cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytological changes related to maturation of the organ of Corti and opening of Corti's tunnel.

Abstract Maturation of the organ of Corti in the gerbil was analyzed between 2 and 16 days after birth (DAB) by electron microscopy and immunostaining for β-tubulin. At 2 DAB, the organ of Corti consisted of stratified epithelium bearing immature sensory hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells. Maturation of OHCs and Deiters cells progressed in a medial-to-lateral direction and cytoskeletal development in inner pillar cells preceded that in outer pillar cells at the single location studied along the frequency-place map. Pillar cell differentiation progressed through a unique stage characterized by the appearance and stratification of structural features apparently concerned with opening of Corti's tunnel and subsequently showed other structural changes related to maturity toward the adult form. Development of the microtubule cytoskeleton occurred first in the cell's apex and proceeded basally. Ruffling of a middle region of the cell surface by microvilli appeared to promote separation between inner and outer pillar cells and initiate tunnel opening at 4 DAB. Proliferation of distended cisternae of granular reticulum evidenced proteinaceous secretion by these cells between 4 and 8 DAB. Subsequent tunnel expansion at about 14 DAB coincided with appearance in outer pillar cells of tubulocisternal endoplasmic reticulum and associated Golgi complexes that are thought to mediate fluid and ion secretion. Sixteen days postnatally after disappearance of granular and tubulocisternal reticula and Golgi complexes and at the time of clearing of tunnel fluid, lysosomes interpreted as mediating catabolism of endocytosed protein congregated beneath the apicala nd apicolateral plasmalemmae of inner pillar cells. As with pillar cells, development of the microtubule system in Deiters cells proceeded from the cell's apex to base. Following differentiation of their microtubule system by 8 DAB, Deiters cells showed expansion of Golgi cisternae between 10 and 15 DAB and development of tubulocisternal endoplasmic reticulum at 15 DAB. Hair cells possessed abundant, distinctively large mitochondria from 4 to 10 DAB. The subsurface cisternae matured earlier in medial as opposed to lateral outer hair cells. Vesicles budding from underlying cisternae appeared associated with development of subsurface cisternae and at 16 DAB were still observed in third row but not in more mature first row HCs.
Trauma Symptoms Among Urban African American Young Adolescents: A Study of Daily Experience

Daily emotional and attentional factors may be associated with the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in youth. This study obtained information about the varied daily psychological and emotional experiences of 224 urban African American sixth grade students in low-income communities in Chicago. Data were collected using the Experience Sampling Method. PTS symptoms predicted daily reports of aggression, anxiety, and difficulty paying attention as well as the variability in daily reports of aggression, anxiety, difficulty paying attention, support, and safety among youth. The effects of the PTS subscales (numbing, avoidance, dissociation, intrusion, and hyperarousal) on the daily psychological and emotional experiences of the youth were also examined.
Dietary carbohydrate type and fat saturation independently regulate hepatic cholesterol and LDL metabolism in guinea pigs

The interactive effects of dietary fat saturation and carbohydrate (CHO) type on hepatic cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism were investigated in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were fed 50.8 g/100 g CHO and 7.5 g/100 g fat. The type of CHO was either sucrose or starch. The fat source was a mixture either high in lauric/myristic (SFA), oleic (MUFA), or linoleic (PUFA) acids. SFA intake resulted in a 50% higher plasma cholesterol and apo B concentrations compared with MUFA or PUFA intake (P < 0.001). Guinea pigs from the sucrose groups had 20% higher plasma cholesterol and apo B concentrations than those from the starch group (P < 0.01). Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations were highest in animals fed starch and SFA. However, guinea pigs fed starch with MUFA or PUFA had lower plasma TAG than those fed sucrose with the same type of fat (P < 0.05). Animals fed starch diets had higher concentrations of hepatic free cholesterol (FC) than those fed sucrose. Hepatic acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was higher in guinea pigs fed starch and SFA diets in agreement with higher concentrations of hepatic FC observed in these animals. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity was higher in guinea pigs fed sucrose and animals fed SFA with starch had the lowest reductase activity (P< 0.01). Animals fed starch with MUFA or PUFA had 100% higher hepatic LDL receptor number (Bmax) compared with animals fed SFA. An interactive effect between CHO type and fat saturation was found because animals fed starch with MUFA had the highest and animals fed starch with SFA had the lowest LDL receptor number (P < 0.02). These studies demonstrate that SFA and sucrose intake independently increase plasma cholesterol and TAG levels by specific alterations in hepatic cholesterol metabolism associated with production and catabolism of lipoproteins. In addition, there was a beneficial effect between MUFA, PUFA, and starch because intake of these nutrients resulted in lower plasma cholesterol and TAG levels in guinea pigs.
VASCULAR K + CHANNELS MEDIATE THE PULMONARY VASODILATION CAUSED BY ADENOSINE IN FETAL LAMBS. 438

