cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of additives on the laser-initiated polymerization of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate

Abstract Polymerization exotherms of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) were generated by a pulsed laser source and recorded on a modified differential scanning calorimeter. Several aromatic carbonyl-based photoinitiators were compared with respect to maximum rate and extent of polymerization in the absence and presence of oxygen. α-Cleavage photoinitiators were more efficient than the hydrogen-abstracting benzophenone. The addition of an amine to a photocleavable initiator improved the polymerization of HDDA under an inert atmosphere, whereas triarylphosphines under similar conditions were effective in reducing the air inhibition. This synergistic effect depends on the type and structure of the additive and the photoinitiator. The use of benzophenone in combination with an α-cleavage photoinitiator showed no significant effect upon polymerization, while extra thermal energy imposed upon the system slightly improved the polymerization.
Characterizing the superparamagnetic grain distribution f(V, Hk) by thermal fluctuation tomography

[1] In 1965, D. J. Dunlop showed that the joint distribution of particle volumes and microcoercivities f(V, Hk0) can be determined for magnetically monomineralic, thermally stable single-domain (SSD) ensembles by taking advantage of the joint temperature and field dependence of relaxation time. We have developed a procedure that follows Dunlop's strategy to obtain f(V, Hk0) for ensembles containing both superparamagnetic and SSD grains, based on backfield remanence curves measured over a range of temperatures. Each point on the derivative curves represents the integrated contribution from grains that lie along a corresponding blocking contour on the Neel plot. A suitable set of such line integral samples can be used to reconstruct the f(V, Hk0) distribution using the methods of tomographic imaging. Samples of the basal Tiva Canyon Tuff have narrow size distributions of elongate Ti-poor titanomagnetite. Tomographic inversion of the low-temperature backfield spectra yield sharply peaked f(V, Hk0) distributions, from which we calculate modal grain dimensions in good agreement with those observed by transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of synthetic samples containing bimodal populations clearly distinguishes the two modes. Because our simplified forward calculations incompletely account for the effects of orientation distribution, the width of the coercivity distribution at each temperature is underestimated, and consequently, the inverse calculations yield grain distributions that are overly broad. Frequency- and temperature-dependent susceptibilities calculated for the inverted f(V, Hk0) distributions accord fairly well with measured susceptibilities for the weakly interacting Tiva Canyon samples, less well for a moderately interacting paleosol specimen, and poorly for a strongly interacting ferrofluid.
Matrix crack spacing in brittle matrix composites

A model describing the evolution of matrix cracks in undirectional continuous fiber, brittle matrix composites is developed. The approach involves calculation off the steady state strain energy release rate available for crack extension in terms of the constituent properties, the applied stress and the distances to the neighboring cracks. Interactions between cracks are found to occur when the crack spacing falls below twice the slip length. The model provides an analytical solution to the crack spacing for periodic arrays of cracks. Comparisons are conducted with predictions derived from computer simulations of random cracking. The effects of the matrix flaw density are briefly considered.
Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the rectus sheath

Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas (MSCs) are a rare form of chondrosarcoma which usually arise in bone. Extraskeletal chondro-sarcomas constitute a minority (14–25%) of MSCs. We describe the imaging features of an extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma that arose from the rectus abdominus muscle.
The relationship between microwave spectroscopy, coherent triplet excitons, and density of states functions in molecular crystals

Abstract A theory of microwave band-to-band transitions in triplet Frenkel excitons in the coherent migration limit for a one-dimensional exciton associated with translationally equivalent molecules is developed. Because of selective spin-orbit coupling to the magnetic sublevels, an anisotropy in the zero field splitting across the band ( k = 0 to k = ±π/ a ) occurs which, on a reduced energy scale, “mirrors” the energy dispersion of triplet exciton states. As a result, if the coherence time of a k state of the triplet band is longer than the intrinsic time associated with a microwave field connecting the magnetic sublevels of the band, one can measure both the bandwidth and density of states function with a zero field electron spin resonance experiment.
APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS FOR IMPULSIVELY LOADED ELASTIC-PLASTIC BEAMS,

Abstract : A unified method of approximating the response of elastic, rigid-plastic and elastic, perfectly plastic beams subjected to impulsive loading is described. The method is based on the uniqueness proof for such problems. A simply supported beam subjected to a uniform impulse is given as an illustrative example. (Author)
Superconductive Wideband Analog Signal Correlator With Buffered Digital Output

