cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integral transform technique for kinetic systems with collisions

The linearized Vlasov-Poisson system can be exactly solved using the G-transform, an integral transform introduced in Morrison and Pfirsch [Phys. Fluids B 4, 3038–3057 (1992)] and Morrison [Phys. Plasmas 1, 1447 (1994); Transp. Theory Stat. Phys. 29, 397 (2000)] that removes the electric field term, leaving a simple advection equation. We investigate how this integral transform interacts with the Fokker-Planck collision operator. The commutator of this collision operator with the G-transform (the “shielding term”) is shown to be negligible. We exactly solve the advection-diffusion equation without the shielding term. This solution determines when collisions dominate and when advection (i.e., Landau damping) dominates. This integral transform can also be used to simplify gyro-/drift-kinetic equations. We present new gyrofluid equations formed by taking moments of the G-transformed equation. Since many gyro-/drift-kinetic codes use Hermite polynomials as base elements, we include an explicit calculation of their G-transform.The linearized Vlasov-Poisson system can be exactly solved using the G-transform, an integral transform introduced in Morrison and Pfirsch [Phys. Fluids B 4, 3038–3057 (1992)] and Morrison [Phys. Plasmas 1, 1447 (1994); Transp. Theory Stat. Phys. 29, 397 (2000)] that removes the electric field term, leaving a simple advection equation. We investigate how this integral transform interacts with the Fokker-Planck collision operator. The commutator of this collision operator with the G-transform (the “shielding term”) is shown to be negligible. We exactly solve the advection-diffusion equation without the shielding term. This solution determines when collisions dominate and when advection (i.e., Landau damping) dominates. This integral transform can also be used to simplify gyro-/drift-kinetic equations. We present new gyrofluid equations formed by taking moments of the G-transformed equation. Since many gyro-/drift-kinetic codes use Hermite polynomials as base elements, we include an explicit calculation of ...
Preoperative STOP-BANG Scores and Postoperative Delirium and Coma in Thoracic Surgery Patients.

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with higher rates of postoperative delirium. The relationship between preoperative OSA risk and postoperative delirium and coma in thoracic surgery patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) is not well understood. This study tests the hypothesis that thoracic surgery patients hospitalized in ICU with a higher preoperative risk for OSA are more likely to develop postoperative delirium and coma, resulting in longer hospital stays. Methods Preoperative OSA risk was measured using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. STOP-BANG scores of greater than or equal to 3 were defined as intermediate-high risk for OSA; 128 patients who underwent major thoracic surgery completed the STOP-BANG questionnaire preoperatively. The Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale was used to assess level of consciousness. The Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU was used to assess for delirium. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between risk of OSA and outcome measures. Results were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, instrumental activities of daily living, and surgery type. Results A total of 96 of 128 patients (76%) were in the intermediate–high-risk OSA group. Adjusted analyses showed that the intermediate–high-risk OSA group had a longer duration of postoperative ICU delirium and coma compared with the low-risk OSA group (1.4 ± 1.3 days versus 0.9 ± 1.4 days; P = 0.04). Total number of hospital days was not significantly different. Conclusions Higher preoperative risk for OSA in thoracic surgery patients was associated with a longer duration of postoperative delirium and coma.
“Factual” or “Emotional”: Stylized Image Captioning with Adaptive Learning and Attention

Generating stylized captions for an image is an emerging topic in image captioning. Given an image as input, it requires the system to generate a caption that has a specific style (e.g., humorous, romantic, positive, and negative) while describing the image content semantically accurately. In this paper, we propose a novel stylized image captioning model that effectively takes both requirements into consideration. To this end, we first devise a new variant of LSTM, named style-factual LSTM, as the building block of our model. It uses two groups of matrices to capture the factual and stylized knowledge, respectively, and automatically learns the word-level weights of the two groups based on previous context. In addition, when we train the model to capture stylized elements, we propose an adaptive learning approach based on a reference factual model, it provides factual knowledge to the model as the model learns from stylized caption labels, and can adaptively compute how much information to supply at each time step. We evaluate our model on two stylized image captioning datasets, which contain humorous/romantic captions and positive/negative captions, respectively. Experiments shows that our proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches, without using extra ground truth supervision.
Pairwise Confusion for Fine-Grained Visual Classification

Fine-Grained Visual Classification (FGVC) datasets contain small sample sizes, along with significant intra-class variation and inter-class similarity. While prior work has addressed intra-class variation using localization and segmentation techniques, inter-class similarity may also affect feature learning and reduce classification performance. In this work, we address this problem using a novel optimization procedure for the end-to-end neural network training on FGVC tasks. Our procedure, called Pairwise Confusion (PC) reduces overfitting by intentionally introducing confusion in the activations. With PC regularization, we obtain state-of-the-art performance on six of the most widely-used FGVC datasets and demonstrate improved localization ability. PC is easy to implement, does not need excessive hyperparameter tuning during training, and does not add significant overhead during test time.
77 new thermodynamic identities among crystalline elastic material properties leading to a shear modulus constitutive law in isotropic solids

