cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond quantification: in situ analysis of transcriptome and pre-mRNA alternative splicing at the nanoscale

In situ analysis offers a venue for dissecting the complex transcriptome in its natural context to tap into cellular processes that could explain the phenotypic physiology and pathology yet to be understood. Over the past decades, enormous progress has been made to improve the resolution, sensitivity, and specificity of single-cell technologies. The continued efforts in RNA research not only facilitates mechanistic studies of molecular biology but also provides state-of-the-art strategies for diagnostic purposes. The implementation of novel bio-imaging platforms has yielded valuable information for inspecting gene expression, mapping regulatory networks, and classifying cell types. In this article, we discuss the merits and technical challenges in single-molecule in situ RNA profiling. Advanced in situ hybridization methodologies developed for a variety of detection modalities are reviewed. Considering the fact that in mammalian cells the number of protein products immensely exceeds that of the actual coding genes due to pre-mRNA alternative splicing, tools capable of elucidating this process in intact cells are highlighted. To conclude, we point out future directions for in situ transcriptome analysis and expect a plethora of opportunities and discoveries in this field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1443. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1443 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Correlation Between Lumbopelvic and Sagittal Parameters and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults With Lumbosacral Spondylolisthesis.

Study Design:Secondary analysis of prospective, multicenter data.Objective:To evaluate impact of sagittal parameters on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with lumbosacral spondylolis...
A high resolution atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-quadrupole-orbitrap MS platform enables in situ analysis of biomolecules by multi-mode ionization and acquisition.

Introduced in 2000, atmospheric pressure (AP)/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has attracted substantial attention in the mass spectrometry community due to its ease of sample introduction and handling, interchangeability with ESI source and capability of analyzing volatile species. In this study, an AP/MALDI source with ultra-high spatial resolution was coupled to a Q Exactive HF orbitrap mass spectrometer for high resolution in situ analysis by MALDI, laserspray ionization (LSI) and matrix assisted ionization (MAI) without instrument modification. LSI and MAI generated multiply charged ions, which expanded the mass detection range and improved fragmentation efficiency. Full MS, targeted MS/MS, data dependent acquisition (DDA) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) acquisitions were performed on peptide and protein standards, tissue extracts and tissue sections for in depth characterization of various biomolecules. High resolution full MS and MS/MS images were obtained from crustacean and rat tissues with pixel size less than 30 μm. Overall, AP/MALDI-Q-Orbitrap is a fast scanning instrument that is capable of performing multiple types of ionization and multiple acquisition modes without instrument modification. This instrument platform provides an attractive alternative to other high resolution MALDI instruments.
Generating Adversarial Text Samples

Adversarial samples are strategically modified samples, which are crafted with the purpose of fooling a trained classifier. In this paper, we propose a new method of crafting adversarial text samples by modification of the original samples. Modifications of the original text samples are done by deleting or replacing the important or salient words in the text or by introducing new words in the text sample. While crafting adversarial samples, one of the key constraint is to generate meaningful sentences which can at pass off as legitimate from the language (English) viewpoint. Experimental results on IMDB movie review dataset for sentiment analysis and Twitter dataset for gender detection show the efficacy of our proposed method.
Variance consistent mean shift particle model for treating differential molecular diffusion in transported PDF methods for turbulent reactive flows

Abstract A mean shift (MS) particle model has been developed before to account for molecular diffusion in the transported probability density function (PDF) methods for turbulent reactive flows (McDermott and Pope, Journal of Computational Physics, 2007, 226, 947–993). The MS model is superior over the traditional random walk model for its capabilities to incorporate differential molecular diffusion and to yield a consistent DNS limit of scalar variance production/dissipation. The MS model, however, yields inconsistent transport of the scalar variance because of the missing molecular diffusion in the resultant variance transport equation. To yield fully consistent transport of scalar mean and variance, a variance consistent mean shift (VCMS) model is developed in this work. The VCMS model formulations are developed for both a single-scalar system and a multi-scalar system. Boundedness violation of particle scalars exists in both the MS and VCMS models and causes a realizability issue of the models. A correction algorithm (called MP correction by McDermott and Pope) has been developed before to correct the boundedness violation in the MS model. The MP correction is found to produce overcorrection to the particles, resulting in an underprediction of the scalar variance. In addition, it is only applicable to the IEM mixing model. In this work, three new boundedness correction algorithms are developed based on the strategies of a least-decay factor (LDF), clipping at scalar bounds (CSB), and clipping with paired mixing (CPM). The accuracy and consistency of the VCMS models are examined and validated thoroughly in a turbulent mixing layer problem. The effectiveness and accuracy of the different boundedness correction algorithms are also examined and assessed in the mixing layer problem. The applicability of the CPM correction to other mixing models (MCurl and EMST) is also demonstrated.
Eating and nutritional problems in children.

