cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 422: Nanog promotes PI3K/Akt and mTOR-mediated invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) affects nearly 40,000 new patients annually in the United States with approximately 50% of these patients having a poor prognosis. Frequent metastasis of the primary tumor to nearby cervical lymph nodes and local critical structures poses a major problem in the treatment of HNSCC. To date, several molecular mediators of invasion and metastasis in HNSCC have been studied; however, with the emergence of the cancer stem cell hypothesis, other genes normally associated with self-renewal and pluripotency in stem cells would also need to be evaluated for their role in tumor invasion and metastasis. In the present study, we used various functional assays to determine the role of Nanog in HNSCC invasion and metastasis as well as identify the underlying pathway through which Nanog acts to regulate invasion and metastasis. We observed that Nanog overexpression increased invasion and cell migration in two cell lines (UMSCC-10B and UMSCC-22B) while Nanog knockdown using siRNA decreased invasion and cell migration in both cell lines and in a putative HNSCC cancer stem cell culture which expressed high levels of Nanog. Treatment with LY294002 or Rapamycin using doses that did not significantly affect cell viability and proliferation dramatically reversed both invasion and migration conferred by Nanog overexpression, indicating the effect is most likely dependent upon the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. By western blot, we found that Nanog-overexpressing cells expressed higher levels of p-Akt and p-mTOR compared to control cells or Nanog-knockdown cells, confirming regulation of Akt by Nanog. In addition, Nanog overexpression resulted in the induction of MMP-2/MMP-9 as well as EMT genes Snail, Vimentin, and Twist. This enhanced expression of EMT was consistent with the observed increased migration as demonstrated by a wound healing assay. Nanog regulation in a mouse model is currently under way to confirm our results in vivo. The results of our study support the possibility of screening for Nanog expression as a prognostic tool. Meanwhile, further efforts aimed at elucidating the signaling pathway between Nanog and Akt may reveal novel treatment targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 422. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-422
High Altitude During Pregnancy

PhDPregnancyinitiatesaseriesofdynamicphysiologicresponses to compensate for the metabolicdemands and anatomic load associated withadvancing gestation. On the maternal side, one ofthe greatest physiologic challenges is to maintainan adequate supply of oxygenated blood to theuteroplacental circulation for fetal development.This challenge of oxygen transport is magnifiedunder conditions of limited oxygen availability,such as hypoxia from high-altitude exposure orpathologic states such as pulmonary disease oranemia. However, among healthy women living athigh altitude, maternal physiologic adjustmentsact to counter arterial hypoxemia and to facilitatethe hemodynamic adaptations necessary to aidincreased uteroplacental blood flow. Despite thispartial compensation for environmental hypoxia,high altitude impairs fetal growth, increases theincidence ofpreeclampsia, and,asa result, signifi-cantly increases the risk of perinatal and/ormaternal morbidity and mortality. For thesereasons, high altitude has been and will continuetobeaninvaluablemodeltoexplorethephysiologicandgeneticmechanismsthatgovernbeneficialandpathologic responses to chronic hypoxia duringpregnancy without the confounding effect of exist-ing hypoxia-related disease (eg, congenital heartdisease, anemia, low blood volume). Resolution ofthis knowledge gap has tremendous potential tocontribute to the development of diagnostic,preventative, and/or treatment strategies to mini-mize the detrimental consequences of chronichypoxia during pregnancy, irrespective of altitude.This review summarizes the clinical conse-quences and physiologic challenges that emergewhen pregnancy and high altitude coincide andhighlights the adaptations that serve to protectoxygenation and fetal growth under conditions ofchronic hypoxia.THE CHALLENGE OF HIGH-ALTITUDEHYPOXIAAgain on passing the Great Headache Moun-tain, the little Headache Mountain, the RedLand and the Fever Slope, men’s bodiesbecome feverish, they lose color and areattacked with headache and vomiting.
Evaluation of economical sorbents for removal of metolachlor from rinsate wastewater

Abstract Small-scale farm operators and applicators are in urgent need of inexpensive user-friendly methods to decontaminate dilute formulated pesticide solutions such as rinsate solutions. One requisite to development of such methods is the identification and selection of inexpensive effective sorbents. Three different sorbents (rubber, sphagnum peat moss, and steam-exploded wood [SEW]) were evaluated for their ability to remove analytical grade and formulated metolachlor (as Dual 8E, an emulsifiable concentrate) from an aqueous phase, using the batch equilibrium method. Rubber proved to have the greatest sorptive capability, followed by peat and SEW. At the highest concentration of (formulated) pesticide tested (400 mg L −1 ), rubber was 85% efficient in removing metolachlor from solution, while peat and SEW were 71% and 55% efficient in metolachlor removal. The presence of surfactants in the formulated pesticide appeared to decrease metolachlor sorption. The addition of Ca(OH) 2 , a demulsifying agent, to the formulated pesticide suspensions (400 mg L −1 ) decreased the sorption capability of peat and SEW by 31% and 20%, respectively. Calcium hydroxide treatment increased sorption capability of rubber by 3%. The combination of Ca(OH) 2 and rubber proved to be the superior treatment in terms of removing formulated metolachlor from solution.
Pregnancy rates in mares inseminated with 0.5 or 1 million sperm using hysteroscopic or transrectally guided deep-horn insemination techniques

