cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved DC-EST structure with diode diverter

A novel emitter switched thyristor (EST) structure with a diode diverter is introduced to obtain superior current saturation characteristics with an excellent forward bias safe operating area, without compromising the on-state voltage drop. The new structure consists of a diode diverter connected to the p-base region of the DC-EST. The saturation current density is lowered significantly, which is desirable to achieve a good saturation current safe operating area. Experimental results are reported to confirm the superior characteristics observed through simulations.
Gender and racial/ethnic differences in patterns of adolescent alcohol use and associations with adolescent and adult illicit drug use

OBJECTIVES: The study objective was to use latent class analyses (LCAs) to identify gender- and racial/ethnic-specific groups of adolescent alcohol users and associations between alcohol use group and adolescent and adulthood illicit drug use in a nationally-representative US sample. METHODS: We used Wave I (1994-1995, adolescence) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to conduct LCAs by gender and race/ethnicity and measure associations between class membership and Wave I and Wave III (2001-2002, young adulthood) drug use. Participants included white (n = 9548), African American (n = 4005) and Hispanic (n = 3184) participants. LCAs were based on quantity and frequency of adolescent alcohol use; physiological and social consequences of use; and peer use. RESULTS: Males and females were characterized by different alcohol use typologies and consequences. Males in the highest severity class (i.e. drank both heavily and frequently) experienced disproportionate risk of alcohol-related consequences compared with abstainers and other alcohol-using groups. Females who drank heavily when drinking even if only occasionally, experienced high risk of alcohol-related consequences. Substantial proportions of males reported diverse alcohol-related problems, whereas females most commonly reported alcohol-related problems with dating and sexual experiences. Though levels of alcohol use and report of problems associated with use were higher among white versus minority populations, other racial/ethnic differences in patterns of alcohol use were minimal. Classification in any drinking class was a strong risk factor for adolescent and adulthood illicit drug use, with heavy drinkers at greatest risk of drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Gender-specific adolescent alcohol and substance use prevention programs are warranted. Language: en
In vivo activity of propolis against Bacillus larvae

Abstract Since propolis in solution had demonstrated in vitro activity previously against Bacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood in the honey bee, tests were conducted to determine its in vivo effectiveness. Solutions of propolis were administered in various concentrations to infected colonies, both by feeding in syrup and by spraying diseased combs. With either test method, a solution containing 500 μg/ml of propolis apparently suppressed the disease during the treatment period. However, there was little inclination by the adult bees to remove infected larvae which remained as sources for reinfection after treatment ceased. On the other hand, a control colony that had received sulfa therapy during the same test period apparently recovered completely. No toxic effects on adult bees were noted. Many deformed young bees emerged during and following the period when propolis was fed at the 500 μg/ml level.
Hyperactivity and antisocial behavior

Abstract This paper reviews evidence that the hyperactive child syndrome is connected with the development of delinquent, antisocial behavior in childhood, adolescence, and later life. The evidence comes from childhood histories of adults with antisocial disorders, post facto and prospective follow-up studies of hyperactive children, from family studies of both hyperactive children and antisocial personalities, and from treatment studies. In addition, the possible mechanisms of the association between hyperactivity in childhood and delinquent behavior are considered. These include: the persistence of a physiological abnormality; genetic, familial, and environmental factors; and educational failure.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF AIRPORT PERFORMANCE

Because airport capacity is rela ted to delay at high throughput, a common method of analyzi ng airport performance is to focus on delay in times of peak demand. However, one can gain insight into the performance of the airport system at all demand levels by examining histograms of operations counts or distributions of delay statistics as a function of throughput. This airport “spectral” analysis process provides a means to evaluate congestion management initiatives and to track airport performance changes over time. Spectral analysis can help classify and group airports to extend the results of costly simulation studies. It can also reveal relationships between delay and throughput that might help airlines improve scheduling accuracy.
Business-related ethical values of future business leaders in four Asia-Pacific countries

The study reported in this article examines the relationships between nationality, gender, and religiosity and business ethics attitudes in four countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Using a survey approach, university business students in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Singapore were asked about their attitudes regarding business-related ethicality using a six-item scale of ethicality that was reported in the literature. Business students are appropriate for this study as they are “future business leaders.” For nationality significant differences (p < 0.05) emerged for only two of the six items. There was no significant difference in total ethicality, and the values were positive in all countries. In general, females were reported being more ethical than males, particularly in New Zealand and Singapore. For religiosity, overall, there was a significant difference in ethicality where those respondents reporting being “very religious” also reporting being more ethical. For individual countries, significance did emerge for Australia and New Zealand.
End-to-end data movement using MPI-IO over routed terabits infrastructures