Analog superconductive components have been integrated to form a device capable of crosscorrelation between two wideband analog input signals. Arrays of Nb/Nb205/Pb tunnel junctions perform the mixing of delayed samples of two frequency-offset analog signals counterpropagating along a niobium tapped transmission line. The resultant mixer products from the junction array are integrated and stored in a high-Q (ft,' 600) lumped element L-C resonator tuned to the signal difference frequency. A superconductive tunnel junction imbedded in the resonator circuit is operated as a variable-threshold comparator to detect the time-integrated current stored in the resonator. We present results showing the correlation properties of such an individual correlator cell, together with the design and performance of a 4-junction-logic (4JL)-based digital address encoder to be used in a multichannel correlator device. We also discuss the important design issues as they relate to analog signal processing.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Access and Barriers to Healthcare Vary among Three Neighboring Communities in Northern Honduras

Objective. The aim of this study is to describe and compare access and barriers to health services in three proximal yet topographically distinct communities in northern Honduras served by the nonprofit organization the Honduras Outreach Medical Brigada Relief Effort (HOMBRE). Methods. Study personnel employed a 25-item questionnaire in Spanish at the point of care during HOMBRE clinics in Coyoles, Lomitas, and La Hicaca (N = 220). We describe and compare the responses between sites, using Chi-squared and Fisher Exact tests. Results. Respondents in Lomitas demonstrated the greatest limitations in access and greatest barriers to care of all sites. Major limitations in access included "never" being able to obtain a blood test, obtain radiology services, and see a specialist. Major barriers were cost, distance, facility overcrowding, transportation, being too ill to go, inability to take time off work, and lack of alternate childcare. Conclusions. Despite being under the same local health authority, geographically remote Honduran communities experience greater burdens in healthcare access and barriers than neighboring communities of the same region.
Preparing the soil for global revival : Station HCJB's radio circle, 1949-59

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a fundamental shift in the character of the Christian religion—namely, a massive expansion and shift of its center of gravity southward. During this period, Christianity experienced a transformation from a predominantly Western religion to a world religion largely defined by non-Western adherents in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. From 1970 to 2005, the size of the Southern Church increased two and a half times to over 1.25 billion members. By the early twenty-first century, 60 percent of all professing Christians lived in the global South and East. The most dynamic source of church growth during this period was Independent (evangelical or Pentecostal) Protestant groups, which increased at nearly twice the rate of other Christian affiliations. The spread of evangelical Protestantism represents a truly global phenomenon and has included large populations in East and Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas.
A minichamber device for maintaining a constant carbon dioxide in ari atmosphere during prolonged culture of cells on the stage of an inverted microscope

Construction details are described for a minichamber device that maintains a localized atmosphere of carbon dioxide in air over the stage of an innerted microscope. This device is easily constructed, from Plexiglas and its specifications can be adjusted to fit virtually any inverted microscopy. A flow of warm, humidified carbon dioxide in air gas mixture can be directed over a petri dish or unsealed culture flask to maintain the pH of bicarbonate-CO2 buffered media. By this means, prolonged culture of cells directly on the microscope stage is made possible without occurrence of detrimental pH changes. If the microscope is fitted with an environmental control chamber to maintain temperature, cells can be maintained on the microscope stage for days, permitting frequent observation of cell growth and activity. Alternatively, continuous cine or video recordings can be made. For example, using this device, hamster and rhesus monkey embryos have been cultured for 2 to 5 d on an inverted microscope while continuous time-lapse recordings were made of cell division and differentiation and activity of cellular organelles.
BRST Ghosts as Worldsheet Parameters in Gauge-Invariant String Field Theory

The closed and open bosonic strings are quantized in the Tomonaga-Schwinger-Dirac (TSD) formalism. This leads to a gauge-invariant second-quantized free string field theory. The worldsheet parameters are dynamical variables which, in the quantum theory, are represented by anticommuting operators. This TSD quantization is seen to be formally identical to the BRST quantization and provides a geometrical interpretation of the anticommuting BRST ghosts as quantized worldsheet parameters.
Effects of Transducer Installation on Unsteady Pressure Measurements on Oscillating Blades

Unsteady pressures were measured above the suction side of a blade that was oscillated to simulate blade stall flutter. Measurements were made at blade oscillation frequencies up to 500 Hz. Two types of miniature pressure transducers were used: surface-mounted flat custom-made, and conventional miniature, body-mounted transducers. The signals of the surface-mounted transducers are significantly affected by blade acceleration, whereas the signals of body-mounted transducers are practically free of this distortion. A procedure was introduced to correct the signals of surface-mounted transducers to rectify the signal distortion due to blade acceleration. The signals from body-mounted transducers, and corrected signals from surface-mounted transducers represent true unsteady pressure signals on the surface of a blade subjected to forced oscillations. However, the use of body-mounted conventional transducers is preferred for the following reasons: no signal corrections are needed for blade acceleration, the conventional transducers are noticeably less expensive than custom-made flat transducers, the survival rate of body-mounted transducers is much higher, and finally installation of body-mounted transducers does not disturb the blade surface of interest.
Diversity in neotropical wet forests during the Cenozoic is linked more to atmospheric CO2 than temperature

