cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal characteristics of noise conditions producing facilitation and interference.

In reaction time (RT) experiments, a target letter was flanked by noise letters with differing relations to the target. When noise letters that are identical to the target, or response-compatible but not identical, precede the target by 100 msec, RT is facilitated. Facilitation by identical noise is greater. Scaling analysis of the RT distributions indicated that facilitation by compatible noise is a very short-latency, transient effect. Facilitation by identical noise is more persistent. It is suggested that there are two facilitative processes-direct response priming by compatibility, and facilitation of stimulus coding by stimulus identity. Facilitation is not obtained when these noise letters are presented simultaneously with the target. Associative interference is produced by response-incompatible noise letters, both with simultaneous presentation and with noise preceding the target. Maximum interference is earlier when noise precedes the target. This confirms previous findings and a prediction of continuous growth theory.
Pathogenicity and infectivity of a rickettsia-like organism in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus

Abstract. A rickettsia-like organism from the gills and plicate membrane of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, was prevalent in near-shore Rhode Island scallop populations such as Block Island Sound and Narragansett Bay, but relatively scarce in Georges Bank samples. Fifty-three per cent of scallops transplanted in cages to Narragansett Bay became infected with the rickettsiae in 2.5-3.5 months. Scallops that were transferred to aquaria with Narragansett Bay water were 100% infected with rickettsiae in 5 months or less. There is some evidence that heavy infection of P. magellanicus inhibits swimming response and that rickettsial infection may contribute indirectly to mortalities by reducing scallop mobility and avoidance of predators. The organism was successfully cultured in gill organ culture and by direct injection of infected tissue homogenate, but could not be grown on artificial media or in yolk sac of embryonated hens’ eggs. Other bivalve species could not be infected with the rickettsia of P. magellanicus through the water column or by direct injection.
Atomic potentials for Rb and K graphite intercalation compounds.

Intercalant-pair and corrugation potentials for stage-1 and stage-2 Rb and K graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) were calculated within the local-density-functional-theory framework. The predicted corrugation potential for the stage-2 Rb GIC is in excellent agreement with potentials derived from x-ray experiments, although some discrepancy was found for the stage-2 K GIC. The potentials for stage-2 Rb GIC's were tested by molecular-dynamics simulations of the wave-vector-dependent neutron-scattering quasielastic linewidth for the Rb GIC, which is found to be in close accord with experiment.
Role of hormones including diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the pathogenesis of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract The preponderance of evidence suggests that a venereal component plays a role in the pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia. While prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol may result in some intrinsic alterations of the metaplastic and dysplastic cells, preliminary data indicate that the rates of cervical dysplasia may not yet be appreciably different in exposed and unexposed women. The results of epidemiologic investigations about oral contraceptives are conflicting.
The U.S. National Security Strategy: Policy, Process, Problems

Since 1986, presidents have been required to submit an annual National Security Strategy (NSS). Recent years have seen a proliferation of national strategies of other kinds, linked in part to the NSS. The National Security Council, led by the national security advisor and employing its committee system and the interagency process, develops the NSS. The integration of all the necessary elements within the NSS involves an opaque and irregular set of rolling negotiations among national security principals. The 2006 NSS is best viewed in comparison to the 2002 version, which was issued in the immediate aftermath of 9/11. It stipulates that the United States is at war with transnational terrorism fueled by a perversion of Islam and proposes stable democracy as the primary solution, supported by aggressive efforts to control the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the option of taking preemptive military action. Criteria for assessing national security strategies can be process oriented or results based.
Televised relational and physical aggression and children’s hostile intent attributions

An experiment was conducted with 150 children (mean age = 10.1 years) in third to fifth grades to test whether exposure to different forms of aggression in the media affected hostile attributional biases in response to different forms of provocation scenarios. Children were randomly assigned to watch a clip containing physical aggression, relational aggression, or no aggression. After exposure, children were asked to respond to a series of written provocation scenarios where a character caused some form of harm (instrumental or relational) to a target person, but the intent of the provocateur was ambiguous. Results revealed that exposure to relationally aggressive portrayals resulted in a hostile attributional bias in response to relational scenarios, whereas exposure to portrayals of physical aggression was associated with a hostile attributional bias in response to instrumental scenarios. Moreover, these biases were shown to be specific to the exposure condition (physical or relational) and not simply associated with exposure to aggression in general. The findings are discussed in terms of the general aggression model and children’s social information processing.
Human severe combined immunodeficiency due to a defect in ZAP-70, a T cell tyrosine kinase

A homozygous mutation in the kinase domain of ZAP-70, a T cell receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinase, produced a distinctive form of human severe combined immunodeficiency. Manifestations of this disorder included profound immunodeficiency, absence of peripheral CD8+ T cells, and abundant peripheral CD4+ T cells that were refractory to T cell receptor-mediated activation. These findings demonstrate that ZAP-70 is essential for human T cell function and suggest that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells depend on different intracellular signaling pathways to support their development or survival.
Assessing street tree diversity in four Ohio communities using the weighted Simpson index

