cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the revolutionary character of L2 development in the ZPD: Why levels of mediation matter

The Zone of Proximal Development has been one of the most misunderstood features of Sociocultural Theory. It has been inappropriately equated with Krashen’s i+1 and with the concept of ‘scaffolding’. Based on an empirical study where learners seemed to require the same degree of explicit mediation at two different points in time, Erlam, et al. (2013) have questioned Aljaafreh and Lantolf’s (1994) regulatory scale and have instead supported a one-size-fits-all use of explicit mediation. This article provides a theoretical and empirical counter argument to Erlam, et al.’s (2013) proposal. Given Vygotsky’s (1987) claim that development is revolutionary, on theoretical grounds alone, we would not expect that because at time 1 a learner required explicit mediation at time 2 that same learner would require less explicit (or more implicit) mediation to recognize and correct use of an inappropriate L2 feature. We also present empirical evidence from a close analysis of Aljaafreh’s (1992) dissertation that supplements the data considered in Lantolf and Aljaafreh (1995), which showed that even when mediation regresses from more implicit to more explicit levels on the regulatory scale, it does not regress to the beginning of the process where mediation is maximally explicit. Progress, overall, is forward, even if it requires some backtracking.
Investigation of an Indoor Air Quality Sensor for Asthma Management in Children

Monitoring indoor air quality is critical because Americans spend 93 of their life indoors, and around 6.3 million children suffer from asthma. We want to passively and unobtrusively monitor the asthma patient's environment to detect the presence of two asthma-exacerbating activities: smoking and cooking using the Foobot sensor. We propose a data-driven approach to develop a continuous monitoring-activity detection system aimed at understanding and improving indoor air quality in asthma management. In this study, we were successfully able to detect a high concentration of particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and carbon dioxide during cooking and smoking activities. We detected 1) smoking with an error rate of 1; 2) cooking with an error rate of 11; and 3) obtained an overall 95.7 percent accuracy classification across all events (control, cooking and smoking). Such a system will allow doctors and clinicians to correlate potential asthma symptoms and exacerbation reports from patients with environmental factors without having to personally be present.
Soft Tissue Augmentation of the Lips Using AlloDerm: A Review of Postoperative Complications:

Introduction:Lip augmentation continues to gain popularity. To keep up with demand, physicians are continually seeking out safer and more efficient methods. We have been using acellular human derma...
Using partial flow dilution to measure PM mass emissions from light-duty vehicles

Partial flow dilution (PFD) offers a number of benefits relative to conventional full flow dilution tunnels for motor vehicle PM emissions measurement in terms of measurement variability, footprint, and cost. Its implementation into automotive emissions test cells depends on its ability to record PM mass emissions equivalent to the current constant volume sampling (CVS) dilution tunnel approach. The present work examines factors critical to successful application of PFD sampling and compares vehicle PM emissions measured simultaneously by PFD and CVS tunnel. The combination of a current technology commercial PFD system and ultrasonic flow meter fulfill the two principal requirements of accurate exhaust flow measurement and fast time response for proportional sampling. PM mass emissions measured by PFD versus CVS systems satisfy a 1.03 ± 0.03 regression for the regulatory FTP test cycle, and comparably good agreement for the supplemental US06 drive cycle. Both dilution approaches are amenable to th...
Definitions of Substance Dependence

Addiction is a lay term for dependence. The Oxford Dictionary defines dependence as “the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else (Dependence. Oxford Dictionary. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dependence).” For our purpose, the definition becomes “the state of relying on or being controlled by a drug (including alcohol).” I will use addiction and dependence as synonyms in this book.
The impact of dynamic bundling on price fairness perceptions

Abstract With the increased availability of consumer-specific data and the ease of changing prices, firms more frequently use dynamic pricing where products are priced at an individual level based on individual consumer information. Dynamic pricing can effectively extract consumer surplus and increase firm profitability. However, it also arouses consumer unfairness perceptions. Three studies demonstrate that the use of bundling in combination with dynamic pricing (dynamic bundling) can reduce consumer unfairness perceptions. The negative effects of dynamic pricing are mitigated by bundling. A bundle enhances perceived transaction dissimilarity thereby reducing consumers’ comparison intentions leading to greater price fairness perceptions.
Silver Ion and Ammoniated Silver ion as Sterilizing Agents in a Swimming Pool