VASCULAR K + CHANNELS MEDIATE THE PULMONARY VASODILATION CAUSED BY ADENOSINE IN FETAL LAMBS. 438
System architecture for Dynamic Mission Services Orchestrator (DMSO)

Within a cost-constrained economic environment, the DoD, government agencies, and commercial businesses seek to maximize mission capacity by sharing services across mission segments over an integrated infrastructure using a common mission control system. To accomplish this goal, a new technique is required to orchestrate the execution of existing and emerging mission services. The Dynamic Mission Services Orchestrator (DMSO) provides an architecture, realized through a novel algorithm, to orchestrate the application of mission services in both near-real-time and real-time environments across diverse mission segments. This capability enables the addition of new mission services and accommodates existing mission services representing significant legacy investment. DMSO controls the number of services and the timing for when these services are introduced in each mission phase. DMSO relieves mission operators and analysts from doing so manually and thereby increases their mission capacity.
Palliation of Esophageal Carcinoma with Intraluminal Tubes: Experience with 30 Patients

Abstract Between 1968 and 1978, 26 patients with carcinomas of the thoracic esophagus and 4 with adenocarcinomas involving the esophagogastric junction were treated by the insertion of indwelling intraluminal (endoesophageal) tubes. Four different types of tube were inserted by the pull-through technique. Thirteen of the 30 patients died in the hospital within 30 days. However, among the 20 patients who did not have neoplasms of the upper third of the thoracic esophagus or who had not had a prior resection, only 5 died. The principal cause of death was aspiration pneumonia. Survival averaged 2.5 months. Four patients survived 5 to 7 months. Deglutition was adequate in most patients but was not as satisfactory as after esophagogastrectomy. Our best results were obtained in patients with carcinoma of the middle or lower third of the esophagus, with or without an esophagorespiratory fistula, who had not had a previous resection.
Panitumumab safety for treating colorectal cancer

Introduction: Panitumumab is a human IgG2 mAb against the EGFR, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. It has demonstrated clinical efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) in combination with chemotherapy in first- and second-line settings and as monotherapy in third-line setting. Recently, mutations in the RAS genes have been shown to be predictive of lack of efficacy, panitumumab should be restricted to patients with RAS wild-type (wt) tumors. Areas covered: This review focuses on main efficacy results of panitumumab in metastatic CRC in first-, second- and third-line settings in combination with chemotherapy or as monotherapy. Additionally, we have covered safety aspects of this agent in these indications, especially in K-RAS and all RAS wt patients. These safety aspects refer to the most common toxicities (i.e., acne-like skin rash, diarrhea and hypomagnesaemia). Expert opinion: Panitumumab adds to the armamentarium of effective agents in the treatment of metastatic CRC...
What's New in Mormon History: A Response to Jan Shipps

No one is better qualified to comment on the state of Mormon history than Jan Shipps. Not only has she been an observer of the Mormon historiographical scene for half a cen tury; she has been one of the most vigorous and influential participants. Her Mormonism broke new ground in the conceptualization of the Mormon past. I meant it when I said for the dust jacket: "This may be the most brilliant book ever written on Mormonism." She is to be believed when she says Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling stands squarely in the tradition of the new Mormon history.1 Shipps did not have the space to say more about the book's place in the other major current in Mormon intellectual life: apologetics. She knows full well the major role played by the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (farms, now absorbed into the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship) at Brigham Young Univer sity, whose mission is to demonstrate the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon and to defend the faith wherever it is attacked. Like farms, the Foundation for Apolo getic Information and Research (fair), an independent organization comprising zealous amateurs and professional academics, sponsors conferences, runs a Web site, and tries to answer virtually every criticism of Mormon claims.2 In addition to these insitutionalized operations, scores of Mormon writers and thinkers collect evidence in support of Joseph Smith and the Book of Mormon. Situating Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rollingin the Mor mon apologetic tradition may serve to round out Shipps's illuminating analysis of the book's location in the new Mormon history. One might expect Mormon apologetics to be closely linked to the new Mormon his tory: both focus on the history of Joseph Smith. Mormon apologists seek to authenticate the miraculous beginnings of Mormonism; the new Mormon history recounts that story along with everything else that happened in Mormonism over the century and three quarters of its existence. As has been frequently observed, Mormonism is less a set of doc trines than a collection of stories. Apologetics and history writing necessarily overlap. In reality, however, the two developed in quite different environments with quite dif ferent outcomes. In her opening sentence, Shipps describes the cultural circumstance from which the new Mormon history emerged. It came about "just as Mormonism itself was moving in from the margins to find a place on the American religious landscape as
Mast cells to the defense

Mast cells are not only important in IgE-associated disorders but also contribute to host defense against bacteria. One way they do this is by enhancing T cell recruitment and lymph node enlargement during bacterial infection.
Predictors of Adverse Events After Parotidectomy A Review of 2919 Cases

