cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expanding job options: potential computer-related employment for adults with Down syndrome

There is currently an emerging body of human-computer interaction research on computer skills in children and adults with Down syndrome, which so far seems to conflict with the assumptions based on the medical/clinical literature. Based on the medical/clinical literature, it would seem that the documented sensory and motor issues in children with Down syndrome would lead to difficulty with computer usage. Yet the research literature emerging from the human-computer interaction community indicates that many children and adults with Down syndrome can effectively use computers at an intermediate or advanced level. In the past, computer skills have not been considered as a potential job skill for adults with Down syndrome. This article discusses the existing literature on computer use and skills in people with Down syndrome, the existing environment of employment for adults with Down syndrome, and potential computer-related job categories for adults with Down syndrome.
Haemoglobin F and the assessment of glucose control by chromatographically determined Hb1c levels

HbF and HbA1c-levels were determined in diabetic patients and non-diabetic controls to evaluate the influence of HbF on chromatographically determined HbA1c-levels. No difference in mean HbF was observed between controls and diabetic patients. However, in the combined material, women had a higher mean value (0.31%) than men (0.20%). Estimates of time average blood glucose concentrations (glc, mmol/1) were calculated from HbA1c-values in diabetic patients corrected for codetermined HbF. This correction resulted in a difference greater than 1 mmol/1 in only 4% of diabetic men and 28% of diabetic women compared to estimates of glc from uncorrected HbA1c-results. We conclude, however, that the influence of HbF on chromatographically determined HbA1c-levels in most cases is of minor importance in assessing glucose control in diabetic patients.
Demographic Change, Rising Earnings Inequality, and the Distribution of Personal Well-Being, 1959 1989*

This paper uses new methods to determine the sources of the sharp fall and then the steep rise in personal income inequality between 1959 and 1989. The increase in the proportion of single-head families tended to boost inequality over the entire period. Forty percent of the reduction in income inequality in the 1960s occurred because of the decline in earnings inequality among male heads of families; more than one-third of the increase in inequality after 1969 occurred because inequality in male earnings soared. Since 1979 females’ gains in earnings have increased inequality because these gains have been concentrated increasingly in families with high incomes
Impact of multitasking and merge bias on procurement of complex equipment

We describe how multitasking and merge bias may impact the procurement time of complex equipment, such as power distribution equipment used in capital projects. The time required to procure this type of product is often based on past experience and ad hoc assumptions, without explicit consideration for the contributing factors. Capital projects are becoming increasingly complex, requiring more experts to contribute knowledge. By relying on 'received traditions,' procurement times are often underestimated thereby creating numerous problems for the project participants downstream in the supply chain. The presented model builds on Sigma, an event scheduling simulation engine, and uses various input scenarios to show how sensitive the procurement time is to the effects of multitasking and merge bias. Insights gained from the simulation may help practitioners to more accurately determine the time required to procure complex equipment and to locate and size time buffers in the procurement process.
Linguistic Politeness in Professional Prose: A Discourse Analysis of Auditors' Suggestion Letters, with Implications for Business Communication Pedagogy

Consonant with a trend toward investigating professional writing in naturalistic settings, this discourse-analytical study of a corpus of “suggestion letters” written in a Big Eight accounting firm demonstrates how auditors use negative politeness strategies to meet the complex demands of potentially threatening interactional situations. The study substantiates Brown and Levinson's claim that politeness is a linguistic universal by showing that the same politeness strategies found in speech also occur in written communication. Analysis of negative message strategies in ten leading textbooks shows that business communication pedagogy needs to modify strictures on the use of passives, nominalizations, expletive constructions, and hedging particles in light of research on the exigencies of real-world linguistic interaction.
Production and Investment Decisions Under Sunk Cost and Temporal Uncertainty

Building on Glenn Johnson's asset fixity theory, this article introduces sunk cost and temporal uncertainty in Jorgenson's neoclassical theory of investment. Under the assumption of risk neutrality, we show sunk cost and temporal risk affect the implicit rental value of capital and investment and entry-exit decisions. Results suggest there are important interactions between sunk cost and the effects of temporal uncertainty on production behavior.
The Future of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia

The future of cardiothoracic anesthesia, simply stated, depends on establishing and maintaining a unique and differentiated quality and identity that promotes and contributes positive value to patients, surgical colleagues, and health system administrators who are all also responsible for seeking value. Cardiovascular anesthesiologists must therefore be prepared to define their value through demonstrating that unique quality. To do this, they must codify and continue to push the leading edge in education, research, and clinical innovation for the subspecialty of anesthesia and thereby ensure a role in defining true value as the best.
An electronically switchable leaky wave antenna