Thermodynamics of crystalline materials is analyzed using strain volumes, an incremental tensorial state variable which is the volume per unit mass multiplied by the incremental strain. It is shown that the derivatives of the strain volume variables with respect to the stresses are reduced to conventional well known isothermal, elastic, and crystallographic compliances and crystallographic thermal expansion coefficients. The formulism is extended to all third order derivatives which establish 77 new thermodynamic identities: 27 are thermal and 50 are among selected stress components of elastic compliances. The stress dependence of heat capacity is typically coupled into the crystallographic thermal expansion coefficient's temperature dependence; the temperature dependence of the elastic compliances is related to the stress dependence of the thermal expansion coefficients; stress dependent relationships among elastic compliances are also found. This paper emphasizes internal self-consistency. General triclinic identity relations which are of academic interest are applied to specific higher symmetries including orthorhombic, tetragonal, and cubic; identities in higher symmetry crystals are very useful. A new generalized, constitutive law is found and applied to isotropic polycrystalline materials; the concept is based on shear thermal expansion coefficients. The constitutive modulus relation describes thermal and pressure properties only through an isochoric modulus.Thermodynamics of crystalline materials is analyzed using strain volumes, an incremental tensorial state variable which is the volume per unit mass multiplied by the incremental strain. It is shown that the derivatives of the strain volume variables with respect to the stresses are reduced to conventional well known isothermal, elastic, and crystallographic compliances and crystallographic thermal expansion coefficients. The formulism is extended to all third order derivatives which establish 77 new thermodynamic identities: 27 are thermal and 50 are among selected stress components of elastic compliances. The stress dependence of heat capacity is typically coupled into the crystallographic thermal expansion coefficient's temperature dependence; the temperature dependence of the elastic compliances is related to the stress dependence of the thermal expansion coefficients; stress dependent relationships among elastic compliances are also found. This paper emphasizes internal self-consistency. General tricl...
What should I address at follow-up of patients who survive critical illness?

Cognitive decline, psychiatric disturbances, and physical weakness can persist 1 year or longer.
Explicit Strong LTCs with Inverse Poly-Log Rate and Constant Soundness.

An error-correcting code C ⊆ F is called (q, )-strong locally testable code (LTC) if there exists a tester that makes at most q queries to the input word. This tester accepts all codewords with probability 1 and rejects all non-codewords x / ∈ C with probability at least · δ(x,C), where δ(x,C) denotes the relative Hamming distance between the word x and the code C. The parameter q is called the query complexity and the parameter is called soundness. Goldreich and Sudan (J.ACM 2006) asked about the existence of strong LTCs with constant query complexity, constant relative distance, constant soundness and inverse polylogarithmic rate. They also asked about the explicit constructions of these codes. Strong LTCs with the required range of parameters were obtained recently in the works of Viderman (CCC 2013, FOCS 2013) based on the papers of Meir (SICOMP 2009) and Dinur (J.ACM 2007). However, the construction of these codes was probabilistic. In this work we show that codes presented in the works of Dinur (J.ACM 2007) and BenSasson and Sudan (SICOMP 2005) provide the explicit construction of strong LTCs with the above range of parameters. Previously, such codes were proven to be weak LTCs. Using the results of Viderman (CCC 2013, FOCS 2013) we prove that such codes are, in fact, strong LTCs. ∗System Validation Engineering, Intel Israel, Haifa, 31015, Israel. Email: michael.viderman@intel.com
Knowledge sourcing by multidivisional firms

Research Summary: Research on knowledge sourcing has generally treated firms as monolithic entities, even though firms most active in knowledge sourcing often comprise heterogeneous divisions, each possessing specialized knowledge and facing unique market prospects. This study examines how heterogeneity across divisions affects knowledge sourcing by multidivisional firms. We argue that firms source more early‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are highly uncertain, for low‐performing divisions; by remaining active in the relevant markets, firms keep the flexibility to tap favorable market opportunities should they arise in the future. In contrast, firms source more late‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are largely revealed, for high‐performing divisions so as to maximize current returns. The intra‐firm heterogeneity, in turn, explains inter‐firm differences in knowledge sourcing. Data from the pharmaceutical industry support these arguments. Managerial Summary: Firms that source external knowledge often span multiple technological areas and markets, and hence it is not immediately clear what to source and how much to source. This study examines how multidivisional firms tailor their knowledge‐sourcing strategies to differences in performance across their divisions. We find that firms source more early‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are uncertain, for divisions with low innovation performance. This helps firms prop up those divisions and remain active in the related markets. In contrast, firms source more late‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are more certain, for divisions with high sales performance. This helps firms leverage the strengths of those divisions and realize immediate gains. Performance differences across divisions inside firms, therefore, can explain differences in knowledge‐sourcing strategies across firms.
The Power Allocation Game on Dynamic Networks: Subgame Perfection

