cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular vesicle clusters are organelles that synthesize extracellular vesicle–associated cargo proteins in yeast

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in cell-cell communication. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), EVs function as carriers to transport cargo proteins into the periplasm for storage during glucose starvation. However, intracellular organelles that synthesize these EV-associated cargo proteins have not been identified. Here, we investigated whether cytoplasmic organelles—called intracellular vesicle clusters (IVCs)—serve as sites for the synthesis of proteins targeted for secretion as EV-associated proteins. Using proteomics, we identified 377 IVC-associated proteins in yeast cells grown under steady-state low-glucose conditions, with the largest group being involved in protein translation. Isolated IVCs exhibited protein synthesis activities that required initiation and elongation factors. We have also identified 431 newly synthesized proteins on isolated IVCs. Expression of 103Q-GFP, a foreign protein with a long polyglutamine extension, resulted in distribution of this protein as large puncta that co-localized with IVC markers, including fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and the vacuole import and degradation protein Vid24p. We did not observe this pattern in cycloheximide-treated cells or in cells lacking VID genes, required for IVC formation. The induction of 103Q-GFP on IVCs adversely affected total protein synthesis in intact cells and on isolated IVCs. This expression also decreased levels of EV-associated cargo proteins in the extracellular fraction without affecting the number of secreted EVs. Our results provide important insights into the functions of IVCs as sites for the synthesis of EV-associated proteins targeted for secretion to the periplasm.
CRcoder: An Interactive Web Application and SAS Macro to Support Personalized Clinical Decisions.

Introduction Electronic health care data offer an opportunity to improve clinical decision making through advanced statistical analyses of longitudinal observations. Objective To describe a Web application and SAS/STAT macro (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) for computing joint models to estimate the typical and personalized risk of 2 concurrent binary outcomes. Methods Features of the Web application design include uploading longitudinal files formatted with constant or time-varying covariates, specification of 2 binary outcomes, specification of a propensity model for treatment, and joint and separate models of the outcomes. In addition we designed an SAS macro for conducting the analysis. Fitting of joint and separate statistical models was implemented using a model specified in the Web application, with subsequent processing by the SAS macro. To illustrate the fitting of models, a sample of older adults with comorbid hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey was created to examine the association between polypharmacy (use of ≥ 5 medication classes) and limitations in social activities and mobility. Results Relative to separate models, the joint models typically estimated attenuated associations between explanatory variables and the 2 outcomes with smaller standard errors. These joint models yielded estimates of personalized concurrent risk and typical concurrent risk. Discussion Clinical decision making based on electronic health data can be improved using joint modeling to generate an individual's probability of concurrent risk. Conclusion This user-friendly software performs the advanced statistical analyses needed to estimate typical and personalized concurrent risks.
Impact of control blade insertion on the deformation behavior of SiC-SiC channel boxes in BWRs

Abstract This article describes the analysis of distortion of a silicon carbide fiber-reinforced, silicon carbide matrix (SiC-SiC) composite channel box under in-reactor conditions of a boiling water reactor (BWR). The BWR core has significant gradients in the fast neutron flux across the channel box due to the presence of water rods within the fuel assemblies, and these gradients increase further with the insertion of control blades. As a result of the temperature and neutron flux dependent irradiation-induced swelling of SiC, the SiC-SiC composite channel box can undergo distortion. In this work, we evaluate the SiC-SiC channel box distortion for three different control blade positions. This analysis is based on the neutron flux and temperature distributions in the BWR core calculated using the neutronics code MPACT and thermal-hydraulics code CTF. This calculation is coupled through temperature feedback. Subsequently, we have performed structural analysis based on the calculated neutron flux and temperature distributions to determine the deformation and stress development in the channel box. The structural analysis was performed using the fuel performance modeling code BISON and the commercial finite element analysis software Abaqus. The results indicate that large gradients in fast neutron flux (up to 35–40% across a single axial level) will develop across the channel box. Due to these gradients, the channel box will undergo time-dependent bending for all the control blade positions in the assembly. The time-dependent bowing behavior is dominated by the transient swelling of SiC-SiC material under non-uniform neutron flux, and changes with variation in the control blade position. The bending will cause temporary interference between the channel box and control blade, and the interference is expected to be most severe for the fully inserted control blade position. The developed stresses due to differential swelling in the channel box exceed the proportional limit stress of the material, which may cause matrix microcracking in the channel box. However, the stresses remain below the tensile strength of the material, and therefore, development of a full, through-thickness crack in the channel box is not expected. Further work is recommended to explore and evaluate the mitigation strategies.
Computation of flows with arbitrary equations of state