We report an electronically switchable dielectric leaky wave antenna. The main beam angle can be electronically steered using p-i-n diodes. The diodes are used as switches to control the radiation from two sets of gratings with different periods, thereby switching the main beam angle. Beam steering is achieved at a single fixed frequency; no frequency sweeping is necessary. A microwave prototype demonstrates a 35/spl deg/ change in beam direction at 3.5 GHz. Measured antenna patterns agree with theoretical predictions. This approach should be scalable to millimeter-wave frequencies using diodes monolithically integrated on a semiconductor waveguide.
Competition Among Sellers in Online Exchanges

With the advent of the Internet, and the minimal information technology requirements of a trading partner to join an exchange, the number of sellers who can qualify and participate in online exchanges is greatly increased. We model the competition between two sellers with different unit costs and production capacities responding to a buyer demand. The resulting mixed-strategy equilibrium shows that one of the sellers has a normal high price with random sales, while the other seller continuously randomizes its prices. It also brings out the inherent advantages that sellers with lower marginal costs or higher capacities have in joining these exchanges, and provides a theoretical basis for understanding the relative advantages of various types of sellers in such exchanges.
Group Work: A Humanistic and Skills Building Approach, Second Edition by Glassman, U.

Group Work: A Humanistic and Skills Building Approach by Urania Glassman covers the familiar terrain of group work practice with unique and pleasing surprises. It is the unexpected, in this well-wr...
Integrating Legal Writing and Experiential Learning Into a Required Six-Semester Curriculum that Trains Students in Core Competencies, 'Soft' Skills, and Real-World Judgment

Experiential learning is not the answer to the problems facing legal education. Simulations, externships, and clinics are vital aspects of a real-world legal education, but they cannot alone produce competent graduates. The better approach is to create a required, six-semester experiential legal writing curriculum where students draft and re-draft the most common litigation documents and engage in simulations, including client interviews, mediation, depositions, settlement negotiations, and oral arguments in the order that they would in actual practice. In so doing, law schools can provide the time and context within which students can truly learn to think like lawyers, do what lawyers do, and exercise real-world judgment. Simply put, merging experiential learning into the legal writing curriculum is the path to producing competent graduates and a legal education that maintains relevance in a changing world. In this article, we set forth a proposal to the American Bar Association advocating for a three-year experiential legal writing curriculum that requires students to take one legal writing course during each semester of law school and directs law schools to devote between eight and fifteen credits to experiential legal writing instruction. We also include a comprehensive, six-semester curriculum that incorporates doctrinal, skills, and clinical courses. The Clinical Legal Association recently lobbied the ABA for a mandatory fifteen-credit experiential learning requirement. The ABA approved only six. It is time for the Legal Writing Institute to make its own proposal and to give law students the education that members of the bench and bar demand.
What's Wrong with Distracted Parenting? An Ethical Analysis

Parental overuse of portable technology, especially smart phones and tablets, poses a real danger to the welfare and development of children. In the past few years, research studies have documented this phenomenon whereby parents pay far more attention to hand-held electronic devices than to their children’s safety and developmental needs. The phenomenon is called distracted parenting. This article aims to identify the moral harm in distracted parenting. First, with the assistance of recent research, the phenomenon is defined. Then, an ethical analysis is undertaken from three perspectives: (i) utilitarian, (ii) pragmatist and (iii) care. Five recommendations for reforming distracted parents, each based upon one or more of the three ethical perspectives, conclude the analysis.
Some Basic Principles in Insect Population Suppression

I deeply appreciate being selected as the recipient of the Founder's Memorial Award this year. It is an honor to deliver a lecture in recognition of James Fletcher, one of the great pioneers in entomology in the Americas. The topic I have chosen involves some complex calculations. My problem has been to condense the material to stay within the time limitation and to present it so that it will be meaningful.
Aerodynamic Investigation of NASA Crew Exploration Vehicle Forward Bay Cover Separation Characteristics