In the game theory literature, there appears to be little research on equilibrium selection for normal-form games with an infinite strategy space and discontinuous utility functions. Moreover, many existing selection methods are not applicable to games involving both cooperative and noncooperative scenarios (e.g., “games on signed graphs”). With the purpose of equilibrium selection, the power allocation game developed in [1], which is a static, resource allocation game on signed graphs, will be reformulated into an extensive form. Results about the subgame perfect Nash equilibria in the extensive-form game will be given. This appears to be the first time that subgame perfection based on time-varying graphs is used for equilibrium selection in network games. This idea of subgame perfection proposed in the paper may be extrapolated to other network games such as congestion games.
Commodity money, free banking, and nominal income targeting: Lessons for monetary policy reform

Abstract Some have argued that nominal income targeting is desirable because it would replicate characteristics of a free banking regime. However, the degree to which this is true and desirable depends on the properties of commodity-based monetary regimes. In this paper, I provide a model of commodity money. I find that a pure commodity money regime can only generate an efficient stationary equilibrium by divine coincidence or by giving policymakers control over the supply of the commodity. The introduction of bank notes makes it much more likely that the economy will achieve an efficient equilibrium. In particular, in a commodity-based system, bank notes are equivalent to call options on the commodity and the commodity holdings are equivalent to a put option on the commodity. Assuming that there is no risk-free arbitrage in equilibrium, then both bank notes and the commodity will have an expected rate of return equal to the risk-free rate. If the risk-free rate is equal to the rate of time preference, then this commodity regime is efficient. A free banking system would therefore not only minimize deviations between the supply and demand for money, but it would also (potentially) implement the Friedman rule. Both market-based and more conventional nominal income targeting regimes are unlikely to replicate both features of a free banking system unless the nominal income target has a deflationary bias.
On Degrees of Freedom of Projection Estimators With Applications to Multivariate Nonparametric Regression

Abstract–In this article, we consider the nonparametric regression problem with multivariate predictors. We provide a characterization of the degrees of freedom and divergence for estimators of the...
An Automated System for Checking Lithography Friendliness of Standard Cells

At advanced process nodes, lithography weakpoints can exist in physical layouts of integrated circuit designs even if the layouts pass design rule checking (DRC). Existence of lithography weakpoints in a physical layout can cause manufacturability issues, which in turn can result in yield losses. In our experiments, we have found that specific standard cells have tendencies to create lithography weakpoints after their cell instances are placed and routed, even though each of these cells does not contain any lithography weakpoint before performing placement and routing. In addition, our experiments have shown that abutted standard cell instances can induce lithography weakpoints. Therefore, in this paper, we propose methodologies that are used in a novel software system for checking standard cells in terms of the aforementioned lithography issues. Specifically, the software system is capable of detecting and sorting problematic standard cells which are prone to generate lithography weakpoints, as well as reporting standard cells that should not be abutted. Methodologies proposed in this paper allow us to reduce or even prevent the generation of undesirable lithography weakpoints during the physical synthesis phase of designing a digital integrated circuit.
Balanced Activity between Kv3 and Nav Channels Determines Fast-Spiking in Mammalian Central Neurons.

Summary Fast-spiking (FS) neurons can fire action potentials (APs) up to 1,000 Hz and play key roles in vital functions such as sound location, motor coordination, and cognition. Here we report that the concerted actions of Kv3 voltage-gated K+ (Kv) and Na+ (Nav) channels are sufficient and necessary for inducing and maintaining FS. Voltage-clamp analysis revealed a robust correlation between the Kv3/Nav current ratio and FS. Expressing Kv3 channels alone could convert ∼30%–60% slow-spiking (SS) neurons to FS in culture. In contrast, co-expression of either Nav1.2 or Nav1.6 together with Kv3.1 or Kv3.3, but not alone or with Kv1.2, converted SS to FS with 100% efficiency. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing-based genome-wide analysis revealed that the Kv3/Nav ratio and Kv3 expression levels strongly correlated with the maximal AP frequencies. Therefore, FS is established by the properly balanced activities of Kv3 and Nav channels and could be further fine-tuned by channel biophysical features and localization patterns.
Semi-Automatic Algorithms for Estimation and Tracking of AP-Diameter of the IVC in Ultrasound Images

