cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Outcome of Type II SLAP Repair: A Systematic Review

Purpose The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the outcome of arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP lesions in order to assess the effectiveness of current methods of treatment. Methods We performed a systematic review of the results of repair of type II SLAP lesions. Inclusion criteria included outcome studies of repair of type II SLAP lesions with minimum 2-year follow-up and Level IV evidence or higher published in the English language in peer-reviewed journals. Results There is no Level I or II evidence for SLAP repair outcome. Regarding the general outcome after type II SLAP repair, the percentage of good and excellent results ranged from 40% to 94%. Return to previous level of play ranged from 20% to 94%. Overhead athletes are the most challenging to return to the previous level of performance for this diagnosis, and their return rate reflects this. Five studies reported these results, and the rate of return ranged from 22% to 64% for baseball players. Conclusions Arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP tears results in overall excellent results for individuals not involved in throwing or overhead sports. The results of type II SLAP repair in throwing or overhead athletes are much less predictable. Future studies should be prospective in nature and at least use a longitudinal prospective cohort design to determine predictors of outcome. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
Early elevation of testosterone advances migratory preparation in a songbird

SUMMARY The timing of events associated with spring migration can be an important determinant of fitness for migratory birds. The need to prepare and maintain physical condition for migration is one demand that must be met for early arrival on breeding areas, and this demand is compounded by the energetic demands of the physiological transition to breeding. Here, we examined whether migratory birds, specifically males, can adequately meet both of these demands by elevating the sex steroid testosterone early during migratory preparation. To test this, we used a captive experiment in which we photostimulated male dark-eyed juncos ( Junco hyemalis ) and manipulated circulating testosterone. We predicted males with elevated testosterone would prepare to migrate and breed faster than control males or males where the ability of testosterone to bind with receptors, or be converted to estradiol, was inhibited (testosterone inhibited). We measured migratory preparation using mass, food intake, fat deposits and nocturnal activity ( Zugunruhe ). To estimate breeding preparation, we measured the diameter of the cloacal protuberance (CP). We found that males in the testosterone treatment group began migratory preparation approximately 10 days before controls. There was no difference in the magnitude of peak migratory condition between testosterone-implanted birds and controls. Males implanted with testosterone also reached the onset of breeding preparation faster and had larger peak CP diameter compared with controls. Testosterone-inhibited birds showed no signs of migratory preparation and only a weak increase in CP diameter. These results demonstrate that early elevation of testosterone during migratory preparation could incur benefits for males in terms of the ability to depart earlier from non-breeding areas and arrive in a more advanced breeding condition. This experiment demonstrates that there may be important physiological underpinnings to known winter to breeding season carry-over effects in migratory birds.
The Effect of Preoperative Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery on Wound Complications after Resection of Extremity Soft-Tissue Sarcomas

Major wound complications (MWCs) are frequent after preoperative radiotherapy (RT) for extremity soft-tissue sarcoma (STS). We examined the rate of MWCs at a single institution with readily available reconstructive surgery. The medical records of consecutively treated extremity STS patients treated with preoperative external-beam RT and surgical resection from June 1996 through February 2003 were reviewed. Patients underwent RT (median 50 Gy), followed by resection 4–8 weeks later. Patients believed to be at higher risk for MWC underwent wound closure by the reconstructive surgery service (RSS). MWCs included secondary operation, invasive procedure, hospital readmission, or persistent deep packing or dressing changes. A total of 173 patients underwent preoperative RT. Median age was 54 years; 51% were female; 80% had lower extremity STS. Wound closure was performed by the primary surgeon in 91 cases (53%). The RSS performed wound closure in the remaining 82 patients (47%). One or more MWCs occurred in 55 patients (32%). Wound complications were more likely in patients with lower extremity (49/138, 36%) than upper extremity (6/35, 17%) STS (P = 0.03). Among patients with lower-risk wounds closed by the primary surgical team, 29 (32%) experienced MWC, whereas in the higher-risk patients closed by the RSS, MWC occurred in 26 (32%). MWCs are frequent after preoperative RT and occur more commonly in patients with lower extremity tumors. The MWC rate observed in a single-institution setting was comparable to that observed in the preoperative therapy arm of a multicenter Canadian trial. Patients believed to be at higher risk for MWCs undergoing RSS closure have MWC rates comparable to those with lower-risk wounds closed by the primary team.
Analysis of Human Osteoarthritic Connective Tissue by Laser Capture Microdissection and QRT-PCR

Gene expression levels for type II collagen and aggrecan have been determined as potential measures and disease markers of human osteoarthritis in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. In this regard, specimens of affected articular cartilage obtained intraoperatively at the time of surgery were placed in RNAlaterTM to maintain RNA integrity and subsequently frozen-sectioned. Individual or small numbers of chondrocytes were isolated by laser capture microdissection and their total RNA was extracted and analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results indicate that type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expression from specific cells in osteoarthritic tissues are detectable and reproducible using these approaches. Our work is the first to demonstrate successful isolation of RNA limited to chondrocytes comprising small quantities of human osteoarthritic material. The study presents a new avenue by which the disease and its progression may be critically assayed.
Dynamic screening effects in photoemission from oriented acetylene.