Abstract Placement of sperm deep in the equine uterine horn allows fewer sperm to be inseminated while maintaining acceptable fertility, and has been promoted for use in circumstances when fertility would be expected to be low if standard insemination were used (e.g., semen from a subfertile stallion, or frozen-thawed semen). Two main techniques, transrectally guided (TRG) and hysteroscopic (HYS) insemination, have been developed for this purpose; however, there is some controversy regarding their comparative efficacy. This study was conducted to compare pregnancy rates when mares were inseminated by TRG or HYS, using sperm numbers approaching and under the minimum threshold, resulting in reduced fertility. When 1 × 10 6 sperm were inseminated, pregnancy rates were not different (P > 0.10) between techniques HYS (10/13, 77%) and TRG (11/15, 73%). Similarly, when 0.5 × 10 6 sperm were inseminated, pregnancy rates were not different (P > 0.10) between techniques HYS (3/15, 20%) and TRG (4/13, 31%). Combined pregnancy rates for the two treatments were 13/28 (46%) for HYS and 15/28 (54%) for TRG (P > 0.10). Pregnancy rates using a subthreshold number of sperm were not significantly affected by a deep-horn insemination technique.
Rural-urban migration and urban underemployment in Brazil

Abstract Policies to discourage rural-urban migration, in the interest of alleviating urban poverty, are often considered without regard to the migrant experience in cities. This paper examines the income gains associated with rural-urban migration in Brazil and the assimilation of migrants in the urban labor market. Earnings functions, estimated for a sample of individuals from the 1960 population census, are utilized. The analysis shows that migrants have derived significant income benefits from moving, and that within a short period of time, their income and employment pattern are virtually indistinguishable from those of the urban-born.
GLOCALISM IN LITERACY AND MARRIAGE IN TRANSNATIONAL LIVES

In this paper, I examine the ways in which young Yemeni and Iraqi immigrant and refugee women and men strive to become literate as they negotiate transnational spaces. I investigate the social and literate connections they forge as they search for the appropriate spouses. Transnationalism, the phenomenon of living locally with global connections, demonstrates both the local and global tensions of refugees and immigrants as they interact in shared cultural sites. Moreover, transnational literacy, as described in this paper, is evoked as a means to sort through particular literacy practices that simultaneously foster status and knowledge and explain the youths' negotiation of home and school lives. Two cases are presented to illustrate how literacy implicates a set of social practices that are conflictual in their transnational locality and in their glocality.
Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Properties of Water around Simple Organic Solutes

Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous methane, ethane, methanol, benzene, acetate ion, and methylammonium ion have been performed with two different water models. The SPC/E model is a pairwise-additive potential, while the related POL3 model includes nonadditivity in the form of atomic polarizabilities. Structural and energetic quantities were collected over 90-ps simulations and compared between models and among solutes; the proximity criterion was used to divide the water into mutually exclusive sets for analysis. Overall, the agreement with previous studies and between the SPC/E and POL3 models is substantial. Results suggest that the structure of water is preserved, rather than enhanced, around hydrophobic groups and that waters hydrogen-bonding to polar solute groups sacrifice solvent−solvent interactions to some degree. Solute methyl groups are not uniformly hydrophobic; as expected, their polarity and the surrounding solvent structure depend on the neighboring functional groups.
PACEM IN TERRIS AND THE JUST WAR TRADITION: A SEMICENTENNIAL RECONSIDERATION

Abstract 11 April 2013 marks the 50th anniversary of the papal encyclical, Pacem in Terris, a document that has exerted enormous influence on the doctrines of war and peace articulated by Roman Catholic and non-Catholic writers alike. The argument we make here is that in its understanding of human rights, international peace and philosophical anthropology, the encyclical in effect abandons the ‘just war’ teachings that had guided the church's view of human conflict for 16 centuries, and we argue that the departure is a mistake.
Low inserti on of hepatic segmental duct VII–VIII is an important cause of major biliary injury or misdiagnosis

Background The importance of variant anatomy is only mentioned generally in most articles in this era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We report a series of 14 patients in whom a seemingly low insertion of hepatic segmental duct VII–VIII was clinically important. Methods The patients were managed at Duke University Medical Center. Two intraoperative videotapes of injury were reviewed. Results Three categories of patients; were identified: 6 patients who had injury in association with another major injury to the biliary system, 7 patients who had an isolated VII–VIII system injury, and 1 patient with a Klatskin tumor in whom the unobstructed variant duct was stented. After appropriate evaluation, all patients were successfully treated. Several lawsuits resulted, even when the injury was seemingly minor. Symptoms developed in all patients who filed lawsuits, but none in those who did not. Conclusion Appreciation of the VII–VIII biliary variant can lead to avoidance of injury or to a successful repair. The injury can easily occur despite “normal” cholangiography. Successful clinical outcome does not necessarily correlate with freedom from lawsuits.
Submersion organ culture of preglandular fetal lung