Models generally predict a response in species richness to climate, but strong climate-diversity associations are seldom observed in long-term (more than 106 years) fossil records. Moreover, fossil studies rarely distinguish between the effects of atmospheric CO2 and temperature, which limits their ability to identify the causal controls on biodiversity. Plants are excellent organisms for testing climate-diversity hypotheses owing to their strong sensitivity to CO2, temperature and moisture. We find that pollen morphospecies richness in an angiosperm-dominated record from the Palaeogene and early Neogene (65–20 Ma) of Colombia and Venezuela correlates positively to CO2 much more strongly than to temperature (both tropical sea surface temperatures and estimates of global mean surface temperature). The weaker sensitivity to temperature may be due to reduced variance in long-term climate relative to in higher latitudes, or to the occurrence of lethal or sub-lethal temperatures during the warmest times of the Eocene. Physiological models predict that productivity should be the most sensitive to CO2 within the angiosperms, a prediction supported by our analyses if productivity is linked to species richness; however, evaluations of non-angiosperm assemblages are needed to more completely test this idea.
625 RICKETS IN CHILDREN WITH CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE: EVALUATION AND TREATMENT

Rickets, often leading to fractures and bone deformities, occurs in children with cholestatic liver disease (CLD) because of decreased intestinal absorption of minerals and impaired hepatic hydroxylation of vitamin D. The purpose of our investigation was to determine the frequency of rickets and its response to 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D therapy in 18 children with CLD, ages 2 months to 5 years, over a two-year period. Serial measurements of bone mineral content were obtained using photon absorptiometry of the wrist and serum values of 25-OH vitamin D and bilirubin measured on CLD patients receiving 400-1200 IU vitamin D by mouth. In 3 of 18 children bone mineral content (BMC) was normal for age. All had direct serum bilirubin 2 SD below the mean BMC of normal age-matched controls; serum 25-OH vitamin D was also low (<10 ng/ml). Once rickets was diagnosed, 12 patients received .05 to .1 ug/kg/day 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D. Eight of 12 children treated with 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D had improvement of bone disease indicated by a doubling of the BMC and an increase in the BMC/body-weight ratio to the normal range. Conclusion: Metabolic bone disease is common in children with CLD. Photon absorptiometry is a simple and accurate technique for identifying and monitoring children with hepatic rickets. In children with CLD oral 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D may be effective for the treatment of hepatic rickets.
Selective Disruption of Cadherin/Catenin Complexes by Oxidative Stress in Precision-Cut Mouse Liver Slices

Previous work has shown that chemically induced oxidative stress disrupts the protein interactions of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin/alpha-catenin complex in precision-cut mouse liver slices (Parrish et al., 1999, Toxicol. Sci. 51, 80-86). Although these data suggest a role for oxidative stress in disruption of hepatic cadherin/catenin complexes, multiple complexes are co-expressed in the liver. Both E- and N- cadherin are co-expressed in hepatocytes, as well as beta-catenin and gamma-catenin; thus four distinct complexes mediate cell-cell adhesion in the liver: E-cadherin/beta-catenin/alpha-catenin, E-cadherin/gamma-catenin/alpha-catenin, N-cadherin/beta-catenin/alpha-catenin, and N-cadherin/gamma-catenin/alpha-catenin. Taking advantage of the retention of normal organ architecture and cellular heterogeneity offered by precision-cut mouse liver slices, the current study was designed to examine the impact of chemically induced oxidative stress on cadherin/catenin complexes. Precision-cut mouse liver slices were challenged with diamide (25-250 microM; 6 h) or tert-butylhydroperoxide (5-50 microM; 6 h). A polyclonal antibody against beta- or gamma-catenin was used to immunoprecipitate proteins prior to Western-blot analysis with monoclonal antibodies to E- or N-cadherin. Although a decrease in E-cadherin:beta-catenin co-immunoprecipitation was seen, interactions between beta-catenin and N-cadherin were not disrupted by chemical challenge. In addition, no effect on protein interactions of gamma-catenin with either cadherin was observed. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to co-localize catenins and cadherins following chemical challenge. Consistent with the biochemical observations, a heterogeneous reduction in co-localization of E-cadherin and beta-catenin was seen in precision-cut liver slices, but not other cadherin/catenin complexes. Taken together, these data suggest that oxidative stress selectively disrupts E-cadherin/beta-catenin complexes in the liver. This response is dictated, in part, by the protein composition of the cell-adhesion complex.
Police Powers and Control in Hong Kong