The polarizability and photoemission cross section and asymmetry parameters for the 1${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{u}$ level of acetylene (${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$) has been given previously in the time-dependent local-density approximation. In this work real-space pictures of the time-dependent potentials are given for acetylene demonstrating metalliclike screening except for energies near the previously reported autoionization resonance in the 1${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{u}$ cross section of acetylene. The character of the on-resonance screening is understood in terms of underlying molecular orbitals participating in the resonance. The differential partial cross sections for the 1${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{u}$ level are discussed in terms of the screening potentials. In general, the effect of dynamic screening is to cause the angular distribution of the outgoing photoelectrons to be enhanced in the direction of the external field.
Transient recruitment of the hnRNP K protein to inducibly transcribed gene loci

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K protein is an RNA- and DNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of multiple processes that comprise gene expression. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to explore K protein interactions with serum-inducible, constitutively expressed and untranscribed gene loci in vivo. In the rat HTC-IR hepatoma cell line, serum treatment induced transient increases in the mRNA levels of two immediate-early genes, egr-1 and c-myc. ChIP analysis showed that the induction of egr-1 and c-myc genes was associated with a transient recruitment of K protein to multiple sites within each of these loci, including the promoter and transcribed regions. In contrast, recruitment of K protein to the constitutively transcribed beta-actin locus and to randomly chosen non-transcribed loci was far weaker. In rat mesangial cells, c-myc was constitutively expressed while egr-1 remained serum responsive. In these cells, ChIP analysis showed serum-induced recruitment to the inducible egr-1 but not to the c-myc locus. Pre-treatment with the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D blocked the inducible but not the constitutive binding of K protein to these loci. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the transient recruitment of K protein to serum-responsive loci depends on the inducible transcription of these immediate-early genes.
Mutation in the hemagglutinin of A/N-WS/33 influenza virus recombinants influencing sensitivity to trypsin and antigenic reactivity☆

Abstract The hemagglutination activity of the influenza virus A/RI/5-/57 (H2N2) is resistant to trypsin treatment, but that of A/N-WS/33 (HONI) is rapidly lost on exposure to trypsin. Two recombinant viruses, both of which derive their HO hemagglutinin from NWS and their N2 neuraminidase from RI/5−, show different sensitivity to trypsin. The hemagglutination activity of X-12, like that of NWS, is rapidly lost, whereas the activity of X-29 shows a trypsin sensitivity intermediate between that of the NWS and RI/5− parental viruses. Trypsin sensitivity of hemagglutination activity is a phenotypic marker that is associated in the present case with minimal antigenic differences as revealed by conventional serological techniques using subtype-specific antisera. The specific property of slow trypsin sensitivity, which can revert to fast trypsin sensitivity, is probably due to one or a limited number of point mutations in the hemagglutinin gene. The selection of minor antigenic variants may occur fortuitously during exposure of the virus to nonimmunologic pressures. Although X-12 and X-29 viruses differ with respect to ratios of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins per virion, neither the amount nor the antigenic nature of the neuraminidase protein influences the relative trypsin sensitivity of the associated viral hemagglutinin. Selective removal of hemagglutinin spikes by trypsin has revealed the morphology and spacing of the neuraminidase spikes in situ.
A reinvestigation of the Cl + ClONO2 reaction by flash photolysis resonance fluorescence

Abstract The reaction of Cl atoms with chlorine nitrate has been reinvestigated by flash photolysis resonance fluorescence over the temperature range 220–296 K. The new results can be fit to the Arrhenius expression k 1 = 7.3 × 10 −12 exp(165/ T ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , in good agreement with another recent study but significantly different from our earlier work. Reasons for these differences are suggested and their significance discussed.
Differential effects of dimethylsulfoxide on the activities of human DNA polymerases α and δ

The effects of dimethylsulfoxide on the activities of purified human placental DNA polymerase alpha and DNA polymerase delta were examined. DNA polymerase alpha was inhibited by dimethylsulfoxide, whereas DNA polymerase delta was significantly activated, by as much as 6-fold. Kinetic data show that the effect of dimethylsulfoxide on DNA polymerase delta activity was due to a reduction in the apparent Km for its substrate, dTTP. This novel finding of the differential effects of dimethylsulfoxide on the activities of polymerases alpha and delta may be useful in their identification and differential assay.
Religiosity and Preferences for Life-Prolonging Medical Treatments in African-American and White Elders: A Mediation Study:

Research on end-of-life treatment preferences has documented robust racial differences, with African-Americans preferring more life-prolonging treatment than Whites. Although little research has attempted to explain these racial differences systematically, speculation has centered on religiosity. We examined a dimension of religiosity frequently invoked in end-of-life research—guidance by God's will—as a potential mediator of racial differences in such treatment preferences. Three hundred African-American and White men and women aged 60 or older participated in a 35-minute telephone interview that elicited preferences for four common life-prolonging treatments in each of nine health scenarios. The questionnaire included the five-item God's will (GW) scale, a health conditions checklist, a depression measure, and sociodemographic questions. GW mediated racial differences at least partially for most treatments and in most health scenarios. Implications are discussed for understanding end-of-life treatment p...
A framework for the robotic assembly of parts with general geometries

This is a sequel of a paper entitled: ‘A framework for the economic evaluation of production system and product design alternatives for robot assembly’ (AbdelMalek and Boucher 1985). The previous work introduced guidelines for the robotic assembly of a ‘peg-in-a-hole’. This paper extends the previous work to cover the robotic assembly of parts with general geometries. The paper analyses the effect of the diiferent parameters involved in the robotic assembly process on its feasibility.
Influence of nutrients on the utilization of woolen fabric as a food for larvae of Attagenus megatoma (F.) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Abstract Although 6-week-old larvae of Attagenus megatoma (F.) fed on undyed, scoured woolen test fabric, growth did not occur unless the wool was treated with a combination of cholesterol, vitamins, and minerals. The addition of minerals greatly increased the rate of consumption of the wool; thus these chemicals should be considered feeding stimulants for A. megatoma . The ability of the larvae to digest the wool was independent of the nutrient treatment as judged by the values for approximate digestibility and by the similarity in the nitrogenous excretory products from larval feces. Larvae feeding on wool treated with the combination of nutrients had an efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body substance of 6·6 per cent and an efficiency of conversion of digested food into body substance of 14·1 per cent.
STUDIES ON FATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA IN AXENIC (GERMFREE) PIGLETS.

Summary1. The newborn, germfree piglet soon develops a state of severe hypogly-cemia with a corresponding decline in general metabolism unless glucose is present in the available diet. Our finding of a virtual absence of intestinal lactase activity (β-galacto-sidase) in the small intestine of axenic piglets suggests a failure of hydrolysis of lactose in the sterile, homogenized cow's milk feedings. 2. Our preliminary studies with germ-free piglets reveal similar hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activities between the normo-glycemic (SPF) and hypoglycemic (GF) pigs. The activity of hepatic phosphoryl-ase was also essentially the same for the normoglycemic (SPF) and hypoglycemic (GF) piglets and was in the range of activity usually found in normal rat liver. 3. Since blood glucose concentration depends upon the balance between entry, alimentary or hepatic, and removal, utilization and storage, a comprehensive study of the hypoglycemic syndrome in the piglet involves several parameters. Rate of glucose utilizat...
Racial Differences and Racial Disparities: The Distinction Matters

Those who practice medicine in the United States are unavoidably confronted by the fact that health status, disease burden, and life span vary by population groups – particularly the persistent reality that cardiovascular disease outcomes are poorer in African Americans than in European Americans (the majority reference group), Asian Americans (those from China and Japan having best outcomes, those from South Asia having higher disease burden at younger ages), and Hispanic Americans (who experience better than expected outcomes despite having many risk factors). The causes for population variation in health outcomes are multifactorial and can include biological, environmental (physical and social), genetic, epigenetic, and social determinants, a mixture of disparities and differences. Article see p 882 In this issue of Circulation , Kilic et al1 have examined clinical characteristics, biological features, and 1-year posttransplant mortality with the use of data from nearly 19 000 patients who have undergone orthotropic heart transplantation in the United States over a 10-year period. They compared clinical characteristics, immunologic features, and 1-year posttransplant outcomes among 3 US racial/ethnic groups designated as black (African American), white, and Hispanic. Significant differences were identified in 1-year posttransplant mortality and in several categories of variables that might impact posttransplant mortality, principally between African Americans and whites. Differences between whites and Hispanics were few. Variables included a few general social factors (highest level of education attained, insurance type); selected clinical features (renal function, time on the waiting list before transplant, etiology of heart failure, need for pretransplant mechanical support, donor and recipient risk scores, and posttransplant medication compliance); and a small number of biological features (degree of blood type and human leukocyte antigen matching, recipient sex, and donor recipient racial concordance). The key finding was a significantly higher adjusted and unadjusted 1-year posttransplant mortality for African Americans in comparison …
Aquatic fate of synfuel residuals: Bioaccumulation of aniline and phenol by the freshwater phytoplankter Scenedesmus quadricauda