The extension of time-marching computations to fluids with arbitrary equations of state is demonstrated by means of stability analyses, simplified problems, and practical applications. Most of the examples use the properties of supercritical hydrogen for which the density varies by more than an order of magnitude for small changes in pressure and temperature, but representative computations for incompressible fluids and perfect gases are also given to demonstrate the generality of the procedure. Because representative flow velocities in typical supercritical fluids applications are much lower than the speed of sound, convergence enhancement through eigenvalue control is often necessary. This is accomplished through a generalization of earlier preconditioning methods that enables efficient computation of arbitrary equation of state fluids, perfect gases, and incompressible fluids by a single procedure. The present approach thus provides a single method that is uniformly applicable to all equations of state
Optimizing the Aesthetics of High-Performance CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dot Luminescent Solar Concentrator Windows

Laminated-glass, luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) offer localized and sustainable power generation combined with the customizable transparency needed for windows. Successful commercial deploy...
A chronosequence of soil health under tallgrass prairie reconstruction

Abstract Soil health changes induced by prairie reconstruction (cultivated fields to tallgrass prairie) were assessed in Central Missouri within sites representing a chronosequence of 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13-yr post-reconstruction. In addition, a nearby remnant native prairie, two long-term reconstructed prairies (~25 and ~57-yr post-reconstruction), and a biofuel prairie 9-yr post-reconstruction were evaluated for comparative purposes. From 0 to 8-yr, prairie reconstruction increased soil aggregation, total soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), active C and N (permanganate oxidizable C and total protein), and mineralizable C and N (soil respiration and potentially mineralizable nitrogen), becoming more similar to levels in the remnant prairie. Further, four enzymes involved in the cycling of C (β-glucosidase), N (β-glucosaminidase), P (acid phosphatase), and S (arylsulfatase) demonstrated amplified activities within samples collected to a depth of 15-cm. Over time, the ratios of active C to SOC and active N to TN declined, reflecting the conversion of active C/N pools into more stable C/N pools due to continued organic inputs and increased microbial activity. In contrast, from 8- to 13-yr post-reconstruction, the number of these same soil health indicators declined, which may be attributed to historical land use, the improvement of prairie reconstruction and management strategies, and ecological processes related to succession. Overall, prairie reconstruction holds great potential for soil health restoration in degraded agricultural landscapes, and further study is needed to understand how historical land use and prairie reconstruction practices affect soil health and ecological resilience.
Mostly calibrated

Prequential testing of a forecaster is known to be manipulable if the test must pass an informed forecaster for all possible true distributions. Stewart (J Econ Theory 146(5):2029–2041, 2011) provides a non-manipulable prequential likelihood test that only fails an informed forecaster on a small, category I, set of distributions. We present a prequential test based on calibration that also fails the informed forecaster on at most a category I set of true distributions and is non-manipulable. Our construction sheds light on the relationship between likelihood and calibration with respect to the distributions they reject.
Contaminated Multiband Signal Identification Via Deep Learning

Multiband signals, whose active frequencies lie within continuous intervals, arise in a wide range of applications like radar imaging. In this paper, given limited and varying-length time-domain samples of a contaminated multiband signal, we propose novel deep networks to estimate the number of bands and locate the bands’ centers. A multiband signal representation model, which combines the long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural network, is trained to map varying-length observed samples to a frequency spectrum representation. A counting model then counts the number of bands based on the estimated spectrum. Combining the spectrum representation and estimated number of bands, the bands’ centers can be recovered efficiently and automatically. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is very effective and can leverage extended samples for better performance. Moreover, it outperforms other deep architectures for line spectral estimation at different noise levels and is much faster than an atomic norm-based method.
The Risk of Perinatal Mortality in Nulliparous Women Compared to Primiparous Women at Term.

Objective: To determine the rate of perinatal mortality among nulliparous women compared to primiparous women at term and further characterize the risk of stillbirth by each week of gestation. Study Design: A retrospective cohort study of all term, singleton, non-anomalous births comparing perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal demise [NND]) between primiparous (parity=1, with no history of abortion) and nulliparous (parity = 0) women who delivered in California between 2007 and 2011. Chi squared tests and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the frequencies and strength of association of perinatal mortality and parity, adjusting for maternal age, race, body mass index (BMI), pre-gestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, fetal sex, smoking status, and socioeconomic status. The risk of stillbirth at each gestational age at term was calculated using a pregnancies-at-risk life table method. A p-value less than 0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Results: Of 1,317,761 total deliveries, 765,995 (58.1%) were to nulliparous women and 551,766 (41.9%) were to primiparous women with one prior birth. Nulliparous women had increased odds of stillbirth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.93-3.72) and NND (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.19-1.98) compared to primiparous women. The risk of stillbirth in nulliparous women was greater at every gestational age between 37 0/7 and 41 0/7 weeks compared to primiparous women. Nulliparous women also had increased odds of small for gestational age (SGA) infants at <10% birth weight (aOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.72-1.79), <5% birth weight (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.86-1.98), and <3% birth weight (aOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.93-2.11). Conclusion: Perinatal mortality is significantly greater in nulliparous women compared to primiparous women with term deliveries. These findings suggest that low-risk nulliparous women may require increased surveillance. There may be a role in improving maternal health by maximizing physiologic adaptation in nulliparous women.
Role of FoxO transcription factors in aging and age-related metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases

Aging happens to all of us as we live. Thanks to the improved living standard and discovery of life-saving medicines, our life expectancy has increased substantially across the world in the past century. However, the rise in lifespan leads to unprecedented increases in both the number and the percentage of individuals 65 years and older, accompanied by the increased incidences of age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. FoxO transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved molecules that play critical roles in diverse biological processes, in particular aging and metabolism. Their dysfunction is often found in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Here, we summarize the signaling pathways and cellular functions of FoxO proteins. We also review the complex role of FoxO in aging and age-related diseases, with focus on type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease and discuss the possibility of FoxO as a molecular link between aging and disease risks.
VI Light Emission from High-Current Surface-Spark Discharges

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses light emission from high-current surface-spark discharges. The distinguishing characteristic of a surface spark is the presence of a dielectric solid adjacent to the discharge channel. This surface that bounds the discharge plasma in at least one dimension affects the gas-dynamic and radiative properties of the spark such that notable differences exist between surface discharges and unconfined discharges. When compared with other pulsed incoherent light sources, high current surface-spark sources have notable differences and practical advantages, which make them attractive for a number of applications, particularly in gas laser development. With their simplicity and reliability, surface-spark sources offer attributes that are particularly significant for gas laser research, where efficient, intense uv-source arrays are often needed for photoionization, photoinitiation, or photodissociation. The chapter explains that this review stimulates further research into the spectral behavior of high-current surface discharges and promotes their utilization in new application areas.
Socialist Societies: Anthropological Aspects

Socialist societies constitute a class of modern societies loosely sharing certain formal similarities in their political, property, and production regimes. They tended toward political monopoly by a Communist Party, a predominance of collective or state property forms, and centrally organized economic production toward redistributive goals. Over time, these formal features were modified by systemic reforms and everyday practices of both citizens and elites, including clientelism, kinship and ritual practices, gift-giving, and other self-forming behaviors. Socialist systems diminished many inequalities yet created new forms of hierarchy.
Multiple antigen peptide: a novel approach to increase detection sensitivity of synthetic peptides in solid-phase immunoassays

We describe a novel approach to detect antibodies to synthetic peptide antigens in solid-phase radioimmunoassays, using a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) system. The MAPs consist of multiple copies of peptides that are synthesized as single units on a branching lysyl matrix using a solid-phase peptide synthesis method. The efficacy of the MAP approach in solid-phase immunoassays was compared with the conventional approach using a monomeric peptide of the immunodominant epitope of the circumsporozoite proteins of two species of malaria. Two monomeric peptides with 12 and 17 residues were found to bind poorly to plastic surfaces at a concentration up to 30 micrograms/ml, and showed no immunoreactivity to specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, while the corresponding MAP-containing peptides showed excellent binding capacity and immunoreactivity at a concentration of 0.11 microgram/ml. The immunoreactivity of MAP-containing peptides was also superior to that of monomeric peptides conjugated to a protein carrier. The effects of various arrangements of lysyl branching of MAP on antigenicity were also studied, and the optimal number for lysyl branching of MAP was found to be octameric. Thus, the MAP, by enhancing the coating capacity and the avidity of synthetic peptides, provides increased sensitivity and reliability for the use of synthetic peptide to study antigen-antibody interactions on solid surfaces.
Can web pages be classified using anonymized TCP/IP headers?

Web page classification is useful in many domains— including ad targeting, traffic modeling, and intrusion detection. In this paper, we investigate whether learning-based techniques can be used to classify web pages based only on anonymized TCP/IP headers of traffic generated when a web page is visited. We do this in three steps. First, we select informative TCP/IP features for a given downloaded web page, and study which of these remain stable over time and are also consistent across client browser platforms. Second, we use the selected features to evaluate four different labeling schemes and learning-based classification methods for web page classification. Lastly, we empirically study the effectiveness of the classification methods for real-world applications.
Helix formation by dAT oligomers. I. Hairpin and straight-chain helices.