The HKP (Hong Kong Police) possesses expansive and pervasive powers. These include broad and coercive criminal law power as well as onerous and restrictive administrative regulatory authority. Power attracts abuses. Currently, there is very little literature on HKP accountability. This article is about police accountability in Hong Kong. It variously investigates the prevalence and distribution of police abuse of powers and details the origin and development, structure and process, and problems and issues with complaints against police systems in Hong Kong, i.e., the Complain Against Police Office (CAPO) and Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC).
Circulating antibodies to guanosine in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with nephritis and polyserositis by acute and longitudinal analyses.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by autoantibodies, including antibodies to the nucleosides of DNA. Guanosine is the most immunogenic nucleoside. In this study serum antiguanosine antibody levels were compared with disease activity, determined by their SLEDI score, in 86 patients with SLE. Sera from these patients were tested, by ELISA, for autoantibodies to guanosine, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Anti-doublestranded DNA levels were also measured by RIA. Resultant values from these assays were correlated with SLE disease activity, and compared with specific features of SLE. The strongest correlation was higher levels of antiguanosine antibodies in patients with active lupus nephritis and polyserositis compared to patients with inactive disease (P < 0.0001). Antiguanosine levels also correlated with arthritis (P < 0.006), CNS lupus (P < 0.005), and hematologic manifestations of SLE (P < 0.002). To test the validity of this association in chronic SLE, seru...
Performance of the barrel calorimeter system of the high resolution spectrometer at PEP

Abstract A review of the performance of the barrel calorimeter system of the high resolution spectrometer (HRS) is given. The system has been in operation for several years at the PEP e + e − storage ring. The barrel calorimeter, consisting of Pb-scintillator sandwiches and proportional wire tubes with charge-division readout, measures the energies and production angles of electromagnetic showers and also provides time-of-flight for particles produced in e + e − collisions.
Institutions and the Market for Annexable Land

The annexation activity of municipalities is studied in a market framework. A sample of 659 municipalities of 25,000 or more population is used to analyze the effects of municipal government structure and annexation statutes on municipal government behavior. Both annexation laws and types of municipal governments are found to be significant determinants of the level of municipal annexation activity. Since some studies indicate that annexation activity affects municipal efficiency, these results have policy implications for state legislators who control the institutions under which municipalities operate.
Impact of an adherence clinic on behavioral outcomes and virologic response in treatment of HIV infection: a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this randomized, controlledpilot study was to examine the impact of a pharmacistoperated adherence clinic on adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and viral suppression in patients with HIV over 28 weeks. Methods: Consecutive eligible patients initiatingHAART at an indigent-care clinic were randomized to an adherence clinic or to standard care (information provided by physician or nurse practitioner) for education and monitoring. Group assignment was stratified before randomization according to regimen complexity and potential tolerability. Adherence (electronic monitoring and patient self-report) and viral load (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) were assessed at weeks 4, 16 , and 28 . Results: Thirty-three randomized patients (adherenceclinic, n=16; standard care, n=17) comprised the intent-to-treat population. The groups were well-matched for demographics and antiretroviral regimen. The median age was 38.0 years in both groups. Most patients were male (85%), had previously used HAART (78%), and had an AIDS diagnosis (79%). Mean (SD) adherence at weeks 4, 16, and 28 was 86% (27%), 77% (28%), and 74% (31%) in the adherence clinic group versus 73% (32%), 56% (39%), and 51% (41%) in the standard care group (week-16 difference, 21% [90% CI, 1%–42%]; week-28 difference, 23% [90% CI, 1%–44%]). Sixty-nine percent of patients in the adherence clinic group took their medication on schedule versus 42% in the standard care group ( P = 0.025); mean decline in adherence from weeks 4 to 28 was 12% in the adherence clinic group ( P = 0.15) versus 22% in the standard care group ( P = 0.002). HIV-1 RNA levels were P = NS), 71% ( P = 0.04), and 65% ( P = NS) of the standard care group. Conclusions: In this preliminary trial, an adherence clinic model improved adherence to HAART and virologic response over 28 weeks in the patients studied.
Thermoelasticity of stretched elastomers under small torsions: Effects of crosslinking, extension, and swelling

By using a simple version of Treloar's torsion method the internal energy contribution Me to the restoring couple M has been determined for stretched testpieces subjected to small torsions. Values obtained for Me/M decreased significantly with increasing extension. Corresponding decreases were observed on swelling, but no specific effect of swelling liquids could be detected. The degree of crosslinking had no effect on Me/M. Thus, Me/M at small strains appears to reflect a characteristic molecular property, largely independent of local environment, network density, or type of deformation, as Flory has maintained. The present values are generally consistent with previously published data, except in the case of polyethylene, for which a much larger negative value is obtained, i.e., −1.6 compared to −0.5. The reason for this discrepancy is not known.
Rapid targeting in support of time-critical strike