The Constellation Program’s Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) is the spacecraft that will carry America’s next generation of astronauts back to the moon and perhaps one day beyond. Orion employs a system of parachutes to safely return the astronaut crew to Earth. Prior to main parachute deployment, the Forward Bay Cover (FBC), which covers the stowed parachutes, must be quickly jettisoned. Successful jettison is critical to the safety of the astronauts and is of concern because of near re-contacts experienced during the Apollo program. The FBC will be jettisoned into a highly unsteady region of re-circulating flow, tending to push the FBC towards the CEV. This investigation conducted an extensive series of wind tunnel tests to define these characteristics and found a maximum negative average FBC drag coefficient of -0.0664. However, it was also found that oscillations in the flow could result in a negative drag coefficient as large as -0.491. The negative drag region was identified as a major concern for potential FBC re-contact. The FBC time-averaged forces and moments reach their maximum magnitude at 1.2 CEV heat shield diameters of aft separation distance. Increasing Mach number tended to reduce force and moment coefficient magnitude while increasing FBC rotation angle tended to increase these characteristics. The average uncertainty in the data analyzed was 0.0205, and the greatest data uncertainty tended to occur near the boundary of the re-circulation region and in the pitching moment and lift coefficient. Accounting for the drag due to the jettison velocity but neglecting the impulse necessary for inertial acceleration, a “worst case” required impulse of 19,000 lb-s was projected at 10,000 ft and a 38 fps jettison velocity to ensure the FBC clears the re-circulation region, ensuring flight safety and mission success. NASA Johnson Space Center sponsored the investigation.
Surface Charge Grating in the Transverse Geometry Holographic Recording Thin Film Devices

We have used a two-dimensional charge transport model to study edge effects in photorefractive thin films. Our result shows that in addition to the bulk space charges, the large surface charges near the edges make a significant contribution to the space charge field. Quadratic electro-optic material were used as an example to study the surface-charge-layer-field quantitatively. The conditions for the device performance be dominated by either surface charge or bulk trap charges are clearly demonstrated.
Magnetic properties of some transition-metal Prussian Blue Analogs with composition M3[M'(C,N)6]2·xH2O

Abstract Magnetic data are reported for Prussian Blue Analogs (PBAs) of composition M 3 [M ′ (C,N) 6 ] 2 ·xH 2 O , where M = Mn, Co, Ni or Cu and M ′ = Cr, Fe or Co and x is the number of water molecules per unit cell. PBAs crystallize in cubic framework structures, which consist of alternating M III N 6 and M II C 6 octahedra. Occupancies of the octrahedra are not perfect: they may be empty and the charges are balanced by the oxygen atoms originating from guest water molecules at the lattice site ( C or N site) or the interstitial site (between the octahedrals) of the unit cell. Large crystal-field splittings due to the octrahedral environment results in a combination of low- or high-spin configurations of localized magnetic bivalent and trivalent 3d moments. The magnetic susceptibility of studied PBAs follows the Curie–Weiss behavior in the paramagnetic region up to room temperature. Moreover, the data provide evidence for a long-range magnetic ground state for most metal hexacyanochromates and all metal hexacyanoferrates, while hexacyanocobaltates remain paramagnetic down to the lowest temperature measured (2 K). For all compounds, the effective magnetic moments determined from experiments were found to be in reasonable agreement with predicted combinations of high- and low-spin moments.
Understanding Sponsored Search: The Future of Sponsored Search

As we go forward, I hope we’re going to continue to use technology to make really big differences in how people live and work. Sergey Brin, cofounder of Google. Hopefully, our framing shop’s products and services are matched to the desires and needs of the consumer market that our business is targeting, and our products are within the means of our consumers to purchase. However, the consumer market is an ever-shifting target. Technology changes drastically, altering our market analysis. Consumers may consider a product fashionable today but consider it out of fashion tomorrow. They may need a service today, but they may not need it when the context changes tomorrow. Needs of consumers are continually evolving as the array of products change. Competitors enter the market and often make our services obsolete or put price pressures on our business. Rarely does a business have a market to itself for any extended period of time.
Slave and servant housing in Charleston, 1770–1820

Studies of Charleston, South Carolina, architecture and archaeology tend to focus on the artifacts and landscapes of the city’s white populace. This essay builds on the growing wealth of archaeologically recovered African-American material culture and initiates a discussion on Charleston’s slave quarters and their settings.
Good Intentions: The Beliefs and Values of Teens and Tweens Today

Understanding the values of today’s teens and tweens and how they make decisions is crucial for all youth professionals. An excellent resource to assist youth professionals has been developed by the Girl Scout Research Institute and Harris Interactive. Good Intentions: The Beliefs and Values of Teens and Tweens highlights a national research study which explored the values of today’s youth as well as how they make decisions. The 52 page document shares significant findings from the research utilizing youth quotes, tables and diagrams. The work builds on a similar study commissioned by Girl Scouts USA in 1989 and shares an encouraging picture of today’s youth. Readers will find the results from this research to be of great value when developing youth programs.
Stroke: Stroke thrombolysis and thrombectomy-not stronger together?