Abstract Diversity is a key factor which should be considered during planning street replacements and involves assessment of existing street population for various factors especially resistance of trees to pests. Street tree replacement histories in the United States reveal extensive replacement of American elms killed by Dutch elm disease (DED) with maples, or ashes. In turn, these trees are now under attack by Asian longhorn beetle (ALB) and emerald ash borer (EAB). Two commonly used evaluation measure of diversity namely the 10:20:30 rule and the Simpson index takes into account only the number and evenness of the taxa in a street tree population. However these indexes fail to consider the differential functional values of trees which are critical in building a sustainable urban forest while attempting to increase diversity. The proposed weighted Simpson index which weights the absolute abundance of tree taxa based on some functional variable could be used as a guide to identify areas of focus for a community. A case study involving four communities in Ohio namely Toledo, Westerville, Dublin and Yellow Springs was conducted to examine the usefulness of the weighted Simpson Index. Three functional variables including environmental benefits, pest vulnerability and taxon adaptability at three different taxonomic levels, family, genus and species, were used to arrive at the weighted Simpson indexes for the four communities. Results revealed the usefulness of weighted Simpson Index in exposing areas of concern for each community. Generally all the four communities were lacking larger statured trees with greater environmental benefits.
Interdisziplinäre Arbeit als Schlüssel zum Erfolg

Das Deutsche Kunststoff-Institut in Darmstadt feiert sein 50-jahriges Bestehen. Als eine der altesten derartigen Einrichtungen ist seine Geschichte eng mit der Entwicklung der deutschen Kunststoffindustrie verknupft. Seit Beginn der grostechnischen Kunststoffproduktion in Deutschland tragt die Arbeit des Instituts wesentlich zu den Fortschritten der Polymerchemie und der Kunststoffverarbeitung bei.
The significance of access to land as a determinant of Kenya's interregional migration

Abstract Hous and Rempel (1980) obtain a positive sign that is not significant different from zero for wages expected in a region of origin. Given Kenya's rural economic structure, formal sector wages misrepresent income opportunities. This study applies a polytomous logistic model to aggregate published census data from Kenya to test whether measures of access to land provide a better representation of income opportunities and lead to results consistent with underlying migration theory. I find that as an origin province's quality of agricultural land rises, the likehood of migration declines. Accompanying these results is a brief historical description of Kenya's land tenure system.
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics–1975

Data for this article, as in previous reports, are drawn principally from the Monthly Vital Statistics Report, published by the National Center for Health Statistics. The international data come from the Demographic Yearbook and the quarterly Population and Vital Statistics, both published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations, and the World Health Statistics Report, published by the World Health Organization. All the United States data for 1975 are estimates based upon a 10% sample of material received in state offices between two dates, one month apart, regardless of when the event occurred. Experience has shown that for the country as a whole the estimate is very close to the subsequent final figures. There are, however, considerable variations in a few of the states; state information should be interpreted cautiously.
The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual's Psychological Connection to Sport

Research on sport spectators and sport fans is examined to develop a model of the psychological connections that individuals experience with sports or sport teams. The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) is introduced. It provides an extended view of sport spectator and sport fan involvement, and outlines general parameters that may mediate the relationship between an individual and a sport or team. The PCM provides a framework that may account for an individual's movement from initial awareness of a sport or team to eventual allegiance. Four levels are described and differentiated: awareness, attraction, attachment and allegiance. The model proposes that the psychological connections between an individual and a sport or team are governed by the complexity and strengthening of sportrelated mental associations. The PCM provides a model that integrates current research and suggests new directions for future research and applications.
Biochemical and Thermodynamic Characterization of Compounds That Bind to RNA Hairpin Loops: Toward an Understanding of Selectivity†

Elucidation of the molecular forces governing small molecule-RNA binding is paramount to the progress of rational design strategies. The extensive characterization of the aminoglycoside-16S rRNA A-site interaction has deepened our understanding of how aminoglycosides bind to their target and exert their antimicrobial effects. However, to date no other RNA binding compounds have undergone such rigorous evaluation, and in general the origins of small molecule-RNA binding remain a mystery. We recently reported the identification of small molecules, dimers of 2-deoxystreptamine, which are able to bind selectively to RNA tetraloops and octaloops, respectively [Thomas, Liu, and Hergenrother (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 12434-12435]. Described herein is the biochemical and biophysical characterization of the RNA binding properties of the most selective compound, B-12, as well as closely related analogues. These studies further substantiate that B-12 is indeed selective for RNA octaloop sequences and indicate that the origin of this selectivity may lie in B-12's unusual binding mode, in which entropic factors are major contributors to the overall binding energy. In fact, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments indicate that the binding of B-12 and most of its analogues is associated with a strong entropic contribution to the total binding energy. This is in stark contrast to the aminoglycosides, for which favorable enthalpy typically provides the driving force for binding. These studies are the first to examine small molecule-RNA hairpin loop binding in detail and are a necessary step toward the design of compounds that are specific binders for a given RNA sequence.
Egr-1 Null Mice Exhibit Impaired Hepatic Regeneration.