ABSTRACT The US Navy has developed and demonstrated rapid targeting technologies that, when combined, support a time critical strike capability. The interaction of these existing technologies (i.e. real-time tactical manned reconnaissance, real-time image screening/geo-registration, andimage seeking smart munitions) provide an immediate rapid targeting capability and lay thefoundation for future manned and fully automated time critical strike systems. This paper describes the existing rapid targeting technologies and the concept of operations for integrating these technologies for time critical strike. It also projects potential time critical strike capabilities that can be achieved and deployed in the near future. KEY WORDS Time Critical Strike, Rapid Targeting, Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance Pod System  Completely Digital (TARPS-CD), Shared Reconnaissance Pod (SHARP), Navy Input Station(NAVIS), Digital Precision Strike Suite (DPSS), Direct Attack Munition Affordable Seeker (DAMASK)
Computers and aging: Marking raced, classed and gendered inequalities

This article begins with an overview of cognitive psychology research on the effects of aging on literacy and suggests the additional complications facing older adults who consume and produce text within the frame of technology, particularly on-line usage. From an overview, the text moves to patterns corporations are using to target older adults, namely as consumers and as producers. The text then explores the use of philanthropy in the corporate literacy initiatives and suggests that there are complicated issues at hand in attempting to integrate the knowledge of aging and corporate strategies into our technical writing classrooms because we enter this discussion concerned about non-traditional students, older adults who are challenged to participate in contemporary literacy initiatives, and ourselves as aging participants as well. The article ends with suggestions of possible ways of addressing concerns regarding aging.
Reconsidering anticoagulant therapy in venous thromboembolism

Blood readers should be aware of the omission of crucial information in a meta-analysis by Michael B. Streiff, which stated, “Although anticoagulation remains the primary therapy for venous thromboembolism, vena caval filters are an important alternative when anticoagulants are contraindicated
High susceptibility to ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis in mice lacking XPC

COMPROMISE of genetic information by mutation may result in the dysregulation of cellular growth control and subsequent tumour formation. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal disease characterized by hypersensitivity of the skin to sunlight and >1,000-fold increased risk of skin cancers in sun-exposed parts of the body. Cell fusion studies have revealed eight complementation groups in XP (A–G, and an XP-variant form); group C is one of the most common forms of the disease1. We have isolated a mouse homologue of the human gene for XP group C and generated XPC-deficient mice by using embryonic stem cell technology. Mice homozygous for the XPC mutant allele (xpcm1/xpcm1) are viable and do not exhibit an increased susceptibility to spontaneous tumour generation at one year of age. However, xpcm1/xpcsm1 mice were found to be highly susceptible to ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis compared with mice heterozygous for the mutant allele (xpcm1/+) and wild-type controls. Homozygous xpcm1 mutant mice also display a spectrum of ultraviolet-exposure-related pathological skin and eye changes consistent with the human disease xeroderma pigmentosum group C.
Synthesis, Characterization, and X-ray Structural Study of a Dinuclear Organoindium Phosphide Complex with Two Different Phosphide Moieties, (Me3CCH2)2InP(t-Bu)2In(CH2CMe3)2PPh2

An organoindium phosphide which incorporates two phosphido moieties in the same molecule, (Me3CCH2)2InP(t-Bu)2In(CH2CMe3)2PPh2 (1), has been synthesized in good yield from [(Me3CCH2)2InP(t-Bu)2]2 and (Me3CCH2)2InPPh2 in pentane solution and fully characterized. The compound exists as a single compound in the solid state according to an X-ray structural study but is in equilibrium with the starting compounds in benzene solution according to 1H and 31P NMR spectral data.
Atomic imaging of oxide surfaces . II. Terbium oxide

Abstract The surface topography of anion-deficient, and nominally stoichiometric. terbium oxides has been characterised at the atomic level by high resolution electron microscopy using the surface profile imaging technique. The predominant surface was found to be (111) which generally formed well-ordered terraces: other surfaces such as (100) and (022) were less prevalent and usually quite irregular. Surface modifications were also observed in real-time which were face-dependent, and the rapidity of the associated atomic arrangements appeared to correlate with the number of oxygen atom positions at the different surfaces.
IgG subclasses in the serum and skin in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and neonatal lupus erythematosus

IgG subclasses differ in their biologic and chemical properties, such as complement fixation, protein and cellular binding, and placental transfer. In this study, IgG subclasses of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in subacute cutaneous lupus (SCLE) and neonatal lupus (NLE) are examined in the serum and in the skin. IgG subclasses in NLE beginning in utero (NLE- heart disease) are compared to subclasses in NLE beginning after birth (NLE-skin disease). Human skin was grafted onto athymic mice, mice were injected with one of eight anti-Ro/ SSA maternal NLE sera (four heart block, four skin disease) or seven anti-Ro/SSA SCLE sera, and grafts were examined for lgG subclasses using monoclonal anti-human IgG subclass reagents in an immunofluorescent technique. Lesional skin was examined from four SCLE patients. IgG1 was the only IgG subclass detected in the grafts and skin lesions. IgG1 was the predominant anti-Ro/SSA IgG subclass detected in SCLE and NLE sera in an ELISA using a synthetic Ro/SSA polypeptide. These studies show that the maternal anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies in NLE-heart disease sera are predominantly IgG1 and are therefore likely to be present in the fetus at the time of gestation, when heart block usually develops. Second, differences in the clinical presentations of NLE (in utero vs. postnatal disease) cannot be attributed to differences in anti-Ro/SSA IgG subclasses. Finally, the subclass bound in the skin in SCLE is IgG1, a subclass capable of mediating tissue injury via complement or cellular effectors.
Ion-energy dependence of aluminum K X-ray satellites