Abstract This paper describes the chemical characterization and helix-forming properties of a series of deoxyoligonucleotides with the repeating, self-complementary base sequence ATAT…. Their preparation has been described elsewhere (Elson & Jovin, 1968). Two enzymic methods show that the nucleotide at the 5′-end of each oligomer chain is T, so that the generic structure of the oligomers is d(pTpA)t. Their molecular weights have been determined with the ultracentrifuge, with the aid of a sample of known molecular weight synthesized in the laboratory of H. G. Khorana. At low counterion concentrations ( m -Na+), d(TA)t oligomers with i > 7 form one-chain, hairpin helices. These show simple monophasic melting curves. At intermediate or high counterion concentrations, two-chain helices are formed and these show biphasic melting curves. Molecular weight measurements demonstrate that the two-chain helices are first converted into one-chain helices at low temperatures, and then these melt at higher temperatures. On cooling in these conditions, a slow reaction is observed at low temperatures which appears to be the conversion of hairpin to straight-chain helices by chain slippage.
A Brief Assessment of the 25-Year Effect of the Convention on the Rights of the Child

Designed to protect the best interests of children, the primary instrument known for securing human rights for children internationally is the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), established in 1989. Upon this document, it seemed, rested the hope of children around the world for their provision, protection and participation. The Convention has enjoyed a significant role globally and across particular continental regions, becoming the gold standard for the treatment of children in nations where there was previously a legal void for their protection. It has advanced new research to benefit children, fostering a great deal of good will among professionals working with children toward these objectives, and it has provided for a strong foundation of scholarly dialogue on the participation of children in their individual lives and affairs. With early notice of practical problems with the Convention, however, the lack of scholarly debate about the actual merits of the CRC has been troubling, with little discussion of whether the Convention has actually worked to protect children. But, has the CRC improved the day-to-day lives of children? Has it worked to protect them from basic harms perpetrated against them by adults, such as forced combat, or genital mutilation, or sexual prostitution? Has the CRC been a triumph for children or a victory for international convention law? These questions are challenging to answer. What evidence that does exist regarding children in signatory nations reveals that the CRC has not achieved the desired objective set out 25 years ago – to improve the lives of children around the world. Rather, child victims are increasing. This report first provides a small window of insight regarding the continuation and growth of atrocities experienced by children in numbers large enough to demand attention: child sex trafficking, child slavery, child soldiering, child marriage, and female genital mutilation (FGM). These areas formed the basic core of atrocities which I focused on in a previous publication, yet here at the 25th Anniversary of the CRC current facts and circumstances require now adding child sacrifice to that parade of horribles that march against children regularly within signatory nations. In discussing these issues, the second part of this report challenges not only whether the CRC has been a success for children, but why it has not protected them from such heinous atrocities. The third part of this report discusses what, if anything, can legitimately be done to improve the lives of children in signatory nations away from these atrocities by offering an interdisciplinary approach of legal, governmental, and social professionals toward more than simply CRC implementation, but actual child protection. Creating these connections can work to provide protection to children suffering under such conditions, with the goal of improving the protection of children in their everyday lives.
Benefits of Case-Based Reasoning in Color Matching

GE Plastics has a case-based reasoning tool that determines color formulas which match requested colors that has been in use since 1995. This tool, called FormTool, has saved GE millions of dollars in productivity and colorant costs. The technology developed in FormTool has been used to create an on-line color selection tool for our customers called, ColorXpress Select. A customer innovation center has been developed around the FormTool software.
Prescribing practices and knowledge of tricyclic antidepressants among physicians caring for children.

We did not find any significant difference between pediatricians and family practitioners with regard to their knowledge of the potentially serious toxicities of the tricyclic antidepressants. One of this group, imipramine, is in widespread use for the treatment of enunesis. A lange proportion of the pediatricians (40%) and family practitioners (50%) surveyed use this drug as the first or only approach to enuresis. It is disquieting to discover that, of those physicians choosing to use the drug, one third appear to be unaware of its toxic potential. Other effective treatment modes are available, and it is to be hoped that more physicians will explore them before turning to the more hazardous pharmacologic alternatives. Pediatricians, although not more knowledgeable than family practitioners, exhibited more careful prescribing practices.
Tau‐66: evidence for a novel tau conformation in Alzheimer's disease