Coal liquefaction compounds could, through accidental release, enter aquatic environments. Experiments were conducted to determine the kinetics, degree of bioconcentration and stability of two of these compounds at the first level of the aquatic food web. We exposed the freshwater phytoplankter Scenedesmus quadricauda to sublethal concentrations of 14C-labeled phenol and aniline. Both accumulation and elimination occurred within a few hours and followed hyperbolic kinetics. Results indicate that substantial quantities of accumulated compounds remain as the parent compound (22% for phenol and 52% for aniline) for up to 24 h and could be available to animals higher in the food web. Bioconcentration factors [(nm parent compound/cm3 phytoplankton) ÷ (nm parent compound/cm3 water)] were 3.5 for phenol and 91 for aniline.
How preservice teachers interpret and respond to student errors: ratio and proportion in similar rectangles

Interpreting and responding to student thinking are central tasks of reform-minded mathematics teaching. This study examined preservice teachers' (PSTs) interpretations of and responses to a student's error(s) involving finding a missing length in similar rectangles through a teaching scenario task. Fifty-seven PSTs' responses were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Analysis results revealed that although the student's errors came from conceptual aspects of similarity, a majority of PSTs identified the errors as stemming from procedural aspects of similarity, subsequently guiding them by invoking procedural knowl- edge. This study also revealed two different forms of address and teaching actions in PST interventions along with three categories of acts of communication barriers. The broader implications of the study for international communities are discussed in accordance with the findings.
Young mothers’ decisions to use marijuana: A test of an expanded theory of planned behaviour

The current study examines the Theory of Planned Behaviour's (TPB) ability to predict marijuana use among young women who experienced a premarital pregnancy before the age of 18 years, using longitudinal data. The validity of the TPB assumption that all other variables work through TPB constructs is also tested. Indicators of four constructs that have been shown in the literature to be predictive of marijuana use–persistent environmental adversity, emotional distress, adolescent marijuana use and drug use in the social network–were tested as predictors of attitudes, norms and self-efficacy, in a structural equation modelling framework. All paths from distal predictors were through the mediating TPB constructs, in accordance with the tenets of the model. Implications of these findings for the TPB model and for understanding factors that lead to marijuana use are discussed.
Gender Nonconformity, Sexual Orientation, and Psychological Well-Being

Both a same-sex sexual orientation and gender nonconformity have been linked with poorer well-being; however, sexual orientation and gender nonconformity are also correlated. It is, therefore, critical to investigate their independent contributions to well-being. Based on survey responses of 230 female and 245 male high school seniors, the present study is one of the first to provide empirical data on this topic. Both childhood and adolescent gender nonconformity were negatively related to well-being. In the same analyses, neither sexual orientation nor biological sex was a significant predictor of well-being. These results suggest that gender-atypical traits may be more relevant for psychological health than a same-sex sexual orientation. Both environmental and biological influences may account for these findings.
Identification of the Hydroxycinnamtic Acid Derivatives in Cranberries

A procedure is presented for identification of cranberry hydroxycinnamic acids. Individual compounds were purified and identifications accomplished by using a variety of analytical techniques such as UV spectroscopy, colorimetric tests, paper chromatography, P-glucosidase hydrolysis and high performance liquid chromatography. The identified compounds include glucose derivatives of p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids. The absence of hydroxycinnamic acid-quinic acid esters in cranberries has been substantiated.
Solidarism in the City Streets La Société protectrice contre les excès de l'automobilisme and the Problem of Traffic in Early Twentieth-Century Paris

By examining the case of La Societe protectrice contre les exces de l'automobilisme, an early twentieth-century anti-automobile advocacy group composed of attorneys, this article explores how Parisians reacted to the changes wrought by the introduction of automobiles into the city streets. Cars were dangerous, and many believed they threatened to turn public thoroughfares into the private preserve of drivers whose speed changed the ways in which Parisians could use their streets. Drawing on Solidarist principles, this group promoted a kind of `urban Solidarism' in an attempt to rebalance the relationship between cars and their urban surroundings, and to shame drivers into showing more socially responsible behaviour.
Genetic Trends in Milk Production in an Experiment Station Jersey Herd