Acutely ill patients presenting with conditions such as sepsis, trauma, and congestive heart failure require judicious resuscitation in order to achieve and maintain optimal circulating blood volume. Increasingly, emergency and critical care physicians are using portable ultrasound to approximate the temporal changes of the anterior–posterior (AP)-diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in order to guide fluid administration or removal. This paper proposes semi-automatic active ellipse and rectangle algorithms capable of improved and quantified measurement of the AP-diameter. The proposed algorithms are compared to manual measurement and a previously published active circle model. Results demonstrate that the rectangle model outperforms both active circle and ellipse irrespective of IVC shape and closely approximates tedious expert assessment.
On a new parametrization class of solvable diffusion models and transition probability kernels

We present in this paper a novel parametrization class of analytically tractable local volatility diffusion models used to price and hedge financial derivatives. A complete theoretical framework fo...
Consistency for 0–1 Programming

Concepts of consistency have long played a key role in constraint programming but never developed in integer programming (IP). Consistency nonetheless plays a role in IP as well. For example, cutting planes can reduce backtracking by achieving various forms of consistency as well as by tightening the linear programming (LP) relaxation. We introduce a type of consistency that is particularly suited for 0–1 programming and develop the associated theory. We define a 0–1 constraint set as LP-consistent when any partial assignment that is consistent with its linear programming relaxation is consistent with the original 0–1 constraint set. We prove basic properties of LP-consistency, including its relationship with Chvatal-Gomory cuts and the integer hull. We show that a weak form of LP-consistency can reduce or eliminate backtracking in a way analogous to k-consistency. This work suggests a new approach to the reduction of backtracking in IP that focuses on cutting off infeasible partial assignments rather than fractional solutions.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome: approach to treatment in the era of precision medicine

Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic end organ complications. Conventional therapies, including glucocorticoids and cytotoxic and immunomodulatory agents, have variable efficacy and significant toxicity. Although the recent development of agents that target eosinophils, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, provides the possibility of more effective, less toxic approaches to treatment of HES, there are little available data to guide their use in these conditions. In the following review, the controversies regarding the definition and classification of HES will be discussed, and a pragmatic approach to treatment based on clinically defined HES variants will be presented. An illustrative case will be used to highlight the complexities of treatment selection in HES patients.
Passive optical gyroscope with double homodyne readout.

We present a passive, resonant, single-frequency gyroscope design that utilizes polarization modes of an optical cavity to readout rotation and generate a laser frequency discriminant. This design is notable for its simplicity, requiring no modulation electronics or frequency counters. We extract both the cavity length signal and rotation signal from two copropagating beams with orthogonal polarizations. This readout scheme can be applied to an optical cavity whose polarization eigenmodes experience different phase shifts such as fiber rings, whispering gallery mode resonators, and folded free-space cavities. We apply this technique to the passive free-space gyroscope and achieve a bias stability of 0.03°/h and a sensitivity of 5×10−8 rad/s/Hz above 1 Hz, with a cavity of area 400 cm2 and finesse of 104.
Compressed Distributed Gradient Descent: Communication-Efficient Consensus over Networks

Network consensus optimization has received increasing attention in recent years and has found important applications in many scientific and engineering fields. To solve network consensus optimization problems, one of the most well-known approaches is the distributed gradient descent method (DGD). However, in networks with slow communication rates, DGD’s performance is unsatisfactory for solving high-dimensional network consensus problems due to the communication bottleneck. This motivates us to design a communication-efficient DGD-type algorithm based on compressed information exchanges. Our contributions in this paper are three-fold: i) We develop a communication-efficient algorithm called amplified-differential compression DGD (ADC-DGD) and show that it converges under any unbiased compression operator; ii) We rigorously prove the convergence performances of ADC-DGD and show that they match with those of DGD without compression; iii) We reveal an interesting phase transition phenomenon in the convergence speed of ADC-DGD. Collectively, our findings advance the state-of-the-art of network consensus optimization theory.
Participatory Design for Innovation in Access to Justice

Most access-to-justice technologies are designed by lawyers and reflect lawyers' perspectives on what people need. Most of these technologies do not fulfill their promise because the people they ar...
BoPF: Mitigating the Burstiness-Fairness Tradeoff in Multi-Resource Clusters