The phenomenon of oligodynamy, specific activity exerted byminute concentrations of certain metal ions was discovered by Nageli in 1893 (1). Aside from the use of traces of copper to inhibit algae in water supplies, little attention was given to practical applications until 1929, when Krause (2) showed that the oligodynamic action of silver could be utilized in water sterilization. Following this the Katadyn process (3) was developed for introducing the silver ion electrolytically. This process is now used to some extent abroad and in this country for sterilizing drinking water, swimming pools, and industrial water supplies. In view of the apparent practical success of the electrolytic process the question arose as to whether or not similar concentrations of silver ions from salts introduced into the water might not be equally effective. This has been studied under laboratory conditions by various investigators (4). Essentially no difference in effectiveness was found when the silver ion was introduced by salts, from massive metal, or electrolytically. The concentration of silver ion required to effect sterilization varied from 0.1 to 0.7 p.p.m., according to the amount of contamination and impurities in the water. A recently developed method for determining minute amounts of silver (5) facilitated the following investigation of the effectiveness of silver salts in controlling bacterial contamination in a large swimming pool.f Since the method is time consuming, determinations were not made as often as the bacteriological tests. A colorimetrie method now in course of development is expected to overcome this difficulty.
Berkeley Computer Programs for the Analysis of Concrete Box Girder Bridges

A review of the analytical methods and computer programs, which have been developed at the University of California at Berkeley for the linear and nonlinear analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete box girder bridges, is presented. Short descriptions of 15 different computer programs based on one of the following methods of analysis are given: (1) folded plate elasticity method; (2) finite strip method; (3) finite element method; (4) finite segment method; and (5) nonlinear analysis method. These various programs provide the capability for the detailed analysis of single and multicell box girder bridges of one or more spans, which are straight, curved, skew or of arbitrary geometry in plan. General loadings and arbitrary boundary conditions may be treated.
TIME, TEMPERATURE, AND OXYGEN AVAILABILITY: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE COLOR AND ORGANIC CONTENT OF CREMATED BONE

Publisher Summary The color of the cremated bone provides clues to both the condition of the remains at the time of cremation and the environment in which the cremation occurs. As bones go through the four stages of cremation—dehydration, decomposition, inversion, and fusion—their color changes reflect the ongoing chemical processes. Cremation experiments have documented the color changes that occur in both “green” and dried bones as the temperature of the cremation environment increases. The color of the bone cremated at temperatures as low as 200–300 °C begins to change from the ivory or light tan color of unburned bone to dark brown or black as the organic components begin to be carbonized. At somewhat higher temperatures, the bone becomes black or dark gray depending on the duration of the heat exposure as carbonation is completed and the carbonates begin to disappear. At high temperatures of 800 °C or more, the bone becomes “calcined” and the color changes to blue-gray or white. At such high temperatures, the carbon formed from the organic material bonds with oxygen to form CO2, calcinations occur, and the bone salts fuse.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies for Psoriasis: A Systematic Review.

Importance Up to 51% of patients with psoriasis report the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in their treatment regimen, although it is unclear which CAM therapies are effective for treatment of psoriasis. Objective This review compiles the evidence on the efficacy of the most studied CAM modalities for treatment of patients with plaque psoriasis and discusses those therapies with the most robust available evidence. Evidence Review PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov searches (1950-2017) were used to identify all documented CAM psoriasis interventions in the literature. The criteria were further refined to focus on those treatments identified in the first step that had the highest level of evidence for plaque psoriasis with more than 1 randomized clinical trial supporting their use. This excluded therapies lacking randomized clinical trial (RCT) data or showing consistent inefficacy. Findings Primary CAM therapy searches identified 457 articles, of which 107 articles were retrieved for closer examination. Of those articles, 54 were excluded because the CAM therapy did not have more than 1 RCT on the subject or showed consistent lack of efficacy. An additional 7 articles were found using references of the included studies, resulting in a total of 44 RCTs (17 double-blind, 13 single-blind, and 14 nonblind), 10 uncontrolled trials, 2 open-label nonrandomized controlled trials, 1 prospective controlled trial, and 3 meta-analyses. Compared with placebo, application of topical indigo naturalis, studied in 5 RCTs with 215 participants, showed significant improvements in the treatment of psoriasis. Treatment with curcumin, examined in 3 RCTs (with a total of 118 participants), 1 nonrandomized controlled study, and 1 uncontrolled study, conferred statistically and clinically significant improvements in psoriasis plaques. Fish oil treatment was evaluated in 20 studies (12 RCTs, 1 open-label nonrandomized controlled trial, and 7 uncontrolled studies); most of the RCTs showed no significant improvement in psoriasis, whereas most of the uncontrolled studies showed benefit when fish oil was used daily. Meditation and guided imagery therapies were studied in 3 single-blind RCTs (with a total of 112 patients) and showed modest efficacy in treatment of psoriasis. One meta-analysis of 13 RCTs examined the association of acupuncture with improvement in psoriasis and showed significant improvement with acupuncture compared with placebo. Conclusions and Relevance The CAM therapies with the most robust evidence of efficacy for treatment of psoriasis are indigo naturalis, curcumin, dietary modification, fish oil, meditation, and acupuncture. This review will aid practitioners in advising patients seeking unconventional approaches for treatment of psoriasis.
Economic impact of spargers degradation in flotation columns