The liver regenerates itself in response to a wide variety of injuries. The rodent partial hepatectomy model has been a useful tool with which to investigate the signals that regulate this regenerative response. These signals include activation of an immediate-early gene expression program during early liver regeneration which directs growth factor-dependent hepatocellular proliferation and leads to restoration of normal hepatic mass. The early growth response 1 transcription factor (EGR-1), whose expression is known to be regulated in a variety of models of cellular growth and differentiation, has been shown to be induced as part of the immediate early gene expression response during liver regeneration. In the studies reported here the functional significance of EGR-1 expression during liver regeneration was examined by characterizing the hepatic regenerative response to partial hepatectomy in EGR-1 null mice. The results of these studies showed that liver regeneration in EGR-1 null mice is impaired. Although the early signaling events leading up to the first wave of hepatocellular DNA synthesis occurred normally following partial hepatectomy in EGR-1 null mice, subsequent signaling events and cell cycle progression after the first round of DNA synthesis were deranged. This derangement was characterized by increased activation of the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase and inhibition of hepatocellular metaphase-to-anaphase mitotic progression. Together these observations suggest that Egr-1 is an important regulator of hepatocellular mitotic progression through the spindle-assembly checkpoint. In support of this, microarray-based gene expression analysis showed that induction of expression of the cell division cycle 20 gene (CDC20), a key regulator of the mitotic anaphase promoting complex, is significantly reduced in EGR-1 null mice. Taken together these data define a novel functional role for EGR-1 in regulating hepatocellular mitotic progression during liver regeneration.
A three-dimensional view of precursor messenger RNA metabolism within the mammalian nucleus

A quantitative three-dimensional analysis of nuclear components involved in precursor messenger RNA metabolism was performed with a combination of fluorescence hybridization, immunofluorescence, and digital imaging microscopy. Polyadenylate [poly(A)] RNA-rich transcript domains were discrete, internal nuclear regions that formed a ventrally positioned horizontal array in monolayer cells. A dimmer, sometimes strand-like, poly(A) RNA signal was dispersed throughout the nucleoplasm. Spliceosome assembly factor SC-35 localized within the center of individual domains. These data support a nuclear model in which there is a specific topological arrangement of noncontiguous centers involved in precursor messenger RNA metabolism, from which RNA transport toward the nuclear envelope radiates.
Estimation of mutual diffusion coefficients in polymer/penetrant systems using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations

Experimental studies of the diffusion of small molecules in polymers typically report mutual diffusivities while simulation studies report tracer diffusivities. The Darken equation has been used to relate measured mutual diffusivities to calculated tracer diffusivities. The current study uses grand canonical molecular dynamics (GCMD) to simulate a gradient in chemical potential and calculate the mutual diffusivity in a polymer/penetrant system. The penetrants are modeled as hard spheres while the polymer is modeled as a collection of stationary hard chains. Penetrant mutual diffusivity is a function of two competing factors, a thermodynamic factor and a friction factor. An increase in the chemical potential of the penetrant tends to increase the diffusivity, the thermodynamic factor effect, while a corresponding increase in the number of particles within the system tends to decrease the diffusivity, the friction factor effect. Mutual diffusivity differs from penetrant tracer diffusivity by almost an order of magnitude. Mutual diffusivities do not obey the Darken relation for the simulation model used in this study.
The Impact of Corporate Supplier Diversity Programs on Corporate Purchasers’ Intention to Purchase From Women-Owned Enterprises: An Empirical Test

This doctoral thesis examines the impact of corporate supplier diversity programs on corporate purchasers’ intention to purchase from women-owned enterprises using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. Two hundred and seventy-two corporate purchasers across a diverse range of industries and geographical regions in the United States participated in a mail survey in which the participants responded to questions (capturing the constructs of the theory of planned behavior) related to a selected scenario. These scenarios (a 2 × 2 factorial design) manipulated two constructs: male/female of the small enterprise owner and corporate purchasers’ familiarity/unfamiliarity with the enterprise. The goal of the experimental manipulation was to ensure sufficient variance in the study constructs. The results provided general support for the theory of planned behavior in capturing how corporate purchasers make decisions. The findings of the study show that programs designed to promote women-owned enterprises may be effecti...
Half-metallic ferrimagnetism in Mn 2 VAl

