derived from the Energy Charter Treaty, customary international law, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the United States Model Bilateral Investment Treaty to determine that the revocation of clean-energy investment economic-support systems can constitute indirect expropriation requiring compensation. PV Investors may be the first of many clean-energy cases involving the revocation of promised economic benefits for foreign investors, and the decision in this case will provide guidance for future cases dealing with similar cuts in benefits.
Determination of Chlorothalonil in drinking water by gas chromatography(GC) with liquid-liquid extraction

Objective:To establish a gas chromatographic method for detecting Chlorothalonil in drinking water.Methods: Chlorothalonil in water were extracted by n-hexane three times.The separation was performed on a DB—l7 capillary column.Apply temperature programming and adopt an ECD detector.Retention time was qualitative and external reference method was quantitative.Results: Mean recovery of Chlorothalonil standards added to water sample varied from 80.2% to 115.3%,the relative standard deviation was 4.5%～7.0%.Taking 500 ml water sample treated by n-hexane,its lowest detection quanlity concentration was 0.2 μg/L,and peak area and concentration has a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 10.0 μg/L~1000.0 μg/L.Conclusion: The method is simple,sensitive and accurate,and it can be applied to determine Chlorothalonil in drinking water.
The treatment of the "untreatable" patient-revisited.

The limits of medicine have not yet been reached. Numerous human illnesses initially thought to be incurable are reversible under unique and unpredictable individual circumstances. This paper, and the preceding companion publication, describes instances of the successful treatment of patients previously labeled as untreatable, including instances of severe ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
Burn-in operations improvement with full automation and OEE/OEU

The ultimate goal in every semiconductor assembly/test manufacturing process is to attain the highest quality standard and process yield. With traditional Process Controls relying on manual inspections and human-dependent process control, the quality and yield goals are very difficult to achieve. With out full knowledge of what is happening in the burn-in process and without data to analyze burn-in operational efficiency, the operational metrics seem impossible to improve. This paper aims to document the works and lessons learned in developing and deploying Burn-in Full Automation and OEE/OEU and impact to Burn-in quality, yield and productivity in Texas Instruments (Philippines) Inc.
The transcendent Dimension of Cities

Caught between the past when traditional religious beliefs structured most world views and the current reign of quantity and material consumerism that is threatening the very existence of life on earth, we remain in anxious anticipation of the yet unknown next phase of human consciousness to help mitigate life’s unfolding challenges. Thus, human beings exist in a transitional situation that is precarious and yet full of potential. Within this panorama this paper focuses on two less challenging, yet pivotal questions regarding our urban environments: “What are the transcendent foundations that have given birth and historically sustained great cities of the Middle East over the last ten millennia and what can we learn from them that may inform and influence the holistic transformation and life patterns of our cities today and their future?”
Toward cyberinfrastructure to facilitate collaboration and reproducibility for marine integrated ecosystem assessments

There is a growing need for cyberinfrastructure to support science-based decision making in management of natural resources. In particular, our motivation was to aid the development of cyberinfrastructure for Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) for marine ecosystems. The IEA process involves analysis of natural and socio-economic information based on diverse and disparate sources of data, requiring collaboration among scientists of many disciplines and communication with other stakeholders. Here we describe our bottom-up approach to developing cyberinfrastructure through a collaborative process engaging a small group of domain and computer scientists and software engineers. We report on a use case evaluated for an Ecosystem Status Report, a multi-disciplinary report inclusive of Earth, life, and social sciences, for the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem. Ultimately, we focused on sharing workflows as a component of the cyberinfrastructure to facilitate collaboration and reproducibility. We developed and deployed a software environment to generate a portion of the Report, retaining traceability of derived datasets including indicators of climate forcing, physical pressures, and ecosystem states. Our solution for sharing workflows and delivering reproducible documents includes IPython (now Jupyter) Notebooks. We describe technical and social challenges that we encountered in the use case and the importance of training to aid the adoption of best practices and new technologies by domain scientists. We consider the larger challenges for developing end-to-end cyberinfrastructure that engages other participants and stakeholders in the IEA process.
Applying population and community ecology theory to advance understanding of belowground biogeochemistry.