Two studies have shown no added benefit of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke who are treated with mechanical thrombectomy. We review the importance and interpretation of these findings, compare them to the current guidelines on stroke thrombectomy, and discuss how these studies can change our daily clinical practice.
High-Resolution and Microscopic Imaging at High Field

The goal of improved spatial resolution in magnetic resonance imaging for better visualization of finer and finer structural details in the body is driven by a long tradition of microscopy in conventional anatomy. Centuries of anatomical studies have underscored the success with which the study of function and dysfunction can be complemented by the study of normal and pathological structure. Since relevant structures in the body span spatial scales from meters to the subcellular level, imaging technology has been pushed toward increasing resolution. Although there are solid motivations for imaging biological samples and small animal models with MR, a principal attraction of MR technology is the potential that advances in methodology can ultimately be adapted for use in living humans.
Flash Flood Risk and the Paradox of Urban Development

AbstractThis paper traces the historic development of flood risk and the antecedent conditions that contributed to the catastrophic consequences in central South Carolina as the result of the 2015 ...
A Curriculum to Teach Learners How to Develop and Present a Case Report.

Introduction Residents are required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to complete a scholarly project during residency, but they may not have dedicated time or instruction...
The Politics of Religious Defamation

Since the late 1990s, Muslim states have introduced resolutions banning the defamation of religion in the United Nations (UN). These resolutions have generated significant debate over their challenge to existing political rights and the potential for abuse by non-democratic regimes. They also present a puzzle, however: despite their genesis among Muslim states, almost half of the states supporting the resolutions are non-Muslim. This paper presents an institutional theory of religion and international relations to explain this phenomenon. Leaders in non-democratic states with extensive ties to religion have an incentive to adopt religious policies; support for the resolutions is thus driven in part by the efforts of nondemocratic regimes to maintain power by championing religious causes. The paper tests this theory through a mixed-method analysis, including quantitative tests of the relationship between religion-state connections and UN voting and a comparative cause study of Belarus and Malaysia. The paper contributes to the study of religion and politics; it also contributes to debates over international norm contestation and UN voting.
Performance Analysis of the Active Object Pattern in Middleware.

A number of enterprises are turning towards the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach for their systems due to the number of benefits it offers. A key enabling technology for the SOA-based approach is middleware, which comprises of reusable building blocks based on design patterns. These building blocks can be configured in numerous ways and the configuration options of a pattern can have a profound impact on system performance. A performance analysis methodology which can be used to assess this influence at design time can guide the selection of patterns and their configuration options and thus alleviate the possibility of performance problems arising later in the life cycle. This paper presents a model-based performance analysis methodology for a system built using the Active Object (AO) pattern. The AO pattern is chosen because it lies at the heart of an important class of producer/consumer and publish/subscribe systems. Central to the methodology is a queuing model which captures the internal architecture of an AO-based system. Using an implementation of the queuing model in CSIM, we illustrate the value of the methodology to guide the selection of configuration and provisioning options for a stock broker system.
Thermographic Characterization of Corrosion Using a Scanned Thermal Line Source

The recent developments have shown the advantages of the thermographic technique for the detection of corrosion and disbonds in aircraft structures[l–3]. These have typically involved the application of heat with an infrared source and imaging the induced temperature change with an infrared imager. This offers a rapid method for detecting corrosion and quantifying its extent in single layer structures. In these application, the heating and imaging components of the system remain stationary during the measurement cycle. Two disadvantages of this technique are the expense of the infrared imager and the large power requirement for the infrared heater.
Validating FSI Simulations in LS-DYNA 971 R7

The latest release of LS-DYNA includes a multi-physics solver that combines computational fluid dynamics and structural solvers. This capability is a new computational design tool for the automotive industry. One of the simplest ways to reduce weight and increase fuel efficiency is to trim unnecessary weight from the body panels which comprise the vehicle. However, body panels that are made too thin are susceptible to a phenomenon known as oil-canning under loads such as those encountered from typical automotive air dryers. Oil-canning is a complex phenomenon that can result in permanent deformation or the panel can snap back. Oil-canning is to be avoided, even if temporary, for customer satisfaction reasons. An experimental program is presented where automotive roof panels are placed in a custom test rig and loaded with a high velocity air jet to replicate the oil-canning phenomenon. Flow characterization is performed using an array of piezo-electric pressure sensors. Panel deformation is measured using three-dimensional digital image correlation. Experimental data will be used to determine the validity of the multi-physics solver as an engineering design tool.
Betriebswirtschaftliche Analyse und informationstechnische Umsetzung virtueller Produktionsnetzwerke