We have characterized a novel monoclonal antibody, Tau-66, raised against recombinant human tau. Immunohistochemistry using Tau-66 reveals a somatic-neuronal stain in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) that is more intense in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain than in normal brain. In hippocampus, Tau-66 yields a pattern similar to STG, except that neurofibrillary lesions are preferentially stained if present. In mild AD cases, Tau-66 stains plaques lacking obvious dystrophic neurites (termed herein 'diffuse reticulated plaques') in STG and the hippocampus. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis reveals that Tau-66 is specific for tau, as there is no cross-reactivity with MAP2, tubulin, Abeta(1-40), or Abeta(1-42), although Tau-66 fails to react with tau or any other polypeptide on western blots. The epitope of Tau-66, as assessed by ELISA testing of tau deletion mutants, appears discontinuous, requiring residues 155-244 and 305-314. Tau-66 reactivity exhibits buffer and temperature sensitivity in an ELISA format and is readily abolished by SDS treatment. Taken together these lines of evidence indicate that the Tau-66 epitope is conformation-dependent, perhaps involving a close interaction of the proline-rich and the third microtubule-binding regions. This is the first indication that tau can undergo this novel folding event and that this conformation of tau is involved in AD pathology.
Efficacy of a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate to Reduce the Toxicity of Aflatoxin and Diacetoxyscirpenol

A hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) was incorporated into diets (.5%) containing 3.5 mg/kg aflatoxin (AF) and 5.0 mg/kg diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) singly and in combination. Male broiler chicks received ad libitum access to their respective diets and water from 1 to 21 days of age. Body weight gains were significantly (P < .05) depressed by AF and DAS singly and a synergistic interaction occurred between AF and DAS for a further depression of body weight gains. Alterations in hematological and serum biochemical values, as well as serum enzyme activities, were observed for the AF and the AF and DAS combination. Additionally, a significant interaction occurred between AF and DAS for some biochemical values and enzyme activities. Adding HSCAS resulted in almost total protection against the effects caused by AF alone, limited protection against the combination, but no protection against the DAS alone. These findings indicate that HSCAS can diminish the adverse effects of AF but not of DAS.
Observations on Oriental Weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), an Exotic Species in the Hudson River Valley, New York

Abstract We collected data on the distribution, sex, size, fecundity, and food habits of a newly discovered population of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Oriental Weatherfish) in the Hudson Valley, NY. Oriental Weatherfish were distributed throughout the Dwaar Kill in Orange and Ulster counties and at least 7 km of the Wallkill River, principally in the soft substrates of stream margins. Males were smaller than females and apparently had shorter life spans. Sexual maturity and spawning attributes were evident. Mature males had pronounced dorsolateral ridges on at least the posterior third of the body, and females exhibited post-spawning abrasions dorsal and anterior to the vent. Female Oriental Weatherfish are batch-spawners producing up to 18,000 eggs at one time. Oriental Weatherfish in the Dwaar Kill consumed a variety of aquatic macroinvertebrates and exhibited generalist feeding habits. This species does not seem to be affecting other vertebrates where currently found, but potential negative interactions...
A second look with prone SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging reduces the need for angiography in patients at low risk for cardiac death or MI

Background Correction for soft tissue signal attenuation can improve the diagnostic accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI). The aim of this study was to correlate SPECT-MPI findings with clinical outcomes in patients who underwent stress imaging in the supine position, who also underwent “second look” stress imaging in the prone position.
Imperfect nesting and scattering effect in spin density waves

We study the impurity scattering in spin and charge density wave (SDW/CDW) with imperfect nesting. The impurity scattering suppresses both the SDW (or CDW) order parameter and the transition temperature like the pair-breaking effect in superconductor. Here we analyze the order parameter and the density of states of SDW (or CDW).
On the solutions to certain laplace inequalities with applications to geometry of submanifolds

LetM be a complete Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature bounded from below. We give an explicit estimate for the size of the negative sets of solutions to the differential inequality Δu ≥λu where Δ is the Laplacian and λ is a negative constant. This inequality arises naturally when we study the lengthH of the mean curvature of an isometric immersionf of M into another Riemannian manifoldN with curvature bounded above by some constantκ. Suppose that the image f(M) does not meet the cut locus of some pointo ∈ N. As a consequence of our estimate, we prove that, givenρ > 0, if supH is less than a certain explicit expression μ(κ, ρ) inρ andκ on any domainU that contains an inscribed ball of radius greater than an explicitly computable numberR, then the diameter of the setf(U) inN must exceed 2ρ. Moreover, if supH = μ(κ, ρ) onM and the diameter off(M) inN equals 2ρ, thenf is a minimal immersion into a distance sphere of radiusρ inN.
Tumor immunity times out: TIM-3 and HMGB1

The characteristics of the tumor microenvironment vary widely. New work shows that after tumor-associated expression of the receptor TIM-3 by dendritic cells, TIM-3 inhibits the antitumor efficacy of DNA vaccines and chemotherapy by binding to the damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, HMGB1.
Adapting Wright’s modification of Holt’s method to forecasting intermittent demand

Abstract The challenge of accurately forecasting demand for spare parts is due to the intermittent nature of their demand. This study compares a recent modification of Croston's method and a method based on Holt's double exponential smoothing taking the firm's competitive priorities into consideration. Wright's modification of Holt's method is presented as a viable alternative when forecasting demand for spares especially when trend is present. Results indicate that firms focusing on minimizing inventory levels as a priority should consider forecasting using the Modified Croston's method. If their priority is high customer service, then the modified Holt's method is superior.
Detrusor pressure rise in a normal bladder.