BACKGROUND In Australia good food is abundant and relatively cheap but childhood obesity is increasing and many children are offered suboptimal nutrition. OBJECTIVE The impediments to healthy food choices and strategies for promoting a healthy diet in childhood are discussed. DISCUSSION Good nutrition in childhood is important, not only for the health, growth and development of the child but also for long term health. A child's energy requirement can easily be met from snack food, at the expense of more nutrient rich foods. There are no 'good' or 'bad' foods: it is the overall package of intake that is important. Children need to be offered a variety of nutrient rich foods at regular times during the day.
The Structure and Thermodynamics of Clean Surfaces—Principles

Surfaces, whether the face of a smiling infant or the massive steel support of the Golden Gate Bridge, are a part of our everyday life. When there is condensed phase present there are surfaces, or, as we should put it, there are interfaces. The physical and chemical properties of the interfaces that form between the solid, liquid, and gas have been under close scientific scrutiny for some time. Part of the interest stems from our attempt to understand the nature of phase changes that take place at the interface (growth, vaporization, melting, to mention a few). Over and above our interest in phase changes, the surface has two unique functions that make its study so important: (1) The surface is the first line of defense of the condensed phase from chemical or mechanical attack; thus passivation of the surface against such an attack is one of our primary concerns. (2) There are chemical reactions that require much less activation energy when they occur at the surface than in the gas phase or inside the solid phase. As a result, surface reaction rates are orders of magnitude greater than rates for the same reaction in other phases, which makes surface reactions of great industrial and biological importance. Industries like the oil, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries have their technologies firmly based on heterogeneous catalysis, i.e., on reactions at the solid-gas or solid-liquid interface that take place selectively and at optimum rates.
Assessment of inner and outer retinal layer metrics on the Cirrus HD-OCT Platform in normal eyes.

PURPOSE Ellipsoid zone (EZ) and outer retinal integrity are strongly linked to visual prognosis, but quantitative normative data is lacking. This study evaluates the EZ, outer retina, and inner retina in eyes without macular disease across a wide age spectrum. METHODS An IRB-approved study was performed for eyes without macular pathology undergoing Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) scans on the Cirrus HD-OCT system (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). Scans were analyzed using a previously described automated EZ mapping tool with line-by-line manual verification. Segmentation included internal limiting membrane (ILM), outer nuclear layer/Henle fiber layer complex (ONL/HFL), EZ, and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The output included metrics for the inner retina (ILM-OPL/HFL), outer retina (ONL/HFL-RPE), EZ-RPE area and volume, and en face EZ mapping. EZ-RPE attenuation on en face mapping was defined as EZ-RPE thickness < 20 um, and total attenuation was 0 um. Imaging parameters were assessed for the group and compared to age, sex, visual acuity and spherical equivalent. RESULTS 167 eyes from 167 subjects were included. Mean age was 49.7 years (range 10-84 years). The mean foveal retinal thickness was 200.58 ± 19.22 um. Mean inner retinal thickness was 21.47 ± 13.60 um. Mean outer retinal thickness was 179.11 ± 18.52 um. Mean EZ-RPE thickness was 50.58 ± 6.01um. The mean EZ-RPE volume was 1.20 ± 0.10 mm3. Mean EZ attenuation percentage per macular map area was 0.87% ± 1.13% and mean percentage total attenuation was 0.12% ± 0.14%. Total and inner retinal thickness metrics decreased with age. Mean outer retinal thickness increased with age. EZ-RPE parameters were unchanged with age. However, EZ attenuation was negatively correlated with age. CONCLUSION This study provides important information for inner and outer retinal parameters. Future research on quantitative EZ integrity can utilize this data for comparison.
Healthcare service utilization and work-related productivity in reflexology intervention for advanced breast cancer women

This project’s purpose was to determine the effects of a home-based reflexology intervention on symptom-related use of health services and work-related productivity during the 11-week study. A total of 256 patients were randomized to four weekly reflexology sessions (each lasting 30 min, delivered by lay caregivers who received two training sessions by a professional reflexologist) or attention control. The Conventional Health Service and Productivity Costs Form was used to collect information on health service utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure of symptom management. The Health and Work Performance Questionnaire was used to measure workplace performance for patients during the study period. We used weighted and unweighted logistic and linear regression analyses. Patients in the reflexology group were less likely to have hospital visits compared to the control group in the weighted unadjusted (odds ratio [OR] = 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.25, 0.97]), unweighted adjusted (OR = 0.35; 95% CI = [0.16, 0.75]), and weighted adjusted (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = [0.13, 0.66]) logistic regressions. Compared to attention control, patients in the reflexology group had lower relative absenteeism in the unweighted adjusted (− 0.32; 95% CI = [− 0.60, − 0.03]) linear regressions and less absolute presenteeism (15.42, 95% CI = [0.87, 29.98]) in the weighted unadjusted analysis. The reflexology intervention delivered by lay caregivers reduced hospital visits and increased workplace productivity in a short-term period, which has potential for cost saving for health care systems and employers. NCT01582971
A review of the prompt neutron nu-bar value for 252Cf spontaneous fission