We show that ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ is a compound for which the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to the exchange-correlation functional in density functional theory makes a qualitative change in predicted behavior compared to the usual local density approximation. Application of GGA leads to prediction of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ being a half-metallic ferrimagnet, with the minority channel being the conducting one. The electronic and magnetic structure is analyzed and contrasted with the isostructural enhanced semimetal ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}.$
Does common spatial origin promote the auditory grouping of temporally separated signal elements in grey treefrogs

‘Sequential integration’ represents a form of auditory grouping in which temporally separated sounds produced by the same source are perceptually bound together over time into a coherent ‘auditory stream’. In humans, sequential integration is important in music and speech perception. In this study of the grey treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis, we took advantage of female selectivity for advertisement calls with conspecific pulse rates to investigate common spatial location as a cue for sequential integration. We presented females with two temporally interleaved pulse sequences with pulse rates of 25 pulses/s, which is half the conspecific pulse rate and more similar to that of H. versicolor, a syntopically breeding heterospecific. We tested the hypothesis that common spatial origin between the two pulse sequences would promote their integration into a coherent auditory stream with an attractive conspecific pulse rate. As the spatial separation between the speakers broadcasting the interleaved pulse sequences decreased from 180° to 0°, more females responded and females had shorter response latencies and travelled shorter distances en route to a speaker. However, even in the 180° condition, most females (74%) still responded. Detailed video analyses revealed no evidence that patterns of female phonotaxis resulted from impaired abilities to localize sound sources in the spatially separated conditions. Together, our results suggest that females were fairly permissive of spatial incoherence between the interleaved pulse sequences and that common spatial origin may be only a relatively weak cue for sequential integration in grey treefrogs.
Die Katecholamine des Herzens

Die Gesamtkatecholamine des Sauger- und Menschenherzens setzen sich zusammen aus a) Arterenol, welches normalerweise die Hauptmenge der pharmakodynamisch aktiven sympathomimetischen Katecholamine im Herzmuskel ausmacht; b) Adrenalin, welches in geringeren Mengen vorhanden ist; c) pharmakodynamisch relativ inaktiven „Extra-Katecholaminen“ (Dioxyphenylalanin? Oxytyramin? N-Alkylamine des Noradrenalins? Adrenalinogen?), die jedoch in ahnlicher Weise wie Adrenalin auf den oxydativen Myokardstoffwechsel stimulierend einwirken duften.
Geological evolution of a pleistocene rhyolitic center — Sierra La Primavera, Jalisco, México

The Sierra La Primavera volcanic complex consists of late Pleistocene comenditic lava flows and domes. ash-flow tuff, air-fall pumice, and cold caldera-lake sediments. The earliest lavas were erupted about 120,000 years ago, and were followed approximately 95,000 years ago by the eruption of about 20 km3 of magma as ash flows that form the compositionally-zoned Tala Tuff. Collapse of the roof zone of the magma chamber led to the formation of a shallow 11-km-diameter caldera. It soon filled with water, forming a caldera lake in which sediment began to collect. At about the same time, two central domes erupted through the middle of the lake and a “giant pumice horizon”, an important stratigraphic marker, was deposited. Shortly thereafter ring domes erupted along two parallel arcs: one along the northeast portion of the ring fracture, and the other crossing the middle of the lake. All these events occurred during a period of approximately 5,000–10,000 years. Sedimentation continued and a period of volcanic quiescence was marked by the deposition of some 30 m of fine-grained ashy sediments virtually free from pumice lapilli. Approximately 75,000 years ago, a new group of ring domes erupted at the southern margin of the lake. These domes are lapped by only 10–20 m of sediments, as uplift resulting from renewed insurgence of magma brought an end to the lake. This uplift culminated in the eruption, beginning approximately 60,000 years ago, of aphyric lavas along a southern arc. The youngest of these lavas erupted approximately 20,000–30,000 years ago. The four major fault systems in the Sierra La Primavera are related to caldera collapse or to uplift caused by the insurgence of the southern are magma. Steam vents and larga-discharge 65°C hot springs are associated with the faulting. Calculated equilibrium temperatures of the geothermal fluids are ∼170°C, but temperatures in excess of 240°C have been encountered in an exploratory drill hole. A seismic survey showed attenuation of both S and P waves within the caldera, P waves attenuated more severely than S waves. The greatest attenuation is associated with an area of steam vents, and the rapid lateral variations in attenuation suggest that they are produced by a shallow geothermal system rather than by underlying magma.
Preparation and characterization of plutonium-240 oxide used for half-life measurement

