cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural selection: An information-transmission mechanism for evolution

Abstract Natural selection is considered as a mechanism which transfers information from the environment to the genetic storage of a species. The information-transmission rate possible for natural selection is computed as the average number of trials (i.e. births) necessary to specify a unique nucleotide sequence of length n. The only mutations which are considered are changes in single nucleotides, and these changes are assumed to be independent. Thus when p, the probability of mutation per nucleotide, is small then for an average number of trials N , the length of the unique nucleotide sequence which can be specified is n = log 10 N /(0·352 − log 10 p ). A calculation is also made of the probability P that in N trials or less, a given nucleotide sequence of length n will mutate into any one of m specified sequences of length n. The m sequences represent beneficial genes of length n, and for lack of better knowledge, it is assumed that they are taken at random from the 4n possible sequences of length n. This probability turns out to be given approximately by P = 1 − exp (− mBr−1/4n) where roughly r≈ − log N/log p and Br−1 is the sum of the first r terms of the binomial expansion of (1 + 3)n: 1+n.3+ n(n−1) 2! 3 2 +…+ 3 n . The probability P which we calculate turns out to be a strong function of p, the mutation probability per nucleotide. A reasonable value, p = 10−8, is chosen. As a result, P turns out to be very small for seemingly reasonable choices of the other parameters. It is pointed out how this could lead to rather strong statements concerning protein evolution and other informational aspects of evolution.
Algorithms and complexity for least median of squares regression

Abstract Given n points {(xi, yi)} in the plane we study the problem of calculating the least median of squares regression line. This involves the study of the function ƒ(α, β) = median (|y i −(α+βx i )|) ; it is piecewise linear and can have a quadratic number of local minima. Several algorithms that locate a minimizer of ƒ are presented. The best of these has time complexity O(n3) in the worst case. Our most practical algorithm appears to be one which has worst case behavior of O(n3 log(n)), but we provide a probabilistic speed-up of this algorithm which appears to have expected time complexity of O((n log(n))2).
Master equation for amplified spontaneous emission

Abstract We present a master equation for amplified spontaneous emission and show the nonlinear saturation effects are dominated by parametric terms which are the analogue of mode-locking terms in laser oscillator theory.
Across-frequency envelope correlation discrimination and masked signal detection

This study compared the dependence of comodulation masking release (CMR) and monaural envelope correlation perception (MECP) on the degree of envelope correlation for the same narrowband noise stimuli. Envelope correlation across noise bands was systematically varied by mixing independent bands with a base set of comodulated bands. The magnitude of CMR fell monotonically with reductions in envelope correlation, and CMR varied over a range of envelope correlations that were not discriminable from each other in the MECP paradigm. For complexes of 100-Hz-wide noise bands, discrimination thresholds in the MECP task were similar whether the standard was a comodulated set of noise bands or a completely independent set of noise bands. This was not the case for 25-Hz-wide noise bands. Although the data demonstrate that CMR and MECP exhibit different dependencies on the degree of envelope correlation, some commonality across the two phenomena was observed. Specifically, for 25-Hz-wide bands of noise, there was a robust relationship between individual listeners' sensitivity to decorrelation from an otherwise comodulated set of noise bands and the magnitude of CMR measured for those same comodulated noise bands.
Heinrich events in the North Atlantic: radiochemical evidence

Abstract Heinrich events are a series of apparently synchronous sediment horizons in the North Atlantic with unusually high ratios of lithic fragments to foraminifera in the coarse fraction. They occur more prominently during cold climatic periods and could have been produced either by dramatic decreases in surface water productivity, by brief increases in carbonate dissolution on the seafloor, or by rapid accumulation of ice-rafted debris. The excess 230 Th activity profile in core CHN82 31 11PC(42°23′N, 31°48′W) provides evidence in support of the last of these explanations for the two most recent events (H1 and H2). Sediment flux reconstruction based on the constant 230 Th flux model indicates that sediment rain rates increased from an average of ca 1.6 g cm −2 ka −1 to at least 19 g cm −2 ka −1 during Heinrich event H1 and 11 g cm −2 ka −1 during Heinrich event H2. These estimates are lower limits, as bioturbation likely smoothed the 230 Th profile. Our data also suggest a maximum of 600 y for the duration of H1 and 800 y for H2. Two independent approaches provide similar estimates of sediment mass accumulation (g cm −2 ) at the site during the two events; ca 10 g cm −2 and ca 9 g cm −2 were deposited from the overlying water column during event H1 and H2. An additional ca 4 g cm −2 were brought to the site by sediment focusing during event H1. These methods provide a means of mapping and quantifying IRD mass accumulation over the North Atlantic for studying the processes that controlled the distribution of the Heinrich deposits.
Emma's War: Love, Betrayal and Death in the Sudan