Abstract Dependence of the Al Kα X-ray satellite intensities on neon projectile energy was measured from 1.5 to 15 MeV. Experimental and theoretical requirements for determining cross sections for multiple ionization from high resolution spectra are outlined.
Basement-hosted sandstone injectites of Colorado: A vestige of the Neoproterozoic revealed through detrital zircon provenance analysis

Detrital zircon provenance analysis is used to resolve the age of sandstone injectites together with source sandstones that form faultbounded, tabular bodies within Mesoproterozoic crystalline rocks of the Colorado Front Range. Named Tava sandstone (informal), the unit is a product of liquefaction and remobilization of mature quartz sediment within source bodies having volumes ≥1 × 10 6 m 3 into dikes up to 6 m in width. To surmount the indeterminate age of emplacement, we obtained new U-Pb detrital zircon age data for two source sandstones, three dikes and one sill, for comparison to four Paleozoic arenites. Tava age distributions feature a dominant 1.33–0.97 Ga broad age group and narrow ca. 1.11, 1.44, and 1.70 Ga groups, with several smaller age groups >1.5 Ga. The Tava detrital zircon results are dissimilar to Paleozoic sandstones but closely resemble published detrital zircon reference data for Grenville orogen–derived siliciclastic units of the western United States. The similarity in age distributions is borne out by statistical comparisons among Tava sandstone, Paleozoic samples, and Neoproterozoic strata that reveal a high probability of correlation of Tava sandstone to ca. 800–680 Ma strata deposited during intracontinental extension. We conclude that Tava sandstone is Neoproterozoic in age and provides a new avenue to investigation of Rodinia’s terrestrial paleoenvironment.
Characterization of sol/gel-derived nano-particles separated from oil sands fine tailings

Abstract Methodology has been developed to separate nano-particles of amorphous material from Syncrude fine tailings. Both, separated finer solids and residual coarser solids, were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, XPS, SEM, infrared spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, density, and surface area measurements. Based on the results of infrared and X-ray diffraction, the amorphous minerals identified in finer solids included allophanes, halloysite, ferrihydrite, and amorphous silica. The finer fraction also contained some crystalline material consisting of muscovite and traces of quartz. The residual coarser solids consisted mostly of quartz, muscovite, and kaolinite.
Statistical properties of controlled fluid flows with applications to control of mixing

Abstract In this paper, we study statistical properties of fluid flows that are actively controlled. Statistical properties such as Lagrangian and Eulerian time-averages are important flow quantities in fluid flows, particularly during mixing processes. Due to the assumption of incompressibility, the transformations in the state space can be described by a sequence of measure preserving transformations on a measure space. The classical Birkhoff's pointwise ergodic theorem does not necessarily apply in the context of sequences of transformations. We call B -regular a sequence for which this theorem holds. Motivated by mixing control concepts, we define three notions of asymptotic equivalence for sequences of transformations. We show an example in which Birkhoff's pointwise ergodic theorem does not hold even when a ‘strong’ asymptotic equivalence to a B -regular sequence is assumed. Under a ‘very strong’ asymptotic equivalence condition, we prove B -regularity. In the context of optimize-then-stabilize strategy for mixing control, we also prove that very strong asymptotic equivalence to a mixing sequence implies mixing. The mean ergodic theorem and the Poincare’ recurrence theorem are also proven for sequences of transformations under suitable asymptotic equivalence assumptions.
On the importance of many-body forces in solid xenon

Abstract Measurements of the elastic constants of a xenon single crystal at 10°K are used to evaluate the importance of three-body and many-body forces. The evidence suggests that inadequacies exist in the theories as applied to xenon.
Propofol suppresses the sleep state-dependent P13 midlatency auditory evoked potential in the rat.