Abstract Flotation is a very complex process, where many variables interact to produce different metallurgic results. These characteristics pose a challenging problem to evaluate the economic impact of deviations of a normal condition. For example, what is the value of a calibration plan to assure the quality of a measurement of froth depth in a cell? Specific experiments designed to evaluate this deviations cannot be implemented in practice, since there are many independent variables changing simultaneously with unknown values. In this paper a methodology applied to estimate the economic impact of spargers degradation in flotation columns is presented. Four pieces of information are required. First, we need to express the association of the deviation from a normal condition with specific characteristics of process variables. In this case how the change in orifice diameter in the sparger affects the air bubble size distribution produced. Second, we need to relate this physical change with the process metallurgic. One way of doing this is to develop a phenomenological model that includes the effect of such variable. Third, we need to relate the metallurgical losses to economic losses. In this case we need to know how the metallurgic changes will affect the value of a concentrate and the extra cost of posterior treatment due to the changed characteristics of this product. Finally the information of how fast a sparger is degraded over time is needed. The methodology is applied to an industrial flotation column, discussing the assumptions made because of the lack of some precise information. The idea is that in spite these uncertainties, at least the most conservative economic evaluation can be made. If one need more precise evaluation to make decisions, then the characteristics of the extra information needed and how to obtain it in an industrial environment is suggested.
Government interference in religious institutions and terrorism

Many states have adopted policies that monitor or attempt to control religious institutions in various ways. This ranges from limiting foreign-born clerics to approving the sermons presented in the...
The effects of celebrity-brand congruence and publicity on consumer attitudes and buying behavior

Marketers use celebrity endorsements to make advertisements believable and to enhance consumer recognition of the brand name. However, once a direct link has been formed from a celebrity to a brand, the negative information about the celebrity may reflect on to the endorsed brand. Applying the S-O-R model and the balance theory, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of celebrity-brand congruence and publicity on consumers’ attitudes toward the celebrity and brand as well as their buying intention. A survey of a 2 (congruence vs. incongruence) × 2 (positive vs. negative publicity) experimental design was conducted for this study. A total of 120 female Millennial consumers answered the survey and 105 surveys with usable data were collected. The mean age of the participants was 24 years old (SD = 3.28). Results found that the celebrity-brand congruence and publicity play a significant role in consumer behavior related to attitudes toward the celebrity and brand/product, as well as buying intention. Thus, retail marketers need to allocate more investigation into celebrity endorsements that match with brand image that can lead to long-term, positive partnerships.
Association Between Statin Use and Sex Hormone in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Cohort.

PURPOSE Based on the 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guidelines, the number of individuals eligible for statin therapy to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk has greatly expanded. Statins inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, which can impair gonadal steroidogenesis. We evaluated the effect of statins on endogenous sex hormones in a large epidemiological study. METHODS A total of 6814 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants underwent the baseline examination. Of these, 6171 had measurements of serum sex hormones available: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), SHBG, estradiol, and total and bioavailable testosterone. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the relationship of statin use with each sex hormone. RESULTS A total of 345 women (17.4%) and 464 men (14.7%) were statin users (mean age, 67 years; 41% white, 29% black, 11% Chinese, and 19% Hispanic). Among the users vs nonusers of statins, the mean SHBG was 3.54 nmol/L (P < 0.01) lower in women and 3.37 nmol/L (P < 0.001) lower in men; the mean DHEA was 1.06 nmol/L (P < 0.05) lower in women and 0.70 nmol/L (P < 0.01) lower in men, after adjustment for potential confounders. With further propensity score adjustment, the mean DHEA and SHBG levels were 0.67 nmol/L (P < 0.05) and 3.49 nmol/L (P < 0.001) lower, respectively, for statin users vs nonusers. No statistically significant association was noted between estradiol, total testosterone, and bioavailable testosterone and statin use. CONCLUSION Statin users have lower levels of SHBG and DHEA. This is especially relevant owing to the increasing use of statin therapy.
Situating Psychosocial and Motivational Factors in Learning Contexts

Student learning in achievement contexts is an important inquiry that has been researched extensively, utilizing different theoretical orientations. The present investigation, contributing to the study of motivation, entails an amalgamation of four major constructs: school belonging, academic engagement, future time perspective, and personal self-efficacy. Based on existing empirical evidence, and using causal modeling procedures, we hypothesized a number of structural relations (e.g., the impact of future time perspective on course-specific self-efficacy) with school belonging serving as an antecedent of motivational and noncognitive outcomes. Upper secondary school students (N = 304) provided self-reports of their future time perspectives, self-efficacy beliefs, and engagement. Statistical analyses yielded some notable findings, such as the direct impact of school belonging on academic achievement, and the direct positive effects of future time perspective and vigor, a component of academic engagement, on global-specific self-efficacy.
Compare the Calculations of Steam Extraction Efficiency of Power Plant Turbine by Simple Heat Balance Method and Equivalent Enthalpy Drop Method