This report describes a method for organ culture of the fetal rat lung at the early preglandular phase of development. When the intact fetal lung is cultured fully submerged in medium it develops as an expanded hollow organ. This pattern of in vitro morphogenesis provides a specimen uniquely suited to analysis of the pulmonary epithelium by scanning electron microscopy. In this system alveolar Type II cells and cell types of the distal pulmonary airways undergo differentiation in serum-free media.
Multidetector-row CT of the appendix in healthy adults

The purpose of this study is to characterize the caliber of the normal appendix and the effect of luminal content on appendiceal diameter in adults using thin section intravenous (IV) contrast enhanced multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT). A retrospective review was conducted using the MDCT datasets from 82 adults being screened as potential renal donors. The four-channel CT technique included IV contrast and 1-mm collimation. Arterial phase scans were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to surgical history, to evaluate the following parameters related to the appendix: quality of visualization, origin and course relative to the cecum, maximum cross-sectional diameter of the lumen and luminal contents at the point of measurement, appearance of the periappendiceal fat, and presence of any luminal calcification. Medical records were reviewed to determine which subjects had reported a previous appendectomy or to confirm the absence of symptoms in any subjects with findings suspicious for appendicitis. The appendix was visualized in 72 of the 77 subjects who did not report an appendectomy (94%). The mean diameter of the collapsed appendix was 5 mm (range: 3-7 mm) and the air-distended appendix, 7 mm (range: 4-10 mm). Sixteen to 17% of the collapsed appendices measured 7 mm in diameter. Minimal periappendiceal stranding was identified in 2/72 subjects (3%). Chart notes from within 24 h of the MDCT confirmed no signs or symptoms of appendicitis in cases that demonstrated any CT finding suspicious for appendicitis. In this healthy, adult population, the collapsed appendix measured up to 7 mm at MDCT. Air distention of the lumen results in a wider diameter, up to 10 mm.
Alternating polyester/fluoroalkene copolymers: Combining high hydrophobicity with degradability

2-Methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO) was copolymerized with fluoroalkenes (RfCHCH2) using azobis(isobutyronitrile) AIBN as an initiator. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the obtained polymers are effectively alternating copolymers of caprolactone and fluoroalkene. Angle resolved XPS of copolymer films revealed that the outer layers have higher CFx:COO ratio relative to the subsurface, indicating that the perfluoroalkyl tails segregate to the air-side, thereby presenting a hydrophobic surface with water contact angle as high as 130°. Blends of this material with polycaprolactone and polycarbonate polymers also form hydrophobic films. In the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, the copolymer undergoes complete degradation through hydrolysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1225–1232, 2006
Income, Wealth Accumulation, and First-Time Homeownership: An Intertemporal Analysis

Abstract This paper employs an econometric duration model to examine the likelihood that a sample of young renters achieves homeownership for the first time. Also, the effects of both expected and transitory income on the wealth accumulation of these households are estimated. Subsequently, the impact of both transitory and expected income on the cumulative likelihood of achieving homeownership is calculated. These income variables are shown to have not only a direct effect on the likelihood of owning, but also an indirect effect, over time, through their impact on household savings. The magnitude of the impact of these income measures on the probability of homeownership is substantially greater when the indirect effects are incorporated. This type of empirical modeling is appropriate for a wide range of situations in which an intertemporal process, such as wealth accumulation, is a crucial factor in determining whether a household (or firm) is able to achieve a desired economic status, such as homeownership.
TH-SAMS-AUD B-02: Image Fusion for Target Definition