Approaches to quantifying and predicting soil biogeochemical cycles mostly consider microbial biomass and community composition as products of the abiotic environment. Current numerical approaches then primarily emphasise the importance of microbe-environment interactions and physiology as controls on biogeochemical cycles. Decidedly less attention has been paid to understanding control exerted by community dynamics and biotic interactions. Yet a rich literature of theoretical and empirical contributions highlights the importance of considering how variation in microbial population ecology, especially biotic interactions, is related to variation in key biogeochemical processes like soil carbon formation. We demonstrate how a population and community ecology perspective can be used to (1) understand the impact of microbial communities on biogeochemical cycles and (2) reframe current theory and models to include more detailed microbial ecology. Through a series of simulations we illustrate how density dependence and key biotic interactions, such as competition and predation, can determine the degree to which microbes regulate soil biogeochemical cycles. The ecological perspective and model simulations we present lay the foundation for developing empirical research and complementary models that explore the diversity of ecological mechanisms that operate in microbial communities to regulate biogeochemical processes.
The Tradeoff Terrain

This chapter describes state level survey data that will be used in the forthcoming chapters, including the survey structure, survey methodology, and indicators used to assess environmental values and tradeoffs between renewable energy development and environmental considerations. This chapter also examines the impact of environmental values as measured by the New Ecological Paradigm—controlling for various socio-demographic characteristics—on hypothetical tradeoffs between solar, windpower, geothermal, biomass and wave technologies on the one hand and potential environmental damage on the other hand.
Absorbing Termination for High-Frequency Measurements of Interconnects

In this paper, a novel termination (“match”) scheme is introduced with absorbing material for high-frequency measurements. Through the absorption of electromagnetic waves, absorbing material makes an equivalent absorbing boundary condition at the interface, which creates an equivalent termination condition. The absorbing termination can be used to facilitate on-demand match condition in high-frequency measurements. The proposed technique is particularly useful when resistive termination is difficult to implement or too expensive to apply. For example, the soldering process (soldering-on soldering-off) is time-consuming, hard to control on the precise soldering position, and easy to break the printed circuit board soldering pads. It is useful for various applications, including via crosstalk measurements in socket, package breakout via array, or other dense/fine structures. The absorbing termination method provides an innovative termination solution for RF/microwave measurements.
Characterizing the detection threshold for optical imaging in surgical oncology.

Background and Objectives Optical imaging to guide cancer resections is rapidly transitioning into the operating room. However, the sensitivity of this technique to detect subclinical disease is yet characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum range of cancer cells that can be detected by antibody-based fluorescence imaging. Methods 2LMP (breast), COLO-205 (colon), MiaPaca-2 (pancreas), and SCC-1 (head and neck) cells incubated in vitro with cetuximab-IRDye800CW (dose range 8.6-86 nM) were implanted subcutaneously in mice (n = 3 mice, 5 tumors/mouse). Following incubation with 8.6 × 10−2 µM of cetuximab-IRDye800CW in vitro, serial dilutions of each cell type (1 × 103–1 × 106) were implanted subcutaneously (n = 3, 5 tumors/mouse). Tumors were imaged with Pearl Impulse and Xenogen IVIS 100 imaging systems. Scatchard analysis was performed to determine receptor density and kinetics for each cell line. Results Under conditions of minimal cetuximab-IRDye800CW exposure to low cellular quantity, closed-field fluorescence imaging theoretically detected a minimum of 4.2 × 104-9.5 × 104 2LMP cells, 1.9 × 105-4.5 × 105 MiaPaca-2 cells, and 2.4 × 104-6.7 × 104 SCC-1 cells; COLO-205 cells could not be identified. Higher EGFR-mediated uptake of cetuximab correlated with sensitivity of detection. Conclusion This study supports the clinical utility of cetuximab-IRDye800CW to sensitively localize subclinical disease in the surgical setting.
Radiologists Are Actually Well Positioned to Innovate in Patient Experience.