At present, the calculation method of steam extraction efficiency of power plant turbine have five methods: heat balance method, equivalent enthalpy drop method, cyclicfunctional method, composite structure method and matrix method. In this paper, a 600MW grade subcritical thermal power plan is take as an examplefor comparing the calculation by the simple heat balance method and the equivalent enthalpy drop method. The result shows that the computational results of simple heat balance method agree with equivalent enthalpy drop method. So simple heat balance method can be used to replace equivalent enthalpy drop method in order to reduce calculation amount in practicalapplication.
Artificial Noise-Aided MIMO Physical Layer Authentication With Imperfect CSI

Fingerprint embedding at the physical layer is a highly tunable authentication framework for wireless communication that achieves information-theoretic security by hiding a traditional HMAC tag in noise. In a multiantenna scenario, artificial noise (AN) can be transmitted to obscure the tag even further. The AN strategy, however, relies on perfect knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) between the legitimate users. When the CSI is not perfectly known, the added noise leaks into the receiver’s observations. In this article, we explore whether AN still improves security in the fingerprint embedding authentication framework with only imperfect CSI available at the transmitter and receiver. Specifically, we discuss and design detectors that account for AN leakage and analyze the adversary’s ability to recover the key from observed transmissions. We compare the detection and security performance of the optimal perfect CSI detector with the imperfect CSI robust matched filter test and a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). We find that utilizing AN can greatly improve security, but suffers from diminishing returns when the quality of CSI knowledge is poor. In fact, we find that in some cases allocating additional power to AN can begin to decrease key security.
Clot composition in retrieved thrombi after mechanical thrombectomy in strokes due to carotid web

Background The association of carotid webs (CaW) and ischemic stroke is being increasingly recognized. Data on the histologic clot architecture in strokes caused by CaW has not been previously described. Understanding thrombi histopathology may provide insight into the pathophysiology of CaW-related strokes. Methods This case series presents three patients with acute ischemic stroke thought to be caused by ipsilateral CaW. Thromboemboli were retrieved from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by mechanical thrombectomy and histologic analysis was performed. Results Three patients aged between 41 and 55 years with few to no vascular risk factors presented with symptoms concerning for an acute MCA territory infarction (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) range 10–17). Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) range was 7–8 and all patients had hyperdense vessel sign. Initial CT angiogram was concerning for CaW with no superimposed thrombus, later confirmed with conventional angiography. All patients underwent thrombectomy with full reperfusion. Comprehensive stroke workup failed to reveal other etiologies besides ipsilateral CaW. The histopathologic appearance was of typical fresh mixed thrombi. Qualitative thrombus composition analysis of clot from Case #1 yielded 42.5% fibrin, 50.0% red blood cells (RBC), and 7.5% white blood cells (WBC); Case #2 yielded 46.9% fibrin, 43.4% RBC, and 9.7% WBC; and Case #3 yielded 61.5% fibrin, 31.8% RBC, and 6.7% WBC. Conclusions The clot composition of large vessel occlusion strokes from CaW is comparable to the histopathology of previously reported clots from other stroke etiologies. Advanced staining techniques may aid in further characterizing the thrombi of this poorly understood condition.
“I Need a Little Sugar in My Bowl”: Prioritizing the Sexual Rights and Wellness of Older Adults

Sexual wellness is a part of the tapestry of mental health and confers psychological, cognitive, and physical benefits throughout older age. However, wellness is unattainable without first granting...
Lateral epicondylosis: A literature review to link pathology and tendon function to tissue-level treatment and ergonomic interventions