Even though batch, interactive, and streaming applications all care about performance, their notions of performance are different. For instance, while the average completion time can suffciently capture the performance of a throughout-sensitive batch-job queue (TQ) [5], interactive sessions and streaming applications form latencysensitive queues (LQ): each LQ is a sequence of small jobs following an ON-OFF pattern. For these jobs [7], individual completion times or latencies are far more important than the average completion time or the throughput of the LQ.Indeed, existing "fair" schedulers are inherently unfair to LQ jobs: when LQ jobs are present (ON state), they must share the resources equally with TQ jobs, but when they are absent (OFF state), batch jobs get all the resources. In the long run, TQs receive more resources than their fair shares because today's schedulers such as Dominant Resource Fairness [4] make instantaneous decisionsClearly, it is impossible to achieve the best response time for LQ jobs under instantaneous fairness. In other words, there is a hard tradeoff between providing instantaneous fairness for TQs and minimizing the response time of LQs. However, instantaneous fairness is not necessary for TQs because average-completion time over a relatively long time horizon is their most important metric. This sheds light on the following question: how well can we simultaneously accommodate multiple classes of workloads with performance guarantees, in particular, isolation protection for TQs in terms of long-term fairness and low response times for LQs?This work serves as our first step in answering the question by designing BoPF: the first multi-resource scheduler that achieves both isolation protection for TQs and response time guarantees for LQs in a strategyproof way. The key idea is "bounded" priority for LQs: as long as the burst is not too large to hurt the long-term fair share of TQs and other LQs, they are given higher priority so jobs can be completed as quickly as possible.
Existence and stability of standing waves for coupled nonlinear Hartree type equations

We study existence and stability of standing waves for coupled nonlinear Hartree type equations −i∂∂tψj=Δψj+∑k=1mW⋆|ψk|p|ψj|p−2ψj, where ψj:RN×R→C for j = 1, …, m and W:R→[0,∞) satisfies certain assumptions. Our method relies on a variational characterization of standing waves based on minimization of the energy when L2 norms of component waves are prescribed. We obtain existence and stability results of standing waves for two and three-component coupled systems and for a certain range of p. In particular, our argument works in the case when W(x) = |x|−α for some α > 0.
Multi-PIE

A close relationship exists between the advancement of face recognition algorithms and the availability of face databases varying factors that affect facial appearance in a controlled manner. The CMU PIE database has been very influential in advancing research in face recognition across pose and illumination. Despite its success the PIE database has several shortcomings: a limited number of subjects, a single recording session and only few expressions captured. To address these issues we collected the CMU Multi-PIE database. It contains 337 subjects, imaged under 15 view points and 19 illumination conditions in up to four recording sessions. In this paper we introduce the database and describe the recording procedure. We furthermore present results from baseline experiments using PCA and LDA classifiers to highlight similarities and differences between PIE and Multi-PIE.
Possible pressure-induced topological quantum phase transition in the nodal line semimetal ZrSiS

ZrSiS has recently gained attention due to its unusual electronic properties: nearly perfect electron-hole compensation, large, anisotropic magnetoresistance, multiple Dirac nodes near the Fermi level, and an extremely large range of linear dispersion of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}2$ eV. We carried out a series of high pressure electrical resistivity measurements on single crystals of ZrSiS. Shubnikov-de Haas measurements show two distinct oscillation frequencies. For the smaller orbit, we observe a change in the phase of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$, which occurs between $0.16--0.5$ GPa. This change in phase is accompanied by an abrupt decrease of the cross-sectional area of this Fermi surface. We attribute this change in phase to a possible topological quantum phase transition. The phase of the larger orbit exhibits a Berry phase of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and remains roughly constant up to $\ensuremath{\sim}2.3$ GPa. Resistivity measurements to higher pressures show no evidence for pressure-induced superconductivity to at least $\ensuremath{\sim}20$ GPa.
Perceptions of Public Health 3.0: Concordance Between Public Health Agency Leaders and Employees.

Context and background The newest era of public health, deemed "Public Health 3.0," supports cross-sector collaborations to address social determinants of health. These activities often require collaborations with nontraditional public health entities. As this new era begins, it is important to understand perceptions of the public health workforce with regard to Public Health 3.0. Objective To assess perceptions of support toward Public Health 3.0 activities by the public health workforce, identify characteristics associated with support, and measure concordance in support between agency directors and the general workforce. Design This cross-sectional study utilizes the 2017 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey to understand support and concordance regarding Public Health 3.0 activities by a nationally representative sample of governmental public health employees. Logistic regression models are used to identify characteristics associated with support of each 3.0 activity and concordance. Main outcome measures Governmental public health employees' opinions on how involved their agency should be in the K-12 education system, the economy, the built environment, transportation, housing, social connectedness, and health equity within their jurisdiction and concordance in support of involvement between agency directors and the general workforce. Results Overall, individual perceptions supporting involvement were highest for health equity and social connectedness and lowest for transportation. Supervisory status, education, and being at a local health department were associated with greater odds of supporting all 3.0 activities. Concordance with agency directors was greatest among other executives relative to nonsupervisors. Conclusions There is overall generally high support of many 3.0 activities, but there are gaps in agreement by supervisory status, gender, race/ethnicity, education, role type, and jurisdiction. Findings may help support agency leaders in better communicating the role of their agencies in Public Health 3.0 activities, and workforce education regarding such activities may be necessary for the success of Public Health 3.0's success.
Shared Collection Development, Digitization, and Owned Digital Collections

AbstractWhile library models already exist for sharing physical materials and joint licensing, this paper envisions an aspect of future collections involving a national digital collection owned, no...
Interpreting and Executing Recipes with a Cooking Robot.