Abstract The 240 Pu oxide, enriched to 98.5% in 240 Pu, used for the half-life measurements was prepared by ion-exchange purification in nitric acid solution, followed by heating at 1250°C to the oxide. Four laboratories provided characterizations of plutonium chemical assay, mass-spectrometric isotopic abundances, and measurements of radioactive and nonradioactive impurities. The 95% confidence interval associated with the computed number of atoms of 240 Pu per gram of oxide is ±0.03%.
A ribosome-like particle accumulated at low temperature by a cold-sensitive mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract At low temperature a cold-sensitive mutant of Salmonella typhimurium accumulates a ribonucleoprotein particle composed of 16-S RNA and proteins. The RNA of the particle does not become incorporated into a 30-S ribosome under permissive conditions of growth of the culture, rather, it is degraded. The particle is also turned over rapidly at low temperature. Growth rates of the mutant and of partial revertants are inversely related to the concentration of this particle under a variety of conditions. In vitro studies indicate that the particle prevents growth of a culture which produces it by inhibiting the synthesis of protein.
Can trend forecasting improve stability in supply chains? A response to Forrester's challenge in Appendix L of Industrial Dynamics

This paper revisits the use of trend forecasting in driving ordering policies in supply chains by comparing it with derivative control in classical control theory. While both processes involve use of trend to determine policies for achieving reliable performance, the former often worsens instability, while the latter can improve stability with certainty. The similarities and differences between the two processes are discussed and a framework suggested for improving the efficacy of trend forecasting in ordering policies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Focused Acoustic Wave (FAW) Channelizer

The architecture, operation, and performance of a new integrated acoustic RF channelizer are described. The all-acoustic device uses a phased array piezoelectric transducer to generate frequency dispersed bulk acoustic waves over a 500 MHz bandwidth. The waves are focused onto a 25 channel receiver electrode array by a cylindrical reflector formed on the opposing surface of the device. This channelizer has the potential of providing higher dynamic range than competing technologies.
Isolated Colonic Metastasis From Primary Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma: Role of Tumor Marker in Early Diagnosis

A 59-year-old woman with past medical history significant for invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast successfully treated with right mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy presented with vague abdominal discomfort. She was found to have an elevated CEA level on blood work, which deemed further evaluation. Work up with colonoscopy and biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma of the colon with signet ring cell features consistent with metastatic disease. A primary breast tumor with metastasis to colon is a rare finding. Thus, patients presenting with elevated tumor markers must be judiciously investigated for gastrointestinal tract metastasis. doi:10.4021/jmc417w
Nuclear Titin interacts with A- and B-type lamins in vitro and in vivo

Lamins form structural filaments in the nucleus. Mutations in A-type lamins cause muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy and other diseases, including progeroid syndromes. To identify new binding partners for lamin A, we carried out a two-hybrid screen with a human skeletal-muscle cDNA library, using the Ig-fold domain of lamin A as bait. The C-terminal region of titin was recovered twice. Previous investigators showed that nuclear isoforms of titin are essential for chromosome condensation during mitosis. Our titin fragment, which includes two regions unique to titin (M-is6 and M-is7), bound directly to both A- and B-type lamins in vitro. Titin binding to disease-causing lamin A mutants R527P and R482Q was reduced 50%. Studies in living cells suggested lamin-titin interactions were physiologically relevant. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, two independent C. elegans (Ce)-titin antibodies colocalized with Ce-lamin at the nuclear envelope. In lamin-downregulated [lmn-1(RNAi)] embryos, Ce-titin was undetectable at the nuclear envelope suggesting its localization or stability requires Ce-lamin. In human cells (HeLa), antibodies against the titin-specific domain M-is6 gave both diffuse and punctate intranuclear staining by indirect immunofluorescence, and recognized at least three bands larger than 1 MDa in immunoblots of isolated HeLa nuclei. In HeLa cells that transiently overexpressed a lamin-binding fragment of titin, nuclei became grossly misshapen and herniated at sites lacking lamin B. We conclude that the C-terminus of nuclear titin binds lamins in vivo and might contribute to nuclear organization during interphase.
Development of a Quality Care Plan to Reduce Otolaryngologic Readmissions: Early Lessons from the Cleveland Clinic

ObjectivesHospital readmissions are an important focus of national quality and cost containment efforts. With increased emphasis on the impact of unplanned readmissions, it is critical to evaluate factors contributing to readmission rates and optimize strategies aimed at reducing these rates. The objectives of this study were to discuss quality interventions implemented at our institution and to evaluate their impact on reducing readmissions.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary care medical center.MethodsMedical records of patients who were admitted to an otolaryngology inpatient service and readmitted within 30 days of discharge between January 2010 and December 2012 were reviewed. A quality care plan (QCP) was developed, and various interventions were implemented during this time to affect these rates.ResultsThere were 769, 816, and 798 admissions during the years 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. The number of readmissions during this time were 50 (6.5%), 51 (6.3%), and ...
Alterations in the proteome of the respiratory tract in response to single and multiple exposures to naphthalene.