Abstract Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a widely used anesthetic agent, but its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. In this report, the effects of three dose levels of propofol (5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg) on the amplitude of the vertex-recorded, sleep state-dependent P13 midlatency evoked potential were investigated. The P13 potential is generated, at least in part, by the ascending cholinergic reticular activating system (RAS). The RAS is known to be affected by anesthetic agents. Intravenous injections of propofol were found to reduce the amplitude of the P13 potential in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At 2 min post-injection, the mean P13 amplitude was suppressed to 40% of its pre-injection level by the lowest dose, but was suppressed to 10% of pre-injection levels by the two higher doses of propofol. The duration of the suppression of mean P13 potential amplitude was also dose-dependent such that complete recovery occurred by 5 min using 5 mg/kg, by 15 min using 7.5 mg/kg and by 30 min using 10 mg/kg of propofol. Using a paired stimulus paradigm, transient effects on habituation of the P13 potential were observed but only after the highest dose. Thus, one of the mechanisms of propofol may be to affect portions of the RAS which modulate the level of arousal. It may only transiently affect higher systems known to modulate the degree of habituation of responses by the RAS (i.e. processes which modulate habituation and may participate in sensory gating and distractibility).
Hot Topic: Endogenous Production of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids in Mammalian Cells

Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important components of mammalian diets, and the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA on human development and cardiovascular health have been well documented. Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the few animals known to be able to produce linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic (ALA, 18:3n-3) essential fatty acids. These essential PUFA are generated by the action of desaturases that successively direct the conversion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to PUFA. The cDNA coding sequences of the C. elegans Δ 12 and n-3 fatty acid desaturases were each placed under the control of separate constitutive eukaryotic promoters and simultaneously introduced into HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells by adenoviral transduction. Phospholipids from transduced cells showed a significant decrease in the ratios of both MUFA:PUFA and n-6:n-3 fatty acids relative to control cultures. The fatty acid profile of transduced cellular phospholipids revealed significant decreases in MUFA and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and increases in LA, ALA, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3). The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols derived from transduced cells was similarly, but less dramatically, affected. These results demonstrate the functionality of C. elegans fatty acid desaturase enzymes in mammalian cells. Expression of these desaturases in livestock might act to counterbalance the saturating effect that rumen microbial biohydrogenation has on the fatty acid profile of ruminant products, and allow for the development of novel, land-based dietary sources of n-3 PUFA.
Intramedullary spinal cord astrocytoma versus glioblastoma. The prognostic importance of histologic grade

Fourteen patients with intramedullary spinal cord astrocytoma (Grades I, II) or glioblastoma (Grades III, IV) were seen at a major referral center over a 19-year period. Although similar surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques were used for each group, the nine patients with astrocytoma had a five-year actuarial survival rate of 89% with five patients alive and well at least five years after treatment; none of the five patients with glioblastoma survived past three years. Histologic grade is the most important factor affecting prognosis for patients with intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas or glioblastomas, and long-term survival can be achieved postirradiation for many patients with astrocytomas with improved neurologic functioning in most.
Far infrared spectra of isomeric glycine chelates

Abstract The infrared spectra of glycine and some isomeric bis(glycino)-chelates have been investigated from 400 to 40 cm −1 . The stretching vibrations of the metal-oxygen bonds in the chelates have been identified using an approximate normal coordinate treatment and the difference in molecular symmetry for the geometrical isomers. Calculated values of the metal-oxygen bond-stretching force constants for the trans complexes vary in the order Pd(II) > Pt(II) > Cu(II), which demonstrates a corresponding order for the relative strengths of the metal-oxygen bonds.
Altered parvalbumin basket cell inputs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects

Altered parvalbumin basket cell inputs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects
Disarming, non-participating 2-O-protecting groups in manno- and rhamnopyranosylation: scope and limitations of sulfonates, vinylogous esters, phosphates, cyanates, and nitrates

Abstract A series of d -mannopyranosyl and l -rhamnopyranosyl thioglycosides protected with electron-withdrawing, non-participating protecting groups on O-2 have been prepared and investigated for their potential as β-glycosyl donors. Both α- and β-thioglycosides were investigated and the latter preferred on the grounds of enhanced stability at room temperature. A 2- O -nitro- l -rhamnosyl fluoride was also prepared and investigated. Moderate β-selectivities were observed with some of these donors. With the more powerfully electron-withdrawing groups reduced donor reactivity leads to a requirement for higher reaction temperatures and reduced selectivities. Decomposition temperatures of the intermediate glycosyl triflates were determined by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy and generally correlate with the disarming propensity of the protecting group system.
A stimulated rate of gluconeogenesis in perfused livers of hypophysectomized rats.

Abstract Production of glucose and urea by livers of hypophysectomized rats was twice that by livers of normal rats when both were perfused with medium containing amino acids at either one or ten times their normal plasma concentrations. This suggested a stimulated rate of gluconeogenesis in the livers of hypophysectomized rats. Increased rates of conversion of 14 C-alanine and 14 C-lactate to glucose were observed in livers of these rats.
The role of automated writing evaluation holistic scores in the ESL classroom