Love, corruption, violence and the dangerous politics of aid in the Sudan, by an exciting new writer. Emma McCune's passion for Africa, her unstinting commitment to the children of the Sudan, and her striking glamour set her apart from other aid workers the moment she arrived in southern Sudan. But no one was prepared for her decision to marry a local warlord - a man who seemed to embody everything she was working against - and throw herself into his violent quest to take over southern Sudan's rebel movement. At once a disturbing love story and a penetrating examination of the Sudan, "Emma's War" charts the process by which Emma's romantic delusions led to her descent into the hell of Africa's longest running civil war.
Characterization of glycosidically bound aroma compounds in the African mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Isolation and separation of components were accomplished by adsorption on a nonionic resin Amberlite XAD-2 by column chromatography and elution by various selective solvents. Aglycons from the volatile components from the glycosidically bound fraction were released by enzymatic hydrolysis with almond β-glycosidase. Volatile components from the glycosidically bound fraction were analyzed by GC and GC-MS
Body weight gain in free-living Pima Indians: effect of energy intake vs expenditure.

BACKGROUND: Obesity results from a chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. However, experimental evidence of the relative contribution of interindividual differences in energy intake and expenditure (resting or due to physical activity) to weight gain is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess prospectively the association between baseline measurements of daily energy metabolism and weight changes by studying free-living adult Pima Indians, one of the most obese populations in the world. DESIGN: A study of the pathogenesis of obesity in the Pima Indians living in Southwestern Arizona. The participants were 92 nondiabetic Pima Indians (64M/28F, 35±12 y, 35±9% body fat; mean±s.d.). At baseline, free-living daily energy metabolism was assessed by doubly labeled water and resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry. Data on changes in body weight (5.8±6.5 kg) over a follow-up period of 4±3 y were available in 74 (49M/25F) of the 92 subjects. RESULTS: The baseline calculated total energy intake (r=0.25, P=0.028) and RMR (r=−0.28, P=0.016) were significantly associated with changes in body weight. The baseline energy expenditure due to physical activity was not associated with changes in body weight. CONCLUSION: Using state-of-the-art methods to assess energy intake and expenditure in free-living conditions, we show for the first time that the baseline calculated total energy intake is a determinant of changes in body weight in Pima Indians. These data also confirm that a low RMR is a risk factor for weight gain in this population.
Developmental profiles of three embryo‐lethal maize mutants lacking leaf primordia: ptd*‐1130, cp*‐1418, and bno*‐747B

The defective kernel (dek) mutants of maize are altered in both their embryo and endosperm development. Earlier studies have indicated that some of the dek mutants are unable to form shoot apical meristems or leaf primoirda. We have examined three embryo lethal dek mutants of this type, ptd*-1130, cp*-1418, and bno*-747B, to obtain a developmental profile for each. Allelism tests show that these three mutants are not allelic. Embryos were examined in early, mid-, and late kernel development as well as at kernel maturity by dissection and sectioning procedures and also at kernel maturity by scanning electron microscopy. All three mutants lag behind normal embryos in their rate of development. Embryos of ptd*-1130 reached the transition stage by early kernel development and progressed no further but underwent cell enlargement and necrosis during late kernel development. Embryos of cp*-1418 reached an early coleoptilar stage by midkernel development. They subsequently increased in size but did not form any leaf primordia. At kernel maturity, they no longer had a shoot apical meristem but often had a well formed root meristem. They appeared to remain healthy and did not become necrotic. Embryos of bno*747B reached the early coleoptilar stage by early kernel development but progressed no further. By kernel maturity, they had grown into masses of irregularly shaped embryonic tissue that no longer resembled any normal embryo stage but were not necrotic. None of these three mutants responded to attempts to support continued embryo development when cultured, but all three mutants formed callus on N6 and MS media supplemented with 2,4-D. These results indicate that these mutants are all uniformly blocked at specific stages early in embryonic development, have different subsequent developmental fates, and represent three different genes performing unique functions that are essential for embryogenesis.
Social reinstatement and open-field testing in chickens

Based on a model which holds that open-field behavior represents a combination of predator evasion tactics and attempts to reinstate contact with conspecifics, five experiments were conducted with chickens to assess the effects on them of social separation in response to being placed in a novel enclosure. As a means of independently demonstrating reinstatement tendencies, it was shown that birds would run faster down a straight alley if the goalbox contained one or more conspecifics than if it was empty or contained a guinea pig. For birds tested in pairs, the effects were different, depending on whether they had been reared in pairs or in larger groups. On the other hand, although chicks froze and remained silent longer in pairs, they seemed to be relatively insensitive to whether the pair member was a cagemate or a stranger. Finally, as predicted, reinstatement tendencies diminished and predator evasion tactics predominated with increasing age.
A Population-Wide Screening and Tailored Intervention Platform for Eating Disorders on College Campuses: The Healthy Body Image Program