Imaging studies acquired at multiple times and using different modalities are important components to many clinical trials. Imaging is used for staging and protocol eligibility, for radiation therapy target definition, for adaptive radiation treatmentdelivery, for assessing response to therapy, and for outcome analysis. Currently co‐registration of CT, MR and PET scans may be important for any of these purposes; in the future, molecular and biomarker imaging may be incorporated. The challenges for the QA centers are to verify that institutions participating in protocols requiring image registration have the tools and expertise to perform the registrations, and to verify the appropriate registration for individual protocol patients. There are many software systems, many with multiple methods, available for image registration. One method to credential institutions is by benchmarking. QARC's “image fusion” benchmark requires the institution to download a DICOM MR and a DICOM CT scan set. The datasets are to be registered, the small lesion is to be outlined on the MR scan, and the geometrical center of the lesion on the CT scan is to be reported (lesion not visible on CT). Results from more than 50 institutions will be discussed. An increasing number of protocols require PETimaging. Registration of PETimaging is problematic, except for PET/CT. Since the DICOM standard does not include specifications for SUV calculations, currently only ACRIN, by using the manufacturers' workstations, is able to receive PETimages and recalculate SUVs. Ideally these PETimages would be registered with the planning CT in radiotherapy protocols. More and more protocols propose requiring IGRT, particularly for treatments with few fractions. For protocol participation, institutions need to demonstrate the reproducibility and accuracy of the imaging system used to adapt the daily treatment to the daily target position. Extensive questionnaires (QARC) and submission of representative patient data (RTOG) are required by the QA centers. The variety of systems — MV CT, kV CT, Tomotherapy, Cyberknife, ultrasound — provide a challenge for the QA center. An even greater challenge is how to provide QA for individual patient treatments. If CT/CT or CT/MR registration is used for target delineation, assessment of the registration presents the QA center with several questions. Should the QA center redo the registration? What tools can be developed to register and verify CT/PET registration? For adaptive radiotherapy, what is the benefit of reviewing the daily assessment of required repositioning? Is the benefit worth the cost of such an effort? Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the issues faced by the QA centers in reviewing image registrations. 2. Understand the difference between credentialing and providing individual patient QA for image registration. 3. Become familiar with the current strategies of QA for image registration by the QA centers.
Racial Disparity in the Dose and Dose Intensity of Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of race and obesity on dose and dose intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods. We abstracted data on patient/tumor characteristics, treatment course, physicians' intention to give a first cycle dose reduction, and reasons for dose reductions/delays from oncology records of 489 women treated from 1985 to 1997 in 10 treatment sites in two geographical regions. Administered doses and dose intensity were compared to standard regimens. Multivariate regression models determined the impact of race and body mass index (BMI) on dose proportion (actual:expected doses) and relative dose intensity (RDI) controlling for patient characteristics, comorbidity, chemotherapy regimen, site, and year of treatment. Logistic regressions explored race and BMI versus use of first cycle dose reductions. Results. African-Americans received lower chemotherapy dose proportion and RDI than whites (0.80 vs. 0.85, p = 0.03 and 0.76 vs. 0.80, p = 0.01). In multivariate analyses, dose proportion was 0.09 lower (p = 0.002), and RDI was 0.10 (p < 0.001) lower in non-overweight African-Americans than whites. Obesity was associated with lower dose proportion (p < 0.01) and RDI (p < 0.03). Race and BMI were independently associated with first cycle dose reductions. Non-overweight African-Americans (p < 0.05) and overweight and obese African-American and white women (p < 0.001) were more likely to have first cycle dose reductions than non-overweight whites. Conclusion. We identified systematic differences in the administration of chemotherapy given to African-Americans and to overweight and obese women. These differences may contribute to documented disparities in outcome.
Reaction Rate Predictions Via Group Additivity. Part 3: Effect of Substituents with CH2 as the Mediator

In the first two papers of this series (Sumathi, R.; Carstensen, H.-H.; Green, W. H., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. 2001, 105, 6910. Sumathi, R.; Carstensen, H.-H.; Green, W. H., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. 2001, 105,...
Development of branch, crown, and vertical distribution leaf area models for contrasting hardwood species in Maine, USA

Branch, crown vertical leaf area distribution models were developed for naturally regenerated hardwood species and planted hybrid poplar clones. Species-specific differences were found at all levels of investigation. Coexistence in mixed-species stands is strongly influenced by species differences in leaf area production and distribution. The majority of leaf area models in the literature are focused on conifer species, which have substantially different crown forms than hardwood species. Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to develop branch, crown, and vertical leaf area distribution models for various hardwood species that accounted for their greater crown complexity. A nonlinear model including branch diameter, branch tip height, and height to the start of the foliage was the best fit for branch leaf area. Branch leaf area ranged from 0.05 to 0.37 m2 for Populus grandidentata and Betula populifolia for an averaged sized branch, respectively. The best fit model for crown leaf area was a nonlinear form accounting for stem diameter and crown length. Crown leaf area ranged from 3.26 to 9.85 m2 for Populus tremuloides and Betula populifolia for an averaged sized tree, respectively. Vertical leaf area distribution was best fit by a right-truncated Weibull distribution and showed a peak in the middle third of the crown for most of species. In addition, leaf area production varied among four hybrid poplar clones in plantations, suggesting a strong genetic control over crown form. Overall, leaf area varied among species at all levels of investigation, suggesting that coexistence of hardwood saplings in this investigation was strongly influenced both by inherent species-specific leaf area production and vertical distribution.
Composition and origin of crystalline inclusions in natural diamonds