Analysiert man die Diskussion zukunftsorientierter Unternehmenskonzepte in der betriebswirtschaftlichen Literatur der letzten Jahre, wird man zunehmend mit Begriffen wie „virtuelles Unternehmen” bzw. „virtuelle Organisation” konfrontiert. Virtuelle Unternehmen konnen dabei als Netzwerke mehr oder weniger unabhangiger, spezialisierter Unternehmen verstanden werden. Ziel dieser Unternehmensform ist die Umsetzung zukunftsorientierter Managementphi- losophien, wie „Konzentration auf Kernkompetenzen”, „verteilte Produktion” oder „hochstmogliche Kundenorientierung”. Eine Klassifikation virtueller Unternehmen kann entsprechend ihrer institutionellen Einordnung zwischen den Polen Markt und Hierarchie auf Basis der Transaktionskostentheorie vorgenommen werden. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Art und Umfang der einzusetzenden Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme in erster Linie von der Spezifitat und Haufigkeit der Transaktionen abhangen. Ein weiterer Aspekt bei der Bildung virtueller Unternehmen betrifft die Ausgestaltung des unternehmerischen Zielsystems. Hierbei sind entsprechend dem Nachhaltigkeitsgrundsatz insbesondere okonomische und okologische Ziele zu berucksichtigen. Bei der Spezifikation des Zielkalkuls spielt die Strategie der einzelnen Unternehmen bezuglich der Gewichtung der genannten Kriterien eine zentrale Rolle. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Strategien untersucht, die rein okonomische Ziele (reaktives Verhalten) als auch rein okologische Ziele (proaktives Verhalten) verbinden. Exemplarisch wird ein virtuelles Unternehmen aus dem Bereich der Textilindustrie untersucht, bei dem die Stoff- und Energieflusse neben technischen Gegebenheiten hauptsachlich von der Zuordnung der Auftrage zu den einzelnen Unternehmen des Netzwerks abhangen. Die okonomischen Zielsetzungen betreffen hierbei die Maximierung des Deckungsbeitrags, die okologischen Zielsetzungen die Minimierung der Emissionen der beteiligten Unternehmen. Die Implementierung des untersuchten Produktionsnetzwerks erfolgt auf einem dezentralen Koordinationsmechanismus in Form eines Multi-Agenten Systems. Dabei wird die Gewichtung der okonomischen und okologischen Zielsetzungen durch Unternehmensagenten auf Basis eines Goal Programming-Ansatzes umgesetzt.
Parental-reported neurodevelopmental issues in Loeys-Dietz syndrome.

Abstract Background Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a congenital multisystem disorder affecting the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system. Limited data have reported neurodevelopmental (ND) issues in LDS. Aims To determine the extent of ND issues in patients with LDS. Methods A prospective study was performed of LDS patients or their caregivers. The study included data collected via an online survey of age-specific questions. Standard statistical methods were used for baseline and demographic characteristics, as well as group comparisons. Outcomes Data were obtained from 67 patients with LDS (54% female). Median age was 14.9 years. Gene mutations included TGFBR1 (39%), TGFBR2 (40%), SMAD3 (7%), and unknown (14%). Motor delays (30%, 18/61) and hypotonia (63%, 37/60) occurred frequently. Physical (62%, 39/62), occupational (41%, 23/56), and speech therapies (34%, 20/58) were common. Feeding issues were common (41%, 23/56). TGFBR1 mutations were more frequent among those with motor delays and feeding issues. Conclusions Patients with LDS and/or their caregivers report at least one ND problem in most cases, and many require therapies. These data suggest ND disorders should be considered to be part of the phenotype.
Intensity of end-of life-care in children with cancer: A population-based study.

10574Background: There is growing evidence that adult oncology patients who know they are dying choose less intense care. Further, high intensity care is associated with worse caregiver outcomes. L...
Investigation on the Cultivation Conditions of a Newly Isolated Fusarium Fungal Strain for Enhanced Lipid Production

Fusarium equiseti UMN-1 fungal strain isolated from soybean is selected as a potential oleaginous fungal strain for biodiesel generation. It possesses desirable features, such as high lipid content (up to 56%) and high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content (more than 98%) in total lipids, and also has the capability to produce cellulase. This research focused on the investigation of the characteristics of this strain and optimization of culture conditions to enhance lipid production. Impact of temperature, agitation, C/N ratio, medium composition, and carbon and nitrogen sources has been observed, and central composite design (CCD) has been applied to improve the lipid accumulation. The optimum range for temperature, agitation, C/N ratio, and carbon and nitrogen concentrations was discovered, and the CCD model with the optimized growth medium and growth conditions achieved a maximum lipid production of 3.89 g/L. This research on F. equiseti UMN-1 fungal strain is expected to improve the feasibility of using microbial lipids of F. equiseti UMN-1 strains as the source of biofuels.
Post-Glycosylation Diversification (PGD): An Approach for Assembling Collections of Glycosylated Small Molecules.