AbstractObjectives: This article presents a new approach to intervention for eating disorders and body image concerns on college campuses, using a model of integrated eating disorder screening and intervention. Formative data on implementation feasibility are presented. Participants: College students enrolled at 2 universities between 2011 and 2012. Methods: The Healthy Body Image program is an evidence-based screening and intervention platform, enacted via community and online resources. An online screen was used to identify students at varying levels of risk or eating disorder symptom status; responses were used to direct students to universal or targeted online interventions or further evaluation. Universal prevention programs to improve healthy weight regulation and body image culture were offered to all students. Results: Formative data from 1,551 students illustrates the application of this model. Conclusions: The Healthy Body Image program is feasible to deliver and provides a comprehensive system ...
Inside a Japanese Transplant: A Critical Perspective

Modern Japanese management practices were investigated by a hidden participant/observation work experience in a Japanese automobile transplant over a 6-month period. Evidence of worker resistance emerged in the form of sabotage, protest, agitation, and confrontation. Results of these observations provide insight concerning individual versus collective action and spontaneous versus planned resistance. These findings question the successful transference of the Japanese model. The data failed to support the contention that participation schemes increase worker control. Finally, on the basis of the present study, the assumption that decentralized authority structures increase worker autonomy must be questioned.
Activation of the Fifth Component of Human Complement (C5) Induced by Monosodium Urate Crystals: C5 Convertase Assembly on the Crystal Surface

Abstract Incubation of monosodium urate crystals (MSUC) with normal human serum (NHS) resulted in the production of a factor chemotactic for neutrophils which was inactivated by monospecific antiserum to human C5, indicating it to be a product of C5 activation. When MSUC were incubated with NHS containing radioiodinated C5, a significant portion of the label was incorporated into a 1 × 10 6 MW, fluid phase complex identified as SC5b-9. The complex had a sedimentation velocity of 23.5 S and contained C5b as demonstrated by radioautography of reduced SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoretic slab gels. In addition, urate crystals preincubated with C5-deficient human serum, followed by extensive washing, were able to convert highly purified C5 to C5b. While purified C5 readily adsorbed to urate crystals, it was not activated to C5b in the absence of a fully functional complement cascade. These data provide direct evidence for the assembly of a complement C5 convertase enzyme on the surface of MSUC during incubation of crystals with human serum. The convertase then mediates C5 activation to C5a and C5b with resultant assembly of the fluid phase SC5b-9 complex. These observations further clarify the nature of MSUC-complement interactions and provide a mechanism for complement-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis in gout.
Marital Communication or Marital Conventionality? A Brief Report on the Relationship Inventory

An analysis of survey data from random samples of 83 rural and 98 urban couples indicates that scores on an abbreviated version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and a short form of the Edmonds Marital Conventionality Scale are substantially correlated. Implications for use of the inventory in family research and intervention programs are discussed.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Akata and Mutu Epstein-Barr Virus Strains

Using a simple viral genome enrichment approach, we report the de novo assembly of the Akata and Mutu Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes from a single lane of next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads. The Akata and Mutu viral genomes are type I EBV strains of approximately 171 kb in length. Evidence for genome heterogeneity was found for the Akata but not for the Mutu strain. A comparative analysis of Akata with another four completely sequenced EBV strains, B95-8/Raji, AG876, Mutu, and GD1, demonstrated that the Akata strain is most closely related to the GD1 strain and exhibits the greatest divergence from the type II strain, AG876. A global comparison of latent and lytic gene sequences showed that the four latency genes, EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B, and EBNA3C, are uniquely defining of type I and type II strain differences. Within type I strains, LMP1, the latency gene, is among the most divergent of all EBV genes, with three insertion or deletion loci in its CTAR2 and CTAR3 signaling domains. Analysis of the BHLF1 and LF3 genes showed that the reading frames identified in the B95-8/Raji genome are not conserved in Akata (or Mutu, for BHLF1), suggesting a primarily non-protein-coding function in EBV's life cycle. The Akata and Mutu viral-genome sequences should be a useful resource for homology-based functional prediction and for molecular studies, such as PCR, RNA-seq, recombineering, and transcriptome studies. As an illustration, we identified novel RNA-editing events in ebv-miR-BART6 antisense transcripts using the Akata and Mutu reference genomes.
Using cross phase modulation in optical fiber to transfer optical frequency combs to arbitrary center frequencies