The creation of a robot chef represents a grand challenge for the field of robotics. Cooking is one of the most important activities that takes place in the home, and a robotic chef capable of following arbitrary recipes would have many applications in both household and industrial environments. The kitchen environment is a semi-structured proving ground for algorithms in robotics. It provides many computational challenges, such as accurately perceiving ingredients in cluttered environments, manipulating objects, and engaging in complex activities such as mixing and chopping.
Evolving Images for Visual Neurons Using a Deep Generative Network Reveals Coding Principles and Neuronal Preferences.

Summary What specific features should visual neurons encode, given the infinity of real-world images and the limited number of neurons available to represent them? We investigated neuronal selectivity in monkey inferotemporal cortex via the vast hypothesis space of a generative deep neural network, avoiding assumptions about features or semantic categories. A genetic algorithm searched this space for stimuli that maximized neuronal firing. This led to the evolution of rich synthetic images of objects with complex combinations of shapes, colors, and textures, sometimes resembling animals or familiar people, other times revealing novel patterns that did not map to any clear semantic category. These results expand our conception of the dictionary of features encoded in the cortex, and the approach can potentially reveal the internal representations of any system whose input can be captured by a generative model.
Free-Space Layered Sheet- Isolator

We introduce a multilayer acting as a free-space sheet-isolator with unlimited aperture, strong resonant transmission in the forward direction, and possibility of broadband omnidirectional rejection of light incident on the opposite (back) side of the system. © 2019 The Author(s)
A Novel Silver Molybdenum Oxyfluoride Perovskite as a Cathode Material for Lithium Batteries

Novel electroactive nanostructured silver molybdenum oxyfluoride (SMOF) perovskites Ag1+3Mo6+(O3F3) have been successfully synthesized by a mechanochemical reaction. The formation of this perovskite was investigated throughout the Ag−Mo composition range with the use of either Ag1+ or Ag2+ in the form of AgF and AgF2 as the reactant, respectively. The compositional study combined with X-ray diffraction and extensive Raman investigation was utilized to determine structure and cation distribution and infer oxidation state. Finally, preliminary electrochemical characterization of the perovskites vs lithium was investigated.
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with 4-trifloyloxazole: studies toward the construction of the C26-C31 subunit of phorboxazole A.

A strategy has been developed that successfully takes advantage of transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions for the synthesis of highly functionalized oxazoles. Trifloyloxazoles have been used...
Semi-supervised encoding for outlier detection in clinical observation data.

Abstract Background and Objective Electronic Health Record (EHR) data often include observation records that are unlikely to represent the “truth” about a patient at a given clinical encounter. Due to their high throughput, examples of such implausible observations are frequent in records of laboratory test results and vital signs. Outlier detection methods can offer low-cost solutions to flagging implausible EHR observations. This article evaluates the utility of a semi-supervised encoding approach (super-encoding) for constructing non-linear exemplar data distributions from EHR observation data and detecting non-conforming observations as outliers. Methods Two hypotheses are tested using experimental design and non-parametric hypothesis testing procedures: (1) adding demographic features (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity) can increase precision in outlier detection, (2) sampling small subsets of the large EHR data can increase outlier detection by reducing noise-to-signal ratio. The experiments involved applying 492 encoder configurations (involving different input features, architectures, sampling ratios, and error margins) to a set of 30 datasets EHR observations including laboratory tests and vital sign records extracted from the Research Patient Data Registry (RPDR) from Partners HealthCare. Results Results are obtained from (30 × 492) 14,760 encoders. The semi-supervised encoding approach (super-encoding) outperformed conventional autoencoders in outlier detection. Adding age of the patient at the observation (encounter) to the baseline encoder that only included observation value as the input feature slightly improved outlier detection. Top-nine performing encoders are introduced. The best outlier detection performance was from a semi-supervised encoder, with observation value as the single feature and a single hidden layer, built on one percent of the data and one percent reconstruction error. At least one encoder configurations had a Youden's J index higher than 0.9999 for all 30 observation types. Conclusion Given the multiplicity of distributions for a single observation in EHR data (i.e., same observation represented with different names or units), as well as non-linearity of human observations, encoding offers huge promises for outlier detection in large-scale data repositories. https://github.com/hestiri/superencoder
Practical unidentifiability of a simple vector-borne disease model: Implications for parameter estimation and intervention assessment