Abstract Background Common treatments for lateral epicondylosis (LE) focus on tissue healing. Ergonomic advice is suggested broadly, but recommendations based on biomechanical motion parameters associated with functional activities are rarely made. This review analyzes the role of body functions and activities in LE and integrates the findings to suggest motion parameters applicable to education and interventions relevant to activities and life roles for patients. Purpose This study examines LE pathology, tendon and muscle biomechanics, and population exposure outlining potentially hazardous activities and integrates those to provide motion parameters for ergonomic interventions to treat or prevent LE. A disease model is discussed to align treatment approaches to the stage of LE tendinopathy. Study Design Integrative review Methods We conducted in-depth searches using PubMed, Medline, and government websites. All levels of evidence were included, and the framework for behavioral research from the National Institutes of Health was used to synthesize ergonomic research. Results The review broadened the diagnosis of LE from a tendon ailment to one affecting the enthesis of the capitellum. It reinforced the continuum of severity to encompass degeneration as well as regeneration. Systematic reviews confirmed the availability of evidence for tissue-based treatments, but evidence of well-defined harm reducing occupational interventions was scattered amongst evidence levels. Integration of biomechanical studies and population information gave insight into types of potentially hazardous activities and provided a theoretical basis for limiting hazardous exposures to wrist extensor tendons by reducing force, compression, and shearing during functional activities. Conclusions These findings may broaden the first treatment approach from a passive, watchful waiting into an active exploration and reduction of at-risk activities and motions. Including the findings into education modules may provide patients with the knowledge to lastingly reduce potentially hazardous motions during their daily activities, and researchers to define parameters of ergonomic interventions.
A Third Dogma of Empiricism

In 1951, W. V. Quine published his provocative and justly famous article, ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’. At about the time Quine was mounting this attack, a number of ‘empiricists’ were busily establishing what has subsequently become, in my opinion, a third dogma. The thesis can be stated quite succinctly: scientific explanations are arguments. This view was elaborated at considerable length by a variety of prominent philosophers, including R. B. Braithwaite (1953), Ernest Nagel (1961), Karl Popper (1959) and most especially Carl G. Hempel.1 Until the early 1960s, although passing mention was sometimes made of the need for inductive explanation, attention was confined almost exclusively to deductive explanation. In 1962, however, Hempel (1962a) made the first serious attempt to provide a detailed analysis of inductive (or statistical) explanation. In that same year, in a statement referring explicitly to both deductive and inductive explanations, he characterized the ‘explanatory account’ of a particular event as ‘an argument to the effect that the event to be explained ⋯ was to be expected by reason of certain explanatory facts’ (Hempel, 1962b, my italics). Shortly thereafter he published an improved and more detailed version of his treatment of inductive-statistical (I-S) explanation (Hempel, 1965, pp. 381–412). In this newer discussion, as well as in many other places, Hempel has often reiterated the thesis that explanations, both deductive and inductive, are arguments.2 The purpose of this present paper is to raise doubts about the tenability of that general thesis by posing three questions — ones which will, I hope, prove embarrassing to those who hold it.3
Mathematical story: a metaphor for mathematics curriculum

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for interpreting the content found in mathematics curriculum in order to offer teachers and other mathematics educators comprehensive conceptual tools with which to make curricular decisions. More specifically, it describes a metaphor of mathematics curriculum as story and defines and illustrates the mathematical story elements of mathematical characters, action, setting, and plot. Drawn from literary theory, this framework supports the interpretation of mathematics curriculum as art, able to stimulate the imagination and curiosity of students and teachers alike. In doing so, it is argued, this framework offers teachers and other curriculum designers a conceptual tool that can be used to improve the mathematics curriculum offered to students in terms of both logic and aesthetic.
Genesis and evolution of bio-logging devices: l963-2002

Bio-logging devices have become an integral part of many studies on the behav- ior, physiology and ecology of marine vertebrates. In the beginning, 1963, a time depth recorder (TDR) was designed to measure time and depth of freely diving Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddellii, in the Antarctic. This was the first device used to obtain detailed information on underwater activity of an aquatic animal. It recorded data for one hour. Since that time there has been a steady evolution of this type of recorder. In 1975 a revised TDR with an extended time base of 14 days recorded the diving activity of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus. Through the rest of the 1970's and 1980's other fur seal species, as well as Weddell seals, and leather back sea turtles were studied, and the inventive pace of the TDR quickened. In 1981 an elegant mechanical recorder that lasted for three months was deployed. The emergence of microprocessors in the 1980's made possible further miniatur- ization and the logging of several additional variables. The next revolution occurred in the 1990's with the inception of satellite transmitters that made it possible to determine precise- ly where an animal was on the planet, and to retrieve other data as well. This remarkable abil- ity to incorporate the measurement of spatial distribution was soon augmented by a third rev- olution, the use of mountable videocameras or camcorders on the animals themselves. With this arsenal of bio-logging devices many questions about aquatic animals are being resolved that were only dreams for the first generation of biologists studying the marine activities of vertebrates.
Swarm intelligence, a Blackboard architecture and local decision making for spacecraft command

Control of a multi-spacecraft constellation is a topic of significant inquiry, at present. This paper presents and evaluates a command architecture for a multi-spacecraft mission. It combines swarm techniques with a decentralized / local decision making architecture (which uses a set of shared blackboards for coordination) and demonstrates the efficacy of this approach. Under this approach, the Blackboard software architecture is used to facilitate data sharing between craft as part of a resilient hierarchy and the swarm techniques are used to coordinate activity. The paper begins with an overview of prior work on the precursor command technologies and then presents five command architectures for comparison purposes. Then, it presents a qualitative analysis of these techniques, followed by a quantitative analysis which characterizes the constellation's performance across a variety of prospective scenarios including normal operations, several mission scenarios which limit communications, operations in an intentionally communications-denied environment and operations across a variety of craft failure scenarios. From performance analysis, the utility of the techniques is analyzed.
Addressing stress with social work students: A controlled evaluation.