Summary form only given. In optical frequency metrology, it is often necessary to precisely bridge THz frequency gaps. Optical frequency combs (OFC) are one technique that have recently attracted interest. Key characteristics of OFCs include consistency of comb line spacing, center wavelength, and comb width. Previous OFCs have been constructed by placing an electro-optic modulator inside a high-finesse optical cavity. Recently we have developed a second technique to generate an OFC using cross phase modulation (XPM) in optical fiber. By copropagating a frequency stabilized cw laser and a femtosecond (fs) pulse train through an optical fiber, a frequency comb with spacing equal to the repetition frequency of the pulse train is written onto the cw laser via XPM.
C-Reactive Protein in the Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Objective. In this prospective, observational study, we determined whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) correlated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) stages II and III. We hypothesized that serial CRP measurement if used as an adjunct to abdominal radiographs would improve the identification of infants with NEC. Methods. Serum CRP level was measured every 12 hours for 3 measurements and, when abnormal, once daily. When clinical signs persisted and the initial abdominal radiographs were abnormal, follow-up radiographs were obtained. Results. Of 241 infants who were evaluated for gastrointestinal signs, 11 had ileus or benign pneumatosis intestinalis with persistently normal CRP; gastrointestinal manifestations resolved within 48 hours, antibiotics were discontinued in Conclusions. In infants with suspected NEC, normal serial CRP values would favor aborted antibiotic therapy and early resumption of feedings. CRP becomes abnormal in both stage II and stage III NEC. In infants with NEC, persistently elevated CRP after initiation of appropriate medical management suggests associated complications, which may require surgical intervention.
Response of monkey glabrous skin mechanoreceptors to random noise sequences: III. Spectral analysis.

Spectral transfer functions for monkey glabrous skin tactile mechanoreceptors were computed and compared to the results from a dynamic stimulus state analysis for the same receptors. For both sets of experiments, a vibrotactile indenting punctate stimulus driven from a non-repeating-noise (NRN) signal source was used to activate afferents. In all cases, the spectral transfer function results were similar to those inferred from dynamic stimulus state analysis. However, a comparison between the laboratory data and the results from a simple neural model showed that the interpretation of spectral transfer functions is significantly enhanced when compared to the results from an instantaneous state (position, velocity, acceleration) analysis of the stimulus at the time of impulse initiation
Reconfigurable readback-signal generator based on a field-programmable gate array

We have designed a readback-signal generator to provide noise-corrupted signals to a read channel simulator. It is implemented in a Xilinx Virtex-E field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device. The generator simulates in hardware the noise processes and distortions observed in hard drives. It uses embedded nonuniform random number generators to simulate the random characteristics of various disturbances in the read/write process. The signal generator can simulate readback pulses, intersymbol interference, transition noise, electronics noise, head and media nonlinearity, intertrack interference, and write timing error according to the characteristics specified by the user. A sample implementation operates at a 70-MHz clock speed. The design can easily be scaled for different error rates. The generator can be reconfigured in real time to give the user flexibility and increase the capacity of the FPGA device. The readback-signal generator can be integrated into an FPGA read channel simulator or serve as a test bench for data-recovery circuits.
Flowering Stage Resistance to Bacterial Fruit Blotch in the Watermelon Germplasm Collection

Cucurbit bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovo - rax avenae subsp. citrulli is a significant threat to watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai) production worldwide. In the United States, seedless cultivars are primarily used in watermelon production, which now relies largely on transplant production in greenhouses to ensure a high germination rate. Unfortunately, the warm and humid greenhouse environment provides ideal conditions for the spread of bacterial fruit blotch. Treatments designed to remove bacteria from the surface of the seed coat were investigated previ - ously, but none eliminated the bacteria despite sig - nificant reductions reported in research studies. resistant cultivars offer a solution to the problem if genetic resistance can be identified. The objec- tives of this study were to (i) identify germplasm resistant to bacterial fruit blotch using the available pI accessions in the USDA germplasm collection and (ii) improve the methods for screening in the field. Field evaluations on the basis of foliar dis - ease symptoms at the flowering stage were con - ducted at Clinton, NC in 2011 to 2013. The field experiment was a randomized complete block with 1699 cultigens, 3 yr, and two replications of single-plant plots. Disease rating was on a 0 to 9 scale when the disease was uniformly distributed throughout the field (0 = no symptoms, 1-2 = trace, 3-4 = slight, 5-6 = moderate, 7-8 = severe, and 9 = dead). plots were rated multiple times each year. Significant differences were found for disease resistance among accessions (
Linkage and trade‐off in trophic morphology and behavioural performance of birds

Summary Bill closing behaviour involves a complex suite of tissue types, kinematics, morphological states and muscle architectural arrangements that has been under the scrutiny of natural selection for millions of years. Hence, an evolutionary shift to specialize in closing force may come at a cost to closing velocity and vice versa. Using field measurements on behavioural performance and morphological data from museum specimens, we tested predictions of the force–velocity trade-off hypothesis in 18 species of North American birds with diverse phylogenetic and ecological backgrounds. Linear models revealed that size and shape are excellent predictors of both bite force and closing velocity. However, taken one at a time, they each have a somewhat unique set of morphological predictors. In-lever length, mandibular depth and bill width comprise the best model of prediction for force, while a combination of out-lever length and total skull length provides the best prediction of closing velocity. Additionally, in our sample, only force is size-dependent. Hence, the predicted trade-off is revealed only after correcting bite force for head size. Various modes of predation and decoupled morphological prediction models for performance suggest that specialization towards one strategy (e.g. increase force) may not necessarily come at a cost to the other.
When and how aesthetics influences financial decisions