Objective:There is a current paucity of large-scale, multi-institutional studies that explore the risk factors for major complications following parotidectomy.Methods:The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program participant use file was reviewed to identify all patients who had undergone parotidectomy between 2006 and 2011. Risk factors that predicted adverse events were estimated by using multivariate logistic regression.Results:Of 2919 included patients, 202 patients experienced adverse outcomes within the first 30 days of surgery. These included surgical complications in 76 (2.6%) patients; medical complications in 90 (3.1%) patients; death in 7 (0.2%) patients; and reoperation in 77 (2.6%) patients. Predictors of any complication included disseminated cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-4.95; P = .036) and increasing total relative value units (OR = 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02; P = .027). Active smoking was a major risk factor for surgical c...
Application of the Loughborough Construction Accident Causation model: a framework for organizational learning

In order for the construction industry to improve its poor safety performance it needs to learn from its safety mistakes and put the lessons learned to good use. Incident investigation theories and techniques vary widely in the peer-reviewed literature. The Loughborough Construction Accident Causation (ConAC) model was applied to State Department of Transportation construction accidents, and is proposed as a tool to facilitate organizational learning in the construction industry. Details of the methodology utilized are described so that it can be duplicated in research and in practice. By investigating 27 DOT construction incidents, the research demonstrates how the model can be used both in research and in practice. The model yielded 6.63 causes/factors/influences identified per incident, and correlated the causes to determine relationships. Incident causality is complex and multi-faceted. The Loughborough model facilitates a holistic view of incident causality and thus organizational learning.
Characterization of crystals of type 5 adenovirus hexon.

Abstract Tetrahedral crystals of type 5 adenovirus hexon have been studied by X-ray diffraction. The crystals belong to the cubic space group P213 with a = b = c = 149.9 A . The protein in the asymmetric unit probably represents one-third of a hexon. These crystals differ from the description of the tetrahedral crystals of type 5 adenovirus hexon reported by Macintyre, Pereira & Russell (1969) but are isomorphous with the bipyramidal-shaped crystals of type 2 adenovirus hexon studied by Franklin, Pettersson, Akervall, Strandberg & Philipson (1971).
Evolution of the decay modes of 158Yb with spin

Abstract The decay of the entry states in 158 Yb populated in the reactions of 149 MeV 20 Ne with 144,146 Nd has been investigated with the Spin Spectrometer gated by a Ge counter. The average excitation energy, the γ -ray spectra and the angular distributions as a function of multiplicity suggest a region of non-collective behavior at low spin. At higher spin collective characteristics are apparent, but between I ≈40 and 49 a strong stretched dipole component is seen. Above I ≈49 no additional dipole transitions are observed. These characteristics are discussed in terms of recent calculations.
Thermophysics of metal alkanoates. Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of potassiumn-hexanoate from temperatures from 6 K to 600 K. VIII☆

Abstract The heat capacity morphology of potassium n -hexanoate from T = 6 K to T = 350 K was determined by equilibrium adiabatic calorimetry and by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) from T = 300 K to T = 635 K. The curve was characterized by peaks assumed to be associated with solid → solid first order transformations at about T = 252.5 K and T = 325 K. A much sharper transition, also considered to be first order was observed at T = 497 K. Fusion was observed at T = 548 K. Tabulated experimental molar heat capacities and adjuvant smoothed thermodynamic functions derived by integration therefrom are presented at selected temperatures.
Solvothermal in situ ligand synthesis through disulfide cleavage: 3D (3,4)-connected and 2D square-grid-type coordination polymers.

Two novel coordination polymers, Cu3(4-pyt)3 (1) and Co(4-pyt)2 (2) (4-pyt = pyridine-4-thiolate), have been synthesized by in situ generation of a 4-pyt ligand from a 4,4‘-dithiodipyridine precursor through reductive cleavage of the disulfide bond under solvothermal conditions. 1 and 2 exhibit a three-dimensional (3,4)-connected network and a two-dimensional square-grid-type structure, respectively.
Reciprocal interactions between olfactory receptor axons and olfactory nerve glia cultured from the developing moth Manduca sexta

Abstract In olfactory systems, neuron–glia interactions have been implicated in the growth and guidance of olfactory receptor axons. In the moth Manduca sexta, developing olfactory receptor axons encounter several types of glia as they grow into the brain. Antennal nerve glia are born in the periphery and enwrap bundles of olfactory receptor axons in the antennal nerve. Although their peripheral origin and relationship with axon bundles suggest that they share features with mammalian olfactory ensheathing cells, the developmental roles of antennal nerve glia remain elusive. When cocultured with antennal nerve glial cells, olfactory receptor growth cones readily advance along glial processes without displaying prolonged changes in morphology. In turn, olfactory receptor axons induce antennal nerve glial cells to form multicellular arrays through proliferation and process extension. In contrast to antennal nerve glia, centrally derived glial cells from the axon sorting zone and antennal lobe never form arrays in vitro, and growth-cone glial-cell encounters with these cells halt axon elongation and cause permanent elaborations in growth cone morphology. We propose that antennal nerve glia play roles similar to olfactory ensheathing cells in supporting axon elongation, yet differ in their capacity to influence axon guidance, sorting, and targeting, roles that could be played by central olfactory glia in Manduca.
Utilization of a commercially supplied synchrotron radiation source