Protein adduction is considered to be critical to the loss of cellular homeostasis associated with environmental chemicals undergoing metabolic activation. Despite considerable effort, our understanding of the key proteins mediating the pathologic consequences from protein modification by electrophiles is incomplete. This work focused on naphthalene-induced acute injury of respiratory epithelial cells and tolerance which arises after multiple toxicant doses to define the initial cellular proteomic response and later protective actions related to tolerance. Airways and nasal olfactory epithelium from mice exposed to 15 ppm NA either for 4 hrs (acute) or for 4 hrs/day × 7 days (tolerant) were used for label free protein quantitation by LC/MS/MS. Cyp2f2 and secretoglobin 1A1 are decreased dramatically in airways of mice exposed for 4 hrs, a finding consistent with the fact that P450’s are localized primarily in Clara cells. A number of heat shock proteins and protein disulfide isomerases, which had previously been identified as adduct targets for reactive metabolites from several lung toxicants, were upregulated in airways but not olfactory epithelium of tolerant mice. Protein targets that are upregulated in tolerance may be key players in the pathophysiology associated with reactive metabolite protein adduction.
Evaluating Lignocellulosic Biomass, Its Derivatives, and Downstream Products with Raman Spectroscopy

The creation of fuels, chemicals, and materials from plants can aid in replacing products fabricated from non-renewable energy sources. Before using biomass in downstream applications, it must be characterized to assess chemical traits, such as cellulose, lignin, or lignin monomer content, or the sugars released following an acid or enzymatic hydrolysis. The measurement of these traits allows researchers to gauge the recalcitrance of the plants, and develop efficient deconstruction strategies to maximize yields. Standard methods for assessing biomass phenotypes often have experimental protocols that limit their use for screening sizeable numbers of plant species. Raman spectroscopy, a non-destructive, non-invasive vibrational spectroscopy technique, is capable of providing qualitative, structural information and quantitative measurements. Applications of Raman spectroscopy have aided in alleviating the constraints of standard methods by coupling spectral data with multivariate analysis to construct models capable of predicting analytes. Hydrolysis and fermentation products, such as glucose and ethanol, can be quantified off-, at-, or on-line. Raman imaging has enabled researchers to develop a visual understanding of reactions, such as different pretreatment strategies, in real time, while also providing integral chemical information. This review provides an overview of what Raman spectroscopy is, and how it has been applied to the analysis of whole lignocellulosic biomass, its derivatives, and downstream process monitoring.
Legal and Ethical Issues Involved When Counseling Minors in Nonschool Settings

Many counselors in non-school settings will work with children at some time during their practice; therefore, it is essential that they understand the legal and ethical issues relevant to working with minors. Major court cases and legislation are presented, and 4 critical ethical issues--counselor competence, the client's rights to confidentiality and informed consent, and duties related to child abuse--are addressed. Suggestions for working ethically with minors in order to limit legal liability are presented.
Nature and Mechanisms of Loss of Motivation

Loss of motivation refers either to the weakening of a motive q or to the loss of energy and persistence with which some subordinate goal p is planned for and pursued in view of q. Although interre...
Noncutaneous Malignant Tumors in the PUVA Follow-up Study: 1975–1996

There is concern about possible association between PUVA treatment and an increased risk of noncutaneous cancer. An alteration in the risk of cancer among persons with psoriasis has also been postulated. To test this hypothesis, for nearly two decades we have prospectively followed 1380 patients who first began PUVA treatment for psoriasis in 1975–1976. We compare the risk of noncutaneous cancer in our cohort with that expected based on general population incidence rates. The overall risk of noncutaneous cancer was nearly identical to that expected in general population. For three separate sites, we noted significant increases: thyroid cancer (RR=3.57, 95% CI=1.16−8.34), breast cancer (RR=1.81, 95% CI=1.19−2.64), and central nervous system neoplasms (RR=2.80, 95% CI=1.13−5.57). Since 1987, however, the risk of central nervous system neoplasnis has not been elevated (RR=0.00, 95% CI=0.00- 3.35) and the relative risk of breast cancer was lower than in the prior decade and not statistically significant. There was no association between higher levels of exposure to PUVA and the risk of any of these cancers. We did not detect any significant increase in the risk of lymphoma or leukemia. Our study does not support the hypothesis that long-term PUVA treatment increases the risk of noncutaneous cancer.
Probabilistic liquefaction risk analysis including fuzzy variables

Abstract A new method of probabilistic liquefaction risk analysis is developed. The variables whose effect on the process of liquefaction are known vaguely and described only through imprecise linguistic terms, are treated as fuzzy variables. The combined effect of the fuzzy variables is introduced into a basic model of transformed into a random variable. The probability of liquefaction is then formulated in the usual framework of probabilistic risk analysis. Illustrative example analyses are also presented.
Effects of daily administration of prostaglandin E2 and its withdrawal on the lumbar vertebral bodies in male rats