Scientific discovery is nowadays driven by large-scale simulations running on massively parallel high-performance computing (HPC) systems. These applications each generate a large amount of data, which then needs to be post-processed for example for data mining or visualization. Unfortunately, the computing platform used for post processing might be different from the one on which the data is initially generated, introducing the challenge of moving large amount of data between computing platforms. This is especially challenging when these two platforms are geographically separated since the data needs to be moved between computing facilities. This is even more critical when scientists tightly couple their domain specific applications with a post processing application.The paper presents a solution for the data transfer between MPI applications using a dedicated wide area network (WAN) terabit infrastructure. The proposed solution is based on parallel access to data files and the Message Passing Interface (MPI) over the Common Communication Infrastructure (CCI) for the data transfer over a routed infrastructure. In the context of this research, the Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is targeted for the transfer of data between DOE national laboratories.
Identification of nine tissue-specific transcription factors of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/forkhead DNA-binding-domain family.

Abstract Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-3 alpha, -3 beta, and -3 gamma are liver transcription factors that mediate the coordinate expression of a number of hepatocyte-specific genes. The HNF-3 proteins share DNA-binding-domain homology among themselves and with the Drosophila homeotic protein forkhead (fkh). The HNF-3/fkh DNA-binding domain constitutes an uncharacterized protein motif that recognizes its cognate DNA binding site as a monomer. Additional HNF-3/fkh-related proteins are known to be required for determination events during embryogenesis in Drosophila and Xenopus. In this report, we describe the isolation of nine additional HNF-3/fkh homologue (HFH) clones from rodent tissue cDNAs by using both low-stringency hybridization and a polymerase chain reaction protocol. Many of the HFH genes exhibit a tissue-restricted expression pattern and are transcribed in tissues other than liver, including brain, kidney, lung, and intestine. The HNF-3/fkh motif therefore comprises a large gene family of transcription factors that play a role in tissue-specific gene regulation and development.
Cenozoic rift formation in the northern Caribbean

Rifts form in many different tectonic environments where the lithosphere is put into extension. An outline is provided of the distribution, orientation, and relative ages of 16 Cenozoic rifts along the northern edge of the Caribbean plate and it is suggested that these structures formed successively by localized extension as the Caribbean plate moved eastward past a continental promontory of North America. Evidence leading to this conclusion includes (1) recognition that the rifts become progressively younger westward; (2) a two-phase subsidence history in a rift exposed by upthrusting in Jamaica; (3) the absence of rifts east of Jamaica; and (4) the observation that removal of 1400 km of strike-slip displacement on the Cayman Trough fault system places the Paleogene rifts of Jamaica in an active area of extension south of Yucatan where the rifts of Honduras and Guatemala are forming today.
Mitigating Deactivation Effects through Rational Design of Hierarchically Structured Catalysts: Application to Hydrodemetalation

The broad pore network of a hierarchically structured hydrodemetalation catalyst, containing both nano- and macropores, is mathematically optimized to maximize the conversion of nickel metalloporphyrins in crude oil residue. A random spheres model (RSM) describing the nanoporous catalyst at the mesoscale is combined with a two-dimensional continuum approach to model the entire catalyst at the macroscale. Catalysts with a spatially uniform as well as a nonuniform macroporosity distribution are optimized. The macroporosity profiles of the optimal nonuniform catalysts fluctuate about the optimal uniform value, while the spatially and temporally integrated reaction rates from both types of optimized catalysts are almost the same. Moreover, the integrated reaction rate of the optimal hierarchically structured catalysts are almost 8 times higher than the yield obtained from a purely nanoporous catalyst. For a time on stream of 1 year, approximately 21% less catalytic material is required in the optimal hierarch...
Techniques for specifying bug patterns

We present our on-going work to develop techniques for specifying source code signatures of bug patterns. Specifically, we discuss two approaches. The first approach directly analyzes a program in the intermediate representation (IR) of the ROSE compiler infrastructure using ROSE's API. The second analyzes the program using the bddbddb system of Lam, Whaley, et al.. In this approach, we store the IR produced by ROSE as a relational database, express patterns as declarative inference rules on relations in the language Datalog, and bddbddb implements the Datalog programs using binary decision diagram (BDD) techniques. Both approaches readily apply to large-scale applications, since ROSE provides full type analysis, control flow, and other available analysis information. In this paper, we primarily consider bug patterns expressed with respect to the structure of the source code or the control flow, or both. More complex techniques to specify patterns that are functions of data flow properties may be addressed by either of the above approaches, but are not directly treated here. Our Datalog-based work includes explicit support for expressing patterns on the use of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) in parallel distributed memory programs. We show examples of this on-going work as well.
Interface study of insertion layers in organic semiconductor devices