Abstract Passive neutron multiplicity counting can be used to determine the absolute emission rate of 252Cf spontaneous fission sources. Such sources can then be used to characterize and calibrate instruments used to assay Pu for materials control and accountancy, nuclear safeguards, and nuclear security applications. An important contribution determining the ultimate accuracy of this technique is how well the neutron multiplicity distribution of 252Cf is known (actually the low order factorial moments are typically used). This knowledge governs how well the emission rate of the 252Cf sources can be determined. Additionally, because 252Cf is used as a reference standard against which other spontaneously fissile systems are compared, it also governs the scaling of the 252Cf characterization and calibration data to the corresponding performance estimates for the spontaneously fissile Pu-nuclides. The main scale setting parameter is nu-bar, the average number of neutrons released following fission, of 252Cf. This is a fundamental nuclear constant. In this work we briefly review the 14 high quality absolute determinations of nu-bar and subject them to a full covariance evaluation. This is compared to several variants of weighted mean, including an extension where an allowance is made for the uncertainty in the estimated variance on each point. The prompt nu-bar value was found to be robust to the different statistical assessment methods applied, and moreover, the overall uncertainty estimates were of similar magnitude. Based on the full covariance treatment a prompt nu-bar value of (3.7573 ± 0.0056) prompt neutrons per fission was obtained, where the uncertainty is at the 1– σ level (68% confidence interval). This compares favorably with the value of Zucker and Holden, (3.757 ± 0.010) prompt neutrons per fission, long used in the nuclear safeguards community. The relative standard deviation of 0.15% obtained from the analysis reported here is sufficiently small that we advocate for a new high accuracy determination of the delayed neutron contribution, since this is needed to correct the Mn-bath class of nu-bar measurements. Collectively the measurements span the period 1963 to 1985. Of the 14 measurements six carry very little weight (individually 2% or less), five carry intermediate weight (individually 3%–7%), while three values are highly weighted (individually 15%–32%). These have reported relative standard deviations of between 0.2% and 0.3%. Given the small number of measurements with small reported uncertainties, and the fact that the youngest such determination is over 30 years old, we also strongly suggest that new measurements of the highest currently achievable quality are needed. In this regard a high efficiency 3He based counter would remove the residual concern over γ -sensitivity of doped liquid scintillator tank data.
Optical Interference Coatings for High Performance Lasers

This tutorial will cover the fundamentals of optical interference coatings (IC)design, growth and characterization. It will also review mechanisms of near infrared laser damage and discuss state-of-the-art ICs performance in chirped pulse amplification laser systems. © 2019 The Author(s)
Identifying Successful Advancement Approaches in Four Catholic Universities: The Effectiveness of the Four Advancement Models of Communication.

The current longitudinal study of the most successful Catholic universities in the United States identifi es the prevalence of four advancement models of communication that have contributed to make those institutions successful in their philanthropic efforts. While research by Grunig1 and Kelly2 maintained that the two-way symmetrical model of advancement causes an institution to be effective, successful Catholic universities rely mostly on the two-way asymmetrical model of fundraising. However, Catholic universities using the symmetrical model to some degree have shown an increase of their gift contributions. The dominant coalition (or the power control theory) helps to explain why leaders of Catholic universities determine the advancement model(s) their institutions practice. This study calls for further investigation to determine the extent to which leaders of Catholic universities can increase the size of their philanthropic gifts by investing more effort in a two-way communication model, consisting of a balanced interest between the seeker and the donor.
Derivation of a cost-saving screening strategy for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract Background Our study seeks to find a cost-saving screening strategy in a primary care population for diagnosing primary hyperparathyroidism based on peak serum total calcium level, age, and patient sex. Methods Laboratory data resulting from primary care office visits at our institution between January 2016 through December 2017 to evaluate patients who had at least 1 episode of hypercalcemia (≥10.5 mg/dL). For each serum calcium threshold, we calculated the percentage of patients who were found to have an increased parathyroid hormone level (≥65 pg/mL). We determined whether net cost savings could be achieved by screening hypercalcemic patients given their probability of primary hyperparathyroidism and expected cost savings from fracture risk reduction, given their sex and age. Results From 155,350 unique patients in the study period, a total of 2,271 had a minimum of 1 hypercalcemic lab value. After exclusion criteria, there were 1,326 patients of whom 27.5% had a parathyroid hormone level checked. Cost savings was established at a screening threshold of 10.5 for all patients until age 66 years for men and 69 years for women. For men aged 67–68 y and women aged 70–71 years, the optimal screening threshold was 10.8 mg/dl. Conclusion Cost savings can be achieved by screening hypercalcemic patients with a life expectancy exceeding 16 years, with varying thresholds based on age and sex.
Camp Leadership Perspectives on Food Allergy-Related Anaphylaxis Events and Training for Camp Staff: A National Survey of Summer Camps.