Abstract First-calf heifers (625 lactation records, 50 paternal half-sister groups) at the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station averaged 2,773kg milk, 5.22% milk fat, and 144kg milk fat for 1931 to 1968. Weighted regression analyses of least-squares year constants, with sires included or omitted from the model, estimated annual trends. Genetic trends for milk and fat yields and fat percentage were 37.5±6.4kg, 1.45±.31kg, and —.016±.004% ; environmental trends were —14.0kg, —.29kg, and +.017%. If negative environmental trends in yields were accepted at face value, possible explanations include gradual increase in herd size, other management practices which might have led to increased competition between heifers and older cows, and the addition of animals of the four other major dairy breeds.
Automated image analysis identifies signaling pathways regulating distinct signatures of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy is controlled by a complex signal transduction and gene regulatory network, containing multiple layers of crosstalk and feedback. While numerous individual components of this network have been identified, understanding how these elements are coordinated to regulate heart growth remains a challenge. Past approaches to measure cardiac myocyte hypertrophy have been manual and often qualitative, hindering the ability to systematically characterize the network's higher-order control structure and identify therapeutic targets. Here, we develop and validate an automated image analysis approach for objectively quantifying multiple hypertrophic phenotypes from immunofluorescence images. This approach incorporates cardiac myocyte-specific optimizations and provides quantitative measures of myocyte size, elongation, circularity, sarcomeric organization, and cell-cell contact. As a proof-of-concept, we examined the hypertrophic response to α-adrenergic, β-adrenergic, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and fetal bovine serum pathways. While all five hypertrophic pathways increased myocyte size, other hypertrophic metrics were differentially regulated, forming a distinct phenotype signature for each pathway. Sarcomeric organization was uniquely enhanced by α-adrenergic signaling. TNFα and α-adrenergic pathways markedly decreased cell circularity due to increased myocyte protrusion. Surprisingly, adrenergic and IGF-1 pathways differentially regulated myocyte-myocyte contact, potentially forming a feed-forward loop that regulates hypertrophy. Automated image analysis unlocks a range of new quantitative phenotypic data, aiding dissection of the complex hypertrophic signaling network and enabling myocyte-based high-content drug screening.
Macular cherry-red spots and myoclonus with dementia: Coexistent neuraminidase and β-galactosidase deficiencies

Abstract A patient was previously characterized as having a variant form of GM1 gangliosidosis based on severe deficiencies in β-galactosidase activity in both leukocytes and fibroblasts using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactoside and GM1 ganglioside. Reexamination of her cultured fibroblasts revealed a severe deficiency in neuraminidase activity using neuramin lactose, fetuin and 2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid as substrates, but normal neuraminidase activity using GM3 ganglioside as a substrate. The presence of normal levels of β-galactosidase activity in leukocytes from the mother of the patient indicates that the β-galactosidase deficiency is not the primary enzyme defect in this type of patient.
Conduction Velocity in the Central Nervous System of the Cat During Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination

In adult cats, cerebrospinal fluid manipulation over the lumbar dorsal columns produces a demyelinative lesion at the site of barbotage. Following demyelination, remyelination of fibers in this lesion most likely occurs. Conduction velocities were measured in the fastest conducting dorsal column fibers in the thoracolumbar segments in normal animals and in those with demyelinative lesions of varying duration. In animals with lesions from 2 to 24 weeks in duration, conduction velocities were reduced at the site of the lesion compared with those determined in normals or in segments caudal and rostral to the lesion. In animals with lesions from 32 to 38 weeks in duration, velocities were normal at the site of the lesion. This study supports the theory that the speed of nerve transmission in mammalian CNS fibers can be reduced by the process of demyelination and that with subsequent incomplete remyelination, conduction velocity can be normal.
Early immunopathologic events in experimental diabetic nephropathy: a study in db/db mice.

Abstract The natural history of the nephropathy in the diabetic mouse ( db db ) was examined during the first 5 months of life. Age-matched nondiabetic heterozygotes ( DB db ) served as controls. At 1 month of age, diabetic animals were recognized by the appearance of early obesity. Weight gain in the diabetics followed a Gompertz growth curve, which peaked at 4–5 months. Nonfasting blood glucose levels were not significantly different between controls (155 ± 3) and diabetics (169 ± 18) at 1 month, but older diabetics were overtly hyperglycemic. Immunofluorescent microscopy of the diabetic kidney at 1 month showed significant immunoglobulin deposition in the glomerular mesangium as compared to controls. IgM was the most prominent immunoglobin followed by IgG and IgA. Initially focal and segmental, the distribution of fluorescent staining became more diffuse with advancing age, whereas the intensity demonstrated only a modest increase. Diabetics differed significantly from controls at all time periods and with each immunoglobulin stain. Five-month-old diabetics exhibited linear albumin staining on glomerular and tubular basement membranes. Light microscopy revealed focal and segmental mesangial matrix expansion in diabetics at 2 and 3 months, becoming more diffuse in older animals. In this animal model of diabetes mellitus, immunopathologic evidence of glomerulopathy is apparent at the onset of the diabetic state, in the absence of severe hyperglycemia. This observation suggests a subtle alteration in glomerular mesangial function, a factor which may be of importance in the development of progressive glomerulosclerosis.
Interferon induction by viruses. VIII. Vesicular stomatitis virus: (+-)DI-011 particles induce interferon in the absence of standard virions