Inserting an ultra-thin interlayer has been an important means in modifying the performance of organic semiconductor devices. Using photoemission and inverse photoemission spectroscopy (UPS, XPS and IPES), we have investigated the electronic structure of a number of insertion layers widely used in organic semiconductor devices. We found that inserting alkali metal compound thin layers such as LiF between the electron transport layer (ETL) and the cathode can induce energy level shift in the ETL that reduces the electron injection barrier. The reduction is attributed to the release of the alkali metal that n-doped the ETL, and as such it depends on the cathode material deposited on top of the insertion layer. For thin metal oxide insertion layers, such as MoO 3 , between the anode and the hole transport layer (HTL), reduction of the hole injection barrier is also observed. This reduction, however, is due to the large workfunction of the oxide that subsequently moves the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) toward the anode Fermi level. Effects of other insertion layers, such as metal insertion layer in organic bistable device (OBD) and organic insertion layer in bipolar organic thin film transistors (OTFT) will also be discussed.
Two new pliocene species of Cyclostephanos (Bacillariophyceae) with comments on the classification of the freshwater Thalassiosiraceae

Two new species of the diatom genus Cyclostephanos Round are described from Pliocene fossil deposits in western North America. Cyclostephanos undatus is distinguished from other Cyclostephanos species by its tangentially undulate valve face; Cyclostephanos fenestratus is distinguished by its extremely shallow alveoli. This paper records previously unreported morphological detail of Cyclostephanos and speculates that structure of the punctum, labiate process and strutted process may enhance diagnosis of the freshwater genera of the Thalassiosiraceae Lebour emend. Hasle. Cyclostephanos undatus is similar to several Cyclotella species, but its external costae are raised and its alveolar morphology is similar to that of Cyclostephanos dubius (Fricke) Round. Cyclostephanos fenestratus is similar in external view to Stephanodiscus Ehrenb. However, the two species described here have flat cribra covering the mantle puncta and the labiate processes appear to lack external tubes, whereas Stephanodiscus species have domed mantle cribra and external tubes.
Some somatic sequences are absent or exceedingly rare in Xenopus oocyte RNA.

Abstract A variety of Xenopus laevis cDNA clones derived from somatic cell RNAs were hybridized to oocyte pA + RNA separated on Northern gels. We were unable to detect oocyte pA + sequences complementary to three undefined tadpole cDNA clones. With one of these clones, a complex pattern of bands appears during embryogenesis. With the other two clones, a single band appears. Two additional tadpole clones hybridize to both oocyte and tadpole RNA, but yield a more complex RNA pattern from embryos than from oocytes. One of these additional tadpole clones has complementarity to actin DNA, suggesting that the additional RNA band which appears during embryogenesis is α-actin mRNA ( E. A. Sturgess, J. E. M. Ballantine, H. R. Woodland, P. R. Mohun, C. D. Lane, and G. J. Dimitriadis, 1980 , J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 58, 303–320). We have also failed to detect hybridization to oocyte pA + RNA with one vitellogenin and three adult globin cDNA clones. Reconstruction experiments with purified globin mRNA from anemic adult blood cells set the lower level of sensitivity for globin mRNA at one part in 10 6 . The data suggest that some Xenopus mRNA sequences are absent or very rare in the oocyte pA + RNA population.
Unsolved problems in search: (and how we approach them)

Search applications have become ubiquitous and very successful. Major advances have been made in understanding how to deliver effective results very efficiently for a class of queries. As the range of applications broaden to include web search, desktop search, enterprise search, vertical search, social search, etc., the number of new research challenges has appeared to grow rather than shrink. Many of these challenges are variations on underlying themes and principles that information retrieval has focused on for more than 40 years. In this talk, several unsolved problems arising from new search applications will be discussed and some potential paths to solutions for these problems will be outlined.
Homogeneous charge compression ignition of hydrogen in a single-cylinder diesel engine

AbstractHomogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) of hydrogen was studied using a single-zone model based in chemical reaction kinetics and using a single-cylinder Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) diesel engine. Comparison was made with conventional diesel combustion at the same compression ratio and load. Simulation indicated that hydrogen HCCI should be feasible at compression ratios around 18 with intake heating to 100 °C, with peak efficiency occurring for moderately dilute equivalence ratios (0.2–0.5) with the minimum possible amount of intake heating. Experimental hydrogen HCCI was achieved with intake heating to 80 °C and 100 °C for equivalence ratios between 0.15 and 0.37. Hydrogen HCCI exhibited unburned hydrogen emissions of the order of 0.5–1.0 per cent, corresponding to combustion efficiencies of 90–95 per cent. Emissions of nitric oxides were typically below 1 ppm and were at least two orders of magnitude lower than a comparable diesel cycle. Efficiency of hydrogen HCCI was lower than a ...
Industry perspective on battlespace digitization

In the modern military environment, the need for high levels of vertical integration, coupled with the expanding technology base enables the development of the next generation of information management tools in support of the Warfighter. The vision of the integrated digitized battlespace, key battlespace factors and technology considerations are described.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A stochastic theory of matching processes