Background Training of camp staff to recognize and treat anaphylaxis is recommended because food allergies are prevalent among summer campers. The frequency of food allergy anaphylaxis events and the extent of anaphylaxis training for camp staff are unknown. Objective To estimate the frequency of food-allergic reactions in camps across the United States and to assess the state of food allergy anaphylaxis training for camp staff. Methods We partnered with CampDoc.com to send a 20-question survey in February 2016 to camp leadership representing 528 camps. Questions addressed demographic characteristics, food allergy policies, training, medication availability, anaphylaxis events, and confidence in staff to recognize and treat anaphylaxis. Results A total of 559 responses were received, representing 258 camps. The majority surveyed (n = 529 [94.6%]) reported food-allergic children attending their camps. Only 47.6% (n = 266) respondents reported requiring individualized emergency action plans as required for camper attendance. Anaphylaxis treated with epinephrine was reported by 24% (n = 134) of leadership within the previous 2 years at their camp. These respondents were more likely to have a training session for staff (odds ratio, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.4-4.3). A total of 63.3% (n = 354) reported training session presence. However, 15.6% (n = 87) of leadership were unsatisfied with training materials and one-third were not confident in staff to manage anaphylaxis. Conclusions Appropriate policies to manage food anaphylaxis events and anaphylaxis management training were missing in a substantial proportion of camps. Camp-tailored food allergy training is needed given the number of camps reporting food allergy reactions requiring epinephrine.
Special Education and the New Mental Health: A Response to New Direction of CCBD?.

■ The emphasis or focus of a professional association often shifts imperceptibly over time in ways that neither its membership nor its leadership seems able to recognize until pivotal events compel it to do so. The historical shift from psychodynamic to behavioral approaches in special education for children with emotional or behavioral disorders began just about a half century ago and largely coincided with the formation of its primary professional association, the Council for Children with Behavioral Disor ders (CCBD), a subdivision of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC). That CCBD's 50th Anniversary also seems to coincide with the fact that its recent loss of membership has now slipped to a level below 50% is unfortunate. The coincidence of these two pivotal events, however, is fortuitous. CCBD leader
Functional requirements of intentional control over the integrated cortico-thalamo-cortical and basal ganglia systems using neural computations

Abstract Large scale brain models encompassing cortico-cortical, thalamo-cortical and basal ganglia processing are fundamental to understand the brain as an integrated system in healthy and disease conditions but are complex to analyze and interpret. Neuronal processes are typically segmented by region and modality in order to explain an experimental observation at a given scale, but integrative frameworks linking scales and modalities are scarce. Here, we present a set of functional requirements used to evaluate the recently developed large-scale brain model against a learning task involving coordinated learning between cortical and sub-cortical systems. The original Information Based Exchange Brain model (IBEx) is decomposed into functionally relevant subsystems, and each subsystem is analyzed and tuned independently and with regard to its relevant functional requirements. Intermediate conclusions are made for each subsystems according to the constraints imposed by these requirements. Subsystems are then re-introduced into the global framework. The relationship between the global framework and phenotypes associated with Huntington’s disease is then discussed and the framework considered in the context of other state-of-the-art integrative brain models.
Interest in reducing methamphetamine and opioid use among syringe services program participants in Washington State.

Abstract Background Methamphetamine use is increasing, and opioid use remains elevated in the US. Understanding interest in reducing/stopping substance use among people who inject drugs (PWID), as well as types of help wanted, can inform interventions. Methods Data from the 2019 Washington State Syringe Exchange Survey were used in logistic regression analyses to assess if demographics, substance use, and concern about anxiety or depression were associated with interest in reducing/stopping substance use among people whose main drug was methamphetamine or opioids. Types of help wanted to reduce/stop use are reported. Results Of 583 participants included, 76 % reported opioids were their main drug, of whom 82 % were interested in reducing/stopping their opioid use. 24 % reported methamphetamine as their main drug, of whom 46 % were interested in reducing/stopping their methamphetamine use. Among those whose main drug was an opioid, female gender (AOR:2.19, p = .023) and concern about depression (AOR:3.04, p = .002) were associated with interest in reducing/stopping opioid use. Among participants whose main drug was methamphetamine, being in jail in the past year and having an infection likely related to injection (e.g., abscess) in the past year were associated with over twice the odds of interest in reducing/stopping methamphetamine use (AOR:2.14, p = .056 and 2.43, p = .052, respectively); however, these findings were not significant. Several types of help to reduce/stop use were endorsed. Conclusion There were high, though differing, levels of interest in reducing/stopping opioid or methamphetamine use and in a range of support services. PWID should be asked about interest in reducing/stopping use and provided appropriate support.
Development of an Image Analysis Protocol to Define Noise in Wet Magnetic Particle Inspection