This study used a classical pretest-posttest control group design to measure changes in participants' responses after a 45-minute seminar provided 48 undergraduate social work students with techniques on how to better handle stressful situations. When compared to the control group, responses from the students who received the seminar showed significant changes, and these students reported levels of stress and apprehension that were significantly lowered. These findings suggest that formal efforts are important for short-term assistance to help students cope with stress encountered during the course of their studies. Recommendations for future research and intervention in this area are made.
Broad bandwidth electrically small antennas augmented with internal non-Foster elements

Electrically small electric and magnetic antennas augmented with non-Foster elements to enhance their impedance bandwidths have been designed, characterized numerically, fabricated and tested. Internal non-Foster elements, which produce broad bandwidth inductive and capacitive responses specifically tailored to design specifications, are introduced into the near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) components of their narrow bandwidth counter-parts. This internal non-Foster element approach leads to nearly complete matching of the entire system to a 50 Ω source without any matching network and high radiation efficiencies over their FBW10dB bandwidths that surpass the fundamental passive bounds.
Cosmic ray induced photodestruction of interstellar molecules

Ultraviolet photons are created in the interior of dense interstellar clouds by the impact excitation of molecular hydrogen by secondary electrons generated by cosmic ray ionization. The resulting photodissociation and photoionization rates of a wide range of interstellar molecules are calculated. The effects on the equilibrium chemical composition of dense clouds are briefly discussed.
High quality long wavelength lasers grown by atmospheric pressure MOCVD with liquid group V sources

The authors have achieved low threshold In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/InP quantum well laser diodes, grown in a non-hydride metalorganic chemical vapor deposition system at atmospheric pressure using tertiarybutylarsine and tertiarybutylphosphine. Broad area laser diodes, emitting at 1.3 /spl mu/m, with a 1500 /spl Aring/ GaInAsP active region achieved threshold current densities of 1.25 kA/cm/sup 2/ for 400 micron cavity length. Strained and unstrained quantum wells with luminescence at 1.55 /spl mu/m have been incorporated into the active regions of laser diodes. Lattice matched In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/InP single quantum well lasers exhibited extremely low threshold current densities of 220 A/cm/sup 2/ for broad area devices 3.5 mm in cavity length. Compressively strained 4 quantum wells devices displayed excellent threshold current densities of 300 A/cm/sup 2/ for 3 mm cavity lengths. >
The State-of-“Cultural Validity” of Self-Report Pain Assessment Tools in Diverse Older Adults

Background Pain continues to be a significant problem for older adults worldwide and a challenge for health care clinicians and researchers in assuring accurate identification and tailored treatment approaches. Attention has been devoted in recent years to development of pain assessment tools that are reliable and valid for use with older adults, including self-report scales and pain observation tools. Methods and Design This integrative review examines face, content, and construct validity relative to the research development, linguistic translation, and clinical implementation of self-report pain assessment tools in culturally diverse older adults. Results Many self-report pain assessment tools have not been tested and validated in many older adults of diverse cultures. As a result, self-report tools are limited in their accuracy and ability to capture the cultural distinctions that impact pain intensity ratings. Conclusion The multiculturalism of health care and the use of existing pain assessment tools globally require that clinicians and researchers consider tool validity that incorporates the individual's cultural system in order to provide quality pain assessment. This article addresses one aspect of tool development and application across populations, the validation of self-report pain assessment tools for culturally diverse older adults. Recommendations for each the research and clinician are provided to assist in development, translation, and use of various self-report pain assessment tools.
Optimization of a miniaturized fluid array device for cell-free protein synthesis.