Abstract Natural diamonds from a variety of African localities, Venezuela and Thailand contain abundant monomineralic inclusions with a grain size that is generally in the range 10–200 μm. Many of these were incorporated in diamond at the time of crystallization of the host and have been insulated from further reaction with their surroundings. Inclusions of olivine, garnet, chromite, enstatite and Ca-rich pyroxene have been studied by electron probe and X-ray techniques. The chemical compositions of many inclusions resemble those of similar minerals that occur as xenocrysts and in peridotite xenoliths in kimberlite, but there are a number of consistent differences. A minority of the garnet and pyroxene inclusions show some resemblances to minerals from eclogites and grospydites. There are few experimental data that can be used to interpret the differences between the inclusions and their counterparts in peridotite xenoliths. However, it can be hypothesized that the diamonds formed in igneous events and that the inclusions they contain crystallized in equilibrium with liquid. The minerals in the peridotite xenoliths, in contrast, may represent assemblages formed after cooling and equilibration at a lower temperature, perhaps in a volatile-rich liquid or perhaps in the solid state. We suggest that the inclusions have not participated in lower temperature equilibration because they were armored by diamond.
Applications of silicon carbide power devices in three-phase voltage-fed induction motor drives for electric vehicles

The performance of the three-phase voltage-fed induction motor drives with SiC Schottky diodes operating in 180deg mode and 120deg mode is studied. The Cree SiC Schottky diodes CSD10060 with the reverse breakdown voltage VBR = 600 V and the maximum forward current Ipmia = 8 A are used. The inverter efficiency in 180deg mode operation is compared with that in 120deg mode operation by obtaining the losses in the circuit using PSpice simulations. The behavior of MOSFETs as well as the diodes in the inverter circuit operating at 180deg mode and 120deg mode is studied extensively using PSpice simulations.
Vogel-Fulcher Scaling of the Susceptibility in a Mixed-Crystal Proton Glass

Low-temperature dispersion of the electric susceptibilities in a mixed crystal of ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{4})}_{x}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ ($x=0.35$) is reported. The frustrated proton ordering of this system relates it to spin-glasses. The measurements reveal a broad distribution of relaxation times. The data scale using a temperature-independent distribution of activation energies linked to the relaxation times by a Vogel-Fulcher law with a freezing temperature of 10 K.
A procedure for selection of a multiobjective technique with application to water and mineral resources

The problem of selecting the appropriate multiobjective solution technique to solve an arbitrary multiobjective decision problem is considered. Various classification schemes of available techniques are discussed, leading to the development of a set of 28 model choice criteria and an algorithm for model choice. This algorithm divides the criteria into four groups, only one of which must be reevaluated for each decision problem encountered. The model choice problem is itself modeled as a multiobjective decision problem-strongly influenced, however, by the individual performing the analysis. The appropriate technique is selected for implementation by use of the compromise programming technique. Two example problems are presented to demonstrate the use of this algorithm. The first is concerned with ranking a predefined set of river basin planning alternatives with multiple noncommensurate ordinally ranked consequences. The second deals with coal blending and is modeled by dual objective linear programming. An appropriate multiobjective solution technique is selected for each of these two examples.
Instantaneous Stepwise-Steady CFD Model of BMP Response to Unsteady PM Loadings

AbstractIn the last several years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a potential tool to accurately predict the response of best management practices (BMPs) to highly unsteady rainf...
Empathic Accuracy and Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) includes severe, refractory interpersonal dysfunction. One component of interpersonal dysfunction in BPD entails a distinct style of empathy (the ability to understand others’ mental states to guide subsequent interpersonal behavior), highlighted by clinical experience with such patients and associated phenomenology. Empathic processing involves two parallel neural networks: one involving implicit, relatively automatic mirroring and shared mental representations (SR); the other involving explicit, deliberate mental state attribution (MSA). One neurobiological model of BPD suggests that it involves hyperreactivity of SR networks and impairment in MSA processing, under the influence of dysregulated neuropeptide signaling. A complex interaction between genetics and development (particularly attachment stressors) contributes to the ontogeny of this neurobiological dysfunction. A neuropsychoanalytic approach provides the means by which future research can guide questions t...
The 2.8 Å Structure of aT=4 Animal Virus and its Implications for Membrane Translocation of RNA

The 2.8 A resolution structure of a T=4 animal virus and its implications for membrane translocation of RNA
Ventilatory responses of four marine teleosts to acute rotenone exposure

Summary Ventilatory rate reponses of Diplodus bermudensis, Holocentrus rufus, Haemulon flavoleneatum and Haemulon sciurus to acute rotenone exposure were recorded by monitoring impedance changes accompanying opercular movements in individual specimens. Results identified two tolerance groups, each of which dislayed similar ventilatory response patterns but at different concentrations of rotenone. Exposure revels required to etablish opercular paralysis were found to be considerably less than that reported for 24 hour LC50 of many freshwater organisms, indicating a high degree of toxic sensitivity for the four marine species examined. Zusammenfassung Ventilationsreaktion von vier marinen Teleosteirn bei akuter Rotenone-Exposition Die Ventilationshaufigkeit von Dilodus bermudensis, Holocentrus rufus, Haemulon flavoleneatum und Haemulon sciurus gegenuber akuten Rotenone-Dosen wurde durch die Veranderung der Impedanz der Kiemendeckelbewegungen registriert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zwei Toleranzgruppen, die jeweils ahnliche Ventilationshaufigkeiten erkennen lassen jedoch bei verschiedenen Rotenone-Konzentrationen. Die notwendige Konzentration fur eine Lahmung der Kiemendeckelbewegungen war viel niedriger als die LC50/24 fur viele Suswasserorganismen. Dieses zeigt die hohe toxische Sensibilitat der vier untersuchten Arten gegenuber Rotenone.
Molecular orientation of a ZnS‐nanocrystal‐modified M13 virus on a silicon substrate