Abstract We observe the influence of aesthetic design on consumer behavior involving financial products—an area where financial decision-makers say they do not take aesthetics into account. In a series of three studies we find that the look of a document in hypothetical investment decisions impacts stock valuation and behavior in some but not all situations. Specifically, our results show that calling attention to the influence of design on behavior moderates the effect, including the paradoxical finding that the effect of design is attenuated when investments involve entities for which aesthetics is of intrinsic value.
MASS SPECTROMETRIC STUDIES OF RELATIVE SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN NICKEL- AND IRON-BASE ALLOYS.

Mass spectrometric, relative sensitivity coefficients were determined for several elements in specific NBS nickel- and iron-base alloy standards. Concentrations of these elements ranged from several percent to only a few parts per million. The results indicate that the coefficients for many of the elements appear to remain nearly constant throughout a concentration range of an order of magnitude or more. On the other hand, some of the elements exhibit marked changes in the coefficient value as the concentration falls below a particular level. Matrix effects were also studied, and a definite trend toward a possible vapor pressure correlation with the sensitivity coefficients of the various elements was observed.
Infrared imaging and tufts studies of boundary layer flow regimes on a NACA 0012 airfoil

A study of boundary-layer flow regimes on a NACA 0012 airfoil from zero angle of attack up to separation is presented. The boundary-layer transition from the laminar to the turbulent regime and the onset of the separation were detected by surface thermography of the airfoil performed with an infrared imaging system. The findings were compared with observations of aluminum-foil tufts visible with the infrared imaging system. This arrangement allows the infrared imaging system to assume the dual role of flow regime detection through surface thermography and flow visualization through the observation of the aluminum-foil tufts. Ultimately, the temperature history on an uncontaminated surface will provide an interpretation of the state of boundary-layer flow. Separation studies performed on the NACA 0012 airfoil showed that aluminum foil tufts can be observed with infrared imaging systems. >
Planes in which every quadrangle lies on a unique Baer subplane

Desarguesian projective planes of square order are characterized by the property that every quadrangle lies on a unique Baer subplane.
Research on Black Adolescents: A Legacy of Cultural Bias

Understanding of Black adolescence is limited due to the cultural bias inherent in much of the research literature. This bias is reflected in the philosophical approaches, theoretical frameworks, sampling, instrumentation, and data analysis used in the study of Black youth. Only recently have scholars moved toward studying Black adolescents in appropriate cultural context. This essay discusses the legacy of cultural bias and recommends strategies for building a new scholarship on Black adolescence.
The development of biting interactions and task performance in a tropical eusocial wasp

Summary Swarm-founding wasp workers (genus Polybia) exhibit developmental changes in task specialization known as temporal polyethism. Young workers typically remain inside the nest, followed by a period of working on the exterior nest surface, and later by foraging. Polybia workers on the nest exterior engage in biting interactions with their nest mates, and workers that are bitten are more likely to forage. To assess whether biting interactions ine uence the rate of temporal polyethism in P. aequatorialis , I tested for associations between on-nest workers’ receiving biting and their ages at onset of foraging. As predicted, most workers were bitten several days before they began foraging. Workers that were bitten sooner after appearing on the nest surface also began foraging sooner. Furthermore, workers that were bitten at higher rates began foraging at younger ages. These patterns suggest that biting interactions play a role in initiating the onset of foraging. Most workers continued to receive biting after they began foraging, and workers were more likely to depart the nest immediately after being bitten. Therefore, biting apparently also functions to maintain foraging behaviour.
A ligand for ALK

The receptor tyrosine kinase ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), as its name suggests, is aberrantly activated, mutated, or abundant in multiple cancers. Although widely studied in the context of cancer, the ligand that normally binds to and activates ALK in vertebrates has remained elusive. In this issue of Science Signaling, Murray and colleagues identify heparin as an ALK ligand.
Between the Human and the Foreign: Translating Arabic Drama for the Stage

In this essay, Mohammed Albakry discusses the notion of accommodating cultural differences in translation and the need to respect these differences without compromising or emphasizing them. First, Albakry reflects on translation as an act of interpretation in light of Terence's famous saying “nothing human can be foreign to me.” Second, he comments on the place of drama in translation and translation studies in order to contextualize his project — translating a number of critically acclaimed contemporary Egyptian plays. He then reviews and critiques the binary model of foreignization/domestication, drawing on some concrete examples of the cultural challenges of translating Arabic drama for the American stage. Albakry concludes by conceptualizing an alternative translational space of dialogical encounters between the human/familiar and the foreign in translation, and by considering the relevance of the Terentian maxim to the negotiation of maintaining sameness while preserving difference.
Integration with universal variables.