Abstract Louisiana State University (LSU) is developing the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices [1] (CAMD) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The centerpiece of CAMD will be a 1.2 GeV electron storage ring [2] purchased from Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. The high-tech building for CAMD has been designed by TECH-IV [3] of Baton Rouge with engineering support from Lester B. Knight and Associates [4] of Chicago. The storage ring has been optimized for X-ray lithography. The procedures developed at CAMD for printing integrated circuits may well be of significant importance to US competitiveness in semiconductor and related industries. However, the spectral range of the ring also supports scientific and engineering activities in several other areas.
Spectral Interpolation on 3 × 3 Stencils for Prediction and Compression

Many scientific, imaging, and geospatial applications produce large high-precision scalar fields sampled on a regular grid. Lossless compression of such data is commonly done using predictive coding, in which weighted combinations of previously coded samples known to both encoder and decoder are used to predict subsequent nearby samples. In hierarchical, incremental, or selective transmission, the spatial pattern of the known neighbors is often irregular and varies from one sample to the next, which precludes prediction based on a single stencil and fixed set of weights. To handle such situations and make the best use of available neighboring samples, we propose a local spectral predictor that offers optimal prediction by tailoring the weights to each configuration of known nearby samples. These weights may be precomputed and stored in a small lookup table. We show through several applications that predictive coding using our spectral predictor improves compression for various sources of high-precision data.
Old dogs: new tricks, old tricks, or no tricks.

tively referred to as “old dogs.” In some instances, the designation may be a term of endearment: in others, a term of derision. Virtually every chairperson must face the dilemma of dealing with these senior staff members. His or her decision will be based primarily on how productive the senior radiologist is. I have had the unique opportunity to practice radiology over the past 27 years in both full-time academic practice as well as in private practice at a large teaching hospital. These experiences have allowed me the opportunity to observe many senior radiologists and how they fit into their respective departments. Senior radiologists generally fall into three categories. In the first category is the individual who continues to carry a full clinical or teaching load. These radiologists seem ageless. remain full of vigor, and perform at the same level of practice that they did in their younger years. In an academic environment, these individuals are generally popular with the residents and junior faculty and are often sought out for their opinions and experience. In private practice, they frequently perform the lion’s share of general diagnostic radiology. These ageless individuals, like the Energizer (Eveready Battery, St. Louis, MO) rabbit, just keep “going and going and going.” Unfortunately. this group is the smallest ofthe three. The second group of senior radiologists is the exact opposite of the first. In the academic setting, these individuals are generally tenured full professors. They know that they have nothing to gain by doing further research or by writing papers. They feel that they have paid their dues and are. therefore, entitled to rest on their laurels and have a smaller teaching and service load. In private practice, these individuals characteristically read fewer films, take longer lunch breaks, and, in some instances. may have more vacation time. This group of radiologists, fortunately, is also in the minority. Most senior radiologists are found in the last group. They recognize that their priorities. and perhaps their abilities, have changed over the years. Nonetheless, these radiologists have adapted to these changes. Let us now look at the specific ways this adaptation occurs in both academia and private practice. In academia, most senior radiologists are tenured full professors. They are no longer concerned with the publish-or-perish doctrine that still exists in many academic institutions. These radiologists may realize that they no longer have the physical stamina often required for basic research, or they may no longer have the desire. However, they fully recognize the necessity for research to be performed by other members of the fitculty. They understand the three basic requirements of their profession (research. service, and teaching) and are willing to shill their emphasis from research to service and teaching. Furthermore. these radiologists add two further qualities to their profession by guiding (“mentoring”) junior faculty, residents. and fellows and by setting the example.
Who Speaks for Women? Print Media Portrayals of Feminist and Conservative Women's Advocacy

Feminists have frequently accused media outlets of not giving them enough coverage and/or portraying them negatively. Conversely, conservative women have argued that media suffer from liberal biases. While some studies have addressed the larger question of media and ideological prejudices, none have examined how media report women's activism in comparative terms. Since feminist and conservative women's organizations vie with one another over who represents women's interests, how media portray them has implications for how well they achieve this goal. Using data gathered from four major national newspapers, this study analyzes how print journalists depict feminist and conservative women's activism over a 14-year span. In so doing, it provides information about frequency of media coverage, as well as how advocates are labeled, on which issues they are getting visibility, and whether or not media present feminist and conservative women's organizations as being in direct conflict with each other. Implications...
The influence of lack of oxygen on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and on infected Australorbis glabratus