Objective To determine the detrusor pressure rise of a normal bladder (P(cap,NL)) when filled to capacity. Patients and methods Twenty-four patients with an apparently normal bladder, i.e. with symptoms but whose cystometrogram (CMG) showed no pathology of any kind and a near-normal pressure vs volume plot, were selected from 218 clinical CMGs. A straight line was fitted to the PV plot of these CMGs and then the P(cap,NL) calculated, e.g. by a straight line extending to the point of the normal expected cystometric bladder capacity (V(cap.NL)). Published data relative to P(cap,NL) were evaluated and compared with the values obtained. Results The mean (range) P(cap,NL) was 6 (4.5-7) cmH2O for patients with apparently normal bladders infused at the maximum physiological diuresis (MPD). This value was substantiated by three other studies of published values. The P(cap,NL) was 6 cmH2O at infusion rates of 10% of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 10 cmH2O at 20% of GFR and 7-15 cmH2O for 3-10 times the infusion rate of 10% of GFR. Conclusion P(cap,NL) is independent of age, size and sex and, at constant infusion rates of approximately MPD, will be 6. For infusion rates up to 35 mL/min, it is in the range of 6-15 cmH2O.
Multiprocessor execution of functional programs

Functional languages have recently gained attention as vehicles for programming in a concise and elegant manner. In addition, it has been suggested that functional programming provides a natural methodology for programming multiprocessor computers. This dissertation demonstrates that multiprocessor execution of functional programs is feasible, and results in a significant reduction in their execution times. Two implementations of the functional language ALFL were built on commercially available multiprocessors. Alfalfa is an implementation on the Intel iPSC hypercube multiprocessor, and Buckwheat is an implementation on the Encore Multimax shared-memory multiprocessor. Each implementation includes a compiler that performs automatic decomposition of ALFL programs. The compiler is responsible for detecting the inherent parallelism in a program, and decomposing the program into a collection of tasks, called serial combinators, that can be executed in parallel. One of the primary goals of the compiler is to generate serial combinators exhibiting the coarsest granularity possibly without sacrificing useful parallelism. This dissertation describes the algorithms used by the compiler to analyze, decompose, and optimize functional programs. The abstract machine model supported by Alfalfa and Buckwheat is called heterogeneous graph reduction, which is a hybrid of graph reduction and conventional stack-oriented execution. This model supports parallelism, lazy evaluation, and higher order functions while at the same time making efficient use of the processors in the system. The Alfalfa and Buckwheat run-time systems support dynamic load balancing, interprocessor communication (if required), and storage management. A large number of experiments were performed on Alfalfa and Buckwheat for a variety of programs. The results of these experiments, as well as the conclusions drawn from them, are presented.
Time-series analysis of optical probe measurements in gas–liquid stirred tanks

This work reports our findings on the time and frequency domain analysis of the optical probe measurements in a lab scale gas-liquid stirred tank reactor alternatively equipped with (i) a standard Rushton turbine and (ii) a half circular blades disk turbine. Optical measurements are collected from the tapered (conical) ends of optical fibers at five radial positions on the impeller discharge plane in the tank, r = 0.4 R, 0.5 R, 0.6 R, 0.7 R, 0.8 R, at a range of operating conditions. The collected data are processed and analyzed in the time and the frequency domains via MATLAB algorithms developed in house. The time domain analysis provided useful dispersion parameters, such as the local gas phase holdup and the bubble count, and the frequency domain analysis revealed information regarding the chaotic nature of bubble occupancy as a function of position and operating conditions. For both systems, the distinct pattern of the bubbles generated by the blades became chaotic beyond certain distances from the impeller at all operating conditions. In the vicinity of the impeller, however, different patterns are observed for the two turbines. These results suggest the optical probe's potential usage as a tool for impeller design and for in-situ identification/detection of the flow regime transitions to the fully recirculated regime. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Social Support and Life Stress as Related to the Psychological Distress of Single Enlisted Navy Mothers

This study examines relationships between social support and life events stress among 50 single active duty enlisted United States Navy mothers. Participants completed an online survey to assess social support (Inventory of Parent Experiences; Crnic & Greenburg, 1990), life events stressors (Life Events Questionnaire; Norbeck, 1984), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale; Radloff, 1977), anxiety (Kremen Anxiety Scale; Kremen, 1990), and maternal guilt (Parental Guilt Questionnaire; Tucker & Kelley, 2006). Higher levels of support from friends and fewer negative life events stressors predicted fewer depressive symptoms. Higher social support in the workplace and fewer negative life events stressors predicted both fewer symptoms of anxiety and lower levels of maternal guilt. Results suggest that friend and workplace support and negative life events may have important implications for the psychological health of single enlisted active duty Navy mothers.
Analyzing temporal changes in land-use–transportation relationships: A LEHD-based approach