Many small molecule natural products with antibiotic and antiproliferative activity are adorned with a carbohydrate residue as part of their molecular structure. The carbohydrate moiety can act to mediate key interactions with the target, attenuate physicochemical properties, or both. Facile incorporation of a carbohydrate group on de novo small molecules would enable these valuable properties to be leveraged in the evaluation of focused compound libraries. While there is no universal way to incorporate a sugar on small molecule libraries, techniques such as glycorandomization and neoglycorandomization have made signification headway toward this goal. Here, we report a new approach for the synthesis of glycosylated small molecule libraries. It puts the glycosylation early in the synthesis of library compounds. Functionalized aglycones subsequently participate in chemoselective diversification reactions distal to the carbohydrate. As a proof-of-concept, we prepared several desosaminyl glycosides from only ...
Computational in Vitro Toxicology Uncovers Chemical Structures Impairing Mitochondrial Membrane Potential.

Technological advances in molecular biology have enabled high-throughput screening (HTS) of large chemical libraries. These approaches have provided valuable toxicity data for many physiological responses, including mitochondrial dysfunction. While several quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models have been developed for mitochondrial dysfunction, there remains a need to identify specific chemical features associated with this response. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify chemical structures associated with altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). To achieve this, we developed computational models to examine the relationship between specific chemotypes (e.g., ToxPrints) and bioactivity in ToxCast/Tox21 HTS assays for altered MMP. The analysis revealed that the “bond:COH_alcohol_aromatic”, “bond:COH_alcohol_aromatic_phenol”, and “ring:aromatic_benzene” ToxPrints had the highest average correlations (phi coefficient) with ToxCast/Tox21 assay component endpoints for decr...
Moral Development in Business Ethics: An Examination and Critique

The field of behavioral ethics has seen considerable growth over the last few decades. One of the most significant concerns facing this interdisciplinary field of research is the moral judgment-action gap. The moral judgment-action gap is the inconsistency people display when they know what is right but do what they know is wrong. Much of the research in the field of behavioral ethics is based on (or in response to) early work in moral psychology and American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg’s foundational cognitive model of moral development. However, Kohlberg’s model of moral development lacks a compelling explanation for the judgment-action gap. Yet, it continues to influence theory, research, teaching, and practice in business ethics today. As such, this paper presents a critical review and analysis of the pertinent literature. This paper also reviews modern theories of ethical decision making in business ethics. Gaps in our current understanding and directions for future research in behavioral business ethics are presented. By providing this important theoretical background information, targeted critical analysis, and directions for future research, this paper assists management scholars as they begin to seek a more unified approach, develop newer models of ethical decision making, and conduct business ethics research that examines the moral judgment-action gap.
Mixing it up: the biological significance of hybrid skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal muscle fibers are classified according to the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and other myofibrillar proteins expressed within these cells. In addition to 'pure' fibers expressing single MHC isoforms, many fibers are 'hybrids' that co-express two or more different isoforms of MHC or other myofibrillar proteins. Although hybrid fibers have been recognized by muscle biologists for more than three decades, uncertainty persists about their prevalence in normal muscles, their role in fiber-type transitions, and what they might tell us about fiber-type regulation at the cellular and molecular levels. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the relative abundance of hybrid fibers in a variety of muscles from different species. Data from more than 150 muscles from 39 species demonstrate that hybrid fibers are common, frequently representing 25% or more of the fibers in normal muscles. Hybrid fibers appear to have two main roles: (1) they function as intermediates during the fiber-type transitions associated with skeletal muscle development, adaptation to exercise and aging; and (2) they provide a functional continuum of fiber phenotypes, as they possess physiological properties that are intermediate to those of pure fiber types. One aspect of hybrid fibers that is not widely recognized is that fiber-type asymmetries - such as dramatic differences in the MHC composition along the length of single fibers - appear to be a common aspect of many fibers. The final section of this Review examines the possible role of differential activities of nuclei in different myonuclear domains in establishing fiber-type asymmetries.
The Prediction of Stock Index Movements Based on Machine Learning

With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence technology, different methods from other subjects have been used in predicting stock market movement and the stock prices. In this paper, 11 technical indicators were calculated to predict the stock index movements using two machine learning technics. S&P 500 is a stock market index that measures the stock performance in the United States, from Jan 2004 to Dec 2018. The results showed that Random Forest is superior to Support Vector Machine in both training and test sets. Several technical trend indicators we calculated here, such as WILLR, BBANDS, CCI, CMO and MACD, play a significant role in prediction of index movements based on Random Forest. This paper provides a fundamental framework in studying the prediction of stock movements by Artificial Intelligence.
Cyber-Physical Systems for Micro-/Nano-assembly Operations: a Survey