This study presents a novel method to quantify the effectiveness of wet magnetic particle inspection (MPI) when detecting possible defects. Wet MPI is an established method utilizing magnetic fields to locate possible areas of defects in ferromagnetic parts. The capability of this method has been evaluated in the past most notably using the probability of detection graphs. However, MPI requires a large amount of data and is subjective because it is based on human operators’ evaluation. The method proposed in this paper is an objective method to determine the effectiveness of the MPI test based on how well discontinuities can be delineated in the image. This approach utilizes the intensity of the particle illumination in the defect area and compares it to its surroundings. This analysis generates a value to objectively represent how well a discontinuity can be identified. This method was then used to validate the effect of surface roughness on the effectiveness of wet MPI using two experiments. The first experiment was conducted to test for the collection of particles on varying surface roughness levels, and the second experiment was used to evaluate the effect of surface roughness when detecting a subsurface discontinuity. Results indicate that there is a significant increase in particle collection as roughness increases, and as the surface roughness increases, the harder it is to locate discontinuities. This method provides a quantitative measure that could be used to aid parameter selection.
Fatty Acid Desaturases in the Chloroplast and Endoplasmic Reticulum Promote Susceptibility to the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) in plants influence levels of susceptibility to multiple stresses, including insect infestations. In this study, populations of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) ...
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces autoimmune antibody secretion more in lean than in obese COVID-19 patients

Background/ObjectivesObesity decreases the secretion of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in the blood of COVID-19 patients. How obesity impacts the secretion of autoimmune antibodies in COVID-19 patients, however, is not understood. The serum of adult COVID-19 patients contains autoimmune antibodies generated in response to virus-induced tissue damage and cell death leading to the release of intracellular antigens not known to be immunogenic autoantigens. The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence of autoimmune antibodies in COVID-19 patients with obesity. Subjects/MethodsThirty serum samples from individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR were collected from inpatient and outpatient settings. Of these, 15 were lean (BMI<25), and 15 were obese (BMI [≥]30). Control serum samples were from 30 uninfected individuals, age-gender- and BMI-matched, recruited before the current pandemic. Serum IgG antibodies against two autoimmune specificities, as well as against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, were measured by ELISA. IgG autoimmune antibodies were specific for malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and for adipocyte-derived protein antigens (AD), markers of virus-induced cell death in the obese AT. ResultsOur results show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces anti-MDA and anti-AD autoimmune antibodies more in lean than in obese patients as compared to uninfected controls. Serum levels of these autoimmune antibodies, however, are always higher in obese versus lean COVID-19 patients. Moreover, because the autoimmune antibodies found in serum samples of COVID-19 patients have been correlated with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a general marker of inflammation, we also evaluated the association of anti-MDA and anti-AT antibodies with serum CRP and found a significant association between CRP and autoimmune antibodies in our cohort of lean and obese COVID-19 patients. ConclusionsOur results highlight the importance of evaluating the quality of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients with obesity, particularly the presence of autoimmune antibodies, and identify biomarkers of self-tolerance breakdown. This is crucial to protect this vulnerable population that is at higher risk of responding poorly to infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared to lean controls.
Percutaneous Fixation of Unstable Proximal Phalanx Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

BackgroundUnstable extra-articular proximal phalanx fractures are common injuries to the hand that are often treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Fracture-induced shortening of the...
Noise peeling methods to improve boosting algorithms

Boosting refers to a family of methods that combine sequences of individual classifiers into highly accurate ensemble models through weighted voting. AdaBoost, short for "Adaptive Boosting", is the most well-known boosting algorithm. AdaBoost has many strengths. Among them, there is sufficient empirical evidence pointing to its performance being generally superior to that of individual classifiers. In addition, even when combining a large number of weak learners, AdaBoost can be very robust to overfitting usually with lower generalization error than other competing ensemble methodologies, such as bagging and random forests. However, AdaBoost, as most hard margin classifiers, tends to be sensitive to outliers and noisy data, since it assigns observations that have been misclassified a higher weight in subsequent iterations. It has recently been proven that for any booster with a potential convex loss function, and any nonzero random classification noise rate, there is a data set, which can be efficiently learnable by the booster if there is no noise, but cannot be learned with accuracy better than 1/2 with random classification noise present. Several techniques to identify and potentially delete (peel) noisy samples in binary classification are proposed in order to improve the performance of AdaBoost. It is found that peeling methods generally perform better than AdaBoost and other noise resistant boosters, especially when high levels of noise are present in the data.
Freedom and Criminal Responsibility in American Legal Thought