The surface structure and cast film formation process of a ZnS-nanocrystal-modified M13 bacteriophage (ZnS-M13) were investigated. A ZnS-M13 film oriented under the influence of a capillary force was obtained on both single-crystal and polycrystalline substrates. The film formation process was investigated with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The surface images showed that the degree of orientation of the molecular long axes greatly depended on the direction of force and the concentration of aqueous solutions. Controlling the aqueous solution concentration yielded a highly oriented ZnS-M13 film on an indium tin oxide plate. The ability to control the orientation of virus-based films may lead to new types of hybrid materials in which the components are organized on several length scales.
FORMATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE IN METALLIC FILMS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF ZONE I GROWTH

Abstract The morphology of ultrathin Au and Pb films vapor deposited onto cryogenically cooled substrates has been studied by in situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). At low substrate temperatures, 4
Nucleation and initial growth kinetics of GaN on sapphire substrate by hydride vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract The nucleation and initial growth kinetics of GaN on sapphire grown using hydride vapor phase epitaxy technique were measured over a broad range of typically employed growth conditions. GaN nucleation and growth were investigated by a series of short time growth and quench experiments. Atomic force microscopy was used to examine the island density, size, and shape as a function of growth time and substrate temperature. The nucleation temperatures were studied over the range of 985–1100°C. As the temperature increased, the island density decreased due to adatom desorption and higher surface diffusion rates. The initial growth islands transformed from an irregular shape to a hexagonal shape and secondary nucleation was observed as the temperature increased. The activation energy for adatom surface diffusion was estimated to be ∼2.3 eV on the nitridated (0 0 0 1) sapphire. At high temperatures (⩾1050°C), different surface processes, including adatom desorption and island mobility were taking place.
The problems of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.

Suspecting and diagnosing venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism remain major clinical problems. For a variety of reasons, including the patient's preexisting cardiac and pulmonary status and the release of humoral mediators, pulmonary emboli evoke varied responses in different patients. Symptoms and signs of pulmonary embolism are not specific; they depend on the size and the hemodynamic and humoral consequences of the embolus. Conversely, they may not be present at all. Chest radiographic and electrocardiographic findings are nonspecific, and may be most helpful in establishing the presence of other conditions that may be confused with pulmonary embolism. Arterial blood gases can only heighten the suspicion of pulmonary embolism; they should never be used to exclude the diagnosis. Clinical and laboratory findings therefore do not diagnose pulmonary embolism; rather, they raise the level of concern and set the stage for the performance of subsequent diagnostic studies.
Development of a methodology to predict material properties from environmental exposure. I. Kinetic treatment

This study focuses on bisphenol A polycarbonate and tracks changes in the properties of this material as a function of the degree of degradation, τ, induced by a hostile environment. Among many possible environmental effects, we have limited this investigation to those associated with elevated temperature, although the methodology is general. This τ parameter is a product of the kinetic rate constant, k, found from isothermal kinetics, and the time of degradation, t. The elucidation of τ has been linked to the measurement of the molecular weight distribution, which, in turn, can be related to various properties to yield valuable predictive relationships. Only the thermal history of the polymer and its initial properties are required for the model. This technique is not limited to a specific polymer or even to thermal degradation. As long as the kinetics of the process can be mathematically modeled, this approach should apply to a host of other situations, providing property prediction simply from knowledge of the material history. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 794–801, 2002
Structure of azide methemoglobin.

Abstract We have compared the structures of horse azide methemoglobin and methemoglobin (MetHb) at 2.8 A resolution by X-ray difference Fourier analysis. Of four low-spin liganded Hb derivatives (nitric oxide Hb, carbon monoxide Hb, cyanide MetHb, and azide MetHb), azide MetHb is closest in structure to MetHb. In azide MetHb the ligands are co-ordinated end-on at angles of about 125 ° to the heme axes, which is similar to the stereochemistry assumed by azide in binding to free heme. Because of its bent binding geometry, azide encounters less interference in binding and perturbs the protein structure less than carbon monoxide and cyanide, which are smaller, but prefer linear axial co-ordination to heme. Steric interactions between ligand and protein are greater on the β chain, where the E helix is pushed away from the heme relative to MetHb, than on the α chain. Iron position is the same and heme stereochemistry and position are very similar in azide MetHb and MetHb.
Location of peptide fragments in the fibrinogen molecule by immunoelectron microscopy.