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), which entails synthesizing proteins outside of intact cells, is conducted in several formats with the continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) format generally having the greatest protein expression yields. With this format, continuous chemical exchange occurs through a dialysis membrane separating a reaction solution from a feeding solution containing supplemental nutrient/energy molecules. Here, we describe the optimization of the miniaturized fluid array device (µFAD) by studying the effects of structural and experimental parameters responsible for the heightened chemical exchange across the dialysis membranes and enhanced protein expression capabilities of the high-throughput device. The interface area and number between the reaction and feeding solutions have a direct impact on protein expression, with a 1.6% enhancement in protein expression yield with each square millimeter increase in area and a 20% decrease with each additional interface. For nutrient/energy availability, an increasing solution volume ratio and height difference increase protein expression yield until the expression yield plateaus at a volume ratio of 20 to 1 (feeding to reaction solution) and a solution height difference of 2 mm. This yield can be further increased by 7% every 30 min with feeding solution replacement. Of the studied experimental factors (feeding solution stirring, device shaking, and temperature increase), feeding solution stirring has a significant effect on protein expression in this device. In the optimized system, green fluorescent protein (GFP), s-glucuronidase (GUS), s-galactosidase (LacZ), luciferase, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression increased 77.8-, 212-, 3.66-, 463-, and 5.43-fold, respectively, compared to the conventional batch format in a standard microplate. These results highlight the significance of structural/experimental conditions on the productive expression of proteins in the CECF format. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2459–2467. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Location of myocardial necrosis as an independent determinant of left ventricular performance: Analysis of 96 patients

Abstract This study determines whether the location of myocardial scarring has an effect independent of its size on left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) in patients with coronary artery disease. Two groups of patients were studied: Group I (n = 44) had resting thallium-201 perfusion defects involving the anterior wall or septum or both, and Group II (n = 52) had perfusion defects involving the inferior wall or posterior wall or both. The thallium images were divided into 5 segments in each of 3 projections, and the thallium score was determined from the number of abnormal segments and the degree of reduction of thallium uptake; the higher the score, the more severe the perfusion deficit. If the thallium score was 10, EF was 30 ± 12% in Group I and 32 ± 11% in Group II (NS). Similarly, EF was not significantly different between the 2 groups when the perfusion defects were assessed by the number of abnormal segments. In each group EF was significantly lower as the number of abnormal segments increased or as the thallium score was higher (p Thus, the location of myocardial scar itself is not important in determining LV function. However, the size of the scar is important in determining LVEF. Therefore, the fact that LVEF is lower in patients with anterior infarction than in those with inferior infarction must be related to the extent of muscle necrosis rather than to an anatomic factor.
The Traditional Future: A Computational Theory of Library Research

I argue that library-based research should be conceived as a particular kind of research system, in contrast to more familiar systems like standard social scientific research (SSSR). Unlike SSSR, library-based research is based on nonelicited sources, which are recursively used and multiply ordered. It employs the associative algorithms of reading and browsing as opposed to the measurement algorithms of SSSR. Unlike SSSR, it is nonstandardized, nonsequential, and artisanally organized, deriving crucial power from multitasking. Taken together, these facts imply that, as a larger structure, library-based research has a neural net architecture as opposed to the von Neumann architecture of SSSR. This architecture is probably optimal, given library-based research's chief aim, which is less finding truth than filling a space of possible interpretations. From these various considerations it follows that faster is not necessarily better in library-based research, with obvious implications for library technologization. Other implications of this computational theory of library research are also explored.
Sialic acid recognition is a key determinant of influenza A virus tropism in murine trachea epithelial cell cultures.

Influenza A virus interacts with specific types of sialic acid during attachment and entry into susceptible cells. The precise amino acids in the hemagglutinin protein that control sialic acid binding specificity and affinity vary among antigenic subtypes. For H3 subtypes, amino acids 226 and 228 are critical for differentiating between α2,3- and α2,6-linked forms of sialic acid (SA). We demonstrate that position 190 of the HA from A/Udorn/307/72 (H3N2) plays an important role in the recognition of α2,3-SA, as changing the residue from a glutamic acid to an aspartic acid led to alteration of red blood cell hemagglutination and a complete loss of replication in differentiated, murine trachea epithelial cell cultures which express only α2,3-SA. This amino acid change had a minimal effect on virus replication in MDCK cells, suggesting subtle changes in receptor recognition by the H3 hemagglutinin can lead to significant alterations in cell and species tropism.
Stimulus effects of morphine in the monkey: Quantitative analysis of antagonism

Abstract The ability of narcotic antagonists to block the discriminative stimulus effects of 3.0 mg/kg (IM) of morphine was evaluated quantitatively in the squirrel monkey using a two-choice discrete-trial avoidance paradigm. The time-course and relative potency of naloxone and naltrexone for antagonizing morphine's stimulus effects in the squirrel monkey were similar to those determined in rats and pigeons. Complete blockade of morphine's effects was attained with 0.03 mg/kg of either antagonist when given simultaneously with morphine, but only naltrexone completely blocked the stimulus effects of morphine when the pretreatment interval was extended to 12 and 18 hr. A Schild plot derived from the degree of antagonism of graded doses of morphine by graded doses of naltrexone (0.003−0.1 mg/kg) yielded a line with a slope of −0.63 ± 0.2 and an apparent pA2 value of 8.25 ± 0.2. These results demonstrate the feasibility of quantitatively assessing the drug-receptor interactions that subserve the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine in the squirrel monkey.
Differential classical conditioning of abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats.