Introduction Part I. Freedom and Criminal Responsibility in the Age of Pound: 1. The fin de siecle: Speranza 2. The Progressive Era: Pound 3. Pound eclipsed?: the conversation of the mid to late 1920s Part II. Conventional Morality and the Rule of Law: Freedom and Criminal Responsibility in the Forgotten Years, 1930-60: 4. Scientific positivism, utilitarianism, and the wages of conventional morality, 1930-7 5. Entr'acte: intimations of freedom, 1937-53 6. Durham v. US, the moral context of the law, and reinterpretations of the Progressive inheritance, 1954-8 Part III. Freedom, Criminal Responsibility, and Retributivism in Late Twentieth-Century Legal Thought: 7. The foundations of neo-retributivism, 1957-76 8. Rethinking the freedom question, 1978-94 9. Competing perspectives at the close of the twentieth century Conclusion.
Raymund Schwager on the Dramatic Justice and Mercy of God

This article explores and develops Raymund Schwager's understanding of the nature of justice and mercy, especially in the face of the Christian doctrine of hell. Schwager follows Anselm of Canterbury closely in seeing a deep harmony between justice and mercy, finding their unity in an expansive notion of God's goodness, which gives abundantly but always also in a way that respects the dignity of the receiver. This unity can thus only be understood in the context of the dramatic interplay of freedoms. An overview of Schwager's theological project provides the background for then exploring his notions of justice, mercy, freedom, self-judgement and hell. The article concludes with the exploration of some of the logical consequences of Schwager's thought.
Human Genome Diversity Studies: Impact on Indigenous Communities

The study of genetic variation in the human species cannot be undertaken outside the cultural, political and historical context within which scientific research has been traditionally conducted on indigenous peoples. Consideration of their rights rendered the Human Genome Diversity Project intractable in the 1990s, and most issues remain unresolved. Keywords: indigenous; population; society; diversity; variation
Comparison of experimental and numerical results on microwave coupling into cylindrical enclosures

Comparisons are made between microwave measurements and numerical analyses for several cylindrical RF shielding enclosures. CW measurements in the frequency range from 45 MHz to 2 GHz are compared with a numerical model based on the Cartesian finite-difference time-domain technique. Agreement of the numerical results with the measurements is good, considering the model limitations. Slight disagreement in the frequencies of the various resonances and significant underprediction of some of the coupling amplitudes were observed. The latter are attributed in part to measurement reliability problems and in part to consumptions about field variations. >
The Specific Heat of Na0.3CoO4⋅1.3H2O: Possible Non‐Magnetic Pair Breaking, Two Energy Gaps, and Strong Fluctuations in the Superconducting State

Two samples of Na0.3CoO2⋅1.3H2O have very different specific heats reflecting extreme sensitivity to minor differences in sample treatment. They have nearly the same superconducting transition temperatures with strong deviations from BCS behavior and evidence of two energy gaps that are markedly different for the two samples. Non‐magnetic scattering centers may have a strong, but unusual, pair‐breaking effect.
Diffusion of Intervention Effects: The Impact of a Family-Based Substance Use Prevention Program on Friends of Participants

PurposeWe tested whether effects of the Strengthening Families Program for Youth 10–14 (SFP10-14) diffused from intervention participants to their friends. We also tested which program effects on participants accounted for diffusion.MethodsData are from 5,449 students (51% female; mean initial age = 12.3 years) in the PROmoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience community intervention trial (2001–2006) who did not participate in SFP10-14 (i.e., nonparticipants). At each of five waves, students identified up to seven friends and self-reported past month drunkenness and cigarette use, substance use attitudes, parenting practices, and unsupervised time spent with friends. We computed two measures of indirect exposure to SFP10-14: total number of SFP-attending friends at each wave and cumulative proportion of SFP-attending friends averaged across the current and all previous post-intervention waves.ResultsThree years post-intervention, the odds of getting drunk (odds ratio = 1.4) and using cigarettes (odds ratio = 2.7) were higher among nonparticipants with zero SFP-attending friends compared with nonparticipants with three or more SFP-attending friends. Multilevel analyses also provided evidence of diffusion: nonparticipants with a higher cumulative proportion of SFP-attending friends at a given wave were less likely than their peers to use drugs at that wave. Effects from SFP10-14 primarily diffused through friendship networks by reducing the amount of unstructured socializing (unsupervised time that nonparticipants spent with friends), changing friends' substance use attitudes, and then changing nonparticipants' own substance use attitudes.ConclusionsProgram developers should consider and test how interventions may facilitate diffusion to extend program reach and promote program sustainability.
Petrogenesis of Davidson Seamount lavas and its implications for fossil spreading center and intraplate magmatism in the eastern Pacific