Mathematical modeling has an extensive history in vector-borne disease epidemiology, and is increasingly used for prediction, intervention design, and understanding mechanisms. Many studies rely on parameter estimation to link models and data, and to tailor predictions and counterfactuals to specific settings. However, few studies have formally evaluated whether vector-borne disease models can properly estimate the parameters of interest given the constraints of a particular dataset. Identifiability analysis allows us to examine whether model parameters can be estimated uniquely-a lack of consideration of such issues can result in misleading or incorrect parameter estimates and model predictions. Here, we evaluate both structural (theoretical) and practical identifiability of a commonly used compartmental model of mosquito-borne disease, using the 2010 dengue epidemic in Taiwan as a case study. We show that while the model is structurally identifiable, it is practically unidentifiable under a range of human and mosquito time series measurement scenarios. In particular, the transmission parameters form a practically identifiable combination and thus cannot be estimated separately, potentially leading to incorrect predictions of the effects of interventions. However, in spite of the unidentifiability of the individual parameters, the basic reproduction number was successfully estimated across the unidentifiable parameter ranges. These identifiability issues can be resolved by directly measuring several additional human and mosquito life-cycle parameters both experimentally and in the field. While we only consider the simplest case for the model, we show that a commonly used model of vector-borne disease is unidentifiable from human and mosquito incidence data, making it difficult or impossible to estimate parameters or assess intervention strategies. This work illustrates the importance of examining identifiability when linking models with data to make predictions and inferences, and particularly highlights the importance of combining laboratory, field, and case data if we are to successfully estimate epidemiological and ecological parameters using models.
One- and Two-Electron Reactions from the Rearrangement of α-Ketocyclopropanes by O-Stannyl Ketyls

Abstract: This work summarizes an investigation of the bifunctional reactions of tin(IV) enolates and radicals derived from the cleavage rearrangement of ketocyclopropanes with tributyltin hydride. The intermediates provide an unparalleled dual reactivity in synthesis, allowing for independent transformations with both electrophiles and radicophiles. Reactions of the enolate with aldehydes led to aldol products in diastereoselectivities up to 20:1 favoring the erythro product. Reactions with alkyl halides were also successful, constructing new carbon−carbon bonds by a nucleophilic displacement reaction. These reactions provide a neutral, mild, and novel alternative to the classical methods of ketone enolate alkylation performed with hindered bases. Finally, the radical portion of the cleaved intermediates, separated from the enolate by a methylene unit, was reacted with allylstannanes to prepare new γ-carbon bonds to an allyl unit. Overall, these new trialkyltin-associated radical anion intermediates all...
Variable-temperature study of aromatic hydrocarbon triplet-state quenching by molecular oxygen in solution

The temperature dependence of the bimolecular rate constant for O 2 ( 3 Σ g ) quenching of a series of aromatic hydrocarbon triplet states, κ T ox , has been determined in toluene. Highly curved Arrhenius plots were obtained, indicating a change in rate-determining step over the available temperature range. At low temperatures, κ T ox of all hydrocarbons approached a common limiting slope that was consistent with 4 / 9 κ d . At higher temperatures, low positive or negative activation energies were observed, indicating the involvement of exciplex intermediacy in the overall quenching process
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Genetic Determinants in Salmonella Typhimurium for Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide Using Proteogenomics

Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen infecting a wide range of hosts and can survive in macrophages. An essential mechanism used by macrophages to eradicate Salmonella is production of reactive oxygen species. Here, we used proteogenomics to determine the candidate genes and proteins that have a role in resistance of S. Typhimurium to H2O2. For Tn-seq, a saturated Tn5 insertion library was grown in vitro under either 2.5 (H2O2L) or 3.5 mM H2O2 (H2O2H). We identified two sets of overlapping genes required for resistance of S. Typhimurium to H2O2L and H2O2H, and the results were validated via phenotypic evaluation of 50 selected mutants. The enriched pathways for H2O2 resistance included DNA repair, aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (aroBK), Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, iron homeostasis and a putative iron transporter system (ybbKLM), and H2O2 scavenging enzymes. Proteomics revealed that the majority of essential proteins, including ribosomal proteins, were downregulated upon exposure to H2O2. On the contrary, a subset of conditionally essential proteins identified by Tn-seq were analyzed by targeted proteomics, and 70% of them were upregulated by H2O2. The identified genes will deepen our understanding on S. Typhimurium survival mechanisms in macrophages, and can be exploited to develop new antimicrobial drugs.
MLi2Ti6O14 (M = Sr, Ba, 2Na) lithium insertion titanate materials: a comparative study.