Latest requirements of the global market force manufacturing systems to a change for a new production paradigm (Industry 4.0). Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) appear as a solution to be deployed in different manufacturing fields, especially those with high added value and technological complexity, high product variants, and short time to market. In this sense, this paper aims at reviewing the introduction level of CPS technologies in micro/nano-manufacturing and how these technologies could cope with these challenging manufacturing requirements. The introduction of CPS is still in its infancy on many industrial applications, but it actually demonstrates its potential to support future manufacturing paradigm. However, only few research works in micro/nano-manufacturing considered CPS frameworks, since the concept barely appeared a decade ago. Some contributions have revealed the potential of CPS technologies to improve manufacturing performance which may be scaled to the micro/nano-manufacturing. IoT-based frameworks with VR/AR technologies allow distributed and collaborative systems, or agent-based architectures with advance algorithm implementations that improve the flexibility and performance of micro-/nano-assembly operations. Future research of CPS in micro-/nano-assembly operations should be followed by more studies of its technical deployment showing its implications under other perspectives, i.e. sustainable, economic, and social point of views, to take full advance of all its features.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo in Children and Adolescents With Concussion.

Background:Dizziness after concussion is primarily attributed to effects on the brain, but traumatic inner ear disorders can also contribute. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common...
Describing and Controlling Multivariate Nonlinear Dynamics: A Boolean Network Approach.

We introduce a discrete-time dynamical system method, the Boolean network method, that may be useful for modeling, studying, and controlling nonlinear dynamics in multivariate systems, particularly...
Plasmonic Point-of-Care Device for Sepsis Biomarker Detection

The need for point-of-care (POC) devices for detecting the onset of sepsis has become critical since sepsis is one of the most prevalent causes of deaths worldwide in non-coronary intensive care units at the hospitals. Every one hour delay in exercising proper medication can lead to an exponential rise in mortality. Motivated by this, we propose a POC device for sepsis biomarker detection, which will complement traditional blood culture-based techniques for easy and quicker diagnosis and monitoring of sepsis state. The working principle of the device is based on amalgamation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology with microfluidics. The sensing chip consists of a gold and graphene oxide coated patterned array of periodic nanoposts to detect target biomarker molecules in a limited sample volume. The nanoposts are functionalized with specific receptor molecules that serve as a nanostructured plasmonic crystal for SPR-based bio-sensing via the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. The sensitivity of the device to one of the known sepsis biomarkers, Pro-calcitonin (PCT), was found to be 0.0643 a.u./ pg.ml−1 at lower concentration and 0.0224 a.u./ pg.ml−1 at higher concentration, and a LOD of 1.22 pg.ml−1. The sensor chip provides an opportunity to dynamically measure antigen-antibody bindings and the soft-lithography based sensor manufacturing technology provides high reproducibility of the sensor response to PCT molecules even at a picomolar level. The microfluidics-based platform provides potential for future integration with other microfluidic devices viz. plasma separator for separating the PCT-sized molecules to enable blood sample measurements
Health disparities, race, and the global pandemic of COVID-19: The demise of Black Americans

Abstract This article examines the chronic health conditions of African Americans who experience disparities because of poverty, low literacy, and cultural practices that affect decisions about food, nutrition, and health care. It will examine governmental policies, for example, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) (Artiga et al., 2020), and how these policies contribute to health and wellbeing of people from low-income communities. Furthermore, it explores the overrepresented deaths among African Americans and other communities of color resulting from the pandemic?deaths that result from co-existing health conditions and the inability to afford immediate care.
Germicidal ultraviolet LEDs: a review of applications and semiconductor technologies

Ultraviolet LEDs are one of the most promising technologies for preventing future pandemics, improving health outcomes, and disinfecting water sources. Currently available UV LEDs emitting in the conventional germicidal wavelength range (254 nm – 285 nm) have efficiencies below 5% and cost about 100 times more (per watt) than mercury vapor lamps. On the other hand, germicidal UV LEDs provide many advantages over vapor lamps including instant-on and dimmable functionality, wavelength tunability, miniaturization, and durability, and are already in widespread use for certain applications. It is expected that III-nitride based UV LEDs will soon have similar cost and efficiency to white LEDs and will become the dominant germicidal light source within this decade. Unlike vapor discharge lamps, LEDs have theoretical efficiency limits approaching 100%; the challenges to improving UV LED efficiency are not fundamental, but technological. Improvements in material quality, chemical purity, electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and fabrication technologies are needed. In this review, we outline the major challenges in each of these areas and summarize the recent advances that have enabled rapid improvements in UV LED efficiency within the past five years. We discuss the physical principles underlying the mechanisms of improved efficiency, and comment on likely future trends in UV LED design and commercialization.
Trade-off between cost of traceability within a small and large commercial meat plant and economic benefits of reducing the number of recalls and size of recalls