Patient experience is becoming increasingly prioritized, most notably as a component of recently passed health care legislation that aims to link physician reimbursement to quality of care and cost-effectiveness. For several reasons, radiologists are better positioned to seize opportunities to enhance patient experience than is readily apparent. We propose that discrete components along the imaging value chain can be evaluated specifically for their effect on patient experience and improved to this end. We also emphasize that the field of radiology has traditionally been the earliest adopter and a serial innovator in health information technology, and we suggest possible ways to leverage the newest technological tools to improve patient experience. Finally, we discuss how carefully vetted opportunities for direct patient interaction might expand the reach of diagnostic radiologists as members of integrated health systems. We believe that emerging patient experience metrics present unconventional opportunities for radiologists to make imaging even more meaningful for the many patients who entrust us with their care. Six Summary Points • Patient experience metrics addressed in recent health care legislation, when implemented, may apply to at least a subset of diagnostic radiologists. • Given the scope of imaging services, diagnostic radiologists are better positioned to seize opportunities to innovate in patient experience than is readily apparent. • Identifying which components of the imaging value chain represent the most potent modifiers of patient experience could facilitate targeted improvement efforts. • The field of radiology has traditionally been an innovator in health IT and should continue capitalizing on its collective technical vision, particularly since incorporation of health IT tools into patient care is becoming increasingly prioritized in health care legislation. • In addition to facilitating image interpretation, artificial intelligence tools could be leveraged to noninterpretive ends such as workflow optimization and improved patient access to care. • Carefully vetted opportunities for direct patient engagement would likely expand the reach of diagnostic radiologists as members of integrated health systems.
Sex differences in abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a vascular disorder with a high case fatality rate in the instance of rupture. AAA is a multifactorial disease, and the etiology is still not fully understood. AAA is more likely to occur in men, but women have a greater risk of rupture and worse prognosis. Women are reportedly protected against AAA possibly by premenopausal levels of estrogen and are, on average, diagnosed at older ages than men. Here, we review the present body of research on AAA pathophysiology in humans, animal models, and cultured cells, with an emphasis on sex differences and sex steroid hormone signaling.
The Problem of “Cameo Appearances” in Mixed-methods Research: Implications for Twenty-first-century Ethnography:

Amid ongoing controversies in ethnography concerning representation, reproducibility, and generalizability, social scientific scholarship has increasingly taken a mixed-methods turn. While studies ...
About the Grass

Shit, was it on TV though. I just thought. Was it on there, because, if it was. And then it's on the news, on tape. Do you know though? Because, if it was. My family, like my parents. I could probably just, tell em. Say hey, I leaned over too far. Like everybody does. They reach over and, but, I went over. Hips just got hooked on the rail there. That's the truth too. And they'd laugh, but, we'd laugh. People at work though.
Life-Threatening Pneumonia

Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung parenchyma. This chapter discusses only pneumonia due to infectious agents. See Chapter 5 for discussion of pneumonia due to the inhalation of pulmonary toxins.
„The social me“ – das persönliche Resonanz-Management

Selbst wenn eine Organisation alle Voraussetzung schafft ein Social Business zu sein, bleibt der vielleicht wichtigste Punkt ein Unsicherheitsfaktor: Von der Transformation zum Social Business sind im wesentlichen die Wissensarbeiter betroffen. Ihre Performance ist aber zu einem erheblichen Teil eine Frage des Selbstmanagements und hierauf hat die Organisation – von der Arbeitsumfeldgestaltung und damit den Rahmenbedingungen abgesehen – nur mittelbar Einfluss.
Teaching the spiritual dimension of nursing care: a survey of U.S. baccalaureate nursing programs.

One hundred thirty-two randomly selected baccalaureate nursing programs in the Unites States responded to a survey exploring how the spiritual dimension of nursing care currently is being taught. The majority of programs included the concept of the spiritual dimension in curricula, but few programs had definitions of spirituality or spiritual nursing care. Content addressed most consistently by programs included assessment of spiritual needs, the needs of dying individuals, and the spiritual dimension as a component of holism or culture. There appeared to be a lack of clarity in the understanding of the concept of spirituality, as well as uncertainty about levels of faculty knowledge and comfort with teaching this topic.
The plasma contact system as a modulator of innate immunity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The contact system is a plasma protease cascade, which activates the proinflammatory kallikrein-kinin system and the procoagulant intrinsic coagulation pathway. Recent advances demonstrating the novel functions of this system as a key player of innate immune system will be introduced in the present review. RECENT FINDINGS The role of the contact system is to initiate and participate in pathophysiological responses to injury, mainly the processes of coagulation and inflammation. The past few years have seen substantial progress, showing a new role of this system in regulation of innate immunity. The relationship between high-molecular-weight kininogen and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been investigated and a new function of high-molecular-weight kininogen has been identified as the critical LPS carrier supporting endotoxemia. In contrast, the role of high-molecular-weight kininogen in Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis is limited. Coagulation factor XII (FXII) plays a detrimental role in murine wound healing and host defense against K. pneumoniae sepsis. In the pathogenesis of arthritis and colitis, the activation of plasma kallikrein and downstream cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen and release of bradykinin constitutes a critical pathway in the innate immune mechanism, whereas FXII is not important. SUMMARY Current findings indicate that the plasma contact system functions as an important constituent of innate immune system, contributing to the pathogenesis of the immunological and infectious diseases.
Palliative sedation: clinical context and ethical questions