Abstract Evidence was presented that VSV [±]DI-011 particles, which contain a genome of covalently linked totally self-complementary RNA, were excellent inducers of interferon (IFN)—by virtue of the dsRNA presumed to form within an infected cell, and that one molecule of that dsRNA per cell sufficed to induce a quantum yield of IFN. While the IFN-inducing capacity of [±]DI-011 particle preparations has been confirmed, some researchers contend that DIP by themselves cannot induce IFN and that induction requires the presence of coinfecting (contaminating) standard VSV PFP. Consequently, we reexamined this question and now report that under five different conditions where the function of contaminating standard virus is reduced markedly, or eliminated, there was no diminution of the interferon-inducing particle (IFP) activity in preparations of [±]DI-011 particles. Thus, inactivation of contaminating PFP by uv radiation or heat, the elimination (during induction) of cycling infection through the use of anti-serum (in the case of mouse L cells), and the reduction of PFP by four successive velocity sedimentation-gradient purifications had no adverse affect on the IFN-inducing capacity of DI-011 in either “aged” primary chick embryo cells or in mouse L(Y) cells. Furthermore, dilutions of DI-011 stocks which precluded the presence of even a single PFP still induced IFN in “aged” chick embryo cells. In concert these data demonstrate convincingly that IFN induction by DI-011 particles does not require coinfection with standard virus. It follows that DI-011 particles are intrinsically capable of inducing IFN. The dose-response curves demonstrate that a single particle of DI-011 per cell suffices to induce a quantum yield of IFN; however, whereas virtually all physical particles of DI-011 are scored as IFP in “aged” chick embryo cells, only about 1 in 400 register in mouse L(Y) cells.
Evolution, structure and function of the small heat shock proteins in plants

The a-crystallin-related, small heat shock proteins (smHSPs) are ubiquitous in nature, but are unusually abundant and diverse in higher plants as opposed to other eukaryotes. The smHSPs range in size from ∼17 to 30 kDa and share a conserved C-terminal domain common to all eukaryotic smHSPs and to the α-crystallin proteins of the vertebrate eye lens. In higher plants six nuclear gene families encoding smHSPs have been defined. Each gene family encodes proteins found in a distinct cellular compartment, including the cytosol, chloroplast, ER, and mitochondrion. Evolutionary analysis suggests that the smHSP gene families arose by gene duplication and divergence prior to the radiation of angiosperms. In general, the smHSPs are not found in normal vegetative tissues, but accumulate to high levels in response to heat stress. Specific smHSPs are also expressed during various phases of plant development as part of the endogenous developmental programme. Thus, although the smHSPs are apparently not essential for basal cell functions as are the high molecular weight HSPs such as HSP90, HSP70 and HSP60, their functions are likely to be critical for survival and recovery from heat stress as well as for specific developmental processes. Biochemical analysis indicates that smHSPs are found in high molecular weight complexes between 200-400 kDa that are most likely composed solely of multiple smHSP subunits. Purified recombinant plant smHSPs facilitate reactivation of chemically denatured enzymes in a nucleotide-independent fashion and also prevent heat-induced aggregation or reverse inactivation of protein substrates. Based on these data, it is suggested that smHSPs act in vivo as a type of molecular chaperone to bind partially denatured proteins preventing irreversible protein inactivation and aggregation, and that smHSP chaperone activity contributes to the development of thermotolerance.
Is the period of the circadian oscillator in the eye ofAplysia directly homeostatically regulated

The effect on the circadian oscillator in the isolatedAplysia eye of a number of agents which alter Ca2+ uptake or release by internal membranes has been investigated. The period of the oscillator is increased considerably by the methyl xanthines, Li+, Mn2+, and low concentrations of La3+. The effect of La3− on the oscillator can be reversed with butacaine which also inhibits the blocking effect La3+ has on Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria. The results of this study and other recent work lead us to conclude that the period of the circadian oscillator in the isolatedAplysia eye is most likely indirectly regulated.
Ab initio calculations of cyclopentene adsorbed on the diamond (001) surface

We study cyclopentene adsorbed on the diamond (001) surface by first-principles density-functional calculations within the generalized-gradient approximation. Unlike Si(001), which attains full cyclopentene coverage with a $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface unit cell, we find that diamond can attain only half coverage with a $c(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ unit cell yielding 0.86-eV (per adsorbed cyclopentene) more adsorption energy than a $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ unit cell.
Design of Flutter Characteristics of Composite Wings Using Frequency Constraint Optimization

This paper is concerned with designing an optimum composite flexible wing structure to enhance flutter speed by imposing modal frequency distribution constraints and comparing it with an optimum design obtained with the flutter velocity constraint. The composite wing is subjected to three flight conditions to satisfy stress constraints in addition to modal frequency distribution or flutter constraints. The multidisciplinary optimization system \IASTROS\N was used for this study. This study indicates that flutter velocity of a wing structure can be enhanced with less increase in the weight of the structure by using frequency distribution constraints than flutter velocity constraint. In the case of a design with modal frequency constraints, the distribution of the ±45° and 90° fiber layers provided required stiffness distribution in order to produce an acceptable solution with less increase in weight than the design obtained with flutter velocity constraint. It is speculated that the required stiffness change in order to achieve necessary modal frequency separation can be achieved to prevent flutter by providing a system of “smart” actuating elements distributed within the internal substructure of a wing.
Nicotinic Receptors in the Brain: Links between Molecular Biology and Behavior