Abstract A theory of matching processes is developed within which serial models and parallel models based on within-stage independent intercompletion times are defined. These models are then specialized to a class of processes possessing exponential intercompletion time densities and equivalence properties of parallel and serial models within this class are investigated. Nonequivalence theorems are proved that designate possible differences in “same” (+) and different (−) matching rates as important in testing parallel and serial models. An experimental paradigm is then derived with the property that if + rates are different from — rates, and if processing is self-terminating, then the parallel and serial models are distinguishable at the level of mean reaction times. The serial class of models that is tested by this paradigm includes a large number of stochastic distributions whose central assumption is additivity of element processing times. The corresponding parallel class of models is currently limited to those assuming exponential intercompletion times. A numerical example and an example of non-parametric relations predicted by the serial or parallel models are given. Some advantages and limitations of the present treatment are discussed.
Studies on the biosynthesis of paraherquamide A. Origin of the {beta}-methylproline ring

The paraherquamides are potent anthelmintic alkaloids isolated from various Penicillium sp. These substances have attracted considerable attention due to their molecular complexity, intriguing biogenesis, and potential as antiparasitic drugs. The most potent member of this family is paraherquamide A (1), which contains the unusual amino acid, {beta}-methyl-{beta}-hydroxyproline. Recently, a Smith-Kline Beecham group reported the isolation and structural elucidation of the simpler indole alkaloid VM55599 (11), which contains the unusual amino acid {beta}-methylproline. As part of a program directed primarily at elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism of formation of the unique core bicyclo[2.2.2] ring system that is common to all of these alkaloids, we have initiated studies on the biosynthesis of the unusual, functionalized proline derivatives that constitute the paraherquamide family. Herein, we report the biosynthetic incorporation of primary amino acid building blocks that constitute the core framework of this class of alkaloids. 8 refs., 3 figs.
OPERATOR SUPPORT IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT : A HEURISTICS MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

The identification of problems from numeric traffic measurements is an important part of control center activities in ATMS (Advanced Traffic Management Systems). However, an information modeling process that relies solely upon ‘traditional’ quantitative data analysis does not reflect faithfully the actual methods used by human operators. In addition to common-sense knowledge and specific contextual information, operators also use various heuristics and rules-of-thumb to supplement the numerical analysis. This paper describes an experiment to examine the effectiveness of an expert system that integrates quantitative and qualitative traffic information using a human-centered knowledge system design. The system's performance was investigated using a data suite of real traffic scenarios; the statistically significant results showed that the integrated process had superior performance compared to the ‘traditional’ quantitative analysis running alone.
Demand-driven inequality, endogenous saving rate and macroeconomic instability

This article examines consumption dynamics in a Cambridge model of growth and distribution. The model endogenises the workers’ saving rate and incorporates out-of-equilibrium dynamics explicitly. The analysis identifies a new mechanism of macroeconomic instability that emerges from the interaction between the Kaldorian process of demand-driven inequality and the workers’ saving behaviour. The mechanism can generate perpetual cycles where the upwards phase is characterised by a prolonged period of falling saving rate and increasing income inequality. The article discusses the empirical relevance of the formal analysis. The article discusses the empirical relevance of the analytic results.
Applications of the Dirichlet Principle to finite reversible nearest particle systems

The Dirichlet Principle provides a variational expression for the survival probability of a supercritical finite reversible nearest particle system. We use this expression to derive improved bounds on this survival probability, and to develop techniques for comparing different systems with the same critical value.
CHARACTER REMOVAL AS A MEANS FOR ASSESSING STABILITY OF CLADES

Abstract Abstract —The stability of each clade resolved by a data set can be assessed as the minimum number of characters that, when removed, cause resolution of the clade to be lost; a clade is regarded as having been lost when it does occur in the strict consensus tree. The clade stability index (CSI) is the ratio of this minimum number of characters to the number of informative characters in the data set. The CSI of a clade can range from 0 (absence from the consensus tree of the complete data set) to 1 (all informative characters must be removed for the clade to fail to be resolved). Minimum character removal scores are discoverable by a procedure known as successive character removal, in which separate cladistic analyses are conducted of all possible data sets derived by the removal of individual characters and character combinations of successively increasing number.
A case for informed consent? Indoor UV tanning facility operator’s provision of health risks information (United States)

Objective: Indoor UV tanning is associated with skin cancer. This study describes consumer health risks information provided by indoor UV tanning facility operators in four states (Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Wisconsin) with varying operator training, regulations, enforcement and penalties. Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey study design, 100 randomly selected licensed indoor UV tanning facilities from each state were surveyed anonymously by telephone. Facility operators were questioned regarding the provision of information on potential adverse effects of indoor UV exposure. Results: Of 628 licensed indoor UV tanning facilities contacted, 400 facilities were surveyed. Most (87%) advised patrons of the potential risk of sunburn from indoor tanning. Less than half of facility operators in Colorado, Texas and Wisconsin informed patrons about the risk of skin cancer (42, 43 and 48%, respectively) compared with 81% of Illinois operators. Likewise, more operators in Illinois reported the risk of premature aging (79%) compared with other states (41% Colorado, 43% Texas and 51% Wisconsin). Conclusions: Tanning facility operators frequently misinformed patrons of indoor UV exposure risks. The provision of informed consent by indoor tanning facility operators needs improved adaptation by the tanning industry as a standard for customer service.
Computerized design of low-noise face-milled spiral bevel gears