Seafloor spreading causes abundant magmatism along active ocean spreading centers, but the cause of magmatism along fossil spreading centers is enigmatic. Samples collected from Davidson Seamount, a typical volcanic ridge along an abandoned spreading center in the eastern Pacific, consist of an alkalic basalt to trachyte lava series; transitional basalts were sampled from another part of the abandoned axis, 20 km from the seamount. All samples experienced complex fractional crystallization prior to eruption, but they all share a common, compositionally heterogeneous mantle source. The parental magmas of the transitional basalts were produced from this source at higher degree of melting than those of the alkalic lava series. The composition of Davidson lavas overlaps with those of ridges along other fossil spreading centers and isolated near- and off-ridge seamounts in the eastern Pacific. Together they define a compositional continuum ranging from tholeiitic, normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like to alkalic, ocean island basalt (OIB)-like, similar to lavas that form linear island chains and ridges. We propose that this entire compositional spectrum of intraplate lavas that do not form linear volcanic chains in the eastern Pacific results from variations in the degree of partial melting of a common, compositionally heterogeneous mantle source. This source consists of more easily melted, geochemically enriched components of varying sizes and amounts embedded in a depleted lherzolitic matrix. Large degree of partial melting produces normal MORB–like melts represented by some near-ridge seamount lavas, whereas small degree of melting produces OIB-like fossil spreading center lavas. The small degree of partial melting beneath recently abandoned spreading centers results from either buoyancy-driven decompression melting of the hot lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle material beneath active spreading centers or rapid motion, with respect to the underlying asthenosphere, of abandoned spreading axes that are thickening over a fertile mantle. Mid-Tertiary volcanic rocks in coastal California, which are compositionally akin to intraplate lavas, are interpreted to be small degree partial melts of the same compositionally heterogeneous sub-Pacific mantle that has upwelled through windows in a subducted slab.
Set Theory and Algebra

From the logician’s point of view, mathematics is the theory of sets and its consequences. For the analyst, sets and concepts immediately definable from sets are essential tools, and manipulation of sets is an operation he must carry out continually. Accordingly we begin with two sections on sets and functions, containing few proofs, and intended largely to fix notation and terminology and to form a review for the reader in need of one. Sections 3 and 4, on the axiom of choice and infinite arithmetic, are more serious: they contain detailed proofs and are recommended for close study by readers unfamiliar with their contents.
Quantitative label-free proteomics of tilapia gill epithelium: confirmation of established and identification of novel responses to salinity change (1182.4)

Label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics was employed to analyze effects of salinity stress on the molecular phenotype, i.e. proteome, of gill epithelium in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Fresh water (FW) acclimated tilapia were acclimated to 34 ppt, 70 ppt, and 90 ppt salinity and gill proteins extracted and trypsin-digested for analysis by LFQ LC-MS/MS. More than 600 proteins were identified with high identification scores (>85% represented by >5 MS/MS peptides, FDR < 2%). The overall effect of salinity acclimation on protein regulation ratios in gill epithelium (salinity exposed gill epithelia compared to FW handling controls) was found to be proportional to the degree of salinity stress. Salinity-induced changes in tilapia gill epithelial proteome directly reflected known salinity effects on gills of euryhaline fish, including an increase in the size and number of mitochondria-rich ionocytes, activities of specific ion transporters, and induction of specific molecular chaperones. Confir...
Reversible Sorption and Irreversible Binding of Naphthalene and α-Naphthol to Soil: Elucidation of Processes

The sorption and irreversible binding of naphthalene and α-naphthol to two sandy soils were evaluated. To determine the extent that biologically-mediated oxidative coupling contributed to the irreversible binding of α-naphthol, the presence/absence of O2 and the presence/absence of biological activity were varied during the sorption period to operationally define biological coupling conditions. After a 2-d sorption period, sorbed material was removed by successive water and solvent extractions, alkali extractions, and combustion. Nonextracted material was defined as the amount of test compound remaining after solvent extraction (QNONEX). Naphthalene that was not extracted after the 2-d sorption period was caused by mass transfer-limited entrapment within micropores and was used to estimate the fraction of entrapped α-naphthol. The principle of superposition was applied to the α-naphthol results to determine the contribution of individual irreversible binding processes. Biologically-mediated oxidative coup...
A method to make use of thermal infrared temperature and NDVI measurements to infer surface soil water content and fractional vegetation cover

Abstract A unique relationship between the surface soil moisture availability and the radiant temperature does not exist in the presence of variable vegetation cover. To overcome this ambiguity, the authors present a method which couples a Soil‐Vegetation‐Atmosphere‐Transfer (SVAT) model to satellite derived measurements of surface radiant temperature and Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) to ascertain surface soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover. Application of the technique is demonstrated for an agricultural area in a Pennsylvania watershed. Results of surface soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover are qualitatively realistic but the distribution of soil moisture availability is questionable at high fractional vegetation amounts.
Cost effectiveness of recruitment methods in an obesity prevention trial for young children