Independent groups of addicted rats were placed repeatedly in a conditioning procedure: pairings of non-rotatable activity wheels with periods of either 0–11 or 12–23 h of morphine deprivation. Controls consisted of a saline-injected group exposed to the same training stimuli and conditioning procedure, and a morphine addicted group not receiving such training. Subsequently, morphine-addicted animals were withdrawn until primary abstinence signs disappeared, and all groups were tested in unlocked wheels for differential activity resulting from reexposure to previous training environments. Experimental groups not only were found to exhibit significantly increased wheel turning over controls, but subjects having greater morphine deprivation during training were more resistant to extinction than a low deprivation group. Motivational interpretations and methodological artifacts in designs of this nature are discussed.
The antidiuretic effect of narcotic analgesics in the mouse.

Abstract Morphine sulfate in doses from 2–60 mg/kg, sc, produced a doseresponse related antidiuresis in water-loaded mice. Morphine, methadone, levorphanol, and fentanyl produced antidiuresis and ranked in that order (least to most potent) when compared as the free bases. Nalorphine hydrochloride at 1 and 5 mg/kg, sc, partially antagonized and at 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg, completely antagonized the antidiuretic effect of morphine sulfate 30 mg/kg, sc. The mouse antidiuretic procedure is shown to be a simple, reproducible method for the assessment of the antidiuretic effect of narcotic analgesics.
Contribution of Al3Sc to Recrystallization Resistance in Wrought Al-Sc Alloys

Developing a clear understanding of recrystallization performance attributed to Al 3 Sc dispersoids in wrought Al alloys begins with the examination of basic Al-Sc binary alloys. Understanding fundamental metallurgy of the Al-Sc binary system allows proper integration of scandium with existing wrought aluminum alloys. Recrystallization, dispersoid size during annealing, and grain structure characterization of both wrought and annealed alloys are examined.
Actions of vanadate of arachidonic acid metabolism by cells in culture

Abstract Sodium vanadate (11 μM) amplified the PGI 2 production of rat liver cells (the C-9 cell line) incubated with thrombin, platelet activating factor, lysine-vasopressin, the Ca 2+ -ionophore A-23187, interleukin-1s, 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, teleocidin, epidermal growth factor, palytoxin, thapsigargin and colchicine but not that stimulated by exogenous arachidonic acid. Sodium vanadate (2.2 μM) also amplified PGF 2α production of dog kidney cells (the MDCK cell line) incubated with norepinephrine and, at 0.4 μM, PGI 2 production of bovine aorta smooth muscle cells stimulated by serotonin. Sodium vanadate (55 μM) did not affect production of PGE 2 and PGF 2α in rat basophil leukemia cells (the RBL-1 cell line) stimulated by the Ca 2+ -ionophore A-23187, but did inhibit synthesis of peptide-containing leukotrienes and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. When used with cultured cells at micromolar concentrations, vanadate is known to inhibit protein tyrosine-phosphate phosphatases. These results suggest that in some cells deesterification of lipids is positively regulated, at least in part, by phosphorylation of tyrosine whereas in leukocytes, lipoxygenase activities are negatively regulated, at least in part, by phosphorylation of tyrosine.
Radiation Scattering by Localized Electron Wave Packets

We examine the role of wave-packet localization in the dynamics of radiation scattering by free electrons. The applicability of classical field assumptions is discussed.
Fluid-flow-rate metrology: laboratory uncertainties and traceabilities

Increased concerns for improved fluid flowrate measurement are driving the fluid metering community-meter manufacturers and users alike-to search for better verification and documentation for their fluid measurements. These concerns affect both our domestic and international market places they permeate our technologies - aerospace chemical processes automotive bioengineering etc. They involve public health and safety and they impact our national defense. These concerns are based upon the rising value of fluid resources and products and the importance of critical material accountability. These values directly impact the accuracy needs of fluid buyers and sellers in custody transfers. These concerns impact the designers and operators of chemical process systems where control and productivity optimization depend critically upon measurement precision. Public health and safety depend upon the quality of numerous pollutant measurements - both liquid and gaseous. The performance testing of engines - both automotive and aircraft are critically based upon accurate fuel measurements - both liquid and oxidizer streams. Fluid flowrate measurements are established differently from counterparts in length and mass measurement systems because these have the benefits of " identity" standards. For rate measurement systems the metrology is based upon " derived standards" . These use facilities and transfer standards which are designed built characterized and used to constitute basic measurement capabilities and quantify performance - accuracy and precision. Because " identity standards" do not exist for flow measurements facsimiles or equivalents must© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.