Abstract An advanced design methodology is proposed for the face-milled spiral level gears with modified tooth surface geometry that provides a reduced level of noise and has a stabilized bearing contact. The approach is based on the local synthesis of the gear drive that provides the “best” machine-tool settings. The theoretical aspects of the local synthesis approach are based on the application of a predesigned parabolic function for absorption of undesirable transmission errors caused by misalignment and the direct relations between principal curvatures and directions for mating surfaces. The meshing and contact of the gear drive is synthesized and analyzed by a computer program. The generation of gears with the proposed geometry design can be accomplished with existing equipment. A numerical example that ilustrates the proposed theory is presented.
Metabolism of all trans 9,12-[1-14C]octadecadienoic acid in the developing brain.

Abstract Eicosatetraenoic acid (20 : 4) isolated from the brains of 12-day old rat pups, 8 h after intraperitoneal injection of either all cis or all trans 9,12-[1-14Coctadecadienoic acid, revealed distinctly different patterns of radioactivity distribution in terms of relative carboxyl activity. % relative carboxyl activity = radioactivity in the carboxyl carbon radioactivity in the total fatty acid × 100 Although radioactivity was measured in the total fatty acid, in the case of arachidonate, this represents radioactivity in the first three carbons only since 20 : 4 is not synthesized de novo. The high percentage relative carboxyl activity value in brain 20 : 4, following [1-14C]llinoelaidate injection indicated a lack of direct conversion of the all trans 18 : 2 to 20 : 4. However, the relative lower percentage relative carboxyl activity in brain 20 : 4, after injection of [1-14]Clinoleate, indicated direct conversion of the all cis 18 : 2 to 20 : 4. Similar, but more pronounced, label distribution differences in brain 20 : 4, following intracranial injection of the two tracers, confirmed this metabolic difference. Further isolation and analysis of brain polyunsaturated fatty acids after intracranial injection revealed that all trans 9,12–18 : 2 was elongated to 11,14–20 : 2 and was also desaturated to give 6,9,12–18 : 3 followed by elongation to form 8,11,14–20 : 3. This indicated that the conversion of the all trans 9,12–18 : 2 to 20 : 4 was blocked at the Δ5-desaturation of 8,11,14–20 : 3 to 5,8,11,14–20 : 4 rather than at the Δ6-desaturase step of 9,12–18 : 2 to 6,9,12–18 : 3.
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in critically ill cats

Objective: To characterize the alterations in carbohydrate metabolism as they relate to the development of hyperglycemia in critically ill cats. Design: Prospective, observational, controlled study. Setting: Intensive care unit at a university veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Twenty-six non-diabetic cats admitted into the intensive care unit for a variety of diseases and 21 healthy control cats. Interventions: Blood samples were obtained from critically ill cats upon admission to the intensive care unit. Blood was similarly obtained from control cats. Measurements and main results: For all cats, venous blood glucose, lactate, cortisol, insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were determined and compared between the 2 groups of cats. Compared with controls, critically ill cats had significantly higher median concentrations of glucose [183 (range 51–321) mg/dL versus 110 (91–165) mg/dL; P<0.001], lactate [2.5 (0.6–11.1) mmol/L versus 1.8 (0.4–4.1) mmol/L; P=0.01], cortisol [7.8 (0.3–53.7) μg/dL versus 4.4 (1.5–8.3) μg/dL; P=0.005], glucagon [186 (46–3128) pg/mL versus 97 (30–252) pg/mL; P=0.001], and norepinephrine [1.5 (0.2–16.4) pg/mL versus 0.63 (0.21–3.61) pg/mL; P=0.003]. Compared with controls, critically ill cats also had a significantly lower median plasma insulin concentration [9 (2–52) μU/mL versus 17 (3–35) μU/mL; P=0.04]. The presence or degree of hyperglycemia in critically ill cats was not related to any single measured variable. Conclusions: Similar to critically ill human patients, alterations in carbohydrate metabolism are present in critically ill cats and likely contribute to the hyperglycemia commonly observed in this population.
Quantitative phase and amplitude imaging using Differential-Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy

We present an extension of the development of an alternating minimization (AM) method for the computation of a specimen's complex transmittance function (magnitude and phase) from DIC images. The ability to extract both quantitative phase and amplitude information from two rotationally-diverse DIC images (i.e., acquired by rotating the sample) extends previous efforts in computational DIC microscopy that have focused on quantitative phase imaging only. Simulation results show that the inverse problem at hand is sensitive to noise as well as to the choice of the AM algorithm parameters. The AM framework allows constraints and penalties on the magnitude and phase estimates to be incorporated in a principled manner. Towards this end, Green and De Pierro's "log-cosh" regularization penalty is applied to the magnitude of differences of neighboring values of the complex-valued function of the specimen during the AM iterations. The penalty is shown to be convex in the complex space. A procedure to approximate the penalty within the iterations is presented. In addition, a methodology to pre-compute AM parameters that are optimal with respect to the convergence rate of the AM algorithm is also presented. Both extensions of the AM method are investigated with simulations.
Bibliometric analysis of health services research in otolaryngology journals.

ObjectiveDetermine current health services research (HSR) publication trends in major general otolaryngology journals.Study DesignBibliometric analysis.MethodsAll main issues of 8 high-impact gener...
IGF-1-induced VEGF and IGFBP-3 secretion correlates with increased HIF-1 alpha expression and activity in retinal pigment epithelial cell line D407.

Purpose To examine insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 stimulation of expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line D407. Methods D407 cells cultured in dishes or Transwell inserts were treated with cobalt chloride or varying doses of IGF-1. Whole cell lysates were assayed by immunoblot for HIF-1 alpha expression, whereas conditioned medium was TCA precipitated and assayed by immunoblot for VEGF and ligand blot for IGFBP-3. Cells grown on coverslips were similarly treated and probed with antibodies to HIF-1 alpha, VEGF, and IGFBP-3, and visualized by epifluorescence microscopy. Cells grown on Transwell inserts were probed with antibodies to the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha-1 subunit and either the alpha or beta subunits of the IGF-1 receptor and visualized in Z-section using confocal microscopy. Results Immunoblot analysis of whole cell lysates from IGF-1-treated D407 cells revealed the upregulation of HIF-1 alpha protein. Epifluorescence microscopy demonstrated a positive correlation between HIF-1 alpha expression and nuclear localization, VEGF and IGFBP-3 synthesis and export, and IGF-1 action. Western and ligand blot analyses of RPE cell-conditioned medium indicated that IGF-1 induced increases in VEGF and IGFBP-3 secretion. Cells grown on Transwell inserts exhibited constitutive apical secretion of VEGF and IGFBP-3, which increased on apical or basolateral treatment with IGF-1. Confocal analysis of Transwell-cultured D407 cells confirmed the apical localization of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha-1 subunit, characteristic of polarized RPE, with IGF-1 receptor alpha and beta subunits exhibiting a nonpolarized distribution. Conclusions IGF-1 stimulates increased HIF-1 alpha expression as well as VEGF and IGFBP-3 secretion in D407 cells. Similar to their in vivo counterparts, D407 cells maintain reversed epithelial polarity. Apical secretion of VEGF and IGFBP-3 increases in response to either apical or basolateral IGF-1 stimulation consistent with the nonpolarized distribution of IGF-1 receptors.
EXTINCTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN SINGLE‐STRENGTH ORANGE JUICE: COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DETECTION IN MIXED POPULATIONS1

The FDA method of selective enrichment followed by selective plating on modified McBride agar was capable of detecting the presence of L. monocytogenes inoculated into a typical, commerical, reconstituted, single-strength orange juice at the 100 cfu/mL level. The KOH shock treatment, formerly recommended in the FDA protocol, negatively affected recovery of Listeria at 100 and 101 levels in juice which also had a low background microflora (102 cfu/mL total count); however, KOH treatment was required for Listeria detection in juice which had high background microflora (108 cfu/mL). Two other protocols for detection of Listeria which utilized cold enrichment or different selective enrichment media were less effective than the FDA procedure due to heavy growth of background microflora. No Listeria was detected in 100 commerical orange juice samples from dairy and nondairy processors in geographically distinct areas of North America using the FDA method.
Treatment of Acute Bacterial Endocarditis by Valve Excision and Replacement

This report describes a 45-year-old man who developed acute bacterial endocarditis involving the aortic valve due to Klebsiella type 19. Consequent to the infection the patient developed aortic insufficiency and congestive heart failure. The patient failed to respond adequately to antibiotic therapy alone and rapid clinical deterioration required that the aortic valve be replaced despite the presence of active infection. Excision of the aortic valve appears to have removed the site of infection and replacement with a Starr prosthesis has corrected the aortic insufficiency. The patient has been followed for 15 months since the operative procedure, during which time he has returned to his work as a bricklayer. The encouraging result obtained in this patient suggests that in selected instances, valve excision and replacement under antibiotic coverage provide a possible therapeutic approach to certain difficult cases of active bacterial endocarditis.
Legacy tourism: the search for personal meaning in heritage travel.