Abstract Over the last decades there has been intense focus on better understanding land-use–transportation relationships. One prominent research area within this nexus has examined whether urban structural characteristics, such as the balance of jobs and housing, impacts broader transportation patterns, particularly commuting outcomes. Researchers have sought to quantify relationships in comparative studies across space and time, without fully realizing the latter due to sparse data availability, mainly due to reliance on government census type products which often lack adequate temporal resolution. This research utilizes a relatively new database from the U.S. Census known as Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics (LEHD) to explore temporal commuting–land-use relationships. This database has a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution, with worker information reported annually from 2002 to 2010. Locations of workers, jobs, and their commute flows are resolved to the census block scale. We analyze LEHD data over a 9-year period from 2002 to 2010 for a mid-sized urban area. Estimation of several commuting and jobs–housing metrics lends insights into growth and decline that have occurred in the recent housing boom and bust, and their broader implications for travel patterns.
Learning geographical preferences for point-of-interest recommendation

The problem of point of interest (POI) recommendation is to provide personalized recommendations of places of interests, such as restaurants, for mobile users. Due to its complexity and its connection to location based social networks (LBSNs), the decision process of a user choose a POI is complex and can be influenced by various factors, such as user preferences, geographical influences, and user mobility behaviors. While there are some studies on POI recommendations, it lacks of integrated analysis of the joint effect of multiple factors. To this end, in this paper, we propose a novel geographical probabilistic factor analysis framework which strategically takes various factors into consideration. Specifically, this framework allows to capture the geographical influences on a user's check-in behavior. Also, the user mobility behaviors can be effectively exploited in the recommendation model. Moreover, the recommendation model can effectively make use of user check-in count data as implicity user feedback for modeling user preferences. Finally, experimental results on real-world LBSNs data show that the proposed recommendation method outperforms state-of-the-art latent factor models with a significant margin.
Perinatal toxicity of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether in the rat.

Abstract Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGdiME) was administered by gavage to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats in doses of 30, 60, 120, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day from day 8 through day 18 of gestation. The effects of the compound on maternal weight gain, length of gestation, perinatal mortality, teratogenicity, average fetal weight on day 19, and average pup weight one day after birth were assessed. A clear pattern of dose-dependent maternal and fetal toxicity was observed. EGdiME cause maternal deaths at 1000 mg/kg/day and was fetolethal at doses ranging from 120 to 1000 mg/kg/day. A dose of 60 mg/kg/day resulted in a 7% weight decrease and severe edema in pups surviving to birth. Skeletal examinations in this group revealed fetotoxicity as evidenced by the lack of ossified bone, but there was no indication of anomalies in soft tissues. The same concentration in dams allowed to go to term resulted in a delay in the onset of parturition and produced litters with only one-third the number of live pups as controls. Of these, an average of less than 1 per litter survived to day 1 postpartum. The compound was not fetolethal on day 19 at a dose level of 30 mg/kg/day. Perinatal mortality in the interval between day 19 of gestation and birth was manifested, however, by an average reduction of 2 live pups per litter at birth. There was a close correlation between the fetotoxic effects of the various concentrations and the degree to which the maternal weight gain pattern of each departed from the control profile.
Long-term changes in sciatic-evoked A-fiber dorsal horn field potentials accompany loose ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats

Abstract The goal of the present study was to examine whether loose ligation of the sciatic nerve was associated with long-term changes in neuronal excitability in the spinal dorsal horn in urethane-anesthetized rats. The sciatic nerve was stimulated with 0.1 ms long pulses at 1 stimulus/5 min, and the evoked dorsal horn field potentials remained stable in the absence of tetanic stimulation. In one set of control and ligated animals, high-frequency tetanic stimulation was applied to the nerve at 50 Hz (one 400 ms train of twenty 0.1 ms pulses), and the field potentials were recorded again (1 stimulus/5 min) for up to 4 h post-tetanus. In control animals, this protocol produced significant increases in field potential amplitudes at 15, 30 and 60 min post-tetanus. Interestingly, after this time the evoked field potentials began to decrease, and attained less than 50% of their pre-tetanic values at 240 min post-tetanus. In contrast, in ligated rats the pattern of post-tetanic potentiation was significantly different as the increases in amplitude persisted, and at 240 min post-tetanus the field potentials were almost twice their baseline values. In another set of control and ligated animals, low-frequency tetanic stimulation was applied at 5 Hz (one 400 ms train of two 0.1 ms pulses). Again a differential pattern of post-tetanic responses between control and ligated rats was seen. In control animals, a significant decrease in amplitude was evident within 30 min, and the depression became progressively more pronounced as the field potentials attained about a quarter of their baseline values at 180 min, and remained at these low levels at 240 min post-tetanus. On the other hand, in ligated animals, the depression was not significant, and at 240 min post-tetanus the field potentials were still at about 80% of their baseline values. These data demonstrate that long-term changes in spinal dorsal horn neuronal excitability accompany sciatic ligation to perhaps contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. These changes may result from a lessening of normally strong inhibitory processes in the spinal dorsal horn to generate conditions which favor post-tetanic potentiation over depression of dorsal horn neuronal responses.
Neurobiology of Poststroke Depression