Abstract Background. Recruitment of participants for clinical trials requires considerable effort and cost. There is no research on the cost effectiveness of recruitment methods for an obesity prevention trial of young children. Methods. This study determined the cost effectiveness of recruiting 70 families with a child aged 4 to 7 (5.9 ± 1.3) years in Western New York from February 2003 to November 2004, for a 2-year randomized obesity prevention trial to reduce television watching in the home. Results. Of the 70 randomized families, 65.7% ( n = 46) were obtained through direct mailings, 24.3% ( n = 17) were acquired through newspaper advertisements, 7.1% ( n = 5) from other sources (e.g., word of mouth), and 2.9% ( n = 2) through posters and brochures. Costs of each recruitment method were computed by adding the cost of materials, staff time, and media expenses. Cost effectiveness (money spent per randomized participant) was US $0 for other sources, US $227.76 for direct mailing, US $546.95 for newspaper ads, and US $3020.84 for posters and brochures. Conclusion. Of the methods with associated costs, direct mailing was the most cost effective in recruiting families with young children, which supports the growing literature of the effectiveness of direct mailing.
A comparative study of precordial Leads IV R and IV F

Abstract Leads IV R and IV F were studied in 400 electrocardiographic examinations of 349 patients known to have, or suspected of having, heart disease. Although 84 per cent of the precordial leads were considered as being essentially the same, the following minor differences were noted in the two groups: Lead IV F was inferior to IV R in depicting the P wave and P-R interval. QRS in Lead IV F tended more often to be a positively directed complex, but was smaller in amplitude than in Lead IV R. The level of the RS-T junction was less often elevated (positive) in Lead IV F than in IV R. The T wave, whether positive or negative, was, on the average, smaller in amplitude in Lead IV F than in IV R. The Q-T duration was identical in the two leads. Sixty-four pairs (16 per cent) of the records exhibited significant discrepancies, particularly in the RS-T portions and T waves. In fifty-five of these instances, the abnormalities occurred either alone in Lead IV F, or to a significantly greater degree in Lead IV F than in Lead IV R. Illustrations of all of the dissimilar precordial electrocardiograms are shown in the plates, and brief clinical notes are presented in the accompanying legends.
Midface growth in patients with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome.

Background: Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome is an auto-somal dominant disorder involving abnormalities of the hands, feet, skin, and teeth and clefts of the lip and palate. Patients with this syndrome have abnormal facial features-namely, clefts of the lip and palate-and abnormal dentition, which could affect the growth of their midface region. The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of midface growth in patients with this syndrome. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for eight postoperative patients seen at the cleft clinic at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1987 and 2004. Clinical notes and operative reports were reviewed. The surgeon's assessment and cephalometric measurements were analyzed. The cephalometric values were compared with Bolton standards for normal facial growth to determine deficiency. Results: All eight patients displayed midface disproportion. Five of the eight were found to have some degree of midface retrusion. The upper anterior facial height was found to be deficient for half of the patients. Six patients had deficient lower facial height and four had deficient total face height. Two of these patients have undergone midface distraction osteogenesis. Conclusions: The authors' study identified a subset of patients within the cleft clinic who carry the diagnosis of ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome. The patients tend to have poor dentition that, coupled with clefts of the lip and palate, inhibits normal midface growth and can require surgical correction. The need for orthognathic surgery seems to be greater than that seen in patients who have clefts of the lip and palate but do not carry the syndrome.
Ontology-based Image Navigation: Exploring 3.0-T MR Neurography of the Brachial Plexus Using AIM and RadLex

Disorders of the peripheral nervous system have traditionally been evaluated using clinical history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic testing. In selected cases, imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance (MR) neurography may help further localize or characterize abnormalities associated with peripheral neuropathies, and the clinical importance of such techniques is increasing. However, MR image interpretation with respect to peripheral nerve anatomy and disease often presents a diagnostic challenge because the relevant knowledge base remains relatively specialized. Using the radiology knowledge resource RadLex®, a series of RadLex queries, the Annotation and Image Markup standard for image annotation, and a Web services-based software architecture, the authors developed an application that allows ontology-assisted image navigation. The application provides an image browsing interface, allowing users to visually inspect the imaging appearance of anatomic structures. By interacting directly with the images, users can access additional structure-related information that is derived from RadLex (eg, muscle innervation, muscle attachment sites). These data also serve as conceptual links to navigate from one portion of the imaging atlas to another. With 3.0-T MR neurography of the brachial plexus as the initial area of interest, the resulting application provides support to radiologists in the image interpretation process by allowing efficient exploration of the MR imaging appearance of relevant nerve segments, muscles, bone structures, vascular landmarks, anatomic spaces, and entrapment sites, and the investigation of neuromuscular relationships.