Abstract In recent years, the existence and nature of the heritage tourism market has attracted substantial attention in the tourism industry. There appears to be a sub-segment of the heritage market that consists of tourists who have a personal connection with their heritage beyond a general relationship of collective ancestry. Those that travel to engage in genealogical endeavors, to search for information on or to simply feel connected to ancestors and ancestral roots are categorized as legacy tourists. This paper describes the heritage tourism market, discusses distinguishing characteristics that identify legacy tourists, and emphasizes to tourism managers the importance of recognizing and responding to this segment.
Geological terrains and crater frequencies on Ariel

The southern hemisphere of Ariel, a satellite of Uranus, can be divided into several terrain types. Data on the size-frequency distribution of craters for those different terrain types indicate that these terrains formed over a relatively short period of time. Much information on Ariel's geological history can be gained from these data.
Cancer pain management in ambulatory care: can we link assessment and action to outcomes?

Purpose Good cancer pain control requires appropriate assessment and treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among physician, nurse practitioner, and nurse knowledge, documentation of assessment, treatment, and pain reduction in cancer patients seen in ambulatory settings.
Thermal and quantum noise

One purpose of this article is to develop the theory of black body radiation, thermal noise, and quantum noise from a few basic physical principles. A second purpose is to show how these results apply to certain areas such as antenna theory and ideal receivers. It is hoped that having this related material collected and presented in the language of the electronics engineer will be of tutorial value.
Process Video in Scientific Higher Education

Television has not been used well in modern universities, although technology is well advanced. In scientific education, despite the instrument-dependent nature of modern science, most methods neglect behaviors of teachers and learners. In contrast, variants of “process video” that are described here emphasized three-way interactions among instructors, students, and video machinery. Guidelines show how simple video assistance was introduced and developed gradually into more fully instrumented learning environments, with examples taken from a variety of experimental classrooms. It was concluded that a science of learning which merges video and computer science can help to integrate research, teaching, and service functions of postsecondary institutions.
Influence of fiber optic probe geometry on the applicability of inverse models of tissue reflectance spectroscopy: computational models and experimental measurements

Accurate recovery of tissue optical properties from in vivo spectral measurements is crucial for improving the clinical utility of optical spectroscopic techniques. The performance of inversion algorithms can be optimized for the specific fiber optic probe illumination-collection geometry. A diffusion-theory-based inversion method has been developed for the extraction of tissue optical properties from the shape of normalized tissue diffusion reflectance spectra, specifically tuned for a fiber probe that comprises seven hexagonally close-packed fibers. The central fiber of the probe goes to the spectrometer as the detecting fiber, and the surrounding six outer fibers are connected to the white-light source as illumination fibers. The accuracy of the diffusion-based inversion algorithm has been systematically assessed against Monte Carlo (MC) simulation as a function of probe geometry and tissue optical property combinations. By use of this algorithm, the spectral absorption and scattering coefficients of normal and cancerous tissue are efficiently retrieved. Although there are significant differences between the diffusion approximation and the MC simulation at short source-detector (SD) separations, we show that with our algorithm the tissue optical properties are well retrieved within the SD separation of 0.5-3 mm that is compatible with endoscopic specifications. The presented inversion method is computationally efficient for eventual real-time in vivo tissue diagnostics application.
Theoretical implications of articulatory duration, phonological similarity, and phonological complexity in verbal working memory.

The phonological-loop model provides a prominent theoretical description of verbal working memory. According to it, serial recall accuracy should be inversely related to the articulatory duration and phonological similarity of verbal items in memorized sequences. Initial tests of these predictions by A. D. Baddeley and colleagues (e.g., A. D. Baddeley, N. Thomson, & M. Buchanan, 1975) appeared to support the phonological-loop model, but subsequent researchers have obtained conflicting data that putatively disconfirm its assumptions. Such conflicts may have stemmed from less than ideal measurements of articulatory duration and phonological similarity. This article discusses these concerns and proposes new theoretically principled methods for measuring articulatory duration and phonological similarity. Two experiments that used these methods in the context of a verbal serial recall task are reported. The results of these experiments confirm and extend the predictions of the phonological-loop model while disarming previous criticisms of it.
The stacking fault energy of some copper silicon alloys

Abstract The composition and temperature dependence of the stacking fault energy in a series of dilute Cu-Si alloys was measured using extended node techniques, texture measurements, and X-ray fault probability measurements. The node and fault probability measurements indicate a smooth decrease in stacking fault energy with silicon content between 0 and 6.9 at. % silicon. Texture measurements indicate a maximum in the stacking fault energy-composition curve at low silicon contents but this is probably due to some factor other than a true increase in fault energy. Using node measurements the stacking fault energy in the Cu-6.9% Si alloy was observed to irreversibly increase slightly when heating to temperatures above 300°C.
Functional response ofTelenomus reynoldsi [Hym.: Scelionidae] at five constant temperatures and in an artificial plant arena