Is the benefit of reducing the size or probability of a recall worth the cost of the system? Recalls have the potential to incur large cost associated with loss of product, negative publicity, and legal judgments. A model including the cost of traceability, probability that a recall occurs, costs associated with a recall, and severity of recall events is simulated using a random draw of probability and average size from a given distribution for both a 400 head per day and a 5,000 head per day beef plant. For a small plant, it was estimated that the reduction in size of recall by 77 percent is required to breakeven while a greater than 99 percent reduction in probability is required. For a large plant, the breakeven point plant is found at a 7 percent reduction in size of a recall and 15 percent reduction in the probability of a recall.
Assessing neuronal synchronization properties using spike time response methods

Synchronous neuronal activity is prominent in mammalian hippocampal formation, and is believed to be necessary for the structure's role in episodic memory (memory about events). We are studying the "rules" by which synchronization occurs in the hippocampal formation, using approaches that focus on how controlled synaptic inputs affect spike timing in postsynaptic neurons. We measure these spike time response (STR) relationships and use them to predict whether a mutually-coupled population of such neurons would be expected to phase lock, and if so, at what phase. We show that STR relationships are consistent for identified cell types. We verify predicted phase relationships from STR measurements in hybrid neuronal networks, composed of one or more biological neurons, coupled with each other or with in silicon counterparts. The degree to which predictions from STR methods can be generalized depends on a number of simplifications (e.g., the degree of linearity of STRs). Preliminary results indicate that STRs are linear, and thus that our predictions can be generalized to a host of conditions.
Comparison of beam selection and antenna selection techniques in indoor MIMO systems at 5.8 GHz

The comparison of beam selection and antenna selection techniques in conjunction with the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) architecture is provided for measured channels. The channels, captured on a 3D MIMO measurement system based on the virtual antenna array technology, are centered at 5.8 GHz with a frequency span of 500 MHz. Both flat- and frequency-selective fading are considered. The selection techniques can be applied to either the transmit end or both ends of the communication links, and both cases are considered. Shannon capacity is employed as the comparison criterion throughout the paper. The presence of the line-of-sight (LOS), and the correlation of interference are shown to impact the performances of both kinds of selection techniques. The use of beams does not eliminate the need for stream control, which is the regulation of the number of data streams when MIMO links interfere. The results show that in the indoor environment, the beam selection is only slightly better than the antenna selection in both narrowband and wideband channels when stream control is used. However, without stream control, beam selection offers a significant improvement over antenna selection.
Engineering the Object-relation Database Model in O-Raid

Raid is a distributed database system based on the relational model. O-Raid is an extension of the Raid system and will support complex data objects. The design of O-Raid is evolutionary and retains all features of relational data base systems and those of a general purpose object-oriented programming language. O-Raid has several novel properties. Objects, classes, and inheritance are supported together with a predicate-based relational query language. O-Raid objects are compatible with C++ objects and may be read and manipulated by a C++ program without any “impedance mismatch”. Relations and columns within relations may themselves be treated as objects with associated variables and methods. Relations may contain heterogeneous objects, that is, objects of more than one class in a certain column, which can individually evolve by being reclassified. Special facilities are provided to reduce the data search in a relation containing complex objects. The implementation of O-Raid extends the implementation of an existing distributed relational system called Raid.
Polyethylene contact stress and knee condylar design

Successful reconstruction of the knee involves appropriate patient selection, implant design, implant material and surgical technique. Although the performance and longevity of these arthroplasties continues to improve, their performance is not as long-lasting as we have come to expect from total hip arthroplasty. The work reported in this study depicts the preliminary results of the effect of femoral component varus/valgus position and flexion position using a real-time computerized pressure mapping system (TekScan) for three designs with different geometric congruities.
Tourism research in the United States: a geographic perspective

The nature of tourism geography research in the United States is characterized by seven factors. First, research is not concentrated on a few topics of interest but rather is very diverse. Second, there is no research paradigm to influence the direction of investigations. Third, examination of tourism tends to stress the unique case rather than the general situation. Fourth, studies that replicate and/or verify original findings are not common. Fifth, the complexity of the tourism experience and the lack of data bases partially explain ideographic tendencies. Sixth, efforts to produce an understanding of the spatial aspects of tourism are primarily conducted by individuals and small groups. Seventh, emphasis is placed on domestic rather than international tourism. In conclusion, four future trends are noted. One, research that has been expanding rapidly will continue to increase but at a slower rate. Two, improved technology and methods of collecting information will make available large data sets for the assessment of tourism trends at international, national, regional, and state levels. Three, increased needs for useful research findings will result in more theoretical and applied investigations. Four, tourism geographers will engage in increased amounts of interdisciplinary research and begin to associate more and more with other social scientists in the examination of tourism.