Abstract Antibodies to the disulfide knot fragment of bovine fibrinogen have been used to locate the site of this fragment within the intact fibrinogen molecule. The antibodies were isolated from rabbit antifibrinogen antisera by affinity chromatography. Electron micrographs of reaction mixtures of bovine fibrinogen and antibodies against the disulfide knot fragment showed pairs of fibrinogen molecules crosslinked by antibody molecules as well as higher order antibody-fibrinogen complexes. From an electron microscopic investigation of the crosslinked material, we conclude that the disulfide knot lies within the central nodule of the trinodular fibrinogen molecule. Antibodies to fragment H were used in the same manner to locate this fragment within the outer nodules of the human fibrinogen molecule.
Obesity Epidemic: Time to Swallow the Frog

Mark Twain once said, "If you have to swallow a frog, don't stare at it too long." I believe that members of the healthcare community have been staring at the obesity epidemic for too long.
Normal symphysis pubis width in children

Normal age-related data is provided for the width of the symphysis pubis in childhood based on measurements in 888 normal children from birth to 16 years.
Gradient Estimates for the Ground State¶Schrödinger Eigenfunction and Applications

Let Ω be a planar convex domain which is symmetric with respect to each coordinate axes. In this paper we give a simple and very short proof, based on the maximum principle, of the sharp lower bound \(\) for the spectral gap of the Dirichlet Laplacian in Ω.
Hydrogenation of 4-Oxoisophorone over a Pd/Al2O3 Catalyst under Supercritical CO2 Medium

Hydrogenation of 4-oxoisophorone has been studied over a 1% Pd/Al2O3 impregnated catalyst in supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) medium at different reaction conditions. The effect of temperature, pressure, and reaction medium on the conversion and product selectivity is discussed. Phase behavior studies have also been carried out to determine the conditions at which a supercritical phase is formed as a function of various experimental parameters as well as the miscibility behavior of different reactant mixtures. A comparison of the sc-CO2 medium reaction with the conventional liquid-phase hydrogenation in organic solvents as well as CO2−organic cosolvents has also been made. The reaction rates in sc-CO2 medium are found to be comparable to that in commonly employed organic solvents. Selectivities different from liquid-phase reactions are observed under supercritical conditions. Catalyst deactivation is found to be much lower in sc-CO2 medium when compared to that in the organic solvent medium. The reaction mechan...
Modification of postsynaptic dopaminergic sensitivity by female sex hormones

Abstract Stereotyped behavior in response to d-amphetamine or apomorphine was significantly reduced in female guinea pigs following cophorectamy. Responsiveness to either dopamine agonist was significantly increased by the subsequent chronic administration of either estradiol valerate or progesterone. Modification of postsynatpic dopaminergic sensitivity by female sex hormones may underly the clinical association of hyperkinetic movement disorders, psychosis or depression seen with alterations in female sex hormones in man.
Blood plasma catecholamine concentration of poult embryos during the transition from diffusive to convective respiration.

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma catecholamines were determined in turkey embryos. 2. 2. Decreased eggshell permeability depressed dopamine and epinephrine, but increased permeability also depressed epinephrine. 3. 3. Norepinephrine (NE) was greatest before transition to convective respiration when hypoxia occurs. 4. 4. NE was associated inversely with eggshell permeability. 5. 5. Catecholamines appear to assist the embryo during hatching hypoxia.
Noninvasive mapping of ventricular activation in patients with transplanted hearts

Abstract This is the first reported study of ventricular activation patterns after cardiac transplantation, using electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI), a noninvasive method for electrophysiologic mapping. This study of ten patients reveals that transplanted hearts have unique ventricular activation patterns in sinus rhythm, activating early in the epicardial aspect of the anterior or inferior septum, with intact right and left bundle branch conduction. They have late activation with slowing of conduction near the right ventricular (RV) basal free wall, causing a mild QRS prolongation and an rSr’ pattern in lead V1 of the ECG. PVCs arise from both endocardial and epicardial locations in both ventricles.
`Right There with You' Coca-Cola, Labor Restructuring and Political Violence in Colombia

■ The article examines how state terrorism operates alongside neoliberal capitalism and has reconfigured labor relations and generated new forms of oppositional politics. Focusing on the struggles of Colombian Coca-Cola workers, the article first considers how neoliberal restructuring and political violence have fragmented social relationships and aggravated inequalities among workers and between them and the Coca-Cola Company. This is a process that is based on widespread impunity. The article then examines how trade unionists have struggled against the degradation of work and the violation of their human rights by internationalizing their struggle against Coca-Cola and building broad alliances that extend beyond the workplace. Finally, it considers the problems, possibilities and new tensions that emerge from the union's internationalism.
Text analysis for constructing design representations