The effects of daily prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment (on) and PGE2 treatment followed by withdrawal (on-off) on cancellous bone in lumbar vertebral bodies were studied in 7 month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The first groups of rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of 0, 1, 3, and 6 mg PGE2/kg/d for 60,120, and 180 days, and the second group of rats were given PGE2 for 60 days followed by withdrawal for 60 and 120 days. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on double-fluorescent labeled undecalcified sections of fourth lumbar vertebral bodies. Systemic PGE2 treatment elevated cancerous bone mass of lumbar vertebral bodies 26-60%, above control levels within 60 days and continued treatment maintained it for another 120 days, but the excess bone was lost after the treatment was witndrawn. PGE2 treatment for 60 days increased trabecular bone area, trabecular width, and bone formation parameters, and shortened remodeling periods in a dose-response manner. These changes were sustained at the levels achieved by 60-day treatment in the rats treated for 120 and 180 days. The eroded perimeter increased at day 60 and further at day 120 and then plateaued. In the on-off treated rats, the cancenous bone area, bone formation, and resorption parameters returned to near age-related controls by 60 days after withdrawal and were maintained there after 120 days of withdrawal. Therefore, we conclude that the continuous treatment is needed in order to maintain the PGE2-induced bone gain. When these findings were compared to those previously reported for the proximal tibial metaphyses, we found that the proximal tibial spongiosa was much more responsive to PGE2 treatment than the fourth lumbar vertebral body.
The Methodology and Availability of Joint Ice Center Services to Commercial Users

The data sources and methodology of producing sea and lake ice analysis and forecast products are examined. Remotely sensed data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellites are integrated with conventional ice information to construct operational ice analyses. Forecast guidance products from the Navy's Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) and NOAA's National Meteorological Center (NMC) are utilized in the production of ice forecast products. Ordering information and dissemination methods for ice services and products are identified.
Electroless deposition of au nanocrystals on Si(111) surfaces as catalysts for epitaxial growth of Si nanowires

Au nanocrystals were prepared by reacting solutions containing NaAuCl 4 2H 2 0 with hydrogen-terminated silicon (111) surfaces. The nanocrystals catalyze the subsequent growth of silicon nanowires by chemical vapor deposition using a mixture of SiH 4 and HCl in a H 2 ambient. Depositing the metal nanocrystals from nonaqueous solutions, such as ethanol, minimizes the oxidation of Si that can occur in an aqueous solution and allows epitaxially aligned growth of the nanowires. The Au nanocrystals preferentially deposit onto hydrogen-terminated Si( 111) compared to silicon dioxide. This selective deposition allows positioning of nanocrystals on patterns formed using either conventional lithography or nanoimprint lithography.
Postprandial energy expenditure and respiratory quotient during early and late pregnancy

Rates of energy expenditure after a 750-kcal meal were determined by open circuit, indirect calorimetry for four women in late pregnancy (30 to 40 wk gestation), six women in early pregnancy (10 to 20 wk gestation), and six nonpregnant women. Preprandial resting metabolic rates, expressed in kcal min-1, were 22.5% higher (p less than 0.05) in the late pregnancy group compared to the early pregnancy, and 15.9% higher (p less than 0.05) in the early pregnancy compared to the nonpregnant women. No differences in preprandial energy expenditure rates were seen between groups when expressed as kcal kg-1 h-1. Rates of energy expenditure increased above preprandial levels in all groups by 15 min postprandially and remained significantly elevated for the next 175 min. The total increase in postprandial energy expenditure above preprandial levels did not differ significantly due to stage of gestation. Respiratory quotient, the ratio of VCO2:VO2, increased significantly in all groups (p less than 0.05) above preprandial levels by 15 min after the meal. Respiratory quotient values began decreasing after 95 min and returned, in all groups, to preprandial levels by 175 min. The results from this study demonstrate that the increase in the rates of energy expenditure after a mixed meal was not altered by gestation.
Systematic fine-needle aspiration of the testis: Correlation to biopsy and results of organ “mapping” for mature sperm in azoospermic men

Abstract Objectives This study compares fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and testis biopsy for the ability to detect mature sperm in the testes of azoospermic men. In addition, we introduce the concept of testis “mapping” with FNA and apply it to detect sperm in men with severe testis failure. Methods Sixteen patients were evaluated for azoospermia in a university-based infertility clinic. All men had testis biopsies and FNAs from matched testicular sites to assess for the presence of spermatozoa. Adequacy criteria for FNA specimens were strictly defined, and correlative analysis of the two techniques was performed. In addition, a subset of 12 men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) had systematic FNA mapping (more than four FNA sites per testis) to detect mature sperm for potential clinical use. Results Adequate FNA specimens were obtained in 115 (91.3%) of 126 FNA attempts. Of 34 paired biopsy FNA sites, FNA was seen to be more sensitive than, and equally specific as, testis biopsy for sperm detection. When compared with the biopsy touch imprint, FNA was equally as sensitive and specific. Among men with NOA who underwent FNA mapping, 4 (33%) of 12 had localized “patches” of sperm detected in areas distant from sperm-negative biopsy sites. In 1 case, a pregnancy was achieved with later biopsy and sperm extraction “directed” by previous FNA. Conclusions For sperm detection, testis FNA provides equivalent or better information than a testis biopsy. FNA can localize areas of sperm production within the testis and accurately guide sperm extraction procedures in men with NOA.
Reduced current class AB radio receiver stages using novel superlinear transistors with parallel NMOS and PMOS transistors at one GHz