Molecular cloning has elucidated the sequence of a family of acetylcholine receptor subunits that are activated by nicotine. Subsequent studies on the localization of individual subunits and the physiological properties of nicotinic subunit combinations in vitro, have led to identification of subunit compositions of nicotinic receptors that may function in vivo, as the native receptor. A particular challenge for the field has been to use these molecular data to determine which individual nicotinic receptor subtype is responsible for mediating each of the behavioral effects of nicotine. Human and animal studies have shown that nicotine is reinforcing and likely responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco. In addition, nicotine has been shown to have effects on locomotion, cognition, affect, and pain sensitivity. Recent studies combining the techniques of molecular biology, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and behavioral analysis to analyze knock out mice that lack individual subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, have helped identify the role of specific nicotinic subunits in some of these complex behaviors. These studies could ultimately be useful in designing specific nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists that may have uses in the clinic.
A preliminary analysis of Oneota and Mississippian serving vessels at the Morton Village Site, west-central Illinois

The Morton Village Site (11-F-2) of west-central Illinois is an important site for understanding late prehistoric interactions between people of the Oneota and Mississippian traditions. Excavations at the site have uncovered ceramic vessels that appear to be inter-ethnic hybrids, combining Oneota decorative motifs with Mississippian forms. Primarily, this article examines metric and decorative motif variation of a sample of serving vessels and provides a preliminary data set that suggests avenues for further research that can be used to help better understand migrant Oneota adaptation to their new social environment. While the vessel forms have been previously noted, this is the first attempt to document their variability at Morton Village and establish their significance at the site.
Deoxyadenosine sugar puckering pathway simulated by the stochastic difference equation algorithm

The conformational transition pathway of sugar puckering between the C2 0 -endo and C3 0 -endo conformations of deoxyadenosine (dA) is reported using the stochastic difference equation (SDE) algorithm, which approximates longtime pathways. The south pucker is favored over the north by 0.34 � 0.2 kcal/mol, and the free energy barrier is about 2.2 � 0.2 kcal/mol above the global minimum. The transition occurs through the east barrier, with significant decrease in puckering amplitude near the barrier. These results are consistent with prior studies on sugars in nucleic acids and indicate that the SDE has potential for large nucleic acid and nucleic acid/protein systems. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Operating room information systems

O NE OF THE FIRST milestones in operating room (OR) information management was Harvey Cushing's creation of an anesthetic record in 1894. These early records chronicled the patient's pulse and respiratory rate along with pertinent surgical observations. Since that time, the number of details and amount of information recorded on the anesthetic record has increased dramatically. Webster's dictionary defines information as "knowledge acquired in any manner; facts, data, learning, lore." Anesthesiologists are exposed to a tremendous volume of information. Laid upon a foundation of 20 or more years of formal education are the facts and lore acquired during 4 years of residency and the seemingly endless stream of data presented each minute spent in the OR with a patient. If we wish to provide quality care to our patients, simply possessing this information "on-line" as we work is not enough. What is transpiring second-to-second must be synthesized into a coherent vision of the whole episode of care and the data interpreted for its likely implications. This fits with the higher-order view of information described by Leader et al I as "organized data or knowledge that provides a basis for decision making." Increasingly, we are expected to extend our vision beyond the OR to understand what effect our intraoperative decisions have on postoperative clinical outcomes, recovery time, and economic considerations. As experts in the perioperative environment, anesthesiologists are uniquely positioned to use the information we possess to impact both the quality of patient care and the amount of resources used in the provision of this care. Computing power can be harnessed for administrative, patient care, and research purposes. Ad-
A Geometric Programming-Based Worst Case Gate Sizing Method Incorporating Spatial Correlation

We present an efficient optimization scheme for gate sizing in the presence of process variations. Our method is a worst case design scheme; however, it reduces the pessimism involved in traditional worst case methods by incorporating the effect of spatial correlations in the optimization procedure. The pessimism reduction is achieved by employing a bounded model for the parameter variations in the form of an uncertainty ellipsoid, which captures the spatial correlation information between the physical parameters. The use of the uncertainty ellipsoid, along with the assumption that the random variables corresponding to the varying parameters follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution, enables us to size the circuits for a specified timing yield. Using a posynomial delay model, the delay constraints are modified to incorporate uncertainty in the transistor widths and effective channel lengths due to the process variations. The resulting optimization problem is relaxed to a geometric program and is efficiently solved using convex optimization tools. The effectiveness of our robust gate sizing scheme is demonstrated by applying the optimization on the ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits and testing the optimized circuits by performing Monte Carlo simulations to model the process variations. Experimental results show that the timing yield of the robustly optimized circuits improves manifold over the traditional deterministically sized circuits. For the same transistor area, the circuits sized by our robust optimization approach have, on average, 12% fewer timing violations as compared to the gate sizing solutions that are obtained via the traditional deterministically based guard-banding method.
Efficient Metabolic Exchange and Electron Transfer within a Syntrophic Trichloroethene-Degrading Coculture of Dehalococcoides mccartyi 195 and Syntrophomonas wolfei