An emerging model in concurrent product design and manufacturing is the federation of workgroups across traditional functional “silos.” Along with the benefits of this concurrency comes the complexity of sharing and accessing design information. The primary challenge in sharing design information across functional workgroups lies in reducing the complex expressions of associations between design elements. Collaborative design systems have addressed this problem from the perspective of formalizing a shared ontology or product model. We share the perspective that the design model and ontology are an expression of the “meaning” of the design and provide a means by which information sharing in design may be achieved. However, in many design cases, formalizing an ontology before the design begins, establishing the knowledge sharing agreements or mapping out the design hierarchy is potentially more expensive than the design itself. This paper introduces a technique for inducing a representation of the design based upon the syntactic patterns contained in the corpus of design documents. The association between the design and the representation for the design is captured by basing the representation on terminological patterns in the design text. In the first stage, we create a “dictionary” of noun-phrases found in the text corpus based upon a measurement of the content carrying power of the phrase. In the second stage, we cluster the words to discover inter-term dependencies and build a Bayesian belief network which describes a conceptual hierarchy specific to the domain of the design. We integrate the design document learning system with an agent-based collaborative design system for fetching design information based on the “smart drawings” paradigm.
On the transverse confinement of radiatively slowed molecular beams

Radiative forces from near-resonant laser light can be used for cooling and slowing the motion of diatomic molecules. While radiative-force slowing can be efficient in reducing the longitudinal velocity of molecules in a beam, this method has so far resulted in relatively low fluxes of slow molecules available for loading into a trap. This is primarily due to the divergence of the molecular beam, which increases in inverse proportion to the forward velocity. In this paper, we discuss methods to transversely confine molecules as they are slowed by radiative forces. We focus in particular on a promising method that uses a microwave field tuned to the blue of a rotational transition in the molecule, to provide the confining force.We argue that with a realistic design, this approach can improve the useful flux of slow molecules from radiative slowing by a factor of ∼100.
Interferon induction of natural killer cytotoxicity in human neonates.

Low natural killer cytotoxicity has been associated with serious herpes simplex virus infections. Neonates' mononuclear cells had significantly lower NKC to HSV infected ( P P P =0.05) lack of consistency in neonates' MC response. Twenty-three percent (4/17) of neonates' MC samples did not respond with increased NKC in the presence of interferon, unlike adults' MC, all of which demonstrated increased NKC. Neonates' MC did not suppress adults' MC-NKC. These data demonstrate the efficacy of interferon as an NKC stimulator in the neonate, but indicate a heterogenous response of neonatal cells. We are encouraged with the prospect of clinical trials of interferon to treat severe viral infections in neonates. We urge the inclusion of immune surveillance in these trials.
Intracranial Vascular Calcification is Protective from Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was noted in some studies to be less frequent and less severe in older age. One hypothesis is that atherosclerosis makes arteries too stiff to spasm. The objective of this study was to assess the association between intracranial calcification, a marker for atherosclerosis, and vasospasm. Charts and nonenhanced computed tomography scans of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were retrospectively reviewed. Transcranial Doppler studies were used to categorize vasospasm using mean flow velocity: mild vasospasm 120-199 cm/second and severe ≥200 cm/second. Calcification of the intracranial internal carotid artery was quantified by calculating the volume and density of the calcified lesions. A total of 172 patients met study criteria (mean age, 54 ± 13 years; 88 women). Patients who had calcification (n = 90; 52%) were significantly older (61 ± 12 years vs. 46 ± 10 years; P P P = .0027). Only the highest tertile was independently associated with less vasospasm (odds ratio, .34; 95% confidence interval, .12-.93). There was an interaction between calcification score and age in which age greater than 65 years was only protective of vasospasm when combined with the highest calcification tertile. We conclude that intracranial calcification is associated with lower rates of vasospasm. The amount of visualized calcification inversely influences the severity of vasospasm. Calcification, and the underlying presumed atherosclerosis, maybe 1 mechanism by which vasospasm has lower frequency and severity in older age.
Microvascular permeability to water is independent of shear stress, but dependent on flow direction

Endothelial cells in a cultured monolayer change from a “cobblestone” configuration when grown under static conditions to a more elongated shape, aligned with the direction of flow, after exposure to sustained uniform shear stress. Sustained blood flow acts to protect regions of large arteries from injury. We tested the hypothesis that the stable permeability state of individually perfused microvessels is also characteristic of flow conditioning. In individually perfused rat mesenteric venular microvessels, microvascular permeability, measured as hydraulic conductivity (Lp), was stable [mean 1.0 × 10−7 cm/(s × cmH2O)] and independent of shear stress (3–14 dyn/cm2) for up to 3 h. Vessels perfused opposite to the direction of normal blood flow exhibited a delayed Lp increase [ΔLp was 7.6 × 10−7 cm/(s × cmH2O)], but the increase was independent of wall shear stress. Addition of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid to perfusates increased the shear stress range, but did not modify the asymmetry in response to flow direction. Increased Lp in reverse-perfused vessels was associated with numerous discontinuities of VE-cadherin and occludin, while both proteins were continuous around the periphery of forward-perfused vessels. The results are not consistent with a general mechanism for graded shear-dependent permeability increase, but they are consistent with the idea that a stable Lp under normal flow contributes to prevention of edema formation and also enables physiological regulation of shear-dependent small solute permeabilities (e.g., glucose). The responses during reverse flow are consistent with reports that disturbed flows result in a less stable endothelial barrier in venular microvessels.