Abstract Anaerobic studies were made both on the cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and on Australorbis glabratus infected with that parasite. Although infected snails withstood 6 hours under anaerobic conditions most of them died when kept anaerobically for 16 hours, indicating that the presence of the infection makes them more susceptible to damage from lack of oxygen than uninfected snails. Shed of cercariae from infected snails was greatly reduced under anaerobic conditions and most freshly shed cercariae died rapidly when deprived of oxygen. Nevertheless, snails held anaerobically for 6, and even 16 hours shed normal cercariae when returned to an aerobic environment indicating that, although the free cercariae cannot survive without oxygen, those in the snail can. Cercariae shed by snails after they had been kept anaerobically for 4 hours were as infective for mice as were cercariae from normal snails. Five percent of oxygen in the environment permitted normal shed and survival of cercariae. On the other hand, at 0.7% oxygen the shed of cercariae was greatly reduced but freshly shed cercariae were not damaged. Infected snails stored less polysaccharide than uninfected ones. In anaerobic experiments, the molar ratio between polysaccharide consumed and carbon dioxide and volatile acids produced differed from that observed in uninfected snails. The anaerobic metabolic level of both infected and uninfected snails of the Dominican strain was higher than that of snails of the Puerto Rican strain.
Optimizing pixel predictors for steganalysis

A standard way to design steganalysis features for digital images is to choose a pixel predictor, use it to compute a noise residual, and then form joint statistics of neighboring residual samples (co-occurrence matrices). This paper proposes a general data-driven approach to optimizing predictors for steganalysis. First, a local pixel predictor is parametrized and then its parameters are determined by solving an optimization problem for a given sample of cover and stego images and a given cover source. Our research shows that predictors optimized to detect a specific case of steganography may be vastly different than predictors optimized for the cover source only. The results indicate that optimized predictors may improve steganalysis by a rather non-negligible margin. Furthermore, we construct the predictors sequentially - having optimized k predictors, design the k + 1st one with respect to the combined feature set built from all k predictors. In other words, given a feature space (image model) extend (diversify) the model in a selected direction (functional form of the predictor) in a way that maximally boosts detection accuracy.
Design Engineering Of Large High-Pressure Gas Laser Amplifiers

The creation of a population inversion in large-volume high-pressure gas via an electrical discharge poses numerous engineering problems, not only concerning details of various components, but also in overall system performance or optimization. The Laser Division at Los Alamos has developed a base of engineering data and computational techniques which addresses the engineering design problems for our short-pulse, large, high-pressure CO2 amplifiers. The various aspects of the problem considered individually and in total are: 1. Selection of gas mixture for specific application; 2. Physical specifications (size, pressure, voltage, current, etc.) of discharge to achieve desired energy output. This involves the use of computer codes to account for gas kinetics relevant to the production of a population inversion and energy-extraction codes; 3. Specification of energy supply and delivery system to provide power to the discharge. This involves computer codes to predict discharge current and voltage waveforms, taking account of various circuit elements (capacitors, inductances, and transmission lines) as well as the nonlinear character of the discharge; 4. Nonuniformities in discharge and population inversion resulting from magnetic field effects, finite geometry, etc. This involves computer codes which consider electron trajectories in the high-pressure gas in the presence of electric and magnetic fields as well as the nonlinear characteristic of the discharge. The calculational techniques have been used to design a prototype amplifier for the Los Alamos 100-kJ Antares system. The prototype was built and the design calculations confirmed by measurements.
Development of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the ferret retina.

Abstract The development of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein in the ferret retina was studied using biochemical, autoradiographic, and light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical techniques. The development of retinal muscarinic cholinergic receptor proteins involves transient shifts in their number and distribution, as well as changes in the relative abundance of two molecular weight variants. Receptor binding assays demonstrate changes in the number and affinity of retinal binding sites for the muscarinic cholinergic ligand [ 3 H]quinuclidinylbenzilate ([ 3 H]QNB). Light microscopic immunohistochemical studies reveal the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-like (mAChR-like) immunoreactivity in the adult inner plexiform layer. During development, the mAChR-like immunoreactivity appears in a number of other retinal layers. Electron microscopic immunohistochemical studies indicate that muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-like immunoreactivity is found at amacrine-amacrine cell contacts. Both autoradiographic and gel slice electrophoretic studies were carried out after labeling of developing and adult retinal muscarinic receptors with [ 3 H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard ([ 3 H]PrBCM), which irreversibly labels the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing, denaturing conditions resolved two peaks of radioactivity corresponding to [ 3 H]PrBCM-labeled protein; both were eliminated by pre- and co-incubation of labeled adult retinas with excess atropine. Combined with the results of earlier studies, these observations suggest that the subtypes, number and distribution of muscarinic receptor proteins changes during retinal synaptogenesis.
AuthorAID: An international service and chance to serve