Dehalococcoides mccartyi 195 (strain 195) and Syntrophomonas wolfei were grown in a sustainable syntrophic coculture using butyrate as an electron donor and carbon source and trichloroethene (TCE) as an electron acceptor. The maximum dechlorination rate (9.9 ± 0.1 μmol day(-1)) and cell yield [(1.1 ± 0.3) × 10(8) cells μmol(-1) Cl(-)] of strain 195 maintained in coculture were, respectively, 2.6 and 1.6 times higher than those measured in the pure culture. The strain 195 cell concentration was about 16 times higher than that of S. wolfei in the coculture. Aqueous H2 concentrations ranged from 24 to 180 nM during dechlorination and increased to 350 ± 20 nM when TCE was depleted, resulting in cessation of butyrate fermentation by S. wolfei with a theoretical Gibbs free energy of -13.7 ± 0.2 kJ mol(-1). Carbon monoxide in the coculture was around 0.06 μmol per bottle, which was lower than that observed for strain 195 in isolation. The minimum H2 threshold value for TCE dechlorination by strain 195 in the coculture was 0.6 ± 0.1 nM. Cell aggregates during syntrophic growth were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The interspecies distances to achieve H2 fluxes required to support the measured dechlorination rates were predicted using Fick's law and demonstrated the need for aggregation. Filamentous appendages and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)-like structures were present in the intercellular spaces. The transcriptome of strain 195 during exponential growth in the coculture indicated increased ATP-binding cassette transporter activities compared to the pure culture, while the membrane-bound energy metabolism related genes were expressed at stable levels.
Multichannel signal modeling and separation

Separation of multiple signals from their superposition recorded at several sensors is addressed. The methods employ polyspectra of the sensor data in order to extract the unknown signals and estimate the exact coupling systems via a linear equation based method. Proposed schemes are also useful for multichannel blind deconvolution even when the input signals are colored with (possibly) overlapping spectra. Simulation results corroborate the applicability of the algorithm. >
Pulse-labeled components in the replication of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid.

Mouse L cells lacking the cytoplasmic thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) retain a mitochondrial specific thymidine kinase. This results in exclusive labeling of mitochondrial DNA when the cells are grown in the presence of radioactive thymidine. Pulse-labeling experiments demonstrate that the replicating forms of mitochondrial DNA contain a substantial fraction of pulse-label. A surprisingly large fraction of the pulse-label is contained in nonreplicating closed circular DNA and is not covalently bound to the closed circular molecules. This suggests a repetitive synthesis of the initiation sequence in mitochondrial DNA replication.
Toward an Asset Orientation in the Study of U.S. Latina/o Youth Biculturalism, Ethnic Identity, and Positive Youth Development

Despite their significant and growing demographic importance, U.S. Latina/o youth are rarely the focus of research and almost never studied from a perspective that reflects counseling psychologists’ emphases on social justice and the strengths of individuals. Such a perspective is likely to result in more effective approaches to the understanding and prevention of adverse outcomes and can expand the understanding of variables that have been traditionally used to study U.S. Latina/o youth. In this study, two specific asset variables—leadership and social responsibility—were used to test hypotheses about the role of biculturalism in adaptive psychological functioning among U.S. Latina/o youth. Results suggest that bicultural identity is meaningfully associated with asset variables, whereas bicultural involvement is not. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Definition of myocardial perfusion by continuous infusion of krypton-81m.

Abstract Krypton-81m, a radionuclide emitting a 190 kev gamma ray, has a half-life of 13 seconds. It is a radioisotope of an inert water-soluble noble gas and is produced at a constant rate by spontaneous decay of rubidium-81 in an 81Rb-81mKr generator-delivery system. Delivery is through a minibore Teflon catheter that can be threaded through a standard no. 7 or 8F angiographic catheter. The generator is eluted by 5 percent dextrose-in-water, delivered by infusion pump at 1.5 ml/min, and the eluate is infused intraarterially directly into any organ. Delivery and decay reach equilibrium within 2 minutes, producing a heterogeneous distribution that is proportional to the perfusibility of the tissue concerned and the time required to reach it. The ultrashort half-life of the radionuclide rapidly eliminates activity when delivery ceases; thus, experiments can be sequentially repeated at brief intervals. The radiation hazard for easily imaged doses is negligible. Preliminary studies in open chest dogs were visualized by scintillation camera, stored on digital data disk, processed, and displayed in dual channel, dual color mode on a video system. Images of myocardial perfusion defined relative levels of perfusion, collateral circulation between coronary arterial branches, equilibrium time of diffusible perfusion of the myocardium, focal defects in induced occlusion, collateral circulation to occlusion, and reactive hyperemia after release of induced coronary occlusion. The system and technique appear applicable to human subjects.