C, C* — universal variables, Eq. (25) £> = term defined in Eqs. (22) and (27) M = universal time variable, Eq. (21) R r r i /2 S = universal variable, Eq. (26) U, U* = universal variables, Eq. (24) V = rr/v W = coefficients, Eqs. (45) and (46) X = universal eccentric anomaly Z = coefficients, Eqs. (41) to (44) c = Eq. (1) / = general function, Sec. II /, g = representation coefficients, Eqs. (6) and (7) r, r = position vector and radius z = coefficients, Eqs. (38-40) a = energy constant, Eq. (23) v = gravitational constant = ju T = time variable
The American Blade: Etymologies of a Newspaper Name

AbstractSome American newspaper names include the element Blade, as in The Toledo Blade or The Washington Blade. One might assume that all newspaper Blades are the same, but they are, in fact, etymologically distinct, used by namers of their respective newspapers for different reasons. The residues of those etymologies figure in regional and subcultural identities, and Blade reflects various aspects of American history and culture depending on the circumstances of its use. At the finest historical scale, Blade may be a ‘lexical doppelganger,’ used in mixed communities by immigrant populations for one etymological reason, but by the established Anglo-American strata for another. While purposeful, metaphorical uses of Blade make flamboyant iconic claims about regional or subcultural identity, doppelganger Blade is forged in the crucible or melting pot of language contact and essentially overlooked in the history of American speech.
Clinical Concepts in Messaging Strategies to Parents of Depressed and Suicidal Adolescents

Firearms have been noted as a risk factor in youth suicide, but this has not necessarily translated effectively into the clinical setting. There is little information from the mental health field on firearm counseling interventions with parents of adolescents. The intent of this study was to uncover adolescent mental health clinicians' endorsements of specific messaging strategies on firearm access and safety counseling geared toward parents of depressed and suicidal adolescents. A total of 24 clinicians from a rural area took part in a focus group study. As part of the focus group, mental health counselors looked at six short paragraphs that phrased counseling parents on suicide and firearms. They were asked to identify three sentences across these paragraphs that they felt would be useful with parents of depressed or suicidal adolescents in counseling. Results found 66 responses that resulted in the recognition of 16 common statements across participants. The frequency of statements was examined, qualit...
Shades of Social Capital: Elite Persistence and the Everyday Politics of Community Forestry in Southeastern Mexico

Social capital has been discussed widely as networks based in trust and reciprocity that can facilitate economic development, democratic governance, and sustainable natural-resource management. The concept has not been examined thoroughly as an analytical lens for understanding power relations. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of practice I develop a relational and contextual view of social capital in order to explore the everyday political exchanges tied to a long-standing community forestry association in Quintana Roo, Mexico. I present a case study that recounts the emergence and decline of a timber-marketing fund to illustrate how elite actors from member communities (ejidos) maintain relative dominance within social networks over time. This Bourdieusian perspective on elite persistence exemplifies the downside of social capital but also reveals a cultural view of everyday politics that highlights tensions among long-standing practices (habitus) and formal and informal spheres of social interaction (fields).
SOMA-ME: a platform for the model-driven design of SOA solutions

The service-oriented modeling and architecture modeling environment (SOMA-ME) is first a framework for the model-driven design of service-oriented architecture (SOA) solutions using the service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA) method. In SOMA-ME, Unified Modeling Language (UML™) profiles extend the UML 2.0 metamodel to domain-specific concepts. SOMA-ME is also a tool that extends the IBM Rational® Software Architect product to provide a development environment and automation features for designing SOA solutions in a systematic and model-driven fashion. Extensibility, traceability, variation-oriented design, and automatic generation of technical documentation and code artifacts are shown to be some of the properties of the SOMA-ME tool.
Nonreproductive Technologies Remediating Kin Structure with Donor Gametes

This article examines the absence of biological relatedness in couples where the use of a third-party gamete donor casts doubt on the notion of conventional kinship. The authors observe that indivi...
Size Variation and Aggression among Male Xylocopa virginica (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at a Nesting Site in Central Oklahoma

Abstract We studied aggression and size variation among males in the carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica (L.) at a nesting site in Central Oklahoma. Male size (estimated by head capsule width), male–male and male–female interactions as well as male site fidelity were recorded at three locations: 1) in the immediate vicinity of the nesting site, 2) at the periphery of the same nesting site and 3) at milkweed flowers (a nectar source) in an adjacent pasture. Nesting site males displayed significantly higher levels of aggression than males at the other two locations. These males were also significantly larger than those at flowers in the pasture while males at the nesting site periphery were intermediate in both size and intrasexual aggression among the three male categories. Male–female interactions (chases and contacts) occurred most frequently closest to the nesting site, but not significantly so relative to males in the nesting site periphery. We also found evidence that some males remain faithful to territ...
The impact on a GCM climate of an extended mosaic technique for the land-atmosphere coupling