MLi2Ti6O14 (M = Sr, Ba, 2Na) titanates have been investigated as lithium insertion materials for lithium-ion batteries. A comparative study has been undertaken based on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the titanate materials, which were prepared by sol−gel synthesis. Their lithium insertion behavior was analyzed by crystallographic considerations. While Na2Li2Ti6O14 can reversibly host two Li+ ions, SrLi2Ti6O14 and BaLi2Ti6O14 can reversibly insert almost four lithium ions per unit formula. Among the three materials, SrLi2Ti6O14 showed superior capacity and rate capability. It was concluded that this class of materials could be of practical use in high-power lithium batteries for transportation applications.
Laser-Assisted Catalytic Growth of Single Crystal GaN Nanowires

Xiangfeng Duan and Charles M. Lieber*Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarVard UniVersity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138ReceiVed October 18, 1999Herein we report the bulk synthesis of single crystalline GaNnanowires. Laser ablation of a composite target of GaN and acatalytic metal generates liquid nanoclusters that serve as reactivesites confining and directing the growth of crystalline nanowires.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showsthat the product primarily consists of wire-like structures. PowderX-ray diffraction (PXRD) analyses of a bulk nanowire samplecan be indexed to the GaN wurtzite structure, and indicate >95%phase purity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), conver-gent beam electron diffraction (CBED), and energy-dispersiveX-ray fluorescence (EDX) analyses of individual nanowires showthat they are GaN single crystals with a [100] growth direction.Nanostructured GaN materials have attracted extensive interestover the past decade due to their significant potential foroptoelectronics.
Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors.

The human distal limbs have a high spatial acuity for noxious stimuli but a low density of pain-sensing neurites. To elucidate mechanisms underlying regional differences in processing nociception, we sparsely traced non-peptidergic nociceptors across the body using a newly generated MrgprdCreERT2 mouse line. We found that mouse plantar paw skin is also innervated by a low density of Mrgprd+ nociceptors, while individual arbors in different locations are comparable in size. Surprisingly, the central arbors of plantar paw and trunk innervating nociceptors have distinct morphologies in the spinal cord. This regional difference is well correlated with a heightened signal transmission for plantar paw circuits, as revealed by both spinal cord slice recordings and behavior assays. Taken together, our results elucidate a novel somatotopic functional organization of the mammalian pain system and suggest that regional central arbor structure could facilitate the "enlarged representation" of plantar paw regions in the CNS.
Controlled reduction of tertiary amides to the corresponding aldehydes or amines using dialkylboranes

Abstract Several tertiary amides were reduced using one or two equivalents of various dialkylboranes, such as 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane (9-BBN), dicyclohexylborane (Chx2BH), or disiamylborane (Sia2BH). The reduction of tertiary amides having alkyl substituents of varying steric requirement at the nitrogen atom, required two equivalents of 9-BBN for complete reduction and gave the corresponding tertiary amines. However, sterically more hindered dialkylboranes such as Chx2BH and Sia2BH, reacted in 1:1 stoichiometry with tertiary amides and partially reduced them to the corresponding aldehydes.
Synthesis of a New Class of Hybrid Solids via Salt Inclusion

Via salt inclusion methods, we have recently isolated a new class of transitionmetal-containing hybrid solids that consist of a composite structure of covalent and ionic lattices. These new solids can be synthesized by conventional high-temperature, solid-state methods employing reactive molten alkali and alkaline-earth metal halide salts. Single crystal structure studies have revealed fascinating extended salt lattices that exhibit structural directing effects that give rise to a variety of nano-structured covalent oxide frameworks. Depending upon the composition of incorporated salt and the coordination environment of halide anions, resulting covalent lattices range from sheets, clusters, to porous structures. Due to the weak interaction between the two chemically dissimilar lattices, the salt lattice, in some cases, is removable showing reversible salt-intercalation at room temperature. In this report, we will demonstrate the utilities of salt-inclusion reactions in the formation of metal-oxide nanostructures in the selected compound families. We will also give some highlights on the recent discoveries of non-centrosymmetric solids via newly exploited salt-inclusion methods.
Thermalization of Gases: A First Principles Approach

Previous approaches of emergent thermalization for condensed matter based on typical wavefunctions are extended to generate an intrinsically quantum theory of gases. Gases are fundamentally quantum objects at all temperatures, by virtue of rapid delocalization of their constituents. When there is a sufficiently broad spread in the energy of eigenstates, a well- defined temperature is shown to arise by photon production when the samples are optically thick. This produces a highly accurate approximation to the Planck distribution so that thermalization arises from the initial data as a consequence of purely quantum and unitary dynamics. These results are used as a foil for some common hydrodynamic theory for ultracold gases. It is suggested here that strong history dependence typically remains in these gases and so limits the validity of thermodynamics in their description. These problems are even more profound in the extension of hydrodynamics to such gases when they are optically thin, even when their internal energy is not low. We investigate rotation of elliptically trapped gases and consistency problems with deriving a local hydrodynamic approach. The presence of vorticity that is “hidden” from order parameter approaches is discussed along with some buoyancy intrinsically associated with vorticity that gives essential quantum corrections to gases in the regimes where standard perturbation approaches to the Boltzmann equations are known to fail to converge. These results suggest that studying of trapped gases in the far from ultracold regions may yield interesting results not described by classical hydrodynamics.