To the Editor: Eriksson et al1 find that the substantial proportion of stroke patients reporting depressive mood but not using treatment with antidepressants suggests that patient selection for treatment should be more precise. This may be accomplished by monitoring speech hesitation pauses (SHPs), which …
A bibliographic metadata infrastructure for the twenty‐first century

The current library bibliographic infrastructure was constructed in the early days of computers – before the Web, XML, and a variety of other technological advances that now offer new opportunities. General requirements of a modern metadata infrastructure for libraries are identified, including such qualities as versatility, extensibility, granularity, and openness. A new kind of metadata infrastructure is then proposed that exhibits at least some of those qualities. Some key challenges that must be overcome to implement a change of this magnitude are identified.
Psychiatric Aspects of Epileptic Children and Adolescents

Abstract Epilepsy is the most prevalent neurological disorder of childhood and adolescence and a very heterogenous disease with a diverse course of illness. It may be a benign disease for the majority of children and adolescents, who recover spontaneously or are managed well medically; however, a sizeable group of children and adolescents with epilepsy, at least one-third, do manifest various difficulties—seizure control, academic, emotional, behavioral, and family problems. As a group, they have a much higher rate of psychiatric disorder than healthy children and children with other chronic illnesses. This review is undertaken to summarize the literature on epilepsy in children and adolescents, especially with respect to epidemiology, developmental and psychiatric problems, and psychiatric treatment issues.
Electron–Atom interaction potential by DCS minimization

The angular and energy dependence of minima of the differential scattering cross section (DCS) for electrons scattered elastically by selected target atoms is studied using the nonrelativistic Hartree–Fock wavefunction for the static field and local energy-dependent function for the exchange and polarization potentials for the target atoms. The parameters contained in the polarization potential are varied to determine the minima of the DCS with respect to the scattering angle and incident energy with the constraint that the integral cross section agrees with the experimental value within the uncertainty of 5% at a selected energy. The resulting effective interaction potential is then used to compute the DCS over the intermediate energy range for the target atoms. The computed values are in good agreement with recently published experimental and theoretical cross section for helium and neon atoms.
Conflicts of Law: Reconsidering the Influence of Religion on Law in Massachusetts Bay

The idea that there were different points of view in seventeenth century Massachusetts Bay is not a new one. Several recent studies have undermined Perry Miller's monolithic “Puritan Mind”—demonstrating there were many strands of thought even among the nominally orthodox, and suggesting that we think of the settlers in New England as members of a movement with many ideas, rather than holders of a single point of view. While the idea that there were divisions within the category of Puritan is not a new one, the extent to which that ideological pluralism had a practical impact on the Bay colony's institutions, from its families to its governing system, has not yet been explored. This paper is a preliminary effort to demonstrate how ideological pluralism led to different conceptions of law, and had a practical effect on the legal system developed in the first generation of settlement in Massachusetts Bay.
The influence of serrated flow on necking in tensile specimens

Three-dimensional finite element simulations are used to investigate the role of serrated flow on the strain at the onset of necking in a cylindrical uniaxial tension specimen. The material is idealized using a modified form of the McCormick constitutive equation, which has an additional material parameter that allows the rate of transient aging to be varied without affecting its steady-state response. Stability calculations and direct simulations show that, if the transient response is sufficiently slow, serrated flow can be suppressed, even though the material has negative steady-state strain rate sensitivity. This result is then used to determine the effect of suppressing serrated flow on the strain to localization. We find that negative steady-state sensitivity significantly reduces the strain required to initiate necking failure in a tensile specimen. However, the strain to failure is largely unaffected by the transient response of the material, and suppressing the serrated flow in particular has a negligible effect on the localization strain. We conclude that, while both serrated flow and reduced ductility are observed in materials with negative rate sensitivity, the reduction in ductility is not a direct consequence of serrated flow. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.