Abstract Heterogeneities in the land surface on scales smaller than the typical general circulation model (GCM) grid size can have a profound influence on the grid-scale mean climate. There exists observational and modeling evidence that the direct effects of surface heterogeneities may be felt by the atmosphere well into the planetary boundary layer. The impact of including an “extended mosaic” (EM) scheme, which accounts for the vertical influence of land surface heterogeneities in a GCM, is evaluated here by comparing side-by-side GCM simulations with EM and with the more standard mosaic formulation (M). Differences between the EM and M simulations are observed in the boundary layer structure, in fields that link the boundary layer and the general circulation, and in fields that represent the general circulation itself. Large EM − M differences are found over the eastern United States, eastern Asia, and southern Africa in the summertime, and are associated with a boundary layer eddy diffusion feedback ...
Study on epidemic characteristics and etiology of community acquired pneumonia in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2012

Objective To investigate the epidemic characteristics and pathogenic spectrum of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2012.Method 14 major comprehensive hospitals were selected from 11 districts as sentinel hospitals for CAP cases surveillance,including 18 982 223 in total during the 4 years.The characteristics of pathogenic spectrum of CAP were stratified and analyzed by year,age and season.Results 18 982 223 cases were included in the surveillance from year 2009 to 2012,in which 56 618 cases were CAP.The number of CAP cases increased from 8677 in year 2009 to 19 947 in year 2012 in Guangzhou; while the percentage of visits for CAP raised from 0.22％ (8677/3 893 800) to 0.41％ (19 947/4 839 766).The difference showed statistical significance (x2 =2693.00,P ＜ 0.05).Among the hospitalized CAP cases,66.05 ％ (10 954/16 585) were aged ≤ 5 years old or ＞66 years old.The percentage of cases infected by a single pathogen was 88.11％ (14 613/16 585),while co-infected cases accounted for 4.17％ (691/16 585).Bacteria accounted for the largest proportion of 65.25％ (10 821/16 585) as a single pathogen,followed by mycoplasma 13.54％ (2245/16 585),virus 9.01％ (1494/16 585) and chlamydia 0.32％ (53/16 585).The proportion of virus infection was increasing from 4.74％ to 11.64％.The difference showed statistical significance (x2 =135.32,P ＜ 0.05).Bacteria infection was the leading causes for CAP cases in all age groups; however the percentage increased with the increasing of ages.The rate of bacterial infection was increased from 48.35％ (2993/6191) among children aged ≤5 years old to 81.31％ (3873/4763) among adults aged over 65 years (x2 =1632.00,P ＜0.05).The rate of atypical pathogens (mycoplasma,chlamydia) for children (≤ 15 years old) (25.99％,1805/6945) was higher than that for adults aged ≥ 16 years old (5.12％,494/9640) (x2 =2.11,P ＜0.05).The effect from season on the pathogenic spectrum was not observed.433 hospitalized CAP cases were dead from 2009 to 2012.Case fatality rate was highest among people aged over 65 years old (4.70％,224/4763) and lowest among children aged between 6 to 15 years old (0.27％,2/754).Conclusion The incidence of community acquired pneumonia was rising in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2012.Bacteria was the dominant pathogen.Children and old people were the high-risk population of community acquired pneumonia;while co-infection was still at low level. Key words: Pneumonia; Sentinel surveillance; Community-acquired infections
John H. Wigmore on the Abolition of Partisan Experts

The American justice system traditionally has relied on expert witnesses hired by adverse parties, resulting in the appearance of dueling hired guns. There have been attempts to reform the system through court-appointed impartial experts, but trial attorneys have resisted them. Celebrated cases have brought the problem to the forefront--for example, the 1924 murder trial of Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr, in Chicago. These young men were on trial for kidnapping and killing a teenage boy. That there was no motive but thrill-seeking incensed citizens, who called for their death. Several psychiatrists testified at the penalty phase. The judge sentenced the defendants to life in prison, ostensibly because of their age. Commenting on the case, John H. Wigmore, Dean of Northwestern Law School and authority on evidence, critiqued the system of partisan experts. This article contains a reprint of his editorial and a discussion of it in the context of evolving expert testimony standards. My conclusion is that a robust but honest airing of opinions is most helpful in criminal cases and that court-appointed experts may be more appropriate in civil and domestic relations matters.
Editorial: Horizon Report 2014 and Current Status of E-Learning