The functional response ofTelenomus reynoldsi Gordh & Coker was determined at 5 constant temperatures using a dish arena. Functional response curves at all temperatures were of Holling's Type II. Handling rate increased linearly with increasing temperature, whereas the relationship of search rate to temperature was best described by a quadratic model. Search rate was highest at 32°C. Using Rogers' random parasite equation, analysis of the functional response in a more complex arena containing an artificial plant provided estimates of search and handling rates that may be more appropriate in the field environment. Search rate was 6,680 cm2/day. Handling rate was 13 hosts/day.
Review of Proceedings of the Eighth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference

The Eighth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference was held April 2–6, 2006, in Reno, Nevada. Proceedings and individual conference papers can be downloaded for free at www.jfic.org. The next Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference will be held in mid-2010 in conjunction with the Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference. The conference was sponsored by the Subcommittee on Sedimentation, which is chartered under the Advisory Committee on Water Information of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The conference included a wide range of presentations on many sedimentation issues, including sediment yield and transport, sediment and wildlife habitat, watershed modeling, reservoir sedimentation, dam removal and rehabilitation geomorphology, stream restoration, sediment surrogates, instrumentation and turbidity, and sediment tracers. Several notable papers were presented on the sediment yield and transportation applications of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation’s GSTARS-1D model by Jianchun Huang, Blair Greimann, Travis Bauer, and Chris Holmquist-Johnson, and estimates of hillside erosion and sediment yield in Southern California by Peter Wohlgemuth. The proceedings also included interesting papers on stable channel design, such as one presented by Martin Teal and Phillip Anderson. Additional papers were presented on sediment transport computations in HEC-RAS, including the incorporation of HEC6 and the use of a new sediment analysis tool known as SIAM. These papers were presented by Stan Gibson and Charles Little Jr. of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and David Mooney of the Bureau of Reclamation.
Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to ketoheptose phosphate by calf-lung enzyme.

Abstract The calf-lung enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to ketoheptose phosphate was purified and concentrated using ammonium sulfate fractionation. The protein collected within the limits of 0.6 to 0.7 saturation with respect to ammonium sulfate was extracted with 0.65 saturated ammonium sulfate to dissolve the enzyme. The product after repeating this process represents a 20-fold increase in specific activity over the starting material. Also, it is much less capable of producing heptose phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate. Terminal glycol linkage present in 3-ketoheptose phosphate was determined by its cleavage with periodate to yield formaldehyde which is measured with the chromotropic acid procedure Two pH optima were exhibited, the one at 5.5 showed equivalence of terminal glycol and heptose and that at 7.5 more heptose than terminal glycol.
Shaping Circuits for High Voltage Impulses

The calculation of the resistance values necessary to generate a particular double exponential impulse shape or the calculation of the two time constants from the resistance and capacitance values is a difficult and time consuming problem if done rigorously. In order to simplify these calculations, an approximation method has been developed which can be carried to any degree of accuracy by an iterative procedure. For normal purposes the initial calculations, done with a slide rule, will yield results of a sufficiently high accuracy.
Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species’ Optimum Elevations

Uphill shifts of species' distributions in response to historical warming are well documented, which leads to widespread expectations of continued uphill shifts under future warming. Conversely, downhill shifts are often considered anomalous and unrelated to climate change. By comparing the altitudinal distributions of 64 plant species between the 1930s and the present day within California, we show that climate changes have resulted in a significant downward shift in species' optimum elevations. This downhill shift is counter to what would be expected given 20th-century warming but is readily explained by species' niche tracking of regional changes in climatic water balance rather than temperature. Similar downhill shifts can be expected to occur where future climate change scenarios project increases in water availability that outpace evaporative demand.
Theoretical investigation of the transition states leading to HCl elimination in 2-chloropropene

This paper describes ab initio electronic structure calculations on the planar transition states of 2-chloropropene leading to HCI elimination in the ground electronic state to form either propyne or allene as the cofragment. The calculations provide optimized geometries of the transition states for these two reaction channels, together with vibrational frequencies, barrier heights, and reaction endothermicities. The calculated barrier heights for the two distinct four-centre HCI elimination transition states, one leading to HCI and propyne and the other leading to HCI and allene, are 72.5kcalmol−1 (77.8kcalmol−1 without zero-point correction) and 73.2kcalmol−1 (78.7kcalmol−1) at the MP2/6-311G(d, p) level, 71.Okcalmol−1 (76.3kcalmol−1) and 70.5kcalmol−1 (76.0kcalmol−1) at the QCISD(T)/6-311 +G(d, p)//MP2/6-311G(d, p) level, and 66.9kcalmol−1 (71.7kcalmol−1) and 67.3kcalmol−1 (72.1kcalmol1) at the G3//B3LYP level of theory. Calculated harmonic vibrational frequencies at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level along with...