Abstract The advancement of automated writing evaluation (AWE) has made it possible to complement instructor input with immediate scoring and qualitative feedback to inform students' writing development. However, little is known about the usefulness of AWE holistic scores for classroom purposes. In our longitudinal mixed-methods study, we utilized Criterion ® , an AWE service developed by Educational Testing Service (ETS), to investigate the use of holistic scores in three university-level English as second language (ESL) writing courses. We investigated the correlation between AWE scores and instructors' numeric grades and analytic ratings on two major course assignments and analyzed AWE score use from the perspectives of three ESL writing instructors and 67 students. Quantitative analyses yielded a series of low to moderate positive correlations between Criterion scores and both the instructors' grades and analytic ratings, which raised issues in integrating the scores for pedagogical purposes; survey and interview data showed that instructors used Criterion scores strategically to gauge students' writing needs. The students also made efforts to revise their papers in order to get a higher score. These findings added to previous work on the usefulness of AWE programs and provided justification for use or non-use of automatically generated scores for classroom-based formative assessment.
Evaluation of Various Mixing Stresses on Storage Stability (TBA) and Color of Mechanically Deboned Turkey Meat

Abstract Mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) was mixed under the following treatment conditions: a) control–not mixed, b) exposed to surface air, c) under a flow of nitrogen gas, and d) under a flow of carbon dioxide gas. Twenty-five hundred grams of MDTM were mixed in replicate in a Hobart K5-A mixer in a 4 C cold room. Treatments were intended to simulate several handling conditions and to provide various oxidative stresses to the product. Treated MDTM was packaged in Mylar pouches without air evacuation and under vacuum and held at 4 C up to six days and stored at −18 C up to six months. Samples were evaluated for surface color (Hunter Lab) and for storage stability (2-thiobarbituric acid, TBA) at regular intervals. Data indicate that mixing contributes to color and oxidative changes which occur during storage. Dramatic TBA increases were only noted for MDTM stored at −18 C up to 6 months. TBA numbers of MDTM held at 4 C up to 6 days did not change appreciably. Generally, meat mixed in air and under CO2 showed higher TBA numbers and greater changes in surface color than did the control meat and meat mixed under nitrogen. Further work is required to make conclusive statements applicable to commercial procedures.
β-Estradiol induced catecholamine-sensitive hyperalgesia: a contribution to pain in Raynaud's phenomenon

The physiological basis of the pain and hyperalgesia observed in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is unknown. Since estrogen-induced effects on sympathetic postganglionic neurons (SPGNs) have been implicated in the vasomotor abnormalities in patients with RP, we have studied the effects of estradiol on nociceptive thresholds and noradrenaline sensitivity in a nociceptive flexion reflex in the rat. We report that estradiol induces a catecholamine sensitive hyperalgesia. This hyperalgesia is antagonized by yohimbine (an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist) but not prazosin (an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist) as well as by inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the sensory abnormalities observed in patients with RP may depend on estradiol-induced changes in SPGN, resulting in a sympathetically-dependent production of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid.
Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon

Marine organic carbon is heavier isotopically (13C enriched) than most land-plant or terrestrial organic C1. Accordingly, δ13C values of organic C in modern marine sediments are routinely interpreted in terms of the relative proportions of marine and terrestrial sources of the preserved organic matter2,3. When independent geochemical techniques are used to evaluate the source of organic matter in Cretaceous or older rocks, those rocks containing mostly marine organic C are found typically to have lighter (more-negative) δ13C values than rocks containing mostly terrestrial organic C. Here we conclude that marine photosynthesis in mid-Cretaceous and earlier oceans generally resulted in a greater fractionation of C isotopes and produced organic C having lighter δ13C values. Modern marine photosynthesis may be occurring under unusual geological conditions (higher oceanic primary production rates, lower ) that limit dissolved CO2 availability and minimize carbon isotope fractionation4.
Bonding orthodontic acrylic resin to enamel

Bonded acrylic orthodontic appliances are a recent alternative to banded methods. However, the physical properties demonstrated by bonding adhesives at the acrylic-enamel interphase have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to use a laboratory testing model to evaluate the ultimate shear and tensile strengths and fracture sites of five bonding adhesives: unfilled (Bracketbond and Genie); filled (Unite, Excel, and Concise). One hundred bovine mandibular incisors were embedded in dental stone, labial surfaces ground flat for uniform acrylic-enamel adaptation, and stored in modified Fusyama's artificial saliva. Twenty 7-mm diameter acrylic cylinders were bonded in each group. Ten samples from each group were tested for shear strength and ten for tensile strength with an Instron testing machine. Bonding adhesive retained on the cylinder was measured by means of a Bioquant digitizer. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze fracture sites. The results showed that the percentage of bonding adhesive that remains on the acrylic surface after fracture is decreased by the addition of inorganic fillers to the adhesive and the use of separate liquid resin sealants, and is increased by the use of plastic bracket primers and bonding adhesives that are chemically similar to methylmethacrylate. Few significant differences in shear and tensile strengths were found among the bonding adhesives. Unfilled bonding adhesives cause less enamel damage and are indicated for clinical bonding of acrylic orthodontic appliances to enamel.