Class AB amplifier stages are commonly used to conserve power in radio transmitters. In this paper, a Class AB amplifier stage is investigated for use in radio receivers to reduce power consumption. In this, a novel superlinear three-terminal transistor consisting of an NMOS transistor in parallel with a PMOS transistor is used to improve Class AB linearity to a level approaching Class A performance. Optimum transistor bias conditions for the linearized Class AB receiver stage are also presented. Measured and simulated results at 1 GHz show supply current reduction of approximately 40 percent and 4 dB improvement in third order intercept point using linearization. Finally, simulations of an improved Class AB design show third order output intercept better than a corresponding Class A stage and show more than 50 percent reduction in power consumption.
Embedded Relationships: Implications for Networks, Innovation, and Ecosystems

In today’s dynamic market environment, no single actor has enough knowledge and sufficient human resources to innovate on a globally competitive level. This trend has accelerated the need for a deeper understanding of relationship management in alliances, virtual corporations, and networks to maximize capacity for innovation. We refer to these structures as service ecosystems and propose a framework for investigating how innovation occurs in service ecosystems. Specifically, we review the conceptualization of relationship as it has evolved from the relationship marketing, service and business-to-business marketing, and service-dominant logic literature. Then, we draw on centrality and embeddedness to explicate how actors in these service ecosystems draw on resources from their extended networks for innovation. We propose an embedded relationships framework for investigating innovation as a dynamic and continuous ecosystem of information seeking and information processing. Future research directions are discussed.
Heavily Doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Thin Films with High Carrier Mobility Deposited Using Oxidative CVD: Conductivity Stability and Carrier Transport

The transparent conductingpoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is of interest for various optoelectronic device applications. Here, the conductivity stability of PEDOT processed using oxidative chemical-vapor-deposition (oCVD) with FeCl3 as an oxidant is primarily dominated by the change in carrier density when aged in air. To establish the mechanism for the conductivity decrease, the changes in carrier density and carrier mobility of PEDOT films are separately monitored using an AC Hall Effect measurement system. The measured electrical properties reveal that a decrease in carrier density dominates the conductivity decrease during annealing. X-ray diffraction analysis made on the HBr- and MeOH-rinsed PEDOT samples identifies the Fe-related dedoping phase of Fe(OH)2 and provides the dedoping mechanism. The carrier transport study demonstrates heavily doped oCVD PEDOT with the carrier density higher than ~1020 cm–3, and in this regime, an increase in carrier density yields lower carrier mobility which shows that the carrier transport is governed by the ionized impurity scattering mechanism due to increased dopant counter-anions. These findings of the mechanisms for PEDOT conductivity decrease and carrier transport behavior may be important to organic optoelectronic device applications that show a strong effect of air-exposure and low-temperature annealing on the device stability and performance.
Southwest U.S.-East Antarctic (SWEAT) connection: A hypothesis

A hypothesis for a late Precambrian fit of western North America with the Australia-Antarctic shield region permits the extension of many features through Antarctica and into other parts of Gondwana. Specifically, the Grenville orogen may extend around the coast of East Antarctica into India and Australia. The Wopmay orogen of northwest Canada may extend through eastern Australia into Antarctica and thence beneath the ice to connect with the Yavapai-Mazatzal orogens of the southwestern United States. The ophiolitic belt of the latter may extend into East Antarctica. Counterparts of the Precambrian-Paleozoic sedimentary rocks along the U.S. Cordilleran miogeocline may be present in the Transantarctic Mountains. Orogenic belt boundaries provide useful piercing points for Precambrian continental reconstructions. The model implies that Gondwana and Laurentia rifted away from each other on one margin and collided some 300 m.y. later on their opposite margins to form the Appalachians.
An Iconoclastic View Of Health Cost Containment

Prologue: It is widely believed that American health care costs are spiraling upward at a rate that is unsustainable. Or are they? In this essay Joseph Newhouse, one of the country's leading health economists, argues that the health cost containment crisis may be overstated. One by one, he debunks widely held perceptions of why health costs are increasing: an aging population; wasteful administrative costs; the spread of health insurance; a surplus of physicians, which increase induced demand for health services; more defensive medicine; expensive care for the terminally ill; and so forth. Instead, Newhouse argues that the main cost driver is new technology and its ability to increase the capabilities of medicine. To date, the scant available evidence has shown that Americans have been willing to pay more for such increased capability. Assuming that Newhouse s premise is correct—that increased medical capability is the major cost driver— then managed competition alone (without global budgets) “will not, a...