Emerging technologies are only valuable for today’s learners, if instructors make smart pedagogical choices and apply technology in the context of effective teaching practices. DOI:10.2458/azu_itet_v2i2_czerkawski
Interaction Networks and the Regulation of Ant Colony Behavior

An ant colony operates without central control. Each ant uses only local information, mostly odor, and no ant can make global assessments about what needs to be done. No ant gives instructions to another. Through the local decisions of individuals, colonies adjust their behavior to current conditions. An ant decides where to go and what to do based on its recent experience of brief interactions with other ants. Most interactions consist of antennal contact, in which one ant smells the other. Interactions are not targeted toward particular individuals. The rate of interaction, rather than any information transferred, influences task decisions. Interaction networks explain how seed-eating harvester ant colonies adjust the intensity of foraging to the availability of food. Using field experiments that manipulate rate of interaction, we can test models of the algorithms that individual ants use to respond to interactions, producing the collective regulation of colony behavior. I will discuss the ecological and evolutionary consequences of differences among colonies in interaction networks, and the changes in interaction networks as colonies grow older and larger.
A Cross-National Study of Broadband Adoption: An Integrated Demand-Supply Perspective

Broadband adoption across countries has been studied by several scholars. Most of these studies analyze the different factors that affect the adoption of broadband. While these studies have provided insight on what factors may be important in the adoption process, there have been fewer efforts to analyze the entire landscape and paths involved in the adoption process. This paper uses data from 30 OECD countries, to understand the paths involved in the process of broadband adoption to help identify the role of government/industries in devising strategies for efficient future adoption of next generation technologies.Whereas the majority of other studies use more or less ad hoc empirical models, this paper makes an attempt to develop more explicit microeconomic foundations that explicitly take demand and supply factors into account. This framework enables us identify the different paths involved in the adoption process, their relative importance and their interactions. The study examines the interaction of different economic and technological factors and their effect on broadband adoption across countries from a demand and supply perspective. The goal was to use this approach to help make decisions about where the focus of public policy decisions aimed at promoting broadband needs to be. This study also attempts to look at demand and supply conditions (unobservable constructs) without the specification of equilibrium conditions. Two methodological approaches are used where one method (structural equation modeling) does not assume that the market is in equilibrium and the other (traditional econometric approach using two stage least squares) makes the assumption that the market is in equilibrium. The findings highlight that income and number of existing internet users were positively related with demand and adoption, whereas price was negatively related to demand and adoption of broadband. While most of the hypotheses on the demand side were supported, the supply side findings indicate that for higher broadband adoption to take place, investments in supply needs to complemented with encouragement of consumer demand. The study suggests that supply centric regulations need to be complemented with policies to encourage end-user adoption for effective penetration of the technology to take place. Another important finding of this study is that the regulatory environment is an important mediator on both the demand and supply side for broadband adoption. Both methodological approaches provide complementary perspectives. One simultaneously analyzes the effect of individual demand and supply side factors on adoption, whereas the other analyzes the paths involved in the process of adoption. The study is able to not only shed light on the importance of policy making, but it is also able to suggest where the policy focus should be if more effective national broadband adoption is desired.
Sympathetic activity and blood pressure are tightly coupled at 0.4 Hz in conscious rats

Interactions of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) with blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed in conscious rats while they rested quietly in a cloth sock (n = 7), roamed freely in their home cage (n = 6), and then after anesthesia with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg; n = 7). The power and coherence spectra below 3 Hz were calculated from data collected for 9.56 min. In the conscious rat, SNA spectral power peaked at 0.4 Hz, whereas the majority of spectral power for both BP and HR occurred at frequencies lower than 0.4 Hz. However, there was an inconspicuous peak in the BP power spectra at 0.4 Hz that was not seen in the HR spectra. Coherence between SNA and BP peaked at a frequency of approximately 0.4 Hz, the same frequency at which the SNA spectral peaks occurred. In contrast, at frequencies below 0.4 Hz where maximum BP power occurred, the coherence was considerably lower. Anesthesia with pentobarbital lowered spectral power for BP, SNA, and HR but essentially did not change the coherence between SNA and BP. Interactions between respiration and each of the other variables were weak in the conscious rat. However, prominent respiratory interactions at approximately 1.2 Hz were evident after anesthesia. These data indicate a close coupling between SNA and BP at 0.4 Hz, raising the possibility that the BP spectral power at 0.4 Hz reliably reflects sympathetic activity.
Urolepis Rufipes (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), A New Parasite Record for Filth Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Nebraska, USA

Urolepis rufipes, a pteromalid parasite of Ephydridae, was recovered from house-fly and stable-fly puparia at a single dairy in eastern Nebraska during July 1983. Parasitism occurred in natural host populations and in laboratory-reared house-fly pupae introduced into fly breeding sites. Parasitism never exceeded 9%. A laboratory colony of this parasite was established.