Medical and other researchers in developing countries conduct much valuable research. Yet difficulties in writing and publication often prevent this research from being widely known. AuthorAID (http://www.authoraid.info), a project of the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP), was established in 2007 to help address this problem. Aspects of AuthorAID include on-site and online instruction, a resource library, a blog, an e-mail discussion list, small grants, and mentorship. Medical writers can contribute to AuthorAID by volunteering as mentors and assisting in other ways. In addition, AuthorAID resources can help medical writers and the researchers worldwide with whom they work.
Health literacy and usability of clinical trial search engines.

Several web-based search engines have been developed to assist individuals to find clinical trials for which they may be interested in volunteering. However, these search engines may be difficult for individuals with low health and computer literacy to navigate. The authors present findings from a usability evaluation of clinical trial search tools with 41 participants across the health and computer literacy spectrum. The study consisted of 3 parts: (a) a usability study of an existing web-based clinical trial search tool; (b) a usability study of a keyword-based clinical trial search tool; and (c) an exploratory study investigating users’ information needs when deciding among 2 or more candidate clinical trials. From the first 2 studies, the authors found that users with low health literacy have difficulty forming queries using keywords and have significantly more difficulty using a standard web-based clinical trial search tool compared with users with adequate health literacy. From the third study, the ...
Predictive Pursuit Association with Deficits in Working Memory in Psychosis

Background Deficits in smooth pursuit eye movements are an established phenotype for schizophrenia (SZ) and are being investigated as a potential liability marker for bipolar disorder. Although the molecular determinants of this deficit are still unclear, research has verified deficits in predictive pursuit mechanisms in SZ. Because predictive pursuit might depend on the working memory system, we have hypothesized a relationship between the two in healthy control subjects (HC) and SZ and here examine whether it extends to psychotic bipolar disorder (BDP). Methods Volunteers with SZ ( n = 38), BDP ( n = 31), and HC ( n = 32) performed a novel eye movement task to assess predictive pursuit as well as a standard visuospatial measure of working memory. Results Individuals with SZ and BDP both showed reduced predictive pursuit gain compared with HC ( p p r = .53, p = .007) was found between predictive pursuit gain and working memory in HC, a relationship that showed a trend correlation within the BDP group but not among SZ. Conclusions Individuals with SZ and BDP showed similar deficits in predictive pursuit, suggesting that this alteration could be a characteristic trait of the psychosis domain. The correlation between predictive pursuit and working memory in HC supports the assumption that working memory is related to predictive pursuit eye movements; however, the degradation of working memory in people with psychosis disrupts its association with eye-tracking behavior.
Transport Processes in Random Arrays of Cylinders. II. Viscous Flow

The method described in Part I [Phys. Fluids 31, XXXX (1988)] is extended to treat the problem of determining the permeability of random arrays of infinitely long cylinders. The results for the transverse and longitudinal permeabilities averaged over several configurations of random arrays of cylinders are presented as a function of the area fraction of the cylinders. A detailed comparison is made with the estimates of the permeability obtained by various approximate and asymptotic theories to determine their range of validity.
Landlords and tenants in the wake of abolition and ecological devastation in Brazil's Middle Paraíba Valley.

This article uses Barra do Pirai as a case study of rural land tenure, production, consumption, and labor in Brazil's Middle Paraiba Valley during the half century following abolition of slavery in 1888. Dairy farming and railroad development distinguished Barra do Pirai from other coffee-producing areas that suffered from ecological devastation. By 1900 the land's loss of fertility precluded further plantation agriculture in Barra do Pirai, leading to the transition from lucrative coffee cultivation to dairy farming based on meager capital inputs. Compared to the earlier coffee culture, dairy farms produced only modest wealth for landlords and required fewer laborers, compelling impoverished tenants to migrate in search of employment. Since Barra do Pirai was an important railroad junction, many rural laborers ended up in the locale after using the railroad as a migratory path. At the same time, the railroad and proto-industries that it stimulated provided alternative employment for rural laborers, thereby partially mitigating the leverage landlords had over the abundant labor force. The availability of industrial and proto-industrial employment created occupational diversity among rural tenants and introduced them to work routines that would become commonplace when the region more fully industrialized after 1940.
Inbreeding and copulatory behavior in house mice: A further consideration.