Practitioners of palliative medicine frequently encounter patients suffering distress caused by uncontrolled pain or other symptoms. To relieve such distress, palliative medicine clinicians often use measures that result in sedation of the patient. Often such sedation is experienced as a loss by patients and their family members, but sometimes such sedation is sought as the desired outcome. Peace is wanted. Comfort is needed. Sedation appears to bring both. Yet to be sedated is to be cut off existentially from human experience, to be made incapable of engaging self-consciously in any human action. To that extent, it seems that to lose consciousness is to lose something of real value. In this paper, I describe how sedation and the question of intentionally bringing about sedation arise in the care of patients with advanced illness, and I propose heuristics to guide physicians, including Christian physicians, who seek to relieve suffering without contradicting their profession to heal.
Do Vaccines Cause Small Fiber Neuropathy (SFN)

Vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause small fiber neuropathy (SFN).
Prevalence of hypogonadism in patients with previously treated germ cell tumors.

9576 Background: The vast majority of men with germ cell tumors (GCT) will be cured of their disease and may face long-term risks associated with survivorship. This may include hypogonadism (HG), w...
Rethinking Sparsity in Performance Modeling for Analog and Mixed Circuits using Spike and Slab Models

As integrated circuit technologies continue to scale, efficient performance modeling becomes indispensable. Recently, several new learning paradigms have been proposed to reduce the computational cost associated with accurate performance modeling. A common attribute among most of these paradigms is the leverage of the sparsity feature to build efficient performance models. In this work, we propose a new perspective to incorporate sparsity in the modeling task by utilizing spike and slab feature selection techniques. Practically, our proposed method uses two different priors on the different model coefficients based on their importance. This is incorporated into a mixture model that can be built using a hierarchical Bayesian framework to select the important features and find the model coefficients. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve better results compared to traditional sparse modeling techniques while also providing valuable insight about the important features in the model.
A Web-Based Mobile App With a Smartwatch to Support Social Engagement in Persons With Memory Loss: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: It is estimated that the number of individuals living with dementia worldwide will increase from 50 million in 2017 to 152 million by 2050. Assistive technology has been recognized as a promising tool to improve the lives of persons living with memory loss and their caregivers. The use of assistive technology in dementia care is expanding, although it is most often intended to manage care and promote safety. There is a lack of assistive technology designed to aid persons with memory loss in participating in meaningful activities. The Social Support Aid (SSA) is a mobile phone-based app that employs facial recognition software. It was designed to assist persons with memory loss remember the names and relationships of the people they interact with to promote social engagement. Methods: Persons with memory loss were randomized to the SSA (n=20) or the usual care control group (n=28). Quantitative data were collected at three timepoints (baseline, 3 months, and 6 months). Participants in the intervention group participated in qualitative interviews following completion of their 6-month survey. Results: Participant eligibility, willingness to be randomized, and retention were not barriers to conducting a full-scale RCT; however, recruitment strategies should be addressed before doing so. Feasibility and utility scores indicated that participants felt neutral about the technology. Use of the SSA was not significantly associated with changes in quality of social interactions or quality of life measures over the 6 months of follow-up (P>.05). The qualitative analysis revealed three themes that described how and why the SSA worked or not: (1) outcomes, (2) reasons why it was or was not useful, and (3) recommendations. Conclusions: There is a need to develop effective assistive technology that improves the quality of life of persons with memory loss. Assistive technology that allows persons living with memory loss to maintain some level of autonomy should be a priority for future research. This study suggests reasons why the SSA facial recognition software did not appear to improve the quality of social interaction and quality of life of people with memory loss. Results also provide recommendations for future assistive technology development and evaluation.
Configurations of Autonomy and Relatedness in a Multiethnic U.S. Sample of Parent-Adolescent Dyads.

Configurations of autonomy and relatedness were explored in 232 adolescent-parent dyads. Youth (58% female) were 13-18 years old and ethnically diverse (38% Latino American, 32% European American, 30% African American). Cluster analysis was used to identify three distinct groups based on youth and parent reports of parental autonomy support and family relatedness. The three clusters differed on key demographics (e.g., parent education and income, immigrant background, ethnicity) and theoretically relevant indicators of family and individual functioning (e.g., parent and youth reports of decision making and family obligations; youth-reported attachment and minor delinquency). Findings provide empirical support for theoretical models of autonomy-relatedness (e.g., Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 2005, 403) and contribute to understanding of how autonomy and relatedness intersect to influence adolescent and family adaptation.