Comparisons were made of the copulatory behavior of randomly bred (one population: WRL) and inbred wild (five strains: PAA, PAB, PAC, PAD, and PAE) male house mice. All inbred and randomly bred stocks were derived from a single foundation population. The inbred males tended to have shorter latencies to the first mount and intromission, longer latencies to ejaculation, and more preejaculatory mounts and thrusts than randomly bred males. All these effects parallel those observed in a previous study in which a wild population was compared with various domestic inbred strains. If inbreeding depression is related to adaptive significance, these data suggest that, although rapid initiation of copulation in a novel environment may not be adaptive, it may be adaptive for mice to ejaculate rapidly once copulation is initiated.
Evaluation of the sensitivity of reflectance ratios to mafic minerals in the lunar regolith

The 950/560-nm spectral ratio has been traditionally used as a qualitative indicator or lunar soil maturity because the 950-nm band falls within the major Fe(2+) mineral absorption bands near 1-micron characteristic of relatively immature crystalline surfaces. Since there are several other processes unrelated to maturation that may affect this ratio value, the 950/730-nm ratio has been evaluated as a potentially better measure of the relative 1-micron band strength. It is found that the 950/730-nm ratio appears to be much more sensitive to the 1-micron band depth, but it is believed that other unknown variables preclude using these single ratios to provide meaningful quantitative results at this time.
Party and policy in voter choice: A study of reinforcement

Abstract Much attention has been directed over the last two decades to determining the relative effect of party and policy concerns in voter choice. Concomitantly evidence has accumulated that these two variables reinforce each other. In this paper, examination of the last three presidential elections using commonality analysis indicates that policy reinforced partisanship tends to surpass the unique effect of partisanship; that the total policy effect is never much less than total partisan effect; and that most cross-pressure between party and policy occurs within the less sophisticated elements of the electorate. This research also indicates that in the past decade the political parties have become more harmonious with their identifiers on policy questions rather than less so as some have contended. Methodologically, there is support for examining the voter's decision making through use of sub-groups, commonality analysis, and multiple indicators of policy orientation.
Duck or rabbit? Reversing ambiguous figures and understanding ambiguous representations.

In two studies we investigated 3- to 5-year-old children’s ability to reverse ambiguous figures and the relation between this ability and the ability to understand multiple representations. Children never reversed before they were informed of the two alternative interpretations of the figures. Even when they were informed of the alternatives and understood that both were possible, 3-year-olds and most 4-year-olds did not reverse. In contrast, a majority of 5-year-olds did reverse. In general, children only reversed if they also passed a standard false belief task. However, there was a closer correlation between reversals and a ‘droodle’ task that involved an understanding of the ambiguity of perceptual representations. These results suggest that the immediate experience of reversal may depend on a more abstract understanding of ambiguous representations.
Thermally-activated chemiluminescent squaraine rotaxane endoperoxide with green emission

A squaraine rotaxane endoperoxide with a truncated squaraine chromophore undergoes a cycloreversion reaction and emits green light that can be transferred to red acceptor dyes. The results demonstrate that chemiluminescence emission for squaraine rotaxane endoperoxides comes from the excited squaraine inside the rotaxane.
Robespierre's Éloge De Gresset: Sources of Robespierre's Anti‐Philosophe Discourse

One of the most important debates in the field of eighteenth‐century French intellectual history concerns the ideological significance of the rise of the cult of the Great Frenchmen. Taking this debate as a frame of reference, the paper attempts a close reading of Robespierre's Eloge de Gresset (written in 1784, published in 1785). Usually dismissed by Robespierre scholars, this text is, in fact, a very important document offering clues not only to Robespierre's intellectual formation, but also his appropriation of what he regarded as the official and conventional rhetoric of his age. These questions engage the larger debate regarding the origins of the French Revolution, in particular its ‘cultural origins’, and its intellectual origins, defined as the distillation of and interactions between competing representations of society and its relation to the public sphere. The thesis proposed is that Robespierre's eulogy of Gresset indicates that his anti‐philosophical ideas came from a much broader array of s...
Design patterns for games

Designing a two-person game involves identifying the game model to compute the best moves, the user interface (the "view") to play the game, and the controller to coordinate the model and the view. A crucial task is to represent the algorithms used in their highest abstract forms. This can prove to be a difficult and subtle endeavor. It is made easier however by the use of good object-oriented (OO) design principles to help maintain a high level abstract viewpoint during the design process. The state pattern is used to represent the game board and is coupled with the visitor pattern to provide state-dependent, variant behaviors. The min-max algorithm and its variants are implemented as the strategy pattern, which allows flexible and extensible computational capability. Careful analysis is performed to properly abstract the interactions between the model and the view. The command design pattern is used to provide callback services between the model and the view. Leading students through this design process enables them to learn algorithms and architectures that easily scale to full-sized applications.
Mechanism of biological synergy between cellular Src and epidermal growth factor receptor

Overexpression of both cellular Src (c-Src) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) occurs in many of the same human tumors, suggesting that they may functionally interact and contribute to the progression of cancer. Indeed, in murine fibroblasts, overexpression of c-Src has been shown to potentiate the mitogenic and tumorigenic capacity of the overexpressed EGFR. Potentiation correlated with the ability of c-Src to physically associate with the activated EGFR and the appearance of two unique in vivo phosphorylations on the receptor (Tyr-845 and Tyr-1101). Using stable cell lines of C3H10T1/2 murine fibroblasts that contain kinase-deficient (K-) c-Src and overexpressed wild-type EGFR, we show that the kinase activity of c-Src is required for both the biological synergy with the receptor and the phosphorylations on the receptor, but not for the association of c-Src with the receptor. In transient transfection assays, not only epidermal growth factor but also serum- and lysophosphatidic acid-induced DNA synthesis was ablated in a dominant-negative fashion by a Y845F mutant of the EGFR, indicating that c-Src-induced phosphorylation of Y845 is critical for the mitogenic response to both the EGFR and a G protein-coupled receptor (lysophosphatidic acid receptor). Unexpectedly, the Y845F mutant EGFR was found to retain its full kinase activity and its ability to activate the adapter protein SHC and extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK2 in response to EGF, demonstrating that the mitogenic pathway involving phosphorylation of Y845 is independent of ERK2-activation. The application of these findings to the development of novel therapeutics for human cancers that overexpress c-Src and EGFR is discussed.
Drug Resistance Strategies and Substance Use among Adolescents in Monterrey, Mexico

This study examined drug resistance strategies and substance use among adolescents from Monterrey, Mexico. The focus was strategies that U.S. adolescents use most often to resist using substances, including refuse (saying no), explain (declining with an explanation), avoid (staying away from situations where drugs are offered), and leave (exiting situations where drugs are offered). Using self-administered questionnaire data from a convenience sample of 327 Mexican students enrolled at two secondary schools (preparatorias), we tested whether frequent use of particular drug resistance strategies predicted actual substance use. Multiple regression results showed that different strategies were effective for different substances, that some effects were mediated by number of offers received, and that certain effects were stronger for females than for males. Students using the refuse strategy reported less cigarette use and less binge drinking; those using the avoid strategy reported less alcohol and cigarette use; and those using the leave strategy reported less binge drinking and, for females only, less marijuana use. Use of the explain strategy was not significantly related to substance use after controlling for use of other strategies. Findings are discussed in terms of Mexican cultural values and their implications for the design of prevention programs for Mexican youth. Editors’ Strategic Implications: Replication is necessary to evaluate some of the effects of sampling, the prevention model, implementation, and culture on these findings, but the study underscores the importance of recognizing and understanding the cultural context in which prevention programs—and the clients they serve—exist.
Ethical Issues and Concerns Associated With Mentoring Undergraduate Students

The importance of a healthy mentoring relationship, and how to go about achieving one, has been explored in several disciplines, including psychology. However, little of this work has focused specifically on unique ethical issues that may arise while mentoring undergraduate students. The authors provide a definition of mentoring in the context of undergraduate education that takes into account undergraduates' status as emerging adults. We delineate both similarities and differences between mentoring undergraduate students and graduate students. Ethical issues that may arise while mentoring undergraduates, especially around themes of vocation, autonomy and influence, boundaries, power, the priority of the protege's needs, the mentor's motives, and accessibility, are spotlighted. We argue that although there is considerable overlap between mentoring graduate students and mentoring undergraduates, there are issues and concerns unique to working with undergraduates that require explication so that they can be...
Video Plankton Recorder estimates of copepod, pteropod and larvacean distributions from a stratified region of Georges Bank with comparative measurements from a MOCNESS sampler

Abstract A two-vessel exercise was conducted over the southern flank of Georges Bank during the onset of vernal stratification in May 1992. The Video Plankton Recorder (VPR), a towed video system, was used to map out the fine-scale distributions of zooplankton to a depth of 70 m along a trackline which described a regular grid (3.5 × 4.5 km) in Lagrangian space. A second vessel following a parallel course conducted Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) sampling during the last section of the grid, which provided an opportunity to compare data from the two systems. Both the VPR and the MOCNESS provided similar data on the taxonomic composition of the plankton which was numerically dominated by copepods ( Calanus, Pseudocalanus, Oithona ), pteropods ( Limacina ) and larvaceans ( Oikopleura ). The absence of rare ( −3 ) species from the VPR dataset was a consequence of the small volume sampled (0.0694 m 3 ) by the high magnification camera, while fragile gelatinous taxa were undersampled by the MOCNESS. Estimates of copepod and pteropod concentrations were comparable for the two gear types. While the species composition of the plankton did not change statistically along the grid, abundances of the dominant taxa varied along the transect and each taxon demonstrated pronounced fine-scale vertical patterns that appeared to be related to hydrographic features. The VPR represents a powerful tool for rapid surveys of the micro- to fine-scale structure of zooplankton assemblages either alone, or in conjunction with other sampling techniques.